bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analysis of Accuracy of the Spot Sign for Predicting Hematoma Growth and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Phan Thanh G. , Krishnadas Natasha , Lai Vivian Wai Yun , Batt Michael , Slater Lee-Anne , Chandra Ronil V. , Srikanth Velandai , Ma Henry 
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—
The computed tomography angiographic spot sign refers to contrast leakage within intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). It has been proposed as a surrogate radiological marker for ICH growth. We conducted a meta-analysis to study the accuracy of the spot sign for predicting ICH growth and mortality.

Methods—
PubMed, Medline, conference proceedings, and article references in English up to June 2017 were searched for studies reporting “computed tomography angiography” and “spot sign” or “intracerebral hemorrhage” and “spot sign.” Each study was ranked on 27 criteria resulting in a quality rating score. Bivariate random effect meta-analysis was used to calculate positive and negative likelihood ratios and area under summary receiver operating characteristics curve for ICH growth and mortality. Hematoma growth was defined using the change in ≥6 mL or ≥33% increase in volume.

Results—

There were 26 studies describing 5085 patients, including 15 studies not used in previous meta-analyses. Positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio for ICH growth were 4.85 (95% CI, 3.85–6.02;
I
2
=76.1%) and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.40–0.58) and mortality were 4.65 (95% CI, 3.67–5.90) and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.40–0.69), respectively. For ICH growth, the pooled sensitivity was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.49–0.64) and pooled false positive rate was 0.12 (95% CI, 0.09–0.14). The post-test probability of ICH growth was 0.57. The area under the curve for ICH growth and mortality was 0.86 and 0.87 (CIs are not provided in bivariate method). Meta-regression showed sensitivity of the test to decline significantly with subsequent year of publication (β=−0.148; 95% CI, −0.295 to −0.001;
P
=0.05). Higher quality assessment is associated with lower false positive rate (β=−0.074; 95% CI, −0.126 to −0.022;
P
=0.006).

Conclusions—
The high area under the curve potentially suggests that the spot sign can predict hematoma growth and mortality. Caution is recommended in its application given the heterogeneity across studies, which is appropriate given the data.
Plant hydraulic architecture through time: lessons and questions on the evolution of vascular systems
Authors: Decombeix Anne-Laure , Boura Anaïs , Tomescu Alexandru M. F. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTStudies of anatomically preserved fossils provide a wealth of information on the evolution of plant vascular systems through time, from the oldest evidence of vascular plants more than 400 million years ago to the rise of the modern angiosperm-dominated flora. In reviewing the key contributions of the fossil record, we discuss knowledge gaps and major outstanding questions about the processes attending the evolution of vascular systems. The appearance and diversification of early vascular plants in the late Silurian-Devonian was accompanied by the evolution of different types of tracheids, which initially improved the hydraulics of conduction but had less of an effect on mechanical support. This was followed in the Devonian and Carboniferous by an increase in complexity of the organization of primary vascular tissues, with different types of steles evolving in response to mechanical, hydraulic, and developmental regulatory constraints. Concurrently, secondary vascular tissues, such as wood, produced by unifacial or bifacial cambia are documented in a wide array of plant groups, including some that do not undergo secondary growth today. While wood production has traditionally been thought to have evolved independently in different lineages, accumulating evidence suggests that this taxonomic breadth reflects mosaic deployment of basic developmental mechanisms, some of which are derived by common ancestry. For most of vascular plant history, wood contained a single type of conducting element: tracheids (homoxyly). However, quantitative (e.g. diameter and length) and qualitative (e.g. pitting type) diversity of these tracheids allowed various taxa to cover a broad range of hydraulic properties. A second type of conducting elements, vessels, is first documented in an extinct late Permian (c. 260 Ma) group. While the putative hydraulic advantages of vessels are still debated, wood characterized by presence of vessels (heteroxyly) would become the dominant type, following the diversification of angiosperms during the Cretaceous.
Cynorkis citrata is the correct name for Cynorkis citrina (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae)
Authors: BYTEBIER BENNY 
Published: July 2019

In a recent correspondence in this journal, Cynorkis citrina Bytebier & Pailler (2019: 299) was proposed as a new combination based on the assumption that Habenaria citrina Du Petit-Thouars (1822: tab 16) was its earliest name and thus its basionym. The latter combination was established by Du Petit-Thouars in his seminal work “Histoire particulière des plantes Orchidées recueillies sur les trois îles australes d’Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar”, in which 91 orchid species are illustrated. The protologue of Habenaria citrina consists only of an illustration with analysis (Fig. 1) and a short description in the accompanying tables for genera and species. However, it has been pointed out (Friis & Rasmussen 1975, Stafleu & Cowan 1976) that prior to the publication of his book “Histoire particulière”, Du Petit-Thouars already offered a “Cahier” of six grand folio coloured paintings that also appear in “Histoire particulière” for sale. Friis & Rasmussen (1975) showed that this “Cahier”, which is extremely rare and of which they could only locate two copies, must have been released sometime between 1804 and 1819, although the exact date is not known. Plate V (Fig. 2) in the “Cahier” depicts the same taxon as tab. 16 in “Histoire particulière”, but is there named Habenaria citrata. It appears as though Du Petit-Thouars consciously wanted to change the epithet from “citrata”, meaning “steeped in lemon juice” to “citrina”, meaning “lemon yellow” and most likely referring to the colour of the flowers. Despite the fact that Rasmussen (1979), already back in 1979, pointed out that the name Habenaria citrata precedes the name Habenaria citrina, the former name remained absent from databases such as IPNI (http://www.ipni.org), Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org) and WCSP (https://wcsp.science.kew.org), and escaped our attention. This oversight is corrected below, and a taxonomic treatment is presented in which all homotypic synonyms are listed.
Social Movements and Political Representation in Chile (1990–2013)
Authors: Albala Adrián , Tricot Salomon Victor 
Published: July 2019

Chile has witnessed an unprecedented emergence of social movements since the return to democracy in 1990. These have been characterized by limited participation by the conventional political actors who used to be the backbone of social demands in the country. In the current “Chilean model” of governance, political parties have lost their connection with their base. The existence of a difference between the needs emerging from civil society and those advanced by politicians has opened alternative opportunities for political action. Chile ha sido testigo de una emergencia inédita de movilizaciones sociales desde la vuelta a la democracia en 1990. Éstas se han caracterizado por la baja presencia y participación de actores políticos convencionales los cuales solían constituir la “columna vertebral” de las demandas sociales en el país. En el “modelo chileno” actual de gobernanza, los partidos, por más institucionalizados que sean, han abandonado su vinculación con su base. La existencia de un distanciamiento entre las necesidades que emergen desde la sociedad civil y las manifestadas por los políticos ha incidido en la aparición de espacios alternos de acción política.
Observational, open-label, non-randomized study on the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of nummular headache: The pre-numabot study
Authors: García-Azorín David , Trigo-López Javier , Sierra Álvaro , Blanco-García Laura , Martínez-Pías Enrique , Martínez Blanca , Talavera Blanca , Guerrero Ángel L 
Published: July 2019

Background Nummular headache is a primary headache characterised by superficial, coin-shaped pain. Superficial sensory fibre dysfunction might be involved in its pathophysiology. Considering the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA, it could be a reasonable option in treatment of nummular headache. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of onabotulinumtoxinA in a series of nummular headache patients. Patients and methods This was an observational, prospective, non-randomized and open-label study. Nummular headache patients with at least 10 headache days in three preceding months were included. They were administered 25 units of onabotulinumtoxinA. The primary endpoint was the decrease of headache days per month, evaluated between weeks 20 to 24, compared with baseline. The secondary endpoints included reduction of intense headache days and acute treatment days evaluated between weeks 20–24 and weeks 8–12, compared with baseline. The 30%, 50% and 75% responder rates were determined, and tolerability described. Results We included 53 patients, 67.9% females, with a median age of 54 years. Preventive treatment had been used previously in 60.4% of patients. The median diameter of the nummular headache was 5 cm. At baseline, the number of headache days per month was 24.5 (7.3); the number of intense headache days was 12.5 (10.1), and the number of acute treatment days was 12.8 (7.8). After onabotulinumtoxinA, the mean number of headache days per month decreased to 6.9 (9.3) between weeks 20 and 24 ( p < 0.001). Secondary endpoints concerning intense headache days per month and acute treatment days per month were also statistically significant ( p < 0.001). The 50% responder rate, evaluated between weeks 20 and 24, was 77.4% and the 75% responder rate was 52.8%. Concerning tolerability, 26 patients (49.1%) experienced an adverse event (AE), the commonest being injection-site pain in 12 cases (22.6%). There were no moderate or severe AEs. Conclusion It was found that after injecting onabotulinumtoxinA, the number of headache days per month was reduced in nummular headache patients. The number of intense headache days per month and acute treatment days were also lowered. No serious adverse events occurred during treatment.
Food Insecurity in Portugal Among Middle- and Older-Aged Adults at a Time of Economic Crisis Recovery: Prevalence and Determinants
Authors: Maia Isabel , Monjardino Teresa , Frias Brenda , Canhão Helena , Cunha Branco Jaime , Lucas Raquel , Santos Ana Cristina 
Published: July 2019

Background: To characterize the scenario of food insecurity in Portugal at a time of economic crisis recovery is of the utmost relevance. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and to identify the determinants of food insecurity during economic crisis recovery in a population-based urban sample of middle- and older-aged Portuguese adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 604 participants of the EPIPorto cohort was conducted. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and on food security status were collected. Food security status was assessed using the US Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. Logistic regression models, crude and adjusted for sex, age, education, and household income perception, were performed. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity was 16.6%. Women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-3.54), those less educated (OR = 5.46; 95% CI: 2.84-10.46), and those who had the perception of an insufficient household income (OR = 10.39; 95% CI: 5.00-21.56) were more likely to belong to a food insecure household. Unmarried individuals (OR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.05-3.06) and lower white-collar workers (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.03-4.77) were also more prone to live within a food insecure household, regardless of sex, age, education, and household income perception. Conclusions: The obtained information is valuable for the development of intervention strategies to reduce food insecurity in middle- and older-aged adults, suggesting that women, unmarried, less educated individuals, less skilled workers, and lower income families should be targeted.
What do elderly problem drinkers aim for? Choice of goal for treatment among elderly treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent patients
Authors: Emiliussen Jakob , Andersen Kjeld , Nielsen Anette Søgaard , Braun Barbara , Bilberg Randi 
Published: July 2019

Objective: The patient’s free choice of treatment goals for alcohol use disorder (AUD) is predictive for treatment outcome. Presently there is limited knowledge of whether the age at onset of AUD influences the choice of goal for treatment. The present study investigates whether there are differences in choice of treatment goal between patients with very late onset alcohol use disorder (VLO AUD ≥ 60 years) and those having early or mid-age onset of AUD (EMO AUD < 60 years). Method: Participants were 341 persons, voluntarily enrolled in the Elderly Study, who were seeking treatment for AUD in outpatient centres for alcohol treatment in Denmark. Data regarding thoughts about abstinence, alcohol use in the last 90 days, motivation for treatment and psychiatric diagnosis were collected via questionnaires. A logistics regression was used to analyse the data. Results: 32.1% of the participants with VLO AUD chose temporary abstinence goals, compared to 18.2% of the patients with earlier-onset AUD ( p = 0.024). Further, 10.7% of participants with VLO AUD chose total abstinence goals compared to 31.3% of participants with early or mid-age onset AUD ( p = 0.002). Conclusion: There are significant differences in choice of goal between participants with very late onset AUD and early or mid-age onset AUD. Individuals with very late onset alcohol use disorder tend to choose temporary abstinence over any other treatment goal whereas, in general, individuals with early onset alcohol use disorder choose permanent abstinence over other treatment goals.
Generic drugs, a need to the public: USA and India – Government plans to reduce the price of abbreviated new drug application and list of generic drugs approved in year 2018
Authors: Martin Russell , Bahmani Kavita 
Published: July 2019

Health is the prime component for every person, and in the world, there are different traditions that have their own approaches to treat and cure illness. The dosage form of the drug may appear different but medically, however, a generic medicament has the same mechanism in the body as that of the costlier brand-name drugs. They acquire the equal active ingredient an have the identical quality asd must pass the same satisfactory standards with respect to manufacturing and packaging of medicaments. The generic medicinal drug beneath the regulation of U.S. Food and Drug Administration must have the equal quality and performance as that of the brand-name drugs. The Food and Drug Administration states: ‘Generics have the identical quality as brand identify drugs’. When a generic drug product is approved, it has met rigorous standards established via the Food and Drug Administration with respect to identity, strength, quality, purity and potency. India started Jan Aushadhi scheme to make quality medicines handy to the shoppers at affordable prices. Given the socio-economic conditions and the level of ignorance and illiteracy with vast disparities of income in the country, the advantage of the scheme can be taken by the consumers or should reach the consumers particularly the poor and the needy, only when a proper multimedia publicity programmed is mounted to educate the consumers of all strata of society. India is still a developing country where quality and inexpensive remedy are still major issues. [Formula: see text]
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Allows Accurate Registration to Surgical Navigation Systems: A Multidevice Phantom Study
Authors: Talks Benjamin J. , Jolly Karan , Burton Hanna , Koria Hitesh , Ahmed Shahzada K. 
Published: July 2019

Background Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a fast imaging technique with a substantially lower radiation dosage than conventional multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for sinus imaging. Surgical navigation systems are increasingly being used in endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery, reducing perioperative morbidity. Objective To investigate CBCT as a low-radiation imaging modality for use in surgical navigation. Methods The required field of view was measured from the tip of the nose to the posterior clinoid process anteroposteriorly and the nasolabial angle to the roof of the frontal sinus superoinferiorly on 50 consecutive MDCT scans (male = 25; age = 17–85 years). A phantom head was manufactured by 3-dimensional printing and imaged using 3 CBCT scanners (Carestream, J Morita, and NewTom), a conventional MDCT scanner (Siemens), and highly accurate laser scanner (FARO). The phantom head was registered to 3 surgical navigation systems (Brainlab, Stryker, and Medtronic) using scans from each system. Results The required field of view (mean ± standard deviation) was measured as 107 ± 7.6 mm anteroposteriorly and 90.3 ± 9.6 mm superoinferiorly. Image error deviations from the laser scan (median ± interquartile range) were comparable for MDCT (0.19 ± 0.09 mm) and CBCT (CBCT 1: 0.15 ± 0.11 mm; CBCT 2: 0.33 ± 0.18 mm; and CBCT 3: 0.13 ± 0.13 mm) scanners. Fiducial registration error and target registration error were also comparable for MDCT- and CBCT-based navigation. Conclusion CBCT is a low-radiation preoperative imaging modality suitable for use in surgical navigation.
Physical therapy treatment in children with cerebral palsy after single-event multilevel surgery: a qualitative systematic review. A first step towards a clinical guideline for physical therapy after single-event multilevel surgery
Authors: van Bommel Esther E.H. , Arts Marieke M.E. , Jongerius Peter H. , Ratter Julia , Rameckers Eugene A.A. 
Published: July 2019

Background: The aim of this study was to review available evidence for physical therapy treatment (PTT) after single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS), and to realize a first step towards an accurate and clinical guideline for developing effective PTT for children with cerebral palsy (CP) after SEMLS. Methods: A qualitative systematic review (PubMed, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library) investigating a program of PTT after SEMLS in children aged 4–18 years with CP classified by Gross Motor Function Classification System level I–III. Results: Six articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. The selected studies provide only incomplete descriptions of interventions, and show no consensus regarding PTT after SEMLS. Neither do they show any consensus on the outcome measures or measuring instruments. Conclusions: Based on the results of this literature review in combination with our best practice, we propose a preliminary protocol of PTT after SEMLS.
Analysis of the Impact of Antiretroviral Drug Changes on Survival of Patients with Advanced-Stage AIDS with Multidrug-Resistant HIV Infection
Authors: Ma Rui , Jung Tae Hyun , Peduzzi Peter N. , Brown Sheldon T. , Kyriakides Tassos C. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives: This article aims to elucidate the relationship between antiretroviral (ARV) medication changes and all-cause mortality using a total of 368 patients recruited from the United States (78%), United Kingdom (11%), and Canada (11%). Methods: Data sources included demographic characteristics, ARV treatment history and modifications, and clinical biomarker data from the completed OPTions In Management with Antiretrovirals clinical trial. Descriptive analysis and graphical trajectory representation of ARV drug modifications and biomarker changes were undertaken. Three hypotheses aimed at assessing the impact of ARV modification parameters on clinical outcomes were tested. Kaplan-Meier survival techniques as well as Cox proportional hazard regression models were employed. Results: Results from the analyses suggest that (1) switching therapy strategy from an intensified ARV regimen to a less intense one or vice versa, (2) having a moderate number (up to 2) of ARV drug changes per 6 months, and (3) changes based on clinical/HIV-related reasons or nonclinical reasons compared to ARV drug regimen changes due to clinical non-HIV reasons improved survival. Conclusion: Modifications in the ARV regimens of HIV-infected patients with multidrug resistance are associated with improved survival.
Trait-based analysis of the human skin microbiome
Authors: Bewick Sharon , Gurarie Eliezer , Weissman JL , Beattie Jess , Davati Cyrus , Flint Rachel , Thielen Peter , Breitwieser Florian , Karig David , Fagan William F. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background
The past decade of microbiome research has concentrated on cataloging the diversity of taxa in different environments. The next decade is poised to focus on microbial traits and function. Most existing methods for doing this perform pathway analysis using reference databases. This has both benefits and drawbacks. Function can go undetected if reference databases are coarse-grained or incomplete. Likewise, detection of a pathway does not guarantee expression of the associated function. Finally, function cannot be connected to specific microbial constituents, making it difficult to ascertain the types of organisms exhibiting particular traits—something that is important for understanding microbial success in specific environments. A complementary approach to pathway analysis is to use the wealth of microbial trait information collected over years of lab-based, culture experiments.

Methods
Here, we use journal articles and Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to develop a trait-based database for 971 human skin bacterial taxa. We then use this database to examine functional traits that are over/underrepresented among skin taxa. Specifically, we focus on three trait classes—binary, categorical, and quantitative—and compare trait values among skin taxa and microbial taxa more broadly. We compare binary traits using a Chi-square test, categorical traits using randomization trials, and quantitative traits using a nonparametric relative effects test based on global rankings using Tukey contrasts.

Results
We find a number of traits that are over/underrepresented within the human skin microbiome. For example, spore formation, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, pigment production, catalase, and oxidase are all less common among skin taxa. As well, skin bacteria are less likely to be aerobic, favoring, instead, a facultative strategy. They are also less likely to exhibit gliding motility, less likely to be spirillum or rod-shaped, and less likely to grow in chains. Finally, skin bacteria have more difficulty at high pH, prefer warmer temperatures, and are much less resilient to hypotonic conditions.

Conclusions
Our analysis shows how an approach that relies on information from culture experiments can both support findings from pathway analysis, and also generate new insights into the structuring principles of microbial communities.