bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Versuchspläne zur Testung auf Arzneimittelsicherheit vor Beginn der klinischen Prüfung
Authors: Fink H. 
Published: March 2018

Bevor eine neu synthetisierte oder isolierte und biologisch aktive Forschungssubstanz in die klinische Prüfung gegeben wird, muß sie nach dem derzeitigen Stand der Wissenschaft auf Sicherheit getestet werden. Dies erfolgt im Probandenversuch, wobei das Prinzip der Freiwilligkeit bei voller Aufklärung gewährleistet sein muß. Die Zahl der Probanden soll möglichst klein, aber groß genug für eine verläßliche Urteilsfindung gewählt werden.Zielvariable sind Laborgrößen und Größen der Vitalfunktionen. Da die Zahl der Zielvariablen zu der Zahl der Probanden in ein vertretbares Verhältnis gebracht werden muß, muß eine Variablenvorauswahl an Hand der Vorinformation aus pharmakologischen und toxikologischen Tierversuchen erfolgen. Eine zusätzliche Variablenreduktion wird durch Selbstversuche oder Probandenstichversuche erreicht. Hierzu müssen zusätzlich Meßwerte vor Applikation der Substanz erhoben werden, damit diese Entscheidung nicht nur auf die wenig allgemeinverbindlichen klinischen Normbereiche, sondern auch auf die individuelle Ausgangslage gegründet werden kann.Das endgültige Urteil wird aus einem im biometrischen Sprachgebrauch »kontrollierten« Versuch gewonnen. Kontrolliert werden müssen Zeittrends, die sich aus vielerlei Gründen bei den Probanden, bei den Untersuchern und in den Labors einschleichen und die biologische Aktivität der Forschungssubstanz nach beiden Richtungen verfälschen können. Zur Gewinnung einer verläßlichen Nullinie der Wirkung ist die Einbeziehung von Placebo-Applikationen unerläßlich. Damit die Probandenzahl nied. rig gehalten werden kann, sollte der Individualvergleich dem Gruppenvergleich vorgezogen werden. Für untersucheroder laborabhängige Zielvariable müssen mehr als ein Untersucher oder ein Labor einbezogen werden.Entsprechende Versuchspläne, die sich in der Praxis als durchführbar erwiesen und bewährt haben, werden vorgeschlagen und Hinweise zu ihrer Auswertung gegeben. Nimmt man hierbei einen möglichen Autokorrelationsfehler in Kauf, liegt man in der Deutung der Versuchsergebnisse auf der Seite der Arzneimittelsicherheit.
Die Lochkarte in der Kjrankenhausverwaltung
Authors: Fehler Joachim 
Published: March 2018

Die wirtschaftliche Lage zwingt die Krankenhäuser, sich in allen Bereichen, die es von der Aufgabenstellung her zulassen, technischer Hilfsmittel zu bedienen. Zur Sammlung und Aufbereitung der betrieblichen und medizinischen Daten bietet sich heute der Einsatz von Lochkarten und datenverarbeitenden Maschinen an.Das hier geschilderte System zeigt, wie sich im Bereich der Erlösarten- und Erlösstellenrechnung der Krankenhäuser durch Übernahme der Grunddaten eines jeden Patienten auf Lochkarten die personalintensive und zeitaufwendige Arbeit der Zusammenstellung dieser Daten nach den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten wesentlich erleichtern läßt. Das Ziel einer zukünftigen Entwicklung sollte die Einführung eines umfassenden Krankenhaus-Informationssystems auf elektronischer Basis sein, in dem auch die Belange der Krankenhausverwaltungen zu berücksichtigen wären.
Applications of Digital Computers in Human Genetics
Authors: Chung C. S. 
Published: March 2018

The use of digital computers in genetic analysis of human family and population data is assuming increased importance in recent years. It is now possible to approach problems which would have proved too tedious to be feasible in the past.The application of digital computers in this field may be roughly classified into two aspects: one in which the storage and retrieval of inforrmation constitutes the major operation, and another in which computation for the solution of complex mathematical and statistical problems plays the more important role. A review has been presented on the uses of computers in these areas.Included in the first category are rcord linkage and the calculation of inbreeding coefficients for small isolate populations. However, applications in the second category have been more diverse than in the first. They encompass genetic linkage, segregation analysis, genetic selection and equilibrium, gene frequency analysis, and multivariate procedures. The advantages of these techniques are discussed, and some findings of genetic interest are presented. Undoubtedly, the future use of digital computers in human genetic analysis is not limited to these phases, and further applications are expected.
Risk Analysis in Cohort Studies with Heterogeneous Strata. A Global χ2-Test for Dose-Response Relationship, Generalizing the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure
Authors: Überla K. , Ahlborn W. , Tuz H.-J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn cohort studies the Mantel-Haenszel estimator OR̂

MH
is computed from sample data and is used as a point estimator of relative risk. Test-based confidence intervals are estimated with the help of the asymptotic chi-squared distributed MH-statistic χ2

MHS
. The Mantel-exten-sion-chi-squared is used as a test statistic for a dose-response relationship. Both test statistics – the Mantel-Haenszel-chi as well as the Mantel-extension-chi – assume homogeneity of risk across strata, which is rarely present. Also an extended nonparametric statistic, proposed by Terpstra, which is based on the Mann-Whitney-statistics assumes homogeneity of risk across strata.We have earlier defined four risk measures RR

k

j
(k = 1,2,...,4) in the population and considered their estimates and the corresponding asymptotic distributions. In order to overcome the homogeneity assumption we use the δ-method to get “test-based” confidence intervals. Because the four risk measures RR

k

j
are presented as functions of four weights gik
we give, consequently, the asymptotic variances of these risk estimators also as functions of the weights g

ik
in a closed form. Approximations to these variances are given.For testing a dose-response relationship we propose a new class of χ2(1)-distributed global measures Ĝk and the corresponding global χ2-test. In contrast to the Mantel-extension-chi homogeneity of risk across strata must not be assumed. These global test statistics are of the Wald type for composite hypotheses. The Mantel-extension-chi is a special case of the global-chi statistic and it is further shown that the Mantel-extension-chi can be expressed as a special weighted Terpstra statistic. Formulas for computing estimators of the global measures are provided. Three elaborated examples with hypothetical data of varying structure show, that the Mantel-extension-chi is systematically biased, generally overestimates the dose-response relation and leads to wrong conclusions, when heterogeneity is present. This is consistent with our theoretical considerations. In case of heterogeneity, when one wants to test an association between exposure and effect, or a dose-response relationship, the new global-χ2-test should be used in cohort studies.
Objective evaluation of total hip replacement in 127 dogs utilizing force plate analysis
Authors: Olivier N. B. , Blaiset M. A. , Averill S. M. , Bolliger C. , DeCamp C. E. , Braden T. D. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryClinical evaluation of total hip replacement surgery has varied from a low of 30% to a high of 91.2% of return to good or excellent function. The goal of the project reported hereafter, was to obtain an objective evaluation, via the force plate analysis of a large number of dogs receiving total hip replacement as treatment for spontaneous coxarthrosis. Every surgical candidate was trotted across a force plate before replacement surgery and at an average of six months post-operative. The results were obtained from 127 dogs. For the entire group of dogs, the Zp (vertical peak force) improved 0.394 (10−2 N/kg) or 10.6%. The Zi (vertical impulse) improved an average of 13.6%. The improvements in Zp and Zi were statistically significant (p < 0.001).
A novel axial pattern skin flap based on the lateral thoracic artery in the dog
Authors: Charlesworthi T. C. , White R. A. S. , Anderson D. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe cutaneous distribution and anatomical landmarks of the lateral thoracic artery in the dog are reported. Perfusion studies in cadavers showed a variable distribution, but a skin flap capable of rotation through 90° could be created. The successful use of an axial pattern skin flap based on the lateral thoracic artery for reconstruction of a major skin deficit over the caudal elbow of a Greyhound is reported.
Examination of an equine wobble twelve years after surgical placement of a Bagby basket
Authors: Robertson J. T. , Bertone A. L. , Samii V. F. , Rosol T. J. , Dukti S. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryCase report describing histological and radiographic examination of a stainless steel basket packed with autogenous bone graft at C5-C6 ten years prior to evaluation. The horse was ataxic prior to surgery and post-operatively competed at his intended performance level despite a non-osseous union in the cranial endplate of C6.
Towards Systematization
Authors: Reichertz P. L. 
Published: March 2018

Data processing has become an important tool in theoretical and clinical medicine. The main categories of applications are: information analysis, (bio)signal processing and the field of information logistics (information systems).The problems encountered lie in the discrepancy of the basic methods of a formal approach to an empirical science, the complexity of the target system and the system ecology, i.e. the involvement of the user and the system environment during system construction and utilization.Possible solutions to these problems are the application of system techniques, inductive planning, development of medical methodology, development of methods and techniques for user involvement and assessment of motivation and education and educational planning.The necessary general strategy in the development in medical informatics is seen in the continuing systematization of the theoretical and practical approach. It is estimated that this will eventually contribute to the systematization of medical science and practice.
Towards Systematization
Authors: Reichertz P. L. 
Published: March 2018

Data processing has become an important tool in theoretical and clinical medicine. The main categories of applications are : information analysis, (bio)signal processing and the field of information logistics (information systems).The problems encountered lie in the discrepancy of the basic methods of a formal approach to an empirical science, the complexity of the target system and the system ecology, i.e. the involvement of the user and the system environment during system construction and utilization.Possible solutions to these problems are the application of system techniques, inductive planning, development of medical methodology, development of methods and techniques for user involvement and assessment of motivation and education and educational planning.The necessary general strategy in the development in medical informatics is seen in the continuing systematization of the theoretical and practical approach. It is estimated that this will eventually contribute to the systematization of medical science and practice.
In Vitro Effects of Homeopathic Drugs on Cultured Escherichia coli
Authors: Kurmann Carmen , Imbach Esther , Amsler Felix , Pannek-Rademacher Susanne , Pannek Jürgen 
Published: March 2018

Background Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common morbidities in persons with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD). Repetitive antibiotic treatment increases the risk of selecting multi-resistant bacteria. Homeopathic treatment has been reported to be effective in these patients. The mechanism of action, however, has not been clarified. Recently, a direct bactericidal effect of homeopathic remedies was shown. Such an effect is not in accordance with the general principles of homeopathy. To test this paradigm, we assessed the in vitro effects of homeopathic drugs on Escherichia coli derived from patients with NLUTD.
Methods E. coli bacteria were harvested from 28 consecutive urine cultures. Standard antibiotic resistance testing and simultaneous resistance testing to homeopathic drugs (Apis mellifica, Cantharis, Causticum hahnemanni, Staphysagria, Nux vomica, Berberis vulgaris, and Lycopodium clavatum) in high (C30) potency were performed.
Results No significant inhibitory effect of any of the tested homeopathic drugs on any E. coli population could be found, irrespective of their sensitivity to antibiotic treatment.
Conclusion Based on our results, effects of homeopathic treatment of UTI are not based on direct bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects. These findings are in concordance with the hypothesis that homeopathy is based on host effects: for example, activation of the immune system, rather than effects on pathogens.
Staged Surgical Palliation for HLHS in a Girl with Severe Factor X Deficiency
Authors: Elmahrouk Ahmed , Ismail Mohamed , Bugis Abdulbadee , Badawy Nashwa , Aboelghar Hesham , Hamouda Tamer , Jamjoom Ahmed 
Published: March 2018

Background Factor X deficiency (also known as Stuart–Prower factor deficiency) is an autosomal recessive extremely rare hereditary hematologic disorder, affecting around 1:1,000,000 of the general population.
Case Presentation This case report describes a patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and severe factor X deficiency, who underwent staged surgical palliation. From stage 1 Norwood palliation, through superior cavopulmonary anastomosis and ending with total cavopulmonary connection with satisfactory hemostasis and no significant perioperative bleeding complication.
Conclusion The need to maintain hemostasis while aiming to prevent intracardiac thrombosis requires multidisciplinary team approach including hematologist, cardiac surgeon, pediatric cardiac intensivist, and anesthesiologist along with meticulous hemostasis during surgery and careful monitoring of coagulation profile in the postoperative period.
Medical Informatics Education at the University of Manchester
Authors: Hillier V.F. , Rector A.L. , Taylor C.J. , Kay S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractManchester University offered the first full time, undergraduate Medical Informatics degree programme in the UK. The B.Sc. in Medical Informatics was conceived in 1992 and its first cohort of students, taking the three year version, graduated in 1996; those students taking the four year version of the undergraduate degree will graduate in July 1997. The paper describes our somewhat turbulent experience of the first four years, highlighting both the difficulties and successes of launching an inter-disciplinary degree. First, the story of the programme’s development is given by way of an introduction and to establish a suitable context for describing the programme in more detail. Then, after presenting the aim and objectives of the programme, we describe the overall structure of the course, and reflect upon certain key issues for establishing Medical Informatics as a distinct, academic discipline.
Multimedia Workstations: Electronic Assistants for HealthCare Professionals
Authors: Degoulet P. , Jean F-C. , Safran C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe increasing costs of health care and the economic reality has produced an interesting paradox for the health professional to perform more clinical work with fewer support personnel. Moreover, an explosion of the knowledge-base that underlies sound clinical care not only makes effective time management critical, but also knowledge management compelling. A multimedia workstation is an electronic assistant for the busy health professional that can help with administrative tasks and give access to clinical information and knowledge networks. The multimedia nature of processed information reflects an evolution of medical technologies that involve more and more complex objects such as video sequences or digitized signals. Analysis of the 445 Medline-indexed publications for the January 1991 to December 1994 period, that included the word “workstation” either in their title or in their abstract, helps in refining objectives and challenges both for health professionals and decision makers. From an engineering perspective, development of a workstation requires the integration into the same environments of tools to localize, access, manipulate and communicate the required information. The long-term goal is to establish an easy access in a collaborative working environment that gives the end-user the feeling of a single virtual health enterprise, driven by an integrated computer system when the information system relies on a set of heterogeneous and geographically distributed components. Consequences in terms of migration from traditional client/server architectures to more client/network architectures are considered.
Medical Images in Integrated Health Care Workstations
Authors: Engelmann U. , Meinzer H-P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe difference between an invention and a discovery is discussed, before turning to the sources of medical images. Next, the ongoing integration of image modalities in clinical routine is reviewed, as well as improvements in diagnosis and therapy planning with the help of better images in inter-connected distributed systems. Current shortcomings of image processing, and the attempts to overcome these shortcomings are presented. Examples of image processing are given, together with a vision on future systems and procedures.
Medical Informatics Training at Yale University School of Medicine
Authors: Shiffman R.N. , Silverstein S. , Frawley S.J. , Nadkarni P.M. , Miller P.L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Yale Center for Medical Informatics has offered Medical Informatics training since 1986. The paper describes the overall structure of the training program, focusing primarily on the postdoctoral fellowship, a major component of which involves an independent project which the fellow carries out under faculty supervision. The paper outlines a number of areas in which such projects have been performed, describes the previous backgrounds and post-training career directions of the trainees, and discusses certain observations based on our experience with the program.
Molekulares Verstehen des Hörens – Was ändert sich für den Patienten?
Authors: Moser Tobias 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungDas Innenohr und die Hörbahn mit ihren vergleichsweise geringen Zellzahlen haben sich einigen molekularen Ansätzen bislang beharrlich entzogen. Gleichzeitig vollbringt das Hören Spitzenleistungen, die sehr spezialisierte biologische Mechanismen nahelegen. Dies bedeutet einerseits, dass Analogieschlüsse zur molekularen Anatomie und Physiologie der Zellen des Hörsystems auf der Grundlage von Erkenntnissen aus molekular besser zugänglichen Systemen von beschränktem Nutzen sind. Andererseits legt eine solche Spezialisierung Gendefekte nahe, die von der Evolution toleriert wurden, weil sie nicht zur Fehlfunktion von essentiellen Körperprozessen führen. Technologische Fortschritte in der Humangenetik und der molekularen Analyse des Innenohrs im Tier bestätigen beide Annahmen und beleuchten den faszinierenden Mikrokosmos der Cochlea. Auf kleinstem Raum werden hier in konsequenter Arbeitsteilung herausragende Leistungen im Ionentransport, der Mechanotransduktion, der aktiven Zellmotilität und der synaptischen Verarbeitung erbracht. Einige der zugrundeliegenden molekularen Maschinen, z. B. das Motorprotein Prestin und das an synaptischer Fusion beteiligte Otoferlin, sind ausschließlich im Ohr aktiv. Dementsprechend führen ihre Defekte zu spezifischen nicht-syndromalen Schwerhörigkeiten, wie etwa bei der auditorischen Synaptopathie durch autosomal rezessive Mutationen im Otoferlin-Gen. Andere Mutationen, wie die den cochleären Kalium-Zyklus betreffenden, bedingen einen globalen Funktionsverlust der Cochlea. Viele genetische Defekte führen schließlich zur Degeneration des Innenohrs. Letztlich führt die molekulare Analyse sowohl beim Menschen, als auch im Tier-Innenohr aber auch zu neuen Erkenntnissen für häufige Formen der Schwerhörigkeit. So wurde der immunhistochemische Nachweis des Verlusts von Bandsynapsen der inneren Haarzellen zum Biomarker für „hidden hearing loss“ im Tiermodell. Die moderne Hochdurchsatz-Sequenzierung (sog. Next Generation Sequencing – NGS) bietet Zugang zu bislang nicht bekannten Taubheitsgenen, Mutationsspektren von bekannten Taubheitsgenen und zu einem genetischen Profil der individuellen Schwerhörigkeit, ihre Interpretation erfordert jedoch große humangenetische Expertise und umfangreiche tierexperimentelle Einsichten. Eine kausale Therapie etwa durch viralen Genersatz, der im Tier-Innenohr und bei einzelnen Formen der humanen Blindheit bereits erfolgreich ist, steht für die Schwerhörigkeit in der Klinik noch nicht zur Verfügung. Bereits jetzt ermöglichen molekulare Ansätze aber schon eine verbesserte Beratung von schwerhörigen Patienten.
Effects of High-intensity Warm-ups on Running Performance
Authors: González-Mohíno Fernando , Martín Raúl , Santos-García Daniel , Fidel Pedro , de Asis Fernandez Francisco , Yustres Inmaculada , González-Ravé José 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity warm-ups (WUs) on performance, physiological, neuromuscular and biomechanical parameters. Three randomized cross-over 105%vVO2max time limit trials (TLimT) were performed by 11 well-trained runners following three different WU protocols. These included two experimental high-intensity variants and one control WU variant: (i) 9x20-sec level strides (105%vVO2max; 1% gradient) with 60 s of recovery (level); (ii) 6x6-sec uphill strides (105%vVO2max; 5% gradient), with the same recovery (uphill) and (iii) 7 min at 60%vVO2max as control condition (control). The uphill and level WUs resulted in a greater performance during TLimT (160.0±6.62 s and 152.64±10.88 s, respectively) compared to control WUs (144.82±6.60 s). All WU conditions reduced the energy cost (EC) of running, respiratory exchange ratio, and step frequency (SF) after the experimental and control phases of WU, while blood lactate (BLC) increased in uphill and level WUs and decreased in control WUs. Changes in kinematic variables were found without differences between WU conditions during TLimT. BLC rose at conclusion of TLimT without differences between WU conditions. Both high-intensity WUs show a longer TLimT. EC is deteriorated after the high-intensity WU exercise due to a change of substrate utilization, increase of BLC and SF. A long transient phase (18 min) is necessary to avoid impairing the performance.
Towards a juggling 87Rb atomic dual fountain
Authors: Hu Qingqing , Yang Jun , Luo Yukun , Jia Aiai , Xu Fufang , Wei Chunhua , Li Qixue 
Published: March 2018

This paper presents methods for achieving and optimizing a Juggling Atomic Dual Fountain (JADF) of alkali atom 87Rb with one magneto-optical trap (MOT) vacuum chamber. The height difference of this two atomic fountains is 30 cm, the temperature and atom number of each atomic cloud are 2.0±0.2 μK and 1.4(±0.05)×108, respectively. The dependence of the recaptured atom number on the height of the pre-launched atomic cloud is investigated. This JADF provides a low temperature, large atom number and common-mode noise elimination atomic source for developing a highly stable, compact atomic gravity gradiometer.
At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 8 April 2019.