bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertebral fracture prevalence and risk factors for fracture in The Gambia, West Africa: the Gambian Bone and Muscle Ageing Study
Authors: Ward Kate A , Jarjou Landing , Pearse Camille , Breasail Mícheál Ó , Janha Ramatoulie E , Zengin Ayse , Prentice Ann , Crabtree Nicola J 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
There are limited data describing the epidemiology of vertebral fractures (VF) from resource-limited settings, where the aging population is growing most rapidly. We aimed to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for VF in The Gambia, West Africa. The Gambian Bone and Muscle Ageing Study is a prospective observational study in men and women aged 40 yr and over. Rural participants had baseline measurements and plasma samples collected and were followed up 6-8 yr later; urban participants had a single measurement. DXA scans were obtained to assess areal BMD (aBMD), body composition, and VF. Prevalence and incidence were calculated. Risk factors for prevalent and incident fractures were tested using logistic regression, in men and women separately, with and without adjustment for age and BMI. At baseline, 581 individuals (298 women) had useable scans, 214 (127 women) at follow-up. Prevalence of VF was 14.8%. Those with VF were older (65.6(11.2) vs 61.7(12.3) yr, p = .01) and had lower aBMD Z-scores. For example, in women, a 1 SD increase in femoral neck Z-score resulted in a lower risk of having a prevalent VF (OR [95% CI]) 0.51 [0.38, 0.73]. In men, lumbar spine Z-scores were predictive of prevalent fracture (0.71 [0.53, 0.97]). The incidence of VF over follow-up was 12.1%. Low BMD and grip strength were associated with the odds of having an incident VF. Given the importance of prevalent VF in predicting future VF and other fragility fractures in other populations, our findings are a major cause for concern. VF prevalence in Gambian older adults is similar to elsewhere, despite fractures not being a perceived issue. Risk factors were like those identified elsewhere, including age, aBMD, and bone resorption. Understanding the impact of these fractures is important in a region where the health of the aging population needs to be prioritized.
Moral rights in Australia: a case law retrospective—Part 1
Authors: Bond Catherine 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
It has been 25 years since Australia formalized its moral rights regime, amending Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) to include three moral rights: the right of attribution of authorship, the right not to have authorship falsely attributed and the right of integrity. This two-part series provides a retrospective of case law on these rights in Australia, focusing on 14 cases between 2006 and 2024 where the applicant claimed a breach of one or more moral rights. It adopts a thematic approach, considering, among other issues, where copyright and moral rights proceedings have been commenced together; the courts that have heard these matters; where cases have not been able to proceed, for example, where the allegedly infringing act occurred outside Australia; interpretation of the rights; and the division between cases where damages have been awarded, or the judge has declined to award damages for a breach of moral rights. This part introduces the Australian moral rights regime, the interaction between copyright and moral rights law, the courts, applicants and where cases with moral rights claims have been unable to proceed.
Handling missing data in longitudinal clinical trials: three examples from the pediatric psychology literature
Authors: Peugh James , Mara Constance 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Researchers by default tend to choose complex models when analyzing nonindependent response variable data, this may be particularly applicable in the analysis of longitudinal trial data, possibly due to the ability of such models to easily address missing data by default. Both maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation and multiple imputation (MI) are well-known to be acceptable methods for handling missing data, but much of the recently published quantitative literature has addressed questions regarding the research designs and circumstances under which one should be chosen over the other. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, to clearly define the assumptions underlying three common longitudinal trial data analysis models for continuous dependent variable data: repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA), generalized estimating equation (GEE), and a longitudinal linear mixed model (LLMM). Second, to clarify when ML or MI should be chosen, and to introduce researchers to an easy-to-use, empirically well-validated, and freely available missing data multiple imputation program: BLIMP. Third, to show how missing longitudinal trial data can be handled in the three data analysis models using three popular statistical analysis software packages (SPSS, Stata, and R) while keeping the published quantitative research in mind.
Psidium guajava leaves extract alters colonic microbiome composition and reduces intestinal sodium absorption in rats exposed to a high-sodium diet
Authors: de Assis Braga Daiane Cristina , Carlos Batista Marcos Adriano , Guerra-Sá Renata , Alves da Silva Thayane Christine , Carneiro Marco Antônio Alves , da Silva Lanna Maria Célia , Azevedo Vasco Ariston , de Oliveira Carvalho Rodrigo Dias , Souza Gustavo Henrique Bianco de , Antunes Vagner Roberto , Aparecida Lima de Moura Sandra , Ceron Carla Speroni , Cardoso Leonardo Máximo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objectives
High sodium intake is a major risk factor for hypertension and renal diseases. Previous studies have shown that a suspension of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava (guava) leaves (PsE) has antihypertensive effects in rats on a high-sodium diet (HSD), but some mechanisms to that remain unexplored. This study explored whether oral PsE treatment affects sodium handling by the intestine and alters the gut microbiome in HSD-fed rats.

Methods
Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: standard salt diet (SSD) and HSD (0.9% Na+), from weaning. After 12 weeks, both groups received PsE (200 mg/kg) or a vehicle for an additional 4 weeks.

Key findings
Sodium excretion was measured using flame photometry, and sodium absorption was assessed by intestinal perfusion technique. The gut microbiome was analysed through 16S ribosomal gene sequencing. HSD increased faecal sodium, further elevated by PsE, which inhibited intestinal sodium absorption in HSD rats. HSD altered the abundance of specific bacterial families, which PsE partially reversed. No changes in alpha diversity were noted among groups.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that PsE inhibited intestinal sodium handling and that PsE, combined with increased faecal sodium, may reshape the gut microbiome of HSD rats to resemble that of SSD rats.
Privacy in European, Civil, and Common Law
Authors: Rowe Samuel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 explains the influence of international law on the development and scope of privacy law in England and Wales and examines the scope of privacy protections in other jurisdictions. Following an introduction in Section A, Section B identifies the United Kingdom’s international privacy obligations in the United Nations, the European Union, the Council of Europe, and the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’). This section provides a detailed examination of the scope of privacy protection afforded by Article 8 ECHR. Section C provides an overview of privacy protection in other common law and mixed jurisdictions, namely, the United States, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and South Africa. The concluding section, Section D, considers the civil law privacy protections in Scotland, Germany, and France.
Misuse of Private Information
Authors: Moreham N A , Phillips Jane , Strong Chloe , Rowe Samuel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the tort of misuse of private information (MoPI). Section B introduces the chapter with an overview of this cause of action that examines its origins, nature and development, and essential elements. Section C addresses the question of whether information is private and sets out the circumstances that give rise to a reasonable expectation of privacy under English law with reference to the relevant factors. Section D considers the situations where there will not be a reasonable expectation of privacy, which include information within ‘non-private categories’, information in the public domain, and information relating to one’s own wrongdoing. Section E provides brief consideration of the court’s approach to the question of when interference with an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy may be justified, and the rights of third parties (a fuller discussion of defences to MoPI is set out in Chapter 11: Defences).
Harassment By Publication
Authors: Moreham N A , Browne Luke 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 sets out the principles of harassment by publication under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (PHA 1997). Section B considers the requirements for establishing liability for harassment under the PHA 1997, and the available statutory defences. In Section C, specific types of harassment by publication are addressed in detail, namely: newspaper articles, campaigns of vilification, publication of intimate images, blackmail and other threats to publish private and/or defamatory material, letters, and harassment of public servants and officials. Section D provides an outline of damages for harassment; and the chapter concludes with a brief consideration of harassment under section 4A of the Public Order Act 1986.
Practice and Procedure
Authors: Speker Adam , Page Adrienne , Callus Greg , Santos Julian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a detailed overview of procedural issues at play in privacy cases. It addresses four key questions: who may claim, what causes of action are available, where may claims be brought, and how do claims typically progress. After the introduction in Section A, Section B provides a summary of matters which advisors should consider when first approached about potential privacy breaches. Section C discusses who may sue and be sued, including discussion of children as claimants, the deceased, non-natural persons, and the identification of (unknown) defendants. Section D looks at private international law, briefly comparing the key heads of claim relied on in privacy cases, before discussing applicable law. In Section E examines where privacy claims may be brought, looking at both common law jurisdictional rules based on valid service and the Brussels-Lugano regime (and the impact of Brexit upon it). Finally, Section F examines in some detail the procedural matters which arise at every stage of a privacy hearing, from an interim injunctions to appeal. A wide range of topics are covered including including anonymizing proceedings, interim non-disclosure orders, case management, and duties of full and frank disclosure.
Investigating the extinction and magnetic field geometry in the Bok globule CB26
Authors: Paul R S , Halder P , Das H S , Mazarbhuiya A M , Medhi B J 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the extinction properties, dust distribution, and magnetic field characteristics of the CB26 cloud. Extinction mapping, derived from near-infrared photometry, reveals a good correlation with the dust distribution, as traced by Herschel1SPIRE 500 $\mu\mathrm{ m}$ data, indicating a close link between dust and extinction. The derived column density estimates align with previous Herschel studies. Our optical polarization observations of CB26 reveal a well-aligned magnetic field in the cloud’s low-density envelope, closely following the Galactic plane. In contrast, our reanalysis of archival submillimetre polarization data of CB26 suggests a distinct magnetic field orientation within the cloud core. The offset angle between the core and Galactic magnetic fields is approximately 90$^\circ$, suggesting a decoupling of the core’s magnetic field from the large-scale Galactic field. A relationship is found between polarization rate and distance for 24 field stars in CB26, suggesting that most of the polarization is contributed by dust within 600 pc along the line of sight.
Classifying modified gravity and dark energy theories with Bayesian neural networks: massive neutrinos, baryonic feedback, and the theoretical error
Authors: Thummel Linus , Bose Benjamin , Pourtsidou Alkistis , Lombriser Lucas 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
We study the capacity of Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) to detect new physics in the dark matter power spectrum. As in previous studies, the Bayesian Cosmological Network (bacon) classifies spectra into one of five classes: $\Lambda$CDM, $f(R)$, $w$CDM, Dvali–Gabadaze–Porrati (DGP) gravity, and a ‘random’ class, with this work extending it to include the effects of massive neutrinos and baryonic feedback. We further develop the treatment of theoretical errors in bacon-ii, investigating several approaches and identifying the one that best allows the trained network to generalize to other power spectrum modelling prescriptions. In particular, we compare power spectra data produced by euclidemulator2, hmcode, and halofit, all supplemented with the halo model reaction to model beyond-$\Lambda$CDM physics. We investigate BNN classifiers trained on these sets of spectra, adding in Stage-IV survey noise and various theoretical error models. Using our optimal theoretical error model, our fiducial classifier achieves a total classification accuracy of $\sim$95 per cent when it is trained on euclidemulator2-based spectra with modification parameters drawn from a Gaussian distribution centred around $\Lambda$CDM ($f(R)$: $\sigma _{fR0} = 10^{-5.5}$, DGP: $\sigma _{r\mathrm{c}} = 0.173$, $w$CDM: $\sigma _{w0} = 0.097$, $\sigma _{wa}=0.32$). This strengthens the promise of this method to glean the maximal amount of unbiased gravitational and cosmological information from forthcoming Stage-IV galaxy surveys.
Confirming the evolution of the dust mass function in galaxies over the past 5 billion years
Authors: Beeston R A , Gomez H L , Dunne L , Maddox S , Eales S A , Smith M W L 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The amount of evolution in the dust content of galaxies over the past 5 billion years of cosmic history is contested in the literature. Here, we present a far-infrared (FIR) census of dust based on a sample of 29 241 galaxies with redshifts ranging from $0 \lt z \lt 0.5$ using data from the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey ($H$-ATLAS). We use the spectral energy distribution fitting tool magphys and a stacking analysis to investigate the evolution of dust mass and temperature of FIR-selected galaxies as a function of both luminosity and redshift. At low redshifts, we find that the mass-weighted and luminosity-weighted dust temperatures from the stacking analysis both exhibit a trend for brighter galaxies to have warmer dust. In higher redshift bins, we see some evolution in both mass-weighted and luminosity-weighted dust temperatures with redshift, but the effect is strongest for luminosity-weighted temperature. The measure of dust content in galaxies at $z\lt 0.1$ (the dust mass function) has a different shape to that derived using optically selected galaxies from the same region of sky. We revise the local dust mass density ($z\lt 0.1$) to $\rho _{\rm d} =(1.37\pm 0.08)\times 10^5 {\rm \, {\rm M}_{\odot }\, Mpc^{-3}}\, h_{70}^{-1}$; corresponding to an overall fraction of baryons (by mass) stored in dust of $f_{\rm mb} {(\rm dust)} = (2.22\pm 0.13) \times 10^{-5}$. We confirm evolution in both the luminosity density and dust mass density over the past few billion years ($\rho _{\rm d} \propto (1+z)^{2.6 \pm 0.6}$), with a flatter evolution than observed in previous FIR-selected studies. We attribute the evolution in $\rho _{\rm L}$ and $\rho _{\rm m}$ to an evolution in the dust mass.
Hidden cooling flows in elliptical galaxies
Authors: Ivey L R , Fabian A C , Sanders J S , Pinto C , Ferland G J , Walker S , Jiang J 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The radiative cooling time of hot gas in the cool cores of many galaxy clusters and massive elliptical galaxies drops in the centre to below $10^8$ yr. The mass cooling rates inferred from simple modelling of X-ray observations of these objects are very low, indicating that either active galactic nuclei feedback is tightly balanced or that soft X-rays from cooling gas are somehow hidden from view. An intrinsic absorption model developed for application to galaxy clusters is used here to search for hidden cooling flows (HCFs) in seven nearby elliptical galaxies. Mass cooling rates of $\sim$0.5–8 $\text{M}_{\odot }$ yr-1 are found in each galaxy. The absorbed cooling flow luminosity is in agreement with the observed far infrared (FIR) luminosity in each case, indicating absorbed emission is energetically capable of emerging in the FIR band. An observed lack of agreement between HCF rates and normal star formation rates suggests the cooled material must have an alternative fate, with low-mass star formation considered as the primary outcome.
ARGONAUTE4 and the DNA demethylase REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1C mediate dehydroascorbate-induced intergenerational nematode resistance in rice
Authors: Chavan Satish Namdeo , Degroote Eva , De Kock Karen , Demeestere Kristof , Kyndt Tina 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Plants can transmit information to the next generation and modulate the phenotype of their offspring through epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate the activation of “intergenerational acquired resistance” (IAR) in the progeny of rice (Oryza sativa) plants exogenously treated with dehydroascorbate (DHA). The offspring of lifelong DHA-treated plants (DHA-IAR) were significantly less susceptible to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola and partially inherited the DHA-induced transcriptional response found in the parental plants. Phytohormone analyses on the DHA-IAR plants unveiled higher basal abscisic acid levels and a primed induction of the jasmonic acid pathway. RNA-seq analysis on the embryonic tissues of immature seeds of DHA-treated plants revealed major shifts in the expression of genes associated with epigenetic pathways. We confirmed that DHA treatment leads to a significant but transient pattern of global DNA hypomethylation in the parental plants 12 to 24 h after treatment. The induction of resistance in the parental plants requires the DNA demethylase REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1C (ROS1c) and ARGONAUTE 4, suggesting a role for DNA demethylation and subsequent remethylation in establishment of this phenotype. Confirming the transience of global hypomethylation upon DHA treatment, no significant change in global DNA methylation levels was observed in DHA-IAR versus naïve plants. Finally, DHA could not induce IAR in the ros1c mutant line and the ARGONAUTE 4 (ago4ab)-RNAi line. These data indicate that a controlled collaboration between transient DNA demethylation and remethylation underlies the induced resistance and IAR phenotypes upon DHA treatment.
Energy response of CaSO4:Dy thermoluminescence detector to medical linear accelerator photon beams
Authors: Herwiningsih Sri , Izzati Lia Wilda , Bunawas Bunawas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The study aims to evaluate the energy response of the thermoluminescent dosemeter (TLD) CaSO4:Dy from high energy photon beams produced from medical linear accelerator. The test was performed on the polymethyl methacrylate phantom surface and at the depth of dose maximum with a source-to-surface distance of 100 cm and the radiation field size of 12 × 12 cm. The results were compared with the TLD response exposed to 60Co standard source. The results show that the TLD response to the linac’s photon differs &gt;30% compared to the TLD response to 60Co exposure when measured at the phantom surface, while at the depth of maximum dose the response is similar (&lt; ±10%), indicating that the TLD response is no longer dependent on the energy. This implies that the current dose reading evaluation based on 60Co calibration curve should be corrected to obtain more accurate dose report of the radiation workers.
Modelling of constant and realistic chronic intake scenarios and their implications
Authors: Halder Sushanta , Nadar Minal Yesuraja , Mishra Lokpati , Akar Deepak Kumar , Yadav Jogendra , Singh Indrasen , Sawant Pramilla , Chaudhury Probal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chronic inhalation intake of radionuclides is possible for radiation workers in the nuclear industry. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) provides organ retention fractions as well as daily urinary and fecal excretion for chronic intake of various radionuclides. In this study, organ retention fractions and daily urinary excretion for chronic intake were estimated for constant chronic intake (CCI) and realistic chronic intake (RCI) scenarios. CCI is a daily intake of 1 Bq, and RCI is an intake of 1.4 Bq for five working days followed by two days gap. Radiologically important radionuclides such as 239Pu, 60Co, 137Cs, 131I, and 3H having long, moderate, and short effective half-lives in the deposited organ or whole body were considered. The retention fractions and daily urinary excretion of all the radionuclides studied for RCI were found to converge with those for the CCI scenario at ~40 to 200 days except for daily urinary excretion of 131I.
Empathy enhances decoding accuracy of human neurophysiological responses to emotional facial expressions of humans and dogs
Authors: Kujala Miiamaaria V , Parkkonen Lauri , Kujala Jan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Despite the growing interest in the nonhuman animal emotionality, we currently know little about the human brain processing of nonconspecific emotional expressions. Here, we characterized the millisecond-scale temporal dynamics of human brain responses to conspecific human and nonconspecific canine emotional facial expressions. Our results revealed generally similar cortical responses to human and dog facial expressions in the occipital cortex during the first 500 ms, temporal cortex at 100–500 ms and parietal cortex at 150–350 ms from the stimulus onset. Responses to dog faces were pronounced at the latencies in temporal cortices corresponding to the time windows of early posterior negativity and late posterior positivity, suggesting attentional engagement to emotionally salient stimuli. We also utilized support vector machine-based classifiers to discriminate between the brain responses to different images. The subject trait-level empathy correlated with the accuracy of classifying the brain responses of aggressive from happy dog faces and happy from neutral human faces. This result likely reflects the attentional enhancement provoked by the subjective ecological salience of the stimuli.