bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo Method to Quantify the Effect of Reactor Residence Time Distribution on Polyolefins Made with Heterogeneous Catalysts: Part III—Particle Composition Distribution Effects
Authors: Liu Bao , Romero Jazmin , Liu Boping , Soares João B. P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPolymer reactor blends, such as bimodal polyethylene or high‐impact polypropylene, are usually produced in multistep processes using two or more reactors in series. Since the polymer particles are subject to reactor residence time distributions (RTD) during the polymerizations, the fractions of the polymer populations made in each reactor will vary from particle to particle. It is shown in the previous publications in this series that reactor RTD has a marked effect on the particle size distribution and on the packing density of polyolefin particles. In this article, the versatile Monte Carlo model is extended to demonstrate how reactor RTD affects particle composition and molecular weight distributions of polyolefin reactor blends made in multistep processes. Increasing the number of reactors in series favors the homogeneity of the product. Moreover, the average fraction of the different polymer populations in the particles depends strongly on the mean reactor residence time and polymerization kinetics.
Sense making of policy processes in the transition economy of Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Thang V. , Nguyen Hung V. , Vu Cuong , Le Canh Q. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis paper addresses the question of how reform policies come into existence in transition economies, in which democratic market institutions are in nascent stages. Data from two case studies in Vietnam suggest that the evolution of reform policies in transition economies involves significant sense‐making processes, rather than problem solving, and that sense making alters stakeholders' foundations for learning and power influence in policymaking. In the end, stakeholders' acceptance of identity changes is needed for a reform policy to be realized. This study offers important research and policy implications, and such issues as identity redefinition in the policy process warrant further study.
Order in Disorder as Observed by the “Hydrophobic Cluster Analysis” of Protein Sequences
Authors: Bitard‐Feildel Tristan , Lamiable Alexis , Mornon Jean‐Paul , Callebaut Isabelle 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHydrophobic cluster analysis (HCA) is an original approach for protein sequence analysis, which provides access to the foldable repertoire of the protein universe, including yet unannotated protein segments (“dark proteome”). Foldable segments correspond to ordered regions, as well as to intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) undergoing disorder to order transitions. In this review, how HCA can be used to give insight into this last category of foldable segments is illustrated, with examples matching known 3D structures. After reviewing the HCA principles, examples of short foldable segments are given, which often contain short linear motifs, typically matching hydrophobic clusters. These segments become ordered upon contact with partners, with secondary structure preferences generally corresponding to those observed in the 3D structures within the complexes. Such small foldable segments are sometimes larger than the segments of known 3D structures, including flanking hydrophobic clusters that may be critical for interaction specificity or regulation, as well as intervening sequences allowing fuzziness. Cases of larger conditionally disordered domains are also presented, with lower density in hydrophobic clusters than well‐folded globular domains or with exposed hydrophobic patches, which are stabilized by interaction with partners.
Surfactant‐free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate for preparation of water‐redispersible polymeric powders
Authors: Darabi Ali , Rezaee Shirin‐Abadi Abbas , Avar Sajad , Cunningham Michael F. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTPoly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate) cationically stabilized latexes with up to 25% solid content were prepared by surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) employing 1 mol % 2,2′‐azobis[2‐(2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)propane]dihydrochloride (VA‐044) as an initiator and stabilizer (inisurf) with respect to monomer at 70 °C. The latexes had 200–500 nm z‐diameter and a very narrow size distribution (PDI < 0.05). The stabilizing amidinium moieties from VA‐044 were covalently bound to the particles. After drying in air, poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate), PS‐co‐PMMA latexes were easily redispersible in water simply by addition of water and a few minutes of gentle stirring. The redispersed latex particles had colloidal characteristics very similar to the original latex particles in terms of polydispersity, size, and zeta potential. In contrast, latexes prepared with a similar formulation but using a conventional cationic surfactant (CTAB) that was not covalently bound to the particles were not redispersible. This is the simplest method reported so far for the preparation of redispersible latexes that do not use high stabilizer concentrations. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2376–2381
Patterns of adverse drug reaction signals in NAFDAC pharmacovigilance activities from January to June 2015: safety of drug use in Nigeria
Authors: Awodele Olufunsho , Aliu Rebecca , Ali Ibrahim , Oni Yetunde , Adeyeye Christianah Mojisola 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) are expected to be associated with an economic drain on the healthcare systems. The study was carried out to determine the occurrence of ADRs reported to NAFDAC Pharmacovigilance from January to June 2015, to illustrate the pattern of organ system affected by ADRs, to assess the completeness of ADR report, to determine the relationship between the occurrence of ADRs with suspect drugs and the use of concomitant drugs as well as to generate possible signals from the reported ADRs. A total number of 921 ADR cases reported from January to June 2015 were analyzed using SPSS version 22. A higher percentage of ADR reports were seen in females (65.5%). The highest percentages of reports (45.6%) were from the age range of 21‐40 years, most of the suspected drugs reported had both NAFDAC (50.2%) and batch number identification (65.6%). HIV (56.9%) was the most prevalent indication reported for using the suspected drug; Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine combination (16.9%) was reported as the suspected drug with the highest occurrences of ADRs and generalized body itching (6.9%) as the most prevalent ADR. “General disorders” (47.3%) was the most predominant organ system affected by ADRs and Pharmacists were revealed as the highest reporters of ADRs (80.2%). Overall, patients on ARVs should be vigilantly followed up as they are mostly prone to ADRs. Adverse drug reaction reporting systems need to be robust and complete in order to be able to detect new drug alerts, possible signals and improve pharmacovigilance
Static output‐feedback sliding mode control under round‐robin protocol
Authors: Song Jun , Wang Zidong , Niu Yugang 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis paper addresses the static output‐feedback sliding mode control (SMC) problem for a class of uncertain control systems subject to the round‐robin protocol scheduling, in which the communication between the controller and the actuators is regulated by the round‐robin protocol, that is, only one actuator node gets the access to the transmission network at each instant and the other actuators utilize the values stored in the zero‐order holders. A key issue of the addressed problem is how to design both the sliding surface and the sliding mode controller subject to the kind of actuator signals depending on protocol scheduling and zero‐order holders. By only using the measured output information, a linear sliding surface is constructed, and then, a token‐dependent SMC law is designed properly with the aid of an updating rule on actuator input. Moreover, suitable token‐dependent Lyapunov functions are exploited to obtain sufficient conditions for guaranteeing the asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop systems and the reachability of the specified sliding surface. Furthermore, based upon a separation strategy, a convex optimization algorithm is proposed to obtain the controller gains. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed static output‐feedback SMC design scheme is verified in an industrial continuous‐stirred tank reactor system.
Sign‐consensus over cooperative‐antagonistic networks with switching topologies
Authors: Jiang Ye , Zhang Hongwei , Chen Jie 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis paper studies sign consensus, a collective behavior of multiagent systems, when both cooperative and antagonistic interactions coexist among agents. By sign consensus, it means that the states of all agents will eventually achieve the same sign but may with different magnitudes. Compared with some recent works on sign‐consensus problems, where only fixed graphs are considered and the graph adjacency matrix needs to be eventually positive, this paper allows the graph to be switching over time. Control laws are proposed and analyzed with respect to three classes of switching graphs. Examples illustrate the efficacy of the control algorithms.
Optimal sample size planning for the Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney test
Authors: Happ Martin , Bathke Arne C. , Brunner Edgar 
Published: October 2018

There are many different proposed procedures for sample size planning for the Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney test at given type‐I and type‐II error rates α and β, respectively. Most methods assume very specific models or types of data to simplify calculations (eg, ordered categorical or metric data, location shift alternatives, etc). We present a unified approach that covers metric data with and without ties, count data, ordered categorical data, and even dichotomous data. For that, we calculate the unknown theoretical quantities such as the variances under the null and relevant alternative hypothesis by considering the following “synthetic data” approach. We evaluate data whose empirical distribution functions match the theoretical distribution functions involved in the computations of the unknown theoretical quantities. Then, well‐known relations for the ranks of the data are used for the calculations.In addition to computing the necessary sample size N for a fixed allocation proportion t = n1/N, where n1 is the sample size in the first group and N = n1 + n2 is the total sample size, we provide an interval for the optimal allocation rate t, which minimizes the total sample size N. It turns out that, for certain distributions, a balanced design is optimal. We give a characterization of such distributions. Furthermore, we show that the optimal choice of t depends on the ratio of the two variances, which determine the variance of the Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney statistic under the alternative. This is different from an optimal sample size allocation in case of the normal distribution model.
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Value‐Added Products: The Electrocatalyst and Microbial Electrosynthesis
Authors: Chen Zhipeng , Wang Xiaohan , Liu Licheng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value‐added products obtains great attention and investigation worldwide in recent years. The commercialization of this green process relies on the progress of relating high‐performance electrocatalysts and their feasibility with proper reactor design. The microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an alternative route to reduce CO2 with electroactive bio‐film electrode as catalyst. This review presents the research status and development of cathode catalysts, particularly focusing on the active sites and development tendency, for highly efficient electrochemical reduction CO2 from personal viewpoint. Some of our results are also presented to exhibit contributions. MES shows a similar process to the typical electrochemical reduction of CO2. Their combination is an important trend, and the future research in this field is full of challenges and opportunities.
Examining features of how professional development and enactment of educative curricula influences elementary science teacher learning
Authors: Granger Ellen M. , Bevis Todd H. , Southerland Sherry A. , Saka Yavuz , Ke Fengfeng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis research examines factors influencing elementary science teacher learning as they participate in professional development with and enactment of educative curricula in comparison with learning following limited professional development and enactment of traditional curricula. Using a randomized cluster design (125 teachers and 2,694 students in 4th—5th grades) that met the What Works Clearinghouse standards without reservations, teacher learning was conceptualized using four outcomes. Data were analyzed using standard single‐level multiple regression models and possible mediation models for the teacher outcomes were considered using piecewise multiple regression and path analytic approaches. Treatment group teachers experienced greater increases in content knowledge, views of science inquiry, beliefs about reform‐based teaching, and teaching self‐efficacy than comparison group teachers. The findings indicate that what teachers learn from the combination of professional development and teaching with educative curriculum varies according to what their knowledge and beliefs are on entering the experience. Surprisingly, high entry‐level self‐efficacy was associated not only with lower learning gains for the teachers, but also for their students. Finally, teachers' space science learning and that of their students are implicated as mediators of the positive effect of the professional development and educative curriculum enactment on teacher beliefs about reform science teaching. This work refines and extends a theoretical framework of teachers' participatory relationship with curricula.
Pollen Wall
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea 
Published: October 2018

Abstracttectum/tectate: outer more or less continuous ektexine layer; tectum condition can be eutectate or semitectate
Pollen Morphology and Ultrastructure
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe study of pollen should encompass all structural and ornamental aspects of the grain. Pollen morphology is studied using LM and SEM and is important to visualize the general features of a pollen grain, including, e.g., symmetry, shape, size, aperture number and location, as well as ornamentation. TEM investigations are used to highlight the stratification and the uniqueness of pollen wall layers as well as cytoplasmic features. The following sections explain the most important structural and sculptural pollen features a palynologist should observe.
Misinterpretations in Palynology
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe description of pollen ornamentation depends on three major parameters (1) the interpretations of the palynologist (which are subjective), (2) the pollen terminology applied, and (3) the magnification, resolution, and methods used.
How to Describe and Illustrate Pollen Grains
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFor the description of a pollen grain, a number of features are used including size, polarity and shape, aperture condition, ornamentation, and pollen wall structure. Additional and often more specialized features depend on the group of plants under study, Gymnosperms (Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Pinales, Gnetales) vs. Angiosperms (magnoliids, monocots, commelinids, eudicots). These features can only be obtained by the application of a combined analysis with LM, SEM, and TEM (Fig. 1). In order to compare and categorize pollen, a common language and understanding of technical terms is necessary.
Pollen- and Dispersal Units
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea 
Published: October 2018

Abstractmonad: unit consisting of a single pollen grain
The antimicrobial protection hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Moir Robert D. , Lathe Richard , Tanzi Rudolph E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveWe explore here a novel model for amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This new perspective on AD amyloidosis seeks to provide a rational framework for incorporating recent and seemingly independent findings on the antimicrobial role of β‐amyloid and emerging experimental, genetic, and epidemiological data, suggesting innate immune‐mediated inflammation propagates AD neurodegeneration.BackgroundAD pathology is characterized by cerebral deposition of amyloid‐β protein (Aβ) as β‐amyloid. Genetic studies have confirmed the key role of Aβ in AD, revealing that mutation‐mediated shifts in the peptides generation lead to early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. However, Aβ generation appears normal for the majority of AD patients, who lack early onset familial Alzheimer's disease mutations. In prevailing models of nonfamilial AD, individual genetics and age‐associated changes in brain milieu promote an intrinsically abnormal propensity of Aβ for self‐association. However, emerging findings are increasingly inconsistent with characterization of Aβ oligomerization as a nonphysiological and exclusively pathological activity. Recent studies suggest Aβ is an ancient, highly conserved effector molecule of innate immunity. Moreover, Aβ oligomerization and β‐amyloid generation appear to be important innate immune pathways that mediate pathogen entrapment and protect against infection.New AD amyloidogenesis modelRecent findings on inflammation‐mediated neurodegeneration and the role of Aβ in immunity have led to emergence of the “Antimicrobial Protection Hypothesis” of AD. In this model, β‐amyloid deposition is an early innate immune response to genuine, or mistakenly perceived, immunochallenge. Aβ first entraps and neutralizes invading pathogens in β‐amyloid. Aβ fibrillization drives neuroinflammatory pathways that help fight the infection and clear β‐amyloid/pathogen deposits. In AD, chronic activation of this pathway leads to sustained inflammation and neurodegeneration. Mounting data link elevated brain microbe levels with AD. The Antimicrobial Protection Hypothesis reveals how increased brain microbial burden may directly exacerbate β‐amyloid deposition, inflammation, and AD progression.Amyloid cascade hypothesisIn the antimicrobial protection model, the modality of Aβ's pathophysiology is shifted from abnormal stochastic behavior toward dysregulated innate immune response. However, β‐amyloid deposition in AD still leads to neurodegeneration. Thus, the new model extends but remains broadly consistent with the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis and overwhelming data showing the primacy of Aβ in AD pathology.
Medical Incidents and Evacuations on Wilderness Expeditions for the Northwest Outward Bound School
Authors: Wells Forrest C. , Warden Craig R. 
Published: October 2018

Introduction Outdoor education (OE) expeditions travel far from definitive care and have unique epidemiology. Most OE expedition studies have examined a single organization and results may not generalize. This study examines the injuries, illnesses, medical evacuations, and nonmedical incidents of the Northwest Outward Bound School (NWOBS) to broaden our understanding and demonstrate commonalities within the field. Methods This retrospective database review examined incidents and evacuations on NWOBS expeditions from June 1, 2014 through October 31, 2016. Incident rates, evacuation rates, and incident type frequencies were calculated. Frequencies of incidents during different expedition time periods were compared with a 1-sample χ2 test. The odds ratio that each type of incident would require evacuation was calculated and compared with other incident types using Fisher exact test. Results The study period included 59,058 program days, 277 incidents, 143 medical incidents, 75 medical evacuations, and no fatalities. Injuries occurred at a rate of 1.64 per 1000 program days and illnesses at a rate of 0.78 per 1000 program days. The most common injuries were strains, sprains, and trauma or infection of the skin and soft tissue. Most injuries occurred while backpacking, hiking, or moving around camp. The most common illnesses were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, asthma, respiratory infections, and urinary tract infections. The medical incidents with the highest odds of evacuation were fractures, urinary tract infections, abdominal pain, and asthma. Conclusions Results from the NWOBS database are consistent with those from other expeditionary OE programs. These findings should guide risk-management strategies and staff medical training.
Fertilization, hatching, and embryogenesis of diploid and triploid eggs ofAnabas testudineus(Bloch, 1792)
Authors: Hassan A. , Okomoda V.T. , Sanusi F.A.B. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis study investigated the breeding parameters and embryogenic development of diploid and heat shock-induced triploid eggs ofAnabas testudineus(Bloch, 1792). To this effect, broodstocks ofA.testudineuswere induced to spawn using the Ovaprim®hormone. After fertilization, the eggs were divided into two groups and one portion heat shocked at 41°C (for 3 min), at approximately 4 min after fertilization. Results of fertilization, hatchability, as well as the sequence and timing of embryogenic development were collated from three breeding trials. Fertilization percentages were similar in both treatments (≈90%) while hatchability was higher in the diploid eggs (79.56%) than the triploid induced eggs (50.04%). Both treatments had the same sequence of embryogenetic stages; however, the timing of development was significantly delayed in the triploids (i.e. beyond the 2-cell stages) as compared with the observations in the control group (diploid eggs). Consequently, hatching time was 5 h faster in the diploid eggs [i.e. 18 hours post fertilization (hpf)] compared with the triploid induced eggs (23 hpf). The most critical stage of embryonic development in which mass mortality occurred in the different treatments was the somite stage. The status of triploid hatchlings was affirmed using erythrocyte morphology in 2-month-old fingerlings.