bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of knowledge and practice of forensic dentistry amongst dental practitioners
Authors: Nazir Muhammad Ashraf , Al‐Ansari Asim , Al‐Khalifa Khalifa , Gaffar Balgis Osman 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the determinants of knowledge and practice of forensic dentistry (FD) amongst dental practitioners.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted on dental practitioners working in private and public sectors in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. A pilot tested self‐administered questionnaire was distributed amongst an estimated sample of 323 dentists. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsIn the study, 72.4% of the estimated sample returned completed questionnaires. There were 142 male (60.7%) and 92 female dentists (39.3%) in the study. There were 59 (25.2%) dentists who had the knowledge of FD and 27 (11.5%) handled the cases related to FD. Multivariable logistic regression showed that receiving FD training in undergraduate program (Adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 10.31, 95% CI = 4.67‐22.76), and updating the information of FD (AOR = 6.68, 95% CI = 2.81‐15.86) were significantly associated with increased odds of having the knowledge of FD. Similarly, updating the information of FD (AOR = 7.56, 95% CI = 2.54‐22.51) and having ≥5 years of clinical experience (AOR = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.00‐21.40) were significant determinants of handling the cases of FD. The adjusted odds ratio for the maintenance of dental records was 4.16 times higher for specialists and consultants than general dentists.ConclusionThe study found that the dentists who received FD training had greater chances of having FD knowledge. Updating information about FD was associated with improved knowledge and practice of FD. Dental curricula should provide knowledge and skills of FD to students in undergraduate programs and the dentists should learn about FD through different educational sources.
Transcriptional profiling aligned with in situ expression image analysis reveals mosaically expressed molecular markers for GABA neuron sub‐groups in the ventral tegmental area
Authors: Paul Eleanor J. , Tossell Kyoko , Ungless Mark A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) provide local inhibitory control of dopamine neuron activity and send long‐range projections to several target regions including the nucleus accumbens. They play diverse roles in reward and aversion, suggesting that they be comprised of several functionally distinct sub‐groups, but our understanding of this diversity has been limited by a lack of molecular markers that might provide genetic entry points for cell type‐specific investigations. To address this, we conducted transcriptional profiling of GABA neurons and dopamine neurons using immunoprecipitation of tagged polyribosomes (RiboTag) and RNAseq. First, we directly compared these two transcriptomes in order to obtain a list of genes enriched in GABA neurons compared with dopamine neurons. Next, we created a novel bioinformatic approach, that used the PANTHER (Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships) gene ontology database and VTA gene expression data from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas, from which we obtained 6 candidate genes: Cbln4, Rxfp3, Rora, Gpr101, Trh and Nrp2. As a final step, we verified the selective expression of these candidate genes in sub‐groups of GABA neurons in the VTA (and neighbouring substantia nigra pars compacta) using immunolabelling. Taken together, our study provides a valuable toolbox for the future investigation of GABA neuron sub‐groups in the VTA.
Supporting the evaluation of public and patient engagement in health system organizations: Results from an implementation research study
Authors: Abelson Julia , Tripp Laura , Kandasamy Sujane , Burrows Kristen ,   on behalf of the PPEET Implementation Study Team
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAs citizens, patients and family members are participating in numerous and expanding roles in health system organizations, attention has turned to evaluating these efforts. The context‐specific nature of engagement requires evaluation tools to be carefully designed for optimal use. We sought to address this need by assessing the appropriateness and feasibility of a generic tool across a range of health system organizations, engagement activities and patient groups.MethodsWe used a mixed‐methods implementation research design to study the implementation of an engagement evaluation tool in seven health system organizations in Ontario, Canada focusing on two key implementation outcome variables: appropriateness and feasibility. Data were collected through respondent feedback questions (binary and open‐ended) at the end of the tool's three questionnaires as well as interviews and debriefing discussions with engagement professionals and patient partners from collaborating organizations.ResultsThe three questionnaires comprising the evaluation tool were collectively administered 29 times to 405 respondents yielding a 52% response rate (90% and 53% of respondents respectively assessed the survey's appropriateness and feasibility [quantitatively or qualitatively]). The questionnaires' basic properties were rated highly by all respondents. Concrete suggestions were provided for improving the appropriateness and feasibility of the questionnaires (or components within) for different engagement activity and organization types, and for enhancing the timing of implementation.Discussion and ConclusionsOur study findings offer guidance for health system organizations and evaluators to support the optimal use of engagement evaluation tools across a variety of health system settings, engagement activities and respondent groups.
Distributional dynamics of a specialized subterranean community oppose the classical understanding of the preferred subterranean habitats
Authors: Kozel Peter , Pipan Tanja , Mammola Stefano , Culver David C. , Novak Tone 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTroglobionts are organisms that are specialized for living in a subterranean environment. These organisms reside prevalently in the deepest zones of caves and in shallow subterranean habitats, and complete their entire life cycles therein. Because troglobionts in most caves depend on organic matter resources from the surface, we hypothesized that they would also select the sections of caves nearest the surface, as long as environmental conditions were favorable. Over 1 year, we analyzed, in monthly intervals, the annual distributional dynamics of a subterranean community consisting of 17 troglobiont species, in relation to multiple environmental factors. Cumulative standardized annual species richness and diversity clearly indicated the existence of two ecotones within the cave: between soil and shallow subterranean habitats, inhabited by soil and shallow troglobionts; and between the transition and inner cave zones, where the spatial niches of shallow and deep troglobionts overlap. The mean standardized annual species richness and diversity showed inverse relationships, but both contributed to a better insight into the dynamics of subterranean fauna. Regression analyses revealed that temperatures in the range 7–10°C, high moisture content of substrate, large cross section of the cave, and high pH of substrate were the most important ecological drivers governing the spatiotemporal dynamics of troglobionts. Overall, this study shows general trends in the annual distributional dynamics of troglobionts in shallow caves and reveals that the distribution patterns of troglobionts within subterranean habitats may be more complex than commonly assumed.
Cyclophilin D participates in the inhibitory effect of high‐fat diet on the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
Authors: Su Xiaohui , Lin Dong , Luo Dandan , Sun Mingqi , Wang Xiaolei , Ye Jifeng , Zhang Meijie , Zhang Yikun , Xu Xiaolin , Yu Chunxiao , Guan Qingbo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe high‐fat diet (HFD)–induced obesity is responsible for the testosterone deficiency (TD). However, the mechanism remains unknown. Mitochondrial homeostasis is proved to be important for maintaining the function of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), the first rate‐limiting enzyme in testosterone synthesis. As the key regulator of mitochondrial membrane permeability, cyclophilin D (CypD) plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial function. In this study, we sought to elucidate the role of CypD in the expression of StAR affected by HFD.MethodsTo analyse the influence of CypD on StAR in vivo and in vitro, mouse models of HFD, CypD overexpression and CypD knockout (Ppif−/−) as well as Leydig cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) and CypD overexpression plasmids were examined with an array of metabolic, mitochondrial function and molecular assays.ResultsCompared with the normal diet mice, consistent with reduced testosterone in testes, the expressions of StAR in both mRNA and protein levels in HFD mice were down‐regulated, while expressions of CypD were up‐regulated. High‐fat intake impaired mitochondrial function with the decrease in StAR in Leydig cells. Overexpression of CypD inhibited StAR expressions in vivo and in vitro. Compared with C57BL/6 mice with HFD, expressions of StAR were improved in Ppif−/− mice with HFD.ConclusionsMitochondrial CypD involved in the inhibitory effect of HFD on StAR expression in testes.
HEADS I WIN, TAILS YOU LOSE: INSTITUTIONAL MONITORING OF EXECUTIVE PAY RIGIDITY
Authors: Choi Paul Moon Sub , Chung Chune Young , Hwang Ji Hoon , Liu Chang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAgency theory argues that pay for performance alleviates the conflict of interest between managers and shareholders. Furthermore, the literature finds that institutional monitoring tends to promote the performance–pay linkage, thus aligning the two parties’ incentives. We find that executive compensation rigidity is negatively and significantly associated with firm value. Moreover, ownership by long‐term institutional investors reduces the pay rigidity of top managers in underperforming firms, thus decreasing the value‐destroying effect of the rigidity. Overall, these results reaffirm the role of institutional monitoring in mitigating managerial rent extraction.
“Esa paz blanca, esa paz de muerte”: Peacetime, Wartime, and Black Impossible Chronos in Postconflict Colombia
Authors: Alves Jaime Amparo 
Published: August 2019

ResumenEl 24 de agosto de 2016, el presidente colombiano Juan Manuel Santos anunció el final formal de la larga guerra de cincuenta años con la guerrilla de las FARC, ya que el grupo acordó deponer las armas y participar en las elecciones generales de 2018 como un partido político. El acuerdo de paz fue recibido con una mezcla de emoción y escepticismo. Desde entonces, casi seiscientos activistas han sido asesinados, la violencia homicida contra la juventud urbana sigue alta y el prospecto de paz positiva en los territorios negros e indígenas es en el mejor de los casos esquivo. En este artículo, me pregunto: ¿cómo entender la transición a la paz como supuestamente un momento mágico cuando lostiempos‐de‐guerray tiempos‐de‐paz son experimentados como evento a‐temporal acuerdo a la alteridad racial de los sujetos? ¿Pueden los marcos normativo de conflicto / pos‐conflicto y paz / guerra, explicar la trans‐historicidad de la experiencia negra en sociedades de la diáspora africana? [afro‐pesimismo, violencia racial, construcción de paz, paz liberal, protesto negro]
Identifying the Key Elements of Racially Concordant Care in a Freestanding Birth Center
Authors: Karbeah J'Mag , Hardeman Rachel , Almanza Jennifer , Kozhimannil Katy B. 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionThere is empirical evidence that the quality of interpersonal care patients receive varies dramatically along racial and ethnic lines, with African American people often reporting much lower quality of care than their white counterparts. Improving the interpersonal relationship between clinicians and patients has been identified as one way to improve quality of care. Specifically, research has identified that patients feel more satisfied with the care that they receive from clinicians with whom they share a racial identity. However, little is known about how clinicians provide racially concordant care. The goal of this analysis was to identify the key components of high‐quality care that were most salient for African American birthworkers providing perinatal care to African American patients.MethodsWe conducted semistructured interviews (30 to 90 minutes) with clinicians (N = 10; midwives, student midwives, and doulas) who either worked at or worked closely with an African American‐owned birth center in North Minneapolis, Minnesota. We used inductive coding methods to analyze data and to identify key themes.ResultsProviding racially concordant perinatal care to African American birthing individuals required clinicians to acknowledge and center the sociocultural realities and experiences of their patients. Four key themes emerged in our analysis. The first overarching theme identified was the need to acknowledge how cultural identity of patients is fundamental to the clinical encounter. The second theme that emerged was a commitment to racial justice. The third and fourth themes were agency and cultural humility, which highlight the reciprocal nature of the clinician‐patient relationship.DiscussionThe most salient aspect of the care that birthworkers of color provide is their culturally centered approach. This approach and all subsequent themes suggest that achieving birth equity for pregnant African American people starts by acknowledging and honoring their sociocultural experiences.
Allocation trade‐offs impact organ size and muscle architecture in an invasive population of Xenopus laevis in Western France
Authors: Padilla Pablo , Courant Julien , Herrel Anthony 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInvasive species are a global scourge and often negatively impact native species. Understanding the expansion and dispersal limits of these species is essential. As previous studies have demonstrated increased locomotor performance for populations at the edge of the range of expanding populations, studies of locomotion including the anatomical and physiological traits underlying dispersal capacity are of interest. We focus here on an invasive population of Xenopus laevis introduced in France nearly forty years ago. Previous studies have demonstrated differences in mobility between populations from the centre and the edge of the invasive range, with individuals from the range edge possessing a higher endurance capacity. We test here whether range‐edge frogs show anatomical differences in organs or muscles underlying these observed differences of performance. We dissected 10 males and 10 females from central and range‐edge sites (40 animals in total) and measured the mass of their organs and the mass, the length, and the physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) of 28 hind limb muscles. Our results show anatomical differences with individuals from the range edge possessing heavier, longer and more forceful muscles. Moreover, females from the range edge had a heavier heart but lighter stomach than those of the centre of the range. Future studies comparing the morphology between native and invasive populations in other regions or for other species will be especially insightful to better understand the possible adaptive changes in invasive populations and the limits on dispersal capacity.
Comparative analysis of the shape and size of the middle ear cavity of turtles reveals no correlation with habitat ecology
Authors: Foth Christian , Evers Serjoscha W. , Joyce Walter G. , Volpato Virginie S. , Benson Roger B. J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe middle ear of turtles differs from other reptiles in being separated into two distinct compartments. Several ideas have been proposed as to why the middle ear is compartmentalized in turtles, most suggesting a relationship with underwater hearing. Extant turtle species span fully marine to strictly terrestrial habitats, and ecomorphological hypotheses of turtle hearing predict that this should correlate with variation in the structure of the middle ear due to differences in the fluid properties of water and air. We investigate the shape and size of the air‐filled middle ear cavity of 56 extant turtles using 3D data and phylogenetic comparative analysis to test for correlations between habitat preferences and the shape and size of the middle ear cavity. Only weak correlations are found between middle ear cavity size and ecology, with aquatic taxa having proportionally smaller cavity volumes. The middle ear cavity of turtles exhibits high shape diversity among species, but we found no relationship between this shape variation and ecology. Surprisingly, the estimated acoustic transformer ratio, a key functional parameter of impedance‐matching ears in vertebrates, also shows no relation to habitat preferences (aquatic/terrestrial) in turtles. We suggest that middle ear cavity shape may be controlled by factors unrelated to hearing, such as the spatial demands of surrounding cranial structures. A review of the fossil record suggests that the modern turtle ear evolved during the Early to Middle Jurassic in stem turtles broadly adapted to freshwater and terrestrial settings. This, combined with our finding that evolutionary transitions between habitats caused only weak evolutionary changes in middle ear structure, suggests that tympanic hearing in turtles evolved as a compromise between subaerial and underwater hearing.
“The enchantment of property”: Arthur Young, enclosure, and the cottage economy in England, 1770–1840
Authors: Handy Jim 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEnglish agricultural practice changed dramatically in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as enclosure, the dominance of commercial short‐term leases for tenant farmers, and the proletarianization of the agricultural labour force completed what has been called an agricultural revolution. A less often noted aspect of this change was what was called “a war on cottages” and cottage gardens. The Board of Agriculture and Arthur Young were important cheerleaders for this process. Yet many of the most prominent members of the Board of Agriculture made impassioned appeals for the provision of land for English cottagers as a way to reduce poverty and stressed that cottagers produced remarkable returns from their small farms. Arthur Young became the most vocal proponent of land for cottagers. This article suggests that their appeals for land for cottagers were limited by both farmers' desire for easily controlled labour and misplaced concerns about the supposed inevitability of the poverty inherent in very small farms.
Comparison of survival outcomes in optimally and maximally cytoreduced stage IIIC ovarian high‐grade serous carcinoma: Women with only peritoneal tumor burden versus women with both peritoneal and lymphogenous dissemination
Authors: Selcuk Ilker , Meydanli Mehmet M. , Yalcin Ibrahim , Gungorduk Kemal , Akgol Sedat , Çelik Husnu , Ayhan Ali 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to analyze the survival outcomes of stage IIIC ovarian high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) patients with both peritoneal and lymphatic dissemination (IP+/RP+) who had undergone maximal or optimal cytoreduction followed by intravenous carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy compared to those women with stage IIIC ovarian HGSC with only peritoneal involvement (IP+/RP−) who were treated similarly.MethodsWe performed a retrospective, multicenter study with the participation of five gynecological cancer centers. First, the stage IIIC ovarian HGSC patients were classified into optimally or maximally debulked cohorts. Then, in each cohort, the patients were divided into two groups; the IP+/RP− group included those women with transcoelomic spreading outside the pelvis with no nodal disease, and the IP+/RP+ group included those patients with transcoelomic dissemination outside the pelvis in addition to a positive nodal status. The survival outcomes were compared between the two groups in each cohort.ResultsA total of 405 ovarian HGSC patients were analyzed. In the optimally debulked cohort (n = 257), the progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) medians for the IP+/RP− group (n = 69) were 24 and 57 months, respectively, compared to 21 and 58 months, respectively, for the IP+/RP+ group (n = 188) (P = 0.78 and P = 0.40, respectively). In the maximally debulked cohort (n = 148), the PFS and OS medians for the IP+/RP− group (n = 55) were 35 and 63 months, respectively, compared to 25 and 51 months, respectively, for the IP+/RP+ group (n = 93) (P = 0.49 and P = 0.31, respectively).ConclusionOur findings indicated no survival differences between the IP+/RP− and the IP+/RP+ groups.
Feeling Is Believing? Evidence From Earthquake Shaking Experience and Insurance Demand
Authors: Lin Xiao 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article investigates how a particular type of personal experience—“no‐loss” experience with minor earthquakes—affects financial decisions such as insurance purchases. We find a small temporary increase in insurance demand in areas that experience a shaking with moderate intensity, or multiple shakings with light intensity. An analysis of Google Trends data confirms an immediate increase in interest in insurance though not in seismic retrofit. These findings extend the applicability of the availability bias and hot‐hand fallacy to a broader context: financial decisions may be motivated by not only loss experience, but also recent no‐loss experience, as people may extrapolate their “feeling” to something worse. However, such experience does not motivate long‐term behavioral change.
Group identification with (incomplete) preferences
Authors: Cho Wonki Jo , Saporiti Alejandro 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe consider the problem of identifying members of a group based on individual opinions. Since agents do not have preferences in the model, properties of rules that concern preferences (e.g., strategy‐proofness and efficiency) have not been studied in the literature. We fill this gap by working with a class of incomplete preferences derived directly from opinions. Our main result characterizes a new family of group identification rules, called voting‐by‐equitable‐committees rules, using two well‐known properties: strategy‐proofness and equal treatment of equals. Our family contains as a special case the consent rules (Samet & Schmeidler. J. Econ. Theory, 110 (2003), pp. 213–233), which are symmetric and embody various degrees of liberalism and democracy; and it also includes dictatorial and oligarchic rules that value agents’ opinions differently. In the presence of strategy‐proofness, efficiency turns out to be equivalent to non‐degeneracy (i.e., any agent may potentially be included or excluded from the group). This implies that a rule satisfies strategy‐proofness, efficiency, and equal treatment of equals if, and only if, it is a non‐degenerate voting‐by‐equitable‐committees rule.
Tying the politicians’ hands: The optimal limits to representative democracy
Authors: Laussel Didier , Van Long Ngo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe citizen candidate models of democracy assume that politicians have their own preferences that are not fully revealed at the time of elections. We study the optimal delegation problem which arises between the median voter (the writer of the constitution) and the (future) incumbent politician under the assumption that not only the state of the world but also the politician's type (preferred policy) are the policy‐maker's private information. We show that it is optimal to tie the hands of the politician by imposing both a policy floor and a policy cap and delegating him/her the policy choice only in between the cap and the floor. The delegation interval is shown to be the smaller the greater is the uncertainty about the politician's type. These results are also applicable to settings outside the specific problem that our model addresses.