bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inappropriate opioid prescribing practices: A narrative review
Authors: Kim Brian , Nolan Seonaid , Beaulieu Tara , Shalansky Stephen , Ti Lianping 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPurposeResults of a literature review to identify indicators of inappropriate opioid prescribing are presented.SummaryWhile prescription opioids can be effective for the treatment of acute pain, inappropriate prescribing practices can increase the risk of opioid-related harms, including overdose and mortality. To date, little research has been conducted to determine how best to define inappropriate opioid prescribing. Five electronic databases were searched to identify studies (published from database inception to January 2017) that defined inappropriate opioid prescribing practices. Search terms varied slightly across databases but included opioid, analgesics, inappropriate prescribing, practice patterns, and prescription drug misuse. Gray literature and references of published literature reviews were manually searched to identify additional relevant articles. From among the 4,665 identified articles, 41 studies were selected for data extraction and analysis. Fourteen studies identified high-daily-dose opioid prescriptions, 14 studies identified coadministration of benzodiazepines and opioids, 10 studies identified inappropriate opioid prescribing in geriatric populations, 8 studies identified other patient-specific factors, 4 studies identified opioid prescribing for the wrong indication, and 4 studies identified factors such as initiation of long-acting opioids in opioid-naive patients as indicators of inappropriate opioid prescribing.ConclusionA literature review identified various indicators of inappropriate opioid prescribing, including the prescribing of high daily doses of opioids, concurrent benzodiazepine administration, and geriatric-related indicators. Given the significant contribution of inappropriate opioid prescribing to opioid-related harms, identification of these criteria is important to inform and improve opioid prescribing practices among healthcare providers.
Dynamic Paths of Complexity and Accuracy in Second Language Speech: A Longitudinal Case Study of Chinese Learners
Authors: Yu Hanjing , Lowie Wander 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe present study investigated the developmental patterns of Chinese EFL(AQ) learners’ oral language in terms of complexity and accuracy and looked into the dynamic interactions between them within the framework of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST). The data were analysed using dynamic analyses (moving min–max graphs, moving correlations and Monte Carlo Simulations). It was found that, firstly, at the group level, the general developmental trends of both complexity and accuracy showed improvements. Secondly, at the individual level, the developmental patterns were non-linear and dynamic with high degrees of variability, and individual language development was influenced by the initial states. Thirdly, the analyses revealed a complex interplay between complexity and accuracy, which gradually shifted from a clearly competitive relationship during the early stages to a supportive relationship in later stages. This shift in interaction shows that complexity goes hand in hand with accuracy, which corroborates the interconnectedness of subsystems as one of the major characteristics of CDST. The findings confirm the applicability of CDST approaches to L2 oral development and carry valuable implications for CDST theory development and oral language teaching.
Deep Cheek Fat Volumes and Midfacial Aging
Authors: Tower Jacob I , Gordon Neil A , Paskhover Boris 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Midfacial volumizing procedures are increasingly common in facial rejuvenation. However, the changes that occur in midfacial fat with aging are poorly understood.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine how deep cheek fat volume is predicted by age.

Methods
We conducted retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of patients based on facial computed tomography (CT) scans. In the cross-sectional cohort, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to model the relations between age and deep cheek fat volumes. In the longitudinal analysis, changes to deep cheek fat volumes were tracked among subjects who underwent multiple facial CT scans.

Results
The cross-sectional cohort comprised 109 patients. The mean (SD) age of the subjects was 59.7 (15.0) years (range, 21.7-91.1 years). A linear regression analysis showed that increasing age was associated with increasing deep cheek fat volume (β = 0.015, P &lt; 0.001). Additional regression analyses showed that the gain of fat with aging was more pronounced in the caudal aspect of the cheek (β = 0.007, P &lt; 0.001) than in the cephalad (β = 0.005, P &lt; 0.001). Twenty-three subjects were identified for longitudinal analysis. The mean (SD) ages at initial and final imaging time points were 50.0 (5.8) and 60.3 (5.2) years. In the deep fat compartment, there was an average gain of 0.23 mL over 10.3 years (P = 0.03).

Conclusions
Age is an important predictor of midfacial deep cheek fat volume. In this study, there is no evidence of adipose volume loss in the deep cheek compartment. Rather, aging was associated with an increase in deep cheek fat, possibly reflecting pseudoherniation of buccal fat.

Level of Evidence 2
Mice lacking membrane estrogen receptor 1 are protected from reproductive pathologies resulting from developmental estrogen exposure†
Authors: Nanjappa Manjunatha K , Medrano Theresa I , Mesa Ana M , Ortega Madison T , Caldo Paul D , Mao Jiude , Kinkade Jessica A , Levin Ellis R , Rosenfeld Cheryl S , Cooke Paul S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Both membrane and nuclear fractions of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) mediate 17β-estradiol (E2) actions. Mice expressing nuclear (n)ESR1 but lacking membrane (m)ESR1 (nuclear-only estrogen receptor 1 [NOER] mice) show reduced E2 responsivity and reproductive abnormalities culminating in adult male and female infertility. Using this model, we investigated whether reproductive pathologies caused by the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) are mitigated by mESR1 ablation. Homozygous and heterozygous wild-type (WT and HET, respectively) and NOER male and female mice were subcutaneously injected with DES (1 mg/kg body weight [BW]) or vehicle daily from postnatal day (PND) 1–5. Uterine histology was assessed in select DES-treated females at PND 5, whereas others were ovariectomized at PND 60 and treated with E2 (10 μg/kg BW) or vehicle 2 weeks later. Neonatal DES exposure resulted in ovary-independent epithelial proliferation in the vagina and uterus of WT but not NOER females. Neonatal DES treatment also induced ovary-independent adult expression of classical E2-induced transcripts (e.g., lactoferrin [Ltf] and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 [Ezh2]) in WT but not NOER mice. At PND 90, DES-treated WT and HET males showed smaller testes and a high incidence of bacterial pyogranulomatous inflammation encompassing the testes, epididymis and occasionally the ductus deferens with spread to lumbar lymph nodes; such changes were largely absent in NOER males. Results indicate that male and female NOER mice are protected from deleterious effects of neonatal DES, and thus mESR1 signaling is required for adult manifestation of DES-induced reproductive pathologies in both sexes.
Sources of Airborne Norovirus in Hospital Outbreaks
Authors: Alsved Malin , Fraenkel Carl-Johan , Bohgard Mats , Widell Anders , Söderlund-Strand Anna , Lanbeck Peter , Holmdahl Torsten , Isaxon Christina , Gudmundsson Anders , Medstrand Patrik , Böttiger Blenda , Löndahl Jakob 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Noroviruses are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis. Disease transmission is difficult to prevent and outbreaks in health-care facilities commonly occur. Contact with infected persons and contaminated environments are believed to be the main routes of transmission. However, noroviruses have recently been found in aerosols and airborne transmission has been suggested. The aim of our study was to investigate associations between symptoms of gastroenteritis and the presence of airborne norovirus, and to investigate the size of norovirus-carrying particles.

Methods
Air sampling was repeatedly performed close to 26 patients with norovirus infections. Samples were analyzed for norovirus RNA by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The times since each patient’s last episodes of vomiting and diarrhea were recorded. Size-separating aerosol particle collection was performed.

Results
Norovirus RNA was found in 21 (24%) of 86 air samples from 10 different patients. Only air samples during outbreaks, or before a succeeding outbreak, tested positive for norovirus RNA. Airborne norovirus RNA was also strongly associated with a shorter time period since the last vomiting episode (odds ratio 8.1; P = .04 within 3 hours since the last vomiting episode). The concentrations of airborne norovirus ranged from 5–215 copies/m3, and detectable amounts of norovirus RNA were found in particles &lt;0.95 µm and &gt;4.51 µm.

Conclusions
The results suggest that recent vomiting is the major source of airborne norovirus and imply a connection between airborne norovirus and outbreaks. The presence of norovirus RNA in submicrometre particles indicates that airborne transmission can be an important transmission route.
Clinical Outcomes in Persons Coinfected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus: Impact of Hepatitis C Virus Treatment
Authors: Mocroft Amanda , Lundgren Jens , Gerstoft Jan , Rasmussen Line D , Bhagani Sanjay , Aho Inka , Pradier Christian , Bogner Johannes R , Mussini Christina , Uberti Foppa Caterina , Maltez Fernando , Laguno Montse , Wandeler Gilles , Falconer Karolin , Trofimova Tatyana , Borodulina Elena , Jevtovic Djordje , Bakowska Elzbieta , Kase Kerstin , Kyselyova Galina , Haubrich Richard , Rockstroh Jürgen K , Peters Lars 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
A hepatitis C (HCV) cure is associated with changes in lipids and inflammatory biomarkers, but its impact on clinical endpoints among treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV coinfected persons is unclear.

Methods
People living with HIV from EuroSIDA with a known HCV status after January 2001 were classified into strata based on time-updated HCV RNA measurements and HCV treatment, as either HCV antibody–negative; spontaneously resolved HCV; chronic, untreated HCV; cured HCV (HCV RNA–negative); or HCV treatment failures (HCV RNA–positive). Poisson regression was used to compare incidence rates between HCV groups for end-stage liver disease (ESLD; including hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]), non–acquired immunodeficiency virus defining malignancy (NADM; excluding HCC), and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Results
There were 16 618 persons included (median follow-up 8.3 years, interquartile range 3.1–13.7). There were 887 CVD, 902 NADM, and 436 ESLD events; crude incidence rates/1000 person-years follow-up were 6.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0–6.9) for CVD, 6.5 (95% CI 6.1–6.9) for NADM, and 3.1 (95% CI 2.8–3.4) for ESLD. After adjustment, there were no differences in incidence rates of NADM or CVD across the 5 groups. HCV-negative individuals (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.22, 95% CI 0.14–0.34) and those with spontaneous clearance (aIRR 0.61, 95% CI 0.36–1.02) had reduced rates of ESLD compared to cured individuals. Persons with chronic, untreated HCV infections (aIRR 1.47, 95% CI 1.02–2.13) or treatment failure (aIRR 1.80, 95% CI 1.22–2.66) had significantly raised rates of ESLD, compared to those who were cured.

Conclusions
Incidences of NADM or CVD were independent of HCV group, whereas those cured had substantially lower incidences of ESLD, underlining the importance of successful HCV treatment for reducing ESLD.
Multi-Band Contourlet Transform For Adaptive Remote Sensing Image Denoising
Authors: Wang Haijiang , Wang Jingpu , Yao Fuqi , Ma Yongqiang , Li Lihong , Yang Qinke 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The ability to remove noise from remote sensing images, while retaining the important features of the images, is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, we introduce the multi-band contourlet transform, a new method for adaptively denoising remote sensing images. We describe existing methods that use multi-resolution analysis transforms for denoising images and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. We then introduce our novel denoising method, which exploits the advantages of existing methods. We summarize the results of a comprehensive set of experiments designed to evaluate the performance of our method and compare it with the performance of existing methods. The results demonstrate that our method is superior to existing methods, both in terms of its ability to denoise images and to retain salient features of those images following denoising.
A Metric to Assess the Readability of Video Closed Captions for the Persons With Low Literacy Skills
Authors: Pantula Muralidhar , Kuppusamy K S 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe power of the WWW (World Wide Web) lies in the adoption of multiple types of media, which makes effective communication of content. Videos have emerged into a quick and efficient information delivery channel for users. To make a video accessible to persons with disabilities, several approaches have been proposed, which include various accessibility features such as closed captions and video descriptions. Captioning agencies use English as a primary language for creating captions, which cause problems for persons with low literacy skills. Ambiguity in the video affects the persons with low literacy skills and senior citizens and it leads them to consume more time in identifying/capturing the intended meaning. As the closed captions run along with the video frame, the comprehension is an issue. For predicting the readability assessment of closed captions for persons with low literacy skills, we developed a statistical formula based on the lexical and semantical ambiguity of the context. As a case study, caption files of top 50 English movies (as per IMDB top rated movies chart) were chosen and their readability scores were calculated. In addition, a machine learning model was developed using the ambiguity feature set in assessing the readability score of the closed captions. The result shows, our model is predicting the readability score with an accuracy of 92.6%.
Psychotropic medication before and after disability retirement by pre-retirement perceived work-related stress
Authors: Halonen Jaana I , Chandola Tarani , Hyde Martin , Leinonen Taina , Westerlund Hugo , Aalto Ville , Pentti Jaana , Laaksonen Mikko , Stenholm Sari , Mänty Minna , Vahtera Jussi , Oksanen Tuula , Kivimäki Mika , Virtanen Marianna , Lallukka Tea 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Retirement has been associated with improved mental health, but it is unclear how much this is due to the removal of work-related stressors. We examined rates of psychotropic medication use before and after the transition to disability retirement due to mental, musculoskeletal and other causes by pre-retirement levels of perceived work stress (effort-reward imbalance, ERI).

Methods
Register-based date and diagnosis of disability retirement of 2766 participants of the Finnish Public Sector study cohort were linked to survey data on ERI, social- and health-related covariates, and to national records on prescribed reimbursed psychotropic medication, measured as defined daily doses (DDDs). Follow-up for DDDs was 2–5 years before and after disability retirement. We assessed differences in the levels of DDDs before and after retirement among those with high vs. low level of pre-retirement ERI with repeated measures regression.

Results
Those with high (vs. low) levels of ERI used slightly more psychotropic medication before disability retirement due to mental disorders [rate ratio (RR) 1.14, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.94–1.37], but after retirement this difference attenuated (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.80–1.10, P for interaction 0.02). Such a change was not observed for the other causes of disability retirement.

Conclusions
The level of psychotropic medication use over the transition to disability retirement due to mental, but not musculoskeletal or other, causes was modified by pre-retirement perceived work-related stress. This suggests that among people retiring due to mental disorders those who had stressful jobs benefit from retirement more than those with low levels of work-related stress.
Conserved motifs in the CRISPR leader sequence control spacer acquisition levels in Type I-D CRISPR-Cas systems
Authors: Kieper Sebastian N , Almendros Cristóbal , Brouns Stan J J 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Integrating short DNA fragments at the correct leader-repeat junction is key to successful CRISPR-Cas memory formation. The Cas1–2 proteins are responsible to carry out this process. However, the CRISPR adaptation process additionally requires a DNA element adjacent to the CRISPR array, called leader, to facilitate efficient localization of the correct integration site. In this work, we introduced the core CRISPR adaptation genes cas1 and cas2 from the Type I-D CRISPR-Cas system of Synechocystis sp. 6803 into Escherichia coli and assessed spacer integration efficiency. Truncation of the leader resulted in a significant reduction of spacer acquisition levels and revealed the importance of different conserved regions for CRISPR adaptation rates. We found three conserved sequence motifs in the leader of I-D CRISPR arrays that each affected spacer acquisition rates, including an integrase anchoring site. Our findings support the model in which the leader sequence is an integral part of type I-D adaptation in Synechocystis sp. acting as a localization signal for the adaptation complex to drive CRISPR adaptation at the first repeat of the CRISPR array.
PROMIS Physical Function 10-Item Short Form for Older Adults in an Emergency Setting
Authors: Fox G W Conner , Rodriguez Sandra , Rivera-Reyes Laura , Loo George , Hazan Ariela , Hwang Ula 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Functional status in older adults predicts hospital use and mortality, and offers insight into independence and quality of life. The Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was developed to improve and standardize patient-reported outcomes measurements. The PROMIS Physical Function (PROMIS PF) 10-Item Short Form was not created specifically for older adults. By comparing PROMIS with the Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living (Katz), we evaluated PROMIS for measurement of physical function versus general function in an older adult population seen in the ED.

Methods
A prospective, convenience sample of ED patients 65 years and older (from January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2015) completed Katz and PROMIS PF. Both were compared for scoring distributions and conventional scoring thresholds for severity of impairment (eg, minimal, moderate, severe). We assessed convergence through Spearman correlations, equivalents of conventional thresholds and ranges of physical function, and item-response frequencies.

Results
A total of 357 completed both function surveys. PROMIS PF and Katz have a modest positive correlation (r = .50, p &lt; .01). Mean PROMIS PF scores within Katz scoring ranges for minimal (43, SD = 10), moderate (32, SD = 7), and severe (24, SD = 7) impairment fell within respective PROMIS PF scoring ranges (severe = 14–29, moderate = 30–39, mild = 40–45), indicating convergence. PROMIS identified impairment in 3× as many patients as did Katz, as PROMIS assesses vigorous physical function (eg, running, heavy lifting) not queried by Katz. However, PROMIS does not assess select activities of daily living (ADLs; eg, feeding, continence) important for assessment of function in older adults.

Conclusions
There is a modest correlation between PROMIS and Katz. PROMIS may better assess physical function than Katz, but is not an adequate replacement for assessment of general functional status in older adults.
Aging and the Rising Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa and other Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Call for Holistic Action
Authors: Gyasi Razak M , Phillips David R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a prevalent and growing burden among older cohorts in sub-Saharan Africa and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as in many wealthier parts of the world. This stems from the combined effects of factors such as demographic aging, behavioral transitions, and developmental origins of health and disease. A crucial characteristic of many NCDs is that their personal and family impacts and costs are not accurately reflected in mortality data. Their effects are often chronic and long-term and can cause morbidity, loss of work ability, and impaired quality of life over a prolonged period. Unless addressed seriously, the continuing increase of NCDs and their burden in sub-Saharan African countries and other LMICs will almost certainly undermine progress toward achieving the target of reducing by 25% premature mortality from NCDs in these countries by 2025 and also one-third reduction of NCDs target by 2030. To have any chance of meeting or even getting near to these targets, this article calls for action by national and regional governments to strengthen universal health coverage (UHC), economic empowerment of vulnerable groups, public–private partnerships, effective fiscal regulation, and public education on NCDs, their risk factors and impacts in sub-Saharan Africa in particular and most LMICs globally.
Implications of Perceived Neighborhood Quality, Daily Discrimination, and Depression for Social Integration Across Mid- and Later Life: A Case of Person-Environment Fit?
Authors: Stokes Jeffrey E 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Integration in one’s social community may depend in part upon feeling safe and secure within one’s physical community, or neighborhood. Moreover, high-quality neighborhoods may serve as a supportive resource, potentially “buffering” against the harmful influence of experiences such as discrimination or depression that could otherwise erode adults’ sense of belonging. This study examines longitudinal associations of perceived neighborhood quality, daily discrimination, and depression with social integration among midlife and older adults, and tests whether perceived neighborhood quality is of increased importance with age and/or in the contexts of discrimination and depression.

Research Design and Methods
Multilevel random intercept models analyzed 6,016 observations of 3,102 individuals drawn from the 3 waves of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS, 1995–2014).

Results
Perceived neighborhood quality was associated with greater social integration throughout adulthood, though its impact was slightly attenuated with age. Moreover, depression was harmful for social integration across the age range, yet its influence was significantly buffered by perceived neighborhood quality. Daily discrimination was not associated with social integration, net of covariates.

Discussion and Implications
Findings underscore the importance of physical place and person-environment fit for social well-being throughout adulthood, and confirm the deleterious effects of depression for adults’ social integration. Further, results highlight perceived neighborhood quality as a critical component for successful “aging in place,” particularly as a social resource adults may call upon in the context of depression.