bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Aspects Concerning the Installation of the First Nuclear Missiles on Belgian Soil
Authors: De Visscher Paul 
Published: May 2019

During 1985, the Belgian political climate was suddenly disturbed by the announcement of the installation of 16 cruise missiles on the soil of the peaceful city of Florennes. In comparison with the world-wide concern about what the proliferation of intermediate range nuclear weapons means for world peace, the debate which took place in Belgium concerning 16 missiles could seem somewhat ridiculous. However, this debate appeared to us to represent a growing state of mind becoming widely felt in Western Europe, and it contains sufficient legal aspects to make it the object of this present article by which we join in honouring our eminent colleague and friend, Prof. Nathan Feinberg.On the 12th of December 1979, the North Atlantic Council unanimously adopted the “double decision”. On the one hand, this decision dealt with the installation of 572 nuclear missiles in Western Europe and, on the other, with the intensification of negotiations with the USSR, with the aim to reach agreement on the reduction of armaments.
IL VOTO DI PREFERENZA IN ITALIA E LA LEGGE ELETTORALE EUROPEA
Authors: Bardi Luciano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl voto di preferenza è da tempo uno degli elementi più discussi del sistema elettorale italiano. Nel corso del dibattito apertosi in concomitanza con i lavori della commissione bicamerale per le riforme istituzionali, è emerso un quasi unanime orientamento a favore di una soppressione di tale strumento. Si ritiene che il voto di preferenza favorisca i processi disgregativi all'interno dei partiti e che una sua eliminazione, o quanto meno una revisione dei meccanismi che lo regolano, possa avere l'effetto «di moralizzare la vita politica e di evitare una malsana lotta fratricida all'interno dei partiti». Tale opinione riassume, forse un po’ enfaticamente, alcune delle osservazioni di quanti hanno studiato il voto di preferenza nel contesto del sistema e del comportamento elettorale in Italia. Il voto di preferenza sembra infatti essere maggiormente utilizzato in presenza di situazioni clientelari (quali il ‘voto di scambio’) e caratterizzate da un alto grado di frazionismo dei partiti.
Suspended leaf litter in an understorey treelet as habitat extension for ground-dwelling ants in the Atlantic Forest, south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Macedo-Reis Luiz Eduardo , Leite Alice Carvalho , Guerra Tadeu José , Antoniazzi Reuber , Neves Frederico de Siqueira 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGround-dwelling ants are active foragers that may extend their foraging area into the vegetation, although the factors affecting their diversity in the suspended litter of understorey plants remain overlooked. To evaluate the influence of the distance between strata, litter biomass and plant size on the ant fauna, the litter ant assemblage of the suspended stratum was compared with the ground immediately below the understorey treeletErythrochiton brasiliensis(Rutaceae) in an Atlantic Forest, south-eastern Brazil. We collected 1364 ants from 26 ant species. The suspended litter ant assemblage represented a subset of the ground-dwelling ants present in soil litter. The beta diversity results primarily from the high ant species turnover among individual suspended-litter samples, and among ground-litter samples, while species turnover among suspended-ground pairs is lower. Additionally, plant height was not important in determining the species turnover between strata. However, plant height positively correlated with ant species richness, probably because of the increased number of microhabitats. These results suggest that suspended litter in the forest understorey can provide the conditions for ground-dwelling ants to forage and nest, functioning as a vertical extension of resources and microhabitat conditions present in the ground litter.
Partial validation of a numerical model for tidal motion in the Tay Estuary
Authors: Gunn D. J. , McManus J. , Yenigun O. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisIn a mathematical model of the Tay (Gunn & Yenigun 1987) based upon the Local Integral Method (Gunn & Yenigun 1985), tidal levels at the seaward boundaries and velocities at landward boundaries are used in setting boundary conditions, so that validation studies are mainly based upon changes in internal tidal levels, and comparison between computed and measured velocities within the modelled region. The comparisons of tidal levels within this estuary over a 5.0 m tide showed agreement with overall values from Buddon Ness to the rail bridge, but within the overall agreement there were significant differences in the immediate vicinity of the road bridge. Velocities predicted within the estuary have been compared with measurements provided by a number of surveys in the period from 1972-78. The agreement between experiment and prediction was good in the central and western regions of the model, but the comparison between measurement and prediction was less good near the eastern boundaries. The principal reason for poorer agreement in the east was the difficulty in setting boundary conditions at the open sea extremes of the model. The most satisfactory way of improving the model near the open sea boundaries would be to link the model for the Tay with a model for velocity and level in the North Sea.
Fungal associations on field-weathered plants and their role in residue decomposition
Authors: Simpson Marion E. , Marsh Paul B. , Sikora Lawrence J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBasic microbiological information is presented which is relevant to an understanding of the decomposition of crop residues in conservation and conventional tillage practices. Little has been known about the role in crop residue decomposition of microbial populations that grow on dead leaves and stems of crop plants standing in the field after maturation. Even the identity of such organisms has not been thoroughly defined. Dead leaves and stems were collected from corn and from other field crop, garden, and native plants standing during weathering after maturation in fields at Beltsville, Md., and at seven other U.S. locations in the fall of 1984 and the spring of 1985. Certain “field fungi” from the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Helminthosporium (Bipolaris) occurred as a common population growing on samples from most locations in spite of major differences in temperature and precipitation during the weathering. All fungi observed are known from the literature to be able to decompose native cellulose in pure culture. Some can grow on plant waxes. They grow poorly, if at all, in the absence of oxygen. All grow best in the presence of free water; none are true xerophytes, although some can resist wetting-drying cycles. They are mesophiles and exhibit most rapid growth at about 25–28 C. Some can survive over winter in plant tissues in cold climates. Probable relevance of these characteristics to residue decomposition in field situations is discussed.
Helping the Academically Handicapped Reader: Peer Tutoring Revisited
Authors: Gill W. Malcolm 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe characteristics of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) which makes it so worthy of consideration for use by the teacher of pupils with special needs, whose time for individual attention with her pupils is limited, are briefly discussed, and comment is made about the limitations of this approach. Attention is drawn to the alternative approach of peer tutoring, where the desirable one-to-one characteristic is attainable, and where there is the possibility that the sensitivity to the quality of the computer program, which is one of the limitations of the approach of CAI, may be contrasted with the not-so-sensitive-to-quality-of-program characteristic of peer tutoring. This possibility is examined in the context of a sample of poor reading Year eight pupils who were given a period of peer tutoring by Year eleven and twelve pupils in the same school, where the demonstrably not high quality program consisted of relatively few meetings between tutor and tutee, of short duration, at which it was expected that there would be talk, reading and being read to. Use of a control group enabled the conclusions to be reached that this peer tutoring resulted in gains for the tutees in reading ability and in attitude towards and behaviour in school, this being suggestive of the power of this low staff input, low cost, low technology technique in the area of special education.
The Use of Behavioural Self-Control as a Teaching Tool
Authors: Roe Diana , Plummer Sandi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper examines the use of self-control techniques as a teaching tool to change children’s behaviour, and to generalize that behaviour change to other settings. Four case studies are presented to illustrate the use of self-assessment, using the child’s own criteria for rating behaviour, self-modelling with videotapes of the child in the classroom, and self-monitoring using a wrist counter. It is concluded that self-control techniques can be a valuable way of teaching special children to discriminate and evaluate how they are behaving.
Airport Disaster Arrangements in the United Kingdom
Authors: Baskett Peter J.F. 
Published: May 2019

Some two years ago the Club of Mainz Executive Committee endorsed a proposal to investigate the rescue and medical facilities at a selection of the world's airports. A number of members of the Club agreed to take part in a survey of a sample of airports in their own regions and some of these reports will be presented in this article. Three airports were studied in the United Kingdom — London Heathrow and Stansted — both civilian airports, and one military airport, Brize Norton, in Oxfordshire.London Heathrow is one of the biggest international airports in the world, handling more airlines than any other. More than 25 million passengers a year pass through Heathrow and at peak periods there are up to 78 aircraft arrivals and departures per hour. More than 60,000 people are employed at Heathrow. A wide variety of planes are handled from Concorde and wide-bodied jets to small executive aircraft.Stansted Airport is situated some 30 miles north of London and is also a standby airport for both Heathrow and London's second airport, Gatwick. At present only 500,000 passengers use the airport each year, but it has a capacity for four times this number and there are facilities for further expansion. Stansted is also the fourth biggest air cargo handler in Britain and caters to a complete range of aircraft.
Aircraft Crash Management in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Fahey Morgan 
Published: May 2019

In the history of aviation there has never been a period when so much effort has been demonstrated to improve the safety standards of international and national airports. This has come about through the knowledge that aircraft crashes in recent years at some airports have been mismanaged because of bad or non-existent planning for such a disaster, and by poor emergency medical response.We share today a faith in the safety of the aircraft. We share, too, the awareness that more people have survived aircraft crashes than have perished, and that if there are survivors on board, in most cases there will be more survivors than dead (1).The encouragement to improve airport safety and crash management has come largely from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); from the Club of Mainz Association, who in 1979 set up a consultant committee to investigate and improve international airports; from the Flight Safety Foundation and from the US Airline Pilots Association. All these organizations have rightly questioned the quality of existing emergency medical response to an aircraft crash, and have offered expert advice to improve disaster preparedness and management. This article will report our response to this challenge, particularly in New Zealand, but will also concern our neighboring continent of Australia.New Zealand, set in the Pacific Ocean with its two long islands, has international flight contacts through its three major airports with North America, South East Asia, Japan and the South West Pacific. It has its own national aviation hazards of mountain chains, difficult landing approaches from the sea, made more hazardous with strong winds which are a feature of our capital city airport. Despite this, the safety record of New Zealand airports is extremely high.
Trauma Teams and Their Use in Aircraft Disasters
Authors: Star Leon D. , DelGuercio Louis R.M. , Abelson Louis C. 
Published: May 2019

The concept of treating mass casualties in major disasters, particularly at or near airports, has gained considerable momentum in recent years (1). Major urban airports are almost without exception, plagued by access road traffic problems even under normal circumstances. Given a disaster within the confines of an airport, emergency equipment and medical support are found to be mired in a morass of sightseer and emergency service vehicles, compounding the congestion already present immeasurably (2).Evolving from experiences gained over the past 30 years in handling masses of casualties resulting from aircraft disasters, we at Kennedy Airport have developed a Mobile Emergency Hospital which now serves as the “workshop” for stabilizing large numbers of injuries prior to subsequent transfer to definitive hospitals. The keys to this plan are the Trauma Team support used in conjunction with the mobile hospitals.The ideal trauma team consists of 2 surgeons or trauma-trained physicians, one surgical nurse and one medical or 2 surgical technicians. These teams can be varied according to the immediate situation, time of day, available physicians, nurses and technicians. Anesthesiologists respond either individually or as members of some of the teams reporting directly to the operating units on arrival.For an efficient response plan to function, previous liaison must be established primarily with teaching hospitals with a surgical staff that includes surgery and trauma residents. The Kennedy plan has a working arrangement with the New York Medical College and 8 of its affiliated major teaching hospitals in Manhattan, as well as in the main campus at Valhalla, which maintains an associated Burn Center.
Surgical Care of Victims in Aeroplane and Airport Disasters
Authors: Domres B. , Dürner P. , Zahradnicek J. 
Published: May 2019

We must be prepared for a survivorship of about 600 to 700 injured passengers in case of an accident involving two jumbo jets as these planes are able to absorb more impact forces than earlier types, and 40%-50% of the passengers may survive.A triage post, an anteroom for resuscitation and anesthesia, and an operating room with 3 tables must be installed within the airport. Mobile operation units are necessary in addition for urgent surgical care on the spot. The optimum time of the operational readiness is approximately half an hour, if “on the spot surgical care” is to be effective.At the triage post several tables are available, each with an experienced surgeon for the rapid medical examination. The time of examination and triage for each victim of the earthquake disaster in El Asnam was three minutes.In an airport disaster, about 10% of survivors might belong to the first category of triage, i.e., have life-threatening injuries. They will require resuscitation and urgent surgical care. Twenty percent might be seriously wounded passengers of the second category, who should be conveyed to hospital as soon as possible. Seventy percent might have minor injuries of the third category and can wait for care and transportation.Many victims may require neurosurgical operations, but this should be carried out by trained experts and not at the airport. Open depressed skull fractures should be treated at the airport by shaving the scalp, irrigating the wound, applying a sterile dressing and instituting antibiotic therapy. Foreign bodies should be left in place until definitive surgery can be undertaken.
Shock Rules and Their Use During Triage
Authors: Gorgass B. , Driessen A. , Bautista J. 
Published: May 2019

In a mass casualty situation after airplane accidents, it is not unusual that physicians with only limited experience in emergency medicine need to perform initial triage. In their day to day work, they may not usually be confronted with the problems of hypovolemic shock. The same holds true for a proportion of the paramedical personnel employed.Speedy assessment and immediate, purposeful therapy is of the utmost importance in a mass casualty situation to increase the survival prospects of the victims. Timeconsuming and elaborate examinations are naturally precluded.The estimation of blood loss from profusely bleeding open wounds should not be too difficult. The extent, however, of the total blood loss associated with the insidious development of fracture hematomas is more frequently underestimated. This error can be avoided during triage at a mass casualty situation by means of a quick approximate calculation of the probably internal bleeding volumes:More difficulty is presented by internal hemorrhage in individuals appearing uninjured or only slightly injured. In such cases, the personnel employed in the early phase after an airplane accident should use simple and proven rules as criteria for their evaluation.The quotient of the pulse frequency and the systolic blood pressure has been called the shock index (Allgöwer and Burryi) (1). Disregarding the later and more complicated pathophysiological processes such as cardiogenic shock or septic shock, this index has been suggested as a method of assessment of the seveity of the hypovolemic shock in an injured person (Figure 1).
Continuous Infusion of Ketamine and Althesin for Anesthesia in Disaster Situations
Authors: Bisio E. , Zattoni J. , Roccatagliata C.D. , Germi M.R. , Fuccaro P. 
Published: May 2019

Traffic, industrial or natural disasters and wars frequently threaten the lives of a large number of victims. Often the patients suffer a combination of injuries to the head, extremities, thorax, lung and abdomen. Immediate anesthetic measures at the site of the accident are required and essential to the survival of the patients with multiple injuries. During transport, further surgical and anesthetic treatment may also be needed. Occasionally, the number of people involved in a disaster exceeds the treatment capacity of the nearby medical institutions. Urgent and improvised decisions are required with a clear picture of the treatment resources at the site of the accident or during transport.Special attention must be focused on necessary surgical measures and intensive care, as well as resuscitation and advanced anesthetic expertise — essential pillars of support. In many cases, the anesthetic treatment of patients with multiple injuries is the decisive therapeutic measure. The anesthetic technique must be guided by the pathophysiological requirements. The medications used should have a controllable and pronounced hypnotic-sedative and analgesic effect, without having a depressant influence on respiration or circulation, and they should improve organ perfusion. Furthermore, they should provide a means for cerebral protection. The anesthetic apparatus should be simple and compact and it should be possible to apply the technique over several hours, using room air, with or without the addition of oxygen. The agents and apparatus should be compatible with the use of every type of muscle relaxant and narcotic. New intravenous anesthetic agents meet these criteria.
Host Resistance in Patients after Resuscitation
Authors: Wolowicka Laura , Bartkowiak Hanna , Gorny Ryszard 
Published: May 2019

There has recently been a steady increase in the number of patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs) and requiring resuscitation. This number has risen from 1 to 3% in patients after cardiac arrest (19) and from 7 to 13% in those with severe injuries (18). The immune system investigations, introduced more and more widely in intensive care medicine for prophylactic, therapeutic and prognostic reasons, did not, in principle, concern the cases of post-resuscitation disease after cardiac arrest. Only a few reports have been published on this subject (11).The aims of our investigations were the analysis of selected humoral and cellular factors in patients after cardiac arrest in comparison to those with multiple injuries, evaluation of the host resisctance against infection and of prognostic values of some immunological indices.Examinations were carried out in 50 patients, treated in an ICU of 15 beds, from 1981 to 1982, and in 20 healthy volunteers. The patients were divided into two main groups (Fig. 1): The first group consisted of 25 patients after cardiac arrest, age 47±12. The second group consisted of 25 patients after severe multiple injuries, age 42±18 y; they corresponded to an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) of 4–6 (8). 56% of the patients with cardiac arrest could not be resuscitated. In 64% of the trauma patients treatment was unsuccessful. Infection complications, influencing recovery were observed in 10 (40%) after cardiac arrest and in 12 (48%) after trauma. The cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation methods used were standard (16).
Blockage of ovulation and insemination in the tsetse Glossina morsitans morsitans with reserpine
Authors: Samaranayaka-Ramasamy M. , Denlinger D. L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractReserpine (a pharmacological agent of plant origin) injected into females of Glossina morsitans morsitans was highly effective in preventing ovulation when injected 1–2 days before the egg is normally ovulated. In contrast, reserpine was only modestly effective in blocking parturition, thus suggesting that these two closely related temporal events may be independently regulated. Males injected with reserpine frequently initiated copulation, but sperm and accessory reproductive gland secretions were never transferred to the female. Reserpine, which presumably acts by depleting stores of amines in the nervous system, may have considerable utility in probing the neuroendocrine regulation of tsetse reproduction.
Studies on the biology of the palm aphid, Cerataphis variabilis (Homoptera: Pemphigidae), on Raphia hookeri–1: Developmental period of the immatures, fecundity and longevity of the apterous adults
Authors: Enobakhare D. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe biology of the aphid, Cerataphis variabilis H.R.L., on Raphia hookeri Mann & Wendl., was studied in the laboratory and the field using a ‘clip-on’ cage and a sleeve cage. The first instar lasted 5.1 days. The second and third instars each lasted 2.45 days, while the fourth instar lasted 2.4 days. The total developmental period of the nymphs was 11.3 days at 26.4 ± 1.43°C and r.h. 83 ± 1.46%; 11.6 days at 26.4 ± 1.63°C and r.h. 85 ± 1.19%; 12.9 days at 27.9 ± 1.04°C and r.h. 75.5 ± 1.64%; 12.95 days at 27.8 ± 0.33°C and r.h. 69 ± 1.23%; 15 days at 21.4 ± 0.58°C and r.h. 45 ± 1.77%. These periods were significantly different at 5% level (LSD = 0.59 days). The higher the temperature and relative humidity the shorter the developmental period (with temperature: r = −0.69, 20.8–28.9°C; r.h.: r = −0.97, 43.2–86.2%). The number of progeny per adult ranged from 54 to 60 in a period of 28–31 days. The longevity ranged from 31 to 34 days.