bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of Sequential and Combination Antimetabolite Therapy in Acute Leukemia: 6-Mercaptopurine and Methotrexate
Authors: Frei Emil , Freireich Emil J. , Gehan Edmund , Pinkel Donald , Holland James F. , Selawry Oleg , Haurani Farid , Spurr Charles L. , Hayes Donald M. , James G. Watson , Rothberg Harvey , Sodee D. Bruce , Rundles R. Wayne , Schroeder Leslie R. , Hoogstraten Barth , Wolman Irving J. , Traggis D. G. , Cooper Talbert , Gendel B. R. , Ebaugh Franklin , Taylor Robert 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The efficacy of three therapeutic programs for acute leukemia were compared. These programs included (1) Methotrexate (Phase I) followed by 6-mercaptopurine (Phase II); (2) 6-mercaptopurine (Phase I) followed by Methotrexate (Phase II); and (3) Combination Therapy, i.e., 6-mercaptopurine given in combination with Methotrexate.
In children with acute lymphocytic leukemia the remission rate was 59 per cent for combination therapy, 47 per cent for 6-mercaptopurine, and 29 per cent for Methotrexate. The better remission rate for combination therapy is consistent with that predicted if it is assumed that 6-mercaptopurine and Methotrexate act independently. The median duration of complete remissions for the three treatments was not different (4 to 5 months). However, long lasting remissions were more frequent in patients receiving combination therapy. The median survival from the onset of therapy to death was 9 months. There were no differences between the three treatment programs as regards survival.
In adults the remission rate was 15 per cent for combination therapy, 21 per cent for 6-mercaptopurine and 7 per cent for Methotrexate. As regards survival in adults, early deaths were more common in patients who received MTX as initial therapy, whereas after 5 months survival was somewhat better in those patients receiving combination therapy.
In both children and adults there was no evidence that prior treatment with one of the antimetabolites altered response to the other antimetabolite. This result differs from those in animal models, and its effect on our concept of the mechanism of resistance is discussed.
Responsiveness to the second course of antimetabolite therapy (Phase II) was as good as that to the first course of treatment. This was true for the remission rate, remission duration, and even for survival when appropriate corrections were made. Thus, responsiveness to drug therapy is maintained as the disease progresses temporally. It may be concluded therefore that new agents can be effectively studied in patients with "late" disease.
Responsiveness to Phase II therapy was independent of responsiveness to Phase I.
The most common and severe toxic manifestations related to the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract. There were no major differences quantitatively in the toxicity for the three treatment programs in children in spite of the fact that the drugs were given in full dosage in the combination program. Oral ulcers and a generalized erythematous rash occurred significantly more frequently in patients receiving Methotrexate. Jaundice was significantly more frequent in adults and in patients receiving 6-MP.
Methods: A Microelectrophoresis Chamber of Small Volume for Use with Biological Systems
Authors: SEAMAN G. V. F. , HEARD D. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A cylindrical microelectrophoresis chamber about 1 ml. in volume incorporating silver/silver chloride/potassium chloride electrode systems separated from the viewing compartment by sintered glass discs is described. The apparatus was designed for biological systems and the determination of mobility of red cells in human serum used as an example of its field of application. The apparatus gives reproducible results in good agreement with previous observations.
The Lymphocyte-Like Cell in the Marrow of Rats
Authors: Harris Charles 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The lymphocyte-like cell of rat marrow is capable of performing as a multipotential cell. It resembles a small lymphocyte, and reacts to the effects of cortisone and thio-TEPA, as do small lymphocytes in other organs, thus should be called a small lymphocyte.
Its sudden appearance in large numbers to occupy almost 50 per cent of the marrow space in suckling rats fourteen days of age can best be explained on the basis of migration of these cells to the marrow from other organs via the blood stream. The rate at which lymphocytosis of the bone marrow occurs in rats is influenced by the size of the suckling litters, and may be related to a non-caloric factor in mother's milk. The small lymphocyte probably represents the inactive phase of a multipotential cell, a dormant cell which can give rise to other cell forms when appropriately stimulated.
Studies on the Erythropoiesis Inhibiting Factor in the Plasma of Animals with Transfusion Polycythemia
Authors: KRZYMOWSKI TADEUSZ , KRZYMOWSKA HALINA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Further investigations of the action of polycythemic plasma filtrate were made using Fe59 and with detailed examination of the blood and bone marrow. These studies confirmed the appearance of an active thermostabile plasma factor (erythropoiesis inhibitor) which depressed erythropoiesis in normal rabbits or rats. The plasma obtained from bilaterally nephrectomized sheep subjected to transfusion polycythemia also contained the erythropoiesis inhibitor. Blockade of the reticuloendothelial system using trypan blue, in sheep, induced production of the active substance similar or identical with the erythropoiesis inhibitor produced after transfusion polycythemia.
Investigation of the Defect in a Variant of Hereditary Methemoglobinemia
Authors: TOWNES PHILIP L. , MORRISON MARTIN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Further evidence has been presented to confirm the fact that the methemoglobin found in a new variant of hereditary methemoglobinemia was normal methemoglobin.
2. The reduced glutathione content of the red cells of this variant was less than 50 per cent of normal.
3. The total glutathione and oxidized glutathione were proportionally deficient.
4. The low glutathione content did not result from abnormal degradation nor lack of adequate reducing mechanisms. The primary defect was considered to be one of inadequate glutathione synthesis.
5. Various enzymes were assayed, including the following: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-glutathione reductase (coupled system) and catalase.
6. This variant of methemoglobinemia was considered to result from inadequate synthesis of glutathione. The deficiency of this essential co-factor apparently results in an impairment of triosephosphate dehydrogenase activity and consequently insufficient reduction of DPN, an essential component of the DPNH-dependent methemoglobin reductase.
Erythroblastopenia (Pure Red Cell Aplasia) in Childhood in Djakarta
Authors: KHO L. K. , ODANG O. , THAJEB S. , MARKUM A. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Erythroblastopenia or pure red cell aplasia was encountered in 186 children during an observation period of five years in the Pediatric Department in Djakarta, Indonesia. Twenty cases were of the acute type of erythroblastopenia, distinguished by a sudden drop of the hemoglobin content of the blood, reticulocytopenia, and disappearance of the erythroblasts in the bone marrow. Giant red cell precursors (giant reticular cells and proerythroblasts) appeared in the bone marrow. This condition lasted two days to two weeks.
A subacute type of erythroblastopenia with a duration of two weeks to two months was found in 25 cases. The last group consisted of 141 cases of subchronic or chronic erythroblastopenia with a duration of more than two months. Malnutrition, infections and vitamin deficiencies were the main clinical findings in these children. The authors are of the opinion that erythroblastopenia is a maturation arrest of the erythropoietic system caused by protein deficiency and/or temporary deficiencies of one or more erythrocyte maturation or stimulating factors.
Erythroblastopenia (Pure Red Cell Aplasia) in Childhood in Djakarta
Authors: KHO L. K. , ODANG O. , THAJEB S. , MARKUM A. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the list of authors’ affiliations following "Erythroblastopenia (Pure Red Cell Aplasia ) in Childhood in Djakarta," which appeared in the February BLOOD (Vol. XIX, No. 2, pp. 168-180), it was erroneously stated that Dr. S. Thajeb was formerly Director of the Army Blood Center in Djakarta. We have been informed that Dr. Thajeb still holds that position.
Influence of Several Hormones on Erythropoiesis and Oxygen Consumption in the Hypophysectomized Rat
Authors: FISHER JAMES W. , CROOK JERRY J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocortical extract (ACE), hydrocortisone (F), corticosterone (B), 11-dehydrocorticosterone and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T-3) induced a moderate to marked erythropoietic effect in the hypophysectomized rat as indicated by an increase in both Fe59 incorporation in RBC and total circulating red cell volume. A corresponding increase in oxygen consumption was also observed. Angiotensin increased red cell volume and radioactive iron incorporation in RBC of hypophysectomized rats and stimulated Fe59 incorporation in hypophysectomized-adrenalectomized rats, but did not exert a significant effect on oxygen consumption. Cobalt injections resulted in a significant increase in red cell volume and Fe59 incorporation in RBC of hypophysectomized rats, but produced a significant decrease in oxygen consumption. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Fluorescence of Megakaryocytes in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Stained with Fluorescent Antiglobulin Serum
Authors: MCKENNA JAMES L. , PISCIOTTA ANTHONY V. , Hinz Jean 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A technic is described for the direct and indirect visualization of affinity between fluorescein labeled antiglobulin serum and megakaryocytes.
2. Fluorescent megakaryocytes have been found with this technic in the marrow of some patients with chronic ITP, but not in acute ITP. It was possiple to confer fluorescence on normal megakaryocytes by incubating them with sera from patients with chronic ITP, and from a woman who had a child with neonatal thrombocytopenia.
3. Similar reactions were noted in three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
4. These findings indicate adherence of a humoral substance (antibody?) for megakaryocytes, which may have etiologic significance in chronic ITP.
The use of photo-electric turbidometry in the determination of red cell counts, hematocrits, and hemoglobin
Authors: WHITLOCK J. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A communication from Dr. J. H. Whitlock (The use of photo-electric turbidometry in the determination of red cell counts, hematocrits, and hemoglobin. Blood 2: 463, September 1947) states that he has the D.V.M. and M.S., but not the Ph.D. as used erroneously after his name on the title page of the article.
Experimental Studies on Erythropoietin. II. The Relationship between Juxtaglomerular Cells and Erythropoietin
Authors: HIRASHIMA KUNITAKE , TAKAKU FUMIMARO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The relationship between erythropoietin production and the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney were studied using Harada’s method for staining and Hartroft’s method for estimating JG granularity.
In stimulated erythropoiesis (after bleeding and phenylhydrazine injection), the JG cells also showed hypergranularity. In depressed erythropoiesis, on the contrary, the JG cells showed hypogranularity. Furthermore, from the observation of the chronological change of the JG cell, granularity tended to change in parallel with erythropoietin production. This study gave an indirect evidence of the secretion of erythropoietin by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.
The Familial Aplastic Crisis in Hereditary Spherocytosis. Urocanic Acid and Formiminoglutamic Acid Excretion Studies in a Case with Megaloblastic Arrest
Authors: CHANARIN I. , BURMAN D. , BENNETT MYRA C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of herditary spherocytosis who presented with an aregenerative crisis is reported. Evidence of megaloblastic hemopoiesis was present and was accompanied by the urinary excretion of large amounts of urocanic acid following oral dose of histidine hydrochloride. The severe illness in this patient was accompanied by a reticulocytopenia in a younger sister who, however, remained well clinically.
Chromatography of Red Cell Hemolysate
Authors: ANGELETTI PIETRO U. , GAYLE R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose has been used to fractionate red cell homolysates. Under the experimental conditions described above, hemoglobin is not bound to the column and is eluted by the starting buffer. Upon gradient salt elution other proteins are fractionated in a number of peaks. Some enzyme activities were localized in the chromatograms; acidphosphatase appeared in three distinct chromatographic forms with different enzymatic properties.
The Determination and Evaluation of Capillary Resistance—A Review of Methodology
Authors: KRAMÁR JENÖ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In view of the uncertainty and inadequacy still prevailing in the routine determination and interpretation of capillary resistance, the problem has been analyzed in the hope of contributing to a much needed improvement.
(1) The pressure and suction methods have been compared and a good correlation found. A study of the mechanisms involved reveals that both methods rest upon a common underlying mechanism. The suction method is in reality a miniature pressure method.
(2) Scrutiny of the merits and shortcomings of the two methods leads to the conclusion that the pressure method can serve only for crude estimations of capillary resistance. Detailed clinical studies of capillary resistance requiring repeated accurate measurements at short intervals, as well as experimental animal studies, necessitate the suction method as the obvious method of choice.
(3) The three main causes of the present undesirable situation in this field are discussed: lack of standardization; inadequate realization of the pitfalls of testing; and erroneous interpretation of findings.
Electronic Measurement of Cellular Volumes. I. Calibration of the Apparatus
Authors: LUSHBAUGH C. C. , MADDY J. A. , BASMANN N. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A 100-channel pulse height analyzer with automatic read-out mechanisms, in conjunction with an electronic particle counter, makes possible the defermination of frequency distribution curves of red cell volumes in individual patients in 6 minutes. The apparatus can be standardized so that pulse heights are converted mathematically and visually into µ3 without the necessity of hematocrits. Conversion factors have been developed which enable the operator to report his results in terms of analyzer channel volume, pulse height, cellular volume, or relative magnification. The method should have the same clinical applications as Price-Jones’ curves.
Comparison of Chromosome Constitution in Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia and Other Myeloproliferative Disorders
Authors: SANDBERG AVERY A. , ISHIHARA TAKAAKI , CROSSWHITE LOIS H. , HAUSCHKA THEODORE S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The frequency of the Ph1 chromosome in freshly aspirated marrow cells of 14 patients with typical chronic myelocytic leukemia processed by a "direct technic" without resort to culture or colchicine was significantly higher (> 75 per cent) than that observed in the cultured blood cells (< 35 per cent) of the same subjects. The karyotypic abnormally of the abbreviated G-group chromosome would appear not to be related to therapy, since the frequency with which it occurred was not materially affected by treatment (including radiation). The Ph1 chromosome was not observed in any of the metaphases of blood or marrow of 12 subjects who had developed a leukemia-like picture complicating either myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera or myeloid metaplasia. A new chromosome abnormality—a shortened D-group chromosome—was observed with about the same frequency in the blood and marrow metaphases of a female patient with treated chronic myelocytic leukemia. This new karyotypic abnormality was associated with the highest frequency of the Ph1 chromosome in cultured blood cells in the group studied. The Ph1 chromosome was observed in the metaphases of a patient with the blastic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia. The variations of the morphology of the Ph1 chromosome are discussed and illustrated, especially in relation to the Y-chromosome. In four patients with an atypical picture of CML, the Ph1 chromosome was not observed either in the marrow or cultured blood.
"Monocytic" Cells of Normal Blood, Schilling and Naegeli Leukemia, and Leukemic Reticuloendotheliosis in Slide Chambers
Authors: RABINOWITZ YALE , SCHREK ROBERT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The study of living blood cells in slide chambers by phase microscopy and cinemicrography adds useful morphologic, developmental and physiologic data complementary to other methods for studying blood cells.
2. Normal monocytes were characterized by flattening in fresh serum with minimal ameboid motility, by ectoplasmic veils waving in the medium, and by transformation to fully developed macrophages in 5-7 days.
3. Cells from four patients with acute monocytic leukemia (Schilling type) showed only slight differences in morphology, development and function from normal monocytes in the slide chamber.
4. Monocytoid cells from four patients with myelomonocytic leukemia (Naegeli type), in the slide chamber, resembled those from two patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis in morphology, development and function, but differed from normal monocytes and cells of acute monocytic (Schilling) leukemia. The monocytoid cells were labeled "reticulum" cells with the implication that they were related to the primitive hematopoietic reticulum cell.
5. The "reticulum" cell in the slide chamber differed from the monocyte in having a coarse nuclear chromatin pattern with clumping of chromatin, larger numbers of varying sized cytoplasmic granules, less ectoplasm, development of characteristic star-shaped macrophage forms without ectoplasmic veils, and in exhibiting a considerable ameboid motility as opposed to the sluggish veil waving of the monocyte.
6. Speculation as to the significance of the "reticulum" cell has been presented with the suggestion that this cell precedes the blast cell in hematopoiesis. In Naegeli leukemia, unknown factors may cause alterations in the type of cell released from the marrow. There may also be shifts in emphasis between myeloblast and pre-myeloblast proliferation which become reflected in the cells appearing in the peripheral blood.
Red Cell Preservation: Further Studies with Adenine
Authors: SIMON ERNEST R. , Momoda George S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Supplementation of the ACD-preservative with small amounts of adenine (0.5 µM per ml. amounting to 37 mg. of the base or 56 mg. of adenine sulfate per 550 ml. unit of blood) preserved satisfactory viability (post-transfusion survival greater than 70 per cent) of stored human red cells for 5 to 6 weeks. In the concentrations used, the addition of guanine, cytidine or uridine, alone or in combination with adenine, had little or no effect in extending viability. Hypoxanthine, even in large amounts, did not appear to be toxic to the stored cells. Preservation of viability after 6 weeks of refrigerated storage may be somewhat improved by storage in certain plastic containers as compared with glass.
The Structure and Composition of Rat Reticulocytes
Authors: HALLINAN T. , EDEN E. , NORTH R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Fixed, sectioned rat reticulocytes, embedded in araldite, have a regular outer limiting margin like that of erythrocytes; however, unlike erythrocytes they contain cytoplasmic organelles similar to those in erythroblasts and other mammalian cells. These include mitochondria, ribosomes and a sparse endoplasmic reticulum consisting of rounded vesicles and occasional small cisternae. The endoplasmic reticulum appears to consist wholly of "rough-surfaced" elements.
2. Many mitochondria have disorientated cristae or ruptured outer membranes. The possible origin of these alterations is discussed.
3. Ribosomes appear as electron-opaque granules 10-20 mµ in diameter in sections of whole cells. Most of them occur free in the cytoplasm while a few appear to be attached to the surface of vesicles and cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. They can be isolated from ruptured cells by high speed centrifugation and have a similar chemical composition to ribosomes from other mammalian tissues.
Alpha-chain Thalassemia and Hydrops Fetalis in Malaya: Report of Five Cases
Authors: ENG LIE-INJO LUAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Five cases of severe hydrops and erythroblastosis fetalis in association with a large amount of Hb "Bart’s," all of Chinese origin, are described. The following characteristic clinical and hematologic symptoms were found. There were generalized hydrops, ascites and gross enlargement of the liver. The spleen, however, was not always enlarged. The placenta was large and friable. Severe erythroblastosis of the blood was always found, with reticulocytosis, many target cells and thin cells. The MCV of the red cells was very high. The cells showed an interesting sickling phenomenon. No evidence of isoimmunization was found. In eight parents examined, no abnormal hemoglobin was detected, and alkali-resistant hemoglobin and hemoglobin A2 were not found to be increased. Their blood showed microcytosis of the red cells except in one father and one mother. In this mother, however, the blood was examined after a blood transfusion. It is thought probable that these were cases of homozygous α-chain thalassemia.
Leukocytic Inclusions—Döhle Bodies—Associated with Platelet Abnormality (The May-Hegglin Anomaly)
Authors: OSKI FRANK A. , NAIMAN J. LAWRENCE , ALLEN DONALD M. , DIAMOND LOUIS K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A six-year-old girl with thrombocytopenia was found to have the May-Hegglin anomaly, consisting of Döhle bodies in the leukocytes in association with giant platelets. This was also observed in the patient’s mother and brother who had normal platelet counts. The familial nature of this anomaly is again confirmed, and the world literature reviewed. Its morphologic and clinical features are contrasted with those seen in the leukocytes of the Chediák-Higashi anomaly.
Report of a Three-Year Study of Red Cell Mobility and the Slowing Factor in Serum of Persons with Lymphoma
Authors: ROTTINO ANTONIO , ANGERS JOHN W. , Dool Agnes 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1) A variety of pathologic conditions retard the electrophoretic mobility of the red blood cell.
2) Two retarding factors have been found in the blood serum, one that reduces the mobility of the red cell from normal (1.33µ/cm./sec./volt) to 0.89µ and one that reduces it to 1.14µ.
3) The "0.89" factor and the "1.14" factor can be differentiated and identified.
4) The 0.89-factor has been found in the serum of 99 per cent of patients with cancer and Hodgkin’s disease studied and has been lacking from the serum of all persons with benign tumor.
5) The 0.89-factor has also been found in patients with infectious mononucleosis.
6) A few physical characteristics that enable differentiation of the two slowing factors are described.
7) Clarification of the role played by the 0.89-factor in malignant neoplasm is deemed important.
8) Determination of the presence or absence of the 0.89-factor in the blood serum may become of value in differential diagnosis of malignant neoplasm.