bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Use, Gender, and Impact of Non-Farm Income on Agricultural Investment: An Empirical Analysis of Maize Production in Two Regions of Kenya
Authors: Wambugu Stephen K. , Karugia Joseph T. , Oluoch-Kosura Willis 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines maize productivity, technology use in maize, and the impact of non-farm income (NFI) on agricultural investment in Kenya, giving them a gender dimension. The study first concludes that there are no significant differences in maize yields between male-managed farms and female-managed farms (FMFs) in the study areas, Nyeri and Kakamega. Second, technology use for maize production was lower and significant in some instances for FMFs. Significant differences, especially in the use of hybrid seeds and tractor ploughs, were noted. A third conclusion is that NFI is not used in farm investment. NFI had negative coefficients on adoption and intensity of agricultural input use. Policies that encourage both farm and non-farm income should be instituted given the complementary roles that they play. Any entry barriers for disadvantaged households, especially for the FMFs, to participate in higher-paying non-farm activities need to be overcome.
Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa: What Lessons Can We Learn?
Authors: Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson , Dzanku Fred Mawunyo , Isinika Aida Cuthbert 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Smallholder-friendly messages, albeit not always translated into action, returned strongly to the development agenda over a decade ago. Smallholders’ livelihoods encompass social and economic realities outside agriculture, however, providing opportunities as well as challenges for the smallholder model. While smallholders continue to straddle the farm and non-farm sectors, the notion of leaving agriculture altogether appears hyperbolic, given the persistently high share of income generated from agriculture noted in the Afrint dataset. Trends over the past fifteen years can be broadly described as increasing dynamism accompanied by rising polarization. Positive trends include increased farm sizes, rising grain production, crop diversification, and increased commercialization, while negative trends include stagnation of yields, persistent yield gaps, gendered landholding inequalities, gendered agricultural asset inequalities, growing gendered commercialization inequalities, and an emerging gender gap in cash income. Regional nuances in trends reinforce the need for spatial contextualization of linkages between the farm and non-farm sectors.
Quantum Fields
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This book introduces quantum field theory, together with its most important applications to cosmology and astroparticle physics, in a coherent framework. The path-integral approach is employed right from the start, and the use of Green functions and generating functionals is illustrated first in quantum mechanics and then in scalar field theory. Massless spin one and two fields are discussed on an equal footing, and gravity is presented as a gauge theory in close analogy with the Yang–Mills case. Concepts relevant to modern research such as helicity methods, effective theories, decoupling, or the stability of the electroweak vacuum are introduced. Various applications such as topological defects, dark matter, baryogenesis, processes in external gravitational fields, inflation and black holes help students to bridge the gap between undergraduate courses and the research literature.
Scattering processes
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The unitarity of the S-matrix is used to derive the optical theorem. The connection between Green functions and scattering amplitudes given by the LSZ reduction formula is derived. The trace and the helicity method are developed and applied to the calculation of QED processes. The emission of soft photons and gravitons is discussed. In an appendix, the connection between S-matrix elements, Feynman amplitudes and decay rates or cross-sections is derived.
GSW model of electroweak interactions
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The electroweak sector of the SM described by an SUL(2)UY(1) gauge symmetry which is broken spontaneously to Uem(1) is introduced. The generation of boson and fermion masses by the Higgs effect is discussed. The properties of the Higgs sector are examined. The conditions for decoupling and the hierarchy problem are discussed.
Thermal field theory
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
After a review of the calculational approaches, the free energy of scalar particles in thermal equilibrium is calculated. The IR behaviour of mass-less scalar fields is examined, finding that a resummation of IR divergent terms is necessary. In general, particles acquire a temperature-dependent (Debye) mass, while symmetries of the Lagrangian may be hidden at low temperatures. In an appendix, the basics of equilibrium statistical physics is reviewe
Anomalies, instantons and axions
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The axial anomaly is derived both from the non-invariance of the path-integral measure under UA(1) transformations and calculations of specific triangle diagrams. It is demonstrated that the anomalous terms are cancelled in the electroweak sector of the standard model, if the electric charge of all fermions adds up to zero. The CP-odd term F̃μνFμν introduced by the axial anomaly is a gauge-invariant renormalisable interaction which is also generated by instanton transitions between Yang–Mills vacua with different winding numbers. The Peceei–Quinn symmetry is discussed as a possible explanation why this term does not contribute to the QCD action.
Microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe present a comprehensive overview of microrheology, emphasizing the underlying theory, practical aspects of its implementation, and current applications to rheological studies in academic and industrial laboratories. Key methods and techniques are examined, including important considerations to be made with respect to the materials most amenable to microrheological characterization and pitfalls to avoid in measurements and analysis. The fundamental principles of all microrheology experiments are presented, including the nature of colloidal probes and their movement in fluids, soft solids, and viscoelastic materials. Microrheology is divided into two general areas, depending on whether the probe is driven into motion by thermal forces (passive), or by an external force (active). We present the theory and practice of passive microrheology, including an in-depth examination of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER). We carefully treat the assumptions that must be made for these techniques to work, and what happens when the underlying assumptions are violated. Experimental methods covered in detail include particle tracking microrheology, tracer particle microrheology using dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy, and laser tracking microrheology. Second, we discuss the theory and practice of active microrheology, focusing specifically on the potential and limitations of extending microrheology to measurements of non-linear rheological properties, like yielding and shear-thinning. Practical aspects of magnetic and optical tweezer measurements are preseted. Finally, we highlight important applications of microrheology, including measurements of gelation, degradation, high-throughput rheology, protein solution viscosities, and polymer dynamics.
Epidural Neostigmine Versus Fentanyl to Decrease Bupivacaine Use in Patient-controlled Epidural Analgesia during Labor: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study
Authors: Booth J.L. , Ross V.H. , Nelson K.E. , Harris L. , Eisenach J.C. , Pan P.H. 
Published: February 2018

(Anesthesiology. 2017;127(1):50–57)
Epidural infusions for labor analgesia have traditionally consisted of a local anesthetic and an adjuvant opioid, but these epidurally administered opioids can produce undesirable side effects, such as pruritus and decreased fetal heart rate variability.
Clinical Risk Factors Associated With Peripartum Maternal Bacteremia
Authors: Easter S.R. , Molina R.L. , Venkatesh K.K. , Kaimal A. , Tuomala R. , Riley L.E. 
Published: February 2018

(Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(4):710–717)
Maternal sepsis remains an important contributor to severe maternal morbidity. However, consensus guidelines conflict with evidence-based recommendations encouraging early diagnosis and treatment of febrile peripartum women, and there is no gold standard for the diagnosis of sepsis in pregnancy. In the present study, authors identified exposures associated with bacteremia in febrile women in the peripartum period (primary outcome) and examined associations between adverse outcomes and bacteremia. The degree of initial fever as a clinical predictor was also evaluated.
Aspirin Versus Placebo in Pregnancies at High Risk for Preterm Preeclampsia
Authors: Rolnik D.L. , Wright D. , Poon L.C. , O’Gorman N. , Syngelaki A. , de Paco Matallana C. , Akolekar R. , Cicero S. , Janga D. , Singh M. , Molina F.S. , Persico N. , Jani J.C. , Plasencia W. , Papaioannou G. , Tenenbaum-Gavish K. , Meiri H. , Gizurarson S. , Maclagan K. , Nicolaides K.H. 
Published: February 2018

(N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):613–622)
Professional associations recommend the prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin (60 to 80 mg d) in pregnant women who are considered to be at high risk for preeclampsia. However, some studies suggest that aspirin started after 16 weeks of gestation does not have a significant benefit, and there remain major challenges in identifying women at high risk for this condition.
Serious Maternal Complications in Relation to Severe Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Impact of Hospital Volume
Authors: Ananth C.V. , Lavery J.A. , Friedman A.M. , Wapner R.J. , Wright J.D. 
Published: February 2018

(BJOG. 2017;124:1246–1253)
A timely referral of high-risk obstetric patients to large volume delivery hospitals could contribute significantly to reducing obstetrical and neonatal complications. Severe preeclampsia is a major risk factor for maternal mortality and serious obstetrical complications. However, it remains unclear whether an association exists between hospital delivery volume and maternal complications due to severe preeclampsia. This retrospective cohort study aimed to examine the associations between severe preeclampsia and adverse outcomes based on annualized hospital delivery volume.
A Standardized Approach for Transfusion Medicine Support in Patients With Morbidly Adherent Placenta
Authors: Panigrahi A.K. , Yeaton-Massey A. , Bakhtary S. , Andrews J. , Lyell D.J. , Butwick A.J. , Goodnough L.T. 
Published: February 2018

(Anesth Analg. 2017;125(2):603–608)
Morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) is a condition in which chorionic villi of the placenta invade too deeply into the myometrium. It consists of 3 types placenta accreta (PA), placenta increta (PI), and placental percreta (PP)]. Nonseparation of the placenta at delivery due to MAP can lead to massive postpartum hemorrhage and negative maternal outcomes, for example damage to surrounding organs, amniotic fluid embolism, etc. As the incidence of MAP has increased directly with the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries in the United States, the authors of the present study described the experience at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital over a 5-year period (July 1, 2009, to July 1, 2014) caring for patients with MAP under the institution’s multidisciplinary approach (Program in Placental Disorders, established 2009).
Impact of Obesity on Postdural Puncture Headache
Authors: Song J. , Zhang T. , Choy A. , Penaco A. , Joseph V. 
Published: February 2018

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017;30:5–9)
While previous studies have suggested that obese women suffer fewer postdural puncture headaches (PDPHs) associated with spinal anesthesia, data are lacking regarding the association between body mass index (BMI) and the development of spinal headache after an accidental dural puncture (ADP) with a large gauge epidural needle. This retrospective study was undertaken to determine whether obesity is associated with fewer PDPHs after an ADP during epidural placement for labor analgesia.
Impact of Uterine Balloon Tamponade on the Use of Invasive Procedures in Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Gauchotte E. , De La Torre M. , Perdriolle-Galet E. , Lamy C. , Gauchotte G. , Morel O. 
Published: February 2018

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96(7):877–882)
The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of uterine balloon tamponade on the need for surgery or interventional radiology during the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), in cases of the failure of uterotonic agents—specifically, sulprostone. The authors retrospectively studied all women treated with sulprostone for PPH in the obstetrics unit of the academic hospital of Lorraine, France for 2 two-year periods: December 2008 to December 2010 without the use of tamponade (period 1), and June 2011 to June 2013 with the use of tamponade (period 2).
Genetic Associations With Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth
Authors: Zhang G. , Feenstra B. , Bacelis J. , Liu X. , Muglia L.M. , Juodakis J. , Miller D.E. , Litterman N. , Jiang P.P. , Russell L. , Hinds D.A. , Hu Y. , Weirauch M.T. , Chen X. , Chavan A.R. , Wagner G.P. , Pavličev M. , Nnamani M.C. , Maziarz J. , Karjalainen M.K. , Rämet M. , Sengpiel V. , Geller F. , Boyd H.A. , Palotie A. , Momany A. , Bedell B. , Ryckman K.K. , Huusko J.M. , Forney C.R. , Kottyan L.C. , Hallman M. , Teramo K. , Nohr E.A. , Davey Smith G. , Melbye M. , Jacobsson B. , Muglia L.J. 
Published: February 2018

(N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1156–1167)
Preterm birth is the leading cause of death in neonates and children younger than 5 years of age. Its definition, birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation, is a dichotomous trait based on a somewhat arbitrary cutoff of weeks’ gestation, rather than time of birth or a level of fetal maturity. Therefore, in the present study, the authors tested genetic associations with gestational duration (a quantitative trait) and preterm birth (a dichotomous trait), in order to identify robust associations with genetic variants consistent with a role in the timing of birth.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Rebound Near Delivery in Previously Suppressed, Combination Antiretroviral Therapy–treated Pregnant Women
Authors: Boucoiran I. , Albert A.Y.K. , Tulloch K. , Wagner E.C. , Pick N. , van Schalkwyk J. , Harrigan P.R. , Money D. 
Published: February 2018

(Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(3):497–501)
The administration of intrapartum intravenous (IV) zidovudine in combination with antenatal and neonatal zidovudine was the first antiretroviral regimen recommended for pregnant women by all guidelines. However, with the advent of antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy (CART), as well as the finding that women with an HIV viral load <1000 copies mL at delivery who receive IV zidovudine may carry an increased risk of vertical transmission compared with controls, guidelines have since changed.
Immediate Compared With On-demand Maternal Full Feeding After Planned Caesarean Delivery: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Tan P.C. , Alzergany M.M. , Adlan A-S , Noor Azmi M.A. , Omar S.Z. 
Published: February 2018

(BJOG. 2917;124:123–131)
Feeding regimens postcesarean vary among institutions and across published trials. In addition, there is a lack of existing evidence to justify withholding oral fluids after uncomplicated cesarean sections. In fact, guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the United Kingdom state “women who are recovering well after cesarean section and who do not have complications can eat and drink when they felt hungry or thirsty.” This recent randomized trial was carried out to evaluate outcomes following immediate full feeding compared with “on-demand” feeding after cesarean section. The investigators hypothesized that immediate feeding would lead to more rapid restoration of body functions and quicker postoperative recovery without increasing adverse outcomes, resulting in increased patient satisfaction.
Reduction of Total Labor Length Through the Addition of Parenteral Dextrose Solution in Induction of Labor in Nulliparous: Results of DEXTRONS Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Paré J. , Pasquier J.C. , Lewin A. , Fraser W. , Bureau Y.A. 
Published: February 2018

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(5):508.e1–508.e7)
Nulliparous women undergoing labor induction are particularly susceptible to having very long labors which are associated with negative effects for both mother and child. Since glucose supplementation improves athletic performance during prolonged exercise and labor could be considered a similar activity, it is thought that the addition of glucose during labor might help muscle performance and shorten labor length. Previous studies have had conflicting results as to the usefulness of the addition of carbohydrates to the overall length of labor, with one study showing an increase in cesarean deliveries and another an increase in neonatal hypoglycemia. To add to this research, a double-blind randomized controlled trial was set up to investigate whether the addition of intravenous glucose shortened active labor, had an effect on the rate of cesarean deliveries or affected neonatal health.
Maternal Buprenorphine Treatment and Fetal Neurobehavioral Development
Authors: Jansson L.M. , Velez M. , McConnell K. , Spencer N. , Tuten M. , Jones H.E. , King V.L. , Gandotra N. , Milio L.A. , Voegtline K. , DiPietro J.A. 
Published: February 2018

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(5):529.e1–529.e8)
Opioid usage is increasing among pregnant mothers in the United States, which can lead to neonatal abstinence syndrome in their children. Previous studies have shown less severe neonatal abstinence syndrome in infants whose mothers were treated for opioid use with buprenorphine rather than methadone. This study looked at the effects of buprenorphine on fetal activity and development.
Case Series of Vital Signs-controlled, Patient-assisted Intravenous Analgesia (VPIA) Using Remifentanil for Labor and Delivery
Authors: Leong W.L. , Sng B.L. , Zhang Q. , Han N.L.R. , Sultana R. , Sia A.T.H. 
Published: February 2018

(Anaesthesia. 2017;72(7):845–852)
Intravenous remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is an alternative to epidural analgesia for labor pain management. Compared with other systemic opioids, its unique pharmacokinetic properties make it a preferred alternate analgesic. These properties included fast onset, an ultra-short context-sensitive half-life, and rapid redistribution and elimination by the fetus. Remifentanil is known, however, to cause maternal respiratory depression when used for labor analgesia. This leads to maternal oxygen desaturation in a significant proportion of women, although it is generally short-lived. Rarely respiratory arrest has been reported. It is thus strongly recommended that when administering remifentanil PCA, maternal respiratory rate and oxygen saturation be continuously monitored.
The Nursing Dean Role: An Integrative Review
Authors: Bouws Melissa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAIMThe aim of this integrative review was to appraise research on the uniqueness of the nursing dean role.BACKGROUNDDeans of nursing are challenged with multiple expectations of their role, which is unlike that of other deans in academia. Investigation is needed to understand what is entailed in being a dean of nursing.METHODThis integrative review explores the role of the nurse dean utilizing a model described by Whittemore and Knafl. Their strategy uses a five-step process of problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis, and presentation.RESULTSNursing deans are expected to excel in areas of education, the health care system, and relationships with the community stakeholders while navigating challenges of limited funding and a nationwide faculty shortage.CONCLUSIONThis integrative literature review was an initial step toward the collective understanding of the nursing dean role.
Does Aerobic Respiration Produce Carbon Dioxide or Hydrogen Ion and Bicarbonate?
Authors: Swenson Erik R. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Maintenance of intracellular pH is critical for clinical homeostasis. The metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids yielding the generation of adenosine triphosphate in the mitochondria is accompanied by the production of acid in the Krebs cycle. Both the nature of this acidosis and the mechanism of its disposal have been argued by two investigators with a long-abiding interest in acid–base physiology. They offer different interpretations and views of the molecular mechanism of this intracellular pH regulation during normal metabolism. Dr. John Severinghaus has posited that hydrogen ion and bicarbonate are the direct end products in the Krebs cycle. In the late 1960s, he showed in brain and brain homogenate experiments that acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, reduces intracellular pH. This led him to conclude that hydrogen ion and bicarbonate are the end products, and the role of intracellular carbonic anhydrase is to rapidly generate diffusible carbon dioxide to minimize acidosis. Dr. Erik Swenson posits that carbon dioxide is a direct end product in the Krebs cycle, a more widely accepted view, and that acetazolamide prevents rapid intracellular bicarbonate formation, which can then codiffuse with carbon dioxide to the cell surface and there be reconverted for exit from the cell. Loss of this “facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide” leads to intracellular acidosis as the still appreciable uncatalyzed rate of carbon dioxide hydration generates more protons. This review summarizes the available evidence and determines that resolution of this question will require more sophisticated measurements of intracellular pH with faster temporal resolution.
Adolescent Internet Use, Social Integration, and Depressive Symptoms: Analysis from a Longitudinal Cohort Survey
Authors: Strong Carol , Lee Chih-Ting , Chao Lo-Hsin , Lin Chung-Ying , Tsai Meng-Che 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To examine the association between adolescent leisure-time Internet use and social integration in the school context and how this association affects later depressive symptoms among adolescents in Taiwan, using a large nationwide cohort study and the latent growth model (LGM) method.

Methods:
Data of 3795 students followed from the year 2001 to 2006 in the Taiwan Education Panel Survey were analyzed. Leisure-time Internet use was defined by the hours per week spent on (1) online chatting and (2) online games. School social integration and depressive symptoms were self-reported. We first used an unconditional LGM to estimate the baseline (intercept) and growth (slope) of Internet use. Next, another LGM conditioned with school social integration and depression was conducted.

Results:
Approximately 10% of the participants reported engaging in online chatting and/or gaming for more than 20 hours per week. Internet use for online chatting showed an increase over time. School social integration was associated with the baseline amount (coefficient = −0.62, p < 0.001) but not the growth of leisure-time Internet use. The trend of Internet use was positively related to depressive symptoms (coefficient = 0.31, p < 0.05) at Wave 4.

Conclusion:
School social integration was initially associated with decreased leisure-time Internet use among adolescents. The growth of Internet use with time was not explainable by school social integration but had adverse impacts on depression. Reinforcing adolescents' bonding to school may prevent initial leisure-time Internet use. When advising on adolescent Internet use, health care providers should consider their patients' social networks and mental well-being.