bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two temperate sub-Neptunes transiting the star EPIC 212737443
Authors: Herath Mahesh , Hinse Tobias C , Livingston John H , Hernández Jesús , Evans Daniel F , Wells Robert , Gunesekera Saraj , Tregloan-Reed Jeremy , Rabus Markus , Skottfelt Jesper , Dominik Martin , Jørgensen Uffe G , Jayaratne Chandana , Lý Cuc T K 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the validation of a new planetary system around the K3 star EPIC 212737443 using a combination of K2 photometry, follow-up high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy. The system consists of two sub-Neptune sized transiting planets with radii of 2.6R⊕ and 2.7R⊕, with orbital periods of 13.6 and 65.5 d, equilibrium temperatures of 536 and 316 K, respectively. In the context of validated K2 systems, the outer planet has the longest precisely measured orbital period, as well as the lowest equilibrium temperature for a planet orbiting a star of spectral type earlier than M. The two planets in this system have a mutual Hill radius of ΔRH = 36, larger than most other known transiting multiplanet systems, suggesting the existence of another (possibly non-transiting) planet, or that the system is not maximally packed.
Plerion model of the X-ray plateau in short gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Strang L C , Melatos A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Many short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs) exhibit a prolonged plateau in the X-ray light curve following the main burst. It is shown that an X-ray plateau at the observed luminosity emerges naturally from a plerion-like model of the sGRB remnant, in which the magnetized, relativistic wind of a millisecond magnetar injects shock-accelerated electrons into a cavity confined by the sGRB blast wave. A geometry-dependent fraction of the plerionic radiation is also intercepted and reprocessed by the optically thick merger ejecta. The relative contributions of the plerion and ejecta to the composite X-ray light curve are estimated approximately with the aid of established ejecta models. The plerionic component of the electron energy spectrum is evolved under the action of time-dependent, power-law injection and adiabatic and synchrotron cooling in order to calculate the X-ray light curve analytically. The model yields an anticorrelation between the luminosity and duration of the plateau as well as a sudden cut-off in the X-ray flux, if the decelerating magnetar collapses to form a black hole. Both features are broadly consistent with the data and can be related to the surface magnetic field of the magnetar and its angular velocity at birth. The analogy with core-collapse supernova remnants is discussed briefly.
Spectral puzzle of the off-axis gamma-ray burst in GW170817
Authors: Ioka Kunihito , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Gravitational waves from a merger of two neutron stars (NSs) were discovered for the first time in GW170817, together with diverse electromagnetic counterparts, providing a direct clue to the origin of short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs). The associated sGRB 170817A was much fainter than typical, suggesting off-axis emission from a relativistic jet. However the observed prompt spectrum is inconsistent with the spectral (Amati) relation and causes the compactness problem in the simplest off-axis model. We suggest that this spectral and energetic puzzle of GRB170817A is explained if the origin of the off-axis emission arises from the off-centre jet. This emission location is generally created by the product of the rapidly declining (with angle) jet energy and the increasing beaming term. Hence the region of most luminous emission for an off-axis observer is neither the jet core around the primary axis, nor the line of sight at the viewing angle. The off-centre jet could be loaded with baryon or cocoon. The off-axis model predicts that roughly ${\sim } 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ events are brighter at smaller viewing angles than sGRB 170817A, although the exact event rate sensitively depends on uncertainties of the off-centre structure. The model also predicts outliers to Amati relation, providing future tests to reveal the central engine activities.
X-ray and radio studies of SNR CTB 37B hosting the magnetar CXOU J171405.7−381031
Authors: Blumer Harsha , Safi-Harb Samar , Kothes Roland , Rogers Adam , Gotthelf Eric V 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We present a Chandra and XMM–Newton study of the supernova remnant (SNR) CTB 37B, along with archival radio observations. In radio wavelengths, the SNR CTB 37B is an incomplete shell showing bright emission from the eastern side, while the X-ray morphology shows diffuse emission from regions surrounding the magnetar CXOU J171405.7–381031. We used archival H i absorption measurements to constrain the distance to the remnant and obtain D = 9.8 ± 1.5 kpc. The X-ray spectrum of the remnant is described by a thermal model in the 1–5 keV energy range, with a temperature of kT = 1.3 ± 0.1 keV. The abundances from the spectral fits are consistent with being solar or sub-solar. A small region of diffuse emission is seen to the southern side of the remnant, best fitted by a non-thermal spectrum with an unusually hard photon index of Γ = 1.3 ± 0.3. Assuming a distance of 9.8 kpc to the SNR, we infer a shock velocity of Vs = 915 ± 70 km s−1 and an explosion energy of E = (1.8 ± 0.6) × 1050 erg. The overall imaging and spectral properties of CTB 37B favour the interpretation of a young SNR (≲6200 yr old), propagating in a low-density medium under the assumption of a Sedov evolutionary phase.
Treaty Exit and Intrabranch Conflict at the Interface of International and Domestic Law
Authors: Helfer Laurence R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers two important and unresolved issues raised by the unilateral withdrawal from or denunciation of treaties. The first issue concerns whether treaty obligations end in both international and domestic law after a state leaves a treaty. Exit often produces the same effects in both legal systems, but some withdrawals bifurcate a treaty’s status, ending its obligations in domestic law but continuing to bind the state internationally, or vice versa. The second issue concerns denunciations initiated by different branches of government. The decision to withdraw from a treaty is usually carried out by the executive acting unilaterally. Less well known, but potentially more fraught from a foreign relations perspective, are instances in which the impetus for exit originates with legislators or judges. Conflicts involving both dimensions of treaty exit stem from a common source—the different domestic and international rules governing how states enter into and leave treaties and the divergent policies that underlie those rules. The chapter develops a typology to categorize these conflicts, drawing upon examples of actual and potential treaty denunciations in several countries.
The Domestic Application of International Law in Canada
Authors: van Ert Gib 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how public international legal norms are received into Canadian domestic law. The rules governing international law’s reception in Canada originate in British constitutionalism and English common law. But the Supreme Court of Canada has developed this tradition by insisting that international law is part of the context in which Canada’s domestic laws are enacted. This has led to a notable openness to internationally informed legal arguments and a strong commitment to the interpretive presumption that domestic law conforms with the state’s international obligations. While treaties still require legislative implementation to take direct effect in domestic law, they can have indirect interpretive effects even without legislation. Customary international law does not require legislation; it is automatically incorporated by the common law. Even Canada’s leading constitutional instrument, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, seems now to be interpreted according to a presumption that it at least meets the minimum requirements of international human rights law. Traditional judicial avoidance techniques such as the act of state and political question doctrines are notably absent in Canadian reception jurisprudence. Courts still find ways to disregard international law in particular cases, but the trajectory is toward using it.
Domestic Application of International Law in Latin America
Authors: Urueña René 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the deep interaction of Latin American constitutions with international law, and international human rights law in particular, as a contribution to the emerging field of “comparative foreign affairs law.” The chapter begins by describing how open constitutional clauses and the case law of domestic courts facilitate such a deep integration of domestic and international law in the region. It then explores the international factors that explain the interaction, focusing on the doctrine of “control of conventionality,” developed by the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The tide in the region, though, might be changing, and the chapter describes some of the incipient resistance that the deep integration of international law in domestic systems seems to be inspiring. The chapter concludes by considering the potential, and limits, of a “foreign relations law” field from the perspective of Latin America.
South African Law on Immunities
Authors: Strydom Hennie 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes South Africa’s law governing the immunity of foreign states and officials, as well as of regional organizations. As the chapter explains, this law is made up of a combination of customary international law, international treaty law, English law, parliamentary legislation, and constitutional law. The chapter begins by describing the domestic status of international law in South Africa. It then describes in detail the 1981 Foreign States Immunities Act, including the various limitations on and exceptions to immunity set forth in the Act. After discussing the immunity of foreign states, it addresses head of state and diplomatic immunities and describes the controversial Bashir case from 2015 concerning a request from the International Criminal Court that South Africa arrest and surrender a sitting head of state. Finally, the chapter discusses the immunity of regional organizations and their staff, in particular the African Union and the South African Development Community.
The USE of Military Force by the United Kingdom
Authors: Ziegler Katja S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Accountability for decisions to go to war has evolved in particular since the 2003 Iraq War, both in a democratic dimension, involving parliaments in deployment decisions, and in a rule of law dimension, enforced by courts. Both forms of accountability lead to a rebalancing of the powers of the executive and the other two branches of government. This chapter considers the evolution of democratic accountability in the United Kingdom, i.e. the competence of Parliament to debate and vote on the government’s decision to deploy the military. The chapter outlines the emergence of a constitutional convention requiring prior parliamentary approval for uses of military force, considering the practice in relation to recent military deployments, e.g. in Syria and Iraq. In this context, different regulatory approaches to military deployments and reform proposals are discussed. The chapter then discusses some uncertainties about the rules of the constitutional convention, such as the threshold of the approval requirement and its exceptions. Finally, the chapter reflects on the U.K. practice from a comparative perspective of the implementation of democratic accountability in Germany. The chapter critically reflects on the lack of formality and malleability of the constitutional convention, resulting in an executive bias, and the obstacles to formalizing the constitutional convention. One particular concern with formalization is the courts’ potential role in reviewing executive war powers and the substantive legality of a military deployment. It is argued from a comparative perspective that some concerns about a further formalization of the constitutional convention may be overstated.
Military Operations Abroad Under the German Basic Law
Authors: Peters Anne 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The German regime on the use of military force is unique for its dense legalization and concomitant complexity, and provides an important reference point for legal comparison. The constitution of 1949 (the Basic Law) allows the deployment of the military abroad for purposes of defense only and within the framework of a system of collective security. Under the latter heading, the German army since the 1990s has contributed to numerous collective military operations. The contours of the constitutional regime are judge-made and based, so far, on four lead judgments. In the seminal judgment of 1994, the Constitutional Court identified a constitution-based requirement for each military deployment to have parliamentary approval. The formalities of the involvement of the Bundestag were, in 2005, codified in a statute. Recent German participation in coalitions of the willing against pirates and terrorists have raised the question whether such operations are still covered by the constitutional bases, and participation in anti-Islamic State action in Syria is currently under review by the Constitutional Court. The Chapter concludes that the tension between the need to effectively integrate military forces into multinational operations, democratic accountability, and judicial oversight has been uniquely resolved in the German constitution and statutory and case law. It illustrates the feasibility of upholding standards of democracy and the rule of law in foreign and military affairs.
Using Military Force and Engaging in Collective Security
Authors: Forteau Mathias 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses France’s foreign relations law in relation to the use of force. It presents both domestic rules (in particular constitutional rules) that are applicable in France to the use of force abroad and France’s legal position as regards the permissible use of force under international law. As a permanent member of the United Nations (UN) Security Council, as a nuclear-weapon state, as a military power involved in many UN or other collective peacekeeping or antiterrorism operations, and as a state specially affected by international terrorism, France is particularly interested in the identification and development of international rules related to the use of force and collective security and has developed over time domestic rules governing activities of its military forces abroad as well as some doctrine on the use of force in the international sphere. As the chapter shows in particular, the decision to use force or to participate in collective security is, as a matter of principle, a decision that has to be taken in France by the executive branch. This being said, the Parliament has recently been granted some powers on the use of force, which vary depending on the nature of the operations concerned. On the other hand, there is no judicial control of the decision to use force. Besides, there is still no clear doctrine as regards the circumstances in which French authorities consider that the use of force can be resorted to under international law.
A Comparative Foreign Relations Law Agenda
Authors: Hathaway Oona A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
International law is the product not only of a political and legal process that takes place between states but also of processes that take place within them. Accordingly, examining domestic institutions that states use to create international law is essential to our understanding of international law. And yet to date there has been remarkably little cross-national work examining the role of domestic politics and law in the creation of treaties and other international law. This chapter aims to contribute to an emerging conversation about how best to carry out a more comprehensive examination of differences between states in the law governing their engagement in the world around them. It maps out five areas that offer opportunities and challenges for the study of comparative foreign relations law: first, the choice of methodology, whether quantitative or qualitative. Second, the underrepresentation of certain states in existing foreign relations scholarship. Third, the domestic political and institutional structures that shape the interplay between the legislative, executive, and judicial functions within states. Fourth, the role of geopolitics. Fifth, the chapter sounds a cautionary note about approaching international law through domestic law. The challenge for scholars the world over will be to fill out this agenda and then begin to tackle it.
Africa and the Contestation of Sexual and Gender Diversity
Authors: Tabengwa Monica , Waites Matthew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers sexualities and genders in Africa by exploring the relationship between precolonial, colonial, and current forms of regulation. The field of research on sexual and gender diversity in Africa is introduced, including African lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and intersex (LGBTI) and queer research, with an emphasis on the need to challenge homogenizing characterizations of “homophobic Africa.” Differences between European colonialisms—such as the British, French, and Portuguese—are noted, with the British as the source of the most extensive legal criminalization of same-sex acts. Regarding recent developments, there is discussion of Uganda as a particularly concerning context, with the Anti-Homosexuality Act briefly passed into law in 2014, though later struck down by that country’s Supreme Court. The passage of Nigeria’s Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act in 2014 has similarly reflected homophobic state action. Yet it is also possible to note decriminalizations of same-sex sexual acts in several states including South Africa, Lesotho, the Seychelles, and Mozambique. Examples from Botswana and Kenya are used to discuss the value of strategic litigation in the courts as a way to achieve change. A final section discusses how African international governmental organizations, particularly the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, have become a focus for claims by organizations such as the Coalition of African Lesbians. The recent withdrawal observer status from the Coalition of African Lesbians occurred in a context of pressure from the African Union and exemplifies current tensions and conflicts in the continent.
Ecology and Postcolonial Biblical Criticism
Authors: Davis Ellen F. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article outlines an eco-agrarian perspective on the Hebrew Bible. Countless passages treat the multifaceted interdependency of arable land, animals, and human communities, as well as the social dynamics of force, which deprived small farmers of land tenancy or control throughout the biblical period. Works by Walter Brueggemann, Wendell Berry, and Edward Said take account of the social and material knowledge and experience of rural communities in modern North America and Africa as well as ancient Israel. Elements of a “prophetic ecology,” drawn from Former and Latter Prophets, suggest that the flourishing of the land, the possibility of shalom, and even the status of the land of Canaan as holy are all connected to attention to the land by small farmers. From both biblical and modern perspectives, agriculture that sustains local communities is the only alternative to war.
Economy and Culture
Authors: Klamer Arjo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Culture matters in the economy. An increasing number of economists acknowledge the role of culture in economic processes, yet they disagree on what that role is. This chapter reviews the most important contributions to the discussion about the interaction between cultural and economic phenomena on the basis of a five-spheres model. The conclusion stands: culture matters. Yet the complexity of the interaction renders causal claims almost impossible. Furthermore, culture is not an instrument to change at will in order to achieve certain results. The outcome of the discussion is rather a reorientation of what economics is about, and a realization that sense-making is part of the economic process. Economists may conclude that they pay better attention to the qualitative aspects of the economy, and adjust their mode of analysis to allow for such attention.
Capitalism and Democracy
Authors: Reiss Julian 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the interrelationships between democracy on the one hand and capitalism (or what I prefer to call “the liberal economy”) on the other. Liberal thinkers tend to maintain that the two are allies, at least as long as democracy is (constitutionally or otherwise) limited. Socialists regard them as rivals, as “true” democracy can be realized only under socialism or communism. Joseph Schumpeter stands out as the commentator who argued that there is no strong relationship at all between the two: any economic arrangement can be combined successfully with any political arrangement. I survey both the classical views on this topic and a number of more recent contributions.
The Ethics of Making Risky Decisions for Others
Authors: Bovens Luc 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUtilitarianism, it has been said, is not sensitive to the distribution of welfare. In making risky decisions for others there are multiple sensitivities at work. I present examples of risky decision-making involving drug allocations, charitable giving, breast-cancer screening and Caesarian sections. In each of these examples there is a different sensitivity at work that pulls away from the utilitarian prescription. Instances of saving fewer people at a greater risk to many is more complex because there are two distributional sensitivities at work that pull in opposite directions from the utilitarian calculus. I discuss objections to these sensitivities and conclude with some reflections on the value of formal modeling in thinking about societal risk.
Lessons from Economics
Authors: Broome John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEconomics offers several lessons that moral philosophers can beneficially learn. They are useful for topics in moral philosophy that are inherently quantitative. This chapter gives some examples. Some of these quantitative topics also fall within the subject matter of economics, and economists have made useful, substantive discoveries about them. Ignoring these discoveries hampers the progress of philosophy. This chapter illustrates this sort of failure, using the philosophy of equality as an example. The methods rather than the substance of economics provide other lessons for moral philosophy. Economics routinely employs mathematical analysis, which is also demanded by some quantitative topics in moral philosophy. Often in moral philosophy, questions arise over how quantity and quality can be balanced against each other, when quality can vary continuously. Philosophers have sometimes made mistakes about these questions because they lack the necessary mathematical skills. This chapter describes an example that arises in population ethics and elsewhere. This chapter also condemns one bad practice that philosophers are picking up from economists: the practice of using the word “utility” to refer to well-being.