bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open versus robotic partial nephrectomy: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of contemporary studies
Authors: Tsai Sheng‐Han , Tseng Ping‐Tao , Sherer Benjamin A. , Lai Yi‐Chen , Lin Pao‐Yen , Wu Ching‐Kuan , Stoller Marshall L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo compare perioperative outcomes of robotic‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RaPN) with open partial nephrectomy (OPN).MethodsSystematically search through PubMed, Embase, ClinicalKey, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for eligible studies was performed to April 11, 2018. A meta‐analysis was conducted for studies comparing RaPN and OPN. Confounding variables were assessed by meta‐regression or subgroup analysis.ResultsThis study included 34 studies with 60 808 patients. Meta‐analysis revealed less blood loss, less transfusion, longer operative time, less postoperative complications, lower readmission rate, shorter length of stay, and less estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline in RaPN groups. The superiority of RaPN in blood loss was attenuated with highly complex renal masses. The superiority of RaPN in intraoperative complications was strengthened with renal hilar control. The advantage of RaPN in surgical margin was increased in patient with body mass index (BMI) < 28.ConclusionsCompared with OPN, RaPN provided lower morbidities and better renal function preservation.
Behavior of copper and zinc metals in soil profile, submitted to different sources of fertilization
Authors: da Rosa Genesio Mario , Gabriel Márcia , Wastowski Arci Dirceu , da Rosa Rodrigo Silveira 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe application of high and continuous amounts of fertilizers to the soil can cause the accumulation of pollutants and biological agents, creating environmental and health problems. The objective of this work is to evaluate the presence and mobility within a soil profile of copper and zinc residual metals from chemical and organic fertilization after successive applications in three crops. The analysis was performed using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. The experiment is conducted with a drainage lysimeter set. The soil used is a dystroferric Red Latosol, fertilized with chemical (nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium [NPK]) and organic (poultry litter and swine manure) fertilizers. Soil samples were collected from three points in each lysimeter at depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 centimeters, dried in an oven, ground, and analyzed by dispersive energy X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. The copper and zinc elements from the successive applications of chemical and organic fertilization treatment accumulated in the soil profile. The use of the dispersive energy X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer allowed the evaluation of the presence and mobility of the copper and zinc elements in the soil profile; however, the observed values do not indicate their availability.
Sub synoptic scale features of the South Australia Storm of September 2016 – Part II: analysis of mechanisms driving the gusts
Authors: Earl Nick , Simmonds Ian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn extreme extratropical cyclone (ETC) struck South Australia on 28 September 2016, causing state‐wide blackouts and damage. In the second part of this two‐part study, we examine the extreme surface wind producing mechanisms within the ETC. ETCs have been extensively studied in the Northern Hemisphere (particularly in western Europe), highlighting the gust‐producing mesoscale features within. Before now, no Southern Hemisphere ETC has been examined in this way. There were a number of extreme gust‐producing features within the ETC, comparable to those observed in storms over western Europe. One such feature was a convective line, which caused many of the most extreme gusts and knocked out the state power grid. However, dry slot convection also contributed to the extremes, and this feature rarely causes extreme gusts in ETCs over the UK. Thus, further analysis is warranted to examine whether this is a common extreme‐gust‐producing ETC feature over Southern Australia. The strongest winds recorded throughout the event occurred on 29 September, and these were associated with the cold conveyor belt which spiralled around the low‐pressure centre.
Varieties of responsibility: two problems of responsible innovation
Authors: van de Poel Ibo , Sand Martin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe notion of responsible innovation suggests that innovators carry additional responsibilities (to society, stakeholders, users) beyond those commonly suggested. In this paper, we will discuss the meaning of these novel responsibilities focusing on two philosophical problems of attributing such responsibilities to innovators. The first is the allocation of responsibilities to innovators. Innovation is a process that involves a multiplicity of agents and unpredictable, far-reaching causal chains from innovation to social impacts, which creates great uncertainty. A second problem is constituted by possible trade-offs between different kinds of responsibility. It is evident that attributing backward-looking responsibility for product failures diminishes the willingness to learn about such defects and to take forward-looking responsibility. We will argue that these problems can be overcome by elaborating what it is exactly that innovators are responsible for. In this manner, we will distinguish more clearly between holding responsible and taking responsibility. This opens a space for ‘supererogatory’ responsibilities. Second, we will argue that both innovation processes and outcomes can be objects of innovators’ responsibility. Third, we will analyze different kinds of responsibility (blameworthiness, accountability, liability, obligation and virtue) and show that the functions of their attribution are not necessarily contradictory. Based on this conceptual refinement, we will argue that accountability, responsibility-as-virtue and the willingness to take responsibility are crucial for responsible innovation.
Effect of Dung Quantity and Quality on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes From Tropical Pastures in Kenya
Authors: Zhu Yuhao , Merbold Lutz , Pelster David , Diaz‐Pines Eugenio , Wanyama George Nandhoka , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTo improve estimates of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in sub‐Saharan Africa, we measured over six individual periods of 25–29 days fluxes of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) with subdaily time resolution from dung patches of different quality (C/N ratio: 23–41) and quantity (0.5 and 1.0 kg) on a Kenyan rangeland during dry and wet seasons. Methane emissions peaked following dung application, whereas N2O and CO2 fluxes from dung patches were similar to fluxes from rangeland soils receiving no N additions. Greenhouse gas emissions scaled linearly with dung quantity during both seasons. Dung with a low (23) C/N ratio produced up to 10 times more CH4 than dung with a high (41) C/N ratio. Overall, CH4 emission factors (EFs) ranged from 0.001 to 0.042%, lower than those derived in temperate regions. Cumulative CO2 and N2O emissions were similar for all treatments across the different seasons. The N2O EF ranged from 0 to 0.01%, less than 1% of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 1 default EF (2%) for N2O emissions from dung and urine patches, likely because of the low dung N content (9.7–16.5 g N kg−1 dry matter). However, these results were consistent with the updated cattle dung EF (0.2%) developed for Kenya in 2016/2017 (EF database ID# 422665). In view of the wide range of climates, soils, and management practices across sub‐Saharan Africa, development of robust GHG EFs from dung patches for SSA requires additional studies.
Changes in Irrigation Practices Likely Mitigate Nitrous Oxide Emissions From California Cropland
Authors: Deng Jia , Guo Lei , Salas William , Ingraham Pete , Charrier‐Klobas Jessica G. , Frolking Steve , Li Changsheng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCrop production with intensive nitrogen (N) application is an important source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). However, there remains large uncertainty in quantifying cropland N2O emissions and their mitigation potential, especially in regions where cropping systems and farming management practices are highly diverse. Because N2O production in soils is tightly linked to N application rate and type, soil moisture, and oxygen status, improving irrigation is a potential strategy for N2O mitigation. We applied a process‐based biogeochemical model, DeNitrification‐DeComposition, to evaluate the influence of irrigation management on N2O emissions from California cropland, where cropping systems are extremely diverse and irrigation management has changed rapidly. We constructed a database containing data on weather, crop types and areas, soil properties, and farming management practices and predicted N2O emissions from California cropland under four typical irrigation methods (surface gravity, sprinkler, drip, and subsurface drip). We also assessed impact on N2O emissions of large‐scale changes in irrigation management experienced in California from 2001 to 2010 that was driven by the demand of reducing water use in agriculture. Simulations under different irrigation methods indicated that drip and subsurface drip irrigation reduced N2O emissions by 55% and 67%, respectively, compared to surface gravity irrigation. We estimated baseline N2O emissions from California cropland as 7.94 × 103 metric ton (MT) N/year under actual irrigation management in 2002. The large‐scale changes in irrigation management likely reduced N2O emissions by 7.3% from 2001 to 2010. This study showed the potential for reducing N2O emissions by using low‐volume irrigation.
Eigenmodes of the Transverse Alfvénic Resonator at the Plasmapause: A Van Allen Probes Case Study
Authors: Mager Pavel N. , Mikhailova Olga S. , Mager Olga V. , Klimushkin Dmitri Yu. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA Pc4 ultralow frequency wave was detected at spacecraft B of the Van Allen Probes at the plasmapause. A distinctive feature of this wave is the strong periodical modulation of the wave. It is assumed that this modulation is a beating of oscillations close in frequency: at least two harmonics with frequencies of 15.3 and 13.6 MHz are found. It is shown that these harmonics can be the eigenmodes of the transverse resonator at the local maximum of the Alfvén velocity. In addition, the observed wave was in a drift resonance with energetic 80‐keV protons and could be generated by an unstable bump on tail distribution of protons simultaneously observed with the wave. The estimate of the azimuthal wave number m made from the drift resonance condition gives a value of about −100, that is, it is a westward propagating azimuthally small‐scale wave.
The Effect of Barotropic and Baroclinic Tides on Three‐Dimensional Coastal Dispersion
Authors: Suanda Sutara H. , Feddersen Falk , Spydell Matthew S. , Kumar Nirnimesh 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe effects of barotropic and baroclinic tides on three‐dimensional (3‐D) coastal dispersion are examined with realistic, 200‐m horizontal resolution simulations of the Central Californian continental shelf during upwelling. Over multiple tidal cycles, the horizontal relative dispersion and vertical dispersion of 3‐D drifters are similar between simulations with no tides and with barotropic tides. In contrast, baroclinic tides, which dissipate across the shelf and induce vertical mixing, result in a factor of 2–3 times larger horizontal and vertical dispersion. The increase in horizontal dispersion with vertical mixing is qualitatively consistent with weak‐mixing shear dispersion. Without shear dispersion, horizontal dispersion of surface‐trapped (2‐D) drifters was similar in all simulations. However, 2‐D drifter trajectory differences relative to no tide simulations are 3–4 times larger with baroclinic tides than barotropic tides alone. These results demonstrate the need to include baroclinic tides and 3‐D tracking for coastal passive tracer dispersion.
Mass Composition of the Escaping Flux at Mars: MEX Observations
Authors: Rojas‐Castillo D. , Nilsson H. , Stenberg Wieser G. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUsing more than 7 years of ion measurements from the ASPERA‐3/IMA instrument onboard the Mars Express mission, we analyze the mass composition of the two main outflowing heavy ion species O
and O+. Using an improved multispecies fitting technique, we discriminate the molecular from atomic oxygen ion population. We find that the low‐energy ions (3.2–100 eV) dominate the heavy ion population downstream of the induced magnetospheric boundary, where the mean ratio of O
relative to O+ is 0.76 (averaged over the low‐energy range and all observed directions). The spatial distribution of the O
/O+ ratio for the near‐Mars environment shows that very close to the planet O
is somewhat more abundant in part of the dayside. The same trend is even clearer in the central tail up to distances of 1.2RM from the center of the tail. In contrast, O+ is more abundant in the terminator region and the mantle just inside the induced magnetospheric boundary. O+ is typically more abundant in the magnetosheath.
The Periodic Flapping and Breathing of Saturn's Magnetodisk During Equinox
Authors: Sorba A. M. , Achilleos N. A. , Guio P. , Arridge C. S. , Sergis N. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPeriodic variations have been observed in many field and particle properties in Saturn's magnetosphere, modulated at a period close to the planetary rotation rate. Magnetic field observations by Cassini's magnetometer instrument suggest that in the outer magnetosphere (beyond ∼12 Saturn radii) Saturn's current sheet is periodically displaced with respect to the rotational equator, to a first approximation acting as a rotating, tilted disk. This manifests as a “flapping” mode when observed by the spacecraft. Recent studies suggest the magnetosphere also has a “breathing” mode, expanding and contracting with a period close to the planetary rotation rate. We model these two modes in tandem by combining a global, geometrical model of a tilted and rippled current sheet with a local, force‐balance model of Saturn's magnetodisk, accounting for the magnetospheric size and hot plasma content. We simulate the breathing behavior by introducing an azimuthal dependence of the system size. We fit Cassini magnetometer data acquired on equatorial orbits from 23 October to 17 December 2009 (Revs 120–122), close to Saturn equinox, in order that seasonal effects on the current sheet are minimized. We find that our model characterizes well the amplitude and phase of the oscillations in the data, for those passes that show clear periodic signatures in the field. In particular, the Bθ (meridional) component can only be characterized when the breathing mode is included. This study introduces calculations for an oscillating boundary, which provide a basis for understanding the complex relationship between current sheet dynamics and the periodic field perturbations.
First Observations of Recurring HF‐Enhanced Topside Ion Line Spectra Near the Fourth Gyroharmonic
Authors: Rexer Theresa , Gustavsson Björn , Leyser Thomas , Rietveld Michael , Yeoman Tim , Grydeland Tom 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe present first incoherent scatter radar observations of systematically recurring, high‐frequency (HF)‐enhanced ion line spectra at the topside F‐region ionosphere, during magnetic field aligned HF pumping in an O‐mode polarization. The European Incoherent Scatter UHF radar was directed in magnetic zenith on 9–11 March 2016 while stepping the pump frequency across the double resonance of the fourth harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency and the local upper hybrid frequency, in a 3‐min‐on, 3‐min‐off pump cycle. Topside and bottomside enhancements occur at the respective plasma resonance altitude and seem to be asymmetrically conditioned by the relative proximity of the pump frequency to the double resonance frequency. Further, the topside HF‐induced ion line enhancements predominantly appear while the pump frequency is just below the double resonance frequency and only simultaneous to strong bottomside enhancements. A powerful, HF radio wave in O‐mode, transmitted in the direction of magnetic zenith is reflected a few kilometers below the plasma resonance altitude, where the pump frequency is equal to the local plasma frequency, on the bottomside F‐region in the ionosphere. Transionospheric propagation of the pump wave outside the radio window can be facilitated by density striations in the plasma, and we consider, in detail, the possible mechanisms proposed for propagation outside the standard radio window.
MMS, Van Allen Probes, GOES 13, and Ground‐Based Magnetometer Observations of EMIC Wave Events Before, During, and After a Modest Interplanetary Shock
Authors: Engebretson M. J. , Posch J. L. , Capman N. S. S. , Campuzano N. G. , Bělik P. , Allen R. C. , Vines S. K. , Anderson B. J. , Tian S. , Cattell C. A. , Wygant J. R. , Fuselier S. A. , Argall M. R. , Lessard M. R. , Torbert R. B. , Moldwin M. B. , Hartinger M. D. , Kim H. , Russell C. T. , Kletzing C. A. , Reeves G. D. , Singer H. J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe stimulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves by a magnetospheric compression is perhaps the closest thing to a controlled experiment that is currently possible in magnetospheric physics, in that one prominent factor that can increase wave growth acts at a well‐defined time. We present a detailed analysis of EMIC waves observed in the outer dayside magnetosphere by the four Magnetosphere Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft, Van Allen Probe A, and GOES 13 and by four very high latitude ground magnetometer stations in the western hemisphere before, during, and after a modest interplanetary shock on 14 December 2015. Analysis shows several features consistent with current theory, as well as some unexpected features. During the most intense MMS wave burst, which began ~ 1 min after the end of a brief magnetosheath incursion, independent transverse EMIC waves with orthogonal linear polarizations appeared simultaneously at all four spacecraft. He++ band EMIC waves were observed by MMS inside the magnetosphere, whereas almost all previous studies of He++ band EMIC waves observed them only in the magnetosheath and magnetopause boundary layers. Transverse EMIC waves also appeared at Van Allen Probe A and GOES 13 very near the times when the magnetic field compression reached their locations, indicating that the compression lowered the instability threshold to allow for EMIC wave generation throughout the outer dayside magnetosphere. The timing of the EMIC waves at both MMS and Van Allen Probe A was consistent with theoretical expectations for EMIC instabilities based on characteristics of the proton distributions observed by instruments on these spacecraft.
Absolute Stress Fields in the Source Region of the 1992 Landers Earthquake
Authors: Terakawa Toshiko , Hauksson Egill 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEarthquake focal mechanisms are often inverted to obtain the deviatoric stress field. Because shear stress is equal to the frictional strength of the fault at the time of an earthquake, six components of the absolute stress tensor at the hypocenter can be obtained from a focal mechanism by combining deviatoric stress fields with the Coulomb failure criterion. For a data set of focal mechanisms determined for southern California earthquakes, including the 1992 Landers earthquake sequence, we calculated the absolute stress tensors at their hypocenters using a standard intrinsic friction coefficient under three pore pressure conditions, parameterized by the reference pore pressure at the optimally oriented faults to the stress field. Three absolute stress fields were obtained for southern California immediately before the Landers main shock by applying each data set of the stress tensors to an inversion scheme based on Bayesian statistical inference and Akaike's Bayesian Information Criterion. The coseismic stress field was calculated to obtain the absolute stress fields immediately after the main shock. The variations of the coseismic stress rotation were related to the reference pore pressure. Comparing this relation with that obtained through stress inversion, we determined the absolute stress field and the most plausible reference pore pressure to be hydrostatic. On average, the maximum shear stresses immediately before the main shock were 44 ± 15 and 79 ± 24 MPa at depths of 5 and 10 km, respectively. Earthquakes on the off‐plate boundary faults in southern California occur on faults that are loaded by Anderson‐Byerlee stress conditions.
Understanding the Effects of Polar Mesospheric Clouds on the Environment of the Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
Authors: Siskind David E. , Merkel A. W. , Marsh D. R. , Randall C. E. , Hervig M. E. , Mlynczak M. G. , Russell III J. M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study focuses on the effects of polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) formation on the chemical environment of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Of specific interest is how the dehydration due to mesospheric ice particle formation leads to significant seasonal decreases in the atomic hydrogen near the mesopause at middle to high latitudes. Using a three‐dimensional whole atmosphere coupled chemistry/dynamics model, we simulate the effects of this dehydration, and via comparisons with three data sets taken from two NASA satellites, we quantify the perturbations to atomic hydrogen and water vapor. We also identify a local ozone maximum that results from the PMC‐induced decrease in atomic hydrogen. Further, the large interannual variability in the onset of the Southern Hemisphere PMC season correlates well with the interannual variability of early summer atomic hydrogen at 95 km. Since the PMC onset is known to be controlled by interannual variations in the Southern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex, this correlation indicates a coupling between the stratosphere and the chemistry of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Finally, our model results suggest that the seasonal biteout in atomic hydrogen propagates up into the thermosphere and to lower latitudes. This raises the intriguing possibility that PMC formation might play a role in modulating the escape of hydrogen from the atmosphere.