bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Context congruity effects of online product recommendations: an eye-tracking study
Authors: Luan Jing , Yao Zhong , Shen Yongchao , Xiao Jie 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand how the context congruity effects of online product recommendations (PRs) by recommendation agents (RAs) influence consumers’ attention to and memory of recommended products in an online shopping environment.

Design/methodology/approach
The study focuses on the context congruity effects of online PRs by examining consumers’ browsing patterns and attention characteristics (fixation counts and fixation duration) using an eye-tracking device and by measuring memory performance with an aided memory test. Three types of PRs (highly congruent, lowly congruent and incongruent PRs) and two degrees of involvement (high and low involvement) are considered.

Findings
The results of the gaze data show that context congruity effects can influence consumers’ PR attention, but this effect is not moderated by involvements. The results of the memory data show that PR recognition is influenced not only by context congruity effects but also by involvement. Another significant finding is that attention to a PR does not necessarily guarantee better memory performance.

Practical implications
The study significantly contributes to deepening the understanding of how context congruity can influence consumers’ attention to and memory of PRs. The findings also have important managerial and practical implications, such that selecting and presenting PRs should be based on context congruity effects.

Originality/value
First, introducing context congruity effects to investigate the effectiveness of online PRs by RAs not only provides an important theoretical contribution to research on recommendation effectiveness but also enriches its application. Second, the findings suggest that the relationship between visual attention and memory is not definitely positive. Third, to interpret the complex translation process from attention to memory, the authors propose a methodology that considers stimulus attributes, issue involvement, cognitive capacity and cognitive interference.
The influence of procedural justice on citizen satisfaction with state law enforcement
Authors: White Clair , Hogan Michael , Shelley Tara , Unnithan N. Prabha 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
There are a number of individual and contextual variables that influence public opinion of the police but we know little about the public opinion regarding state law enforcement agencies. Prior studies involving municipal police and other criminal justice agencies indicate that the perceptions of procedural justice, or fair treatment, are important predictors of citizen satisfaction with police services. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether individuals who perceive procedurally just treatment during their contact with a state patrol officer improve the levels of satisfaction with the state patrol.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper presents the results of a public opinion study (n=846) regarding the Colorado State Patrol conducted in 2009. A subsample of 393 individuals who had contact with the state patrol and were further surveyed about their contact with the officer. Logistic regression models were used to examine individual- and contextual-level variables influence satisfaction with the state patrol and whether this relationship was mediated by the perceptions of procedural justice.

Findings
The authors found that individuals who perceive higher levels of procedural justice expressed higher satisfaction with the state patrol. Females, older respondents, and non-white respondents expressed greater satisfaction, as well as those who had voluntary contact or were not arrested. More importantly, procedural justice mediated the effect of involuntary contact and arrest on levels of satisfaction, and while non-white respondents were less likely to experience procedural justice, when levels of procedural justice are controlled for, they have higher levels of satisfaction.

Originality/value
The findings emphasize the significance of citizen perceptions of procedural justice during contacts with members of the state patrol. The current study contributes to our knowledge of procedural justice and citizen satisfaction with police encounters given previous research on citizen satisfaction with police focuses almost exclusively on local-level agencies, and research on procedural justice asks the respondents almost exclusively about the police in general.
Apartheid and post-apartheid analysis of public confidence in the police
Authors: Boateng Francis D. , Lee Jihye Yoo 
Published: August 2018

PurposeGiven the tumultuous history of policing in South Africa, the historic relationship between the police and the public, and the continuous rising crime rates, it is perplexing that little quantitative research has been conducted on legitimacy and the SAPS. The current study assesses public confidence in police in South Africa by analyzing data from a more than three-decade-old public opinion survey. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine changes in public confidence since 1981; and second, to determine factors that cause variations in confidence during a given period.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objectives, the authors analyzed longitudinal data collected from 1981 to 2014 as part of the world Value Survey program. ANOVA and multivariate regression analyses were conducted.FindingsFindings indicate that confidence in SAPS was highest during the period immediately after apartheid and then dwindled from 1999 onwards. Moreover, race, happiness and education have historically influenced public confidence in the police.Originality/valueThese findings provide information that could be useful for transforming the SAPS, especially in developing viable strategies to strengthen the police’s relationship with citizens. Additionally, the manuscript provides an original contribution to the study of public attitudes toward the police and police legitimacy, especially in a non-western society.
Show cause analysis
Authors: Cubitt Timothy I.C. , Judges Samantha J.H. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to detect and examine any trends in the self-reported causation of misconduct among officers being considered for dismissal.

Design/methodology/approach
The data utilised in this study consisted of show cause notice (SCN) responses. In the process of being considered for dismissal, officers’ may offer the causes of or mitigating factors to their misconduct as a means of avoiding dismissal. This study utilised these responses as a data source. Data collection occurred between January 2013 and October 2016, resulting in a cohort of n=100 responses comprised of between 1 and ~1,000 pages of free text. Qualitative methods were preferred, a conventional content analysis was performed with coding categories derived from SCN response text.

Findings
The results of this study indicate noteworthy levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related mental health issues amongst this cohort, as well as pervasive financial and workplace stressors, which officers frequently link to the causation of their misconduct. Of particular note is the consistent co-occurrence of work-related stressors and health issues, most commonly through formally diagnosed PTSD.

Research limitations/implications
This study indicates an opportunity for support services to impact positively on mental health and stress, and subsequently misconduct among police officers.

Originality/value
There is still very little understanding of the causation of misconduct among police officers. This is the first time that this data have been utilised in any form of the research, it provides valuable insight into a potential alternative method of addressing misconduct to reactionary investigative action.
Examining officer support for and perceived effects of police consolidation
Authors: Gruenewald Jeff , Wilson Jeremy M. , Grammich Clifford A. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review officer support for the consolidation of law enforcement agencies.

Design/methodology/approach
The current study surveys 139 officers employed by four agencies that have recently undergone a consolidation of police services. The survey asked officers their level of support for consolidation of services as well as their views of how consolidation has affected employment conditions, organizational characteristics, and the delivery of police services.

Findings
While officers generally support consolidation, views on the effects of shared services vary significantly by level of support. Officers who most strongly support consolidation are also most likely to view it as leading to improvements in some working conditions (e.g. job satisfaction, morale), elements of organizational capacity (e.g. professionalism, investigative/intelligence capacity, recruitment), and the delivery of services (e.g. cost-effectiveness, quality and efficiency of services, and reductions in crime).

Research limitations/implications
The sample size and response rate are low. Still, the study offers insights into officer views of consolidation not previously available.

Practical implications
This research offers insights to communities considering the consolidation of police services regarding what organizational, employment, and service conditions are most likely to appeal to officers, whose support is necessary for successful implementation.

Originality/value
While single case studies previously considered officer attitudes on these issues, this work is the first to comparatively examine views of shared services across varying levels of support for consolidation.
“Neighborhood” influence on police use of force: state-of-the-art review
Authors: Shjarback John 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review on the topic of neighborhood/ecological influence on police use of force. In doing so, it provides an overview of the theoretical formulation and early ethnographic work on the topic as well as an in-depth critique of the issues that require further discussion.

Design/methodology/approach
Using several databases, a literature search was performed to collect the available empirical studies on the topic.

Findings
An analysis of the extant literature suggests that neighborhood/ecological influence on police use of force might not be as uniform as previously discussed, and it suffers from the ability to make sufficient comparisons. Tests vary based on the use of force measures, units of analysis, and the neighborhood-level variables examined.

Originality/value
This review should serve as a point of departure for scholars working in this area moving forward. It is hoped that the review provides thought-provoking commentary on the limitations of previous studies and the challenges facing this line of inquiry in the future.
Shaping the police workforce: a state-of-the-art literature review
Authors: den Heyer Garth , Mendel Jonathan 
Published: August 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the evidence about the factors shaping the police workforce, commissioned by the Scottish Police Authority and Scottish Institute for Policing Research.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the theory of strategic fit to assess the available evidence relating to reshaping the police workforce and brings together the most relevant recent reviews of police organisations and empirical studies on these issues. The use of the theory enabled the strategies that have been adopted by police agencies in recent years to be evaluated in relation to the current political and economic environment.FindingsThe authors find that here is considerable uncertainty and while there has been previous discussion on the benefits of larger or smaller forces there is not robust evidence that a particular force size is optimal for either efficacy or efficiency, although very small forces may struggle in some ways. There is also mixed evidence about whether increasing police organisation resourcing to allow more officers to be employed reduces crime levels, and there is a relative lack of evidence about the impact this has on the other areas of community life in which police are involved.Research limitations/implicationsThere are major weaknesses in research relating to police organisational reform: there is no accepted theory of police reform, no accepted method as to how such a reform should be evaluated nor have there been any comparative studies of earlier police civilianisation programs (Braithwaite, Westbrook and Ledema, 2005).Originality/valuePrevious work on this topic often focuses on which organisational structure – whether in terms of workforce mix or size – is most efficient or effective. This research takes an alternative perspective and argues for a shift in the research agenda to take account of the friction involved in processes of organisational change, both in order to build a stronger research understanding of these important aspects of change and to more effectively inform policy. The paper provides a basis for the development of theories for understanding police reform in general – and workforce restructuring in particular – alongside appropriate methods for researching it.
Glycine betaine metabolism in the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii
Authors: Lechtenfeld Mats , Heine Julia , Sameith Janin , Kremp Florian , Müller Volker 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe quarternary, trimethylated amine glycine betaine (GB) is widespread in nature but its fate under anoxic conditions remains elusive. It can be used by some acetogenic bacteria as carbon and energy source but the pathway of GB metabolism has not been elucidated. We have identified a gene cluster involved in GB metabolism and studied acetogenesis from GB in the model acetogen Acetobacterium woodii. GB is taken up by a secondary active, Na+ coupled transporter of the betaine‐choline‐carnitine (BCC) family. GB is demethylated to dimethylglycine, the end product of the reaction, by a methyltransferase system. Further conversion of the methyl group requires CO2 as well as Na+ indicating that GB metabolism involves the Wood‐Ljungdahl pathway. These studies culminate in a model for the path of carbon and electrons during acetogenensis from GB and a model for the bioenergetics of acetogenesis from GB.
Food, Farm and Rural Policies after Brexit? Some Knowns, and Known Unknowns
Authors: Swinbank Alan 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBrexit negotiations were triggered in March 2017 when the UK notified its intention to leave the EU. A year later, a draft Withdrawal Agreement was produced. It is hoped that this will result in a legally binding agreement when the European Council meets in autumn 2018, but this is not guaranteed. The draft provides for a transitional period, extending from March 2019 – when the UK will formally leave the EU – to the end of 2020, during which time EU law and policies – including the common agricultural policy – will continue to apply. The UK–EU‐27 trade arrangements that will apply from 1 January 2021 are yet to be determined. Both the UK and EU‐27 insist they are determined to keep the Irish border open, but how this outcome can be reconciled with the UK's stated ambition of forging new trade links around the world, is yet to be determined. Regulatory provisions, relating to food safety and animal and plant health for example, together with the high tariffs on many agri‐food products, put the agriculture and food sectors at the core of this debate. Direct payments will be phased out in England, but the scope for policy divergence between the various nations of the UK is uncertain.
Brexit and Cherry Picking: Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?
Authors: Tangermann Stefan 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn my view, Brexit is a tragedy, for both the UK and the EU‐27, in both political and economic terms. Negotiations on future trade relations between the UK and the EU‐27 should at least aim at minimising the economic harm. Unfortunately the attitude of the EU‐27 revealed so far in the Brexit negotiations does not appear to point in that direction. The philosophy behind the negotiating stance of the EU‐27 seems to aim at punishing the UK for its decision to exit the Union. The EU‐27 have enforced a sequence of items to be negotiated that is not logical. Rather than seeking to maximise mutual benefit, the EU‐27 appear to see trade with the UK as a zero‐sum game. EU‐27 representatives reproach the UK time and again for ‘cherry picking’, negating the fact that trade negotiations have always been based on a request and offer approach. The argument, advanced by the EU‐27, that the four freedoms of the Single Market are indivisible lacks economic logic. Trade is a (partial) substitute for free movement of workers. Even if not all elements of the Single Market can be agreed with the UK, implementing as many of them as possible would make good economic sense.
Native fly parasites are the principal cause of nestling mortality in endangered Tasmanian pardalotes
Authors: Edworthy A. B. , Langmore N. E. , Heinsohn R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEstablished host–parasite interactions at an evolutionary equilibrium are not predicted to result in host population decline. However, parasites may become a major threat to host species weakened by other factors such as habitat degradation or loss of genetic diversity in small populations. We investigate an unusually virulent Tasmanian ectoparasite,Passeromyia longicornis, in its long‐term hosts, the endangered forty‐spotted pardalote (Pardalotus quadragintus) and striated pardalote (Pardalotus striatus) in southeastern Tasmania, Australia. We conducted a parasite elimination experiment to determine the net effect of parasites on forty‐spotted pardalote nestling mortality, and monitored nestling parasite load and mortality in forty‐spotted and striated pardalote nestlings during two breeding seasons (Aug–Jan, 2013–2015).Passeromyia longicornislarvae killed 81% of all forty‐spotted pardalotes nestlings. Across 2 years, forty‐spotted pardalotes fledged fewer nestlings (18%) than sympatric striated pardalotes (26%), and this difference was generated by a combination of higher parasite load and virulence in forty‐spotted pardalote nests. These results show that native ectoparasites can cause substantial and potentially unsustainable mortality in their hosts.
Standardised guidelines and reference networks for treating neuroinflammatory conditions in children are lacking
Authors: Bjerin Olof , Wickström Ronny 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimTo investigate whether local or national guidelines are used in treating neuroinflammatory conditions in children and if there is a perceived need for more guidelines and forums of cooperation.MethodsA web‐based questionnaire sent to all university hospitals in the Nordic countries (n = 21) between March and July 2015.ResultsAll 21 centres replied to the survey. Markers of neuronal or glial damage and markers of inflammation were used at varying rates. Neuronal antibodies were used at all sites except two. Only three hospitals collaborated with their laboratories in developing new assays for biomarkers. Although most centres used some form of guideline for neuroinflammatory conditions, no single disease had a guideline prevalence over 60%. For some diagnoses, access to guidelines was as low as 10%. Standardised follow‐up programs were lacking in 50–95%. A clear majority of the centres perceived a need for more guidelines. Also, forums of cooperation were few. However, there was a great interest in developing paediatric neuroinflammatory guidelines and to create platforms for further consensus work and discussion.ConclusionThere is a need for developing treatment guidelines within the field of paediatric neuroinflammation to aid in clinical decision‐making, and to establish forums of cooperation.
Enriching the concept of vulnerability in research ethics: An integrative and functional account
Authors: Racine Eric , Bracken‐Roche Dearbhail 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe concept of vulnerability is widely used in research ethics to signal attention to participants who require special protections in research. However, this concept is vague and under‐theorized. There is also growing concern that the dominant categorical approach to vulnerability (as exemplified by research ethics regulations and guidelines delineating vulnerable groups) is ethically problematic because of its assumptions about groups of people and is, in fact, not very guiding. An agreed‐upon strategy is to move from categorical towards analytical approaches (focused on analyzing types and sources of vulnerability) to vulnerability. Beyond this agreement, however, scholars have been advancing competing accounts of vulnerability without consensus about its appropriate operationalization in research ethics. Based on previous debates, we propose that a comprehensive account of vulnerability for research ethics must include four components: definition, normative justifications, application, and implications. Concluding that no existing accounts integrate these components in a functional (i.e., practically applicable) manner, we propose an integrative and functional account of vulnerability inspired by pragmatist theory and enriched by bioethics literature. Using an example of research on deep brain stimulation for treatment‐resistant depression, we illustrate how the integrative‐functional account can guide the analysis of vulnerability in research within a pragmatist, evidence‐based approach to research ethics. While ultimately there are concerns to be addressed in existing research ethics guidelines on vulnerability, the integrative‐functional account can serve as an analytic tool to help researchers, research ethics boards, and other relevant actors fill in the gaps in the current landscape of research ethics governance.
In vitro gametogenesis: The end of egg donation?
Authors: Carter‐Walshaw Sarah 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper explores whether egg donation could still be ethically justified if in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) became reliable and safe. In order to do this, issues and concerns that might inform a patient’s reasoning in choosing to use donor eggs instead of IVG are explored and assessed. It is concluded that egg donation would only be ethically justified in a narrow range of special cases given the (hypothetical) availability of IVG treatment and, further, that egg donation could itself be replaced by donation through IVG techniques. Two possible criticisms of this position are then considered: Ones based on respect for patient wishes, and on loss of donor benefit. It is concluded that whilst neither argument constitutes a strong enough reason to continue with programmes of egg donation, egg‐sharing programmes could still be permitted come the advent of IVG; these could then provide a morally acceptable source of “natural” donor eggs.
Strategic Dilemmas: How Managers Use HR Practices to Meet Multiple Goals
Authors: Lee Jae Eun , Batt Rosemary , Moynihan Lisa M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractContrary to the classic assumptions in the business and human resource (HR) strategy literatures, real‐world organizations often pursue multiple and potentially contradictory performance goals. They may adopt ‘hybrid’ strategies to maximize both differentiation and low cost — leading middle managers to face dilemmas in how to achieve different goals using the same HR practices. We link employee‐level surveys of HR practices to establishment‐level data on service quality, labour efficiency and profitability to examine the effects of HR practices on these outcomes. We find that establishments with greater use of high involvement practices have significantly higher service quality, which mediates the relationship between HR practices and profitability. Findings for labour efficiency are positive, but generally not significant. These findings also have implications for the quality of jobs.