bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in Acute Medical Care
Authors: Sateesh K. , Pragna Stitha , Raju Y 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground: Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as MI secondary to ischemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply. It is seen in conditions other than coronary artery disease (CAD) contributes to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and/or demand. Little is known about patient characteristics and clinical outcomes.Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in patients who were admitted in acute medical care with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia and enzymatic elevation from January 2015 to December 2015. Patients with slight elevation (above the upper limit of normal) of CK-MB were included in the study and compared the clinical and laboratory profile between men and women.Results: This survey includes a total of 54 patients, Out of which complete details were available in 41 patients (M:23; F:18). The mean age was 42.61. The common causes of type-II MI were Infectious (M:9 (39.1%), F:10 (55.6%) followed by haematological disorders (M:3 (13%), F:5 (27.7%). The mean CK-MB was 28.00. The mean CPK was 122.5. There was no hypotension, renal failure at the time of admission. One patient had in-hospital mortality out of all patients, whose primary diagnosis was septicaemia with shock who had normal CPK, elevated CK-MB and elevated NT pro BNP levels. Patients with type-II MI were not referred for coronary interventions and managed conservatively.Conclusions: There is no significant difference in the risk for type 2 MI between men and women. Clinical suspicion and diagnosis of type 2 MI is crucial in acute medical care setting, as the mortality can be reduced with adequate management of underlying condition. The threshold of biomarker levels should be low (above the upper limit of normal in symptomatic ischemia) to label type 2 MI contrary to the third universal definition of MI.
Pituitary Abscess: A Rare Clinical Entity in the Presence of Acute Rhinosinusitis: A Case Report
Authors: Anagnos Vincent , Hanel Ricardo , Naseri Iman 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA pituitary abscess is an often-overlooked diagnosis in the clinical presentation of a sellar mass. Due to its rare incidence and nonspecific presentation, diagnosis and treatment is often delayed. The authors describe a 56-year-old male patient presenting with acute onset of severe headache, visual field deficit, and radiologic findings of an expansile sellar lesion. The presenting symptoms were unremarkable for the diagnosis of meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and septicemia. Recent medical history included symptoms of rhinosinusitis on the days preceding his acute presentation. The initial clinical presentation was suggestive of a possible pituitary apoplexy. Intraoperative findings revealed purulent output upon surgical entry of the sella. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of a pituitary abscess. Review of the clinical and radiologic data revealed evidence of multiple opacifications within the paranasal sinuses, along with dehiscence overlying the sellar bone, supporting a diagnosis of secondary pituitary abscess. This case, along with a review of the available literature, will serve to expand our knowledge of this rare disease process that is often overlooked. Clinicians should be mindful of this condition, and include a primary versus secondary pituitary abscess in the differential workup on such cases.
Information Sources and Decision-Making in Neurosurgery: Results of a Survey of Members of the Brazilian Neurosurgery Society
Authors: Gorayeb Rodrigo , João Forjaz Maria , Gonçalves-Ferreira Antônio , Ferreira Joaquim 
Published: May 2018

Introduction In all surgical disciplines, including neurosurgery, there are questions about the level of evidence supporting surgical practices and the mechanisms and adequacy of knowledge translation.
Objectives To assess the perception of Brazilian neurosurgeons of information sources and decision-making mechanisms related to their medical practices.
Methods An online questionnaire was sent to the 2,400 members of the Brazilian Neurosurgical Society.
Results A total of 32% of the neurosurgeons completed the questionnaire, 53% had more than 10 years experience, 67% had worked in public hospitals, 34% had performed spine surgeries, and 30% had performed brain tumor surgeries. The therapeutic decisions were based mostly on internship learning (54%) and personal professional experience (52%). The most common information sources were scientific abstracts (53%) and the Internet (47%). A total of 89% believed that evidence-based medicine was relevant, 93% believed protocols or guidelines were necessary, and 74% subscribed to a medical journal. Nonetheless, only 43% had protocols implemented in their services, 93% highly valued a surgeon's personal experience, and 63% showed little familiarity with the interpretation of scientific concepts in the literature. Among the respondents, 83% were willing to try an innovative treatment alternative if it was shown to improve clinical outcomes and reduce severe complications.
Conclusions The disparity in the responses highlights the need to implement recommendations that improve decision-making mechanisms.
Heme redox potentials hold the key to reactivity differences between nitric oxide reductase and heme-copper oxidase
Authors: Bhagi-Damodaran Ambika , Reed Julian H. , Zhu Qianhong , Shi Yelu , Hosseinzadeh Parisa , Sandoval Braddock A. , Harnden Kevin A. , Wang Shuyan , Sponholtz Madeline R. , Mirts Evan N. , Dwaraknath Sudharsan , Zhang Yong , Moënne-Loccoz Pierre , Lu Yi 
Published: May 2018

Significance
Nitric oxide reductases (NORs) catalyze the reduction of NO as part of the denitrification cycle, while structurally related heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) catalyze oxygen reduction during respiration. Despite decades of investigation into the structure/function of HCOs and NORs, factors governing their reaction specificity remain unknown. By tuning E°′ of a biosynthetic model of NOR in myoglobin and using electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational methods to understand the impact of such tuning, this work reveals heme E°′ as a key to determining the specificity of these two enzymes and explains their cross-reactivity. Beyond resolving such a long-standing issue, this work provides guidelines for the design and synthesis of artificial metalloenzymes that can catalyze reactions relevant to global nitrogen cycles and biological respiration that is important for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells.
Language and gender
Authors: Winter Joanne , Wigglesworth Gillian 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In our introductory discussion to this Series S volume on language and gender in Australia we argue for the recognition of gender research in a broadened interpretation of applied linguistics. We forecast the place of feminist (applied)1 linguists within a wider understanding of the applications for linguistic knowledge. We discuss how this collection of papers reflects the ongoing developments and changes in language and gender research through the implementation and critique of methods and methodologies. We also present a brief overview of the panel discussion; the people, topics and directions, which was primarily responsible for this publication and forecast some directions and possible challenges for language and gender research in the Australian context.
Language planning, language reform and the sexes in Australia
Authors: Pauwels Anne 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper deals with the phenomena of linguistic sexism and non-sexist language reform (feminist language planning) in the Australian context. It surveys Australian work on linguistic sexism and discusses various aspects of non-sexist language reform in Australia. Particular emphasis is placed on problematic issues relating to feminist language planning, i.e. the selection and evaluation of non-sexist alternatives and the implementation mechanisms for this type of reform. Linguistic change resulting from the reform initiatives and its spread throughout the community is also described briefly.
Closings in talkback radio
Authors: Döpke Susanne , Brown Anne , Liddicoat Anthony , Love Kristina 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the effects of institutional communication on highly regular casual conversation routines. The institutional environment chosen is radio telephone conversation ortalkback radio.Systematic variations from mundane telephone conversations were found in the closing sections and pre-closing environments of radio talkback segments. The variations are discussed in the light of the unequal status and differences in access of the participants, as well as the constraints imposed by the medium, (discourse analysis, broadcasting, talkback, routines, power)
How do you know what i’m going to say? the use of advance organisers in modern standard Chinese
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andy 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The use of advance organisers (Clyne 1987) are common in English. In this article, we divide advance organisers into two types – those that signpost the structure of the discourse for a listener and those that signpost the content of the discourse for the listener. Data of extended spoken discourse in Modern Standard Chinese (MSC) shows that, while advance organisers that signpost structure are common in MSC, advance organisers that signpost content are rare. Implications of this for language teaching and cross-cultural communication conclude the article.
Preference organisation in teacher-supervisor talk
Authors: Taylor Elizabeth 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper uses conversation analysis to examine a feedback session between a postgraduate student of TESOL and a university supervisor who had just watched her lesson. The feedbacsk session seemed unsatisfactory to the supervisor and the analysis suggests that this could have been due to the role of trainee being resisted by the teacher. Evidence for this in the talk is examined in detail, in particular the number and shape of dispreferred responses found. It would seem that the rules of ordinary conversation may influence these feedback sessions just as much as the conventions connected with the institutional setting of the talk.
A very delayed acceptance to an invitation in a French conversation
Authors: Barraja-Rohan Anne-Marie 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMany studies have been concerned with sequence organisation, adjacency pairs and preference organisation in English conversations. However, there is a need to investigate how these structures apply to other languages, and this paper undertakes such a task in analysing a French telephone conversation. In the conversation analysed, the two base parts of an invitation sequence, the invitation and its acceptance, are separated by 113 turns of talk. The methodology uses the Jeffersonian transcription system and Conversation Analysis techniques. What is remarkable about the data analysed in this study is its striking similarities to an English conversation examined by Schegloff (1990). The parallels with Schegloff’s single case analysis constitute evidence of a phenomenon equally occurring in French, with a massive delay between the first pair part (FPP) and the second pair part (SPP) and the complex local organisation and expansion sequences that result from it.
The politicisation of English
Authors: Hawthorne Lesleyanne 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The past decade in Australia has been characterised by a striking growth in the application of language testing, frequently in contexts governed by macro-political pressures. Despite this, the literature to date has rarely placed its first emphasis on the pragmatic considerations which typically give rise to test development, and impact on test design as well as administration outcomes. To illustrate the significance of this, this chapter explores the recent pressures surrounding the evolution and implementation of the Special Test of English Proficiency (step test) – a form of ESL testing designed not merely to assess linguistic competence, but to play a central role in the determination of residential status for substantial numbers of asylum seekers.
Developing rating scales for the assessment of second language performance
Authors: Turner Carolyn E. , Upshur John A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The two most common approaches to rating second language performance pose problems of reliability and validity. An alternative method utilizes rating scales that are empirically derived from samples of learner performance; these scales define boundaries between adjacent score levels rather than provide normative descriptions of ideal performances; the rating process requires making two or three binary choices about a language performance being rated. A procedure, that consists of a series of five explicit tasks, is used to construct a rating scale. The scale is designed for use with a specific population and a specific test task.
A group of primary school ESL teachers used this procedure to make two speaking tests, including elicitation tasks and rating scales, for use in their school district. The tests were administered to 255 sixth grade learners. The scales were found to be highly accurate for scoring short speech samples, and were quite efficient in time required for scale development and rater training. Scales exhibit content relevance in the instructional setting. Development of this type of scale is recommended for use in high-stakes assessment.
Administering a performance test in Fiji Hindi
Authors: Shameem Nikhat , Read John 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
As part of a research study on language maintenance and shift in the Indo-Fijian community in Wellington, New Zealand, a performance test was developed to assess the speaking and listening skills in Fiji Hindi of a sample of the Indo-Fijian teenagers. The design of the test needed to take account of the fact that Fiji Hindi is a preliterate vernacular language with no role in education and an ambivalent status within its own speech community. The test consisted of three main parts: a naturalistic conversation, two structured speaking tasks and a structured listening task. This paper focuses on some facets of the test administration, including the decision to administer it in the test-takers’ homes; the influence of various personal attributes of the interviewer; the ways of dealing with the lack of a script for Fiji Hindi; and the issue of live versus tape-based assessment of the test-takers’ performance. Both the test-takers and an independent rater provided feedback on the test that was generally very positive. The paper concludes with a discussion of various factors that may have influenced the reliability and validity of this somewhat unconventional language test.
Rasch scaling
Authors: McQueen Joy 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This paper describes a methodology for exploring the validity of the Rasch scaling procedure in relation to a multiple-choice test of reading Chinese as a foreign language. The validation procedure involved a post hoc content analysis of test items to identify factors which the research literature on early reading indicated were likely to be related to item difficulty. A comparison was then made between these difficulty factors and the item-difficulty ranking produced by a Rasch analysis of test items. The analysis revealed that the dimension mapped out by the Rasch scaling (and to some extent the corresponding wording of the reporting descriptors) does indeed reflect certain elements thought to be related to early reading ability.
Knowledge of gendered sentence-final forms in Japanese as a second language
Authors: Asada Hirofumi , Harrington Michael 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study examines the use of gendered sentence-final forms by learners of Japanese as a second language (JSL). Sentence-final forms (SFF) like wa, zo, kashira, etc., are pervasive in Japanese speech, and serve to signal agreement or empathy with the interlocutor and to maintain the ongoing discourse. Although these forms carry no syntactic or semantic meaning, they serve a range of pragmatic functions, including that of marking gender, which is an important distinction in Japanese. In this study the receptive and productive knowledge of gendered forms by advanced JSL learners is examined. Results from a recognition test and an analysis of oral speech samples produced by JSL learners are compared with those of a control group of native Japanese speakers. Three findings emerged. 1) The advanced JSL learners consistently used the same sentence-final forms, which were far fewer in number than those used native speaker counterparts. 2) No clear-cut male-female differences emerged in either language group for most of the forms studied. 3) The productive and receptive responses for both groups differed from traditional classifications of the forms. The implications of the results for JSL pedagogy are discussed.
The study of culture in Japanese
Authors: Nagata Yuriko 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
For many years the study of culture in Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) has relied on a teacher-centred, prescriptive approach introducing cultural characteristics and facts about Japan. Most syllabuses used in JFL programs in Australian universities have cultural, as well as linguistic aims. However, objectives for cultural studies are harder to define than for linguistic studies and are generally treated as something extra, or detachable. The study of Japanese culture and society is regarded as the responsibility of Japanese Studies (JS) and there has been little integration of the two. However, as awareness about the nature of language studies grows, there is a concomitant need for JFL to shift educational focus to more interactive, cross-cultural participation. This paper explores an alternative approach to the study of culture in JFL, with particular attention to material and topics.
Impact of an interaction-oriented Japanese course on learners
Authors: Ogawa Kyoko 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Neustupny (1988, 1991) recommended an interactive competence approach for second language acquisition that places a greater emphasis on learners’ active interaction with native speakers in real communicative situations. In order to have the opportunity to interact with native speakers in the target language, a conscious effort by the learners as well as support from the teachers and the community is essential. The third-year Japanese course at Monash University was designed to encourage and support learners to establish and maintain relationships with Japanese people as well as to utilise various other resources of the target language and culture. This paper examines the impact of this interaction-oriented course on learners in their establishment and maintenance of relationships with Japanese people, and cultural and social understanding. It is based on data collected during 1996 and 1997.
Listening strategies used by adult learners of Japanese to comprehend satellite television programs
Authors: Seo Kyoko , McMeniman Marilyn 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper identifies listening comprehension strategies from the perspective of cognitive psychology, with a focus on the experience of Australian learners of Japanese as a foreign language (L2). In this study, a listening strategy is conceptualised as a mental operation undertaken by a learner to solve a listening comprehension problem in a non-interactional situation. Reading researchers in L2 identified one of the variables which affects text comprehension as formal schema or discourse organisation of text (Meyer and Freedle, 1984; Carrell and Eisterhold, 1988; Carrell, 1991). However, this variable has not been the subject of intensive and extensive research in L2 listening and consequently, there is little empirical evidence which has explored this important variable. With the increased availability of media technology, satellite programs offer rich content and have the potential to provide such information. This paper investigates how news and drama texts may affect the choice of listener strategies, and discusses how the strategies selected by listeners relate to L2 learners’ language proficiency. To collect data on strategies, an introspective ‘think-aloud’ procedure is used and the results are analysed quantitatively.
Vocabulary acquisition by advanced learners
Authors: Yoshikawa Mariko 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper looks at the acquisition of the vocabulary used in daily conversation by advanced level English speaking learners of Japanese language. Five factors which were found to affect learners’ acquisition are discussed. The aim of this paper is to discuss lexical errors made by advanced learners of Japanese and identify the factors which hinder their lexical acquisition by focusing on intralexical factors and interlexical factors. The data was obtained from interviews with fourteen advanced level students. The findings of the study reveal that interlexical divergence of semantic structure is the most common reason for advanced learners failure to acquire vocabulary in the target language. This finding highlights the difficulty learners face in comprehending the lexical semantic structure in the target language and maintaining all the lexical items which correspond to single word in their native language. Intralexical phonological similarity is also a confounding factor for learners. These findings are relevant in the context of vocabulary teaching from the aspect of facilitating learners’ semantic knowledge.
‘Virtual’ learning communities beyond the classroom
Authors: Ramsay Guy 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAs class contact times are reduced as a result of fiscal restraints in the modern tertiary sector, language instructors are placed in the position of having to find new ways to provide experience and continuity in language learning. Extending ‘learning communities’ — sites of learner knowledge exchange, exposure to diverse learning styles and strategies, and mutual support — beyond the classroom is one solution to maintaining successful linguistic competencies amongst learners. This, however, can conflict with the diverse extra-curricular commitments faced by tertiary students. The flexibility of web-based learning platforms provides one means of overcoming these obstacles. This study investigates learner perceptions of the use of the Web-CT® platform’s CMC tools as a means of extending the community of learning in tertiary Chinese language and non-language courses. Learner responses to Likert and open-ended questionnaires show that flexibility and reduction of negative affect are seen as significant benefits to ‘virtual’ interaction and communication, although responses are notably stronger in the non-language compared with the language cohort. While both learner cohorts acknowledge positive learning outcomes, CMC is not seen to consistently further interpersonal rapport beyond that established in the classroom. Maintaining a balance between web-based and classroom learning emerges as a concern, especially amongst language learners.