bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Battle of the giants: Plants versus animals in idealised landscapes of ‘deep time’
Authors: Vujaković Peter 
Published: July 2019

Societal Impact StatementUnderstanding our place in the universe is important. If we are to make sense of our place, we have to examine this not only within the context of ‘deep time’, the geological history of our planet, but also within the role of other key organisms, specifically plants. Scientists present this history to the public, but we must be aware of the biases that can often be part of these representations, no matter how well intentioned or seemingly objective. Too often images are focused on animals, especially higher animals, and ignore other vital parts of our ecosystems. This has consequences for understanding Earth's history, and also how we treat organisms today.Summary‘Plant blindness’ is a feature of our modern world, and of popular science narratives of the evolution of life. Plants are often overlooked and certainly poorly represented in the visual representations of past life on Earth (deep time). They tend to form the backdrop to the teeming activity of evolving animal life and are only mentioned (with appropriate images) at a few significant waypoints: the movement of life to land, the great coal‐forming forests of the Carboniferous period and the evolution of the flowering plants. While plant life is essential for animal life to thrive on land, chapter titles such as ‘The invasion of land’ and discussion thereof are still generally reserved for animals, and even then, the vertebrates. This paper explores the genesis of this approach to representing deep time as essentially a parade of animal life and shows that during the early period of popular scientific representation, plants were given their due place in some key publications by, for example, Franz Unger and Josef Kuwasseg in the 19th century and Zdenek Burian in the 20th century. Part of the problem appears to be the seemingly static nature of plants and the apparent demand for activity (often predation) that has its origins in science as spectacle, beginning with Henry de la Beche.
Evaluation of explosion pressure of portable small liquefied petroleum gas cylinder
Authors: Kartal Fuat 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study aims to estimate the explosive pressures and permanent volume expansion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) portable small LPG cylinder fuel tanks using experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) approaches. Experimental explosion testing was carried out by means of a hydrostatic device in which the cylinders were pressurized with water. LPG tanks are subjected to increased internal equal pressure in FEA modeling. Three‐dimensional nonlinear models were developed and evaluated under irregular boundary conditions. For analysis, the required real shell properties including the source region and thickness variations were investigated. Therefore, the results of burst pressures and volume expansions are predicted and compared with the experimental ones. The results of finite element method showed similar results with the results obtained from the experiments. The results provide a description of the stages of the explosion and the hazards arising from the damage to the tanks.
Phytochemical constituents and ethnopharmacological properties of Ageratum conyzoides L.
Authors: Yadav Neelam , Ganie Showkat Ahmad , Singh Bijender , Chhillar Anil K. , Yadav Surender Singh 
Published: July 2019

Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) is an invasive aromatic herb with immense therapeutic importance. The herb is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. A. conyzoides has imparted numerous ethnomedicinal uses because it has been used to cure various ailments that include leprosy, skin disorders, sleeping sickness, rheumatism, headaches, dyspnea, toothache, pneumonia and many more. A number of phytoconstituents have been scrutinized such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, chromenes, and sterols from almost every part of this plant. These phytoconstituents have shown diverse pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, spasmolytic, allelopathy, and many more. The plant A. conyzoides has provided a platform for doing pharmaceutical and toxicological research in order to isolate some promising active compounds and authenticate their safety in clinical uses. A. conyzoides provides principal information for advanced studies in the field of pharmaceutical industries and agriculture. Present review article describes the cytogenetics, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicological aspects of A. conyzoides.
Study of Phytochemicals of Melilotus indicus and Alpha‐Amylase and Lipase Inhibitory Activities of Its Methanolic Extract and Fractions in Different Solvents
Authors: Iftikhar Haroon , Ahmed Dildar , Qamar Muhammad T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMelilotus indicus is used for food and medicinal purposes. The present study aimed to explore its phytochemicals and antidiabetic and anti‐obesity potential. Methanolic extract (ME) of the dried, ground herb, obtained by the Soxhlet method, was fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, 1‐butanolic and aqueous fractions. Chromatographic techniques were used for further fractionation. The compounds identified by GC‐MS included 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose, 3‐hydroxyspirost‐8‐en‐11‐one, 1‐phenanthrenecarboxylic acid‐tetradecahydro‐7‐(2‐methoxy‐2‐oxoethylidene)‐1,4a,8‐triethyl‐9‐oxo‐methylester, 3‐(1‐methylhept‐1‐enyl)‐5‐methyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐2‐one, squalene, phytol, 4‐(4‐hydroxy‐2,6,6‐trimethyl‐7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐1‐yl‐3‐buten‐2‐one, 2,4‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)phenol, geranyl isovalerate and thymol. The ME and its fractions displayed porcine pancreatic alpha‐amylase inhibitory activity higher than Acarbose. Interestingly, they promoted the lipase activity showing opposite trend to that Orlistat. The plant may be used to control diabetes and in the in the promotion of lipase action.
Tren‐Cored PAMAM Dendrimer/Silver Nanocomposites: Efficient Colorimetric Sensors for the Determination of Mercury Ions from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Gürbüz Mustafa U. , Elmacı Gökhan , Ertürk Ali S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractContamination through Hg2+ ions in natural spring waters leads to a major destruction in human health and the universal ecosystem. Therefore, development of rapid, simple and cost‐effective methods for the specific and high sensitive determination of Hg2+ is of great importance. Among these methods, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are used for the effective colorimetric detection of metal ions facilitating from the changes in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. In this study, we have synthesized dendrimer‐encapsulated Ag NPs (Ag DENPs) by using Tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (TREN) cored and amine‐terminated generation‐4 poly(amido amine) dendrimer (PAMAM), T4.NH2, as a novel template. The synthesized Ag DENPs were characterized by UV‐Vis, XRD, TEM and further used for the colorimetric and quantitative determination of Hg2+ ions. The developed Ag DENP sensor was tested against common present cations, Co2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Al3+, in the environment and found to be specific only for Hg2+ ions. Furthermore, limit of detection (LOD) for Hg2+ was found to be 1.18 ppb (5.88 nM). Results revealed that the proposed method can be successfully used with a good sensitivity and selectivity to determine mercury (II) ions in various water samples.
Parallel debugging: An investigative study
Authors: Zakari Abubakar , Lee Sai Peck 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the simultaneous localization of multiple software faults, a parallel debugging approach has consistently been utilized. The effectiveness of a parallel debugging approach is critically determined by the type of clustering algorithm and the distance metric used. However, clustering algorithms that group failed tests based on their execution profile similarity with distance metrics such as Euclidean distance, Jaccard distance, and Hamming distance are considered to be problematic and not appropriate. In this paper, we conducted an investigative study on the usefulness of the problematic parallel debugging approach that makes use of k‐means clustering algorithm (that groups failed tests based on their execution profile similarity) with Euclidian distance metric on three similarity coefficient‐based fault localization techniques in terms of localization effectiveness. Secondly, we compare the effectiveness of the problematic parallel debugging approach with one‐bug‐at‐a‐time debugging approach (OBA) and a state‐of‐the‐art parallel debugging approach named MSeer. The empirical evaluation is conducted on 540 multiple‐fault versions of eight medium‐sized to large‐sized subject programs with two, three, four, and five faulty versions. Our results suggest that clustering failed tests based on their execution profile similarity and the utilization of distance metrics such as Euclidean distance is indeed problematic and contributes to the reduction of effectiveness in localizing multiple faults.
Model‐based design of project systems, modes, and states
Authors: Shafaat Ali , Kenley C. Robert 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe field of project management has been trying to find generalizable sets of rules, and this article applies approaches and methods from systems engineering to develop such rules that support flexible project design. It presents an approach for modeling projects that divides project systems into three interacting subsystems (planned, executed, and interface systems) and proposes a framework for designing projects that integrates project implementation, verification, and validation. To build a generalizable model, this article revisits the notation of modal systems developed by Wymore and combines it with more recent developments in systems engineering, project design, and management. The temporary and changing environments of projects are addressed by adjusting the Wymorian definitions and related mathematical models to represent projects as a sequence of transient modes rather than activities. This approach enables better design and control of projects by reducing uncertainty and its consequences through a systematic framework for planning, monitoring, and controlling projects.
Deformation limits of L‐shaped reinforced concrete shear walls: Experiment and evaluation
Authors: Han Xiaolei , Chen Binbin , Ji Jing , Xie Shunguang , Lu Huaikun 
Published: July 2019

SummaryL‐shaped reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls have been studied over the years due to their importance in tall buildings. However, few investigations focus on the progression of damage with increasing deformation, especially on the deformation limits for different performance levels. Hence, an experiment was conducted on 12 L‐shaped RC shear walls subjected to axial and cyclic lateral loadings. The variables were shear span ratio, axial load ratio, and longitudinal boundary element reinforcement ratio. The seismic performances were analyzed and discussed in terms of crack pattern, failure mode, hysteretic response, backbone envelope, and ductility factor. On the basis of the three key performance state points on the backbone envelope, a method was proposed to assess the seismic performances of L‐shaped RC shear walls using six distinct performance levels. These performance levels were provided with relevant deformation limits and proved to be in good agreement with six significative damage states. Further, comparative analysis showed that the deformation limits derived from experiments were significantly underestimated by current codes and methods available in literature, because these prediction models were mainly developed for rectangular shear walls. Considering the contribution of flange, a modification of Cui's method yields good estimations of deformation limits for L‐shaped RC shear walls.
Electrical and thermal performance of different core materials applied in wind turbine blades under lightning strikes
Authors: Yan Jiangyan , Wang Guozheng , Ma Yufei , Guo Zixin , Ren Hanwen , Zhang Li , Li Qingmin , Yan Joseph D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWind turbine blades are subject to lightning strikes, which may result in severe damage of the blade materials. The withstanding performance of different blade materials needs to be classified in order to maximize their operational safety. Lightning impulse voltages were applied to model blades with different core materials (polyvinyl chloride [PVC], polyethylene terephthalate [PET], and balsa wood) to characterize the breakdown points (electrically vulnerable areas) on the blades. It has been found that the areas subjected to puncturing are located in the back part (toward the trailing edge) of the sandwich structure, especially at locations close to the main beam. Model blades made of balsa wood are more susceptible to puncturing breakdown than PVC and PET. High impulse currents were imposed at the most probably stricken spots in the impulse voltage tests to compare the severity of damage for PVC, PET, and balsa wood in an attempt to understand the thermal effect of lightning discharge following the final jump. Results show that balsa wood is most resistive to while PVC suffers most damage due to the thermal impact of lightning. Molecular simulation of the chemical degradation process and thermal gas production dynamics was performed at atomic level to explain the damage mechanisms of the three core materials. The performance data of the blade core materials against lightning strike obtained in the present work provide strong guidance on the optimal design of wind turbine blade structure and selection of blade core material.
Rising Household Debt and Children’s Socioemotional Well-being Trajectories
Authors: Berger Lawrence M. , Houle Jason N. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Debt is now a substantial aspect of family finances. Yet, research on how household debt is linked with child development has been limited. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and hierarchical linear models to estimate associations of amounts and types of parental debt (home, education, auto, unsecured/uncollateralized) with child socioemotional well-being. We find that unsecured debt is associated with growth in child behavior problems, whereas this is not the case for other forms of debt. Moreover, the association of unsecured debt with child behavior problems varies by child age and socioeconomic status, with younger children and children from less-advantaged families experiencing larger associations of unsecured debt with greater behavior problems.
Retinal microvascular features and cognitive change in the Lothian‐Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: McGrory Sarah , Ballerini Lucia , Okely Judith A. , Ritchie Stuart J. , Doubal Fergus N. , Doney Alex S.F. , Dhillon Baljean , Starr John M. , MacGillivray Thomas J. , Trucco Emanuele , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Deary Ian J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionWe test whether measures of the retinal vasculature are associated with cognitive functioning and cognitive change.MethodsRetinal images from a narrow‐age cohort were analyzed using Vessel Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina, producing a comprehensive range of quantitative measurements of the retinal vasculature, at mean age 72.5 years (SD = 0.7). Cognitive ability and change were measured using a battery of multiple measures of memory, visuospatial, processing speed, and crystallized cognitive abilities at mean ages 73, 76, and 79 years. We applied multivariate growth curve models to test the association between retinal vascular measurements with cognitive abilities and their changes.ResultsAlmost all associations were nonsignificant. In our most parsimonious model, venular asymmetry factor was associated with speed at age 73.DiscussionOur null findings suggest that the quantitative retinal parameters applied in this study are not significantly associated with cognitive functioning or cognitive change.
Autologous stem cell transplantation may be curative for patients with follicular lymphoma with early therapy failure without the need for immunotherapy
Authors: Jiménez-Ubieto Ana , Grande Carlos , Caballero Dolores , Yáñez Lucrecia , Novelli Silvana , Hernández-Garcia Miguel Teodoro , Manzanares María , Arranz Reyes , Ferreiro José Javier , Bobillo Sabela , Mercadal Santiago , Galeo Andrea , Jiménez Javier LÓpez , Moraleda José M. , Vallejo Carlos , Albo Carmen , Pérez Elena , Marrero Carmen , Magnano Laura , Palomera Luis , Jarque Isidro , Rodriguez Antonia , Lorza Leyre , Martín Alejandro , Coria Erika , LÓpez-Guillermo Armando , Salar Antonio , Lahuerta Juan José 
Published: July 2019

Objective/Background:
Patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) with early therapy failure (ETF) within 2 years of frontline therapy have poor overall survival (OS). We recently reported the results of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients from the Grupo Español de Linfomas y Trasplantes de Médula Ósea (GELTAMO) registry treated with rituximab prior to ASCT and with ETF after first-line immunochemotherapy, leading to 81% 5-year OS since ASCT. We explored whether ASCT is also an effective option in the pre-rituximab era-that is, in patients treated in induction and rescued only with chemotherapy.

Methods
ETF was defined as relapse/progression within 2 years of starting first-line therapy. We identified two groups: the ETF cohort (n = 87) and the non-ETF cohort (n = 47 patients receiving ASCT but not experiencing ETF following first-line therapy).

Results:
There was a significant difference in 5-year progression-free survival between the ETF and non-ETF cohorts (43% vs. 57%, respectively; p = .048). Nevertheless, in patients with ETF with an interval from first relapse after primary treatment to ASCT of <1 year, no differences were observed in 5-year progression-free survival (48% vs. 66%, respectively; p = .44) or in 5-year OS (69% vs. 77%, p = .4). Patients in the ETF cohort transplanted in complete remission showed a plateau in the OS curves, at 56%, beyond 13.7 years of follow-up.

Conclusion:
ASCT may be a curative option for ETF in patients who respond to rescue chemotherapy, without the need for immunotherapy or other therapies, and should be considered as an early consolidation, especially in patients with difficult access to rituximab.
Ontogeny and shape change of the phacopid trilobite Calyptaulax
Authors: Jacobs Gabriel S. , Carlucci Jesse R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMajor transitions in trilobite ontogeny have historically been defined based on the number and distribution of trunk segments, and articulation between the trunk and cephalon. This study documents additional morphological change across the meraspid-holaspid transition on the Ordovician phacopid trilobiteCalyptaulax strasburgensis. An extensive dataset of silicified cranidia and pygidia collected from the mid-Ordovician Edinburg Formation of Virginia was subjected to a series of multivariate analyses, with a primary focus on the intersections and termini of furrows. Multivariate regression of partial warp scores demonstrates statistically significant change in allometric growth patterns over the course of development. These changes are concentrated in earlier instars, but are coincident in cranidia and pygidia. This sharp decrease in the rate of allometry, present in both tagmata, is expressed as significant breakpoints derived from a segmented regression, with the largest portion of allometric change found in the pre-breakpoint individuals. The term holeidos is proposed to describe the completion of form during trilobite development, independent of the completion of the thorax. The most dramatic change in shape during this period of ontogeny includes lateral glabellar expansion through deflection of the axial and palpebral furrows, possibly reflecting a change in the feeding habit during later development. Other morphological changes include the development of a more angular appearance to the anterior portion of the glabella, and anterior migration of the pygidial anterior margin. The appearance of these growth patterns inCalyptaulaxextends the temporal range of these changes, some of which have only been documented in Devonian phacopids.
APPLICATIONS OF LERCH’S THEOREM TO PERMUTATIONS OF QUADRATIC RESIDUES
Authors: WANG LI-YUAN , WU HAI-LIANG 
Published: July 2019

Let $n$ be a positive integer and $a$ an integer prime to $n$. Multiplication by $a$ induces a permutation over $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}=\{\overline{0},\overline{1},\ldots ,\overline{n-1}\}$. Lerch’s theorem gives the sign of this permutation. We explore some applications of Lerch’s result to permutation problems involving quadratic residues modulo $p$ and confirm some conjectures posed by Sun [‘Quadratic residues and related permutations and identities’, Preprint, 2018, arXiv:1809.07766]. We also study permutations involving arbitrary $k$th power residues modulo $p$ and primitive roots modulo a power of $p$.
“Moral Rubbish in Close Proximity”: Penal Colonization and Strategies of Distance in Australia and New Caledonia, c.1853–1897
Authors: Neilson Briony 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the second half of the nineteenth century, the two convict-built European settler colonial projects in Oceania, French New Caledonia and British Australia, were geographically close yet ideologically distant. Observers in the Australian colonies regularly characterized French colonization as backward, inhumane, and uncivilized, often pointing to the penal colony in New Caledonia as evidence. Conversely, French commentators, while acknowledging that Britain's transportation of convicts to Australia had inspired their own penal colonial designs in the South Pacific, insisted that theirs was a significantly different venture, built on modern, carefully preconceived methods. Thus, both sides engaged in an active practice of denying comparability; a practice that historians, in neglecting the interconnections that existed between Australia and New Caledonia, have effectively perpetuated. This article draws attention to some of the strategies of spatial and temporal distance deployed by the Australian colonies in relation to thebagnein New Caledonia and examines the nation-building ends that these strategies served. It outlines the basic context and contours of the policy of convict transportation for the British and the French and analyses discursive attempts to emphasize the distinctions between Australia and New Caledonia. Particular focus is placed on the moral panic in Australian newspapers about the alleged dangerous proximity of New Caledonia to the east coast of Australia. I argue that this moral panic arose at a time when Britain's colonies in Australia, in the process of being granted autonomy and not yet unified as a federated nation, sought recognition as reputable settlements of morally virtuous populations. The panic simultaneously emphasized the New Caledonian penal colony's geographical closeness to and ideological distance from Australia, thereby enabling Australia's own penal history to be safely quarantined in the past.
A Rights-Based Approach to Foreign Agro-Investment in Cameroon: Enhancing the Protection of Local Communities’ Rights
Authors: Ashukem Jean-Claude N 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article investigates and illustrates the role and importance of a rights-based approach to foreign agro-investment for the government of Cameroon when it is required to govern foreign agro-investment activities. In doing so, the article offers an analytical framework based on human rights norms, principles and standards emerging from relevant international and regional human rights instruments. It aims to provide clarity on how local communities’ rights could be respected, protected and fulfilled when and where foreign agro-investment occurs. Consequently, because a rights-based approach requires states to respect their minimum human rights obligations, its use in the foreign agro-investment context is crucially important to help compel the government of Cameroon to ensure the respect, protection and fulfilment of local communities’ rights.