333-OR: Assessing Mealtime Macronutrient Content: Patient Perceptions vs. Expert Analyses via a Novel Phone App
Authors: GILLINGHAM MELANIE B. , MARTIN CORBY K. , PATTON SUSANA R. , LI ZOEY , JACOBS PETER G. , RIDDELL MICHAEL , RICKELS MICHAEL R. , CASTLE JESSICA R. , CLEMENTS MARK A. , DASSAU EYAL , DOYLE FRANCIS J. , CALHOUN PETER , GAL ROBIN L. , BECK ROY 
Published: June 2019

People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) estimate the carbohydrate (CHO) content of meals to enable accurate insulin dosing, yet protein and fat content of meals also influences post-prandial glycemia. As part of an observational study examining the impact of exercise and nutrient consumption on glycemia, we examined accuracy in estimating macronutrient content of free-living meals via a novel phone app. Participant estimates of nutrient content were compared to expert nutrition analyses performed via the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM). We report results from 30 of 33 randomized with analyzable food photos. Participants were 15-65 years (32±14 years); 27% identified as female. Participants were asked to take photos before and after meals/snacks on up to 16 days over a 28-day period, enter CHO estimates and estimate if meals were low (&lt;13%), typical (13-&lt;18%), or high (≥18%) protein and if meals were low (&lt;26%), medium (26-&lt;32%), or high (≥32%) fat. The phone app plus RFPM captured 92±27% of estimated energy needs. Of 1,292 food photos analyzed, 429 contained &lt; 25 g (small), 641 contained 25-75 g (medium), and 222 contained &gt; 75 g (large) amounts of CHO. Participants estimated CHO in small or medium meals within 10 g of the expert analyses. They were less accurate estimating CHO for larger meals (-56 ± 46 g). Likewise, most correctly categorized low and typical protein (63%, 50%) as well as low and typical fat (62%, 67%) meals. Few correctly categorized meals high in protein (17%) or fat (16%). Participants’ estimation accuracy for larger meals did not differ by T1D duration. The phone app successfully collected individuals’ food intake and estimated macronutrient intake, but showed that participants consistently underestimated nutrient intake for large meals. Accurate estimation of total macronutrients in meals could be leveraged to improve insulin decision support tools and closed loop systems; development of tools to improve macronutrient estimation skills should be considered.

Disclosure
M.B. Gillingham: None. C.K. Martin: Advisory Panel; Self; EHE. Consultant; Self; ACAP Health, Florida Hospital, WW, Zafgen, Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. S.R. Patton: None. Z. Li: None. P.G. Jacobs: Stock/Shareholder; Self; Pacific Diabetes Technologies. M. Riddell: Advisory Panel; Self; Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Insulet Corporation, Medtronic MiniMed, Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Zucara Therapeutics Inc. M.R. Rickels: None. J.R. Castle: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., Zealand Pharma A/S. Consultant; Self; Dexcom, Inc. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. M.A. Clements: Advisory Panel; Self; Glooko, Inc. Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Medtronic. E. Dassau: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., DreaMed Diabetes, Ltd., Insulet Corporation, Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care, Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Roche Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; ModAGC. F.J. Doyle: Consultant; Self; ModeAGC. Other Relationship; Self; Insulet Corporation. P. Calhoun: Stock/Shareholder; Self; Dexcom, Inc. R.L. Gal: None. R. Beck: Other Relationship; Self; Abbott Laboratories, Ascensia Diabetes Care, Bigfoot Biomedical, Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Lilly Diabetes, Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care.

Funding
The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust