bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in time‐loss injuries during the 2011‐2016 South African Rugby Youth Weeks
Authors: Sewry N. , Verhagen E. , Lambert M. , van Mechelen W. , Marsh J. , Readhead C. , Viljoen W. , Brown J. 
Published: March 2018

Youth rugby is a popular sport in South Africa (SA) with a high injury incidence. The annual SA Rugby Youth Week tournaments attract the top age‐group players in the country providing a sample of players for reliable injury surveillance. The aim of the study was to analyze the changes in time‐loss injury rates at the SA Rugby Youth Week tournaments between 2011 and 2016, differences between age‐groups, and to investigate associated injury risk factors. All confirmed time‐loss injuries at the 4 age‐group tournaments (under‐13, under‐16, and 2 under‐18) from 2011 to 2016 were recorded. Injury incidence densities (IID) for years, tournaments, and injury risk factors were calculated and Poisson regression analyses were performed to determine differences. Time‐loss injuries (n = 494) were reported over 24 240 exposure hours, with an overall IID of 20.4 (18.6‐22.2) injuries per 1000 player hours. The year 2013 had a significantly lower IID compared to 2011. Injury risk decreased with increasing age; under‐13 and under‐16 had significantly higher IID compared to under‐18 Craven Week. Tackling was the phase of play at highest risk, with an IID of 7.4 (6.3‐8.5) injuries per 1000 player hours. Central/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) and, therefore, the head/neck were the most commonly occurring injuries/location injured. In conclusion, within the SA Rugby tournament structure, the older players had a decreased rate of injury. The tackle event was still the phase of play with the highest injury incidence regardless of age. This increase in incidence is largely due to an increase in CNS/PNS injuries.
Visual attention to members of own and other groups: Preferences, determinants, and consequences
Authors: Kawakami Kerry , Friesen Justin , Vingilis‐Jaremko Larissa 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMany current and past theories of social categorization acknowledge and even underline the critical role that visual processing plays in intergroup misperceptions and biases, yet research that directly measures or manipulates these processes is limited. In the present paper, we reviewed the current literature on visual attention to own and other group faces. First, we explored the development of preferential attention in face processing. Next, we examined these processes in adults and show different patterns of attention for own and other group faces. Although we briefly consider cross‐cultural variations, the focus of this review is on within‐culture differences in visual attention. In particular, we explore preferential attention to specific features on own versus other group faces and to their overall faces. We also discuss potential determinants for differential attention such as experience, threat, individuation and a desire to know in‐groups, and liking. Finally, we explore the implications of differential attention to own and other groups. These consequences range from reduced recognition of other group faces, to impaired identification of emotional expressions, to impeded interaction intentions, and to increased discrimination. Together our analyses provide strong evidence for differences in attention to the faces and eyes of own versus other group members and their role in intergroup biases.
Root and Phrasal Diminutive Markers in Gan Chinese
Authors: Li Xuping , Liu Hongyong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPrevious analyses of diminutives made a dichotomy between derivational and inflectional diminutives, and we found that such a distinction does not cover all the possibilities that diminutives may be in world languages. This article presents a case study of two diminutive markers, namely, ‐li and ‐tsiʔ, in Yichun Gan, a Sinitic language. The diminutive marker ‐tsiʔ is typologically significant in being cross‐categorial at the phrasal level. It can be attached to different types of phrases, ranging from noun phrases, classifier phrases, adjective phrases and verb phrases. These two diminutive markers are characterized with distinct distributions and semantic interpretations, based on which, we propose that the diminutive ‐li works at the root level and functions as a root nominalizer, and ‐tsiʔ operates at the phrasal level and is a phrasal diminutive modifier.
Molecular phylogeny of moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Psychodinae) revisited, with a revised tribal classification
Authors: KVIFTE GUNNAR MIKALSEN 
Published: March 2018

AbstractClassification of Psychodinae has been a hotly contested topic in the taxonomic literature, with multiple mutually incompatible classifications proposed. Three main points of contention can be identified: (i) the validity of Maruinini Enderlein as a tribe‐level taxon and whether it forms a monophyletic group; (ii) the placement of subtribe Trichopsychodina Ježek – specifically whether it belongs with Psychoda Latreille in Psychodini or with Paramormia Enderlein and Telmatoscopus Eaton in Paramormiini Enderlein or Mormiini Enderlein; and (iii) whether Mormia Enderlein is more closely related to Brunettia Annandale or Paramormia Enderlein and Telmatoscopus Eaton. In the present paper, these questions are investigated using a molecular phylogeny of sequences compiled from all previous molecular phylogenies relevant to Psychodinae, as well as some hitherto unpublished sequences. The resulting matrix comprised 5406 base pairs from six markers for 32 taxa, and when analysed using Bayesian inference it yielded a well‐resolved tree which was unambiguous for all previously contentious points: Maruinini sensu lato (including Setomimini) was resolved as a valid taxon, Trichopsychodina is rendered paraphyletic by Psychodini, and Mormia is not closely related to Brunettia, but instead closer to Telmatoscopus and Paramormia. A revised tribal classification of Psychodinae is proposed, recognizing the tribes Psychodini, Brunettiini, Maruinini and Pericomaini as well as 17 unplaced genera.
General practice tasters for foundation doctors
Authors: Sales Bryony , Masding Mike , Scallan Samantha 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundGeneral practice (GP) is currently not viewed positively as a career choice, compared with other specialties, with GP training programmes struggling to fill posts. Opportunities to change this mindset in the early years of training are limited. Trainees may find themselves applying for entry into GP specialty training just 3–4 months after completing Foundation Year 1 (FY1), yet there are few GP attachments during FY1 that can provide experience of primary care and positively inform career choice.ContextTo help ameliorate the current crisis in GP, recruitment and retention initiatives are needed to provide relevant experience of GP early in medical careers so that more doctors can make an informed decision to choose GP as a career.InnovationFY1 doctors have been given the opportunity to shadow final‐year GP specialty trainees (GPST3) in clinical practice (for between 3 and 5 days). The voluntary scheme has run successfully since 2014. This paper describes the taster programme and its evaluation. The programme has been positively received by both FY1s and GPST3 mentors. The GPST3s are enthusiastic about GP, which appeared to ‘rub off’ on the FY1s. FY1s find it helpful to have a trainee's perspective, gaining an overview of what to expect, including the opportunities available to them.General practice is currently not viewed positively as a career choiceImplicationsUsing GPST3 trainees as mentors for FY1 doctors is educational for both groups and can have a positive impact on GP recruitment. The taster demonstrated how varied GP is, and challenged some negative perceptions of primary care. GPST3s gained confidence in their knowledge about GP and greater insight into educational roles.
Plasmodium falciparum infection transmitted by transfusion: A cause of hemophagocytic syndrome after bone marrow tranplantation in a non‐endemic country
Authors: Ladeb Saloua , Ben Abdejlil Nour , Fakhfakh Najla , Lakhal Amel , Belloumi Dorra , Ben Hamed Leila , Kallel Aicha , Torjman Lamia , El Fatimi Rym , Hmida Slama , Kallel Kalthoum , Ben Othman Tarek 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA 27‐year‐old man with severe aplastic anemia underwent bone marrow transplantation from his HLA identical brother in July 2016. Conditioning included ATGAM 30 mg/kg for 3 days and Cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg for 4 days. The patient received several platelet and red blood cell transfusions before and after the conditioning. The patient received broad spectrum antibiotics and caspofungin because persistant febrile neutropenia without bacteriological or mycological documentation. Hemophagocytic syndrome was diagnosed on day +12. Steroids at 1 mg/kg were started on day +12. Fever resolved the same day but resumed 3 days later associated to intravascular hemolysis with no schizocytes on blood smears and negative DAT. Thick blood film smears performed on day +26 revealed Plasmodium falciparum parasites (parasitemia = 20%). Except the level of parasitemia, there were no signs of gravity. Quinine was started on day 26 at a loading dose of 15 mg/kg followed by 8 mg/kg three times a day for 20 doses. Fever vanished after 2 days. Parasitemia cleared in 3 days and remained negative thereafter. Investigations revealed that the patient was transfused by a red cell unit harvested in a voluntary donor native of a malaria endemic country. PCR for P. falciparum performed in this donor in the frame of investigations was positive. The patient is alive with a normal blood count 1 year after BMT.
Efficient in planta gene targeting in Arabidopsis using egg cell‐specific expression of the Cas9 nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wolter Felix , Klemm Jeannette , Puchta Holger 
Published: March 2018

SummaryGene targeting (GT), the programmed change of genomic sequences by homologous recombination (HR), is still a major challenge in plants. We previously developed an in planta GT strategy by simultaneously releasing from the genome a dsDNA donor molecule and creating a double‐stranded break (DSB) at a specific site within the targeted gene. Using Cas9 form Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) under the control of a ubiquitin gene promoter, we obtained seeds harbouring GT events, although at a low frequency. In the present research we tested different developmentally controlled promotors and different kinds of DNA lesions for their ability to enhance GT of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene of Arabidopsis. For this purpose, we used Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) nuclease and the SpCas9 nickase in various combinations. Thus, we analysed the effect of single‐stranded break (SSB) activation of a targeted gene and/or the HR donor region. Moreover, we tested whether DSBs with 5′ or 3′ overhangs can improve in planta GT. Interestingly, the use of the SaCas9 nuclease controlled by an egg cell‐specific promoter was the most efficient: depending on the line, in the very best case 6% of all seeds carried GT events. In a third of all lines, the targeting occurred around the 1% range of the tested seeds. Molecular analysis revealed that in about half of the cases perfect HR of both DSB ends occurred. Thus, using the improved technology, it should now be feasible to introduce any directed change into the Arabidopsis genome at will.
Silencing Arabidopsis CARBOXYL‐TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE‐LIKE 4 induces cytokinin‐oversensitive de novo shoot organogenesis
Authors: Fukudome Akihito , Goldman Jared S. , Finlayson Scott A. , Koiwa Hisashi 
Published: March 2018

SummaryDe novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) is a post‐embryonic development programme that has been widely exploited by plant biotechnology. DNSO is a hormonally regulated process in which auxin and cytokinin (CK) coordinate suites of genes encoding transcription factors, general transcription factors, and RNA metabolism machinery. Here we report that silencing Arabidopsis thaliana carboxyl‐terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase‐like 4 (CPL4RNAi) resulted in increased phosphorylation levels of RNA polymerase II (pol II) CTD and altered lateral root development and DNSO efficiency of the host plants. Under standard growth conditions, CPL4RNAi lines produced no or few lateral roots. When induced by high concentrations of auxin, CPL4RNAi lines failed to produce focused auxin maxima at the meristem of lateral root primordia, and produced fasciated lateral roots. In contrast, root explants of CPL4RNAi lines were highly competent for DNSO. Efficient DNSO of CPL4RNAi lines was observed even under 10 times less the CK required for the wild‐type explants. Transcriptome analysis showed that CPL4RNAi, but not wild‐type explants, expressed high levels of shoot meristem‐related genes even during priming on medium with a high auxin/CK ratio, and during subsequent shoot induction with a lower auxin/CK ratio. Conversely, CPL4RNAi enhanced the inhibitory phenotype of the shoot redifferentiation defective2–1 mutation, which affected snRNA biogenesis and formation of the auxin gradient. These results indicated that CPL4 functions in multiple regulatory pathways that positively and negatively affect DNSO.
More than just sugars: Conserved oligomeric Golgi complex deficiency causes glycosylation‐independent cellular defects
Authors: Blackburn Jessica B. , Kudlyk Tetyana , Pokrovskaya Irina , Lupashin Vladimir V. 
Published: March 2018

The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex controls membrane trafficking and ensures Golgi homeostasis by orchestrating retrograde vesicle trafficking within the Golgi. Human COG defects lead to severe multisystemic diseases known as COG‐congenital disorders of glycosylation (COG‐CDG).To gain better understanding of COG‐CDGs, we compared COG knockout cells with cells deficient to 2 key enzymes, Alpha‐1,3‐mannosyl‐glycoprotein 2‐beta‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase and uridine diphosphate‐glucose 4‐epimerase (GALE), which contribute to proper N‐ and O‐glycosylation. While all knockout cells share similar defects in glycosylation, these defects only account for a small fraction of observed COG knockout phenotypes. Glycosylation deficiencies were not associated with the fragmented Golgi, abnormal endolysosomes, defective sorting and secretion or delayed retrograde trafficking, indicating that these phenotypes are probably not due to hypoglycosylation, but to other specific interactions or roles of the COG complex.Importantly, these COG deficiency specific phenotypes were also apparent in COG7‐CDG patient fibroblasts, proving the human disease relevance of our CRISPR knockout findings. The knowledge gained from this study has important implications, both for understanding the physiological role of COG complex in Golgi homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, and for better understanding human diseases associated with COG/Golgi impairment.
Blood donors' preferences for blood donation for biomedical research
Authors: Raivola Vera , Snell Karoliina , Pastila Satu , Helén Ilpo , Partanen Jukka 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUNDIncreasing numbers of blood donors are recruited to participate in biomedical research. As blood services depend on voluntary donors, successful recruitment calls for a better understanding of donors' expectations and attitudes toward the use of samples in research.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSSixty‐one semistructured interviews were conducted with blood donors at eight Finnish Red Cross Blood Service donation sites in Finland. The 10‐ to 30‐minute interviews included open‐ended questions about donors' views on blood donation for patients and for biomedical research. Central motives to donate blood for patients were identified against which views on research use were compared to see how these reflections differed.RESULTSSix central motives for donating blood for patients were identified among donors. The interviewees were, in general, willing to donate blood for research, but considered research donation more likely if it could be easily integrated into their usual blood donation habits. Biomedical research was perceived as important but its social benefits were more abstract than a direct help to patients.CONCLUSIONSFamiliarity and reciprocity were key to the relationship between the blood service and blood donors. Donation for research introduces a new, more complex context to blood donation. Challenge to recognize concrete outcomes and benefits of donation may affect willingness to donate for research. Transparent communication of the role of the blood service in research and of the beneficiaries of the research is essential in maintaining trust. These results will help blood services in their planning to recruit blood donors for research projects.
Trends in hepatitis B and hepatitis C seroprevalence among blood donors – Haiti, 2005‐2014
Authors: Jean Baptiste A. E. , Chevalier M. S. , Polo E. , Noel E. , Hulland E. N. , Archer W. R. 
Published: March 2018

Background and ObjectivesData on the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis are limited in Haiti; consequently, the epidemiology is poorly described. This study aims to provide a descriptive analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence of blood donations in Haiti.Materials and MethodsUsing Haiti's National Blood Safety Program and Haitian Red Cross reports from 2005 to 2014, we analysed the results of screening tests of donor serum samples to assess HBV and HCV seroprevalence among adults aged 17 to 65 years.ResultsA total of 198 758 donor samples were screened from 2005 to 2014, of which 0·56% were positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) and 3·80% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Over the 10‐year study period, anti‐HCV seroprevalence among blood donors increased by 31% from 0·66% to 0·86% (95% CI: 1·01–1·70); however, this trend was not uniform over time, with a significant decrease from 0·66% in 2005 to 0·39% in 2009 (95% CI: 0·43–0·82) and 0·43% in 2012 (95% CI: 0·50–0·90). Conversely, HBV decreased significantly by 13% from 3·95% in 2005 to 3·42% in 2014 (95% CI: 0·77–0·97), a trend that was also observed in 2012 and 2013.ConclusionThe significant, uniform decrease in HBV seroprevalence in more recent years may represent the positive impact of public health interventions in preventing the transmission of blood‐borne infections. More research is needed to understand why the trends in HCV transmission are non‐uniform and to investigate the significant increase in more recent years.
Characterization of the nonpoint source pollution into river at different spatial scales
Authors: Wang Kang , Lin Zhongbing 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of rainfall and underlying surface conditions on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution loads and to identify the uncertainty in NPS pollution loads at different spatial scales in the Fuxi River basin, China. Data on monitored daily flow rates and concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and permanganate index at the sub‐basin and basin scales were collected for a period from 2013 to 2015. Dynamic time warping distance and information measures were used to characterize pollution loads and determine the uncertainties. The results indicate that, at both sub‐basin and basin scales, NPS pollution loads increased nonlinearly with rainfall until it reached 38.4 mm, and subsequently, the NPS pollution loads stabilized. The underlying surface conditions affected the NPS pollution loads more profoundly than rainfall. Additionally, the uncertainty in NPS pollution loads increased with the spatial scales.
Defining the habitat niche of Alopecurus myosuroides at the field scale
Authors: Metcalfe H , Milne A E , Webster R , Lark R M , Murdoch A J , Kanelo L , Storkey J 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe distribution of Alopecurus myosuroides (black‐grass) in fields is patchy. The locations of these patches can be influenced by the environment. This presents an opportunity for precision management through patch spraying. We surveyed five fields on various types of soil using a nested sampling design and recorded both A. myosuroides seedlings in autumn and seed heads in summer. We also measured soil properties at those sampling locations. We found that the patches of seed heads within a field were smaller than the seedling patches, suggesting that techniques for patch spraying based on maps of heads in the previous season could be inherently risky. We also found that the location of A. myosuroides patches within fields can be predicted through their relationship with environmental properties and that these relations are consistent across fields on different soil types. This improved understanding of the relations between soil properties and A. myosuroides seedlings could allow farmers to use pre‐existing or suitably supplemented soil maps already in use for the precision application of fertilisers as a starting point in the creation of herbicide application maps.
A four‐season longitudinal study of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in beef cow–calf herds in Mississippi and Nebraska
Authors: Schneider L. G. , Lewis G. L. , Moxley R. A. , Smith D. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryOur objective was to describe the probability of detecting seven serogroups of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC‐7) of public health importance in faecal samples from beef cow–calf herds and to test for factors associated with their detection. Fresh faecal samples (n = 85) from two Mississippi and two Nebraska herds were collected in each of four seasons. Samples were tested for each EHEC‐7 serogroup by a molecular screening assay. Separate management groups within herds were sampled, and group‐level factors were recorded. To measure the effects of factors on faecal shedding of EHEC‐7, separate multivariable logistic regression models were used, accounting for the random effect of clustering by group within farm. Statistical significance was set α = 0.05. Fifty‐nine samples (4.3%) were positive for EHEC O26, and Nebraska samples were more likely to be positive than Mississippi samples (OR = 12.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 139.2). Forty‐four samples (3.2%) were positive for EHEC O45. Odds for detection were greater in the summer than all other seasons combined (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.3, 14.0), and odds decreased if a precipitation event occurred (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.006, 0.8). EHEC O103 was detected in 66 samples (4.9%) with increased probability to be detected at increased temperature. EHEC O111 was detected in 71 samples (5.2%), and 43 samples (3.2%) were positive for EHEC O145. Both EHEC O111 and O145 were associated separately with season, with greater probability for detection in the summer. Eighteen (1.3%) and 68 (5.0%) samples were positive for EHEC O121 and EHEC O157, respectively. We failed to detect significant explanatory factors associated with probability to detect EHEC O121 or O157. Factors that vary by time and place, such as precipitation, ambient temperature, region and season, are uniquely associated with the probability to detect EHEC‐7 in fresh faeces collected from cow–calf herds.