bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Electroplating Process for Lithium‐Metal Anodes for Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Sun Xiaowen , Zhang Xinyue , Ma Qingtao , Guan Xuze , Wang Wei , Luo Jiayan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractElectroplating has been studied for centuries, not only in the laboratory but also in industry for machinery, electronics, automobile, aviation, and other fields. The lithium‐metal anode is the Holy Grail electrode because of its high energy density. But the recyclability of lithium‐metal batteries remains quite challenging. The essence of both conventional electroplating and lithium plating is the same, reduction of metal cations. Thus, industrial electroplating knowledge can be applied to revisit the electroplating process for lithium‐metal anodes. In conventional electroplating, some strategies like using additives, modifying substrates, applying pulse current, and agitating electrolyte have been explored to suppress dendrite growth. These methods are also effective in lithium‐metal anodes. Inspired by that, we revisit the fundamental electroplating theory for lithium‐metal anodes in this Minireview, mainly drawing attention to the theory of electroplating thermodynamics and kinetics. Analysis of essential differences between traditional electroplating and plating/stripping of lithium‐metal anodes is also presented. Thus, industrial electroplating knowledge can be applied to the electroplating process of lithium‐metal anodes to improve commercial lithium‐metal batteries and the study of lithium plating/stripping can further enrich the classical electroplating technique.
Hypervalent Iodine Based Reversible Covalent Bond in Rotaxane Synthesis
Authors: Kandrnálová Markéta , Kokan Zoran , Havel Václav , Nečas Marek , Šindelář Vladimír 
Published: October 2019

AbstractReversible covalent bonds play a significant role in achieving the high‐yielding synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules. Still, only a handful of such bonds have been successfully employed in synthetic procedures. Herein, we introduce a novel approach for the fast and simple preparation of interlocked molecules, combining the dynamic bond character of bis(acyloxy)iodate(I) anions with macrocyclic bambusuril anion receptors. The proof of principle was demonstrated on rotaxane synthesis, with near‐quantitative yields observed in both the classical and “in situ” approach. The rotaxane formation was confirmed in the solid‐state and solution by the X‐ray and NMR studies. Our novel approach could be utilized in the fields of dynamic combinatorial chemistry, supramolecular polymers, or molecular machines, as well inspire further research on molecules that exhibit dynamic behavior, but owing to their high reactivity, have not been considered as constituents of more elaborate supramolecular structures.
Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indole Derivatives with N‐Hydroxycarbamates Enabled by Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Cheng Yuan‐Zheng , Zhao Qing‐Ru , Zhang Xiao , You Shu‐Li 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDearomatization of indoles provides efficient synthetic routes for substituted indolines. In most cases, indoles serve as nucleophiles. Reported here is an asymmetric dearomatization reaction of indole derivatives that function as electrophiles. The combination of a photocatalyst and chiral phosphoric acid open to air unlocks the umpolung reactivity of indoles, enabling their dearomatization with N‐hydroxycarbamates as nucleophiles. A variety of fused indolines bearing intriguing oxy‐amines were constructed in excellent yields with moderate to high enantioselectivities. Mechanistic studies show that the realization of two sequential single‐electron transfer oxidations of the indole derivatives is key, generating the configurationally biased carbocation species while providing the source of stereochemical induction. These results not only provide an efficient synthesis of enantioenriched indoline derivatives, but also offer a novel strategy for further designing asymmetric dearomatization reactions.
Intestinal proteolytic profile changes during larval development of Anticarsia gemmatalis caterpillars
Authors: da Silva Júnior Neilier R. , Vital Camilo E. , de Almeida Barros Rafael , Faustino Verônica A. , Monteiro Luana P. , Barros Edvaldo , de Oliveira Eugênio E. , de Oliveira Ramos Humberto J. , de Almeida Oliveira Maria G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSoybean is one of most consumed and produced grains in the world, and Anticarsia gemmatalis is a pest that causes great damage to this crop due to severe defoliation during its larval phase. Plants have mechanisms that lead to the inhibition of proteases in the intestine of these herbivores, hampering their development. Understanding this complex protease inhibitor is important for pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic profiles of the intestinal proteases of the soybean caterpillar at different instars. For this, the proteolytic profile of the gut in the third, fourth, and fifth instars were analyzed. Irreversible inhibitors of proteases were separately incubated with A. gemmatalis enzyme extracts at the third, fourth, and fifth instar to assess the contribution of these proteases to total proteolytic activity. The enzymatic extracts were also evaluated with specific substrates to confirm changes in the specific activities of trypsin‐like, chymotrypsin‐like, and cysteine proteases at different instars. The results showed that the protease profile of A. gemmatalis gut changes throughout its larval development. The activity of cysteine proteases was more intense in the first instar. On the contrary, the serine proteases showed major activities in the late stages of the larval phase. Zymogram analysis and protein identification by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry indicated serine protease as the main protease class expressed in the fifth instar. These results may shift the focus from the rational development of the protease inhibitor to A. gemmatalis and other Lepidoptera, as the expression of major proteases is not constant.
Identification and characterization of miRNAs in an endoparasitoid wasp, Pteromalus puparum
Authors: Xiao Shan , Wang Beibei , Li Kai , Xiong Shijiao , Ye Xinhai , Wang Jiale , Zhang Jiao , Yan Zhichao , Wang Fang , Song Qisheng , Stanley David W. , Ye Gongyin , Fang Qi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a form of endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate protein‐coding gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. So far, knowledge of miRNAs in parasitoids remains rudimentary. We investigated miRNAs in Pteromalus puparum, a pupal endoparasitoid wasp with genome and transcriptome sequences completed. In this study, we constructed eight small RNA libraries from selected developmental stages and genders: male embryos, male larvae, male pupae, male adults, mixed‐sex embryos, mixed‐sex larvae, mixed‐sex pupae, and female adults. We identified 254 mature miRNAs with 5p/3p arm features originated from 75 known and 119 novel miRNA genes in P. puparum, 88 of which reside in 26 clusters. The miRNAs in more than half of the clusters exhibit a consistent expression pattern, indicating they were co‐transcribed from a long transcript. Comparing miRNA expression in the eight libraries, we found that 84 mature miRNAs were differentially expressed between embryos and larvae, 20 between larvae and pupae, and 26 between pupae and adults. We found some miRNAs were differentially expressed between sexes in embryos (10), larvae (29), pupae (8), and adults (14). Target predictions resulted in 211,571 miRNA–mRNA interactions for 254 different mature miRNAs. These miRNAs may be involved in sexual and developmental regulation of gene expression.
Exploring the inquiry‐based learning structure to promote scientific culture in the classrooms of higher education sciences
Authors: Mello P. S. , Natale C. C. , Trivelato S. L. F. , Marzin‐Janvier P. , Vieira L. Q. , Manzoni‐de‐Almeida D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article examines student engagement in an inquiry‐based learning activity, planned to provide students with elements in the social, epistemic, and conceptual dimensions related to the scientific practice in immunology. The activity was applied to 39 groups of students enrolled in immunology or biochemistry courses in a public university in Brazil. Students performed data‐collection through the execution of an in vitro assay. We analyzed how students represent data and use them to support their claims in their written constructs. To clarify which are the productive epistemologies in students' reports, we developed a framework for epistemic practice analysis. Our findings point to a pattern of several epistemic practice categories in their written text, mostly related to the particular contingences of data analysis, rather than to theoretical concepts. In addition, we observed that students performed literary inscriptions to represent their data; however, they tended not to cite all data obtained in their written texts. These results suggest that immunology education strategies should provide students with approaches that explore the role of data representation in the scientific text rhetoric. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(6):672–680, 2019.
Using a noninfectious MVM surrogate for assessing viral clearance during downstream process development
Authors: Orchard Joshua D. , Cetlin David , Pallansch Melanie , Barlow Robert , Borman Jon , Dhar Arun , Pallansch Luke , Dickson Matthew 
Published: October 2019

AbstractViral contamination is an inherent risk during the manufacture of biopharmaceuticals. As such, biopharmaceutical companies must demonstrate the viral clearance efficacy of their downstream process steps prior to clinical trials and commercial approval. This is accomplished through expensive and logistically challenging spiking studies, which utilize live mammalian viruses. These hurdles deter companies from analyzing viral clearance during process development and characterization. We utilized a noninfectious minute virus of mice‐mock virus particle (MVM‐MVP) as a surrogate spiking agent during small scale viral filtration (VF) and anion exchange chromatography (AEX) studies. For VF experiments, in‐process mAb material was spiked and processed through Asahi Kasei P15, P20, P35, and BioEX nanofilters. Across each filter type, flux decay profiles and log reduction values (LRVs) were nearly identical for either particle. For AEX experiments, loads were conditioned with various amounts of sodium chloride (9, 20, 23, and 41 mS/cm), spiked with either particle and processed through a Q‐SFF packed column. LRV results met our expectations of predicting MVM removal.
Using poly(vinyldodecylimidazolium bromide) for the in‐situ product recovery of n‐butanol
Authors: Vincent Rachel H. , Parent J. Scott , Daugulis Andrew J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe mitigation of end‐product inhibition during the biosynthesis of n‐butanol is demonstrated for an in‐situ product recovery (ISPR) system employing a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) absorbent. The thermodynamic affinity of poly(vinyldodecylimidazolium bromide) [P(VC12ImBr)] for n‐butanol, acetone and ethanol versus water was measured at conditions experienced in a typical acetone‐ethanol‐butanol (ABE) fermentation. In addition to providing a high n‐butanol partition coefficient (PC = 6.5) and selectivity (αBuOH/water = 46), P(VC12ImBr) is shown to be biocompatible with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Clostridium acetobutylicum. Furthermore, the diffusivity of n‐butanol in a hydrated PIL provides absorption rates that support ISPR applications. Using a 5 wt% PIL phase fraction relative to the aqueous phase mass, P(VC12ImBr) improved the volumetric productivity of a batch ABE ISPR process by 31% relative to a control fermentation. The concentration of n‐butanol in the P(VC12ImBr) phase was sufficient to increase the alcohol concentration from 1.5 wt% in the fermentation medium to 25 wt% in the saturated PIL, thereby facilitating downstream n‐butanol recovery.
Discovery of Small‐Molecule Modulators of Protein–RNA Interactions by Fluorescence Intensity‐Based Binding Assay
Authors: Byun Wan Gi , Lim Donghyun , Park Seung Bum 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProtein–RNA interactions mediate various cellular processes, the dysregulation of which has been associated with a list of diseases. Thus, novel experimental tools for monitoring protein–RNA interactions are highly desirable to identify new chemical modulators of these therapeutic targets. In this study, we constructed simple fluorescence intensity‐based protein–RNA binding assays by testing multiple environment‐sensitive organic fluorophores. We selected the oncogenic interaction between Lin28 and the let‐7 microRNA and the important immunomodulatory Roquin–Tnf CDE interaction as representative targets. We adapted this assay to high‐throughput screening for the identification of pyrazolyl thiazolidinedione‐type molecules as potent small‐molecule inhibitors of protein–microRNA interactions. We clearly showed the structure–activity relationships of this new class of Lin28–let‐7 interaction inhibitors, and confirmed that cellular mature let‐7 microRNAs and their target genes could be modulated upon treatment with the pyrazolyl thiazolidinedione‐type inhibitor. We expect that our simple and adaptable screening approach can be applied for the development of various assay systems aimed at the identification of bioactive small molecules targeting protein–RNA interactions.
Identification and Characterization of Citrus Peel Uronic Acid Oxidase
Authors: Wei Yifeng , Tan Yee Ling , Ang Ee Lui , Zhao Huimin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUronic acid‐rich plant materials such as pectin are potential renewable feedstocks for the chemical industry. Uronic acid oxidase activity was first reported in extracts of citrus leaves, and was subsequently found to be widely distributed in plants, with the highest activity detected in extracts of the pectin‐rich citrus peel. Herein we report the identification of the primary sequence of uronic acid oxidase from extracts of the peel of Citrus sinensis, by partial purification and protein mass spectrometry. Activity of the enzyme, a member of the berberine bridge family, was confirmed by recombinant expression in Pichia pastoris. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme is reported. Our findings facilitate further investigation of the biological function of uronic acid oxidation in the economically important orange fruit, and also provide a basis for the development of a catalyst for bioconversion of uronic acids.
Achievement of High Photocatalytic Performance to BaTi4O9 Toward Overall H2O Splitting
Authors: Hiramachi Yuichi , Fujimori Hirotaka , Yamakata Akira , Sakata Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe improvement of photocatalytic activity of BaTi4O9 to overall H2O splitting was investigated. From the evaluation of co‐catalysts, Rh0.7Cr1.3O3 was preferable. However, this co‐catalyst was degrading with the progress of the photocatalytic reaction. When CoOx was co‐loaded as the co‐catalyst for O2 evolution reaction over the surface, the steady progress of the photocatalytic reaction can be confirmed. Here, effective way and condition for loading CoOx co‐catalyst as well as effective preparation method of BaTi4O9 were demonstrated in order to improve the photocatalytic activity of BaTi4O9 with Rh0.7Cr1.3O3 and CoOx co‐catalysts to the overall H2O splitting. As the results, the photocatalyst prepared by preferable method and condition showed high photocatalytic activity to the overall H2O splitting, where the apparent quantum yield (AQY) at 313 nm reached to 41 %.
Undiscovered Potential: Ge Catalysts for Lactide Polymerization
Authors: Rittinghaus Ruth D. , Tremmel Jakub , Růžička Ales , Conrads Christian , Albrecht Pascal , Hoffmann Alexander , Ksiazkiewicz Agnieszka N. , Pich Andrij , Jambor Roman , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPolylactide (PLA) is a high potential bioplastic that can replace oil‐based plastics in a number of applications. To date, in spite of its known toxicity, a tin catalyst is used on industrial scale which should be replaced by a benign catalyst in the long run. Germanium is known to be unharmful while having similar properties as tin. Only few germylene catalysts are known so far and none has shown the potential for industrial application. We herein present Ge complexes in combination with zinc and copper, which show amazingly high polymerization activities for lactide in bulk at 150 °C. By systematical variation of the complex structure, proven by single‐crystal XRD and DFT calculations, structure–property relationships are found regarding the polymerization activity. Even in the presence of zinc and copper, germanium acts as the active site for polymerizing probably through the coordination–insertion mechanism to high molar mass polymers.
Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yu Tianjun , Liu Yanpeng , Zeng Yi , Chen Jinping , Yang Guoqiang , Li Yi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe solar generation of hydrogen by water splitting provides a promising path for renewable hydrogen production and solar energy storage. Upconversion of low‐energy photons into high‐energy photons constitutes a promising strategy to enhance the light harvesting efficiency of artificial hydrogen production systems. In the present study, upconversion micelles are integrated with Cd0.5Zn0.5S to construct solar energy conversion systems. The upconversion micelle is employed to upconvert red photons to cyan photons. Cd0.5Zn0.5S is sensitized by upconverted cyan light to produce hydrogen, but not by incident red light without triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA‐UC). The performance of the upconversion photocatalytic system was dramatically affected by the concentration of Cd0.5Zn0.5S and the irradiation intensity. This novel system was able to produce about 2.3 μL hydrogen after 5 h of red light (629 nm) irradiation (2.4 mW cm−2). The present study provides a candidate for applications using low‐energy photons for solar hydrogen generation.
Three‐dimensional reconstructions of mouse circumvallate taste buds using serial blockface scanning electron microscopy: I. Cell types and the apical region of the taste bud
Authors: Yang Ruibiao , Dzowo Yannick K. , Wilson Courtney E. , Russell Rae L. , Kidd Grahame J. , Salcedo Ernesto , Lasher Robert S. , Kinnamon John C. , Finger Thomas E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTaste buds comprise four types of taste cells: three mature, elongate types, Types I–III; and basally situated, immature postmitotic type, Type IV cells. We employed serial blockface scanning electron microscopy to delineate the characteristics and interrelationships of the taste cells in the circumvallate papillae of adult mice. Type I cells have an indented, elongate nucleus with invaginations, folded plasma membrane, and multiple apical microvilli in the taste pore. Type I microvilli may be either restricted to the bottom of the pore or extend outward reaching midway up into the taste pore. Type II cells (aka receptor cells) possess a large round or oval nucleus, a single apical microvillus extending through the taste pore, and specialized “atypical” mitochondria at functional points of contact with nerve fibers. Type III cells (aka “synaptic cells”) are elongate with an indented nucleus, possess a single, apical microvillus extending through the taste pore, and are characterized by a small accumulation of synaptic vesicles at points of contact with nerve fibers. About one‐quarter of Type III cells also exhibit an atypical mitochondrion near the presynaptic vesicle clusters at the synapse. Type IV cells (nonproliferative “basal cells”) have a nucleus in the lower quarter of the taste bud and a foot process extending to the basement membrane often contacting nerve processes along the way. In murine circumvallate taste buds, Type I cells represent just over 50% of the population, whereas Types II, III, and IV (basal cells) represent 19, 15, and 14%, respectively.
Revealing the Flexible 1D Primary and Globular Secondary Structures of Sulfur‐Rich Amorphous Transition Metal Polysulfides
Authors: Artemkina Sofya B. , Enyashin Andrey N. , Poltarak Anastassiia A. , Fedorenko Anastasiya D. , Makarova Anna A. , Poltarak Pavel A. , Shin Eon‐Ji , Hwang Seong‐Ju , Kim Sung‐Jin , Grayfer Ekaterina D. , Fedorov Vladimir E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSulfur‐rich transition metal polysulfides MS5 (M=Mo, W) are synthesized by a low‐temperature solution method from corresponding carbonyls M(CO)6 and elemental sulfur. Extensive characterization reveals that all sulfur atoms are assembled into disulfide ligands (S−S) within the structure of the amorphous spherical particles. Their thermodynamic stabilities are estimated for the first time using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating two stable chain models composed either of binuclear [M2S8] or trinuclear [M3S12] fragments linked through S−S units. Molecular dynamics (MD) DFTB simulation proves that the S−S bridges predetermine the supreme flexibility of the polysulfide chains as primary structures of MS5 and their globular secondary arrangements. Interestingly, this type of structural organization is reminiscent of that for classical polymers. Thus, the reasons for MS5 forming exclusively as amorphous phases are uncovered, which may be extended to many other sulfur‐rich polysulfides. The potential of these materials as increased capacity cathodes for lithium‐ion batteries is shown.
Morphometric analysis of atypical glandular cells correctly classifies normal, reactive, and atypical cells in cervical smears
Authors: Vicari Marco , Guidobaldi Leo , Perrella Eleonora , Bianchi Antonella , Ferrari Simona , Martucci Mariarosaria , Petitti Tommasangelo , Rabitti Carla , Crescenzi Anna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe 2014 Bethesda System diagnostic criteria for atypical glandular cells (AGC) aid in the classification of atypical cells in cervical cytology. Anyway, AGC diagnosis remains challenging, due to low frequencies of this finding (approximately 0.5%‐1% of Pap test results), abundance of AGC mimics, and significant interobserver variability. We developed an algorithm based on nuclear areas parameter that can help to differentiate AGC from Normal and Reactive glandular cells. Nuclear areas and perimeters were measured on 16 Pap smears with AGC and 18 with Reactive glandular cells of women aged between 30 and 77. Glandular cells from nonpathological Pap smears were used as controls. For each case, the means, medians, standard deviations, and the minimum and maximum values of both nuclear areas and perimeters of the cells of interest were calculated. The nuclear area analysis showed a 100% specificity in discriminating Normal from Altered cells (either Reactive or AGC), whereas the nuclear perimeter analysis showed a lower specificity (87.5%). Both nuclear area and perimeter variability analysis resulted in high specificity values in distinguishing Reactive cells from AGC. Therefore, a stepwise two‐step algorithm using nuclear areas to discriminate Normal from Altered cells, and nuclear area variability to distinguish Reactive from AGC, allowed us to reliably classify the cells into these three categories. The morphometric analysis of nuclear area is a valuable and reliable aid in AGC diagnosis and standardization, easily integrable into common automatic algorithms.