bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preschoolers' Associations Between Space and Numbers Can Be Biased by Surface Area
Authors: Dolscheid Sarah , Verlage Heiko 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTPeople associate numbers and horizontal space. This association has been demonstrated by the so‐called SNARC (Spatial‐Numerical Association of Response Codes)‐effect, with Western participants responding faster to larger numbers with their right hand and vice versa for smaller numbers. SNARC‐like effects have also been reported for preschoolers. However, it remains unclear whether children's SNARC‐effects are exclusively based on number or whether nonnumerical factors such as surface area can also play a role. To address this question, we asked children to compare quantities in a nonsymbolic number comparison task. On half of the trials, the larger set took up more total surface area (congruent trials), and on the other half, the smaller number had more surface area (incongruent trials). We obtained a significant interaction of SNARC‐like effects and congruency. SNARC‐effects were only observed for congruent trials, demonstrating that preschoolers' spatial‐numerical associations can be affected by nonnumerical magnitude.
Halotropism requires phospholipase Dζ1‐mediated modulation of cellular polarity of auxin transport carriers
Authors: Korver Ruud A. , van den Berg Thea , Meyer A. Jessica , Galvan‐Ampudia Carlos S. , ten Tusscher Kirsten H.W.J. , Testerink Christa 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEndocytosis and relocalization of auxin carriers represent important mechanisms for adaptive plant growth and developmental responses. Both root gravitropism and halotropism have been shown to be dependent on relocalization of auxin transporters. Following their homology to mammalian phospholipase Ds (PLDs), plant PLDζ‐type enzymes are likely candidates to regulate auxin carrier endocytosis. We investigated root tropic responses for an Arabidopsis pldζ1‐KO mutant and its effect on the dynamics of two auxin transporters during salt stress, that is, PIN2 and AUX1. We found altered root growth and halotropic and gravitropic responses in the absence of PLDζ1 and report a role for PLDζ1 in the polar localization of PIN2. Additionally, irrespective of the genetic background, salt stress induced changes in AUX1 polarity. Utilizing our previous computational model, we found that these novel salt‐induced AUX1 changes contribute to halotropic auxin asymmetry. We also report the formation of “osmotic stress‐induced membrane structures.” These large membrane structures are formed at the plasma membrane shortly after NaCl or sorbitol treatment and have a prolonged presence in a pldζ1 mutant. Taken together, these results show a crucial role for PLDζ1 in both ionic and osmotic stress‐induced auxin carrier dynamics during salt stress.
Deep learning: A philosophical introduction
Authors: Buckner Cameron 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDeep learning is currently the most prominent and widely successful method in artificial intelligence. Despite having played an active role in earlier artificial intelligence and neural network research, philosophers have been largely silent on this technology so far. This is remarkable, given that deep learning neural networks have blown past predicted upper limits on artificial intelligence performance—recognizing complex objects in natural photographs and defeating world champions in strategy games as complex as Go and chess—yet there remains no universally accepted explanation as to why they work so well. This article provides an introduction to these networks as well as an opinionated guidebook on the philosophical significance of their structure and achievements. It argues that deep learning neural networks differ importantly in their structure and mathematical properties from the shallower neural networks that were the subject of so much philosophical reflection in the 1980s and 1990s. The article then explores several different explanations for their success and ends by proposing three areas of inquiry that would benefit from future engagement by philosophers of mind and science.
Why the Confucians had no concept of race (Part II): Cultural difference, environment, and achievement
Authors: Xiang Shuchen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper argues that Confucianism had an anti‐essentialist conception of selfhood. This understanding of self means that they did not have, and could not have had, a concept of “race” in the sense that one's essence determines one's becoming. In the Confucian canon, the embodiment of cultural norms/performance of culturally appropriate actions defines one's humanness. This account of human agency in becoming human can be seen in the Confucian explanation of moral failure. This assumption of human agency also means that the Confucian understanding of hierarchy is social as opposed to ontological and that differences between people are understood to be a result of culture–custom variation.
Regression-With-Residuals Estimation of Marginal Effects: A Method of Adjusting for Treatment-Induced Confounders That may also be Effect Modifiers
Authors: Wodtke Geoffrey T. , Alaca Zahide , Zhou Xiang 
Published: August 2019

SummaryWhen making causal inferences, treatment-induced confounders complicate analyses of time-varying treatment effects. Conditioning on these variables naively to estimate marginal effects may inappropriately block causal pathways and may induce spurious associations between the treatment and the outcome, leading to bias. Although several methods for estimating marginal effects avoid these complications, including inverse probability of treatment weighted estimation of marginal structural models as well as g- and regression-with-residuals estimation of highly constrained structural nested mean models, each suffers from a set of non-trivial limitations, among them an inability to accommodate effect modification. In this study, we adapt the method of regression with residuals to estimate marginal effects with a set of moderately constrained structural nested mean models that easily accommodate several types of treatment-by-confounder interaction. With this approach, the confounders at each time point are first residualized with respect to the observed past, which involves centring them at their estimated means given prior treatments and confounders. The outcome is then regressed on all prior variables, including a set of treatment-by-confounder interaction terms, with these residuals substituted for the untransformed confounders both as ‘main effects’ and as part of any interaction terms. Through a series of simulation experiments and empirical examples, we show that this approach outperforms other methods for estimating the marginal effects of time-varying treatments.
Environmental Justice and Green Schools—Assessing Students and Communities’ Access to Green Schools
Authors: Zhao Shuang , Zhou Shan , Noonan Douglas S. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveWe investigate equity in the distribution of green schools, what kind of student populations they serve, and what kinds of communities host them.MethodsLeveraging national school enrollment data (2000–2014), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design data, and communities’ characteristics data from 2010 U.S. Census, we estimate logit models to examine the association between green schools and student and community demographics.ResultsHigher percentages of minorities in both student population and hosting neighborhood are associated with greater likelihood that new schools are green. New schools in more affluent and less educated communities are less likely to be green.ConclusionThere is a lack of evidence for environmental injustice in students’ and communities’ access to new green schools in the United States. New schools serving lower‐income and minority families and children are more likely to be green, although environmental justice indicators such as education show somewhat “unjust” patterns.
THE SCOPE AND IMPLICATIONS OF MORALS NOT KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractI greatly appreciate the opportunity provided by the editor of Zygon to further develop the ideas in my book Morals Not Knowledge: Recasting the Contemporary U.S. Conflict between Religion and Science in conversation with four critical commentaries. It is an honor to have one's work focused upon so intently, and I greatly appreciate the time and effort of the critics. The book was quite intentionally written as a provocation, an attempt at agenda setting, and as a call for changing the thinking of the entire religion and science academic community. In my previous writings I have kept close to the data, allowing myself at best mid‐level conclusions, but this book is a foray into the abstraction and inevitable lack of precision required for high‐level generalization. I hope that it continues to be generative of debate.
A WAY FORWARD FOR SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON SCIENCE AND RELIGION: A REVIEW AND A RIFF
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Mehta Sharan Kaur , Bolger Daniel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractJohn Evans’s new book Morals Not Knowledge pushes scholars to rethink contemporary debates about religion and science by moving past the rhetoric of societal elites to examine the perspectives of everyday Americans, identifying the moral conflicts at the heart of debates. We review Evans’s key contributions while also extending and challenging his arguments, urging consideration of how renewed moral debates might be informed by a broader set of U.S. “publics.” Drawing on empirical research, we highlight four sets of voices that are missing from Evans’s analysis. Specifically, we highlight the voices of racial and ethnic minorities, religious communities (as opposed to individuals), members of minority religious traditions, and everyday religious scientists. Through doing so we offer avenues for future research on these diverse publics that will help facilitate a broader set of better and more informed debates about moral conflict between religious and scientific communities.
Synthesis of carbon self-doped titanium dioxide and its activity in the photocatalytic oxidation of styrene under visible light irradiation
Authors: Alias Siti Hajar , Mohamed Nurul Najidah , Loon Leaw Wai , Chandren Sheela 
Published: August 2019

Carbon self-doped titanium dioxide (C/TiO2) photocatalyst was synthesized by a simple sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide as both the titanium precursor and carbon source. The effects of calcination temperatures in the range of 300 to 700 °C to the structure and physicochemical properties of the C/TiO2 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance (UV-Vis DR) spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS results proved the presence of self-doped carbon at the interstitial and substitutional lattice of TiO2. The C/TiO2 calcined at 300 and 400 °C (C/TiO2-300 and C/TiO2-400, respectively) showed mesoporous characteristic and large surface area of about 100 m2 g-1. The C/TiO2 photocatalysts were then tested in the photo-oxidation of styrene under visible light irradiation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent. The C/TiO2 photocatalysts were successfully activated under the irradiation of visible light, where C/TiO2-300 and C/TiO2-400 showed the highest total concentration of products (benzaldehyde and styrene oxide) at 1.1 mmol and 1.0 mmol, respectively.For video presentation, kindly please visit this link:
Control of exercise hyperpnoea: Contributions from thin‐fibre skeletal muscle afferents
Authors: Bruce Richard M. , Jolley Caroline , White Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
In this review, we examine the evidence for control mechanisms underlying exercise hyperpnoea, giving attention to the feedback from thin‐fibre skeletal muscle afferents, and highlight the frequently conflicting findings and difficulties encountered by researchers using a variety of experimental models.
What advances does it highlight?
There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the role of skeletal muscle afferent involvement, not only as a mechanism of healthy exercise hyperpnoea but also in the manifestation of breathlessness and exercise intolerance in chronic disease.
AbstractThe ventilatory response to dynamic submaximal exercise is immediate and proportional to metabolic rate, which maintains isocapnia. How these respiratory responses are controlled remains poorly understood, given that the most tightly controlled variable (arterial partial pressure of CO2/H+) provides no error signal for arterial chemoreceptors to trigger reflex increases in ventilation. This review discusses evidence for different postulated control mechanisms, with a focus on the feedback from group III/IV skeletal muscle mechanosensitive and metabosensitive afferents. This concept is attractive, because the stimulation of muscle mechanoreceptors might account for the immediate increase in ventilation at the onset of exercise, and signals from metaboreceptors might be proportional to metabolic rate. A variety of experimental models have been used to establish the contribution of thin‐fibre muscle afferents in ventilatory control during exercise, with equivocal results. The inhibition of afferent feedback via the application of lumbar intrathecal fentanyl during exercise suppresses ventilation, which provides the most compelling supportive evidence to date. However, stimulation of afferent feedback at rest has no consistent effect on respiratory output. However, evidence is emerging for synergistic interactions between muscle afferent feedback and other stimulatory inputs to the central respiratory neuronal pool. These seemingly hyperadditive effects might explain the conflicting findings encountered when using different experimental models. We also discuss the increasing evidence that patients with certain chronic diseases exhibit exaggerated muscle afferent activation during exercise, resulting in enhanced cardiorespiratory responses. This might provide a neural link between the well‐established limb muscle dysfunction and the associated exercise intolerance and exertional dyspnoea, which might offer therapeutic targets for these patients.
Vibration‐induced depression in spinal loop excitability revisited
Authors: Souron Robin , Baudry Stéphane , Millet Guillaume Y. , Lapole Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Key points
While it has been well described that prolonged vibration locally applied to a muscle or its tendon (up to 1 h) decreases spinal loop excitability between homonymous Ia afferents and motoneurons, the involved mechanisms are not fully understood.
By combining electrophysiological methods, this study aimed to provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in soleus decreased spinal excitability after prolonged local vibration.
We report that prolonged vibration induces a decrease in motoneuron excitability rather than an increase in presynaptic mechanisms (as commonly hypothesized in the current literature).
The present results may help to design appropriate clinical intervention and could reinforce the interest in vibration as a treatment for spastic patients who are characterized by spinal hyper‐excitability responsible for spasms and long‐lasting reflexes.
AbstractThe mechanisms that can explain the decreased spinal loop excitability in response to prolonged local vibration (LV), as assessed by the H‐reflex, remain to be precisely determined. This study provides new insights into how prolonged Achilles’ tendon LV (30 min, 100 Hz) acutely interacts with the spinal circuitry. The roles of presynaptic inhibition exerted on Ia afferents (Experiment A, n = 15), neurotransmitter release at the synapse level (Experiment B, n = 11) and motoneuron excitability (Experiment C, n = 11) were investigated in soleus. Modulation of presynaptic inhibition was assessed by conditioning the soleus H‐reflex (tibial nerve electrical stimulation) with fibular nerve (D1 inhibition) and femoral nerve (heteronymous facilitation, HF) electrical stimulations. Potential vibration‐induced changes in neurotransmitter depletion at the Ia afferent terminals was assessed through paired stimulations applied over the tibial nerve (HD). Intrinsic motoneuron excitability was assessed with thoracic motor evoked potentials (TMEPs) in response to electrical stimulation over the thoracic spine. Non‐conditioned H‐reflex was depressed by ∼60% after LV (P < 0.001), while D1 and HF H‐reflexes increased by ∼75% after LV (P = 0.03 and 0.06, respectively). In Experiment B, HD remained unchanged after LV (P = 0.80). In Experiment C, TMEPs were reduced by ∼13% after LV (P = 0.01). Overall, presynaptic mechanisms do not seem to be involved in the depression of spinal excitability after LV. It rather seems to rely, at least in part, on a decrease in intrinsic motoneuron excitability. These results may have implications in reducing spinal hyper‐excitability in spastic patients.
Discharge properties of human diaphragm motor units with ageing
Authors: Nguyen D. A. T. , Lewis R. H. C. , Gandevia S. C. , Butler J. E. , Hudson A. L. 
Published: August 2019

Key points
Ageing is associated with changes in the respiratory system including in the lungs, rib cage and muscles.
Neural drive to the diaphragm, the principal inspiratory muscle, has been reported to increase during quiet breathing with ageing.
We demonstrated that low‐threshold motor units of the human diaphragm recruited during quiet breathing have similar discharge frequencies across age groups and shorter discharge times in older age.
With ageing, motor unit action potential area increased.
We propose that there are minimal functionally significant changes in the discharge properties of diaphragm motor units with ageing despite remodelling of the motor unit in the periphery.
AbstractThere are changes in the skeletal, pulmonary and respiratory neuromuscular systems with healthy ageing. During eupnoea, one study has shown relatively higher crural diaphragm electromyographic activity (EMG) in healthy older adults (>51 years) than in younger adults, but these measures may be affected by the normalisation process used. A more direct method to assess neural drive involves the measurement of discharge properties of motor units. Here, to assess age‐related changes in neural drive to the diaphragm during eupnoea, EMG was recorded from the costal diaphragm using a monopolar needle electrode in participants from three age groups (n ≥ 7 each): older (65–80 years); middle‐aged (43–55 years) and young (23–26 years). In each group, 154, 174 and 110 single motor units were discriminated, respectively. A mixed‐effects linear model showed no significant differences between age groups for onset (group mean range 9.5–10.2 Hz), peak (14.1–15.0 Hz) or offset (7.8–8.5 Hz) discharge frequencies during eupnoea. The motor unit recruitment was delayed in the older group (by ∼15% of inspiratory time; p = 0.02 cf. middle‐aged group) and had an earlier offset time (by ∼15% of inspiratory time; p = 0.04 cf. young group). However, the onset of multiunit activity was similar across groups, consistent with no global increase in neural drive to the diaphragm with ageing. The area of diaphragm motor unit potentials was ∼40% larger in the middle‐aged and older groups (P < 0.02), which indicates axonal sprouting and re‐innervation of muscle fibres associated with ageing, even in middle‐aged participants.
Why do large, deep rivers have low-angle dune beds?
Authors: Kostaschuk Ray A. , Venditti Jeremy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDunes are the most common bedform in sand-bedded rivers. Small, high-angle dunes (HADs) dominate in shallow (<2.5 m) flows and have lee sides with steep downstream-facing slipfaces (>24°) and reversed upslope-oriented flow in the separation vortex. In contrast, large, deep (>2.5 m) rivers have low-angle dunes (LADs) with gentle lee-side slipfaces (<24°; often <10°), little or no flow separation, and more-pronounced downslope currents. Avalanches driven primarily by particle interaction maintain slipfaces of HADs. On LADs, excess pore pressures that occur during the failure of thick, loosely packed deposits can produce liquefied avalanches that flow and stop on gentle gradients. As lee-side angles decrease over LADs, downslope currents increase in strength, accelerating avalanches, transporting bedload, and creating smaller, superimposed dunes and uniform concave slopes on the lee side. Nearly a century of research on dunes in shallow laboratory flows has assumed that dune morphodynamics are scale invariant, which is not true.
New extremal Type II ℤ4-codes of length 32 obtained from Hadamard matrices
Authors: Ban Sara , Crnković Dean , Mravić Matteo , Rukavina Sanja 
Published: August 2019

For every Hadamard design with parameters [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] having a skew-symmetric incidence matrix we give a construction of 54 Hadamard designs with parameters [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]. Moreover, for the case [Formula: see text] we construct doubly-even self-orthogonal binary linear codes from the corresponding Hadamard matrices of order 32. From these binary codes we construct five new extremal Type II [Formula: see text]-codes of length 32. The constructed codes are the first examples of extremal Type II [Formula: see text]-codes of length 32 and type [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], whose residue codes have minimum weight 8. Further, correcting the results from the literature we construct 5147 extremal Type II [Formula: see text]-codes of length 32 and type [Formula: see text].