bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertilized Midrotation-Aged Slash Pine Plantations—Stand Structure and Yield Prediction Models
Authors: Bailey Robert L. , Burgan Thomas M. , Jokela Eric J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from 263 plots in a regional fertilization study of midrotation-aged slash pine plantations were used to fit prediction equations for basal area, trees per acre, stand average dominant height, diameter distributions, and individual tree heights. The equations include N and P fertilizationrates and CRIFF soil groups as predictor variables. The survival model also accounts for the accelerating effect of fusiform rust on mortality rate. Using published tree volume equations, the prediction of volumes by dbh class for fertilized slash pine plantations is now possible. This integratedsystem of equations is available as a user-friendly computer program that can calculate expected yields by diameter class and aid the forester in evaluating investment opportunities that include forest fertilization. South. J. Appl. For. 13(2):76-80.
Biodeterioration of Oaks Killed Following Defoliation by the Gypsy Moth
Authors: Karasevicz D. M. , Merrill W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The volume of sound wood in red oaks dead following gypsy moth defoliation (biotically killed trees) and in mechanically girdled control trees decreased significantly as time after death increased. Bark retention, site quality, and method of death were correlated with the volume ofwood degraded. Three growing seasons after death, biotically killed trees that retained their bark had greater volumes of degraded wood than those that shed their bark. Trees on oak site class 1 had greater volumes of degraded wood than those on oak site class 2. Wood of girdled trees deterioratedfaster than that of biotically killed trees. By the end of the third growing season after death, 19% of the gross merchantable volume and 21% of the board foot volume of biotically killed trees had been degraded. In a separate population of biotically killed trees, 44% of the trees had beenwind-thrown seven growing seasons after death. Based on these studies, salvage operations for most timber uses should be completed within 2 years after tree death. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):139-145.
Five-Year Responses of Piedmont Loblolly Pine to Six Site-Preparation Treatments
Authors: Edwards M. Boyd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Six intensities of site preparation ranging from an untreated check to shearing, rootraking, burning, fertilizing, and applying herbicide were applied to replicated 2-ac (0.81 ha) plots on a Piedmont site in central Georgia. Survival, height, and diameter growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were measured for 5 years after planting. All treatments improved survival and growth when compared to the check. Mechanical treatments yielded good growth and survival, and additional benefits were obtained from weed control and ammonium nitrate application. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):3-6.
Incidental Observations on the Growth and Survival of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines in an Even-Aged Natural Stand
Authors: Cain M. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Species composition and growth were monitored from age 6 to 14 years in a natural, even-aged stand of mixed loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Six of 12 0.4-ac study plots were precommercially thinned at age 6 when pine density averaged 16,600 stems/ac At that time, loblolly accounted for 70% of all pines with the remaining 30% being shortleaf. From age 8 to 12, loblolly pines generally outgrew shortleaf pines in both thinned and unthinned conditions. From age 12 to 14, crop trees of loblolly pine on thinned plots generally grew better than shortleaf crop trees, but there was no statistically significant difference in crop-tree growth between species on the unthinned plots. At age 14, loblolly crop trees were generally larger than shortleaf crop trees; despite that size difference, shortleaf pine will probably continue to be represented in the canopy of the maturing stand. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):81-84.
Operational Trials of a Scarifier-Seeder for Regenerating Ocala Sand Pine
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Most harvested stands of Ocala sand pine (Pinus clausa var. clausa D B. Ward) have been regenerated by direct seeding. An integrated system using a scarifier-seeder can reduce site disturbance, control spacing, and conserve seed. Modifications to this equipment to pack the soil over the seed, or to reduce the slope of the scarified spot did not improve stocking levels, but they did reduce seed movement. The alteration to reduce the slope of the scarified spot caused no mechanical problems and reduced seed displacement. Chopping to reduce competing vegetation greatly increased stocking levels, but there is little advantage to using a scarifier-seeder if sites must be chopped first. Criteria are needed for determining which sites are best suited to chopping and broadcast seeding and which to regenerate by scarifier-seeding. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):85-88.
Harvest Rates on Adverse Sites in the Southeast
Authors: Brown Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Steep slopes and year-round water problems reduce the frequency of stand-level timber harvests. In the Southeast as a whole, observations on Forest Survey plots indicate that 1.7% of the timberland is harvested each year. Only 0.2% of the acreage with year-round water is harvested. As slope increases, the rate of harvest decreases to 0.4% per year for sites with slopes of 40% or more. Because harvesting is less frequent, timber volumes are greater on adverse than on favorable sites. Across all conditions, forest industry harvests more frequently than other private and public landowners. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):166-170.
Thinned Loblolly Pine Stand Growth Improved by Early Hardwood Suppression
Authors: Clason Terry R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A hardwood suppression treatment applied to a 7-year-old, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation enhanced projected productivity through a 35-year rotation that included three commercial thinnings. By age 22, growth data showed that hardwood removal treatments had larger pines and smaller hardwoods than check treatments. Fifteen-year pine basal area and merchantable volume growth on hardwood removal plots exceeded the check plots by 25 and 27%. Projected growth between ages 22 and 35 indicated that 28 years after early hardwood removal thinned plantation merchantable volume yields improved by 840 ft³ per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):22-27.
Softwood Timber Supply and the Future of the Southern Forest Economy
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fifty-year projections of the Southern forest economy suggest that in the period prior to 2015, nonindustrial owner-ships will be unable to sustain past growth in softwood harvest. Harvest could expand dramatically in later years, however, if the high rates of plantation establishment observed during the 1980s are maintained into the next century. Industrial harvest will continue to rise, but cannot increase fast enough to offset the nonindustrial shortfall. Sawtimber stumpage prices will rise sharply over the period to 2015 and stabilize or decline thereafter. Higher rates of planting influence only the later portion of this projection. Prospects of higher rates of recycled fiber use in U.S. paper and board production could have dramatic implications for the adequacy of Southern timber supply and sharply reduce stumpage price growth in both the near- and long-term. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):31-37.
Site Index Curves for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas
Authors: Hacker W. David , Bilan M. Victor 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem analysis data collected from dominant and codominant trees growing in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations were used to develop site index curves. These data were collected from loblolly and slash pine plantations growing in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas. The height prediction curves were based on the Chapman-Richards function and will provide an indication of site productivity based an plantation age. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):97-100.
Benomyl Root Dips Adversely Affect First-Year Performance of Stored Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Stumpff Nancy J. , South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dipping loblolly pine roots into a clay slurry containing benomyl (1.25% active ingredient) at the time of packing did not improve survival of seedlings stored (near 3°C) for 1 to 4 weeks. In some situations, benomyl decreased out-planting survival. Regardless of lifting date or storage length, benomyl slightly decreased first-year height growth (by 12 to 17%). Although previous research has demonstrated that a benomyl treatment can improve the ability of March-lifted seedlings to withstand prolonged storage, a beneficial response is not yet predictable for loblolly pine seedlings lifted between October and February. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):133-137.
A Regional Study on the Influence of Woody and Herbaceous Competition on Early Loblolly Pine Growth
Authors: Miller James H. , Zutter Bruce R. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Edwards M. Boyd , Haywood James D. , Newbold Ray A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A common study design has been installed at 14 locations Southwide to track the growth of loblolly pine established with four different competition control treatments: (a) no control, (b) woody control, (c) herbaceous control, and (d) total control after site preparation. This regionwide investigation is the Competition Omission Monitoring Project (COMP). During the first 5 years, the general pine response by treatment has been greater growth in height, diameter, and volume index as follows: total control > herbaceous control > woody control > no control. Generally, diameter growth was more responsive than height to vegetation control treatments. On 13 plantation study sites, pine volume after 5 years with total control averaged about fourfold more than with no control. Volume was increased by an average of 67% with woody control, while herbaceous control increased volume by 171%, showing the greater average influence of herbaceous competition during the initial 5 years. The magnitude of growth reductions by competitors varied by site and intensity. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):169-179.
A Financial Assessment of Capital-Extensive Management Alternatives for Storm-Damaged Timber
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Baker James B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An analysis of the investment costs of three management alternatives for storm-damaged pine stands is presented: (1) selection management, with 25-30% initial stocking, (2) natural even-aged management resulting from chemical release of suppressed pine seedlings, and (3) a standard pine plantation, with and without increased site preparation costs due to storm damage. Selection management and natural even-aged management were shown to provide a low-capital alternative with reasonable rates of return for stand rehabilitation. The landowner's management objective and treatment of land cost will determine the optimal alternative. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):208-212.
Risk and Return from Investments in Pine, Hardwoods, and Financial Markets
Authors: Thomson Thomas A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper compares the return and risk of growing fully regulated sawtimber stands of pine, oak, gum, and ash, with the financial market investments of common stocks, corporate bonds, U.S. Government bonds, and U.S. Treasury bills during the 1956-1984 period. Over this period, timber investments realized higher real rates of return than financial market investments. Portfolio analysis shows that for investors considering both types of investments, efficient portfolios typically consist of a mix of pine, ash, common stocks, and Treasury bills. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):20-24
An Iterative Reweighting Procedure for Volume Equations Based on Diameter
Authors: Smith W. Rick , Thomas Charles E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An iterative reweighting scheme for regression with censored data is introduced. The method provides increased precision of parameter estimates for weighted linear or polynomial, diameter at breast height (dbh) based volume equations. This method can also improve equations that predict unreasonable volumes for trees with small dbh's. The technique was applied to highly heteroscedastic inventory data. Improvement in the precision of both softwood and hardwood, merchantable volume and sawtimber volume equations was achieved using this procedure. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):64-67.
A Thinned/Unthinned Loblolly Pine Growth and Yield Simulator for Planted Cutover Site-Prepared Land in the Mid-Gulf South
Authors: Matney Thomas G. , Farrar Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The components and structure of a thinned/unthinned growth and yield simulator, developed by the MSU Growth and Yield Cooperative, for planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on cutover site-prepared land are generally described. Prior to the first thinning, a three-parameter Weibull diameter distribution recovery system supported on the arithmetic-mean, quadratic-mean, and minimum-stand diameters is employed. At the first thinning, or if an initial tree list is supplied as input, a parameter-free least squares adjustment, diameter moment recovery system is used to allocate mortality and diameter growth to the elements of the tree list. Because thinnings from below essentially are equivalent to heavy competition mortality, the parameter-free mortality allocation procedure is adapted for allocating thinned trees to the before-thinning tree list. Copies of a PC-compatible computer program implementing the model can be obtained by writing to the senior author. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):70-75.
Growth and Wood Properties in a Carolina Sandhills Pine Seed Source Study
Authors: Jett J. B. , Guiness W. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eight pine sources were planted on a sandhills site in South Carolina. Total height, dbh, wood specific gravity, tracheid length, and fusiform rust (Cronartium quercum [Berk.] Miyabe ex. Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection were evaluated following 17 growing seasons. The Choctawhatcheesource of sand pine (Pinus clausa [Chapm.] Vasey) is apparently well adapted to the deep sands of the Carolina sandhills and exhibited superior height and diameter growth to slash pine, two local sources of loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), and two sources of Virginia pine (P. virginiana Mill.). A combination of excellent growth and reasonable survival resulted in significantly more cubic foot volume per acre than the other seed sources or species included in this study. Despite having the lowest weighted specific gravity of all sources in this planting, the Choctawhatchee sand pineproduced more than twice as much dry weight per acre than any other source.
A single open-pollinated family of drought-hardy loblolly pine from Bastrop County, TX, displayed excellent growth, survival, rust resistance, and wood quality. Its performance warrants a more careful and wider evaluationof this seed source for use on these difficult sandhills sites in the Carolinas. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):164-169
Long-Term Development of Regeneration Under Longleaf Pine Seedtree and Shelterwood Stands
Authors: Boyer William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Well-stocked mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands were cut to five residual basal areas in 1957, namely 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45 ft² per ac, to observe the effect of stand density on seed production and seedling establishment. Seedlings, mainly from the 1955 or 1961seed crops, were established in treated stands. All pines on net 0.9 ac plots were remeasured in 1991 to determine the effect of residual pine density on development of the regeneration. Even the lightest residual overstory converted the structure of 29- to 35- yr-old ingrowth into the reverse-Jdiameter class distribution characteristic of uneven-aged stands. Four or six residual trees, now comprising 7 to 10 ft² basal area (ba)/ac, reduced ingrowth basal area to about half that of same-aged stands released from overstory competition. Merchantable volume of ingrowth under theselow residual densities averaged 40% of that in released stands. Mean annual per ac volume increment of ingrowth averaged 21 to 22 ft³ under the 9 ft² density but did not exceed 7 ft³ under any residual density above this. The potential impact of significant growth reductionsshould be taken into account when considering uneven-aged management methods for longleaf pine. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):10-15.
Performance of Container and Bareroot Loblolly Pine Seedlings on Bottomlands in South Carolina
Authors: Barnett J. P. , McGilvray J. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The performance of container and bareroot loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings from the same improved seedlot was compared on highly productive bottomland sites in South Carolina. At the time of planting, size and quality of the open-grown container stock were equal to or betterthan bareroot material. When outplanting conditions were ideal, field plantings in March, April, and May of 2 successive years indicated equal performance of the 2 stock types. When conditions were more stressful, container stock survived and grew better than bareroot seedlings. Needle-tipburn caused by postplanting applications of herbicides had no long-term effects on seedling growth. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):80-83.
Availability and Use of Spring and Summer Woody Browse by Deer in Clearcut and Uncut Forests of the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Ford William M. , Johnson A. Sydney , Hale Philip E. , Wentworth James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We sampled 1,890 vegetation plots in young clearcuts, clearcut-edges, and mature forests at 21 locations in the Southern Appalachians during the summers of 1985-1990. We tallied browsed and unbrowsed twig tips by species to assess woody browse availability and use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Although each plot location produced an abundance of twigs, the mean numbers available to and browsed by deer were significantly greater in both clearcut and clearcut-edge plots than in mature forested plots. Twigs of several preferred deer browse species were more available and more heavily browsed in clearcut plots than in mature forested plots. Because of the large number of twigs available in all locations sampled, overall percent browsing was low (> 5%). Under present conditions on public lands in the Southern Appalachians, summer browse is adequately abundant for deer foraging and forest regeneration, but trends toward reduced clearcutting may alter this situation. South J. Appl. For. 17(3):116-119.
Effects of Viterra® Root Dips and Benomyl on Root Growth Potential and Survival of Longleaf Pine Seedlings
Authors: South David B. , Loewenstein Nancy J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A mixture of clay and benomyl is registered for use on longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) to control diseases and increase outplanting survival. However, for one sandy site in Alabama, treating roots with a gel slurry of Viterra containing benomyl reduced survival of stored seedlings when compared to a clay slurry containing benomyl (2.5% active ingredient). Root growth potential for January-lifted seedlings was also reduced by adding benomyl to a Viterra gel. For this study, seedlings planted in January and mid-February had better survival than seedlings planted in December or March. Poor survival in December resulted when seedlings were planted 2 wk prior to a hard freeze. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):19-23.
Characterizing Fusiform Rust Incidence and Distribution in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David , Gregoire Timothy G. , Kronrad Gary D. , Holley A. Gordon 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three measurement cycles were completed on an extensive network of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine plots in industrial plantations throughout East Texas in 1984, 1987, and 1990. Because the incidence of fusiform rust caused by Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme had been recorded at each measurement, it is possible to characterize the temporal and geographic distribution of fusiform rust among these industrial pine plantations in East Texas. Average rust incidence for each species by two year age classes is presented. For loblolly pine, there is no apparent change in overall average incidence between 1987 and 1990, whereas for slash pine, there is an apparent overall average decline of about 7-8 percentage points. For some slash pine age classes, the incidence decline is 20-30 percentage points. Loblolly and slash pine rust incidence maps depict the geographic distribution of rust infection by plantation age groups in East Texas. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):29-34.
Early Growth Reductions in Short Rotation Loblolly and Slash Pine in Central Louisiana
Authors: Haywood James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty-two-year-old loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) research plantations were clearcut-harvested and replanted with the same species. The objective was to compare tree growth between the two rotations. Seven growing seasons into the second rotation, loblolly and slash pines averaged an 8- and 3-ft reduction in total height, respectively. Height growth of loblolly pine was especially reduced on replanted plots that had been harrowed or harrowed and bedded 22 yr earlier, but the reduction in growth occurred on the burn-only (check)plots as well. The reasons for these growth declines were not identified, but it was unlikely that differences between rotations in rainfall patterns, logging damage, or competition were responsible. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):35-39.
Timber Harvesting, Regeneration, and Best Management Practices Among West Central Alabama NIPF Owners
Authors: Henry William A. , Bliss John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Timber harvesting, forest regeneration, and best management practices have major environmental and productivity impacts on NIPF lands in the South. This paper presents data on NIPF owner's knowledge and implementation of such practices. Satellite imagery was used to locate recent clearcut tracts on NIPF land in west-central Alabama. Forest regeneration, waterway protection, and other measures of site condition were determined by field inspection. Fifty-two tract owners responded to a mail survey questionnaire which included demographic, forest practices, attitudinal, and forestry knowledge questions. Comparison of survey responses with field inspection reveals that NIPF owners who are satisfied with postharvest conditions in their forests are inclined to regenerate harvested stands and plan future harvests. Most owners appear knowledgeable about the regeneration status of their forests and have taken steps to achieve regeneration. In contrast, few owners recognize the need for best management practices (BMPs) to protect adjacent waterways, and fewer still have implemented adequate BMPs. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):116-121.