bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cysteine, glutathione and a new genetic code: biochemical adaptations of the primordial cells that spread into open water and survived biospheric oxygenation
Authors: Moosmann Bernd , Schindeldecker Mario , Hajieva Parvana 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Life most likely developed under hyperthermic and anaerobic conditions in close vicinity to a stable geochemical source of energy. Epitomizing this conception, the first cells may have arisen in submarine hydrothermal vents in the middle of a gradient established by the hot and alkaline hydrothermal fluid and the cooler and more acidic water of the ocean. To enable their escape from this energy-providing gradient layer, the early cells must have overcome a whole series of obstacles. Beyond the loss of their energy source, the early cells had to adapt to a loss of external iron-sulfur catalysis as well as to a formidable temperature drop. The developed solutions to these two problems seem to have followed the principle of maximum parsimony: Cysteine was introduced into the genetic code to anchor iron-sulfur clusters, and fatty acid unsaturation was installed to maintain lipid bilayer viscosity. Unfortunately, both solutions turned out to be detrimental when the biosphere became more oxidizing after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. To render cysteine thiol groups and fatty acid unsaturation compatible with life under oxygen, numerous counter-adaptations were required including the advent of glutathione and the addition of the four latest amino acids (methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan, selenocysteine) to the genetic code. In view of the continued diversification of derived antioxidant mechanisms, it appears that modern life still struggles with the initially developed strategies to escape from its hydrothermal birthplace. Only archaea may have found a more durable solution by entirely exchanging their lipid bilayer components and rigorously restricting cysteine usage.
Economic Optimization of Rare Earth Element Leaching Kinetics from Phosphogypsum with Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Gaetjens Thomas , Liang Haijun , Zhang Patrick , Moser Ryan , Thomasson Haley , Dylewski Haley , Counce Robert , Watson Jack 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Frequently optimizations of chemical processes are presented in terms of the maximization of fractional conversion, but the primary concern when implementing a process is much more likely to be the economic viability. These are distinct optima that tend to occur at very different points. It was the purpose of this paper to integrate leaching experimental data with cost analysis to arrive upon economically optimized leaching conditions for the recovery of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum, a water phosphate byproduct. The variables under consideration were the number of leaching reactors and the residence time of each reactor. The modeling results indicated that the optimum residence time was 270 minutes and that the optimum number of stages was one.
Enhanced Model Predictive Current Control Based on Runge–Kutta Approximation for a Voltage Source Inverter
Authors: Ebrahimpanah Shahrouz , Chen Qihong , Zhang Liyan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This paper proposes a model predictive current control (MPCC) method with duty cycle control based on the Runge–Kutta approximation compared to the Forward Euler Approximation for grid-connected three-phase inverters with output LCL filter. Hence, results of proposed MPCC methods alongside of the conventional MPCC have been investigated to find the best strategy. First, all 7 possible switching states have been checked by the discrete-time system model based on two approximation methods to select a state that minimizes the cost function. However, at this stage only one voltage vector is chosen during one control period, which cannot decrease the current ripples to a minimum value. Hence, for having sufficient performance, the sampling frequency is necessary to be selected high. Then, the idea of duty cycle optimization has been introduced by using two voltage vectors (a non-zero and a zero voltage vector) during one control period. Therefore, the duration of two voltage vectors have been defined according to the principle of current error minimization. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed MPCC method based on the Runge–Kutta approximation has been verified by MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results exhibit a better steady-state performance with less sampling frequency as compared to the conventional strategy.
What’s in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages
Authors: Crane Thera Marie , Persohn Bastian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe lexical and phrasal dimensions of aspect and their interactions with morphosyntactic aspectual operators have proved difficult to model in Bantu languages. Bantu actional types do not map neatly onto commonly accepted categorizations of actionality, although these are frequently assumed to be universal and based on real-world event typologies. In this paper, we describe important characteristics and major actional distinctions attested across Bantu languages. These, we argue, include complex lexicalizations consisting of a coming-to-be phase, the ensuing state change, and the resultant state; sub-distinctions of coming-to-be phases, and other issues of phasal quality. Despite these fine-grained distinctions in phasal structure and quality, evidence for a principled distinction between activity- and accomplishment-like predicates is mixed. We review the current state of evidence for these characteristics of Bantu actionality and sketch methodological directions for future research.
Mapping variation in Basque: The BiV database
Authors: Fernández Beatriz , Berro Ane , Urrestarazu Iñigo , Orbegozo Itziar 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present theEuskara Bariazioan/Basque in Variation(BiV) database, a project launched by the Basque and Beyond (Bas&Be) research group. This open-access online database, available in both Basque and English versions, is intended to facilitate research on Basque morphosyntactic features that show cross-dialectal variation. Based on data obtained from questionnaires, theBiVprovides the user with a description of each feature together with illustrative examples, and accompanies each entry with a map graphically depicting the distribution of variation. The resulting fine-grained picture of the distribution of morphosyntactic phenomena across Basque varieties has the ultimate goal of improving our understanding of the systematicities and connections that underlie variation. Thanks to its user-friendly format, the database can be used easily by anyone who is interested in Basque morphosyntax in particular and cross-linguistic variation in general. The results obtained thus far show that while some features have the same distribution across Basque varieties as that previously reported, others are spreading and thus have a wider geographical presence than has been described in the literature.
Crystal structure of (E)-N′-((1,8-dihydropyren-1-yl)-methylene)picolinohydrazide, C23H15N3O
Authors: Huanhuan Yang , Qingqing Xu , Haodong Feng , Yuan Juan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
C23H15N3O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.4372(3) Å, b = 11.9366(2) Å, c = 10.23409(19) Å, β = 106.963(2)°, V = 1686.92(6) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0380, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1055, T = 115.2(3) K.
The synthesis and crystal structure of bis(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-5-methylbenzen-1-ido-κ2
C,N)-(N,N′-diethyldithiocarbamato-κ2
S,S′)iridium(III), C33H30N3S4Ir
Authors: Chen Lianqing , Wu Zhongda , Yang Jing , Zhang Shijuan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
C33H30N3S4Ir, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.6429(10) Å, b = 10.9111(10) Å, c = 24.234(2) Å, β = 93.2890(10)°, V = 3073.6(5) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0198, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0507, T = 273(2) K.
Hindered phenol-mediated damping of polyacrylate rubber: effect of hydrogen bonding strength on the damping properties
Authors: Ma Renbo , Zhang Xuewei , Liu Chao , Wu Wei 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The loss factor (tanδ) and glass transition temperature (T
g) are two important parameters for evaluating damping properties. Hydrogen bonds (H bonds) play an important role in improving damping properties. In this work, the effect of the hydrogen bond strength and number on the damping properties was studied. Four hindered phenols with different steric hindrances were used to form hydrogen bonds with different strengths to mediate tanδ and T
g. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that hindered phenol content lower than 38 wt% led to a linear increase in tanδ and T
g because of the formation of H bonds. The Kwei equation was used to explain the relationship between H bonds and tanδ. When the content was higher than 38 wt%, the small molecule-hindered phenols can be divided into two categories: those that can maintain a good miscibility, thus continuously increasing the tanδ, and those that make tanδ increase slowly or decrease because of poor miscibility. These results demonstrated that tanδ is closely related to both hydrogen bond strength and number. The degree of hindrance of the hydroxyl group determines the hydrogen bond strength, whereas the miscibility determines the number.
Feasibility study on production of Sc-47 from neutron irradiated Ca target for cancer theranostics applications
Authors: Gizawy Mohamed A. , Mohamed Nader M. A. , Aydia Mohamed I. , Soliman Mohamed A. , Shamsel-Din Hesham A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Scandium-47 is one of the most useful radioisotopes which is gaining great importance in cancer theranostics applications due to its favorable nuclear and chemical properties. MCNPX2.7.0 code was used to simulate the neutron activation of natural calcium target positioned at a thermal neutron flux of 1.8 × 1014 n cm−2 s−1 in the Egypt Second Research Reactor (ETRR-2). The burn card was used to calculate 47Ca and 47Sc radioactivities during 3 days irradiation and 20 days post-irradiation. The undesirable impurities generated during this period were also calculated. The obtained calculations were found to be in agreement with the experimental measurements. The distribution coefficient value (Kd) of 47Sc(III) as well as 47Ca(II) ions was determined using the commercially available ion-exchanger Chelex 100 in HNO3 and/or HCl media. Radiochemical separation of 47Sc(III) from 47Ca(II) was studied using HNO3 and HCl solutions and the results showed that HNO3 is a better medium than HCl for complete retention and recovery of 47Sc(III), where the recovery yields were 85 ± 1.2 and 95 ± 0.87 % using 1 M HCl and 1 M HNO3 solutions, respectively. The recovery yield obtained in our work was higher than in the reported procedures. Radionuclidic, radiochemical and chemical purities were investigated to ensure the suitability of 47Sc(III) for nuclear medicine applications.
Designing & Conducting Trials to Reliably Evaluate HIV Prevention Interventions
Authors: Fleming Thomas R. , DeGruttola Victor , Donnell Deborah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
While much has been achieved, much remains to be accomplished in the science of preventing the spread of HIV infection. Clinical trials that are properly designed, conducted and analyzed are of integral importance in the pursuit of reliable insights about HIV prevention. As we build on previous scientific breakthroughs, there will be an increasing need for clinical trials to be designed to efficiently achieve insights without compromising their reliability and generalizability. Key design features should continue to include: (1) the use of randomization and evidence-based controls, (2) specifying the use of intention-to-treat analyses to preserve the integrity of randomization and to increase interpretability of results, (3) obtaining direct assessments of effects on clinical endpoints such as the risk of HIV infection, (4) using either superiority designs or non-inferiority designs with rigorous non-inferiority margins, and (5) enhancing generalizability through the choice of a relative risk rather than risk difference metric. When interventions have complementary and potentially synergistic effects, factorial designs should be considered to increase efficiency as well as to obtain clinically important insights about interaction and the contribution of component interventions to the efficacy and safety of combination regimens. Key trial conduct issues include timely enrollment of participants at high HIV risk recruited from populations with high viral burden, obtaining ‘best real-world achievable’ levels of adherence to the interventions being assessed and ensuring high levels of retention. High quality of trial conduct occurs through active rather than passive monitoring, using pre-specified targeted levels of performance with defined methods to achieve those targets. During trial conduct, active monitoring of the performance standards not only holds the trial leaders accountable but also can assist in the development and implementation of creative alternative approaches to increase the quality of trial conduct. Designing, conducting and analyzing HIV prevention trials with the quality needed to obtain reliable insights is an ethical as well as scientific imperative.
Constructing Cab Calloway
Authors: Sloan Nate 
Published: July 2019

Cab Calloway was of the most popular jazz musicians of the 1930s and 1940s whose legacy today is complicated by his repertoire of novelty songs with references to minstrelsy, his residency at a segregated Harlem cabaret, the Cotton Club, and his marketing to white audiences by manager Irving Mills. Calloway’s sound and persona—commercial, racialized, theatrical—did not square with an emergent art discourse around jazz during the 1930s. Hit songs like “Minnie the Moocher” (1931), with its dark, minor sound world, exaggerated depictions of seedy Harlem nightlife, and cultivated use of local slang, catapulted Calloway to success and stardom while erasing him from a burgeoning narrative that defined jazz as an autonomous, high-art tradition.
Drawing on an elaborate press manual prepared by Mills, Calloway’s reception in historical black newspapers, and musical analysis of recordings of “Minnie” and other lesser-known Calloway numbers, this article examines the music, marketing and reception of Calloway during his Cotton Club residency (1931–34, with sporadic appearances thereafter) to illuminate the contemporary valences of an important interwar performer. Rather than hearing Calloway’s music in terms dictated by jazz’s post-war art discourse, the article strives to locate his songs in their original time and place, and seeks to understand Calloway’s significance by exploring the construction of his public persona. The application of a lens of historical particularity reveals that Calloway’s “novelty” songs acted as powerful articulations of contemporary black life during a pivotal period of Harlem culture.
Growth hormone secretion, fatigue and quality of life after childhood traumatic brain injury
Authors: Daskas N , Sharples P , Likeman M , Lightman S , Crowne E C 
Published: July 2019

Context
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a recognised cause of hypopituitarism in adults but the prevalence after childhood TBI remains controversial.

Objective
To investigate long-term endocrine outcomes and quality of life (PedsQL and QoL-AGHDA (Quality of Life in Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Assessment)) following childhood TBI.

Design
Prospective study.

Methods
Participants with moderate/severe TBI (n = 31) and controls (n = 17). Mean (range) age: 19.8 ± 4.2 (11–26), time post TBI: 9 (7–11) years. Detailed endocrine evaluation of stimulated (insulin tolerance test (ITT)) and spontaneous GH secretion (overnight profile) was undertaken in the TBI group; QoL and neuroimaging in both groups.

Results
No participant had seizures, short stature, precocious puberty or hypothyroidism. In 6/25 the ITT GH response was below age-defined cut-offs and cortisol <500 nmol/L in 2/25. Mean spontaneous GH secretion was <3.1 µg/L in 16/22 but peak GH was low only in 1/22 profiles. One patient had abnormal spontaneous and stimulated GH secretion and hypogonadism. Fatigue and depression scores were higher in TBI patients (P = .011 and P = .020). Fatigue correlated with measures of spontaneous but not stimulated GH secretion. Overall QoL (PedsQL) did not differ between groups but specific attributes of health state (cognition, memory) were impaired in TBI patients. Pituitary neuroimaging was normal in all participants.

Conclusions
Fatigue and depression were common 8–10 years post childhood TBI. One individual had GHD (1/22) using rigorous diagnostic criteria. A single ITT potentially over-diagnosed GHD in 25% (6/25) without clear correlation with symptoms underlying the importance of using two diagnostic tests in TBI survivors.
Why don’t corticotroph tumors always produce Cushing’s disease?
Authors: García-Martínez A , Cano D A , Flores-Martínez A , Gil J , Puig-Domingo M , Webb S M , Soto-Moreno A , Picó A 
Published: July 2019

Objective
Silent corticotroph tumors are a pituitary neuroendocrine tumor subtype of corticotroph lineage that do not clinically express Cushing’s disease. The silencing of this type of tumor is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to delve into the lack of secretory activity, studying the post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of POMC/ACTH in a series of molecularly identified functioning and silent corticotroph tumors.

Design
We analyzed 24 silent corticotroph, 23 functioning corticotroph and 25 silent gonadotroph tumors.

Methods
We used Sanger sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot to analyze genetic alterations in POMC, gene expression of TBX19, NEUROD1, POMC, PCSK1, PCSK2, CPE and PAM and protein expression of POMC, PC1/3, PC2, CPE and PAM.

Results
We found different polymorphisms in the POMC gene of corticotroph tumors, some of them related to deficiency of proopiomelanocortin. Silent corticotroph tumors showed lower PC1/3 gene and protein expression than functioning ones, especially compared to micro-functioning corticotroph tumors (all P < 0.05). Moreover, we found a positive correlation between PC2 and CPE gene and protein expression (rho ≥ 0.670, P < 0.009) in silent corticotroph tumors compared with functioning ones.

Conclusions
By studying the post-transcriptional and post-translational processing of POMC and ACTH, respectively, in a large series of silent and functioning corticotroph tumors, we found that the lack of secretory activity of these tumors is related to an impaired processing of POMC and a high degradation of ACTH, with the macro-functioning corticotroph tumor behaving as an intermediate state between micro-functioning and silent corticotroph tumors.
Minimal Effects of Proto-YChromosomes on House Fly Gene Expression in Spite of Evidence that Selection Maintains Stable Polygenic Sex Determination
Authors: Son Jae Hak , Kohlbrenner Tea , Heinze Svenia , Beukeboom Leo W , Bopp Daniel , Meisel Richard P 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSex determination pathways evolve fast and can even be variable within species. Son et al. used the house fly as a model to study the evolution of sex determination because it has a male...Sex determination, the developmental process by which organismal sex is established, evolves fast, often due to changes in the master regulators at the top of the pathway. Additionally, in species with polygenic sex determination, multiple different master regulators segregate as polymorphisms. Understanding the forces that maintain polygenic sex determination can be informative of the factors that drive the evolution of sex determination. The house fly, Musca domestica, is a well-suited model to those ends because natural populations harbor male-determining loci on each of the six chromosomes and a biallelic female determiner. To investigate how natural selection maintains polygenic sex determination in the house fly, we assayed the phenotypic effects of proto-Y chromosomes by performing mRNA-sequencing experiments to measure gene expression in house fly males carrying different proto-Y chromosomes. We find that the proto-Y chromosomes have similar effects as a nonsex-determining autosome. In addition, we created sex-reversed males without any proto-Y chromosomes and they had nearly identical gene expression profiles as genotypic males. Therefore, the proto-Y chromosomes have a minor effect on male gene expression, consistent with previously described minimal X–Y sequence differences. Despite these minimal differences, we find evidence for a disproportionate effect of one proto-Y chromosome on male-biased expression, which could be partially responsible for fitness differences between males with different proto-Y chromosome genotypes. Therefore our results suggest that, if natural selection maintains polygenic sex determination in house fly via gene expression differences, the phenotypes under selection likely depend on a small number of genetic targets.
Neighborhood Social Conditions, Family Relationships, and Childhood Asthma
Authors: Chen Edith , Hayen Robin , Le Van , Austin Makeda K. , Shalowitz Madeleine U. , Story Rachel E. , Miller Gregory E. 
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Poor neighborhood conditions have established associations with poorer child health, but little is known about protective factors that mitigate the effects of difficult neighborhood conditions. In this study, we tested if positive family relationships can buffer youth who live in dangerous and/or disorderly neighborhoods from poor asthma outcomes.

METHODS:
A total of 308 youths (aged 9–17) who were physician-diagnosed with asthma and referred from community pediatricians and/or family practitioners participated in this cross-sectional study. Neighborhood conditions around families’ home addresses were coded by using Google Street View images. Family relationship quality was determined via youth interviews. Clinical asthma outcomes (asthma symptoms, activity limitations, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentile), asthma management behaviors (family response to asthma symptoms and integration of asthma into daily life), and asthma-relevant immunologic processes (lymphocyte T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokine production and sensitivity to glucocorticoid inhibition) were assessed via questionnaires, interviews, spirometry, and blood draws.

RESULTS:
Significant interactions were found between neighborhood conditions and family relationship quality (β = |.11–.15|; P &lt; .05). When neighborhood danger and/or disorder was low, family relationships were not associated with asthma. When neighborhood danger and/or disorder was high, better family relationship quality was associated with fewer asthma symptoms, fewer activity limitations, and higher forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentile. Similar patterns emerged for asthma management behaviors. With immunologic measures, greater neighborhood danger and/or disorder was associated with greater T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokine production and reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity.

CONCLUSIONS:
When youth live in dangerous and/or disorderly neighborhoods, high family relationship quality can buffer youth from poor asthma outcomes. Although families may not be able to change their neighborhoods, they may nonetheless be able to facilitate better asthma outcomes in their children through strong family relationships.