bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replication fork stalling elicits chromatin compaction for the stability of stalling replication forks
Authors: Feng Gang , Yuan Yue , Li Zeyang , Wang Lu , Zhang Bo , Luo Jiechen , Ji Jianguo , Kong Daochun 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Stalling replication forks require strict cellular regulations for their stability. The intra-S phase checkpoint has been demonstrated essential for preventing stalling/stalled replication forks from collapse. In this study, a cellular pathway was uncovered that regulates the stabilization of stalling replication forks. We found that, when replication forks stall, the chromatin surrounding stalling forks becomes compacted. The fork stalling-induced chromatin compaction is achieved by modification changes on nucleosome histones, including H2BK33 deacetylation and H3K9 trimethylations. The experimental evidence further indicated that the replication fork stalling-induced chromatin compaction prevents the separation of the replicative helicase CMG and DNA polymerases, thus stabilizing stalling replication forks. This regulation pathway is named the “chromsfork” control: chromatin compaction stabilizes stalling replication forks.
Female bed bugs (Cimex lectulariusL) anticipate the immunological consequences of traumatic insemination via feeding cues
Authors: Siva-Jothy Michael T. , Zhong Weihao , Naylor Richard , Heaton Louise , Hentley William , Harney Ewan 
Published: July 2019

SignificanceWe show that female insects can subtly change the management of their immune system contingent on infradian feeding cycles that act as cues to immune insult during mating. We experimentally reject the possibility that this is learned behavior, and show instead that it is dependent on the predictability of feeding which in turn is a cue for mating-induced infection. Although evidence exists for insect immune anticipation over life-time scales, this study links the temporal features of feeding to the insect’s mating behavior in the context of a system with infection caused by traumatic insemination. We predict similar mating ecology in other animals is likely to select for similar reproductive immune anticipation (RIA).
On embedded contrastive focus in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Shu Chih-hsiang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the previously undocumented focus-sensitiveness of certain scope-bearing expressions in Mandarin, and argues that the syntactic effects of this property should be accommodated by a structure that involves multiple dependencies and inherited dependencies. At the empirical side, it is shown that in Mandarin, certain quantificational expressions as well as typical focusing adverbs have to occur at positions where they (i) c‑command and (ii) be as close as possible to the contrastive foci that they associate with. The similarity to the typical association-with-focus configurations is captured under a unified Agree analysis that incorporated previous variable-adjunction-site analysis for focusing particles in German, while the additional dependencies in these structures are accounted for by multiple Agree and feature inheritance. This analysis is compared with some alternative approaches, which do not have equal empirical coverage or require more complex theoretical assumptions.
Vocabulary sophistication in First-Year Composition assignments
Authors: Durrant Philip , Moxley Joseph , McCallum Lee 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecently-developed tools which quickly and reliably quantify vocabulary use on a range of measures open up new possibilities for understanding the construct of vocabulary sophistication. To take this work forward, we need to understand how these different measures relate to each other and to human readers’ perceptions of texts. This study applied 356 quantitative measures of vocabulary use generated by an automated vocabulary analysis tool (Kyle & Crossley, 2015) to a large corpus of assignments written for First-Year Composition courses at a university in the United States. Results suggest that the majority of measures can be reduced to a much smaller set without substantial loss of information. However, distinctions need to be retained between measures based on content vs. function words and on different measures of collocational strength. Overall, correlations with grades are reliable but weak.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel 316L obtained by Direct Metal Laser Deposition
Authors: Bykovskiy D P , Ishkinyaev E D , Petrovskiy V N , Osintsev A V , Dzhumaev P S , Polskiy V I , Sergeev K L , Shchekin A S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The microstructure of 316L stainless steel obtained by layer-by-layer direct metal laser deposition is reviewed. Mechanical tests of the samples were performed in accordance with GOST 1497-84. Studies show that changes in power of laser radiation to grow parts lead to changes in their mechanical properties. The research shows dependencies between the strength characteristics of materials and the power of laser radiation. Causes of the forementioned changes are studied through the analysis of the microstructure. Nanosized inclusions of spherical shape were found in the process of studying the microstructure of materials. A study in the nature of the formation of these inclusions and their effect on the properties of the obtained material was performed.
Changes in leaf functional traits of rainforest canopy trees associated with an El Niño event in Borneo
Authors: Nunes M H , Both S , Bongalov B , Brelsford C , Khoury S , Burslem D F R P , Philipson C , Majalap N , Riutta T , Coomes D A , Cutler M E J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
El Niño events generate periods of relatively low precipitation, low cloud cover and high temperature over the rainforests of Southeast Asia, but their impact on tree physiology remains poorly understood. Here we use remote sensing and functional trait approaches—commonly used to understand plant acclimation to environmental fluctuations—to evaluate rainforest responses to an El Niño event at a site in northern Borneo. Spaceborne measurements (i.e. normalised difference vegetation index calculated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data) show the rainforest canopy greened throughout 2015, coinciding with a strengthening of the El Niño event in Sabah, Malaysia, then lost greenness in early 2016, when the El Niño was at its peak. Leaf chemical and structural traits measured for mature leaves of 65 species (104 branches from 99 tree canopies), during and after this El Niño event revealed that chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were 35% higher in mid 2015 than in mid 2016. Foliar concentrations of the nutrients N, P, K and Mg did not vary, suggesting the mineralisation and transportation processes were unaffected by the El Niño event. Leaves contained more phenolics, tannins and cellulose but less Ca and lignin during the El Niño event, with concentration shifts varying strongly among species. These changes in functional traits were also apparent in hyperspectral reflectance data collected using a field spectrometer, particularly in the shortwave infrared region. Leaf-level acclimation and leaf turnover could have driven the trait changes observed. We argue that trees were not water limited in the initial phase of the El Niño event, and responded by flushing new leaves, seen in the canopy greening trend and higher pigment concentrations (associated with young leaves); we argue that high evaporative demand and depleted soil water eventually caused leaves to drop in 2016. However, further studies are needed to confirm these ideas. Time-series of vegetation dynamics obtained from space can only be understood if changes in functional traits, as well as the quantity of leaves in canopies, are monitored on the ground.
A New Analytical Model for the Estimation of Three-phase Rock-soil Thermal Conductivity for Geothermal Utilization
Authors: Jia G S , Tao Z Y , Meng X Z , Zhang L Y , Chai J C , Jin L W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
As a kind of clean energy resource, geothermal energy is widely utilized in many fields, especially for heating and ventilation through heat exchangers buried underground. The use of geothermal heat exchange system will contribute to energy saving as well as building sustainable, therefore it has become more and more popular in recent years. Rock-soil thermal conductivity plays a noticeable role in the performance of ground buried heat exchanger. In the present study, a new analytical model was proposed to describe the spatial structure of the multiphase rock-soil and relative position of solid, liquid and gas phase. Through analyzing the relationship among different phases and coding FORTRAN program, the model structure parameters can be obtained for the calculation of parallel thermal resistances. The expression of the thermal conductivity derived from the model was then applied to obtain the thermal conductivity of the Tripoli sand from North Africa, before the results were compared with previous tests. After comparative analysis, the newly proposed model in this study was proved accurate in predicting the thermal conductivity of the chosen soil with around 20% averaged relative error, which will contribute to the prediction of rock-soil thermal properties as well as the design of ground buried heat exchanger.
Numerical Investigation of an Innovative Metal Structure in a PCM Based Heat Sink
Authors: Xie Jinlong , Fah Choo Kok , Xiang Jianhua , Mun Lee Hsiao 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Numerical simulations were performed to examine the time-dependent melting in a PCM enclosure with two designs of conductive metal fins: a baseline design with conventional heat sink fin structure and a topologically optimized innovative structure. Two orientations of the PCM enclosures were investigated to characterize the orientation effects on the behaviours of PCM melting. The proposed simulation model was firstly validated by the published experimental results. The simulated device temperature, material phases and flow fields within the PCM enclosure developed under different operating conditions were presented and discussed. The simulation results showed that the optimized design generally outperformed the baseline design by obtaining a lower device temperature and alleviating the effects of orientations. At q = 50,000W/m2, the optimized design achieved a maximum temperature reduction of 8°C under Orientation 1 and 2.5°C under Orientation 2 in comparison to the baseline during the main stage of PCM melting. It was suggested that the promoted heat transfer performance by the optimized design was attributed to the improved heat diffusion capability as well as the intensified natural convection provided by its innovative metal structure.
Investigation of water cooled aluminium foam heat sink for concentrated photovoltaic solar cell
Authors: Cheong Tan Weng , Huat Saw Lip , San Thiam Hui , Yusof Farazila , Wang Chin-Tsan , Chian Yew Ming , Kun Yew Ming 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Concentrated photovoltaic cell (CPV) is a popular renewable source nowadays. It has high efficient yet cost effective energy harvesting system available in the market. The performance of the CPV depends strongly on the temperature of the solar cell. The efficiency reduces as the surface temperature of the CPV increases. It is crucial to reduce the temperature of the CPV and maintains a small temperature variation along the surface of the CPV. Metal foam is an ideal solution for a CPV thermal management system. It helps to enhance the mixing of coolant due to its porous characteristics and lead to higher heat transfer rate and reduce the overall average temperature of a CPV. The main objective of this study is to enhance the heat removal rate along of the CPV. Aluminium foam is used as a heat sink to removal the heat generated. The effects of porosities and pores density (PPI) of the aluminium foam are measured against the thermal performance. Computational thermal fluid dynamics is conducted to study the thermal performance of aluminium foam heat sink. The parameters required for the simulations are extracted from literature. The results suggested that aluminum foam is able to enhance the heat removal and maintains better temperature uniformity of the CPV. 10PPI aluminum foam with porosity 0.682 provides the most optimum results with average temperature of 55.1 ˚C and temperature different of 7.4 °C at flow rate of 40 g/s. This approach is suitable to promote the efficiency of the CPV and prolong the cycle life.
Review a Decade of BP’s Technology Roadmap on the Next Generation Biofuels Development
Authors: Chew B C , Shen X B , Ansell J , Hamid S R , Oh Y P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Philip New-the ex-CEO of BP Biofuels proclaimed in 2007: the emergence of biofuels involves two value chains-agriculture and energy, where both mature industries are connected to new national/regional policy. This has opened various opportunities for developing countries to tie business relationships through BP’s investment into non-food next-generation biofuels (NGB) feedstocks farming. This study reviewed all BP’s NGB development projects undertaken from 2006 until 2016. Secondary data was collected through media, corporate websites/reports and newsletters. Next, the NGB development projects were mapped into a technology roadmap (TRM). From this case study, it is hoped that BP’s pursuance on the NGB development could be referred by other oil companies that would have a similar intention of the NGB developers.
Natural Brise Soleil: The Effects of Vegetation Shading on Thermal Environment of Residential Buildings in Hot and Humid Tropics
Authors: Mari T S , Kuppusamy S , Gunasagaran S , Srirangam S , Ang F L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In hot and humid tropics, excess solar gain in buildings results in high cooling load. Shading is a common strategy used to protect the building’s skin from excessive solar exposure. Vegetation shading is often used minimize the incident solar radiation and cool the building and affect the building’s energy performance. Thus, the study present findings on effects of vegetation shading on indoor and outdoor thermal environment in the hot and humid tropics of Malaysia. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of vegetation shading on the thermal environment of urban housing. An experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of vegetation on two residential buildings of 2 1/2-storey of typical materials and construction. Findings from the study evidence that vegetation has significant effects in modifying the microclimate by shading and evapotranspiration process. The results show that the outdoor temperature of CS1 (with vegetation) is significantly lower (3.3°C) in comparison with CS2 (non-vegetated) as the effects of vegetation shading. There is also a significant reduction of 3.4°C in the indoor temperature compared to the outdoor at CS1. The results show that vegetation shading is an excellent passive cooling strategy for buildings, potentially improving thermal environment and conserving energy.
A Deep Review of Fly Wheel Energy Storage System Made from Aluminium Material
Authors: Saeed Atif , Talha Muhammad , Jaffer Mutafa , Yousuf Khan Hayyan , Haider Ali , Ali Wajahat 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Nowadays, the most critical crisis for man at hand is to advance itself towards the most effective and efficient means. Hence forth, the flywheel experiment has been performed, to understand and discover more uses for this apparatus. The flywheel itself is a wheel that is used mainly as a prime mover for most every day machines such as steam locomotives, mechanical water wells, etcetera. A more advanced use for this wheel is a flywheel energy storage system which is used to generate clean and environment-friendly energy. This study focusses on optimizing aluminium flywheel and come up with an RPM imposes minimum stress on flywheel and in addition could yield maximum efficiency. At the end it was concluded that low RPM ranging from 1100-1200 could yield a maximum efficiency of 80% approx…
Optimization of the Design Parameter for Standing Wave Thermoacoustic Refrigerator using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Yuan Ong Jing , Jin King Yeong , Huat Saw Lip , Keng Theng Kai 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator has a potential of replacing conventional vapor compression refrigeration system due to several factors. Firstly, this green technology does not contain any harmful chemicals or ozone depletion refrigerant. In fact, it uses the sound wave to generate the cooling effect. Thus, it is friendly to the environment. Besides, this technology is affordable, lightweight and easy to be constructed too. However, it has a low coefficient of performance compared to conventional refrigerator with the same cooling capacity. Recently, there is no noticeable breakthrough in the research of this technology. In this study, genetic algorithm is used to optimize the design parameters of the standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator system to achieve the highest coefficient of performance. Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm is used to provide the performance trend of a standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator system. There are five normalized parameters which will undergo optimization using genetic algorithm, namely normalized stack length, normalized stack center position, blockage ratio, drive ratio and normalized gas thermal penetration depth. The results show that the highest COP that can be achieved by a thermoacoustic refrigerator system (working gas = air, temperature = 300 K and pressure = 1 atm) is 4.8904. The coefficient of performance is about 120.3 % higher than the previously published data. A standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator prototype is built based on the optimized results obtained from genetic algorithm, whereby the system is operating under no load condition. It is found that the experimental results agree well with the optimization results.
Comparative start-up between mesophilic and thermophilic for acidified palm oil mill effluent treatment
Authors: Fikri Hamzah Muhammad Arif , Md Jahim Jamaliah , Mohamed Abdul Peer 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Malaysia is one of the largest palm oil producers in the world and its most abundant waste, palm oil mill effluent (POME), can be used as a feedstock to produce methane. Anaerobic digestion is suitable for treating the POME for methane production due to its tolerance to high strength chemical oxygen demand (COD). This work emphasizes the study of conditions during the start-up of anaerobic digestion of acidified POME between thermophilic (55 °C) and mesophilic (37 °C). The pH of the digester was maintained throughout the experiment at 7.3±0.2 in 1000 ml working volume. The study showed that the thermophilic was much faster to stabilize on the 44th days compared with the mesophilic on the 52nd days. Furthermore, the thermophilic also indicates higher biogas production, which was 0.60 l/l/d compared with 0.26 l/l/d of mesophilic. This result can be supported by the COD removal of thermophilic which also higher.
Treatment of produced water mixed with polymer from petroleum production
Authors: Thanamun C , Limsuwan P , Maneeintr K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In the petroleum industry, polymer flooding is one of the main methods in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) that applies a water-soluble polymer such as partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) to increase oil production. It is added to the flooding water to improve the oil movement. During the process, water is produced as a by-product along with oil and gas production. Moreover, produced water with polymer is more difficult to treat than that from conventional water-flooding process because it is complex and highly contaminated wastewater. The proper technology is required to treat this kind of wastewater and reuse it for oil production. Furthermore, the small to fine particles in the produced are needed to be removed because these particles can plug the reservoir in the oilfield. One of the main treatment processes is to apply the coagulant to agglomerate the fine particles and remove them before injection the water into the reservoir. Therefore, the objective of this study is to treat the produced water mixed with HPAM from petroleum production by using coagulants like polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and to investigate the effect of parameters such as coagulant dosage and polymer concentration on the treatment of produced water. The results are compared the performance with the conventional coagulant, potassium aluminum sulfate (potassium alum). The operating parameters of this study are coagulant dosage ranging from 300 to 900 mg/L and HPAM concentrations from 500 to 2,000 mg/L. In addition, the turbidity, as well as total suspended solids (TSS) are also studied. The results indicated that with an increase in HPAM concentration, the TSS and turbidity increase gradually under the same conditions. The results show that with 900 mg/L of coagulants, TSS and turbidity can be removed up to 89% and 94% with PAC and 39% and 27% with potassium alum, respectively. PAC can provide higher performance over alum at the same conditions; thus, leading to the reduction in chemical consumption and cost. Consequently, this method can be applied to use in the wastewater treatment from oil production with polymer flooding before injecting this produced water back into the reservoir.
Performance Improvement Optimisation of a Photovoltaic System located at the Tropical Climate using Water-Film Cooling Method
Authors: Mah Chia-Yi , Lim Boon-Han , Wong Chee-Woon , Tan Ming-Hui , Chong Kok-Keong , Lai An-Chow 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The temperature rise of solar panels can cause significant reduction in the energy generation especially for the countries located in tropical climate region. It is more effective to use water-film for cooling the front surface of solar panels, but the energy consumption of the water-cooled photovoltaic system (WCPV) needs to be reduced to obtain a higher net energy gain. In this study, a discrete water-supply water-cooling system (D-WCPV) has been proposed to reduce the energy consumption of the water pump and to improve the performance of a retrofit or building integrated photovoltaic system through reduction of the panel temperature. The discrete mechanism utilises a relay to switch on the power supply of the water pump whenever the temperature of the solar panel has reached the threshold of 45 °C. It is found that minimum flow rate for the D-WCPV is 8 L/min to form a full coverage of water on the surface of the solar panel for providing an uniform cooling effect and hence providing a better performance improvement. A comparison has also been made for the continuous water-supply water-cooling system (C-WCPV) and D-WCPV. D-WCPV has two advantages over C-WCPV as follows: 1) the energy consumption of the water pump operating at flow rate of 8 L/min has been reduced by 86.7% from 0.057 kWh/h to 0.0076 kWh/h and (2) the net energy gain (NEG) of the system at solar irradiation ranging from 806 Wh/m2 to 950 Wh/m2 has been increased by 80.2% from 5.5% to 10.0%.