bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of different deodorising processes on the off‐odour compounds and gel properties of common carp surimi
Authors: Jin Ritian , Meng Ran , Zhang Huimin , Yang Xiaofei , Wu Zhaoxia 
Published: April 2018

SummaryIn order to improve the utilisation of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the effects of deodorising agents [NaCl, β‐CD, malic acid (MA) and hawthorn extract (HE)] on the volatile compounds of common carp mince and its surimi gel properties were investigated. In total, thirty‐two volatile compounds were identified, seven of which were considered the main compounds of off‐odour, using HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS and OVA analyses. HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS analysis showed that MA and HE removed 84.51% and 77.18% off‐odour compounds, respectively. Three relaxation components (T21, T22, T23) were found in surimi, and their amounts were not affected by deodorising; however, the relaxation time of major component T22 was significantly increased. Surimi deodorised by HE had the highest gel strength because of its increased breaking displacement; however, a slight decrease in whiteness was observed. Thus, appropriate levels of HE could improve the palatability of surimi.
Expression of HLA‐DQA1 and HLA‐DQB1 genes in B lymphocytes, monocytes and whole blood
Authors: Zajacova M. , Kotrbova‐Kozak A. , Cerna M. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryDifferential expression of HLA‐DQA1 and HLA‐DQB1 gene alleles was analysed in three different cell populations isolated from peripheral blood—B lymphocytes, monocytes and whole‐blood cells. Interallelic differences in mRNA levels were observed: DQA1*03 alleles were among the most expressed in all cell types, whereas DQA1*05 alleles were least expressed in whole blood and monocytes and among the most expressed in B cells. For DQB1 gene, DQB1*06 group of alleles were the most expressed, and DQB1*02 group the least expressed within all cell populations examined. In comparison with the rest alleles, DQB1*06 and DQB1*05:02 alleles have higher expression in monocytes than in B cells, professional antigen‐presenting cells. Cell type‐specific regulation of expression was observed as well, with higher and more balanced expression of alleles in B lymphocytes compared to monocytes.
Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy acts as a therapeutic investigation for intractable hemospermia: Step‐by‐step illustrations and single‐surgeon experience
Authors: Hu Ju‐Chuan , Chen Chuan‐Shu 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveTo describe the methodology of transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy and the anatomy of the seminal tract, and to report a single‐surgeon experience with this procedure.MethodsA total of 38 consecutive patients with intractable macroscopic hemospermia were enrolled from January 2010 to July 2016. A 6/7.5‐Fr semirigid ureteroscope was used to enter the seminal tract by one of these two approaches: through either a trans‐ejaculatory duct opening or a trans‐utricle fenestration. Patient characteristics and their preoperative and postoperative measurements were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsThe success rate of transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy was 92.1%, whereas the approaching method in most patients was the trans‐utricle fenestration (88.89%). A total of 34 (94.4%) transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy inspections ended with complete remission, even though nearly half of them (47.2%) only disclosed negative perioperative findings. The median period to complete remission was 4 weeks (interquartile range 4–6 weeks) after the procedure. Four patients had recurrent hemospermia, and the median time to recurrence was 21.5 (range 13–48.5) months.ConclusionsTransurethral seminal vesiculoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool for intractable hemospermia, and also plays a therapeutic role by blocking the vicious cycle of stasis, calculi and seminal vesiculitis. More familiarity of the anatomy and enough practice would make the learning curve less steep.
Bacterial community structure and diversity in the gut of the muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), from India
Authors: Gandotra S. , Kumar A. , Naga K. , Bhuyan P. M. , Gogoi D. K. , Sharma K. , Subramanian S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis, is exclusively present in the northeastern regions of India and rearing of this silkworm is a vocation unique to this region in the world. Through culture‐dependent techniques, generic identification using 16S ribosomal RNA probes, diversity analysis and qualitative screening for enzyme activities, our studies have identified a number of bacterial isolates, viz. Bacillus spp., Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter sp. and Alcaligens sp., inhabiting the gut of the muga silkworm. Analysis of the culturable bacterial community from the gut of An. assamensis revealed that Bacillus (54%) was the predominant bacterial genus followed by Serratia (24%), Pseudomonas (10%) and Alcaligens (6%). Significant differences in the Shannon–Wiener (H') and Simpson (D) diversity indices of gut bacteria were recorded for An. assamensis collected from different regions. H' and D values were found to be highest for An. assamensis from the Titabar region (H' = 4.73 ± 0.43; D = 10.00 ± 0.11) and lowest for individuals from the Mendipathar region (H' = 2.1 ± 0.05; D = 0.04 ± 0.00) of northeastern India. Qualitative screening for enzyme activities identified about 26 gut bacterial isolates having significantly higher cellulose, amylase and lipase activities. These isolates probably contribute to the digestion and nutrition of their host insect, An. assamensis.
Effects of nonprotein amino acids on survival and locomotion ofOsmia bicornis
Authors: Felicioli A. , Sagona S. , Galloni M. , Bortolotti L. , Bogo G. , Guarnieri M. , Nepi M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo investigate the effects of two nectar nonprotein amino acids, β‐alanine and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), onOsmia bicornissurvival and locomotion, two groups of caged bees were fed with sugar syrup enriched with β‐alanine and GABA, respectively. A further control group was fed with sugar syrup. Five behavioural categories were chosen according to the principle of parsimony and intrinsic unitary consistency from start to end, and recorded by scan sampling: two states (remaining under paper or in tubes) and three events (walking on net, feeding from flower and flying). We also analysed the amino acid content of haemolymph sampled from an additional 45 bees fed the same diets (15 per diet type). Bees fed with β‐alanine had a significantly shorter survival time than those fed with the control and GABA diets. The GABA diet induced higher levels of locomotion than β‐alanine. The former nonprotein amino acid was only detected in the haemolymph of bees fed GABA. The results suggest that insects consuming nonprotein amino‐acid‐rich diets absorb and transfer these substances to the haemolymph and that nonprotein amino acids affect survival and locomotion. Ecological consequences are discussed in the framework of plant reproductive biology.
Transcriptional activities of two newly identified Haemaphysalis longicornis tick‐derived promoter regions in the Ixodes scapularis tick cell line (ISE6)
Authors: Kusakisako K. , Ido A. , Masatani T. , Morokuma H. , Hernandez E. P. , Talactac M. R. , Yoshii K. , Tanaka T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTicks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites considered to be second to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases and the most important vector for animals. Despite efforts to control tick infestations, they remain a serious health problem. Gene manipulation has been established in mosquitoes and led to the control of mosquito populations and of mosquito‐borne pathogens. Therefore, gene manipulation could be useful for controlling ticks and tick‐borne pathogens. To investigate effective gene expression vectors for ticks, the promoter activities of commercial plasmids were evaluated in a tick cell line (ISE6). Dual luciferase assays revealed that pmirGLO, the human phosphoglycerate kinase promoter contained plasmid vector, showed the highest activity in ISE6 cells amongst the tested plasmids. Moreover, we identified the promoter regions of the Haemaphysalis longicornis actin (HlAct) and the intracellular ferritin (HlFer1) genes. To construct a more effective expression vector for ticks, these promoter regions were inserted into pmirGLO (pmirGLO‐HlAct pro and pmirGLO‐HlFer1 pro). The pmirGLO‐HlAct pro vector showed significantly higher promoter activity than pmirGLO, whereas the pmirGLO‐HlFer1 pro vector demonstrated significantly lower promoter activity than pmirGLO in ISE6 cells. The HlAct promoter region may have high promoter activity in ISE6 cells. The results of the present study provide useful information for the development of a genetic modification system in ticks.
Termite soldiers contribute to social immunity by synthesizing potent oral secretions
Authors: He S. , Johnston P. R. , Kuropka B. , Lokatis S. , Weise C. , Plarre R. , Kunte H.‐J. , McMahon D. P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe importance of soldiers to termite society defence has long been recognized, but the contribution of soldiers to other societal functions, such as colony immunity, is less well understood. We explore this issue by examining the role of soldiers in protecting nestmates against pathogen infection. Even though they are unable to engage in grooming behaviour, we find that the presence of soldiers of the Darwin termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis, significantly improves the survival of nestmates following entomopathogenic infection. We also show that the copious exocrine oral secretions produced by Darwin termite soldiers contain a high concentration of proteins involved in digestion, chemical biosynthesis, and immunity. The oral secretions produced by soldiers are sufficient to protect nestmates against infection, and they have potent inhibitory activity against a broad spectrum of microbes. Our findings support the view that soldiers may play an important role in colony immunity, and broaden our understanding of the possible function of soldiers during the origin of soldier‐first societies.
Media reporting of health interventions in New Zealand: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Robinson Christian , Cutfield Nick , Mottershead John , Sharples Katrina , Richards Rosalina , Kingan Jason , Ledgard Celina , Liyanage Anuja , McLean Jennifer , Nahab Fouad , Stewart Fergus , Strachan Samuel , Tucker Kathryn , Zhang Zhiyuan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimTo evaluate New Zealand media articles on their coverage of key issues regarding health interventions and whether it is consistent with available evidence.MethodsA retrospective analysis was carried out of all articles published in five New Zealand media sources over a 6‐week period between 15 October and 26 November 2014. Articles were included if their primary focus was on health interventions involving medications, devices or in‐hospital procedures. Articles were assessed for coverage of key issues using previously validated 10‐point criteria. A literature review was performed to compare content with scientific evidence.ResultsWe identified 30 articles for review. Only 4 of 30 articles covered indications, benefits and risks, and of these, two were consistent with available evidence (7%, 95% CI 1%–22%). For articles that discussed at least one of indications, benefits or risks, and there was corresponding evidence available, there was a high level of consistency with the evidence (89%, 95% CI 77%–95%). The overall mean value of coverage from the 10‐point criteria was 51% (95% CI 45%–58%). Single questions regarding the potential harm, costs associated with the intervention and the availability of alternative options were particularly poorly covered. They were rated as ‘satisfactory’ in 13%, 23% and 33% of the 30 articles respectively.ConclusionNew Zealand news articles covering medical treatments and interventions are largely consistent with available evidence but are incomplete. Vital information is being consistently missed, especially around the potential harms and costs of medical interventions.
Generation of memory B cells and their reactivation
Authors: Inoue Takeshi , Moran Imogen , Shinnakasu Ryo , Phan Tri Giang , Kurosaki Tomohiro 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe successful establishment of humoral memory response depends on at least two layers of defense. Pre‐existing protective antibodies secreted by long‐lived plasma cells act as a first line of defense against reinfection (“constitutive humoral memory”). Previously, a second line of defense in which pathogen‐experienced memory B cells are rapidly reactivated to produce antibodies (“reactive humoral memory”), was considered as simply a back‐up system for the first line (particularly for re‐infection with homologous viruses). However, in the case of re‐infection with similar but different strains of viruses, or in response to viral escape mutants, the reactive humoral memory plays a crucial role. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how memory B cells are generated in the pre‐GC stage and during the GC reaction, and how these memory B cells are robustly reactivated with the help of memory Tfh cells to generate the secondary antibody response. In addition, we discuss how these advances may be relevant to the quest for a vaccine that can induce broadly reactive antibodies against influenza and HIV.
ILC2 memory: Recollection of previous activation
Authors: Martinez‐Gonzalez Itziar , Ghaedi Maryam , Steer Catherine A. , Mathä Laura , Vivier Eric , Takei Fumio 
Published: April 2018

SummaryImmunological memory, traditionally thought to belong to T and B cells, has now been extended to innate lymphocytes, including NK cells and ILC2s, myeloid cells such as macrophages, also termed “trained immunity” and more recently to epithelial stem cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying memory generation on ILC2s and speculate about their potential role in human allergic diseases, such as asthma. Moreover, we examine the relevance of the spontaneous ILC2 activation in the lung during the neonatal period in order to efficiently respond to stimuli later in life. These “training” of neonatal ILC2s may have an impact on the generation of memory ILC2s in the adulthood.
The role of cytokines in T‐cell memory in health and disease
Authors: Raeber Miro E. , Zurbuchen Yves , Impellizzieri Daniela , Boyman Onur 
Published: April 2018

SummaryUpon stimulation with their cognate antigen, naive T cells undergo proliferation and differentiation into effector cells, followed by apoptosis or survival as precursors of long‐lived memory cells. These phases of a T‐cell response and the ensuing maintenance of memory T cells are shaped by cytokines, most notably interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), IL‐7, and IL‐15 that share the common γ chain (γc) cytokine receptor. Steady‐state production of IL‐7 and IL‐15 is necessary for background proliferation and homeostatic survival of CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. During immune responses, augmented levels of IL‐2, IL‐15, IL‐21, IL‐12, IL‐18, and type‐I interferons determine the memory potential of antigen‐specific effector CD8+ cells, while increased IL‐2 and IL‐15 cause bystander proliferation of heterologous CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. Limiting availability of γc cytokines, reduction in regulatory T cells or IL‐10, and persistence of inflammation or cognate antigen can result in memory T cells, which fail to become cytokine‐dependent long‐lived cells. Conversely, increased IL‐7 and IL‐15 can expand memory T cells, including pathogenic tissue‐resident memory T cells, as seen in lymphopenia and certain chronic‐inflammatory disorders and malignancies. These abovementioned factors impact immunotherapy and vaccines directed at memory T cells in cancer and chronic infection.
TCR tuning of T cell subsets
Authors: Cho Jae‐Ho , Sprent Jonathan 
Published: April 2018

SummaryAfter selection in the thymus, the post‐thymic T cell compartments comprise heterogenous subsets of naive and memory T cells that make continuous T cell receptor (TCR) contact with self‐ligands bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. T cell recognition of self‐MHC ligands elicits covert TCR signaling and is particularly important for controlling survival of naive T cells. Such tonic TCR signaling is tightly controlled and maintains the cells in a quiescent state to avoid autoimmunity. Here, we review how naive and memory T cells are differentially tuned and wired for TCR sensitivity to self and foreign ligands.
Innate immune memory: An evolutionary perspective
Authors: Gourbal Benjamin , Pinaud Silvain , Beckers Gerold J. M. , Van Der Meer Jos W. M. , Conrath Uwe , Netea Mihai G. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryOver the last decades, there was increasing evidence for the presence of innate immune memory in living organisms. In this review, we compare the innate immune memory of various organisms with a focus on phylogenetics. We discuss the acquisition and molecular basis of immune memory and we describe the innate immune memory paradigm and its role in host defense during evolution. The molecular characterization of innate immunological memory in diverse organisms and host‐parasite systems reconciles mechanisms with phenomena and paves the way to molecular comprehension of innate immune memory. We also revise the traditional classification of innate and adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates. We emphasize that innate immune responses have the capacity to be “primed” or “trained”, thereby exerting a yet unknown type of immunological memory upon re‐infection.
Memory CD8 T cell inflation vs tissue‐resident memory T cells: Same patrollers, same controllers?
Authors: Welten Suzanne P. M. , Sandu Ioana , Baumann Nicolas S. , Oxenius Annette 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe induction of long‐lived populations of memory T cells residing in peripheral tissues is of considerable interest for T cell‐based vaccines, as they can execute immediate effector functions and thus provide protection in case of pathogen encounter at mucosal and barrier sites. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐based vaccines support the induction and accumulation of a large population of effector memory CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, in a process called memory inflation. Tissue‐resident memory (TRM) T cells, induced by various infections and vaccination regimens, constitute another subset of memory cells that take long‐term residence in peripheral tissues. Both memory T cell subsets have evoked substantial interest in exploitation for vaccine purposes. However, a direct comparison between these two peripheral tissue‐localizing memory T cell subsets with respect to their short‐ and long‐term ability to provide protection against heterologous challenge is pending. Here, we discuss communalities and differences between TRM and inflationary CD8 T cells with respect to their development, maintenance, function, and protective capacity. In addition, we discuss differences and similarities between the transcriptional profiles of TRM and inflationary T cells, supporting the notion that they are distinct memory T cell populations.
Immunological memory: What's in a name?
Authors: Pradeu Thomas , Du Pasquier Louis 
Published: April 2018

SummaryImmunological memory is one of the core topics of contemporary immunology. Yet there are many discussions about what this concept precisely means, which components of the immune system display it, and in which phyla it exists. Recent years have seen the multiplication of claims that immunological memory can be found in “innate” immune cells and in many phyla beyond vertebrates (including invertebrates, plants, but also bacteria and archaea), as well as the multiplication of concepts to account for these phenomena, such as “innate immune memory” or “trained immunity”. The aim of this critical review is to analyze these recent claims and concepts, and to distinguish ideas that have often been misleadingly associated, such as memory, adaptive immunity, and specificity. We argue that immunological memory is a gradual and multidimensional phenomenon, irreducible to any simple dichotomy, and we show why adopting this new view matters from an experimental and therapeutic point of view.
TCR repertoire evolution during maintenance of CMV‐specific T‐cell populations
Authors: Schober Kilian , Buchholz Veit R. , Busch Dirk H. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryDuring infections and cancer, the composition of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells changes over time. TCR avidity is thought to be a major driver of this process, thereby interacting with several additional regulators of T‐cell responses to form a composite immune response architecture. Infections with latent viruses, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), can lead to large T‐cell responses characterized by an oligoclonal TCR repertoire. Here, we review the current status of experimental studies and theoretical models of TCR repertoire evolution during CMV infection. We will particularly discuss the degree to which this process may be determined through structural TCR avidity. As engineered TCR‐redirected T cells have moved into the spotlight for providing more effective immunotherapies, it is essential to understand how the key features of a given TCR influence T‐cell expansion and maintenance in settings of infection or malignancy. Deeper insights into these mechanisms will improve our basic understanding of T‐cell immunology and help to identify optimal TCRs for immunotherapy.
Thresholds, sensitive stages and genetic variability of finger millet to high temperature stress
Authors: Opole R. A. , Prasad P. V. V. , Djanaguiraman M. , Vimala K. , Kirkham M. B. , Upadhyaya H. D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFinger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an important coarse cereal crop grown in the arid and semi‐arid regions and often experiences high temperature (HT) stress. The objectives of this research were (i) to quantify effects of season‐long HT stress on physiological and yield traits, (ii) to identify the developmental stages most sensitive to HT stress and (iii) to quantify the genetic variability for HT stress tolerance in finger millet. Research was conducted in controlled environment conditions. HT stress decreased the chlorophyll index, photosystem II activity, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum decrease in number of seeds per panicle and grain yield per plant was observed when stress was imposed during booting, panicle emergence or flowering stages. Maximum genotypic variation was explained by panicle width and number of seeds per panicle at optimum temperature (OT) and grain yield per plant at HT and number of seeds at HT. Based on the stress response and grain yield, tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Finger millet is sensitive to HT stress during reproductive stages, and there was genotypic variability among the finger millet genotypes for number of seeds per panicle and grain yield under HT, which can be exploited to enhance stress tolerance.