bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends and Characteristics of Proposed and Enacted State Legislation on Childhood Vaccination Exemption, 2011–2017
Authors: Goldstein Neal D. , Suder Joanna S. , Purtle Jonathan 
Published: November 2018

Objectives. To examine trends and characteristics of proposed and enacted state legislation that would directly affect states’ immunization exemption laws. Methods. We performed content analysis of proposed bills in state legislatures from 2011 to 2017. We classified bills as provaccination or antivaccination. Results. State legislators proposed 175 bills, with the volume increasing over time: 92 (53%) bills expanded access to exemptions, and 83 (47%) limited the ability to exempt. Of the 13 bills signed into law, 12 (92%) limited the ability to exempt. Bills that expanded access to exemptions were more likely to come from Republican legislators and Northeastern and Southern states. Conclusions. Although most proposed legislation would have expanded access to exemptions, bills that limited exemptions were more likely to be enacted into law. Legal barriers to exempt one’s children from vaccination persist despite vaccine hesitancy, which is encouraging for public health. Public Health Implications. Most vaccine exemption laws introduced in state legislatures would pose threats to the public’s health. There is a need for constituents to engage their elected legislators and advocate provaccination policies.
Amphetamine- and Opioid-Affected Births: Incidence, Outcomes, and Costs, United States, 2004–2015
Authors: Admon Lindsay K. , Bart Gavin , Kozhimannil Katy B. , Richardson Caroline R. , Dalton Vanessa K. , Winkelman Tyler N. A. 
Published: November 2018

Objectives. To estimate trends in incidence, outcomes, and costs among hospital deliveries related to amphetamines and opioids. Methods. We analyzed 2004-to-2015 data from the National Inpatient Sample, a nationally representative sample of hospital discharges in the United States compiled by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, by using a repeated cross-sectional design. We estimated the incidence of hospital deliveries related to maternal amphetamine or opioid use with weighted logistic regression. We measured clinical outcomes and costs with weighted multivariable logistic regression and generalized linear models. Results. Amphetamine- and opioid-related deliveries increased disproportionately across rural compared with urban counties in 3 of 4 census regions between 2008 to 2009 and 2014 to 2015. By 2014 to 2015, amphetamine use was identified among approximately 1% of deliveries in the rural West, which was higher than the opioid-use incidence in most regions. Compared with opioid-related and other hospital deliveries, amphetamine-related deliveries were associated with higher incidence of preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Conclusions. Increasing incidence of amphetamine and opioid use among delivering women and associated adverse gestational outcomes indicate that amphetamine and opioid use affecting birth represent worsening public health crises.
Metabolismo nitrogenado em bovinos suplementados a pasto durante a transição águas seca
Authors: Goes R. H. T. B. , Gandra J. , Marquez A. , Oliveira E. R. de , Fernandes H. , Cardoso T. J. De L. , Braves K. , Yoshihara M. 
Published: November 2018

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o consumo, a fermentação ruminal, síntese de proteina microbiana, balanço dos compostos nitrogenados e comportamento ingestivo de suplemento de novilhos mantidos a pasto, suplementados com níveis crescentes de proteína bruta. Foram utilizados 4 novilhos mestiços, com idade média de 24 meses, peso corporal médio de 400 kg, providos de cânula ruminal. Os animais foram mantidos em piquetes individuais, em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. Os suplementos experimentais foram constituídos por diferentes níveis de proteína: T00= Suplemento mineral (controle); T20= Su-plemento concentrado com 20 % de PB; T40= Suplemento concentrado com 40 % de PB; T60= Suplemento concentrado com 60 % de PB. Não foi observado efeito sobre o consumo de matéria seca. Foi observado efeito sobre as concentrações de valerato, porém não foram observadas respostas lineares ou quadráticas. O tratamento T60 apresentou menor velocida-de de ingestão de suplemento em relação aos demais. Os níveis de suplementação proteica não influenciaram o consumo de matéria seca, síntese de proteína microbiana e balanço de compostos nitrogenados, porem influenciaram as concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia ramificada e a velocidade de consumo de suplemento proteico.
Functional Extremum Solution and Parameter Estimation for One‐Dimensional Vertical Infiltration using the Brooks–Corey Model
Authors: Su Lijun , Yang Xin , Wang Quanjiu , Qin Xinqiang , Zhou Beibei , Shan Yuyang 
Published: November 2018

Core Ideas
Least action and variational principles were used to simulate unsaturated vertical infiltration.
A functional extremum explicit solution to Richards' equation was obtained.
A new method describes nonlinear relationships between cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate and wetting‐front depth.
The method could be used to accurately predict soil water content and estimate soil hydraulic parameters.
A simple analytical solution of one‐dimensional vertical infiltration of soil water is of great importance for the estimation of soil hydraulic properties and for precision irrigation. We use a new approximate analytical method based on the principle of least action and the variational principle for simulating the vertical infiltration of water in unsaturated soil for a constant‐saturation upper boundary and for estimating infiltration parameters. The method proposes the functional extremum problem of one‐dimensional vertical infiltration of water in unsaturated soil using the Brooks–Corey model. A functional extremum solution (FES) to Richards' equation was obtained using the Euler–Lagrange equation and the integral mean‐value theorem. A modified functional extremum solution (MFES) was also proposed empirically to improve precision based on the FES of horizontal absorption and numerical data simulated by Hydrus‐1D. The relationships between a parameter derived by the value theorem of the integral (α), the air‐entry suction (hd), and the wetting front depth (zf) were analyzed by comparing MFES with the numerical distribution of soil water content. The MFES was used to describe the nonlinear relationship between cumulative infiltration and zf, with the relative error (Re) of < 4.1% and the coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.986. The MFES was also used to describe the nonlinear relationship between the infiltration rate (i) and the reciprocal of zf for soils with hd ≥10 cm, with Re < 6.0% and R2 > 0.8453. A simple method for estimating soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) was proposed from the nonlinear relationship between i and zf, and the sensitivities of parameters in the Brooks–Corey model were also analyzed.
Pedogenic Pathways in Andic Soils of the Northern Rocky Mountains (USA)
Authors: McDaniel P. , Ross M. , Jimenez J. , Strawn D. G. , Valerio M. , Kimsey M. J. , Campbell S. , Falen A. 
Published: November 2018

Core Ideas
Andic soils are extensive in the Northern Rocky Mountains.
Andic soils form via three primary pathways.
Several decades of research on these soils are reviewed and summarized.
Landscapes of the Northern Rocky Mountains Major Land Resource Area (MLRA 43A) are dominated by andic soils, which occupy more than 4.7 million ha in the region. This paper reviews research conducted on these soils over the past three decades and describes three primary pathways by which these soils form. Two of these pathways—allophanic and non‐allophanic—are similar in that they are variations of the general process of andisolization in which in situ weathering leads to the formation of various nanoscale minerals and metal‐organic complexes that impart andic soil properties. The third pathway is defined by the dominance of podzolization, in which distinct translocation of the weathering products has occurred and andisolization is a subsidiary process. The majority of andic soils in the region have silandic properties and have formed via the allophanic pathway. In areas where forest vegetation has been replaced by bracken fern communities, non‐allophanic soils form and develop aluandic properties in which the majority of secondary Al is contained in organic complexes. At higher elevations and sites with greater snowpack and effective precipitation, podzolization replaces andisolization as the dominant pedogenic process, resulting in the formation of Spodosols and spodic intergrades. Each of these three pedogenic pathways can be altered by disturbance. When disturbance is followed by erosion, diminishment or in extreme cases, complete loss of andic properties can occur.
Extreme Precipitation Years and Their Occurrence Frequency Regulate Long‐Term Groundwater Recharge and Transit Time
Authors: Shao Jin , Si Bingcheng , Jin Jiming 
Published: November 2018

Core Ideas
Long‐term groundwater recharge in semiarid regions was investigated.
New deep drainage and water table schemes were added to Community Land Model.
Most groundwater recharge at depth occurs in wet years.
Frequency of wet years in a period controls the groundwater recharge in that period.
Deep drainage, defined as the water flux below the plant root zone, is potential groundwater recharge in arid and semiarid regions but remains poorly understood. This study aims to explore long‐term (1901–2015) deep drainage (at the 75‐m depth) in a semiarid region with deep unsaturated zone (>90‐m depth). For this purpose, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field on the Loess Plateau of China was investigated using the Community Land Model (CLM) version 4.0. A new water table scheme was added to CLM version 4.0 to better simulate the water table depth. We found that wet years (with precipitation >650 mm yr−1) are the main source of recharge to the deep soil (e.g., >75‐m depth). The average response time of recharge to a wet year was 8.3 yr to 75‐m depth, which is only 9% of the response time averaged across all non‐wet years in the period. Our results also indicate that the frequency of wet years rather than the average annual precipitation amount plays a more important role in generating deep drainage and groundwater recharge. The results of this study provide new insight into the long‐term groundwater recharge in regions with a deep unsaturated zone.
The utilization of a GR4J model and wavelet-based artificial neural network for rainfall–runoff modelling
Authors: Sezen C. , Partal T. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Data-driven models and conceptual models have been utilized in an attempt to perform rainfall–runoff modelling. The aim of this study is comparing the performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) model, wavelet-based artificial neural network (WANN) model and GR4J lumped daily conceptual model for rainfall–runoff modelling of two rivers in the USA. It was obtained that the performance of the data-driven models (ANN, WANN) is better than the GR4J model especially when streamflow data the preceding day (Qt-1) and streamflow data the preceding two days (Qt-2) are used as input data in the ANN and WANN models for the simulation of low and high flows, in particular. On the other hand, when only precipitation and potential evapotranspiration data are used as input variables, the GR4J model performs better than the data-driven models.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Shakil Md. Salman , Hasan Md. Ashraful , Sarker Satya Ranjan 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women worldwide. The extremely fast
rate of metastasis and ability to develop resistance mechanism to all the conventional drugs make them very difficult
to treat which are the causes of high morbidity and mortality of breast cancer patients. Scientists throughout the
world have been focusing on the early detection of breast tumor so that treatment can be started at the very early
stage. Moreover, conventional treatment processes such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and local surgery suffer from
various limitations including toxicity, genetic mutation of normal cells, and spreading of cancer cells to healthy tissues.
Therefore, new treatment regimens with minimum toxicity to normal cells need to be urgently developed.

Methods:
Iron oxide nanoparticles have been widely used for targeting hyperthermia and imaging of breast cancer
cells. They can be conjugated with drugs, proteins, enzymes, antibodies or nucleotides to deliver them to target organs,
tissues or tumors using external magnetic field.

Results:
Iron oxide nanoparticles have been successfully used as theranostic agents for breast cancer both in vitro
and in vivo. Furthermore, their functionalization with drugs or functional biomolecules enhance their drug delivery
efficiency and reduces the systemic toxicity of drugs.

Conclusion:
This review mainly focuses on the versatile applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
on the diagnosis, treatment, and detecting progress of breast cancer treatment. Their wide application is because of
their excellent superparamagnetic, biocompatible and biodegradable properties.
Progress in the Consideration of Possible Sex Differences in Drug Interaction Studies
Authors: Naidoo Panjasaram , Chetty Manoranjenni 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Anecdotal evidence suggests that there may be sex differences in Drug-drug Interactions
(DDI) involving specific drugs. Regulators have provided general guidance for the inclusion of females in clinical
studies. Some clinical studies have reported sex differences in the Pharmacokinetics (PK) of CYP3A4 substrates,
suggesting that DDI involving CYP3A4 substrates could potentially show sex differences.

Objective:
The aim of this review was to investigate whether recent prospective DDI studies have included both
sexes and whether there was evidence for the presence or absence of sex differences with the DDIs.

Methods:
The relevant details from 156 drug interaction studies within 124 papers were extracted and evaluated.

Results:
Only eight studies (five papers) compared the outcome of the DDI between males and females. The majority
of the studies had only male volunteers. Five studies had females only while 60 had males only, with 7.7% of the
studies having an equal proportion of both sexes. Surprisingly, four studies did not specify the sex of the subjects.

:
Based on the limited number of studies comparing males and females, no specific trends or conclusions were evident.
Sex differences in the interaction were reported between ketoconazole and midazolam as well as clarithromycin and
midazolam. However, no sex difference was observed with the interaction between clarithromycin and triazolam or
erythromycin and triazolam. No sex-related PK differences were observed with the interaction between ketoconazole
and domperidone, although sex-related differences in QT prolongation were observed.

Conclusion:
This review has shown that only limited progress had been made with the inclusion of both sexes in
DDI studies.
Formulation and Characterization of Genistein-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Pharmacokinetic, Biodistribution and In vitro Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Mittal Pooja , Vrdhan Harsh , Ajmal Gufran , Bonde Gunjan , Kapoor Ramit , Mishra Brahmeshwar 
Published: November 2018

Background:Genistein (Gen) is a naturally occurring soy isoflavonoid, possessing anticancer, antiproliferation & antioxidant-like properties. The disadvantage of poor solubility and less oral bioavailability restrict its use as a potential anticancer agent.Objectives:The current work was focused on the formulation and characterization of the genistein loaded nanostructured lipid carriers that can entrap enough quantity of the drug which will provide sustained release of the drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer.Methods:The nanostructure lipid carriers of genistein were developed with the aid of solvent emulsification and evaporation technique by employing TPGS as a surfactant. The resultant formulation was characterized by various physicochemical properties. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies were carried out to estimate the mean plasma concentrations of the drug. Percentage cytotoxicity was evaluated by using PA-1 ovarian cancer cell lines.Results:The resultant formulation exhibited a particle size of 130.23 nm, and entrapment efficiency of 94.27 %, & zeta potential of -20.21 mV with unimodal size distribution. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies revealed that the formulation was able to provide sufficient plasma drug concentration for the longer period of time and the drug was more distributed in ovarian cancer tissues. Results of MTT assay concluded that GenNLC were more effective in comparison to pristine Gen.Conclusion:In a nutshell, GenNLC seems to be a superior alternative carrier system for the formulation industry to obtain the higher entrapment with excellent stability of the formulation.
In Silico Protein Interaction Network Analysis of Virulence Proteins Associated with Invasive Aspergillosis for Drug Discovery
Authors: Chaudhary Renu , Balhara Meenakshi , Jangir Deepak Kumar , Dangi Mehak , Dangi Mrridula , Chhillar Anil K. 
Published: November 2018

<P>Background: Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of virulence proteins of Aspergillus fumigatus is a prevailing strategy to understand the mechanism behind the virulence of A. fumigatus. The identification of major hub proteins and targeting the hub protein as a new antifungal drug target will help in treating the invasive aspergillosis. </P><P> Materials & Method: In the present study, the PPI network of 96 virulence (drug target) proteins of A. fumigatus were investigated which resulted in 103 nodes and 430 edges. Topological enrichment analysis of the PPI network was also carried out by using STRING database and Network analyzer a cytoscape plugin app. The key enriched KEGG pathway and protein domains were analyzed by STRING.Conclusion:Manual curation of PPI data identified three proteins (PyrABCN-43, AroM-34, and Glt1- 34) of A. fumigatus possessing the highest interacting partners. Top 10% hub proteins were also identified from the network using cytohubba on the basis of seven algorithms, i.e. betweenness, radiality, closeness, degree, bottleneck, MCC and EPC. Homology model and the active pocket of top three hub proteins were also predicted.</P>
Morphological Evolution of Fe-Oxy-Hydroxide Nanotubes During Electrodeposition
Authors: Bocchetta Patrizia , Conciauro Francesca , Selleri Filippo 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Ordered arrays of 1D iron(oxyhydr)oxide nanostructures have potential
applications in magnetic recording mediums, lithium batteries, supercapacitors, and thermal production
of α-, β-, γ-type Fe2O3. Large surface areas with three-dimensional architectures, such as nanotubes,
are encouraged because the easy access of ion, gas, liquid and radiation assures high ion exchange
capacity, sensing and catalytic activities.

Objective:
In this work, the morphological evolution of Fe-oxyhydroxide electrodeposition inside
AAM pores has been followed for the first time by selecting two relevant electrochemical conditions
of synthesis producing high quality morphologies of nanotubes.

Methods:
Iron(oxyhydr)oxide nanotubes have been synthesized by cathodic electrodeposition at a
constant current in classic three-electrode cell. Two different electrolytic baths have been studied: (i)
an aqueous bath consisting of 5 mM FeCl3+5 mM KF+0.1 M KCl+1 M H2O2 (H-Fe) and (ii) an
ethanolic bath consisting of 0.3 M FeCl3 + 0.1 M KCl (Et-Fe).

Results:
XRD, Raman and SEM results on the iron(oxyhydr)oxide nanotubes suggest different
mechanisms of chemical precipitation mechanisms in Et-Fe alcoholic solution (dehydration and rearrangement
within the ferrihydrite aggregates) and H-Fe aqueous solution (dissolution/
reprecipitation). The morphological evolution of the growing nanostructure to nanotubes inside
AAM in the two baths agrees very well with the overpotential vs. time curves, the kinetic growth of
the nanotubes arrays and a growth mechanism governed by the relative mass transfer processes involving
both OH- and Fe ions.

Conclusion:
The morphological evolution of Fe-oxyhydroxide cathodic electroprecipitation inside
AAM pores in two relevant electrochemical baths containing Fe(III) (aqueous/H-Fe and alcoholic/Et-
Fe) has been followed for the first time by a comprehensive SEM analysis accompanied by electrochemical,
structural and kinetic growth of the nano-electrodeposits.

:
The detailed SEM results collected in this work allowed to recommend template electrogeneration of
base in ethanol solution containing Fe(III) chloride as a relevant procedure to obtain high-quality,
compact and well-ordered Fe oxy-hydroxide nanotubes.
Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation of the Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin Against Gamma Ray-Induced Skin Damage
Authors: Shabeeb Dheyauldeen , Najafi Masoud , Musa Ahmed Eleojo , Keshavarz Mansoor , Shirazi Alireza , Hassanzadeh Gholamreza , Hadian Mohammed Reza , Samandari Hedayat 
Published: November 2018

Background:Radiotherapy is one of the treatment methods for cancers using ionizing radiations. About 70% of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy. Radiation effect on the skin is one of the main complications of radiotherapy and dose limiting factor. To ameliorate this complication, we used melatonin as a radioprotective agent due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, free radical scavenging, improving overall survival after irradiation as well as minimizing the degree of DNA damage and frequency of chromosomal abrasions.Methods:Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control (C), melatonin (M), radiation (R) and melatonin + radiation (MR). A single dose of 30 Gy gamma radiation was exposed to the right hind legs of the rats while 40 mg/ml of melatonin was administered 30 minutes before irradiation and 2 mg/ml once daily in the afternoon for one month till the date of rat’s sacrifice. Five rats from each group were sacrificed 4, 12 and 20 weeks after irradiation. Afterwards, their exposed skin tissues were examined histologically and biochemically.Results:In biochemical analysis, we found that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in R group and decreased significantly in M and MR groups after 4, 12, and 20 weeks, whereas catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities decreased in the R group and increased in M and MR groups during the same time periods compared with the C group (p<0.05). Histopathological examination found there were statistically significant differences between R group compared with the C and M groups for the three different time periods (p<0.005, p<0.004 and p<0.004) respectively, while R group differed significantly with MR group (p<0.013). No significant differences were observed between C and M compared with MR group (p>0.05) at 4 and 20 weeks except for inflammation and hair follicle atrophy, while there were significant effects at 12 weeks (p<0.05).Conclusion:Melatonin can be successfully used for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced skin injury. We recommend the use of melatonin in optimal and safe doses. These doses should be administered over a long period of time for effective radioprotection and amelioration of skin damages as well as improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy.