bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expertise
Authors: Flach John M. , Voorhorst Fred A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The fundamental premise of this chapter is that expertise is not a property of any particular stage of information processing, nor is it a property of an individual. Rather it is the property of a triadic semiotic system where the quality of performance depends on the coupling of an agent with a problem ecology through a representation. The dynamics of this coupling is akin to a self-organizing, adaptive control system. The case is made that many of the debates about the nature of expertise arise from the different ways that people have parsed the triadic system into sub-components (elements or dyads). Thus, the fundamental point of this chapter is to support the claim that when it comes to expertise, the whole (the semiotic triad) is much more than the sum of the pieces.
Baptisteries in Ancient Sites and Rites
Authors: Rutherford H. Richard 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe archaeology of ancient Christian baptisteries, purpose-built venues for the initiation of new Christians, opens new avenues to study early Christianity. Through consideration of structure and design, space, liturgy, and the afterlife of baptisteries, this chapter brings the archaeology and liturgical tradition into a dialogue between site and rite about Christian initiation in Late Antiquity. Archaeology highlights the important role played by a water bath and anointing with blessed oil, on the one hand, and the corresponding evolution of liturgical space, on the other, illustrating how ritual evolution went hand in hand with changes in the material culture. The chapter empowers readers visiting any ancient baptistery to view the space as a sacred vestige of early Christianity through new lenses attuned to archaeology and material culture.
AnAnarchéologieof Icons
Authors: Peers Glenn 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the development of a distinctive early Christian genre: the icon. It does so by taking a relatively unknown, but important, example of a devotional panel in a U.S. collection with a (now) anonymous warrior saint trampling a demon while on horseback. This icon permits a methodological rumination on the means by which we come to think we know the historical meaning of such an object: our art historical premises, our photographic and museological knowledge of objects, and our own assumption about what constitutes a real “subject” in the past and in the present. This chapter attempts a kind of archaeology, an examination of strata in the icon, but really an anarchéologie of the icon, by which archaeology is problematized, undermined, in order to reveal the ways in which our culture has produced its histories.
Jordan
Authors: Schick Robert 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Well over three hundred sites, including over 150 well-preserved churches, provide abundant archaeological information on Christianity in Jordan. Archaeological investigation over the past hundred years has often focused on revealing architecture and mosaic floors, while careful, improved excavation techniques and use of scientific methods of analysis of finds in recent decades provide insights into anthropological topics, such as occupational history; standards of post-excavation conservation have improved as well. From their origins in the fourth century, material forms of Christianity spread in the fifth century and reached their high point in the sixth and seventh centuries, continuing into the early Islamic period, only to decline in the eighth century and beyond.
Community, Church, and Conversion in the Prefecture of Illyricum and the Cyclades
Authors: Sweetman Rebecca 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter surveys, through a series of case studies, the material aspects of early Christianity in provinces in the dioceses of Macedonia and Asia (Achaea, Thessalia, Macedonia Prima, Macedonia Secunda, Creta, and the Cyclades now in modern Greece). While many of the urban spaces see some topographic changes in the fourth and fifth centuries, the biggest impact on both urban and rural environments is the construction of a diverse range of Late Antique churches. Church construction begins earlier in Macedonia and the islands than in the rest of mainland Greece, which reflects more diverse network connections in these areas. Within specific topographic regions (e.g., Crete, the Peloponnese), network connections play a role in the choice of church location, but the analysis of the spread of churches clearly indicates a steady process of religious conversion. The archaeology and topography of early Christian churches therefore provides a significant contribution to understanding processes of Christianization.
Christian Landscapes in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Chavarría Arnau Alexandra 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter traces the material evidence for the spread of Christianity in the Iberian peninsula (including Spain and Portugal) between the third and seventh centuries, focusing on a critical review of traditional interpretations and identifications frequently based on inconsistent chronological references, fragile and poorly surviving materials, and often contradictory textual and archaeological evidence. The result is a new perspective on the subject that is much more comparable to that seen in other areas of the Mediterranean. The chapter will analyze the development of Christianization in cities and the countryside, taking into account when churches were built, who built them, and the political, economic, and social context in which Christian topography was created.
The Catacombs
Authors: Fiocchi Nicolai Vincenzo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Roman catacombs, dated to the early third century, are characterized by regular plans that made the best use of available space. In the late third and fourth centuries, the catacombs grew in number and extent through the establishment of new areas. Beginning in the fifth century, the Roman catacombs ceased to be the usual places of burial and become instead spaces dedicated to the cult of the martyrs. The catacombs of the Italian peninsula and the larger islands of the Mediterranean, Greece, and Roman Africa, dated usually between the fourth and fifth centuries, are fewer and smaller than those in Rome, but are distinct in their plans and adaptation to different environments.
Martyria
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Martyria served as spatial focal points for numerous practices associated with the early Christian cult of the saints. However, the archaeological study of these martyr shrines is limited by the lack of evidence prior to the fourth century, forcing scholars in many cases to rely on textual evidence for their reconstructions of spaces. This chapter studies the earliest evidence for martyr shrines in Smyrna and Rome, which is textual, in order to establish primitive Christian practices surrounding martyria. It then examines the archaeological evidence from martyria in Rome and Philippi of the fourth century or later. These sites demonstrate the continuing expansion of martyria as cultic centers. The chapter concludes with a caveat concerning the popularity of small, even private, shrines that are invisible to the archaeological record.
Churches
Authors: Stewart Charles Anthony 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChurches have been the subject of archaeological examination since the sixteenth century. As the most monumental expression of Christianity, they represent complex religious and societal ideologies, rooted in Jewish concepts of the synagogue and messianic kingship. The institution of the church was initially viewed as both a physical local body and a global spiritual kingdom, and these notions eventually became symbolized by architecture. In Christianity’s first three centuries, a variety of buildings could accommodate Christian congregations. During the emperor Constantine’s reign, the basilica became the most prestigious form of church and, by the end of the seventh century, was commonplace in Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. Churches were not just assemblages of various materials; they also housed burials, shrines, artifacts, and artistic programs. Archaeology examines how and when churches were designed, constructed, and changed, and how they contributed to the wider society.
Survival Implications of De Novo Versus Recurrent Metastatic Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Moore Sara , Leung Bonnie , Wu Jonn , Ho Cheryl 
Published: January 2019

Objectives:
Metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a poor prognosis. Most patients present with stage IV, and many patients treated curatively with stage I to III develop recurrent metastatic disease. It is unknown whether the natural history differs between patients with recurrent versus de novo metastatic NSCLC. We hypothesized that de novo metastatic status is associated with decreased overall survival compared with recurrent metastatic disease.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective review was completed of all patients with NSCLC referred to BC Cancer from 2005 to 2012. Two cohorts were created; de novo metastatic disease and patients treated with curative intent (surgery or radiotherapy) that developed recurrent, metastatic disease. Information was collected on known prognostic and predictive factors. Overall survival was calculated from the date of diagnosis of metastatic disease.

Results:
A total of 9651 patients were evaluated, 5782 (60%) with de novo stage IV disease, and 3869 (40%) with stage I to III disease. Of the 1658 patients who received curative therapy for stage I to III disease, 757 (46%) developed metastases. Patients in the de novo cohort versus recurrent cohort were more likely male (52% vs. 48%), have poorer performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group≥2 50% vs. 44%), and receive no palliative systemic therapy (67% vs. 61%). The median overall survival in the de novo cohort was 4.7 versus 6.9 m in the recurrent cohort (P<0.001). De novo status was associated with shorter overall survival and this remained significant in a multivariate model that incorporated known prognostic factors.

Conclusions:
In a large population-based study of NSCLC, de novo metastatic status was independently associated with decreased overall survival from the time of metastatic disease diagnosis.
Extraskeletal Osteosarcomas
Authors: Bishop Andrew J. , Livingston J. Andrew , Araujo Dejka M. , Moon Bryan S. , Patel Shreyaskumar , Wang Wei-Lien , Lazar Alexander J. , Roland Christina L. , Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
We evaluated our experience treating patients with extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS) using combined modality local therapy, including surgery and radiation therapy (RT), to investigate local control (LC) and other survival endpoints.

Methods:
We reviewed the records of 21 consecutive patients with nonmetastatic, ESOS treated with RT in combination with surgery at our institution from 1984 to 2015. Postoperative RT was used for 10 patients (48%) to a median dose of 60 Gy (range, 60 to 68 Gy). The other 11 patients (52%) received 50 Gy preoperatively. Seven patients (33%) were treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Among the patients who received chemotherapy, all were treated with doxorubicin and ifosfamide for a median of 6 cycles (range, 4 to 6).

Results:
Median follow-up time was 120 months (range, 6 to 200 mo). Larger tumor size (>5 cm) was associated with chemotherapy use (P=0.046). The 5-year LC, distant metastatic free survival, and disease-specific survival rates were 93%, 53%, and 62%, respectively. Only 1 patient (5%) had a local recurrence at 22 months. Nine patients (43%) developed distant metastases at a median time of 9 months (range, 1 to 30 mo) without any significant factors for reduced distant metastatic free survival. Following disease relapse, there were 2 patients who were ultimately salvaged, both of whom were treated with chemotherapy and surgery.

Conclusions:
RT in combination with surgery provides favorable LC for patients with ESOS. However, patients have a high rate of distant metastases with limited salvage.
Meta-analyses of Current Strategies to Treat Uncomplicated Diverticulitis
Authors: Mege Diane , Yeo Heather 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND:
Uncomplicated colonic diverticulitis is common. There is no consensus regarding the most appropriate management. Some authors have reported the efficacy and safety of observational management, and others have argued for a more aggressive approach with oral or intravenous antibiotic treatment.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to perform an updated meta-analysis of the different management strategies for uncomplicated diverticulitis with 2 separate meta-analyses.

DATA SOURCES:
MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were used.

STUDY SELECTION:
All randomized clinical trials, prospective, and retrospective comparative studies were included.

INTERVENTIONS:
Observational and antibiotics treatment or oral and intravenous antibiotics treatment were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Successful management (emergency management, recurrence, elective management) was measured.

RESULTS:
After review of 293 identified records, 11 studies fit inclusion criteria: 7 studies compared observational management and antibiotics treatment (2321 patients), and 4 studies compared oral and intravenous antibiotics treatment (355 patients). There was no significant difference between observational management and antibiotics treatment in terms of emergency surgery (0.7% vs 1.4%; p = 0.1) and recurrence (11% vs 12%; p = 0.3). In this part, considering only randomized trials, elective surgery during the follow-up occurred more frequently in the observational group than the antibiotic group (2.5% vs 0.9%; p = 0.04). The second meta-analysis showed that failure and recurrence rates were similar between oral and intravenous antibiotics treatment (6% vs 7% (p = 0.6) and 8% vs 9% (p = 0.8)).

LIMITATIONS:
Inclusion of nonrandomized studies, identification of high risks of bias (selection, performance, and detection bias), and presence of heterogeneity between the studies limited this work.

CONCLUSIONS:
Observational management was not statistically different from antibiotic treatment for the primary outcome of needing to undergo surgery. However, in patients being treated by antibiotics, our studies demonstrated that oral administration was similar to intravenous administration and provided lower costs. Although it may be difficult for physicians to do, there is mounting evidence that not treating uncomplicated colonic diverticulitis with antibiotics is a viable treatment alternative.
Role of Repeat Resection in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
Authors: Matsumoto Takuya , Hasegawa Suguru , Hida Koya , Kawada Kenji , Sakai Yoshiharu , Sugihara Kenichi 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND:
Little is known about repeat resection for recurrence exclusive of the liver and lungs and the natural history after the first curative resection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aimed to investigate the role of repeat resection for recurrence of metastatic colorectal cancer in a Japanese cohort.

DESIGN:
This is a multi-institution retrospective observational study.

SETTING:
This study was conducted at participating tertiary referral hospitals.

PATIENTS:
Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who had synchronous distant metastases and underwent simultaneous resection of primary and distant disease or sequential staged resection at short intervals between 1997 and 2007 were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The primary outcomes measured were patterns of recurrence site, treatments, and survival.

RESULTS:
A total of 1133 patients were identified, of whom 1073 were eligible. In total, 809 of the 1073 patients developed recurrence after curative resection, and 323 of these underwent repeat resection for recurrence. Of these, 211 developed re-recurrence; 80 of these patients underwent a second repeat resection. When stratified by site of recurrence, the 5-year overall survival rate in patients who underwent repeat resection was 56% in those with recurrence in the liver only, 43% in those with recurrence in the lung only, 30% in those with peritoneal seeding only, and 28% in those with multiple organ involvement. In patients who underwent a second repeat resection, the 5-year overall survival rates were 56%, 46%, 100%, and 50%.

LIMITATIONS:
This study was limited by its retrospective study design.

CONCLUSIONS:
Repeat surgery could have long-term survival benefit in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who develop recurrence or re-recurrence in the liver or lung following curative resection. However, repeat surgery should be considered carefully in patients with peritoneal seeding only or recurrence at multiple sites. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A838.
Thermal Photodynamic Therapy for Actinic Keratoses on Facial Skin: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Willey Andrea 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND
Warming the skin during the incubation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has the potential to improve the efficacy and efficiency of cutaneous photodynamic therapy (PDT) through multiple mechanisms. The aim of this proof-of-concept study is to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of thermal PDT on facial skin and evaluate porphyrin production objectively during the warming period.

METHODS
Facial skin of 10 subjects was heated during a 20-minute incubation with ALA followed by 10 J/cm2 blue light illumination. Lesion counts were performed at baseline and 2 months. Porphyrin images were captured and the intensity of fluorescence was measured. The mean intensity of fluorescence after incubation with ALA was compared with baseline.

RESULTS
Ten subjects with 363 actinic keratoses completed the study. The average temperature during incubation with the warming mask was 38 to 42°C. Porphyrin intensity increased significantly after the incubation period (p = .001). The average lesion clearance rate was 91.48%. Five subjects had complete lesion clearance (50%).

CONCLUSION
This small proof-of-concept study shows that warming facial skin within the range of physiologic tolerability during the incubation of ALA is well tolerated by patients and that porphyrins are efficiently and effectively produced during this defined time and temperature range.
Management of Keratoacanthoma: 157 Tumors Treated With Surgery or Intralesional Methotrexate
Authors: Moss Max , Weber Emma , Hoverson Kara , Montemarano Andrew D. 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND
Keratoacanthomas (KAs) are common tumors of squamous cell origin that grow rapidly and may regress; however, differentiation from an aggressive squamous cell carcinoma is problematic.

OBJECTIVE
To report the authors' experience in managing KA with intralesional methotrexate (MTX) or surgical excision.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The authors collected data on 157 tumors (136 patients) over 6 months from a single institution.

RESULTS
There were 73 tumors (54 patients) treated with intralesional MTX. There were 9 tumors that did not resolve with intralesional MTX (88% cure). Nonresolving tumors were excised with no recurrences or complications. In all 9 cases, the nonresolving tumors were of the same size or smaller after MTX. Of the 73 tumors treated with MTX, 29 tumors (11 patients) were multiple KAs. All 29 tumors resolved (100% tumor clearance). There were no complications in any of the MTX-treated patients. Tumor clearance was defined by clinical resolution for a minimum of 6 weeks without a recurrence. There were 84 tumors (83 patients) treated with surgical excision. There were no complications and no recurrences (100% cure) with surgery.

CONCLUSION
Intralesional MTX may be considered as the initial treatment for solitary KA, multiple KA, or in poor surgical candidates.
An Unknown Renaissance Portrait of Tagliacozzi (1545–1599), the Founder of Plastic Surgery
Authors: Ménard Sophie 
Published: January 2019

Summary:
This article examines a recently discovered painting of a young scholar holding a reconstructed nose. Experts in ancient paintings have confirmed that the portrait is an authentic painting of the School of Bologna in Italy, from the last quarter of the Renaissance. In the 1580s, Gaspare Tagliacozzi (1545–1599), a young professor in surgery and anatomy at the University of Bologna, Italy, was the only one to carry out reconstructions of the nose and other missing parts of the face. We have looked whether different relevant components of this painting, which is presented for the first time to the medical community, could match with Tagliacozzi’s life and achievements. We have also compared the portrait to another portrait of Tagliacozzi painted circa 1597, which belongs to the institute Rizzoli in Bologna, Italy. The latter depicts Tagliacozzi as an older established surgeon. He is seen presenting his illustrated book, De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem (On the surgical restoration of defects), which is the first book devoted to plastic surgery. We have concluded that the young Renaissance scholar is Tagliacozzi. This portrait and the Rizzoli’s portrait represent Tagliacozzi at the beginning and at the peak of his professional involvement in the field of plastic surgery. Tagliacozzi is the first medical doctor to practice plastic surgery as well as write about it. He also taught plastic surgery for the first time in a prestigious Renaissance school of medicine. Tagliacozzi’s illustrated book of plastic surgery published in 1597, disrupted the contemporary medical community. For all these reasons, Tagliacozzi can be considered as the founder of plastic surgery. Unfortunately, he died at the age of 54, which put a term to the development of this field. Tagliacozzi’s work was rediscovered, 2 centuries later, by the English surgeon J.C. Carpue (1764–1846) during the revival of plastic surgery.
The Diagnostic and Clinical Utility of the Myeloperoxidase–DNA Complex as a Biomarker in Otitis Media With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis
Authors: Morita Shinya , Nakamaru Yuji , Nakazawa Daigo , Suzuki Masanobu , Hoshino Kimiko , Fukuda Atsushi , Hattanda Fumihiko , Kusunoki Kanako , Tomaru Utano , Ishizu Akihiro , Homma Akihiro 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
This prospective study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and clinical utility of the myeloperoxidase (MPO)–DNA complex as a NETosis-derived product in the middle ear fluid of patients with otitis media with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (OMAAV).

Study Design:
Prospective study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Twenty-two patients diagnosed with OMAAV.

Intervention:
Collection of the fluid samples from middle ear.

Main Outcome Measure:
The levels of the MPO–DNA complex in the fluid samples were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:
Patients with both systemic and localized forms of OMAAV showed significantly higher levels of the MPO–DNA complex compared to the controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). In particular, they showed significantly higher levels of MPO–DNA complex compared to the controls, regardless of serum antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody status (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) or immunosuppressive therapy (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) at the time of sampling. An optical density cutoff value of 0.16 at 405 nm according to the receiver operating characteristic curve showed a sensitivity of 86.4%, specificity of 95.5%, positive predictive value of 95.0% and negative predictive value of 87.5% for the diagnosis of OMAAV. Significant positive correlations were observed between the levels of MPO–DNA complex and the values for air conduction – (r = 0.49, p = 0.022) and bone conduction – pure tone average thresholds (r = 0.45, p = 0.035).

Conclusions:
The detection and quantification of the MPO–DNA complex in the otitis media fluid may aid in providing a definite diagnosis as well as predicting the activity and severity of OMAAV.