bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dose–Response Relationship Between Training Load and Changes in Aerobic Fitness in Professional Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Fitzpatrick John F. , Hicks Kirsty M. , Hayes Philip R. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: To compare the dose–response relationship between traditional arbitrary speed thresholds versus an individualized approach, with changes in aerobic fitness in professional youth soccer players. Methods: A total of 14 youth soccer players completed a 1500-m time trial to estimate maximal aerobic speed (MAS, km·h−1) at the start and at the end of a 6-week period. Training load was monitored on a daily basis during this study. External load measures were total distance covered and total acceleration and deceleration distance >2 m·s−2. Arbitrary high-speed running measures were meters covered and time spent at >17 km·h−1 (m > high-speed distance, t > high-speed distance) and 21 km·h−1 (m > very-high-speed distance, t > very-high-speed distance). Individualized high-speed running measures were meters covered and time spent at >MAS km·h−1 (m > MAS, t > MAS) and 30% anaerobic speed reserve (m > 30ASR, t > 30ASR). In addition, internal load measures were also collected: heart rate exertion and rating of perceived exertion. Linear regression analysis was used to establish the dose–response relationship between mean weekly training load and changes in aerobic fitness. Results: Very large associations were found between t > MAS and changes in aerobic fitness (R2 = .59). Large associations were found for t > 30ASR (R2 = .38) and m > MAS (R2 = .25). Unclear associations were found for all other variables. Conclusion: An individualized approach to monitoring training load, in particular t > MAS, may be a more appropriate method than using traditional arbitrary speed thresholds when monitoring the dose–response relationship between training load and changes in aerobic fitness.
Fish reproductive-energy output increases disproportionately with body size
Authors: Barneche Diego R. , Robertson D. Ross , White Craig R. , Marshall Dustin J. 
Published: May 2018

Big mamas matter for fishThe theoretical relationship between reproduction and body size has assumed that total mass relates directly to fecundity, regardless of the number of individuals involved. This assumption leads to fisheries management practices that suggest that one large female fish can be replaced by several smaller females. However, this assumption is incorrect. Barnecheet al.show that larger females are far more productive than the same weight's worth of smaller females. Management practices that ignore the value of large females could contribute to unexplained declines seen in some fish stocks.Science, this issue p.642
In Vitro
Activity of Clofazimine against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolated in Beijing, China
Authors: Luo Jingjing , Yu Xia , Jiang Guanglu , Fu Yuhong , Huo Fengmin , Ma Yifeng , Wang Fen , Shang Yuanyuan , Liang Qian , Xue Yi , Huang Hairong 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Due to the natural resistance of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to many antibiotics, the treatment of diseases caused by NTM is often long-term but unsuccessful. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the
in vitro
susceptibilities to clofazimine of 209 isolates consisting of different NTM species isolated in Beijing, China. Furthermore, 47 reference strains were also tested, including 30 rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) species and 17 slowly growing mycobacterium (SGM) species. The potential molecular mechanism contributing to clofazimine resistance of NTM was investigated as well. Clofazimine exhibited excellent activity against both reference strains and clinical isolates of different SGM species, and most of the strains had MICs far below 1 μg/ml. Although the majority of the clinical isolates of
Mycobacterium abscessus
and
Mycobacterium fortuitum
had MICs higher than 2 μg/ml, 17 out of the 30 reference strains of different RGM species had MICs below 1 μg/ml
in vitro
. According to the MIC distributions, the tentative epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) values for
Mycobacterium kansasii
,
Mycobacterium avium
, and
Mycobacterium intracellulare
were defined at 0.5 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, and 2 μg/ml, respectively. Intriguingly, single-direction cross-resistance between bedaquiline- and clofazimine (Cfz)-resistant isolates was observed among the tested NTM species. This study demonstrates that clofazimine had strong activity against most SGM species
in vitro
, as well as some RGM species. The data provide important insights into the possible clinical application of Cfz to treat NTM infections.
In Vitro
Activity of Imipenem-Relebactam against Clinical Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated in Hospital Laboratories in the United States as Part of the SMART 2016 Program
Authors: Karlowsky James A. , Lob Sibylle H. , Kazmierczak Krystyna M. , Young Katherine , Motyl Mary R. , Sahm Daniel F. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Relebactam is a non-β-lactam, bicyclic diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor of class A and class C β-lactamases, including
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemases (KPCs). It is in phase 3 clinical development in combination with imipenem/cilastatin. The
in vitro
activities of imipenem-relebactam, imipenem, and comparators were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference broth microdilution method for isolates of
Enterobacteriaceae
(
n
= 3,419) and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(
n
= 896) collected in 2016 by 21 U.S. hospital laboratories participating in the SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) global surveillance program. Relebactam was tested at a fixed concentration of 4 μg/ml. Imipenem-relebactam MICs were interpreted using CLSI breakpoints for imipenem. Rates of susceptibility to imipenem-relebactam and imipenem for non-
Proteeae
Enterobacteriaceae
(
n
= 3,143) and
P. aeruginosa
were 99.1% (3,115/3,143) and 95.9% (3,013/3,143) and were 94.4% (846/896) and 74.7% (669/896), respectively. Relebactam restored imipenem susceptibility to 78.5% (102/130) of imipenem-nonsusceptible non-
Proteeae
Enterobacteriaceae
and to 78.0% (177/227) of imipenem-nonsusceptible
P. aeruginosa
isolates. Susceptibility to imipenem-relebactam was 98.2% (444/452) and 82.2% (217/264) for multidrug-resistant (MDR) non-
Proteeae
Enterobacteriaceae
and MDR
P. aeruginosa
, respectively. Given the ability of relebactam to restore susceptibility to imipenem in nonsusceptible isolates of both non-
Proteeae
Enterobacteriaceae
and
P. aeruginosa
and to demonstrate potent activity against current MDR isolates of both non-
Proteeae
Enterobacteriaceae
and
P. aeruginosa
, further development of imipenem-relebactam appears warranted.
Efficacy, Biodistribution, and Nephrotoxicity of Experimental Amphotericin B-Deoxycholate Formulations for Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: López-Sánchez Alicia , Pérez-Cantero Alba , Torrado-Salmerón Carlos , Martin-Vicente Adela , García-Herrero Víctor , González-Nicolás María Ángeles , Lázaro Alberto , Tejedor Alberto , Torrado-Santiago Santiago , García-Rodríguez Juan José , Capilla Javier , Torrado Susana 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
An experimental micellar formulation of 1:1.5 amphotericin B-sodium deoxycholate (AMB:DCH 1:1.5) was obtained and characterized to determine its aggregation state and particle size. The biodistribution, nephrotoxicity, and efficacy against pulmonary aspergillosis in a murine model were studied and compared to the liposomal commercial formulation of amphotericin B after intravenous administration. The administration of 5 mg/kg AMB:DCH 1:1.5 presented 2.8-fold-higher lung concentrations (18.125 ± 3.985 μg/g after 6 daily doses) and lower kidney exposure (0.391 ± 0.167 μg/g) than liposomal commercial amphotericin B (6.567 ± 1.536 and 5.374 ± 1.157 μg/g in lungs and kidneys, respectively). The different biodistribution of AMB:DCH micelle systems compared to liposomal commercial amphotericin B was attributed to their different morphologies and particle sizes. The efficacy study has shown that both drugs administered at 5 mg/kg produced similar survival percentages and reductions of fungal burden. A slightly lower nephrotoxicity, associated with amphotericin B, was observed with AMB:DCH 1:1.5 than the one induced by the liposomal commercial formulation. However, AMB:DCH 1:1.5 reached higher AMB concentrations in lungs, which could represent a therapeutic advantage over liposomal commercial amphotericin B-based treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis. These results are encouraging to explore the usefulness of AMB:DCH 1:1.5 against this disease.
Nitric Oxide-Releasing Macromolecule Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Activity and Utility as a Topical Treatment for Superficial Fungal Infections
Authors: Stasko Nathan , McHale Kimberly , Hollenbach Stanley J. , Martin Megan , Doxey Ryan 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Cutaneous and superficial fungal infections affecting the skin, nails, and hair of humans are caused primarily by dermatophytes of the genera
Trichophyton
and
Epidermophyton
or by yeasts of the genera
Candida
and
Malassezia.
Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the nail that frequently coexists with tinea pedis, the most prevalent mycotic skin infection. Efficacy rates for current topical onychomycosis therapies are hampered by low drug penetration across the nail plate, which is theoretically obviated with nitric oxide (NO)-based topical therapies. The Nitricil technology platform is comprised of polysiloxane-based macromolecules that stably release therapeutic levels of NO. In the reported studies, NVN1000, the lead candidate of the platform, was assessed for its spectrum of
in vitro
activity against a broad range of filamentous fungi and yeast species commonly associated with cutaneous fungal infections. Time-kill assays demonstrated that NVN1000 exhibited fungicidal activity as early as 4 h. Additionally, the penetration of several unique NVN1000 NO-releasing drug product formulations (gel, cream, and lacquer) was evaluated following a single topical application in an
in vitro
infected human nail assay, with all formulations showing similar inhibition of fungal growth. Repeated topical application in this model demonstrated that a lower-strength dose of NO could achieve the same efficacy as a higher-strength dose after 7 days. Together, these
in vitro
results demonstrate that NO-releasing treatments rapidly penetrate the nail plate and eradicate the fungal infection, representing promising novel topical therapies for the treatment of onychomycosis and other cutaneous fungal infections.
Patterns of authorship on community health workers in low-and-middle-income countries: an analysis of publications (2012–2016)
Authors: Schneider Helen , Maleka Nelisiwe 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionStudies of authorship provide a barometer of local research capacity and ownership of research, considered key to defining appropriate research priorities, developing contextualised responses to health problems and ensuring that research informs policy and practice. This paper reports on an analysis of patterns of research authorship of the now substantial literature on community health workers (CHWs) in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) for the 5-year period: 2012–2016.MethodsA search of five databases identified a total of 649 indexed publications reporting on CHWs in LMICs and meeting the inclusion criteria. The country, region and income classification of studies, affiliations (country, organisation) of lead (first) and last authors, proportions of all authors locally affiliated, programme area (eg, maternal child health) and funding source were extracted.ResultsThe 649 papers reported experiences from 51 countries, 55% from middle-income countries (MICs) and 32% from low-income countries (LICs), with the remaining 13% multicountry studies. Overall, 47% and 54% of all the papers had a high-income country (HIC) lead and last author, respectively. Authorship followed three patterns: (1) a concentrated HIC pattern, with US-based authors numerically dominating LIC-based and multicountry studies; (2) an MIC pattern of autonomy, with a handful of countries—India, South Africa and Brazil, in particular—leading >70% of their CHW publications and (3) a pattern of unevenness among LICs in their lead authorship of publications varying from 14% (Malawi) to 54% (Uganda). Region, programme area and funding source were all associated with the distribution of authorship across country income categories.ConclusionThe findings in this analysis mirror closely that of other authorship studies in global health. Collectively these provide a common message—that investments in global health programmes in the Millennium Development Goal era may have benefited health but not necessarily capacity for knowledge generation in LMICs.
IMPACT: Investigating the impact of Models of Practice for Allied health Care in subacuTe settings. A protocol for a quasi-experimental mixed methods study of cost effectiveness and outcomes for patients exposed to different models of allied health care
Authors: Coker Freya , Williams Cylie M , Taylor Nicholas F , Caspers Kirsten , McAlinden Fiona , Wilton Anita , Shields Nora , Haines Terry P 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionThis protocol considers three allied health staffing models across public health subacute hospitals. This quasi-experimental mixed-methods study, including qualitative process evaluation, aims to evaluate the impact of additional allied health services in subacute care, in rehabilitation and geriatric evaluation management settings, on patient, health service and societal outcomes.Methods and analysisThis health services research will analyse outcomes of patients exposed to different allied health models of care at three health services. Each health service will have a control ward (routine care) and an intervention ward (additional allied health). This project has two parts. Part 1: a whole of site data extraction for included wards. Outcome measures will include: length of stay, rate of readmissions, discharge destinations, community referrals, patient feedback and staff perspectives. Part 2: Functional Independence Measure scores will be collected every 2–3 days for the duration of 60 patient admissions.Data from part 1 will be analysed by linear regression analysis for continuous outcomes using patient-level data and logistic regression analysis for binary outcomes. Qualitative data will be analysed using a deductive thematic approach. For part 2, a linear mixed model analysis will be conducted using therapy service delivery and days since admission to subacute care as fixed factors in the model and individual participant as a random factor. Graphical analysis will be used to examine the growth curve of the model and transformations. The days since admission factor will be used to examine non-linear growth trajectories to determine if they lead to better model fit.Ethics and disseminationFindings will be disseminated through local reports and to the Department of Health and Human Services Victoria. Results will be presented at conferences and submitted to peer-reviewed journals. The Monash Health Human Research Ethics committee approved this multisite research (HREC/17/MonH/144 and HREC/17/MonH/547).
Physical activity among HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Hanoi and Nam Dinh, Vietnam: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Dang Anh Kim , Nguyen Long Hoang , Nguyen Anh Quynh , Tran Bach Xuan , Tran Tung Thanh , Latkin Carl A , Zhang Melvyn W B , Ho Roger C M 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesAntiretroviral therapy (ART) has facilitated the transition of HIV infection into a chronic disease, where adherence to medications is required along with keeping a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, an increase in physical activity has been recommended for patients with HIV in order to maintain their health status. This study looked to determine the physical activity level and its associated factors among patients with HIV receiving ART treatment.SettingsEight outpatient clinic sites across different levels of the health systems in both rural and urban settings in Hanoi and Nam Dinh, Vietnam.Study design and participantsA cross-sectional study was performed among 1133 patients with HIV receiving ART treatment from January to August 2013.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPhysical activity level was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Socioeconomic, health-related quality of life, ART adherence and ART-related characteristics were self-reported.Results16% of participants were inactive, and 68% were reported active via health-enhancing physical activity. Rural participants reported a higher level of physical activity compared with urban participants. Participants having a longer duration of ART were less likely to be physically active. Participants who were female and self-employed, who had higher CD4 cell count, higherEuroQol - 5 dimensions - 5levels (EQ-5D-5L) index/EQ-Visual Analogue Scale, and shared their health status with their peers were more likely to have a higher IPAQ score or be physically active. A lower IPAQ score was associated with participants living in urban areas and being at the symptomatic stage. Participants having poor adherence and longer duration of ART were more likely to be physically inactive.ConclusionThe majority of participants who received ART were physically active. There is a need for interventions to promote physical activity among patients with HIV in urban areas and in the later ART treatment phases. Other potential interventions to increase the level of physical activity include peer support and job guidance.
Association of ambient particulate matter with heart failure incidence and all-cause readmissions in Tasmania: an observational study
Authors: Huynh Quan L , Blizzard Christopher Leigh , Marwick Thomas H , Negishi Kazuaki 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesWe sought to investigate the relationship between air quality and heart failure (HF) incidence and rehospitalisation to elucidate whether there is a threshold in this relationship and whether this relationship differs for HF incidence and rehospitalisation.MethodsThis retrospective observational study was performed in an Australian state-wide setting, where air pollution is mainly associated with wood-burning for winter heating. Data included all 1246 patients with a first-ever HF hospitalisation and their 3011 subsequent all-cause readmissions during 2009–2012. Daily particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5), temperature, relative humidity and influenza infection were recorded. Poisson regression was used, with adjustment for time trend, public and school holiday and day of week.ResultsTasmania has excellent air quality (median PM2.5=2.9 µg/m3(IQR: 1.8–6.0)). Greater HF incidences and readmissions occurred in winter than in other seasons (p<0.001). PM2.5was detrimentally associated with HF incidence (risk ratio (RR)=1.29 (1.15–1.42)) and weakly so with readmission (RR=1.07 (1.02–1.17)), with 1 day time lag. In multivariable analyses, PM2.5significantly predicted HF incidence (RR=1.12 (1.01–1.24)) but not readmission (RR=0.96 (0.89–1.04)). HF incidence was similarly low when PM <4 µg/m3and only started to rise when PM2.5≥4 µg/m3. Stratified analyses showed that PM2.5was associated with readmissions among patients not taking beta-blockers but not among those taking beta-blockers (pinteraction=0.011).ConclusionsPM2.5predicted HF incidence, independent of other environmental factors. A possible threshold of PM2.5=4 µg/m3is far below the daily Australian national standard of 25 µg/m3. Our data suggest that beta-blockers might play a role in preventing adverse association between air pollution and patients with HF.
Boron isotopes in groundwater: Evidence from contamination and interaction with terrigenous–evaporitic sequence, east-central Italy
Authors: Nigro Angela , Sappa Giuseppe , Barbieri Maurizio 
Published: May 2018

Boron isotope composition was used to identify boron sources in groundwater in the eastern part of central Italy, on the west side of the lower alluvial plane of the Pescara river, a few kilometres from the coastline. This area was characterized by two possible boron sources: human activity and a geogenic source.
We collected 10 water samples during two sampling surveys, in October 2015 and February 2016. We conducted chemical analyses to determine major ions, boron concentrations and boron isotope values. The results obtained highlight that the groundwater is characterized by high mineralization with electrical conductivity values that reach 8180 µS/cm. Sodium and chloride are the principal ions, reaching values that exceed 3000 mg/L. Boron values exceed the limit provide by Italian legislation for groundwater (1 mg/L) in many samples, reaching the maximum value of 9630 µg/L during February 2016. The isotope values allow the identification of different sources of boron such as landfill leachate, rock leaching and water–rock interaction with terrigenous–evaporitic sequence. This manuscript highlights that isotope analyses are a powerful tool for monitoring and environmental planning.
Cold-water immersion after training sessions: effects on fiber type-specific adaptations in muscle K+transport proteins to sprint-interval training in men
Authors: Christiansen Danny , Bishop David J. , Broatch James R. , Bangsbo Jens , McKenna Michael J. , Murphy Robyn M. 
Published: May 2018

Effects of regular use of cold-water immersion (CWI) on fiber type-specific adaptations in muscle K+transport proteins to intense training, along with their relationship to changes in mRNA levels after the first training session, were investigated in humans. Nineteen recreationally active men (24 ± 6 yr, 79.5 ± 10.8 kg, 44.6 ± 5.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed six weeks of sprint-interval cycling, either without (passive rest; CON) or with training sessions followed by CWI (15 min at 10°C; COLD). Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after training to determine abundance of Na+, K+-ATPase isoforms (α1–3, β1–3) and phospholemman (FXYD1) and after recovery treatments (+0 h and +3 h) on the first day of training to measure mRNA content. Training increased ( P < 0.05) the abundance of α1and β3in both fiber types and β1in type-II fibers and decreased FXYD1 in type-I fibers, whereas α2and α3abundance was not altered by training ( P > 0.05). CWI after each session did not influence responses to training ( P > 0.05). However, α2mRNA increased after the first session in COLD (+0 h, P < 0.05) but not in CON ( P > 0.05). In both conditions, α1and β3mRNA increased (+3 h; P < 0.05) and β2mRNA decreased (+3 h; P < 0.05), whereas α3, β1, and FXYD1 mRNA remained unchanged ( P > 0.05) after the first session. In summary, Na+,K+-ATPase isoforms are differently regulated in type I and II muscle fibers by sprint-interval training in humans, which, for most isoforms, do not associate with changes in mRNA levels after the first training session. CWI neither impairs nor improves protein adaptations to intense training of importance for muscle K+regulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although cold-water immersion (CWI) after training and competition has become a routine for many athletes, limited published evidence exists regarding its impact on training adaptation. Here, we show that CWI can be performed regularly without impairing training-induced adaptations at the fiber-type level important for muscle K+handling. Furthermore, sprint-interval training invoked fiber type-specific adaptations in K+transport proteins, which may explain the dissociated responses of whole-muscle protein levels and K+transport function to training previously reported.