bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lumbosacral and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume changes in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents: A retrospective magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Jang Young‐Eun , Lee Joon‐Hee , Seo Yun‐Seok , Yoon Hee‐Chul , Lee Hyun‐Sung , Lee Hyun‐Jeong , Jo Hyung‐Dong , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Jin‐Tae 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe volume of cerebrospinal fluid can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of local anesthetics for spinal anesthesia and other intrathecal medications.AimsThe objective of this study was to estimate the lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume using magnetic resonance images in pediatric patients from neonates and infants to adolescents.MethodsSpinal magnetic resonance images of 500 pediatric patients (age <18 years) were reviewed. The lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes of 418 patients and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes of 248 patients were measured. The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid volumes and age, height, and weight were evaluated. The lumbosacral and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes per weight were calculated to elucidate developmental changes.ResultsThe lumbosacral and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes showed linear correlations with height (r2 = 0.730 and r2 = 0.661, respectively), whereas they showed curvilinear correlations with age (r2 = 0.752 and r2 = 0.717, respectively) and weight (r2 = 0.734 and r2 = 0.734, respectively). The mean lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume per weight (mL/kg) was 0.85 (standard deviation [SD]: 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81‐0.90) in neonates and infants, 0.86 (SD: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.83‐0.89) in toddlers and preschoolers, 0.71 (SD: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.66‐0.76) in schoolers, and 0.54 (SD: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.49‐0.60) in adolescents. The mean thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume per weight (mL/kg) was 1.95 (SD: 0.37, 95% CI: 1.86‐2.04) in neonates and infants, 1.82 (SD: 0.41, 95% CI: 1.75‐1.88) in toddlers and preschoolers, 1.38 (SD: 0.40, 95% CI: 1.23‐1.52) in schoolers, and 0.99 (SD: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.45‐1.53) in adolescents.ConclusionThe lumbosacral and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes in pediatric patients were much smaller than previously presented values, showing linear correlations with height, and demonstrate curvilinear correlations with age and weight.
Successful nivolumab therapy in an allogeneic stem cell transplant child with post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
Authors: Kassa Csaba , Reményi Péter , Sinkó János , Kállay Krisztián , Kertész Gabriella , Kriván Gergely 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPrimary CNS PTLD is an extremely rare complication after allogeneic HSCT. At our centre, an 11‐year‐old patient developed nausea, vomiting, and diplopy on day +82 following HSCT. On brain MRI, multiple white matter lesions were seen. Histology showed a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with high load of EBV in tissue. Despite stopping immunosuppression, treatment with EBV‐specific cytotoxic T cells, systemic rituximab, HD‐MTX, and intrathecal chemotherapy, progression was observed. With a combination of HD‐MTX and cytarabine, only a partial response could be achieved. Having all conventional modalities not only failed but resulted in significant toxicity, a salvage monotherapy with biweekly nivolumab has been instituted. The starting dose was 1.1 mg/kg, later escalated to 2.2 mg/kg. After 8 months of nivolumab therapy, PET‐CT showed complete metabolic remission. Subsequently, the patient has been switched to a maintenance dosage of 1.1 mg/kg. No cytopenias, graft failure, GvHD, or any other alloimmune complications were seen during nivolumab therapy. In conclusion, nivolumab may be considered as an effective and safe option for CNS PTLD therapy when all other modalities have failed.
A typology of activation incentives
Authors: Dinan Shannon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractActivation has received an enormous amount of attention over the past decade and a half. Despite the immense academic interest, activation policies remain difficult to compare. This is notably because these policies can be adapted multiple ways and are not confined to one policy area. Furthermore, common activation indicators such as expenditures can be misleading as not all activation instruments affect spending levels. These limitations notwithstanding, states continue to create and adapt activation policies. With the objective of identifying and comparing second‐order change, the author proposes a typology of activation policies according to how they affect target population behavior through incentives. The typology first identifies the lever to the labor market, supply, or demand. Second, it determines whether the mechanism for labor market integration is financial or human capital. In so doing, it allows for a more detailed understanding of the policy instruments adopted. This can be used as a tool in qualitative analysis to identify a change in policy instruments within and between cases.
Biophysical properties of striae rubra and striae alba in human skin: Comparison with normal skin
Authors: Cho Changhui , Cho Eunbyul , Kim Nahee , Shin Juhee , Woo Sanga , Lee Jiun , Lee Jungok , Lee Eunyoung , Ha Jaehyoun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundStriae distensae are common dermal lesions that progress through two different stages: the striae rubra, which appears to be erythematous, and striae alba, which is characterized by a hypopigmented feature. The clinical characteristics between striae distensae stages and normal skin remain unknown.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics according to stages of striae distensae in terms of their biophysical properties, using objective noninvasive measurements in comparison with adjacent normal skin.MethodsSixty‐one healthy female subjects with striae distensae were included as follows: 30 with striae rubra and 31 with striae alba on the abdomen and thighs. Hydration of the epidermis and dermis, skin color brightness, and Erythema index were measured. Skin elasticity, roughness, and dermal echo‐density of the skin with striae distensae and adjacent normal skin were also measured.ResultsHydration of the epidermis and dermis showed no significant difference between the skin with striae distensae and normal skin. Brightness of skin with striae alba and normal skin was significantly higher than that of skin with striae rubra. Erythema index of skin with striae rubra was significantly higher than that of skin with striae alba and normal skin. Skin with striae rubra and striae alba had a rougher surface than normal skin. Elasticity and dermal echo‐density were significantly lower in striae distensae skin.ConclusionsStriae rubra and striae alba had similar biophysical properties in terms of skin hydration, elasticity, roughness, and dermal density. Moreover, striae distensae have less elasticity, more roughness, and lower dermal density than normal skin.
Trees and wood: working with natural river processes
Authors: Gurnell Angela , England Judy , Burgess‐Gamble Lydia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA history of land clearance and riparian tree and wood management has resulted in limited riparian woodland and wood along British rivers. However, river management approaches are now being promoted that ‘work with natural processes’ to reduce flood risk through measures intended to restore, protect and emulate the natural function of catchments, rivers, estuaries and coasts. Wood has started to be reintroduced into river channels during river restoration and natural flood management activities, but this needs to be undertaken using appropriate quantities, locations and designs that mimic natural tree‐wood features. This paper reviews the knowledge that is needed to support wood reintroduction activities including (i) the characteristics of the riparian tree species and wood that are present; (ii) the importance of river size relative to that of trees and wood pieces; and (iii) the way trees, wood and geomorphic processes interact across rivers and floodplains of different energy and style.
Evaluation of Galium species and populations using morphological characters and molecular markers
Authors: Deroo A C , Eckstein P. , Benaragama D , Beattie A D , Willenborg C J 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThree Galium species are believed to be present across western Canada: Galium aparine, Galium spurium and Galium boreale. Galium spurium and G. aparine are very difficult to distinguish morphologically, which is problematic for crop consultants and weed surveyors, and could have implications for control measures. Molecular techniques could potentially make identification easier and more rapid than using chromosome counts, as is currently done. The objective of this study was to identify morphological traits and/or genetic polymorphisms capable of species differentiation. To this end, Galium seed of unknown speciation were collected from nine field populations across western Canada and, along with two reference samples of G. spurium and G. aparine, were characterised for both morphological traits and their ribosomal ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 genomic sequence. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism variation within the highly conserved 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene was identified that could consistently differentiate Galium species. Sequence analysis of the ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 region of field collections from western Canada indicated that all samples were G. spurium and all were highly related to each other. These results were supported by a distinct lack of variation in morphological traits, as nearly all plant traits measured did not differ between populations. This suggests that all sampled populations, and perhaps most of the Galium populations across western Canada, are derived from a single species, G. spurium.
Semi Analytical Solution of Heat Transfer of Magnetohydrodynamic Third-Grade Fluids Flowing Through Parallel Plates With Viscous Dissipation
Authors: Chaudhuri Sumanta , Kumar Rathore Sushil 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This study deals with the heat transfer characteristics of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a third-grade fluid through parallel plates, subjected to a uniform wall heat flux, but of different magnitudes. The effect of viscous dissipation has been included for both heating and cooling of the fluid. The least square method (LSM) has been adopted for solving the nonlinear equations. The expressions for the velocity and temperature fields have been derived which, in turn, is utilized to evaluate the Nusselt number. The results indicate an increase in Nusselt number for higher values of the third-grade fluid parameter during heating and indicate a reverse trend for cooling. Nusselt number increases with an increase in Hartmann number during heating, whereas it decreases with increasing values of the Hartmann number while cooling the fluid.
Pan-HDAC Inhibitors Restore PRDM1 Response to IL21 in CREBBP-Mutated Follicular Lymphoma
Authors: Desmots Fabienne , Roussel Mikaël , Pangault Céline , Llamas-Gutierrez Francisco , Pastoret Cédric , Guiheneuf Eric , Le Priol Jérôme , Camara-Clayette Valérie , Caron Gersende , Henry Catherine , Belaud-Rotureau Marc-Antoine , Godmer Pascal , Lamy Thierry , Jardin Fabrice , Tarte Karin , Ribrag Vincent , Fest Thierry 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Purpose:
Follicular lymphoma arises from a germinal center B-cell proliferation supported by a bidirectional crosstalk with tumor microenvironment, in particular with follicular helper T cells (Tfh). We explored the relation that exists between the differentiation arrest of follicular lymphoma cells and loss-of-function of CREBBP acetyltransferase.
Experimental Design: The study used human primary cells obtained from either follicular lymphoma tumors characterized for somatic mutations, or inflamed tonsils for normal germinal center B cells. Transcriptome and functional analyses were done to decipher the B- and T-cell crosstalk. Responses were assessed by flow cytometry and molecular biology including ChIP-qPCR approaches.

Results:
Conversely to normal B cells, follicular lymphoma cells are unable to upregulate the transcription repressor, PRDM1, required for plasma cell differentiation. This defect occurs although the follicular lymphoma microenvironment is enriched in the potent inducer of PRDM1 and IL21, highly produced by Tfhs. In follicular lymphoma carrying CREBBP loss-of-function mutations, we found a lack of IL21-mediated PRDM1 response associated with an abnormal increased enrichment of the BCL6 protein repressor in PRDM1 gene. Moreover, in these follicular lymphoma cells, pan-HDAC inhibitor, vorinostat, restored their PRDM1 response to IL21 by lowering BCL6 bound to PRDM1. This finding was reinforced by our exploration of patients with follicular lymphoma treated with another pan-HDAC inhibitor. Patients showed an increase of plasma cell identity genes, mainly PRDM1 and XBP1, which underline the progression of follicular lymphoma B cells in the differentiation process.

Conclusions:
Our data uncover a new mechanism by which pan-HDAC inhibitors may act positively to treat patients with follicular lymphoma through the induction of the expression of plasma cell genes.
Spatiotemporal Loss of NF1 in Schwann Cell Lineage Leads to Different Types of Cutaneous Neurofibroma Susceptible to Modification by the Hippo Pathway
Authors: Chen Zhiguo , Mo Juan , Brosseau Jean-Philippe , Shipman Tracey , Wang Yong , Liao Chung-Ping , Cooper Jonathan M. , Allaway Robert J. , Gosline Sara J.C. , Guinney Justin , Carroll Thomas J. , Le Lu Q. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a cancer predisposition disorder that results from inactivation of the tumor suppressor neurofibromin, a negative regulator of RAS signaling. Patients with NF1 present with a wide range of clinical manifestations, and the tumor with highest prevalence is cutaneous neurofibroma (cNF). Most patients harboring cNF suffer greatly from the burden of those tumors, which have no effective medical treatment. Ironically, none of the numerous NF1 mouse models developed so far recapitulate cNF. Here, we discovered that HOXB7 serves as a lineage marker to trace the developmental origin of cNF neoplastic cells. Ablating Nf1 in the HOXB7 lineage faithfully recapitulates both human cutaneous and plexiform neurofibroma. In addition, we discovered that modulation of the Hippo pathway acts as a “modifier” for neurofibroma tumorigenesis. This mouse model opens the doors for deciphering the evolution of cNF to identify effective therapies, where none exist today.

Significance:
This study provides insights into the developmental origin of cNF, the most common tumor in NF1, and generates the first mouse model that faithfully recapitulates both human cutaneous and plexiform neurofibroma. The study also demonstrates that the Hippo pathway can modify neurofibromagenesis, suggesting that dampening the Hippo pathway could be an attractive therapeutic target.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
Very Early Neurophysiological Study in Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Authors: Jin Jiaoting , Hu Fangfang , Qin Xing , Liu Xuan , Li Min , Dang Yonghui , Dang Jingxia 
Published: October 2018

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> The diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) in the very early stage may be challenging. Our aim was to report the neurophysiological abnormalities in GBS within 4 days of clinical onset. We expected that GBS will be diagnosed by the assistance of neurophysiological study in the very early stage. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We prospectively recruited patients with a diagnosis of GBS discharged from First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University and Xi Jing Hospital. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to the onset of symptoms to electromyography examination interval (OEI). The neurophysiological findings were carried out using standard procedures. All patients were examined by the same experienced neurophysiologist. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were not significant group differences in abnormal rate, distal motor latency (DML), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), F response (FR), compound muscle action potential (CMAP), conduction block (CB), sensory nerve action potential (SNAP), and sensory nerve conduction velocity among OEI ≤4 days, 4&#x3c; OEI ≤10 days, and OEI &#x3e; 10 days groups. Motor nerves were more affected than sensory nerves in neurophysiological presentation in very early stage patients. The difference of motor nerves and sensory nerves was statistically significant in lower limbs, but was not in upper limbs. In motor nerve conduction studies, the abnormal rate of DML, MNCV, FR, CB was more common seen in ulnar and peroneal nerve than median and tibial nerve, the abnormal rate of CMAP was the same in ulnar, median, peroneal and tibial nerve. In sensory nerve conduction studies, the abnormal rate of ulnar nerve and median nerve was higher than the superficial peroneal nerve and sural nerve. The OEI was not correlated with the SNAP decrease rate of median (<i>r</i> = 0.10, <i>p</i> = 0.23) and ulnar (<i>r</i> = 0.26, <i>p</i> = 0.06) but was statistically correlated with sural SNAP decrease rate (<i>r</i> = 0.29, <i>p</i> = 0.04). The sural-sparing pattern phenomenon was the most commonly discovered phenomenon in very early stage patients (OEI ≤4 days), followed by patients with 4&#x3c; OEI ≤10 days, ultimately found in patients with OEI &#x3e; 10 days. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We suggest performing neurophysiological examination as soon as possible for suspected GBS patients, particularly focusing on multi-spots inspection of ulnar and peroneal nerves, and paying close attention to sural-sparing patterns.
Systematic Review for the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Reboussin David M. , Allen Norrina B. , Griswold Michael E. , Guallar Eliseo , Hong Yuling , Lackland Daniel T. , Miller Edgar (Pete) R. , Polonsky Tamar , Thompson-Paul Angela M. , Vupputuri Suma 
Published: October 2018

Objective
To review the literature systematically and perform meta-analyses to address these questions: 1) Is there evidence that self-measured blood pressure (BP) without other augmentation is superior to office-based measurement of BP for achieving better BP control or for preventing adverse clinical outcomes that are related to elevated BP? 2) What is the optimal target for BP lowering during antihypertensive therapy in adults? 3) In adults with hypertension, how do various antihypertensive drug classes differ in their benefits and harms compared with each other as first-line therapy?

Methods
Electronic literature searches were performed by Doctor Evidence, a global medical evidence software and services company, across PubMed and EMBASE from 1966 to 2015 using key words and relevant subject headings for randomized controlled trials that met eligibility criteria defined for each question. We performed analyses using traditional frequentist statistical and Bayesian approaches, including random-effects Bayesian network meta-analyses.

Results
Our results suggest that: 1) There is a modest but significant improvement in systolic BP in randomized controlled trials of self-measured BP versus usual care at 6 but not 12 months, and for selected patients and their providers self-measured BP may be a helpful adjunct to routine office care. 2) systolic BP lowering to a target of <130 mm Hg may reduce the risk of several important outcomes including risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and major cardiovascular events. No class of medications (ie, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, or beta blockers) was significantly better than thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics as a first-line therapy for any outcome.
Astronaut Cardiovascular Health and Risk Modification (Astro-CHARM) Coronary Calcium Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Calculator
Authors: Khera Amit , Budoff Matthew J. , O’Donnell Christopher J. , Ayers Colby A. , Locke James , de Lemos James A. , Massaro Joseph M. , McClelland Robyn L. , Taylor Allen , Levine Benjamin D. 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a powerful novel risk indicator for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Currently, there is no available ASCVD risk prediction tool that integrates traditional risk factors and CAC.

Methods:
To develop a CAC ASCVD risk tool for younger individuals in the general population, subjects aged 40 to 65 without prior cardiovascular disease from 3 population-based cohorts were included. Cox proportional hazards models were developed incorporating age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension treatment, family history of myocardial infarction, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and CAC scores (Astro-CHARM model [Astronaut Cardiovascular Health and Risk Modification]) as dependent variables and ASCVD (nonfatal/fatal myocardial infarction or stroke) as the outcome. Model performance was assessed internally, and validated externally in a fourth cohort.

Results:

The derivation study comprised 7382 individuals with a mean age 51 years, 45% women, and 55% nonwhite. The median CAC was 0 (25th, 75th [0,9]), and 304 ASCVD events occurred in a median 10.9 years of follow-up. The c-statistic was 0.784 for the risk factor model, and 0.817 for Astro-CHARM (
P
<0.0001). In comparison with the risk factor model, the Astro-CHARM model resulted in integrated discrimination improvement (0.0252), and net reclassification improvement (0.121;
P
<0.0001), as well. The Astro-CHARM model demonstrated good discrimination (c=0.78) and calibration (Nam-D’Agostino χ
2
, 13.2;
P
=0.16) in the validation cohort (n=2057; 55 events). A mobile application and web-based tool were developed to facilitate clinical application of this tool (
www.AstroCHARM.org
).

Conclusion:
The Astro-CHARM tool is the first integrated ASCVD risk calculator to incorporate risk factors, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and family history, and CAC data. It improves risk prediction in comparison with traditional risk factor equations and could be useful in risk-based decision making for cardiovascular disease prevention in the middle-aged general population.
The Life Cycle of Anvil Clouds and the Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation Balance over the Tropical West Pacific
Authors: Wall Casey J. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Thieman Mandana M. , Smith William L. , Minnis Patrick 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObservations from a geostationary satellite are used to study the life cycle of mesoscale convective systems (MCS), their associated anvil clouds, and their effects on the radiation balance over the warm pool of the tropical western Pacific Ocean. In their developing stages, MCS primarily consist of clouds that are optically thick and have a negative net cloud radiative effect (CRE). As MCS age, ice crystals in the anvil become larger, the cloud top lowers somewhat, and cloud radiative effects decrease in magnitude. Shading from anvils causes cool anomalies in the underlying sea surface temperature (SST) of up to −0.6°C. MCS often occur in clusters that are embedded within large westward-propagating disturbances, and therefore shading from anvils can cool SSTs over regions spanning hundreds of kilometers. Triggering of convection is more likely to follow a warm SST anomaly than a cold SST anomaly on a time scale of several days. This information is used to evaluate hypotheses for why, over the warm pool, the average shortwave and longwave CRE are individually large but nearly cancel. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the cancellation in CRE is caused by feedbacks among cloud albedo, large-scale circulation, and SST.