bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traiter l'incertitude des projections climatiques (essai)
Authors: Evin Guillaume , Eckert Nicolas , Hingray Benoît , Verfaillie Deborah , Morin Samuel , Lafaysse Matthieu , Blanchet Juliette 
Published: June 2018

Handling the uncertainty of climate change projections (essay)
The uncertainties associated with climate projections cannot be ignored when those projections are used. They arise from uncertainties surrounding developments for greenhouse gases, uncertainties arising from the climate models and the impact models (hydrology, biodiversity etc.), as well as the natural variability of the climate. To describe these different sources of uncertainty, and take them into account is not easy for engineers and managers, who are more accustomed to reasoning in a determinist framework. This article aims to demonstrate that statistics offers a number of approaches which make it possible to use a given multiscenario, multimodel climate projection. The simplest propose a descriptive summary of the information, while the more complex approaches can test the significance of the expected changes, to separate the different causes of uncertainty and measure each one's contribution to the overall variability. The approach is illustrated by a set of projections for temperature, precipitation and mean snow depth for a mountainous region of the French Alps. It can be easily applied to any variable whose projections have been generated through an impact model which simulates the consequences of a set of climate projections for a given sector defined in social and ecosystem terms.
Cloud-scale Molecular Gas Properties in 15 Nearby Galaxies
Authors: Sun 孙嘉 Jiayi 懿 , Leroy Adam K. , Schruba Andreas , Rosolowsky Erik , Hughes Annie , Kruijssen J. M. Diederik , Meidt Sharon , Schinnerer Eva , Blanc Guillermo A. , Bigiel Frank , Bolatto Alberto D. , Chevance Mélanie , Groves Brent , Herrera Cinthya N. , Hygate Alexander P. S. , Pety Jérôme , Querejeta Miguel , Usero Antonio , Utomo Dyas 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We measure the velocity dispersion, σ, and surface density, Σ, of the molecular gas in nearby galaxies from CO spectral line cubes with spatial resolution 45–120 pc, matched to the size of individual giant molecular clouds. Combining 11 galaxies from the PHANGS-ALMA survey with four targets from the literature, we characterize ∼30,000 independent sightlines where CO is detected at good significance. Σ and σ show a strong positive correlation, with the best-fit power-law slope close to the expected value for resolved, self-gravitating clouds. This indicates only a weak variation in the virial parameter α
vir ∝ σ
2/Σ, which is ∼1.5–3.0 for most galaxies. We do, however, observe enormous variation in the internal turbulent pressure P
turb ∝ Σσ
2, which spans ∼5 dex across our sample. We find Σ, σ, and P
turb to be systematically larger in more massive galaxies. The same quantities appear enhanced in the central kiloparsec of strongly barred galaxies relative to their disks. Based on sensitive maps of M31 and M33, the slope of the σ–Σ relation flattens at Σ ≲ 10 M
⊙ pc−2, leading to high σ for a given Σ and high apparent α
vir. This echoes results found in the Milky Way and likely originates from a combination of lower beam-filling factors and a stronger influence of local environment on the dynamical state of molecular gas in the low-density regime.
Stochastic Acceleration of ∼0.1–5 keV Pickup Ions in the Heliotail
Authors: Zirnstein E. J. , Kumar R. , Heerikhuisen J. , McComas D. J. , Galli A. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We seek to understand the quantitative role of the dominant physical processes (charge-exchange, adiabatic heating, stochastic acceleration) governing the proton distribution in the heliotail using observations of hydrogen energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX ). We solve the Parker transport equation for solar wind protons and pickup ions (PUIs) as they propagate from the termination shock (TS) down the heliotail, including charge-exchange between protons and neutral hydrogen atoms as source terms derived from an MHD-fluid and kinetic-neutral simulation of the heliosphere. We compute ENA fluxes at 1 au from the results of the proton transport model and compare them with IBEX observations. We find that, under the assumptions of our model, a stochastic acceleration process is needed to counteract the energy-dependent losses of ∼0.1–5 keV PUIs from charge-exchange to reproduce IBEX data. The power-law velocity dependence of the diffusion coefficient (spectral index γ) is limited to the range 0.67 < γ < 2, and the best fit to IBEX data appears close to γ ∼ 1.25. The diffusion rate ∼1.1 × 10−8 km2 s−3 (v/v
0)1.25 nearly balances the loss of ∼0.1–5 keV PUIs by charge-exchange. Our analysis suggests that cyclotron resonance with two widely known incompressible MHD turbulence: namely, isotropic Kolmogorov and anisotropic Goldreich–Sridhar turbulence, as well as stochastic particle interactions with compressive waves are not by themselves the dominant diffusion mechanisms. However, some intermediate processes may be occurring due to the presence of PUIs.
Enhancing the H2O Megamaser Detection Rate Using Optical and Mid-infrared Photometry
Authors: Kuo C. Y. , Constantin A. , Braatz J. A. , Chung H. H. , Witherspoon C. A. , Pesce D. , Impellizzeri C. M. V. , Gao F. , Hao Lei , Woo J.-H. , Zaw Ingyin 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Water megamasers from circumnuclear disks in galaxy centers provide the most accurate measurements of supermassive black hole masses and uniquely probe the subparsec accretion processes. At the same time, these systems offer independent crucial constraints of the Hubble constant in the nearby universe, and thus, the arguably best single constraint on the nature of dark energy. The chances of finding these golden standards are, however, abysmally low, at ≲3% overall for any level of water maser emission detected at 22 GHz and ≲1% for those exhibiting disk-like configuration. We provide here a thorough summary of the current state of detection of water megamaser disks along with a novel investigation of the likelihood of increasing their detection rates based on a multivariate parameter analysis of the optical and mid-infrared (mid-IR) photometric properties of the largest database of galaxies surveyed for 22 GHz emission. We find that galaxies with water megamaser emission tend to be associated with strong emission in all Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer mid-IR wavelengths, with the strongest enhancement in the W4 band, at 22 μm, as well as with previously proposed and newly found indicators of active galactic nucleus strength in the mid-IR, such as red W1 − W2 and W1 − W4 colors, and the integrated mid-IR luminosity of the host galaxy. These trends offer a potential boost of the megamaser detection rates to 6%–15%, or a factor of 2–8 relative to the current rates, depending on the chosen sample selection criteria, while fostering real chances for discovering ≳20 new megamaser disks.
A Model for Spectral States and Their Transition in Cyg X-1
Authors: Taam Ronald E. , Qiao Erlin , Liu B. F. , Meyer-Hofmeister E. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
A new accretion picture based on a small disk surrounding a black hole is developed for the wind-fed source Cyg X-1. The hard and soft spectral states of Cyg X-1 are interpreted in terms of co-spatial two-component flows for the innermost region of an accretion disk. The state transitions result from the outward expansion and inward recession of this inner disk for the hard-to-soft and soft-to-hard transition, respectively. The theoretical framework for state transitions in black hole X-ray binaries with high-mass companions involving a change in the inner disk size, thus it differs from systems with low-mass companions involving the change in the outer disk size. This fundamental difference stems from the fact that matter captured and supplied to the black hole in wind-fed systems has low specific angular momentum and is hot essentially heated in the bow and spiral shocks, whereas it has high specific angular momentum and is cool in Roche lobe overflow systems. The existence of a weak cool disk around the ISCO region in the hard state allows for the presence of a relativistically broadened Fe K line. The small disk fed by gas condensation forms without an extensive outer disk, precluding thermal instabilities and large outbursts, resulting in the lack of large amplitude outbursts and hysteresis effects in the light curve of high-mass black hole X-ray binaries. Their relatively persistent X-ray emission is attributed to their wind-fed nature.
The Orbit and Origin of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Segue 1
Authors: Fritz T. K. , Lokken M. , Kallivayalil N. , Wetzel A. , Linden S. T. , Zivick P. , Tollerud E. J. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We present the first proper motion measurement for an ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxy, Segue 1, using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Large Binocular Camera (LBC) as the first and second epochs separated by a baseline of ∼10 years. We obtain a motion of μ

α
cos(δ) = −0.37 ± 0.57 mas yr−1 and μ

δ
= −3.39 ± 0.58 mas yr−1. Combining this with the known line-of-sight velocity, this corresponds to a Galactocentric V
rad = 84 ± 9 and

km s−1. Applying Milky Way halo masses of between 0.8 and 1.6 × 1012
M
⊙ results in an apocenter at

kpc and pericenter at

kpc from the Galactic center, indicating that Segue 1 is rather tightly bound to the Milky Way. Since neither the orbital pole of Segue 1 nor its distance to the Milky Way is similar to the more massive classical dwarfs, it is very unlikely that Segue 1 was once a satellite of a massive known galaxy. Using cosmological zoom-in simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies, we identify subhalos on similar orbits as Segue 1, which imply the following orbital properties: a median first infall

Gyr ago, a median of four pericentric passages since then, and a pericenter of

kpc. This is slightly larger than the pericenter derived directly from Segue 1 and Milky Way parameters, because galaxies with a small pericenter are more likely to be destroyed. Of the surviving subhalo analogs, only 27% were previously a satellite of a more massive dwarf galaxy (that is now destroyed), thus Segue 1 is more likely to have been accreted on its own.
The Triggering of the 2014 March 29 Filament Eruption
Authors: Woods Magnus M. , Inoue Satoshi , Harra Louise K. , Matthews Sarah A. , Kusano Kanya , Kalmoni Nadine M. E. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The X1 flare and associated filament eruption occurring in NOAA Active Region 12017 on SOL2014-03-29 has been a source of intense study. In this work, we analyze the results of a series of nonlinear force-free field extrapolations of the flare’s pre- and post-flare periods. In combination with observational data provided by the IRIS, Hinode, and Solar Dynamics Observatory missions, we have confirmed the existence of two flux ropes present within the active region prior to flaring. Of these two flux ropes, we find that intriguingly only one erupts during the X1 flare. We propose that the reason for this is due to tether cutting reconnection allowing one of the flux ropes to rise to a torus unstable region prior to flaring, thus allowing it to erupt during the subsequent flare.
A Study of Electron Forbush Decreases with a 3D SDE Numerical Model
Authors: Luo Xi , Potgieter Marius S. , Zhang Ming , Feng Xueshang 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Because of the precise measurements of the cosmic ray electron flux by the PAMELA and AMS02, Electron Forbush decreases (Fds) have recently been observed for the first time. This serves as motivation to perform a numerical study of electron Forbush decreases with an advanced time-dependent, three-dimensional (3D) stochastic differential equation model, developed earlier to study proton Fds. The model includes a realistic interstellar electron spectrum reconstructed from Voyager observations, and diffusion and drift coefficients to reproduce the modulated spectrum observed by PAMELA in 2009. On the basis of this numerical model, electron Fd profiles for a range of rigidities are simulated. In addition, a systematic comparison between electron and proton Fds during different solar polarity epochs is performed. This approach gives insight into the rigidity dependence of the heliospheric diffusion coefficients and of drift effects over two magnetic field polarity cycles. We find that during an A > 0 epoch, the recovery time of a 1 GV proton Fd is remarkably shorter than the 1 GV electrons, whereas the electron Fd display a faster recovery during an A < 0 epoch. This model clear predicts a charge-sign dependent effect in the recovery time of Fds but less so for their magnitude.
Measuring Oxygen Abundances from Stellar Spectra without Oxygen Lines
Authors: Ting 丁源 Yuan-Sen 森 , Conroy Charlie , Rix Hans-Walter , Asplund Martin 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Oxygen is the most abundant “metal” element in stars and in the cosmos. But determining oxygen abundances in stars has proven challenging, because of the shortage of detectable atomic oxygen lines in their optical spectra as well as observational and theoretical complications with these lines (e.g., blends, three-dimensional, non-LTE). Nonetheless, Ting et al. were recently able to demonstrate that oxygen abundances can be determined from low-resolution (R ≃ 2000) optical spectra. Here, we investigate the physical processes that enable such a measurement for cool stars, such as K-giants. We show that the strongest spectral diagnostics of oxygen come from the CNO atomic-molecular network but are manifested in spectral features that do not involve oxygen. In the outer atmosphere layers, most of the carbon is locked up in CO, and changes to the oxygen abundance directly affect the abundances of all other carbon-bearing molecules, thereby changing the strength of CH, CN, and C2 features across the optical spectrum. In deeper atmosphere layers, most of the carbon is in atomic form, and any change in the oxygen abundance has little effect on the other carbon-bearing molecules. The key physical effect enabling such oxygen abundance measurements is that spectral features in the optical arise from both the CO-dominant and the atomic carbon-dominant regions, providing non-degenerate constraints on both C and O. Beyond the case at hand, the results show that physically sound abundances measurements need not be limited to those elements that have observable lines themselves.
Gouvernance métropolitaine et régimes politiques de frontière
Authors: Mévellec Anne , Chiasson Guy , Gauthier Mario 
Published: June 2018

Cet article analyse les relations entre divers paliers de gouvernement dans le contexte de l’agglomération transfrontalière d’Ottawa-Gatineau. Cette région métropolitaine est atypique par rapport aux espaces urbains transfrontaliers qui sont habituellement documentés dans la littérature. Notre analyse cherche à déterminer comment les caractéristiques particulières d’Ottawa-Gatineau (une frontière interprovinciale et un statut de capitale fédérale) se traduisent au niveau des rapports entre les divers paliers de gouvernement. Nous faisons appel à la grille d’analyse développée par Leresche et Saez (1997) qui distingue trois régimes politiques de frontière – le gouvernement ( lime s), la gouvernabilité ( marche) et la gouvernance ( synapse) . En reprenant ces trois catégories, nous montrons comment la construction d’un espace métropolitain transfrontalier à Ottawa-Gatineau est marquée par une trajectoire multiscalaire au cours de laquelle se succèdent le régime de gouvernement (pour la période 1950-2000) et celui de gouvernabilité (depuis 2000). Bien qu’on puisse observer des signes précurseurs d’un régime de gouvernance métropolitaine transfrontalière, plusieurs éléments tendent à montrer que le régime de gouvernabilité perdure.
Anciennes et nouvelles capitales des régions françaises dans les débats autour de la réforme régionale : les enjeux territoriaux dans la prise de décision
Authors: Laporte Antoine , Vergnaud Guillaume 
Published: June 2018

La réforme territoriale de 2016 en France entraîne la fusion de certaines régions et, donc, un choix entre anciens chefs-lieux régionaux pour désigner de nouvelles capitales. Ce choix est d’autant moins négligeable que la réforme s’accompagne d’une réorganisation de l’administration. L’ensemble aboutit à la concentration dans un nombre plus restreint de villes des fonctions et services mais promeut cependant des essais timides de polycentrisme à l’intérieur des nouvelles régions, ce qui est innovant par rapport à la tradition d’organisation territoriale française. À partir d’une analyse des débats parlementaires portant sur la réforme, cet article mesure la place de la question des chefs-lieux dans la réforme et interroge les représentations, enjeux et argumentaires ayant sous-tendu le choix des nouvelles capitales. Au cœur d’un débat d’aménagement du territoire classique, celles-ci apparaissent comme des objets de négociations liées à des intérêts locaux mais sont pourtant à l’origine des propositions d’organisations territoriales polycentriques.
L’indice de la franchise : politique économique, concurrence des ports francs et condition des Juifs en Méditerranée à l’époque moderne
Authors: Calafat Guillaume 
Published: June 2018

Cet article comparatif s’intéresse aux conditions socio-juridiques et institutionnelles d’accueil et de résidence des Juifs dans plusieurs villes portuaires de Méditerranée à l’époque moderne. Centré tout d’abord sur le port toscan de Livourne, il analyse la nature et le contenu des privilèges octroyés à la fin du xvi e siècle aux marchands juifs et aux anciens crypto-juifs. Leur négociation permet de revenir sur les justifications politico-économiques, fondées sur la raison d’État et l’affirmation de la souveraineté du Prince, qui légitiment l’accueil des Sépharades dans le port toscan. Les édits livournais des années 1590 sont ensuite rapportés plus largement au « mercantilisme philosémite » du xvi e siècle, et à la compétition des places portuaires méditerranéennes, de Nice/Villefranche à Ancône et de Venise à Livourne. On souligne ici la précarité des règlements en faveur des Juifs, mais aussi le lien opéré entre la croissance du négoce et l’invitation des Juifs à venir s’installer dans les places portuaires. Le caractère tâtonnant des politiques en la matière devient toutefois un bon indicateur de l’instabilité des environnements institutionnels dédiés aux marchands. Une troisième partie est enfin consacrée à la compétition des « ports francs », à travers la mise en regard des conditions d’accueil fluctuantes des Juifs à Nice/Villefranche, Gênes et Marseille au xvii e siècle. Cette comparaison permet de montrer que la présence juive, soumise à de nombreux revirements politiques, est moins un ingrédient nécessaire du port franc qu’un révélateur efficace de son environnement institutionnel, plus ou moins favorable et ouvert aux commerçants étrangers.
Benefits of Health Care Communication Training for Nurses Conducting Bedside Handovers: An Australian Hospital Case Study
Authors: Slade Diana , Pun Jack , Murray Kristen A. , Eggins Suzanne 
Published: June 2018

Background:
This study aimed to examine the effects of communication training on nurses' ability to conduct bedside handovers in hospital.

Method:

Of the 26 participating nurses, 13 had recently completed specialized training in bedside handovers using the
C
onnect,
A
sk,
R
espond, and
E
mpathize (CARE) and
P
ast,
P
resent, and
F
uture (PPF) of the patient journey and condition protocols for health care communication. The other 13 nurses did not participate in this training. Researchers videotaped and evaluated these nurses' handover practices using the Bedside Handover Evaluation Form.

Results:
Nurses who had received the specific training in bedside handovers interacted with their patients to a far greater extent, asked more questions, and stated more complete information about their patient's medical journey.

Conclusion:
Nurses who participate in health care communication training on bedside handovers subsequently demonstrate a significantly better ability to lead these clinical interactions. This is evidenced by their articulation of more detailed medical information, their more respectful and multifaceted interactions with patients, and their more inclusive approach to all participants in the handover.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2018;49(7):329–336.
La construction de la forme urbaine de Pontoise au Moyen Âge : entre « impensé » et stratégies des élites
Authors: Robert Sandrine 
Published: June 2018

À Pontoise, le croisement entre l’analyse du parcellaire du xixe siècle, les données archéologiques et les sources historiques a permis de comprendre le développement de la ville de l’Antiquité au xvie siècle. Des formes remarquables (château et église disparus, enclos ecclésiaux, enceintes, etc.) ont été décelées et une première limite – jusqu’ici inconnue – de la ville fortifiée mise en évidence. La dynamique de développement de nouveaux pôles aux portes de cette enceinte et l’importance des enjeux qui se nouent autour du contrôle des axes de circulation interrégionaux sont apparus particulièrement structurants dans la formation urbaine dès le xie siècle. L’observation multiscalaire montre que la construction de la ville intègre des formes organisées qui sont le résultat d’héritages ou de développements spontanés et des formes que les élites produisent volontairement pour contrôler les centres et les voies de communication. La forme de la ville est à la fois un « impensé » – résultat de stratégies sociales dont l’objectif n’est pas de créer de l’urbain – et la conséquence d’opérations urbanistiques volontaires, mais portant sur des espaces limités.
Figurer et mimer les fantômes au xive siècle
Authors: Schmitt Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2018

Le mot « fantôme » (latin fantasma, du grec phantasia) désigne dans l’Occident latin le monde des rêves vains, et pas encore des morts apparaissant aux vivants. Ceux-ci n’en sont pas moins figurés dans l’iconographie du xive siècle, comme enrobés dans un linceul qui couvre même leur visage. Cette image concurrence celle du revenant plus charnel, doué d’un semblant de corps. La nouvelle image du fantôme marque une époque charnière – de la « mort apprivoisée » à la « mort de soi » – de la longue histoire des attitudes à l’égard de la mort et des morts.