bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isoimmunity to Blood Platelets in the Rabbit
Authors: BOREL YVES , BALDINI MARIO , EBBE SHIRLEY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The occurrence of platelet isoimmunity was studied in rabbits sensitized by 3 to 12 transfusions of homologous blood. Platelet isoimmunity in the transfused animals was detected and measured by two different technics: (1) determination of the survival of homologous platelets labeled in vivo with P32 and infused in the sensitized recipient rabbits; and (2) study of platelet agglutinins in the serum of the multitransfused animals.
It was found that:
1. After 3 to 12 blood transfusions, platelet sensitization, as determined by reduction in survival of homologous platelets in the transfused rabbits, occurred in most animals.
2. Survival of homologous specific platelets, i.e., platelets collected from the sensitizing donor and infused in the respective recipient, usually had lower values than the survival of homologous non-specific platelets.
3. Higher degrees of depression in survival of homologous platelets were found in the rabbits which had received larger numbers of blood transfusions.
4. Platelet isoagglutinins could be found only in three of the five rabbits which had been sensitized with 12 blood transfusions and the test was strongly positive in only one rabbit.
5. Repeat studies performed 2½ months after the transfusions demonstrated persistence of platelet isosensitization, while after 15 months isosensitization had greatly decreased; although in one rabbit a good degree of depression in homologous platelet survival wa still present after this time interval.
These studies mainly demonstrate the high frequency of platelet isoimmunity in multitransfused rabbits and the inadequacy of the agglutinin test in the detection of even relatively severe degrees of platelet isosensitization.
The Effect of 6-Mercaptopurine on the Duration of Steroid-induced Remissions in Acute Leukemia: A Model for Evaluation of Other Potentially Useful Therapy
Authors:   ACUTE LEUKEMIA GROUP B, FREIREICH EMIL J , GEHAN EDMUND , FREI EMIL , SCHROEDER LESLIE R. , WOLMAN IRVING J. , ANBARI RACHAD , BURGERT E. OMAR , MILLS STEPHEN D. , PINKEL DONALD , SELAWRY OLEG S. , MOON JOHN H. , GENDEL B. R. , SPURR CHARLES L. , STORRS ROBERT , HAURANI FARID , HOOGSTRATEN BARTH , LEE STANLEY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of 6-MP therapy on the duration of remissions induced by adrenal corticosteroids has been studied as a model for testing of new agents. Ninetytwo patients under age 20 entered the study and were accepted for analysis. Sixty-two (67 per cent) had complete or partial remissions induced by corticosteroids. Patients in remission were randomly assigned to maintenance therapy with either 6-MP or placebo. The median duration of 6-MP-maintained complete remissions was 33 weeks and for placebo, 9 weeks. A sequential experimental design was used to analyze remission times while the study was in progress. This resulted in the study being stopped after analysis of the remission times of 21 pairs of patients (42 patients). Overall survival was not significantly different for the two treatment programs, since patients maintained on placebo were treated with 6-MP when relapse occurred.
The activity of the known active antileukemic compound 6-MP was readily detected by this experimental design without compromise of optimal survival. Such a design should prove useful for the evaluation of new agents and also permit study of the remission maintenance activity of a compound separately from its remission inducing activity.
Observations on Serum B12 and Folate Activity in Normal and Leukemic Rats
Authors: LYNCH THOMAS J. , MOLONEY WILLIAM C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In normal rats serum B12 activity was found to be similar to man but serum folate activity was a good deal higher, in the range of 129 mµg./ml. Total body radiation and administration of 3MCA did not significantly alter B12 or folate activity. Osborne-Mendel rats maintained on a vitamin A-deficient diet were found to have markedly lowered serum B12 activity; the folate levels were only slightly decreased.
Studies on leukemic rats showed that eight animals with myelogenous leukemia had no elevation of the serum B12 activity, and in these animals folate levels were slightly reduced. In two rats with radiation-induced acute lymphatic leukemia, serum B12 activity was significantly elevated due to hepatic necrosis, and folate values were somewhat below normal levels.
Blood Platelet Economy during Moderate and Intensive Heparin Therapy
Authors: MUSTARD J. F. , MURPHY EDMOND A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A study was made of the effects of heparin on platelet survival. The same subjects were studied during control periods and during heparin treatment at two levels of dosage. In most subjects, platelet survival was considerably prolonged and platelet turnover correspondingly diminished when 8000 units of heparin were given 8-hourly, but not with smaller dosage. The evidence in no way implies that such a dosage is optimal—several patients showed little or no response to it. Comparable results were obtained with various in vitro measures of blood coagulability. There was some evidence suggesting that platelet adhesiveness was paradoxically increased when the effect of heparin was wearing off.
These findings raise questions of clinical importance. Moreover, they provide yet further evidence that the survival of the blood platelet is considerably influenced by factors in its external environment.
Megakaryocytes in the Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: SCHEININ T. M. , KOIVUNIEMI A. P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The streptolysin 0 hemolysis method for isolation of cancer cells in the blood was employed for direct observations of the incidence and some characteristics of circulating megakaryocytes.
In a series of 168 patients, circulating megakaryocytes were found in 77 per cent of the blood samples. Each sample contained an average of 1.2 megakaryocytes per ml. of blood. The megakaryocytes were most frequent in pulmonary arterial blood and a number of the cells had an apparently intact abundant cytoplasm. Pulmonary venous blood contained megakaryocytes much less frequently. These were almost always without cytoplasm or with only a narrow rim of it and as a rule small naked nuclei or their fragments were found. Manipulation of lung tissue resulted in an increased amount of megakaryocytes in the pulmonary venous blood.
The megakaryocytes in pulmonary and systemic circulation were more numerous in advanced malignant disease than in early cases, and more common in inflammatory disease or severe anemia than in other nonmalignant disease.
Leukemia in Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Authors: CLIFT R. A. , WRIGHT D. H. , CLIFFORD PETER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Four cases of Burkitt’s tumor with terminal lymphoblastic leukemia are recorded.
2. The lymphomatous nature of the disease is thus confirmed.
3. The relationship of Burkitt’s tumor to classical lymphoblastic leukemia and its possible viral etiology are discussed.
Renoprival Hemolysis and Its Prevention by Renal Tissue
Authors: MUIRHEAD E. E. , JONES FRANCES 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The life span of erythrocytes is prominently shortened following bilateral nephrectomy of the dog. This is due to an intracorpuscular defect which appears to develop rapidly. While this defect develops, the erythrocytes remain normochromic and normocytic, display a normal osmotic fragility and are not coated with globulin. Intact renal tissue, as exemplified by the ureterocaval preparation, improves significantly the life span of the erythrocyte. Autoexplanted renal cortex, liver and spleen and the acutely hydronephrotic kidney do not protect against the shortened life span of the erythrocyte. The renal function which appears to protect against in vivo hemolysis seems to be primarily of nonexcretory type and mainly of medullary origin.
The results suggest the presence of a renal principle operating either directly at renal tissue level or indirectly by a humoral factor in preventing in vivo hemolysis.
Studies on Several Genetic Hematologic Characteristics of the Mexican Population
Authors: LISKER RUBÉN , RUIZ-REYES GUILLERMO , LORIA ALVAR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The clinical, genetic and electrophoretic characteristics of what is very likely a new hemoglobin variant, hemoglobin Mexico, are presented. It is clinically silent, transmitted by an autosomal co-dominant gene, and in alkaline pH moves faster than hemoglobin A.
Intestinal Mucosal Mechanisms Controlling Iron Absorption
Authors: CONRAD MARCEL E. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. , Merrill Betty 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Radioautographic studies provide evidence to support a concept of the mechanism whereby the small intestine controls absorption of iron. Three different states of the body’s iron stores have been considered in this regard: iron excess, iron deficiency and normal iron repletion. As the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenal villi are formed they incorporate a portion of intrinsic iron from the body’s iron store, the amount depending upon the body’s requirement for new iron. It is predicated that with iron excess the iron-receptor mechanism in these cells is saturated with intrinsic iron; this then prevents the cell from accepting dietary iron. In the normal state of iron repletion the receptor mechanism remains partly unsaturated, allowing small amounts of dietary iron to enter the cell. Part of this proceeds into the body to satisfy any metabolic requirement for iron. Part is retained in the mucosal epithelial cells to complete the saturation of the iron-receptor mechanism. This bound iron is subsequently lost when the epithelial cells are sloughed at the end of their life cycle. In iron deficiency it is postulated that the receptor system is inactive or diminished so that entry of dietary iron into the body is relatively uninhibited.
A New Variant of Human Fetal Hemoglobin: Hb FRoma
Authors: SILVESTRONI E. , BIANCO I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A new type of abnormal fetal hemoglobin, identified in Rome from the cord blood hemolysate of a healthy newborn girl, is described. This abnormal hemoglobin, which the authors provisionally name Hb FRoma, has an electrophoretic mobility at alkaline pH identical to that of Hb Bart’s and a spectrum in the U. V. of the fetal type. It is, however, composed of normal alpha chains and altered gamma chains. Hb FRoma, which was present at birth in the portion of 17 per cent, disappeared completely during the 5th month of life. No abnormal hemoglobins were identified in the parents.
A Comparison of the Percentage of Fetal Hemoglobin in Human Umbilical Cord Blood as Determined by Chromatography and by Alkali Denaturation
Authors: ARMSTRONG DAVID H. , SCHROEDER W. A. , FENNINGER WILLIAM D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A comparison has been made of the determination of fetal hemoglobin in human umbilical cord blood by column chromatography and alkali denaturation. A careful study has also been made of the variables that control the accuracy and precision of the methods. Minor modification has led to much improved control of the 1-minute alkali denaturation procedure.
The percentage of fetal hemoglobin in the umiblical cord blood of full term infants has been found to cover a far narrower range than is commonly reported. By chromatography, the average is 85.5 per cent with a range from 79 to 91 per cent that includes more than 95 per cent of normal full term infants. By alkali denaturation, the average is 74.0 per cent with a range from 63 to 87 per cent.
Possible correlations with several clinical parameters have been examined. The highest correlation by both methods of determination occurred in the group of 12 samples from infants with a duration of gestation less than 37 weeks. In this group the linear correlation with weight was greater than 0.6.
The precision and accuracy of the chromatographic method recommend it in the study of such subjects as prematurity, twinning, dysmaturity, intrauterine growth retardation, and infants of diabetic mothers.
Serologic and Physicochemical Characterization of Donath-Landsteiner Antibodies from Six Patients
Authors: HINZ CARL F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Donath-Landsteiner antibodies from six patients were studied serologically and physicochemically. All had similar serologic properties including a requirement for complement in the cold phase. Five of the antibodies were associated with the 7S γ2-globulins, while the sixth was associated with 7S γ-globulins of slightly faster electrophoretic mobility and slightly different chromatographic behavior.
Rates of Proliferation and Interrelationships of Cells in the Mesenteric Lymph Node of the Rat
Authors: RIEKE WILLIAM O. , CAFFREY RUTH W. , EVERETT N. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Single and multiple injections of tritiated thymidine were combined with radioautography to study the rates of proliferation and interrelationships of the various cell lines in the mesenteric lymph node of the rat. The appearance and labeling patterns of the different cells are described from studies of both smears and tissue sections. Reticular cells exhibit wide variations in labeling intensity, phagocytize labeled lymphocytes, and become labeled in high percentages only when TTH is administered over a period of many days. Other slowly proliferating cell types include small lymphocytes, fat cells, endothelial cells and mast cells.
Rapidly proliferating cell lines include plasmablasts, hemohistioblasts, proplasmacytes and large lymphocytes. The generation time of plasmablasts and hemohistioblasts was determined to be approximately 9 and 12 hours respectively. Mature plasma cells constitute a non-dividing population which is renewed in lymph node in not more than 5 days.
Evidence is presented that the most primitive cells in the lymphocyte and plasma cell lines are the hemohistioblasts and plasmablasts respectively. Reticular cells most probably are not stem cells. No evidence is found to support previous reports that plasma cells derive from lymphocytes.
The Development of Large Immature Mononuclear Cells in Mixed Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: BAIN BARBARA , VAS MAGDALENE R. , LOWENSTEIN LOUIS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. When leukocytes from two normal, unrelated subjects are mixed together and cultured, some of them transform into large basophilic cells that can synthesize DNA and undergo mitosis.
2. The stimulus for this change is the presence of two sets of leukocytes. Foreign erythrocytes, plasma or platelets have no effect.
3. Studies with mixtures of leukocytes from pairs of identical and nonidentical twins indicate that the reaction may be related to genetic differences between the two subjects.
4. It is suggested that the reaction in leukocyte mixtures may be related to homograft immunity.
Some Data on Mechanism of Leukopenia and Leukocytosis Following Irradiation
Authors: GIDÁLI JULIA , FEHÉR IMRE , Osgyáni Julia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In rabbits irradiated with 150 to 600 r, granulocytosis is preceded by a prompt significant granulocytopenia developing 5-15 minutes after irradiation but persisting for a short time.
2. The plasma taken at the minimum of the initial granulocytopenia produced a similar two-phase reaction when injected into normal animals: a promptly developing significant granulocytopenia persisting for a short period followed by prolonged granulocytosis. Prolonged thrombocytopenia might be induced by the very same plasma.
3. The above-mentioned reactions may he reproduced satisfactorily with the administration of dilute starch solutions.
4. On the basis of the results obtained, it seems likely that the agent demonstrable in the plasma after irradiation, and influencing the level of circulating granulocytes and thrombocytes, is not a toxin (leukotoxin) but a substance that may be formed following physiologic stimuli as well.
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation Studies in Dogs Irradiated by Y90-DTPA Urine-Recycling Technic
Authors: WINCHELL H. S. , POLLYCOVE MYRON , LOUGHMAN W. D. , LAWRENCE J. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Autologous bone marrow infusions are able to save the lives of dogs lethally irradiated with Y90-DTPA.
2. In certain cases the autologous marrow was able to save the life of the Y90-DTPA-irradiated dogs without any marked early elevation in circulating formed blood elements.
3. In contrast to results obtained using external irradiation technics, animals treated with Y90-DTPA and autologous marrow did not show early return of circulating lymphocytes.
Influence of Cobalt, Sheep Erythropoietin and Several Hormones on Erythropoiesis in Bone Marrows of Isolated Perfused Hind Limbs of Dogs
Authors: FISHER JAMES W. , ROH B. L. , COUCH CHARLES , NIGHTINGALE W. O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A technic has been developed for studying the femoral bone marrow of the dog by perfusing the isolated hind limb. With the use of this method, bone marrows were perfused for 4-6 hours with donor dog blood alone and blood containing sheep erythropoietin, cobalt, growth hormone, hydrocortisone, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine or testosterone. Significant increases were seen in nucleated erythroid cell counts within femoral marrows perfused with blood containing sheep erythropoietin and cobalt. A slight increase was also noted in the bone marrows from limbs in which growth hormone was added to the perfusion system. It may be concluded from these experiments that erythropoietin, cobalt and growth hormone are capable of stimulating erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow directly.
Erythrocyte and Plasma Lipids in Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: WESTERMAN MAXWELL P. , PIERCE LAWRENCE E. , JENSEN WALLACE N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Measurement of various lipid moieties of the nonsickled erythrocytes of patients with sickle cell disease demonstrate an increased concentration of all lipid fractions when compared to a normal similarly aged population of erythrocytes. Highly significant increases in sickle disease cells occurred only in the total lipid fraction. The nonsickled erythrocyte of patients with sickle cell disease appears flatter and has a larger surface area than similarly aged normal cells. Significant decreases in plasma total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol were present.
Relatively Selective Beta Irradiation of Lymphatic Structures in the Dog Using Y90-DTPA
Authors: WINCHELL H. S. , POLLYCOVE MYRON , ANDERSEN A. C. , LAWRENCE J. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In an attempt to provide relatively selective irradiation of tissues responsible for the homograft rejection response and to minimize exposure of other radiosensitive tissues, we developed a technic using internally administered Yttrium-90 chelated with DTPA (diethylene triamine-pentaacetic acid). Dogs given sublethal doses of Y90-DTPA radiation had a benign clinical course, the only remarkable finding being a selective lymphopenia without depression of granulocytes, platelets, or reticulocytes. Dogs lethally irradiated with Y90-DTPA showed depression of all formed blood elements, and severe depression of lymphocytes was most prominent. As the homograft rejection response appears to be a function of lymphatic tissues, the results obtained suggest the use of this procedure to prepare large mammals for homologous tissue transplantation.
The Chromatography of Hemins from Normal and Abnormal Human Erythrocytes
Authors: LEE G. RICHARD , HAUT ARTHUR , CAINE THOMAS H. , CARTWRIGHT GEORGE E. , WINTROBE MAXWELL M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Erythrocyte hemins, extracted with acid-acetone, exhibited multiple components on two chromatographic systems. However, this heterogeneity can be explained by various physicochemical properties of hemin in solution and does not imply that heme, when attached to globin in the native hemoglobin molecule, is heterogeneous.
2. The presence of a non-polar fraction may be accounted for by esterification of protohemin as a result of reaction with small amounts of methanol contaminating the acetone and/or the presence of some un-ionized protohemin molecule in solutions of low pH.
3. The presence of poorly soluble fractions is probably the result of polymerization of the hydroxyhemin molecule into so-called β- and γ-hematins.
4. The formation of mesohemin is considered unlikely, but the formation of deuterohemin or hematohemin cannot be excluded.
5. No changes in hemin chromatographic patterns were noted in disease.
6. It is necessary to evaluate reports concerning chromatographic hemin heterogeneity in the light of the artifacts described above before attributing physiologic or pathogenetic significance to the findings.
The Nature of Some Subtypes of A
Authors: ALTER AARON A. , ROSENFIELD RICHARD E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The subtype AxB has been encountered and described, along with two new examples of the subtype Ax. Anti-A and anti-A,B that has been absorbed by and eluted from erythrocytes of subtype Ax are sensitive to at least partial inhibition by the salivary secretions of the Ax person, thereby implying that A determinants are expressed in the salivary secretions as well as on the erythrocytes. Saliva of the AxB person did not possess such inhibitory activity. However, family study disclosed that this person was likely to possess an unusual A2B genotype in which the B gene suppresses, at the phenotypic level, the expression of paired A. Furthermore, an underlying disease, myeloid metaplasia, may have further suppressed the expression of A determinants on both erythrocytes and in salivary secretions. Three other pedigrees revealed suppression of A by paired B, and in one instance, the genotype A1B was found to give rise to the phenotype A2B. Some population studies fail to demonstrate satisfactory Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when tested in accordance with the usual four allele theory of inheritance for the A1A2BO phenotypes. An additional allele, suppressor B (B[unknown]) was assumed for five such studies, and a more satisfactory fit between expected and observed values was obtained.
Fibrin Suspension Assay for Fibrinolytic Activity
Authors: DYER A. E. , KADAR D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A new method has been described for measuring fibrinolytic activity. The method is based on the change in turbidity resulting from the dissolution of suspended particles of fibrin under the influence of fibrinolytic agents. Because the technic exposes a vast surface area of substrate, measurable changes occur rapidly. The procedure is not complex, yet provides more accurate estimates than other methods employing fibrin as a substrate.
The method also has the advantage that conditions such as temperature, pH and length of incubation can be varied. Experiments illustrating this have been reported.
The following two fibrinolytic agents were studied.
1. Human plasmin activated with glycerin.
2. An extract of Aspergillus oryzae.