bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Magnetic‐Nanomaterial‐Based Mechanotransduction for Cell Fate Regulation
Authors: Wu Congyu , Shen Yajing , Chen Mengwei , Wang Kun , Li Yongyong , Cheng Yu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRemote control of cells and the regulation of cell events at the molecular level are of great interest in the biomedical field. In addition to chemical compounds and genes, mechanical forces play a pivotal role in regulating cell fate, which have prompted the rapid growth of mechanobiology. From a perspective of nanotechnology, magnetic nanomaterials (MNs) are an appealing option for mechanotransduction due to their capabilities in spatiotemporal manipulation of mechanical forces via the magnetic field. As a newly developed paradigm, magneto‐mechanotransduction is harnessed to physically regulate cell fate for biomedical applications. Here, the critical factors that determine the magnetomechanical forces induced by MNs in mechanotransduction are briefly reviewed. Recent innovative approaches and their underlying mechanisms for controlling cell fate are highlighted, which offer possibilities for the remote mechanical manipulation of cells and biomolecules in a precise manner. Promising applications including regenerative medicine and cancer treatment based on magnetomechanical stimulation through MNs are also addressed. Perspectives and challenges in MN‐based mechanotransduction are commented.
Tackling Energy Loss for High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells with Integrated Multiple Strategies
Authors: Zuo Lijian , Shi Xueliang , Jo Sae Byeok , Liu Yun , Lin Fracis , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractLimited by the various inherent energy losses from multiple channels, organic solar cells show inferior device performance compared to traditional inorganic photovoltaic techniques, such as silicon and CuInGaSe. To alleviate these fundamental limitations, an integrated multiple strategy is implemented including molecular design, interfacial engineering, optical manipulation, and tandem device construction into one cell. Considering the close correlation among these loss channels, a sophisticated quantification of energy‐loss reduction is tracked along with each strategy in a perspective to reach rational overall optimum. A novel nonfullerene acceptor, 6TBA, is synthesized to resolve the thermalization and VOC loss, and another small bandgap nonfullerene acceptor, 4TIC, is used in the back sub‐cell to alleviate transmission loss. Tandem architecture design significantly reduces the light absorption loss, and compensates carrier dynamics and thermalization loss. Interfacial engineering further reduces energy loss from carrier dynamics in the tandem architecture. As a result of this concerted effort, a very high power conversion efficiency (13.20%) is obtained. A detailed quantitative analysis on the energy losses confirms that the improved device performance stems from these multiple strategies. The results provide a rational way to explore the ultimate device performance through molecular design and device engineering.
EGaIn–Metal Interfacing for Liquid Metal Circuitry and Microelectronics Integration
Authors: Ozutemiz Kadri Bugra , Wissman James , Ozdoganlar Osman Burak , Majidi Carmel 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) has attracted significant attention in recent years for its use in soft and stretchable electronics. However, advances in scalable fabrication approaches and effective electromechanical interfaces between liquid metal (LM) traces and microelectronics are still needed to create functional soft and stretchable electronics. In this study, EGaIn–metal interfacing for the effective integration of surface‐mount microelectronics with LM interconnects is investigated. The electrical interconnects are produced by creating copper patterns on a soft‐elastomer substrate, and subsequently exposing the substrate to EGaIn, which selectively wets the Cu traces. To create strong electromechanical connection between EGaIn and microelectronics, the terminals of the LM‐coated traces are “soldered” to the metal pins of the packaged microelectronic circuits using a novel HCl‐vapor treatment. In combination, the fabrication and microelectronics‐interfacing approaches enable creating stretchable circuits composed of LM wiring and packaged microelectronics. It is found that the HCl‐vapor treatment significantly improves electrical conductivity at the LM–pin interface while enhancing the strain limit of the soft circuits and the reproducibility of the interface. The applicability of this approach in creating soft‐matter circuits is demonstrated through two illustrative examples—a circuit with a digital 9‐axis inertial measurement unit and a temperature sensor; and a circuit with a 3‐axis analog accelerometer.
3D Hybrids of Interconnected Porous Carbon Nanosheets/Vertically Aligned Polyaniline Nanowires for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Wang , Jin Xuanzhen , Chai Hua , Diao Guowang , Piao Yuanzhe 
Published: March 2018

Abstract3D hybrids of interconnected porous carbon (PC) nanosheets/vertically aligned polyaniline (Pani) nanowires are prepared by a cost‐effective facile approach and used as high‐performance supercapacitor electrodes. The 3D PC/Pani hybrids are obtained by a simple in situ growth of Pani on 3D PC with a high specific surface area and good electrochemical performance fabricated via a one‐step thermal pyrolysis of potassium citrate. The 3D PC/Pani hybrids show an excellent specific capacitance of 512 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in the three‐electrode configuration, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of PC and Pani in the composite. In addition, the as‐assembled asymmetric supercapacitor of PC/Pani composites exhibits good capacitive properties and a long‐term cycling stability of 91% after 3000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Owing to its cost‐effective preparation and high electrochemical performance, the PC/Pani hybrid composite has significant potential for use as practical electrode materials of supercapacitors.
Color‐by‐Blue QD‐Emissive LCD Enabled by Replacing RGB Color Filters with Narrow‐Band GR InP/ZnSeS/ZnS QD Films
Authors: Kang Hyelim , Kim Sohee , Oh Ji Hye , Yoon Hee Chang , Jo Jung‐Ho , Yang Heesun , Do Young Rag 
Published: March 2018

AbstractColor‐by‐blue quantum dot (QD)‐emissive liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) with eco‐friendly, green, red (GR) InP/ZnSeS/ZnS QD films are introduced to overcome the disadvantages of conventional color‐by‐white color filter (CF)‐assisted LCDs, such as a narrow viewing angle, low external device efficiency of these types of LCDs, and a restricted color gamut. In this study, the color‐by‐blue InP‐based QD‐emissive LCD consists of a blue (B) light‐emitting diode (LED) and GR InP‐based QD films sandwiched between a light recycling filter and a long‐wavelength pass dichroic filter. The GR InP‐based QDs are synthesized with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (>77%) and narrow bandwidth (<40 nm), which are suitable for display applications. The overall enhancement of InP‐based QD‐emissive LCDs, in this case by the enhanced efficiency of a blue LED backlight transmitted through the LC shutter compared to a white LED backlight and the improved efficiency of the enlarged color gamut, is 2.42 times that of a conventional red, green, and blue (RGB) CF‐LCD with a GR phosphor‐converted (pc)‐LED (a B LED + R K2SiF6:Mn + G β‐SiAlON:Eu phosphor) backlight. Therefore, this considerable enhancement of the external efficiency of a QD‐emissive LCD makes it more feasible as a replacement for conventional RGB CF‐assisted LCDs.
High‐Performance Electrochromic Optical Shutter Based on Fluoran Dye for Visibility Enhancement of Augmented Reality Display
Authors: Kim Gyeong Woo , Kim Yong Cheol , Ko Ik Jang , Park Jin Hwan , Bae Hyeong Woo , Lampande Raju , Kwon Jang Hyuk 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a high‐performance electrochromic optical shutter (ECOS) based on fluoran dye and an augmented reality (AR) display system comprising of ECOS are proposed. The electrochromic reactions of the fluoran dye that transmit or absorb visible light depending on its redox state are activated by the protons generated from hydroquinone derivatives, thereby significantly improved visible light absorption and decreased driving voltage. The visible light‐absorbing function of ECOS is a sole solution for overcoming the main issue of low visibility of displayed images under strong ambient light conditions in optical see‐through head‐mounted displays (OST‐HMDs) implementing augmented reality. The proposed AR display effectively solves the problem by significantly increasing the ambient contrast ratio and color gamut of the displayed image on OST‐HMD even in the strong ambient light condition due to the excellent visible light‐absorbing function of ECOS.
Isocoumarins: General Aspects and Recent Advances in their Synthesis
Authors: Saikia Pallabi , Gogoi Sanjib 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBeing an important constituent of naturally occurring lactones with diverse biological activities and as a pivotal intermediate in heterocycle synthesis, the isocoumarin motif has claimed vast interest in synthetic and medicinal research. The methodologies for the synthesis of isocoumarins involve particularly metal‐catalyzed reactions as well as various intramolecular and intermolecular cyclization reactions. The transition metal complexes of palladium, copper, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, nickel, zinc and silver are frequently used for the construction of this scaffold. Electrophilic cyclization, oxyboration, and iodocyclization reactions are also known to afford isocoumarins. This review article attempts to highlight the recent advances in their synthesis along with general aspects such as natural occurrence, biological activities, etc. of this particular heterocyclic scaffold.magnified image
Controlled Growth of Bilayer‐MoS2 Films and MoS2‐Based Field‐Effect Transistor (FET) Performance Optimization
Authors: Fang Mingxu , Wang Fang , Han Yemei , Feng Yulin , Ren Tianling , Li Yue , Tang Dengxuan , Song Zhitang , Zhang Kailiang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe effect of hydrogen flow on MoS2 film synthesis via chemical vapor deposition is studied systematically. Large‐sized monolayer‐ and bilayer‐MoS2 triangles can be synthesized controllably at given temperatures. Optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy are used to characterize the number of layers, purity, and uniformity of the MoS2 triangle films. Moreover, the back‐gated field‐effect transistors (FETs) based on the monolayer‐ and bilayer‐MoS2 channels are fabricated using traditional micro‐nanoprocessing technology. Electrical behaviors are investigated and the bilayer‐MoS2 FETs show preferable performance with high mobility (≈21 cm2 V−1 s−1), on‐current (≈22 µA µm−1), and a small degradation in the on/off ratio (1.1 × 107). Finally, the semiconductive phase MoS2 (2H‐MoS2) is transformed to a metallic phase (1T‐MoS2) to reduce the resistance in metal‐MoS2 contact. The FET device with 1T‐MoS2 contact enhances mobility (≈45 cm2 V−1 s−1) and on‐current (≈50 µA µm−1) compared with the 2H‐MoS2 FETs. This work sheds light on the synthesis of variable‐layer MoS2 films and paves the way for further development regarding MoS2 film‐based devices.
Dimensional Crossover Transport Induced by Substitutional Atomic Doping in SnSe2
Authors: Lee Suyoun , Lee Young Tack , Park Seong Gon , Lee Kyu Hyoung , Kim Sung Wng , Hwang Do Kyung , Lee Kimoon 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSubstitutional atomic doping is one of the most convenient and precise routes to modulate semiconducting material properties. Although two‐dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are of great interest as a prominent semiconducting material due to their unique physical/chemical properties, such a practical atomic doping is still rare, possibly due to the intrinsic localization nature of conduction paths based on d‐band states. Here, using single‐crystalline Cl‐doped SnSe2, the dimensional crossover in carrier transport accompanied by semiconductor‐to‐metal transition is reported. Nondoped SnSe2 shows semiconducting transport behavior dominated by 2D variable range hopping conduction, exhibiting relatively strong localization of carriers at low‐temperature regions. Moderately electron‐doped SnSe2 by substitution on Se with higher valent Cl exhibits superior electrical conductivity even than the heavily doped one owing to the higher electron mobility of the former (167 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 2 K). Combined with Raman spectra, temperature dependence of mobility clearly evidences the effective screening of homopolar optical mode phonon compared to typical TMD materials. Detailed characterizations with magnetoresistance behaviors finally demonstrate that the suppression of both homopolar optical mode phonon and carrier localization as retaining low‐dimensionality is key for high mobility conduction in electron‐doped SnSe2.
Morphology Control in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Fuwen , Wang Chunru , Zhan Xiaowei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOrganic solar cells (OSCs) can directly convert the sunlight into electrical energy and present some advantages, such as low cost, light weight, flexibility, semitransparency, and roll‐to‐roll large‐area fabrication. Due to the short diffusion length of exciton (≈10 nm) in organic semiconductor materials, the ideal nanoscale phase separation in the active layer is one of the crucial factors for achieving efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport. The morphology of the active layer is mainly determined by the nature of donors and acceptors (e.g., solubility, crystallinity, and miscibility), the film processing, the device configuration, and so on. In general, it is very hard to obtain ideal morphology in the as‐cast films. Therefore, it is usually essential to take measures to achieve the active layer with good molecular stacking, proper domain size, high domain purity, and suitable vertical phase separation. In this review, recent developments in morphology control and morphology characterization are summarized and analyzed. This review might help the community to decipher active layer morphology at multiple length scales and to achieve ideal morphology toward high‐performance OSCs.
What Makes a Good Solar Cell?
Authors: Kirchartz Thomas , Rau Uwe 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRecent years have seen a substantial efficiency improvement for a variety of solar cell technologies as well as the rise of a new class of photovoltaic absorber materials, the metal‐halide perovskites. Conversion efficiencies that are coming closer and closer to the thermodynamic limits require a physical description of the corresponding solar cells that is compatible with those limits. This progress report summarizes recent work on the interdependence of basic material properties of semiconductor materials with their efficiency potential as photovoltaic absorbers. The connection of the classical Shockley–Queisser approach, with the band gap energy as the only parameter, to a more general radiative limit and to situations where nonradiative recombination dominates is discussed. The authors delineate a consistent loss analysis that enables a quantitative comparison between different solar cell technologies. In a next step, bulk material properties that influence the photovoltaic performance of a semiconductor like absorption coefficient, densities of states of the free carriers, or phonon energies are considered. It is shown that variations of these properties have a big influence on the optimized design of a solar cell but not necessarily on the achievable efficiency.
Donor–Acceptor–Acceptor's Molecules for Vacuum‐Deposited Organic Photovoltaics with Efficiency Exceeding 9%
Authors: Che Xiaozhou , Chung Chin‐Lung , Hsu Chou‐Chun , Liu Feng , Wong Ken‐Tsung , Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThree vacuum‐deposited donor–acceptor–acceptor (d–a–a') small molecule donors are studied with different side chains attached to an asymmetric heterotetracene donor block for use in high efficiency organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The donor with an isobutyl side chain yields the highest crystal packing density compared to molecules with 2‐ethylhexyl or n‐butyl chains, leading to the largest absorption coefficient and short circuit current in an OPV. It also exhibits a higher fill factor, consistent with its preferred out‐of‐plane molecular π–π stacking arrangement that facilitates charge transport in the direction perpendicular to the substrate. A power conversion efficiency of 9.3 ± 0.5% is achieved under 1 sun intensity, AM 1.5 G simulated solar illumination, which is significantly higher than 7.5 ± 0.4% of the other two molecules. These results indicate that side chain modification of d–a–a' small molecules offers an effective approach to control the crystal packing configuration, thereby improving the device performance.
Influence of Different Moisture Contents on the Stability of Tocochromanols in Bulk Oils at 25 °C Storage
Authors: Jung Jinyeong , Yi BoRa , Kim Mi‐Ja , Lee JaeHwan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe stabilities of tocochromanols including α‐tocopherol, α‐tocotrienol, γ‐tocopherol, γ‐tocotrienol, and δ‐tocotrienol in grape seed oil, palm oil, or stripped soybean oil with added tocotrienol mixtures (SOTT) were determined under relative humidity (RH) 0, 32, 75, and 93% at 25 °C for 8 months of storage. Stability of tocochromanols was significantly influenced by the presence of moisture and other tocochromanols. Tocochromanol stability in grape seed oil was high at RH 75%, whereas palm oil had significantly lower tocochromanol content at RH 75% compared to those under other RH (p < 0.05). Tocochromanol stability in SOTT was high at RH 0%. δ‐Tocotrienol had the highest stability followed by α‐tocotrienol, γ‐tocotrienol, and α‐tocopherol in SOTT. Moisture content in palm oil was the lowest while that in SOTT was the highest at the same RH. Oxidative stability of palm oil was the highest followed by grape seed oil and SOTT based on conjugated dienoic acid content and p‐anisidine values. Moisture in oils affects the stability of tocochromanols and oxidative stability in vegetable oils.
Zero‐Trans Cake Shortening: Formulation and Characterization of Physicochemical, Rheological, and Textural Properties
Authors: Saghafi Zahra , Naeli Mohammad Hossein , Tabibiazar Mahnaz , Zargaraan Azizollaah 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCake shortening is an important ingredient that imparts taste and texture in the cake as the final product. Hydrogenated shortenings contain high amounts of trans fatty acids, which is considered a risk factor for obesity, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. In this research, chemically interesterified blends of canola oil (CO) and palm stearin (PS) were recruited in order to formulate zero‐trans shortening, specifically for cake application. The optimization of shortening formulation was performed by Design‐Expert software, considering melting, congelation, textural, and rheological properties of cake shortening as responses. The formulated shortening in the weight ratio of 66.41:33.58 (PS:CO) (%, w/w) was analyzed and compared with two commercial cake shortenings in terms of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC), and rheological and textural properties. The results showed that the formulated zero‐trans cake shortening with 0.2% trans, 47.2% saturated fatty acids, SMP of 40.9 °C, SFC of 10.51% at 37 °C, firmness of 1522.5 g, and linear viscoelastic range of 0.035% had the most acceptable criteria among cake‐shortening samples. The findings of this study offer insights into the relationship between shortening functionality and physicochemical properties and serve as a base for future studies on zero‐trans shortenings formulation.
Polyurethane‐incorporated chitosan/alginate core–shell nano‐particles for controlled oral insulin delivery
Authors: Bhattacharyya Aditi , Nasim Farhat , Mishra Roshnara , Bharti Ram P. , Kundu P.P. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTChitosan (CS) and polyurethane‐chitosan (PU‐CS) nano‐particles (NPs) were prepared for the core formation by complex coacervation method whereas alginate (ALG) and PU‐ALG were crosslinked by ionic gelation method to form the protective shell‐layer over the core. Effects of PU incorporation either within the core or shell or both were investigated by differentin vitroandin vivoparameters. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of different compositions of nano‐particles showed distinct characteristic peaks for CS, PU, and ALG, indicating their presence in variable ratios. Significance of polyurethane‐incorporated systems towards insulin encapsulation efficiency, swelling parameters, insulin release, andin vivopharmacological effect were also studied. Particle sizes, zeta potential, morphological analysis, mucoadhesion study, andin vivoacute toxicity studies of these core–shell nano‐particles were also performed. Bioavailability of insulin ranged from 9.04% to 11.6% for polyurethane‐incorporated chitosan‐alginate core–shell nano‐particle formulations which was significantly higher than the insulin bioavailability of basic CS/ALG core–shell nano‐particle system. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46365.
Quantitative Analysis of the Maturation of the Main and Accessory Olfactory Systems in Monotremes and Metatherians in Comparison to Rodents and Humans
Authors: Ashwell Ken William S. , Shulruf Boaz 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTWe have used an unbiased statistical approach to compare the pace of development in the main and accessory olfactory systems in monotremes and metatherians with that in rodents and humans. We hypothesized that if metatherians and monotremes, which are born at small body size, use olfaction to locate the pouch and/or teat/milk field, then olfactory structures should reach structural maturity in metatherians and monotremes at a smaller size than eutherians like humans and rodents. The achievement of key structural milestones in the development of the main and accessory olfactory systems (11 and 7 milestones, respectively) was scored for 354 specimens and compared against a measure of general somatic growth (body length). We used a statistical approach adapted from Kaplan‐Meier analysis to determine median body length at which structural milestones were achieved, and to test the differences for statistical significance (Braslow statistic). The laboratory mouse achieved most main olfactory milestones at a smaller body size than all the metatherians and the monotremes, although the dasyurids (which are born at only 5.0 mm) and mouse achieved accessory olfactory milestones at similar body length. All other metatherians and monotremes reached olfactory milestones at body lengths similar to or larger than the laboratory rat. We therefore reject the hypothesis that metatherians and monotremes as a group exhibit advanced development of the olfactory pathways relative to body size. The findings suggest that, if olfaction is used by metatherians and monotremes at birth, it is achieved with only a rudimentary system without structurally mature central components. Anat Rec, 301:1258–1275, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.