bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐osteogenic muscle hypertrophy in children with McArdle disease
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gómez I. , Santalla A. , Díez‐Bermejo J. , Munguía‐Izquierdo D. , Alegre L. M. , Nogales‐Gadea G. , Arenas J. , Martín M. A. , Lucía A. , Ara I. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionMcArdle disease is an inborn disorder of muscle glycogen metabolism that produces exercise intolerance, and has been recently associated with low values ​​of lean mass (LM) and bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in affected adults. Here we aimed to study whether this bone health problem begins in childhood.MethodsForty children and adolescents were evaluated: 10 McArdle disease and 30 control children (mean age of both groups, 13 ± 2y). Body composition was evaluated by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and creatine kinase (CK) levels were determined in the patients as an estimate of muscle damage.ResultsLegs bone mass was significantly lower in patients than in controls (−36% for BMC and −22% for BMD). Moreover, patients had significantly higher LM values in the legs than controls, whereas no difference was found for fat mass. CK levels were positively associated with LM in McArdle patients. A correlation was found between LM and BMD variables in the control group but not in McArdle patients.ConclusionWe have identified a ‘non‐osteogenic muscle hypertrophy’ in children with McArdle disease. This phenomenon warrants special attention since low osteogenesis at an early age predicts a high risk for osteoporosis later in life.
Effects of APOE‐ε4 allele load on brain morphology in a cohort of middle‐aged healthy individuals with enriched genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Cacciaglia Raffaele , Molinuevo José Luis , Falcón Carles , Brugulat‐Serrat Anna , Sánchez‐Benavides Gonzalo , Gramunt Nina , Esteller Manel , Morán Sebastián , Minguillón Carolina , Fauria Karine , Gispert Juan Domingo ,   for the ALFA study
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionApolipoprotein E (APOE)‐ε4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. However, the dose‐dependent impact of this allele on brain morphology of healthy individuals remains unclear.MethodsWe analyzed gray matter volumes (GMvs) in a sample of 533 healthy middle‐aged individuals with a substantial representation of ε4‐carriers (207 heterozygotes and 65 homozygotes).ResultsWe found APOE‐ε4 additive GMv reductions in the right hippocampus, caudate, precentral gyrus, and cerebellar crus. In these regions, the APOE genotype interacted with age, with homozygotes displaying lower GMv after the fifth decade of life. APOE‐ε4 was also associated to greater GMv in the right thalamus, left occipital gyrus, and right frontal cortex.DiscussionOur data indicate that APOE‐ε4 exerts additive effects on GMv in regions relevant for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology already in healthy individuals. These findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying the increased Alzheimer's disease risk in ε4‐carriers, suggesting a dose‐dependent disease vulnerability on the brain structure level.
Public Health and Mental Health Implications of Environmentally Induced Forced Migration
Authors: Shultz James M. , Rechkemmer Andreas , Rai Abha , McManus Katherine T. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTClimate change is increasingly forcing population displacement, better described by the phrase environmentally induced forced migration. Rising global temperatures, rising sea levels, increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters, and progressive depletion of life-sustaining resources are among the drivers that stimulate population mobility. Projections forecast that current trends will rapidly accelerate. This will lead to an estimated 200 million climate migrants by the year 2050 and create dangerous tipping points for public health and security.Among the public health consequences of climate change, environmentally induced forced migration is one of the harshest and most harmful outcomes, always involving a multiplicity of profound resource and social losses and frequently exposing migrants to trauma and violence. Therefore, one particular aspect of forced migration, the effects of population displacement on mental health and psychosocial functioning, deserves dedicated focus. Multiple case examples are provided to elucidate this theme. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:116–122)
Univariate and multivariate stochastic comparisons and ageing properties of the generalized Pólya process
Authors: Badía F. G. , Sangüesa C. , Cha Ji Hwan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this work we consider the generalized Pólya process with baseline intensity function r and parameters α and β recently studied by Cha (2014). The aim of this work is to provide both univariate and multivariate stochastic comparisons between two generalized Pólya processes with different baseline intensity functions and the same parameters α and β for the epoch and inter-epoch times of the two processes. The comparisons are analogous to stochastic comparisons in Belzunce et al. (2001) for two nonhomogeneous Poisson or pure-birth processes with different intensity functions. Moreover, we study both univariate and multivariate ageing properties of the epoch and inter-epoch times of the generalized Pólya process.
Domains of attraction for positive and discrete tempered stable distributions
Authors: Grabchak Michael 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We introduce a large and flexible class of discrete tempered stable distributions, and analyze the domains of attraction for both this class and the related class of positive tempered stable distributions. Our results suggest that these are natural models for sums of independent and identically distributed random variables with tempered heavy tails, i.e. tails that appear to be heavy up to a point, but ultimately decay faster.
On multivariate records from random vectors with independent components
Authors: Falk M. , Khorrami Chokami A. , Padoan S. A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Let X1, X2, . . . be independent copies of a random vector X with values in ℝd and a continuous distribution function. The random vector Xn is a complete record, if each of its components is a record. As we require X to have independent components, crucial results for univariate records clearly carry over. But there are substantial differences as well. While there are infinitely many records in the d = 1 case, they occur only finitely many times in the series if d ≥ 2. Consequently, there is a terminal complete record with probability 1. We compute the distribution of the random total number of complete records and investigate the distribution of the terminal record. For complete records, the sequence of waiting times forms a Markov chain, but unlike the univariate case now the state at ∞ is an absorbing element of the state space.
Equivalent representations of max-stable processes via ℓp-norms
Authors: Oesting Marco 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhile max-stable processes are typically written as pointwise maxima over an infinite number of stochastic processes, in this paper, we consider a family of representations based on ℓp-norms. This family includes both the construction of the Reich–Shaby model and the classical spectral representation by de Haan (1984) as special cases. As the representation of a max-stable process is not unique, we present formulae to switch between different equivalent representations. We further provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an ℓp-norm-based representation in terms of the stable tail dependence function of a max-stable process. Finally, we discuss several properties of the represented processes such as ergodicity or mixing.
A remark on positive sojourn times of symmetric processes
Authors: Profeta Christophe 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe show that under some slight assumptions, the positive sojourn time of a product of symmetric processes converges towards ½ as the number of processes increases. Monotony properties are then exhibited in the case of symmetric stable processes, and used, via a recurrence relation, to obtain upper and lower bounds on the moments of the occupation time (in the first and third quadrants) for two-dimensional Brownian motion. Explicit values are also given for the second and third moments in then-dimensional Brownian case.
On the age of a randomly picked individual in a linear birth-and-death process
Authors: Kück Fabian , Schuhmacher Dominic 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe consider the distribution of the age of an individual picked uniformly at random at some fixed time in a linear birth-and-death process. By exploiting a bijection between the birth-and-death tree and a contour process, we derive the cumulative distribution function for this distribution. In the critical and supercritical cases, we also give rates for the convergence in terms of the total variation and other metrics towards the appropriate exponential distribution.
Where is Population II?
Authors: Mould J. , Bianchini F. , Forbes Duncan A. , Reichardt C. L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe use of roman numerals for stellar populations represents a classification approach to galaxy formation which is now well behind us. Nevertheless, the concept of a pristine generation of stars, followed by a protogalactic era, and finally the mainstream stellar population is a plausible starting point for testing our physical understanding of early star formation. This will be observationally driven as never before in the coming decade. In this paper, we search out observational tests of an idealised coeval and homogeneous distribution of population II stars. We examine the spatial distribution of quasars, globular clusters, and the integrated free electron density of the intergalactic medium, in order to test the assumption of homogeneity. Any real inhomogeneity implies a population II that is not coeval.
Forum Isolation: Social Opprobrium and the Origins of the International Law of Internal Conflict
Authors: Mantilla Giovanni 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhy have states created international laws to regulate internal armed conflicts? This article is the first to theorize the emergence and design of these international rules, focusing on Common Article 3 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Drawing on original multicountry archival research, I develop the mechanism offorum isolationto explain the origins of Common Article 3, demonstrating the importance of social opprobrium pressure to explain why Britain and France switched from staunch opposition to support and leadership in 1949. Specifically, forum isolation pressured these European empires to concedeandto react strategically behind the scenes, saving face and safeguarding their security interests by deliberately inserting ambiguous language in the text of Common Article 3. This move later facilitated states' avoidance of this rule in many conflict cases.
Synchronizing developmental stages in Neotropical catfishes for application in germ cell transplantation
Authors: Arashiro Dilberto Ribeiro , Yasui George Shigueki , Calado Leonardo Luiz , do Nascimento Nivaldo Ferreira , dos Santos Matheus Pereira , do Santos Silvio Carlos Alves , Levy-Pereira Nycolas , Monzani Paulo Sérgio , Siqueira-Silva Diógenes Henrique , Senhorini José Augusto 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe the effect of temperature on the fertilization, early developmental stages, and survival rate of two Neotropical catfishes Pimelodus maculatus and Pseudopimelodus mangurus. After fertilization, the eggs were incubated at 22°C, 26°C, and 30°C, which resulted in fertilization rates of 96.95 ± 1.79%, 98.74 ± 0.76%, and 98.44 ± 0.19% for P. maculatus and 96.10 ± 1.58%, 98.00 ± 0.63%, and 94.60 ± 2.09% for P. mangurus, respectively. For P. maculatus, hatching occurred after 22 h 30 min post-fertilization at 22°C, 16 h 30 min at 26°C, and 11 h 20 min at 30°C, and the hatching rates were 43.87 ± 7,46%, 57.57 ± 17.49%, and 53.63 ± 16.27%, respectively. For P. mangurus, hatching occurred after 28 h 30 min post-fertilization at 22°C and 17 h 30 min at 26°C with respective hatching rates of 45.4 ± 21.02% and 68.1 ± 12.67%. For this species, all embryos incubated at 30°C died before hatching. Additionally, for P. maculatus, the larvae from the lower (22°C) and higher temperatures (30°C) presented increased abnormality rates, as observed in the head, tail and yolk regions. The lowest abnormality rate was detected at 26°C, which was considered the optimal incubation temperature for both species. The developed protocol enables the manipulation of embryonic development, which is important for the application of reproductive biotechniques, including chimerism and chromosome-set manipulation. The data obtained here are also important for the surrogate propagation of this species as P. mangurus was recently categorized as an endangered fish species.
Understanding visual scenes
Authors: SILBERER CARINA , UIJLINGS JASPER , LAPATA MIRELLA 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA growing body of recent work focuses on the challenging problem of scene understanding using a variety of cross-modal methods which fuse techniques from image and text processing. In this paper, we develop representations for the semantics of scenes by explicitly encoding the objects detected in them and their spatial relations. We represent image content via two well-known types of tree representations, namely constituents and dependencies. Our representations are created deterministically, can be applied to any image dataset irrespective of the task at hand, and are amenable to standard NLP tools developed for tree-based structures. We show that we can apply syntax-based SMT and tree kernel methods in order to build models for image description generation and image-based retrieval. Experimental results on real-world images demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework.
Predicting cardiometabolic disturbances from waist-to-height ratio:
findings from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)
baseline
Authors: Castanheira Marcelo , Chor Dóra , Braga José Uéleres , Cardoso Letícia de Oliveira , Griep Rosane Härter , Molina Maria del Carmen Bisi , Fonseca Maria de Jesus Mendes da 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in predicting
cardiometabolic outcomes and compare cut-off points for Brazilian
adults.DesignCross-sectional study. WHtR areas under the curve (AUC) were compared with
those for BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The
outcomes of interest were hypertension, diabetes, hypertriacylglycerolaemia
and presence of at least two components of metabolic syndrome (≥2
MetS). Cut-offs for WHtR were compared and validity measures were estimated
for each point.SettingTeaching and research institutions in six Brazilian state capitals,
2008–2010.SubjectsWomen (n 5026) and men (n 4238) aged
35–54 years who participated in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of
Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) at baseline.ResultsWHtR age-adjusted AUC ranged from 0·68 to 0·72 in men and
0·69 to 0·75 in women, with smaller AUC for
hypertriacylglycerolaemia and the largest for ≥2 MetS. WHtR performed
better than BMI for practically all outcomes; better than WHR for
hypertension in both sexes; and displayed larger AUC than WC in predicting
diabetes mellitus. It also offered better discriminatory power for ≥2
MetS in men; and was better than WC, but not WHR, in women. Optimal cut-off
points of WHtR were 0·55 (women) and 0·54 (men), but they
presented high false-negative rate compared with 0·50.ConclusionsWe recommend using WHtR (which performed similarly to, or better than, other
available indices of adiposity) as an anthropometric index with good
discriminatory power for cardiometabolic outcomes in Brazilian adults,
indicating the already referenced limit of WHtR≥0·50.
CHAIN CONDITIONS ON ÉTALE GROUPOID ALGEBRAS WITH APPLICATIONS TO LEAVITT PATH ALGEBRAS AND INVERSE SEMIGROUP ALGEBRAS
Authors: STEINBERG BENJAMIN 
Published: March 2018

The author has previously associated to each commutative ring with unit$R$and étale groupoid$\mathscr{G}$with locally compact, Hausdorff and totally disconnected unit space an$R$-algebra$R\,\mathscr{G}$. In this paper we characterize when$R\,\mathscr{G}$is Noetherian and when it is Artinian. As corollaries, we extend the characterization of Abrams, Aranda Pino and Siles Molina of finite-dimensional and of Noetherian Leavitt path algebras over a field to arbitrary commutative coefficient rings and we recover the characterization of Okniński of Noetherian inverse semigroup algebras and of Zelmanov of Artinian inverse semigroup algebras.
Ultrathin bismuth nanosheets from in situ topotactic transformation for selective electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to formate
Authors: Han Na , Wang Yu , Yang Hui , Deng Jun , Wu Jinghua , Li Yafei , Li Yanguang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractElectrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction to formate is desirable but challenging. Current attention is mostly focused on tin-based materials, which, unfortunately, often suffer from limited Faradaic efficiency. The potential of bismuth in carbon dioxide reduction has been suggested but remained understudied. Here, we report that ultrathin bismuth nanosheets are prepared from the in situ topotactic transformation of bismuth oxyiodide nanosheets. They process single crystallinity and enlarged surface areas. Such an advantageous nanostructure affords the material with excellent electrocatalytic performance for carbon dioxide reduction to formate. High selectivity (~100%) and large current density are measured over a broad potential, as well as excellent durability for >10 h. Its selectivity for formate is also understood by density functional theory calculations. In addition, bismuth nanosheets were coupled with an iridium-based oxygen evolution electrocatalyst to achieve efficient full-cell electrolysis. When powered by two AA-size alkaline batteries, the full cell exhibits impressive Faradaic efficiency and electricity-to-formate conversion efficiency.
Gon4l regulates notochord boundary formation and cell polarity underlying axis extension by repressing adhesion genes
Authors: Williams Margot L. K. , Sawada Atsushi , Budine Terin , Yin Chunyue , Gontarz Paul , Solnica-Krezel Lilianna 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAnteroposterior (AP) axis extension during gastrulation requires embryonic patterning and morphogenesis to be spatiotemporally coordinated, but the underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we define a role for the conserved chromatin factor Gon4l, encoded by ugly duckling (udu), in coordinating tissue patterning and axis extension during zebrafish gastrulation through direct positive and negative regulation of gene expression. Although identified as a recessive enhancer of impaired axis extension in planar cell polarity (PCP) mutants, udu functions in a genetically independent, partially overlapping fashion with PCP signaling to regulate mediolateral cell polarity underlying axis extension in part by promoting notochord boundary formation. Gon4l limits expression of the cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion molecules EpCAM and Integrinα3b, excesses of which perturb the notochord boundary via tension-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively. By promoting formation of this AP-aligned boundary and associated cell polarity, Gon4l cooperates with PCP signaling to coordinate morphogenesis along the AP embryonic axis.
Experimental determination of the energy difference between competing isomers of deposited, size-selected gold nanoclusters
Authors: Foster D. M. , Ferrando R. , Palmer R. E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe equilibrium structures and dynamics of a nanoscale system are regulated by a complex potential energy surface (PES). This is a key target of theoretical calculations but experimentally elusive. We report the measurement of a key PES parameter for a model nanosystem: size-selected Au nanoclusters, soft-landed on amorphous silicon nitride supports. We obtain the energy difference between the most abundant structural isomers of magic number Au561 clusters, the decahedron and face-centred-cubic (fcc) structures, from the equilibrium proportions of the isomers. These are measured by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, with an ultra-stable heating stage, as a function of temperature (125–500 °C). At lower temperatures (20–125 °C) the behaviour is kinetic, exhibiting down conversion of metastable decahedra into fcc structures; the higher state is repopulated at higher temperatures in equilibrium. We find the decahedron is 0.040 ± 0.020 eV higher in energy than the fcc isomer, providing a benchmark for the theoretical treatment of nanoparticles.
Reducing electric-field-enhancement in metal-dielectric grating by designing grating with asymmetric ridge
Authors: Chen Junming , Huang Haopeng , Zhang Yibing , Wang Yonglu , Kong Fanyu , Wang Yanzhi , Jin Yunxia , Chen Peng , Xu Jiao , Shao Jianda 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDiffraction gratings are an essential optical component of high-power, short-pulse lasers. The maximum output of high-power pulsed lasers is always determined by laser resistance of gratings and this resistance is strongly dependent on the local near electric field intensity in the grating structure. We presented a novel method of reducing electric-field-enhancement in metal-dielectric grating by designing asymmetric grating ridge while maintaining high diffraction performance. Compared with the common isosceles trapezoidal grating, the grating with asymmetric ridge got a 0.04% reduction of diffraction efficiency in TE polarization at 1053 nm incident wavelength but a 21.3% reduction of maximal electric-field-enhancement in grating structure. This method can be applied to any surface-relief gratings to reduce the electric-field-enhancement for improving the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of grating and supporting the grating-based chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system to develop into higher peak-power levels.
Profiles of miRNA Isoforms and tRNA Fragments in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Magee Rogan G. , Telonis Aristeidis G. , Loher Phillipe , Londin Eric , Rigoutsos Isidore 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMicroRNA (miRNA) isoforms (“isomiRs”) and tRNA-derived fragments (“tRFs”) are powerful regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). In human tissues, both types of molecules are abundant, with expression patterns that depend on a person’s race, sex and population origin. Here, we present our analyses of the Prostate Cancer (PRAD) datasets of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) from the standpoint of isomiRs and tRFs. This study represents the first simultaneous examination of isomiRs and tRFs in a large cohort of PRAD patients. We find that isomiRs and tRFs have extensive correlations with messenger RNAs (mRNAs). These correlations are disrupted in PRAD, which suggests disruptions of the regulatory network in the disease state. Notably, we find that the profiles of isomiRs and tRFs differ in patients belonging to different races. We hope that the presented findings can lay the groundwork for future research efforts aimed at elucidating the functional roles of the numerous and distinct members of these two categories of ncRNAs that are present in PRAD.