bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speech Timing
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Against a historic background which features an early interest in isochrony in speech production or perception, some contemporary approaches to speech timing shifted to feature segmented durations, rather than rhythms, as the basis of speech timing. Recently, another turnabout revived heightening interest in speech rhythms. This is documented with research suggesting that listeners exhibit sensitivities not only to quasi-isochronous speech but also to relative timing reminiscent of metrical relationships. The latter is indicative of the traditional mode-locking entrainment protocol. This chapter traces this evolution. Also introduced are other dynamic attending constructs, such as transient mode-locking, that are proposed to operate while attending to speech timing. Finally, classic descriptions of sequential grouping tendencies (i.e., the Iambic/Trochaic law) are translated into entrainment rules for the formation of temporal groups.
Learning Speech
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This culminating chapter is divided into five parts. Following an initial background are sections related to time spans of phonemes, syllables, words, and phrases, respectively. A historical background, lodged in both linguistics and psychology, presents domain-specific explanations of perceptual learning of speech versus music. In contrast, this chapter continues a domain-general argument by assuming that learning of speech (as well as music) depends on grasping abstract time relationships (attractors) at various time scales in speech as well as in music. This portrait brings together many familiar dynamic attending constructs from earlier chapters. It outlines three stages of phoneme learning in infants. With age, learning develops to include learning of attractor profiles in syllables and words. Ultimately, word learning is shown to rely on both traditional and transient mode-locking.
An Invitation
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In Western countries, there are two systems for understanding the world: religion and science. These two systems come together in surprising ways in exploring the power of self-sacrifice and martyrdom. In this chapter, the authors define martyrdom as peaceful and deliberate acceptance of suffering and death for a cause. The story of World War II Warsaw’s physician, author, and Jewish orphanage director Janusz Korczack sets the stage for exploring basic questions of the book: What exactly does martyrdom mean? How do martyrs differ from heroes and victims? How can a larger psychology of self-sacrifice help us understand martyrdom? The chapter ends with a road map for the rest of the book.
Psychology of Happiness
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Can empirical research evaluate Jesus’s claim that self-sacrifice can bring bliss? The authors find answers in positive psychology’s exploration of meaning as a source of happiness and in research on the emotion of elevation associated with witnessing self-sacrifice. Science seems to agree with religion’s promises: self-sacrifice can indeed improve health, longevity, and life satisfaction.
Harry, Frodo, and Neo
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Looking first for evidence in popular culture, the authors ask whether martyrdom stories still inspire today as they did 2,000 years ago. Three blockbuster stories that became cultural icons turn out to be martyrdom stories: the Harry Potter series, Lord of the Rings, and the Matrix trilogy. At the heart of each, the authors uncover a story that fits the definition of martyrdom. What’s more, their popular appeal around the world seems to be associated with the parallels they share with the Gospel story of Jesus.
Andrei Sakharov, a Failed Martyr
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Some true martyrs fail to bring the social change they seek, because they are too far from ideal martyrdom, or because those called upon to follow in the martyr’s footsteps refuse to do so. Andrei Sakharov’s failure to affect Russia’s foreign and domestic policy can be traced to his story’s incongruence with the seven ideal conditions for martyrdom (ICMs), but also to his audience’s unwillingness to accept his sacrifice and follow his call. Propaganda and efforts to silence the martyr’s story can stifle a true martyrdom from reaching and moving followers. But even martyrs who fail to lead their contemporaries can succeed in another way. A martyr’s cause, associated with the martyr’s name, gains significance.
Fake Martyrs
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Fake martyrdoms, either cynically forged, as was Nazi Germany’s Horst Wessel, or sincerely misguided, as was Guatemala’s Rodrigo Rosenberg, can yet have political impact––when an audience is ready for social change. Lessons from fake martyrs illuminate the moral and emotional investments a martyr’s audience must make if the martyr’s story is to have power. In this chapter, the authors explore how, as we tell stories of martyrdom, we tell our own stories—as cultures, communities, and individuals—about what inspires us, what make our lives meaningful. Famous, fake, or failed, fictional or factual—we help create martyrs, and they help create us.
Fairy Tale Science
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The last section of the book focuses on the audience of martyrdom: ordinary people who make the extraordinary achievements of martyrs possible. The authors describe the developmental origins of self-sacrifice, its psychological appeal, and its effects on those who engage in it. The developmental psychology of self-sacrifice begins with a child born a perfect egoist, unable to see the world from a perspective different from her own. Through the first several years, she learns to act altruistically and learns the rewards of this action. A major milestone of socialization is the capacity to value the self-sacrifices of others. This achievement is owed to expanding cognitive and emotional capacities, and aided by exposure to fairy tales and identification with fairy tale characters.
Bio-centric Views of the Origin of Consciousness: The Search for the Solution to the Hard Problem
Authors: Reber Arthur S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Two strategies are used to review the many efforts to solve (or resolve or dissolve) the Hard Problem. One searches for the neurocorrelates of consciousness, the effort to answer the question: “How does the brain make the mind?” The other looks for the first appearance of true consciousness in phylogenesis. Both approaches are reviewed and found wanting. The reason is they all begin with human consciousness and use it as the basis for the explorations. This, it is argued, has lead to a “category error” where the H. sap. mind is treated as a distinct type and not as a token on the same existential continuum as other minds. It also reveals the existence of the “emergentist’s dilemma” or the difficulty of determining how consciousness could spring into existence when one cosmic moment before, it didn’t exist. The chapter ends by anticipating criticism of these arguments and of the CBC and providing prophylactic arguments.
Where We Get Serious: The Cellular Basis of Consciousness
Authors: Reber Arthur S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
First, the chapter examines the research methods used in the past to look for the evolutionary origins of other forms, functions, and behaviors—specifically vision, memory, and affect. We find that searching for the roots in primitive species has been standard operating procedure and wonder why there is a reluctance to do this with consciousness—noting that the category error is the culprit. The formal Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC) model is presented, followed by a look at the species under consideration—the prokaryotes and archaea, the simplest of unicellular organisms. An in-depth review of the remarkable lives of these creatures is presented examining the perhaps startling array of functions they carry out, including sensing, perceiving, learning, memory, decision-making, and communication. The lines of criticism that will certainly be used against the CBC are introduced and, as before, prophylactic arguments are presented.
Where do Young People Work?
Authors: Grotti Raffaele , Russell Helen , O’Reilly Jacqueline 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Jobs for young people are very unevenly distributed across economic sectors. Regardless of country differences, there are striking similarities in this uneven sectorial distribution. Little attention has been given to understanding the changing composition of “youth-friendly” sectors for youth labor transitions. Using a shift-share analysis, this chapter examines whether the decline in jobs for youth, before and after the Great Recession, can be attributed to shrinkage of total employment in specific sectors (because of structural changes) or to a youth hiring freeze by employers (because of changes in employers’ preferences). This chapter examines whether the quality of youth jobs has deteriorated for young men and women in terms of changing proportions of full- and part-time, permanent and temporary job opportunities. The chapter concludes by arguing that more attention needs to be given to involving employers in policies that will enable and encourage them to employ young people, especially in difficult times.
Do scarring effects vary by ethnicity and gender?
Authors: Zuccotti Carolina V. , O’Reilly Jacqueline 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Being unemployed or inactive in youth leaves scars, but some people appear to be more successful than others in overcoming an initial disadvantaged situation. This chapter examines how early labor market experiences affect later employment and occupational opportunities for different groups. It compares the outcomes of White British men and women with those of second-generation ethnic minorities (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Caribbean) in England and Wales. It also discusses mechanisms affecting scarring and how they might vary across ethnic groups and genders. The analysis is based on the ONS Longitudinal Study. The examination follows individuals’ labor market experiences from 2001 (aged 16–29 years) to 2011 (aged 26–39 years). Having not been in employment, education, or training (NEET) has a less detrimental effect on later employment probabilities for Asian men than for White British men; the opposite is observed for Pakistani and Caribbean women compared to White British women.
How can trade unions in Europe connect with young workers?
Authors: Vandaele Kurt 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Trade union density has almost universally declined across Europe in recent decades, although substantial cross-country variation still exists. This chapter argues that the currently low rate of youth unionization is not the outcome of a generational shift in attitudes and beliefs regarding the value of trade unions. This phenomenon is a result rather of the decline of union membership as a social custom and the diminishing exposure to unionism in the workplace. This chapter argues that unions have a huge amount of agency as they play a particularly important role in the effort to develop effective, tailor-made strategies for organizing young workers.
Science and Social Work Practice
Authors: Bunn Mary , Marsh Jeanne 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Two major developments in the field of social work underscore the role of practice as an important bridge between scholarship and service delivery and as an active strategy for learning, improving outcomes, and advancing the discipline/profession. These include the recalibration of the practitioner–client relationship and the implementation of evidence-based practices. Both of these developments elevate interest in practice strategies, such as relational approaches to care and shared decision-making, that prioritize and privilege client characteristics, needs, values, and preferences along with practitioner expertise. This chapter examines these phenomena including the concept of the client–provider relationship as a central construct in social work practice. It discusses examples of research in these two areas and advocates for a scientific practice where client needs and preferences are a central concern and where the practitioner–client relationship becomes an essential focus of study.
Can the President Be Charged with a Crime?
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
What if a sitting president accepted illegal foreign campaign donations or sought to obstruct an ongoing federal investigation? Could he be charged with a crime? The conventional wisdom is no, but the Constitution is silent on this question, no court has ever decided it, and there are respectable arguments on both sides. This chapter recounts these arguments and the intense debates they provoked among the young lawyers working for past special prosecutors. Ultimately, both Leon Jaworski and Ken Starr chose not to indict the president. Future prosecutors are likely to follow the same course. This does not mean that special prosecutors are powerless to hold the president accountable for violating the law. But if they are to do so, the American people have a central—and daunting—role to play. Once again, the last, best hope for the rule of law is not judges or lawyers but democratic politics.
Optics f2f
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This book is primarily intended to be used in optics teaching from undergraduate to graduate level. It is assumed that an elementary course on optics has previously been studied, but all the key concepts of wave optics and light propagation are introduced where needed, and illustrated graphically. A recurring theme is that simple building blocks such as plane and spherical waves can be summed to construct useful solutions. Fourier methods and the angular-spectrum approach are used extensively, especially to provide a unified approach to Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction. Particular attention is paid to analysing topics in contemporary optics—propagation, dispersion, laser beams and waveguides, apodization, tightly focused vector fields, unconventional polarization states, and light–matter interactions. Throughout the text the principles are applied through worked examples and the book is copiously illustrated with more than 240 figures. The 200 end-of-chapter exercises offer further opportunities for testing the reader’s understanding.
Planetary justice
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Reflexivity requires the capacity to reconsider core values: notably justice, which many people think is the most important societal value. Injustice looms large in an unstable Earth system, as pre-existing injustices are intensified and new ones emerge. Against those who think that the Anthropocene overrides or ignores justice by invoking ideas of emergency or by blaming humans as a whole for our predicament, this chapter shows how justice itself can be productively reimagined for the Anthropocene. The resultant planetary justice can incorporate traditional concerns about distribution of resources across rich and poor groups, recognition of the standing of historically marginalized groups, and the need to alleviate poverty. But planetary justice is much more imaginative in how it integrates justice toward future generations, non-humans, and the Earth system itself. The continuing vitality of core social values such as justice depends on their ability to co-evolve with a changing Earth system.
The Fugitive
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues for the importance of practical loyalty in English Catholics’ political situation. It shows that the assumption that leaving the country compromised political relations is based on an anachronistic coupling of territory and nationality. Instead, this chapter highlights the significance of bonds of loyalty and legal frameworks, and of practical expressions of loyalty over abstract theories. Seemingly unpromising documents such as travel passes and passports provide access to careful negotiations and practical transactions. Expatriate Catholics did not cut themselves off from their king but fostered bonds regardless of their location. These cross-Channel connections were both the corridors which enabled Catholics to uphold their allegiance to the Crown and the lifelines which ensured the continued survival of the English Catholic community in defiance of government measures.
Introduction
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The introduction sets out the methodological framework, and expounds the conceptual shift from exile to confessional mobility. Without summarily dismissing ‘exile’, it argues that adopting a wider term changes perspective, reshapes what we see in the sources, and opens up new questions. Rather than labelling people and reducing their entire identity to that label as their key characteristic, ‘confessional mobility’ focuses on the activity in which complex and conflicted people engage. In the process, it does justice to the broad spectrum of English Catholics who crossed the Channel, challenging scholarship that searches for a single ‘pure’ motivation for travel. Moreover, scrutinizing mobility forgoes an assumed separation and isolation, highlighting the constant cross-Channel communication. Links with the Counter-Reformation on the Continent were not important solely for those who travelled abroad, nor solely for their time abroad: they influenced the entire Catholic community.
The Effects of the International Economic Crisis on Spain’s Environmental Policy
Authors: Fernandez Rosa 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to renewables, biodiversity, energy efficiency, and climate change in Spain. These four policy areas are compared, in order to outline differences in policy approaches and factors shaping policy change. The analysis reveals that the economic crisis of 2007–8 has had a profound effect upon Spanish environmental policy, reversing Spain’s progress from being an environmental leader to transforming it into a laggard, especially in relation to renewable energy technologies. A lack of resources has forced the government to abandon its once-praised support schemes and instead to adopt measures that penalize the development of renewable energy. The chapter identifies structural barriers as the main cause of recent policy reversals. Political preferences and issues related to the decentralization of the Spanish government system emerge as central explanatory variables for environmental policy implementation and change.
Life's Values
Authors: Goldman Alan H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This book seeks to explain what is of ultimate value in individual lives. Proposed candidates include pleasure, happiness, meaning, and well-being. Only the last is the all-inclusive category of personal value, and it consists in the satisfaction of deep rational desires. Since individuals’ rational desires differ, the book cannot tell you what will maximize your own well-being, what in particular you ought to pursue, although it can tell you to make your desires rational, that is, informed and coherent. It can also explain the nature of the states that typically enter into well-being: pleasure, happiness, and meaning being typically partial causes as well as effects of well-being. All are byproducts of satisfying rational desires and rarely successfully aimed at directly. Pleasure comes in sensory, intentional, and pure feeling forms, each with an opposite in pain or distress. Happiness in its primary sense is an emotion, not a constant state as some philosophers assume, and in secondary senses a mood (disposition to have an emotion) or temperament (disposition to be in a mood). Meaning in life is a matter of events in one’s life fitting into intelligible narratives. Events in narratives are understood teleologically as well as causally, in terms of outcomes aimed at as well as antecedent events. In briefest terms, this book distinguishes and relates pleasure, happiness, well-being, and meaning, and relates each to motivation and value.
Well-Being
Authors: Goldman Alan H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Well-being is what makes life valuable or good for the individual whose life it is. It is the all-inclusive category of personal value. This chapter evaluates the leading accounts: hedonism (pleasure is the measure of well-being), perfectionism (development of human capacities is the measure), objective lists (numerous objective goods make up a good life), and desire satisfaction. Fatal objections are raised to the first three, and an idealized desire satisfaction account is defended against objections typically raised by others to this kind of theory. The successful theory must capture our concept, unify and explain why various things are good for individual persons, and show why we are rationally motivated to pursue well-being.
Meaning in Life
Authors: Goldman Alan H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
When philosophers these days write of meaning in life, they usually refer to the value or importance of a life, not meaning in any ordinary sense. Older philosophers wrote of the meaning of life as the way our lives fit into God’s plan. For those who have lost faith in such a plan, there is no such meaning. But there is a related sense in which events have meaning in our lives when they fit into intelligible narratives, similar to the way in which words and sentences acquire meaning via their places in broader linguistic entities. It is this way in which events in our lives have meaning that is fully explicated in this chapter.
Napoleonic Legacies and the Reform Act of 1832
Authors: Eastlake Laura 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of ancient Rome for articulating national values, synthesizing the public image of statesmen, and constructing partisan ideologies in the nineteenth-century political sphere. If the schoolroom was a space in which boys were taught to wield the language and literatures of ancient Rome like weapons in defence of the boundaries of elite male culture, uses of Rome in the political sphere should fluctuate so dramatically between enthusiastic adoption and outright rejection over the course of the nineteenth century. It accounts for such uneasy receptions of ancient Rome in Victorian political discourse by setting them in the wider context of Anglo-French tensions. It suggests that French revolutionary and Napoleonic uses of Rome are crucial for explaining both the very direct engagement of British political commentators with the Roman past immediately after Waterloo, as they sought to detach Rome from associations of revolution, radical republicanism, and violent popular protest; and secondly, the abandonment of such strategies in the period leading up to the Reform Act of 1832, as the Roman parallel became contested and unstable.
Caesar, Cicero, and Anthony Trollope’s Public Men
Authors: Eastlake Laura 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter charts an increasing, if conflicted, desire in British political discourse generally, and the writings of Anthony Trollope specifically, to re-engage with Caesar, Cicero, and the history of the late republic after a generation of avoiding the more incendiary associations of the Roman past outlined in Chapter 3. Through examination of Anthony Trollope’s deeply political Palliser novels, it maps some of the associations of Liberal, reformist energy and enduring respect for political tradition which Trollope associates with Caesar and Cicero respectively in an age where the rise of Napoleon III threatened to reignite some of the more dynastic French associations of the Roman parallel.