bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children Crusading against Communism: Mobilizing Boys as Citizen Soldiers in the Early Cold War State
Authors: Kevill-Davies Harriette 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In 1951, the Bowman Gum company released a collectible card set, sold with bubblegum, entitled The Children’s Crusade Against Communism: Fight the Red Menace. As a consumer item, the cards drew boys into a burgeoning form of American citizenship, but their overtly military tone also links this citizenship to ideas about national security. The narrative of the cards broadly reflects the tenets of the Truman Doctrine: that it is the duty of the United States to uphold global freedom; that communism must be contained; and that national security depends on nuclear power, a strong military, and civilian preparedness to mobilize in defense of peace. The molding of such political content in the cards to appeal to a young audience allows us to understand how such an audience was conceived of in ideological terms. A picture can be conjured of how the audience was imagined to look, what kinds of cues were deemed to be appropriate to such an audience, and how the audience was expected to respond to those cues. An analysis of the cards as they operated within the rhetorical and visual culture of the period reveals that they excluded certain groups from the narrative of American history and, thereby, certain children from the goal of becoming ideal American future citizens, citizens bearing an identity defined by a militarism and a nationalist exceptionalism predicated on pious certitude and righteous superiority.
The Short and the Long of It: Rhetorical Amplitude at Gettysburg
Authors: Charney Davida 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Treatises on rhetoric since antiquity have illustrated how to amplify passages but give scant attention to strategies for when or why. Dealing mostly with isolated passages, they ignore the effect of amplification on amplitude, the proportions of units that give a text its overall shape. This article considers the relationship between length and importance, sets criteria for a method of mapping amplitude, and applies the method to the Gettysburg addresses of Abraham Lincoln and Edward Everett. Though their shapes differ, each address balances crucial sections against each other. In Lincoln’s case, a more symmetrical shape emerged by accident as he delivered the speech. Then, when editing the official version, he decided to preserve the new shape. Everett’s address is shown to have better proportions than critics assume. Mapping amplitude sheds light on authors’ strategies for dealing with their kairos.
Letramento crítico e o ensino de língua inglesa: fomentando o senso crítico e a cidadania nas aulas de leitura
Authors: Silva Flávia Matias 
Published: July 2018

Este artigo é um recorte da proposta desenvolvida em dissertação de mestrado, cujo título é O papel do ensino de língua inglesa na formação do leitor/cidadão crítico: leitura e letramentos no contexto escolar, defendida na Universidade Federal Fluminense em 08 de dezembro de 2015. A pesquisa desenvolvida na dissertação objetivou investigar o papel do letramento crítico (DUBOC, 2014; JORDÃO, 2013, 2014; LANKSHEAR; McLAREN, 2013; TÍLIO, 2012, 2015) e do conhecimento local (KUMARAVADIVELU, 2006) em um processo de implementação das atividades de leitura das quatro primeiras unidades do livro Alive high: inglês, 3° ano: Ensino Médio. Todavia, no presente estudo, analisamos a segunda unidade, objetivando, assim, ilustrar de forma mais sucinta o trabalho desenvolvido na dissertação. Cabe também salientar que a análise do processo de ensino-aprendizagem de leitura em língua inglesa ocorreu em duas turmas do 3° ano do Ensino Médio – Regular de uma escola estadual localizada no município de São Gonçalo/RJ. No que tange aos resultados dessa análise, eles mostraram que o texto da segunda unidade e suas respectivas atividades de leitura podem fomentar práticas crítico-reflexivas e, por conseguinte, viabilizar a formação de leitores/cidadãos críticos. Contudo, para que esse objetivo seja alcançado, o professor precisa estar ciente da importância do papel do conhecimento local e do seu próprio papel de mediador no desenvolvimento e/ou da adaptação dessas atividades pedagógicas.
Defining Resilience
Authors: VanGeem Martha G. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The concept of building for resilience has been increasingly adopted by different organizations over the past five years. The definitions and phrases used to define resilience from six sources are compared and a single definition incorporating these is developed.
Organizations use different definitions of resilience or different phrases to describe resilience: The Industry Statement by 21 organizations defines resilience as “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”The National Institute of Standards and Technology defines community resilience as “the ability of a community to prepare for anticipated hazards, adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions.”The Department of Homeland Security defines resilience as “the ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions. Resilience includes the ability to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents.”
Different definitions of resilience and what adverse events are included in resilient design vary across organizations and are compared. The events, disruptions, or hazards are often described in general terms, such as “natural,” “technological,” “adverse,” and “human caused.” These can include designing for climate change, floods, wind (tornado and hurricanes), earthquakes, tsunami, drought, landslides and unstable soils, fire including wildfire, terrorism, and other events.
The phases to be included before, during, or after the adverse event also vary.
In summary, resilience is to: Plan or prepare for the natural or human-caused hazard or event by anticipating the risk, which can include addressing risk and mitigating riskAdapt to changing conditionsWithstand, absorb, or limit impact while preferably maintaining functionality during the eventRecover (preferably rapidly) and regain functionality after the event
Resiliency can be accomplished through risk assessment, design, construction, and preparation.
Two Methods to Detect Poorly Sealed Monitoring Wells Using Pumping Test Data in a Confined Aquifer
Authors: Chapuis Robert P. , Chenaf Djaouida 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
A correctly installed monitoring well (MW) has its riser pipe sealed against the borehole wall. When a MW is poorly installed, there is some vertical leakage close to the riser pipe, which creates a hydraulic short circuit (HSC). A static water level is measured in the pipe, but it is not the piezometric level in the aquifer, which is unknown. The piezometric error is the difference between the piezometric level and the static level in the pipe. It yields other errors in determining flow directions, travel times, and well capture areas. The groundwater sampled in the monitored aquifer may be viewed as polluted, whereas it is locally polluted by the faulty MW. This article deals with pumping tests in confined aquifers, for which a poorly sealed MW yields biased drawdown and recovery data. A few solutions to detect an HSC have been proposed, using either a slug test or a pumping test coupled with a tracer test. This article presents two new solutions to detect an HSC: they provide first the piezometric error and then the correct values for drawdown data. The data of a pumping test near Moncton, NB, are used to illustrate the two solutions. They show also that the HSC detection helps to solve previous inconsistencies between different sets of values for transmissivity, T, and storativity, S, as obtained by usual methods for pumping and recovery when short-circuiting is ignored or unsuspected.
Organization of Neural Population Code in Mouse Visual System
Authors: Esfahany Kathleen , Siergiej Isabel , Zhao Yuan , Park Il Memming 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe mammalian visual system consists of several anatomically distinct areas, layers, and cell types. To understand the role of these subpopulations in visual information processing, we analyzed neural signals recorded from excitatory neurons from various anatomical and functional structures. For each of 186 mice, one of six genetically tagged cell types and one of six visual areas were targeted while the mouse was passively viewing various visual stimuli. We trained linear classifiers to decode one of six visual stimulus categories with distinct spatiotemporal structures from the population neural activity. We found that neurons in both the primary visual cortex and secondary visual areas show varying degrees of stimulus-specific decodability, and neurons in superficial layers tend to be more informative about the stimulus categories. Additional decoding analyses of directional motion were consistent with these findings. We observed synergy in the population code of direction in several visual areas suggesting area-specific organization of information representation across neurons. These differences in decoding capacities shed light on the specialized organization of neural information processing across anatomically distinct subpopulations, and further establish the mouse as a model for understanding visual perception.
Oxidative stress and pesticide disease: a challenge for toxicology
Authors: Cortés-Iza Sandra Catalina , Rodríguez Alba Isabel 
Published: July 2018

Introducción. En los últimos decenios, la síntesis de compuestos químicos ha producido un alto número de sustancias utilizadas para proteger los cultivos y las cosechas de las plagas. La mayoría de pesticidas han sido usados en grandes cantidades para fines agrícolas y la exposición tóxica a estos compuestos es un problema de gran envergadura para la toxicología, pues tiene impacto en la salud pública por su importante morbilidad y discapacidad. Así, las intoxicaciones agudas y crónicas pueden ser comunes entre trabajadores agrícolas y población general. Estos compuestos desencadenan mecanismos moleculares relacionados con la peroxidación lipídica, donde las especies reactivas de oxigeno pueden incrementar procesos oxidativos intracelulares.Objetivo. Realizar una revisión de la literatura científica relacionada con enfermedades por estrés oxidativo producido por pesticidas.Materiales y métodos. Revisión de artículos que utilizó las palabras clave Estrés oxidativo; Pesticidas; Peroxidación de lípido; Toxicidad. Se eligieron los artículos relacionados con las enfermedades por estrés oxidativo producido por pesticidas.Resultados. Se encontró que algunas enfermedades hematológicas, neurológicas, metabólicas y genotóxicas pueden estar relacionadas con la peroxidación lipídica que producen los pesticidas.Conclusión. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura científica sobre el estrés oxidativo, la peroxidación lipídica inducida por pesticidas y las diferentes enfermedades que pueden afectar a la población en general.
YUMUŞAK GÜÇ VE FARKINDALIK ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA
Authors: GÖKBAYRAK AĞAÇDAN Diler 
Published: July 2018

Yumuşak
Güç terimi son günlerde çok fazla duymakta olduğumuz bir terim haline
gelmiştir. Amerikalı Profesör Joseph S. Nye tarafından ortaya atılan bu terim,
farkında olmasak da hayatımızın birçok bölümünde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Dizi
film izlerken, artık hayatımızın bir parçası haline gelmiş olan sosyal paylaşım
sitelerinde sohbet ederken ve birçok benzeri faaliyette yumuşak güç kavramının
etkileri altındayız. Tarihsel açıdan baktığımızda bu
kavram ilk kez II. Dünya Savaşı’nda ortaya çıkmıştır. Dönemin Dışişleri Bakanı
George Marshall tarafından oluşturulan yardım fonu ile bu güçten Türkiye’de
nasibini almıştır. Günümüzde ise Büyük Ortadoğu
Projesi (BOP) adı altında yürütülen Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika ülkelerine yönelik
“demokratikleştirme” çalışmaları, yalnızca psikolojik bir savaşın ötesinde,
batılı güçlerin çıkarları doğrultusunda bir amacı gerçekleştirmek için yapılan
bir stratejidir.

Peki, bunların ne kadar farkındayız? Bu
çalışmada anket formları hazırlanmış olup, bir devlet üniversitesinde
akademisyenler ve öğrenciler tarafından cevaplandırılmıştır. Cevaplar
incelendiğinde elde edilen veriler ışığında değerlendirilmeler yapılmıştır. Bu
değerlendirmelerin okuyucular açısından bir farkındalık uyandırması amaç
edinilmiştir.
XV. YÜZYILA AİT BİR MEKTUP ÖRNEĞİNİN DİPLOMATİK DİL, USLÜP VE TARİHİ KAYNAK OLARAK DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: ATICI ARAYANCAN Ayşe 
Published: July 2018

XIV-XV yüzyıl Türk tarihinin aydınlatılabilmesi
için tarihi belgeler her zaman önemli olmuştur. Bu belgeler arasında mektuplar,
fermanlar vakayinameler birinci elden ilk kaynaklar arasındadır. Söz konusu dönem
tarihine, özellikle de Akkoyunlu- Karakoyunlu ve Osmanlı ilişkilerine ışık
tutan bu belgelerden birisi Uzun Hasan’ın Sultan Mehmed’e yolladığı mektuptur.
Söz konusu mektubun orijinal olan metni Feridun Bey’in Mecmûa-i Münşeât-ı
Selâtîn adlı eserinde yer almaktadır. Makalede Abdulhüseyin Nevaî’nin “Esnâd ve Mukâtebât-ı Tarihî-yi İran ez Timur
ta Şâh İsmail” adlı eserindeki nüshayı dikkate alacağız. Bu makalede mektubun
diplomatik açıdan dil, üslup,diplomatik ve
tarihi içeriğinin değerlendirilmesi yapılacaktır.
Role of Circulatory Hypoxia in the Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Sidorenko E. I. , Nikolaeva G. V. , Sidorenko E. E. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose: to study the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity.Patients and methods.642 preterm infants born before 30 weeks gestation with the weight less 1500 grams were examined. The study included: indirect ophthalmoscopy; digital retinoscopy; calibrometry of retinal vessels; dopplerography; analysis of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the capillary blood. Results. The first phase of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) occurred due to the immaturity of the mechanisms of autoregulation of the blood flow and the inadequate reaction of immature retinal vessels to oxygen. It was established: the less gestational age of a child, so there are less mechanisms of autoregulation of hemodynamics. The perverse reaction of autoregulation leads to pronounced arteriospasm, increasing the zone of hypoxia, and triggering pathological angiogenesis. In morphologically immature children, arteriospasm of retina vessels is more often detected, and narrowing degree of vessels is higher. Arteriospasm is defined in 82 % of children born at the age of gestation from 25 to 27 weeks, in 67 % — at a period from 28 to 29 weeks, in 54 % — from 30 to 32 weeks. In children with ROP in the preclinical period of the disease, retinal angiospasm is noted at values of pO2 in capillary blood less then 40 mm Hg or exceeding the upper limit of the norm values of pCO2 (the norm values of pO2 are 40–60 mmHg, pCO2 are 35–45 mm Hg). Autoregulation of blood flow is immature and inadequate. In the group before 30 weeks of post-conceptual gestational age without development of ROP, a spastic reaction of retinal arteries was revealed at the background of subnormal pO2 values in capillary blood. Biochemical autoregulation of blood flow is still immature. But from the 30 week of post-conceptual gestational age arteriospasm of retina is formed at values of pO2 of 45 mm Hg or higher (p < 0.05). The normal caliber of retinal arteries in children without development of ROP is revealed at the background of mean values of pO2 below 45 mm Hg and values of pCO2 below 42 mm Hg before 30 weeks of post-conceptual gestational age, and above 45 mm Hg from the 30th week of post-conceptual gestational age. In children without ROP from 30 weeks of gestational age biochemical autoregulation of blood flow functions. It is important the degree of an angiospasm for the development of ROP. Dopplerographic critical index of blood flow disturbance in the ophthalmic and anterior cerebral arteries has been established — the index of resistance (IR) exceeding 0.8. It is a precursor of the development of ROP and pathological angiogenesis. In the group of children with ROP, the IR of the anterior cerebral artery is 0.84 ± 0.02 (in av.). The IR of the ocular artery was 0.83 ± 0.03. In higher index (up to 0.9–1), the process in the eye was more active.
The Effectiveness Analysis of Joint Use of Different Groups Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Treatment and Prevention of Cystoid Macular Edema in Patients after Phacoemulsification
Authors: Pirogov Yu. I. , Bovykina A. Yu. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose: to analyze the results of the joint eye drops application of 0.09 % solution of bromfenac and 0.1 % solution of dexamethasone and subtenons triamcinolone injection for treatment and prevention of cystoid macular edema (CME) in patients after phacoemulsification.Patients and methods: The study included 914 patients (1147 eyes) which held phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. Depending on the postoperative treatment patients randomized into two groups. Patients of the first group received instillation of eye drops of antibiotics-fluoroquinolones and 0.1 % dexamethasone. Patients of the second group were prescribed instillation of eye drops of 0.09 % solution of bromfenac in addition to the treatment. In each group the patients diagnosed CME after phacoemulsification were divided into subgroups depending on the presence or absence of concomitant involution of retinal pathology. In cases of diagnosis of macular edema after phacoemulsification (2nd group of patients) periocular triamcinolone injections were made.Results. The efficacy of bromfenac was estimated by the number of cases of postoperative CME in the compared groups. In patients of the first group, complications occurred in 3.1 % of cases. In patients of the second group the number of complications was significantly lower (1.5 %), including a significant reduction in the incidence of CME observed in patients without concomitant of macular pathology (AMD and epiretinal fibrosis). A combination of steroid and NSAID in the treatment of CME provides the regression of macular edema in all patients, regardless of the presence of involution macular pathology. The positive effect of periocular triamcinolone injections in the treatment of anti-inflammatory eye drops was noted in 8 of 9 cases a month after the first injection.
Еstimation of Therapeutic Effect of Endonasal Electrophorosis with Methylethylpyridinol in Partial Optic Nerve Atrophy
Authors: Razumovskaya A. M. , Razumovsky M. I. , Koroviansky Yu. A. , Razumovsky E. S. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose:to evaluate the therapeutic effect of the drug Emoxypin administered by the method of endonasal electrophoresis to patients with partial atrophy of the optic nerve (PAON).Patients and methods.The treatment was conducted in 43 patients, the average age was 53 ± 2 years, with partial optic nerve atrophy of different etiology. The main group consisted of 22 patients who received Emoxypin by endonasal electrophoresis and a comparison group of 21 people who received Emoxypin by parabulbar injections. Each patient underwent ophthalmological examination, which included: visometry, perimetry, refractometry, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, examination of visual performance, evaluation of the state of bulbar microcirculation (general conjunctival index — OCI). In addition, electrophysiological studies of the vision organ carried out: the critical frequency of flicker fusion (CSFM) and the electrical sensitivity of the eye (EF).Results. The results of statistical analysis showed the effectiveness of the drug Emoksipin for the treatment of PAON by endonasal electrophoresis and revealed improvement in visual functions: widening the field of view to white, red and green colors, reducing visual fatigue, improving electrophysiological parameters and bulbar microcirculation.Conclusion.Evaluation of the effectiveness of Emoxypin use by endonasal electrophoresis with partial optic nerve atrophy of various etiologies showed a statistically significant positive therapeutic effect (79 %) in the form of restoration of visual functions. With parabulbar injection of this medicine, as well as with endonasal electrophoresis in 81 %, the field of view was widened from 5° to 25° in various meridians, the number of relative cattle in the field of vision decreased, and in both groups, there was an improvement in visual performance. Among patients who underwent endonasal electrophoresis, no side effects were observed.
De R.K. hbs voor Meisjes te Amsterdam: Katholieke emancipatie in het interbellum
Authors: Streefland Aad 
Published: July 2018

The first Roman Catholic HBS for girls in the Netherlands was founded in 1914 by the Sisters Franciscans of Heythuysen, at the request of the Catholic elite of Amsterdam. The school grew so fast that already in 1925 a new building on the Reynier Vinkeleskade was opened. The character of the HBS made the school not only a breeding ground for Catholic women’s emancipation, but also a place where girls could study the medical and the exact sciences. Some of them became the first female doctors and laboratory workers in Amsterdam. Initially, the school had an elitist character, but from the moment the school became a ‘lyceum’ in 1926, students from other layers of the (Catholic) population started to come to the school. With the opening of an MMS-department in 1952 the school got a new name: Fons Vitae Lyceum. It still exists under that name.
Comportamiento psicométrico del Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad, En Estudiantes de educación superior en Cartagena Colombia.
Authors: Geney Castro Elías Rafael , Tezon Mariana Ines , Fortich Perez David Javier , Baeza Silvia Ofelia 
Published: July 2018

La infidelidad es un incumplimiento de un convenio donde se infringen los acuerdos de exclusividad relacional, es uno de los motivos más frecuentes del deterioro en las relaciones y en muchos casos quebranta la calidad de vida, la integridad y la salud. Frente a sus implicaciones es necesario contar con instrumentos capaces de evaluar las diferentes manifestaciones y consecuencias. El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar una exploración de las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad de Romero, Rivera y Díaz. Con un diseño descriptivo Instrumental. La muestra de 500 individuos, con media 20.3 años y 73.2% de sexo femenino, se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio con rotación varimax. Se determinaron factores con autovalores mayores a 1 y que la varianza total explicara más del 50%. Los índices de consistencia interna con la fórmula Alfa de Cronbach se ubicaron entre 0.818 y 0.978. Los resultados indican que el instrumento posee la capacidad de medir diferentes categorías de la infidelidad, a través de 4 subescalas; Conducta Infiel, Motivos de Infidelidad, Conceptos de Infidelidad y Consecuencias de infidelidad. El inventario presentado tiene propiedades satisfactorias de validez y confiabilidad que lo hacen útil en la evaluación de la infidelidad en el contexto.