bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ZnO/EAF slag doping on removal of methyl red dye (MR) from industrial waste water
Authors: Wissa D. A. , Youssef Nadia F. , Tharwat Christen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractZinc oxide doped with EAF slag (ZnO/ EAF slag) nanoparticles in different contents (10, 20) % of waste were synthesized in a controlled and reproducible way using spin-coater. The produced nanomaterial’s physicochemical and structural characteristics were ascertained by means of particle size distribution, TEM, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and XRF. The role and effect of EAF slag with constant percent doping with ZnO on the ability to remove pollutants was determined by observing the methyl red (MR) elimination in an aqueous solution at λmax = 413 nm and MR dye removal concentration was evaluated from its optical density. Irradiation of the compounds in sunlight intensity 250 KW/nh.m2 and temperature 36 °c resulted in a larger degree of MR removal from the solution, resulting in ZnO/EAF slag samples exhibiting increased photo activity. As a conclusion ZnO nanoparticles saturated with 20% EAF slag as a waste material were the most efficient in removing methyl red (MR) achieving ~ 96% removal and a completely transparent solution after 2 h of testing.
Decomposing social groups differential in stunting among children under five in India using nationally representative sample data
Authors: Dolui Mriganka , Sarkar Sanjit 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Stunting among children is a reflection of the chronic malnutrition caused by a complex set of behavioural, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. This long-term detrimental exposure to chronic malnutrition is disproportionately higher among social and economically deprived groups, leading to significant differentials in the prevalence of stunting across various social strata. Therefore, this study investigates the inequality of social groups in terms of the prevalence of stunting across Schedule Caste (SC)-Scheduled Tribe (ST) and non-SC-ST. The study used 1,93,886 children’s data aged 0–59 months from the recent round of the National Family Health Survey. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression, F-test, t-test and chi-squared (χ²) test were applied to understand the prevalence, determinants, and associations, respectively. The Fairlie decomposition model was applied to quantify the factors contributing to the inequality of stunting across social groups. The results revealed that the prevalence of stunting was higher among SC-ST (39.60%) children compared to non-SC-ST (33.27%). In addition, children aged 15–30 months (AOR: 1.895, 95% CI: 1.843–1.949), and male (AOR: 1.074, 95% CI: 1.053–1.095), mothers had lower BMI (AOR: 1.543, 95% CI: 1.492–1.595), mothers who had no education (AOR: 1.595, 95% CI: 11.532–1.662), belongs to poorest wealth index (AOR: 1.857, 95% CI: 1.766–1.952), and the children belong to the household with unhygienic satiation practices (AOR: 1.097, 95% CI: 1.070–1.123) were more likely to be stunted. The decomposition results revealed that the variables included in the study could explain 68.9% of the stunting inequality between SC-ST and non-SC-ST groups. The household’s wealth index is found to be a leading factor, which contributed nearly 41.3% of total stunting inequality exists between these two groups, followed by mothers’ education (12.86%) and mothers’ BMI (11.02%), sanitation facilities (4.26%), children’s birth order (3.32%) and mother’s type of delivery (1.49%). These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions. Prioritizing policies that address household economic enhancement, women’s education and empowerment can be instrumental in reducing social group inequality and lowering the overall prevalence of stunting. Ensuring access to improved hygienic sanitation facilities in the household is equally important for achieving better health outcomes for the children.
Relationship between the microstructural energy release rate of cortical bone and age under compression condition
Authors: Fan Ruoxun , Wang Yitong , Jia Zhengbin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMost studies evaluated the energy release rate of cortical bone macrostructure under Mode I, Mode II, and mixed Mode I-II loading conditions. However, testing the macrostructural energy release rate requires an initial crack and recording the applied load and the corresponding crack length in real-time, which may introduce measurement errors and differences with the actual fracture scenarios. To further understand how the energy release rate contributed to the cortical bone fracture characteristics, this study predicted the microstructural energy release rate of cortical bone and then investigated its age-related varitions. The microstructural energy release rate of femoral cortical bone in rats from different ages was back-calculated by fitting the experimental and simulated load–displacement curves under compression load. The trends in the microstructural energy release rate were revealed, and the underlying reasons for the age-related changes were investigated by integrating the discussion on the cortical bone mechanical parameters at various levels obtained from the previous experiment. The predicted microstructural energy release rate of femoral cortical bone in the rats from 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 15 months of age were in the range of 0.08–0.12, 0.12–0.14, 0.15–0.19, 0.25–0.28, 0.23–0.25, 0.19–0.22, and 0.13–0.16 N/mm, respectively. The statistical analyses showed the significant differences in the microstructural energy release rate at different ages. The results indicated an increasing trend followed by a decrease from 1 to 15 months of age, and the correlations between microstructural energy release rate and age were significant. The age-related variations in the microstructural energy release rate may be linked to the changes in the microarchitecture, and the fracture load is influenced by the micro-level mechanical parameters. Notably, the age-related trends in microarchitecture and energy release rate were similar. These findings were valuable for understanding the mechanism underlying the weakening mechanical properties of cortical bone microstructure with age from an energy perspective.
Retinal morphology across the menstrual cycle: insights from the UK Biobank
Authors: Ribeiro Reis Ana Paula , Ioannidou Estelle , Wagner Siegfried Karl , Struyven Robbert , Sun Zihan , Foster Paul , Khawaja Anthony P. , Petzold Axel , Sivaprasad Sobha , Pontikos Nikolas , Keane Pearse A. , Balaskas Konstantinos , Greco Elena , Iliodromiti Stamatina , Patel Praveen J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOestradiol and progesterone levels are higher in menstruating women than men of the same age, and their receptors are present in their neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium. However, the impact of this hormonal environment on retinal physiology in women remains unclear. Using self-reported menstrual cycle phases as a surrogate for fluctuating hormonal levels, we investigated associations with retinovascular indices on colour fundus photograph and retinal thickness in optical coherence tomography across regularly menstruating women in the UK Biobank. We found no differences in retinal thickness across the cycle; however, vessel density, arteriolar and venular, and fractal dimension were higher in the luteal phase than follicular. The calibre of the central retinal vessels did not differ. This study suggests that the menstrual cycle phase might be associated with retinal microvasculature density in non-invasive imaging. It raises awareness for this understudied area, providing insights into neuroscience fields and epidemiological studies.
A review of finite control set model predictive control for linear machines
Authors: Xu Wei , Xiao Han , Tang Yirong , Ge Jian , Guo Leilei , Junejo Abdul Khalique 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLinear machines (LMs) have become excellent candidates for linear motion applications due to their abilities of generating thrust without any transmissions, and have been widely adopted in transportation, industries etc. Among the numerous control methods of LM drive systems, finite control set model predictive control (FCS‐MPC) method has been given special attention due to its clear concept, fast response performance, and ability to handle constrained multivariate non‐linear control problems. It is widely used to improve the performance and efficiency of overall LM drive systems. Firstly, based on the three elements of FCS‐MPC, the advantages and shortcomings of the FCS‐MPC method in applications are fully investigated. The research status in FCS‐MPC has been summarised, such as multistep MPC, parameters robustness improvement, fast optimisation, and multi‐vector MPC. Then, the key issues in FCS‐MPC such as delay compensation, parameters design, and stability analysis are discussed, and their typical research methods and current research status are explained. Finally, the future development trends of FCS‐MPC in LM drive systems are discussed.
Early and Midterm Outcomes of Percutaneous Arteriovenous Fistula Creation
Authors: Abdel Aal Ahmed Kamel , Bassuner Juri , El Khudari Husameddin , Alrasheed Reema F. , Aziz Shahroz , Shahin Mohamed , Almehmi Ammar , Kowalczyk Bridget 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSurgical creation of arteriovenous fistulas has been the gold standard for vascular access in hemodialysis patients. However, recent advancements in endovascular technology, the need for alternative hemodialysis access options in nonsurgical candidates, and patient preference for nonsurgical approaches have led to the development of percutaneous arteriovenous fistula creation. Currently, there are two Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved systems, namely WavelinQ and Ellipsys. The aim of this article is to review the available literature on the outcomes of percutaneous arteriovenous fistula creation. Studies have reported high technical success rates for both the WavelinQ and Ellipsys systems. However, re-interventions were necessary for maturation, maintenance of patency, and treatment of complications. Reported re-intervention rates have varied across studies, device used, and patient populations, ranging from 0.46 to 2.7 per patient-year. While percutaneous arteriovenous fistula creation shows promise in terms of technical success rates, patency, and patient satisfaction, the rate of re-interventions adds to the overall procedural burden and may impact cost-effectiveness.
The Role of 3D Printing in Endodontic Treatment Planning: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Alattas Mustafa Hussein 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis review aims to provide an overall picture of the three-dimensional (3D) printing contributions to endodontic practice in treatment planning and execution. The methodology entails a comprehensive literature review of the technological processes and 3D printing applications in the field. Some key findings show that 3D printing is highly effective in producing the right dental models for training, helps in complex surgeries, and supports the transition toward personalized therapies. The review reveals that 3D printing has many benefits but that the broader adoption of this technology faces issues, including high technical requirements, high costs, and the need for safety standards. The study concludes that although in the future some challenges need to be addressed, the potential of 3D printing in endodontics is enormous and this means that the treatment methods of dentistry could be more efficient and innovative.
Emergence of
Streptococcus suis
infection from Goa, India
Authors: Thukral Hanul , Tiwari Simmi , Shewale Ajit , Nale Tushar , Narvencar Kedareshwar , Suryawanshi Prashant , Fernandes Trudy 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Streptococcus suis
is an emerging zoonotic bacterium that causes severe invasive disease in humans. In India, only two human case reports have been recorded till now. In the present report, we described the clinical case report along with an epidemiological investigation of the first
S. suis
case from Goa, India. The clinical presentation and detailed history regarding the potential exposure factors for the infection were recorded and to trace the source of the infection, the meat markets and the backyard piggeries in the vicinity of the patient’s residence were investigated. Case definitions were formulated and enhanced surveillance was initiated in the State to identify any additional cases. The case-patient was a co-morbid 63-year-old female, who was provisionally diagnosed with meningitis and septicaemia and S
. suis
infection was detected using automated microbial identification systems. The epidemiological investigation revealed that the patient was involved in handling raw pork one day prior to the symptom onset. Based on the active case finding, no additional case of
S. suis
was detected in the area. The present case was a sporadic case of
S. suis
in Goa, India and case-patient may have been exposed to the bacteria by handling raw pork while cooking.

One Health impact statement

Our investigation described the 3rd case of
Streptococcous suis
from India. This is significant because despite the abundance of the source of infection across the country i.e. high prevalence in the pig population, there are unusually low number of human cases, which can be attributed to very low clinical index of suspicion and lack of diagnostic tests in humans, as evidenced in the present case.

A multi-disciplinary One Health approach has been applied for the present case investigation as the Human Health, Animal Health and Food Safety aspects were investigated in collaboration with the State Health & Animal Husbandry departments along with the academia. The findings of the present investigation will aid in enhancing the clinical index of suspicion among clinicians and awareness among high-risk groups like veterinarians for
S. suis
infection in humans and animals. The multi-disciplinary One Health approach aided us in tracing the source of the infection, which would help in generating evidence for designing preventive interventions.
Defects, Shortcomings, and Failings in World Trade Law
Authors: Mavroidis Petros C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Nations are now connected through trade and trade law that they must observe. But the body of WTO law regulating international trade relations is seriously outdated. The last comprehensive negotiation that led to multilateral rule-making dates from 1994. Faced with an inadequate framework, trading nations may, on occasion, choose disobedience to advance their goals. In fact, there is evidence to this effect. For the WTO to regain its relevance, it must update its legal arsenal. But this is not an easy exercise, and anyway, it is definitely not the time for root-and-branch reform. The standoff between China and an increasing number of its Western partners is the reason why this is the case. Now, it is time to persuade. The accent should be placed on the deliberative function while correcting some of the legislative failures that we have observed.
All the King’s Horses and All the King’s Men Can Put Humpty Together Again
Authors: Mavroidis Petros C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This is not a time for “root-and-branch” reformers. Nor is it time to stay passive. The membership should prioritize the updating of WTO law that constitutes the bulk of modern concerns in order to avoid de-railing the whole edifice. The recommended legislative action should focus on priority areas. More concretely, the subsidies agreement needs to be revamped in at least two respects: allow for “green” subsidies and allow countervailing cross-national subsidies. An export licensing agreement must be enacted using import licensing as a template. The national security clause must be widened to include economic security. While the first two agreements should remain enforceable through adjudication, disputes concerning the latter should be submitted exclusively to deliberation. Judicialization of disputes should not be the knee-jerk reaction of trading nations. The deliberative function of the WTO can and must be improved. There is probably a trade-off between removing disputes from the docket and updating the legislative framework.
Fractions
Authors: Schumer Peter D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This work details a great deal of the history and manifest forms of fractions within mathematics. Rational numbers are fractions having either a terminating or repeating decimal expansion. Determining their decimal expansions, as well as the period length of repeating decimals, is completely worked out. Modern base 10 decimal expansions are compared with ancient Babylonian base 60 sexagesimal expansions. This leads to the study of infinite sums, especially to geometric series and the notions of convergence and divergence. The Fibonacci numbers are studied along with the series for 1/89 which involves them directly. The Cantor set and the Sierpinski carpet are discussed as well. Much of elementary number theory, including congruence classes, the Euler phi function, the Euclidean algorithm, and some Diophantine equations, is introduced. The mathematical properties of Farey fractions and finite continued fractions are developed. Applications of historical note include Christiaan Huygens’ cogwheeled planetarium and Archimedes’s approximation to the value of pi. The result that the rational numbers form a countable infinity is presented along with an explicit listing of all rational numbers. There is a more practical chapter concerning the fair apportionment of a cake, variations on slicing a pizza, probability questions involving markings on a stick, and ways to divide a bar of gold in order to pay wages for various numbers of days. Egyptian fractions entailing the sum of unit fractions is extensively studied. It is shown that every fraction can be written as a finite sum of distinct unit fractions. Historical examples are given along with a fractional variation on Fermat’s Last Theorem. Infinite series and Taylor series are more formally discussed in the latter chapters together with a discussion of some famous analytical formulas for pi as well as a discussion of Euler’s solution of the Basel Problem involving the sum of the reciprocals of the squares.
Geometric Series, Powers of Three
Authors: Schumer Peter D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Geometric series are introduced and developed, a concept dating back at least to Zeno of Elea in the fifth century bce. We then relate geometric series to finding the fractional equivalent of a repeating decimal expansion. Of particular interest are fractions with powers of 3 in the denominator such as 1/81 and 1/243. Next, we discuss the Cantor set, a topic usually covered only in an advanced real analysis course. However, here it fits in naturally within our discussion of thirds. The Cantor set is the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 that do not require the digit 1 in their ternary expansion. Finally, the Sierpinski carpet is discussed—a wonderful geometric extension of our previous topics that utilizes geometric series. The Sierpinski carpet is quite visually stunning—and yet it has area of measure zero!
Fibonacci Numbers
Authors: Schumer Peter D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Fibonacci numbers are introduced and carefully developed together with a bit of biography of Fibonacci himself. He is best known for promoting the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals in Europe and especially for his “rabbit problem” which introduces the Fibonacci numbers. Of special interest is the decimal expansion for 1/89 having a denominator that is a Fibonacci number and amazingly can be written as an infinite sum involving all the Fibonacci numbers. The technique of mathematical induction is introduced as a simple but highly important concept that will prove useful throughout the rest of the book. Furthermore, the important topic of generating functions is introduced to aid in the careful demonstration of the decimal expansion for 1/89. The golden ratio is also discussed and is used to present a closed formula for the nth Fibonacci number in terms of powers of the golden ratio.
Euclidean Algorithm
Authors: Schumer Peter D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The ancient algorithm for calculating the greatest common divisor of two numbers is explained. Further, examples are given to show that the greatest common divisor of two numbers can be written as a linear combination of the two numbers. Two integers are relatively prime if and only the number 1 can be written as a linear combination of them. The Euclidean algorithm can also be used to calculate the least common multiple of two numbers. Finally, the arithmetic inverse of an integer modulo n is introduced in order to help facilitate the solution of linear congruences.
Euler Phi Function and the Period Length of Repeating Decimals
Authors: Schumer Peter D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Euler phi function $\varphi (n)$ is introduced as the function that counts the number of positive integers less than a given integer relatively prime to it. A closed formula is developed step by step for the Euler phi function. Next, the Euler–Fermat theorem is introduced and explained as a natural extension of Fermat’s little theorem. The Euler–Fermat theorem states that if the integers a and n are relatively prime, then ${a^{\varphi (n)}} \equiv 1(\bmod n)$. Finally, the work of the previous chapters bears fruit as the period length of fractions of the form 1/p, where p is prime, is carefully discussed.
Continued Fractions
Authors: Schumer Peter D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A thorough exposition of finite simple continued fractions is given. All rational numbers have such representations. Convergents to a simple continued fraction is studied and a handy algorithm is developed which helps to readily compute them. The uniqueness of a continued fraction representation is covered. The theory is naturally extended to infinite simple continued fractions including those for $\sqrt 2 $ and for $\pi $ as well as the general importance of finite continued fractions as approximations to real numbers. The chapter culminates in a robust discussion of Christiaan Huygens’ cogwheeled planetarium which utilized continued fractions.
Introduction to Taylor Series
Authors: Schumer Peter D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The useful topic of Taylor series is introduced and the Taylor series for cos x and sin x are explored. We begin by giving a full review of the basic rules and procedures for differentiation and integration. Next, Taylor polynomials as ever-increasingly accurate approximations to a function near a given point. Taylor series are introduced along with the nth Taylor remainder (the difference between the Taylor series and the nth Taylor polynomial). Taylor series are then utilized to show how Euler discovered his solution to the Basel problem of determining the precise sum of the reciprocals of the squares. The chapter concludes with a complete proof that the number e is indeed irrational.
Special Sums of Fractions
Authors: Schumer Peter D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Diophantine equations $$\begin{align*}\frac{x}{y} + {\text{ }}\frac{y}{x} = n\,\,{\text{and}}\,\,\frac{x}{y} + \frac{y}{z} + \frac{z}{x} = n.\end{align*}$$ are analyzed for various values of n along with some related variants. Next, we include a short biography of Francoise Viète, whose studies heralded in the modern age of analytic expressions to determine the value of pi. After a bit of review of some trigonometric identities, Viète’s stunning infinite product representation for $\frac{2}{\pi}$ involving an infinity of nested square roots of 2 is presented. In particular, $$\begin{align*}\frac{2}{\pi } = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2} \cdot \frac{{\sqrt {2 + \sqrt 2 } }}{2} \cdot \frac{{\sqrt {2 + \sqrt {2 + \sqrt 2 } } }}{2} \ldots .\end{align*}$$ This is followed by a short biography of John Wallis and then a full development of the Wallis product for $\frac{2}{\pi}$ is given as well. The Wallis product states that $$\begin{align*}\frac{2}{\pi } = \frac{2}{q} \cdot \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{4}{3} \cdot \frac{4}{5} \cdot \frac{6}{5} \cdot \frac{6}{7} \ldots .\end{align*}$$