bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profiling exercise intensity during the exergame Hollywood Workout on XBOX 360 Kinect®
Authors: Viana Ricardo B. , Vancini Rodrigo L. , Vieira Carlos A. , Gentil Paulo , Campos Mário H. , Andrade Marilia S. , de Lira Claudio Andre B. 
Published: August 2018

Background
Despite the increasing popularity of exergame practice and its promising benefits in counteracting physical inactivity, limited research has been performed to document the physiological responses during an exergame session. This study aims (i) to investigate the responses of heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$) during an exergame session and to compare with HR and ${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$ measured during joystick session and (ii) to compare HR and ${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$ obtained during exergame and joystick session with those HR and ${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$ associated with first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2, respectively) obtained during a maximal graded exercise test.

Methods
A total of 39 participants performed a maximal graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}\max $), VT1, and VT2. On separate days, participants performed an exergame and traditional sedentary game (with a joystick) sessions. The time that participants remained with HR and ${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$ below the VT1, between the VT1 and VT2 and above the VT2 were calculated to determine exercise intensity.

Results
Heart rate and ${\dot{\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$ were below VT1 during 1,503 ± 292 s (86.1 ± 16.7%) and 1,610 ± 215 s (92.2 ± 12.3%), respectively. There was an increase in HR and ${{\dot {\rm V}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$ as a function of exergame phases, since HR mean values in the ‘warm-up’ period (119 ± 13 bpm) were lower than the ‘main phase’ (136 ± 15 bpm) and ‘cool-down’ periods (143 ± 15 bpm) (p < 0.001). Regarding ${\dot {\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$ values, the ‘warm-up’ (25.7 ± 2.9 mL.kg−1.min−1) were similar to the ‘main phase’ (25.1 ± 2.8 mL.kg−1.min−1) (p > 0.05) and lower than the ‘cool-down’ (28.0 ± 4.8 mL.kg−1.min−1) (p < 0.001). For all times of the joystick session, average HR and ${\dot {\rm V}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}$ were below the VT1 levels.

Conclusion
Exergames can be classified as light to moderate exercise. Thus, exergames could be an interesting alternative to traditional forms of exercise.
Fungal Ecology
Authors: Slot Jason C 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFungal ecology encompasses the relationships among fungi, the environment and other organisms. Fungi are essential partners of primary producers and the main decomposers of plant biomass. They contribute to soil, water and atmospheric biogeochemical cycles. By accessing and mobilising nutrients from rocks and soil, fungi contribute to the establishment of ecosystems. In addition to a key function in decomposition, fungi are intimate associates of plants, animals, other fungi, bacteria and viruses in diverse mutualistic and antagonistic roles across environments. Fungi are most diverse in undisturbed forests, but are also residents of environments with extremes of cold and desiccation, and are found in aquatic and marine ecosystems. Fungi employ various sexual and asexual strategies for dispersal and inhabit both mild and extreme habitats. Agricultural and industrial pollution impacts the diversity of fungi, which in turn are indicators of ecosystem health.Key ConceptsThe fungal lifestyle is adapted to diverse interactions with other organisms.Fungal symbioses with plants underpin terrestrial ecosystems.Fungi are the main recyclers of plant biomass, including wood.Fungal communities are most readily studied with molecular techniques.Fungi interact with other organisms with secondary metabolites.Fungi provide structure to soils and biological crusts.Fungi have been found in all of earth's ecosystems.
Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias
Authors: Boutry Maxime , Stevanin Giovanni 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs), also known as Strümpell–Lorrain disease, are rare neurological conditions characterised by gradual spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs caused by developmental failure and/or degeneration of motor neuron axons in the corticospinal tract. The course is generally slowly progressive, with considerable variation in age at onset and severity of spasticity. There are also complex forms of HSPs, with additional neurological features or extraneurological signs. HSPs are transmitted according to all classical modes of inheritance and are extremely heterogeneous genetically as >80 causative genes or loci have been identified. The altered cellular functions include mainly intracellular trafficking, endoplasmic reticulum shaping, lipid metabolism and mitochondrial functions. The multiple inheritance modes and phenotypic presentation of several HSP genes together with the clinical and genetic overlap of HSPs with other neurological disorders complicate greatly their diagnosis in clinical practice.

Key Concepts

Hereditary spastic paraplegias are among the most highly heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders.

The clinical presentation in patients can be pure or complex, variably associating additional, neurological and nonneurological signs.

Mutations or genomic rearrangements in >80 genes/loci can lead to spastic paraplegia.

Their diagnosis in clinical practice is complicated by (1) their heterogeneity, (2) the multiple inheritance modes of some of the genes involved and (3) by their overlap with other neurological disorders in terms of phenotype and causative genes, calling for a new nosology.

A relatively small number of functions are altered in these diseases, mainly intracellular trafficking, endoplasmic reticulum shaping, lipid metabolism and mitochondrial functions.

Only few biological markers can be used in clinical practice for follow‐up and diagnosis confirmation.
InsilicoDrug Design
Authors: Makrynitsa Garyfallia I , Lykouras Michail , Spyroulias Georgios A , Matsoukas Minos‐Timotheos 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the field of computational drug design, the identification and characterisation of the biological target of interest is a major step. Despite the growing number of such resolved protein structures every year, there are still many drug targets, especially membrane proteins, for which structural determination is very difficult. In these cases, experimental knowledge on already determined bioactive molecules may be used successfully for computational ligand‐based drug‐design methods. However, for the past three decades, most drug discovery efforts have been driven by the structure of the target biomolecule. Advances in structural biology methods have provided structural information of many molecules, giving rise to the structure‐based drug‐design process as a powerful tool for drug discovery in research academia and pharmaceutical industry. Both fields in thein silicodrug‐design field are commonly used, each one depending on background experimental information and relevant computational methodologies.Key ConceptsThe main computer‐aided drug‐design approaches are either ligand or structure based.Main ligand‐based methods for identifying bioactive compounds are chemical similarity, pharmacophore mapping and QSAR.Advances in structural biology methodologies have greatly assisted structure‐based drug design.Structure‐based methods in computational drug design are mostly molecular docking, molecular dynamics, fragment‐based drug‐design and pharmacophore modelling.Docking and pharmacophore methodologies are most commonly used for virtual screening in drug design.
Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity and Gene Expression during Character Displacement
Authors: Levis Nicholas A , Pfennig David W 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCharacter displacement – trait evolution that arises as an adaptive response to competition between species – is central to the origins, abundance and distribution of biodiversity. Yet, until recently, little was known of character displacement's underlying mechanisms. Although character displacement is assumed to arise solely through changes in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, many species can also respond adaptively to competition by facultatively altering traits via phenotypic plasticity, which frequently entails changes in gene expression. New research has revealed that these two mechanisms might often act together during character displacement. In particular, character displacement might proceed through an initial phase in which trait (and gene expression) differences are environmentally induced to a latter phase in which such differences become fixed via changes in DNA sequence. This plasticity‐first hypothesis has increasing support, suggesting that it may be a common pathway to character displacement.Key ConceptsCompetition is a key driver of phenotypic divergence between species.Character displacement is an evolutionary process in which natural selection causes a shift in phenotype production to reduce competition.This shift often causes competing lineages to differ more where they occur together (sympatry) than where each occurs in the other's absence (allopatry).Both DNA sequence changes and phenotypic plasticity can play a role in mediating character displacement.Competitively mediated phenotypic plasticity involves environmentally induced changes in gene expression.Character displacement might undergo plasticity‐first evolution, whereby it transitions from an environmentally induced phase to a genetically fixed one.An example of plasticity‐mediated character displacement comes from spadefoot toad (genusSpea) tadpoles.As a consequence of character displacement, sympatric populations of one species (Spea bombifrons) have lost diet‐dependent plasticity in gene expression.Thus, character displacement has facilitated genetic assimilation at both the phenotypic and molecular levels in this species.Further exploration of character displacement's underlying mechanisms might provide some of the most compelling cases of plasticity‐first evolution and genetic assimilation in nature.
Large‐Area Metal Gaps and Their Optical Applications
Authors: Bahk Young‐Mi , Kim Dai‐Sik , Park Hyeong‐Ryeol 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecent technological advances in fabrication methods have allowed researchers to manipulate light–matter interactions in the subwavelength region and develop a wide variety of innovative optical applications from the visible to the microwave region. Metal patterning at a subwavelength scale plays a crucial role in realizing these optical applications. Various standard lithography techniques including laser beam machining, focused ion beam, photolithography, and electron‐beam lithography are used for the subwavelength feature size of the metal patterns. Many recent studies have demonstrated that funneling light into nanometer‐wide gaps in metals gives rise to strong field enhancements and nonlocal electromagnetic effects. However, these standard methods encounter difficulties when one tries to fabricate nanometer feature sizes with macroscopic circumferences, crucial for long‐wavelength applications, over a large area. Here, new lithography techniques that fabricate an array of metal gaps of nanometer‐to‐Ångstrom scale are covered. The corresponding photonic applications in the terahertz and microwave regions are also introduced. These next‐generation metal gaps will have a great impact on the advancement of field enhancement and confinement toward the next level of applications such as metamaterials, quantum tunneling, active switching devices, and ultrasensitive chemical/biological sensors.
Recent Advances in Optoelectronic Devices Based on 2D Materials and Their Heterostructures
Authors: Cheng Jinbing , Wang Chunlan , Zou Xuming , Liao Lei 
Published: August 2018

Abstract2D materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus, have become the most potential semiconductor materials in the field of optoelectronic devices due to their extraordinary properties. Owing to the layer‐dependent and appropriately sized bandgaps, photodetectors based on various 2D materials are designed and manufactured rationally. Utilizing the unique properties of 2D materials, many surprising physical phenomena of junctions based on 2D materials can be obtained after different 2D materials are stacked together. This makes heterojunctions more popular than 2D materials themselves, and the design of 2D materials for human beings is easier than ever. In this review, recent progress in optoelectronic applications based on 2D materials and their heterojunctions is summarized and discussed.
Highly Enhanced Normalized‐Volume Multiphoton Absorption in CsPbBr3 2D Nanoplates
Authors: He Tingchao , Li Junzi , Qiu Xin , Xiao Shuyu , Yin Cheng , Lin Xiaodong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAll‐inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their extensive photonic and optoelectronic properties. These NCs are shown to exhibit strong multiphoton absorption (MPA). However, studies on the MPA properties of perovskite NCs are only conducted on weakly confined perovskite cubic NCs, while the relevant influences of the geometry are never discussed. To the best of knowledge, this report describes the first comparison of the MPA properties of CsPbBr3 2D nanoplates (2D NPs) and cubic NCs. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that stronger quantum confinement effect of 2D NPs will strongly enhance their MPA with outstanding normalized‐volume two‐ and three‐photon absorption cross sections up to 1561 GM nm−3 and 7.2 × 10−78 cm6 s2 photon−2 nm−3, respectively. This work demonstrates that CsPbBr3 2D NPs are good candidates for exploring the influences of quantum confinement on MPA properties of perovskite NCs, which are also highly suitable for the applications of multiphoton imaging and nonlinear optoelectronics.
Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide/Scandium(III)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation of N‐Unprotected 3‐Substituted Oxindoles
Authors: He Changqiang , Cao Weidi , Zhang Jianlin , Ge Shulin , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAn efficient enantioselective alkylation of N‐unprotected 3‐substituted oxindoles was realized by using a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/scandium(III) complex as the catalyst. A wide range of 3,3‐dialkyl substituted oxindoles with quaternary stereocenters were obtained in high yields and ee values (up to 98% yield and 99% ee).magnified image
Resolving Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells with Rapid Flame‐Processed Cobalt‐Doped TiO2
Authors: Kim Jung Kyu , Chai Sung Uk , Ji Yongfei , Levy‐Wendt Ben , Kim Suk Hyun , Yi Yeonjin , Heinz Tony F. , Nørskov Jens K. , Park Jong Hyeok , Zheng Xiaolin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo further increase the open‐circuit voltage (V
oc) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), many efforts have been devoted to doping the TiO2 electron transport/selective layers by using metal dopants with higher electronegativity than Ti. However, those dopants can introduce undesired charge traps that hinder charge transport through TiO2, so the improvement in the V
oc is often accompanied by an undesired photocurrent density–voltage (J–V) hysteresis problem. Herein, it is demonstrated that the use of a rapid flame doping process (40 s) to introduce cobalt dopant into TiO2 not only solves the J–V hysteresis problem but also increases the V
oc and power conversion efficiency of both mesoscopic and planar PSCs. The reasons for the simultaneous improvements are two fold. First, the flame‐doped Co‐TiO2 film forms Co‐Ov (cobalt dopant‐oxygen vacancy) pairs and hence reduces the number density of Ti3+ trap states. Second, Co doping upshifts the band structure of TiO2, facilitating efficient charge extraction. As a result, for planar PSCs, the flame doping of Co increases the efficiency from 17.1% to 18.0% while reducing the hysteresis from 16.0% to 1.7%. Similarly, for mesoscopic PSCs, the flame doping of Co increases the efficiency from 18.5% to 20.0% while reducing the hysteresis from 7.0% to 0.1%.
Optical Analysis of Oxygen Self‐Diffusion in Ultrathin CeO2 Layers at Low Temperatures
Authors: Neuderth Paula , Hille Pascal , Martí‐Sánchez Sara , de la Mata María , Coll Mariona , Arbiol Jordi , Eickhoff Martin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAn optical in situ strategy for the analysis of oxygen diffusion in ultrathin ceria layers with a thickness of 2–10 nm at temperatures between 50 and 200 °C is presented, which allows for the determination of diffusion coefficients. This method is based on the sensitivity of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of InGaN nanowires to adsorbed oxygen. The oxygen diffusion through an ultrathin CeO2 coating deposited on the InGaN nanowires is monitored by analyzing the transient PL behavior of the InGaN nanowires, which responds to changes of the oxygen concentration in the environment when the corresponding oxygen concentration is established at the CeO2/InGaN interface due to diffusion through the coating. Quantitative evaluation of the oxygen diffusion in CeO2 based on a model considering Langmuir Adsorption and recombination yields a diffusion coefficient D of (2.55 ± 0.05) × 10−16 cm2 s−1 at a temperature of 100 °C. Temperature‐dependent measurements reveal an Arrhenius type behavior of D with an activation energy of (0.28 ± 0.04) eV. In contrast, no oxygen diffusion is detected for an ultrathin layer (≥5 nm) of Al2O3, which is known as a poor oxygen ion conductor within the analyzed temperature regime.
Management Control Points Related to the Lag Phase of Fungal Growth in a Stored Rapeseed Ecosystem
Authors: Wawrzyniak Jolanta , Gawrysiak‐Witulska Marzena , Ryniecki Antoni 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe quality of rapeseed oil largely depends on the quality of postharvest preservation of raw seeds. Fungal infestation at early stages of the storage of rapeseeds is a major cause of their spoilage. The knowledge of relations between the storage conditions, fungal contamination, and technological quality of rapeseeds is essential to specify key control points that can be used to improve postharvest management systems and maintain rapeseed quality. The aim of this study was to define decisive control points on the basis of the kinetics of early mold growth in ecosystems of rapeseeds in a hazardous initial microbiological state, stored under various water activity and temperature conditions (a
w =0.78–0.96 and t =12–30 °C). A correlation between the acid value (AV), germination, and fungal infestation of seeds was found in ecosystems with significant mold activity. The analysis of the mold growth kinetics with regard to AV, seed germination, and visible mold time showed that the detection of early (invisible) fungal growth could be a good basis for determining the time during which rapeseeds should be protected from deterioration. The research results showed how to use the length of the lag phase to identify decisive control points, which are necessary to improve the existing control systems of rapeseed preservation and storage.
The Role of the RN Circulator in a Navigated Posterior Spinal Fusion
Authors: Jordan Roumelia S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe RN circulator plays a vital role in preparing for a minimally invasive spinal fusion with navigation by confirming that the necessary equipment and stakeholders are available and ensuring that the amount of equipment and the number of people in the room do not compromise patient safety or the sterility of the surgical field. Patients who undergo minimally invasive spinal fusion experience less blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and reduced costs than those who undergo open spinal fusion procedures. The overall successful fusion rates and improvement in patient quality of life are equivalent between the two approaches. Using navigation during minimally invasive and open spinal fusion procedures decreases radiation exposure to the patient and surgical team and helps ensure a more accurate placement of pedicle screws compared with nonnavigated minimally invasive or open spinal fusions.
Measurement of thermal conductivity of epoxy resins during cure
Authors: Struzziero G. , Remy B. , Skordos A. A. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThis work reports the development of a methodology for the measurement of thermal conductivity of thermosetting polymers during their cure. The study addresses the reliability and robustness of the method through FEA modeling and testing using a noncuring material with known thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity and its evolution during the cure has been measured for three widely used aerospace epoxy resins, namely, RTM6, 890RTM, and the XU3508/XB3473 system as function of cure temperature. A constitutive model expressing the dependence of thermal conductivity on the degree of cure and temperature has been established. The device developed here can measure thermal conductivity of epoxy resin with accuracy up to 3%. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47015.
Photooxidative degradation of graphene‐reinforced high‐density polyethylene nanocomposites
Authors: Shehzad F. , Ahmad M. I. , Al‐Harthi M. A. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTNatural weathering of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and its graphene nanocomposites was studied. The nanocomposites, prepared by in situ polymerization of ethylene, were exposed to the natural environment for 30, 60, and 90 days. The effects of weathering on the crystallinity, melting temperature, and lamellar thickness distribution were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The changes in chain microstructure and molecular weight were determined by crystallization analysis fractionation and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. The effects of weathering on the dynamic mechanical properties and the morphology of the nanocomposite were also determined. The parent HDPE suffered severe degradation as expected. However, graphene‐reinforced HDPE nanocomposites show resistance to degradation. The changes in the crystallinity, lamellar thickness, molecular weight, and dynamic mechanical properties of graphene nanocomposites were less pronounced as compared to the parent HDPE. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47030.
Morphology and electric conductivity controlling of in situ polymerized poly(decamethylene dodecanoamide)/polyaniline composites
Authors: Cao Yiyu , Wang Lili , Gao Yunyun , Sun Tong‐Jie , Zhou Yong , Hu Hai‐Qing , Wang Dujin , Dong Xia 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTIn situ polymerization was proved to be an effective method to prepare composites with combined properties of two intrinsic different components. In this study, poly(decamethylene dodecanoamide) (polyamide 1012, PA1012) powders with controlled morphologies and crystal forms were obtained by antisolvent precipitation, whose morphology and crystal forms were strongly dependent on the types and temperatures of antisolvents. PA1012/polyaniline (PA1012/PANI) composites with different morphologies were manufactured through in situ polymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed a strong interaction between PA1012 and PANI components. PANI components were in situ polymerized from aniline monomers on the surface of PA1012 powders, forming a composite aggregates in solution. The conductivity of different PA1012/PANI composite powders was about 10−5–10−3 S/cm, which could successfully meet the requirement of antistatic coating. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47041.