bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Maintenance Strategy for Large Rotating Equipment
Authors: Hayat Khalid , Ibrahim Makki 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Present PM philosophy of CB CRU is scheduled maintenance based on running hours of the engine. This time based maintenance is fixed at every 7500 running hours, referred to as Mini-check, others as Intermediate and Major Overhaul that are fixed at 15000 and 30000 running hours respectively.
The current operational practice is also such that it is only functional when the primary CRU i.e. ManTurbo is under maintenance, making CB-CRU function as interim or during summer when electrical power consumption is to be reduced.
Even though the CB-CRU is operated less frequently for the last 4 years, the number of failures has increased.
Hence, a review of the maintenance philosophy was required due to change in operating scenario. Scientific/statistical (RCM) approach was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing maintenance philosophy.
Reliability analysis tools were used to analyze failure data collected from site logbook and PM records from year 2009 to date. The data were segregated and following methods were used:Weibull Analysis, Recurrent Data Analysis for analysis of failure frequency and pattern.FMEA & RCM to review Mini-check scope and formulate the proactive maintenance task.
One of the major outcome of the study was that while performing Mini-check there is always a possibility of introducing inherent failures. This would negatively affect the purpose of doing Mini-check in terms of unscheduled maintenance.Hence based on the study it is recommend to stop the PM @7500 hours to monitor and observe the impact on CB CRU availability, for a period of three years.
While the scheduled maintenance at 7500 hours is stop, the following additional activities/recommendations are to be implement based on the study:Increase Recip-Trap frequency to twice a month.Compressor Gland Leakage Inspection once in a month.Lubrication System, start at least once a month and operate for 24 hours when CB-CRU is in standby mode for prolonged period.Engine to be started at least quarterly and operated for 4 hours with no-load.Intermediate Overhaul to be conducted in every 4 years or 15000 running hours.Awareness Sessions to be conducted once a year for all relevant teams.Auto Ignition and Pressure balancing system to be implemented in one CB CRU as pilot.
Step Changes in Deep, Open-Water Riserless Coiled Tubing Operations
Authors: Stuker John , Campos Jesus , Morbelli Diane , Rivas Jose , Franco Delgado Ernesto , Assis Joao 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Scale buildup due to water production can choke oil production and require repetitive scale treatments across entire fields. In subsea wells, the common solution employs a deepwater rig to conduct either workover operations or large-volume scale inhibitor squeezes. Less frequently, coiled tubing (CT) is used from a moonpool vessel. However, current oil prices required a custom solution for subsea well treatments that was more cost effective than either a rig or a moonpool vessel.
Similar previous operations successfully used 1 ¾-in. and 2-in. (44.4 mm. and 50 mm.) CT at the same time from a moonpool vessel. A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in the open water connected the CT to the subsea safety module (SSM) through a dynamic conduit and connected the SSM to the wellhead. An engineered solution to change to 2 7/8-in. CT and use high-rate stimulation pumps was planned to deliver subsea treatments at up to 15 bbl/min. The equipment layout was designed for a multipurpose supply vessel with chemical storage tanks; to increase the available selection of vessels, the CT was designed to run overboard rather than through a moonpool.
This project was initiated after accelerated scale buildup occurred because of a pressure decrease close to the bubble point, which happened when the drawdown was increased for aggressive production targets. To effectively inhibit scale in this environment, treatments required thousands of barrels of inhibitor. For wells with more-severe scale conditions, acid treatments were planned. These treatments were delivered with one complete CT package, stimulation pumping fleet, and subsea equipment, which were all installed on the spare deck space of the available vessel.
A custom overboard CT deployment tower was designed. The new tower improved the dynamic bend stiffener (DBS) placement, which allowed the clump weights to be deployed with the bottomhole assembly (BHA) and simplified the rig-up. The chosen vessel worked well for the operation; however, the equipment layout and the local weather conditions combined with the response amplitude operator (RAO) of the vessel shortened the projected fatigue life of the CT.
CT integrity monitoring with magnetic flux leakage (MFL) measurement was introduced here, and the vessel’s motion reference unit (MRU) provided an input to a fatigue calculator, based on the global riser analysis (GRA). The measurements and the analysis were utilized successfully to prevent CT pipe failures in the open water and deliver the required well treatments. To allow further improvements in deepwater operations, the new engineering work-flow was carefully documented.
PEMS Re-Rata on Total Abk Offshore Platform
Authors: Alblooshi Muna , Aikhoje Eragbae 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In order to better understand and monitor its atmospheric impacts, TABK equipped all its flares, gas turbines and glycol reboilers with a Predictive Emission Monitoring System (PEMS). PEMS is a software based continuous monitoring system that is able to compute emissions based on logging of process parameters such as fuel consumption, power output, combustion exhaust temperature, etc.
In the UAE, this Innovative technology is quite new for an offshore Exploration and Production site and ADNOC, the local regulator, has approved TABK PEMS as a compliance monitoring tool for documenting emissions of priority pollutants and Green House Gases .
This project allows adequate modelling and assessment that will enable forecasting air quality and development of cost-effective abatement strategies.
This project is key for TABK because we are now able to continuously quantify our main air pollutants emissions; as well as able to support any abatement philosophy with clear, precise scientific and sound information.
While this project is quite new for an Exploration and Production offshore site, its innovative technology has enabled TABK take a new approach that predicts emissions from process variables.
Criteria of Bypassing Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger De-Riming Procedure
Authors: Al Mazrouei Rashed , Salmeen Haitham , Agung Margono 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The cryogenic liquefaction of natural gas is experienced as a mean of transforming natural gas into a more suitable form for transportation and storage. Such liquefaction reduces the volume of the natural gas and results in a product which can be stored and transported at or near atmospheric pressure. In any natural gas liquefaction process, there will be progressive accumulation of buildup upon the interior surfaces of the cryogenic heat exchanger. Such buildup can be caused by water in the form of ice or relatively heavy hydrocarbons present in the gas feed in solid form. The various sections of the cryogenic heat exchanger operate at different temperatures based on the type of stream passing through a particular section. With special concern required, is the need for the removal, or Mercury deriming (or "defrosting"), of heavy hydrocarbons which precipitate, wax or freeze in small passageways of cryogenic equipment. Therefore, a need exists for improved equipment and methods to facilitate the removal, or de-riming, of precipitated heavy hydrocarbons, wax up or freeze in the passages of cryogenic equipment, such as cryogenic heat exchangers, control valves and other associated equipment. In this paper the Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger, Mercury Removal Units, Mercury De-riming and Bypass Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger De-riming is explained and discussed in order to analys the benefits of Bypassing Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger De-riming.
Digitalization of Safety Lifecycle Compliance for Operational Excellence.
Authors: Kapadia Yusuf , Elliott Steve 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Plant safety remains a number 1 Priority for all operating companies especially in the Oil & Gas segments, with many companies publishing goals of zero incidents or accidents. In very simple terms, it’s all about managing risk.
If you do it well, it leads to profit. If you don’t, then it can lead to losses.
Defining & Implementing performance monitoring & management systems to achieve the above-mentioned goals has been the primary focus of our industry and our efforts can broadly be divided in two distinct buckets. Occupational safety: Primarily can be summarised to include Protection of the Personal present near the hazard and therefore includes procedures for protecting personnel from trips, falls or handling hazardous materials, and working at heights.Functional safety: This arena arose from the need to avoid large-scale industrial disasters and involves the safeguards required to manage and mitigate hazards, assess possible consequences and risks, and determine a required level of protection. Today international standards such as IEC 61511, IEC 61508, ISA S84, and others are widely adopted and considered best practice in the industry. They provide a performance-based framework for the design, implementation, and operation/maintenance of automated safeguards, including safety instrumented systems (SIS) such as emergency shutdown systems (ESD), alarm functionality of the distributed control system (DCS), burner management systems, and other automation and control technology geared toward safe operations.
But regardless of how well-designed these safeguarding systems are, they can only ever be fully effective if operated and maintained according to their design criteria over the entire operational life of the plant. Growing awareness of this fact has given rise to a newer discipline of process safety management (PSM). Why pursue improvements in safety in addition to the fact that human life and health should be safeguarded at all times? Evidence is beginning to emerge that companies with good process safety realize significant direct cost benefits.
Novel Approaches to Sour Gas Treatment in Oil and Gas - Onshore and Offshore Facilities
Authors: Pollitt Iain , Conde Joao 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The objective of this paper was to investigate novel approaches to sour gas treatment for use in the Middle East that are outside the common oil and gas market and compare them to more traditional techniques. The methods employed in this paper were based on one central tenet – delivering to the client a practicable, economical solution to producing from an extremely sour (&gt; 40,000 ppm) gas field. The target H2S / SO2 emission limit of the system was 125 ppm / 300 mg/Nm3.
A gated process was used whereby the scope was split to include SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) analysis between the Feasibility Analysis and Concept Select stages to narrow down what could viably be implemented onsite - whether subsea, offshore or onshore.
The procedure by which technologies were identified was to contact vendors from different sectors to find a suitable candidate for sweetening such a sour field. Initial observations were that the traditional crutch of offshore gas sweetening in the O&G sector – H2S scavengers, typically Triazine – were too inefficient for the volume of H2S.
Non-Regenerative and Regenerative adsorbents were also investigated. These were found to be low CAPEX but high OPEX and high CAPEX but reduced OPEX respectively due to the nature of the technologies. Both were found to be unsuitable on economic grounds.
Membranes were then approached as an offshore solution. Without the need for large chemical inventories, membranes were a promising candidate due to reduced risk. Unfortunately, the large contact area requirement was too much for the offshore platform.
Moving onshore, Claus units are the typical method of sulphate disposal. These were investigated alongside Liquid REDOX, Iron Chelate, Biological Processes and Modified Tail Gas Treatment Units (TGTU’s).
From these it was found that the Modified TGTU was economically viable, could be implemented onsite and tied in to existing infrastructure with minimal CAPEX or OPEX. The Modified TGTU process produced fertiliser from SO2, a saleable product which offset the cost of implementation and was more valuable than products from traditional Claus units.
The Modified TGTU unit was sourced from coal plants in Asia and had not been deployed for Oil and Gas use. By going outside our common areas, we found something that was a huge benefit to the client by providing a safe, clean operable and efficient method of gas sweetening.
Improved Acid Placement Modeling for Matrix Acidizing Optimization
Authors: Livescu Silviu , Vissotski Andrea , Chaudhary Saleem 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data interpretation has been extensively used in the last 10 years for improving acid placement for matrix acidizing operations. The DTS data are used for injection profiling during or after the acid and diverter are pumped into the reservoir. This study proposes an improved treatment schedule option for optimizing matrix stimulation operations with coiled tubing. In addition to the well-established DTS flow-profiling model, the capabilities of the new model include wormhole modeling, acid placement, and skin calculations.
Coiled tubing-enabled optical fiber systems are usually used for improving the acid placement during or after matrix acidizing operations. A new model is proposed for designing and optimizing the matrix acidizing treatments in carbonate formations before, during, or after those operations. Specifically, this matrix acidizing model can be used in the pre-planning stimulation stage, before the DTS data is acquired, or during the stimulation, together with or separately from the DTS data. The model can be used in horizontal, deviated, and vertical wells with open-hole or perforated completions. The model takes into account the reservoir data (i.e., permeability, porosity, skin, pressure, and temperature), well data (i.e., tubing and casing sizes, length, number of perforations, etc.), and pumping schedule. Based on the input data and the wellbore hydraulic model, the output consists of the distributed acid rate and volume, wormhole length, and skin factor reduction.
The DTS data from a synthetic matrix acidizing operation similar to one performed in an offshore carbonate field is used to validate the new model. An analysis of the results obtained for the previous and improved models is included, identifying the factors affecting the validation. Understanding these factors is crucial, because the new matrix acidizing model has the potential for use in the pre-planning stage with an enhanced acid placement schedule and can reduce operational costs by not using an optical fiber during the stimulation. In addition, the matrix acidizing model can be used during the matrix acidizing operations and can significantly reduce the acquisition time for the DTS data.
Think Big - Start Small in Asset Performance Management
Authors: Ferket Johan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Asset-intensive companies face tighter maintenance budgets, stricter regulations and increased pressure to improve asset performance, whilst confronted with aging assets and workforce. Managing an asset with these challenges requires informed decision-making based on insight, knowledge and forecasting. Data is a powerful tool to achieve this goal.
‘Internet of things’ innovations have led to a rapid increase in the availability of technical and business data. A few years ago, techniques that were complex and expensive are now more affordable, accessible and increasingly important in order to compete in this world of rapid change.
Field data is faster and immediately available for processing, while more relevant measurements and observations of similar or better quality are leading to more reliable information for decision-making.
The transition from data to information has been made possible through development in the usability of applications in the field of data science, and more advanced software and information systems are on the market for data analysis, diagnostics and simulation.
Hybrid Bit Technology: Transforming Tricone-Bit Drilling to New Levels
Authors: Al Hammadi Yousef , Al Harbi Ahmed , Hermawirawan Lutfi , Aboulkheir Adham , Akl Bassam , Amer Reem 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This paper describes the step performance improvement of a 16’’ section in a UAE offshore application. Through close collaboration between directional drilling services, drill bits and operator, a 44% improvement in the section ROP from the field average was achieved. The novel solutions of bit and drive system and drilling practices which allowed for this improvement will be detailed in this paper.
A key contributor to this achievement was utilizing a new hybrid bit technology platform which incorporates the dual cutting mechanisms of both polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) and tricone bits. This allows for more efficient drilling through bringing together the improved ROP performance of a PDC bit and the reduced torque fluctuations of a tricone bit. Where initially drilled by tricone bits, the application posed potential for performance improvement, which was to be explored with this bit and BHA solution. Continuous optimization of drilling parameters was essential to minimizing the vibrations and improving the overall drilling efficiency.
As a result of the proposed bit and drive system solution and the considerations in execution, the 4900ft long section was drilled in a shoe to shoe run, from surface to Fiqa formation. The unique compatibility between the bit design and the drilling motor allowed for exceeding the intended performance KPI set by the operator. The directional objectives were met as the well was precisely steered between offset wells with critical proximity, where the minimum ellipse separation expected was as low as 1.2ft. The new bit design was seen to not compromise the directional steerability as may be of concern with a PDC bit with a motor. The ROP achieved on the section was a 44% improvement from the field average. Given this being the first run from this new hybrid bit platform, this application still holds potential for further improvements upon design changes based on learnings from the first run. The outcome ultimately would be to take the conventional tricone drilling of this 16’’ section to a complete other performance level.
Air Filtration - The Dark Horse of Gas Turbine Performance
Authors: Elsawy Shahin Abdel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Enhancements the performance of Rotating Equipment in term of cost optimization by extending the MTBI and improving the efficiency is dynamic exercises and endless journey, so by utilizing the proven available latest technology to protect the gas turbines from fouling is the Operator major challenge.
The Air Inlet Filtration System is a very important auxiliary system protecting Gas Turbine (GT) internal components from air born contaminants at reasonable pressure drop (PD)

Methods, Procedures, Process
Enhancements the performance of Rotating Equipment in term of cost optimization by extending the MTBI and improving the efficiency is dynamic exercises and endless journey, so by utilizing the proven available latest technology to protect the gas turbines from fouling.
The Air Inlet Filtration System is a very important auxiliary system protecting Gas Turbine (GT) internal components from air born contaminants at reasonable pressure drop (PD)

Results, Observations, Conclusions
Turbine Inlet Air Filtration System utilizing "D-Fog + F9 Pulse Jet + HEPA-E12 Static Filter is a reality of improvement/Saving by actual readings from PI System of gas turbines leading to achieved the followings within filter service Life Time (Two Years) :
GTs filtration system upgrades are considered as standard for all Single Stage Self Cleaning Filtration as well as multistage Filtration system and as a good reference in case for other entities within ADNOC group of Companies to follow and achieve similar benefits as applicable for their Gas Turbines applications, since ADNOC -OPCOs have big fleets of Gas Turbines to gain all benefits mentioned.

Novel/Additive Information
The initiative of "Improving the Quality of Gas Turbine Inlet Air via upgrading the Filter Element to HEPA12/E12 class media type as a direct replacement to the installed (D-Fog + F8 Pulse Jet class + F9 Static) and upgraded to "D-Fog + F9 Pulse Jet + HEPA-E12 Static had been achieved
Drillstring Vibrations and Wellbore Quality: Where Drillstring Design Meets Geomechanics
Authors: AlBahrani Hussain , Al-Yami Abdullah 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Wellbore quality might not always be the top priority from a drilling perspective due to the misconception that quality comes at the expense of drilling efficiency. This is indeed a misconception since a compromised wellbore quality, which can be defined as non-uniform wellbore shape due to the presence of enlargements and tight spots, is a sign of energy waste. The result of this is actually drilling inefficiency. It is proposed that drilling quality and efficiency come hand in hand provided that they are planned to be connected by two factors: drillstring design and geomechanics modelling. Drillstrings are designed to prevent mechanical failure and produce the highest possible ROP. Another aspect of the design is preventing vibrations and hole patterns. This work employs surface drilling parameters and geomechanics principles to correlate the drilled wellbore quality to the drillstring design.
Surface drilling parameters and bit wear grading reports are used as diagnostic tools to check for dissipated energy and string vibrations, where the dissipated energy can be either mechanical, hydraulic, or both. This is then cross-referenced with multi-arm caliper measurements to confirm the influence on wellbore quality. A geomechanics model is incorporated to filter out in-situ stresses induced breakouts from breakouts and hole patterns caused by interactions with the drillstring. The role played by the drillstring design on this whole process is explored. Finally, drillstring modifications are proposed based on geomechanics considerations.
The illustrated case shows a strong correlation between the shape of the wellbore, the spacing of the different bottomhole assembly components, and the formation mechanical properties. Another illustrated case, which utilized a modified drillstring design showed significant improvement in the wellbore quality. The results of the different cases confirm that incorporating geomechanical analysis in the process of drillstring design will help reconcile both of drilling quality and of efficiency.