bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proximity gettering technique using CH3O multielement molecular ion implantation for the reduction of the white spot defect density in CMOS image sensor
Authors: Hirose Ryo , Kadono Takeshi , Okuyama Ryosuke , Onaka-Masada Ayumi , Shigematsu Satoshi , Kobayashi Koji , Koga Yoshihiro , Kurita Kazunari 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We have characterized CH3O ion-implanted epitaxial wafers in device fabrication processes. We confirmed that the CH3O ion-implanted wafers can reduce the density of white spot defects in CMOS image sensors. Evaluation of the CH3O ion-implanted region before and after device fabrication processes which included heat treatment and ion implantation, showed that two types of defects, namely stacking faults and carbon-related defects, exist in the CH3O ion implantation region getter the metallic impurities during device fabrication processes. In particular, it was clarified that stacking fault defects existing in the CH3O ion-implanted region are powerful gettering sinks for oxygen. Thus, it was considered that two types of gettering sink formed by CH3O ion implantation contribute to the reduction in the density of white spot defects. We believe that these characteristics can contribute to the improvement of fabrication processes for advanced CMOS image sensors.
Studying the impact of young age on prognosis and treatment in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas using the SEER database
Authors: Li Ruichen , Yu Shitong , Zhu Wenjia , Wang Shengzi , Yan Li 
Published: July 2019

Background
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) in young patients was reported to be more aggressive and associated with poorer survival than in older patients. However, very few studies contained sufficient cases to permit meaningful statistical analysis. It is still unknown whether less aggressive method like radical radiotherapy (RT) is comparable to total laryngectomy (TL) in survival rate among young patients.

Methods
This study extracted patient data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database from 2004 to 2015. The findings for 304 patients (1.2%) below the age of 40 were compared with those for 24,827 patients (98.8%) aged 40 or older.

Results
The younger cohorts contained a higher proportion of female patients (33.6% vs. 19.1%, respectively), had more cases of glottic involvement (64.5% vs. 53.1%), and were less likely to have distant metastasis (0.7% vs.3.2%). A total of 5-year overall survival and cancer-specific survival rates (CSS) in the younger patients were 86.3% and 88.8%, respectively, significantly better than for older patients (53.8% and 67.6%). Significant differences were still observed when stratified for tumor stage (stage I–IV). The negative independent prognostic factors in younger patients were advanced tumor stage, degree of nodal involvement, and status of distant metastasis. Treatment with surgery and/or RT all produced excellent outcomes in stage I–IV diseases, and radical RT resulted in survival rates equal to those for TL in locally advanced LSCC among young patients (5-year CSS: 90% vs. 91.5%, p = 0.99).

Conclusion
LSCC is less aggressive and has significantly better survival in younger patients. For younger patients, advanced nodal involvement is the most important independent prognostic factor, and larynx preservation is comparable to TL in survival rate.
Combine Use of Dry Cocoa Bean Testa Ash and Wood Ash for Soil Fertility Improvement and Maize Yield on Degraded Tropical Humid Alfisol, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Olojugba Michael Rotimi , Oguntoyinbo David Boluwaji 
Published: July 2019

Combine use of dry cocoa bean testa ash (DCBTA) and wood ash (WA) for the improvement of soil fertility and yield of maize (Zea mays, L.) was studied on an Alfisol South Western Nigeria, located at Joseph Ayo Babalola University Ikeji-Arakeji, Ilesa Osun State, Nigeria Teaching and Research Farm from April to July 2017 and from August to November 2017. Four treatments of dry cocoa bean testa ash (DCBTA) at 5 tons/ha, wood ash (WA) at 5 tones/ hectare, dry cocoa bean testa ash (DCBTA) at 2.5 tons/ha, mixed with wood ash (WA) at 2.5 tons/ha and control (C) were used in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by the use of Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% significance level. The study showed that dry cocoa bean testa ash (DCBTA) either used alone or in combination with wood ash (WA) is a valuable fertilizer and can serve as a suitable alternative to inorganic fertilizer in the south western Nigeria especially, DCBTA has higher concentration of potassium (K) and organic carbon than wood ash. Wood ash (WA) 2.5 tones/ha) treatment plus dry cocoa bean testa ash (DCBTA 2.5 tones/ha) produced higher values for plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll, plant diameter, cob length, cob diameter and grain yield against the control that recorded the lowest value. Also, DCBTA improves soil pH as well as increases minerals such as Ca, Mg, Na and in particular, made available phosphorous due to its increment on soil pH. pH increased from 5.4 to 7.4 (DCBTA), 6.9 (WA) and 7.42 (DCBTA + WA). N levels in the soil increased from 0.05% to 2.61% (DCBTA) and 1.95% (DCBTA + WA). Organic carbon (OC) increased from 0.08% to 2.31% (DCBTA) and 3.11% (DCBTA + WA). P level decreased from 3.5 mg/kg to 2.49 mg/kg (DCBTA) and 2.50 mg/kg (DCBTA + WA) which was an indication of P availability to crop during growing season. Maize grain yield increased from 0.74 ton/ha in the control plot to 1.82 tons/ha in DCBTA and 1.89tons/ha in (DCBTA + WA). The study recommends an application rate of 5 tons/ha of dry cocoa testa ash (DCBTA) alone or 2.5 tons/ha combination each of (DCBTA) and WA for maize yield and soil fertility improvement on this type of soil in this agro-ecology.
Addendum to Toluene [BAT value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Jäger T. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

In 2017, the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area derived a BAT value (biological tolerance value) for toluene [CAS NO.
108‐88‐3
] in urine to characterize the internal exposure at the workplace. Available publications are described in detail.

The evaluation of the BAT value was based on the relationship between toluene uptake by inhalation at the level of the MAK value and the corresponding urinary excretion rate of unmetabolized toluene. An eight‐hour exposure to the present MAK value of 190 mg toluene/m
3
correlated with a mean urinary toluene concentration of approximately 75 µg/L. Therefore, a BAT value of 75 µg toluene/L urine was evaluated. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or the end of the working shift.
Addendum zu Chlorbenzol [BAT value documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Nasterlack M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

In 2018, the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated chlorobenzene after the MAK value for this substance had been lowered from 10 to 5 mL/m
3
. Therefore, the BAT value has to be re‐evaluated. Urinary excretion of 4‐chlorocatechol, the main metabolite of chlorobenzene, is considered to be the most appropriate biomarker after inhalation exposure. Available publications are described in detail. The regression equations derived from these studies agree well with each other. After an 8‐hour exposure to chlorobenzene a mean urinary excretion of 80 mg 4‐chlorocatechol per g creatinine can be expected. This value is set as BAT value. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or end of shift.
Addendum zu N,N‐Dimethylformamid [BAT value documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Göen T. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In 2018, the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and has derived a biological tolerance value at the workplace (BAT) for different biomarkers. Available new publications regarding the relationship between external and internal exposure are described in detail.

The determination of the sum of N‐methylformamide and N‐hydroxymethyl‐N‐methylformamide in urine at the end of the working shift reflects the exposure of the last hours of a working day. On the contrary, the concentration of the mercapturic acid AMCC (N‐acetyl‐S‐(N‐methylcarbamoyl) cysteine) in urine reflects the cumulative DMF exposure of the last working days. The DMF haemoglobin adduct MCVal can be used as long term parameter and sampling should be carried out at the earliest after several weeks of exposure. Since significant correlations where observed between the DMF concentration in the air and the biomarkers’ concentration in urine and blood for workers not using breathing masks, these data were used to evaluate BAT values in correlation to the present MAK value of 15 mg/m
3
. In consequence, BAT values of 20 mg NMF (N‐methylformamide plus N‐hydroxymethyl‐N‐methylformamid)/l urine (sampling time: end of exposure or end of shift) and 25 mg N‐acetyl‐S‐(N‐methylcarbamoyl) cysteine/g creatinine (sampling time: end of exposure or end of shift, for long‐term exposures: at the end of the shift after several shifts) were evaluated.

According to currently available information damage to the embryo or foetus cannot be excluded after exposure to concentrations at the level of the MAK and BAT values (pregnancy risk group B). The MAK value documentation indicates that a concentration of 1 ml/m
3
(3 mg/m
3
) would correspond to the classification in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Considering the described correlations between DMF in the air and the biomarkers, this assumption applies for 4.75 mg NMF/l urine, 7.22 mg AMCC/g creatinine as well as 51.4 nmol MCVal/g Globin, considering the corresponding sampling times, respectively.
Naled [MAK value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of naled [
300‐76‐5
].

Naled is a cholinesterase inhibitor. In an 13‐week study in rats at 1 mg/m3 there was a 18% inhibition of the cholinesterase activity in erythrocytes. The calculated lower 95% confidence limit of the benchmark dose (BMDL) for a 30% inhibition, which is regarded as not adverse, was 2 mg/m
3
. A MAK value of 1 mg/m3 was established for the inhalable fraction. It is now lowered to 0.5 mg/m
3
taking into account the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c). Since a systemic effect is the critical effect, Peak Limitation Category II is retained and the default excursion factor of 2 confirmed.

For rats, the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was 8 mg/kg body weight and day. Naled was assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C because the difference between the MAK value and the NOAEL scaled to a concentration in the workplace air was sufficient. There are no new data on developmental toxicity. This classification is retained since now the difference to the MAK value is twice as high.
Anesthetic Efficiency of Three Medicinal Plant Oils for Aquatic Species: Coriander Coriandrum sativum, Linaloe Tree Bursera delpechiana, and Lavender Lavandula hybrida
Authors: Can Erkan , Kızak Volkan , Can Şafak Seyhaneyıldız , Özçiçek Esin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of three essential oils (EOs) that were obtained from coriander Coriandrum sativum (CEO), linaloe tree Bursera delpechiana (BEO), and lavender Lavandula hybrida (LEO) as anesthetic agents. Convict Cichlids Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther 1867) were exposed to eight concentrations of anesthetic (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, and 300 μL/L). After exposure to the anesthetic, the fish were transferred to clean water to recover. All of the EOs produced an anesthetic effect after exposure to the compounds for 30 min at the minimal effective concentration (MEC), which was identified according to deep anesthesia (A5 &lt; 3 min) and full recovery (R3 &lt; 5 min) times. At 50 and 75 μL/L, the total loss of equilibrium was not observed for all tested EOs. The total loss of reflex was induced at a faster rate with higher concentrations of anesthetic in all groups. The recovery time generally increased as the concentration of the anesthetic increased. These findings suggest that CEO, BEO, and LEO are all novel potential anesthetics for aquaculture, and the optimal concentrations were identified as 150 μL/L (A5; 156 ± 1.7 s and R3; 165 ± 2.9 s), 125 μL/L (A5; 176 ± 3.5 s; R3; 125 ± 2.0 s), and 200 μL/L (A5; 20.1 ± 2.4 s and R3; 162 ± 3.4 s), respectively. When considering the active ingredients of EOs, this study also demonstrated that future studies should be focused on the major components such as linalyl acetate, 1.8-cineole, α-pinene, geraniol, and linalool. Their synergistic effects should be examined in herbal anesthetic treatments, since new commercial anesthetics will likely contain them.
Synthesis of Iron–Nickel Sulfide Porous Nanosheets via a Chemical Etching/Anion Exchange Method for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Wu Fang , Guo Xiaoxue , Hao Gazi , Hu Yubing , Jiang Wei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe development of high‐efficient and cost‐effective catalytic electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is highly desirable. Herein, interpenetrated porous 3D‐networked iron–nickel sulfide nanosheets are synthesized on nickel foam (NF) (donated as FeS–Ni3S2/NF) via partial chemical etching of Ni(OH)2/NF precursor with Fe(CN)63−, followed by chemical etching/anion exchanging of Fe(CN)63− and OH− with S2−. The resulting FeS–Ni3S2/NF nanosheets possess a remarkable catalytic activity for the OER with overpotentials of only 238 and 290 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, much lower than Ni3S2/NF. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibits the low Tafel slope (44 mV dec−1) and outstanding OER stability. This work provides a simple way for fabricating highly efficient electrocatalysts toward OER.
Large‐Area, Broadband, Wide‐Angle Plasmonic Metasurface Absorber for Midwavelength Infrared Atmospheric Transparency Window
Authors: Yu Weiwei , Lu Yue , Chen Xiren , Xu Hao , Shao Jun , Chen Xin , Sun Yan , Hao Jiaming , Dai Ning 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHigh performance broadband absorbers in the midinfrared atmospheric transparency windows are of great importance in various applications, such as energy harvesting, photodetection, radiative cooling, and stray light elimination. In recent years, great efforts have been made to develop absorbers using plasmonic nanostructured resonators in the infrared regime. Although these approaches promise distinct advantages in performance enhancement, they still suffer several obstacles, e.g., limitations on sample size, bandwidth, and fabrication throughput. Here, a large‐area broadband wide‐angle plasmonic metasurface absorber with nearly perfect absorption over the range of midwavelength infrared atmospheric transparent window (3–6 µm) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The metasurface absorber is basically comprised of a monolayer of sub‐micrometer‐sized polystyrene spheres self‐assembled on an opaque metallic substrate and coated with metal–insulator–metal three‐layer thin film, and fabricated by using simple, low‐cost self‐assembly techniques. Numerical simulation analyses not only corroborate the experimental observations, but also discover that such broadband absorption effect is attributed to hybrid plasmonic multiple resonances. The combination of the significant light absorption effect, compact design, and high‐yield self‐assembly fabrication process suggests that the proposed absorber has wide prospect application in integrated optical and optoelectronic systems.
Synthetic Applications of Oxidative Aromatic Coupling—From Biphenols to Nanographenes
Authors: Grzybowski Marek , Sadowski Bartłomiej , Butenschön Holger , Gryko Daniel T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOxidative aromatic coupling occupies a fundamental place in the modern chemistry of aromatic compounds. It is a method of choice for the assembly of large and bewildering architectures. Considerable effort was also devoted to applications of the Scholl reaction for the synthesis of chiral biphenols and natural products. The ability to form biaryl linkages without any prefunctionalization provides an efficient pathway to many complex structures. Although the chemistry of this process is only now becoming fully understood, this reaction continues to both fascinate and challenge researchers. This is especially true for heterocoupling, that is, oxidative aromatic coupling with the chemoselective formation of a C−C bond between two different arenes. Analysis of the progress achieved in this field since 2013 reveals that many groups have contributed by pushing the boundary of structural possibilities, expanding into surface‐assisted (cyclo)dehydrogenation, and developing new reagents.
Oral intake of lingonberry and amla fruit extract improves skin conditions in healthy female subjects: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Uchiyama Taro , Tsunenaga Makoto , Miyanaga Miho , Ueda Osamu , Ogo Masashi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this study, we examined the effect of ingestion of lingonberry and amla fruit extract (LAE) on several human skin conditions. To conduct a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study, we randomly divided 99 healthy female subjects into three groups; the first group received a drink containing 25 mg of lingonberry extract and 30 mg of amla fruit extract; the second group received a drink containing double the volume of extracts received by the first group; and the third group received a placebo drink. Each participant drank 50 mL of their assigned drink once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was skin elasticity, and the secondary endpoints included skin thickness, stratum corneum water content, and degree of wrinkles around the eyes. After 12 weeks of LAE drink intake, skin elasticity showed significant, dose‐dependent improvements (P < 0.01). Skin thickness, stratum corneum water content, and the degree of wrinkles also significantly improved (P < 0.001) in a dose‐dependent manner. The improvements in skin elasticity and thickness, as well as in the stratum corneum water content and the degree of wrinkles, observed upon oral intake of LAE indicate that LAE may be considered a candidate anti‐aging agent for preventing skin weakening.
Cutaneous metastases of lung cancer
Authors: Fukuda Yosuke , Mikuni Hatsuko , Homma Tetsuya , Sagara Hironori 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCutaneous metastases of lung cancer are rare. It was often painless and less likely to be noticed. Similar to SVC syndrome, cutaneous metastases may cause upper limb edema. We need to keep in mind that cutaneous metastases may account for the radiotherapy‐resistant upper limb edema.
A zero‐current switching switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converter with reduction in cost, complexity, and size
Authors: Abbasi Maysam , Abbasi Ehsan , Tousi Behrouz , Gharehpetian Gevork B. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThis paper presents a new step‐up switched‐capacitor (SC) DC‐DC converter which has many advantages such as reduction in investment cost, control complexity, number of components, voltage stress on components, and size over traditional topologies. In the proposed structure, power switches are reduced in number which in turn leads to the merits mentioned earlier and makes the converter more suitable for industrial applications. Furthermore, a previously introduced zero‐current switching (ZCS) method is used here which provides soft switching for the devices. There is also a reduction in the number of required inductors to achieve ZCS due to the decreased number of switches in the proposed converter. The proposed converter is validated by comprehensive simulation results in MATLAB Simulink environment and also precise experimental results which show the acceptable performance of the proposed topology.
Anticancer activity of newly synthesized 1,1‐disubstituted cyclohexane‐1‐carboxamides: in vitro caspases mediated apoptosis activators in human cancer cell lines and their molecular modeling
Authors: Abd‐Allah Walaa Hamada , Salman Asmaa , Sabry Saad Samah 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNovel 1,1‐disubstituted cyclohexane‐1‐carboxamides 6a‐h, 7a‐e, and 8a‐b were designed and synthesized as apoptotic inducers. Cytotoxicity test revealed that some compounds have strong to moderate effect, while others displayed weak action against different cancer cell lines including, MCF‐7, HepG2, A549, and HTC‐116. A549 carcinoma cell line exhibited higher sensitivity toward all synthesized candidates especially compounds 6a and 8a which offered the lowest IC50 values 3.03 and 5.21 μM, respectively, relative to the positive control doxorubicin with IC50 value of 3.01 μM. Compared to doxorubicin treatment, compounds 6a and 8a induced caspases‐3, ‐8, and ‐9 activities and G2/M growth arrest in A549 carcinoma cell line. The expression levels of p53 (tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53 gene), Bax (apoptosis regulator protein in humans that is encoded by bax gene), and the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio were all higher than those in doxorubicin‐treated cells (Bcl‐2, B‐cell lymphoma 2, encoded in humans by the Bcl‐2 gene). Additionally, compounds 6a and 8a appeared to exhibit higher selectivity against MCF‐10 human breast normal cell line. The synthesized congeners could be considered as potent apoptotic inducers interfering with extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Moreover, compound 6a was able to form complex with zinc ions as indicated by UV spectrophotometry which revealed its ability for being caspase activator. Molecular docking studies expected the interactions and binding modes of the synthesized inhibitors in the caspase‐3 active site.