bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in indigenous population structure in colonial Mexico City and Morelos
Authors: Ragsdale Corey S. , Willermet Cathy , Edgar Heather J.H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Spanish conquest and colonization of Mexico had disastrous effects on indigenous people. Disease, coupled with drastic changes in the economic, political, and religious structures, led to an enormous depopulation event throughout the colony of New Spain. What remains unclear in historic and archeological accounts of Spanish colonization in Mexico is the effects of these changes on indigenous population structure and variation. In this study, we use biological distance and population structure analyses of two Mexico City church ossuary samples from the 16th to 17th centuries, as well as a sample of burials from a convent in nearby Morelos, to investigate these relationships at the center of the Spanish colony in Central Mexico. Colonial samples are compared with a large data set of precontact samples from Central Mexico and the surrounding regions, to evaluate changes in population structures. We compare colonial and precontact samples using biological distance analysis and a population structure program commonly applied in genetic analyses and modified for phenotypic data. Our results show that the colonial Mexico City samples are more biologically similar to the precontact samples from Veracruz, Toluca Valley, and West Mexico than to other precontact samples from the Valley of Mexico. The sample from Yecapixtla in Morelos is also most similar to the Veracruz, Toluca Valley, and West Mexico samples but is also somewhat similar to the precontact sample from Morelos and the nearby Oaxaca Valley. Generally, biological similarities among colonial samples and precontact samples do not correlate with geographic proximity or population size but coincide with cultural changes. Our study provides bioarcheological evidence of some degree of population replacement, resulting either from forced migration from surrounding areas for labor or through indigenous alliances with the Spanish conquerors. Our results also show concordance between traditional biodistance analysis and nontraditional analyses employed in population genetics studies.
Noble‐Noble Strong Union: Gold at Its Best to Make a Bond with a Noble Gas Atom
Authors: Pan Sudip , Jana Gourhari , Merino Gabriel , Chattaraj Pratim K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis Review presents the current status of the noble gas (Ng)‐noble metal chemistry, which began in 1977 with the detection of AuNe+ through mass spectroscopy and then grew from 2000 onwards; currently, the field is in a somewhat matured state. On one side, modern quantum chemistry is very effective in providing important insights into the structure, stability, and barrier for the decomposition of Ng compounds and, as a result, a plethora of viable Ng compounds have been predicted. On the other hand. experimental achievement also goes beyond microscopic detection and characterization through spectroscopic techniques and crystal structures at ambient temperature; for example, (AuXe4)2+(Sb2F11−)2 have also been obtained. The bonding between two noble elements of the periodic table can even reach the covalent limit. The relativistic effect makes gold a very special candidate to form a strong bond with Ng in comparison to copper and silver. Insertion compounds, which are metastable in nature, depending on their kinetic stability, display an even more fascinating bonding situation. The degree of covalency in Ng–M (M=noble metal) bonds of insertion compounds is far larger than that in non‐insertion compounds. In fact, in MNgCN (M=Cu, Ag, Au) molecules, the M−Ng and Ng−C bonds might be represented as classical 2c–2e σ bonds. Therefore, noble metals, particularly gold, provide the opportunity for experimental chemists to obtain sufficiently stable complexes with Ng at room temperature in order to characterize them by using experimental techniques and, with the intriguing bonding situation, to explore them with various computational tools from a theoretical perspective. This field is relatively young and, in the coming years, a lot of advancement is expected experimentally as well as theoretically.
Metal‐Bonded Redox‐Active Triarylamines and Their Interactions: Synthesis, Structure, and Redox Properties of Paddle‐Wheel Copper Complexes
Authors: Akintola Oluseun , Böhme Michael , Rudolph Manfred , Buchholz Axel , Görls Helmar , Plass Winfried 
Published: January 2019

AbstractInvited for this month's cover picture is the group of Professor Winfried Plass at the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena (Germany). The cover picture shows a scene illustrating the need to investigate the properties of building blocks for complex systems to enable the basic design of new functional materials. The utilized triphenylamine ligands are constituting parts of the currently investigated “Jena University Magnetic Polymer” (JUMP) series. Read the full text of their Full Paper at 10.1002/open.201800243.
Isotactic polypropylene metal oxide and silica nanocomposites by a two‐step process comprising in situ olefin polymerization and melt compounding
Authors: Käselau Sven , Scheel Saskia , Petersson Linnea , Ho Chau‐Hon , Luinstra Gerrit A 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNanocomposites of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with 0.5 wt% filler of MgO@Mg(OH)2 (35 nm) or silicon dioxide (20–60 nm) or barium titanate (50 nm) nanoparticles were obtained from melt compounding of filler masterbatches with commercial iPP. The masterbatches with 5 wt% nanofiller were prepared in an in situ polymerization procedure using a metallocene/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalyst system that was supported on the respective oxides. The original agglomerates of the nanoparticles were broken up by treatment with dibutylmagnesium for MgO@Mg(OH)2, and with ultrasound in the presence of MAO for SiO2 and BaTiO3. The tacticity (98% mmmm) of the in situ formed PP was not influenced by the presence of the nanofillers. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping show a fine dispersion of single particles and small clouds or clusters. The primary nanoparticles appear to be surrounded by polymer. The elongation at break was decreased to 50, 17 and 9% for MgO@Mg(OH)2), SiO2 and BaTiO3, respectively. After melt compounding with iPP, a homogeneous single‐particle distribution of the oxidic nanoparticles was found in the resulting composites with 0.5 wt% filler content. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
GaAs/silicon PVMirror tandem photovoltaic mini‐module with 29.6% efficiency with respect to the outdoor global irradiance
Authors: Yu Zhengshan J. , Fisher Kathryn C. , Meng Xiaodong , Hyatt Justin J. , Angel Roger P. , Holman Zachary C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBalance‐of‐system costs now dominate the installed cost of photovoltaic systems, causing the annually averaged module efficiency to become a primary system cost driver. The resulting continued push towards higher module efficiencies, coupled with the dominance of single‐axis tracking in the utility‐scale PV market, may create an opportunity for a low‐concentration tandem module technology. Here, we demonstrate such a tandem, using the “PVMirror” concept, on the mini‐module scale. The tandem couples a (concentrating) silicon PVMirror having an aperture area of 156.25 cm2 with a gallium arsenide receiver to achieve 29.6% efficiency with respect to the outdoor global irradiance. Unlike most concentrating technologies, the silicon PVMirror collects some of the diffuse light, but the tandem would nevertheless achieve 31% efficiency in the absence of diffuse light, as in a laboratory measurement. The same tandem technology can be implemented with a wide‐bandgap thin‐film PVMirror and silicon receiver—a potentially cost‐competitive combination—when efficient wide‐bandgap cells have been developed.
Illness at a Para Athletics Track and Field World Championships under Hot and Humid Ambient Conditions
Authors: Grobler Lara , Derman Wayne , Racinais Sebastien , Ngai Aston Seng Huey , van de Vliet Peter 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundHeat‐related illness, including heat exhaustion and heat stroke, is seen as a major risk for athletes with a physical impairment.ObjectivePrimary: To survey the illness statistics during the 2015 Para Athletics World Championships and report on any cases of significant heat‐related illnesses. Secondary: To document the heat countermeasures taken on behalf of the organizing committee.DesignRetrospective audit.SettingMedical records collected at medical centers during the 2015 Para Athletics World Championships.ParticipantsAthletes participating in the 2015 Para Athletics World Championships.MethodsIllness statistics and records of hospitalizations of athletes participating in the championships were recorded by the medical officials during the precompetition (3 days) and competition (10 days) periods. Furthermore, wet‐bulb globe temperatures (WBGTs) were measured at the competition venues.Main Outcome MeasurementsIncidence rates of illness during the precompetition and competition periods.ResultsWBGTs ranged from 24.6°C to 36.0°C, regularly exceeding the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) guidelines for cancelation in the morning both during the competition (ACSM, 52%; IAAF, 97%) and precompetition periods (ACSM, 75%; IAAF, 100%). These guidelines were not exceeded as regularly during the evening and noon for both the precompetition and competition periods (ACSM, 0%‐5%; IAAF, 0%‐58%). The illness incidence rate was 2.89 per 1000 athlete‐days (incidence proportion = 3.76%; confidence interval = 2.69%‐4.83%). Only seven cases of heat‐related illness were recorded, of which three required hospitalization.ConclusionThis study indicates low rates of illness, including hospitalization and intravenous administration for heat‐related illness among athletes participating in the 2015 Para Athletics World Championships.Level of EvidenceIII.
Not All Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Are Created Equal: A Comparative Study
Authors: Reineck Philipp , Trindade Leevan Fremiot , Havlik Jan , Stursa Jan , Heffernan Ashleigh , Elbourne Aaron , Orth Antony , Capelli Marco , Cigler Petr , Simpson David A. , Gibson Brant C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are vital to many emerging nanotechnological applications, from bioimaging and sensing to quantum nanophotonics. Yet, understanding and engineering the properties of fluorescent defects in nanodiamonds remain challenging. The most comprehensive study to date is presented, of the optical and physical properties of five different nanodiamond samples, in which fluorescent nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers are created using different fabrication techniques. The FNDs' fluorescence spectra, lifetime, and spin relaxation time (T1) are investigated via single‐particle confocal fluorescence microscopy and in ensemble measurements in solution (T1 excepted). Particle sizes and shapes are determined using scanning electron microscopy and correlated with the optical results. Statistical tests are used to explore correlations between the properties of individual particles and also analyze average results to directly compare different fabrication techniques. Spectral unmixing is used to quantify the relative NV charge‐state (NV− and NV0) contributions to the overall fluorescence. A strong variation is found and quantified in the properties of individual particles within all analyzed samples and significant differences between the different particle types. This study is an important contribution toward understanding the properties of NV centers in nanodiamonds. It motivates new approaches to the improved engineering of NV‐containing nanodiamonds for future applications.
A pharmacokinetic study of radiprodil oral suspension in healthy adults comparing conventional venous blood sampling with two microsampling techniques
Authors: Sciberras David , Otoul Christian , Lurquin Françoise , Smeraglia John , Lappert Aurélia , De Bruyn Steven , Jaap van Lier Jan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this phase I, single‐center, open‐label study of ten heathy adults (18‐45 years; NCT02647697), the PK, safety, and tolerability profile of radiprodil oral suspension in healthy adults were assessed, as well as two PK microsampling techniques. All participants received a single 30 mg radiprodil dose (12 mL oral suspension). Blood was collected at various time points using conventional venous sampling (intravenous catheter or venepuncture), and Mitra™ and Aqua‐Cap™ Drummond microsampling (finger‐prick and blood taken from venous blood sample tubes). Geometric mean radiprodil plasma concentrations from conventional venous samples were above the lower limit of quantification up to 48 hours after administration of a single oral dose of radiprodil. Geometric mean AUCinf and Cmax were 2042 h ng mL−1 and 89.4 ng mL−1, respectively. Geometric mean t&frac12; was 15.8 hour; median tmax was 4 hour (range: 3‐6 hour). Radiprodil exposure variables for Aqua‐Cap™ Drummond sampling were similar to the conventional venous‐derived data. Conversely, radiprodil exposure variables were lower with Mitra™ sampling compared with conventional venous sampling. The geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) for Cmax of conventional venous versus Mitra™ and Aqua‐Cap™ Drummond sampling (finger‐prick blood) was 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) and 1.03 (0.97,1.08), respectively, and therefore within the conventional bioequivalence range (0.80‐1.25). Radiprodil oral suspension had an acceptable safety, tolerability, and palatability profile. The PK profile of radiprodil oral suspension was established in healthy adults, and was comparable when analyzed using conventional versus microsampling techniques. These results will support future radiprodil paediatric studies.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of chemical components from Ginkgo biloba L. male flowers on lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages
Authors: Li Min , Li Bin , Hou Yong , Tian Ying , Chen Li , Liu Shijun , Zhang Na , Dong Junxing 
Published: January 2019

Ginkgo biloba L., well known as living fossil, have various pharmacological activities. Eighteen compounds were isolated from Ginkgo male flowers including a novel matsutake alcohol glycoside, Ginkgoside A (1), and 17 known compounds—calaliukiuenoside (2), benzylalcohol O‐α‐l‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (3), amentoflavone (4), sciadopitysin (5), bilobetin (6), isoginkgetin (7), olivil 4‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (8), dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol‐4‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside (9), (+)‐cyclo‐olivil‐6‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (10), (−)‐isolariciresinol 4‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (11), coniferin (12), trans‐cinnamic acid‐4‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (13), p‐coumaryl alchol glucoside (14), stroside B (15), methylconiferin (16), cis‐p‐coumaric acid 4‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (17), and cis‐coniferin (18). Thirteen of these compounds had not previously found in Ginkgo. All extractive fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti‐inflammatory ability in the lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The ethanol extract of Ginkgo flowers and the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions can significantly decrease nitric oxide (NO), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production at 100 μg/ml. The most effective compounds, bilobetin (6) and isoginkgetin (7), elevated the NO inhibition ratios to 80.19% and 82.37% at 50 μM, respectively. They also exhibited significant dose‐dependent inhibitory effects on tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6, PGE2, inducible NO synthase mRNA, and cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA levels. So they can be promising candidates for the development of new anti‐inflammatory agents.
Observer‐based finite‐time stabilization for discrete‐time switched singular systems with quadratically inner‐bounded nonlinearities
Authors: Sun Yuchen , Ma Shuping 
Published: January 2019

SummaryThis paper discusses the observer‐based finite‐time stabilization for discrete‐time switched singular systems with quadratically inner‐bounded nonlinear terms. Firstly, based on the Luenberger‐like observer, by using the average dwell time approach, sufficient conditions are proposed to make closed‐loop systems be regular, be causal, as having a unique solution, and be uniformly finite‐time bounded. Then, a new linear matrix inequality sufficient condition for the existence of an observer‐based controller is obtained by using certain matrix decoupling techniques, and the controller is designed. In this paper, the conditions proposed not only give the observer‐based controller design methods but also guarantee the existence and uniqueness of solution for the systems. Since the quadratically inner‐bounded nonlinearities are more general than Lipschitz nonlinearities and one‐sided Lipschitz nonlinearities, compared with previous works, the proposed controller design methods in this paper are also more general than the existing ones. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the methods proposed in this paper.
Tracking a learner's verbal participation in science over time: Analysis of talk features within a social context
Authors: Ryu Minjung , Sikorski Tiffany‐Rose 
Published: January 2019

AbstractVisions of Next Generation Science Standards‐aligned instruction place high discursive demands on learners. Learners are expected to articulate, develop, and defend their ideas and respond to the ideas of others. Decades of prior research have carefully documented features, processes, and potential benefits and shortcomings of an emphasis on talk in science learning. Yet, the task of documenting change in learners’ talk over time remains a major methodological challenge. To address this challenge, we examine one Korean immigrant girl's (Selena) oral participation during an informal science learning program called Science Club. Quantitative analysis showed that, over time, Selena spoke more often and for longer. However, fine‐grained qualitative analysis of features of her talk (e.g., use of a variety of bids and hedges) demonstrated Selena's persistent desire to share ideas, even though the intellectual merits of those ideas went largely unacknowledged. Methodologically, Selena's case illustrates the importance of considering multiple features of learner talk, understood in the social context, when making claims about changes in oral participation over time. Pedagogically, Selena's case highlights the importance of teachers’ attention to how learners’ ideas are taken up, in addition to how frequently they are speaking in class.
The Influence of Alkali metals Interaction with Al/P‐Substituted BN Nanosheets on Their Electronic and Nonlinear Optical Properties: A DFT Theoretical Study
Authors: Hou Na , Wu Yuanyuan , Wu Haishun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOn the basis of the boron nitride (BN) nanosheet, the Al/P‐substituted and alkali‐doped M@Al‐BN, M′@Al‐BN, M@P‐BN, and M′@P‐BN (M, M′=Li, Na, K) compounds were designed to study how the dopants affect the nonlinear optical (NLO) responses. The alkali metal atoms on the Al/P‐substituted BN nanosheets are located inside or outside the bowl. The results show that doping the alkali metal atoms can significantly reduce the energy gaps of the undoped systems, which is mainly attributed to the new high HOMO level containing excess electrons. These doped species possess the electride characteristics and exhibit large static first hyperpolarizabilities (β0) in the range of 1807–60919 au. Especially, the loosely bound excess electron from alkali metal atom brings the considerable β0 to Na′/K′@Al‐BN and M/M′@P‐BN systems. In addition, the introduction of an alkali atom significantly enhances the β0 of P‐BN compared to corresponding Al‐BN because these compounds have much smaller transition energies. These findings may provide valuable insights into the design of new high‐performance NLO materials based on BN nanosheets.
Extraction and Functional Group Characterization of Fulvic Acid from Hami Lignite
Authors: Zhang Yingjie , Liu Wenjing , Hu Xiaofeng , Zhang Ao , Ma Lulin , Shi Yongming , Gong Guanqun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis research investigates the extraction of fulvic acid (FA) from Hami lignite from Xinjiang, China, by microwave‐hydrogen peroxide and microwave‐hydrogen peroxide‐formic acid methods. The effects of reaction time, oxidant concentration, oxygen‐coal ratio and microwave power on FA yield are determined. Sulfuric acid‐acetone was applied to purify the primary FA products. The results indicate that the oxidant concentration is a sensitive factor affecting the yield of FA, while reaction time has little effect. Formic acid can promote the extraction of FA from lignite by hydrogen peroxide, and under optimal experimental conditions, the yields of FA were 5.34% and 9.13%, respectively. UV‐Vis analysis shows that FA has a lower aromaticity and degree of carbonyl conjugation in the presence of formic acid. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the purified FA. The results show that the benzene rings of FA have one, two, three and four substitutions, oxygen‐containing functional groups containing –COOH, C=O, ‐OCH3, C−O−C, Ar‐OH, and R‐OH and, furthermore, primary oxygen‐containing functional groups consisting of C=O and C–OH. The aliphatic functional groups contain symmetrical and anti‐symmetrical stretching vibrations of ‐CH2 and ‐CH3. Finally, the hydrogen bonds are mainly composed of phenolic hydroxyls and alcoholic hydroxyls, while some hydrogen carboxylate is present.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 4‐Cycloaminopolyfluorosalicylic Acids
Authors: Shchur Irina V. , Shchegolkov Evgenii V. , Burgart Yanina V. , Triandafilova Galina A. , Maslova Vera V. , Solodnikov Sergey Yu. , Krasnykh Olga P. , Borisevich Sophia S. , Khursan Sergey L. , Saloutin Victor I. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA series of novel 4‐cycloamino‐substituted polyfluorosalicylic acids, their esters and amides have been synthesized by the reactions of alkyl polyfluorosalicylates with morpholine, N‐methylpiperazine, pyrrolidine and proline. It was observed that esters of polyfluorosalicylic acids under prolonged heating with amines could undergo one pot nucleophilic substitution of fluorine and intramolecular acidic hydrolysis owing to catalysis by the neighboring hydroxyl group. According to ADME calculations, the synthesized compounds are suitable for drug‐design. 4‐(N‐Methylpiperazinyl)‐substituted polylfluorosalicylic acids were found to have good analgesic activity while 4‐morphonyl‐containing analogs revealed moderate anti‐inflammatory action. In addition, the presence of amine fragment in polyfluorosalicylates reduced acute toxicity comparing to non‐substituted polyfluorosalicylic acids. The molecular docking of the most active compounds was carried out into the tyrosine site of cyclooxygenase‐1.