bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Identification of Ozone Recovery
Authors: Stone Kane A. , Solomon Susan , Kinnison Douglas E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAs ozone depleting substances decline, stratospheric ozone is displaying signs of healing in the Antarctic lower stratosphere. Here we focus on higher altitudes and the global stratosphere. Two key processes that can influence ozone recovery are evaluated: dynamical variability and solar proton events (SPEs). A nine‐member ensemble of free‐running simulations indicates that dynamical variability dominates the relatively small ozone recovery signal over 1998–2016 in the subpolar lower stratosphere, particularly near the tropical tropopause. The absence of observed recovery there to date is therefore not unexpected. For the upper stratosphere, high latitudes (50–80°N/S) during autumn and winter show the largest recovery. Large halogen‐induced odd oxygen loss there provides a fingerprint of seasonal sensitivity to chlorine trends. However, we show that SPEs also have a profound effect on ozone trends within this region since 2000. Thus, accounting for SPEs is important for detection of recovery in the upper stratosphere.
Effects of Horizontal Wind Structure on a Gravity Wave Event in the Middle Atmosphere Over Syowa (69°S, 40°E), the Antarctic
Authors: Kogure Masaru , Nakamura Takuji , Ejiri Mitsumu K. , Nishiyama Takanori , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Tsutsumi Masaki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNightly mean potential energy of gravity waves (GWs) per unit mass (Ep) over Syowa Station (69°S, 40°E) was calculated from temperature profiles observed by the Rayleigh/Raman lidar from 2011 to 2015. The Ep values in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere were significantly enhanced on 8–21 August 2014, except on 12 August. A ray‐tracing analysis showed that large‐scale GWs emitted from various latitudes could be refracted and forced to converge above Syowa due to the poleward tilting of the polar night jet with altitude. It should be noted that Ep on 12 August was smaller than the other values during the enhancement, despite similar polar night jet conditions. A synoptic‐scale disturbance, which passed on 12 August, could have blocked the GWs from propagating upward through critical level filtering. These results suggest that convergence of the wave should be considered as a part of the intermittency of the GWs.
The extent of liver injury determines hepatocyte fate toward senescence or cancer
Authors: Wang Chao , Chen Wen-Jian , Wu Ying-Fu , You Pu , Zheng Shang-Yong , Liu Chang-Cheng , Xiang Dao , Wang Min-Jun , Cai Yong-Chao , Zhao Qing-Hui , Borjigin Uyunbilig , Liu Wei , Xiong Wu-Jun , Wangensteen Kirk J. , Wang Xin , Liu Zhong-Min , He Zhi-Ying 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIt is well known that induction of hepatocyte senescence could inhibit the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Until now, it is still unclear how the degree of liver injury dictates hepatocyte senescence and carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether the severity of injury determines cell fate decisions between hepatocyte senescence and carcinogenesis. After testing of different degrees of liver injury, we found that hepatocyte senescence is strongly induced in the setting of severe acute liver injury. Longer-term, moderate liver injury, on the contrary did not result into hepatocyte senescence, but led to a significant incidence of HCC instead. In addition, carcinogenesis was significantly reduced by the induction of severe acute injury after chronic moderate liver injury. Meanwhile, immune surveillance, especially the activations of macrophages, was activated after re-induction of senescence by severe acute liver injury. We conclude that severe acute liver injury leads to hepatocyte senescence along with activating immune surveillance and a low incidence of HCC, whereas chronic moderate injury allows hepatocytes to proliferate rather than to enter into senescence, and correlates with a high incidence of HCC. This study improves our understanding in hepatocyte cell fate decisions and suggests a potential clinical strategy to induce senescence to treat HCC.
Transient metal-centered states mediate isomerization of a photochromic ruthenium-sulfoxide complex
Authors: Cordones Amy A. , Lee Jae Hyuk , Hong Kiryong , Cho Hana , Garg Komal , Boggio-Pasqua Martial , Rack Jeffrey J. , Huse Nils , Schoenlein Robert W. , Kim Tae Kyu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUltrafast isomerization reactions underpin many processes in (bio)chemical systems and molecular materials. Understanding the coupled evolution of atomic and molecular structure during isomerization is paramount for control and rational design in molecular science. Here we report transient X-ray absorption studies of the photo-induced linkage isomerization of a Ru-based photochromic molecule. X-ray spectra reveal the spin and valence charge of the Ru atom and provide experimental evidence that metal-centered excited states mediate isomerization. Complementary X-ray spectra of the functional ligand S atoms probe the nuclear structural rearrangements, highlighting the formation of two metal-centered states with different metal-ligand bonding. These results address an essential open question regarding the relative roles of transient charge-transfer and metal-centered states in mediating photoisomerization. Global temporal and spectral data analysis combined with time-dependent density functional theory reveals a complex mechanism for photoisomerization with atomic details of the transient molecular and electronic structure not accessible by other means.
Cognitive training for freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Walton Courtney C. , Mowszowski Loren , Gilat Moran , Hall Julie M. , O’Callaghan Claire , Muller Alana J. , Georgiades Matthew , Szeto Jennifer Y. Y. , Ehgoetz Martens Kaylena A. , Shine James M. , Naismith Sharon L. , Lewis Simon J. G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe pathophysiological mechanism of freezing of gait (FoG) has been linked to executive dysfunction. Cognitive training (CT) is a non-pharmacological intervention which has been shown to improve executive functioning in Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to explore whether targeted CT can reduce the severity of FoG in PD. Patients with PD who self-reported FoG and were free from dementia were randomly allocated to receive either a CT intervention or an active control. Both groups were clinician-facilitated and conducted twice-weekly for seven weeks. The primary outcome was percentage of time spent frozen during a Timed Up and Go task, assessed both on and off dopaminergic medications. Secondary outcomes included multiple neuropsychological and psychosocial measures. A full analysis was first conducted on all participants randomized, followed by a sample of interest including only those who had objective FoG at baseline, and completed the intervention. Sixty-five patients were randomized into the study. The sample of interest included 20 in the CT group and 18 in the active control group. The primary outcome of percentage time spent frozen during a gait task was significantly improved in the CT group compared to active controls in the on-state. There were no differences in the off-state. Patients who received CT also demonstrated improved processing speed and reduced daytime sleepiness compared to those in the active control. The findings suggest that CT can reduce the severity of FoG in the on-state, however replication in a larger sample is required.
HIV-1 proteins dysregulate motivational processes and dopamine circuitry
Authors: Bertrand Sarah J. , Mactutus Charles F. , Harrod Steven B. , Moran Landhing M. , Booze Rosemarie M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMotivational alterations, such as apathy, in HIV-1+ individuals are associated with decreased performance on tasks involving frontal-subcortical circuitry. We used the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat to assess effect of long-term HIV-1 protein exposure on motivated behavior using sucrose (1–30%, w/v) and cocaine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg/infusion) maintained responding with fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. For sucrose-reinforced responding, HIV-1 Tg rats displayed no change in EC50 relative to controls, suggesting no change in sucrose reinforcement but had a downward shifted concentration-response curves, suggesting a decrease in response vigor. Cocaine-maintained responding was attenuated in HIV-1 Tg rats (FR1 0.33 mg/kg/infusion and PR 1.0 mg/kg/infusion). Dose-response tests (PR) revealed that HIV-1 Tg animals responded significantly less than F344 control rats and failed to earn significantly more infusions of cocaine as the unit dose increased. When choosing between cocaine and sucrose, control rats initially chose sucrose but with time shifted to a cocaine preference. In contrast, HIV-1 disrupted choice behaviors. DAT function was altered in the striatum of HIV-1 Tg rats; however, prior cocaine self-administration produced a unique effect on dopamine homeostasis in the HIV-1 Tg striatum. These findings of altered goal directed behaviors may determine neurobiological mechanisms of apathy in HIV-1+ patients.
Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging System Based on Helical Scanning
Authors: Meng Yang , Qing Anyong , Lin Chuan , Zang Jiefeng , Zhao Yizhe , Zhang Cheng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA simple and fast single channel passive millimeter wave (PMMW) imaging system for public security check is presented in this paper. It distinguishes itself with traditional ones by an innovative scanning mechanism. Indoor experiments against human body with or without concealed items in clothes show that imaging could be completed in 3 s with angular resolution of about 0.7°. In addition, its field of view (FOV) is adjustable according to the size of actual target.
MicroRNA expression profile of human advanced coronary atherosclerotic plaques
Authors: Parahuleva Mariana S. , Lipps Christoph , Parviz Behnoush , Hölschermann Hans , Schieffer Bernhard , Schulz Rainer , Euler Gerhild 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMicroRNA (miR) is reported to be involved in vascular inflammation and may represent a novel class of diagnostic biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. We aimed to identify the miR expression profile in human advanced coronary atherosclerotic plaques (CAP) and to connect this expression to the processes in atherosclerosis. Microarray techniques and TaqMan polymerase chain reaction were used to analyse the global expression of 352 miRs in CAP obtained during ACS MULTI-LINK study. 11 miRs were selected on the basis of their implication in atherosclerosis, endothelial activation, and inflammation. 6 miRs were found to be differently expressed in CAP when compared to non-atherosclerotic internal mammary arteries (IMA, p < 0.05). The expression of miR-21, -92a, and -99a was verified and found to be significantly up-regulated in CAP versus IMA (p < 0.001). We also performed bioinformatic analysis and found several potential target genes of miR-92a and -99a as well as several pathways with impact on atherosclerosis which could be differently expressed due to this miRNA profile. The most up-regulated miRs are involved in processes known to be connected to atherosclerosis. Interfering with the miR expression in the artery wall is a potential way to affect atherosclerotic plaque and cardiovascular disease development.
Temporary microglia-depletion after cosmic radiation modifies phagocytic activity and prevents cognitive deficits
Authors: Krukowski Karen , Feng Xi , Paladini Maria Serena , Chou Austin , Sacramento Kristen , Grue Katherine , Riparip Lara-Kirstie , Jones Tamako , Campbell-Beachler Mary , Nelson Gregory , Rosi Susanna 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMicroglia are the main immune component in the brain that can regulate neuronal health and synapse function. Exposure to cosmic radiation can cause long-term cognitive impairments in rodent models thereby presenting potential obstacles for astronauts engaged in deep space travel. The mechanism/s for how cosmic radiation induces cognitive deficits are currently unknown. We find that temporary microglia depletion, one week after cosmic radiation, prevents the development of long-term memory deficits. Gene array profiling reveals that acute microglia depletion alters the late neuroinflammatory response to cosmic radiation. The repopulated microglia present a modified functional phenotype with reduced expression of scavenger receptors, lysosome membrane protein and complement receptor, all shown to be involved in microglia-synapses interaction. The lower phagocytic activity observed in the repopulated microglia is paralleled by improved synaptic protein expression. Our data provide mechanistic evidence for the role of microglia in the development of cognitive deficits after cosmic radiation exposure.
Softness Induced Enhancement in Net Throughput of Non-Linear Bio-Fluids in Nanofluidic Channel under EDL Phenomenon
Authors: Gaikwad Harshad Sanjay , Mondal Pranab Kumar , Wongwises Somchai 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this article, we describe the electro-hydrodynamics of non-Newtonian fluid in narrow fluidic channel with solvent permeable and ion-penetrable polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) grafted on channel surface with an interaction of non-overlapping electric double layer (EDL) phenomenon. In this analysis, we integrate power-law model in the momentum equation for describing the non-Newtonian rheology. The complex interplay between the non-Newtonian rheology and interfacial electrochemistry in presence of PEL on the walls leads to non-intuitive variations in the underlying flow dynamics in the channels. As such, we bring out the variations in flow dynamics and their implications on the net throughput in the channel in terms of different parameters like power-law index (n), drag parameter (α), PEL thickness (d) and Debye length ratio (κ/κ
PEL
) are discussed. We show, in this analysis, a relative enhancement in the net throughput through a soft nanofluidic channel for both the shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids, attributed to the stronger electrical body forces stemming from ionic interactions between polyelectrolyte layer and electrolyte layer. Also, we illustrate that higher apparent viscosity inherent with the class of shear-thickening fluid weakens the softness induced enhancement in the volumetric flow rate for the shear-thickening fluids, since the viscous drag offered to the f low f ield becomes higher for the transport of shear-thickening fluid.
Zebrafish VCAP1X2 regulates cardiac contractility and proliferation of cardiomyocytes and epicardial cells
Authors: Hsieh Fang-Chi , Lu Yu-Fen , Liau Ian , Chen Chien-Chang , Cheng Chao-Min , Hsiao Chung-Der , Hwang Sheng-Ping L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSarcomeric signaling complexes are important to sustain proper sarcomere structure and function, however, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully elucidated. In a gene trap experiment, we found that vascular cell adhesion protein 1 isoform X2 (VCAP1X2) mutant embryos displayed a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype, including reduced cardiac contractility, enlarged ventricular chamber and thinned ventricular compact layer. Cardiomyocyte and epicardial cell proliferation was decreased in the mutant heart ventricle, as was the expression of pAKT and pERK. Contractile dysfunction in the mutant was caused by sarcomeric disorganization, including sparse myofilament, blurred Z-disc, and decreased gene expression for sarcomere modulators (smyd1b, mypn and fhl2a), sarcomeric proteins (myh6, myh7, vmhcl and tnnt2a) and calcium regulators (ryr2b and slc8a1a). Treatment of PI3K activator restored Z-disc alignment while injection of smyd1b mRNA restored Z-disc alignment, contractile function and cardiomyocyte proliferation in ventricles of VCAP1X2 mutant embryos. Furthermore, injection of VCAP1X2 variant mRNA rescued all phenotypes, so long as two cytosolic tyrosines were left intact. Our results reveal two tyrosine residues located in the VCAP1X2 cytoplasmic domain are essential to regulate cardiac contractility and the proliferation of ventricular cardiomyocytes and epicardial cells through modulating pAKT and pERK expression levels.
Comparison of the serum metabolic signatures based on 1H NMR between patients and a rat model of deep vein thrombosis
Authors: Cao Jie , Jin Qian-qian , Wang Gui-ming , Dong Hong-lin , Feng Yong-ming , Tian Jun-sheng , Yun Ke-ming , Wang Ying-yuan , Sun Jun-hong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDeep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) have high morbidity, reduce quality of life, and can cause death. Biomarkers or genetic risk factors have not been identified in patients with DVT. In present study, serum of 61 patients suffering from DVT and a rat DVT model (n = 10) were assayed by a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) metabolomics technique combing with multivariate statistical analysis to identify the metabolites. The MetPA platform was used to identify differences in the metabolic pathways between the rat model and patients. The metabolomics results discovered that 11 different metabolites in rats and 20 different metabolites in DVT patients. Seven metabolites both altered in the rats and patients. Moreover, we observed changes in the metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism that were induced immediately by the thrombosis. Pathway of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis perturbed only in the patients which was associated with the genetic risk factor of DVT. The study demonstrated that serum 1H NMR metabolomics can be used to diagnose DVT in the clinic. The altered pathways related to thrombosis and genetics will provide a foundation and new strategies for understanding the pathological mechanism and pharmacological targets of DVT.
Synthesis, fungicidal activity, structure-activity relationships (SARs) and density functional theory (DFT) studies of novel strobilurin analogues containing arylpyrazole rings
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Lv Kunzhi , Li Yi , Nan Qiuli , Xu Jinyuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA series of novel strobilurin analogues (1a-1f, 2a-2e, 3a-3e) containing arylpyrazole rings were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 1f, 2b and 3b were also determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These analogues were collected together with other twenty-eight similar compounds 4a-4f, 5a-5h, 6a-6h and 7a-7f from our previous studies, for in vitro bioassays and thorough structure-activity relationships (SARs) studies. Most compounds exhibited excellent-to-good fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, especially 5c, 7a, 6c, and 3b with 98.94%, 83.40%, 71.40% and 65.87% inhibition rates at 0.1 μg mL−1, respectively, better than commercial pyraclostrobin. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was employed to study three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSARs). Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was also carried out to provide more information regarding SARs. The present work provided some hints for developing novel strobilurin fungicides.
The programmed DNA elimination and formation of micronuclei in germ line cells of the natural hybridogenetic water frog Pelophylax esculentus
Authors: Chmielewska Magdalena , Dedukh Dmitry , Haczkiewicz Katarzyna , Rozenblut-Kościsty Beata , Kaźmierczak Mikołaj , Kolenda Krzysztof , Serwa Ewa , Pietras-Lebioda Agnieszka , Krasikova Alla , Ogielska Maria 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDNA elimination is a radical form of gene silencing and occurs both in somatic and germ cells. The programmed DNA elimination occurs during gametogenesis in interspecies hybrids that reproduce by hybridogenesis (stick insects, fishes, and amphibians) and concerns removal of whole genomes of one of the parental species and production of clonal gametes propagating the genome of the other species. The cellular mechanisms differ considerably in hybridogenetic insects and fishes but remains unknown in edible frogsPelophylax esculentus, natural hybrids betweenPelophylax lessonaeandPelophylax ridibundus. Here we report DNA elimination mechanism in early developing gonads of diploid and triploid hybrid frogs, studied by TEM, immunofluorescence, and cytochemistry. In gonocytes of both sexes (primary oogonia and prespermatogonia), micronuclei emerge as detached nuclear buds formed during interphase. We found depletion of nuclear pore complexes in micronuclear membrane and chromatin inactivation via heterochromatinization followed by degradation of micronuclei by autophagy. Micronuclei formation does not lead to apoptotic cell death showing that genome elimination is a physiological process. Chromatin elimination via micronuclei inP. esculentusis unique among hybridogenetic animals and contributes to broadening the knowledge about reproductive modes in animals.
Formation of zinc sulfide species during roasting of ZnO with pyrite and its contribution on flotation
Authors: Zheng Yong-xing , Lv Jin-fang , Wang Hua , Wen Shu-ming , Pang Jie 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this paper, formation of zinc sulfide species during roasting of ZnO with FeS2 was investigated and its contribution on flotation was illustrated. The evolution process, phase and crystal growth were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) along with thermodynamic calculation and scanning electron microscopy-Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), respectively, to interpret the formation mechanism of ZnS species. It was found that ZnS was initially generated at about 450 °C and then the reaction prevailed at about 600 °C. The generated FexS would dissolve into ZnS and then form (Zn, Fe)S compound in form of Fe2Zn3S5 when temperature increased to about 750 °C. This obviously accelerated ZnS phase formation and growth. In addition, it was known that increasing of ZnO dosage had few effects on the decomposition behavior of FeS2. Then, flotation tests of different zinc oxide materials before and after treatment were performed to further confirm that the flotation performances of the treated materials could be obviously improved. Finally, a scheme diagram was proposed to regular its application to mineral processing. It was systematically illustrated that different types of ZnS species needed to be synthetized when sulfidization roasting-flotation process was carried out to treat zinc oxide materials.
A map of the PGC-1α- and NT-PGC-1α-regulated transcriptional network in brown adipose tissue
Authors: Chang Ji Suk , Ghosh Sujoy , Newman Susan , Salbaum J. Michael 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTranscriptional coactivator PGC-1α and its splice variant NT-PGC-1α play crucial roles in regulating cold-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α are highly induced by cold in BAT and subsequently bind to and coactivate many transcription factors to regulate expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, respiration and thermogenesis. To identify the complete repertoire of PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α target genes in BAT, we analyzed genome-wide DNA-binding and gene expression profiles. We find that PGC-1α-/NT-PGC-1α binding broadly associates with cold-mediated transcriptional activation. In addition to their known target genes in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism, PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α additionally target a broad spectrum of genes involved in diverse biological pathways including ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, ribonucleoprotein complex biosynthesis, phospholipid biosynthesis, angiogenesis, glycogen metabolism, phosphorylation, and autophagy. Our findings expand the number of genes and biological pathways that may be regulated by PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α and provide further insight into the transcriptional regulatory network in which PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α coordinate a comprehensive transcriptional response in BAT in response to cold.