bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside the Bank Box
Authors: Gambacorta Leonardo , Mizen Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Central bank policy operates first through financial markets and then through banks as they adjust their interest rates. This chapter discusses the transmission of policy in this first step of the monetary transmission mechanism, known as interest-rate pass-through. Historically, the focus of attention has been the interest-rate channel. We show the origins of this channel via a microfounded model of interest-rate setting by deposit-taking institutions that are Cournot oligopolists facing adjustment costs. We then examine other channels such as the bank lending channel and the bank capital channel and the role of central bank communications, signaling, and forward guidance over future interest rates. Each is shown to influence the setting of current short-term interest rates. The chapter closes with some issues for the future of pass-through in the transmission process.
Term Premium Variability and Monetary Policy
Authors: Fuerst Timothy S. , Mau Ronald 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter integrates two traditional explanations for the mean and variability of the term premium into a medium-scale DSGE model: (i) time-varying risk premiums on long bonds and (ii) segmented markets between short and long bond markets. Two sources of business cycle variability, shocks to total factor productivity (TFP) and the marginal efficiency of investment (MEI), are included. The authors characterize the ability of each approach to match both the mean and the variability of the term premium when either shock is the driving source of variation in the model. The risk approach fails with a negative average term premium in response to MEI shocks and trivially small variability in the term premium overall. In contrast, the segmented markets model can easily match both moments. Market segmentation reflects a real distortion, thus smoothing the term premium is typically welfare-improving, although there are potential difficulties with such a policy.
Central Banking and Prudential Regulation
Authors: Davis Kevin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The financial deregulation in major Western economies in the 1970s and 1980s freed banks from many preexisting constraints, facilitating competition and greater risk-taking and eventually leading to prudential regulation and supervision as a specific, well-defined area of regulatory activity. It was codified in the Basel Accord, which allowed banks considerable discretion in how they met broadly specified regulatory requirements and was focused primarily on individual bank safety. The financial crisis of 2007–2008 highlighted numerous weaknesses in the design and application of this approach. The previous micro-orientation has been complemented by a macroprudential focus, suggesting a strengthened case for central bank involvement in prudential regulation. Microprudential regulation has been strengthened, with changes reflecting less confidence in the previous market-oriented approach and more reliance on direct controls. The wheel has turned such that prederegulation approaches and attitudes have been incorporated into the postcrisis design and approach of prudential regulation.
Macromodeling, Default, and Money
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Romanidis Nikolaos , Tsomocos Dimitrios P. , Shubik Martin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Mainstream macromodels have assumed away financial frictions, in particular default. The minimum addition in order to introduce financial intermediaries, money, and liquidity into such models is the possibility of default. This, in turn, requires that institutions and price formation mechanisms become a modeled part of the process, or a “playable game.” Financial systems are not static, nor are they necessarily reverting to an unchanging equilibrium, but they are evolving processes, subject to institutional control mechanisms, which themselves are subject to sociopolitical development. Process-oriented models of strategic market games can be translated into consistent stochastic models incorporating default and boundary constraints.
What Has Publishing Inflation Forecasts Accomplished? Central Banks and Their Competitors
Authors: Siklos Pierre L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores short-term sources of inflation forecast disagreement in nine advanced economies. Domestic versus global factors among other determinants are considered. The chapter also adapts an idea from the model confidence set approach to obtain a quasi-confidence interval for inflation forecast disagreement. Some forecasters may change their outlook, especially when data are frequently revised (e.g., the output gap). This extension is also considered. Estimates of disagreement are found to be sensitive to the chosen benchmark, and central banks need not always be the benchmark of choice. The range of forecast disagreement can be high even when levels of disagreement are low. There is little evidence that forecasts are strongly coordinated with those of the central bank. Finally, at least over the period considered, which covers the end of the Great Moderation and the global financial crisis, there is consistent evidence that global factors impact forecast disagreement.
Central Bank Communication
Authors: de Haan Jakob , Sturm Jan-Egbert 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Many central banks in the world nowadays regard their external communication as an important tool to achieve their goals. This chapter provides an overview of the different ways in which central banks inform the public about the future direction of monetary policy and how successful they have been in recent years. Forward guidance is either part of a monetary policy strategy in which an explicit inflation target is targeted or is part of a strategy that attempts to circumvent the effective lower bound regarding the nominal interest rate. In both cases, forward guidance attempts to influence longer-term interest rates and inflation expectations through the expected future short-term interest rates.
Central Bank Communications
Authors: Davis J. Scott , Wynne Mark A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Over the past twenty-five years, central bank communications have undergone a major revolution. Central banks that previously shrouded themselves in mystery now embrace social media to get their message out to the widest audience. The volume of information about monetary policy that the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) now releases dwarfs what it was releasing a quarter century ago. This chapter focuses on just one channel of FOMC communications, the postmeeting statement. It documents how this has become more detailed over time. Then daily financial-market data are used to estimate a daily time series of US monetary policy shocks. These shocks on Fed statement release days have gotten larger as the statement has gotten longer and more detailed, and the chapter shows that the length and complexity of the statement have a direct effect on the size of the monetary policy shock following a Fed decision.
Max Weber’s Ethics for the Modern World
Authors: Ghosh Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Max Weber was an extremely important ethical thinker, as is suggested by the title of his most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Confronted by the perceived breakdown of universally accepted, religiously based ethical codes, he proposed a two-tier scheme of ethics: impersonal, professional, technically, and legally appropriate behavior in the public sphere of employment, alongside wide tolerance of “subjectivist” self-assertion in regard to (for example) religion and sexuality in the private sphere. This was a radically original scheme whose relevance to twenty-first-century circumstances is self-evident, though not to the many moral philosophers who appear to think that today’s ethical theory should still resemble the prescriptions of Kant or even Aristotle. The second part of the essay outlines a series of possible contemporary applications of Weberian ethics, as well as “neo-Weberian” modifications which the lapse of time since Weber’s death suggests.
Intellectuals, Scholars, and the Value of Science
Authors: Hübinger Gangolf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers Weber’s understanding of science as a cultural construct having intrinsic value and the decisive part played by the sciences in the “rational mastery of the world.” A complex modernity would demand a complex social and cultural scientific paradigm, in order to be able to understand and grasp “the reality in which we are placed.” And it discusses the habitus taken shape in the history of science that can be identified as Weberian. For example, Raymond Aron in France and Ralf Dahrendorf in Britain and Germany applied Weberian thinking to the social sciences. The final question is, how can we track down the presence of Weber’s scientific ethos from the twentieth century to the present. How can we reread Weber faced with the new problems and intellectual challenges of “global modernities” in our times?
Max Weber and the Sociology of Music
Authors: Konoval Brandon 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
No art form drew closer or more sustained attention from Max Weber than music. A lifelong personal passion, music became the subject of a singularly ambitious study in the final decade of his life, resulting in an unfinished monograph, Zur Musiksoziologie (The Rational and Social Foundations of Music [1958]), begun in 1912–1913 and published posthumously in 1921, raising key issues to which Weber returned in other writings. As with his earlier study of capitalism, Weber sought to trace the origins and development of a distinctive cultural product, occidental harmony, that revealed a complex interaction between rational processes both internal to the art and in counterpoint with varied social and historical contexts. Correspondingly, the music study avidly pursued cross-cultural perspectives, a prominent concern for Weber in the aftermath of critical reception to The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and for which music had become a touchstone in contemporary scholarly and scientific domains. Engaged with diverse contexts and disciplinary perspectives that informed a frequently technical yet cosmopolitan account of Western music and its signal developments, Weber’s music study explored how a sociology of music could be productively founded and what it might aspire to become.
From Occidental Rationalism to Multiple Modernities
Authors: Arnason Johann P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces connections, affinities, and contrasts between Max Weber’s interpretation of Western modernity and S. N. Eisenstadt’s notion of multiple modernities. Although Weber was aware of diverse components entering into the dominant pattern of modernity, he did not develop any systematic line of argument on varieties of modernity. Eisenstadt went beyond Weber’s problematic with a conceptual focus on civilizational dimensions. The chapter emphasizes three main implications of this turn: the civilizational aspect of human societies that stresses the variety of interconnections between cultural articulations of the world and social institutions, the conception of modernity as a new civilization centered on a vision of human autonomy that includes Weber’s cultural emphasis on rationality, and the idea that legacies of older civilizations affect the formations of modernity in different regions of the world. Eisenstadt addresses a spectrum of modern sociocultural worlds as well as a group of major civilizational traditions, both of which constitute broader fields for comparative research. This does not mean that Eisenstadt invariably improves upon Weber’s approaches. The interesting case of Japan, about which Eisenstadt wrote more extensively than Weber, shows that the latter’s more historical perspective still has merit.
Slaves as Active Subjects
Authors: McKeown Niall 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Ancient slave owners often wanted to see slaves merely as extensions of their own social persona. Modern historians, however, have given increasing attention to ancient slaves as active social actors, and not just in exceptional circumstances such as rebellion. Slaves could have family lives and sometimes had a social existence with ties beyond that of their masters’ households. Our evidence (chiefly from Athens and from the Roman Empire) comes with considerable caveats. It is nonetheless clear that slave families, interaction between slaves of different households, and interaction between slave, freed, and free in wider society may have been greater than previously assumed, especially in Rome. It may even match what could be seen, for example, in the later slave societies of the urban USA and Brazil.
Beyond the “Continental Translation” of Newtonian Mechanics
Authors: Shank J.B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter challenges the traditional origin story of rational, or “classical Newtonian,” mechanics, which holds that Isaac Newton created the core foundations of this science in his Principia Mathematica, and then delivered them to Continental European mathematicians, who translated and developed them in creating modern analytical mechanics. Instead, the article outlines the dispersed origins of calculus-based mathematical physics in Europe around 1700, locating its sources in Newton’s work, but also, and more importantly, in the work of many others as well. Overall, the chapter traces a Continental origin for what we now, perhaps erroneously, call “classical Newtonian mechanics” rooted in many developments, especially in France, that were contrary to Newton’s own thinking on this topic.
The little Aplysia coming of age: from one species to a complex of species complexes in Aplysia parvula (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Heterobranchia)
Authors: Golestani Haleh , Crocetta Fabio , Padula Vinicius , Camacho-García Yolanda , Langeneck Joachim , Poursanidis Dimitris , Pola Marta , yokeş M Baki , Cervera Juan Lucas , Jung Dae-Wui , Gosliner Terrence M , Araya Juan Francisco , Hooker Yuri , schrödl Michael , valdés Ángel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe widespread sea hare species Aplysia parvula includes four genetically distinct lineages, containing a total of ten different species. While the four lineages can be differentiated by their external characteristics, species in each clade are often morphologically indistinguishable. A review of literature and type material revealed that several available names exist for species recognized herein: Aplysia parvula is retained for a species from the north-eastern Atlantic; A. atromarginata, A. elongata, A. nigrocincta and A. japonica are resurrected for species from the western Pacific Ocean, the Hawaiian Islands, the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, and Japan and Korea, respectively. Two new species names are introduced for animals from the eastern Pacific, and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Mitochondrial sequences from Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic specimens identified as A. parvula, resulted to be A. punctata. However, two specimens were heterozygotes of histone H3 alleles of A. punctata and of a new Atlantic species described herein, suggesting they could be hybrids. These results contradict the hypothesis that the Mediterranean was colonized by A. parvula. If an invasion occurred, it was a limited introgression of nDNA from an Atlantic species into native A. punctata populations.
Extrafasicular and Intraperineural, but No Endoneural, Spread after Deliberate Intraneural Injections in a Cadaveric Study
Authors: Reina Miguel A. , Sala-Blanch Xavier , Monzó Enrique , Nin Olga C. , Bigeleisen Paul E. , Boezaart André P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
There is confusion regarding the spread of intraneurally injected local anesthetic agents during regional anesthesia. The aim of this research was to deliberately inject a marker that does not leave the neural compartment into which it is injected, and then to study the longitudinal and circumferential spread and possible pathways of intraneural spread.

Methods
After institutional review board approval, we intraneurally injected 20 and 5 ml of heparinized blood solution under ultrasound guidance into 12 sciatic nerves in the popliteal fossa and 10 median nerves, respectively, of eight fresh, unembalmed cadavers using standard 22-gauge “D” needles, mimicking the blocks in clinical conditions. Ultrasound evidence of nerve swelling confirmed intraneural injection. Samples of the nerves were then examined under light and scanning electron microscopy.

Results
Extrafascicular spread was observed in all the adipocyte-containing neural compartments of the 664 cross-section samples we examined, but intrafascicular spread was seen in only 6 cross-sections of two nerves. None of the epineurium, perineurium, or neural components were disrupted in any of the samples. Spread between the layers of the perineurium was a route of spread that included the perineurium surrounding the fascicles and the perineurium that formed incomplete septa in the fascicles. Similar to the endoneurium proper, subepineural compartments that did not contain any fat cells did not reveal any spread of heparinized blood solution cells. No “perineural” spaces were observed within the endoneurium. We also did not observe any true intrafascicular spread.

Conclusions
After deliberate intraneural injection, longitudinal and circumferential extrafascicular spread occurred in all instances in the neural compartments that contained adipocytes, but not in the relatively solid endoneurium of the fascicles.
Age-Dependent Psychological Factors Influencing the Outcome of Cochlear Implantation in Elderly Patients
Authors: Knopke Steffen , Häussler Sophia , Gräbel Stefan , Wetterauer David , Ketterer Manuel , Fluger Andreas , Szczepek Agnieszka J. , Olze Heidi 
Published: March 2019

Introduction:
Increasing number of older adults undergo cochlear implantation (CI). Accumulating evidence implicates that the outcome of implantation may not only depend on physical and psychological health status of patients but also on their age. In the present work, we analyzed the elderly (70–80) and very old (80+) patients who underwent CI regarding their hearing abilities, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and psychological comorbidities.

Patients and Methods:
Eighty-six patients were included in this prospective study. The patients were split into two groups: 70–80 years-old (n = 62) and ≥ 80 years-old (n = 24). Hearing performance was assessed with Freiburg monosyllabic test and Oldenburg inventory (OI); the health-related quality of life was measured with Nijmegen Cochlear Implantation Questionnaire (NCIQ); depressive symptoms with General Depression Scale (ADS-L); stress with Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and anxiety with General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7).

Results:
Prior to CI, the hearing performance (Ol) impacted positively the HRQoL of both groups whereas the perceived stress (PSQ) had a negative impact. Six months after implantation, the HRQoL of 70–80 group was still positively influenced by the hearing performance (Ol) whereas HRQoL of 80+ group was influenced by stress perception (negative impact) and anxiety (positive impact). Twelve months later, anxiety and depressive symptoms correlated negatively with HRQoL of both age groups. Hearing performance had the positive and anxiety the negative impact on HRQoL in both groups but in addition, the 80+ group seemed to benefit from an increased level of anxious symptoms.

Conclusion:
In elderly patients, the outcome of CI depends on their psychological status. Differences found between the age groups imply a need for an age-group targeted psychological counselling, which might further improve outcome of CI.
Efficacy of Auditory Implants for Patients With Conductive and Mixed Hearing Loss Depends on Implant Center
Authors: Snik Ad , Maier Hannes , Hodgetts Bill , Kompis Martin , Mertens Griet , van de Heyning Paul , Lenarz Thomas , Bosman Arjan 
Published: March 2019

Introduction:
Although from a technological point of view, progress is impressive, most implantable hearing devices for conductive or mixed hearing loss have a limited capacity. These devices all bypass the impaired middle ear; therefore, the desired amplification (gain) should be based on the cochlear hearing loss (component) only. The aim of the study is to review the literature with regard to accomplished gain with current implantable devices.

Method:
Thirty-one articles could be included. Aided thresholds were compared with prescribed values, based on cochlear hearing loss (bone-conduction thresholds), according to the well-validated NAL rule.

Results:
For the majority of the studies, NAL targets were not met. Variation in accomplished gain between implant teams was unacceptably large, largely independent of the type of device that was used. NAL targets were best met at 2 kHz, with worse results at the other frequencies.

Conclusion:
Large variations in reported results were found, which primarily depended on implant center. Based on the analyses, a pragmatic fitting procedure is proposed which should minimize the differences between implant centres.
Automated Detection and Segmentation of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions Using Ultra–High-Field MP2RAGE
Authors: Fartaria Mário João , Sati Pascal , Todea Alexandra , Radue Ernst-Wilhelm , Rahmanzadeh Reza , O'Brien Kieran , Reich Daniel S. , Bach Cuadra Meritxell , Kober Tobias , Granziera Cristina 
Published: March 2019

Objectives
The aim of this study was to develop a new automated segmentation method of white matter (WM) and cortical multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions visible on magnetization-prepared 2 inversion-contrast rapid gradient echo (MP2RAGE) images acquired at 7 T MRI.

Materials and Methods
The proposed prototype (MSLAST [Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Analysis at Seven Tesla]) takes as input a single image contrast derived from the 7T MP2RAGE prototype sequence and is based on partial volume estimation and topological constraints. First, MSLAST performs a skull-strip of MP2RAGE images and computes tissue concentration maps for WM, gray matter (GM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using a partial volume model of tissues within each voxel. Second, MSLAST performs (1) connected-component analysis to GM and CSF concentration maps to classify small isolated components as MS lesions; (2) hole-filling in the WM concentration map to classify areas with low WM concentration surrounded by WM (ie, MS lesions); and (3) outlier rejection to the WM mask to improve the classification of small WM lesions. Third, MSLAST unifies the 3 maps obtained from 1, 2, and 3 processing steps to generate a global lesion mask.

Results
Quantitative and qualitative assessments were performed using MSLAST in 25 MS patients from 2 research centers. Overall, MSLAST detected a median of 71% of MS lesions, specifically 74% of WM and 58% of cortical lesions, when a minimum lesion size of 6 μL was considered. The median false-positive rate was 40%. When a 15 μL minimal lesions size was applied, which is the approximation of the minimal size recommended for 1.5/3 T images, the median detection rate was 80% for WM and 63% for cortical lesions, respectively, and the median false-positive rate was 33%. We observed high correlation between MSLAST and manual segmentations (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.91), although MSLAST underestimated the total lesion volume (average difference of 1.1 mL), especially in patients with high lesion loads. MSLAST also showed good scan-rescan repeatability within the same session with an average absolute volume difference and F1 score of 0.38 ± 0.32 mL and 84%, respectively.

Conclusions
We propose a new methodology to facilitate the segmentation of WM and cortical MS lesions at 7 T MRI, our approach uses a single MP2RAGE scan and may be of special interest to clinicians and researchers.