bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redescription of Arganasaurus (Metoposaurus) azerouali (Dutuit) comb. nov. from the Upper Triassic of the Argana Basin (Morocco), and the first phylogenetic analysis of the Metoposauridae (Amphibia, Temnospondyli)
Authors: Buffa Valentin , Jalil Nour‐Eddine , Steyer J.‐Sebastien 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA systematic revision of the temnospondyl ‘Metoposaurus’ azerouali Dutuit from the Late Triassic of the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco) is presented. The type material is redescribed in detail, and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis – the first one dealing with all metoposaurid species – is also conducted in order to test its position within the Metoposauridae. Our analysis places ‘Metoposaurus’ azerouali as sister‐taxon to Arganasaurus lyazidi in a robust clade supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies (bulge‐like tabular horn and exoccipital process visible in dorsal view) and two ambiguous synapomorphies (cultriform process of uniform width and subtriangular posterior Meckelian fenestra). We therefore propose the new combination Arganasaurus azerouali comb. nov. for the species ‘M.’ azerouali. Our analysis also confirms that the central Laurasian genus Metoposaurus is monophyletic but not the genus Koskinonodon, which deserves its own systematic revision. By consequent, the Late Triassic rich vertebrate fauna from the Argana Basin comprises the metoposauroid Almasaurus habazzi, the basal metoposaurid Dutuitosaurus ouazzoui, and the genus Arganasaurus which is represented by the type species A. lyazidi and A. azerouali comb. nov. Combined with the stratigraphical and geographical occurrences of the taxa, our phylogenetic analysis suggests that metoposaurids may have appeared during the Longobardian (late Ladinian) in central Pangea. Their diversification may be linked to the Carnian Pluvial Episode. At least, their extinction may have occurred during the Rhaetian because of the aridification of the climate and/or competition with amniotes.
Energy Depletion and Stress Levels in Sockeye Salmon Migrating at the Northern Edge of their Distribution
Authors: Carey Michael P. , Keith Kevin D. , Schelske Merlyn , Lean Charlie , McCormick Stephen D. , Regish Amy , Zimmerman Christian E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe physiological challenge for anadromous fish to migrate upriver is influenced by river temperature, but the impacts of river temperature can be difficult to predict due to an incomplete understanding of how temperature influences migration costs, especially in high‐latitude (>60°N) ecosystems. To assess temperature influences on migrating Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., we measured heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), as an indicator of cellular stress, and energy content of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka throughout their upriver migration in the Pilgrim River, Alaska. Although HSP70 was elevated as fish moved to the spawning grounds and was higher in fish with low energy content, HSP70 did not increase with warmer river temperatures. We verified in an experiment that HSP70 abundance in Sockeye Salmon does respond to temperatures above 20.5°C. Over the 4 years of sampling, energy content decreased at similar rates as Sockeye Salmon moved upstream. We expected Sockeye Salmon energy levels would be lower when migrating in warmer river temperatures; however, we found higher energy levels occurred with higher temperatures in the Pilgrim River. We hypothesize that the relationship between temperature and energy content is due to river temperatures often occurring below optimal temperatures for migration. Lower temperatures could be energetically costly or reduce migration rates, both of which would result in lower energy content with cooler temperature. Understanding interactions between environmental drivers and physiological responses will help managers anticipate future changes for Sockeye Salmon at the northern edge of their distribution.
The Physics of Health Care: Viewing the U.S. Health‐Care “System” from the Perspective of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Kislyakov Amy , Mayes Rick 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLeading explanations for high per capita and total health‐care spending in the United States tend to point to high health‐care prices as the primary culprit, which are a major contributor. Yet prices and spending do not exist in siloed vacuums. They are inherently part of, and deeply intertwined with, patient and clinician interactions, administrative norms and requirements, organizational structures, and socio‐cultural systems of medicine. Consequently, what is often thought of as a bounded health‐care “system”—centered primarily around the volume and price of health care—may, in fact, be unbounded, spilling over and interacting with other seemingly unrelated domains. Adding to the scholarly work already addressing this issue, we aim to provide a new lens that captures (if only partially) the exquisitely complex and hidden equilibrium present in what constitutes U.S. health care. Quantum and relativistic physics, with its focus on non‐deterministic reasoning, can serve as a helpful framework for understanding the moving parts of health care—their interposition as well as their interdependence. Using this analytic lens could potentially lead to new interventions (involving clinicians, patients, and payers) that concurrently target problems at multiple points in the system.
Cultural diversity and knowledge in explaining entrepreneurship in European cities
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Belitski Maksim , Korosteleva Julia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study establishes and empirically explores the relationship between knowledge, cultural diversity and various entrepreneurial outcomes across European cities in 2008–2010. We demonstrate that the mechanism of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship is contextual and contend that cultural diversity and knowledge have differential impact on entrepreneurial outcomes across cities and countries. Cities with high cultural diversity provide more opportunities for entrepreneurship in sectors where technology and knowledge play more important role. While in technology-based sectors, we observe a decline in employment, in cities where cultural diversity is moderately high, this effect is counteracted by an increase in demand for skilful labour that is more concentrated in culturally diverse contexts. Implications for regional and national policy makers and international entrepreneurs are offered.
Environmental factors influencing fruit production and seed biology of the critically endangered Persoonia pauciflora (Proteaceae)
Authors: Emery Nathan J. , Offord Catherine A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe factors that influence seed production and seed dormancy in rare plant species are crucial to their conservation yet are often poorly understood. In this study, we examined the breeding system and seed biology of the critically endangered Australian endemic speciesPersoonia pauciflorathrough a series of experiments. Pollinator visitation surveys and manipulative hand-pollination treatments were conducted to investigate the breeding system and subsequent seed production. We used an experimental seed burial to examine the breakdown of the woody endocarp and changes to germination over time. Seed germination response under simulated local seasonal conditions was also examined.Persoonia pauciflorawas found to be predominantly pollinated by native bees, and cross-pollinated flowers produced significantly more mature fruit (18 ± 3%) than self-pollination treatments (2–3%). The average strength ofP. pauciflorapyrenes buried in soil significantly decreased over two years, from 413.3 ± 14.6 N to 130.8 ± 11.8 N. Post-burial seed germination was cyclical, with highest final germination percentage occurring following late-summer exhumations (75 ± 2% and 74 ± 14%, respectively). When seeds were incubated under different local seasonal conditions, germination at local summer temperatures was more likely when compared with autumn/spring and winter temperature-incubated seeds. Our study highlights the importance of ensuring appropriate biotic pollen vectors are present in the local landscape for maximising viable fruit production for this species. In addition, our data indicate that recruitment will most likely occur after the endocarp has suitably weakened, allowing physiological dormancy of the embryo to be relaxed and germination to commence following summer temperatures.
Prefabricated Temporary Housing and Eczema or Respiratory Symptoms in Schoolchildren after the Great East Japan Earthquake: The ToMMo Child Health Study
Authors: Kuniyoshi Yasutaka , Kikuya Masahiro , Miyashita Masako , Yamanaka Chizuru , Ishikuro Mami , Obara Taku , Metoki Hirohito , Nakaya Naoki , Nagami Fuji , Tomita Hiroaki , Hozawa Atsushi , Tsuji Ichiro , Kure Shigeo , Yaegashi Nobuo , Kuriyama Shinichi 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:We aimed to investigate the association between types of housing and allergic symptoms at 3–4 years following the Great East Japan Earthquake.Methods:Our study was based on the ToMMo Child Health Study conducted in 2014 and 2015, a cross-sectional survey of public school children in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Of the 46 648 invited schoolchildren in the 2nd to 8th grades, 9884 were included. Presence of eczema, wheezing, and mental health symptoms was defined with questionnaires. To calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the associations between types of housing and eczema or respiratory symptoms, we fitted generalized linear mixed models, included a random effect for municipality of residence, and adjusted for sex, school grade, survey year, and mental health symptoms.Results:Prefabricated temporary housing was significantly associated with eczema symptoms (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06–2.02). Even after adjusting for the presence of mental health symptoms, our analysis produced similar results (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03–1.96). Conversely, it was not significantly associated with respiratory symptoms (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.61–1.54).Conclusions:Children living in prefabricated temporary housing had a higher prevalence of eczema symptoms; however, prevalence of respiratory symptoms was not significantly higher.
Scaling laws for the propulsive performance of three-dimensional pitching propulsors
Authors: Ayancik Fatma , Zhong Qiang , Quinn Daniel B. , Brandes Aaron , Bart-Smith Hilary , Moored Keith W. 
Published: June 2019

Scaling laws for the thrust production and energetics of self-propelled or fixed-velocity three-dimensional rigid propulsors undergoing pitching motions are presented. The scaling relations extend the two-dimensional scaling laws presented in Moored & Quinn (AIAA J., 2018, pp. 1–15) by accounting for the added mass of a finite-span propulsor, the downwash/upwash effects from the trailing vortex system of a propulsor and the elliptical topology of shedding trailing-edge vortices. The novel three-dimensional scaling laws are validated with self-propelled inviscid simulations and fixed-velocity experiments over a range of reduced frequencies, Strouhal numbers and aspect ratios relevant to bio-inspired propulsion. The scaling laws elucidate the dominant flow physics behind the thrust production and energetics of pitching bio-propulsors, and they provide guidance for the design of bio-inspired propulsive systems.
PARTITIONS WITH AN ARBITRARY NUMBER OF SPECIFIED DISTANCES
Authors: LIN BERNARD L. S. 
Published: June 2019

For positive integers $t_{1},\ldots ,t_{k}$, let $\tilde{p}(n,t_{1},t_{2},\ldots ,t_{k})$ (respectively $p(n,t_{1},t_{2},\ldots ,t_{k})$) be the number of partitions of $n$ such that, if $m$ is the smallest part, then each of $m+t_{1},m+t_{1}+t_{2},\ldots ,m+t_{1}+t_{2}+\cdots +t_{k-1}$ appears as a part and the largest part is at most (respectively equal to) $m+t_{1}+t_{2}+\cdots +t_{k}$. Andrews et al. [‘Partitions with fixed differences between largest and smallest parts’, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.143 (2015), 4283–4289] found an explicit formula for the generating function of $p(n,t_{1},t_{2},\ldots ,t_{k})$. We establish a $q$-series identity from which the formulae for the generating functions of $\tilde{p}(n,t_{1},t_{2},\ldots ,t_{k})$ and $p(n,t_{1},t_{2},\ldots ,t_{k})$ can be obtained.
SHINY THINGS AND SOVEREIGN LEGALITIES: EXPROPRIATION OF DYNASTIC PROPERTY IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND EARLY TURKISH REPUBLIC
Authors: Karamursel Ceyda 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article probes the legal expropriation of dynastic property in the late Ottoman Empire and early Turkish Republic. Focused on the period from Abdülhamid II's deposal in 1909 to the decade immediately following the abolition of the caliphate in 1924, it takes parliamentary debates as entry points for exploring how this legislative process redefined the sovereign's relationship with property. Although this process was initially limited only to Yıldız Palace, the debates that surrounded it heuristically helped to shape a new understanding of public ownership of property that was put to use in other contexts in the years to come, most notably during and after World War I and the Armenian genocide, before establishing itself as the foundation of a new ownership regime with the republican appropriation and reuse of property two decades later.
The Servant's Course of Employment
Authors: Barak Aharon 
Published: June 2019

It is an accepted principle that a master is vicariously liable for the torts of his servant committed in the course of his employment. While the principle itself is clear, in its practical application many serious problems arise. These problems turn mainly on the question, whether the master is liable when the servant acts solely for his own ends and not on behalf of the master. This question has been considered in numerous cases and there are two apparently opposing trends of judicial authority.On the one hand there is a long line of decisions, beginning in the 17th century and continuing up to the present time, which lays down that the master is not liable if the servant acts solely to further his own private interests.
The Kibbutz: Israel's Collective Settlement
Authors: Weisman J. 
Published: June 2019

A visit to one of Israel's collective settlements, the Kibbutzim, has in the last decades become an essential part of the normal itinerary of the foreign tourist. So great is the pride which Israelis take in this form of settlement (of which there were 230 in 1965) that a visit to one is assured by the tourist's unwillingness to offend his hosts, if not by his interest in the Kibbutz.It is therefore interesting to note that the Israel Legislature, unlike the tourist, has for a considerable time not been moved to pay special attention to this unique form of social organization, and only of late have any steps been taken to develop a special body of law specifically relating to the Kibbutz.
Trypanosoma superciliosaesp.nov. from the lizardUranoscodon superciliosaL.
Authors: Walliker D. 
Published: June 2019

This paper records the presence of a new species of trypanosome in the lizardUranoscodon superciliosaL. (family Iguanidae), caught near Codajaz, Amazonas, Brazil, in August 1964 during the Guy's Hospital Expedition to the Lower Amazon.Examination of a methanol-fixed and Giemsa-stained smear of blood taken from the heart of the lizard showed a heavy infection of trypanosomes. Camera lucida drawings of twenty were made, measurements being determined with dividers and a map-measuring wheel. The animal was preserved in 10% formalin, portions of liver, spleen, brain, heart, and lung being later extracted. Sections 5μin thickness were cut and stained in Ehrlich's haematoxylin and eosin, and in Giemsa's stain.The chief distinguishing feature of the trypanosomes was their comparatively enormous size, up to 124μin total length, including the free flagellum, and 19μin width. The cytoplasm stained deep blue in Giemsa's stain, there being little indication of any vacuoles or inclusions. The posterior end was generally less intensely stained, and in certain cases pale, narrow, channel-like extensions from this region forward into the main body of the organism could be detected (Fig. 1). The nucleus, elongated and rather variable in shape, was distinguished by being less deeply coloured than the surrounding cytoplasm; it lay slightly posterior to the mid-point of the body, its longest diameter being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the animal. The kinetoplast, situated slightly posterior to the nucleus, was usually of circular shape, staining deep red; from it arose the flagellum, which passed forward along the margin of an undulating membrane and terminated in a free portion at the anterior end. Measurements of the organisms are given in Table 1.
Methionine flux between a tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) and its environment
Authors: Hopkins C. A. , Callow L. L. 
Published: June 2019

In the course of work designed to measure the extent to which methionine absorbed in one region of a tapeworm became distributed throughout the strobila, it was observed that, whereas, in saline,Hymenolepis diminutalost previously absorbed methionine slowly, in the intestine of a rat the methionine was lost very rapidly. The fact that two worms containing initially the same amount of free methionine should, after a short period in different environments, contain utterly different quantities of methionine indicated that the quantity of a free amino acid present at any time is not simply dependent on the amount previously absorbed less the amount metabolized.This observation has a bearing on several aspects of tapeworm physiology. Do tapeworms normally absorb amino acids from the intestine during periods of high concentration and release them when the concentration falls? If they do, the presence of tapeworms in the intestine could be beneficial to the host by extending the period over which an amino acid is available to the host, an important point as a mammal is unable to store amino acids for more than a few hours (Gitler, 1964). A knowledge of the environmental conditions which influence the level of free amino acids in a tapeworm, and thereby its ability to synthesize proteins, is obviously also of critical importance to workers attempting to grow wormsin vitro.
Acquired resistance to experimental infections of Schistosoma mansoni in the albino rat
Authors: Smithers S. R. , Terry R. J. 
Published: June 2019

The host–parasite relationships of Schistosoma mansoni in the albino rat have been studied recently by Ritchie, Garson & Knight (1963) and by Sadun & Bruce (1964). The general findings of these and other workers are that, in rats, the worms are always stunted, although they may pair and non-viable eggs may be found in the liver. The worms remain in the liver and seldom, if ever, migrate to the mesenteries. Ritchie et al. (1963) found that the majority of the worms were eliminated between the 4th and 8th week after infection; this is much sooner than in other experimental hosts. Sadun & Bruce (1964) suggest that rats are particularly suitable and convenient for studies on acquired resistance to S. mansoni; this suggestion is based mainly on the grounds that acquired resistance is more easily demonstrated in animals which show a relatively great degree of innate resistance.The present work has been undertaken in order to establish whether the immune response in the albino rat is at all similar to that in the rhesus monkey (Smithers & Terry, 1965b). Two features of the host–parasite system have been studied in detail; the elimination of the worms which follows an initial infection and a comparison of the development of acquired resistance following exposure to X-irradiated cercariae with that following exposure to normal cercariae.A Puerto-Rican strain of S. mansoni, and Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 100–200 g, were used in all experiments. The methods of exposing the rats percutaneously to infection and the recovery of the worms by perfusion have been fully described (Smithers & Terry, 1965 a).
Ageing and romance on the big screen: the ‘silvering romantic comedy’Elsa & Fred
Authors: Casado-Gual Núria 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe radical demographic change produced by the ageing population in the Western world has entailed a complete transformation of its popular culture. The cinema is one of the popular arts to have been especially affected by the so-called ‘longevity revolution’. In fact, an important part of Hollywood celebrity culture and the mainstream film audiences belong to the same ageing demographic. The increasing necessity to tell and consume stories of ageing for the big screen is not only reflected in the growing number of films that feature older characters in their lead roles, but also in the changes produced in the cinematic narratives themselves. Film scholars within the inter-disciplinary field of cultural gerontology have started to address this phenomenon from various perspectives. Building on from their critical consideration, this article focuses on the particular case of Michael Radford'sElsa & Fred, a contemporary film released in 2014 that, paradoxically enough, helps renovate the youth-oriented genre of the romantic comedy through a ‘silvering’ romance. Taking into account contemporary manifestations of the romantic comedy genre, the essay proves that Radford's comedy contributes to the development of the ‘gerontocom’ as a new sub-genre in which old age is central to the protagonists’ characterisations and storylines. By considering the interaction of the generic rules of the genre with the hyper-visibility of the protagonists’ agedness, this article also shows the ways in which the film overcomes polarised views of ageing and enhances the figures’ own process of becoming in the last stage of their lives.
The stability of hydromagnetic Couette flow
Authors: Roberts P. H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe theoretical studies of Chandrasekhar on the stability of Couette flow in a viscous, electrically conducting, fluid in the presence of a uniform axial magnetic field are extended to include cases of finite gap width between the cylinders, and cases in which the conductivity of the walls of the containing cylinders is finite. In addition, the non-axisymmetric modes of instability are discussed, and the results of numerical computations are presented.
Notes on the ideology of international organizations law: The International Organization for Migration, state-making, and the market for migration
Authors: Klabbers Jan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article discusses the law and practice of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), a little-known but important international organization. The article aims to illuminate what it is the IOM does; how it influences its member state practices while simultaneously working on member state assignments; and how this affects the dominant theory underpinning the law of international organizations, i.e., the theory of functionalism. The article concludes that the IOM takes functionalist thought to extremes, and in doing so makes visible the latter’s ideological nature.