bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental factors and a risk for multiple sclerosis in the Altai Territory
Authors: Saldan I. P. , Smagina I. V. , Elchaninova S. A. 
Published: December 2018

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic dysimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, the risk of which depends on genetic and environmental factors. The Altai Territory of the Russian Federation shows an increase in the prevalence of MS from 15.5 cases per 100,000population in 1984 to 56.1 in 2017.Objective: to identify potential environmental risk factors for MS in the Altai Territory.Patients and methods. A one-stage randomized study using the method of analytical epidemiology covered 200patients with MS and 200 volunteers without this condition, the representatives of European ethnicity, who were born and lived in the Altai Territory. The investigators surveyed the patients, analyzed their medical records, and assessed the relationship of the prevalence of MS to the characteristics of the territories of residence.Results and discussion. The prevalence of MS was 1.8 times higher in cities and towns than in villages (p=0.003), in areas with heavy metal (lead and molybdenum) ore deposits, chemical and oil refineries located within a 5-km radius from the place of residence. The risk of MS is unassociated with measles, rubella, chicken pox, mumps, whooping cough, herpes infection, chronic nasopharyngeal bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, allergic status, and contact with household, agricultural, metal, and medicinal poisons, organic solvents, and oil products.Conclusion.The identified environmental risk factors can serve as a basis for recommendations for the prevention of MS in persons at high genetic risk for this disease.
Estimating the storage term in eddy covariance measurements: the ICOS methodology
Authors: Montagnani Leonardo , Grünwald Thomas , Kowalski Andrew , Mammarella Ivan , Merbold Lutz , Metzger Stefan , Sedlák Pavel , Siebicke Lukas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In eddy covariance measurements, the storage flux represents the variation in time of the dry molar fraction of a given gas in the control volume representative of turbulent flux. Depending on the time scale considered, and on the height above ground of the measurements, it can either be a major component of the overall net ecosystem exchange or nearly negligible. Instrumental configuration and computational procedures must be optimized to measure this change at the time step used for the turbulent flux measurement. Three different configurations are suitable within the Integrated Carbon Observation System infrastructure for the storage flux determination: separate sampling, subsequent sampling and mixed sampling. These configurations have their own advantages and disadvantages, and must be carefully selected based on the specific features of the considered station. In this paper, guidelines about number and distribution of vertical and horizontal sampling points are given. Details about suitable instruments, sampling devices, and computational procedures for the quantification of the storage flux of different GHG gases are also provided.
Soil sampling and preparation for monitoring soil carbon
Authors: Arrouays Dominique , Saby Nicolas P.A. , Boukir Hakima , Jolivet Claudy , Ratié Céline , Schrumpf Marion , Merbold Lutz , Gielen Bert , Gogo Sébastien , Delpierre Nicolas , Vincent Gaëlle , Klumpp Katja , Loustau Denis 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
There is an urgent need for standardized monitoring of existing soil organic carbon stocks in order to accurately quantify potential negative or positive feedbacks with climate change on carbon fluxes. Given the uncertainty of flux measurements at the ecosystem scale, obtaining precise estimates of changes in soil organic carbon stocks is essential to provide an independent assessment of long-term net ecosystem carbon exchange. Here we describe the standard procedure to monitor the soil organic carbon stocks within the footprint of an eddy covariance flux tower, as applied at ecosystem stations of the Integrated Carbon Observation System. The objectives are i) to ensure comparability between sites and to be able to draw general conclusions from the results obtained across many ecosystems and ii) to optimize the sampling design in order to be able to prove changes in time using a reduced number of samples. When sampling a given site at two periods, the objective is generally to assess if changes occurred in time. The changes that can be detected (i.e., demonstrated as statistically significant) depend on several parameters such as the number of samples, the spatial sampling design, and the inherent within-site soil variability. Depending on these parameters, one can define the ‘minimum detectable change’ which is the minimum value of changed that can be statistically proved. Using simulation studies, we address the trade-off between increasing the number of samples and getting lower minimum detectable changes of soil organic carbon stocks.
Ancillary vegetation measurements at ICOS ecosystem stations
Authors: Gielen Bert , Acosta Manuel , Altimir Nuria , Buchmann Nina , Cescatti Alessandro , Ceschia Eric , Fleck Stefan , Hörtnagl Lukas , Klumpp Katja , Kolari Pasi , Lohila Annalea , Loustau Denis , Marańon-Jimenez Sara , Manise Tanguy , Matteucci Giorgio , Merbold Lutz , Metzger Christine , Moureaux Christine , Montagnani Leonardo , Nilsson Mats B. , Osborne Bruce , Papale Dario , Pavelka Marian , Saunders Matthew , Simioni Guillaume , Soudani Kamel , Sonnentag Oliver , Tallec Tiphaine , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina , Peichl Matthias , Pokorny Radek , Vincke Caroline , Wohlfahrt Georg 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The Integrated Carbon Observation System is a Pan-European distributed research infrastructure that has as its main goal to monitor the greenhouse gas balance of Europe. The ecosystem component of Integrated Carbon Observation System consists of a multitude of stations where the net greenhouse gas exchange is monitored continuously by eddy covariance measurements while, in addition many other measurements are carried out that are a key to an understanding of the greenhouse gas balance. Amongst them are the continuous meteorological measurements and a set of non-continuous measurements related to vegetation. The latter include Green Area Index, aboveground biomass and litter biomass. The standardized methodology that is used at the Integrated Carbon Observation System ecosystem stations to monitor these vegetation related variables differs between the ecosystem types that are represented within the network, whereby in this paper we focus on forests, grasslands, croplands and mires. For each of the variables and ecosystems a spatial and temporal sampling design was developed so that the variables can be monitored in a consistent way within the ICOS network. The standardisation of the methodology to collect Green Area Index, above ground biomass and litter biomass and the methods to evaluate the quality of the collected data ensures that all stations within the ICOS ecosystem network produce data sets with small and similar errors, which allows for inter-comparison comparisons across the Integrated Carbon Observation System ecosystem network.
Drawing the Cause of Social Conflict in Pemilukada
Authors: Kharima Nadya 
Published: December 2018

Abstract. The rise of social conflicts generated in Pemilukada in different ways need an anticipated measure. If the problems continue to increase, Social Development Goals such as community development is difficult to realize while public will only be a victim. In this regard, this article intends to explore a case of social conflict during Pemilukada in Palopo City. This means understanding the causes of the emergence of social conflicts exists in during Pemilukada. Utilizing a qualitative research approach with exploration methods based on available sources, the analysis is performed by linking the existing conflict theory with the results of interviews and observations of the author. Findings indicates three points generating the emergence of social conflict, where each of them have a deterrent social conflict in Pemilukada. Abstrak. Maraknya konflik sosial yang ditimbulkan dalam pemilukada di berbagai daerah sudah seharusnya dapat diantisipasi secara lebih baik. Karena jika masalah sosial ini terus mengalami peningkatan maka salah satu tujuan dari pembangunan sosial yaitu pengembangan masyarakat justru tidak akan terwujud karena masyarakat hanya akan menjadi korban dari konflik yang telah terjadi selama pemilukada berlangsung. Karena itu, penulis mencoba untuk melakukan penelitian berdasarkan salah satu kasus konflik sosial yang telah terjadi pada pemilukada yaitu di Kota Palopo. Berkaca dari konflik sosial yang terjadi dalam pemilukada di Kota Palopo, penulis mencoba menakar apa saja penyebab dari munculnya konflik sosial yang ada dalam pemilukada. Dengan menggunakan teknik penelitian kualitatif dengan metode ekplorasi berdasarkan sumber-sumber yang ada. Kemudian analisa dilakukan dengan menghubungkan antara teori konflik yang ada dengan hasil wawancara dan pengamatan penulis. Di mana dari analisa penulis telah ditemukan tiga hal yang menjadi penyebab dari munculnya konflik sosial, masing-masing dari ketiganya ini juga dapat menjadi pencegah terjadinya konflik sosial dalam pemilukada.
Efektivitas Pembinaan Kemandirian Narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Wirogunan Yogyakarta
Authors: Equatora Muhammad Ali 
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Research on the effectiveness in coaching independence prisoners in Wirogunan Yogyakarta has begun and aims to determine the effectiveness in coaching independence inmates start with the implementations aimed at the realization of prisoners who have self-reliance skills. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach, where the primary data found by asking questions of the officials on issues related to assimilation processing job (coaching independence) from both structural field officials. Base on the research, it is known that the effectiveness of coaching independence inmates still not optimal condition apart from several factor, including the human factor other support, human resources, process guidance, available budget and bureaucracy. Effort needs to be done to overcome obstacles in coaching independence inmates were cooperating with the government agencies and institutions in an effort to increase public guidance to prisoners; strong motivation from the persons with the principles of morality and idealist; the effort to improve the walfare agency officials to increase the loyality of officers in carrying out the existence of moral. Researchers sugget the necessity of an understanding of the responsibilities in coaching independent prisoners with all parties, especially the components in the criminal justice system such as police, prosecutors, and court to actively enroll people, and the government and the private sector in efforts to confront obstacles in the face of prison. Abstrak. Penelitian tentang efektifitas pembinaan pada para narapidana yang bebas di Wirogunan Yogyakarta bertujuan guna menentukan efektifitas pembinaan atas mereka yang dimulai dengan berbagai implementasi untuk mewujudkan tahanan yang memiliki keterampilan kemandirian diri. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif di mana data primer diperoleh dengan mengajukan pertanyaan pada petugas resmi terkait isu pekerjaan proses asimilasi (melatih tahanan yang bebas) dari petugas yang terbagi secara struktural. Berdasarkan riset ini, diketahui bahwa efektifitas pembinaan narapidana jauh dari kondisi optimal terkait beberapa faktor yang meliputi faktor kemanusiaan, seperti dukungan, sumber daya manusia, pembinaan, ketersediaan anggaran, dan birokrasi. Upaya yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi tantangan pembinaan narapidana yang bebas adalah bekerjasama dengan agen-agen pemerintah dan berbagai lembaga guna meningkatkan peningkatkan pembinaan narapidana, motivasi yang kuat dari orang-orang beserta prinsip-prinsip moralitas dan idealisme, upaya meningkatkan kesejahteraan oleh petugas guna meningkatkan loyalitas dalam mengemban eksistensi moral. Peneliti menyarankan perlunya pemahaman tanggung jawab dalam membina narapidana bebas dengan seluruh bagian-bagiannya khususnya komponen-komponen di dalam sistem keadilan hukum seperti polisi, jaksa, dan pengadilan agar secara aktif mendaftarkan masyarakat, pemerintah dan sektor privat dalam upaya mengatasi tantangan menghadapi narapidana.
Keberfungsian Spiritual bagi Kehidupan Sosial Wanita Tuna Susila
Authors: - Lufiarna 
Published: December 2018

Abstract. The social life of women sex worker (Wanita Tuna Susila-WTS) is similar to women in general possessing care and love their children and trying to set good examples as wives and mothers for their families. Accordingly, numbers of them, being a WTS does not prevent them to attain a good spiritual level and religious understanding. In this regard, it is necessary to study the spiritual function for sex workers’ social life. The purpose of this study is to understand and explain to public the spiritual side of WTS within social life spectrum. This research is a descriptive qualitative research, aiming at providing an overview of spiritual function of WTS. The research concludes that a spiritual understanding is perceived as an important aspect within their social lives. It is crucially important as they consider spiritual needs as a form of forgiveness, interpreting the suffering of life, wisdom insights, patient attainment, seeking a calm and peace with their social lives. Abstrak. Kehidupan sosial para Wanita Tuna Susila (WTS) sama seperti wanita pada umumnya yang merawat dan menyayangi anak-anak mereka serta berusaha menjadi contoh istri dan ibu yang baik bagi keluarganya. Sebagian dari mereka walaupun menjadi seorang WTS juga memiliki tingkat spiritual dan pemahaman agama yang cukup baik. Sehingga dengan keadaan seperti ini, maka perlu dikaji fungsi spiritual bagi kehidupan sosial WTS. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami serta menjelaskan kepada masyarakat mengenai sisi spiritual WTS dalam kehidupan sosial yang patut kita pahami bersama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif yang memiliki tujuan untuk memberikan gambaran fungsi spiritual bagi WTS. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman spiritual sesungguhnya sangat dibutuhkan oleh para WTS di mana mereka mengangap pentingnya kebutuhan spiritual sebagai bentuk pengampunan, memaknai penderitaan hidup, mengambil hikmah, bersabar, ketenangan hidup dan berdamai dengan kehidupan sosialnya.
Carabidae of Barnaul city parks: ecological characteristics and species composition
Authors: Kuchina E. A. , Ovcharenko N. D. , Vasileva L. D. 
Published: December 2018

<p>Anthropogenic impact on the population of ground beetles leads to a change in their numbers, structure of dominance, density, species composition, spectrum of life forms. This makes the beetles Carabidae a convenient and informative bioindicator of the ecological state of biocenoses. The material for this work was the Carabidae collections conducted in June-August 2016-2017 in the park zone of different regions of Barnaul, differing in location, area, hydrological regime, vegetation cover, purpose and anthropogenic load. When processing the material, the quantitative, species and generic composition of the carabidae was determined, calculations were made for such indicators as the Berger-Parker dominance index, the Shannon species diversity index (Hs), and the Jacquard species similarity index. The fauna (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the park zone of Barnaul is represented by 55 species belonging to 20 genera. The dominant group is represented by species belonging to steppe, forest and polyzonal groups. Forest-steppe species of ground beetles as dominants have not been identified in any of the investigated territories. The greatest variety of ecological groups was noted on the territory of the Yubileyny рark, which is explained by the presence of zones with various microclimatic conditions, the presence of a birch grove that flows through the park with the Pivovarka River, and a wide log in the park. Registered species belong to eight groups of life forms belonging to two classes - zoophagous and myxophytophagous. On the numerical and species abundance, zoophages predominate. The spectrum of life forms corresponds to the zonal spectrum characteristic of the forest-steppe zone.</p><p> </p>
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PREOPERATIVE PRELOAD WITH CARBOHYDRATES UPON METABOLIC, IMMUNE AND CYTOKINE STATUSES AFTER RECONSTRUCTIVE ESOPHAGEAL SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS
Authors: Tarasova I. A. , Inviyaeva E. V. , Bunyatyan K. A. , Tskhovrebov A. T. , Nikoda V. V. , Shestakov A. L. 
Published: December 2018

The aimof this prospective randomized clinical study was to investigate the role of preoperative carbohydrate admnistration in surgery-induced metabolic, immune and inflammatory reactions after thoracoabdominal operations. At the Surgical department I (B.V. Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery), we investigated a modulatory role of carbohydrate preload upon surgical stress observed after major thoracoabdominal operations (thoracoscopic and open esophagectomy, retrosternal colonic esophagoplasty) followed by the enhanced recovery protocol. The study was performed in 2014-2017, it included 30 patients, divided into 2 groups. Group A patients (n = 16) received carbohydrates preload (12.5% maltodextrin solution per os or enterally). In patients with dysphagia, the 12.5% dextrose solution was used intravenously in equal volumes. Group B patients didn’t receive any additional preload with carbohydrates. The groups were age- and gendermatched, similar for disease and surgery types. Glucose and insulin levels (with HOMA insulin resistance index, HOMA-IR) were measured before surgery and on day +1, interleukin levels (IL-6, IL-10, IL-8) and index IL-8/IL-10 were assessed before surgery, and on days +1 and +5 after surgery. Cell-mediated immunity was investigated before surgery and on day +5.The stress-induced hyperglycemia (> 7.8 mmol/L) was detected more frequently in group B (50%), than in group A (6%), p = 0.012. Insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR in group B was detected in 71% of patients and in 25% patients of group A only, p = 0.027. Individual analysis of immune response demonstrated that a trend for immune recovery was detected by the day +5 post-op in the group A. Postoperative levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were lower on day +1 and +5 in group A. Morbidity rates and the terms of hospitalization were similar in both groups. Local postsurgical infections in group A were developed in 6% of the patients vs 35.6% in group B (p = 0.072).In conclusion, a complex study of surgical stress, i.e., metabolic, immune and inflammatory reactions after esophageal surgery has shown that the carbohydrate preload decreased the incidence of postoperative insulin resistance and stress-induced hyperglycemia, being accompanied by lower release of proinflammatory cytokines and provides positive effects upon the patient’s immune system.
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of the small and large intestine strictures in Crohn’s disease. Radiological semiotics and assessment of the inflammation activity
Authors: Dubrova S. E. , Stashuk G. A. , Nikitina N. V. , Bogomazov Yu. K. 
Published: December 2018

Rationale: Crohn's disease is characterized by continuous severe course, and in a half of the patients is associated with formation of strictures that are difcult to treat and signifcantly decrease quality of life. Difculties during the diﬀerentiation between inﬂammation-related and fbrostenotic strictures and divergent approaches to their treatment in patients with Crohn's disease indicate the need in precise diagnostics and systematization of the radiological semiotics of strictures.Aim: To propose radiological semiotics of the small and large intestine strictures based on the results of multiaxial computed tomography (MACT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and methods: MACT and MRI visualization was performed in 40 patients with a stenotic type of Crohn's disease.Results: The radiological signs of the strictures were classifed into two main groups: intestinal and extra-intestinal. They were systematized according to nine criteria, such as character of formation, etiology, number, inﬂammation grade, extension, shape, and location, presence of ileus and presence of other complications. The inﬂammation activity in the intestinal wall was evaluated during the postcontrast assessment: active inﬂammation in the arterial phase (at 25 seconds after administration of the contrast agent), chronic inﬂammation in the delayed phase (at 10 minutes). The MRI results were cross-checked with those of MACT. At the precontrast stage, MRI was more informative as per the width of the intestinal lumen, whereas MACT was preferential in the diagnosis of fat infltration of the intestinal wall. Post-contrast MACT and MRI were diagnostically equivalent. The most indicative for active inﬂammation were diﬀuse weighed MRI images, arterial phase MACT and MRI, whereas chronic inﬂammation and wall fbrosis were better diagnosed at the delayed phase (at 10 minutes) of MACT and MRI. Both methods (MACT and MRI) could not diﬀerentiate between the submucous and muscular layers of the intestinal wall. Mixed type of inﬂammation was seen in the walls of intestinal strictures: chronic inﬂammation dominated in the intermediate, most extensive part of a stricture and remained stable during the dynamic follow-up, whereas active inﬂammation was found in the marginal parts of the strictures, which were most susceptible to changes during the follow-up.Conclusion: Based on a set of certain signs obtained by radiological visualization, we propose a registry for stricture assessment based on evaluation of the inﬂammation activity.
Message from Editor
Authors: Bektas Prof. Dr. Cetin 
Published: December 2018

Dear Readers,
It is the great honour for us to publish eighth volume, third issue of Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues.

Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues is an international, multi- disciplinary, peer-refereed journal which aims to provide a global platform for professionals working in the field of business, economics, management, accounting, marketing, banking and finance and scholars and researchers to share their theoretical, empirical and practical knowledge on current issues in the area of business, economics and management.

The scope of Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues includes; but is not limited to current issues on; Accounting, Advertising Management, Business and Economics, Business Ethics, Business Intelligence, Business Information Systems, Business Law, International Finance, Labor Economics, Labor Relations & Human Resource Management, Law and Economics, Management Information Systems, Business Law, Business Performance Management, Business Statistics, Communications Management, Comparative Economic Systems, Consumer Behavior, Corporate Finance and Governance, Corporate Governance, Cost Management, Management Science, Market Structure and Pricing, Marketing Research and Strategy, Marketing Theory and Applications, Operations Research, Organizational Behavior & Theory, Organizational Communication, Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles, Product Management, Decision Sciences, Development Planning and Policy, Economic Development, Economic Methodology, Economic Policy and so on.