bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The many faces of myocardial ischaemia and angina
Authors: Levy Bernard I , Heusch Gerd , Camici Paolo G 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Obstructive disease of the epicardial coronary arteries is the main cause of angina. However, a number of patients with anginal symptoms have normal coronaries or non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) despite electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia during stress testing. In addition to limited microvascular vasodilator capacity, the coronary microcirculation of these patients is particularly sensitive to vasoconstrictor stimuli, in a condition known as microvascular angina. This review briefly summarizes the determinants and control of coronary blood flow (CBF) and myocardial perfusion. It subsequently analyses the mechanisms responsible for transient myocardial ischaemia: obstructive CAD, coronary spasm and coronary microvascular dysfunction in the absence of epicardial coronary lesions, and variable combinations of structural anomalies, impaired endothelium-dependent and/or -independent vasodilation, and enhanced perception of pain. Lastly, we exemplify mechanism of angina during tachycardia. Distal to a coronary stenosis, coronary dilator reserve is already recruited and can be nearly exhausted at rest distal to a severe stenosis. Increased heart rate reduces the duration of diastole and thus CBF when metabolic vasodilation is no longer able to increase CBF. The increase in myocardial oxygen consumption and resulting metabolic vasodilation in adjacent myocardium without stenotic coronary arteries further acts to divert blood flow away from the post-stenotic coronary vascular bed through collaterals.
Who eats what? Unravelling microbial conversion of coal to methane
Authors: Vick Silas H W , Gong Se , Sestak Stephen , Vergara Tania J , Pinetown Kaydy L , Li Zhongsheng , Greenfield Paul , Tetu Sasha G , Midgley David J , Paulsen Ian T 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTMicrobial communities in subsurface coal seams are responsible for the conversion of coal organic matter to methane. This process has important implications for both energy production and our understanding of global carbon cycling. Despite the environmental and economic importance of this process, little is known about which components of the heterogeneous coal organic matter are biodegradable under methanogenic conditions. Similarly, little is known about which taxa in coal seams carry out the initial stages of coal organics degradation. To identify the biodegradable components of coal and the microorganisms responsible for their breakdown, a subbituminous coal was fractionated into a number of chemical compound classes which were used as the sole carbon source for growth by a coal seam microbial community. This study identifies 65 microbial taxa able to proliferate on specific coal fractions and demonstrates a surprising level of substrate specificity among members of this coal-degrading microbial consortia. Additionally, coal kerogen, the solvent-insoluble organic component of coal often considered recalcitrant to microbial degradation, appeared to be readily converted to methane by microbial degradation. These findings challenge our understanding of coal organic matter catabolism and provide insights into the catabolic roles of individual coal seam bacteria.
Cross-disorder analysis of schizophrenia and 19 immune-mediated diseases identifies shared genetic risk
Authors: Pouget Jennie G ,   Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Han Buhm , Wu Yang , Mignot Emmanuel , Ollila Hanna M , Barker Jonathan , Spain Sarah , Dand Nick , Trembath Richard , Martin Javier , Mayes Maureen D , Bossini-Castillo Lara , López-Isac Elena , Jin Ying , Santorico Stephanie A , Spritz Richard A , Hakonarson Hakon , Polychronakos Constantin , Raychaudhuri Soumya , Knight Jo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Many immune diseases occur at different rates among people with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Here, we evaluated whether this phenomenon might be explained by shared genetic risk factors. We used data from large genome-wide association studies to compare the genetic architecture of schizophrenia to 19 immune diseases. First, we evaluated the association with schizophrenia of 581 variants previously reported to be associated with immune diseases at genome-wide significance. We identified five variants with potentially pleiotropic effects. While colocalization analyses were inconclusive, functional characterization of these variants provided the strongest evidence for a model in which genetic variation at rs1734907 modulates risk of schizophrenia and Crohn’s disease via altered methylation and expression of EPHB4—a gene whose protein product guides the migration of neuronal axons in the brain and the migration of lymphocytes towards infected cells in the immune system. Next, we investigated genome-wide sharing of common variants between schizophrenia and immune diseases using cross-trait LD score regression. Of the 11 immune diseases with available genome-wide summary statistics, we observed genetic correlation between six immune diseases and schizophrenia: inflammatory bowel disease (rg = 0.12 ± 0.03, P = 2.49 × 10−4), Crohn’s disease (rg = 0.097 ± 0.06, P = 3.27 × 10−3), ulcerative colitis (rg = 0.11 ± 0.04, P = 4.05 × 10–3), primary biliary cirrhosis (rg = 0.13 ± 0.05, P = 3.98 × 10−3), psoriasis (rg = 0.18 ± 0.07, P = 7.78 × 10–3) and systemic lupus erythematosus (rg = 0.13 ± 0.05, P = 3.76 × 10–3). With the exception of ulcerative colitis, the degree and direction of these genetic correlations were consistent with the expected phenotypic correlation based on epidemiological data. Our findings suggest shared genetic risk factors contribute to the epidemiological association of certain immune diseases and schizophrenia.
Factors associated with sharing e-mail information and mental health survey participation in large population cohorts
Authors: Adams Mark J , Hill W David , Howard David M , Dashti Hassan S , Davis Katrina A S , Campbell Archie , Clarke Toni-Kim , Deary Ian J , Hayward Caroline , Porteous David , Hotopf Matthew , McIntosh Andrew M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
People who opt to participate in scientific studies tend to be healthier, wealthier and more educated than the broader population. Although selection bias does not always pose a problem for analysing the relationships between exposures and diseases or other outcomes, it can lead to biased effect size estimates. Biased estimates may weaken the utility of genetic findings because the goal is often to make inferences in a new sample (such as in polygenic risk score analysis).

Methods
We used data from UK Biobank, Generation Scotland and Partners Biobank and conducted phenotypic and genome-wide association analyses on two phenotypes that reflected mental health data availability: (i) whether participants were contactable by e-mail for follow-up; and (ii) whether participants responded to follow-up surveys of mental health.

Results
In UK Biobank, we identified nine genetic loci associated (P &lt;5 × 10–8) with e-mail contact and 25 loci associated with mental health survey completion. Both phenotypes were positively genetically correlated with higher educational attainment and better health and negatively genetically correlated with psychological distress and schizophrenia. One single nucleotide polymorphism association replicated along with the overall direction of effect of all association results.

Conclusions
Re-contact availability and follow-up participation can act as further genetic filters for data on mental health phenotypes.
Business Actors, Paramilitaries and Transitional Criminal Justice in Colombia
Authors: Wesche Philipp 
Published: June 2019

Abstract∞
In internal armed conflicts, business actors often play an important role. Yet, their criminal responsibility is rarely addressed in transitional justice (TJ). This article presents a case study of the Colombian transition process with respect to the paramilitaries, which has resulted in hundreds of criminal investigations against business actors in the ordinary justice system. Nonetheless, the large majority continues in impunity. Based on qualitative interviews with public prosecutors, the article analyzes the main obstacles to holding them accountable, arguing that TJ processes should give more emphasis to the private-sector supporters of armed groups so as to prevent the recurrence of violence.
Improved determination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae gyrase A genotype results in clinical specimens
Authors: Allan-Blitz Lao-Tzu , Ellis Olivia L , Wee Rachel , Truong Annie , Ebeyan Samantha M , Tan Lit Yeen , Mokany Elisa , Flynn Risa , Klausner Jeffrey D 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
The emergence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae has prompted the development of rapid molecular assays designed to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. One common assay uses high-resolution melt analysis to target codon 91 of the gyrase A gene (gyrA) to predict N. gonorrhoeae susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

Methods
We extracted DNA from remnant clinical specimens that had previously tested positive for N. gonorrhoeae using the Aptima Combo 2 for CT/NG assay (Hologic, San Diego, CA, USA). We selected DNA extracts from specimens with indeterminate, WT and mutant gyrA genotype results from a previous study using high-resolution melt analysis to detect the gyrA codon 91 mutation. We re-tested those specimens using the recently CE-marked ResistancePlus GC (beta) assay (SpeeDx, Sydney, Australia).

Results
Of 86 specimens with indeterminate gyrA genotypes on high-resolution melt analysis, the ResistancePlus GC (beta) assay (SpeeDx) identified 30 (35%) WT, 22 (26%) mutant and 34 (40%) indeterminate gyrA genotypes.

Conclusions
The ResistancePlus GC (beta) assay showed improved N. gonorrhoeae gyrA genotype determination compared with a prior gyrA genotypic high-resolution melt assay.
UV background fluctuations and three-point correlations in the large-scale clustering of the Lyman α forest
Authors: Tie Suk Sien , Weinberg David H , Martini Paul , Zhu Wei , Peirani Sébastien , Suarez Teresita , Colombi Stéphane 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Using the Lyman α (Lyα) Mass Association Scheme, we make theoretical predictions for the three-dimensional three-point correlation function (3PCF) of the Lyα forest at redshift z = 2.3. We bootstrap results from the (100 h−1 Mpc)3 Horizon hydrodynamic simulation to a (1 h−1 Gpc)3N-body simulation, considering both a uniform ultraviolet background (UVB) and a fluctuating UVB sourced by quasars with a comoving nq ≈ 10−5h3 Mpc−3 placed either in massive haloes or randomly. On scales of 10–30 h−1 Mpc, the flux 3PCF displays hierarchical scaling with the square of the two-point correlation function (2PCF), but with an unusual value of Q ≡ ζ123/(ξ12ξ13 + ξ12ξ23 + ξ13ξ23) ≈ −4.5 that reflects the low bias of the Lyα forest and the anticorrelation between mass density and transmitted flux. For halo-based quasars and an ionizing photon mean free path of λ = 300 h−1 Mpc comoving, UVB fluctuations moderately depress the 2PCF and 3PCF, with cancelling effects on Q. For λ = 100 or 50 h−1 Mpc, UVB fluctuations substantially boost the 2PCF and 3PCF on large scales, shifting the hierarchical ratio to Q ≈ −3. We scale our simulation results to derive rough estimate of the detectability of the 3PCF in current and future observational data sets for the redshift range z = 2.1–2.6. At r = 10 and 20 h−1 Mpc, we predict a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ∼9 and ∼7, respectively, for both Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) and extended BOSS (eBOSS), and ∼37 and ∼25 for Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). At r = 40 h−1 Mpc the predicted SNR is lower by a factor of ∼3–5. Measuring the flux 3PCF would provide a novel test of the conventional paradigm of the Lyα forest and help separate the contributions of UVB fluctuations and density fluctuations to Lyα forest clustering, thereby solidifying its foundation as a tool of precision cosmology.
The specific angular momenta of superthin galaxies: Cue to their origin?
Authors: Jadhav Y Vikas , Banerjee Arunima 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Superthin galaxies are low surface brightness (LSB) bulgeless disc galaxies having stellar discs with unusually high planar-to-vertical axes ratio b/a > 10–20, the formation and evolution of which is not well understood. We calculate the specific angular momenta of a sample of six superthins and nine other bulgeless LSBs using stellar photometry, atomic hydrogen (HI) surface density, and high-resolution HI rotation curves available in the literature. We find that the stellar specific angular mometum js, and hence the stellar disc size given by the exponential stellar disc scale length RD, of three superthins and seven LSBs lie above the 95.4 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence band of the js − Vrot regression line for ordinary bulgeless disc galaxies, Vrot being the asymptotic rotational velocity. Further, we find that superthins and LSBs have higher js and RD values for a given value of stellar mass Ms at high values of statistical significance, compared to ordinary disc galaxies. Therefore, we conclude, a superthin is may be distinguished by a characteristically larger disc size which could possibly explain the origin of its large planar-to-vertical axes ratio. Interestingly, we find that the median spin parameter $\lambda = \frac{ j_{\rm {stars}} }{ {\sqrt{(}2) V_{\rm {vir}} R_{\rm {vir}} } }$, Vvir and Rvir being the virial velocity and virial radius of the galaxy respectively, is 0.13 ± 0.01 for superthin galaxies which is an order of magnitude higher than those of LSBs and ordinary disc galaxies, which may have important implications for the existence of superthin stellar discs in these LSB galaxies.
Dust spreading in debris discs: do small grains cling on to their birth environment?
Authors: Pawellek Nicole , Moór Attila , Pascucci Ilaria , Krivov Alexander V 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Debris discs are dusty belts of planetesimals around main-sequence stars, similar to the asteroid and Kuiper belts in our Solar system. The planetesimals cannot be observed directly, yet they produce detectable dust in mutual collisions. Observing the dust, we can try to infer properties of invisible planetesimals. Here, we address the question of what is the best way to measure the location of outer planetesimal belts that encompass extrasolar planetary systems. A standard method is using resolved images at millimetre wavelengths, which reveal dust grains with sizes comparable to the observational wavelength. Smaller grains seen in the infrared (IR) are subject to several non-gravitational forces that drag them away from their birth rings, and so may not closely trace the parent bodies. In this study, we examine whether imaging of debris discs at shorter wavelengths might enable determining the spatial location of the exo-Kuiper belts with sufficient accuracy. We find that around M-type stars the dust best visible in the mid-IR is efficiently displaced inwards from their birth location by stellar winds, causing the discs to look more compact in mid-IR images than they actually are. However, around earlier-type stars where the majority of debris discs is found, discs are still the brightest at the birth ring location in the mid-IR regime. Thus, sensitive IR facilities with good angular resolution, such as MIRI on James Webb Space Telescope, will enable tracing exo-Kuiper belts in nearby debris disc systems.
Annual parallax and galactic orbit of Y Librae (IRAS 15090−0549) Mira variable star—GALORB release
Authors: Chibueze James O , Omodaka Toshihiro , Urago Riku , Nagayama Takumi , Alhassan Jibrin A , Nishida Yoshiro , Aralu Ogochukwu U , van Rooyen Ruby , Nakagawa Akiharu , Honma Mareki , Ueno Yuji 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Using the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA), we measured the trigonometric parallax of an H2O maser source in a variable star of Mira Cet type, Y Lib, to be 0.855 ± 0.050 mas, corresponding to a distance of 1.17 ± 0.07 kpc. From multi-epoch infrared observations with the Kagoshima University 1 m telescope, we derived the mean J, H, and K′-band magnitudes of Y Lib to be 4.34 ± 0.22 mag, 3.62 ± 0.18 mag, and 3.25 ± 0.16 mag, respectively. The pulsation period of Y Lib was obtained to be 277.2 ± 13.9 d. We derived the effective temperature and radius of Y Lib to be 3100 ± 125 K and $211 \pm 11 \, R_{\odot }$, respectively. The peculiar motion of Y Lib Us (motion towards the Galactic center), Vs (motion in the direction of Galactic rotation), and Ws (motion towards the Galactic North Pole) were obtained to be −16 ± 3 km s−1, 25 ± 2 km s−1, and 13 ± 3 km s−1, respectively. After validation, we used the new release of the GALactic ORbit simulation package to trace the past 1 Gyr orbit of Y Lib in the Milky Way. Fitting the orbit of Y Lib with the MWPotential2014 Galactic Potential model produced high eccentricity in the direction perpendicular to the Galactic center, but decreasing the Miyamoto–Nagai disk potential contribution in the Milky Way model produced a reasonable result of the Y Lib orbit.
Children who say hand dryers ‘hurt my ears’ are correct: A real-world study examining the loudness of automated hand dryers in public places
Authors: Keegan Nora Louise 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Previous research has suggested that hand dryers may operate at dangerously loud levels for adults. No research has explored whether they operate at a safe level for children’s hearing. Children’s ears are more sensitive to damage from loud sounds than adult ears. Health Canada prohibits the sale of toys with peak loudness greater than 100 dB. This study tested installed dryers in public washrooms to see if they were safe for children’s hearing.

Methods
Forty-four hand dryers in public washrooms were each measured for peak sound levels in a standardized fashion, including at children’s ear canal heights. Each dryer was measured at 10 different combinations of heights and distances from the wall, and with and without hands in the air stream coming from the hand dryer, for a total of 20 measurements per dryer.

Results
Xlerator units performed the loudest, with all being louder than 100 dBA at all measurements whenever hands were in the airstream. Several Dyson Airblade models were also very loud, including the single loudest measurement of 121 dBA. While some other units operated at low sound levels, many units were louder at children’s ear heights than at adult ear heights.

Discussion
Many dryers operated much louder than their manufacturers claimed, usually greater than 100 dBA (the maximum allowable noise level for products/toys meant for children).

Conclusion
This study suggests that many hand dryers operate at levels far louder than their manufacturers claim and at levels that are clearly dangerous to children’s hearing.
Ab initio no-core shell model study of neutron-rich nitrogen isotopes
Authors: Saxena Archana , Srivastava Praveen C 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We have calculated the energy spectra for neutron-rich $^{18-22}$N isotopes using the no-core shell model. To calculate the energy spectrum we have used three different $NN$ potentials: inside non-local outside Yukawa (INOY), next-to-next-to-next-leading order (N3LO) from chiral effective field theory, and charge-dependent Bonn 2000 (CDB2K). The INOY potential is a two-body interaction but also has the effect of three-body forces at short range and a non-local character present in it. The calculations have been done at $\hbar\Omega=20$ MeV, 14 MeV, and 12 MeV using INOY, N3LO, and CDB2K potentials, respectively. We have also performed shell model calculations with the YSOX interaction. The results with the INOY interaction show good agreement with the experimental data in comparison to the other three interactions. We have also shown the occupancy of different orbitals involved corresponding to the largest model space ($N_{\rm max} = 4$) in the calculations.
PF179 DIFFERENT IMPACT OF BCR BREAKPOINT ON THE OUTCOME OF ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION FROM DIFFERENT GRAFT SOURCE FOR PH+ALL IN THE ERA OF TKI
Authors: Nishiwaki S. , Mizuta S. , Ohashi K. , Fukuda T. , Uchida N. , Kanamori H. , Onizuka M. , Ozawa Y. , Tanaka J. , Ichinohe T. , Atsuta Y. , Kako S. 
Published: June 2019

Background:Prognostic significance of different BCR breakpoints in Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL) has not been established. BCR‐ABL1–positive cells outside the B‐lineage compartment was reported in 40% of adult patients with Ph+ALL and the frequency was different between patients with minor BCR (mi‐bcr) and those with Major BCR (Ma‐bcr). This could suggest the possibility of biological differences in Ph+ALL according to BCR breakpoint. In the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo‐HCT) is still considered to be a choice to cure Ph+ALL. Different effect of unrelated graft source was reported on the outcome of allo‐HCT with positive minimal residual disease (MRD) in a recent study.Aims:We aimed to clarify the impact of BCR breakpoint as well as MRD status and graft source on the outcome of allo‐HCT for Ph+ALL in the era of TKI.Methods:We analyzed data from a registry database for 803 adult Ph+ALL patients who underwent unrelated allo‐HCT in the first complete remission. BCR breakpoint was mi‐bcr in 627 patients (78%), and Ma‐bcr in 154 (19%).Results:Overall survival (OS) rates at 4 years were 64% in mi‐bcr and 61% in Ma‐bcr among patients who underwent unrelated bone marrow or peripheral blood transplantation (UBMT) (P = 0.43), and 65% in mi‐bcr and 67% in Ma‐bcr among patients who underwent unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT) (P = 0.53). Similarly, the cumulative incidence of relapse or non‐relapse mortality (NRM) was not significantly different between patients with mi‐bcr and those with Ma‐bcr in either UBMT or UCBT (Relapse: UBMT, 20% in mi‐bcr and 18% in Ma‐bcr at 4 years, P = 0.73; UCBT, 20% in mi‐bcr and 15% in Ma‐bcr at 4 years, P = 0.35; NRM: UBMT, 25% in mi‐bcr and 30% in Ma‐bcr at 4 years, P = 0.31; UCBT, 23% in mi‐bcr and 26% in Ma‐bcr at 4 years, P = 0.98). BCR breakpoint was not a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analyses, regardless of graft source. However, in subanalyses, Ma‐bcr was a significant risk factor for survival and NRM in multivariate analyses among patients with MRD(+) at UBMT [Ma‐bcr (vs. mi‐bcr): OS: Hazard ratio (HR) 2.29, 95%CI 1.38 to 3.80, P = 0.001; NRM: HR 3.29, 95%CI 1.72 to 6.27, P < 0.001]. NRM was higher in patients with Ma‐bcr than in those with mi‐bcr among patients with MRD(+) at UBMT (44 % in Ma‐bcr vs. 14% in mi‐bcr at 4 years, P < 0.001), which led to lower survival rate in patients with Ma‐bcr.Summary/Conclusion:BCR breakpoint was a significant prognostic factor in Ph+ALL patients with MRD(+) at UBMT. This is the first study reporting the possibility of significant impact of BCR breakpoint on MRD‐based transplant outcome in Ph+ALL in the era of TKI.