bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Venous and Dural Sinus Thrombosis
Authors: Hocker Sara E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis (CVDST) is a rare cause of stroke that accounts for only 0.5% to 1% of all strokes. Diagnosis is challenging because of the diverse spectrum of clinical presentations. Onset is usually acute or subacute, but symptoms may be subtle, and neurologic examination findings may be normal. When a stroke occurs, it is often a hemorrhagic infarct. Therefore, to make a timely diagnosis, a high degree of awareness is required when at-risk patients present with neurologic symptoms or signs.
Cervical Arterial Dissection
Authors: Demaerschalk Bart M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cervical arterial dissections (CDs) are among the most common causes of stroke in young and middle-aged adults. CD is most prevalent in the upper cervical spine and may involve either the vertebral arteries or the carotid arteries. Mechanical forces can lead to intimal injuries of the cervical arteries and result in CD.
Unstable Spinal Fractures
Authors: Clifton William E. , Pichelmann Mark A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Traumatic spinal injuries occur relatively frequently, with an annual incidence of about 12,000 patients per year in the United States. Modern advances in critical care management of patients with spinal injuries and spinal cord injuries have greatly decreased mortality. Therefore, the prevalence in the United States is more than 200,000 patients per year. The importance of early diagnosis and proper management of acute spinal fractures cannot be understated. This chapter reviews the different types of bony and ligamentous disruption in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine that can lead to new or worsened neurologic injury if left untreated.
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Meningitis, an infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space, is a syndrome involving the cortex and vasculature that leads to vasculitis and secondary infarctions. The cerebral venous system is involved in severe cases. Acute bacterial meningitis usually results from community-acquired infections, but when it occurs in hospitalized patients (ie, nosocomial bacterial meningitis), it is usually due to invasive procedures. Factors that increase the risk of community-acquired meningitis include the immunocompromised state, human immunodeficiency virus infections, asplenia, and genetic factors such as complement factor deficiencies. In most adults with acute bacterial meningitis, a normal state of health is first interrupted by an upper respiratory tract infection or an ear infection that does not improve with antibiotic therapy. The potential source for acute bacterial meningitis, such as pneumonia, paranasal sinusitis, or middle ear infection, should be sought.
Brain Abscess and Spinal Epidural Abscess
Authors: Chen Selby G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two infections of the brain are relatively common. Patients with brain abscess are often critically ill and have a high mortality rate. The reported incidence of brain abscesses ranges from 0.4 to 0.9 per 100,000 people. In contrast, spinal epidural abscess (SEA), an infection of the epidural space, has increased in incidence from approximately 0.2 to 1.2 per 10,000 hospital admissions in the mid-1970s to a currently estimated 2.0 to 12.5 per 10,000 admissions. Both disorders are now more easily detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and this has improved early management, but clinical recognition is still a challenge for many physicians.
Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Hawkes Maximiliano A. , Wijdicks Eelco F. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a well-characterized B-cell–mediated disease caused by autoantibodies against targets located in the postsynaptic end plate of the neuromuscular junction. Fluctuating weakness and fatigability are clinical hallmarks of this disease. MG can be divided into subgroups based on the age at onset, serum antibodies, and thymic tumor, and different clinical courses can be anticipated with each. This chapter describes general concepts about MG, focusing on the triage, work-up, and management of severe myasthenic exacerbation (crisis).
Rhabdomyolysis and Toxic Myopathies
Authors: Kao Justin C. , Milone Margherita 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Myopathies in patients in the intensive care unit are comparatively rare and often are due to critical illness (rhabdomyolysis, critical illness myopathy). Rhabdomyolysis is commonly a consequence of continuous muscle activity, such as in status epilepticus and serotonin syndrome. Toxic myopathies are caused by drug exposure. Recognition and management of these 2 major myopathies are discussed.
Myopathy and Neuropathy Acquired in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Dhawan Priya S. , Tracy Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Acquired weakness in critically ill patients is common, affecting between one-third to one-half of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Exposure to simultaneous stressors such as metabolic derangements, fluid and electrolyte shifts, infection, catabolic stress, and medications put patients in the ICU at risk for damage to both nerve and skeletal muscle with substantial and often lasting morbidity. Critical illness polyneuropathy is a length-dependent, axonal peripheral neuropathy occurring in patients in the ICU and unrelated to the primary illness. Critical illness myopathy is an ICU-associated muscle disorder occurring independently of denervation and uniquely identified by electrophysiologic and histologic characteristics.
Neoplastic Meningitis
Authors: Porter Alyx B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Neoplastic meningitis (NM), also known as carcinomatous meningitis or leptomeningeal metastases, is usually a late-stage complication of cancer. This complication occurs in approximately 5% of patients with cancer, but the incidence in autopsy studies is 3 times higher. Cases of NM are increasing because of increased use of advanced imaging techniques. Breast, lung, and melanoma are the most common solid tumor malignancies leading to this complication, and leukemia and lymphoma are the most common hematologic malignancies. (NM may present as the initial presentation of cancer).
Radiation Therapy
Authors: Keole Sameer R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Radiation oncology is the specialty of medicine in which ionizing radiation is used to treat both malignant and benign conditions. The term radiation therapy (RT) is used, in part, as a differentiator from diagnostic radiation. In radiation oncology, treatment is provided with a team-based approach by physicians, nurses, physicists, dosimetrists, and radiation therapists. Dosimetrists perform the initial planning and mapping of the radiation fields. Radiation therapists deliver the treatment with external beam radiation therapy machines.
Intensive Care After Craniotomy
Authors: Gassie Kelly , Bradley Belinda G. , Wharen Robert E. , Kim Betty Y. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Technologic advances and a better understanding of the pathophysiologic basis of neurologic diseases have greatly improved the care of critically ill patients after neurosurgical procedures. Risk factors for the development of adverse events have been identified, and early identification and treatment of complications are essential. This chapter provides an overview of the initial evaluation of patients for intensive care unit admission after intracranial procedures, general care of those patients, and specific management strategies for early detection and treatment of complications.
Fluoroscopy: Principles and Safety
Authors: Sella David M. , Sturchio Glenn M. , Schueler Beth A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fluoroscopy is a valuable tool that can be used in critically ill patients. Detrimental effects on a patient physiologically and on hospital resources from unnecessary transport can be minimized with bedside procedures performed by an appropriately trained team. Operators must understand the basics of fluoroscopic imaging systems, radiation dose, and the ways in which exposure can be limited to both patients and personnel to avoid undesirable effects.
Basics of Airway and Oxygen Delivery Devices
Authors: Murray Andrew W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One of the greatest responsibilities in managing an airway is to maintain a continuously patent airway. Any loss of patency of the patient’s airway is critical, and if the ability to provide ventilatation is lost, brain damage can rapidly develop potentially lead to brain death. The definition of difficult airway is not standardized in the anesthesiology literature, but it has been described as the situation when “a conventionally trained anesthesiologist experiences difficulty with facemask ventilation of the upper airway, difficulty with tracheal intubation, or both”
Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation
Authors: Hampton Karen W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, also called noninvasive ventilation (NIV), is delivered through a noninvasive device, such as a full-face mask. Unlike the systems for invasive ventilation, which is delivered through an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube, the NIV delivery system is not a closed system, and so it leaks. The size of the leak affects the tidal volume delivered and the ability of the patient to trigger the machine into inspiration or cycle the machine into expiration. The acceptable leak for most systems is less than 35% of the peak inspiratory flow (leakage may be expressed as a percentage or as liters per minute).
Tracheostomy
Authors: Ghorab Saba , Lott David G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tracheostomy is a procedure where a conduit is created between the skin and the trachea. Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures undertaken in critically ill patients. Each year, approximately 10% of critical care patients in the United States require a tracheostomy, most often for prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Electrocardiographic Monitoring
Authors: Parikh Pragnesh P. , Venkatachalam K. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring is almost universal in patients in intensive care units, and 12-lead ECG is a frequently performed investigation. Both have the ability to detect many cardiac disturbances and the cardiac consequences of other conditions. Understanding the acquisition of the tracing, having a systematic approach to interpretation, and having the ability to differentiate concerning findings from nonconcerning ones and from artifacts are key skills for the intensivist.
Hemodynamic Monitoring
Authors: Callisen Hannelisa E. , Libricz Stacy L. , Sen Ayan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the critically ill patient, ensuring adequate oxygen delivery with sufficient perfusion pressure is vital. Basic physical examination remains the most invaluable and simplistic form of hemodynamic assessment, but technologic evolution has allowed for substantial advancement in monitoring techniques.
This chapter reviews the most common hemodynamic monitoring devices and techniques and focuses on the invasiveness, advantages, limitations, and technical aspects of each.
Pulmonary Artery Catheterization
Authors: Lowman Philip E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For years, the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC, better known as Swan-Ganz catheter) has been used largely to estimate and optimize hemodynamics according to the wedge pressure of the pulmonary artery. Its use dramatically declined after reports of complications and increased costs without benefit to patients. In the absence of reliable noninvasive devices, the catheter is used in severe cases and in cardiac surgery intensive care units.
Thoracentesis and Chest Tubes
Authors: Beamer Staci E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The pleural cavity is a negative-pressure airtight space that serves as the interface between the lung and the chest wall. Fluid is produced normally by the parietal pleura and absorbed by the visceral pleura as a result of difference in capillary pressure. The fluid is subsequently absorbed by the pleural lymphatics and ultimately into the thoracic duct. Disruption of the pleural space can result in a pneumothorax (air) or a pleural effusion (fluid). Pleural effusions can be caused by blood (hemothorax), infection (parapneumoic effusion or empyema), chyle (chylothorax), malignancy, inflammatory conditions, or imbalances in hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Both types of pleural processes alter the negative pressure of the thorax. The resulting positive pressure causes partial or complete lung collapse and respiratory symptoms. Thoracentesis and chest tube placement are essential procedures for both diagnosis and treatment of pleural conditions.
Lumbar Puncture
Authors: Smith Christina C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Lumbar puncture (LP) is used in the diagnosis of neurologic disorders such as central nervous system (CNS) infections, subarachnoid hemorrhage, CNS malignancies, and demyelinating diseases. Although LP is relatively safe, patients may have minor or major complications, including headache (10%-30% risk), bleeding (2%), severe radiculopathy (15%), and nerve damage (1%). Infection after a diagnostic lumbar puncture is exceedingly rare (the risk is increased with spinal anesthesia but infection is highly uncommon).
Intraventricular Drug Administration
Authors: Horn William W. , Brown Benjamin L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The blood-brain barrier prevents many medications from reaching brain tissue, and the intraventricular (IVT) route can be a useful alternative in appropriate situations. The administration of medications through extraventricular drains requires expertise. Permanently placed catheters such as Ommaya reservoirs can also be used for medication administration. These devices should be handled according to the manufacturer’s recommendations to avoid damaging them. Many hospitals have practice protocols.Herein we provide some guidelines.
Essentials of Cranial Neuroimaging
Authors: Lindell E. Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Critically ill patients may have a wide array of neuroimaging abnormalities, including ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and anoxic or hypoxic brain injury. Recognition of common and life-threatening patterns is essential to proper treatment. Critically ill patients are in an unstable condition, so moving them to a computed tomographic (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suite presents logistic and safety challenges that involve nursing care, transport of the ventilator and other intravenous tubing, and vasopressor medications. CT has a faster acquisition time than MRI and is more commonly used to obtain emergent neuroimaging data, such as massive stroke or intracranial structural information.
Sedation and Analgesia
Authors: Sanz Juan G. Ripoll , Diaz-Gomez Jose L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although sedatives and analgesics differ in pharmacologic properties, both produce sedation. Opioids are the most commonly used and most effective analgesics. However the two should be clearly separated. Sedatives should be considered the primary choice for sedation in the intensive care units and opioids are preferred for pain management after major surgery periprocedural use to avoid pain in a conscious patients, patients with poly trauma particarly major fractures, or patients who are known to chronically use these agents and may withdraw quickly with major consequences for management.
Antibiotics, Antivirals, and Antifungals
Authors: Aviles David A. Sotello , Hellinger Walter C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Antimicrobial therapy should not be initiated before infection with a susceptible pathogen is suspected or confirmed or before appropriate diagnostic specimens, including those for cultures, are collected. Recognizing indications for antibiotic administration and appropriately selecting antimicrobial agents based on clinical and microbiologic findings is required. Distinguishing between empiric prescribing, when infection syndromes and pathogens are suspected, and therapeutic prescribing, when infection syndromes are confirmed and pathogens identified, is critically important. Working knowledge of antimicrobial drug dosing, adjustment of dosing for renal or hepatic insufficiency, drug-drug interactions, and antimicrobial allergies or intolerances is required, and ready access to and liberal use of reference guides help ensure good patient care.
Palliative and End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Robinson Maisha T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Palliative medicine is the specialty that focuses on improving the quality of life for patients and families when the patients have serious or advanced medical conditions. The approach to care is patient centered and goal oriented. It can be performed at any stage of illness with or without a palliative medicine consultative service. All clinicians, including intensive care unit (ICU) physicians, who care for patients with serious or advanced illnesses should be able to provide adequate palliative care.
Bow shocks, bow waves, and dust waves – III. Diagnostics
Authors: Henney William J , Arthur S J 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Stellar bow shocks, bow waves, and dust waves all result from the action of a star’s wind and radiation pressure on a stream of dusty plasma that flows past it. The dust in these bows emits prominently at mid-infrared wavelengths in the range 8 to   60 $\mu$m. We propose a novel diagnostic method, the τ–η diagram, for analysing these bows, which is based on comparing the fractions of stellar radiative energy and stellar radiative momentum that is trapped by the bow shell. This diagram allows the discrimination of wind-supported bow shocks, radiation-supported bow waves, and dust waves in which grains decouple from the gas. For the wind-supported bow shocks, it allows the stellar wind mass-loss rate to be determined. We critically compare our method with a previous method that has been proposed for determining wind mass-loss rates from bow shock observations. This comparison points to ways in which both methods can be improved and suggests a downward revision by a factor of two with respect to previously reported mass-loss rates. From a sample of 23 mid-infrared bow-shaped sources, we identify at least four strong candidates for radiation-supported bow waves, which need to be confirmed by more detailed studies, but no strong candidates for dust waves.
V1005 Her: a solar-type shallow-contact binary in a triply fossil system
Authors: Zhu L-Y , Wang Z H , Tian X M , Li L J , Gao X 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTFour sets of complete multicolour light curves of the short-period solar-type eclipsing binary V1005 Her are presented. It is found that the depth of the primary minima in the light curves went deeper from 2013 to 2018, and then became shallower again in 2019, while those of the secondary minima were unchanged. The total-eclipse characteristics in the light curves enable us to determine reliable photometric solutions of this system. Our results from the detailed light-curve analysis show that V1005 Her is a W-type shallow-contact binary with spot activities. We have monitored this system for 7 yr and 22 new times of light minimum have been determined. Together with those collected from the literature, we investigate its Observed-Calculated O–C curve and detect a cyclic variation. Because of the insufficient energy, this cyclic change cannot be explained by magnetic activity cycles of the components even if it has high spots activities. The detected cyclic variation is more plausible as the results of the light-time effect due to the existence of a third body orbiting around the central binary. The minimal mass of the additional stellar companion is determined around 0.45 M⊙ in both circular orbit and eccentric orbit cases when a total mass of 1.2 M⊙ for the binary is adopted. This mass is larger than that of the less massive component of the central binary. It implies that the secondary body was not replaced by the third body during early stellar interactions, suggesting that it is a fossil system and keeps original dynamical information.
Constraining coherent low-frequency radio flares from compact binary mergers
Authors: Rowlinson A , Anderson G E 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The presence and detectability of coherent radio emission from compact binary mergers (containing at least one neutron star) remains poorly constrained due to large uncertainties in the models. These compact binary mergers may initially be detected as short gamma-ray bursts or via their gravitational wave emission. Several radio facilities have developed rapid response modes enabling them to trigger on these events and search for this emission. For this paper, we constrain this coherent radio emission using the deepest available constraints for GRB 150424A, which were obtained via a triggered observation with the Murchison Widefield Array. We then expand this analysis to determine the properties of magnetar merger remnants that may be formed via a general population of binary neutron star mergers. Our results demonstrate that many of the potential coherent emission mechanisms that have been proposed for such events can be detected or very tightly constrained by the complementary strategies used by the current generation of low-frequency radio telescopes.
ModelTest-NG: A New and Scalable Tool for the Selection of DNA and Protein Evolutionary Models
Authors: Darriba Diego , Posada David , Kozlov Alexey M , Stamatakis Alexandros , Morel Benoit , Flouri Tomas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractModelTest-NG is a reimplementation from scratch of jModelTest and ProtTest, two popular tools for selecting the best-fit nucleotide and amino acid substitution models, respectively. ModelTest-NG is one to two orders of magnitude faster than jModelTest and ProtTest but equally accurate and introduces several new features, such as ascertainment bias correction, mixture, and free-rate models, or the automatic processing of single partitions. ModelTest-NG is available under a GNU GPL3 license at https://github.com/ddarriba/modeltest , last accessed September 2, 2019.
Regulation of La/SSB-dependent viral gene expression by pre-tRNA 3′ trailer-derived tRNA fragments
Authors: Cho Hee , Lee Wooseong , Kim Geon-Woo , Lee Seung-Hoon , Moon Jae-Su , Kim Minwoo , Kim Hyun Seok , Oh Jong-Won 
Published: August 2019

AbstracttRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) have emerged as a new class of functional RNAs implicated in cancer, metabolic and neurological disorders, and viral infection. Yet our understanding of their biogenesis and functions remains limited. In the present study, through analysis of small RNA profile we have identified a distinct set of tRFs derived from pre-tRNA 3′ trailers in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh7. Among those tRFs, tRF_U3_1, which is a 19-nucleotide-long chr10.tRNA2-Ser(TGA)-derived trailer, was expressed most abundantly in both Huh7 and cancerous liver tissues, being present primarily in the cytoplasm. We show that genetic loss of tRF_U3_1 does not affect cell growth and it is not involved in Ago2-mediated gene silencing. Using La/SSB knockout Huh7 cell lines, we demonstrate that this nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein directly binds to the 3′ U-tail of tRF_U3_1 and other abundantly expressed trailers and plays a critical role in their stable cytoplasmic accumulation. The pre-tRNA trailer-derived tRFs capable of sequestering the limiting amounts of La/SSB in the cytoplasm rendered cells resistant to various RNA viruses, which usurp La/SSB with RNA chaperone activity for their gene expression. Collectively, our results establish the trailer-derived tRF-La/SSB interface, regulating viral gene expression.