bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexity as an opportunity and challenge for behavioural public policy
Authors: SPENCER NATHALIE 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper is a response to Sanders, Snijders and Hallsworth (2018). The challenges and opportunities of behavioural public policy Sanders, Snijders and Hallsworth discuss highlight a conundrum for the field: the impact of behavioural interventions is difficult to measure accurately in complex situations, and yet complexity is inherent in the very areas in most need of impact. Behavioural interventions will be only one tool of many to work towards broader organisational, systems and social change. As a field, we should be looking to other disciplines, inviting them into the fold of discussions on how to achieve these changes. Finally, while the mantra of nudge for good is a useful beacon, intentions are only part of the equation, and a number of questions should be asked when considering a behavioural policy intervention.
Impact of climate and humans on the range dynamics of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in Europe during MIS 2
Authors: Nadachowski Adam , Lipecki Grzegorz , Baca Mateusz , Żmihorski Michał , Wilczyński Jarosław 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was widespread in almost all of Europe during the late Pleistocene. However, its distribution changed because of population fluctuations and range expansions and reductions. During Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2), these processes were highly dynamic. Our analyses of 318 radiocarbon dates from 162 localities, obtained directly from mammoth material, confirmed important changes in mammoth range between ~28.6 and ~14.1 ka. The Greenland stadial 3 interval (27.5–23.3 ka) was the time of maximum expansion of the mammoth in Europe during MIS 2. The continuous range was soon fragmented and reduced, resulting in the disappearance ofMammuthusduring the last glacial maximum from ~21.4 to ~19.2 ka in all parts of the North European Plain. It is not clear whether mammoths survived in the East European Plain. The mammoth returned to Europe soon after ~19.0 ka, and for the next 3–4 millennia played an important role in the lifeways of Epigravettian societies in eastern Europe. Mammoths became extinct in most of Europe by ~14.0 ka, except for core areas such as the far northeast of Europe, where they survived until the beginning of the Holocene. No significant correlation was found between the distribution of the mammoth in Europe and human activity.
Genetic predisposition to salt-sensitive normotension and its effects on salt taste perception and intake
Authors: Pilic Leta , Mavrommatis Yiannis 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSalt sensitivity is an independent CVD and mortality risk factor, which is present in both hypertensive and normotensive populations. It is genetically determined and it may affect the relationship between salt taste perception and salt intake. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic predisposition to salt sensitivity in a young and a middle-aged adult population and its effects on salt taste perception and salt intake. The effects of Na loading on blood pressure (BP) were investigated in twenty normotensive subjects and salt sensitivity defined as the change in BP after 7 d of low-Na (51·3 mmol Na/d) and 7 d of high-Na diet (307·8 mmol Na/d). Salt taste perception was identified using the British Standards Institution sensory analysis method (BS ISO 3972:2011). Salt intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. DNA was genotyped for SNP in the SLC4A5, SCNN1B and TRPV1 genes. The subjects with AA genotype of the SLC4A5 rs7571842 exhibited the highest increase in BP (∆ systolic BP=7·75 mmHg, P=0·002, d=2·4; ∆ diastolic BP=6·25 mmHg, P=0·044, d=1·3; ∆ mean arterial pressure=6·5 mmHg, P=0·014, d=1·7). The SLC4A5 rs10177833 was associated with salt intake (P=0·037), and there was an association between salt taste perception and salt sensitivity (rs 0·551, P=0·041). In conclusion, there is a genetic predisposition to salt sensitivity and it is associated with salt taste perception. The association between salt taste perception and discretionary salt use suggests that preference for salty taste may be a driver of salt intake in a healthy population and warrants further investigation.
Islam and the Islamic State's Magazine,Dabiq
Authors: Jacoby Tim 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSince the emergence of the Islamic State, considerable debate has arisen over the relationship (or lack of therein) between its ideological discourse and broader Islamic exegeses and learning. This paper aims to connect these wider discussions to its self-defined ideological standpoint as set out in its magazine,Dabiq. All 15 of these, published between June 2014 and July 2016, amounting to more than 900 pages, are examined to assess their authors’ (1) analysis of the Qur'an (2) use of classical scholarship, and (3) engagement with contemporary readings of Islam.
HA1077 displays synergistic activity with daclatasvir against hepatitis C virus and suppresses the emergence of NS5A resistance-associated substitutions in mice
Authors: Lee Seung-Hoon , Moon Jae-Su , Pak Bo-Yeong , Kim Geon-Woo , Lee Wooseong , Cho Hee , Kim SangKyu , Kim Seong-Jun , Oh Jong-Won 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe kinase C-related kinase 2 (PRK2), which phosphorylates hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA polymerase, is a proviral factor enhancing HCV replication. Here, we report on the in vivo anti-HCV efficacy of HA1077, which inhibits viral genome replication by targeting PRK2 and displays viral entry inhibitory activity by targeting Rho-associated kinase. HA1077 showed synergistic antiviral activity selectively with nonstructural protein 5 A (NS5A) inhibitors including daclatasvir (DCV). HA1077 oral administration substantially reduced serum viral loads in mice bearing HCV genotype 2a-replicating Huh7 xenografts. When administered with DCV, HA1077 potentiated the antiviral efficacy of DCV and suppressed the generation of DCV resistance-associated variants (RAVs). By deep-sequencing analysis, we uncovered an unprecedented DCV-induced polymorphism at the poly-proline motif (PxxPxxP) of NS5A. Coadministration of HA1077 reduced such a polymorphism. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential therapeutic benefit of combination therapy with HA1077 plus DCV for HCV patients carrying emerging or pre-existing RAVs toward NS5A inhibitors.
Transverse Separation of the Outer Retinal Layer at the Peripapillary in Glaucomatous Myopes
Authors: Kim Yong Chan , Hwang Ho Sik , Park Hae-Young Lopilly , Park Chan Kee 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGlaucoma specialists often overlook the outer retinal changes because the glaucomatous optic neuropathy typically involves retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). By detailed inspection of the outer retina in myopic eyes, we observed a separation of the inner nuclear layer (INL) from the outer nuclear layer (ONL) at the peripapillary sclera (pp-sclera). Therefore, we conducted a retrospective observation of 108 eyes of 108 Korean subjects with myopia assessed by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) and divided into normal and glaucomatous eyes. Mean subject age, refractive error and axial length difference between 2 groups were insignificant, respectively. To quantify the ONL-INL separation, straight-line distance from ONL endpoint to INL endpoint was measured at the center of the optic disc by SSOCT horizontal scan. The glaucomatous group had significantly large ONL-INL separation than the non-glaucomatous group (p = 0.027) but had no significant difference in INL – Anterior scleral canal opening (ASCO) separation. The width of ONL-INL separation were associated with β-peripapillary atrophy (β-PPA), degree of horizontal tilt of the optic disc and worse glaucomatous RNFL defect by Pearson’s correlation analysis (all p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, we demonstrate transverse separation of INL from ONL at the peripapillary region, which was significantly associated with glaucomatous optic nerve damage. These observations may be of interest to elucidate the role of PPA in glaucoma pathogenesis and a clinical index to take notice for myopic subjects.
MEMS terahertz-to-infrared band converter using frequency selective planar metamaterial
Authors: Alves Fabio , Pimental Leroy , Grbovic Dragoslav , Karunasiri Gamani 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA MEMS terahertz-to-infrared converter has been developed based on the unique properties of metamaterials that allow for selective control of the absorptivity and emissivity of the sensors. The converter consists of a sensing element structurally made of planar metamaterial membranes, connected to a substrate frame by four symmetrically-located thermal insulators. Upon THz absorption, the temperature of the sensing element increases and the outward infrared flux from the backside of the element is read by a commercial long-wave infrared camera. Two configurations were designed and fabricated with metamaterial absorptivity optimized for 3.8 THz and 4.75 THz quantum cascade lasers. The first sensor, fabricated with an oxidized aluminum backside, exhibits higher responsivity, but lower conversion efficiency than the second sensor, fabricated with a metamaterial backside. The spectral characteristics of the metamaterial on the two sides can be optimized to improve both responsivity and sensitivity, while keeping the sensors’ thermal time constant sufficiently small for real time imaging. No dedicated electronics or optics are required for readout making metamaterial-based MEMS THz-to-IR converters very attractive for THz imaging as means of a simple attachment to commercial IR cameras.
Reading as Statistical Learning
Authors: Arciuli Joanne 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this tutorial is to explain how learning to read can be thought of as learning statistical regularities and to demonstrate why this is relevant for theory, modeling, and practice. This tutorial also shows how triangulation of methods and cross-linguistic research can be used to gain insight.

Method
The impossibility of conveying explicitly all of the regularities that children need to acquire in a deep orthography, such as English, can be demonstrated by examining lesser-known probabilistic orthographic cues to lexical stress. Detection of these kinds of cues likely occurs via a type of implicit learning known as statistical learning (SL). The first part of the tutorial focuses on these points. Next, studies exploring how individual differences in the capacity for SL relate to variability in word reading accuracy in the general population are discussed. A brief overview of research linking impaired SL and dyslexia is also provided. The final part of the tutorial focuses on how we might supplement explicit literacy instruction with implicit learning methods and emphasizes the value of testing the efficacy of new techniques in the classroom. The basic and applied research reviewed here includes corpus analyses, behavioral testing, computational modeling, and classroom-based research. Although some of these methods are not commonly used in clinical research, the depth and breadth of this body of work provide a compelling case for why reading can be thought of as SL and how this view can inform practice.

Conclusion
Implicit methods that draw on the principles of SL can supplement the much-needed explicit instruction that helps children learn to read. This synergy of methods has the potential to spark innovative practices in literacy instruction and remediation provided by educators and clinicians to support typical learners and those with developmental disabilities.
The possible common origin of M 16 and M 17
Authors: Comerón F. , Torra J. 
Published: August 2018

Context. It has been suggested that the well-studied giant HII regions M 16 and M 17 may have had a common origin, being an example of large-scale triggered star formation. While some features of the distribution of the interstellar medium in the region support this interpretation, no definitive detection of an earlier population of massive stars responsible for the triggering has been made thus far.
Aims. We have carried out observations looking for red supergiants in the area covered by a giant shell seen in HI and CO centered on galactic coordinates l ∼ 14°5, b ∼ +1° whose emission peaks near the same radial velocity as the bulk of the emission from both giant HII regions, which are located along the shell. Red supergiants have ages in the range expected for the parent association whose most massive members could have triggered the formation of the shell and of the giant HII regions along its rim.
Methods. We have obtained spectroscopy in the visible of a sample of red stars selected on the basis of their infrared colors, whose magnitudes are consistent with them being red supergiants if they are located at the distance of M 16 and M 17. Spectroscopy is needed to distinguish red supergiants from AGB stars and RGB stars, which are expected to be abundant along the line of sight.
Results. Out of a sample of 37 bright red stars, we identify four red supergiants that confirm the existence of massive stars in the age range between ∼10 and ∼30 Myr in the area. At least three of them have Gaia DR2 parallaxes consistent with them being at the same distance as M 16 and M 17.
Conclusions. The evidence of past massive star formation within the area of the gaseous shell lends support to the idea that it was formed by the combined action of stellar winds and ionizing radiation of the precursors of the current red supergiants. These could be the remnants of a richer population, whose most massive members have already exploded as core-collapse supernovae. The expansion of the shell against the surrounding medium, perhaps combined with the overrun of preexisting clouds, is thus a plausible trigger of the formation of a second generation of stars currently responsible for the ionization of M 16 and M 17.
Die palliative Sedierung
Authors: Prönneke Rainer 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungEine gewerbemäßige, d. h. auf Wiederholung angelegte Suizidbeihilfe wurde per Gesetz unter Strafe gestellt, danach gehört die Suizidbeihilfe explizit nicht zur
ärztlichen Aufgabe. Öffentlich kaum bekannt, ist die sogenannte palliative Sedierung gegen unerträgliches Leid als palliativmedizinische Behandlungsmethode
eingeführt worden. Es beinhaltet ein Behandlungskonzept, welches bei fortgeschrittenen und fortschreitend Erkrankten zur Linderung unerträglichen Leids eine
gezielte medikamentöse Bewusstseinsminderung bis zum Eintritt des Todes vorsieht. Die palliative Sedierung ist optionaler Bestandteil einer
Palliativgesamtbehandlung und unterliegt damit dem palliativ-ethischen Grundgedanken, das Leben nicht gezielt verkürzen und die Sterbezeit nicht verlängern zu
wollen. Basis der palliativen Sedierung bleibt neben der fachlichen Kompetenz und professionellen Reflektion der Behandler die menschliche Zuwendung und
hospizliche Begleitung des Betroffenen und seiner häufig seelisch sehr bewegten Bezugspersonen.
The Relation Between Epicardial Fat Tissue Thickness and TSH Receptor Antibody in Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Altunbaş Rıza , Eren Mehmet , Altıparmak İbrahim , Karaaslan Hüseyin , Sabuncu Tevfik 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Background Although hyperthyroidism may be associated with atherosclerosis, its pathogenesis is not well known. TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) has been shown to be responsible for increased orbital fat tissue in Graves ophthalmopathy. Epicardial fat tissue thickness (EFT) has been found to be increased in case of overt hyperthyroidism. In our study, we aimed to investigate if TRAb is associated with the increased EFT in newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism.
Methods Twenty six TRAb positive (group 1) and 26 TRAb negative (group 2) newly diagnosed patients with hyperthyroidism, and 26 healthy control subjects (group 3) were enrolled. EFT was measured by the same cardiologist using an echocardiography device. Serum TRAb levels were measured by the radio-receptor assay and levels above 1.75 IU/L were considered as positive.
Results There was no difference among groups in terms of age, gender and body mass index. Although there was no significant difference between group 1 and 2, both group 1 (0.38±0.15 cm) and group 2 (0.4±0.17 cm) had significantly higher EFT levels when compared to group 3 (0.25±0.06 cm) (p=0.004 and p=0.001, respectively). However we did not find any correlation between TRAb and EFT levels.
Conclusion The results of our study suggested that EFT was increased in hyperthyroidism and this increasing was not dependent of TRAb level. EFT elevation might be depending directly to the cardiovascular effects of hyperthyroidism.
Dynamic Prognostication in Critically Ill Cirrhotic Patients With Multiorgan Failure in ICUs in Europe and North America: A Multicenter Analysis*
Authors: Karvellas Constantine J. , Garcia-Lopez Elisabet , Fernandez Javier , Saliba Faouzi , Sy Eric , Jalan Rajiv , Pavesi Marco , Gustot Thierry , Ronco Juan J. , Arroyo Vicente 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
To evaluate the Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium Acute on Chronic Liver Failure score in acute on chronic liver failure patients admitted to ICUs from different global regions and compare discrimination ability with previously published scores.

Design:
Retrospective pooled analysis.

Setting:
Academic ICUs in Canada (Edmonton, Vancouver) and Europe (Paris, Barcelona, Chronic liver failure/Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Cirrhosis [CANONIC] study).

Patients:
Sample of analysis of 867 cirrhotic patients with acute on chronic liver failure admitted to ICU. Cumulative incidence functions of death were estimated by acute on chronic liver failure grade at admission and at day 3. Survival discrimination abilities of Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium Acute on Chronic Liver Failure, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, and Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores were compared.

Interventions:
ICU admission for organ support.

Measurements and Main Results:
At admission 169 subjects (19%) had acute on chronic liver failure 1, 302 (35%) acute on chronic liver failure 2, and 396 (46%) had acute on chronic liver failure 3 with 90-mortality rates of 33%, 40%, and 74%, respectively (p < 0.001). At admission, Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium Acute on Chronic Liver Failure demonstrated superior discrimination at 90 days compared with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (n = 532; concordance index 0.67 vs 0.62; p = 0.0027) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (n = 666; 0.68 vs 0.64; p = 0.0035), but not Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (n = 845; 0.68 vs 0.67; p = 0.3). A Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium Acute on Chronic Liver Failure score greater than 70 at admission or on day 3 was associated with 90-day mortality rates of approximately 90%. Ninety-day mortality in grade 3 acute on chronic liver failure patients at admission who demonstrated improvement by day 3 was 40% (vs 79% in patients who did not).

Conclusions:
The Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium Acute on Chronic Liver Failure demonstrated better discrimination at day 28 and day 90 compared with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Child-Turcotte-Pugh. Patients who demonstrated clinical improvement post-ICU admission (e.g., acute on chronic liver failure 3 to 1 or 2) at day 3 had better outcomes than those who did not. In high-risk ICU patients (Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium Acute on Chronic Liver Failure > 70), decisions regarding transition to palliation should be explored between patient families and the ICU providers after a short trial of therapy.
Needling With 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) After XEN Gel Stent Implantation: 6-Month Outcomes
Authors: Arnljots Thorsteinn S. , Kasina Rafael , Bykov Vladimir J.N. , Economou Mario A. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate frequency, safety, and efficacy of needling in patients that underwent XEN Gel Stent implantation.

Methods:
Retrospective case review of 19 eyes of 57 consecutive patients (61 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma that previously underwent implantation of XEN45 alone or in combination with cataract surgery followed by needling procedure with 5-FU. Success was defined at 2 IOP levels: ≤21 mm Hg and ≤15 mm Hg, with or without additional glaucoma medications. Treatment failure was defined as IOP>21 mm Hg or <5 mm Hg, need for additional glaucoma surgery or loss of light perception.

Results:
Totally 19 of 61 eyes that underwent XEN gel implantation had subsequent needling and were included. Preneedling IOP was 26.2±9.5 and postneedling IOP at last follow-up 15.4±3.7 mm Hg (P=0.0001). Overall success rates of 17 (90%) and 13 eyes (69%) were observed at the ≤21 mm Hg and ≤15 mm Hg level, respectively. Preneedling and postneedling visual acuity and number of medications remained unchanged (P>0.05). Two eyes (10%) were categorized as treatment failures. No major complications occurred. Mean follow-up was 203.8±142.2 (range, 22 to 456) days.

Conclusions:
Needling revision following XEN gel stent implantation showed a good IOP-lowering effect without significant increase in number of antiglaucoma medications, decrease in visual acuity, nor any major complications. Further studies with long-term follow-up and a larger number of patients are needed to fully assess the safety and efficacy of this procedure.
Effects of Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Segmentation Error Correction on Glaucoma Diagnosis in Myopic Eyes
Authors: Suwan Yanin , Rettig Samantha , Park Sung Chul , Tantraworasin Apichat , Geyman Lawrence S. , Effert Keith , Silva Luis , Jarukasetphorn Ravivarn , Ritch Robert 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
In a myopic population, we investigated the occurrence of circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) segmentation errors that required manual correction in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and its effect on glaucoma diagnostic capability of OCT.

Materials and Methods:
Myopic subjects (spherical equivalent refractive error <−3 D) with and without primary open-angle glaucoma were recruited. Three circumpapillary RNFL scans with diameters of 3.45, 4.50, and 6.00 mm were obtained using spectral-domain OCT. RNFL segmentation errors were manually corrected. Receiver operating characteristic curves of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) were obtained and area under the curves were calculated before and after manual correction.

Results:
In total, 90 myopic eyes with glaucoma (90 patients; visual field mean deviation, −9.5±7.1 dB) and 58 myopic eyes without glaucoma (58 control subjects) were included. Glaucomatous eyes required manual correction more frequently than control eyes (56% vs. 32% of RNFL OCT scans; P<0.001). After manual correction in the glaucoma group, the global RNFLT decreased significantly from 61.8 to 57.5 µm (P=0.025), 50.8 to 47.2 µm (P=0.019), and 45.5 to 39.6 µm (P=0.006) for the 3.45-, 4.50-, and 6.00-mm scans, respectively. After manual correction of RNFL segmentation errors, the glaucoma diagnostic capability of the global RNFLT improved significantly; the area under the curves increased from 0.827 to 0.886 (P=0.017), 0.829 to 0.880 (P=0.033), and 0.762 to 0.846 (P=0.006) for the 3.45-, 4.50-, and 6.00-mm scans, respectively.

Conclusions:
A significant proportion of myopic eyes had RNFL segmentation errors in automated spectral-domain OCT analysis, decreasing glaucoma diagnostic capability of OCT RNFLT measurement.