bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A General Age-Specific Mortality Model With an Example Indexed by Child Mortality or Both Child and Adult Mortality
Authors: Clark Samuel J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The majority of countries in Africa and nearly one-third of all countries require mortality models to infer the complete age schedules of mortality that are required to conduct population estimates, projections/forecasts, and other tasks in demography and epidemiology. Models that relate child mortality to mortality at other ages are important because almost all countries have measures of child mortality. A general, parameterizable component model (SVD-Comp) of mortality is defined using the singular value decomposition and calibrated to the relationship between child or child/adult mortality and mortality at other ages in the observed mortality schedules of the Human Mortality Database. Cross-validation is used to validate the model, and the predictive performance of the model is compared with that of the log-quadratic (Log-Quad) model, which is designed to do the same thing. Prediction and cross-validation tests indicate that the child mortality–calibrated SVD-Comp is able to accurately represent the observed mortality schedules in the Human Mortality Database, is robust to the selection of mortality schedules used for calibration, and performs better than the Log-Quad model. The child mortality–calibrated SVD-Comp can be used where and when child mortality is available but mortality at other ages is unknown.
Do Campaign Contributions from Farmers Influence Agricultural Policy? Evidence from a 2008 Farm Bill Amendment Vote to Curtail Cotton Subsidies
Authors: Callahan Scott 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article studies the political activities of individual cotton farmers and cotton political action committees (PACs) by exploiting a vote to amend the 2008 Farm Bill. Using a simultaneous model, I estimate reduced form equations for donations from cotton farmers and cotton PACs using tobit models, which instrument donations in the probit vote equation to control for the hypothesized endogeneity between campaign contributions and legislative votes. I find evidence that cotton farmers, like cotton PACs, contribute to legislators representing a median cotton farming constituency. I find no evidence that contributions from cotton farmers or cotton PACs significantly affected the vote decision.
Colonial Intrusion and Stages of Colonialism in Chinua Achebe’sThings Fall Apart
Authors: Mengara Daniel M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:Chinua Achebe’s first novel,Things Fall Apart, has continued to offer—perhaps much more than his third novel,Arrow of God—the most vivid account of the process of early colonial penetration in Africa. This study examinesThings Fall Apartthrough an analytical and conceptual framework that illuminates the five stages of colonialism in Africa. These five stages (exploration, expropriation, appropriation, exploitation, and justification) were necessary in order for colonialism to become both aneffectivetoolfordomination and asuccessfultoolofdomination; as such, they provide powerful glimpses into Achebe’s fictional representation of the cataclysm embodied by colonial intrusion, not only within the confines of the fictional Igbo universe that he depicts, but also throughout a sub-Saharan African world whose cultural and sociopolitical ethos were shaken to their core. An analysis of these stages, therefore, leads to an understanding of colonialism that defines it not as a series of specific historical events, spaces, and places, but rather as aprocessor aseries of psycho-historical processeswith a certain number of inescapable features that conspired to make it an effective tool of and forsustainedpolitical, cultural, and economic domination in sub-Saharan Africa. Achebe’s novel can be used as a tool that can help to decipher and foreground thepsycho-historical processesinherent in what, ultimately, may be called “the psychology of colonialism.”
Measuring access to primary healthcare services after stroke: A spatial analytic approach
Authors: Finch Emma , Liu Yan , Foster Michele , Cruwys Tegan , Fleming Jennifer , Worrall Linda , Williams Ian , Shah Darshan , Aitken Philip , Corcoran Jonathan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To determine accessibility of the primary healthcare system for patients with stroke recently discharged from hospital.Methods:This project mapped retrospective patient location data and the location of primary healthcare services in the same region. Patient location data were from all patients with stroke (N = 1595: January 2011–January 2017) discharged from one metropolitan hospital to the local Primary Health Network. Geographic Information System technology was used to map the patient discharge locations and the spatial distribution of primary healthcare services (general practitioner, pharmacy, allied health) across the region. Road network data were used to measure the level of access from each patient’s discharge location to the services.Results:Access to primary healthcare services was variable. Areas with larger proportions of patients with stroke did not necessarily have good service access. With an increase in travel time, the number of services accessible to patients also increased. However, the spatial variation of access to services remained largely unchanged.Conclusion:Access to primary healthcare services for patients with stroke varies spatially, with a trend towards relatively low levels of accessibility for many patients. There is an urgent need for future planning to consider geographical access to primary healthcare services for patients with stroke.
Turbomachinery Waves
Authors: Horlock J H , Daneshyar H 
Published: May 2019

SummaryTwo methods of analysis are developed for the unsteady wave flow through axial turbomachinery of high hub-tip ratio. In the first method, the machine is supposed to consist of an infinite number of small stages. Differential equations for the instantaneous values of flow properties are derived which may be solved directly or by the method of characteristics. Conditions for wave propagation are discussed. Secondly, a model is used in which actuator discs replace the stages and the flow is axial between the stages. This is a good approximation in many compressors in which the leaving angle from the stators is small. Again the method of characteristics may then be used for solving the equations of unsteady flow between the discs.
Matthew Williams Stirling, 1896-1975
Authors: Coe Michael D. 
Published: May 2019

With the death on January 23, 1975, of Matthew W. Stirling, pioneer archaeologist, ethnolo-gist, and the discoverer of the Olmec civilization, American archaeology has lost one of its grand men. He is survived by his wife, Marion, a son, Matthew, his daughter Ariana, and one grandchild.Matt was born in Salinas, California, on August 28, 1896. His father was manager for the Southern Pacific Milling Co. and was in charge of establishing warehouses in the Salinas Valley, so he lived in various small towns while growing up. While a boy and young man, he also spent considerable time on the ranches of his grandfather Williams (for whom he was named) near Gonzalez and Salinas, in a milieu that has provided the setting for some of the novels of John Steinbeck, an old family friend who often discussed the pioneer days with Matt’s maiden aunts, Did and Bee.
Amino acid metabolism in the piglet: 2. Influence of fasting on plasma free amino acid concentration and in vivo oxidation of methionine, isoleucine and threonine
Authors: Chavez E. R. , Bayley H. S. 
Published: May 2019

1. The influence of a 24 h fast on the concentrations of free amino acids in the plasma, and upon the oxidation rates of methionine, isoleucine and threonine was studied (using early weaned, 4-week-old piglets which were receiving a semi-purified diet.2. There was no change in the total concentration of the essential amino acids as a result of the 24 h fast: the concentration of the branched-chain amino acids increased, but the effect of this was offset by decreases in the concentrations of arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine and phenylalanine. There was a reduction in the concentration of the non-essential amino acids.3. The piglets received infusions of L-[1-14C]methionine, L-[U-14C]isoleucine and L-[U-14C]threonine, and the recovery of the label in carbon dioxide was determined. Less than 5% of the activity from methionine was recovered in the CO2 from the fed piglets, whereas 12% was recovered from the fasted piglets. The corresponding values with threonine were 11 and 19% but there was no effect of fasting on the recovery of the label from isoleucine in CO2.4. The initial dilution of a single dose of a labelled amino acid infused into the bloodstream depends on the plasma concentration of the amino acid. Nutritional regimens may effect the free amino acid concentration in the plasma. Thus comparisons based upon direct determination of activity recovered in CO2 from the labelled dose of an amino acid with animals on different nutritional regimens could be misleading, unless the differences in the concentrations of the amino acid in the plasma are considered.
Nitrogen metabolism in calves: Effect of giving different amounts of dietary casein with and without formaldehyde treatment
Authors: Williams A. P. , Smith R. H. 
Published: May 2019

1. Calves were given a basal diet of straw and flaked maize (12 g nitrogen/kg dry matter (DM)) or diets with some flaked maize replaced by untreated (UT) casein or formaldehyde-treated (FT) casein to give 19, 26 or 34 g N/kg DM.2. At all intakes rumen ammonia concentrations were lower and amounts of total-N, non-ammonia-N and amino acid-N entering the duodenum were higher when FT-rather than UT-casein supplements were given.3. Direct measurement of casein entering the duodenum indicated that giving FT rather than UT casein led to much greater amounts of dietary casein escaping degradation in the rumen (70–90% compared to 10–20%). Calculated values for fermentable N indicated that with this low degradability diets containing FT-casein would have provided inadequate N for maximum microbial synthesis in the rumen, and this probably accounted for the marked reduction in amounts of non-casein-N entering the duodenum when FT rather than UT casein was given.4. Amino acid patterns in duodenal digesta samples after giving the basal diet or diets containing UT-casein were similar. Giving diets containing FT-casein led to changes in this pattern which could sometimes, although not always, be accounted for by estimated differences in proportions of dietary and microbial proteins.5. At the highest level of N intake FT-casein-supplemented diets led to significantly higher concentrations of most essential amino acids and lower concentrations of most non-essential amino acids in plasma than did UT-casein-supplemented diets. Plasma urea concentrations increased with increasing N intake but were not significantly different for UT- and FT-casein-supplemented diets.
The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle
Authors: Lunn P. G. , Whitehead R. G. , Baker B. A. 
Published: May 2019

1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured.2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained.3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared.4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 24· mmol/l in control animals to only 1·29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8·6 to 5·56 μmol/g and from 8·67 to 5·05 μmol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1·53 to 2·00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12·5 to 14·3 μmol/g), and liver (from 16·8 to 20·5 μmol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase.5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentrations is discussed.
The effect of cold exposure of sheep on digestion, rumen turnover time and efficiency of microbial synthesis
Authors: Kennedy P. M. , Christopherson R. J. , Milligan L. P. 
Published: May 2019

1. Six closely shorn sheep were given brome grass (Bromus inermis) pellets at 1 h intervals and maintained at ambient temperatures of −1 to 1° and 18–21° for 28 d. Measurements of digestion were made during the last 10 d of temperature exposure.2. Cold exposure resulted in a reduction in apparent dry matter (DM) digestibility from 0·482 to 0·450, and of apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) from 0·511 to 0·477. Neither apparent digestibility nor retention of nitrogen was affected.3. Apparent digestibility of OM in the rumen decreased from 0·300 to 0·242 with cold exposure, and was highly correlated with turnover time in the rumen of 108Ru, which was used as a particulate marker.4. The efficiency of microbial synthesis (g N incorporated into microbial cells/kg OM apparently digested) was correlated with the dilution rate of the solute marker (51Cr) and with the turnover time of the particulate marker (103Ru) in the rumen.5. Digestion in the intestine of DM and OM accounted for significantly more of apparent digestion in the whole gastrointestinal tract for sheep kept in the cold than for sheep kept in the warm. The apparent digestibilities of DM and OM entering the intestines were similar in sheep on both treatments, but significantly more non-ammonia-N was digested in the intestines of cold-exposed sheep.6. The influence of dilution rate of rumen fluid on the efficiency of synthesis of microbial cells in the rumen is discussed.
The histological effects of copper and zinc on chick embryo skeletal tissues in organ culture
Authors: Rest Joan R. 
Published: May 2019

1. The effects of copper and zinc on organ cultures of chick embryo cartilage and bone maintained in low-trace-metal, chemically defined media for up to 8 d were studied macro-scopically, histologically and histochemically. Length and wet-weight measurement of explants were assessed statistically.2. No effects were found with Cu concentrations of 0·5–1·5μg/ml medium. Between concentrations of 5 and 40μg Cu/ml medium, lengths and wet-weights of cartilage cultures decreased significantly (P< 0·001) compared with controls. The decrease was directly proportional to increasing Cu concentration, and that of the length was greater with increasing period of culture (P< 0·001).3. With 5–20μg Cu/ml medium cartilage and bone became yellow in colour, and chondrocytes were swollen, rounded and basophilic. They were detached from their lacunae and the quantity of matrix was reduced. Loss of alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1) activity and disappearance of glycogen accompanied the degeneration. Osteogenesis ceased, cells failed to divide and mature, lost their enzymes and died. Cu did not accumulate in the bone matrix.4. The direct toxic effects of Cu for cartilage and bone may underlie some of the skeletal changes in hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson’s disease).5. As Zn concentrations were increased from 2·5 to 7·5μg/ml medium, lengths and wet-weights of cartilaginous cultures were significantly increased (P< 0·001). As Zn concentrations were further increased (from 10 to 40μg/ml medium), lengths and wet-weights were significantly decreased (P< 0·001).6. Zn stimulated chondrocyte division and vacuolation of cytoplasm. With higher Zn concentrations toxic changes of granular basophilia, lacunar detachment and necrosis were seen. Differentiation and functioning of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondroclasts were stimulated by Zn.7. Zn was found in bone matrix, osteoblasts, osteocytes and hypertrophied chondrocytes.
Serum albumin and transferrin in protein-energy malnutrition: Their use in the assessment of marginal undernutrition and the prognosis of severe undernutrition
Authors: Reeds P. J. , Laditan A. A. O. 
Published: May 2019

1. Deficits in weight- and length-for-age, and serum albumin and transferrin concentrations were determined for children who were either marginally undernourished (twenty-five children) or suffering from either marasmus (thirty-two children) or kwashiorkor (twenty-six children) defined according to the Wellcome Classification (Waterlow, 1972). The measurements were also made in eight children with kwashiorkor after the loss of oedema, and in sixteen children who were recovering from either marasmus or kwashiorkor.2. The mean concentration of serum albumin was similar for children from the ‘under-nourished’ group and from the group with marasmus, but was significantly reduced in those with kwashiorkor.3. The concentration of serum transferrin was significantly reduced in both the group of children with marasmus and those with kwashiorkor. The serum transferrin concentration was significantly lower in children with kwashiorkor when compared with the level in those with marasmus.4. Seventeen children (seven with kwashiorkor and ten with marasmus) died. These children were neither lighter nor shorter than the severely malnourished children who survived. The concentration of serum albumin was not lower in the children who died than in those who survived.5. In contrast to the results for serum albumin concentrations, the children who died had significantly lower levels of serum transferrin than those who survived.6. There was a significant linear relationship between serum transferrin concentrations and the deficits in length-for-age (P< 0·05) and weight-for-length (P< 0·001) in the marginally undernourished children. The deficit in weight-for-length was also linearly related to the serum transferrin concentrations (P< 0·001) in children recovering from severe malnutrition.7. It is suggested that the measurement of serum transferrin concentrations provides an index of severity in severely malnourished children, and should prove useful in field assessments of nutritional status.
The role of the gut microflora in the utilization of dietary urea by the chick
Authors: Okumura J. , Hewitt D. , Salter D. N. , Coates M. E. 
Published: May 2019

1. In a preliminary experiment, growth of conventional chicks given a basal diet containing adequate amounts of all the essential but none of the non-essential amino acids was improved by supplements of 10·3 g urea or 50·4 g glutamic acid/kg diet or both.2. In the main study the effects of supplementing the basal diet with 2·6 g urea/kg were compared in groups of sixteen germ-free and conventional chicks.3. The germ-free chicks did not benefit from the urea supplement whereas the conventional birds showed improved food conversion efficiency and significantly better growth.4. In both environments nitrogen retention ((mg N intake – mg N excreted) ÷g food intake) was higher in the birds given urea, but N utilization ((mg N intake – mg N excreted) ÷ mg N intake) was reduced. This reduction was greater in the germ-free birds.5. There was a small increase in plasma ammonia concentration in the germ-free birds given urea but a significantly greater increase in the corresponding conventional group.6. Plasma uric acid concentrations were variable in both groups, and much lower than the normal range. They followed a similar pattern to the plasma ammonia values.7. More insoluble N was excreted by the conventional chicks given urea than by the corresponding germ-free group, or by either group given the basal diet.8. It was concluded that the gut micro-organisms are responsible for the growth-promoting effect of urea, presumably through release of ammonia by bacterial urease (EC3.5.1.5) and its consequent incorporation into amino acids.
Political Censorship: Some Reflections on its Validity in Israel's Constitutional Law
Authors: Lahav Pnina 
Published: May 2019

On 19 January 1976, the Government of Israel announced its intention to impose censorship on two categories of information:(1) Information about the existence or content of a document relating to Israel's foreign affairs which is classified “top secret” or similarly classified and which is addressed from Israel to a foreign country or from a foreign country to Israel.(2) Information relating to a visit by an Israeli official to a foreign country or a visit by a foreign official to Israel, or a meeting between an Israeli and a foreign official—when no diplomatic relations obtain between Israel and that country and when the visit or meeting was not conducted in public nor officially announced in Israel.This step was the Government's response to a series of leakages which appeared in the preceding weeks in the press in Israel. Two publicized items had particularly outraged the Government. One item discussed President Ford's secret message to Prime Minister Rabin. The other item disclosed a secret visit by Foreign Minister Allon to Europe.