bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pore and Heteroatom Engineered Carbon Foams for Supercapacitors
Authors: Peng Huarong , Yao Bin , Wei Xijun , Liu Tianyu , Kou Tianyi , Xiao Peng , Zhang Yunhuai , Li Yat 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCarbonaceous materials are attractive supercapacitor electrode materials due to their high electronic conductivity, large specific surface area, and low cost. Here, a unique hierarchical porous N,O,S‐enriched carbon foam (KNOSC) with high level of structural complexity for supercapacitors is reported. It is fabricated via a combination of a soft‐template method, freeze‐drying, and chemical etching. The carbon foam is a macroporous structure containing a network of mesoporous channels filled with micropores. It has an extremely large specific surface area of 2685 m2 g−1. The pore engineered carbon structure is also uniformly doped with N, O, and S. The KNOSC electrode achieves an outstanding capacitance of 402.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and superior rate capability of 308.5 F g−1 at 100 A g−1. The KNOSC exhibits a Bode frequency at the phase angle of −45° of 18.5 Hz, which corresponds to a time constant of 0.054 s only. A symmetric supercapacitor device using KNOSC as electrodes can be charged/discharged within 1.52 s to deliver a specific energy density of 15.2 W h kg−1 at a power density of 36 kW kg−1. These results suggest that the pore and heteroatom engineered structures are promising electrode materials for ultrafast charging.
Stability of Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells: from Built‐in Potential and Interfacial Passivation Perspectives
Authors: Wang Yiwen , Lan Weixia , Li Ning , Lan Zhaojue , Li Zhen , Jia Jingnan , Zhu Furong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRemarkable progress has been made in the development of high‐efficiency solution‐processable nonfullerene organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the effect of the vertical stratification of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) on the efficiency and stability of nonfullerene OSCs is not fully understood yet. In this work, we report our effort to understand the stability of nonfullerene OSCs, made with the binary blend poly[(2,6‐(4, 8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′] dithiophene‐4,8‐dione)] (PBDB‐T):3,9‐ bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐ dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′] dithiophene (ITIC) system. It shows that a continuous vertical phase separation process occurs, forming a PBDB‐T‐rich top surface and an ITIC‐rich bottom surface in PBDB‐T:ITIC BHJ during the aging period. A gradual decrease in the built‐in potential (V0) in the regular configuration PBDB‐T:ITIC OSCs, due to the interfacial reaction between the poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole transporting layer and ITIC acceptor, is one of the reasons responsible for the performance deterioration. The reduction in V0, caused by an inevitable reaction at the ITIC/PEDOT:PSS interface in the OSCs, can be suppressed by introducing a MoO3 interfacial passivation layer. Retaining a stable and high V0 across the BHJ through interfacial modification and device engineering, e.g., as seen in the inverted PBDB‐T:ITIC OSCs, is a prerequisite for efficient and stable operation of nonfullerene OSCs.
Linear method for the design of shell and tube heat exchangers using the Bell–Delaware method
Authors: de O. Gonçalves Caroline , Costa André L. H. , Bagajewicz Miguel J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this article, we present a rigorous reformulation of the Bell–Delaware model for the design optimization of shell and tube heat exchanger to obtain a linear model. We extend a previously presented methodology1,2 of rigorously reformulate the mixed‐integer nonlinear programing Kern model and we add disjunctions to automatically choose the different correlations to calculate heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop under different flow regimes. The linear character of the formulation allows the identification of the global optimum, even using conventional optimization algorithms. The proposed mixed‐integer linear programming formulation with the Bell–Delaware method is able to identify feasible solutions for the design of heat exchangers at a lower cost than those obtained through conventional design formulations in the literature. Comparisons with the Kern method also indicate an average 22% difference (usually lower) in area.
Harmonizing work history data in epidemiologic studies with overlapping employment records
Authors: Stenehjem Jo Steinson , Babigumira Ronnie , Friesen Melissa C , Grimsrud Tom Kristian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundWork history data often require major data management including handling of overlapping jobs to avoid overestimating exposure before linkage to job‐exposure matrices (JEMs) is possible.MethodsIn a case‐cohort study of 1825 male Norwegian offshore petroleum workers, 3979 jobs were reported (mean duration 2417 days/job; maximum 8 jobs/worker). Each job was assigned to one of 27 occupation categories. Overlapping jobs of the same category (1142 jobs) were collapsed and overlapping jobs of different categories (1013 jobs) were split. The resulting durations were weighted by a factor accounting for the number of overlapping jobs.ResultsCollapsing overlapping jobs within the same category resulted in 3295 jobs (mean 2629 days/job). Splitting overlapping jobs of different categories increased the number to 4239 jobs (mean 2043 days/job), while the total duration in days dropped by 10%.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that overlapping employment data structures can be harmonized in a systematic and unbiased way, preparing work history data for linkage to several JEMs.
Die Chemie der Proteinoxidation in Lebensmitteln
Authors: Hellwig Michael 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDie Oxidation ist eine der Abbaureaktionen von Proteinen in Lebensmitteln, deren Bedeutung nicht hinter der von anderen wie der Maillard‐Reaktion, Lipierung oder Protein‐Phenol‐Reaktionen zurückbleibt. Während die Untersuchung der Proteinoxidation zu einem vertieften Verständnis der Prozesse in physiologischen Systemen geführt hat, ist das Wissen über spezifische Auswirkungen der Proteinoxidation in Lebensmitteln oder die Rolle “oxidierter” Lebensmittelproteine für den menschlichen Körper vergleichsweise gering. Oxidationsreaktionen an Lebensmittelproteinen können während des gesamten Verarbeitungsprozesses stattfinden – von der Primärproduktion bis zur Verdauung im Darm. In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz soll das derzeitige Wissen über die Mechanismen der Oxidation von Lebensmittelproteinen aus chemischer, technologischer und ernährungsphysiologischer Sicht zusammengefasst und eine Klassifizierung der einzelnen Reaktionen vorgenommen werden. Verschiedene analytische Ansätze werden verglichen, und der Zusammenhang zwischen der Oxidation von Lebensmittelproteinen und oxidativem Stress in vivo wird kritisch bewertet.
Isolated Diatomic Ni‐Fe Metal–Nitrogen Sites for Synergistic Electroreduction of CO2
Authors: Ren Wenhao , Tan Xin , Yang Wanfeng , Jia Chen , Xu Shumao , Wang Kaixue , Smith Sean C. , Zhao Chuan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPolynary single‐atom structures can combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts while providing synergistic functions based on different molecules and their interfaces. However, the fabrication and identification of such an active‐site prototype remain elusive. Here we report isolated diatomic Ni‐Fe sites anchored on nitrogenated carbon as an efficient electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction. The catalyst exhibits high selectivity with CO Faradaic efficiency above 90 % over a wide potential range from −0.5 to −0.9 V (98 % at −0.7 V), and robust durability, retaining 99 % of its initial selectivity after 30 hours of electrolysis. Density functional theory studies reveal that the neighboring Ni‐Fe centers not only function in synergy to decrease the reaction barrier for the formation of COOH* and desorption of CO, but also undergo distinct structural evolution into a CO‐adsorbed moiety upon CO2 uptake.
The Chemistry of Protein Oxidation in Food
Authors: Hellwig Michael 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOxidation is one of the deterioration reactions of proteins in food, the importance of which is comparable to others such as Maillard, lipation, or protein‐phenol reactions. While research on protein oxidation has led to a precise understanding of the processes and consequences in physiological systems, knowledge about the specific effects of protein oxidation in food or the role of “oxidized” dietary protein for the human body is comparatively scarce. Food protein oxidation can occur during the whole processing axis, from primary production to intestinal digestion. The present review summarizes the current knowledge and mechanisms of food protein oxidation from a chemical, technological, and nutritional–physiological viewpoint and gives a comprehensive classification of the individual reactions. Different analytical approaches are compared, and the relationship between oxidation of food proteins and oxidative stress in vivo is critically evaluated.
Use of sustainable glucose and furfural in the synthesis of formaldehyde‐free phenolic resole resins
Authors: Sui Guanghui , Cheng Yanyan , Yang Xiaomin , Wang Xiaofeng , Wang Zichen 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTSustainable resol‐type resins [phenol–furfural–glucose (PFuG), phenol–furfural (PFu), and phenol–glucose resins] were synthesized via alkali catalysis. The chemical structures of the PFuG resins, which had different molar ratios of glucose to furfural, were analyzed by 1H‐NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A possible mechanism for formation of the PFuG resin was proposed. The crosslinking curing behaviors of the PFuG resins were examined by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The performance of the PFuG resins as wood adhesives was studied. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47732.
Recent developments in graphene‐based polymer composite membranes: Preparation, mass transfer mechanism, and applications
Authors: Du Ying‐Chen , Huang Lin‐Jun , Wang Yan‐Xin , Yang Kun , Tang Jian‐Guo , Wang Yao , Cheng Meng‐Meng , Zhang Yang , Kipper Matt J. , Belfiore Laurence A. , Ranil Wickramasinghe S. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe shortage of water resources is a problem concerned by all countries in the world. In order to solve this problem of human survival, membrane separation technology promotes the development of water treatment field by virtue of its own advantages of high efficiency and low consumption. Membrane separation technology combined with nanomaterials has brought surprises to researchers. Graphene has unique structure and properties, making graphene and its derivatives have very good potential in water treatment and selective separation. Graphene‐based materials combined with traditional polymer materials have great potential in the field of membrane separation technology. In this article, we first introduce the preparation methods and transport mechanism of graphene‐based membranes, and then summarize the recent applications of graphene oxide/polymer composite membranes in water purification, gas separation, self‐cleaning, and oil–water separation. It is expected to become the next generation of functional composite membranes. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47761.
Coating of polytetrafluoroethylene/polyacrylate: Core‐shelled structure and tribological behaviors
Authors: Wang Na , Wang Honggang , Ren Junfang , Gao Gui , Chen Shengsheng , Yang Yawen 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTIn order to improve the tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the core‐shelled PTFE/polyacrylate nanoparticles were prepared by seed emulsion polymerization and its tribological behaviors were investigated. The core–shell structure was determined by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and transmission electron microscopy. The results of thermoanalysis showed that polyacrylate had lost more weight than PTFE/polyacrylate composite above 300 °C, which indicated an improvement in the thermal stability. Moreover, the friction and wear results indicated that friction coefficient of PTFE/polyacrylate coating keeps at a relatively lower level, which is between that of PTFE and polyacrylate, and the wear volume is the smallest, so that an excellent performance of low friction and wear resistance was demonstrated. Besides, the tribological properties of the core‐shelled coating are maintained to be stable under high load or high speed. Therefore, the core‐shelled nanoparticles would be potential to polymer coating as high‐performance solid lubricants. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47774.
Hydrolysis of poly(l‐lactide)/ZnO nanocomposites with antimicrobial activity
Authors: Pérez‐Álvarez Leyre , Lizundia Erlantz , Ruiz‐Rubio Leire , Benito Vanessa , Moreno Isabel , Vilas‐Vilela José Luis 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThis work investigates the effect of the incorporation of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles within a poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) matrix as an approach to speed up the hydrolysis of PLLA film surfaces. Hydrolysis was done by immersing nanocomposite films having 1 wt % of ZnO in 0.25 M sodium hydroxide at 58 °C. This concentration has been selected as it provides the maximum changes of physicochemical properties of hosting PLLA matrix. The evolution of the thermal properties, ultraviolet–visible transparency, wettability, and morphology were monitored at different time points. The amount of carboxylic groups onto PLLA/ZnO surfaces was quantified according to Toludine Blue‐O assay. Hydrolysis was mainly limited to film surfaces, which were grafted by carboxylic groups as a result of the random scission of PLLA ester linkages. The presence of such functional groups decreases the inherent surface hydrophobicity of PLLA at short hydrolysis times. On the contrary, long hydrolyses increase the hydrophobicity as a result of surface nanostructuring induced by the degradation of PLLA to water‐soluble oligomers. Overall, ZnO nanoparticles enable shorter surface modification times and provide a quick approach for the modification on the polarity of polylactide surfaces. The potential of hydrolyzed films as antimicrobial materials was explored using Gram‐negative Escherichia coli as a model. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47786.
Long‐Term Physical Activity and Subsequent Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Liu Xinyi , Tedeschi Sara K. , Lu Bing , Zaccardelli Alessandra , Speyer Cameron B. , Costenbader Karen H. , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Sparks Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of long‐term physical activity on subsequent risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a prospective cohort study.MethodsThis study investigated physical activity and RA risk among women from the Nurses' Health Study II (1989–2015). Physical activity exposures and covariates were prospectively obtained using biennial questionnaires. Two rheumatologists independently reviewed the medical records of women who self‐reported a new diagnosis of RA on biennial questionnaires and who screened positive for RA based on a supplemental survey. All incident RA cases met the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or 2010 ACR/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria for RA. The primary analysis investigated the long‐term cumulative average number of hours spent in recreational physical activity 2–8 years prior to the RA diagnosis, a time span chosen to reduce the potential for reverse causation bias, since early RA affects physical activity prior to diagnosis. Estimated Cox regression hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to assess the risk of RA serologic phenotypes (all, seropositive, or seronegative) in relation to physical activity categories. The analyses were adjusted for body mass index (BMI) at age 18 years and time‐varying potential confounders, and the mediating effect of updated BMI on the interaction between physical activity and RA risk was quantified.ResultsAmong the 113,366 women analyzed, 506 incident RA cases (67.0% with seropositive RA) were identified during 2,428,573 person‐years of follow‐up. After adjustment for confounders, including smoking, dietary quality, and BMI at age 18 years, increasing cumulative average total hours of recreational physical activity was associated with a reduced risk of RA, as follows: HR 1.00 for <1 hour/week (reference), HR 1.00 (95% CI 0.78–1.29) for 1 to <2 hours/week, HR 0.92 (95% CI 0.72–1.17) for 2 to <4 hours/week, HR 0.84 (95% CI 0.63–1.12) for 4 to <7 hours/week, and HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.47–0.98) for ≥7 hours/week (P for trend = 0.02). The proportion of the effect between physical activity and RA mediated by updated BMI was 14.0% (P = 0.002) for all RA and 20.0% (P = 0.001) for seropositive RA.ConclusionHigher levels of physical activity were associated with reduced RA risk. These results add to the literature implicating metabolic factors in the pathogenesis of RA.
Musculoskeletal Anatomy Knowledge Retention in the Macquarie University Chiropractic Program: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Hulme Anneliese K. , Luo Kehui , Štrkalj Goran 
Published: March 2019

Attrition of anatomy knowledge has been an area of concern in health professions curricula. To ensure safe and effective clinical practice, the study of chiropractic requires a good knowledge of musculoskeletal anatomy. In this study, musculoskeletal limb knowledge retention was investigated among students in the 5‐year chiropractic program at Macquarie University, Australia. A test of 20 multiple‐choice questions, categorized into low‐order (LO) and high‐order (HO) cognitive ability according to Bloom’s Taxonomy, was developed. Students enrolled in the program were invited to participate with 257 of the 387 choosing to participate, (response rate ranging 56%–72% per year level). No attrition of knowledge across the years was observed, instead, a significant increase in knowledge, measured by total LO and HO scores (P < 0.0005), throughout the program. There were significant increases in both low and high cognitive scores which were not uniform, with high‐order scores increasing significantly in the last two year levels. The increase of knowledge, may be explained, at least partially, by the vertical and horizontal integrated curriculum. Retrieval of knowledge, especially in clinically applied formats, may have led to an enhanced ability to apply anatomy knowledge and account for the increased scores in the high‐order knowledge seen in the later clinical years. Evaluating anatomy knowledge retention at different cognitive levels seems to provide a better assessment and is worth considering in future anatomy educational research.
Disk structure of cataclysmic variables and broadband noise characteristics in comparison with XRBs
Authors: Balman Ş. 
Published: March 2019

Flicker noise and its variations in accreting systems have been a diagnostic tool in understanding accretion disk structure and state transitions. I present broadband noise variations of nonmagnetic cataclysmic variables (CVs) in comparison with magnetic CVs (MCV) extrapolating the comparisons into X‐ray binaries (XRB), mostly in the X‐ray wavelengths. CVs demonstrate band‐limited noise in the UV and X‐ray energy bands (and also optical), which can be adequately explained in the framework of the model of propagating fluctuations). The detected frequency breaks in the nonmagnetic CVs are in the range 1–6 mHz in quiescence and indicate an optically thick disk truncation (i.e., transition) showing the existence of advective (ADAF‐like) hot flows in the inner regions. Analysis of other available data (e.g., SS Cyg, SU UMa, WZ Sge, and Z Cha) reveals that during the outburst the inner disk radius moves toward the white dwarf and recedes as the outburst declines (with some exceptions) while changes in the X‐ray energy spectrum are also observed. Cross‐correlations between the simultaneous optical, UV, and X‐ray light curves show time lags consistent with truncated optically thick disk‐like and ADAF‐like hot flows in the inner disk. I also discuss the hysteresis effect in dwarf novae and show that the X‐ray temperatures and break frequencies anticorrelate indicating the energy exchange in the disk flow as the accretion state of the source changes.
Short report: Relationships between sensory processing, repetitive behaviors, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome
Authors: Glod Magdalena , Riby Deborah M. , Rodgers Jacqui 
Published: March 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS) share psychopathology relating to sensory processing and repetitive behaviors. The relationships between the sensory features and repetitive behaviors in both disorders, and the mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between sensory processing, repetitive behaviors, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty in children with ASD and those with WS to better understand the complexity of psychopathology in these disorders. Parents of 19 children with ASD and 16 children with WS, aged between 4 and 9 years, were asked to complete questionnaires assessing their children's sensory experiences, anxiety symptoms, severity and frequency of repetitive behaviors, and level of intolerance of uncertainty. Serial mediation analysis was performed. Direct significant relationships between sensory features and repetitive behaviors were found only for the ASD group. The relationship between sensory processing difficulties and repetitive behaviors was mediated via intolerance of uncertainty in WS. The findings support the value of considering the complexity of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between sensory processing and repetitive behaviors across neurodevelopmental disorders and the mechanisms underlying these aspects of psychopathology in these groups. Understanding these relationships will shed light on some of the most challenging and intractable characteristics of both conditions and inform suitable interventions to improve quality of life for individuals with either ASD or WS. Autism Research 2019, 12: 759–765. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryIn autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS) difficulties processing the sensory aspects of the environment, repetitive behaviors and high levels of anxiety co‐occur, but the relationships between these features are not well understood. This study found that sensory difficulties were directly associated with repetitive behaviors in children with ASD, but not WS, and in WS this relationship was mediated by intolerance of uncertainty. The findings support the value of considering the complexity of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between sensory processing and repetitive behaviors across neurodevelopmental disorders.