bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of climate warming on carbon fluxes in grasslands— A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Na , Quesada Benjamin , Xia Longlong , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Goodale Christine L. , Kiese Ralf 
Published: February 2019

AbstractClimate warming will affect terrestrial ecosystems in many ways, and warming‐induced changes in terrestrial carbon (C) cycling could accelerate or slow future warming. So far, warming experiments have shown a wide range of C flux responses, across and within biome types. However, past meta‐analyses of C flux responses have lacked sufficient sample size to discern relative responses for a given biome type. For instance grasslands contribute greatly to global terrestrial C fluxes, and to date grassland warming experiments provide the opportunity to evaluate concurrent responses of both plant and soil C fluxes. Here, we compiled data from 70 sites (in total 622 observations) to evaluate the response of C fluxes to experimental warming across three grassland types (cold, temperate, and semi‐arid), warming methods, and short (≤3 years) and longer‐term (>3 years) experiment lengths. Overall, our meta‐analysis revealed that experimental warming stimulated C fluxes in grassland ecosystems with regard to both plant production (e.g., net primary productivity (NPP) 15.4%; aboveground NPP (ANPP) by 7.6%, belowground NPP (BNPP) by 11.6%) and soil respiration (Rs) (9.5%). However, the magnitude of C flux stimulation varied significantly across cold, temperate and semi‐arid grasslands, in that responses for most C fluxes were larger in cold than temperate or semi‐arid ecosystems. In semi‐arid and temperate grasslands, ecosystem respiration (Reco) was more sensitive to warming than gross primary productivity (GPP), while the opposite was observed for cold grasslands, where warming produced a net increase in whole‐ecosystem C storage. However, the stimulatory effect of warming on ANPP and Rs observed in short‐term studies (≤3 years) in both cold and temperate grasslands disappeared in longer‐term experiments (>3 years). These results highlight the importance of conducting long‐term warming experiments, and in examining responses across a wide range of climate.
Biostimulants and possibilities of their usage in grassland
Authors: Talar‐Krasa Marta , Wolski Karol , Biernacik Magdalena 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCurrently, in addition to a wide range of lawn fertilizers on the market, there are new biological products available called biostimulants, fostering plant growth and development. They are based on substances of natural origin, containing plant extracts, hormones or humic substances. Biostimulants exert a positive impact on grass metabolism, stimulating life processes and reducing negative effects of pathogen infestation and adverse environmental conditions like drought, salinity or temperature fluctuations. Disparities and the lack of a uniform position to recognize biostimulants as a strictly specified group pose many problems in legislative issues, with erroneous terminology used in relation to different groups of bioactive substances applied to crops. All this creates a situation when products of untested and unstable effects are placed on the market, even if they sometimes do not have any impact on plant growth despite the claims of the producer. Growth‐promoting potential of biostimulants is very significant, and previous research has shown real benefits of their use. Increasing environmental awareness and environmental regulations is an additional factor positively affecting the development of such products. However, there is still a lack of studies that would fully characterize the reaction of plant metabolic processes to biostimulants. The aim of the study was to review current knowledge of plant biostimulant usage in grassland.
Genetic interactions between Ror2 and Wnt9a, Ror1 and Wnt9a and Ror2 and Ror1: Phenotypic analysis of the limb skeleton and palate in compound mutants
Authors: Weissenböck Martina , Latham Richard , Nishita Michiru , Wolff Lena Ingeborg , Ho Hsin‐Yi Henry , Minami Yasuhiro , Hartmann Christine 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMutations in the human receptor tyrosine kinase ROR2 are associated with Robinow syndrome (RRS) and brachydactyly type B1. Amongst others, the shortened limb phenotype associated with RRS is recapitulated in Ror2−/− mutant mice. In contrast, Ror1−/− mutant mice are viable and show no limb phenotype. Ror1−/−;Ror2−/− double mutants are embryonic lethal, whereas double mutants containing a hypomorphic Ror1 allele (Ror1hyp) survive up to birth and display a more severe shortened limb phenotype. Both orphan receptors have been shown to act as possible Wnt coreceptors and to mediate the Wnt5a signal. Here, we analyzed genetic interactions between the Wnt ligand, Wnt9a, and Ror2 or Ror1, as Wnt9a has also been implicated in skeletal development. Wnt9a−/− single mutants display a mild shortening of the long bones, whereas these are severely shortened in Ror2−/− mutants. Ror2−/−;Wnt9a−/− double mutants displayed even more severely shortened long bones, and intermediate phenotypes were observed in compound Ror2;Wnt9a mutants. Long bones were also shorter in Ror1hyp/hyp;Wnt9a−/− double mutants. In addition, Ror1hyp/hyp;Wnt9a−/− double mutants displayed a secondary palate cleft phenotype, which was not present in the respective single mutants. Interestingly, 50% of compound mutant pups heterozygous for Ror2 and homozygous mutant for Ror1 also developed a secondary palate cleft phenotype.
Impact of pre‐analytical variables on deep learning accuracy in histopathology
Authors: Jones Andrew D , Graff John Paul , Darrow Morgan , Borowsky Alexander , Olson Kristin A , Gandour‐Edwards Regina , Datta Mitra Ananya , Wei Dongguang , Gao Guofeng , Durbin‐Johnson Blythe , Rashidi Hooman H 
Published: February 2019

AimsMachine learning (ML) binary classification in diagnostic histopathology is an area of intense investigation. Several assumptions, including training image quality/format and the number of training images required, appear to be similar in many studies irrespective of the paucity of supporting evidence. We empirically compared training image file type, training set size, and two common convolutional neural networks (CNNs) using transfer learning (ResNet50 and SqueezeNet).Methods and resultsThirty haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained slides with carcinoma or normal tissue from three tissue types (breast, colon, and prostate) were photographed, generating 3000 partially overlapping images (1000 per tissue type). These lossless Portable Networks Graphics (PNGs) images were converted to lossy Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPG) images. Tissue type‐specific binary classification ML models were developed by the use of all PNG or JPG images, and repeated with a subset of 500, 200, 100, 50, 30 and 10 images. Eleven models were generated for each tissue type, at each quantity of training images, for each file type, and for each CNN, resulting in 924 models. Internal accuracies and generalisation accuracies were compared. There was no meaningful significant difference in accuracies between PNG and JPG models. Models trained with more images did not invariably perform better. ResNet50 typically outperformed SqueezeNet. Models were generalisable within a tissue type but not across tissue types.ConclusionsLossy JPG images were not inferior to lossless PNG images in our models. Large numbers of unique H&E‐stained slides were not required for training optimal ML models. This reinforces the need for an evidence‐based approach to best practices for histopathological ML.
Immunohistochemistry with a pan‐TRK antibody distinguishes secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland from acinic cell carcinoma
Authors: Hung Yin P , Jo Vickie Y , Hornick Jason L 
Published: February 2019

AimsSecretory carcinoma (previously known as mammary analogue secretory carcinoma) is characterised by ETV6 rearrangements, most often ETV6–NTRK3 fusion. Given its histological overlap with other salivary gland tumours, secretory carcinoma can be difficult to diagnose without genetic confirmation. A recently developed pan‐TRK antibody shows promise for identifying tumours with NTRK fusions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of pan‐TRK immunohistochemistry in distinguishing secretory carcinoma from mimics.Methods and resultsWe examined whole‐tissue sections from 86 tumours, including 14 secretory carcinomas (12 parotid primaries and one buccal primary, and one metastasis; five with ETV6 rearrangement confirmed by fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation, and one with ETV6–NTRK3 fusion and one with ETV6–RET fusion detected by targeted sequencing), 14 acinic cell carcinomas, 18 polymorphous adenocarcinomas, 20 low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 20 pleomorphic adenomas. Immunohistochemistry was performed with a pan‐TRK rabbit monoclonal antibody. Pan‐TRK staining was detected in nine (64%) secretory carcinomas, all with a nuclear pattern and four with diffuse staining (>50% of cells). Among other tumour types, pan‐TRK immunoreactivity was observed in all (100%) pleomorphic adenomas (particularly myoepithelial cell‐rich, myxoid areas), 15 (83%) polymorphous adenocarcinomas, and four (20%) low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, all with predominantly membranous/cytoplasmic immunoreactivity; only six cases showed focal (<10%) nuclear staining. All acinic cell carcinomas were entirely negative.ConclusionsAlthough pan‐TRK expression is not entirely sensitive or specific for secretory carcinoma, nuclear staining distinguishes secretory carcinoma from mimics. Acinic cell carcinomas are negative for pan‐TRK, though membranous expression of TRK is common in other salivary gland neoplasms. The lack of pan‐TRK immunoreactivity in a subset of secretory carcinomas may suggest non‐NTRK fusion partners.
Factors affecting the chemical efficacy of 2% sodium hypochlorite against oral steady‐state dual‐species biofilms: Exposure time and volume application
Authors: Petridis X. , Busanello F. H. , So M. V. R. , Dijkstra R. J. B. , Sharma P. K. , van der Sluis L. W. M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimTo study the influence of time and volume of 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on biofilm removal and to investigate the changes induced on the biofilm architecture. Steady‐state, dual‐species biofilms of standardized thickness and a realistic contact surface area between biofilms and NaOCl were used.MethodologyStreptococcus oralis J22 and Actinomyces naeslundii T14V‐J1 biofilms were grown on saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite discs within sample holders in the Constant Depth Film Fermenter (CDFF) for 96 h. Two per cent NaOCl was statically applied for three different time intervals (60, 120 and 300 s) and in two different volumes (20 and 40 μL) over the biofilm samples. The diffusion‐driven effects of time and volume on biofilm disruption and dissolution were assessed with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Structural changes of the biofilms treated with 2% NaOCl were studied with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Low Load Compression Testing (LLCT). A two‐way analysis of variance (2‐way anova) was performed, enabling the effect of each independent variable as well as their interaction on the outcome measures.ResultsOptical coherence tomography revealed that by increasing the exposure time and volume of 2% NaOCl, both biofilm disruption and dissolution significantly increased. Analysis of the interaction between the two independent variables revealed that by increasing the volume of 2% NaOCl, significant biofilm dissolution could be achieved in less time. Examination of the architecture of the remaining biofilms corroborated the EPS‐lytic action of 2% NaOCl, especially when greater volumes were applied. The viscoelastic analysis of the 2% NaOCl‐treated biofilms revealed that the preceding application of higher volumes could impact their subsequent removal.ConclusionsTime and volume of 2% NaOCl application should be taken into account for maximizing the anti‐biofilm efficiency of the irrigant and devising targeted disinfecting regimes against remaining biofilms.
Sintering kinetics of ZrO2 nanopowders modified by group IV elements
Authors: Lakusta Marharyta , Danilenko Igor , Volkova Galina , Loladze Larisa , Burkhovetskiy Valeriy , Doroshkevich Oleksandr , Brykhanova Irina , Popova Inna , Konstantinova Tetyana 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe sintering behavior of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders modified by the group IV elements at the initial sintering stage was investigated. It was found that different additives SiO2, SnO2, and GeO2 have a significant influence on the densification kinetics of 3Y‐TZP nanopowders obtained by coprecipitation during sintering as it depends on the amount of additives (0‐5 wt%). The shrinkage of zirconia‐based specimens during the nonisothermal sintering was analyzed using the dilatometric data. The constant rate of heating technique was applied in order to determine the dominant mass transfer mechanism at the initial stage of sintering in modified zirconia nanopowders. It was found that there was a change in the mass transfer mechanism and diffusion activation energy in 3Y‐TZP as a result of the additives. The dominant sintering mechanism in 3Y‐TZP changed from the volume diffusion to the grain boundary diffusion due to the addition of SiO2 and SnO2 and the sintering activation energy increased in these cases. However, GeO2 additive activated the viscous flow mechanism in sintering process of 3Y‐TZP nanopowders which led to acceleration of the densification due to the decrease in the diffusion activation energy.
Identity, self‐concept and young women’s engagement with collaborative, sustainable fashion consumption models
Authors: McNeill Lisa , Venter Brittany 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIt is clear from extant theory that fashion consumption is intrinsically bound to self‐concept and social identity. As such, many individuals over consume in pursuit of ideal identities, particularly in periods of heightened awareness of identity development, such as their youth. This study thus takes one group of fashion over‐consumers, young females, and seeks to identify core motivations towards and barriers for collaborative consumption of clothing and fashion products, though the lens of self‐identity and social interaction. The study adopts a theory of planned behaviour approach, using in‐depth interviews to examine norms of behaviour in fashion consumption and develops a conceptual model for understanding of how these individuals construct a fashion identity within the social contexts of four alternative forms of consumption (renting, borrowing, swapping and purchasing second‐hand). Furthermore, the study examines perceived barriers to participation in these four alternative fashion consumption forms. The study finds that social and ethical implications of sustainable consumption behaviour are the least likely motivators towards engagement with collaborative fashion consumption models within this group, and that opportunities for individual identity expression are the most sought after benefits of such engagement. This research contributes to the literature regarding sustainability issues generally, in the context of fashion consumption, and deepens one’s understanding of young female consumers’ willingness to participate in sustainable consumption actions.
Chemical changes in almonds throughout storage: modeling the effects of common industry practices
Authors: Parrish Daniel R. , Pegg Ronald B. , Kerr William L. , Swanson Ruthann B. , Huang Guangwei , Kerrihard Adrian L. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryFurther investigations of almond degradation under typical industrial storage conditions from a quantitative perspective are warranted. This study modeled effects of packaging, temperature (TEMP), relative humidity (RH) and roasting on chemical attributes of almonds stored according to common industry practices throughout 16 months. Roasted samples were stored in high‐barrier bags (HBB) or polypropylene bags (PPB) at multiple combinations of TEMP and RH. Raw samples were held in unlined cardboard cartons (UC) or PPB under the same conditions. Almonds were assessed bimonthly for oxidation products, free fatty acids, moisture content and water activity. Results indicated roasting almonds improved quality preservation. Models showed HBB (rather than PPB) to provide benefits to stability comparable to reductions in storage TEMP of ~15 to 30 °C. PPB (rather than UC) showed benefits to peroxide formation of similar magnitude. Our data shows HBB to be a superior packaging choice, and UC to associate with the greatest rates of degradation.
Food uses of pineapple waste and by‐products: a review
Authors: Roda Arianna , Lambri Milena 
Published: February 2019

SummaryWaste from fruits and vegetable processing industry is produced in large quantities worldwide and it contains high levels of lignocellulose, fibre, sugar, bioactive and functional compounds. Their utilisation has become one of the main important and challengeable aspects due to the generation of large quantities of by‐products including peels, seeds, leaves and unused flesh in different steps of processing chain. Many researches have validated the waste utilisation as novel, low‐cost, economical and natural sources of dietary fibre, antioxidants, pectin, enzymes, organic acids, food additives, essential oils, etc. through different methods of extractions, purifications and fermentations. Though, obtaining these by‐products from such a variable substrate requires an understanding of the composition of the polysaccharides and their associations within the overall substrate. Focus on the pineapple fruit, scientific and technological studies have already highlighted and confirmed the potential of better and more profitable markets for pineapple wastes. This review is first of all the collection of previous reports about valorisation of food processing waste, deepening the possibilities of pineapple waste utilisation and to promote the integral exploitation of the by‐products rich in bioactive compounds, even as multifunctional food ingredients. More in detail, this review aims at identifying those processes that can be implemented even in disadvantaged areas by means of technologies that allow recovering waste directly on site, thus reducing pollution and providing ingredients/food products with high nutritional values that could be integrated into the diet.
Consumer perception of d'Anjou pear classified by dry matter at harvest using near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Serra Sara , Goke Alex , Diako Charles , Vixie Beata , Ross Carolyn , Musacchi Stefano 
Published: February 2019

SummaryDry matter is increasingly recognised as a reliable indicator of fruit quality and consumer acceptance for numerous commodities. To establish dry matter as an at‐harvest metric predictive of post‐storage and ripening consumer acceptance in pear, cv. d'Anjou fruits were segregated into low (<13%), moderate (13–15.99%) and high (≥16%) predicted dry matter classifications at harvest using near‐infrared spectroscopy and evaluated by untrained consumer panels following cold storage and ripening. Consumers significantly favoured higher dry matter fruits over lower dry matter fruits in terms of perceived firmness, crunchiness, juiciness, sweetness, flavour and overall liking. Consumers were willing to pay premium prices for higher dry matter fruits at an estimated $0.20/lb above average retail prices. Sorting fruit by dry matter at harvest via near‐infrared spectroscopy may overcome issues of variation in fruit maturity and quality to produce more consistent consumer experiences in pears following post‐storage ripening.
Immature granulocytes index as early marker of sepsis
Authors: Ayres Laura S. , Sgnaolin Vanessa , Munhoz Terezinha P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionSepsis induces the recruitment of immature neutrophils into the circulation. An immature granulocyte percentage (IG%) count greater than 3% has been shown to be an indicator for the risk of sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the IG% as predictor of sepsis compared to blood culture results and sepsis diagnostic confirmation.MethodsThe study included individuals (n = 301) of both sexes aged ≥18 years who underwent Hospital São Lucas examinations between January and November 2017. For all the patients, IG%, as well as blood culture results, were evaluated. All examinations were obtained from Clinical Laboratory database. Data were analyzed through the SPSS program version 18.0.ResultsThere was statistical association between blood culture and IG% results (P = 0.009) and between sepsis confirmation and IG% on Pearson chi‐square test (P < 0.001). An IG% cutoff point of 2.0% was able to exclude sepsis based on clinical diagnosis with a specificity of 90.9% and a sensitivity of 38.5%. The cutoff value in ROC analyses of IG% based on blood culture results was 0.3% and 0.4% based on clinical diagnosis.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that IG% <2.0% are helpful on the exclusion of sepsis diagnosis with a very high specificity (90.9%). The IG% is a useful additional marker for sepsis diagnosis allowing the early initiation of therapy and better possibilities of recovery.
Recent surgical treatments for urinary stone disease in a Korean population: National population‐based study
Authors: Kim Jong Keun , Cho Young Sam , Park Sung Yul , Joo Kwan Joong , Min Seung Ki , Lee Young Goo , Han Jun Hyun 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo provide surgical treatment trends for urinary stone disease in Korea.MethodsWe analyzed medical service claim data of surgical treatments to urinary stone disease submitted by medical service providers from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from 2009 to 2016.ResultsThere was a significantly increasing trend among outpatients and inpatients for urinary stone disease from 2009 to 2016 (R2 = 0.643, P = 0.017; R2 = 0.575, P = 0.029). The number of shock wave lithotripsy for treating urinary stone disease increased by 16% from 89 553 in 2009 to 104 013 in 2016 (R2 = 0.684). The number of ureteroscopic lithotripsy increased by 97% from 6106 in 2009 to 12 057 in 2016 (R2 = 0.99). The number of flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy increased by 16‐fold from 219 in 2009 to 3712 in 2016 (R2 = 0.756). The number of percutaneous nephrolithotomy increased by 99.7% from 919 in 2009 to 1835 in 2016 (R2 = 0.987). The use of non‐contrast and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography in the diagnostic codes for urinary stone disease increased by 394.8% and 263.3% from 2009 to 2016, respectively (R2 = 0.83; R2 = 0.967). Conversely, the use of intravenous pyelography decreased 26.2% over the same period (R2 = 0.945).ConclusionsOutpatient and inpatient procedures for urinary stone disease have increased over the past 8 years in Korea. Shock wave lithotripsy is the most widely used treatment modality for urinary stone disease, and endoscopic surgical procedures are rapidly being implemented. There has been a steep increase in the use of computed tomography, whereas conventional intravenous pyelography is declining.