bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hidden in Plane Sight: The Extraordinary Vision of Ernest Irving Freese
Authors: Frederickson Greg N. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We assess selected geometric dissections associated with, or inspired by, Ernest Irving Freese’s 1957 manuscript and identify noteworthy features that lay beneath their surface. These include a dissection of a regular dodecagon to a regular hexagon, a hingeable dissection of a Greek Cross to an equilateral triangle, a hingeable dissection of an equilateral triangle to a regular hexagon, a hingeable dissection of ten regular pentagons to a decagonal ring, a translational dissection of two regular decagons to one, a translational dissection of a dodecagram and a co-dodecagram to a regular dodecagon, a translational dissection of ten regular pentagons to two 5-pointed pseudo-stars and a regular decagon, a translational dissection of ten regular heptagons to four 7-pointed pseudo-stars and a regular 14-gon, a translational dissection of three regular octagons to a larger octagon, a hingeable dissection of regular pentagons for (sin π/5)2 + (cos π/5)2 = 1, a translational dissection of squares of areas 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 to a large square, and a translational dissection of squares for 82 + 92 + 122 = 172. Unsubstantiated claims by Freese are also evaluated.
Metabolic Demands of Yoga at Varying Tempos and Compared With Walking
Authors: Pryor J. Luke , Christensen Brittany , Jackson Catherine G. R. , Moore-Reed Stephanie 
Published: June 2019

Background: Yoga is a popular alternative to walking, but the tempo at which asanas must be performed to elicit comparable metabolic and cardiorespiratory demands is unknown. Therefore, the authors aim to compare the metabolic demands of moderate-intensity walking to Surya Namaskar yoga performed at varying tempos. Methods: Inactive obese adults with limited prior yoga experience (n = 10) completed 10 minutes of treadmill walking at a self-selected pace (rating of perceived exertion = 12–13) and three, 10-minute bouts of yoga at a low (6 s/pose; LSUN), medium (4 s/pose; MSUN), and high (3 s/pose; HSUN) tempo with 10-minutes rest between exercise bouts. Results: Mean metabolic equivalents observed in MSUN (3.64 [0.607]), HSUN (4.22 [0.459]), and treadmill (5.29 [1.147]) were greater than 3.0 (P ≤ .01), but not LSUN (3.28 [0.529], P = .13). Treadmill elicited greater caloric and kilocaloric expenditure (1.36 [0.23] L·min−1; 64 [11] kcal) than LSUN (0.87 [0.24] L·min−1; 39 [11] kcal) and MSUN (1.00 [0.29] L·min−1; 45 [13] kcal) (P ≤ .01). Absolute between yoga tempos were not different, but relative was higher in HSUN (14.89 [1.74] mL·min−1·kg) versus LSUN (11.39 [1.83] mL·min−1·kg) (P = .02). Conclusions: Yoga can meet (LSUN) or exceed (MSUN and HSUN) moderate-intensity exercise recommendations. For unfit or obese populations, varying tempos of yoga practice may serve as a lower-impact option for beginning an exercise program.
Profile of trauma mortality and trauma care resources at rural emergency departments and urban trauma centres in Quebec: a population-based, retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fleet Richard , Lauzier François , Tounkara Fatoumata Korinka , Turcotte Stéphane , Poitras Julien , Morris Judy , Ouimet Mathieu , Fortin Jean-Paul , Plant Jeff , Légaré France , Dupuis Gilles , Turgeon-Pelchat Catherine 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesAs Canada’s second largest province, the geography of Quebec poses unique challenges for trauma management. Our primary objective was to compare mortality rates between trauma patients treated at rural emergency departments (EDs) and urban trauma centres in Quebec. As a secondary objective, we compared the availability of trauma care resources and services between these two settings.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting26 rural EDs and 33 level 1 and 2 urban trauma centres in Quebec, Canada.Participants79 957 trauma cases collected from Quebec’s trauma registry.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOur primary outcome measure was mortality (prehospital, ED, in-hospital). Secondary outcome measures were the availability of trauma-related services and staff specialties at rural and urban facilities. Multivariable generalised linear mixed models were used to determine the relationship between the primary facility and mortality.ResultsOverall, 7215 (9.0%) trauma patients were treated in a rural ED and 72 742 (91.0%) received treatment at an urban centre. Mortality rates were higher in rural EDs compared with urban trauma centres (13.3% vs 7.9%, p<0.001). After controlling for available potential confounders, the odds of prehospital or ED mortality were over three times greater for patients treated in a rural ED (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.88 to 6.28). Trauma care setting (rural vs urban) was not associated with in-hospital mortality. Nearly all of the specialised services evaluated were more present at urban trauma centres.ConclusionsTrauma patients treated in rural EDs had a higher mortality rate and were more likely to die prehospital or in the ED compared with patients treated at an urban trauma centre. Our results were limited by a lack of accurate prehospital times in the trauma registry.
Back to the Future: Rethinking and Retooling IL2 in the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Era
Authors: Sullivan Ryan J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Summary:
IL2 is a type I cytokine that is associated, when given at high doses intravenously, with durable regressionin a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, yet high toxicity limits its use. NKTR-214 is a novel pegylated IL2 with minor clinical activity as a single agent, but a favorable toxicity profile and compelling pharmacodynamic effects that predict utility in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition.
See related article by Bentebibel et al., p. 711.
The Revision of the General Comment No. 1 on the Implementation of Art. 3 uncat’s Non-Refoulement Obligation in Light of the Use of Diplomatic Assurances
Authors: Schlickewei Stephanie 
Published: June 2019

On 26 June 1987, the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (uncat) entered into force. The comprehensive set of regulations of the Convention aimed at ensuring a more effective implementation of the international community’s common endeavours to eradicate torture globally. Nevertheless, torture practice still prevails in many countries. New crises, such as the international fight against terrorism, constantly compromise the achievement of the Convention’s overall objective; in particular, they present a great challenge to States Parties’ compliance with the uncat’s explicit nonrefoulement obligation of Art. 3 uncat. Aiming for the transfer of a person to another State and in a bid to nevertheless satisfy their international obligations, States Parties tend to rely on so-called diplomatic assurances from the receiving State, thereby potentially exposing the individual to the risk of being subjected to torture following the transfer.
Being aware of the new challenges to the protection of Art. 3 uncat, in 2015, the United Nations Committee against Torture finally decided to undertake a comprehensive review of its General Comment No. 1 (1997). As the text of 1997 was considered to no longer meet the needs of the States with respect to the new challenges of the 21st century, the revision was inter alia aimed to also explicitly address the alarming trend of the application of diplomatic assurances and to include an assessment of their legitimate use in the context of Art. 3 uncat. This article outlines the aforementioned review process with regard to the use of diplomatic assurances in the context of torture and analyses the question of their legitimacy under international law with respect to the uncat and in light of and in comparison to the European Court of Human Right’s jurisdiction in this context.
Caves of Dispute
Authors: Davis Kipp 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Over 30 fragments purportedly from the Dead Sea Scrolls belonging to two private collections were published for the first time in Summer 2016. Virtually all of these fragments in The Schøyen Collection and Museum of the Bible are non-provenanced apart from verbal guarantees made by their sellers. An unusual feature of these fragments is that almost all of them correspond to texts from the Hebrew Bible, but also to a few previously known compositions from antiquity. This paper examines the published fragments from both collections according to their observable physical properties, as well as palaeographical and scribal characteristics, and seeks to understand from these more about their potential origin—whether from antiquity or modern times.
Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document (CD A) and 4QDa
Authors: Rey Jean-Sébastien 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Despite the fact that scholars often rely on the medieval Cairo Damascus Document manuscripts (CD) when reconstructing the Qumran Damascus Document scrolls (4QD), there has yet to be an attempt to reconstruct the medieval codex on the basis of the Qumran scrolls. The purpose of this contribution, then, is to offer a reconstruction of CD A that is both informed by the Qumran scrolls as well as being informative for the reconstruction of 4QD. This article will try to answer three questions: 1) the number of quires that comprised CD A; 2) the width of the first column of 4QDa; and 3) the length of the missing part of the CD A codex.
From Discrete Dichotomies to Plural Paradoxes: Re-viewing Stratigraphical Time, Temporalityand Change
Authors: Bowden Alistair 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Stratigraphical time, temporality and change have frequently been studied and theorized through dichotomy, that is two opposed, “either/or” views. Linear versus cyclical and the principles of uniformitarianism versus catastrophism are classic examples. This paper aims to look beyond these simple tensions. It utilizes sequence stratigraphy as a lens to re-view established dichotomies and to explore the potential for a more paradoxical “both/and” interpretation. The main finding is that the two opposed linear versus cyclical views can be reconceived as one synthesized sinusoidal view; other dichotomies are re-viewed which allow for spatiotemporal explanation and prediction.
Nancy, Descartes, and Continuous Creation
Authors: Kerimov Khafiz , Kerimov Tapdyg 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe present article investigates the role of Descartes’ doctrine of continuous creation in Jean-Luc Nancy’s philosophy. While it is not customary to take Descartes as a thinker of plurality, his doctrine of continuous creation affords Nancy the philosophical resources for thinking the plurality of worlds. In the first section of the article, we present Descartes’ argument for continuous creation, in accordance with which creation occurs not just once but is repeated at each instant. Yet, in Descartes, this doctrine remains wedded to a concept of an immutable creator. In the second section of the article, we present the stakes of Nancy’s deconstruction of creation ex nihilo, which results in the suspension of God as an immutable ground. For Nancy, creation of the world happens at each moment of the world but without a pre-determined end or plan.
Time Series and Non-reductive Physicalism
Authors: Slavov Matias 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMcTaggart famously introduced the A- and B-series as rival metaphysical accounts of time. This paper shall reorient the debate over the original distinction. Instead of treating the series as competing theories about the nature of time, it will be argued that they are different viewpoints on a world that is fundamentally physical. To that end, non-reductive physicalism is proposed to reconcile the series.
The Future’s not Bright: Rereading Aeneid 6.725-51
Authors: McIntosh Gillian E. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The juxtaposition of the Catalogue of Heroes and Anchises’ presentation of the fate of souls immediately preceding it in Book 6 of the Aeneid is a meaningful one. Building on Feeney’s ‘paradox’ regarding the juxtaposition, this paper reinterprets the Catalogue by way of extrapolating from Anchises’ speech possibly profound implications regarding Rome’s future heroes. The problem is that that speech is ambiguous. Drawing on different Greek eschatological models for help in discerning the metaphysical interpretive possibilities of Anchises’ portrait, I show that the Greek rubrics do not in fact solve but contribute to the ambiguity of the passage. But they contribute in a meaningful way by rerouting the line of inquiry away from attempting either to pinpoint a singular philosophical influence or to determine once and for all what a soul’s fate is. Rather we are invited to reflect on how the very vagueness functions. This paper posits that reading Anchises’ speech through each of the philosophical models leads us to question whether Rome’s future heroes were so bright after all.
Cato the Elder, Livy, and Xenophon’s Anabasis
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article argues firstly that Cato the Elder’s account of a daring plan involving the tribune Caedicius in the First Punic War is modelled on a scene in Xenophon’s Anabasis. It then argues that Livy’s account of a heroic escape in the First Samnite War orchestrated by P. Decius Mus is modelled not just on the First Punic War episode described by Cato, as scholars have suggested, but on the same passage of Xenophon; it also proposes that Livy’s use of Xenophon may be mediated through Cato. The article then sets out other evidence for the use of Xenophon in Roman historiography and explores the implications of the proposed intertextuality for Roman self-positioning and for ideas of leadership and military hierarchy. The article as a whole suggests that the influence of Xenophon on Latin historiography is greater than has often been conceived.
Global Bourdieu
Authors: Kauppi Niilo , Swartz David 
Published: June 2019

Pierre Bourdieu was a prolific scholar whose multifaceted work inspired research in a wide variety of areas. Beyond sociology we find his influence in anthropology, history, cultural studies, political science, and international relations. Particularly after 1995, when he engaged in a fight against neo-liberalism, he became the pre-eminent public intellectual. Bourdieu clearly stands in the pantheon of the greatest contemporary social scientists.
This article explores the social mechanisms that enabled the global circulation of Bourdieu’s oeuvre. Multiple factors in multiple intellectual fields contributed to this process. There are “global Bourdieus.” Throughout his career Bourdieu was a defender of the dominated, and a sharp critic of established powers; his work provides individuals in a variety of central and peripheral fields weapons against social domination whatever its form. This narrative weds together his biography and oeuvre, and forms the web that unites him with the social carriers of his work globally.
Political Culture in the Islamic World: The Socioeconomic Roots of the Islamic Leviathan
Authors: Abdul Reda Amir 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this paper, the author explores how development affects public opinions on an Islamic Leviathan as an appropriate political system in the Middle East. He asks the following: In the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa), what influences political attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan? To answer this question, he looks at the influence of seven independent variables on attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan as a state system. The seven variables are (1) society’s overall development, (2) the socioeconomic class of respondents, (3) society’s corruption, (4) religiosity, (5) education, (6) gender, and (7) age. The author finds the observations needed to assess his theory in the Carnegie Middle East Governance and Islam Dataset 1988-2014 (CMEGID), which includes 15,194 relevant observations throughout the MENA region. His findings show that societies’ overall development has the most influence over Arab attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan as an appropriate state system.
Why is It Difficult to Date When qalqala Became Unintelligible to Qurʾānic Reciters and Grammarians?
Authors: Druel Jean 
Published: June 2019

Sībawayh describes /q/, /ṭ/, /b/, /ǧ/ and /d/ as [+ voiced + stop] phonemes. In pausal position, these phonemes are subject to qalqala, which can be described as the addition of a schwa [ə], and whose role is the proctection of the [+ voiced] feature of these phonemes. In standard Classical Arabic, the pronunciation of these phonemes has evolved (/q/ and /ṭ/ are now realised as [- voiced], and /ǧ/ as [+ affricate]). The consistency of qalqala as described by Sībawayh is thus lost, since the Qurʾānic recitation (taǧwīd) rule for qalqala does not fit the current standard pronunciation.
In this study, we trace back a shift in the mere definition of qalqala as early as in al-Mubarrad’s Muqtaḍab that will enable Qurʾānic reciters to later remain blind to the fact that their actual pronunciation of some of these phonemes does not correspond to Sībawayh’s written description.
The Constructive Role of General Principles in International Arbitration
Authors: Gorence Brianna 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn international arbitration, treaty standards, such as fair and equitable treatment (FET), general procedural norms, such as due process, and excuses for suspension of performance, such as the exceptio defense, draw on general principles of international law to clarify their interpretation and application. This article will (1) show what general principles of international law are, how they form and how they are distinct from general principles in domestic, public and private law systems; (2) illustrate their role with specific attention to their unique application in different international law contexts; (3) use the examples of FET, procedural norms and suspension of performance to show how general principles of international law are used in international arbitration; (4) warn against their inattentive, sloppy or haphazard use and application; and (5) ultimately highlight the benefits of incorporating general principles in international arbitration while proposing a precise methodology for their use.
Reflections on Locus Standi in Response to a Breach of Obligations Erga Omnes Partes: A Comparative Analysis of the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea Cases
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe concept of obligations erga omnes partes can be regarded as one of the key elements in the protection of common interests in international law. A particular issue that arises in this context is whether not directly injured States are entitled to institute proceedings against a State responsible for the breach of obligations erga omnes partes enshrined in a multilateral treaty. Two recent cases, i.e. the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea cases, provide an interesting insight into this issue. Thus, this article seeks to examine issues of the locus standi of not directly injured States in response to a breach of obligations erga omnes partes by analysing the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea cases. In so doing, this article considers the role of an international court or tribunal in effectuating obligations erga omnes partes and its limitations.
Descartes’ Bio-Medical Study of Plants: Vegetative Activities, Soul, and Power
Authors: Baldassarri Fabrizio 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article addresses René Descartes’ problematic interpretation of vegetative activities within his mechanistic programme for explaining all living operations. Initially, Descartes illustrates nutrition and digestion by means of the analogy between animals and hydraulic machines. His account has a glaring weakness: he fails to supply a functional explanation for vegetative operations. Several botanical notes collected in the Excerpta anatomica reveal Descartes’ later attempt to bridge this lacuna. His study of plants (1) provides him with material for an improved specification of vegetative activities, (2) helps to shape a mechanical vegetative power that regulates bodily constitution and growth, and (3) allows him to isolate a class of living beings. While a more thorough explanation of nutrition, digestion, and growth in mechanical terms surfaces, Descartes proposes plants as a suitable model organism to explain vegetative activities.
Conversion in Post-secularity
Authors: Jansen Mechteld 
Published: June 2019

This article takes the post-secular mind-set as a heuristic lens to see the concept of conversion in a new, and perhaps refreshing, way. Missiology, taken here as the theological and therefore critical study of Christian mission, has always had a keen eye on conversion as a concept covering manifold experiences of change in religious faith, behaviour, and allegiance. However, the modern secular outlook has not been able to cater for a good missiological explanation and understanding of ongoing conversions. We will assess the work of two outspoken missiologists of our day, Marion Grau and Bryan Stone, in order to find out what a post-secular outlook on conversion may bring to light. Post-secularity may encourage missiologists to move beyond the secular imaginary of conversion as only a socioeconomic phenomenon on the one hand, and beyond the religious imaginary of conversion as only an answer to a divine call on the other hand. Post-secularity opens up to see the complex contextual entanglement of the religious and the secular realm involved in conversion.1
本文以后世俗的思想倾向作为启发式的透镜，用全新的方式来看待转化的概念。宣教学，作为神学和基督教宣教的重要研究，总是对转化很关注， 因它覆盖了多层面的宗教信仰和行为上的改变和拥护。但是，现代世俗观点不能对不断的转化作一个好的宣教的解释和了解。我们会对两位当今坦率的宣教学者，马瑞恩·葛若和布瑞·斯彤的著作做个评估，以发现后世俗的观点会对转化带来什么亮光。后世俗主义可能会鼓励宣教学者们，一方面逾越将转化当作社会经济现象的世俗虚构，另一方面逾越将转化当作唯一回应上帝呼召的宗教虚构。后世俗主义打开了转化在宗教与世俗领域里的复杂的处境化的缠绕。
Este artículo utiliza una lente investigativa pos-secular para tratar el concepto de la conversion a través de un método quizás nuevo y refrescante. La misionología, tomada aquí como el estudio teológico y, por lo tanto, crítico de la misión cristiana, ha puesto siempre una mirada perspicaz sobre la conversión como un concepto que abarca múltiples experiencias de cambio en la fe religiosa, en el comportamiento y en la fidelidad. Sin embargo, la perspectiva secular moderna no ha sido capaz de proveer una buena explicación y comprensión misionológicas sobre conversiones que se producen de manera continua. Se evaluará el trabajo de Marion Grau y Bryan Stone, dos misiólogos muy francos de nuestros días, para saber si esta perspectiva pos-secular puede aportar algo nuevo sobre la conversión. Por un lado, la pos-secularidad puede ayudar a que los misiólogos vayan más allá del imaginario social sobre la conversión como un fenómeno socio-económico; y por el otro, ir más allá del imaginario religioso de la conversión como sólo una respuesta al llamado divino. La pos-secularidad permite observar la compleja situación contextual entre el ámbito religioso y el secular involucrados en el tema de la conversión.
This article is in English.