bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes-Related Fracture Risk Is Different in African Americans Compared With Hispanics and Caucasians
Authors: Jain Rajesh K , Weiner Mark G , Zhao Huaqing , Williams Kevin Jon , Vokes Tamara 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Context
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with a 60% to 90% increased risk of fracture but few studies have been performed in African American and Hispanic subjects.

Objective
The aim of the present study was to quantify the risk of incident major osteoporotic fractures (MOFs) of the hip, wrist, and humerus in African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians with DM compared with those with hypertension (HTN).

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of 19,153 subjects with DM (7618 Caucasians, 7456 African Americans, and 4079 Hispanics) and 26,217 with HTN (15,138 Caucasians, 8301 African Americans, and 2778 Hispanics) aged ≥40 years, treated at a large health care system in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All information about the subjects was obtained from electronic health records.

Results
The unadjusted MOF rates for each race/ethnicity were similar among those with DM and those with HTN (Caucasians, 1.85% vs 1.84%; African Americans, 1.07% vs 1.29%; and Hispanics, 1.69% vs 1.33%; P = NS for all). However, the MOF rates were higher for Caucasians and Hispanics with DM than for African Americans with DM (P < 0.01). In a multivariable model controlled for age, body mass index, sex, and previous MOF, DM was a statistically significant predictor of MOFs only for Caucasians and Hispanics [hazard ratio (HR), 1.23; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.48; P = 0.026] but not for African Americans (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.23; P = 0.56).

Conclusions
Hispanics had a DM-related fracture risk similar to that of Caucasians, but AAs did not have an additional fracture risk conferred by DM.
The Effects of Amiodarone on Thyroid Function in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients
Authors: Barrett Brett , Hawkes Colin P , Isaza Amber , Bauer Andrew J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractContextAmiodarone is used in patients with arrhythmias, but thyroid dysfunction [amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) or amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH)] is a common adverse effect. As the onset of AIT and AIH has not been studied in children, the timing of dysfunction and long-term monitoring are not known in this population.ObjectiveTo describe the incidence and timing of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction in children and adolescents, with a secondary aim to identify risk factors for amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction, and to identify variance in thyroid hormone surveillance and treatment.DesignRetrospective review of thyroid dysfunction in children and young adults treated with amiodarone between 2007 and 2018.SettingChildren’s Hospital of Philadelphia.PatientsChildren and young adults treated with amiodarone.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction.ResultsOf 484 patients, 190 had thyroid-function testing; 17.3% were found to have subclinical hypothyroidism, and 13.7% testing developed hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism occurred in 2.1%. In patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, 63% returned to normal thyroid function without thyroid hormone replacement. Only 26% of patients with hypothyroidism had spontaneous normalization of thyroid function. Twenty-five percent of AIT patients had spontaneous normalization of thyroid function.ConclusionsThis study looks at a pediatric and young-adult population in an effort to describe the natural history of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. Based on our data, we recommend that a complete thyroid-function panel be obtained within the first week and then at weekly intervals for the first 5 weeks after initiation. The majority of thyroid dysfunction was noted within the first 35 days of treatment.
Antidiuretic Hormone and Serum Osmolarity Physiology and Related Outcomes: What Is Old, What Is New, and What Is Unknown?
Authors: Kanbay Mehmet , Yilmaz Sezen , Dincer Neris , Ortiz Alberto , Sag Alan A , Covic Adrian , Sánchez-Lozada Laura G , Lanaspa Miguel A , Cherney David Z I , Johnson Richard J , Afsar Baris 
Published: August 2019

AbstractContextAlthough the physiology of sodium, water, and arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone, has long been known, accumulating data suggest that this system operates as a more complex network than previously thought.Evidence AcquisitionEnglish-language basic science and clinical studies of AVP and osmolarity on the development of kidney and cardiovascular disease and overall outcomes.Evidence SynthesisApart from osmoreceptors and hypovolemia, AVP secretion is modified by novel factors such as tongue acid-sensing taste receptor cells and brain median preoptic nucleus neurons. Moreover, pharyngeal, esophageal, and/or gastric sensors and gut microbiota modulate AVP secretion. Evidence is accumulating that increased osmolarity, AVP, copeptin, and dehydration are all associated with worse outcomes in chronic disease states such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and heart failure. On the basis of these pathophysiological relationships, an AVP receptor 2 blocker is now licensed for CKD related to polycystic kidney disease.ConclusionFrom a therapeutic perspective, fluid intake may be associated with increased AVP secretion if it is driven by loss of urine concentration capacity or with suppressed AVP if it is driven by voluntary fluid intake. In the current review, we summarize the literature on the relationship between elevated osmolarity, AVP, copeptin, and dehydration with renal and cardiovascular outcomes and underlying classical and novel pathophysiologic pathways. We also review recent unexpected and contrasting findings regarding AVP physiology in an attempt to explain and understand some of these relationships.
The Role of Serum Procalcitonin in Predicting Bacterial Sepsis in Patients With Hypothyroidism
Authors: Shirali Aditya S , Wu James X , Zhu Catherine Y , Ocampo Alfonso , Tseng Chi-Hong , Du Lin , Livhits Masha J , Leung Angela M , Yeh Michael W 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Context
Serum levels of procalcitonin (PCT), a protein produced by the thyroid C cells under physiologic conditions, are high during sepsis.

Objective
To assess the test performance of serum PCT in predicting bacterial sepsis and septic shock in patients with hypothyroidism compared with those who have euthyroidism.

Design and Methods
This retrospective study evaluated patients with no history of thyroid dysfunction (euthyroid), primary hypothyroidism [medical hypothyroidism (MH)], and postsurgical hypothyroidism from total thyroidectomy (TT) identified from a prospectively maintained database who had PCT testing from 2005 to 2018. Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score ≥ 2 or positive bacterial cultures identified bacterial sepsis, and a mean arterial pressure less than 65 mm Hg or a vasopressor requirement defined septic shock. Sensitivity and specificity of PCT for evaluation of bacterial sepsis and septic shock were measured.

Results
We identified 217 euthyroid patients, 197 patients with MH, and 84 patients with TT. Bacterial sepsis was found in 98 (45.2%), 92 (46.7%), and 36 (42.9%) of these patients, respectively (P > 0.05). Septic shock was identified in 13 (6.0%), 13 (6.6%), and 5 (6.0%) patients (P > 0.05), respectively. With use of a PCT cutoff of 0.5 µg/L for bacterial sepsis, the sensitivity was 59%, 61%, and 53% (P > 0.05) and specificity was 81%, 77%, and 81% (P > 0.05) for the diagnosis of bacterial sepsis in euthyroid, MH, and TT patients, respectively. With use of a PCT cutoff of 2.0 µg/L for septic shock, the sensitivity was 46%, 62%, and 63% (P > 0.05) and specificity was 86%, 82%, and 91% (P > 0.05) for the diagnosis of septic shock in these patients, respectively.

Conclusions
Despite the thyroidal origin of PCT, hypothyroidism did not affect the diagnostic performance of serum PCT levels in predicting bacterial sepsis or septic shock.
Surgical Management, Preoperative Tumor Localization, and Histopathology of 80 Patients Operated on for Insulinoma
Authors: Andreassen Mikkel , Ilett Emma , Wiese Dominik , Slater Emily P , Klose Marianne , Hansen Carsten Palnæs , Gercke Norman , Langer Seppo W , Kjaer Andreas , Maurer Elisabeth , Federspiel Birgitte , Kann Peter H , Bartsch Detlef K , Knigge Ulrich 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionDiagnosis and pathological classification of insulinomas are challenging.AimTo characterize localization of tumors, surgery outcomes, and histopathology in patients with insulinoma.MethodsPatients with surgically resected sporadic insulinoma were included.ResultsEighty patients were included. Seven had a malignant tumor. A total of 312 diagnostic examinations were performed: endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS; n = 59; sensitivity, 70%), MRI (n = 33; sensitivity, 58%), CT (n = 55; sensitivity, 47%), transabdominal ultrasonography (US; n = 45; sensitivity, 40%), somatostatin receptor imaging (n = 17; sensitivity, 29%), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (n = 1; negative), percutaneous transhepatic venous sampling (n = 10; sensitivity, 90%), arterial stimulation venous sampling (n = 20; sensitivity, 65%), and intraoperative US (n = 72; sensitivity, 89%). Fourteen tumors could not be visualized. Invasive methods were used in 7 of these 14 patients and localized the tumor in all cases. Median tumor size was 15 mm (range, 7 to 80 mm). Tumors with malignant vs benign behavior showed less staining for insulin (3 of 7 vs 66 of 73; P = 0.015) and for proinsulin (3 of 6 vs 58 of 59; P < 0.001). Staining for glucagon was seen in 2 of 6 malignant tumors and in no benign tumors (P < 0.001). Forty-three insulinomas stained negative for somatostatin receptor subtype 2a.ConclusionLocalization of insulinomas requires many different diagnostic procedures. Most tumors can be localized by conventional imaging, including EUS. For nonvisible tumors, invasive methods may be a useful diagnostic tool. Malignant tumors showed reduced staining for insulin and proinsulin and increased staining for glucagon.
Clinical Course of Nonfunctional Pituitary Microadenoma in Children: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Thaker Vidhu V , Lage Adrianne E , Kumari Garima , Silvera V Michelle , Cohen Laurie E 
Published: August 2019

AbstractContextPituitary lesions consistent with microadenomas are increasingly discovered by MRI. Sparse data are available on the long-term clinical and imaging course of such lesions in children.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to define the clinical and imaging course of pituitary lesions representing or possibly representing nonfunctioning microadenomas in children to guide clinical management.DesignRetrospective observational study.MethodsThe clinical data warehouse at a tertiary care academic children’s hospital was queried with the terms “pituitary” AND “microadenoma” and “pituitary” AND “incidentaloma.” The electronic health records of the identified subjects were reviewed to extract data on the clinical and imaging course.ResultsA total of 78 children had nonfunctioning pituitary lesions incidentally discovered during clinical care, of which 44 (56%) were reported as presumed or possible microadenomas. In the children with microadenoma (median age 15 years, interquartile range 2), a majority (70%) underwent imaging for nonendocrine symptoms, the most common being headache (n = 16, 36%). No significant increase in the size of the microadenoma or cysts or worsening of pituitary function was seen over the average clinical follow-up of 4.5 ± 2.6 years. Four cases of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia resolved with discontinuation of the offending medication.ConclusionsAsymptomatic pituitary lesions representing cysts, microadenomas, or possible microadenomas follow a benign course in children. In the absence of new endocrine or visual symptoms, repeat MRI may not be needed, and if performed, should be done in no less than a year. When possible, it is prudent to discontinue hyperprolactinemia-inducing medications before imaging.
DCAF8, a novel MuRF1 interaction partner, promotes muscle atrophy
Authors: Nowak Marcel , Suenkel Benjamin , Porras Pablo , Migotti Rebekka , Schmidt Franziska , Kny Melanie , Zhu Xiaoxi , Wanker Erich E. , Dittmar Gunnar , Fielitz Jens , Sommer Thomas 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The muscle-specific RING-finger protein MuRF1 (also known as TRIM63) constitutes a bona fide ubiquitin ligase that routes proteins like several different myosin heavy chain proteins (MyHC) to proteasomal degradation during muscle atrophy. In two unbiased screens, we identified DCAF8 as a new MuRF1-binding partner. MuRF1 physically interacts with DCAF8 and both proteins localize to overlapping structures in muscle cells. Importantly, similar to what is seen for MuRF1, DCAF8 levels increase during atrophy, and the downregulation of either protein substantially impedes muscle wasting and MyHC degradation in C2C12 myotubes, a model system for muscle differentiation and atrophy. DCAF proteins typically serve as substrate receptors for cullin 4-type (Cul4) ubiquitin ligases (CRL), and we demonstrate that DCAF8 and MuRF1 associate with the subunits of such a protein complex. Because genetic downregulation of DCAF8 and inhibition of cullin activity also impair myotube atrophy in C2C12 cells, our data imply that the DCAF8 promotes muscle wasting by targeting proteins like MyHC as an integral substrate receptor of a Cul4A-containing ring ubiquitin ligase complex (CRL4A).
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Theoretical Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the DIF-1 Receptor Activation
Authors: Jiang Tianlong , Saito Tamao , Nanbu Shinkoh 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The structure prediction of Dictyostelium Histidine Kinase M (DhkM), a candidate for the receptor of differentiation inducing factor-1 (DIF-1), was carried out and the structural determination and refinement were performed with one hundred nanoseconds molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Three simulations with different initial velocities generated by pseudo-random number seeds were performed to ensure the accuracy of our simulations and almost the same results were obtained. Docking simulations were executed employing the receptor-structures from the very early stage of the MD simulations. The obtained result exhibited that there is a very high possibility that DhkM could be the receptor of DIF-1. The residues in the core part which are adjacent to Leu111, Asp115, Arg150, Val151, Tyr351 and Val354 play a significant role in ligand binding mechanism. Furthermore, the binding energy was also estimated from free energy analysis for verification. The docking simulations for DIF-2 and DIF-3, which have molecular structures similar to DIF-1 have been explored as well. DIF-3 was especially found to have very low capacity of binding/no docking-simulation which was consistent with experimental data, and two chloro groups of DIF-1 could lead to a transition to a multicellular slug.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with surgery in the treatment of local advanced breast cancer
Authors: Zhao Haixia , Zhang Jinying , Lu Yanxia , Jin Jihai 
Published: August 2019

Objective: To investigate the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgery on locally advanced breast cancer and its prognosis.
Methods: One hundred and fifty-four patients with locally advanced breast cancer who were admitted to our hospital from February 2014 to April 2015 were selected as the study subjects. They were divided into an observation group and a control group according to the principle of random equalization, 77 each group. The observation group was treated with TAC scheme, neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with modified radical resection, and continuously treated with the same scheme after operation until the end of the course of treatment. The control group was treated with modified radical resection and TAC scheme. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was observed, and the perioperative indications, prognosis and occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.
Results: The total effective rate of the observation group was 76.62%, significantly higher than that of the control group (55.84%, P<0.05). The observation group had shorter operation time and hospitalization time and less bleeding amount compared to the control group (P<0.05). The metastasis rate and recurrence rate of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05); there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The one-year and three-year survival rates of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups after operation (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with TAC scheme can reduce the difficulty of operation, improve the curative effect of patients, significantly improve the prognosis of patients and prolong the survival time, which is worth clinical application.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.310
How to cite this:Zhao H, Zhang J, Lu Y, Jin J. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with surgery in the treatment of local advanced breast cancer. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):1402-1407. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.310
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Thoracoscope and thoracotomy in the treatment of thoracic trauma
Authors: Shi Juan , Wang Yucun , Geng Wenzhen 
Published: August 2019

Objective: To compare clinical effects of thoracoscopic surgery and thoracotomy in the treatment of thoracic trauma.
Methods: Two hundred and fourteen patients with thoracic trauma were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group, 107 in each group. The control group was treated with conventional thoracotomy, while the observation group was treated with thoracoscopic surgery. The operation-related indications, hospitalization, postoperative complications and inflammatory factor level were observed and compared between the two groups. The study was conducted from April 2016 to February 2018.
Results: The duration of operation of the observation group was shorter than that of the control group, the amount of bleeding during operation of the observation group was less than that of the control group, and the postoperative visual analogue score (VAS) of the observation group was lower than that of the control group; the difference were statistically significant (P<0.05). The hospitalization time, time of off-bed activity and time of resuming daily life of the observation group were shorter than those of the control group, and the amount of drainage fluid of the observation group within 24 hours after operation was less than that of the control group; the differences had statistical significance (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups (P>0.05). The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin (IL)-6 in both groups after surgery were higher than those before surgery, but the indicators in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Thoracoscopic surgery can reduce pains of patients, speed up recovery, and reduce incidence of surgical infection in the treatment of thoracic trauma. It is a safe and effective treatment method, which is worth clinical application.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.514
How to cite this:Shi J, Wang Y, Geng W. Thoracoscope and thoracotomy in the treatment of thoracic trauma. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):1238-1242. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.514
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Teenagers Perceptions of Retail Format in Shopping Malls: A study on Forum Mall and its Patronage in Bangalore
Authors: Jaykumar V 
Published: August 2019

The Indian retail market has grown at a double-digit compound annual growth rate over the last five years and was worth an estimated $554bn in 2011 and is expected to grow further. The Indian economy grew throughout the global downturn, with increasing consumer purchasing power bolstering the retail sector. Retailing is now the second highest contributor to India’s gross domestic product. (PR Newswire, New York, 2012)."Facebook, Twitter and more have become de rigueur rather than optional for centre marketers,"(Henry,Alison). “Centre owners and managers are also placing renewed emphasis on enhancing the 'experience' of in a bricks and-mortar environment, through targeted promotional events to engage consumers and offer them additional incentives to shop in-mall vs online."The forum mall in Bangalore presents a unique retail pattern site in Bangalore that helps build the brand identity of the mall for teenagers, as they are the ones who like the format. This study explores the relationship between teenager’s identity and their perception towards Forum Mall as a blend of lifestyle mall retailing and a patronage pattern. A store intercept survey approach was used to collect data from 120 teenagers mostly college and university students. Findings indicated that teenager’s identity as a mall enthusiast and/or a habitual mall visitor had little impact on their perceptions about the importance of selected store atmospherics in the decision to shop at Forum mall, Bangalore but did influence some of their intended patronage behaviors towards the mall.