bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigen Presentation to Lymphocytes
Authors: Muharemagic Darija , Scott William , Mishto Michele 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAntigen presentation to T and B lymphocytes by antigen‐presenting cells plays a central role in the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses. T cells recognise peptides in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules via T cell receptors (TCRs). In contrast, B cells recognise and bind proteins via membrane‐bound immunoglobulins, known as B cell receptors (BCRs). Which epitopes are recognised by TCRs and BCRs has a major impact on the cell‐mediated immune response.Key ConceptsT lymphocytes are key players in the adaptive immune response.T lymphocytes need professional antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) to be primed.Upon priming, T cell activation does not need professional APCs.CD8+T cells mediate the cytotoxic response against infected cells.CD8+T cells can mediate the cytotoxic response against cancer cells.T cell receptor αβ (TCR αβ) recognises complexes formed by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and antigenic peptides.After several steps of the antigen processing and presentation (APP) pathway, antigenic peptides are presented by MHC molecules to T cells.An antigenic peptide that triggers a T cell activation is defined as an ‘epitope’.Unconventional epitopes such as posttranslationally spliced epitopes can trigger a T cell response.
D
esulfoplanes
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Kuever Jan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

De.sul.fo.pla'nes. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. masc. n.
planes
a wanderer, roamer; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfoplanes
a sulfate‐reducing wanderer, pertaining to a motile sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfoplanaceae / Desulfoplanes

Cells are vibrios, 1.0 µm × 3.0–4.0 µm, occur singly, in pairs or in chains. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Motile. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory or fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic and chemolithoheterotrophic. Pyruvate, lactate, fumarate, and malate are used as electron donors and carbon sources and are incompletely oxidized to acetate. Growth on H
2
and formate requires acetate as an organic carbon source. Addition of yeast extract greatly enhances growth on formate, but it is not required for growth on other substrates. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate are used as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Nitrate is not used. Fermentative growth on pyruvate, malate, and fumarate. Mesophilic, with optimal growth at 42–45°C. The genus currently accommodates one species. Anoxic media containing a reductant (usually sulfide) and NaCl are necessary for growth. Vitamin requirement is not confirmed. Occurs in anoxic sediments of brackish lake or marine environments polluted by petroleum hydrocarbon.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 55.4 (LC); 49.81 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfoplanes formicivorans
Watanabe, Kojima and Fukui 2015, 1906
VP
.
Analysis of dose comparison techniques for patient‐specific quality assurance in radiation therapy
Authors: Yu Liting , Tang Timothy L. S. , Cassim Naasiha , Livingstone Alexander , Cassidy Darren , Kairn Tanya , Crowe Scott B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeGamma evaluation is the most commonly used technique for comparison of dose distributions for patient‐specific pretreatment quality assurance in radiation therapy. Alternative dose comparison techniques have been developed but not widely implemented. This study aimed to compare and evaluate the performance of several previously published alternatives to the gamma evaluation technique, by systematically evaluating a large number of patient‐specific quality assurance results.MethodsThe agreement indices (or pass rates) for global and local gamma evaluation, maximum allowed dose difference (MADD) and divide and conquer (D&C) techniques were calculated using a selection of acceptance criteria for 429 patient‐specific pretreatment quality assurance measurements. Regression analysis was used to quantify the similarity of behavior of each technique, to determine whether possible variations in sensitivity might be present.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the behavior of D&C gamma analysis and MADD box analysis differs from any other dose comparison techniques, whereas MADD gamma analysis exhibits similar performance to the standard global gamma analysis. Local gamma analysis had the least variation in behavior with criteria selection. Agreement indices calculated for 2%/2 mm and 2%/3 mm, and 3%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm were correlated for most comparison techniques.ConclusionRadiation oncology treatment centers looking to compare between different dose comparison techniques, criteria or lower dose thresholds may apply the results of this study to estimate the expected change in calculated agreement indices and possible variation in sensitivity to delivery dose errors.
Hybrid 3D Printing of Synthetic and Cell‐Laden Bioinks for Shape Retaining Soft Tissue Grafts
Authors: Van Belleghem Sarah , Torres Leopoldo , Santoro Marco , Mahadik Bhushan , Wolfand Arley , Kofinas Peter , Fisher John P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDespite recent advances in clinical procedures, the repair of soft tissue remains a reconstructive challenge. Current technologies such as synthetic implants and dermal flap autografting result in inefficient shape retention and unpredictable aesthetic outcomes. 3D printing, however, can be leveraged to produce superior soft tissue grafts that allow enhanced host integration and volume retention. Here, a novel dual bioink 3D printing strategy is presented that utilizes synthetic and natural materials to create stable, biomimetic soft tissue constructs. A double network ink composed of covalently cross‐linked poly(ethylene) glycol and ionically cross‐linked alginate acts as a physical support network that promotes cell growth and enables long‐term graft shape retention. This is coupled with a cell‐laden, biodegradable gelatin methacrylate bioink in a hybrid printing technique, and the composite scaffolds are evaluated in their mechanical properties, shape retention, and cytotoxicity. Additionally, a new shape analysis technique utilizing CloudCompare software is developed that expands the available toolbox for assessing scaffold aesthetic properties. With this dynamic 3D bioprinting strategy, complex geometries with robust internal structures can be easily modulated by varying the print ratio of nondegradable to sacrificial strands. The versatility of this hybrid printing fabrication platform can inspire the design of future multimaterial regenerative implants.
Freeze‐Facilitated Ligand Binding to Plasmonic Gold Nanorods
Authors: Ye Yang , Liu Zhenchao , Zhang Wenyao , Cheng Xiaoyu , He Sailing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGold nanorods (AuNRs) are an important class of advanced plasmonic materials, but unlike gold nanospheres (AuNSs) their surface modification is difficult due to the specific surfactant layer of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) resulted from the synthesis. In this paper, a freeze‐induced surface modification strategy is proposed for AuNRs. Freezing AuNRs right after a simple wash step can facilitate binding of surface ligands and allow assembly of functional biointerface in a fast time scale. This strategy is simple, fast, versatile, and robust, allowing attachments of different ligand molecules, including organic dyes, poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs), and DNAs onto AuNRs without additional reagent. An optimal condition for DNA loading is determined with a matrix driven approach. It is shown that the attached ligand molecules are functional, allowing formation of core–satellite type structures using DNAs linking to AuNSs, or high‐density vertical superlattice arrays using PEGylated AuNRs.
Thiosulfonates as Emerging Reactants: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Mampuys P. , McElroy C. R. , Clark J. H. , Orru R. V. A. , Maes B. U. W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe synthetic strategies towards thiosulfonates (RSO2SR1) are comprehensively reviewed from their original discovery to recent advances. Incorporation of the green credentials of the synthetic procedures towards thiosulfonates allows one to judge the merits of the state of the art, beyond the typical yield of a product and availability of the reactants. As reactant for organic transformations, thiosulfonates are particularly interesting given their possibility to react with nucleophiles, electrophiles and radicals. This review aims to give researchers, not familiar with the field, a good understanding of the general applications of thiosulfonates, while not skipping the recent important advances. The related, but less explored, selenosulfonates (RSO2SeR1) are also covered.magnified image
Clinically Approved MRI Contrast Agents as Imaging Labels for a Porous Iron‐Based MOF Nanocarrier: A Systematic Investigation in a Clinical MRI Setting
Authors: Böll Konstantin , Zimpel Andreas , Dietrich Olaf , Wuttke Stefan , Peller Michael 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMetal‐organic framework nanoparticles (MOF NPs) are a promising class of NP systems that offer versatile and tunable properties. Creating a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐MOF NP platform as a basis for a theranostic drug delivery system is considered an auspicious approach, as MRI is a routinely used clinical method allowing real‐time imaging. So far clinically approved MRI contrast agents (CAs) have not been investigated systematically for the visualization of loading and release from MOF NPs. Here, loading and release of six clinically approved CAs from the MOF MIL‐100(Fe) are investigated in a clinical MRI setting. Standard procedures, beginning with sample preparation up to MRI methods, are established for that purpose. Results are reproduced and verified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐AES) and thiocyanate testing. The macrocyclic CA gadoterate meglumine is identified as the best CA candidate for labeling MIL‐100(Fe). The CA is successfully loaded after 1 h, and also effectively released within the first hour. The MR‐active CA and iron residuals in supernatants are differentiable based on MRI only and concentrations can be successfully calculated. The presented systematic approach suggests procedures and MRI‐methodology that can be used as blueprint strategy when labeling porous NPs with clinically approved MRI CAs.
On flow regime transition in trickle bed: Development of a novel deep‐learning‐assisted image analysis method
Authors: Wang Chao , Li Shaoshuo , Yang Yao , Huang Zhengliang , Sun Jingyuan , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong , Liao Zuwei , Jiang Binbo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn image analysis method was developed based on deep‐learning algorithms to extract phase fractions quantitatively in a rectangular trickle bed, and the average identification error was lower than 5%. Furthermore, the flow regime transition in the trickle bed was studied. In trickle‐to‐pulse flow transition, the trickle flow could be further classified into the stable trickle flow and accelerated one. The SD of liquid fractions and the peak width at half‐height of the probability density curve of liquid fractions were close to zero in stable trickle flow, increased rapidly in accelerated trickle flow, and remained approximately constant in pulse flow. In bubble‐to‐pulse flow transition, dispersed bubbles in bubble flow induced the outliers outside the upper boundary of the boxplot of gas fraction, while alternative appearance of gas‐rich zone and liquid‐rich zone in pulse flow induced outliers outside both the upper and lower boundaries of the boxplot of gas fraction.
Modeling the influence of changes in aliphatic structure on char surface area during coal pyrolysis
Authors: Yang He , Fletcher Thomas H. , Li Yang , Jin Lijun , Li Sufen , Shang Yan , Hu Haoquan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe influence of changes in aliphatic structure on char surface area during coal pyrolysis was modeled, and the effect was introduced to a previous char surface area model for lignite pyrolysis established based on the chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model. The modified model can predict not only the N2 and CO2 char surface area during rapid pyrolysis of three lignites but also the CO2 char surface area of two high‐volatile bituminous coals; the agreement of the modified model with experiments is improved at high temperatures. The decrease in aliphatic chain length can reduce adsorption positions around aromatic core, and decrease char surface area. When mass release is more than 55% at about 1,100 K, the predicted N2 char surface area starts to decrease with further generation of volatiles, and the increase of predicted CO2 char surface area with increasing generation of volatiles also become slow at the end of mass release.
Hematopoietic score predicts outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Al Saleh Abdullah S. , Sidiqi M. Hasib , Dispenzieri Angela , Kapoor Prashant , Muchtar Eli , Buadi Francis K. , Warsame Rahma , Lacy Martha Q. , Dingli David , Leung Nelson , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Gertz Morie A. , Go Ronald S. , Kyle Robert A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji K. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRisk stratification of multiple myeloma (MM) at diagnosis is critical. We examined the ability of hematopoietic indices including mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin (Hgb), and platelet (Plt) to predict outcomes. This was a retrospective study of patients treated at Mayo Clinic between January 2004 and April 2018. We incorporated three variables (Hgb < 10 g/dL, Plt < 150 × 109/L, and MCV > 96 fL), assigning a score of 1 to each. We identified 1540 newly diagnosed MM patients, of whom 707 (46%) had a score of 0, 513 (33%) had a score of 1, 260 (17%) had a score of 2, and 60 (4%) had a score of 3. The score risk stratified patients into four groups with differing survivals. The median PFS was 32.3 months for score 0, 24.8 months for score 1, 21.7 months for score 2, and 18.3 months for score 3, for P < .001. The median OS was 80.7 months for score 0, 59.9 months for score 1, 51.7 months for score 2, and 31.3 months for score 3, P < .0001. Predictors of OS on the multivariable analysis were age ≥ 65 (HR, 1.93; P < .0001), R‐ISS stage (1‐2 vs 3) (HR, 0.48; P < .0001), and hematopoietic score (0‐2 vs 3) (HR, 0.51; P = .006). A hematopoietic score can predict survival in newly diagnosed myeloma patients.
Transition‐Metal‐Free C2‐H Sulfonylation of Quinoline N‐Oxides via Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Cai Heng , Yang Huiyong , Xu Jun , Bao Hanyang , Huang Lin , Zhang Hongdou , Zhang Pengfei , Li Wanmei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHerein, a facile approach for C−H sulfonylation of quinoline N‐oxides via insertion of sulfur dioxide is described. In this method, 2‐sulfonylquinolines with various functional groups can be obtained in good yields under mild reaction conditions. Control experiments indicate that a radical pathway is involved in the C−H sulfonylation.
Mapping holmes tremor circuit using the human brain connectome
Authors: Joutsa Juho , Shih Ludy C. , Fox Michael D. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveHolmes tremor is a debilitating movement disorder with limited treatment options. Lesions causing Holmes tremor can occur in multiple different brain locations, leaving the neuroanatomical substrate unclear. Here, we test whether lesion locations that cause Holmes tremor map to a connected brain circuit and whether this circuit might serve as a useful therapeutic target.MethodsCase reports of Holmes tremor caused by focal brain lesions were identified through a systematic literature search. Connectivity between each lesion location and the rest of the brain was computed using resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging data from 1,000 healthy volunteers. Commonalities across lesion locations were identified. This Holmes tremor circuit was then compared to neurosurgical treatment targets and clinical efficacy.ResultsWe identified 36 lesions causing Holmes tremor, which were scattered across multiple different brain regions. However, all lesion locations were connected to a common brain circuit with nodes in the red nucleus, thalamus, globus pallidus, and cerebellum. In cases with effective neurosurgical treatment, the treatment target was connected with the lesion location, indicating that a second hit to the same circuit might be beneficial. Commonly used deep brain stimulation targets such as the ventral intermediate nucleus and subthalamic nucleus fell outside our Holmes tremor circuit, whereas the globus pallidus target was close, consistent with published clinical response rates for these targets.InterpretationLesions causing Holmes tremor are part of a single connected brain circuit that may serve as an improved therapeutic target. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:812–820
Hydrophobic‐associated polymer‐based laponite nanolayered silicate composite as filtrate reducer for water‐based drilling fluid at high temperature
Authors: Shen Haokun , Lv Kaihe , Huang Xianbin , Liu Jingping , Bai Yingrui , Wang Jintang , Sun Jinsheng 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTWellbore instability caused by water invasion is the main problem in oil and gas drilling operation. This study reports the utilization of a hydrophobic‐associated polymer‐based laponite nanolayered silicate composite as a filtrate reducer in water‐based drilling fluids (WDFs). The thermal performance and micromorphology of the composite were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscope, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the composite possessed a “bean pod” structure and a good thermal stability. The rheological properties of the composite solution were evaluated. The results showed that the hydrophobic association interaction of the composite is weak but existent, and the crosslink network structure is variable. The applied performances of WDFs containing the composite were also evaluated. Evaluation results showed that the composite could improve the properties of the thermal stability, salt tolerance, and fluid loss control of WDFs. The particle size distribution of WDFs and the micrographs of filter cakes explained the improving. The composite was expected to be applied as an efficient filtrate reducer for developing high performance drilling fluids. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48608.
Multiple Active Sites: Lithium Storage Mechanism of Cu‐TCNQ as an Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Meng Chunfeng , Chen Tianhui , Fang Chun , Huang Yunhui , Hu Pinfei , Tong Yongli , Bian Ting , Zhang Jiaojiao , Wang Zhaoxuan , Yuan Aihua 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRecently, carboxylate metal‐organic framework (MOF) materials were reported to perform well as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs); however, the presumed lithium storage mechanism of MOFs is controversial. To gain insight into the mechanism of MOFs as anode materials for LIBs, a self‐supported Cu‐TCNQ (TCNQ: 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane) film was fabricated via an in situ redox routine, and directly used as electrode for LIBs. The first discharge and charge specific capacities of the self‐supported Cu‐TCNQ electrode are 373.4 and 219.4 mAh g−1, respectively. After 500 cycles, the reversible specific capacity of Cu‐TCNQ reaches 280.9 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1. Mutually validated data reveal that the high capacity is ascribed to the multiple‐electron redox conversion of both metal ions and ligands, as well as the reversible insertion and desertion of Li+ ions into the benzene rings of ligands. This work raises the expectation for MOFs as electrode materials of LIBs by utilizing multiple active sites and provides new clues for designing improved electrode materials for LIBs.
Reverberation mapping of distant quasars: Time lag determination using different methods
Authors: Zajaček Michal , Czerny B. , Martínez‐Aldama Mary Loli , Karas Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBy applying different statistically robust methods, we analyze the time lag between the continuum and ionized line‐emission (Mg II line) light curves for the distant bright quasar CTS C30.10 (redshift z∼0.9). The data were obtained by the 10‐meter South African Large Telescope (SALT) telescope in South Africa. In detail, we demonstrate the application of several methods using the interpolated cross‐correlation function (ICCF), discrete correlation function (DCF), z‐transformed discrete correlation function (zDCF), von Neumann estimator, and the JAVELIN code package. In particular, we discuss the uncertainties of these methods. In conclusion, we find that the quasar lies on the broad‐line region (BLR) size—monochromatic luminosity power‐law scaling, , which was already confirmed for low‐redshift sources. In case, the BLR size–luminosity relation holds for other distant sources, quasars could be used to probe cosmological models as “standard candles” complementary to supernovae Ia.
Isodensity analysis of comets using the collection of digitized Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory photographic plates
Authors: Nefedyev Yury , Andreev Alexey , Hudec Rene 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe field of astronomy dealing with comets is an important component of modern space investigations. This applies both to the study of physical, chemical, and evolutionary parameters and to the determination of connections between meteor showers and their parental bodies. This paper considers the isodensity analysis of Arend‐Roland, 45P/Honda, and Bennett comets using the measurements of photographic plates performed at Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory. On the basis of a software aimed at analyzing the brightness of digital images, structural models for three comets were developed. The isophotes of their nuclei, comas, and tails were determined as well. As the cometary nuclei are the elements of dynamical evolution and processes in the Solar Nebula, the study of a digital database on comets will allow refining the theory of their formation and evolution.
Chromosomal mutations in Escherichia coli that improve tolerance to nonvolatile side‐products from dilute acid treatment of sugarcane bagasse
Authors: Shi Aiqin , Yomano Lorraine P. , York Sean W. , Zheng Huabao , Shanmugam Keelnatham T. , Ingram Lonnie O. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLignocellulosic biomass provides attractive nonfood carbohydrates for the production of ethanol, and dilute acid pretreatment is a biomass‐independent process for access to these carbohydrates. However, this pretreatment also releases volatile and nonvolatile inhibitors of fermenting microorganisms. To identify unique gene products contributing to sensitivity/tolerance to nonvolatile inhibitors, ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain LY180 was adapted for growth in vacuum‐treated sugarcane bagasse acid hydrolysate (VBHz) lacking furfural and other volatile inhibitors. A mutant, strain AQ15, obtained after approximately 500 generations of growth in VBHz, grew and fermented the sugars in a medium with 50% VBHz. Comparative genome sequence analysis of strains AQ15 and LY180 revealed 95 mutations in strain AQ15. Six of these mutations were also found in strain SL112, an independent inhibitor‐tolerant derivative of strain LY180. Among these six mutations, null mutations in mdh and bacA were identified as contributing factors to VBHz tolerance in strain AQ15, based on the genetic and physiological analysis. The deletion of either gene in strain LY180 increased tolerance to VBHz from approximately 30–50% (vol/vol). Considering the location and physiological role of the two enzymes in the cell, it is likely that the two enzymes contribute to the VBHz sensitivity of ethanologenic E. coli by different mechanisms.