bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patents, Utility Models, Design Rights, and Plant Breeder Rights
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the patent system. It describes the basic structure and purpose of patent systems, and the process and legal requirements for obtaining an invention patent. It also reviews the various specialized patents: utility models, design patents, and plant patents. The chapter discusses international aspects of patent protection, including international agreements, institutions, and harmonization efforts. The main economic arguments for having a patent system are presented. The chapter then explains the several definitions of patent quality and patent value, and the ways in which researchers have tried to estimate these quantities.
Software, Business and Financial Methods, Open Source, and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the use of patents on software, business and financial methods, and artificial intelligence (AI). It begins by describing the basic characteristics of the software industry (broadly defined), and the R&D and product development process in that industry. It reviews the legal and policy debate around patent protection of software and business and financial methods in the United States, which has also impacted other patent systems. The role the patent system plays in the software industry, and the effect of software and business method patents on innovation in that industry are explored. The chapter also covers open-source software and its relation to proprietary software and the current debates on the interaction between AI and the patent system.
Patent Trolls
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the controversial topic of patent trolls, which are also referred to as nonpracticing entities (NPEs) or patent assertion entities (PAEs). It defines what is meant by these terms and presents the different types, which include universities and former users of the patented technology as well as firms specialized in asserting patents in court. The ambiguous theoretical effects of NPEs on innovation and welfare is discussed. The chapter then reviews the different enforcement strategies of NPEs and the existing empirical evidence on the effect of NPEs on innovation and welfare. The final section discusses the various responses to the activities of patent trolls in the form of defensive aggregators, invalidation entities, and litigation insurances.
Honor, Heroism, and Tragedy in The Iliad
Authors: Rahman Smita A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the heroic capacity for action that honor seems to inspire. Its proponents see it as a bulwark against the erosion of freedom but ignore the tragic nature of heroic agency. The chapter analyzes The Iliad, whose plot is ignited by the stripping of Achilles’s honor and his subsequent withdrawal from the Greek army and the carnage that ensues. It offers a close reading of the central drama of The Iliad in conversation with Nietzsche’s work on tragedy and Bernard Knox on the heroic temper, and also engages with the therapeutic work done by Jonathan Shay, who found remarkable parallels between The Iliad and his treatment of PTSD in his Vietnam War veteran patients. Reading these texts together highlights the tragic dimensions of the heroic agency of honor in the political imagination and underlines both its affirmative appeal and its potential costs.
Honor, Nostalgia, and Democratic Anxiety in the Marvel Cinematic Universe’s Captain America
Authors: Rahman Smita A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the genre of superheroes by focusing on the most ostensibly honorable and patriotic superhero of them all: Captain America. It examines the iconic superhero through films and television series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe to analyze the interstices of honor and democracy. His journey in the MCU films and TV series embodies democratic struggle, appearing when democracy faces threats but also capturing the tension between democratic equality and (super)heroic action. The chapter examines the links between honor, nostalgia, and democracy and, in doing so, draws attention to the silences of American democracy and how its nostalgic fantasies of heroism can both conceal and perpetuate racial injustice. It therefore argues that the MCU’s Captain America, in its many forms, embodies the unsettled relationship between democracy and honor itself: he is a figure who is essential to the mythic imaginary of American democracy but also threatens its very stability with his unyielding attachment to honor.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Norman , Coker Ross Carolyn , Fuller Mazella , Small Charlynn 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Antiblackness is ubiquitous and has had a profound impact on the development of our health care and mental health systems. We exist in a landscape of inequitable access to health care for Black people, which is that way by design. Health care organizations and providers function within systems that do not treat all people equitably, and those implicit biases are particularly evident in the quality of care that Black Americans routinely receive. Black and Brown people’s understandable and survival-based reactions to discrimination, racism, and poverty are being pathologized because our systems are not set up to deal with the racism-based trauma at the core of these experiences. Providers neither routinely examine the historical and structural roots of the distress Black people experience nor look at their own biases and how they might impact upon the ways they assess and treat.
Black American Women in Academia and Clinical Settings
Authors: Conley Jacqueline A. , Holden Kisha B. , Standifer Maisha , Randolph Courtney E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Many Black women in the United States have unique experiences that have impacted their career trajectories and their mental and physical well-being. “Black Women in Academia and Clinical Settings: Challenges and a Way Forward” shares a compilation of lived experiences of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) women academicians/clinicians in the field of psychology. It also presents research on both gendered and racial microaggressions and structured racism and discrimination and their impact on BIPOC, specifically Black women in psychology. It is imperative that positive ecosystems and practices are cultivated in various settings that support BIPOC women professionals for enacting successful career paths and promoting their positive mental and physical well-being.
Camouflaged Microaggressions
Authors: Davis Cy’Tique T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
There is a daunting misconception that African American service members are exempt from the microaggressions that their civilian counterparts experience daily, and that serving your country exempts you from the rugged nature of the world around you. “Camouflaged Microaggressions: Thank You for Your Service” sheds light on how the most common exchange between service members and civilians—“thank you for your service”—shows respect and grace that African American service members would not otherwise receive as civilians. This respect is given because they have chosen to die for a country that sees them as superhuman while sometimes being regarded as subhuman. The truth is, the microaggressions experienced are just like the uniforms they wear: camouflaged. This conclusion rests on a review of institutional analyses in three areas on which scholars focused: appearance standards, promotion opportunities, and the administration of military justice.
The Dearth of Black Male School Psychologists
Authors: Small Charlynn 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Of the estimated 21,529 school psychologists currently employed in the United States, 73.2% are women and 26.8% are men. The overwhelming majority of them are White (83.7%), followed by Hispanic or Latinx (8.1%), Black (3.3%), and Asian (3.1%). It is estimated that Black men make up less than 1% of the profession. Meanwhile, Black boys make up nearly 8% of the U.S. K–12 public school population. This essay, “The Dearth of Black Male School Psychologists,” considers the tremendous benefits to be gained by increasing the representation of Black men in the profession and focuses on the roles Black male school psychologists can fill in the lives of Black boys. Attention is given to the need for mental health support for urban learners as a result of the pandemic. In addition, recommendations are offered for recruitment strategies and ways to increase the numbers of Black men school psychologists (BMSPs).
The Fight for Civil Rights and Its Connection to Mental Health in Black Communities
Authors: Louder Ceewin N. , Franklin Alexis R. , Meyer Marisol L. , del Rey Gabrielle M. , Gutierrez Melissa A. , Dorsett Joelle , Masters Brandon Wise , Nicolas Guerda 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Racism in the United States served as a catalyst for the civil rights movement and continues to fuel the civil rights struggle to this day. “The Fight for Civil Rights and Its Connection to Mental Health in Black Communities” explores how participating in protests may positively impact mental health. This chapter defines the term “protest” and expands it to include multiple types of nonviolent and violent resistance. The authors connect how protesting in response to racial oppression may positively impact mental health through belonging, self-concept, autonomy, catharsis, and hope. Mental health professionals and educators are encouraged to consider how protesting in response to racial oppression can serve as a unique vehicle for coping and learning.
Mental Health Industry Challenges and the Need for Black Psychological Allyship
Authors: DeCarlo Alonzo C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rarely does the professional literature chronicle the equipotential of the big four (counseling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry) in the mental health industry as a pivotal influence in coping balance for Black Americans through authentic advocacy. “Mental Health Industry Challenges and the Need for Black Psychological Allyship” introduces new definitions for “black psychological allyship” and “antiblackness” as critical elements in Black Americans’ well-being. It discusses conventional etiological contributions to Black Americans’ tenuous relationship to the mental health industry, such as institutional bias/bigotry. It also reviews the underpinnings of long-term maintenance of mental health disparities for Black Americans from assessment to treatment. Finally, policy and practice suggestions are made to mitigate antiblackness and structural bias barriers that contribute to mental health disparities for Black Americans.
My Fellow Americans
Authors: Widmer Ted 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Every four years, the incoming president of the United States delivers an inaugural address in a tradition that dates back to 1789, with George Washington’s first inauguration. The address informs Americans—and peoples around the world—about the nation’s past achievements and its potential future. In a speech laden with importance, the president shares their fears, their hopes, and their deepest aspirations for the nation and for democracy. This book brings together all of the inaugural addresses—from George Washington's first in 1789 through Joseph Biden’s in 2021. It includes original essays by leading scholars, speechwriters, historians, biographers, and editors of presidential papers that contextualize each speech within the presidential administration that followed. Each of the contributors explores what a president expected to be dealing with when entering the highest office in the land, what they hoped to do for the country, and how things really turned out. The chapters examine decisions the president made and how this impacted the nation’s trajectory. They also reflect on how the address relates to the president's legacy in and out of office. The chapters also offer distinctive approaches: some consider the political, economic, and military status of the country; others the composition of the address itself; and still others the personal circumstances of the president at the time of his inauguration.
Thomas Jefferson’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Thomas Jefferson’s Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1805. Jefferson begins by reporting on the work of his administration. In the transaction of foreign affairs, his administration has “endeavored to cultivate the friendship of all nations, and especially of those with which we have the most important relations.” With regard to domestic policy, Jefferson claims that “the suppression of unnecessary offices, of useless establishments and expenses, enabled us to discontinue our internal taxes.” He then mentions the acquisition of Louisiana, the freedom of religion, and his policy concerning Native Americans. Finally, Jefferson expresses his wish that “the public efforts may be directed honestly to the public good, that peace be cultivated, civil and religious liberty unassailed, law and order preserved, equality of rights maintained, and that state of property, equal or unequal, which results to every man from his own industry or that of his father’s.”
Andrew Jackson’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Andrew Jackson’s Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1833. Jackson begins by acknowledging how “the foreign policy adopted by our Government soon after the formation of our present Constitution, and very generally pursued by successive administrations . . . has elevated our character among the nations of the earth.” With regard to domestic policy, he highlights “two objects which especially deserve the attention of the people and their Representatives”: the preservation of the rights of the States, and the integrity of the Union. Jackson then vows “to exercise my constitutional powers in arresting measures which may directly or indirectly encroach upon the rights of the States, or tend to consolidate all political power in the General Government.” He also aims “to encourage simplicity and economy in the expenditures of the Government” and “to raise no more money from the people than may be requisite for these objects.”
James K. Polk’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents James K. Polk’s inaugural address on March 4, 1845. Polk begins by declaring that “each State is a complete sovereignty within the sphere of its reserved powers. The Government of the Union, acting within the sphere of its delegated authority, is also a complete sovereignty.” Polk then highlights his “duty to recommend to Congress and, as far as the Executive is concerned, to enforce by all the means within my power the strictest economy in the expenditure of the public money which may be compatible with the public interests.” He also addresses the adjustment of revenue laws and the levy of taxes necessary for the support of Government; the annexation of Texas to the United States; the management of foreign relations; and the strict performance of duty that will be exacted from all public officers.
Rutherford B. Hayes’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the Inaugural Address of Rutherford B. Hayes. In the address, Hayes indicates that the permanent pacification of the country secures the complete protection of all its citizens in the free enjoyment of all their constitutional rights. Moreover, the evils which afflict the Southern states can only be removed or remedied by the united and harmonious efforts of both races. Hayes also acknowledges the depression of the country’s financial conditions. The address also notes that universal suffrage depends on universal education, so liberal and permanent provisions should be made for the support of free schools by the state governments, supplemented by legitimate aid from the national authority.
Chester A. Arthur’s Address upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Chester A. Arthur’s Inaugural Address upon assuming the office of president of the United States. The address starts with a brief acknowledgment that the country is filling the vacancy of the executive chair for the fourth time after the murder of the preceding president. The Constitution defines the functions and powers of the executive as clearly as those of either of the other two departments of the government. Arthur indicates how he will rely on the aid of divine guidance and the virtue, patriotism, and intelligence of the American people following the high duties, responsibility, and trust imposed by the Constitution. The address mentions how prosperity blesses the country, which is fixed by law that is well-grounded and generally approved.
Grover Cleveland’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Grover Cleveland’s First Inaugural Address. In his address, Cleveland accepts the duty and responsibility he owes to all people of the land, highlighting that the fearless and faithful application of democratic principles is the surest guarantee of good government. Cleveland assures that the government will remain for all the people, despite being transferred to new keeping. The address cites the duty of those serving the people in public places to closely limit public expenditures to the actual needs of the government, economically administered. It notes the demand for reform in the administration of the government and the application of business principles to public affairs.
Warren G. Harding’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the Inaugural Address of Warren G. Harding. According to Harding, the recorded progress of the Republic proves the wisdom of the inherited policy of non-involvement in Old World affairs. Harding indicates that the success of their popular government rests wholly upon the correct interpretation of the deliberate, intelligent, dependable popular will of America. The address also indicates Harding’s belief that ties of trade bind nations in closest intimacy, while mentioning that the business world reflects the disturbance of war’s reaction. It also includes the acknowledgment of Harding with regard to the nationwide induction of women into American political life.
“One-Third of a Nation . . .”
Authors: Kennedy David M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the Second Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt. It explains that Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address was an anaphoric litany of national failings that culminated in the famous declaration about “one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.” Moreover, Roosevelt offered a commendably succinct summary of the critique of legacy political institutions and practices. The chapter presents the similarities between the inauguration speeches of Abraham Lincoln and Roosevelt, especially concerning how the remarks around moral and political precepts are framed. It highlights how the Second Inaugural Address reflected Roosevelt’s deep commitment to the positive state and bringing his fellow citizens into the full richness of American life.
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Third Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides the Third Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the speech, Roosevelt encourages people to rediscover their identity through history to avoid the risk of isolation and inaction. Roosevelt highlights how the lives of nations are determined by the lifetime of the human spirit instead of the count of years. Roosevelt also disputes the argument that democracy, as a form of government and a frame of life, is limited or measured by a kind of mystical and artificial fate and that freedom is an ebbing tide. He also looks at the action to be taken within the three-way framework of the Constitution of the United States.
Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Second Inaugural Address, which begins by seeking the blessings of Almighty God and stating that “the hopes in our hearts fashion the deepest prayers of our whole people.” Eisenhower mentions that one-third of all mankind has entered upon a historic struggle for the freedom from grinding poverty. He highlights nations impoverished by the recent world war that sought to restore their means of livelihood, such as Germany that was tragically divided at the time. The address includes Eisenhower’s consideration of International Communism as a divisive force that is dark in purpose and clear in practice. Eisenhower promotes the building of peace with justice in a world where moral law prevails.
Jimmy Carter’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Jimmy Carter’s inaugural address, which oozed humility and stood out for its brevity and lack of pretension. Carter opens his speech by quoting his high school teacher, Julia Coleman, whose admonition to her students in a humble Georgia schoolhouse set the tone for everything that followed. It cites Micah 6:8, which Carter selected to send a message by stressing his dedication to justice, mercy, and walking humbly with God. Carter retained notes of self-effacement, telling the American people that their strength can compensate for his weakness and their wisdom can help to minimize his mistakes. Carter appeals to a spirit of individual sacrifice for the common good, urging that Americans must simply do their best, rather than striving to do everything.
Bill Clinton’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter details Bill Clinton’s First Inaugural Address, which was just fourteen minutes long, but did not lack substance. After thanking his predecessor and others of his generation for their service and sacrifice, Clinton proclaims that a new generation has come to power, a generation raised in the shadow of the Cold War. Clinton invokes George Washington and Thomas Jefferson and pays homage to Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address by calling for a celebration of the mystery of American renewal. Echoing John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address, Clinton emphasizes the necessity of sacrifice and service. Clinton positions himself within a specific political genealogy that stood for liberalism’s deepest values by summoning the themes of rebirth, experimentation, and sacrifice.
The Comeback Kid
Authors: Gillon Steven M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the First Inaugural Address of Bill Clinton, who embraced the narrative about striking a balance between activist social policy and more punitive measures. By straddling political divides, the Clinton presidency seemed for many observers to promise a turning point, a shift away from the stale partisan debates that had divided the nation since the 1960s. It notes that Clinton challenged young Americans to embark on what he called a season of service and pledged that his administration would do its part to revitalize the country. The chapter looks at the tumultuous events of the 1960s that shaped Clinton’s political views, such as the civil rights movement, antiwar protests, and a youth-led rebellion against authority. With an identity born from the revolutionary era, Clinton appeared to intimately understand the nature of radical change.