bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of chemically enhanced primary treatment on the downstream liquid and solid train processes
Authors: Shewa Wudneh A. , Dong Tianchen , Mu Wenjuan , Murray Kyle , Dagnew Martha 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe use of chemical coagulants and flocculants to supplement chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) processes is increasing in popularity as it has been demonstrated to improve carbon redirection and suspended solids and phosphorus removal. Dosing 15 mg ferric chloride/L of wastewater and poly aluminum chloride (PACl; 0.5 mg/L) to the influent of a primary clarifier successfully achieved improved carbon redirection and suspended solids removal at a full‐scale WWTP. In this study, the impacts of PACl on the downstream liquid and solid train processes of the same WWTP were investigated. Compared to FeCl3 addition, a combined PACl and FeCl3 addition to the primary influent reduced the TSS and TP concentrations of the secondary clarifier effluent by 20% and 33%, respectively. Effluent BOD5 and ammonia‐nitrogen concentrations of the downstream activated sludge process were not affected by the addition of a combined FeCl3 and PACl in the primary clarifier. PACl addition affects the bioavailability of carbon and hence reduced the methane production efficiency of the primary sludge by 20%–30%. However, the significant amount of carbon concentrated in the CEPT sludge would enhance the amount of energy recovered through incineration.Practitioner points

The chemically enhanced primary treatment process is an attractive method for carbon redirection and energy recovery.

The combined FeCl3 and PACl addition in the primary clarifier improves the full scale activated sludge process effluent quality.

PACl has a negative effect on methane production.
Multiscale modeling of the neuromuscular system: Coupling neurophysiology and skeletal muscle mechanics
Authors: Röhrle Oliver , Yavuz Utku Ş. , Klotz Thomas , Negro Francesco , Heidlauf Thomas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMathematical models and computer simulations have the great potential to substantially increase our understanding of the biophysical behavior of the neuromuscular system. This, however, requires detailed multiscale, and multiphysics models. Once validated, such models allow systematic in silico investigations that are not necessarily feasible within experiments and, therefore, have the ability to provide valuable insights into the complex interrelations within the healthy system and for pathological conditions. Most of the existing models focus on individual parts of the neuromuscular system and do not consider the neuromuscular system as an integrated physiological system. Hence, the aim of this advanced review is to facilitate the prospective development of detailed biophysical models of the entire neuromuscular system. For this purpose, this review is subdivided into three parts. The first part introduces the key anatomical and physiological aspects of the healthy neuromuscular system necessary for modeling the neuromuscular system. The second part provides an overview on state‐of‐the‐art modeling approaches representing all major components of the neuromuscular system on different time and length scales. Within the last part, a specific multiscale neuromuscular system model is introduced. The integrated system model combines existing models of the motor neuron pool, of the sensory system and of a multiscale model describing the mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles. Since many sub‐models are based on strictly biophysical modeling approaches, it closely represents the underlying physiological system and thus could be employed as starting point for further improvements and future developments.This article is categorized under:

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Compliance to Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Patients Who Underwent Surgery for Rectal Cancer: Report from a Multi‐institutional Research Network
Authors: Mari Giulio M. , Maggioni Dario , Crippa Jacopo , Costanzi Andrea T. M. , Scotti Mauro A. , Giardini Vittorio , Garancini Mattia , Cocozza Eugenio , Borroni Giacomo , Benzoni Ilaria , Martinotti Mario , Totaro Luigi , Origi Matteo , Mazzola Michele , Ferrari Giovanni , Achilli Pietro , Ziccarelli Antonio , Martino Antonio , Petri Roberto , Botta Francesca , Bagnardi Vincenzo , Pugliese Giacomo , Forgione Antonello , Pugliese Raffaele ,   the AIMS Academy Clinical Research Network
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionAdjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer is associated with improved overall survival. However, recent evidence from randomized trials showed a compliance rate of 43 to 73%, which may affect efficacy. The aim of this multicenter retrospective analysis was to investigate the compliance rate to adjuvant treatment for patients who underwent rectal surgery for cancer.MethodsPatients who underwent surgery with curative intent for rectal cancer in six Italian colorectal centers between January 2013 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Exclusion criteria were age less than 18 years, palliative or emergency surgery, and stage IV disease. Parameters of interest were patients’ characteristics, preoperative tumor stage, neo‐adjuvant chemoradiation therapy, intra‐operative and postoperative outcomes. Although the participating centers referred to the same treatment guidelines for treatment, the chemotherapy regiment was not standardized across the institutions. Reasons for not starting adjuvant chemotherapy when indicated, interruption, and modification of drug regimen were collected to investigate compliance.ResultsA total of 572 patients were included in the analysis. Two hundred and fifty‐two (44.1%) patients received neo‐adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. All patients underwent high anterior rectal resection, low anterior rectal resection, or Miles’ procedure. Of 399 patients with an indication to adjuvant chemotherapy, 176 (44.1%) completed the treatment as planned. Compliance for patients who started chemotherapy was 56% (95% CI 50.4–61.6%). Sixty‐six patients interrupted the treatment, 76 patients significantly reduced the drug dose, and 41 patients had to switch to other therapeutic regimens.ConclusionsThe present multicenter investigation reports a low compliance rate to adjuvant chemotherapy after rectal resection for cancer. Multidisciplinary teams should focus on future effort to improve compliance for these patients.
Reflection in design education
Authors: Lousberg Louis , Rooij Remon , Jansen Sylvia , van Dooren Elise , Heintz John , van der Zaag Engbert 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this article we evaluate the manner in which we at the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment at the Delft University of Technology encourage the development of the capacity of reflection among our undergraduate students. First we explore the concept of reflection in relation to respectively experiential/reflective learning, reflection in/on action, reflection in higher education and reflection in design education. Next we describe our research object, our Bachelor course in Academic Design Reflection. Two research questions are at hand: (1) does the level of reflection increase during our course and (2) Can the operationalisation in our questionnaire of the definitions of reflection derived from theory statistically be confirmed? We measured and processed statistically the level of reflection of 100 students in 3 of their papers on their design. Results show there is a significant slight increase of this level among the three papers. Results also show that our model of classification is not statistically confirmed in the data. We conclude with a discussion on the implications for further research and for design education.
Pharmaceutical company payments to the authors of the Japanese dementia clinical practice guidelines in 2016
Authors: Shimada Yuki , Ozaki Akihiko , Saito Hiroaki , Sawano Toyoaki , Tanimoto Tetsuya 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionFinancial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and dementia clinical practice guideline (CPG) authors are possibly biasing the recommendations in Japan. This study aimed to reveal characteristics and distribution of pharmaceutical payments made to Japanese dementia CPG authors and an extent of the transparency in the conflicts of interest disclosure among them.MethodsWe retrospectively retrieved the publicly available data on payment to all the authors in the dementia CPGs by major pharmaceutical companies in Japan in 2016.ResultsThe total and mean payment values from pharmaceutical companies were $880,061 and $14,427, respectively. Of the 61 authors, 49 (80.3%) physicians received at least one payment. Financial relationships of the individual authors were not disclosed in the CPGs.DiscussionPharmaceutical companies with antidementia drugs had strong financial relationships with the CPG authors. To guarantee fairness in their relationships, it is imperative to establish a framework to disclose the corporate financial conflicts of interest.
Pretraining and Precredentialing Staff for Disaster: A Lesson Learned From the Experience of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes
Authors: Kato Soichiro , Yamamoto Akihiko , Kawachi Ichiro , Sakamoto Takaaki , Kunugi Chikara , Tarui Takehiko , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe integration of external staff into a hospital’s disaster response can present technical challenges. Although hospitals will always prefer to use their own staff in disaster response, there have been many historical examples where external staffing is required. During the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes, the Oita Prefectural Hospital required medical professionals to expand disaster response staff. They were able to identify 2 appropriate emergency physicians belonging to a remote hospital who had previously worked at the Oita Prefectural hospital. The physicians were effectively able to supplement the hospital staff, providing care for additional patients, and giving the existing on-duty staff some respite. Based on our experience, we suggest that hospital coalitions and disaster response authorities explore mechanisms of cross-credentialing and cross-training staff to make it easier to share staff in a disaster.
Making sense of work: finding meaning in work narratives
Authors: Scott Kimberly S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study examined how individuals make sense of their work narratives – autobiographical stories about their work lives – and the implications for individual well-being. A mixed methods approach was used to investigate relationships between meaning making, pathways to meaningfulness, job characteristics, job involvement, and psychological well-being. Survey responses and narrative themes from life story interviews were collected from 119 adults. A narrative coding scheme was developed to identify pathways to meaningful work. Results show that people made sense of their work lives most often by constructing themes about personal agency. The findings support prior research suggesting that socioeconomic factors, access to resources, and working conditions increase the likelihood of finding and benefiting from meaningful work. For individuals wishing to find meaning in their work, job design characteristics (e.g., decision authority, skill discretion), and developing a sense of agency can be levers for fostering meaning and well-being.
The electoral implications of politically irrelevant cues under demanding electoral systems
Authors: Muraoka Taishi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCognitively demanding electoral systems increase the chance that voters make their choices based on politically irrelevant cues. To illustrate this argument, I analyze the effect of candidate name complexity—a visual cue that contains no politically meaningful information—in Japan, where voters need to write their preferred candidate's name on a blank ballot paper. I find that when electoral systems require voters to weigh a large number of candidates and simultaneously reduce the usefulness of partisan cues, candidates with more complex names tend to receive lower vote shares. By contrast, under less cognitively demanding systems, candidate name complexity has no effect on election outcomes. These findings have important implications for the debate on the “best” electoral system design.
Improving Near‐Surface Retrievals of Surface Humidity Over the Global Open Oceans From Passive Microwave Observations
Authors: Roberts J. Brent , Clayson C. A. , Robertson F. R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOcean evaporative fluxes are a critical component of the Earth's energy and water cycle, but their estimation remains uncertain. Near‐surface humidity is a required input to bulk flux algorithms that relate mean surface values to the turbulent fluxes. Several satellite‐derived turbulent flux products have been developed over the last decade that utilize passive microwave imager observations to estimate the surface humidity. It is known, however, that these estimates tend to diverge from one another and from in situ observations. Analysis of current state‐of‐the‐art satellite estimates provided herein reveals that regional‐scale biases in these products remain significant. Investigations reveal a link between the spatial coherency of the observed biases to atmospheric dynamical controls of water vapor vertical stratification, cloud liquid water, and sea surface temperature. This information is used to develop a simple state‐dependent bias correction that results in more consistent ocean surface humidity estimates. A principal conclusion is that further improvements to ocean near‐surface humidity estimation using microwave radiometers requires incorporation of prior information on water vapor stratification and sea surface temperature.
Simulation of Remote Sensing of Clouds and Humidity From Space Using a Combined Platform of Radar and Multifrequency Microwave Radiometers
Authors: Jiang Jonathan H. , Yue Qing , Su Hui , Kangaslahti Pekka , Lebsock Matthew , Reising Steven , Schoeberl Mark , Wu Longtao , Herman Robert L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study presents a simulated simultaneous retrieval of mass mean cloud ice particle effective diameter, ice water content, water vapor, and temperature profiles using a combination of a 94‐GHz cloud radar and multifrequency (118, 183, 240, 310, 380, 664, and 850 GHz) millimeter‐ and submillimeter‐wave radiometers from a space platform. The retrieval capabilities and uncertainties of the combined radar and microwave radiometers are quantified. We show that this combined active and passive remote sensing approach with SmallSat technologies addresses a gap in the current state‐of‐the‐art remote sensing measurements of ice cloud properties, especially deriving vertical profiles of ice cloud particle sizes in the atmosphere together with the ambient thermodynamic conditions. Therefore, this new approach can serve as a plausible candidate for future missions that target cloud and precipitation processes to improve weather forecasts and climate predictions.
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Asymmetries in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Guo Jiahua , Kuang Zhiming 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAzimuthally asymmetric perturbations are important to hurricanes because they can influence the track, structure, and intensity of a hurricane. In this work, we applied space‐time spectral analysis on both dynamic and thermodynamic fields of these perturbations and found two distinct power peaks in most of the fields. We obtained the structure of each mode by first filtering the fields through a frequency‐wavenumber spectral window selected for each mode and then regressing these fields on an index based on the filtered radar reflectivity. We found that the fast‐propagating wave is dominated by perturbations near the eyewall, and its structure is similar to that of the unstable mixed vortex Rossby inertia gravity wave. The other peak corresponds to a slow‐propagating wave that has comparable perturbations in and beyond the eyewall. The slow wave has a retrograde intrinsic propagating speed and has a vertical structure that resembles that of convectively coupled waves.
Constraints on Seismic Anisotropy in the Mantle Transition Zone From Long‐Period SS Precursors
Authors: Huang Quancheng , Schmerr Nicholas , Waszek Lauren , Beghein Caroline 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe mantle transition zone (MTZ) of Earth is demarcated by solid‐to‐solid phase changes of the mineral olivine that produce seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660‐km depths. Mineral physics experiments predict that wadsleyite can have strong single‐crystal anisotropy at the pressure and temperature conditions of the MTZ. Thus, significant seismic anisotropy is possible in the upper MTZ where lattice‐preferred orientation of wadsleyite is produced by mantle flow. Here, we use a body wave method, SS precursors, to study the topography change and seismic anisotropy near the MTZ discontinuities. We stack the data to explore the azimuthal dependence of travel‐times and amplitudes of SS precursors and constrain the azimuthal anisotropy in the MTZ. Beneath the central Pacific, we find evidence for ~4% anisotropy with a SE fast direction in the upper mantle and no significant anisotropy in the MTZ. In subduction zones, we observe ~4% anisotropy with a trench‐parallel fast direction in the upper mantle and ~3% anisotropy with a trench‐perpendicular fast direction in the MTZ. The transition of fast directions indicates that the lattice‐preferred orientation of wadsleyite induced by MTZ flow is organized separately from the flow in the upper mantle. Global azimuthal stacking reveals ~1% azimuthal anisotropy in the upper mantle but negligible anisotropy (<1%) in the MTZ. Finally, we correct for the upper mantle and MTZ anisotropy structures to obtain a new MTZ topography model. The anisotropy correction produces ±3 km difference and therefore has minor overall effects on global MTZ topography.
Near‐Earth Solar Wind Forecasting Using Corotation From L5: The Error Introduced By Heliographic Latitude Offset
Authors: Owens M. J. , Riley P. , Lang M. , Lockwood M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRoutine in situ solar wind observations from L5, located 60° behind Earth in its orbit, would provide a valuable input to space weather forecasting. One way to utilize such observations is to assume that the solar wind is in perfect steady state over the 4.5 days it takes the Sun to rotate 60°, and thus, near‐Earth solar wind in 4.5 days time would be identical to that at L5 today. This corotation approximation is most valid at solar minimum when the solar wind is slowly evolving. Using STEREO data, it has been possible to test L5‐corotation forecasting for a few months mostly at solar minimum, but the various contributions to forecast error cannot be disentangled. This study uses 40+ years of magnetogram‐constrained solar wind simulations to isolate the effect of latitudinal offset between L5 and Earth due to the inclination of the ecliptic plane to the solar rotational equator. Latitudinal offset error is found to be largest at solar minimum, due to the latitudinal ordering of solar wind structure. It is also a strong function of time of year: maximum at the solstices and very low at equinoxes. At solstice, the latitudinal offset alone means L5‐corotation forecasting is expected to be less accurate than numerical solar wind models, even before accounting for time‐dependent solar wind structures. Thus, a combination of L5‐corotation and numerical solar wind modeling may provide the best forecast. These results also highlight that three‐dimensional solar wind structure must be accounted for when performing solar wind data assimilation.
Genome-wide methylation in alcohol use disorder subjects: implications for an epigenetic regulation of the cortico-limbic glucocorticoid receptors (NR3C1)
Authors: Gatta Eleonora , Grayson Dennis R. , Auta James , Saudagar Vikram , Dong Erbo , Chen Ying , Krishnan Harish R. , Drnevich Jenny , Pandey Subhash C. , Guidotti Alessandro 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEnvironmental factors, including substance abuse and stress, cause long-lasting changes in the regulation of gene expression in the brain via epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation. We examined genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in the prefrontal cortex (PFC, BA10) of 25 pairs of control and individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), using the Infinium®MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We identified 5254 differentially methylated CpGs (pnominal < 0.005). Bioinformatic analyses highlighted biological processes containing genes related to stress adaptation, including the glucocorticoid receptor (encoded byNR3C1). Considering that alcohol is a stressor, we focused our attention on differentially methylated regions of theNR3C1gene and validated the differential methylation of several genes in the NR3C1 network. Chronic alcohol drinking results in a significant increased methylation of theNR3C1exon variant 1H, with a particular increase in the levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine over 5-methylcytosine. These changes in DNA methylation were associated with reduced NR3C1 mRNA and protein expression levels in PFC, as well as other cortico-limbic regions of AUD subjects when compared with controls. Furthermore, we show that the expression of several stress-responsive genes (e.g.,CRF,POMC, andFKBP5) is altered in the PFC of AUD subjects. These stress-response genes were also changed in the hippocampus, a region that is highly susceptible to stress. These data suggest that alcohol-dependent aberrant DNA methylation ofNR3C1and consequent changes in other stress-related genes might be fundamental in the pathophysiology of AUD and lay the groundwork for treatments targeting the epigenetic mechanisms regulatingNR3C1in AUD.
Virome heterogeneity and connectivity in waterfowl and shorebird communities
Authors: Wille Michelle , Shi Mang , Klaassen Marcel , Hurt Aeron C , Holmes Edward C 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Models of host-microbe dynamics typically assume a single-host population infected by a single pathogen. In reality, many hosts form multi-species aggregations and may be infected with an assemblage of pathogens. We used a meta-transcriptomic approach to characterize the viromes of nine avian species in the Anseriformes (ducks) and Charadriiformes (shorebirds). This revealed the presence of 27 viral species, of which 24 were novel, including double-stranded RNA viruses (Picobirnaviridae and Reoviridae), single-stranded RNA viruses (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae), a retro-transcribing DNA virus (Hepadnaviridae), and a single-stranded DNA virus (Parvoviridae). These viruses comprise multi-host generalist viruses and those that are host-specific, indicative of both virome connectivity (host sharing) and heterogeneity (host specificity). Virome connectivity was apparent in two well described multi-host virus species -avian coronavirus and influenza A virus- and a novel Rotavirus species that were shared among some Anseriform species, while virome heterogeneity was reflected in the absence of viruses shared between Anseriformes and Charadriiformes, as well as differences in viral abundance and alpha diversity among species. Overall, we demonstrate complex virome structures across host species that co-exist in multi-species aggregations.