bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct In Situ Observation of the Early‐Stage Disorder–Order Evolution of Perpendicular Lamellae in Thermally Annealed High‐χ Block Copolymer Thin Films
Authors: Chandra Alvin , Nakatani Ryuichi , Uchiyama Takumi , Seino Yuriko , Sato Hironobu , Kasahara Yusuke , Azuma Tsukasa , Hayakawa Teruaki 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe evolution of well‐ordered, sub‐10 nm, perpendicular lamellae from a disordered state is documented directly using in situ atomic force microscopy, cross‐sectional scanning electron microscopy, and grazing‐incidence small angle X‐ray scattering. Since block copolymer (BCP) self‐assembly occurs on extremely fast time scales, directly imaging the growth of perpendicular lamellae remains challenging. The lack of understanding behind early‐stage self‐assembly and how metastable defects can affect the kinetic behavior near thermodynamic equilibrium prevents the realization of defect‐free thin films. By characterizing the evolution of nanostructures using a high‐χ, perpendicular lamella‐forming BCP, poly(polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane)‐block‐poly(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate), over a wide temperature range, three stages in the evolution of perpendicular lamellae, characterized mainly by the root‐mean‐squared (rms) roughness, is observed. At temperatures lower than the glass transition temperatures (Tg), the film retains a smooth, disordered surface (rms roughness = 0.352 ± 0.006 nm), characteristic of spin‐coated films. Near the Tg, spinodal decomposition and the appearance of lamellae are detected as the rms roughness increases at 70 °C, before peaking at 82 °C at 0.83 nm, and decaying rapidly with increasing temperatures. Above the Tg, the rms roughness returns to 0.35 ± 0.03 nm, as defects are observed to annihilate sequentially.
Smart‐Sensing Polymer Coatings with Autonomously Reporting Corrosion Dynamics of Self‐Healing Systems
Authors: Wang Jun‐Peng , Song Xiaoke , Wang Jun‐Kuo , Cui Xurui , Zhou Qiong , Qi Tao , Li Guo Liang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInspired by biological systems, self‐healing coatings have been fabricated to protect metals against corrosion. However, in situ monitoring of the corrosion dynamics for various self‐healing strategies generally remains a big challenge due to different working mechanisms. In the present work, a universal intelligent‐sensing coating (SC) system containing pH‐responsive polymer microspheres with a color probe is developed. When corrosion occurs in the self‐healing system, the color around cracks turns pink gradually over time owing to the increased pH value. For the high‐performance self‐healing coatings, the onset and propagation of corrosion is suppressed, thereby leading to a narrow light‐pink‐color area. With this smart SC approach, the corrosion dynamics is established for three self‐healing strategies by the correlation between the width of color lines with time. The anticorrosion ability in 48 h for the three extrinsic self‐healing strategies are evaluated; that is, the SC with benzotriazole‐loaded poly(divinylbenzene)‐graft‐poly(divinylbenzene‐co‐acrylic acid) microspheres (PDVB‐graft‐P(DVB‐co‐AA)‐BTA) is superior to that with BTA‐loaded halloysite (Halloysite‐BTA), which surpasses that with polyurethane/poly(urea‐formaldehyde) microcapsules filled with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI@PU/PUF). These results are consistent with electrochemical experiments. This smart‐sensing coating system can be a promising alternative for the in situ investigation of the anticorrosion performance of various self‐healing anticorrosion strategies.
Recent Advances in Graphene Homogeneous p–n Junction for Optoelectronics
Authors: Tian Pin , Tang Libin , Teng Kar Seng , Xiang Jinzhong , Lau Shu Ping 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGraphene has been widely used as electrodes and active layers in optoelectronics due to its diverse excellent performances, such as high mobility, large thermal conductivity, and high specific surface area. Methodology for constructing p–n junction has become an important consideration in improving the performance of optoelectronic devices and broadening of its application in related fields. Currently, graphene‐based p–n junctions have been explored and different structures have also been investigated. Herein, the recent progress on graphene homogeneous p–n junction is summarized, ranging from preparation of front‐end materials (e.g., p‐ and n‐type graphene) to building of planar and vertical p–n junctions. Furthermore, p–n junction via electrical modulation is described. The requirements for building the graphene homogeneous p–n junction, and the advantages and drawbacks of the different structures of the p–n junction are also discussed. Finally, a preferential technique to fabricate high performance p‐ and n‐type graphene and building of the p–n junction is evaluated. This paper therefore provides an important indication on the future direction on the application of graphene in optoelectronics.
Dielectric Broadband Metasurfaces for Fiber Mode‐Multiplexed Communications
Authors: Nazemosadat Elham , Mazur Mikael , Kruk Sergey , Kravchenko Ivan , Carpenter Joel , Schröder Jochen , Andrekson Peter A. , Karlsson Magnus , Kivshar Yuri 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA subwavelength‐thick spatial‐mode multiplexer based on a highly transparent all‐dielectric Mie‐resonant metasurface is demonstrated with a broadband response covering major optical communication wavelength bands. The metasurface is employed to convert simultaneously each orthogonal polarization of LP01 inputs into individual higher‐order TM01 and TE01 vectorial modes, without the need of a polarization diversity setup. This is not feasible using current mode multiplexing approaches. An LP01 polarization‐multiplexed 51 × 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) superchannel, with a 10.3 bits s−1 Hz−1 spectral‐efficiency and total bit‐rate of 13.2 Tb s−1, is converted to higher‐order modes with the metasurface multiplexer, and then mode‐multiplexed data is transmitted over a multimode fiber. The results demonstrate the potential application of these metadevice‐based mode multiplexers in space‐division multiplexed systems.
Phase‐Change‐Material‐Based Low‐Loss Visible‐Frequency Hyperbolic Metamaterials for Ultrasensitive Label‐Free Biosensing
Authors: Sreekanth Kandammathe Valiyaveedu , Ouyang Qingling , Sreejith Sivaramapanicker , Zeng Shuwen , Lishu Wu , Ilker Efe , Dong Weiling , ElKabbash Mohamed , Ting Yu , Lim Chwee Teck , Hinczewski Michael , Strangi Giuseppe , Yong Ken‐Tye , Simpson Robert E. , Singh Ranjan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) have emerged as a burgeoning field of research over the past few years as their dispersion can be easily engineered in different spectral regions using various material combinations. Even though HMMs have comparatively low optical loss due to a single resonance, the noble‐metal‐based HMMs are limited by their strong energy dissipation in metallic layers at visible frequencies. Here, the fabrication of noble‐metal‐free reconfigurable HMMs for visible photonic applications is experimentally demonstrated. The low‐loss and active HMMs are realized by combining titanium nitride (TiN) and stibnite (Sb2S3) as the phase change material. A reconfigurable plasmonic biosensor platform based on active Sb2S3–TiN HMMs is proposed, and it is shown that significant improvement in sensitivity is possible for small molecule detection at low concentrations. In addition, a plasmonic apta‐biosensor based on a hybrid platform of graphene and Sb2S3–TiN HMM is developed and the detection and real‐time binding of thrombin concentration as low as 1 × 10−15 m are demonstrated. A biosensor operating in the visible range has several advantages including the availability of sources and detectors in this region, and ease of operation particularly for point‐of‐care applications.
Distortion correction and characteristics measurement of circumferential liquid film based on PLIF
Authors: Xue Ting , Li Chenyang , Wu Bin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFor its advantages of noninvasion and high temporal–spatial resolution, planar laser‐induced fluorescence (PLIF) is increasingly applied to measure the liquid film near axial flow. However, the circumferential distribution characteristics of liquid film, which are significant for heat and mass transfer process, cannot be measured briefly by the axial imaging. Because of the refractive index difference of the gas and liquid as well as the circular pipe, circumferential observation suffers distortion inevitably. In this paper, PLIF is developed to measure the circumferential film with a virtual dual‐view vision sensor, besides, the distortion model is established and a new distortion correction method is proposed. The effective view of circumferential liquid film is extended to 260°. Characteristics of vertical falling film are measured under different Reynolds numbers. Compared with the classical prediction models, the experimental results show the proposed method is capable for measuring circumferential film and the distribution characteristics conveniently and reliably.
Treatment with direct‐acting antiviral agents is associated with increased platelet count in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Hsu Wei‐Fan , Peng Cheng‐Yuan , Su Wen‐Pang , Lai Hsueh‐Chou , Lin Chia‐Hsin , Chuang Po‐Heng , Chen Sheng‐Hung , Chen Hung‐Yao , Wang Hung‐Wei , Huang Guan‐Tarn 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPlatelet count correlates with the liver fibrosis stage of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Patients with CHC exhibit improvement in platelet count after achieving a sustained virological response (SVR) to peg‐interferon and ribavirin (RBV) therapy. The temporal effect of direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) on platelet count in patients with CHC throughout treatment and after 12 weeks of posttreatment follow‐up is unclear. From September 2012 to November 2016, 78 consecutive CHC patients who received a complete course of antiviral therapy with DAAs and without RBV were enrolled in this retrospective study. Demographic features, complete blood counts, biochemical data, and hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid levels were collected at baseline, week 2, week 4, end of therapy (EOT), and 12 weeks after therapy (PW12). The mean age was 52.63 ± 10.11 years, and 40 (51.3%) patients were male. The baseline mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was 75.5 ± 50.0 U/L. The SVR rate at 12 weeks after therapy (SVR12) was 98.7% (77/78). Mean platelet count increased from 173.0 ± 58.3 × 109/L at baseline to 186.0 ± 59.0 × 109/L at week 2 (P < 0.001), 181.5 ± 59.0 × 109/L at week 4 (P = 0.001), 184.6 ± 59.3 × 109/L at EOT (P < 0.001), and 187.5 ± 56.1 × 109/L at PW12 (P < 0.001). Mean ALT levels decreased from 75.5 ± 50.0 U/L at baseline to 26.8 ± 18.1 U/L at week 2 (P < 0.001), 24.2 ± 17.4 U/L at week 4 (P < 0.001), 29.2 ± 59.2 U/L at EOT (P < 0.001), and 21.2 ± 10.7 U/L at PW12 (P < 0.001). Similar patterns of changes in platelet count and ALT levels throughout the treatment and follow‐up periods were observed in patients without cirrhosis (n = 70), those with thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150 × 109/L) and SVR12 (n = 28), and those with nonthrombocytopenia and SVR12 (n = 49). However, platelet count did not significantly change throughout the treatment and follow‐up periods in patients with cirrhosis (n = 8). DAA therapy is associated with increased platelet count in CHC patients without cirrhosis. ALT normalization exhibits a temporal correlation with an increased platelet count. The effect of DAA therapy on platelet count in patients with cirrhosis requires further study.
Dental microwear of living Hadza foragers
Authors: Ungar Peter S. , Livengood Sarah V. , Crittenden Alyssa N. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesStudies of dental microwear of bioarchaeological assemblages and extant mammals from museum collections show that surface texture can provide a valuable proxy for reconstructing diets of past peoples and extinct species. However, no study to date has focused on occlusal surface microwear textures of living hunter‐gatherers. Here we present the first such study of the Hadza foragers of Tanzania.MethodsWe took high‐resolution dental impressions of occlusal surfaces for a total of 43 molds representing 25 men and women, 1–3 samples each, at different times during the rainy and dry seasons. Dental replicas were prepared and scanned by confocal profilometry and standard microwear texture parameters were calculated. Central tendencies and dispersions of variable scores were compared by season and by sex.ResultsWe found no differences between sexes or seasons in texture attribute central tendency, but some for dispersion. Females had notably low microwear texture dispersion in the dry season while males had higher dispersion in some attributes, particularly in the dry season. These differences seem to be driven primarily by low variance among females in the dry season.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates microwear texture data can be generated for living foragers. Given caveats of small samples available and consideration of foraging groups in transition, this study hints at variation in microwear texture dispersion between sexes and seasons for the Hadza, suggesting that such analyses might be of value for assessing hunter‐gatherer diet.
Partikel für Partikel – elektrochemische Einschlagsexperimente zur Synthese oberflächenimmobilisierter Goldnanopartikel für die Elektrokatalyse
Authors: Evers Mathies V. , Bernal Miguel , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz , Tschulik Kristina 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWir demonstrieren die sukzessive elektrochemische Umsetzung einzelner HAuCl4‐gefüllter Nanoreaktoren auf einer Kohlefaserelektrode zur Funktionalisierung mit Nanopartikeln (NP). Dabei können Größe und Anzahl der einzeln abgeschiedenen NP während des Prozesses kontrolliert werden. Zunächst werden Mizellen von enger Größenverteilung mit Metallsalz beladen. Der sporadische Einschlag dieser Mizellen auf einer polarisierten Elektrode führt zur Reduktion der Metallionen und es entsteht ein einzelner NP. Die während eines Einschlags übertragene Ladung wird gemessen und ermöglicht die operando‐Größenbestimmung des gebildeten NP. Wir zeigen dies für die Beladung von zylindrischen Kohlefaserelektroden mit 25±7 nm großen AuNP, die bereits bei niedrigen Katalysatorbeladungen eine hervorragende Leistung für die Sauerstoffreduktion (ORR) zeigen. Diese Form der Nanoeinschlagsmethode wird daher als neuer Weg zu nanopartikelmodifizierten Elektroden mit effektiver Katalysatorausnutzung vorgestellt.
Synchronized On/Off Switching of Four Binding Sites for Water in a Molecular Solomon Link
Authors: Caprice Kenji , Pupier Marion , Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio , Cougnon Fabien B. L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA molecular Solomon link adopts different conformations in acetonitrile (1) and in water (2). Contrary to expectations, the main driving force of the transformation is not the change in medium polarity, but the cooperative binding of about four molecules of water, forming a tiny droplet in the central cavity of 2. Mechanistic studies reveal that the four binding sites can simultaneously switch between an inactive state (unable to bind water) and an active state (able to bind water) during the transformation. Spatial and temporal coordination of switching events is commonly observed in biological systems but has been rarely achieved in artificial systems. Here, the concerted activation of the four switchable sites is controlled by the topology of the whole molecule.
π‐Ruthenium Complexes of Hexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1): A Triple‐Decker Complex Bearing Two Ruthenoarene Units
Authors: Nakai Akito , Ishida Shin‐ichiro , Soya Takanori , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRuthenium(II) π‐coordination onto [28]hexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1) has been accomplished. Reactions of bis‐AuIII and mono‐AuIII complexes of hexakis(pentafluorophenyl) [28]hexaphyrin with [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2 in the presence of NaOAc gave the corresponding π‐ruthenium complexes, in which the [(p‐cymene)Ru]II fragment sat on the deprotonated side pyrrole. A similar reaction of the bis‐PdII [26]hexaphyrin complex afforded a triple‐decker complex, in which the two [(p‐cymene)Ru]II fragments sat on both sides of the center of the [26]hexaphyrin framework.
Chiral Amplification in Nature: Studying Cell‐Extracted Chiral Carotenoid Microcrystals via the Resonance Raman Optical Activity of Model Systems
Authors: Dudek Monika , Machalska Ewa , Oleszkiewicz Tomasz , Grzebelus Ewa , Baranski Rafal , Szcześniak Piotr , Mlynarski Jacek , Zajac Grzegorz , Kaczor Agnieszka , Baranska Malgorzata 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCarotenoid microcrystals, extracted from cells of carrot roots and consisting of 95 % of achiral β‐carotene, exhibit a very intense chiroptical (ECD and ROA) signal. The preferential chirality of crystalline aggregates that consist mostly of achiral building blocks is a newly observed phenomenon in nature, and may be related to asymmetric information transfer from the chiral seeds (small amount of α‐carotene or lutein) present in carrot cells. To confirm this hypothesis, we synthesized several model aggregates from various achiral and chiral carotenoids. Because of the sergeant‐and‐soldier behavior, a small number of chiral sergeants (α‐carotene or astaxanthin) force the achiral soldier molecules (β‐ or 11,11′‐[D2]‐β‐carotene) to jointly form supramolecular assemblies of induced chirality. The chiral amplification observed in these model systems confirmed that chiral microcrystals appearing in nature might consist predominantly of achiral building blocks and their supramolecular chirality might result from the co‐crystallization of chiral and achiral analogues.
Lithium Chlorides and Bromides as Promising Solid‐State Chemistries for Fast Ion Conductors with Good Electrochemical Stability
Authors: Wang Shuo , Bai Qiang , Nolan Adelaide M. , Liu Yunsheng , Gong Sheng , Sun Qiang , Mo Yifei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEnabling all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries requires solid electrolytes with high Li ionic conductivity and good electrochemical stability. Following recent experimental reports of Li3YCl6 and Li3YBr6 as promising new solid electrolytes, we used first principles computation to investigate the Li‐ion diffusion, electrochemical stability, and interface stability of chloride and bromide materials and elucidated the origin of their high ionic conductivities and good electrochemical stabilities. Chloride and bromide chemistries intrinsically exhibit low migration energy barriers, wide electrochemical windows, and are not constrained to previous design principles for sulfide and oxide Li‐ion conductors, allowing for much greater freedom in structure, chemistry, composition, and Li sublattice for developing fast Li‐ion conductors. Our study highlights chloride and bromide chemistries as a promising new research direction for solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and good stability.
Covalent Inter‐Carbon‐Allotrope Architectures Consisting of the Endohedral Fullerene Sc3N@C80and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wei Tao , Martin Oliver , Chen Muqing , Yang Shangfeng , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUsing a reductive sidewall functionalization concept, we prepared for the first time a covalent inter‐carbon‐allotrope hybrid consisting of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and the endohedral fullerene Sc3N@C80. The new compound type was characterized through a variety of techniques including absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, TG‐MS, TG‐GC‐MS, and MALDI‐TOF MS. HRTEM investigations were carried out to visualize this highly integrated architecture.
A Microporous Metal‐Organic Framework Supramolecularly Assembled from a CuII Dodecaborate Cluster Complex for Selective Gas Separation
Authors: Zhang Yuanbin , Yang Lifeng , Wang Lingyao , Duttwyler Simon , Xing Huabin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA novel 3D metal‐organic framework BSF‐1 based on the closo‐dodecaborate cluster [B12H12]2− was readily prepared at room temperature by supramolecular assembly of CuB12H12 and 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)acetylene. The permanent microporous structure was studied by X‐ray crystallography, powder X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and gas sorption. The experimental and theoretical study of the gas sorption behavior of BSF‐1 for N2, C2H2, C2H4, CO2, C3H8, C2H6, and CH4 indicated excellent separation selectivities for C3H8/CH4, C2H6/CH4, and C2H2/CH4 as well as moderately high separation selectivities for C2H2/C2H4, C2H2/CO2, and CO2/CH4. Moreover, the practical separation performance of C3H8/CH4 and C2H6/CH4 was confirmed by dynamic breakthrough experiments. The good cyclability and high water/thermal stability render it suitable for real industrial applications.
Pyrazolyl‐phosphinoyl nickel (II) complexes: synthesis, characterization and ethylene dimerization studies
Authors: Junges C.H. , Dresch L.C. , da Costa M.T. , Tirloni B. , Casagrande O.L. , Stieler R. 
Published: April 2019

A series of new nickel (II) complexes of general formula [NiBr2(N,O)2] (Ni1–Ni5) based on bidentate pyrazolyl‐phosphinoyl ligands were prepared and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and X‐ray crystallography for Ni1. X‐ray crystallographic analyses of Ni1 revealed a six‐coordinate species, in which Ni (II) lies in an octaedral environment. The nickel center is chelated by two pyrazolyl‐phosphinoyl ligands with the two bromide ligands occupying mutually trans positions. Upon activation with methylaluminoxane (MAO), all nickel complexes were able to oligomerize ethylene with turnover frequencies (TOFs) varying from 5.0 to 16.6 × 103 (mol ethylene) (mol Ni)−1 h−1 producing selectively 1‐butene (91.0–95.5 wt%). The substitution on the pyrazolyl group and the length of the backbone chain play a significant role in the catalytic activity. The use of MAO/TMA (1:1) or MAO/TiBA (1:1) instead of MAO drastically reduced the activities. The TMA content has no significant influence on the selectivity. However, the use of TiBA leads to a reduction of 1‐butene (from 94.9 to 71.0 wt%) and an improvement in the hexene production (from 1.5 to 23.3 wt%). Under optimized reaction conditions (10 °C, 20 min, 20 bar ethylene, [Al/Ni] = 600), Ni1/MAO catalytic system yielded TOF = 24.7 × 103 (mol ethylene) (mol Ni)−1 h−1 with good selectivities for α‐C4 (94.9 wt%).
Encapsulation of polar phase change materials via multiemulsification and crosslinking method and its application in building
Authors: Liu Lingzhi , Xiang Mingyue , Lyu Dong , Men Yongfeng 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTPhase change microcapsules are prepared using chitosan as shell material and aliphatic alcohol/aliphatic acid as core material via multiemulsification and crosslinking method. During the phase change process, the phase change microcapsules store and release heat energy. The enthalpy value of these phase change microcapsules is high enough to be used for application. Suitable phase change temperature can be obtained by changing the core material easily. The resulted microcapsules showed excellent thermal stability. Thermal gravity analysis results showed that the microcapsules remain stable below 200 °C. The microcapsules also exhibited good solvent resistance because of the crosslinking of the shell material chitosan. By integrating the microencapsulated phase change materials (2.5%) into building walls, the inner temperature of model house remained 2 °C higher than that without PCM during the test process. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47837.