bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Project risk analysis based on project characteristics
Authors: Shishodia Anjali , Dixit Vijaya , Verma Priyanka 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze risk profiles of projects based on project characteristics and provide key managerial insights.

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 37 project cases from engineering and construction (E&C), information system/technology (IS/IT), and new product development (NPD) sectors with detailed information on project characteristics and risks were identified from published literature. An integrated framework was developed to analyze the prominent risk categories associated with novelty, technology, complexity, and pace (NTCP) project characteristics.

Findings
Within-sector analysis revealed that schedule, resource, and scope risks are the most prominent risk categories in E&C, IS/IT, and NPD projects, respectively. Similarly, interesting key insights have been drawn from detailed cross-sector analysis, depicting different risk categories based on NTCP project characteristics.

Research limitations/implications
The findings are based on the case studies adopted from the literature that provides details of project characteristics and risk profiles.

Practical implications
Depending upon the risks associated with different project characteristics, an integrated framework developed in the study can be used for the development of highly authentic risk management plans at the onset.

Originality/value
This is one of the earliest studies to provide an integrated risk framework for projects based on their NTCP characteristics. The two contrasting perspectives of within-sector and cross-sector analyses were adopted. Overall, the study will enhance the future preparedness toward risks.
A problem of embeddedness
Authors: Brandl Bernd , Lehr Alex 
Published: February 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a general micro-theoretical framework that helps to understand the embeddedness of trade unions within the European system of industrial relations, and the consequences of this embeddedness for industrial relations outcomes. First, starting from the paradoxical observation of a trend towards homogeneity within a complex, multi-layered European industrial relations system consisting of heterogeneous and autonomous agents, the paper aims to explicate the mechanisms which produce these similarities. Second, the paper seeks to analyse potential mechanisms for transnational trade union cooperation and, third, it concludes by outlining its applicability as the basis for methodological approaches which enable realistic and policy relevant analyses.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is conceptual and focusses on the development of a general micro-theoretical framework which captures European industrial relations actors’ behaviour and outcomes. It integrates theoretical and empirical accounts from differing social science disciplines and from various methodological starting points on trade union action and interaction into one general micro-theoretical framework.FindingsStarting from a typology of trade union goals, the authors show how various social mechanisms lead to interdependencies between trade unions and review empirical evidence for their consequences. The authors, then, identify a set of motives for transnational cooperation that would allow outcomes that are in line with trade union objectives.Originality/valueAgainst the background that previous studies on trade union action and cross-national interaction have paid less attention to the puzzling stylised fact that industrial relations outcomes are mimicked by heterogeneous and autonomous agents actors in different countries, the authors address this research gap by developing a novel general micro-theoretical framework for the analysis of transnational trade union action and interaction in order to better understand the underlying causal mechanisms for the common behaviour and outcomes of autonomous actors.
Eating and risk: adolescents’ reasoning regarding body and image
Authors: Rendahl Jenny , Korp Peter , Ekström Marianne Pipping , Berg Christina 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore and elucidate adolescents’ reasoning about risks related to food and eating.

Design/methodology/approach
Boys and girls aged 15-16 years participated in a focus group interview with role-playing as a stimulus for discussion and reflection. In all, 31 participants took part, divided into five groups. In the role-playing, the participants portrayed agents who they perceived to give messages about food. In the focus group they discussed their experience of carrying out the role-play, and how they usually cope with conflicting messages, preferences and needs regarding food and eating.

Findings
The findings suggested that there were two main themes of risk profiling related to eating. One concerned bodily risk related to the food ingested and included concerns both about not reaching health and performance due to the unfavourable intake of calories, nutrients, additives, bacteria, viruses and parasites, and threats to immediate well-being following consumption. The second main category concerned the risk of being conspicuous, or “sticking out”, which incorporated food-based gender norms and norms related to table manners. In practice, the risk of not displaying an appropriate image of themselves through their food and eating choices was more prominent than risk perceptions related to impacts of food choices on well-being and performance. Difficulties in classifying foods as “good” or “bad” enhanced their uncertainty.

Originality/value
The results suggest that health-promotion activities for young people should focus not only on how to feed their bodies but also on how to avoid feeding their anxieties.
Mystery shopping through the lens of organizational justice
Authors: Pashkina Marina , Plakhotnik Maria S. 
Published: February 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to share how the concept of organizational justice could help to explore employee satisfaction with the mystery shopping appraisal system.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted at a fast-food restaurant chain located in Russia. Data were collected through an online-questionnaire distributed among all 516 chef-cashiers of the 86 restaurants of the chain located in Saint Petersburg. The questionnaire consisted of 17 closed-ended and one open-ended questions.FindingsViolations of norms of procedural, distributive, and informational justice were identified. The majority of the chief-cashiers thought that the norms of interpersonal justice were met.Practical implicationsThe paper also discusses how training and development professionals could use the concept of organizational justice to improve employee satisfaction with a mystery shopping appraisal process. The results collected through the questionnaire can be used in at least two ways: to implement structural changes in the process and to determine and address training needs of three groups of employees.Originality/valuePerceptions of organizational justice predict employee satisfaction with different aspects of a performance appraisal system. This paper is first to explore how the concept of organizational justice could be useful in evaluating employee satisfaction with such performance appraisal method as mystery shopping.
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in prey abundance and vulnerability shapes the foraging tactics of an omnivore
Authors: Rayl Nathaniel D. , Bastille‐Rousseau Guillaume , Organ John F. , Mumma Matthew A. , Mahoney Shane P. , Soulliere Colleen E. , Lewis Keith P. , Otto Robert D. , Murray Dennis L. , Waits Lisette P. , Fuller Todd K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPrey abundance and prey vulnerability vary across space and time, but we know little about how they mediate predator–prey interactions and predator foraging tactics. To evaluate the interplay between prey abundance, prey vulnerability and predator space use, we examined patterns of black bear (Ursus americanus) predation of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) neonates in Newfoundland, Canada using data from 317 collared individuals (9 bears, 34 adult female caribou, 274 caribou calves).During the caribou calving season, we predicted that landscape features would influence calf vulnerability to bear predation, and that bears would actively hunt calves by selecting areas associated with increased calf vulnerability. Further, we hypothesized that bears would dynamically adjust their foraging tactics in response to spatiotemporal changes in calf abundance and vulnerability (collectively, calf availability). Accordingly, we expected bears to actively hunt calves when they were most abundant and vulnerable, but switch to foraging on other resources as calf availability declined.As predicted, landscape heterogeneity influenced risk of mortality, and bears displayed the strongest selection for areas where they were most likely to kill calves, which suggested they were actively hunting caribou. Initially, the per‐capita rate at which bears killed calves followed a type‐I functional response, but as the calving season progressed and calf vulnerability declined, kill rates dissociated from calf abundance. In support of our hypothesis, bears adjusted their foraging tactics when they were less efficient at catching calves, highlighting the influence that predation phenology may have on predator space use. Contrary to our expectations, however, bears appeared to continue to hunt caribou as calf availability declined, but switched from a tactic of selecting areas of increased calf vulnerability to a tactic that maximized encounter rates with calves.Our results reveal that generalist predators can dynamically adjust their foraging tactics over short time‐scales in response to changing prey abundance and vulnerability. Further, they demonstrate the utility of integrating temporal dynamics of prey availability into investigations of predator–prey interactions, and move towards a mechanistic understanding of the dynamic foraging tactics of a large omnivore.
Consequences of game bird management for non‐game species in Europe
Authors: Mustin Karen , Arroyo Beatriz , Beja Pedro , Newey Scott , Irivine Robert Justin , Kestler Julia , Redpath Steve M. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Game bird management has the potential to benefit conservation, as management practices specifically targeted at reducing the factors limiting game populations may have positive effects on non‐game species. However, such management may also have costs to species.

We review the literature that examines the effect of different forms of game bird management on non‐target species in Europe, including habitat management, predator control, parasite control, provision of water and food and rear and release. We focus on Europe, where these forms of management are common and sometimes intensive.

We identified 35 studies, which recorded 122 individual significant effects. Most studies (80%) focussed on the effects of habitat management and predator control, and >90% were carried out in the UK.

63% of the 122 significant effects on non‐game species were positive. Overall, 85% of the effects of habitat management in agricultural habitats were positive, while in non‐agricultural habitats 65% of effects were negative. Effects of rear and release were mixed (8 positive and 7 negative). Legal predator control was almost always positive (96% of effects), or benign, whereas illegal predator control was always negative (8 effects). This continues to be a major cost to conservation. No studies examined the effects of parasite control on non‐target wildlife. Three of four significant effects of supplementary feeding were negative.

More studies are needed on the impacts of game bird management on non‐game species, and particularly of rear and release, the provision of supplementary food and water, and parasite control. We also found few experimental studies examining the specific effects of management for shooting of game birds, and very few studies overall outside the UK. Future studies should aim to fill these gaps.

Synthesis and applications. The management of game bird populations for shooting is widespread across Europe. Our study shows that effects of such management practices vary between different non‐target species. There is a need to understand these trade‐offs, find effective strategies to limit the damaging aspects of game bird management and work to enhance the benefits for the conservation of biodiversity.
Improving estimation of flight altitude in wildlife telemetry studies
Authors: Poessel Sharon A. , Duerr Adam E. , Hall Jonathan C. , Braham Melissa A. , Katzner Todd E. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Altitude measurements from wildlife tracking devices, combined with elevation data, are commonly used to estimate the flight altitude of volant animals. However, these data often include measurement error. Understanding this error may improve estimation of flight altitude and benefit applied ecology.

There are a number of different approaches that have been used to address this measurement error. These include filtering based on GPS data, filtering based on behaviour of the study species, and use of state‐space models to correct measurement error. The effectiveness of these approaches is highly variable.

Recent studies have based inference of flight altitude on misunderstandings about avian natural history and technical or analytical tools. In this Commentary, we discuss these misunderstandings and suggest alternative strategies both to resolve some of these issues and to improve estimation of flight altitude. These strategies also can be applied to other measures derived from telemetry data.

Synthesis and applications. Our Commentary is intended to clarify and improve upon some of the assumptions made when estimating flight altitude and, more broadly, when using GPS telemetry data. We also suggest best practices for identifying flight behaviour, addressing GPS error, and using flight altitudes to estimate collision risk with anthropogenic structures. Addressing the issues we describe would help improve estimates of flight altitude and advance understanding of the treatment of error in wildlife telemetry studies.
Association between famine exposure in early life and type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia in adulthood: Results from the China Health And Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)
Authors: Sun Yanxin , Zhang Longfei , Duan Wenhou , Meng Xin , Jia Chongqi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundStudies have revealed the association between famine in early life and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adulthood. However, studies on the Great Chinese Famine were not conducted nationwide. Because of regional variations in the severity of this famine, the results of regional studies are limited. This study explored associations between famine and T2DM in adulthood in a nationwide study.MethodsThe present study was performed on 7262 participants who were born between 1 October 1949 and 1 July 1966 using baseline data collected for the China Health And Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2011. Participants were divided according to birthdate into cohorts with fetal, late, middle, and early childhood exposure and no exposure to famine. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between famine exposure in early life and the risk of T2DM and hyperglycemia in adulthood.ResultsFor females, the risk of hyperglycemia was higher for famine‐exposed than not exposed cohort (odds ratios [OR] 1.34 and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 1.34 [1.04–1.74], 1.48 [1.15–1.90], 1.38 [1.06–1.79], and 1.57 [1.25–1.98] for fetal, early, middle, and late childhood exposure, respectively), and this association was even stronger in female participants who lived in rural areas before the age of 16 years. In males, the risk of T2DM was lower for the early and late childhood exposure than no exposure cohorts (OR [95% CIs]: 0.65 [0.49–0.86] and 0.74 [0.56–0.98], respectively). [Correction added on 23 July 2018, after first online publication: Parts of the above ‘Results’ section have been corrected to interchange the citation of the words ‘late’ and ‘early’.]ConclusionExposure to famine during early life can increase the risk of hyperglycemia in female adults, but may decrease the risk of T2DM in males.
Influence of media coverage and sentiment on seasoned equity offerings
Authors: Sun Ji , Zhou Yi , Wang Jiaguo (George) , Guo Jie (Michael) 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article examines the role of media in seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) price and market reactions on SEO announcements. Using a sample of SEO deals in UK, we find that media coverage is significantly and negatively related to SEO price discounts and market returns around SEO announcements. Moreover, we document that more pessimistic media sentiment predicts larger SEO price discounts and more negative market reactions to SEO announcements. In summary, both media coverage and media sentiment influence investor decisions in SEOs, but through different mechanisms.
Feeding patterns of elephants at the Atherstone Collaborative Nature Reserve
Authors: Seloana Makoshane Q. , Jordaan Jorrie J. , Potgieter Martin J. , Kruger Johan W. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) is a generalist herbivore that relies on widely distributed resources. Vegetation decline, aggravated by these elephants, can compromise local conservation efforts. Thus it imperative to understand the factors that drive them to consume specific plant species and plant parts. The objective of our study was to investigate the feeding patterns of African savannah elephants in the enclosed bushveld savannah at the Atherstone Collaborative Nature Reserve in South Africa. For 1 year, we examined elephant selection of woody versus herbaceous vegetation, and identified which plant species and parts were preferentially consumed. We accomplished this by directly observing feeding elephants, and by utilizing data collected on elephant footprints, dung piles, stripped bark and broken branches. We further conducted vegetation surveys to determine selection frequency relative to species abundance. Elephants showed a preference for different plant parts consumption in the feeding plots. In total, leaves, branches and bark contributed mostly to their diet. Seasonal selection patterns showed an increasing proportion of bark and branch consumption during the dry season.
Leopard abundance, distribution and food habits in the Mt. Rungwe–Kitulo landscape, Southern Tanzania
Authors: De Luca Daniela W. , Mpunga Noah E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBetween 2003 and 2010, 2178.5 km of transect was walked and 76 leopard scats counted in the Mt. Rungwe–Kitulo landscape. The number of scats per 10 km ranged between 0 and 0.83 in Mt Rungwe and between 0 and 1.41 in Kitulo. Leopards chiefly selected bamboo forest between 2500 and 2950 m asl. Some 126 interviews revealed that leopards were encountered more in the 1980s than latterly. Leopards used to attack livestock, but in the 1960s and 1970s, were heavily poisoned. We analysed 59 scats for undigested materials and compared them to a hair reference atlas. Some 135 different prey items were found, with an average of 2.3 items per scat. Some 14 samples were identified to species level and four to genus level. The average prey body weight was 5.9 kg. The diet was dominated by small mammals and rodent species up to 5.0 kg (59.57%) of biomass, followed by carnivores (29.14%), primate species (8.91%) and small rodents <1 kg (2.24%). The highest relative biomass consumed was prey classes of 1.1–5.0 kg (61.06%), followed by prey 5.1–50 kg (35.22%) and small rodents <1 kg (2.24%). The total absence of ungulate prey and conservation implications are discussed.
The emergence of a commercial trade in pangolins from Gabon
Authors: Mambeya Meine M. , Baker Francesca , Momboua Brice R. , Koumba Pambo Aurélie Flore , Hega Martin , Okouyi Okouyi Vivien Joseph , Onanga Martial , Challender Daniel W. S. , Ingram Daniel J. , Wang Hongyan , Abernethy Katharine 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRecent seizures of illegally held wildlife indicate a mounting global trade in pangolins involving all eight species. Seizures of illegally traded African pangolins are increasing as wild populations of Asian species decline. We investigated trade in pangolins and law enforcement efforts in Gabon; a country likely to have intact wild populations of three of the four species of African pangolin. We compared village sales and trade chains between 2002‐2003 and 2014. Hunters reported pangolins to be the most frequently requested species in 2014, and the value of pangolins had increased at every point along their trade chain. In Libreville, giant pangolin prices increased 211% and arboreal pangolin prices 73% whilst inflation rose only 4.6% over the same period. We documented a low rate of interception of illegally traded pangolins despite increased law enforcement. Surveys of potential export routes detected exports across forest borders, in conjunction with ivory, but not through public transport routes. We conclude that whilst there is clear potential and likelihood that a wild pangolin export trade is emerging from Gabon, traditional bushmeat trade chains may not be the primary supply route. We recommend adjusting conservation policies and actions to impede further development of illegal trade within and from Gabon.
Antepartum risk factors for moderate to severe neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a Swedish national cohort study
Authors: Liljestrom Lena , Wikstrom Anna‐Karin , Agren Johan , Jonsson Maria 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionOur aim was to identify antepartum risk factors for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, with a focus on maternal body mass index and height.Material and methodsNational population‐based cohort study of 692 428 live‐born infants ≥36 gestational weeks in Sweden, 2009–2015. Data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register were linked. Short maternal stature was defined as ≤155 cm, and overweight as body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. Therapeutic hypothermia served as surrogate marker of moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Associations between maternal and infant characteristics and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were calculated with logistic regression analyses, and risks were presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsModerate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy occurred in 0.67/1000 infants. Nulliparity, previous cesarean delivery, short stature, overweight, gestational age, occiput posterior presentation and birthweight were all independently associated with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The risk of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy increased with decreasing maternal height and increasing body mass index. Compared with non‐short women (≥156 cm) with normal weight (body mass index <25 kg/m2), those with both short stature and overweight had increased risk of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (odds ratio 3.66; 95% confidence intervals 2.41–5.55). Among parous women with both short stature and overweight, the risk was almost sixfold (odds ratio 5.74; 95% confidence intervals 3.41–9.66).ConclusionsAntepartum risk factors for moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy included nulliparity, previous cesarean delivery, short stature, overweight, gestational age, occiput posterior presentation and birthweight. The combination of maternal short stature and overweight was associated with a more than threefold risk of subsequent hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.