bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Signs of Silence – An Overview of Systems of Sign Languages and Co-Speech Gestures
Authors: Mustapić Emilija , Malenica Frane 
Published: July 2019

The paper presents an overview of sign languages and co-speech gestures as two means of communication realised through the visuo-spatial modality. We look at previous research to examine the correlation between spoken and sign language phonology, but also provide an insight into the basic features of co-speech gestures. By analysing these features, we are able to see how these means of communication utilise phases of production (in the case of gestures) or parts of individual signs (in the case of sign languages) to convey or complement the meaning. Recent insights into sign languages as bona fide linguistic systems and co-speech gestures as a system which has no linguistic features but accompanies spoken language have shown that communication does not take place within just a single modality but is rather multimodal. By comparing gestures and sign languages to spoken languages, we are able to trace the transition from systems of communication involving simple form-meaning pairings to fully fledged morphological and syntactic complexities in spoken and sign languages, which gives us a new outlook on the emergence of linguistic phenomena.
Self-Assessment of the Sounds of the English Language that Pre-Service EFL Teachers Consider Problematic to Pronounce
Authors: Kapranov Oleksandr 
Published: July 2019

The article presents and discusses a mixed-method study that aimed at establishing how pre-service teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) self-assessed those sounds of the English language that would cause problems for their pronunciation in EFL. Fourteen pre-service EFL teachers on the intermediate level of EFL proficiency whose first language (L1) was Norwegian were recruited for the study. They were asked to write reflectiveessays concerning the sounds of the English language that they considered problematic to pronounce. The participants’ essays were contrasted with the essays written by the control group that was comprised of 14 in-service EFL teachers whose L1 was Norwegian. The results of the analysis revealed that the participants identified several English sounds that they self-assessed as problematic to pronounce, e.g. /z/, /ð/, /θ/, and /ʌ/. The analysis of the controls’ essays yielded similar results. These findings and their linguo-didactic implications are discussed in the article.
Renewal of aerosol data for ALADIN-HIRLAM radiation parametrizations
Authors: Rontu Laura , Pietikäinen Joni-Pekka , Martin Perez Daniel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Radiative transfer calculations in numerical weather prediction (NWP)
and climate models require reliable information about aerosol
concentration in the atmosphere, combined with data on aerosol optical
properties. Replacement of the default input data on vertically
integrated climatological aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (AOD550,
Tegen climatology) with newer data, based on those available from
Copernicus atmosphere monitoring service (CAMS), led to minor
differences in the simulated solar irradiance and screen-level
temperature in the regional climate model HCLIM-ALARO simulations over
Scandinavia and in a clear-sky case study using HARMONIE-AROME NWP
model over the Iberian peninsula. In the case study, replacement of
the climatological AOD550 with that based on three-dimensional
near-real-time aerosol mass mixing ratio resulted in a maximum
reduction of the order of 150 W m−2 in the simulated local solar
irradiance at noon. Corresponding maximum reduction of the
screen-level temperature by almost two degrees was found. The large
differences were due to a dust intrusion from Sahara, which is
obviously not represented in the average climatological distribution
of dust aerosol. Further studies are needed in order to introdude
updated aerosol optical properties of all available aerosol types at
different wavelengths, make them available for the radiation schemes
of ALADIN-HIRLAM and test the impact on the predicted radiation
fluxes.
A review of the global soil property maps for Earth system models
Authors: Dai Yongjiu , Shangguan Wei , Wei Nan , Xin Qinchuan , Yuan Hua , Zhang Shupeng , Liu Shaofeng , Lu Xingjie , Wang Dagang , Yan Fapeng 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Soil is an important regulator of Earth system processes,
but remains one of the least well-described data layers in Earth system
models (ESMs). We reviewed global soil property maps from the perspective of
ESMs, including soil physical and chemical and biological properties, which
can also offer insights to soil data developers and users. These soil
datasets provide model inputs, initial variables, and benchmark datasets. For
modelling use, the dataset should be geographically continuous and scalable and
have uncertainty estimates. The popular soil datasets used in ESMs are often
based on limited soil profiles and coarse-resolution soil-type maps with
various uncertainty sources. Updated and comprehensive soil information
needs to be incorporated into ESMs. New generation soil datasets derived
through digital soil mapping with abundant, harmonized, and quality-controlled soil observations and environmental covariates are preferred to
those derived through the linkage method (i.e. taxotransfer rule-based
method) for ESMs. SoilGrids has the highest accuracy and resolution among
the global soil datasets, while other recently developed datasets offer
useful compensation. Because there is no universal pedotransfer function, an
ensemble of them may be more suitable for providing derived soil properties to
ESMs. Aggregation and upscaling of soil data are needed for model use, but
can be avoided by using a subgrid method in ESMs at the expense of increases
in model complexity. Producing soil property maps in a time series still remains
challenging. The uncertainties in soil data need to be estimated and
incorporated into ESMs.
Human Capital Investment and Economic Competitiveness (Indonesian Competitiveness among ASEAN Countries)
Authors: - Saparso , Winoto Hery , Wahyoedi Soegeng 
Published: July 2019

The objective of this paper is to investigate empirically the effects of investment in human capital on the competitiveness of the nation. Investment in human capital, particularly in terms of education, health, research and development, stimulates the economic growth and competitiveness of a country. The innovations developed through research and development (R and D) have been believed to cause the rapid economic growth. Education will also contribute to science and knowledge through R and D which is highly required for economic growth. Using descriptive cross-section data of investment in human capital combined with neoclassical economic thought, the paper investigates the transmission mechanisms of human capital investment to economic competitiveness of nations. The result of this research shows that the increasing growth of investment in human capital is positively correlated with the increase in the competitiveness of a country.
Noodtestamenten en artikel 4:61 BW
Authors: de Jonge H.J. 
Published: July 2019

Noodtestamenten en artikel 4:61 BW
In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de regeling van de noodtestamenten onder het huidige en oud BW. De auteur heeft onderzocht hoeveel noodtestamenten er (de laatste jaren) zijn opgesteld. Daarnaast heeft hij een (korte) rechtsvergelijking gemaakt tussen de Nederlandse regeling omtrent noodtestamenten en die van België en Duitsland. In het verlengde daarvan is de auteur specifiek ingegaan op degene die het noodtestament verlijdt. Deze persoon wordt in artikel 4:61 BW aangeduid als de ‘andere persoon’. Ten opzichte van deze andere persoon geldt een bevoordelingsverbod. In de praktijk blijkt dit bevoordelingsverbod geen rol van betekenis te spelen.
Van salafistisch gedachtegoed alleen kun je niet leven: de financiële zelfredzaamheid van 131 uitreizigers nader bekeken
Authors: Soudijn Melvin 
Published: July 2019

An in-depth study of the financial self-sufficiency of 131 jihadi travellers
The present article examines the financial life of 131 jihadi travellers (JTs), also known as foreign terrorist fighters, from the Netherlands. For the purpose of the research, access was acquired to all their banking transactions in the year preceding their departure: over 60,000 transactions in total. Their income from work or employment, various forms of social assistance, student grants, and other income or expenditure were examined. The data provided a good picture of their financial independence, i.e., the extent to which they were capable of making their own living or needed to claim assistance from the authorities. The analysis shows that it is highly exceptional for Dutch JTs to be financially independent. Only 5 percent have sufficient income from work or employment without making any claims on the government for financial assistance, and are free of mounting debts. The low score can for a large part be explained by the fact that almost half of the JTs are under 23 years of age and/or receive a student grant. Their financial picture largely resembles ordinary students. Older JTs (over 22 years of age, and not having received a student grant for at least one year) underperform, however. Only 9 percent are financially independent. Financial support could perhaps be used to monitor or steer recipients’ role in society.
Physicochemical Properties of Alchornea cordiforlia, Cyperus esculentum and Irvingia gabonensis Seed Oils and Their Applications
Authors: Michael Akomaye Akpe , Faith Patrick Inezi 
Published: July 2019

The physicochemical properties of oils extracted from three locally available plant seeds in Nigeria namely: Alchomea cordiforlia, Cyperus esculentum and Irvingia gabonensis using n-Hexane were determined. The results of the analysis revealed that their % yield were 37.00, 27.50 and 33.00 for A. cordiforlia, C. esculentum and I. gabonensis respectively. Their odour was non-offensive and their colours were reddish, light yellow and milky white for A. cordifolia, C. esculentum and I. gabonensis respectively, making them bright and attractive. The specific gravity of the oils at 25oc was 0.91, 0.94 and 0.92 for A. cordiforlia, C. esculentum and I. gabonensis respectively. Their flash points in °c were also 155, 159 and 229 respectively, indicating that I. gabonensis is the most thermally stable oil and suitable for frying. The chemical properties for A. cordiforlia, C.esculentum, and I. gabonensis respectively were as follows: Acid values in mgKOH/g were 24.67, 5.33 and 3.73. Peroxide values in mEqKg-1 were 7.26, 9.86 and 2.96. Saponification values in mgKOH/g were 162.13, 179.52 and 238.43. Iodine values in g/100g were 24.62, 11.68 and 3.38. These results indicate that the three seeds are viable sources of oil based on their % yield. They are good for both domestic and industrial use based on their acid, saponification and iodine values. Their properties in most cases compete favorably with palm kernel oil (PKO) which is currently being used for many domestic and industrial purposes in Nigeria especially for the making of paints, soap, cosmetics, lubricant, and varnishes.
Development of a Simple and Accurate Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Trace Levels of Cu, Zn and Pb in Adult Egyptian Blood Samples Using (1,5-Diphenylthiocarbazone)
Authors: S. E. El-Dars Farida M. , Abd El-Razek Rasha , Ali Samah 
Published: July 2019

Aims: Development of a simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for the determination of Cu, Zn and Pb in adult Egyptians’ blood, plasma and serum using dithizone.
Place of Study: Hematology Laboratory, Armed Forces Laboratories for Medical Research and Blood Bank, Kobry El-Kobba, Cairo, Egypt.
Methodology: 100 blood samples from adults frequenting the Hematology Lab services were randomly obtained. The tested group comprised 57 males aging from 22 to 55 years and 43 females aging from 27 to 57 years. Three methods: Ready-to-use Kit (Reference method), ICP-MS (validation method) and Dithizone spectrophotometric method were used to determine Cu, Zn and Pb levels in these samples.
Results: The results for the proposed dithizone revealed that the Cu levels were higher than those obtained for Zn content. As for the per gender levels, the Cu concentration range was (60 -148.11 µg/dL) for males and for females, it was (60.71-159.19 µg/dL). The measured Zn levels for males ranged between 72.2-132.83 µg/dL but for females, it was between 55.95 – 123.62 µg/dL. Pb levels obtained ranged from 0 - 25.8 µg/dL and the results showed no gender distinction. The proposed method was validated and showed a linear regression coefficient (R2) above 0.99 for all elements. The limit of detection (LOD) for the developed method was 4.47, 4.37 and 3.97 µg/dL for Cu, Zn and Pb, respectively. As well, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 13.55, 13.25 and 12.03 µg/dL for Cu, Zn and Pb respectively. The modality of the data obtained was tested statistically.
Conclusion: The developed method provided wider calibration and working ranges for Cu, Zn and Pb in the tested blood samples than that reported for the reference and validation methods. The higher levels of Cu and Zn may be linked to dietary/nutrition intake while Pb content may be more linked to anthropogenic exposure.
Synthesis of New Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives Substituted with Heterocycles with Potential Antitumor Activity
Authors: S. Barbosa Patrícia , S. De Souza Dayane S. , D. Rodrigues Maria , M. Marques Karla , G. Da Silva Teresinha , G. De Lima José 
Published: July 2019

Aims: To find new thiosemicarbazone derivatives with antitumor activity and good physico-chemical parameters.
Study Design: A preliminary SAR study with pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl heterocycles as well as hydrogen, alkyl and phenyl groups in the thiosemicarbazone scaffold.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Antibiotics, from Federal University of Pernambuco (Brazil), between January 2016 and February 2017.
Methodology: The thiosemicarbazones were synthesized through a condensation reaction between benzaldehyde substituted with heterocycles and several thiosemicarbazides, using a catalytic amount of hydrochloric acid. The new compounds were characterised using classical spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The cytotoxicity were evaluated using MTT assay against five cancer cell lines and doxorubicin as reference compound. The LogP was also predicted using the software MarvinSketch 17.4.3 and promising results were found.
Results: We found five new thiosemicarbazone derivatives with excellent cytotoxicity.
Conclusion: Thiosemicarbazone derivatives are promising compounds in medicinal chemistry field and certainly should be considered as scaffold for drug candidates.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Butenafine Analogue
Authors: Muhammad M. A. , M. Jimoh A. , Awwal A. 
Published: July 2019

Aims: The study aims: (I) To synthesise N-(4-(tert-butyl) benzyl)-1-(4-tert-butyl) phenyl)-N-methyl methanaminium chloride, an analogue of butenafine from tertiary-butyl benzyl derivatives, (II) to compare the solvent actions of Tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile, methanol and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), and the reducing efficiencies of NaBH4 and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) during the synthesis.
Study Design: The study involved laboratory experiments leading to the synthesis of the target compound by varying the non-aqueous solvents used, the reducing agent and the temperature of the operations. Silica chloride catalyst was used to speed up the reaction in one of the syntheses and in each synthesis, Thin Layer Chromatography was used to monitor the progress of the reaction. The time taken by each reaction and the yield were used as the basis for determining the solvent action and the reducing efficiency.
Place and Duration of Study: M.Sc. Access controlled Teaching Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, New castle upon Tyne, United Kingdom from June to August 2012.
Methodology: Reductive amination was carried out by reacting 4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde and 4-tert-butylbenzylamine, using the direct and then the indirect approaches. This was followed by methylation using the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction in each of the two approaches. The time taken by each reaction was monitored and the product of each approach was characterised by EIS-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FTIR.
Results: 1,2-dichloroethane gave the best solvent action at 40°C (Yield: 75%) and NaBH4 gave the best-reducing action with silica chloride catalyst at 25°C (Yield: 50%). At the end of each synthesis, in all obtained products, 1H NMR spectrum gave a single peak of 18 hydrogen atoms at 1.3 -1.5 ppm for the existence of 6 methyl groups in the two tertiary-butyl substituents, the 13C NMR spectrum also showed a peak at 31-32 ppm for the six methyl carbon atoms in the two tertiary-butyl substituents, the FTIR spectrum showed a strong band at 2460 cm-1 for the presence of a tertiary ammonium ion and finally the EIS-MS gave a mass to charge ratio of 324.2693 as a confirmation of the relative molecular mass of the compound.
Conclusion: The target compound can be synthesised by both direct and the indirect approaches of reductive amination in any of the solvents tested with/without a catalyst at room or elevated temperature using NaBH4 or STAB as a reducing agent but the best solvent action can be achieved with DCE at 40°C and the best-reducing action can be achieved with NaBH4 in the presence of silica chloride.
A Comparative Study of Two Albanian Post-Byzantine Icons Attributed to Simoni i Ardenices
Authors: Franceschi Enrico , Nole Dion , Vassallo Stefano 
Published: July 2019

Aims: The present study is part of a project concerning the characterisation of a limited number of selected Albanian Byzantine and post-Byzantine icons, through the identification of pigments, of painting technique and the state of conservation of the artworks. The Albanian iconographers produced an extraordinary amount of icons from the 14th till the 19th century, and over six thousand of them are kept in the Museum of Medieval Art of Korça (Albania). This paper refers to the results obtained in the study of two artworks, the first one by Simoni i Ardenices an important Albanian painter of XVII century, and the second one attributed to him.
Study Design: The present work is part of a more general study concerning Albanian Byzantine and post-Byzantine icons.
Place and Duration of Study: Museum of Medieval Art of Korça, Albania, between June 2008 and July 2009.
Methodology: The work was conducted by non-destructive methods, X-ray fluorescence, visible light reflectance spectrophotometry and UV fluorescence analysis, according to a systematic procedure developed in the same Chemical Physical Laboratory for Cultural Heritage. A number of areas, for each painting, were chosen in order to carry out the measurements. With this procedure, we could identify the inorganic pigments from their characteristic features. Moreover, the study of the chemical physical properties of paintings is of fundamental importance for any accurate restoration intervention.
Results and Conclusion: The present work, concerning the study of two icons of the second half of 17th century by Simoni i Ardenices, has allowed us to identify the painting technique and the palette used in these works of art. Moreover, the areas of the paintings in which old restorations have been made have also been identified.
Determination of the Quality of Coconut Oils (Unrefined Grade) and (Refined Grade) Produced from Three Survey Regions of East Godavari District, India
Authors: Kumar G. V. Pavan , Lakshmi N. V. V. S. S. , Deena Ch. , Sekhar V. Chandra , Nikhitha N. Mehar , Begum Md. Mb. Husnara , Bhavani V. B. , Kumar P. Rajendra 
Published: July 2019

Aim: The study sought to assess the quality of coconut oil extracted from fresh copra milk by Traditional fermentation(FWCE) and from dry copra balls by continuous processing using expellers(TDCE,DMCE) method with respect to moisture content (MC), free fatty acid (FFA) content, Acid value (AV) and Saponification value in comparison with Food safety and standards authority of India.
Methodology: Three samples of coconut oil were taken from major processing centers in east Godavari district (AMP, SML, KRG) for quality determination. Similarly three samples of coconut oil were prepared from fresh grated coconut milk in the Medicinal chemistry laboratory at Korangi College of pharmacy and three samples were prepared from dry coconut cups. Replicate titer values of each of the nine (09) oil samples obtained were compared with brand double refined oil and the averages were taken into consideration. The AOAC and AOCS methods were used in the analyses and the results compared with Standards provided by Food safety and standards authority of India, Coconut Development Board, Kochi.
Results: The results showed that 50% of the total fermented oil sample had high moisture content than standard and expected to undergo oxidative rancidity. According to the standards, 100% of the oil samples had free fatty acids and acid value within acceptable range indicating no signs of rancidity.
Conclusion: There was a significant difference in saponification value, free fatty acid profile and moisture content of Traditional fermented (FWCE) and dry copra balls by continuous processing expellers (TDCE, DMCE) method. The ANOVA (P<0.05) showed that there were significant differences in the MC, FFA, AV of oils produced among the processing centers and that produced in laboratory. The processes involved in all the extraction centers vary and might have accounted for that. The results indicate that the coconut oils produced in both the cases meet the standards however new technologies in processing should be adopted to improve the quality to meet the standards.
Application of Selected Ion Monitoring-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (SIM-GCMS) for Quantification of Poly Aromatic Hydro Carbons in Surface Water from Sarawak, Mambong River (Malaysia)
Authors: Umaru Isaac John , Samling Benedict , Umaru Hauwa A. 
Published: July 2019

Background: Increasing activities have led to serious environmental problems due to Pullution caused by toxic materials such as poly aromatic carbons whose levels are rising in the environment.
Objective: The study presented here carried out the ultra-trace Quantification of Poly Aromatic Hydro carbons in surface water using Selected Ion Monitoring with optimization Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry parameter.
Methods: A Shimadzu QP 2010 Plus GCMS equipped with an auto-injector AOC-20i, 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 um of BP-X5 capillary column (SGE, USA) was used to obtain the result of poly aromatic hydrocarbons to separate and quantify the PAH compounds as well as to identify the Polyromantic Hydrocarbon using USEPA.
Results: The amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at ultra-trace level in the surface water samples was estimated. Sixteen Poly Aromatic Hydro carbons were identified among which Naphthalene Pyrene (45.7 ng/L), Chrysene (59.38 ng/L), Benzo (g, h, i) perylene (40.35 ng/L) as the major pollutants in the water surface of Mambong River water. Total Poly Aromatic Hydro carbons (PAHs) concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 40 ng L-1 was detected in the river water.
Conclusion: The Selected Ion Monitoring -Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (SIM-GCMS) can be considered as sensitive and robust method to analyse PAHs contamination in environmental samples. Thus, help the researchers to uncover the critical areas of environmental pollution at ultra-trace level that many researchers were not able to explore.