bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wnt/β-catenin signaling as a useful therapeutic target in hepatoblastoma
Authors: Sha Ying-Li , Liu Shuang , Yan Wen-Wen , Dong Bo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is a malignant tumor in the liver of children that generally occurs at the age of 2–3 years. There have been ample evidence from the preclinical as well as clinical studies suggesting the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hepatoblastoma, which is mainly attributed to the somatic mutations in the exon 3 of β-catenin gene. There is increased translocation of β-catenin protein from the cell surface to cytoplasm and nucleus and intracellular accumulation is directly linked to the severity of the cancer. Accordingly, the alterations in β-catenin and its target genes may be used as markers in the diagnosis and prognosis of pediatric live tumors. Furthermore, scientists have reported the therapeutic usefulness of inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hepatoblastoma and this inhibition of signaling has been done using different methods including short interfering RNA (siRNA), miRNA and pharmacological agents. Wnt/β-catenin works in association with other signaling pathways to induce the development of hepatoblastoma including Yes-associated protein (YAP)1 (YAP-1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) 1 (mTOR-1), SLC38A1, glypican 3 (GPC3), nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), epidermal growth factor receptor, ERK1/2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), regenerating islet-derived 1 and 3 α (REG1A and 3A), substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor and PARP-1. The present review describes the key role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the development of hepatoblastoma. Moreover, the role of other signaling pathways in hepatoblastoma in association with Wnt/β-catenin has also been described.
A Clinical Approach to Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Speech and Swallow in an Acute Rehabilitation Facility
Authors: Howard Melissa M. , Rosario Emily R. 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) is a widely used treatment modality for dysphagia therapy despite the inconclusive evidence of its effectiveness. Our objective was to complete a retrospective review to analyze the results of NMES with our patient population in an acute rehabilitation facility. In this clinical focus article, we briefly review the current literature on NMES, discuss a clinical protocol of NMES use in an inpatient rehabilitation hospital, and discuss the need for future research in this area.

Conclusions
As with much of the NMES literature, we observed improvement in the ability to swallow following a cerebrovascular accident and traumatic brain injury when a combination of swallowing therapy and NMES treatment was used. Although this combination works for our patients to improve swallow function, the impact of swallow therapy alone remains unclear. Further investigative research to clarify NMES protocols and patient population is needed to optimize results. Therefore, a large randomized clinical trial would be beneficial to clearly define the role of NMES in recovery of swallowing ability following a brain injury.
CHANG-ES
Authors: Mora-Partiarroyo Silvia Carolina , Krause Marita , Basu Aritra , Beck Rainer , Wiegert Theresa , Irwin Judith , Henriksen Richard , Stein Yelena , Vargas Carlos J. , Heesen Volker , Walterbos René A. M. , Rand Richard J. , Heald George , Li Jiangtao , Kamieneski Patrick , English Jayanne 
Published: September 2019

Aims.NGC 4631 is an interacting galaxy that exhibits one of the largest, gaseous halos observed among edge-on galaxies. We aim to examine the synchrotron and cosmic-ray propagation properties of its disk and halo emission with new radio continuum data.Methods.Radio continuum observations of NGC 4631 were performed with theKarl G. JanskyVery Large Array atC-band (5.99 GHz) in the C and D array configurations, and atL-band (1.57 GHz) in the B, C, and D array configurations. Complementary observations of NGC 4631 with the Effelsberg telescope were performed at 1.42 and 4.85 GHz. The interferometric total intensity data were combined with the single-dish Effelsberg data in order to recover the missing large-scale total power emission. The thermal and nonthermal components of the total radio emission were separated by estimating the thermal contribution through the extinction-corrected Hαemission. The Hαradiation was corrected for extinction using a linear combination of the observed Hαand 24μm data.Results.NGC 4631 has a global thermal fraction at 5.99 (1.57) GHz of 14 ± 3% (5.4 ± 1.1%). The mean scale heights of the total emission in the radio halo (thick disk) at 5.99 (1.57) GHz are 1.79 ± 0.54 kpc (1.75 ± 0.27 kpc) and have about the same values for the synchrotron emission. The total magnetic field of NGC 4631 has a mean strength of ⟨Beq⟩≃9 μG in the disk, and a mean strength of ⟨Beq⟩≃7 μG in the halo. We also studied a double-lobed background radio galaxy southwest of NGC 4631, which is an FR II radio galaxy according to the distribution of spectral index across the lobes.Conclusions.From the halo scale heights we estimated that the radio halo is escape-dominated with convective cosmic ray propagation, and conclude that there is a galactic wind in the halo of NGC 4631.
The X-ray properties of z > 6 quasars: no evident evolution of accretion physics in the first Gyr of the Universe
Authors: Vito F. , Brandt W. N. , Bauer F. E. , Calura F. , Gilli R. , Luo B. , Shemmer O. , Vignali C. , Zamorani G. , Brusa M. , Civano F. , Comastri A. , Nanni R. 
Published: September 2019

Context. X-ray emission from quasars (QSOs) has been used to assess supermassive black hole accretion properties up to z ≈ 6. However, at z >  6 only ≈15 QSOs are covered by sensitive X-ray observations, preventing a statistically significant investigation of the X-ray properties of the QSO population in the first Gyr of the Universe.
Aims. We present new Chandra observations of a sample of 10 z >  6 QSOs, selected to have virial black-hole mass estimates from Mg II line spectroscopy $ \left(\log\frac{M_{\mathrm{BH}}}{M_\odot}=8.5{-}9.6\right) $. Adding archival X-ray data for an additional 15 z >  6 QSOs, we investigate the X-ray properties of the QSO population in the first Gyr of the Universe. In particular, we focus on the LUV − LX relation, which is traced by the αox parameter, and the shape of their X-ray spectra.
Methods. We performed photometric analyses to derive estimates of the X-ray luminosities of our z >  6 QSOs, and thus their αox values and bolometric corrections (Kbol = Lbol/LX). We compared the resulting αox and Kbol distributions with the results found for QSO samples at lower redshift, and ran several statistical tests to check for a possible evolution of the LUV − LX relation. Finally, we performed a basic X-ray spectral analysis of the brightest z >  6 QSOs to derive their individual photon indices, and joint spectral analysis of the whole sample to estimate the average photon index.
Results. We detect seven of the new Chandra targets in at least one standard energy band, while two more are detected discarding energies E >  5 keV, where background dominates. We confirm a lack of significant evolution of αox with redshift, which extends the results from previous works up to z >  6 with a statistically significant QSO sample. Furthermore, we confirm the trend of an increasing bolometric correction with increasing luminosity found for QSOs at lower redshifts. The average power-law photon index of our sample (⟨Γ⟩ = 2.20−0.34+0.39 and ⟨Γ⟩ = 2.13−0.13+0.13 for sources with < 30 and > 30 net counts, respectively) is slightly steeper than, but still consistent with, typical QSOs at z = 1 − 6.
Conclusions. All of these results indicate a lack of substantial evolution of the inner accretion-disk and hot-corona structure in QSOs from low redshift to z >  6. Our data hint at generally high Eddington ratios at z >  6.
Gas shells and magnetic fields in the Orion-Eridanus superbubble
Authors: Joubaud T. , Grenier I. A. , Ballet J. , Soler J. D. 
Published: September 2019

Aims. The Orion-Eridanus superbubble has been blown by supernovae and supersonic winds of the massive stars in the Orion OB associations. It is the nearest site at which stellar feedback on the interstellar medium that surrounds young massive clusters can be studied. The formation history and current structure of the superbubble are still poorly understood, however. It has been pointed out that the picture of a single expanding object should be replaced by a combination of nested shells that are superimposed along the line of sight. We have investigated the composite structure of the Eridanus side of the superbubble in the light of a new decomposition of the atomic and molecular gas.
Methods. We used H I 21 cm and CO (J = 1−0) emission lines to separate coherent gas shells in space and velocity, and we studied their relation to the warm ionised gas probed in Hα emission, the hot plasma emitting X-rays, and the magnetic fields traced by dust polarised emission. We also constrained the relative distances to the clouds using dust reddening maps and X-ray absorption. We applied the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method to the dust polarisation data to estimate the plane-of-sky components of the magnetic field in several clouds and along the outer rim of the superbubble.
Results. Our gas decomposition has revealed several shells inside the superbubble that span distances from about 150–250 pc. One of these shells forms a nearly complete ring filled with hot plasma. Other shells likely correspond to the layers of swept-up gas that is compressed behind the expanding outer shock wave. We used the gas and magnetic field data downstream of the shock to derive the shock expansion velocity, which is close to ~20 km s−1. Taking the X-ray absorption by the gas into account, we find that the hot plasma inside the superbubble is over-pressured compared to plasma in the Local Bubble. The plasma comprises a mix of hotter and cooler gas along the lines of sight, with temperatures of (3–9) and (0.3 − 1.2) × 106 K, respectively. The magnetic field along the western and southern rims and in the approaching wall of the superbubble appears to be shaped and compressed by the ongoing expansion. We find plane-of-sky magnetic field strengths from 3 to 15 μG along the rim.
Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Sacrospinous Ligament Fixation Using Minimally Invasive Anchorage
Authors: Salman Süleyman , Babaoglu Bülent , Kumbasar Serkan , Bestel Melih , Ketenci Gencer Fatma , Tuna Güray , Besimoglu Berhan , Yüksel Semra , Uçar Elif 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a newly developed anchoring system for unilateral sacrospinous ligament fixation (USSLF) and bilateral sacrospinous ligament fixation (BSSLF) procedures.
Material and Methods Ninety-three patients with pelvic prolapse who were treated surgically with the Anchorsure System® between 2013 and 2018 were included in the study. USSLF was performed in 52 patients (group 1), and BSSLF was performed in 41 patients (group 2). Pelvic organ prolapse was assessed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively.
Results There were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 with regard to age, parity, and demographic characteristics. Anatomical improvement rates were similar, irrespective of the type of SSLF used. No bleeding requiring blood transfusion or organ injuries occurred in any patient. Three patients in the group that received BSSLF developed small asymptomatic cystoceles (grade 1 to 2); there was no recurrence of rectoceles or enteroceles. Mild cystocele was found in 1 patient from the USSLF group. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to the recurrence of cystocele. Recurrence of vaginal vault prolapse was found in 2 patients from the USSLF group (3.84%). There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to recurrence. Febrile morbidity, clinical outcomes, blood loss, duration of operation, intraoperative complications, and length of hospital stay were similar for the two groups.
Conclusions Unilateral and bilateral SSLF techniques produce similar clinical outcomes. USSLF and BSSLF performed using the new anchoring system are safe and effective methods to treat pelvic organ prolapse.
Monozentrische, retrospektive, vergleichende Studie zur Sicherheit und Effektivität der Wundheilungsmodulation mit Bevacizumab nach kombinierter Kataraktoperation mit CyPass-Stent-Implantation
Authors: Höh Helmut , Holland Ulrike , Medra Ahmed 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Aufgrund des bekannten positiven Effekts der Wundheilungsmodulation mit Bevacizumab (Avastin®) bei Trabekulektomie wurde in einer retrospektiven Studie die Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit der Wundmodulation mit Avastin nach kombinierter Kataraktoperation mit CyPass-Stent-Implantation untersucht.
Methode Retrospektiv wurden die prä-, intra- und postoperativen Daten nach 3 und 6 Monaten bei 484 Augen mit kombinierter Operation erhoben (n = 187 ohne Avastin, n = 297 mit Avastin). Sicherheitskriterien waren intraoperative Komplikationen und postoperative spaltlampenmikroskopische Befunde. Wirksamkeitskriterien waren Augeninnendruck (IOD) und Anzahl drucksenkender Medikamente.
Ergebnisse Bezüglich der Alters- und Geschlechtsverteilung, der frühpostoperativen Fibrinreaktion, der Augeninnendruck- und Medikationssenkung unterscheiden sich die beiden Gruppen (mit und ohne Avastin) nicht statistisch signifikant. In der Avastin-Gruppe zeigten sich 3 Monate postoperativ statistisch signifikant weniger Irisgewebsreaktionen als in der Vergleichsgruppe (Chi-Quadrat-Test: p = 0,02, n = 47/128); nach 6 Monaten noch ein leichter Trend (Chi-Quadrat-Test: p = 0,15, n = 45/125). Weitere Trends zugunsten der Avastin-Gruppe wurden für die Versagerquote mit 2 gegenüber 6% nach 3 Monaten (Chi-Quadrat-Test: p = 0,103, n = 50/130) bzw. 4 und 10% nach 6 Monaten (Chi-Quadrat-Test: p = 0,106, n = 50/130) und für den Anteil der Augen ohne ergänzende drucksenkende Medikation mit 86 gegenüber 74% bzw. 68 vs. 56% (Chi-Quadrat-Test: 3 Monate: p = 0,053; 6 Monate: p = 0,12; n = 50/130) ermittelt. Für den Anteil der Augen, der postoperativ ohne ergänzende
drucksenkende Medikation die Druckschwelle von ≤ 21 mmHg erreicht, zeigte sich 3 Monate postoperativ mit 85 gegenüber 74% (Chi-Quadrat-Test: p = 0,099, n = 50/130) und nach 6 Monaten mit 65 gegenüber 54% ebenfalls ein starker Trend zugunsten der Avastin-Gruppe (Chi-Quadrat-Test: p = 0,11, n = 50/130).
Schlussfolgerung Die Eingabe von Avastin in die Vorderkammer ist sicher, reduziert die Gewebsreaktionen der Iris und verbessert bis zu 6 Monate postoperativ die Effektivität in klinisch begrenztem Umfang.
Invasive Lidinfektionen durch β-hämolysierende Streptokokken der Serogruppe A
Authors: Raber Florian Philipp , Frank Katrin , Spellerberg Barbara , Werner Jens Ulrich , Lang Gabriele E. , Lang Gerhard K. 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Invasive Weichteilinfektionen durch Streptokokken sind schnell fortschreitende und potenziell lebensbedrohliche Infektionserkrankungen. Diese können auch das Augenlid betreffen. Aufgrund aggressiver Virulenzfaktoren und der Synthese von Exotoxinen kann es zu Komplikationen wie der periorbitalen nekrotisierenden Fasziitis (PONF) und dem Streptokokken-Toxic-Shock-Syndrom (STSS) kommen. Anhand von 4 Patienten mit invasiven Lidinfektionen wird das Krankheitsbild charakterisiert.
Material und Methode Bei allen Patienten erfolgte eine Fotodokumentation, Bildgebung, Labor- und Abstrichdiagnostik sowie eine intravenöse antibiotische Therapie gemäß den Empfehlungen des Robert Koch-Instituts sowie des lokalen Infektiologieboards.
Ergebnisse Bei allen Patienten wurde Streptococcus pyogenes im Abstrich kulturell nachgewiesen. Das Antibiogramm zeigte eine Sensibilität gegenüber den gängigen intravenösen Antibiotika. Das Zeitintervall zwischen Symptombeginn und Vorstellung in der Klinik betrug zwischen 2 Tagen und 1 Woche. Alle Patienten wiesen bei Aufnahme hohe systemische Entzündungsparameter auf: Pat. 1: CRP 259 mg/l, Leukozyten 20,1 Giga/l; Pat. 2: CRP 375 mg/l, Leukozyten 15,6 Giga/l; Pat. 3: CRP 378 mg/l, Leukozyten 38,7 Giga/l; Pat. 4: CRP 483 mg/l, Leukozyten 1,7 Giga/l; Normwerte: CRP < 5 mg/l, Leukozyten 4,4 – 11,3 Giga/l. Bei den Pat. 2 und 3 wurde aufgrund der rasch fortschreitenden Nekrosen im Bereich von Kutis und Subkutis und der systemischen Toxizität eine periorbitale nekrotisierende Fasziitis diagnostiziert. Die Pat. 3 und 4 erfüllten die Diagnosekriterien eines STSS. Die Pat. 2, 3 und 4 mussten, trotz unverzüglich begonnener intravenöser antibiotischer Therapie, mit einer Sepsis auf eine Intermediate Care Unit bzw. Intensivstation verlegt werden. Bei Pat. 3 erfolgte ein chirurgisches Wunddébridement während des Aufenthaltes. Dank eines interdisziplinären Managements (Augenheilkunde, Infektiologie, HNO, Innere und Intensivmedizin) konnten schlussendlich alle Patienten in deutlich gebessertem Allgemeinzustand aus unserer stationären Behandlung entlassen werden.
Schlussfolgerung Invasive Streptokokkeninfektionen stellen eine Herausforderung im klinischen Alltag eines Ophthalmologen dar. Ein interdisziplinäres Management sowie ein sofortiger Beginn einer hochdosierten intravenösen antibiotischen Therapie sind für den Therapieerfolg entscheidend.
Nahrungsergänzungsmittel und „Lifestyle“
Authors: Christof Deborah , Gamulescu Maria Andreea 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungAktuell ist eine Therapie der nicht exsudativen altersabhängigen Makuladegeneration (AMD) – im Gegensatz zu der exsudativen Form – nicht möglich. Eine präventive Wirkung und ein verlangsamtes Fortschreiten der Erkrankung erhoffen sich viele Betroffene von den sich auf dem Markt befindenden Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln. Die darin enthaltenen Stoffe sollen das oxidative Milieu im Bereich der äußeren Netzhaut reduzieren und so den Zellschaden und damit die Progression der AMD verlangsamen. Die ARED-Studien (ARED: Age-Related Eye Disease) untersuchten bestimmte dieser Nahrungsergänzungsmittel auf ihre Wirksamkeit, das Risiko des Fortschreitens der AMD in die Spätformen zu vermindern. Sie sind die einzigen interventionellen groß angelegten, prospektiven, randomisierten und kontrollierten klinischen Studien und werden immer wieder als Basis für die Nahrungsergänzung bei der AMD herangezogen. In diesem Artikel soll die Rationale für die Verwendung bestimmter Inhaltsstoffe der AREDS-Nahrungsergänzungsmittel besprochen und die Ergebnisse der ARED-Studien kritisch beleuchtet werden. Weiterhin soll der moderne Begriff des „Lifestyle“ im Kontext der AMD als weitere Möglichkeit der Einflussnahme jedes Einzelnen auf die Progression der Erkrankung thematisiert und diskutiert werden.
Neuroophthalmologische Überlegungen zu Meningeomen der vorderen Sehbahn
Authors: Wilhelm Helmut , Honegger Jürgen Bernd , Paulsen Frank 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungMeningeome sind langsam wachsende Tumoren, die entweder durch Sehverschlechterung oder Doppelbilder symptomatisch werden oder aber zufällig entdeckt werden. Nicht jedes Meningeom bedarf der Behandlung. Diese besteht entweder in der neurochirurgischen Entfernung oder, wenn inoperabel, in der Strahlentherapie. Ob dies notwendig ist, richtet sich bei Meningeomen der vorderen Sehbahn hauptsächlich nach dem augenärztlichen Befund. Dieser kann und muss mittels OCT und klinischer Würdigung des Gesamtbilds auch Aussagen zur Prognose machen. Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die Überlegungen, die bei Meningeomen der vorderen Sehbahn anzustellen sind. Sie beruht im Wesentlichen auf eigenen Erfahrungen.
Laparoscopic Myomectomy for the Removal of Large Uterine Myomas
Authors: Sano Rikiya , Suzuki Soichiro , Shiota Mitsuru 
Published: September 2019

Laparoscopic myomectomy (LM) is a minimally invasive surgery. However, several complications may occur in cases of extremely large myomas. For example, it can be difficult to acquire a full visual field, and the operation is limited by both technical and physiological restrictions. In addition, the volume of intraoperative bleeding is often increased in comparison to typically sized myomas; therefore, surgical indications are limited for technical reasons and for ensuring safety of the patient. Suturing and ligation techniques, which are indispensable in LM, are difficult procedures to perform. If clinicians are not confident in performing these procedures or experience difficulty in controlling bleeding, then they can alternatively choose to make a small incision in the abdominal wall and perform a procedure called laparoscopically assisted myomectomy.In this article, we describe the process of effectively using LM in cases with giant myomas.
From Platelet-Rich Plasma to Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin: Biological Achievements and Clinical Advances in Modern Surgery
Authors: Caruana Andrea , Savina Daniele , Macedo José Paulo , Soares Sandra Clara 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn the past 20 years, the platelet concentrates have evolved from first-generation products, i.e., platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and plasma rich in growth factors to the second-generation products such as leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF). These autologous products with a higher leukocyte inclusion and flexible fibrin mesh act as a scaffold to increase cellular migration in the angiogenic, osteogenic, and antimicrobial potential of these biomaterials in tissue regeneration. In the second-generation platelet concentrates, the protocols are easier, cheaper, and faster with an entire physiological fibrin matrix, resulting in a tridimensional mesh, not as rigid as one of the first generations. This allows the slow release of molecules over a longer period of time and triggers the healing and regenerative process at the site of injury. The potential of A-PRF to mimic the physiology and immunology of wound healing is also due to the high concentration of growth factors released as follows: vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, and anti-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate tissue cicatrization, vessels formation, and bone cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, the number of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages is higher releasing important chemotactic molecules such as chemokine ligand-5 and eotaxin. Thus, L-PRF and A-PRF have been used, especially in implantology, periodontology, and maxillofacial surgery. Future clinical applications include tissue regeneration/grafts, ulcers/skin necrosis in the diabetic patient and others, plastic surgery, and even musculoskeletal lesions.
What network motifs tell us about resilience and reliability of complex networks
Authors: Dey Asim K. , Gel Yulia R. , Poor H. Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Significance
Networks provide useful models for many natural and manmade phenomena, such as transportation, financial, and social–ecological systems. This paper addresses network motifs as a mechanism for understanding resilience of such networks. The significance of this work can be viewed through an important example—namely, power-grid networks, constituting a core component of modern critical infrastructures. While most existing approaches focus on the analysis of global network characteristics, recent studies suggest that resilience of power grids may also be intrinsically connected to higher-order geometric features such as network motifs. Here, a systematic data-driven approach is developed that sheds light on the role of local topology and geometry in vulnerability of power grids and other complex networks.