bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synovial butorphanol concentrations and mechanical nociceptive thresholds after intravenous regional limb perfusion in standing sedated horses
Authors: Crabtree Naomi E. , Mochal‐King Cathleen A. , Sloan Pearce B. , Eddy Alison L. , Wills Robert W. , Meredith Ashley N. , Fontenot Robin L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine synovial butorphanol concentrations and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) changes after butorphanol intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP).Study designExperimentalAnimalsSix adult horses.MethodsCephalic IVRLP was performed with 10 mg butorphanol in sedated horses with a wide rubber tourniquet and a total volume of 30 mL. Radiocarpal synovial fluid and serum concentrations along with MNT were evaluated prior to and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after IVRLP. Butorphanol concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry positive electrospray ionization.ResultsButorphanol concentrations reached mean (SD) peak concentrations of 9.47 ng/mL (±12.00) in synovial fluid and 3.89 ng/mL (3.29) in serum 30 minutes after IVRLP. Concentrations remained above baseline for 4 hours in synovial fluid (P ≤ .017) and for 2 hours in serum (P ≤ .016). The only difference in MNT was detected 1 hour after IVRLP, when MNT were higher in controls than in treated horses (P = .047).ConclusionButorphanol IVRLP seemed well tolerated and resulted in measurable levels of butorphanol in the radiocarpal synovial fluid of five of six horses.Clinical significanceIntravenous regional limb perfusion appears to be a viable alternative to administer butorphanol, but additional investigation is required to evaluate the dose and local concentrations required for analgesia.
An investigation of Salmonella Fluntern illnesses linked to leopard geckos—United States, 2018
Authors: Koski Lia , DeBess Emilio , Rosen Hilary E. , Reporter Roshan , Waltz Thomas , Leeper Molly , Concepcion Acevedo Jeniffer , Karpíšková Renáta , McCormick Jacquelyn , Gelbicova Tereza , Morningstar-Shaw Brenda , Nichols Megin , Leman Richard F. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractReptile contact can result in zoonotic non‐typhoidal salmonellosis. In April 2018, Oregon Public Health Division contacted CDC about a cluster of four Salmonella serovar Fluntern (SF) illnesses in four states (OR, CA, IA, NY); patients reported contact with geckos, a popular reptile pet. PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network of food‐borne disease surveillance, subsequently identified additional SF clinical isolates. Twelve cases in 11 states were identified; median age was 5 years (range: <1–58 years). Three patients were hospitalized; no deaths were reported. Of those with exposure information (n = 10), all reported reptile exposure; 9 (90%) specified contact with leopard geckos. No common source of geckos was identified from reported purchase locations. Los Angeles County (LAC) health officials isolated SF from one patient's leopard gecko. Five reptile/gecko isolates were identified from the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) from 2015 to 2018. Five countries responded to an Epidemic Intelligence Information System post by PulseNet; reptile isolate sequence data were received from Czech Republic. A clinical case from England was identified through the National Center for Biotechnology Information pathogen detection pipeline; the patient did not report contact with leopard geckos. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed substantial genetic diversity between clinical and animal isolates; however, gecko and clinical isolates from LAC were highly related (1 allele difference). This investigation linking SF illnesses to leopard geckos highlights an important public health risk from pets. A better understanding of how geckos are distributed by the pet industry in the United States could improve traceability to points of origin and mitigate Salmonella transmission at gecko breeders. Earlier NVSL reports of SF isolates from geckos suggest the risk of human SF infection from geckos is not new. This investigation demonstrates a need to educate gecko breeders, retailers and gecko owners about the continued Salmonella infection risk from pet geckos.
Optimizing a New Configuration of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Cycle With Burner and Reformer Through a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Residential Applications
Authors: Yousefi Mehdi , Ehyaei M. A. , Rosen Marc A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The energy, exergy, and economic aspects are analyzed of a cycle consisting of a polymer fuel cell, a burner, a reformer, and a heat exchanger. Water is used for cooling the fuel cell, and the heated water is used for domestic consumption. The exergy and energy efficiencies of the cycle are calculated, and the effects of various cycle parameters on the exergy and energy efficiencies are investigated. To maximize the exergy efficiency while minimizing the cost of electricity generation by the fuel cell, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is utilized. The results show that increasing the cooling water flow rate has the greatest effect on increasing the energy efficiency of the cycle, while increasing the burner temperature has the greatest effect on increasing the exergy efficiency of the cycle. Moreover, it is shown via multi-objective optimization of the proposed cycle that the exergy efficiency of the cycle increases by 31% and the cost of electricity generation decreases by 18% by applying optimized parameters.
Electropulsing-Induced α to β Phase Transformation of Ti–6Al–4V
Authors: Huang Jihui , Xu Zhutian , Deng Yujun , Peng Linfa 
Published: September 2019

AbstractElectrically assisted forming (EAF) has been increasingly utilized as an effective auxiliary processing technology to improve the formability of hard-to-deform metals. Previous works have revealed that the phase transformation of titanium alloys subjected to electropulsing treatment (EPT) can occur at a lower temperature and in a remarkably shorter time compared with those subjected to the traditional heating treatment (THT). However, an in-depth experimental verification and further analysis is still missing so far. Therefore, to characterize the specific effects of EPT on α → β transformation process, both EPT and THT experiments were conducted on Ti–6Al–4V sheet specimens. After that, a calculation method based on the analysis of optical microscopic (OM) metallographs was developed to characterize the amount of phase transformation in EPT and THT. According to the results, it was found that the pulse current can significantly reduce the phase transus temperature and accelerate the transformation process in EPT compared with that in THT. Furthermore, the specific effects of EPT on transus temperature and phase transformation rate were investigated in detail. Based on that, the transformation kinetics of the electropulsing-induced α → β phase transformation was also analyzed using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami model. It is revealed that the activation energies of both nucleation and growth of phase transformation are reduced by electric current. Hence, the phase transformation can start at a lower temperature and with a higher rate in EPT. The mechanism behind the effects was also discussed in detail in the present work.
Corrosion Characterization of Resistance Spot-Welded Aluminum and Steel Couple
Authors: Maddela Surender , Carlson Blair E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The corrosion resistance of resistance spot-welded (RSW) Al–steel couples of varying combinations of 6016-T4 aluminum alloys and steel substrates, including with and without adhesive at the faying interface, has been successfully evaluated and compared with corresponding self-pierce riveted (SPR) couples. The corrosion resistance of resistance spot-welded Al–steel couples has performed well in cyclic corrosion testing (GMW 17026), and the results are comparable to or better than that of self-pierce riveted couples. SPR couples are more susceptible to galvanic corrosion than resistance spot-welded couples based upon experimentally measured electrochemical potentials from actual joints. The presence of adhesive acts significantly to reduce galvanic corrosion between aluminum alloy and stleel substrates, and moreover, tensile lap-shear strength significantly increased with structural adhesive for both RSW and SPR joining systems. However, despite the presence of adhesive, the lap-shear strength was reduced by more than 50% after cyclic corrosion testing to strength levels comparable to the lap-shear strength of couples having no adhesive and tested in ambient conditions.
Design for Crashworthiness of Categorical Multimaterial Structures Using Cluster Analysis and Bayesian Optimization
Authors: Liu Kai , Wu Tong , Detwiler Duane , Panchal Jitesh , Tovar Andres 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This work introduces a cluster-based structural optimization (CBSO) method for the design of categorical multimaterial structures subjected to crushing, dynamic loading. The proposed method consists of three steps: conceptual design generation, design clustering, and Bayesian optimization. In the first step, a conceptual design is generated using the hybrid cellular automaton (HCA) algorithm. In the second step, threshold-based cluster analysis yields a lower-dimensional design. Here, a cluster validity index for structural optimization is introduced in order to qualitatively evaluate the clustered design. In the third step, the optimal design is obtained through Bayesian optimization, minimizing a constrained expected improvement function. This function allows to impose soft constraints by properly redefining the expected improvement based on the maximum constraint violation. The Bayesian optimization algorithm implemented in this work has the ability to search over (i) a real design space for sizing optimization, (ii) a categorical design space for material selection, or (iii) a mixed design space for concurrent sizing optimization and material selection. With the proposed method, materials are optimally selected based on multiple attributes and multiple objectives without the need for material ranking. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated with the design for crashworthiness of multimaterial plates and thin-walled structures.
Incorporating Field Effects Into Functional Product-System Architecting Methods
Authors: Otto Kevin , Hölttä-Otto Katja , Sanaei Roozbeh , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSystem architecture and modularity decisions are inherent to preliminary concept design. Prior modularity research has considered minimizing interactions between modules and increasing the commonality among modular product variants. Effective approaches include function structure partitioning guidelines, affinity analysis, or matrix clustering algorithms. We consider here designs with field constraints, such as situations when elements cannot be placed in certain regions such as a high-temperature field, a high-pressure field, a high magnetic field, etc. which place constraints on modularity choices. Practical design guidelines are developed here for modularity considering field constraints. Two types of guidelines are proposed, field separation and concept generation. The field separation guidelines propose zonal boundaries within which system modules need be confined. The concept generation guidelines propose how to violate the field constraints through new concepts. Moving functionality from one side of a field boundary to the other is nontrivial and involves new concept generation for the modules to function at the higher or lower field values. The guidelines are defined and illustrated via multiple common examples as well as two extended case studies. We demonstrate the approach using field boundaries on an electric motor controller and on a medical contrast injector, and also use of fields to generated novel concepts. The guidelines support for modularity concept and embodiment decisions.
The Effects of the Connection Stiffness of Robotic Exoskeletons on the Gait Quality and Comfort
Authors: Shafiei Morteza , Behzadipour Saeed 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAn increase in the interaction forces/torques at the exoskeleton–human connections due to kinematic mismatches may consequently result in the user discomfort and/or lower performance of the exoskeleton. The stiffness of the exoskeleton–human connection elements plays a key role in this issue. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of the exoskeleton–human connection stiffness on the user comfort and limb tracking error during normal gait. A biomechanical model of the leg was built and connected to a model of an exoskeleton by elastic connections whose stiffness tensors were identified experimentally for three participants. The effects of the connection stiffness on the gait performance were investigated using two indices: discomfort index (DI) and tracking error index (TEI), which is the difference between the human joint angle and that of the exoskeleton. DI was calculated based on the mechanical energy stored in the elastic connection elements. Although an increase of the stiffness magnitude in every direction results in DI growth, the torsional stiffness of the shank connection was found to be the most sensitive for DI. TEI, on the other hand, showed both increasing and decreasing trends with the stiffness increase in different directions. It was found that there are optimal values for some connection stiffness elements, especially shank connection, possibly due to intricacy of the knee joint, that would improve both DI and TEI. For instance, the decrease of the torsional and mediolateral shank connection stiffness improved DI and TEI by an average of about 50%.
Forward Acceleration of Kinematic Limbs for Redundant Serial–Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Lu Yi , Chang Zefeng , Ye Nijia 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A forward acceleration of the kinematic limbs for the redundant serial–parallel manipulators is studied. The relationships between the input velocity/acceleration and the output general velocity/acceleration of the kinematic limbs are discovered. The forward kinematic Jacobian matrices and the forward kinematic Hessian matrices are derived. A unified forward acceleration of the kinematic limbs is established for solving the output general acceleration of the kinematic limbs by only giving the input general velocity/acceleration of every parallel manipulator. A novel 2(RPS + SPR + UPS + SPU) type serial–parallel manipulator is constructed, several formulas are derived for solving the full forward general acceleration of the kinematic limbs in the redundant serial–parallel manipulator based on the unified forward acceleration model. The theoretical solutions are proved to be correct by the simulation solution of the novel serial–parallel manipulator.
The Effect of Boron Nitride on Tribological Behavior of Mg Matrix Composite at Room and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Aydin Fatih , Turan M. Emre 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The goal of the study is to examine the dry sliding wear behavior of pure Mg and Mg/nano-boron nitride (BN) composite at elevated temperatures. The wear behavior of the samples was evaluated under loads of 5, 10, and 20 N, at sliding speed of 80, 130, and 180 mm s−1 and at temperatures of 25, 100, and 175 °C. The examination of worn surface, counterface, and wear debris was performed. The results showed that nano-BN particles lead to substantial enhancement of wear resistance for both room and elevated temperatures. Mg/0.25 BN has lower coefficient of friction values due to the presence of BN which act as solid lubricant. The wear mechanisms are thermal softening, melting, oxidation, abrasion, and delamination.
Boriding Temperature Effect on Micro-Abrasion Wear Resistance of Borided Tool Steel
Authors: Erdogan Azmi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Microstructure, hardness, and micro-abrasion behavior of borided H13 tool steel (borided at 1073, 1173, and 1273 K with nanoboron powder for 6 h) were studied. A single-phase boride layer was observed on the borided sample at 1073 K, while a double-phase boride layer was observed on the borided samples at high temperatures. FeB–Fe2B phases as well as CrB–MnB phases were determined in the XRD analysis of the samples. The hardness of the borided samples increased up to values above 2000 HV0.1. The thicker boride layer obtained due to the boriding process at high temperatures provided the retention of high hardness in the inner regions. The highest micro-abrasion resistance was obtained with the borided sample at 1273 K. Depending on the increasing load, volume losses increased on all samples under all conditions. Higher wear losses were determined in the tests performed with high-dimensional SiC. In the tests conducted with SiC F800, the dominant wear mechanism was micro-grooving wear mechanism, while in SiC F1200 tests the wear mechanism was micro-rolling and micro-scratching mechanisms. The abrasion resistance of the untreated sample was attributed to the abrasive particles sinking onto the surface.
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analyses of Flow and Combustion in a Domestic Liquified Petroleum Gas Cookstove Burner—Part I: Design Optimization of Mixing Tube–Burner Assembly
Authors: Dey Sourav , Das Mithun , Ganguly Ranjan , Datta Amitava , Verma Meenam M. , Bera Ashis K. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is commonly used in domestic kitchen due to its low health and environmental impacts and high heat content compared to other traditional fuels. The growing demand of LPG, notwithstanding its limited reserve, influences the need for performance improvement of the LPG cookstoves. In an LPG cookstove, the fuel–air mixture is prepared in a self-aspirated burner, and burns as a rich premixed flame above the burner. The fuel–air ratio of the reactant mixture influences the burning characteristics and thermal efficiency of the cookstove. This part of work deals with a numerical study of flow and mixing characteristics in the mixing tube and burner assembly of a domestic LPG cookstove. The fuel is injected axially through a narrow nozzle inside the mixing tube causing entrainment of ambient air through the side ports and the end port. The effects of different side-port geometry, nozzle position, inlet fuel pressure, and nozzle throat diameter on the air ingress have been systematically investigated, and the optimum design has been identified. Results of the study provide important information on the design of the practical nozzle and mixing tube assembly of high-efficiency LPG stoves.
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analyses of Flow and Combustion in a Domestic Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cookstove Burner—Part II: Burning Characteristics and Overall Performance
Authors: Das Mithun , Ganguly Ranjan , Datta Amitava , Verma Meenam M. , Bera Ashis K. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is widely used in domestic cookstoves as it is a clean and high energy content fuel in comparison with other traditional cooking fuels. With the increasing demand of LPG, study and improvement of cookstove performance have become an important subject. In the present work, a numerical study of the flow and thermal fields for a domestic cookstove burner has been investigated and the performance of the stove is analyzed at different parametric conditions, like the equivalence ratio of the primary fuel–air mixture, fuel flow rate, thermal load height, and loading vessel size. The maximum thermal efficiency has been found for an equivalence ratio of 1.4 for the LPG–air mixture and at load height of 20 mm. The heat flux distribution at the bottom of the vessel is found to be bimodal with the higher peak occurring closer to the center of the vessel. The thermal efficiency of the stove increases with the rise in the fuel flow rate, and it decreases with reducing cooking vessel diameter. As the vessel diameter increases, the fraction of the total heat supplied through the vessel bottom increases. The radiative component of the heat flux is found to be much smaller compared to the convective component.
Honed surface multi-scale Prediction based on multi-stage honing process of engine cylinder bore
Authors: Zhou Zaoyang , Zhang Xueping , Lv Kunlun , Wu Jun , Yao Zhenqiang , Xi Lifeng 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Sequential honing process is usually implemented in engine cylinder bore processing to obtain the cross-hatched surface texture with excellent function to balance lubricant storage capacities and supporting performance. Many researches have devoted to correlating honed surface quality of cylinder bore with honing process parameters by means of experiments or simulations. Quite a few efforts have addressed the effect of sequential multiple steps on the surface texture in the honing of engine cylinder bore. However, these researches cannot provide an explicit and analytical methodology to predict honed surface texture efficiently and accurately. This paper presents an analytical and explicit methodology to incorporate a proposed microscale abrasive model into the analytical simulation process of sequential honing. The proposed abrasive model synthetically considers the shape, size, posture, and position of abrasives randomly distributed in honing stone, which is incorporated into honing head motions in terms of rotation, oscillation and feeding. The kinematics of honing head is calculated by space-time discretization to capture the interaction between honing stones and cylinder bore surface. The above procedure acts as each single step for the sequential honing processes. This study investigates the sequential honing of two stages including semi-finish honing and plateau honing at different feeding speeds by applying the abrasive model with different abrasive sizes. The formation of cross-hatched surface texture was successfully achieved sequentially by semi-finish honing and plateaus honing. Then the Abbott-Firestone Curve of the honed surface can be obtained to analyze the influences of abrasive size and honing time of two stages on the surface roughness. Correctness of surface roughness predicted by the model is verified by comparing with a group of experiment measurements in terms of Abbott-Firestone Curve. Most errors of all the predicted Rk roughness family roughness parameters in the two honing stages are less than 15%. Based on the model, simulations are done to analyze the influences of abrasive size and honing duration time of two stages on the surface roughness. The result shows that the larger abrasive used in finish honing leads to the decrease of the material portions Mr1, Mr2 and the increase of the reduced valley depth Rvk. The longer plateau honing duration time is preferred to produce the larger Mr1, Mr2 and the smaller Rvk.