bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Role of Image Interpretation
Authors: Kalensky Zdenek D. 
Published: July 2019

Image interpretation used to be, and often still is, a marginal specialization within many professions. Because of a lack of adequate research and educational facilities, it has been poorly equipped to cope with the rapid progress in the related field of remote sensing. As a consequence, a large disparity exists between the rate of data recording and their utilization. To rectify this situation, image interpretation should be a discipline in its own right. The emphasis must shift from applications, which should remain in the domain of professionals in disciplines using the data, to fundamental aspects which are common to all disciplines. A two-stage scheme of image interpretation based on teamwork between an image analyst and a specialist in a particular field of application is discussed, so too is its impact on the role of image interpretation.
Evaluation of ERTS Imagery for Vegetation Interpretation in British Columbia
Authors: Oswald E.T. 
Published: July 2019

ERTS imagery has provided a means of surveying the natural resources on the earth’s surface by multiband, small-scale sequential imagery. This is a new tool for taking an inventory of natural resources. It requires evaluation for different purposes. The imagery was evaluated for distinguishing vegetation communities. Nonforested land could be easily separated from forest land and some distinctions could be made within these broad categories. Cut-over forest land, some meadows, grassland and highly developed urban land (towns) could be separated within the nonforested land. Differently aged forest stands, either from fire or reforestation, could be distinguished within the forested areas. Tree species could not be separated except through knowledge of successional patterns in some areas. Major forest types were generally not separable. The results and conclusions are tentative because equipment for image analysis was not available and only two sets of imagery of study areas were available: one in mid-May and one in mid-August.
The Assessment of Angular Measurements with the Lambert Instrument Tower
Authors: Smith W. M. 
Published: July 2019

The surveying profession has long needed a lightweight, easily erected instrument observing tower. The Lambert Instrument Tower was developed to fill such a need within the International Boundary Commission. The tower has been in use over the past three field seasons. Several towers have also been erected on the Geodetic Survey test network for test and development purposes. Towers have been limited to 60 feet in height. However, no serious difficulties are anticipated in developing towers to greater heights. This paper describes recent developments on the tower and presents an assessment of angular test measurements that indicate that a standard deviation of less than one second can be expected when observations are made with precise instruments from the tower.
Geodetic Networks in Space
Authors: Marussi Antonio 
Published: July 2019

The computation of geodetic networks has been carried out by establishing a correspondence between points of the actual physical surface of the earth and points of the reference ellipsoid and by treating elevations separately. This approach does not seem to be tenable any longer in view of the modern needs of space geodesy. It is therefore suggested that the classical procedure should be generalized by establishing a one-to-one correspondence between points of the actual physical surface of the earth and points of the reference ellipsoidal field and by using subsequently the metric properties of this field for computations. In this procedure, elevations are treated simultaneously with horizontal control, and the large distortions introduced by the projection onto the ellipsoid are avoided.
Doppler Satellite Application in Manitoba
Authors: Hittel Alex , Wade R. L. , Leeman F. W. 
Published: July 2019

First and second order horizontal and vertical survey control can now be established by the use of third generation Doppler satellite receivers together with rigorous three-dimensional satellite computer programs. The Survey System (NNSS) makes use of the six polar satellites to determine coordinates in X, Y, Z components and latitude, longitude and elevation to better than one metre. Major refinements in 1974 in both hardware and software make it possible to achieve these high-order precisions even with the use of the predicted broadcast ephemeris. The use of broadcast ephemeris has doubled the field production compared to precise ephemeris methods. A field design is employed that provides a sound solution to previous problems associated with scale, orientation and integration. The paper shows how a large number of stations determined by satellite observations can be integrated and adjusted to geodetic networks. This paper describes the methods employed and the accuracies achieved during a satellite Doppler program conducted in the province of Manitoba, Canada, during 1976. The operational aspects encountered during a Manitoba winter are discussed. The paper illustrates how geoid-spheroid separations are enhanced by the knowledge gained in Doppler satellite control surveys. Survey objectives are discussed including the satisfactory fulfillment of requirements for (a) the production of 1:20 000 photo base maps, and (b) the development of a land identification system for computer handling of resource data.
The Surveying Requirements for Deep-Draught Routes
Authors: Haslam D. W. 
Published: July 2019

Less than a third of the world’s continental shelves has been surveyed by echo sounder, the rest, if surveyed at all, has been covered only by hand-lead and line. Large rocks and wrecks undoubtedly lie undetected between individual casts of the lead and even between quite modern echo sounding profiles. The draught of merchant ships has doubled since the 1960s. Minimal underkeel clearances are now accepted and many new routes are being used across the continental shelves between offshore energy exploitation platforms and new shore terminals. Examples are given of typical shelf surveys and of various ways of meeting modern requirements, including the use of multiple echo sounders, sidescan sonars and sector scanning sonars. Reference is made to the effects on charting of the increasing amount of data available on individual wrecks and seabed obstructions as well as the use of traffic separation schemes. Attention is drawn to the need to monitor the depth in unstable seabed areas, the effect of negative surges and the need for source-data diagrams on charts.
Application of Computer Technology in Processing of Cadastral Surveying and Mapping Data
Authors: Cremont Daniel 
Published: July 2019

During the past ten years, the Institut Géographique National, France (IGN-F), has gained useful experience in the fields of large-scale digitized mapping and data bank management. This paper presents a land information system that would be suitable for developed countries where the updating and matching of topographic and cadastral maps are planned within the framework of an integrated system, as well as for those countries where large-scale maps are not available but the level of development justifies the investment. One simple, flexible system should be established, sophisticated equipment should be avoided, and the data processing limited to reasonable applications. Detailed descriptions of data collecting with stereoplotters and digitizing tables as well as data processing are given. Original methods for processing data for the production of cadastral maps are also presented.
Experience with Computer Processing and Storage of Data in a Project of Cadastre Renovation
Authors: Klingenberg F. , Andris H. R. 
Published: July 2019

Land information can be well depicted on plans and maps. However, as change and development take place the maps become antiquated and unreliable. A cadastre renovation program in Switzerland has made it possible to continue to use information depicted on old maps. Essentially, the program entails the establishment of a strong control network and accurately connecting features on the old maps to this control. A graphic-numerical interactive system has been established to deal with the data, and all points on the old map sheets have been digitized and coordinated.
Effects of Ambient Conditions on Film Sensitivity
Authors: Carman P. D. , Johnston S.F. 
Published: July 2019

In practical use, photographic films are often subject to ambient conditions of temperature or humidity that are far from optimum, and that are difficult or almost impossible to avoid. Although efforts should always be made to follow film manufacturers’ recommendations on handling films in good ambient conditions, it appears desirable to have quantitative information available on the effects of various departures from optimum conditions and on techniques for minimizing adverse effects. Information based on practical experiences and on research studies in several Canadian organizations is reported. Data are provided, for certain samples of color and black and white film, on the sensitometric effects of storage for various times and at various elevated temperatures, both before and after exposure. Low humidity in flight causes adverse effects on color, which are easily avoided. Problems can arise in transferring film from cold storage to camera and in handling between exposure and processing.
Error Propagation in Inertial Positioning
Authors: Schwarz K. P. 
Published: July 2019

To combine the results obtained from inertial surveying systems with other geodetic data the complete error covariance matrix for the derived positions is required. This matrix is not available from the standard output. It is shown how the covariances at each station can be obtained from the system of differential equations that governs the error propagation and how filtering and smoothing procedures effect the error estimates. The covariances between stations on the same traverse are then derived and the formulas are used to compute the correlation matrix for a test traverse near Ottawa, Ontario. The correlations are large for standard zero update periods and they increase with time. The results are checked by performing a correlation analysis on actual data along the same traverse. Correlations are even larger in this case, indicating an almost deterministic error behavior for the individual traverse.
Kingston Harbour Magnetic Anomaly
Authors: Newitt L. R. , Dawson Edward 
Published: July 2019

The existence of a magnetic anomaly located in Kingston Harbour, Ontario, has been known for more than a century. Based on declination observations taken in the region, a chart is constructed showing the amount by which the declination differs from the regional value of 11.5°W. Residual values range from −16.3° to 15.5°. The total force anomaly appears to be centered at 44° 12.8’N, 76° 30.1’W. At its maximum value of 12 800 nT (nanotesla), it represents 24 percent of the normal field strength. By modeling this anomaly, the anomalous declination pattern is approximated to within 2.7°. In areas where anomalies affect navigation, and only total force observations are available, this procedure may provide useful declination information.
An Argo-Based Positioning and Navigation System for the Labrador Coast
Authors: Lockhart J. T. , Nickerson B.G. , Smith J. W. K. , Thomson D. B. 
Published: July 2019

During June to October 1979, a chain of mediumwave length radio positioning system stations was operated on the Labrador coast. These stations provided the basis for general navigation, drill-ship positioning, seismic site surveys and current meter deployment and recoveiy up to 170 kilometres off the Labrador coast. This chain provided coverage along 800 kilometres of coastline. The paper gives an overview of both shore and mobile station components and operation. Details are presented regarding the system calibration and its combination with Doppler satellite positioning. Descriptions of the HP 9825S system software, used for system computations, are given. Accuracy estimates, based on internal and external checking procedures, are presented. Other performance factors, such as day/night achievable ranges and system reliability based on five months of operational activity, are discussed.
Cadastral Studies in the Surveying Engineering Program at The University of Calgary
Authors: Teskey W. F. , Swanby T. C. 
Published: July 2019

The surveying engineering program at The University of Calgary, as of September 1981, has been in operation for two years. It is now fully operational, and successful by any measure. Cadastral studies area courses and other closely related courses form an important component of the program. These courses are described and discussed. The role of the Western Canadian Board of Examiners for Land Surveyors and its relationship to the surveying engineering program at The University of Calgary is also outlined.
Magnetic Declination in Canada from 1750 to 1980
Authors: Dawson E. , Newitt L. R. 
Published: July 2019

Tables of magnetic declination for the period 1750-1980 have been compiled for 122 locations in Canada. These are intended primarily to assist surveyors who require such information when retracing old survey lines. Estimated errors vary from ±1.5° prior to 1850 to ±0.5° for the present century. Simplifed declination charts for the years 1800, 1850, 1900 and 1980, and secular variation graphs at selected sites illustrate the complexity of the secular variation in Canada during historic times.
REAL-TIME MACHINE VISION SYSTEMS
Authors: Wong Kam W. 
Published: July 2019

Recent developments in machine vision systems, solid state cameras, and image processing are reviewed. Both hardware and software systems are currently available for performing real-time recognition and geometric measurements. More than 1000 units of these imaging systems are already being used in manufacturing plants in the United States. Current research efforts are focused on the processing of three-dimensional information and on knowledge-based processing systems. Five potential research topics in the area of photogrammetry are proposed: 1) stereo solid state camera systems, 2) image correlation, 3) self-calibration and self-orientation, 4) general algorithm for multistation and multicamera photography, and 5) artificial photogrammetry.
LE RÔLE DU LANGAGE GRAPHIQUE DANS LE RENOUVELLEMENT DE LA CONCEPTION D’UN ATLAS PÉDAGOGIQUE: le cas de L’interAtlas
Authors: Raveneau Jean , Marcotte Louise , Tessier Yves 
Published: July 2019

Cette communication a pour but de présenter les aspects graphiques et cartographiques du renouvellement de la conception d’un atlas pédagogique à partir de l’exemple de L’interAtlas. Il s’agit de montrer comment certains concepts de communication graphique ont été mis à profit pour assurer la transmission efficace d’informations géographiques préalablement structurées selon des devis pédagogiques précis, mettant en évidence les interrelations entre les phénomènes géographiques. Dans L’interAtlas, la traduction visuelle des devis de conception-rédaction (agencement des données de contenu) a été facilitée par l’utilisation de normes graphiques systématiques assurant la fonctionnalité de l’organisation thématique et visuelle de chaque planche: adoption de la double page comme unité de présentation, utilisation d’une grille modulaire pour la disposition des images et des cartes, adoption d’un parcours de lecture numéroté, titres-choc, etc. Àl’aide d’exemples choisis, on mettra en évidence les différentes formes de traitement graphique de l’information utilisées dans cet atlas et comment elles ont servi à traduire sous forme visuelle la structuration des contenus géographiques en vue d’une communication pédagogique efficace. La carte n’est plus nécessairement la forme de représentation spatiale unique ou prédominante dans un atlas. D’autres types d’images ont été utilisées, selon leur aptitude à visualiser le plus efficacement les données et concepts à représenter: photographies, graphiques, schémas, dessins, diagrammes, matrices graphiques, etc. L’utilisation extensive des matrices graphiques à différents niveaux de traitement de l’information sera particulièrement mise en évidence. On montrera comment, dans la recherche d’une fonctionnalité optimale, les auteurs de L’interAtlas ont exploité au maximum la combinaison du design pédagogique et du langage graphique. Par ces caractéristiques, L’interAtlas pourrait être le premier d’une nouvelle génération d’atlas pédagogiques.
Determination of the asymptotic normalization coefficient (nuclear vertex constant) for α + d →6Li from the new direct measured d(α,γ)6Li data and its implication for extrapolating the d(α,γ)6Li astrophysical S factor at Big Bang energies
Authors: Tursunmakhatov K. I. , Yarmukhamedov R. 
Published: July 2019

The results of the analysis of the new experimental astrophysical S factors [Formula: see text] [D. Trezzi et al., Astropart. Phys. 89, 57 (2017)] and those measured earlier [R. G. Robertson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1867 (1981)] for the nuclear-astrophysical [Formula: see text] reaction directly measured at extremely low energies [Formula: see text], which is derived within the modified two-body potential method, are presented. New estimates and their uncertainties have been obtained for values of the asymptotic normalization coefficient for [Formula: see text] and for the direct astrophysical [Formula: see text] factors at Big Bang energies.
Selective Targeting of Myoblast Fusogenic Signaling and Differentiation-Arrest Antagonizes Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells
Authors: Granados Valerie A. , Avirneni-Vadlamudi Usha , Dalal Pooja , Scarborough Samuel R. , Galindo Kathleen A. , Mahajan Priya , Galindo Rene L. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive soft tissue malignancy comprised histologically of skeletal muscle lineage precursors that fail to exit the cell cycle and fuse into differentiated syncytial muscle—for which the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. In contrast to myogenic transcription factor signaling, the molecular machinery that orchestrates the discrete process of myoblast fusion in mammals is poorly understood and unexplored in RMS. The fusogenic machinery in Drosophila, however, is understood in much greater detail, where myoblasts are divided into two distinct pools, founder cells (FC) and fusion competent myoblasts (fcm). Fusion is heterotypic and only occurs between FCs and fcms. Here, we interrogated a comprehensive RNA-sequencing database and found that human RMS diffusely demonstrates an FC lineage gene signature, revealing that RMS is a disease of FC lineage rhabdomyoblasts. We next exploited our Drosophila RMS-related model to isolate druggable FC-specific fusogenic elements underlying RMS, which uncovered the EGFR pathway. Using RMS cells, we showed that EGFR inhibitors successfully antagonized RMS RD cells, whereas other cell lines were resistant. EGFR inhibitor–sensitive cells exhibited decreased activation of the EGFR intracellular effector Akt, whereas Akt activity remained unchanged in inhibitor-resistant cells. We then demonstrated that Akt inhibition antagonizes RMS—including RMS resistant to EGFR inhibition—and that sustained activity of the Akt1 isoform preferentially blocks rhabdomyoblast differentiation potential in cell culture and in vivo. These findings point towards selective targeting of fusion- and differentiation-arrest via Akt as a broad RMS therapeutic vulnerability.

Significance:
EGFR and its downstream signaling mediator AKT1 play a role in the fusion and differentiation processes of rhabdomyosarcoma cells, representing a therapeutic vulnerability of rhabdomyosarcoma.
DIS3L2 Promotes Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via hnRNP U-Mediated Alternative Splicing
Authors: Xing Songge , Li Zhaoyong , Ma Wenhao , He Xiaoping , Shen Shengqi , Wei Haoran , Li Shi-Ting , Shu Ying , Sun Linchong , Zhong Xiuying , Huangfu Yuhao , Su Lanhong , Feng Junru , Zhang Xiaozhang , Gao Ping , Jia Wei-Dong , Zhang Huafeng 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

DIS3-like 3′-5′ exoribonuclease 2 (DIS3L2) degrades aberrant RNAs, however, its function in tumorigenesis remains largely unexplored. Here, aberrant DIS3L2 expression promoted human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression via heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) U-mediated alternative splicing. DIS3L2 directly interacted with hnRNP U through its cold-shock domains and promoted inclusion of exon 3b during splicing of pre-Rac1 independent of its exonuclease activity, yielding an oncogenic splicing variant, Rac1b, which is known to stimulate cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. DIS3L2 regulated alternative splicing by recruiting hnRNP U to pre-Rac1. Rac1b was critical for DIS3L2 promotion of liver cancer development both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, DIS3L2 and Rac1b expression highly correlated with HCC progression and patient survival. Taken together, our findings uncover an oncogenic role of DIS3L2, in which it promotes liver cancer progression through a previously unappreciated mechanism of regulating hnRNP U-mediated alterative splicing.

Significance:
These findings establish the role and mechanism of the 3′-5′ exoribonuclease DIS3L2 in hepatocellular carcinoma carcinogenesis.
Intracranial Artery Stenosis and Its Association With Conventional Risk Factors in a General Population of Japanese Men
Authors: Shitara Satoshi , Fujiyoshi Akira , Hisamatsu Takashi , Torii Sayuki , Suzuki Sentarou , Ito Takahiro , Arima Hisatomi , Shiino Akihiko , Nozaki Kazuhiko , Miura Katsuyuki , Ueshima Hirotsugu ,   for the SESSA Research group
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—
Few community-based studies have reported the prevalence of intracranial artery stenosis (ICAS) assessed with magnetic resonance angiography. The aim was to determine the prevalence of ICAS using magnetic resonance angiography in a general population of Japanese men and to investigate the associations between ICAS and conventional cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods—
The Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis randomly recruited and examined participants from Kusatsu City, Shiga, Japan, in 2006 to 2008 (baseline); 740 men returned for follow-up and underwent 1.5 T brain magnetic resonance angiography in 2012 to 2015. Participants were categorized as having no-ICAS, mild-ICAS (1 to <50%), or severe-ICAS (≥50%) in any of the arteries examined. After excluding the men with a history of stroke, 709 men were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression to assess independent associations of conventional cardiovascular risk factors with reference to the no-ICAS group.

Results—
The participants’ mean age was 68.0 years. The age-standardized prevalences of mild and severe-ICAS were 20.7% and 4.5%, respectively (with the population of the 2010 Japanese vital statistics as the reference). Age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia were associated with a higher prevalence of severe-ICAS after simultaneous adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors.

Conclusions—
In a community-based sample of Japanese men, ICAS was estimated to be present in 25.2%, and related to metabolic risk factors, in addition to hypertension and age. These results support the importance of comprehensive management of conventional cardiovascular risk factors for stroke prevention.