bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of potential concussive events in three elite football tournaments
Authors: Armstrong Nicholas , Rotundo Mario , Aubrey Jason , Tarzi Christopher , Cusimano Michael D 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveIdentify patterns in the nature and characteristics of potential concussive events (PCEs) in football.MethodsThis study analysed the incidence and characteristics of PCEs that occurred during the 2014 and 2018 Fédération Internationale de Football Association World Cups, and the 2016 UEFA Euro Cup. PCEs were defined as direct head collision incidents resulting in the athlete being unable to immediately resume play for at least 5 sec following impact.ResultsA total of 218 incidents were identified in 179 matches (1.22 per match, 36.91 per 1000 hours of exposure). The most common mechanism of PCE was elbow-to-head (28.7%, n=68). The frontal region was the most frequently affected location of impact with 22.8% (n=54).ConclusionOur study defined the identification, prevalence and nature of PCEs in professional international soccer tournaments. Our findings indicate the different contexts and mechanisms of head contact and contact to different regions of the head can be associated with varying signs of concussion. The results highlight targets for future injury prevention strategies.
Comparative effect of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors versus other biological agents on cardiovascular risk-associated biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Virone Alexandre , Bastard Jean-Philippe , Fellahi Soraya , Capeau Jacqueline , Rouanet Stéphanie , Sibilia Jean , Ravaud Philippe , Berenbaum Francis , Gottenberg Jacques-Eric , Sellam Jérémie 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundTo comparatively investigate the differential effect of second-line tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis) versus other biological agents on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-associated biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsWe evaluated the serum levels of lipoprotein-associated apoproteins ApoA1 and ApoB100 and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and the leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) as an insulin resistance proxy in patients with RA from the Rotation Or Change (ROC) trial treated with either a second-line TNFi or another biologic (tocilizumab (TCZ), rituximab or abatacept) at baseline and week 24. We compared the changes in biomarker levels in each group and according to the EULAR response.ResultsOf the 300 patients enrolled in the ROC trial, 203 were included in the study, including 96 in the second-line TNFi group and 107 in the other biological group. The measured biomarkers did not deteriorate between baseline and week 24 regardless of the group. A greater improvement in the LAR was noted in the other biological group (median (IQR) −0.12 ng/µg (−0.58 to 0.31) vs 0.04 (−0.19 to 0.43), p=0.033), and a greater improvement in the Lp(a) level was observed following treatment with TCZ than with a TNFi (−0.05 g/L (−0.11 to −0.01) vs −0.01 g/L (−0.02 to 0.01), p<0.001). When considering the patients’ responses to treatment, improved biomarkers were mainly observed in the EULAR responders in each treatment group.ConclusionsTNFis and non-TNFis were neutral on improved CVD risk-associated biomarkers in patients with RA insufficiently controlled by TNFis. TCZ could be associated with a better improvement concerning Lp(a) and LAR than TNFis. This improvement could be related to a good therapeutic response, thereby supporting the need of good control of RA.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov IdentifierNCT01000441, registered on 22 October 2009.
Valine and isoleucine supplementation improve performance and serum biochemical concentrations in growing gilts fed low-protein diets
Authors: Ma Wenfeng , Mao Pei , Fan Wenna , Zhu Yanzhi , Guo Liang 
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the effects of valine and isoleucine supplementation in low-crude-protein (CP) diets on performance, serum parameters, and carcass traits in growing gilts. Two-hundred gilts (29.1 ± 1.7 kg) were allotted randomly to one of five diets that included a control CP (177 g kg−1) or four low-CP (135 g kg−1) diets for 45 d. The low-CP diets were added with lysine + threonine + methionine (LCM), LCM+ tryptophan (LCT), LCT + valine (LCV), or LCV + isoleucine (LCI), respectively. Non significant difference in average daily gain was obtained in gilts receiving the control, LCV, or LCI diets, which was higher than that of pigs fed the LCM or LCT diets (P < 0.05). The supplementation of crystalline tryptophan, valine, and isoleucine improved the average daily feed intake and serum levels of total protein, tryptophan, and isoleucine (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.05) and serum valine concentration (linear effect, P < 0.05). The results indicated that the valine supplementation, or the both combination of valine and isoleucine, could further improve the performance in 29–62 kg gilts fed the 135 g kg−1 CP diet.
Integration of an inertial system with high-altitude photogrammetry over rugged terrain
Authors: Thyer* N.H. , Blais J.A.R. , Chapman M.A. 
Published: July 2019

In aerial photogrammetry, information on camera position and orientation from auxiliary systems can be used to supplement or replace ground control information when the latter is inadequate. High-altiude aerial photography has experimentally been combined with inertial measurement of camera position and orientation over the Rocky Mountains west of Calgary. The inertial system output was compared with corresponding values from various photogrammetric adjustments for analysis purposes. In this experiment, it was found that the absolute position coordinates and orientation angles, as given by the inertial system without updates, were unsatisfactory. However, the changes in these quantities between consecutive stations agreed with the photogrammetry to a degree at least as close as the reliability of the photogrammetry itself, and even better agreement was obtained for rotation-invariant func-tions of these changes of position and orientation. Agreement was also improved by ignoring those perspective centers whose position coordinates gave the greatest residuals in the photogrammetric adjustment, indicating that inclusion of auxiliary information should improve the quality of the contribution of those images to the adjustment.
Initial and ongoing unit times and unit costs for property mapping and parcel indexing in new brunswick
Authors: Kenny Harold , Hamilton Angus 
Published: July 2019

Unit times and unit costs for initial and ongoing property mapping and parcel indexing have been established from time/task and expenditure records at the regional office of LRIS in Bathurst from June 1, 1979, the date it was opened, to March 31,1986. During the first five years of this period, the initial property mapping and parcel indexing for the 108 000 parcels in Restigouche, Gloucester, and Northumberland counties was completed; during the latter two years of the period the property mapping and parcel indexing were kept up-to-date by incorporating the results of the 24 953 changes that occurred. Person time was normalized to the Property Mapper I level, and expenditures were converted to 1981 Canadian dollar equivalents. The time, 93 minutes, required to make each change was somewhat less than the time, 108 minutes, for the initial property mapping and parcel indexing; similarly, the unit cost per change, 1981C$17.63, was less than the cost, 1981 C$26.95, for the initial compilation.
The land surveyor as a public officer
Authors: Allred G.K. 
Published: July 2019

The cadastral surveyor has a unique position in society. His responsibilities are quite different from those of a doctor, lawyer, or accountant who normally need act with only the interests of a single client in mind. The land surveyor in establishing a boundary, may be engaged by one landowner but nevertheless, the monuments he places also define the extent of lands of the client’s neighbor and potential adversary. He must preserve in all his work, the judicial mind and the impartial attitude of an arbiter, rather than the bias of an advocate.
THE MOST PROBABLE VALUE OF A SET OF OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Gregerson L. F. 
Published: July 2019

In this paper it is shown that the arithmetic mean derived from a finite set of observations is not the best value because it is subject to an arbitrarily imposed criterion which is determined on the assumption that the number of observations approaches infinity. An alternative method is proposed based on the premise that “a set of observations tends to describe that value for which the sum of the probabilities belonging to the individual observations is a maximum.” A graphical method of arriving at the most probable value is presented and illustrated by an example. With this method the problem of rejection of doubtful observations is solved. It is not necessary to reject an observation with a very large deviation because by this method since its probability is small it has a correspondingly small effect on the accepted value.
TRANSFORMATION ET AJUSTEMENT DES COORDONNEES D’UNE BANDE PAR CALCUL ELECTRONIQUE
Authors: Schut G. H. 
Published: July 2019

Strip triangulation is carried out for the purpose of increasing by photogrammetric means the number of available ground control points. The triangulation must be followed by a transformation which brings the points from the strip-coordinate system to the required geodetic system. The transformation includes an adjustment when redundant points are used to increase the accuracy of the positioning and when systematic errors must be corrected for in the strip triangulation. Numerical methods of transformation and adjustment have an inherently greater accuracy. If electronic computers are used, they are also more economical than comparable graphical or mechanical methods. The following programs have been coded for the IBM-650 by the Photogrammetric Section of the National Research Council of Canada: (a) a program for three-dimensional linear conformai transformation, employing formulas (1a) and (1b), (b) a program for two-dimensional conformai transformation of horizontal coordinates, employing either the linear formulas (8) or the formulas of the second degree (10), (c) a program for two-dimensional conformai transformation of the third degree with the possibility of conversion to the fourth and fifth degree, (d) a program for transformation of horizontal coordinates of a block of overlapping strips by second-degree conformai transformations, and (e) a program for the last-mentioned transformation by third-degree conformai transformations. These programs and operating instructions can be made available for serious applicants from the National Research Council.
MEN WHO MADE THE SURVEY
Authors: Boyer Marc 
Published: July 2019

This article, by the senior official of the largest surveying and mapping organization in Canada, establishes a perspective view of surveying history in the country by reviewing the careers of some of the outstanding personalities who contributed to the development of the organization. The list of personalities begins with David Thompson, the famous geographer, who served as astronomer and surveyor with the International Boundary Commission and who provided the information for the very accurate maps that were later used by the Geological Survey. One of the users of these maps was W. H. Boyd, under whom the Topographical Division in the Geological Survey of the Department of Mines and the aerial mapping unit from the Topographical Surveying Branch of the Department of the Interior were first combined, as the Topographical Survey Division of the Department of Mines and Resources. Another prominent surveyor who worked on the International Boundary Commission was William Ogilvie, much of whose life has been described in writings by Pierre Berton. Mentioned among the Dominion Land surveyors whose work contributed materially to the development of the present Legal Surveys and Aeronautical Charts Division of the Surveys and Mapping Branch of the Department of Alines and Technical Surveys are Lt. Col. J. S. Dennis, first Surveyor General of Dominion Lands, Lindsay Russell, Dr. E. DeVille, A. O. Wheeler, Dr. W. F. King, Dr. Otto Klotz, and R. D. Davidson, one of the pioneers in aerial surveying. The founders of the Canadian Hydrographic Service were John Boulton, an officer of the Royal Navy who conducted the first hydrographic surveys carried out, in Georgian Bay, for a department of the Canadian Government, and William Stewart, the first Chief Hydrographer, who had first served on the Great Lakes surveys as Boulton’s assistant. The growth of the Army Survey Establishment has been closely related to the work of the brothers Captain W. B. and Captain T. V. Anderson, both of whom later became generals, “Pa” Phelan, R. D. Davidson, and Major, now General, E. L. M. Burns. The founding both of the Dominion Observatory and the Geodetic Survey of Canada are attributable largely to Dr. W. F. King, who also rendered valuable service as Inspector of Surveys and as Commissioner for various sections of the International Boundary. One of his successors as Dominion Geodesist was J. L. Rannie, “the apostle of the optical theodolite.” Although the Map Compilation and Reproduction Division was officially formed only in 1947, its roots lie in many departments of government and its work really started with the printing of township plans for the Department of the Interior in 1872. The various survey organizations of the Federal Government have benefited greatly by co-operation with the National Research Council and the Royal Canadian Air Force.
CARTOGRAPHY IN THE U.S.S.R.
Authors: Polezhayev A. P. 
Published: July 2019

After the revolution of 1917, cartographers of the Soviet Union were faced with a severe shortage of qualified personnel for the provision of the necessary cartographic information for their development programme. To overcome this lack they opened a number of new schools for cartographic training and reorganized some that already existed, and as a result of this programme they have been able to make spectacular progress in the mapping of their country. The Soviet Union has completed the series of State Topographical Maps at the scale of 1:100,000, which comprises more than 26,000 sheets, is near completion of a new series at 1:25,000, which will have about 300,000 sheets, and is well advanced with a 1:10,000 series. All topographical maps are made on the Gauss-Kruger cylindrical transverse conformal projection or on the Co-ordinate System of 1942. In the latter system the reference ellipsoid is the Krasovsky, the origin of co-ordinates is the centre of the Round Hall of the Pulkovo Observatory, and the reference for elevations is the Baltic System of Heights. The 1:100,000 State Topographical Map has been used as the basis for general-purpose maps on smaller scales, including a map at 1:1,000,000 appropriate to the standards of the International Map of the World. In addition to its topographic maps the U.S.S.R. has produced many special-purpose maps, among which may be mentioned the various geological maps at scales of 1:200,000, 1:1,000,000, 1:2,500,000, and 1:5,000,000.
A CANADIAN GRID SYSTEM IN 3° TRANSVERSE MERCATOR ZONES
Authors: Saastamoinen J. 
Published: July 2019

All geodetic networks that rest previously fixed control are best computed in plane coordinates. Under this category fall a great deal of first-order triangulation and, of course, the whole volume of lower-order work—all the way down to the last monuments from which detail surveys originate. A geodetic grid must be designed to meet first-order accuracy and should be established on federal rather than provincial level. Its use requires precomputed tables based on some conformal map projection, preferably the Transverse Mercator (Gauss-Krüger) projection. Congruent projection zones, simple scale factor, free choice of central meridian for local plane coordinates in cities and metropolitan areas—all these features of the Transverse Mercator find no parallel in any other map projection. Following a brief introduction to the subject, a set of tables for a proposed Canadian grid system is presented.
ESTABLISHING A CONTROL SURVEY NETWORK IN CALGARY
Authors: Pawson K. 
Published: July 2019

In the summer of 1963, the city of Calgary, with the assistance of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys (Ottawa), carried out the initial phases of the establishment of a control survey, based on a system of rectangular coordinates. A city-wide network of triangulation and primary traverse stations was established, which will provide the base to which other secondary control traverses will be tied. It is hoped that, eventually, the control will be of sufficient density to permit the accurate coordination of most new surveys. The writer, who is the Alberta Land Surveyor for the city of Calgary, discusses the problems that induced the surveyors in Calgary to press for some form of integrated control, and outlines the steps that led to the commencement of this present system.
The Educational Status of Surveying and Photogrammetry in North America
Authors: Brandenberger A. J. 
Published: July 2019

Despite the progress made as a result of automation, the demand for professional people in the fields of surveying and mapping is expected to increase at a rate more rapid than the growth of world population. And as the scientific methods of surveying and mapping become more and more sophisticated, the training of surveyors, at different educational levels, must be guided toward producing specialists in any one of the various disciplines of the profession, i.e., geodesy, photogrammetry, cartography, cadastral surveying and others. Analysis of the present situation in Canada and the United States suggests that a need for expansion and improvement of educational facilities exists in both countries, particularly for the training of surveyors at the technician level.
Photoelectric Observations in Geodetic Astronomy
Authors: Moreau Richard L. 
Published: July 2019

The Repsold micrometer method for stellar transit observations is still used widely in geodetic astronomy; unfortunately, it is not free from “personal bias”, which introduces uncertainty in the Laplace control of triangulation networks. Until very recently, the photoelectric transit detection method was reserved for fixed observatory use because of the elaborate and power-consuming equipment needed. However, highly accurate and portable amplifiers and recorders are now readily available, enabling the geodesist to adapt this method to his own needs. This article indicates a method of obtaining accurate times of transit from analogue recordings of photoelectric observations. In Part I, analytical expressions are developed for the variation of light intensity falling on a photomultiplier, as a stellar image is occulated by a fixed line in the focal plane of the telescope. Using these analytic approximations, the expected response of an amplifier-recorder system, coupled to the photo-multiplier with r. resistance-capacitance filter, is determined. Accurate corrections to the distorted response are then obtained. The only calibration required by this method is that of the system’s time constant. In Part II, a description is given of the experimental equipment used to verify the method, and the results are discussed.
Microwave Distance Meter “Telemeter OG-1”
Authors: Holejko Krzysztof 
Published: July 2019

The telemeter OG-1 is an electronic distance measurement instrument developed at the Technical University of Warsaw in 1962. A brief description of the instrument is given and a block diagram and photographs are included. Distance measurement is achieved by phase comparison at a modulation frequency of 15 Mc/s; related frequencies are used to determine coarse distances. The carrier frequency is variable over the range 8,900 to 9,500 Mc/s. The system employs a master and a response station that are not identical. A cathode ray tube with a superimposed scale is used for distance readout, and forward and reverse readings appear simultaneously as breaks in a circular trace. The standard error of measurement is stated as ± (3 cm + 5 ppm).
Least Squares Adjustment of Biased Observations
Authors: Sunter Alan B. 
Published: July 2019

The application of external checks, such as condition equations, to observations often indicates a greater degree of error than is suggested by an examination of the internal variability of the observations themselves. This, in turn, suggests the presence of bias in the observations, and raises the question of whether least squares methods of adjustment are appropriate and, if not, what modifications are likely to lead to better adjustments. In this paper, the consequences of applying least squares to biased observations are examined and a statistical model for biased observations is proposed. The implica¬tions of this model are worked out to give a method of adjustment that can claim the optimum properties of least squares in the unbiased case. Finally, a number of methods of adjustment of a simple network are compared in a Monte Carlo experiment.
The March of the Compass in Canada
Authors: Dawson Edward , Dalgetty L. C. 
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this article is to assist surveyors, employed in the retracing of old magnetic bearings, to provide sound legal title to grants of land. A brief historical account is given of the emergence of geomagnetism as a science. The nature of the earth’s magnetic field is described and some common misconceptions regarding magnetic poles and their effects on the compass clarified. The secular variation of magnetic declination is illustrated by tables of values for 72 places in eastern Canada. The reliability of the tables is discussed and the effect of secular variation on magnetic bearings is shown.
Some Thoughts on the Improvement of Land Title Records
Authors: Thigpenn James A. 
Published: July 2019

Antiquated systems of public records can be best improved by a series of systematic well-planned steps and not by one bold intuitive leap. Blind insistence on the immediate implementation of the ideal may prevent the first corrective steps from being taken. The essentials needed now for improvement must be separated from the longer list of prerequisites to attain the ideal. One essential is the need for a universal parcel identifier. This identifier should include: universal geographic coordinates to give a general area location, and a unit number to identify a particidar parcel within this general area. It is suggested that the general area be a quadrangle measuring one tenth of a degree in latitude and one tenth of a degree in longitude.
The Computer and the Title to Land
Authors: Risk R. C. B. 
Published: July 2019

The conveyancing process presents two needs: those of purchasers and those of the owners of established claims. A registration system should accommodate both needs. Such an accommodation involves records which pose problems on their reliability, the degree to which they should be centralized, or consolidated, and the extent to which claims should be recorded, or extinguished, in favor of the purchaser. The use of the computer in the conveyancing process should be based on the criteria of dependability, speed and cost. Basically, the computer can serve two purposes: the using of records and the making of records. In using records, it serves the purchasers; in making records, it serves the owners of established claims. Problems associated with the first purpose concern the portion of the records that should be stored in the computer, the desired form of output, and where this output should be made available. Problems posed in the making of records concern the degree of supervision and control to be exercised and how and where new entries in these records should be made. Eventually, the computer is bound to dominate the land title recording and conveyancing process and, in so doing, will probably distort traditional patterns of practice and thought.