bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adapting to extreme environments: can coral reefs adapt to climate change?
Authors: Crabbe M. James C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Reef-building corals throughout the world have an annual value of tens of billions of dollars, yet they are being degraded at an increasing rate by many anthropogenic and environmental factors. Despite this, some reefs show resilience to such extreme environmental changes. This review shows how techniques in computational modelling, genetics, and transcriptomics are being used to unravel the complexity of coral reef ecosystems, to try and understand if they can adapt to new and extreme environments. Considering the ambitious climate targets of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 2°C, with aspirations of even 1.5°C, questions arise on how to achieve this. Geoengineering may be necessary if other avenues fail, although global governance issues need to play a key role. Development of large and effective coral refugia and marine protected areas is necessary if we are not to lose this vital resource for us all.
Design and direct field current control scheme of a synchronous generator with PM exciter based on the reference frequency
Authors: Lee Dong‐Hee 
Published: March 2019

This study presents the design and control scheme of a self‐excited 10 kW–380 V synchronous generator using a permanent magnet (PM) exciter. The PM exciter generates field current according to the engine speed to maintain the output voltage of the proposed generator so that constant voltage can be produced regardless of the speed. For the direct control the field winding current, a current controller is designed and embedded on the shaft. In the proposed generator, the reference current is determined by an external voltage controller and it is transferred to the rotating embedded current controller using an infrared (IR) transmitter and receiver aligned to the shaft. In order to improve control performance, the reference field current is controlled by the actual frequency of the generator based on the reference frequency. Therefore, when the engine speed is fluctuating due to engine governor dynamics, the frequency‐based field current can maintain the output voltage constant because of the compensation term for speed variations. In the compared experimental results between the conventional generator with winding type exciter and the proposed generator system, both dynamic performance and operating efficiency of the proposed system are improved.
Digitale Medizin in der Onkologie: Clinical Decision Support, Real World Data und Patient Involvement
Authors: Wagner Sebastian , Serve Hubert 
Published: March 2019

Was ist neu?
Stand der Dinge In der Onkologie kam es zuletzt zu einem rasanten Wissenszuwachs. Neue Entwicklungen in Diagnostik und Therapie von Tumorerkrankungen haben die Grundlagen für individualisierte Therapiekonzepte geschaffen. Aktuell werden innovative Onkologie-spezifische IT-Lösungen entwickelt mit dem Ziel, die Heilungschancen für Patienten mit Tumorerkrankungen langfristig zu verbessern.
Clinical Decision Support Die Komplexität onkologischer Therapieentscheidungen hat durch Einführung neuer Biomarker und zielgerichteter Therapeutika stark zugenommen. Erste „intelligente“ Systeme, die aktiv Therapieoptionen auf Basis von vorhandenen Daten vorschlagen, sind verfügbar, aber noch nicht weit verbreitet und unzureichend klinisch validiert.
Real-World Data und Real-World Evidence Durch die zunehmende Verbreitung von elektronischen Gesundheitsakten wird eine strukturierte Sammlung und Auswertung von Daten aus der onkologischen Routineversorgung möglich. Real World Data werden eingesetzt, um die Sicherheit und Nebenwirkungen von onkologischen Medikamenten zu überwachen und können helfen, onkologische Therapieleitlinien zu entwickeln.
Patient Involvement und Patient Reported Outcomes Die frühe Meldung von Symptomen und Nebenwirkungen (Patient Reported Outcomes) verspricht eine verbesserte Behandlung und eine gesteigerte Therapieadhärenz. Patient Reported Outcomes können auch im Rahmen von klinischen Studien und zur Qualitätssicherung eingesetzt werden. Erste Studien zeigen, dass eine IT-gestützte Erfassung von Patient Reported Outcomes Symptome und Überleben von Patienten mit Tumorerkrankungen positiv beeinflussen kann.
Intramurales Hämatom der Aorta: eine diagnostische Herausforderung
Authors: Haring Bernhard , Kickuth Ralph , Fluck Friederika 
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese und klinischer Befund Eine 75-jährige Patientin wurde wegen akuter Übelkeit, Völlegefühl, Erbrechen ohne Blutbeimengung und unspezifischer abdomineller Schmerzsymptomatik nächtlich aufgenommen. In der Anamnese fand sich neben einem Vorhofflimmern, weswegen sie vollantikoaguliert war, ein Z. n. Schrittmacheranlage sowie eine diastolische Herzinsuffizienz.
Untersuchungen und Diagnose Im Röntgenbild des Thorax fiel eine die Kalkspange des Aortenbogens umgebende Transparenzminderung auf. Eine CT-Angiografie erbrachte den Nachweis eines intramuralen Hämatoms (IMH) der Aorta vom Abgang der A. subclavia links bis nach abdominell zum Abgang der A. mesenterica inferior mit fokalen Ulzerationen.
Therapie und Verlauf Da sich das IMH auf die Aorta descendens beschränkte, wurde zunächst ein konservatives Vorgehen mit blutdrucksenkenden Maßnahmen gewählt. Die Beschwerdesymptomatik der Patientin verbesserte sich trotz medikamentöser Therapie nicht. Aufgrund des komplizierten Verlaufs wurde nach interdisziplinärer Fallbesprechung eine transfemorale endovaskuläre Reparatur der Aorta mittels Stentgraft-Prothese durchgeführt. Postinterventionell erholte sich die Patientin gut von dem Eingriff, war beschwerdefrei und konnte entlassen werden.
Folgerung Entscheidend für das Management eines IMH ist eine zeitnahe Diagnose und die korrekte Klassifizierung der Ausdehnung (Typ Stanford A oder Stanford B). Während für ein IMH Typ Stanford A die Indikation zur chirurgischen Versorgung gegeben ist, ist bei Typ Stanford B eine interdisziplinäre Falldiskussion sinnvoll. Bei Vorliegen eines unkomplizierten IMH ist ein konservatives Prozedere mit adäquater Einstellung einer arteriellen Hypertonie empfohlen. Bei komplizierten Verläufen sollte die endovaskuläre Therapie (Thoracic Endovascular Repair/TEVAR) als Versorgungsmöglichkeit erwogen werden.
Update on Imaging of Knee Arthroplasties: Normal Findings and Hardware Complications
Authors: Mar Winnie , Tan Isaiah , Song Albert , Omar Imran , Taljanovic Mihra , Stacy Gregory 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the most common joint replacement performed. This article reviews the normal appearance of TKA including the most common types of arthroplasties as well as complications. Common complications at the present time are infection, aseptic loosening, and instability. Rarer complications such as polyethylene wear, periprosthetic fracture, and soft tissue pathology are also discussed. Although the mainstay of imaging is radiographs, newer techniques in TKA imaging such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are also reviewed.
Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Atri Alireza 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe foundation of current Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment involves pharmacological and nonpharmacological management and care planning predicated on patient-centered psychoeducation, shared goal-setting, and decision-making forged by a strong triadic relationship between clinician and the patient-caregiver dyad. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved AD medications, cholinesterase-inhibitors (ChEIs), and the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist memantine, when utilized as part of a comprehensive care plan, while generally considered symptomatic medications, can provide modest “disease course-modifying” effects by enhancing cognition, and reducing loss of independence. When combined, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments can meaningfully mitigate symptoms and reduce clinical progression and care burden. AD pharmacotherapy first involves identification and elimination of potentially harmful medications and supplements. First line treatment for neuropsychiatric symptoms and problem behaviors is nonpharmacological and involves psychoeducation, trigger identification, and implementation, iterative evaluation, and adjustment of behavioral and environmental interventions. Intensive research efforts are underway to develop more accurate and practical AD diagnostic biomarkers and clinical tools and better therapeutics. Ongoing research studies for primary and secondary prevention of AD and clinical trials evaluating symptomatic and disease-modifying treatments in symptomatic AD are directed at diverse therapeutic targets including neurochemicals, amyloid and tau pathological processes, mitochondria, inflammatory pathways, neuroglia, and multimodal lifestyle interventions.
IR Residency Training: Is It Appropriate for the Private Practice IR?
Authors: Marx M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInterventional radiology (IR) training programs have undergone many changes in the recent past. These changes largely revolve around making programs more “clinical” in nature by requiring each program to have a formal consult service, outpatient clinics, and admitting privileges. Instituting these changes has been challenging, but the programs are up and running. As a testament to the success of these changes, IR has now become one of the very most competitive residencies to enter. This article provides insights into the process of change within the IR training paradigm, and describes the personal experience of one of the architects of the new training programs.
Organofluorine chemistry: promising growth areas and challenges
Authors: Politanskaya Larisa V. , Selivanova Galina A. , Panteleeva Elena V. , Tretyakov Evgeny V. , Platonov Vyacheslav E. , Nikul’shin Pavel V. , Vinogradov Andrey S. , Zonov Yaroslav V. , Karpov Victor M. , Mezhenkova Tatyana V. , Vasilyev Aleksander V. , Koldobskii Andrei B. , Shilova Olga S. , Morozova Sofia M. , Burgart Yanina V. , Shchegolkov Evgeny V. , Saloutin Victor I. , Sokolov Vladimir B. , Aksinenko Aleksey Yu. , Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Moskalik Mikhail Yu. , Astakhova Vera V. , Shainyan Bagrat A. , Tabolin Andrey A. , Ioffe Sema L. , Muzalevskiy Vasiliy M. , Balenkova Elizaveta S. , Shastin Alexey V. , Tyutyunov Andrey A. , Boiko Vladimir E. , Igumnov Sergei M. , Dilman Alexander D. , Adonin Nicolay Yu. , Bardin Vadim V. , Masoud Salekh M. , Vorobyeva Daria V. , Osipov Sergey N. , Nosova Emiliya V. , Lipunova Galina N. , Charushin Valery N. , Prima Darya O. , Makarov Arkady G. , Zibarev Andrey V. , Trofimov Boris A. , Sobenina Lyubov N. , Belyaeva Kseniya V. , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Obydennov Dmitrii L. , Usachev Sergey A. 
Published: March 2019

Currently, the chemistry of organofluorine compounds is a leading and rapidly developing area of organic chemistry. Fluorine present in a molecule largely determines its specific chemical and biological properties. This thematic issue covers the trends of organofluorine chemistry that have been actively developed in Russia the last 15 – 20 years. The review describes nucleophilic substitution and heterocyclization reactions involving fluorinated arenes and quinones and skeletal cationoid rearrangements in the polyfluoroarene series. The transformations involving CF3-substituted carbocations and radical cations are considered. Heterocyclization and oxidative addition reactions of trifluoroacetamide derivatives and transformations of the organic moiety in polyfluorinated organoboranes and borates with retention of the carbon – boron bond are discussed. Particular attention is devoted to catalytic olefination using freons as an efficient synthetic route to fluorinated compounds. The application of unsymmetrical fluorine-containing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands as catalysts for olefin metathesis is demonstrated. A variety of classes of organofluorine compounds are considered, in particular, polyfluorinated arenes and 1,2-diaminobenzenes, 1-halo-2-trifluoroacetylacetylenes, α-fluoronitro compounds, fluorinated heterocycles, 2-hydrazinylidene-1,3-dicarbonyl derivatives, imines and silanes. The potential practical applications of organofluorine compounds in fundamental organic chemistry, materials science and biomedicine are outlined.
The bibliography includes 1019 references.
Diffusing wave microrheology of highly scattering concentrated monodisperse emulsions
Authors: Kim Ha Seong , Şenbil Nesrin , Zhang Chi , Scheffold Frank , Mason Thomas G. 
Published: March 2019

Significance
By treating collective light scattering in dense colloidal systems, we improve the analysis approach for diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS), a dynamic light-scattering technique developed for white, highly scattering soft materials. Using this improved DWS analysis, we accurately measure the bounded translational motion of crowded oil droplets within concentrated monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions resembling mayonnaise. We show that the plateau elastic shear moduli of such emulsions determined by passive microrheology, based on this true bounded droplet motion and the generalized Stokes–Einstein relation, match very closely with mechanical measurements and model predictions as the droplets become more tightly jammed. This excellent quantitative agreement represents a major improvement over prior microrheology measurements on similar jammed emulsions that yielded only qualitative trends.
Multifunctionalized hydrogels foster hNSC maturation in 3D cultures and neural regeneration in spinal cord injuries
Authors: Marchini Amanda , Raspa Andrea , Pugliese Raffaele , El Malek Marina Abd , Pastori Valentina , Lecchi Marzia , Vescovi Angelo L. , Gelain Fabrizio 
Published: March 2019

Significance
Cells reside in 3D microenvironments in living tissues; consequently, 3D cultures gained great interest because they better mimic the natural conditions of cells. Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are synthetic bioabsorbable biomaterials that can provide customized 3D microenvironments regulating cell functionalities and tissue repair. Here we introduce a SAP-hydrogel designed to support human neural stem cell (hNSC) differentiation in 3D serum-free conditions, generating mature and active human neurons in vitro. We also demonstrate its functional neurorigenerative potential in rat spinal cord injuries, peaking when seeded with hNSCs progeny predifferentiated in vitro for 6 weeks. Despite these promising results, this approach should be confirmed in the future with medium-size animal models and with additional and refined behavioral tests before entering a clinical trial.
Nontoxic nanopore electroporation for effective intracellular delivery of biological macromolecules
Authors: Cao Yuhong , Ma Enbo , Cestellos-Blanco Stefano , Zhang Bei , Qiu Ruoyi , Su Yude , Doudna Jennifer A. , Yang Peidong 
Published: March 2019

Significance
Efficient nonviral delivery of macromolecules including mRNA, DNA plasmids, Cas9 ribonucleoproteins, and functional protein into both adherent cells and suspension cells with high cell viability is crucial for cellular manipulation, cellular imaging, and medical applications. However, the conventional delivery methods are limited to a certain range of molecules and cell types and often reduce cell viability. Here, we demonstrate effective delivery of macromolecules by nanopore electroporation (NanoEP) using a water-filter nanoporous membrane. As compared with conventional electroporation that porates the entire cell, NanoEP induces localized electroporation on a nanosized area of the cell membrane, which preserves cell viability. Additionally, our delivery method does not require specialized equipment, which allows for easy access across laboratories and medical facilities.
A U2-snRNP–independent role of SF3b in promoting mRNA export
Authors: Wang Ke , Yin Changping , Du Xian , Chen Suli , Wang Jianshu , Zhang Li , Wang Lantian , Yu Yong , Chi Binkai , Shi Min , Wang Changshou , Reed Robin , Zhou Yu , Huang Jing , Cheng Hong 
Published: March 2019

Significance
To ensure efficient and accurate gene expression, pre-mRNA processing and mRNA export need to be balanced. SF3b is a core component of U2 snRNP that participates in splicing and 3′ processing of pre-mRNAs. Here, we uncovered a role of SF3b in promoting mRNA export by directly binding with the mature mRNA and recruiting the key mRNA export adaptor THO. Intriguingly, this role is not dependent on U2 snRNP, but is rather enhanced upon U2 snRNP disruption as a result of enhanced SF3b–THO interaction and recruitment to the mRNA. Together, our work uncovers an important role of SF3b in promoting mRNA export and suggests that competition between U2 snRNP and the mature mRNP for SF3b contributes to balancing pre-mRNA processing and mRNA export.
Target identification reveals lanosterol synthase as a vulnerability in glioma
Authors: Phillips Richard E. , Yang Yanhong , Smith Ryan C. , Thompson Bonne M. , Yamasaki Tomoko , Soto-Feliciano Yadira M. , Funato Kosuke , Liang Yupu , Garcia-Bermudez Javier , Wang Xiaoshi , Garcia Benjamin A. , Yamasaki Kazuhiko , McDonald Jeffrey G. , Birsoy Kivanç , Tabar Viviane , Allis C. David 
Published: March 2019

Significance
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an incurable childhood cancer with a median survival of less than 1 y. Characterization of druggable targets in this disease remains a longstanding goal, as no pharmacological agents have proven efficacy in this malignancy. We recently identified the menin inhibitor, MI-2, as exhibiting potent antitumor activity in preclinical models of DIPG. Here, we show that MI-2 exerts its activity in glioma largely independent of its ability to target the epigenetic regulator menin, but instead by disrupting cholesterol homeostasis through direct inhibition of the cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme, lanosterol synthase, revealing this metabolic enzyme as an actionable vulnerability in glioma and implicating cholesterol homeostasis as an attractive pathway to target in malignant gliomas.
A CRISPR/Cas9-based central processing unit to program complex logic computation in human cells
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Bojar Daniel , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: March 2019

Significance
By enabling rational programming of mammalian cell behavior, synthetic biology is driving innovation across biomedical applications. Using Cas9-variants as core as protein-based central processing units (CPUs) that control gene expression in response to single-guide RNAs as genetic software, we have programmed scalable Boolean logic computations such as the half adder in single human cells. Combining orthogonal Cas9-variants enabled the design of multicore genetic CPUs that provide parallel arithmetic computations. The Cas9-based multicore CPU design may provide opportunities in single-cell mammalian biocomputing to provide biomedical applications.
Self-repair as a norm-related strategy in simultaneous interpreting and its implications for gendered approaches to interpreting
Authors: Magnifico Cédric , Defrancq Bart 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper analyses a possible gendered manifestation of norms in interpreting. It focuses on the use of self-repair, a textual expression of the norm, by male and female interpreters. Two research questions are examined: (1) whether the extent to which self-repairs occur in interpreting is gendered and (2) whether gender influences the way in which the output is repaired using editing terms. Considering the literature on gender and norm-compliance, female interpreters are expected to produce more self-repairs and editing terms than male interpreters. The research is based on the 2008 subcorpus of EPICG with French source speeches and their English and Dutch interpretations. The interpreters’ self-repairs were manually identified and statistically compared. Regarding the first question, it appears that gender influences the use of self-repairs in interpreting. As for the second one, statistical analysis reveals language-based patterns: in the English booth, women use significantly more editing terms than men. The French/Dutch subcorpus yields no significant difference. However, women seem to also use apologies as editing terms.
Scheduling of training and recovery during the in‐season weekly micro‐cycle: Insights from team sport practitioners
Authors: Cross Rebecca , Siegler Jason , Marshall Paul , Lovell Ric 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the in‐season micro‐cycle scheduling strategies used in professional team sport with particular reference to the reasoning and perceptions that underpin current practice. An online survey was completed by 35 practitioners from professional collision (C; Australian rules football: n = 9; rugby league: n = 6; rugby union: n = 2) and non‐collision (NC; soccer; n = 18) sports. Respondents identified a common 48 h post‐match recovery period, with few scheduling training stimuli during this period (NC: range: 0–17%; C: range: 0–47%). The majority (C: 78%; NC: 89%) of resistance training sessions were concurrent in nature, often delivering resistance training in the afternoon following field‐based training (C: 72%; NC: 92%). NC practitioners were less satisfied with the maintenance of strength, power and hypertrophy (33–44%) versus C sports (59–76%), reflected by the lower frequency of prescription reported (C: 2.4 ± 0.6; NC: 1.5 ± 0.9; p = .003). Cold water immersion following both matches and daily training was highly prevalent, as was the adoption of self‐report tools to monitor recovery. The congested and concurrent nature of training prescription during the micro‐cycle, together with the universal adoption of routine cold water immersion warrants further investigation to inform evidence‐based prescription and scheduling of training and recovery modalities in professional team sports.
Men vs. women world marathon records’ pacing strategies from 1998 to 2018
Authors: Díaz José Joaquín , Fernández‐Ozcorta Eduardo J. , Torres Miguel , Santos‐Concejero Jordan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse the pacing strategies adopted by elite male and female marathon runners when setting every world record since 1998. For data analysis, the total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and a final section of 2.195 km, and the relative average speed of each section was calculated individually. Female athletes maintained similar speeds in the first and second half of the marathon (ES = 0.22, small effect, p = 0.705), whereas male athletes increased their speed as the marathon progressed (ES = 1.18, moderate effect, p = 0.011). However, no differences were observed between men and women in either the first (ES = 0.56, small effect, p = 0.290), or in the second half of the marathon (ES = 0.60, moderate effect, p = 0.266). When comparing the women's world records (1998–2003) vs. men's records (1998–2018) by sections, we observed differences at the beginning of the race (second section, ES = 0.89, moderate effect) and at the end (last section, ES = 0.87, moderate effect). The pace variations during the race were similar between male athletes and that of women with male pacemakers (1.53% ± 0.60 vs. 1.68% ± 0.84, respectively). However, a trend towards higher pace variations during the race in the female records with female pacemakers was observed (2.28% ± 0.95). This study shows how male and female marathon records in the last 20 years have been set using different pacing strategies. While men used a negative strategy (faster finishing), women used a less uniform pacing strategy.