bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrospun Polycaprolactone for Controlled Drug Delivery
Authors: Govorčin Bajsić Emi , Zubin Ferri Tea , Tominac Trcin Mirna , Holjevac Grgurić Tamara , Mijović Budimir , Zdraveva Emilija 
Published: October 2019

Tkivno inženjerstvo dobra je alternativa za razvoj tkiva ili potencijalnih organa iz pacijentova vlastitog staničnog materijala, a kako bi se smanjio problem nedostatka organa za transplantaciju. Elektroispredeni materijali su dobri kandidati kod primjene u biomedicini tj. kao nosači za uzgoj tkivnih stanica. Kod regeneracije tkiva mogu dodatno prenositi lijekove kontrolirano prema terapiji. U ovom je radu istraživano kontrolirano otpuštanje antibiotika Cefuroxima (CFU) koji se upotrebljava u terapiji okularnog tkiva. Elektroispredeni su polikaprolaktonski nosači uz dodatak CFU-a u udjelima od 1, 2, 5 i 10 mas %. Uspješna kapsulacija antibiotika potvrđena je pojavom novih karakterističnih pikova u FTIR spektrima elektroispredenih mješavina. Dodatkom antibiotika i povećanjem njegove koncentracije dobivaju se vlakna homogenijeg izgleda s manjim brojem deformacija po duljini vlakna. UV-VIS spektrofotometrijom praćeno je vrijeme otpuštanja antibiotika iz elektroispredenih PCL/CFU nosača. Dobiveno je povećanje apsorbancije antibiotika s vremenom i porastom koncentracije lijeka u nosaču.
Ekstrakcija i ispitivanje stabilnosti polifenola komine masline u prirodnim eutektičkim otapalima
Authors: Mitar Anamarija , Kučić Grgić Dajana , Prlić Kardum Jasna 
Published: October 2019

Polifenolni spojevi, zaostali u komini koja je nusproizvod u proizvodnji maslinova ulja, antioksidansi su koji imaju pozitivan učinak na ljudsko zdravlje. Za izdvajanje polifenola sve češće se primjenjuju prirodna eutektička otapala koje karakterizira netoksičnost, biorazgradljivost, nezapaljivost te niska cijena. U ovom radu upotrijebljeno je prirodno niskotemperaturno eutektičko otapalo (NADES) pripravljeno od triju komponenti: DL-jabučne kiseline, D-fruktoze i glicerola (MaFruGly) s različitim udjelima vode koji omogućavaju uspješnu ekstrakciju polifenola. Određena je optimalna metoda ekstrakcije, a nakon provedene ekstrakcije, ekstrakti su podvrgnuti mikrobiološkoj analizi te je praćena stabilnost izdvojenih polifenola. Istraživanje je pokazalo da su najuspješnije metode za ekstrakciju polifenola mikrovalno ultrazvučna te ekstrakcija ultrazvučnom sondom, a NADES s 30 % vode optimalno otapalo za održavanje stabilnosti polifenola.
Znanstveno-istraživačka djelatnost Zavoda za organsku kemiju u razdoblju 2009. – 2019.
Authors: Gazivoda Kraljević Tatjana , Vuk Dragana , Škorić Irena , Raić-Malić Silvana , Hranjec Marijana 
Published: October 2019

Od osnutka Zavoda za organsku kemiju Fakulteta kemijskog inženjerstva i tehnologije Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, koji je 1922. god. osnovao prof. dr. Ivan Marek, te kasnije preko djelovanja nobelovca Vladimira Preloga i brojnih uspješnih generacija organskih kemičara, vidljiv je utjecaj ne samo na znanstvenu djelatnost Zavoda nego i na cjelokupnu hrvatsku kemijsku zajednicu, osobito u području organske sintetske i medicinske kemije. Preparativnu organsku kemiju profesor Prelog držao je nužnom odrednicom studija, koja je zahvaljujući njegovu djelovanju u Zavodu (1935. – 1941.) ostala glavna okosnica znanstveno-istraživačkog rada. Od samog osnivanja u laboratorijima Zavoda odvijaju se istraživanja iz područja sintetske organske i medicinske kemije i fotokemije, stječu se znanstveni stupnjevi i obrazuju brojni organski kemičari, među kojima su danas mnogi priznati znanstvenici u Hrvatskoj i svijetu.
Impact of left ventricular outflow tract flow acceleration on aortic valve area calculation in patients with aortic stenosis
Authors: Ahmed Andaleeb A. , Matyal Robina , Mahmood Feroze , Feng Ruby , Berry Graham B. , Gilleland Scott , Khabbaz Kamal R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective: Due to its circular shape, the area of the proximal left ventricular tract (PLVOT) adjacent to aortic valve can be derived from a single linear diameter. This is also the location of flow acceleration (FA) during systole, and pulse wave Doppler (PWD) sample volume in the PLVOT can lead to overestimation of velocity (V1) and the aortic valve area (AVA). Therefore, it is recommended to derive V1 from a region of laminar flow in the elliptical shaped distal LVOT (away from the annulus). Besides being inconsistent with the assumptions of continuity equation (CE), spatial difference in the location of flow and area measurement can result in inaccurate AVA calculation. We evaluated the impact of FA in the PLVOT on the accuracy of AVA by continuity equation (CE) in patients with aortic stenosis (AS).

Methods: CE-based AVA calculations were performed in patients with AS once with PWD-derived velocity time integral (VTI) in the distal LVOT (VTILVOT) and then in the PLVOT to obtain a FA velocity profile (FA-VTILVOT) for each patient. A paired sample t-test (P < 0.05) was conducted to compare the impact of FA-VTILVOT and VTILVOT on the calculation of AVA.

Result: There were 46 patients in the study. There was a 30.3% increase in the peak FA-VTILVOT as compared to the peak VTILVOT and AVA obtained by FA-VTILVOT was 29.1% higher than obtained by VTILVOT. p]Conclusion: Accuracy of AVA can be significantly impacted by FA in the PLVOT. LVOT area should be measured with 3D imaging in the distal LVOT.
Nursing approach to the use of buttonhole and rope ladder cannulation of arteriovenous fistula based on a survey in Nigeria
Authors: Jared M , Rajki V 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
The main purpose of this study is to examine the nursing aspect of two types of cannulation techniques and to investigate the outcomes of using cannulations on an arteriovenous fistula, as well as analysing their impact on outcome.

Materials and methods
Data were collected using a self-developed questionnaire. Data were obtained from haemodialysis (HD) patients in Rivon Dialysis Centre in the city of Rivers State named Port Harcourt with over 60 HD patients and with over 15 HD nurses. Only 50 patients met the inclusive criteria after answering the questionnaire, 25 for rope ladder (RL) and 25 for buttonhole (BH) and 10 nurses chosen answered the questionnaire.

Results
This study revealed that patients who are using the BH cannulation technique reported a better outcome than the RL group patients. Patients reported lower occurrence of complication, for instance, out of 25 patients, 8 of them using the BH and 15 of them using the RL reported to have infection.

Conclusion
Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the patients who are cannulated with the RL cannulation technique have a higher risk of experiencing complications than the patients using the BH site cannulation technique.
2-es típusú diabetesesek és nem cukorbetegek területen szerzett, belgyógyászati osztályos felvételt igénylő bakteriális infekcióinak klinikai összehasonlítása
Authors: Barkai László József , Sipter Emese , Csuka Dorottya , Baló Tímea , Nébenführer Zsuzsa , Máthé András , Karádi István , Pánczél Pál , Prohászka Zoltán , Hosszúfalusi Nóra 
Published: October 2019

Abstract: Introduction: Previous data showed bacterial infections among diabetic patients to be more serious and frequent, with higher mortality rates in comparison with non-diabetics. Recent investigations, however, are contradictory. Aim: The goal of our prospective, observational study was to compare patients hospitalized on a general medical ward due to community-acquired bacterial infections with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to those of non-diabetics (K) by 1) infection localization, 2) spectrum of pathogens, 3) three-month mortality rates. Method: Patients were consecutively involved (T2DM: n = 205, K: n = 202). We characterized the infections, clinical parameters, mortalities of the two groups, and matched them to international data. Results: No difference regarding clinical details of the groups were found except for glycemic parameters and BMI. In the T2DM group the skin- and soft tissue- (37.1%), in the K patients respiratory infections (37.1%) were the most common, followed by urinary ones (31.2% and 31.7%, respectively). Skin- and soft tissue infection incidence among T2DM subjects were higher compared to international results (37.1% vs. 16%). Co-presence of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in the skin- and soft tissue infections (23/76 vs. 5/46, p = 0.0149), and polymicrobial origin in the urinary tract infections (34.0% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.0335) were found to be more frequent in T2DM than in K. No difference regarding mortality rates were detected. In T2DM the skin- and soft tissue while in the K group the respiratory infections had the most death counts. Conclusions: We found higher rates of skin- and soft tissue infections among T2DM patients hospitalized on a general medical ward compared to international data. In total we did not find difference regarding three-month mortality between the groups. Our results highlight the importance of primary prevention and shows its inadequacy concerning skin and soft tissue infections among type 2 diabetics in Hungary. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(41): 1623–1632.
The ABO Blood Group System and Plasmodium Infection in Iran: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Karami Farshid , Mohammadian Mozhdeh , Mahdavi Seif Ali , Rahimi Mohammad Taghi 
Published: October 2019

Background: Geographical distribution of ABO blood groups affects by race, ethnicity, migration and some infectious agents, such as Plasmodium species. P. falciparum is the major causative agent of death in malaria that can affect ABO blood group distribution in different populations. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the effect of p. falciparum on ABO blood group distribution in Iran.
Materials & Methods The present study was conducted on the database of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO) in 30 provinces of the country about ABO and Rh blood groups of the people who referred to health centers from June 2011 to August 2012.
Results: A total number of 2124560 individuals were referred to IBTO in 30 provinces. The highest and lowest rates of O blood group were observed in Sistan & Baluchestan (64.6%) and Lorestan (37.7%), respectively. P. falciparum was the most common species of malaria in Sistan & Baluchestan (53215) and the rarest infection agent in Semnan province (20). The results showed statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between prevalence of P. falciparum with O blood group, while this relationship for a blood group was not significant (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Our results revealed a significant relationship between prevalence of P. falciparum and geographical distribution of ABO blood. There was also found more susceptibility and risk to malaria infection and cerebral malaria in a blood group compared to other groups. In addition, this was the first comprehensive study on the ABO blood group system and Plasmodium infection in Iran.
Lojistik Performans Değerlendirmesi İçin Bulanık AHP ve Gri İlişkisel Analiz Yöntemleri İle Bütünleşik Bir Yaklaşım
Authors: CANDAN Gökçe 
Published: October 2019

Son yıllarda hızlıca gelişme
gösteren lojistik hizmet anlayışı, lojistik servis sağlayıcılarını gittikçe
daha fazla müşteri odaklı hizmet üretmeye itmektedir. Lojistik sektöründe
rekabet edebilmek için bilgi teknolojileriyle entegre sistemler kullanmak
etkinlik ve verimliliği artırırken müşteri memnuniyetini de geliştirmektedir.
Sahip olunan bilişim ve ulaştırma altyapılarını, kalifiye insan kaynağı ile
etkin bir şekilde değerlendiren servis sağlayıcılarının lojistik
performanslarının da oldukça yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada OECD
üyesi 10 ülke için lojistik performans değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Bunun için ele alınan değerlendirme
kriterlerine ait ağırlıklar, çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden bulanık
AHP metodu ile hesaplanmış daha sonra ülkelerin lojistik performansına göre
sıralama gri ilişkisel analiz metoduyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ülkelerin
lojistik performanslarının öncelikle ithalat ve ihracat teslim sürelerine daha
sonra ise kullandıkları altyapıların kalitesine bağlı olduğu sonucuna
erişilmiştir.
Cemaat Sosyolojisi: Bir Kavramın Tarihsel Serüveni
Authors: GÜNERİGÖK Mustafa 
Published: October 2019

Cemaat
olgusu, bir güven toplumu inşa etmeye dönük bir sosyolojidir. Cemaat kavramı
ise günümüzde genellikle ortak ve refleksif bir kimlik ya da dünya görüşü
duygusuna dayalı benzer ilgilere sahip özel olarak oluşturulmuş ve birbirleriyle
sistematik bir etkileşim içinde olan insan gruplarını betimlemektedir. Bu
bağlamda sosyologlar 19. yüzyıl rasyonalitesine dayalı cemaat tanımlarını
aşmamız gerektiği iddiasını dillendirmektedir. Tarihsel süreçte bu kavram,
toplum kavramı gibi çeşitli aşamalardan geçerek sosyolojinin temel
paradigmalarından biri hâline gelmiş görünmektedir. Dolayısıyla cemaat konusu
birçok açıdan araştırılması ve modern dönem sosyolojisinin gereklerine göre
yeniden tanımlanması gerekir. Bu
çalışmada, cemaat kavramının tanımı, sosyolojisi, klasik dönem sosyolojisinde
nasıl anlaşıldığı ve özellikle sosyolojinin kurucularından Comte, Durkheim,
Weber ve Tonnies’in bu konuyu dair yaklaşımları genel bir perspektifle ele
alınmıştır.
NEO-PATRIARCHY AND THE PROBLEM OF THE ARAB CRISIS: A CRITICAL STUDY ON HISHAM SHARABI’S WORKS
Authors: Yoyo  
Published: October 2019

Purpose of the study: The paper tries to elaborate on the ideas of Hisham Sharabi on Neo-patriarchy culture and its relevance to the current situations. He perceived that Neo-patriarchy as one of main causes of the Arab crisis. According to him, the Arab societies, in general, did not adopt modernism in its real form. Therefore, rather transforming into modern society they turned into “distorted modernism.”
Methodology: The data of this research particularly are Sharabi’s works published during 1980s as crucial period of his intellectual journey.
Results: The paper found three major conclusions on neo-patriarchy culture postulated by Sharabi: 1) neo-patriarchy culture is the real form of Arab’s failure in transforming its societies into modern one, it reflected such as in authoritarian political system, economic dependent, and social-political fragmentation; 2) criticism is pre-conditions for modern Arab societies’ transformation. One of the efforts to achieve real modernism according to Sharabi is to deconstruct some distorted definitions of democracy, civil society, and etc., and build the fresh meaning of the terms.
Applications of this study: This research can be used for the universities, teachers, and students.
Novelty/Originality of this study: In this research, the model of the neo-patriarchy and the problem of the Arab crisis: a critical study on hisham sharabi’s works are presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Hepatitis among Medical and Para-medical Workers in Tertiary Institute
Authors: Lamba Jyotsana , Dogra Anju 
Published: October 2019

Introduction : Hepatitis B is a serious infection caused by Hepatitis B virus that affects the liver. Hepatitis B is a global health problem and health care workers are at risk mostly. It is contagoius and transmitted from one individual to another through blood to blood, mother to child, sexual contact, sharing of eating utensils, barbar shop and beauty salon equipment. The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of medical and para-medical workers towards Hepatitis B.
Methods : this cross sectional prospective study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SMGS Hospital, GMC Jammu . Information about socio-demographic variables, knowledge towards transmission and prevention method of Hepatitis B was taken from 100 medical and para-medical workers.
Results : This study was conducted in the month of July 2019. A questionairre was structured to collect the information from 100 health care workers which include 42 medical workers and 58 para-medical workers. Knowledge regarding transmission was fairly good among medical workers. 52% of medical workers were fully vaccinated while only 32% para-medical workers were fully vaccinated. The most common reason for not getting vaccinated was ignorance.
Conclusion : Our study recommended regular health education highlighting occupational risk of Hepatitis B, need for complete vaccination and giving training on infection prevention for health care workers. It is also advisable to make sure vaccine availability and accessibility.
PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI MEMBRAN FOTOKATALITIK HOLLOW FIBER SELULOSA ASETAT-TiO2 UNTUK DEGRADASI REMAZOL RED 198
Authors: Rahmiati Mevitri , Wafiroh Siti , Pudjiastuti Pratiwi 
Published: October 2019

Pengolahan limbah cairdapat menggunakan membran fotokatalitik yang dikompositkan dengan TiO2, salah satunya untuk degradasi limbah zat warna remazol red 198. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk pembuatan dan karakterisasi membran fotokatalitik hollow fiberselulosa asetat-TiO2untuk degradasi remazol red 198. Membran hollow fiberdibuat dengan metode inversi fasa menggunakan larutan dopedengan perbandingan komposisi selulosa asetat, aseton, dan formamida (22%, 51%, dan 27%). Kemudian TiO2ditambahkan dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,10%; 0,15%; 0,20%; 0,25%; 0,30% (b/b). Karakterisasi membran hollow fibermeliputi uji ketebalan, uji mekanik, uji kinerja dan efisiensi membran fotokatalitik hollow fiberuntuk degradasi remazol red 198. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh membran hollow fiberselulosa asetat-TiO2yang optimum pada penambahan TiO2sebesar 0,25%. Membran hollow fiberselulosa asetat-TiO2yang optimum mempunyai sifat mekanik yaitu keteblannya 0,1433 mm nilai tegangan 502,74 kN/m2nilai regangan 0,133 dan modulus young4781,13 kN/m2. Kinerja membran fotokatalitik hollow fiber mempunyai nilai fluks 17,41 L/m2jam dan rejeksi 91,8%. Efisiensi degradasi membran selulosa asetat-TiO2dan TiO2terhadapremazol red 198murni sebesar 92,43% dan 95,56%. Sedangkan efisiensi degradasi membran selulosa asetat-TiO2dan TiO2terhadap limbah cair sebesar 81,77% dan 88,34%.
PENENTUAN KADAR VITAMIN C BEBERAPA JENIS CABAI (Capsicum sp.) DENGAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS
Authors: Tambunan Lilis Rosmainar , Ningsih Widia , Ayu Ni Putu , Nanda Haula 
Published: October 2019

Vitamin C is one of the nutrients that act as antioxidants and effectively overcome free radicals that can damage cells or tissues, including protecting the lens from oxidative damage caused by radiation. Vitamin C is widely found in fruits, and vegetables, one of them in chili. Vitamin C in chili has a function as a good antioxidant for the body (able to increase the immune system absorbed by calcium in the body. This study aims to determine the levels of vitamin C contained in some types of chili using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method and conduct a preliminary test. The highest levels of vitamin C obtained by using spectrophotometric method at 200 nm wavelength were on red curly pepper (50 g/100 g) and followed by chili jablay orange-red (38 g/100 g), green cayenne (29 g/100 g), red pepper large (22 g/100 g), and large green chili (9 g/100 g). While based on preliminary test it was found that all chilies contain saponins, as well as only large red pepper (sample 1) and red curly pepper (sample 4) containing flavonoids Keywords: capsicum, chilly, spectrophotometry
ISOLASI SENYAWA ALKALOID TURUNAN FUROKUINOLIN DARI RANTING Toddalia asiatica L. DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIKANKER
Authors: Tanjung Mulyadi , Rahayu Devina Oktari , Tjahjandarie Tjitjik Srie 
Published: October 2019

AbstrakToddalia asiatica merupakan tumbuhan perdu yang tersebar di Afrika, Asia, Madagascar, dan Australia (Hu et al., 2015). Senyawa metabolit sekunder yang ditemukan tumbuhan Toddalia asiatica L. adalah alkaloid. Ekstraksi senyawa alkaloid dari tumbuhan Toddalia asiatica L. dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol pada suhu kamar. Proses isolasi dilakukan melalui fraksinasi dan pemurnian menggunakan kromatografi kolom gravitasi, dan kromatografi radial. Hasil isolasi yang didapatkan merupakan senyawa alkaloid turunan furokuinolin yaitu skimmianin. Struktur senyawa alkaloid turunan furokuinolin yang diketahui melalui analisa hasil spektroskopi UV, IR, 1D NMR (1H-NMR dan 13C-NMR), serta 2D NMR (HMBC dan HMQC) dan uji aktivitas antikanker terhadap sel kanker murin leukemia P-388. Kata kunci : Alkaloid turunan furokuinolin, skimmianin, Toddalia asiatica L., antikanker AbstractToddalia asiatica L. is a bushy plant that spreads in Africa, Asia, Madagascar, and Australia (Hu et al., 2015). The secondary metabolite compound found in Toddalia asiatica L. is alkaloid. Extraction of alkaloid compounds from Toddalia asiatica L. by maceration using methanol at room temperature. The isolation process is diluted by fractionation and purification using column chromatography of gravity and radial chromatography. The result of isolation is an alkaloid compound derived furokuinolin, skimmianin. The structure of alkaloid compounds derived from furokuinolin known through spectroscopic analysis including UV, IR, 1D NMR (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), and 2D NMR (HMBC and HMQC) and the anticancer activity test against the cancer cells murine P-388.Key word : Alkaloid compound derived furokuinolin, skimmianin, Toddalia asiatica L., anticancer
OPTIMASI PARAMETER TEKNIK SQUARE WAVE VOLTAMMETRY DENGAN ELEKTRODA GRAFIT FAN PENERAPANNYA PADA ANALISIS KLORIN BEBAS DALAM AIR CUCIAN BERAS BERPEMUTIH
Authors: Arismaya Fenly , Siswoyo Siswoyo , Asnawati Asnawati 
Published: October 2019

AbstrakKlorin (OCl-) merupakan bahan kimia berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia, yang kadang digunakan sebagai bahanpemutih beras. Oleh sebab itu dilakukan upaya analisis Klorin menggunakan teknik Square Wave Voltammetry. Penelitian ini melakukan optimasi pengaturan parameter (konsentrasi larutan elektrolit, pH, dan sampling time) dan karakterisasi metode kerja dari teknik Square Wave Voltammetry, sehingga teknik ini dapat diaplikasikan untuk analisis klorin bebas (OCl-) dalam air cucian beras berpemutih. Variasi konsentrasi larutan elektrolit yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah 0,05; 0,10; 0,15; 0,20; 0,25 M. Variasi pH yang diterapkan pada pH 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, dan 12. Variasi sampling time yang diterapkan adalah 5, 10, 15, dan 20 milisekon. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, konsentrasi larutan elektrolit optimum pada konsentrasi 0,15 M, pH optimum pada kondisi pH 9, dan sampling time optimum adalah 10 milisekon. Hasil karakterisasi kinerja metode pada teknik Square Wave Voltammetry yang telah dioptimasi ini menghasilkan linieritas 0,9885, limit deteksi sebesar 9,563 ppm, dan nilai koefisien variasi sebesar 4,09%. Hasil pengukuran konsentrasi klorin bebas (OCl-) dengan teknik Square Wave Voltammetry yang telah dioptimasi adalah senilai 30,125 ppm. Pengaturan tiga parameter tersebut berpengaruh terhadap bentuk dan ketinggian puncak voltamogram yang dihasilkan. Kata Kunci: Square Wave Voltammetry, Optimasi Parameter, Klorin bebas, Beras Berpemutih.
Growth of Universal Banking in the Philippines: A Correlational Study with Economic Growth
Authors: Dayag Antonio Jaramillo 
Published: October 2019

Banks are believed to instrumental to economic growth because it provides the financial backbone needed to spur economic development through business creation and expansion. A healthy and resilient banking sector signals economic growth and development that is sustainable. The efficient transfer of funds from those that has surplus of them towards those that need them has been made possible due to the intermediation of banks. In the Philippines, banking formally started in 1851 with the establishment of the Bank of the Philippine Islands, which up to this day, stands to be one of the country’s biggest and most stable universal bank. This study analyzes how universal banks grew over the years, and determines whether a correlation exists between universal bank growth and economic growth, using the variable of GDP growth rate as proxy for economic growth. The study showed that at the most recent periods, universal banks’ ROE and ROA are negatively correlated with GDP growth rate.

Key words: Universal banks, History of banking, Economic growth of the Philippines, GDP growth rate