bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carnival Comes to Brooklyn
Authors: Allen Ray 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 recounts the mass in-migration of English-speaking Caribbean people to Brooklyn in the wake of the new 1965 immigration laws. The closing down of Harlem Carnival in 1961 did not lead to the cessation of Carnival activity in New York. In 1971 the West Indian American Day Carnival Association (WIADCA) launched a Labor Day Carnival parade down Brooklyn’s Eastern Parkway, establishing Brooklyn as the new center of New York’s Carnival. There would also be stage shows at the Brooklyn Museum and other nearby venues, as well as an annual Panorama contest and Dimanche Gras dance and stage show as part of the Labor Day festivities. Brooklyn’s Labor Day Carnival would eventually expand into the borough’s premiere cultural event, attracting millions of viewers and providing a nurturing environment for the growth of steelband and calypso, as well as the emerging soca style. Carnival music lay at the heart of the celebration.
Brooklyn Soca as Transnational Expression
Authors: Allen Ray 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Building upon the history of the Brooklyn-based record companies outlined in the previous section, chapter 7 interprets soca music as transnational expression, anchored in Trinidadian tradition but indelibly shaped by musical and production practices in the diaspora. The style, structure, and themes of Brooklyn-produced songs are examined and positioned within the broader context of Caribbean and world music recordings of the period. An alternative history of soca is proposed, one emphasizing transnational roots resulting from the confluence of Trinidadian and American musical influences. Various patterns of musical style, international marketing, and diasporic song content are useful in assessing the dynamics of cultural globalization. This chapter looks at issues of stylistic transformation, lyrical content, soca’s location vis-à-vis other popular diasporic world musics, and the interplay of musical hybridity and cultural identity.
Features of Flow in the Genre and the Artist
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Following Leonard B. Meyer’s distinction between stylistic and critical analysis, the first part of this chapter undertakes a stylistic analysis of flow in rap music, drawing on the models of accent, rhyme, groove, and groovy listening presented in Chapters 3 and 4 to characterize flow in the genre as a whole, as evidenced by the corpus constructed in Chapter 2. Features of flow discussed include speed, tempo, phrasing, rhyme patterning, groove class usage, adherence to groove classes, and groove typicality. The second part of the chapter pivots to critical analysis, examining the meanings of virtuosic flow in the rapping of the emcee Black Thought of The Roots (aka Tariq Trotter). By contextualizing Black Thought within the genre, the chapter shows his flow to be a combination of complexity and comprehensibility.
How to Know Our Limits
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapters 5 through 9 of this book defend a method to think about our opinions concerning controversial questions. The method offers us insights into the epistemic status of our controversial opinions. This chapter introduces key concepts and terminology: belief and controversial belief; unreasonableness and defeaters; positive epistemic status; competence defeaters; and the “doxastically open” mindset people may adopt if they are guided by the method’s principles.
Disagreement and Debunking
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhen we learn that other people reject our views, we may gain reasons to change our minds. One common response to our opponents is to attribute biases to them. But “debunking” our opponents sometimes looks dubious because we tend to believe our own judgments are less prone to bias than other people’s judgments, even when that is probably not correct. This chapter defends the idea that we should be less inclined to treat others as more biased than we are ourselves. As a result, we must face the fact that their disagreement cannot be so easily dismissed.
Unpossessed Evidence
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFor most controversial topics, there is far more evidence than we could ourselves possess. This chapter argues that when we learn of unpossessed evidence, we may gain two types of reasons indicating we have made an error. First, evidence of unpossessed evidence against our views can be evidence itself and, second, evidence of unpossessed evidence may prompt doubts that we have formed our controversial views on the basis of a fair or representative sample of the total evidence.
Moral Stagecraft
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of how social practices and conventions are used to build moral neighborhoods. It draws on Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical picture of human interaction to describe how moral neighborhoods are constructed in social and physical spaces with methods that have parallels in theater. Social practices and conventions generate scripts for enacting narratives in which participants take up roles as their fictive moral selves. Moral stagecraft consists of the tools employed to create and sustain physical, social, and normative spaces in which those narratives can be enacted. The skill of moral stagecraft requires being able to take up, adapt, and improvise social roles, conventions, and practices in ways that support and sustain moral ideals in the face of unequal power relationships and other problematic social conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Virginia M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe introduction presents the central questions and motivations of the book: How are the mythical narratives in poems for Sicilian Greek victors different from the mythical narratives in the remainder of Pindaric epinician poetry? If the Sicilian odes lack local myths, as has sometimes been argued, how does epinician poetry shape and reinforce identity in celebrations of victors from newly colonized cities? How are conventional elements of epinician poetry activated to signify more than formal aspects of genre? The chapter begins by briefly surveying mythical narratives in the odes for Aegina, Cyrene, and Thebes as points of comparison. It next defines the term “locality” as it is used throughout the study to refer to aspects that are unique to a city, by situating a conception of locality within current scholarly discussions of the notions of place and space in the fields of geography, philosophy, and Classics. After surveying previous studies of place in epinician poetry, the introduction concludes by proposing that while all of Pindar’s epinician odes delineate and redefine places, the Sicilian odes present unique strategies for the expression of identity through choral poetry because of the mixed populations and constant political and civic upheaval that took place in Sicily during the first half of the fifth century.
Demeter and Persephone
Authors: Lewis Virginia M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 2 concentrates on representations of Demeter and Persephone in the Syracusan odes. The goddesses are important for two reasons. First, the Deinomenids were ancestral priests of Demeter and Persephone in Sicily and the goddesses therefore could easily be linked to the rule of this family of tyrants. On the other hand, worship of the two goddesses was widespread throughout Sicily. This chapter argues that references to Demeter and Persephone in epinician poetry for Hieron and members of his circle promote and celebrate Syracusan and Deinomenid expansion throughout the island of Sicily by aligning pan-Sicilian and Deinomenid interests and rooting them in the island’s landscape. The first section surveys the material remains for the goddesses in Sicily before exploring discussions of the goddesses in mythological, historical, and literary sources. An analysis of Pindar’s Nemean 1 then proposes that, while the link between Arethusa and Alpheos represents the close tie between Syracuse and the Panhellenic sanctuary at Olympia, Pindar’s references to Demeter and Persephone in epinician poetry define the relationship between Syracuse and the rest of Sicily under the rule of the Deinomenid tyrants. A final section argues that in contrast to the goddesses who celebrate uniquely Syracusan and Deinomenid interests, the hero Herakles articulates a role for Syracuse and the West more generally in the maintenance of the order of the Olympians.
The Conveyance of Messages at the Papal Curia
Authors: Bombi Barbara 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter questions the extent to which the administrative departments of the English crown adopted continental rhetorical styles in their diplomatic and administrative exchange with the papacy in order to comply with the requirements of the stilus curie, namely the rules and procedures in use at the papal curia from the mid-twelfth century, ultimately giving shape to a ‘shared language of diplomacy’. Evidence is provided by English and papal diplomatic records, recording both oral and written communications. The chapter therefore focuses on the conveyance of oral messages at the papal curia, the aurality of diplomatic documents, and the delivery of written diplomatic documents and petitions.
The Election of Clement V and Edward II’s Succession
Authors: Bombi Barbara 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe examination of Anglo-papal relations between 1305 and 1309 provides an interesting first case study of how political change both in England and at the papal curia impacted on the development of Anglo-papal diplomatic and administrative practices in the early fourteenth century. In order to assess the extent to which political changes influenced Anglo-papal administrative and diplomatic practices in the early fourteenth century this chapter is organized in four sections. After a brief historiographical overview on Anglo-papal relations in the early fourteenth century, the chapter focuses on the surviving diplomatic correspondence, looking at some diplomatic documents produced in the context of the diplomatic missions sent from England to the papal curia between 5 June 1305, when Clement V was elected, and 14 November 1305, when he was consecrated at Lyons, as well as examining the first Roman roll, which recorded the petitions sent from England to the Apostolic See in the last year of Edward I’s reign (April 1306–July 1307). Finally, I address the evidence concerning the first two years of Edward II’s reign in order to look for continuity and change in Anglo-papal administrative and diplomatic practices after the succession of the new English king.
Elements of Classical Common Law Theory
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Common Law theory emerged at a time when modern English society and the modern state were taking shape. Political power became increasingly centralized and the ideology of absolutism was making inroads not only on the continent of Europe, but also in England. Common Law theory arose, in part, in response to the threat of centralized power exercised by those who proposed to make law guided by nothing but their own assessments of the demands of justice, expediency, and the common good. This chapter discusses law as immemorial custom; the customary foundations of lex scripta; and reason and principle in Common Law Theory.
Hume’s Jurisprudence
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of Hume's theory of justice. Justice addresses the problems arising from the inevitable interdependence of human social behaviour. The sole virtue of justice lies in coordinating this social interaction. Its necessity lies in the disastrous consequences of failure to coordinate it. The special genius of Hume's account of justice lies in his realization of the fact that in this necessity, and the strategic interdependence of social behaviour, also lies the possibility of success. The problem, as Hume sees it, is to explain how general concurrence in a scheme of rules for mutual benefit might arise. Hume's explanation involves giving an account of the strategic situation facing each of the parties in the group and a description of the processes of self-adjustment of belief, intention, and sentiment which result from recognition of this situation. His argument proceeds in two stages: in the first he explains the emergence of a sense of common interest; in the second he explains how this convention is made specific.
Bentham as a Common Law Revisionist
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents Bentham's ‘revisionist’ account of Common Law adjudication. It considers materials where Bentham clearly assumes a context of non-statutory decisional law. Although he discusses issues of statutory interpretation and adjudication in the shadow of statutory law, he is primarily concerned with the special problems of adjudication within (as he called it) ‘judge-made’ law. No defence of familiar Common Law theory or practice is attempted. Rather, Bentham tries to articulate for himself the principles and minimal conditions which such a practice of adjudication must meet. Once these principles and conditions were made clear, Bentham was convinced that no system of law remotely resembling his native Common Law could possibly meet the conditions.
Custom, Rules, and Sovereignty
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter suggests that many commentators and critics have failed to distinguish different theoretical levels at which Bentham worked and different polemical purposes motivating the various statements and arguments he makes throughout his writings. The result is a reading of Bentham's intentions and the theoretical claims they generate that is insensitive to the subtlety and breadth of his theory. Bentham's theoretical motivations, consequently, are obscured and the basic character and thrust of his theory is distorted. The chapter takes a step towards correcting this distortion. It focuses on Bentham's account of custom and customary rules, and his theory of sovereignty. It shows that Bentham has a relatively sophisticated account of custom on which, in fact, a quite subtle and powerful account of the foundations of law rests.
Judicial Virtues and the Sanctions of Public Opinion
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Bentham's insistence on simplicity and flexibility in judicial procedure ruled out all fixed rules of procedure and evidence. Procedural rules may be set aside whenever utilitarian considerations warrant it. Bentham also insisted on a wide definition of the judicial role involving a broad grant of discretionary power to the judge. Since Bentham decisively rejected the standard method of binding judicial decision to fixed, pre-existing rules, it was incumbent on him to develop an adequate alternative. This alternative can be found in his doctrine of publicity and the constitutional theory which gives that doctrine institutional expression. This chapter examines Bentham's basic-principles of constitutional design as they apply to adjudication, and the relations between these principles and his psychology and general political theory.
The Coherence of Bentham’s Theory of Law
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers again the coherence of Bentham's theory. However, it takes up only two issues: the compatibility of Bentham's utilitarian theory of adjudication with his positivist theory of laws and the plausibility of his theory of adjudication. It argues that Bentham's theories of law and adjudication cannot achieve the aims of the jurisprudential project he set for himself. It suggests briefly why this project itself is fundamentally mistaken. The arguments here can only be sketchy and to an extent they presuppose a conception of the nature and tasks of law which needs to be more fully articulated and defended.
Realism and the Absolute Conception
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This essay is concerned with Bernard Williams’ argument for the possibility of an absolute conception of reality, that is to say a conception of reality that is not from any point of view. The primary aim of the essay is to see what we can learn from this argument about its underlying realism, which Williams expresses as follows: ‘knowledge is of what is there anyway’. To accept such realism—it is claimed in the essay—is to adopt a conceptual structure that involves, among other things, a commitment to the unity of reality. This helps Williams to express and to motivate his opposition to realism about ethics, where realism about ethics, despite its name, is quite different from realism tout court: realism about ethics is the view that the best reflective explanation of our having the ethical knowledge we have serves as a direct vindication of that knowledge.
Host–parasite interactions and climate change
Authors: Merino Santiago 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a review of the papers published on the effect of climate change on bird–parasite interactions from 2010 to date. Climatic effects on phenology, prevalence and intensity, range expansion, virulence, anti-parasite defences, and coevolutionary interactions are reviewed. Most studies are centred on diseases that can also affect human populations or that are close phylogenetically to diseases of humans. However, diseases affecting birds are of great interest due to their importance in ecosystems. More empirical data are needed for a better understanding of how climate change affects bird–parasite relationships.
Integrability in 2D fields theory/sigma-models
Authors: Lukyanov Sergei L. , Zamolodchikov Alexander B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This is a two-part course about the integrability of two-dimensional non-linear sigma models (2D NLSM). In the first part general aspects of classical integrability are discussed, based on the O(3) and O(4) sigma-models and the field theories related to them. The second part is devoted to the quantum 2D NLSM. Among the topics considered are: basic facts of conformal field theory, zero-curvature representations, integrals of motion, one-loop renormalizability of 2D NLSM, integrable structures in the so-called cigar and sausage models, and their RG flows. The text contains a large number of exercises of varying levels of difficulty.
What Is the Good of Money?
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers what kind of thing money is, and, particularly, how to conceptualize it as ‘flowing’ from one place to another. A further question is what kind of good this complex thing is. We know money can be regarded as an economic good, but economic goods are of a variety of kinds. In its different forms money can function differently for different purposes, any adequate account of which would have a sociological dimension. For money is available to be used only on certain terms as set by those who control the institutions. Thus the question of ‘where money comes from’ is also of notable normative significance: money is a product of complex social arrangements and normative orders grounded in deep-seated power relations. Powers to create money and to control the conditions of its creation are powers that people have good reason to want subject to legitimate political authority.
Constituting Finance as a Global Public Good: the Scope of the Challenge
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter proposes some parameters for constructive thought regarding institutions of a more just and sustainable world order. Currently, an institutional system involving a global constitutionalizing of private corporations’ rights utilizes the power of nation-states to serve interests at odds with those states as protectors of peoples. A global elite can use legitimately constituted states to extract benefits from their domestic law enforcement capabilities while escaping any burdens of support for those states. Accordingly, the path towards a globally just and morally cosmopolitan normative order, with finance as a properly public good, might conceivably lead through initial strengthening of some powers of sovereign states rather than their further dissolution. Certainly, such constitutional questions as that of the appropriate relationship between a central bank and the political government of a state need to be carefully examined, especially in view of how politically unaccountable is the international banking system.
The Reshaping of West European Party Politics
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Long gone are the times when class-based political parties with extensive membership dominated politics. Instead, party politics has become issue-based. Surprisingly few studies have focused on how the issue content of West European party politics has developed over the past decades. Empirically, this books studies party politics in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK from 1980 and onwards. The book highlights the more complex party system agenda with the decline, but not disappearance, of macroeconomic issues as well as the rise in ‘new politics’ issues together with education and health care. Moreover, various ‘new politics’ issues such as immigration, the environment, and European integration have seen very different trajectories. To explain the development of the individual issues, the book develops a new theoretical model labelled the ‘issue incentive model’ of party system attention. The aim of the model is to explain how much attention issues get throughout the party system, which is labelled ‘the party system agenda’. To explain the development of the party system agenda, one needs to focus on the incentives that individual policy issues offer to large, mainstream parties, i.e. the typical Social Democratic, Christian Democratic, or Conservative/Liberal parties that have dominated West European governments for decades. The core idea of the model is that the incentives that individual policy issues offer to these vote- and office-seeking parties depend on three factors, namely issue characteristics, issue ownership, and coalition considerations. The issue incentive model builds on and develops a top-down perspective on which the issue content of party politics is determined by the strategic considerations of political parties and their competition with each other.
Who or What Can be a Legal Person?
Authors: Kurki Visa A.J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter assesses the rather popular claim that anything can be endowed with legal personhood. This ‘everything-goes’ view is often supported by examples such as the putative legal personhood of Indian idols and the Whanganui River in New Zealand. The chapter exposes a conflation of two senses of the phrase ‘legal person’, which can refer both to the holders of legal positions (rights and duties) or to the legal positions themselves. This conflation often underlies the everything-goes view, rendering it unsustainable. Instead, one must either have the capacity to act or the capacity for claim-rights in order to qualify as a potential legal person. As rivers can neither act nor hold claim-rights, rivers cannot be legal persons. The Whanganui River arrangement should rather be understood as endowing a collectivity—the Maori and other sentient beings who are dependent on the river—with legal personhood.