bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cognitive Style on Topographical Learning Across Life Span: Insights From Normal Development
Authors: Boccia Maddalena , Vecchione Francesca , Di Vita Antonella , D'Amico Simonetta , Guariglia Cecilia , Piccardi Laura 
Published: November 2018

Notwithstanding its well‐established role on high‐demanding spatial navigation tasks during adulthood, the effect of field dependence–independence during the acquisition of spatial navigation skills is almost unknown. This study assessed for the first time the effect of field dependence–independence on topographical learning (TL) across the life span: 195 individuals, including 54 healthy young‐adults (age‐range = 20–30), 46 teenagers (age‐range = 11–14), and 95 children (age‐range = 6–9) participated in this study. Field dependence–independence interacted with age in predicting TL. Also during childhood higher field independence was associated with better performances but not later in the life, that is, during adolescence and adulthood. This result suggests that field dependence–independence may have a role in fostering the acquisition of TL.
Digital droplet polymerase chain reaction analysis of common viruses in the aqueous humour of patients with Posner‐Schlossman syndrome in Chinese population
Authors: Cao Guojun , Tan Chen , Zhang Yuyan , Kong Xiangmei , Sun Xinhuai , Ma Yanchun , Chen Junyi , Guan Ming 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundTo compare the detection results consistency of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), and determine the value of ddPCR for viral detection in the aqueous humour.MethodsA total of 130 aqueous humour samples were collected, including 60 patients with Posner‐Schlossman syndrome (PSS) in case group and 70 elderly patients with senile cataract in control group. The target nucleic acid fragments of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus, Epstein‐Barr virus and varicella zoster virus in aqueous humour were analysed by qPCR and ddPCR, respectively, for the diagnosis and curative effect monitoring of pathogen‐induced PSS. Samples with inconsistent results were verified by next‐generation sequencing.ResultsThere were 27 and 20 HCMV‐positive cases detected in the case group by ddPCR and qPCR, respectively. ddPCR increased the sensitivity for the HCMV virus detection from 400 to 100 copies/mL. No other pathogens were found in this study. The results of ddPCR were consistent with that of next generation sequencing. The mean (SD) of Lg (HCMV copies/mL) detected by ddPCR and qPCR were 1.66 (1.92) and 1.10 (1.61), respectively (P < 0.001). Compared with qPCR, results of ddPCR showed better consistency with validity of clinical treatment. All patients with ddPCR‐positive results had good validity on antiviral therapy, exhibiting anterior chamber inflammation remission, resolution of corneal oedema and good IOP control within 1 month.ConclusionsHCMV was the leading cause of pathogen‐induced PSS in the Chinese population. ddPCR was a promising tool for early detection, accurate diagnosis and therapeutic validity monitoring of pathogen‐induced PSS. The high sensitivity of ddPCR could avoid repeated anterior chamber tap.
Comparison of the Cervex‐Brush alone to Cytobrush plus Cervex‐Brush for detection of cervical dysplasia in women with a transformation zone type 3
Authors: Manley Kristyn M , Wills Andrew K , Villeneuve Nichole , Hunt Katherine , Patel Amit , Glew Susan 
Published: November 2018

IntroductionTwenty percent of colposcopic assessments are inadequate due to a type 3 transformation zone (TZ3). In the absence of colposcopic or histological assessment, subsequent management is guided by the referral screening test. In the UK, routine cervical screening is completed by a Cervex‐Brush alone. This study examines the effectiveness of a Cytobrush in addition to a standard Cervex‐Brush when used in TZ3 assessment.MethodologyAn 18‐month diagnostic accuracy study in a single National Health Service (NHS) Trust. Women with a TZ3 booked for large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) with a referral cytology of high‐risk HPV and squamous dyskaryosis were recruited. Immediately prior to LLETZ, a Cervex‐Brush plus Cytobrush liquid‐based cytology sample was taken. Presence of endocervical cells was compared. Predictability of high‐grade cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) was by blind standardised reporting of the LLETZ histology.ResultsOne hundred and five women were recruited from a total eligible population of 153 cases (68.8%). Endocervical cell yield was increased with the Cervex‐Brush plus Cytobrush when compared to the Cervex‐Brush alone (99.1% vs 79.1%, P < .001). Irrespective of cytological grade, age or parity, there was no difference in predictability of CIN2+ between sampling methods.ConclusionsWhen compared to Cervex‐Brush sampling alone, the addition of a Cytobrush improves endocervical sampling but does not improve cytological predictability of CIN2+ in women with a TZ3. These data suggest that women who will reliably attend for cytological follow‐up can be safely referred to primary care for a Cervex‐Brush alone.
When causality shapes the experience of time: Evidence for temporal binding in young children
Authors: Blakey Emma , Tecwyn Emma C. , McCormack Teresa , Lagnado David A. , Hoerl Christoph , Lorimer Sara , Buehner Marc J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIt is well established that the temporal proximity of two events is a fundamental cue to causality. Recent research with adults has shown that this relation is bidirectional: events that are believed to be causally related are perceived as occurring closer together in time—the so‐called temporal binding effect. Here, we examined the developmental origins of temporal binding. Participants predicted when an event that was either caused by a button press, or preceded by a non‐causal signal, would occur. We demonstrate for the first time that children as young as 4 years are susceptible to temporal binding. Binding occurred both when the button press was executed via intentional action, and when a machine caused it. These results suggest binding is a fundamental, early developing property of perception and grounded in causal knowledge. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQC_MqjxZQQ
Maternal discourse continuity and infants’ actions organize 12‐month‐olds’ language exposure during object play
Authors: Chang Lucas M. , Deák Gedeon O. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractInfant language learning depends on the distribution of co‐occurrences within language–between words and other words–and between language content and events in the world. Yet infant‐directed speech is not limited to words that refer to perceivable objects and actions. Rather, caregivers’ utterances contain a range of syntactic forms and expressions with diverse attentional, regulatory, social, and referential functions. We conducted a distributional analysis of linguistic content types at the utterance level, and demonstrated that a wide range of content types in maternal speech can be distinguished by their distribution in sequences of utterances and by their patterns of co‐occurrence with infants’ actions. We observed free‐play sessions of 38 12‐month‐old infants and their mothers, annotated maternal utterances for 10 content types, and coded infants’ gaze target and object handling. Results show that all content types tended to repeat in consecutive utterances, whereas preferred transitions between different content types reflected sequences from attention‐capturing to directing and then descriptive utterances. Specific content types were associated with infants’ engagement with objects (declaratives, descriptions, object names), with disengagement from objects (talk about attention, infant's name), and with infants’ gaze at the mother (affirmations). We discuss how structured discourse might facilitate language acquisition by making speech input more predictable and/or by providing clues about high‐level form‐function mappings.
Reforming urban sanitation under decentralization: Cross‐country learning for Kenya and beyond
Authors: Mason Nathaniel , Oyaya Charles , Boulenouar Julia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMotivationAcross the Global South, unclear institutional frameworks undermine progress in improving services. Often, ongoing decentralization reforms reduce clarity further. Policy professionals working on institutional reform lack comparative models.PurposeTo identify key challenges for the institutional arrangements for urban sanitation in decentralizing contexts, in Kenya and elsewhere, and to propose possible responses.Approach and methodsWe use key informant interviews and literature review in a problem‐driven analysis, drawing from three comparative case studies: South Africa, Indonesia and Tamil Nadu State. The analysis builds upon research on institutional effectiveness—co‐operation, collaboration and co‐ordination—rooted in game theory and elaborated in the 2017 World Development Report.FindingsThree key problems in Kenya are identified: overlaps and competition around sector leadership at national and devolved levels; weak incentives for county governments to commit policy attention and finance, despite devolution; and limited regulatory oversight.Policy implicationsWe identify a range of options for urban sanitation policy‐makers: (a) to engage non‐sectoral authorities in co‐ordinating multi‐sectoral issues across all levels of government; (b) to encourage political commitment to pro‐poor sanitation services at decentralized levels; and (c) to use incentive‐based and risk‐based approaches to regulate decentralized entities and strengthen local capacity for monitoring and enforcement.
Practising politics: Technical project templates and political practice in aDFIDcountry office
Authors: Whitty Brendan S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDevelopment agencies including theUKDepartment for International Development (DFID) increasingly agree that if aid is to be effective, it should be politically smart and locally led. However, both the critical and the reformist literature have argued that development agencies persist with technical, template‐driven programming: political analysis and practice have not been widely institutionalized. This study aims to identify why development representations are persistently technical in their form, and what blockages have existed for developing locally grounded and politically aware programmes. The article presents an ethnography of the process of developing the core elements of the governance portfolio in an (anonymized)DFIDcountry office. Focusing on a key design workshop, the study is situated within a wider organizational ethnography. The persistently technical justifications for programmes are a result of the bureaucratic form itself, its accountability and approval processes. Political analyses represent countries in such a way that officials can prioritize selection from a repertoire of technical models. However, scepticism about the tractability of governance problems to such analyses and programming has led to an emerging understanding of politics that creates space within the bureaucratic form for politically aware practice. Politically aware programming should emphasize good operational practice over explicit analysis and should continue to emphasize technical models like the adaptive management models which create room for such practice.
Executive function subdomains are associated with post‐stroke functional outcome and permanent institutionalization
Authors: Laakso H. M. , Hietanen M. , Melkas S. , Sibolt G. , Curtze S. , Virta M. , Ylikoski R. , Pohjasvaara T. , Kaste M. , Erkinjuntti T. , Jokinen H. 
Published: November 2018

Background and purposeImpairment of executive functions (EFs) is a common cognitive symptom post‐stroke and affects independence in daily activities. Previous studies have often relied on brief cognitive tests not fully considering the wide spectrum of EF subdomains. A detailed assessment of EFs was used to examine which of the subdomains and tests have the strongest predictive value on post‐stroke functional outcome and institutionalization in long‐term follow‐up.MethodsA subsample of 62 patients from the Helsinki Stroke Aging Memory Study was evaluated with a battery of seven neuropsychological EF tests 3 months post‐stroke and compared to 39 healthy control subjects. Functional impairment was evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale at 3 months, and with the mRS at 15 months post‐stroke. Institutionalization was reviewed from the national registers of permanent hospital admissions in up to 21‐year follow‐up.ResultsThe stroke group performed more poorly than the control group in multiple EF tests. Tests of inhibition, set shifting, initiation, strategy formation and processing speed were associated with the mRS and IADL scale in stroke patients. EF subdomain scores of inhibition, set shifting and processing speed were associated with functional outcome. In addition, inhibition was associated with the risk for earlier institutionalization.ConclusionsExecutive function was strongly associated with post‐stroke functional impairment. In follow‐up, poor inhibition was related to earlier permanent institutionalization. The results suggest the prognostic value of EF subdomains after stroke.
Sapienza Global Bedside Evaluation of Swallowing after Stroke: theGLOBE‐3S study
Authors: Toscano M. , Viganò A. , Rea A. , Verzina A. , Sasso D'Elia T. , Puledda F. , Longo L. , Mancini V. , Ruggiero M. , Jannini T. B. , Giuliani G. , Albino F. , Altieri M. , Vicenzini E. , Fattapposta F. , Pauri F. , Giacomini P. , Ruoppolo G. , Di Piero V. 
Published: November 2018

Background and purposeDysphagia occurs in up to 50% of all patients with acute stroke. There is debate regarding which is the most effective screening tool in identifying aspiration in patients with acute stroke. We assessed the accuracy of the Sapienza Global Bedside Evaluation of Swallowing after Stroke (GLOBE‐3S), which combines the Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening Test (TOR‐BSST©) with oxygen desaturation and laryngeal elevation measurement during swallowing.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with stroke within 72 h of symptom onset. All patients with stroke firstly underwent a standard neurological examination, then theGLOBE‐3S evaluation and finally the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Two different assessors, a neurologist and a speech pathologist, blind to both the clinical data and each other's evaluation, administered theGLOBE‐3S andFEESexamination. We assessed the accuracy of theGLOBE‐3S in detecting post‐stroke swallow impairment with aspiration using theFEESas the standard.ResultsWe enrolled 50 patients with acute stroke, 28 of whom (56%) had swallowing impairment with aspiration atFEESevaluation. A total of 33 patients (66%) failed theGLOBE‐3S evaluation. TheGLOBE‐3S reached a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 77.3% (negative predictive value, 100%; positive likelihood ratio, 4.34). The median time required for theGLOBE‐3S to be performed was 297 s.ConclusionsGLOBE‐3S is quick to perform at the bedside and can accurately identify aspiration in patients with acute stroke. By including the measurement of laryngeal elevation and monitoring of oxygen desaturation, it could represent a highly sensitive instrument to avoid the misdiagnosis of silent aspirators.
Climate change does not affect the seafood quality of a commonly targeted fish
Authors: Coleman Melinda A. , Butcherine Peter , Kelaher Brendan P. , Broadhurst Matt K. , March Duane T. , Provost Euan J. , David Jamie , Benkendorff Kirsten 
Published: November 2018

AbstractClimate change can affect marine and estuarine fish via alterations to their distributions, abundances, sizes, physiology and ecological interactions, threatening the provision of ecosystem goods and services. While we have an emerging understanding of such ecological impacts to fish, we know little about the potential influence of climate change on the provision of nutritional seafood to sustain human populations. In particular, the quantity, quality and/or taste of seafood may be altered by future environmental changes with implications for the economic viability of fisheries. In an orthogonal mesocosm experiment, we tested the influence of near‐future ocean warming and acidification on the growth, health and seafood quality of a recreationally and commercially important fish, yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis). The growth of yellowfin bream significantly increased under near‐future temperature conditions (but not acidification), with little change in health (blood glucose and haematocrit) or tissue biochemistry and nutritional properties (fatty acids, lipids, macro‐ and micronutrients, moisture, ash and total N). Yellowfin bream appear to be highly resilient to predicted near‐future ocean climate change, which might be facilitated by their wide spatio‐temporal distribution across habitats and broad diet. Moreover, an increase in growth, but little change in tissue quality, suggests that near‐future ocean conditions will benefit fisheries and fishers that target yellowfin bream. The data reiterate the inherent resilience of yellowfin bream as an evolutionary consequence of their euryhaline status in often environmentally challenging habitats and imply their sustainable and viable fisheries into the future. We contend that widely distributed species that span large geographic areas and habitats can be “climate winners” by being resilient to the negative direct impacts of near‐future oceanic and estuarine climate change.
Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty
Authors: Tian Hanqin , Yang Jia , Xu Rongting , Lu Chaoqun , Canadell Josep G. , Davidson Eric A. , Jackson Robert B. , Arneth Almut , Chang Jinfeng , Ciais Philippe , Gerber Stefan , Ito Akihiko , Joos Fortunat , Lienert Sebastian , Messina Palmira , Olin Stefan , Pan Shufen , Peng Changhui , Saikawa Eri , Thompson Rona L. , Vuichard Nicolas , Winiwarter Wilfried , Zaehle Sönke , Zhang Bowen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOur understanding and quantification of global soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and the underlying processes remain largely uncertain. Here, we assessed the effects of multiple anthropogenic and natural factors, including nitrogen fertilizer (N) application, atmospheric N deposition, manure N application, land cover change, climate change, and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, on global soil N2O emissions for the period 1861–2016 using a standard simulation protocol with seven process‐based terrestrial biosphere models. Results suggest global soil N2O emissions have increased from 6.3 ± 1.1 Tg N2O‐N/year in the preindustrial period (the 1860s) to 10.0 ± 2.0 Tg N2O‐N/year in the recent decade (2007–2016). Cropland soil emissions increased from 0.3 Tg N2O‐N/year to 3.3 Tg N2O‐N/year over the same period, accounting for 82% of the total increase. Regionally, China, South Asia, and Southeast Asia underwent rapid increases in cropland N2O emissions since the 1970s. However, US cropland N2O emissions had been relatively flat in magnitude since the 1980s, and EU cropland N2O emissions appear to have decreased by 14%. Soil N2O emissions from predominantly natural ecosystems accounted for 67% of the global soil emissions in the recent decade but showed only a relatively small increase of 0.7 ± 0.5 Tg N2O‐N/year (11%) since the 1860s. In the recent decade, N fertilizer application, N deposition, manure N application, and climate change contributed 54%, 26%, 15%, and 24%, respectively, to the total increase. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration reduced soil N2O emissions by 10% through the enhanced plant N uptake, while land cover change played a minor role. Our estimation here does not account for indirect emissions from soils and the directed emissions from excreta of grazing livestock. To address uncertainties in estimating regional and global soil N2O emissions, this study recommends several critical strategies for improving the process‐based simulations.
Presenting signs and patient co‐variables in Gaucher disease: outcome of the Gaucher Earlier Diagnosis Consensus (GED‐C) Delphi initiative
Authors: Mehta Atul , Kuter David J. , Salek Sam S. , Belmatoug Nadia , Bembi Bruno , Bright Jeremy , vom Dahl Stephan , Deodato Federica , Di Rocco Maja , Göker‐Alpan Ozlem , Hughes Derralynn A. , Lukina Elena A. , Machaczka Maciej , Mengel Eugen , Nagral Aabha , Nakamura Kimitoshi , Narita Aya , Oliveri Beatriz , Pastores Gregory , Pérez‐López Jordi , Ramaswami Uma , Schwartz Ida V. , Szer Jeff , Weinreb Neal J. , Zimran Ari 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundGaucher disease (GD) presents with a range of signs and symptoms. Physicians can fail to recognise the early stages of GD owing to a lack of disease awareness, which can lead to significant diagnostic delays and sometimes irreversible but avoidable morbidities.AimThe Gaucher Earlier Diagnosis Consensus (GED‐C) initiative aimed to identify signs and co‐variables considered most indicative of early type 1 and type 3 GD, to help non‐specialists identify ‘at‐risk’ patients who may benefit from diagnostic testing.MethodsAn anonymous, three‐round Delphi consensus process was deployed among a global panel of 22 specialists in GD (median experience 17.5 years, collectively managing almost 3000 patients). The rounds entailed data gathering, then importance ranking and establishment of consensus, using 5‐point Likert scales and scoring thresholds defined a priori.ResultsFor type 1 disease, seven major signs (splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, bone‐related manifestations, anaemia, hyperferritinaemia, hepatomegaly and gammopathy) and two major co‐variables (family history of GD and Ashkenazi‐Jewish ancestry) were identified. For type 3 disease, nine major signs (splenomegaly, oculomotor disturbances, thrombocytopenia, epilepsy, anaemia, hepatomegaly, bone pain, motor disturbances and kyphosis) and one major co‐variable (family history of GD) were identified. Lack of disease awareness, overlooking mild early signs and failure to consider GD as a diagnostic differential were considered major barriers to early diagnosis.ConclusionThe signs and co‐variables identified in the GED‐C initiative as potentially indicative of early GD will help to guide non‐specialists and raise their index of suspicion in identifying patients potentially suitable for diagnostic testing for GD.
Identification of a variant associated with early‐onset diabetes in the intron of the insulin gene with exome sequencing
Authors: Matsuno Shohei , Furuta Hiroto , Kosaka Kitaro , Doi Asako , Yorifuji Tohru , Fukuda Takuya , Senmaru Takafumi , Uraki Shinsuke , Matsutani Norihiko , Furuta Machi , Mishima Hiroyuki , Iwakura Hiroshi , Nishi Masahiro , Yoshiura Kohichiro , Fukui Michiaki , Akamizu Takashi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWhole‐exome sequencing is a new technology. We used it to explore the gene responsible for early‐onset diabetes as a result of impaired insulin secretion in a family. In the INS gene, we identified the heterozygous c.188‐31G>A mutation in the proband – a 43‐year‐old woman. The mutation was also identified in her two daughters with diabetes, but not in her son or her parents, all of whom did not have diabetes. The substitution was located 31 bp proximal to exon 3 in intron 2. It was predicted to create an ectopic splice site leading to inserting 29 nucleotides of intron 2 as an exonic sequence in the transcript. The mutation has been reported in White families, and the present case is the first report in an Asian person. The present results would help in understanding the role of the mutation in developing diabetes.