bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bismuth(III) bromide-thioamide complexes: synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic properties
Authors: Cakmak M. , Ozturk I.I. , Banti C.N. , Manoli M. , Moushi E. , Tasiopoulos A.J. , Grześkiewicz A.M. , Kubicki M. , Hadjikakou S.K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNew bismuth(III) bromine compounds of the heterocyclic thioamides were prepared and structurally characterized. The reaction of heterocyclic thioamides with bismuth(III) bromide resulted in the formation of the {[BiBr2(μ2-Br)(MMI)2]2·CH3COCH3·H2O} (1), {[BiBr2(MBZIM)4]·Br·2H2O} (2), {[BiBr2(μ2-Br)(tHPMT)2]2·CH3CN} (3), {[BiBr2(μ2-Br)(PYT)2]2·CH3CN} (4) and {[BiBr2(μ2-Br)(MBZT)2]22CH3OH} (5) complexes (MMI: 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole, MBZIM: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, tHPMT: 2-mercapto-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-pyrimidine, PYT: 2-mercaptopyridine and MBZT: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole). The complexes1–5were characterized by melting point (m.p.), elemental analysis (e.a.), molar conductivity, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier-transform Raman (FT-Raman), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and13CNMR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The molecular structures of1–5were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex2is a first ionic monomuclear octahedral bismuth(III) bromide, while the complexes1,3–5are the first examples of dinuclear bismuth(III) bromide derivatives. Complexes1–5were evaluated in terms of theirin vitrocytotoxic activity against human adenocarcinoma breast (MCF-7) and cervix (HeLa) cells. The toxicity on normal human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) was also evaluated. Moreover, the complexes1–5and free heterocyclic thioamide ligands were studied upon the catalytic peroxidation of the linoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX).
The Impact of New Drug Launches on Longevity Growth in Nine Middle Eastern and African Countries, 2007–2015
Authors: Lichtenberg Frank R 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This study provides econometric evidence about the impact that new chemical entity (NCE) launches had on premature mortality from 17 diseases in 9 Middle Eastern and African countries during the period 2007–2015.
The greater the relative number of NCEs for a disease launched in a country, the greater the subsequent relative decline in premature mortality from that disease, controlling for the average rate of mortality decline in each country and from each disease.
An 8-year increase in the number of post-1992 NCEs ever launched is estimated to have reduced the number of years of potential life lost before age 75 (YPLL75) in 2015 by 9.5 %. This is approximately half of the 18.9 % reduction in YPLL75, and about one-third of the 29.7 % reduction in the premature mortality rate. In the absence of 8 previous years of NCE launches, 2.80 million additional YPLL before age 75 would have been lost in 2015.
Expenditure on new drugs per life-year below age 75 gained in 2015 from the drugs was $US 834. According to the standards of the WHO’s Choosing Interventions that are cost–effective project, new drugs launched in the nine ME&A countries were very cost–effective overall.
Graffiti slogans and the construction of collective identity: evidence from the anti-austerity protests in Greece
Authors: Serafis Dimitris , Kitis E. Dimitris , Archakis Argiris 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article examines the way that collective identity was discursively constructed during the anti-austerity protests of 28 and 29 June 2011 on the environs of the Greek Parliament. Drawing on the framework of critical discourse analysis, we study the interrelation between macro-level (dominant) values and views, and micro-level individual positions as expressed in graffiti slogans that appeared during the protests. The graffiti data comes from a personal archive which consists of 40 slogans, collected during June 2011. We conduct a systemic-functional analysis to scrutinize the transitivity structures of graffiti slogans, employing the notion of anti-language as central to the micro-level. We then draw on the notion of collective identity to frame the graffiti at the macro-level. Among our main findings is that the writers of graffiti slogans construct their collective identity on a two-fold oppositional axis: the first consists of the dominant institutions or “others,” which are negatively represented, while the second consists of a positively represented and inclusive in-group or “we.” The focus on graffiti has two manifest and interrelated goals: (a) to scrutinize the protesters’ semiotics in order to piece together their identity, thus avoiding subsequent hegemonic interpretations of the participants’ identity; and (b) to preserve the elaborate counter-reality constructed by these ephemeral messages against the official and “mainstream” discourses and their reality.
Theta Bursts Precede, and Spindles Follow, Cortical and Thalamic Downstates in Human NREM Sleep
Authors: Gonzalez Christopher E. , Mak-McCully Rachel A. , Rosen Burke Q. , Cash Sydney S. , Chauvel Patrick Y. , Bastuji Hélène , Rey Marc , Halgren Eric 
Published: September 2018

Since their discovery, slow oscillations have been observed to group spindles during non-REM sleep. Previous studies assert that the slow-oscillation downstate (DS) is preceded by slow spindles (10–12 Hz) and followed by fast spindles (12–16 Hz). Here, using both direct transcortical recordings in patients with intractable epilepsy (n= 10, 8 female), as well as scalp EEG recordings from a healthy cohort (n= 3, 1 female), we find in multiple cortical areas that both slow and fast spindles follow the DS. Although discrete oscillations do precede DSs, they are theta bursts (TBs) centered at 5–8 Hz. TBs were more pronounced for DSs in NREM stage 2 (N2) sleep compared with N3. TB with similar properties occur in the thalamus, but unlike spindles they have no clear temporal relationship with cortical TB. These differences in corticothalamic dynamics, as well as differences between spindles and theta in coupling high-frequency content, are consistent with NREM theta having separate generative mechanisms from spindles. The final inhibitory cycle of the TB coincides with the DS peak, suggesting that in N2, TB may help trigger the DS. Since the transition to N1 is marked by the appearance of theta, and the transition to N2 by the appearance of DS and thus spindles, a role of TB in triggering DS could help explain the sequence of electrophysiological events characterizing sleep. Finally, the coordinated appearance of spindles and DSs are implicated in memory consolidation processes, and the current findings redefine their temporal coupling with theta during NREM sleep.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSleep is characterized by large slow waves which modulate brain activity. Prominent among these are downstates (DSs), periods of a few tenths of a second when most cells stop firing, and spindles, oscillations at ∼12 times a second lasting for ∼a second. In this study, we provide the first detailed description of another kind of sleep wave: theta bursts (TBs), a brief oscillation at ∼six cycles per second. We show, recording during natural sleep directly from the human cortex and thalamus, as well as on the scalp, that TBs precede, and spindles follow DSs. TBs may help trigger DSs in some circumstances, and could organize cortical and thalamic activity so that memories can be consolidated during sleep.
Angiopoietin/Tie2 Axis Regulates the Age-at-Injury Cerebrovascular Response to Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Brickler Thomas R. , Hazy Amanda , Guilhaume Correa Fernanda , Dai Rujuan , Kowalski Elizabeth J.A. , Dickerson Ross , Chen Jiang , Wang Xia , Morton Paul D. , Whittington Abby , Ahmed Ansar , Theus Michelle H. 
Published: September 2018

Although age-at-injury influences chronic recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI), the differential effects of age on early outcome remain understudied. Using a male murine model of moderate contusion injury, we investigated the underlying mechanism(s) regulating the distinct response between juvenile and adult TBI. We demonstrate similar biomechanical and physical properties of naive juvenile and adult brains. However, following controlled cortical impact (CCI), juvenile mice displayed reduced cortical lesion formation, cell death, and behavioral deficits at 4 and 14 d. Analysis of high-resolution laser Doppler imaging showed a similar loss of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the ipsilateral cortex at 3 and 24 h post-CCI, whereas juvenile mice showed enhanced subsequent restoration at 2–4 d compared with adults. These findings correlated with reduced blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and increased perilesional vessel density. To address whether an age-dependent endothelial cell (EC) response affects vessel stability and tissue outcome, we magnetically isolated CD31+ECs from sham and injured cortices and evaluated mRNA expression. Interestingly, we found increased transcripts for BBB stability-related genes and reduced expression of BBB-disrupting genes in juveniles compared with adults. These differences were concomitant with significant changes in miRNA-21-5p and miR-148a levels. Accompanying these findings was robust GFAP immunoreactivity, which was not resolved by day 35. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of EC-specific Tie2 signaling abolished the juvenile protective effects. These findings shed new mechanistic light on the divergent effects that age plays on acute TBI outcome that are both spatial and temporal dependent.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlthough a clear “window of susceptibility” exists in the developing brain that could deter typical developmental trajectories if exposed to trauma, a number of preclinical models have demonstrated evidence of early recovery in younger patients. Our findings further demonstrate acute neuroprotection and improved restoration of cerebral blood flow in juvenile mice subjected to cortical contusion injury compared with adults. We also demonstrate a novel role for endothelial cell-specific Tie2 signaling in this age-related response, which is known to promote barrier stability, is heightened in the injured juvenile vasculature, and may be exploited for therapeutic interventions across the age spectrum following traumatic brain injury.
Emergence of Binocular Disparity Selectivity through Hebbian Learning
Authors: Chauhan Tushar , Masquelier Timothée , Montlibert Alexandre , Cottereau Benoit R. 
Published: September 2018

Neural selectivity in the early visual cortex strongly reflects the statistics of our environment (Barlow, 2001; Geisler, 2008). Although this has been described extensively in literature through various encoding hypotheses (Barlow and Földiák, 1989; Atick and Redlich, 1992; Olshausen and Field, 1996), an explanation as to how the cortex might develop the computational architecture to support these encoding schemes remains elusive. Here, using the more realistic example of binocular vision as opposed to monocular luminance-field images, we show how a simple Hebbian coincidence-detector is capable of accounting for the emergence of binocular, disparity selective, receptive fields. We propose a model based on spike timing-dependent plasticity, which not only converges to realistic single-cell and population characteristics, but also demonstrates how known biases in natural statistics may influence population encoding and downstream correlates of behavior. Furthermore, we show that the receptive fields we obtain are closer in structure to electrophysiological data reported in macaques than those predicted by normative encoding schemes (Ringach, 2002). We also demonstrate the robustness of our model to the input dataset, noise at various processing stages, and internal parameter variation. Together, our modeling results suggest that Hebbian coincidence detection is an important computational principle and could provide a biologically plausible mechanism for the emergence of selectivity to natural statistics in the early sensory cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeural selectivity in the early visual cortex is often explained through encoding schemes that postulate that the computational aim of early sensory processing is to use the least possible resources (neurons, energy) to code the most informative features of the stimulus (information efficiency). In this article, using stereo images of natural scenes, we demonstrate how a simple Hebbian rule can lead to the emergence of a disparity-selective neural population that not only shows realistic single-cell and population tunings, but also demonstrates how known biases in natural statistics may influence population encoding and downstream correlates of behavior. Our approach allows us to view early neural selectivity, not as an optimization problem, but as an emergent property driven by biological rules of plasticity.
Molecular and Genetic Evidence for the PDGFRα-Independent Population of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in the Developing Mouse Brain
Authors: Zheng Kang , Wang Chunyang , Yang Junlin , Huang Hao , Zhao Xiaofeng , Zhang Zunyi , Qiu Mengsheng 
Published: September 2018

PDGFRα, specifically expressed by immature oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the CNS, plays a critical role in OPC proliferation and migration. However, it has been uncertain whether all cells of oligodendrocyte lineage are derived from the PDGFRα-expressing OPCs. In the present study, we uncovered a PDGFRα-independent oligodendrocyte lineage in the developing cortex. This OPC subpopulation originates from the local ventricular/subventricular zone after birth and contributes to the earliest mature oligodendrocytes in the cortex. PDGFRα signaling does not regulate the generation and differentiation of cortical OPCs. Fate-mapping studies in the PDGFRαCreER; Sox10-GFP/tdTom double-transgenic mice of either sex have further corroborated the PDGFRα-independent oligodendrocyte lineage. This study provides additional missing genetic evidence for PDGFRα-independent oligodendrocyte lineage in the developing hindbrain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis is the first report of a subpopulation of oligodendrocyte lineage in the developing mouse cortex independent of PDGFRα signaling. These oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are generated from the local ventral ventricular zone/subventricular zone after birth, and contribute to the earliest mature oligodendrocytes in the cortex.
Genomic Analyses of Visual Cognition: Perceptual Rivalry and Top-Down Control
Authors: Chen Biqing , Zhu Zijian , Na Ren , Fang Wan , Zhang Wenxia , Zhou Qin , Zhou Shanbi , Lei Han , Huang Ailong , Chen Tingmei , Ni Dongsheng , Gu Yuping , Liu Jianing , Fang Fang , Rao Yi 
Published: September 2018

Visual cognition in humans has traditionally been studied with cognitive behavioral methods and brain imaging, but much less with genetic methods. Perceptual rivalry, an important phenomenon in visual cognition, is the spontaneous perceptual alternation that occurs between two distinct interpretations of a physically constant visual stimulus (e.g., binocular rivalry stimuli) or a perceptually ambiguous stimulus (e.g., the Necker cube). The switching rate varies dramatically across individuals and can be voluntarily modulated by observers. Here, we adopted a genomic approach to systematically investigate the genetics underlying binocular rivalry, Necker cube rivalry and voluntary modulation of Necker cube rivalry in young Chinese adults (Homo sapiens, 81% female, 20 ± 1 years old) at multiple levels, including common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability estimation, SNP-based genome-wide association study (GWAS), gene-based analysis, and pathway analysis. We performed a pilot GWAS in 2441 individuals and replicated it in an independent cohort of 943 individuals. Common SNP-based heritability was estimated to be 25% for spontaneous perceptual rivalry. SNPs rs184765639 and rs75595941 were associated with voluntary modulation, and imaging data suggested genotypic difference of rs184765639 in the surface area of the left caudal-middle frontal cortex. Additionally, converging evidence from multilevel analyses associated genes such asPRMT1with perceptual switching rate, andMIR1178with voluntary modulation strength. In summary, this study discovered specific genetic contributions to perceptual rivalry and its voluntary modulation in human beings. These findings may promote our understanding of psychiatric disorders, as perceptual rivalry is a potential psychiatric biomarker.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPerceptual rivalry is an important visual phenomenon in which our perception of a physically constant visual input spontaneously switches between two different states. There are individual variations in perceptual switching rate and voluntary modulation strength. Our genomic analyses reveal several loci associated with these two kinds of variation. Because perceptual rivalry is thought to be relevant to and potentially an endophenotype for psychiatric disorders, these results may help understand not only visual cognition, but also psychiatric disorders.
Effects of conventional and reduced tillage methods on some traits of wheat in cotton-wheat system
Authors: YILDIRIM Mustafa , DUMLUPINAR Ziya , TANER Alper 
Published: September 2018

Tillage is one of the
most important agronomical practices especially for plant height (PH), grain
yield (GY) and yield components in wheat production. This study was carried out
in 2007–08 and 2008–09 growing seasons in
Kahramanmaras, Turkey, to investigate
response of five wheat cultivars (Adana, Ceyhan, Dogankent, Menemen and
Yuregir) to conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) systems after cotton
harvest for PH, number of fertile
spikes per m2 (SM), spike length (SL), number of fertile spikelets
spike–1 (SS), number of grains spike–1
(GS), 1000–kernel
weight (KW) and GY components.
The soil was ploughed at a depth of 25–30 cm in CT system, while it was not
used in RT. The results indicated that all traits had greater values in 2008–09 than in 2007–08 except KW and GY. The tillage
systems significantly affected
PH, SM, SL, SS, GS and GY
except KW. Over the two years,
values of all traits in CT were higher than those of&nbsp; RT. There
was a significant and positive correlation for GY, SS, GS and KW between CT and
RT. The cultivars were affected by year and tillage system. Dogankent
cultivar had better performance and stable for most of the traits compared to
others under CT and RT in both years.&nbsp;
Multiple shoot regeneration of an important equatorial forage plant Indigofera zollingeriana Miq.
Authors: ÖZEL Çiğdem Alev , MAESAROH Siti 
Published: September 2018

Indigofera zollingeriana is an important protein rich
forage&nbsp;&nbsp; and dye plant species that grows
widely in Indonesia. It is difficult to propagate the plant through seeds due
to high dormancy. Therefore, there is need to develop both in vitro and ex vitro propagation techniques of I. zollingeriana. This study aimed to develop a protocol for multiple
shoot regeneration of the plant under in
vitro conditions using different combinations of&nbsp;&nbsp; BAP+0.01 mg/L NAA. The results showed that both epigeal and cotyledon node
explants have high potential to regenerate with maximum number of regenerated
shoots noted on the epigeal and the cotyledon node explants
using MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L BAP + 0.01 mg/L of NAA and 1.0 mg/L BAP +
0.01 mg/L of NAA in the same order. The shoots regenerated on all combinations
of BAP+NAA were rooted using 0.5 mg/L IBA that promoted rooting in effective
manner. The rooted plants were easily acclimatized to external conditions in an
environmental chamber. The results suggest that I. zollengriana plant species is no more difficult to regenerate
under in vitro conditions. This research
will aid in future studies related to breeding, propagation, biosynthesis
and extraction of active
compounds.
Tunceli Dağ Sarımsağının (Allium tuncelianum) Rat Kalp Dokusu Antioksidan Enzim Düzeylerine Etkisi ve Fenolik Bileşenlerinin Karakterizasyonu
Authors: TAKIM Kasım , KUTLU Türkan , KARAASLAN Merve Gökşin , YILMAZ Mustafa Abdullah 
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışmada, Allium tuncelianum'un su ekstraktlarının, fenolik
bileşikleri LC-MS/MS ve HPLC ile belirlenmiştir.
Antioksidan enzim düzeylerine etkisini belirlemek için Wistar albino tipi dişi
sıçanlar kullanılmıştır. Her grupta 8 adet (n= 8) hayvan içeren 5 grup
oluşturuldu. Birinci grup kontrol, ikinci grup 7,12 Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
(DMBA) , üçüncü ve dördüncü grup DMBA + 250 ve 500 mg/kg/gün A.tuncelianum, beşinci grup DMBA + 200
mg/kg E vitamini (haftada iki kez) verilmiştir. Deney hayvanları bir ay
süresince beslenmiş ve dekapite edilerek kalp dokusu alınmıştır. Allium tuncelianum'un su ekstraktının kalp dokusu
üzerine antioksidan ve oksidatif stres markırı olan; katalaz (CAT) ve süpeoksit
dismutaz (SOD), malondialdehit (MDA) ve total glutatyon (GSH) parametreleri
incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda Allium tuncelianum'un su ekstraktının fenolik bileşik çeşitliliği açısından fakir ancak
diğer bazı bileşenler (pirokatekol,
kainik asit, fumarik asit ve malik
asit) açısından oldukça zengin bir içeriğe sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Kalp
dokusunda antioksidan enzim (CAT, SOD) düzeylerinin oksidatif stres oluşturulan
gruplarda, kontrol gruplarına göre anlamlı bir şekilde (p&lt;0.05) azaldığı
belirlenmiştir.&nbsp; Allium tuncelianum ekstreleri verilen gruplarda; CAT enzim
aktivitesinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı (p&lt;0.05) azalma, SOD enzim
aktivitesinde 7,12-DMBA verilen gruba göre istatiksel olarak anlamlı
(p&lt;0.05) artma gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca 7,12-DMBA verilen gruba göre MDA
düzeylerinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı (p&lt;0.05) azalma görülmüştür. Bu
sonuçlar; Allium tuncelianum'un su ekstraktlarının, SOD enzim aktivitesini artırarak
ve MDA düzeyini azaltarak oksidatif stresi önleyebileceğini göstermektedir.
Yemlerine Farklı ve Artan Miktarlarda Doğal Zeolit (Klinoptilolit) Katılan Etlik Piliçlerin Besi Performanslarının Belirlenmesi
Authors: YETER Beyhan , GÖKÇE Gülin 
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışma, farklı düzeylerde ve artan oranlarda
zeolit içeren yemin, etlik civcivlerin besi performansına etkilerini incelemek
amacıyla, KSÜ HAYMER’de bulunan
etlik civciv kümesinde, tesadüf parseller deneme deseninde 3 grup ve her grup
için 3 tekerrürden oluşmuştur. Her tekerrüre karışık cinsiyette 40 adet Ross
308 civciv 4’er m2’lik alana konulmuştur. Denemede standart 4 çeşit
ticari yem 1-10, 11-21, 22-35 ve 36-42. günler arasında
kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubuna zeolit ilavesi yapılmazken, muamele 1
grubundaki hayvanlara % 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 oranlarında, muamele 2 grubundaki
hayvanlara %1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 oranlarında zeolit sırası ile 1-14, 15-21, 22-35 ve
36-42 günlerde ilave edilmiştir. Denemeye alınan
hayvanların tamamı haftalık olarak tartılmış, ortalama canlı ağırlıkları ve yem
dönüşüm oranları belirlenmiştir.&nbsp; Deneme
sonunda, 4.
haftada canlı ağırlık bakımından gruplar arasında istatistikî bir fark
görülmüştür(P&lt;0.05). Ancak deneme sonunda (6. hafta) canlı ağırlık
bakımından gruplar arasında istatistikî olarak bir fark
görülmemiştir(P&gt;0.05). Grup 1, grup 2 ve kontrol gruplarındaki piliçlerin 6.
hafta sonundaki canlı ağırlıkları sırası ile 2620.0, 2621.0 ve 2619.7 g olarak
bulunmuştur. Yem dönüşüm oranı (FCR) bakımından da gruplar arasında tüm
haftalarda istatistikî bir fark bulunamamıştır(P&gt;0.05). Muamele ve kontrol
gruplarındaki hayvanların 6. hafta sonundaki yem dönüşüm oranları sırası ile
1.663, 1.640 ve 1.637 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak; etlik piliç
yetiştiriciliğinde yemlerine farklı düzeylerde ve artan oranlarda ilave
edilen zeolit canlı
ağırlıkta bir artış olmadığı ve yem dönüşüm oranı değerlerini değiştirmediği
belirlenmiştir.