bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical buckling loads for corner supported rectangular orthotropic and symmetrically laminated plates
Authors: Tenenbaum J. , Deutsch A. , Eisenberger M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this research we present a new analytical solution for finding the buckling loads of thin isotropic and orthotropic rectangular plates in which all four corners are supported. This new solution is also capable of solving all cases where few or all the edges are supported. The methods that are currently known in the literature for finding the buckling loads of plates are mainly numerical. Although some plates with specific boundary conditions have analytical solutions, a comprehensive analytical method providing analytical solutions that fit all possible combinations of boundary conditions is lacking. The solution method in this study is based on the development of a static solution for a plate. The physical meaning of buckling is the loss of stiffness, and it is found as the value of the in‐plane loading intensity at which a zero force on the plate surface will generate infinite displacement. The solution is obtained in series form, and the coefficients are solved to match the edge conditions. Using this new method, exact buckling loads and buckling modes of many new cases of classical boundary conditions are found. Results are given for several stiffness ratios in both directions of the plate, and for uni‐directional and bi‐directional loading.
Reliability analysis for seismic capacity of casing strings
Authors: Gao Jinwei , Shi Wen , Cui Shaohua , Jiao Yongfeng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBased on the analysis of seismic intensity and randomness, an earthquake intensity probability model is built, and the relationship between seismic intensity and seismic acceleration is presented. The distribution law of casing parameters, including outer diameter, wall thickness, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, is described by analyzing the randomness of casing geometry and mechanical properties. With the setting up a mechanical model of the casing strings in earthquakes, and using the spectral modal analysis theory and the equivalent static load method, the calculation method of the equivalent load of casing strings under seismic action is studied. The limit state equations of various failure forms of casing strings in earthquakes are established. Based on the theory of structural reliability, the reliability model of casing strings under seismic action is built. The seismic reliability of casing strings is calculated, and the calculation results are verified by field data. The calculation results show that influence of earthquake on safety and reliability of casing strings is very serious for long service life oil and gas wells in areas where the seismic fortification intensity is high.
Unmarried Youth Pregnancy, Outcomes, and Social Factors in China: Findings From a Nationwide Population-Based Survey
Authors: Guo Chao , Pang Lihua , Ding Ruoxi , Song Xinming , Chen Gong , Zheng Xiaoying 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Early pregnancies and their poor reproductive outcomes remain increasing concerns.

Aim
This study aims to investigate the pregnancy rate and outcomes and to identify social factors associated with pregnancy among Chinese unmarried youths aged 15–24 years.

Methods
Data were obtained from the Survey of Youth Access to Reproductive Health in China, and 11,076 unmarried female youths were analyzed. Prevalence of pregnancy by various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics was calculated. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with pregnancy.

Main Outcome Measure
The main outcome is pregnancy among unmarried female youths during their lifetime.

Results
Among 11,076 female youths, 501 individuals reported 697 premarital pregnancies during their lifetime until the survey was conducted, approximately 62.9 (95% CI: 58.5–67.6) pregnancies per 1,000 female youths. Older age group (odds ratio [OR] = 4.49; 95% CI = 3.60–5.59), low education levels (primary school and below: OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.33–2.37; junior and senior high school: OR 1.44, 95% CI = 1.15–1.80), living in non-eastern regions (central: OR 1.34, 95% CI = 1.06–1.68; west: OR 1.62, 95% CI = 1.28–2.04), cigarette smoking (OR 3.60, 95% CI = 2.76–4.70), alcohol drinking (OR 1.59, 95% CI = 1.28–1.97), from family with mother’s education of primary school and below (OR 1.65, 95% CI = 1.11–2.46), and the bottom economic status (OR 1.48, 95% CI = 1.14–1.91) were associated with higher risk of premarital pregnancy among female youths.

Conclusion
The findings justify the national concern for pregnancy among unmarried youth in China. Strategies to improve sexual education in school and family, to enhance the reproductive services for youth, and to increase public awareness of the reproductive health of young people were warranted.
Excavating Repositories: Academic Research Projects Using Archaeological Collections
Authors: Schiappacasse Paola A. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTAround the world, archaeological collections are curated in museums, universities, foundations, government agencies, and other organizations. Some are carefully documented and readily accessible, while others are languishing in substandard conditions as a direct result of the curation crisis. This article highlights the value of collection-based research. It encourages the mutually beneficial approach of training students in both collection preservation and collection-based research and demonstrates other ways to obtain data for research projects, aside from excavation. Using my collections-based research carried out in Puerto Rico and the continental United States as a case study, I draw attention to the valuable information that can be derived from acquisition and accession documents and offer ways to incorporate new datasets. This allows for more accurate narratives of collections’ historiographies.
Crimes Against the Sovereign Order: Rethinking International Criminal Justice
Authors: Liss Ryan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe scope of international criminal jurisdiction poses a fundamental challenge for criminal law theory. Prevailing justifications for the state's authority to punish crime assume the existence of connections between the state and either the criminal or the crime that are not always present in the international criminal context. Recognizing this gap, this Article introduces a new theory of what distinguishes international crimes from domestic crimes and justifies the unusual scope of international criminal jurisdiction. As this Article explains, international crimes are unique in the way they undermine international society's structure as a system of sovereign states.
Phenology of seed maturation in babysbreath (Gypsophila paniculata) in northwest Michigan, USA, and its relation to glyphosate efficacy
Authors: Rice Emma K. , Martínez-Oquendo Pamela , McNair James N. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBabysbreath or perennial babysbreath (Gypsophila paniculata L.) is an aggressive invasive plant in large parts of southern Canada and the northern and western United States. It reproduces and disperses by seed, so the phenology of seed maturation is important in designing management programs. The present study provides the first quantitative assessment of G. paniculata seed-maturation phenology in a field population, as well as the first quantitative assessment of how the efficacy of herbicide treatment in preventing production of germinable seeds depends on the timing of treatment in relation to this phenology. Seeds were collected from untreated plants on five dates during July and August in both 2016 and 2017 and tested for germinability. Percent germination increased from 20% to 81% between July 22 and 28 and exceeded 90% by August 4, 2016. The seed-maturation phenology in 2017 was similar but delayed by about 4 d. On a growing degree-day scale, seed-maturation phenologies for the 2 yr were nearly identical. We also tested germinability of seeds from plants sprayed with glyphosate (23.4 ml ae L−1) on July 11, 18, and 25, 2016 (one date per plant). Percent germination increased from 0% to 13% to 20% over successive treatment dates, highlighting the importance of completing treatment early in the growing season.
Distance and percentage distance from median BMI as alternatives to BMI z score
Authors: Freedman David S. , Woo Jessica G. , Ogden Cynthia L. , Xu Ji H. , Cole Tim J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBMI z (BMIz) score based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts is widely used, but it is inaccurate above the 97th percentile. We explored the performance of alternative metrics based on the absolute distance or % distance of a child’s BMI from the median BMI for sex and age. We used longitudinal data from 5628 children who were first examined <12 years to compare the tracking of three BMI metrics: distance from median, % distance from median and % distance from median on a log scale. We also explored the effects of adjusting these metrics for age differences in the distribution of BMI. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to compare tracking of the metrics. Metrics based on % distance (whether on the original or log scale) yielded higher ICCs compared with distance from median. The ICCs of the age-adjusted metrics were higher than that of the unadjusted metrics, particularly among children who were (1) overweight or had obesity, (2) younger and (3) followed for >3 years. The ICCs of the age-adjusted metrics were also higher compared with that of BMIz among children who were overweight or obese. Unlike BMIz, these alternative metrics do not have an upper limit and can be used for assessing BMI in all children, even those with very high BMIs. The age-adjusted % from median (on a log or linear scale) works well for all ages, while unadjusted % from median is better limited to older children or short follow-up periods.
Dizziness, driving, and the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency: audit of advice given to patients, and design of a patient information leaflet
Authors: Sinnott J D , Mahoney H , Wilkinson A S , Broomfield S J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundEvidence from the literature shows that clinicians’ knowledge of rules and legislation surrounding driving can often be poor. A closed-loop audit was conducted to gauge the level of driving advice given to patients with dizziness.MethodsThe clinical notes of 100 patients referred to the vertigo clinic at a tertiary referral centre were retrospectively searched for evidence of driving advice. Education sessions were undertaken and a patient information leaflet was developed before a second cycle of the audit.Results and conclusionThe proportion of patients having documented evidence of receiving driving advice increased from 6.3 per cent to 10.4 per cent. It is therefore clear that, despite this improvement, a significant proportion of patients’ notes did not contain documentation about driving. This is likely because of many reasons, including individual interpretation by clinicians. This paper provides a reminder of the rules, and discusses their interpretation and implementation in an increasingly medicolegal environment.
Word knowledge, learning and acquisition in a second language: Proposed replications of Elgort (2011) and Qiao and Forster (2017)
Authors: Elgort Irina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhat does it mean to learn a word? How can we tell when a sequence of letters or sounds becomes a word in the mind of the learner? While many second language (L2) vocabulary teaching and learning studies continue to use traditional vocabulary tests to measure learning (such as multiple choice, translation, gap-fill), these measures tend to come short when researchers want to address theoretical questions about the nature of L2 word knowledge. In the present paper, I argue for conceptualising word learning as lexicalisation, which necessitates the use of alternative approaches to measuring learning. I then propose approximate and conceptual replications of two theoretically motivated L2 word learning studies, Elgort (2011) and Qiao and Forster (2017), that used the Prime Lexicality Effect as a measure of lexicalisation of deliberately learned L2 words.
LOG-CONCAVITY OF COMPOUND DISTRIBUTIONS WITH APPLICATIONS IN OPERATIONAL AND ACTUARIAL MODELS
Authors: Badía F. G. , Sangüesa C. , Federgruen A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe establish that a random sum of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random quantities has a log-concave cumulative distribution function (cdf) if (i) the random number of terms in the sum has a log-concave probability mass function (pmf) and (ii) the distribution of the i.i.d. terms has a non-increasing density function (when continuous) or a non-increasing pmf (when discrete). We illustrate the usefulness of this result using a standard actuarial risk model and a replacement model.We apply this fundamental result to establish that a compound renewal process observed during a random time interval has a log-concave cdf if the observation time interval and the inter-renewal time distribution have log-concave densities, while the compounding distribution has a decreasing density or pmf. We use this second result to establish the optimality of a so-called (s,S) policy for various inventory models with a stock-out cost coefficient of dimension [$/unit], significantly generalizing the conditions for the demand and leadtime processes, in conjunction with the cost structure in these models. We also identify the implications of our results for various algorithmic approaches to compute optimal policy parameters.
Gender, Race, Age, and National Origin Predict Whether Faculty Assign Female-Authored Readings in Graduate Syllabi
Authors: Smith Amy Erica , Hardt Heidi , Meister Philippe , Kim Hannah June 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTNumerous studies document female scholars’ underrepresentation in political science publications and citations, yet few examine graduate syllabi. In this study, we assess the impact of instructors’ individual characteristics (i.e., race, gender, and age) on which readings they assign. We use what is—to our knowledge—the largest dataset of graduate readings to date: the GRaduate Assignments DataSet (GRADS), with 75,601 readings from 840 syllabi in 94 US PhD programs. We report several findings. First, overall, instructors infrequently assign female-authored scholarship relative to the rates at which women publish. Second, instructors who are women, people of color, and those from more gender-equal countries assign significantly more female-authored readings than white male instructors and those from less gender-equal countries. Third, among women—but not men—older instructors assign more female-authored work. We suggest that women’s underrepresentation on syllabi may contribute to “the leaky pipeline,” which describes women’s attrition from academic careers.
An exposé of the realpolitik of trade negotiations: implications for population nutrition
Authors: Friel Sharon , Baker Phillip , Thow Anne-Marie , Gleeson Deborah , Townsend Belinda , Schram Ashley 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjective:To explore the formal and informal ways in which different actors involved in shaping trade agreements pursue their interests and understand the interactions with nutrition, in order to improve coherence between trade and nutrition policy goals.Design:The paper draws on empirical evidence from Australian key informant interviews that explore the underlying political dimensions of trade agreements that act as barriers or facilitators to getting nutrition objectives on trade agendas.Setting:Countries experiencing greater availability and access to diets full of energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods through increased imports, greater foreign direct investment and increasing constraints on national health policy space as a result of trade agreements.Participants:Interviews took place with Australian government officials, industry, public-interest non-government organizations and academics.Results:The analysis reveals the formal and informal mechanisms and structures that different policy actors use both inside and outside trade negotiations to pursue their interests. The analysis also identifies the discourses used by the different actors, as they attempt to influence trade agreements in ways that support or undermine nutrition-related goals.Conclusions:Moving forward requires policy makers, researchers and health advocates to use various strategies including: reframing the role of trade agreements to include health outcomes; reforming the process to allow greater access and voice to health arguments and stakeholders; establishing cross-government partners through accountable committees; and building circles of consensus and coalitions of sympathetic public-interest actors.
Vitamin D sufficiency in young Brazilian children: associated factors and relationship with vitamin A corrected for inflammatory status
Authors: Lourenço Bárbara H , Silva Lara LS , Fawzi Wafaie W , Cardoso Marly A ,   for the ENFAC Working Group
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjective:To assess sociodemographic, nutritional and health conditions associated with vitamin D sufficiency among young Brazilian children living at different latitudes.Design:Cross-sectional analysis with a four-level model of inflammation to correct micronutrient concentrations. Prevalence ratios (PR; 95 % CI) were estimated for factors associated with vitamin D sufficiency (≥50 nmol/l), adjusting for child’s sex, age, skin colour, stunting and vitamin A+D supplementation.Setting:Primary health-care units in four Brazilian cities located at lower (7°59′26·9016″S and 9°58′31·3864″S) and higher latitudes (16°41′12·7752″S and 30°2′4·7292″S).Participants:In total 468 children aged 11–15 months were included in the analysis.Results:Only 31·8 % of children were vitamin D sufficient (concentration <30 nmol/l and <50 nmol/l among 32·9 and 68·2 %, respectively). Living at higher latitudes was associated with reduced prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency compared with lower latitudes (PR = 0·65; 95 % CI 0·49, 0·85). Maternal education ≥9 years positively influenced a sufficient vitamin D status in children. After correction for inflammatory status, each increase of 1 µmol/l in vitamin A concentration was associated with a 1·38-fold higher prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency (95 % CI 1·18, 1·61). Progressive decline in the prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency was associated with marginal and deficient status of vitamin A (Ptrend = 0·001).Conclusions:Lower latitude, higher maternal education and vitamin A concentration were positively associated with vitamin D sufficiency in young Brazilian children. These findings are relevant for planning public health strategies for improving vitamin D status starting in early infancy.
Social life characteristics in relation to adherence to the Mediterranean diet in older adults: findings from the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet (HELIAD) study
Authors: Mamalaki Eirini , Anastasiou Costas A , Kosmidis Mary H , Dardiotis Efthimios , Hadjigeorgiou Georgios M , Sakka Paraskevi , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Yannakoulia Mary 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to explore the associations between social life and adherence to a healthy dietary pattern, the Mediterranean diet (MD), in a population-representative cohort of older people.Design:Cross-sectional study. Adherence to the MD was evaluated by an a priori score; tertiles of the score, indicating low, medium and high adherence, were used in the analyses. Social life was assessed by a questionnaire evaluating participation in leisure-time activities and the number of social contacts; primary occupation was also recorded and job characteristics were further explored.Setting:Community-dwelling older adults.Participants:Adults from the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet (HELIAD) study (n 1933; age range 65–99 years).Results:Each unit increase in the number of social contacts/month and in the frequency score of intellectual, social and physical activities was associated with a 1·6, 6·8, 4·8 and 13·7 % increase in the likelihood of a participant being in the high MD adherence group, respectively. The analysis by age group revealed that younger elderly participants had a 1·4, 8·4 and 11·3 % higher likelihood to be in the high adherence group for each unit increase in the number of social contacts/month and in the frequency score of engagement in intellectual and physical activities, respectively. Similar associations were found for older elderly participants with high compared with low MD adherence, except for the intellectual activities.Conclusions:The present results suggest that high MD adherence is associated with good social life, suggesting a clustering of health-promoting lifestyle factors in older adults.
Comparing responses of sensitive and resistant populations of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis) to PPO inhibitors
Authors: Lillie Kathryn J. , Giacomini Darci A. , Tranel Patrick J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractResistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors was first observed in waterhemp in 2001 and was conferred by the deletion of a glycine residue at the 210th position (ΔGly-210) of the PPO enzyme. PPO-inhibitor resistance in Palmer amaranth was first observed in 2011, 10 years later. The objectives of this study were to directly compare PPO inhibitor responses in plants of both species with or without the ΔGly-210 mutation. Using greenhouse experiments, early (EPOST) and late (LPOST) postemergence dose responses using lactofen and fomesafen, and preemergence (PRE) dose responses using fomesafen and flumioxazin, were obtained for a sensitive and resistant population each of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth. An additional spray study confirmed each sensitive population used in the dose responses was representative of its respective species, with regards to PPO-inhibitor sensitivity. When treated at either POST timing, Palmer amaranth was more tolerant than waterhemp, and the ΔGly-210 mutation provided greater resistance in Palmer amaranth (48-fold to >3,440-fold, depending on timing and herbicide) than in waterhemp (31-fold to 123-fold). The level of tolerance in Palmer amaranth was striking; the sensitive Palmer amaranth population treated LPOST survived as well or better than the resistant waterhemp population treated EPOST. With PRE applications, response differences both between species and between resistant and sensitive populations generally were less pronounced, relative to POST applications. Collectively, this research indicates Palmer amaranth tolerance to POST-applied PPO inhibitors could have initially slowed (relative to waterhemp) evolution of resistance to these herbicides, and resistant and sensitive populations of both species are more likely to be effectively controlled with PRE rather than POST applications.