bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyethylene‐Glycol‐Based Thermoreversible Biscarbamate Hydrogels and Metallogels Synthesized through Non‐Isocyanate Route
Authors: Bindu Hima , Palanisamy Aruna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this work, an isocyanate free approach has been adopted to synthesize hydroxy urethanes exhibiting self‐assembling properties. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) end capped with glycerol carbonate was subjected to aminolysis with aliphatic mono amines to yield bishydroxyl urethanes. The amphiphile thus obtained exhibited gelation in water to yield thermoreversible hydrogels. The hydroxyl groups of urethane bond initiated self‐assembly through intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the secondary hydroxyl groups and amide group of the biscarbamate moiety and this was exemplified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) studies. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that gel melting temperatures are influenced by the length of aliphatic mono amines. Orientation of the gelator molecules and the mode of aggregation of molecules into sheets during the self‐assembly was confirmed by XRD studies and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). Visco‐elastic properties of resulting PEG‐hydrogels were studied by rheology. In addition, incorporation of metal ions increased the mechanical strength and thermal stability, which was assisted by complex formation between the metal ions and gelator molecules. One of the metal ion responsive hydrogel was capable of entrapping vitamin B12 and the slow release of drug molecule triggered in acidic pH was demonstrated.
Hybrid Protein Nano‐Reactors Enable Simultaneous Increments of Tumor Oxygenation and Iodine‐131 Delivery for Enhanced Radionuclide Therapy
Authors: Chen Jiawen , Liang Chao , Song Xuejiao , Yi Xuan , Yang Kai , Feng Liangzhu , Liu Zhuang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt is hard for current radionuclide therapy to render solid tumors desirable therapeutic efficacy owing to insufficient tumor‐targeted delivery of radionuclides and severe tumor hypoxia. In this study, a biocompatible hybrid protein nanoreactor composed of human serum albumin (HSA) and catalase (CAT) molecules is constructed via glutaraldehyde‐mediated crosslinking. The obtained HSA‐CAT nanoreactors (NRs) show retained and well‐protected enzyme stability in catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2 and enable efficient labeling of therapeutic radionuclide iodine‐131 (131I). Then, it is uncovered that such HSA‐CAT NRs after being intravenously injected into tumor‐bearing mice exhibit efficient passive tumor accumulation as vividly visualized under the fluorescence imaging system and gamma camera. As the result, such HSA‐CAT NRs upon tumor accumulation would significantly attenuate tumor hypoxia by decomposing endogenous H2O2 produced by cancer cells to molecular oxygen, and thereby remarkably improve the therapeutic efficacy of radionuclide 131I. This study highlights the concise preparation of biocompatible protein nanoreactors with efficient tumor homing and hypoxia attenuation capacities, thus enabling greatly improved tumor radionuclide therapy with promising potential for future clinical translation.
Core‐sets: An updated survey
Authors: Feldman Dan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn optimization or machine learning problems we are given a set of items, usually points in some metric space, and the goal is to minimize or maximize an objective function over some space of candidate solutions. For example, in clustering problems, the input is a set of points in some metric space, and a common goal is to compute a set of centers in some other space (points, lines) that will minimize the sum of distances to these points. In database queries, we may need to compute such a some for a specific query set of k centers. However, traditional algorithms cannot handle modern systems that require parallel real‐time computations of infinite distributed streams from sensors such as GPS, audio or video that arrive to a cloud, or networks of weaker devices such as smartphones or robots. Core‐set is a “small data” summarization of the input “big data,” where every possible query has approximately the same answer on both data sets. Generic techniques enable efficient coreset maintenance of streaming, distributed and dynamic data. Traditional algorithms can then be applied on these coresets to maintain the approximated optimal solutions. The challenge is to design coresets with provable tradeoff between their size and approximation error. This survey summarizes such constructions in a retrospective way, that aims to unified and simplify the state‐of‐the‐art.This article is categorized under

Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Big Data Mining
Technologies > Machine Learning
Algorithmic Development > Scalable Statistical Methods
Hamiltonian Monodromy and Morse Theory
Authors: Martynchuk N. , Broer H. W. , Efstathiou K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We show that Hamiltonian monodromy of an integrable two degrees of freedom system with a global circle action can be computed by applying Morse theory to the Hamiltonian of the system. Our proof is based on Takens’s index theorem, which specifies how the energy-h Chern number changes when h passes a non-degenerate critical value, and a choice of admissible cycles in Fomenko–Zieschang theory. Connections of our result to some of the existing approaches to monodromy are discussed.
Animal models of major depression: drawbacks and challenges
Authors: Planchez Barbara , Surget Alexandre , Belzung Catherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Major depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. This situation is mainly related to the chronicity and/or recurrence of the disorder, and to poor response to antidepressant therapy. Progress in this area requires valid animal models. Current models are based either on manipulating the environment to which rodents are exposed (during the developmental period or adulthood) or biological underpinnings (i.e. gene deletion or overexpression of candidate genes, targeted lesions of brain areas, optogenetic control of specific neuronal populations, etc.). These manipulations can alter specific behavioural and biological outcomes that can be related to different symptomatic and pathophysiological dimensions of major depression. However, animal models of major depression display substantial shortcomings that contribute to the lack of innovative pharmacological approaches in recent decades and which hamper our capabilities to investigate treatment-resistant depression. Here, we discuss the validity of these models, review putative models of treatment-resistant depression, major depression subtypes and recurrent depression. Furthermore, we identify future challenges regarding new paradigms such as those proposing dimensional rather than categorical approaches to depression.
NMR Study of Synthetic Gallosilicate Natrolite
Authors: Paczwa M. , Sapiga A. A. , Olszewski M. , Sapiga A. V. , Sergeev N. A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSolid-state29Si and71Ga NMR was used to study the synthetic gallosilicate Na16Ga16Si24O80·16H2O (Ga–natrolite). It has been shown that Ga–natrolite contains mainly Si(GaO4)3(SiO4) and Si(GaO4)2(SiO4)2-structural units and has sufficiently ordered structure. Temperature dependence of the spin–lattice relaxation timeT1of71Ga nuclei has also been studied using solid-state NMR. Spin–lattice relaxation of the71Ga was determined to be governed by the electric quadrupole interaction with the crystal electric field gradients modulated by translational motion of H2O molecules in the Ga–natrolite pores.
Genetic diversity, piroplasms and trypanosomes in Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum collected from cattle in northern Pakistan
Authors: Zeb Jehan , Szekeres Sándor , Takács Nóra , Kontschán Jenő , Shams Sumaira , Ayaz Sultan , Hornok Sándor 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe two most important tick species in Pakistan areRhipicephalus microplusandHyalomma anatolicum. When associated with cattle, these have one or three host life cycles, respectively, with potential implications for their population genetics and for their vector role in the transmission of pathogens. To compare the two tick species in this context with molecular-phylogenetic methods, during the present study 123 ticks were collected from cattle in northern Pakistan. Two mitochondrial markers of 36 ticks were molecularly analyzed. All 11R. microplusspecimens had identical cox1 haplotypes, whereas the 25H. anatolicumspecimens had nine cox1 haplotypes. The latter belonged to two distinct phylogenetic lineages with high support. However, in the 16S rRNA gene these differences were less evident. Among the 113 ticks molecularly analyzed for tick-borne protozoa, the sequence ofBabesia occultanswas successfully amplified from two specimens ofH. anatolicum.Theileria annulatawas present in bothR. microplus(10.4%) andH. anatolicum(27.3%), with significantly higher prevalence rate in the latter species. Only one tick, aH. anatolicumfemale, was positive in the PCR detectingTrypanosomaspp. Sequencing revealed the presence of a new genotype, with the closest phylogenetic relationship to stercorarian trypanosomes (in particular, to a tick-associatedTrypanosomasp. from Japan). In conclusion, the above differences betweenR. microplusandH. anatolicummay be partly related to their life cycles involving one host or three hosts, respectively. Among the others, host switching (reducing chances of inbreeding) and shorter periods spent on-host (reducing gene flow between cattle herds) are supposed to be important drivers of cox1 gene diversification in case ofH. anatolicumas a three host tick species. These results highlight the importance of studying differences in intraspecific genetic diversity and piroplasm burdens between one host and three host ticks in the local scale. In addition, aTrypanosomasp. molecularly identified inH. anatolicumis reported here for the first time from South Asia, deserving further evaluation concerning its host and vector species.
Essential oils as tick repellents on clothing
Authors: Soutar Oliver , Cohen Freya , Wall Richard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Essential oils show promise as natural alternatives to synthetic tick repellents, but few studies have investigated their repellent efficacy in vivo or under field conditions. Here, blanket-drags and standardised walks were employed to evaluate tick acquisition by 1 m2 cotton blankets or cotton trousers, respectively, in woodland edge habitats of known high tick abundance. Blankets and trousers had been treated with one of 5% oregano, rosemary, spearmint or thyme oils, 20% DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) (positive control) or ethanol excipient-only (negative control). The number of ticks present on the blankets or trousers differed significantly between treatments: spearmint oil treatments resulted in significantly fewer ticks than the negative controls for both blankets and trousers and significantly fewer ticks were present on the oregano oil treated blankets. For ticks that did attach to the trousers, the rate of drop off within 3 min was significantly higher for trousers treated with spearmint oil or thyme oil than ethanol, oregano oil and rosemary oil. No reduction in repellence was detected over a 24 h period between treatment and testing. The results suggest that 5% oregano and spearmint oils exhibit potential as natural clothing repellents, with an effective equivalence to 20% DEET.
Overselling overall map accuracy misinforms about research reliability
Authors: Shao Guofan , Tang Lina , Liao Jiangfu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Context
Image classification is routine in a variety of disciplines, and analysts rely on accuracy metrics to evaluate the resulting maps. The most frequently used accuracy metric in Earth resource remote sensing is overall accuracy. However, the inherent properties of this accuracy metric make it inappropriate as the single metric for map assessment, particularly when a map contains imbalanced categories.

Objectives
We discuss four noteworthy problems with overall accuracy. Under circumstances frequently encountered, overall accuracy is misleading or misinterpreted.

Methods
Literature review, hypothetical examples, and mathematic equations are used to prove overall accuracy is a poor general indicator of map quality.

Conclusions
Any research that involves classification techniques or a map product that is evaluated only with overall accuracy may be unreliable. It is necessary for map providers to publish the error matrix and its development procedure so that map users can computer whatever metrics as they wish.
The equations of motion for a rigid body using non-redundant unified local velocity coordinates
Authors: Holzinger Stefan , Schöberl Joachim , Gerstmayr Johannes 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA novel formulation for the description of spatial rigid body motion using six non-redundant, homogeneous local velocity coordinates is presented. In contrast to common practice, the formulation proposed here does not distinguish between a translational and rotational motion in the sense that only translational velocity coordinates are used to describe the spatial motion of a rigid body. We obtain these new velocity coordinates by using the body-fixed translational velocity vectors of six properly selected points on the rigid body. These vectors are projected into six local directions and thus give six scalar velocities. Importantly, the equations of motion are derived without the aid of the rotation matrix or the angular velocity vector. The position coordinates and orientation of the body are obtained using the exponential map on the special Euclidean group$\mathit{SE}(3)$SE(3). Furthermore, we introduce the appropriate inverse tangent operator on$\mathit{SE}(3)$SE(3)in order to be able to solve the incremental motion vector differential equation. In addition, we present a modified version of a recently introduced a fourth-order Runge–Kutta Lie-group time integration scheme such that it can be used directly in our formulation. To demonstrate the applicability of our approach, we simulate the unstable rotation of a rigid body.
Venous thromboembolism 2011–2018 in Stockholm: a demographic study
Authors: Wändell Per , Forslund Tomas , Danin Mankowitz Helene , Ugarph-Morawski Anna , Eliasson Staffan , Braunschwieg Frieder , Holmström Margareta 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. The incidence rate of VTE is estimated at 1–2 cases per 1000 annually. This study was a population-based cohort study of previously treatment naïve patients with a first occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), using data from the administrative health data register of the Stockholm Region 2011–2018. Data on anticoagulant treatment was taken from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. We also analyzed all VTE events between 2011 and 2018. Altogether 14,849 naïve incident VTE cases were identified. In 2011 the majority of patients with a first episode of VTE were prescribed warfarin versus non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), 1144 versus 5. In contrast in 2018, the majority of patients were treated with NOACs, 1049 versus 59 treated with warfarin. Treatment with low molecular weight heparin only decreased from 814 to 683 patients. The frequency of all VTE events in the population increased over time from 1.88/1000 to 1.93/1000 (p = 0.072), and PE diagnoses increased from 0.69/1000 to 0.76/1000 (p = 0.003). In conclusion, during 2011–2018 there has been a shift of prescription of warfarin to a clear predominance of NOACs in the treatment of VTE in the Stockholm Region, in line with current recommendations. In the clinical situation, treatment has been simplified as monitoring of warfarin has decreased substantially. PE events increased during the time period in the population even if the increase was rather modest, while all VTE events did not increase significantly.
A Survey on 3D Visual Tracking of Multicopters
Authors: Fu Qiang , Chen Xiang-Yang , He Wei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) visual tracking of a multicopter (where the camera is fixed while the multicopter is moving) means continuously recovering the six-degree-of-freedom pose of the multicopter relative to the camera. It can be used in many applications, such as precision terminal guidance and control algorithm validation for multicopters. However, it is difficult for many researchers to build a 3D visual tracking system for multicopters (VTSMs) by using cheap and off-the-shelf cameras. This paper firstly gives an over- view of the three key technologies of a 3D VTSMs: multi-camera placement, multi-camera calibration and pose estimation for multi-copters. Then, some representative 3D visual tracking systems for multicopters are introduced. Finally, the future development of the 3D VTSMs is analyzed and summarized.
Hydrochemical characterization of shallow and deep groundwater in Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi State, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria
Authors: Wali Saadu Umar , Umar Kabiru Jega , Abubakar Sheikh Danjuma , Ifabiyi Ifatokun Paul , Dankani Ibrahim Mustapha , Shera Ibrahim Muhammad , Yauri Safiyanu Garba 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Groundwater under Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi has been characterized in order to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation use. Water samples were drawn from shallow groundwater (hand-dug shallow wells < 5 m) and deep groundwater (boreholes > 40 m). Physical parameters (i.e., temperature, TDS, pH, and EC), were determined in situ, using handheld meters. Discrete water samples were obtained for determination of chemical parameters. Results from several-sample ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) suggested that heterogeneity in water table appeared to exert significant influence on groundwater chemistry which is characterized by a significant difference in pH, EC TH, Na+, Zn2+, Mg2+, PO43−, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, and NO3− concentrations. Also, ions including Fe3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Na+, PO43−, and SO42− are above World Health Organization (2011) and National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (2007) reference guidelines. Most of the groundwater sources are moderately hard. Groundwater classification based on chloride, EC, and TDS revealed water of excellent quality for all types of uses. However, groundwater classification based on nitrate pollution revealed water of poor quality. Rock mineral is the major mechanism controlling water chemistry, as revealed by the Gibbs model. Most of the water sources have positive Scholler index, indicative of overall base exchange reactions in the underlying aquifers. Such condition was well explained by Piper trilinear diagram, which revealed two types of faces: Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl. The HCA categorized wells into three groups according to their hydrogeochemical physiognomies. Despite the significant difference in ions concentration and chemical indices, groundwater composition is more influenced by rock weathering than anthropogenic inputs. Groundwater evaluation for irrigation use indicates a significant difference in SAR level which is related to poor permeability index in shallow groundwater. Higher values of Kelly’s index and magnesium adsorption ratio threatened groundwater suitability for irrigation use in the study area.
Disaster Risk Reduction in Cameroon: Are Contemporary Disaster Management Frameworks Accommodating the Sendai Framework Agenda 2030?
Authors: Bang Henry Ngenyam , Miles Lee Stuart , Gordon Richard Duncan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMany African countries are prone to numerous hazardous events, exacerbated by the vulnerability of their rapidly increasing population and leading to frequent disasters that often have dire fiscal and development implications. Yet, there is declining sensitivity to these risks, contrary to the conventional wisdom of disaster management (DM) principles. The primary aim of this research is to understand the constraints and/or challenges limiting the ability of contemporary African DM systems/institutional frameworks from implementing adequate disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures. Using a qualitative, case study based research strategy, this research investigates resistance to the effective implementation of DM/DRR within Cameroon’s contemporary DM system by using the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 guiding principles for DRR as benchmark. The findings reveal the existence of resistance factors that particularly complicate the communication, decision making, and coordination of DRR activities, the provision of resources, aspects of international assistance, as well as DRR planning and policies. The authors argue that such resistance factors contribute to making Cameroon’s DM system more reactive and further undermine risk reduction. The article concludes by offering key recommendations that have the potential to alleviate the identified resistance factors as well as strengthen Cameroon’s DM, particularly in relation to capacity building, training, research development, and organizational resilience.
Surgical site infection in a tertiary care centre-an overview - A cross sectional study
Authors: Saravanakumar R. , Devi Pabitha M.B. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT

Background:
Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are the third most frequently reported nosocomial infection, accounting for 14 to 16 percent of all nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients according to National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance. SSIs are responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality related to surgery. Surgical wounds are classified as clean, clean contaminated, contaminated and dirty wounds as per CDC criteria. Better understanding of the causal factors of SSIs and prevention will reduce the cost of the surgery.

Materials and methods:
1570 patients who underwent surgery in the dept. of General surgery in a tertiary care hospital were taken for the study. Out of which 990 patients underwent elective surgical procedures and 580 underwent emergency procedures. An elaborate study of these cases with regard to date of admission, history, clinical features, type of surgery, emergency or elective, preoperative preparation, type of incision, contamination, procedure done, peroperative findings, drain used and its type and duration of operation and postoperative management and signs of wound infection were done and the findings are tabulated.

Results:
115 cases out of 1570 surgeries had surgical site infections. The overall post-operative SSI rate in elective clean and clean contaminated cases is 4.34% and emergency cases is 12.41%. The study showed that the superficial surgical site infections are the commonest type and accounted for about 72.09% in elective and 61.11% in emergency of all the SSI's and deep surgical site infection accounted for about 23% in elective and 30.55% in emergency cases. E. Coli is the commonest organism isolated from the surgical wounds that is 30.23% in elective cases. In emergency cases Proteus mirabilis is the most common organism involved in SSI followed by E. Coli.

Conclusion:

E. coli is the commonest organism isolated from elective surgical wounds and Proteus mirabilis is the commonest organism isolated from emergency surgical wounds. A change in the pre operative antibiotics may reduce the incidence even lower. A preexisting medical illness like diabetes mellitus and duration of operating time, class of the wound, emergency surgeries and wound contamination had strong effect on the development of surgical site infection.

Highlights: