Regulation of Platelet Procoagulant Activity by Mitochondrial Calcium Influx
Authors: Choo HyoJung , Jobe Shawn M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Abstract 2193
Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure is critical for blood coagulation. On platelets PS exposure provides a surface for the assembly of coagulation enzyme complexes. Two pathways of platelet PS exposure have been identified, an apoptotic Bax/Bak-mediated pathway and an agonist-initiated and cyclophilin D (CypD)-regulated pathway. In the agonist-initiated pathway sustained high levels of intracellular calcium that occur in strongly-stimulated platelets cause mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation and platelet PS exposure. Even in strongly-stimulating conditions PS exposure is limited to a subpopulation of the activated platelets. In this study we investigated how mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+mit) elevations link the intracellular processes of cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+cyt) elevation, mPTP formation and platelet PS exposure, and identify Ca2+mit influx as a novel potential therapeutic target to manipulate platelet procoagulant activity independent of other platelet activation events.
We have previously characterized the sequence of calcium and mitochondrial events that occur in procoagulant platelets and demonstrated that Ca2+cyt elevations occur prior to mPTP formation in platelets. Experiments were performed to investigate whether PS exposure could be modulated independently of elevations in Ca2+cyt through alterations in mPTP sensitivity. First we tested whether PS exposure initiated by calcium ionophore treatment was affected by the absence of CypD, a critical regulatory component of the mPTP that potentiates its calcium responsiveness. In the absence of CypD a two-threefold greater concentration of ionophore was required to initiate platelet PS exposure. Phenylarsine oxide (PAO) potentiates the calcium sensitivity of the mPTP. PAO-treated platelets required two-three fold less calcium ionophore to initiate PS exposure, and this increase was independent of Ca2+cyt elevation. Together, these experiments establish the concept that modulation of the mPTP response can affect platelet PS exposure independent of Ca2+cyt elevations.
Ca2+mit influx regulates mPTP formation. Using the mitochondrial-specific and calcium-sensitive dye rhod-2, Ca2+mit was found to be rapidly elevated in strongly-stimulated platelets, and the degree of Ca2+mit elevation was closely associated with platelet PS exposure. Calcium influx in the mitochondria occurs as the result of passive flow of Ca2+cyt down its electrochemical gradient through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), a recently identified inner-mitochondrial transmembrane channel. Treatment with the MCU-specific inhibitor Ru360 effectively prevented agonist-initiated Ca2+mit influx and platelet PS exposure. To further test the importance of Ca2+mit in the regulation of platelet PS exposure, the effects of altering prestimulatory mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) were examined using inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Decreased prestimulatory ΔΨm should decrease the passive flow of calcium into the mitochondria down its electrical gradient. In these preconditioned platelets prestimulatory ΔΨm was strongly positively correlated with both agonist-initiated Ca2+mit elevation and PS exposure (R2=0.9153). Minimal correlation was observed between the degree of Ca2+cyt elevation and PS exposure (R2=0.4254). The therapeutic effects of the anti-diabetic agent metformin have been proposed to occur through inhibition of respiratory complex I, an effect that should decrease prestimulatory ΔΨm. Metformin treatment of platelets decreased prestimulatory ΔΨm, Ca2+mit elevation, and platelet PS exposure in strongly-stimulated platelets. Together, these data emphasize the importance of Ca2+mit elevation in the regulation of agonist-initiated PS exposure, and identify inhibition of Ca2+mit uptake either by MCU antagonists or by decreasing prestimulatory ΔΨm as a novel potential target in the prevention of platelet procoagulant activity.

Disclosures:
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.