bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid niche shifts in introduced species can be a million times faster than changes among native species and ten times faster than climate change
Authors: Wiens John J. , Litvinenko Yuriy , Harris Lauren , Jezkova Tereza 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsAs global temperatures rise, the survival of many species may hinge on whether they can shift their climatic niches quickly enough to avoid extinction. Previous analyses among species and populations suggest that species’ niches change far slower than rates of projected climate change. However, it is unclear how quickly niches can change over the timeframe most relevant to global warming (decades instead of thousands or millions of years). Here, we use data from introduced species to assess how quickly climatic niches can change over decadal timescales.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe analyse climatic data from 76 reptile and amphibian species introduced into the USA. We test for a relationship between species climatic‐niche values in their native and introduced ranges. We also quantify niche shifts in introduced populations relative to their native ranges and the rate of change associated with these shifts. We then compare these rate estimates to those estimated among species and to projected rates of future climate change.ResultsRemarkably, niche shifts in introduced species are roughly a million times faster than niche shifts among species in their native ranges and roughly 10 times faster than rates of projected climate change.Main conclusionsOur results demonstrate that dramatic and rapid niche shifts are possible, although these may be limited in species’ native ranges by biotic interactions and other factors.
Blood pressure trajectories and the mediated effects of body mass index and HIV‐related inflammation in a mixed cohort of people with and without HIV in rural Uganda
Authors: Okello Samson , Kim June‐Ho , Sentongo Ruth N. , Tracy Russell , Tsai Alexander C. , Kakuhikire Bernard , Siedner Mark J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe sought to describe changes in blood pressure and estimate the effect of HIV on blood pressure (BP) over 4 years of observation in a cohort of 155 HIV‐infected adults (≥40 years) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 154 sex‐ and age‐quartile‐matched, population‐based, HIV‐uninfected controls for four years in rural Uganda, we compared changes in blood pressure (BP) by HIV serostatus and tested whether body mass index and inflammation (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6) and immune activation (sCD14 and sCD163) mediated the effects of HIV on BP using hierarchical multivariate and two‐stage parametric regression models. Overall HIV‐uninfected participants had higher mean BP than HIV‐infected counterparts (differences in trend P < 0.0001 for diastolic BP and P = 0.164 for systolic BP). After initial declines in BP in both groups between years 1 and 2, BP moderately increased in both groups through year 4, with greater change over time observed in the HIV‐uninfected group. Body mass index mediated 72% (95%CI 57, 97) of the association between HIV and systolic BP. We found a minimal mediating effect of sCD14 on the relationship between HIV and SBP (9%, 95% CI 5%, 21%), but found no association between other HIV‐related biomarkers. Over four years of observation, HIV‐infected people in rural Uganda have lower BP than HIV‐uninfected counterparts despite having higher levels of inflammation. BMI, rather than measures of HIV‐associated inflammation, explained a majority of the difference in BP observed.
Qishen Yiqi Drop Pill, a novel compound Chinese traditional medicine protects against high glucose‐induced injury in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Zhang Shouyan , Wang Hao , Li Lixia , Chang Xuewei , Ma Huifang , Zhang Mingming , Qing Xiaochun , Zhang Lijun , Zhang Zhuo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveQishen Yiqi Drop Pill (QSYQ) has been recognized as a potential protective agent for various cardiovascular diseases. However, the effect of QSYQ in cardiac complications associated with diabetes is not clear currently. In this study, we investigate whether QSYQ could exert cardiac protective effects against high glucose‐induced injuries in cardiac H9c2 cells.MethodsH9c2 cells were exposed to 24 hours of high glucose in presence or absence of QSYQ and LY294002. Cell cytotoxicity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were determined. Levels of bax, bcl‐2, p53, cleaved caspase‐3, PI3K and Akt were evaluated by Western blot.ResultsOur data indicated that QSYQ significantly increased the cell viability and decreased cytotoxicity. By analysing the apoptotic rate as well as the expression levels of cytoapoptosis‐related factors including cleaved caspase‐3, bax, bcl‐2, and p53, we found that QSYQ could remarkably suppress apoptosis of cardiomyoblasts caused by high glucose. In addition, it also showed that QSYQ reduced the generation of ROS. We further found that QSYQ treatment could inhibit the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and mPTP opening. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed enhanced phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt. The specific inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002 not only inhibited QSYQ induced PI3K/Akt signalling pathway activation, but alleviated its protective effects.ConclusionsIn summary, these findings demonstrated that QSYQ effectively protected H9c2 cells against the series injuries due to high glucose at least partially by activating the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
May the (selective) force be with you: Spatial sorting and natural selection exert opposing forces on limb length in an invasive amphibian
Authors: Clarke Gregory S. , Shine Richard , Phillips Benjamin L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSpatial sorting on invasion fronts drives the evolution of dispersive phenotypes, and in doing so can push phenotypes in the opposite direction to natural selection. The invasion of cane toads (Rhinella marina) through tropical Australia has accelerated over recent decades because of the accumulation of dispersal‐enhancing traits at the invasion front, driven by spatial sorting. One such trait is the length of the forelimbs: invasion‐front toads have longer arms (relative to body length) in comparison with populations 10–20 years after invasion. Such a shift likely has fitness consequences: an increase of forearm length would decrease the strength with which a male could cling to a female during amplexus and so render such a male less competitive in competition for mates, compared to short‐armed conspecifics. Our laboratory trials of attachment strength confirmed that males with relatively longer arms were easier to displace, and competition trials show higher duration of amplexus for males with shorter arms. Together with the sharp cline in limb length observed behind the invasion front, these results imply an opposition of selective forces: spatial sorting optimizes dispersal, but as this force wanes behind the invasion front, we see the primacy of natural selection reassert itself.
Temperature coupling of mate attraction signals and female mate preferences in four populations of Enchenopa treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae)
Authors: Jocson Dowen Mae I. , Smeester Morgan E. , Leith Noah T. , Macchiano Anthony , Fowler‐Finn Kasey D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVariation in temperature can affect the expression of a variety of important fitness‐related behaviours, including those involved with mate attraction and selection, with consequences for the coordination of mating across variable environments. We examined how temperature influences the expression of male mating signals and female mate preferences—as well as the relationship between how male signals and female mate preferences change across temperatures (signal–preference temperature coupling)—in Enchenopa binotata treehoppers. These small plant‐feeding insects communicate using plantborne vibrations, and our field surveys indicate they experience significant natural variation in temperature during the mating season. We tested for signal–preference temperature coupling in four populations of E. binotata by manipulating temperature in a controlled laboratory environment. We measured the frequency of male signals—the trait for which females show strongest preference—and female peak preference—the signal frequency most preferred by females—across a range of biologically relevant temperatures (18°C–36°C). We found a strong effect of temperature on both male signals and female preferences, which generated signal–preference temperature coupling within each population. Even in a population in which male signals mismatched female preferences, the temperature coupling reinforces predicted directional selection across all temperatures. Additionally, we found similar thermal sensitivity in signals and preferences across populations even though populations varied in the mean frequency of male signals and female peak preference. Together, these results suggest that temperature variation should not affect the action of sexual selection via female choice, but rather should reinforce stabilizing selection in populations with signal–preference matches, and directional selection in those with signal–preference mismatches. Finally, we do not predict that thermal variation will disrupt the coordination of mating in this species by generating signal–preference mismatches at thermal extremes.
Helmet‐shaped Body of Entodiniomorphid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), a Synapomorphy or a Homoplasy?
Authors: Cedrola Franciane , Senra Marcus Vinicius , D'Agosto Marta , Dias Roberto Júnio Pedroso 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTriadinium was created to include Triadinium caudatum. Further, four other species were included, T. minimum, T. galea, T. elongatum, and T. magnum, all sharing a characteristic helmet‐shaped body. Wolska and Grain argued that the inclusion of T. minimum and T. galea into Triadinium was done based on superficial morphological aspects, and established two new genera to accommodate these species: Circodinium and Gassovskiella. Although the phylogenetic relationships within Entodiniomorphida have been investigated by multiple authors, none of them discussed the evolutionary relationship of helmet‐shaped entodiniomorphids. We performed molecular phylogenetics and revisited old literature digging for morphological data to explain our results. According to our analyses, the helmet‐shaped body is homoplastic and may have evolved from at least three different entodiniomorphid ancestors. Circodinium minimum is phylogenetically related to members of Blepharocorythidae, T. caudatum emerged within Spirodiniidae and G. galea within Polydiniellidae. This phylogenetic hypothesis is partially supported by information on infraciliature and ultrastructure of C. minimum and T. caudatum. However, such morphological information is not available for polydiniellids. In order to shed some light into the evolution of the helmet‐shaped ciliates, future works should focus to collect information on the infraciliature and the ultrastructure of Polydiniella mysorea and of other Triadinium species.
Microglial ROCK is essential for chronic methylmercury‐induced neurodegeneration
Authors: Shinozaki Youichi , Danjo Yosuke , Koizumi Schuichi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMethylmercury (MeHg), an environmental pollutant, causes serious damage to many organs. Effects on the CNS were initially thought to arise from MeHg acting directly on neurons, but it also has significant effects on non‐neuronal cells such as microglia. Microglia, which are very sensitive to changes in the brain environment, show various phenotypes. We previously reported that upon short exposure to MeHg (MeHgshort) at low concentration, microglia exhibited a neuroprotective phenotype; whereas, long‐term exposure (MeHglong) induced a neurotoxic phenotype of microglia. However, contributions of microglia to MeHg‐induced CNS damage remain unknown. Even at very low concentrations, MeHglong but not MeHgshort caused significant neuronal damage associated with an increased number of reactive microglia in cortical slices from wild‐type (WT) mice. Two‐photon imaging of cortical slices from Iba1‐GFP mice revealed that microglia in control conditions exhibited elongated and complex processes with high motility. MeHglong caused a significant reduction in process motility, retraction of processes, and hypertrophic cell bodies, indicating activated microglia. Moreover, MeHglong ‐treated microglia upregulated pro‐inflammatory molecues, suggesting a change into a neurotoxic phenotype of microglia. As a molecular target, Rho‐kinase (ROCK) was found to be key for controlling microglial reactivity and neurotoxicity. Expression level of ROCK was increased by MeHglong in WT slices, which was abolished by minocycline or Y‐27632. We confirmed that MeHg directly activates microglial ROCK pathways prepared from WT mice. In addition, MeHg‐evoked damage of primary neurons was significantly enhanced by the presence of microglia from WT mice, but offset by minocycline or Y‐27632. Taken together, our data demonstrate that MeHg causes neurodegeneration by inducing a neurotoxic microglia phenotype via a ROCK‐mediated mechanism.
image
TERTinhibition leads to reduction ofIL‐6 expression induced by palmitic acid and interferes with the protective effects of tibolone in an astrocytic cell model
Authors: González‐Giraldo Yeimy , Garzón‐Benitez Angie V. , Forero Diego A. , Barreto George E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough it has been shown that telomerase has neuroprotective effects, mainly as a result of its non‐canonical functions in neuronal cells, its role with respect to glial cells remains unknown. There is growing evidence indicating that telomerase plays an important role with respect to inflammation, especially in the regulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of telomerase in an astrocyte cell model treated with palmitic acid (PA) and tibolone. Cell death, reactive oxygen species production and interleukin‐6 expression were evaluated under telomerase inhibition with theBIBR1532 compound in T98G cells treated with tibolone andPA, using fluorometry, flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results obtained showed that telomerase protein was increased byPAafter 36 hours, alone or in combination with tibolone, and that its activity was affected byPA. Telomerase inhibition reduced interleukin‐6 expression and it interfered with the protective effects of tibolone on cell death. Moreover, tibolone increased Tyr707 phosphorylation inPA‐treated cells. In the present study, we provide novel findings about the regulation of telomerase byPAand tibolone. Telomerase was involved in inflammation byPAand in protective effects of tibolone. Therefore, we conclude that telomerase could play a dual role in these cells.
Diagnostic Expectations and Stock Returns
Authors: BORDALO PEDRO , GENNAIOLI NICOLA , PORTA RAFAEL LA , SHLEIFER ANDREI 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTWe revisit La Porta's finding that returns on stocks with the most optimistic analyst long‐term earnings growth forecasts are lower than those on stocks with the most pessimistic forecasts. We document the joint dynamics of fundamentals, expectations, and returns of these portfolios, and explain the facts using a model of belief formation based on the representativeness heuristic. Analysts forecast fundamentals from observed earnings growth, but overreact to news by exaggerating the probability of states that have become more likely. We find support for the model's predictions. A quantitative estimation of the model accounts for the key patterns in the data.
Lack of an effective drug therapy for abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Golledge J. , Moxon J. V. , Singh T. P. , Bown M. J. , Mani K. , Wanhainen A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture is a common cause of death in adults. Current AAA treatment is by open surgical or endovascular aneurysm repair. Rodent model and human epidemiology, and genetic and observational studies over the last few decades have highlighted the potential of a number of drug therapies, including medications that lower blood pressure, correct dyslipidaemia, or inhibit thrombosis, inflammation or matrix remodelling, as approaches to managing small AAA. This review summarizes prior AAA pathogenesis data from animal and human studies aimed at identifying targets for the development of drug therapies. The review also systematically assesses past randomized placebo‐controlled drug trials in patients with small AAAs. Eleven previously published randomized‐controlled clinical trials testing different drug therapies aimed at slowing AAA progression were identified. Five of the trials tested antibiotics and three trials assessed medications that lower blood pressure. Meta‐analyses of these trials suggested that neither of these approaches limit AAA growth. Allocation to blood pressure‐lowering medication was associated with a small reduction in AAA rupture or repair, compared to placebo (relative risk 0.94, 95% confidence intervals 0.89, 1.00, P = 0.047). Three further trials assessed the effect of a mast cell inhibitor, fibrate or platelet aggregation inhibition and reported no effect on AAA growth or clinical events. Past trials were noted to have a number of design issues, particularly small sample sizes and limited follow‐up. Much larger trials are needed to properly test potential therapeutic approaches if a convincingly effective medical therapy for AAA is to be identified.
Will We Ever Meet Again? The Relationship between Inter‐Firm Managerial Migration and the Circulation of Client Ties
Authors: Broschak Joseph P. , Block Emily S. , Koppman Sharon , Adjerid Idris 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA large body of research shows that the migration of managers from one professional service firm to another weakens the old employer’s relationship with its clients, because migrating managers remove their relationship‐specific knowledge and expertise – i.e., human and social capital – from their old employers, redeploying it to their new employers. This study extends this research by introducing a bi‐directional perspective of social capital in which both firms and managers may exploit these relationship‐specific resources. We use theory on social capital to build arguments about how one form of manager mobility, manager migration between two service providers in a single market, can both lead and lag the movement of client ties between those providers, and signaling theory to hypothesize the conditions under which this is likely to occur. Analyses using longitudinal data on New York City advertising agencies generally support our arguments. Our findings contribute to theory and research on manager migration, social capital, and signaling, and raise new questions for how the portability of relationship‐specific social capital shapes markets.
Melatonin suppresses milk fat synthesis by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway via the MT1 receptor in bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Wang Yujuan , Guo Wenli , Xu Haichao , Tang Keqiong , Zan Linsen , Yang Wucai 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMilk fat content is an important criterion for assessing milk quality and is one of the main target traits of dairy cattle breeding. Recent studies have shown the importance of melatonin in regulating lipid metabolism, but the potential effects of melatonin on milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) remain unclear. Here, we showed that melatonin supplementation at 10 μmol/L significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of lipid metabolism–related genes and resulted in lower lipid droplet formation and triglyceride accumulation. Moreover, melatonin significantly upregulated melatonin receptor subtype melatonin receptor 1a (MT1) gene expression, and the negative effects of melatonin on milk fat synthesis were reversed by treatment with the nonselective MT1/melatonin receptor subtype melatonin receptor 1b (MT2) antagonist. However, a selective MT2 antagonist did not modify the negative effects of melatonin on milk fat synthesis. In addition, KEGG analysis revealed that melatonin inhibition of milk fat synthesis may occur via the mTOR signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that melatonin significantly suppressed the activation of the mTOR pathway by restricting the phosphorylation of mTOR, 4E‐BP1, and p70S6K, and the inhibition of melatonin on milk fat synthesis was reversed by mTOR activator MHY1485 in BMECs. Furthermore, in vivo experiments in Holstein dairy cows showed that exogenous melatonin significantly decreased milk fat concentration. Our data from in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that melatonin suppresses milk fat synthesis by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway via the MT1 receptor in BMECs. These findings lay a foundation to identify a new potential means for melatonin to modulate the fat content of raw milk in Holstein dairy cows.
Functionality of strawberry powder on frozen dairy desserts
Authors: Bilbao‐Sainz Cristina , Sinrod Amanda J. G. , Chiou Bor‐Sen , McHugh Tara 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the potential use of freeze‐dried strawberry powder as a stabilizer in frozen dairy desserts. Five different dessert mixes were developed that contained 0%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, and 4% strawberry powder. An additional dessert using strawberry extract was prepared to differentiate the effects of dietary fiber from the effect of polyphenols on sample properties. The rheological and physical characteristics of dessert mixes, fresh dessert, and stored dessert were studied. The addition of strawberry powder to dairy desserts caused an increase in the mix viscosity and a decrease in hardness and meltdown values. Complete avoidance of meltdown was achieved with the addition of 3% or greater amount of strawberry powder. The viscosity of mixes was enhanced due to the increase of total solids in the serum phase and the formation of hydrated and gel‐like networks in the presence of cellulosic material, pectin, and calcium. The increase in viscosity and unfrozen water with the addition of strawberry powder also caused a reduction in ice crystallization, which resulted in softer and more stable desserts over time.