bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
False-Positive Results in 18F-Fluorocholine PET/CT for a Thymoma in Workup of a Hereditary Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Bricaire Léopoldine , Richard Capucine , Gauthé Mathieu , Cochand-Priollet Béatrix , Gaujoux Sébastien 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We present the case of a severe familial primary hyperparathyroidism related to a germline deletion in the HRPT2 (CDC73) gene. Morphological explorations revealed 2 potential hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands: a left cervical lesion on the neck ultrasound, and an ectopic mediastinal lesion on the parathyroid scintigraphy using 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile and on 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT. Surgery removal and histopathological examination determined that the mediastinal mass corresponded to a thymoma and the cervical lesion to a parathyroid adenoma. Those interesting images illustrate that a thymoma can produce false-positive results both on 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile scintigraphy and 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT.
Cutaneous Manifestation of Sarcoidosis in Lower-Back Tattoo With Increased Uptake of 18F-FDG
Authors: Grosse Jirka , Menhart Karin , Schmidbauer Benedikt , Hellwig Dirk 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Sarcoidosis, a granulomatous T-cell–mediated multisystem disease with a yearly incidence of 10.9 to 35.5 cases per 100,000 in the United States, affects a variety of organ systems. Although the characteristic radiological finding of a bihilar lymphadenopathy still plays a diagnostic key role, FDG PET/CT is more sensitive in detecting and monitoring various manifestations. We present a rare case of a 37-year-old woman with bihilar, mediastinal, and abdominal lymphadenopathy in conjunction with a histologically proven cutaneous manifestation of sarcoidosis in a tattoo of the lower back exhibiting an increased uptake of FDG.
Lumbar Osteophyte Avid on 68Ga–Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT
Authors: Jochumsen Mads Ryø , Madsen Michael Alle , Gammelgaard Lise , Bouchelouche Kirsten 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A 75-year-old man with recently diagnosed high-risk prostate cancer was referred for primary staging with 68Ga–prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT. The scan revealed intense 68Ga-PSMA uptake in a lumbar osteophyte on the right side of level L2/L3, whereas several other spinal osteophytes showed no 68Ga-PSMA uptake. MRI findings in the L3 vertebra was consistent with a benign Modic type 1 lesion, but MRI showed no signs of malignancy in the osteophyte with high 68Ga-PMSA uptake. This case presents an osteophyte as an addition to the list of potential benign pitfalls to be aware of when interpreting 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT.
RESHAPES: Increasing AAST EGS grade is associated with anastomosis type
Authors: Hernandez Matthew C. , Bruns Brandon R. , Haddad Nadeem N. , Lauerman Margaret , Morris David S. , Arnold Kristen , Phelan Herb A. , Turay David , Murry Jason , Oh John S. , Enniss Toby , Carrick Matthew M. , Scalea Thomas M. , Zielinski Martin D. 
Published: March 2018

INTRODUCTION
Threatened, perforated, and infarcted bowel is managed with conventional resection and anastomosis (hand sewn [HS] or stapled [ST]). The SHAPES analysis demonstrated equivalence between HS and ST techniques, yet surgeons appeared to prefer HS for the critically ill. We hypothesized that HS is more frequent in patients with higher disease severity as measured by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Emergency General Surgery (AAST EGS) grading system.

METHODS
We performed a post hoc analysis of the SHAPES database. Operative reports were submitted by volunteering SHAPES centers. Final AAST grade was compared with various outcomes including duration of stay, physiologic/laboratory data, anastomosis type, anastomosis failure (dehiscence, abscess, or fistula), and mortality.

RESULTS
A total of 391 patients were reviewed, with a mean age (±SD) of 61.2 ± 16.8 years, 47% women. Disease severity distribution was as follows: grade I (n = 0, 0%), grade II (n = 106, 27%), grade III (n = 113, 29%), grade IV (n = 123, 31%), and grade V (n = 49, 13%). Increasing AAST grade was associated with acidosis and hypothermia. There was an association between higher AAST grade and likelihood of HS anastomosis. On regression, factors associated with mortality included development of anastomosis complication and vasopressor use but not increasing AAST EGS grade or anastomotic technique.

CONCLUSION
This is the first study to use standardized anatomic injury grades for patients undergoing urgent/emergent bowel resection in EGS. Higher AAST severity scores are associated with key clinical outcomes in EGS diseases requiring bowel resection and anastomosis. Anastomotic-specific complications were not associated with higher AAST grade; however, mortality was influenced by anastomosis complication and vasopressor use. Future EGS studies should routinely include AAST grading as a method for reliable comparison of injury between groups.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic, level III.
Tranexamic acid in severe trauma patients managed in a mature trauma care system
Authors: Boutonnet Mathieu , Abback Paer , Le Saché Frédéric , Harrois Anatole , Follin Arnaud , Imbert Nicolas , Cap Andrew P. , Trichereau Julie , Ausset Sylvain 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND
Tranexamic acid (TXA) use in severe trauma remains controversial notably because of concerns of the applicability of the CRASH-2 study findings in mature trauma systems. The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcomes of TXA administration in severely injured trauma patients managed in a mature trauma care system.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective study of data prospectively collected in the TraumaBase registry (a regional registry collecting the prehospital and hospital data of trauma patients admitted in six Level I trauma centers in Paris Area, France). In hospital mortality was compared between patients having received TXA or not in the early phase of resuscitation among those presenting an unstable hemodynamic state. Propensity score for TXA administration was calculated and results were adjusted for this score. Hemodynamic instability was defined by the need of packed red blood cells (pRBC) transfusion and/or vasopressor administration in the emergency room (ER).

RESULTS
Among patients meeting inclusion criteria (n = 1,476), the propensity score could be calculated in 797, and survival analysis could be achieved in 684 of 797. Four hundred seventy (59%) received TXA, and 327 (41%) did not. The overall hospital mortality rate was 25.7%. There was no effect of TXA use in the whole population but mortality was lowered by the use of TXA in patients requiring pRBC transfusion in the ER (hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.3–0.6).

CONCLUSION
The use of TXA in the management of severely injured trauma patients, in a mature trauma care system, was not associated with reduction in the hospital mortality. An independent association with a better survival was found in a selected population of patients requiring pRBC transfusion in the ER.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic study, level III.
Enhanced platelet function in cold stored whole blood supplemented with resveratrol or cytochrome C
Authors: Ekaney Michael L. , Gray Gabrielle Gonzalez , McKillop Iain H. , Evans Susan L. 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND
Limited availability and use of whole blood (WB) following trauma is driven by perceptions that hemostatic function is limited by platelet dysfunction within 5 days storage. We sought to define the hemostatic function of WB stored at 4°C for up to 25 days, elucidate changes in metabolic parameters and mitochondrial dysfunction in platelets in WB, and the effect of supplementation using resveratrol (Res) or cytochrome c (Cyt c).

METHODS
Whole blood was collected, aliquoted, and stored at 4°C without agitation. Resveratrol or Cyt c was supplemented before storage, or 10 days post-storage. Serial samples were collected and analyzed for hemostatic function by platelet mapping thromboelastography. Platelets isolated from WB were counted and mitochondrial function assessed by oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and biochemical parameters.

RESULTS
Platelet function of WB was maintained up to 15 days at 4°C before a significant decrease was observed at 25 days. Resveratrol or Cyt c improved WB aggregation potential when supplemented 10 days post-storage. Platelet oxygen consumption was maintained until 10-day storage but significantly decreased thereafter in the absence of change in platelet count. Cytochrome c increased oxygen consumption on Day 15 and platelet mitochondrial membrane potential steadily decreased over time, an effect attenuated by Res or Cyt c supplementation 10 days post-storage. Potassium and lactate levels increased during storage, while pH levels decreased, with no observed effect following Res or Cyt c supplementation.

CONCLUSION
Storing cold WB with Res or Cyt c supplementation enhances ex vivo aggregation by improving platelet function, thereby extending overall storage life. These findings have potential significance for improving WB availability in immediate trauma situations, including treatment in a battlefield trauma setting.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Translational study, diagnostic test or criteria, level II.
Attenuation of endothelial phosphatidylserine exposure decreases ischemia-reperfusion induced changes in microvascular permeability
Authors: Strumwasser Aaron , Bhargava Aditi , Victorino Gregory P. 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND
Translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the endothelial membrane via phospholipid scramblase-1 (PLSCR1) is an apoptotic signal responsible for the loss of endothelial barrier integrity after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). We hypothesized that inhibiting phosphatidylserine expression on endothelial cells would attenuate IRI induced increases in hydraulic permeability (Lp).

METHODS
Mesenteric Lp was measured in rat post-capillary mesenteric venules subjected to IRI via superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion (45 minutes) and release (300 minutes) in conjunction with several inhibitors of phosphatidylserine exposure as follows: (1) inhibition of PLSCR1 translocation (dithioerythritol, n = 3), (2) inhibition of PLSCR1 membrane trafficking (2-bromopalmitate [2-BP], n = 3), and (3) inhibition of ion exchange necessary for PLSCR1 function (4,4′-Diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid [DIDS], n = 3). Under the same IRI conditions, rats were also administered targeted inhibitors of phosphatidylserine exposure including knockdown of PLSCR1 (n = 3) using RNA interference (RNAi), and as a potential therapeutic tool Diannexin, a selective phosphatidylserine blocker (n = 3).

RESULTS
During IRI net Lp increased by 80% (p < 0.01). Net reductions of Lp were accomplished by 2-BP (46% reduction, p = 0.005), combined DET + 2-BP + DIDS (32% reduction, p = 0.04), RNAi (55% reduction, p = 0.002), Diannexin administered pre-SMA artery occlusion (73% reduction, p = 0.001), and post-SMA occlusion (70% reduction, p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION
Phosphatidylserine exposure is a key event in the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction during IRI. Clinically, inhibition of phosphatidylserine exposure is a promising strategy that may 1 day be used to mitigate the effects of IRI.
Preparation of leukoreduced whole blood for transfusion in austere environments; effects of forced filtration, storage agitation, and high temperatures on hemostatic function
Authors: Sivertsen Joar , Braathen Hanne , Lunde Turid Helen F. , Spinella Philip C. , Dorlac Warren , Strandenes Geir , Apelseth Torunn O. , Hervig Tor A. , Kristoffersen Einar K. 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND
Damage control resuscitation principles advocate the use of blood to treat traumatic hemorrhage. Hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable death on the battlefield, but making blood components available far forward presents logistical challenges due to shelf life and storage requirements. Whole blood simplifies logistics and enables collection in the field but can cause leukocyte-related transfusion reactions. A field-adapted leukoreduction system must be fast and safe, and storage of whole blood should preserve hemostatic function.

METHODS
Blood was collected using Imuflex WB-SP and leukoreduced at 0, 150, or 300 mm Hg. Additional bags were stored at 4°C for 21 days unagitated, mixed daily, agitated or head-over-heel rotated, at 22°C for 3 days, or 32°C for 2 hours. Hematology, coagulation, CD62P/CD42b, thromboelastography (TEG)/thromboelastometry (ROTEM), and Multiplate was performed.

RESULTS
Filtration time was 35 ± 1, 14 ± 0, and 9 ± 0 minutes at 0, 150, and 300 mm Hg, respectively. One of 10 units at 150 mm Hg and 4 of 11 at 300 mm Hg had residual whole blood cells greater than 5.0 × 106 per unit. One of 11 at 300 mm Hg had platelet recovery of less than 80%. Hemolysis was less than 0.2%. Filtration decreased thromboelastography/thromboelastometry and Multiplate aggregation response. Stored at 4°C, α and MA/MCF moderately decreased regardless of mixing. Significant loss of aggregation response and increased CD62P expression was seen by Day 10. By Day 3, storage at 22°C caused loss of most aggregation. Two-hour storage at 32°C did not significantly affect hemostatic capacity.

CONCLUSION
Forced filtration reduced leukoreduction time, but increased residual whole blood cells reduced hemostatic function. Aggregation response deteriorated early in storage, while viscoelastic assays decreased more gradually. Mixing showed no benefits.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic study, level IV.
Psychophysical reverse correlation reflects both sensory and decision-making processes
Authors: Okazawa Gouki , Sha Long , Purcell Braden A. , Kiani Roozbeh 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGoal directed behavior depends on both sensory mechanisms that gather information from the outside world and decision-making mechanisms that select appropriate behavior based on that sensory information. Psychophysical reverse correlation is commonly used to quantify how fluctuations of sensory stimuli influence behavior and is generally believed to uncover the spatiotemporal weighting functions of sensory processes. Here we show that reverse correlations also reflect decision-making processes and can deviate significantly from the true sensory filters. Specifically, changes of decision bound and mechanisms of evidence integration systematically alter psychophysical reverse correlations. Similarly, trial-to-trial variability of sensory and motor delays and decision times causes systematic distortions in psychophysical kernels that should not be attributed to sensory mechanisms. We show that ignoring details of the decision-making process results in misinterpretation of reverse correlations, but proper use of these details turns reverse correlation into a powerful method for studying both sensory and decision-making mechanisms.
New tools for the analysis and validation of Cryo-EM maps and atomic models
Authors: Afonine Pavel V. , Klaholz Bruno P. , Moriarty Nigel W. , Poon Billy K. , Sobolev Oleg V. , Terwilliger Thomas C. , Adams Paul D. , Urzhumtsev Alexandre 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRecent advances in the field of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) have resulted in a rapidly increasing number of atomic models of bio-macromolecules solved using this technique and deposited in the Protein Data Bank and the Electron Microscopy Data Bank. Similar to macromolecular crystallography, validation tools for these models and maps are required. While some of these validation tools may be borrowed from crystallography, new methods specifically for cryo-EM validation are required. We discuss new computational methods and tools implemented in Phenix, including d99 to estimate resolution, phenix.auto_sharpen to improve maps, and phenix.mtriage to analyze cryo-EM maps. We suggest that cryo-EM half-maps and masks are deposited to facilitate evaluation and validation of cryo-EM derived atomic models and maps. We also present the application of these tools to deposited cryo-EM atomic models and maps.
Pseudomonas aeruginosapartitioning protein ParB acts as a nucleoid-associated protein binding to multiple copies of aparS-related motif
Authors: Kawalek Adam , Bartosik Aneta Agnieszka , Glabski Krzysztof , Jagura-Burdzy Grazyna 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTParA and ParB homologs are involved in accurate chromosome segregation in bacteria. ParBs participate in separation of ori domains by binding to specificparSsites, mainly localized close tooriC. InPseudomonas aeruginosaneither a lack ofparBgene nor modification of tenparSs is lethal. Remarkably, such mutants show not only defects in chromosome segregation but also growth retardation and motility dysfunctions. Moreover, a lack ofparBalters expression of over one thousand genes, suggesting that ParB could interact with the chromosome outside its canonicalparStargets.Indeed, DNA immunoprecipitation with anti-ParB antibodies followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed 420 enriched regions in WT PAO1161 strain and around 1000 in a ParB-overproducing strain and in variousparSmutants. Vast majority of the ParB-enriched loci contained a heptanucleotide motif corresponding to one arm of theparSpalindrome. All previously postulatedparSsites with the exception ofparS5interacted with ParBin vivo.Whereas the ParB binding to the fourparSsites closest tooriC, parS1-4, is involved in chromosome segregation, its genome-wide interactions with hundreds ofparShalf-sites could affect chromosome topology, compaction and gene expression classifyingP. aeruginosaParB as a Nucleoid Associated Protein (NAP).
Exposing flaws in S-LDSC; reply to Gazal et al.
Authors: Speed Doug , Balding David J 
Published: March 2018

In our recent publication,1 we examined the two heritability models most widely used when estimating SNP heritability: the GCTA Model, which is used by the software GCTA2 and upon which LD Score regression (LDSC) is based,3 and the LDAK Model, which is used by our software LDAK.4 First we demonstrated the importance of choosing an appropriate heritability model, by showing that estimates of SNP heritability can be highly sensitive to which model is assumed. Then we empirically tested the GCTA and LDAK Models on GWAS data for a wide variety of complex traits. We found that the LDAK Model fits real data both significantly and substantially better than the GCTA Model, indicating that LDAK estimates more accurately describe the genetic architecture of complex traits than those from GCTA or LDSC.Some of our most striking results were our revised estimates of functional enrichments (the heritability enrichments of SNP categories defined by functional annotations). In general, estimates from LDAK were substantially more modest than previous estimates based on the GCTA Model. For example, we estimated that DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHS) were 1.4-fold (SD 0.1) enriched, whereas a study using GCTA had found they were 5.1-fold (SD 0.5) enriched,5 and we estimated that conserved SNPs were 1.3-fold (SD 0.3) enriched, whereas a study using S-LDSC (stratified LDSC) had found they were 13.3-fold (SD 1.5) enriched.6In their correspondence, Gazal et al. dispute our findings. They assert that the heritability model assumed by LDSC is more realistic than the LDAK Model, and that estimates of enrichment from S-LDSC7 are more accurate than those from LDAK. Here, we explain why their justification for preferring the model used by LDSC is incorrect, and provide a simple demonstration that S-LDSC produces unreliable estimates of enrichment.
Reproducible integration of multiple sequencing datasets to form high-confidence SNP, indel, and reference calls for five human genome reference materials
Authors: Zook Justin M. , McDaniel Jennifer , Parikh Hemang , Heaton Haynes , Irvine Sean A. , Trigg Len , Truty Rebecca , McLean Cory Y. , De La Vega Francisco M. , Xiao Chunlin , Sherry Stephen , Salit Marc 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBenchmark small variant calls from the Genome in a Bottle Consortium (GIAB) for the CEPH/HapMap genome NA12878 (HG001) have been used extensively for developing, optimizing, and demonstrating performance of sequencing and bioinformatics methods. Here, we develop a reproducible, cloud-based pipeline to integrate multiple sequencing datasets and form benchmark calls, enabling application to arbitrary human genomes. We use these reproducible methods to form high-confidence calls with respect to GRCh37 and GRCh38 for HG001 and 4 additional broadly-consented genomes from the Personal Genome Project that are available as NIST Reference Materials. These new genomes’ broad, open consent with few restrictions on availability of samples and data is enabling a uniquely diverse array of applications. Our new methods produce 17% more high-confidence SNPs, 176% more indels, and 12% larger regions than our previously published calls. To demonstrate that these calls can be used for accurate benchmarking, we compare other high-quality callsets to ours (e.g., Illumina Platinum Genomes), and we demonstrate that the majority of discordant calls are errors in the other callsets, We also highlight challenges in interpreting performance metrics when benchmarking against imperfect high-confidence calls. We show that benchmarking tools from the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health can be used with our calls to stratify performance metrics by variant type and genome context and elucidate strengths and weaknesses of a method.
Encoding the expectation of a sensory stimulus
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Chen Alex , Saha Debajit , Li Chao , Raman Baranidharan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMost organisms possess an ability to differentiate unexpected or surprising sensory stimuli from those that are repeatedly encountered. How is this sensory computation performed? We examined this issue in the locust olfactory system. We found that odor-evoked responses in the antennal lobe (downstream to sensory neurons) systematically reduced upon repeated encounters of a temporally discontinuous stimulus. Rather than confounding information about stimulus identity and intensity, neural representations were optimized to encode equivalent stimulus-specific information with fewer spikes. Further, spontaneous activity of the antennal lobe network also changed systematically and became negatively correlated with the response elicited by the repetitive stimulus (i.e. ‘a negative image’). Notably, while response to the repetitive stimulus reduced, exposure to an unexpected/deviant cue generated undamped and even exaggerated spiking responses in several neurons. In sum, our results reveal how expectation regarding a stimulus is encoded in a neural circuit to allow response optimization and preferential filtering.