bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA
Authors: EVANS THEODORE S. , NESBIT ROBERT R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The data in a case of fatal leukemia with predominant eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and bone marrow are presented; we believe that this case was one of eosinophilic leukemia.
2. During the period of observation, these eosinophils showed progesssive immaturity as the symptoms became more severe. Eventually this "left shift" became so marked that a large proportion of the cells were terminally myeloblasts in both the blood and the bone marrow.
3. Autopsy revealed invasion of many of the tissues and organs with these mature and immature eosinophil granulocytes and with myeloblasts.
PLATELET THROMBOSIS IN HUMAN HEMOSTASIS
Authors: ZUCKER HOWARD D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The histologic appearance of human skin puncture wounds obtained at biopsy, after measurement of the local bleeding times, has been studied in serial section in 3 patients with normal hemostasis and in 4 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. It is found that agglutinated platelets arrest hemorrhage in normal skin by rapidly sealing the mouths of all cut vessels larger than capillaries. Such platelet thrombi can resist the effective blood pressure in a cut arteriole of 55 micra. The puncture tract is normally filled with red cell-fibrin clot into which the platelet thrombi protrude. The red clot seals the mouth of the few opened capillaries which can be identified. Other capillaries may be sealed by endothelial agglutination. Fibrin does not enter or form within the injured vessels.
Platelet thrombosis does not occur in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. When larger arterioles and venules are cut the bleeding time is greatly prolonged and fibrin fails to form within the wound because of the speed of blood flow. When smaller vessels are cut in purpura the bleeding time is moderately prolonged, but the cut vessels are eventually sealed by fibrin alone. In thrombocytopenic purpura the bleeding time is normal if only capillaries are cut, since these are normally sealed by fibrin.
The similarity of the histologic appearance of human puncture wounds to that described after experimental vascular injury in other mammals, suggests considerable similarity in mammalian hemostatic mechanisms.
Clinical bleeding time tests vary greatly in depth of puncture and in the caliber and number of the vessels cut. Sufficient volume of hemorrhage during the first minute is thought to be the best guide to an adequate test of the entire hemostatic mechanism.
THE CLINICAL ASSOCIATION OF MACROCYTIC ANEMIA WITH INTESTINAL STRICTURE AND ANASTOMOSIS
Authors: CAMERON D. G. , WATSON G. M. , WITTS L. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The case is reported of a woman in whom a macrocytic anemia developed after a short-circuit operation for regional ileitis. At a second operation, multiple constrictions and distentions were present in the bypassed loop.
2. The literature of macrocytic anemia associated with intestinal stenosis and anastomosis is reviewed. The anemia differs from Addisonian pernicious anemia in that the gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor may be normal. There need be no steatorrhea. It is concluded that the anemia is probably due to stagnation of intestinal contents and the absorption of toxic substances.
3. The production of blind loops in the small intestine of experimental animals offers a promising approach to the study of the macrocytic anemias.
THE EFFECT OF STASIS OF BLOOD IN VARICOSE VEINS ON ERYTHROCYTE FRAGILITY, WITH ACCOMPANYING STUDIES COMPARING RED CELLS AND OTHER BLOOD ELEMENTS WITH CUBITAL VEIN BLOOD
Authors: METTIER STACY R. , WEAVER JOHN C. , MCBRIDE ALICE F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Blood from varicose veins was compared with cubital vein blood in 20 patients in order to determine whether or not the degree of stasis present in varicose veins would increase red cell fragility. Corollary studies consisted of comparative determinations of red cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cells, platelets and serum proteins.
2. There was no increase in red cell fragility in the varicose vein specimen, indicating that the theory that minor degrees of intravascular erythrostasis contribute substantially to some of the hemolytic anemias is untenable.
3. There was a small but statistically significant elevation in red cells per cu. mm. in varicose vein blood as compared with blood from cubital veins. There was a suggestive, but not significant, increase in packed cell volume and serum protein in the varicose vein samples. The evidence indicates a mild degree of hemoconcentration.
4. White cells, platelets and hemoglobin determinations were found to have the same values in varicose vein blood as in blood from the cubital vein.
Immunochemical Characterization of a Monoclonal γG4, λ Human Antibody to Factor IX
Authors: Pike Isadore M. , Yount William J. , Puritz Elliot M. , Roberts Harold R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A circulating inhibitor specific for factor IX in a patient with hemophilia B was characterized with antisera to human immunoglobulins. Inhibitor-rich plasma was mixed with an excess of specific antiserum and then assayed for residual inhibitor activity. Inhibitor activity was completely removed by antisera specific for γG4 heavy chains and lambda light chains. Antisera specific for γA, γM, γD, γE, γG1, γG2, and γG3 heavy chains and kappa light chains had no effect on the inhibitor. On preparative zone electrophoresis, inhibitor activity was localized in a sharp band in the anodal portion of the γG peak, an electrophoretic distribution paralleling that of γG4. Precise localization of the inhibitor activity on calibrated gel filtration columns revealed a relatively narrow zone of fractions containing the inhibitor, wherein the proteins have an estimated molecular weight of 145,000. The relative homogeneity of the antibody may reflect specificity for a uniform, discrete portion of the human factor IX molecule.
Globin Chain Synthesis in the Marrow and Reticulocytes of Beta Thalassemia, Hemoglobin H Disease, and Beta Delta Thalassemia
Authors: Shchory Mordechai , Ramot Bracha 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
α, β, and γ globin chain synthesis in bone marrow and peripheral blood reticulocytes were studied in two patients with thalassemia major, two with thalassemia intermedia, one with thalassemia minor, one with Hb H disease, and one with homozygous βδ-thalassemia. Nine nonthalassemic patients served as controls. In thalassemia major, a marked imbalance of α- to β-chain synthesis was found in the bone marrow as well as in reticulocytes. The imbalance, however, was slightly more evident in the latter. In the patients with thalassemia intermedia and minor the α- to β-globin chain ratios in the reticulocytes were of the same order of magnitude, despite the marked clinical differences between thalassemia intermedia and minor. A balanced synthesis was found in the bone marrow of the patient with thalassemia minor. The bone marrow globin synthesis in thalassemia intermedia was not studied. Contrary to that in Hb H disease and βδ-thalassemia, the imbalance was more apparent in the bone marrow. In the latter, no evidence for imbalance was detected in the reticulocytes. These results point out the need for further studies on globin chain synthesis in the bone marrow and reticulocytes of patients With the various thalassemia syndromes and the effect of the free globin chain pool on those results.
Methods for Obtaining Purified Lymphocytes, Glass-adherent Mononuclear Cells, and a Population Containing Both Cell Types From Human Peripheral Blood
Authors: Levis William R. , Robbins Jay H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Methods are presented for obtaining simultaneously or separately two populations of cells from human peripheral blood, lymphocytes and monocytes, both of which are required to obtain blastogenesis and DNA synthesis in human leukocyte cultures. A simple 5-min centrifugation of heparinized blood yields a mononuclear leukocyte culture fluid containing 70-90% lymphocytes with few granulocytes but with sufficient numbers of monocytes so that the latter cell is not a limiting factor in the blastogenic reaction. A method is also presented for removing both granulocytes and monocytes from lymphocyte populations in a manner that permits monitoring and choice of the degree of lymphocyte purification. A method is also presented for obtaining glass-adherent mononuclear cells that do not undergo blastogenesis but will enable suitably stimulated "purified" lymphocytes to undergo blastogenesis. Studies of the function and morphology of these different cell populations are presented.
Kinetics of Cell Proliferation of Murine Bone Marrow Cells Cultured in Diffusion Chambers: Effect of Hypoxia, Bleeding, Erythropoietin Injections, Polycythemia, and Irradiation of the Host
Authors: Boyum Arne , Carsten Arland L. , Laerum Ole Didrik , Cronkite Eugene P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mouse bone marrow cells were cultured in diffusion chambers implanted in the abdominal cavity of host mice that were subjected to different kinds of treatment. Preirradiation of the chamber host enhanced the cell growth in the chambers as follows: the number of cells capable of proliferation and differentiation in the chambers (diffusion chamber progenitor cells, DCPC) as determined by a limiting dilution method increased significantly. Similarly, the spleen colony-forming units (CFU’s) in the chambers proliferated more rapidly in irradiated than in normal hosts. The total number of cells in the granulocytic series harvested after culture periods of 3-7 days was also significantly increased. The number of cells in the granulocytic series harvested per DCPC in irradiated animals was twice normal. These findings indicate that the progenitor cells probably proceed through multiplicative mitoses before differentiation in the irradiated animals. A higher cloning efficiency or a shortened generation time of stem cells are other possibilities. The increased number of differentiating granulocytes may simply be a consequence of the events taking place in the stem cell compartment, but a stimulating effect of the irradiation environment on proliferating cells in the granulocytic series cannot be excluded. Preirradiation also stimulated the growth of macrophages but less consistently. When normal mice carrying chambers with normal marrow were subjected to intermittent hypoxia during the culture period, the number of DCPC’s and of cells in the granulocytic series and macrophages were reduced approximately to the same extent. Hypoxic treatment of donor animals for 3-5 days resulted in a similar reduction in number of DCPC’s and CFU’s at both intervals. These findings may suggest competition for a common pool of stem cells for erythrocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages. However, a toxic effect cannot be excluded. Erythropoiesis, which is usually absent, was significantly increased when hypoxia and irradiation of the chamber hosts were combined. Bleeding and erythropoietin injections also enhanced erythropoiesis to some extent.
Binding of Concanavalin A to Rat, Normal Human, and Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia Lymphocytes
Authors: Novogrodsky Abraham , Biniaminov Miriam , Ramot Bracha , Katchalski Ephraim 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study was aimed to find a correlation between the extent of concanavalin A (Con A) binding to lymphocytes and the blastogenic effect of the lectin on these cells. 63Ni-labeled Con A was used in the lectin-binding experiments. Binding of Con A to a small fraction (approximately 3%) of Con A binding sites in rat lymphocytes is required for the maximal stimulation of RNA synthesis. Binding of Con A to additional sites resulted in a less stimulatory effect. Lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) are impaired in their blastogenic response to Con A. Maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis induced by Con A in CLL lymphocytes is attained by treatment of the cells with the lectin at concentrations that are smaller than those required for the induction of maximal DNA synthesis in normal lymphocytes. The number of Con A binding sites in CLL lymphocyte is smaller than in normal lymphocyte.
Present Status of Spiculed Red Cells and Their Relationship to the Discocyte-Echinocyte Transformation: A Critical Review
Authors: Brecher G. , Bessis M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The literature on spiculed red cells, contains a redundant nomenclature and contradictory claims on the pathogenesis of the abnormal red cells. A resolution of these difficulties requires knowledge of the many conditions that induce crenation in normal and abnormal red cells because these artifacts have frequently been confused with spiculed cells in the patient’s circulation.
The biconcave red cells (disocytes) can be transformed into crenated red cells (echinocytes) (1) by extrinsic factors (plasma incubated at 37°C for 24 hr, lysolecithin, high levels of fatty acid or physiologic levels of fatty acid in the presence of lysolecithin and many others); (2) by intrinsic factors, such as aging of red cells, which are probably related to depressed ATP; and (3) by washing in saline and the "glass effect" of observing cells between slide and cover slip. The extrinsically induced discocyte-echinocyte transformation is generally reversible by washing in fresh plasma, the intrinsically induced transformation is not. The discocyte-echinocyte transformation due to glass contact is prevented by observation between plastic cover slips. Echinocytes probably occur in various diseases, but such claims must be reevaluated because examination of fresh cells between plastic cover slips is necessary to exclude artifactual crenation during preparation of smears.
Sphero-echinocytes and spherocytes may develop with higher concentration of echinocytogenic agents. The relationship of these cells to echinocytes, on one hand, and prelytic spheres, on the other, needs further clarification.
The spiculed cells in the circulation of certain patients with liver disease are indistinguishable from the acanthocytes of abetalipoproteinemia. Acanthocytes can develop crenation superimposed on their own spicules and become acanthoechinocytes. It is suggested that the term burr cell for echinocyte and spur cells for the acanthocytes of liver disease be abandoned because they are redundant and do not allow for designation of the mixed forms of acantho-echinocytes which are of diagnostic importance.
Speculations are presented on the pathogenesis of echinocyte formation and their importance for an understanding of the structure of the red cell membrane.
Oxymetholone Treatment for the Anemia of Bone Marrow Failure
Authors: Alexanian Raymond , Nadell Judith , Alfrey Clarence 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Oxymetholone was given to 28 adults with chronic anemia from bone marrow disease. Changes in hematocrit and red cell mass were correlated with serial assessments of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis. Erythropoietin excretion was enhanced more than five-fold over the level expected for the hematocrit in 70% of the patients. Only 23% of the patients with an evaluable treatment trial increased their red cell mass by at least 20%. In all responders, the T½ of 59Fe disappearance ranged from 86-136 min and erythron iron turnover exceeded 0.25 mg/100 ml blood/day. A decline in serum iron concentration to the 50-100 µg/100 ml range after 1 mo of oxymetholone was frequently associated with a subsequent response to therapy. Patients with severe bone marrow failure, for whom frequent red cell transfusions were required, did not improve. The failure of other patients to respond was attributed to complicating factors that either impaired maximal erythropoietin production or restricted iron supply to the bone marrow. Hepatic toxicity was detected in less than 10% of treated patients. Results support the use of oxymetholone in the treatment of patients with moderate degrees of bone marrow failure and symptomatic anemia.
The Activated Phagocyte of Polycythemia Vera
Authors: Cooper M. R. , DeChatelet L. R. , McCall C. E. , Spurr C. L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukocytes isolated from patients with polycythemia vera (PCV), a panmyelopathy, have increased metabolic activity during the resting and phagocytizing states. Phagocytes from patients with PCV were studied by counting particle ingestion, measuring hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) activity by the conversion of glucose-1-14C to 14CO2, and determining O2 consumption and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction. Phagocytosis of polystyrene particles was increased. Resting glucose-1-14C activity was 6.9 ± 2.7 nmoles of glucose oxidized per hour per 5 x 106 phagocytes in normal and 16.4 ± 7.6 nmoles in polycythemia vera phagocytes. Hexose monophosphate shunt following phagocytosis increased to 50.6 ± 10.4 nmoles in normal and 91.7 ± 17.0 in polycythemia vera phagocytes (p < 0.005). Oxygen consumption was 3.6 ± 0.2 µl/hr/5 x 106 phagocytes in resting and 11.4 µl/hr/5 x 106 phagocytes in stimulated controls as compared to 4.8 ± 0.2 µl in resting and 18.4 µl in phagocytizing PCV cells (p <0.001). The reduction of NBT by leukocytes was increased in all resting polycythemia vera phagocytes as compared to control phagocytes. The cells from some patients had increases in the amount of NBT reduced during phagocytosis. Phagocytes from four severly infected patients had increases in HMP activity in both resting and phagocytizing cells similar to those found in noninfected PCV phagocytes. Although the increased metabolic activity associated with phagocytosis can be explained by increased particle ingestion, the increased activity of resting PCV cells suggests other metabolic abnormalities perhaps related to the age of the phagocyte.
Thrombotic Thrombocy openic Purpura: Report of a Case With Possible Immune Etiology
Authors: Mant Michael J. , Cauchi Maurice N. , Medley Gabriele 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disorder of unknown etiology. An immunologic basis has been suggested, although proof is lacking. The immunologic, hematologic, and autopsy findings in a case of TTP occurring 6 wk postpartum are described. Immunofluorescent studies revealed the presence of IgM and complement, as well as fibrin in the vicinity of the endothelium and in thrombi in small blood vessels in multiple organs. These findings suggest an active immunologic process in this case. While TTP is probably of diverse etiology, confirmation of these findings in further cases would provide a rational basis for the use of immunosuppressive therapy.
Identification of Circulating Micromegakaryocytes in a Case of Refractory Anemia: An Electron Microscopic-Cytochemical Study
Authors: Gorius J. Breton , Dreyfus B. , Sultan C. , Basch A. , d’Oliveira J. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In a case of refractory anemia with an excess of myeloblasts in the bone marrow and with thrombocytopenia, examinations of the blood cells under the electron microscope have revealed nucleated cells similar in size to small lymphocytes. Some of these lymphocytelike cells have scanty cytoplasm identical to that of giant platelets present in the blood, which are pathologic in view of their highly developed system of membranes. In the perinuclear space and in short segments of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, these blood micromegakaryocytes exhibit a peroxidase activity that is identical to that of mature megakaryocytes of normal bone marrow. They also spread over glass like giant platelets. In the past these nucleated cells could well have been confused with atypical lymphocytes, because on stained slides their atypical appearance makes identification difficult.
The IgG Subclasses of Red Cell Antibodies and Relationship to Monocyte Binding
Authors: Abramson Neil , Schur Peter H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Purified IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 myeloma proteins were coupled to red blood cells with chromic chloride either individually or in various combinations. Only red blood cells coated with IgG1 or IgG3 formed rosettes; red cells coated with IgG3 appeared to predominate in this reaction. IgG2, IgG4, and IgA myeloma proteins coupled to red blood cells did not appear to inhibit the IgG1 and/or IgG3 also on the red cells from forming rosettes. The IgG subclass specificity of a number of red cell isoantibodies was determined. The majority were IgG1 and IgG3, as previously noted. IgG2 was observed among some of these antibodies, namely in anti-D, anti-CD, anti-CDE, anti-s, and anti-Jka. Although rosette formation was strongly associated with the relative amounts of IgG1 and IgG3, particularly the latter, on red cells, a number of exceptions were noted.
Improved Viability of Previously Frozen Platelets
Authors: Handin R. I. , Valeri C. R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The main feature of this new approach to platelet freezing is a controlled rate of addition and postthaw removal of 5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). When DMSO was removed from fresh nonfrozen platelet concentrates before transfusion, no adverse effect on posttransfusion survival was observed. The 51Cr recovery of autologous fresh platelet concentrates in vivo was 65% ± 5%, while that of autologous platelets previously frozen with DMSO and washed prior to transfusion was 47% ± 3%. The lifespan values were similar for fresh platelets and previously frozen washed platelet concentrates. When approximately 95% of the DMSO was removed from previously frozen washed platelets before transfusion, the 51Cr recovery was about 70% of the value for fresh platelet concentrates, and the lifespan value was similar to that of fresh platelet concentrates. No adverse side effects were observed. The hemostatic effectiveness of these platelets has yet to be studied.
Postnatal Fetal and Adult Hemoglobin Synthesis in D1 Trisomy Syndrome
Authors: Bard Harry 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Studies were carried out during the neonatal period in three infants with D1 trisomy syndrome to measure the proportion of fetal and adult hemoglobin being synthesized. These values were compared on the one hand to those previously reported from samples obtained from cord blood of normal newborn infants ranging from 25 to 43 wk gestation, and on the other hand to those values determined in critically ill infants of the same postconceptional age. Blood samples were incubated in an amino acid mixture containing 14C-leucine followed by column chromatography on DEAE Sephadex for separation of fetal and adult hemoglobin fractions. Liquid scintillation counting was carried out on the hemoglobin fractions. In infants with the D1 trisomy, the delay in transition to adult hemoglobin synthesis was 7-8 wk behind that expected for their postconceptional ages, and there was no accelerated transition to adult hemoglobin synthesis in the one case studied beyond the early neonatal period. Unlike the D1 trisomy infants, the critically ill controls showed no retardation in their transition toward adult hemoglobin synthesis. The duplication of the genes in one of the 13-15 chromosome groups is a factor that delays the developmental synchrony of hemoglobin synthesis.
The Zeta Sedimentation Ratio
Authors: Bull Brian S. , Brailsford J. Douglas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The zeta sedimentation ratio (ZSR) is a measurement similar to the determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) but possesses sevaral advantages. It is unaffected by anemia and responds in a linear manner to increase in fibrinogen and/or gamma globulin. The normal range is identical for males and females. A blood sample, contained within a vertically oriented capillary tube, is subjected to four cycles of dispersion and compaction. At the conclusion of this process, the hematocrit of the blood in the red cell-containing portion of the capillary tube is measured. This hematocrit, a measure of the closeness with which red cells will approach each other under a standardized stress, is the ZSR.