bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Évaluation du risque environnemental associé aux déversements d’hydrocarbures en mer : application au parc national Forillon, golfe du Saint-Laurent, Canada
Authors: Boivin D.J. , El-Sabh M.I. , Quenneville R. , Lauzier D. , Chassé R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Le présent article décrit une méthodologie dévaluation du risque environnemental basée sur la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité des rives en relation avec un déversement d’hydrocarbures. Cette caractérisation a pour but d’identifier les secteurs du rivage du parc national Forillon qui sont les plus menacés par une marée noire. La méthode permet de classifier les bandes littorales selon la géomorphologie et la granulométrie des sédiments meubles en rapport avec lénergie cinétique des vagues. Puisque l’autonettoyage constitue un facteur de première importance lors des déversements de grande envergure, l’identification des secteurs où cet autonettoyage est plus lent constitue une approche intéressante pour prioriser les interventions de protection des rivages à l’aide d’estacades. Les habitats fauniques particuliers constituent également, à certaines périodes de l’année, des éléments dont la protection est prioritaire. Ces facteurs, jumelés à la probabilité d’accidents anticipés dans la région, ont permis de mettre en lumière les scénarios cumulant les plus hauts niveaux de risque pour les rives du parc national Forillon et d’orienter les stratégies visant la protection des ressources naturelles en présence.
Toxicity of the Herbicide Metolachlor, some Transformation Products and a Commercial Safener to an Alga (Selenastrum capricornutum), a Cyanophyte (Anabaena cylindrica) and a Macrophyte (Lemna gibba)
Authors: Day K.E. , Hodge V. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The toxicity of the herbicide metolachlor, three photodegradation products (CGA-40172, CGA-40919, CGA-37735), two metabolic products (CGA-50720, CGA-51202) and a commercial safener (benoxacor) was determined in plant toxicity tests. The species tested were the green alga, S. capricornutum, the blue-green cyanophyte, A. cylindrica, and duckweed, L. gibba. The endpoint measured for all three species was inhibition of growth determined as a decrease in cell biomass for the algae or a decrease in frond production and dry weight in duckweed. S. capricornutum was the most sensitive species to the parent compound (72-h IC50’s ranged from 37.2-55.8 µg/L) followed by L. gibba (7-day IC50’S ranged from 304-788 µg/L for decreased frond production or 766 µg/L for a decrease in dry weight). The blue-green alga, A. cylindrica, was not affected by any of the compounds tested at concentrations as high as 4.0 mg/L. None of the transformation products was toxic at concentrations up to 10 mg/L. The safener decreased growth of S. capricornutum at concentrations ranging from 1,730-2,050 µg/L (72-h IC50’s). It is recommended that the interim Canadian water quality guideline of 8 µg/L be reexamined in light of these and other data.
Pilot Studies and Assessment of Downstream Effects of UV and Ozone Disinfection of a Physicochemical Wastewater
Authors: Gehr R. , Nicell J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
UV radiation and ozonation were investigated as disinfection alternatives for the Montreal Urban Community physicochemical wastewater treatment plant. The final effluent flows through a 5-km-long outfall tunnel before discharge into the St Lawrence River; the critical point for microbial quality is 4 km downstream. The study, therefore, also examined possible biofilm growth in the tunnel and dilution behaviour in the river. For UV disinfection, a newly developed, high-intensity medium-pressure lamp unit was tested because of its space-saving features. Typical two-stage dose-response curves were obtained with the transition between disinfection of free-swimming and particulate-associated organisms occurring at approximately 25 mW s/cm2. Disinfection behaviour improved when alum was substituted for FeCl3 as the coagulant. Photoreactivation decreased with increasing UV dose. Ozonation was adversely effected by changes in COD and H2S in the wastewater. A dose of 17 mg/L was needed to reach target disinfection levels of &lt;5,000 CFU/100 mL in 90% of the cases; the CT value was approximately 0.4 mg min/L. Replacement of FeCl3 by alum reduced the required dose by 35%. Effects of biofilm growth in the tunnel were inconsistent: effluent SS and microbial concentrations were sometimes higher at the exit than at the entrance and vice versa. Effective dilution of microbes in the river decreased as water temperature increased, reaching a minimum of approximately 20.
Release of Organic Carbon, Kjeldhal Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus from Flooded Vegetation
Authors: Morrison K.A. , Thérien N. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The release of organic carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus from submerged terrestrial vegetation was measured. The vegetation examined was alder, spruce, lichen and sphagnum moss. Samples of the vegetation were placed in 26-L tanks into which water was added. At different time intervals, water samples were withdrawn for analyses and replaced with pure water. The tanks were kept aerobic and at 18°C. Two experimental series were carried out for all vegetation species, the second series using less plant material. Most release occurred in the first three months for both series. In comparison with the ground vegetation species, the two tree species released more organic carbon (30–-60 mg C/g dry weight versus 3–6 mg) and total phosphorus (0.4–0.5 mg P/g dry weight versus 0.07–0.15 mg). However, all four substrates released the same order of magnitude of Kjeldahl nitrogen (0.1–0.6 mg N/g dry weight). Within each species, the two experimental series gave similar results for organic carbon and total phosphorus, but gave different results for Kjeldahl nitrogen, especially for the tree species. Exponential equations were fit to the data, and the estimated coefficients should be useful for estimating effects on water quality of submerged vegetation when reservoirs are flooded.
Effects of Organic Suspended Solids on Biofilm Performance
Authors: Zahid Waleed M. , Ganczarczyk Jerzy J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The presence of organic particles in the feed to an RBC unit influenced adversely the physical and attachment properties of the RBC biofilms as well as the unit performance. Biofilms, especially those in initial compartments of the RBC model, exhibited a fluffy, loose filamentous structure which was continually eroding. It is believed that the entrapment of the particulate organics by the biofilm matrix causes a subsequent development of oxygen-depleted zones and structural flaws within the biofilm.
Oxygen Requirements of Fishes in Northern Alberta Rivers with a General Review of the Adverse Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen
Authors: Barton Bruce A. , Taylor Barry R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Sublethal responses of fish to low dissolved oxygen (DO) include changes in cardiac function, increased respiratory and metabolic activity, alterations in blood chemistry, mobilization of anaerobic energy pathways, upset in acid-base balance, reduced growth and decreased swimming capacity. Lowered final temperature preferenda and avoiding low DO are behavioral responses, and under extreme conditions, fish may take advantage of oxygen-rich surface film water. Low DO can affect invertebrate communities by causing selective mortality or inducing drift, which may affect fish production. The presence of pollutants can exacerbate responses to low DO with the effect of raising the threshold DO at which such responses occur. Based on published literature, northern Alberta riverine fishes are grouped into four categories of acute lethal sensitivity. However, chronic DO requirements are far more important to long-term maintenance of healthy fish communities than acute tolerances. Defining chronic DO criteria for northern fishes is complicated by long periods of winter ice cover, possible presence of pulp mill effluent, and lack of information on many regional species. Although previously recommended criteria should provide a reasonable level of protection for fish, any reduction in DO below saturation will cause some production impairment within the aquatic community.
Implementation of Hamilton-Wentworth Region’s Pollution Control Plan
Authors: Stirrup M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth operates a large combined sewer system which diverts excess combined sewage to local receiving waters at over 20 locations. On average, there are approximately 23 combined sewer overflows per year, per outfall. The region’s Pollution Control Plan, adopted by Regional Council in 1992, concluded that the only reasonable means of dealing with large volumes of combined sewer overflow in Hamilton was to intercept it at the outlets, detain it and convey it to the wastewater treatment plant after the storm events. The recommended control strategy relies heavily on off-line storage, with an associated expansion of the Woodward Avenue wastewater treatment plant to achieve target reductions of combined sewer overflows to 1–4 per year on average. The region has begun to implement this Pollution Control Plan in earnest. Three off-line detention storage tanks are already in operation, construction of a fourth facility is well underway, and conceptual design of a number of other proposed facilities has commenced. To make the best possible use of these facilities and existing in-line storage, the region is implementing a microcomputer-based real-time control system. A number of proposed Woodward Avenue wastewater treatment plant process upgrades and expansions have also been undertaken. This paper reviews the region's progress in implementing these control measures.
Loadings of PCBs and PAHs from Hamilton Harbour to Lake Ontario
Authors: Fox M.E. , Khan R.M. , Thiessen P.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Large-volume water samples were collected from the ship canal connecting Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario while detailed simultaneous measurements of water speed and direction were made. The 10-day sampling period in July 1989 and a 14-day sampling period in March 1991 were considered representative of typical stratified summer and unstratified winter flow regimes. The water samples were analysed for PCBs and PAHs, which are known major organic contaminants in Hamilton Harbour. Supporting physicochemical measurements were also made. The water movement data were combined with the contaminant concentrations and the uniform channel dimensions to calculate annual loadings of 2.8 kg/ year PCBs and 37.5 kg/ year PAHs from Hamilton Harbour to Lake Ontario. These estimates were compared to other published estimates of loadings of these compounds from Hamilton Harbour and also from the atmosphere and the Niagara River. It was concluded that Hamilton Harbour is not a significant source of these compounds in comparison to the atmosphere and the Niagara River. The PAH export estimate was found to be small when compared to in situ sediment burdens of PAHs and also present day discharges to the harbour.
Data Animator — Software that Visualizes Data as Computer-Generated Animation on Personal Computers: an Application to Hamilton Harbour
Authors: Halfon Efraim 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Data Animator, V1.0, is a scientific visualization package for microcomputers. Its main purpose is to generate two-dimensional animations from any data set collected over time. Geographical references such as a shore and/or bathymetry information, etc., may be added for additional clarity. Visualization of data as animations greatly simplifies the interpretation of field measurements. Data Animator is designed (but not restricted) to display data collected in aquatic environments, lakes, rivers, estuaries, oceans, etc., in a clear, concise way using colour to represent ranges of data values. Data sets can also be displayed as static images (keyframes). A graphic user interface allows the user to choose viewpoint, fonts, colour palette, data and keyframes. All Data Animator's options can be accessed through a graphical user interface (GUI). Point-and-click mouse operations allow the user to manipulate many features, with immediate on-screen feedback. Animations are generated by defining keyframes of known data, each located at a specific time. The program can then interpolate over time, between keyframes, to create smoothly animated transitions (in-between frames). Two types of graphs can be rendered with Data Animator. Plane-type graphs are horizontal slices at a depth specified by the user. Transect-type graphs are vertical slices along a straight line defined by the user. Data Animator can make use of both shore outline information and three-dimensional bathymetry information. This allows for the generation of realistic-looking graphs that follow the shape of the aquatic environment. Animations can be displayed on a computer monitor or transferred to video tape. pH data from Hamilton Harbour have been visualized and the results are discussed.
Feasibility of Using Magnetic Properties for Assessment of Particle-Associated Contaminated Transport
Authors: Mayer T. , Morris W.A. , Versteeg K.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The desire to develop rapid tools for monitoring particle-associated contaminants transport in Hamilton Harbour has led the search for fast and inexpensive tests that could be used as screening procedures prior to labour- and time-intensive conventional analytical techniques. Magnetic property measurements promised to be a viable technique if it can be shown that there is a relation between this property and contaminant concentrations in suspended and bottom sediments. Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal concentrations in suspended and bottom sediments from Hamilton Harbour is investigated. Analyses of results from six stations and two core samples indicate that magnetic measurements provide a meaningful proxy for heavy metal analyses, and that post-depositional processes produce only very limited changes in either the magnetic and/or chemical data. Comparison of the magnetic signature and chemistry of the suspended sediments suggests that susceptibility can be used to rapidly map plume patterns in the water column.
Evaluation of Potential Contamination of Groundwater Following Liquid Manure Application on Grassland in Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Morin P. , Ivany P.A. , Bishop G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An experimental site representative of Newfoundland soil and climate conditions has been instrumented and investigated for possible groundwater contamination due to the disposal of liquid waste from farming operations. The data obtained from field observations and laboratory analysis for the 1992-93 period have been interpreted using non-parametric statistical methods. Background concentration levels and individual well signatures have been defined and used for subsequent detection of changes in chemical concentrations of selected contaminants. Present farming disposal practices as applied on this site, typical of climate and soil conditions in Newfoundland, Canada, seem to have no significant impact on groundwater quality.
Aerated Stabilization Basin Floc Size Treatment Application
Authors: Palmer Merv , Burelle Luc 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A periodic toxicity non-compliance in the treated final effluent from a recycling paper mill was remediated after extensive investigations. The wastewater treatment system for the mill consisted of a primary clarifier and a cylindrical aerated stabilization basin (ASB) with a retention time of over 70 hours for normal operations. The investigations included toxicity identification evaluations, tracer studies and floc characterization studies. This paper discusses these investigations, in particular the floc characterization, which was found to be an important factor for reducing the number of occurrences of toxicity non compliance. Introducing nutrient control and reducing the short circuiting in the ASB did improve the final treated effluent quality, but these actions plus some floc control were required before the effluent toxicity non-compliance was eliminated.
Effect of Filter Thickness on Efficiency of Sand Filter Water Quality Structure
Authors: Amini F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to determine the relationship between the thickness of a sand filter and its effectiveness in removing fine particles suspended in water. To accomplish this objective, a physical model of a sand filter was built and designed to represent an underground confined water quality sand filter structure. Three types of sands, namely fine, medium and coarse, were used. The results indicated that the sediment removal efficiency for all sand thicknesses decreased with time. Within the range of variables studied, a thicker sand bed resulted in a more effective sand filter water quality structure.
Laboratory and Field Trial Evaluation of Three Methods to Detect Giardia in Drinking Water
Authors: Hay Deborah , Khan Idan , Lewis Lorraine , Isaac-Renton Judith L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Three methods for detecting Giardia cysts in drinking water were compared in laboratory and field trials. Results showed that the current ASTM-based method at the time of these experiments (1990–91) detected cysts more frequently and at consistently higher concentrations than the Payment- and Ongerth-based methods in the field and than the Payment-based method in the laboratory. Further, the ASTM and Payment methods, which use a large volume sample size, detected cysts more frequently in the field than the Ongerth method, which used a small volume sample size. Giardia strains isolated from different hosts showed no difference in recovery efficiency in laboratory trials. Two previously studied Giardia-positive drinking water systems were used for field trial comparisons. The variation in results is consistent with other comparable studies and identifies that there is a great need for improved methods of detection.
Toxic Contaminant Loadings from Municipal Sources in Ontario Areas of Concern
Authors: Schroeter H.O. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Annual flow volumes and contaminant mass discharges from such sources as stormwater runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents were computed for 47 urban centres located in 17 Canadian Areas of Concern (AOCs). Urban centres were defined as entities with sewage treatment plants servicing populations greater than 1,000.
The relative annual flow volume contribution from individual sources varies significantly among AOC areas. By effluent type, stormwater runoff contributes 17 to 65%, CSOs 1 to 6%, and STP effluents about 35 to 80%. During wet weather, this distribution changes significantly, and stormwater runoff, CSOs and STP effluents contribute about 80, 7 and 13% of the total volume, respectively. In terms of annual solids loadings in the AOCs, stormwater runoff generates 49 to 96%, CSOs 2 to 20%, and STP effluents 4 to 39%. During wet weather, the solid loads are generated almost entirely by stormwater runoff and CSOs.
For calculation of contaminant loadings, the concentration data from large urban and industrial catchments and a few smaller communities with mostly residential land were pooled together and used to compute loadings for other areas. Therefore, the computed loads are considered order-of-magnitude estimates, which are sufficient for planning level analyses. More accurate estimates would require local contaminant concentrations and flow data. The highest annual loadings of toxic contaminants were found for trace metals, followed by total PCBs, and a few trace organic compounds. In general, stormwater runoff contributed the largest contaminant loading. In most cases, a detailed assessment of the relative contaminant contributions from various sources and for various trace organic compounds was not possible because most of the data were at or below the analytical detection limit.
Source Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Street and Creek Sediments
Authors: Sharma Mukesh , McBean Edward A. , Marsalek Jiri 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A receptor-source model is used to apportion source contributions for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street and creek sediments for Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The receptor model is shown to overcome the problem of nonlinearity in system modelling. The modelling shows that although the estimated vehicular emissions have the lowest emission rate of PAHs in Sault Ste. Marie, they are a major contributor, along with the coke ovens, to PAH levels in street sediments. The result of source contributions are shown to follow the industrial activities and vehicular traffic densities, which in turn can be used to improve the cost effectiveness of urban runoff control strategies for mitigation of PAH inputs to receiving waterbodies.
Flow Pattern Characterization in an Urban Stormwater Detention Pond and Implications for Water Quality
Authors: Shaw J.K.E. , Watt W.E. , Marsalek J. , Anderson B.C. , Crowder A.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An assessment of flow patterns in an urban stormwater detention pond in Kingston, Ontario, was conducted using field measurement and computer simulation. Analysis of the field data and computer simulations revealed that the flow pattern in the pond is very dynamic and complex. The complexity of the flow behaviour results from wind stress on the pond surface. A combination of high wind and low inflow generates a circulation pattern dominant in the vertical plane of the pond. With relatively low wind stress, the velocity field is determined by inflow momentum and pond geometry (including bathymetry) and is characterized by circulation in the horizontal plane. Water quality becomes a concern during conditions of high wind and low inflow. The shear velocities associated with wind-generated current may be sufficiently large to prevent particle settling and, in extreme cases, to cause resuspension of uncon-solidated deposited contaminated sediment, which may then enter the receiving waters. Regardless of the magnitude of inflow, the length to width ratio of the pond studied (3:2) and inflow momentum promote short-circuiting of the flow and limit the efficiency of settling.
Pilot-Scale Study of Satellite Treatment Options for the Control of Combined Sewer Overflows
Authors: SCHMIDT J. , SETO P. , Averill D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognized for many years as a pollution problem within the Great Lakes ecosystem. CSOs were identified as a source of contamination in 10 of the 17 Canadian “Areas of Concern” designated by the International Joint Commission, and were considered a major problem in Hamilton Harbour and the Metropolitan Toronto Waterfront. Satellite treatment systems (located upstream in the sewerage system) were identified as being significantly more cost effective than other CSO control options in a feasibility study conducted for Metropolitan Toronto. Consequently, a multi-agency initiative was established in 1993 to examine the treatment of CSOs at a pilot-scale facility in the City of Scarborough. The technologies evaluated during two experimental seasons in 1994 and 1995 included a vortex separator, a circular clarifier, a horizontal-flow plate clarifier and an inclined rotary drum screen. Performance of the technologies is being assessed against a draft policy proposed by the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. Results to date have indicated that the vortex separator and the plate clarifier under “best conditions” were capable of 50% TSS removal and 30% BOD5 removal and should be capable of satisfying the policy.