bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Calibration Curve Construction and Composition on the Accuracy and Precision of Radiocarbon Wiggle-Matching of Tree Rings, Illustrated by Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Data Sets from AD 1500–1950
Authors: Hogg Alan G , Heaton Timothy J , Ramsey Christopher Bronk , Boswijk Gretel , Palmer Jonathan G , Turney Chris S M , Southon John , Gumbley Warren 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThis research investigates two factors influencing the ability of tree-ring data to provide accurate 14C calibration information: the fitness and rigor of the statistical model used to combine the data into a curve; and the accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the component 14C data sets. It presents a new Bayesian spline method for calibration curve construction and tests it on extant and new Southern Hemisphere (SH) data sets (also examining their dendrochronology and pretreatment) for the post-Little Ice Age (LIA) interval AD 1500–1950. The new method of construction allows calculation of component data offsets, permitting identification of laboratory and geographic biases. Application of the new method to the 10 suitable SH 14C data sets suggests that individual offset ranges for component data sets appear to be in the region of ± 10 yr. Data sets with individual offsets larger than this need to be carefully assessed before selection for calibration purposes. We identify a potential geographical offset associated with the Southern Ocean (high latitude) Campbell Island data. We test the new methodology for wiggle-matching short tree-ring sequences and use an OxCal simulation to assess the likely precision obtainable by wiggle-matching in the post-LIA interval.
Radiocarbon in Marsh Periwinkle (Littorina Irrorata) Conchiolin: Applications for Archaeology
Authors: Hadden Carla S , Loftis Kathy M , Cherkinsky Alexander , Ritchison Brandon T , Lulewicz Isabelle H , Thompson Victor D 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTIn coastal and island archaeology, carbonate mollusk shells are often among the most abundant materials available for radiocarbon (14C) dating. The marsh periwinkle (Littorina irrorata) is one of these such species, ubiquitously found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States in both modern and archaeological contexts. This paper presents a novel approach to dating estuarine mollusks where rather than attempting to characterize the size and variability of reservoir effects to “correct” shell carbonate dates, we describe a compound-specific approach that isolates conchiolin, the organic matter bound with the shell matrix of the L. irrorata. Conchiolin typically constitutes <5% of shell weight. In L. irrorata, it is derived from the snail’s terrestrial diet and is thus not strongly influenced by marine, hardwater, or other carbon reservoir effects. We compare the carbon isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C) of L. irrorata shell carbonate, conchiolin, and bulk soft tissue from six modern, live-collected specimens from Apalachicola Bay, Florida, with samples that represent possible sources of carbon within their environment including surface sediments, marsh plant tissues, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates that samples obtained from wet chemical oxidation of L. irrorata conchiolin produces accurate 14C dates.
The Design of Axisymmetric Ducts for Incompressible Flow
Authors: Laidler P , Walkden F 
Published: May 2019

SummaryAn algorithm is described for solving the partial differential equations governing inviscid, incompressible, irrotational and axisymmetric flow in order to obtain duct wall shapes from prescribed wall velocity distributions. Equations of motion are formulated with distances from and along the axis of symmetry as dependent variables. A velocity potential and Stokes stream function are employed as independent variables. A numerical method based on the iterative solution of finite-difference equations on a non-uniform mesh is presented. The residuals obtained from calculations with differing mesh sizes, for the two examples described, indicate that the proposed method gives satisfactory solutions to the specified design problem.
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Structure of a Trailing Vortex Wake
Authors: Sampson R G 
Published: May 2019

SummaryAn improved technique for the use of a five-hole yaw probe has been used in determining velocity, vorticity and pressure distributions over a transverse plane five chords downstream of a lifting wing. A well-defined tip vortex is shown to exist, together with a vortex sheet which contains a significant proportion of the total vorticity. The vorticity distribution is compared with that predicted by the calculation of vortex sheet roll-up using a two-dimensional array of line vortices. Good agreement is obtained, and the validity of using time steps large enough to inhibit the chaotic motion found in some calculations of this type is demonstrated. The structure of the tip vortex is found to be well described by the turbulent vortex model of Hoffman and Joubert.
An Investigation of an Inclined Jet in a Crosswind
Authors: Taylor P 
Published: May 2019

SummaryWind-tunnel experiments were conducted to determine the interference characteristics of an inclined turbulent jet exhausting from a flat plate into a turbulent subsonic crosswind. The jet was not yawed with respect to the undisturbed free stream. The suction force (lift loss), the jet penetration into the crosswind, the jet deflection and the rate of total pressure decay along the jet centre line were all reduced by an increase in the inclination of the jet. The centre of pressure moved downstream. These results were attributed to a decrease in the entrainment rate of the jet as the inclination increased in a downstream direction.
[14C]leucine incorporation into proteins of pancreatic juice in rats fed soya-bean flour
Authors: Fölsch U. R. , Wormsley K. G. 
Published: May 2019

1. The effect of a diet containing a trypsin inhibitor on the incorporation of radioactively labelled leucine into the pancreatic proteins secreted during stimulation with cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) was studied in rats.2. The total output of protein was significantly greater in the rats given raw soya-bean flour (RSF) compared with those given heat-inactivated soya-bean flour (HSF) (controls) in response to the sub- and supramaximal stimulation with CCK, but similar responses were obtained to maximal stimulation with CCK. Total protein output decreased continuously with time after reaching peak values at 90–120 min after the start of stimulation with CCK.3. The total output of radioactively labelled protein in RSF-fed rats was not different from that of the controls with sub- and supramaximal dose rats of CCK, but was significantly lower than that of the controls in response to the dose rate of CCK which produced maximal rates of pancreatic secretion.4. The specific activity of radioactively labelled protein increased continuously, while the output attained a constant rate during stimulation with all doses of CCK.5. We concluded that feeding the trypsin inhibitor-containing diet led to increased secretion of stored pancreatic protein, while secretion of newly synthesized protein was not altered. During the course of prolonged stimulation with CCK, irrespective of diet, there was increasing secretion of the newly synthesized protein compared with the pre-existing stored proteins of the pancreas, but it was unable to compensate for the decreased secretion of pre-formed protein.
Comparison of chemical and microbiological methods in the estimation of methionine in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds
Authors: Evans I. Marta , Ford J. E. , Hannah L. C. , Boulter D. 
Published: May 2019

1. Meals were prepared from the seeds of fifteen varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), one of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and one of yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), and their methionine content was determined by six different methods.2. Total methionine content was determined by two chemical methods (ion-exchange chromatography and a colorimetric procedure) and by two microbiological methods. The ‘available’ methionine content was determined by microbiological assay with Streptococcus zymogenes.3. All the different methods for total methionine determination gave similar results, with much the same high extent of precision.4. The values for ‘available’ methionine content were similar to or marginally higher than the corresponding microbiological assay values for total methionine content. There was no indication that the methionine in any of the test samples was not completely available.
The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Rosenne Shabtai 
Published: May 2019

This article is divided into four parts. The first aims to place the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in its historical context. The second describes some aspects of the first three sessions of that Conference (1973–1975). In the third an account of major specific interests and conflicts which have appeared in this Conference is given. Finally, some tentative conclusions are drawn—tentative, because the Conference has not yet completed its labours.During its first session (1949) the newly established International Law Commission, set up by the General Assembly in accordance with the provision of Article 13 of the Charter relating to the codification and progressive development of international law, included the topics of the régime of the high seas and the régime of territorial waters in its provisional list of fourteen topics selected for codification. It placed the régime of the high seas on its priority list, and appointed Professor J.P.A. François (The Netherlands) as special rapporteur. At the recommendation of the General Assembly in resolution 374 (IV) of 6 December 1949 the Commission in 1950 included the régime of territorial waters on its priority list, and in 1951 it initiated work on that topic, for which Professor François was also designated special rapporteur. The Commission was heavily occupied with both these topics until 1956.
Academic Freedom: Its Meaning and Underlying Premises as Seen Through the American Experience
Authors: Goldstein Stephen R. 
Published: May 2019

Although some aspects of intellectual freedom embodied in the concept of academic freedom find their sources in earlier times, the modern development of the doctrine is largely derived from the nineteenth century German concepts of lehrfreiheit and lernfreiheit—freedom of teaching and learning respectively. The basic concept was that a university faculty member was free to teach what and how he thought best and students were free to learn what and how they thought best, with university authorities or external agencies such as governments imposing only the most minimal restraints on either teacher or student. The professor and student were viewed as engaged in a typically nineteenth century concept of laissez-faire, with the optimum situation being that of the least possible restriction on the teaching and learning process.Part of this concept—primarily that of freedom of teaching—crossed the Atlantic and found expression in the United States. This article will explore the meaning and premises of the doctrine of academic freedom of the teacher and research scholar, lehrfreiheit, as it so developed in the United States.
Third Party Beneficiary: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Shalev Gabriela 
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 of the new Israeli Contracts (General Part) Law, 1973, introduces the concept of a contract in favour of a third party, while granting express recognition to the right of a third party beneficiary. Even those, (including the author) who maintain, that the right of a third party beneficiary could and should be derived, even before the commencement of the new Law, from the general principles and premises of the old Israeli law of contract, cannot fail to see in the above-mentioned chapter an important innovation in the Israeli legal system.This paper is a comparative analysis of the institution of third party beneficiary. The analysis will consist of a presentation and critical examination of the central concepts and doctrines involved in the institution under discussion, and it will be combined with a comparative survey of the arrangements adopted in various legal systems. The choice of this approach stems from the particular circumstances of the new legislation.While in most countries, comparative legal research is a luxury, in Israel it is a necessity. The new legislation in private law is inspired to a great extent by Continental codifications. As far as the law of contract is concerned, Israel is now in the process of becoming a “mixed jurisdiction”: departing from the common law tradition and technique, and heading towards an independent body of law, derived from various sources, mainly Continental in both substance and form.
The Legal Condition of the Jews Under the Visigothic Kings: Part II
Authors: Juster Jean 
Published: May 2019

The few privileges strictly necessary for observing the Jewish rites, privileges which the last Roman Emperors had allowed to be maintained, were naturally upheld by those Visigothic kings who did not propose to abolish Judaism altogether, that is to say, by all the Arian and some of the Catholic kings. But all Jewish ceremonies were proscribed under severe penalties by those kings who compelled the Jews to opt between either baptism or exile. Under the system established by the first converting kings, any Jew who refused to undergo baptism was liable to serious punishment. For him the question of observing Jewish rites simply did not arise. As for the baptized Jew who observed these rites, he incurred the rigours of the laws directed against Christians who practised Judaism.Abandoning that system, Recesswinth refrained from imposing upon the the Jews the alternative of either accepting baptism or exile, but he prohibited the exercise of their religious rites. The penalties were the same for anyone transgressing that prohibition, be he a Jew or a baptized Jew—the death penalty by fire or stoning, or, if pardoned by the king, enslavement for life and forfeiture of all the offender's property.
The Legal Condition of the Jews Under the Visigothic Kings: Part I
Authors: Juster Jean 
Published: May 2019

Arian Period: The first Visigothic king who took notice of the Jews was, according to our records, Alaric II (484–507).In hisBreviariumpublished in 506, to which should be added Paul'sSententiae, he substantially adopted the laws in force in the Roman Empire at the time of the Visigothic conquest.The Arian successors of Alaric, for all their wide legislative activity, do not seem to have introduced any changes relating to the Jews.
Gradenigo's syndrome in a four-year-old patient: a rare diagnosis in the modern antibiotic era
Authors: Rossi N , Swonke M L , Reichert L , Young D 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study gives details of a rare case of petrous apicitis that presented as Gradenigo's syndrome and was managed surgically.MethodThis study presents a case report and review of the literature.ResultsA four-year-old female was admitted for failure to thrive following recent sinusitis. Physical examination was positive for right sided facial pain, photophobia and right abducens nerve palsy. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 1.3 × 1.7 × 1.4 cm abscess encompassing the right Meckel's cave. A computed tomography scan showed petrous apicitis and otomastoiditis, confirming Gradenigo's syndrome. The patient was taken to the operating theatre for right intact canal wall mastoidectomy with myringotomy and tube placement. She was discharged on six weeks of ceftriaxone administered by a peripherally inserted central catheter line. At a two-week post-operative visit, she showed notable improvement in neuropathic symptoms.ConclusionThis study presents a rare case of petrous apicitis managed surgically without the need for a craniotomy or transcochlear procedure.
Response of Prickly Sida and Soybeans to Various Herbicides
Authors: Jeffery Larry S. , Connell John , McCutchen Tom , Overton Joseph R. 
Published: May 2019

Three preemergence and four postemergence herbicides were compared for control of prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) in soybeans (Glycine maxMerrill) and for level of phytotoxicity to soybeans. As a preemergence herbicide, chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxyl-1-methylurea] provided better control of prickly sida than did linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxyl-1-methylurea] which was more consistently effective than was naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) plus dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol). Chlorbromuron applied as a preemergence treatment caused slight crop injury. In most cases preemergence treatments followed by cultivation were effective in providing season-long control. The descending order of effectiveness for prickly sida control by the postemergence herbicides was: chlorbromuronmetribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one] > prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] > dinoseb. Prometryne as a postemergence treatment following a preemergence herbicide increased prickly sida control more consistently than dinoseb used as the postemergence treatment. However, prometryne caused more crop injury than did dinoseb.Comparison of soybean yields from the weedy and weed free checks show that prickly sida caused only 9 to 14% yield losses in soybeans.
CONTENUTI E COMPORTAMENTI LEGISLATIVI NEL PARLAMENTO ITALIANO
Authors: Di Palma Giuseppe 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneQuale tipo di comportamento e di legislazione caratterizza un Parlamento come il nostro, diviso tra una maggioranza democristiana al potere e un'opposizione comunista agguerrita, disciplinata, e in costante crescita elettorale? Poiché l'egemonia democristiana è fatto ormai trentennale, a un osservatore meno che attento potrebbe sembrare che niente dovrebbe impedire al partito di maggioranza di perseguire un programma governativo di legislatura. Poiché d'altro canto il partito di maggioranza governa quasi sempre in coalizione, e poiché deve fare i conti con l'opposizione permanente di un partito che si definisce comunista e marxista, potrebbe ad altri sembrare che la continuità di maggioranze numeriche di governo non sia sufficiente a garantire una continuità legislativa, e che insomma tutto ciò tenda a bloccare la produzione delle leggi. Ma un'analisi del comportamento parlamentare rivela un quadro che a tutta prima mal si adatta ai due scenari. In un recente saggio pubblicato su questa rivista, Franco Cazzola ha per esempio dimostrato che esistono, almeno in termini quantitativi, notevoli «convergenze» tra maggioranza e opposizione comunista, dato che gran gran parte della legislazione di governo viene approvata col consenso di quest'ultima. Come interpretare questo comportamento? Significa forse che il Parlamento ha ormai adottato un modello di comportamento «consociativo», come migliore via di uscita dai pericoli sempre vivi di un confronto tra le sottoculture marxista e cattolica? La risposta, come Cazzola e altri ben dicono, dipende in buona parte dalla qualità di ciò che il Parlamento è in grado di produrre, e poiché l'ambito delle «nondecisioni» abbraccia le materie piú importanti e scottanti, siamo ben lungi dal poter parlare in maniera definitiva di convergenze consociative.
LINGUAGGIO POLITICO E SOCIOLOGICO
Authors: Bartolini Stefano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLo sviluppo e I'arricchimento del linguaggio specialistico è una precondizione per l'avanzamento di ogni disciplina. Le enciclopedie, i dizionari e i' manuali hanno sempre rappresentato tappe di grande importanza in questo processo e il loro sviluppo è un po' 10 sviluppo della specializzazione scientifica e della frammentazione del-l'unità culturale del mondo classico e medievale. Le grandi enciclopedie del passato rappresentavano inventari delle conoscenze umane di un'epoca. Lo stesso significato di «enciclopedia» - ciclo completo della cultura - implica l'idea di un ordine, di un principio o sistema comprensivo in cui tutte le conoscenze si disponevano in rapporti precisi di coordinazione e subordinazione. Oggi questa unità culturale non è piú scientificamente perseguibile e le moderne Enciclopedie Universali costituiscono solo strumenti di divulgazione. A livello scientifico esse vengono sostituite da enciclopedie specialistiche che si concentrano su una o phú discipline affini.Allo stesso modo, i tradizionali dizionari lessicali non sono piú in grado di comprendere unitariamente 10 sviluppo del linguaggio, non tanto nella sua dimensione quantitativa, ma, piuttosto, in quella qualitativa, cioe in relazione alla crescente differenziazione tra il linguaggio comune e una serie sempre piú numerosa di linguaggi specializzati. Ciò ha condotto allo sviluppo di dizionari che raccolgono il linguaggio tecnico di discipline particolari. Partendo, probabilmente, dai dizionari filosofici e da quelli concernenti le scienze mediche e naturali, si è arrivati infine ai dizionari concernenti scienze recentemente salite alla ribalta, come è il caso della sociologia e della scienza politica. La funzione primaria dei dizionari è comunque rimasta la stessa; diffondere il linguaggio cercando di favorire un uso univoco dei suoi segni e nello stesso tempo aiutarne lo sviluppo.
STRUTTURA DEL POTERE E OUTPUTS DECISIONALI NELLA COMUNITÀ LOCALE
Authors: Goio Franco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneDa tempo la scienza politica ha fatto dei sistemi politici locali uno dei suoi principali oggetti di indagine, La tradizione è specialmente sviluppata negli Stati Uniti, dove la politica locale costituisce un'area tematica dai contorni ben precisi e relativamente autonoma. Tra gli accostamenti identificabili all'interno del Hlone generale, due spiccano per l'ingente letteratura prodotta, i risultati ottenuti e i dibattiti che ne sono nati: l'accostamento al potere e l'accostamento alla linea politica.L'accostamento al potere (power approach) è inteso a rilevare empiricarnente la distribuzione del potere nelle comunità locali. Esso si serve eli tecniche diverse, in particolare il metodo « reputazionale » che prevede il ricorso al giudizio di osservatori in loco giudicati particolarmente competenti; e il metodo « decisionale » consistente nell'accertamento diretto dell'influenza esercitata dagli attori privati e pubblici partecipanti al processo di decisione. Sono note le risultanze cui hanno portato le due metodologie e le dispute in merito ai lora efletti distorcenti. Il metodo reputazionale è stato accusato di consentire solamente rilevazioni indirette del potere e di predeterrninare i risultati in senso elitistico; il metodo decisionale di escludere dal campo dell'indagine i rapporti di potere che non ernergono direttamente dal processo decisionale pur condizionan dolo (non-decisioni) e di predeterrninare i risultati in senso pluralistico. La controversia è ancora aperta, nonostante molti autori siano intervenuti in vista di un suo superamento o, almeno, di una sua sdramrnatizzazione.