bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it possible to automatically assess pretreatment digital rectal examination documentation using natural language processing? A single-centre retrospective study
Authors: Bozkurt Selen , Kan Kathleen M , Ferrari Michelle K , Rubin Daniel L , Blayney Douglas W , Hernandez-Boussard Tina , Brooks James D 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo develop and test a method for automatic assessment of a quality metric, provider-documented pretreatment digital rectal examination (DRE), using the outputs of a natural language processing (NLP) framework.SettingAn electronic health records (EHR)-based prostate cancer data warehouse was used to identify patients and associated clinical notes from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2017. Using a previously developed natural language processing pipeline, we classified DRE assessment as documented (currently or historically performed), deferred (or suggested as a future examination) and refused.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe investigated the quality metric performance, documentation 6 months before treatment and identified patient and clinical factors associated with metric performance.ResultsThe cohort included 7215 patients with prostate cancer and 426 227 unique clinical notes associated with pretreatment encounters. DREs of 5958 (82.6%) patients were documented and 1257 (17.4%) of patients did not have a DRE documented in the EHR. A total of 3742 (51.9%) patient DREs were documented within 6 months prior to treatment, meeting the quality metric. Patients with private insurance had a higher rate of DRE 6 months prior to starting treatment as compared with Medicaid-based or Medicare-based payors (77.3%vs69.5%, p=0.001). Patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery as the first line of treatment were more likely to have a documented DRE 6 months prior to treatment.ConclusionEHRs contain valuable unstructured information and with NLP, it is feasible to accurately and efficiently identify quality metrics with current documentation clinician workflow.
Status and influencing factors of diabetes information acquisition among rural elderly with pre-diabetes in Yiyang City, China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zhu Tingting , Xu Huilan 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveThis study was designed to investigate the status of diabetes information acquisition and its influencing factors among patients, 60 years and older, with pre-diabetes in rural China.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study.SettingThe survey was conducted in 42 rural communities in Yiyang City, Hunan Province, China.ParticipantsA total of 461 elderly with pre-diabetes participated in this study, and 434 of them completed the survey (434/461, 94.1%).Outcome measuresInformation on sociodemographic and diabetic information-seeking behaviours were assessed through the structured questionnaires and described by percentages, mean±SD. The influencing factors of diabetes information acquisition were analysed using multiple linear regression analysis.ResultsThe average score of diabetes information acquisition in the subjects was 8.39±11.28. The most popular and trusted source of diabetes information for the subjects was doctors. The level of information acquisition not only declined as the age progressed (95% CI −3.754 to −0.143) but also proved lowest among subjects with less than 1 year of education (95% CI 0.756 to 4.326). In addition, the level of information acquisition among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes, but with no history of hyperglycaemia, was lower than among those with a history of hyperglycaemia (95% CI 3.398 to 11.945).ConclusionsThese data indicated that the lack of ability to acquire diabetes information in elderly with pre-diabetes was common in rural China. Improving the ability of rural residents to access information should be incorporated into rural diabetes prevention efforts, especially for the elderly with pre-diabetes with low education and no history of hyperglycaemia.Trial registration numberChiCTR-IOR-15007033; Pre-results.
Comparing the profiles of UK and Australian military veterans supported by national treatment programmes for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Authors: Murphy Dominic , Howard A , Forbes D , Busuttil W , Phelps A 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare and contrast the profiles of military veterans seeking formal support for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in national treatment programmes in Australia and the UK to better understand the needs of this vulnerable population.MethodsData were extracted from 1926 participants in these treatment programmes. This consisted of 1230 from the UK who had accessed support between 2014 and early 2019, and 696 from Australia who had accessed support between 2014 and 2018. Comparison was made between a number of sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex and educational achievements), military factors (branch of military, time since leaving the military and whether participants were early service leavers or not) and health outcomes (PTSD, anger, alcohol misuse, anxiety and depression).ResultsSmall differences were observed, with those in the UK cohort appearing to be younger, having lower educational achievement, being more likely to be ex-Army, having longer periods of enlistment in the military and taking longer to seek help. Further, minor differences were reported in health outcomes, with those in the UK cohort reporting more severe symptoms of PTSD, anger, anxiety and depression.ConclusionsOverall, the observed differences between the cohorts were modest, suggesting that treatment-seeking veterans from the Australian and UK cohorts reported similar presentations. This provides evidence to support the establishment of international cohorts of treatment-seeking veterans to improve knowledge within this field.
Incidence of dual antiplatelet therapy interruption within 1 year after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Tam Chor Cheung , Lee Jeffrey , Chan Ki Wan , Lam Cheung Chi , Wong Yiu Tung , Chan Eric , Sze Michael , Lam Yui Ming , Chan Carmen , Tse Hung Fat , Siu Chung Wah 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundAfter primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is recommended to continue for 1 year. Occasionally, DAPT interruption may be required due to bleeding issues or unplanned surgical procedures.ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the incidence of DAPT interruption within 1 year after PPCI.Methods and resultsThis was a single-centre, retrospective registry study. Consecutive patients with STEMI who underwent PPCI from 2013 to 2017 (N=538) were recruited into the analysis. The primary outcome was the incidence of interruption of DAPT within 1 year from the index PPCI. Secondary outcomes included incidence of bleeding in 1 year and prevalence of high bleeding risk (HBR) criteria at index presentation. Within 1 year, 17.1% (84/490) of post-PPCI survivors needed DAPT interruption and 7.1% (35/490) had major bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 or 5). At index presentation, HBR criteria were present in 36.1% (194/538) of patients. On univariate analysis, age, female gender, anaemia, anticoagulation, diabetes, hypertension and being a non-smoker were associated with DAPT interruption. On multivariate analysis, age was the only independent factor to predict DAPT interruption.ConclusionDAPT interruption was not uncommon after PPCI in patients with STEMI particularly in the elderly. This has implication on stent selection during PPCI, and further studies are required to investigate which type of stent may best suit our real-life patients with STEMI.
Geometric Heuristics for Rectilinear Crossing Minimization
Authors: Radermacher Marcel , Reichard Klara , Rutter Ignaz , Wagner Dorothea 
Published: July 2019

In this article, we consider the
rectilinear crossing minimization problem
, i.e., we seek a straight-line drawing Γ of a graph
G
=(
V
,
E
) with a small number of edge crossings. Crossing minimization is an active field of research [1, 10]. While there is a lot of work on heuristics for topological drawings, these techniques are typically not transferable to the rectilinear (i.e., straight-line) setting. We introduce and evaluate three heuristics for rectilinear crossing minimization. The approaches are based on the primitive operation of moving a single vertex to its crossing-minimal position in the current drawing Γ, for which we give an
O
((
kn
+
m
)
2
log (
kn
+
m
))-time algorithm, where
k
is the degree of the vertex and
n
and
m
are the number of vertices and edges of the graph, respectively. In an experimental evaluation, we demonstrate that our algorithms compute straight-line drawings with fewer crossings than energy-based algorithms implemented in the O
pen
G
raph
D
rawing
F
ramework
[11] on a varied set of benchmark instances. Additionally, we show that the difference of the number of crossings of topological drawings computed with the edge insertion approach [10, 13] and the number of crossings in straight-line drawings computed by our heuristic is relatively small. All experiments are evaluated with a statistical significance level of α = 0.05.
A First Step Toward Using Quantum Computing for Low-level WCETs Estimations
Authors: Louise Stephane 
Published: July 2019

Low-Level analysis of Worst Case Execution Time (WCET) is an important field for real-time system validation. It stands between computer architecture and mathematics, as it relies strongly on variants of abstract interpretation. One of the features that causes the largest uncertainty regarding WCET evaluation for low-level analysis of sequential execution on a single processor is taking Cache Memory-related Delays (CMRD) and Cache-related Preemption Delays (CRPD) correctly into account. Research work from the 1990s provides a good basic framework for this problem as long as a task runs without preemption. But when preemption of tasks is allowed, although several formalisms exist, their predictive power is lower and the usual approach relies on analyses of NP-hard problems.
In this article, we want to show some potential advantages of using a formalism inspired by Quantum Computing (QC) to evaluate CMRDs with preemptions while avoiding the NP-hard problem underneath. The experimental results, with a classic (non-quantum) numerical approach, on a selection of Malardalen benchmark programs display very good accuracy, while the complexity of the evaluation is a low-order polynomial of the number of memory accesses. While it is not yet a fully parallel quantum algorithm, we provide a first roadmap on how to reach such an objective.
Investigating Land Surface Effects on the Moisture Transport over South America with a Moisture Tagging Model
Authors: Yang Zhao , Dominguez Francina 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Land–atmosphere interactions are a critical component of precipitation processes within the Amazon basin and La Plata River basin (LPRB) in South America. Two of the possible pathways through which the land surface can affect precipitation are 1) by changing the amount of moisture available for precipitation (moisture recycling) and 2) by changing the atmospheric thermal structure and consequently affecting circulation patterns. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with embedded water vapor tracers (WVT) is used to disentangle these relative contributions, with a particular focus on the precipitation of LPRB. Using WRF-WVT we track the moisture that originates from the Amazon basin over a 10-yr period. It is estimated that Amazon evapotranspiration (ET) contributes to around 30% of the total precipitation over the Amazon and around 16% over the LPRB. Focusing on large-scale circulation patterns that transport moisture into the LPRB, we show that land surface conditions in northwestern Argentina are critical for the meridional transport of moisture to higher latitudes via Chaco jet events (CJEs). Warm surface air temperature associated with dry soil moisture over northwestern Argentina is linked to enhanced CJE northerly low-level winds that intensify moisture transport by changing continental-scale circulation patterns. WRF sensitivity tests confirm that soil moisture variations over this region affect meridional moisture transport.
Unsupervised Learning Techniques for the Investigation of Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Walker Abigail , Surda Pavol 
Published: July 2019

Objectives: This article reviews the principles of unsupervised learning, a novel technique which has increasingly been reported as a tool for the investigation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). It represents a paradigm shift from the traditional approach to investigating CRS based upon the clinically recognized phenotypes of “with polyps” and “without polyps” and instead relies upon the application of complex mathematical models to derive subgroups which can then be further examined. This review article reports on the principles which underlie this investigative technique and some of the published examples in CRS. Methods: This review summarizes the different types of unsupervised learning techniques which have been described and briefly expounds upon their useful applications. A literature review of studies which have unsupervised learning is then presented to provide a practical guide to its uses and some of the new directions of investigations suggested by their findings. Results: The commonest unsupervised learning technique applied to rhinology research is cluster analysis, which can be further subdivided into hierarchical and non-hierarchical approaches. The mathematical principles which underpin these approaches are explained within this article. Studies which have used these techniques can be broadly divided into those which have used clinical data only and that which includes biomarkers. Studies which include biomarkers adhere closely to the established canon of CRS disease phenotypes, while those that use clinical data may diverge from the typical “polyp versus non-polyp” phenotypes and reflect subgroups of patients who share common symptom modifiers. Summary: Artificial intelligence is increasingly influential in health care research and machine learning techniques have been reported in the investigation of CRS, promising several interesting new avenues for research. However, when critically appraising studies which use this technique, the reader needs to be au fait with the limitations and appropriate uses of its application.
Nutritional Anæmia in Infancy: Some Observations on a Common Deficiency Disease
Authors: Mackay Helen M. M. 
Published: July 2019

The prevalence of anæmia among London infants is shown by an investigation extending over the last three years and comprising about 770 cases with 3,100 hæmoglobin estimations. This anæmia is largely nutritional in origin and is due to a deficiency of iron, possibly associated with other factors. It is known that an infant obtains its necessary iron not only from its milk, which is poor in iron, but also from a store in the liver. Our results lead us to suppose that this store may be unduly low in many London infants. The average hæmoglobin percentage in the blood of fairly healthy artificially-fed London infants shows a sharp fall from its high level at birth to about 65 per cent, at 2 to 3 months of age, a rise to about 70 per cent, by 5 to 6 months, and then a steady fall reaching about 65 per cent, at 12 months. The continuous administration of iron, beginning when the infant is under 2 months old, raised the average hæmoglobin percentage to 80 per cent, at 4 months of age and onwards. Infants whose birth-weight is under 6 lb., twins and premature infants are specially in need of iron treatment. The selection of the iron salt is of importance, and iron and ammonium citrate proved effective. It was satisfactorily administered on a large scale by giving it incorporated in a dried milk.No evidence was obtained that want of light is an etiological factor in anæmia in infancy, and artificial light therapy did not cure it. No vitamin deficiency appeared to be involved. The value of liver treatment is still under investigation, but the results so far obtained can be explained on the assumption that liver treatment is efficacious only because it provides a source of iron. The routine administration of an iron salt to artificially-fed infants is advocated on the ground that, by preventing the anæmia from which most of them would otherwise suffer, the level of health of our infant population would be raised.
Discussion on the Pathology and Treatment of Hæmopathies, Including Leukæmias, of Man and Animals
Authors: Bayon H. P. 
Published: July 2019

The difference between hæmopathies (which originate in the blood-forming tissues) and blood-diseases (which develop in the blood-stream) is explained and illustrated by examples and specimens. Primary anæmia caused by the hyperplasia of the erythroblastic tissues in the marrow occurs in fowls as erythromyelosis. This condition can be experimentally transmitted, though inoculation in fowls may reproduce the anæmic disease, or give rise to a persistent polyerythrocythæmia. On farms erythromyelosis is often, but not always, associated with the cestode, Davainea proglottina. Secondary anæmia develops in splenectomized rats following the invasion of the erythrocytes by Bartonella muris. The subsequent erythrocytolysis may induce hæmoglobinuria, similar to that occurring in man and cattle as the result of certain hæmic infections. Oligoerythrocythæmia is frequently seen in fowls associated with leucocythæmia; the deficiency of the red blood-corpuscles is due to the pressure on the erythroblastic sinusoids, by the proliferation of the myeloblastic or lymphoblastic tissues in the marrow. Lymphocythæmia (and lymphomatosis) have been observed in canaries, fowls, mice and guinea-pigs. The conditions can be experimentally transmitted within the species; inoculation with lymphocythæmic blood may reproduce the hæmic type or induce the development of scattered tumour-like deposits (lymphomatosis). Whichever type of lesion results, the pathological cell unit is one of the lymphoblast-lymphocyte series. Fowl leucocythæmia originates through the morbid proliferation and premature entry into the circulation of cells of the myeloblast-granulocyte series. On inoculation in fowls the original leucocythæmia may be reproduced; rarely there follows the development of localized deposits of myeloblastic cells in the skin. As these diseases of the blood-forming system, and those occurring in man and cattle offer many striking resemblances, it may be suggested that the determination of the origin of the particular type of cell encountered should serve as guide to diagnosis and classification in all hæmopathies.
Pharmacology and Nerve-Endings
Authors: Dale Henry 
Published: July 2019

A brief account is given of the scientific career of Walter Ernest Dixon, and of the importance of his work and his influence for the development of Pharmacology in England. It is suggested that the Memorial Lecture may appropriately deal with some matter of new interest, from one of the fields of research in which Dixon himself was active. Special mention is made of his work with Brodie on the physiology and pharmacology of the bronchioles and the pulmonary blood-vessels, as probably showing the beginning of Dixon's interest in the actions of the alkaloids and organic bases which reproduce the effects of autonomic nerves. An account is given of Dixon's early interest in the suggestion, first made by Elliott, that autonomic nerves transmit their effects by releasing, at their endings, specific substances, which reproduce their actions; and of his attempt to obtain experimental support for this conception. After the War it was established by the experiments of O. Loewi; and it is now generally recognized that parasympathetic effects are so transmitted by release of acetylcholine, sympathetic effects by that of a substance related to adrenaline. Very recent evidence indicates that acetylcholine, by virtue of its other (“nicotine-like”) action, also acts as transmitter of activity at synapses in autonomic ganglia, and from motor nerve to voluntary muscle. The terms “cholinergic” and “adrenergic” have been introduced to describe nerve-fibres which transmit their actions by the release at their endings of acetylcholine, and of a substance related to adrenaline, respectively. It is shown that Langley and Anderson's evidence, long available, as to the kinds of peripheral efferent fibres which can replace one another in regeneration, can be summarized by the statement, that cholinergic can replace cholinergic fibres, and that adrenergic can replace adrenergic fibres; but that fibres of different chemical function cannot replace one another. The bearing of this new evidence on conceptions of the mode of action of “neuromimetic” drugs is discussed. The pharmacological problem can now be more clearly defined, and Dixon's participation in further attempts at its solution will be sadly missed.
Some Practical and Theoretical Points in Labyrinthology
Authors: Dohlman Gösta 
Published: July 2019

The work of Steinhausen in Greifswald on the function of the cupula ( Pflüger's Archiv, 1933, Band 232, Heft 4) is of extreme value in the conception of the physiological mechanism of the labyrinth. Extension of this work by measurement of the exact relationship between the movements of the endolymph in the canals and the bending of the cupula. Demonstration by means of pictures, etc. Comparison of the three methods of examination of the peripheral labyrinth. The time of the post-rotational nystagmus, the duration of the nystagmus after applying a constant pressure to a fistula, the time during which the caloric nystagmus continues after changing position of the head from Brüning's optimum to minimum position—all are comparable quantities and are times of about the same length, and all seem to be due to the elasticity of the cupula. The galvanic reaction: why it does not give practical results: the theory and technique of chronaxiemetrie: a new method of obtaining an exact estimation of the chronaxie of the vestibular nerve and the possibility of the practical use of this method. Demonstration of apparatus for determining the vestibular chronaxie, and of instruments for the exact registration of the eye-movements during nystagmus.