bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Issue of Evolution of Opinions on Gothic Revival Adaptations of the St Martin’s Cathedral in Bratislava
Authors: Pohanicova Jana , Baxa Patrik 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The St Martin’s Cathedral, one of the most significant medieval monuments in Bratislava, is the reflection of the intricate historical development of architecture and art. It reflects not only artistic styles characteristic for given period but poses an important testimony of history of local as well as regional architectural scene. From the point of view of broader European context and history of monument preservation in historic Hungary, it is important to mention the era of romantic Historicism and Gothic revival, which granted the opportunity to form opinions on and methodological approaches to monument restoration. Among the most pronounced interventions in the St Martin’s Cathedral in Bratislava were its Gothic revival adaptations in the 19th century. The contribution analyses the evolution of opinions on these interventions in the stylistic integrity of the cathedral, which strived to restore its original Gothic appearance. Nevertheless, even then, the Gothic revival restoration did not have a single methodology and already, during the purism approach to the interiors of the cathedral some of the former methodological decisions from the foregone period were re-evaluated. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were efforts to restore the spire to its former Gothic appearance, before the Gothic revival restoration. These never realised tendencies of Historicism were soon replaced by, likewise never actualized, thoughts of restitution of annihilated Baroque furnishings, above all the high altar by G. R. Donner’s workshop. In the second half of the 20th century, the great restoration of the cathedral, including removal of the most of the Gothic revival interventions, was done, aspiring to restore the cathedral to its authentic Gothic appearance. This approach disrupted the consistent style of the church and destroyed irretrievably the better part of one coherent cultural layer. The restoration continued in the 21st century, when all the developmental stages were considered of equal importance. The contribution, using the case study of the St Martin’s Cathedral in Bratislava, analyses the evolution of opinions on Gothic revival cultural layer on the medieval religious structure since mid-19th century. At the same time, it introduces personalities involved in the restoration and illustrates further European context. Given time frame belongs to those least explored periods of one of the most significant monuments of Bratislava in terms of the building history of the cathedral and its creators (architects, master builders, building companies, builders and artists).
The quality of indoor environment of intelligent building – global phenomena of sustainable architecture
Authors: Puskar Branislav , Vrablova Edita , Koclik Dusan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The issue of intelligent buildings can be perceived in the context of creating an architectonic concept that accepts the requirement of sustainable development. The architect defines a development scenario for building intelligent buildings and a methodology for its implementation, in order to support the user of the intelligent building and to fully accept his requirements for intelligent buildings. The term “intelligent building” represents a well-designed, implemented and functional building that meets the requirements of operators and users and, above all, is able to satisfy the users and residents of the building. The intelligent building is built with state-of-the-art technologies and is equipped with progressive devices and systems. Despite the intelligent building concept’s focus on technology, a sustainable architectonic concept would play an important role in its creation. In the interests of architecture, the intelligent building is not just an exact reflection of the user’s needs. The architectonic concept provides the intelligent building with both sustainability and a high social and aesthetic value.
Novel Architectural Strategies to Support an nZEB Mediterranean School
Authors: Crespo Sanchez Eva , Ramon Dacosta Diaz Juan , Kampouropoulos Konstantinos 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Educational Department of Catalan Government has designed a new public school located at the center of Catalonia, in the town of Solsona. For this new construction model, they have set a main goal to minimize the energy demands, which are a key factor in reducing carbon dioxide emissions over the whole life of the building. Specifically, the objective is to increase the envelope performance, permitting to reduce, as much as possible, the implementation and use of active heating and cooling systems. The most representative strategy to do so is the use of brick curtain wall, designed in analogy with glass curtain walls as a facade. It allows the use of thermal mass to cool the building passively during the night in summer time and it helps to ensure airtightness in the envelope to minimize air leaks. This facade is complemented with an architectonical element that produces electricity based on photovoltaic panels. Based on the energy simulation results and waiting for the actual building’s construction, some relevant conclusions can be made. The role of the architecture has been crucial to ensure an optimal result, especially contributing on the reduction of the overheating hours, resulting to the minimization of the cooling energy demand. The building does not require any installation of mechanical cooling systems, even being located in the Mediterranean climate. In south orientations, the use of doubled glazing seems to be efficient enough to achieve a low energy demand, while it optimizes at the same time the total economic construction cost. Photovoltaic production in schools must be combined with some other actions. The energy exportation to the grid, as well as the use of the energy for the electric vehicle charging, are feasible options for the future.
Measurement-Interpretation Methodology for the Evaluation of Human Perception of the Vibration in Buildings
Authors: Kowalska-Koczwara Alicja 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The article contains guidelines related to the proper performance and analysis of the measurements of human perception of the vibration in buildings. The recommendations apply to both hardware requirements and the selection of measurement points as well as the analysis of the recorded signal. The buildings located in the so-called dynamic impact zone are the subjects of the analysis of the influence of vibrations on people in the buildings. In this article, the range of dynamic impact zones from different dynamic excitation is listed. An extremely important aspect of the measurements of the human perception of the vibrations in buildings is the selection of the location of measurement points. In different national standards, there are different guidelines which are compared in the article. The most proper locations are investigated. A separate issue is the selection of the measuring range and the selection of corrective filters for the analysis. New trends in this matter are shown and requirements according to the different standards are compared. A separate problem is determining the duration time of vibrations, which should be taken into analysis. It is worth noticing that the choice of duration can have a significant influence on all the results of the analysis of human perception of the vibration in buildings and many standards do not give any recommendations in this subject. The last problem of the methodology of measurements of human perception of the vibrations associated with the analysis of the measurement data is the sampling frequency of the recorded signal. The so-called N-qyst frequency has been shown in the paper and explained in a specific example…
Costs Analysis of the Floors that Can Ensure the Comfort in the Buildings
Authors: Kowalska-Koczwara Alicja , Pachla Filip , Tatara Tadeusz , Fedorczak-Cisak Malgorzata , Stypula Krzysztof , Bywalec Andrzej , Karczmarska Boguslawa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The aim of this article is to check comfort in the passive buildings located in Libertow (close to Cracow). The two aspects of comfort are described: a thermal comfort with tightness and humidity and a vibrational comfort. The main results of measurements of the comfort aspects are described and shown. Passive buildings which were investigated are very tight and well insulated. It is good for the energy saving and for the budget of the owners but it could be a problem for the humidity requirements. In such buildings, there also could be a problem with solar energy excess which could provide that the rooms are overheated. The vibrational aspect is also often neglected on the design stage, but it also could be a problem when the residents live in their homes. The problem is that when a house is built, the costs of changes to adapt the rooms to the appropriate comfort level are much higher than in the design stage. The alternative may be a properly designed floor which shall meet all thermal and vibrational aspects of comfort. In order to improve the quality of multi-faceted comfort, three types of flooring have been proposed. All three are clearly described and their advantages and disadvantages are shown. The main goal of this article is a detailed cost analysis of these three types of floor. Cost analysis was made according to the Polish requirements so-called Catalogs of Material Inputs in the NormaPRO. Costs were estimated using detailed, simplified and mixed methods. The most effective and economically justified type of floor was also chosen.
Integration of a Hybrid Method into an Efficient Reliability-Based Design Optimization Technique for Large Structures
Authors: Okasha Nader M. , Ahmed Mohamed Osama 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The computational burden imposed by the repetitive and lengthy nature of the structural analyses of large structures has lead researches to continuously devise efficient methods for conducting their reliability analysis in addition to powerful methods for solving the design optimization problem. The presence of a considerably large number of random variables in the reliability analyses of large structure is another issue that tends to slow down the design optimization problem. In this paper, a hybrid method that was recently presented by the first author will be integrated into a structural reliability-based design optimization technique for large structures. In this technique, modified concepts of the weighted average simulation method are used to determine the most probable point of failure in a computationally efficient manner. The most probable point of failure is then transferred into the standard normal space, where the reliability index is calculated in closed-form. The firefly algorithm will be used for solving the optimization problem. It will be shown that the integrated approach significantly reduces the computational resources required for solving the design problem. The technique will be tested on a truss bridge. The results will shed light on the efficiency of the proposed technique in solving reliability-based design optimization problems.
Influence of Selected Factors on HPC Strength Properties
Authors: Wawrzenczyk Jerzy , Molendowska Agnieszka , Klak Adam 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The paper presents the results of research, the objective of which was an evaluation of the influence of selected factors related to content on the resistance properties of high performance concrete. These factors were the water/binder ratio (W/S), the sand/binder ratio (P/S) and the PVA fibre content (Vf). An 18-point experiment plan was used. The mortars were made of the following ingredients: CEM I 52, 5R cement, silica fume, silica sand, PVA fibres, policarboxylate superplasticiser. The testing programme covered: tests of compressive strength per standard PN-EN 1015-11:2001 and tests of flexural strength per standard PN-EN 14651+A1:2007. Such an ingredient ratio was sought that will permit the achievement of the most advantageous strength properties (flexural strength and compressive strength). The conducted research shows that among the analysed factors, the greatest influence on flexural strength is exhibited by the content of PVA fibres. The highest values of flexural strength were achieved for a fibre content of Vf=3-3.7%. The addition of PVA fibres has lesser influence on compressive strength than the W/S ratio. The increase of the fibre content causes worsening of the workability of the concrete mix.
Building geometry and development form optimisation in terms of the energy efficiency
Authors: Fedorczak-Cisak Malgorzata , Furtak Marcin , Ciula Michal , Krupa Michal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The construction sector consumes around 40% energy for the purposes of heating. The policy of sustainable development that has been implemented for many years also transfers to actions in the construction sector. The European Union is introducing a standard of buildings with a near-zero energy demand. This standard can be achieved only by altering the manner of the design, construction and use of buildings. Such parameters like geometry or the placement of buildings relative to each other and the structure of their layout on the site, on the scale of groups of buildings, also have an impact on the energy consumption. The goal of this article is to assess the improvement of the effectiveness of actions taken in order to lower the energy demand for heating of designed buildings meant for permanent occupancy. The assessment takes into consideration the conditions of sustainable development. The analysis covers the impact of the geometry of a building and development structure on the energy balance.
Respecting a speed limit and its effectiveness in a traffic calming zone
Authors: Kempa Jan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to test the level of respecting the speed limit by drivers of vehicles in a traffic-calming zone that was not formally designated, located in a part of an old city in a middle of the Polish city. Due to the historic assets in that location, the applied means of traffic calming included only legal-organizational means, i.e. local speed limit signs. The analysis was carried out of vehicles speed in selected measuring sections; next, the level of respecting speed limits by drivers was determined. The results proved that just installing the speed limit signs at entrances to zones or at priority to the right intersections are insufficient to obtain the required speeds. The tests revealed that in all tested sections, drivers exceeded the speed limit of 30 km/h. An average speed varied from 32.1 km/h to 37.1 km/h, with the 85% quantile of speed amounting from 36.1 km/h to 42.7 km/h. A large percentage of drivers who exceed the speed limit was recorded, which was from 35% to 90%. The lowest percentage of drivers exceeding the maximum speed was recorded in sections where the surface was made of cobblestone (only 10%). This stemmed from the fact that in order to obtain the driving comfort, the drivers were forced to reduce the speed significantly. The results of tests show explicitly that in order to obtain desired traffic conditions from the safety perspective, it is necessary to apply physical means of traffic calming that force drivers to reduce speed. Such measures should include: an adjustment of the traffic corridor geometry in a general layout, narrowing a lane, speed bumps, raised speed tables at intersections, and raised pedestrian crossings. The applied traffic calming measures, including but not limited to areas that are subjects to the conserver’s supervision, should meet high functional, engineering, and visual standards, and be a harmonious part of the historic surrounding.
Measurements of Vibrations and computer simulations in the design of vibroinsulation of railroads
Authors: Koziol Krzysztof 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Presented paper describes the problem of vibrations in buildings generated by rail transport. The dynamic analysis presented in this paper was based on two Polish standards developed at the Institute of the Structural Mechanics at the Cracow University of Technology: PN-2016/B-02170. Evaluation of the harmfulness of building vibrations due to ground motion and PN-2017/B-02171. Evaluation of vibration influence on people in buildings. These standards define the rules, methods and criteria of the performed evaluations. A prepared computational model of the building, as well as the way of propagation of vibrations generated by trains or trams, often requires experimental verification. It could be done due to measurements. The results of field tests should be recorded in the databases containing information related to the geometry of the structure (building itself, track bed and tunnel-housing in case of the metro), propagation path (its length and nature of soil layers) and finally material properties. Presented examples of computer simulation application during designing of the vibration isolation of railway tracks in the tunnel as well as tram line surface, showed that the basis of such calculations should be carried out by vibration measurements in a given case or taken from proper measurement databases. Predictions may concern not only the impact of vibrations on surrounding buildings and people staying in them, but also reduction of expected vibrations of the engineering structures. In order to verify the correctness of adopted due to computer simulations solutions minimizing vibrations, it is necessary to perform post-implementation measurements, which should be a supplement to the mentioned database. This approach to the design of vibroisolation allows checking the used numerical procedures as well as implemented material constants describing materials used in the numerical model or in the case of constructing the building the quality of the materials used.
Research to Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Diamond Disc for Grinding the Granite Surface
Authors: Rajczyk Marlena , Rajczyk Pawel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The material and geometric design of the diamond disc for grinding granite surfaces is in the aspect of increased global demand for the use of granite slabs for the construction industry an important and economically justified task in the development of innovative technologies for the surface treatment of the building materials. The task undertaken to increase the quality and efficiency of machining processes by increasing the quality parameters of the finishing discs consists of evaluating the geometry of the abrasive segments and a group of materials for making flexible diamond discs formed on the synthetic binders. Polyurethane resins modified with the copper powders and quartz flour were selected for making the shields. The discs used synthetic MBD diamond powder with a grain size of 40/45 # and a concentration of 25%. In the analysis of the structural solutions, the average geometric efficiency index of the active surface of the grinding discs with a diameter of 100 mm was determined, with a kinematic load of n = 366 ÷ 960 rpm, moving with a progressive speed of 0.02 m/s and results of pilot abrasion tests made on the experimental samples of the circular diamond segments operating at the kinematic load n = 660 rpm and pressure on the surface of the 40 N disc.
Analysis of Driver Reaction During Braking and Avoidance Maneuver
Authors: Bucsuhazy Katerina , Svozilova Veronika , Semela Marek , Stana Ivo , Gruberova Olga 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
One of the parts of the accident analysis is also the objective assessment of the responsibility of accident participants related to their behavior and objective ability to avert the imminent critical situation. During a critical situation, the driver can respond by avoidance maneuver, critical braking or a combination of both. However, most of the research studies have been focused on the analysis of the driver´s brake-reaction time. The aim of this paper is to analyze the driver´s reaction time in detail during the avoidance maneuver and critical braking. For the purpose of this study, the electromyography has been used. The combination allows detailed and accurate determination of the onset of the muscle activation during the reaction. For the elimination of the result distortion, the measurements were carried out in a real vehicle on a predetermined route and also in simulated condition. Participants responded to the various types of the critical incidents, mostly sudden braking of the leading vehicle. The obtained results demonstrate differences in the time necessary for the activation of the lower and the upper limb during a critical situation.
Masters and teachers, housing innovations in designs of the professors of the Faculty of Architecture in the Warsaw University of Technology at the beginning of the 20th century
Authors: Tulkowska Karolina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Faculty of Architecture in the Warsaw University of Technology (FA WUT) was established in the first quarter of the 20th century, when in European architecture and art, traditional trends were intertwined with new ideas, which inspired building´s creativity. In 1915, the Society of Science Courses and the Association of Technicians attempted to create a Polish university and polytechnic in Warsaw. Finally, at the newly created technical university, an independent architectural faculty was established. The members of the Organizing Committee and future professors represented the diversity of the architectural environment, both thanks to the education in various European schools (polytechnics, military schools and art academies), as well as the different aesthetic interests. This diversity was fully reflected in the architectural creativity of that period. At the beginning of the 20th century, the traditional craft thinking turned into the scientific interpretation of spatial activities, which stimulated the interest in novelty. The innovation was understood as in humanistic disciplines -like the ability to discover and test the solutions which deviate from the standard and which induce a rapid change in quality. Innovations of this period took the form of abstract and realistic ideas, methods based on alternative sets of criteria and technologies. They concerned the urban and architectural scale as well as the detail. In the particularly demanding living environment design, they manifested themselves in many objectively new values, such as functionalism, social housing, extensive typology of dwelling layouts, innovative reinforced concrete constructions of open plans, new standards of insolation, ventilation and many others. The paper is a summary of analyses regarding modern thoughts about living, present in selected projects and realizations of FA WUT professors, 1918-1939. We discuss the project of an extremely minimalist villa in Gdynia designed by Bohdan Lachert and Józef Szanajca (1926), Barbara and Stanisław Brukalski house at Niegolewski Street in Warsaw (1928), considered the first implementation of avant-garde architecture in Poland, the sanatorium house in Konstancin (Skolimów) by Helena and Szymon Syrkus (1930-1931) or the housing estate of the Warsaw Housing Cooperative. The aim of the analyses is to define innovative solutions: more functional, efficient and human-friendly, spatial and technical innovations, in the scale of the building, housing estate and a wider urban and social environment.