bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Systematization of the Genus Foeniculum Mill. Based on the Accumulation and Qualitative Differentiation of the Essential Oil
Authors: Bernáth Jenő , Németh Éva 
Published: March 2019

All members of the genus Foeniculum Mill. accumulate volatiles, including terpenoid and phenylpropanoid compounds. The genus shows a large diversity from both the morphological and chemical points of view. Based on the former morpho-phenological systematization, two subspecies (subsp. piperitum and subsp. capillaceum) and three varieties (var. vulgare, var. dulce, and var. azoricum) were distinguished. As a result of detailed analysis of 185 gene-bank accessions and evaluation of literature references a more sophisticated chemical classification of the genus has been completed by us. According to our anatomical investigations the oil ducts (vittae) appear in the early stages of development of generative organs, even at the time of bud formation. The maximum yield of essential oil and dry matter coincide with the ripening phase of the fruit, while the relative percentage of oil shows its maximum much earlier, at the beginning of fruit development, when the accumulation process of starches is just about to start. However, for the chemical classification of the genus, analysis of the oil distilled from the ripe fruits seems to be optimal because of its relative quantitative and qualitative stability. Based on the evaluation of Foeniculum vulgare (Mill.) populations of different origin the distinction of F. vulgare subsp. piperitum seems to be a relatively simple procedure because of the unique morphological markers and the presence of piperitone and piperitone oxide, as well as the high accumulation level of limonene. Similarly, in the case of F. vulgare subsp. capillaceum var. azoricum, the relatively high level of (E)-anethole and low accumulation level of methyl chavicol helps the orientation. Three inner groups of chemovarietal rank of F. vulgare subsp. capillaceum var. dulce can be distinguished according to the accumulation level of (E)-anethole and methyl chavicol. The intra-specific chemical classification of F. vulgare subsp. capillaceum var. vulgare group raises many more difficulties. Evaluating a large number of populations, as well as the literature references, distinction of three chemovarieties [(E)-anethole, fenchone and methylchavicol types] and four chemoforms of a lower chemical rank (segregated by a different ratio of (E)-anethole and methyl chavicol) were identified.
Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of the Leaf Essential Oil of Corymbia citriodora (Hook) from China
Authors: Jirovetz Leopold , Bail Stefanie , Buchbauer Gerhard , Stoilova Ivanka , Krastanov Albert , Stoyanova Albena , Stanchev Vesselin , Schmidt Erich 
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of a sample of lemon eucalyptus essential oil ( Corymbia citriodora) from China was determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. Citronellal (76.3%), citronellol (5.7%) and neo-isopulegol (5.5%) were the major components. The odor of the sample was evaluated as fresh, citrus-like and mildly fruity, with a pleasant woody background note. Lemon eucalyptus oil was found to exhibit antiradical activity with respect to DPPH and hydroxyl (OH•) radicals. The effect exercised on OH• radicals significantly exceeded that observed for the DPPH radical – the respective concentrations for 50% inhibition of the radicals were 0.38 μg/mL for OH• and 344.0 μg/mL for DPPH. Furthermore, the essential oil revealed antioxidant activities in a model system comprised of a linoleic acid emulsion. At a concentration of 0.1%, inhibition of conjugated dienes-formation by 59.8% was observed and the formation of secondary oxidized products of linoleic acid by 84.7%.
New Sources of Oilseeds from Latin American Native Fruits
Authors: Masson Lilia , Camilo Conrado , Gonzalez Katherine , Caceres Andrea , Jorge Neuza , Torija Esperanza M. 
Published: March 2019

Three Latin American oilseeds obtained from native fruits: nopal (tuna) ( Opuntia ficus-indica), cherimoya (chirimoya) ( Annona cherimola), and papaya, Chilean variety ( Carica pubescens or C. candamarcensis) were studied for their fatty acid composition and bioactive compounds, such as tocols and phytosterols, looking for new sources of special oilseeds for this region. The results indicated that each species represents an interesting possibility. Nopal oilseed is a good source of linoleic acid (62%), with a good balance between SFA and MUFA (1:1.3). Cherimoya oilseed presents quite a different composition, with 24% SFA, 43% MUFA and 33% PUFA. Palmitic and stearic acids (15% and 7.6%, respectively) are the main SFA. A good balance between oleic acid (42.7%) and linoleic acid (31%) was observed. Papaya oilseed is a highly MUFA oil (72% with 71% oleic acid), with a very interesting composition, according to the new nutritional and technological recommendations. With respect to bioactive compounds, the main tocol in these three oilseeds was γ-tocopherol, with 136, 300 and 317 mg/kg for cherimoya, papaya and nopal oilseeds, respectively. According to the total tocol content, papaya oilseed presented the highest value with 384 mg/kg. The total amount and distribution of phytosterols was different, with values of 3092, 3554 and 5474 mg/kg for nopal, cherimoya and papaya oilseeds, respectively, with β-sitosterol forming 47.6%, 65.0 % and 78.7% of the total phytosterol fractions, respectively. From the results obtained, Chilean papaya oilseed can be considered as a very promising new source of special plant oil for different applications, followed by cherimoya and nopal oilseeds.
GC/MS Analysis of the Essential Oil from the Oleoresin of Pistacia Atlantica Desf. subsp. Atlantica from Algeria
Authors: Benhassaini Hachemi , Bendeddouche Fatima Z. , Mehdadi Zoheir , Romane Abderrahmane 
Published: March 2019

The oleoresin of Pistacia atlantica Desf. ssp. atlantica, growing wild in different arid and semi-arid regions of Algeria, is a popular naturally-occurring chewing gum and has been used traditionally in the treatment of peptic ulcer. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil obtained from solvent distillation of the fresh oleoresin has led to the identification of many terpenoids: α-pinene (39.4%), β-pinene (12.9%), carvacrol (11.8%), pinocarvone (5.5%), limonene (5.1%), germacrene-D (2.4%), trans-pinocarveol (2.1%), camphenol (2%), borneol (2%), α-terpene (1.8%), p-cymene (1.7%), terpinolene (1.4%), terpinene-4-ol (1.4%), isopinocarveol (1.1%) and verbenene (1.0%). Other minor constituents were also identified.
Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of the Essential Oil of Satureja Montana L
Authors: Stoilova Ivanka , Bail Stefanie , Buchbauer Gerhard , Krastanov Albert , Stoyanova Albena , Schmidt Erich , Jirovetz Leopold 
Published: March 2019

The composition of an essential oil of savory ( Satureja montana L.) from Slovenia was determined by GC/FID and GC-MS; the major components were carvacrol (41.5%), p-cymene (11.0%), thymol (8.6%), γ-terpinene (6.2%) and β-caryophyllene (4.1%). Using olfactory evaluations of the oil, a characteristic odor with strong carvacrol and thymol-notes was found. Savory oil was capable of antiradical activity with respect to the DPPH, hydroxyl (OH•), and superoxide radicals. The concentrations sufficient for 50% neutralization (IC50) of the respective radicals were 18.7 μg/mL for DPPH and 0.0067 μg/mL for OH•. The neutralization of the superoxide radical at a concentration of 50 μg/mL was by 78.8%. The antiradical activity of savory oil with regard to the DPPH and OH• radicals was substantially greater than that of its major phenolic components, carvacrol and thymol. Savory essential oil demonstrated antioxidant activity in a model system comprised of linoleic acid emulsion, inhibiting at a concentration of 0.01% the conjugated dienes formation by 64.5% and the generation of linoleic acid secondary oxidized products by 73.3%.
Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of an Essential Oil of Origanum Vulgare L. from Bosnia
Authors: Stoilova Ivanka , Bail Stefanie , Buchbauer Gerhard , Krastanov Albert , Stoyanova Albena , Schmidt Erich , Jirovetz Leopold 
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of an essential oil of oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.) from Bosnia was analyzed by GC/FID and GC-MS. In total, 33 constituents were identified and carvacrol (66.2%), p-cymene (9.1%), γ-terpinene (7.3%) and β-caryophyllene (4.1%) were found to be the main compounds. In addition, olfactory evaluation data of the sample and correlations with the odor attributes of the single components are presented to explain the complex aroma impression of this essential oil. The oil possessed antiradical activity with respect to DPPH radicals, exceeding that of its major phenolic component, carvacrol. The oil also revealed scavenging potential with respect to hydroxyl radicals (OH•), which was superior to that towards the DPPH radical; the respective concentrations needed for 50% inhibition (IC50) were 53.8 μg/mL for DPPH and 0.31 μg/mL for OH•. The superoxide scavenging activity of oregano oil was 82.7% at 50 μg/mL. The oil also demonstrated antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid emulsion model system; at 0.05% concentration it inhibited conjugated dienes formation by 69.0% and the generation of secondary oxidized products from linoleic acid by 73.1 %.
Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of an Essential Oil of Thymus Vulgaris L. from Germany
Authors: Stoilova Ivanka , Bail Stefanie , Buchbauer Gerhard , Krastanov Albert , Stoyanova Albena , Schmidt Erich , Jirovetz Leopold 
Published: March 2019

The composition of an essential oil of thyme from Germany was analyzed by GC/FID and GC-MS. Thirty constituents were identified with thymol (49.6%), p-cymene (16.4%), γ-terpinene (8.0%), linalool (4.6%) and carvacrol (4.0%) as the main compounds. In addition, olfactory evaluations were made of the thyme sample, as well as correlations of odor-impressions of the single constituents with published data. A pleasant aroma, characteristic of thyme oils was determined, with some main and minor constituents as odor-active compounds. The thyme oil possessed antiradical activity with respect to DPPH, which was greater than the activities of its major individual phenolic components, carvacrol and thymol. The oil also demonstrated a scavenging effect with respect to hydroxyl radicals (OH•), exceeding the effect exercised on the DPPH radical, the respective concentrations resulting in a 50% inhibition (IC50) being 41.4 μg/mL for DPPH and 2.9 μg/mL for OH•. Scavenging of the superoxide radical at a concentration of 50 μg/mL was 76.9%. Thyme essential oil revealed antioxidant activity in a model system comprised of a linoleic acid emulsion where, at a concentration of 0.05%, it caused 59.5% inhibition of conjugated dienes formation and 72.4% inhibition of the generation of secondary oxidized products from linoleic acid.
Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of the Essential oil of Origanum Majorana L. from Albania
Authors: Schmidt Erich , Bail Stefanie , Buchbauer Gerhard , Stoilova Ivanka , Krastanov Albert , Stoyanova Albena , Jirovetz Leopold 
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of marjoram essential oil ( Origanum majorana L.) was determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. As major compounds of the oil terpinen-4-ol (21.3%), trans-sabinene hydrate (15.5%), γ-terpinene (14.0%), and α-terpinene (8.9%) were identified. The odour profile and evaluation of marjoram essential oil was established. Marjoram oil has antiradical activity with regard to DPPH, exceeding that of the phenolic component thymol. The oil exhibited scavenging effect on the hydroxyl radicals (OH•), as well, which substantially exceeded that towards the DPPH radical - the respective concentrations for 50% inhibition of the radicals (IC50) were 0.11μg/mL for OH• and 341.0μg/mL for DPPH. Marjoram essential oil was capable of antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid emulsion model system, where at concentration of 0.05% it inhibited conjugated dienes formation by 50.00% and the generation of linoleic acid secondary oxidized products by 79.85%.
Investigation of Anticancer and Antiviral Properties of Selected Aroma Samples
Authors: Ryabchenko Boris , Tulupova Elena , Schmidt Erich , Wlcek Katrin , Buchbauer Gerhard , Jirovetz Leopold 
Published: March 2019

Anti-tumor and antiviral activities of various aroma samples, including cinnamic acid, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol (synthetic and natural samples), trans, trans-farnesol, farnesol (isomeric mixture), longifolene, geranic acid and a farnesol-rich ylang-fraction were investigated using HeLa and Jurkat cell lines. Using a CytoTox-96®-Assay we observed strong anti-tumor effects of natural- and synthetic nerolidol-samples at concentrations less than 5 μM. Furthermore, synthetic nerolidol reduced the number of HeLa and Jurkat cells to 50% (CC50) at concentrations which were more than ten times lower compared with the effective doses required to achieve 50% cytotoxicity (ED50). Antiviral studies were performed to investigate inhibitory effects of the compounds on mouse polyomavirus propagation in 3T6 cells. Remarkable inhibition of viral activity was demonstrated by synthetic nerolidol at CC50 3.2 ± 1.5 μM and natural nerolidol at CC50 1.2 ± 0.4 μM All other compounds, however, did not show any inhibition against this virus.
Volatile Fraction of Lavender and Bitter Fennel Infusion Extracts
Authors: Tschiggerl Christine , Bucar Franz 
Published: March 2019

The relative proportions of chemical classes (hydrocarbons, oxides, alcohols/ethers, aldehydes/ketones, acids/esters/lactones) in the essential oil of lavender ( Lavendula Angustifolia Mill., family Lamiaceae) and bitter fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgare (Mill.) Thellung, family Apiaceae) and in the volatile fraction of infusion extracts were examined and showed remarkable differences. The volatile compounds of infusions were isolated by hydrodistillation and solid phase extraction (SPE). Their qualitative and semiquantitative compositions were compared with the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation directly from the plant material and analyzed by GC-MS. Furthermore, quantification of the major constituents of lavender oil and of the volatile fraction obtained by hydrodistillation of the infusion was performed. Comparison of the total essential oil yield quantified by hydrodistillation of the lavender infusion (0.7% v/w, corresponding to plant material) with the essential oil yield of the blossoms (5.1% v/w) revealed that only 13.9% of the initial oil could be extracted by infusion. The main constituents of the volatile fraction of the lavender infusion were (hydrodistillation/SPE): linalool (39.3%/28.2%), 1,8 cineole (24.8%/18.9%), cis-linalool oxide (furanoid) (5.8%/8.0%), trans-linalool oxide (furanoid) (4.1%/7.1%), camphor (5.3%/4.0%) and α-terpineol (4.0%/3.0%). The major constituents of lavender essential oil were linalool (28.8%), 1,8-cineole (18.05%), linalyl acetate (13.9%) and α-terpineol (4.0%). Most intriguing, in the volatile fraction of lavender infusion a significant proportional decrease of linalyl acetate and an increase of linalool oxides was recognized. The essential oil yield of fennel fruits was 12.5% v/w, whereas 1.8% v/w volatile fraction (corresponding to plant material) was obtained by hydrodistillation of the fennel infusion, which is equivalent to 14.5% of the initial fennel essential oil. The main constituents of the volatile fraction of the fennel infusion were (hydrodistillation/SPE): trans-anethole (56.4%/54.8%), fenchone (36.2%/39.5%) and estragole (2.5%/2.2%), which were also the major compounds of the genuine bitter fennel essential oil. In infusions, the proportion of ethers vs. ketones was shifted significantly towards a higher proportion of the latter compared with the essential oil obtained from the fruits.
Biotransformation of Naringenin to Eriodictyol by Saccharomyces cerevisiea Functionally Expressing Flavonoid 3′ Hydroxylase
Authors: Amor Ilef Limem-Ben , Hehn Alain , Guedon Emmanuel , Ghedira Kamel , Engasser Jean-Marc , Chekir-Ghedrira Leila , Ghoul Mohamed 
Published: March 2019

To increase the biological activities of flavonoids and to enhance their stability and solubility by functionalization reactions (polymerization, esterification, alkylation, glycosylation and acylation), an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups in these molecules is needed. Hydroxylation reactions may be achieved using either chemical or enzymatic methods, the latter being more highly specific than the former. In our study, the flavonoid 3′ hydroxylase (F3′H) from Gerbera hybrid, functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was used to hydroxylate naringenin (the first flavonoid core synthesized in plants). Furthermore, we studied factors that may affect naringenin hydroxylation by recombinant cell-like yeast growth on selective or rich media and plasmid stability. The whole recombinant cells hydroxylated naringenin at position 3′ to give eriodictyol. In a selective media, the yeast failed to grow to high cell densities (maximum 5 g/L), but the plasmid stability was nearly 90 %, and naringenin hydroxylation reached 100 %. In a rich complex media, the biomass reached 10 g/L, but the yield of naringenin hydroxylation reached only 71 %, and the plasmid stability decreased. When yeast functionally expressing F3′H from Gerbera hybrid was used, in a selective media, 200 mg/L of eriodictyol from naringenin was produced.
Caryophyllene Oxide-rich Essential Oils of Lithuanian Artemisia campestris ssp. campestris and Their Toxicity
Authors: Judzentiene Asta , Budiene Jurga , Butkiene Rita , Kupcinskiene Eugenija , Laffont-Schwob Isabelle , Masotti Véronique 
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oils of aerial parts of Artemisia campestris ssp. campestris, collected from ten different locations in Lithuania is detailed in this paper. The major component in all the oils was caryophyllene oxide (8.5-38.8%), whereas compounds with the caryophyllane skeleton ranged from 10.2 to 44.5%. Other representative constituents were germacrene D (≤15.0%), humulene epoxide II (≤8.1%), β-ylangene (≤7.7%), spathulenol (≤6.8%), β-elemene (≤6.8%), β-caryophyllene (≤6.2%), junenol (≤6.1%) and α- or β-pinene (≤5.5%). Eighty-seven compounds were identified, comprising 73.6-92.3% of the oils. The chemical composition was highly variable depending on the sample location. Toxicity of A. campestris oils was determined using the brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) assay. LC50 values ranging to 20 μg/mL were obtained for three of the oils after 24 hours of exposure. Data of this test revealed that A. campestris ssp. campestris essential oils with dominant caryophyllene oxide are notably toxic.
Competition of Ester, Amide, Ether, Carbonate, Alcohol and Epoxide Ligands in the Dirhodium Experiment (Chiral Discrimination by NMR Spectroscopy) [1]
Authors: Mattiza Jens T. , Meyer Vera , Özüduru Gülsüm , Heine Tanja , Fohrer Joerg , Duddeck Helmut 
Published: March 2019

Thirty-eight derivatives of 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid, each with two different oxygen functionalities, were synthesized and subjected to the standard dirhodium experiment (1H NMR in the presence of an equimolar amount of the chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylate complex Rh*). Their structures represent ester, amide, carbonate, ether, alcohol and/or epoxy groups. Significant selectivity in the binding of those oxygen groups to the complex were determined. From these results, a priority list in binding to a rhodium atom of Rh* was established: epoxides > primary alcohols > ethers ≥ esters ≥ amides > carbonates > tertiary alcohols This sequence allows the prediction of the preferred binding site of oxygen-containing groups in polyfunctional compounds, which frequently occur among natural products, and, particularly, in asymmetric synthesis of such compounds. Differentiation of the enantiomers by the dirhodium experiment is easily accomplished due to numerous signal dispersions in nearly all cases.
Warfarin Interactions with Medicinal Herbs
Authors: Milić Nataša , Milošević Nataša , Kon Svetlana Goločorbin , Božić Teodora , Abenavoli Ludovico , Borrelli Frances 
Published: March 2019

Recognition of the adverse effects of medicinal herbs is not routine and the reports on such effects are even less frequent in clinical practice. Potential herb-drug interactions are of a major safety concern, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like warfarin, which can lead to severe adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening. The interactions between warfarin and medicinal herbs described in the literature have been summarized in this paper relying on Medline database (via PubMed) using the key words: warfarin, herbal supplements and interactions. The references on the analyzed literature have been investigated in order to collect the existing data. The case reports with severe adverse effects such as spontaneous postoperative bleeding, formation of hematomas, hematemesis, melena, thrombosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage and/or subdural hematomas after concomitant use of warfarin and the medicinal herbs: Panax ginseng, Hypericum perforatum, Salvia milthiorizza, Gingko biloba, Serenoa repens, Angelica sinensis, Vaccinium species, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Tanacetum parthenium, Lucium barbarum, Matricaria chamomilla, Boswellia serrata and Camellia sinensis have been estimated. Some of the interactions between warfarin and medicinal herbs have been well assessed proving that they are closely-dependent. The interactions between warfarin and medicinal herbs, not generally reported in previous reviews, are presented in our review. The health professionals who are involved in treating the patients are expected to be fully informed about the interactions between warfarin and medicinal herbs in order to minimize the health risks of the patients.
Relationship between Soil and Essential Oil Profiles in Salvia desoleana Populations: Preliminary Results
Authors: Rapposelli Emma , Melito Sara , Barmina Giovanni Gabriele , Foddai Marzia , Azara Emanuela , Scarpa Grazia Maria 
Published: March 2019

Salvia desoleana is a herbaceous perennial shrub endemic of Sardinia (Italy). The leaves are a source of essential oil, used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The therapeutic function of this species has been associated to the presence of essential oils rich in α/β-pinene, p-cimene, linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole. Today the industrial request of Salvia essential oils is increasing and most of the biomass is exploited from the natural populations which are under severe risk of genetic erosion. In order to improve the essential oil production, the study of the environmental parameters that influence composition, quality and quantity of the essential oils, turns out to be necessary. Soil physical and chemical structure represents one of the determinant factors in secondary metabolites production, and could also be involved in volatiles fraction composition in the same species. The main aim of this research was to explore the relationship between essential oil profiles and soil characteristics in S. desoleana populations. GC/MS analysis performed on the essential oil extracts identified 22 principal compounds, which were extremely variable among the five S. desoleana populations studied. The analysis of the essential oils revealed different compositions in the terpenes fractions: 68.2% of monoterpenes, 27.3% of sesquiterpenes and 4.5% of diterpenes. Analysis of chemical and physical soil parameters at the collection sites revealed that silt and sand contents were correlated with α-pinene and sclareol fractions and the total K2O was significantly correlated to several compounds belonging to the three terpene fractions identified. These results will provide guidelines for the in site conservation and for the improvement of the commercial value of the species.