bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Iodine Concentration Using Single-Source Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in a Calf Liver
Authors: Agostini Andrea , Mahmood Usman , Erdi Yusuf , Borgheresi Alessandra , Ragucci Monica , Sawan Peter , Ryan Davinia , Laino Maria Elena , Corrias Giuseppe , Mannelli Lorenzo 
Published: February 2018

Objective
To evaluate the accuracy of single-source dual-energy computed tomography (ssDECT) in iodine quantification using various segmentation methods in an ex vivo model.

Methods
Ten sausages, injected with variable quantities of iodinated contrast, were inserted into 2 livers and scanned with ssDECT. Material density iodine images were reconstructed. Three radiologists segmented each sausage. Iodine concentration, volume, and absolute quantity were measured. Agreement between the measured and injected iodine was assessed with the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Intrareader agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results
Air bubbles were observed in sausage (IX). Sausage (X) was within the same view as hyper-attenuating markers used for localization. With IX and X excluded, CCC and ICC were greater than 0.98 and greater than 0.88. When included, CCC and ICC were greater than 0.94 and greater than 0.79.

Conclusions
Iodine quantification was reproducible and precise. However, accuracy reduced in sausages consisting of air filled cavities and within the same view as hyperattenuating markers.
The Ability of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography to Distinguish Normal Bone Marrow From Metastases Using Bone Marrow Color Maps
Authors: Issa Ghada , Davis Derik , Mulligan Michael E. 
Published: February 2018

Objective
The objective of this study was to determine if dual-energy computed-tomography bone marrow color maps can improve sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and confidence of detection of bone metastases.

Methods
Institutional review board approved this retrospective review of a consecutive series of cancer patients. Two radiologists first evaluated the fused 120 kV computed tomography images and recorded a number of suspicious lesions, confidence level, and Hounsfield units for each lesion. After a time gap, the studies were randomized for a second review with dual-energy computed-tomography bone marrow color maps.

Results
Eighteen patients and 1105 bones were reviewed. A total of 227 true metastatic lesions were present. With bone marrow color map review, sensitivity increased from 76.2% to 86.8%, for reader 1, and from 80.2% to 92.8%, for reader 2. Specificity and accuracy also increased. Confidence level increased for 12 lesions.

Conclusions
Dual-energy computed-tomography bone marrow color map analysis of patients with metastatic cancers can improve the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and confidence level for the detection of bone metastases.
Demystifying the “Triple Point:” Technical Nuances of the Fronto-Orbital Advancement
Authors: Lopez Christopher D. , Kumar Anand , Lin Alexander Y. , Bonfield Christopher M. , Weinzweig Jeffrey , Naidich Thomas , Smith Christopher M. , Taub Peter J. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Removal of the fronto-orbital bandeau is one of the most critical components for procedures designed to correct anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and remodel the anterior calvarial vault. It is also used to improve exposure of the anterior cranial fossa. It is arguably one of the more difficult portions of some craniofacial procedures. While the technique for fronto-orbito-sphenoid osteotomy has been frequently described, it has only been minimally detailed. Separation of bone in this region remains challenging due to the bone thickness, adjacent vital structures, and limited direct visibility. The present paper describes the anatomy of this particular region, which the authors have termed the “triple point”, to facilitate successful osteotomy and avoid potential injury.
Adult Cranioplasty Reconstruction With Customized Cranial Implants: Preferred Technique, Timing, and Biomaterials
Authors: Wolff Amir , Santiago Gabriel F. , Belzberg Micah , Huggins Charity , Lim Michael , Weingart Jon , Anderson William , Coon Alex , Huang Judy , Brem Henry , Gordon Chad 
Published: February 2018

Introduction:
Complex cranial defects requiring delayed reconstruction present numerous challenges. Delayed cranioplasties accompany frequent complications approaching an incidence of 35 to 40%. Therefore, the authors sought to collate their experience in hopes of sharing their perspective on several topics including technique, timing, and preferred biomaterials.

Methods:
The authors’ 5-year consecutive experience over 430 customized cranial implants is described herein. Since its inception in 2012, the authors’ team has employed the pericranial-onlay cranioplasty technique instead of the standard epidural approach. Optimal timing for cranioplasty is determined using objective criteria such as scalp healing and parenchymal edema, close collaboration with neuroplastic surgery, conversion from autologous bone to sterile implant in instances of questionable viability/storage, and the first-line use of solid poly(methylmethacrylate) implants for uncomplicated, delayed cases, first-line porous polyethylene (MEDPOR) implants for single-stage cranioplasty, and first-line polyether-ether-ketone implants for cases with short notice. Furthermore, the use of the pterional design algorithm with temporal bulking for all customized implants has helped to correct and/or prevent temporal hollowing deformities.

Results:
The authors’ team has observed a three-fold reduction in reported complications as compared with the existing literature, with a major complication rate of 11%. The multidisciplinary center has provided an optimal stage for synergy and improved outcomes versus standard cranioplasty techniques.

Conclusion:
Secondary cranial reconstruction, or cranioplasty, can be challenging due to numerous reasons. These best practices, developed in collaboration with neuroplastic surgery and neurosurgery, appear to encompass the largest published experience to date. The authors find this approach to be both safe and reliable.
Pain Management for Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis: Adequate Analgesia in a Pediatric Cohort?
Authors: Kattail Deepa , Macmillan Alexandra , Musavi Leila , Pedreira Rachel , Faateh Muhammad , Cho Regina , Lopez Joseph , Dorafshar Amir H. 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Postoperative pain following open craniosynostosis repair has not been studied extensively and is sometimes thought to be inconsequential. The purpose of this study was to assess postoperative pain in this pediatric population.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients (n = 54) undergoing primary open craniosynostosis repair from 2010 to 2016. Demographics, length of stay (LOS), pain scores, emesis events, and perioperative analgesics were reviewed. Multivariable regression models were designed to assess for independent predictors of LOS and emesis.

Results:
A high proportion had moderate to severe pain on postoperative day 0 (56.5%) and day 1 (60.9%). Opioid administered in postoperative period was 1.40 mg/kg/d in morphine milligram equivalent (MME) (±1.07 mg/kg/d MME). Majority of patients transitioned to enteral opioids on postoperative day 1 (24.5%) or day 2 (49.1%). Ketorolac was administered to 11.1% (n = 6). Emesis was documented in 50% of patients. LOS revealed a positive association with age (P = 0.006), weight (P = 0.009), and day of transition to enteral opioids (P < 0.001); association with emesis was trending toward significance (P = 0.054). There was no association between overall LOS and amount of opioids administered postoperatively (P = 0.68). Postoperative emesis did not have any significant association with age, sex, weight, total amount of postoperative opioid administered, use of ketorolac, or intraoperative steroid use.

Conclusion:
Open craniosynostosis repair is associated with high levels of pain and low utilization of nonopioid analgesics. Strategies to improve pain, decrease emesis and LOS include implementation of multimodal analgesia period and avoidance of enteral medications in the first 24 hours after surgery.
Frontal Mucocele Extended Orbita and Endoscopic Marsupialization Technique
Authors: Erdogan Banu Atalay , Unlu Nazmiye , Aydin Sedat , Avci Hakan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMucocele is benign, slow-growing, mucous-filled cystic lesions that arise in the paranasal sinuses. It causes progressive distension of the bony walls and induces compressive symptoms. Surgical treatment of paranasal sinus mucoceles includes endoscopic approach or external approach. The authors report a patient of frontal mucocele who presented with a history of progressive unilateral protrusion. Computed tomography scan revealed a large mucocele of the frontal sinus with orbital extension on the same side. He was successfully treated with endoscopic marsupialization without any serious complications.
Hospital Variations in Clinical Complications and Patient-reported Outcomes at 2 Years After Immediate Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Berlin Nicholas L. , Tandon Vickram J. , Qi Ji , Kim Hyungjin M. , Hamill Jennifer B. , Momoh Adeyiza O. , Pusic Andrea L. , Wilkins Edwin G. 
Published: February 2018

Objective:
Our objectives were to investigate case-mix adjusted hospital variations in 2-year clinical and patient-reported outcomes following immediate breast reconstruction.

Background:
Over the past few decades, variations in medical practice have been viewed as opportunities to promote best practices and high-value care.

Methods:
The Mastectomy Reconstruction Outcomes Consortium Study is an National Cancer Institute-funded longitudinal, prospective cohort study assessing clinical and patient-reported outcomes of immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy at 11 leading medical centers. Case-mix adjusted comparisons were performed using generalized linear mixed-effects models to assess variation across the centers in any complication, major complications, satisfaction with outcome, and satisfaction with breast.

Results:
Among 2252 women in the analytic cohort, 1605 (71.3%) underwent implant-based and 647 (28.7%) underwent autologous breast reconstruction. There were significant differences in the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and distribution of procedure types at the different Mastectomy Reconstruction Outcomes Consortium Study centers. After case-mix adjustments, hospital variations in the rates of any and major postoperative complications were observed. Medical center odds ratios for major complication ranged from 0.58 to 2.13, compared with the average major complication rate across centers. There were also meaningful differences in satisfaction with outcome (from the lowest to highest of −2.79–2.62) and in satisfaction with breast (−2.82–2.07) compared with the average values.

Conclusions:
Two-year postoperative complications varied widely between hospitals following post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. These variations represent an important opportunity to improve care through dissemination of best practices and highlight the limitations of extrapolating single-institution level data and the ongoing challenges of studying hospital-based outcomes for this patient population.
Predictors of Opioid Administration in the Acute Postoperative Period
Authors: Willis-Gray Marcella G. , Husk Katherine E. , Brueseke Taylor J. , Wu Jennifer M. , Dieter Alexis A. 
Published: February 2018

Objectives
Our primary objective was to evaluate age as a predictor of postanesthesia care unit (PACU) opioid administration in women undergoing reconstructive pelvic surgery. Our secondary objective was to identify additional predictors of PACU opioid administration.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing outpatient urogynecologic surgery for pelvic organ prolapse and/or stress urinary incontinence between September 2015 to October 2016 at 1 academic medical center. We compared 2 cohorts (1) women older than 65 years and (2) women older than 65 years. Our primary outcome was any opioid medication administered during the PACU admission.

Results
A total of 183 women were included in the study; 124 (68%) were younger than 65 years, and 59 (32%) were 65 years or older. For our primary outcome, women younger than 65 years were more likely to be given any opioids in PACU than women 65 years (70% vs 54%, P = 0.04, respectively). Women younger than 65 years were also given higher total amounts of opioid narcotics postoperatively (9.0 ± 8.3 vs 5.1 ± 6.0 mg, P < 0.05). For our secondary outcome, we found that PACU opioid administration was associated with midurethral sling (MUS) surgery (70% MUS vs 30% no MUS, P = 0.04) and high maximum PACU pain score (97% high vs 3% low, P < 0.01).

Conclusions
In women undergoing urogynecologic surgery, age younger than 65 years is a predictor of high PACU pain score and resultant PACU opioid dispensation. This population should be targeted in future studies addressing the use of nonopioid multimodal therapies in the treatment of postoperative pain.
Most calbindin-immunoreactive neurons, but few calretinin-immunoreative neurons, express the m1 acetylcholine receptor in the middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey
Authors: Coppola Jennifer J. , Disney Anita A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRelease of the neuromodulator acetylcholine into cortical circuits supports cognition, although its precise role and mechanisms of action are not well-understood. Little is known about functional differences in cholinergic modulatory effects across cortical model systems, but anatomical evidence suggests that such differences likely exist because, for example, the expression of cholinergic receptors differs profoundly both within and between species. In the primary visual cortex (V1) of macaque monkeys, cholinergic receptors are strongly expressed by inhibitory interneurons. Here, we examine m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression by two subclasses of inhibitory interneurons—identified by their expression of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and calretinin—in the middle temporal extrastriate area (MT) of the macaque. Using dual-immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we find that the majority of calbindin-immunoreative neurons (55%) and only few calretinin-immunoreactive neurons (10%) express the m1 acetylcholine receptor. This differs from the pattern observed in V1 of the same species, lending further support to the notion that cholinergic modulation in cortex is tuned such that different cortical compartments will respond to acetylcholine release in different ways.
p53deletion rescues lethal microcephaly in a mouse model with neural stem cell abscission defects
Authors: Little Jessica Neville , Dwyer Noelle D. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTBuilding a cerebral cortex of the proper size involves balancing rates and timing of neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, neurogenesis, and cell death. The cellular mechanisms connecting genetic mutations to brain malformation phenotypes are still poorly understood. Microcephaly may result when NSC divisions are too slow, produce neurons too early, or undergo apoptosis, but the relative contributions of these cellular mechanisms to various types of microcephaly are not understood. We previously showed that mouse mutants inKif20b(formerly calledMphosph1, Mpp1, orKRMP1) have small cortices that show elevated apoptosis, and defects in maturation of NSC midbodies, which mediate cytokinetic abscission. Here we test the contribution of intrinsic NSC apoptosis to brain size reduction in this lethal microcephaly model. By making double mutants with the pro-apoptotic genesBaxandTrp53 (p53), we find that apoptosis of cortical NSCs accounts for most of the microcephaly, but that there is a significant apoptosis-independent contribution as well. Remarkably, heterozygousp53deletion is sufficient to fully rescue survival of theKif20bmutant into adulthood. In addition, the NSC midbody maturation defects are not rescued byp53deletion, showing that they are either upstream of p53 activation, or in a parallel pathway. Thus, this work potentially identifies a novel midbody-mediated pathway for p53 activation, and elucidates both NSC apoptosis and abscission mechanisms that could underlie human microcephaly or other brain malformations.
The thalamus regulates retinoic acid signaling and development of parvalbumin interneurons in postnatal mouse prefrontal cortex
Authors: Larsen Rachel , Proue Alatheia , Scott Earl Parker , Christiansen Matthew , Nakagawa Yasushi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAbnormal development of GABAergic interneurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders. Yet, developmental mechanisms for these neurons are poorly understood. Here we show that the retinoic acid-degrading enzyme CYP26B1 is temporally expressed specifically in postnatal frontal cortex in mice, and its genetic deletion results in an increased density of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons in medial PFC during postnatal development. Furthermore, initiation ofCyp26b1expression in neonatal PFC depends on the connections between the thalamus and the neocortex. Thus, the thalamus has a postnatal role in regulating PV neuron development in PFC by inducingCyp26b1and thereby restricting retinoic acid signaling. Prenatally, the lack of thalamic input causes an aberrant radial distribution of medial ganglionic eminence-derived interneurons throughout the cortex. Therefore, the thalamus controls PV neuron development in PFC both by region-specific and cortex-wide mechanisms.
Macropinocytosis overcomes directional bias due to hydraulic resistance to enhance space exploration by dendritic cells
Authors: Moreau Hélène D. , Blanch-Mercader Carles , Attia Rafaele , Alraies Zahraa , Maurin Mathieu , Bousso Philippe , Joanny Jean-François , Voituriez Raphaël , Piel Matthieu , Lennon-Duménil Ana-Maria 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe migration of immune cells is guided by specific chemical signals, such as chemokine gradients. Their trajectories can also be diverted by physical cues and obstacles imposed by the cellular environment, such as topography, rigidity, adhesion, or hydraulic resistance. On the example of hydraulic resistance, it was shown that neutrophil preferentially follow paths of least resistance, a phenomenon referred to as barotaxis. We here combined quantitative imaging and physical modeling to show that barotaxis results from a force imbalance at the scale of the cell, which is amplified by the acto-myosin intrinsic polarization capacity. Strikingly, we found that macropinocytosis specifically confers to immature dendritic cells a unique capacity to overcome this physical bias by facilitating external fluid transport across the cell, thereby enhancing their space exploration capacity in vivo and promoting their tissue-patrolling function. Conversely, mature dendritic cells, which down-regulate macropinocytosis, were found to be sensitive to hydraulic resistance. Theoretical modeling suggested that barotaxis, which helps them avoid dead-ends, may accelerate their migration to lymph nodes, where they initiate adaptive immune responses. We conclude that the physical properties of the microenvironment of moving cells can introduce biases in their migratory behaviors but that specific active mechanisms such as macropinocytosis have emerged to diminish the influence of these biases, allowing motile cells to reach their final destination and efficiently fulfill their functions.
NF1deficiency correlates with estrogen receptor signaling and diminished survival in breast cancer
Authors: Dischinger Patrick S. , Tovar Elizabeth A. , Essenburg Curt J. , Madaj Zachary B. , Gardner Eve , Callaghan Megan , Turner Ashley N. , Challa Anil K. , Kempston Tristan , Eagleson Bryn , Kesterson Robert A. , Bronson Roderick T. , Bowman Megan J. , Graveel Carrie R. , Steensma Matthew R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe key negative regulatory gene of the RAS pathway,NF1, is mutated or deleted in numerous cancer types and is associated with increased cancer risk and drug resistance. Even though women with neurofibromatosis (germlineNF1mutations) have a substantially increased breast cancer risk at a young age andNF1is commonly mutated in sporadic breast cancers, we have a limited understanding of the role ofNF1in breast cancer. Much of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the functional loss ofNF1comes from mouse models that do not completely recapitulate the phenotypes of humanNF1. We utilized CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to createNf1rat models to evaluate the effect ofNf1deficiency on tumorigenesis. The resultingNf1indels induced highly penetrant, aggressive mammary adenocarcinomas that express estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. We identified distinctNf1isoforms that were altered during tumorigenesis.To evaluateNF1in human breast cancer, we analyzed genomic changes in a breast cancer dataset of 2,000 clinically annotated breast cancers. We foundNF1shallow deletions in 25% of sporadic breast cancers, which correlated with poor clinical outcome. To identify biological networks impacted byNF1deficiency, we constructed gene co-expression networks using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and identified a network connected toESR1(estrogen receptor). Moreover,NF1-deficient cancers correlated with established RAS activation signatures. Estrogen-dependence was verified by estrogen-ablation inNf1rats where rapid tumor regression was observed. These results demonstrated the significant role NF1 plays in both NF1-related breast cancer and sporadic breast cancer.
Prediction of Optimal Growth Temperature using only Genome Derived Features
Authors: Sauer David B. , Wang Da-Neng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOptimal growth temperature is a fundamental characteristic of all living organisms. Knowledge of this temperature is central to the study the organism, the thermal stability and temperature dependent activity of its genes, and the bioprospecting of its genome for thermally adapted proteins. While high throughput sequencing methods have dramatically increased the availability of genomic information, the growth temperatures of the source organisms are often unknown. This limits the study and technological application of these species and their genomes. Here, we present a novel method for the prediction of growth temperatures of prokaryotes using only genomic sequences. By applying the reverse ecology principle that an organism’s genome includes identifiable adaptations to its native environment, we can predict a species’ optimal growth temperature with an accuracy of 4.69 °C root-mean-square error and a correlation coefficient of 0.908. The accuracy can be further improved for specific taxonomic clades or by excluding psychrophiles. This method provides a valuable tool for the rapid calculation of organism growth temperature when only the genome sequence is known.