bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐Scale Drivers and Seasonal Predictability of Extreme Wind Speeds Over the North Atlantic and Europe
Authors: Walz Michael A. , Donat Markus G. , Leckebusch Gregor C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAs extreme wind speeds are responsible for large socioeconomic losses in the European domain, a skillful prediction would be of great benefit for disaster prevention as well as the actuarial community. Here we evaluate the patterns of atmospheric variability and the seasonal predictability of extreme wind speeds (e.g., >95th percentile) in the European domain in the dynamical seasonal forecast system European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) System 4 and compare to the predictability using a statistical prediction model. Further we compare the seasonal forecast system with ECMWF Re‐Analysis (ERA)‐Interim in order to advance the understanding of the large‐scale conditions that generate extreme winds. The dominant mean sea level pressure patterns of atmospheric variability show distinct differences between reanalysis and System 4 as most patterns in System 4 are extended downstream in comparison to ERA‐Interim. This dissimilar manifestation of the patterns across the two models leads to substantially different drivers associated with the generation of extreme winds: While the prominent pattern of the North Atlantic Oscillation could be identified as the main driver in the reanalysis, extreme winds in System 4 appear to be related to different large‐scale atmospheric pressure patterns. Thus, our results suggest that System 4 does not seem to capture the potential predictability of extreme winds that exists in the real world. This circumstance is likely related to the unrealistic representation of the atmospheric patterns driving these extreme winds. Hence, our study points to potential improvements of dynamical prediction skill by improving the simulation of large‐scale atmospheric variability.
Dominant Role of the Ocean Mixed Layer Depth in the Increased Proportion of Intense Typhoons During 1980–2015
Authors: Wu Liguang , Wang Ruifang , Feng Xiaofang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOver the past decade extensive studies have been undertaken to understand the increasing trend in the proportion of intense tropical cyclones (categories 4 and 5 on the Saffir‐Simpson scale). The trend has been found globally and in some individual basins since the late 1970s. This study quantifies the contributions of various factors that control the proportion of intense typhoons. It is demonstrated that the increase of the proportion of intense typhoons during 1980–2015 is consistent with the corresponding changes in the ocean/atmosphere environment. The proportion change resulted from the temporal variations of the environmental parameters (sea surface temperature, ocean mixed layer depth, outflow temperature, and vertical wind shear), as well as the shifts of tropical cyclone prevailing tracks. The nonuniform spatial distribution of environmental parameters makes the shifts of tropical cyclone prevailing tracks contribute at least half the increase of the proportion of intense typhoons. The deepening of the ocean mixed layer resulting from the temporal variations and track shifts plays a dominant role in the observed increase of the proportion of intense typhoons. Although the maximum potential intensity theory and numerical modeling project an increase of tropical cyclone intensity in a warming climate, the effects of the temporal change of the ocean mixed layer depth and the prevailing track change were not taken into account in the projection. This study suggests that the increase of the proportion of intense typhoons in the western North Pacific basin could be larger than the projection in previous studies.
Incremental Emplacement of the Late Jurassic Midcrustal, Lopolith‐Like Qitianling Pluton, South China, Revealed by AMS and Bouguer Gravity Data
Authors: Liu Hongsheng , Martelet Guillaume , Wang Bo , Erdmann Saskia , Chen Yan , Faure Michel , Huang Fangfang , Scaillet Bruno , le‐Breton Nicole , Shu Liangshu , Wang Rucheng , Zhu Jinchu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractModes of magma emplacement may provide key information on geodynamic‐tectonic settings of magmatism, when the threshold of magma volume and duration of emplacement process is crossed, brittle/ductile crustal deformation behavior, and volumes and rates of magma transfer in the crust. The majority of upper‐crustal granitic intrusions are incrementally emplaced as laccoliths or sills, while midcrustal or deeper‐level granitic intrusions appear to be predominantly emplaced as sills or lopoliths, but relatively few examples have been studied. We present a case study on the Jurassic Qitianling pluton from South China, which was constructed in the upper part of the middle crust (at a depth of ~10–15 km). To characterize its emplacement mechanism and evolution, we have combined field and microscopic observations, Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility measurements and Bouguer gravity anomaly modeling. The main findings are (1) the generally undeformed granite‐country rock contacts with a narrow thermal aureole, (2) irregularly wavy and gradational contacts between the main granite facies, (3) dominant subhorizontal magnetic fabrics in the granites with a scattered magnetic foliation, (4) rare occurrence of dykes, and (5) a subcircular surface and lopolith‐like pluton geometry. Accordingly, we suggest that the Qitianling pluton forms an ~25‐km wide and ~5‐km thick lopolith that was incrementally emplaced during a period of tectonic quiescence, most likely by under‐accretion of multiple magma sheets deflected from magma pulses that ascended through pipe‐like channels. The mineralogical and compositional variation of the pluton may be the result of in situ fractionation, fractionation at deeper crustal level, or variation in source‐derived melt compositions.
Stochastic Inversion of P‐to‐S Converted Waves for Mantle Composition and Thermal Structure: Methodology and Application
Authors: Munch F. D. , Khan A. , Tauzin B. , Zunino A. , Giardini D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe present a new methodology for inverting P‐to‐S receiver function (RF) waveforms directly for mantle temperature and composition. This is achieved by interfacing the geophysical inversion with self‐consistent mineral phase equilibria calculations from which rock mineralogy and its elastic properties are predicted as a function of pressure, temperature, and bulk composition. This approach anchors temperatures, composition, seismic properties, and discontinuities that are in mineral physics data, while permitting the simultaneous use of geophysical inverse methods to optimize models of seismic properties to match RF waveforms. Resultant estimates of transition zone (TZ) topography and volumetric seismic velocities are independent of tomographic models usually required for correcting for upper mantle structure. We considered two end‐member compositional models: the equilibrated equilibrium assemblage (EA) and the disequilibrated mechanical mixture (MM) models. Thermal variations were found to influence arrival times of computed RF waveforms, whereas compositional variations affected amplitudes of waves converted at the TZ discontinuities. The robustness of the inversion strategy was tested by performing a set of synthetic inversions in which crustal structure was assumed both fixed and variable. These tests indicate that unaccounted‐for crustal structure strongly affects the retrieval of mantle properties, calling for a two‐step strategy presented herein to simultaneously recover both crustal and mantle parameters. As a proof of concept, the methodology is applied to data from two stations located in the Siberian and East European continental platforms.
S Velocity Model of East Asia From a Cluster Analysis of Localized Dispersion
Authors: Witek M. , van der Lee S. , Kang T.‐S. , Chang S.‐J. , Ning J. , Ning S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe measured Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curves from station pair cross correlations of continuous broadband data from 1,082 seismic stations in regional networks across China, Korea, and Japan. The dispersion curves are localized in the period range 6–40 s to produce group velocity maps, which we then combine with group velocity data in the period range 50–133 s from the global dispersion model of Ma et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu246). Cluster analysis performed on the local dispersion curves reveals distinct tectonic regions and provides a new way of estimating the number of regions needed to describe a surface wave dispersion data set. We inverted the centroid dispersion curves corresponding to each cluster for a new set of reference models. We used a combination of teleseismic receiver functions and Moho depths from the LITHO1.0 model to create a 3‐D Moho depth reference model and then constructed a 3‐D S velocity model by jointly inverting group velocities with localized phase velocities in the period range 28.57–200 s, also from Ma et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu246). The cluster analysis and comparisons with other regional models provide evidence for a broad region of deformed lithosphere in East Asia. We image high velocities in the Yangtze and Ordos cratons and low velocities underneath the East Sea (Sea of Japan), and we find that a low‐velocity zone in the midcrust is appropriate for Tibet. The model we present is intended as an alternative reference model that fits a broader range of periods to be used for further studies of regional geophysical phenomena.
Anticyclonic Eddies Connecting the Western Boundaries of Indian and Atlantic Oceans
Authors: Laxenaire R. , Speich S. , Blanke B. , Chaigneau A. , Pegliasco C. , Stegner A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Indo‐Atlantic interocean exchanges achieved by Agulhas Rings are tightly linked to global ocean circulation and climate. Yet they are still poorly understood because they are difficult to identify and follow. We propose here an original assessment on Agulhas Rings, achieved by TOEddies, a new eddy identification and tracking algorithm that we applied over 24 years of satellite altimetry. Its main novelty lies in the detection of eddy splitting and merging events. These are particularly abundant and significantly impact the concept of a trajectory associated with a single eddy, which becomes less obvious than previously admitted. To overcome this complication, we have defined a network of segments that group together in relatively complex trajectories. Such a network provides an original assessment of the routes and the history of Agulhas Rings. It links 730,481 eddies into 6,363 segments that cluster into Agulhas Ring trajectories of different orders. Such an order depends on the affiliation of the eddies and segments, in a similar way as a tree of life. Among them, we have identified 122 order 0 trajectories that can be considered as the major trajectories associated to a single eddy, albeit it has undergone itself splitting and merging events. Despite the disappearance of many eddies in the altimeter signal in the Cape Basin, a significant fraction can be followed from the Indian Ocean to the South Brazil Current with, on average, 3.5 years to cross the entire South Atlantic.
The Role of Secondary Ice Processes in Midlatitude Continental Clouds
Authors: Zipori Assaf , Reicher Naama , Erel Yigal , Rosenfeld Daniel , Sandler Amir , Knopf Daniel A. , Rudich Yinon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractClouds contribute very large uncertainties to our understanding of Earth's climate system. This is partly attributed to the insufficient predictive abilities of ice formation processes in clouds and the ramifications for the hydrological cycle and climate. To improve predictions of ice particle concentrations in clouds, a better understanding of the relative contributions of ice nucleating particles and secondary ice processes (SIPs) is needed. To address this challenging question, we combine ice nucleation measurements via immersion freezing of particles filtered from rainwater, with satellite‐retrieved cloud top glaciation temperatures (Tg) of the same clouds, while considering the chemical composition of the rainwater, the particles, and the particles' mass loads. In addition, laboratory‐derived ice nucleation parameterization of K‐feldspar was implemented in an ice nucleation model in order to reconstruct Tg considering primary ice nucleation only. We show that the observed Tg does not correlate with the median freezing temperature of the drops from the laboratory measurements froze (T50), and are significantly warmer than the model prediction. This suggests that SIP play a major role in glaciating the investigated clouds system. Furthermore, we show that the difference between Tg and T50 best correlates with the size of the cloud droplets at −5 °C, indicating that SIP is controlled by cloud droplet sizes. Hence, our results suggest that the effect of SIP on Tg, and therefore on Earth's radiation budget, may be significant.
Decision-making of the benthic diatom Seminavis robusta searching for inorganic nutrients and pheromones
Authors: Bondoc Karen Grace V , Lembke Christine , Lang Stefan N , Germerodt Sebastian , Schuster Stefan , Vyverman Wim , Pohnert Georg 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Microorganisms encounter a diversity of chemical stimuli that trigger individual responses and influence population dynamics. However, microbial behavior under the influence of different incentives and microbial decision-making is poorly understood. Benthic marine diatoms that react to sexual attractants as well as to nutrient gradients face such multiple constraints. Here, we document and model behavioral complexity and context-sensitive responses of these motile unicellular algae to sex pheromones and the nutrient silicate. Throughout the life cycle of the model diatom Seminavis robusta nutrient-starved cells localize sources of silicate by combined chemokinetic and chemotactic motility. However, with an increasing need for sex to restore the initial cell size, a change in behavior favoring the attraction-pheromone-guided search for a mating partner takes place. When sex becomes inevitable to prevent cell death, safeguard mechanisms are abandoned, and cells prioritize the search for mating partners. Such selection processes help to explain biofilm organization and to understand species interactions in complex communities.
Ischemic postconditioning confers cerebroprotection by stabilizing VDACs after brain ischemia
Authors: Yao Gui-Ying , Zhu Qian , Xia Jing , Chen Feng-Jiao , Huang Ming , Liu Jing , Zhou Ting-Ting , Wei Jian-Feng , Cui Gui-Yun , Zheng Kui-Yang , Hou Xiao-Yu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIschemic postconditioning provides robust neuroprotection, therefore, determining the molecular events may provide promising targets for stroke treatment. Here, we showed that the expression of functional mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel proteins (VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3) reduced in rat vulnerable hippocampal CA1 subfield after global ischemia. Ischemic postconditioning restored VDACs to physiological levels. Stabilized VDACs contributed to the benefits of postconditioning. VDAC1 was required for maintaining neuronal Ca2+ buffering capacity. We found that microRNA-7 (miR-7) was responsible for postischemic decline of VDAC1 and VDAC3. Notably, miR-7 was more highly expressed in the peripheral blood of patients with acute ischemic stroke compared to healthy controls. Inhibition of miR-7 attenuated neuronal loss and ATP decline after global ischemia, but also diminished the infarct volume with improved neurological functions after focal ischemia. Thus, ischemic postconditioning protects against mitochondrial damage by stabilizing VDACs. MiR-7 may be a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
Tracing the transitions from pluripotency to germ cell fate with CRISPR screening
Authors: Hackett Jamie A. , Huang Yun , Günesdogan Ufuk , Gretarsson Kristjan A. , Kobayashi Toshihiro , Surani M. Azim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEarly mammalian development entails transit through naive pluripotency towards post-implantation epiblast, which subsequently gives rise to primordial germ cells (PGC), the founding germline population. To investigate these cell fate transitions, we developed a compound-reporter to track cellular identity in a model of PGC specification (PGC-like cells; PGCLC), and coupled it with genome-wide CRISPR screening. We identify key genes both for exit from pluripotency and for acquisition of PGC fate, and characterise a central role for the transcription regulators Nr5a2 and Zfp296 in germline ontogeny. Abrogation of these genes results in widespread activation (Nr5a2−/−) or inhibition (Zfp296−/−) of WNT pathway factors in PGCLC. This leads to aberrant upregulation of the somatic programme or failure to activate germline genes, respectively, and consequently loss of germ cell identity. Our study places Zfp296 and Nr5a2 as key components of an expanded PGC gene regulatory network, and outlines a transferable strategy for identifying critical regulators of complex cell fate decisions.
Multi-stage bioengineering of a layered oesophagus with in vitro expanded muscle and epithelial adult progenitors
Authors: Urbani Luca , Camilli Carlotta , Phylactopoulos Demetra-Ellie , Crowley Claire , Natarajan Dipa , Scottoni Federico , Maghsoudlou Panayiotis , McCann Conor J. , Pellegata Alessandro Filippo , Urciuolo Anna , Deguchi Koichi , Khalaf Sahira , Aruta Salvatore Ferdinando , Signorelli Maria Cristina , Kiely David , Hannon Edward , Trevisan Matteo , Wong Rui Rachel , Baradez Marc Olivier , Moulding Dale , Virasami Alex , Gjinovci Asllan , Loukogeorgakis Stavros , Mantero Sara , Thapar Nikhil , Sebire Neil , Eaton Simon , Lowdell Mark , Cossu Giulio , Bonfanti Paola , De Coppi Paolo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA tissue engineered oesophagus could overcome limitations associated with oesophageal substitution. Combining decellularized scaffolds with patient-derived cells shows promise for regeneration of tissue defects. In this proof-of-principle study, a two-stage approach for generation of a bio-artificial oesophageal graft addresses some major challenges in organ engineering, namely: (i) development of multi-strata tubular structures, (ii) appropriate re-population/maturation of constructs before transplantation, (iii) cryopreservation of bio-engineered organs and (iv) in vivo pre-vascularization. The graft comprises decellularized rat oesophagus homogeneously re-populated with mesoangioblasts and fibroblasts for the muscle layer. The oesophageal muscle reaches organised maturation after dynamic culture in a bioreactor and functional integration with neural crest stem cells. Grafts are pre-vascularised in vivo in the omentum prior to mucosa reconstitution with expanded epithelial progenitors. Overall, our optimised two-stage approach produces a fully re-populated, structurally organized and pre-vascularized oesophageal substitute, which could become an alternative to current oesophageal substitutes.
Single Particle Automated Raman Trapping Analysis
Authors: Penders Jelle , Pence Isaac J. , Horgan Conor C. , Bergholt Mads S. , Wood Christopher S. , Najer Adrian , Kauscher Ulrike , Nagelkerke Anika , Stevens Molly M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEnabling concurrent, high throughput analysis of single nanoparticles would greatly increase the capacity to study size, composition and inter and intra particle population variance with applications in a wide range of fields from polymer science to drug delivery. Here, we present a comprehensive platform for Single Particle Automated Raman Trapping Analysis (SPARTA) able to integrally analyse nanoparticles ranging from synthetic polymer particles to liposomes without any modification. With the developed highly controlled automated trapping process, single nanoparticles are analysed with high throughput and sensitivity to resolve particle mixtures, obtain detailed compositional spectra of complex particles, track sequential functionalisations, derive particle sizes and monitor the dynamics of click reactions occurring on the nanoparticle surface. The SPARTA platform opens up a wide range of new avenues for nanoparticle research through label-free integral high-throughput single particle analysis, overcoming key limitations in sensitivity and specificity of existing bulk analysis methods.
Phenome-wide association studies across large population cohorts support drug target validation
Authors: Diogo Dorothée , Tian Chao , Franklin Christopher S. , Alanne-Kinnunen Mervi , March Michael , Spencer Chris C. A. , Vangjeli Ciara , Weale Michael E. , Mattsson Hannele , Kilpeläinen Elina , Sleiman Patrick M. A. , Reilly Dermot F. , McElwee Joshua , Maranville Joseph C. , Chatterjee Arnaub K. , Bhandari Aman , Nguyen Khanh-Dung H. , Estrada Karol , Reeve Mary-Pat , Hutz Janna , Bing Nan , John Sally , MacArthur Daniel G. , Salomaa Veikko , Ripatti Samuli , Hakonarson Hakon , Daly Mark J. , Palotie Aarno , Hinds David A. , Donnelly Peter , Fox Caroline S. , Day-Williams Aaron G. , Plenge Robert M. , Runz Heiko 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) have been proposed as a possible aid in drug development through elucidating mechanisms of action, identifying alternative indications, or predicting adverse drug events (ADEs). Here, we select 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to 19 candidate drug targets for common disease indications. We interrogate these SNPs by PheWAS in four large cohorts with extensive health information (23andMe, UK Biobank, FINRISK, CHOP) for association with 1683 binary endpoints in up to 697,815 individuals and conduct meta-analyses for 145 mapped disease endpoints. Our analyses replicate 75% of known GWAS associations (P < 0.05) and identify nine study-wide significant novel associations (of 71 with FDR < 0.1). We describe associations that may predict ADEs, e.g., acne, high cholesterol, gout, and gallstones with rs738409 (p.I148M) in PNPLA3 and asthma with rs1990760 (p.T946A) in IFIH1. Our results demonstrate PheWAS as a powerful addition to the toolkit for drug discovery.
PWWP2A binds distinct chromatin moieties and interacts with an MTA1-specific core NuRD complex
Authors: Link Stephanie , Spitzer Ramona M. M. , Sana Maryam , Torrado Mario , Völker-Albert Moritz C. , Keilhauer Eva C. , Burgold Thomas , Pünzeler Sebastian , Low Jason K. K. , Lindström Ida , Nist Andrea , Regnard Catherine , Stiewe Thorsten , Hendrich Brian , Imhof Axel , Mann Matthias , Mackay Joel P. , Bartkuhn Marek , Hake Sandra B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChromatin structure and function is regulated by reader proteins recognizing histone modifications and/or histone variants. We recently identified that PWWP2A tightly binds to H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes and is involved in mitotic progression and cranial–facial development. Here, using in vitro assays, we show that distinct domains of PWWP2A mediate binding to free linker DNA as well as H3K36me3 nucleosomes. In vivo, PWWP2A strongly recognizes H2A.Z-containing regulatory regions and weakly binds H3K36me3-containing gene bodies. Further, PWWP2A binds to an MTA1-specific subcomplex of the NuRD complex (M1HR), which consists solely of MTA1, HDAC1, and RBBP4/7, and excludes CHD, GATAD2 and MBD proteins. Depletion of PWWP2A leads to an increase of acetylation levels on H3K27 as well as H2A.Z, presumably by impaired chromatin recruitment of M1HR. Thus, this study identifies PWWP2A as a complex chromatin-binding protein that serves to direct the deacetylase complex M1HR to H2A.Z-containing chromatin, thereby promoting changes in histone acetylation levels.