bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projected Freshening of the Arctic Ocean in the 21st Century
Authors: Shu Qi , Qiao Fangli , Song Zhenya , Zhao Jiechen , Li Xinfang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUsing state‐of‐the‐art models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5), this study found the upper Arctic Ocean likely to freshen considerably in the future. Arctic Ocean average sea surface salinity is projected to decrease by 1.5 ± 1.1 psu, and the liquid freshwater column is projected to increase by 5.4 ± 3.8 m by the end of the 21st century under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. Most freshening would occur in the Arctic Ocean basins, that is, the Canada, Makarov, and Amundsen basins. Anomalies in freshwater flux from sea ice melt, Bering Strait inflow, net precipitation (P‐E), river runoff, and freshwater through the Barents Sea Opening (BSO) would contribute to Arctic Ocean freshening. CMIP5 historical and RCP8.5 experiments showed that the respective projected contributions from BSO freshwater flux, river runoff, P‐E, and Bering Strait inflow are about 6.4, 5.0, 2.7, and 2.2 times the contribution from sea ice melt averaged throughout the 21st century. Contributions from sea ice melt and Bering Strait inflow would increase and then decrease gradually, while those from BSO freshwater flux, river runoff, and P‐E would increase continuously. The CMIP5 models are able to simulate the Arctic Ocean freshwater system more accurately than CMIP3 models. However, the simulated rate of increase of freshwater content (296 ± 232 km3/yr) is weaker than estimated (600 ± 300 km3/yr) based on observations (1992–2012). Moreover, the simulated BSO and Davis Strait freshwater fluxes still exhibit substantial intermodel spread and they differ considerably from observed values.
Role of Lateral Terrestrial Water Flow on the Regional Water Cycle in a Complex Terrain Region: Investigation With a Fully Coupled Model System
Authors: Rummler Thomas , Arnault Joel , Gochis David , Kunstmann Harald 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRecent developments in hydrometeorological modeling aim toward a more sophisticated treatment of terrestrial hydrologic processes. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of lateral terrestrial water flows on the regional atmospheric and terrestrial water cycle in a humid region of Central Europe. This is accomplished by evaluating model results from both the standard Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the hydrologically enhanced version WRF‐Hydro, which allows for a more comprehensive process description of the interdependencies between water and energy fluxes at the land‐atmosphere interface. To account for internal model variability, an ensemble for each model variant is generated for a 3‐month study period in the summer of 2005. The regional water cycle in the simulation domain is investigated by evaluating the ensemble results with a joint atmospheric‐terrestrial water budget analysis. We focus on six differently sized river catchments located in Southern Bavaria (Germany) and the southerly adjacent Eastern Alps, where simulation results are compared to observations of precipitation, near‐surface temperatures, and streamflow. Most prominently, WRF‐Hydro increases (near‐) surface runoff and decreases percolation, resulting in a reduced total runoff amount. Accordingly, soil moisture storage and evapotranspiration are increased. Domain‐averaged precipitation differences between WRF and WRF‐Hydro are essentially related to differences in atmospheric moisture inflow and outflow, which is the signature of internal model variability and is potentially enhanced in the WRF‐Hydro ensemble. Driven only at the boundaries of the outermost domain, the fully coupled model system shows good performance in the reproduction of observed streamflow.
Prolonged Heavy Snowfall During the Younger Dryas
Authors: Wang L. , Jiang W. Y. , Jiang D. B. , Zou Y. F. , Liu Y. Y. , Zhang E. L. , Hao Q. Z. , Zhang D. G. , Zhang D. T. , Peng Z. Y. , Xu B. , Yang X. D. , Lu H. Y. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSnowfall is an important component of Earth's climate system; however, long, continuous high‐resolution records of global snowfall are lacking because of the absence of suitable proxies. In this study, diatom record from the sediments of Yunlong Lake, in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, was used to reconstruct snowfall during the Younger Dryas (YD). Variations in the abundance of low‐light‐tolerant diatoms and diatom flux indicate that the duration of lake ice cover during the YD was significantly longer than that during the colder Heinrich event 1; this suggests that heavy snowfall, rather than temperatures, was responsible for the greater duration of lake ice cover during the YD. Thus, we conclude that prolonged, heavy snowfall occurred in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during the YD. In addition, this conclusion is supported by the results of a climate model simulation that also suggest that heavy snowfall occurred at high latitude in the Northern Hemisphere during the YD. We propose that the heavy snowfall intensified cooling in Northern Hemisphere by increasing the albedo and that it increased hydrological variability at low latitudes by increasing the duration of the southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and by delaying the onset of the Asian summer monsoon. The snowfall would have been a source of continuous freshwater that acted as a positive feedback and resulted in a prolonged weakened state of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which lasted for more than 1,000 years. Overall, our results emphasize the amplification and positive feedback function of heavy snowfall in triggering abrupt climate change.
Diagnosing Ocean Feedbacks to the BSISO: SST‐Modulated Surface Fluxes and the Moist Static Energy Budget
Authors: Gao Yingxia , Klingaman Nicholas P. , DeMott Charlotte A. , Hsu Pang‐Chi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe oceanic feedback to the atmospheric boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is examined by diagnosing the sea surface temperature (SST) modification of surface fluxes and moist static energy on intraseasonal scales. SST variability affects intraseasonal surface latent heat (LH) and sensible heat (SH) fluxes, through its influence on air‐sea moisture and temperature gradients (∆q and ∆T, respectively). According to bulk formula decomposition, LH is mainly determined by wind‐driven flux perturbations, while SH is more sensitive to thermodynamic flux perturbations. SST fluctuations tend to increase the thermodynamic flux perturbations over active BSISO regions, but this is largely offset by the wind‐driven flux perturbations. Enhanced surface fluxes induced by intraseasonal SST anomalies are located ahead (north) of the convective center over both the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific, favoring BSISO northward propagation. Analysis of budgets of column‐integrated moist static energy (⟨m⟩) and its time rate of change (∂⟨m⟩/∂t) shows that SST‐modulated surface fluxes can influence the development and propagation of the BSISO, respectively. LH and SH variability induced by intraseasonal SSTs maintain 1–2% of ⟨m⟩ day−1 over the equatorial western Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal but damp about 1% of ⟨m⟩ day−1 over the western North Pacific. The contribution of intraseasonal SST variability to ∂⟨m⟩/∂t can reach 12–20% over active BSISO regions. These results suggest that SST variability is conducive, but perhaps not essential, for the propagation of convection during the BSISO life cycle.
A Monolayer Partitioning Scheme for Droplets of Surfactant Solutions
Authors: Malila J. , Prisle N. L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBulk‐surface partitioning of surface active species affects both cloud droplet activation by aerosol particles and heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry. Various approaches are given in the literature to capture this effect in atmospheric models. Here we present a simple, yet physically self‐contained, monolayer model for prediction of both composition and thickness of the surface layer of an aqueous droplet. The monolayer surface model is based on assuming a finite surface layer and mass balance of all species within the droplet. Model predictions are presented for binary and ternary aqueous surfactant model systems and compared to both experimental and model data from the literature and predictions using a common Gibbsian model approach. Deviations from Gibbsian surface thermodynamics due to volume constraints imposed by the finite monolayer lead to stronger predicted surface tension reduction at smaller droplet sizes with the monolayer model. Process dynamics of the presented monolayer model are also contrasted to other recently proposed approaches to treating surface partitioning in droplets, with different underlying assumptions.
The Development of a Space Climatology: 2. The Distribution of Power Input Into the Magnetosphere on a 3‐Hourly Timescale
Authors: Lockwood Mike , Bentley Sarah N. , Owens Mathew J. , Barnard Luke A. , Scott Chris J. , Watt Clare E. , Allanson Oliver , Freeman Mervyn P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPaper 1 in this series (Lockwood et al., 2018a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001856) showed that the power input into the magnetosphere Pα is an ideal coupling function for predicting geomagnetic “range” indices that are strongly dependent on the substorm current wedge and that the optimum coupling exponent α is 0.44 for all averaging timescales, τ, between 1 min and 1 year. The present paper explores the implications of these results. It is shown that the form of the distribution of Pα at all averaging timescales τ is set by the interplanetary magnetic field orientation factor via the nature of solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling (due to magnetic reconnection in the dayside magnetopause) and that at τ = 3 hr (the timescale of geomagnetic range indices) the normalized Pα (divided by its annual mean, that is, <Pα >τ=3hr/<Pα >τ=1yr) follows a Weibull distribution with k of 1.0625 and λ of 1.0240. This applies to all years to a useful degree of accuracy. It is shown that exploiting the constancy of this distribution and using annual means to predict the full distribution gives the probability of space weather events in the largest 10% and 5% to within uncertainties of magnitude 10% and 12%, respectively, at the one sigma level.
A Stochastic Data‐Driven Ensemble Forecasting Framework for Water Resources: A Case Study Using Ensemble Members Derived From a Database of Deterministic Wavelet‐Based Models
Authors: Quilty John , Adamowski Jan , Boucher Marie‐Amélie 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn water resources applications (e.g., streamflow, rainfall‐runoff, urban water demand [UWD], etc.), ensemble member selection and ensemble member weighting are two difficult yet important tasks in the development of ensemble forecasting systems. We propose and test a stochastic data‐driven ensemble forecasting framework that uses archived deterministic forecasts as input and results in probabilistic water resources forecasts. In addition to input data and (ensemble) model output uncertainty, the proposed approach integrates both ensemble member selection and weighting uncertainties, using input variable selection and data‐driven methods, respectively. Therefore, it does not require one to perform ensemble member selection and weighting separately. We applied the proposed forecasting framework to a previous real‐world case study in Montreal, Canada, to forecast daily UWD at multiple lead times. Using wavelet‐based forecasts as input data, we develop the Ensemble Wavelet‐Stochastic Data‐Driven Forecasting Framework, the first multiwavelet ensemble stochastic forecasting framework that produces probabilistic forecasts. For the considered case study, several variants of Ensemble Wavelet‐Stochastic Data‐Driven Forecasting Framework, produced using different input variable selection methods (partial correlation input selection and Edgeworth Approximations‐based conditional mutual information) and data‐driven models (multiple linear regression, extreme learning machines, and second‐order Volterra series models), are shown to outperform wavelet‐ and nonwavelet‐based benchmarks, especially during a heat wave (first time studied in the UWD forecasting literature).
Ventral striatal dopamine transporter availability is associated with lower trait motor impulsivity in healthy adults
Authors: Smith Christopher T. , San Juan M. Danica , Dang Linh C. , Katz Daniel T. , Perkins Scott F. , Burgess Leah L. , Cowan Ronald L. , Manning H. Charles , Nickels Michael L. , Claassen Daniel O. , Samanez-Larkin Gregory R. , Zald David H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractImpulsivity is a transdiagnostic feature of a range of externalizing psychiatric disorders. Preclinical work links reduced ventral striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability with heightened impulsivity and novelty seeking. However, there is a lack of human data investigating the relationship between DAT availability, particularly in subregions of the striatum, and the personality traits of impulsivity and novelty seeking. Here we collected PET measures of DAT availability (BPND) using the tracer 18F-FE-PE2I in 47 healthy adult subjects and examined relations between BPND in striatum, including its subregions: caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (VS), and trait impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: BIS-11) and novelty seeking (Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: TPQ-NS), controlling for age and sex. DAT BPND in each striatal subregion showed nominal negative associations with total BIS-11 but not TPQ-NS. At the subscale level, VS DAT BPND was significantly associated with BIS-11 motor impulsivity (e.g., taking actions without thinking) after correction for multiple comparisons. VS DAT BPND explained 13.2% of the variance in motor impulsivity. Our data demonstrate that DAT availability in VS is negatively related to impulsivity and suggest a particular influence of DAT regulation of dopamine signaling in VS on acting without deliberation (BIS motor impulsivity). While needing replication, these data converge with models of ventral striatal functions that emphasize its role as a key interface linking motivation to action.
Multi-inch single-crystalline perovskite membrane for high-detectivity flexible photosensors
Authors: Liu Yucheng , Zhang Yunxia , Yang Zhou , Ye Haochen , Feng Jiangshan , Xu Zhuo , Zhang Xu , Munir Rahim , Liu Jia , Zuo Ping , Li Qingxian , Hu Mingxin , Meng Lina , Wang Kang , Smilgies Detlef-M. , Zhao Guangtao , Xu Hua , Yang Zupei , Amassian Aram , Li Jiawei , Zhao Kui , Liu Shengzhong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSingle crystalline perovskites exhibit high optical absorption, long carrier lifetime, large carrier mobility, low trap-state-density and high defect tolerance. Unfortunately, all single crystalline perovskites attained so far are limited to bulk single crystals and small area wafers. As such, it is impossible to design highly demanded flexible single-crystalline electronics and wearable devices including displays, touch sensing devices, transistors, etc. Herein we report a method of induced peripheral crystallization to prepare large area flexible single-crystalline membrane (SCM) of phenylethylamine lead iodide (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4 with area exceeding 2500 mm2 and thinness as little as 0.6 μm. The ultrathin flexible SCM exhibits ultralow defect density, superior uniformity and long-term stability. Using the superior ultrathin membrane, a series of flexible photosensors were designed and fabricated to exhibit very high external quantum efficiency of 26530%, responsivity of 98.17 A W−1 and detectivity as much as 1.62 × 1015 cm Hz1/2 W−1 (Jones).
Lithium hexamethyldisilazide initiated superfast ring opening polymerization of alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides
Authors: Wu Yueming , Zhang Danfeng , Ma Pengcheng , Zhou Ruiyi , Hua Lei , Liu Runhui 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPolypeptides have broad applications and can be prepared via ring-opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). Conventional initiators, such as primary amines, give slow NCA polymerization, which requires multiple days to reach completion and can result in substantial side reactions, especially for very reactive NCAs. Moreover, current NCA polymerizations are very sensitive to moisture and must typically be conducted in a glove box. Here we show that lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) initiates an extremely rapid NCA polymerization process that is completed within minutes or hours and can be conducted in an open vessel. Polypeptides with variable chain length (DP = 20–1294) and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.08–1.28) were readily prepared with this approach. Mechanistic studies support an anionic ring opening polymerization mechanism. This living NCA polymerization method allowed rapid synthesis of polypeptide libraries for high-throughput functional screening.
Closed-loop functional optogenetic stimulation
Authors: Srinivasan Shriya S. , Maimon Benjamin E. , Diaz Maurizio , Song Hyungeun , Herr Hugh M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOptogenetics has been used to orchestrate temporal- and tissue-specific control of neural tissues and offers a wealth of unique advantages for neuromuscular control. Here, we establish a closed-loop functional optogenetic stimulation (CL-FOS) system to control ankle joint position in murine models. Using the measurement of either joint angle or fascicle length as a feedback signal, we compare the controllability of CL-FOS to closed-loop functional electrical stimulation (CL-FES) and demonstrate significantly greater accuracy, lower rise times and lower overshoot percentages. We demonstrate orderly recruitment of motor units and reduced fatigue when performing cyclical movements with CL-FOS compared with CL-FES. We develop and investigate a 3-phase, photo-kinetic model to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for temporal variations in optogenetically activated neuromusculature during closed-loop control experiments. Methods and insights from this study lay the groundwork for the development of closed-loop optogenetic neuromuscular stimulation therapies and devices for peripheral limb control.
ComPath: an ecosystem for exploring, analyzing, and curating mappings across pathway databases
Authors: Domingo-Fernández Daniel , Hoyt Charles Tapley , Bobis-Álvarez Carlos , Marín-Llaó Josep , Hofmann-Apitius Martin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAlthough pathways are widely used for the analysis and representation of biological systems, their lack of clear boundaries, their dispersion across numerous databases, and the lack of interoperability impedes the evaluation of the coverage, agreements, and discrepancies between them. Here, we present ComPath, an ecosystem that supports curation of pathway mappings between databases and fosters the exploration of pathway knowledge through several novel visualizations. We have curated mappings between three of the major pathway databases and present a case study focusing on Parkinson’s disease that illustrates how ComPath can generate new biological insights by identifying pathway modules, clusters, and cross-talks with these mappings. The ComPath source code and resources are available athttps://github.com/ComPathand the web application can be accessed athttps://compath.scai.fraunhofer.de/.
MicroRNAs derived from the insect virus HzNV-1 promote lytic infection by suppressing histone methylation
Authors: Wu Pei-Chi , Lin Yu-Hsien , Wu Tsai-Chin , Lee Song-Tay , Wu Carol-P. , Chang Yuan , Wu Yueh-Lung 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHeliothis zea nudivirus-1 (HzNV-1) is an insect virus that can induce both lytic and latent infections in various insect cell lines. During latent infection, several microRNAs (miRNAs) are produced from persistency-associated gene 1 (pag1) as the only detectable HzNV-1 transcript. Previous studies have shown that the pag1 gene suppresses the immediate-early gene hhi1 and promotes host switching into a latent infection via miRNAs derived from pag1. Although other functions of the miRNAs derived from pag1 have not yet been elucidated, several studies have suggested that miRNAs encoded from latency-associated genes can regulate histone-associated enzymes. Because pag1 is a noncoding transcript, it potentially regulates host chromatin structure through miRNAs upon infection. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism by which pag1 alters viral infections remains unknown. In this study, we found that the pag1-encoded miRNA miR-420 suppresses expression of the histone modification-associated enzyme su(var)3–9. Therefore, this miRNA causes histone modification to promote HzNV-1 infection. These results suggest that HzNV-1 may directly influence epigenetic regulation in host cells through interactions with pag1 miRNAs to promote lytic infection. This study provides us with a better understanding of both the HzNV-1 infection pathway and the relationship between viral miRNAs and epigenetic regulation.
The short-sequence design of DNA and its involvement in the 3-D structure of the genome
Authors: Lamolle Guillermo , Sabbia Victor , Musto Héctor , Bernardi Giorgio 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRecent investigations have shown that isochores are characterized by a 3-D structure which is primarily responsible for the topology of chromatin domains. More precisely, an analysis of human chromosome 21 demonstrated that low-heterogeneity, GC-poor isochores are characterized by the presence of oligo-Adenines that are intrinsically stiff, curved and unfavorable for nucleosome binding. This leads to a structure of the corresponding chromatin domains, the Lamina Associated Domains, or LADs, which is well suited for interaction with the lamina. In contrast, the high-heterogeneity GC-rich isochores are in the form of compositional peaks and valleys characterized by increasing gradients of oligo-Guanines in the peaks and oligo-Adenines in the valleys that lead to increasing nucleosome depletions in the corresponding chromatin domains, the Topological Associating Domains, or TADs. These results encouraged us to investigate in detail the di- and tri-nucleotide profiles of 100 Kb segments of chromosome 21, as well as those of the di- to octa-Adenines and di- to octa-Guanines in some representative regions of the chromosome. The results obtained show that the 3-D structures of isochores and chromatin domains depend not only upon oligo-Adenines and oligo-Guanines but also, to a lower but definite extent, upon the majority of di- and tri-nucleotides. This conclusion has strong implications for the biological role of non-coding sequences.