bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive biology of Hybopsis amblops, the Bigeye Chub, in the Flint River of Alabama
Authors: Tarver Crissy L , Stallsmith Bruce W 
Published: March 2018

Background. The purpose of this study was to establish a reproductive schedule and examine reproductive traits that shape fecundity of the Bigeye Chub, Hybopsis amblops Cyprinidae, in the Flint River system of north Alabama.
Methods. Life history traits associated with reproduction, growth, and maturation were assessed. Fish collections were made monthly from August, 2013, through July, 2014.
Results. The Bigeye Chub in Alabama primarily spawns in April and May as indicated by gonadosomatic index (GSI), ovarian condition and clutch size. Average GSI values began to rise in February, peaked in April and May at over 13% for females and 1.6% for males, and showed a steep decline from May to June for both sexes. Average clutch size was highest in April at 812. Diameter of the most mature oocyte stage averaged 0.74 mm, relatively small compared to other cyprinids found in the Flint River.
Discussion. The Bigeye Chub’s relatively large clutch size as a measure of fecundity places the species intermediate between opportunistic and periodic in the trilateral life history scheme of Winemiller and Rose. The species is apparently responding to a flow regime with a defined seasonality as well as predictability of flow and resources.
Changes in Kinematic Coupling Among the Rearfoot, Midfoot, and Forefoot Segments During Running and Walking
Authors: Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki , Yokoyama Erika , Kanaya Chiaki , Inai Takuma , Tokunaga Yuta , Kubo Masayoshi 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Understanding the concept of kinematic coupling is essential when selecting the appropriate therapeutic strategy and grasping mechanisms for the occurrence of injuries. A previous study reported that kinematic coupling between the rearfoot and shank during running and walking were different. However, because foot mobility involves not only the rearfoot but also the midfoot or forefoot, kinematic coupling is likely to occur among the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot segments. We investigated changes in kinematic coupling among the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot segments during running and walking.

Methods:
Ten healthy young men were instructed to run (2.5 ms–1) and walk (1.3 ms–1) on a treadmill at speeds set by the examiner. The three-dimensional joint angles of the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot were calculated based on the Leardini foot model Kinematic coupling was evaluated with the absolute value of the cross-correlation coefficients and coupling angles obtained by using a vector coding technique.

Results:
The cross-correlation coefficient between rearfoot eversion/inversion and midfoot dorsiflexion/plantarflexion was significantly higher during running (r = 0.79) than during walking (r = 0.58), suggesting that running requires stronger kinematic coupling between rearfoot eversion/inversion and midfoot plantarflexion/dorsiflexion than walking. Furthermore, the coupling angle between midfoot eversion/inversion and forefoot eversion/inversion was significantly less during running (30.0°) than during walking (40.7°) (P &lt; .05). Hence, the magnitude of midfoot frontal plane excursion during running was greater than that during walking.

Conclusions:
Excessive rearfoot eversion during running is likely to lead to excessive midfoot dorsiflexion, and such abnormal kinematic coupling between the rearfoot and midfoot may be associated with mechanisms for the occurrence of injuries.
Does the Start of Dialysis Initiate a Period of Increased Risk of Ulceration or Amputation?
Authors: Lavery Lawrence A. , Lavery David C. , Hunt Nathan A. , Fontaine Javier La , Lavery Ryan D. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Dialysis therapy is associated with an increased incidence of lower-extremity wounds and amputations. We compared the incidence of foot ulcers and amputations before and after the start of dialysis.

Methods:
We evaluated 150 consecutive diabetic patients receiving dialysis and compared the incidence of foot complications 30 months before and after initiation of hemodialysis. We used claims data for diabetes, ulceration, and dialysis and abstracted medical records to verify diagnoses and dates of ulcers and amputations. We compared initial and cumulative ulcer/amputation incidence to account for multiple events in the same person over time. We used the same formula to determine the incidence rate difference and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare new ulcers and amputations during the study.

Results:
There was no significant difference in the incidence of first foot ulcers before (91.7 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 73.7–112.3 per 1,000 patient-years) and after (82.7; 95% CI, 65.7–102.3) the start of hemodialysis. The incidence of cumulative ulcers was significantly higher before (304.0 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 270.8–340.2) compared with after (210.7 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 183.0–240.9) dialysis. There was no difference in the incidence of first amputation before (29.3 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 1 9.4–41.7 per 1,000 patient-years) and after (37.3 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 19.4–41.7 per 1,000 patient-years) dialysis or in the cumulative incidence of amputations before (61.3 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 46.7–8.4 per 1,000 patient-years) and after (58.7 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 44.5–75.5 per 1,000 patient-years) dialysis.

Conclusions:
There was no increase in the incidence of ulcers or amputations after beginning hemodialysis.
The use of nutritional supplements to induce ketosis and reduce symptoms associated with keto-induction: a narrative review
Authors: Harvey Cliff J. d C. , Schofield Grant M. , Williden Micalla 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundAdaptation to a ketogenic diet (keto-induction) can cause unpleasant symptoms, and this can reduce tolerability of the diet. Several methods have been suggested as useful for encouraging entry into nutritional ketosis (NK) and reducing symptoms of keto-induction. This paper reviews the scientific literature on the effects of these methods on time-to-NK and on symptoms during the keto-induction phase.MethodsPubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Alt Health Watch, Food Science Source and EBSCO Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection electronic databases were searched online. Various purported ketogenic supplements were searched along with the terms “ketogenic diet”, “ketogenic”, “ketosis” and ketonaemia (/ ketonemia). Additionally, author names and reference lists were used for further search of the selected papers for related references.ResultsEvidence, from one mouse study, suggests that leucine doesn’t significantly increase beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) but the addition of leucine to a ketogenic diet in humans, while increasing the protein-to-fat ratio of the diet, doesn’t reduce ketosis. Animal studies indicate that the short chain fatty acids acetic acid and butyric acid, increase ketone body concentrations. However, only one study has been performed in humans. This demonstrated that butyric acid is more ketogenic than either leucine or an 8-chain monoglyceride. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) increase BOHB in a linear, dose-dependent manner, and promote both ketonaemia and ketogenesis. Exogenous ketones promote ketonaemia but may inhibit ketogenesis.ConclusionsThere is a clear ketogenic effect of supplemental MCTs; however, it is unclear whether they independently improve time to NK and reduce symptoms of keto-induction. There is limited research on the potential for other supplements to improve time to NK and reduce symptoms of keto-induction. Few studies have specifically evaluated symptoms and adverse effects of a ketogenic diet during the induction phase. Those that have typically were not designed to evaluate these variables as primary outcomes, and thus, more research is required to elucidate the role that supplementation might play in encouraging ketogenesis, improve time to NK, and reduce symptoms associated with keto-induction.
Fatigue and perceptual responses of heavier- and lighter-load isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise in males and females
Authors: Stuart Charlotte , Steele James , Gentil Paulo , Giessing Jürgen , Fisher James P. 
Published: March 2018

Background
There is a lack of research considering acute fatigue responses to high- and low-load resistance training as well as the comparison between male and female responses. Furthermore, limited studies have considered fatigue response testing with the inclusion of perceptions of discomfort and exertion.

Methods
The present study included males (n = 9; 23.8 ± 6.4 years; 176.7 ± 6.2 cm; 73.9 ± 9.3 kg) and females (n = 8; 21.3 ± 0.9 years; 170.5 ± 6.1 cm; 65.5 ± 10.8 kg) who were assessed for differences in fatigue (i.e., loss of torque at maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) immediately following isolated lumbar extension (ILEX) exercise at heavy- (HL) and light-(LL) loads (80% and 50% MVC, respectively). Participants also reported perceptual measures of effort (RPE-E) and discomfort (RPE-D) between different resistance training protocols.

Results
Analysis of variance revealed significantly greater absolute and relative fatigue following LL compared to HL conditions (p < 0.001). Absolute fatigue significantly differed between males and females (p = 0.012), though relative fatigue was not significantly different (p = 0.160). However, effect sizes for absolute fatigue (HL; Males = −1.84, Females = −0.83; LL; Males = −3.11, Females = −2.39) and relative fatigue (HL; Males = −2.17, Females = −0.76; LL; Males = −3.36, Females = −3.08) were larger for males in both HL and LL conditions. RPE-E was maximal for all participants in both conditions, but RPE-D was significantly higher in LL compared to HL (p < 0.001) with no difference between males and females.

Discussion
Our data suggests that females do not incur the same degree of fatigue as males following similar exercise protocols, and indeed that females might be able to sustain longer exercise duration at the same relative loads. As such females should manipulate training variables accordingly, perhaps performing greater repetitions at a relative load, or using heavier relative loads than males. Furthermore, since lighter load exercise is often prescribed in rehabilitation settings (particularly for the lumbar extensors) it seems prudent to know that this might not be necessary to strengthen musculature and indeed might be contraindicated to avoid the increased fatigue and discomfort associated with LL exercise.
Formation of Alkenes by Metal‐promoted Coupling Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlkali Metal ReagentsGrignard ReagentsBoron ReagentsAluminum ReagentsIndium ReagentsThallium ReagentsSilicon ReagentsGermanium ReagentsTin ReagentsBismuth ReagentsArsenic ReagentsSulfur ReagentsSelenium ReagentsTellurium ReagentsTitanium ReagentsZirconium ReagentsVanadium ReagentsMolybdenum ReagentsManganese ReagentsIron ReagentsRuthenium ReagentsCobalt ReagentsNickel ReagentsPalladium ReagentsCopper ReagentsSilver ReagentsZinc ReagentsMercury ReagentsOlefin Metathesis
Formation of Alkenes by Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGeneral ReviewsRegioselectivityExo / EndoSelectivityAsymmetric Diels–Alder ReactionMechanismUse of High PressureMicrowave IrradiationInfrared IrradiationMechanical Ball MillingUltracentrifugationUse of UltrasoundCatalysisSolvent EffectsCavity EffectsRetro‐Diels–Alder ReactionIntramolecular Diels–Alder ReactionInverse Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder ReactionRadical Cation Diels–Alder ReactionIonic Diels–Alder ReactionUse of HeterodienophilesUse of Heteroatom‐Containing “Dienes”Use of Substituted 1,3‐Dieneso‐Quinodimethanes and Heterocyclic AnaloguesArynes and HetarynesSome Other DienophilesDienophile EquivalentsTransition Metal Carbenes as Dienophiles
Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Dearomatization of Phenols with Allenoates for the Synthesis of Spirocyclohexadienones
Authors: Wang Hongyu , Wang Kaiye , Xiang Yanan , Jiang Han , Wan Xiuyan , Li Na , Tang Bo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlthough gold‐catalysis has emerged as an important tool in organic chemistry, its applications in dearomatization reactions have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we report the first example of the dearomatization of phenols involving allenoates catalyzed by Au(I). And a large number of spirocyclohexadienones has been efficiently synthesized with excellent yields under the optimized conditions. Moreover, these phenolic compounds bearing the allenoates can be prepared via the intermolecular remote‐Rauhut‐Currier reaction between allenoates and para‐quinones catalyzed by nucleophilic phosphines in a short time. The applications of 3 a and gram‐scale synthesis of 4 a were also preliminarily examined.magnified image
Changing Profile of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Over Two and Half Decades: A Study in Tertiary Referral Center of North India
Authors: Yadav Sanjay Kumar , Mishra Saroj Kanta , Mishra Anjali , Mayilvagnan Sabaretnam , Chand Gyan , Agarwal Gaurav , Agarwal Amit , Verma Ashok Kumar 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundMost of the cases of PHPT in developing countries present in symptomatic stage, some even in very advanced stage but in recent years the trend seems to be changing. This has been corroborated from few recently published literature from developing countries. The scope of this study is to further carry out an in‐depth analysis of various clinical and biochemical parameters of PHPT patients at a tertiary care center of northern India.MethodsIn this retrospective analysis, a total of 333 patients with PHPT from the year 1990 to 2016 were studied. The study population was divided into three subgroups based on the time span; 1990–1999 (n = 34), 2000–2009 (n = 112), 2010–2016 (n = 187), and clinical and biochemical parameters were compared.ResultsThe clinical presentation has evolved progressively with increase in older age group (35 vs 39 vs 43.85, p < 0.001), less patients with musculoskeletal symptoms (85.3 vs 76.8 vs 61%, p = 0.002) and less patients with severe bone disease (29.4 vs 10.7 vs 10.7%, p = 0.088). Biochemical parameters also showed a changing trend with significant decrease in mean S. Alkaline phosphatase (1393 vs 965 vs 414.8 IU/L, p < 0.001) and S. iPTH (837.52 vs 812.89 vs 635.74 pg/mL, p = 0.02). Vitamin D nutrition status is still suboptimal but shows improvement, and more patients are insufficient as compared to previous deficient state (mean S. Vitamin D—10.31 vs 16.16 vs 25.30 ng/mL, p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur study reveals a change in trend in PHPT which is similar to evolution of this disease in western population and positively corroborated with observations from China, Hong Kong and Turkey.
Morphology and ontogeny of Lophopus crystallinus lophophore support the epistome as ancestral character of phylactolaemate bryozoans
Authors: Schwaha Thomas 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPhylactolaemate bryozoans are the sister-group to all remaining bryozoan taxa. Consequently, their study is essential to reveal and analyze ancestral traits of Phylactolaemata and Bryozoa in general. They are the only bryozoans to possess an epistome which traditionally has been regarded as shared with phoronids and brachiopods. Contrary to older observations, an epistome was recently reported to be missing in the early branching phylactolaemate Lophopus crystallinus. In this study, the ontogeny of the lophophoral base and also its three-dimensional structure in adult specimens was reinvestigated to assess whether an epistome is never formed during ontogeny and absent in adult specimens. The results show that organogenesis during the budding process in this species is similar to other, previously investigated, species. The epistome anlage in L. crystallinus forms in early buds from the outer budding layer which penetrates the two shanks of the u-shaped gut. This ingression of the epithelium further proceeds distally and starts to wrap over the forming ganglion. The adult epistome is a rather short, but present bulge above the cerebral ganglion with prominent muscle bundles traversing its cavity. Distally it is arched by the forked canal that in L. crystallinus has a particularly thick and prominent epithelium in the three median tentacles. This study shows that neither during ontogeny nor in the adult stage an epistome is absent. The epistome is less pronounced than in other phylactolaemates, but otherwise similar in its general structure. Consequently, an epistome can be assumed to be present in the ground pattern of Phylactolaemata.
Functional promoter rs189037 variant of ATM is associated with decrease in lung diffusing capacity after irradiation for non–small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Lopez Guerra Jose Luis , Song Yi‐Peng , Nguyen Quynh‐Nhu , Gomez Daniel R. , Liao Zhongxing , Xu Ting 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveSingle‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ataxia telangiectasia–mutated gene ATM have been linked with pneumonitis after radiotherapy for lung cancer but have not been evaluated in terms of pulmonary function impairment. Here we investigated potential associations between SNPs in ATM and changes in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in patients with non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after radiotherapy.MethodsFrom November 1998 through June 2009, 448 consecutive patients with inoperable primary NSCLC underwent definitive (≥60 Gy) radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy. After excluding patients with a history of thoracic surgery, radiation, or lung cancer; without DNA samples available for analysis; or without pulmonary function testing within the 12 months before and the 12 months after radiotherapy, 100 patients were identified who are the subjects of this study. We genotyped two SNPs of ATM previously found to be associated with radiation‐induced pneumonitis (rs189037 and rs228590) and evaluated potential correlations between these SNPs and impairment (decreases) in DLCO by using logistic regression analysis.ResultsUnivariate and multivariate analyses showed that the AA genotype of ATM rs189037 was associated with decreased DLCO after definitive radiotherapy than the GG/AG genotypes [univariate coefficient, −0.122; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.236 to −0.008; P = 0.037; and multivariate coefficient, −0.102; 95% CI, −0.198 to −0.005; P = 0.038]. No such correlations were found for rs228590 (univariate coefficient, −0.096; 95% CI, −0.208 to 0.017; P = 0.096).ConclusionsThe AA genotype of ATM rs189037 was associated with higher risk of lung injury than were the GG/AG genotypes in patients with NSCLC treated with radiotherapy. This finding should be validated prospectively with other patient populations.
YSEX? A Replication Study in Different Age Groups
Authors: Wyverkens Elia , Dewitte Marieke , Deschepper Ellen , Corneillie Joke , Van der Bracht Lien , Van Regenmortel Dina , Van Cleempoel Kim , De Boose Noortje , Prinssen Petra , T’Sjoen Guy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Introduction
10 years ago, Meston and Buss (Arch Sex Behav 2007;36:477–507) identified 237 reasons for having sex. Since then, only a few studies have built on the analyses of differences in sexual motivation.

Aim
To replicate the YSEX? in a broader sample of women and men of different ages.

Methods
Women and men younger than 18 (n = 141), 18 to 22 (n = 1,039), 22 to 55 (n = 2,804), and at least 55 (n = 667) years old completed an online survey about their reasons for engaging in sex during the past year.

Main Outcome Measures
The YSEX? inventory was assessed to measure sexual motivation. The taxonomy consists of 4 main factors (physical, goal attainment, emotional, insecurity) and 13 subfactors.

Results
4,655 participants took part in the survey. The top 5 primary reasons for engaging in sex were identical across age groups and sexes. However, results also showed that the pattern of motivations for sex significantly differed depending on the age and sex of the participant. Older participants reported significantly less physical and utilitarian reasons than younger participants. Young adult men (18–22 years) were particularly motivated to have sex for emotional reasons of love and commitment. Women in this age group engaged more often in sex to express their emotions than older women. Significant sex differences were found, with men preferring physical reasons and women more often expressing emotional and insecurity reasons, except for the group of adolescents.

Conclusions
Our study shows that most people are driven by the pleasure of sex. With aging, the physical driving force and sexual satisfaction significantly decrease, although sex remains important throughout life. The findings support a biopsychosocial approach to the understanding of people’s sexual motivation. Evolutionary differences might explain some of our findings, as might shifting cultural norms.
Behavioral Aspects of the International Law of Global Public Goods and Common Pool Resources
Authors: van Aaken Anne 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCollective action problems with public good characteristics such as climate change have important implications for international law. This note argues that behavioral insights from laboratory experiments, in which individuals engage in public goods games, can contribute to our understanding of how best to optimize the design of international legal regimes dealing with global public goods and common pool resources. Behavioral economics, to the extent it supplements or displaces rational-choice models in institutional design, may enable deeper and more sustained forms of international cooperation.
Sustainable Development of Offender Treatment Policy in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries
Authors: Minoura Satoshi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) promotes community corrections through technical assistance for developing countries based on the United Nations policies related to offender treatment policy, particularly the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Still, many Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries suffer from prison overcrowding and some of them largely rely on “imprisonment” as a single solution. This is due, in part, to the underdeveloped state of community corrections in many of these countries. Therefore, this paper considers the sustainable development of offender treatment for the effective prevention of recidivism through the analysis of the relationship between social conditions and the status of imprisonment in Asia.