bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic and dielectric properties of BiFeO3 nanoparticles
Authors: VIJAYALAKSHMI Dr R.P , Manjula N. , Ramu S. , Reddy Amaranatha 
Published: November 2018

Single crystalline nano-sized multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) powders were synthesized through simple chemical co-precipitation method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as capping agent. We obtained pure phase BiFeO3 powder by controlling pHand calcination temperature. From X-ray diffraction studies the nanoparticles were unambiguously identified to have a rhombohedrally distorted perovskite structure belonging to the space group of R3c. No secondary phases were detected. It indicates single phase structure. EDX spectra indicated the appearance of three elements Bi, Fe, O in 1:1:3. From the UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum, the absorption cut-off wavelength of the BFO sample is around 558nm corresponding to the energy band gap of 2.2 eV. The size (60-70 nm) and morphology of the nanoparticles have been analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Â Â Linear Mâˆ’H behaviour and slight hysteresis at lower magnetic field is observed for BiFeO3 nanoparticles from Vibrating sample magnetometer studies. It indicates weak ferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature. From dielectric studies, the conductivity value is calculated from the relation s = L/RbA Sm-1 and it is around 7.2 x 10-9 S/m.
Stability Investigation in the Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Ge5Se95-x Znx Thin Films
Authors: Mulama Austine Amukayia , Mwabora Julius Mwakondo , Oduor Andrew Odhiambo , Muiva Cosmas Mulwa , Muthoka Boniface , Mbete Drinold Aluda , Amukayia Betty Namatsi 
Published: November 2018

Â Selenium-based chalcogenides are useful in telecommunication devices like infrared optics and threshold switching devices. The investigated system of Ge5Se95-xZnx (0.0 â‰¤ x â‰¤ 4 at.%) has been prepared from high purity constituent elements. Thin films from the bulk material were deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation. Optical absorbance measurements have been performed on the as-deposited thin films using transmission spectra. The allowed optical transition was found to be indirect and the corresponding band gap energy determined. The variation of optical band gap energy with the average coordination number has also been investigated based on the chemical bonding between the constituents and the rigidity behaviour of the systemâ€™s network.
Influence of electron - phonon interaction on piezoresistance of single crystals n-Ge
Authors: Luniov Sergiy , Burban Olexandr , Nazarchuk Petro , Zimych Andriy 
Published: November 2018

Piezoresistance of uniaxially deformed along the crystallographic direction [100] single crystals n-Ge for different fixed temperatures has been investigated. Presence of the significant piezoresistance for given conditions of the experiment is explained by increase in the effective mass and decrease in the relaxation time for electrons at the expense of the inversion of (L1-âˆ†1) type of an absolute minimum in n-Ge. Temperature dependencies of resistivity for undeformed (L1model of conduction band) and deformed under uniaxial pressureP=3Â GPÐ° (âˆ†1model of conduction band) single crystals n-Ge are obtained. Resistivity for undeformed single crystals n-Ge is changed according to the law Ï~T1.66. Resistivity for uniaxially deformed single crystals n-Ge is changed as Ï~T1.53. The given dependencies show that for L1 model of the conduction band in contrast to âˆ†1model one must equally with intravalley scattering of electrons on acoustic phonons take into account scattering of electrons on optical and intervalley phonons. Therefore reduction of the magnitude piezoresistanceÂ n-Ge with the increasing temperature is associated with â€œturning-offâ€ at the expense of the inversion of (L1-Î”1) type of absolute minimum under uniaxial pressure P>2.7 GPÐ° mechanism for scattering of electrons on intervalley and optical phonons. Comparison of results of theoretical calculations with relevant experimental data shows that peculiarities of piezoresistance n-Ge under uniaxial pressures Â 1.6<P<2.7Â GPÐ° for (L1-Î”1) model of conductionÂ bandÂ n-Ge can be described only taking into account nonequivalent intervalley scattering of electrons between the minima L1 andÂ Î”1.
Effect of quaternary addition on structure, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of bismuth-tin-zinc rapidly solidified fusible alloy
Authors: El-Bediwi Abu Bakr 
Published: November 2018

Effect of quaternary addition, silver or indium, on structure, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of bismuth-tin-zinc rapidly solidified fusible alloy have been investigated.Â Adding silver or indium caused change in alloy matrix microstructure such as matrix parameters and crystal structure of formed phase.Â A significant increase in bismuth-tin-zinc alloy strengthens with a little decreased in melting point after adding silver content.Â But a significant decrease in bismuth-tin-zinc alloy melting point with a very little increase in alloy strengthens after adding indium content
Generalization of Faradayâ€™s Law of Induction: Some Examples
Authors: AL-Jaber Sami M 
Published: November 2018

The induced electromotive force and Faradayâ€™s law of induction, due to a time-dependant magnetic field, are more conveniently written on the covering space. In this paper, we consider the induced electromotive force in the Â loop on a covering space which is generated by theÂ Â time derivative the external magnetic field enclosed that loop.Â The total induced electromotive force is derived by summing over all the contributions coming from the infinite winding numbers on the covering space. Illustrative examples of different time-dependent magnetic field are examined and analytical closed form expressions for the total induced electromotive force are derived. Our results, for all these examples, show the explicit dependence of the electromotive force on the ratio between the self-inductance and the resistance of the loop and they reduce to the well-known result when the limit of this ratio gpoes to zero.
A non-abelian model SU(N) Ã— SU(N)
Authors: Doria Renato , Neves M. J. 
Published: November 2018

A composite non-abelian model SU(N) Ã— SU(N) is proposed as possible extension of the Yang-Mills symmetry. We obtainÂ the corresponding gauge symmetry of the model and the most general lagrangian invariant by SU(N) Ã— SU(N). The correspondingÂ Feynman rules of the model are studied. Propagators and vertices are derived in the momentum space. As physical application, insteadÂ of considering the color symmetry SUc(3) for QCD, we substitute it by the combination SUc(3) Ã— SUc(3). It yields a possibility to goÂ beyond QCD symmetry in the sense that quarks are preserved with three colors. This extension provides composite quarks in tripletsÂ and sextets multiplets accomplished with the usual massless gluons plus massive gluons. We present a power counting analysis thatÂ satisfies the renormalization conditions as well as one studies the structure of radiative corrections to one loop approximation. UnitaryÂ condition is verified at tree level. Tachyons are avoided. For end, one extracts a BRST symmetry from lagrangian and Slavnov-Tayloridentities.
Stress fields in granular material and implications for performance of robot locomotion over granular media
Authors: Ren Diandong , M. Leslie Lance , Fu Congbin 
Published: November 2018

Â Legged locomotion of robots has advantages in reducing payload in contexts such as travel over deserts or in planet surfaces. A recent study (Li et al. 2013) partially addresses this issue by examining legged locomotion over granular media (GM). However, they miss one extremely significant fact. When the robotâ€™s wheels (legs) run over GM, the granules are set into motion. Hence, unlike the study of Li et al. (2013), the viscosity of the GM must be included to simulate the kinematic energy loss in striking and passing through the GM. Here the locomotion in their experiments is re-examined using an advanced Navier-Stokes framework with a parameterized granular viscosity. It is found that the performance efficiency of a robot, measured by the maximum speed attainable, follows a six-parameter sigmoid curve when plotted against rotating frequency. A correct scaling for the turning point of the sigmoid curve involves the footprint size, rotation frequency and weight of the robot. Our proposed granular response to a load, or the â€˜influencing domainâ€™ concept points out that there is no hydrostatic balance within granular material. The balance is a synergic action of multi-body solids. A solid (of whatever density) may stay in equilibrium at an arbitrary depth inside the GM. It is shown that there exists only a minimum set-in depth and there is no maximum or optimal depth. The set-in depth of a moving robot is a combination of its weight, footprint, thrusting/stroking frequency, surface property of the legs against GM with which it has direct contact, and internal mechanical properties of the GM. If the vehicleâ€™s working environment is known, the wheel-granular interaction and the granular mechanical properties can be grouped together. The unitless combination of the other three can form invariants to scale the performance of various designs of wheels/legs. Wider wheel/leg widths increase the maximum achievable speed if all other parameters are unchanged.
The Further Explanation of Quantum Entanglement
Authors: Huang Jun Steed , Huang Jiamin Moran , Zou Qing 
Published: November 2018

AlbertÂ EinsteinÂ discoveredÂ that,Â twoÂ particlesÂ originatedÂ fromÂ theÂ sameÂ source,Â whenÂ theÂ stateÂ ofÂ oneÂ changes,Â thatÂ ofÂ theÂ otherÂ willÂ changeÂ atÂ theÂ sameÂ time,Â noÂ matterÂ howÂ farÂ theyÂ areÂ apartÂ fromÂ eachÂ other.Â ThisÂ phenomenonÂ violatesÂ theÂ specialÂ theoryÂ ofÂ relativityÂ thatÂ wasÂ originatedÂ byÂ himself.Â LaterÂ onÂ heÂ extendedÂ specialÂ relativityÂ toÂ generalÂ relativity,Â hopingÂ toÂ solveÂ thisÂ problem,Â butÂ withÂ littleÂ success.Â InÂ thisÂ paper,Â weÂ areÂ tryingÂ toÂ elaborateÂ moreÂ aboutÂ ourÂ spaceÂ centralÂ viewÂ ofÂ theÂ phenomenon,Â weÂ thenÂ relateÂ itÂ toÂ moreÂ broadÂ understandingÂ ofÂ socialÂ andÂ cultureÂ storiesÂ suchÂ asÂ crimeÂ rateÂ cycle,Â meditationÂ power,Â superÂ natureÂ spiritualÂ storiesÂ fromÂ ancientÂ tombsÂ aroundÂ theÂ world.Â WeÂ nameÂ itÂ SuperÂ NaturalÂ Relativity.
Monte Carlo investigation of prostate cancer ion â€“ therapy by using SOBP technique in the GEANT4 toolkit and MCNPX code
Authors: Zabihi Mohammad , Mohammad Fadavi Mazinani , Ali Mahdipour Seyed 
Published: November 2018

Regarding the useful results concerned with an external radio-therapy in treatment ofÂ tumors, we consider in this paper a standard model of the human prostate phantom based onÂ MIRD phantom for the Monte Carlo simulation in GEANT4 toolkit and also on MCNPX codeÂ for a prostate cancer treatment. We calculate the lateral as well as the dose profiles in the tumorÂ region for both proton and alpha beams in a similar range, and finally having implemented theÂ SOBP technique, we compare the results of the two beams in the corresponding codes used inÂ this analysis.
Experimental and Theoretical (ab initio and DFT) Analysis of UV-Vis Spectra, Thermodynamic Functions and Non-linear Optical Properties of 2-Chloro-3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Authors: Kumar Sarvendra , Kumar Rajesh , Teotia Jayant , Yadav M. K. 
Published: November 2018

In the present work, UV- Visible spectra of 2-Chloro-3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde (2,3,4-CDMB) compoundÂ have been carried out experimentally and theoretically. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of title compound in three solvents (Acetone, Diethyl Ether, CCl4) of different polarity were examined in the range of 200â€“500 nm. The structure of the molecule was optimized and the structural characteristics were determined by HF and DFT (B3LYP) methods with 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) as basis sets. The excitation energy, wavelength corresponds to absorption maxima () and oscillator strength (f) are calculated by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) using B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) as basis sets. The electric dipole moment (Î¼), polarizability (Î±) and the first hyperpolarizability (Î² ) have been computed to evaluate the non-linear optical (NLO) response of the investigated compound by HF and DFT (B3LYP) with already mentioned basis sets. Thermodynamic functions of the title compound at different temperatures were also calculated.
Density functional theory, Comparative vibrational spectroscopic studies, HOMO-LUMO, and NBO analysis of Trichloro isocyanuric acid and Trithio cyanuric acid
Authors: Chithambarathanu Theraviyum , Darathi M. , DaisyMagdaline J. , Gunasekaran S. 
Published: November 2018

The molecular vibrations of Trichloro isocyanuric acid (C3Cl3N3O3) and Trithio cyanuric acid (C3H3N3S3) have been investigated in polycrystalline sample at room temperature by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectroscopies in the region 4000-450 cm-1 and 4000-50 cm-1 respectively, which provide a wealth of structural information about the molecules. The spectra are interpreted with the aid of normal co-ordinate analysis following full structure optimization and force field calculations based on density functional theoryÂ Â (DFT) using standard B3LYP / 6-311++ G (d, p) basis set for investigating the structural and spectroscopic properties. The vibrational frequencies are calculated and the scaled values are compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The scaled theoretical wave numbers shows very good agreement with experimental ones. The complete vibrational assignments are performed on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED) of vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum (SQM) method. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The results show that change in electron density (ED) in Ïƒ* and Ï€* anti-bonding orbitals and second order delocalizationÂ Â energy (E2) confirm the occurrence of Intra molecular Charge Transfer (ICT) within the molecule. The thermodynamic properties like heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy and zero point energy have been calculated for the molecule. The frontier molecular orbitals have been visualized and the HOMO-LUMO energy gap has been calculated. The Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) analysis reveals the sites for electrophilic attack and nucleophilic reactions in the molecule.
Optical properties of the massive Vanadium dioxide
Authors: Benchaib Abderrahim , Mdaa Abdesselam , Zorkani Izeddine , Jorio Anouar 
Published: November 2018

Â We can easily extract the optical properties from a material starting from its permittivity complexes Ô‘; . The real part of this dielectric function clearly takes its place in the Colombian interaction of an exciton. We are interested in exciton 1S in the case of the massive vanadium dioxide. We will solve SchrÃ¶dingerâ€™s equation for this exciton by variational method and we obtain Â according to energy E of the same exciton. We make a simulation by means of the Maple software ofÂ Â and of the index of refraction n according to energy E of the exciton 1S, around and far from the band gap of this material while being based on the approximation of the effective mass. We will extract the reflectivity R and transmittivity T of the massive vanadium dioxide for the normal incidence of the incidental photons by considering a slightly absorbent semiconductor state.Â
Molecular Spectroscopic Characterization and Electronic Structure Analysis of N- benzylaniline- A DFT Approach
Authors: Chithambarathanu Theraviyum , Vanaja K. , DaisyMagdaline J. 
Published: November 2018

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of N-benzylaniline[NBZA]Â have been analysed in the region 4000-450cm-1 and 4000-50cm-1respectively. The geometrical structure, harmonic vibrationalÂ frequency, infrared intensity, Raman activities and bonding features of the title compound were carried out by DFT method with B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) basis set. The complete vibrational frequency assignments were made by normal co-ordinate analysis following the scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology (SQM). The charge transfer and hyperconjugative interactions have been analysed using natural bond orbital (NBO) and HOMO-LUMO analysis. The reactivity sites are identified by mapping the electron density into electrostatic potential surface (MESP). The thermodynamic properties of the title compound at the different temperatures have been calculated. The mulliken charges, the values of electric dipole moment (Âµ) of the molecule were computed using DFT calculations and the results are interpreted. The UV absorption spectrum of the title compound has been described at the experimental level.
Characterization of Carbon nanotubes Near- Infrared Photoconductive Detector
Authors: Naje Asama Natik , Abdalkrema Ola , Hamzah A. , M.Suhail Abdulla 
Published: November 2018

Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs,F-MWCNTs,SWCNTs) with different structure were fabricated into near-infrared photodetectors. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) was used as a substrate toÂ deposit CNTsÂ by the drop casting method. The CNTs carrier concentrations, conductivity and carrier mobility were measured. Different types CNTs photodetectors exhibit a good photoconductive performance at a wavelength (980-1200nm) especially SWCNTs, responsivityÂ was found to be (0.295 A W-1 ), specific detectivity (D*) 1Ã—109 cm.Hz1/2 .W-1 and response time 0.049ns.Â
Surface Electromagnetic Waves at a Single Interface of Superconductor and Left-Handed Materials
Authors: Shabat Mohammed M. , Hamada M. S. , Sbaih M. A. 
Published: November 2018

The wave propagation characteristics along the single interface of superconductor and left-handed materials areÂ investigated theoretically. An expression for the complex permittivity of a superconductor is derived in the approximation oftwo-component plasma containing "normal" and "superconducting" electrons. Basic relations are obtained in the generalÂ case at temperatures T â‰¤ Tc where c T is the critical temperature. The frequency, the structure, and the temperatureÂ dependences of surface electromagnetic waves propagating along a single interface of a superconductor-left-handedÂ material interface are computed, analyzed and discussed.
Nuclear Shape Transition Between Spherical U(5) and Î³-Unstable O(6) Limits of the Interacting Boson Model
Authors: Abokilla Mahmoud , Khalaf A.M. , Awwad T.M. , Gaballah N. 
Published: November 2018

The interacting boson model (IBM) with intrinsic coherent state (characterized by and ) is used to describe the nuclear second order shape phase transition (denoted E(5)) between the spherical oscillator U(5) and the -soft rotor O(6) structural limits. The potential energy surfaces (PES's) have been derived and the critical points of the phase transition have been determined . The model is examined for the spectra of even-even neutron rich xenon isotopic chain. The best adopted parameters in the IBM Hamiltonian for each nucleus have been adjusted to reproduce as closely as possible the experimental selected numbers of excitation energies of the yrast band,Â by using computer simulated search program.Using the best fitted parameters , the Â energy ratios for theÂ levels are calculated and compared to those of the O(6) and U(5) dynamical symmetry limits.122Xe and 132Xe are considered as examples for the two O(6) and U(5) dynamical symmetry limits
Physical Kinetics of Loop Quantum Gravity and Blackhole Dynamics: Kinetic Theory of Quantum Spacetime, Blackhole Phase Transition Theory and Blackhole Fission.
Authors: Kabe Koustubh 
Published: November 2018

In the following chapter, a sincere endeavor is made to buildÂ a physically as well as in most later aspects a mathematically simple but rigorous physical kinetics of spacetime and of blackholes. Starting with a 3-volume quantization result of the now standard Ashtekar-Lewandowski Quantum Riemannian Geometry, and based on the work of the author on time as a vortex, a 4-volume spacetime quantum, a rapidly fluctuating one is developed and the foundations seem to look shaky in the very beginning, but start to get stronger and stronger as one starts to enter the end of the section on the physical kinetics of blackholes. Thus, experimental tests and observational predictions have been made whenever seem required or appropriate for justification, examples from laboratory table-top physics provided. Once the framework of kinetic theory has been developed, the author has entered into the realm of blackhole phase transitions nucleating from backgroung spacetime as well as other blackhole phase transitions. The equations of phase transitions have been rigorously analyzed and physical interpretations and physical predictions provided. Also certain the Bardeen-Carter-Hawking standard zeroeth law of blackhole dynamics been deduced in the context of equilibrium phase transitions in blackholes. The possibility of splitting of the Kerr-Newman blackhole akin to nuclear fission is obtained. An interesting work is the conception and extensin of the stretched horizon which was constructed by Ashoke Sen in the context of unphysical extremal blackholes in string theory -to that of isolated horizons in the context of arbitrary blackholes as proposed by Rovelli . Quantum gravitational dispersion as well as diffraction of light and gravitational waves by discrete nature of quantum spacetime geometry has been predicted in phenomenology. The paper predicts the gravi-electric Meissner effect in the wake of the Galilean superconductivity in the form of locally Lorentzian spacetimes as a critical behavior in the context of a second order phase transition. The property of the blackholes to undergo fission is demonstrated in the equations of phase transitions. This is used to explain the astrophysical phenomenon of Quasars. An iso-Higgs multiplet is qualitatively predicted as basic constituents of the blackhole. A liquid droplet model is suggested to explain the newly predicted phenomenon of blackhole fission in this paper.The chapter as a whole builds the foundations of the subject of the title of the paper.
ON PARTICLE WAVES SOLUTIONS OF THE EQUATION OF ETHER WAVES
Authors: Zareski David 
Published: November 2018

In previous publications, we demonstrated that the monochromatic waves Î¾ associated to particles,Â (including photons), submitted to forces, (gravitational regarding the photons), are the solutions of the ether elasticÂ wave equation for sufficiently large pulsation Ï‰. In these publications we did not considered the fact that it mayÂ exist waves Î¾ that are the solutions of this wave equation even for small values of Ï‰, like for example wavesÂ associated to the free photons. In the present paper, we show cases where waves Î¾ associated to particles submittedto forces are solutions of this ether wave equation for any values of Ï‰, i.e., even for its small values.
Validation of moving target doses using ArcCHECK Planned Dose Perturbation Algorithm
Authors: Sharma P K , Srivastava Roopam , Suchitra Laishram 
Published: November 2018

Â The aim of the study is to use Planned Dose Perturbation (PDPâ„¢) measurement-guided reconstruction method to estimate dynamic 4D dose and evaluate both 3D dose and DVH changes caused by target motion resulting from respiration. Five patients of Ca lung were selected for the study. Target and Organ at risks were (OARs) delineated on 4DCT data set of each patient. Dose of moving target vs. stationary target were simulated and compared for OARs and target by analyzing 3D dose and DVH(Dose Volume Histogram).There was almost 3.5% higher target maximum doses measured with moving target after applying the target motion trajectory data as compared to the stationary target whereas OARs doses were comparable. The results, clinically signifies the importance of motion management in lung tumors.