bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of Two External Fixator Designs for Transarticular Stabilization of the Canine Hock
Authors: Pardo A. D. , Parrott M. B. , Wassermann J. F. , Wells K. L. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBiomechanical testing was performed on 20 canine tibiotarsal joints. The conventional transarticular external skeletal fixator (ESF) was applied to one rear limb while the alternative design using acrylic was applied to the contralateral rear limb. The mode of failure for all models was fracture of the phalanges at the point of fixation in the distal grip device.The mean stiffness for the acrylic design was 58.5 N/mm and for the conventional ESF 44.8 N/mm. The mean maximum load to failure for the acrylic design was 490.7 N, compared to 405.1 N for the conventional ESF. The angle of deformation at maximum for the acrylic apparatus was 0.45 degrees compared to 2.36 degrees for the standard ESF. The mean energy absorbed to maximum load was 1.92 N-m for the acrylic design and for the conventional ESF 2.69 N-m. This study indicated that the acrylic design was superior in maintaining immobilization across the tibiotarsal joint, indicated by the angle of deformation (p = 0.002) and was structurally comparable in stiffness (p = 0.295), maximum strength (p = 0.438), and total energy absorbed to failure (p = 0.276).The properties of an acrylic and a stainless steel external transarticular skeletal fixator were biomechanically evaluated. Biomechanical parameters evaluated included: maximum load to failure, stiffness, angle of deformation across the tibiotarsal joint, and energy absorbed to failure. The angle of deformation was less (p = 0.002) for the acrylic device. Based on this study, we conclude that the new acrylic design is structurally comparable to the conventional transarticular ESF and warrants clinical trials.
A Review of 116 Clinical Cases Treated with External Fixators
Authors: Franch J. , Cairó J. , Font J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryOne hundred and sixteen clinical cases (113 dogs) in which the external skeletal fixation was applied as the primary method of stabilization were reviewed. The 116 clinical cases were divided into the following groups: open fractures (41 cases); gunshot fractures (8 cases); comminuted fractures (11 cases); fractures affecting immature animals (11 cases); trans-articular application of external fixators (16 cases); corrective osteotomies (4 cases) and “simple” fractures (25 cases). History and signs of the animal (breed, age and weight), location and treatment of the fracture, healing time and functional recovery were evaluated in each case and discussed for every group. The mean healing time in the different groups ranged from 4.6 wks (immature animal’s fractures) to 13 wks (gunshot fractures). With reference to the functional recovery, in 14 cases (12.1%) the results were poor, in 57 cases (49.1%) the results were good and in 45 cases (38.3%) the results were excellent. The main complications observed were delayed union, non-union and osteomyelitis.One hundred and sixteen clinical cases of fractures (113 dogs) were treated with a »Meynard« external fixator. The cases were divided in 7 groups: open fractures, gunshot fractures, comminuted fractures, fractures affecting immature animals, trans-articular application of external fixators, corrective osteotomies and »simple« fractures. Each case is reviewed and a discussion is provided for each group.
Polyethylene Wear in Retrieved Canine Acetabular Components
Authors: Tompkins D. , Bhushan B. , Olmstead M. L. , Dyce J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe aim of this pilot study was to define the mechanism and mode of polyethylene wear in acetabular components retrieved from seven dogs following therapeutic total hip replacement. The articular surface of each acetabular component was examined using contact profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Peak-tovalley distance (P-V) and arithmetic average surface roughness (Ra) were calculated for each quadrant of the surface. Deformation of the regular profile of the machining lines was the least severe form of surface alteration. Randomly orientated scratches, fine tapered filaments, ripples, and coarse surface shredding were common SEM observations. Gouging of the convex surface of the cup was seen in two cases following failure of the polyethylenecement interface. Wear of the nonarticular acetabular rim suggested neck impingement in one case. P-V and Ra were significantly lower in the craniodorsal zone, compared to the average roughness of the other three quadrants (p < 0.05). Abrasion, adhesion and fatigue were the principal mechanisms of polyethylene wear, and were implicated in the production of polyethylene particulate debris. Meticulous removal of abrasive third bodies at the time of surgery, and correct orientation of the acetabular component, should reduce early and severe wear.Polyethylene wear is inevitable following metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacement. In this study, the nature of polyethylene wear in retrieved canine acetabular components was defined, using contact profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. Abrasion, adhesion and fatigue were the principal mechanisms of wear, and were implicated in the production of polyethylene particulate debris.
A radiological study of the sesamoid bones and os meniscus of the cheetah (Acinonyxjubatus)
Authors: Groenewald H. B. , Wagner W. M. , Kirberger R. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA radiological study of the sesamoids was undertaken in differing numbers of joints from 10 cheetahs. Each sesamoid was described and measured. Sesamoids were not found in the elbow and tarsal joints. A sesamoid was found in the abductor digiti 1 longus muscle as well as paired sesamoids were found at the interosseous muscle insertions palmarly of digits #1–5 and plantarly of digits #2–5. There were significant differences between abaxial and axial lengths of some of these sesamoids and the palmar sesamoids were significantly shorter than their plantar counterparts. In the stifle, a patella, a popliteal and two gastrocnemius sesamoids were present. The lateral gastrocnemius sesamoid was significantly longer than the medial one and had a peculiar bilobed appearance. An os meniscus was constantly present in the cranial aspect of the medial meniscus. The shape of the sesamoids and the presence of an os meniscus in the cheetah differed from those seen in the domestic dog and cat and were ascribed to differences in form and function.The radiological appearance of the sesamoids and os meniscus were described in adult cheetahs and compared to the domestic dog and cat. Possible anatomical and physiological factors influencing their appearance are postulated.
Evaluation of an intracapsular technique for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Roush J. K. , Hoskinson J. J. , McLaughlin R. M. , Geels J. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTreatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture using fascial replacement techniques have yielded good clinical results, with 85% to 93% of dogs returning to clinical soundness or intermittent lameness as evaluated by surgeons or owners, but have not been evaluated by force plate analysis long-term. The purpose of this study is to document the long-term clinical and radiographic outcome of dogs having CCL rupture stabilized with an underand- over fascial graft technique by owner assessment, clinical examination, force plate analysis, plain film radiography, and scintigraphy. Twenty dogs with previously repaired unilateral CCL rupture were used for the study. Although client satisfaction was high, force plate analysis revealed significantly lower vertical forces and impulses in the operated versus unoperated limbs. Radiographs and bone scans revealed significant bony changes and synovitis in the operated stifle relative to the unoperated stifle at a median of 17.5 months following repair. Lameness persists in dogs having undergone CCL repair using the under-and-over fascial graft technique; whether this lameness is secondary to progression of osteoarthritis or is a result of surgical repair is unknown.The under-and-over fascial strip technique for stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles has been evaluated using force plate analysis and nuclear scintigraphy. A median of 17.5 months following surgery, dogs are bearing less weight on the operated limbs as compared to the unoperated limbs. Significant synovitis and bony changes are present when compared to the unoperated limb as evaluated by scintigraphy. Despite these changes, clients are satisfied with the results of surgical repair.
Synovial osteochondromatosis in the elbow joint of a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)
Authors: Williams M. C. , Lambrechts N. E. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA 10-year-old Bengal tiger with a history of chronic thoracic limb lameness was presented for clinical evaluation. Radiographs of the elbows revealed extensive osteophyte formation in both joints and three ovoid mineralised densities in the right joint. Joint fluid analysis was consistent with a degenerative joint process. The joints were partially explored arthroscopically. A medial arthrotomy of the right joint allowed collection of synovial membrane samples which, when examined histopathologically, revealed the presence of cartilaginous nodules with central endochondral ossification within the synovial membrane. A diagnosis of synovial osteochondromatosis was made. This case is compared to other cases described in veterinary and human medical literature.Clinical, radiological, and histopathological description of synovial osteochondromatosis in the elbow joint of a Bengal tiger.
The Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology: what is it?
Authors: Frost H. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAn elegant design stratagem for an organ intended to carry loads for life without fracturing, rupturing or wearing out would make those loads determine the organ's strength. It seems load-bearing mammalian bones, joints, fascia, ligaments and tendons do exactly that. Physiologists begin to understand how they do it, and that led to the Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology. Those adaptations occur in two major steps. The first step creates the genetically predetermined newborn skeleton with its anatomical relationships and biologic machinery. The second step adds to the first one all postnatal adaptations to mechanical and other challenges that would affect an organ's strength, size, architecture and composition. During postnatal growth, increasing loads make tissue-level biologic mechanisms correspondingly increase the strength of such organs. Mechanical strain-dependent signals help to control that process, which muscle strength, muscle anatomy and neuromuscular physiology strongly influence. Its problems seem to cause or help to cause numerous skeletal and some extraskeletal disorders. A Table in the article lists examples of them.This article summarizes salient features of the Utah paradigm, which includes both facts and some meanings inferred from them. Other times and people must resolve any questions about those meanings and about the devils that can lie in the details. Parenthetically, instead of the accuracy of the facts on which that paradigm stands, the above questions usually concern the different meanings people can infer from facts, and whether particular facts and ideas would be relevant to a particular issue.
Clinical evaluation of prosthetic medial glenohumeral ligament repair in the dog (ten cases)
Authors: Breshears L. , Staatz A. , Kudnig S. , Fitch R. B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis is a clinical evaluation of ten clinical cases of medial shoulder luxation and instability repaired using prosthetic medial glenohumeral ligament sutures intended to replicate the mechanical function of the medial glenohumeral ligament, thereby restoring normal motion to the scapulohumeral joint without altering regional anatomy. Eight dogs presented with medial shoulder instability, one case with congenital shoulder luxation and one traumatic induced complete shoulder luxation. Evaluations were performed by gait, orthopedic and radiographic examinations as well as owner questionnaire. Nine of ten dogs had good to excellent clinical outcomes. This paper presents a surgical technique that restores normal stability, congruency, mobility and function to the shoulder joint without altering regional anatomy.This case series of ten clinical cases describes a surgical technique for stabilization of medial shoulder luxation and instability intended to replicate the function of the medial glenohumeral ligament, thereby restoring normal motion to the scapulohumeral joint without altering regional anatomy.
A comparison of the effects of joint immobilisation, twice-daily passive motion, and voluntary motion on articular cartilage healing in sheep
Authors: Frame K. , Burbidge H. M. , Thompson K. , Firth E. C. , Bruce W. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn this study, articulated transarticular external skeletal fixators were used to examine the effects of joint immobilisation, twice-daily passive range-of-motion exercises, and voluntary motion on articular cartilage healing and other joint parameters. Abaxial articular cartilage lesions demonstrated superior cartilage healing to axial lesions. Twice-daily passive range of motion exercises failed to improve the quality of articular cartilage repair when compared with joint immobilisation. Voluntary motion resulted in superior articular cartilage repair tissue with maintenance of near normal cartilage architecture, proteoglycan staining, synovial fluid cell counts and specific gravity, and joint range-of-motion.
Investigation of a modified reverse saphenous conduit flap in the dog
Authors: Fowler D. , Shmon C. , Harder M. , Bebchuk T. , Isakow K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis experimental study investigated the feasibility of a modified reverse saphenous conduit flap (RSCF). Modified reverse saphenous conduit flaps were harvested bilaterally in 11 experimental dogs. Each flap was based on preservation of either the cranial or caudal branch of the medial saphenous artery and vein, but not both. In five dogs, flaps were elevated from a medial femoral donor site and subsequently sutured into their normal anatomical positions (orthotopic flap). Four of five orthotopic flaps based on the cranial saphenous vessels and three of five orthotopic flaps based on the caudal saphenous vessels survived in their entirety. Orthotopic flaps demonstrated an “all or none” survival pattern. In the second phase, flaps were elevated bilaterally from a medial femoral donor site and transferred to a metatarsal skin defect using a bridging incision in six dogs (heterotopic flaps). Two of six heterotopic flaps, based on the cranial saphenous vessels and two of six based on the caudal saphenous vessels, survived in their entirety. Three flaps, based on the cranial pedicle and two flaps based on a caudal pedicle, experienced partial survival. One flap based on the cranial pedicle and two flaps based on the caudal pedicle experienced total flop failure. Survival of the modified reverse saphenous conduit flap, as described herein, is inconsistent and, therefore, its use cannot be recommended. Additionally, the results suggest that the reverse saphenous conduit flap should be used with caution in cases where trauma or surgery has embarrassed the integrity of either the cranial or caudal vascular branch.
Treatment of carpometacarpal and middle carpal joint hyperextension injuries with partial carpal arthrodesis using a cross pin technique: 21 cases
Authors: Lenehan T. M. , Davidson C. D. , Tarvin G. B. , Carlson K. R. , Hayes A. , Haburjak J. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe cross-pin technique presented here was technically easy to perform, allowed latitude in pin placement, had manageable post-operative issues and allowed for facilitated pin removal. Objective patient inclusion criteria remain to be established.
Canine keratinocyte culture and use of a cultured epidermal autograft in a dog
Authors: Stanley M. A. , White R. A. S. , Anderson D. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA seven month old female Yorkshire Terrier was admitted with severe contracture and scarring of the ventral abdomen, thorax and limbs, after a scald injury. Surgical management consisted of multiple releasing and reconstruction skin flaps. Keratinocytes, harvested from a 1 cm2 full thickness skin biopsy, were cultured on a lawn of irradiated feeder cells, and used as a cultured epithelial autograft on the remaining skin deficits. Epithelialisation of the deficits was complete at the first dressing change, five days after application. This is the first report of successful culture of canine keratinocytes suitable for use in skin reconstruction in a clinical case.
Proximal tibial osteotomy for the repair of cranial cruciate-deficient stifle joints in dogs
Authors: Tepic S. , Montavon P. M. , Damur D. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA proximal tibial osteotomy technique for the repair of complete or partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs is described and the results of a series of 100 consecutively operated stifle joints are presented. Although the majority of dogs regained full function of the operated limb within four months of surgery, the overall complication rate was high.
Radiographic findings related to interlocking nailing: windshield-wiper effect, and locking screw failure
Authors: Diaz-Bertrana M. C. , Puchol J. L. , Franch J. , Durall I. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to describe two uncommon radiographic findings related to the use of interlocking nails (ILNs) fixation. The first one is a radiolucency located around the distal tip of the nail observed in three clinical cases. This radiographic sign was similar to one described in human medicine known as “windshield-wiper effect” and observed around the tip of the screw used for slipped capital femoral epiphysis in children, and also in association with intramedullary nail treatment. In one of our clinical cases, the radiolucency observed four weeks post-surgery completely disappeared two months later, unfortunately a follow-up radiograph was not available in the two other cases. The second complication is related to three screw-bendings observed in the centre of the nail in two clinical cases. In one case both proximal screws appeared to be radiographically bent, and non-union of the fracture was observed five months after surgery. The screws were in fact broken, instead of being bent, which we were able to determine in the second surgery. In the other clinical case, the screw appeared to be radiographically bent, but the fracture had healed. We could not confirm whether the screw was bent or broken because the owner refused to permit removal of the implant. When bone healing complications are detected, bent screws should be checked and suspected of being broken.
Effect of stem flattening on rotational stability of a canine femoral total hip component in polymethylmethacrylate cement
Authors: Schulz K. S. , Kass P. H. , Stover S. M. , Mason D. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis study was designed to determine the effect of flattening the lateral aspect of a commercially available femoral prosthesis on its rotational stability in polymethylmethacrylate cement. Five standard design and five laterally flattened size 7 canine femoral components were evaluated. The stems were embedded in commercially available medical grade polymethylmethacrylate and rotated 15° while torque and angular displacement data were collected. The stiffness, yield and failure variables were compared between commercial and flattened stems. None of the mechanical testing variables were statistically different between commercial and flattened stems although all of the mean values for flattened stems were higher (1-30%) than mean values for commercial stems. Rotational stability of a canine total hip replacement femoral component was not significantly enhanced by the flattened component design modification evaluated by the testing protocol in this study.
The use of stacked T-plating in dogs
Authors: von Pfeil D. J. F. , Roush J. K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryDogs with fractures of the distal femur (one case), ilium (two cases) and a corrective osteotomy of the distal tibia (one case) underwent internal fixation using two 3.5-mm T-plates, applied in stacked fashion. Due to the specific configuration of the fractures as well as the size of the dogs, stacked T-plating was considered the most reliable technique to achieve satisfactory repair. All of the cases had “excellent” to “good” outcomes. The clinical experience with these four cases supports the utility of stacked T-plating in fractures with one very short end fragment. Stacked T-plating seems to have distinct advantages over a single 3.5-mm dynamic compression plate. However, due to the small number of cases presented in this report, there is a need for further clinical evaluation and biomechanical studies.
A Finite Element Model of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones of the Horse Under Different Loading Conditions
Authors: Cheung T. K. , Thompson K. N. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFracture of the proximal sesamoid bones is a common injury of racing horses, usually resulting from over-dorsiflexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint. The purpose of this study was to develop a computer-aided method utilizing stereo-radiography, computed tomography, and finite element method to determine three-dimensional stress distribution in the proximal sesamoid bones during metacarpophalangeal joint dorsiflexion. The stress pattern was characterized by a compressive component on the articular part of the bone and a tensile component on the non-articular part of the bone. Maximum principal stresses were 2.5, 9.1 and 15.5 MPa and minimum principal stresses were -1.9, -9. 2 and -14. 9 MPa for metacarpophalangeal joint angles of 140°, 125° and 110°, respectively. The distal portion of the articular part of the bone experienced the largest compressive stress. In this study changes in the orientation and magnitude of the ligament force vectors did not significantly change stress patterns of the proximal sesamoid bone.This study was designed to determine stress patterns of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses. Stress patterns were determined by finite element method analysis. Compressive stresses were present on the articular side, and tensile stresses were present on the nonarticular side of the bones. The magnitude of load applied to the bone did not appreciably change the pattern of stresses.
Pancarpal Arthrodesis in a Cat: A Case Report and Anatomical Study
Authors: Goldsmid Sarah , Simpson D. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA carpometacarpal hyperextension injury in a cat was treated by pancarpal arthrodesis, following the failure of conservative treatment. An 8-hole 1.5 mm mini plate was placed on the dorsal aspect of the distal radius, carpus and third metacarpal bone. An aluminium spoon splint was used for six weeks postoperatively, until radio-graphs revealed bone union. The body weights and the dimensions of the distal radius, radiocarpal bone and third metacarpal bone from the left limb of 15 cadavers were recorded in order to aid the selection of appropriate implants for future cases.Pancarpal arthrodesis was used to treat a cat with a carpometacarpal hyperextension injury. The use of an 8-hole 1.5 mm mini plate applied to the dorsal surface of the carpus, in combination with limb splinting provided effective stabilization. An excellent functional result was obtained. Measurements of the radius, radial carpal and third metacarpal bones from 15 cadavers suggest that 1.5 mm bone screws are the largest that should be used for carpal arthrodesis in the average sized cat.