bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Returns from the Management of Noble Fir Stands for Bough Production and Sawtimber
Authors: Blatner Keith A. , Cohn Patricia J. , Fight Roger D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Noble fir (Abies procera Rehder) bough harvest has been part of the nontimber forest products industry in the Pacific Northwest for decades. The boughs are used for seasonal decorations and command a higher pricethan most other decorative bough species. However, noble fir boughs that are harvested in the region have been merely a byproduct of noble fir plantations managed for timber products. This article presents the results of a study assessing the financial desirability of managing noble fir plantationsin the southern Cascade Mountains of Washington State for the production of both timber and bough products. The Landscape Management System software program was used to simulate the growth of noble fir in four different plant associations on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Data from recentlyestablished noble fir plantations were used in the simulations. Harvestable bough weights were estimated using a previously published noble fir bough weight model. Comparisons of estimated harvest volumes for sawlogs and noble fir boughs showed positive present net worth (PNW) values for eachstand under a combined timber production and bough harvest scenario and negative PNW values for each stand with a timber production management scenario only. Bough harvest is compatible with other land use activities, and the harvest revenue can cover stand establishment and precommercialthinning costs.
Effects of Bear Damage on Douglas-Fir Lumber Recovery
Authors: Lowell Eini C. , Dykstra Dennis , McFadden George 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bear activity resulting in injury to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) trees has been documented as early as the mid-1850s in the Pacific Northwest. The study reported in this article was designed to help managers decide whether the common practice of removing the damaged but potentially valuable butt section of the bottom log and leaving it in the woods is warranted. Thirty-four damaged and 28 undamaged trees were selected from three sites in western Washington where bear damage has been a persistent problem. Trees were felled and bucked into 16-ft lengths. The damaged trees in the sample had been injured at ages between 10 and 15 years at two sites and between 10 and 65 years at the third site. The primary scaling deductions were for ring and scar defects. The 16-ft butt logs from the damaged and undamaged trees were sawn into dimension lumber. Bear-damaged logs were found to have lower cubic volume recovery than undamaged logs having the same small-end diameters. Lumber grade recovery was also influenced by bear damage; logs from damaged trees had a lower percentage of high-value lumber. The analysis suggests that the optimal harvesting policy is to haul the entire butt log to the mill rather than leaving the damaged portion in the woods. Although the value of the damaged portion is lower, most of the lumber recovered from that section can be used, with only a modest reduction in grade and value.
Developing and Comparing Silvicultural Alternatives: Goals, Objectives, and Evaluation Criteria
Authors: Long James N. , Smith Frederick W. , Roberts Scott D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We outline an approach for developing and comparing silvicultural alternatives. The approach has multiple advantages, including explicit links between goals, management approaches, and outcomes; efficient development of alternative means of accomplishing the goals; and effective communication of potential tradeoffs between both objectives and alternatives.
Engineering Considerations in Road Assessment for Biomass Operations in Steep Terrain
Authors: Sessions John , Wimer Jeff , Costales Forrest , Wing Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
With the increasing interest in the use of biomass for energy, conventional and alternative delivery systems are being evaluated for transporting biomass generated from harvest residuals on steep terrain in the Pacific Northwest. Conventional delivery systems include chipping or grinding of harvest residues (comminution) at the landing or a satellite yard in the forest and transporting the material with chip trucks to a power facility. To address some of the challenges of conventional methods of transporting biomass in steep terrain, chip van manufacturers have been making trailer modifications to increase vehicle maneuverability on forest roads. To evaluate the proper van configurations for implementing a successful biomass transportation system, planners should understand the limitations of the various chip van options. We present guidelines for designing new roads and evaluating existing road systems for chip truck access to forest residuals, as well as some practical field assessment procedures to evaluate accessibility on existing roads.
Predictive Habitat Modeling of Rare Plant Species in Pacific Northwest Forests
Authors: Buechling Arne , Tobalske Claudine 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Certification requirements associated with the Sustainable Forestry Initiative include efforts to identify and protect occurrences of endangered plant species. Habitat models were constructed in this study using maximum entropy and random forest algorithms to generate independent predictions for four selected rare plants, Castilleja chambersii, Erythronium elegans, Filipendula occidentalis, and Sidalcea nelsoniana, associated with divergent physical environments. Explanatory variables used to model rare plant occurrence included Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus spectral imagery, spectral-based vegetation indices, climatic data, and several terrain variables derived from a digital elevation model. Models were trained with known occurrence records obtained from the Oregon Biodiversity Information Center. Subsequent field surveys were conducted to acquire randomly located test data for comparative model evaluation. A range of accuracy statistics was computed that indicated generally high prediction accuracy for both methods. Model performance was highest for species with narrow, well-defined ecological requirements at scales comparable to the resolution of the calibration data. Species with relatively broad ecological distributions or with extremely specific habitat requirements were less accurately predicted. Random forest-based models generally produced higher rates of prediction success than maximum entropy when model performance was limited by the ecology of a species. Field surveys identified 22 previously unknown populations of the target rare plants, suggesting the efficacy of habitat models for predicting rare species occurrence and their utility as a prescriptive tool for land management planning.
Growing Space Management in Boreal Mixedwood Forests: 11-Year Results
Authors: Kabzems Richard D. , Harper George , Fielder Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Managing boreal mixed stands of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) is more likely to sustain a diversity of values and has the potential to increase productivity at both the site and landscape levels compared with pure broadleaf or conifer management. In this study, we examine growth of white spruce and aspen after 11 growing seasons over a range of aspen densities created by spot and broadcast treatment of broadleaves using manual and chemical means, aspen spacing, and an untreated control. Results indicate that survival and growth of both spruce and aspen were similar across the range of treatments. Spruce groundline diameter was greater, and height to groundline diameter ratio was lower, for the treatments in which aspen was chemically controlled or uniformly spaced compared with the control. Light measurements at the individual tree level suggested that increased light availability improved white spruce diameter growth. Spruce height growth did not vary by treatment. The status of these experimental mixedwoods was compared with current conifer and mixedwood regeneration evaluations, as well as the preharvest composition of the original stand. After 11 growing seasons, growth of aspen and white spruce indicated that opportunities exist to further modify aspen density to enhance treatment longevity and effectiveness to produce a greater range of boreal mixedwood stand types.
Landowner Perceptions of Habitat Protection Policy and Process in Oregon
Authors: Giampaoli Peter , Bliss John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) owners in the United States are subject to state and federal regulations designed to protect fish and wildlife habitat, wetlands, and other sensitive resources. Oregon state regulations restrict forest operations on private lands that might potentially conflict with specified resource sites, including nest sites of certain bird species and wetland sites. Research undertaken in 2004 examined the extent and distribution of sensitive resource site actions and examined the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of affected NIPF owners regarding specified resource site policies and procedures. Methods included statistical analysis of state databases and semistructured interviews with key informants. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to elicit central themes. Our findings suggest that NIPF owners' responses to sensitive resource protection reflect not only economic concerns but also landowner management objectives and values and their perceptions of policy implementation. Themes related to power and control, perceptions of habitat protection, policy implementation, and trust and credibility are identified as driving informant views of resource protection policy.
A New Look at Pruning Coast Douglas-Fir
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Cahill James M. , Fahey Thomas D. , Snellgrove Thomas A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pruning of coast Douglas-fir for (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) lumber was evaluated by using new product-recovery information and new computer software. The results showed that higher financial returns from pruning are achieved by pruning early in stands that have a higher site index and that will be fertilized. Interest rates and the premium for clear lumber will have major impacts on the dollar return from pruning. West. J. Appl. For. 3(2):46-48, April 1988.
Consulting Foresters in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Schnepf Christopher C. , Baumgartner David M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1986, 83% of an estimated total of 218 consulting foresters in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana were surveyed; 56% consulted full-time and 44% consulted part-time. In total, consultants provided 155 person-years of service to all owners. Most respondents believed the number of consultants in the areas they served was about right. Consultants averaged 24 years of forestry experience, including 10 years in consulting. Consultants belongs to a variety of professional and other organizations and most had completed at least a four-year degree. Consultants primary clients were nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners, industry, and federal government. In the last year, consultants provided 57 person-years of assistance to over 2,130 NIPF owners holding over 2 million acres. Most of these NIPF clients were assisted with services related to timber management or harvest. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3):74-76, July 1988.
Christmas Tree Cutting: Demand and Value as Determined by the Travel Cost Method
Authors: Markstrom Donald C. , Donnelly Dennis M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The travel cost method was used to determine the value of trips to cut Christmas trees in northern Colorado. The analysis indicated an average value of $9 37 to the Christmas tree collectors for an uncut Christmas tree at the collection site This value includes a $5.00 cutting fee and an average consumer surplus of $4.37 per tree. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3):83-86, July 1988.
Early Development of Three Douglas-Fir Stocktypes on a Droughty Skeletal Soil
Authors: Hobbs Stephen D. , Crawford Michael S. , Yelczyn Beverly A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three stocktypes of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) were planted in a droughty, skeletal soil in southwest Oregon. After 5 years, container-grown plugs and plug-1 transplants survived significantly better than 2-0 bareroots. Seedling root systems were largely confined to the surface soil, with relatively little development upslope or deeper than 15 cm. Stocktype morphology differed significantly at planting. However, annual absolute growth, annual relative growth, and shoot and root characteristics did not differ significantly after 5 years. These results suggest that, on similar sites, seedling morphological characteristics within the range of those measured in this study may not affect growth and that stocktype designation along may not be adequate for predicting field performance. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):21-24, January 1989.
The Use of Fire Weather Indices in the Prediction of Extreme Fire Loads
Authors: Mees Romain , Bednar Larry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined the correlation between fire activity and weather records for a 15-year period and a number of National Forests located in Oregon and California. Correlations between burned area and personnel usage, and fire weather indices of the National Fire Danger Rating System were weak. But time periods for which the fire weather indices showed extreme values also have a considerably larger proportion of extreme fire activity. In this sense, the indices can serve as predictors of extreme fire acitvity. This holds true in areas of widely divergent climates and differing fuel types. The joint influence of time-clustering of fires and extreme fire conditions, as reflected by the burning index, is also quantified. West. J. Appl. For. 4(2):46-48, April 1989.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth of Grand Fir and Douglas-Fir Stands in Northern Idaho
Authors: Shafii Bahman , Moore James A. , Olson John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study of nitrogen fertilization response in thinned and unthinned stands of grand fir (Abies grandis) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in northern Idaho showed that the application of one urea nitrogen treatment applied at a rate of 200 lb N/ac resulted in a significantly higher average basal area growth over a 6-year post-treatment period. Nitrogen fertilization also resulted in a significant height increment increase over the same period. Fourteen years after treatment, fertilization had increased average tree size, in terms of total cubic volume, by 14% in unthinned and by 23% in thinned stands. A comparison of thinned and unthinned stands suggested an increase in tree size (>300%) over the same period without significant reduction in average total cubic volume per acre. Patterns of stand development were altered by nitrogen fertilization. West. J. Appl. For. 4(2):54-57, April 1989.
A Comparison of Chain Saws, Brushcutters, and Machetes in Thinning a Young Conifer Plantation in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Jamnick Mark S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chain saws, power brushcutters, and machetes were used in thinning an 8-year-old, 14.5 ac mixed conifer plantation in the Sierra Nevada. A comparison of production rates indicated no significant difference between chainsaws and machetes, with brushcutter production rates significantly lower than the other two tools. Differences in production rates were not attributable to tree size or number of trees per acre. Inefficiency of brushcutters was attributable to greater maintenance and downtime as compared to the other two tools. Further comparisons of these tools could be useful in determining the least expensive method of conducting precommercial thinnings in young mixed conifer plantations. West. J. Appl. For. 4(2):60-62, April 1989.
Impact of Shrub Sprout Competition on Douglas-fir Seedling Development
Authors: Tesch Steven D. , Hobbs Stephen D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1983, 1-0 container-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were planted on a site subject to summer drought under three levels of sprout competition from greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula) and canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). Seedlings were planted with 0.25-m-tall dead sprouts, mature shrubs slashed just before planting, or 1-m tall sprouts, which represent an increasing order of competition. After 3 years, Douglas-fir survival did not differ significantly among levels of competition. However, percentage cover of competing shrubs was negatively correlated with conifer root and shoot biomass. Under the least competition, root biomass increased 25 times and shoot biomass 103 times over dry weight at planting, but dry weights in other treatments increased <5 times. Douglas-fir seedling growth did not increase significantly following shrub removal when vigorous sprouting occurred during the first year. After 3 years, however, competitor cover in the minimum-competition plots was less than 15%, and conifer biomass had increased exponentially. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):89-92, July 1989.
A Comparison of Diameter-and Volume-Based Stocking Guides for Red Alder
Authors: Hibbs David E. , Carlton Gary C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stocking guides based on Reineke's stand density index concept (diameter vs stem density) and on the self-thinning rule (volume vs stem density) are currently in use in the western United States. A self-thinning rule-based guide has been developed for red alder (Alnus rubra). In this paper, we develop a Reineke-type guide for red alder and compare the growth of thinned and self-thinning stands in both systems. Stand density appears to be defined differently in the two systems, leading to differences in density management prescriptions. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):113-115, October 1989.
Growth Response to Fertilization in Young Douglas-Fir Stands
Authors: Heath Linda S. , Chappell H. N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Response surface methodology was used to estimate six-year volume growth response to 1 application of 200 lb nitrogen per acre in unthinned and thinned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands of breast height age (bha) 25 years or less. Regional mean fertilizer response was 16% in unthinned stands and 20% in thinned stands. Site index had an increasingly inverse effect on response as basal area increased in both unthinned and thinned stands. Response varied little over site index in regions of low basal area, decreased moderately as site index increased in the intermediate region, and decreased rapidly in the high basal area region. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):116-119, October 1989.
Separable Costs of Provisions for Nontimber Resources in Forest Service Timber Sales
Authors: Schuster Ervin G. , Niccolucci Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The authors investigated the separable costs of provisions to mitigate damage to or enhance nontimber resources in timber sales for national forests in the Northern and Intermountain Regions. Data were obtained from 224 timber sales made between 1983 and 1985. A "timber-only" design was developed for each sale, was compared to the actual design, and the loss in estimated stumpage receipts was used to reflect the cost due to nontimber considerations. This loss averaged about $20 per mbf (1985 dollars), much of which could be traced to reduced harvest volumes. Most modifications and associated costs were intended to mitigate adverse impacts and resulted from required, policy-based choices. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):119-124, October 1989.
Relationship of Pacific Madrone Sprout Growth to Productivity of Douglas-Fir Seedlings and Understory Vegetation
Authors: Hughes Thomas F. , Tappeiner John C. , Newton Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We studied the development of Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) sprout clumps of various initial densities and their effect on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedling growth and understory vegetation. Five years after density treatments, average leaf area index (LAI) of 9-year-oldmadrone sprouts ranged from 3.6-1.0 m²/m² and total aboveground biomass from 25,630-8,390 kg/ha on the high- and low-density plots, respectively. Diameter of 9-year-old Douglas-fir was inversely related to madrone LAI and ranged from about 27 mm on the high-density plots to 54 mmin the absence of madrone. Analyses of diameter growth trends also indicated that, in the absence of madrone, Douglas-fir grew significantly (P = 0.001 to 0.023) faster than in other treatments. An index of shrub, forb, and grass density was inversely related to madrone LAI, suggesting thatunderstory species are quickly excluded from young madrone stands during secondary succession. We provide equations relating the 5-year growth of 9-year-old Douglas-fir to measures of madrone density and seedling size made when the plantation was 5 years old. West. J. Appl. For. 5(1):20-24.
Bark Thickness and Bark Volume in Southwestern Oregon Douglas-Fir
Authors: Maguire Douglas A. , Hann David W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A segmented polynomial taper equation for southwestern Oregon Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) predicts double bark thickness (dbt) at any point above breast height. Below breast height predictions assume conformity to a neiloid frustrum. The equations facilitate estimation of inside bark diameter (dib) given outside bark (dob) measurements. Bark volume and bark biomass can also be estimated when supplemented with existing dib taper equations developed for southwestern Oregon. West J. Appl. For. 5(1):5-8.
Twenty-Eight Years of Thinning at Several Intensities in a High-Site Douglas-Fir Stand in Western Washington
Authors: O'Hara Kevin L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 28-year thinning study in a dense, natural, high-site coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand compared three thinning treatments and an unthinned control. Gross, net, and total recoverable periodic cubic volume increments from the control treatment were not significantly different from the highest yielding thinned treatment. An increasing reserve basal area thinning treatment was the least severe thinning treatment and produced the highest gross, net, and total recoverable periodic increments of the thinning treatments. Commercial thinnings of dense or fully stocked plantations of Douglas-fir may produce similar results: vigorous stands with rapid growth potential. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):37-40, April 1990.
Viability of Bigleaf Maple Seeds After Storage
Authors: Zasada John C. , Tappeiner II John C. , Max Timothy A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bigleaf maple is a common hardwood in western Oregon and Washington. Stored seeds from this species are generally believed to lose viability within a few weeks. In this study, two experiments were conducted with seeds collected in 1986 and 1987 in the Oregon Coast Range west of Corvallis, OR. Seeds collected in 1986 had a field moisture content (percentage of dry weight) of 49% and in 1987, 16%. The viability of the seed with the lowest moisture content declined from 75 to 60% during 1 year of storage at 1°C; the seed with the highest moisture content declined from about 90 to less than 10% viability. Storing the seeds at -10°C did not increase viability. Stratification of seeds for more than 60 days did not appear to increase germination. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):52-55, April 1990.