bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A High Wave Speed Basal Sedimentary Layer Identified From Seismic Imaging of the Plate Boundary in Central Cascadia
Authors: Peterson D. E. , Keranen K. M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Cascadia subduction zone is known to produce large tsunamigenic ruptures but has enigmatically little microseismicity in historic times. With the paucity of microseismicity and recent long‐offset multichannel seismic imaging in the past 20 years, poor constraints are available for Cascadia on plate boundary structure, fluid pressure, and mechanical properties, the combination of which control seismogenic behavior. Here we present prestack time‐migrated seismic images from two profiles across the central Cascadia megathrust offshore southern Washington, focused on the plate boundary. Our results indicate that (1) a ~1 km‐thick sedimentary unit with high seismic wave speed (over 4.5 km/s) directly overlies oceanic crust and (2) the décollement is at the interface between oceanic crust and the high wave speed unit. The high wave speed begins seaward of the deformation front and is consistent with porosity near or below 5%, interpreted to result from a combination of depth compaction and diagenesis over young, hot oceanic crust. The location of the décollement is identified by the participation of the entire sedimentary package in upper‐plate compressional deformation. We suggest that the low‐porosity basal unit may focus fluid escape from oceanic crust along faults and may be mechanically strong similar to Sumatra, where a high‐wave speed, diagenetically altered basal unit facilitated megathrust rupture to the trench. A uniformly strong basal unit above the plate interface at Cascadia may inhibit microseismicity while building stress released in great earthquakes.
A Circular Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna Based on Off‐Center‐Driven Dipoles
Authors: Zhang P.P. , Lin G.Y. , Xiao M.Z. , Cui Y.H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA novel circular polarization (CP) reconfigurable antenna is proposed. The CP antenna consists of two folded off‐center‐driven dipoles. By switching four PIN diodes in the off‐center‐driven dipoles, the senses of CP can be changed between the left‐handed CP and the right‐handed CP. Two parasitic rectangular loops are added to the folded off‐center‐driven dipoles to improve the bandwidth. A T‐shaped microstrip probe line is used to feed the antenna. Experimental results show that the CP reconfigurable antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 31% (2.05–2.8 GHz) for return los >10 dB and a CP bandwidth of 16% (2.3–2.7 GHz) for axial ratio <3 dB. The measured gain of the CP reconfigurable antenna is about 7 dBi.
Variation of Digisonde‐Derived Scale Height During Quiet and Disturbed Geomagnetic Conditions Over an African Equatorial Station
Authors: Adebiyi S. J. , Adeniyi J. O. , Reinisch B. W. , Adebesin B. O. , Ikubanni S. O. , Adimula I. A. , Oladipo O. A. , Olawepo A. O. , Joshua B. W. , Adekoya B. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOne inherent parameter in the extrapolation of ionospheric topside profile is the scale height, which can be derived from an ionogram. For the first time in the African equatorial region, the variation of digisonde‐derived scale height (Hm) is investigated at Ilorin (Geog. 8.50°N; 4.50°E; dip. –7.9°) during quiet and disturbed conditions. Diurnal pattern of Hm revealed a consistent but insignificant hump before sunrise, followed by a marked increase, maximizing around local noon, and a decrease thereafter till nighttime. The daytime values, however, shows significant seasonal differences. A striking observation is the highest value in December solstice and lowest during June solstice. This is attributed to the influence of ion‐neutral drag and topside thermal structure on the shape of the topside ionosphere. Hm also exhibits high correlation with the bottomside thickness parameter (B0) and the total electron content; however, it is generally moderate with F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) and peak height (hmF2). These correlations do not show significant seasonal dependence. The large network of Global Positioning System (receivers may serve as a good data source for the reconstruction of the topside profile owing to the excellent relationship between Hm and total electron content. The linear model developed to describe the dependence of Hm on B0 generally gives a good representation of Hm with digisonde‐B0 as input. Large discrepancies were observed with the three options of the IRI 2016‐B0 used as input. The B0 models, if well established at the station, could be an alternative source to estimate Hm.
Framework for High‐End Estimates of Sea Level Rise for Stakeholder Applications
Authors: Stammer D. , van de Wal R. S. W. , Nicholls R. J. , Church J. A. , Le Cozannet G. , Lowe J. A. , Horton B. P. , White K. , Behar D. , Hinkel J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAn approach to analyze high‐end sea level rise is presented to provide a conceptual framework for high‐end estimates as a function of time scale, thereby linking robust sea level science with stakeholder needs. Instead of developing and agreeing on a set of high‐end sea level rise numbers or using an expert consultation, our effort is focused on the essential task of providing a generic conceptual framework for such discussions and demonstrating its feasibility to address this problem. In contrast, information about high‐end sea level rise projections was derived previously either from a likely range emerging from the highest view of emissions in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment (currently the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario) or from independent ad hoc studies and expert solicitations. Ideally, users need high‐end sea level information representing the upper tail of a single joint sea level frequency distribution, which considers all plausible yet unknown emission scenarios as well as involved physical mechanisms and natural variability of sea level, but this is not possible. In the absence of such information we propose a framework that would infer the required information from explicit conditional statements (lines of evidence) in combination with upper (plausible) physical bounds. This approach acknowledges the growing uncertainty in respective estimates with increasing time scale. It also allows consideration of the various levels of risk aversion of the diverse stakeholders who make coastal policy and adaptation decisions, while maintaining scientific rigor.
Detection of Ocean Internal Tide Source Oscillations on the Slope of Aogashima Island, Japan
Authors: Fukao Y. , Miyama T. , Tono Y. , Sugioka H. , Ito A. , Shiobara H. , Yamashita M. , Varlamov S. , Furue R. , Miyazawa Y. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBarotropic tidal currents over bottom topography force density surfaces to oscillate vertically and thereby to act as quasi‐stationary internal tide sources. Deploying a seafloor pressure gauge array with an aperture of 30 km for a year (2014–2015), we detected the low‐mode semidiurnal internal tidal waves propagating with a horizontal phase speed of ~1 m/s in the onshore and offshore directions over the array along the eastern slope of Aogashima Island, south of Japan. The amplitudes of the offshore propagating waves were greater than those of the onshore propagating waves, and both were positively correlated with the amplitudes of the local semidiurnal tide, which peaked in September and March. A tide‐resolving ocean circulation model (JCOPE‐T) well reproduced the observed onshore and offshore internal tidal wave propagation. The model indicated a standing wave region on the slope, where offshore propagating waves interact with standing waves locally pinned to the slope. Along the same profile over a distance of 100 km, we conducted seismic‐oceanographic analysis of the legacy multichannel seismic reflection data to retrieve vertical cross sections of the reflecting layers, which indicated sharp temperature changes in the ocean. Many of the slant reflecting layers were subparallel to the contour lines of the semidiurnal internal‐tide‐associated temperature anomalies in the JCOPE‐T model, suggesting a causal link between the fine reflection layering structure and the semidiurnal low‐mode internal tidal field.
Climate‐Sensitive Controls on Large Spring Emissions of CH4 and CO2 From Northern Lakes
Authors: Jansen J. , Thornton B. F. , Jammet M. M. , Wik M. , Cortés A. , Friborg T. , MacIntyre S. , Crill P. M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNorthern lakes are important sources of the climate forcing trace gases methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). A substantial portion of lakes' annual emissions can take place immediately after ice melt in spring. The drivers of these fluxes are neither well constrained nor fully understood. We present a detailed carbon gas budget for three subarctic lakes, using 6 years of eddy covariance and 9 years of manual flux measurements. We combine measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and CH4 stable isotopologues to quantify functional relationships between carbon gas production and conversion, energy inputs, and the redox regime. Spring emissions were regulated by the availability of oxygen in winter, rather than temperature as during ice‐free conditions. Under‐ice storage increased predictably with ice‐cover duration, and CH4 accumulation rates (25 ± 2 mg CH4‐C·m−2·day−1) exceeded summer emissions (19 ± 1 mg CH4‐C·m−2·day−1). The seasonally ice‐covered lakes emitted 26–59% of the annual CH4 flux and 15–30% of the annual CO2 flux at ice‐off. Reduced spring emissions were associated with winter snowmelt events, which can transport water downstream and oxygenate the water column. Stable isotopes indicate that 64–96% of accumulated CH4 escaped oxidation, implying that a considerable portion of the dissolved gases produced over winter may evade to the atmosphere.
Modeling of the Ionospheric Critical Frequency of the F2 layer over Asia based on Modified Temporal‐Spatial Reconstruction
Authors: Wang Jian , Ma Jian‐guo , Huang Xiang‐dong , Bai Hong‐mei , Chen Qiang , Cheng Hua‐ye 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA model based on modified temporal‐spatial reconstruction is proposed to improve the accuracy of predicting the monthly median ionospheric critical frequency of the F2 layer. This model has three new characteristics. (1) The solar activity parameters of the 10.7‐cm solar radio flux and sunspot number are together introduced into temporal reconstruction. (2) Both the geomagnetic dip and its modified value are chosen as features of the geographical spatial variation for spatial reconstruction. (3) Harmonic functions are used to represent the ionospheric critical frequency of the F2 layer, which reflects seasonal and solar cycle variations. Furthermore, combining the least squares fitting regression for these characteristics with harmonic analysis, a valid model can be established from vertical sounding data spread across three ionospheric regions (high, middle, and low latitudes in Asia). Statistical results reveal that the ionospheric critical frequency of the F2 layer calculated by the proposed model is consistent with the trend of the monthly median observations. The average root‐mean‐square error is only 0.70 MHz (corresponding to relative error 11.30%), reflecting that our model outperforms the International Reference Ionosphere model with International Union of Radio Science and Consultative Committee on International Radio (CCIR) coefficients. Moreover, the proposed method has great potential in terms of providing higher prediction accuracy for ionospheric parameters on the global scale.
Common knowledge, coordination, and strategic mentalizing in human social life
Authors: De Freitas Julian , Thomas Kyle , DeScioli Peter , Pinker Steven 
Published: June 2019

SignificanceHumans are an unusually cooperative species, and our cooperation is of 2 kinds: altruistic, when actors benefit others at a cost to themselves, and mutualistic, when actors benefit themselves and others simultaneously. One major form of mutualism is coordination, in which actors align their choices for mutual benefit. Formal examples include meetings, division of labor, and legal and technological standards; informal examples include friendships, authority hierarchies, alliances, and exchange partnerships. Successful coordination is enabled by common knowledge: knowledge of others’ knowledge, knowledge of their knowledge of one’s knowledge, ad infinitum. Uncovering how people acquire and represent the common knowledge needed for coordination is thus essential to understanding human sociality, from large-scale institutions to everyday experiences of civility, hypocrisy, outrage, and taboo.
Adjusted macroeconomic indicators to account for ecosystem degradation: an illustrative example
Authors: La Notte Alessandra , Marques Alexandra 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Adjusting macroeconomic indicators to account for the depletion and degradation of natural capital has long been viewed as a way to show the linkages between nature and the economy and foster more sustainable paths of development. Here, we show how the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (EEA) can be used to develop environmentally adjusted macroeconomic indicators. More specifically, we show how an enlargement of the production boundary to include the consideration of ecosystems as institutional units allows the development of a net value added metric that reflects depreciation and degradation of the natural capital assets. This measurement could be useful for policymaking: the linkage of ecosystem services to economic activities allows us to account for loss, repair and substitution of natural capital, and thus helps us to formulate and monitor environmental policies.
What Does it Mean to Be a #PlasticSurgeon? Analyzing Plastic Surgery Hashtag Utilization in Social Media
Authors: Siegel Nicholas , Jenny Hillary , Chopra Karan , Yang Robin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
The utilization of social media is growing among academic and private practice plastic surgeons.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine training backgrounds and board certification of medical professionals through the use of plastic surgery-related hashtags on a single social media platform, Instagram.

Methods
Instagram was queried with 15 plastic surgery–related hashtags. Only the top 50 posts of each hashtag were analyzed at a single time point and international accounts were excluded. Data collected included account owner, degree, medical specialty, board certification, and type of post.

Results
The study sample consisted of 750 posts from an Instagram query in January 2019. Medical professionals accounted for 75% (n = 561) of posts. Board-certified physicians accounted for 56% (n = 420) of posts. Of the physician posters, 51% (n = 230) were trained in plastic surgery, 30% (n = 133) in otolaryngology, and 19% (n = 87) in other specialties. Facial rejuvenation content was more likely to be posted by otolaryngologists rather than plastic surgeons (P ≤ 0.001), whereas body-contouring procedures were more likely to be posted by plastic surgeons. Nonsurgical procedures and injectables were more likely to be posted by nonphysicians (P ≤ 0.001). Physicians without training in plastic surgery or otolaryngology were also more likely to post nonsurgical procedure–related hashtags (P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions
Medical professionals publish the majority of plastic surgery–related posts on Instagram; however, the utilization of plastic surgery hashtags by other specialties may be confusing or misleading to social media users who are unaware of interdisciplinary training differences.
A Rare Mutation in SPLUNC1 Affects Bacterial Adherence and Invasion in Meningococcal Disease
Authors: Mashbat Bayarchimeg , Bellos Evangelos , Hodeib Stephanie , Bidmos Fadil , Thwaites Ryan S , Lu Yaxuan , Wright Victoria J , Herberg Jethro A , Klobassa Daniela S , Walton William G , Zenz Werner , Hansel Trevor T , Nadel Simon , Langford Paul R , Schlapbach Luregn J , Li Ming-Shi , Redinbo Matthew R , Di Y Peter , Levin Michael , Sancho-Shimizu Vanessa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a nasopharyngeal commensal carried by healthy individuals. However, invasive infections occurs in a minority of individuals, with devastating consequences. There is evidence that common polymorphisms are associated with invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), but the contributions of rare variants other than those in the complement system have not been determined.

Methods
We identified familial cases of IMD in the UK meningococcal disease study and the European Union Life-Threatening Infectious Disease Study. Candidate genetic variants were identified by whole-exome sequencing of 2 patients with familial IMD. Candidate variants were further validated by in vitro assays.

Results
Exomes of 2 siblings with IMD identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation in BPIFA1/SPLUNC1. Sequencing of 186 other nonfamilial cases identified another unrelated IMD patient with the same mutation. SPLUNC1 is an innate immune defense protein expressed in the nasopharyngeal epithelia; however, its role in invasive infections is unknown. In vitro assays demonstrated that recombinant SPLUNC1 protein inhibits biofilm formation by Nm, and impedes Nm adhesion and invasion of human airway cells. The dominant negative mutant recombinant SPLUNC1 (p.G22E) showed reduced antibiofilm activity, increased meningococcal adhesion, and increased invasion of cells, compared with wild-type SPLUNC1.

Conclusions
A mutation in SPLUNC1 affecting mucosal attachment, biofilm formation, and invasion of mucosal epithelial cells is a new genetic cause of meningococcal disease.
Die klingende Ferne; Walter Braunfels’ Opera Die Vögel after Aristophanes’ Birds
Authors: Ewans Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article explores the opera Die Vögel (1920) by Walter Braunfels (1882–1954), and its reception of Aristophanes' Birds. The Introduction is substantial, as the work is little known. It is followed by an Overview of each of the two Acts, which discusses in Act I the relationship to Aristophanes (Braunfels discarded the second half of the original Greek comedy and struck out on a completely new path). Then the article analyses the development during Act II of insight into die klingende Ferne (‘the music of far away') by Hopeful, who is the principal human character in Braunfels' adaptation. It is shown that Hopeful's quest for spiritual values almost beyond human understanding is the central theme of the opera; the superiority of the life of birds, which Aristophanes treats humorously in the two parabaseis, is taken seriously in Braunfels' mystical second Act.
Clustered Core- and Pan-Genome Content on Rhodobacteraceae Chromosomes
Authors: Kopejtka Karel , Lin Yan , Jakubovičová Markéta , Koblížek Michal , Tomasch Jürgen 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In Bacteria, chromosome replication starts at a single origin of replication and proceeds on both replichores. Due to its asymmetric nature, replication influences chromosome structure and gene organization, mutation rate, and expression. To date, little is known about the distribution of highly conserved genes over the bacterial chromosome. Here, we used a set of 101 fully sequenced Rhodobacteraceae representatives to analyze the relationship between conservation of genes within this family and their distance from the origin of replication. Twenty-two of the analyzed species had core genes clustered significantly closer to the origin of replication with representatives of the genus Celeribacter being the most apparent example. Interestingly, there were also eight species with the opposite organization. In particular, Rhodobaca barguzinensis and Loktanella vestfoldensis showed a significant increase of core genes with distance from the origin of replication. The uneven distribution of low-conserved regions is in particular pronounced for genomes in which the halves of one replichore differ in their conserved gene content. Phage integration and horizontal gene transfer partially explain the scattered nature of Rhodobacteraceae genomes. Our findings lay the foundation for a better understanding of bacterial genome evolution and the role of replication therein.
Biological Risk Profiles Among Latino Subgroups in the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: García Catherine , Ailshire Jennifer A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Latinos residing in the United States exhibit an increased risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases compared to non-Latino whites. This elevated risk contributes to a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension among Latino adults. Examining biological risk profiles of older Latinos as a “pan-ethnic group” and by Latino subpopulations may help to explain the increased burden of disease in later life among this population. The objective of this study is to document biological risk profiles among a nationally representative sample of older U.S. Latinos by nativity and country of origin.

Research Design and Methods
We use the 2006–2012 Health and Retirement Study to compare cardiovascular, metabolic, inflammatory and cumulative biological risk among U.S.-born Mexicans, foreign-born Mexicans, U.S.-born Puerto Ricans, island-born Puerto Ricans, U.S.-born “other” Latinos, foreign-born “other” Latinos, and non-Latino whites.

Results
Older Latinos exhibit heterogeneous biological risk profiles. U.S.-born Mexicans, foreign-born Mexicans, U.S.-born “other” Latinos, and foreign-born “other” Latinos exhibited a higher rate of cardiovascular risk relative to non-Latino whites. In addition, U.S.-born Mexicans, foreign-born Mexicans, island-born Puerto Ricans, and foreign-born “other” Latinos had a higher rate of metabolic risk than non-Latino whites. Island-born Puerto Ricans were the only group to exhibit higher inflammation than non-Latino whites. The observed differences were largely attenuated by socioeconomic status, indicating that high levels of risk among older Latino subpopulations compared to non-Latino whites are associated with lower socioeconomic status.

Discussion and Implications
Older U.S. Latinos are a demographically diverse population with unique sociocultural characteristics which may contribute to differences in biological risk across the life course that influence disease progression. Examining Latinos by nativity and country of origin may help identify risks specific to individual subpopulations that can lead to culturally appropriate interventions which help prevent and reduce the burden of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
In Pursuit of Genuine Chinese Equivalents: The Case of a Nineteenth-Century Dutch-Chinese Dictionary
Authors: Heijns Audrey 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Despite the consensus among scholars that it is impossible for equivalence to have the same meaning in linguistics as it does in mathematics – it is impossible to have equivalents in translation – there is still merit in investigating bilingual dictionaries as they can help us understand the different gradation and distinct types of equivalence and thus illustrate the problems that compilers faced. As a case study, this paper examines Gustaaf Schlegel’s Dutch–Chinese dictionary, with occasional comparison to other dictionaries from the nineteenth century, in order to reconstruct Schlegel’s aim of ‘genuine Chinese equivalents’. Findings show that, in many instances, Schlegel is skilful in providing cognitive, explanatory or translational equivalents in terms of meaning and function, while providing useful information about the Chinese language and culture. Yet, in some cases, his attempts to find his so-called genuine equivalent fail, because he would not resort to the coining of new words, as other compilers did in that era.