bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lives on the Line
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey  J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The call center industry is booming in the Philippines. Around the year 2005, the country overtook India as the world’s “voice capital,” while industry revenues are now the second largest contributor to national GDP. This ethnographic study traces the assemblage of a global market for voice over the past two decades. New information technologies developed during the 1990s and 2000s fed Western firms’ appetite for cheap, English-speaking workers in offshore locales. An initial attempt to build a stable labor market for voice in India failed, owing in large part to gendered norms regarding work and mobility. In the Philippines, in contrast, there is a remarkable affinity between workers and firms. Decades of failed development policies have produced for educated Filipinos a dismaying choice: migrate abroad in search of prosperity or stay at home as an impoverished professional. Offshored call centers, in this context, represent a middle path. Drawing upon case studies of sixty Filipino call center workers and two years of fieldwork in Manila, this book shows how call center jobs allow Filipinos to earn a decent living and stay at home. Filipina women and transgender Filipinos in particular use their voices as strategic resources. Call centers are for them lifelines and lifestyles. Taken as a whole, this study advances debates concerning global capitalism, the future of work, and the lives of those who labor in offshored jobs.
Labor
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For a new generation of young and educated Filipinos, call center work represents a means to fulfill the Philippine dream. In the megacity of Manila, thousands graduate each year from colleges with degrees in vocational fields such as nursing, accounting, and education. It has long been expected that these graduates would go abroad to work and support their families back home. Those who stayed at home could expect to be impoverished professionals. Call center jobs now allow them to remain in their country yet still achieve the Philippine dream. Correspondence analysis of a sample of sixty Filipino call agents reveals patterned variation in terms of their gender identities, resources, obligations, and aspirations.
The Relativity of Work
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The case of the call center industry in the Philippines illustrates the relativity of work. Jobs, the author argue, should be evaluated not in relation to some universal standard, but in relation the larger horizon of options and possibilities available to workers. According to this relativistic approach, call center jobs in the Philippines are less digital assembly lines than veritable lifelines. To project the future of these jobs is a difficult task. Automation could render them obsolete. Workers could turn their literal voices into political voice via unionization. This concluding chapter emphasizes how tenuous are the bonds connecting firms and workers, given the fluid nature of contemporary capitalism.
Persons in Islamicate Philosophy from Ibn Sīnā to Sabzavārī
Authors: Shaker Anthony F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The medieval learning tradition brought personhood firmly within the purview of philosophy. As commonplace as the empirical and mathematical sciences were throughout the Islamicate period, however, philosophy did not require the same explanatory intent expected of the positive investigation into phenomena. Person was not the object of experience that personality, individuality, and ego are for modern psychology. Nor was shakhṣ (person, particular) conflated with fard (distinct individual, odd number) or nafs (self, soul), each of which functioned differently in the discourse. This chapter focuses on personhood as part of the inquiry into the question of being, central to which is the archetypal essence—as opposed to biological and other contingent features—of the speaking, thinking, collaborating animal called human. Here, the interlacing of man’s oneness and manifoldness originates in the divine unfolding of knowing and being.
Persons and Moral Status
Authors: Jaworska Agnieszka , Tannenbaum Julie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on moral personhood understood in terms of the notion of moral status. An entity is said to have moral status only if it or its interest matters morally for its own sake. Nonutilitarians tend to think of moral status in terms of entitlements and protections that can conflict with, and sometimes override, doing what would maximize the good and minimize the bad. If moral status comes in degrees, and if there is a status of the highest degree (i.e., full moral status), then moral persons are those with full moral status. After giving a more precise account of it, we assess different views of what it takes to qualify for full moral status (some of which appeal to metaphysical notions of person). We also briefly discuss how metaphysical notions of personhood are put to moral use in utilitarian moral theorizing that eschews the notion of moral personhood.
Secular Humility
Authors: Wielenberg Erik J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
If there is no God, should we be humble? If so, what form should our humility take? Here I describe a character trait that (a) merits the title secular humility, (b) is a virtue, (c) has some important similarities with humility as understood in the Christian tradition, and (d) requires neither belief in anything like the God of Judaism, Christianity, or Islam nor the existence of such a deity. After describing secular humility and making the case that it is a virtue, I explain how a person can possess secular humility while at the same time possessing a high degree of self-confidence and achievement. I then address two worries about secular humility: first, a Nietzsche-inspired worry that secular humility is in tension with creativity, and second, the worry that secular humility is an obstacle to overcoming oppression and exploitation.
Political Culture and Values
Authors: Dalton Russell J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A long intellectual tradition links the different historical experiences in Canada and the United States (U.S.) to continuing contrasts in their political cultures. New evidence from contemporary public opinion polls highlights more cultural similarities between nations than differences. In broad value priorities, Canadians and Americans are more similar to each other than to the citizens in most other advanced industrial democracies. Feelings of national identity and trust in government are also strikingly similar across these two nations. The norms of good citizenship are very comparable. And perhaps most surprising of all, images of the appropriate role of government overlap substantially. In short, the rhetoric of cultural differences is less apparent in the reality of public opinion surveys.
Electoral and Party Systems
Authors: Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Grofman Bernard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Electoral laws are often regarded as the key factors structuring party competition. Yet, despite having very similar electoral systems, reflecting a shared colonial legacy, the United States (U.S.) and Canada have had very different party systems. For the past 100 years, the U.S. is perhaps the most consistently two-party system among the world’s major democracies, but during this same period Canada has experienced considerable variation in the number of parties represented in Parliament at the national level. This chapter addresses both the causes and consequences of this puzzling divergence in party systems in the two countries. We also compare a number of other features of the two nation’s electoral institutions, including campaign finance rules, rules for constituency boundary drawing, bicameralism, and the mechanism for the selection of the executive, with particular attention to the U.S. Electoral College and its alleged link with two-partyism. We also examine the policy consequences of the divergence in party systems and look at the way in which party competition in the two countries may affect voter turnout.
The Wrong of Rudeness
Authors: Olberding Amy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Being rude is often more gratifying and enjoyable than being polite. Likewise, rudeness can be a more accurate and powerful reflection of how I feel and think. This is especially true in a political environment that can make being polite seem foolish or naive. Civility and ordinary politeness are linked both to big values, such as respect and consideration, and to the fundamentally social nature of human beings. This book explores the powerful temptations to incivility and rudeness, but argues that they should generally be resisted. Drawing on early Chinese philosophers who lived during great political turmoil but nonetheless sought to “mind their manners,” it articulates a way of thinking about politeness that is distinctively social. It takes as a given that we can feel profoundly alienated from others, and that other people can sometimes be truly terrible. Yet because we are social neglecting the social and political courtesies comes at great cost. The book considers not simply why civility and politeness are important, but how. It addresses how small insults can damage social relations, how separation of people into tribes undermines our better interests, and explores how bodily and facial expressions can influence how life with other people goes. It is especially geared toward anyone who feels the temptation of being rude and wishes it were easier to feel otherwise. It seeks to answer a question of great contemporary urgency: When so much of public and social life with others is painful and fractious, why should I be polite?
Spotlight
Authors: Swartz David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This “spotlight” mini-chapter explicates how Pierre Bourdieu conceived of journalism as a struggle for symbolic power. Power is a central organizing feature of journalism and should be analyzed as a field of struggle for truth, or more precisely, for the legitimate right to impose particular viewpoints as newsworthy. The journalistic “field” also competes against other fields, particularly the economic and political fields, for the power to define what is legitimate knowledge for the society as a whole. Within its own field, journalism is bifurcated between two opposing poles: an economic pole (circulation and advertising revenues and audience ratings) and a cultural pole (reasoned commentary, in-depth reporting, the kind of journalism rewarded by the US Pulitzer Prizes); and, according to Bourdieu, it is increasingly dominated by its economic side.
Without the Loving Strains of Commitment
Authors: Lebron Christopher J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
What will ensure that persons abide by the moral demands imposed on them by a normative theory of justice? Rawls believed that these demands, which he called “strains of commitment,” will not be betrayed when undertaken by rational agents under reasonable conditions. Christopher Lebron argues that we are not so dependable; facts such as regret, bias, and poor critical judgment are central to the human condition and threaten to undermine the fulfillment of justice. Given the complexity of our moral lives, Lebron argues that love can play an important ethical role in upholding justice. Focusing specifically on racial justice, he brings James Baldwin’s notion of philia into the conversation about strains of commitment and argues that it is a potent resource for achieving stability and a lasting justice. He concludes by discussing the role love can play in bending the arc of the moral universe increasingly toward justice.
Sovereignty and Complex Interdependence
Authors: Sabel Charles 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Even as democratic sovereignty and globalization are increasingly seen as incompatible in theory, this chapter argues that, in some important realms, they are proving compatible in practice. As tariffs have fallen to negligible levels, trade agreements among rich countries have come to focus on reconciling regulatory differences. In many sectors, novel forms of cooperation have emerged that allow trade partners deliberately to investigate and learn from one another’s practices, eventually recognizing the equivalence of regimes that are not strictly identical—and in the process extending domestic political oversight to relations among states while often heightening domestic accountability. The emergent institutions of regulatory equivalence suggest a practical, if partial, possibility for realizing Kant’s “negative surrogate” or federation of democratic republics, growing incrementally through voluntary association, as a substitute for a global state.
Hardening, 1820–1834
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 turns to how Buchanan and King established themselves within the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson. In both cases, the chapter stresses the roles of intimate male friendships and the Washington boardinghouse, or mess, in developing a cross-sectional, though partisan, approach to their politics. Equally, it looks at important moments of conflict in each man’s life: King’s factional fighting with Democrats in his adopted state of Alabama, where he established a plantation called Chestnut Hill near Selma, and Buchanan’s struggles against the various elements of the Democratic Party of Pennsylvania. It also recounts Buchanan’s experience as the American minister to Russia, highlighting the ways in which his foreign exile connected him to King and prepared him for his future role as senator and secretary of state. These formative experiences served to harden their future political convictions and bespoke the continued need for intimate male friendships in their future endeavors.
The Identity Trap
Authors: Ahuja Amit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ethnic identity, scholars remind us, is only one among the wide repertoire of identities to which an individual has access. Still, the marginalized struggle to break free of a single stigmatized identity. This chapter returns to Dalits’ choice of social identities. It argues Dalits’ ability to adopt new social identities is highly constrained because their social exclusion and material deprivation are self-reinforcing. When Dalits are able to choose alternate social identities, other groups do not recognize these identities. Dalits’ experience with stigma illustrates that it is difficult for a marginalized ethnic group to leverage political equality to remedy social inequality because the social stigma associated with a marginalized ethnic identity changes slowly.
Conclusion: Whither Dalit Politics?
Authors: Ahuja Amit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the key arguments related to the mobilization of the marginalized. It considers how the experience of Dalit mobilization informs a larger research agenda on democratic mobilization of marginalized groups, ethnic politics, social movements, and political parties. Dalit parties, the chapter reiterates, represent the voice of the marginalized; however, the voice comes at a price: electoral choice. The chapter goes on to argue that the presence or absence of Dalit parties in legislatures is increasingly an incomplete indicator of the vibrancy of Dalit politics, because Dalit politics is taking root in new dimensions of the public sphere: organizations in new sectors, an online Dalit public sphere, and a Dalit diaspora.
The Biology of Experience
Authors: Eisler Riane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Biology and experience are not generally seen as connected, yet experience is integral to gene expression, both individually and collectively. Dramatically illustrating how experience can influence whether genetic capacities are expressed or inhibited in humans and other species, this chapter looks at studies showing that our brain circuits, and therefore our abilities and behavior, are strongly shaped by the environment, which for humans is primarily our surrounding culture as mediated by families, education, religion, politics, and economics. Our large-brained species is flexible: we are equipped for destructiveness and creativity, rote conformity and independence, and cruelty and caring. There are many examples of how cultural environments affect the expression of genetic potentials, including fascinating findings from the emerging field of epigenetics showing that these effects can be transmitted from generation to generation; research showing that the brains of people with a background of abuse and violence tend to have lower levels of serotonin, a calming neurotransmitter, and higher levels of cortisol, the major stress hormone; and studies on how chronic or intense stress brings into play hormones such as cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine associated with fight-or-flight responses, including aggressive and other negative behaviors. While highly stressful traditions of domination and violence are still deeply entrenched in many cultures worldwide, there are interventions that can help us build a more secure, just, sustainable, and peaceful world for individuals, families, and communities.
The Original Partnership Societies
Authors: Eisler Riane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mobile foragers—also called nomadic hunter-gatherers—constitute the oldest form of human social organization, predating by far the agricultural revolution of about 10,000 years ago as well as the rise of pastoralists, tribal horticulturalists, chiefdoms, kingdoms, and ancient states. In the debates about the nature of human nature—whether we are more inclined toward war or peace, selfishness or altruism—nomadic forager societies are regularly evoked to draw inferences about human existence “in a state of nature” before the development of civilization. Studies of nomadic forager band societies suggest that humanity’s ancient orientation actually was toward partnership and peace rather than domination and war over the many millennia of human evolution. The main take-home lesson from a careful study of nomadic forager partnership societies—re-enforced by archeological studies, the recent Nordic experience, and other evidence—is that humans are capable of living in egalitarian social systems where neither sex dominates the other, where violence is minimized, and where prosocial cooperation and caring typify social life. This image is not a utopian fantasy but rather a set of potentials, if not inclinations, stemming from our evolutionary heritage. Since partnership behaviors have been essential to survival for the millions of years that humans and their ancestors foraged for a living, the study of archaeology and nomadic forager societies raises an intriguing possibility. Given the long-standing evolutionary legacy of partnership, human minds and dispositions may be especially inclined toward the empathic, caring, egalitarian, prosocial, cooperative behaviors.
Love, Violence, and Socialization in Partnership and Domination Environments
Authors: Eisler Riane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We received neurochemical rewards of pleasure when we give or receive empathic love, and seem to have a predisposition against violence. This chapter explores the crucial question of what conditions support rather than inhibit the actualization of these human predispositions. It examines experimental evidence showing that, given a choice, people tend to choose mutual benefit over winning; looks at how socialization for traditional “hypermasculinity” promotes male aggression and the suppression of loving “soft” or “feminine” feelings; and gives examples of cultures with different socialization styles, and hence far less stress and violence. It shows how the socialization of men to equate “real masculinity” with domination and violence deprives both men and women of healthy loving relations based on mutuality and the sharing of pleasure, and is key to imposing and maintaining domination systems, with their chronic fear and violence. It looks at the modern movement away from traditions of domination and its liberating effects, for example, legislation pioneered in Nordic nations that prohibits physical discipline against children in families.
A New Beginning
Authors: Eisler Riane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This closing chapter opens with a brief summary of what came before. Across cultures and times, partnership systems and domination systems have affected our brains, actions, relationships, values, customs, and institutions. Over the last centuries, progressive social movements focused on dismantling economic and political domination, but gave scant attention to traditions of domination and violence in parent-child and gender relations, so domination systems keep rebuilding themselves. The rest of the chapter is a call to action. It details how to construct the missing four cornerstones required to support a more equitable, caring, and sustainable partnership future. The first cornerstone is childhood; concrete steps to reduce the staggering rates of abuse and violence against children worldwide are proposed. The second cornerstone is gender; as prerequisites for a better future, actions to change the devaluation of women and the “feminine” are described. The third cornerstone is economics, going beyond capitalism and socialism to meet our environmental, technological, and social challenges by recognizing the enormous value of the essential work of caring for people, starting in early childhood, and caring for nature. The fourth cornerstone consists of narratives and language; here, the Biocultural Partnership-Domination Lens is an essential tool in all areas of life, from education to guiding biotechnology and artificial intelligence in ways that support the expression of our evolutionary predispositions for caring, consciousness, and creativity.
Women’s Rights as Human Rights
Authors: McLaren Margaret A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter assesses the human rights framework as a paradigm for global gender justice. First, it examines the gains made by the “women’s rights as human rights” movement; this movement brought issues of sexual and gender violence under the purview of human rights. Next, the chapter argues for the importance of economic and social rights, and supports the indivisibility of legal, political, social, and economic rights. However, some postcolonial feminists challenge the rights framework’s claim to universality, and care ethicists criticize its strong individualism. The chapter proposes that a feminist social justice approach provides a more comprehensive framework for negotiating the complex relationships among gender, class, religious, and racial and ethnic identities and oppression than a human rights framework.
Lex Ferenda: Direct Extraterritoriality
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes a critical positivist approach to exploring lex ferenda options to protect animals abroad, uncovering new applications of the passive personality principle, the universality principle, and the effects principle. Because the law of jurisdiction developed over centuries without considering animals, it does not meet the specific demands of animal law, conceptually and morally. The author offers a new application of the passive personality principle, arguing that animals should have functional nationality, like ships and corporations, that establishes a jurisdictional link to their home state. On this basis, a state can broadly and unequivocally protect its national animals abroad. The chapter next shows how the universality principle can, in the future, prohibit the most egregious crimes against animals that now escape every state’s jurisdiction (like illegal wildlife trafficking). Finally, arguments for a noneconomic version of the effects principle in animal law are explored.