bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Bohman J. Kyle , Schears Gregory J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a general term describing an extracorporeal circuit with a pump and a gas exchange membrane that can be used for cardiac support or respiratory support (or both) depending on its configuration. The 2 basic configurations of ECMO are venoarterial (VA) and venovenous (VV). VA ECMO removes blood from the venous circulation and pumps it through the oxygenator and back into the patient’s arterial circulation. VV ECMO removes blood from the venous circulation and pumps it through the oxygenator and back into the patient’s venous circulation. Common indications for VA ECMO include postcardiotomy, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Basilar Artery Occlusion
Authors: Pichler Michael R. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Basilar artery occlusion (BAO), a type of posterior circulation stroke, refers to occlusion of the basilar artery at any point along its course. Patients with BAO can present in many ways, depending on the location of the occlusion and the collateral blood supply. Timely recognition of BAO is essential given the potential for effective therapeutic interventions shown to improve outcome.
Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: Dumitrascu Oana , Aguilar Maria I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage are common cerebrovascular emergencies with various causes and prognoses. Rapid triage and individualized management are required because appropriate critical care management improves morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis and treatment is recommended.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Martinez-Thompson Jennifer M. , Staff Nathan P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder with both upper and lower motor neuron involvement. It presents with weakness, muscle wasting, spasticity involving the limbs, bulbar dysfunction, and, typically later in the disease, respiratory involvement. Up to 20% of patients may also have a frontotemporal-type dementia. Average duration of survival is 2 to 4 years from symptom onset, and the peak incidence is between the ages of 50 and 75 years. Only 10% of patients have familial forms, and the remainder have sporadic ALS.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome
Authors: Datar Sudhir V. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), previously known as hypertensive encephalopathy, is a clinicoradiologic entity manifesting as acute onset of headache, encephalopathy, seizures, and vision abnormalities. The characteristic clinical features and predominantly posterior cerebral edema were first described by Hinchey and colleagues in 1996. Since then, many conditions have been associated with PRES.
Rapidly Progressive Dementia and Coma
Authors: Kamireddi Prasuna , Siegel Jason L. , Dickson Dennis W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In most patients with dementia, the clinical signs and symptoms progress gradually over many years. However, neurointensivists may encounter patients who have rapidly progressive dementia (RPD). Often these patients need to be admitted to the intensive care unit for management of status epilepticus, agitation, or ventilation in coma. Although the prototype of RPD is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, this chapter reviews other common causes of RPD. An established definition of RPD does not exist, but in this chapter RPD refers to the loss of more than 1 cognitive domain and functional ability, usually occurring over a few months.
Intensive Care After Neuroendovascular Procedures
Authors: Sattur Mithun , Krishna Chandan , Bendok Bernard R. , Chong Brian W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Endovascular therapy for cerebrovascular disease is widespread. Patients with brain aneurysms, acute stroke, brain vascular malformations, and tumors are treated with endovascular techniques primarily or in conjunction with other traditional surgical and medical approaches. Postprocedural concerns unique to endovascular treatment include complications related to access or arterial puncture, contrast nephrotoxicity, and radiation dose complications (eg, alopecia and skin burns). Other complications, such as stroke and hemorrhage, that are not unique are discussed below.
Radiography and Computed Tomography of the Chest
Authors: McComb Barbara L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A portable chest radiograph frequently complements the clinical evaluation of a patient in the intensive care unit (ICU). Standard posteroanterior (PA) chest radiographs are obtained from a distance of 72 inches with the patient erect and facing the detector. The x-ray tube is behind the patient, and the beam passes from posterior to anterior. In the ICU, the PA radiograph is replaced by the portable anteroposterior radiograph, which is obtained from a 40-inch distance with the tube in front of the patient and the patient supine or semierect.
Abdominal Radiography
Authors: Cernigliaro Joseph G. , DiSantis David J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hospitalized patients in a critical care environment are at risk for adverse intra-abdominal events involving bowel, solid organs, and vasculature. For assessment of hospitalized patients with abdominal pain, a thorough history and physical examination should precede indicated laboratory testing and imaging studies. One expedient means of evaluation is abdominal radiography. In very ill patients, it can be performed at the bedside. Because of its ready availability and occasional definitive diagnostic information, however, abdominal radiography often is the first imaging study performed. Ideally, a supine frontal image is supplemented with an upright or left lateral decubitus (left-side down) frontal view.
Endotracheal Intubation Procedures
Authors: Ritter Matthew J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is one of the most common procedures performed in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is also associated with a high incidence of complications. Indications for ETI include acute hypoxemic or hypercapnic respiratory failure, loss of protective reflexes, and inability to manage secretions. Additionally, in the neurosciences ICU, intubation may be necessary for transient hyperventilation in patients with elevated intracranial pressure.
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring and External Ventricular Drainage
Authors: Babu Maya A. , Atkinson John L. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several studies have shown that increased ICP has been associated with poor neurologic outcomes. Management of elevated ICP can improve neurologic outcomes and influence medical and surgical therapy, and accurate recording of ICP is helpful in assessing a patient’s clinical status. Currently, the 2 most common forms of monitoring ICP involve 1) placement of a fiberoptic or strain gauge intraparenchymal monitor or 2) placement of a ventricular drain.
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
Authors: Rubin Mark N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is a diagnostic technology for ascertaining numerous physiologic and pathologic phenomena by monitoring the direction and velocity of blood flow in intracranial vasculature. It is a noninvasive, point-of-care diagnostic tool that provides continuous and reproducible bedside data without the use of ionizing radiation.
Anticonvulsant Drugs
Authors: Feyissa Anteneh M. , Britton Jeffrey W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seizures are a common occurrence in intensive care units harboring patients with acute brain injury. The increased use of continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring has led to an increase in seizure detection in this setting. Independent variables predicting seizure detection in this setting are age, cardiopulmonary arrest, and use of continuous EEG.
Inotropes, Vasopressors, and Antihypertensive Agents
Authors: Pulido Juan N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pharmacologic manipulation of the cardiovascular system is considered one of the cornerstones of day-to-day management of critically ill patients. For formulation of an adequate hemodynamic plan, it is crucial 1) to have a thorough understanding of cardiovascular physiology and its intricate relationship with the autonomic nervous system and 2) to identify a clear hemodynamic goal, such as maintenance of oxygen delivery and perfusion in shock, permissive hypertension in acute stroke, or blood pressure control in hypertensive emergencies.
Minimally Conscious State and Persistent Vegetative State
Authors: Jones David T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Advances in critical care medicine have allowed for more patients to survive catastrophic brain injuries. However, the degree of recovery from serious neurologic injury is highly variable. An acute, severe neurologic insult can cause a state of pathologic unconsciousness referred to as a coma. Common causes of brain injuries leading to a comatose state include cardiac arrest, a severe vascular event, a profound metabolic disturbance (eg, hypoglycemia), carbon monoxide or other poisoning, intoxications, or overdoses. The duration of a comatose state is rarely longer than days to weeks.
Preoperative Physical Conditioning
Authors: McAnally Heath B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Physical fitness is increasingly recognized as a crucial and unfortunately diminishing component and contributor to overall biopsychosocial-spiritual well-being. Morbidity and mortality are closely linked to physical inactivity (PI), as are many chronic pain states; furthermore, there are complex and confounding relationships between PI and obesity, sleep disorders, depression, and anxiety, which all mediate chronic pain and other morbidity and mortality in their own right. Physical inactivity is also associated with worsened postoperative outcomes, and a growing body of evidence supports both rationale and effectiveness of improving physical fitness levels prior to surgery for optimal patient and overall system/economic outcomes. Recent evidence indicates that as little as four weeks of mild to moderate but regular physical activity can improve surgical outcomes. As with many if not all lifestyle issues, PI is at its root a biopsychosocial-spiritual issue, and adequate understanding and accommodation of underlying motivational deficits, obstacles and competing factors, and habit factors are essential to supporting patients in improving their fitness for surgery.
Preoperative Management of Tobacco
Authors: McAnally Heath B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite significant reductions in prevalence in the United States over the past half-century, smoking (and the use of other tobacco products) continues to constitute the most common chemical dependency (aside from caffeine, perhaps) and the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. It is well documented that the use of tobacco products increases overall health risks and, in the context of this work, perioperative complications. Less well recognized but also supported by the literature is an independent association with chronic pain in general after adjusting for common comorbid health risks, and also with worsened postoperative pain control. Conversely, there is evidence that preoperative tobacco cessation results in substantial improvements in outcomes. This chapter briefly reviews basic and clinical science underpinning these phenomena, the descriptive epidemiology and available outcomes data pertinent to the issue, and what the current literature has to say about preoperative tobacco cessation and support, both biologic/pharmacologic and behavioral. Recognizing the complex issues surrounding tobacco use, the chapter highlights the importance of both motivational enhancement and habit alteration.
Putting It All Together
Authors: McAnally Heath B. , Freeman Lyn , Darnall Beth 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Joint behavioral health and medical care is required for optimal success in preoperative optimization of the chronic pain patient. This effort basically comprises lifestyle modification issues, and habit breaking and replacement do not come easily. Physical and psychological dependence on tobacco, alcohol, and opioids adds to the complexity and requires skilled and individualized intervention. Nonetheless, some basic principles, goals and a template/plan for multidimensional “baby steps” can be implemented in every case. Given that many of these variables (e.g., sleep, exercise, diet, kinesiophobia, etc.) are interdependent, such a multidimensional approach is preferred in terms of efficacy. Correspondingly, current forward-thinking charters such as the US National Pain Strategy recognize that the mainstream passivity-inducing and frequently opioid-reliant chronic pain management culture with its failure to encourage biopsychosocial-spiritual health and proactive solutions fosters dependence on reactive efforts. It is no wonder patients suffering with chronic pain in this country should pursue stronger drugs, more procedures and surgery, which in the absence of improved baseline mind-body health status all too often results in worsening of their pain syndrome and opioid dependence. The individual patient and the system at large require recalibration, focusing on what our forebears called “fitness for surgery.”
Probing inhomogeneity in the helium ionizing UV background
Authors: Morrison Sean , Pieri Matthew M , Syphers David , Kim Tae-Sun 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis combining the simultaneous measurement of intergalactic absorption by hydrogen (${\rm {H\,\small {I}}}$), helium (${\rm {He\,\small {II}}}$), and oxygen (${\rm {O\,\small {VI}}}$) in UV and optical quasar spectra. The combination of the ${\rm {H\,\small {I}}}$ and ${\rm {He\,\small {II}}}$ Lyman-alpha forests through η (the ratio of column densities of singly ionized helium to neutral hydrogen) is thought to be sensitive to large-scale inhomogeneities in the extragalactic UV background. We test this assertion by measuring associated five-times-ionized oxygen (${\rm {O\,\small {VI}}}$) absorption, which is also sensitive to the UV background. We apply the pixel optical depth technique to ${\rm {O\,\small {VI}}}$ absorption in high and low η samples filtered on various scales. This filtering scale is intended to represent the scale of any coherent oxygen excess/deficit. We find a 2σ detection of an ${\rm {O\,\small {VI}}}$ opacity excess in the low η sample on scales of ∼10 cMpc for HE 2347-4342 at $\bar{z}\approx 2.6$, consistent with a large-scale excess in hard UV photons. However, for HS 1700 + 6416 at $\bar{z}\approx 2.5$ we find that the measured ${\rm {O\,\small {VI}}}$ absorption is not sensitive to differences in η. HS 1700 + 6416 also shows a relative absence of ${\rm {O\,\small {VI}}}$ overall, which is 6σ inconsistent with that of HE 2347-4342. This implies UV background inhomogeneities on ≳200 cMpc scales, hard UV regions having internal ionization structure on ∼10 cMpc scales, and soft UV regions showing no such structure. Furthermore, we perform the pixel optical depth search for oxygen on the ${\rm {He\,\small {II}}}$ Gunn-Peterson trough of HE 2347-4342 and find results consistent with post-${\rm {He\,\small {II}}}$-reionization conditions.
EZOA – a catalogue of EBHIS H i-detected galaxies in the northern Zone of Avoidance
Authors: Schröder A C , Flöer L , Winkel B , Kerp J 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We present a catalogue of galaxies in the northern Zone of Avoidance (ZoA), extracted from the shallow version of the blind H i survey with the Effelsberg 100 m radio telescope, EBHIS, that has a sensitivity of 23 mJy beam−1 at 10.24 km s−1 velocity resolution. The catalogue comprises 170 detections in the region δ ≥ −5° and |b| &lt; 6°. About a third of the detections (N = 67) have not been previously recorded in H i. While 29 detections have no discernible counterpart at any wavelength other than H i, 48 detections (28 per cent) have a counterpart visible on optical or near-infrared images but are not recorded as such in the literature. New H i detections were found as close as 7.5 Mpc (EZOA J2120+45), and at the edge of the Local Volume, at 10.1 Mpc, we have found two previously unknown dwarf galaxies (EZOA J0506+31 and EZOA J0301+56). Existing large-scale structures crossing the northern ZoA have been established more firmly by the new detections, with the possibility of new filaments. We conclude that the high rate of 39 per cent new H i detections in the northern ZoA, which has been extensively surveyed with targeted observations in the past, proves the power of blind H i surveys. The full EBHIS survey, which will cover the full northern sky with a sensitivity comparable to the HIPASS survey of the southern sky, is expected to add many new detections and uncover new structures in the northern ZoA.
Mapping the missing branch on the neogastropod tree of life: molecular phylogeny of marginelliform gastropods
Authors: Fedosov Alexander E , Caballer Gutierrez Manuel , Buge Barbara , Sorokin Pavel V , Puillandre Nicolas , Bouchet Philippe 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Marginelliform gastropods are a heterogeneous and diverse group of molluscs encompassing over 1,600 living species, among which are the smallest known neogastropods. The relationships of marginelliform gastropods within the order Neogastropoda are controversial, and the monophyly of the two marginelliform families the Marginellidae J. Fleming, 1828 and the Cystiscidae Stimpson, 1865, remains unconfirmed. DNA sequence data have never been used to assess the relationships of the marginelliform gastropods, making this group the only major branch missing in our current understanding of the neogastropod tree of life. Here we report results of the first multilocus phylogenetic analysis of marginelliform gastropods, which is based on a dataset comprising 63 species (20 genera) of Marginellidae and Cystiscidae, and a wide range of neogastropod lineages. The Marginellidae and Cystiscidae form a moderately supported clade that is sister to the family Volutidae. Marginellona gigas appears to be sister to all other marginelliforms. The subfamily Marginellinae was recovered as a well-supported clade, and good resolution of this part of the tree makes it possible to propose amendments to the family-level classification of the group. The relationship between Granulina and other marginelliforms could not be resolved and requires further study. Due to poor resolution of basal relationships within the Marginellidae–Cystiscidae clade, the monophyly of the Cystiscidae was neither confirmed nor convincingly rejected. The shell morphology of most marginellid and cystiscid genera is taxonomically not very informative but, nevertheless, of the traditionally recognized genera only Gibberula and Dentimargo were shown to be polyphyletic. Although a comprehensive systematic revision of the group requires more extensive taxonomic sampling (e.g. with better representation of the type species of nominal genus-group names), our results support the superfamily Volutoidea, comprising four families (Volutidae, Cystiscidae, Marginellidae and Marginellonidae), with the placement of the Granulinidae uncertain for the time being.
Homelessness in Adults With Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Calgary, Canada
Authors: Lemay Julie-Anne , Ricketson Leah J , Zwicker Lauren , Kellner James D 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Homelessness is uncommon but is frequently a characteristic in adults with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). In Calgary, homeless persons comprise approximately 0.2% of the population. We evaluated the relationship of homelessness and IPD in Calgary.

Methods
Demographic, clinical, and microbiologic data were collected by the Calgary Streptococcus pneumoniae Epidemiology Research (CASPER) team through prospective, population-based surveillance of all IPD cases. Here, we report on cases in adults (≥18 years) from 2000 to 2016.

Results
Of 1729 IPD cases, 321 (18.8%) occurred in homeless persons. Compared with nonhomeless persons, homeless persons were younger, more often male, smokers, alcohol abusers, illegal drug users, and had a primary diagnosis of pneumonia. In multivariable models of outcomes, homeless persons had lower odds of being admitted to the ICU (odds ratio [OR], 0.7; P = .02) and lower odds of death (OR, 0.6; P = .146). IPD caused by serotypes 4, 5, or 8, which have caused outbreaks in Calgary, was more common in homeless persons (54.4% vs 21.0%; P &lt; .001). In addition, regardless of homeless status, persons with IPD caused by serotypes 4, 5, or 8 had lower odds of ICU admission and mortality (OR, 0.7; P = .017; and OR, 0.4; P = .004; respectively).

Conclusions
Homelessness is overrepresented in IPD cases in Calgary, despite most homeless persons having fewer risk factors than the overall population of persons with IPD. Most cases are caused by serotypes in both the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine and the 13-valent conjugate vaccine. Thus, enhanced efforts are needed to deliver both vaccines to this vulnerable population.
Oral Fluoroquinolone or Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole vs ß-Lactams as Step-Down Therapy for Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Punjabi Chitra , Tien Vivian , Meng Lina , Deresinski Stan , Holubar Marisa 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Using published data, we sought to compare outcomes in patients transitioned to either oral fluoroquinolones (FQs) or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) vs ß-lactams (BLs) after an initial intravenous (IV) course for gram-negative rod (GNR) bacteremia.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review of PubMed and EMBASE and published IDWeek abstracts. We included studies that reported all-cause mortality and/or infection recurrence in patients transitioned to oral FQ/TMP-SMX and BLs.

Results
Eight retrospective studies met inclusion criteria with data for 2289 patients, of whom 65% were transitioned to oral FQs, 7.7% to TMP-SMX, and 27.2% to BLs. Follow-up periods ranged from 21 to 90 days. All-cause mortality was not significantly different between patients transitioned to either FQ/TMP-SMX or BLs (odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–1.87). Overall recurrence of infection, either bacteremia or the primary site, occurred more frequently in patients transitioned to oral BLs vs FQs (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.17–3.61). Analysis limited to recurrent bacteremia was similarly suggestive, although limited by small numbers (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 0.93–4.99). However, based on known pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, prescribed ß-lactam dosing regimens were frequently suboptimal.

Conclusions
In the step-down IV to oral treatment of GNR bacteremia, we found insufficient data regarding outcomes after oral TMP-SMX; however, selection of an FQ over commonly utilized ß-lactam regimens may reduce chances of infection recurrence. Although this may be a class effect, it may simply be the result of inadequate dosing of ß-lactams. Additional investigations are warranted to determine outcomes with TMP-SMX and optimized oral ß-lactam dosing regimens.
HIV-Associated Vacuolar Encephalomyelopathy
Authors: Madden Gregory R , Fleece Molly E , Gupta Akriti , Lopes M Beatriz S , Heysell Scott K , Arnold Christopher J , Wispelwey Brian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe report a case of HIV-associated vacuolar encephalomyelopathy with progressive central nervous system dysfunction and corresponding vacuolar degeneration of the spinal cord, cranial nerves, and brain, the anatomic extent of which has not previously been described. Vacuolar myelopathy classically presents as a spinal syndrome with progressive, painless gait disturbance in the setting of advanced HIV and AIDS. Vacuolar involvement of the brain and cranial nerves, as illustrated in this case report, is a newly described variant of this condition that we term vacuolar encephalomyelopathy.