bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shellfish fisheries in the Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Mason James , Fraser D. I. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe Clyde Sea Area has long been associated with shellfish fishing and has shared in the large expansion which has occurred during the past thirty-five years in the Scottish industry. Here, as elsewhere, the expansion has been helped by the establishment of processing facilities and in 1983 the landings of shellfish from the Clyde reached £4–5 million in value.The sea bed and shores in the Clyde provide a wide range of habitats which is reflected in the commercially important species which are taken. They range from the fine mud in which Norway lobsters burrow, through sand in which cockles occur, and sandy gravel which is suitable for scallops and queens, to the hard ground inhabited by lobsters and the rocky shores on which periwinkles abound.The most important shellfish in the Clyde, with annual landings valued at £3–75 million, is the Norway lobster, which is dealt with by Bailey et al. (1986). This contribution considers all the other species. The most valuable are scallops and queens, which now together exceed £400,000 p.a. in value. Periwinkles are gathered extensively on rocky shores. Squid are taken sporadically, by light trawlers and seine-netters, and occasionally, when they are especially abundant, form the basis of a directed fishery. Creel fishing for lobsters, edible crabs and velvet swimming crabs is less widespread than elsewhere round Scotland, but provides a useful income for a few boats. Mussels and cockles are gathered on a small scale, and cockle stocks in the Clyde proved especially valuable after English and Welsh stocks had been depleted by the severe winter of 1962–63. The only surviving fishery for the native oyster in Scotland is in the Clyde, in Loch Ryan, and attempts are being made to improve its production. Sea lochs in the Clyde offer conditions, particularly shelter, suitable for cultivating filterfeeding bivalve molluscs.
Reversibility of acidification: soils and surface waters
Authors: Wright Richard F. , Hauhs Michael 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisAs empirical relationships between acidic deposition and its effects on soils and surface waters have become increasingly understood, the focus of attention has shifted to the reversal of acidification in response to decreased amounts of acidic deposition.Recent decreases in acidic deposition, in both North America and parts of Europe, have initiated the reversal of acidification and the recovery of impacted ecosystems. Reversal has also been investigated in large-scale experiments with whole ecosystems. Predictive models can account for much of this empirical and experimental data, at least at the catchment scale, over periods of years.Discrepancies between observed and predicted effects are attributable in part to the increasingly important role of nitrogen in soil and water acidification. ‘Nitrogen saturation’ threatens to offset the incipient recovery following decreases in SO2emissions. Future climate change might further exacerbate the problem by increasing the rate of mineralisation of soil organic matter and releasing stored nitrogen.
Colonisation of hair in disturbed soils
Authors: Tribe H. T. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisLaboratory soil samples are disturbed soils which resemble the arable condition so common in the external world. They have many advantages for study of colonisation of buried substrates and activity may be monitored continuously by the use of a newly-developed automatic electrolytic respirometer. A condensed account of experiments is given in which colonisation of hair in soil samples is followed by measurement of overall metabolism and by direct microscopy.
Implants for Grass Finished Store Blackface Lambs
Authors: Waterhouse A. , McAuslan J. , Laipd R. , McClelland T. H. 
Published: June 2019

The finishing of store Blackface lambs off grass is often relatively unprofitable due to low growth rates and relies heavily upon changes in seasonal price. Anabolic growth promoters offer means of increasing growth rates and thereby make a relatively large impact on profitability.Sixty Blackface wether lambs were grazed in each of two years on grass from September until slaughter before March. Whole barley supplementation was commenced in December. Lambs were sold deadweight arid MLC carcase classified. Lambs were sold when judged to be at a standard fat cover.Lambs were left unimplanted (U), implanted with 12 mg of Zeranol (Z) or with 15 mg of Oestradiol - 17β (O) in September.
Effect on ewe and lamb performance of feeding twin-bearing hill ewes adequately in late pregnancy
Authors: M. H. Davies  
Published: June 2019

Real-time ultrasonic scanning of pregnant ewes has become popular, and offers many potential advantages in flocks lambing at 110-170%. This experiment was set up to quantify the beneficial effect on sheep performance that can be obtained, from correct late pregnancy feeding of outwintered, twin-bearing hill ewes.A hill flock numbering 369 Scottish Blackface ewes in regular ages were pregnancy scanned in mid-February 1985 and 1986 (45-92 days post-conception). From the identified twin-bearing ewes, 102 ewes in 1985 and 166 ewes in 1986 were randomised into two groups in early March, six weeks before lambing was due to commence.
Control of Reproduction in Seasonally Breeding Ruminants
Authors: Lincoln G.A. 
Published: June 2019

All species of ruminants which have evolved in cold or temperate climates are seasonal breeders. This includes many species which have been domesticated such as sheep, goats, cattle, deer and camels. In the wild, births usually occur in spring or summer at a time of year optimal to survival of the offspring; this means that the period of fertility is restricted to a short mating or rutting season. The environmental factors which ultimately dictate the birth season (eg temperature and food supply) are different from the factors which act as proximate cues to dictate the time of the mating season (eg day-length).In all seasonal breeders, the seasonal cycle In fertility is driven by changes in the pulsatile secretion of LHRH from the brain which dictates the level of release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary gland and the consequent activity of the ovaries or testes. Steroid hormones from the gonads act on the numerous target tissues including the brain where they modulate the LHRH pulse-generator and influence sexual and aggressive behaviour.
The effect of melatonin on the peripheral concentrations of LH and progesterone post-oestrus and on conception rate in ewes
Authors: Wallace J.H. , Robinson J.J. , Wigzell S. , Aitken R.P. 
Published: June 2019

Previous studies have shown that for Scottish Blackface ewes kept under a natural photoperiod and exposed to the ram the daily administration of the indoleamine melatonin from June onwards advanced the breeding season and appeared to increase ovulation rate and subsequent litter size (Wigzell et al., 1986). In the primate, exposure to melatonin has been shown to stimulate progesterone production by the corpus luteum in an in vivo perfusion system (Webley & Hearn, 1987). Similarly melatonin administered at physiological concentrations stimulated progesterone production by bovine and human granulosa cell cultures (Webley & Luck, 1986).The present experiments were carried out to determine:-(a)	whether or not melatonin enhances progesterone production and thereby the establishment of pregnancy and embryo survival in the ewe.(b)	whether melatonin acts directly on the corpus luteum or indirectly via increased activity of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator.(c)	whether or not the presence of the ram in the immediate post-oestrus period alters the endocrine status of the ewe and thereby influences conception.
The effect of roughage quality on intake, digestion and rumen function in sheep
Authors: Hovell F.D.DeB. , Masvaure S.M. , Gregory P.C. , Kyle D.J. 
Published: June 2019

In a previous experiment (Hovell et al. (1987)) it was found that with two roughages, one of good (hay) and the other of poor (straw) degradability, both ground and pelleted, that the voluntary intake of the hay was (60% greater than that of the straw. This was despite the fact that rumen DM pool sizes were very similar. The outflow of undegraded material from the rumen was much greater with the hay although particle size should not have been a constraint to outflow with either roughage (Poppi et al. (1980)), and indeed their particle size distributions were very similar. It was suggested that there might have been an effect of roughage quality on rumen outflow rate, possibly mediated through an effect on reticulo-rumen contractions.The objective of the experiment reported here was to examine the effect of roughages with different degradabilities on voluntary intake, rumen volume, rumen outflow rate, and on reticulo-ruminal contractions.
Appraisal of the York Electronics egg quality testing equipment when used by several operators
Authors: Hoste S. , Bedford T. , Walker H. , Butler E. A. 
Published: June 2019

This equipment records egg weight (g) shell colour (% reflectance) shell weight (g) and thick albumen height (measured on an egg broken out onto a flat plane), and through the connection with a dedicated microprocessor derives the Haugh units (a logarithmically transformed measure of albumen height) and shell weight per unit surface area (mg/cm2). Means, standard deviations and coefficients of variation for a batch are transferred to a printer and/or microprocessor.Experiment 1Three operators each made three sequential measurements of egg weight and shell colour on 31 eggs, each record being automatically captured by the microprocessor.Experiment 2Using the same procedure four operators made two sequential measurements of egg weight, shell colour and albumen height on 30 eggs.
Effect of Cellulase Enzymes on Degradation Characteristics of Ensiled Rice Straw
Authors: Nakashima Y. , Ørskov E.R. , Ambo K. , Takase Y. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRice straw was ensiled in laboratory containers of 11 capacity. Three concentrations of moisture (50, 60 or 70%) 3 concentrations of a commercial cellulase enzyme preparation (0, 5 or 10g/kg dry matter (DM)) and 3 types of straw processing (2 cm, 5 mm or 2 mm length) were used. The preparations were stored at room temperature (approximately 20°C) for 30 days. The straw treated with cellulase had a lower final pH (5.21, 4.87, 4.82; P<0.05), higher concentrations of lactic acid (198, 383, 367 mg/100g; P<0.05), a lower content of neutral detergent fibre (689, 630, 620 g/kg DM; P<0.05) and a higher solubility, measured as washing losses from nylon bags (152, 196, 212 g/kg DM; P<0.05) for the 0, 5 and 10 g/kg cellulase treatments respectively. The samples were subsequently incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of 3 sheep for 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h to estimate degradation rate and potential degradability using the expression p+a+b(1-e-ct) where p is degradability at time t and a, b and c are constants. While there was no effect of moisture content or physical form of the straw, the degradation rate constant (c) was significantly increased (P<0.05) by the addition of cellulase. The maximum potential (a+b) however was unchanged. The values for c were 0.0496, 0.0677 and 0.0847/h-1 and the values for (a+b) were 624, 621 and 628 g/kg for the 0, 5 and 10 g/kg cellulase enzyme additions respectively. It is concluded that the use of cellulase enzymes can assist in the preservation of wet straw and can result in improved degradation characteristics.
The effect of increasing sward surface height in mid-season on performance of grazing ewes and lambs
Authors: Mackie C K , Keeling B J , King M E , Wilkinson S C , Weatherill G 
Published: June 2019

Higher lamb growth rates have been observed on swards that increased in height over time than on swards of constant or decreasing height (Doney et al, 1987; Lloyd et al, 1987). Where ewes and lambs were maintained at sward surface heights (SSH) within the ranges 4-6 cm or 6-8 cm until weaning in August, high rates of lamb growth were achieved until the end of June whereafter there was a marked decline (Keeling et al, 1987). The present study investigated the effect on lamb performance of increasing sward height at the end of June.One hundred and fifty Mule ewes with Suffolk cross lambs were grazed on an area of permanent grass (89% perennial ryegrass) which received 255 kg N/ha over the season in 4 dressings with balancing P and K. The initial stocking rate was 19 ewes and 31 lambs/ha and SSH was maintained in the range 4-6 cm from May 6 until the end of June.
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Different Methods of Eliminating Cobalt Deficiency in Grazing Sheep
Authors: Paterson Jessie E. , MacPherson Allan , Klessa David 
Published: June 2019

Upland pasture improvement can induce sub-clinical cobalt deficiency in grazing animals, leading to lowered productivity. A trial was set up to investigate three methods of combating this problem, namely: monthly vitamin B12 injections, administration of a slow-release bolus at the start of the grazing season and treatment of the pasture with cobalt sulphate.A recently improved permanent grassland of 5 ha was split in two and one half treated with cobalt sulphate at 2 kg/ha. During two summers, 15 Blackface ewes with twin lambs grazed each pasture. One lamb from each pair on the untreated pasture was treated by monthly 1000 µg vitamin B12 injections in the first year, or by the administration of slow-release bolus in the second. Monthly measurements were made of liveweight, serum vitamin B12 and herbage Co.Cobalt application to the pasture effected an immediate increase in herbage Co and maintained higher values for the whole of the first grazing season. The high value found one month after application would be due to leaf adherence.
Digestibility and Utilisation of Fibre and Nitrogen by Growing Pigs given Diets Containing Sugar Beet Pulp
Authors: Stebbens H R , Morgan C A , Whittemore C T 
Published: June 2019

Dried unmolassed sugar beet pulp contains complex polysaccharides which are highly fermentable in the growing pig and the neutral detergent fibre fraction is highly digestible. Fermentation in the hind gut of the pig is dependent on a supply of carbohydrate and nitrogen. The amounts of nitrogen available could limit microbial metabolism and hence sugar beet pulp digestibility at high levels of intake. The alms of the experiment were to examine:1.The effect of the level of protein on the digestibility of fibre from sugar beet pulp.2.The effect of the level of sugar beet pulp on nitrogen digestibility, nitrogen retention and nitrogen excretion.
Recent developments in predicting the nutritive value of compound feeds for ruminants
Authors: Cooke B C 
Published: June 2019

The nutritive value of compound feeds for ruminants has been classically described in terms of starch equivalent for energy and digestible crude protein for the protein fraction. Over the last ten years there has been a move to describe energy in terms of metabolisable energy and protein in terms of rumen degradable (RDP) and rumen undegradable protein (UDP). Both of these descriptions involve measurements on animals in order to derive values for individual ingredients to be used in compound feeds. The assumption is then made that these individual ingredient values are additive when the ingredients are used in the compound.Metabolisable energy is measured in animals kept in calorimetric chambers or metabolic crates, in the latter case energy loss in the form of methane is assumed to be constant. However, data from the Rowett indicates that this is not the case, losses varying from 1.1-2.5 MJ/kg DM (Table 1). This inaccuracy can have a dramatic economic affect in feed formulation for 1MJ difference is worth £7/tonne of ingredient.
Chronotropic incompetence in paediatric heart transplant recipients with prior congenital heart disease
Authors: Singh Nikki M. , Loomba Rohit S. , Kovach Joshua R. , Kindel Steven J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground:Cardiopulmonary exercise testing has been used to measure functional capacity in children who have undergone a heart transplant. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing results have not been compared between children transplanted for a primary diagnosis of CHD and those with a primary diagnosis of cardiomyopathy despite differences in outcomes. This study is aimed to compare cardiopulmonary exercise testing performance between these two groups.Methods:Patients who underwent heart transplant with subsequent cardiopulmonary exercise testing at least 6 months after transplant at our institution were identified. They were then divided into two groups based on primary cardiac diagnosis: CHD or cardiomyopathy. Patient characteristics, echocardiograms, cardiac catheterisations, outcomes, and cardiopulmonary exercise test results were compared between the two groups.Results:From the total of 35 patients, 15 (43%) had CHD and 20 (57%) had cardiomyopathy. Age at transplant, kidney disease, lung disease, previous rejection, coronary vasculopathy, catheterisation, and echocardiographic data were similar between the groups. Mean time from transplant to cardiopulmonary exercise testing, exercise duration, and maximum oxygen consumption were similar in both groups. There was a difference in heart rate response with CHD heart rate response of 63 beats per minute compared to cardiomyopathy group of 78 (p = 0.028). Patients with CHD had more chronotropic incompetence than those with cardiomyopathy (p = 0.036).Conclusion:Primary diagnosis of CHD is associated with abnormal heart rate response and more chronotropic incompetence compared to those transplanted for cardiomyopathy.
Embolisation of ceramic-coated PDA devices into the descending thoracic aorta: probable mechanisms and retrieval strategies
Authors: Sen Supratim , Jain Sneha , Dalvi Bharat 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe describe two cases of spontaneous embolisation and successful retrieval of ceramic-coated patent arterial duct devices. In both, the device embolised to the descending aorta in the absence of pulmonary hypertension and despite optimum placement. We have discussed possible mechanisms for embolisation in these patients and suggested alternative methods for device retrieval. Based on this limited experience, we conclude that for tubular ducts, ceramic-coated devices should be oversized to form a tighter waist or alternate devices may be considered.
A Practical Introduction to Landmark-Based Geometric Morphometrics
Authors: Webster Mark , Sheets H. David 
Published: June 2019

Landmark-based geometric morphometrics is a powerful approach to quantifying biological shape, shape variation, and covariation of shape with other biotic or abiotic variables or factors. The resulting graphical representations of shape differences are visually appealing and intuitive. This paper serves as an introduction to common exploratory and confirmatory techniques in landmark-based geometric morphometrics. The issues most frequently faced by (paleo)biologists conducting studies of comparative morphology are covered. Acquisition of landmark and semilandmark data is discussed. There are several methods for superimposing landmark configurations, differing in how and in the degree to which among-configuration differences in location, scale, and size are removed. Partial Procrustes superimposition is the most widely used superimposition method and forms the basis for many subsequent operations in geometric morphometrics. Shape variation among superimposed configurations can be visualized as a scatter plot of landmark coordinates, as vectors of landmark displacement, as a thin-plate spline deformation grid, or through a principal components analysis of landmark coordinates or warp scores. The amount of difference in shape between two configurations can be quantified as the partial Procrustes distance; and shape variation within a sample can be quantified as the average partial Procrustes distance from the sample mean. Statistical testing of difference in mean shape between samples using warp scores as variables can be achieved through a standard Hotelling's T2test, MANOVA, or canonical variates analysis (CVA). A nonparametric equivalent to MANOVA or Goodall's F-test can be used in analysis of Procrustes coordinates or Procrustes distance, respectively. CVA can also be used to determine the confidence with which a priori specimen classification is supported by shape data, and to assign unclassified specimens to pre-defined groups (assuming that the specimen actually belongs in one of the pre-defined groups).Examples involving Cambrian olenelloid trilobites are used to illustrate how the various techniques work and their practical application to data. Mathematical details of the techniques are provided as supplemental online material. A guide to conducting the analyses in the free Integrated Morphometrics Package software is provided in the appendix.
Reefs Through the Looking Glass
Authors: Hubbard Dennis K. 
Published: June 2019

Coral reefs have experienced a profound shift in community structure in recent decades, a pattern that contrasts with the apparent constancy of Caribbean reef zonation over the past 2 million years. The abrupt decline in branching Acropora palmata and massive frame-builders like Montastrea annularis in the Caribbean is troubling, and similar patterns have been reported from virtually every ocean. As we ponder the future of coral reefs, we must be mindful that our best monitoring records span perhaps half a century – and those are exceedingly rare. “Pristine” reefs may not have existed since Columbus sailed for the new world, and anthropogenic impacts probably extend even farther back in time.Despite the vagaries of evolutionary change, taphonomy and time averaging, the geologic record still represents a unique source of important information about the processes that have controlled community structure and reef building in the absence of human influences. The creation of rigid and elevated structures requires calcification rates that are capable of filling the accommodation space created by rising sea level. This has been complicated over the past three to four decades as accelerated sea-level rise has been joined by a suite of stresses that probably slow accretion. Explaining the recent reef decline and posing realistic models of future change will require an understanding of carbonate cycling in the past, the processes that have been involved and a quantitative assessment of how anthropogenic stresses are affecting both.At the least a look back in time may help to constrain the thresholds at which change might be expected to occur in the future. At best, the context gained from examining the “recent” geological past may provide insights into which possible solutions are most consistent with observed patterns at larger spatial and temporal scales.
The Ontogenesis of Human Identity
Authors: Boniolo Giovanni 
Published: June 2019

“<<Es ist, als wären unsere Begriffe bedingt durch ein Gerüst von Tatsachen>>.Das hiess doch: Wenn du dir gewisse Tatsachen anders denkst, sie anders beschreibst, als sie sind, dann kannst du die Anwendung gewisser Begriffe dir nicht mehr vorstellen, weil die Regeln ihrer Anwendung kein Analogon unter den neuen Umstanden haben.” (L. Wittgenstein,Zettel, § 350)