bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PEMAHAMAN GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KATOLIK TENTANG TUGAS MISIONER GEREJA DAN PELAKSANAANNYA DI SLTA KATOLIK KOTA MADIUN
Authors: Iryanto Aloysius , Ardijanto Don Bosco Karnan 
Published: April 2019

The Sacrament of Baptism and of Confirmation urge the faithful to participate in the mission of the Church. One of various realizations of the Church’s mission is running the Catholic Schools. In other words, all members of a Catholic school: teachers, employees, students, foundations or parents, are called and sent to be involved in the mission of the Church. One of the fruits of carrying out Church missionary duties in Catholic schools is baptism. In 2012-2016 the number of baptisms in the Catholic High Schools in the city of Madiun was 15 people. Starting from the above, several questions can be asked as the starting point of this research: 1) What is the Church’s mission? 2) What is the Church’s mission according to the Catholoc religious educators? 3) How do the Catholic religious educators implement the Church’s mission in the Catholic Senior High Schools in Madiun city? This study aims: describing the understanding of the Church’s mission, to analyze the understanding of Religious Educators on the Church’s mission and to analyze how the religious educators to realize the Church’s mission in the Catholic Senior High Schools in the Madiun city. To achieve these objectives, researcher used qualitative research methods with interview techniques. The respondents of this study were religious educators in four Catholic Senior High Schools in Madiun. The results of the study show that: 1) The Religious Educators know the understanding of the Church’s mission. 2) All faithful are responsible to participate in the Church’s mission. 3) The Religious Educators had to be responsible and to involve in the Church’s mission in Catholic Senior High Schools. 4) The Religious Educators had already done and implemented the Church’s mission in their schools. In fact, there were some difficulties come from extern or intern of the schools.
Multiple Populations of Extrasolar Gas Giants
Authors: Goda Shohei , Matsuo Taro 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
There are two planetary formation scenarios: core accretion and gravitational disk instability. Based on the fact that gaseous objects are preferentially observed around metal-rich host stars, most extrasolar gaseous objects discovered to date are thought to have been formed by core accretion. Here, we present 569 samples of gaseous planets and brown dwarfs found in 485 planetary systems that span three mass regimes with boundary values at 4 and 25 Jupiter-mass masses through performing cluster analyses of these samples regarding the host-star metallicity, after minimizing the impact of the selection effect of radial-velocity measurement on the cluster analysis. The larger mass is thought to be the upper mass limit of the objects that were formed during the planetary formation processes. In contrast, the lower mass limit appears to reflect the difference between planetary formation processes around early-type and G-type stars; disk instability plays a greater role in the planetary formation process around early-type stars than that around G-type stars. Populations with masses between 4 and 25 Jupiter masses that orbit early-type stars comprise planets formed not only via the core-accretion process but also via gravitational disk instability because the population preferentially orbits metal-poor stars or is independent of the host-star metallicity. Therefore, it is essential to have a hybrid scenario for the planetary formation of the diverse systems.
The Sub-Neptune Desert and Its Dependence on Stellar Type: Controlled by Lifetime X-Ray Irradiation
Authors: McDonald George D. , Kreidberg Laura , Lopez Eric 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Short-period sub-Neptunes with substantial volatile envelopes are among the most common type of known exoplanets. However, recent studies of the Kepler population have suggested a dearth of sub-Neptunes on highly irradiated orbits, where they are vulnerable to atmospheric photoevaporation. Physically, we expect this “photoevaporation desert” to depend on the total lifetime X-ray and extreme ultraviolet flux, the main drivers of atmospheric escape. In this work, we study the demographics of sub-Neptunes as a function of lifetime exposure to high-energy radiation and host-star mass. We find that for a given present-day insolation, planets orbiting a 0.3 M
⊙ star experience ∼100× more X-ray flux over their lifetimes versus a 1.2 M
⊙ star. Defining the photoevaporation desert as a region consistent with zero occurrence at 2σ, the onset of the desert happens for integrated X-ray fluxes greater than 1.43 × 1022 to 8.23 × 1020 as a function of planetary radii for 1.8–4 R
⊕. We also compare the location of the photoevaporation desert for different stellar types. We find much greater variability in the desert onset in the bolometric flux space compared to the integrated X-ray flux space, suggestive of photoevaporation driven by steady-state stellar X-ray emissions as the dominant control on desert location. Finally, we report tentative evidence for the sub-Neptune valley, first seen around Sun-like stars, for M&K dwarfs. The discovery of additional planets around low-mass stars from surveys such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission will enable detailed exploration of these trends.
The Inflow and Outflow Rate Evolution of Local Milky Way–mass Star-forming Galaxies since z = 1.3
Authors: Pan Zhizheng , Peng Yingjie , Zheng Xianzhong , Wang Jing , Kong Xu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We study the gas inflow rate (ζ
inflow) and outflow rate (ζ
outflow) evolution of local Milky Way–mass star-forming galaxies (SFGs) since z = 1.3. The stellar mass growth history of Milky Way–mass progenitor SFGs is inferred from the evolution of the star formation rate (SFR)−stellar mass (M
*) relation, and the gas mass (M
gas) is derived using the recently established gas-scaling relations. With the

growth curve, the net inflow rate κ is quantified at each cosmic epoch. At z ∼ 1.3, κ is comparable with the SFR, whereas it rapidly decreases to ∼0.15 × SFR at z = 0. We then constrain the average outflow rate ζ
outflow of progenitor galaxies by modeling the evolution of their gas-phase metallicity. The best-fit ζ
outflow is found to be (0.5–0.8) × SFR. Combining κ and ζ
outflow, we finally investigate the evolution of ζ
inflow since z = 1.3. We find that ζ
inflow rapidly decreases by ∼80% from z = 1.3 to z = 0.5. At z < 0.5, ζ
inflow continuously decreases but with a much lower decreasing rate. Implications of these findings on galaxy evolution are discussed.
Evaluating the Met Office Unified Model land surface temperature in Global Atmosphere/Land 3.1 (GA/L3.1), Global Atmosphere/Land 6.1 (GA/L6.1) and limited area 2.2 km configurations
Authors: Brooke Jennifer K. , Harlow R. Chawn , Scott Russell L. , Best Martin J. , Edwards John M. , Thelen Jean-Claude , Weeks Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. A limitation of the Met Office
operational data assimilation scheme is that surface-sensitive infrared
satellite sounding channels cannot be used during daytime periods where
numerical weather prediction (NWP) model background land surface temperature
(LST) biases are greater than 2 K in magnitude. The Met Office Unified Model
(UM) has a significant cold LST bias in semi-arid regions when compared with
satellite observations; a range of UM configurations were assessed with
different model resolutions, land surface cover datasets and bare soil
parameterisations. UM LST biases were evaluated at global resolution and in a
limited area model (LAM) at a 2.2 km resolution over the SALSTICE (Semi-Arid
Land Surface Temperature and IASI Calibration Experiment) experimental domain
in south-eastern Arizona. This validation is in conjunction with
eddy-covariance flux tower measurements. LST biases in the Global
Atmosphere/Land 3.1 (GA/L3.1) configuration were largest in the mid-morning
with respect to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra
(-13.6±2.8 K at the Kendall Grassland site). The diurnal cycle of LST
in Global Atmosphere/Land 6.1 (GA/L6.1) showed a significant improvement
relative to GA/L3.1 with the cold LST biases reduced to -1.4±2.7 K and
-3.6±3.0 K for Terra and Aqua overpasses, respectively. The
higher-resolution LAM showed added value over the global configurations. The spatial distribution of the LST biases relative to MODIS and the
modelled bare soil cover fraction were found to be moderately correlated
(0.61±0.08) during the daytime, which suggests that regions
of cold LST bias are associated with low bare soil cover fraction.
Coefficients of correlation with the shrub surface fractions followed the
same trend as the bare soil cover fraction, although with a less significant
correlation (0.36±0.09), and indicated that the sparse
vegetation canopies in south-eastern Arizona are not well represented in UM
ancillary datasets. The x component of the orographic slope was positively
correlated with the LST bias (0.41±0.05 for MODIS Aqua) and
identified that regions of cold model LST bias are found on easterly slopes,
and regions of warm model LST bias are found on westerly slopes. An
overestimate in the modelled turbulent heat and moisture fluxes at the
eddy-covariance flux sites was found to be coincident with an underestimate
in the ground heat flux.
Verwobenin “Indianthusiasm”: A Uniquely German Entanglement
Authors: Perry Nicole 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe German fascination with North American Indigenous peoples is extensive. Primarily based on the writings of the nineteenth-century German author Karl May, the Indianer permeates German culture, and yet it is little known outside Central Europe. Many North American Indigenous artists, writers, filmmakers, and performance artists are aware of this phenomenon and are often met with resistance from a German perspective when they intervene and assert their voices into the conversation. This article examines the German fascination with North American Indigenous peoples and contemporary Indigenous responses. Kent Monkman and Drew Hayden Taylor challenge the constructed German images of Indigeneity by practicing what Gerald Vizenor has termed “Native survivance.” Ideas of colonialism, sexuality, and contemporaneity are challenged and expose deep-rooted cultural and societal truths regarding Indigenous peoples in North America and their Indianer counterparts.
Electromagnetic Wave Scattering
Authors: Musselman Randall L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractElectromagnetic wave scattering is the reradiation of electromagnetic energy that results when an electromagnetic field encounters an abrupt change in electrical parameters. Typically, this occurs when an electromagnetic field is incident on a structure or scattering object. When the original electromagnetic field crosses the boundary between two regions of different materials, each with different electrical properties, the field will change as it enters the second region. Sources, including conduction, displacement, and polarization currents, will be induced at the discontinuity between the two regions. These currents act as sources of electromagnetic radiation, much like the sources of the original incident electromagnetic field. This reradiation is calledelectromagnetic scatteringbecause it scatters the incident electromagnetic field from its original propagation path.
Microwave Scattering Models for Earth Terrain
Authors: Fung Adrian K. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article treats microwave scattering models for soil surface, leafy vegetation, and snow‐covered terrain. These models are generally useful for understanding the physics of the scattering problem, the design of scatterometers for specific applications, and the inversion of physical or geometric terrain parameters in remote sensing. It begins with introducing basic terms associated with the general scattering problem and terms associated with specific types of terrain. Then, it shows how surface scattering, volume scattering, and surface–volume interaction fit together in terrain scattering through the radiative transfer formulation. Illustrations of theoretical model behaviors are given for each terrain type, while derivations of the scattering models are provided in the references. The applications of these models to data interpretations are discussed.
Miniaturized Packaged (Embedded) Antennas for Portable Wireless Devices
Authors: Ali M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPackaged (embedded) antennas are becoming more and more in need with the rapid proliferation of wireless communication devices and systems. This include mobile phones, pagers, wireless PDAs, phones with enhanced GPS services, terminals with Bluetooth/WLAN functionalities, and RFID tags for inventory tracking and identification. In this article an overview of miniaturized packaged (embedded) antennas is presented. This includes multiband embedded antennas for mobile phone applications in the 900/1900‐MHz bands, Bluetooth/WLAN in 2.4‐ and 5–6‐GHz bands. Miniaturized planar inverted‐F antennas (PIFAs) are discussed along with wideband monopoles for possible triple‐band applications. Surface‐mount PIFAs, integrated inverted‐F antennas (IFAs), and packaged monopole type radiators are discussed for Bluetooth and WLAN applications. Finally, some future trends in this research area are also discussed.
Traveling Wave Antennas
Authors: Waterhouse Rod B. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this article, a review of common traveling wave antennas is presented. We briefly discuss the structural characteristics, design trends, and overall performance of several traveling wave antennas including Beverage antennas (wire and printed), horn antennas, reflectors, and tapered slots. Some examples of manufactured traveling wave antennas are given. We also attempt to outline the fundamental properties of this general class of antenna and how it can be differentiated from resonant style radiators. It will be shown that traveling wave antennas are essential for a variety of applications ranging from sophisticated radio astronomy platforms to simple low‐frequency communications.
Low‐Power Broadcasting
Authors: Morgan Chip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Low‐power broadcasting systems are very interesting from a technical perspective for several reasons. Although they appear to be simple to build and easy to design, they can actually be more critical than higher‐powered stations. In fact, since the signal is local and likely to receive or cause interference, design and optimization methods for low‐power systems can make the difference between a successful operation and a failure.
Mobile Communication
Authors: Wysocki Tadeusz , Zepernick Hans-Jürgen , Weber Ralf 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMobile communication has already become an integral part of modern life and is one of the driving forces of telecommunications. Wireless access to global telecommunication can be expected to change the face of telecommunication even further. Apart from traditional voice services and low‐rate data, future mobile communication will provide for multimedia services that are a mixture of voice, data, text, graphic, and video. Land mobile, maritime, aeronautic, and satellite systems will not just coexist but will establish a global mobile system allowing users to communicate at any time and from anywhere in the world.
Thermal Analysis and Design of Electronic Systems
Authors: Kraus Allan D. , Bar-Cohen Avram , Geisler Karl J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe challenges posed by high chip heat fluxes and ever more stringent performance and reliability constraints make thermal management a key enabling technology in the development of microelectronic systems for the twenty‐first century. Thus, thermal packaging efforts must be performed in the context of the salient trends and parameters that characterize the IC technology and the electronic products industry.Recent road‐mapping efforts, have affirmed the expectation that improvements in CMOS semiconductor technology will continue unabated into the early part of the twenty‐first century. Exploiting the potential of this IC technology, with the attendant increase in chip size, switching speed, and transistor density, will necessitate significant improvements in packaging technology.
High‐Field Effects
Authors: Hess K. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractElectrons and holes contribute to the charge transport in semiconductors, while ordinary charge transport in metals is restricted to electrons only. Another distinctive feature of semiconductor transport is its inherent nonlinearity in high electric fields.The basic phenomena of high field transport are nonlinear conductance; changed responses to magnetic fields; changed high‐frequency response, including the dielectric function; and changed confinement in potential wells or at heterojunctions between different semiconductors.
Millimeter‐Wave Measurement
Authors: Vernet Guy , Beaudin Gerard , Cros Dominique , Crozat Paul , Dambrine Gilles , Huyart Bernard , Nebus Jean‐Michel 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn the millimeter‐wave range up to 100 GHz, the equipment and methods of measurement have been extended from the microwave domain. The major problems in the millimeter field are due to the small size of the devices and the transmission line losses. Above 100 GHz, as an alternative, other equipment and methods of measurement, using a quasioptic setup, have been developed or adapted from far‐infrared techniques (dielectric waveguide cavity resonator, free‐space methods).
Acoustic Microwave Devices
Authors: Smith Peter M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAcoustic wave devices are often used in radiofrequency and microwave circuits because of their very small size and the performance that they offer. In this article, we review the basic theory of acoustic wave propagation in crystals. We describe some of the implementations of acoustic wave devices and show how they can be employed in microwave systems. We then present some of the models that are commonly used in the design of acoustic wave devices.
Ferrite Loaded Waveguides
Authors: Marqués Ricardo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article describes the main physical effects due to the propagation and guidance of electromagnetic waves in ferrite‐loaded waveguides useful in microwave technology. The linear approach, in which the high‐frequency magnetic susceptibility of the ferrite is a function susceptibility of the ferrite is a function static magnetic field, will be considered valid. This approach includes the analysis of exchange free electromagnetic waves, as well as magnetostatic waves approximations, but not the analysis of spin waves nonlinear effects, magnetoelastic waves, and other complex interactions.
Left‐Handed Materials for Microwave Devices and Circuits
Authors: Krowne Clifford M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this article we discuss the use of left‐handed materials or arrangements of materials to produce left‐handed responses to enable the construction of electronic devices and circuits. Attention is directed mainly toward the nonfocusing and nonradiating aspects of left‐handed behavior. Production of these materials, insertion of these materials in structures to produce devices and circuits, and the potential new properties of these electronic components and circuits is covered. The new physics causing the unusual aspects of left‐handed materials is presented. Propagation constants for microwave and millimeter electromagnetic waves will be presented, as well as electromagnetic field distributions in devices using left‐handed materials. Left‐handed devices and circuits, utilizing the physical action of left‐handed materials, will be discussed.
Microstrip Transitions
Authors: Holzman Eric L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMicrostrip line is a printed microwave transmission line used to interconnect microwave devices on an electronic circuit board. Coaxial and waveguide transmission lines are used to interconnect different electronic circuit boards. Thus, transitions are often required between microstrip and other transmission lines. These transitions must have low loss and be well matched, be easy to fabricate and be mechanically robust. This article surveys many of the most commonly used microstrip transitions.
Noise, High‐Frequency
Authors: Agethen M. , Reuter R. , Bertenburg R. M. , Brockerhoff W. , Tegude F. J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe high‐frequency behavior of electronic devices is of major interest in the field of research and development. Beside the typical RF device parameters, like the cutoff frequenciesfTandfmax, the high‐frequency noise behavior should be considered for circuit design, especially if noise has a significant influence on the system performance, for instance, the sensitivity of receivers. Thus, there is a demand for simple, but exact RF noise models that must consider the physically relevant noise phenomena with a significant contribution to the total noise behavior of the device.After an introduction to various physical noise sources, a general description of noisy two‐ports will be presented. Then, a short presentation of a special measurement setup for RF noise in the range of 2–18 GHz with dependence on temperature (15–400 K) is given. In Section 4 RF noise phenomena in certain devices are examined and high‐frequency noise models for heterostructure field‐effect transistors (HFETs) and heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) based on the material system InP are presented. For both devices the capabilities of the model presented will be proved by comparing measured and modeled RF noise parameters. In Section 5 modifications of the HFET noise model and applications of this RF noise model are presented.
Distributed Amplifiers
Authors: Koryu Ishii T. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe objective of this article is to present various aspects of distributed amplifiers. Distributed amplifiers are by definition, electronic amplifiers consisting of distributed circuit parameters. However, in practice, amplifier systems that consist of a number of discrete amplifiers associated with distributed parameter circuits are often termed distributed amplifiers; this latter amplifier is actually a pseudodistributed amplifier.
Wideband Amplifiers
Authors: Narayanan Mysore 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

More recent developments in broadband communications systems have forced the development of circuit components that are more suited and more appropriate for broadband applications. In addition, the development of broadband communication systems has led the way to an increasing demand for use of wideband amplifiers. It should be recognized that distributed amplifiers have been critical
building
blocks in many such systems because of their performance characteristics, which are clearly
wideband
.