bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from typical dairy barns in central China and major factors influencing the emissions
Authors: Shi Zhifang , Sun Xiaoqin , Lu Yao , Xi Lei , Zhao Xin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThere are few studies on the concentrations and emission characteristics of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from Chinese dairy farms. The purpose of this study was to calculate the emission rates of NH3 and H2S during summer and to investigate influencing factors for NH3 and H2S emissions from typical dairy barns in central China. Eleven dairy barns with open walls and double-slope bell tower roofs from three dairy farms were studied. Five different locations in each barn were sampled both near the floor and at 1.5 m above the floor. Concentrations of NH3 and H2S were measured using the Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometry method and the methylene blue spectrophotometric method, respectively. NH3 concentrations varied between 0.58 and 4.76 mg/m3 with the average of 1.54 mg/m3, while H2S concentrations ranged from 0.024 to 0.151 mg/m3 with the average of 0.092 mg/m3. The concentrations of NH3 and H2S were higher during the day than at night, and were higher near the ground than at the height of 1.5 m, and were higher in the manure area than in other areas. NH3 and H2S concentrations in the barns were significantly correlated with nitrogen and sulfur contents in feed and manure (P < 0.05), and with temperature inside the barns (P < 0.05). Calculated emission rates of NH3 ranged from 13.8 to 41.3 g NH3/(AU·d), while calculated emission rates of H2S ranged from 0.15 to 0.46 g H2S/(AU·d). These results will serve as a starting point for a national inventory of NH3 and H2S for the Chinese dairy industry.
TaAPO-A1, an ortholog of rice ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 1, is associated with total spikelet number per spike in elite European hexaploid winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties
Authors: Muqaddasi Quddoos H. , Brassac Jonathan , Koppolu Ravi , Plieske Jörg , Ganal Martin W. , Röder Marion S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe dissected the genetic basis of total spikelet number (TSN) along with other traits, viz. spike length (SL) and flowering time (FT) in a panel of 518 elite European winter wheat varieties. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on 39,908 SNP markers revealed highly significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for TSN on chromosomes 2D, 7A, and 7B, for SL on 5A, and FT on 2D, with 2D-QTL being the functional marker for the gene Ppd-D1. The physical region of the 7A-QTL for TSN revealed the presence of a wheat ortholog (TaAPO-A1) to APO1–a rice gene that positively controls the spikelet number on the panicles. Interspecific analyses of the TaAPO-A1 orthologs showed that it is a highly conserved gene important for floral development and present in a wide range of terrestrial plants. Intraspecific studies of the TaAPO-A1 across wheat genotypes revealed a polymorphism in the conserved F-box domain, defining two haplotypes. A KASP marker developed on the polymorphic site showed a highly significant association of TaAPO-A1 with TSN, explaining 23.2% of the total genotypic variance. Also, the TaAPO-A1 alleles showed weak but significant differences for SL and grain yield. Our results demonstrate the importance of wheat sequence resources to identify candidate genes for important traits based on genetic analyses.
Distribution of local ancestry and evidence of adaptation in admixed populations
Authors: Secolin Rodrigo , Mas-Sandoval Alex , Arauna Lara R. , Torres Fábio R. , de Araujo Tânia K. , Santos Marilza L. , Rocha Cristiane S. , Carvalho Benilton S. , Cendes Fernando , Lopes-Cendes Iscia , Comas David 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAdmixed American populations have different global proportions of European, Sub-Saharan African, and Native-American ancestry. However, individuals who display the same global ancestry could exhibit remarkable differences in the distribution of local ancestry blocks. We studied for the first time the distribution of local ancestry across the genome of 264 Brazilian admixed individuals, ascertained within the scope of the Brazilian Initiative on Precision Medicine. We found a decreased proportion of European ancestry together with an excess of Native-American ancestry on chromosome 8p23.1 and showed that this is due to haplotypes created by chromosomal inversion events. Furthermore, Brazilian non-inverted haplotypes were more similar to Native-American haplotypes than to European haplotypes, in contrast to what was found in other American admixed populations. We also identified signals of recent positive selection on chromosome 8p23.1, and one gene within this locus, PPP1R3B, is related to glycogenesis and has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity. These findings point to a selection event after admixture, which is still not entirely understood in recent admixture events.
Neuroprotective activation of astrocytes by methylmercury exposure in the inferior colliculus
Authors: Ishihara Yasuhiro , Itoh Kouichi , Oguro Ami , Chiba Yoichi , Ueno Masaki , Tsuji Mayumi , Vogel Christoph F. A. , Yamazaki Takeshi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMethylmercury (MeHg) is well known to induce auditory disorders such as dysarthria. When we performed a global analysis on the brains of mice exposed to MeHg by magnetic resonance imaging, an increase in the T1 signal in the inferior colliculus (IC), which is localized in the auditory pathway, was observed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the pathophysiology and auditory dysfunction induced by MeHg, focusing on the IC. Measurement of the auditory brainstem response revealed increases in latency and decreases in threshold in the IC of mice exposed to MeHg for 4 weeks compared with vehicle mice. Incoordination in MeHg-exposed mice was noted after 6 weeks of exposure, indicating that IC dysfunction occurs earlier than incoordination. There was no change in the number of neurons or microglial activity, while the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker for astrocytic activity, was elevated in the IC of MeHg-exposed mice after 4 weeks of exposure, indicating that astrogliosis occurs in the IC. Suppression of astrogliosis by treatment with fluorocitrate exacerbated the latency and threshold in the IC evaluated by the auditory brainstem response. Therefore, astrocytes in the IC are considered to play a protective role in the auditory pathway. Astrocytes exposed to MeHg increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the IC, suggesting that astrocytic brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a potent protectant in the IC. This study showed that astrogliosis in the IC could be an adaptive response to MeHg toxicity. The overall toxicity of MeHg might be determined on the basis of the balance between MeHg-mediated injury to neurons and protective responses from astrocytes.
Temporal processing of past and future autobiographical events in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Ben Malek Hédi , D’Argembeau Arnaud , Allé Mélissa C. , Meyer Nicolas , Danion Jean-Marie , Berna Fabrice 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPeople with schizophrenia experience difficulties in remembering their past and envisioning their future. However, while alterations of event representation are well documented, little is known about how personal events are located and ordered in time. Using a think-aloud procedure, we investigated which strategies are used to determine the times of past and future events in 30 patients with schizophrenia and 30 control participants. We found that the direct access to temporal information of important events was preserved in patients with schizophrenia. However, when events were not directly located in time, patients less frequently used a combination of strategies and partly relied on different strategies to reconstruct or infer the times of past and future events. In particular, they used temporal landmark events and contextual details (e.g., about places, persons, or weather conditions) less frequently than controls to locate events in time. Furthermore, patients made more errors when they were asked to determine the temporal order of the past and future events that had been previously dated. Together, these findings shed new light on the mechanisms involved in locating and ordering personal events in past and future times and their alteration in schizophrenia.
Role of NF-kappaB2-p100 in regulatory T cell homeostasis and activation
Authors: Dhar Atika , Chawla Meenakshi , Chattopadhyay Somdeb , Oswal Neelam , Umar Danish , Gupta Suman , Bal Vineeta , Rath Satyajit , George Anna , Arimbasseri G. Aneeshkumar , Basak Soumen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe immunological roles of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway are mediated via the canonical components in immune responses and via non-canonical components in immune organogenesis and homeostasis, although the two components are capable of crosstalk. Regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) are homeostatically functional and represent an interesting potential meeting point of these two NF-κB components. We show that mice deficient in the non-canonical NF-κB component geneNfkb2(p100) had normal thymic development and suppressive function of Tregs. However, they had enhanced frequencies of peripheral ‘effector-phenotype’ Tregs (eTregs). In bi-parental chimeras of wild-type (WT) andNfkb2−/− mice, theNfkb2−/− genotype was over-represented in Tregs, with a further increase in the relative prominence of eTregs. Consistent with distinct properties of eTregs, theNfkb2−/− genotype was more prominent in Tregs in extra-lymphoid tissues such as liver in the bi-parental chimeras. TheNfkb2−/− Tregs also displayed greater survival, activation and proliferationin vivo. TheseNfkb2−/− Tregs showed higher nuclear NF-κB activity mainly comprising of RelB-containing dimers, in contrast to the prominence of cRel- and RelA-containing dimers in WT Tregs. Since p100 is an inhibitor of RelB activation as well as a participant as cleaved p52 in RelB nuclear activity, we tested bi-parental chimeras of WT andRelb−/− mice, and found normal frequencies ofRelb−/− Tregs and eTregs in these chimeric mice. Our findings confirm and extend recent data, and indicate that p100 normally restrains RelB-mediated Treg activation, and in the absence of p100, p50-RelB dimers can contribute to Treg activation.
Development of a qPCR platform for quantification of the five bacteriophages within bacteriophage cocktail 2 (BFC2)
Authors: Duyvejonck Hans , Merabishvili Maya , Pirnay Jean-Paul , De Vos Daniel , Verbeken Gilbert , Van Belleghem Jonas , Gryp Tessa , De Leenheer Julie , Van der Borght Kelly , Van Simaey Leen , Vermeulen Stefan , Van Mechelen Els , Vaneechoutte Mario 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTo determine phage titers accurately, reproducibly and in a non-laborious and cost-effective manner, we describe the development of a qPCR platform for molecular quantification of five phages present in bacteriophage cocktail 2 (BFC2). We compared the performance of this molecular approach, with regard to quantification and reproducibility, with the standard culture-based double agar overlay method (DAO). We demonstrated that quantification of each of the five phages in BFC2 was possible by means of qPCR, without prior DNA extraction, but yields were significantly higher in comparison to DAO. Although DAO is assumed to provide an indication of the number of infective phage particles, whereas qPCR only provides information on the number of phage genomes, the difference in yield (qPCR/DAO ratio) was observed to be phage-dependent and appeared rather constant for all phages when analyzing different (freshly prepared) stocks of these phages. While DAO is necessary to determine sensitivity of clinical strains against phages in clinical applications, qPCR might be a valid alternative for rapid and reproducible quantification of freshly prepared stocks, after initial establishment of a correction factor towards DAO.
Online division of labour: emergent structures in Open Source Software
Authors: Palazzi María J. , Cabot Jordi , Cánovas Izquierdo Javier Luis , Solé-Ribalta Albert , Borge-Holthoefer Javier 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe development Open Source Software fundamentally depends on the participation and commitment of volunteer developers to progress on a particular task. Several works have presented strategies to increase the on-boarding and engagement of new contributors, but little is known on how these diverse groups of developers self-organise to work together. To understand this, one must consider that, on one hand, platforms like GitHub provide a virtually unlimited development framework: any number of actors can potentially join to contribute in a decentralised, distributed, remote, and asynchronous manner. On the other, however, it seems reasonable that some sort of hierarchy and division of labour must be in place to meet human biological and cognitive limits, and also to achieve some level of efficiency. These latter features (hierarchy and division of labour) should translate into detectable structural arrangements when projects are represented as developer-file bipartite networks. Thus, in this paper we analyse a set of popular open source projects from GitHub, placing the accent on three key properties: nestedness, modularity and in-block nestedness –which typify the emergence of heterogeneities among contributors, the emergence of subgroups of developers working on specific subgroups of files, and a mixture of the two previous, respectively. These analyses show that indeed projects evolve into internally organised blocks. Furthermore, the distribution of sizes of such blocks is bounded, connecting our results to the celebrated Dunbar number both in off- and on-line environments. Our conclusions create a link between bio-cognitive constraints, group formation and online working environments, opening up a rich scenario for future research on (online) work team assembly (e.g. size, composition, and formation). From a complex network perspective, our results pave the way for the study of time-resolved datasets, and the design of suitable models that can mimic the growth and evolution of OSS projects.
Photoinduced possible superconducting state with long-lived disproportionate band filling in FeSe
Authors: Suzuki Takeshi , Someya Takashi , Hashimoto Takahiro , Michimae Shoya , Watanabe Mari , Fujisawa Masami , Kanai Teruto , Ishii Nobuhisa , Itatani Jiro , Kasahara Shigeru , Matsuda Yuji , Shibauchi Takasada , Okazaki Kozo , Shin Shik 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPhotoexcitation is a very powerful way to instantaneously drive a material into a novel quantum state without any fabrication, and variable ultrafast techniques have been developed to observe how electron, lattice, and spin degrees of freedom change. One of the most spectacular phenomena is photoinduced superconductivity, and it has been suggested in cuprates that the transition temperature Tc can be enhanced from the original Tc with significant lattice modulations. Here, we show a possibility for another photoinduced high-Tc superconducting state in the iron-based superconductor FeSe. The transient electronic state over the entire Brillouin zone is directly observed by time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy using extreme ultraviolet pulses obtained from high harmonic generation. Our results of dynamical behaviors from 50 fs to 800 ps consistently support the favourable superconducting state after photoexcitation well above Tc. This finding demonstrates that multiband iron-based superconductors emerge as an alternative candidate for photoinduced superconductors.
Diversification in trophic morphology and a mating signal are coupled in the early stages of sympatric divergence in crossbills
Authors: Porter Cody K , Smith Julie W 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms generating diversity in mating signals is critical to understanding the process of speciation. One mechanism of mating signal diversification occurs when phenotypes that experience divergent ecological selection also affect the production of mating signals, resulting in a coupling between ecological diversification and mating signal diversification. Here, we present evidence that rapid diversification in bill size has resulted in the diversification of some components of song structure in a young adaptive radiation of seed-eating finches (red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra complex). Specifically, we find that larger-billed ecotypes sing songs with lower minimum frequencies, lower syllable repetition rates and greater vocal deviation (i.e. lower performance) than smaller-billed ecotypes for pure tonal syllables. In contrast, bill size was not correlated with maximum frequency or frequency bandwidth, and we found no relationship between bill size and any song parameters in buzzy syllables. Furthermore, we found no evidence for a relationship between the degree of bill size divergence and the potential for song discrimination between sympatric ecotypes. Because bill size is correlated with some features of pure tonal syllables (which appear to be most important for courtship in crossbills) in crossbill song, our results suggest that there was an early-evolving link between ecological and mating signal diversification that may have influenced the rapid evolution of reproductive isolation between sympatric ecotypes.
Antiplatelet Therapy in Flow Diversion
Authors: Tonetti Daniel A , Jankowitz Brian T , Gross Bradley A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Dual antiplatelet therapy is typically employed as a means to mitigate thromboembolic complications after deployment of flow diverters, most commonly consisting of aspirin with either clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor. Recent studies have demonstrated at least similar efficacy for ticagrelor as compared to clopidogrel in the form of periprocedural complications and angiographic results. Though controversial, systematic reviews of platelet function assay usage have demonstrated greater rates of thrombotic complications in antiplatelet hyporesponders and greater rates of hemorrhagic complications in hyperresponders. Though in its infancy, the management of antiplatelet therapy for acutely ruptured aneurysms treated with flow diversion is not yet standardized, with approaches including intravenous glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors and subsequent antiplatelet loading vs antiplatelet loading, response assessment, and subsequent treatment.
The Prague Linguistic Circle
Authors: Graffi Giorgio 
Published: September 2019

The Prague linguistic circle was founded in 1926 by Vilém Mathesius (b. 1882–d. 1945), professor of Anglistics at the Charles University of Prague, who acted as its president until his death. Other members of the circle were the Russian Roman Jakobson (b. 1896–d. 1982) and the Czechs Bohuslav Havránek (b. 1893–d. 1978) and Bohumil Trnka (b. 1895–d. 1984), the latter its first secretary. Among the foreign members, those most connected with the circle were the Russian Sergej Karcevskij (b. 1884–d. 1955), a former student of Ferdinand de Saussure’s and Charles Bally’s in Geneva, and Nikolai S. Trubetzkoy (also transliterated as Troubetzkoy or Trubeckoj; b. 1890–d. 1938), professor at the University of Vienna. About Trubetzkoy and his work, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies in Linguistics article “Nikolai Trubetzkoy.” Several other linguists were also in close contact with the Prague circle: for example, the Dutchman Albert Willem de Groot (b. 1892–d. 1963) or the Frenchmen Lucien Tesnière (b. 1893–d. 1954) and André Martinet (b. 1908–d. 1999). Two younger Czech members of the circle were Vladimir Skalička (b. 1909–d. 1991) and Josef Vachek (b. 1909–d. 1996), the latter of whom became the first historiographer of the circle. The Prague linguists also held mutual relationships with other scholars, among whom Karl Bühler (b. 1879–d. 1963), professor of psychology at the University of Vienna. Prague circle members also devoted much attention to the problem of literary and poetic language; the most-outstanding contributions in this field are by Jan Mukařovský (b. 1891–d. 1975). The “golden age” (or “classical period”) of the Prague linguistic circle ended in 1939, after Nazi invasion of Czechoslovakia. The activity of the circle did not completely stop even during war years (1939–1945), but it was severely hindered after 1948, when it was charged as being of a “bourgeois” character by the Communist regime. The circle virtually ceased to operate in 1952, without formally dissolving. Some of its research topics have been renewed since the 1960s by its original members still living in Czechoslovakia, and by a new generation of scholars. The circle was restored in 1990 and is still active. Prague linguists (often also labeled “Prague linguistic school” or just “Prague school”) are normally considered as the initiators of linguistic functionalism; namely, of the attempt to explain the structures of language on the basis of its function as a means of communication. This article almost exclusively refers to the “classical” period of the activity of the circle, only occasionally mentioning the subsequent years. The first sections list and describe the “programmatic” works by the Prague linguists; the following sections present their contributions to the general theory of language and to specific linguistic domains (phonology, syntax, etc.), and the final sections deal with the critical literature on the Prague school.
Association Between Geographic Measures of Socioeconomic Status and Deprivation and Major Surgical Outcomes
Authors: Crawford Sara , Schold Jesse 
Published: September 2019

Background:
There is evidence suggesting higher rates of negative surgical outcomes for patients with lower socioeconomic status.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different geographic measures of socioeconomic status and deprivation on surgical outcomes in the United States.

Research Design:
We extracted county-level, zip code-level, census block group-level and census tract-level measures of geographic risk. We evaluated associations between geographic area inequity and surgical outcomes using linear, logistic, and Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations to account for clustering by hospital.

Subjects:
Hospital discharges (n=1,573,740) after major surgery in Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and Vermont as extracted from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Database between the years 2010–2012.

Measures:
Inpatient mortality, length of stay, hospital costs, discharge status, and 30-day all-cause readmission.

Results:
After adjusting for patient, hospital, and discharge factors, the odds of inpatient mortality significantly increased as geographic distress increased across all measures of geographic risk. Odds of routine discharge increased and the odds of 30-day all-cause readmission decreased with geographic distress for select measures of geographic inequity. The choice of measure generally did not affect the findings; the results did not conclusively support the use of measures from larger or smaller geographic units.

Conclusions:
There is a consistent, strong association between geographic indicators for socioeconomic status and distress with important surgical outcomes. Further work is needed to understand the source of these associations and to develop interventions and effective policies to address them.