bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of Helical Rod–Coil Block Polymers by the Combination of ATRP and Pd(II)‐Initiated Isocyanides Polymerizations
Authors: Liu Na , Lu Hao‐Jun , Jiang Zhi‐Qiang , Lu Yu‐Bing , Zou Hui , Zhou Li , Wu Zong‐Quan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA bifunctional initiator containing propargyl bromoisobutyrate and alkyne‐Pd(II) (PBB‐Pd(II)) is designed and synthesized. The propargyl bromoisobutyrate unit of PBB‐Pd(II) can initiate the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of vinyl monomers, while the Pd(II) complex can initiate the polymerization of phenyl isocyanides. Both the ATRP and Pd(II)‐mediated isocyanide polymerization are proceeded in living/controlled manner. Thus, combining the two living polymerizations, a series of well‐defined block copolymers bearing rod poly(phenyl isocyanide)s and coil poly(acrylate) segments can be facilely prepared in high yield with tunable composition, controlled molar masses (Mns), and narrow molar mass distributions (Mw/Mns). What is more, benefiting from this synthetic strategy, well‐defined core cross‐linked star polymers are readily synthesized. Optically active block copolymers and star polymers can be facilely obtained by using chiral isocyanide monomers due to the formation of predominated one‐handed helix. The chiral star polymers show excellent enantioselective recognition ability in enantioselective crystallization of racemic compounds.
Semilinear subdiffusion with memory in multidimensional domains
Authors: Krasnoschok Mykola , Pata Vittorino , Vasylyeva Nataliya 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFor , we investigate the nonlinear integro‐differential equation on a multidimensional space domain urn:x-wiley:0025584X:media:mana201700405:mana201700405-math-0003where is the Caputo fractional derivative and and are uniform elliptic operators with smooth coefficients depending on time. Under suitable conditions on the nonlinearity, the global existence and uniqueness of the classical solution to the related initial and boundary value problems are established.
pyReSpect: A Computer Program to Extract Discrete and Continuous Spectra from Stress Relaxation Experiments
Authors: Shanbhag Sachin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn open‐source software package “pyReSpect” is presented to extract relaxation spectra from stress relaxation experiments. It employs nonlinear Tikhonov regularization to obtain the continuous relaxation spectrum (CRS), and robust new algorithm to automatically determine a discrete relaxation spectrum (DRS) with a parsimonious number of modes. The new algorithm uses the CRS to guess the location of the modes, a nonlinear least squares optimization to fine‐tine the guess, and an information criterion to determine an optimal number of modes. The program is subjected to three validation tests, where data are generated from synthetic spectra, and three additional tests drawn from a variety of macromolecular architectures and sources. On the validation tests, pyReSpect is able to extract the original spectra. In all cases, the DRS follows the shape of the CRS, and offers additional regularization. Overall, pyReSpect is an excellent choice to obtain the DRS when the number and placement of modes is not known in advance.
Modelling long term monthly rainfall using geographical inputs: assessing heuristic and geostatistical models
Authors: Kisi Ozgur , Mohsenzadeh Karimi Sahar , Shiri Jalal , Keshavarzi Ali 
Published: March 2019

AbstractModelling rainfall, an important element of the hydrological cycle, is of crucial importance in hydrology, water resources engineering, irrigation scheduling and environmental issues. In the current study, the monthly rainfall amounts were simulated through the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), the model tree (MT) and the geostatistical kriging approaches using geographical inputs. So, the latitude, longitude, altitude and the periodicity component were introduced as model inputs for simulating monthly rainfall values. Long‐term rainfall records from 73 weather stations covering different climatic contexts of Iran were used for developing and evaluating the proposed methodology. Two modelling scenarios, namely the at station and pooled scenarios, were carried out for assessing the capability of the applied models in modelling rainfall values. First, two different heuristic methods, the LSSVM and MT methods, were compared with each other. The results obtained revealed that the LSSVM model produced more accurate results than the MT for the at station scenario. Both methods gave better results in arid/semi‐arid regions than humid stations. In the pooled scenario, the rainfall data of humid and arid training stations were pooled and used for calibration and then tested at each station. In this scenario, the LSSVM was superior to the MT in modelling long‐term monthly rainfall. The LSSVM and MT models were then compared with the geostatistical kriging method in both scenarios. It was observed that the kriging method generally performed better than the heuristic methods in spatial modelling of rainfall.
Time perception and the experience of agency in meditation and hypnosis
Authors: Lush Peter , Dienes Zoltan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMindfulness meditation and hypnosis are related in opposing ways to awareness of intentions. The cold control theory of hypnosis proposes that hypnotic responding involves the experience of involuntariness while performing an actually intentional action. Hypnosis therefore relies upon inaccurate metacognition about intentional actions and experiences. Mindfulness meditation centrally involves awareness of intentions and is associated with improved metacognitive access to intentions. Therefore, mindfulness meditators and highly hypnotizable people may lie at opposite ends of a spectrum with regard to metacognitive access to intention‐related information. Here we review the theoretical background and evidence for differences in the metacognition of intentions in these groups, as revealed by chronometric measures of the awareness of voluntary action: the timing of an intention to move (Libet's “W” judgments) and the compressed perception of time between an intentional action and its outcome (“intentional binding”). We review these measures and critically evaluate their proposed connection to the experience of volition and sense of agency.
The stream evolution triangle: Integrating geology, hydrology, and biology
Authors: Castro Janine M. , Thorne Colin R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe foundations of river restoration science rest comfortably in the fields of geology, hydrology, and engineering, and yet, the impetus for many, if not most, stream restoration projects is biological recovery. Although Lane's stream balance equation from the mid‐1950s captured the dynamic equilibrium between the amount of stream flow, the slope of the channel, and the amount and calibre of sediment, it completely ignored biology. Similarly, most of the stream classification systems used in river restoration design today do not explicitly include biology as a primary driver of stream form and process. To address this omission, we cast biology as an equal partner with geology and hydrology, forming a triumvirate that governs stream morphology and evolution. To represent this, we have created the stream evolution triangle, a conceptual model that explicitly accounts for the influences of geology, hydrology, and biology. Recognition of biology as a driver leads to improved understanding of reach‐scale morphology and the dynamic response mechanisms responsible for stream evolution and adjustment following natural or anthropogenic disturbance, including stream restoration. Our aim in creating the stream evolution triangle is not to exclude or supersede existing stream classifications and evolutionary models but to provide a broader “thinking space” within which they can be framed and reconsidered, thus facilitating thought outside of the alluvial box.
Biomimetic Design of Hollow Flower‐Like g‐C3N4@PDA Organic Framework Nanospheres for Realizing an Efficient Photoreactivity
Authors: Wang Haihui , Lin Qianying , Yin Litian , Yang Yuling , Qiu Yuan , Lu Chunhua , Yang Huanghao 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOrganic framework polymers have attracted much interest due to the enormous potential design space offered by the atomically precise spatial assembly of organic molecular building blocks. The morphology control of organic frameworks is a complex issue that hinders the development of organic frameworks for practical applications. Biomimetic self‐assembly is a promising approach for designing and fabricating multiple‐functional nanoarchitectures. A bioinspired hollow flower‐like organic framework nanosphere heterostructure comprised of carbon nitride and polydopamine (g‐C3N4@PDA) is successfully synthesized via a mild and green method. This heterostructure can effectively avoid the agglomeration of nanosheets to better access the hollow nanospheres with high open‐up specific surface area. The electron delocalization of g‐C3N4 and PDA under visible light can largely promote photoelectron transfer and enhance the photocatalytic activity of the g‐C3N4@PDA. Furthermore, the g‐C3N4@PDA can effectively enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species under irradiation, which can lead to cell apoptosis and enhance the performance for cancer therapy. Therefore, the as‐prepared g‐C3N4@PDA provides a paradigm of highly efficient photocatalyst that can be used as nanomedicine toward cancer therapy. This study could open up a new avenue for exploiting more other potential hollow nanosphere organic frameworks.
PDGF Signaling in Primitive Endoderm Cell Survival Is Mediated by PI3K-mTOR Through p53-Independent Mechanism
Authors: Bessonnard Sylvain , Vandormael-Pournin Sandrine , Coqueran Sabrina , Cohen-Tannoudji Michel , Artus Jérôme 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReceptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways are key regulators for the formation of the primitive endoderm (PrE) and the epiblast (Epi) from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the mouse preimplantation embryo. Among them, FGF signaling is critical for PrE cell specification, whereas PDGF signaling is critical for the survival of committed PrE cells. Here, we investigated possible functional redundancies among FGF, PDGF, and KIT signaling and showed that only PDGF signaling is involved in PrE cell survival. In addition, we analyzed the effectors downstream of PDGFRα. Our results suggest that the role of PDGF signaling in PrE cell survival is mediated through PI3K-mTOR and independently from p53. Lastly, we uncovered a role for PI3K-mTOR signaling in the survival of Epi cells. Taken together, we propose that survival of ICM cell lineages relies on the regulation of PI3K-mTOR signaling through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. Stem Cells 2019;37:888–898
Numerical/experimental investigations on reducing drag penalty of passive vortex generators on a NACA 4415 airfoil
Authors: Fouatih Omar Madani , Imine Bachir , Medale Marc 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA study emphasizing the effects of passive vortex generators (VGs) on aerodynamic characteristics of a NACA 4415 airfoil is presented. Both experimental and numerical works have been carried out on an array of VGs attached to a NACA 4415 airfoil. Lift and drag measurements are made at various angles of attack by using three‐axis component balance system. On the numerical side, Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) equations have been solved with ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 commercial code with fully structured mesh and three turbulence models (realizable k‐ε, k‐ω shear stress transport [SST] and the Spalart‐Allmaras model) at Reynolds number Re = 2 × 105. Parametric studies have been conducted to find out optimal configurations with respect to span‐wise separation distance between VGs, along with their location along the chord. A very good agreement has been obtained between experimental and computational results indicating that this optimized configuration is robust for the considered parameters. It turns out that increasing the span‐wise separation length increases the aerodynamic performances (lift‐to‐drag ratio) at low attack angles for which low parasitic drag is achieved but conversely degrades it at higher ones. For the stream‐wise location along the chord, upstream position of VGs degrades the lift‐to‐drag ratio at low attack angles and conversely improves it at higher ones.
A review of international practices for energy efficiency and carbon emissions reduction and lessons learned for China
Authors: Liu Xu , Shen Bo , Price Lynn , Hasanbeigi Ali , Lu Hongyou , Yu Cong , Fu Guanyun 
Published: March 2019

China's industrial sector dominates the country's total energy consumption, and improving energy efficiency in that sector is crucial to help China reach its energy and carbon dioxide emissions reduction goals. There are many energy efficiency policies in China, but the motivation and willingness of enterprises to improve energy efficiency has weakened. This article first identifies barriers that enterprises face to be self‐motivated to implement energy efficiency measures and then categorizes these barriers into four categories: awareness, information, technical capacity, and financial availability. It then reviews international policies and programs to improve energy efficiency, and evaluates how these policies have helped to address the barriers identified. We found that policies and programs in energy efficiency and carbon reduction need to go hand in hand to incentivize companies, and that those policies and programs send clearer signals and help change enterprises' decisions when they are persistent but dynamic. Our specific policy recommendations to China fall under three key categories: identification of energy efficiency potential, workforce development, and market channels for energy efficiency financing.This article is categorized under:
Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy
Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy
Energy Efficiency > Climate and Environment
Retracted: Acclimation of 2‐chlorophenol‐biodegrading activated sludge and microbial community analysis
Authors: Sun Zhirong , Zhang Jinwei , Yang Jie , Li Jiangyang , Wang Jianguang , Hu Xiang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUsing glucose as cosubstrate, activated sludge that could effectively biodegrade 40 mg/L 2‐chlorophenol was successfully domesticated in sequencing batch reactors. To acclimate the sludge, 2‐chlorophenol was increased stepwise from 0 to 40 mg/L. High‐throughput sequencing revealed that the microbial community richness increased during the first 5 days of acclimation to 5 mg/L 2‐chlorophenol and then decreased after another 20 days as 2‐chlorophenol was increased. The original sludge obtained from a water resource recovery facility had the highest microbial diversity. As the acclimation continued further, community richness and diversity both increased, but they decreased again, significantly, when 2‐chlorophenol reached 40 mg/L. Saccharibacteria_norank, Bacillus, Saprospiraceae_uncultured, and Lactococcus were the dominant bacteria. Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the main known chlorophenol‐degrading bacteria. WCHB1‐60_norank, Tetrasphaera, Comamonadaceae_unclassified, and Haliangium showed poor tolerance to 2‐chlorophenol. Higher bacterial tolerance to chlorophenols does not mean higher degrading capability. The degradation of chlorophenols was not positively correlated with the detected abundance of known 2‐chlorophenol‐degrading bacteria.Practitioner points

Activated sludge that could effectively biodegrade 40 mg/L 2‐chlorophenol was successfully domesticated using glucose as cosubstrate in sequencing batch reactors.

Saccharibacteria_norank, Bacillus, Saprospiraceae_uncultured, and Lactococcus were the dominant bacteria. Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the main known chlorophenol‐degrading bacteria detected in this study.

The degrading capability and tolerance of bacteria to chlorophenols were relatively independent and the degradation of chlorophenols may be the synergistic effect of various bacteria.
RANDOM MATRICES WITH SLOW CORRELATION DECAY
Authors: ERDŐS LÁSZLÓ , KRÜGER TORBEN , SCHRÖDER DOMINIK 
Published: March 2019

We consider large random matrices with a general slowly decaying correlation among its entries. We prove universality of the local eigenvalue statistics and optimal local laws for the resolvent away from the spectral edges, generalizing the recent result of Ajankiet al.[‘Stability of the matrix Dyson equation and random matrices with correlations’,Probab. Theory Related Fields173(1–2) (2019), 293–373] to allow slow correlation decay and arbitrary expectation. The main novel tool is a systematic diagrammatic control of a multivariate cumulant expansion.
Labouring Transformations of Amphibious Monsters: Exploring Early Modern Globalization, Diversity, and Shifting Clusters of Labour Relations in the Context of the Dutch East India Company (1600–1800)
Authors: van Rossum Matthias 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEarly modern globalization depended on labour-intensive production and transport of global commodities. Throughout the Dutch Empire of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries labour was mobilized through a variety of different labour relations (especially casual, contract, slave, and corvée labour). The mobilization of these workers often entailed movements over short, but more often long, distances. Port cities were crucial nodal points connecting various sites of production and circuits of distribution. Furthermore, these ports were themselves also important working environments (ranging from transport and storage, to production and security). As a result, workers from various regional, social, and cultural backgrounds worked in the same environments and were confronted with each other – as well as with the legal and disciplining regimes of early modern urban and corporate authorities. This article studies the development of labour relations in the port work of the Dutch Asian empire, looking at the mobilization and control of labour for dock work (loading and unloading of ships) and transport in its urban surroundings. It will analyse and compare the development of the need for labour, the employment of different sets of labour relations, and the mechanisms of control that developed from it. As the largest trading company active in Asia (up to the 1750s), the case of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) is crucial in understanding the impact of early imperial and capitalist development in changing global social and labour relations.
Zoonotic approach to Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli: integrated analysis of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in ruminants and humans
Authors: Oporto B. , Ocejo M. , Alkorta M. , Marimón J. M. , Montes M. , Hurtado A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn 2014–2016, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 115 sheep, 104 beef and 82 dairy cattle herds to estimate Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) prevalence, and collected data on human clinical cases of infection. Isolates were characterised (stx1,stx2,eae,ehxA) and serogroups O157 and O111 identified by PCR, and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles were determined by broth microdilution. STEC were more frequently isolated from beef cattle herds (63.5%) and sheep flocks (56.5%) than from dairy cattle herds (30.5%) (P< 0.001). A similar but non-significant trend was observed for O157:H7 STEC. In humans, mean annual incidence rate was 1.7 cases/100 000 inhabitants for O157 STEC and 4.7 for non-O157 STEC, but cases concentrated among younger patients. Distribution of virulence genes in STEC strains from ruminants differed from those from human clinical cases. Thus,stx2 was significantly associated with animal STEC isolates (O157 and non-O157),ehxA to ruminant O157 STEC (P= 0.004) andeaeto human non-O157 STEC isolates (P< 0.001). Resistance was detected in 21.9% of human and 5.2% of animal O157 STEC isolates, whereas all non-O157 isolates were fully susceptible. In conclusion, STEC were widespread in ruminants, but only some carried virulence genes associated with severe disease in humans; AMR in ruminants was low but profiles were similar to those found in human isolates.
How full is your glass? Portion sizes of wine, fortified wine and straight spirits at home in the Netherlands
Authors: de Beukelaar Myrthe FA , Janse Marion L , Sierksma Aafje , Feskens Edith JM , de Vries Jeanne HM 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveAlcohol consumption may be wrongly estimated because of inaccurate information on actual portion sizes. We compared portion sizes of wine, fortified wine and straight spirits poured at home with the Dutch standard drink sizes.DesignParticipants measured portion sizes of wine, fortified wine and straight spirits at home up to a maximum of three times and reported these via an online survey. Average portion sizes (in millilitres) were compared with the Dutch standard drink sizes. Portion sizes were compared between subgroups of gender, age, BMI and level of education, and for different glass types.SettingWageningen and surroundings, the Netherlands.ParticipantsAdults (N 201) living in the Netherlands and consuming wine and/or straight spirits at home at least once per week.ResultsParticipants poured on average 129·4 ml white wine and 131·7 ml red wine, which is significantly more than the standard of 100 ml. For fortified wine, the average poured amount was 94·0 ml, significantly more than the standard of 50 ml; also for straight spirits the poured amount was significantly more than the standard (47·0 v. 35 ml).ConclusionsParticipants’ portion sizes of wine, fortified wine and straight spirits poured at home were on average larger than the Dutch standard drink sizes. This suggests that at-home alcohol consumption in the Netherlands is underestimated.
Physician perceptions of the types of roles interpreters play in limited English proficient pediatric encounters and how they evaluate the quality of interpretation
Authors: Schwei Rebecca J. , Guerrero Natalie , Small Alissa L. , Jacobs Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to understand different roles that interpreters play in a pediatric, limited English proficient (LEP) health care encounter and to describe what factors within each role inform physicians’ assessment of the overall quality of interpretation.BackgroundLanguage barriers contribute to lower quality of care in LEP pediatric patients compared to their English-speaking counterparts. Use of professional medical interpreters has been shown to improve communication and decrease medical errors in pediatric LEP patients. In addition, in many pediatric encounters, interpreters take on roles beyond that of a pure language conduit.MethodsWe conducted 11 semi-structured interviews with pediatricians and family medicine physicians in one health system. Transcripts were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We analyzed our data using directed content analysis. Two study team members coded all transcripts, reviewed agreement, and resolved discrepancies.FindingsPhysicians described four different interpreter roles: language conduit, flow manager, relationship builder, and cultural insider. Within each role, physicians described components of quality that informed their assessment of the overall quality of interpretation during a pediatric encounter. We found that for many physicians, a high-quality interpreted encounter involves multiple roles beyond language transmission. It is important for health care systems to understand how health care staff conceptualize these relationships so that they can develop appropriate expectations and trainings for medical interpreters in order to improve health outcomes in pediatric LEP patients.