bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borderland Battles
Authors: Idler Annette 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Borderlands are like a magnifying glass on some of the world’s most entrenched security challenges. In unstable regions, border areas attract violent non-state groups, ranging from rebels and paramilitaries to criminal organizations, who exploit central government neglect. These groups compete for territorial control, cooperate in illicit cross-border activities, and provide a substitute for the governance functions usually associated with the state. Drawing on extensive fieldwork with more than six hundred interviews in and on the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela—where conflict is rife and crime thriving—this book provides exclusive firsthand insights into these war-torn spaces. It reveals how dynamic interactions among violent non-state groups produce a complex security landscape with ramifications for order and governance both locally and beyond. These interactions create not only physical violence but also less visible forms of insecurity. When groups fight each other, community members are exposed to violence but can follow the rules imposed by the opposing actors. Unstable short-term arrangements among violent non-state groups fuel mistrust and uncertainty among communities, eroding their social fabric. Where violent non-state groups engage in relatively stable long-term arrangements, “shadow citizenship” arises: a mutually reinforcing relationship between violent non-state groups that provide public goods and services, and communities that consent to their illicit authority. Contrary to state-centric views that consider borderlands uniformly violent spaces, the transnational borderland lens adopted in the book demonstrates how the geography and political economy of these borderlands intensify these multifaceted security impacts.
Focal Case Examples
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This part of the text revisits the focal case examples of Section I of the book: the SOUL Sisters Leadership Collective (SSLC) and the Cookie Cart and relates them to the topics covered in Section II. Both SOUL Sisters and Cookie Cart operate within the broader macrosystem of youth culture, American education policy, and volatile economic and political climates. They aim to counter the numerous disempowering pressures affecting their involved youth by providing concrete opportunities to hold power.
Addressing Systems of Power and Oppression
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a primer of key concepts and applications in social justice work. It traces the practices of critical pedagogy, the processes of critical consciousness toward social change, and the healing potential of collectivism, hope, and caring. Examples of youth social entrepreneurship demonstrate such practices in varying degrees and are discussed within the chapter. Key concepts in this chapter include methods for empowering young people to identify the uneven social order and to recognize power hierarchies as socially constructed. Relatedly, the chapter looks at the needed social healing and trauma-informed practices for harm due to gaps in access to education, employment, and opportunity.
Creating and Scaling Youth Social Entrepreneurship Programs
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a primer for starting and sustaining a youth-focused social entrepreneurship program. To this end, an overview of types of small businesses and social enterprises is included, along with conceptual resources for any venture. Terminology is introduced in this chapter to help the novice reader, including terms such as “cottage industry,” “micro-business,” “market analysis,” and “enterprise development phases.” Furthermore, this chapter explores the limits and potential of growth for youth social entrepreneurship initiatives. Whether or not and how to “scale up” is a foremost concern for nonprofit and for-profit social enterprises. The readers will find here a discussion of perspectives and considerations to help drive forward such an essential programmatic decision.
Focal Case Examples
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This part of the text revisits the focal case examples of the previous sections of the book and relates them to the topics covered in Section IV: the SOUL Sisters Leadership Collective (SSLC) and the Cookie Cart. In summarizes that while traditional entrepreneurship education has not been present within either SOUL Sisters or Cookie Cart programming, both have embraced entrepreneurial thinking within their youth program. Employment is a facet for Cookie Cart but not SSLC.
Community Transformation
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a foundational overview of community development theory as fodder for connecting community change to youth social entrepreneurship. The chapter includes special attention to elements of community development such as community asset-mapping and community social capital. To round out the argument that youth social entrepreneurs effect community change, the reader will consider research on youth organizing and activism, with an eye to meaningful community engagement. Finally, the chapter attends to the tricky but imperative issue of how community members (e.g., adults) can reciprocally support youth in their social change efforts. This dynamic form of engagement is referred to here as “youth–adult partnerships.”
The Global Context for Youth Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter engages a more inclusive view of youth social entrepreneurship because it explores the practices of youth-focused social entrepreneurship outside of the United States. This chapter situates the youth social entrepreneurship model within the informal economy that has existed in every geographic context across human history. Then the chapter embarks on descriptions of sample organizations in countries other than the United States that aim to promote social entrepreneurship. These examples are categorized by region and differentiated by whether they exist within developed or developing countries. Last, the chapter identifies examples of international efforts that cross borders to promote social entrepreneurship among youth.
Combining Minds
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This book explores a neglected philosophical question: How do groups of interacting minds relate to singular minds? Could several of us, by organizing ourselves the right way, constitute a single conscious mind that contains our minds as parts? And could each of us have been, all along, a group of mental parts in close cooperation? Scientific progress seems to be slowly revealing that all the different physical objects around us are, at root, just a matter of the right parts put together in the right ways: How far could the same be true of minds? This book argues that we are too used to seeing the mind as an indivisible unity and that understanding our place in nature requires being willing to see minds as composite systems, simultaneously one conscious whole and many conscious parts. In thinking through the implications of such a shift of perspective, the book relates the question of mental combination to a range of different theories of the mind (in particular panpsychism, functionalism, and Neo-Lockeanism about personal identity) and identifies, clarifies, and addresses a wide array of philosophical objections (concerning personal identity, the unity of consciousness, the privacy of experience, and other issues) that have been raised against the idea of composite minds. The result is an account of the metaphysics of composition and consciousness that can illuminate many different debates in philosophy of mind, concerning split brains, collective intentionality, and the combination problem, among others.
Explaining Variation in Borrowing Portfolios
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter illustrates that borrowing patterns differ significantly across developing countries, even if they have the same credit rating, income level, and degree of democracy. Some rely on private creditors, others on multilateral institutions; some use loans from Western governments like the United States, while others borrow from emerging creditor governments such as China. These empirical patterns suggest that it is not only creditors who determine loan allocations, but that recipient governments have preferences and act upon them. This book argues that governments choose their creditors to satisfy the demands by the dominant societal interest groups. These groups prefer one type of creditor to others because the conditions attached to the monetary transfers imply positive (or negative) distributional consequences for the groups. The chapter concludes with a preview of the qualitative and quantitative evidence presented later in the book.
How Governments Choose Their Creditors
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces a demand-side theory to explain how governments choose their creditors. Labor, Industry, and Finance are important interest groups in recipient countries. Their governments can borrow from four types of creditors: Western governments, BRIC governments, multilateral institutions, and private creditors. These creditors may offer the same loan amount, but the strings attached to their loans differ. Therefore, the expected distributional consequences of a particular loan differ across domestic interest groups. Policymakers try to satisfy the two most influential groups simultaneously by borrowing from the creditor that is jointly preferred by both groups. A government will rely on loans from BRICs if a Corporatist Coalition between Labor and Industry dominates the political landscape. In contrast, governments will tend to borrow from private creditors if a Capital Coalition between Finance and Industry predominates, but will obtain loans by Western governments if faced with a Consumer Coalition between Labor and Finance.
Generalizing the Findings with Statistical Analyses
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Qualitative evidence is useful in tracing the process by which borrowing decisions are made. However, the question is how generalizable the findings from Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru are to other developing countries. Statistical analyses can provide insights into whether domestic political dynamics within recipient countries affect borrowing portfolios across developing countries. This chapter describes three challenges that need to be resolved before such analyses are possible: First, data on incoming loans must be obtained, which is particularly difficult for Chinese loans. Second, estimating the political strength of societal interest groups is challenging, as it cannot be observed directly. Third, analyzing a compositional variable (i.e., the loan shares of four creditors that must add up to 100%) presents a methodological challenge: increasing the share of loans obtained from one type of creditor must be matched by a corresponding decrease in the share of loans obtained from other creditors.
Governments’ Borrowing Decisions across the Developing World
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Societal coalition shape governments’ borrowing decisions across the developing world. The analyses use a compositional data model to estimate the effect of societal coalitions on the share of loans obtained from four types of creditors. The results indicate that borrowing portfolios differ significantly across coalitions: Corporatist Coalitions rely primarily on BRIC loans, Capital Coalitions on private creditors, Consumer Coalitions on bilateral loans from Western governments. These differences remain significant after controlling for economic factors (recipient GDP, current account, existing debt levels, trade, and natural resources) and political considerations (democracies versus autocracies, type of electoral system, or government ideology). Furthermore, the results are robust to analyzing China separately from Brazil, India, and Russia, as well as when combining Western bilateral with multilateral loans. The evidence strongly supports the argument that developing countries make choices among competing loan offers.
Blavatsky and Reincarnation
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces Helena Blavatsky and explains her importance. It gives an account of her ancestry, childhood, education, religious background, and character, her early marriage to Nikifor Blavatsky (1809–after 1877), and her ‘veiled years’. It documents her public life, beginning in 1873 with her arrival in America, where she met Henry Steel Olcott (1832–1907). Contextualising its emergence in American metaphysical religion, the chapter gives an account of the foundation of the Theosophical Society in New York City in 1875 and the writings and publication of Blavatsky’s two major works: Isis Unveiled (1877) and The Secret Doctrine (1888). It recounts her move to India and argues she first started teaching the doctrine of reincarnation with which she is usually associated around 1882, while living on the subcontinent. The chapter concludes with a consideration of Theosophy’s historical and cultural importance, and its legacy.
Platonism
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 argues that Blavatsky’s works are an important site for the intersection of occultist thought with nineteenth-century Classicism. It shows that Blavatsky initially argued that Pythagoras and Plato were advocates of metempsychosis and that later, she said they taught reincarnation. The chapter considers the relationship between Blavatsky’s rebirth teachings and her constructions of the ancient Greeks, situating her interest within a far-ranging nineteenth-century fascination with Classical civilisation. It argues that Blavatsky’s interpretations had substantial anti-establishment elements and that they were influenced by her friend, the American physician Alexander Wilder (1823–1908), himself a member of an American Platonic tradition with roots in Transcendentalism and the thought of the English neo-Platonist Thomas Taylor (1758–1835). The chapter shows that Blavatsky drew on her sources to construe the Greeks according to an occultist exegesis that claimed Hellenism had an Oriental source and located parallels for Greek rebirth ideas in Hebraic, Gnostic, and Indian thought.
4E Cognition and Eighteenth-Century Fiction
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The early novel developed modes of writing that are considered gripping and immersive, because they foreground physical states, meaningful gestures, and emotional excitement. This monograph shows how these changes relate to “embodied” and “enactive” cognition, “embed” themselves into the cultural and material contexts, and “extend” readers’ thoughts. In an investigation of works from Eliza Haywood, Charlotte Lennox, Sarah Fielding, and Frances Burney, it traces the ways in which such “4E cognition” can contribute to a new perspective on stylistic and narrative changes in eighteenth-century fiction. The embodied dimension of literary language is then related to the media ecologies of letter writing, book learning, and theatricality in the eighteenth century. As the novel feeds off and into these social and material contexts, it comes into its own as a lifeworld technology that might not answer to standards of nineteenth-century realism but that feels real because it is integrated into the lifeworld and its embodied experiences. Together with the issue of realism, this book revisits traditional understandings of the “rise of the novel” and earlier historical perspectives in cognitive literary studies. And the perspective from 4E cognition, it is argued, opens links to book history and media ecologies that can launch historically situated cognitive approaches to literature.
Introduction: How the Novel Found Its Feet
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The introduction presents an outline of 4E approaches to cognition and sketches how these approaches are brought to bear on developments in the eighteenth-century novel in this book. 4E cognition conceptualises cognition as embodied (as thinking is rooted in our bodies and their movement), embedded (as the mind/body connects to social environments and interactions with others), extended (as cognitive processes involve both the mind/body and material artefacts from the environment), and enactive (as perception depends on the body). The chapter briefly relates the contribution of this book to earlier work on literature from a 4E perspective in cognitive literary studies, as well as to the interest in materialism and book history in eighteenth-century studies.
Haywood: Shaping a Fictional Language of Embodiment
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces how the eighteenth-century novel develops a language of emotional involvement and embodied intensity through the works of Eliza Haywood. It discusses Haywood’s early works in amatory fiction, her later reflections on the mid-century novel, and her translations from the French. Haywood’s works are related to the integration of letters in novel writing and to the context of the theatre, as this chapter works towards an account of embodied style that is embedded in contemporary media ecologies. In more general terms, models of embodiment in fiction are specified through the way in which these media differences give rise to stances in embodied writing and modulations of joint attention between readers and narrators that make the literary language of embodiment go beyond the mere simulation of bodily states.
Lennox: Repertoires of Embodiment
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a systematic comparison of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century styles of embodied language through versions of the same narrative in French and English. Lennox’s work as a cultural broker and translator aims not only to bring narratives rooted in the seventeenth century into her contemporary literary world but also to extend their repertoires of embodied language. In her translations, she integrates instances of inner and outer bodily perception and grounds direct speech in the characters’ bodies. With Lennox’s literary magazine The Lady’s Museum, it will be shown how the novel and its embodied style are embedded in a larger world of book learning. The relations that Lennox establishes between the serialised novel, short forms like the maxim, and educational treatises document an understanding of the role of the novel that differs from the indices and abridgements around Samuel Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa.
Burney: Writing Life and Fiction
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the interfaces between Frances Burney’s use of embodied language in her novels and her life-writing in journals and diaries. It considers how Burney inhabits a world of letters through her familiarity with poetry and plays (performed in amateur theatricals) and how this surfaces, in particular in her use of free indirect discourse, both in her life-writing and in her novels. Burney’s practice` of writing and editing is investigated through an analysis of the different stages of composition in the manuscripts for her tragedies. Burney’s reflection of conduct book writing and the emergent form of the Bildungsroman are related to how her encounter with Madame de Genlis features in her life-writing and in Camilla. Across life-writing and fiction, Burney keeps renegotiating the embodied style developed throughout the eighteenth century.
The Novel as a Lifeworld Technology
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter makes the proposal to conceive of the novel as a lifeworld technology. It bases this argument on the ways in which the eighteenth-century novel has been shown to integrate contemporary media (such as letters, books of maxims, the theatre and educational literature) into its narratives and to reflect on its workings, in particular through embodied uses of language and its modulations in literary style. Such aspects of the lifeworld technology are proposed to constitute the feeling of the “real” in the novel in the period. Beyond the historically situated analyses and arguments of the case studies, the notion of the novel as a lifeworld technology is also shown to open new conversations between literary studies based on 4E cognition, actor-network theory, media archeology and posthuman approaches.
Indonesia
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
With Indonesia, the Chinese are doubly vulnerable. Racial and religious prejudice against Indonesians of Chinese descent threatens both government and private business deals. At the same time, Jakarta is determined to project maritime power and to lead the creation of a broader Pacific community—ambitions that openly contradict China’s desire for preeminence in East Asia. Indonesian politicians can use the threat of Islamic militancy to great advantage, seeming to restrain it when Beijing is pliable and quietly encouraging it when China becomes overbearing. President Joko Widodo skillfully challenges China on maritime disputes while enlisting its economic support to fend off hard-line Muslims and nationalists. But in the capital city of Jakarta, the incumbent governor—a Chinese Indonesian—was ousted by an openly racist campaign that many mainstream Muslim leaders failed to denounce.
Iran
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The recent uprisings in Iran provide a poignant example of a common dilemma in authoritarian regimes. The mullahs and security forces can contain the blazes with Chinese-inspired controls over the internet and social media, but they cannot prevent future ignitions or rule out a wider conflagration. On the other hand, reformers have little hope of winning meaningful freedoms or promoting a less adventurous foreign policy. There is no sign of an authoritarian silver bullet to quash unrest or of a revolutionary breakthrough that could propel the country in a new direction. As Beijing expands the New Silk Road, it confronts similar problems in one country after another. Stronger linkages between domestic politics and transnational relations promote ongoing turmoil and crisis management across interdependent regions and cultures. Although this represents an important surge in transcontinental connectivity, it is hardly the kind that Chinese planners anticipated.
Egypt
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
China’s misgivings toward Egypt flow from an awareness of the vulnerability of its military rulers. For Egyptians, the Arab Spring replaced a hated dictator with an even more ruthless tyrant, creating the expectation that another revolt was just a matter of time. Egypt has few assets to recommend it as a Silk Road partner. It is in perpetual debt with declining diplomatic influence—especially as China develops multiple routes to bypass the costly Suez Canal. Geopolitically, Egypt is unstable and marginalized. Economically, it seems like a bottomless pit that no single donor can rescue. Religiously, it has crushed all hopes for a liberal Islamic future, allowing extremists to fill the vacuum. The more Cairo presses Beijing for larger investments, the more the Chinese back away—convinced that the country is ruled by a frightened and greedy clique intent on wringing as much profit as possible from foreigners and Egyptians alike.