bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Subjective Value of Cognitive Effort is Encoded by a Domain-General Valuation Network
Authors: Westbrook Andrew , Lamichhane Bidhan , Braver Todd 
Published: March 2019

Cognitive control is necessary for goal-directed behavior, yet people treat cognitive control demand as a cost, which discounts the value of rewards in a similar manner as other costs, such as delay or risk. It is unclear, however, whether the subjective value (SV) of cognitive effort is encoded in the same putatively domain-general brain valuation network implicated in other cost domains, or instead engages a distinct frontoparietal network, as implied by recent studies. Here, we provide rigorous evidence that the valuation network, with core foci in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, also encodes SV during cognitive effort-based decision-making in healthy, male and female adult humans. We doubly dissociate this network from frontoparietal regions that are instead recruited as a function of decision difficulty. We show that the domain-general valuation network jointly and independently encodes both reward benefits and cognitive effort costs. We also demonstrate that cognitive effort SV signals predict choice and are influenced by state and trait motivation, including sensitivity to reward and anticipated task performance. These findings unify cognitive effort with other cost domains, and suggest candidate neural mechanisms underlying state and trait variation in willingness to expend cognitive effort.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSubjective effort costs are increasingly understood to diminish cognitive control over task performance and can thus undermine functioning across health and disease. Yet, we are only beginning to understand how decisions about cognitive effort are made. A key question is how subjective values are computed. Recent work suggests that the value of cognitive effort might be computed by networks that are distinct from those involved in other domains like intertemporal and risky decision-making, implying distinct mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the domain-general network also encodes effort-discounted value, linking cognitive effort closely with other domains. Our results thus elucidate key mechanisms supporting decisions about cognitive effort, and point to candidate neural targets for intervention in disorders involving impaired cognitive motivation.
Evidence-Based Reform in Education: Responses to Critics
Authors: Slavin Robert E. , Cheung Alan C. K. 
Published: March 2019

In the past two decades, evidence-based reform in education has been gaining momentum worldwide. China is no exception. Though many Chinese scholars have acknowledged the importance of evidence-based reform in education, some remain skeptical. In this paper, we address the three major concerns about evidence-based reform in education and offer some clarifications on the issues raised by critics.
DNMT1 in Six2 Progenitor Cells Is Essential for Transposable Element Silencing and Kidney Development
Authors: Li Szu-Yuan , Park Jihwan , Guan Yuting , Chung Kiwung , Shrestha Rojesh , Palmer Matthew B. , Susztak Katalin 
Published: March 2019

Significance Statement
Although cytosine methylation plays a key role in regulating gene expression, including expression of transposable elements such as endogenous retroviruses, its role in kidney development is unknown. Using genome-wide methylation analysis in a mouse model, the authors showed dynamic changes in methylation of gene promoters and enhancers in developing kidneys. Genetic deletion of de novo methyltransferases in nephron progenitor cells did not lead to developmental alterations, whereas deletion of Dnmt1, which encodes a maintenance hemimethylase, caused a severe kidney developmental defect. Dnmt1 deletion resulted in a marked loss of methylation of transposable elements, accumulation of endogenous retroviral transcript, and activation of viral sensing pathways and cell death. These findings indicate that DNMT1-mediated methylation to silence embryonic nonrenal lineage genes and transposable elements is essential for kidney development.

Background
Cytosine methylation of regulatory regions, such as promoters and enhancers, plays a key role in regulating gene expression, however, its role in kidney development has not been analyzed.

Methods
To identify functionally important epigenome-modifying enzymes and genome regions where methylation modifications are functionally important for kidney development, we performed genome-wide methylation analysis, expression profiling, and systematic genetic targeting of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b) and Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine hydroxylases (Tet2) in nephron progenitor cells (Six2
Cre) in mice.

Results
Genome-wide methylome analysis indicated dynamic changes on promoters and enhancers during development. Six2
Cre
Dnmt3a
f/f, Six2
Cre
Dnmt3b
f/f, and Six2
Cre
Tet2
f/f mice showed no significant structural or functional renal abnormalities. In contrast, Six2
Cre
Dnmt1
f/f mice died within 24 hours of birth, from a severe kidney developmental defect. Genome-wide methylation analysis indicated a marked loss of methylation of transposable elements. RNA sequencing detected endogenous retroviral transcripts. Expression of intracellular viral sensing pathways (RIG-I), early embryonic, nonrenal lineage genes and increased cell death contributed to the phenotype development. In podocytes, loss of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, or Tet2 did not lead to functional or structural differences at baseline or after toxic injury.

Conclusions
Genome-wide cytosine methylation and gene expression profiling showed that by silencing embryonic, nonrenal lineage genes and transposable elements, DNMT1-mediated cytosine methylation is essential for kidney development.
The role of a dry needling technique in pain reduction
Authors: Kaljić Eldad , Trtak Namik , Avdić Dijana , Bojičić Samir , Katana Bakir , Pecar Muris 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Dry needling is a therapeutic procedure using the insertion of thin needles through the skin into myofascial trigger points (MTrPs), muscular or connective tissue with the aim to reduce pain intensity. The objective of this systematic review is to analyze the literature for the efficacy of the dry needle technique in pain reduction in conditions of musculoskeletal pain caused by MTrPs.
Reference Sources: Web of Science, Scopus and EBSCOhost database were searched for studies and e-books published from January 2010 to December 2018.
Studies Selection: We included randomized controlled studies, prospective and longitudinal studies, and case studies which analyzed the efficacy of dry needling for musculoskeletal pain reduction.
Data Extraction Method: The studies, which satisfied criteria for inclusion were further analyzed. The primary instrument of the evaluation was pain intensity analyses.
Results: Dry needling treatment is efficient in pain intensity reduction in patients who suffer musculoskeletal pain and is more efficient compared to sham dry needling treatment. In addition, different techniques of dry needling are efficient in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome.
Conclusion: Based on systematic review of the literature, dry needling, independently or as an addition to other intervention, is recommended for treatment of musculoskeletal pain conditions caused by myofascial trigger points. Various techniques of dry needling treatment are almost equally efficient in myofascial pain intensity reduction.
El Impacto Negativo Del Proceso De Restructuración, Modernización Y Reorganización De La Red Pública Que Acabó Con La Calidad De La Formación De Los Profesionales De Salud, En Especial, La Educación Médica
Authors: Quintero Vidal Carlos Alfonso 
Published: March 2019

Aquellos tiempos de la década de los 80 y comienzos de los 90 en los que los estudiantes de medicina y otras profesiones de salud, disfrutábamos y a veces sufríamos, con el profesor, que puntualito llegaba a las 7 am al Hospital y de una, con paciente a bordo, iniciaba su ronda asistencial preguntando al estudiante, en riguroso orden jerárquico académico, los pormenores de la Historia de la enfermedad que aquejaba al o los pacientes en estudio asignados, en primer lugar, al estudiante de la asignatura, luego al interno que rotaba por la especialidad y a los residentes, quienes tenían que responder por la totalidad de los pacientes del servicio; pero las pregunticas sobre el diagnostico del paciente, su evolución, el estado actual y la decisión de su manejo terapéutico, no eran sencillas y las respuestas no podían darse a la ligera, teníamos que haber estudiado íntegramente la historia clínica del paciente y acudir a la lectura complementaria, que no era en Google, sino en tratados de medicina.
Comparison of Two Multiplex PCR Systems for Meat Species Authentication
Authors: Al-taghlubee D. , Misaghi A. , Shayan P. , Akhondzadeh Basti A. , Gandomi H. , Shayan D. 
Published: March 2019

Background: Meat species adulteration has become a problem of concern. This study aimed to compare two previously published multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods for meat species authentication.
Methods: The primers used in the first multiplex PCR involved species-specific reverse primer for sheep, goat, cattle, pig, and donkey with universal forward primer. In the second multiplex PCR, the primers included species-specific forward and reverse primer for pork, lamb, ostrich, horse, and cow. The extracted DNA was then amplified with species-specific primers and with mix primers separately in the respective multiplex PCR.
Results: The first multiplex PCR was accompanied with cross reactivity, whereas the second multiplex PCR was specific as expected for pork, lamb, ostrich, horse, and cow. The first set of multiplex PCR showed not always amplification of all species-specific DNAs with a mixture of DNA from mentioned animals. Regarding the second set of primers, the extracted DNA of different meat species was amplified with corresponding species primers as simplex PCR resulting in specific amplicons for species DNA prepared from sheep, ostrich, horse, pig, and cattle with the specific PCR products of 119, 155, 253, 100, and 311 bp, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the present investigation, we recommend the multiplex PCR with the second set of primers included species-specific forward and reverse primers for species authentication of five meat types, including pork, lamb, ostrich, horse, as well as cow.
The Association between Obesity and Severityof Asthma in Children
Authors: Golshan Tafti Mohammad , Abdollahi Najmeh , Shajari Ahmad , Almodersi Vajiheh 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Asthma is the most common chronic airway disease in children, which is caused by genetic and environmental factors such as obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between obesity and asthma severity in children.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 200 asthmatic children aged 6 to 12 years in Yazd Shohadaye Kargar hospital in 2015 - 2016. The participants' demographic data were recorded. According to the Australian National Asthma Campaign, they were categorized into mild, moderate, and severe groups considering their severity of asthma. In order to compare the studied variables t, chi-square, and Mann-Whitney tests were used by SPSS 18.
Results: The results showed that 11 (27.5%) obese children had severe asthma, but only 7 children (4.4%) with normal BMI had severe asthma (P <0.001). It was also found that the mean BMI in children with severe asthma was 21.68, in children with moderate asthma was 19.73, and in children with mild asthma was 18.27 (P <0.001). Other variables including age, birth weight, maternal age, socioeconomic status, and educational level did not have any significant effect on the severity of asthma (P> 0.05).
Conclusion: Our study showed that the prevalence of severe asthma was high in obese children and this relationship was stronger in boys. Therefore, obese children have a higher risk for severe asthma. To reduce obesity in children, treatments such as regimen are required.
The Effect of Education based on Reasoned Action Theory on the Behaviors of Mothers with Malnourished 2-5 Year-Old Children in Sepidan
Authors: Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali , Vazirie Raziyeh , Fallahzadeh Hossein , Abargouei Amin Salehi , Keshavarzi Fatemeh 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Studies showed that about 25 percent of children with less than 5 years of age were underweight to varying degrees in Iran. Mothers, as the most influential group in family education, play very significant roles in preventing growth retardation and regular monitoring. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on reasoned action theory on the behavior of mothers with malnourished children.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 130 mothers with malnourished 2-5 year-old children in Sepidan city. Participants were divided into two groups (65 in the case group and 65 in the control group). Data were collected using a questionnaire containing demographic data and a questionnaire based on the structures of the reasoned action theory. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16.
Results: The mean score of attitude in the intervention group increased from 33.1± 5.2 to 38.5±3.8, their intention score from 24.4±3.3 to 30.03±3.1, and practice score from 31.6±4.9 to 42.5±3.8, which were statistically significant (p<0.001). However, the mean score of subjective norms increased from 31.4±5.5 to 32.7±5.3 and the difference was not statistically significant.
The weight mean of children in the intervention and control groups were 1.1 ± 1.6 and 11.5 ± 1.5 kg before the intervention, respectively. After the intervention, the weight mean of children in the intervention group increased to 12.05±1.4, which was statistically significant. On the other hand, weight gain in children of the control group was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Educational intervention based on reasoned action theory was effective on behaviors of mothers with malnourished children. So, this theory can be used as an educational framework to prevent malnutrition in children.
Ecological Risk Assessment Of Heavy Metals In Topsoil Around Major Industries Of Ardakan City
Authors: Siyahati Ardakani Gholamreza , Mirsanjari Mirmehradad , Azimzadeh Hamidreza , Solgi Eisa 
Published: March 2019

Introduction:Today, the contamination caused by rapid rate of developing industries has been drawing attention from scientific and environmental communities to itself. This study was conducted to investigate the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in topsoil of industrial area in Ardakan city.
Methods: For this porous, sampling of topsoil (0-5 cm) was performed using 5 transects in an area of 20000 hectares. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mo, Pb, V and Zn were measured in 45 samples based on ICP-OES method. Then, Indices including: Contamination level of heavy metal ( ), Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals ( ) and Total Potential Ecological Risk (RI) were calculated. Also Pearson’s correlation was used to assess the relationship between heavy metal’s concentrations.
Results: Results indicated that mean value concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were repectivley 9.85, 0.31, 35.33, 1.001, 43.28, 18.51, 44.8 and 78.3 (mg/kg) in topsoil of studied area. Maximum concentrations of all heavy metals was found in samples collected from downwind and near the major industries except for Mo and Ni. and RI indices also showed an increase downwind areas. Strongest correlations were found between Cr-Ni, Cd-Zn and As-Cr which indicates that these metals probably have the same source.
Conclusion: Although the ecological risk of the whole area was low in the risk class, the increase in ecological risk in the surrounding and lower parts of factories such as steel and pelletizing, and tile and ceramic industries indicated the dominant role in the distribution and spread of pollution and the necessity of attention to the site selection studies of these industries. Also the results of the present study indicated the necessity of preventive measurements such as Phytoremediation in the lower parts of industrial area of this region.
Education in the values of a social and solidarity-based economy for improving the conditions and the capabilities of women miners in Colombia
Authors: Alonso Asier Arcos , Arcos-Alonso Ander , Papa Ettore , Alonso-Olea MarÃ­a JosÃ© 
Published: March 2019

The -SSE- tries to build complex relations of production, consumption, distribution and financing based on justice, cooperation, reciprocity and mutual help, In this study an ESS educational model for the development of Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (ASSM) that incorporates women in Colombia is proposed. The ASSM is the mining subsector where the situation of women is more precarious. a subsistence economy and are in serious situations of inequality. Promoting and educating for a social and solidarity ASSM with a strong gender focus could break down obstacles, stereotypes and build more equitable gender relations. An intersectional and differential approach complements the necessary analysis to address this problem and proposes local built models, that are flexible, participatory and liberating, where the economic, cultural and social causes of womenÂ´s labour are tackled with
.

Keywords: Social economy, Solidarity economy, education in values, women mining;
Comparison of beta2-adrenergic and hyperemia-induced arterial vasodilation assessed by digital pulse contour analysis
Authors: Wykretowicz Andrzej , Adamska Karolina , Guzik Przemysław , Zwanzig Marcin , Dziarmaga Mateusz , Krauze Tomasz 
Published: March 2019

Introduction. The Reflection Index (RIDVP) derived from digital volume pulse (DVP) analysis has proved to be useful in the assessment of endothelium‑dependent vasodilation induced by albuterol. Little is known of the effect of shear‑stress‑induced vasorelaxation on RIDVP.Material and Methods. Thirty three healthy volunteers (22 females, 11 males, mean age 57 yrs) were recruited. Assessment of endothelium‑dependent vasorelaxation was performed by the analysis of digital volume pulse after albuterol challenge or locally‑induced hyperemia. Results. he hyperemia‑induced vasodilation led to a significant decrease of RIDVP in comparison with the values obtained at rest (∆RIHyper 69 ± 2 % vs 64 ± 2, p < 0.0001). Similarly albuterol administration resulted in a significant drop in RIDVP (∆RIAlb 71 ± 2 % vs 67 ± 2 %, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between ∆RIHyper and ∆RIAlb (5.2 ± 0.8 % vs 4.6 ± 1.0 %, p = 0.61). We observed a significant correlation between the small vessel reaction in response to albuterol or hyperemia (r = 0.52, p = 0.01).Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that hyperemia‑induced changes in the Reflexion Index derived from the digital volume pulse are similar to those observed after albuterol‑challenge and both are correlated.
A thousand words about the link between red blood cell distribution width and heart failure
Authors: Nowinka Pawel , Korab-Karpinski Eduoard , Guzik Przemysław 
Published: March 2019

A link between the red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) was reported for the first time in 2007. Since then, many studies have shown that an increased RDW is an independent and strong predictor of mortality and morbidity in patients with acute, decompensated or chronic HF. The evidence for such a link comes from dozens of prospective and retrospective studies in which clinical data from hundreds or even thousands of patients were examined. Although many processes such as nutritional deficiencies (e.g. iron, folate, vitamin B12), inflammation (interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor), malnutrition, renal failure or tissue and organ hypoxia have been proposed, no clear explanation exists or is commonly accepted. This mini‑review summarises the clinical evidence on the increased RDW as a predictor of adverse clinical outcomes in HF patients, and hypothetical mechanisms that might be responsible for this interesting clinical observation.
Pengembangan Ensiklopedia Pekerjaan Bidang Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (MIPA) untuk Peserta Didik Kelas X di SMA Suluh Jakarta
Authors: Cahyawulan Wening , Rachmawati Dwi 
Published: March 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan media berupa ensiklopedia pekerjaan bidang matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan alam (MIPA) untuk peserta didik kelas X di SMA Suluh Jakarta yang dapat digunakan sebagai layanan perencanaan individual. Populasi pada penelitian ini berjumlah 71 orang. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah non probability sampling dengan teknik sampling jenuh. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode research and development (R&D) model ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation dan Evaluation). Tahapan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis, desain dan pengembangan. Alat pengumpulan data menggunakan angket, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Ensiklopedia berisi pekerjaan ahli analisis riset operasional (quality control), ahli astronomi, ahli biokimia, ahli biologi, ahli fisika, ahli genetika, ahli hidrologi, ahli kimia, ahli matematika, ahli mikrobiologi, ahli statistika, ahli zoologi dan aktuaris. Hasil penilaian evaluasi formatif yang diperoleh yaitu ahli materi 85,8%, ahli media 92% dan peserta didik 80,2%.

This study aims to develop an encyclopedia about the mathematics and natural sciences jobs for student class X at Suluh Senior High School that can be used as individual planning services. The population in this study amounted to 71 peoples. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling with saturated sampling technique. The method used is a method of research and development (R&D) model of ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation). The stages in this research is analyze, design and development. Data collection tools in the form of questionnaires, interviews and documentation study. The Encyclopedia contains is analysis operational research (quality control), astronomers, biochemists, biologists, physicists, geneticists, hydrologists, chemists, mathematicians, microbiologists, statisticians, zoologists and actuaries. Results of the formative evaluation is 85.8% of material experts, media experts 92% and 80.2% of students.