bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of PD-1 by T Cells in Malignant Glioma Patients Reflects Exhaustion and Activation
Authors: Davidson Tom B. , Lee Alexander , Hsu Melody , Sedighim Shaina , Orpilla Joey , Treger Janet , Mastall Max , Roesch Saskia , Rapp Carmen , Galvez Mildred , Mochizuki Aaron , Antonios Joseph , Garcia Alejandro , Kotecha Nikesh , Bayless Nicholas , Nathanson David , Wang Anthony , Everson Richard , Yong William H. , Cloughesy Timothy F. , Liau Linda M. , Herold-Mende Christel , Prins Robert M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Purpose:
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system. Our recent preclinical work has suggested that PD-1/PD-L1 plays an important immunoregulatory role to limit effective antitumor T-cell responses induced by active immunotherapy. However, little is known about the functional role that PD-1 plays on human T lymphocytes in patients with malignant glioma.
Experimental Design: In this study, we examined the immune landscape and function of PD-1 expression by T cells from tumor and peripheral blood in patients with malignant glioma.

Results:
We found several differences between PD-1+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and patient-matched PD-1+ peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Phenotypically, PD-1+ TILs exhibited higher expression of markers of activation and exhaustion than peripheral blood PD-1+ T cells, which instead had increased markers of memory. A comparison of the T-cell receptor variable chain populations revealed decreased diversity in T cells that expressed PD-1, regardless of the location obtained. Functionally, peripheral blood PD-1+ T cells had a significantly increased proliferative capacity upon activation compared with PD-1− T cells.

Conclusions:
Our evidence suggests that PD-1 expression in patients with glioma reflects chronically activated effector T cells that display hallmarks of memory and exhaustion depending on its anatomic location. The decreased diversity in PD-1+ T cells suggests that the PD-1–expressing population has a narrower range of cognate antigen targets compared with the PD-1 nonexpression population. This information can be used to inform how we interpret immune responses to PD-1–blocking therapies or other immunotherapies.
Iridescent (angle-dependent reflectance) properties of dorsal coloration in Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768)
Authors: Pérez i de Lanuza Guillem , Font Enrique 
Published: November 2018

Iridescence is a visual property of those surfaces that change in colour with viewing angle. Iridescence has been rarely reported in reptiles, but some snakes and lizards show this type of coloration. Here we study the effect of different angles of light incidence and observation on the spectrophotometrically assessed reflectance of dorsal coloration in the lizard Podarcis muralis. The results demonstrate clear angle dependence of several colour parameters. In particular, different angles of light incidence and observation result in changes in hue of more than 30 nm. This suggests that lizard dorsal coloration may be perceived, depending on viewing geometry, as being of different colours by a wide range of potential observers. Functional implications of iridescence in dorsal coloration are discussed.
Reproductive life history of snakes in temperate regions: what are the differences between oviparous and viviparous species?
Authors: Bellini Gisela Paola , Arzamendia Vanesa , Giraudo Alejandro Raúl 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Studying life history (LH) allows a broader understanding of organisms and populations’ responses to their environments. Snakes display an immense diversity in terms of reproductive traits, which is reflected in LH traits. The aim of this study is to compare reproductive biology and morphological variables in viviparous and oviparous snakes of a temperate South American community. We studied nearly 1000 specimens of eight oviparous and seven viviparous species pertaining to the four taxonomic families that inhabit the Paraná basin floodplain. Dimorphic variables did not show a different tendency between oviparous and viviparous species. Our results showed that the reproductive mode determined some reproductive traits of a snake’s LH, such as reproductive frequency and reproductive potential. Oviparous snakes reproduce annually, while viviparous snakes reproduce biannually or multi-annually. All species showed seasonal reproductive cycles and no correlation between clutch size (fecundity) and maternal body size. The reproductive strategy of both oviparous and viviparous species of the Paraná River floodplain was to adjust their reproductive cycles to both hydrological cycle of the river and temperature regime. The reproductive traits under study are suggested to have been influenced by environmental factors as well as by genetic characteristics. The studied assemblage is the result of an admixture of evolutionarily distinct clades, each contributing a set of species with different reproductive traits. Although we do not ignore this fact, we emphasize the importance of studying reproductive LH as raw material for an integrative analysis.
Mapping quantitative trait loci of Meloidogyne graminicola resistance and tolerance in a recombinant inbred line population of Oryza glaberrima × O. sativa
Authors: Lawilao Judith Galeng , Swamy B.P. Mallikarjuna , Kumar Arvind , Cabasan Ma. Teodora Nadong , De Waele Dirk 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Host response of BC2F3 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between African rice (CG14) and Asian rice (IR64) genotypes was evaluated in the field and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that confer resistance and tolerance to Meloidogyne graminicola were mapped using SSR markers. Of the 155 BC2F3 progenies evaluated, 23 were resistant and six were partially resistant based on the number of second-stage juveniles (J2) per root system and J2 per g roots. Based on yield reduction, 23 progenies were identified as tolerant and 14 were less sensitive to M. graminicola infection. QTLs related to resistance were detected on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12. QTL for tolerance linked to percentage yield reduction was mapped on chromosome 5. QTLs linked to fresh root weight, dry root weight, dry shoot weight, percentage filled grains per panicle and yields were also mapped. QTLs identified will be useful in a breeding programme to develop M. graminicola-resistant and tolerant rice cultivars.
A fodder sorghum cultivar, ‘Kyushuko 3 go’, suppresses root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Murata Gaku , Takai Tomoyuki , Uesugi Kenta 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Commercially available sorghum cultivars were tested for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in order to select cultivars that combine fodder production with M. incognita population management. Initially in a pot test with 12 sorghum cultivars, ‘Kyushuko 3 go’, a sorghum hybrid, supported very low M. incognita reproduction approximately 40 days after inoculation (dai) with 500 second-stage juveniles (J2) pot−1, similar to the resistant green manure ‘Tsuchitaro’. Further tests for development of M. incognita in roots (20 dai with 150 J2 (root system)−1) indicated that the resistance of ‘Kyushuko 3 go’ acts after nematode root penetration. In field tests in 2015 and 2016, ‘Kyushuko 3 go’ suppressed M. incognita population densities, although some variations in field conditions may influence reproduction of M. incognita on ‘Kyushuko 3 go’. These findings demonstrated M. incognita-resistant fodder sorghum cultivars could be a useful alternative to susceptible cultivars for root-knot nematode management.
Sexual selection and organs of sense: Darwin’s neglected insight
Authors: Elgar Mark A. , Johnson Tamara L. , Symonds Matthew R.E. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Studies of sexual selection that occurs prior to mating have focussed on either the role of armaments in intra-sexual selection, or extravagant signals for inter-sexual selection. However, Darwin suggested that sexual selection may also act on ‘organs of sense’, an idea that seems to have been largely overlooked. Here, we refine this idea in the context of the release of sex pheromones by female insects: females that lower the release of sex pheromones may benefit by mating with high-quality males, if their signalling investment results in sexual selection favouring males with larger or more sensitive antennae that are costly to develop and maintain.
Effects of Pymetrozine on biochemical parameters and the midgut ultrastructure of Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Cunha Franklin M. , Wanderley-Teixeira Valéria , Teixeira Álvaro A.C. , Pereira Bruno Fiorelini , Caetano Flávio H. , Torres Jorge B. , Gonçalves Gabriel G.A. , Santos Fábio A.B. 
Published: November 2018

Pymetrozine represents a class of compounds for the control of sucking insects. However, chewing insects have also shown sensitivity to this compound. Therefore, although pymetrozine has been demonstrated to have a direct action on sucking insects, it could also affect species like the boll worm Anthonomus grandis by promoting histological changes in the intestine and alterations in biochemical parameters such as glycogen, lipids, and glucose. The pymetrozine promoted histological changes are characterized by protrusions and detachments of columnar cells toward the intestinal lumen, presence of vacuolated regenerative cells, and removal of the epithelial lamina in some areas of the muscle layer. The ultrastructure of the midgut in the control group exhibited the basal labyrinth near the mid region of the cell, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, glycogen granules, mitochondria, electron-lucent vesicles, nucleus with well-defined nucleoli, and elongated microvillus. Pymetrozine promoted disarrangement in the basal labyrinth and generated numerous vacuoles and large protrusions between the epithelial lamina and muscular layer. No significant difference was observed in glucose content at 48 h after treatment; however, a significant increase was observed at 144 h after treatment. The glycogen content was reduced in the first 48 h of exposure to pmetrozine and reached the average content of the control insects at 144 h. Significant effects were observed in lipid contents, both in the first 48 h and at 144 h after treatment. Thus, we conclude that pymetrozine compromises the digestive physiology in these insects, affects reproduction, and consequently, it can be a potential alternative to reduce this pest species.
First Indian record of Centistidea Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Miracinae) with description of eight new species
Authors: Ranjith Avunjikkattu Parambil , van Achterberg Cornelis , Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan , Kim Il-Kwon , Keloth Rajmohana , Mukundan Shweta , Nasser Mannankadiyan 
Published: November 2018

Miracinae is one of the least studied braconid subfamilies with only two extant genera. Among them, Centistidea Rohwer is a speciose and widely distributed genus. East Palearctic and Oriental species of Centistidea are revised and eight new species are described, seven of which are from south India, C. crenulator
sp. n., C. glabrator
sp. n., C. lineator
sp. n., C. mellapicalis
sp. n., C. procarinator
sp. n., C. rugator
sp. n., C. scutellator
sp. n.; and one from South Korea, C. albomarginata
sp. n. A key to the extant species is provided. Distribution pattern of Centistidea and character plasticity within species are discussed.
The Great War Poets and the Campaign for Empathy
Authors: Weems Sandra , Bragg Tom 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The British soldier-poets of the Great War (1914–1918) composed works that openly, intuitively sought empathy from civilians back home and commanders absent from the Western front. As a term coined only in 1909, empathy was derived, ironically, from German aesthetics (Einfühlung) by an English psychologist: two peoples imaginatively and intellectually engaged in peacetime, later locked in a prolonged, mutual slaughter. While most of the war poets had never heard the word, many of their poems demonstrate a variety of concepts and tropes that we recognise to be empathic. Examining lines by some of the war’s most famous poets – Edward Thomas, Thomas Sorley, Isaac Rosenberg, Charles Sorley, and Ivor Gurney – the authors illustrate ways the poets campaigned for empathy in verse.
Cast(e) in Disgust: Is an Empathic Reading of Caste Possible?
Authors: Kapoor Shivani 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This essay examines the question of empathy within the discourses of caste in India and argues that the presence of this deeply hierarchical system, which is premised on the idea of disgust, does not allow for the production of empathy or empathic political spaces. Locating itself in a particular case of caste violence and its counter discourse in the Una District of the state of Gujarat in western India, this essay examines the affectual politics of the presence of the animal and the animal-like in caste publics and the consequences that it has for the question of empathy.
Multisensory mechanisms for perceptual disambiguation. A classification image study on the stream–bounce illusion
Authors: Parise Cesare V. , Parise Cesare V. , Ernst Marc O. 
Published: November 2018

Sensory information is inherently ambiguous, and a given signal can in principle correspond to infinite states of the world. A primary task for the observer is therefore to disambiguate sensory information and accurately infer the actual state of the world.
Here, we take the stream–bounce illusion as a tool to investigate perceptual disambiguation from a cue-integration perspective, and explore how humans gather and combine sensory information to resolve ambiguity.
In a classification task, we presented two bars moving in opposite directions along the same trajectory meeting at the centre. We asked observers to classify such ambiguous displays as streaming or bouncing. Stimuli were embedded in dynamic audiovisual noise, so that through a reverse correlation analysis, we could estimate the perceptual templates used for the classification. Such templates, the classification images, describe the spatiotemporal statistical properties of the noise, which are selectively associated to either percept. Our results demonstrate that the features of both visual and auditory noise, and interactions thereof, strongly biased the final percept towards streaming or bouncing.
Computationally, participants’ performance is explained by a model involving a matching stage, where the perceptual systems cross-correlate the sensory signals with the internal templates; and an integration stage, where matching estimates are linearly combined to determine the final percept. These results demonstrate that observers use analogous MLE-like integration principles for categorical stimulus properties (stream/bounce decisions) as they do for continuous estimates (object size, position, etc.).
Finally, the time-course of the classification images reveal that most of the decisional weight for disambiguation is assigned to information gathered before the physical crossing of the stimuli, thus highlighting a predictive nature of perceptual disambiguation.
Tree-ring width and vessel characteristics of oriental beech (Fagus Orientalis) along an altitudinal gradient in the caspian forests, northern iran
Authors: Pourtahmasi Kambiz , Lotfiomran Neda , Bräuning Achim , Parsapajouh Davoud 
Published: November 2018

Vessel features of broadleaf trees may contain information about both spatial and temporal variations of environmental conditions. We report quantitative data about annual vessel characteristics for Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in the Caspian forest in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. Time series of tree-ring width and of various vessel variables were constructed over a 50-year period for three sites along an altitudinal gradient from 1260 to 2200 m a.s.l. We evaluated the dependencies between ring width and vessel variables and estimated the influence of altitude and climate on these variables.
Mean ring width and average vessel-lumen area decreased towards the high-elevation site whereas total vessel-lumen area was independent from altitude, and vessel density increased. Above-average warm summer and autumn seasons in the year prior to growth were negatively correlated with ring width and average vessel-lumen area whereas precipitation in the current June showed a positive association; vessel density responded exactly opposite to these climatic variables. Total vessel-lumen area was the only variable that reacted differently from site to site, mainly positively to temperature at 1200 m a.s.l. and negatively at 2000 and 2200 m a.s.l., whereas a consistent response to precipitation was lacking. The results indicate that vessel variables are meaningful indicators of changes in dynamics of wood formation in relation to climate along an altitudinal gradient in the Caspian mountains. As for climate reconstruction, we have to conclude that for our study area, vessel variables do not add much to information derived from ring width.
Improved user similarity computation for finding friends in your location
Authors: Tsakalakis Georgios , Koutsakis Polychronis 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Recommender systems are most often used to predict possible ratings that a user would assign to items, in order to find and propose items of possible interest to each user. In our work, we are interested in a system that will analyze user preferences in order to find and connect people with common interests that happen to be in the same geographical area, i.e., a “friend” recommendation system. We present and propose an algorithm, Egosimilar+, which is shown to achieve superior performance against a number of well-known similarity computation methods from the literature. The algorithm adapts ideas and techniques from the recommender systems literature and the skyline queries literature and combines them with our own ideas on the importance and utilization of item popularity.
Travel to Asia is a strong predictor for carriage of cephalosporin resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp. but does not explain everything; prevalence study at a Norwegian hospital 2014–2016
Authors: Espenhain Laura , Jørgensen Silje Bakken , Leegaard Truls Michael , Lelek Michaela Marie , Hänsgen Siri Haug , Nakstad Britt , Sunde Marianne , Steinbakk Martin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Background
We aimed to estimate the prevalence of faecal carriage of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae (ESCr-EK) and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in patients upon hospital admission and identify factors associated with carriage to better target interventions and to guide empirical antibiotic treatment.

Methods
Between October 2014 and December 2016, we recruited patients admitted to a Norwegian university hospital. A rectal swab and questionnaire covering possible risk factors for colonisation were collected upon admission. Isolates were characterized by phenotypic methods. ESCr-EK isolates were subject to whole genome sequencing. We calculated prevalence and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) using binomial regression.

Results
Of 747 patients, 45 (6.0%) were colonised with ESCr-EK, none with VRE. The ESCr-EK isolates in 41 patients were multidrug resistant; no isolates were non-suceptible to meropenem. Prevalence of ESCr-EK was higher among travellers to Asia (aPR = 6.6; 95%CI 3.6–12; p < 0.001). No statistical significant difference in carriage was observed between departments, age or any other factors in the univariable analyses.

Conclusions
The observed prevalence of ESCr-EK colonisation upon admission was in the same range but lower than that reported in similar studies from Europe. Travel to Asia was a strong predictor for colonisation of ESCr-EK to be considered when administering empirical antimicrobial treatment. As less than one third of colonised patients had travelled to Asia, and no other factors investigated were found to be strongly associated with carriage, these findings underscore that healthcare personnel must apply standard infection control precautions for all patients.
DESLOCAMENTOS URBANOS INVOLUNTÁRIOS E A REMOÇÃO DA FAVELA METRÔ-MANGUEIRA: A PRODUÇÃO DO ESPAÇO A PARTIR DAS NOÇÕES DE CENTRO E PERIFERIA
Authors: Figueira Luiz Eduardo De Vasconcellos , Da Costa Pedro D'Angelo 
Published: November 2018

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os deslocamentos urbanos involuntários realizados por moradores de favelas em remoção no Rio de Janeiro. A população local de uma favela em processo de remoção é impelida a se deslocar na cidade, em virtude dos reassentamentos e da busca por novas moradias e, ao fazer isso, utiliza suas próprias noções acerca do espaço que é produzido, ao mesmo tempo em que desenvolve práticas e discursos que transmitem o arcabouço moral e normativo acerca desses deslocamentos. As noções de centro e periferia emergem desses discursos a partir dos movimentos realizados na cidade, e se concretizam através de um padrão cognitivo que hierarquiza esses conceitos, fazendo com que o centro seja uma região valorizada em relação à periferia. Partiremos da perspectiva do direito à cidade, oferecida em especial por Henri Lefebvre, mas com o desejo de buscar autores que explorem a produção do espaço a partir da dualidade mencionada. O artigo oferece uma análise teórica, com base em revisão bibliográfica, e também empírica, com base em dados produzidos durante pesquisa de campo de cunho etnográfico na favela Metrô-Mangueira, localizada na Zona Norte do Rio de Janeiro. A análise dessas movimentações será também contextualizada com a política urbana implementada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e o impacto dessa política na oferta de moradias na cidade. Além disso, abordaremos também formas de se fazer antropologia urbana, culminando com uma proposta epistemológica que atenda às demandas atinentes à compreensão das cidades e dos movimentos que as constituem.
Emergencia dermatológica en pediatría. Síndrome de DRESS
Authors: De La Peña Sanabria Ivan David , Chavarriaga Nataly , Pineda Marriaga Jose Ángel 
Published: November 2018

Las reacciones cutáneas inducidas por drogas en pediatría, son entidades poco frecuentes., Sin embargo, se asocian a una gran morbilidad y mortalidad. El síndrome de Dress, o reacción medicamentosa con eosinofilia y compromiso sistémico, es una de las más representativas, pero poco diagnosticadas por su escasa frecuencia. Resumen del caso: lactante menor femenino, ingresa por celulitis postseptal, requirió manejo con vancomicina;, presentó deterioro clínico, fiebre y exantema maculopapular con fondo eritematoso diseminado, shock no modulado, edema, elevación de las aminotrasferasas, tiempos de coagulacion prolongados e hipoalbuminemia; eosinofilia de 8400, función hepática alterada;, completó criterios clínicos para síndrome de Dress. La evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria, sin tener recaída del exantema o fiebre; fue manejado con tratamiento de soporte e hidratación de piel, con resolución y evolución satisfactoria.Conclusiones: el diagnóstico del Dress, a pesar de ser de exclusión, debe ser considerado en todo niño con exposición previa a medicamentos de alto riesgo., Puede estar asociado a complicaciones en la etapa aguda, y, a pesar de un buen pronóstico, a largo plazo se puede asociar a complicaciones como enfermedades autoinmunes, compromiso renal o hepático crónico, los cuales deben ser evaluados como parte del seguimiento ambulatorio por parte del pediatra.
The Rhetoric and Reality of Small Business Preferences in the 2017 Tax Legislation
Authors: Glogower Ari 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis Essay describes the gap between the rhetoric and the reality of preferences for small business in the 2017 tax legislation. In the effort to shape public opinion on the legislation, proponents frequently highlighted the benefits for small businesses while often eliding the much larger benefits for large businesses and the wealthiest individuals. This strategic framing follows a recognizable historic pattern whereby tax benefits for the rich are sold to the public through a rhetoric emphasizing benefits lower down the economic ladder.