bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noncanonical features and modifications on the 5′‐end of bacterial sRNAs and mRNAs
Authors: Vasilyev Nikita , Gao Ang , Serganov Alexander 
Published: October 2018

Although many eukaryotic transcripts contain cap structures, it has been long thought that bacterial RNAs do not carry any special modifications on their 5′‐ends. In bacteria, primary transcripts are produced by transcription initiated with a nucleoside triphosphate and are therefore triphosphorylated on 5′‐ends. Some transcripts are then processed by nucleases that yield monophosphorylated RNAs for specific cellular activities. Many primary transcripts are also converted to monophosphorylated species by removal of the terminal pyrophosphate for 5′‐end‐dependent degradation. Recent studies surprisingly revealed an expanded repertoire of chemical groups on 5′‐ends of bacterial RNAs. In addition to mono‐ and triphosphorylated moieties, some mRNAs and sRNAs contain cap‐like structures and diphosphates on their 5′‐ends. Although incorporation and removal of these groups have become better understood in recent years, the physiological significance of these modifications remain obscure. This review highlights recent studies aimed at identification and elucidation of novel modifications on the 5′‐ends of bacterial RNAs and discusses possible physiological applications of the modified RNAs.This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry
RNA Processing > Capping and 5′ End Modifications
Dietary cholesterol does not break your heart but kills your liver
Authors: Püschel Gerhard P. , Henkel Janin 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
It is increasingly accepted that dietary cholesterol has a much lower impact on the progression of cardiovascular disease than previously assumed. However, both animal experiments and human studies seem to support the view that dietary cholesterol may contribute to the transition from benign steatosis to the potentially fatal non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cholesterol esters and cholesterol accumulate in the hepatocyte and impair its function. This leads to oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and rendering the hepatocyte more susceptible to apoptotic or necrotic cell death. Kupffer cells group around dying hepatocytes and phagocytose the hepatocyte debris and lipids. In addition, they are exposed to lipid peroxidation products released from hepatocytes. Kupffer cells, thus activated, release pro-inflammatory, chemotactic and profibrotic cytokines that promote inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, dietary cholesterol may be harmful to the liver, in particular when administered in combination with polyunsaturated fatty acids that favor lipid peroxidation.
Impact of a healthy lifestyle intervention program during pregnancy on women and newborn: STUDY PROTOCOL for a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Silva Ana , Pereira Beatriz , Souza Sérgio , Moreira Carla , Guerra Cláudia , Ferreira Cátia , Lopes Luís , Rosário Rafaela 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Physical activity during pregnancy assumes an important role in the health of both the pregnant and newborn. Given that physical activity tends to decrease throughout this period, it is essential to inform and encourage pregnant women to acquire healthy lifestyles, enabling them to improve their physical and psychological well-being.
This study aims to evaluate the impact of an intervention program on pregnant, newborn, and gestation outcomes, by increasing physical activity levels during this important period of woman's life.
This study will be conducted with 410 pregnant women in the first trimester. Participants will be recruited through the central hospital or community centers. Following consent and baseline data collection, pregnant women who do not have any medical or obstetric contraindication for physical exercise, will be assigned to the control or intervention groups. There will be 3 assessment periods: baseline (time 1—between the 7th and 10th week of gestation), after the intervention (time 2—between the 1st and 3rd day after delivery), and follow-up (time 3—1 month after delivery). The intervention group will have an intervention program, which comprises 2 terms: (1) teachers’ training delivered by researchers and (2) intervention delivered to pregnant women by trained teachers, which consists in 3 weekly classes of physical exercise (45/50 min each). The control group will have the standard care that is usually provided by health professionals.
The research has been approved by the Subcommittee on Ethics for the Life Sciences and Health of the University of Minho (id: SECVS 086/2015) and by the Ethics Committee for Health from the Central Hospital (id: 056/2014). There is a registration in clinical trials.gov, with the reference NCT03045237 (02/2017).
This study has the potential to increase pregnant's physical activity levels and contribute to programs and policies developed to optimize lifestyles during pregnancy and with implications in newborn outcomes.
Impact of the Aliso Canyon Gas Leak on Respiratory-Related Conditions Among US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Users
Authors: Lukowsky Lilia R. , Der-Martirosian Claudia , Gable Alicia R. , Dobalian Aram 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe largest gas leak in United States history occurred October 2015 through February 2016 near Porter Ranch (PR), California, and prompted the temporary relocation of nearby residents because of health concerns related to natural gas exposure.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative and clinical data. On the basis of zip codes, we created two groups: PR (1920 patients) and San Fernando Valley (SFV) (15 260 patients) and examined the proportion of outpatient visits to VA providers with respiratory-related diagnoses between October 2014 and September 2017.ResultsWe observed an increase in the proportion of visits in the PR group during the leak (7.0% vs 6.1%, P<0.005) and immediately after the leak (7.7% vs 5.3%, P<0.0001). For both groups, we observed a decrease in respiratory diagnoses one year after the leak (7.0% to 5.9%, P<0.05 PR; 6.1% to 5.7%, P<0.01 SFV).ConclusionExposure to natural gas likely led to the observed increase in respiratory-related diagnoses during and after the PR gas leak. Early relocation following natural gas leaks may mitigate respiratory exacerbations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:419-423)
Hospitals’ Preparedness to Treat Pediatric Patients During Mass Casualty Incidents
Authors: Toida Chiaki , Muguruma Takashi , Hashimoto Keiji 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTObjectivesLittle is known about the preparedness of hospitals to care for pediatric patients during a major incident in Japan. This study assessed the disaster preparedness of a children’s hospital in Japan by using a disaster drill.Materials and MethodsWe performed a triage drill with all hospitalized patients. The triage tags and medical records were reviewed retrospectively. We determined the efficacy of triage education, the validity of the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) method for children, and the potential need for evacuation through the disaster drill.ResultsThis study highlights 3 important issues about the hospital’s preparedness. First, it is difficult to promote disaster education for staff who are not well trained on handling disasters. Second, the START method is suitable for children older than 5 years, but it has a high rate of over-triaging among younger children. Third, approximately 40% of patients who are coded as immediate may require transportation resources in a hospital evacuation.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that disaster preparedness, such as educating hospital staff regarding disasters and establishing evacuation systems for a number of pediatric patients when a disaster happens, is essential for caring for hospitalized children during a mass casualty incident. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:429-432)
Lythrum salicaria(Purple Loosestrife) Control with Herbicides: Multiyear Applications
Authors: Knezevic Stevan Z. , Osipitan O. Adewale , Oliveira Maxwel C. , Scott Jon E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study evaluated the effectiveness of 14 herbicide treatments for purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicariaL.) control over a period of 10 yr. The study commenced in 2000/2001 at four wetland locations in Nebraska. The evaluated herbicides included: glyphosate at 2.2 and 3.4 kg ha−1; 2,4-D dimethylamine at 1.4 and 2.8 kg ae ha−1; triclopyr at 1.3 and 2.1 kg ae ha−1; imazapyr at 1.1 and 1.7 kg ae ha−1; metsulfuron at 0.042 and 0.084 ai kg ha−1; fosamine at 13.5 and 22.4 kg ai ha−1; triclopyr at 1.3 kg ae ha−1plus 2,4-D amine at 1.4 ae kg ha−1; and metsulfuron at 0.042 kg ai ha−1plus 2,4-D amine at 1.4 kg ae ha−1. Some treatments provided excellent control (90%) that lasted only one season, while others suppressedL. salicariagrowth for multiple seasons, depending on the location and the age ofL. salicariastand. Application of higher rates of glyphosate, imazapyr, and metsulfuron consistently provided excellent control (≥90%) ofL. salicariathat lasted 360 d after treatment at most locations. Application of fosamine and the lower rate of 2,4-D amine provided the leastL. salicariacontrol at most locations. The older theL. salicariastand, the more multiple applications of herbicides were needed to completely controlL. salicaria. Generally, there were higher percentages of grasses in the 2,4-D-, triclopyr-, and metsulfuron-treated plots compared with higher percentages of broadleaf species in the glyphosate- and imazapyr-treated plots at each location.
Effects of gene polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes on the association between red and processed meat consumption and the development of colon cancer; a literature review
Authors: Doaei S. , Hajiesmaeil M. , Aminifard A. , Mosavi-Jarrahi S. A. , Akbari M. E. , Gholamalizadeh M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe role of environmental factors and genetic susceptibility in the development of colon cancer (CC) has been already proven, but the role of gene polymorphisms in modifying the risk of environmental factors such as nutritional factors is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of polymorphisms of involved genes in the association between red meat consumption and the development of CC. The present review was carried out using keywords such as polymorphism and/or protein and/or red meat and/or processed meat and/or colon cancer. PubMed and Science Direct databases were used to collect all related articles published from 2001 to 2017. The presence of SNP in the coding genes of proteins involved in metabolism of nutrients could play significant roles in the extent of the effects of nutrition in the development of CC. The effect of dietary proteins greatly depends on the polymorphisms in the metabolising genes of these substances. Gene polymorphisms may have a role in colorectal cancer risk, especially in people with high meat intake, and this leads to a difference in the effects of meat consumption in different individuals. To conclude, dietary recommendations for the prevention and control of CC should be modified based on the genotype of different individuals. Increasing our knowledge on this field of nutritional genomics can lead to personalised preventive and therapeutic recommendations for CC patients.
14C content in candu spent ion exchange resins and its release under alkaline conditions
Authors: Bucur C , Florea I , Reiller P E , Dumitrescu D 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe total 14C content and its speciation (inorganic/organic) were measured in spent ion exchange resins (SIERs) received from Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). Also, 14C release from SIERs was investigated by desorption tests carried out in alkaline solution relevant for cementitious environment disposal. The method used for total 14C measurement consists of combustion in oxygen-rich atmosphere, while for speciation measurements, both in SIERs and in desorption solutions, an analytical method based on acid stripping and wet oxidation was applied. Around 97% from the total 14C inventory measured on the Cernavoda SIERs (33.7 kBq/g) was found to be in inorganic form and only 7% as organic 14C. Under alkaline conditions, 14C could be released both as gaseous and as soluble species: from the total 14C present in the SIERs samples around 7% was released as inorganic 14C in the gas phase and 79% as dissolved species (mainly as inorganic 14C). These percentages were obtained for unconditioned SIERs in NaOH solution. The SIERs will be immobilized in a suitable matrix for disposal, and the presence of Ca ions dissolved in cement pore water favor precipitation of 14C and consequently the amount of 14C released from disposal area should be lower.
ALIEN SEAMEN IN THE BRITISH NAVY, BRITISH LAW, AND THE BRITISH STATE, c. 1793 – c. 1815
Authors: CAPUTO SARA 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring the ‘long eighteenth century’, several thousands of sailors born outside British territories served in the Royal Navy. This phenomenon, and the peculiarities of their employment compared to that of British seamen, remain largely unstudied. This paper aims to show that, as far as disabilities or privileges were concerned, official legislation only played a very small part in making alien seamen's experiences in the navy distinct from those of their British colleagues. More broadly, this article argues that, whilst transnationalism can be overemphasized, there are specific contexts and groups of people for which the power of the state falters when it comes to obstructing movement, and indeed it is forced, for its very survival, to act strategically against the barrier to circulation that frontiers normally constitute. In similar circumstances, the origins of the individuals concerned, intended as official labels that states normally use to classify them, control them, and claim or disclaim ownership over them, can become all but meaningless. Thus, naval sailors, as useful state servants, can be an excellent case-study to understand the category of legal ‘foreignness’ as it developed in modern nation-states, and the tensions inherent to it.
Until the Bitter End? The Diffusion of Surrender Across Battles
Authors: Lehmann Todd C. , Zhukov Yuri M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWhy do armies sometimes surrender to the enemy and sometimes fight to the bitter end? Existing research has highlighted the importance of battlefield resolve for the onset, conduct, and outcome of war, but has left these life-and-death decisions mostly unexplained. We know little about why battle-level surrender occurs, and why it stops. In this paper, we argue that surrender emerges from a collective-action problem: success in battle requires that soldiers choose to fight as a unit rather than flee, but individual decisions to fight depend on whether soldiers expect their comrades to do the same. Surrender becomes contagious across battles because soldiers take cues from what other soldiers did when they were in a similar position. Where no recent precedent exists, mass surrender is unlikely. We find empirical support for this claim using a new data set of conventional battles in all interstate wars from 1939 to 2011. These findings advance our understanding of battlefield resolve, with broader implications for the design of political-military institutions and decisions to initiate, continue, and terminate war.
DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOMETRIC TESTING OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE WOMEN’S PERCEPTIONS OF UNPLANNED PREGNANCY
Authors: Mohammadi Eesa , Nourizadeh Roghaiyeh , Simbar Masoumeh , Baghestani Ahmad Reza , Rohana Nicole 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA woman’s decision to continue or terminate an unplanned pregnancy is affected by a broad range of contextual and cognitive factors. The identification of women’s perceptions of unplanned pregnancy is crucial for health care providers to be able to offer supportive care and counselling. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to accurately measure women’s perceptions of unplanned pregnancy: the Women’s Perceptions of Unplanned Pregnancy Questionnaire. The instrument was developed using a methodological framework guided by Waltz et al. (2010). A conceptual model of the designed instrument emerged from the qualitative study using a content analysis approach conducted in Tabriz, Iran. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling method between June 2016 and July 2017. Participants were a sample of married Iranian women between the ages of 15 and 49 who had experienced an unplanned pregnancy, either unwanted or mistimed, within the last 3 months. Women with an established diagnosis of a psychological disorder were excluded from the study. The psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed using face, content, concurrent and construct validations. To evaluate face validity, qualitative and quantitative (item impact score) methods were used. The content validity was assessed by fifteen panel experts. In addition, concurrent validity of the designed instrument was tested using the Persian version of the Cambridge Worry Scale and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The construct validity was calculated by using the exploratory factor analysis method. Data were collected from questionnaires completed by 310 eligible women. Analysis of the data using exploratory factor analysis yielded 31 items in a unique six-factor structure. The instrument was found to have high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.88) and adequate reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient=0.89). A clearer understanding of women’s perceptions of unplanned pregnancy may enhance reproductive services and interventions.
Monetary-Policy Rule as a Bridge: Predicting Inflation without Predictive Regressions
Authors: Hua Jian , Wu Liuren 
Published: October 2018

A major issue with predicting inflation rates using predictive regressions is that estimation errors can overwhelm the information content. This article proposes a new approach that uses a monetary-policy rule as a bridge between inflation rates and short-term interest rates and relies on the forward-interest-rate curve to predict future interest-rate movements. The 2-step procedure estimates the predictive relation not through a predictive regression but far more accurately through the contemporaneous monetary-policy linkage. Historical analysis shows that the approach outperforms random walk out of sample by 30%–50% over horizons from 1 to 5 years.
Genetic population structure in the swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatusand its implications for fishery management
Authors: Hui Min , Shi Guohui , Sha Zhongli , Liu Yuan , Cui Zhaoxia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInformation on the genetic population structure of economic species is important for understanding their evolutionary processes and for management programmes. In this study, the genetic structure of 12P. trituberculatuspopulations along the China seas and Japan was analysed. A fragment of mitochondrial control region was sequenced as a genetic marker in swimming crabs sampled from the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea and Japan, with dense sampling in the Bohai Sea. These populations showed an intermediate and significant genetic population structure, with an overall Φst value of 0.054 (P< 0.01). Based on a hierarchical AMOVA, they could be divided into two groups, the South China Sea population and all the other populations. The distribution of the haplotypes and the pairwise Φst values between populations indicated a high level of gene flow among most populations in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and Japan. However, low but significant genetic differentiation (P< 0.05) was also detected among several populations in these areas. Many details of the genetic structure were revealed, especially for the populations in the semi-enclosed Bohai Sea, and the inconsistency with previous studies was discussed. The structure patterns indicate that sea-level changes during the glacial period of the Pleistocene and oceanographic factors are important in shaping the genetic population structure of swimming crabs. Finally, the implications for fishery are suggested.
Material selection in engineering design based on nearest neighbor search under uncertainty: a spatial approach by harmonizing the Euclidean and Taxicab geometry
Authors: Das Debasis , Bhattacharya Somnath , Sarkar Bijan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMaterial selection is a fundamental step in mechanical design that has to meet all the functional requirements of the component. Multiple-attributed decision-making (MADM) processes are already well established to choose the preeminent alternative from the finite set of alternatives, but there is some lack of geometrical evidence if the alternatives are considered as multi-dimensional points. In this paper, a fresh spatial approach is proposed based on nearest neighbor search (NNS) in which the nearness parameter is considered as a Manhattan norm (Taxicab geometry) in turn which is a function of the Euclidean norm and cosine similarity to raise a preeminent alternative under the MADM framework. Cryogenic storage tank and flywheel are considered as two case studies to check the validity of the proposed spatial approach based on NNS in material selection. The result shows the right choice for the cryogenic storage tank is the austenitic steel (SS 301 FH), and for the flywheel, it is a composite material (Kevler 49-epoxy FRP) those are consistent with the real-world practice and the results are compared with other MADM methods of previous works.
WILLIAM MCGIBBON AND THE VERNACULARIZATION OF CORELLI'S MUSIC
Authors: CHISHOLM LEON 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn his 1720 poem ‘To the Musick Club’ Allan Ramsay famously called upon an incipient Edinburgh Musical Society to elevate Scottish vernacular music by mixing it with ‘Correlli's soft Italian Song’, a metonym for pan-European art music. The Society's ensuing role in the gentrification of Scottish music – and the status of the blended music within the wider contexts of the Scottish Enlightenment and the forging of Scottish national identity – has received attention in recent scholarship. This article approaches the commingling of vernacular and pan-European music from an alternative perspective, focusing on the assimilation of Italian music, particularly the works of Arcangelo Corelli, into popular, quasi-oral traditions of instrumental music in Scotland and beyond. The case of ‘Mr Cosgill's Delight’, a popular tune derived from a gavotte from Corelli's Sonate da camera a tre, Op. 2, is presented as an illustration of this process. The mechanics of vernacularization are further explored through a cache of ornaments for Corelli's Sonate per violino e violone o cimbalo, Op. 5, by the Scottish professional violinists William McGibbon and Charles McLean. The study foregrounds the agency of working musicians dually immersed in elite and popular musical traditions, while shedding new light on McGibbon's significance as an early dual master of Italian and Scots string-playing traditions.