bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Evolution
Authors: Mesoudi Alex 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Cultural evolution is the idea that cultural change, that is changes in socially acquired information such as knowledge or beliefs, constitutes a Darwinian evolutionary process that shares fundamental similarities with (but also some differences to) genetic evolution. While parallels between cultural and biological change have been drawn ever since Darwin provided his theory of evolution, it is only in the last few decades that this parallel has been fully pursued. Models, experiments and fieldwork has probed the details of how individuals learn from one another within societies (cultural microevolution), while comparative phylogenetic methods have been used to reconstruct long‐term cultural change and diversity over long timescales (cultural macroevolution). Key topics include language, cooperation, technology, innovation, migration and religion. The theory and field of cultural evolution can link the biological and social sciences by providing an evolutionarily based theory of cultural change and diversity.

Key Concepts

Culture is defined as information that is passed from individual to individual nongenetically, via social learning processes such as teaching or imitation.

Cultural evolution is the idea that cultural change constitutes an evolutionary process.

Cultural change constitutes an evolutionary process because cultural traits vary, they are inherited via social learning from individual to individual, and some cultural traits are more likely to be passed on than others.

Many species possess culture in the form of social learning, but few (perhaps only humans) have cumulative cultural evolution where the body of culturally evolving knowledge exceeds that which a single individual could invent or discover.

Cultural microevolution describes the ways in which cultural traits change within groups or societies, such as via different social learning biases.

Social learning biases include tendencies to learn from specific classes of individuals (e.g. one's parents, knowledgeable teachers, prestigious celebrities), learn particular kinds of things (e.g. about disgust‐inducing stimuli), or learn from others in particular situations (e.g. when uncertain).

Cultural macroevolution describes long‐term changes in culture at or above the level of the society and can be studied using phylogenetic methods similar to those used to reconstruct past genetic evolution.

Gene‐culture coevolution describes cases where culturally evolving traits alter selection pressures on genes and vice versa.

Common topics of study in the field of cultural evolution include language, cooperation, technology, innovation, migration and religion.

The theory of cultural evolution can link the biological or natural sciences with the social sciences and humanities, by providing an evolutionarily‐based theory of cultural change.
Autophagic vacuolar myopathy is a common feature of CLN3 disease
Authors: Radke Josefine , Koll Randi , Gill Esther , Wiese Lars , Schulz Angela , Kohlschütter Alfried , Schuelke Markus , Hagel Christian , Stenzel Werner , Goebel Hans H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are genetic degenerative disorders of brain and retina. NCL with juvenile onset (JNCL) is genetically heterogeneous but most frequently caused by mutations of CLN3. Classical juvenile CLN3 includes a rare protracted form, which has previously been linked to autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM). Our study investigates the association of AVM with classic, non‐protracted CLN3.MethodsEvaluation of skeletal muscle biopsies from three, non‐related patients with classic, non‐protracted and one patient with protracted CLN3 disease by histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and Sanger sequencing of the coding region of the CLN3 gene.ResultsWe identified a novel heterozygous CLN3 mutation (c.1056+34C>A) in one of our patients with classic, non‐protracted CLN3 disease. The skeletal muscle of all CLN3 patients was homogeneously affected by an AVM characterized by autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features and characteristic lysosomal pathology.InterpretationOur observations show that AVM is not an exceptional phenomenon restricted to protracted CLN3 but rather a common feature in CLN3 myopathology. Therefore, CLN3 myopathology should be included in the diagnostic spectrum of autophagic vacuolar myopathies.
High‐Efficiency Deep‐Blue‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Iridium(III) Carbene Complexes
Authors: Pal Amlan K. , Krotkus Simonas , Fontani Mattia , Mackenzie Campbell F. R. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Zysman‐Colman Eli 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHigh‐efficiency pure blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) remain one of the grand challenges, principally because the emissive complexes employed either do not possess sufficiently high photoluminescence quantum yields or exhibit unsatisfactory Commission International de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates. Here two deep‐blue‐emitting homoleptic iridium(III) complexes are reported and OLEDs are demonstrated with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.05) and maximum external quantum efficiency of 13.4%, which decreases slightly to 12.5% at 100 cd m−2. They represent examples of the most efficient OLEDs surpassing the CIEy requirement of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Emitter orientation contributes to the excellent device performance.
Visible‐ and NIR‐Light Responsive Black‐Phosphorus‐Based Nanostructures in Solar Fuel Production and Environmental Remediation
Authors: Feng Rongjuan , Lei Wanying , Liu Gang , Liu Minghua 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDirect utilization of the full spectrum of renewable solar light, in particular the visible‐ and near‐infrared (NIR) portions, is currently receiving a great deal of attention in solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion—a clean, economically, and environmentally sustainable process. Black phosphorus (BP), a newly emerging class of ultrathin 2D nanomaterials rediscovered in early 2014, fulfills this purpose due to its unique properties like high charge‐carrier mobility and tunable direct‐bandgap. To this end, the rational combinations of BP in the form of few‐layer nanosheets or ultrasmall quantum dots with a range of organic and inorganic nanomaterials offer more versatile and robust hybrids and nanocomposites that are functional in solar fuel production and environmental remediation. Herein, the most recent and key achievements of BP‐based nanostructured photocatalysts in water splitting, organic pollutant degradation, and nitrogen fixation under either visible‐ or NIR‐light illumination are summarized. Furthermore, perspectives on the potential future research directions are provided.
Ultrastable Graphene‐Encapsulated 3 nm Nanoparticles by In Situ Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Choi Dong Sung , Kim Chanhoon , Lim Joonwon , Cho Su‐Ho , Lee Gil Yong , Lee Ho Jin , Choi Jang Wook , Kim Heeyeon , Kim Il‐Doo , Kim Sang Ouk 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNanoscale materials offer enormous opportunities for catalysis, sensing, energy storage, and so on, along with their superior surface activity and extremely large surface area. Unfortunately, their strong reactivity causes severe degradation and oxidation even under ambient conditions and thereby deteriorates long‐term usability. Here superlative stable graphene‐encapsulated nanoparticles with a narrow diameter distribution prepared via in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are presented. The judiciously designed CVD protocol generates 3 nm size metal and ceramic nanoparticles intimately encapsulated by few‐layer graphene shells. Significantly, graphene‐encapsulated Co3O4 nanoparticles exhibit outstanding structural and functional integrity over 2000 cycles of lithiation/delithiation for Li‐ion battery anode application, accompanied by 200% reversible volume change of the inner core particles. The insight obtained from this approach offers guidance for utilizing high‐capacity electrode materials for Li‐ion batteries. Furthermore, this in situ CVD synthesis is compatible with many different metal precursors and postsynthetic treatments, including oxidation, phosphidation, and sulfidation, and thus offers a versatile platform for reliable high‐performance catalysis and energy storage/conversion with nanomaterials.
Sulfite‐Induced N‐Alkylation and Thioketonization of Azoles Enable Access to Diverse Azole Thiones
Authors: Deng Jian‐Chao , Chen Jia‐Hao , Zhang Jun‐Rong , Lu Ting‐Ting , Tang Ri‐Yuan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe direct modification of azole skeletons enables access to drug‐like molecules. The development of a highly compatible reaction platform for this pursuit still remains challenging. Herein, we report the use of sulfite as the single electron transfer (SET) reducing agent for the activation of functionalized bromoalkanes, elemental sulfur, and imidazoliniums for the transition metal‐free and base‐free N‐alkylation and thioketonization of azoles. Excellent functional group tolerance and high synthetic efficiency proved particularly advantageous for the rapid assembly of a large array of pharmaceutically‐oriented azole thiones, many of which contain synthetically and biologically useful functional groups. The direct transformation of drug molecules (such as Ketoconazole, Econazole, and Fluconazole) into their corresponding azole thiones has also been successfully achieved. Reactions with selenium also proceeded smoothly under the optimized conditions. Successful gram‐scale reactions demonstrate the good applicability of this methodology.magnified image
Photocatalytic H2O2 and H2 Generation from Living Chlorella vulgaris and Carbon Micro Particle Comodified g‐C3N4
Authors: Fu Yijun , Liu Chang'an , Zhang Mengling , Zhu Cheng , Li Hao , Wang Huibo , Song Yuxiang , Huang Hui , Liu Yang , Kang Zhenhui 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHydrogen production from water splitting using photocatalysts and solar energy is an ideal pathway to obtain future energy sources which are cheap and easy to industrialize. In the water splitting process, the reduction of H2O gives H2, while H2O oxidation produces O2 with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tiny amounts as a by‐product (poisoning the catalyst). It remains challenging to simultaneously produce H2O2 and H2 within one photocatalytic system. Inspired by a biological H2O2 generator, chlorella, the authors firstly realize the simultaneous photocatalytic water splitting and biological H2O2 generation by a living Chlorella vulgaris and carbon micro particle (needle coke) comodified g‐C3N4 (C‐N‐g‐C3N4) photocatalyst. The C‐N‐g‐C3N4 exhibits the optimal H2O2 (H2) evolution rate of 0.98 µmol h−1 (0.84 µmol h−1), giving an apparent quantum efficiency of 0.86% for H2 evolution at 420 nm. In this system, the needle coke serves as cocatalyst to work as reduction sites for H2 evolution, while the living C. vulgaris plays the key role in the production of H2O2 under the protection of g‐C3N4.
Critical Appraisal of Emergency Medicine Educational Research: The Best Publications of 2016
Authors: Dubosh Nicole M. , Jordan Jaime , Yarris Lalena M. , Ullman Edward , Kornegay Joshua , Runde Daniel , Juve Amy Miller , Fisher Jonathan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives were to critically appraise the emergency medicine (EM) medical education literature published in 2016 and review the highest‐quality quantitative and qualitative studies.MethodsA search of the English language literature in 2016 querying MEDLINE, Scopus, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and PsychInfo identified 510 papers related to medical education in EM. Two reviewers independently screened all of the publications using previously established exclusion criteria. The 25 top‐scoring quantitative studies based on methodology and all six qualitative studies were scored by all reviewers using selected scoring criteria that have been adapted from previous installments. The top‐scoring articles were highlighted and trends in medical education research were described.ResultsSeventy‐five manuscripts met inclusion criteria and were scored. Eleven quantitative and one qualitative papers were the highest scoring and are summarized in this article.ConclusionThis annual critical appraisal series highlights the best EM education research articles published in 2016.
Photocleavable Supramolecular Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Release in Cancer Cells
Authors: Liu Jiang‐Hua , Wu Xianjing , Zhang Ying‐Ming , Liu Yu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhotocontrolled, targeted and biocompatible supramolecular nanoparticles were constructed through the host‐guest interactions of 2‐nitrobenzyl ester‐linked β‐cyclodextrin and adamantane‐grafted hyaluronic acid (HA). In this system, we used HA and 2‐nitrobenzyl ester as targeting and photoresponsive groups, respectively. Moreover, the introduction of β‐cyclodextrin further enhanced the biocompatibility of the supramolecular nanoparticles. Benefiting from the light‐responsive capability of a 2‐nitrobenzyl ester moiety, the hydrophobic anticancer drug camptothecin was loaded in the internal hydrophobic microenvironment of the supramolecular nanoparticle and could be specifically released in the cancer cells. These results demonstrated that supramolecular polysaccharide drug nanocarriers with targeting ability and intelligent light‐stimulus responsiveness may have excellent potential in the clinical cancer treatments.
Rhodiumkatalysierte sp2‐ und sp3‐C‐H‐Funktionalisierungen mit entfernbaren dirigierenden Gruppen
Authors: Rej Supriya , Chatani Naoto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren hat sich die übergangsmetallkatalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung zu einer Schlüsselstrategie der organischen Synthese entwickelt. Von den verschiedenen Übergangsmetallkomplexen finden die Rhodiumkomplexe aufgrund ihrer hohen Reaktivität und Selektivität als Katalysatoren bei einer Vielzahl von C‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen breite Anwendung. Da zudem eine Reihe von Rhodiumkomplexen in verschiedenen Oxidationsstufen zur Verfügung steht, resultieren verschiedene Reaktionswege. Die Regioselektivität, ein wichtiger Aspekt in der C‐H‐Aktivierungschemie, kann durch die Verwendung einer dirigierenden Gruppe erreicht werden. Um die funktionalisierten Zielverbindungen zu erhalten, ist es jedoch notwendig, eine dirigierende Gruppe zu verwenden, die leicht entfernt werden kann. Eine ganze Reihe von dirigierten C‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen, die durch Rhodiumkomplexe katalysiert werden, wurde bisher veröffentlicht. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir Rh‐katalysierte C‐H‐ Funktionalisierungsreaktionen, die durch die Verwendung einer entfernbaren dirigierenden Gruppe (Phenol, Amin, Aldehyd, Ketone, Ester, Säure, Sulfonsäure und N‐heteroaromatische Derivate) realisiert wurden.
Surface‐Driven Keto–Enol Tautomerization: Atomistic Insights into Enol Formation and Stabilization Mechanisms
Authors: Attia Smadar , Schmidt Marvin‐Christopher , Schröder Carsten , Pessier Pascal , Schauermann Swetlana 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTautomerisation of simple carbonyl compounds to their enol counterparts on metal surfaces is envisaged to enable an easier route for hydrogenation of the C=O bond in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. To understand the mechanisms of enol formation and stabilization over catalytically active metal surfaces, we performed a mechanistic study on keto–enol tautomerization of a monocarbonyl compound acetophenon over Pt(111) surface. By employing infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy in combination with scanning tunneling microscopy, we found that enol can be formed by building a ketone–enol dimer, in which one molecule in the enol form is stabilized through hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl group of the second ketone molecule. Based on the investigations of the co‐adsorption behavior of acetophenone and hydrogen, we conclude that keto–enol tautomerization occurs in the intramolecular process and does not involve hydrogen transfer through the surface hypothesized previously.
A Molecular Secret Sharing Scheme
Authors: Lustgarten Omer , Carmieli Raanan , Motiei Leila , Margulies David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA method for implementing a secret sharing scheme at the molecular level is presented. By creating molecular code generators that are self‐assembled from several molecular components, we established a means for distributing distinct code‐activating elements among several participants. In this way, an authorization code can only be generated when all the participants are present, which ensures that highly secured systems cannot be operated by unauthorized individuals or disloyal users. Additional layers of protection result from the ability to program the security code by replacing one or several molecular components and by subjecting the system to distinct chemical inputs.
Diazuleno‐s‐indacene Diradicaloids: Syntheses, Properties, and Local (anti)Aromaticity Shift from Neutral to Dicationic State
Authors: Jiang Qing , Tao Tao , Phan Hoa , Han Yi , Gopalakrishna Tullimilli Y. , Herng Tun Seng , Li Guangwu , Yuan Liu , Ding Jun , Chi Chunyan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNon‐alternant, non‐benzenoid π‐conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) are expected to exhibit very different electronic properties from all‐benzenoid PHs. Reported herein are the syntheses and physical properties of four derivatives of two azulene‐fused s‐indacene isomers, the diazuleno[2,1‐a:2′,1′‐g]‐s‐indacene (DAI‐1) and diazuleno[2,1‐a:1′,2′‐h]‐s‐indacene (DAI‐2). The backbone of both isomers contains 28π electrons and is a 7‐5‐5‐6‐5‐5‐7 fused ring system. X‐ray crystallographic analysis, NMR spectra, and theoretical calculations (ACID, NICS) reveal a structure with two aromatic azulene units fused with a central anti‐aromatic s‐indacene moiety. All compounds exhibit open‐shell diradical character and are magnetically active, but the derivatives of DAI‐2 show larger radical character than the respective ones of DAI‐1. Their dications were isolated in crystalline form and all experimental and theoretical analyses disclose a shift of local (anti)aromaticity along the backbone, with two aromatic tropylium rings at the termini.
Inorganic Triphenylphosphine
Authors: Gorman Adam D. , Bailey Jonathan A. , Fey Natalie , Young Tom A. , Sparkes Hazel A. , Pringle Paul G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA completely inorganic version of one of the most famous organophosphorus compounds, triphenylphosphine, has been prepared. A comparison of the crystal structures of inorganic triphenylphosphine, PBaz3 (where Baz=B3H2N3H3) and PPh3 shows that they have superficial similarities and furthermore, the Lewis basicities of the two compounds are remarkably similar. However, their oxygenation and hydrolysis reactions are starkly different. PBaz3 reacts quantitatively with water to give PH3 and with the oxidizing agent ONMe3 to give the triply‐O‐inserted product P(OBaz)3, an inorganic version of triphenyl phosphite; a corresponding transformation with PPh3 is inconceivable. Thermodynamically, what drives these striking differences in the chemistry of PBaz3 and PPh3 is the great strength of the B−O bond.
Disorder Engineering in Monolayer Nanosheets Enabling Photothermic Catalysis for Full Solar Spectrum (250–2500 nm) Harvesting
Authors: Yang Min‐Quan , Shen Lei , Lu Yuyao , Chee See Wee , Lu Xin , Chi Xiao , Chen Zhihui , Xu Qing‐Hua , Mirsaidov Utkur , Ho Ghim Wei 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA persistent challenge in classical photocatalyst systems with extended light absorption is the unavoidable trade‐off between maximizing light harvesting and sustaining high photoredox capability. Alternatively, cooperative energy conversion through photothermic activation and photocatalytic redox is a promising yet unmet scientific proposition that critically demands a spectrum‐tailored catalyst system. Here, we construct a solar thermal‐promoted photocatalyst, an ultrathin “biphasic” ordered–disordered D‐HNb3O8 junction, which performs two disparate spectral selective functions of photoexcitation by ordered structure and thermal activated conversion via disordered lattice for combinatorial photothermal mediated catalysis. This in situ synthetically immobilized lattice distortion, constrained to a single‐entity monolayer structure not only circumvents interfacial incompatibility but also triggers near‐field temperature rise at the catalyst–reactant complexes’ proximity to promote photoreaction. Ultimately, a generic full solar conversion improvement for H2 fuel production, organic transformation and water purification is realized.
Utilization of linseed cake as a postagricultural functional filler for poly(lactic acid) green composites
Authors: Mysiukiewicz Olga , Barczewski Mateusz 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTLinseed cake (LC), a byproduct of linseed oil extraction, is used as a functional filler for production of biodegradable composites. To determine the influence of residual linseed crude oil contained in lignocellulosic filler on the properties of the poly(lactic acid) (PLA)‐based composites with 5–30% filler content, two types of LC were analyzed: a defatted and an unmodified one. Complex analysis of the composites' properties change was conducted in relation to their structure modification caused by the addition of a waste filler. It was found that the addition of LC resulted in simultaneous plasticization and improved crystallization of PLA. Lignocellulosic particles and crude linseed oil contained in the LC powder provided a modifying effect, influencing the level of crystallinity and mechanical and thermomechanical properties. Using LC may thus overcome one of the main drawbacks of PLA, which is brittleness and low crystallinity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47152.
Effect of chemical treatment on the thermal properties of hybrid natural fiber‐reinforced composites
Authors: Neto J. S. S. , Lima R. A. A. , Cavalcanti D. K. K. , Souza J. P. B. , Aguiar R. A. A. , Banea M. D. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this work is to study the effect of chemical treatment on the thermal properties of hybrid natural fiber‐reinforced composites (NFRCs). Different chemical treatments [i.e., alkalized and mixed (alkalized+ silanized)] were used to improve the adhesion between the natural fibers (jute, ramie, sisal, and curauá) and the polymer matrix. A differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and a dynamic mechanical analysis were performed to study the thermal properties of hybrid NFRC. It was found that the chemical treatments increased the thermal stability of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the chemical treatments altered the morphology of the natural fibers. A rougher surface was observed in case of alkali treated fiber, whereas a thin coating layer was formed on the fiber surface during the mixed treatment. However, for some fibers (i.e., sisal and rami), the chemical treatment has a positive impact on the composite properties, whereas for the jute and curauá composites, the best behavior was found for untreated fibers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47154.