bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Addition of Arabic as an Official and Working Language of the UN General Assembly and at Diplomatic Conferences
Authors: Tabory Mala 
Published: May 2019

The United Nations Conference on International Organization (San Francisco, 25 April to 26 June 1945) initiated an era of quinquilingualism in the conduct of international organizational affairs, with Chinese, Russian, Spanish, English and French serving as its official languages, and the latter two as its working languages. The text of the United Nations Charter, according to Article 111, is authentic in these five languages. The distinction between official and working languages introduced at San Francisco set the pattern for linguistic practices at the United Nations. Each organ of the United Nations has since adopted language procedures suitable to its requirements, with the practices of the General Assembly initially following the pattern of the same two working languages and five official languages established at San Francisco. According to the rules of procedure of the General Assembly as in force until 1 January 1974, working languages were those in which verbatim records and the Journal were issued and into which all speeches were translated; as for the official languages, all resolutions, important documents and summary records were made available in them, and verbatim records and documents only upon the request of a delegation.Spanish was added to English and French as the third working language of the General Assembly on 7 December 1948. Two proposals for the inclusion of Russian and Chinese respectively among the working languages of the General Assembly were rejected in 1949. The General Assembly's rules of procedure were not further altered in this respect until 21 December 1968, when Russian was included among its working languages. An amendment submitted on that occasion by (Nationalist) China with a view to eliminating the distinction between official and working languages in the General Assembly and Security Council by granting Chinese the status of a working language was rejected. Chinese was included among the working languages of the General Assembly on 18 December 1973. At that point all five Charter languages acquired both official and working language status, and the distinction between the two classes of languages ceased to have practical relevance.
Rules for Courts: The Role of Lawyers, Judges, Professors and Government
Authors: Weinstein Jack B. 
Published: May 2019

This discussion covers some methods and institutions for changing procedures in the courts. More particularly, I refer to procedures for conducting litigations in courts of general jurisdiction, that is to say, civil procedure, criminal procedure and evidence.Since criminal procedure and evidence are controlled here by statutes, I realize that when the terms “rules” or “regulations” are used you would normally think only of civil procedure. I use the term “rules” in a broader sense since in federal courts in the United States, most procedure governing civil and criminal trials and appeals, including evidence, stems from rules promulgated by the Supreme Court of the United States, subject to modification by Congress.I shall describe briefly the history and present situation in the United States, making some reference to the British method, touch on the Israeli method, and then draw some general conclusions, raising some questions about the Israeli pattern as I understand it. These countries are comparable since each has a strong, independent judiciary and a tradition of freedom and the rule of law.
Monitoring sun bears and Asiatic black bears with remotely sensed predictors to inform conservation management
Authors: Scotson Lorraine , Ross Steven , Arnold Todd W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAsiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus and sun bear Helarctos malayanus populations are declining throughout South-east Asia as a result of habitat loss and human disturbance. Knowledge of the distribution and status of each species is limited and largely anecdotal. Range maps are coarse, compiled by expert opinion, and presence or absence is unknown over large portions of South-east Asia. These two species co-occur in Lao People's Democratic Republic and may be faring better there than in neighbouring countries. During 2010–2013 we searched for bear sign along 99 transects within eight study sites throughout Lao. To explore countrywide relative abundance and habitat suitability, we modelled bear sign as a log-linear function of biological and anthropogenic predictors that were associated with habitat assemblages and human disturbance. Bears favored higher elevations and rugged terrain in areas less accessible to humans, and were most abundant in the north and east of Lao. Suitable habitats were rare in the southern lowland plains where bear abundance was relatively low. Our model predicted that Nam Et–Phou Louey National Protected Area had the largest areas of suitable bear habitat, followed by the Nakai-Nam Teun and Nam Ha National Protected Areas. Using transects to survey for bear sign, we created a replicable geographical information system based assessment tool for bears in Lao that can be used to identify conservation opportunities and monitor changes in bear distribution over time.
Prevalence of comorbid mental and physical illnesses and risks for self-harm and premature death among primary care patients diagnosed with fatigue syndromes
Authors: Carr Matthew J. , Ashcroft Darren M. , White Peter D. , Kapur Nav , Webb Roger T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundFatigue syndromes (FSs) affect large numbers of individuals, yet evidence from epidemiological studies on adverse outcomes, such as premature death, is limited.MethodsCohort study involving 385 general practices in England that contributed to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) with linked inpatient Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and Office for National Statistics (ONS) cause of death information. A total of 10 477 patients aged 15 years and above, diagnosed with a FS during 2000–2014, were individually matched with up to 20 comparator patients without a history of having a FS. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were estimated to compare the FS and comparison cohorts on clinical characteristics. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for subsequent adverse outcomes were estimated from stratified Cox regression models.ResultsAmong patients diagnosed with FSs, we found elevated baseline prevalence of: any psychiatric illness (PR 1.77; 95% CI 1.72–1.82), anxiety disorders (PR 1.92; 1.85–1.99), depression (PR 1.89; 1.83–1.96), psychotropic prescriptions (PR 1.68; 1.64–1.72) and comorbid physical illness (PR 1.28; 1.23–1.32). We found no significant differences in risks for: all-cause mortality (HR 0.99; 0.91–1.09), natural death (HR 0.99; 0.90–1.09), unnatural death (HR 1.00; 0.59–1.72) or suicide (HR 1.68; 0.78–3.63). We did, however, observe a significantly elevated non-fatal self-harm risk: HR 1.83; 1.56–2.15.ConclusionsThe absence of elevated premature mortality risk is reassuring. The raised prevalence of mental illness and increased non-fatal self-harm risk indicate a need for enhanced assessment and management of psychopathology associated with fatigue syndromes.
Internal or external evil: a merism in Luwian incantations
Authors: Mouton Alice , Yakubovich Ilya 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe paper addresses the frequent collocation /ir(hu)waliyan parittarwaliyan/, which occurs in Luwian incantations embedded in Hittite cuneiform ritual texts. Despite the relatively clear context, the meanings of this and similar collocations have remained obscure. Using combinatory and etymological methods, we intend to demonstrate that it hides the merism “internal (or) external”, which modifies various sorts of supernatural negative phenomena. Furthermore, we intend to argue that such an interpretation is compatible with the Late Bronze Age Anatolian beliefs about potential sources of evil. A collateral result of our demonstration is the elucidation of a number of additional contexts in the Hittite, Luwian, Lydian, and official Aramaic languages.
Children and their Rights and Entitlements in EU Welfare States
Authors: DALY MARY 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn light of social policy’s growing focus on children and a changing family policy portfolio, we need better classifications and a more nuanced understanding of policy approaches to children. The aim here is to contribute to further thinking and analysis by reviewing some of the existing conceptualisations and the latest relevant policy developments on the one hand and developing an analytic framework for further research on the other. The article takes an EU-wide approach and empirically examines developments in income support policy, parenting-related leaves, early childhood education and care and children’s right to participation to see what they reveal about prevailing approaches to children. The paper identifies some strong moves towards a greater focus on children in social policy but suggests differentiating between three different approaches: family-oriented, childhood-oriented and child-oriented. These approaches differ in terms of whether their primary focus is on children or adults, whether they engage with children directly or indirectly, the set of entitlements involved and the desired outcome.
INGEGNERIA ORGANIZZATIVA E SCIENZA POLITICA
Authors: Balducci Massimo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneDa un po’ di tempo a questa parte, nell'ambito degli studi organizzativi, si sta sviluppando un indirizzo di ricerca che a molti pare giustificato ricondurre alla politologia. In questa sede ci proponiamo di capire quale sia la logica che sta dietro questa scelta scientifica che sta maturando soprattutto nell'ambito delle scienze sociali tedesche.
IL RECENTE MUTAMENTO NEL SISTEMA PARTITICO ISRAELIANO
Authors: Shapiro Ovadia 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLe elezioni che si sono svolte in Israele il 17 maggio 1977 hanno segnato la fine di un'epoca nella storia politica del paese. Per la prima volta è stato sconfitto il Partito Laburista, che aveva dominato la scena politica fin dalla creazione dello stato nel 1948, e il cui emergere al potere risale in effetti al 1935, quando ancora non si era costituito lo stato ebraico. Scopo di questo saggio è dimostrare che la perdita del potere da parte del Partito Laburista ha un significato diverso a seconda dei contesti storico-politici, cioè che essa è legata a mutamenti del sistema politico di Israele in generale, e del suo sistema partitico in particolare. Ci rendiamo conto che una sola elezione non è una base sufficiente per valutare gli sviluppi di un sistema partitico; sarebbe necessario prendere in considerazione una serie di elezioni successive per poter giungere a conclusioni attendibili circa il significato e la direzione di tali sviluppi. In una certa misura, questa considerazione sembra valida anche nel caso di Israele. Nessuno è in grado di prevedere con esattezza, a questo primo stadio, che tipo di sistema partitico possa scaturire dalla situazione attuale. Si potrebbero delineare per il futuro diversi scenari, ma senza dati sufficienti che li giustifichino. Non intendo indagare su tutti gli sviluppi possibili, per concentrarmi, invece, su quelli che già sono individuabili.
COMPETIZIONE ELETTORALE E RENDIMENTO POLITICO: IL CASO ITALIANO
Authors: D'Alimonte Roberto 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa democrazia liberale è una forma di governo fondata sul pluralismo e sulla competizione politica. Piú precisamente, «è una procedura e/o un meccanismo chea) genera una poliarchia aperta, la cui competizione sul mercato elettoraleb) conferisce potere al popolo ec) specificamente induce i governanti alla ricettività verso i governati». Ma a quali condizioni e in che misura questo avviene nel mondo reale? In altre parole, a quali condizioni la competizione elettorale assicura non solo il carattere democratico dei risultati, ma anche — e direi soprattutto — il «buon governo», la ricettività del potere? A livello di teoria empirica della democrazia, queste domande investono il problema del rapporto tra competizione e rendimento dei sistemi di partito. In base a questa logica dobbiamo quindi assumere che il tipo di aggregazione delle domande politiche, le modalità di composizione dei conflitti, la qualità dellaleadership, vale a dire le diverse componenti del rendimento politico, dipendono, in misura variabile in ogni sistema, anche dalla struttura della competizione elettorale. Mentre in scienza politica l'analisi comparata delle basi sociali del comportamento di voto a livello di massa ha fatto grandi progressi, ne sappiamo molto meno sull'influenza del comportamento elettorale sulla competizione e della competizione sul rendimento politico. Questo saggio si propone di studiare questo argomento mettendo a fuoco da una parte una serie di concetti teorici e dall'altra un modello della competizione elettorale nel sistema partitico italiano.
POLITICA ESTERA E POLITICA INTERNA IN ITALIA: NOTE METODOLOGICHE
Authors: Gori Umberto 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSulla politica estera italiana esiste ormai un'abbondante letteratura, talora anche pregevole, ma questa quasi mai si presta a far avanzare di un solo passo la conoscenza «scientifica» nel settore. Non esistono, cioè, correlazioni ipotetiche esplicitate e trasparenti, tali da consentire un controllo ed un'accumulazione del sapere in questo campo. Inoltre, molte generalizzazioni, allorché sono fatte, mancano del tutto di evidenza empirica e/o implicano unicamente (nella migliore delle ipotesi) relazioni causali di tipo lineare.
The perspectives of people with dementia on day and respite services: a qualitative interview study
Authors: O’ Shea Emma , O’ Shea Eamon , Timmons Suzanne , Irving Kate 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRespite services have traditionally been viewed as services for carers mainly. Perhaps as a result, the perspectives of people with dementia have been largely ignored. In this study, we consider these perspectives in relation to day and respite services, and contextualise them in light of Kitwood's prediction that person-centred care would be adopted only superficially by such services. Convenience sampling was employed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with six community-dwelling people with dementia. A thematic analysis was conducted and four themes were identified: ‘acceptability of service characteristics’, ‘meaningful engagement’, ‘personhood’ and ‘narrative citizenship’. The findings suggest that day services were more acceptable than residential respite, though some people would prefer home-based models, if available. ‘Meaningful’ engagement must be individually defined; however purposeful and reciprocal activity was commonly invoked as meaningful. ‘Personhood’ and ‘narrative citizenship’ were quintessential markers of quality care; while some people experienced personhood being bestowed upon them, others reported distinct instances of malignant social psychology, discrimination and stigma. In conclusion, an implementation gap may still persist regarding person-centred care in some respite services, based on the perspectives of people with dementia. Delivering the vision for care outlined here would require greater flexibility in service provision, more resources and more one-on-one staff–client time. The fundamental shift in thinking required by some staff relies on us supporting them to develop a greater self- and shared cultural-awareness around dementia.
The effects of seawater on the integrity of offshore structures
Authors: Hodgkiess T. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThis paper reviews the knowledge of deterioration processes which occur when steel and concrete structures are situated in seawater. The basic corrosion mechanisms of steel, together with possible methods of protection, are outlined briefly. With regard to coatings and cathodic protection, recent developments to counteract the increasingly severe conditions encountered by oil-production platforms in the North Sea, are discussed. Concrete structures usually provide a naturally-inhibitive internal environment to confer protection from corrosion to encased steel reinforcements, but mention is made of the possibilities of such protection becoming ineffective during long service in severe offshore conditions.The basic features of corrosion fatigue are described in the light of recent research but some aspects, which are of great importance for the performance of steel structures, are shown to be not well documented or understood. Corrosion fatigue of concrete structures has not been studied extensively, a particularly neglected area being the elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms of deterioration.
Spontaneous Dissection of Cervico-Cerebral Arteries
Authors: Fisher C. Miller , Ojemann Robert G. , Roberson Glenn H. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:Sixteen cases of spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery (6 verified) are described. The mean age was 45 years. The clinical picture varied from simply headache and a bruit to hemiplegia and aphasia. Eleven patients had transient ischemic attacks. Headache, facial pain, a subjective bruit, oculo-sympathetic palsy and transient monocular blindness were present in various combinations in two-thirds of cases and their presence suggested the correct diagnosis. Examples of suspected dissection of the intracranial internal carotid, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral and extracranial vertebral arteries are also presented. Spontaneous dissection is more common than the literature indicates.
Microangiography and Vascular Permeability of the Subependymal Matrix in the Premature Infant
Authors: Takashima Sachio , Tanaka Kenzo 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:The microvascular architecture of the subependymal matrix in premature infants was studied with microangiography and benzidine stains. This revealed that the subependymal matrix is the end zone or the border zone between cerebral arteries and the collection zone of the deep cerebral veins. Focal hypoxic changes of this subependymal matrix may occur in hypoxemia and ischemia because of the characteristic architecture.The vascular permeability of these vessels was studied in rabbits using three different molecular weights of FITC-dextran. Vascular permeability was increased in the subependymal matrix by hypoxia and especially by hypoxia associated with an increased venous pressure. These findings may be related to the pathogenesis of subependymal hemorrhage in prematurity.
Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay
Authors: Bouchard J. P. , Barbeau A. , Bouchard R. , Bouchard R. W. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:A new syndrome of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia has been isolated in the Charlevoix-Saguenay region of Quebec. This syndrome is remarkably homogeneous and includes: spasticity, dysarthria, distal muscle wasting, foot deformities, truncal ataxia, absence of sensory evoked potentials in the lower limbs, retinal striation reminiscent of early Leber's atrophy and the frequent presence (57%) of a prolapse of the mitral valve. Biochemically, many cases show impaired pyruvate oxidation, others have hyperbilirubinaemia and some have low serum β-lipoproteins and HDL apoproteins. These features are similar to those found in trypical Friedreich's ataxia.
Lipoamide Dehydrogenase Regulation in Rat Brain
Authors: Ngo T. T. , Barbeau A. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:The Pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDHC) purified from rat brain is phosphorylated in the presence of low concentrations of ATP and MgCl2. The phosphorylated PDHC is incapable of catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. In the presence of high concentrations (10 mM) of MgCl2, the phosphorylated (inactive) PDHC is converted back to the dephospho-form of PDHC which is catalytically active.The dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (LAD) component, E3, of PDHC is inactivated by pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and the PLP-inactivated LAD can be reactivated by an amino acid, taurine. These results indicate the reversible formation of Schiff base between PLP and LAD. They also provide clear evidence for the involvement of LAD (E3) in the previously reported inactivation of PDHC by PLP.
Platelet Taurine Uptake in Spinocerebellar Degeneration
Authors: Filla A. , Butterworth R. F. , Geoffroy G. , Lemieux B. , Barbeau A. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:The uptake of 14C-laurine was studied in the platelets of 20 ataxic patients and 20 age-matched normal control subjects. No significant differences were found in uptake or kinetics of taurine between the two groups of subjects. If a transport defect in taurine exists in Friedreich's ataxia, it is not present in all tissues. Preliminary indication was obtained in favor of heterogenity of the uptake pattern between ataxic individuals.
Friedreich's Ataxia 1978 — An Overview
Authors: Barbeau A. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:In the present overview an attempt is made to summarize the investigations carried out during the first part of Phase Two of the Quebec Cooperative Study of Friedreich's Ataxia. These investigations delineated the relative importance of various biochemical leads uncovered during the preliminary survey. It is possible to indicate some findings that may be primary and which should be pursued in subsequent investigations. Among these, the observation of an abnormal composition of high density lipoproteins in Friedreich's Ataxia appears to be the most important.
Lifetime bipolar disorder comorbidity and related clinical characteristics in patients with primary obsessive compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS)
Authors: Dell’Osso Bernardo , Vismara Matteo , Benatti Beatrice , Cirnigliaro Giovanna , Grancini Benedetta , Fineberg Naomi A. , Van Ameringen Michael , Hollander Eric , Stein Dan J. , Menchon Josè M. , Rodriguez Carolyn I. , Nicolini Humberto , Lanzagorta Nuria , Pallanti Stefano , Grassi Giacomo , Lochner Christine , Marazziti Donatella , Hranov Georgi , Karamustafalioglu Oguz , Hranov Luchezar , Zohar Joseph 
Published: May 2019

Introduction.Bipolar disorder (BD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are prevalent, comorbid, and disabling conditions, often characterized by early onset and chronic course. When comorbid, OCD and BD can determine a more pernicious course of illness, posing therapeutic challenges for clinicians. Available reports on prevalence and clinical characteristics of comorbidity between BD and OCD showed mixed results, likely depending on the primary diagnosis of analyzed samples.Methods.We assessed prevalence and clinical characteristics of BD comorbidity in a large international sample of patients with primary OCD (n = 401), through the International College of Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS) snapshot database, by comparing OCD subjects with vs without BD comorbidity.Results.Among primary OCD patients, 6.2% showed comorbidity with BD. OCD patients with vs without BD comorbidity more frequently had a previous hospitalization (p < 0.001) and current augmentation therapies (p < 0.001). They also showed greater severity of OCD (p < 0.001), as measured by the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).Conclusion.These findings from a large international sample indicate that approximately 1 out of 16 patients with primary OCD may additionally have BD comorbidity along with other specific clinical characteristics, including more frequent previous hospitalizations, more complex therapeutic regimens, and a greater severity of OCD. Prospective international studies are needed to confirm our findings.