bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in electromyographic activity of biceps brachii and brachioradialis while performing three variants of curl
Authors: Marcolin Giuseppe , Panizzolo Fausto Antonio , Petrone Nicola , Moro Tatiana , Grigoletto Davide , Piccolo Davide , Paoli Antonio 
Published: July 2018

Background
Dumbbell curl (DC) and barbell curl in its two variants, straight (BC) or undulated bar (EZ) are typical exercises to train the elbow flexors. The aim of the study was to verify if the execution of these three variants could induce a selective electromyographic (EMG) activity of the biceps brachii (BB) and brachioradialis (BR).

Methods
Twelve participants performed one set of ten repetitions at 65% of their 1-RM for each variant of curl. Pre-gelled electrodes were applied with an inter-electrode distance of 24 mm on BB and BR. An electrical goniometer was synchronously recorded with EMG signals to determine the concentric and eccentric phases of each variant of curl.

Results
We detected higher activation profile of both BB (P < 0.05) and BR (P < 0.01) during the EZ compared to the DC. Higher levels of activation was found during the concentric phase for only the BR performed with an EZ compared to DC (P < 0.001) and performing BC compared to DC (P < 0.05). The eccentric phase showed a higher activation of the BB muscle in EZ compared to DC (P < 0.01) and in BC compared to DC (P < 0.05). The BR muscle showed a higher activation performing EZ compared to DC (P < 0.01).

Discussion
The EZ variant may be preferred over the DC variant as it enhances BB and BR EMG activity during the whole range of motion and only in the eccentric phase. The small difference between BC and EZ variants of the BB and BR EMG activity makes the choice between these two exercises a matter of subjective comfort.
Kinematic characteristics of barefoot sprinting in habitually shod children
Authors: Mizushima Jun , Seki Keitaro , Keogh Justin W.L. , Maeda Kei , Shibata Atsushi , Koyama Hiroyuki , Ohyama-Byun Keigo 
Published: July 2018

Background
Anecdotally, a wide variety of benefits of barefoot running have been advocated by numerous individuals. The influence of the alterations in the properties of the shoe on the running movement has been demonstrated in adults at submaximal jogging speeds. However, the biomechanical differences between shod and barefoot running in children at sprinting speeds and the potential developmental implications of these differences are still less examined. The purpose was to determine the potential differences in habitually shod children’s sprint kinematics between shod and barefoot conditions.

Methods
Ninety-four children (51 boys and 43 girls; 6–12 years-old; height, 135.0 ± 0.12 m; body mass, 29.0 ± 6.9 kg) performed 30 m maximal sprints from standing position for each of two conditions (shod and barefoot). To analyze sprint kinematics within sagittal plane sprint kinematics, a high-speed camera (300 fps) was set perpendicular to the runway. In addition, sagittal foot landing and take-off images were recorded for multiple angles by using five high-speed cameras (300 fps). Spatio-temporal variables, the kinematics of the right leg (support leg) and the left leg (recovery leg), and foot strike patterns: rear-foot strike (RFS), mid-foot strike (MFS), and fore-foot strike (FFS) were investigated. The paired t-test was used to test difference between shod and barefoot condition.

Results
Barefoot sprinting in habitually shod children was mainly characterized by significantly lower sprint speed, higher step frequency, shorter step length and stance time. In shod running, 82% of children showed RFS, whereas it decreased to 29% in barefoot condition. The touch down state and the subsequent joint movements of both support and recovery legs during stance phase were significantly altered when running in condition with barefoot.

Discussion
The acute effects of barefoot sprinting was demonstrated by significantly slower sprinting speeds that appear to reflect changes in a variety of spatiotemporal parameters as well as lower limb kinematics. It is currently unknown whether such differences would be observed in children who typically run in bare feet and what developmental benefits and risks may emerge from increasing the proportion of barefoot running and sprinting in children. Future research should therefore investigate potential benefits that barefoot sprinting may have on the development of key physical fitness such as nerve conduction velocity, muscular speed, power, and sprinting technique and on ways to minimize the risk of any acute or chronic injuries associated with this activity.
Effects of two-week e-learning on eHealth literacy: a randomized controlled trial of Japanese Internet users
Authors: Mitsuhashi Toshiharu 
Published: July 2018

Background
The Internet is widely used as a source of information by people searching for medical or healthcare information. However, information found on the Internet has several drawbacks, and the ability to consume accurate health information on the Internet (eHealth literacy) is increasingly important. This study’s goal was to clarify the extent to which eHealth literacy is improved after e-learning in a randomized controlled trial.

Methods
Data were collected on 301 Japanese adults through an online survey. Participants were assigned to the intervention (e-learning about eHealth literacy) group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group included 148 participants, and 153 participants were in the control group. The participants provided information at baseline on demographic characteristics, self-rated health, and frequency of Internet searching. The eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS), which was the main measure of eHealth literacy, and data on secondary outcomes (the Healthy Eating Literacy Scale and skill for evaluating retrieved search results) were obtained at baseline and at follow-up. The score difference was calculated by subtracting the score at baseline from the score at follow-up. Linear regression analysis and multinomial regression analysis were performed using the differences in score as the dependent variables and the intervention as the explanatory variable. Intention-to-treat analysis was employed.

Results
The results from participants who responded to all of the questions both times were analyzed (134 in the intervention group and 148 in the control group). eHEALS increased 1.57 points due to the intervention effect (Δ score change = 1.57; 95% CI [0.09–3.05]; p = 0.037). Skills for evaluating retrieved search results improved more in the intervention group than in the control group (relative risk ratio = 2.47; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.33, 4.59; p = 0.004). There were no large differences at baseline between the intervention and control groups in the eHEALS, Healthy Eating Literacy scale, or skill for evaluating retrieved search results. However, at follow-up, the intervention group had improved more than the control group on both the eHEALS and skill for evaluating retrieved search results.

Discussion
eHealth literacy improved after the e-learning, as evidenced by the change to the eHEALS scores and increased skill for evaluating retrieved search results. There was no significant effect of e-learning, which did not include content on healthy eating, on the Healthy Eating Literacy Scale scores. This indicates that scores did not increase much due to effects other than e-learning, as is sometimes seen with the Hawthorne effect. Although it was statistically significant, the effect size was small. Therefore, future research is necessary to verify the clinical implications. In sum, this study suggests that e-learning is an effective way to improve eHealth literacy.
Adaptive switching control of uncertain fractional systems: Application to Chua's circuit
Authors: Aghababa Mohammad Pourmahmood 
Published: July 2018

SummarySince the introduction of fractional‐order differential equations, there has been much research interest in synthesis and control of oscillatory, periodic, and chaotic fractional‐order dynamical systems. Therefore, in this article, the problem of stabilization and control of nonlinear three‐dimensional perturbed fractional nonlinear systems is considered. The major novelty of this article is handling partially unknown dynamics of nonlinear fractional‐order systems, as well as coping with input saturation along the existence of model variations and high‐frequency sensor noises via just one control input. The method supposes no known knowledge on the upper bounds of the uncertainties and perturbations. It is assumed that the working region of the input saturation function is also unknown. After the introduction of a simple finite‐time stable nonlinear sliding manifold, an adaptive control technique is used to reach the system variables to the sliding surface. Rigorous stability discussions are adopted to prove the convergence of the developed sliding mode controller. The findings of this research are illustrated using providing computer simulations for the control problem of the chaotic unified system and the fractional Chua's circuit model.
Engineering the Electrochemical Temperature Coefficient for Efficient Low‐Grade Heat Harvesting
Authors: Gao Caitian , Yin Yuling , Zheng Lu , Liu Yezhou , Sim Soojin , He Yongmin , Zhu Chao , Liu Zheng , Lee Hyun‐Wook , Yuan Qinghong , Lee Seok Woo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLow‐grade heat to electricity conversion has shown a large potential for sustainable energy supply. Recently, the low‐grade heat harvesting in the thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC) is a promising candidate with high energy conversion efficiency. In this system, the electrochemical temperature coefficient (α) plays a dominant role in efficient heat harvesting. However, the internal factors that affect α are still not clear and significant improvements are needed. Here, α of various Prussian Blue analogues (PBAs) is investigated and their lattice change during cation intercalation is monitored using the ex situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) method. For the first time, it is found that α is highly related to the lattice parameter change. Large lattice shrinkage exhibits a large negative α, while lattice expansion is corresponding to a positive α. These are mainly attributed to the different phonon vibration entropy changes upon cation intercalation in various PBAs. Especially, purple cobalt hexacynoferrate delivers the largest α of −0.89 mV K−1 and enables highly efficient heat conversion efficiency up to 2.65% (21% of relative efficiency). The results of this study provide a fundamental understanding of temperature coefficient in electrochemical reactions and pave the way for designing high‐performance material for low‐grade heat harvesting.
Tunable Enzymatically Cross‐Linked Silk Fibroin Tubular Conduits for Guided Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Carvalho Cristiana R. , Costa João B. , da Silva Morais Alain , López‐Cebral Rita , Silva‐Correia Joana , Reis Rui L. , Oliveira J. Miguel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHollow tubular conduits (TCs) with tunable architecture and biological properties are in great need for modulating cell functions and drug delivery in guided tissue regeneration. Here, a new methodology to produce enzymatically cross‐linked silk fibroin TCs is described, which takes advantage of the tyrosine groups present in silk structure that are known to allow the formation of a covalently cross‐linked hydrogel. Three different processing methods are used as a final step to modulate the properties of the silk‐based TCs. This approach allows to virtually adjust any characteristic of the final TCs. The final microstructure ranges from a nonporous to a highly porous network, allowing the TCs to be selectively porous to 4 kDa molecules, but not to human skin fibroblasts. Mechanical properties are dependent both on the processing method and thickness of the TCs. Bioactivity is observed after 30 days of immersion in simulated body fluid only for the TCs submitted to a drying processing method (50 °C). The in vivo study performed in mice demonstrates the good biocompatibility of the TCs. The enzymatically cross‐linked silk fibroin TCs are versatile and have adjustable characteristics that can be exploited in a variety of biomedical applications, particularly in guidance of peripheral nerve regeneration.
“Smart” Nanoprobes for Visualization of Tumor Microenvironments
Authors: Ma Tiancong , Zhang Peisen , Hou Yi , Ning Haoran , Wang Zihua , Huang Jiayi , Gao Mingyuan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPhysiological parameters in tumor microenvironments, including hypoxia, low extracellular pH, enzymes, reducing conditions, and so on, are closely associated with the proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of cancer, and impact the therapeutic administrations. Therefore, monitoring the tumor microenvironment is significant for diagnosing tumors, predicting the invasion potential, evaluating therapeutic efficacy, planning the treatment, and cancer prognostics. Noninvasive molecular imaging technologies combined with novel “smart” nanoparticle‐based activatable probes provide a feasible approach to visualize tumor‐associated microenvironment factors. This review summarizes recent achievements in the designs of “smart” molecular imaging nanoprobes responding to the tumor microenvironment–related features, and highlights the state of the art in tumor heterogeneity imaging.
Selective Synthesis of Benzo[a]Carbazoles and Indolo[2,1‐a]‐Isoquinolines via Rh(III)‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalizations of 2‐Arylindoles with Sulfoxonium Ylides
Authors: Chen Guang , Zhang Xinying , Jia Ruixue , Li Bin , Fan Xuesen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA highly chem‐ and regioselective synthesis of diversely substituted benzo[a]carbazoles and indolo[2,1‐a]‐isoquinolines through Rh(III)‐catalyzed cascade reactions of 2‐arylindoles with sulfoxonium ylides is presented. To be specific, treatment of 2‐arylindoles, 2‐arylindole‐3‐carbaldehydes, 2‐arylindole‐3‐carbonitriles or 2‐aryl‐3‐methylindoles with sulfoxonium ylides under the catalysis of Rh(III) led to the selective formation of 6‐aryl/alkyl benzo[a]carbazoles, 5‐acylbenzo[a]carbazoles, 6‐amino‐5‐acylbenzo[a]carbazoles or 12‐methylindolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines, respectively. Mechanistically, the formation of the title compounds involves a cascade process including metalation of the inert C(sp2)−H bond, migratory insertion of ylide into the carbon‐metal bond via an in situ carbenoid formation, protodemetalation, and condensation. To our knowledge, this is the first example in which β‐carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides were used as stable carbene precursors and bifunctional C2 synthons to afford benzo[a]carbazoles and indolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines.magnified image
Does information about organic status affect consumer sensory liking and willingness to pay for beer?
Authors: Waldrop Megan E. , McCluskey Jill J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe organic beer market is in its infancy, but the product category is growing at a high rate. This study evaluates how information about organic status affects consumers’ willingness to pay and sensory liking for beer. Consumer sensory panels were conducted for the purpose of this study with information treatments and valuation questions. In our sample, informing consumers that beer is organic or certified organic does not significantly affect sensory liking scores, and certified organic has a negative marginal effect on willingness to pay, providing evidence that organic is not a vertical quality attribute for beer. However, panelists who regularly purchase craft beer, care about the environment, and/or have an openness to new foods have a higher willingness to pay for organic beer. Our findings suggest that organic beer appeals to a niche market of consumers. [EconLit citations: L15, L66, Q13]
Bioclimatic factors at an intrabiome scale are more limiting than cyanobiont availability for the lichen‐forming genus Peltigera
Authors: Lu Jade , Magain Nicolas , Miadlikowska Jolanta , Coyle Jessica R. , Truong Camille , Lutzoni François 
Published: July 2018

Premise of the StudyFactors shaping spatiotemporal patterns of associations in mutualistic systems are poorly understood. We used the lichen‐forming fungi Peltigera and their cyanobacterial partners Nostoc to investigate the spatial structure of this symbiosis at an intrabiome scale and to identify potential factors shaping these associations.MethodsNinety‐three thalli were sampled in Québec, Canada, along a south–north and an east–west transect of ~1300 km each. We identified the two main partners (Peltigera species and Nostoc phylogroups) using molecular markers and modeled the effects of environmental variables and partner occurrence on Peltigera–Nostoc distributions.Key ResultsPeltigera species showed a high degree of specialization toward cyanobionts, whereas two Nostoc phylogroups dominated both transects by associating with several Peltigera species. Peltigera species had narrower ranges than these two main cyanobionts. Distributions of three Peltigera species were highly associated with precipitation and temperature variables, which was not detected for Nostoc phylogroups at this spatial scale.ConclusionsFor these cyanolichens, factors driving patterns of symbiotic associations are scale dependent. Contrary to global‐scale findings, generalist Peltigera species were not more widespread within the boreal biome than specialists. Nostoc availability was not the only driver of Peltigera species’ geographic ranges; environmental factors also contributed to their intrabiome distributions. Climatic conditions (especially precipitation) limited the range of some Peltigera species more than the range of their cyanobacterial partners at an intrabiome (boreal) scale.
Quality indicators for the diagnosis and management of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Cottrell Justin , Yip Jonathan , Chan Yvonne , Chin Christopher J. , Damji Ali , de Almeida John R. , Desrosiers Martin , Janjua Arif , Kilty Shaun , Lee John M. , Macdonald Kristian I. , Meen Eric K. , Rudmik Luke , Sommer Doron D. , Sowerby Leigh , Tewfik Marc A. , Vescan Allan D. , Witterick Ian J. , Wright Erin , Monteiro Eric 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been identified as a high‐priority disease category for quality improvement. To this end, this study aimed to develop CRS‐specific quality indicators (QIs) to evaluate diagnosis and management that relieves patient discomfort, improves quality of life, and prevents complications.MethodsA guideline‐based approach, proposed in 2012 by Kötter et al. was used to develop QIs for CRS. Candidate indicators (CIs) were extracted from 3 practice guidelines and 1 international consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of CRS. Guidelines were evaluated using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) tool. Each CI and its supporting evidence was summarized and reviewed by an expert panel based on validity, reliability, and feasibility of measurement. Final QIs were selected from CIs utilizing the modified RAND Corporation–University of California, Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) appropriateness methodology.ResultsThirty‐nine CIs were identified after literature review and evaluated by our panel. Of these, 9 CIs reached consensus as being appropriate QIs, with 4 requiring additional discussion. After a second round of evaluations, the panel selected 9 QIs as appropriate measures of high‐quality care.ConclusionThis study proposes 9 QIs for the diagnosis and management of patients with CRS. These QIs can serve multiple purposes, including documenting the quality of care; comparing institutions and providers; prioritizing quality improvement initiatives; supporting accountability, regulation, and accreditation; and determining pay‐for‐performance initiatives.
Hochdurchsatz‐Metabolomik mit 1D‐NMR
Authors: Vignoli Alessia , Ghini Veronica , Meoni Gaia , Licari Cristina , Takis Panteleimon G. , Tenori Leonardo , Turano Paola , Luchinat Claudio 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMetabolomik befasst sich mit der Gesamtheit aller Metabolite, dem Metabolom. Als eine der “Omics”‐Wissenschaften hat sie Querbeziehungen zur Biologie, Physiologie, Pathologie und Medizin; andererseits sind Metabolite chemische Verbindungen, kleine organische Moleküle oder anorganische Ionen. Ihre korrekte Identifizierung und Quantifizierung in komplexen biologischen Matrizen erfordert daher eine solide chemische Grundlage. Im Vergleich beispielsweise zu DNA unterliegen Metabolite sehr viel stärker der Oxidation oder dem enzymatischen Abbau: Wir können große Teile eines Mammut‐Genoms aus einer kleinen Probe rekonstruieren, sind aber nicht in der Lage, dasselbe mit seinem Metabolom zu tun, das innerhalb weniger Stunden nach dem Tod des Tieres wahrscheinlich weitgehend abgebaut war. Erforderlich sind daher Standardverfahren, gute chemische Fertigkeiten der Probenvorbereitung für die Lagerung und anschließende Analyse, genaue analytische Protokolle, eine umfangreiche Kenntnis der Chemometrie, erweiterte statistische Verfahren und fundiertes Wissen über mindestens eine der beiden Metabolomik‐typischen Verfahren, MS oder NMR. All diese Fertigkeiten besitzen traditionell die Chemiker. Entsprechend betrachten wir die Metabolomik aus chemischer Perspektive und beschränken uns auf NMR. Der Analytiker findet Argumente für und gegen NMR, jedoch bietet das Verfahren eine besondere ganzheitliche Perspektive, die für künftige Anwendungen als eine bevölkerungsweite Screeningtechnik für Reihenuntersuchungen sprechen.
Probing Interfacial Electronic and Catalytic Properties on Well‐Defined Surfaces by Using In Situ Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Ya‐Hao , Liang Miao‐Miao , Zhang Yue‐Jiao , Chen Shu , Radjenovic Petar , Zhang Hua , Yang Zhi‐Lin , Zhou Xiao‐Shun , Tian Zhong‐Qun , Li Jian‐Feng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHeterogeneous metal interfaces play a key role in determining the mechanism and performance of catalysts. However, in situ characterization of such interfaces at the molecular level is challenging. Herein, two model interfaces, Pd and Pt overlayers on Au single crystals, were constructed. The electronic structures of these interfaces as well as effects of crystallographic orientation on them were analyzed by shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) using phenyl isocyanide (PIC) as a probe molecule. A clear red shift in the frequency of the C≡N stretch (νNC) was observed, which is consistent with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data and indicates that the ultrathin Pt and Pd layers donate their free electrons to the Au substrates. Furthermore, in situ electrochemical SHINERS studies showed that the electronic effects weaken Pt−C/Pd−C bonds, leading to improved surface activity towards CO electrooxidation.
Porous Ionic Liquids or Liquid Metal–Organic Frameworks?
Authors: Costa Gomes Margarida , Pison Laure , Červinka Ctirad , Padua Agilio 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPorous liquids can be prepared from the dispersion metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in ionic liquids (ILs). Porous liquids prepared from 5 % of ZIF‐8 in a phosphonium‐based ionic liquid are capable of absorbing reversibly up to 150 % more nitrogen and 100 % more methane than the pure ionic liquid.
Elastically Flexible Crystals have Disparate Mechanisms of Molecular Movement Induced by Strain and Heat
Authors: Brock Aidan J. , Whittaker Jacob J. , Powell Joshua A. , Pfrunder Michael C. , Grosjean Arnaud , Parsons Simon , McMurtrie John C. , Clegg Jack K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractElastically flexible crystals form an emerging class of materials that exhibit a range of notable properties. The mechanism of thermal expansion in flexible crystals of bis(acetylacetonato)copper(II) is compared with the mechanism of molecular motion induced by bending and it is demonstrated that the two mechanisms are distinct. Upon bending, individual molecules within the crystal structure reversibly rotate, while thermal expansion results predominantly in an increase in intermolecular separations with only minor changes to molecular orientation through rotation.