bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pattern of human bone dissolution—A histological study ofIronAge warriors from aDanish wetland site
Authors: Tjelldén A.K.E. , Kristiansen S.M. , Birkedal H. , Jans M.M.E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBioerosion of archaeological bone is well documented histologically. However, although several studies have examined the physicochemical properties of dissolved archaeological bone, few studies have focused on the specific histological pattern of dissolution, orgeneralised destruction. Hence, the primary aim of this study is to characterise the histomorphological pattern and chronology of in situ dissolution of bone caused by precipitation and oxidation of pyrite and other exogenous minerals.We studied cortical bone from 24 human tibiae of one single event of mass deposition 2,000 years ago. Bones from 3 groups with contrasting degrees of macroscopic preservation were included: (a) bones excavated at shallow depth (approximately 60‐ to 70‐cm subsurface); (b) bones excavated in 2012–2013 (1‐ to 2‐m subsurface); and (c) bones excavated in 1954–1959 from the same level as (b). Bones are at present found even in the plough layer (i.e., <30 cm below surface) in this organic soil, meaning that parts of the find are extremely endangered or already lost to decomposition. Bone histology and identification of precipitations were performed by transmitted and reflected light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis of inclusions and infiltrations of Fe (iron) and Mn (manganese) compounds from the environment was determined by inductively coupled plasma excitation with optical emission spectrometry. Field measurement results of present‐day in situ soil and water quality are discussed in relation to the bone preservation.A postdeposition uptake of Fe and Mn has occurred in the bone structure, and a direct link between areas of generalised destruction and precipitation/oxidation of pyrite is suggested. Moreover, a distinction is made between physical and chemical generalised destruction (microfragmentation vs. mineral dissolution) of the bone matrix; however, both processes seem to be initiated in the periphery of the osteons between the resting line and a “secondary” resting line within the osteon. Also, the process seems to start at the canaliculi adjacent to the osteocytic lacunae. Understanding this initial deterioration region may provide knowledge on best ancient DNA sampling area.
Types II and III congenital pulmonary airway malformation with hydrops treated in utero with percutaneous sclerotherapy
Authors: Chon Andrew H. , Korst Lisa M. , Abdel‐Sattar Mira , Llanes Arlyn , Ouzounian Joseph G. , Chmait Ramen H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo present outcomes of fetuses with congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) treated with sclerotherapy.MethodsRetrospective study of 8 patients with a prenatal diagnosis of CPAM type II or III with secondary hydrops treated with percutaneous sclerotherapy using 5% ethanolamine oleate (EO). All patients underwent ultrasonic measurement of the CPAM volume ratio. Results are expressed as median (range).ResultsGestational age at initial sclerotherapy was 22.0 weeks (19.6‐31.4); 3 patients underwent 2 procedures. Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) occurred in 4 cases; 2 died on postoperative day #1 (one from inadvertent intravascular EO injection); 2 died >6 weeks after the procedure. Preoperative CPAM volume ratio was 3.6 (1.6‐7.8) in survivors and 2.7 (1.7‐4.7) in those with IUFD. The volume of EO at the initial sclerotherapy procedure was 3 mL (2‐5) in survivors and 7 mL (6‐10) in IUFD cases. The gestational age at delivery of the 4 survivors was 38.4 weeks (37.4‐39.3); all underwent postnatal resection.ConclusionThe efficacy of percutaneous sclerotherapy for CPAM types II and III remains in question. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose of sclerotherapy agent and the safety and efficacy of this procedure.
The legal frameworks that govern fetal surgery in the United Kingdom, European Union, and the United States
Authors: Cao Kevin X. , Booth Alice , Ourselin Sebastien , David Anna L. , Ashcroft Richard 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe specialty of fetal surgery or fetal intervention is one of the most exciting emerging fields of modern medicine. It is made possible by decades of major developments in antenatal imaging, obstetric anaesthesia, fetal medicine, paediatric surgery, and of course by the bold and novel practitioners willing to take new steps to advance the field. Beginning in the 1970s, it has now reached a stage of maturity where there are several established in utero procedures and countless clinical trials and studies to develop more. But what is the legal situation that fetal surgeons find themselves in? What are the rights and legal protections for the fetus and the mother, both of which are arguably the patient? This article will address this question, discussing and summarising the current legal frameworks governing fetal surgery in the jurisdictions of the United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, and the United States of America as well as discuss what the future may hold and how researchers and physicians in the specialty can best navigate the legal environment.
The controversy about nonclassical ions: Finished too early?
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Jörg 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe debate on nonclassical ions centered almost exclusively on the behavior of 2‐norbornyl esters. The hallmark of a nonclassical charge distribution in solvolysis reactions was always seen in the seemingly exceptional fast reaction of the 2‐exo‐derivatives, with slow rates of the endo‐esters. While the nonclassical bridged structure of the free norbornyl ion has been unequivocally established, possible steric contributions to the rate differences in solution remained a matter of debate. Many formerly used solvents were less suited to exhibit uniform reaction mechanisms; the most appropriate solvent hexafluorisopropanol was introduced rather late. Solvolysis rates of many cyclic esters including medium rings can be predicted by force field calculated strain energy differences ΔSIsp3/sp2 between sp3 and sp2 states. Large deviations from the correlation are observed for 2‐tosyloxy norbornane‐ and for 17‐tosyloxy steroids; they indicate that both nonclassical charge delocalization and steric hindrance play a major role for the reactivity differences. These reach an unprecedented rate constant ratio of >30.000 between, eg, the 17‐steroid epimers, much larger than the ratio of 1.550 in 2‐norbornyl reactions. The presence of alkyl groups or hydrogen antiperiplanar to the leaving group can lead to extreme reactivities by 1,2‐shifts or Wagner‐Meerwein rearrangement if asymmetric bridged transition states can occur which approach the stability of tertiary cations. The long controversy about nonclassical ions illustrates how progress in science can deviate significantly from the ideal pathways lined out by Karl Popper.
Synthesis and healing properties of poly(arylene ether sulfone)‐poly(alkyl disulfide) multiblock copolymers
Authors: Kawaguchi Yuya , Matsumoto Kazuya , Jikei Mitsutoshi 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTA multiblock copolymer consisting of hard (poly(arylene ether sulfone)) and soft (poly(alkyl disulfide)) segments was successfully synthesized by oxidative coupling of the corresponding thiol‐terminated oligomers. Its structure was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The GPC data (Mw = 82,000, Mw/Mn = 2.7) and inherent viscosity (0.67 dL g−1) indicated the formation of a high‐molecular‐weight multiblock copolymer, while AFM and DSC indicated a microphase‐separated morphology. Tensile testing of the multiblock copolymer films showed a large elongation at break, which is characteristic of microphase‐separated hard/soft multiblock copolymers. Over 90% of the elongation at break of damaged samples (notched or cut) was recovered by UV irradiation. The elongation recovery was proportional to the UV irradiation energy, and the high recovery was achieved by relatively weak irradiation (<170 J cm−2). The high content of disulfide bonds in the multiblock copolymer resulted in a lower self‐healing energy. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1358–1365
Combined Mini‐Cylex & Disk Acceleration Tests in Type K Copper
Authors: Maines Warren R. , Kittell David E. , Hobbs Michael L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe combined the miniature cylinder expansion test (Mini‐Cylex), with the Disk Acceleration Test (DAX) using Type K copper, Picatinny Liquid Explosive, and photonic Doppler velocimetry. We estimated the CJ state using plate reverberation methods at the test cap. We extracted velocities at 2, 7, and 10 volume expansions to fit Jones‐Wilkins‐Lee Equation of State and estimated Gurney velocity at the tube wall. The test also provides an additional method to estimate reaction products Hugoniot through knowledge of the copper test cap. Our experiments and simulations are within expected uncertainty. The test and the analysis effectively reduce costs while keeping or increasing fidelity.
Structure and dynamics of the extended‐helix state of alpha‐synuclein: Intrinsic lability of the linker region
Authors: Sung Yoon‐Hui , Eliezer David 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Parkinson's protein alpha‐synuclein binds to synaptic vesicles in vivo and adopts a highly extended helical conformation when binding to lipid vesicles in vitro. High‐resolution structural analysis of alpha‐synuclein bound to small lipid or detergent micelles revealed two helices connected by a non‐helical linker, but corresponding studies of the vesicle‐bound extended‐helix state are hampered by the size and heterogeneity of the protein‐vesicle complex. Here we employ fluorinated alcohols (FAs) to induce a highly helical aggregation‐resistant state of alpha‐synuclein in solution that resembles the vesicle‐bound extended‐helix state but is amenable to characterization using high‐resolution solution‐state NMR. Analysis of chemical shift, NOE, coupling constant, PRE and relaxation measurements shows that the lipid‐binding domain of alpha‐synuclein in FA solutions indeed adopts a single continuous helix and that the ends of this helix do not come into detectable proximity to each other. The helix is well ordered in the center, but features an increase in fast internal motions suggestive of helix fraying approaching the termini. The central region of the helix exhibits slower time scale motions that likely result from flexing of the highly anisotropic structure. Importantly, weak or missing short‐ and intermediate‐range NOEs in the region corresponding to the non‐helical linker of micelle‐bound alpha‐synuclein indicate that the helical structure in this region of the protein is intrinsically unstable. This suggests that conversion of alpha‐synuclein from the extended‐helix to the broken‐helix state represents a functionally relevant structural transition.
Concise machinery for monitoring ubiquitination activities using novel artificial RING fingers
Authors: Miyamoto Kazuhide , Saito Kazuki 
Published: April 2018

AbstractProtein ubiquitination is involved in many cellular processes, such as protein degradation, DNA repair, and signal transduction pathways. Ubiquitin‐conjugating (E2) enzymes of the ubiquitination pathway are associated with various cancers, such as leukemia, lung cancer, and gastric cancer. However, to date, detection of E2 activities is not practicable for capturing the pathological conditions of cancers due to complications related to the enzymatic cascade reaction. To overcome this hurdle, we have recently investigated a novel strategy for measuring E2 activities. Artificial RING fingers (ARFs) were developed to conveniently detect E2 activities during the ubiquitination reaction. ARFs were created by grafting the active sites of ubiquitin‐ligating (E3) enzymes onto amino acid sequences with 38 residues. The grafting design downsized E3s to small molecules (ARFs). Such an ARF is a multifunctional molecule that possesses specific E2‐binding capabilities and ubiquitinates itself without a substrate. In this review, we discuss the major findings from recent investigations on a new molecular design for ARFs and their simplified detection system for E2 activities. The use of the ARF allowed us to monitor E2 activities using acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)‐derived cells following treatment with the anticancer drug bortezomib. The molecular design of ARFs is extremely simple and convenient, and thus, may be a powerful tool for protein engineering. The ARF methodology may reveal a new screening method of E2s that will contribute to diagnostic techniques for cancers.
Fault‐tolerant fusion‐based MPC with sensor recovery for constrained LPV systems
Authors: McCloy R. , De Doná J. , Seron M. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryIn this paper, we present a robust fault‐tolerant control scheme for constrained multisensor linear parameter‐varying systems, subject to bounded disturbances, that utilises multiple sensor fusion. The closed‐loop scheme consists of a tube model predictive control‐based feedback tracking controller and sensor‐estimate fusion strategy, which allows for the reintegration of previously faulty sensors. The active fault‐tolerant fusion‐based mechanism tracks the healthy‐faulty transitions of suitable residual variables by means of set separation and precomputed transition times. The sensor‐estimate pairings are then reconfigured based on available healthy sensors. Under the proposed scheme, robust preservation of closed‐loop system boundedness is guaranteed for a wide range of sensor fault situations. An example is presented to illustrate the performance of the fault‐tolerant control strategy.
Quantifying rater variation for ordinal data using a rating scale model
Authors: Zhang Shiqi , Petersen Jørgen Holm 
Published: April 2018

We present a model‐based approach to the analysis of agreement between different raters in a situation where all raters have supplied ordinal ratings of the same cases in a sample. It is assumed that no “gold standard” is available. The model is an ordinal regression model with random effects—a so‐called rating scale model.The model includes case‐specific parameters that allow each case his or hers own level (disease severity). It also allows raters to have different propensities to score a given set of individuals more or less positively—the rater level. Based on the model, we suggest quantifying the rater variation using the median odds ratio. This allows expressing the variation on the same scale as the observed ordinal data.An important example that will serve to motivate and illustrate the proposed model is the study of breast cancer diagnosis based on screening mammograms. The purpose of the assessment is to detect early breast cancer in order to obtain improved cancer survival. In the study, mammograms from 148 women were evaluated by 110 expert radiologists. The experts were asked to rate each mammogram on a 5‐point scale ranging from “normal” to “probably malignant.”
3D FTO/FTO‐Nanocrystal/TiO2 Composite Inverse Opal Photoanode for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Li Xianglin , Ling Han , Tan Chiew Kei , Yeo Loo Pin , Grimsdale Andrew Clive , Tok Alfred Iing Yoong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA 3D fluorine‐doped SnO2 (FTO)/FTO‐nanocrystal (NC)/TiO2 inverse opal (IO) structure is designed and fabricated as a new “host and guest” type of composite photoanode for efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. In this novel photoanode design, the highly conductive and porous FTO/FTO‐NC IO acts as the “host” skeleton, which provides direct pathways for faster electron transport, while the conformally coated TiO2 layer acts as the “guest” absorber layer. The unique composite IO structure is fabricated through self‐assembly of colloidal spheres template, a hydrothermal method and atomic layer deposition (ALD). Owing to its large surface area and efficient charge collection, the FTO/FTO‐NC/TiO2 composite IO photoanode shows excellent photocatalytic properties for PEC water splitting. With optimized dimensions of the SnO2 nanocrystals and the thickness of the ALD TiO2 absorber layers, the 3D FTO/FTO‐NC/TiO2 composite IO photoanode yields a photocurrent density of 1.0 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under AM 1.5 illumination, which is four times higher than that of the FTO/TiO2 IO reference photoanode.
Addressing the epistemic elephant in the room: Epistemic agency and the next generation science standards
Authors: Miller Emily , Manz Eve , Russ Rosemary , Stroupe David , Berland Leema 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) [Achieve, Inc. []] represent a broad consensus that teaching and learning expectations must change. Rather than memorizing and reciting information, students are now expected to engage in science practices to develop a deep understanding of core science ideas. While we want to share in the optimism about NGSS, the standards are not a silver bullet for transforming science classrooms. They are, instead, another reform document designed to suggest opportunities for students to actively engage in knowledge construction themselves—to be doers of science, rather than receivers of facts. A foundational contradiction underlies these efforts—while we want students to do science, we seem to mean that students should mimic practices others have selected as important to learn, and content others have selected as foundational. As a result, students are rarely positioned with epistemic agency: the power to shape the knowledge production and practices of a community [Stroupe [] Science Education 98:487–516]. We argue that unless the field tackles significant questions around precisely how students can be active agents in knowledge construction, we will likely continue to implement learning environments that position students as receivers of scientific facts and practices, even as classrooms adopt NGSS. In this conceptual analysis article, we unpack the construct of “epistemic agency” and its relationship to the NGSS, using a vignette to illustrate how students are typically positioned in researcher‐developed curricula. The vignette, which describes a seventh‐grade class exploring which of two lakes is more at risk for invasion by the spiny water flea, provides an exemplar of what we take to be a loose consensus about learning environments consistent with the NGSS. However, when we look beneath the surface of the consensus, the vignette reveals contradictions and unresolved issues around epistemic agency.
Entwicklung der Quadrupol‐Massenspektrometer in den letzten 30 Jahren
Authors: Walther Patrick 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe quest to determine the composition of gasThis article examines developments in quadrupole mass spectrometers over the past 30 years. It looks into the changing footprint of devices as well as at software and communication interfaces. It also introduces the advantages of modern compact devices, such as improved detection limits, integrated total pressure measurement and multiple interfaces. The outlook discusses the potential further development of operating software that may be replaced by a web application and the continuing miniaturization of devices.
Vakuumtechnologie für die chemische Verfahrenstechnik
Authors: Merkle Uli 
Published: April 2018

SummaryVacuum technology for the chemical industry process engineering – New developments – established principlesVacuum technology in chemical process engineering has evolved constantly over the past decades. In the beginning, liquid ring vacuum pumps were used in almost all chemical processes. But this all changed in the 1960s with the introduction of the once‐through oil‐lubricated rotary vane vacuum pump. The development of the dry screw vacuum pump in the 1990s represented another milestone. These are the three main types of technology available to chemical engineers today. They therefore have the choice between the traditional but proven technology of the liquid ring vacuum pump, the once‐through oil‐lubricated rotary vane vacuum pump and the modern screw vacuum pump that requires no operating fluids whatsoever. The decision as to which type is the right choice should be left to a proven vacuum specialist. Each and every critical parameter – from the process conditions, process gases and integration into process control right through to assessing the economic efficiency, safety and reliability of the future vacuum generation – must be taken into consideration.
Robustness of hydroclimate metrics for climate change impact research
Authors: Ekström Marie , Gutmann Ethan D. , Wilby Robert L. , Tye Mari R. , Kirono Dewi G.C. 
Published: April 2018

Metrics based on streamflow and/or climate variables are used in water management for monitoring and evaluating available resources. To reflect future change in the hydrological regime, metrics are estimated using climate change information from Global Climate Models or from stochastic time series representing future climates. Whilst often simple to calculate, many metrics implicitly represent complex physical process. We evaluate the scientific validity of metrics used in a climate change context, demonstrating their use to reflect aspects of timing, magnitude, extreme values, variability, duration, state, system services, and performance. We raise awareness about the following generic issues (a) formulation: metrics often assume stationarity of the input data, which is invalid under climate change; and do not always consider potential changes to seasonality and the relevance of the temporal window used for analysis; (b) climate change input data: how well are the physical processes relevant to the metric represented in the climate change input data; what is the impact of bias correction on relevant spatial and temporal scale dependencies and relevant intervariable dependencies; how realistic are the data in representing sequencing of events and natural variability in large‐scale ocean–atmosphere systems; and (c) decision‐making context: are rules and values that frame the decision‐making process likely to remain constant or change in a future world.If critical climate or hydrological processes are not well represented by the metric constituents, these indices can be misleading about plausible future change. However, knowledge of how to construct a robust metric can safeguard against misleading interpretations about future change.This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Science of Water > Water Extremes