bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation Techniques Used to Make Single‐Unit Crowns: Findings from The National Dental Practice‐Based Research Network
Authors: Minyé Helena M. , Gilbert Gregg H. , Litaker Mark S. , Mungia Rahma , Meyerowitz Cyril , Louis David R. , Slootsky Alan , Gordan Valeria V. , McCracken Michael S. ,   National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurposeTo: (1) determine which preparation techniques clinicians use in routine clinical practice for single‐unit crown restorations; (2) test whether certain practice, dentist, and patient characteristics are significantly associated with these techniques.Materials and MethodsDentists in the National Dental Practice‐Based Research Network participated in a questionnaire regarding preparation techniques, dental equipment used for single‐unit crown preparations, scheduled chair time, occlusal clearance determination, location of finish lines, magnification during preparation, supplemental lighting, shade selection, use of intraoral photographs, and trimming dies. Survey responses were compared by dentist and practice characteristics using ANOVA.ResultsOf the 2132 eligible dentists, 1777 (83%) responded to the survey. The top two margin configuration choices for single‐unit crown preparation for posterior crowns were chamfer/heavy chamfer (65%) and shoulder (23%). For anterior crowns, the most prevalent choices were the chamfer (54%) and the shoulder (37%) configurations. Regarding shade selection, a combination of dentist, assistant, and patient input was used to select anterior shades 59% of the time. Photographs are used to communicate shade selection with the laboratory in about half of esthetically demanding cases. The ideal finish line was located at the crest of gingival tissue for 49% of respondents; 29% preferred 1 mm below the crest; and 22% preferred the finish line above the crest of tissue. Average chair time scheduled for a crown preparation appointment was 76 ± 21 minutes. Practice and dentist characteristics were significantly associated with margin choice including practice type (p < 0.001), region (p < 0.001), and years since graduation (p < 0.001).ConclusionsNetwork dentists prefer chamfer/heavy chamfer margin designs, followed by shoulder preparations. These choices were related to practice and dentist characteristics.
Closure of the anterior and posterior fontanelle in the New Zealand population: A computed tomography study
Authors: Kirkpatrick Joshua , Bowie Sarah , Mirjalili Seyed A 
Published: October 2018

AimSignificant ethnic variation has been demonstrated in the closure of the anterior fontanelle (AF); however, to date, this has not been investigated in the Māori/Pasifika population.MethodsThe computed tomography scans of 163 individuals (116 Māori/Pasifika and 47 New Zealand (NZ) European) aged between birth and 4 years were retrospectively analysed to investigate the surface area (SA) and time of closure of the anterior and posterior fontanelles in New Zealand.ResultsThe Māori/Pasifika group showed clinical AF closure (SA < 114 mm2) rates of 25% at 4–6 months, increasing to 47% at 10–12 months and 80% at 13–18 months. The posterior fontanelle was clinically unfused in 17% of the Māori/Pasifika group aged <1 month and in 7% of the 1–3‐month‐old group. No cases of posterior fontanelle non‐fusion were identified in the NZ European population.ConclusionThis study establishes normal values for AF size and closure frequency for the first time in the paediatric Māori/Pasifika population.
Pass the parcel: Service provider views on bridging gaps for youth with dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and mental health disorders in regional areas
Authors: Son Jane , Debono Deborah , Leitner Robert , Lenroot Rhoshel , Johnson Julie 
Published: October 2018

AimYouth with both intellectual disability (ID) and mental health (MH) disorders (dual diagnosis) have complex physical and MH needs that can make providing integrated care for this complex group challenging. We conducted a mixed methods needs assessment to identify gaps and challenges in care delivery, identify bridges for these and identify what works well in existing services.MethodsOur research team recruited service providers (n = 126) caring for youth aged 14–24 years with a dual diagnosis in the Illawarra Shoalhaven region of New South Wales, Australia, to participate in focus group interviews. Data were transcribed and analysed thematically.ResultsWe identified six themes related to caring for youth with dual diagnosis in regional areas: access to services and information about services, communication between service providers and with clients and carers, the divide between MH and ID, early intervention and health promotion, capacity building of service providers and capacity building of clients and carers. Across these themes, service providers highlighted the transition from child to adult services as a particularly challenging time for clients, families and carers.ConclusionsOur data suggest several approaches to break down silos and to facilitate collaboration between current services for youth with a dual diagnosis, including increasing specialised ID/MH services and building the capacity of current disability and MH service providers. Our results provide important information to provide quality and integrated care for youth with complex health needs.
NREM sleep EEG slow waves in autistic and typically developing children: Morphological characteristics and scalp distribution
Authors: Lehoux Thomas , Carrier Julie , Godbout Roger 
Published: October 2018

SummaryAutism is a developmental disorder with a neurobiological aetiology. Studies of the autistic brain identified atypical developmental trajectories that may lead to an impaired capacity to modulate electroencephalogram activity during sleep. We assessed the topography and characteristics of non‐rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram slow waves in 26 boys aged between 6 and 13 years old: 13 with an autism spectrum disorder and 13 typically developing. None of the participants was medicated, intellectually disabled, reported poor sleep, or suffered from medical co‐morbidities. Results are derived from a second consecutive night of polysomnography in a sleep laboratory. Slow waves (0.3–4.0 Hz; >75 µV) were automatically detected on artefact‐free sections of non‐rapid eye movement sleep along the anteroposterior axis in frontal, central, parietal and occipital derivations. Slow wave density (number per minute), amplitude (µV), slope (µV s−1) and duration (s) were computed for the first four non‐rapid eye movement periods. Slow wave characteristics comparisons between groups, derivations and non‐rapid eye movement periods were assessed with three‐way mixed ANOVAs. Slow wave density, amplitude, slope and duration were higher in anterior compared with most posterior derivations in both groups. Children with autism spectrum disorder showed lower differences in slow waves between recording sites along the anteroposterior axis than typically developing children. These group differences in the topography of slow wave characteristics were stable across the night. We propose that slow waves during non‐rapid eye movement sleep could be an electrophysiological marker of the deviant cortical maturation in autism linked to an atypical functioning of thalamo‐cortical networks.
The roles of competition and climate in tree growth variation in northern boreal old‐growth forests
Authors: Aakala Tuomas , Berninger Frank , Starr Mike 
Published: October 2018

AbstractQuestionsHow have tree growth and growth trends varied in structurally complex old‐growth forests? What determines this variation and how this differs among species?LocationNatural boreal old‐growth forests, northern Finland.MethodsWe sampled trees over 10‐cm diameter on 48 randomly located 0.1‐ha plots in three landscapes and compiled a data set of 1,565 trees including all three main species, and a full range of sizes and competitive states in northern boreal old‐growth forests. We extracted tree ring samples from every tree and used ring widths to reconstruct tree sizes and their neighbourhood for the past 50 years for Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies, and 30 years for Betula pubescens. We used mixed‐effects models to study variation in tree growth. In the models, we used annually varying environmental variables, forest and tree structural variables and site variables as predictors. We also measured soil hydraulic properties for a water balance model to specifically include soil moisture deficits as predictors.ResultsTree growth rates had increased during the analysis period for all three species, with the highest increases for P. sylvestris and B. pubescens. All three species grew well during warm summers, but P. sylvestris and P. abies growth was also negatively influenced by soil moisture deficits. Competition in these sparse forests had a small influence on growth. However, its influence increased over time.ConclusionsThe trees showed positive growth trends, but the increasing competition means that such strong positive trends are unlikely to continue over the long term. For year‐to‐year variability, negative influence of droughts implied that increasing temperatures are not only beneficial to tree growth even in these high‐latitude forests. Overall, the findings demonstrate the site‐ and species‐dependent complexity in tree responses to environmental and structural changes we may expect in the future.
Evaluating treatment outcomes for young people participating in a high‐intensity therapeutic violence intervention in the English Youth Custody Service
Authors: Derbyshire Jonathan M. , Tarrant Emily , Fitter Ruby , Gibson Rachel A. 
Published: October 2018

PurposeA specialized unit for long‐term sentenced male young people sought to provide additional support to those convicted of the gravest violent offences, who had the highest risk of further offending. One key element was the introduction of a violence reduction intervention, Life Minus Violence‐Enhanced (LMV‐E). The present study evaluated LMV‐E.MethodsParticipants (N = 21, starting age = 16–17 years) were convicted of a violent offence and had a history of custodial and or community violence. Pre‐ and post‐intervention comparisons were of risk for future violence as measured by the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY; Borum et al., , Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY). Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.) and treatment‐related change on self‐report questionnaires. Sanctions for further aggression in custody or following release were recorded at 12 and 24 months post‐intervention.ResultsSAVRY identified statistically significant reductions in individual–clinical and social–contextual scales, with large effect sizes. Statistically significant changes, with moderate effect sizes, were noted in self‐report questionnaires. Reductions were in rumination, physical and verbal aggression, and anger. Improvements were in emotional awareness, emotion regulation, and impulsivity. Follow‐up showed favourable rates of aggression within the community and custody.ConclusionsRisk reduction findings are important, pointing towards a generalized reduction in aggression risk following this intervention. Significantly, participants also demonstrated improvement in empathy, a direct treatment target. Treatment‐related change was multidomain, across several areas addressed by the intervention. This study therefore found good evidence for the utility of LMV‐E in addressing risk of aggression for young people.
Potential mechanisms linking gut microbiota and portal hypertension
Authors: Baffy Gyorgy 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGut microbiota is the largest collection of commensal micro‐organisms in the human body, engaged in reciprocal cellular and molecular interactions with the liver. This mutually beneficial relationship may break down and result in dysbiosis, associated with disease phenotypes. Altered composition and function of gut microbiota has been implicated in the pathobiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a prevalent condition linked to obesity, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. NAFLD may progress to cirrhosis and portal hypertension, which is the result of increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and altered splanchnic circulation. Gut microbiota may contribute to rising portal pressure from the earliest stages of NAFLD, although the significance of these changes remains unclear. NAFLD has been linked to lower microbial diversity and weakened intestinal barrier, exposing the host to bacterial components and stimulating pathways of immune defence and inflammation. Moreover, disrupted host‐microbial metabolic interplay alters bile acid signalling and the release of vasoregulatory gasotransmitters. These perturbations become prominent in cirrhosis, increasing the risk of clinically significant portal hypertension and leading to bacterial translocation, sepsis and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure. Better understanding of the gut‐liver axis and identification of novel microbial molecular targets may yield specific strategies in the prevention and management of portal hypertension.
The impact of HCV eradication by direct‐acting antivirals on the transition of precancerous hepatic nodules to HCC: A prospective observational study
Authors: Toyoda Hidenori , Kumada Takashi , Tada Toshifumi , Mizuno Kazuyuki , Sone Yasuhiro , Akita Tomoyuki , Tanaka Junko , Johnson Philip J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsIt remains controversial whether the eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by interferon (IFN)‐free anti‐HCV therapy using direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) suppresses or promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. We investigated the influence of HCV eradication by DAA therapy on HCC development, by observing changes of non‐hypervascular hypointense nodules (NHHNs) by gadolinium‐ethoxybenzyl‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (EOB‐MRI).MethodsA total of 401 patients treated with DAA therapy who did not have a history of HCC were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. All patients underwent EOB‐MRI prior to the start of DAA therapy and were followed up periodically after therapy. The progression of NHHNs detected at baseline to typical HCC, as indicated by hypervascularization and the incidence of newly emergent NHHNs, was analyzed.ResultsIn comparison of patients who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) with propensity score‐matched patients with persistent HCV infection, there was no difference in the incidence of hypervascularization of NHHNs to typical HCC among patients who had NHHNs at baseline. Among patients who did not have NHHNs at baseline, the incidence of the new emergence of NHHNs did not differ between study patients and propensity score–matched patients with persistent HCV infection.ConclusionsDuring a 2‐year observation period after SVR, the eradication of HCV by IFN‐free DAA therapy did not suppress or enhance HCC development. (UMIN000017020).
Persisting subacute infarct pattern as early MRI feature of brain intravascular lymphoma
Authors: Kobayashi Zen , Ishihara Shoichiro , Tomimitsu Hiroyuki , Ogawa Shinichi , Numasawa Yoshiyuki , Kobayashi Daisuke , Shintani Shuzo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA 67‐year‐old man was admitted to our hospital for gait disturbance due to muscle weakness of the right lower limb lasting for 2 months. Brain MRI demonstrated multiple small cerebral white matter lesions showing a subacute infarct pattern (approximately 10–21 days after ischemic stroke onset), characterized by both hyperintensities on diffusion‐weighted images and intermediate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. The ADC values of the lesions remained almost unchanged 4 months after onset and decreased in some lesions 8 months after onset. Random skin biopsy established a diagnosis of intravascular lymphoma (IVL). Brain lesions showing a persistent subacute infarct pattern on MRI may be an early feature of brain IVL.
Qualitative exploration of fear of childbirth and preferences for mode of birth among Japanese primiparas
Authors: Takegata Mizuki , Haruna Megumi , Morikawa Miharu , Yonezawa Kaori , Komada Mariko , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAntenatal fear of childbirth (FOC) is associated with negative effects, such as postnatal traumatic symptoms. As the birth‐related culture of East Asian countries differs from that in Western countries, the aim of the present qualitative, descriptive study was to explore FOC, perceptions for Caesarean section (CS), and obstetric analgesia (OA) among Japanese primiparas. The qualitative, descriptive study included focus group interviews with 11 primiparous women, which were conducted in a birth house and a maternity hospital in a metropolitan area of Japan in 2013. As a result, seven categories emerged from the analysis: Maternal and child risk, pain, losing control, uncertainty, prolonged labor, poor family support and loneliness before hospitalization. All participants denied having a preference for CS birth due to fear. Opposing values of OA were identified in women who chose OA and those who did not.In conclusion, it is necessary to increase clinical awareness that the objects of fear are diverse. Furthermore, diverse values regarding OA should be understood and equally respected by health‐care professionals.
Vestured pits and scalariform perforation plate morphology modify the relationships between angiosperm vessel diameter, climate and maximum plant height
Authors: Medeiros Juliana S. , Lens Frederic , Maherali Hafiz , Jansen Steven 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Shared ancestry among species and correlation between vessel diameter and plant height can obscure the mechanisms linking vessel diameter to current climate distributions of angiosperms. Because wood is complex, various traits may interact to influence vessel function. Specifically, pit vesturing (lignified cell wall protuberances associated with bordered pits) and perforation plate morphology could alter the relationships between vessel diameter, climate and plant height.

Using phylogenetically informed analyses, we tested for associations between vessel diameter, climate and maximum plant height across angiosperm species with different pit vesturing (presence/absence) and perforation plate morphology (simple/scalariform and quantitative variation).

We show significantly larger changes in vessel diameter and maximum plant height across climates for species with vestures and simple perforation plates, compared to nonvestured species and those with scalariform plates. We also found a significantly greater increase in height for a given increase in vessel diameter with lower percentage of scalariform plates.

Our study provides novel insights into the evolution of angiosperm xylem by showing that vessel pit vesturing and perforation plate morphologies can modify relationships among xylem vessels, climate and height. Our findings highlight the complexity of xylem adaptations to climate, substantiating an integrative view of xylem function in the study of wood evolution.
Secondary cell wall biosynthesis
Authors: Zhong Ruiqin , Cui Dongtao , Ye Zheng‐Hua 
Published: October 2018

Contents

Summary
1703

I.
Introduction
1703

II.
Cellulose biosynthesis
1705

III.
Xylan biosynthesis
1709

IV.
Glucomannan biosynthesis
1713

V.
Lignin biosynthesis
1714

VI.
Concluding remarks
1717

Acknowledgements
1717

References
1717

SummarySecondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom‐designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
Evaluation of the genetic architecture of tofu traits in soybean towards genomics‐assisted breeding
Authors: Kurasch Alena K. , Leiser Willmar L. , Bachteler Kristina , Miersch Martin , Hahn Volker , Würschum Tobias 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBreeding soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivars that possess an improved suitability for tofu production is of crucial importance for tofu manufacturers. However, phenotyping of tofu‐related traits is cumbersome, costly and time‐consuming. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the potential of marker‐based approaches to assist selection for tofu quality. Three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were evaluated for several tofu‐related traits. We found in each population at maximum one QTL per trait, explaining 10.9%–74.2% of the genetic variation, and no QTL at all for tofu weight and tofu yield. The QTL for soymilk weight, tofu hardness and tofu value was population‐specific and may correspond to QTL controlling the proportion of water‐soluble protein. The results of the QTL mapping illustrated that the tofu traits are of a highly quantitative nature. Results from the genomewide prediction were promising for seed quality traits and soaking traits, but for the tofu traits, the prediction accuracies have to be increased further based on improvements of the phenotyping procedure.
SpHMA1 is a chloroplast cadmium exporter protecting photochemical reactions in the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola
Authors: Zhao Haixia , Wang Liangsheng , Zhao Fang‐Jie , Wu Longhua , Liu Anna , Xu Wenzhong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSedum plumbizincicola is able to hyperaccumulate cadmium (Cd), a nonessential and highly toxic metal, in the above‐ground tissues, but the mechanisms for its Cd hypertolerance are not fully understood. Here, we show that the heavy metal ATPase 1 (SpHMA1) of S. plumbizincicola plays an important role in chloroplast Cd detoxification. Compared with the HMA1 ortholog in the Cd nonhyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii, the expression of SpHMA1 in the leaves of S. plumbizincicola was >200 times higher. Heterologous expression of SpHMA1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased Cd sensitivity and Cd transport activity in the yeast cells. The SpHMA1 protein was localized to the chloroplast envelope. SpHMA1 RNA interference transgenic plants and CRISPR/Cas9‐induced mutant lines showed significantly increased Cd accumulation in the chloroplasts compared with wild‐type plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis revealed that the photosystem II of SpHMA1 knockdown and knockout lines suffered from a much higher degree of Cd toxicity than wild type. Taken together, these results suggest that SpHMA1 functions as a chloroplast Cd exporter and protects photosynthesis by preventing Cd accumulation in the chloroplast in S. plumbizincicola and hyperexpression of SpHMA1 is an important component contributing to Cd hypertolerance in S. plumbizincicola.