bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Extreme Rainfall to Atmospheric Moisture Content in the Arid/Semiarid Southwestern United States: Implications for Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates
Authors: Yang Long , Smith James 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSensitivity of extreme rainfall to atmospheric moisture content for the 19 August 2014 storm in Arizona is investigated based on numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Analyses are designed to develop an improved understanding of the roles of atmospheric moisture content and complex terrain in controlling spatial and temporal variability of extreme rainfall in the arid/semiarid southwestern United States. The control simulation identifies complex interactions of low‐level moisture transport and orographic lift as key elements in producing extreme rainfall for the first storm episode. Two sensitivity experiments are performed by increasing the relative humidity by 10% and 20% in both initial and boundary conditions used for the control simulation. Changes in atmospheric moisture content modify the storm structure and evolution, instability of the storm environment, and interactions of synoptic flow with complex terrain. The two storm episodes within this event exhibit contrasting responses to the increase of moisture content, with rainfall accumulation and maximum convective available potential energy increased for the second storm episode as opposed to a more complex relationship for the first storm episode. A moisture maximization simulation was also designed to mimic the framework of moisture maximization in probable maximum precipitation estimates. Our results highlight the nonlinear relationship between extreme rainfall and atmospheric moisture content in complex environments where small‐scale convection plays a dominant role. Limitations of probable maximum precipitation estimates based physical models are also discussed.
Experimental Constraints on the Fatigue of Icy Satellite Lithospheres by Tidal Forces
Authors: Hammond Noah P. , Barr Amy C. , Cooper Reid F. , Caswell Tess E. , Hirth Greg 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFatigue can cause materials that undergo cyclic loading to experience brittle failure at much lower stresses than under monotonic loading. We propose that the lithospheres of icy satellites could become fatigued and thus weakened by cyclical tidal stresses. To test this hypothesis, we performed a series of laboratory experiments to measure the fatigue of water ice at temperatures of 198 K and 233 K and at a loading frequency of 1 Hz. We find that ice isnotsusceptible to fatigue at our experimental conditions and that the brittle failure stress does not decrease with increasing number of loading cycles. Even though fatigue was not observed at our experimental conditions, colder temperatures, lower loading frequencies, and impurities in the ice shells of icy satellites may increase the likelihood of fatigue crack growth. We also explore other mechanisms that may explain the weak behavior of the lithospheres of some icy satellites.
Uncertainty Quantification in Discrete Fracture Network Models: Stochastic Geometry
Authors: Berrone Stefano , Canuto Claudio , Pieraccini Sandra , Scialò Stefano 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe consider the problem of uncertainty quantification analysis of the output of underground flow simulations. We consider in particular fractured media described via the discrete fracture network model; within this framework, we address the relevant case of networks in which the geometry of the fractures is described by stochastic parameters. In this context, due to a possible lack of smoothness in the quantity of interest with respect to the stochastic parameters, well assessed techniques such as stochastic collocation may fail in providing reliable estimates of first‐order moments of the quantity of interest. In this paper, we overcome this issue by applying the Multilevel Monte Carlo method, using as underlying solver an extremely robust method.
Baseline Retinal Examinations in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Newly Initiating Hydroxychloroquine Treatment in a US Medicaid Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Population, 2000–2010
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Chieh , Marmor Michael F. , Barbhaiya Medha , Guan Hongshu , Chen Sarah K. , Feldman Candace H. , Costenbader Karen H. 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveBaseline retinal examinations have long been recommended for patients beginning treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), but it is unknown how well this guideline is followed. We investigated baseline eye examinations among US SLE patients enrolled in Medicaid in whom HCQ treatment was newly initiated.MethodsUsing billing codes, we identified SLE patients ages 18–65 years who were enrolled in Medicaid and residing in the 29 most populated US states, from 2000 to 2010. New users of HCQ were identified by filled prescriptions, with none filled in the preceding 12 months. Retinal examinations that were performed within 30 days before to 1 year after the index prescription were identified. We examined the proportions of patients receiving retinal examinations over the study years and compared the characteristics of those who did and those who did not receive examinations, using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsAmong 12,755 SLE patients newly starting HCQ treatment, 32.5% received baseline dilated eye examinations. The proportions of patients receiving baseline eye examinations did not significantly change from 2000 to 2010 (31.0–34.4%; P for linear trend = 0.12). Factors associated with an increased likelihood of having an examination included female sex, Asian versus white race, and a higher number of laboratory tests performed during the preceding year. Compared with white patients, lower proportions of black and Native American patients with SLE had baseline retinal examinations.ConclusionOnly one‐third of patients with SLE enrolled in Medicaid and in whom HCQ was newly initiated received the recommended baseline retinal examinations, and this proportion did not significantly increase from 2000 to 2010. The sociodemographic variation in this recommended care has been observed for other recommended medical care in SLE and requires both further investigation and interventions to address it.
Mixed‐Methods Study Identifying Key Intervention Targets to Improve Participation in Daily Living Activities in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients
Authors: Hackett Katie L. , Deane Katherine H. O. , Newton Julia L. , Deary Vincent , Bowman Simon J. , Rapley Tim , Ng Wan‐Fai ,   United Kingdom Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Registry
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveFunctional ability and participation in life situations are compromised in many primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients. This study aimed to identify the key barriers and priorities to participation in daily living activities, in order to develop potential future interventions.MethodsGroup concept mapping, a semiquantitative, mixed‐methods approach was used to identify and structure ideas from UK primary SS patients, adult household members living with a primary SS patient, and health care professionals. Brainstorming generated ideas, which were summarized into a final set of statements. Participants individually arranged these statements into themes and rated each statement for importance. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to sorted and rated data to produce visual representations of the ideas (concept maps), enabling identification of agreed priority areas for interventions.ResultsA total of 121 patients, 43 adult household members, and 67 health care professionals took part. In sum, 463 ideas were distilled down to 94 statements. These statements were grouped into 7 clusters: Patient Empowerment, Symptoms, Wellbeing, Access and Coordination of Health Care, Knowledge and Support, Public Awareness and Support, and Friends and Family. Patient Empowerment and Symptoms were rated as priority conceptual themes. Important statements within priority clusters indicate patients should be taken seriously and supported to self‐manage symptoms of oral and ocular dryness, fatigue, pain, and poor sleep.ConclusionOur data highlighted the fact that in addition to managing primary SS symptoms, interventions aiming to improve patient empowerment, general wellbeing, access to health care, patient education, and social support are important to facilitate improved participation in daily living activities.
Regulation of Breathing CuO Nanoarray Electrodes for Enhanced Electrochemical Sodium Storage
Authors: Ni Jiangfeng , Jiang Yu , Wu Feixiang , Maier Joachim , Yu Yan , Li Liang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCupric oxide (CuO) represents an attractive anode material for sodium‐ion batteries owing to its large capacity (674 mAh g−1) associated with multiple electron transfer. However, the substantial volume swelling and shrinking (≈170%) upon Na uptake and release, which mimics an electrode breathing process, disturbs the structural integrity, leading to poor electrochemical durability and low Coulombic efficiency. Here, a structural strategy to regulate the breathing of CuO nanoarray electrodes during Na cycling using an atomic layer deposition of cohesive TiO2 thin films is presented. CuO nanoarrays are electrochemically grown on 3D Cu foam and directly used as anodes for sodium storage. The regulated CuO electrode arrays enable a large reversible capacity (592 mAh g−1), a high cycle efficiency (≈100%), and an excellent cycling stability (82% over 1000 cycles), which are some of the best sodium storage performance values reported for CuO systems. Electrochemical impedance and microscopic examination reveal that the enhanced performance is a direct outcome of the efficient regulation of the breathing of CuO nanowires by TiO2 layer.
Low‐Dimensional Plasmonic Photodetectors: Recent Progress and Future Opportunities
Authors: Huang Jian‐An , Luo Lin‐Bao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPlasmonic nanostructures can achieve subdiffraction‐limit light confinement with enhanced electric fields. By taking advantage of the light‐confinement effect, various plasmonic photodetectors that combine low‐dimensional (LD) semiconductor structures and plasmonic materials have recently demonstrated excellent plasmon‐enhanced device performance and attracted significant research interest. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art progress in the development of various LD photodetectors with different plasmonic structures is briefly surveyed, in order to provide a clear picture of related fabrication methods, leading to maximized plasmonic enhancement. The fundamentals of localized surface‐plasmon resonance and plasmonic hot electrons are first introduced, followed by a summary of several prototypical LD photodetectors enhanced by metal nanoparticles (NPs), including noble‐metal NPs, poor‐metal NPs, and some plasmonic doped‐semiconductor NPs. The recent achievement of the newly developed LD photodetectors propelled by plasmonic hot carriers is also highlighted. Finally, some challenges and issues that need to be resolved in this field are proposed.
Universality of the Sodium Ion Binding Mechanism in Class A G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptors
Authors: Selvam Balaji , Shamsi Zahra , Shukla Diwakar 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe allosteric modulation of G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) by sodium ions has received significant attention as crystal structures of several receptors show Na+ ions bound to the inactive conformations at the conserved Asp2.50. To date, structures from 24 families of GPCRs have been determined, though mechanistic insights into Na+ binding to the allosteric site are limited. We performed hundreds‐of‐microsecond long simulations of 18 GPCRs and elucidated their Na+ binding mechanism. In class A GPCRs, the Na+ ion binds to the conserved residue 2.50 whereas in class B receptors, it binds at 3.43b, 6.53b, and 7.49b. Using Markov state models, we obtained the free energy profiles and kinetics of Na+ binding to the allosteric site, which reveal a conserved mechanism of Na+ binding for GPCRs and show the residues that act as major barriers for ion diffusion. Furthermore, we also show that the Na+ ion can bind to GPCRs from the intracellular side when the allosteric site is inaccessible from the extracellular side.
Absolute Configuration of Pharmaceutical Research Compounds Determined by X‐ray Powder Diffraction
Authors: Schlesinger Carina , Tapmeyer Lukas , Gumbert Silke D. , Prill Dragica , Bolte Michael , Schmidt Martin U. , Saal Christoph 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe absolute configuration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was determined by generating salts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with counterions of known chirality, and determining the crystal structures by X‐ray powder diffraction. This approach avoids the (often tedious) growth of single crystals, and is successful with very limited quantities of material (less than 1 mg). The feasibility of the method is demonstrated on five examples, and its limitations are discussed as well.
Cauchy stresses and vibration frequencies for the instability parameters of dielectric elastomer actuators
Authors: Kim Tae‐Jong , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTAn analysis of the effect of Cauchy stresses, vibration frequency response, and instability on the transient dynamic response of step‐voltage‐driven dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) is presented in this paper. Material nonlinearities associated with the hyperelastic constitutive law are taken into account, and the membrane is assumed to be made of an isotropic, homogeneous, and incompressible material. The results for the neo‐Hookean material model are further extended to analyze relatively complex multiparameter hyperelastic models (Mooney–Rivlin and Ogden) that are often employed for investigating the behavior of DEAs. The dynamic instability parameters are predicted using energy‐based extraction of static instability and validated by the response of the material in the vicinity of the dynamic instability. The natural modes of the membrane are used to approximate the nonlinear deformation field using the Galerkin method. A detailed parametric analysis of the equations of motion for the prestretched membrane shows the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the membrane and the strong influence of the stretching ratios and material parameters on the linear and nonlinear oscillations of the membrane. The results of the present investigation show the electric field–frequency relations, resonance curves, and bifurcation diagrams using the nonlinear dynamics of DEAs subjected to electrical loads. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46215.
Transforming Growth Factor β Activation Primes Canonical Wnt Signaling Through Down‐Regulation of Axin‐2
Authors: Gillespie Justin , Ross Rebecca L. , Corinaldesi Clarissa , Esteves Filomena , Derrett‐Smith Emma , McDermott Michael F. , Doody Gina M. , Denton Christopher P. , Emery Paul , Del Galdo Francesco 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveAberrant activation of Wnt signaling has been observed in tissues from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study aimed to determine the role of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in driving the increased Wnt signaling, through modulation of axis inhibition protein 2 (Axin‐2), a critical regulator of the Wnt canonical pathway.MethodsCanonical Wnt signaling activation was analyzed by TOPflash T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor promoter assays. Axin‐2 was evaluated in vitro by analysis of Axin‐2 primary/mature transcript expression and decay, TGFβ receptor type I (TGFβRI) blockade, small interfering RNA–mediated depletion of tristetraprolin 1, and XAV‐939–mediated Axin‐2 stabilization. In vivo, Axin‐2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression was determined in skin and lung biopsy samples from mice that express a kinase‐deficient TGFβRII specifically on fibroblasts (TβRIIΔk‐fib–transgenic mice) and from littermate controls.ResultsSSc fibroblasts displayed an increased response to canonical Wnt ligands despite basal levels of Wnt signaling that were comparable to those in healthy control fibroblasts in vitro. Notably, we showed that SSc fibroblasts had reduced basal expression of Axin‐2, which was caused by an endogenous TGFβ–dependent increase in Axin‐2 mRNA decay. Accordingly, we observed that TGFβ decreased Axin‐2 expression both in vitro in healthy control fibroblasts and in vivo in TβRIIΔk‐fib–transgenic mice. Additionally, using Axin‐2 gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments, we demonstrated that the TGFβ‐induced increased response to Wnt activation characteristic of SSc fibroblasts depended on reduced bioavailability of Axin‐2.ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of reduced bioavailability of Axin‐2 in mediating the increased canonical Wnt response observed in SSc fibroblasts. This novel mechanism extends our understanding of the processes involved in Wnt/β‐catenin–driven pathology and supports the rationale for targeting the TGFβ pathway to regulate the aberrant Wnt signaling observed during fibrosis.
Bright Photoluminescence of [{(Cp)2Ce(μ‐Cl)}2]: A Valuable Technique for the Determination of the Oxidation State of Cerium
Authors: Suta Markus , Harmgarth Nicole , Kühling Marcel , Liebing Phil , Edelmann Frank T. , Wickleder Claudia 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe synthesis and photoluminescence properties of the bright‐yellow organocerium complex [{(Cp
)2Ce(μ‐Cl)}2] (Cp
=1,3‐di(tert‐butyl)cyclopentadienyl) are presented. This coordination compound exhibits highly efficient photoluminescence within the yellow‐light wavelength range, with a high internal quantum yield of 61(±2) % at room temperature. The large red shift is attributed to the delocalizing ability of the aromatic ligands, whilst its quantum yield even makes this compound competitive with Ce3+‐activated LED phosphors in terms of its photoluminescence efficiency (disregarding its thermal stability). A bridging connection between two crystallographically independent Ce3+ ions is anticipated to be the reason for the highly efficient photoluminescence, even up to room temperature. The emission spectrum is characterized by two bands in the orange‐light range at both 10 K and room temperature, which are attributed to the parity‐allowed transitions 5d1(2D3/2)→4f1(2F7/2) and 5d1(2D3/2)→4f1(2F5/2) of Ce3+, respectively. The photoluminescence spectra were interpreted in relation to the structure and vibrational modes of the coordination compound. The spectra and optical properties indicate that trivalent cerium ions are the dominant species in the ground state, which also resolves an often‐encountered ambiguity in organocerium compounds. This result shows that photoluminescence spectroscopy is a versatile tool that can help elucidate the oxidation state of Ce in such compounds.
Bauen mit Elementwänden bei drückendem Wasser
Authors: Hohmann Rainer 
Published: February 2018

AbstractElementwände im drückenden Grundwasser erfordern eine besondere Sorgfalt bei der Planung, Ausführung und Überwachung. In dem Beitrag werden grundlegende Zusammenhänge aufgezeigt, typische Fehler erläutert und Hinweise zur Fehlervermeidung gegeben.
Wasserundurchlässige Bauwerke aus Beton
Authors: Rohr‐Suchalla Katrin , Wolfgramm Boris 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDie mangelfreie Abdichtung eines Bauwerks ist für dessen Verwendungseignung von entscheidender Bedeutung, sodass die Anforderungen an die Planung und Ausführung von wasserundurchlässigen Bauwerken nach der Rechtsprechung sehr hoch sind. Um Schäden und eine Haftung zu vermeiden, müssen die am Bau Beteiligten die an sie gestellten Anforderungen berücksichtigen.Der Auftraggeber hat die Möglichkeit, dem ausführenden Unternehmen eine konkrete Beschaffenheit des Werkes vorzugeben, die auch über den anerkannten Regeln der Technik liegen kann. Erfolgt die Vorgabe einer über den anerkannten Regeln der Technik liegenden Ausführung, ist diese Vorgabe für die Beurteilung der Mangelfreiheit maßgeblich.Der vom Auftraggeber mit der Planung beauftragte Architekt hat im Rahmen von WU‐Konstruktionen ohne abweichende Vereinbarung immer die sicherste Variante zu planen, bei der er völlig sicher sein kann, dass sie den im Einzelfall zu stellenden Anforderungen genügt.
Wasserundurchlässige Bauwerke aus Beton
Authors: Becker H.‐Rainer , Filusch Sebastian , Frisch Jan , Hohmann Rainer , Horstmann Michael , Kiltz Denis , Krell Jürgen , Krause Jürgen , Zitzelsberger Thomas 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFür eine erfolgreiche WU‐Konstruktion ist eine besonders hohe Planungs‐ und Ausführungsqualität unabdingbar und eine Überwachung der Ausführung erforderlich. Das vorliegende Positionspapier gibt Hinweise und Hilfestellungen für Bauherren, Planer und Bauausführende für die Planung und Ausführung von WU‐Konstruktionen.
Hybrid coronary revascularization: Time for a new comparator?
Authors: Misumida Naoki , Moliterno David J. 
Published: February 2018

Key Points

The present meta‐analysis found no significant difference between hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) and bypass surgery (CABG) regarding intermediate‐term major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events.
HCR is feasible, historically with higher revascularization rates but less perioperative morbidity
With a comparable frequency of repeat revascularization between current‐generation drug‐eluting stents and CABG, future trials of HCR are considering multi‐vessel PCI as the new comparator.
Wanted: Expert operators for coronary chronic total occlusion interventions
Authors: Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Krestyaninov Oleg 
Published: February 2018

Key Points

Coronary chronic total occlusions can be recanalized by expert operators with high success and acceptable complication rates.
Developing a procedural plan (using the hybrid or another algorithm) is critical for success. Live case demonstrations appear safe and can be of high educational value.
The key factor for achieving good outcomes in chronic total occlusion interventions remains operator expertise. Development of more expert operators will improve the treatment options for this challenging group of lesions and patients.