bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterosis from local drift load is likely insufficient to favor reversions to outcrossing
Authors: Harkness Alexander , Goldberg Emma E. , Brandvain Yaniv J 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe evolutionary trajectory from cross-to self-fertilization is widely documented in nature, but results from several taxa also suggest that outcrossing may evolve in a formerly selfing population. Population genetic theory explains that selfing can evolve when its advantages overcome its immediate cost of inbreeding depression, but that this process will not run in reverse because a self-fertilizing population purges itself of inbreeding depression. That is, the primary short-term advantage of cross-fertilization over self-fertilization depends on the existence of deleterious alleles exposed upon inbreeding. Here, we explore whether outcrossing can evolve in selfing populations if allelic variation exists as divergence among populations. We consider two monomorphic populations of entirely self-fertilizing individuals, introduce a modifier allele that increases the rate of cross-fertilization, and investigate whether the heterosis among populations is sufficient for the modifier to invade and fix. We find that, despite an initial increase in the frequency of the outcrossing modifier, its fixation is possible only when populations harbor extremely large unique fixed genetic loads. These rare reversions to outcrossing become more likely as the load becomes more polygenic, or when the modifier appears on a rare background, such as by dispersal of an outcrossing genotype into a selfing population.
A novel multiobjective lognormal-beta differential evolution approach for the transformer design optimization
Authors: Tsili Marina , Amoiralis Eleftherios I. , Leite Jean Vianei , Moreno Sinvaldo R. , Coelho Leandro dos Santos 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
Real-world applications in engineering and other fields usually involve simultaneous optimization of multiple objectives, which are generally non-commensurable and conflicting with each other. This paper aims to treat the transformer design optimization (TDO) as a multiobjective problem (MOP), to minimize the manufacturing cost and the total owing cost, taking into consideration design constraints.

Design/methodology/approach
To deal with this optimization problem, a new method is proposed that combines the unrestricted population-size evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm (UPS-EMOA) with differential evolution, also applying lognormal distribution for tuning the scale factor and the beta distribution to adjust the crossover rate (UPS-DELFBC). The proposed UPS-DELFBC is useful to maintain the adequate diversity in the population and avoid the premature convergence during the generational cycle. Numerical results using UPS-DELFBC applied to the transform design optimization of 160, 400 and 630 kVA are promising in terms of spacing and convergence criteria.

Findings
Numerical results using UPS-DELFBC applied to the transform design optimization of 160, 400 and 630 kVA are promising in terms of spacing and convergence criteria.

Originality/value
This paper develops a promising UPS-DELFBC approach to solve MOPs. The TDO problems for three different transformer specifications, with 160, 400 and 630 kVA, have been addressed in this paper. Optimization results show the potential and efficiency of the UPS-DELFBC to solve multiobjective TDO and to produce multiple Pareto solutions.
An improved binary bat flexible sampling algorithm for reliability-based design optimization of truss structures with discrete-continuous variables
Authors: Safaeian Hamzehkolaei Naser , Miri Mahmoud , Rashki Mohsen 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
Reliability-based design optimizations (RBDOs) of engineering structures involve complex non-linear/non-differentiable performance functions, including both continuous and discrete variables. The gradient-based RBDO algorithms are less than satisfactory for these cases. The simulation-based approaches could also be computationally inefficient, especially when the double-loop strategy is used. This paper aims to present a pseudo-double loop flexible RBDO, which is efficient for solving problems, including both discrete/continuous variables.

Design/methodology/approach
The method is based on the hybrid improved binary bat algorithm (BBA) and weighed simulation method (WSM). According to this method, each BBA’s movement generates proper candidate solutions, and subsequently, WSM evaluates the reliability levels for design candidates to conduct swarm in a low-cost safe-region.

Findings
The accuracy of the proposed enhanced BBA and also the hybrid WSM-BBA are examined for ten benchmark deterministic optimizations and also four RBDO problems of truss structures, respectively. The solved examples reveal computational efficiency and superiority of the method to conventional RBDO approaches for solving complex problems including discrete variables.

Originality/value
Unlike other RBDO approaches, the proposed method is such organized that only one simulation run suffices during the optimization process. The flexibility future of the proposed RBDO framework enables a designer to present multi-level design solutions for different arrangements of the problem by using the results of the only one simulation for WSM, which is very helpful to decrease computational burden of the RBDO. In addition, a new suitable transfer function that enhanced convergence rate and search ability of the original BBA is introduced.
A multi-objective robust optimization approach for engineering design under interval uncertainty
Authors: Zhou Qi , Shao Xinyu , Jiang Ping , Xie Tingli , Hu Jiexiang , Shu Leshi , Cao Longchao , Gao Zhongmei 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
Engineering system design and optimization problems are usually multi-objective and constrained and have uncertainties in the inputs. These uncertainties might significantly degrade the overall performance of engineering systems and change the feasibility of the obtained solutions. This paper aims to propose a multi-objective robust optimization approach based on Kriging metamodel (K-MORO) to obtain the robust Pareto set under the interval uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach
In K-MORO, the nested optimization structure is reduced into a single loop optimization structure to ease the computational burden. Considering the interpolation uncertainty from the Kriging metamodel may affect the robustness of the Pareto optima, an objective switching and sequential updating strategy is introduced in K-MORO to determine (1) whether the robust analysis or the Kriging metamodel should be used to evaluate the robustness of design alternatives, and (2) which design alternatives are selected to improve the prediction accuracy of the Kriging metamodel during the robust optimization process.

Findings
Five numerical and engineering cases are used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. The results illustrate that K-MORO is able to obtain robust Pareto frontier, while significantly reducing computational cost.

Practical implications
The proposed approach exhibits great capability for practical engineering design optimization problems that are multi-objective and constrained and have uncertainties.

Originality/value
A K-MORO approach is proposed, which can obtain the robust Pareto set under the interval uncertainty and ease the computational burden of the robust optimization process.
Uncertainties evaluation of coordinate transformation parameters in the large-scale measurement for aircraft assembly
Authors: Deng Zhengping , Li Shuanggao , Huang Xiang 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
For the measurement of large-scale components in aircraft assembly, the evaluation of coordinate transformation parameters between the coordinate frames of individual measurement systems to the assembly frame is an essential task, which is usually completed by registration of the enhanced reference system (ERS) points. This paper aims to propose an analytical method to evaluate the uncertainties of transformation parameters considering both the measurement error and the deployment error of ERS points.

Design/methodology/approach
For each measuring station, the measured coordinates of ERS points are first roughly registered to the assembly coordinate system using the singular value decomposition method. Then, a linear transformation model considering the measurement error and deployment error of ERS points is developed, and the analytical solution of transformation parameters’ uncertainties is derived. Moreover, the covariance matrix of each ERS points in the transformation evaluation is calculated based on a new uncertainty ellipsoid model and variance-covariance propagation law.

Findings
For the transformation of both single and multiple measuring stations, the derived uncertainties of transformation parameters by the proposed analytical method are identical to that obtained by the state-of-the-art iterative method, but the solution process is simpler, and the computation expenses are much less.

Originality/value
The proposed uncertainty evaluation method would be useful for in-site measurement and optimization of the configuration of ERS points in the design of fixture and large assembly field. It could also be applied to other registration applications with errors on both sides of registration points.
Effect of the vapour concentration decrease on the solder joints temperature in a vacuum vapour phase soldering system
Authors: Illés Balázs , Skwarek Agata , Géczy Attila , Jakab László , Bušek David , Dušek Karel 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
The vacuum vapour phase soldering method was investigated by numerical simulations. The purpose of this study was to examine the temperature changes of the solder joints during the vapour suctioning process. A low pressure is used to enhance the outgassing of the trapped gas within the solder joints, which otherwise could form voids. However, the system loses heat near the suction pipe during the suctioning process, and it can result in preliminary solidification of the solder joints before the gas could escape.

Design/methodology/approach
A three-dimensional numerical flow model based on the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the standard k-e turbulence method was developed. The effect of the vapour suctioning on the convective heat transfer mechanism was described by the model. Temperature change of the solder joints was studied at the mostly used substrate and component combinations, as well as at different system settings.

Findings
In the function of the substrate thickness and the component size, the solder joints can lose large amount of heat during the void reduction process, which leads to preliminary solidification before the entrapped gas voids could be removed.

Research limitations/implications
The results provide setting information of vacuum vapour phase technology for appropriate and optimal applications.

Originality/value
The relationship between low pressure generation and convective heat transfer mechanism during vacuum vapour phase soldering has not been studied yet. The possible negative effects of the vapour suctioning process on the solder joint temperature are unknown.
Public Sector Discount Rates: A Comparison of Alternative Approaches
Authors: Creedy John , Passi Hemant 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article describes alternative approaches to the public sector discount rate and explains the assumptions involved. Time‐varying rates are also considered. The social opportunity cost of capital (SOC) is the rate of return that could be earned on the ‘next best alternative’. The social rate of time preference (SRTP) is the rate of return required in order to divert resources to a public investment. Only in an ‘ideal’ market are these two rates brought into alignment in equilibrium. Essentially the discount rate reflects how the government values the future when making decisions on behalf of society: value judgements are unavoidable.
Choosing the Social Discount Rate for Australia
Authors: Abelson Peter , Dalton Tim 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article argues that in cost–benefit analysis government should adopt the opportunity cost of capital as represented by the alternative project rate of return as the social discount rate rather than the private or social time discount rate or a weighted cost of funds rate that reflects estimated proportions of investment and consumption foregone. The appropriate metric for the alternative project rate of return is average market return allowing for non‐diversifiable risk but not for diversifiable project risk. The article concludes that the appropriate social discount rate for Australia, for all sectors and states and territories, is approximately 6.5 per cent.
Macroeconomic Policies in a Low Interest Rate Environment: Back to Keynes?
Authors: Castelnuovo Efrem , Lim Guay , Pellegrino Giovanni 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThis article discusses macroeconomic policies in a low interest rate environment, the central theme of the 2017 edition of the Melbourne Institute Macroeconomic Policy Meeting. After reviewing possible causes of the decline in interest rates observed since the 1990s, we present and discuss some of the challenges that monetary and fiscal policy face in a ‘new normal’ environment characterised by a real natural interest rate close to zero. Proposals by leading researchers on how to operate in such an environment are presented and discussed. We conclude by outlining some research questions that are highly relevant from a policy perspective.
Fatal Chest Injury Caused by Windblown Beach Umbrella
Authors: Harris Allyse B. , Gunther Wendy M. , Fantaskey Amy P. , Weinstein Lawrence B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe present the case of a windblown beach umbrella inflicting fatal penetrating blunt force to the chest of a 55‐year‐old female beachgoer. A postmortem examination and detailed case history review were performed which revealed left ventricular trauma, determined to be the cause of death. Using recorded wind speeds from the date of the incident and the weight of the umbrella, we were able to calculate the pressure with which the umbrella struck the victim to be 16,000 PSI. Witness reports, medical records, scene details, and examination of a rental beach umbrella allowed the forensic pathologist to conclude that the object causing this woman's death was a windblown beach umbrella.
Development of Latent Fingermarks on Nonporous and Semiporous Substrates Using Photoluminescent Eu(Phen)2 Complex Intercalated Clay Hybrids with Enhanced Adhesion
Authors: Kim Aran , Ryu Seung‐Jin , Lee Jihye , Jung Hyun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn forensic science, developing latent fingermarks using powders is a critical, general method to identify individuals. Photoluminescent Eu(Phen)2 complex intercalated clay hybrids have been used to improve the visualization of fingermarks on nonporous (glass and polymer film) and semiporous (euro and dollar banknotes) substrates. An ion exchange reaction has been successfully used to intercalate Eu(Phen)2 complex ions into the interlayer spacing of two different Na+‐clays, Na+‐montmorillonite and Na+‐hectorite, with different primary particle sizes. To change the surface properties of the obtained hybrid to be more lipophilic, the hydroxyl groups at the edge of the hectorite hybrid were modified with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane via silylation. We investigated the correlation of the size and surface properties of the hybrids with their adhesion to fingermark residues. Fingermarks were successfully visualized using hybrids under UV illumination. In particular, ridge details on semiporous substrates can be more clearly seen using hybrids with smaller primary particles and greater lipophilicity.
The Effects of Storage and Additives on Postmortem HbA1c Measurements
Authors: Fournier Jeffrey E. , Northrup Victoria , Canales Donaldo D. , Moore Christa , Shea Jennifer L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHbA1c is used in forensic toxicology to identify undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) and those with poor glycemic control prior to death. HbA1c is typically measured in whole blood collected in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The effect of other additives, including sodium fluoride (NaF), is unclear. Furthermore, the assessment of short‐ and long‐term stability of HbA1c has produced conflicting results. In this study, we collected paired postmortem blood samples in EDTA and NaF tubes (n = 142) to assess their comparability for HbA1c measurement. Stability was assessed by measuring HbA1c at baseline, 2, 3, and 4 weeks postcollection (stored at 4°C) and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postcollection (stored at −20°C). We found no significant difference in HbA1c between the two preservatives at any of the time points indicating NaF is a suitable preservative for HbA1c measurement. We also determined that DM status, postmortem interval, and decomposition had no effect on stability.
Clinical correlates of augmentation/combination treatment strategies in major depressive disorder
Authors: Dold M. , Bartova L. , Mendlewicz J. , Souery D. , Serretti A. , Porcelli S. , Zohar J. , Montgomery S. , Kasper S. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveThis multicenter, multinational, cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes associated with augmentation/combination treatment strategies in major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodSociodemographic, clinical, and treatment features of 1410 adult MDD patients were compared between MDD patients treated with monotherapy and augmentation/combination medication using descriptive statistics, analyses of covariance (ancova), and Spearman's correlation analyses.Results60.64% of all participants received augmentation and/or combination strategies with a mean number of 2.18 ± 1.22 simultaneously prescribed psychiatric drugs. We found male gender, older age, Caucasian descent, higher weight, low educational status, absence of occupation, psychotic symptoms, melancholic and atypical features, suicide risk, in‐patient treatment, longer duration of hospitalization, some psychiatric comorbidities (panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and bulimia nervosa), comorbid somatic comorbidity in general and concurrent hypertension, thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, and heart disease in particular, higher current and retrospective Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale total scores, treatment resistance, and higher antidepressant dosing to be significantly associated with augmentation/combination treatment. These findings were corroborated when examining the number of concurrently administered psychiatric drugs in the statistical analyses.ConclusionOur findings suggest a clear association between augmentation/combination strategies and treatment‐resistant/difficult‐to‐treat MDD conditions characterized by severe symptomatology and high amount of psychiatric and somatic comorbidities.
Combining biological and socio‐political criteria to set spatial conservation priorities for the endangered African wild dog
Authors: Kuiper T. , Dickman A. J. , Hinks A. E. , Sillero‐Zubiri C. , Macdonald E. A. , Macdonald D. W. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe effectiveness of biodiversity conservation projects is influenced by socio‐political context, a reality overlooked by traditional prioritization schemes that use only measures of biological value and threat when deciding where to invest limited conservation resources. We combined ecological and socio‐political criteria to illuminate options for prioritizing investment in African wild dog Lycaon pictus conservation among countries and subpopulations. Countries and subpopulations were assigned scores for conservation priority (based on their wild dog populations) and conservation likelihood (based on their governance quality and other indicators of the likelihood of effective conservation action for wild dogs). Seven of the 19 wild dog countries scored above the median value for both priority and likelihood and supported 74% of the total wild dog population. Investment in these ‘higher priority, higher likelihood’ countries may offer the greatest returns on conservation investment. The intention of this study is not, however, to be prescriptive, nor to suggest abandoning disadvantaged countries, but to provide a tool for understanding and managing trade‐offs between where conservation is most needed for wild dogs and where it is most feasible. The prioritization framework presented in this paper may easily and profitably be applied to other taxa, extending the scope of our results.
Energy‐milk price transmission at the product brand level
Authors: Li Xun , Lopez Rigoberto , Yang Shuai 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article estimates the pass‐through rates between diesel fuel and retail milk prices at the product brand level. Using a random coefficient logit demand model and taking the direct and indirect impacts of energy prices, this research identifies changes in pass‐through rates before and after the great recession in 2008. Empirical results show that diesel prices significantly impacted the retail prices of milk products and are an important determinant of food price inflation. Pass‐through rates are estimated to range from 0.16 to approximately 0.60 through 2008 with an average of 0.22 for the whole period. Statistical tests indicate that pass‐through rates before June 2008 were significantly higher than after June 2008 when they dropped significantly to 0.04 to 0.17. Interestingly, private label brands have the lowest pass‐through rates, implying that compared to manufacturer brands, private label prices are more insulated from diesel price shocks.
Carvedilol for reducing portal pressure in primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding: a dose‐response study
Authors: Schwarzer R. , Kivaranovic D. , Paternostro R. , Mandorfer M. , Reiberger T. , Trauner M. , Peck‐Radosavljevic M. , Ferlitsch A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundSequential measurements of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) are used to assess the haemodynamic response to nonselective betablockers (NSBBs) in patients with portal hypertension.AimsTo assess the rates of HVPG response to different doses of carvedilol.MethodsConsecutive patients with cirrhosis undergoing HVPG‐guided carvedilol therapy for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding between 08/2010 and 05/2015 were retrospectively included. After baseline HVPG measurement, carvedilol 6.25 mg/d was administered and HVPG response (HVPG‐decrease ≥20% or to ≤12 mm Hg) was assessed after 3‐4 weeks. In case of nonresponse, carvedilol dose was increased to 12.5 mg/d and a third HVPG‐measurement was performed after 3‐4 weeks. We also assessed HVPG‐response rates according to the Baveno VI consensus (HVPG decrease ≥10% or to ≤12 mm Hg) and changes in systolic arterial pressure (SAP).ResultsSeventy‐two patients (Child A, 37%; B, 35%; C, 28%) were included. 28 (39%) patients achieved a HVPG‐decrease ≥ 20% with carvedilol 6.25 mg/d and another 10 (14%) with carvedilol 12.5 mg/d. Forty (56%) patients had a HVPG decrease ≥10% with carvedilol 6.25 mg/d and 24 (33%) with carvedilol 12.5 mg/d. Thus, in total, a HVPG‐response of ≥20% and ≥10% and was achieved in 38 (53%) and 55 (76%) and of patients respectively. Notably, 6 patients (n = 4 with ascites) did not tolerate an increase to 12.5 mg/d due to hypotension/bradycardia. However, none of the other patients had a SAP < 90 mm Hg at the final HVPG measurement.ConclusionCarvedilol 12.5 mg/d was more effective than 6.25 mg/d in decreasing HVPG in primary prophylaxis. A total of 76% of patients achieved a HVPG‐response of ≥ 10% to carvedilol 12.5 mg/d, however, arterial hypotension might occur, especially in patients with ascites.