bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compliance with hand hygiene in emergency medical services: an international observational study
Authors: Vikke Heidi Storm , Vittinghus Svend , Giebner Matthias , Kolmos Hans Jørn , Smith Karen , Castrén Maaret , Lindström Veronica 
Published: January 2019

IntroductionHealthcare-associated infection caused by insufficient hygiene is associated with mortality, economic burden, and suffering for the patient. Emergency medical service (EMS) providers encounter many patients in different surroundings and are thus at risk of posing a source of microbial transmission. Hand hygiene (HH), a proven infection control intervention, has rarely been studied in the EMS.MethodsA multicentre prospective observational study was conducted from December 2016 to May 2017 in ambulance services from Finland, Sweden, Australia and Denmark. Two observers recorded the following parameters: HH compliance according to WHO guidelines (before patient contact, before clean/aseptic procedures, after risk of body fluids, after patient contact and after contact with patient surroundings). Glove use and basic parameters such as nails, hair and use of jewellery were also recorded.ResultsSixty hours of observation occurred in each country, for a total of 87 patient encounters. In total, there were 1344 indications for HH. Use of hand rub or hand wash was observed: before patient contact, 3%; before clean/aseptic procedures, 2%; after the risk of body fluids, 8%; after patient contact, 29%; and after contact with patient-related surroundings, 38%. Gloves were worn in 54% of all HH indications. Adherence to short or up done hair, short, clean nails without polish and no jewellery was 99%, 84% and 62%, respectively. HH compliance was associated with wearing gloves (OR 45; 95% CI 10.8 to 187.8; p=0.000) and provider level (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4; p=0.007), but not associated with gender (OR 1.3; 95% CI 0.9 to 1.9; p=0.107).ConclusionHH compliance among EMS providers was remarkably low, with higher compliance after patient contacts compared with before patient contacts, and an over-reliance on gloves. We recommend further research on contextual challenges and hygiene perceptions among EMS providers to clarify future improvement strategies.
Formation of bitumen in the Elgin–Franklin complex, Central Graben, North Sea: implications for hydrocarbon charging
Authors: Meredith W. , Uguna C. N. , Snape C. E. , Carr A. D. , Scotchman I. C. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The Elgin–Franklin complex contains gas condensates in Upper Jurassic reservoirs in the North Sea Central Graben. Upper parts of the reservoirs contain bitumens, which previous studies have suggested were formed by the thermal cracking of oil as the reservoirs experienced temperatures of >150°C during rapid Plio-Pleistocene subsidence. Bitumen-stained cores contaminated by oil-based drilling muds have been analysed by hydropyrolysis. Asphaltene-bound aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions were dominated by
n
-hexadecane and
n
-octadecane originating from fatty acid additives in the muds. Uncontaminated asphaltene-bound aromatic hydrocarbon fractions, however, contained a PAH distribution very similar to normal North Sea oils, suggesting that the bitumens may not have been derived from oil cracking.

1D basin models of well 29/5b-6 and a pseudo-well east of the Elgin–Franklin complex utilize a thermal history derived from the basin's rifting and subsidence histories, combined with the conservation of energy currently not contained in the thermal histories. Vitrinite reflectance values predicted by the conventional kinetic models do not match the measured data. Using the pressure-dependent PresRo
®
model, however, a good match was achieved between observed and measured data. The predicted petroleum generation is combined with published diagenetic cement data from the Elgin and Franklin fields to produce a composite model for petroleum generation, diagenetic cement and bitumen formation.
Representations and Optimizations for Embedded Parallel Dataflow Languages
Authors: Alexandrov Alexander , Krastev Georgi , Markl Volker 
Published: January 2019

Parallel dataflow engines such as Apache Hadoop, Apache Spark, and Apache Flink are an established alternative to relational databases for modern data analysis applications. A characteristic of these systems is a scalable programming model based on distributed collections and parallel transformations expressed by means of second-order functions such as map and reduce. Notable examples are Flink’s DataSet and Spark’s RDD programming abstractions. These programming models are realized as EDSLs—domain specific languages embedded in a general-purpose host language such as Java, Scala, or Python. This approach has several advantages over traditional external DSLs such as SQL or XQuery. First, syntactic constructs from the host language (e.g., anonymous functions syntax, value definitions, and fluent syntax via method chaining) can be reused in the EDSL. This eases the learning curve for developers already familiar with the host language. Second, it allows for seamless integration of library methods written in the host language via the function parameters passed to the parallel dataflow operators. This reduces the effort for developing analytics dataflows that go beyond pure SQL and require domain-specific logic.
At the same time, however, state-of-the-art parallel dataflow EDSLs exhibit a number of shortcomings. First, one of the main advantages of an external DSL such as SQL—the high-level, declarative Select-From-Where syntax—is either lost completely or mimicked in a non-standard way. Second, execution aspects such as caching, join order, and partial aggregation have to be decided by the programmer. Optimizing them automatically is very difficult due to the limited program context available in the intermediate representation of the DSL.
In this article, we argue that the limitations listed above are a side effect of the adopted type-based embedding approach. As a solution, we propose an alternative EDSL design based on quotations. We present a DSL embedded in Scala and discuss its compiler pipeline, intermediate representation, and some of the enabled optimizations. We promote the algebraic type of bags in union representation as a model for distributed collections and its associated structural recursion scheme and monad as a model for parallel collection processing. At the source code level, Scala’s comprehension syntax over a bag monad can be used to encode Select-From-Where expressions in a standard way. At the intermediate representation level, maintaining comprehensions as a first-class citizen can be used to simplify the design and implementation of holistic dataflow optimizations that accommodate for nesting and control-flow. The proposed DSL design therefore reconciles the benefits of embedded parallel dataflow DSLs with the declarativity and optimization potential of external DSLs like SQL.
Seeking digital humanities, IT tech support
Authors: Bruderer Herbert , Hill Robin K. 
Published: January 2019

The
Communications
Web site, http://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of
Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

twitter

Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM
http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm
Herbert Bruderer explains why the opposite of digital is not analog; Robin K. Hill describes how the challenges of user support are aggravated by indeterminate client responsibility.
Chameleon 2
Authors: Barton Tomas , Bruna Tomas , Kordik Pavel 
Published: January 2019

Traditional clustering algorithms fail to produce human-like results when confronted with data of variable density, complex distributions, or in the presence of noise. We propose an improved graph-based clustering algorithm called Chameleon 2, which overcomes several drawbacks of state-of-the-art clustering approaches. We modified the internal cluster quality measure and added an extra step to ensure algorithm robustness. Our results reveal a significant positive impact on the clustering quality measured by Normalized Mutual Information on 32 artificial datasets used in the clustering literature. This significant improvement is also confirmed on real-world datasets.
The performance of clustering algorithms such as DBSCAN is extremely parameter sensitive, and exhaustive manual parameter tuning is necessary to obtain a meaningful result. All hierarchical clustering methods are very sensitive to cutoff selection, and a human expert is often required to find the true cutoff for each clustering result. We present an automated cutoff selection method that enables the Chameleon 2 algorithm to generate high-quality clustering in autonomous mode.
Pomalidomide Alters Pancreatic Macrophage Populations to Generate an Immune-Responsive Environment at Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions
Authors: Bastea Ligia I. , Liou Geou-Yarh , Pandey Veethika , Fleming Alicia K. , von Roemeling Christina A. , Doeppler Heike , Li Zhimin , Qiu Yushi , Edenfield Brandy , Copland John A. , Tun Han W. , Storz Peter 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

During development of pancreatic cancer, alternatively activated macrophages contribute to fibrogenesis, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesion growth, and generation of an immunosuppressive environment. Here, we show that the immunomodulatory agent pomalidomide depletes pancreatic lesion areas of alternatively activated macrophage populations. Pomalidomide treatment resulted in downregulation of interferon regulatory factor 4, a transcription factor for M2 macrophage polarization. Pomalidomide-induced absence of alternatively activated macrophages led to a decrease in fibrosis at PanIN lesions and in syngeneic tumors; this was due to generation of an inflammatory, immune-responsive environment with increased expression of IL1α and presence of activated (IFNγ-positive) CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations. Our results indicate that pomalidomide could be used to decrease fibrogenesis in pancreatic cancer and may be ideal as a combination treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs or other immunotherapies.

Significance:
These findings reveal new insights into how macrophage populations within the pancreatic cancer microenvironment can be modulated, providing the means to turn the microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immune-responsive.
Nod1 Imprints Inflammatory and Carcinogenic Responses toward the Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Suarez Giovanni , Romero-Gallo Judith , Piazuelo Maria B. , Sierra Johanna C. , Delgado Alberto G. , Washington M. Kay , Shah Shailja C. , Wilson Keith T. , Peek Richard M. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the strongest known risk for gastric cancer. The H. pylori cag type IV secretion system is an oncogenic locus that translocates peptidoglycan into host cells, where it is recognized by NOD1, an innate immune receptor. Beyond this, the role of NOD1 in H. pylori–induced cancer remains undefined. To address this knowledge gap, we infected two genetic models of Nod1 deficiency with the H. pylori cag+ strain PMSS1: C57BL/6 mice, which rarely develop cancer, and INS-GAS FVB/N mice, which commonly develop cancer. Infected C57BL/6Nod1–/− and INS-GASNod1−/− mice acutely developed more severe gastritis, and INS-GASNod1−/− mice developed gastric dysplasia more frequently compared with Nod1+/+ mice. Because Nod1 genotype status did not alter microbial phenotypes of in vivo–adapted H. pylori, we investigated host immunologic responses. H. pylori infection of Nod1−/− mice led to significantly increased gastric mucosal levels of Th1, Th17, and Th2 cytokines compared with Nod1 wild-type (WT) mice. To define the role of specific innate immune cells, we quantified cytokine secretion from H. pylori–infected primary gastric organoids generated from WT or Nod1−/− mice that were cocultured with or without WT or Nod1−/− macrophages. Infection increased cytokine production from gastric epithelial cells and macrophages and elevations were significantly increased with Nod1 deficiency. Furthermore, H. pylori infection altered the polarization status of Nod1−/− macrophages compared with Nod1+/+ macrophages. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that loss of Nod1 augments inflammatory and injury responses to H. pylori. Nod1 may exert its restrictive role by altering macrophage polarization, leading to immune evasion and microbial persistence.

Significance:
These findings suggest that manipulation of NOD1 may represent a novel strategy to prevent or treat pathologic outcomes induced by H. pylori infection.
Challenges with Novel Clinical Trial Designs: Master Protocols
Authors: Cecchini Michael , Rubin Eric H. , Blumenthal Gideon M. , Ayalew Kassa , Burris Howard A. , Russell-Einhorn Michele , Dillon Hildy , Lyerly H. Kim , Reaman Gregory H. , Boerner Scott , LoRusso Patricia M. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The 2018 Accelerating Anticancer Agent Development (AAADV) Workshop assembled a panel of experts for an in-depth discussion session to present “Challenges with Novel Clinical Trial Designs.” This panel offered assessments of the challenges faced by industry, the FDA, investigators, institutional review boards, and patients. The panel focused on master protocols, which include umbrella trials, platform trials, and basket trials. Umbrella trials and platform trials share many commonalities, whereas basket trials are more distinct. Umbrella and platform trials are generally designed with multiple arms where patients of the same histology or other unifying characteristics are enrolled into different arms and multiple investigational agents are evaluated in a single protocol. In contrast, basket studies generally enroll patients with different tumor types based on the presence of a specific mutation or biomarker regardless of histology; these trials may include expansion cohorts. These novel designs offer the promise of expedited drug assessment and approval, but they also place new challenges on all the stakeholders involved in the drug development process. Only by identifying the challenges of these complex, innovative clinical trial designs and highlighting challenges from each perspective can we begin to address these challenges. The 2018 AAADV Workshop convened a panel of experts from relevant disciplines to highlight the challenges that are created by master protocols, and, where appropriate, offer strategies to address these challenges.
Prior Anticoagulation and Short‐ or Long‐Term Clinical Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Tokunaga Keisuke , Koga Masatoshi , Itabashi Ryo , Yamagami Hiroshi , Todo Kenichi , Yoshimura Sohei , Kimura Kazumi , Sato Shoichiro , Terasaki Tadashi , Inoue Manabu , Shiokawa Yoshiaki , Takagi Masahito , Kamiyama Kenji , Tanaka Kanta , Takizawa Shunya , Shiozawa Masayuki , Okuda Satoshi , Okada Yasushi , Kameda Tomoaki , Nagakane Yoshinari , Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Shibuya Satoshi , Ito Yasuhiro , Matsuoka Hideki , Takamatsu Kazuhiro , Nishiyama Kazutoshi , Kario Kazuomi , Yagita Yoshiki , Fujita Kyohei , Ando Daisuke , Kumamoto Masaya , Arihiro Shoji , Toyoda Kazunori , Takasugi Junji , Higashida Kyoko , Sakamoto Yuki , Hirano Teruyuki , Suzuki Rieko , Nakagawara Jyoji , Homma Kazunari , Tanaka Eijirou , Akiyama Hisanao , Mochizuki Hiroshi , Nakashima Takahiro , Shibazaki Kensaku , Furui Eisuke , Maeda Koichiro , Endo Kaoru , Miyagi Tetsuya , Osaki Masato , Kobayashi Junpei , Okata Takuya , Takizawa Hotake , Matsuki Takayuki , Kinoshita Naoto , Matsubara Soichiro , Ide Toshihiro , Yoshimoto Takeshi , Kamimura Teppei , Kikuno Muneaki , Mizoguchi Tadataka , Sato Takeo , Nagatsuka Kazuyuki , Minematsu Kazuo 
Published: January 2019

Background
We aimed to clarify associations between prior anticoagulation and short‐ or long‐term clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

Methods and Results

A total of 1189 ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who were hospitalized within 7 days after onset were analyzed. Of these, 813 patients (68.4%) received no prior anticoagulation, 310 (26.1%) received prior warfarin treatment with an international normalized ratio (
INR
) <2 on admission, 28 (2.4%) received prior warfarin treatment with an
INR
≥2 on admission, and the remaining 38 (3.2%) received prior direct oral anticoagulant treatment. Prior warfarin treatment was associated with a lower risk of death or disability at 3 months compared with no prior anticoagulation (
INR
<2: adjusted odds ratio: 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42–0.81;
P
=0.001;
INR
≥2: adjusted odds ratio: 0.40; 95% CI, 0.16–0.97;
P
=0.043) but was not associated with a lower risk of death or disability at 2 years. Prior warfarin treatment with an
INR
≥2 on admission was associated with a higher risk of ischemic events within 2 years compared with no prior anticoagulation (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.94; 95% CI, 1.20–6.15;
P
=0.021).

Conclusions

Prior warfarin treatment was associated with a lower risk of death or disability at 3 months but was not associated with a lower risk of death or disability at 2 years in ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Prior warfarin treatment with an
INR
≥2 on admission was associated with a higher risk of ischemic events within 2 years.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01581502.
Discharge Heart Rate After Hospitalization for Myocardial Infarction and Long‐Term Mortality in 2 US Registries
Authors: Alapati Venkatesh , Tang Fengming , Charlap Esti , Chan Paul S. , Heidenreich Paul A. , Jones Philip G. , Spertus John A. , Srinivas Vankeepuram , Kizer Jorge R. 
Published: January 2019

Background

Although admission heart rate predicts higher mortality after acute myocardial infarction (
AMI
), less is known about discharge heart rate. We tested the hypothesis that higher discharge heart rate after
AMI
is related to increased long‐term mortality independent of admission heart rate, and assessed whether β blockers modify this relationship.

Methods and Results

In 2 prospective US multicenter registries of
AMI
, we evaluated the associations of discharge and admission heart rate with 3‐year mortality using Cox models. Among 6576 patients with
AMI
, discharge heart rate was modestly associated with initial heart rate (
r
=0.28), comorbidities, and infarct severity. In this cohort, 10.7% did not receive β blockers at discharge. After full adjustment for demographic, psychosocial, and clinical covariates, discharge heart rate (hazard ratio [HR]=1.14 per 10 beats per minute [bpm]; 95%
CI
=1.07–1.21 per 10 bpm) was more strongly associated with risk of death than admission heart rate (HR=1.05 per 10 bpm; 95% CI=1.02–1.09 per 10 bpm) when both were entered in the same model (
P
=0.043 for comparison). There was a significant interaction between discharge heart rate and β‐blocker use (
P
=0.004) on mortality, wherein risk of death was markedly higher among those with high discharge heart rate and not on β blockers (HR=1.35 per 10 bpm; 95% CI=1.19–1.53 per 10 bpm) versus those with a high discharge heart rate and on β blockers at discharge (HR=1.10 per 10 bpm; 95% CI=1.03–1.17 per 10 bpm).

Conclusions

Higher discharge heart rate after
AMI
was more strongly associated with 3‐year mortality than admission heart rate, and the risk associated with higher discharge heart rate was modified by β blockers at discharge. These findings highlight opportunities for risk stratification and intervention that will require further investigation.
First descriptions of aquatic crustaceans in coastal plains in northern Chile (Huentelauquen, 31°S, Coquimbo Region, Chile)
Authors: De los Ríos Patricio , Pizarro-Araya Jaime , Alfaro Fermín M. , Zuleta Carlos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The crustacean communities in Chilean seasonal pools have been poorly studied, and much of the existing literature is restricted to southern Patagonian plains, whereas there are no studies available about other sites. The aim of the present study is to describe the aquatic crustaceans in shallow pools in Huentelauquén (31°S, central northern Chile). The species reported upon include Daphnia ambigua, Simocephalus serrulatus, Boeckella gracilipes, Ostracoda, and two unidentified clam shrimps (genera Lynceus and Leptestheria), which latter ones represent the first record of these taxa for Chile. The ecological results revealed low species numbers and non-structured patterns in the various species associations. The exposed results are markedly different from observations on other Chilean seasonal pools, where no clam shrimps can be found, and where primarily cladocerans, copepods, and amphipods occur in the crustacean communities.
First observations on crustaceans in a small, permanent coastal lagoon (Nigue, 39°S, Araucania region, Chile)
Authors: De los Ríos Patricio , Carreño Eriko 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The crustacean zooplankton in Chilean coastal lagoons has been poorly studied as yet, and the scarce studies available would indicate the presence of low species numbers that vary as a function of the trophic status of the water bodies. The aim of the present study is to make a first characterization of crustaceans in a small shallow coastal lake, using null models, specifically with regard to species co-occurrence and niche overlap. The results revealed that the species associations we found are random, which is due to many species that occur in most or all of the water bodies examined, whereas niche sharing revealed that there is niche segregation due to the absence of competition among the species reported. These results would be in agreement with observations for mountain lakes and lagoons in northern Patagonia, both in Argentina and in Chile, and partially similar to what has been found in Andean shallow wetlands in northern Chile. More and more detailed studies will be necessary for understanding the population and community dynamics in these water bodies.
First Indonesian Viridotheres Manning, 1996, and redescription of male Afropinnotheres dofleini Manning, 1993, from South Africa (Decapoda, Pinnotheridae)
Authors: Ahyong Shane T. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
A new species of Viridotheres is described from material in the collections of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, representing the first record of the genus from Indonesia. The new species most closely resembles V. takedai Ahyong, Komai & Watanabe, 2012 from Japan, and, significantly, shares the well-developed G2 exopod. Males of a second species of pinnotherid crab in the Berlin collection, misidentified as Ostracotheres tridacnae (Rüppell, 1830), proved referable to Afropinnotheres dofleini (Lenz in Lenz & Strunck, 1914), from South Africa, for which only females were known in detail. The male of A. dofleini is redescribed and figured in detail for the first time. Notably, males of A. dofleini also have a gonopod 2 exopod, the first such report for the genus. Confirmation of the gonopod 2 exopod in A. dofleini and V. kupang sp. nov. highlights the increasing significance of the gonopod 2 exopod in pinnotherid systematics and morphology.