bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suplementação com probióticos para intolerância a lactose: uma revisão narrativa
Authors: Marchezan Sinara Terezinha , Mendes Roberta Hack 
Published: April 2019

Â A intolerância a lactose (IL) primária costuma se manifestar a partir dos 3-4 anos, com prevalência variando conforme etnia e idade. Lactose é um dissacarí­deo encontrado no leite dos mamí­feros em quantidade variável, em torno de 2-8% do volume de leite, com variações conforme as espécies. O quadro clí­nico conhecido popularmente como IL caracteriza-se por diminuição parcial ou total da atividade da enzima lactase na mucosa do intestino delgado dos indiví­duos acometidos pela doença. Esta revisão tem por objetivo pautar o tratamento adequado para intolerância í lactose, dando ênfase ao efeito da suplementação com probióticos. O possí­vel papel dos probióticos na IL não é completamente compreendido. As culturas bacterianas podem beneficiar indiretamente o hospedeiro, fornecendo enzima lactase para o intestino delgado. Lise das bactérias por ácidos biliares permite que a lactase seja administrada, o que hidrolisa lactose, permitindo a absorção do componente glicose e açúcares de galactose. Existem evidências na literatura que justificam o uso de algumas cepas especí­ficas na terapia destes pacientes. No entanto, mais estudos clí­nicos randomizados são necessários para verificar as possí­veis interferências do tratamento com probióticos na saúde humana a longo prazo.Palavras-chave: intolerância a lactose, probióticos, microbioma intestinal.
SÍNTESIS DE TETRAFENÓXIDOS DE TITANIO Y SU EVALUACIÓN CATALÍTICA EN DIMERIZACIÓN DE ETILENO.
Authors: Mendoza Carlos , Amaya Sandra L. , Vivas July Carolina , Echavarría Adriana 
Published: April 2019

Nuevos complejos de titanio de fórmula general Ti(OAr)4•HOR con diferente grupo sustractor (Cl,CN, NO2), se sintetizaron por el método intercambio alcohol-fenol y se caracterizaron por resonancia magnética nuclear (1H NMR) que dio evidencia de la formación de estructuras diméricas con centros de Ti coordinado octaédricamente; y por análisis termogravimétrico (TGA) que registró pérdida de volátiles y permitió ajustar el peso molecular experimental de cada pre-catalizador. Mediante el análisis químico por absorción atómica se determinó el porcentaje elemental de aluminio en el co-catalizador de composición trietilaluminio. Los complejos de Ti en presencia de trietilaluminio se evaluaron en la reacción de dimerización de etileno a 50 °C, presión atmosférica y con flujo de etileno igual a 100 mL/min donde se observó en todos los catalizadores actividad hacia la producción de 1-buteno.
Incidencia del Rol de la Familia en el Desarrollo Motor de Educandos de 3 y 4 años en un Centro de Educación Básica Localizado al Sur de Guayaquil
Authors: Cajamarca Encalada Rosa Elena 
Published: April 2019

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la incidencia del rol de la familia en el desarrollo motor infantil dentro del área de educación inicial. Este estudio está basado en la experiencia del autor como docente en un Centro de Educación Básica ubicado en la Cdla. Floresta 1, Av. Roberto Serrano al sur de la ciudad de Guayaquil durante el año lectivo 2017-2018. El enfoque utilizado es de tipo mixto, el alcance de la investigación es de tipo descriptivo y explicativo, los métodos utilizados son no experimental, etnográfico y deductivo, las técnicas implementadas son observación, entrevista y encuesta. La muestra del estudio comprende 40 educandos en edades de 3 y 4 años, y 35 padres de familia. Las principales dificultades del desarrollo motor que se detectaron comprenden en las habilidades de motricidad fina: la pinza digital y en las habilidades de motricidad gruesa: la coordinación y equilibrio corporal.
The Origin of Kepler-419b: A Path to Tidal Migration Via Four-body Secular Interactions
Authors: Jackson Jonathan M. , Dawson Rebekah I. , Zalesky Joseph 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We test the high-eccentricity tidal migration scenario for Kepler-419b, a member of the eccentric warm Jupiter class of planets whose origin is debated. Kepler-419 hosts two known planets (b,c). However, in its current configuration, planet c cannot excite the eccentricity of planet b enough to undergo high-eccentricity tidal migration. We investigate whether the presence of an undiscovered fourth body could explain the orbit of Kepler-419b. We explore the parameter space of this potential third giant planet using a suite of N-body simulations with a range of initial conditions. From the results of these simulations, coupled with observational constraints, we can rule out this mechanism for much of the parameter space of the initial object d conditions. However, for a small range of parameters (masses between 0.5 and 7 m
Jup, semimajor axes between 4 and 7.5 au, eccentricities between 0.18 and 0.35, and mutual inclinations near 0°) an undiscovered object d could periodically excite the eccentricity of Kepler-419b without destabilizing the system over 1 Gyr while producing currently undetectable radial velocity and transit timing variation signals.
Forbush Decreases and <2 Day GCR Flux Non-recurrent Variations Studied with LISA Pathfinder
Authors: Armano M. , Audley H. , Baird J. , Benella S. , Binetruy P. , Born M. , Bortoluzzi D. , Castelli E. , Cavalleri A. , Cesarini A. , Cruise A. M. , Danzmann K. , Silva M. de Deus , Diepholz I. , Dixon G. , Dolesi R. , Fabi M. , Ferraioli L. , Ferroni V. , Finetti N. , Fitzsimons E. D. , Freschi M. , Gesa L. , Gibert F. , Giardini D. , Giusteri R. , Grimani C. , Grzymisch J. , Harrison I. , Heinzel G. , Hewitson M. , Hollington D. , Hoyland D. , Hueller M. , Inchauspé H. , Jennrich O. , Jetzer P. , Karnesis N. , Kaune B. , Korsakova N. , Killow C. J. , Kudela K. , Laurenza M. , Lobo J. A. , Lloro I. , Liu L. , López-Zaragoza J. P. , Maarschalkerweerd R. , Mance D. , Meshksar N. , Martín V. , Martin-Polo L. , Martino J. , Martin-Porqueras F. , Mateos I. , McNamara P. W. , Mendes J. , Mendes L. , Nofrarias M. , Paczkowski S. , Perreur-Lloyd M. , Petiteau A. , Pivato P. , Plagnol E. , Ramos-Castro J. , Reiche J. , Robertson D. I. , Rivas F. , Russano G. , Slutsky J. , Sopuerta C. F. , Sumner T. , Telloni D. , Texier D. , Thorpe J. I. , Vetrugno D. , Villani M. , Vitale S. , Wanner G. , Ward H. , Wass P. , Weber W. J. , Wissel L. , Wittchen A. , Zweifel P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Non-recurrent short-term variations of the galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) flux above 70 MeV n−1 were observed between 2016 February 18 and 2017 July 3 on board the European Space Agency LISA Pathfinder (LPF) mission orbiting around the Lagrange point L1 at 1.5 × 106 km from Earth. The energy dependence of three Forbush decreases is studied and reported here. A comparison of these observations with others carried out in space down to the energy of a few tens of MeV n−1 shows that the same GCR flux parameterization applies to events of different intensity during the main phase. FD observations in L1 with LPF and geomagnetic storm occurrence are also presented. Finally, the characteristics of GCR flux non-recurrent variations (peaks and depressions) of duration <2 days and their association with interplanetary structures are investigated. It is found that, most likely, plasma compression regions between subsequent corotating high-speed streams cause peaks, while heliospheric current sheet crossing causes the majority of the depressions.
Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Detection of Intracluster Light at Redshift ∼ 0.25
Authors: Zhang Y. , Yanny B. , Palmese A. , Gruen D. , To C. , Rykoff E. S. , Leung Y. , Collins C. , Hilton M. , Abbott T. M. C. , Annis J. , Avila S. , Bertin E. , Brooks D. , Burke D. L. , Rosell A. Carnero , Kind M. Carrasco , Carretero J. , Cunha C. E. , D’Andrea C. B. , Costa L. N. da , Vicente J. De , Desai S. , Diehl H. T. , Dietrich J. P. , Doel P. , Drlica-Wagner A. , Eifler T. F. , Evrard A. E. , Flaugher B. , Fosalba P. , Frieman J. , García-Bellido J. , Gaztanaga E. , Gerdes D. W. , Gruendl R. A. , Gschwend J. , Gutierrez G. , Hartley W. G. , Hollowood D. L. , Honscheid K. , Hoyle B. , James D. J. , Jeltema T. , Kuehn K. , Kuropatkin N. , Li T. S. , Lima M. , Maia M. A. G. , March M. , Marshall J. L. , Melchior P. , Menanteau F. , Miller C. J. , Miquel R. , Mohr J. J. , Ogando R. L. C. , Plazas A. A. , Romer A. K. , Sanchez E. , Scarpine V. , Schubnell M. , Serrano S. , Sevilla-Noarbe I. , Smith M. , Soares-Santos M. , Sobreira F. , Suchyta E. , Swanson M. E. C. , Tarle G. , Thomas D. , Wester W. ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Using data collected by the Dark Energy Survey (DES), we report the detection of intracluster light (ICL) with ∼300 galaxy clusters in the redshift range of 0.2–0.3. We design methods to mask detected galaxies and stars in the images and stack the cluster light profiles, while accounting for several systematic effects (sky subtraction, instrumental point-spread function, cluster selection effects, and residual light in the ICL raw detection from background and cluster galaxies). The methods allow us to acquire high signal-to-noise measurements of the ICL and central galaxies (CGs), which we separate with radial cuts. The ICL appears as faint and diffuse light extending to at least 1 Mpc from the cluster center, reaching a surface brightness level of 30 mag arcsec−2. The ICL and the cluster CG contribute 44% ± 17% of the total cluster stellar luminosity within 1 Mpc. The ICL color is overall consistent with that of the cluster red sequence galaxies, but displays the trend of becoming bluer with increasing radius. The ICL demonstrates an interesting self-similarity feature—for clusters in different richness ranges, their ICL radial profiles are similar after scaling with cluster R
200m
, and the ICL brightness appears to be a good tracer of the cluster radial mass distribution. These analyses are based on the DES redMaPPer cluster sample identified in the first year of observations.
A predictive algorithm for wetlands in deep time paleoclimate models
Authors: Wilton David J. , Badger Marcus P. S. , Kantzas Euripides P. , Pancost Richard D. , Valdes Paul J. , Beerling David J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas produced in wetland
environments via microbial action in anaerobic conditions. If the location and extent of
wetlands are unknown, such as for the Earth many millions of years in the past, a model
of wetland fraction is required in order to calculate methane emissions and thus help
reduce uncertainty in the understanding of past warm greenhouse climates. Here we present
an algorithm for predicting inundated wetland fraction for use in calculating wetland
methane emission fluxes in deep-time paleoclimate simulations. For each grid cell in a
given paleoclimate simulation, the algorithm determines the wetland fraction predicted by
a nearest-neighbour search of modern-day data in a space described by a set of
environmental, climate and vegetation variables. To explore this approach, we first test
it for a modern-day climate with variables obtained from observations and then for an
Eocene climate with variables derived from a fully coupled global climate model
(HadCM3BL-M2.2; Valdes et al., 2017). Two independent dynamic vegetation models were used
to provide two sets of equivalent vegetation variables which yielded two different
wetland predictions. As a first test, the method, using both vegetation models,
satisfactorily reproduces modern day wetland fraction at a course grid resolution, similar to those used in
paleoclimate simulations. We then applied the method to an early Eocene climate, testing
its outputs against the locations of Eocene coal deposits. We predict global mean monthly
wetland fraction area for the early Eocene of 8×106 to 10×106 km2 with a
corresponding total annual methane flux of 656 to 909 Tg CH4 yr−1,
depending on which of the two different dynamic global vegetation models are used to
model wetland fraction and methane emission rates. Both values are significantly higher
than estimates for the modern day of 4×106 km2 and around
190 Tg CH4 yr−1 (Poulter et al., 2017; Melton et al., 2013).
Pathways of ice-wedge degradation in polygonal tundra under different hydrological conditions
Authors: Nitzbon Jan , Langer Moritz , Westermann Sebastian , Martin Léo , Aas Kjetil Schanke , Boike Julia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Ice-wedge polygons are common features of lowland tundra in the continuous
permafrost zone and prone to rapid degradation through melting of ground ice.
There are many interrelated processes involved in ice-wedge thermokarst and
it is a major challenge to quantify their influence on the stability of the
permafrost underlying the landscape. In this study we used a numerical
modelling approach to investigate the degradation of ice wedges with a focus
on the influence of hydrological conditions. Our study area was Samoylov
Island in the Lena River delta of northern Siberia, for which we had in situ
measurements to evaluate the model. The tailored version of the CryoGrid 3
land surface model was capable of simulating the changing microtopography of
polygonal tundra and also regarded lateral fluxes of heat, water, and snow.
We demonstrated that the approach is capable of simulating ice-wedge
degradation and the associated transition from a low-centred to a
high-centred polygonal microtopography. The model simulations showed
ice-wedge degradation under recent climatic conditions of the study area,
irrespective of hydrological conditions. However, we found that wetter
conditions lead to an earlier onset of degradation and cause more rapid
ground subsidence. We set our findings in correspondence to observed types of
ice-wedge polygons in the study area and hypothesized on remaining
discrepancies between modelled and observed ice-wedge thermokarst activity.
Our quantitative approach provides a valuable complement to previous, more
qualitative and conceptual, descriptions of the possible pathways of
ice-wedge polygon evolution. We concluded that our study is a blueprint for
investigating thermokarst landforms and marks a step forward in understanding
the complex interrelationships between various processes shaping ice-rich
permafrost landscapes.
Meer beleidsverantwoording met minder indicatoren: een proces om verantwoording te verankeren in de werkwijze van een ministerie
Authors: Gaaff Aris , Butter John 
Published: April 2019

Meer beleidsverantwoording met minder indicatoren: een proces om verantwoording te verankeren in de werkwijze van een ministerie
Het voormalige ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit, thans onderdeel van Economische Zaken, heeft in 2010 het aantal indicatoren waarop de minister zich in de Begroting aan de Tweede Kamer verantwoordt, vrijwel gehalveerd. Hiermee komt de Begroting dichter bij het overkoepelende document waarmee een minister aan de Kamer laat zien wat het beleid op hoofdlijnen is.
Achtergrond was het besef dat het ministerie veel informatie verzamelt, waarvan onduidelijk was of dit wel op resultaat gericht was en in de juiste hoeveelheid. Minder indicatoren, meer gericht op resultaat en outcome, leveren een sterkere basis om meer resultaatgerichte beleidsinformatie te verzamelen. Voorts gaf dit richting voor een sterkere interne sturing op hoofdlijnen en de uit te voeren beleidsevaluaties.
Het Programma Beleidsinformatie heeft dit traject geïnitieerd en begeleid. Dit was meer dan een technische operatie. Daarbij is een proces in werking gezet om vanuit nice-to-know een harde kern van need-to-know beleidsinformatie te genereren.
Cabinet Immunity in Canada: The Legal Black Hole
Authors: Campagnolo Yan 
Published: April 2019

Fifteen years ago, in Babcock v. Canada (A.G.), the Supreme Court of Canada held that section 39 of the Canada Evidence Act, which deprives judges of the power to inspect and order the production of Cabinet confidences in litigation, did not offend the rule of law and the provisions of the Constitution. The aim of this article is to revisit this controversial ruling and challenge the Supreme Court’s reasoning. The first part seeks to demonstrate that the Supreme Court adopted a very thin conception of the rule of law in its jurisprudence, a conception which is of limited use as a normative framework to assess the legality of statutory provisions. To that end, the author turns to the thicker theory of law as justification which insists upon the requirements of fairness, transparency, and accountability. Pursuant to the theory of law as justification, an executive decision to exclude relevant evidence in litigation must comply with two requirements: it must be made following a fair decision-making process; and it must be subject to meaningful judicial review. The second part seeks to demonstrate that section 39 does not comply with these requirements. The decision-making process established by Parliament under section 39 is procedurally unfair, in violation of paragraph 2(e) of the Canadian Bill of Rights, because: the identity of the final decision-maker—a minister or the Clerk of the Privy Council—gives rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias; and the decision-maker is not required to properly justify his or her decision to exclude relevant evidence. In addition, section 39 infringes the core, or inherent, jurisdiction and powers of provincial superior courts, in violation of section 96 of the Constitution Act, 1867, as it unduly limits their authority to: control the admissibility of evidence in litigation; and review the legality of executive action. As a result of these flaws, the author argues that section 39 is an unlawful privative clause, a form of legal black hole, which offends the rule of law and the provisions of the Constitution.
Electronic Medical Education Effect on Learner Application of Health Care Knowledge in Iran
Authors: Tabatabai Shima 
Published: April 2019

Background: Like most of countries, medical education in Iran consists of undergraduate, postgraduate, and continuing medical education (CME). The use of Internet technologies, have been integrated into all three level of medical education. The effect of Electronic medical education on application of health care knowledge in compare with traditional medical education could show the effectiveness of program.
Aims: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of E-Learning on application level of knowledge &clinical reasoning issues as compared to lecture-based learning in a medical education program.
Study Design and Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in scientific meetings for 68 Physicians. Knowledge assessment tests were performed before and immediately after E-Learning and lecture-based educational session.
Results: A significant improvement at the application level of knowledge & clinical reasoning was found in both groups (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the E-Learning & traditional educational approaches. Course completers had significant improvements in application level of health care knowledge.
Conclusion: The effect of E-Learning in medical education and on learner basic knowledge, application of health care knowledge in response to clinical vignettes is comparable to a lecture-based approach. Therefore, E-Learning can be effective in all levels of Medical Education, and it will enable Physicians to have a self-directed learning with choosing the place and time of their lifelong learning process.
Vehicle-Derived Heavy Metals and Human Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Communities along Mubi-Yola Highway in Adamawa State (Nigeria)
Authors: Bwatanglang I. B. , Alexander P. , Timothy N. A. 
Published: April 2019

In this study, the health risk caused by heavy metals exposure to communities along Mubi-Yola highways was evaluated. Samples from Mubi, Hong, Gombi, Song, and Gerei were collected and analyzed for Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Cupper (Cu), and Nickel (Ni) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean concentrations of the metals used for the risk assessment were observed to fall in this order Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cd>Cr. The non-carcinogenic risk based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) and human health index (HI) values for each exposure pathway and for each metal were observed to be less than (<) 1 which means, exposure to the heavy metals has no immediate risks for both the adults and children in the settlements. The lifetime cancer risk (CRI) for the metals for both the ingestion (CRIIng) and inhalation (CRIInh) exposure pathways were observed to pose no lifetime carcinogenic risk. The CRI for all the exposure pathways and for all age categories were <10-4. Similarly, the combine effect or total cancer risk (TCRI) for each exposure pathway show high probability for carcinogenic risk by ingestion route compared to exposure by inhalation. The order of exposure were observed to be adults<children. Though the CRI and TCRI results were observed to be within the acceptable range for developing cancer, the result however suggest that children could be more susceptible to potential carcinogenic risk following continual exposure to heavy metals from vehicular activity. Indicating some concern about the expansion of unregulated settlements along heavy traffic highways.
Recent research and development of structural control in Japan
Authors: Ikeda Yoshiki , Yamamoto Masashi , Furuhashi Takeshi , Kurino Haruhiko 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn Japan, structural control is widely recognized as a fundamental technology for exceeding the performance limitations of conventional earthquake/wind‐resistant buildings. Over the last three decades, research and development (R & D) has been implemented in construction, mechanical industries, and universities. Additionally, many types of control strategies have been proposed through theoretical, experimental, and numerical investigations. In comparison with other countries, Japan has successfully and rapidly developed remarkable engineering applications for actual buildings using advanced structural control technologies, because Japanese construction companies promote R & D in cooperation with mechanical industries, structural design offices, and universities. This review paper introduces the recent structural control advances in Japan. The state‐of‐the‐art report is based on papers published by the Architectural Institute of Japan, the Proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, articles published in a structural engineering magazine, the special theme sessions at the 7th World Conference on Structural Control and Monitoring, and other relevant information. The key research directions are the simplification of control laws and mechanical devices, high performance with either little or no energy supply, device magnification, use of structural frames and substructures, new materials, adaptability, and cautious uses serving various purposes.