bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to script processing in Chinese and cognitive consequences for bilingual reading
Authors: Lin Candise Yue , Wang Min , Singh Anisha 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The Chinese writing system forms the sharpest contrast with the English writing system in terms of its grapheme-phoneme mapping principle. This review paper begins with a description of the characteristics of the Chinese writing and spoken systems, which is followed by the discussion of phonological, morphological, and orthographic processing involved in reading Chinese. We then review the literature central to the question as to how cross-language and cross-script differences and similarities in terms of the three basic processes impact reading English as a second language (L2) by native Chinese readers. We address the question from developmental perspectives targeting both children who are learning to read Chinese and English simultaneously and adult sequential learners of English. The chapter concludes with a discussion of limitations in previous research and future directions.
Semantic processing and development in Chinese as a second language
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Languages differ in the semantic structures underlying their linguistic forms. Thus, the learning of a new language entails the development of a semantic system that is specific to the target language. This chapter reviews recent studies that examined three topics related to semantic processing and development among learners of Chinese as a second language (CSL). They are the factors that may affect the initial understanding of the meanings of unknown words, the acquisition of multiple meanings of polysemous words, and learning of new meanings and new semantic distinctions. The chapter concludes with some discussion of pedagogical implications of this line of research.
Introduction to the multi-script Japanese writing system and word processing
Authors: Joyce Terry , Masuda Hisashi 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The general consensus among writing-systems researchers is that the Japanese writing system (JWS) is remarkably complex (Joyce, 2002a, 2011). This introductory chapter consists of two main parts that, respectively, provide an overview of the multi-script JWS and a selective review of psycholinguistic research on Japanese visual word processing. More specifically, after outlining its historical development, Part 2 focuses on the contemporary JWS and on highlighting the complex conventions that simultaneously underlie how the component scripts are employed together in essentially complementary ways while effectively sanctioning its pervasive levels of orthographic variation. In contrast, the shorter Part 3 reflects on how JWS’s complexity both poses certain challenges and also affords unique opportunities for investigating the complicated interactions involved in word processing.
Constituent-priming investigations of the morphological activation of Japanese compound words
Authors: Masuda Hisashi , Joyce Terry 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter reports on two experiments conducted to investigate the morphological activation of two-kanji compound words using the constituent-morpheme priming paradigm with a series of very-brief masked stimulus onset asynchronicity (SOA) conditions. In contrast to Experiment 1 where the word-formation principle (WFP) conditions all involved Sino-Japanese (SJ) compound word targets, the WFP conditions for Experiment 2 included both SJ and native-Japanese (NJ) WFP targets. The results from both experiments provide evidence for the early contributions of morphological information to the lexical processing of compound words, in terms of advantages for left-to-right processing, for head-morphemes and for lexical-stratum. The results are discussed in the context of the Japanese lemma-unit model (Joyce, 2002a, 2002b).
Orthographic and phonological processing in L2-English word recognition
Authors: Yamashita Junko 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
There has been a general consensus that readers develop different cognitive mechanisms in response to linguistic properties of languages and writing systems in which they read, and that processing capacities acquired in the first language (L1) may transfer to reading in another language. However, findings from developmental studies are substantially mixed. To address the conflicting results, this study examined an English word recognition trajectory in L1-Japanese secondary school students from Grade 9 to 11 using a longitudinal research design and observing the relative contribution of orthographic and phonological processing to word recognition. Contrary to the developmental trend in L1-English readers, the significant predictor of word recognition was orthographic processing in lower grades and phonological processing in Grade 11, suggesting the different developmental pathway between L1 and L2 word recognition for the readers of multi-script Japanese.
Cross-linguistic interactions in L2 word meaning inference in English as a foreign language
Authors: Koda Keiko , Miller Ryan T. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
L2 reading entails a complex cross-linguistic interaction between L1 reading ability and L2 linguistic knowledge. As such, it is seen as a dynamic process of coalescing diverse resources, including cognitive skills, linguistic knowledge, and metalinguistic awareness, in two languages. In this chapter, we explain the nature of morphological awareness as an abstract, yet language-dependent, construct. We then analyze systematic variations in grapheme-morpheme relationships in typologically different languages. Based on the analysis, we propose specific predictions regarding the joint contributions of L1 reading and L2 resources to the development and utilization of L2 morphological awareness. We report a summary of a study addressing the relative contributions of L1 reading ability, L2 morphological awareness and L2 linguistic knowledge to L2 word meaning inference.
Sociocultural implications of the Japanese multi-scripts
Authors: Sato Eriko 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the development of the Japanese writing system and the use of multiple types of scripts in translated texts in Japanese based on translanguaging. The sociolinguistic concept of translanguaging refers to the strategic use of linguistic repertoires across language boundaries by bilingual language users. In the case of translations of texts into Japanese, various scripts provide numerous communicative and expressive functions which allow users to adapt new concepts, creatively represent ideas, and critically convey their viewpoints. These abilities are often afforded by unconventional use of furigana, or small-sized kana that indicate the proper pronunciation of kanji characters. This study argues that translanguaging occurs not only in oral communications, but also through scripts, and is essential for languages to evolve by incorporating the surrounding sociocultural contexts.
Looking ahead
Authors: Bae Han Suk , Joshi R. Malatesha , Pae Hye K. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This closing chapter briefly summarizes research findings on the processes of word reading in three East-Asian orthographies (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) and calls for theoretical and practical attention related to word reading among speakers of these unique languages. Based on the analyses of and reflections on studies of the three orthographies, we first summarize what we know about word reading with respect to reading universals, reading particulars, and cross-language transfer. We then articulate theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical considerations to advance to the next phase of reading sciences in these three orthographies.
Arabic-Berber-Songhay contact and the grammaticalisation of ‘thing’
Authors: Souag Lameen 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The development of double negation in Arabic has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The striking parallels between
negation in Berber and North African Arabic invite an explanation in contact terms, and such explanations have indeed been
debated. However, in addition to their use in postverbal negation, reflexes of šayʔ have several
functions not directly related to negation, notably indefinite quantification and polar question marking. The marking of these
functions, too, shows striking Arabic-Berber parallels generally neglected in discussions of the phenomenon. Taking these into
account produces a more complete picture of contact influence, and provides clues to the relative chronology of these
developments. In some cases, non-Arabic varieties are found to preserve usages obsolete in present-day regional Arabic
dialects.
Arabic on the Dahlak islands (Eritrea)
Authors: Simeone-Senelle Marie-Claude 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the Arabic dialect spoken on the Dahlak archipelago of Eritrea, a variety of Arabic poorly documented
so far. There are few studies on the Arabic varieties spoken on the African coast of the Red sea (Simeone-Senelle 2000b, 2002, 2005a–b, 2009;
Kassim Mohamed 2012) but none of them has been dedicated particularly to Arabic
as spoken on the islands. By revising previously published data about the Arabic variety spoken by islanders, I will attempt
to assess the specific features of Dahlaki Arabic. After an overview of the archipelago and its sociolinguistic situation on
the three inhabited islands, the main features of Arabic spoken on the islands will be compared with Arabic spoken as lingua franca (ALF) on the African coast of the Red Sea. The issue is to determine to what extend a
distinction can be drawn between both Arabic varieties: Dahlaki Arabic and ALF of the coast.
Phonetical and morphological remarks on the adaptation of Italian loanwords in Libyan Arabic
Authors: D'Anna Luca 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The contact between Italian and Libyan Arabic, whose earliest traces date back to the first half of the XIX century,
intensified in the decades immediately preceding the Italian occupation of Libya (1911). The number of Italian loanwords in
Libyan Arabic can be estimated at about 700 lexical items, although for some of them the source might be another Romance
language. The present study integrates the loanwords provided by Abdu (1988) with
more lexical items collected from Yoda (2005), Pereira (2010) and the author’s personal fieldwork. The data obtained are subsequently analyzed from a phonetical
and morphological perspective, contributing to the knowledge of the processes of adaptation of Italian loanwords in Libyan
Arabic.
An assessment of the Arabic lexical contribution to contemporary spoken Koalib
Authors: Quint Nicolas 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The present paper deals with the lexical contribution of Arabic, the dominant language of Sudan, to Koalib, a Kordofanian
language traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Nuba Mountains (Southern Kordofan, central Sudan). The study is
based on a corpus of 400 Koalib items borrowed from Arabic, the main characteristics of which (social context, phonology, part
of speech and semantics) are successively examined and discussed. The conclusion summarizes the main typological implications
of the Arabic influence upon the Koalib grammatical system.
From Arabia to Persia and back
Authors: Gazsi Dénes 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This paper explores the discourse functions of Arabic-Persian code-switching and the phonological/lexical outcomes of language
contact among members of the Āl ʿAlī tribe in the United Arab Emirates and Hurmuzgān Province in Iran. The linguistic
environment among the Āl ʿAlī is characterized by bilingualism and multidialectalism. In the spoken and written code, they
generate a tetra-glossic switching between Modern Standard Arabic, Gulf Colloquial Arabic, Modern Standard Persian, Colloquial
Persian and two Persian dialects: Bandarī and Ačumī. The study draws on recorded data with tribal members in the UAE and
conversation threads of fellow Iranian tribesmen on social media sites. The main theoretical construct applied for the
analysis is the Matrix Language-Frame model (Myers-Scotton 2002). It will be argued
that the nature of codeswitching among the Āl ʿAlī is situational and transactional, both inter- and intra-sentential.
Language and dialect choice is determined by the topic of the conversation, the interlocutors’ identity and their relationship
to each other.
Preparation of copper amalgam (CuHg) as working electrode for analysis of selenium
Authors: Dara F , Buchari  , Noviandri I 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element for human. Beside the range of concentration, the beneficial and toxic effects of selenium are also depending on which chemical form it takes. In nature or environment and some organisms, selenium is present both in organic and inorganic forms where some studies revealed that inorganic species especially selenite are more toxic than the organics matter. Various methods are used to analyse selenium, but it is usually to determine the total selenium, not designed for field applications, requires several preparation steps prior to actual determination, and needs a lot of chemicals. These problems can be solved by voltammetry methods by using dropping or film mercury as a working electrode. The nature of poisonous mercury becomes a limitation in the use of this working electrode. A copper amalgam (CuHg) as working electrodes was successfully prepared for the analysis of selenium. CuHg working electrode was made in a simple way, namely by deposition of copper (Cu) on the surface of Cu wire with potential and at certain time, then dipped into a solution of saturated mercury salt to form the amalgam. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical properties of selenium with 0.1 M HCl as a supporting electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry technique was conducted on the working potential range of - 300 mV (Ei) to -800 mV (Ef). Profiles of cyclic voltammogram were influenced by the scan rate applied. In addition, SEM images showed that the adsorption of selenium occurred on the surface of CuHg working electrode.
Meffil: efficient normalization and analysis of very large DNA methylation datasets
Authors: Min J L , Hemani G , Davey Smith G , Relton C , Suderman M 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMotivationDNA methylation datasets are growing ever larger both in sample size and genome coverage. Novel computational solutions are required to efficiently handle these data.ResultsWe have developed meffil, an R package designed for efficient quality control, normalization and epigenome-wide association studies of large samples of Illumina Methylation BeadChip microarrays. A complete re-implementation of functional normalization minimizes computational memory without increasing running time. Incorporating fixed and random effects within functional normalization, and automated estimation of functional normalization parameters reduces technical variation in DNA methylation levels, thus reducing false positive rates and improving power. Support for normalization of datasets distributed across physically different locations without needing to share biologically-based individual-level data means that meffil can be used to reduce heterogeneity in meta-analyses of epigenome-wide association studies.Availability and implementationhttps://github.com/perishky/meffil/Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Prevalence and Determinants of Susceptibility to Tobacco Smoking Among Students in The Gambia
Authors: Jallow Isatou K , Britton John , Langley Tessa 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionSmoking is the biggest preventable cause of death and kills about seven million people annually. As smoking prevalence is falling in developed countries, tobacco businesses are turning to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to generate new tobacco markets. To prevent young people from initiating smoking and becoming regular smokers, it is important to understand the causes of susceptibility to smoking. In this study, we report a nationwide survey of the prevalence and risk factors of smoking susceptibility among students aged 12–20 years in The Gambia.MethodsWe used two-stage cluster random sampling to select students in secondary schools throughout The Gambia and questionnaire to collect data on demographic characteristics and indicators on susceptibility to initiating smoking.ResultsAmong the total sample of 10289 students, 9831 (96%; 55.6% girls and 44.4% boys, aged 12–20 years) nonsmokers were included in the analysis. Of these, 3333 (33.9%) were found to be susceptible to smoking. Smoking susceptibility was more common among students attending grant-aided schools, non-Muslims, who had smoking allowed at home, had family members or friends who smoke, were sent to purchase cigarettes, had poor knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking, noticed point-of-sale tobacco advertisements, and who had positive attitudes towards smoking.ConclusionsThis study shows that susceptibility to smoking is common among students and associated with preventable exposures. Although based on cross-sectional data, these findings suggest that raising students’ awareness of the harmful effects of smoking and reducing the prevalence of adult smoking, extending tobacco advertising restrictions to include point-of-sale, are all important to preventing the uptake of smoking among students.ImplicationsThis is the first study to provide detailed data on smoking susceptibility and risk factors in a nationally representative sample of young people in The Gambia. Our findings show that susceptibility to smoking is relatively high and associated with preventable measures. Our results also identify an urgent need to broaden the ban on tobacco advertising to explicitly include point-of-sale advertisements. These findings provide valuable information for tobacco control policies and evidence to enable targeted intervention for young people most at risk of initiating smoking.
Policing in a Time of Austerity: Understanding the Public Protection Paradox through Qualitative Interviews with Police Monitoring Officers
Authors: Mann Natalie , Devendran Priya , Lundrigan Samantha 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article examines the changing nature of public protection police work in a climate of continued austerity and increasing prosecutions for sexual offending, which have made a significant impact on the workloads of police teams who manage and monitor registered sexual offenders in the community. This increase has run parallel to a decrease in the general policing budget, which has seen it cut by an average of 22% across England and Wales [BBC. (2017). Utilizing data from observations and in-depth qualitative interviews with police officers from a force in England, this article highlights the effect which cost-saving measures have had on the professional standards of the police service in the management of sex offenders; how collaborative working practices have been hindered by these austerity measures, and finally how continual cuts have had a detrimental effect on the police’s ability to protect the public.
Zinc reduces hepatic lipid deposition and activates lipophagy via Zn2+/MTF‐1/PPARα and Ca2+/CaMKKβ/AMPK pathways
Authors: Wei Chuan‐Chuan , Luo Zhi , Hogstrand Christer , Xu Yi‐Huan , Wu Li‐Xiang , Chen Guang‐Hui , Pan Ya‐Xiong , Song Yu‐Feng 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTZinc (Zn) deficiency is the most consistently discovered nutritional manifestations of fatty liver disease. Although Zn is known to stimulate hepatic lipid oxidation, little is known about its underlying mechanism of action in lipolysis. Given the potential role of lipophagy in lipid metabolism, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Zn attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation by modulating lipophagy. The present study indicated that Zn is a potent promoter of lipophagy. Zn administration significantly alleviated hepatocellular lipid accumulation and increased the release of free fatty acids in association with enhanced fatty acid oxidation and inhibited lipogenesis, which was accompanied by activation of autophagy. Moreover, Zn reduced lipid accumulation and stimulated lipolysis by autophagy‐mediated lipophagy. Zn‐induced up‐regulation of autophagy and lipid depletion is free Zn2+‐dependent in the cytosols. Zn‐induced autophagy and lipid turnover involved up‐regulation of the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase‐β (Ca2+/CaMKKβ)/AMPK pathway. Meanwhile, Zn2+‐activated autophagy and lipid depletion were via enhancing metal response element‐binding transcription factor (MTF)‐1 DNA binding at PPARα promoter region, which in turn induced transcriptional activation of the key genes related to autophagy and lipolysis. Zn activated the pathways of Zn2+/MTF‐1/ Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)α and Ca2+/CaMKKβ/AMPK, resulting in the up‐regulation of lipophagy and accordingly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation. Our study, for the first time, provided innovative evidence of the direct relationship between metal elements (Zn) and lipid metabolism. The present study also indicated the novel mechanism for Zn‐induced lipolysis by the activation of Zn2+/MTF‐1/PPARα and Ca2+/CaMKKβ/AMPK pathways, which induced the occurrence of lipophagy. These results provide new insight into Zn nutrition and its potential beneficial effects on the prevention of fatty liver disease in vertebrates.—Wei, C.‐C., Luo, Z., Hogstrand, C., Xu, Y.‐H., Wu, L.‐X., Chen, G.‐H., Pan, Y.‐X., Song, Y.‐F. Zinc reduces hepatic lipid deposition and activates lipophagy via Zn2+/MTF‐1/PPARα and Ca2+/CaMKKβ/AMPK pathways. FASEB J. 32, 6666–6680 (2018). www.fasebj.org
Scanning of speechless comics changes spatial biases in mental model construction
Authors: Román Antonio , Flumini Andrea , Santiago Julio 
Published: June 2018

The mental representation of both time and number shows lateral spatial biases, which can be affected by habitual reading and writing direction. However, this effect is in place before children begin to read. One potential early cause is the experiences of looking at picture books together with a carer, as those images also follow the directionality of the script. What is the underlying mechanism for this effect? In the present study, we test the possibility that such experiences induce spatial biases in mental model construction, a mechanism which is a good candidate to induce the biases observed with numbers and times. We presented a speechless comic in either standard (left-to-right) or mirror-reversed (right-to-left) form to adult Spanish participants. We then asked them to draw the scene depicted by sentences like ‘the square is between the cross and the circle’. The position of the lateral objects in these drawings reveals the spatial biases at work when building mental models in working memory. Under conditions of highly consistent directionality, the mirror comic changed pre-existing lateral biases. Processes of mental model construction in working memory stand as a potential mechanism for the generation of spatial biases for time and number.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain’.