bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stand Dynamics and Plant Associates of Loblolly Pine Plantations to Midrotation after Early Intensive Vegetation Management—A Southeastern United States Regional Study
Authors: Miller James H. , Zutter Bruce R. , Newbold Ray A. , Edwards M. Boyd , Zedaker Shepard M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increasingly, pine plantations worldwide are grown using early control of woody and/or herbaceous vegetation. Assured sustainable practices require long-term data on pine plantation development detailing patterns and processes to understand both crop-competition dynamics and the role of stand participants in providing multiple attributes such as biodiversity conservation and wildlife habitat. This study examined loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations across 13 southeastern sites grown for 15 yr with near-complete control of woody, herbaceous, and woody plus herbaceous components during the first 3–5 yr compared to no plant control. This multiple objective experiment (the COMProject) documents stand dynamics at the extreme corners of a response surface that encompasses most conditions of woody and herbaceous competition common to pine plantations in the region. This is the first of two companion reports. After 15 yr, patterns of stand development remained significantly altered by early control treatments and were influenced most by the amounts of hardwoods and shrubs present or controlled. Herbaceous components were more similar across the region. Associated plants in these plantations included 68 species of trees, 33 species/genera of shrubs, and 140 genera of herbaceous and semiwoody plants, woody vines, clubmoss, and ground lichen—241 total taxa or an estimated 490 total species—more richness than previously reported or assumed. Hardwood rootstock numbers were on average maintained at fairly constant levels from yr 1–15 when not controlled, with no initial lag phase evident for reestablishment, indicating prior stand origin. Dynamics of associated vegetation were significantly altered with woody control initially increasing herbaceous cover, while herbaceous control increased hardwood cover and decreased shrub cover. After early herbaceous control, hardwood basel area (BA) was increased by an average of 28%. After rapid early colonization, herbaceous plants began to decline on all treatments about yr 8 as pine and/or hardwood canopy cover reached a total of 50–60%, while woody vines continued to increase. By age 15, plant component richness remained significantly changed by early treatments at all locations, most notably fewer tree species after early woody control. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):221–236.
A Model to Account for Potential Correlations Between Growth of Loblolly Pine and Changing Ambient Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
Authors: Westfall James A. , Amateis Ralph L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Continuously increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may be leading to enhanced growth rates for loblolly pine. In order to plan effectively silvicultural regimes and harvesting schedules, managers of loblolly pine plantations may wish to account for these potential changes when making growth and yield projections. Data from 94 unthinned plots across the Southeast were used to develop an equation that utilizes change in ambient CO2 concentration and initial site quality to predict change in site index (ΔSI). For a given change in CO2 concentration, a greater increase in site index is afforded to lower quality sites. The ΔSI equation was incorporated into a loblolly pine growth model. Simulations with and without site index adjustments were performed and plot volume estimates were compared to observed values. Mean percent residual dropped from 9.7% with no adjustment to -0.5% when ΔSI was employed. Forest managers can use this model to evaluate how possible CO2-induced growth increases may affect long-term timber yields and management strategies. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):279–284.
Comparison Between Regenerators and Non-Regenerators in Mississippi: A Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Arano Kathryn G. , Munn Ian A. , Gunter John E. , Bullard Steven H. , Doolittle Max L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) landowners in Mississippi who recently harvested timber were surveyed to examine their regeneration behavior. Differences between regenerators and nonregenerators were investigated by looking at the different factors affecting reforestation decisions. A discriminant analysis was used to identify factors that were useful in differentiating between regenerators and nonregenerators. Ownership size; sociodemographic characteristics such as income, education, place of residence, and age; awareness of existing government incentive/assistance programs; and participation in educational programs were significant variables in differentiating between regenerators and nonregenerators. Landowners who own larger timberlands had a higher propensity to engage in regeneration activities after harvests. This also was true for landowners who had higher income levels and educational attainment, and were younger, city resident, and white. Landowners who were aware of existing government incentive/assistance programs and those who participated in educational programs also were more likely to participate in pine regeneration. Landowners in Mississippi considered both ecological and economic reasons as highly important considerations in their decision to regenerate. The belief that the land would reforest itself to pine naturally, the high cost of reforestation, and lack of information on reforestation options were top reasons cited by landowners for their decision not to regenerate. South. J. Appl. For. 28(4):189–195.
High- Versus Low-Density LiDAR in a Double-Sample Forest Inventory
Authors: Parker Robert C. , Glass Patrick A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data at 0.5- and 1-m postings were used in a double-sample forest inventory on Louisiana State University's Lee Experimental Forest, Louisiana. Phase 2 plots were established with DGPS. Tree dbh (>4.5 in.) and two sample heights (minimum and maximum dbh) were measured on every 10th plot of the phase 1 sample. Volume was computed for natural and planted pine and mixed hardwood species. LiDAR trees were selected with focal filter procedures and heights computed as the height difference between interpolated canopy and DEM surfaces. Dbh-height and ground-LiDAR height models were used to predict dbh from adjusted LiDAR height and compute ground and LiDAR estimates of ft2 basal area and ft3 volume. Phase 1 LiDAR estimates were computed by randomly assigning heights to species classes using the probability distribution from ground plots in each inventory strata. Phase 2 LiDAR estimates were computed by randomly assigning heights to species-product groups using a Monte Carlo simulation for each ground plot. There was no statistical difference between high-versus low-density LiDAR estimates on adjusted mean volume estimates (sampling errors of 8.16 versus 7.60% without height adjustment and 8.98 versus 8.63% with height adjustment). Low-density LiDAR surfaces without height adjustment produced the lowest sampling errors for stratified and nonstratified, double-sample volume estimates. South. J. Appl. For. 28(4):205–210.
Silvicultural Best Management Practice Compliance Monitoring Programs in the Southern United States
Authors: Husak Amanda L. , Grado Stephen C. , Bullard Steven H. , Moffat Steverson O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Passage of the Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 prompted states to invest significant resources to develop programs to control nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from forestry and other activities. Forestry-related agencies and organizations have since developed silvicultural best managementpractice (BMP) guidelines to reduce NPS pollution, maintain stream integrity, and meet state water quality standards. To determine the effectiveness and implementation level of best management practices (BMP) on public and private forestland, states further developed and implemented theirBMP compliance monitoring programs. This study documents the similarities and differences in efforts, methods, resources, and expenditures among BMP compliance monitoring programs across the 13 southern states. 29(1):48–52.
The Influence of Thinning on the Proportion of Peeler, Sawtimber, and Pulpwood Trees in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from a long-term, region-wide thinning study were used to examine the proportion of pulpwood, sawtimber, and peeler quality trees in unthinned, once-thinned, and twice-thinned plantations. Results suggest that the thinning treatments have had a significant influence on the product distribution in these stands over the 21-year history of the study. Proportional odds modeling methods were used to develop equations for predicting product proportions from dbh, the basal area before and after thinning (thinning intensity), and the number of thinnings imposed. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):158–162.
Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowner Characteristics and Use of Forestry Services in Four Southern States: Results from a 2002–2003 Mail Survey
Authors: Measells Marcus K. , Grado Stephen C. , Hughes H. Glenn , Dunn Michael A. , Idassi Joshua , Zielinske Bob 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest resources are important economic assets to the southern United States; however, many landowners do not realize the full benefit of their forestland. It was believed that few landowners were being served by forestry-related educational programs or other relevant activities. Therefore, forest landowners in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee were engaged in focus groups and surveyed to determine barriers to participation. Six thousand surveys were mailed to landowners owning 10 or more acres of forestland. A total of 1,689 surveys were returned for an adjusted rate of return of 30.7%. From a sociodemographic standpoint, significant differences (α = 0.05) between states existed for ethnic background (P = 0.000) and educational attainment (P = 0.000) only. Landowners' served status was determined by their responses concerning use of a professional forester (37%), information previously received pertaining to forestry (40%), membership in a forestry-related organization (11%), and attendance at forestry-related educational programs (14%). Based on an index compiled from these responses, 75% of forest landowners were deemed underserved. Landowners stated the main reason they had not taken advantage of these programs or services was because they were unaware of them. This indicated a need for more comprehensive outreach efforts targeting landowners. The results revealed that forestry professionals can potentially increase landowner awareness of educational programs by mailing newsletters, pamphlets/brochures, and/or letters to all forest landowners within a reasonable distance of the program. Overall, respondents reported wildlife management, insects/diseases, and marketing timber as topics of paramount interest for future educational programs. South. J. Appl. For. 29(4):194–199.
Genetic Control of Growth Traits in Shortleaf Pine in Missouri
Authors: Gwaze David P. , Melick Ross , Studyvin Charly , Coggeshall Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Genetic parameters for height (HT), diameter (diameter at breast height [dbh]), and volume for a shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) population in Missouri were estimated from a single progeny test comprising 44 half-sibling families assessed at 3, 5, 7, 10, and 17 years. Individual tree heritability estimates for growth traits at age 10 years and younger were high (0.30–0.43), and those at age 17 years were low (0.11–0.24). Heritability estimates for dbh were lower than those for HT. Family mean heritability estimates were moderate to high (0.32–0.66). Genetic correlations were higher than their phenotypic counterparts for all growth traits. Age-age genetic correlations for growth traits were moderate to high (0.68–0.98), indicating opportunity for early selection. Genetic correlations between different growth traits were high (0.81–1.00). Indirect selection on age 5- or 7-year HTs may be expected to produce over 25% more volume at 17 years compared with direct selection for volume at age 17 years. Efficiencies of selection suggest that early HT is a better selection criterion for volume at older ages than dbh because of the high heritability at young ages and strong juvenile-mature genetic correlations. Genetic gain in an unrogued seed orchard was predicted to be 6.7 and 27.2% for 10- and 17-year volume, respectively. These results suggest that growth traits in shortleaf pine in Missouri have high genetic variation, and genetic improvement was effective. South. J. Appl. For. 29(4):200–204.
Control of Charcoal Root Rot with Methyl Bromide in Forest Nurseries
Authors: Seymour C. P. , Cordell C. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Charcoal root rot. caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Gold. (Sclerotium bataticola Taub.) is the most serious disease of pine seedlings in Florida nurseries and produces significant losses throughout the South. All major southern pine species are susceptible. In 1976, there was increasing evidence that pine seedlings from nurseries heavily infested with charcoal rot presented a problem to landowners because of costs incurred in replacing diseased seedlings and from loss of potential production in establishing plantings. The disease is most effectively controlled by fumigation of nursery soils with a mixture of 67 percent methyl bromide and 33 percent chloropicrin at 350 lb/acre (392 kg/ha) under 2 mil polyethylene covers. Rotation with charcoal rot-resistant green manure cover crops such as millet or rye is also recommended.
Estimating Time Required to Cut Grapevines in Young, Even-Aged Hardwood Stands
Authors: Smith H. Clay , McCay Roger E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Man-hours were recorded for cutting grapevines in young even-aged hardwood stands in north-central West Virginia. An equation was developed to predict the number of man-hours per acre needed to cut a given number of grapevines per acre. The predicted times ranged from one man-hour to cut 50 grapevines per acre to about six man-hours to cut 1,000 grapevines per acre.
Nitrogen Accumulation and Use by a Young Loblolly Pine Plantation in Southeast Oklahoma: Effects of Fertilizer Formulation and Date of Application
Authors: Blazier Michael A. , Hennessey Thomas C. , Dougherty Philip , Campbell Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Practices that enhance crop tree nitrogen (N) accumulation and use improve the efficiency of forest fertilization operations. This study was established to explore the N accumulation and use by a young loblolly pine plantation in response to (1) season of fertilizer application, (2) herbaceous vegetation suppression, and (3) fertilizer formulation. Water-soluble and slow-release urea formulations were applied to single-tree plots in January/February, April, June, August, and October of 2001 and 2002. Herbaceous vegetation was suppressed where appropriate with glyphosate. Foliage N accumulation was measured 1 and 2 months after fertilization; N use efficiency was measured 1 year after fertilization. Between 0.3 and 8.0% of applied N was recovered by the foliage within 1 month of application and 7–26% of applied N was used for stem growth within 1 year of application. In both years of this study, summer and fall applications produced the highest N accumulation and use. Suppressing herbaceous vegetation enhanced N accumulation and use when the plantation was 3 years of age (with an average tree height of 6 ft in January 2001). N accumulation and use of slow-release urea was similar to or lower than that of water soluble urea in both years of the study.
Evaluating the Potential for Shared Log Truck Resources in Middle Georgia
Authors: Mendell Brooks C. , Haber Jeffrey A. , Sydor Tymur 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study evaluates the potential gains from shared log trucking resources in a region with unconsolidated logging activities. This effort tracked 18 log trucks from three independent logging companies and six logging sites to 15 destinations over 5 days. We simulated a centralized dispatch system using actual inventory and loading/unloading data from the field study and incorporating constraints to manage hours worked and truck flows per tract. Results indicated the same volume of wood could be delivered with 0.92 fewer hours (55 minutes) per truck per day and 36 fewer miles driven per truck per day, with estimated daily cost savings for the 18-truck system of $500–750/day.
Compatible Cubic-Foot Stem Volume and Upper-Stem Diameter Equations for Semi-intensive Plantation Grown Loblolly Pine Trees in East Texas
Authors: Coble Dean W. , Hilpp Keith 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Max-Burkhart taper equation was used to develop compatible taper and volume equations for semi-intensive plantation grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in East Texas. Semi-intensive plantations in East Texas are characterized by some form of mechanical site preparation,a burn, possibly chemical weed control, improved seedlings if planted after 1985, and, possibly, a midrotation thinning and/or fertilization. The equations in this study were compared with those of Lenhart et al. [Lenhart, J.D., T.L. Hackett, C.J. Laman, T.J. Wiswell, and J.A. Blackard.1987. Tree content and taper functions for loblolly and slash pine trees planted on non-old field in east Texas. South J. Appl. For. 10(2)109–112.] and Baldwin and Feduccia [Baldwin, V.C. Jr., and D.P. Feduccia. 1991. Compatible tree-volume and upper-stem diameter equationsfor loblolly and slash pines in the West Gulf Region. South. J. Appl. For. 10(2)109–112.] using independent data. The new equations ranked first (sum of ranks = 9) in terms of percent bias and percent SEE for inside-bark predictions of upper-stem diameters and cubic-footvolumes, while the Lenhart et al. [Lenhart, J.D., T.L. Hackett, C.J. Laman, T.J. Wiswell, and J.A. Blackard. 1987. Tree content and taper functions for loblolly and slash pine trees planted on non-old field in east Texas. South J. Appl. For. 10(2)109–112.] ranked second (sumof ranks = 17) and Baldwin and Feduccia [Baldwin, V.C. Jr., and D.P. Feduccia. 1991. Compatible tree-volume and upper-stem diameter equations for loblolly and slash pines in the West Gulf Region. South. J. Appl. For. 10(2)109–112.] ranked third (sum of ranks =22). For outside-bark predictions of volumes and diameters, Baldwin and Feduccia [Baldwin, V.C. Jr., and D.P. Feduccia. 1991. Compatible tree-volume and upper-stem diameter equations for loblolly and slash pines in the West Gulf Region. South. J. Appl. For. 10(2)109–112.] rankedfirst (sum of ranks = 12), while the new equations ranked a close second (sum of ranks = 13) and Lenhart et al. [Lenhart, J.D., T.L. Hackett, C.J. Laman, T.J. Wiswell, and J.A. Blackard. 1987. Tree content and taper functions for loblolly and slash pine trees planted onnon-old field in east Texas. South J. Appl. For. 10(2)109–112.] ranked third (sum of ranks = 20). We recommend using the new equations for loblolly pine trees up to a 16-in. dbh and provide examples to illustrate their use. South. J. Appl.For. 30(3):142–146.
Measurements of Smoke from Chipped and Unchipped Plots
Authors: Achtemeier Gary L. , Glitzenstein Jeff , Naeher Luke P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Smoke data were collected from two instrumented plots located on the Francis Marion National Forest in South Carolina during prescribed burns on Feb. 12, 2003. One of the plots had been subjected to mechanical chipping. Particulate matter (PM2.5) data analyzed by gravimetric methods were collected at nine locations on the downwind sides of each plot. In addition, samplers were hung atop ~9-m poles at four interior positions within each plot. Perimeter 12-hour PM2.5 concentrations in the burn-only plot were significantly higher than those at the chip-burn plot. Similarly, interior 8-hour PM2.5 concentrations in the burn-only plot were moderately higher than those at the chip-burn plot. When possible cross-contamination was detected at a check site midway between the two plots, we used PB-Piedmont, a smoke model for predicting ground-level smoke movement at night. The modeled smoke, verified by smoke observed at the check site, indicated winds blowing 75 degrees off from winds observed at the Charleston Airport, approximately 50 km southwest of the experimental site. South. J. Appl. For. 30(4):182–187.
Control of Low-Level Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Populations: A Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Asaro Christopher , Carter Douglas R. , Wayne Berisford C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, an important pest of intensively managed loblolly pine, can cause significant long-term volume loss in plantations. The primary objective of this study was to establish an economic damage threshold beyond which chemical control of this pest becomes cost-effective. Tip moth damage estimates were obtained from 200 trees for each generation over a 3-year period after planting on two sites in the Georgia Piedmont. A volume index (D2H) was obtained for each of these trees at the end of the study. Significant reductions in volume were observed among trees with relatively low damage levels (10–30% of shoots infested on average over a 3-year period) compared with those trees sprayed with insecticide throughout the study. Growth projection models were used to extrapolate 3-year volume differences among treatments to a full rotation. These and other parameters were used to calculate land expectation values and, subsequently, willingness to pay values for tip moth control at the beginning of the rotation using various discount rates. The results of this analysis suggest that an economic injury level for R. frustrana may be reached when damage levels, on average, exceed 30% infested shoots. South. J. Appl. For. 30(4):182–187.
A Density Management Diagram for Longleaf Pine Stands with Application to Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat
Authors: Shaw John D. , Long James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We developed a density management diagram (DMD) for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris P. Mill.) using data from Forest Inventory and Analysis plots. Selection criteria were for purity, defined as longleaf pine basal area (BA) that is 90% or more of plot BA, and even-agedness, as defined by a ratio between two calculations of stand density index. The diagram predicts stand top height (mean of tallest 40 trees/ac) and volume (ft3/ac) as a function of quadratic mean diameter and stem density (trees/ac). In this DMD we introduce a “mature stand boundary” that, as a model of stand dynamics, restricts the size–density relationship in large-diameter stands more than the expected self-thinning trajectory. The DMD is unbiased by geographic area and therefore should be applicable throughout the range of longleaf pine. The DMD is intended for use in even-aged stands, but may be used for uneven-aged management where a large-group selection system is used. Use of the diagram is illustrated by development of density management regimes intended to create and maintain stand structure desirable for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis).