bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malignant otitis externa, an increasing burden in the twenty-first century: review of cases in a UK teaching hospital, with a proposed algorithm for diagnosis and management
Authors: Hutson K H , Watson G J 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundMalignant otitis externa is a potentially fatal infection of the skull base. With an ageing population and increasing prevalence of diabetes, the incidence of malignant otitis externa in the British population is rising. To date, there remain no accepted diagnostic criteria, few prognostic indicators and no consensus treatment pathways.MethodA prospective case series was conducted at a tertiary referral teaching hospital.ResultsA cohort of susceptible individuals predominates (elderly, male, with immunosuppression and diabetes), with 25 per cent reporting a preceding incident. Otorrhoea, otalgia and canal granulation were the commonest presenting features, alongside positive pseudomonas cultures. No clear markers for predicating disease severity were isolated; however, a high initial haemoglobin A1c level demonstrated a significant moderately positive correlation with length of treatment.ConclusionA treatment pathway designed to provide a standardised approach to investigation and treatment is proposed, which aims to increase earlier diagnosis, streamline care and facilitate the development of best practice.
Meta-analytic comparison of robotic and transoral laser surgical procedures in supraglottic carcinoma
Authors: Asik M B , Satar B , Serdar M 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess published reports of oncological surgical success rates in patients who underwent transoral laser supraglottic surgery and robotic surgery for supraglottic cancer.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was conducted and a meta-analysis of published data was performed. PubMed, Sage, Medline and Cochrane data sources were investigated. Overall survival rates, disease-specific survival rates, additional treatments and recurrence rates were investigated to determine the success of the surgical procedures.ResultsThe meta-analysis included 24 studies; 1617 studies were excluded. There were no statistically significant differences between the transoral laser supraglottic surgery and transoral robotic supraglottic surgery groups in terms of overall survival (77.0 per cent and 82.4 per cent respectively) and disease-specific survival (75.8 per cent and 87.0 per cent respectively). There was recurrence in 164 out of 832 patients (19.7 per cent) in the transoral laser supraglottic surgery group and in only 6 out of 66 patients (9 per cent) in the transoral robotic supraglottic surgery group.ConclusionTransoral laser surgery and robotic surgery appear to have comparable and acceptable oncological success rates.
Questionnaire survey on helminth control practices in horse farms in Ireland
Authors: Elghryani Nagwa , Duggan Vivienne , Relf Valerie , de Waal Theo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractKnowledge regarding helminth control strategies and nematode infection of horses in Ireland is limited and only one study has been published recently. This present study was designed to investigate the current helminth control strategies followed by horse owners in Ireland. A questionnaire was formulated to collect data on general grazing, pasture management and deworming strategies including the use of fecal egg counts. Questionnaires were emailed to 700 members of the Irish Thoroughbred Breeders Association and Horse Sport Ireland. Only 78 questionnaires were returned. Respondents indicated that horses are grazed for 16–24 h day−1during the summer and autumn (89% and 65%, respectively). Removing feces from the pasture was implemented by 37.6% of respondents. Few (22.2%) owners kept horses off pasture after worming. Overall, ivermectin and moxidectin were the most commonly administered anthelmintics in 2014 by 75% and 62% of respondents, respectively. Benzimidazole and pyrantel drugs were used by 53% and 35% of respondents, respectively. The majority of farms (81.4%) treated horses 4–5 times per year and 74.2% only estimated the weight of the horses visually. The findings of this study illustrates that many stud managers/owners do not follow best practice with regard to helminth control and more education is needed.
Beliefs about safety behaviours in the prediction of safety behaviour use
Authors: Meyer Johanna M. , Kirk Alex , Arch Joanna J. , Kelly Peter J. , Deacon Brett J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground: Safety behaviours are ubiquitous across anxiety disorders and are associated with the aetiology, maintenance and exacerbation of anxiety. Cognitive behavioural models posit that beliefs about safety behaviours directly influence their use. Therefore, beliefs about safety behaviours may be an important component in decreasing safety behaviour use. Unfortunately, little empirical research has evaluated this theorized relationship.Aims: The present study aimed to examine the predictive relationship between beliefs about safety behaviours and safety behaviour use while controlling for anxiety severity.Method: Adults with clinically elevated levels of social anxiety (n = 145) and anxiety sensitivity (n = 109) completed an online survey that included established measures of safety behaviour use, quality of life, and anxiety severity. Participants also completed the Safety Behaviour Scale (SBS), a measure created for the current study which includes a transdiagnostic checklist of safety behaviours, as well as questions related to safety behaviour use and beliefs about safety behaviours.Results: Within both the social anxiety and anxiety sensitivity groups, positive beliefs about safety behaviours predicted greater safety behaviour use, even when controlling for anxiety severity. Certain beliefs were particularly relevant in predicting safety behaviour use within each of the clinical analogue groups.Conclusions: Findings suggest that efforts to decrease safety behaviour use during anxiety treatment may benefit from identifying and modifying positive beliefs about safety behaviours.
In Situ High-Temperature EBSD and 3D Phase Field Studies of the Austenite–Ferrite Transformation in a Medium Mn Steel
Authors: Farahani Hussein , Zijlstra Gerrit , Mecozzi Maria Giuseppina , Ocelík Václav , De Hosson Jeff Th. M. , van der Zwaag Sybrand 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this research, in situ high-temperature electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping is applied to record and analyze the migration of the α/γ interfaces during cyclic austenite–ferrite phase transformations in a medium manganese steel. The experimental study is supplemented with related 3D phase field (PF) simulations to better understand the 2D EBSD observations in the context of the 3D transformation events taking place below the surface. The in situ EBSD observations and PF simulations show an overall transformation behavior qualitatively similar to that measured in dilatometry. The behavior and kinetics of individual austenite–ferrite interfaces during the transformation is found to have a wide scatter around the average interface behavior deduced on the basis of the dilatometric measurements. The trajectories of selected characteristic interfaces are analyzed in detail and yield insight into the effect of local conditions in the vicinity of interfaces on their motion, as well as the misguiding effects of 2D observations of processes taking place in 3D.
Out of the silence: towards grassroots and trauma-informed support for people who have experienced sexual violence and abuse
Authors: Sweeney A. , Perôt C. , Callard F. , Adenden V. , Mantovani N. , Goldsmith L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo experience sexual violence and abuse is to experience silence. This commentary explores some of the ways in which psychiatry reinforces the silencing of sexual violence survivors. We argue that current psychiatric responses to sexual violence typically constitute iatrogenic harm including through: a failure to provide services that meet survivors’ needs, a failure to believe or validate disclosures; experiences of medicalisation and diagnoses which can delegitimise people's own knowledge and meaning; ‘power over’ relational approaches which can prevent compassionate responses and result in staff having to develop their own coping strategies; and poorly addressed and reported experiences of sexual violence within psychiatric settings. We argue that these multiple forms of silencing have arisen in part because of biomedical dominance, a lack of support and training in sexual violence for staff, inconsistent access to structured, reflective supervision, and the difficulties of facing the horror of sexual violence and abuse. We then describe community-based and grassroots responses, and consider the potential of trauma-informed approaches. Whilst this paper has a UK focus, some aspects will resonate globally, particularly given that Western psychiatry is increasingly being exported around the globe.
Seasonal, Solar Zenith Angle, and Solar Flux Variations of O+ in the Topside Ionosphere of Mars
Authors: Girazian Z. , Mahaffy P. , Lee Y. , Thiemann E. M. B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUsing observations from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN's Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, we characterize the seasonal, solar zenith angle (SZA), and solar flux dependent variations of the O+ peak and the O+/O
ratio in the topside ionosphere of Mars. We find that the O+ peak is between 220 and 300 km and forms at a roughly constant neutral atmospheric pressure level of 10( − 8.7 ± 0.4) Pa. The O+ peak altitude also decreases with increasing SZA near the terminator and varies sinusoidally with an amplitude of 26 km over a period of one Mars year in response to the changing solar insolation. The O+ peak altitude reaches a maximum near Northern Winter solstice and Mars perihelion. The O+ peak density on the dayside has an average value of (1.1 ± 0.5) × 103 cm−3, has no dependence on SZA for SZAs up to ∼90°, and is mainly controlled by the thermospheric O/CO2 ratio as predicted by photochemical theory. Above the O+ peak, the O+/O
ratio in the dayside ionosphere approaches a constant value of 1.1 ± 0.6, decreases with increasing SZA, and is highly variable on timescales of days or less. We discuss why the O+ peak is different than the main (M2) peak at Mars and why it is similar to the F2 peak at Earth.
Generalization of Störmer Theory for an Axisymmetric Superposition of Dipole and Quadrupole Fields
Authors: Tsareva O. O. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractClassical Störmer theory is generalized to the case of an axisymmetric superposition of dipole and quadrupole fields. The basic laws of the charged particle motion in certain azimuthally symmetric magnetic configurations are investigated. The allowed and forbidden regions of particle motion, and also the capture regions, which ensure the stable existence of radiation belts, are identified.
Mars's Dayside Upper Ionospheric Composition Is Affected by Magnetic Field Conditions
Authors: Withers Paul , Flynn C. L. , Vogt M. F. , Mayyasi M. , Mahaffy P. , Benna M. , Elrod M. , McFadden J. P. , Dunn P. , Liu G. , Andersson L. , England S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPrevious observations have shown that electron density and temperature in the dayside ionosphere of Mars vary between strongly and weakly magnetized regions of the planet. Here we use data from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft to examine whether dayside ion densities and ionospheric composition also vary. We find that O+, O
, and CO
densities above ∼200 km are greater in strongly magnetized regions than in weakly magnetized regions. Fractional abundances of ion species are also affected. The O+/O
ratio at 300‐km altitude increases from ∼0.5 in strongly magnetized regions to ∼0.8 in weakly magnetized regions. Consequently, the plasma reservoir available for escape is fundamentally different between strongly magnetized and weakly magnetized regions.
Timing of Breakup and Thermal Evolution of a Pre‐Caledonian Neoproterozoic Exhumed Magma‐Rich Rifted Margin
Authors: Kjøll Hans Jørgen , Andersen Torgeir B. , Corfu Fernando , Labrousse Loic , Tegner Christian , Abdelmalak Mohamed Mansour , Planke Sverre 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDuring the terminal stages of Wilson cycles, remnants of magma‐poor margins may be incorporated into the orogens, whereas the magma‐rich margins often are lost in subduction due to low buoyancy. The understanding of magma‐rich margins is therefore mostly based on drill holes and geophysical observations. In this contribution, we explore the temporal evolution and the ambient conditions of a magma‐rich rifted margin preserved within the Scandinavian Caledonides. The Scandinavian Dike Complex was emplaced into a sedimentary basin during the initial breakup and opening of the Iapetus Ocean 615 to 590 million years ago. The dike complex constitutes 70–90% of the magma‐rich, syn‐rift basins and is locally well preserved despite the complex Caledonian history. This contribution provides new observations about the geometry, relative timing, and development of the margin. Jadeite‐in‐clinopyroxene geothermobarometry, titanium‐in‐biotite geothermometry, and garnet isopleth modeling show that the ambient pressure and temperature conditions were similar for the entire dike complex at 0.25 to 0.45 GPa, with contact metamorphic temperatures up to approximately 700 °C. In the northernmost part of the study area, U‐Pb dating of magmatic zircon shows that partial melting of the sedimentary host rock, at relatively shallow levels, occurred at 612 Ma. This shows that the crust was molten already 6 million years before the northernmost dike swarm was emplaced at 605.7 ± 1.8 Ma. We propose that the locally pervasive partial melting occurred due to high geothermal gradients and introduction of mafic melt in the lower crust. These processes significantly reduced the strength of the crust, eventually facilitating continental breakup.
A Reassessment of North American River Basin Cool‐Season Precipitation: Developments From a New Mountain Climatology Data Set
Authors: Wrzesien Melissa L. , Durand Michael T. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCharacterizing hydrological processes on large scales is challenging due to limitations of observational networks, remoting sensing platforms, and modeling techniques. Water balances have larger uncertainties in mountain regions, where orographic processes produce high spatial variability in precipitation patterns and snow accumulation. Recent work suggests current water budgets underestimate mountain snow water storage, perhaps indicating biases in modeled precipitation. We assess whether global hydroclimate data sets underestimate precipitation for six North American watersheds, ranging from 3–70% mountainous. By selecting a single representative year for each watershed, we compare relatively high‐resolution precipitation estimates from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model with four global products: Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2, the Global Land Data Assimilation System, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project, and the Climate Research Unit's climate data set. Comparisons to WRF precipitation suggest that observation‐based gridded data products do not produce reasonable estimates of watershed‐scale cool‐season precipitation, underestimating by 1–69%. The Global Precipitation Climatology Project and the Climate Research Unit data set have average biases of −26% and −38%, respectively. The Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 and the Global Land Data Assimilation System show smaller underestimates relative to WRF (−17% and −21%, respectively), with nearly all mean bias from the mountains (underestimated by 27% and 39%) rather than the topographically simpler lowlands (underestimated by 5% and 2%). We suggest global products fail to capture orographic enhancement of precipitation, resulting in large underestimates of precipitation, snowfall, and snow water storage in mountains of selected North American watersheds, which highlights the need for more accurate precipitation estimates to accurately assess spatiotemporal variations in the water cycle.
Testing Efficiency of Empirical, Adaptive, and Global MHD Magnetospheric Models to Represent the Geomagnetic Field in a Variety of Conditions
Authors: Kubyshkina M. , Sergeev V. A. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Zheng Y. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe used data for eight magnetospheric spacecraft providing magnetic observations in various magnetospheric domains during a six‐day time period, including the June 2015 storm, and a five‐day period including the March 2015 storm. For these time intervals, containing different solar wind regimes and different activity levels, we used three types of metrics to compare predictions of all existing types of magnetospheric magnetic field models, including empirical models (TA15, TS05, and T96), a data‐adapted model (AM03), and a global magnetohydrodynamic model (Space Weather Modeling Framework/Block Adaptive Tree Solar Wind–Roe–Upwind Scheme coupled with Rice Convection Model). In total, the models are ranked in the order: AM03, TS05, TA15, Space Weather Modeling Framework, and T96. The regional scores may differ from the average ones (in particular, better scores are obtained at GEO, compared to the inner magnetosphere) and also the model effectiveness varies with activity conditions (for example, TA15 outperforms other models in quiet conditions, but TS05 leads during active times). Quite unexpectedly, although run at modest resolution, the community available global magnetohydrodynamic model closely approached the best scores of empirical statistical models during the moderate/high disturbed periods in the June event, suggesting that this kind of modeling may now compete with other type models. We also carried out the field line mapping from fixed points in the equatorial magnetosphere to the ionosphere, using different models to examine the storm time foot point excursions (which may be as large as ~10° CGLat during storm time sudden commencements) and their uncertainties, quantified by the difference between the model predictions.
Using a Numerical MHD Model to Improve Solar Wind Time Shifting
Authors: Cameron T. G. , Jackel B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe present three solar wind shock events that all occurred at times when Advanced Composition Explorer was near L1 and WIND was in front of the bow shock. We use a 1.5‐D MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) numerical model and the well known MVAB‐0 time‐shifting algorithm to propagate these events from Advanced Composition Explorer to the location of WIND. The results of these two methods are compared to WIND observations. We find that the 1.5‐D numerical model reproduces some important features in the WIND data that are not reflected in the time‐shifted results. We believe that 1.5‐D numerical simulations could supplement traditional time‐shifting methods in some circumstances for time‐shifting solar wind data to the bow shock.
TBX3 represses TBX2 under the control of the PRC2 complex in skeletal muscle and rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Oh Teak-Jung , Adhikari Abhinav , Mohamad Trefa , Althobaiti Aiysha , Davie Judith 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTBX2 and TBX3 function as repressors and are frequently implicated in oncogenesis. We have shown that TBX2 represses p21, p14/19, and PTEN in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and skeletal muscle but the function and regulation of TBX3 were unclear. We show that TBX3 directly represses TBX2 in RMS and skeletal muscle. TBX3 overexpression impairs cell growth and migration and we show that TBX3 is directly repressed by the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which methylates histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me). We found that TBX3 promotes differentiation only in the presence of early growth response factor 1 (EGR1), which is differentially expressed in RMS and is also a target of the PRC2 complex. The potent regulation axis revealed in this work provides novel insight into the effects of the PRC2 complex in normal cells and RMS and further supports the therapeutic value of targeting of PRC2 in RMS.
Sirt6-induced autophagy restricted TREM-1-mediated pyroptosis in ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells: relevance to prognostication of patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Zi Ye , Yi-An Yao , Bing Ji , Yan Lai , Jing Tong , Chun-Yu Guan , Fan Ping , Hao Lin , Jia-Ni Tang , Han-Jin Hou , Fei Chen , Xue-Bo Liu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInflammation mediated by myeloid cells trigger receptors 1 (TREM-1) is important for atherosclerosis development, while sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) levels decrease in atheroscleoritc plaque. Here we demonstrate that oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated endothelial cells (ECs) exhibited increased TREM-1-mediated pyroptosis and decreased Sirt6-induced autophagy. We show that high sTREM-1 and low sSirt6 levels were independent predictors of boosted endothelial microparticles (EMPs) on admission, and were associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at median 24 months (interquartile range, 18–26) follow-up in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. Additionally, blockage of Sirt6-induced autophagy led to augmented TREM-1-mediated pyroptosis, whereas Sirt6 overexpression attenuated ECs inflammation and pyroptosis following ox-LDL treatment. Our findings indicate that TREM-1 and in a reversed trend Sirt6 appeared to be markers of endothelial inflammation with potential for use in risk stratification.
Steroid receptor coactivator-1 modulates the function of Pomc neurons and energy homeostasis
Authors: Yang Yongjie , van der Klaauw Agatha A. , Zhu Liangru , Cacciottolo Tessa M. , He Yanlin , Stadler Lukas K. J. , Wang Chunmei , Xu Pingwen , Saito Kenji , Hinton Antentor , Yan Xiaofeng , Keogh Julia M. , Henning Elana , Banton Matthew C. , Hendricks Audrey E. , Bochukova Elena G. , Mistry Vanisha , Lawler Katherine L. , Liao Lan , Xu Jianming , O’Rahilly Stephen , Tong Qingchun ,   UK10K Consortium, Inês Barroso  , O’Malley Bert W. , Farooqi I. Sadaf , Xu Yong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHypothalamic neurons expressing the anorectic peptide Pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) regulate food intake and body weight. Here, we show that Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 (SRC-1) interacts with a target of leptin receptor activation, phosphorylated STAT3, to potentiate Pomc transcription. Deletion of SRC-1 in Pomc neurons in mice attenuates their depolarization by leptin, decreases Pomc expression and increases food intake leading to high-fat diet-induced obesity. In humans, fifteen rare heterozygous variants in SRC-1 found in severely obese individuals impair leptin-mediated Pomc reporter activity in cells, whilst four variants found in non-obese controls do not. In a knock-in mouse model of a loss of function human variant (SRC-1L1376P), leptin-induced depolarization of Pomc neurons and Pomc expression are significantly reduced, and food intake and body weight are increased. In summary, we demonstrate that SRC-1 modulates the function of hypothalamic Pomc neurons, and suggest that targeting SRC-1 may represent a useful therapeutic strategy for weight loss.