bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological Basis of Yield Differences in Quality Protein Maize Genotypes of Different Maturity Groups
Authors: Oluseyi Olasoji, Julius , Adesola Ajayi, Sunday 
Published: September 2019

Yield performance of early maturing maize (Zea mays L.) varieties in the rainforest agroecology of southwest Nigeria, is lower than that of intermediate varieties and that there was no yield advantage in the late varieties over the intermediate maturing varieties. However, the physiological basis of yield differences is yet to be fully investigated. This study was carried out to investigate the physiological basis underlying yield differences in quality protein maize genotypes of different maturity groups. Field experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates at Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons. The results indicated that season influenced days to 50% Anthesis (DTA), days to 50% silking (DTS), anthesis silking interval (ASI), plant height (PLHT), ear height (EHT), ear per plant (EPP), ear aspect (EASP), kernel width (KWDT) and grain yield (GYD). Maturity groups also influenced DTA, DTS, PASP, PLHT, EHT, and with no effect on GYD. The overall mean grain yields across seasons were 4.44, 4.16, 3.64 and 3.36 t/ha for season 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It was concluded from this study that all the maturity groups used had similar grain yield.
Cerebellum: Anatomy and Organisation
Authors: Hawkes Richard 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

The cerebellum is a highly stereotyped cortical structure in the hindbrain of all vertebrates from fish to primates. The circuitry of the cerebellar cortex is built around the large, inhibitory Purkinje cells, which are the focus of all afferent input to the cerebellar cortex and are modulated by several classes of inhibitory interneuron (principally basket, stellate, and Golgi cells). Despite the apparent homogeneity of the cerebellar circuitry, the cerebellum is highly modular, comprising several hundred discrete and reproducible anatomical and physiological units (‘stripes’). Each stripe receives precise afferent inputs – climbing fibres directly to the Purkinje cells and mossy fibres indirectly via the granule cells. In turn, the Purkinje cells send efferent projections to specific targets in the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei. As a result, within the cerebellum a wide variety of sensory information is brought together and integrated, primarily to aid in motor control but also serving multiple other functions.

Key Concepts

Cerebellar circuitry is built around the Purkinje cell.

The cerebellar cortex is divided into an array of transverse zones and parasagittal stripes.

The cerebellar cortex receives two major afferent inputs – climbing fibres and mossy fibres.

Purkinje cells are the sole efferent projections of the cerebellar cortex.

Multiple interneurons modulate Purkinje cell firing patterns.
C
aulimoviridae

(Plant Pararetroviruses)
Authors: Geering Andrew DW 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Family
Caulimoviridae
comprises eight genera of plant viruses whose members replicate by reverse transcription and whose virions contain double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid. In a recent survey of the international scientific community,
Cauliflower mosaic virus
(CaMV), the type species of the family, was ranked sixth in the world in a list of the most scientifically or economically important plant viruses. This notoriety is due purely to the major conceptual advances that have been made in plant virology using CaMV as a model pathogen. However, several relatively lesser known viruses in the family, such as rice tungro bacilliform virus and the cacao swollen shoot virus species complex, are very serious constraints to crop production in tropical regions of the world. In this article, information on the taxonomy, replication cycle, vector transmission, epidemiology and disease management of this important group of plant viruses is summarised.

Key Concepts

The
Caulimoviridae
is the only family of plant viruses with a double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) genome, and in common with all viral retroelements, incorporates a reverse transcription step in the replication cycle.

Cauliflower mosaic virus
is the type species of the family and has been a very important model plant virus for elucidating fundamental aspects of virus replication, cell‐to‐cell movement and aphid transmission.

Members of the
Caulimoviridae
are most prominent in tropical regions, where they cause serious diseases such as rice tungro, cacao swollen shoot and banana streak disease.

The most important component of a control programme for these viruses is to reduced inoculum levels by using clean planting material, avoiding overlapping crops, and removing diseased plants and alternative hosts of the virus.

In some host species, infection can arise as a consequence of activation of viral DNA that is integrated into the nuclear genome of the plant.
Spleen: Consequences of Lack of Function
Authors: Kuchar Ernest , Karlikowska‐Skwarnik Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Spleen takes part in maintaining homeostasis in many fields. It acts as a blood filter, a magazine for blood cells as well as immunoglobulins and as an immune response mediator supplying organ. The loss of splenic function can be total or partial, can be congenital or acquired due to chronic diseases affecting its function or through splenectomy. Currently, splenectomy is not a common procedure; it is performed after careful consideration of medical or surgical indications, balancing the risk of long‐term complications against the potential benefit. In patients with lack of adequate splenic function, extended prophylaxis of infectious complications should be planned through vaccinations and antibiotic prophylaxis. Screening for malignancy and thrombotic events should be scheduled.

Key Concepts

The spleen is an important secondary immunologic organ located in left epigastrium beneath the lower rib cage.

Spleen is important but not essential for life and can be removed by splenectomy.

Reduced spleen function, known as functional asplenia, is observed in various pathological conditions including celiac disease, metabolic disorders and blood diseases.

The impairment of splenic function significantly increases the risk of serious invasive infections including sepsis and meningitis.

The vast majority of bacterial infections in asplenic individuals are caused by capsular bacteria, including pneumococci and meningococci, and can be prevented by currently available vaccines and prophylactic antibiotics.
Virus Replication in Multicellular Photosynthetic Life Forms
Authors: McKeown Dean , Schroeder Declan C 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPhotosynthesis originated from endosymbiosis of cyanobacterial‐like organisms, which ultimately became chloroplasts. It is an ancient process that has evolved to produce a variety of types of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that we find today, that is, terrestrial plants and aquatic algae. Similarly, viruses are considered ancient with growing evidence for the theory that viruses arose before the last universal cellular ancestor. Despite both photosynthetic and virus life forms having evolved side by side since time immemorial, plants and eukaryotic algae have very different viruses that infect them. Very little similarities are shared in both the types and nature of the infection. In fact, viruses of photosynthetic eukaryotic multicellular organisms exemplify how different algae are from plants.Key ConceptsPhotosynthetic organisms appeared 3.2–3.5 billion years ago.The most abundant and diverse viruses have dsDNA genomes.NCLDVs are estimated to have evolved 2–2.7 billion years ago, close to the origin of eukaryotes.The known host range of NCLDVs includes multiple eukaryotic kingdoms, which is the broadest of any dsDNA virus group, which usually infect a single kingdom.The familyPhycodnaviridae(‘phyco’=algae, ‘dna’=DNA, ‘viridae’=virus family) are NCLDVs that infect algae.Most plant viruses (66.7%) have ssRNA genomes.Plant viruses use long‐distance transport as a key mechanism for transmission. This would be possible in some macroalgae which have vascular tissue (sieve tubes), such as kelps, but these sieve tubes are less extensive than the xylem and phloem of plants.The NCLDVs are a major algal virus group which may be absent in plants, which are instead predominately infected by ssRNA viruses.Eukaryotic multicellular macroalgae or seaweed are predominantly infected by dsDNA viruses.
Signalling Underlying Wound Healing
Authors: Cook Sophie R , Hart William S , Zatorski Jonathan M , Flick Matthew J , Deppmann Christopher D 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWound healing is critical for normal tissue function and the survival of most multicellular organisms. Understanding the biochemical and cellular mechanisms underlying constructive physiological wound healing is crucial for developing therapies to aid in repair and regeneration. Wound healing involves multiple systems including blood, vasculature, somatosensory, immune system and the skin. Following vascular damage, coagulation system activation occurs resulting in clot formation and cell signalling events in both cells of the vasculature (e.g. endothelial cells) as well as circulating cells (e.g. platelets, leukocytes) in order to drive cessation of blood loss. Pain signalling is initiated in part by surrounding inflammatory cues and is used to prevent further damage to the wound. Following these initial responses to the wound, healing/regeneration returns the damaged tissue to a functional state. This occurs by engaging the fibrin network to create a new microenvironment architecture. A broad overview is presented of how the different organ systems are integrated to repair tissue after a wound.Key ConceptsBlood coagulation is driven by exposure of the subendothelial receptor tissue factor that drives activation of downstream clotting factors, including activation of the central protease thrombin. Platelet activation is mediated by thrombin cleavage of cell surface protease‐activated receptors, tight receptor‐mediated binding to collagen or activation of the purinergic receptors (i.e. P2Y1, P2Y12). In addition to platelet activation, thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, the primary structural component of the blood clot.Immune cells like mast cells and macrophages are recruited and activated once a wound occurs, releasing cytokines and histamine. This inflammatory response aids in promoting pain signalling and eventually aids in the wound healing process.In response to the wound and release of inflammatory factors (e.g. cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, NGF and PGE2) sensory neurons become hypersensitive. This hypersensitisation (hyperalgesia) leads to innocuous tactile information to be interpreted as painful by both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).Numerous stem cell populations derived from the dermis and hair follicle contribute to wound remodelling. These stem cells differentiate into cell types like myofibroblasts, which either repopulate the site of the wound and/or deposit new extracellular matrix proteins to form a fibrotic scar.A balance between Wnt and TGF‐β signalling guides regenerative and healing processes, respectively. Wnt signalling leads to cell proliferation and the reappearance of hair follicles inducing wounds to heal without a scar. TGF‐β signalling induces reticular dermis stem cells to differentiate into myofibroblasts, which leads to scar tissue.
Rescue levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) therapy in Parkinson’s disease patients with suboptimal response to deep brain stimulation
Authors: Elkouzi Ahmad , Ramirez‐Zamora Adolfo , Zeilman Pam , Barabas Matthew , Eisinger Robert S. , Malaty Irene A. , Okun Michael S. , Almeida Leonardo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) as an add‐on rescue therapy following deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment of motor fluctuations.BackgroundBoth DBS and LCIG are FDA‐approved therapies for treatment of motor fluctuations in advanced PD. Few studies have examined dual therapy for refractory motor fluctuations and it is unknown what the effect on quality of life will be in advanced PD.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study using a large database of all medical and surgical PD cases at the University of Florida. Six patients were identified with DBS who subsequently received rescue LCIG therapy. The clinical histories, indications for intervention and outcomes were reviewed.ResultsAll patients were managed initially with DBS (bilateral STN DBS (n = 3), bilateral GPi DBS (n = 1), unilateral GPI DBS (n = 2)). Patients with well‐placed (n = 3) and suboptimally placed DBS leads (n = 3) had significant reduction in their motor fluctuations with improvement in the off‐medication time after rescue LCIG therapy. Improvement in quality of life scores (PDQ‐39) was appreciated in four DBS patients following the addition of LCIG therapy.ConclusionsLCIG is a promising add‐on rescue therapy for select patients with existing DBS devices. The LCIG may possibly reduce motor fluctuations and improve quality of life in advanced PD irrespective of the DBS target or the accuracy of lead placement. Dual therapy may also be ideal for patients who are considered high risk for additional DBS surgeries.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Alkoxylation of Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with Alcohols for the Synthesis of Heteroaryl Ethers
Authors: Zhao Lulu , Wang Lei , Gao Yanhui , Wang Zhiming , Li Pinhua 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA direct and simple strategy to heteroaryl ethers via a visible‐light‐induced alkoxylation of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with alcohols under ambient conditions was developed. The commercially available, low cost alcohols served as alkoxylation reagents and solvents. This reaction has advantages of novel protocol, mild conditions, good functional‐group tolerance, and high yields of products.magnified image
Hydrodynamics and mass transfer of gas–liquid flow in micropacked bed reactors with metal foam packing
Authors: Sang Le , Tu Jiacheng , Cheng Han , Luo Guangsheng , Zhang Jisong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHydrodynamics and mass transfer of gas–liquid flow such as pressure drop, liquid holdup, and gas–liquid mass‐transfer coefficient in micropacked bed reactors (μPBRs) with metal foam packing are investigated with an automated platform. Parametric studies are conducted varying gas and liquid superficial velocities, pore diameters of foam packing, and liquid physical properties. Experimental results show that μPBRs with foam packing have comparative mass transfer rate and 10 times lower pressure drop compared to the microparticles. The values of mass‐transfer coefficient for three types of foam packing in μPBRs are 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than those in large‐scale trickle bed reactors with foam packing. Furthermore, empirical correlations of pressure drop, liquid holdup, and gas–liquid mass‐transfer coefficient in μPBRs with foam packing are proposed and the predicted values are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values.
Unique Bora[1]ferrocenophanes with Sterically Protected Boron: A Potential Gateway to Helical Polyferrocenes
Authors: Bhattacharjee Hridaynath , Zhu Jianfeng , Müller Jens 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSilicon‐bridged [1]ferrocenophanes are a versatile class of monomers to obtain well‐defined metallopolymers, however, their boron‐bridged analogues are far less utilized despite being significantly higher strained. We assumed that the reactivity of known bora[1]ferrocenophanes towards ring‐opening polymerization is hampered by π‐donating R2N groups at the bridging boron atom and therefore prepared the first bora[1]ferrocenophanes lacking such electronic stabilization. The new, isolated ferrocenophane with a 2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl group attached to the bridging boron atom exhibits the most tilted Cp rings among all isolated strained sandwich compounds [α(DFT)=33.3°] with a measured record value of the bathochromic shift (λmax=516 nm). Attempts to purify the mesityl analogue by vacuum sublimation transformed this monomer to a purple‐colored polymer that resulted in Cotton effects in circular dichroism spectroscopy. DFT calculations revealed a left‐handed helical structure for this polymer. This is the first evidence for a polyferrocene with a chiral secondary structure.
Insights into the interactions between collagen and a naturally derived crosslinker, oxidized chitosan oligosaccharide
Authors: Chen Yining , Dan Nianhua , Huang Yanping , Yang Changkai , Dan Weihua , Liang Yongxian 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTCollagen has been widely applied to biomaterials. However, it must be chemically fixed before it can be used. The aim of this work is to study on the crosslinking effect of a naturally derived oxidized chitosan oligosaccharide (OCOS) on collagen type I. The physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of the crosslinked collagen (OCOS‐Col) were evaluated. The FTIR spectroscopy showed that crosslinking via OCOS had no impact on the structural integrity of collagen. DSC and TG tests showed that the thermal stability of crosslinked collagen was improved significantly, while the crosslinking density test indicated that the amino groups of collagen could predominantly react with the available aldehyde groups of OCOS. The mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and enzymatic degradation test showed that the crosslinked material had improved properties. However, the porosity test showed that the crosslinked material was more compact, which was consistent with the AFM observation that crosslinked collagen revealed a denser network structure. Cytotoxicity test showed that the crosslinked collagen was conducive to cell adhesion, growth, and proliferation. In conclusion, this work reveals that OCOS stabilized collagen as a crosslinker, preserved its triple helical structure, and reserved its good biocompatibility. OCOS was proven to be a safe and reliable crosslinker for collagen. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48489.
Social structure and spatial distribution of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) along the Croatian Adriatic coast
Authors: Pleslić Grgur , Rako‐Gospić Nikolina , Miočić‐Stošić Jure , Blazinić Vučur Tihana , Radulović Marko , Mackelworth Peter , Frleta‐Valić Maša , Holcer Draško 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that the common bottlenose dolphin population in the Croatian Adriatic Sea is structured into distinct local communities. However, their home ranges and levels of interaction remain unknown.Dedicated boat‐based surveys were conducted seasonally, in three adjacent study sites from 2013 to 2017. Photo‐identification data were used to identify distinct local communities by relating the social structure descriptors to the home ranges of individual animals, and to determine the community home ranges and identify the levels of interactions between them.The overlaps between the home ranges of individuals (50 and 95% kernel density estimators [KDE]) were positively correlated to association strengths between them. Three distinct communities were identified by the hierarchical cluster analysis. The individuals' 95% KDE home range overlaps and association strengths were significantly higher within the three communities than between them, indicating both social and spatial segregation.The 95% KDE home ranges of the communities showed very low to no overlap. The individuals ranged mainly centrally within the home range of their respective community. The probabilities of movement, expressed as lagged identification rates, were significantly higher within than between community home ranges. However, 37 out of 1024 identified individuals were observed in more than one community home range, indicating that the communities are not isolated.Four out of the six Sites of Community Importance currently in place within the Croatian Adriatic Sea lie within the home ranges of the three local bottlenose dolphin communities. Once these sites are declared as Special Areas of Conservation, the management scheme will need to accommodate for differences in the spatial and social ecology of these communities, and environmental and anthropogenic factors acting upon them. The results of this work provide baseline information for such tailored management.
Guaranteeing performance for uncertain nonlinear systems with bounded state constraint and mismatching condition
Authors: Xu Jinquan , Fang Hao , Chen Ye‐Hwa , Guo Hong , Ding Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe control design problem for the uncertain nonlinear system with bounded state constraint and mismatching condition is considered in this paper. The uncertainty in the system, which may be due to unknown system parameters and external disturbance, is nonlinear and time‐varying. The state of the system is constrained to be bounded. The system does not satisfy the (global) matching condition. A creative one‐to‐one state transformation is proposed by converting the bounded states into the unbounded ones. A step‐by‐step state transformation is proposed to convert the mismatched system into a matched system. The robust control is then proposed based on the transformed system. The control is demonstrated to be able to guarantee the uniform boundedness and uniform ultimate boundedness of the system in the presence of uncertainty, while the state constraint can be always guaranteed.
Study on vehicle active suspension system control method based on homogeneous domination approach
Authors: Meng Qinghua , Chen Chih‐Chiang , Wang Pan , Sun Zong‐Yao , Li Bingji 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn an active suspension system, there is an actuator mounted between the sprung mass and the unsprung mass to change the stiffness and damp of the suspension for ride comfort and handling stability. Because the active suspension control system is an under‐actuated system, the control problem of the active suspension is challenging but interesting. In order to solve this issue, a novel vehicle active suspension control method based on homogeneous domination approach is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a groundhook control model is constructed according to the general active suspension dynamic model. In order to deal with the additional terms of the control system which are harmful for convergence, a homogeneous domination approach is used to construct an active suspension homogeneous controller (ASHC). A useful technical theorem is proposed in the stability analysis to show that the proposed ASHC can guarantee the states of the active suspension system being stabilized. Compared with the SMC method and without any controller (passive suspension), the simulation results indicate that the proposed ASHC is effective.