bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Inter-Fracture Injection and Production in Tight Reservoirs Based on Compartmental Embedded Discrete Fracture Model
Authors: He Youwei , Chai Zhi , Huang Jingwei , Li Peng , Cheng Shiqing , Killough John 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Although hydraulic fracturing enables economic production from tight formations, production rates usually decline quickly and result in low hydrocarbon recovery. Moreover, it is difficult for conventional flooding methods to provide enough energy supplement in the tight formations. This paper develops an innovative approach to enhance oil recovery from tight oil reservoirs through inter-fracture injection and production, including synchronous inter-fracture injection-production (SiFIP) and asynchronous inter-fracture injection-production (AiFIP). This improves flooding performance by transforming fluid injection between different wells to between adjacent fracture stages from the same horizontal well.
The multi-stage fractured horizontal well (MFHW) comprises of recovery fractures (RFs), injection fractures (IFs) and natural fractures. In all the cases demonstrated in this work, the odd fractures and even fractures are defined as RFs and IFs respectively. Fluid is injected into IFs from injection tubing, and hydrocarbon is recovered synchronously or asynchronously through oil tubing connecting to the RFs. To quantitatively evaluate the performance of SiFIP and AiFIP in tight oil reservoirs, reservoirs are simulated based on the compartmental embedded discrete fracture model (cEDFM). The production performance of different recovery methods is compared, including primary depletion, water flooding, CO2 flooding, water Huff-n-Puff, CO2 Huff-n-Puff, SiFIP (water), SiFIP (CO2), AiFIP (water), AiFIP (CO2). The AiFIP and SiFIP achieve higher cumulative oil production than other methods. AiFIP obtained the highest cumulative oil production, which is more than two times that of primary depletion. The AiFIP (CO2) obtained almost the same cumulative oil production with SiFIP (CO2) with only 50% of CO2 injection rates, and AiFIP (water) obtained 19.3% higher cumulative oil production than SiFIP (water) with only 50% of water injection rates. Therefore, AiFIP is also a better choice when CO2 or water resource is not abundant. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to discuss the impacts of fracture and injection parameters on cumulative oil production. The fracture spacing, fracture networks, and injection rates influence the production significantly, followed by injection-production schedule and fracture length. The recommended well completion schemes of AiFIP and SiFIP methods are also provided, which is significant for the potential application of the proposed methods. This work illustrates the feasibility of SiFIP and AiFIP to enhance hydrocarbon recovery in tight reservoirs.
An SQP-Filter Algorithm with an Improved Stochastic Gradient for Robust Life-Cycle Optimization Problems with Nonlinear Constraints
Authors: Liu Zhe , Reynolds Albert C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Solving a large-scale optimization problem with nonlinear state constraints has proven to be challenging when adjoint gradients are not available for computing the derivatives needed in the basic optimization algorithm employed. Here, we present a methodology for the solution of an optimization problem with nonlinear and linear constraints where the true gradients that cannot be computed analytically are approximated by ensemble-based stochastic gradients based on an improved stochastic simplex approximate gradient (StoSAG). For the most part, our discussion is focused on the application of our procedure to waterflooding optimization where the optimization variables are the well controls and the cost function is the life-cycle net present value (NPV) of production. The optimization algorithm used for solving the constrained optimization problem is sequential quadratic programming (SQP) with constraints enforced using the filter method. We introduce modifications to StoSAG that improve its fidelity, i.e., the improvements give a more accurate approximation to the true gradient (assumed here to equal the gradient computed with the adjoint method) than the approximation obtained using the original StoSAG algorithm. The improvements to the basic StoSAG vastly improve the performance of the optimization algorithm; in fact, we show that if the basic StoSAG is applied without the improvements, then SQP may yield a highly suboptimal result for optimization problems than many nonlinear state constraints involve.
Numerical Error Quantification of Agent-Based Models as Applied to Oil Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Doyle Bryan , Riviere Beatrice 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Agent-based models (ABMs) provide a fast alternative to traditional partial differential equation (PDE)-based oil reservoir models by applying localized inexpensive simulations, rather than solving a partial differential equation at every time-step. However, while there have been theoretical and numerical results obtained with ABMs in social science applications, the accuracy of ABMs has not been analyzed in the context of oil reservoir modeling. This paper quantifies the accuracy of a specific ABM by comparing its results to a single-phase flow reservoir. We show that the proposed ABM matches results given by the PDE-based model with less than 5.4% difference. Results are obtained for reservoirs with single and double producers, with varying permeability and with impermeable barriers.
Improving Oil-Rate Estimate in Capacitance/Resistance Modeling Using the Y-Function Method for Reservoirs Under Waterflood
Authors: Temizel Cenk , Artun Emre , Yang Zhengming 
Published: March 2019

Summary
Capacitance/resistance modeling (CRM) is an empirical waterflood modeling technique based on the signal correlations between injection rates and gross production rates. CRM can satisfactorily estimate the gross (liquid) production rate. The oil-production-rate forecast is based on fitting the empirical oil fractional-flow model, the Leverett (1941) oil fractional-flow model, or the Koval (1963) model to the historical production data. We observed that the oil-production-rate forecast in this approach is less satisfactory.
We propose a robust approach that combines CRM gross production prediction with a Buckley-Leverett displacement-theory-based waterflood analytical method—the Y-function method—to calculate the oil fraction flow and to improve the oil prediction capability. The analytical method is based on the results of the historical production performance of either an individual producer or a group of producers in a given area. By using this method, a better understanding can be developed about the production performance, such as the breakthrough time of injected water and possible operational issues, such as water channeling. The analytical model compares oil fractional flow and the cumulative gross production on the producers, yet the value of saturation is not required. As a result, the forecast of the oil-production rate becomes more convenient and straightforward.
Sayarpour et al. (2009a) outlined field examples to compare the estimated oil production obtained using the current empirical oil fractional flow-model approach and the analytical Y-function method. The new method provided another effective way to calculate the oil rate in CRM. The results indicated that the new approach improved the accuracy of the oil-rate calculation and proved convenient in field applications. The objective of this study was not to regenerate the gross-rate forecast of CRM, but rather to improve the oil fractional-flow description and oil-production-rate forecast from the gross rate using the Y-function method.
Advanced Flowing Material Balance To Determine Original Gas in Place of Shale Gas Considering Adsorption Hysteresis
Authors: He Lang , Mei Haiyan , Hu Xinrui , Dejam Morteza , Kou Zuhao , Zhang Maolin 
Published: March 2019

Summary
A series of shale gas adsorption and desorption experiments are conducted. Desorption and adsorption curves are not coincident, with the former located above the latter, which suggests that adsorption hysteresis also occurs in shale gas. Pseudodeviation factor (Z*) is revised to advance the material–balance equation (MBE) and flowing material balance (FMB). The case study of the Fuling Shale in China illustrates that original gas in place (OGIP) of all three wells (1–HF, 2–HF, and 3–HF) calculated by conventional FMB is lower than that calculated by refined FMB, which has accounted for adsorption hysteresis. The conventional FMB underestimates OGIP of the three wells by 2.21, 3.29, and 4.02%, respectively. Adsorption hysteresis should be accounted for to accurately determine OGIP.
A topological model for defects and interfaces in complex crystal structures
Authors: Hirth J.P. , Wang Jian , Hirth Greg 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A topological model (TM) is presented for the complex crystal structures characteristic of some minerals. We introduce a tractable method for applying the TM to characterize defects in these complex materials. Specifically, we illustrate how structural groups, each with a motif containing multiple atoms, provide lattices and structures that are useful in describing dislocations and disconnections in interfaces. Simplified methods for determining the shuffles that accompany disconnection motion are also described. We illustrate the model for twinning in albite owing to its potential application for constraining the rheological properties of the crust at conditions near the brittle-plastic transition, where plagioclase is a major constituent of common rock types. While deformation twins in plagioclase are often observed in crustal rocks, the interpretation of the stress states at which they form has not advanced. The concept of structural groups makes an analysis of the twinning process easier in complex minerals and explicitly predicts the interface structure of the deformation twins.
I Do Not Exist. Problems for Dynamic Semantics
Authors: Ramírez Eduardo García 
Published: March 2019

According to dynamic semantics, what is said by an utterance of a sentence is determined by how the common ground is affected by the acceptance of such utterance. It has been claimed that dynamic semantics offers an account of what is said by an utterance in a context that excels that of traditional static semantics. Assertions of negative existential constructions, of the form ‘X does not exist’, are a case in point. These assertions traditionally pose a problem for philosophers of language. A recent proposal, owed to Clapp (2008), argues that static semantics is unable to solve the problem and offers a dynamic semantics account that promises to succeed. In this paper I want to challenge this account and, more generally, the scope of the dynamic semantics framework. I will offer a counterexample, inspired by “answering machine” uses of indexical and demonstrative expressions, to show how dynamic semantics fails. I conclude by considering the merits of both static and dynamic accounts.
Microbial contamination levels in the drinking water and associated health risks in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Amin Rafat , Zaidi Midhat Batool , Bashir Saima , Khanani Rafiq , Nawaz Rukhsana , Ali Shaukat , Khan Sadaf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The current study aimed to assess the microbial quality of municipal (tap) and ground (borehole) water in Karachi, Pakistan. A health survey was also conducted to assess possible health risks of the drinking water. Fifty water samples (n = 25 each of tap and ground water) were collected from various locations of five administrative districts of Karachi for bacteriological analysis. In addition, a survey was conducted to assess the impact of drinking water on the health of city residents. Microbiological analysis results showed the presence of total coliform in 48 out of 50 (96%) tested samples. The total viable plate count at 37 °C was &gt;200 CFU/ml in the majority of the collected samples which exceeded the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. To evaluate the health risk of contaminated water, a total of 744 residents were interviewed. The information acquired from this field work revealed a high prevalence of waterborne diseases in the order of diarrhea and vomiting &gt; skin problems &gt; malaria &gt; prolonged fever &gt; eye problems and jaundice. To solve water and environmental problems, awareness and regular monitoring programs of water management and safe disposal of waste have been suggested.
Common themes contributing to recent drinking water disease outbreaks in affluent nations
Authors: Hrudey S. E. , Hrudey E. J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
New Zealand experienced its largest waterborne disease outbreak in modern history in August 2016 with 5,500 cases and four fatalities. This recent outbreak is one of 24 drinking-waterborne disease outbreaks in affluent nations that have been reported in the scientific literature since the infamous Walkerton, Ontario, Canada fatal outbreak (2,300 cases, seven fatalities) in May 2000. These disasters were all eminently preventable given the economic and intellectual resources existing in the countries where they occurred. These outbreaks are analysed according to major recurring themes, including: complacency, naiveté and ignorance, failure to learn from experience and chemophobia. Lessons that can be learned to improve preventive approaches for ensuring safe drinking water are based on an extensive and authentic body of evidence in support of meaningful improvements. Philosopher George Santayana captured this need with his famous quote: ‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.’
Does the Affinity of Cisplatin to B-Vitamins Impair the Therapeutic Effect in the Case of Patients with Lung Cancer-consuming Carrot or Beet Juice?
Authors: Szefler Beata , Czeleń Przemysław , Szczepanik Adam , Cysewski Piotr 
Published: March 2019

Background:Cisplatin (CisPt) has a well-recognized anticancer activity by interacting with DNA and inducing programmed cell death. However, theoretical studies performed on the molecular level suggest that such nonspecific interactions can also take place with many competitive compounds, such as vitamins containing aromatic rings with lone-pair orbitals.Objective:This work is a theoretical study on the initial Pt-N7(N1) bond formation with vitamins from B group and their comparison with values characterizing native purines.Methods:Geometries of studied structures were optimized with an aid of Gaussian 09 using the B3LYP functional with the 6-31G** basis set. Atomic orbitals of platinum were represented by the lanl2dz basis. Solvation free energies were evaluated by a self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) approach. A dielectric constant of 78 for water was used in the PCM continuum model computations along with radii Bondii.Results:The affinities of mono-aqua cis~[Pt(NH3)2Cl(H2O)]+ and di-aqua cis~ [Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2]2+ derivatives of Cisplatinum toward compounds belonging to the group of eight B vitamins were studied and compared to interactions with canonical purines. All the values of ΔGr unambiguously indicate that reactions with cisPt-diaqua are more preferable, but the comparison of ΔGr values obtained for compounds from vitamin B group and the ones characterizing complexes created by Guanine molecules indicates higher affinity of cisPt monomers toward purines.Conclusion:Based on the observations, the regular intake of vitamin-rich beetroot or carrot juices is strongly discouraged during anticancer therapy using CisPt drug. To confirm the results of the performed computational study, detailed clinical trials should be performed.
Risk Factor Patterns for Premature Versus Late-Onset Coronary Artery Disease in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Morovatdar Negar , Bondarsahebi Yones , Khorrampazhouh Nastaran , Hozhabrossadati Seyyed A. , Tsarouhas Konstantinos , Rezaee Ramin , Esfehani Reza J. , Poorzand Hoorak , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: March 2019

Background:
There are few data regarding the risk factors of premature vs late-onset Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). This study systematically reviews these risk factors in Iranian people.

Methods:
Medline, Web of Science, Embase and SID (Scientific Information Database; www.sid.ir) databases were searched for studies comparing CAD risk factors in young and older patients in Iran. Data extracted and pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for each risk factor were calculated. Publication bias was evaluated by Egger’s test.

Results:
Seven studies (9080 participants) were included in the meta-analysis; analysis was carried out independently for each risk factor. Smoking (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.57, 95% CI: 1.96-3.37; p=<0.001), family history of CAD (OR: 2.45: 95% CI, 1.44-4.15, p<0.001), opium abuse (OR: 2.44: 95% CI, 1.22-4.88; p=0.001) and hyperlipidaemia (OR: 1.4: 95% CI, 1.13-1.73; p=0.001) were more common in premature CAD compared with older CAD patients. In contrast, diabetes mellitus (OR: 0.54: 95% CI, 0.39-0.73; p=0.0001) and hypertension (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.21-0.59; p<0.001) were less prevalent.

Conclusion:
Risk factors were significantly different between premature and late-onset CAD. Policies regarding smoking and opium cessation and controlling hyperlipidaemia may be useful for the prevention of premature CAD in Iran.
Noninvasive Score in Classification Diagnosis of Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Yu Jinquan 
Published: March 2019

Background:
To develop simple, practical classification criteria for Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) without Labial Salivary Gland Biopsy (LSGB).

Methods:
In the new criteria (noninvasive score, NIS) set, classification as “definite SS” is based on the ocular and oral symptoms and signs, autoantibodies and the existence of autoimmune thyroid disease, which were calculated. Patients with a score ≥5 were classified as having definite SS and patients with a score <4 were supposed to be excluded from SS. For the patients with a score of 4, LSGB was suggested.

Result:
76 patients with suspected SS were recruited between April 2013 and September 2014, 42 of which were definitive diagnosis of SS and 34 were excluded from SS. Sensitivity and specificity for the NIS criteria in the diagnosis of SS were 97.6% and 94.1%, respectively. The Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and Positive Predictive Value (PPV) to detect SS were 97.0% and 95.3% respectively, and the diagnostic accuracy was 96.1%. The area under the ROC curves (AUC; 95% CI) for NIS criteria was 0.959 (0.905-1.000), which performed better than the American-European Consensus Group’s (AECG) criteria and LSGB in the diagnosis of SS (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The NIS criteria are an alternative to the AECG criteria in classification diagnosis of SS, which are with high diagnostic efficiency. We recommend using a score <4 and ≥5 to rule out or to diagnose SS respectively. For the patients with a score of 4, LSGB is necessary and able to diagnose SS.
Recovery of Range of Motion and Decrease in Pain after Progression of Supraspinatus Tendon Tear: A Case Report
Authors: Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Hamada Junichiro , Ando Akira , Kanazawa Kenji , Yabe Yutaka , Itoi Eiji 
Published: March 2019

Rotator cuff disease is one of the most prevalent shoulder disabilities especially in the elderly population. Tear progression is significantly greater in the symptomatic patients than in the asymptomatic ones. From these aspects, shoulder surgeons interpret surgical indications and counsel patients regarding the risk of non-operative treatments. However, there were a few reports that pain and duration of symptoms were not strongly associated with severity of rotator cuff tears, and non-operative management with physical therapy was effective. There have remained controversies for the treatment of rotator cuff tears.A 59-year-old man with a sedentary work life experienced right shoulder pain with abduction at night. However, the pain kept worsening after two months, and he finally visited our clinic three months after the onset of pain. Magnetic resonance imaging in the coronal and axial planes showed effusion around the subacromial and subcoracoid bursae and joint-side tear of the supraspinatus tendon. A range of motion in the right shoulder was severely restricted at the initial visit of our clinic. After sufficient rehabilitation, the symptoms were not changed and an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair was scheduled. However, during waiting for surgery, he felt something popped in the right shoulder while wearing a jacket. Immediately after this, pain during motion and at night decreased, and he experienced no difficulty with activities of daily living and the surgery was cancelled. This is the first case with a recovery of range of motion and a decrease in pain after progression of a supraspinatus tendon tear.
HOMEOSTASIS CHANGE IN THE SMALL INTESTINE WITH DISTURBED REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW IN EARLY POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS
Authors: Markos`yan Sergey Anatol`evich 
Published: March 2019

Objective: A study of the ischemic damage course and regeneration in the small intestine with disturbed regional blood flow in early postnatal ontogenesis.Materials and Methods: The experiments were carried out on 30 puppies at the age from 1 to 4 weeks. The state of regional blood flow in the ischemic area of the small intestine was investigated by blood filling of tissues, metabolism - by redox potential, oxygen pressure and diffusion oxygen coefficient, lipid peroxidation activity and catalase activity. Database formation and statistical calculations were performed using the applied programmes "Microsoft Excel", "ANOVA" for "Windows".Results: The performed research showed that in animals of early age pronounced microcirculatory disorders were observed. About this evidenced significant tissue bloodfilling in the ischemic region of the small intestine. Essential disorder of the blood supply in the organ naturally led to a pronounced fall in the redox potential, the oxygen pressure, and the diffusion oxygen coefficient in the tissues.On a level with the disturbances in the electrogenesis and tissue oxygenation, we found a significant diminution in their antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by a pronounced increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in catalytic activity. Insufficient oxygen supply of tissues caused the development of irreversible changes in the intestinal wall, the disorder of the organ motility with frequent appearance of small intestinal intussusception.Conclusions: A significant disturbance of the small intestine blood supply at the early age, caused by an operating trauma, leads to a pronounced decrease in electrical activity and oxygenation of the organ tissues, accompanied by marked metabolic disorders.Oxygen starvation of tissues in the ischemic region of the small intestine at the early age contributes to the development of irreversible changes in the intestinal wall, and frequent disruption of the regeneration process in this area. Keywords: small intestine; local ischemia; early age
“Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis –Review Of Literature”
Authors: Thorat Ashutosh Jaysing , Dawane Pawan Vilasrao 
Published: March 2019

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a relatively rare unique disease process characterized by an abnormal proliferation of immature dendritic cells usually affecting children and young adults.Discussion: Histiocytosis are rare diseases of great biological variability and a wide range of clinical manifestations. The first manifestations of LCH may occur in the oral cavity may vary from a continuous gingival infection or a dental abscess to necrotizing ulcerating defects or a painful jaw swelling.The criteria for diagnosis of LCH includes identification of the characteristic clinical features histopathological, Immunohistochemical findings. Various treatment modalities has been adopted including wide surgical excision along with radiotherapy,chemotherapy ,isolated radiotherapy and use of alkalizing agents.Keywords- Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Histiocytosis X , Osteolysis of skull