bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Comparison of 6-Mercaptopurine with the Combination of 6-Mercaptopurine and Azaserine in the Treatment of Acute Leukemia in Children: Results of a Cooperative Study
Authors: HEYN R. M. , BRUBAKER C. A. , BURCHENAL J. H. , CRAMBLETT H. G. , WOLFF J. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The results of the first study of the Leukemia Chemotherapy Cooperative Study Group A for the evaluation of two treatment programs in acute leukemia are reported. The cases were accumulated in a period of 15 months. One hundred and twenty-five of the 168 patients started on the study were considered adequately treated and suitable for analysis. The 43 cases excluded from evaluation consisted of patients whose therapy was changed to steroids, those expiring while on treatment, and those lost for follow-up or drug errors. In 125 cases of previously untreated acute leukemia in children, no significant difference was seen in the percentage of complete remissions obtained when 6-mercaptopurine was used alone or when 6-mercaptopurine and azaserine were used in combination.
The duration of the remissions obtained with the combined therapy was not significantly longer than when 6-mercaptopurine was used alone.
Brief Note: A Variety of Human Hemoglobin with 4 Distinct Electrophoretic Components
Authors: ATWATER JEAN , SCHWARTZ I. ROBERT , TOCANTINS L. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A human hemoglobin with four distinct electrophoretic components was observed in an individual with leptocytosis and reticulocytosis. Three of the components were the previously reported hemoglobins A, C and G. The fourth (Porter) with a mobility of zero on conventional paper electrophoresis in alkaline buffer of pH 8.6, appears to be a new component arising as a result of the random association of the other two abnormal components.
Brief Note: Essential Hypocomplementemia: Report of a Case
Authors: SILVERSTEIN ARTHUR M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of essential hypocomplementemia is reported in an individual who for at least 7 years has shown a striking deficiency in serum complement activity, due to a depression in the level of second component of complement. There is no clinical evidence to suggest that the phenomenon has occurred secondary to any recognizable disease process. The significance of complement action and complement deficiency is discussed.
Modification of Irradiation Injury in the Monkey by Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: CROUCH B. G. , OVERMAN RICHARD R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Thirty-two adult monkeys were given a single dose of total-body x-irradiation of 650, 700, or 800 r. An attempt was made in 24 of the animals to alter the acute phase of the radiation injury to hematopoietic tissues sulfficiently to prolong the life of the animals by post-irradiation administration of homologous bone marrow. The other 8 animals served as irradiated non-treated controls. Of the 24 bone marrow treated monkeys, 5 survived for more than 30 days post-irradiation. However, a total of 16 animals showed some recovery of the peripheral blood elements toward normal, which seems to indicate that the bone marrow graft may have been functional in these animals. The causes of death in the face of a recovering bone marrow are discussed with regard to immunological reactions, including the "foreign bone marrow reaction," and other contributing factors.
The Segmental Nature of the Spleen
Authors: VAN R. DREYER B. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Radio-opaque material injected into the spleen of dogs and man leaves the organ quickly and in large amounts, thereby providing indirect evidence of an open circulation through the pulp.
2. The injected material does not diffuse through the pulp of the spleen but remains localized to the segments that have been injected. It is then drained by one or more veins. This is confirmatory evidence that the spleen consists of segments that are anatomically and physiologically separate. The behavior of contrast medium in the spleen of dog and man has been exactly similar. There is enough anatomical and experimental proof that the spleen of the dog has a segmental nature and the suggestion is made that this is also true of the human spleen.
3. A small quantity of contrast medium, retained apparently in the connective tissue framework of the spleen, disappears within 24 hours of injection.
The Relationship of Total Red Cell Volume to Total Body Water in Octogenarian Males
Authors: PIOMELLI SERGIO , NATHAN DAVID G. , CUMMINS JAMES F. , GARDNER FRANK H. , Limauro Alvera L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Studies of red cell volume, total body water and extracellular water have been carried out in a group of octogenarians and in a group of young men.
2. Differences in total red cell volume, blood volume and the distribution of body water were detected.
3. The implications and interpretations of these findings are discussed.
Erythrocyte Fe59 Uptake as a Function of Bone Marrow Dose Injected in Lethally Irradiated Mice
Authors: HODGSON GEORGE S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The relation between bone marrow cell dose and 24-hour erythrocyte Fe59 uptake has been established in lethally irradiated mice. Erythrocyte Fe59 uptake is a function of the dose of bone marrow cells and of the time after irradiation at which Fe59 is injected. By choosing appropriate bone marrow doses and times of Fe59 injection, the range of cell doses between 5 x 105 and 2 x 107 has been explored. The relation between cell dose and Fe59 uptake is linear for Fe59 uptakes between 0 to 30 per cent. The steepest line relating Fe59 uptake to cell dose is that obtained when Fe59 was injected at day 9 and covers the range of 5 X 104 to 5 X 105 cells. The curve obtained when iron is injected on day 5 is much flatter and covers the range of 1 x 106 to 2 x 107 cells. Erythropoiesis stimulating factor (ESF) in doses that stimulate erythrocyte Fe59 uptake in normal mice has no effect in irradiated, bone marrow-treated mice. Homologous marrow is slightly less effective, and rat bone marrow markedly (∼ 100 times) less effective in promoting recovery of erythropoieis. The erythrocyte Fe59 uptake of mice preimmunized with homologous or rat marrow before irradiation is much lower than that of nonpreimmunized animals.
Evidence for Stem Cells in the Peripheral Blood of Mice
Authors: GOODMAN JOAN WRIGHT , HODGSON GEORGE S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukocytes from the peripheral blood of normal F1 hybrid mice have been successfully used to promote survival of lethally irradiated parent and closely related homologous animals. Identification of donor-type red cells and leukocytes has been established on samples of blood taken from several long-term survivors. Histologic data and serologic typing of cells from lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleens of chimeras killed early after irradiation and treatment established that injected peripheral leukocytes had transplanted and were proliferating into lymphocytes, granulocytes, and erythrocytes. Fe59 was taken up by red cells and spleens of leukocyte-injected mice but not by tissues of radiation control animals. The newly formed, Fe59-labeled erythrocytes were hemolyzed by immune serum specific for donor-type antigens.
Acquired Factor X Deficiency Associated with Systematized Amyloidosis—A Report of a Case
Authors: HOWELL MARGARET 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case is described of acquired factor X deficiency in a patient with diffuse amyloidosis and myelomatosis. Rapid transfusion with fresh plasma failed to shorten the Quick single stage prothrombin time. Inhibition of factor X could not be demonstrated in the Patient's plasma in vitro.
Radiation-induced Hemorrhagic Diathesis in Dogs Unassociated with Thrombocytopenia: Association with an Intravascular Protein-Polysaccharide Particle
Authors: WINCHELL H. S. , ANDERSON A. C. , POLLYCOVE MYRON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Significant thrombocytopenia is not present preterminally in dogs given appropriate doses of Y90-DTPA irradiation. Nevertheless, these animals have a severe hemorrhagic diathesis at postmortem examination.
2. Dogs systemically irradiated with Y90-DTPA, and having a terminal hemorrhagic diathesis, demonstrate an intravascular polysaccharide substance at postmortem examination. This polysaccharide has staining characteristics similar to those first reported by Andersen in dogs systemically irradiated with x-rays, and more recently observed in the lesions of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Low Temperature Preservation of Mouse Lymphocytes with Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: ASHWOOD-SMITH M. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mouse lymphocytes have been successfully preserved for 3 months at -196 C. in the presence of 15 per cent dimethyl sulfoxide. Other concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol were less effective. The viability of the frozen lymphocytes was assessed by phase contrast microscopy, protein synthesizing activity and by the ability of these lymphocytes to produce splenomegaly when injected with F1 hybrids.
Leukocyte Kinetics in Hematologic Disorders Studied by DNA-Phosphorus Labeling
Authors: WALKER RICHARD I. , HERION J. C. , HERRING W. B. , PALMER J. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukocyte physiology in the normal and in hematopoietic disease states in humans has been studied by DNA-P labeling with inorganic P32. In the normal there is a post-mitotic granulocyte reservoir in marrow about 17 times the size of the intravascular compartment. Progress through this reservoir is orderly and requires about 6 days. Some 1-2 x 1011 cells daily are released from it into the blood. In polycythemia vera there is an increased production of granulocytes. DNA-P labeling in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia occurs at a very low level and is compatible with a very slow rate of cell renewal. In one patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, no disturbances in kinetics caused by a dose of 20 µc. of P32/Kg. were detected during the time of the study. Although a progressively rising concentration of label in circulating leukocyte DNA was found in patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia, without the lag suggesting a distinct marrow phase, it is concluded that the blood and extravascular leukopoietic compartments cannot be a single compartment. An essentially normal curve is obtained after induction of a complete remission with busulfan.
Studies on the Hemolytic Nature of Protein-Deficiency Anemia in the Rat
Authors: DELMONTE L. , ASCHKENASY A. , EYQUEM A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The hemolytic nature of experimental protein deprivation (PD) anemia has been established (1) by in vitro evidence of (a) the abnormal hemolytic behavior of the PD erythrocytes and an impairment of their reactivity to the protective effect of normal serum and certain of its fractions, and (b) the defective antihemolytic potency of PD serum towards both PD and normal erythrocytes; and (2) by in vivo evidence of the PD erythrocytes’ decreased survival potential.
The hypersensitivity of the PD erythrocytes to chemical and mechanical trauma is interesting, in view of the fact that the cell population is heterogeneous and during the late stage actually includes a slightly elevated percentage of young forms which, normally, should be less sensitive to such trauma. Hence the findings of decreased chemical, alkali and mechanical resistance and increased osmotic resistance in vitro, decreased in vivo survival potential, and impaired responsiveness to in vitro protection by normal serum, lecithin and cholesterol against hemolytic factors, all point to a cellular origin, namely a structural defect, as the cause of the hemolytic nature of experimental PD anemia.
It is probable that the defective composition of PD serum which is less effective than normal serum in protecting normal erythrocytes against chemical, alkali and mechanical trauma in vitro, also contributes to the hemolytic nature of experimental PD anemia in the rat.
RNA Synthesis in Cultures of Normal Human Peripheral Blood
Authors: EPSTEIN LOIS B. , STOHLMAN FREDERICK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
RNA and DNA synthesis were measured in cultures of normal human peripheral blood using tritiated cytidine and thymidine and autoradiographic technics. RNA synthesis preceded DNA synthesis by 24 hours. RNA synthesis occurred predominantly in the large and medium-sized "blast-like" cells, but did occur, to a lesser extent, in the small lymphocytes. RNA synthesis did not occur in the absence of phytohemagglutinin, nor did DNA synthesis. Mechanisms of action of phytohemagglutinin are discussed with particular reference to its possible antigenic nature.
The Effect of Erythropoietic Stimulation on Marrow Distribution in Man, Rabbit and Rat as Shown by Fe59 and Fe52
Authors: VAN DYKE DONALD , ANGER HAL , POLLYCOVE MYRON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Distribution of marrow within the skeleton has been determined in man, rabbits, and rats by in vivo labeling of the marrow compartment with radioiron and either assaying each bone separately for radioactivity or obtaining a gamma-ray image of the distribution of the marrow by whole body scanner or positron scintillation camera. In man, extension of marrow into unusual sites was demonstrated after prolonged and severe stimulation, excessive blood loss, or hemolysis for a long period. A rabbit made severely anemic by administration of phenylhydrazine for 7 days showed extension of marrow into the distal portion of the humeri and femora. In rats in which erythropoiesis was stimulated by erythropoietin administration there was no significant increase in total marrow volume and no change in distribution of marrow within the skeleton.
The positron scintillation camera provides an excellent method for qualitative evaluation of the marrow distribution. It has sufficient resolving power to give a good picture of the distribution of marrow with Fe52 in a skeleton as small as that of the rat. The distribution apparent from the positron pictures has been confirmed by complete skeletal analysis of individual bones.
Phagocytized Plasma Cells in Mouse Spleen Observed by Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: SWARTZENDRUBER D. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A correlative light and electron microscopic study is reported of pyknotic, phagocytized plasma cells in the mouse spleen following a single intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes or rat bone marrow. Phagocytized plasma cells were observed in both red and white pulp between 3 and 7 days after antigen injection. A few mature plasma cells and plasma cells with Russel bodies were found 10 days after stimulation with no evidence of recognizable phagocytized plasma cells. Phagocytosis clearly plays some role in the removal of plasma cells from the spleen under the conditions employed in this study, although the possibility that significant numbers of plasmacytes migrate out of the spleen is considered. A correlation of phagocytized plasma cells with the log phase of antibody appearance in the circulation is indicated.
The Effect of Total Body Irradiation on the Labeling of Circulating Mouse Lymphocytes with Tritiated Thymidine
Authors: WHITELAW D. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tritiated thymidine was administered to C3H mice at frequent intervals by intraperitoneal injection over a 2-week period. About one-third of the circulating small lymphocytes were labeled by this procedure. The animals were then exposed to 208 rads of external irradiation which resulted in a fivefold drop in the total circulating lymphocyte count. The labeled newly formed lymphocytes and the unlabeled older lymphocytes proved to be equally sensitive to radiation. The rate of labeling of peripheral blood lymphocytes was unaffected by a single dose of radiation or by a subsequent dose delivered 4 days later. The decline in the curve of labeling, following the discontinuation of labeling with tritiated thymidine, was the same for irradiated and unirradiated mice. These experiments suggest that the output of new lymphocytes is directly related to the level of circulating small lymphocytes and may possibly depend on transformation of small lymphocytes to large proliferating cells.
The Influence of Chemotherapy on Survival in Acute Leukemia
Authors: MANGALIK A. , BOGGS D. R. , WINTROBE M. M. , CARTWRIGHT G. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three-hundred and ninety-nine patients with acute leukemia examined during the period 1947-1964 were divided into three sequential series and their survival, from diagnosis to death, was compared.
A statistically significant increase in duration of survival for myeloblastic leukemia from a median of 2 to 5 months occurred between series I and series III. This is the first convincing evidence that 6-mercaptopurine therapy influences survival in myeloblastic leukemia.
A steady increase in median survival of patients with lymphoblastic leukemia from 4 to 8 to 12 months was found in the three series. The results of analysis of these series are compared to other reported series. The hypothesis —that the longer survivals reported for patients treated in hematology clinics compared to that of patients selected from population areas reflects patient selection—was examined and appeared unlikely.
Factors Controlling Erythropoiesis in Birds
Authors: ROSSE WENDELL F. , WALDMANN THOMAS A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Erythropoiesis in birds is stimulated by bleeding and environmental hypoxia and is suppressed by induced polycythemia, indicating that the physiologic response is similar to that in mammals.
2. This response is mediated through a humoral factor which stimulates erythropoiesis of birds but not of mammals. Similarly, the erythropoietin of mammals does not stimulate the erythropoiesis of birds.
3. Although both the erythropoiesis stimulating factor of birds and of mammals appear to require an intact protein structure for biological activity, the erythropoietin of birds differs from that of mammals in that it is not destroyed by sialidase and does not lose its activity when reacted with antibody to human urinary erythropoietin.
Hemangioma-Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Associated with Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: PROPP RICHARD P. , SCHARFMAN WILLIAM B. , Dylong Vivian M. , Scott Helen F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An infant with hemangioma-thrombocytopenia syndrome who was successfully treated with x-irradiation over the hemangioma is described. Studies showed suggestive platelet sequestration in the tumor (as well as spleen), decreased platelet survival, and red cell changes compatible with cell trauma. Speculations concerning the mechanism of the thrombocytopenia are discussed. It is suggested that careful attention should be given to red cell morphology in cases of giant hemangioma in children, particularly those associated with thrombocytopenia.
Ultrastructural Observations on Platelet Adhesion Reactions
Authors: ERICHSON ROBERT B. , KATZ ALFRED J. , CINTRON JOSE R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The morphology of platelet-fibrin interaction in retracting clots and following exposure of platelets to preformed fibrin particles has been studied with the electron microscope. The interaction involved close conformity of the structures at a finite distance, usually 100 to 200 angstroms, and platelet engulfment of fibrin. The morphology closely resembles other platelet adhesion reactions, and it is suggested that the interaction described here is the ultrastructural representation of platelet-fibrin adhesion.
Brief Report: Erythrocytosis Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: MCFADZEAN A. J. S. , TODD D. , TSO S. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Employing the polycythemic mouse technic, plasma erythropoiesis-stimulating factor (ESF) was assayed in eight patients with hepatocellular carcinoma of whom four had associated erythrocytosis. An increase was demonstrated in three of the four patients with erythrocytosis. Tumor homogenates from two patients with erythrocytosis were also assayed for ESF but showed no activity.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF ANEMIA IN ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. ESTIMATIONS OF BLOOD PRODUCTION AND BLOOD DESTRUCTION IN A CASE RECEIVING MASSIVE TRANSFUSIONS
Authors: EMERSON CHARLES P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A 27 year old patient with an initial episode of acute glomerulonephritis was observed over a fifty day period, studies being directed primarily in an attempt to define the mechanisms responsible for a rapidly developing anemia. Hematologic data, including serial blood volume measurements and selective agglutination counts were obtained before and after the introduction of massive transfusion therapy.
2. The administration of group-O whole blood containing incompatible anti-A isoagglutinins in the first series of transfusions failed to improve the anemia but initiated a sustained reticulocyte response. Following this therapy there was evidence of increased blood destruction involving both the recipient’s and the normal donor erythrocytes.
3. Data obtained following a second series of transfusions employing plasma-free group-O red cells, administered during a recovery phase when renal function had improved, indicated that blood destruction had largely abated and that hemopoietic activity was normal.
4. Two factors of undetermined origin are believed to have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anemia in this case: one, the occurrence of abnormally rapid blood destruction, and the other, impairment of blood formation. Both phenomena were associated with the presence of nitrogen retention, despite which, however, a prompt erythropoietic response followed the transfusion of whole blood with quantitative replacement of patient’s red cells with donor erythrocytes, suggesting that previous bone marrow inactivity was not attributable to "toxic suppression."
The Effect of Preceding Blood Transfusions on the Fate of Homologous Bone Marrow Grafts in Lethally Irradiated Monkeys
Authors: VAN PUTTEN L. M. , VAN BEKKUM D. W. , DE VRIES M. J. , BALNEB H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Attempts at bone marrow transplantation after total body irradiation in Rhesus monkeys which have received multiple blood transfusions leads only rarely to acceptance of the graft, whereas in animals that were not previously transfused, a take of the graft is the rule. Immunization against subsequent bone marrow transplants was not only observed after transfusions with blood from the future donor, but also after multiple transfusions from unrelated third-party donors.
From these observations in monkeys it is concluded that many of the failures to observe a take of attempted bone marrow transplants in man may be related to the fact that the recipient had received multiple blood transfusions prior to transplantation.
Brief Report: Immune Response in Mice with Plasma-Cell Tumor (X5563) Assayed by Agar Plaque Technique
Authors: HIRANO SHINJI , IMAMURA YUKIO , TAKAKU FUMIMARO , NAKAO KIKU 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The immune response to sheep erythrocytes in mice with the gamma-type plasma-cell tumor (X5563) was measured on a cellular level by agar plaque technique of Jerne et al. It was demonstrated that there was a reduction in the number of plaque-forming cells involved in the primary response but not in the secondary response in the mice which were immunized shortly before the inoculation of the tumor. These findings indicate that the lowered antibody response in mice with the tumor is due to a diminished number of antibody-forming cells.
Intraerythroblastic Instability of Hemoglobin β4 (Hgb H)
Authors: FESSAS PHAEDON , YATAGHANAS XENOPHON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The bone marrow of three cases of hemoglobin H disease was examined by vital staining with methyl violet. Intraerythroblastic precipitation of hemoglobin, presumably β-chains, was observed in varying degree in all three cases. The process has been studied in relation to erythroblastic maturation and the occurrence of precipitates during early stages of hemoglobin synthesis was demonstrated. The observations are discussed in relation to present-day knowledge concerning hemoglobin β4 and the α-thalassemias.