bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary and secondary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Korea from 2003 to 2018
Authors: Lee Ju Yup , Kim Nayoung , Nam Ryoung Hee , In Choi Soo , Lee Jung Won , Lee Dong Ho 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) affects the efficacy of eradication therapy. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of primary and secondary resistance of H pylori isolates to antibiotics in Korea.MethodsThe present study was performed from 2003 to 2018. Primary resistance was evaluated in 591 patients without any history of eradication and secondary resistance in 149 patients from whom Helicobacter pylori was cultured after failure of eradication. A minimal inhibitory concentration test was performed for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and rifabutin using the agar dilution method.ResultsAn increase in the primary resistance rate was found in clarithromycin (P < .001), metronidazole (P < .001), and both levofloxacin (P < .001) during the study period. The primary resistance rates of amoxicillin and tetracycline were low and stable during the study period. The secondary resistance rate significantly increased in metronidazole and levofloxacin (P = .022 and .039, respectively).ConclusionsThe primary and secondary resistance rates of clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin for Helicobacter pylori in Korea were high and increased over time. However, the primary and secondary resistance rates of amoxicillin and tetracycline were low and stable over time. These results will help in selecting effective eradication regimens of H pylori in Korea in the future.
THE CONCEPT OF TRANSPARENCY, ITS HISTORY, AND THE THEORY OF BEGRIFFSGESCHICHTE
Authors: Dunstall Andrew 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTIn this review essay, I examine the theoretical assumptions required in order to reconstruct an understanding of another historical period. Stefanos Geroulanos has produced a masterful history of mid‐twentieth‐century French thought, and he argues for a significant difference between that period and our own based on the values and ideas associated with the concept of transparency. The book is innovative in both its method and interpretation of the period of 1945–1984. However, despite the suggestive theoretical framework announced at its start, Geroulanos prefers to explore the theoretical content of conceptual history more than to explain how one might go about identifying, understanding, and translating the concepts of a different epoch. In order to contribute to what is already a successful project, I endeavor to extend some of Geroulanos's theoretical sketches through a comparison with Reinhart Koselleck's theory of Begriffsgechichte. Despite some muted criticism of Koselleck from Geroulanos, I argue that the projects share similar commitments, although Geroulanos needs to develop his theoretical premises at greater length, both for a full comparison and in order to complete the critical project that Transparency appears to be undertaking.
Measurement of the mechanical properties of silver and enamel thick films using nanoindentation
Authors: Walch Emmanuel Bastien Tommy , Roos Christian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAnalyzing material properties of thick film multilayers deposited onto soda‐lime silicate glass raises several challenges since these layers can exhibit complex multiphase microstructures. The mechanical properties of sintered silver and glass enamel thick films have been investigated using nanoindentation methods to provide deeper understanding of the composite stack in‐service failure mechanisms. The spatial distribution of the Young's modulus and hardness have been studied on the cross section of the layers to avoid the influence of surface roughness and underlying glass substrate. The apparent indentation fracture toughness of the layers has been evaluated via SEM and high‐resolution surface topography images of the hardness imprints. A modified Berkovich indenter has been employed to study the elastic and plastic deformation regimes while the fracture deformation regime has been investigated using a cube‐corner indenter. In the enamel layer, copper chromite spinel pigments were found to provide a beneficial effect on the films mechanical performance due to their significantly higher elastic, hardness, and toughness properties compared to the surrounding amorphous phase. The amorphous phase of the enamel layer and the glass substrate has comparable mechanical properties, while the fracture toughness of sintered silver is higher, partially explaining the failure initiation in the enamel layer.
Assessment of the techno‐functionality, starch digestion rates and protein quality of rice flour–whey protein instant powders produced in a twin extruder
Authors: Heredia‐Olea Erick , Contreras‐Alvarado Maria Dolores , Perez‐Carrillo Esther , Rosa‐Millán Julian De la , Serna‐Saldivar Sergio Othón 
Published: September 2019

SummaryWhey protein concentrate (WPC) is an important raw material for the production of instant beverages due to its protein properties. A central composite design was devised to analyse the effects of thermoplastic extrusion of 2:1 rice flour:WPC blends in physical, chemical–nutritional and functional properties. Three main factors were selected, screw speed (225–375 r.p.m.), conditioning moisture (17%–23%) and temperature (120–180 °C) to evaluate effects on water absorption (WAI) and solubility (WSI) indexes, viscoamylograph cold and final viscosities, in vitro protein and starch digestibilities and starch hydrolysis indexes (HI). A second‐order model showed that linear parameters were significant for all variables studies. Conditioning moisture affected properties more significantly than temperature and screws speed. The best treatment (16% moisture conditioning, 180 °C last barrel zone and screws rotating at 350 r.p.m.) in terms of water solubility had high starch in vitro digestibility and excellent protein quality determined in vitro and in vivo with weanling rats.
Pseudotumours in haemophilia: non‐adherence, under‐reporting bleeds or bad luck?
Authors: Mezhov Veronica , Campbell Sally , Powell Anne , Tran Huyen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPseudotumours are a rare, severe complication of haemophilia which can occur in a spectrum of bones and soft tissues. It consists of an encapsulated blood collection, and as the swelling increases causes compression and eventual slow destruction of surrounding structures. Presented here are two cases of patients with haemophilia and pseudotumours, which demonstrate the heterogeneity of presenting symptoms and of treatment options.
Cancer immune escape: MHC expression in primary tumours versus metastases
Authors: Garrido Federico , Aptsiauri Natalia 
Published: September 2019

SummaryTumours can escape T‐cell responses by losing major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/ human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. In the early stages of cancer development, primary tumours are composed of homogeneous HLA class I‐positive cancer cells. Subsequently, infiltration of the tumour by T cells generates a vast diversity of tumour clones with different MHC class I expressions. A Darwinian type of T‐cell‐mediated immune selection results in a tumour composed solely of MHC class I‐negative cells. Metastatic colonization is a highly complex phenomenon in which T lymphocytes and natural killer cells play a major role. We have obtained evidence that the MHC class I phenotype of metastatic colonies can be highly diverse and is not necessarily the same as that of the primary tumour. The molecular mechanisms responsible for MHC/HLA class I alterations are an important determinant of the clinical response to cancer immunotherapy. Hence, immunotherapy can successfully up‐regulate MHC/HLA class I expression if the alteration is reversible (‘soft’), leading to T‐cell‐mediated tumour regression. In contrast, it cannot recover this expression if the alteration is irreversible (‘hard’), when tumour cells escape T‐cell‐mediated destruction with subsequent cancer progression. This review summarizes clinical and experimental data on the complexity of immune escape mechanisms used by tumour cells to avoid T and natural killer cell responses. We also provide in‐depth analysis of the nature of MHC/HLA class I changes during metastatic colonization and contribute evidence of the enormous diversity of MHC/HLA class I phenotypes that can be produced by tumour cells during this process.
Tolerogenic dendritic cell transfer ameliorates systemic lupus erythematosus in mice
Authors: Funes Samanta C. , Ríos Mariana , Gómez‐Santander Felipe , Fernández‐Fierro Ayleen , Altamirano‐Lagos María J. , Rivera‐Perez Daniela , Pulgar‐Sepúlveda Raul , Jara Evelyn L. , Rebolledo‐Zelada Diego , Villarroel Alejandra , Roa Juan C. , Mackern‐Oberti Juan P. , Kalergis Alexis M. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryCurrent treatments for systemic autoimmune diseases partially improve the health of patients displaying low pharmacological efficacy and systemic immunosuppression. Here, the therapeutic potential of transferring tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) generated with heme‐oxygenase inductor cobalt (III) protoporphyrin IX (CoPP), dexamethasone and rosiglitazone for the treatment of systemic autoimmunity was evaluated in two murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), MRL‐Faslpr and NZM2410 mice. Dendritic cells treated ex vivo with these drugs showed a stable tolerogenic profile after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Regular doses of tolDCs were administered to anti‐nuclear antibody‐positive mice throughout 60–70 days, and the clinical score was evaluated. Long‐term treatment with these tolDCs was well tolerated and effective to improve the clinical score on MRL‐Faslpr lupus‐prone mice. Additionally, decreased levels of anti‐nuclear antibodies in NZM2410 mice were observed. Although tolDC treatment increased regulatory T cells, no significant reduction of renal damage or glomerulonephritis could be found. In conclusion, these results suggest that the transfer of histone‐loaded tolDCs could improve only some SLE symptoms and reduced anti‐nuclear antibodies. This is the first study to evaluate antigen‐specific tolDC administration to treat SLE. Our report strengthens the clinical relevance of tolDC generation with CoPP, dexamethasone and rosiglitazone and the use of these modified cells as a therapy for systemic autoimmunity.
Recurrent atrial fibrillation/flutter detection after ablation or cardioversion using the AliveCor KardiaMobile device: iHEART results
Authors: Goldenthal Isaac L. , Sciacca Robert R. , Riga Teresa , Bakken Suzanne , Baumeister Maurita , Biviano Angelo B. , Dizon Jose M. , Wang Daniel , Wang Ketty C , Whang William , Hickey Kathleen T. , Garan Hasan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated the impact of daily ECG (electrocardiogram) self‐recordings on time to documented recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFL) and time to treatment of recurrent arrhythmia in patients undergoing catheter radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or direct current cardioversion (DCCV) for AF/AFL.BackgroundAF recurrence rates after RFA and DCCV are 20% to 45% and 60% to 80%, respectively. Randomized trials comparing mobile ECG devices to standard of care have not been performed in an AF/AFL population after treatment.MethodsOf 262 patients consented, 238 were randomized to either standard of care (123) or to receive the iHEART intervention (115). Patients in the intervention group were provided with and trained to use an AliveCor KardiaMobile ECG monitor, and were instructed to take and transmit daily ECG recordings. Data were collected from transmitted ECG recordings and patients’ electronic health records.ResultsIn a multivariate Cox model, the likelihood of recurrence detection was greater in the intervention group (hazard ratio = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06‐2.30, P = .024). Hazard ratios did not differ significantly for RFA and DCCV procedures. Recurrence during the first month after ablation strongly predicted later recurrence (hazard ratio = 4.53, 95% CI: 2.05‐10.00, P = .0006). Time from detection to treatment was shorter for the control group (hazard ratio = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.57‐2.92, P < .0001).ConclusionsThe use of mobile ECG self‐recording devices allows for earlier detection of AF/AFL recurrence and may empower patients to engage in shared health decision‐making.
Icariin promotes angiogenesis in glucocorticoid‐induced osteonecrosis of femoral heads: In vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Yu Huachen , Yue Ju’an , Wang Weiguo , Liu Pei , Zuo Wei , Guo Wanshou , Zhang Qidong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe injury and dysfunction of the femoral head microvascular endothelial cells are associated with the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Reports indicate that icariin (ICA) can enhance vascular roles and also inhibit endothelial cell dysfunction. However, it still remains unclear whether ICA can promote angiogenesis in glucocorticoid‐induced ONFH. In this study, we investigate this hypothesis through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results showed that 0.1 mg/mL hydrocortisone significantly suppressed bone microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) proliferation while ICA at 10−5 mol/L reversed this inhibition. ICA significantly promoted BMECs migration, tube formation, the angiogenesis‐related cytokines expression and the activation of Akt. Furthermore, ICA enhanced Bcl‐2 expression but diminished Bax expression. According to in vivo results, rats with ICA treatment exhibited a lower ratio of empty lacunae, higher volume of blood vessels and more CD31‐positive cells. This study revealed that ICA promotes angiogenesis of BMECs in vitro and improves femoral head blood vessel volume of rats treated with glucocorticoid, suggesting the efficacy of ICA in the prevention of glucocorticoid‐induced ONFH.
Reciprocal regulation of miR‐206 and IL‐6/STAT3 pathway mediates IL6‐induced gefitinib resistance in EGFR‐mutant lung cancer cells
Authors: Yang Yanhua , Wang Wei , Chang Hong , Han Zenglei , Yu Xinjuan , Zhang Tingguo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPersistently activated IL‐6/STAT3 pathway promotes acquired resistance to targeted therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) in non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. miR‐206 has been verified to be dysregulated and plays as a negative regulator in lung cancer. However, whether miR‐206 may overcome IL6‐induced gefitinib resistance in EGFR‐mutant lung cancer remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of miR‐206 in IL6‐induced gefitinib‐resistant EGFR‐mutated lung cancer cell lines. We showed that forced miR‐206 expression restored gefitinib sensitivity in IL6‐induced gefitinib‐resistant EGFR‐mutant lung cancer cells by inhibiting IL6/JAK1/STAT3 pathway. Specifically, mechanistic investigations revealed that miR‐206 blocked IL‐6/STAT3 signalling via directly targeting the 3'‐UTR of intracellular IL‐6 messenger RNA. Moreover, IL‐6 induced miR‐206 down‐regulation by reducing the cropping process of primary miR‐206 (pri‐miR‐206) into the Drosha/DGCR8 complex. Taken together, our findings reveal a direct role of miR‐206 in regulating IL‐6/STAT3 pathway and contrarily activated IL‐6/STAT3 signalling mediates the miR‐206 maturation process in gefitinib‐resistant EGFR‐mutant lung cancer cells.
Effects of autophagy on apoptosis of articular chondrocytes in adjuvant arthritis rats
Authors: Zhou Renpeng , Zhu Fei , Wu Xiaoshan , Song Sujing , Chen Yong , Zhu Chuanjun , Dai Beibei , Qian Xuewen , Wang Ke , Hu Wei , Chen Feihu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that eventually leads to joint deformities and loss of joint function. Previous studies have demonstrated a close relationship between autophagy and the development of RA. Although autophagy and apoptosis are two different forms of programmed death, the relationship between them in relation to RA remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effect of autophagy on apoptosis of articular chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro. Adjuvant arthritis (AA) and acid‐induced primary articular chondrocyte apoptosis were used as in vivo and in vitro models, respectively. Articular chondrocyte autophagy and apoptosis were both observed dynamically in AA rat articular cartilage at different stages (15 days, 25 days and 35 days). Moreover, chondrocyte apoptosis and articular cartilage injury in AA rats were increased by the autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) and decreased by the autophagy activator rapamycin. In addition, pre‐treatment with 3‐MA increased acid‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis, while pre‐treatment with rapamycin reduced acid‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro. These results suggest that autophagy might be a potential target for the treatment of RA.
Sperm competitive advantage of a rare mitochondrial haplogroup linked to differential expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation genes
Authors: Zeh Jeanne A. , Zawlodzki Maya A. , Bonilla Melvin M. , Su‐Keene Eleanor J. , Padua Michael V. , Zeh David W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMaternal inheritance of mitochondria creates a sex‐specific selective sieve through which mitochondrial mutations harmful to males but not females accumulate and contribute to sexual differences in longevity and disease susceptibility. Because eggs and sperm are under disruptive selection, sperm are predicted to be particularly vulnerable to the genetic load generated by maternal inheritance, yet evidence for mitochondrial involvement in male fertility is limited and controversial. Here, we exploit the coexistence of two divergent mitochondrial haplogroups (A and B2) in a Neotropical arachnid to investigate the role of mitochondria in sperm competition. DNA profiling demonstrated that B2‐carrying males sired more than three times as many offspring in sperm competition experiments than A males, and this B2 competitive advantage cannot be explained by female mitochondrial haplogroup or male nuclear genetic background. RNA‐Seq of testicular tissues implicates differential expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes in the B2 competitive advantage, including a 22‐fold upregulation of atp8 in B2 males. Previous comparative genomic analyses have revealed functionally significant amino acid substitutions in differentially expressed genes, indicating that the mitochondrial haplogroups differ not only in expression but also in DNA sequence and protein functioning. However, mitochondrial haplogroup had no effect on sperm number or sperm viability, and, when females were mated to a single male, neither male haplogroup, female haplogroup nor the interaction between male/female haplogroup significantly affected female reproductive success. Our findings therefore suggest that mitochondrial effects on male reproduction may often go undetected in noncompetitive contexts and may prove more important in nature than is currently appreciated.
Co‐evolution of cerebral and cerebellar expansion in cetaceans
Authors: Muller Amandine Sophie , Montgomery Stephen Hugh 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCetaceans possess brains that rank among the largest to have ever evolved, either in terms of absolute mass or relative to body size. Cetaceans have evolved these huge brains under relatively unique environmental conditions, making them a fascinating case study to investigate the constraints and selection pressures that shape how brains evolve. Indeed, cetaceans have some unusual neuroanatomical features, including a thin but highly folded cerebrum with low cortical neuron density, as well as many structural adaptations associated with acoustic communication. Previous reports also suggest that at least some cetaceans have an expanded cerebellum, a brain structure with wide‐ranging functions in adaptive filtering of sensory information, the control of motor actions, and cognition. Here, we report that, relative to the size of the rest of the brain, both the cerebrum and cerebellum are dramatically enlarged in cetaceans and show evidence of co‐evolution, a pattern of brain evolution that is convergent with primates. However, we also highlight several branches where cortico‐cerebellar co‐evolution may be partially decoupled, suggesting these structures can respond to independent selection pressures. Across cetaceans, we find no evidence of a simple linear relationship between either cerebrum and cerebellum size and the complexity of social ecology or acoustic communication, but do find evidence that their expansion may be associated with dietary breadth. In addition, our results suggest that major increases in both cerebrum and cerebellum size occurred early in cetacean evolution, prior to the origin of the major extant clades, and predate the evolution of echolocation.
When food regimes become hegemonic: Agrarian India through a Gramscian lens
Authors: Brown Trent 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe concept of food regimes, as developed by Friedmann and McMichael, has proven useful in analysing how systems of food production, distribution, and consumption are linked to cycles of global capital accumulation and identifying the contradictions and conflicts that underlie them. A question that food regime analysis is relatively less able to address, however, is how food regimes become established and endure with the apparent acquiescence of those who are the victims of their contradictions and inequities. In this paper, I argue that a deeper engagement with Gramsci's theory of hegemony may help to address this lacuna in food regime analysis. To illustrate my case, I draw on studies of rural India from the colonial period to the present day, highlighting the ways in which the hegemonic mechanisms of consent and coercion have been crucial to the consolidation of each of the three food regimes identified by Friedmann and McMichael.