bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kuruluşunun İlk Yıllarında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Uygulanan Hükümet Sistemleri
Authors: AYGEN Murat , ATMACA Yıldız 
Published: September 2019

Hükümet sistemlerinin
anlaşılmasında ve sınıflandırılmasında, yasama, yürütme ve yargının hangi
organda birleştiği, ayrıştığı veya birbirleri üzerinde hangisinin etkin olduğu,
bunlar arasındaki ilişkinin nasıl olması gerektiği temel hareket noktası
olmuştur. Bir ülkede hangi hükümet sistemi uygulanacak olursa olsun, yargının,
yasama ve yürütme organlarından bağımsız olması çok önemlidir. Yargının
siyasallaştığı bir hükümet sisteminin fayda ve zararlarını tartışılmasına gerek
bile yoktur. Dünyada uygulanan hükümet sistemleri kuvvetler birliğine ve
kuvvetler ayrılığına dayanan sistemler olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Ancak, hükümet sistemi ile devlet sistemi
farklı şeyler olduğundan federal devlet türünde başkanlık sistemi
uygulanabileceği gibi, parlamenter sistem, meclis hükümeti sistemi veya
yarı-başkanlık sistemi de uygulanabilir. Aynı şekilde üniter devlet türünde
yarı-başkanlık sistemi uygulanabileceği gibi, benzer şekilde parlamenter sistem
ve başkanlık sistemi de uygulanabilir. Veya üniter bir devlet olan Türkiye'de
uygulanan Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemi veya kendine has Türk tipi başkanlık
sistemi de uygulanabilir. Uygulanacak hükümet sistemleri, uygulanması düşünülen
ülkelerin siyasal kültürüne, siyaset sosyolojisine, dünyadaki korunganlık
durumlarına ve geçmişte yaşadığı siyasi deneyimlerine ve demokrasisinin
kırılganlığına bağlıdır. Bir ülkede başarılı bir şekilde uygulanan aynı hükümet
sisteminin diğer ülkelerde de başarılı bir şekilde uygulanabileceği yönünde bir
durum söz konusu değildir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin
kuruluşundan bu yana hangi hükümet sistemlerini etkin bir şekilde uyguladığı
hususunu incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden ikinci kaynak araştırması ve içerik analizi
yönetimi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, Türkiye’nin farklı dönemlerde farklı
hükümet sistemlerine kapı araladıkları
anlaşılmıştır.
OPTIMASI PROSES PIROLISIS ASAP CAIR DARI TEMPURUNG KELAPA DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI KOAGULAN LATEKS
Authors: Jaya Jaka Darma , Nuryati Nuryati , Badri Badri 
Published: September 2019

Salah satu pemanfaatan tempurung kelapa supaya bernilai ekonomis yang tinggi adalah dibuat asap cair dengan proses pirolisis. Asap cair merupakan suatu campuran larutan dan dispersi koloid dari uap asap kayu dalam air yang diperoleh dari hasil pirolisa kayu atau dibuat dari campuran senyawa murni. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi proses pirolisis asap cair dan mengaplikasikannya sebagai koagulan lateks. Optimasi proses pirolisis dilakukan dengan melakukan variasi suhu dan waktu pirolisis sebagai berikut: perlakuan A (suhu 150°C waktu 1 jam), perlakuan B (suhu 150°C waktu 2 jam), perlakuan C (suhu 175°C waktu 1 jam), perlakuan D (suhu 175°C waktu 2 jam), perlakuan E (suhu 200°C waktu 1 jam) dan perlakuan F (suhu 200°C waktu 2 jam). Berdasarkan hasil pirolisis ini diketahui bahwa perlakuan dengan suhu 175oC dan waktu 2 jam menghasilkan rendemen tertinggi (27,34%) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Pada tahapan aplikasi asap cair sebagai koagulan latek diperoleh data kadar karet kering dengan menggunakan koagulan asap cair tempurung kelapa memberikan hasil yang bervariasi antara 39,69-41,24%. Asap cair yang diperoleh dari perlakuan suhu 175°C waktu 2 jam menunjukkan kadar karet kering tertinggi sebesar 41,24% dan asap cair yang diperoleh dari perlakuan suhu 150°C waktu 2 jam menunjukkan kadar karet kering terendah sebesar 39,69%. Kinerja koagulasi lateks oleh asap cair dari tempurung kelapa masih berada sedikit dibawah asap cair dari cangkang kelapa sawit dan asam formiat, asap cair dari tempurung kelapa. Akan tetapi data penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asap cair tempurung kelapa berpotensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai koagulan latek yang ramah lingkungan dan ekonomis, mengingat ketersediaannya yang melimpah di wilayah Kalimantan Selatan.
Pemanfaatan Isolat Selulosa Ampas Tebu sebagai Chelating Agent (CAT) Zat Pewarna pada Jajanan Anak Sekolahan (JAS)
Authors: Abdullah Romario , Bilondatu Karmila , Tulie Wina Zulfiana , Kunusa Wiwin Rewini 
Published: September 2019

This study aims to detect synthetic dyes in JAS (School Children Snacks) using a chelating
agent (CAT) from bagasse waste. Instrumentation used in the analysis was spectronic 20D.
Sugarcane pulp cellulose products as CAT adsorbent rhodamine B coloring agent, metanil
yellow and tartrazine in JAS were applied to 10 types of soft drink samples circulating in the
market in Gorontalo City. The method used is the adsorption method. The adsorption capacity
produced by cellulose with 75% content and α-cellulose content was 37.8% for sample 1 (56%)
sample 2 (12%), sample 3 (83%), sample 4 (54%), sample 5 (45%) , sample 6 (54%), sample 7
(51%), sample 8 (27%), sample 9 (69%) and sample 10 (25%). The adsorption capacity
produced by cellulose was 88.4% and α-cellulose content was 45.2% for sample 1 (56%)
sample 2 (12%), sample 3 (83%), sample 4 (54%), sample 5 (45%) , sample 6 (54%), sample 7
(51%), sample 8 (27%), sample 9 (69%) and sample 10 (25%).
QSAR Study of Indolylisoxazoline Analogues for Their Antiprostat Activity
Authors: Kilo Jafar La , Kilo Akram La 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Quantitative Structure-Activity relationship study of 13 Indolylisoxazoline analogues as antiprostat agent using multiple linear regression (MLR) has been done. Geometri optimization of Indolylisoxazoline analogues using molecular mechanics (MM+) method. The best QSAR model from regression analysis is log IC50 Pred = 30,877 - 71,847 x qC10 + 165,070 x qC11 + 70,106 x qC13 with most influents descriptor to antiprostat activity are qC10, qC11 dan qC13.
ГдебылпохороненВитусБеринг?
Authors: Okhotina-Lind N 
Published: September 2019

В 1991 году на острове Беринга археологи раскопали шесть могил. Одна, могила 6, была идентифицирована как могила капитанаКоммандера Витуса Беринга, скончавшегося 8 декабря 1741 года. Остальные пять могил считались принадлежащими членам экипажа Второй Камчатской экспедиции. Эти отождествления никогда не проверялись и не оспаривались, тем не менее реконструированные лицевые характеристики черепа в могиле 6 в целом были признаны представляющими череп Витуса Беринга и в настоящее время широко известны из многочисленных бюстов. В статье рассматриваются и анализируются все известные письменные источники, касающиеся гибели и захоронений членов экипажа экспедиции, а также антропологические данные, опубликованные археологами. В результате доказывается, что ни утверждение о том, что в одной могиле находились кости Витуса Беринга, ни идентификация остальных пяти не выдерживают критики. Кроме того, антропологические данные полностью опровергают утверждение археологов о том, что это был некрополь Второй Камчатской экспедиции . Соответственно, портрет, созданный на основе черепа в могиле 6, никак нельзя отождествить с Витусом Берингом. Следовательно, место захоронения исследователя до сих пор неизвестно.In 1991 on Bering Island archeologists excavated six graves. One, grave 6, was identified as the grave of CaptainCommander Vitus Bering, who died December 8, 1741. The remaining five graves were considered to belong to crewmen of the Second Kamchatka expedition. These identifications have never been verified nor contested, nonetheless the reconstructed facial characteristics of the skull in grave 6 has generally been acknowledged as representing those of Vitus Bering and are now widely known from numerous busts. In the article all known written sources, pertaining to the deaths and burials of crew members of the Expedition, are considered and analyzed, as are the anthropological data published by the archaeologists. As a result, it is demonstrated that neither the claim that one grave contained the bones of Vitus Bering nor the identifications of the remaining five stands up to criticism. Furthermore, the anthropological data entirely disproves the archaeologists claim that this was the necropolis of the Second Kamchatka expedition . Accordingly, the portrait created on the basis of the skull in grave 6 cannot possibly be identified with Vitus Bering. Hence the burial place of the explorer is still unknown.
Factores asociados al abandono de terapia antirretroviral de alta efectividad en pacientes con VIH SIDA en un hospital de tercer nivel
Authors: Vergara Vela Erika Paola , Granada Ana Maria , Vanegas Claudia Rocio , Forero Elizabeth , Silva Claudia 
Published: September 2019

Introducción: la baja adherencia en el tratamiento antirretroviral de alta efectividad TARGA se
asocia a peores desenlaces en salud; además de las comorbilidades infecciosas, muchos pacientes con
VIH/SIDA presentan asociado psicopatología, farmacodependencia y problemas socioeconómicos.
Existe alta frecuencia de abandono a la terapia en nuestro medio.

Objetivo: identificar las variables asociadas al abandono de terapia TARGA en pacientes con
VIH de un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia.

Métodos y resultados estudio descriptivo corte transversal: se incluyeron 51 pacientes pertenecientes
al programa durante un año; 12 pacientes (23%) tuvieron adherencia al tratamiento, 32
(62%) tenían antecedente de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y 33 (64%) tenían asociada alguna
patología psiquiátrica. Los factores que se asociaron a la no adherencia fueron la psicopatología y
la pobre red de apoyo.

Conclusión: En la población a estudio se documenta alta tasa de abandono a la terapia TARGA,
probablemente asociado a enfermedad mental y pobre red social.
DETECTION OF ADENOVIRUS ANTIGEN BY A SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
Authors: Kudryashova A. M. , Galstian A. G. , Faizuloev E. B. , Olenin A. Yu. , Lisichkin G. V. , Zverev V. V. , Borisova O. V. 
Published: September 2019

Aim. Study of the possibility of adenovirus antigen detection by recording of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of enzyme oxidized product of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. Materials and methods. Clinical fecal samples containing adenoviruses, group A rotaviruses, noroviruses and healthy children samples, as well as laboratory strains of adenoviruses with a titer of 5 — 6 lg TCD50/ml were used. Sandwich immunoassay was used, the Raman spectra were recorded by a Raman spectrometer (532 nm) after incubation with silver nanoparticles. Results. The concordance of the adenovirus detection results was obtained in comparison with the enzyme immunoassay method with colorimetric detection and PCR. Conclusion. The possibility of TMB+ using as a SERS reporter and silver nanoparticles as a SERS substrate for the detection of adenovirus antigen in complex biological samples was shown.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF POPULATION MIGRATION IN THE POSSIBILITY OF CHOLERA IMPORTATION INTO RUSSIAN FEDERATION CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Tyuleneva E. G. , Moskvitina E. A. 
Published: September 2019

Aim. Determination of potential epidemic hazard degree of migration in the possibility of cholera importation into the RF constituents with (without) the international border crossing points by air, sea, road and rail transport, as a component when determining the epidemic potential of the territory. Materials and methods. The data of the Rospotrebnadzor Directorates for 83 Russian Federation constituents, including 61 subjects with air, sea, road and rail transport border crossing checkpoints, taking into account the links with countries affected by cholera, and in 22 without international checkpoints ( 2011 — 2015) were used. The analyses of demographic indicators for characterizing intensity and determination the potential epidemic hazard degree of migration was carried out. Results. The increase in population due to interstate migration by various transports was determined in 83,6% subjects. The algorithm of epidemiological assessment was developed, with calculating the potential epidemic hazard degree (PEHD) of population migration in the possibility of cholera importation into 83 administrative subjects. The highest PEHD of migration was determined in 17 of 61 subjects with checkpoint sets; in 39 — higher than normal and in 5 — low; in 22 subjects without international checkpoints — in 8, 12 and 2, respectively. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the presence of epidemiological risks associated with migration.
USING OF UNIVERSAL PLASMID CONSTRUCTIONS FOR DESIGN OF RECOMBINANT ANTIBODIES WITH DEFINED SPECIFICITY IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Authors: Samartseva T. G. , Oksanich A. S. , Gavrilova N. F. , Yakovleva I. V. , Sviridov V. V. , Zverev V. V. 
Published: September 2019

Aim. In this study we aimed to develop the methodology to change the antigen specificity of chimeric antibodies by replacing the variable region genes in the previously designed universal plasmid constructions pLK DT-17 and pHG DT-17 encoding the DT-17 antibody against the diphtheria toxin (DT) to the genes of antibody binding to another DT epitope — DT-22. Materials and methods. The genes of the light and heavy chain variable regions of mouse anti-DT antibodies — DT-22 were amplified from the hybridoma producing monoclonal antibodies to DT by reverse transcription and PCR methods. Genetic engineering methods were used to replace the variable regions of DT-17 antibody in the recombinant plasmids pLK DT-17 and pHG DT-17 encoding the light and heavy chains of DT-17 antibody, respectively to the relevant genes of DT-22. Subsequently, a «supervector» pSV DT-22, containing the genes of both chains of the chimeric antibody, was designed. CHO cells were transfected with a «supervector» and a highly productive clone, secreting chimeric antibodies to DT was obtained. Immunochemical and cultural methods were used to evaluate antibody activity. The affinity chromatography was used to purified preparative amounts of antibodies. Results. The yield of purified secreted chimeric DT-22 antibodies was 4 mg from per liter of culture medium. The minimum concentration of chimeric antibodies at which DT was neutralized in the CHO cells was 22 μg/mL of medium. Conclusion. Thus it has been shown how to generate new vector coding synthesis of light and heavy chains of a chimeric DT-22 antibody specific to another DT epitope using previously constructed universal recombinant plasmids pLK DT-17 and pHG DT-17 encoding, light and heavy chains of antibodies against DT DT-17, respectively.
PECULIARITIES OF RECOMBINATIVE GENOMICS OF ACINETOBACTER — HUMAN PATHOGEN
Authors: Solomennyi A. P. , Zubareva N. A. 
Published: September 2019

Aim. The disclosure of the role of genetic markers variability among Acinetobacter genus in connection with multidrug-resistant phenotype realization. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis was reviewed on DNA fragments important for genetic recombination in A. baumannii — one of the most relevant pathogens of postoperative infection, as well as A. pittii and A. lwoffii. Results. Integrase/recombinase XerC gene-bearing region of the chromosome is notably different and could include the genes responsible for the development of resistance against polymyxins and (fluoro)quinolones, as well as other antibiotics. Conclusion. The results obtained are important in surveillance of epidemic (pandemic) strains of Acinetobacter spp.
ON IMPORTANCE OF USING EVOLUTIONARILY ROBUST MARKERS FOR DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS STRAINS OF LAM GENETIC FAMILY
Authors: Mokrousov I. V. , Pasechnik O. A. , Vyazovaya A. A. , Blokh A. I. , Chernyaeva E. N. , Stasenko V. L. 
Published: September 2019

Aim. The clinical and epidemiological significance of the Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) genetic family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis determines the importance of the correct detection of LAM strains. In this study, a complex of molecular methods was used to analyze LAM strains in the population of M. tuberculosis in the Omsk region of Western Siberia, which is characterized by a high incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Materials and methods. The collection included 207 strains of M. tuberculosis, isolated in the Omsk region in 2015 — 2016. The strains were subjected to spoligotyping, analysis of LAM-specific SNP Rv0129c 309GA, and whole genome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis. Results. A comparison of the obtained CRISPR-spoligotyping profiles with the international SITVIT_WEB database, assigned 11 strains (5.3%) to the LAM genotype. At the same time, based on analysis of phylogenetic SNP in the gene Rv0129c, 30 isolates (14.5%) were assigned to LAM. Whole genome sequencing was performed for 4 isolates with different spoligotyping profiles. Conclusion. The results of this study show the limited utility of the decision rules implemented in SITVIT_WEB to define LAM family for isolates with long deleted blocks of spacers or abridged spoligoprofiles. The following approach can be recommended for detection of LAM isolates (1) primary spoligotyping, comparison with SITVIT_WEB, and mandatory interpretation in the light of expert knowledge; (2) detection of LAM-specific SNP (e.g., using PCR-RFLP).
BIOLOGICAL SAFETY: ANALYSIS THE CONTEMPORARY STATE OF THE SYSTEM OF TRAINING SPECIALISTS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Merinova O. A. , Тoporkov A. V. , Merinova L. K. , Antonova E. V. , Victorov D. V. 
Published: September 2019

The review expounds the main content issues of biological safety in the modern period. Theproblems of postgraduate education in the field of biological safety through professional retraining and advanced training programs, as well as training of highly qualified specialists were discussed. The need to form a separate specialty “Biological Safety”for specialists in medical and biological profiles was noted.
ANTIMICROBIC MECHANISMS OF NEUTROPHILES AS PERSPECTIVE TARGETS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF NON-SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF THE ORGANISM
Authors: Matosova E. V. , Andryukov B. G. 
Published: September 2019

Key roles in nonspecific protection of the macroorganism are played by neutrophils — the most numerous pool of leukocytes. During the development of infection these cells phagocytose of microorganisms and also secrete proteolytic enzymes that destroy extracellular pathogens. In addition, they form structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). But in response, microorganisms have developed a number of mechanisms that allow them to evade neutrophilic attacks, including developing in the form of biofilms in the host organism. In this case, biofilms introduce negative properties into the infectious process: a recurring course, a tendency to chronization, resistance to traditional antimicrobial agents, which can also indicate the inaccessibility of biofilm for cells of the immune system. The purpose of the review: in connection with the development of molecular research and the appearance in science of new methods of visualization, it is necessary to characterize the known antimicrobial mechanisms of neutrophils. In conditions of increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotic drugs, antimicrobial mechanisms are promising targets for pharmacological modulation of nonspecific defense of the body.
THE IMMUNOBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE COMPLEX PREPARATION AGAINST HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE INFECTION
Authors: Yastrebova N. E. , Tokarskaya M. M. , Elkina S. I. , Ovechko N. N. , Baranovskaya S. A. 
Published: September 2019

Aim. To study the immunobiological activity of the complex preparation for Haemophilus influenzae infections prevention. Materials and methods. We used the complex preparation, containing 1 mcg of lipooligosaccharide and 10 mcg of protein-containing fraction, lipooligosaccharide and protein-containing fraction monopreparations, and capsular polysaccharide preparation. For studying cross-protective activity of the complex preparation white outbread mouses (weight 14-16 g) were intramuscularly immunized with a dose 0,5 ml. 10 days later the animals were inoculated with H. influenzae encapsulated and non-typed strains culture inoculum in a dose 5*109 microbial cells/mouse. The immunized animals specific antibodies level was determined by means of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For studying complex preparation’s influence on the development of the infectious process immunized mouses were intranasally inoculated with H. influenzae encapsulated and non-encapsulated strains. The mouses dissections were performed in 3, 24 and 72 hours after inoculation. Sterile samples (lung tissue) were homogenized, titrated and plated onto 5% horse blood agar; then after 18-20 growth hours we counted the number of colonies and recalculated its number for one mouse. Results. Our investigations have shown that the complex preparation provided 90-100% animals’ defence from used in this experiment infectious agent strains. Mouses immunization with the preparation induced significant increase in the level of antibodies, revealed by means of indirect ELISA. Beginning with the third day after intranasal inoculation there was a pathogen multiplica112 tion in control group mouses lungs. In the same time immunized mouses had almost indetectable number of bacteria. Almost all animals from control group contained pathogen in lymph nodes and mesentery; though pathogen’s presence in immune mouses viscera was rather occasional. Conclusion. The complex preparation protected animals from all H. influenzae strains, used in our experiment. The dynamic of the infectious process directly depended on the development of immune response on the complex preparation injection.
IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF CELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN-CONTAINING ANTIGENS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Gruber I. M. , Egorova N. B. , Astashkina E. A. , Akhmatova N. K. , Kurbatova E. A. , Cherkasova L. S. , Kukina O. M. 
Published: September 2019

Aim. Comparative study of immunobiological properties of cell wall surface antigens and extracellular protein-containing antigens of Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods. Preparations: surface antigens of the cell wall (peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, protein antigens) of the strains of S. aureus containing in the staphylococcal vaccine «Staphylovac» (SV) and extracellular protein-containing antigens of S. aureus (EPCA). The parameters of innate immunity were evaluated by the effect of preparations on the immunophenotype of mononuclear leukocytes (ML) of the spleen of mice, expression of Toll-like receptors (using flow cytometry), phagocytic activity of macrophages of peritoneal exudate of mice after the introduction of SV and EPCA; the protective activity of preparations was studied in experiments of active protection of BALB/c mice. Results. To isolate EPCA, we used the virulent strain of S. aureus №6, and for obtaining surface antigens of the cell wall, 4 strains were selected, the most immunogenic of which was the low virulent strain of S. aureus №1991. Both preparations increased the number of TLR2 and MHC II expressing cells; CV administration caused an increase in the number of cells with CD25 marker, reflecting the early activation of immunocompetent cells, and EPCA immunization — led to a shorter expression of this marker. On the other hand, an increased number of CD19 positive cells were detected for a longer period of time during EPCA immunization. The longest activation of phagocytosis under the action of SV was established. High protective activity of bo-th types of the studied preparations was noted. Conclusion. The antigens of the cell wall and extracellular protein-containing experimental drugs possessed comparable immunological properties, however, the surface antigens to a greater extent activate innate immunity, and extracellular — adaptive immunity.