bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LL1, a novel and highly selective STAT3 inhibitor, displays anti‐colorectal cancer activities in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Liu Zhe , Wang Huan , Guan Lingnan , Lai Chong , Yu Wenying , Lai Maode 
Published: September 2019

Background and PurposeSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) factor is associated with the development and progression of numerous types of human cancer. STAT3 activation is involved in metastasis. However, no STAT3 inhibitor has been used therapeutically. Hence, we syntheised a novel, potent and small‐molecule inhibitor of STAT3, LL1, and studied its antitumour effects and investigated its mechanism of action in two tumour models.Experimental ApproachUsing structure‐based drug design method, based on the crystal structure of STAT3 protein, we identified a potent STAT3 inhibitor (LL1) targeting STAT3 SH2 domain and characterized its therapeutic properties and potential toxicity in vitro and in vivo using the MTT assay, colony formation assay, histological, immunohistochemical, flow cytometric analysis, and tumour xenograft model.Key ResultsLL1 is highly selective among STATs family members and specifically inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3 Tyr‐705 site, blocking the whole transmission process of STAT3 signalling. LL1 inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of colonic cell lines. STAT3 is orally available to animals and suppresses tumour growth and metastasis in a dosage level compatible to clinical applications. Importantly, it does not cause significant toxicity at several times the effective dose.Conclusions and ImplicationsLL1 inhibits tumour growth and metastasis by blocking STAT3 signalling pathway. LL1 could be a promising therapeutic drug candidate for colorectal cancer by inhibiting the STAT3 activation.
Prospective study of aflibercept for the treatment of persistent macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusions in eyes not responsive to long‐term treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab
Authors: Spooner Kimberly , Fraser‐Bell Samantha , Hong Thomas , Chang Andrew 
Published: September 2019

AbstractImportanceTo examine the effect of switching from intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab to aflibercept in eyes with persistent macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO).BackgroundWe report the results of a prospective interventional study on the effect of aflibercept 2 mg in eyes with persistent macular oedema after long‐term treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab.DesignNon‐randomized, prospective clinical trial.ParticipantsEighteen eyes of eighteen patients were included.MethodsEyes with persistent macular oedema despite a minimum of four previous intravitreal bevacizumab/ranibizumab injections were recruited into this 48‐week trial. Three loading doses of intravitreal aflibercept were administered every 4‐weeks, thereafter every 8‐weeks until week 48.Main Outcome MeasuresMean change from baseline in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as measured by early treatment diabetic retinopathy score (ETDRS) and central macular thickness (CMT) as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) at 48 weeks.ResultsPatients had received a mean of 40.0 ± 17.8 bevacizumab/ranibizumab intravitreal injections prior to switching to aflibercept. The mean number of previous injections administered in the 12‐months preceding entry into the study was 10.2 ± 2.4. Mean vision change at week 48 was +21.1 ± 5.1 ETDRS letters in the BRVO group and +18.8 ± 5.9 letters at in the CRVO group (P < .001 for both groups). Mean decrease in CMT was 87.6 ± 48.8 μm and 191.0 ± 128.3 μm, in the BRVO and CRVO groups, respectively (P < .001). Using linear regression analyses, a higher number of previous intravitreal ranibizumab/bevacizumab injections and thicker pre‐switch CMT were correlated with greater visual gains.Conclusion and relevanceSwitching to aflibercept from bevacizumab or ranibizumab in eyes with persistent macular oedema due to RVO can lead to functional and anatomical improvement. This effect was more obvious in eyes with a greater CMT prior to the switch.
Hospital admissions in children with developmental disabilities from ethnic minority backgrounds
Authors: Abdullahi Ifrah , Wong Kingsley , de Klerk Nicholas , Mutch Raewyn , Glasson Emma J , Downs Jenny , Cherian Sarah , Leonard Helen 
Published: September 2019

AimTo compare hospital admission patterns after the first year of life in Australian children with developmental disabilities and children with no known disability, according to maternal country of birth and Indigenous status.MethodThis was a retrospective cohort study using linked data across health, disability, and hospital admission databases. The study investigated 656 174 children born in Western Australia between 1983 and 2008 with a total of 1 091 834 records of hospital admissions.ResultsChildren with no known disability born to Indigenous mothers had the highest rate of hospital admissions compared to children of non‐Indigenous mothers. Children of foreign‐born mothers from low‐income countries had the highest rate of hospital admissions if disability was present. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) with or without associated intellectual disability had the highest rate of hospital admissions among children with developmental disability, especially if mothers were foreign‐born.InterpretationChildren with CP and intellectual disability, particularly from minority backgrounds (Indigenous Australian and foreign‐born mothers), were at higher risk of being admitted to hospital after the first year of life.What this paper adds

Hospital admissions in Australian children with and without disabilities differ according to maternal country of birth.

Hospital admission rates in children without a developmental disability were greatest for Australian‐born Indigenous children.

Disabled Australian‐born children of foreign‐born mothers from low‐income countries had the highest hospital admission rates.

Hospital admission risk was greatest for Australian‐born children with cerebral palsy, especially if mothers were foreign‐born.
Clinical guidelines for type 1 diabetes mellitus with an emphasis on older adults: an Executive Summary
Authors: Sinclair A. J. , Dunning T. , Dhatariya K. ,   an International Group of Experts
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe present a summary of a guideline produced by an international group of experts for managing type 1 diabetes in adults with an emphasis on the special needs of older people with this condition. The rationale for delivering high‐quality diabetes care for adults with type 1 diabetes, why it is important to include older people in our considerations, and the key underpinning principles of the guideline are included. The structure of the recommendations given is described and consists of ‘general’ recommendations followed by ‘specific’ recommendations according to three categories depending on the characteristics of adults addressed, such as functional level or self‐management ability. Recommendations are provided in the areas of: clinical diagnosis, establishing management plans and glucose regulation, diabetes self‐management education, nutritional therapy, physical activity, exercise and lifestyle modification, insulin treatments and regimens, use of technology in diabetes management, hypoglycaemia, managing cardiovascular risk, management of microvascular risk, and inpatient management of type 1 diabetes and ketoacidosis.
The male and female perspective in the link between male infant care and mating behaviour in Barbary macaques
Authors: Kuběnová Barbora , Ostner Julia , Schülke Oliver , Majolo Bonaventura , Šmilauer Petr , Waterman James , Tkaczynski Patrick , Konečná Martina 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInfant care from adult males is unexpected in species with high paternity uncertainty. Still, males of several polygynandrous primates engage in frequent affiliative interactions with infants. Two non‐exclusive hypotheses link male infant care to male mating strategies. The paternal investment hypothesis views infant care as a male strategy to maximize the survival of sired offspring, while the mating effort hypothesis predicts that females reward males who cared for their infant by preferably mating with them. Both hypotheses predict a positive relationship between infant care and matings with a particular female. However, the paternal investment hypothesis predicts that increased matings come before infant care whereas the mating effort hypothesis predicts that infant care precedes an increase in matings. Both hypotheses are usually tested from the perspective of the proportion of matings and care that individual females engage in and receive, rather than from the perspective of the care and mating behaviour of individual males. We tested the relationships between care and mating from both female and male perspectives in Barbary macaques. Mating predicted subsequent care and care predicted subsequent mating when viewed from the male but not the female perspective. Males mainly cared for infants of their main mating partners, but infants were not mainly cared for by their likely father. Males mated more with the mothers of their favourite infants, but females did not mate more with the main caretakers of their infants. We suggest that females do not choose their mating partners based on previous infant care, increasing paternity confusion. Males might try to increase paternal investment by distributing the care according to their own instead of female mating history. Further, males pursue females for mating opportunities based on previous care.
Temporal and spatial trends in marine carbon isotopes in the Arctic Ocean and implications for food web studies
Authors: de la Vega Camille , Jeffreys Rachel M. , Tuerena Robyn , Ganeshram Raja , Mahaffey Claire 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Arctic is undergoing unprecedented environmental change. Rapid warming, decline in sea ice extent, increase in riverine input, ocean acidification and changes in primary productivity are creating a crucible for multiple concurrent environmental stressors, with unknown consequences for the entire arctic ecosystem. Here, we synthesized 30 years of data on the stable carbon isotope (δ13C) signatures in dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C‐DIC; 1977–2014), marine and riverine particulate organic carbon (δ13C‐POC; 1986–2013) and tissues of marine mammals in the Arctic. δ13C values in consumers can change as a result of environmentally driven variation in the δ13C values at the base of the food web or alteration in the trophic structure, thus providing a method to assess the sensitivity of food webs to environmental change. Our synthesis reveals a spatially heterogeneous and temporally evolving δ13C baseline, with spatial gradients in the δ13C‐POC values between arctic shelves and arctic basins likely driven by differences in productivity and riverine and coastal influence. We report a decline in δ13C‐DIC values (−0.011‰ per year) in the Arctic, reflecting increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Arctic Ocean (i.e. Suess effect), which is larger than predicted. The larger decline in δ13C‐POC values and δ13C in arctic marine mammals reflects the anthropogenic CO2 signal as well as the influence of a changing arctic environment. Combining the influence of changing sea ice conditions and isotopic fractionation by phytoplankton, we explain the decadal decline in δ13C‐POC values in the Arctic Ocean and partially explain the δ13C values in marine mammals with consideration of time‐varying integration of δ13C values. The response of the arctic ecosystem to ongoing environmental change is stronger than we would predict theoretically, which has tremendous implications for the study of food webs in the rapidly changing Arctic Ocean.
Entrepreneurship and the city
Authors: Pereyra Jose Antonio Cabrera 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article reviews urban entrepreneurship literature under the light of three different and key definitions of entrepreneurship: internal innovation, the search for opportunities, and adaptation and learning processes. The article's goal is twofold: first, to critically dissect the evolution of assumptions on enterprise creation and the city's economy and, second, to offer a synthesis of the main intersections between entrepreneurship and the urban economy found in the urban economic geography literature. To this end, the article covers the following topics: agglomeration economies, urban entrepreneurial governance, speculative entrepreneurship and financialization, and smart and creative cities. Throughout these various topics, the article offers an account on the different entrepreneurial actors that each perspective considers and also the different positions on what accounts for entrepreneurship and how it materializes within the urban context.
Geographies of land use: Planning, property, and law
Authors: Wideman Trevor J. , Lombardo Nick 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this article, we draw attention to the geographies of “land use,” which to date have been underexamined and undertheorized within urban geographical literature. To do so, we review insights from a growing set of literature in geography, urban planning, law, and socio‐legal studies, among others, to outline how urban space is shaped through the relationships between land use, planning, property, and law. We first look at the relationships between land‐use planning and power relations in place. We go on to focus on the law, and the ways in which it structures and controls land use, property, and social activities in the city. We conclude by reviewing how law and legal concepts can serve as instruments of resistance and a source of alternate futures in urban spaces. In sum, we argue that a deeper interrogation of land use, and its relationships to planning, property, and law, can lead to a better understanding of how liberal‐democratic cities operate, and offer tools for resisting opaque and legalistic land‐use planning programs.
Hidradenitis suppurativa in a cohort of overweight and obese children and adolescents
Authors: Lindsø Andersen Pernille , Kromann Charles , Fonvig Cilius E. , Theut Riis Peter , Jemec Gregor B. E. , Holm Jens‐Christian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and recurring disease mainly observed in adults. Obesity is considered an important independent factor in HS development and is associated with a higher prevalence of HS in children. We aimed to characterize the clinical presentation of HS in overweight and obese children and adolescents.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional observational study during January 2007–April 2015. Overweight and obese patients (5–17 years of age, BMI> 90th percentile) referred to The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Denmark, underwent screening for dermatological conditions. A dermatologist ascertained the diagnosis of HS, and disease severity was assessed using Hurley staging and Sartorius score. Tobacco smoke exposure, body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS), and psychiatric comorbidities were recorded. Our cohort was compared with a reference cohort recruited in a previous study.ResultsA total of 195 children and adolescents underwent screening for dermatological conditions. Nine patients screened positive, and six of these patients were available for examination of whom five presented with HS. All HS cases were mild (median Sartorius score of 9). Four of the five patients (with varying constellations) reported tobacco exposure, a positive family history of HS, and exhibited psychiatric comorbidities.ConclusionOur findings support that the presence of pediatric HS is correlated with familial disposition to HS and psychiatric comorbidities.
Machine learning applications in the diagnosis of leukemia: Current trends and future directions
Authors: Salah Haneen T. , Muhsen Ibrahim N. , Salama Mohamed E. , Owaidah Tarek , Hashmi Shahrukh K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMachine learning (ML) offers opportunities to advance pathological diagnosis, especially with increasing trends in digitalizing microscopic images. Diagnosing leukemia is time‐consuming and challenging in many areas globally and there is a growing trend in utilizing ML techniques for its diagnosis. In this review, we aimed to describe the literature of ML utilization in the diagnosis of the four common types of leukemia: acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Using a strict selection criterion, utilizing MeSH terminology and Boolean logic, an electronic search of MEDLINE and IEEE Xplore Digital Library was performed. The electronic search was complemented by handsearching of references of related studies and the top results of Google Scholar. The full texts of 58 articles were reviewed, out of which, 22 studies were included. The number of studies discussing ALL, AML, CLL, and CML was 12, 8, 3, and 1, respectively. No studies were prospectively applying algorithms in real‐world scenarios. Majority of studies had small and homogenous samples and used supervised learning for classification tasks. 91% of the studies were performed after 2010, and 74% of the included studies applied ML algorithms to microscopic diagnosis of leukemia. The included studies illustrated the need to develop the field of ML research, including the transformation from solely designing algorithms to practically applying them clinically.
Mindfulness therapies on health professionals
Authors: Ruiz‐Fernández María Dolores , Ortíz‐Amo Rocío , Ortega‐Galán Ángela María , Ibáñez‐Masero Olivia , Rodríguez‐Salvador María del Mar , Ramos‐Pichardo Juan Diego 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHealth professionals are exposed to situations of emotional vulnerability by being in continuous contact with patients and their suffering, which can cause conditions such as compassion fatigue. To address this issue, therapies such as mindfulness are being used to reduce stress and promote self‐compassion. The objective of this research was to carry out a systematic review and meta‐analysis to analyse the types of mindfulness interventions that are being used for healthcare professionals and their effectiveness in reducing stress and improving self‐compassion and mindfulness. Following the PRISMA guideline, a systematic review of original studies was carried out in the following databases: Medline, Scopus, Cinhal, PsycINFO, Lilacs, and Science Direct, without a limited time frame. Controlled experimental mindfulness interventions on health professionals were selected, in which the following outcome variables were measured: stress, self‐compassion, and mindfulness. A meta‐analysis was performed with a random effects model. In cases of very high heterogeneity, the data were analysed by subgroup. Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction Therapy (MBSR) was the most often used in the studies. There is diversity in the implementation of MBSR, and a common finding is a reduction of stress and increased mindfulness in health professionals. However, studies that analyse self‐compassion are scarce. The effect of these therapies varies depending on how long the individual has been practising meditation. In conclusion, more studies are needed to describe the clinical usefulness of these programmes, to jointly analyse these three variables (stress, self‐compassion, and mindfulness), and to measure compassion fatigue as an outcome variable.
‘There need to be a balance’: Mental health nurses’ perspectives on medication education in university and clinical practice
Authors: Goodwin John , Kilty Caroline , Harman Mark , Horgan Aine 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWorking with medication is an important role of the mental health nurse. However, little research has focused on staff nurses’ perspectives on where the responsibility lies for preparing student nurses for safe, competent medication management. This study investigated mental health nurses’ perspectives on medication education. An interpretive descriptive approach was used. Two focus groups were conducted, and data were analysed using inductive content analysis. It was found that participants embraced a medical approach to servicer user care, with less positive attitudes demonstrated towards psychosocial approaches. There were also tensions expressed between clinical practice and the university, with uncertainty voiced about whose responsibility it was to educate students about medication management. It is important that both environments complement each other in order to enhance the student nurse educational experience. While mental health nurses should be educated in this area to practice in a safe and competent manner, it is also key that a holistic approach to care is considered.
Dehumanization of dirty workers and attitudes toward social support
Authors: Terskova Maria A. , Agadullina Elena R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn lay perception, dirty work is a type of labor that degrades human dignity. Work can be perceived as dirty on three bases: social (related to the subordinate position or associated with contact with stigmatized people), physical (related to direct contact with garbage and waste), and moral (related to jobs considered sinful, dubious, or defying social norms). “Dirty” stigma makes workers objects of dehumanization and discrimination, in particular, people distance themselves from dirty workers and are not ready to help and support them. In the experimental study (N = 340), we investigated how certain types of dirty workers are dehumanized compared to nondirty workers and the indirect effect of the type of dirty work on attitudes toward the social support of dirty workers via animalistic (attribution of uniquely human traits) and the mechanistic (attribution of human nature traits) dehumanization. The results show that individuals are willing to offer more social support to a low status but not dirty worker rather than to social or moral dirty workers. At the same time, less social support is provided to nondirty than to physical dirty worker. Animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization mediates the relationship between the types of dirty work and the attitudes toward social support. In particular, less dehumanization leads to more positive attitudes toward social support. The limitations and future directions of the obtained results are discussed.