bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions aimed at enhancing return to work for sick-listed workers with common mental disorders, stress-related disorders, somatoform disorders and personality disorders
Authors: Mikkelsen Mai Bjørnskov , Rosholm Michael 
Published: June 2018

ObjectivesMental disorders are associated with significant functional impairment, sickness absence and disability. The consequences of sickness absence warrant investigation into interventions aimed at enhancing return to work (RTW) for workers with mental disorders. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aim to synthesise evidence on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at enhancing RTW in sick-listed workers with mental disorders.MethodsEconLit, Embase, PsychInfo, PubMed, Svemed+ and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed, randomised or controlled studies assessing employment-related outcomes of interventions. A meta-analysis was conducted and meta-regressions were performed to explore prespecified potential sources of heterogeneity between studies.ResultsThe literature search yielded 3777 publications of which 42 (n=38 938) were included in the systematic review and 32 (n=9459) had appropriate data for the meta-analysis. The pooled effect size (95 % CI) was 0.14 (0.07 to 0.22). Meta-regressions revealed that the heterogeneity could not be attributed to study quality, timing of the intervention or length of the intervention. However, it could be partly explained by number of components included in the intervention, if the intervention included contact to the work place and by the disorder targeted by the intervention.ConclusionsThe results reveal strong evidence for interventions including contact to the work place and multicomponent interventions and moderate evidence for interventions including graded RTW. In addition, the results provide strong evidence for interventions targeting stress compared with interventions targeting other mental disorders. The findings point to important implications for policy and design of future interventions.
Marketing with tobacco pack onserts: a qualitative analysis of tobacco industry documents
Authors: Apollonio Dorie E , Glantz Stanton A 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundCigarette packs are a form of advertising that distributes brand information wherever smokers go. In the 21st century, tobacco companies began using onserts on cigarette packs to communicate new advertising messages to smokers.MethodsWe reviewed tobacco industry documents dated 1926 to 2017 to identify how the tobacco industry developed and used onserts in marketing and to serve the industry’s political and legal objectives.ResultsOnserts added to cigarette packs became a more cost-effective way for brands to market in the year 2000. Manufacturers then began studying them, finding that new messages were appealing, while repeated messages were ignored. By 2005, tobacco companies were using onserts to effectively communicate about new tobacco products and packaging changes. They also used repeated ‘corporate responsibility’ messages that were, according to the industry’s own research, likely to be ignored.ConclusionsTobacco companies have expanded on cigarette pack-based advertising. Twenty-first century onserts simultaneously seek to increase sales using materials that are novel, attractive and provide independent value, while undercutting public health messages about the risks of tobacco use using materials that repeat over time and are comparatively unattractive. Health authorities can use this industry research to mandate onserts to communicate effective health messages.
Cardiac autonomic and left ventricular mechanics following high intensity interval training: a randomized crossover controlled study
Authors: O’Driscoll Jamie M. , Wright Steven M. , Taylor Katrina A. , Coleman Damian A. , Sharma Rajan , Wiles Jonathan D. 
Published: June 2018

Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Short duration high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve important health parameters. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined adaptations of the cardiac autonomic nervous system and myocardial functional and mechanical parameters to HIIT. Forty physically inactive and highly sedentary men completed two weeks of HIIT and control period. The HIIT protocol consisted of 3 × 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprints against a resistance of 7.5% body weight, interspersed with 2 min of active recovery. Total power spectral density (PSD) and associated low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) power spectral components of heart rate variability were recorded. Conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography recorded left ventricular (LV) structural, functional, and mechanical parameters. HIIT produced a significant increase in total log-transformed (ln) PSD and ln HF and a significant decrease in LF/HF ratio (all P < 0.05) compared with the control period. HIIT produced significant improvements in LV diastolic function, including lateral E′, estimated filling pressure (E/E′ ratio), E deceleration time, and isovolumetric relaxation time ( P < 0.05 for all). Fractional shortening was the only conventional marker of LV systolic function to significantly improve ( P < 0.05). In this setting, there were significant improvements in global peak systolic strain rate, early and late diastolic strain rate, and early to late diastolic strain rate ratio, as well as apical rotation, apical systolic and diastolic rotation velocity, apical radial and circumferential strain and strain rate, LV torsion, and LV systolic and diastolic torsion velocity (all P < 0.05). A short-term program of HIIT was associated with a significant increase in cardiac autonomic modulation, demonstrated by a residual increase in cardiac vagal activity as well as significantly improved cardiac function and mechanics. This study demonstrates that HIIT may be an important stimulus to reduce the health implications associated with physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to measure the combined adaptations of the cardiac autonomic nervous system and myocardial function and mechanics following high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study demonstrates that a 2-wk HIIT intervention provides significant improvements in cardiac autonomic modulation and myocardial function and mechanics in a large cohort of young physically inactive and highly sedentary individuals. HIIT may be a powerful stimulus to reduce the health implications associated with physical inactivity and sedentary behavior.
Outcomes Associated With Apixaban Use in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease and Atrial Fibrillation in the United States
Authors: Siontis Konstantinos C. , Zhang Xiaosong , Eckard Ashley , Bhave Nicole , Schaubel Douglas E. , He Kevin , Tilea Anca , Stack Austin G. , Balkrishnan Rajesh , Yao Xiaoxi , Noseworthy Peter A. , Shah Nilay D. , Saran Rajiv , Nallamothu Brahmajee K. 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on dialysis were excluded from clinical trials of direct oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent data have raised concerns regarding the safety of dabigatran and rivaroxaban, but apixaban has not been evaluated despite current labeling supporting its use in this population. The goal of this study was to determine patterns of apixaban use and its associated outcomes in dialysis-dependent patients with ESKD and AF.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries included in the United States Renal Data System (October 2010 to December 2015). Eligible patients were those with ESKD and AF undergoing dialysis who initiated treatment with an oral anticoagulant. Because of the small number of dabigatran and rivaroxaban users, outcomes were only assessed in patients treated with apixaban or warfarin. Apixaban and warfarin patients were matched (1:3) based on prognostic score. Differences between groups in survival free of stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and death were assessed using Kaplan–Meier analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were derived from Cox regression analyses.

Results:

The study population consisted of 25 523 patients (45.7% women; 68.2±11.9 years of age), including 2351 patients on apixaban and 23 172 patients on warfarin. An annual increase in apixaban prescriptions was observed after its marketing approval at the end of 2012, such that 26.6% of new anticoagulant prescriptions in 2015 were for apixaban. In matched cohorts, there was no difference in the risks of stroke/systemic embolism between apixaban and warfarin (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.69–1.12;
P
=0.29), but apixaban was associated with a significantly lower risk of major bleeding (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59–0.87;
P
<0.001). In sensitivity analyses, standard-dose apixaban (5 mg twice a day; n=1034) was associated with significantly lower risks of stroke/systemic embolism and death as compared with either reduced-dose apixaban (2.5 mg twice a day; n=1317; HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37–0.98;
P
=0.04 for stroke/systemic embolism; HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45–0.92;
P
=0.01 for death) or warfarin (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42–0.97;
P
=0.04 for stroke/systemic embolism; HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46–0.85;
P
=0.003 for death).

Conclusions:
Among patients with ESKD and AF on dialysis, apixaban use may be associated with a lower risk of major bleeding compared with warfarin, with a standard 5 mg twice a day dose also associated with reductions in thromboembolic and mortality risk.
The Monetary Value of Bronze Mirrors in the Han Dynasty
Authors: Guo Yanlong 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This essay investigates the monetary value of bronze mirrors during the Han dynasty. It reevaluates the rhetorical and realistic prices of mirrors reckoned in catties of gold or in coins by engaging the scattered inscriptional evidence, estimated cost of raw materials, and existing studies of the price history of the Han. To achieve this goal, an interdisciplinary strategy is employed, including a close textual reading of recently uncovered inscriptions, a quantitative analysis of weights and diameters of mirrors, and a comparative examination of financial values embedded in various types of objects. As the first empirical study of Han mirrors as commodities, this essay critiques the conventional use of art history criteria for assessing the value of mirrors and unveils a previously suppressed economic feature of these specular discs. It argues that bronze mirrors served as a form of affordable luxury in Han society.
Parameters for the Collapse of Turbulence in the Stratified Plane Couette Flow
Authors: van Hooijdonk Ivo G. S. , Clercx Herman J. H. , Ansorge Cedrick , Moene Arnold F. , van de Wiel Bas J. H. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We perform direct numerical simulation of the Couette flow as a model for the stable boundary layer. The flow evolution is investigated for combinations of the (bulk) Reynolds number and the imposed surface buoyancy flux. First, we establish what the similarities and differences are between applying a fixed buoyancy difference (Dirichlet) and a fixed buoyancy flux (Neumann) as boundary conditions. Moreover, two distinct parameters were recently proposed for the turbulent-to-laminar transition: the Reynolds number based on the Obukhov length and the “shear capacity,” a velocity-scale ratio based on the buoyancy flux maximum. We study how these parameters relate to each other and to the atmospheric boundary layer. The results show that in a weakly stratified equilibrium state, the flow statistics are virtually the same between the different types of boundary conditions. However, at stronger stratification and, more generally, in nonequilibrium conditions, the flow statistics do depend on the type of boundary condition imposed. In the case of Neumann boundary conditions, a clear sensitivity to the initial stratification strength is observed because of the existence of multiple equilibriums, while for Dirichlet boundary conditions, only one statistically steady turbulent equilibrium exists for a particular set of boundary conditions. As in previous studies, we find that when the imposed surface flux is larger than the maximum buoyancy flux, no turbulent steady state occurs. Analytical investigation and simulation data indicate that this maximum buoyancy flux converges for increasing Reynolds numbers, which suggests a possible extrapolation to the atmospheric case.
Multiscale Atmospheric Overturning of the Indian Summer Monsoon as Seen through Isentropic Analysis
Authors: Chen Xingchao , Pauluis Olivier M. , Leung L. Ruby , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This study investigates multiscale atmospheric overturning during the 2009 Indian summer monsoon (ISM) using a cloud-permitting numerical model. The isentropic analysis technique adopted here sorts vertical mass fluxes in terms of the equivalent potential temperature of air parcels, which is capable of delineating the atmospheric overturning between ascending air parcels with high entropy and subsiding air parcels with low entropy. The monsoonal overturning is further decomposed into contributions from three characteristic scales: the basinwide ascent over the Indian monsoon domain, the regional-scale overturning associated with synoptic and mesoscale systems, and the convective-scale overturning. Results show that the convective-scale component dominates the upward mass transport in the lower troposphere while the region-scale component plays an important role by deepening the monsoonal overturning. The spatial variability of the convective-scale overturning is analyzed, showing intense convection over the Western Ghats and the Bay of Bengal while the deepest overturning is localized over northern India and the Himalayan foothills. The equivalent potential temperature in convective updrafts is higher over land than over the ocean or coastal regions. There is also substantial variability in the atmospheric overturning associated with the intraseasonal variability. The upward mass and energy transport increase considerably during the active phases of the ISM. A clear northeastward propagation in the peak isentropic vertical mass and energy transport over different characteristic regions can be found during the ISM, which corresponds to the intraseasonal oscillations of the ISM. Altogether, this study further demonstrates the utility of the isentropic analysis technique to characterize the spatiotemporal variations of convective activities in complex atmospheric flows.
The “Bag Breakup” Spume Droplet Generation Mechanism at High Winds. Part I: Spray Generation Function
Authors: Troitskaya Yu. , Kandaurov A. , Ermakova O. , Kozlov D. , Sergeev D. , Zilitinkevich S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper describes the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation into the mechanisms by which spume droplets are generated by high winds. The experiments were performed in a high-speed wind-wave flume at friction velocities between 0.8 and 1.5 m s−1 (corresponding to a 10-m wind speed of 18–33 m s−1 under field conditions). High-speed video of the air–water interface revealed that the main types of spray-generating phenomena near the interface are “bag breakup” (similar to fragmentation of droplets and jets in gaseous flows at moderate Weber numbers), breakage of liquid ligaments near the crests of breaking surface waves, and bursting of large submerged bubbles. Statistical analysis of these phenomena showed that at wind friction velocities exceeding 1.1 m s−1 (corresponding to a wind speed of approximately 22.5 m s−1), the main mechanism responsible for the generation of spume droplets is bag breakup fragmentation of small-scale disturbances that arise at the air–water interface under the strong wind. Based on the general principles of statistical physics, it was found that the number of bags arising at the water surface per unit area per unit time was dependent on the friction velocity of the wind. The statistics obtained for the bag breakup events and other data available on spray production through this type of fragmentation were employed to construct a spray generation function (SGF) for the bag breakup mechanism. The resultant bag breakup SGF is in reasonable agreement with empirical SGFs obtained under laboratory and field conditions.
Role of Mesoscale Eddies in Modulating the Semidiurnal Internal Tide: Observation Results in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Huang Xiaodong , Wang Zhaoyun , Zhang Zhiwei , Yang Yunchao , Zhou Chun , Yang Qingxuan , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe role of mesoscale eddies in modulating the semidiurnal internal tide (SIT) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) is examined using the data from a cross-shaped mooring array. From November 2013 to January 2014, an anticyclonic eddy (AE) and cyclonic eddy (CE) pair crossed the westward SIT beam originating in Luzon Strait. Observations showed that, because of the current and stratification modulations by the eddy pair, the propagation speed of the mode-1 SIT sped up (slowed down) by up to 0.7 m s−1 (0.4 m s−1) within the AE’s (CE’s) southern portion. As a result of the spatially varying phase speed, the mode-1 SIT wave crest was clockwise rotated (counterclockwise rotated) within the AE (CE) core, while it exhibited convex and concave (concave and convex) patterns on the southern and northern peripheries of the AE (CE), respectively. In mid-to-late November, most of the mode-1 SIT energy was refracted by the AE away from Dongsha Island toward the north part of the northern SCS, which resulted in enhanced internal solitary waves (ISWs) there. Corresponding to the energy refraction, responses of the depth-integrated mode-1 SIT energy to the eddies were generally in phase at the along-beam-direction moorings but out of phase in the south and north parts of the northern SCS at the cross-beam-direction moorings. From late December to early January, intensified mode-2 SIT was observed, whose energy was likely transferred from the mode-1 SIT through eddy–wave interactions. The observation results reported here are helpful to improve the capability to predict internal tides and ISWs in the northern SCS.
Predictability of Recurrent Weather Regimes over North America during Winter from Submonthly Reforecasts
Authors: Vigaud N. , Robertson A.W. , Tippett M. K. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Four recurrent weather regimes are identified over North America from October to March through a k-means clustering applied to MERRA daily 500-hPa geopotential heights over the 1982–2014 period. Three regimes resemble Rossby wave train patterns with some baroclinicity, while one is related to an NAO-like meridional pressure gradient between eastern North America and western regions of the North Atlantic. All regimes are associated with distinct rainfall and surface temperature anomalies over North America. The four-cluster partition is well reproduced by ECMWF week-1 reforecasts over the 1995–2014 period in terms of spatial structures, daily regime occurrences, and seasonal regime counts. The skill in forecasting daily regime sequences and weekly regime counts is largely limited to 2 weeks. However, skill relationships with the MJO, ENSO, and SST variability in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans suggest further potential for subseasonal predictability based on wintertime large-scale weather regimes.
A Multicenter, Cross-Sectional Assessment of Otolaryngology Knowledge Among Primary Care Trainees
Authors: O’Brien Daniel C. , Squires Lane D. , Robinson Aaron D. , Ramadan Hassan , Diaz Rodney 
Published: June 2018

Objectives: (1) Identify knowledge deficits in this cohort regarding basic conditions treated by an otolaryngologist. (2) Determine the training needs of these physicians regarding the care of the head and neck patient. Methods: This cross-sectional assessment used a 10-question, multiple-choice assessment administered to medical students and resident physicians at the University of California, Davis, University of California, San Francisco, and University of West Virginia in the departments of emergency medicine, family medicine, internal medicine, and otolaryngology. Results: The otolaryngology cohort scored an average of 93%, while all others scored 56%. There was no statistical difference in the results between fourth-year medical students and non-otolaryngology residents of any year. Only 16% of the primary care providers and students assessed felt comfortable with these conditions, and 86% (321/372) of the respondents desired increased education on these topics. Conclusion: This study identified significant knowledge gaps among non-otolaryngologists in the diagnosis and treatment of basic head and neck conditions. As a specialty, a greater focus should be placed on improving the familiarity of our primary care colleagues on these conditions.
Effect of Fatigue on Medial Elbow Torque in Baseball Pitchers: A Simulated Game Analysis
Authors: Okoroha Kelechi R. , Meldau Jason E. , Lizzio Vincent A. , Meta Fabien , Stephens Jeffrey P. , Moutzouros Vasilious , Makhni Eric C. 
Published: June 2018

Background: The incidence of overuse injury to the elbow among baseball pitchers continues to rise, despite extensive efforts at pitch count regulations and emphasis on proper throwing mechanics. Purpose: To determine if the medial elbow experiences increased torque levels as a baseball pitcher fatigues through the course of a simulated game. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: High school and collegiate baseball pitchers were recruited for this simulated game study. Each pitcher completed a simulated game consisting of 6 innings and a standardized pitching scheme of fastballs, curveballs, and changeups. In total, each pitcher threw 90 pitches. Fatigue was reported per inning with a visual analog scale, and pitch velocity was captured per pitch with a radar gun. Outcome measures were assessed with a validated mobile sensor and included medial elbow torque, arm speed, arm rotation, and arm slot. Linear and quadratic regression modeling was used to evaluate the relationship between pitcher fatigue and pitching kinematics. Results: A total of 11 pitchers (mean age, 17.6 years; range, 15-20 years) completed the study. Visual analog scale fatigue scores increased 0.72 points per inning pitched ( P < .01, effect size = 0.64). Medial elbow torque also increased beyond inning 3, with an increase of 0.84 N·m each inning ( P < .01, effect size = 0.08), while pitch velocity decreased (0.28 mph per inning, P < .01, effect size = 0.27). Fastballs generated the greatest amount of medial elbow torque (49.3 ± 1.4 N·m, P < .01, effect size = 0.24). There were no differences in arm rotation ( P = .42) or arm speed ( P = .80) as the game progressed. However, arm slot decreased with each successive inning (0.73° on average per inning, P = .03, effect size = 0.12). No adverse outcomes were noted with use of the mobile sensor. Conclusion: In this simulated game analysis, pitchers experienced increased fatigue after each successive inning. While the average pitch velocity declined with each successive inning, the torque on the medial elbow increased after inning 3. These findings signify a possible relationship between fatigue and injury risk.