bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Appraisal of Sigma Delta Modulated Radio over Fiber System
Authors: Hadi Muhammad Usman , Aslam Nelofar , Jung Hyun 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Radio over fiber (RoF) is a promising solution for the next-generation wireless networks including fifth-generation Cloud/Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN). There exists a possibility to use Sigma Delta Modulated RoF (S-DRoF) that combines the advantages of analog RoF and digital RoF by means of sigma delta modulation (SDM) at the transmitter side subsequently replacing the employment of expensive and high-speed digital-to-analog converters. In this paper, we demonstrate the usage of second-order SDM for LTE 20 MHz signal having 64 QAM modulation on a central carrier frequency of 1.14 GHz for the implementation of S-DRoF for 20 km of standard single mode fiber with baud rate from 25 to 100 Mbaud. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the design of SDM is explained followed by the experimental setup. The performance is reported in terms of error vector magnitude, constellations and adjacent channel power ratio. The results show that the proposed architecture performance is in with accordance to the limitations set by the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) standards and is a reasonable choice either for upgrading installed systems as well as for the new deployments.
Towards all-solution-processed top-illuminated flexible organic solar cells using ultrathin Ag-modified graphite-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates
Authors: Wang Shuanglong , Zhao Yi , Lian Hong , Peng Cuiyun , Yang Xuyong , Gao Yulai , Peng Yan , Lan Weixia , Elmi Omar Ibrahim , Stiévenard Didier , Wei Bin , Zhu Furong , Xu Tao 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
All-solution-processed flexible organic solar cells (FOSCs) with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) are the prerequisite for application in low-cost, large-area, flexible, photovoltaic devices. In this work, high-performance, top-illuminated FOSCs using ultrathin Ag-modified graphite-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates are demonstrated. The ultrathin Ag-modified graphite/PET substrates have excellent electric conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and easy processability for FOSCs. A PCE of 5.31% for FOSCs, based on the blend system poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b′]dith-iophene-co-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate]: [6,6]-phenyl-C7l-but-yric acid methyl ester, having a bilayer of MoO
x
/Ag upper transparent anode is demonstrated. Top-illuminated FOSCs with a transparent upper electrode of solution-processed Ag nanowires also yielded a PCE of 3.76%. All-solution-processed FOSCs exhibit excellent mechanical flexibility and retain >81% of the initial efficiency after 500 cycles of bending test. Furthermore, graphite-based electrodes demonstrate good heat-insulation properties. The outcomes of this work offer an alternative to fabricate high-performance, all-solution-processable, top-illuminated FOSCs, providing a commercially viable approach for application in large-area solar cells that can be prepared by printing and roll-to-roll fabrication processes.
A new era for combustion research
Authors: Kohse-Höinghaus Katharina 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Current topics in combustion chemistry include aspects of a changing fuel spectrum with a focus on reducing emissions and increasing efficiency. This article is intended to provide an overview of selected recent work in combustion chemistry, especially addressing reaction pathways from fuel decomposition to emissions. The role of the molecular fuel structure will be emphasized for the formation of certain regulated and unregulated species from individual fuels and their mixtures, exemplarily including fuel compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, ethers, alcohols, ketones, esters, and furan derivatives. Depending on the combustion conditions, different temperature regimes are important and can lead to different reaction classes. Laboratory reactors and flames are prime sources and targets from which such detailed chemical information can be obtained and verified with a number of advanced diagnostic techniques, often supported by theoretical work and simulation with combustion models developed to transfer relevant details of chemical mechanisms into practical applications. Regarding the need for cleaner combustion processes, some related background and perspectives will be provided regarding the context for future chemistry research in combustion energy science.
Performance Differences Between the Sexes in the Boston Marathon From 1972 to 2017
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Di Gangi Stefania , Rüst Christoph A. , Nikolaidis Pantelis T. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Knechtle, B, Di Gangi, S, Rüst, CA, and Nikolaidis, PT. Performance differences between the sexes in the Boston Marathon from 1972 to 2017. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 566–576, 2020—The differences between the sexes in marathon running have been investigated for athletes competing in world class–level races. However, no information exists about changes in these differences since the first women officially began participating in marathons. We examined trends in participation and performance in the Boston Marathon from 1972 to 2017. A total of 371,250 different finishers (64% men) and 553,890 observations—with 187,998 (34%) being of women and 365,892 (66%) of men—were analyzed using Generalized Additive Mixed Models. The number of finishers increased over the years. Female participation started at 2.81% in 1972 and reached 45.68% in 2016. Considering all finishers, men (03:38:42 ± 00:41:43 h:min:s) were overall faster than women (04:03:28 ± 00:38:32 h:min:s) by 10.7%. Average performance worsened over the years, but the differences between the sexes decreased. For the annual 10 fastest runners, performance improved with a decrease in speed difference (18.3% overall, men: 02:13:30 ± 00:04:08 h:min:s vs. women: 02:37:42 ± 00:17:58 h:min:s). For the annual winners, performance improved with a decrease in speed difference (15.5% overall, men: 02:10:24 ± 00:03:05 h:min:s vs. women: 02:30:43 ± 00:11:05 h:min:s). For the near-elite finishers from the 21st to the 100th place and from the 101st to the 200th place, women's performance improved with a decrease in the difference to men. In summary, the trend in performance over the years depended on the methodological approach (i.e., all vs. annual 10 fastest finishers vs. annual winners), but the difference between the sexes decreased in all instances. Although men were 10.7% faster than women, the fastest men (i.e., top 10 and winners) increased the gap between men and women by an average of 18.3% for the annual 10 fastest and 15.5% for the annual winners.
Reduction of T Cells and Hsa-miR150-5p in Female Canoeing Athletes: Preliminary Evidence Between Exercise Training and Immune
Authors: Xiao Fang , Yang Yueqin , Xiao Lin , Xia Zhi , Wang Linyuan , Yang Kun , Wang Song 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Xiao, F, Yang, Y, Xiao, L, Xia, Z, Wang, L, Yang, K, and Wang, S. Reduction of T cells and hsa-miR150-5p in female canoeing athletes: Preliminary evidence between exercise training and immune. J Strength Cond Res 36(11): e106–e113, 2022—This article aims to reveal the alteration of immune profile in teenage canoeing athletes, by which applies a clue for regulation of exercise on human immune. Thirty-one teenagers of female canoeing athletes and age-matched subjects participated in this research. Peripheral leukocytes' microRNAs (miRNAs) were analyzed using Agilent human microRNA 2.0 and gene software. The miRNA candidates were quantified by reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The percentages of various lymphocytes were tested using flow cytometry. There were 6 miRNAs (hsa-miR150-5p, 31-5p, 3659, 4419a, 650, and 8485) lower in canoeing athletes, and the reduction of miR-150 was identified by RT-qPCR (p = 0.021). Canoeing athletes had lower percent of CD3+ T cells than the subjects with no exercise training had (p < 0.001), but the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ and the percent of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells showed no significant difference between these 2 groups. T cells and hsa-miR150-5p are sensitive to the long-time heavy exercise training, and the exercise for winning competition regulates the immune system by inhibiting T cells and hsa-miR150-5p.
Influence of Body Fat on Oxidative Stress and Telomere Length of Master Athletes
Authors: Aguiar Samuel S. , Rosa Thiago S. , Sousa Caio V. , Santos Patrick A. , Barbosa Lucas P. , Deus Lysleine A. , Rosa Erica C. , Andrade Rosângela V. , Simões Herbert G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Aguiar, SS, Rosa, TS, Sousa, CV, Santos, PA, Barbosa, LP, Deus, LA, Rosa, EC, Andrade, RV, and Simões, HG. Influence of body fat on oxidative stress and telomere length of master athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1693–1699, 2021—The present investigation analyzed the role of body fat and training history on biological aging of master athletes by comparing and verifying the relationships between markers of adiposity, oxidative balance, and telomere length (TL) in middle-aged runners and untrained individuals. Master athletes (sprinters and endurance runners, n = 21; 51.62 ± 8.19 years) and untrained age-matched controls (n = 11; 45.41 ± 10.34 years) had blood samples collected for biochemical and biomolecular analyzes. Pro-oxidant and antioxidant measures as well as DNA extraction were performed using commercial kits. Relative TL (T/S) was determined in leukocytes through quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. Master athletes had lower body fat and longer TL than untrained controls (body fat: 12.21 ± 4.14% vs. 26.03 ± 4.29%; TL: 1.10 ± 0.84 vs. 0.56 ± 0.56 T/S; p < 0.05). Furthermore, master athletes also showed a better oxidative balance than untrained controls (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between TL and body fat (r = −0.471; p = 0.007), and conicity index (r = −0.407; p = 0.021), catalase activity (r = −0.569; p = 0.001), and CAT/TBARS ratio (r = −0.463; p = 0.008) for the whole sample. In conclusion, master athletes have longer TL, better oxidative profile, and lower body fat than untrained individuals. Moreover, for this middle-aged sample, body fat was inversely correlated with both TL and markers of oxidative balance, demonstrating the key role of adiposity in biological aging.
Comparison of Physical Profiles of State-Level Netball Players by Position
Authors: Graham Scott , Duthie Grant , Aughey Robert , Zois James 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Graham, S, Duthie, G, Aughey, R, and Zois, J. Comparison of physical profiles of state-level netball players by position. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2654–2662, 2020—Understanding the physical profiles of state-level netball athletes provides conditioning professionals with testing norms and an understanding of important capacities within particular positions. The purpose was to examine positional differences in physical capacities of state-level netball athletes. Forty-six state-level netball athletes completed physical capacity assessments in the second week of their preseason, over 2 seasons. Tests included stature, 20-m sprint (with 5 and 10 m splits), 505 change-of-direction, countermovement jump, single-leg bounding, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level one. A linear mixed-model with fixed and random effects was used in conjunction with magnitude-based inferences to determine meaningful differences with 90% confidence limits (CLs). Midcourt athletes were shorter in stature than shooters (effect size [ES]: 1.26, CL 0.88–1.63) and defenders (−2.58, −3.35 to −1.80). Midcourt athletes were faster than shooters and defenders in linear acceleration over 5 and 10 m distances and 505 change-of-direction (ES range: −0.34 to −0.59). Shooters presented poorer intermittent endurance than midcourt (−0.82, −1.34 to −0.31) and defenders (−0.56, −1.19 to 0.07). Defenders jumped higher than midcourt athletes (−0.56, −1.30 to 0.19) and shooters (−0.61, −1.18 to −0.04), and possessed greater bounding ability compared with shooters (ES range: −0.23 to −0.57). Midcourt athletes require a more holistic set of physical capacities including acceleration, change-of-direction, jumping, and intermittent endurance. For defender and shooter positions, results indicate physical requirements that may be more specific to their positions. Conditioning professionals can use these findings to target specific physical qualities to maximize position-specific performance.
Duration-Dependent Effects of Passive Static Stretching on Musculotendinous Stiffness and Maximal and Rapid Torque and Surface Electromyography Characteristics of the Hamstrings
Authors: Palmer Ty B. , Pineda Jose G. , Cruz Megan R. , Agu-Udemba Chinonye C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPalmer, TB, Pineda, JG, Cruz, MR, and Agu-Udemba, CC. Duration-dependent effects of passive static stretching on musculotendinous stiffness and maximal and rapid torque and surface electromyography characteristics of the hamstrings.J Strength Cond Res33(3): 717–726, 2019—This study aimed to examine the effects of stretching duration on passive musculotendinous stiffness and maximal and rapid torque and surface electromyography (EMG) characteristics of the hamstrings. Thirteen young females (age = 21 ± 2 years) underwent 2 passive straight-leg raise (SLR) assessments and 2 isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the hamstrings before and after 4 randomized conditions that included a control treatment and 3 experimental treatments of passive static stretching for 30-, 60-, and 120-second durations. Passive stiffness was calculated during each SLR as the slope of the final 10% of the angle-torque curve. Isometric peak torque (PT), rate of torque development (RTD), peak EMG amplitude (PEMG), and rate of EMG rise (RER) were extracted from each MVC. Results indicated that PT and PEMG were not affected (p= 0.993 and 0.422, respectively) by any of the experimental treatments. Rate of torque development and RER decreased from pre- to post-treatment for 120 seconds (p= 0.001 and 0.001) but not for the control (p= 0.616 and 0.466), 30- (p= 0.628 and 0.612), and 60-second (p= 0.396 and 0.815) interventions. The slope coefficient decreased from pre- to post-treatment for the 30- (p= 0.001), 60- (p= 0.002), and 120-second (p= 0.001) stretching interventions but not for the control (p= 0.649). Given the significant stiffness reductions and lack of changes in PT and RTD for the 30- and 60-second interventions, it may be advantageous for practitioners who are using hamstring passive stretching as part of a warm-up routine, to perform such stretching on their clients for short (30–60 seconds) rather than moderate (120-second) stretching durations.
Animism
Authors: Chidester David 
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the emergence of a category, “belief in spiritual beings,” which drove certain “intellectualist” assumptions about the essence, origin, and persistence of religion. Like many terms in the study of religion in Europe during the late nineteenth century, animism arose through a global mediation in which an imperial theorist, in this case the father of anthropology, E. B. Tylor, relied on colonial middlemen, such as missionaries, travelers, and administrators, for evidence about indigenous people all over the world. Among other colonial sources, E. B. Tylor relied on the Anglican missionary Henry Callaway for data about Zulu people in South Africa. Drawing on Callaway’s reports about Zulu dreaming and sneezing, Tylor distilled his basic definition of religion as belief in pervading and invading spirits. Against a broad imperial and colonial background, this chapter explores the historical emergence and ongoing consequences of the category animism in the study of religion.
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MINAT MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI KOPERASI 2015 MENJADI ANGGOTA KOPERASI
Authors: Pratama Dicky Setia , Widiyanto Widiyanto 
Published: January 2019

Minat berkoperasi mengandung pengertian keinginan yang tinggi yang diwujudkan dalam perasaan senang, perhatian, konsentrasi, sadar, dan mempunyai kemauan terlibat dalam kegiatan koperasi sehingga mendorong anggota koperasi untuk berpartisipasi aktif. Oleh karena itu untuk menyalurkan minat dalam berkoperasi di setiap instansi pendidikan didirikan sebuah koperasi yang mampu memberikan pembelajaran secara nyata agar memiliki jiwa kemandirian, kewirausahaan dan gotong royong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah pengaruh pendidikan koperasi dan motivasi berkoperasi mahasiswa secara simultan dan parsial terhadap minat berkoperasi mahasiswa pendidikan ekonomi koperasi angkatan 2015.Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu 110 orang dan jumlah sampel 110 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan sampling jenuh dan metode pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi. Metode analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi berganda dan deskriptif persentase. Hasil penelitian diperoleh persamaaan regresi berganda yang selanjutnya disingkat dengan Mb = 0,8036 + 0,329PK + 0,373MB+ e. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa secara simultan dan parsial variabel pengetahuan koperasi dan motivasi berkoperasi berpengaruh positif terhadap minat berkoperasi.

The definition Cooperative learningis of high will manifested in feelings such as pleased, paying attention, concentration, conscious, and has the will to actively participate. Therefore, to channel interest in Koperasi participation, cooperative that gives realistic learning in order to have the students gains independence, entrepreneurship, and mutual cooperation is established in every educational agency. This research aims to understand the presence of cooperative education influence and students’ motivation in cooperative participation simultaneously and partially to economic education 2015 generation students’ interest in cooperative participation. Population of this research is 110 people and with the sample of 110 people. The technique of collecting sample is using saturated sampling and data collecting method used is questionnaire and observation. Data analysis method in this research is using multiple regression analysis and percentage description. The result of research obtains multiple regression equation which further abbreviated as Mb = 0,8036 + 0,329PK + 0,373MB+ e. the result of this research shows that simultaneously and partially, variable of Koperasi knowledge and motivation is positively affecting interest of cooperative participation
POLITINĖS LYDERYSTĖS TĘSTINUMO PROBLEMA POSOVIETINĖJE TRANSFORMACIJOJE
Authors: Čepaitienė Rasa 
Published: January 2019

The article surveys questions related to the situation of the communist elites of allied Soviet republics during and after the collapse of the USSR. The author analizes the questions whether qualitative and quantitative changes happened in the highest layers of the power or the alterations were nominal. What actions had the major significance for the maintenance of the Soviet nomenclature power during the Soviet system’s fundamental breakdown – the character and strength of the local nomenclature’s social networks, their flexibility and adequacy when reacting to the sudden changes of the sociopolitical situation in the metropoly of the Soviet empire and in the national borderlands, the authority and personal charisma of local political leaders, the character of relationships between them and the political-administrative establishment of the centre, and with the emerging alternative local forces or more general geopolitical circumstances? The role of social groups involved into the processes of the perestroika, democratization in the change or maintenance of the communist elites are also discussed in the article. With reference to the biograms of the “last” first secretaries of the CP of allied republics, their generative, professional, and political experience is analyzed, and the given information allows to label them as “ideological” or “technocracy” wing of the party’s high nomenclature. The article shows the number of the „lasts“ first secretaries of the CP who managed not only to keep their positions and real influence in the post-Soviet transitional period, but also managed to become high officials, leaders and even presidents of new independent countries. On the basis of the Baltic countries transiting to the liberal democracy, the group of states ruled by so-called “competitive authoritarianism” and the authoritarian Central Asian republics, the article analyzes how and why national elites managed not only to adapt to the ongoing sociopolitical changes, but also had been able to control and direct them to the profitable direction. According to the latest studies of transitology and historiography of this topic, the author seeks to explain why the real scale of changes of the highest power elites of the former Soviet republics was relatively low.
LIETUVOS DEŠIMTMETIS EUROPOS SĄJUNGOJE: DIDELI LŪKESČIAI, MAŽI POKYČIAI?
Authors: KARMAZINAITĖ SABINA , MANIOKAS KLAUDIJUS , ŽERUOLIS DARIUS 
Published: January 2019

The subject of this article is changes in Lithuania during the EU membershipperiod and the perception of them in the eyes of the elite and Lithuanian society. Therefore, in the first section the goal is to overview the main general changes in economics, society, and governance in 2004–2014 using various indicators and indexes. Although they reveal evident progress in economic convergence with the EU countries, also a higher level of tertiary education attainment, and longer healthy life years, they also show stagnation in long-term structural changes. Further, public policy development analysis states that despite the fact that after accession in 2004 there were opportunities to nationalize public policy agenda, it was still dominated by the EU related questions. Moreover, in comparison to pre-accession period, changes in public policy in Lithuania later were far lower. In the second section of the article the goal is to compare attitudes towards changes between Lithuanian elite members and Lithuanian society. Analysed data of the Lithuanian political elite survey showed that Lithuanian elite sees the biggest positive change during the period of 2004–2014 in public management and in implementing equal application of law principle. However, the article argues that Lithuanian society tends to evaluate the same changes rather differently and its attitudes are more pessimistic. Therefore, based on process tracing methodology, the authors explain how unfulfilled high economic expectations contributed to distrust of political institutions, high perception of corruption, low turnout, and migration. In addition, it is also argued that financial support of the EU stimulated state capture initiatives and corruption in Lithuania which also contributed to the pessimistic evaluations of changes by society.