bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of deposition times on nano structures ferrous thin layers produced by chemical bath deposition method
Authors: Kangarlou Haleh , Asgary Somayeh 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ferrous thin layers were deposited on SiO2 substrates by chemical bath deposition method, from aqueous solutions containing Ironchloride and sodium thiosulfateat 30, 60 and 120 min as deposition time. The effect of deposition time on the structural and optical properties of ferrous thin layers was investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to XRD results, crystallinity of the layers with cubic pyrite phase increases with increasing the deposition time. AFM image showed the film’s surface is well covered with irregular grains. Morphology, roughness and grain structures were changed completely by increasing deposition times. Nanoparticles were clearly visible on the surface of the films. The optical properties were determined using UV–vis spectrophotometer. The optical bandgap of the ferrous layers was between 3.20–3.35 eV at different deposition times.
Analyzing the effect of uncertainty on hybrid permeable nanofluid flow under thermal radiation by Gaussian and triangular fuzzy numbers
Authors: Sartanpara Parthkumar P , Meher Ramakanta , Nikan Omid , Al-Saedi Akeel A 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper investigates the magnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanofluid flow between two non-parallel walls, consisting of Cu − Ag nanoparticles suspended in H2O as the base fluid, which stretch or shrink under the influence of heat transfer with a heat source/sink. This analysis considers the impact of thermal radiation and porous media on the velocity and temperature profiles. The analysis is relevant in engineering applications such as cooling systems, lubrication, and advanced material manufacturing where precise heat and flow control are crucial. The nanoparticle volume fraction is modeled as an uncertain parameter, using Gaussian and triangular fuzzy numbers, specifically GFN(0.025, 0.01, 0.01) and TFN(0, 0.025, 0.05). A double parametric approach for fuzzy numbers, along with the homotopy method, is employed to investigate the uncertain effects of key physical parameters such as the stretching/shrinking parameter, Reynolds number, magnetic parameter, Darcy number, Eckert number, radiation parameter, and the volume fraction of nanoparticles on the fuzzy velocity and temperature profiles of the hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent and divergent channels. The numerical results are validated through experimentation, demonstrating strong agreement in both the crisp and uncertain scenarios using triangular and Gaussian fuzzy senses, and showing consistency with previously established findings.
Compact metasurface antenna for Sub-6 GHz applications with isolated n77/n78 bands using CSRR
Authors: Varshney Atul , Kumar Satyam , Gençoğlan Duygu Nazan , Tiwari Satyam , Ara Shabnam , Elfergani Issa , Zebiri Chemseddine , Rodriguez Jonathan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A compact (0.35

λ

0

×

0.35

λ

0

where

λ

0

is free space wavelength at the lower resonance frequency 3.50 GHz) bio-inspired tulip flower-shaped antenna (TFSA) is proposed. A double negative (DNG) metamaterial complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is introduced near the feed in the hybrid triangular-circular patch which inserts a notch-band (4.20–4.38 GHz) in the wide bandwidth (3.15–7.05 GHz) and makes the antenna response dual-band. Consequently, this results in in-band interference reduction in 5G-Sub-6 GHz applications. A slotted FSS is placed at a distance of 28.507 mm beneath the monopole-reduced ground of the antenna to enhance the reduced gain from 4.39 dBi to 7.22 dBi. A further gain is improved to 12.84 dBi by placing a full copper surface (0.35

λ

0

× 0.35

λ

0

) as the reflector layer is placed below FSS at 1.6 mm. Finally, prototyped TFSA with FSS and reflector model achieve a dual bands reflection coefficient response (3.15–4.20 GHz): n77/n78, and (4.38–7.03 GHz): n46/n47/n96/n102/n79. The antenna reflection coefficient is tested using Keysight 14 GHz FieldFox Microwave Analyzer N9916A, and radiation patterns in the E-plane and H-plane are measured using an 18 GHz anechoic chamber. The comparison of simulated results with measured results is found an excellent match in bandwidth and with shapes of gain radiation patterns. The reflector and FSS jointly make the radiation pattern strong in the E-plane above the TFSA radiator. The antenna is well suited for n77/n78 (3.30–4.20 GHz), n79(4.40–4.99 GHz), n46 (5150–5925 MHz), n47 (5855–5925 MHz), n96/n102 (5925–6425 MHz), 5.8 GHz HiperLAN, WiMAX 3.5 GHz applications. An electrical equivalent circuit model of the proposed TFSA antenna is presented and validated using ADS software.
Hydrogen evolution performance of single atom catalyst supported on holey graphdiyne
Authors: Gao Haoshan , Chen Yucheng , Wang Ping , Du Yaohui , Li Hui , Zheng Xudong , Zhao Yafei 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Electrocatalytic hydrogen production is an effective method to solve environmental issues and energy crisis. However, cheap and high performance electrocatalysts are still very scarce. In this work, the hydrogen evolution reaction performance of holey graphdiyne supported transition metals single-atom catalysts (TM-SAC-HGY) were investigated by first-principles study. It is found that TM atoms are stably anchored on monolayer HGY by forming TM-C bonds. Meanwhile, TM atoms transfer electrons to both HGY and H atom. More importantly, the H adsorption free energy (ΔG
H) of Cu-SAC-HGY is 0.028 eV, which is very close to 0 eV. Therefore, Cu-SAC-HGY has excellent HER activity. By analyzing the results of partial density of states, it can be concluded that the orbital hybridization strength of TM and H plays a decisive role in affecting HER activity. This work could contribute to the development of more efficient HER electrocatalysts.
A positionally stable anatomic smooth breast implant
Authors: F Salazar Hector , Y Li Tim , Salingaros Sophia , Urrea de la Puerta Carlos Y , S Corpuz George , M O’Connell Gillian , C Aboaf Celia , Dong Xue , P Poveromo Luke , J Bonassar Lawrence , A Spector Jason 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The voluntary recall of textured breast implants due to their association with breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma has resulted in the loss of the primary advantage of the textured surface: positional stability. We have engineered a novel soft gel-filled smooth implant with a surface that promotes positional stability without texture, known as the positionally stable smooth implant (PSSI). Miniature anatomically shaped breast implant shells were fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane using 3D-printed molds. The implant shell design incorporates cylindrical wells 1–4 mm in diameter. Implants were filled with commercial breast implant-derived silicone gel. Smooth and textured implants were also fabricated, serving as controls. Six implants per group were implanted subcutaneously into the bilateral rat dorsum. Rotation was measured every 2 weeks for a total of 12 weeks to assess stability. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 12 weeks, and implant-capsule units were explanted for histological and Micro-computed tomography (MicroCT) analyzes. Four weeks after implantation, PSSI conditions showed tissue ingrowth and conformation to well dimensions, as assessed by histological staining and MicroCT imaging. Twelve weeks post implantation, textured implants and PSSI conditions with larger widths, depths, and well number demonstrated statistically significant increased stability compared to smooth implants (p < 0.05). Tissue ingrowth into shell features occurred by 4 weeks and remained throughout longer time points. No significant differences were found in capsule thickness or collagen content between groups. These results suggest a promising alternative to textured surfaces for inducing implant positional stability.
Multi-city analysis of satellite surface temperature compared to crowdsourced air temperature
Authors: Naserikia Marzie , Nazarian Negin , Hart Melissa A , Sismanidis Panagiotis , Kittner Jonas , Bechtel Benjamin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Many urban heat studies have been conducted on a city-by-city basis, primarily focusing on summer days, overlooking the broader impact of background climate, seasonality, and diurnal cycle. Moreover, in some cities where there is a lack of observational data on urban air temperature (T
a), there has been a reliance on satellite-based land surface temperature (LST) to explore and predict the changes in near-surface thermal environments. However, it is still unclear how applicable LST is for exploring the temporal and spatial variation of air temperature across different seasons and background climates. To address these shortcomings, we used high-density crowdsourced T
a observations and satellite imagery to characterise the temporal variability of city-wide T
a and compare it with LST across 55 populated cities. Cities were selected according to the number of crowdsourced T
a measurements, percentage of clear sky pixels and global coverage. Results show that the temporal trends of city-wide LST and T
a agree more closely at night compared to daytime. During the day, the agreement is greater in winter, especially in colder climates. While the intra-urban spatial distribution of LST does not align with T
a, the city-average values are highly correlated. However, the strength of this correlation differs by season and time of day and is further influenced by background climate. If city-average trends are of focus, LST can be used as an indicator for exploring air temperature variations over time, particularly at night. LST can also be used for winter days in cities with temperate and cold climates. However, its application for summer daytime requires more caution, especially in arid cities. These findings provide new insights into the application of satellite-derived LST for exploring city-average temperature trends and variability.
Assessing multi-hazards related to tropical cyclones through large language models and geospatial approaches
Authors: Zhou Yao , Liu Ping 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Each year, tropical cyclones (TCs) cause significant damage to both society and the environment through multiple hazards. While extensive research has focused on individual TC primary hazards, there is a gap in the comprehensive assessment of multiple TC-related hazards using a large number of TCs, likely due to limitations in methodology and data when identifying complex hazard interrelationships. To address this challenge, we developed novel methods using a rule-based natural language processing (NLP) approach to extract TC-related weather-hazardous events from official hazard records, of which narratives provide detailed characterization of TC multi-hazard interrelationships. We applied this method on TCs originating from the North Atlantic and East Pacific Oceans affecting the Contiguous United States. The results showed that the NLP methods, especially the large language models, can identify TC names from the texts with reasonable precision. A total of 21 488 events related to 179 TCs were identified from 2007 to 2022. These events encompassed 31 types of hazards, with precipitation and flooding being the most frequent and causing the most direct fatalities, while wind hazards cause the most direct property damage. Although TC wind and storm surges are typically concentrated within 100–200 km of the storm track, hazards can occur hundreds of kilometers away and even after the storm’s dissipation. During this period, 2033 counties experienced at least one TC-related event, impacting not only the eastern seaboard but also inland areas in central and southwestern regions. These findings underscore the importance of a multi-hazard perspective on TCs, enhancing hazard awareness and informing decision-making.
Soft-lithographically defined template for arbitrarily patterned acoustic bioassembly
Authors: Chen Sihan , Zhu Lili , Wang Jibo , Jiang Shanqing , Fan Yuhang , Zhao Wen , Wang Zian , Zhou Qing , Chen Yun , Chen Pu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Acoustic bioassembly is recently regarded as a highly efficient biofabrication tool to generate functional tissue mimics. Despite their capacity of directly patterning live cells with close intercellular proximity, most acoustic bioassembly techniques are currently limited to generate some specific simple types of periodic and symmetric patterns, which represents an urgent challenge to emulate geometrically complex cytoarchitecture in human tissue. To address this challenge, we herein demonstrate a soft-lithographically defined acoustic bioassembly (SLAB) technique that enables to assemble live cells into geometrically defined arbitrary multicellular structures. Particularly, we employed a widely accessible soft lithography technique to fabricate a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) construct that works as an amplitude modulation template to define the pressure distribution of near-field acoustic waves. We found that zero pressure areas of the near-field acoustic waves at the PDMS surface distribute above the air-filling regions of the PDMS construct when both the PDMS top layer and air layer are approximately one-tenth of the acoustic wavelength. Using this technique, bioparticles can be assembled into symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns. Specifically, we have demonstrated the SLAB of endothelial spheroids and hepatic cells into liver tissue mimics (LTMs). The functional analysis further indicates that the formed LTMs displayed liver-specific functions, including albumin secretion, urea synthesis, glucose metabolism, and lipid storage. We expect this SLAB technique will be broadly used to construct complex functional tissues for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Impacts of some meteorological parameters on the characteristics of air quality over Ethiopia
Authors: Abawari Admasu , Elfaged Yitagesu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of some meteorological parameters(air temperature, wind speed, air pressure, albedo, specific humidity, surface incoming shortwave flux) on the concentrations of the major pollutants (O3, PM2.5, CO, SO2 ) at the specific sample site of Ethiopia in the year 2023 on the bases of a hour observation. The study data were recorded on the ground with Δt = 1 hr, Δϕ = 0.50, and Δλ = 0.6250 resolution that is available at Givanni website (Gelaro et al 2017 J. Clim.
30 5419–54). The resulting mean hourly data of the trace gas’s at each season was analyzed using time series via the gnuplot package, and its relationship with the meteorological parameters was done by a statistical analysis using the Python programming language. The result of the investigation revealed that the pattern of major air pollutants in the selected districts of Ethiopia propagates with different wave patterns due to a numerous sources of emissions and weather conditions. Among the major pollutants, the resultant concentrations of O3, SO2, PM2.5, and CO that recorded at the sample sites even in sparse population areas of Ethiopia surpassed the available standards (120 μg/m3 for O3, 125 μg/m3 for SO2, 65 μg/m3 for PM2.5, and 10 000 μg/m3 for CO). Those pollutants pose significant risks to human health and environment (Zhao et al 2024 Sci. Rep.
14 11190), so it is vital to create and implement emission control programs to minimize those pollutants at the sampling site.
Reducing demand: a quantitative analysis of energy service demand indicators in sufficiency-oriented scenarios
Authors: Wiese Frauke , Zell-Ziegler Carina , Burghardt Celia , Kloos Yannick , Schäfer Mirko 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A reduction of energy service demand in all sectors is required to reach ambitious climate and other sustainability goals. A growing number of energy and climate scenarios does include detailed assumptions and quantified parameters for the reduction of energy service demand. However, the indicators and units used to measure the demand reduction potential of energy services differ from study to study and are thus difficult to compare. To help fill the existing research gap around the assumptions and quantification of sufficiency potentials, we analyse quantified European-focused sufficiency scenarios that are ambitious with respect to energy demand reduction. We propose twelve main service level indicators for comparison and create a database for the industry, transport, building and food sectors which includes values for these indicators from all identified scenarios. Achieving a common understanding of such indicators in the research community and more transparency in published scenario assumptions, input and output parameters, would improve comparability and streamline data research efforts. The resulting final energy demand in European sufficiency scenarios varies between 37 and 65 GJ/capita/year, which corresponds to reductions of −55 percent and −26 percent, respectively, by the target year (2040/2045/2050), averaging −46 percent. In European sufficiency scenarios, values for energy service demand in all sectors differ significantly, except for average distance travelled per person. The highest assumed reduction can be found for food indicators with an average 60 percent reduction compared to historic values. A comparison with published values for decent living standards shows that assumed values in European sufficiency scenarios are significantly higher. The analysed European sufficiency scenarios in this paper provide a different perspective on future values for energy service demand indicators than decent living standard approaches. The combination of those perspectives can inform discussions on a sustainable consumption space that climate policy is aiming for.
Assimilation of INSAT-3D imager retrieved aerosol optical depth for enhanced dust storm prediction using WRF-Chem model
Authors: Khan Aman W , Ganguly Dilip , Dey Sagnik , Varma Atul Kumar , Kumar Prashant 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Frequent dust storms during the pre-monsoon season in northwest India significantly impact weather, air quality, and health, necessitating accurate predictions. This study demonstrates the first-time assimilation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from INSAT-3D into the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), alongside previously assimilated AOD data from MODIS AQUA. Focusing on an extreme dust storm over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) from June 12–17, 2018, identical experiments were conducted with and without AOD assimilation. The Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) method was utilized for data assimilation, with simulations performed for 144 h, adjusting for uncertainties in the model’s background error covariance using different inflation factors. The model’s performance was validated using the ECMWF Atmospheric Composition Reanalysis 4 (EAC4) product. The assimilated AOD analysis significantly improved bias, root mean square difference (RMSD), and correlation from [0.47, 0.71, 0.40] to [0.07, 0.38, 0.80]. The 24 h AOD forecast improved by approximately 56% and 30% with INSAT-3D and MODIS AOD assimilation, respectively. AOD assimilation directly impacted cloud properties and radiative forcing, enhancing the 24 h forecast of net shortwave downward flux (SWD) by approximately 51 W m−2 and 24 W m−2 for INSAT-3D and MODIS, respectively. These changes also affected vertical levels up to 5 km, modifying the rainwater mixing ratio (QRAIN) and surface rainfall forecasts. This study shows that integrating INSAT-3D AOD data provides substantial improvements in aerosol forecasts, crucial for making reliable and accurate forecasts of severe dust storms and air pollution episodes over the Indian region.
Country-level differences in the electrified kilometers of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles across Europe
Authors: Mandev Ahmet , Sprei Frances 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been the subject of many debates regarding their role in the electrification of the transport sector for the duality that they can be subsidized due to electric driving, but they can also be driven on fossil fuels. Previous studies focused on the charging and driving behavior of PHEVs to assess their share of electrified kilometers (vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT) with the internal combustion engine off—thus relying only on the electric engine—among all VKT), and to determine their environmental benefits. However, there is limited understanding of how the same vehicle is used in different countries and what that means in terms of the share of electrified kilometers. In this study, we analyze a very large real-world sample (over 32 000 vehicles) of an identical PHEV model to understand how PHEV driving differs in the share of electrified kilometers among 10 European countries and what country-level factors are behind these differences. We find that there is a North–South divide in the share of electrified kilometers within Europe, with a significant decrease southward. Furthermore, at the country-level, a higher share of company cars can be associated with higher shares of electrification contrary to expectations in the literature, highlighting the importance of increased opportunities and incentives for workplace charging and less subsidies for conventional fuel use. We also find that higher electricity prices are associated with lower shares of electrified kilometers at the country-level. Furthermore, PHEVs in our dataset, in all countries have consistently 20% to 40% lower shares of electrified kilometers compared to type-approval values in Europe.
HarvestGRID: high-resolution harvested crop areas of the United States from 1981 to 2019
Authors: Lamsal Gambhir , Marston Landon T 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The United States is a major producer and exporter of agricultural goods, fulfilling global demands for food, fiber, and fuel while generating substantial economic benefits. Agriculture in the U.S. not only dominates land use but also ranks as the largest water-consuming sector. High-resolution cropland mapping and insights into cultivation trends are essential to enhance sustainable management of land and water resources. Existing data sources present a trade-off between temporal breadth and spatial resolution, leading to gaps in detailed geographic crop distribution. To bridge this gap, we adopted a data-fusion methodology that leverages the advantages of various data sources, including county-level data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, along with several gridded land use datasets. This approach enabled us to create annual maps, termed HarvestGRID, of irrigated and harvested areas for 30 key crops across the U.S. from 1981 to 2019 at a resolution of 2.5 arc minutes. Over the past four decades, irrigated harvested area has remained relatively stable nationally; however, several western states exhibit a declining trend, while some eastern states show an upward trend. Notably, more than 50% of the irrigated land in the U.S. lies above three major aquifers: the High Plains, Central Valley, and Mississippi Embayment Aquifers. We assessed the accuracy of HarvestGRID by comparing it with other large-scale gridded cropland databases, identifying both consistencies and discrepancies across different years, regions, and crops. This dataset is pivotal for analyzing long-term cropland use patterns and supports the advancement of more sustainable agricultural practices.