bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of the epithelial sodium channel in initiation of mechanically evoked swallows in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Tsujimura Takanori , Ueha Rumi , Yoshihara Midori , Takei Eri , Nagoya Kouta , Shiraishi Naru , Magara Jin , Inoue Makoto 
Published: April 2019

Key pointsAfferents carried by the superior laryngeal nerve play a primary role in the initiation of laryngeal mechanically evoked swallows in anaesthetized rats.Amiloride and its analogues inhibit swallowing evoked by mechanical stimulation, but not swallowing evoked by chemical and electrical stimulation.The epithelial sodium channel is probably involved in the initiation of laryngeal mechanically evoked swallows.AbstractThe swallowing reflex plays a critical role in airway protection. Because impaired laryngeal mechanosensation is associated with food bolus aspiration, it is important to know how the laryngeal sensory system regulates swallowing initiation. This study was performed to clarify the neuronal mechanism of mechanically evoked swallows. Urethane‐anaesthetized Sprague–Dawley male rats were used. A swallow was identified by activation of the suprahyoid and thyrohyoid muscles on electromyography. The swallowing threshold was measured by von Frey filament and electrical stimulation of the larynx. The number of swallows induced by upper airway distension and capsaicin application (0.03 nmol, 3 μl) to the vocal folds was counted. The effects of topical application (0.3–30 nmol, 3 μl) of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blocker amiloride and its analogues (benzamil and dimethylamiloride), acid‐sensing ion channel (ASIC) inhibitors (mambalgine‐1 and diminazene) and gadolinium to the laryngeal mucosa on swallowing initiation were evaluated. A nerve transection study indicated that afferents carried by the superior laryngeal nerve play a primary role in the initiation of laryngeal mechanically evoked swallows. The mechanical threshold of swallowing was increased in a dose‐dependent manner by amiloride and its analogues and gadolinium, but not by ASIC inhibitors. The number of swallows by upper airway distension was significantly decreased by benzamil application. However, the initiation of swallows evoked by capsaicin and electrical stimulation was not affected by benzamil application. We speculate that the ENaC is involved in the initiation of laryngeal mechanically evoked swallows.
Investigation of the Relationship Between Salivary Cortisol, Training Load, and Subjective Markers of Recovery in Elite Rugby Union Players
Authors: Tiernan Caoimhe , Lyons Mark , Comyns Tom , Nevill Alan M. , Warrington Giles 
Published: April 2019

Purpose: Insufficient recovery can lead to a decrease in performance and increase the risk of injury and illness. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol as a marker of recovery in elite rugby union players. Method: Over a 10-wk preseason training period, 19 male elite rugby union players provided saliva swabs biweekly (Monday and Friday mornings). Subjective markers of recovery were collected every morning of each training day. Session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was taken after every training session, and training load was calculated (sRPE × session duration). Results: Multilevel analysis found no significant association between salivary cortisol and training load or subjective markers of recovery (all P > .05) over the training period. Compared with baseline (wk 1), Monday salivary cortisol significantly increased in wk 4 (14.94 [7.73] ng/mL; P = .04), wk 8 (16.39 [9.53] ng/mL; P = .01), and wk 9 (15.41 [9.82] ng/mL; P = .02), and Friday salivary cortisol significantly increased in wk 5 (14.81 [8.74] ng/mL; P = .04) and wk 10 (15.36 [11.30] ng/mL; P = .03). Conclusions: The significant increase in salivary cortisol on certain Mondays may indicate that players did not physically recover from the previous week of training or match at the weekend. The increased Friday cortisol levels and subjective marker of perceived fatigue indicated increased physiological stress from that week’s training. Regular monitoring of salivary cortisol combined with appropriate planning of training load may allow sufficient recovery to optimize training performance.
The Relationship Between Vertical Ground Reaction Force, Loading Rate, and Sound Characteristics During a Single-Leg Landing
Authors: Lisee Caroline , Birchmeier Tom , Yan Arthur , Geers Brent , O’Hagan Kaitlin , Davis Callum , Kuenze Christopher 
Published: April 2019

Context:Landing kinetic outcomes are associated with injury risk and may be persistently altered after anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction. However, it is challenging to assess kinetics clinically. The relationship between sound characteristics and kinetics during a limited number of functional tasks has been supported as a potential clinical alternative.Objective:To assess the relationship between kinetics and sound characteristics during a single-leg landing task.Design:ObservationalSetting:Laboratory.Participants:There was total of 26 healthy participants (15 males/11 females, age = 24.8 [3.6] y, height = 176.0 [9.1] cm, mass = 74.9 [14.4] kg, Tegner Activity Scale = 6.1 [1.1]).Intervention:Participants completed single-leg landings onto a force plate while audio characteristics were recorded.Main Outcome Measures:Peak vertical ground reaction force, linear loading rate, instantaneous loading rate, peak sound magnitude, sound frequency were measured. Means and SDs were calculated for each participant’s individual limbs. Spearman rho correlations were used to assess the relationships between audio characteristics and kinetic outcomes.Results:Peak sound magnitude was positively correlated with normalized peak vertical ground reaction force (ρ = .486,P = .001); linear loading rate (ρ = .491,P = .001); and instantaneous loading rate (ρ = .298,P = .03). Sound frequency was negatively correlated with instantaneous loading rate (ρ = −.444,P = .001).Conclusions:Peak sound magnitude may be more helpful in providing feedback about an individual’s normalized vertical ground reaction force and linear loading rate, and sound frequency may be more helpful in providing feedback about instantaneous loading rate. Further refinement in sound measurement techniques may be required before these findings can be applied in a clinical population.
Mild to moderate hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactams in children: a single-centre retrospective review
Authors: Vila Leticia , Garcia Vanesa , Martinez Azcona Oihana , Pineiro Loreley , Meijide Angela , Balboa Vanesa 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveBeta-lactam (BL) antibiotics are the most reported drugs in hypersensitivity reactions in children. More than 90% of these children tolerate the suspected drug after diagnostic work-up. Skin tests (STs) show low sensitivity. Our aim was to assess the performance of drug provocation tests (DPTs) without previous ST in mild and moderate delayed reactions and to propose a new DPT protocol.Design of the studyCharts from 213 children under 15 years of age referred for suspected BL allergy from 2011 to 1013 were reviewed. Prick, intradermal and patch tests were performed with major determinant penicilloyl-polylysine, minor determinant mixture, amoxicillin (AMX), cefuroxime, penicillin G and AMX–clavulamate. Children with negative skin tests underwent DPT. After an initial full dose of antibiotic, DPT was carried on for 3 days at home in patients reacting within the first 3 days of treatment. If the reaction took place from day 4 on of treatment, patients took the antibiotic for 5 days.ResultsWe included 108 girls and 105 boys. Mean age at the time of reaction was 3.66±3.06 years. 195 patients (91.5%) reacted to one BL. 154 reactions (67.2%) were non-immediate. Mild to moderate skin manifestations were most frequently reported. AMX–clavulanate was the most frequently involved (63.4%). DPT confirmed the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity in 17 (7.3%) cases. These 17 patients had negative ST.ConclusionIn mild and moderate cases of BL hypersensitivity, diagnosis can be performed by DPT without previous ST
Management of thrombotic and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults
Authors: Tektonidou Maria G , Andreoli Laura , Limper Marteen , Tincani Angela , Ward Michael M 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveTo perform a systematic literature review (SLR) informing the European Lmmendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in adults.MethodsA SLR through January 2018 was performed. Research questions were constructed using the Patient, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome (PICO) format. We included data from articles that reported on each relevant intervention. Summary effect estimates were calculated for direct comparison studies that matched the PICO question exactly, and for studies with the relevant intervention and comparator. When meta-analyses were available, we used these estimates.ResultsFrom 7534 retrieved articles (+15 from hand searches), 188 articles were included in the review. In individuals with high-risk antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) profile without prior thrombotic or obstetric APS, two meta-analyses showed a protective effect of low-dose aspirin (LDA) against thrombosis. Two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and three cohort studies showed no additional benefit of treatment with vitamin K antagonists at target international normalised ratio (INR) 3–4 versus INR 2–3 in patients with venous thrombosis. In patients with arterial thrombosis, two RCTs and two cohort studies showed no difference in risk of recurrent thrombosis between the two target INR groups. One open-label trial showed higher rates of thrombosis recurrences in triple aPL-positive patients treated with rivaroxaban than those treated with warfarin. RCTs and cohort studies showed that combination treatment with LDA and heparin was more effective than LDA alone in several types of obstetric APS. SLR results were limited by the indirect evidence and the heterogeneity of patient groups for some treatments, and only a few high-quality RCTs.ConclusionWell-designed studies of homogeneous APS patient populations are needed.
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon Anatomy May Mimic Tears
Authors: Erickson John , Kwart Ariel , Steven Yang S. 
Published: April 2019

Background: Asymptomatic, incidental extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon abnormalities are frequently noted on imaging studies of the wrist. The aim of this investigation was to determine if variations in gross tendon anatomy existed that could possibly account for these findings on MRI and ultrasound (US) imaging. Methods: The upper extremities of eleven (6 male and 5 female) formalin preserved cadavers were dissected and examined under loupe magnification with attention to the dorsal-ulnar wrist and hand and the ECU tendon. The tendons were inspected for anatomic variations, degenerative changes, and any other pathologies. The presence of intra-tendinous splits arising within the ECU tendon was noted and measured. The distances of the splits from the distal tendon insertion and the edge of the extensor retinaculum were recorded. Statistical correlations between age and the tendon splits were considered using R-squared to assess a linear regression. Results: 17 ECU tendons were dissected and examined, and 5 ECU tendons were excluded due to poor preservation of that upper extremity; all five were right sided upper extremities. Eleven of the 17 specimens demonstrated at least one split in the distal tendon: Seven had 1 split, 1 had 2 splits, and 3 had 3 splits. The mean length of the tendon split was 3.52 cm. The mean distance of the distal edge of the split to the tendon insertion site was 2.4 cm. A linear regression was calculated and showed no correlation between age and number of tendon splits. Conclusions: 64% of specimens showed a longitudinal split in the distal ECU tendon. The location of these frequent splits corresponds to imaging abnormalities on MRI and US in prior studies.
Proliferation and the Logic of the Nuclear Market
Authors: Gheorghe Eliza 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The evolution of the nuclear market explains why there are only nine members of the nuclear club, not twenty-five or more, as some analysts predicted. In the absence of a supplier cartel that can regulate nuclear transfers, the more suppliers there are, the more intense their competition will be, as they vie for market share. This commercial rivalry makes it easier for nuclear technology to spread, because buyers can play suppliers off against each other. The ensuing transfers help countries either acquire nuclear weapons or become hedgers. The great powers (China, Russia, and the United States) seek to thwart proliferation by limiting transfers and putting safeguards on potentially dangerous nuclear technologies. Their success depends on two structural factors: the global distribution of power and the intensity of the security rivalry among them. Thwarters are most likely to stem proliferation when the system is unipolar and least likely when it is multipolar. In bipolarity, their prospects fall somewhere in between. In addition, the more intense the rivalry among the great powers in bipolarity and multipolarity, the less effective they will be at curbing proliferation. Given the potential for intense security rivalry among today's great powers, the shift from unipolarity to multipolarity does not portend well for checking proliferation.
Review of the jumping tree bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Isometopinae) of Argentina and nearby areas of Brazil and Paraguay, with descriptions of nine new species
Authors: HENRY THOMAS J. , CARPINTERO DIEGO L. 
Published: April 2019

Nine new species of jumping tree bugs, or Isometopinae, from Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil are described. The genus Aristotelesia is revised and the two new species A. fuscata (from Brazil) and A. medialis (from Argentina) are described, and the Argentine and Paraguayan species of Myiomma are reviewed and the seven new species M. apicalis (from Paraguay), M. argentinensis (from Argentina and Paraguay), M. binotata (from Argentina), M. pallidopleura (from Argentina), M. pallipes (from Argentina), M. scutellata (from Paraguay), and M. uniformis (from Argentina) are described. Previously published records of isometopines from Argentina are clarified. Color photographs, illustrations of the parameres of M. argentinensis, and keys are provided to help distinguish species.
Cacopsylla fraudatrix sp.n. (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) recognised from testis structure and mitochondrial gene COI
Authors: KUZNETSOVA VALENTINA G. , LABINA EUGENIA S. , SHAPOVAL NAZAR A. , MARYAŃSKA-NADACHOWSKA ANNA , LUKHTANOV VLADIMIR A. 
Published: April 2019

Cacopsylla fraudatrix Labina & Kuznetsova sp.n., collected from Vaccinium myrtillus in Bieszczady Mountains (S. Poland) is described and compared with the most closely related species, C. myrtilli (developing on V. myrtillus) and C. ledi (on Ledum palustre) as well as with a distantly related species C. vaccinii (on V. bracteatum). The identity of the new species is supported by the structure of testes consisting of two follicles each, in contrast to four in C. myrtilli and C. ledi, and by a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on a 714 bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene. C. fraudatrix sp. n. forms a distinct clade in MP, ML and BI trees and differs from C. myrtilli by 28 fixed nucleotide substitutions (uncorrected p-distance = 3.92%) and from C. ledi by 26 fixed nucleotide substitutions (uncorrected p-distance = 3.64%).
Desafíos para la promoción de la salud: El caso del mercado de las Fórmulas Infantiles en México
Authors: Torre Pilar , Salas Monserrat , Silva Consuelo Ingrid 
Published: April 2019

Resumen: se reconoce a la lactancia materna como la modalidad alimentaria ideal para el óptimo crecimiento y desarrollo infantil. En México, la prevalencia nacional de lactancia materna exclusiva entre los menores de 6 meses es de 30.8%, cifra que constituye un desafío a la promoción de la salud. Las fórmulas infantiles se han constituido en productos socialmente aceptables, convenientes y equivalentes, sea por las condiciones del trabajo materno, las dificultades propias de la lactancia, el uso rutinario de fórmulas y biberones durante la atención del parto, la desinformación médica, el prestigio social de las fórmulas, el papel del Estado y la mercadotecnia de fabricantes. Este artículo muestra la oferta y la disponibilidad comercial de fórmulas en México, mediante un estudio transversal realizado en 2016, en 35 establecimientos en la Ciudad de México (marca, fabricante, precio, cantidad, indicaciones de consumo y país de origen); y otro estudio retrospectivo, sobre el volumen en miles de toneladas y el valor en millones de dólares, de las ventas nacionales de 2012 a 2016. Se encontraron 79 productos elaborados por 13 fabricantes, con diferentes precios; Nestlé® ofrece el 25% de los productos. El volumen del mercado nacional en 2016, 78 mil toneladas, genera una disponibilidad de 600 millones de litros de fórmula preparada, 743 mL de preparación por nacido vivo por día, que alcanzaría para alimentar a todos los nacidos vivos en ese año; el valor, 596 millones de dólares representa un costo de 0.74 dólares por nacido vivo por día. Frente a los compromisos internacionales como Salud en Todas las Políticas y la Declaración sobre Desarrollo Sostenible, esta disponibilidad constituye un desafío para la promoción de la lactancia materna, ante la complejidad de las decisiones maternas y familiares, en los diversos contextos sociales.
Spinal Cord Diffuse Midline Glioma in a 4-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Rashid Salman , Singh Sumit , Li Rong , Dure Leon S. 
Published: April 2019

Objective: We report a child presenting with spinal myelopathy secondary to H3K27M mutant diffuse midline glioma. Case Report: A 4-year-old boy presented with a 3-week history of progressive gait difficulty. Examination revealed bilateral hand and lower extremity weakness, left leg hypertonia with ankle clonus, and a right hemisensory deficit. Magnetic resonance imaging of neuroaxis showed cervical and thoracic spinal cord with expansion and irregular areas of enhancement. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid studies were unremarkable for infectious, autoimmune, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes but showed mild cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia, and high protein level. A thoracic cord biopsy revealed a diffuse midline glioma (World Health Organization grade IV). Consequently, the tumor involved intracranial structures and patient died within 4 months after diagnosis. Conclusion: High-grade spinal cord gliomas are very rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric myelopathy. Tissue biopsy is recommended in indeterminate cases to facilitate diagnosis and to guide management.
Perception of Physician Empathy Varies With Educational Level and Gender of Patients Undergoing Low-Yield Computerized Tomographic Imaging
Authors: Kline Jeffrey A , Lin Michelle P , Hall Cassandra L , Puskarich Michael A , Dehon Erin , Kuehl Damon R , Wang Ralph C , Hess Erik P , Runyon Michael S , Wang Hao , Courtney D Mark 
Published: April 2019

Objective: Lack of empathic communication between providers and patients may contribute to low value diagnostic testing in emergency care. Accordingly, we measured the perception of physician empathy and trust in patients undergoing low-value computed tomography (CT) in the emergency department (ED). Methods: Multicenter study of ED patients undergoing CT scanning, acknowledged by ordering physicians as unlikely to show an emergent condition. Near the end of their visit, patients completed the Jefferson Scale of Patient Perception of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE), Trust in Physicians Survey (TIPS), and the Group Based Medical Mistrust Scale (GBMMS). We stratified results by patient demographics including gender, race, and education. Results: We enrolled 305 participants across 9 sites with diverse geographic, racial, and ethnic representation. The median scores (interquartile ranges) for the JSPPPE, TIPS, and GBMMS for all patients were 29 (24-33.5), 55 (47-62), and 18 (12-29). Compared with white patients, nonwhite patients had similar JSPPPE and TIPS scores but had higher (worse) GBMMS scores. Females had significantly lower JSPPPE and TIPS scores than males, and scores were lower (worse) in females with college degrees. Patients in the lowest tier of educational status had the highest (better) JSPPPE and TIPS scores. Scores were invariant with physician characteristics. Conclusion: Among patients undergoing low-value CT scanning in the ED, the degree of patient perception of physician empathy and trust varied based on the patients’ level of education and gender. Given this variation, an intervention to increase patient perception of physician empathy should contain individualized strategies to address these subgroups, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.
Infused factor VIII–expressing platelets or megakaryocytes as a novel therapeutic strategy for hemophilia A
Authors: Lyde Randolph B. , Ahn Hyun Sook , Vo Karen K. , Jarocha Danuta J. , Tkaczynski John , Treffeisen Elsa , Sullivan Spencer K. , Camire Rodney M. , Sabatino Denise E. , French Deborah L. , Poncz Mortimer 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
B-domainless factor VIII (FVIII) ectopically expressed in megakaryocytes (MKs) is stored in α granules of platelets (pFVIII) and is capable of restoring hemostasis in FVIIInull mice, even in the presence of circulating inhibitors. However, our prior studies have shown that this ectopically expressed pFVIII can injure developing MKs. Moreover, the known risks of prolonged thrombocytopenia after bone marrow transplantation are significant challenges to the use of this strategy to treat individuals with severe hemophilia A and particularly those with intractable clinically relevant inhibitors. Because of these limitations, we now propose the alternative therapeutic pFVIII strategy of infusing pFVIII-expressing MKs or platelets derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). pFVIII-expressing iPSC-derived MKs, termed iMKs, release platelets that can contribute to improved hemostasis in problematic inhibitor patients with hemophilia A. As proof of principle, we demonstrate that hemostasis can be achieved in vitro and in vivo with pFVIII-expressing platelets and show prolonged efficacy. Notably, pFVIII-expressing platelets are also effective in the presence of inhibitors, and their effect was enhanced with recombinant FVIIa. Human pFVIII-expressing iMKs improved hemostasis in vitro, and derived platelets from infused human pFVIII-expressing iMKs improved hemostasis in FVIIInull mice. These studies indicate the potential therapeutic use of recurrent pFVIII-expressing MK or platelet infusions with prolonged hemostatic coverage that may be additive with bypassing agents in hemophilia A patients with neutralizing inhibitors.
Favorable outcomes with de-escalated radiation therapy for limited-stage nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Pinnix Chelsea C. , Milgrom Sarah A. , Cheah Chan Yoon , Gunther Jillian R. , Ludmir Ethan B. , Wogan Christine F. , Nastoupil Loretta J. , Neelapu Sattva S. , Westin Jason , Lee Hun J. , Iyer Swaminathan P. , Steiner Raphael E. , Fayad Luis E. , Fowler Nathan H. , Wang Michael L. , Samaniego Felipe , Rodriguez Maria A. , Rich Amy E. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Dabaja Bouthaina S. 
Published: April 2019

Key Points
Short-term data suggest that stage I/II NLPHL can be treated with ISRT without a negative impact on disease-free survival.