bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subclass Separation of White Blood Cell Images Using Convolutional Neural Network Models
Authors: Togacar Mesut , Ergen Burhan , Sertkaya Mehmet Emre 
Published: October 2019

The white blood cells produced in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue known as leucocytes are an important part of the immune system to protect the body against foreign invaders and infectious disease. These cells, which do not have color, have a few days or several weeks of life. A lot of clinic experience is required for a doctor to detect the amount of white blood cells in human blood and classify it. Thus, early and accurate diagnosis can be made in the formation of various disease types, including infection on the immune system, such as anemia and leukemia, while evaluating and determining the disease of a patient. The white blood cells can be separated into four subclasses, such as Eosinophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, and Neutrophil. This study focuses on the separation of the white blood cell images by the classification process using convolutional neural network models, which is a deep learning model. A deep learning network, which is slow in the training step due to the complex architecture, but fast in the test step, is used for the feature extraction instead of intricate methods. For the subclass separation of white blood cells, the experimental results show that the AlexNet architecture gives the correct recognition rate among the convolutional neural network architectures tested in the study. Various classifiers are performed on the features derived from the AlexNet architecture to evaluate the classification performance. The best performance in the classification of white blood cells is given by the quadratic discriminant analysis classifier with the accuracy of 97.78 %.
Jiné výdělečné činnosti státních zaměstnanců: výkon činnosti rozhodce zaměstnancem státní správy a ve srovnání s dalšími činnostmi (znalecká činnost, tlumočnická činnost aj.)
Authors: Bělohlávek Alexander J. 
Published: October 2019

V tomto článku se autor zaměřuje na možnost výkonu funkce rozhodce státními zaměstnanci vykonávajícími státní správu, a to s ohledem na úpravu případné další výdělečné činnosti zejména v režimu zákona č. 234/2014 Sb. o státní službě. Pozornost je věnována zejména podrobnému výkladu ustanovení § 81 odst. 2 zákona č. 234/2014 Sb. o státní službě, stejně jako obecným předpokladům výkonu funkce rozhodce státním zaměstnancem vykonávajícím státní správu především v návaznosti na specifika rozhodčího řízení a rozhodcovské činnosti. Autor nejprve v obecné části krátce popisuje postavení rozhodce a stran v rozhodčím řízení s přihlédnutím k povinnostem státního zaměstnance, charakterizuje činnost rozhodce v kontextu českého právního řádu a poskytuje podrobný přehled kvalifikačních předpokladů, které pro rozhodce stanovuje zákon o rozhodčím řízení. V hlavní části je podrobně pojednána možnost výkonu rozhodcovské činnosti státním zaměstnancem. Autor zkoumá východiska a účel úpravy ustanovení § 81 odst. 2 zákona č. 234/2014 Sb. o státní službě a porovnává postavení státních zaměstnanců se zákonnou úpravou dalších osob, které jsou ve služebním poměru k České republice, jakož i dalších osob, u kterých zákon omezuje možnost výkonu jiných činností. S ohledem na zákonnou úpravu rozhodcovské činnosti, stejně jako s ohledem na zkoumaný historický vývoj ustanovení nyní obsaženého v § 81 odst. 2 zákona č. 234/2014 Sb. o státní službě, jeho účel, systematiku v českém právním řádu, porovnání s obdobnými ustanoveními jiných předpisů, jakož i racionální a ústavně konformní možnosti jeho aplikace autor uzavírá, že činnost rozhodce není výdělečnou činností ve smyslu § 81 odst. 2 zákona o státní službě. Státní zaměstnanci konající státní službu tak nepotřebují k výkonu této činnosti souhlas příslušného služebního orgánu. Výkon rozhodcovské činnosti však nesmí ohrozit výkon jejich povinností vyplývajících z výkonu státní správy.
EVOLUTION AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM
Authors: Topić-Pavković Branka 
Published: October 2019

The growth dynamics of international exchange and capital flows is conditioned by the efficiency of the international monetary system whose basic task is to provide for international liquidity and smooth international payments. The tendencies in international economic relations in the time of globalisation have determined further directions for the development of the international monetary system. The breakup of the Bretton-Woods System initiated the establishment of a new European monetary system with the aim to stabilise the exchange rates and improve further process of integration and international economic relations. In this research paper we have pointed out to the fact that economic interdependence of souvereign countries leads to coordination of macroeconomic policies, and that it can motivate monetary integration within the monetary policy. The objective of this research paper is to emphasize the stability of the international monetary system as a prerequisite for sustainable growth of national economies and monetary union. The contemporary international monetary system is characterised by the trend of reduced number of national currencies, as this is a logical conseqence of increasing European integrations, but also beacuase of significant economic advanatages. Simultaneously, the costs of the euro changeover and introduction of a common currency are lower if economic performances of member countries mutualy converge.
Optimizing drug selection in psychopharmacology based on 40 significant CYP2C19- and CYP2D6-biased adverse drug reactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Authors: Eugene Andy R. 
Published: October 2019

Background
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most widely prescribed class of drugs in the practice of psychiatry. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and CYP2D6 are established as clinically relevant drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) that influence the pharmacokinetics of SSRIs and may either be grouped as being primarily metabolized by CYP2C19 or CYP2D6. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the primary drug metabolizing pathway for SSRI antidepressants are associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to physiological modulation of organs with the highest gene tissue expression.

Methods
Post-marketing ADR cases were obtained from the United States Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Events Reporting System from each of the four quarters for the years 2016 and 2017. Cases were grouped based on one of two primary pharmacokinetic pharmacogenomic pathway biomarkers CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Citalopram, escitalopram, and sertraline were grouped as CYP2C19 substrates and fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, and paroxetine as CYP2D6 substrates. Logistic regression was computed for the reported SSRI ADRs associated with one of two aforementioned DMEs. All data homogenization and computations were performed in R for statistical programming.

Results
The most commonly reported ADR among the SSRIs was anxiety (n = 3,332). The top two ADRs associated with SSRIs metabolized by CYP2D6 are: nightmare (n = 983) reporting odds-ratio (OR) = 4.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) [3.67–5.20]) and panic attack (n = 1,243) OR = 2.43 (95% CI [2.11–2.79]). Contrastingly, the top two ADRs for CYP2C19 metabolized SSRIs are: electrocardiogram QT prolonged (n = 351) OR = 0.18 (95% CI [0.13–0.24]) and small for dates baby (n = 306) OR = 0.19 (95% CI [0.14–0.26]). The study tested and produced 40 statistically significant CYP2C19- and CYP2D6-biased ADRs. In overall context, the results suggest that CYPC19 SSRI substrates are associated with ADRs related to modulation of the autonomic nervous system, seizure, pain, erectile-dysfunction, and absorption. Contrastingly, CYP2D6 SSRI substrates are associated with ADRs related to nightmares, withdrawal syndrome, and de-realization of cognitive processes. The results of this study may aid as guidance to optimize drug selection in psychopharmacology.
One‐Step Scalable Fabrication of Graphene‐Integrated Micro‐Supercapacitors with Remarkable Flexibility and Exceptional Performance Uniformity
Authors: Shi Xiaoyu , Zhou Feng , Peng Jiaxi , Wu Ren'an , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Bao Xinhe 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe rapid development of miniature electronics has accelerated the demand for simplified and scalable production of micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs); however, the preparation of active materials, patterning microelectrodes, and subsequent modular integration of the reported MSCs are normally separated and are involved in multiple complex steps. Herein, a one‐step, cost‐effective strategy for fast and scalable fabrication of patterned laser‐induced graphene (LIG) for all‐solid‐state planar integrated MSCs (LIG‐MSCs) with various form factors of designable shape, exceptional flexibility, performance uniformity, superior modularization, and high‐temperature stability is demonstrated. Notably, using the conductive and porous LIG patterns composed of randomly stacked graphene nanosheets simultaneously acting as both microelectrodes and interconnects, the resulting LIG‐MSCs represent typical electrical double capacitive behavior, having an impressive areal capacitance of 0.62 mF cm−2 and long‐term stability without capacitance degeneration after 10 000 cycles. Furthermore, LIG‐MSCs display exceptional mechanical flexibility and adjustable voltage and capacitance output through arbitrary arrangement of cells connected in series and in parallel, indicative of exceptional performance customization. Moreover, all‐solid‐state LIG‐MSCs working at ionogel electrolyte exhibit highly stable performance even at high temperature of 100 °C, with 90% capacitance retention over 3000 cycles, suggestive of outstanding reliability. Therefore, the LIG‐MSCs offer tremendous opportunities for miniature power source‐integrated microelectronics.
From Highly Purified Boron Nitride to Boron Nitride‐Based Heterostructures: An Inorganic Precursor‐Based Strategy
Authors: Chen Hao , Yang Zhenzhen , Guo Wei , Dunlap John R. , Liang Jiyuan , Sun Yifan , Jie Kecheng , Wang Song , Fu Jie , Dai Sheng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe current approaches used to fabricate hexagonal boron nitrides (h‐BN) from boron trioxide and urea always results in contamination of the h‐BN product with carbon/oxygen. Thus, discovering a facile way of mass producing high‐purity h‐BN remains a challenge. A simple yet highly efficient thermal treatment approach to large‐scale fabrication of nanoporous h‐BN with high yield, high purity, and high crystallinity is described using NaNH2 and NaBH4 as the oxygen‐ and carbon‐free precursors. The unique properties of inorganic metal salts, i.e., high melting point and strong electrostatic interaction with carbon substrates, render this strategy suitable for the production of homogeneous h‐BN/mesoporous carbon and h‐BN/carbon nanotube heterostructures of high crystallinity, high h‐BN dispersity, and with a strong interfacial effect. These unique features make them promising candidates for supercapacitor applications, resulting a significantly enhanced specific capacitance. This study provides new insight into the fabrication of high‐purity h‐BN and h‐BN‐based heterostructures thus expanding their application in the field of energy storage and transformation.
Ultrasensitive and Highly Stretchable Multifunctional Strain Sensors with Timbre‐Recognition Ability Based on Vertical Graphene
Authors: Deng Caihao , Gao Peixiong , Lan Linfeng , He Penghui , Zhao Xin , Zheng Wei , Chen Wangshou , Zhong Xizhou , Wu Yunhui , Liu Lan , Peng Junbiao , Cao Yong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStretchable/wearable strain sensors are attracting growing interest due to their broad applications in physical and physiological measurements. However, the development of a multifunctional highly stretchable sensor satisfying the requirements of ultrahigh sensitivity (able to distinguish sound frequency) remains a challenge. An ultrasensitive and highly stretchable multifunctional strain sensor with timbre‐recognition ability based on high‐crack‐density vertical graphene (VGr) is fabricated using an ultrasonic peeling (UP) method. It can distinguish frequencies of sounds higher than 2500 Hz. Detailed microscopic examinations reveal that their ultrahigh sensitivity stems from the formation of high‐density nanocracks in the graphitic base layer, which is bridged by the top branched VGr nanowalls. These nanocracks cut the VGr film into a large number of nanopieces, which increase the natural frequency of the sensors, enabling the sensors to distinguish the sound frequency. Demonstrations are presented to highlight the sensors' potential as wearable devices for human physiological signal and timbre detections. This is the first multifunctional highly stretchable strain sensor with timbre‐recognition ability.
Red/Far‐Red Light Switchable Cargo Attachment and Release in Bacteria‐Driven Microswimmers
Authors: Sentürk Oya Ilke , Schauer Oliver , Chen Fei , Sourjik Victor , Wegner Seraphine V. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn bacteria‐driven microswimmers, i.e., bacteriabots, artificial cargos are attached to flagellated chemotactic bacteria for active delivery with potential applications in biomedical technology. Controlling when and where bacteria bind and release their cargo is a critical step for bacteriabot fabrication and efficient cargo delivery/deposition at the target site. Toward this goal, photoregulating the cargo integration and release in bacteriabots using red and far‐red light, which are noninvasive stimuli with good tissue penetration and provide high spatiotemporal control, is proposed. In the bacteriabot design, the surfaces of E. coli and microsized model cargo particles with the proteins PhyB and PIF6, which bind to each other under red light and dissociate from each other under far‐red light are functionalized. Consequently, the engineered bacteria adhere and transport the model cargo under red light and release it on‐demand upon far‐red light illumination due to the photoswitchable PhyB–PIF6 protein interaction. Overall, the proof‐of‐concept for red/far‐red light switchable bacteriabots, which opens new possibilities in the photoregulation in biohybrid systems for bioengineering, targeted drug delivery, and lab‐on‐a‐chip devices, is demonstrated.
Synthesis of C2‐Phosphorylated Indoles via Metal‐Free 1,2‐Phosphorylation of 3‐Indolylmethanols with P(O)‐H Species
Authors: Zou Yun‐Xiang , Liu Xiao‐Yan , Zhang Jing , Yang Hong‐Li , Yang Xin‐Yue , Liu Xiao‐Ling , Chu Yi‐Wen , Chen Long 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn efficient and practical method for synthesis of C2‐phosphorylated indoles has been disclosed via a metal‐free 1,2‐phosphorylation of 3‐indolylmethanols with H‐phosphine oxides or H‐phosphonates. This alternative protocol features a broad substrate scope with respect to both 3‐indolylmethanols derived from isatins, acyclic α‐keto amide, α‐keto ester, 1,2‐diketone and simple ketones and H‐phosphine oxides or H‐phosphonates, moderate to high yields and mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies indicate that this reaction proceeds via an unusual direct 1,2‐addition pathway, in which the existence of an electron‐withdrawing group adjacent to the hydroxyl group of 3‐indolylmethanols plays a decisive role.magnified image
User‐Friendly Copper‐Catalysed Reduction of Azides to Amines
Authors: Pimpasri Chaleena , White Andrew J. P. , Díez‐González Silvia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThree homoleptic copper(I) complexes have been prepared and applied to the reduction of organic azides. Under optimised conditions, complex [Cu(HPDIDMA)2]BF4 3 (HPDIDMA=2,6‐bis[N‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)carbaldimino]pyridine) could reduce a range of electron‐poor azides in a mixture of DMSO and water without the need of an additional H‐source.
Targeted Exosomes for Drug Delivery: Biomanufacturing, Surface Tagging, and Validation
Authors: Si Yingnan , Kim Seulhee , Zhang Eric , Tang Yawen , Jaskula‐Sztul Renata , Markert James M. , Chen Herbert , Zhou Lufang , Liu Xiaoguang (Margaret) 
Published: October 2019

AbstractExosomes hold great potential to deliver therapeutic reagents for cancer treatment due to its inherent low antigenicity. However, several technical barriers, such as low productivity and ineffective cancer targeting, need to be overcome before wide clinical applications. The present study aims at creating a new biomanufacturing platform of cancer‐targeted exosomes for drug delivery. Specifically, a scalable, robust, high‐yield, cell line based exosome production process is created in a stirred‐tank bioreactor, and an efficient surface tagging technique is developed to generate monoclonal antibody (mAb)‐exosomes. The in vitro characterization using transmission electron microscopy, NanoSight, and western blotting confirm the high quality of exosomes. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrate that mAb‐exosomes have strong surface binding to cancer cells. Furthermore, to validate the targeted drug delivery efficiency, romidepsin, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, is loaded into mAb‐exosomes. The in vitro anti‐cancer toxicity study shows high cytotoxicity of mAb‐exosome‐romidepsin to cancer cells. Finally, the in vivo study using tumor xenograft animal model validates the cancer targeting specificity, anti‐cancer efficacy, and drug delivery capability of the targeted exosomes. In summary, new techniques enabling targeted exosomes for drug delivery are developed to support large‐scale animal studies and to facilitate the translation from research to clinics.
Carbon molecular sieve membranes for natural gas purification: Role of surface flow
Authors: Khan Shaihroz , Wang Kean , Feng Xianshe , Elkamel Ali 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCarbon molecular sieve membranes (CMSM) were prepared from the pyrolysis of polyimide films within a temperature range of 600°C‐800°C under nitrogen stream. The membrane samples were characterized and tested for the permeation of He, CH4, CO2, and N2 at different pressures and temperatures, respectively. The CMSM700 membrane (pyrolyzed at 700°C) showed an ideal selectivity of ~ 11 for N2/CH4 with a permeability of 2.18 × 10−15 mol · m/m2 · s · Pa for N2. The separation mechanism for the N2/CH4 pair was shown to be largely molecular sieving rather than surface flow. The membrane showed an ideal selectivity of ~ 500 for the CO2/CH4 pair with a CO2 permeability of 9.72 × 10−14 mol · m/m2 · s · Pa. The permeability of He was lower than that of CO2, suggesting that the surface flow played a significant role in the CO2 permeation. The updated permeability‐selectivity tradeoff curves show that this CMSM membrane compared favourably with other membrane materials reported in the literature for the removal of N2 and CO2 from CH4 for natural gas upgrading.
Mitochondria‐Targeted Nanoscale MOFs for Improved Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Gong Ming , Yang Jian , Zhuang Qixin , Li Yongsheng , Gu Jinlou 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDue to the existence of hypoxic microenvironment, the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is frequently weakened. As a result, targeted treatment toward oxygen‐rich mitochondria is considered as a promising cancer therapy. Herein, both triphenylphosphine (TPP) and folic acid (FA) are simultaneously grafted onto nanoscale metal‐organic frameworks (NMOFs) to realize dual‐targeting delivery of the nanoplatforms into cancer cells and their mitochondria via the proposed phosphorylation modification strategy. A large amount of highly efficient photosensitizer of porphyrinic molecules is integrated into the NMOFs with a uniform particle size of about 65 nm. Thanks to the strong Zr−O−P bonding, a dense coverage of phosphonate‐conjugating targeting molecules on NMOFs is obtained and each surficial unsaturated Zr−O cluster is adequately occupied. The resultant dual‐targeting NMOFs feature high biostability and biocompatibility, as well as improved cellular uptake and mitochondrial accumulation. The PDT efficacy of these dual‐targeting NMOFs is significantly improved with a low IC50 of 0.74 μM upon 10 min light radiation, which is at least four times higher than that of non‐targeting counterparts. This phosphorylation strategy would be hopeful for immobilizing a variety of biogenic groups on NMOFs to make them targetable to various specific organelles and to improve the therapy efficacy on related diseases.
Model Experiments for Flow Phenomena in Crystal Growth
Authors: Dadzis Kaspars , Pätzold Olf , Gerbeth Gunter 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe concept of a physical model experiment is introduced and discussed in the context of melt and gas flows in bulk crystal growth processes. Such experiments allow one to "extract" selected physical phenomena from the full complexity of a real crystal growth process and “transfer” them to material systems with an easier access for experimental measurements. Model experiments for the main techniques of melt growth are summarized in a literature review, and the applicability of the results to real crystal growth systems is analyzed. Recent examples of model experiments for melt and gas flows in Czochralski growth of silicon are used to demonstrate the state of the art and show the potential of such experiments to improve the understanding of complex multi‐physical multi‐scale phenomena occurring in every crystal growth process.