bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rbfox1 mediates cell-type-specific splicing in cortical interneurons
Authors: Jaglin Xavier Hubert , Wamsley Brie , Favuzzi Emilia , Quattracolo Giulia , Nigro Maximiliano José , Yusef Nusrath , Khodadadi-Jamayran Alireza , Rudy Bernardo , Fishell Gordon 
Published: April 2018

SummaryCortical interneurons display a remarkable diversity in their morphology, physiological properties and connectivity. Elucidating the molecular determinants underlying this heterogeneity is essential for understanding interneuron development and function. We discovered that alternative splicing differentially regulates the integration of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons into nascent cortical circuits through the cell-type specific tailoring of mRNAs. Specifically, we identified a role for the activity-dependent splicing regulator Rbfox1 in the development of cortical interneuron subtype specific efferent connectivity. Our work demonstrates that Rbfox1 mediates largely non-overlapping alternative splicing programs within two distinct but related classes of interneurons.
Researching the multinational corporation: contributions of critical realist ethnography
Authors: Sharpe Diana Rosemary 
Published: April 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the contributions that critical realist ethnographies can make to an understanding of the multinational corporation.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper draws on a discussion of methodological challenges in researching the multinational corporation and the ways in which critical realist ethnographies can respond to these challenges. The example of research on the transfer of management practices is used to illustrate this.

Findings
Taking the example of researching the transfer of management practices within the multinational, the paper argues that the potential of critical realist ethnography including critical realist global ethnography to contribute to the field of International Business and International Management remains relatively untapped.

Research limitations/implications
Adopting the sociological imagination of the critical realist ethnographer has implications for the kinds of questions that are asked by the researcher and the ways in which we seek to address these methodologically. Researching from a critical standpoint fruitful empirical themes for further research relate to the experience of change for example in business systems, internationalization of organizations and “globalization”.

Practical implications
The critical realist ethnographer can contribute insights into the complex social and political processes within the multinational and provide insights into how social structures are both impacting on and impacted by individuals and groups. Ethnographic research located within a critical realist framework has the potential to address questions of how stability and change take place within specific structural, cultural and power relations.

Originality/value
At the methodological level, this paper highlights the potential of critical realist ethnography in researching the multinational, in addressing significant questions facing the critical researcher and in gaining a privileged insight into the lived experience of globalization.
The Belgian Cannabis Social Club landscape
Authors: Pardal Mafalda 
Published: April 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to map the presence of the Cannabis Social Club (CSC) model in Belgium since its emergence in the country and to analyze the inter-organizational relations among CSCs and between the CSCs and other supportive actors engaged in the wider cannabis movement.

Design/methodology/approach
This analysis draws on qualitative interviews (n=42) with directors of seven currently active and one former Belgian CSC(s), as well as with organizations or individuals reportedly collaborating with the Belgian CSCs. That data are complemented by fieldwork observations and a review of CSC internal documents.

Findings
Despite an uninterrupted presence in the country over the last decade, CSC presence in Belgium remains rather volatile and vulnerable to external control pressure. The CSC landscape is a somewhat segmented field as cooperation among CSCs remains limited. At the same time, the support base for the movement is diverse, encompassing different types of secondary organizations ranging from national and international advocacy groups, to cannabis industry entrepreneurs and other consultants.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the yet limited body of knowledge on CSCs, by providing a first comprehensive overview of the presence of CSCs in one of the key settings associated with the model, by shedding light into the interplay between CSCs, and between other organizations supportive of the cannabis movement.
Genetic characterization of hemagglutinin protein of measles viruses in Hokkaido district, Japan, 2006–2015
Authors: Miyoshi Masahiro , Komagome Rika , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Ishida Setsuko , Nagano Hideki , Okano Motohiko 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTStrains of measles virus of genotypes D5, H1, D4, D8, and B3 were detected among epidemic, endemic, imported and import–associated cases in Hokkaido district, Japan, during 2006–2015. In the present study, their antigenic features were evaluated by determining the complete nucleotide sequences of their hemagglutinin proteins, which are a major target for neutralizing antibodies, and their amino acid sequences deduced. It was found that the hemagglutinin proteins of these strains had several novel amino acid changes in some functional regions. Although these strains have not caused further infections thus far, these antigenic changes should continue to be monitored to maintain their elimination status.
Cardiovascular effects of sitagliptin – An anti‐diabetes medicine
Authors: Zhou Yi , Guo Zhiying , Yan Wenjing , Wang Wen 
Published: April 2018

SummaryDipeptidyl‐peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors, as the most recent available anti‐diabetic agents, were generally used in clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In addition to anti‐diabetic effects, the five most widely used DPP‐4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin and alogliptin) also exert cardiovascular protective effects. In recent years, increasing studies suggest that sitagliptin shows pleiotropic impacts towards the cardiovascular system either with or without diabetes. In this review, we summarized the recent reports to provide an update discussion about cardiovascular protective effects of sitagliptin and the corresponding mechanisms. Sitagliptin has positive effects towards ischaemic cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis and hypertension. These effects are mainly conducted through DPP‐4 inhibitions. In addition, sitagliptin exerts anti‐inflammation, anti‐oxidative stress, anti‐apoptosis, mediation on lipid accumulation and so on, which also contribute to its cardiovascular effects.
Placental adaptations to micronutrient dysregulation in the programming of chronic disease
Authors: Hofstee Pierre , McKeating Daniel R , Perkins Anthony V , Cuffe James SM 
Published: April 2018

SummaryPoor nutrition during pregnancy is known to impair foetal development and increase the risk of chronic disease in offspring. Both macronutrients and micronutrients are required for a healthy pregnancy although significantly less is understood about the role of micronutrients in the programming of chronic disease. This is despite the fact that modern calorie rich diets are often also deficient in key micronutrients. The importance of micronutrients in gestational disorders is clearly understood but how they impact long term disease in humans requires further investigation. In contrast, animal studies have demonstrated how diets high or low in specific micronutrients influence offspring physiology. Many of these studies highlight the importance of the placenta in determining disease risk. This review will explore the effects of individual vitamins, minerals and trace elements on offspring disease outcomes and discuss several key placental adaptations that are affected by multiple micronutrients. These placental adaptations include micronutrient induced dysregulation of oxidative stress, altered methyl donor availability and its impact on epigenetic mechanisms as well as endocrine dysfunction. Critical gaps in our current knowledge and the relative importance of different micronutrients at different gestational ages will also be highlighted. Finally, this review will discuss the need for further studies to characterise the micronutrient status of Australian women of reproductive age and correlate micronutrient status to placental adaptations, pregnancy complications and offspring disease.
Giving up sugar and the inequalities of abstinence
Authors: Throsby Karen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSugar is increasingly supplanting fat as public enemy number one in public health campaigns, and calls for significant reductions in consumption have provided fertile ground for the proliferation of popular texts and services advocating sugar abstention. This article explores three modes of popular sugar abstention (evangelical, experimental and charitable). These vary in chronology, philosophy and the intensity of abstention, but all serve as sites of identity production and self‐entrepreneurship for those able to advocate for, and engage with, them. The article argues that these abstention narratives are not only premised on the exercise of social privilege, but that they also necessarily reproduce and sediment those social hierarchies. This is achieved through a combination of nutritionism and healthism, dislocating sugar and its consumption from the vast social, economic and environmental inequalities within which both the consumption of sugar, and the act of giving it up, is made meaningful. (A virtual abstract of this paper can be found at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_979cmCmR9rLrKuD7z0ycA)
Do young female candidates face double barriers or an outgroup advantage? The case of the European Parliament
Authors: STOCKEMER DANIEL , SUNDSTRÖM AKSEL 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWhile intersectionality is a recurrent theme in the literature on women's political representation, few studies empirically disentangle who are the women who get elected to parliaments. An argument on biases in recruitment practices suggests that those who are members of more than one outgroup, such as young women, benefit from an ‘outgroup advantage’. In elections, a candidate with two outgroup features might attract more voter support than a candidate with just one outgroup feature. Hence, nominating a candidate that is both young and female could be a rational move by (male) elites in political parties that allows them to open fewer seats to newcomers. These expectations are tested on data for all members of the European Parliament since 1979. Not only is it found that women's presence increased steadily throughout the parliament's history, but also that women's representation is consistently highest among the group of young representatives, lower among middle‐aged Members of the European Parliament and lowest among older representatives.
Primary lymphoepthelial carcinoma of the parotid gland, pictorial review of a rare entity
Authors: Halder Arani , Sommerville Jennifer , Gandhi Mitesh 
Published: April 2018

SummaryLymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) is a rare malignancy of the salivary gland arising from the parotid in 80% of cases. LEC is indistinguishable histologically from more common non‐keratinising undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Up to 40% of patients with primary LEC present with a cervical metastasis and histological assessment of the primary lesion or nodal metastasis may be reported as NPC. The absence of a nasopharyngeal lesion on imaging and endoscopic assessment together with a parotid mass strengthens the case for a LEC. A retrospective review of three cases of primary parotid LEC presenting to a tertiary head and neck clinic was performed. Clinical information, imaging and histopathology findings are presented in the form of a pictorial review. Two female and one male patient with an average age of 42 years presented with a neck lump. Initial pathology results were poorly differentiated carcinoma (2/3) and possible NPC (1/3). MR neck revealed unilateral parotid masses with ipsilateral cervical lymphadenopathy and assessment of the nasopharynx was negative (3/3). Resection occurred in all patients and consensus was metastatic LEC with parotid primary in all cases (3/3). 2 patients are disease free, and 1 patient is deceased (as a result of disease) at the time of this report. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma is identical histologically to NPC, this pictorial review highlights the need for clinical and radiological correlation to establish the diagnosis.
A 20‐year Review: The Use of Exception From Informed Consent and Waiver of Informed Consent in Emergency Research
Authors: Klein Lauren , Moore Johanna , Biros Michelle 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundDue to the acuity and time‐sensitive needs of their clinical condition, patients presenting with certain emergent pathologies may lack capacity to provide meaningful prospective informed consent to participate in clinical research. For these reasons, these populations have often been excluded from research investigations. To mitigate this, regulations allowing exception from informed consent (EFIC; 21 CFR 50.24) or waiver of informed consent (WIC; 45 CFR 46.101) were developed in 1996. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in the utilization of EFIC and WIC in emergency research. We also sought to describe the disclosure of necessary prestudy regulatory requirements and justification for the use of EFIC/WIC as reported in completed EFIC/WIC clinical trials.MethodsThis study is a review of 20 years of published trials using EFIC or WIC as the primary method of patient consent. Studies were identified using a MEDLINE search; ClinicalTrials.gov; queries to emergency and resuscitation researchers, research directors, department chairs, and principal investigators of acute care research networks; clinical review papers; and a query of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) docket. All eligible studies were reviewed by three investigators and study data of interest were abstracted. Data are presented descriptively.ResultsWe identified 45 potentially eligible studies; 11 were ongoing (with no data yet available), four were completed (with no publications or data available), and two did not use EFIC or WIC. Of the remaining 28 studies, 24 (86%) used EFIC and four used WIC. The most common pathologies under study were cardiac arrest (10), hemorrhagic shock (six), and traumatic brain injury (five). Completion of the prestudy regulatory requirements was reported as follows: FDA investigational new drug/investigational device exemption application (for FDA regulated studies; 14, 50%), community consultation (13, 46%), public disclosure (10, 36%), and opt‐out procedures if requested by the institutional review board (seven, 25%). The justification of the need for the use of EFIC or WIC in the reported clinical trial, as defined as mention of at least one of the eight established criteria, was described in the text of 13 (46%) publications.ConclusionsSince their implementation in 1996, the EFIC/WIC regulations have allowed progress in research aimed at determining optimal care for devastating life‐threatening conditions. However, consistent and rigorous report of regulatory prestudy requirements and justification of the use of EFIC/WIC is lacking in clinical trial publications or on websites such as ClinicalTrials.gov. Since research without consent is an ethically sensitive issue and not widely understood, better justification of its needs within the presentation of the research itself may educate the general medical community and also reduce concerns about whether or not the regulations are being properly applied.
Are changes in drinking related to changes in cannabis use among Swedish adolescents? A time–series analysis for the period 1989–2016
Authors: Gripe Isabella , Danielsson Anna‐Karin , Ramstedt Mats 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimsTo examine if changes in alcohol consumption are associated with changes in cannabis use among Swedish adolescents in a period of diverging trends, and to investigate if cannabis and alcohol act as complements or substitutes.Design, setting, participants and measurementsData comprise a nationally representative annual school survey of alcohol and drug habits among Swedish 9th‐grade students (aged 15−16 years) covering years 1989–2016 (n = 149 603). Alcohol and cannabis use were measured concurrently and alcohol consumption was measured in litres of 100% alcohol per year. Frequency of cannabis use was transformed into a mean using category mid‐points. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time–series analysis was used to estimate the association between cannabis and alcohol use. To elucidate changes in the association during the study period, two subperiods (2000−16 and 1989−99) were analysed.FindingsThere was a positive and statistically significant association between changes in alcohol consumption and changes in frequency of cannabis use among cannabis users for the period 1989−2016. A 1‐litre increase in mean alcohol consumption was associated with a 0.28 increase in frequency of cannabis use (P = 0.010). The corresponding increase for the period 1989–99 was 0.52 (P = 0.003). When restricting the analysis to 2000−16, the association was not statistically significant (P = 0.735). When analysing all adolescents we found no statistically significant association between changes in alcohol consumption and changes in frequency of cannabis use.ConclusionsFrom 1989 to 2016 there appears to be a positive association between alcohol and cannabis consumption among Swedish adolescents who use cannabis. This association seems to have become weaker over time, suggesting that alcohol and cannabis are neither substitutes nor complements among Swedish adolescents and that the recent decline in youth drinking is not associated with the increase in frequency of cannabis use.
Effects of a prior authorization policy for extended‐release/long‐acting opioids on utilization and outcomes in a state Medicaid program
Authors: Keast Shellie L. , Kim Hyunjee , Deyo Richard A. , Middleton Luke , McConnell K. John , Zhang Kun , Ahmed Sharia M. , Nesser Nancy , Hartung Daniel M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground and aimsIn response to the opioid overdose epidemic, US state Medicaid programs have adopted restrictive policies for opioid analgesics, yet effects on prescribing patterns and health outcomes are uncertain. This study aimed to examine effects of a prior authorization policy for extended‐release/long‐acting (ER/LA) opioids on opioid use in the Oklahoma, USA state Medicaid program.DesignRetrospective difference‐in‐differences design study comparing changes in opioid use in Oklahoma Medicaid to control (Oregon Medicaid).SettingOklahoma and Oregon, USA.ParticipantsMedicaid beneficiaries in the Oklahoma and Oregon fee‐for‐service Medicaid programs between July 2007 and June 2009 (33 724 in Oklahoma and 13 520 in Oregon)MeasurementsThe primary outcome was incident opioid‐naive ER/LA opioid use. Secondary outcomes included other opioid and non‐opioid pain medication use. We also examined indicators of high‐risk prescribing (e.g. high‐dosage opioid use) and opioid‐related hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) visits.FindingsThe prior authorization policy was associated with a 0.7 percentage point reduction in the likelihood of incident opioid‐naive ER/LA opioid use [95% confidence interval (CI) = −1.16 to −0.33 percentage points; 70% pre‐policy mean reduction, a 1.4 percentage point decrease in likelihood of any new ER/LA opioid prescriptions (95% CI = –2.1 to −0.7 percentage points; 33% pre‐policy mean reduction) and a decline of 0.16 in total ER/LA opioid prescriptions per enrollee (PPE) (95% CI = –0.29 to −0.04 PPE)]. There was a significant increase in the number of short‐acting opioids filled after the policy (0.36; 95% CI = 0.22–0.50 PPE), increases in likelihood of having overlapping opioids and benzodiazepines, but significant reductions in likelihood of having overlapping opioids. No significant changes in opioid‐related hospitalizations or ED visits were observed.ConclusionsIn Oklahoma, USA's July 2008 prior authorization policy for extended‐release/long‐acting opioids appears to have reduced the number of opioid‐naive patients initiating extended‐release/long‐acting opioid use by more than half, but may also have increased short‐acting opioid prescriptions by 7%.
An RCT with the combination of varenicline and bupropion for smoking cessation: clinical implications for front line use
Authors: Cinciripini Paul M. , Minnix Jennifer A. , Green Charles E. , Robinson Jason D. , Engelmann Jeffrey M. , Versace Francesco , Wetter David W. , Shete Sanjay , Karam‐Hage Maher 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsDespite the availability of several efficacious smoking cessation treatments, fewer than 25% of smokers who quit remain abstinent 1 year post‐treatment. This study aimed to determine if varenicline and bupropion combination treatment would result in higher abstinence rates than varenicline alone.DesignA double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group smoking cessation clinical trial in which participants were exposed to 12 weeks of treatment and followed for 12 months.SettingHospital‐based out‐patient clinic in Texas, USA specializing in cancer prevention.ParticipantsA total of 385 community smokers (58.44% male) who smoked 1 pack of cigarettes/day [mean = 19.66 cigarettes/day, standard deviation (SD) = 9.45]; had average carbon monoxide (CO) of 26.43 parts per million (SD = 13.74); and were moderately dependent (Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence = 4.79; SD = 2.07).Interventions and comparatorSmokers were randomized in a 3 : 1 (active: Placebo) ratio to 12 weeks of treatment as follows: placebo (n = 56), varenicline (Var; n = 166), and varenicline + bupropion (Combo; n = 163).MeasurementsA priori primary outcome: prolonged abstinence at 12 months. Secondary outcomes: 7‐day point prevalence abstinence and continuous abstinence; all abstinence measures at end of treatment and 6‐month follow‐ups.FindingsIntention‐to‐treat analysis: the Combo group (n = 163) failed to demonstrate superiority to the Var group (n = 166) for prolonged abstinence at 12 months [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.50–1.64], supported by Bayes factor = 0.06. Both the Var (OR = 6.66, 95% CI = 1.61–59.27) and Combo groups (OR = 6.06, 95% CI = 1.45–54.09) demonstrated superiority to the Placebo group (n = 56; score = 8.38, P < 0.016).ConclusionsThe addition of bupropion to varenicline treatment does not appear to increase smoking abstinence rates above that of varenicline alone. The findings support previous research showing a consistently favorable effect of both varenicline and the combination of varenicline and bupropion on smoking cessation compared with placebo.