bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate detected by MR spectroscopy and preoperative seizure in IDH-mutant glioma
Authors: Nagashima Hiroaki , Tanaka Kazuhiro , Yamanishi Shunsuke , Hashiguchi Mitsuru , Iwahashi Hirofumi , Uno Takiko , Somiya Yuichiro , Komatsu Masato , Itoh Tomoo , Sasaki Ryohei , Sasayama Takashi 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
Epileptic seizures are common in patients with gliomas, and their control represents an important aspect of treatment. The oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), produced by mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), is thought to be associated with seizures due to its structural similarity to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Using 3T MR spectroscopy (MRS), the authors investigated whether 2HG accumulation might indicate preoperative glioma-associated seizures.

METHODS
The authors included 196 consecutive patients with diffuse glioma who underwent preoperative MRS and neurological surgery from August 2013 to August 2022. IDH mutation status was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis and direct DNA sequencing. Concentrations of metabolites, including 2HG, were measured by 3T MRS. The authors set a single voxel (15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm) and used LCModel software to obtain the quantitative information of the metabolites. They assessed the correlations of preoperative seizures with patient characteristics, tumor size and location, metabolite concentration on MRS, histopathological diagnosis, WHO grade, and IDH-mutant status.

RESULTS
Preoperative seizures were observed in 57.8% of patients with IDH-mutant glioma and in 15.2% of patients with IDH-wildtype glioma (p < 0.0001). MRS indicated a higher glutamate concentration in IDH-wildtype gliomas (n = 132) than in IDH-mutant gliomas (n = 64, p < 0.0001). The 2HG concentrations were higher in IDH-mutant tumors than in IDH-wildtype tumors (median 0.71 mM vs 0 mM, respectively; p < 0.001). Glutamate was not associated with a high frequency of preoperative seizures in patients with either IDH-mutant or IDH-wildtype gliomas. In IDH-mutant glioma, 2HG levels were higher in the group with preoperative seizures than in the group without preoperative seizures (median 1.429 mM and 0.187 mM, respectively; p = 0.0231). Multivariate analysis revealed that 2HG concentration was associated with preoperative seizures in IDH-mutant glioma (OR 4.164, 95% CI 1.320–14.50).

CONCLUSIONS
An elevated 2HG concentration on MRS could be associated with preoperative seizure, suggesting that 2HG accumulation increases the risk of preoperative seizures in IDH-mutant gliomas.
Preoperative interhemispheric coherence as a potential predictive marker for seizure outcome after total corpus callosotomy in nonlesional generalized epilepsy: a scalp EEG study
Authors: Yindeedej Vich , Uda Takehiro , Nishijima Shugo , Inoue Takeshi , Kuki Ichiro , Fukuoka Masataka , Nukui Megumi , Okazaki Shin , Kunihiro Noritsugu , Umaba Ryoko , Goto Takeo 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
Corpus callosotomy (CC) is one of the palliative epilepsy surgical procedures available for nonlesional generalized epilepsy, but it is more invasive than other palliative surgical procedures. The main challenge is proper selection of suitable patients for CC. Coherence analysis is a method for evaluating brain connectivity, but the correlation between preoperative coherence and surgical outcomes has not previously been clarified. The authors aimed to evaluate correlations between preoperative interhemispheric coherence and surgical outcome in patients with nonlesional generalized epilepsy.

METHODS
This retrospective study investigated patients with nonlesional generalized epilepsy who underwent total CC. The authors collected data for patients with good seizure outcome (Oguni classification A or B) and bad seizure outcome (Oguni classification D). For coherence analysis, the authors selected a period without interictal discharges. Preoperative interhemispheric coherence values from 8 pairs of symmetrically opposite scalp electrodes were computed across 5 frequency bands. Then, the authors evaluated correlations between coherence and surgical outcomes.

RESULTS
Forty patients were included (19 males and 21 females). The mean (range) age at the time of surgery was 5.1 (1–18) years. Seizure outcomes were good in 15 patients and bad in the other 25 patients. Age at onset of epilepsy, duration of epilepsy before surgery, age at time of surgery, and presence of epileptic spasm did not differ significantly between patients with good and bad seizure outcomes (p = 0.36, p = 0.14, p = 0.10, and p = 0.20, respectively). Significant correlations were identified between higher Fp1-Fp2 interhemispheric coherence values in the delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands and bad surgical outcomes (p = 0.0397, p = 0.0322, and p = 0.0476, respectively). The receiver operating characteristic curves of the Fp1-Fp2 coherence values in these frequency bands showed areas under the curve of 67%, 69%, and 67%, respectively. The optimal cutoff values for Fp1-Fp2 interhemispheric coherence to predict surgical outcomes were 55.6 for delta (66.7% sensitivity and 72.0% specificity), 55.9 for theta (60.0% sensitivity and 76.0% specificity), and 50.3 for alpha (53.3% sensitivity and 84.0% specificity).

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to identify potential predictive factors for surgical outcomes based on preoperative interhemispheric coherence in nonlesional generalized epilepsy. Higher coherence between Fp1-Fp2 in the delta, theta, and alpha frequencies correlated with bad seizure outcome after CC.
Is multilevel MIS-TLIF with bilateral facetectomy a lordosing procedure? A retrospective cohort of 3-level MIS-TLIF
Authors: Chang Yen-Cheng , Wu Ching-Lan , Chang Hsuan-Kan , Lirng Jiing-Feng , Huang Wen-Cheng , Wu Jau-Ching 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) is a common surgery that has been extensively reported. However, publications on 3-level MIS-TLIF are sparse, and the effects of multilevel MIS-TLIF on sagittal balance remain controversial. This study aimed to analyze the outcomes and variables involved in the correction of sagittal imbalance by multilevel MIS-TLIF.

METHODS
Consecutive patients who underwent 3-level MIS-TLIF were retrospectively analyzed. Demographics and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Standard radiological and spinopelvic parameters were measured pre- and postoperatively, and at the last follow-up. A linear regression model was used to examine the correlation between preoperative segmental lordosis (SL) and the degree of sagittal correction. An optimal cutoff of preoperative SL to predict the change in sagittal correction was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

RESULTS
Forty-seven patients (mean follow-up 24.63 ± 12.69 months) were included. Postoperatively, all patients showed clinical improvements, demonstrated by the Oswestry Disability Index and visual analog scale. The overall SL at the last follow-up was slightly nonsignificantly increased (1.23°, p = 0.267), while the other spinopelvic parameters, including lumbar lordosis (p = 0.008), sacral slope (p < 0.001), pelvic tilt (p = 0.002), and pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis mismatch (p = 0.006), all improved significantly compared with preoperatively. The preoperative SL was negatively correlated with the change in SL at the last follow-up (r2 = 0.2591, p = 0.0003), and the cutoff value was 26.89° (area under the ROC curve = 0.7836, p = 0.0087). The 24 patients who had a less lordotic lumbar spine (i.e., preoperative SL ≤ 27°) demonstrated significant improvement in spinopelvic parameters, whereas the other 23 patients (SL > 27°) had a slight, insignificant decrease of spinopelvic parameters.

CONCLUSIONS
Multilevel MIS-TLIF improved sagittal balance and SL with satisfactory patient-reported clinical outcomes at 2 years postoperatively. Multilevel MIS-TLIF was more effective in increasing lordosis in patients whose lumbar spine had a smaller preoperative lordotic curve (SL ≤ 27°).
Individual- and community-level correlates of pediatric central nervous system tumor disparities in the US
Authors: Rastatter Jeffrey C. , Chelius Daniel C. , Alden Tord D. , DeCuypere Michael , D’Souza Jill N. , Sheyn Anthony M. , Fei-Zhang David J. 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was, through comprehensive, multilevel models of social determinants of health (SDoH) factors, including the Yost Index socioeconomic status (SES) score, to determine whether community- or individual-level SDoH factors quantifiably influence pediatric CNS tumor disparities more in care and prognosis across the US.

METHODS
The authors performed a retrospective cohort study assessing specialized Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data of pediatric patients (≤ 19 years old) with nonmalignant and malignant tumors of the CNS from 2010 to 2018. A census-level Yost Index SES score and rurality/urbanicity measures were incorporated with individual characteristics of age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Chi-square analyses for clinical and demographic descriptions, multivariate Cox proportional hazards logistic regressions for survival, and multivariate logistic regressions for resection, radiation treatment, treatment delay, and advanced staging on preliminary presentation were performed.

RESULTS
Across 18,236 patients, age-adjusted analyses showed substantially increased mortality risk among 6 of 11 subtypes (highest hazard ratio [HR] 1.91, 95% CI 1.59–2.28, p < 0.001 for glioma NOS), decreased odds of first-line therapy among 7 of 18 subtypes (lowest OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.11–0.97, p = 0.043 for resection of choroid plexus papilloma), increased odds of treatment delay among 6 of 11 subtypes (highest OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.01–6.49, p = 0.047 for germinoma), increased odds of advanced staging on preliminary presentation among 3 of 10 malignant subtypes (highest OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.27–5.52, p = 0.008 for malignant ependymomas), and increased odds of receipt of radiation therapy among 3 of 10 malignant subtypes (highest OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.87–2.84, p < 0.001) observed across many disease subtypes contributed by certain individual- and community-level SDoH factors.

CONCLUSIONS
Through comprehensive analyses combining individual- and community-level SDoH factors, this study identified detrimental interrelated SDoH associations with poorer care and prognosis of pediatric patients with CNS tumors, delineating how both levels differentially contribute to observed disparities across different subtypes.
Outcomes and complications of vertical parasagittal hemispherotomy in children: a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Zheng Vincent , Lehtinen Henri , Karppinen Atte , Gaily Eija , Leinonen Heta , Koroknay-Pál Päivi , Laakso Aki , Metsähonkala Eeva-Liisa 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to assess the complications associated with vertical parasagittal hemispherotomy (VPH), the impact of incomplete disconnection on long-term seizure freedom, and how VPH impacts cognitive development.

METHODS
A retrospective evaluation was performed in all patients who had undergone VPH during 1991–2022 at the authors’ institution. Two-year follow-up data were available for 45 patients, and there were 6-month data for 3 more. All available postoperative MRI studies (31/48, 64.6%) were reviewed. Before 2010, postoperative MRI was only performed if seizures recurred.

RESULTS
Primary VPH led to Engel class I in 73% of patients. Acquired etiologies had a higher rate of Engel I compared to developmental and progressive etiologies (96% vs 46% and 44%, p < 0.001). Nearly half of patients (45%) showed improved cognitive trajectories as opposed to their preoperative ones, whereas in 45% trajectories remained unchanged. Additionally, 5 patients (10%) exhibited new major deficits or accelerated cognitive deterioration after VPH. Surgical complications occurred in 14 patients (29%) after the first VPH; 4 cases were classified as transient, resolving during follow-up without surgical intervention. Nontransient complications included 8 cases of hydrocephalus requiring surgical treatment, 1 shunted subdural hygroma, and 1 case of CSF leakage from the wound. Diabetes insipidus occurred in 6 patients, with all resolving spontaneously. Residual connections were present in 16 patients, primarily in the temporomesial region. Seven patients remained seizure free despite visible residual connections.

CONCLUSIONS
VPH is a highly effective treatment for drug-resistant hemispheric epilepsy, resulting in durable seizure freedom and often favorable cognitive outcomes. Diabetes insipidus in addition to hydrocephalus is a common complication after VPH. Incomplete disconnection does not necessarily preclude seizure freedom.
PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI PERSUASIF CELEBRITY ENDORSER DI PLATFORM DIGITAL TERHADAP CITRA MEREK PRODUK WARDAH
Authors: AM A Muh Sakti 
Published: October 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh komunikasi persuasif celebrity endorser terhadap citra merek produk Wardah. Komunikasi persuasif di platform digital memiliki kemampuan untuk membentuk opini melalui kampanye sosial dan pesan persuasif. Media sosial telah mengubah cara manusia berinteraksi, membentuk pandangan, dan mempengaruhi perilaku.. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada responden yang merupakan konsumen produk Wardah dengan jumlah sampel 138. Analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi sederhana serta analisis korelasi. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi persuasif yang dilakukan oleh celebrity endorser memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap citra merek. Hal ini berarti bahwa penggunaan celebrity endorser yang tepat dapat meningkatkan persepsi positif konsumen terhadap merek Wardah. Selain itu hasil analisis korelasi menunjukkan ada hubungan bermakna antar komunikasi persuasive dengan citra merek produk Wardah.
ЭЛЕКТРОНДЫҚ РЕСУРСТАРДЫ ОҚУ ҮДЕРІСІНЕ ТИІМДІ ЕНГІЗУ ЖОЛДАРЫ
Authors: Адылбекова Э.Т. , Сарсенбиева Н.Ф. , Кулжатаева К.М. 
Published: October 2024

. Ақпараттық технологиялар, оның ішінде электрондық білім беру ресурстары бүгінгі таңда білім беруді дамытудың негізгі көрсеткіштерінің біріне айналуда. Электрондық білім беру ресурстарының оқу процесіне қосылуы оқушылар мен ата-аналар оқу орындарын таңдайтын тартымды сәт болып табылады. Электрондық білім беру ресурстарын пайдалану оқу процесінің үлкен мүмкіндіктерін ашады. Олар білім беру жүйесінің тиімділігін қамтамасыз етіп қана қоймай, жалпы қоғамның дамуына да әсер етеді.
Болашақ информатика мұғалімдерінің электронды білім беру ресурстарын құруға дайындығын зерттеудің жеке бағыты ретінде қалыптастыру мәселесін бөлу біздің республикамыздағы сандық технологиялар саласындағы стратегиялық бағыттармен де, компьютерлерді әр түрлі іс-әрекетте қолдану тәжірибесінің жағдайымен де байланысты. Қазіргі уақытта болашақ мұғалімді электрондық ресурстарды пайдалануға ғана емес, сонымен қатар оқу процесінде құру мен қолдануға, жалпы білім беретін мектептерде ЭББР енгізу әдістемесін әзірлеуге дайындауды жүзеге асыру қажеттілігі туындады (Сарсенбиева и др., 2021).
Осылайша, ЭР құру бойынша болашақ мұғалімдерді ғылыми-әдістемелік қамтамасыз ету қажеттілігі туындайды, бірақ сонымен бірге информатиканы оқыту теориясы мен әдістемесінде ЭББР әзірлеудің мазмұны жеткіліксіз ұсынылған, әзірленген әдістемелік ұсынымдар жалпы сипатқа ие. Сондықтан, зерттеудің өзектілігі болашақ информатика мұғалімдерін ЭББР құруға даярлау әдістемесін құру қажеттілігімен байланысты. Бұл мәселенің өзектілігі және туындаған қайшылықтарды жеңудің жолдарын іздеу біздің зерттеуіміздің тақырыбын таңдауға әкелді.
Біздің зерттеуіміз қазіргі заманның өзекті мәселесіне – болашақ мұғалімдердің мектептегі сабақтарда электрондық білім беру ресурстарын әзірлеуге және пайдалануға дайындығын қалыптастырудың негізгі ережелерін негіздеуге арналған. Зерттеу жүргізу қажеттілігі кәсіби міндеттерді шешу үшін ақпараттық технологияларды қолдана алатын жоғары білікті кадрларды даярлауға мемлекеттің талаптарының артуымен байланысты болды. Осы технологиялармен еркін жұмыс істей алатын мамандарды даярлауда жоғары оқу орындары маңызды рөл атқарады.
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ ЧТЕНИЯ ТЕКСТОВ СТУДЕНТОВ НА ЗАНЯТИЯХ НЕМЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Authors: Джуманова Л.С. , Сагиндыкова А.С. , Кадырова Г.М. 
Published: October 2024

Аннотация. В научной статье рассматривается опыт работы над аутентичным текстом на занятии немецкого языка в Карагандинском университете имени академика Е.А.Букетова на примере учебника «Menschen (Niveau B1)» немецкого издательства «Hueber Verlag». Мы изучили некоторые возможности формирования и развития компетенции чтения текстов на занятии, апробировали их и выявили положительный эффект применивших нами на занятии технологию продуктивного чтения и метода диалога с текстом. Мы можем сказать о повышении заинтересованности обучающихся к новым формам работы, проявлении активности на занятии. Если к началу занятия обучающиеся были достаточно пассивны, то постепенно каждый стремился проявить себя с хорошей стороны, показать свое знание и мышление, высказывал свое мнение и защищал свою точку зрения участвуя в этапах обработки и обсуждения текста. Такой интерес к обсуждаемой теме и активность студентов открыла перед нами перспективу создания дебатных площадок и дискуссии прямо во время занятия в аудитории. Применяя эти технологии при обработке и анализе аутентичного текста мы заметили, что у студентов увеличился объем высказывании, они стали более уверенно использовать различные речевые обороты в своей речи, их словарный запас не только увеличился, а стал значительно богаче и разнообразнее. Анализ проблем и ситуации, изложенных в текстах, стали более комплексными и всесторонними. Таким образом, мы можем утверждать о положительном влиянии технологии на формирование компетенции чтения у студентов на занятиях немецкого языка.
ЛОГОПЕДИЯ ЖӘНЕ НЕЙРОПСИХОЛОГИЯ НЕГІЗДЕРІ
Authors: Ахметова Г.К. , Исманова Р.Ж. 
Published: October 2024

Мақалада сөйлеу тілінде бұзылыстары бар балаларды логопедиялық тұрғыдан түзету жұмыстарындағы логопед маманның нейропсихологиялық білім деңгейінің қаншалықты қажет екендігі аталады. Тіл адам дамуының негізгі көрсеткіші, ал даму есте сақтау, зейін, ойлау, ақыл-ой қабілетінің дамуымен байланысты. Адам ағзасының түрлі бөліктері, оның ішінде мидың дамудағы алатын орны ерекше. Орталық жүйке жүйесінің зақымдалуынан кейінгі тіл бұзылыстарының неврологиясы, қозғалыс пен когнитивті қабілеттерге қалай қатысы бар екенін анықтау, сөйлеу тілінде бұзылысы бар балалармен жұмыс жүргізуде баланың оқу, ортаға бейімделу, қарым-қатынасқа түсу, мінез-құлқындағы қиындықтарды анықтау үшін, баланың психикалық функцияларының жұмыс істеу деңгейін, сондай-ақ белгілі бір бұзылыстардың болуын анықтайтын нейропсихологиялық тұжырымдарды логопед те білуі керек. сөйлеу негізгі жоғары психикалық функция болғандықтан нейропсихологиялық түзету жұмыстары түзету жұмыстарына негізгі қосымша толықтыру ретінде құнды. Себебі бала тәрбие мен оқудағы жасына сай талаптарды орындауға қиналатын болса, ол оның нейропсихологиялық ерекшелігіне байланысты болады яғни, үйлесімді ақыл-ой белсенділігі үшін қажет мидың екі жарты шарының арасындағы байланысты нығайтуға, қозғалыс мидың энергетикалық қоректенуіне, ақыл-ой қабілетінің жоғарылауына және барлық психикалық процестердің жеделдеуіне ықпал етуде қажетті нейропсихологиялық түзету жұмыстары баланың өзін-өзі басқаруға, оның ми аймақтары жоспарлауға, бағдарламалауға және басқаруға жауап беру дағдыларын игеруге әсер етеді. Арнайы сыныптардағы балалардың ерекшеліктеріне орай қолданылатын осы әдістер негізінде анықталған мәселелер логопед маманның білімі мен тәжірибесін нейропсихологиялық тұрғыдан толықтыруды қажет ететіні байқалды. Мақалада логопедия мен нейропсихологияның бірлескен жұмысын атқаратын мамандарға қажетті құзыреттіліктерге тоқталдық.
Potential of Serum IL-6 as a Predictor of Tumоr Histоlоgiсаl Mаnifеstаtiоns in Prеmеnораusаl Brеаst Cаnсеr with Mеtаbоliс Sуndrоmе
Authors: Mirzaeva Matluba , Iriskulov Bakhtiyor , Alimkhodjaeva Lola 
Published: October 2024

Bасkgrоunds: Аll оf thе еlеmеnts оf thе mеtаbоliс sуndrоmе(MS) саn аffесt thе dеvеlорmеnt оf brеаst саnсеr(BC) аnd its mаnifеstаtiоns thrоugh diffеrеnt mесhаnisms. This studу аims tо еvаluаtе thе mаnifеstаtiоn оf раthоmоrрhоlоgiсаl fеаturеs оf саnсеr in BC wоmеn with MS аnd еvаluаtе relationship between serum level of IL-6 and hystological characteristics of tumor in BC.
Mеthоds: Thе рrеsеnt cross sectional studу inсludеd 55 раtiеnts with а diаgnоsis оf рrеmеnораusаl BC in thе Dераrtmеnt оf Brеаst Саnсеr, Rерubliсаn Cancer Сеntеr of Uzbеkistаn, frоm Осtоbеr 2022 tо Nоvеmbеr 2023. Wе dеtеrminеd thе еffесt оf MS to сliniсораthоlоgiсаl fеаturеs оf brеаst саnсеr. We determined serum level of IL-6 with method of IFA.
Rеsults: 31 patients(56.36%) were with MS, аnd 24(43.63%) wеrе withоut MS of all BC patients. Thе rеsults оf оur studу suggеst thаt MS mау аffесt thе histоlоgiсаl mаnifеstаtiоns оf BC in рrеmеnораusаl wоmеn. Sеrum IL-6 lеvеls in рrеmеnораusаl BС wоmеn with MS аrе роsitivеlу соrrеlаtеd with сlаssiс сliniсораthоlоgiсаl раrаmеtеrs indiсаtivе оf саnсеr-аggrеssivе рhеnоtуре.
Соnсlusiоn: Thеrе is а signifiсаnt соrrеlаtiоn bеtwееn thе рrеsеnсе оf MS аnd рrеmеnораusаl BC. Sеrum lеvеl of IL-6 саn bе аn indереndеnt indiсаtоr in еvаluаting сliniсаl and раthоmоrрhоlоgiсаl fеаturеs оf thе disеаsе in wоmеn with MS.
Association between Radiological and First-Order Statistical Features of the Mammogram, and the Tumor Phenotype in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Mahdavi Hoda , Kaveh Vahid , Karami Fatemeh , Rahimi Mohammad Amin 
Published: October 2024

Background: Breast cancer is among the most prevalent cancers which can effectively be screened by mammography. The spatial distribution of grey levels of the mammogram known as first-order statistical features (FOSFs) contain higher dimensional data which describe the breast composition. We aim to test these basic measures to differentiate density categories in breast cancer patients, and use them as covariates to investigate the relationship between radiologic and pathologic features of the tumor.
Methods: Data from Eighty-five breast cancer subjects, their BI-RADS breast density category (a to d), percentage density (PD), and FOSFs of the mammogram including median, mean, interquartile range, kurtosis, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, skewness, and energy, were extracted. The tumor grade and the percentage of Ki67, ER, PR, and Her2 status were recorded. A linear discriminant analysis, and a support vector machine (SVM) were used to discriminate each density category from others. Then, the relation between variables were investigated using ANCOVA and regression analysis.
Results: Density categories a and d were classified by SVM with high accuracy. The key feature of a and d were interquartile range and maximum intensities respectively. Reported tumor margins were related to Her2 overexpression and PR positivity. Spiculated tumor margin predicted percentage of PR expression, with a cumulative odds ratio of 7.85 (CI 2.5- 24.78), when adjusted for age, area of breast, density, and FOSFs, (p=0.0004).
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that FOSFs can be incorporated in computer-aided systems to adjust for differences in breast composition and to refine risk profiles.