bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-23 Meat quality of Santa Inês lambs slaughtered at different backfat thickness
Authors: Ribeiro Edson Luis de A , Fernandes Jr Francisco , Constantino Camila , Grandis Fernando Augusto , Koritiaki Natália Albieri , Castro Filipe Alexandre B , Giotto Francine Mezzomo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and meat characteristics of castrated and intact Santa Inês male lambs slaughtered at three different thicknesses of subcutaneous fat. Thirty-four lambs, approximately 3 months of age, 19.37 ± 3.73 kg of body weight were used. Four weeks prior to the experiment, half of the animals were castrated. Lambs were further divided into three groups, according to the criteria for slaughter: fat thicknesses of 1, 3 and 6 mm; measured with an ultrasound equipment. All animals received the same diet. Criteria of 1 and 3 mm were achieved after 39 and 84 days in feedlot. As the criterion of 6 mm was not attained up to 130 days of confinement, lambs were slaughtered at that time, with 4 mm of fat thickness. Fat thickness measured with a caliper on the carcasses were 0.87, 3.11 and 3.60 mm. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between sexual conditions and slaughter criteria. Average daily gain was similar (P > 0.05). Among criteria (average of 0.267 ± 0.052 kg/day). However, final body weight (29.94 ± 2.03; 40.42 ± 2.67 and 53.85 ± 2.03 kg) and feed conversion (4.17 ± 0.39; 4.71 ± 0.43 and 6.01 ± 0.39) were different (P0.05) among criteria, panelists found that lambs slaughtered with 3.6 mm of fat thickness were less (P < 0.05) desirable. Average daily gain (0.283 ± 0.013 vs 0.247 ± 0.012 kg) was greater (P < 0.05) for intact than castrated lambs; however, the meat of intact lambs was less desirable. The other traits were similar for both sexual conditions. We can conclude by the performance and meat results that it is better to slaughter Santa Inês lambs with 3 mm of fat cover, and for the best acceptability of the meat the lambs should be castrated.
PSIII-18 Standardized total tract digestibility of Ca by growing pigs in different sources of calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate
Authors: Lee Su A , Walk Carrie L , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and the response to microbial phytase is constant among different sources of calcium carbonate and different sources of dicalcium phosphate (DCP). In Exp. 1, 80 pigs (19.0 ± 1.9 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 10 diets. Four calcium carbonate-containing diets and a Ca-free diet were formulated without or with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Feces were collected for 4 d after a 5 d adaptation period. Data were analyzed using a model that included calcium carbonate source, phytase, and the interaction between source and phytase as fixed effects and replicate as random effect. There were no interactions between phytase and source. The basal endogenous loss (BEL) of Ca from pigs fed phytase was less (P = 0.037) than from pigs fed no phytase. Values for STTD of Ca in calcium carbonate differed (P < 0.05) among the 4 sources, but increased (P < 0.05) if phytase was used (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (14.9 ± 1.3 kg) were allotted to a basal diet where all Ca was supplied by calcium carbonate, 3 diets containing calcium carbonate and DCP, and a Ca-free diet. Pigs were placed in metabolism crates and feces were collected as in Exp. 1. Data were analyzed using a model that included DCP-source as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. Results indicated that the STTD of Ca in DCP was not different among sources. In conclusion, use of microbial phytase reduces the BEL of Ca and increases Ca digestibility in calcium carbonate, but the STTD of Ca varies among sources of calcium carbonate. However, no difference in STTD of Ca among sources of DCP were observed.
PSIV-8 Effect of selenium and superoxide dismutase supplementation on heat stressed pigs
Authors: Le Hieu H , Vidacs Eva , Phillips Deborah J , Zhao Weicheng , Furness John B , Gabler Nicholas K , Renaudeau David , Wijffels Gene , Dunshea Frank R , DiGiacomo Kristy , Roura Eugeni , Leury Brian J , Cottrell Jeremy J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) compromises efficient production of pigs, in part by increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore the aim of this experiment was to investigate if supplementation of the anti-oxidants selenium or superoxide dismutase (SOD) could ameliorate HS in the pig. Sixty-four female Large White x Landrace pigs (av. 27.75) were acclimated one of the following diets: control (standard grower diet), selenium (Se, + 0.3 ppm organic Se), recombinant SOD (rSOD, 50 IU/d) and Se plus rSOD (SS) for 14 days under thermoneutral conditions (TN, 200C). All rSOD was administered top dressed in liquid form. Pigs were then moved to climate rooms and housed under TN or heat-stress (8 h 350C, 16h 280C/d) for 3 days and blood, urine and tissue collected for analysis terminally on d3. All data was analysed using an ANOVA with Tukeys post-hoc tests. Heat stress increased respiration rate (RR), reduced blood pCO2 and HCO3-, which coupled with a lower base excess indicated that the pigs were experiencing respiratory alkalosis. Furthermore HS increased rectal and skin temperatures, and reduced thyroid hormone (T4) concentrations, however HSP 27 and 70 concentrations were not influenced. Heat stress increased plasma adiponectin and IL-1b, reduced SOD and TNF-a, while no changes in IL-6 and leptin were observed. The effects of the anti-oxidant diets were that Se and SS increased RR, however parameters of respiratory alkalosis were not negatively influenced. The Se diet reduced T4 independently of HS. No improvement in plasma SOD was observed with the rSOD diets, but rSOD reduced adiponectin in HS pigs and both rSOD and SS reduced IL-6 overall. In conclusion a reduction in inflammatory responses were observed with the antioxidants Se and rSOD, including during HS and therefore may be a useful addition to existing amelioration strategies to ameliorate seasonal heat stress in pigs.
PSIV-3 Comparison of nursery pig feed programs with or without spray dried plasma
Authors: Crenshaw Joe D , Campbell Joy M , Polo Javier 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine if a 3-phase feed program (CON) without spray-dried bovine plasma (SDP) using a budgeted amount of phase 1 diet (2.3 kg/pig), followed by phase 2 diet offered to d 21 post-weaning results in similar pig performance and economics compared to a 3-phase program (SDP) using 5% SDP in phase 1 diet provided d 0-14, 1.25% SDP in phase 2 diet offered d 14-21 post-weaning, with both programs using a common phase 3 diet without SDP offered d 21-48 post-weaning. Female weaned pigs (18–21 d of age; 5.02 ± 0.07 kg initial BW) were randomly allotted by BW to pens in 2 rooms to provide 23–24 pigs/pen (666 total pigs) and 14 pens/feed program. Pen data was analyzed using a randomized complete block design for effects of room and feed program using the covariance of initial BW. By d 14 pigs fed program SDP had higher (P < 0.01) ADG (159 vs 111 g/d), GF (0.85 vs 0.54), BW (7.3 vs 6.6 kg) and tended (P = 0.06) to have lower ADFI (191 vs 205 g/d) compared to CON program. By d 48 pigs fed SDP program had higher (P < 0.05) final BW (25.2 vs 24.2 kg), GF (0.60 vs 0.57) and tended (P = 0.09) to have higher ADG than CON program. Pig mortality and culls did not differ (P > 0.10) between feed programs. Assuming $4.40 kg BW, income and feed cost/pig was higher (P < 0.05) for SDP vs CON program with a value over cost advantage (P = 0.12) of $2.95/pig fed SDP. In conclusion lower cost feed programs without SDP can result in less income due to reduced final BW and GF by the end of the nursery.
PSIV-13 Basal endogenous loss, standardized total tract digestibility, and retention of Ca in sows change throughout gestation, but microbial phytase reduces basal endogenous loss of Ca by gestating sows
Authors: Lee Su A , Walk Carrie L , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and Ca and P retention and the response to microbial phytase in diets fed to sows are constant throughout gestation. Thirty-six sows (parity = 3.3) were allotted to 4 diets on d 7 post-breeding. Two corn-based diets in which calcium carbonate was the sole source of Ca and 2 Ca-free diets were formulated without or with phytase (500 units per kg). Sows were housed individually in metabolism crates during early-gestation, mid-gestation, and late-gestation, and feces and urine were quantitatively collected. Data were analyzed by repeated measures using a model that included phytase, period of gestation, and the interaction between phytase and period as fixed effects, and block and replicate as random effects. Interactions between period and phytase were not observed. The basal endogenous loss (BEL) of Ca was greater (P < 0.05) in early-gestation than in mid- and late-gestation, but phytase reduced (P = 0.002) BEL of Ca and tended (P = 0.099) to increase apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P in the Ca-free diet. Phytase did not affect ATTD of DM, STTD of Ca, ATTD of P, or Ca and P retention in sows fed the diet containing calcium carbonate (Table 1). The ATTD of DM was not affected by period, but Ca retention and ATTD of Ca and P were least (P < 0.05) in mid-gestation, followed by early- and late-gestation, and the STTD of Ca in mid-gestation was also reduced (P < 0.05) compared with early- or late-gestation. Phosphorus retention was greater (P < 0.05) in late-gestation than in the earlier periods. In conclusion, BEL of Ca, STTD of Ca, ATTD of P, and Ca and P retention in sows change throughout gestation regardless of use of phytase.

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PSIV-17 Effect of a 1-monoglyceride, 1,2-diglyceride of butyric-, caproic- and caprilic acid, C. butyricum probiotic and avilamycin on performance on pigs challenged with Salmonella
Authors: Coelho Michael , Ader Peter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study examined the effect of 1-monoglycerides and 1,2-diglycerides of butyric-, caproic- and caprylic acid (SILOHealth™ 104L [monoglycerides]), 2.5*105 CFU/g, Clostridium butyricum probiotic (probiotic) and avilamycin on grow-fin performance of day 5 Salmonella (S. enterica) challenged pigs fed corn/soy diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. A total of 96, Choice Genetics CG32, male pigs were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (3 pig/pen x 4 treatments x 8 replications). Pigs were orally dosed with 5x105 CFU/g, Salmonella enterica at day 5 (Se) of trial start. The treatment groups were: NC= Se; T1=NC + 80 ppm avilamycin. T2=NC+ 3 kg/MT monoglycerides, T3=NC+ 5 kg/MT monoglycerides, T4= 0.5 kg/MT probiotic and T5= 1.0 kg/MT probiotic. P < 0.05 was used to determine the level of significance. Least significant difference was used to compare means of treatment groups. T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 increased ADG versus NC at d28 (663, 868, 738, 834, 718 and 798 g, P < 0.05) and d77 (910, 1093, 1032, 1073, 966 and 1004 g, P < 0.05), decreased FCR at d77 (2.84, 2.73, 2.81, 2.75, 2.81 and 2.74, P < 0.05), and decreased fecal Salmonella, log 10 of CFU/g, at d77 (3.64, 2.13, 2.89, 2.66, 2.99 and 2.69, P < 0.05). Five kg of monoglycerides and 1.0 kg of probiotic performance, mortality and fecal Salmonella, log 10, were not significantly different than avilamycin at P < 0.05. In conclusion, the use of 1-monoglycerides and 1,2-diglycerides of butyric-, caproic- and caprylic acid and clostridium butyricum probiotic improved ADG, reduced FCR and reduced fecal Salmonella, log 10, at day 70 and were not significant different (P < 0.05) than avilamycin.
PSIV-18 Effect of sub-therapeutic antibiotics and pharmacological zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and intestinal integrity and function
Authors: Mille Carson De , Helm Emma T , Loving Crystal L , Burrough Eric R , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of sub-therapeutic chlortetracycline (CTC) and pharmacological zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and intestinal integrity and function. Twenty-four newly weaned pigs (4.51 ± 0.21 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 21 d (n = 8/treatment): 1) Control diet (NC), 2) NC + Zinc oxide at 3000 ppm for 7 d followed by 2000 ppm for 14 d (ZnO), and 3) NC + 40 ppm CTC for 21 d (sCTC). Pig ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined for the overall 21 d test period. At d 21, all pigs were euthanized for tissue collection. Jejunum and ileum ex vivo transepithelial resistance (TER), macromolecule (FD4) flux, and active glucose and glutamine transport were assessed in modified Ussing Chambers. Additionally, jejunum brush border enzyme and Na+/K+ ATPase activities were determined. Morphology and T-cell abundance were determined in all ileum sections by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Compared to the NC, sCTC and ZnO increased ADG (0.14, 0.20 and 0.23 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.020). Overall ADFI was increased by 150% due to sCTC compared to the NC and ZnO pigs (P < 0.05). G:F was increased due to ZnO and sCTC compared to the NC (0.82, 0.63 and 0.47, respectively, P < 0.01). Jejunum and ileum ex vivo function and integrity did not differ. Ileal villus height was increased in the NC compared to sCTC treatment (P < 0.01), but not different from the ZnO treatment. In the ileum, total T-cell number per unit area was significantly lower in the ZnO segments compared to sCTC and NC (0.95, 2.29 and 2.59 count per μm2, respectively, P = 0.05). These data indicate that ZnO and sCTC improved pig performance but did not directly alter small intestinal integrity and function. However, mucosal T cell abundance was altered.
PSIV-23 A strong correlation between mini and commercial pigs in phosphorus digestibility of feed ingredients
Authors: Jo Hyunwoong , Kim Beob G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objectives were to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for estimating ATTD and STTD of P in feed ingredients for commercial pigs using data from mini pigs. Twelve 13-week-old commercial pigs (42.8 ± 4.4 kg BW; Landrace × Yorkshire) and twelve 33-week-old mini pigs (66.8 ± 9.3 kg BW; Jeju Island’s native pig) were allotted to a replicated 6 × 5 incomplete Latin square design, respectively, and the pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates. Five diets were prepared to contain soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten feed (CGF), copra meal (CM), palm kernel meal (PKM), and sesame expellers (SEP) as the sole source of P. A P-free diet was formulated to estimate basal endogenous losses of P. The ATTD of P in SBM, CGF, CM, PKE, and SEP were 22.7, 23.5, 34.9, 37.6, and 8.3% in mini pigs and 30.6, 29.5, 57.3, 45.9, and 19.7% in commercial pigs. The STTD P of SBM, CGF, CM, PKE, and SEP were 41.5, 39.8, 60.0, 64.4, and 22.3% in mini pigs, and 40.9, 35.3, 71.4, 60.5, and 27.4% in commercial pigs. The mini pigs and commercial pigs showed a strong positive correlation for both ATTD (r = 0.91) and STTD P (r = 0.94). Prediction equations for ATTD and STTD of P of commercial pigs were developed: ATTD of P (%) = (1.159 × ATTD of P in mini pigs) + 7.17 with r2 = 0.82 and P < 0.05; STTD of P (%) = (0.9882 × STTD of P in mini pigs) + 2.64 with r2 = 0.88 and P < 0.05. In conclusion, Jeju Island’s native mini pigs can be used for estimating P digestibility in feed ingredients for commercial pigs.
PSV-9 Effects of insoluble fiber source (cellulose or distillers dried grains with solubles) on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Allerson Matt W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 3,171 pigs (PIC 327×L42; initially 5.8 kg) were used in a 39-d study. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 0 or 1% cellulose (Arbocel, J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 5% in phase 1 and 0 or 15% in phase 2). Dietary phases 1 and 2 were offered from d 0 to 10 and 10 to 25, respectively. From d 25 to 39, pigs received a common diet with 25% DDGS. Pens were blocked by weight and allotted to treatments in a randomized complete block design. Experimental unit was two pens (66 pigs) sharing a fence-line feeder with 12 replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect. From d 0 to 25 and d 0 to 39, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between cellulose and DDGS for ADG. Pigs fed diets with both DDGS and cellulose had lower ADG than those fed diets without DDGS, with pigs fed diets with DDGS without the addition of cellulose being intermediate. From d 25 to 39, there was a tendency (P = 0.080) for an interaction for ADFI. Pigs previously fed diets without DDGS and with cellulose had higher ADFI than those fed diets with DDGS and cellulose, and pigs previously fed diets without cellulose had similar ADFI regardless of DDGS inclusion. There was a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.070) for pig removals. Adding cellulose to diets without DDGS numerically decreased pig removals, but the inclusion of cellulose to diets with DDGS resulted in increased pig removals. In summary, adding fiber to the diet as cellulose or DDGS resulted in a less pig removals; however, adding both cellulose and DDGS decreased ADG and ADFI.
PSV-12 Effects of increasing iron dosage in newborn pigs on preweaning performance and hematological criteria
Authors: Williams Hayden E , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Holtcamp Andrew 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Newborn pigs (n = 336; 1.7 kg BW) were used in a 21-d study evaluating the effects of increasing injectable Fe on preweaning pig performance and blood Fe status. A total of 28 litters were used and at processing (d 3 after farrowing) all piglets were weighed and six barrows and six gilts/litter were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a CRD. Treatments consisted of a negative control receiving no Fe injection and increasing injectable Fe (Gleptoforte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) to achieve 50, 100, 150, 200-mg, or 200-mg plus a 100-mg injection on d 11 post-farrowing. Piglets were weighed and bled on d 3, 11, and 21 of age to determine growth performance and blood Fe status. Preweaned pig growth data and hematological criteria were evaluated using individual pig as the experimental unit with hematological criteria analyzed as a repeated measure. Increasing injectable Fe up to 100-mg improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) ADG and d 21 BW with no further improvement thereafter (Table 1).There were no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) between the 200-mg and 200 + 100-mg treatments for growth. Significant treatment×day interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct). The interactions were the result of decreased values for pigs receiving no Fe injection or an Fe injection of 100-mg or less, while pigs receiving an Fe injection greater than 100-mg had increased values at d 21. Pigs receiving the 200 + 100-mg treatment had increased (P < 0.05) Hgb and Hct values compared to pigs receiving a single 200-mg Fe injection on d 21. Results suggest that a 100-mg Fe injection is sufficient for growth performance during the preweaning phase, but an Fe injection greater than 100-mg is needed to maximize blood criteria. An extra 100-mg Fe injection at d 11 did not influence growth performance but does increase Hgb and Hct at weaning.
PSVI-12 Evaluation of amino acid digestibility in several feed ingredients fed to growing pigs
Authors: Hu Qiong , van de Ligt Chris , Paton Neil 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This experiment aimed to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in common feed ingredients fed to pigs: two sources of soybean meal, two sources of high-fat rice bran, one wheat middlings and one wheat. Six diets were formulated containing one of the above ingredients as the only source of protein and AA. An N-free diet was formulated to assess basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was used in diets as an indigestible marker. Eight barrows (BW: 35.2 ± 1.9 kg) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8 x 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and 8 periods. A standard grower diet was used as the eighth diet. Pigs were fed for eight 7-d periods and ileal digesta was collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Results showed that SID of CP between the two soybean meals (87.2 ± 8.1% vs 88.4 ± 5.7%) and two high-fat rice brans (77.1 ± 4.9% vs 75.8 ± 7.6%) were not different. Averages of SID for CP in wheat middlings and wheat were 63.1 ± 8.3% and 91.2 ± 3.3%, respectively. Differences were detected (P < 0.01) for AID and SID of indispensable AA between the two high-fat rice brans, but not the two soybean meals. The AID and SID of dispensable AA except Glu and Pro were different (P < 0.05) between the two high-fat rice brans. The SID of indispensable AA ranged from 50.1% for Lys to 72.8 % for Met in wheat middlings, and from 81.0% for Lys to 89.4% for Met in wheat. In conclusion, the AID and SID of CP and AA in soybean meals were similar, but differed between the two high-fat rice brans.
PSII-19 Social structures, social ties, and development of tail biting in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Johnston Lee J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The association between social structure and development of tail biting was evaluated in this study. Pigs with intact tails (n = 96, initial weight = 25.0 ± 3.0 kg) were assigned to treatment based on their litter origin: littermates, non-littermates, and half-group littermates (4 pigs per litter). Four pens (8 pigs/pen) of each litter origin treatment were studied for 14 weeks. Tail injury was assessed weekly. Pigs with visible blood were considered victims of tail-biting. Behavior of pigs was video-recorded between 0900h and 1500h at 4-week intervals starting one week after study initiation. Video-recordings were viewed continuously to identify tail-biting events and tail biters in each pen. A pig that bit the tail of another pig causing reactions of the recipient was identified as a tail-biter. Pigs that were neither biters nor victims were classified as “others”. For social network analysis, video-recordings were scanned at 10-min intervals to register pigs that were lying together (1) or not (0) in binary matrices. Half weight association index was used for social network construction. Social network analysis was performed using the UCINET software. Litter origin treatment did not affect growth performance. Fifty nine percent of the littermate treatment (Chi-square = 11.6; P = 0.02), 34% of the half-group littermate treatment, and 22% of the non-littermate treatment were identified as victims. Littermate treatment had lower network density (Table 1) and fewer social ties than the non-littermate treatment, indicating that littermates were less socially connected with each other at the pen level. At the dyad level, the littermate treatment formed more social ties between biters and victims, and fewer ties between victims and others than non-littermates (Table 1). These results suggest that more social ties between biters and victims, and fewer social ties between victims and others may predispose littermates to development of tail biting.