bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic assessment of the pro-poor reach of development bank investments in urban sanitation
Authors: Hutchings P. , Johns M. , Jornet D. , Scott C. , Van den Bossche Z. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of development banks’ investment in urban sanitation between 2010 and 2017. It reveals an overall increase in investment, yet this falls short of bridging the significant financing gap in the sector. The paper also assesses the major areas of investment to show that, on the infrastructure side, 20 times more money is invested in sewerage than faecal sludge management, while on the enabling environment side, institutional capacity building is the most financed area. Using a new pro-poor assessment tool, an appraisal was made of the extent to which the investments were pro-poor. This analysis indicates that over half of investments, where an assessment could be made, were considered to be pro-poor, yet the use of the assessment tool reflects a lack of information within development bank reporting on the pro-poor nature of investments. Going forward, improving how development banks report on the pro-poor character of their investments would be a useful step for helping the sector assess the effectiveness of investments. The paper concludes by arguing that, despite progress, development banks should be even more ambitious in seeking to support pro-poor urban sanitation investments if the world is to overcome the urban sanitation challenge.
Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Channel on the Electrodes for the Development of Resonant Gate Transistor
Authors: Aqil Muhtade M. , Azam Mohd. A. , Latif Rhonira 
Published: April 2018

Background:
New application can be obtained by the integration between carbon nanotube
technology Nano-Electro-Mechanical system (NEMs) and Micro-Electro-Mechanical system
(MEMs). The new application is a transistor, which uses carbon nanotube as the channel between
the source and drain, while MEMs resonator bridges are used as suspending gates.

Methods:
preparation process of the electrodes (source/drain), carbon nanotube growth between
electrodes and the characterization of carbon nanotube channel using Raman spectroscopy to study
the time and temperature effect on the quality of Carbon Nanotube channel (CNT-channel), field
emission scanning electron microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (FESEM) to study CNT
structure.

Results:
The result shows the increasing of quality with the increase of both temperature and time.
Carbon nanotubes exist between electrodes, and the growth direction follow ethanol direction from
source to drain. However, the carbon nanotube growth randomly not aligned. The channel between
electrodes were well etched, this has been approved by EDX result.

Conclusion:
The characterization confirmed the CNT presence between source and drain. Increasing
the growth temperature from 700 to 725 °C enhanced the quality of growing CNTs, which is
clearly shown from Raman information. While, increasing growth time decreased quality, but the
effect not that significant. FESEM characterization shows that CNT growth follows the ethanol
flow from source to drain randomly, while EDX result shows that the channel between the electrodes
was well etched and clear.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL ALMOST $\alpha$-PARA-KENMOTSU MANIFOLDS SATISFYING CERTAIN NULLITY CONDITIONS
Authors: Liu Ximin , Pan Quanxiang 
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we study 3-dimensional almost $\alpha$-para-Kenmotsu manifolds satisfying special types of nullity conditions depending on smooth functions $\tilde{\kappa},\tilde{\mu}$ and $\tilde{\nu}$=constant, also we present a local description of the structure of a 3-dimensional almost $\alpha$-para-Kenmotsu $(\tilde{\kappa},\tilde{\mu},\tilde{\nu}=const.)$-manifold $(M,\tilde{\varphi},\xi,\eta,\tilde{g})$ with $\tilde{\kappa}+\alpha^{2}\neq0$ such that $d\tilde{\kappa}\wedge\eta=0$.
Adsorpsi Air Gambut Menggunakan Karbon Aktif Dari Buah Bintaro
Authors: Heriyanti Heriyanti 
Published: April 2018

Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur Provinsi Jambi merupakan daerah dataran rendah yang banyak mengandung air gambut. Air gambut dapat diadsorpsi menjadi air bersih yaitu dengan menggunakan karbon aktif dari buah bintaro (Cerbera odollam). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh aktivasi terhadap karbon aktif yang dihasilkan. Aktivasi kimia menggunakan tiga activator (KOH, ZnCl2, dan H3PO4) dan aktivasi secara fisika pada suhu 600oC. Karbon aktif dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM-EDX sebelum dan sesudah adsorpsi. Air gambut hasil adsorpsi dianalisis kadar warna, pH, COD, TDS, KMnO4, dan Fe.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi aktivator berpengaruh terhadap karbon aktif yang diperoleh. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari rendemen yang dihasilkan, dimana rendemen tertinggi terdapat pada karbon aktif dengan aktivator H3PO4 yaitu sebesar 85,25%. Hasil analisis adsorpsi dapat diketahui bahwa karbon aktif buah bintaro dapat menaikkan pH air gambut dari 4,80 menjadi 6,50, menurunkan kadar logam Fe pada air gambut sebesar 75% yakni dari 0,080 mg/L menjadi <0,02 mg/L dan dapat menurunkan nilai kandungan zat organik (KMnO4) pada air gambut dari 184 mg/L menjadi 151 mg/L. Hasil karakterisasi SEM-EDX menunjukkan adanya perbedaan morfologi perrmukaan karbon aktif sebelum dan sesudah adsorpsi.
Mutasarrıflık Bütçelerine Göre Birinci Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında İzmit
Authors: KIRANLAR Safiye 
Published: April 2018

Vilayetlerin gelir ve giderlerini
belirlenen bir program çerçevesinde kullanma anlayışı Tanzimat Fermanı’nın
ilanından sonra önem kazanmış ve bu fermanla başlayan süreç vilayet
bütçelerinin yasal zeminini oluşturan 26 Mart 1913 tarihli İdare-i Umumiye-i Vilayat
Kanunu’yla tamamlanmıştır. Bu kanun vilayet meclislerinin, her yıl için, adî ve fevkalade bölümlerinden oluşan bir bütçe hazırlamasını yasal bir
zorunluluk haline getirmiştir. Bu makalede Müstakil İzmit Mutasarrıflığı’nca,
yasal düzenlemeye uygun olarak hazırlanan Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na ait üç
bütçesi (1916, 1917 ve 1918) değerlendirilecek ve bütçeler ışığında İzmit’in
savaş yıllarındaki sosyo-ekonomik durumu aydınlatılmaya çalışılacaktır.

İrade-i seniyyelerinin onaylanmasından
sonra yürürlüğe giren üç bütçede dikkati çeken en önemli ayrıntı
mutasarrıflığın gelir (varidat) ve gider (masraf) tutarlarının yıldan yıla
artmasıdır. Gelir miktarı 1916 yılında 2.865.560, 1917 yılında 3.626.275, 1918
yılında 5.361.250 kuruşken, gider miktarı 1916’da 2.564.821, 1917’de 3.348.275,
1918’de 4.896.250 kuruş olmuştur. Bu sayılar, gelir gider dengesini tutturma
yolundaki çabayı da ortaya koymaktadır. Gelir kaynakları içinde vergiler önemli
bir yekûn tutmakta ve aşar vergisinin payı da bir hayli yüksek gözükmektedir.
Yol bedeli ve ilköğretimle ilgili vergiler de aşardan sonra gelen iki önemli vergi
kalemidir. Gider tutarlarının eğitim, bayındırlık ve sağlık sektörüne ayrıldığı
görülmekte maaş ödemelerininse büyük bir yekûna karşılık geldiği dikkat
çekmektedir. Gelir ve gider miktarı daha az olan fevkalade bütçelerse İzmit
hakkında daha öznel verileri yansıtmaktadır.&nbsp;
19. Yüzyılın Son Çeyreğinde Osmanlı Mahkemelerinde Vasi Tayini
Authors: SARAÇ ÖZTURAN Seda 
Published: April 2018

İnceleyeceğimiz
makale Osmanlı hukuk yapısı çerçevesinde şekillenmiş mahkeme kayıtları
içerisindeki bir sicil defterinde yer alan vasî / hukuki temsilci davalarıdır. Bu
davalardan; Vasîlik ile ilgili konuların&nbsp;
hangi nedenlerle ele alındığını, böyle bir durumun ortaya çıkmasında
etkili olan durumları, vasîliğin ne demek olduğunu, hukuki temsilci olarak
vasî’nin yükümlülükleri ve sınırları, vasî atanan kişilerin hak ve sorumluluklarının
neler olduğu ya da olabileceği incelenmektedir.

Ayrıca Osmanlı
hukuk yapısında gerçekleşen değişimlerin/ düzenlemelerin mahkeme kayıtlarına
yansıma şekilleri ile Osmanlı toplum yapısında ortaya çıkan değişim ve
gelişmeler üzerinde durulmuştur.&nbsp;
Glütensiz Ekmek Formülasyonlarında Nohut Unu Kullanımının Ekmeğin Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: BARIŞIK Damla , TAVMAN Şebnem 
Published: April 2018

Çalışma kapsamında farklı
oranlarda nohut unu kullanımının üretilen pirinç bazlı glütensiz ekmeklerin
kalitesi üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Pirinç bazlı glütensiz ekmekler direk
hamur fermantasyon metoduyla elde edilmiştir. Nohut unu (%10.59 nem, %19.11 protein,
%2.84 kül) ve esmer pirinç unu (%15.79 nem, %4.94 protein, %1.44 kül); diyet
lifi, protein ve mineralce zengin olması nedeniyle kullanılmıştır. Glütensiz
ekmek örneklerinin kalite karakteristiği % pişme kaybı, özgül hacim, protein,
kül, renk, doku profil ve SEM analizi metotlarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan
analizler sonucunda, glütensiz ekmek formülasyonlarında nohut unu miktarındaki
artış, ekmek özgül hacim ve pişme kaybını azaltırken kül, protein ve CIE L*, a*,
b* değerlerini arttırdığı bulunmuştur (p&lt;0.05). Aynı zamanda, ekmek
formülasyonlarında nohut unu miktarı ve depolama süresi artmasıyla sertlik
değerlerinin arttığı gözlemlenmiştir (p&lt;0.05). Duyusal analiz sonuçlarına
göre en beğenilen ekmeğin %40 nohut unlu ekmek örneği olduğu belirlenmiştir
(p&lt;0.05).
Artvin İlinde Geleneksel Olarak Üretilen Farklı Marmelat Çeşitlerinin Bazı Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikleri, Antioksidan Aktiviteleri ve Fenolik Profilleri
Authors: ŞENGÜL Memnune , TOPDAŞ Elif Feyza , DOĞAN Hanife , SERENCAM Hüseyin 
Published: April 2018

Bu çalışmada, Artvin İli’nde yetişen kuşburnu (Rosa canina L.), kızılcık (Cornus
mas L.), çakal eriği (Prunus spinosa)
ve Ahlat armudu (Pyrus elaeagrifolia) meyvelerinden
geleneksel olarak üretilen marmelatların toplam ve suda çözünür kuru madde, titrasyon
asitliği, glukoz, fruktoz, sakaroz, toplam şeker ve hidroksimetilfurfural (5-HMF)
miktarları, pH, renk ve su aktivitesi değerleri gibi bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal
özellikleri ile antioksidan aktivite ve fenolik bileşen kompozisyonları
belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada, tüm marmelat örneklerinin toplam ve suda çözünür kurumadde
içeriklerinin %55, su aktivitesi değerlerinin 0.79, toplam şeker içeriklerinin
47 g/100g’ın üzerinde olduğu; HMF içeriklerinin ise 10.95 ile 1094.11 mg/kg arasında değişim gösterdiği
belirlenmiştir. Örnekler farklı oranlarda gallik asit, kateşin, epikateşin,
vanillin, klorojenik asit, kafeik asit, kumarik asit, p-kumarik asit, hesperidin, rutin, elajik asit ve kuersetin
içermektedir. Marmelat örneklerinin fenolik madde içeriklerinin 64.67-205.75 µg
GAE/g arasında değiştiği; kızılcık marmelatının en yüksek DPPH radikal giderme
aktivitesi (%3.72±0.09) gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Çeşitli fenolik maddeleri
yüksek miktarlarda içermeleri ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin yüksek olması nedeniyle
kuşburnu, çakal eriği, kızılcık ve Ahlat armudu marmelatlarının insan sağlığı
açısından önemli oldukları ve çeşitli fonksiyonel ürünlerin geliştirilmesinde
kullanılabilecekleri düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca, çakal eriği ve Ahlat armudu
marmelatlarında belirlenen yüksek HMF miktarının ürünlerin geleneksel üretimi sırasında
yüksek sıcaklıkta uzun süre kaynatma işlemine maruz kalmaları nedeniyle
oluştuğu düşünülmekte olup, halkımızın bu konuda bilinçlendirilmesinin faydalı
olacağı anlaşılmaktadır.
Removal of metal post and core followed by endodontic retreatment and endodontic surgery of tooth with failed endodontic treatment
Authors: Al Turki Aziza Abdulaziz , Almuthhin Muthhin 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Dental elements can be maintained when the endocrine retreatment is adequately indicated. The growth of endodontic techniques and materials has minimized the indication of surgical procedures even for teeth with intracanal posts.

Case Presentation:
A 34-year-old male patient related uncomfortable sensation and swelling under his upper lip associated with maxillary right central incisor tooth. After radiographic examination, the presence of a smoothly tapered post and an overextended root canal filling associated with a periapical radiolucency and radiolucency on the distal part of the coronal third of the maxillary right central incisor tooth was discovered. The mesial margin of the crown did not fit well.

Conclusion:
Understanding the patients, treatment- and tooth-related prognostic predictors can assist the clinicians in appropriate case selection for apical surgery against treatment alternatives.
Legal Implications of the Establishment of Alternative Institution of Dispute Resolution of Indonesian Banking (LAPSPI) on Sharia Banking Dispute Settlement in Indonesia
Authors: Harrieti Nun 
Published: April 2018

Sharia banking is specifically regulated by Law No. 21 on 2008 of Sharia Banking, the provision of Article 55 of the law provides that the resolution of sharia banking disputes shall be conducted by the courts within the scope of religious courts, but does not rule out the existence of other forum authority as agreed by the parties. At the end of 2015, an Alternative Institution of Dispute Resolution of Indonesian Banking (LAPSPI) has been established and registered as a follow-up to the Financial Services Authority Regulation no. 1 / POJK, 07/2014 About the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution in the Financial Services Sector. It is interesting to be reviewed what the legal implication of LAPSPI's establishment on dispute resolution of sharia banking in Indonesia is. This research was conducted by applying normative juridical approach method with analytical description research specification. Legal implications of LAPSI's establishment are requiring sharia banks to make LAPSPI as the only space and organization recognized in sharia banking external dispute resolution based on LAPSPI article of the association. Keywords: Dispute Settlement, LAPSPI, Sharia Banking.
The Law Enforcement Against the Criminal Acts of Destruction of Crops
Authors: Rifai Eddy 
Published: April 2018

This research uses a normative juridical approach to study the law enforcement against the criminal acts of destruction of crops, about the regulation on the Civil and Agrarian Law. The research approach uses a normative juridical approach that is based on legislation, theories, and concepts related to writing research. The result of the research asserts that the law enforcement against the criminal acts of destruction of crops based on the judges of the Supreme Court Decision No. 1909 K / Pid / 2010, using the viewpoint of Agrarian Law to the principle of horizontal separation asset that the holders of rights to land only control the extent of its surface, while the building or anything inherent in the land have different ownership rights to its land. The criminal law enforcement using viewpoint of Law No. 5 Of 1960 Regarding The Basic Regulations On Agrarian Principles (UUPA) did not need to prove the ownership of the land between the two conflicting party but to prove who the owner of the destroyed crops is. If the plant grows the property of the complainant party then the reported person will meet the elements as perpetrators of criminal acts in the Article 406 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. However, by using the legal basis of the Law Number 51 PRP of 1960 on Prohibition to Using the Land without Obtaining the Permission from the Owner of the Land or the Authorized Person (the “Law No 51 PRP/1960”), landowners can maintain proprietary rights and submit the case to the legal process procedure, hence it does not need to happen that the crop destruction by the owner of the land will be entangled in criminal law pursuant to the Article 406 paragraph (1) Criminal Code. Keyword: Law Enforcement, The Criminal Acts, The Destruction of Crops.
Propiedades morfológicas de los suelos asociadas a los ecosistemas de Páramo, Nariño, Sur de Colombia
Authors: Zúñiga Ugalde Felipe , Huertas Delgado Jenny , Guerrero Obando Gabriela , Dörner Fernández José , Sarasty Bravo Jairo , Burbano Orjuela Hernán 
Published: April 2018

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) indicó: “Una nación que destruye su suelo, se destruye a sí misma”. ¿Cómo podemos acercar el suelo a la sociedad para que esta sentencia no se convierta en una realidad? Una alternativa es desarrollar herramientas didácticas que permitan socializar la información que los perf iles de suelo nos pueden entregar. Se estudiaron propiedades morfológicas de los suelos asociados a los ecosistemas de Páramos en Nariño, Sur de Colombia y su vínculo con los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) a través de una función de pedotransferencia (FPTs); con un enfoque instructivo, orientado a la regulación ambiental de la zona de estudio. Se describieron morfológicamente 42 horizontes de suelo en un rango de nueve ecosistemas (páramos hasta cultivos) en la zona Andina de Nariño, Sur de Colombia. En general, los suelos más profundos se encontraron en sistemas de páramos y bosque nativo, presentaron una coloración más oscura, evidencia de mayor acumulación de carbono orgánico en el suelo. La densidad aparente del suelo varío entre 0.13 a 1.35 Mg m‑3 y el carbono orgánico del suelo entre 0.60 a 23.77% Esta propiedad explicó la densidad aparente del suelo (P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.83) y se describió a partir de una ecuación inversa de primer orden. El carbono orgánico del suelo es un indicador útil para estimar aspectos cuantitativos del sistema poroso del suelo que permiten inferir servicios ecosistémicos de regulación de agua, aire y nutrientes de los Páramos. Finalmente, se propusieron “cartillas informativas de suelo” como herramientas que permitirán informar y crear conciencia en los pobladores de la zona de influencia respecto de la importancia del suelo como capital natural y evitar que la sentencia de F.D. Rossevelt se convierta en una incómoda realidad.
Electronic media use and sleep in toddlerhood and preschool age
Authors: Praninskienė R. , Jusienė R. , Laurinaitytė I. , Petronytė L. , Rakickienė I. , Urbonas V. 
Published: April 2018

Introduction and aim. The use of modern information technology (IT) can affect children’s physical and mental health. The aim of the present study was to find out how long young children use different IT devices (screens) and whether the IT usage was associated with sleep habits, routines, sleep duration and sleep problems.Methods. We analyzed data of 500 children, whose age was between 18-72 months (M=41.29, SD=15.44). Parents of toddlers and preschool children from different regions of Lithuania were asked to fill in questionnaires about their children’s mental and physical health and the use of information technologies and screen time on workdays and weekends. The study was carried out in April-August 2017. The survey questionnaire contained questions about the child’s development, social environment, and usage of IT devices. Children’s sleep problems were assessed using the Child’s Behavior Check list (CBCL /1½-5).Results. The study results revealed that most children’s sleep duration was 9-10 hours per night. 95.3% of children, who slept 8 hours, and all children, who slept 7 hours during night, slept also during daytime. 77% of children at this age slept during the day. Younger children had habits and routine before sleep time, but they had also more awakenings during the nighttime. About half of the children had at least one IT device in their sleeping room. Children of parents with lower education were more likely to have an IT device in the sleeping room, and they were permitted to watch movies before bedtime. Also, children who had an IT device in their sleeping room had more difficulties initiating sleep, and they had more sleep problems (reaching the borderline or clinical level). Children who were sleeping shorter than 8 hours at night were using computers longer during the week and on weekends, they also spent more time on other screens during the weekends. Finally, the longer over all screen time was prominent in the group of children who had the highest scores of sleep problems.Conclusions. This study supports recent findings in other countries confirming that the use of IT in the early childhood before going to sleep and having devices in bedroom are associated with sleep problems, difficulties initiating sleep and shorter sleep duration.
Reliability and validity of the Lithuanian version of headache-attributed lost time (HALT) index
Authors: Zagorskienė I. , Abelkis E. , Mameniškienė R. 
Published: April 2018

Background. Headache-Attributed Lost Time (HALT) index is a tool recommended by WHO to determine the burden of headache to the patient and his everyday life. This instrument has not been validated in Lithuanian so far.Objective. To perform cross-cultural adaptation of the Lithuanian HALT version and to test its reliability and validity.Materials and methods. The questionnaire was culturally adapted for Lithuanian speaking population following the recommendations of International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. Psychometric properties of HALT were tested on adults complaining of headache of any kind. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability after 2 weeks were determined. Construct validity was assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Pain and Lithuanian version of SF-36v2 questionnaire.Results. Lithuanian version of HALT index (HALT-LT) satisfying requirements of linguistic and cultural adaptation was prepared. HALT-LT demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Correlations for all proposed constructs were significant.Conclusions. HALT-LT can be used as an instrument for adult patients in Lithuanian speaking population. This questionnaire can become a convenient tool in the daily practice of a physician, assessing the burden of a headache.
Quality control of cylinder head casting
Authors: Tillová Eva , Chalupová Mária , Kuchariková Lenka 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
New challenges for the Aluminium alloys used for the production of castings for automotive engine components result from an evolutionary trend of internal combustion engines towards higher specific power output. Cylinder heads, in particular, have to withstand higher operating temperature and stress levels. Present work describes quality control of microstructure (Si-morphologhy and Si-size) and mechanical properties (UTS, elongation, Brinell hardness) of cylinder head casting as effect of different T6 heat treatment (solution heat treatment time - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 hours). The data obtained from this study will be used to improve process control, and to help the selection of heat treatment of the casting for future products.
The influence of the damaged reinforcing bars on the stress-strain state of the rein-forced concrete beams
Authors: Blikharskyy Zenoviy , Shnal Taras , Khmil Roman 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The article is devoted to the overall view of experimental research of reinforced concrete beams with the simultaneous influence of the corrosion environment and loading. The tests have been carried out upon the reinforced concrete specimens considering the corrosion in the acid environment, namely 10 % H2SO4 that have been taken as a model of the aggressive environment. The beams are with span equalling to 1,9m with different series of tensile armature, concrete compressive strength and different length of impact of corrosion (continuous and local). The influence of simultaneous action of the aggressive environment and loading on strength of reinforced-concrete beams has been described. For a detailed study of the effect of individual components there was suggested additional experimental modelling of the only tensile armature damage without concrete damage. It will investigate the influence of this factor irrespective of the concrete.