bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Anaglyph Images From SEM Images Using Adobe PhotoShop
Authors: Sherman Debby 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Three-dimensional images, or anaglyphs, can provide useful information as to height relationships between components of an image. They can also enliven presentations before diverse groups. Imagine a boardroom full of executives having their 5th straight meeting of the day. You are there to present preliminary research information that could lead to a major contract. After requesting that everyone to put on red/blue glasses (not exactly the height of fashion), you proceed to show stereo images of hair samples with obviously different degrees of roughness. Correlation is drawn between the different samples and the nutritional components of the dietary supplement being tested. A picture not only saves a lot of words. It also leaves a lasting image in the minds of the observers that could easily translate into $$$. Besides, it's fun to look at neat 3-D images!
A Response to the Response
Authors: Rittman Barry R J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The purpose of my previous article was to identify many of the potential sources of error to be considered when evaluating quantitative data from immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histochemical reactions on sections.
Factors that may affect the evaluation of quantitative IHC data were listed but not necessarily placed in their order or importance. This would be difficult to do, as the relative importance of factors may differ for different antigens and histochemical procedures.
As far as can be determined, there appear to be no definitive articles that unequivocally show that IHC reactions are stoichiometric. In most laboratories, it is impractical to accurately determine section thickness, and furthermore many of the image analysis systems used may be somewhat rudimentary. Accurate determination of section thickness may therefore be somewhat of a moot point.
What is the Dual-Detector FEG SEM, and Why use it?
Authors: Chapman Steve 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The world of scanning electron microscopy seems to spin in such a way that every four years there is a dramatic step forward. Field emission sources (FEG), developed in the late 1960's, started life as a commercial disaster. In spite of the problems, certain manufacturers persisted with the first really user friendly FEG SEM reaching the market in the early 1980s. The FEG has been developed through the 1990's to be, without doubt, the source for SEU. But other advances in SEM performance have added to the instrument's performance, the most recent dramatic step being the introduction of semi-inlens imaging, a technique based upon 1980's dual detector imaging systems.
A Hint for Fixing Tissues for Better Staining
Authors: Kiernan John A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
For beautiful colors in near perfectly preserved cells and connective tissue, immerse carefully cut pieces, no more than 2 mm in least dimension, overnight in either Heidenhain's SUSA or Helly's fluid or Zenker's fluid without the acetic acid (which is the same as Helly's without the formalin). Wash thoroughly in water (tap water is OK) for several hours (overnight is sensible) and then dehydrate, clear, infiltrate, embed and cut paraffin sections.
After dewaxing and hydrating the slides, put them in an iodine solution (Lugol's, Gram's or 0.5% I2 in 95% ethanol), then in sodium thiosuifate (2-6%) to remove the brown iodine color. Wash in running tap water for a minute to get rid of the chemicals. (This step Is a must after any mercury-containing fix.) Stain by any good, interesting method (meaning almost anything other than hematoxylin & eosln).
Microscopy Yesterday, Today and the Future
Authors: Reffner John A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
With the approach of a new century everyone is getting nostalgic; we just can't resist reflecting on the past and envisioning the future. This struck me with renewed passion on 26 January 1999 when my latest patent (with co-inventor Steven H, Vogel) on a new Confocal Microspectrometer System was issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark office, What resonated in my mind was the sage advice I received from an admired and distinguished scientist nearly forty years ago, The learned professor opined, "Why do you want to be a microscopist? That's old stuff. No scientific discoveries can be made in microscopy; it is just not a research field. Microscopists never amount to more than glorified technicians". Since then I have seen Professor Dr, J, S, Ploem develop Epf Fluorescence, which revolutionized cytology and expanded the way we think of fluorescence microscopy, I have seen the introduction of the scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometers, ESCA, Auger, acoustic microscopes, scanning probe microscopy, confocal microscopy, quantitative image analysis, video-microscopy, FT-IR microspectrometry and many more.
The Accurate Control of the Thickness of Evaporated Carbon Films
Authors: Eades Alwyn 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
There are two approaches to determining the thickness of a carbon film evaporated onto a specimen. One approach is to do the evaporation first and to measure the result afterwards. There are several ways to do this. The second approach is to put down a determined amount of carbon in the first place. This clearly has advantages in many cases. The method described here is of this second kind. The thickness of the carbon coating is not measured, but by a predetermined recipe, the amount put on is controlled at the time of evaporation, In principle, the thickness could be measured during the evaporation with a quartz-crystal thickness monitor. However, we find that the monitor we have does not work well with carbon.
So You're Trying to Choose a Confocal Microscope
Authors: Inoue Ted 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
If you are one of the many people who are currently considering the purchase of a confocal microscope, you may be asking yourself, "How can 1 be sure that the microscope I choose is the right one?"
Before proceeding, take a step back. Ask yourself: "Why use a confocal?" A confocal microscope is, by definition, a microscope which optically "slices" the sample by showing only those details which are at or near the plane of focus. This results in a clearer image than might be possible with a conventional (also called "wide-field") fluorescence microscope - a microscope in which every pixel in every image is corrupted by light from its neighbors. The optical slicing of the sample done by the confocal microscope lets you construct a 3-D representation of the sample that can be very useful for image visualization or analysis.
Measuring SPM Piezo Displacement Responses
Authors: Sturm Heinz , Heyde Markus , Radernann Klaus 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPU) is a versatile tool for the investigations of surfaces. Additionally to the three-dimensional examination of surface topography, local mechanical or electrical properties can be measured1. In this work we present a short contribution on the performance and reliability of piezoelectric transducers in a SPM, which take care of the fine positioning of the tip relative to the sample. Some of the calibration procedures known in literature [cited in 2] are: laser interferometry, scanning a slightly tilted surface, a grid, a crystallographic or artificial step of a known height or by using a reference piezo. To measure slow and fast piezo response simultaneously, we use a non-contact calibration procedure with a high dynamic range (Angstrom to several hundred micrometers) and high frequency range (D.C. to 200 kHz(-3dB)).
A Rapid Cleaning Technique For EM Cathode Assemblies
Authors: Chapman Steve 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
During a recent one week "Intensive SEM" course that took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, the students came up with a superb cleaning technique that they wished to report upon. The results are, or should be, interesting to everyone who has to clean a cathode assembly! This note was originally posted on MSA's microscopy listserver and generated several replies. I have included more information below in response to these replies.
Often the most time consuming operation during the routine use of a SEM or TEM is the cleaning of a cathode assembly. The procedure, outlined as follows, requires little operator intervention, is free from possible cathode contamination by the cleaning media, and takes comparatively very iittle time
Virus Identification by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Miller Sara E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Electron microscopy is clearly the best way to look at enteric viruses, many of which do not grow in tissue culture, and those that can be so coaxed, do so under special conditions that are not routinely found in the culture lab. Biochemical identification (e.g., immunological kits, PCR, Western Blots) require a specific reagent to recognize the virus, and if the right reagent is not used, the viruses will be missed (e.g., if you run a test for rotavirus, you will miss adenovirus, etc.). Furthermore, there are not biochemical reagents for all viruses. With electron microscopy, one can see a wide variety of viruses by doing a negative stain of an aqueous extract of stool.
Isolation of Single Crystals from Liquid Drops
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microscopists often recrystallize or precipitate compounds for purposes of identification. Almost as often, a few crystals form that are irresistibly beautiful and demand isolating for single-crystal x-ray diffraction, spindle stage, polarized IR absorption, or remounting in a crystal-rolling medium like Aroclor® 1260.
The isolation of one such crystal among hundreds from the center of a drop is not as difficult as it sounds. It is done at 50-100X under a stereomicroscope using a fine, usually a tungsten, needle. The needle may (rarely) need to be surface-treated by rubbing with a water-insoluble wax (then tissue-wiped “clean”) to prevent creeping of the solution up the needle and causing solution (and crystal) movement.
The needle is used to clear a path for the desired crystal by pushing the edge crust and other intervening crystals to one side. Complete clearance is not necessary. The desired crystal is then pushed with the needle along the slide to the edge and then well outside of the drop. A few smaller crystals and much solution may accompany it.
Exploiting the Binocular Head in Polarized Light Microscopy
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Having been brought up on monocular microscopes I find the omnipresent binocular systems a luxury. To support this viewpoint I'd like to suggest some benefits you may not have considered.
Because I'm used to monocular viewing I sometimes use two different oculars, say 10X and 25X, in order to scan quickly to find an area of interest and then to examine the detail with higher magnification. Occasionally I use both oculars simultaneously and “concentrate” on either image to the exclusion of the other. A better way is to set the interocular distance at the extreme setting most different from your own interocular distance. By moving your head about a centimeter either way you can use either ocular.
A variation of this theme is very helpful when you are trying to find good crystals showing useful interference figures.
Notes On Vacuum Techniques For Microscopists
Authors: Walck Scott D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It was suggsted by a few that since the film is outgassing it is OK to backfill a TEM with lab air which has a high moisture content because the film in the camera chamber has a significant outgassing rate. My general comment is that you want to keep as much water and oxygen out of a vacuum system as possible. There is no need to add more to what may already be there.
In a vacuum system without any leaks or severe outgassing problems and with properly cleaned surfaces, the major factor which limits the ultimate pressure and pumpdown time is the water adsorbed on the exposed surfaces of the system. Depending on the type of surface, water molecules car either adsorb or chemisorb onto the surface. A chemisorbed species is characterized by having an exchange of electrons with the atoms on the surface and will have a higher energy associated with the desorption of the molecule from the surface.
Exploiting the Binocular Head in Polarized Light Microscopy
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Having been brought up on monocular microscopes I find the omnipresent binocular systems a luxury. To support this viewpoint I'd like to suggest some benefits you may not have considered.
Because I'm used to monocular viewing I sometimes use two different oculars, say 10X and 25X, in order to scan quickly to find an area of interest and then to examine the detail with higher magnification. Occasionally I use both oculars simultaneously and “concentrate” on either image to the exclusion of the other. A better way is to set the interocular distance at the extreme setting most different from your own interocular distance. By moving your head about a centimeter either way you can use either ocular.
A New Universal Acrylic Embedding Resin for Both Light and Electron Microcopy
Authors: Cox Donald P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Successful immunolabeling in electron microscopy of animal and plant tissues requires a combination of excellent antigen preservation while maintaining the original structure of the tissue. One important element is tissue embedding which accomplishes two goals for the immunohistochemist, the preservation of tissue specimen structure and maintenance of biological antigenicity. Tissue embedding in plastic resins is a common method in which several important elements must be considered.
1. Fine tissue structure must not be damaged by the polymerization. 2. The plastic must be stable to the electron beam. 3. Light scattering properties of the plastic should be minimal. 4. The plastic should cut easily. 5. The plastic must be of sufficiently low viscosity to infiltrate the tissue.
Through A Cracked Lens: Alternate Views Of Optical Microscopy Part III: Galilean Microscopes
Authors: Lund Mark W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The first man-made optical instruments were the looking glass, the magnifying glass and the burning glass. These were known by the fifth century BC. The next advance was eighteen centuries later when similar positive lenses were used to correct presbyopia. As lens making technology advanced to fulfill this demand, negative lenses were invented and used to improve the vision of near sighted people. Soon there were spectacle shops dotting Europe, and it was inevitable that people would start to play with combinations of lenses. This all came together at the end of the sixteenth century when the microscope and the telescope were invented in several places independently.
The Scanning Electron MACROscope
Authors: Robinson Vernon E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A good scanning electron microscope is not measured only by its ultimate resolution but often by its flexibility as well. In the real world not many samples require their surface to be examined at 100,000X to 300,000X. Other real considerations are its analytical capabilities, such as EDS and WDS for chemical analyses and its flexibility to handle odd samples or odd applications, such as STEM imaging, electron channeling, cathodoluminescence, etc.
Have you ever wished that the lowest magnification of your SEM wasn't 10X or 20X, but rather 5X or 2X or 1X or even lower? This can be especially useful in a forensic application where large samples are common and cutting them or using other destructive techniques would render the sample useless in court.
Field Emission Basics: The Water Bucket Analogy
Authors: Rathkey Doug 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the water bucket analogy (Figure 1), the water level in a bucket represents the Fermi level - the highest occupied energy level in the cathode material. The work function is the energy required to get the “water droplets” (electrons) from the top of the liquid out of the bucket and ever the side (i.e., the distance equivalent to the potential energy barrier).

In photoemission, the energy of a photon can remove an electron at the Fermi level from the cathode material and can impart enough kinetic energy of travel to allow it to escape from the bucket (Figure 1a). In thermionic emission, heat provides the energy to boil the electrons off and out of the bucket (Figure 1b). Finally, in field emission, a high electric field can thin the side of the bucket enough so that the electrons can tunnel right through it (Figure 1c). There are two types of field emission: cold field emission (CFE) and Schottky emission (SE).
Building Data Storage Systems And Data Networks To Support Digital Microscopy
Authors: Dodson TA , Nolan TA , Allard LF , Völki E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As laboratories like the Materials Analysis User Center (MAUC) in the High Temperature Materials Laboratory, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory move from analog to digital imaging systems, the process for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and publishing research results is changing. In this case since original scientific data exist only in digital form, analog systems for gathering, staring, and transmitting data are being set aside in favor of digital systems. In order to adequately protect original scientific data and to ensure that digital laboratories have the same (or greater) functionality as analog laboratories, scientists must focus on building information systems that make data highly available, highly reliable, and quickly accessible. Meeting these three objectives imposes special requirements for both data storage systems and data networks.
One Nanometer Resolution With An Optocal Microscope! Impossible You Say?
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When physicists of the last century were studying the nature of light and its application to the newly-refined microscopes, they devised certain laws relating to physical limitations to resolution. These laws had something to do with the wavelength of light being proportional to the limit of resolution. Lately these laws haven't just been broken, they've been shattered! But in all fairness to our predecessors, light is being used now in a manner that they could not have imagined. The scanning interferometric apertureless microscope (SIAM) recently refined by a team led by H. Kumar Wickramasinghe with colleagues Frederic Zenhausern and Yves Martin is a prime example.
Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy For Nonconductive and Volatile Samples
Authors: Hanke Larry D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
During the past two decades, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has become an indispensable tool for morphological observation in materials and biological sciences. With energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), rapid chemical characterization of microscopic features has also become commonplace. As developments in manufacturing methods allow fabrication of ever smaller devices and quality control has achieved higher priority, demand for microscopic characterization by SEM has continuously increased.
Introduction to Automated Particle Analysis
Authors: Wood TB Vander 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A microscopist is presented with a special problem when asked to characterize a population of particles. In order to adequately describe the sample, it may be necessary to examine hundreds or even thousands of individual particles, recording the size, shape, identity or other parameters of interest. To manually characterize a statistically significant fraction of the sample could require many hours of tedious work at the scope, followed by still more tedious hours of data reduction. What is needed is a technique to automate the repetitive parts of this process; the recognition and characterization of particles in the sample and the reduction of data and presentation of results. This technique is automated particle analysis.
Combining Imaging and Spectroscopy: Solving Problems with Near Infrared Chemical Imaging
Authors: Lewis E Neil , Lee Eunah , Kidder Linda H 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Historically near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has enjoyed significant success as the industrial ‘cousin’ of the mid-infrared FTIR spectrometer. Most NIR spectrometers are significantly more rugged than their MIR counterparts, and are therefore suited for use as a QA/QC tool. Sample preparation is trivial or non-existent for most solid-state or liquid samples and data collection is rapid, while still achieving excellent signal to noise. All these factors combine to produce an analytical measurement technology with widespread applicability. Until relatively recently, its capabilities as a microspectroscopy and chemical imaging tool has been largely underutilized. Most NIR spectra have been collected from bulk, not microspectroscopic samples.
Mid-infrared (MIR) microscopy, based on a Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, has been the infrared microspectroscopy technique most readily available up to now. It is a broadly employed chemical identification tool that is used to complement traditional light microscopy.
Color Matching to Ink Jet Printers from a Computer Screen, Part 1
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The ability to print what is seen on a computer screen so that it matches a printer (color matching) confounds even the most experienced. That's because computer monitors, even from the same manufacturer, cannot be made to display colors identically. Also, printers from different manufacturers contain several “libraries” of replacement colors in order to replace pixel values in an image from light (red, green and blue: RGB) to the primary colors for pigments (cyan, magenta, yellow and black: CMYK). Cameras use the primary colors for light and that is the way the digital image is stored and displayed; printers use the primary colors for pigments in ink. Thus, a printer must have a pixel by pixel list of replacement CMYK values for every RGB value in any image for that manufacturer's idea of faithful color matching.
Broadband CARS Microscopy
Authors: Cicerone Marcus T , Kee Tak W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A major challenge in optical microscopy is to develop techniques with high spatial resolution, sensitivity, and chemical specificity. The latter, chemical specificity, is typically achieved through some form of labeling, which has potential to alter the nature of the sample under investigation. Raman or infrared (IR) microscopy can be utilized to image samples in their natural form using molecular vibrations as a contrast mechanism. IR microscopy suffers from spatial resolution issues, and spontaneous Raman microscopy suffers from low scattering cross-sections, so that high laser power is often required, introducing the possibility of sample photo-damage. Scattering cross-sections for Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) are typically several orders of magnitude greater than those of spontaneous Raman Scattering. This, in addition to the high spatial resolution inherent in nonlinear optical microscopy, has led CARS microscopy to begin emerging as a powerful, noninvasive technique for biological and material imaging.