bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frazeologijos samprata XVIII a. lituanistikos šaltiniuose
Authors: Aleknavičienė Ona 
Published: March 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
This article addresses the problem of the concepts phraseologism and phraseology in modern linguistic literature. It analyses the history of the concepts phraseologism and phraseology in the Lituanistic sources of Prussian Lithuania (Lithuania Minor) of 18th century and strives to justify the need to use these terms in their broad rather than narrow sense.
The terms phraseology and phraseologism are not used in any Lituanistic sources of the 18th century. The Latin term idiotismus, used in the early 18th century philological polemic sources, such as Michael Mörlin’s, Johann Schultz’s and Jacob Perkuhn’s works, is not clearly defined. It could be understood either as (1) a peculiar saying or a figurative expression (i.e., a stable word combination or sentence) or (2) a case of common usage, a language norm recognized by society. The Latin terms Idiotismus, Phrase, Phraseologie, used in the German linguistic literature of the 17th–18th centuries, are not clearly defined either.
Due to the lack of clear definitions of the concepts phraseologism and phraseology in the Lituanistic sources of the 18th century and in the 18th century German linguistic literature, it would be appropriate to use the terms phraseologism and phraseology in their broad rather than narrow sense, i.e., to regard the stability of not only a word combination but also of a sentence as a distinctive feature of a phraseologism without emphasizing figurativeness or idiomaticity. The suggested definition would be as follows: a phraseologism is a stable word combination or sentence.
The researchers of old Lituanistic sources need the broad definition for two more reasons. First, in the old dictionaries, ethnographic works, and collections of small folklore genres, stable word combinations and sayings were recorded without selection; as they were presented together as specific linguistic facts of some regional variety, they should be analysed as wholes. Second, these combinations and sayings should also be taken as wholes in the analysis of the speech community that used them – phraseologisms, in the broad sense, can be treated as (re)constructive instruments of social and cultural identity, i.e., the analysis of phraseologisms could be used to recognize the mechanism defining the boundaries of identity and to reconstruct the content of social and cultural life.
Apie baltišką ir slavišką rankos pavadinimą
Authors: Cerri Adriano 
Published: March 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
This paper focuses on the common Balto-Slavic term for “hand.” This somatonym is quite peculiar; despite the importance of its referent, it is not possible to reconstruct a common IE. root for “hand.” Here, the main extant etymological hypotheses on the Balto-Slavic forms are discussed.
Special attention is paid to a less-known hypothesis, accounting for these forms as a direct reflex of IE. *penkwe. Horowitz (1992) believes that the original meaning of this lexeme was “hand,” and that it had only later shifted to “5.” This reconstruction would provide a direct etymological/semantical connection between the somatonym and the numeral, which parallels similar cases in many of the world’s languages. I will point out the reasons why such an etymology would be tempting and, at the same time, a number of crucial difficulties that should lead to its rejection. The traditional connection with the activity of collecting (Lith. riñkti) still remains the more plausible hypothesis; however, other explanations are also theoretically valid. Some final remarks are proposed that suggest regarding these forms as a Baltic innovation. Innovative aspects are found (i) in the semantic scope of these words (from the shoulder to the fingertips) and (ii) in the absence of a gender opposition between the hand and the foot (gender opposition being an archaic feature). The action of collecting may be regarded as a case of global etymology, i.e., a root shared by several macro-families. Conversely, the root *(w)renk- is attested only in Baltic languages (Lithuanian). So, it is reasonable to believe that the somatonym originated in the Baltic and was later borrowed by the Slavic during the period of maximum proximity between these people.
Atitikmenų ekvivalentiškumo problema paraleliniuose XVII a. žodynuose
Authors: Judžentytė-Šinkūnienė Gintarė , Zubaitienė Vilma 
Published: March 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
This paper deals with the parallel dictionaries of the 17th century Minor Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Latvia: the anonymous manuscript Lexicon Lithuanicum (late 17th century) and Georg Mancelis’s Lettus (1638) as well as Konstantinas Sirvydas’s Dictionarium trium lingvarum (1642) and Georg Elger’s Dictionarium Polono-Latino-Lottauicum (1683). Two bilingual German-Lithuanian resp. Latvian language and two trilingual Polish-Latin-Lithuanian resp. Latvian language dictionaries were chosen for the research.
The aim of this study is to investigate the equivalence of Lithuanian and Latvian correspondences in the parallel dictionaries of the 17th century, i.e., to reveal how the meaning of the headword (compound word) is reflected in each different language. In order to achieve this aim, the paper identifies what kinds of equivalents (derivatives, adapted loanwords, periphery) are chosen – in other words, the attention is drawn to the formal expression of equivalence. If the number of equivalents is increased, the systematic relations among them are investigated (loanword – native word, neologism – descriptive compound, several synonyms etc.).
Next, the types of equivalents are defined according to their revealed semantic content: the equivalents corresponding or partially corresponding to the meaning as well as the equivalents that only explain the concept expressed by the word of the main language. The semantic content of the equivalents is analyzed based on thematic groups: (a) the names of persons; (b) the names of things; (c) the names of animals and plants; (d) place names; (e) names for a specific period of time; (f) food names; (g) the names of diseases. Later on, the influence of the headwords (German, Polish) on the correspondences of Lithuanian and Latvian is studied. The following step is to analyze the similarities and differences between the Lithuanian and Latvian equivalents in the parallel dictionaries when the same headwords or phrases are translated from German and Polish. It is quite clear that both the established loanwords and neologisms are chosen as equivalents in the researched dictionaries. Once the loanword has become established, it is taken as an equivalent and is regarded as the most relevant indicator of meaning. When a new reality and its translation are not known, a neologism is being created, the synonyms of the wider meaning are given or the meaning is described in a descriptive way. Foreign realities are often translated in a descriptive way by distinguishing an important semantic attribute. Lexicographers perceived the multiplicity of word meaning but did not always provide formal indicators.
Žodžių reikšmių mišimas Jokūbo Morkūno Postilės I ir III dalyse
Authors: Dambrauskas Kęstutis 
Published: March 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
The Postilla of Jokūbas Morkūnas (hereinafter – the MP) has been translated from Polish. It is because of the impact of the Polish language words were often granted extraordinary meanings.
This article attempts to determine the typical or atypical values of the nouns, verbs and their derivatives, adverbs, as well as prefixes, used in the MP, as their values influenced the literal translation from Polish.
If appropriate word meaning was used several times in text, it was easy to identity word meaning inhevency. The same is much harder to achieve if one takes a word from the MP that was used just once or twice. Then, the appropriate meaning of the word, audited in the LKŽe, and the inherency of its values are determined based on the dictionary material. In the MP, normally used verbs were of typical values, and less often used were adjectives and adverbs. In some cases, attempts are being made to convey the Polish vocabulary of the language in the linguistic units, creating a calque. However, it cannot be said that the majority of the word meanings were calques taken over from the Polish language. We found a number of cases when the usage of verb prefixes denotes meanings originally not possessed by the words: the prefix at­ indicates the direction away; the prefix pri­ – a short or long operation; damage and the degree of damage is marked with the prefix per­. The greatest influence on the literal tracing of the original word was made with the prefixes nu­ and pa­.
It is true that words with typical definitions were commonly used in the MP for foreign language exposure.
Direct Costs Associated with Relapsed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Therapies
Authors: Purdum Anna , Tieu Ryan , Reddy Sheila R. , Broder Michael S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
About one third of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) relapse after receiving first-line (1L) treatment of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). Relapsed patients may then be eligible for second-line (2L) therapy. The study's objective was to examine health care use and costs among treated patients with DLBCL receiving 2L therapy versus those without relapse.

Materials and Methods
We analyzed Truven Health MarketScan® claims data between 2006 and 2015. Patients (≥18 years of age) had ≥1 DLBCL claim from 1 year before to 90 days after beginning 1L therapy, and comprised those without 2L treatment for ≥2 years (cured controls) versus those who initiated non-R-CHOP chemotherapy after discontinuing 1L therapy (2L cohort). 2L patients were further subgrouped: hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT [yes/no]) and time of relapse (months between 1L and 2L): early (≤3), mid (4–12), and late (&gt;12) relapse. The primary outcome was 1- and 2-year health care costs. Hospitalization rate and length of stay were also measured.

Results
A total of 1,374 patients with DLBCL received R-CHOP and fulfilled all criteria: 1,157 cured controls and 217 2L patients (87 early-relapse, 66 mid-relapse, 64 late-relapse). Twenty-eight percent of 2L patients received HSCT. Charlson Comorbidity Index/mortality risk was higher for 2L patients (4.2 [SD: 3.0]) versus controls (3.8 [2.6]; p = .039), as were yearly costs (Year 1: $210,488 [$172,851] vs. $25,044 [$32,441]; p &lt; .001 and Year 2: $267,770 [$266,536] vs. $42,272 [$49,281]; p &lt; .001). HSCT and chemotherapy were each significant contributors of cost among 2L patients.

Conclusion
DLBCL is resource intensive, particularly for 2L patients. Great need exists for newer, effective therapies for DLBCL that may save lives and reduce costs.

Implications for Practice
This study identified multiple important drivers of cost in the understudied population of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) receiving second-line (2L) treatment. Such drivers included hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and chemotherapy. Even though HSCT is currently the only curative therapy for DLBCL, less than one third of patients receiving 2L and subsequent treatment underwent transplant, which indicates potential underuse. The variation in chemotherapy regimens suggested a lack of consensus for best practices. Further research focusing on newer and more effective treatment options for DLBCL has the potential to decrease mortality, in addition to reducing the extensive costs related to therapy options such as transplant.
Amniotic membrane transplantation in a patient with impending perforated corneal ulcer caused by Streptococcus mitis: a case report
Authors: Hsiao Fang-Chi , Meir Yaa-Jyuhn James , Yeh Lung-Kun , Tan Hsin-Yuan , Hsiao Ching-Hsi , Ma Hui-Kang David , Wu Wei-Chi , Chen Hung-Chi 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Background: Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis) belongs to the viridan streptococci group which is rarely isolated as a causative pathogen of corneal ulcer. When it causes keratitis, penetrating keratoplasty (PK) might be necessary. Herein, we demonstrated amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) can be an easier surgery with acceptable outcomes and less complication.
Case presentation: A 63-year-old female Taiwanese presented with right persistent corneal ulcer for nine months. Culture from corneal scraping yielded S. mitis. A right eye descemetocele decreased from 3 mm in diameter to 0.8 mm after continuous administration of topical Vancomycin and Ceftriaxone for two weeks. Due to retarded healing, AMT was performed. Her corneal erosion healed and became clear gradually. Her visual acuity recovered from counting fingers initially to 20/200 finally 17 months after AMT.
Conclusion: This unusual case illustrated that antibiotics plus AMT instead of PK may be an effective alternative treatment to promote epithelialization and reduce inflammation in corneas complicated by S. mitis keratitis.
DEVELOPING SINGLE-ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PLANS BASED ON A TRUNCATED LIFETIME TEST FOR AN ISHITA DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Al-Nasser Amjad D. , Al-Omari Amer I. , Bani-Mustafa Ahmed , Jaber Khalifa 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Acceptance sampling plans are statistical procedures that are used for quality control and improvement in cases where it is not possible to test every item in a lot of materials. The outcome of this test determines whether the entire lot is accepted or rejected based on a random sample. In this procedure, an important characteristic of the materials is their lifetime sampling distribution, and this can vary from sample to sample. In this article, a new lifetime distribution, known as an Ishita distribution, is considered for developing a new single-acceptance sampling plan. The new acceptance sampling plan is developed under a condition wherein the mean lifetime test is truncated within a pre-specified time period. Based on this condition, the parameters of the acceptance sampling plan including the operating characteristics function and the minimum sample size are obtained. The producer’s risk in relation to the entire lot of materials is derived and illustrated by numerical examples.
DEALING WITH HETEROSKEDASTICITY WITHIN THE MODELING OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF OLDER PEOPLE
Authors: Jabłońska Katarzyna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Using the estimation method of ordinary least squares leads to unreliable results in the case of heteroskedastic linear regression model. Other estimation methods are described, including weighted least squares, division of the sample and heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimators, all of which can give estimators with better properties than ordinary least squares. The methods are presented giving the example of modelling quality of life of older people, based on a data set from the first wave of the COURAGE – Poland study. The comparison of estimators and their practical application may teach how to choose methodologically the most appropriate estimation tool after detection of heteroscedasticity.
DISCRIMINANT COORDINATES ANALYSIS IN THE CASE OF MULTIVARIATE REPEATED MEASURES DATA
Authors: Krzyśko Miroslaw , Łukaszonek ojciech , Wolynski Waldemar 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The main aim of the paper is to adapt the classical discriminant coordinates analysis to multivariate repeated measures data. The proposed solution is based on the relationship between the discriminant coordinates and canonical variables. The quality of these new discriminant coordinates is examined on some real data.
A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR OBTAINING OPTIMUM STRATA BOUNDARIES USING TWO AUXILIARY VARIABLES UNDER PROPORTIONAL ALLOCATION
Authors: Danish Faizan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Optimum stratification is the method of choosing the best boundaries that make the strata internally homogenous. Many authors have attempted to determine the optimum strata boundaries (OSB) when a study variable is itself a stratification variable. However, in many practical situations fetching information regarding the study variable is either difficult or sometimes not available. In such situations we find help in the variable (s) closely related to the study variable. Using auxiliary information many authors have formulated the problem as a MPP by redefining the problem as the problem of optimum strata width, and developed a solution procedure using dynamic programming technique. By using many distributions they worked out the optimum strata boundary points for the population under different allocation. In this paper, under proportional allocation OSBs are determined for the study variable using two auxiliary variables as the basis of stratification with uniform, right-triangular, exponential and lognormal frequency distribution by formulating the problems which are executed by using dynamic programming. Empirical studies are presented to illustrate the computation details of the solution procedure and its comparison with the existing literature.
COMPARISON OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY ONSET TIME OF TWO GROUPS WITH LEFT TRUNCATED AND RIGHT CENSORED DATA
Authors: Sabharwal Alka , Grover Gurprit 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The present paper is concerned with the comparison of the nephropathy onset time of type-2 diabetic patients, grouped on the basis of gender and age at the time of diabetes diagnosis. Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) onset time is assumed to follow Weibull distribution with fixed left truncation. The likelihood ratio test is applied on uncensored cases and Thoman and Bain two sample tests is applied with generated left truncated Weibull distributions. To avoid the model validity issues for left truncated and right censored data (LTRC), the nonparametric approach, suggested by Kaplan and Meier, is used to compare the survival function of two groups over different time periods. Another method based on median survival time of the pooled group is applied to compare the survival function of two groups with LTRC data. The major advantage of developing methods for comparing the nephropathy onset times of DM patients is that the expected DN onset time of new DM patients can be predicted depending on the patient group.
Under Stressful Conditions, High Cattle Density Maintains White Clover Abundance
Authors: Scheneiter Jorge O. , Bertín Oscar D. , Lattanzi Fernando A. 
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas
Clover richness depends on the grazing management and available water in the topsoil.
Clover recovery is not related to the pre‐drought spatial distribution.
Tiller density, within a patch, is related to the previous presence of white clover.
The steer density adjusts tall fescue and white clover populations in the pasture.
ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the abundance and dynamics of white clover (WC) (Trifolium repens L.) under cattle grazing, in a stressful environment. To this end, we performed a 5‐yr experiment in Buenos Aires province, Argentina, where treatments were low and high forage offers (LFO and HFO) of a tall fescue (TF) [Lolium arundinaceum Schreb. (Darbysh.)]–WC mixture and two sites regarding the initial existence of WC in the pasture (with and without white clover, WC+ and WC–). Climatic conditions determined periods of deficiency or abundance of plant available water in the topsoil, which interacted with the grazing management, leading to either the absence or richness of WC in the pasture. Before a drought, the basal cover of WC was 31.0 and 11.2% with LFO and HFO treatments, respectively (P < 0.001); whereas, during recovery after drought, the corresponding values were 44.0 and 2.7% (P < 0.001), respectively. Re‐establishment of WC at the pasture level was poorly related to the pre‐drought spatial distribution. At the beginning of the experiment, the TF tiller density was greater in WC– sites; whereas, at the end of the experiment, the opposite was observed. The N derived from biological fixation was 85.5% and differences among treatments were of small magnitude. We concluded that, at the pasture level, the abundance of WC in an environment with hot and often dry summers is favored when the competition by TF is controlled and the availability of water in the soil is not limiting.
Regulated Deficit Irrigation at Special Development Stages Increases Sugar Beet Yield
Authors: Li Yangyang , Fan Hua , Su Jixia , Fei Cong , Wang Kaiyong , Tian Xiaoming , Ma Fuyu 
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas
Different growth stages of drip‐irrigated sugar beet can bear different water deficit level.
The canopy development stage is the most water‐sensitive period of the sugar beet.
Regulated deficit irrigation could increase beet yield and reduce the consumption of water resources in arid land.
ABSTRACTThe shortage of water resources promotes the development of water saving irrigation in arid land. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), as one of the water‐saving irrigation technologies through applying a certain amount of water stress to the crops to promote the distribution of the photosynthate of crops to the needs of the tissues and organs, can save water and may increase yield. Our study evaluated the effect of the RDI on the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Beta356). Seven irrigation treatments were applied based on the growth stages of sugar beet (canopy development, storage root development, and sugar accumulation) and water deficit levels (30, 50, and 70% of field capacity [FC]). The yield, quality, sugar yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and agronomic physiological traits of sugar beet were evaluated. Moderate water deficit (50% of FC) during canopy development increased sugar yield by 27% compared with the control (70% of FC during the whole growth stages). Severe (30% of FC) water deficit increased sugar yield by 45% during storage root development, and by 55% during sugar accumulation. The RDI during canopy development and storage root development inhibited leaf growth but did not affect yield. Malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity increased significantly when soil water content dropped to the irrigation threshold levels (i.e., 30% and 50% of FC) before rehydration during canopy development. After rehydration, there were significant increases in peroxidase activity and proline content (indicators of antioxidant defense and osmotic stress). Our results indicated that RDI increased yield at 30% and 50% of FC during three growth stages (canopy development, storage root development, and sugar accumulation) of sugar beet, which reduced irrigation water requirements. RDI could be applied as a strategic action for crop sustainability and water saving in arid land.