bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contact zones of the aid chain
Authors: Delgado Luchner Carmen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSwitzerland is a multilingual country with four official languages. As such, NGOs and other organizations based in Switzerland tend to have a comparatively high awareness of multilingualism. Based on in-depth interviews with representatives of two Swiss development NGOs, Caritas Switzerland and theFédération genevoise de coopération, this paper aims to explore how Swiss development NGOs work multilingually at home and abroad.By zooming in on the language practices that are used in the different contact zones along the aid chain we aim to provide a more nuanced picture of multilingualism in development projects. The two case studies show that professional translation is merely one of several strategies used to overcome language barriers in the aid chain. Others includead hoclanguage mediation practices, reliance on bilingual staff and the use of alingua franca.
Amnesty International Language Resource Centre
Authors: Combeaud Bonallack Patricia 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In the wake of profound structural and organizational changes stemming from an institutional restructure as part of the Global Transition Programme and the Governance Reform undertaken to transform Amnesty International into a truly global movement, the Amnesty International Language Resource Centre examines the role it must play in order to align with the new operating model and evaluates the position it should reach so as to contribute to organizational aspirations for increased diversity and inclusion, as well as integrated approaches to working practices. This paper presents, in broad terms, the operational impact the structural changes have had on its language activities and reaffirms the Language Resource Centre’s crucial contribution to advancing the human rights agenda as a language service provider and strategic language advisor.
Growth and development of blueberries.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

In this chapter, the anatomy and morphology of the highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) and rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) are discussed, followed by a discussion of vegetative and reproductive growth and development. Effects of environmental factors (such as temperature and photoperiod) on growth and development are also presented.
Nutrition in blueberries.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter examines some fundamental concepts of plant nutrition and describes the critical factors influencing blueberry nutrition. These factors include: (i) supply of nutrients from the soil (substrate); (ii) soil pH; (iii) role of ericoid mycorrhizae; (iv) determination of nutrient status; (v) absorption and translocation of nutrients within the plant; and (vi) application of nutrients.
Ethical tensions from a 'science alone' approach in communicating genetic engineering science to consumers.
Authors: Kolodinsky J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter identifies and examines the ethical tension between the need to communicate the risks and benefits of science and technology to the public and the science and ethics of such communication. It begins with a historical background of the commercialization of genetically engineered (GE) foods and places the ethical debate about GE foods in the bioethics rubric of autonomy, non-malfeasance, beneficence and justice. Ethical tensions about GE foods go beyond safety and include difficult to quantify issues, such as interference with the natural order of things, religion, freedom of choice, environmental concern, trust, risk, cultural identity, equity, fairness, consent and self-determination. Through an analysis of the literature, including scientific, gray and popular, this chapter shows that policies promoting autonomy can appease ethical concerns of consumers by providing choice in the marketplace.
New technology, ethical tensions and the mediating role of translational research.
Authors: Valdivia C. , James H. S., Jr. , Quiroz R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter presents two cases that relate to innovations in smallholder contexts, where food insecurity and a changing climate create a context of vulnerability framed by uncertainty and risks. The innovations (genetically modified cassava for smallholder farming in Kenya and remote-sensing technologies with unmanned aerial vehicles for East African smallholder farmers) provide examples of how translational research can address some of the ethical issues that arise from technological fixes. The common thread in these cases is the way participatory approach can help mitigate potential ethical challenges that arise when scientists and innovators seek solutions to difficult problems in contexts where there are differences in values, power and knowledge by a diversity of actors or stakeholders and institutions, and where the context itself may impact on the outcomes.
Plant Stature Related receptor-like Kinanse2 (PSRK2) acts as a factor that determines stem elongation toward gibberellins response in rice
Authors: Li Yixing , Tang Dongying , Li Li , Zhao Xiaoying , Lin Jianzhong , Liu Xuanming 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTGibberellins (GAs) are a family of plant hormones that are important to multiple aspects of plant growth and development, especially stem elongation. A PSRK2 was obtained through screening and identifying RLK dominant negative mutants. Phenotype of the loss-of-function mutants, psrk2-DN and psrk2-RNAi, showed that PSRK2 could influence the length of the uppermost and fourth internodes, indicating that PSRK2 might regulate cell division in the intercalary meristems and/or cell elongation in the internodes. Moreover, the expression pattern showed that PSRK2 was strongly expressed in the joined-nodes after the start-up of reproductive growth, but undetectable in leaves. PSRK2 expression was also found to be induced by GA3, and PSRK2 was involved in GA signaling in cereal aleurone cells, and PSRK2 influence the relative length of the second leaf sheaths in seedling stage. These results indicate PSRK2 is a component of GA signaling pathway that controls stem elongation by negatively regulating GA responses.Abbreviations: Os: Oryza sativa; At: Arabidopsis thaliana; RNAi: RNA interfere; DN: Dominate Negative; SMART: Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool; Uni : Uniconazol; PSRK2: Plant Stature Related receptor-like Kinase 2; RLK: Receptor-like Kinase; GA: Gibberellin; IAA: indole-3-acetic acid; BL: Brassinosteroid
Trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity: current understanding, challenges, and frontiers
Authors: Mohan Nishant , Jiang Jiangsong , Dokmanovic Milos , Wu Wen Jin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Trastuzumab, an epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) targeting humanized monoclonal antibody, has been approved for the treatment HER2-positive breast cancer and HER2-positve metastatic gastric cancer. However, cardiotoxicity associated with its clinical application poses challenges for clinicians and patients, mechanisms of which are still evolving. This review will summarize the current mechanistic understanding of trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity, discuss the novel role of DNA topoisomerase IIB as a shared target for enhanced cardiotoxicity induced by trastuzumab and anthracyclines-based combination regimens, and speculate the potential impact of trastuzumab intervention in immune checkpoint inhibitors-based therapies.
Cognitive, Olfactory, and Affective Determinants of Body Weight in Aging Individuals
Authors: Aiello Marilena , Parma Valentina , De Carlo Sara , Hummel Thomas , Rumiati Raffaella I 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveA complex interplay of factors including cognitive, sensory and affective aspects has been associated in a controversial way with anthropometric measures related to body weight.MethodsHere we propose two studies to investigate whether and how cognitive, olfactory and affective variables resulted associated with body weight during healthy aging. In Study 1, we investigated the cognitive status, the odor identification skills, and the BMI of 209 individuals (50–96 yo). In Study 2 an extensive evaluation of cognitive functions (in particular executive functions and memory), odor threshold, discrimination and identification and affective skills (i.e., depression and anxiety) was performed in a group of 35 healthy, free-living aging individuals (58–85 yo).ResultsIn Study 1, greater BMI was not associated with performance on the odor identification task but was significantly associated with better cognitive skills. In Study 2, we observed that executive functions seemed to favor a successful managing of body weight, and individuals with greater BMI and waist circumference showed significantly better odor discrimination skills. Finally, lower waist circumference (but not BMI) was found significantly associated with greater levels of anxiety.ConclusionsThese results confirm that cognitive, olfactory and affective factors may influence body weight during healthy aging.
Safety and Efficacy of Smooth Surface Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Fairchild Berry , Ellsworth Warren , Selber Jesse C , Bogue David P , Zavlin Dmitry , Nemir Stephanie , Checka Cristina M , Clemens Mark W 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundTraditional 2-stage breast reconstruction involves placement of a textured-surface tissue expander (TTE). Recent studies have demonstrated textured surface devices have higher propensity for bacterial contamination and biofilm formation.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of smooth surface tissue expanders (STE) in immediate breast reconstruction.MethodsThe authors retrospectively reviewed consecutive women who underwent STE breast reconstruction from 2016 to 2017 at 3 institutions. Indications and outcomes were evaluated.ResultsA total 112 patients underwent STE reconstruction (75 subpectoral, 37 prepectoral placement), receiving 173 devices and monitored for a mean follow-up of 14.1 months. Demographics of patients included average age of 53 years and average BMI of 27.2 kg/m2, and 18.6% received postmastectomy radiation therapy. Overall complication rates were 15.6% and included mastectomy skin flap necrosis (10.4%), seroma (5.2%), expander malposition (2.9%), and infection requiring intravenous antibiotic therapy (3.5%). Six (3.5%) unplanned reoperations with explantation were reported for 3 infections and 3 patients requesting change of plan with no reconstruction.ConclusionsSTEs represent a safe and efficacious alternative to TTE breast reconstruction with at least equitable outcomes. Technique modification including tab fixation, strict pocket control, postoperative bra support, and suture choice may contribute to observed favorable outcomes and are reviewed. Early results for infection control and explantation rate are encouraging and warrant comparative evaluation for potential superiority over TTEs in a prospective randomized trial.Level of Evidence: 4
Prevalence and correlates of coronary microvascular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: PROMIS-HFpEF
Authors: Shah Sanjiv J , Lam Carolyn S P , Svedlund Sara , Saraste Antti , Hage Camilla , Tan Ru-San , Beussink-Nelson Lauren , Ljung Faxén Ulrika , Fermer Maria Lagerström , Broberg Malin A , Gan Li-Ming , Lund Lars H 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Aims
To date, clinical evidence of microvascular dysfunction in patients with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has been limited. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) and its association with systemic endothelial dysfunction, HF severity, and myocardial dysfunction in a well defined, multi-centre HFpEF population.

Methods and results
This prospective multinational multi-centre observational study enrolled patients fulfilling strict criteria for HFpEF according to current guidelines. Those with known unrevascularized macrovascular coronary artery disease (CAD) were excluded. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) was measured with adenosine stress transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Systemic endothelial function [reactive hyperaemia index (RHI)] was measured by peripheral arterial tonometry. Among 202 patients with HFpEF, 151 [75% (95% confidence interval 69–81%)] had CMD (defined as CFR <2.5). Patients with CMD had a higher prevalence of current or prior smoking (70% vs. 43%; P = 0.0006) and atrial fibrillation (58% vs. 25%; P = 0.004) compared with those without CMD. Worse CFR was associated with higher urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and NTproBNP, and lower RHI, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and right ventricular (RV) free wall strain after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, revascularized CAD, smoking, left ventricular mass, and study site (P < 0.05 for all associations).

Conclusions
PROMIS-HFpEF is the first prospective multi-centre, multinational study to demonstrate a high prevalence of CMD in HFpEF in the absence of unrevascularized macrovascular CAD, and to show its association with systemic endothelial dysfunction (RHI, UACR) as well as markers of HF severity (NTproBNP and RV dysfunction). Microvascular dysfunction may be a promising therapeutic target in HFpEF.
A near complete, chromosome-scale assembly of the black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) genome
Authors: VanBuren Robert , Wai Ching Man , Colle Marivi , Wang Jie , Sullivan Shawn , Bushakra Jill M , Liachko Ivan , Vining Kelly J , Dossett Michael , Finn Chad E , Jibran Rubina , Chagné David , Childs Kevin , Edger Patrick P , Mockler Todd C , Bassil Nahla V 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
The fragmented nature of most draft plant genomes has hindered downstream gene discovery, trait mapping for breeding, and other functional genomics applications. There is a pressing need to improve or finish draft plant genome assemblies.

Findings
Here, we present a chromosome-scale assembly of the black raspberry genome using single-molecule real-time Pacific Biosciences sequencing and high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) genome scaffolding. The updated V3 assembly has a contig N50 of 5.1 Mb, representing an ~200-fold improvement over the previous Illumina-based version. Each of the 235 contigs was anchored and oriented into seven chromosomes, correcting several major misassemblies. Black raspberry V3 contains 47 Mb of new sequences including large pericentromeric regions and thousands of previously unannotated protein-coding genes. Among the new genes are hundreds of expanded tandem gene arrays that were collapsed in the Illumina-based assembly. Detailed comparative genomics with the high-quality V4 woodland strawberry genome (Fragaria vesca) revealed near-perfect 1:1 synteny with dramatic divergence in tandem gene array composition. Lineage-specific tandem gene arrays in black raspberry are related to agronomic traits such as disease resistance and secondary metabolite biosynthesis.

Conclusions
The improved resolution of tandem gene arrays highlights the need to reassemble these highly complex and biologically important regions in draft plant genomes. The updated, high-quality black raspberry reference genome will be useful for comparative genomics across the horticulturally important Rosaceae family and enable the development of marker assisted breeding in Rubus.
Lattice and continuum modelling of a bioactive porous tissue scaffold
Authors: Krause Andrew L , Beliaev Dmitry , Van Gorder Robert A , Waters Sarah L 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA contemporary procedure to grow artificial tissue is to seed cells onto a porous biomaterial scaffold and culture it within a perfusion bioreactor to facilitate the transport of nutrients to growing cells. Typical models of cell growth for tissue engineering applications make use of spatially homogeneous or spatially continuous equations to model cell growth, flow of culture medium, nutrient transport and their interactions. The network structure of the physical porous scaffold is often incorporated through parameters in these models, either phenomenologically or through techniques like mathematical homogenization. We derive a model on a square grid lattice to demonstrate the importance of explicitly modelling the network structure of the porous scaffold and compare results from this model with those from a modified continuum model from the literature. We capture two-way coupling between cell growth and fluid flow by allowing cells to block pores, and by allowing the shear stress of the fluid to affect cell growth and death. We explore a range of parameters for both models and demonstrate quantitative and qualitative differences between predictions from each of these approaches, including spatial pattern formation and local oscillations in cell density present only in the lattice model. These differences suggest that for some parameter regimes, corresponding to specific cell types and scaffold geometries, the lattice model gives qualitatively different model predictions than typical continuum models. Our results inform model selection for bioactive porous tissue scaffolds, aiding in the development of successful tissue engineering experiments and eventually clinically successful technologies.
A painter, a collector, and a horseshoe crab: connoisseurs of art and nature in early modern Antwerp
Authors: Rijks Marlise 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the horseshoe crab in collections and paintings in early modern Antwerp. Such a crab is depicted in at least three paintings by the Antwerp artist Frans Francken the Younger – among the earliest European depictions of this animal and the first in the medium of oil paint. It is suggested that the crab depicted by Francken was probably in the collection of his acquaintance, the notary Gilles de Kimpe, one of the city’s most avid collectors. Early modern Antwerp supported a lively collecting culture and people like Francken and De Kimpe were fascinated by the variety and abundance of nature. In their own ways, through ownership, observation, and depiction, they were connoisseurs of art and nature, this connoisseurship alluding to questions pertaining to the recognition of curious and exotic specimens, such as the horseshoe crab.
The alignment is in their stars: on the spin-alignment of stars in star clusters
Authors: Rey-Raposo Ramon , Read Justin I 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
We simulate star formation in two molecular clouds extracted from a larger disc-galaxy simulation with a spatial resolution of ∼0.1 pc, one exiting a spiral arm dominated by compression, and another in an inter-arm region more strongly affected by galactic shear. Treating the stars as ‘sink particles’, we track their birth angular momentum, and the later evolution of their angular momentum due to gas accretion. We find that in both clouds, the sinks have spin vectors that are aligned with one another, and with the global angular momentum vector of the star cluster. This alignment is present at birth, but enhanced by later gas accretion. In the compressive cloud, the sink-spins remain aligned with the gas for at least a free-fall time. By contrast, in the shear cloud, the increased turbulent mixing causes the sinks to rapidly misalign with their birth cloud on approximately a gas free-fall time. In spite of this, both clouds show a strong alignment of sink-spins at the end of our simulations, independently of environment.
Effect of Empiric Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Neurosurgical Trauma Patients on Surgical Site and Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Belton Patrick J , Litofsky N Scott , Humphries William E 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Although empiric treatment of urinary tract colonized patients remains a frequent practice in neurosurgery, the value of this practice remains debatable.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze the effect of screening and treatment of bacteriuria on surgical site infections, incidence of Clostridium difficile, and mortality in neurosurgical trauma patients.

METHODS
Database queries and direct patient chart reviews were used to gather patient chart data. T-tests, chi-square tests, binary logistic regressions, and propensity matched cohorts comparisons were performed.

RESULTS
A total of 3563 admitted neurosurgical trauma patients were identified over an 8 yr period (1524 cranial, 1778 spinal, and 261 combined craniospinal diagnoses). Nine hundred ninety-one patients underwent an operative neurosurgical procedure. Urinalysis was significantly associated with antibiotics exposure in both operative and nonoperative patients (P < .001). Operative patients treated with empiric antibiotics did not have a reduced risk of wound infection (P = .21), including in a propensity matched cohort (P = .52). Patients treated with empiric antibiotics had significantly increased rates of C. difficile infection (P < .001). At last follow-up, neurosurgical trauma patients that developed C. difficile had an increased risk of death (P < .005); antibiotic exposure and death were also significantly associated (P = .018). The association of C. difficile with empiric antibiotics remained significant in a propensity-matched cohort (P = .0024).

CONCLUSION
The routine use of urinalysis and empiric urinary antibiotics for bacteriuria in neurosurgical trauma patients without urinary symptoms increases risk of exposure to antibiotics does not decrease rates of wound infection, and is associated with increased rates of C. difficile infection and death.
The Strain of the Voice
Authors: Brown Adrienne 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This essay attends to the sonic atmospheres hip hop invents to explore affects and scenes that may have gone underseen and undertheorized. In a disruption of the 1990s hip hop canon, I focus on Bone-Thugs-n-Harmony and DMX (rather than Pac and Biggie) in order to think with more specificity about how hip hop confronts, dodges, or disrupts what it means to feel pain, joy, restlessness, nervousness, or anxiety through its sonic investments in pauses, flinches, fumblings, boasts, growls, deflations, sighs, and tears. The voices of these artists, known for their distinct timbres and textures, refract the ordinarily cruddy and instances of its relief. They give voice to the weary-making work of enduring and the exhaustion of trying to make it to the first of the month, the end of the year, or even just the end of the album.
On Politics and Performativity in Atlanta Hip Hop Party Culture, Or How to Get Crunk with (Body and) Words
Authors: Holt Kevin C. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter offers a historical contextualization of crunk, an Atlanta-based subgenre of hip hop, in order to access its political underpinnings. By situating the development of crunk within the context of nonparticipant panic surrounding the 1990s Black spring break event Freaknik, this chapter argues that crunk represents an aestheticization of resistance to concurrent heightened policing of Black youth leisure. While discussions of politics in hip hop music generally centralize lyrical content, crunk, with its emphasis on loud interjectional vocalizations, and extended sections of repetitious chant, necessitates an alternate analytical approach in addressing its political subtext. Accordingly, this chapter offers J. L. Austin’s concept of performative utterances and Henry Louis Gates Jr.’s theory of Signifyin’ as frames for addressing how crunk uses vocality, and by extension language, to manifest political subversion, not through lyrical content or poetic virtuosity but by facilitating the reproduction of a stylized performance that actively resists the silencing/repression of Black youth pleasure.