bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilevel regulatory governance: Establishing bank-regulator relationships at the European Banking Authority
Authors: Coen David , Salter John-Paul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFollowing the 2007–9 financial crisis, the EU strengthened its institutional apparatus for bank regulation, creating a trio of sectoral bodies, including the European Banking Authority (EBA). Various aspects of this new system have been studied, but to date, little is known about how banks engage with their new supranational regulator. We argue that such engagement fosters an interdependence between banks and regulators, thus contributing to the efficiency and robustness of the overall regulatory regime; but also that it is contingent on the regulator exhibiting the qualities of credibility, legitimacy, and transparency. These qualities are grounded in the domestic regulatory governance literature, but we suggest that they are rendered problematic by the complexities of the EU's multilevel system and, in particular, the overlap in competences between the EBA and the European Central Bank. We examine the EBA in the light of these criteria and find that banks’ engagement remains pitched towards established national regulators and the EU's legislative arena. This poses concerns for the efficacy of agency governance in the EU's regulatory regime for banking.
Encountering the “Muslim”: Guantánamo Bay, Detainees, and Apprehensions of Violence
Authors: Rochelle Safiyah 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article focuses on the underlying sensorial entanglements that linger in spaces and moments of encounter between state violence and its targets. It argues that in Guantánamo Bay, these entanglements become routed through the bodies of the camp’s detainees, and they rely upon a particular reading of religion as being borne by bodies in such ways as to necessitate the use of specific techniques of detention and incapacitation. This discussion is framed using the notion of “apprehension,” in its affective and material forms, wherein perception, dread, and physical encounters in the camp unfold within a framing of Muslims as ontologically and materially distinct, and as being embodied in particular ways. In these processes of apprehension, the techniques and logics of violence deployed in the war on terror become further legitimated, and work reflexively to shape the ways in which the Muslim is known, encountered, and met with violence.
Hands in Cont(r)act: The Resiliency of Business Handshakes in Pandemic Culture
Authors: Hamilton Sheryl N. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article examines the persistence of the handshake in business circles despite its implication in the spread of communicable disease in contemporary pandemic culture. An examination of business etiquette discourse suggests that even during disease outbreaks or flu season, the business handshake remains an important visual and haptic legal gesture. While it may no longer produce a binding legal contract, it stages the parties as contractable subjects, as claiming the status of autonomous individuals committed to defining their intersubjective relationship through the norms of contract. The business handshake thus operates as a cultural site for the complex interaction of bodies and law, and the production of masculine, haptic-legal subjectivity.
Re-describing transnational conflict in Africa
Authors: Twagiramungu Noel , Duursma Allard , Berhe Mulugeta Gebrehiwot , de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the principal findings of a new integrated dataset of transnational armed conflict in Africa. Existing Africa conflict datasets have systematically under-represented the extent of cross-border state support to belligerent parties in internal armed conflicts as well as the number of incidents of covert cross-border armed intervention and incidents of using armed force to threaten a neighbouring state. Based on the method of ‘redescribing’ datapoints in existing datasets, notably the Uppsala Conflict Data Project, the Transnational Conflict in Africa (TCA) data include numerous missing incidents of transnational armed conflict and reclassify many more. The data indicate that (i) trans-nationality is a major feature of armed conflict in Africa, (ii) most so-called ‘civil wars’ are internationalised and (iii) the dominant definitions of ‘interstate conflict’ and ‘civil war’ are too narrow to capture the particularities of Africa's wars. While conventional interstate war remains rare, interstate rivalry using military means is common. The dataset opens up a research agenda for studying the drivers, patterns and instruments of African interstate rivalries. These findings have important implications for conflict prevention, management and resolution policies.
Sino-Foreign Business Networks: Foreign and Chinese banks in the Chinese banking sector, 1890–1911
Authors: MOAZZIN GHASSAN 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAt the turn of the twentieth century, foreign bankers viewed China as one of the up-and-coming markets for international banking. This led to a rapid influx of foreign banks into the banking sector of the China coast. Consequently, foreign banks became a major presence in the treaty ports, where they financed China's foreign trade, provided loans to the Chinese government, and supplied Chinese banks with credit. However, their operations in the Chinese banking sector were always dependent on interaction with Chinese banks. Previous scholarship has largely portrayed the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks in terms of the former dominating and controlling the banking sector of China's treaty ports. This article challenges this view and shows that the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks was one of interdependence rather than one-sided control. It demonstrates how foreign banks had to adapt their business practices to the Chinese business environment and how they were integrated into existing Chinese business networks. Moreover, this article reveals how Chinese entrepreneurs could use their relationship with foreign banks for the benefit of their own business networks and exploit information asymmetries between foreign and Chinese banks to generate profits. The result of the development of this interdependent relationship between foreign and Chinese banks, and of the integration of the former into existing Chinese business networks was the formation of Sino-foreign business networks, which played an important role in making possible the operations of financial markets in China's transnational treaty port economy.
Extending the Ability of Near‐Infrared Images to Monitor Small River Discharge on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Haojie , Li Hongyi , Wang Jian , Hao Xiaohua 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRiver discharge gauging is scarce in high mountainous regions, especially on the Tibetan Plateau, where rivers are widely distributed. Although remote sensing is an important mean of monitoring river discharge, previous methods are most suitable for large rivers, and the ability to monitor small rivers (with widths less than 100 m) is limited. To resolve this issue, a multiple pixel ratio (MPR) method is presented for monitoring the discharge of small rivers based on the relationship between river discharge and the near‐infrared reflectivity. Utilizing 281 Landsat images (1990–2015), we monitored river discharges in two subbasins in the upstream region of the Heihe River located on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicate that the performance of the MPR method is more stable than the previous calibration/measurement method. The monitoring accuracy was correlated with the length and location of the selected inundated river channel. Using selected inundated river channel lengths between 300 and 600 m can provide better monitoring accuracy. The Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of monitoring results (2013–2014) of Qilian station was 0.82; the Zhamashike station (2015) was 0.45; the two stations multiyears (1990–2013) monitoring results were 0.32 and 0.41; the ungauged basin was 0.45. Our results suggest that the MPR method can expand the ability of remote sensing to monitor discharge in small rivers with widths greater than 30 m on the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, the new method also has the potential to monitor the discharge of ungauged small rivers (with widths greater than 30 m).
Downstream and In Situ: Two Perspectives on the Initiation of Monsoon Low‐Pressure Systems Over the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Meera M. , Suhas E. , Sandeep S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMonsoon low‐pressure systems (LPSs) contribute to more than half of the total summer monsoon rainfall over central India. As their genesis mechanism is not well understood, the LPS‐related precipitation contribution is ill represented in climate models, which has contributed to the underestimation of rainfall over central India in climate model simulations. Two hundred fifty‐six cases of LPS initiations over the Bay of Bengal during 1979 to 2017summer seasons were analyzed, and it was found that 68% of the systems were initiated in situ, while the remaining 32% were initiated by downstream amplification of wave disturbances from the western Pacific. Detailed analysis reveals that the LPS generated by the two mechanisms have similar dynamic and thermodynamic features. A declining trend is also observed in the number of downstream generated cases indicating that it would become increasingly difficult to predict the initiation of LPS in the future.
Deformation‐Based Monitoring of Water Migration in Rocks Using Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Zhang Yi , Xue Ziqiu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRock deformation induced by pore‐fluid pressure carries useful information about fluid flow owing to hydromechanical coupling. Thus, obtaining spatiotemporal changes in rock deformation could provide improved understanding of the fluid and pressure migration in aquifers or the role of fluid in the evolution of rainfall‐induced landslide. Here we deployed high‐resolution Rayleigh‐scattering‐type distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) to measure rock deformation while injecting water into low‐permeability dry sandstone. X‐ray computed tomography imaging was simultaneously used to visualize the water migration. DFOSS measurements showed the rock developed a dilation deformation that grew during water saturating process. The movement of water wetting front can be revealed by the changes in the measured distributed strain. Strain changes were shaped by poroelastic changes due to the fluid pressure buildup and swelling by the water–clay reaction (i.e., adsorption). The latter mechanism caused increase in the strain when water first entered the dry pore spaces and the change in pore pressure was slight. The mechanism continued contributed to the overall deformation to peak magnitude of ~600 μϵ together with poroelastic mechanism. However, after the rock was fully saturated, further deformation during the flow test can be explained by the poroelastic mechanism alone. Our study suggests that the two factors can be employed as signatures for effectively monitoring fluid behavior in natural sediments using DFOSS. Moreover, we obtained the spatial hydromechanical properties, permeability and stiffness, from the distributed strain measurement and pressure responses. Using DFOSS in the field may substantially improve our ability to monitor and model fluid activity related to rock deformations in reservoirs and rainfall‐induced landslides that would help in warning people of risks and preventing disasters.
Response gene to complement 32 expression in macrophages augments paracrine stimulation-mediated colon cancer progression
Authors: Zhao Peng , Wang Bing , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Wei , Liu Yan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractM2-polarized tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor progression. It has been reported that response gene to complement 32 (RGC-32) promotes M2 macrophage polarization. However, whether RGC-32 expression in macrophages could play a potential role in tumor progression remain unclear. Here we identified that increasing RGC-32 expression in colon cancer and tumor associated macrophages was positively correlated with cancer progression. In vitro studies confirmed that colon cancer cells upregulated RGC-32 expression of macrophages via secreting TGF-β1. RGC-32 expression promoted macrophage migration. In addition, stimulation of HCT-116 cells with the condition mediums of RGC-32-silienced or over-expressed macrophages affected tumor cell colony formation and migration via altered COX-2 expression. In an animal model, macrophages with RGC-32 knockdown significantly decreased the expression of COX-2 and Ki67 in the xenografts, and partly inhibited tumor growth. Together, our results provide the evidences for a critical role of TGF-β1/RGC-32 pathway in TAMs and colon cancer cells during tumor progression.
DDIT3 (CHOP) contributes to retinal ganglion cell somal loss but not axonal degeneration in DBA/2J mice
Authors: Marola Olivia J. , Syc-Mazurek Stephanie B. , Libby Richard T. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGlaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Chronic ocular hypertension, an important risk factor for glaucoma, leads to RGC axonal injury at the optic nerve head. This insult triggers molecularly distinct cascades governing RGC somal apoptosis and axonal degeneration. The molecular mechanisms activated by ocular hypertensive insult that drive both RGC somal apoptosis and axonal degeneration are incompletely understood. The cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and induction of pro-apoptotic DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also known as CHOP) have been implicated as drivers of neurodegeneration in many disease models, including glaucoma. RGCs express DDIT3 after glaucoma-relevant insults, and importantly, DDIT3 has been shown to contribute to both RGC somal apoptosis and axonal degeneration after acute induction of ocular hypertension. However, the role of DDIT3 in RGC somal and axonal degeneration has not been critically tested in a model of age-related chronic ocular hypertension. Here, we investigated the role of DDIT3 in glaucomatous RGC death using an age-related, naturally occurring ocular hypertensive mouse model of glaucoma, DBA/2J mice (D2). To accomplish this, a null allele of Ddit3 was backcrossed onto the D2 background. Homozygous Ddit3 deletion did not alter gross retinal or optic nerve head morphology, nor did it change the ocular hypertensive profile of D2 mice. In D2 mice, Ddit3 deletion conferred mild protection to RGC somas, but did not significantly prevent RGC axonal degeneration. Together, these data suggest that DDIT3 plays a minor role in perpetuating RGC somal apoptosis caused by chronic ocular hypertension-induced axonal injury, but does not significantly contribute to distal axonal degeneration.
Human placental trophoblast cells contribute to maternal–fetal tolerance through expressing IL-35 and mediating iTR35 conversion
Authors: Liu Jia , Hao Shengnan , Chen Xi , Zhao Hui , Du Lutao , Ren Hanxiao , Wang Chuanxin , Mao Haiting 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDuring pregnancy, trophoblast cells sustain the maternal–fetal tolerance via expressing and secreting various chemokines and cytokines. Our previous study revealed the expression of interleukin-35 (IL-35) in human first-trimester trophoblasts. Here we show that IL-35 is expressed in both human first-trimester primary trophoblast cells and a trophoblast cell line. Trophoblast cells inhibit the proliferation of human naive conventional T cells (Tconvcells) and convert suppressed Tconvcells into iTR35 in an IL-35-dependent manner. Mechanistically, trophoblast cell derived IL-35 mediates its function through phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3. In vivo studies confirm that mice with immunologically spontaneous abortion have lower levels of IL-35 and iTR35 cells at the maternal–fetal interface, and neutralizing anti-IL-35 mAb enhances abortion rates. Meanwhile, exogenous IL-35 induces iTR35 and prevents immunological abortion. Our findings thus suggest that trophoblast cells have a critical function in preserving maternal–fetal tolerance via secreting IL-35 during pregnancy.
The effects of climate and catchment characteristic change on streamflow in a typical tributary of the Yellow River
Authors: Lv Xizhi , Zuo Zhongguo , Ni Yongxin , Sun Juan , Wang Henian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHydrological cycle changes that occur due to a changing environment is a hot topic in the field of hydrological science. It is of great practical significance to study the response mechanism of hydrological process change for future water resources planning and management. In this study, the effects of climate and watershed characteristic change on the streamflow in a typical tributary of the Yellow River (the Fen River watershed) are studied based on the Budyko hypothesis. The results show that: the sensitivity coefficients of streamflow to precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and the watershed characteristic coefficient were 0.1809, −0.0551, and −27.0882, respectively. This meant that a 1 mm decrease in the precipitation would induce a 0.1809 mm decrease in the streamflow. Additionally, a 1 mm decrease in the potential evapotranspiration would induce a 0.0551 mm increase in the streamflow, and an increase of 1 in the watershed characteristic coefficient would induce a 27.0882 mm decrease in the streamflow. The streamflow of the Fen River watershed showed a significant decreasing trend during the reference period (1951–1977). In addition, the streamflow of the change period (1978–2010) decreased 26.87 mm; and this was primarily caused by watershed characteristic change which accounted for 92.27%, while climate change only accounted for 6.50%.
A novel therapeutic approach for anaplastic thyroid cancer through inhibition of LAT1
Authors: Enomoto Keisuke , Sato Fuyuki , Tamagawa Shunji , Gunduz Mehmet , Onoda Naoyoshi , Uchino Shinya , Muragaki Yasuteru , Hotomi Muneki 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA novel therapeutic approach is urgently needed for patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) due to its fatal and rapid progress. We recently reported that ATC highly expressed MYC protein and blocking of MYC through its selective inhibitor, JQ1, decreased ATC growth and improved survival in preclinical models. One of the important roles of MYC is regulation of L-neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) protein and inhibition of LAT1 would provide similar anti-tumor effect. We first identified that while the human ATC expresses LAT1 protein, it is little or not detected in non-cancerous thyroidal tissue, further supporting LAT1 as a good target. Then we evaluated the efficacy of JPH203, a LAT1 inhibitor, against ATC by using the in vitro cell-based studies and in vivo xenograft model bearing human ATC cells. JPH203 markedly inhibited proliferation of three ATC cell lines through suppression of mTOR signals and blocked cell cycle progression from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase. The tumor growth inhibition and decrease in size by JPH203 via inhibition of mTOR signaling and G0/G1 cell cycle associated proteins were further confirmed in xenograft models. These preclinical findings suggest that LAT1 inhibitors are strong candidates to control ATC, for which current treatment options are highly limited.
Additional Expiratory Resistance Elevates Airway Pressure and Lung Volume during High-Flow Tracheal Oxygen via Tracheostomy
Authors: Chen Guang-Qiang , Sun Xiu-Mei , Wang Yu-Mei , Zhou Yi-Min , Chen Jing-Ran , Cheng Kun-Ming , Yang Yan-Lin , Zhou Jian-Xin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe standard high-flow tracheal (HFT) interface was modified by adding a 5-cm H2O/L/s resistor to the expiratory port. First, in a test lung simulating spontaneous breathing, we found that the modified HFT caused an elevation in airway pressure as a power function of flow. Then, three tracheal oxygen treatments (T-piece oxygen at 10 L/min, HFT and modified HFT at 40 L/min) were delivered in a random crossover fashion to six tracheostomized pigs before and after the induction of lung injury. The modified HFT induced a significantly higher airway pressure compared with that in either T-piece or HFT (p < 0.001). Expiratory resistance significantly increased during modified HFT (p < 0.05) to a mean value of 4.9 to 6.7 cm H2O/L/s. The modified HFT induced significant augmentation in end-expiratory lung volume (p < 0.05) and improved oxygenation for lung injury model (p = 0.038) compared with the HFT and T-piece. There was no significant difference in esophageal pressure swings, transpulmonary driving pressure or pressure time product among the three treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the modified HFT with additional expiratory resistance generated a clinically relevant elevation in airway pressure and lung volume. Although expiratory resistance increased, inspiratory effort, lung stress and work of breathing remained within an acceptable range.
Dynamically tunable switch and filter in single slot cavity structure
Authors: Li Boxun , Zeng Lili , Zhang Xingjiao , He Biao , Liao Kun , Liu Kun , Wang Bin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA single slot cavity coupled with two waveguides has been researched in theory and simulation. The results comparison between theory and simulation shows they agree well. It is found that the lateral displacementSplays an important role in transmission properties. Moreover, increasing the width of the slot cavity results in the emergence of new resonant peaks. At the same time, the shift of the resonant peaks have been explained well. The slot cavity with Kerr nonlinear material can act as a dynamically tunable four channel switch and filter. The single slot cavity has the advantages of simple and compact structure, easy fabrication, and the excellent properties are helpful to control light in photonics circuits.
Discovery of a receptor guanylate cyclase expressed in the sperm flagella of stony corals
Authors: Zhang Yan , Chiu Yi-Ling , Chen Chieh-Jhen , Ho Yu-Ying , Shinzato Chuya , Shikina Shinya , Chang Ching-Fong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe receptor guanylate cyclases (rGCs) in animals serve as sensitive chemoreceptors to detect both chemical and environmental cues. In reproduction, rGCs were shown to be expressed on sperm and serve as receptors for egg-derived sperm-activating and sperm-attracting factors in some echinoderms and mammals. However, sperm-associated rGCs have only been identified in some deuterostomes thus far, and it remains unclear how widely rGCs are utilized in metazoan reproduction. To address this issue, this study investigated the existence and expression of rGCs, particularly asking if rGCs are involved in the reproduction of a basal metazoan, phylum Cnidaria, using the stony coralEuphyllia ancora. Six paralogous rGCs were identified from a transcriptome database ofE. ancora, and one of the rGCs, GC-A, was shown to be specifically expressed in the testis. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated thatE. ancoraGC-A protein was expressed in the spermatocytes and spermatids and eventually congregated on the sperm flagella during spermatogenesis. These findings suggest that GC-A may be involved in the regulation of sperm activity and/or functions (e.g., fertilization) in corals. This study is the first to perform molecular characterization of rGCs in cnidarians and provides evidence for the possible involvement of rGCs in the reproduction of basal metazoans.