bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid-induced aseismic fault slip outpaces pore-fluid migration
Authors: Bhattacharya Pathikrit , Viesca Robert C. 
Published: May 2019

Slip outraces the fluids
Earthquakes generated from fluid injections sometimes appear to occur much faster than would be expected from the speed of fluid migration. Bhattacharya and Viesca used observations from a controlled fluid injection to develop a model to understand the behavior of fluids and aseismic slip. They found that the aseismic slip outpaced the fluid migration, allowing for earthquake triggering to happen much faster and farther away from the initial fluid injection.

Science
, this issue p.
464
Late Cretaceous magmatism in the NW Lhasa Terrane, southern Tibet: Implications for crustal thickening and initial surface uplift
Authors: Lei Ming , Chen Jian-Lin , Xu Ji-Feng , Zeng Yun-Chuan , Xiong Qiu-Wei 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Crustal thickening and uplift of southern Tibet have been widely associated with India-Asia continental collision during the Cenozoic. However, recent studies indicated that the crust of the northwestern (NW) Lhasa Terrane was thickened during the late Mesozoic. Here we report geochronological and geochemical data for the Gaerqiong diorite porphyries (GPs) and Xiongma plutons (XPs) in the NW Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet. Zircon U-Pb dating suggests that these intrusive rocks were generated at ca. 85 and ca. 88 Ma, respectively. The GPs are characterized by high MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, and they have adakitic affinities. These geochemical features, combined with their depleted εNd(t) (+1.7 to +2.0), 87Sr/86Sr(i) (0.705103–0.705259), and zircon εHf(t) (+5.2 to +10.2) isotopic compositions, indicate that the GPs were produced by partial melting of the delaminated juvenile continental crust. In contrast, the XPs are composed of host granites and mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). The MMEs have low SiO2 and high MgO contents, and low εHf(t) (–14.0 to –5.8) values, indicating that their parental magmas were derived from an enriched mantle. The host granites have high SiO2 and low MgO contents, and variable εNd(t) (–7.4 to –6.3) and zircon εHf(t) (–11 to –4.1) values. These observations, combined with the presence of MMEs in the Xiongma granites, suggest that the host granites were the result of mixing of crust- and mantle-derived magmas. Detailed study of these two plutons, combined with the previous researches, suggests that Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 Ma) magmatism in the NW Lhasa Terrane occurred in a post-collisional extensional setting related to delamination of the regionally thickened lithosphere after collision of the Lhasa-Qiangtang Terranes. We propose that the crust of the NW Lhasa Terrane reached a maximum thickness (average of &gt;50 km) before the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 Ma). This crustal thickening was caused by underplating of mafic magmas during slab roll-back and break-off of the southward-subducting Bangong-Nujiang oceanic lithosphere and subsequent tectonic thrusting during Qiangtang-Lhasa Terrane collision, respectively. Given that crustal thickening generally results in elevated terrain, the regional uplift (driven by isostasy due to crustal thickening) probably commenced before the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 Ma).
The local Last Glacial Maximum in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Implications for ice-sheet behavior in the Ross Sea Embayment
Authors: Christ Andrew J. , Bierman Paul R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDuring the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a grounded ice sheet filled the Ross Sea Embayment in Antarctica and deposited glacial sediments on volcanic islands and peninsulas in McMurdo Sound and coastal regions of the Transantarctic Mountains. The flow geometry and retreat history of this ice are debated, with contrasting views yielding divergent implications for the interaction between and stability of the East and West Antarctic ice sheets during late Quaternary time. Here, we present terrestrial geomorphologic evidence and reconstruct former ice-marginal environments, ice sheet elevations, and ice-flow directions in McMurdo Sound. Fossil algae in ice-marginal sediments provide a coherent radiocarbon chronology of maximum ice extent and deglaciation. We integrate these data with marine records to reconstruct grounded ice dynamics in McMurdo Sound and the western Ross Sea. The combined data set suggests ice flow toward the Transantarctic Mountains in McMurdo Sound during peak glaciation, with thick, grounded ice at or near its maximum position between 19.6 and 12.3 ka. Persistent grounded ice in McMurdo Sound and across the western Ross Sea after Meltwater Pulse 1a (14.0–14.5 ka) suggests that this sector of Antarctica did not significantly contribute to this rapid sea-level rise event. Our data show no significant advance of locally derived ice from the Transantarctic Mountains into McMurdo Sound during the local LGM.
Areas of agreement in the management of childhood non-infectious chronic anterior uveitis in the UK
Authors: Solebo Ameenat Lola , Rahi Jugnoo S , Dick Andrew D , Ramanan Athimalaipet V , Ashworth Jane , Edelsten Clive 
Published: May 2019

Background/aimsThere is a paucity of high-level evidence to support the management of childhood uveitis, particularly for those children without juvenile idiopathic arthritis uveitis (JIA). We undertook a modified Delphi consensus exercise to identify agreement in the management of chronic anterior uveitis (CAU), the most common manifestation of childhood disease.MethodsA four-round, two-panel process was undertaken between June and December 2017. Paediatric uveitis specialists identified through multiple sources, including a multicentre network (the Paediatric Ocular Inflammation Group), were invited to participate. They were asked whether they agreed with items derived from existing guidelines on the management of JIA-U when extrapolated to the population of all children with CAU. Consensus was defined as agreement greater than or equal to 75% of respondents.Results26 of the 38 (68%) invited specialists participated with the exercise, and response rates were 100% for rounds one to three, and 92% for round four. Consensus was reached on 23 of the 44 items. Items for which consensus was not reached included management at presentation, use of systemic and periocular steroids for children with severe disease and the role of conventional steroid sparing immunosuppressants beyond methotrexate.ConclusionThe areas of management uncertainty at the level of the group, as indicated by absence of consensus, reflect the areas where the evidence base is particularly poor. Our findings identify the key areas for the future research needed to ensure better outcomes for this blinding childhood ocular inflammatory disorders.
Canadian French and English newspapers’ portrayals of physicians’ role and medical assistance in dying (MAiD) from 1972 to 2016: a qualitative textual analysis
Authors: Crumley Ellen T , Sheppard Caroline , Bowden Chantelle , Nelson Gregg 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo examine how Canadian newspapers portrayed physicians’ role and medical assistance in dying (MAiD).DesignQualitative textual analysis.SettingOnline and print articles from Canadian French and English newspapers.Participants813 newspaper articles published from 1972 to 2016.ResultsKey Canadian events defined five eras. From 1972 to 1990, newspapers portrayed physician’s MAiD role as a social issue by reporting supportive public opinion polls and revealing it was already occurring in secret. From 1991 to 1995, newspapers discussed legal aspects of physicians’ MAiD role including Rodriguez’ Supreme Court of Canada appeal and Federal government Bills. From 1996 to 2004, journalists discussed professional aspects of physicians’ MAiD role and the growing split between palliative care and physicians who supported MAiD. They also reported on court cases against Canadian physicians, Dr Kevorkian and suffering patients who could not receive MAiD. From 2005 to 2013, newspapers described political aspects including the tabling of MAiD legislation to change physicians’ role. Lastly, from 2014 to 2016, newspapers again portrayed legal aspects of physicians’ role as the Supreme Court of Canada was anticipated to legalise MAiD and the Québec government passed its own legislation. Remarkably, newspapers kept attention to MAiD over 44 years before it became legal. Articles generally reflected Canadians’ acceptance of MAiD and physicians were typically portrayed as opposing it, but not all did.ConclusionsNewspaper portrayals of physicians’ MAiD role discussed public opinion, politicians’ activities and professional and legal aspects. Portrayals followed the issue-attention cycle through three of five stages: 1) preproblem, 2) alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm and 3) realising the cost of significant progress.
Newly occurring cranial nerve palsy after endovascular treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Lee Su Hwan , Cho Won-Sang , Kang Hyun-Seung , Kim Jeong Eun , Cho Young Dae , Yoo Dong Hyun , Han Moon Hee 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveCranial nerve palsy (CNP) is rarely reported after endovascular intervention for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CS DAVFs). Our aim was to evaluate the treatment outcomes of CS DAVFs, and the clinical course and risk factors of newly occurring CNPs, with a review of the literature.Methods121 patients with 134 lesions treated in our institution were selected. They were retrospectively analyzed in terms of baseline characteristics, radiologic results, clinical outcome, and newly occurring CNPs after treatment. Angiographic and clinical follow-up data were available for 104 lesions (77.6%) and 130 lesions (97.0%), respectively.ResultsThe angiographic results showed partial:complete obliterations in 13:91 (87.5%) at the final follow-up. Clinical outcomes were deteriorated or no change:improved or completely recovered (3:126 (96.9%)) at the final follow-up. New CNPs occurred in 24 patients (19.8%), including the sixth CNP alone or mixed in 23 patients (95.8%). 23 cases were completely recovered or improved (21 and 2 cases, respectively), and 19 (90.4%) of 21 were completely recovered within 6 months after treatment. In the multivariate analysis, pretreatment cranial nerve symptoms (OR=0.33; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.76; P=0.010) and complete obliteration immediately after treatment (OR=0.32; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.85; P=0.021) were significant preventive factors for new CNPs. Embolization in the posterior compartments of the CS (OR=5.15; 95% CI 1.71 to 15.47; P=0.004) was a significant risk factor.ConclusionsEndovascular intervention was satisfactory in patients with CS DAVFs. The prognosis of newly occurring CNPs was favorable.
Extensive global movement of multidrug-resistantM. tuberculosisstrains revealed by whole-genome analysis
Authors: Cohen Keira A , Manson Abigail L , Abeel Thomas , Desjardins Christopher A , Chapman Sinead B , Hoffner Sven , Birren Bruce W , Earl Ashlee M 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundWhile the international spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR)Mycobacterium tuberculosisstrains is an acknowledged public health threat, a broad and more comprehensive examination of the global spread of MDR-tuberculosis (TB) using whole-genome sequencing has not yet been performed.MethodsIn a global dataset of 5310M.tuberculosiswhole-genome sequences isolated from five continents, we performed a phylogenetic analysis to identify and characterise clades of MDR-TB with respect to geographic dispersion.ResultsExtensive international dissemination of MDR-TB was observed, with identification of 32 migrant MDR-TB clades with descendants isolated in 17 unique countries. Relatively recent movement of strains from both Beijing and non-Beijing lineages indicated successful global spread of varied genetic backgrounds. Migrant MDR-TB clade members shared relatively recent common ancestry, with a median estimate of divergence of 13–27 years. Migrant extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB clades were not observed, although development of XDR-TB within migratory MDR-TB clades was common.ConclusionsApplication of genomic techniques to investigate global MDR migration patterns revealed extensive global spread of MDR clades between countries of varying TB burden. Further expansion of genomic studies to incorporate isolates from diverse global settings into a single analysis, as well as data sharing platforms that facilitate genomic data sharing across country lines, may allow for future epidemiological analyses to monitor for international transmission of MDR-TB. In addition, efforts to perform routine whole-genome sequencing on all newly identifiedM. tuberculosis, like in England, will serve to better our understanding of the transmission dynamics of MDR-TB globally.
Altered relaxation times in MRI indicate bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Förster Kai , Ertl-Wagner Birgit , Ehrhardt Harald , Busen Hannah , Sass Steffen , Pomschar Andreas , Naehrlich Lutz , Schulze Andreas , Flemmer Andreas W , Hübener Christoph , Eickelberg Oliver , Theis Fabian , Dietrich Olaf , Hilgendorff Anne 
Published: May 2019

We developed a MRI protocol using transverse (T2) and longitudinal (T1) mapping sequences to characterise lung structural changes in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We prospectively enrolled 61 infants to perform 3-Tesla MRI of the lung in quiet sleep. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic Group Lasso regression and logistic regression. Increased lung T2 relaxation time and decreased lung T1 relaxation time indicated BPD yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80. Results were confirmed in an independent study cohort (AUC 0.75) and mirrored by lung function testing, indicating the high potential for MRI in future BPD diagnostics.Trial registrationDRKS00004600.
Evaluation of wood biochar and compost soil amendment on cabbage yield and quality
Authors: McDonald M.R. , Bakker C. , Motior M.R. 
Published: May 2019

Biochar application on agricultural soils is an interesting emerging technology with promising potential for long-term carbon storage and the enhancement of soil fertility. The effect of a biochar compost mixture with and without standard NPK fertilizer was assessed to determine the effects on the growth of cabbage over 3 yr at two locations. Field trials were established at the Holland Marsh and Simcoe Research Station in Ontario. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biochar soil amendment on cabbage yield and quality. Biochar (a blend of 1:1 composted duck manure and biochar based on dry weight) was applied at rates of 0.6 and 2.4 kg m−2 with and without standard NPK fertilizer and compared with compost at the rate of 1.2 kg m−2, which was the rate applied with the high rate of biochar. The biochar used was somewhat alkaline (pH 8.1) and increased the pH (>0.5) of the top 0–15 cm of the soil. It also had a high cation-exchange capacity (CEC > 25) and contained elevated levels of some trace metals and exchangeable cations (K, Ca, and Mg) in comparison to the untreated soil. None of the biochar or compost treatments increased yield compared with the nonamended check at either location. Treatments that included the standard NPK fertilizer resulted in the highest yields.
Statistical analysis and prediction of regional bus passenger flows
Authors: Tan Qian , Ling Ximan , Chen Meilin , Lu Hengyu , Wang Pu , Liu Wusheng 
Published: May 2019

Urban bus transit is a major mode of transportation in modern cities and plays an important role in mitigating the traffic pressure in urban road networks. We used smartcard data collected by three-million bus passengers in Shenzhen, a major southern city of China, to study the statistical properties and dynamics of bus passenger flows. In this study, the recorded passenger flows were cross-grained into each 1 km × 1 km square grids to avoid large flow variations at a single bus station. The temporal and spatial patterns of passenger flows were analyzed and a machine learning-based model for passenger flow prediction was generated.
A SUBCLINICAL BLUETONGUE VIRUS INFECTION IN RUMINANTS WITH THREE UNIQUE AMINO ACID VARIATIONS ON VP7 CORE PROTEIN OF TAIWAN ISOLATES
Authors: Yang Jia-Ling , Yen Lenny Hao-Che , Yen Well Chia-Wei , Wang Fun-In 
Published: May 2019

Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne disease in domestic and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), and it leads to great economic loss worldwide. Previous studies showed that BTV in ruminants in Taiwan was often subclinical infection. The aim of this study was to determine the current status (years 2016–2017) of BTV infection in ruminants in Taiwan, to compare it to the results of a large-scale study conducted in the year 2003, and to investigate whether new viral strains exist. Competitive ELISA tests of serum samples for anti-BTV-VP7 group-specific antibody revealed seropositive rates of 26.7% in cattle by head, similar to 32.7% in the year 2003, suggestive of a BTV-vector-host (cattle) dynamic balance. In goats, the seropositive rate was 18.6%, slightly increased from 8.2% in the year 2003, suggestive of a slow but active infection taking place. This notion was supported by the detection of VP1 gene nucleic acid from whole blood in six out of 29 seropositive goats by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. However, no new virus strain was isolated from embryonating chicken embryos (ECEs) inoculation. Alignment of VP7 amino acid sequences revealed that Taiwan and Japan isolates possessed three specific amino acids on sites No. 82 (arginine), No. 328 (aspartate), and No. 336 (glutamine), which are different from many countries. In a three-dimensional model, these amino acids were located closely on the middle lateral surface of VP7 trimers. Since VP7 is a major outer protein engaged in entry into insect cells and a strong T cell response inducer, these differences likely indicate the result of positive selection of local vectors and hosts in Taiwan.
The Small GTPase ARF6 Activates PI3K in Melanoma to Induce a Prometastatic State
Authors: Yoo Jae Hyuk , Brady Samuel W. , Acosta-Alvarez Lehi , Rogers Aaron , Peng Jingfu , Sorensen Lise K. , Wolff Roger K. , Mleynek Tara , Shin Donghan , Rich Coulson P. , Kircher David A. , Bild Andrea , Odelberg Shannon J. , Li Dean Y. , Holmen Sheri L. , Grossmann Allie H. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Melanoma has an unusual capacity to spread in early-stage disease, prompting aggressive clinical intervention in very thin primary tumors. Despite these proactive efforts, patients with low-risk, low-stage disease can still develop metastasis, indicating the presence of permissive cues for distant spread. Here, we show that constitutive activation of the small GTPase ARF6 (ARF6Q67L) is sufficient to accelerate metastasis in mice with BRAFV600E/Cdkn2aNULL melanoma at a similar incidence and severity to Pten loss, a major driver of PI3K activation and melanoma metastasis. ARF6Q67L promoted spontaneous metastasis from significantly smaller primary tumors than PTENNULL, implying an enhanced ability of ARF6-GTP to drive distant spread. ARF6 activation increased lung colonization from circulating melanoma cells, suggesting that the prometastatic function of ARF6 extends to late steps in metastasis. Unexpectedly, ARF6Q67L tumors showed upregulation of Pik3r1 expression, which encodes the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K. Tumor cells expressing ARF6Q67L displayed increased PI3K protein levels and activity, enhanced PI3K distribution to cellular protrusions, and increased AKT activation in invadopodia. ARF6 is necessary and sufficient for activation of both PI3K and AKT, and PI3K and AKT are necessary for ARF6-mediated invasion. We provide evidence for aberrant ARF6 activation in human melanoma samples, which is associated with reduced survival. Our work reveals a previously unknown ARF6-PI3K-AKT proinvasive pathway, it demonstrates a critical role for ARF6 in multiple steps of the metastatic cascade, and it illuminates how melanoma cells can acquire an early metastatic phenotype in patients.

Significance:
These findings reveal a prometastatic role for ARF6 independent of tumor growth, which may help explain how melanoma spreads distantly from thin, early-stage primary tumors.
Thrombin Signaling Promotes Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma through PAR-1–Dependent Immune Evasion
Authors: Yang Yi , Stang Amanda , Schweickert Patrick G. , Lanman Nadia A. , Paul Erin N. , Monia Brett P. , Revenko Alexey S. , Palumbo Joseph S. , Mullins Eric S. , Elzey Bennett D. , Janssen Edith M. , Konieczny Stephen F. , Flick Matthew J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with robust activity of the coagulation system. To determine mechanisms by which clotting factors influence PDAC tumor progression, we generated and characterized C57Bl/6-derived KPC (KRasG12D, TRP53R172H) cell lines. Tissue factor (TF) and protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) were highly expressed in primary KPC pancreatic lesions and KPC cell lines similar to expression profiles observed in biopsies of patients with PDAC. In allograft studies, tumor growth and metastatic potential were significantly diminished by depletion of TF or Par-1 in cancer cells or by genetic or pharmacologic reduction of the coagulation zymogen prothrombin in mice. Notably, PAR-1–deleted KPC cells (KPC-Par-1KO) failed to generate sizable tumors, a phenotype completely rescued by restoration of Par-1 expression. Expression profiling of KPC and KPC-Par-1KO cells indicated that thrombin–PAR-1 signaling significantly altered immune regulation pathways. Accordingly, KPC-Par-1KO cells failed to form tumors in immune-competent mice but displayed robust tumor growth comparable to that observed with control KPC cells in immune-compromised NSG mice. Immune cell depletion studies indicated that CD8 T cells, but not CD4 cells or natural killer cells, mediated elimination of KPC-Par-1KO tumor cells in C57Bl/6 mice. These results demonstrate that PDAC is driven by activation of the coagulation system through tumor cell–derived TF, circulating prothrombin, and tumor cell–derived PAR-1 and further indicate that one key mechanism of thrombin/PAR-1–mediated tumor growth is suppression of antitumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment.

Significance:
The tissue factor–thrombin–PAR-1 signaling axis in tumor cells promotes PDAC growth and disease progression with one key mechanism being suppression of antitumor immunity in the microenvironment.
An Electropalatographic Study of Variability in Arrernte Consonant Production
Authors: Tabain Marija 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Arrernte is a language with a relatively large consonant inventory, and a relatively small vowel inventory. In this study, electropalatography is used to examine lingual consonant production according to lexical stress, in the context of the two most common vowels in the language, the central vowels /a/ and /ə/. The consonants examined are /t̪ n̪ l̪ t n l ʈ ɳ ɭ ɻ c ɲ ʎ j k ŋ w/. Data are for two female speakers and are taken from a large database of read texts. Results show very little articulatory variation in consonant production depending on the contexts examined. Although consonants before a stressed vowel have greater duration than consonants before an unstressed vowel, there is no consistent difference in tongue-palate contact patterns between the two prosodic contexts. The main exception to this pattern is the retroflex stop, nasal and lateral, which show a more posterior contact before an unstressed vowel: it is suggested that this is because the preceding stressed vowel contains the primary cues to retroflex place of articulation.