bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality by design applied to olanzapine and quetiapine LC-MS/MS bioanalysis
Authors: da Mota Castelo Branco Daniel , Bedor Noely Camila Tavares Cavalcanti , Silva Carolina Santos , Bedor Danilo César Galindo , Pimentel Maria Fernanda , de Santana Davi Pereira 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
One major challenge in quantifying drugs in biological matrices is to manage interfering compounds. A technique such liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MS/MS) is especially suitable for this application due to its high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting low concentrations of analytes in a complex system. Due to the complexity of LC-MS/MS systems, a number of experimental parameters must be optimized to provide an adequate separation and detection of the analyte. In the present work, a design of experiments approach was developed to optimize an LC-MS/MS-based bioanalytical method to extract olanzapine (OLZ) and quetiapine (QTP) from human plasma. Three steps for the optimization process were conducted: central composite face-centered design to optimize chromatographic parameters (Step 1), ionization in mass spectrometry (Step 2) and a full 32 factorial design to optimize analyte extraction conditions (Step 3). After the optimization process, resolutions and QTP and OLZ retention time (2.3 and 4, respectively) were optimum with pH of 4.7 and 85.5% of acetonitrile for the chromatographic step. Mass spectrometry optimization step provided an increase of (±50%) in the average peak area with high signal-to-noise relationship for the analytes studied. The proposed extraction method was 70% more efficient than the initial method for all drugs analyzed.
Partial Migration, and Lek and Nesting Area Fidelity in Female Great Bustards
Authors: Alonso Juan C. , Morales Manuel B. , Alonso Javier A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe examined the seasonal movements of wing-tagged and radio-marked adult female Great Bustards Otis tarda in a population in northwestern Spain. Four different movement patterns were found: females that migrated between breeding and wintering areas (20%), females that only left their year-round home range area to mate (32%), females that migrated from a wintering-mating area to a nesting-summering area (16%), and females that stayed all year round within a relatively small home range area (32%). All females displayed fidelity to their nesting and wintering areas, and most also showed fidelity to their leks. Migration patterns were not affected either in timing or distance by breeding success. The maximum distance between natal and dispersal locations during their first year of life was significantly higher in migratory females than in sedentary ones. These patterns explained the seasonal variations in population numbers observed in the study area. Surveys showed that the number of females increased from 600–700 breeding birds, with 1,000–1,100 birds present from October to March.
Molecular Genetic Status of Aleutian Canada Geese From Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska
Authors: Pierson Barbara J. , Pearce John M. , Talbot Sandra L. , Shields Gerald F. , Scribner Kim T. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe conducted genetic analyses of Aleutian Canada Geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia) from Buldir Island in the western Aleutians and the Semidi Islands in the eastern portion of their breeding range. We compared data from seven microsatellite DNA loci and 143 base pairs of the control region of mitochondrial DNA from the two populations of Aleutian Canada Geese and another small-bodied subspecies, the Cackling Canada Goose (B. c. minima) which nests in western Alaska. The widely separated island-nesting Aleutian geese were genetically more closely related to each other than to mainland-nesting small-bodied geese. The populations of Aleutian geese were genetically differentiated from one another in terms of mitochondrial DNA haplotype and microsatellite allele frequencies, suggesting limited contemporary gene flow and/or major shifts in gene frequency through genetic drift. The degree of population genetic differentiation suggests that Aleutian Canada Goose populations could be considered separate management units. There was some evidence of population bottlenecks, although we found no significant genetic evidence of non-random mating or inbreeding.
Short Communications the Breeding System of the Orange-Crowned Manakin
Authors: Alonso José Alvarez 
Published: September 2019

AbstractI studied the lek organization and courtship displays of the Orange-crowned Manakin (Heterocercus aurantiivertex) in undisturbed, lowland rain forest in northeastern Peru. The majority of leks were in seasonally flooded or swampy forest, and most were situated around the borders of old ox-bow lakes. Males maintain loosely packed courts inside exploded leks or “quasi leks,” which may extend for more than 1 km. Within leks, males vocalize throughout the day and occasionally perform two distinctly different solitary displays. One is a spectacular aerial performance that begins above the canopy. The “log display” is performed just above ground- or water-level and consists of a series of short, ritualized jumps.
Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks
Authors: Smith Cyndi M. , Cooke Fred , Robertson Gregory J. , Goudie R. Ian , Boyd W. Sean 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe documented the frequency of pair reunion in Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) on breeding streams in Alberta, and at a molting/wintering area in southwestern British Columbia. As long as their mate is alive, Harlequin Duck pairs reunite on the wintering area and return to the breeding stream together. Pairs reunite even if the female is unsuccessful at breeding the previous season, which suggests that reuniting with the same mate year after year is important. Some males that have lost their mate and fail to re-pair on the wintering area show fidelity to their former breeding site.
Population Declines of King and Common Eiders of the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Suydam Robert S. , Dickson D. Lynne , Fadely Janey B. , Quakenbush Lori T. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractKing (Somateria spectabilis) and Common Eiders (S. mollissima v-nigra) wintering off western North America migrate past Point Barrow, Alaska and across the Beaufort Sea to nest in northern Alaska and northwestern Canada. Migration counts were conducted by various researchers at Point Barrow during 1953, 1970, 1976, 1987, 1994, and 1996. We examined population trends by standardizing the analysis of the migration counts in all years. Based on this standardized procedure, the King Eider population appeared to remain stable between 1953 and 1976 but declined by 56% (or 3.9% year−1) from approximately 802,556 birds in 1976 to about 350,835 in 1996. The Common Eider population declined by 53% (or 3.6% year−1) from approximately 156,081 birds in 1976 to about 72,606 in 1996. Reasons for the declines are unknown.
Faunal Remains in California Condor Nest Caves
Authors: Collins Paul W. , Snyder Noel F. R. , Emslie Steven D. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Studies of faunal remains in California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) nests in the 1980s yielded bones and hair of a variety of small, medium-sized, and large mammals, and a near absence of avian and reptilian materials. A prevalence of small to medium-sized species may reflect ease of penetration of hides of such carrion and a relative abundance of ingestible bone from such species. Remains also included metal, plastic, and glass artifacts, likely mistaken for bone materials by condors. Size distributions of bone materials and percentage artifacts among hard remains suggest an overall absence of severe calcium-supply problems for condors.
Body Weight and Feather Growth of Male Barrow's Goldeneye During Wing Molt
Authors: van de Wetering Debbie , Cooke Fred 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We studied the timing, duration, and rate of wing molt of male Barrow's Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica). The mean daily change in primary feather length was 2.6%, which is consistent with rates reported for other waterfowl species. The mean length of the flightless period was 31 days (range: 27–34 days), excluding the pre-shedding interval. Wing molt extended from early July to mid-September. Peak wing molt occurred between 20 July and 23 August. The mean body weight of adult males decreased significantly during wing molt. Heavier birds had greater remigial growth rates and experienced more substantial declines in body weight than lighter birds, suggesting that body reserves may be used to increase the rate of remigial growth.
A Tale of two Strategies: Life-History Aspects of Family Strife
Authors: Forbes Scott , Mock Douglas W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBreeding birds can generally be thought of as having evolved life-history traits that tend to maximize lifetime reproductive success. Within this broad pattern, many variations are possible because all traits are co-evolved with numerous others in complex ways. Clutch-size, for example, has long been understood to be frequently lower than the number of young parents are capable of supporting by working at their top capacity, especially in long-lived species. Nevertheless, studies of species with fatal competition among nestmates have shown that parents routinely create one offspring more than they normally will raise, as if counting on brood-reduction to trim family size after hatching. Three general and mutually compatible parental incentives for initial over-production have been identified, with David Lack's resource-tracking hypothesis having received the most attention. Extra sibs can also assist each other in some circumstances, but a third explanation for over-production that has been around for nearly four decades, the insurance hypothesis, has been surprisingly overlooked and, in some cases, actively challenged. It simply posits that parents create extra offspring as back-ups for members of the core brood that chance to die very early. We propose that the skepticism over the role of insurance is misdirected, that having a back-up is virtually automatic as a contributing incentive to parents and, in some taxa, that it provides a necessary and totally sufficient explanation for over-production. Some empirical approaches to the study of the insurance hypothesis are reviewed, in hopes of encouraging further field study of over-production in general, because that process underlies much of the internal conflict observed in avian families.
Copulation Behavior, Mate Guarding, and Paternity in the Semipalmated Plover
Authors: Zharikov Yuri , Nol Erica 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe present behavioral observations and multilocus DNA fingerprinting data on Semipalmated Plovers (Charadrius semipalmatus) breeding in the sub-Arctic. We predicted that, where a large time/energy investment by males during incubation and chick-rearing is crucial for successful reproduction, both extra-pair copulation and fertilization rates would be low. Extra-pair copulations were infrequent (7% of total copulations), as were within pair copulations (0.44 hr−1). Copulations occurred, on average 6.2 days prior to clutch initiation. Males spent 64% of their time in visual contact with their mates. Mate guarding during the laying period was significantly more pronounced in coastal neighborhoods of breeding birds than among solitary-nesting pairs. Extra-pair fertilizations occurred in 4% of families resulting in an extra-pair paternity rate of 4.7%.
Lack, Skutch, and Moreau: The Early Development of Life-History Thinking
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPapers by Reginald Moreau, David Lack, and Alexander Skutch published during the 1940s set the stage for the development of thinking about life histories over the following decades. Lack was concerned about the fundamental issue of individual vs. group selection and turned life-history evolution into a battleground for this debate. His monolithic focus on nesting success as a measure of fitness and on food availability as the principal determinant of nesting success obscured the rich empirical background brought to the debate by Skutch and the diverse evolutionary forces envisioned by Moreau. Lack's strong convictions, single-mindedness, and eloquence forced biologists to confront several important problems but also held back the full development of life-history theory until the mid-1960s. Retrospective consideration of these early life-history studies shows how science can progress through a balance of conviction and reflection.
The Phylogenetic Approach to Avian Life Histories: An Important Complement to Within-Population Studies
Authors: Winkler David W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn recent years, two approaches have emerged for the analysis of character evolution: the largely statistical “convergence” approach and the mainly cladistic “homology” approach. I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches as they apply to phylogenetic analyses of life-history variation in birds. Using examples from analyses of character variation in swallows, I suggest that the phylogenetic approach yields distinctive insights into the selective role of the environment and other characters of the organism on the evolution of life-history traits. This view thus has the potential of bringing together micro- and macro-evolutionary views of life-history evolution.
Sound Design for Vocalizations: Quality in the Woods, Consistency in the Fields
Authors: Brown Timothy J. , Handford Paul 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe acoustic adaptation hypothesis (AAH) predicts that vocalizations intended for unambiguous long range communication should possess amplitude modulation (AM) characteristics such that the temporal patterning of amplitude degrades less than alternative patterns during transmission through native habitat. The specific predictions are that open habitat signals should be structured as rapid AM trills, whereas closed habitat signals should be structured as low-rate AM tonal whistles. To investigate the benefit of trill- and whistle-structured signals in open and closed habitats, respectively, a high and low carrier frequency set of four synthetic signals which ranged from rapid AM trills to low rate AM whistles were transmitted 3 hours after sunrise through five different habitat types ranging from closed mature forest to open grassland. Results indicate that, on average, whistles degrade less than trills in both habitats. Trills benefit in open habitats through their tendency to be received with a more consistent quality than whistles. Such differences in transmission consistency among AM patterns are not found in closed habitats. While not degrading less on average, lower frequency signals are received with a more consistent quality than are higher frequency signals of the same AM structure, in both open and closed habitats.
Density Dependence, Evolutionary Optimization, and the Diversification of Avian Life Histories
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAlthough we have learned much about avian life histories during the 50 years since the seminal publications of David Lack, Alexander Skutch, and Reginald Moreau, we still do not have adequate explanations for some of the basic patterns of variation in life-history traits among birds. In part, this reflects two consequences of the predominance of evolutionary ecology thinking during the past three decades. First, by blurring the distinction between life-history traits and life-table variables, we have tended to divorce life histories from their environmental context, which forms the link between the life history and the life table. Second, by emphasizing constrained evolutionary responses to selective factors, we have set aside alternative explanations for observed correlations among life-history traits and life-table variables. Density-dependent feedback and independent evolutionary response to correlated aspects of the environment also may link traits through different mechanisms. Additionally, in some cases we have failed to evaluate quantitatively ideas that are compelling qualitatively, ignored or explained away relevant empirical data, and neglected logical implications of certain compelling ideas. Comparative analysis of avian life histories shows that species are distributed along a dominant slow-fast axis. Furthermore, among birds, annual reproductive rate and adult mortality are directly proportional to each other, requiring that pre-reproductive survival is approximately constant. This further implies that age at maturity increases dramatically with increasing adult survival rate. The significance of these correlations is obscure, particularly because survival and reproductive rates at each age include the effects of many life-history traits. For example, reproductive rate is determined by clutch size, nesting success, season length, and nest-cycle length, each of which represents the outcome of many different interactions of an individual's life-history traits with its environment. Resolution of the most basic issues raised by patterns of life histories clearly will require innovative empirical, modeling, and experimental approaches. However, the most fundamental change required at this time is a broadening of the evolutionary ecology paradigm to include a variety of alternative mechanisms for generating patterns of life-history variation.
Evidence for Edge Effects on Multiple Levels in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Winter Maiken , Johnson Douglas H. , Faaborg John 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We tested how edges affect nest survival and predator distribution in a native tallgrass prairie system in southwestern Missouri using artificial nests, natural nests of Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii), and mammal track stations. Survival of artificial nests was lower within 30 m of forest edge. Nesting success of Dickcissels and Henslow's Sparrows was lower within 50 m to a shrubby edge than at greater distances, whereas fates of nests were not related to distances to roads, agricultural fields, or forests. Evidence from clay eggs placed in artificial nests indicated that mid-sized carnivores were the major predators within 30 m of forest edges. Furthermore, mid-sized carnivores visited track stations most frequently within 50 m of forest edges. Because proximity of woody habitat explained more variation in nest survival and mammal activity than did fragment size, it appears that edge effects were more pronounced than area effects. Edge effects appeared to be caused mainly by greater exposure of nests to mid-sized carnivores. We argue that, based on edge avoidance behavior, “grassland-interior” species such as the Henslow's Sparrow respond to edge effects mainly by a decrease in density, whereas habitat generalists such as the Dickcissel are affected mainly by a decrease in nesting success.
Activity Patterns of Marbled Murrelets in Douglas-Fir Old-Growth Forests of the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Jodice Patrick G. R. , Collopy Michael W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We monitored activity patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) on a near-daily basis using audio-visual surveys during three breeding seasons at five forest stands in the Oregon Coast Range. Three measures of activity were recorded: number of daily detections, number of daily vocalizations, and duration of daily activity. Each measure was highly variable within and among stands and years, and we recorded greater variability than has been previously reported for this species. The three measures of activity were strongly correlated within a day at each survey station, but correlative relationships at temporal and spatial scales greater than this were inconsistent. Activity varied greatly from one day to the next during all portions of the breeding season, and we did not identify any month when variability in activity was consistently higher or lower than any other month. Multivariate analyses revealed that weather and date variates explained little of the variability in daily activity. Given the extreme levels of variability in Marbled Murrelet activity and our lack of understanding as to which factors drive that variability, it is critical that conclusions about activity or behavior not be drawn from data sets not specifically designed to answer the questions of interest.
Patterns of Nest Attendance in Female Wood Ducks
Authors: Manlove Chad A. , Hepp Gary R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe examined sources of variation in incubation patterns among female Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa), and investigated the effect of female nest attentiveness on incubation period. Data were collected from 44 females (n = 911 days) using temperature data loggers to monitor nest attendance throughout incubation. Mean (± SE) incubation constancy was 86.9 ± 0.6% and incubation period averaged 30.9 ± 0.2 days. Females took an average of two bimodally-distributed recesses per day. Duration of recesses averaged 98.6 ± 3.4 min, but were shorter in the morning than in mid-day or late afternoon. Body mass of incubating females declined 0.68 ± 0.2 g day−1, but there was no relationship between constancy and early incubation body mass or weight change of females. Incubation constancy was not correlated with length of the incubation period. For most females, incubation constancy and recess frequency did not change as incubation progressed. The fact that incubating females only lost an average of 3% of body mass, and constancy was not related to either body mass or length of the incubation period, suggests that females were not constrained energetically. Finally, we propose that the combination of reduced predation risk and the need of neonates to be more functionally mature at hatching has selected for longer incubation periods in Wood Ducks and other cavity-nesting waterfowl.
The Thermal Regime of Eggs During Laying and Incubation in Greater Snow Geese
Authors: Poussart Catherine , Larochelle Jacques , Gauthier Gilles 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDummy eggs were added to naturally incubated clutches of Greater Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica), an arctic-nesting species, in order to evaluate egg temperature during laying and incubation, and factors influencing egg cooling rate during female recesses. As laying progressed, both nest attentiveness by females and egg temperature progressively increased. Although the time spent at nest after laying the penultimate egg was relatively high (69% vs. 91% during incubation), mean egg temperature was still 5.7°C lower than during the early incubation period. This suggests that little embryonic development began before clutch completion. Thereafter, egg temperature averaged 37.1 ± 0.1°C during periods where females were present, a value that decreased only slightly when incubation recesses are included (36.8°C). This is a high temperature in comparison to other arctic-nesting geese. A modest increase (1.7°C) in mean egg temperature was observed as incubation progressed, but egg temperature was not influenced by clutch size or by the laying date of the first egg. During recesses lasting 24.7 ± 1.3 min on average, egg temperature dropped by 2.8 ± 0.3°C, at an instantaneous rate of 0.23 ± 0.02°C hr−1 °C−1. Cooling rates increased under windy conditions and decreased with high solar radiation, but were little affected by air temperature.