bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substantive Provisions of the East Asian Trilateral Investment Agreement and their Implications
Authors: Choi Won-Mog 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Korea–China–Japan Investment Promotion, Facilitation and Protection Agreement is the first treaty in the economic field that binds the three Northeast Asian countries together under a single legal instrument. The existence of effective dispute settlement procedures under the treaty will contribute to the creation of a favourable investment climate in the host country. Nevertheless, there have been fears about frivolous or vexatious claims that could inhibit legitimate regulatory actions by governments. How to compose an investment chapter of the Korea–China–Japan FTA that is being negotiated is a pressing demand for all in the region. Any pertinent answers to such a quest require a thorough comparison of the benefits and drawbacks of any development of relevant rules and governance. In the end, a quest for better international investment governance in Northeast Asia in the future requires sound evaluation of lessons from the past and present.
China Moves the G20 towards an International Investment Framework and Investment Facilitation
Authors: Sauvant Karl P 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
China, as the President of the G20 in 2016, has had an opportunity to advance the discussion of these issues. The country has taken a special interest in international investment, judging from the decision to create the G20’s Trade and Investment Working Group. This reflects both the role of FDI in China’s own development and especially its recent rise as an important outward investor. This chapter discusses the emergence of China as an outward investor, embedded in the rise of emerging markets as home countries of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The chapter also contains an analysis of some policy issues related to the rise of FDI from emerging markets. A brief discussion of issues central to the future of the international investment law and policy regime follows, including the adoption of non-binding principles outlining the architecture of a comprehensive framework on international investment. The chapter finally focuses on a concrete proposal for a sustainable investment facilitation programme that could be launched as a follow-up of the discussions initiated under China’s leadership.
Investment Treaty Arbitration in Asia
Authors: Hodgson Matthew , Bryan Adam 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explore China’s approach to bilateral investment treaties and uses this to help consider its possible future strategy. In particular, the chapter considers the interaction of the growth and nature of China’s inward- and outward-bound foreign direct investment, with the protections provided in the BITs and the identity of counterparty states. As enthusiasm for investment treaties in the West stands at a crossroads—in the face of public antipathy in Europe to the draft TTIP treaty, and hostility from the Trump administration to investment treaties in general—there is maybe an opportunity for China to demonstrate leadership and cooperation to regional and global economic partners. This chapter first maps the evolution of the protections provided in China’s investment treaties, from the rudimentary protections in the early generation investment treaties to the wider-scale coverage in the more recent investment treaties. The chapter also reflects upon the extent to which China has succeeded in protecting its outbound investment, and the counter-balance of the protections granted to inbound investment. It considers (the relatively few) cases that have been brought under Chinese investment treaties and performs a statistical analysis of the protection of Chinese foreign direct investment stocks, by reference to competitor economies. Finally, this chapter looks at where China may focus its attentions next, particularly in the context of the Trump administration in the US and China’s investment priorities.
Introduction
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the buck-passing account of value and explains the structure of this book in which the account is motivated, defended, and extended. The buck-passing account analyses value in terms of reasons for pro-attitudes. This chapter explains the notion of a reason for a pro-attitude and its component parts, as well as the types of goodness and value that the buck-passing account is an account of. It then sketches several motivations for accepting the buck-passing account rather than its two competitors: the value-first account of reasons for pro-attitudes and the no-priority view. This chapter further clarifies how various distinctions in value can be made according to the buck-passing account and explores whether the buck-passing account is a metaphysical or conceptual thesis. This chapter maps out the structure of the first two parts of the book and explains how the buck-passing account will be extended to provide a reasons-first account of morality, fittingness, ought, and all of practical normativity in the third part of the book.
The Value-First Account and the Unity of the Normative
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Value-First Account (VFA) analyses reasons for pro-attitudes in terms of goodness or value. This chapter makes an argument against VFA. It argues that epistemic reasons for belief should not be analysed in terms of value. But it argues that if epistemic reasons should not be analysed in terms of value but reasons for pro-attitudes should be analysed in terms of value, then epistemic reasons for belief cannot be instances of the very same relation as reasons for pro-attitudes. And this chapter argues that we should hold that epistemic reasons for belief are instances of the very same relation as practical reasons. So, we should reject VFA because it is inconsistent with the way in which epistemic normativity relates to practical normativity.
Too Little Value?
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
According to the Buck-Passing Account (BPA), for X to be good is for there to be reasons for everyone to have pro-attitudes in response to X. Suppose that there are birds that are in a great amount of pleasure in a world where there are no past, present, or future rational agents. There are no reasons for any agents to have pro-attitudes towards the birds’ pleasure, so BPA entails that their pleasure is not valuable, but it is valuable. So, BPA produces too little value. This is a problem for BPA and fitting-attitude accounts of value that has been raised and discussed by Krister Bykvist, Jonathan Dancy, and Andrew Reisner. This chapter motivates and defends two responses to this too little value problem: 1. The trans-world reasons response, according to which the birds’ pleasure is valuable because there are reasons for beings in other worlds to have pro-attitudes towards it; 2. The counterfactual response, according to which the birds’ pleasure is valuable because there would be reasons for agents to have pro-attitudes towards it if they were around.
Conditional Acceptance
Authors: Magidor Ofra 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
What is the correct semantics for indicative conditionals, and under what circumstances should agents accept a conditional claim? This paper presents a new case which has important implications for attempts to address these questions. The case involves an utterance of a certain indicative conditional in a particular context. It is shown that at least three prominent theories of conditionals (the material conditional view, the suppositional view, and Stalnaker’s view) predict that you ought to assign a high credence to the conditional in this case, but, it is argued, this prediction is incorrect. Finally, the paper discusses what conclusions we can draw from this case, both on the semantics of conditionals and on the epistemology of inference on the basis of suppositions more generally.
Truth
Authors: Rumfitt Ian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractP. F. Strawson explained truth, as it applies to statements, by saying: ‘one who makes a statement or assertion makes a true statement if and only if things are as, in making the statement, he states them to be’. This explanation differs from others in taking a statement’s having a content (i.e. its saying that things are thus-and-so) to be a presupposition of an attribution of truth to it. This paper shows how this feature opens the way to a distinctive solution to the Liar Paradox and to a foundation for the axiomatic theories of truth now favoured by many logicians.
The Legal Right to Security of Person
Authors: Powell Rhonda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
There is no agreed meaning ascribed to the legal right to security of person, even though it is an internationally recognized human right and a term found in legislation and political dialogue around the world. Most jurisdictions have left the courts to interpret the meaning of the right to security of person. In turn, courts have taken remarkably different approaches to determining which interests should be protected by the right to security of person in their jurisdictional context. Chapter 1 analyses the meaning that courts have given to the right as it appears in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the South African Bill of Rights. It is argued that a deeper theoretical analysis is needed to identify the common core of the right.
The Relational Concept of Security
Authors: Powell Rhonda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 puts forward an original conceptual analysis of security. It argues that security is a relational concept. To understand any discussion of security, one must hold certain pieces of information, including (a) security for whom (an agent); (b) security of what (a value or interest); (c) security against what (a threat or risk); and (d) security by whom (a provider of protection). It is argued that the concept of security is silent about the level at which it is applied (international, national, group, individual); silent about the interest or value to be secured; silent about the type of threats and risks which are relevant; and silent about who should provide the protection and how. It is therefore context-sensitive. It follows that contextual discussions of security rely upon a combination of political theory and policy decisions to determine which interests or values should be preserved or promoted, against which risks and threats, how, and by whom. This makes security an adaptable concept and helps to explain why it has come to be used in so many different senses and such diverse fields.
Introduction
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that a more joined-up appreciation of the genealogical relationships so widely argued to exist between ancient and modern theories of narrative helps us to better understand both. It explores the ways in which literary theory both shapes and is shaped by its canon. Aristotle’s decision to take tragedy as his touchstone and to extend its poetics to explain all other kinds of (mimetic) poetry will have produced a very different model than if he had chosen Aristophanes’ absurdist comedy or Sappho’s lyric poetry instead. Twentieth-century narratology would have produced a very different set of theories if it had chosen Roman rhetoric or Hellenistic poetics as its starting point. In choosing Plato and Aristotle as its foundational touchstones, modern narratology is similarly moulded by these parts of its canon, its own structures patterned by those exhibited in its objects of study.
Aristotle
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Aristotle is frequently posited as the founder of modern narratology, and the Poetics is widely cited as narratology’s first, foundational work of narrative theory and criticism. This chapter examines Aristotle’s precepts on a range of key narratological features, ranging from actants and audiences, katharsis and character, ethics and episodes—and, above all, his identification of the primacy of plot or muthos as the organizing principle that configures the stuff of story into narrative discourse. It sees the Poetics as developing a broadly rhetorical model of narrative, concerned principally with the communication and cognition processes associated with storytelling. It also explores the extent to which Aristotle’s theory of narrative needs to be understood as responding to Plato’s Republic and considers the potential of Aristotle’s major exoteric works, On Poets and Homeric Problems, as aids to negotiating some of the vagaries of the Poetics.
Poststructuralism
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the willingness of the poststructuralist narratologists (particularly Chatman, Lanser, Brooks, and de Lauretis) to look beyond the confines of twentieth-century linguistics and semiotics for their critical concepts and models re-energizes narratology’s relationship with ancient poetics. At the same time, the poststructuralist drive to push beyond the established boundaries of narratology and into a much wider domain of narrative ‘texts’—looking outside the narrow field of literary narrative into media such as film, music, and visual culture—rediscovers Aristotle’s Poetics and the anticipation of cross-medial narrative theory found there.
Addendum to predicting the $K^0\Lambda$ photoproduction observables by using the multipoles approach
Authors: Mart T 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We present an addendum to our previous paper to improve the performance of the proposed isobar model in describing the $\gamma + n\to K^0+\Lambda$ reaction observables. Since two new data sets have become available for this reaction channel that show sizable discrepancies, i.e. the CLAS and MAMI data, we propose three different models, M1, M2, and M3, obtained from including the CLAS, MAMI, and both data sets, respectively, in the fitting database. The new models can nicely describe the $\gamma+p\to K^++\Lambda$ observables, as in the case of the previous model, but significantly improve the agreement with the new $\gamma + n\to K^0+\Lambda$ cross section data. The extracted resonance properties in the present models can be well constrained within the current Particle Data Group estimates. The different contributions of the background and resonance terms in the previous and present calculations are thoroughly discussed. A brief discussion on the problem of data discrepancy is also presented.
PI-2 Comparison of type-specific HPV detection in urine and vulvo- vaginal samples from adeolescent girls in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Dashe Nanma , Nimzing Lohya , Egah Daniel , Adebamowo Sally , Adebamowo Clement 
Published: April 2019

Objective:
To compare self-collected vulvo-vaginal swab and first void urine for the detection of HPV among adolescent girls in Jos.

Methods:
We randomly recruited 205 girls, age 9–20 years from 10 public and private high schools in Jos, Nigeria. After informed consent and assent, each participant self-collected vulvo-vaginal samples and first-void urine which were tested using SPF10-DEIA/LiPA25. Data were analyzed using STATA14.

Results:
The mean (SD) age of participants was 14.9 (2.3) years. We detected anyHPV in 13.2% of vulvo-vaginal and 21.0% of urine samples. 7.8% and 11.2% of vulvo-vaginal swab and urine had hrHPV respectively. The commonest hrHPV types in vulvo-vaginal swab were 52 (3.9%), 51 (2.4%) and 18 (1.5%), and in urine were 52 (6.8%), HPV 18 (5.4%) and HPV 51 (2.9%). Approximately 10% and 14% of vulvo-vaginal samples and urine samples had single infections; and 3.4% and 7.3% had multiple infections respectively. Multiple hrHPV infection was detected in 2.9% of vulvo-vaginal swab and 5.9% of urine samples. Of the 27 vulvo-vaginal swabs and 43 urine samples positive for anyHPV, in only 10 (37.0%) instances were both vulvo-vaginal and urine samples positive for anyHPV. There was poor concordance between the urine and vulvo-vaginal samples for anyHPV (κ = 0.15, P = 0.03).

Conclusions:
The poor concordance suggests that first-void urinary HPV is not a suitable proxy for vulvo-vaginal HPV infection in this population.
The Mediating Effect of Pain Catastrophizing on PTSD Symptoms and Pain Outcome
Authors: Gilliam Wesley P. , Craner Julia R. , Schumann Matthew E. , Gascho Keith 
Published: April 2019

Objective:
Coprevalence of chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) negatively impacts the course of both disorders. Patients diagnosed with both conditions report greater pain, affective distress, and disability when compared with those with either chronic pain or PTSD alone. While the prevalence and complexity of the comorbidity is widely acknowledged, there is a dearth of research examining potential mechanism variables that might account for the relationship between chronic pain and PTSD. The current study utilizes a series of mediation analyses to examine if pain catastrophizing mediates the relationship between PTSD symptomatology and chronic pain outcome.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 203 treatment-seeking participants admitted to a 3-week interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program completed a battery of psychometrically validated measures of pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, depressive symptoms, and PTSD symptoms at program admission.

Results:
A series of multiple parallel mediation analyses revealed that pain catastrophizing fully mediated the relationships between PTSD symptoms and pain outcome (ie, pain severity and pain interference) above and beyond the influence of depressive symptoms.

Discussion:
Results suggest that pain catastrophizing may represent an important cognitive mechanism through which PTSD symptoms influence the experience of chronic pain. Psychosocial treatment approaches that directly target tendency to catastrophize in response to pain may hold the potential to have salutary effects on both chronic pain and PTSD.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms are Associated With Incident Chronic Back Pain
Authors: Suri Pradeep , Boyko Edward J. , Smith Nicholas L. , Jarvik Jeffrey G. , Jarvik Gail P. , Williams Frances M.K. , Williams Rhonda , Haselkorn Jodie , Goldberg Jack 
Published: April 2019

Study Design.
A longitudinal cotwin control study of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to examine the association of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms with incident chronic back pain (CBP), while controlling for genetic factors and early family environment.

Summary of Background Data.
It is unknown whether PTSD symptoms are associated with an increased incidence of CBP.

Methods.
In 2010 to 2012, a baseline survey was undertaken as part of a large-scale study of PTSD. Study participants completed the PTSD Symptom Checklist (PCL) and a self-report measure of CBP. In 2015 to 2017, a follow-up survey was sent to all 171 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs (342 individuals) where both cotwins had no history of CBP at baseline, but only one cotwin in the pair met criteria for having current PTSD symptoms (one twin with PCL <30 and the cotwin with PCL ≥30). No other inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied. CBP at 5-year follow-up was defined as back pain of duration ≥3 months in the low back or mid/upper back. Covariates included age, race, education, income, Veterans Affairs health care use, disability compensation, smoking, body mass index, and depression. Statistical analysis estimated the cumulative incidence of CBP according to baseline PTSD symptoms. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated in matched-pair cotwin control analyses adjusting for familial factors.

Results.
Among 227 males completing 5-year follow-up, including 91 MZ twin pairs, the mean age was 62 years. Five-year incidence of CBP in those without and with baseline PTSD symptoms was 40% and 60%, respectively. Baseline PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with incident CBP in crude and multivariable-adjusted within-pair analyses (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.1; P = 0.002).

Conclusion.
PTSD symptoms were associated with an increased incidence of CBP, without confounding by genetic factors or early family environment. PTSD symptoms may be a modifiable risk factor for prevention of CBP.

Level of Evidence: 3
The Restrictive IV Fluid Trial in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock (RIFTS): A Randomized Pilot Study*
Authors: Corl Keith A. , Prodromou Michael , Merchant Roland C. , Gareen Ilana , Marks Sarah , Banerjee Debasree , Amass Timothy , Abbasi Adeel , Delcompare Cesar , Palmisciano Amy , Aliotta Jason , Jay Gregory , Levy Mitchell M. 
Published: April 2019

Objectives:
It is unclear if a low- or high-volume IV fluid resuscitation strategy is better for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

Design:
Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
Two adult acute care hospitals within a single academic system.

Patients:
Patients with severe sepsis and septic shock admitted from the emergency department to the ICU from November 2016 to February 2018.

Interventions:
Patients were randomly assigned to a restrictive IV fluid resuscitation strategy (≤ 60 mL/kg of IV fluid) or usual care for the first 72 hours of care.

Measurements and Main Results:
We enrolled 109 patients, of whom 55 were assigned to the restrictive resuscitation group and 54 to the usual care group. The restrictive group received significantly less resuscitative IV fluid than the usual care group (47.1 vs 61.1 mL/kg; p = 0.01) over 72 hours. By 30 days, there were 12 deaths (21.8%) in the restrictive group and 12 deaths (22.2%) in the usual care group (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.41–2.53). There were no differences between groups in the rate of new organ failure, hospital or ICU length of stay, or serious adverse events.

Conclusions:
This pilot study demonstrates that a restrictive resuscitation strategy can successfully reduce the amount of IV fluid administered to patients with severe sepsis and septic shock compared with usual care. Although limited by the sample size, we observed no increase in mortality, organ failure, or adverse events. These findings further support that a restrictive IV fluid strategy should be explored in a larger multicenter trial.
Significance of Friction and Shear in the Prevention of Contemporary Hospital-acquired Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Cabrejo Raysa , Ndon Sifon , Saberski Ean , Chuang Carolyn , Hsia Henry C. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) are largely preventable yet still common occurrences in hospitals. The purpose of the current study is to determine how data from the electronic medical record can be used to better understand and predict HAPU formation over the course of a hospital admission.

Methods:
A case-control study on HAPUs was performed over an 8-month period at Yale New Haven Hospital. A Cox regression analysis model analyzed the impact of multiple factors on HAPU development including friction and shear, among other Braden score components. A receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to determine the sensitivity and specificity of changes in these factors in predicting HAPU development.

Results:
On a sample of 8,790 admissions, HAPU incidence was 4.2% over the study period (6.3% per annum). The average hospital day for HAPU development was day 15.6 (± 19.3). The Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the volatility of the friction and shear component of Braden scores had a risk ratio of 28.6 (P < 0.01; CI, 14.5–56.4). Volatility in the friction and shear component was the most predictive factor with a high receiver operating characteristic curve area of 0.865 (CI, 0.847–0.882).

Conclusions:
Volatility of the friction and shear component of Braden scores appears to be the most significant factor preceding HAPU development at Yale New Haven Hospital. Efforts to place more focus on identifying and reducing volatility of this factor may help decrease HAPU risk for future patients.