bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Combined Sewer Overflow Tank Cleaning System in the City of Sarnia
Authors: Parente Mario , Stevens Kenneth E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The International Joint Commission has identified the St. Clair River in Sarnia as an area of concern requiring a remedial action plan in order to restore and protect the water quality. To attain this objective, the City of Sarnia has completed a Pollution Control Plan in March 1993 to develop the approach in resolving the pollution problems along the City of Sarnia waterfront and the St. Clair River. The Pollution Control Plan identified the following three areas for improvement: (1) upgrade the water pollution control plant to provide secondary treatment for three times the average dry weather flow; (2) install four tanks to intercept combined sewer overflows; and (3) intercept storm runoff discharges along the waterfront and provide their treatment through sedimentation and/or flow through a wetland. The City of Sarnia is presently installing the first of the CSO control tanks at Devine Street. During the operation of combined sewage or stormwater detention facilities, settling of solids will occur along the invert of the facility. These sediments have to be removed after every storage event to minimize future problems such as caking and/or odour. This paper presents the evaluation and selection process carried out in developing a cost effective cleaning system for the Devine Street detention tank.
The Role of the Neighbourhood in Rehabilitation of an Urban Aquatic Ecosystem
Authors: Dance K.W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
For the first 10 to 15 years following rehabilitation, the original goals at West Heights Pond, Kitchener, were attained. Monitoring over a 16-year period revealed that if ecosystem health and aesthetics goals are to be sustained in the future, management intervention is required. Required management includes on-going control of aggressive wetland plant pests; efforts to discourage waterfowl feeding so that numbers decline and water quality improves; and potential future control of exotic fish species goldfish and carp. The study has concluded that (1) periodic monitoring over the long term is required to determine whether rehabilitation plan goals are being met and to identify the nature of required management interventions; (2) human neighbours are a critical species in the ecosystem management process since they can be the agents of significant positive and negative actions which affect attainment of rehabilitation plan goals; and (3) the lead agency in rehabilitation implementation should ensure that a long-term dialogue with site neighbours capitalizes on the positive role neighbours can play and avoids negative actions such as feeding waterfowl, trampling banks and vegetation, and introducing exotic fish species.
Lake Management Based on Lime Application and Hypolimnetic Oxygenation: the Experience in Eutrophic Hardwater Lakes in Alberta
Authors: Prepas Ellie E. , Murphy Tom P. , Dinsmore W. Paul , Burke Janice M. , Chambers Patricia A. , Reedyk Sharon 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Many water bodies in western Canada experience high internal phosphorus recycling rates and excessive primary production, with associated water column anoxia and restricted fisheries habitat. Lime (Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3) application and hypolimnetic oxygenation were investigated in Alberta as nontoxic, inexpensive management alternatives. In hardwater lakes, multiple Ca(OH)2 applications at dosages &lt;100 mg L-1 reduced chl a and TP concentrations by up to ~30 and 50%, respectively, often for several years. In contrast, high flushing rates in stormwater retention basins made repeated Ca(OH)2 treatment necessary. Hypolimnetic oxygenation in Amisk Lake from 1988-93 increased hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentrations from 0.9 to 4.6 mgL-1 in the treated basin while maintaining thermal stratification. Epilimnetic whole-lake chl a and TP concentrations were reduced by 55 and 13%, respectively. Deep-water habitat was improved for fish, zooplankton and macroinvertebrates. Our research shows that water quality can be improved in lakes that are naturally eutrophic (i.e., due to internal P cycling) and has implications for lake management projects worldwide.
The Watershed Restoration Program of British Columbia: Accelerating Natural Recovery Processes
Authors: Slaney P. A. , Martin A. D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Until recently, in British Columbia, there was no mechanism to ensure the rehabilitation of resource values adversely impacted by logging-induced landslides, erosion from logging roads, and harvesting of mature riparian trees to the stream-bank. In 1994, the Watershed Restoration Program was initiated under the province’s Forest Renewal Plan to provide an opportunity for diverse stakeholder partnerships to accelerate the recovery of watersheds impacted by logging practices of the past. Several decades of research on watershed processes, limitations to salmonid production in streams and rehabilitation techniques, combined with provincial training initiatives, provide the technical basis for application of a set of integrated restorative measures linked to the new Forest Practices Code. As first priority, the conditions of roads, slopes, gullies, riparian areas, stream channels and fish habitat are assessed. Roads are storm proofed by either reestablishing natural drainage patterns or by deactivation. Hillslope scars are revege-tated with grasses, shrubs and trees to control erosion, thus increasing fish stock productivity, while also improving water quality, forest regeneration and biodiversity. Riparian silvicultural treatments eventually (one to two centuries) restore recruitment of large coniferous woody debris to stream channels and restabilize streambanks. Large wood, boulder clusters and other structural elements that emulate nature are installed in stable stream channels to restore summer habitat and critical overwintering refuges in streams, thus rehabilitating and maintaining fish habitat until logged riparian areas naturally supply mature windfalls. Restoring of fish access and replenishing of nutrients for the food chain are also provided where assessed as beneficial to the functional recovery process. Rehabilitation of off-channel fish habitat, including creation of channel-pond complexes, is one of the primary techniques to offset habitat degradation in hydrologically unstable or non-functional stream channels within logged flood-plains. The program provides an opportunity for innovation and evaluation, as well as a challenge to cost-effectively implement rehabilitation on a sufficient scale to accelerate the recovery of watershed processes to the benefit of fisheries, aquatic and forest resource values in British Columbia’s forested watersheds.
The Return of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar to Trout Lake, North Bay, Ontario
Authors: Maraldo Dave , Bowman Brad , Gillies Mike 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In 1935, landlocked Atlantic salmon or ouananiche Salmo salar were introduced into Trout Lake, a 1,674-ha oligotrophic lake. The salmon reproduced in Four Mile Creek and became the only naturally reproducing population in Ontario. Anglers reported good catches of salmon in the 1950s and 60s, with fish up to 6 kg taken. In 1967, a train derailment resulted in the spillage of an unspecified volume of zinc concentrate into the Four Mile Creek watershed. Water quality monitoring completed in 1979 documented zinc levels in Four Mile Creek downstream of the derailment area ranging from 130 to 340 µg/L. In retrospect, it was believed that this elevated level of zinc resulted in adult salmon avoiding Four Mile Creek. Since this was the only stream suitable for spawning, reproduction ceased and salmon disappeared. The last known catch of Atlantic salmon in Trout Lake occurred in the early 1970s. In 1980, approximately 250,000 tonnes of zinc-contaminated soil was excavated from the area. In situ toxicity studies in 1981 produced 20% mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss yearlings during a 48-hour exposure period downstream of the derailment area. In-stream zinc concentrations ranged from 110 to 160 µg/L during the exposure period. Rainbow trout stocked into Four Mile Creek from 1983-88 survived. Atlantic salmon were first reintroduced in 1989 as fall fingerlings. Adult salmon appeared in the creek in November 1992, and again in 1994 and 1995. Electrofishing studies confirmed the presence of naturally reproduced juvenile salmon in 1994 and 1995. As yet the population of adult salmon in Trout Lake is low but may increase as naturally reproduced salmon smolt and enter the lake. Zinc concentrations in Four Mile Creek have continued to decline as a function of time. In 1994, they ranged from 7 to 48 µg/L.
A Case Study of Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution: Assessment of Sources and Receiving Water Effects
Authors: Sztruhar Daniel , Sokac Marek , Marsalek Jiri , Frankova Eleonora , Hyanek Lubomir , Rusnak Dusan , Stanko Stefan , Ilavsky Jan , Namer Juraj 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Combined sewer overflow (CSO) pollution was assessed in a medium size community (the Town of Malacky) in western Slovakia by means of field monitoring and computer modelling. CSO samples were analyzed for suspended solids, total chemical oxygen demand, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb), and biological and microbiological constituents. Study results identified CSOs as a major source of biodegradable organic pollution impacting on dissolved oxygen in the receiving streams. Cumulative effects of CSO discharges were also observed in the receiving streams, in the form of high organic content of benthic sediments, which indicated the deposition of wastewater-derived sediments flushed out from the sewer system during storm events. These findings have also been confirmed by analyses of biological constituents in the sediment samples collected from the receiving waters. A comparative analysis of various pollution sources indicated that pollution problems in the receiving waters were caused not only by the municipal effluents from the Town of Malacky, but also by diffuse agricultural pollution and release of heavy metals, especially Zn, from the native soils in the surrounding area.
Persistence of Volatile Organic Compounds in Sludge Treated Soils
Authors: Webber M.D. , Goodin J.D. , Fowlie P.J.A. , Hong-You R.L. , Legault J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Laboratory incubation studies were conducted to assess the persistence of ten volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in seven soils treated with 3% dw of anaer-obically digested municipal sludge. The VOCs were probable municipal sludge contaminants and the soils represented wide ranges of constituents likely to sorb organic compounds, e.g., organic carbon (1.3 to 12%) and clay (7 to 50%). The VOCs were spiked into soils at 50 mg kg-1 dw of soil, except for trichloro-ethylene and chloroform which were at 2.5 mg kg-1 dw. Three general patterns of VOC losses from soils were identified: (1) complete volatilization at room temperature within 24 h, (2) complete volatilization/degradation within 144 to 288 h, and (3) incomplete volatilization/degradation within 288 h. All VOC losses were consistent with first-order kinetics and indicated a combination of a rapid initial kinetic (0 to 4 h) followed by a slower kinetic. The slower kinetic was assumed to be more relevant to field VOC losses than the rapid kinetic, and first-order half-lives were calculated using the 4- to 288-h experimental data. The half-lives ranged from 5.5 to 1,926 h with a median value of 70 h, and generally increased with increasing boiling points of the VOCs and with increasing organic carbon contents of the soils. These laboratory findings indicate that VOCs in land-applied sludge are unlikely to represent a hazard to agriculture.
Sewage Treatment Challenges and Opportunities in the Nottawasaga River Watershed
Authors: Palmer R. Mark 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Sewage treatment studies at the watershed scale, compared to case-by-case community projects, ensures the most cost-efficient investment of funds commensurate with environmental requirements to sustain growth. A three-year environmental assessment study for the town of New Tecumseth, Ontario, examined all nutrient inputs to the Nottawasaga River watershed. Other challenging watershed constraints were investigated, such as stream and river flow takings for irrigation and sediment transport, prior to the selection of the master sewage treatment plan. The findings from the field research and computer modelling were used to (1) place a realistic perspective on nutrient impacts, present and future, attributable to treated sewage effluent; (2) design a master plan that could be used as an opportunity in terms of reusing the effluent locally for agricultural irrigation; (3) provide a real-time assurance of the plan’s performance/compliance, based on the actual carrying capacity of the aquatic ecosystem; (4) stage the construction of the plan in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner; and (5) recommend a water resources management strategy to control other nutrient and sediment load sources within the watershed. The recommended master sewage treatment plan and water resources management strategy can restore the Ministry of Environment and Energy provincial water quality objective concentration for total phosphorus within the river during 7Q20 flow conditions.
Multielement Relationships Characterizing the Chemical Composition of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Southern Quebec
Authors: Bellehumeur C. , Vasseur L. , Ansseau C. , Marcos B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Disposal of sewage sludge on agricultural or forest lands has been shown to be an economical means of sludge disposal which reduces the amount of waste going to landfills and returns nutrients to the soil. The heavy metal content of sludge generally depends on the composition of influents and on the treatment process. The present study considers the sludge chemical composition of 23 municipalities in southern Quebec and the heavy metal concentrations in their respective drinking water supplies. This study attempts to determine the main multielement relationships characterizing sludge composition, and to verify the occurrence of a possible link between chemical element concentration in sludge and in water supplies. The main phenomena influencing the chemical composition of municipal sewage sludge were modeled by using principal component analysis. The analysis shows that Cu concentration in sludges highly correlates with the organic nitrogen, and a series of metals (Cd-Co-Cr-Ni-Pb) are deposited independently of N and P. The activated sludge process removes a greater quantity of N than aerated lagoons, but heavy metals are generally more concentrated in aerated lagoons. The metal level found in water supplies slightly correlates with the metal content of sludge. Treatment plants showing metal contamination problems are found in regions with high natural geo-chemical levels of metals.
Estimation of Xenobiotic Effects on the Peroxidase-Dependent Plant Immunity as a Means of Ecological Control
Authors: Rogovine V.V. , Mushtakova V.M. , Fomina V.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The effect of various dyes, ions of heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Hg2+, Cu2+) and gaseous waste from thermal power stations (H2S, SO2, NO, NH3) on the peroxi-dase-dependent immunity of pea roots (Pisum sativum) has been studied by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. It has been found that copper toxicity could be comparable to that of mercury. Fabric dyes dis-azodye “direct” red and “vat” violet at concentrations of 10-5 M reduced plant chemiluminescence as much as 50%. Hydrogen sulfide turned out to be the most toxic among the gases of the industrial gaseous waste. Considering the importance of peroxidase system activity in plants against various infections, it is necessary to control the possibility of impairment of plant immunity by xenobiotics dissolved in water.
Occurrence of 1,2-Dichloropropane and 1,3-Dichloropropene in the Abbotsford Aquifer, British Columbia
Authors: Grove Gary , Szeto Sunny Y. , Liebscher Hugh , Hii Basil , Zebarth Bernie J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Forty piezometers at 13 sites in the Canadian portion of the Abbotsford aquifer were tested for 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP) on an approximate monthly interval from July 1991 to June 1994. Detectable levels of 1,2-DCP were found in 32 of the 40 piezometers. Average 1,2-DCP concentrations within a piezometer ranged up to 2.23 µg/L and a maximum concentration of 7.07 µg/L was recorded in one piezometer. 1,3-DCP was detected for only a short period of time in one piezometer and at a maximum concentration of 0.23 µg/L. 1,2-DCP contamination in the aquifer is attributed to application of fumigants containing this compound as an active ingredient or as an impurity for the control of root nematodes in red raspberry crops. The nature of the contamination is consistent with a non-point source that is highly variable in space and time. Although soil fumigants containing 1,2-DCP as an active ingredient are no longer used in the Abbotsford area, fairly constant values of 1,2-DCP would indicate there is still a contaminant source providing input to the groundwater. 1,2-DCP has apparently accumulated on the soil sediments above the water table and is slowly being released to the groundwater. In the top 15 m of the saturated zone, concentrations generally decreased with depth below the water table to near nondetectable levels. Correlation between contaminant levels and rainfall or other environmental factors that might affect the distribution of 1,2-DCP could not be established. More detailed soil measurements and controlled laboratory experiments are needed to determine 1,2-DCP movement as well as rates of dissipation in the Abbotsford aquifer.
Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Brunette River Watershed
Authors: Larkin G.A. , Hall K.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The extent and severity of hydrocarbon pollution in lake core sediments, streambed sediments, stormwater and street surface sediments were investigated in the Brunette River watershed in Burnaby, British Columbia. Lake core sediments document a dramatic increase in hydrocarbon input to Burnaby Lake concurrent with development of the region. Hydrocarbon concentrations in streambed sediments corresponded to the land use indices of impermeable area and traffic density. Hydrocarbon concentrations measured in stream runoff during storm events also corresponded with land use, while concentrations in street runoff were highly correlated (r2 = 0.995) to the log10 of local traffic volumes. Whereas land use appears to influence hydrocarbon concentrations found in streambed sediments, street surface sediment concentrations were quite uniform throughout the watershed. Road washoff of non-particulate oil appears to be an important source of hydrocarbons to stormwater solids, and ultimately streambed and lake core sediments. The combination of both source control and runoff treatment should result in the greatest and likely enduring reduction in urban runoff hydrocarbon concentrations.
Investigation of Copper Sorption Using Plant Materials
Authors: Al-Asheh S. , Lamarche G. , Duvnjak Z. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An attempt was made to describe the mechanisms of copper sorption by plant materials such as canola meal, pine bark and moss in terms of the compositional analysis of the sorbents and the electron spin resonance tests. The compositional analyses showed that lignin and carbohydrates from bark and moss, and proteins, carbohydrates and phytic acid from canola meal were the major components responsible for the sorption of heavy metals. The roles of the car-boxyl and amino groups in the sorption process were also examined. It was found that the esterification of the carboxyl or the methylation of the amino groups in canola meal, bark and moss resulted in a lower metal uptake by these sorbents. Furthermore, sorption with the de-esterified sorbents resulted in the same uptake as that of the control. Electron spin resonance tests demonstrated that free radicals from the sorbents played a significant role in the sorption processes. The increase in copper uptake by moss was associated with a decrease in the concentration of free radicals in this sorbent.
Review of Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation and Kow Techniques
Authors: Burnison B. Kent 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Methods have been developed over the past several decades to measure or predict the accumulation of persistent organic contaminants in plants and animals. Most of these methods determine either the bioconcentration factor (BCF), the bioaccumulation factor (BAF), or the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow). Although BCF and BAF are expensive to determine, they do account for metabolism by the target organism whereas the chemically determined Kow does not. Methods recommended by OECD, ASTM and USEPA for the determination of bioconcentration of chemicals are evaluated. Recently finalized USEPA methods are recommended for the determination of BAF and BCF in fish. The slow-stir method is considered the most accurate for a direct measurement of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), but computer estimations of Kow can be used when a direct measurement is unavailable. Recent bilinear equations (Howard et al. 1997) have been derived to predict BCF values from Kow.
Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate Metabolites in Canadian Sewage Treatment Plant Waste Streams
Authors: Bennie D.T. , Sullivan C.A. , Lee H.-B. , Maguire R.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their refractory metabolites, including nonylphenol, are on the second Priority Substances List (PSL2) to determine if they are "toxic" as defined under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. This study addresses the need for data on their occurrence in raw sewage, final effluents and sludge in Canada. Samples of raw sewage, final effluent and sludge were collected from 16 wastewater treatment plants across Canada in 1995 and 1996. These samples were analyzed for 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) and 4-4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP). Measurable quantities of these chemicals were found in almost all raw sewage and sludge samples. In the raw sewage, concentrations ranged from &lt;0.005 to 21 μg/L for 4-t-OP, from 0.69 to 155 μg/L for 4-NP, from 2.9 to 43 μg/L for NP1EO and from 0.26 to 24 μg/L for NP2EO. Sludge concentrations (based on dry weight) ranged from &lt;0.010 to 20 μg/g, from 8.4 to 850 μg/g, from 3.9 to 437 μg/g and from 1.5 to 297 μg/g for 4-t-OP, 4-NP, NP1EO and NP2EO, respectively. Of the final effluent samples, 60% contained detectable amounts of 4-t-OP and concentrations ranged from &lt;0.005 to 0.37 μg/L. Almost all of the final effluent samples had detectable levels of 4-NP, NP1EO and NP2EO. The 4-NP concentrations varied from &lt;0.020 to 13 μg/L, NP1EO was found in the range of 0.072 to 26 μg/L and NP2EO was found in the range of 0.099 to 21 μg/L.