bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alpha satellite DNA‐repeat OwlAlp1 forms centromeres in Azara’s owl monkey
Authors: Oizumi Yusuke , Koga Akihiko , Kanoh Junko 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCentromeres play crucial roles in faithful chromosome segregation and genome integrity. In simian primates, centromeres possess tandem array of alpha satellite DNA (also referred to as alphoid DNA). Average sizes of alpha satellite repeat units vary between species, for example, 171 bp in human and 343–344 bp in many platyrrhini species (New World monkeys). Interestingly, Azara's owl monkey (Aotus azarae), a platyrrhini species, possesses alpha satellite DNA of two distinct unit sizes, OwlAlp1 (185 bp) and OwlAlp2 (344 bp), both of which present as megasatellite DNAs in the genome. It is, however, unknown which repeat sequence is responsible for functional centromere formation. To investigate the localization of centromeres in vivo, we carried out chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using Azara's owl monkey cells. We found that CENP‐A, a histone H3 variant essential for centromere formation, was enriched at OwlAlp1, but not at OwlAlp2. Moreover, CENP‐A was detected only at constricted regions of chromosomes by immunofluorescent microscopy. In contrast, trimethylation of histone H3‐K9 (H3K9me3), a marker of heterochromatin, was enriched at both OwlAlp1 and OwlAlp2. Our results show that the shorter alpha satellite repeat, OwlAlp1, is selectively used for centromere formation in this monkey.
TRADE POLICY AND MARKET POWER: FIRM‐LEVEL EVIDENCE
Authors: Asprilla Alan , Berman Nicolas , Cadot Olivier , Jaud Mélise 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article identifies the effect of trade policy on market power through new data and a new identification strategy. We identify market power by observing how exporting firms price discriminate across markets following variations in bilateral exchange rates. Pricing‐to‐market is prevalent in all countries in our sample, even among small firms, although it is increasing in firm size. More importantly, we find that the effect of nontariff measures (NTMs) is not isomorphic to that of tariffs. Whereas tariffs reduce the market power of foreign firms through rent‐shifting effects, NTMs reinforce the market power of nonexiting firms, domestic and foreign alike.
Preparation and photoelectrochemical properties of CdS quantum dot‐sensitized ZnO nanotube arrays
Authors: Zhao Wenyan , Tian Chuanjin , Luo Penghui , Hao Bianlei , Xie Zhipeng , Fu Wuyou , Yang Haibin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCdS/ZnO nanotubes (NTs) arrays were synthesized on a transparent conductive glass (FTO) substrate by hydrothermal method, chemical bath etching and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method, which were used in semiconductor‐sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (PECs). The crystal structure, morphology and photoelectrochemical conversion properties of different photoanodes were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and electrochemical workstation. The results show a heterojunction has been formed between ZnO and CdS QDs. The ZnO NTs and CdS QDs played a remarkable controllability for PEC performances. The photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency of ZnO NTs photoanodes was 3 times that of ZnO nanorods (NRs) arrays photoanodes. After sensitization of CdS quantum dots, the photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency of CdS/ZnO NRs was improved by 7 times and the CdS/ZnO NTs was increased by 4 times. These results demonstrate that the CdS/ZnO core‐shell structure can provide a facile and compatible frame for the potential applications in nanotube‐based solar cells.
Enhanced ROBO4 is mediated by up‐regulation of HIF‐1α/SP1 or reduction in miR‐125b‐5p/miR‐146a‐5p in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Gong Qiaoyun , Xie Jia'nan , Li Ying , Liu Yang , Su Guanfang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRetinal cell damage caused by diabetes leads to retinal microvascular injury. Roundabout 4 (ROBO4) is involved in angiogenesis, which varies with the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Here, we explored the transcriptional regulation and microRNA‐mediated modulation of ROBO4 expression and related retinal cell function in DR. A streptozotocin‐induced type I diabetic animal model was established to detect the expression of hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), specificity protein 1 (SP1) and ROBO4. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were cultured under hyperglycaemia or hypoxia and used for mechanistic analysis. Furthermore, roles of miR‐125b‐5p and miR‐146a‐5p were evaluated, and their targets were identified using luciferase assays. The cell functions were evaluated by MTS assays, permeability analysis and migration assays. The development of DR increased the levels of HIF‐1α, SP1 and ROBO4 both in the DR model and in hyperglycaemic/hypoxic RPE cells. They were co‐expressed and up‐regulated in diabetic retinas and in RPE cells under hyperglycaemia/hypoxia. Knockdown of HIF‐1α significantly inhibited SP1 and ROBO4, whereas SP1 down‐regulation abolished ROBO4 expression in RPE cells under hyperglycaemia/hypoxia. miR‐125b‐5p and miR‐146a‐5p were down‐regulated by hyperglycaemia and/or hypoxia. Up‐regulation of miRNAs reversed these changes and resulted in recovery of target gene expression. Moreover, luciferase assays confirmed miR‐125b‐5p targeted SP1 and ROBO4, and miR‐146a‐5p targeted HIF‐1α and ROBO4 directly. The decreased cell viability, enhanced permeability, and increased cell migration under DR conditions were mitigated by knockdown of HIF‐1α/SP1/ROBO4 or up‐regulation of miR‐125b‐5p/miR‐146a‐5p. In general, our results identified a novel mechanism that miR‐125b‐5p/miR‐146a‐5p targeting HIF‐1α/SP1‐dependent ROBO4 expression could retard DR progression.
‘The Troika is Dead, Long Live the Domestic Troikas?': The Diffusion of National Fiscal Councils in the European Union
Authors: Tesche Tobias 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article shows that the troika institutions – the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund – formed a technocratic consensus about the desirability of establishing national fiscal councils in the European Union (EU). Considerable disagreement existed, however, with regard to their design features. Each institution promoted a distinct mode of indirect governance by ranking national fiscal councils depending on their adopted governance model (agent, trustee or orchestrator). This persuasion, through entrepreneurial benchmarking, constitutes an important mechanism by which member states were nudged to adopt a distinct fiscal council model. Preference heterogeneity among the troika members ultimately prevented the spread of a one‐size‐fits‐all fiscal council in the EU.
The effect of fertilizer‐N on the inter‐specific competition among three wheat aphids under elevated CO2
Authors: Long Wang , Xiao‐Hui Wang , Tong Han , Lei Qian , Li‐Kun Li , Fa‐Jun Chen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIncreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (ab. CO2) and fertilizer‐nitrogen (ab. N) applications may have marked direct effects on the plant growth of agricultural crops, and in turn affect the higher trophic level of insect herbivores. In this study, the effects of elevated CO2 (i.e., 650 µl/L vs. ambient 400 µl/L) and fertilizer‐N (0, 50, 100, 200 kg/ha) on the population abundances and the inter‐specific competition among three co‐occurring species of wheat aphids, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum, were studied. The grain weight per ear and the 1,000‐grain weight were generally increased when grown under elevated CO2 and showed a significant effect at the 100 kg/ha (grain weight per ear) and 0, 50 and 100 kg/ha (1,000‐grain weight) N. These two yield indexes increased with increasing fertilizer‐N levels within reasonable limits and reached a maximum at 100 kg/ha. Elevated CO2 combined with fertilizer‐N levels formed complex indirect effects on the three wheat aphids through the wheat crops they fed on. Elevated CO2 significantly decreased the niche overlap index (ab. NOI) between S. avenae and R. padi under 0 and 100 kg/ha and that between R. padi and S. graminum under 0 kg/ha, while significantly increased the three NOIs under 50 kg/ha and that between R. padi and S. graminum under 100 and 200 kg/ha. S. avenae and R. padi had the larger population and stronger competition in low‐N condition (0 and 50 kg/ha), which was harmful to wheat yield and quality when combined with its own poor nutrition. Overall, the 100 kg/ha N level was the best option based on the aphid population, competition and wheat yields. Therefore, the balanced relationship formed among fertilizers, plants and insects under 100 kg/ha N was vital for the interactive ecosystem.
Therapeutic alternatives for addressing pink esthetic complications in single‐tooth implants: A proposal for a clinical decision tree
Authors: Mesquita De Carvalho Paulo F. , Joly Julio C. , Carvalho Da Silva Robert , González‐Martín Oscar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveEsthetic complications in implant therapy today represent a clinical challenge, when the aim is to overcome the sequelae and obtain a pleasing result. The current scientific literature about this topic is scarce and often based on case reports and the personal opinions of clinicians.Clinical considerationsThe aim of this article is to introduce a decision tree for diagnosis and treatment of complications, focusing on the pink esthetic of single‐tooth implants and based on three diagnostic pillars (3D implant position, peri‐implant hard‐tissue anatomy, and peri‐implant soft‐tissue anatomy). Different shortcomings have been identified for each of the three diagnostic areas.ConclusionsFollowing this tree, the article proposes treatment alternatives including soft‐ and hard‐tissue reconstruction, implant submergence, orthodontic extrusion, and implant extraction in order to help clinicians establish a logical therapeutic sequence.Clinical SignificanceGuidelines for adequate diagnosis and management of single implant‐supported restorations with compromised esthetics is mandatory when attempt to overcome shortcoming in the pink esthetic result.
Indications for β‐Blocker Prescriptions in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Yum Brian , Archambault Alexi , Levitan Emily B. , Dharamdasani Tina , Kneifati‐Hayek Jerard , Hanlon Joseph T. , Diaz Ivan , Maurer Mathew S. , Lachs Mark S. , Safford Monika M. , Goyal Parag 
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVESTo better understand indications for β‐blocker (BB) prescriptions among older adults hospitalized with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).DESIGN/SETTINGRetrospective observational study of hospitalizations derived from the geographically diverse Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort.PARTICIPANTSWe examined Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older with an expert‐adjudicated hospitalization for HFpEF (left ventricular ejection fraction = 50% or greater).MEASUREMENTSDischarge medications and indications for BBs were abstracted from medical records.RESULTSOf 306 hospitalizations for HFpEF, BBs were prescribed at discharge in 68%. Among hospitalizations resulting in BB prescriptions, 60% had a compelling indication for BB—44% had arrhythmias, and 29% had myocardial infarction (MI) history. Among the 40% with neither indication, 57% had coronary artery disease (CAD) without MI and 38% had hypertension alone (without arrhythmia, MI, or CAD), both clinical scenarios with little supportive evidence of benefit of BBs. Among hospitalizations resulting in BB prescription at discharge, 69% had geriatric conditions (functional limitation, cognitive impairment, hypoalbuminemia, or history of falls). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of geriatric conditions between hospitalizations of individuals with compelling indications for BBs and hospitalizations of individuals with noncompelling indications.CONCLUSIONSBBs are commonly prescribed following a hospitalization for HFpEF, even in the absence of compelling indications. This occurs even for hospitalizations of individuals with geriatric conditions, a subpopulation who may be at elevated risk for experiencing harm from BBs.
A meta‐synthesis of how registered nurses make sense of their lived experiences of medication errors
Authors: Athanasakis Efstratios 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundMedication errors are a frequent phenomenon in nursing, as the nurses are primarily responsible for preparation and administration of medications to patients. Little is known about how nurses make sense of their experiences of medication errors as a lived phenomenon.ObjectiveTo aggregate, synthesise and interpret the qualitative evidence of studies which explored nurses' lived experiences of medication errors.MethodA meta‐synthesis is presented with thematic analysis by Thomas & Harden (BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8, 2008, 45). Qualitative studies (January 1980–June 2018) retrieved from PubMed, BNI, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, PsycINFO, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Wiley Online Library. The PRISMA flow chart, CASP tool and COREQ checklist are integrated in the meta‐synthesis.FindingsEight primary research studies were included with the follow themes: “moral impact,” “emotional impact,” “constructive learning,” “impact on professional registration and employment,” “nurses' coping strategies with the experience,” “patient and family,” “identification of contributing factors to medication errors” and “preventive measures for medication errors.”ConclusionThe moral and emotional impact of medication errors to nurses was devastating for themselves. Yet, they detected strategies to cope with their error and its consequences and even more translated their experience into a constructive lesson and identified ways to prevent future errors.Relevance for clinical practiceThe meta‐synthesis provides a holistic perspective about how registered nurses made sense of their lived experiences of medication errors. Its findings reveal that the experience has both positive impact and negative impact to the nurses. Its findings should inform mainly the clinical nursing practice, clinical nurses, nurse educators, nurse leaders and policymakers of medication administration.
The primary foundations of followership
Authors: Popper Micha , Castelnovo Omri 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe phenomenon of followership has been increasingly discussed in recent years, and is analyzed mainly through psychological theories.In this article followership is discussed from an evolutionary perspective. The main argument is that the origins of followership are rooted in evolutionary foundations and its visible manifestations result from responses to signals sensed as associated with these primary foundations.Two kinds of signals are the “building blocks” of followership: (1) universal signals, indicating competence and care; (2) symbolic signals, representing group culture. The implications of the suggested approach for a theory of followership are discussed.
Hepatitis E during pregnancy: Maternal and foetal case‐fatality rates and adverse outcomes—A systematic review
Authors: Bergløv Anne , Hallager Sofie , Weis Nina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy can have severe consequences for mother and child, such as vertical transmission, fulminant hepatic failure, even foetal or maternal mortality. The aim of this systematic review is to describe maternal, foetal and neonatal case‐fatality rates as well as the prevalence of adverse outcomes in relation to hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy. A systematic literature search was performed in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and CINAHL. Search terms included Pregnant, Women, Maternal, Infant, Foetal, Neonatal and Hepatitis E virus. Data were extracted using predefined data collection forms. All studies were quality assessed, either by the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale or by an adapted assessment scale for cross‐sectional studies. We found 23 eligible studies, all observational, which were included in this systematic review with a total of 1338 cases. The median maternal, foetal and neonatal case‐fatality rates were 26% (IQR 17%‐41%), 33% (IQR 19%‐37%) and 8% (IQR 3%‐20%), respectively. Adverse outcomes such as fulminant hepatic failure, preterm labour, postpartum haemorrhage, low birth weight and vertical transmission were reported. The two studies that reported the highest prevalence of fulminant hepatic failure also reported the highest case‐fatality rates. The median prevalence of fulminant hepatic failure was 45.3%. This systematic review found a high case‐fatality rate among pregnant women infected with hepatitis E virus and a high rate of adverse outcomes among these women and their children. The results from this review mainly apply to hospital settings and symptomatic pregnant women from endemic countries.
Application of sequence stratigraphic concepts to the Upper Cretaceous Tununk Shale Member of the Mancos Shale Formation, south‐central Utah: Parasequence styles in shelfal mudstone strata
Authors: Li Zhiyang , Schieber Juergen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough sequence stratigraphic concepts have been applied extensively to coarse‐grained siliciclastic deposits in nearshore environments, high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis has not been widely applied to mudstone‐dominated sedimentary successions deposited in more distal hemipelagic to pelagic settings. To examine how sequence stratigraphic frameworks can be derived from the facies variability of mudstone‐dominated successions, the Tununk Shale Member of the Mancos Shale Formation in south‐central Utah (USA) was examined in detail through a combination of sedimentological, stratigraphic and petrographic methods. The Tununk Shale accumulated on a storm‐dominated shelf during the second‐order Greenhorn sea‐level cycle. During this eustatic event, the depositional environment of the Tununk Shale shifted laterally from distal middle shelf to outer shelf, then from an outer shelf to an inner shelf environment. At least 49 parasequences can be identified within the Tununk Shale. Each parasequence shows a coarsening‐upward trend via upward increases in silt and sand content, thickness and lateral continuity of laminae/beds, and abundance of storm‐generated sedimentary structures. Variations in bioturbation styles within parasequences are complex, although abrupt changes in bioturbation intensity or diversity commonly occur across parasequence boundaries (i.e. flooding surfaces). Due to changes in depositional environments, dominant sediment supply and bioturbation characteristics, parasequence styles in the Tununk Shale show considerable variability. Based on parasequence stacking patterns, eleven system tracts, four depositional sequences and key sequence stratigraphic surfaces can be identified. The high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic framework of the Tununk Shale reveals a hierarchy of stratal cyclicity. Application of sequence stratigraphic concepts to this thick mudstone‐dominated succession provides important insights into the underlying causes of heterogeneity in these rocks over multiple thickness scales (millimetre‐scale to metre‐scale). The detailed sedimentological characterization of parasequences, system tracts and depositional sequences in the Tununk Shale provides conceptual approaches that can aid the development of high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic frameworks in other ancient shelf mudstone successions.
Entrepreneurial Skills, Technological Progress, and Firm Growth*
Authors: Iza Amaia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUsing cross‐country establishment‐level data, I show that employment profiles over a firm's life cycle are flatter in fast‐growing economies than in slow‐growing economies. The difference in average employment over the firm's life cycle increases with plant age. I propose a frictionless overlapping‐generations model with exogenous technological progress. Firm productivity also depends on entrepreneurs’ skills. Entrepreneurs can increase their skills over their life cycle, but the growth of the vintage component of younger cohorts’ skills is higher in fast‐growing economies than in slow‐growing economies. This model is able to explain most of the differences observed in the sample between fast‐growing and slow‐growing economies.
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on salivary immune responses during Marine Corps basic training
Authors: Scott Jonathan M. , Kazman Josh B. , Palmer Jeremy , McClung James P. , Gaffney‐Stomberg Erin , Gasier Heath G. 
Published: May 2019

Vitamin D's role in regulating immune responses may increase during periods of elevated psychological and physiological stress. Due to the high demands placed on US Marine Corps recruits undergoing 12 weeks of basic military training, we hypothesized that vitamin D status would be related to markers of innate mucosal immunity, and daily vitamin D supplementation would augment immune responses during training. Males (n = 75) and females (n = 74) entering recruit basic training during the summer and winter volunteered to participate in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Subjects received either 1000 IU vitamin D3 + 2000 mg calcium/d (n = 73) or placebo (n = 76) for 12 weeks. Saliva samples were collected pre‐training, during (weeks 4 and 8), and post‐training (week 12) in order to determine salivary SIgA and cathelicidin (indices of mucosal immunity) and α‐amylase (indicator of stress). Initial (baseline) and post‐training serum 25(OH)D levels were measured. Results were as follows: serum 25(OH)D levels were 37% higher in recruits entering training in summer compared with winter. A positive relationship was observed between baseline 25(OH)D levels and SIgA secretion rates (‐SR). When stress levels were high during summer training, baseline 25(OH)D levels contributed to an increase in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rates (SIgA‐SR) and cathelicidin‐SR, the latter only in males. Vitamin D supplementation contributed to the changes in SIgA‐SR and cathelicidin‐SR, specifically SIgA‐SR was higher in the treatment group. These data highlight the importance of vitamin D and mucosal immune responses during arduous basic military training when stress levels are increased.
Changing beliefs about reformed teaching in science: Experience matters
Authors: Killough Joy K. , Stuessy Carol L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCan participation in a 4‐day workshop change science teachers’ beliefs about reformed science teaching? We observe a significant difference between pre‐ and post‐workshop surveys and explore an unexpected relationship involving teaching experience. Results of this exploratory study indicate a significant correlation between high school science teachers’ years of teaching experience and positive changes in beliefs about reformed teaching practices. Novice teachers hold more reformed beliefs pre‐institute, but post‐institute surveys revealed the two groups, experienced and novice, are statistically indistinguishable. We use our observations of the statistically significant changes in biology teachers’ responses on the Beliefs About Reformed Science Teaching and Learning instrument (BARSTL) to support our claim that a 4‐day Advanced Placement Summer Institute (APSI) in Biology can advance teachers’ beliefs toward more reformed teaching. Furthermore, these findings provided evidence for us to suggest that veteran teachers are more malleable in their beliefs about reformed science teaching than one might expect (AP®, Advanced Placement®, and AP Biology® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this article).