bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Basis for Attenuation of Neurovirulence of a Yellow Fever Virus/Japanese Encephalitis Virus Chimera Vaccine (ChimeriVax-JE)
Authors: Arroyo Juan , Guirakhoo Farshad , Fenner Sabine , Zhang Zhen-Xi , Monath Thomas P. , Chambers Thomas J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

A yellow fever virus (YFV)/Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) chimera in which the structural proteins prM and E of YFV 17D are replaced with those of the JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine strain is under evaluation as a candidate vaccine against Japanese encephalitis. The chimera (YFV/JEV SA14-14-2, or ChimeriVax-JE) is less neurovirulent than is YFV 17D vaccine in mouse and nonhuman primate models (F. Guirakhoo et al., Virology 257:363–372, 1999; T. P. Monath et al., Vaccine 17:1869–1882, 1999). Attenuation depends on the presence of the JEV SA14-14-2 E protein, as shown by the high neurovirulence of an analogous YFV/JEV Nakayama chimera derived from the wild JEV Nakayama strain (T. J. Chambers, A. Nestorowicz, P. W. Mason, and C. M. Rice, J. Virol. 73:3095–3101, 1999). Ten amino acid differences exist between the E proteins of ChimeriVax-JE and the YFV/JEV Nakayama virus, four of which are predicted to be neurovirulence determinants based on various sequence comparisons. To identify residues that are involved in attenuation, a series of intratypic YFV/JEV chimeras containing either single or multiple amino acid substitutions were engineered and tested for mouse neurovirulence. Reversions in at least three distinct clusters were required to restore the neurovirulence typical of the YFV/JEV Nakayama virus. Different combinations of cluster-specific reversions could confer neurovirulence; however, residue 138 of the E protein (E
138
) exhibited a dominant effect. No single amino acid reversion produced a phenotype significantly different from that of the ChimeriVax-JE parent. Together with the known genetic stability of the virus during prolonged cell culture and mouse brain passage, these findings support the candidacy of this experimental vaccine as a novel live-attenuated viral vaccine against Japanese encephalitis.
Role of Hck in the Pathogenesis of Encephalomyocarditis Virus-Induced Diabetes in Mice
Authors: Choi K. S. , Jun H. S. , Kim H. N. , Park H. J. , Eom Y. W. , Noh H. L. , Kwon H. , Kim H. M. , Yoon J. W. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTSoluble mediators such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) produced from activated macrophages play an important role in the destruction of pancreatic β cells in mice infected with a low dose of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC-D) virus. The tyrosine kinase signaling pathway was shown to be involved in EMC-D virus-induced activation of macrophages. This investigation was initiated to determine whether the Src family of kinases plays a role in the activation of macrophages, subsequently resulting in the destruction of β cells, in mice infected with a low dose of EMC-D virus. We examined the activation of p59/p56Hck, p55Fgr, and p56/p53Lynin macrophages from DBA/2 mice infected with the virus. We found that p59/p56Hckshowed a marked increase in both autophosphorylation and kinase activity at 48 h after infection, whereas p55Fgrand p56/p53Lyndid not. The p59/p56Hckactivity was closely correlated with the tyrosine phosphorylation level of Vav. Treatment of EMC-D virus-infected mice with the Src kinase inhibitor, PP2, resulted in the inhibition of p59/p56Hckactivity and almost complete inhibition of the production of TNF-α and iNOS in macrophages and the subsequent prevention of diabetes in mice. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that the Src kinase, p59/p56Hck, plays an important role in the activation of macrophages and the subsequent production of TNF-α and nitric oxide, leading to the destruction of pancreatic β cells, which results in the development of diabetes in mice infected with a low dose of EMC-D virus.
Genetic Analysis of
cis
Regulatory Elements within the 5′ Region of the Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Upstream Regulatory Region during Different Stages of the Viral Life Cycle
Authors: Sen Ellora , Bromberg-White Jennifer L. , Meyers Craig 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The function of the 5′ region of the upstream regulatory region (URR) in regulating E6/E7 expression in cancer-associated papillomaviruses has been largely uncharacterized. In this study we used linker-scanning mutational analysis to identify potential
cis
regulatory elements contained within a portion of the 5′ region of the URR that are involved in regulating transcription of the E6/E7 promoter at different stages of the viral life cycle. The mutational analysis illustrated differences in the transcriptional utilization of specific regions of the URR depending on the stage of the viral life cycle. This study identified (i) viral
cis
elements that regulate transcription in the presence and absence of any viral gene products or viral DNA replication, (ii) the role of host tissue differentiation in viral transcriptional regulation, and (iii)
cis
regulatory regions that are effected by induction of the protein kinase C pathway. Our studies have provided an extensive map of functional elements in the 5′ region (nuncleotides 7259 to 7510) of the human papillomavirus type 31 URR that are involved in the regulation of p99 promoter activity at different stages of the viral life cycle.
Regulation of DNA-Raised Immune Responses by Cotransfected Interferon Regulatory Factors
Authors: Sasaki Shin , Amara Rama Rao , Yeow Wen-Shuz , Pitha Paula M. , Robinson Harriet L. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTInterferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), IRF-3, and IRF-7 have been tested as genetic adjuvants for influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein vaccine DNAs. Cotransfection of HA with IRF-3 and IRF-7 increased CD4 T-cell responses by 2- to 4-fold and CD8 T-cell responses by more than 10-fold. Following intramuscular deliveries of DNA, both CD4 and CD8 T cells were biased towards type 1 immune responses and the production of gamma interferon. Following gene gun bombardments of DNA, both were biased towards type 2 immune responses and the production of interleukin-4. The biases of the T-cell responses towards type 1 or type 2 were stronger for immunizations with IRF-3 as an adjuvant than for immunizations with IRF-7 as an adjuvant. Moderate adjuvant effects for antibody were observed. The isotypes of the antibody responses reflected the method of DNA delivery; intramuscular deliveries of DNA predominantly raised immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a), whereas gene gun deliveries of DNA predominantly raised IgG1. These biases were enhanced by the codelivered IRFs. Overall, under the conditions of our experiments, IRF-3 had good activity for T cells, IRF-7 had good activity for both antibody and T cells, and IRF-1 had good activity for antibody.
Construction and Characterization of a Replication-Competent Retroviral Shuttle Vector Plasmid
Authors: Oh Jangsuk , Julias John G. , Ferris Andrea L. , Hughes Stephen H. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

We constructed two versions of an RCASBP-based retroviral shuttle vector, RSVP (RCASBP shuttle vector plasmid), containing either the zeocin or blasticidin resistance gene. In this vector, the drug resistance gene is expressed in avian cells from the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, whereas in bacteria the resistance gene is expressed from a bacterial promoter. The vector contains a bacterial origin of replication (ColE1) to allow circular viral DNA to replicate as a plasmid in bacteria. The vector also contains the
lac
operator sequence, which binds to the
lac
repressor protein, providing a simple and rapid way to purify the vector DNA. The RSVP plasmid contains the following sequence starting with the 5" end: LTR,
gag
,
pol
,
env
, drug resistance gene,
lac
operator, ColE1, LTR. After this plasmid was transfected into DF-1 cells, we were able to rescue the circularized unintegrated viral DNA from RSVP simply by transforming the Hirt DNA into
Escherichia coli.
Furthermore, we were able to rescue the integrated provirus. DNA from infected cells was digested with an appropriate restriction enzyme (
Cla
I) and the vector-containing segments were enriched using
lac
repressor protein and then self-ligated. These enriched fractions were used to transform
E. coli
. The transformation was successful and we did recover integration sites, but higher-efficiency rescue was obtained with electroporation. The vector is relatively stable upon passage in avian cells. Southern blot analyses of genomic DNAs derived from successive viral passages under nonselective conditions showed that the cassette (drug resistance gene-
lac
operator-ColE1) insert was present in the vector up to the third viral passage for both resistance genes, which suggests that the RSVP vectors are stable for approximately three viral passages. Together, these results showed that RSVP vectors are useful tools for cloning unintegrated or integrated viral DNAs.
Differential Expression of Viral Bcl-2 Encoded by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Human Bcl-2 in Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells and Kaposi's Sarcoma Lesions
Authors: Widmer Isabelle , Wernli Marion , Bachmann Felix , Gudat Fred , Cathomas Gieri , Erb Peter 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Expression of human herpesvirus 8 viral Bcl-2 protein was demonstrated in spindle cells of late-stage Kaposi's sarcoma lesions but not in primary effusion lymphoma cell lines. In contrast, strong expression of human Bcl-2 was found in stimulated primary effusion lymphoma cells, whereas in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions preferential mononuclear cells, and to a lesser extent spindle cells, stained positive.
No evidence of persistent mumps virus infection in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Iizuka M , Saito H , Yukawa M , Itou H , Shirasaka T , Chiba M , Fukushima T , Watanabe S 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND AND AIMThere is controversy regarding whether paramyxovirus infection is causally associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The latest cohort study claimed that atypical measles and mumps infections in childhood may be risk factors for later IBD. This study was conducted to clarify the validity of a causal link between persistent mumps virus infection and IBD.SUBJECTS AND METHODS(1) Amplification of the mumps virus genome was performed in both intestinal specimens (ulcerative colitis 15, Crohn's disease 15, control 10) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) (ulcerative colitis seven, Crohn's disease six, control three) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by Southern hybridisation using primers specific to the viral genome encoding phosphoprotein or haemagglutinin-neuraminidase. (2) Titre of serum antimumps IgG was measured in 16 patients with ulcerative colitis, in 16 patients with Crohn's disease, and in 16 normal controls using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS(1) The mumps virus genome was not detected by RT-PCR in intestinal specimens or PBL in any case. (2) Antimumps IgG titre was positive in 7/16 ulcerative colitis, 10/16 Crohn's disease, and 11/16 control specimens. The mean (SEM) titre of antimumps IgG was 12.281 (7.831) in ulcerative colitis, 7.675 (1.608) in Crohn's disease, and 8.637 (1.969) in controls, with no significant difference between the three groups.CONCLUSIONWe could not find any evidence to support a causal link between persistent mumps virus infection and IBD.
Prevalence of mental illness in a rehabilitation unit for older adults
Authors: Shah D C , Evans M , King D 
Published: July 2002

Summary
The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was studied in 78 elderly people in a rehabilitation unit for older adults. The patients were assessed using the Evans Liverpool depression rating scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale and Mini-Mental State Examination. Twenty-eight (35.9%) patients were found to be depressed, 15 of these also had raised anxiety. Thirty-one (41.0%) patients had significant cognitive impairment and 14 of these had associated depression. Only 33 (42%) had no evidence of either cognitive impairment or mood disorder. On discharge, 20 (25.6%) patients were on antidepressant treatment but only 50% of those had this diagnosis recorded on the discharge summary. Our results showed higher prevalence of depression in this situation compared with the reported prevalence of 20–30% in the acute hospital setting. We recommend that all patients undergoing rehabilitation should be routinely screened for depression as it is common and treatment will improve the overall outcome.
Causes of anorexia in untreated hyperthyroidism: a prospective study
Authors: Dai Wei-Xin , Meng Xun-Wu 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeventeen consecutive patients (mean (SD) 46 (11) years) with untreated hyperthyroidism and anorexia and 29 patients (35 (9) years) with untreated hyperthyroidism without anorexia were studied. The study was conducted at the thyroid clinic of the PUMC Hospital, Beijing, China from March to August 1997. The patients' ages, serum free calcium, liver function and emotional state, specifically the level of anxiety (using the self anxiety scale, Chinese version), were compared before and/or after antithyroid drug treatment in the two groups. This prospective study suggested that the causes of anorexia in untreated hyperthyroidism are complicated. Older age, abnormal liver function, and the level of anxiety are significantly related to anorexia in untreated hyperthyroidism, but hypercalcaemia was not confirmed to be related to anorexia in the study.
TOPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF CHAOS IN DISCRETE-TIME NEURAL NETWORKS WITH GENERALIZED INPUT–OUTPUT FUNCTION
Authors: WANG JINLIANG , JING ZHUJUN 
Published: July 2002

By analogue of [Chen & Aihara, 1995, 1997, 1999], we theoretically investigate the topologically chaotic structure, attracting set and global searching ability of discrete-time recurrent neural networks with the form of [Formula: see text] where the input–output function is defined as a generalized sigmoid function, such as vi= tanh (μiui), [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], etc. We first derive sufficient conditions of existence for a fixed point, and then prove that this fixed point eventually evolves into a snap-back repeller which generates chaotic structure when certain conditions are satisfied. Furthermore we prove that there exists an attracting set which includes not only the homoclinic orbit but also the globally unstable set of fixed points, thereby ensuring the neural networks to have global searching ability.Numerical simulations are also provided to demonstrate the theoretical results. The results indicated in this paper can be viewed as an extension of the works of [Chen & Aihara, 1997, 1999] and others [Gopalsamy & He, 1994; Wang & Smith, 1998].
A COMPARISON OF SILICONE REPLACEMENT AND TENDON ARTHROPLASTY FOR BASAL THUMB ARTHRITIS
Authors: Cumming W. J. , Parker G. A. 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a retrospective review of 39 patients having 52 procedures for first carpometacarpal joint arthritis. Swanson silicone replacement arthroplasty is compared with tendon suspension arthroplasty. There were 34 silicone replacement arthroplasties with an average follow-up of 8.9 years, and 18 suspension arthroplasties with an average follow-up of 6.1 years.There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. We continue to use silicone for first carpometacarpal joint replacement in elderly patients with low demands.
SALMONELLASPONDYLITIS IN NON-SICKLE CELL PATIENTS
Authors: CHEN PO-QUANG , YANG SHU-HUA , YEN CHANG-CHOU , CHEN WEN-JER , SHIH TIFFANY T. F. 
Published: July 2002

This article was a retrospective study of Salmonella spondylitis in seven non-sickle cell anemic patients. The objective of this study was to clarify the clinical manifestations of spinal infection by Salmonella, and to select the proper method of treatment. Comparison with the reported 25 cases in the literature was also attempted.The clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory data, bony images, treatment modalities and outcomes were documented, and compared with the 25 cases in the English literatures. The patients all suffered from insidious onset of low back pain, with progressive increasing intensity. Leucocytosis (>9000) and body temperature elevation (>37°C) were noted in four cases. Positive cultures were mainly obtained from blood (5 cases) and surgical specimens (one case) before treatment. One patient also had positive culture in the stool and urine. Six patients underwent surgical debridement of the infected foci, while one patient received antibiotic treatment only. The outcome was good in the uncomplicated cases. One patient with concurrent aortic aneurysm died of sepsis. We stress that Salmonella infection can be found in the apparently healthy persons. In the endemic region, high suspicion is needed. Surgical debridement, bone grafting and two months of antibiotic treatment are recommended.
FISH WARS ON THE HIGH SEAS: A STRADDLING STOCK COMPETITION MODEL
Authors: MCKELVEY ROBERT W. , SANDAL LEIF K. , STEINSHAMN STEIN I. 
Published: July 2002

The post-World War II era saw the development of powerful self-contained fishing fleets, so-called distant-water fleets (DWFs), which roamed the world's oceans, seeking out rich harvesting targets and practicing pulse fishing. With the creation in the 1980s of coastal states' extended economic zones (EEZs), to manage fisheries out to 200 miles from the shore, it was hoped that the DWFs would close down. But the ranges of many important commercial fish stocks straddle the boundaries of several EEZs, and continue out into international waters. Thus, the consequence of creating the EEZs has been to encourage development of coastal countries' national fleets, while the DWFs continue to harvest in international waters. Here, we model the fish war between a DWF and a regionally-based coalition of coastal states, operating out of their EEZs. The outcome is again a pulse fishery, but one which may be even more destructive than was the former situation, when the DWF was unopposed. Finally we point out the relevance of the fish war model to the issue of creating effective multinational Regional Fisheries Management Organisations — a necessary step for achieving sustainable benefit from the harvest of the regional seas.
ACTION FOR SUSTAINABILITY: NORTHWEST ENGLAND'S TOOL FOR REGIONAL STRATEGIC SUSTAINABILITY APPRAISAL
Authors: JAMES PHILIP , DONALDSON STUART 
Published: July 2002

A requirement of the UK Government's strategy for sustainable development, published in 1999, was that all English regions would produce a sustainability framework by the end of 2000. In the Northwest, the framework has been produced under the title Action for Sustainability. The framework is addressed at a wide audience of strategists and key decision-makers, including elected members and those in the public, private and voluntary sectors. One of the framework's main uses is to be a tool for regional sustainability appraisal. The work undertaken to produce the framework is described by one of those involved in the process. The published framework is evaluated using current concepts of sustainable development. The way in which the framework is already beginning to influence development in the Northwest is illustrated by two case studies involving appraisals of the Regional Planning Guidance and applications for funding from the Single Regeneration Budget.
A locking protocol for resource coordination in distributed databases
Authors: Menasce Daniel A. , Popek Gerald J. , Muntz Richard R. 
Published: July 2002

A locking protocol to coordinate access to a distributed database and to maintain system consistency throughout normal and abnormal conditions is presented. The proposed protocol is robust in the face of crashes of any participating site, as well as communication failures. Recovery from any number of failures during normal operation or any of the recovery stages is supported. Recovery is done in such a way that maximum forward progress is achieved by the recovery procedures. Integration of virtually any locking discipline including predicate lock methods is permitted by this protocol. The locking algorithm operates, and operates correctly, when the network is partitioned, either intentionally or by failure of communication lines. Each partition is able to continue with work local to it, and operation merges gracefully when the partitions are reconnected.
A subroutine of the protocol, that assures reliable communication among sites, is shown to have better performance than two-phase commit methods. For many topologies of interest, the delay introduced by the overall protocol is not a direct function of the size of the network. The communications cost is shown to grow in a relatively slow, linear fashion with the number of sites participating in the transaction. An informal proof of the correctness of the algorithm is also presented in this paper.
The algorithm has as its core a centralized locking protocol with distributed recovery procedures. A centralized controller with local appendages at each site coordinates all resource control, with requests initiated by application programs at any site. However, no site experiences undue load. Recovery is broken down into three disjoint mechanisms: for single node recovery, merge of partitions, and reconstruction of the centralized controller and tables. The disjointness of the mechanisms contributes to comprehensibility and ease of proof.
The paper concludes with a proposal for an extension aimed at optimizing operation of the algorithm to adapt to highly skewed distributions of activity. The extension applies nicely to interconnected computer networks.
Indexing large metric spaces for similarity search queries
Authors: Bozkaya Tolga , Ozsoyoglu Meral 
Published: July 2002

One of the common queries in many database applications is finding approximate matches to a given query item from a collection of data items. For example, given an image database, one may want to retrieve all images that are similar to a given query image. Distance-based index structures are proposed for applications where the distance computations between objects of the data domain are expensive (such as high-dimensional data) and the distance function is metric. In this paper we consider using distance-based index structures for similarity queries on large metric spaces. We elaborate on the approach that uses reference points (vantage points) to partition the data space into spherical shell-like regions in a hierarchical manner. We introduce the multivantage point tree structure (mvp-tree) that uses more than one vantage point to partiton the space into spherical cuts at each level. In answering similarity-based queries, the mvp-tree also utilizes the precomputed (at construction time) distances between the data points and the vantage points.
We summarize the experiments comparing mvp-trees to vp-trees that have a similar partitioning strategy, but use only one vantage point at each level and do not make use of the precomputed distances. Empirical studies show that the mvp-tree outperforms the vp-tree by 20% to 80% for varying query ranges and different distance distributions. Next, we generalize the idea of using multiple vantage points and discuss the results of experiments we have made to see how varying the number of vantage points in a node affects affects performance and how much is gained in performance by making use of precomputed distances. The results show that, after all, it may be best to use a large number of vantage points in an internal node in order to end up with a single directory node and keep as many of the precomputed distances as possible to provide more efficient filtering during search operations. Finally, we provide some experimental results that compare mvp-trees with M-trees, which is a dynamic distance-based index structure for metric domains.