bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dutch Respelling Rules for English and German Medical Word Lists
Authors: Offerhaus G. J. A. , Tersmette A. C. , Hershey Johanna , Polacsek R. A. , Moore G. W. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryComputer translation programs for foreign language texts have recently become available commercially and in the public domain, but large medical lexicons for these programs are not readily available. It has been shown that many English words can be “respelled” to form their corresponding translations in other Western European languages. We have used lists of 139,451 English and 185,137 German medical terms to generate respeliings in the Dutch language. The English list yielded 39,035 Dutch respeliings, and the German list yielded 56,683 respeliings. Medical respelling rules can substantially lower the effort of installing and maintaining a medically oriented computer translation program.
Self-Learning for a. Bayesian Knowledge Base: How Long Does It Take for the Machine to Educate Itself?
Authors: Chard T. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA model system has been described which generates “cases” of vaginal discharge. The system was used to define a knowledge base for the application of Bayes’ theorem to the diagnosis of individual cases; this simulation is equivalent to self-learning in an expert system. By using different numbers of cases to define the knowledge base, it was possible to estimate the minimum size of knowledge base required for consistent and accurate diagnosis. The minimum size was found to vary according to the aspect of diagnosis examined. Thus, for overall correct diagnoses at least 200 cases were required, while failure to identify “non-specific” cases was eliminated with only 20 cases in the knowledge base. A simulation of this type is of potential practical value in determining the number of cases required in the knowledge base for a Bayesian system.
Influence of Sampling Variation and Analytical Errors on the Performance of the Multivariate Reference Region
Authors: Linnet K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe effects of sampling variation, of deviations from normality of data distributions, and of analytical errors on the performance of the parametric multivariate 0.95 reference region are studied. The standard error of the proportion being included in the region is similar to that of the univariate interval, i.e. 0.016 for N = 100. Deviations from normality cause a moderate decrease of the proportion included in the region.The region is very sensitive to an increase of the analytical imprecision occurring after the region has been established. E.g., for a dimension of 20, an increase of the total standard deviation of each analyte distribution by a factor of 1.25 decreases the included proportion from 0.95 to 0.54. Analytical inaccuracy may have a strong impact when the variables are correlated. In conclusion, stable analytical methods and efficient quality control systems are important to ensure a reasonable performance of a multivariate reference region.
The Relationship Between the MAXABS and the RMS Error
Authors: van Oosterom A. , Uijen G. J. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryResults from mathematical statistics are applied to the analysis of the ratio R between the element having the highest magnitude MAXABS in a sample of size η taken from a Gaussian distribution and the standard deviation RMS of the same sample. Numerically computed . probability density functions of MAXABS are shown for several values of n. For large values of η these density functions are compared with analytical expressions for their asymptotic equivalents. The expectation and variance of MAXABS and RMS are derived and tabulated for different values of n.These results are applied to the analysis of the residual error resulting from an orthogonal expansion of recorded body surface potentials.
A Strategy for Analysing Multiple Risk Factors with Application to Cervical Pain Syndrome
Authors: Dartigues J. F. , Peytour Ph. , Puymirat E. , Henry P. , Gagnon M. , Commenges D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:When studying the possible effects of several factors in a given disease, two major problems arise: (1) confounding, and (2) multiplicity of tests. Frequently, in order to cope with the problem of confounding factors, models with multiple explanatory variables are used. However, the correlation structure of the variables may be such that the corresponding tests have low power: in its extreme form this situation is coined by the term “multicollinearity”. As the problem of multiplicity is still relevant in these models, the interpretation of results is, in most cases, very hazardous. We propose a strategy - based on a tree structure of the variables - which provides a guide to the interpretation and controls the risk of erroneously rejecting null hypotheses. The strategy was applied to a study of cervical pain syndrome involving 990 subjects and 17 variables. Age, sex, head trauma, posture at work and psychological status were all found to be important risk factors.
Place of Occurrence of Injury Events in New Zealand Compared with the Available ICD Codes
Authors: Langley John D. , Chalmers David J. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The distribution of the place of occurrence of selected injury events in New Zealand was compared with the allocation of place of occurrence codes in the International Classification of Disease (ICD). National injury mortality and morbidity data for 1984 were upgraded to provide more specific information on the location of injury events than is allowed by the ICD codes. This highlighted a number of shortcomings in the ICD codes. For example, whereas only 0.1% of the injury morbidity occurred in a mine or quarry, 57 times that amount occurred on a rugby league ground. Despite this, mines and quarries have a unique code and rugby grounds are included under the general code “place for recreation and sport”. Several modifications to existing codes are proposed. The lack of mutually exclusive categories, the confusion of activity with place of occurrence, and restrictions in the recommended use of the codes are discussed.
Ein Datenerfassungsbogen für die Leistungsmedizin
Authors: HÜLLEMANN K.-D. , BRINKHUS H. , STAHLHEBER R. 
Published: March 2018

Der EDV-gerechte Erhebungsbogen des Labors »Klinische Physiologie« der Universität Heidelberg dient der Erfassung aller routinemäßig anfallenden spirographischen Daten, die entweder im Zusammenhang mit ergometrischen Untersuchungen bei Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder bei Hochleistungssportlern erhoben werden. Er ergänzt als Teil D den früher in dieser Zeitschrift [3] beschriebenen 8seitigen Bogen mit den Teilen A, B und C. Optisch hebt er sich durch seine grüne Farbe ab.Der lseitige »Ärztliche Formbericht« über die leistungs-medizinischen Untersuchungen dient einem beschleunigten Informationsfluß zwischen den Ärzten der Untersuchungsstelle und anderen Kollegen. Das Verfahren der Meßwertgewinnung bei Herzinfarktpatienten und Hochleistungssportlern ist unterschiedlich; durch Stempeleindruck läßt sich der Formbericht entsprechend modifizieren.
Der Response-Vortest, ein Teil der Planung epidemiologischer Untersuchungen
Authors: BROCK R. R. 
Published: March 2018

Die Aussagekraft von Ergebnissen epidemiologischer Studien ist weitgehend vom jeweiligen Response abhängig. Dieser ist bei Untersuchungen auf der Basis von Freiwilligkeit trotz großen Einsatzes der Untersucher häufig ungenügend. Um Anhaltspunkte für die generelle Teilnahmebereitschaft zu einer epidemiologischen Studie bereits vor ihrem Beginn zu gewinnen, schlägt Verfasser die Durchführung von Response-Vortests vor, aus denen sich zusätzlich Anhaltspunkte für die Intensität der einzusetzenden Werbung und die Größe der zu ziehenden Stichprobe ergeben. — In einem differenzierten Response-Vortest kann auch erfaßt werden, wer zur Teilnahme bereit ist und wer nicht. So ließen sich, falls notwendig, Hinweise für eine gezielte (!) Werbung zur Teilnahme und/oder eine Schichtung des Kollektivs gewinnen. Darüber hinaus kann man auch Anhaltspunkte für die Zusammensetzung des späteren Nonresponse erhalten, wodurch es möglich wird, mit kleineren Stichproben zu arbeiten.In einem Großbetrieb in Nordbaden wurde 1968/69 ein psychologisch begründeter differenzierter Response-Vortest durchgeführt. Dabei ließ sich feststellen, daß 85% der Befragten zur Teilnahme an epidemiologischen Untersuchungen bereit waren. Es zeigte sich aber, daß hier ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen gesunden Angestellten und Arbeitern bestand. Letztere waren zur Teilnahme weniger bereit. Mögliche Hintergründe dieses Verhaltens werden diskutiert, ebenfalls die Konsequenzen.
Ein Datenerfassungssystem für die Leistungsmedizin)
Authors: HÜLLEMANN K.-D. , GREULICH B. , LIST M. 
Published: March 2018

Unter dem Blickpunkt präventiver und rehabilitativer Kardiologie sowie der Sportmedizin wurde ein 10-seitiger Erhebungsbogen entwickelt, der alle routinemäßig anfallenden spiroergometrischen Daten erfaßt, ebenso Daten, die bei biotelemetrisdien Untersuchungen während der unstandardisierten Alltagssituation gewonnen werden. Die bei diesem Erhebungsbogen verwendeten Schlüssel für Spezialuntersuchungen, Sportarten und Medikamente werden vorgestellt.Die Dateiführung geschieht auf einem Direktzugriffspeicher (Platte) im index-sequentiellen Modus. Dieser Modus bietet die beste Möglichkeit, neué Daten ohne Umorganisation der bestehenden Datei logisch direkt an die richtige Stelle zu schieiben bzw. vorhandene Daten zu korrigieren. Vor der Auswertung, die sowohl nach personellen als auch nach sachlichen Gesichtspunkten möglich ist,, finden umfangreiche Fehlerprüfungen statt.
Imprecision of Laboratory Determinations and Diagnostic Accuracy: Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Lindbebo D. A. B. , Watson Fr. R. 
Published: March 2018

Recent studies suggest the determinations of clinical laboratories must be made more precise than at present. This paper presents a means of examining benefits of improvement in precision. To do this we use a mathematical model of the effect upon the diagnostic process of imprecision in measurements and the influence upon these two of Importance of Diagnosis and Prevalence of Disease. The interaction of these effects is grossly non-linear. There is therefore no proper intuitive answer to questions involving these matters. The effects can always, however, be calculated.Including a great many assumptions the modeling suggests that improvements in precision of any determination ought probably to be made in hospital rather than screening laboratories, unless Importance of Diagnosis is extremely high.
The Karolinska Hospital Information System
Authors: Mellner Ch. , Selajstder H. , Wolodakski J. 
Published: March 2018

The paper gives a report on the Karolinska Hospital Information System in three parts.In part I, the information problems in health care delivery are discussed and the approach to systems design at the Karolinska Hospital is reported, contrasted, with the traditional approach.In part II, the data base and the data processing system, named T1—J 5, are described.In part III, the applications of the data base and the data processing system are illustrated by a broad description of the contents and rise of the patient data base at the Karolinska Hospital.
Epidemiology and Health Statistics in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ebbing H. C. 
Published: March 2018

From 6 October to 8 December 1962 the writer of the present report visited medical authorities, universities, research institutes and statistics offices in Great Britain. The journey, which had been sponsored by the European Office of the World Health Organization, was carried out under the technical guidance of the British Ministry of Health. The General Register Office (GRO) for England and Wales welcomed the writer as a colleague and rendered assistance during his stay, while practical questions where handled by the British Council.Medical statistics are the concern of one General Register Office each for England and Wales, for Scotland, and for Northern Ireland. The Ministry of Health has a statistics division of its own.Medical statistics are conducted on a larger scale than in a number of other countries. The birth and death records are thoroughly evaluated from an anthropobiological angle. In addition to the statistics on physicians, nursing personnel and hospitals which are compiled in the United Kingdom there also exists a disease reporting system which inter aha includes morbidity statistics, too. A research project on the frequency of hereditary and congenital diseases is in preparation.The general interest in medical statistics and the value put on them are worthy of emphasis. Courses held for the medical officers of health provide for efficient statistical training. The scientific discipline, epidemiology and health statistics on the one hand and the possibilities of work and research in the field of official statistics on the other are judged in such a way that a number of aims which appear unattainable in Germany at the time being are regarded as natural prerequisites to an efficient health policy. It should be mentioned in this connexion that the recommendations of the World Health Organization and of the European Council have been based on the opportunities provided in the Anglo-Saxon countries.
Digital Computer Use in Medical Bibliography
Authors: Kent A. 
Published: March 2018

A brief review has been provided with regard to some approaches to information retrieval that are now under development in the United States. These developments are discussed in terms of the unit operations of documentation: acquisition; analysis (abstracting, indexing, classifying, extracting); terminology control; recording of results of analysis on searchable medium; storage of source documents; question analysis and development of search strategy;conductingofsearch;anddelivery of search results.At the present time efforts in this field are largely uncoordinated, with decisions on depth of analysis of documents and philosophy of coding system left largely to the desires and opinions of individuals or separate organizations.Two programs in medjcal documentation at Western Reserve University are discussed: one in communicable diseases; and the other in diabetes. Both programs involve the analysis of the literature in considerable detail, using roles and links, and the control of the meaning of terminology using the technique , of semantic factoring.
A Natural Language Information Retrieval System
Authors: Jacobs H. 
Published: March 2018

This paper describes a system for dealing with a certain kind of textual information. The system has been in operation for about one and a half years. It also indicates the nature of a new and greatly expanded system presently under development.The first system consists essentially of three parts, of which the most important is a thesaurus processor. The assumption is made that document content depends only on word content and that word relationships are defined by an hierarchical structure. The function of the thesaurus processor is to provide a simple language for developing and changing the thesaurus, whenever change is necessary. The remaining parts of the first system are a document processor for updating document files, and a search processor for batch requests which must scan the entire document file. Some statistics are given on performance of the system.The second system includes a thesaurus processor of expanded capability. It also includes a newly developed search language, which can be used to scan records for complex patterns of events. Input-output processing of records and of search results is left to the user of the system.
Biomedical Language and Format for Manual and Computer Applications
Authors: Gohdon B. L. 
Published: March 2018

The terms »dyspnea« and »breathlessness« have been used synonymously in describing shortness of breath of normal individuals, as following a lively sprint down the avenue. Coincidentally, the terms refer to the shortness of breath in pulmonary disease. In critical reporting, dyspnea should be limited to the designation of difficult breathing of emphysema and/or other chronic pulmonary diseases with evidence of impaired function.The importance of precise and specific medical terminology is described.
Enhancement of Clinical Predictive Ability by Computer Consultation)
Authors: Dannenberg A. L. , Shapiro A. R. , Fries J. F. 
Published: March 2018

Clinical predictive ability was assessed in 21 physicians and medical students. Each was provided a standard set of twenty case histories in random sequence and asked to predict tlje probability of five standard outcome events for each case. Predictions were scored against the actual known outcomes of the patients. For these same patients, computer predictions were derived from analysis of data bank experience of the most similar prior patients. Physicians and medical students were provided with the computer predictions after making their initial judgments and were allowed to make revised predictions incorporating this new information.Revised predictions after computer consultation were significantly (p < .05) improved from initial values. Computer predictions initially scored approximately midrange among specialty physicians. Groups of physicians scored better than single physicians. Subjects scoring less than the computer uniformly improved their predictive accuracy after computer consultation. All subjects receiving computer consultation information modified their predictive estimates toward those of the computer. Subsequent modification of computer procedures for selection of more similar patients improved computer predictive accuracy. Availability of prognostic information derived from computer data banks can modify physician behavior and, if accurate, can enhance prognostic accuracy of physicians.
Triceps Tendon Anatomic Repair Utilizing the “Suture Bridge” Technique
Authors: Edelman David , Ilyas Asif 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTriceps tendon ruptures are uncommon injuries, but they typically require surgical repair. Multiple primary repair techniques are available, including transosseous, suture anchor, and anatomic repairs. The technique described here, the “suture bridge” repair, provides an anatomic repair of the distal triceps tendon to its footprint. It has the potential advantages of increased load to failure, better footprint coverage, higher load resistance, and allows for early motion.
Assessment of Dorsal Subluxation in Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis
Authors: Miura Toshiki , Ando Maki , Tanaka Shinya , Uehara Kosuke 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Background Although dorsal subluxation is a typical finding for osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint, it is difficult to evaluate the subluxation after trapeziectomy and the significance of its surgical correction combined with trapeziectomy is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to evaluate dorsal subluxation without using landmarks on the trapezium.
Methods Thirty patients with thumb CMC arthritis and 13 normal patients were included in this study. Dorsal subluxation of the CMC joint was evaluated by measuring the distance between the volar tip of the thumb metacarpal base and dorsoradial border of the index metacarpal base (M1M2 overlap) on the X-ray true lateral view of the thumb as well as previously reported methods. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess inter- and intraobserver reliability for the measurement of M1M2 overlap by six examiners of different level of expertise. Dorsal subluxation was also evaluated after trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction.
Results There were almost perfect interobserver (ICC = 0.94) and intraobserver (ICC = 0.95 for an expert and 0.97 for a novice) reliabilities for the measurement of M1M2 overlap. There was a weak correlation between our method and previously reported methods. M1M2 overlap of the normal patients and the patients were 4.6 ± 1.2 mm and 2.3 ± 2.3 mm (mean ± SD), respectively. M1M2 overlap was corrected significantly after trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction.
Conclusion Dorsal subluxation of the thumb CMC joint could be evaluated by M1M2 overlap before and after trapeziectomy.
Crisis of Meaning and Medical Informatics Education: A Burden and/or a Relief?
Authors: Grémy F. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Starting with the quotation by Paul Ricoeur: Man needs love indeed; he needs justice still more; but most of all he needs meaning, this paper states that in this present situation medical education does not prepare students to deal with human needs, neither their own nor those of their patients. This is due to the almost exclusive devotion to hard sciences, contaminated by unscientific ideological drift, which tends to negate subjectivity and to suppress any significance of human destiny. Although medical informatics, by definition, eliminates meaning and knowledge, it can - if properly used as a complement and not as a competitor of human intelligence - help to renovate medical education, introduce true humanistic dimensions, and restore the element of human subjectivity.
Comments on the Use of the Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology
Authors: Graepel P. H. , Henson D. E. , Pratt A. W. 
Published: March 2018

Any discussion of the use of the Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP) requires comprehension of the principles of organization of SNOP.SNOP is a categorized nomenclature which lists »names« of elements and concepts of pathology. SNOP contains four lists of pathology names and concepts known as TOPOGRAPHY, MORPHOLO-GY, ETIOLOGY and FUNCTION. ‘Clearly, SNOP is not a diagnostic code or a coded medical terminology ; to use SNOP the user must specify the coding structure. Thus SNOP is a basis for building a medical data code. The advantage of a categorized nomenclature is that it is possible to construct a well-defined information space for medical data based on the semantic value of the data and apart from some predetermined numeric code where terms are assigned as a function of the number structure.Thus it has been possible to explore the automatic processing of pathology language data. An automatic encoding capability has been used at NIH to encode surgical pathology data. These encoded data were used to study the deficiencies of SNOP and to evaluate new structures for a truly categorized nomenclature of medicine.This new lexical structure can only be achieved if the pathologists waive traditional practices of assigning names to concepts of pathology and allow for new dimensions of medical ways of thinking which go beyond pure morphology.
Body Surface Laplacian Mapping of Bioelectrical Activity
Authors: Yu X. , Wu D. , Mehdi N. , He B. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:A method is described to process and interpret multi-channel bioelectrical signals. The bioelectrical signals were recorded noninvasively over the body surface of human subjects at 120 sites. The body surface Laplacian maps were then constructed from the multi-channel bioelectrical potential measurement. The method was evaluated by means of computer simulations, and applied to imaging cardiac electrical activity. The present investigation suggests body surface Laplacian mapping provides an important means in interpreting bioelectrical signals.