bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle-Vane Interaction Probability in Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Bojdo Nicholas , Ellis Matthew , Filippone Antonio , Jones Merren , Pawley Alison 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Engine durability tests are used by manufacturers to demonstrate engine life and minimum performance when subjected to doses of test dusts, often Arizona Road Dust. Grain size distributions are chosen to replicate what enters the engine; less attention is paid to other properties such as composition and shape. We demonstrate here the differences in the probability of interaction of a particle of a given particle Reynolds number on to a vane if particle shape, vane geometry, and flow Reynolds number are varied and discuss why the traditional definition of Stokes number is inadequate for predicting the likelihood of interaction in these flows. We develop a new generalized Stokes number for nozzle guide vanes and demonstrate its use through application to 2D sections of the General Electric E3 nozzle guide vane. The new Stokes number is used to develop a reduced-order probability curve to predict the interaction efficiency of spherical and nonspherical particles, independent of flow conditions and vane geometry. We show that assuming spherical particles instead of more realistic sphericity of 0.75 can lead to as much as 25% difference in the probability of interaction at Stokes numbers of around unity. Finally, we use a hypothetical size distribution to demonstrate the application of the model to predict the total mass fraction of dust interaction with a nozzle guide vane at design point conditions and highlight the potential difference in the accumulation factor between spherical and nonspherical particles.
Bridging the two fossil records: Paleontology’s “big data” future resides in museum collections
Authors: Allmon Warren D. , Dietl Gregory P. , Hendricks Jonathan R. , Ross Robert M. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
There are two fossil records: the physical fossil record, which consists of specimens, and the abstracted fossil record, which is made up of data derived from those specimens. Mseum collections are the conduit between these two fossil records. Over the past several decades, the abstracted fossil record has provided many important insights about the major features of life’s history, but it has relied mostly on limited types of data (primarily taxonomic occurrence data) derived from ultimately finite literature sources. In contrast, specimen collections and modern tools for digitizing information about them present an opportunity to transform paleobiology into a “big data” science. Digitally capturing non-traditional (e.g., paleoecological, taphonomic, geochemical, and morphological) data from millions of specimens in museum collections and then integrating them with other unique big data resources has the potential to lead to the most important paleontological discoveries of the twenty-first century.
What we know about the past record relied heavily on museum collections—the cumulation of centuries of investigation of the fossil record. The sample of past biodiversity will accumulate only with continued exploration of the fossil record … and restudy of existing collections….
—J. Sepkoski (1992, p. 80)
Museum Wormianum: Collecting and learning in seventeenth-century Denmark
Authors: Tarp Lisbet 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
During the first half of the seventeenth century, the Danish polyhistor, Ole Worm (1588–1654), established a collection in Copenhagen, the Museum Wormianum, consisting of minerals, plants, animals, and man-made objects. The collection attracted visitors and was renowned throughout Europe; however, Worm also used it as a site for teaching his university students. Even though Worm did not contribute significantly to the history of science with new discoveries, this article argues that he played a role in shaping an intellectual environment founded on international exchange in which discussions took place, methods were enhanced, and talents were supported. In this context, his museum had an important function as a site of attraction and exchange, anticipating social interaction and learning, even when Worm himself could not participate.
Different functions of learning and knowledge—Geology takes form: Museums in the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1848
Authors: Klemun Marianne 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Few institutions are as multifaceted and successful as museums. The three main objectives of the museum—collecting, researching, and teaching—always existed next to each other, but they were not necessarily equally weighted. They changed in the course of the history of the museum depending on location and concept. How different was the character of these institutions at the beginning of their existence, when many of them were newly established in the Habsburg Empire. In contrast to modern museums, which focus apart from preservation on exhibitions for a broader public, the concept of the museum of the Vormärz period (1815–1848) was based on different forms of teaching. In 1811, Archduke Johann founded the Joanneum, a universal museum (a museum that included objects from nature and culture as well as crafts) in the province of Styria as a state museum (Landesmuseum) for the region, which became the model for other institutions in the Habsburg provinces. It has been largely overlooked that this outstanding early museum, first and foremost, provided regular instructional lectures in botany and mineralogy and, in so doing, made natural history and earth sciences known to interested people. At a time when mineralogy was not taught at secondary schools and was rarely part of the university curriculum, scholars such as Friedrich Mohs, Matthias Anker, and Karl Haidinger filled this gap and gave lectures in these subjects at museums. This contribution examines the shift from mineralogy as a science of specimens to geognosy (geology) as a science of stratigraphy during the Vormärz period, and I will argue that museums played a pivotal role in this transition process.
The Rutgers Geology Museum: America’s first geology museum and the past 200 years of geoscience education
Authors: Neitzke-Adamo Lauren , Blandford A.J. , Criscione Julia , Olsson Richard K. , Gorder Erika 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
The Rutgers Geology Museum is America’s first geology museum. Rocks, fossils, and minerals had been collected into “cabinets of curiosities” since first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, and beginning in the late eighteenth century, many of these small personal cabinets were expanded, organized, and made available to the public at natural history and philosophical societies in Philadelphia and Boston. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, geology was widely recognized as an important new science that influenced the organization of collections on display at the growing number of colleges, academies, societies, lyceums, and museums that began popping up all over the United States, but it was not until 1872 that the first museum dedicated specifically to geology was built at Rutgers College. Rutgers University, known as Rutgers College until 1924, is itself one of the oldest colleges in America. Originally chartered as Queens College in the British colony of New Jersey in 1766, Rutgers, along with Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), University of Pennsylvania (1740), Columbia (1754), Princeton (1755), Brown (1764), and Dartmouth College (1769), was among the nine colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution.
Since its inception, the Rutgers Geology Museum’s primary mission has been to educate the public on natural history–related topics. How this was accomplished has varied greatly through the years and originated with the “cabinet” of minerals that was displayed to students, alumni, and professors in the days of Dr. Lewis Beck, the first geology professor at Rutgers College. Through the efforts of Dr. George Cook, professor and vice president of Rutgers College, Geology Hall was erected in 1872 as the permanent home for the collections, and the museum and its collections became the focal point of the natural history courses taught at the time. The many professors and curators who tended to the museum and its collections over the next half century helped shape and dictate the future of science and geology education at the university, and with the creation of the Department of Geology in 1931, the museum became a center of leading geologic research and the outlet to present the results to the community. Today, the museum strives to connect with the local K–12 and university communities to inspire the next generation of geoscientists to continue building upon the legacy that the many Rutgers University geologists worked so hard to build.
The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis: A history of leveraging field expeditions and lab work to enhance public engagement
Authors: Evans Dallas C. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Any child that has been to a museum, gone stomping through a creek, or gazed at the stars knows that science learning isn’t confined to a classroom.
Children are eager to explore the wonders of the natural world, and parents and teachers value the importance of science education—thus, The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis (TCMI) has collected science objects and conducted fieldwork since it was first established.
During the 1930s, museum staff members drove equipment-laden Model T cars on expeditions known as Prairie Treks. Indianapolis schoolchildren were given the chance to venture to the western United States and investigate the plants and wildlife of the region. Campers learned to identify birds and animals, pan for gold, make plaster casts of dinosaur footprints, and collect fossils and rocks to add to the museum’s collection.
The natural science collection at TCMI is composed of more than 10,000 unique objects that help foster both curiosity and enthusiasm for the sciences. Science is an intensely hands-on and investigative endeavor, and this is reflected in the scope and the use of the objects in the collection. Items related to zoology, botany, and geology provide core materials that are utilized throughout the museum in exhibits, programs, and interpretation.
TCMI is closing in on its 100-year history. Its unique mission, as the world’s largest children’s museum, helps it to provide public engagement with the geosciences. Today each year more than 1.2 million visitors can experience programs ranging from self-guided discovery to active participation with scientists and their current research. Thousands have joined dinosaur excavations in the rocks of the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota, prepped fossil materials in the Paleo Prep Lab, and even assisted in collection-based research.
Can real-time feedback improve the simulated infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance of basic life support and lay rescuers?
Authors: Kandasamy Jeyapal , Theobald Peter S , Maconochie Ian K , Jones Michael D 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundPerforming high-quality chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) requires achieving of a target depth, release force, rate and duty cycle.ObjectiveThis study evaluates whether ‘real time’ feedback could improve infant CPR performance in basic life support-trained (BLS) and lay rescuers. It also investigates whether delivering rescue breaths hinders performing high-quality chest compressions. Also, this study reports raw data from the two methods used to calculate duty cycle performance.MethodologyBLS (n=28) and lay (n=38) rescuers were randomly allocated to respective ‘feedback’ or ‘no-feedback’ groups, to perform two-thumb chest compressions on an instrumented infant manikin. Chest compression performance was then investigated across three compression algorithms (compression only; five rescue breaths then compression only; five rescue breaths then 15:2 compressions). Two different routes to calculate duty cycle were also investigated, due to conflicting instruction in the literature.ResultsNo-feedback BLS and lay groups demonstrated <3% compliance against each performance target. The feedback rescuers produced 20-fold and 10-fold increases in BLS and lay cohorts, respectively, achieving all targets concurrently in >60% and >25% of all chest compressions, across all three algorithms. Performing rescue breaths did not impede chest compression quality.ConclusionsA feedback system has great potential to improve infant CPR performance, especially in cohorts that have an underlying understanding of the technique. The addition of rescue breaths—a potential distraction—did not negatively influence chest compression quality. Duty cycle performance depended on the calculation method, meaning there is an urgent requirement to agree a single measure.
Intensive care use and mortality among patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Valley Thomas S , Iwashyna Theodore J , Cooke Colin R , Sinha Shashank S , Ryan Andrew M , Yeh Robert W , Nallamothu Brahmajee K 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of intensive care unit (ICU) admission on mortality among patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting1727 acute care hospitals in the United States.ParticipantsMedicare beneficiaries (aged 65 years or older) admitted with STEMI to either an ICU or a non-ICU unit (general/telemetry ward or intermediate care) between January 2014 and October 2015.Main outcome measure30 day mortality. An instrumental variable analysis was done to account for confounding, using as an instrument the additional distance that a patient with STEMI would need to travel beyond the closest hospital to arrive at a hospital in the top quarter of ICU admission rates for STEMI.ResultsThe analysis included 109 375 patients admitted to hospital with STEMI. Hospitals in the top quarter of ICU admission rates admitted 85% or more of STEMI patients to an ICU. Among patients who received ICU care dependent on their proximity to a hospital in the top quarter of ICU admission rates, ICU admission was associated with lower 30 day mortality than non-ICU admission (absolute decrease 6.1 (95% confidence interval −11.9 to −0.3) percentage points). In a separate analysis among patients with non-STEMI, a group for whom evidence suggests that routine ICU care does not improve outcomes, ICU admission was not associated with differences in mortality (absolute increase 1.3 (−0.9 to 3.4) percentage points).ConclusionsICU care for STEMI is associated with improved mortality among patients who could be treated in an ICU or non-ICU unit. An urgent need exists to identify which patients with STEMI benefit from ICU admission and what about ICU care is beneficial.
Evaluating the implementation and effectiveness of a multi-component intervention to reduce post-surgical opioid prescribing: study protocol of a mixed-methods design
Authors: Stulberg Jonah J , Schäfer Willemijn L A , Shallcross Meagan L , Lambert Bruce L , Huang Reiping , Holl Jane L , Bilimoria Karl Y , Johnson Julie K 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionOpioids prescribed after surgery accounted for 5% of the 191 million opioid prescriptions filled in 2017. Approximately 80% of the opioid pills prescribed by surgical care providers remain unused, leaving a substantial number of opioids available for non-medical use. We developed a multi-component intervention to address surgical providers’ role in the overprescribing of opioids. Our study will determine effective strategies for reducing post-surgical prescribing while ensuring adequate post-surgery patient-reported pain-related outcomes, and will assess implementation of the strategies.Methods and analysisThe Minimising Opioid Prescribing in Surgery study will implement a multi-component intervention, in an Illinois network of six hospitals (one academical, two large community and three small community hospitals), to decrease opioid analgesics prescribed after surgery. The multi-component intervention involves four domains: (1) patient expectation setting, (2) baseline assessment of opioid use, (3) perioperative pain control optimisation and (4) post-surgical opioid minimisation. Four surgical specialities (general, orthopaedics, urology and gynaecology) at the six hospitals will implement the intervention. A mixed-methods approach will be used to assess the implementation and effectiveness of the intervention. Data from the network’s enterprise data warehouse will be used to evaluate the intervention’s effect on post-surgical prescriptions and a survey will collect pain-related patient-reported outcomes. Intervention effectiveness will be determined using a triangulation design, mixed-methods approach with staggered speciality-specific implementation for contemporaneous control of opioid prescribing changes over time. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research will be used to evaluate the site-specific contextual factors and adaptations to achieve implementation at each site.Ethics and disseminationThe study aims to identify the most effective hospital-type and speciality-specific intervention bundles for rapid dissemination into our 56-hospital learning collaborative and in hospitals throughout the USA. All study activities have been approved by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board (ID STU00205053).
Monitoring work well-being, job confidence and care provided by care home staff using a self-report survey
Authors: Benson Tim , Sladen Joe , Done Jessamy , Bowman Clive 
Published: June 2019

Background and methodIn care homes, staff well-being, job confidence and opinion of the care provided to residents are central to morale and care quality. In this study, care home staff in the East Midlands region of England completed self-reported outcome and experience surveys in two rounds. Mean scores for each home are shown using a scale from 0 (all chose lowest option) to 100 (all chose highest option). High scores are good.ResultsIn round 1, 332 staff in 15 homes submitted responses; in round 2, 207 staff in 9 homes. Mean scores in round 1 and round 2 were similar, although those of some homes scores differed significantly, cancelling each other out. Overall, Work Wellbeing mean score was 83 (care home range 48–97), with worthwhileness (92) the highest ranked item and anxiety at work (78) the lowest. Job Confidence mean score was 84 (range 59–94), with able to manage the work (86) highest and involvement in decisions that affect staff (79) lowest. Care Provided mean score was 86 (range 59–97), with treat people kindly (91) highest and well organised (80) lowest. Homes rated as outstanding by the Care Quality Commission had higher scores on average than those rated good, which were higher than those rated as needing improvement.ConclusionsThis study has demonstrated the practicality of measuring staff views of their Work Wellbeing, Job Confidence and Care Provided in care homes. Rather than wait for adverse quality outcomes to be detected, this approach offers a way to track staff morale and declared capability over time.
Interplay of regional economic development, income, gender and type 2 diabetes: evidence from half a million Chinese
Authors: Tang Kun , Wang Hanyu , Liu Yuning , Tan Shi Hui 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundFollowing the rapid economic growth, there has been a strong disparity of regional development and personal income in China. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may be influenced by socioeconomic status at both the societal and individual levels. This study examines the associations of regional economic development, household income and gender on T2DM.MethodData from the baseline of a Chinese population-based study of approximately 500 000 adults from 10 areas were analysed. Clinically identified and screen-detected T2DM were examined. Regional economic development was indicated by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. A logistic regression-based method was used to calculate the adjusted prevalence.ResultThe prevalence of T2DM was significantly higher in medium GDP per capita areas for both males (7.04%, 95% CI 6.82% to 7.26%) and females (6.04%, 95% CI 5.86% to 6.22%) compared with areas of other levels of economic development. The different shapes of associations between household income and T2DM prevalence were observed in different GDP per capita areas. There were strong gender differences in terms of both the trend and strength of association between household income and T2DM prevalence.ConclusionsFindings from this study underscore the importance of economic conditions and gender difference on T2DM. It suggests that strategies for diabetes prevention should address social–economic differences besides a person-centred approach.
Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in adults with a Fontan circulation: are they safe
Authors: Yang Hayang , Veldtman Gruschen R , Bouma Berto J , Budts Werner , Niwa Koichiro , Meijboom Folkert , Scognamiglio Giancarlo , Egbe Alexander Chima , Schwerzmann Markus , Broberg Craig , Morissens Marielle , Buber Jonathan , Tsai Shane , Polyzois Ioannis , Post Martijn C , Greutmann Matthias , Van Dijk Arie , Mulder Barbara JM , Aboulhosn Jamil 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundIn Fontan patients with atrial arrhythmias (AA), non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants(NOACs) have a class III recommendation according to the Pediatric & Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) guideline in 2014, due to lack of data on outcomes as opposed to evidence of harm. To address this gap in data, we investigated the safety and efficacy of NOACs in adults with a Fontan circulation in a worldwide study.MethodsThis is an international multicentre prospective cohort study, using data from the NOTE (non-vitamin K antagonistoral anticoagulants forthromboembolic prevention in patients with congenital heart disease) registry. The study population comprised consecutive adults with a Fontan circulation using NOACs. Follow-up took place at 6 months and yearly thereafter. The primary endpoints were thromboembolism and major bleeding. Secondary endpoint was minor bleeding.ResultsFrom April 2014 onward, 74 patients (mean age 32±10 years (range 18–68), 54% male) with a Fontan circulation using NOACs were included. During a median follow-up of 1.2 (IQR 0.8–2.0) years, three thromboembolic events (2.9 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0.7 to 7.6)) and three major bleedings (2.9 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0.7 to 7.6)) occurred in five atriopulmonary Fontan and one total cavopulmonary connection Fontan patients with AA. Fifteen patients experienced minor bleeding episodes (15.8 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 9.1 to 25.2)). In patients (n=37) using vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) prior to the initiation of NOAC, annual incidence of historical thromboembolic events and major bleeding were 2.4% (95% CI 0.4% to 7.4%) (n = 2) and 1.2% (95% CI 0.7% to 5.1%) (n = 1), respectively.ConclusionsIn this review of the largest Fontan cohort using NOACs with prospective follow-up, NOACs appear to be well tolerated and their efficacy and safety during short-term follow-up seem comparable to VKAs. Longer term data are required to confirm these promising short-term results.