bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polygenic Risk Scores for Psychiatric Disorders Reveal Novel Clues About the Genetics of Disordered Gambling
Authors: Piasecki Thomas M. , Gizer Ian R. , Slutske Wendy S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDisordered gambling (DG) is a rare but serious condition that results in considerable financial and interpersonal harms. Twin studies indicate that DG is heritable but are silent with respect to specific genes or pathways involved. Existing genomewide association studies (GWAS) of DG have been substantially underpowered. Larger GWAS of other psychiatric disorders now permit calculation of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) that reflect the aggregated effects of common genetic variants contributing risk for the target condition. The current study investigated whether gambling and DG are associated with PRSs for four psychiatric conditions found to be comorbid with DG in epidemiologic surveys: major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Genotype data and survey responses were analyzed from the Wave IV assessment (conducted in 2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a representative sample of adolescents recruited in 1994–1995 and followed into adulthood. Among participants classified as having European ancestry based on genetic analysis (N= 5215), 78.4% reported ever having gambled, and 1.3% reported lifetime DG. Polygenic risk for BD was associated with decreased odds of lifetime gambling,OR= 0.93 [0.87, 0.99],p= .045, pseudo-R2(%) = .12. The SCZ PRS was associated with increased odds of DG,OR= 1.54 [1.07, 2.21],p= .02, pseudo-R2(%) = .85. Polygenic risk scores for MDD and ADHD were not related to either gambling outcome. Investigating features common to both SCZ and DG might generate valuable clues about the genetically influenced liabilities to DG.
A Numerical Investigation on the Variation of Sodium Ion and Observed Thermospheric Sodium Layer at Cerro Pachón, Chile During Equinox
Authors: Cai Xuguang , Yuan Tao , Eccles J. Vincent , Pedatella N. M. , Xi Xiaoqi , Ban Chao , Liu Alan Z. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe extension of the neutral sodium (Na) layer into the thermosphere (up to 170 km) has recently been observed at low and high latitudes using a Na lidar. However, the geophysical mechanisms and implications of its formation are currently unknown. In this study, we conduct an advanced two‐dimensional numerical simulation of the Na and Na+ variations in the E and F regions at low latitudes. The numerical simulations are used to investigate the contributions of the electromagnetic force, neutral wind, diffusion, and gravity. The simulations lead to three major findings. First, Na+ in the subtropical region of the geomagnetic equator acts as the major reservoir of the neutral sodium, and its distribution during nighttime is mostly below 200 km due to the combined effect of the vertical component of the
drift and Coulomb‐induced drift. Second, we find that the fountain effect has little influence on the behavior of Na in the nighttime. Third, the probable explanation for the frequent generation of the thermospheric sodium layer during spring equinox at Cerro Pachón, Chile is attributed to the large vertical neutral transport generated by large vertical wind perturbations of unknown origin, with a magnitude exceeding 10 m/s that is closely associated with the semidiurnal tide.
Characteristic Time Scales of Decadal to Centennial Changes in Global Surface Temperatures Over the Past 150 Years
Authors: Le Mouël J. L. , Lopes F. , Courtillot V. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe apply singular spectral analysis (SSA) to series of monthly mean values of surface air temperatures T, International sunspot number (ISSN), and polar faculae PF (1850–2017 for T and ISSN). The efficiency of the SSA algorithm that we use has been regularly improved. For the T, ISSN, and PF series, the SSA eigenvalues and first components are shown with their Fourier spectrum. Components of T, ISSN, or PF share similar periods. Most are found in solar activity. The ~22‐ and ~11‐year components are modulated and drift in phase, reflecting slight differences in spectra. On the shorter‐period side, components at ~9, ~5.5, and ~4.7 years are in good agreement. They have been identified in solar activity. The 60‐year component is prominent in T. It is not immediately apparent in ISSN but can be extracted with an appropriate choice of SSA window. Other types of data allow one to explore longer periods and confirm climatic variations at ~60, ~35, and ~22 years and at 50–150 and 200–500 years. When we consider a longer ISSN series starting in 1700 and recalculate the SSA first component, the trends of solar activity and temperature over the time span from 1850 to 2017 are very similar, with slower rise before 1900 and after the late 1900s, separating a faster rise in much of the twentieth century. These trends, extracted over only 150 years, could be parts of longer, multicentennial changes in solar activity. Much of the variability of surface temperatures could be linked to the Sun.
A Global/Regional Integrated Model System‐Chemistry Climate Model: 1. Simulation Characteristics
Authors: Jeong Yong‐Cheol , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Lee Seungun , Park Rokjin J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study describes the simulation characteristics of a newly developed Global/Regional Integrated Model system‐Chemistry Climate Model (GRIMs‐CCM), which is listed in Chemistry Climate Model Initiative as a participating model. The GRIMs‐CCM was run using a standard set of forcings, and historical sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentration from the Hadley Centre were prescribed. The simulation results of GRIMs‐CCM were compared to the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data set 1. The GRIMs‐CCM satisfactorily simulated the climatological (1960–2010) atmospheric features and atmospheric teleconnections resulting from tropical sea surface temperature forcing. However, the GRIMs‐CCM also had some regional biases; for instance, particularly, the temperature bias over the Antarctic was noticeable. We further analyzed physical processes that caused such biases and the influence of coupled chemistry‐climate processes in the GRIMs‐CCM, which may provide further guidance to improve an earlier version of the GRIMs‐CCM and other climate‐chemistry models participating in the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative.
A 3‐D Model of Gas Generation, Migration, and Gas Hydrate Formation at a Young Convergent Margin (Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand)
Authors: Kroeger K. F. , Crutchley G. J. , Kellett R. , Barnes P. M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe present a three‐dimensional gas hydrate systems model of the southern Hikurangi subduction margin in eastern New Zealand. The model integrates thermal and microbial gas generation, migration, and hydrate formation. Modeling these processes has improved the understanding of factors controlling hydrate distribution. Three spatial trends of concentrated hydrate occurrence are predicted. The first trend (I) is aligned with the principal deformation front in the overriding Australian plate. Concentrated hydrate deposits are predicted at or near the apexes of anticlines and to be mainly sourced from focused migration and recycling of microbial gas generated beneath the hydrate stability zone. A second predicted trend (II) is related to deformation in the subducting Pacific plate associated with former Mesozoic subduction beneath Gondwana and the modern Pacific‐Australian plate boundary. This trend is enhanced by increased advection of thermogenic gas through permeable layers in the subducting plate and focused migration into the Neogene basin fill above Cretaceous‐Paleogene structures. The third trend (III) follows the northern margin of the Hikurangi Channel and is related to the presence of buried strata of the Hikurangi Channel system. The predicted trends are consistent with pronounced seismic reflection anomalies related to free gas in the pore space and strength of the bottom‐simulating reflection. However, only trend I is also associated with clear and widespread seismic indications of concentrated gas hydrate. Total predicted hydrate masses at the southern Hikurangi Margin are between 52,800 and 69,800 Mt. This equates to 3.4–4.5 Mt hydrate/km2, containing 6.33 × 108–8.38 × 108 m3/km2 of methane.
Intercolony δ18O and Sr/Ca variability among Porites spp. corals at Palmyra Atoll: Toward more robust coral‐based estimates of climate
Authors: Sayani Hussein R. , Cobb Kim M. , DeLong Kristine , Hitt Nicholas T. , Druffel Ellen R. M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuantitative estimates of natural climate variability are required to detect anthropogenic climate trends in the tropical Pacific; however, instrumental records from this region are too short and scarce. Coral oxygen isotopic (δ18O) and strontium to calcium (Sr/Ca) records are often used to extend instrumental observations; however, differences in the mean Sr/Ca and δ18O values of Porites spp. colonies from the same reef can introduce large uncertainties in coral‐based climate reconstructions. To quantify intercolony variability at Palmyra Atoll, we generate monthly resolved Sr/Ca and δ18O time series from five Porites spp. colonies that grew between 1980 and 2010. Monthly to interannual variability in Sr/Ca and δ18O is well‐reproduced among different colonies; however, we document intercolony offsets in mean Sr/Ca of ±0.09 mmol/mol (1σ) or ~1 °C, and in mean δ18O of ±0.12‰ (1σ) or ~0.1 °C. The sensitivity of each proxy to climate also varies across colonies, with Sr/Ca‐SST slopes ranging from −0.06 to −0.1 mmol mol−1 °C−1 and δ18O‐SST slopes ranging from −0.25 to −0.35‰ °C−1. Intercolony variability in both coral Sr/Ca and δ18O reduces the reproducibility of coral‐based δ18Osw reconstructions across overlapping colonies. Accounting for both intercolony variability and slope error suggests that SST reconstructions using Sr/Ca from a single Palmyra coral have an uncertainty of ±1.3 °C (1σ); however, replicating Sr/Ca records across multiple colonies can greatly reduce this uncertainty. A composite Sr/Ca record built using five modern cores, for example, offers a reduced error of ±0.6 °C (1σ) in mean SST reconstructions, ~2.5 times smaller than errors associated with reconstructions from single corals.
Thermal Evolution of Asymmetric Hyperextended Magma‐Poor Rift Systems: Results From Numerical Modeling and Pyrenean Field Observations
Authors: Lescoutre Rodolphe , Tugend Julie , Brune Sascha , Masini Emmanuel , Manatschal Gianreto 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe investigate the thermal and structural evolution of asymmetric rifted margin using numerical modeling and geological observations derived from the Western Pyrenees. Our numerical model provides a self‐consistent physical evolution of the top basement heat flow during asymmetric rifting. The model shows a pronounced thermal asymmetry that is caused by migration of the rift center toward the upper plate. The same process creates a diachronism for the record of maximum heat flow and maximum temperatures (Tmax) in basal rift sequences. The Mauléon‐Arzacq basin (W‐Pyrenees) corresponds to a former mid‐Cretaceous asymmetric hyperextended rift basin. New vitrinite reflectance data in addition to existing data sets from this basin reveal an asymmetry in the distribution of peak heat (Tmax) with respect to the rift shoulders, where highest values are located at the former upper‐ to lower‐plate transition. This data set from the Arzacq‐Mauléon field study confirms for the first time the thermal asymmetry predicted by numerical models. Numerical modeling results also suggest that complexities in synrift thermal architecture could arise when hanging‐wall‐derived extensional allochthons and related Tmax become part of the lower plate and are transported away from the upper‐ to lower‐plate transition. This study emphasizes the limitations of the common approach to integrate punctual thermal data from pre‐rift to synrift sedimentary sequences in order to describe the rift‐related thermal evolution and paleothermal gradients at the scale of a rift basin or a rifted margin.
Transient High Strain Rate During Localized Viscous Creep in the Dry Lower Continental Crust (Lofoten, Norway)
Authors: Campbell L. R. , Menegon L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the ability of the lower crust to support transient changes in stresses and strain rates during the earthquake cycle requires a detailed investigation of the deformation mechanisms and rheology of deep crustal fault rocks. Here, we show that lower crustal pseudotachylyte‐bearing shear zones are able to accommodate short‐term episodes of high strain rate and high stress deformation by accelerated viscous creep, followed by a reduction in stresses to some ambient deformation condition. Quartz microstructure within pseudotachylyte‐bearing shear zones in otherwise undeformed granulites from Lofoten, Norway, indicates that dynamic recrystallization occurred during viscous creep under rapid strain rates and high stresses of ~10−9 s−1 and ~100 MPa, respectively. Lower stress microstructures (i.e., foam textures) are also recorded in the shear zones, indicating spatial and temporal variations of stress and strain rate during deformation cycles. Both the high and lower stress quartz recrystallization took place under granulite facies conditions of 650°C–750°C and 0.7–0.8 GPa and represented a record of highly localized viscous creep within the lower crust. This implies that lower crustal pseudotachylytes are potentially able to form extremely localized weak zones within strong lower crust, enabling a deep mechanical response to perturbations in stress and strain rate such as those experienced during the seismic cycle, for example, seismogenic loading followed by subsequent postseismic relaxation.
Mapping the 3‐D Lithospheric Structure of the Greater Permian Basin in West Texas and Southeast New Mexico for Earthquake Monitoring
Authors: Huang Guo‐chin Dino , Savvaidis Alexandros , Walter Jacob I. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Greater Permian Basin is not only a complex tectonic regime, but it has also been and continues to be a productive oilfield where the seismicity rate in the basin has significantly increased since 2008. Since 2015, our understanding of the seismogenesis in the basin has increased owing to the establishment of a statewide seismic network known as TexNet for monitoring earthquake activities. A crucial component of improving the accuracy of the hypocentral location is an accurate velocity model that can better confirm the existing regional tectonic regime. We collected data from current TexNet operations and previously deployed seismic arrays and performed a joint local and teleseismic earthquake tomographic inversion, resulting in a three‐dimensional tomography model for earthquake monitoring. The preferred three‐dimensional tomography model includes a prominent feature at a depth range of 0–20 km, where distinct lower wave speed anomalies overlap with the surface trace of the Delaware Basin. These anomalies suggest a basin‐scale lithological difference from surrounding regions and corroborate basin characteristics. Findings also suggest that the Midland Basin may be more lithologically uniform than the Delaware Basin. A strong correlation exists between dense seismicity clusters and the obtained lower Vp/Vs ratios. Four significant clusters having Vp/Vs ratios ranging from 1.689 to 1.720 were identified. Using the Vp/Vs ratio as a proxy to evaluate the state of the pore‐fluid pressure, we think this spatial correlation suggests that the Greater Permian Basin currently comprises overpressurized fluid‐filled host rocks.
Assessing the Impact of Lead and Floe Sampling on Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Estimates from Envisat and CryoSat‐2
Authors: Tilling R. , Ridout A. , Shepherd A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMultidecadal observations of sea ice thickness, in addition to those available for extent, are key to understanding long‐term variations and trends in the amount of Arctic sea ice. The European Space Agency's Envisat (2002–2010) and CryoSat‐2 (2010–present) satellite radar altimeter missions provide a continuous 17‐year dataset with the potential to estimate sea ice thickness. However, the satellite footprints are not equal in area and so different distributions of floes and leads are sampled by each mission. Here, we compare lead and floe sampling from Envisat and CryoSat‐2 to investigate the impact of geometric sampling differences on Arctic sea ice thickness estimates. We find that Envisat preferentially samples wider, thicker sea ice floes, and that floes in less consolidated ice regions are effectively thickened by off‐nadir ranging to leads. Consequently, Envisat sea ice thicknesses that are an average of 80 cm higher than CryoSat‐2 over first‐year ice and 23 cm higher over multiyear ice. By considering the along‐track distances between lead and floe measurements, we are able to develop a sea ice thickness correction that is based on Envisat's inability to resolve discrete surfaces relative to CryoSat‐2. This is a novel, physically based approach to addressing the bias between the satellites and reduces the average thickness difference to negligible values over first‐year and multiyear ice. Finally, we evaluate our new bias‐corrected Envisat sea ice thickness product using independent airborne, moored‐buoy and submarine data. The European Space Agency's Envisat and CryoSat‐2 satellites have the potential to produce a continuous record of Arctic sea ice thickness since 2002, but this is complicated by the fact that the satellites do not sample the sea ice surface in the same way. We find that Envisat is only able to sample larger, thicker sea ice relative to CryoSat‐2, because of its poorer resolution. In this paper we account for these differences in sampling to combine Arctic sea ice thickness estimates from two the satellite missions. Applying a sea ice thickness bias correction to Envisat data reduces the ice thickness difference between Envisat and CryoSat‐2 from an average of 53.0 to 0.5 cm
The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 6 (WACCM6)
Authors: Gettelman A. , Mills M. J. , Kinnison D. E. , Garcia R. R. , Smith A. K. , Marsh D. R. , Tilmes S. , Vitt F. , Bardeen C. G. , McInerny J. , Liu H.‐L. , Solomon S. C. , Polvani L. M. , Emmons L. K. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Richter J. H. , Glanville A. S. , Bacmeister J. T. , Phillips A. S. , Neale R. B. , Simpson I. R. , DuVivier A. K. , Hodzic A. , Randel W. J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (WACCM6) is a major update of the whole atmosphere modeling capability in the Community Earth System Model (CESM), featuring enhanced physical, chemical and aerosol parameterizations. This work describes WACCM6 and some of the important features of the model. WACCM6 can reproduce many modes of variability and trends in the middle atmosphere, including the quasi‐biennial oscillation, stratospheric sudden warmings, and the evolution of Southern Hemisphere springtime ozone depletion over the twentieth century. WACCM6 can also reproduce the climate and temperature trends of the 20th century throughout the atmospheric column. The representation of the climate has improved in WACCM6, relative to WACCM4. In addition, there are improvements in high‐latitude climate variability at the surface and sea ice extent in WACCM6 over the lower top version of the model (CAM6) that comes from the extended vertical domain and expanded aerosol chemistry in WACCM6, highlighting the importance of the stratosphere and tropospheric chemistry for high‐latitude climate variability.
Pathological alteration and therapeutic implications of sepsis-induced immune cell apoptosis
Authors: Cao Chao , Yu Muming , Chai Yanfen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by dysregulated host response to infection that leads to uncontrolled inflammatory response followed by immunosuppression. However, despite the high mortality rate, no specific treatment modality or drugs with high efficacy is available for sepsis to date. Although improved treatment strategies have increased the survival rate during the initial state of excessive inflammatory response, recent trends in sepsis show that mortality occurs at a period of continuous immunosuppressive state in which patients succumb to secondary infections within a few weeks or months due to post-sepsis “immune paralysis.” Immune cell alteration induced by uncontrolled apoptosis has been considered a major cause of significant immunosuppression. Particularly, apoptosis of lymphocytes, including innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells, is associated with a higher risk of secondary infections and poor outcomes. Multiple postmortem studies have confirmed that sepsis-induced immune cell apoptosis occurs in all age groups, including neonates, pediatric, and adult patients, and it is considered to be a primary contributing factor to the immunosuppressive pathophysiology of sepsis. Therapeutic perspectives targeting apoptosis through various strategies could improve survival in sepsis. In this review article, we will focus on describing the major apoptosis process of immune cells with respect to physiologic and molecular mechanisms. Further, advances in apoptosis-targeted treatment modalities for sepsis will also be discussed.
Endothelial cell pyroptosis plays an important role in Kawasaki disease via HMGB1/RAGE/cathespin B signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Authors: Jia Chang , Zhang Jian , Chen Huanwen , Zhuge Yingzhi , Chen Huiqiao , Qian Fanyu , Zhou Kailiang , Niu Chao , Wang Fangyan , Qiu Huixian , Wang Zhenquan , Xiao Jian , Rong Xing , Chu Maoping 
Published: October 2019

AbstractKawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of pediatric cardiac disease in developed countries, and can lead to permanent coronary artery damage and long term sequelae such as coronary artery aneurysms. Given the prevalence and severity of KD, further research is warranted on its pathophysiology. It is known that endothelial cell damage and inflammation are two essential processes resulting in the coronary endothelial dysfunction in KD. However, detailed mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of pyroptosis in the setting of KD, and hypothesized that pyroptosis may play a central role in its pathophysiology. In vivo experiments of patients with KD demonstrated that serum levels of pyroptosis-related proteins, including ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMD and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), were significantly increased in KD compared with healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, western blot analysis showed that the expression of GSDMD and mature IL-1β was notably elevated in KD sera. In vitro, exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to KD sera-treated THP1 cells resulted in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent pyroptosis induction, as evidenced by elevated expression of caspase-1, GSDMD, cleaved p30 form of GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18, and increased LDH release and TUNEL and propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells. Furthermore, our results showed that NLRP3-dependent endothelial cell pyroptosis was activated by HMGB1/RAGE/cathepsin B signaling. These findings were also recapitulated in a mouse model of KD induced by Candida albicans cell wall extracts (CAWS). Together, our findings suggest that endothelial cell pyroptosis may play a significant role in coronary endothelial damage in KD, providing novel evidence that further elucidates its pathophysiology.