bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kegiatan Usaha PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia Pasca Lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pelayaran Dalam Perspektif Hukum Persaingan Usaha
Authors: Annas Muhammad 
Published: February 2018

Lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran telah memisahkan fungsi regulator dan operator dalam industri pelabuhan. Lahirnya Undang-Undang tersebut menyebabkan PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia hanya berwenang sebagai operator dan berubah status menjadi pelaku usaha biasa. Oleh karena itu Undang-Undang Pelayaran yang baru menjadikan hak monopoli PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia pada kegiatan usaha industri pelabuhan dihapuskan. Masalah muncul ketika perubahan Undang-Undang Pelayaran tidak diikuti dengan perubahan perilaku PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia yang masih seakan-akan memiliki hak monopoli dengan menjadikan dasar Surat Menteri Perhubungan Nomor HK 003/1/11Phb2011 tanggal 6 Mei 2011. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dasar yang digunakan oleh PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia tidaklah tepat dan bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999. Selain itu monopoli PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia tidak termasuk monopoli yang dikecualikan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999. Kata Kunci: Hukum Persaingan Usaha, Monopoli, PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia
α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the extracts and constituents of Ferulago blancheana, F. pachyloba and F. trachycarpa roots
Authors: Karakaya Songül , Özbek Hilal , Gözcü Sefa , Güvenalp Zühal , Yuca Hafize , Duman Hayri , Kazaz Cavit , Kiliç Ceyda Sibel 
Published: February 2018

<p>Eleven coumarins named osthole (1), imperatorin (2), bergapten (3), prantschimgin (4), grandivitinol (5), suberosin (6), xanthotoxin (7), felamidin (8), marmesin (9), umbelliferone (10), ulopterol (11), and a sterol mixture consisted of stigmasterol (12), β-sitosterol (13) were isolated from the roots of Ferulago blancheana, F. pachyloba and F. trachycarpa through in vitro bioassay-guided fractionation processes. The extracts and bioactive compounds were evaluated for their α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Among the tested compounds, felamidin and suberosin showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.4 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively, when compared to the reference standard acarbose (IC<sub>50</sub> = 4.9 mg/mL). Grandivitinol (IC<sub>50</sub> = 20.0 mg/mL) had the lowest inhibitory effect. On the other hand, none of the tested extracts were found to be active on α-amylase inhibition. This is the first report on isolation, characterization of the bioactive compounds and evaluation the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of these species.</p><p><strong>Video Clip of Methodology</strong>:</p><p>8 min 26 sec: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/x0gakPjgXmc">Full Screen</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0gakPjgXmc">Alternate</a></p><p> </p>
Increased healthcare utilisation among atopic children in a general practice database: a nested index-control study
Authors: Pols David HJ , Nielen Mark MJ , Bohnen Arthur M , Korevaar Joke C , Bindels Patrick JE 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundAtopic eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis (AR) create a serious burden on general practice resources.AimTo investigate the use of general practice resources (that is, consultation visits, telephone contacts, and home visits) in children with physician-diagnosed atopic disorders (ADs).Design & settingIn a nested index-control study design, all children (here defined as individuals aged 2–18 years) listed in a representative general practice database were selected in 2014.MethodChildren diagnosed with ADs were matched on age and sex with non-atopic controls within the same practice. For all the different groups, the number and frequency of children contacting the GP were calculated.ResultsOf the children with atopic eczema (n= 15 202), 80% consulted the GP in 2014 (controls = 67%). Of the children with asthma (n= 7754), 80% consulted the GP (controls = 65%), and for children with AR (n= 6710), this was 82% (controls = 66%). Of the children with all three ADs, 91% consulted the GP (controls = 68%). On average, a child with atopic eczema contacted the GP 2.8 times/year (controls = 1.9); for children with asthma, the contact frequency was 3.0 (controls = 1.9); and for AR, 3.2 (controls = 1.9). For children with all three ADs, the contact frequency was 4.3 (controls = 2.0). Consultations related to the ADs investigated only explain a smaller part of the increased healthcare utilisation in atopic children.ConclusionAtopic children use more general practice resources compared to non-atopic children, yet frequently for morbidity or other health-related questions not related to one of the ADs.
On the Role of Dissolved Gases in the Atmosphere Retention of Low-mass Low-density Planets
Authors: Chachan Yayaati , Stevenson David J. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Low-mass low-density planets discovered by Kepler in the super-Earth mass regime typically have large radii for their inferred masses, implying the presence of H2–He atmospheres. These planets are vulnerable to atmospheric mass loss due to heating by the parent star’s XUV flux. Models coupling atmospheric mass loss with thermal evolution predicted a bimodal distribution of planetary radii, which has gained observational support. However, a key component that has been ignored in previous studies is the dissolution of these gases into the molten core of rock and iron that constitute most of their mass. Such planets have high temperatures (>2000 K) and pressures (∼kbars) at the core-envelope boundary, ensuring a molten surface and a subsurface reservoir of hydrogen that can be 5–10 times larger than the atmosphere. This study bridges this gap by coupling the thermal evolution of the planet and the mass loss of the atmosphere with the thermodynamic equilibrium between the dissolved H2 and the atmospheric H2 (Henry’s law). Dissolution in the interior allows a planet to build a larger hydrogen repository during the planet formation stage. We show that the dissolved hydrogen outgasses to buffer atmospheric mass loss. The slow cooling of the planet also leads to outgassing because solubility decreases with decreasing temperature. Dissolution of hydrogen in the interior therefore increases the atmosphere retention ability of super-Earths. The study highlights the importance of including the temperature- and pressure-dependent solubility of gases in magma oceans and coupling outgassing to planetary evolution models.
Spectra of Earth-like Planets through Geological Evolution around FGKM Stars
Authors: Rugheimer S. , Kaltenegger L. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Future observations of terrestrial exoplanet atmospheres will occur for planets at different stages of geological evolution. We expect to observe a wide variety of atmospheres and planets with alternative evolutionary paths, with some planets resembling Earth at different epochs. For an Earth-like atmospheric time trajectory, we simulate planets from the prebiotic to the current atmosphere based on geological data. We use a stellar grid F0V to M8V (

–2400 K) to model four geological epochs of Earth's history corresponding to a prebiotic world (3.9 Ga), the rise of oxygen at 2.0 Ga and at 0.8 Ga, and the modern Earth. We show the VIS–IR spectral features, with a focus on biosignatures through geological time for this grid of Sun-like host stars and the effect of clouds on their spectra. We find that the observability of biosignature gases reduces with increasing cloud cover and increases with planetary age. The observability of the visible O2 feature for lower concentrations will partly depend on clouds, which, while slightly reducing the feature, increase the overall reflectivity, and thus the detectable flux of a planet. The depth of the IR ozone feature contributes substantially to the opacity at lower oxygen concentrations, especially for the high near-UV stellar environments around F stars. Our results are a grid of model spectra for atmospheres representative of Earth's geological history to inform future observations and instrument design and are available online at http://carlsaganinstitute.org/data/.
On the Appearance of Thresholds in the Dynamical Model of Star Formation
Authors: Elmegreen Bruce G. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The Kennicutt–Schmidt (KS) relationship between the surface density of the star formation rate (SFR) and the gas surface density has three distinct power laws that may result from one model in which gas collapses at a fixed fraction of the dynamical rate. The power-law slope is 1 when the observed gas has a characteristic density for detection, 1.5 for total gas when the thickness is about constant as in the main disks of galaxies, and 2 for total gas when the thickness is regulated by self-gravity and the velocity dispersion is about constant, as in the outer parts of spirals, dwarf irregulars, and giant molecular clouds. The observed scaling of the star formation efficiency (SFR per unit CO) with the dense gas fraction (HCN/CO) is derived from the KS relationship when one tracer (HCN) is on the linear part and the other (CO) is on the 1.5 part. Observations of a threshold density or column density with a constant SFR per unit gas mass above the threshold are proposed to be selection effects, as are observations of star formation in only the dense parts of clouds. The model allows a derivation of all three KS relations using the probability distribution function of density with no thresholds for star formation. Failed galaxies and systems with sub-KS SFRs are predicted to have gas that is dominated by an equilibrium warm phase where the thermal Jeans length exceeds the Toomre length. A squared relation is predicted for molecular gas-dominated young galaxies.
Probing Episodic Accretion in Very Low Luminosity Objects
Authors: Hsieh Tien-Hao , Murillo Nadia M. , Belloche Arnaud , Hirano Naomi , Walsh Catherine , Dishoeck Ewine F. van , Lai Shih-Ping 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Episodic accretion has been proposed as a solution to the long-standing luminosity problem in star formation; however, the process remains poorly understood. We present observations of line emission from N2H+ and CO isotopologues using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in the envelopes of eight very low luminosity objects (VeLLOs). In five of the sources the spatial distribution of emission from N2H+ and CO isotopologues shows a clear anticorrelation. It is proposed that this is tracing the CO snow line in the envelopes: N2H+ emission is depleted toward the center of these sources, in contrast to the CO isotopologue emission, which exhibits a peak. The positions of the CO snow lines traced by the N2H+ emission are located at much larger radii than those calculated using the current luminosities of the central sources. This implies that these five sources have experienced a recent accretion burst because the CO snow line would have been pushed outward during the burst because of the increased luminosity of the central star. The N2H+ and CO isotopologue emission from DCE161, one of the other three sources, is most likely tracing a transition disk at a later evolutionary stage. Excluding DCE161, five out of seven sources (i.e., ∼70%) show signatures of a recent accretion burst. This fraction is larger than that of the Class 0/I sources studied by Jørgensen et al. and Frimann et al., suggesting that the interval between accretion episodes in VeLLOs is shorter than that in Class 0/I sources.
Modeling CO, CO2, and H2O Ice Abundances in the Envelopes of Young Stellar Objects in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Pauly Tyler , Garrod Robin T. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) in the Magellanic Clouds show infrared absorption features corresponding to significant abundances of CO, CO2, and H2O ice along the line of sight, with the relative abundances of these ices differing between the Magellanic Clouds and the Milky Way. CO ice is not detected toward sources in the Small Magellanic Cloud, and upper limits put its relative abundance well below sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Milky Way. We use our gas-grain chemical code MAGICKAL, with multiple grain sizes and grain temperatures, and further expand it with a treatment for increased interstellar radiation field intensity to model the elevated dust temperatures observed in the MCs. We also adjust the elemental abundances used in the chemical models, guided by observations of H ii regions in these metal-poor satellite galaxies. With a grid of models, we are able to reproduce the relative ice fractions observed in MC MYSOs, indicating that metal depletion and elevated grain temperature are important drivers of the MYSO envelope ice composition. Magellanic Cloud elemental abundances have a subgalactic C/O ratio, increasing H2O ice abundances relative to the other ices; elevated grain temperatures favor CO2 production over H2O and CO. The observed shortfall in CO in the Small Magellanic Cloud can be explained by a combination of reduced carbon abundance and increased grain temperatures. The models indicate that a large variation in radiation field strength is required to match the range of observed LMC abundances. CH3OH abundance is found to be enhanced in low-metallicity models, providing seed material for complex organic molecule formation in the Magellanic Clouds.
On the Anisotropy in the Arrival Directions of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays
Authors: Wittkowski David , Kampert Karl-Heinz 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We present results of elaborate four-dimensional simulations of the propagation of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), which are based on a realistic astrophysical scenario. The distribution of the arrival directions of the UHECRs is found to have a pronounced dipolar anisotropy and rather weak higher-order contributions to the angular power spectrum. This finding agrees well with the recent observation of a dipolar anisotropy for UHECRs with arrival energies above

by the Pierre Auger Observatory and constitutes an important prediction for other energy ranges and higher-order angular contributions for which sufficient experimental data are not yet available. Since our astrophysical scenario enables simulations that are completely consistent with the available data, this scenario will be a very useful basis for related future studies.
Using Spin to Understand the Formation of LIGO and Virgo’s Black Holes
Authors: Farr Ben , Holz Daniel E. , Farr Will M. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
With the growing number of binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected by the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors, it is becoming possible to constrain the properties of the underlying population and better understand the formation of these systems. Black hole (BH) spin orientations are one of the cleanest discriminators of formation history, with BHs in dynamically formed binaries in dense stellar environments expected to have spins distributed isotropically, in contrast to isolated populations where stellar evolution is expected to induce spins preferentially aligned with the orbital angular momentum. In this work, we propose a simple, model-agnostic approach to characterizing the spin properties of LIGO/Virgo’s BBH population. Using measurements of the effective spin of the binaries, we introduce a simple parameter to quantify the fraction of the population that is isotropically distributed, regardless of the spin magnitude distribution of the population. Once the orientation characteristics of the population have been determined, we show how measurements of effective spin can be used to directly constrain the BH spin magnitude distribution. We find that most effective spin measurements are too small to be informative, with the first four events showing a slight preference for a population with alignment, with an odds ratio of 1.2. We argue that it will be possible to distinguish symmetric and anti-symmetric populations at high confidence with tens of additional detections, although mixed populations may take significantly longer to disentangle. We also derive BH spin magnitude distributions from LIGO’s first four BBHs under the assumption of aligned or isotropic populations.
A New Relativistic Component of the Accretion Disk Wind in PDS 456
Authors: Reeves J. N. , Braito V. , Nardini E. , Lobban A. P. , Matzeu G. A. , Costa M. T. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Past X-ray observations of the nearby luminous quasar PDS 456 (at z = 0.184) have revealed a wide angle accretion disk wind, with an outflow velocity of ∼−0.25c. Here, we unveil a new, relativistic component of the wind through hard X-ray observations with NuSTAR and XMM-Newton, obtained in 2017 March when the quasar was in a low-flux state. This very fast wind component, with an outflow velocity of −0.46 ± 0.02c, is detected in the iron K band, in addition to the −0.25c wind zone. The relativistic component may arise from the innermost disk wind, launched from close to the black hole at a radius of ∼10 gravitational radii. The opacity of the fast wind also increases during a possible obscuration event lasting for 50 ks. We suggest that the very fast wind may only be apparent during the lowest X-ray flux states of PDS 456, becoming overly ionized as the luminosity increases. Overall, the total wind power may even approach the Eddington value.
Evaluation of a low-cost optical particle counter (Alphasense OPC-N2) for ambient air monitoring
Authors: Crilley Leigh R. , Shaw Marvin , Pound Ryan , Kramer Louisa J. , Price Robin , Young Stuart , Lewis Alastair C. , Pope Francis D. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. A fast-growing area of research is the development of low-cost sensors for
measuring air pollutants. The affordability and size of low-cost particle
sensors makes them an attractive option for use in experiments requiring a
number of instruments such as high-density spatial mapping. However, for
these low-cost sensors to be useful for these types of studies their accuracy
and precision need to be quantified. We evaluated the Alphasense OPC-N2, a
promising low-cost miniature optical particle counter, for monitoring ambient
airborne particles at typical urban background sites in the UK. The precision
of the OPC-N2 was assessed by co-locating 14 instruments at a site to
investigate the variation in measured concentrations. Comparison to two
different reference optical particle counters as well as a TEOM-FDMS enabled
the accuracy of the OPC-N2 to be evaluated. Comparison of the OPC-N2 to the
reference optical instruments shows some limitations for measuring mass
concentrations of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10. The OPC-N2 demonstrated
a significant positive artefact in measured particle mass during times of
high ambient RH (> 85 %) and a calibration factor was
developed based upon κ-Köhler theory, using average bulk particle
aerosol hygroscopicity. Application of this RH correction factor resulted in
the OPC-N2 measurements being within 33 % of the TEOM-FDMS, comparable to
the agreement between a reference optical particle counter and the TEOM-FDMS
(20 %). Inter-unit precision for the 14 OPC-N2 sensors of
22 ± 13 % for PM10 mass concentrations was observed. Overall,
the OPC-N2 was found to accurately measure ambient airborne particle mass
concentration provided they are (i) correctly calibrated and (ii) corrected
for ambient RH. The level of precision demonstrated between multiple
OPC-N2s suggests that they would be
suitable devices for applications
where the spatial variability in particle concentration was to be determined.
Local soil quality assessment of north-central Namibia: integrating farmers' and technical knowledge
Authors: Prudat Brice , Bloemertz Lena , Kuhn Nikolaus J. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Soil degradation is a major threat for farmers of semi-arid north-central Namibia. Soil conservation practices can be promoted by the development of soil quality (SQ) evaluation toolboxes that provide ways to evaluate soil degradation. However, such toolboxes must be adapted to local conditions to reach farmers. Based on qualitative (interviews and soil descriptions) and quantitative (laboratory analyses) data, we developed a set of SQ indicators relevant for our study area that integrates farmers' field experiences (FFEs) and technical knowledge. We suggest using participatory mapping to delineate soil units (Oshikwanyama soil units, KwSUs) based on FFEs, which highlight mostly soil properties that integrate long-term productivity and soil hydrological characteristics (i.e. internal SQ). The actual SQ evaluation of a location depends on the KwSU described and is thereafter assessed by field soil texture (i.e. chemical fertility potential) and by soil colour shade (i.e. SOC status). This three-level information aims to reveal SQ improvement potential by comparing, for any location, (a) estimated clay content against median clay content (specific to KwSU) and (b) soil organic status against calculated optimal values (depends on clay content). The combination of farmers' and technical assessment cumulates advantages of both systems of knowledge, namely the integrated long-term knowledge of the farmers and a short- and medium-term SQ status assessment. The toolbox is a suggestion for evaluating SQ and aims to help farmers, rural development planners and researchers from all fields of studies understanding SQ issues in north-central Namibia. This suggested SQ toolbox is adapted to a restricted area of north-central Namibia, but similar tools could be developed in most areas where small-scale agriculture prevails.
Pioneers in Computerized Legal Research: The Story of the Pittsburgh System
Authors: Batra Hershey Tina , Burke Donald 
Published: February 2018

The potential effects of law are far-reaching and research is ongoing regarding the intersection of law and technology. Given the widespread availability of online legal documents today, the laws of various jurisdictions can be reviewed and researched in their full text form. However, in the not-so-distant past, this task was overwhelmingly more difficult. Many jurisdictions, unable to keep pace with the increased volume of statutes, regulations, and judicial decisions, compiled indexes of legal information rather than catalogs of full documents. These indexes made comparisons between jurisdictions difficult and left researchers unsure of whether they had captured all relevant information. However, in the middle of the 20th century, researchers began to tap into the potential of computers in relation to information retrieval. Much of the early pioneering work in the legal field was conducted by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, who developed the “Pittsburgh System” that was a precursor to the computerized legal research tools that are ubiquitous today.
The Gestalt Cycle of Experience: A Creative Tool for Growth
Authors: Russell Gayle , Grad. Dip G.T. , Masters G.T. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This paper explores the value of teaching the Gestalt model of the Cycle of Experience (also known as the Interactive Contact Cycle) in a facilitated personal growth training program. The model was introduced experientially by way of graded exercises in Week Three of a standard program. Experiences were further consolidated in subsequent weeks. As a consequence, participants developed an experiential understanding that incorporated thoughts, feelings, and sensations, providing them with greater awareness of self and the ways in which they make or interrupt contact. This study has implications for a range of other programs, including adult and school education, drug education, and workplace training.