bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Authors: Howard Veena 
Published: August 2019

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869–30 January 1948) is internationally known for his leadership in India’s independence movement and the methods of ahiṃsā (nonviolence) and satyagraha (truth force; nonviolent resistance). Because of his personal ascetic practices, political methods, and selfless service, he was given the honorific title Mahatma, “Great Soul.” Gandhi was born in a bania merchant subcaste in Porbandar (Gujarat), western India. His devout mother, Putali Bai, was a major influence in molding his character. Keeping with the norms of that time, his marriage was arranged at age thirteen to Kasturba, also thirteen. They had four sons—Harilal, Ramdas, Manilal, and Devdas—and many grandchildren. Gandhi’s character and political methods developed through his experiences studying law in England in 1888–1891, and his work commencing in 1893 as a lawyer for an Indian firm in South Africa, where he started a movement to end discrimination against Indians. The writings of Leo Tolstoy and John Ruskin, as well as texts such as the Sermon on the Mount and the Bhagavad Gītā, were influential both in his personal and activist lives. He established ashrams to train an army of nonviolent resisters and to disrupt inequality based on caste, economic status, religion, and gender. In his forty-year tenure as the leader of the movement against British occupation in South Africa and India, he led many nonviolent resistance campaigns, including the Salt March to protest the salt tax and the Quit India movement. He occasionally fasted to resist various forms of violence, including riots against Muslims. His dedication to India’s nation-building earned him the title “Father of the Nation.” Gandhi was also a prolific writer and authored many periodicals and books: an autobiography, a translation of and commentary on the Bhagavad Gītā, the manifesto Hind Swaraj, and others. His nonviolent methods have been utilized by international movements and leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., César Chávez, Nelson Mandela, and Rev. James M. Lawson Jr. Along with laudatory appraisals by prominent thinkers such as Albert Einstein, he has also had many detractors, such as B. R. Ambedkar, who confronted him on his views ofcaste and untouchability. Various Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim leaders saw his views on nonviolence, religion, culture, and politics simply as ideological and unfeasible. Numerous studies focus on his idiosyncratic practices of celibacy and his views on women, caste, and technology, which depict him as stubborn, unprogressive, and even dangerous. Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse in Delhi, on 30 January 1948. Even though Gandhi appears to be a forgotten figure in India, thousands of books about him, an Academy Award–winning film, and, more recently, renewed interest in his philosophy and methods all are a testament to the ongoing global impact of his life and legacy.
Erving Goffman
Authors: Smith Greg , Philburn Robert 
Published: August 2019

The son of Ukrainian immigrant parents, Erving Manual Goffman was born on 11 June 1922 in Mannville, Alberta, Canada. He attended high school in Winnipeg and entered the University of Manitoba in 1939, majoring in natural sciences. However, his interests shifted toward the social sciences before he left in 1942, still some credits short of his degree. He returned to study at Toronto in 1944, obtaining a BA degree in 1945. That fall he began studies toward the MA degree in sociology at the University of Chicago. Initially influenced by W. Lloyd Warner, his 1949 master’s thesis gave an ethnographic analysis of the responses of cosmopolitan middle-class women as they refused to take entirely seriously the demands of the Thematic Apperception Test that Goffman administered. His doctoral dissertation, “Communication Conduct in an Island Community” (1953), was based on fieldwork in the Shetland Islands sponsored by the University of Edinburgh’s Social Anthropology department. In it Goffman first introduced the term “interaction order” to describe the domain of social life established by co-present persons. This was the sociological terrain he made his own. The investigation of the properties of the interaction order provided the thread that ran through the disparate topic-matters of his eleven books and more than a dozen significant journal articles. Goffman stayed another year in Chicago following the successful defense of his dissertation, drafting an original monograph (The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, first published in 1956 in Edinburgh) and papers on face-work, embarrassment, involvement, and deference and demeanor. Between the end of 1954 and 1957 he worked as a researcher at the National Institute of Mental Health, conducting the fieldwork and writing that led to Asylums (1961). Appointed to the University of California, Berkeley, in 1958, he rose quickly to full professor in 1962. A sabbatical year at Harvard prefigured a move to the University of Pennsylvania in 1968, where he remained until his untimely death in 1982.
Resection of a Posterior Fossa Endodermal Cyst With Exoscopic Assistance: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Kleshchova Olena , White Timothy Gerald , Kwan Kevin , Chiluwal Amrit , Anderson Todd A , Langer David J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Neurenteric cysts are rare benign congenital tumors of endodermal origin that most commonly occur in the cervical and upper thoracic spine, with only about 10% to 18% of the reported cases occurring intracranially.
1
A definitive preoperative diagnosis is complicated by the variable appearance of neurenteric cysts on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
2
The recommended treatment of neurenteric cysts is complete surgical resection when possible.
3
,
4
We present a case of a posterior fossa neurenteric cyst. A 33-yr-old man without medical history presented with left-sided headache and mild left-sided facial numbness and weakness. Admission MR imaging revealed a nonenhancing mass, which was hyperintense on T1-weighted MR images, compressing the brainstem anteriorly. The lesion was isointense on T2 FLAIR images and hypointense on diffusion-weighted imaging, initially read as possible epidermoid cyst. The patient underwent a left-sided retrosigmoid craniotomy via far lateral transcondylar approach. The tumor was adjacent to both vertebral arteries, the left PICA, and cranial nerves (CN) VII-XII with superior extension to CN V. The cyst was encased in a thin capsule, and its contents were yellowish in color and ranged from thick liquid to colloidal and caseous consistency. The cyst also contained heavily calcified portions, which were excised using sharp dissection. Images of the cyst wall show that it is focally lined with ciliated columnar epithelium with intracellular mucin confirming an endodermal or neurenteric cyst. After the operation, the patient's symptoms resolved, and he was discharged on postoperative day 4. Postoperative MR images confirmed gross total resection. The patient consented to video production.
Energy Cost During the 6-Minute Walk Test and Its Relationship to Real-World Walking After Stroke: A Correlational, Cross-Sectional Pilot Study
Authors: Ribeiro Jean A M , Oliveira Simone G , Thommazo-Luporini Luciana Di , Monteiro Clara I , Phillips Shane A , Catai Aparecida M , Borghi-Silva Audrey , Russo Thiago L 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAfter experiencing stroke, individuals expend more energy walking than people who are healthy. However, among individuals who have experienced stroke, the correlation between the energy cost of walking, as measured by validated tests (such as the 6-minute walk test), and participation in walking, as measured by more sensitive tools (such as an ambulatory activity monitor), remains unknown.ObjectiveThe main objective of this study was to determine whether the energy cost of walking is correlated with participation in walking.DesignThis study was a correlational, cross-sectional pilot study.MethodsData from 23 participants who had experienced chronic stroke were analyzed. On the first day, data on oxygen uptake were collected using a portable metabolic system while participants walked during the 6-minute walk test. Then, the ambulatory activity monitor was placed on the participants’ nonparetic ankle and removed 9 days later. The energy cost of walking was calculated by dividing the mean oxygen uptake recorded during the steady state by the walking speed.ResultsThe energy cost of walking was correlated with the following: the number of steps (Spearman rank correlation coefficient [rs] = −0.59); the percentage of time spent in inactivity (rs = 0.48), low cadence (rs = 0.67), medium cadence (rs = −0.56), high cadence (rs = −0.65), and the percentages of steps taken at low cadence (rs = 0.65) and high cadence (rs = −0.64).LimitationsIndividuals who were physically inactive, convenience sampling, and a small sample size were used in this study.ConclusionsHigher energy costs of walking were associated with fewer steps per day and lower cadence in real-world walking in individuals who had experienced stroke.
Elizabeth I’s Translation of Tacitus: Lambeth Palace Library, MS 683
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Preserved at Lambeth Palace Library is a manuscript translation of Tacitus’s Annales, completed in the late sixteenth century. The translation was undertaken, this essay argues, by Elizabeth I. The article makes the case for the queen’s authorship with an appeal to paper stock, provenance, style of translation, and, above all, to the handwriting preserved in the manuscript. The queen’s late hand was strikingly idiosyncratic and the same features which characterize her autograph works are also to be found in the Lambeth translation of Tacitus. The manuscript’s transmission is traced from the Elizabethan court to Lambeth via the collection of Archbishop Thomas Tenison (1636–1715), whose acquisition of Francis Bacon’s (1561–1626) manuscripts helped to make Lambeth Palace Library one of the largest collections of State Papers from the Elizabethan era. The article then compares the authorial corrections made to the Lambeth Tacitus with those which Elizabeth made to her other translations with a special focus on the idiosyncrasies of the queen’s late hand. Finally, Elizabeth’s translation is compared with Richard Greenway’s translation of the Annales (1598), highlighting the methods of translation adopted by either translator. While Greenway expands for the sake of clarity, reworking Tacitus’s remarkably terse prose, Elizabeth preserves something of the historian’s celebrated brevity, closely reproducing the syntax of the original. By examining both the material aspects of the manuscript and the stylistic qualities of the translation itself, this article offers the first study of Elizabeth I’s translation of Tacitus.
Molecular and clinical spectrum of four pedigrees of TRAPS in Greece: results from a national referral center
Authors: Nezos Adrianos , Argyropoulou Ourania D , Klinaki Eleni , Marketos Nikolaos , Karagianni Panagiota , Eliopoulos Elias , Vlachoyiannopoulos Panayiotis , Maritsi Despoina N , Tzioufas Athanasios G 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations of the TNFRSF1A gene. To address the association between TNFRSF1A mutations and clinical phenotype, we analyzed four pedigrees of TRAPS patients.

Methods
Four Greek patients with TRAPS-like clinical features were screened for TNFRSF1A mutations by sequencing exons 2, 3 and 4. Following positive testing, twenty-two members of their families were also genetically and clinically screened.

Results
Twenty-six members of four unrelated Greek families were investigated. The C73Y (c.305G&gt;A) mutation of the TNFRSF1A gene was identified in five patients, with two of the five carrying a concomitant R92Q variation. We also identified seven C73W (c.306C&gt;G), two T50M (c.236C&gt;T) and seven R92Q (c.362G&gt;A) carriers. Symptoms varied and the C73Y, C73W and T50M mutations were associated with the most severe clinical manifestations. The R92Q phenotype ranged from asymptomatic to mild disease. Molecular modelling linked pathogenicity with aberrant TNFRSF1A disulphide bond formation.

Conclusion
In this first pedigree analysis of TRAPS in Greece, we identified the rare C73Y TNFRSF1A mutation. A wide clinical spectrum was observed with the C73Y, C73W and T50M mutations that affect TNFRSF1A disulphide bonds and are associated with worse symptoms.
THE USE OF ACTIVE PERSONAL DOSEMETERS IN INTERVENTIONAL WORKPLACES IN HOSPITALS: COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE DOSEMETERS WORN SIMULTANEOUSLY BY MEDICAL STAFF
Authors: Vanhavere F , Carinou E , Clairand I , Ciraj-Bjelac O , De Monte F , Domienik-Andrzejewska J , Ferrari P , Ginjaume M , Hršak Hrvoje , Hupe O , Knezevic Z , O’Connor U , Merce M Sans , Sarmento S , Savary A , Siskoonen T 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Medical staff in interventional procedures are among the professionals with the highest occupational doses. Active personal dosemeters (APDs) can help in optimizing the exposure during interventional procedures. However, there can be problems when using APDs during interventional procedures, due to the specific energy and angular distribution of the radiation field and because of the pulsed nature of the radiation. Many parameters like the type of interventional procedure, personal habits and working techniques, protection tools used and X-ray field characteristics influence the occupational exposure and the scattered radiation around the patient. In this paper, we compare the results from three types of APDs with a passive personal dosimetry system while being used in real clinical environment by the interventional staff. The results show that there is a large spread in the ratios of the passive and active devices.
Influence of diet fortification on body composition and apparent digestion in mature horses consuming a low-quality forage
Authors: Much Mattea L , Leatherwood Jessica L , Zoller Jennifer L , Bradbery Amanda N , Martinez Rafael E , Keegan Abby D , Lamprecht Emily D , Wickersham Tryon A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stock-type mares (498 ± 9 kg BW; 12 ± 7 yr) were used in a completely randomized design for 56 d to test the hypothesis that concentrate fortification improves apparent digestion and enhances lean mass over the topline. Horses were stratified by age, BW, and BCS and randomly assigned to either a custom pelleted concentrate (CON; n = 13), or an iso-caloric, iso-nitrogenous pellet that included amino acid fortification, complexed trace minerals, and fermentation metabolites (FORT; n = 10). Concentrate was offered at a total 0.75% BW/d (as-fed) twice daily, and diets were designed to meet or exceed maintenance requirements for mature horses. Horses had ad libitum access to Coastal bermudagrass hay (7.4% CP, 67% NDF, and 40% ADF). Every 14 d BW and BCS were recorded, and ultrasound images were captured every 28 d. longissimus dorsi area (LDA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (FT) were measured between the 12th and 13th ribs (12th/13th) and 17th and 18th ribs (17th/18th). Intramuscular fat at the 17th/18th ribs and rump fat-thickness were also obtained. Horses were dosed with 10 g/d of titanium dioxide (TiO2) for 14 d to estimate forage dry matter intake (DMI). To account for diurnal variation, fecal samples were collected twice daily at 12-h intervals during the last 4 days, advancing by 3 h each day to represent a 24-h period. Fecal samples were composited by horse and analyzed for TiO2 to estimate fecal output and acid detergent insoluble ash was used to calculate forage DMI. To evaluate body composition, horses were infused with a 0.12 g/kg BW deuterium oxide (D2O) on d 0 and 56. Body fat percentage (BF) was determined by quantifying D2O in plasma samples collected at pre- and 4-h postinfusion via mass spectrometry. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS v9.4). The model contained a fixed effect of diet; horse (diet) was a random effect. Horses receiving FORT gained 17th/18th FT (P &lt; 0.01) and increased 17th/18th LDA from d 0 to 56 (P &lt; 0.01) while 17th/18th FT and LDA were unchanged in CON. Regardless of diet, BF estimated by D2O infusion increased in all horses from d 0 to 56 (P &lt; 0.01). Average hay DMI was 2.1% BW, but did not differ between diets. In this study, concentrate fortification did not significantly (P ≥ 0.27) affect apparent digestion. In conclusion, concentrate fortification may promote greater muscle development along the posterior topline.
The dietary protein content slightly affects the body temperature of growing pigs exposed to heat stress
Authors: Morales Adriana , Valle J Alan , Castillo Gilberto , Antoine Duckens , Avelar Ernesto , Camacho Reyna L , Buenabad Lorenzo , Cervantes Miguel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract:
Heat stress (HS) increases body temperature (BT) and reduces feed intake in pigs. Increasing the dietary protein content may correct the reduced amino acid intake provoked by HS, but it may further increase BT. The effect of dietary protein level on BT of HS pigs was analyzed with nine ileal cannulated pigs (61.7 ± 2.5 kg body weight). A thermometer set to register BT at 5-min intervals was implanted into the ileum. There were two treatments: low-protein (10.8%) wheat-free-amino acid diet (LP); high-protein (21.6%), wheat-soybean-meal diet (HP). The study was conducted in two 10-d periods; in each period, d1 to d6 was for diet adaptation, d7 to d9 was for data analysis, and d10 for ileal sample collection. Pigs were fed at 0600 h (morning), 1400 h (midday), and 2200 h (evening), same amount each time. Following, the separate contribution of ambient temperature and thermal effect of feeding on the postprandial BT increment was analyzed in fed and fasted pigs. Ambient temperature ranged from 30.1 to 35.4 °C and relative humidity from 50% to 84%. Both ambient temperature and BT followed similar patterns. The BT of HP pigs after the morning and midday meals was higher (P &lt; 0.05) but size of the BT increments did not differ between HP and LP pigs. Midday and evening postprandial BT were higher than postprandial morning BT (P &lt; 0.05). The BT increment was larger and longer after the midday than after the morning and evening meals (P &lt; 0.05). The capacity of pigs to dissipate postprandial body heat depends on the accumulated thermal load received before their meals, because the thermal load before the morning meal was smaller than that before the evening meal. The estimated contribution of thermal effect of feeding (0.42 to 0.87 °C) on the total postprandial BT increment (0.69 to 1.53 °C) was larger (P &lt; 0.05) than that of ambient temperature (0.27 to 0.66 °C). In conclusion, these data indicate that the dietary protein level has a small effect on the BT of HS pigs regardless of feeding time. Also both the thermal effect of feeding and ambient temperature impact the BT of HS pigs, although the former had a stronger effect. This information may be useful to design better feeding strategies for pigs exposed to HS conditions.
Recombinant Thrombomodulin on Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Murine Intestinal Ischemia–Reperfusion
Authors: Hayase Naoki , Doi Kent , Hiruma Takahiro , Matsuura Ryo , Hamasaki Yoshifumi , Noiri Eisei , Nangaku Masaomi , Morimura Naoto 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
In multiple-organ dysfunction, an injury affecting one organ remotely impacts others, and the injured organs synergistically worsen outcomes. Recently, several mediators, including extracellular histones and neutrophil extracellular traps, were identified as contributors to distant organ damage. This study aimed to elucidate whether these mediators play a crucial role in remote organ damage induced by intestinal ischemia–reperfusion. This study also aimed to evaluate the protective effects of recombinant thrombomodulin, which has been reported to neutralize extracellular histones, on multiple-organ dysfunction after intestinal ischemia–reperfusion.

Methods
Intestinal ischemia was induced in male C57BL/6J mice via clamping of the superior mesenteric artery. Recombinant thrombomodulin (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally with the initiation of reperfusion. The mice were subjected to a survival analysis, histologic injury scoring, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of tumor necrosis factor-α and keratinocyte-derived chemokine expression, Evans blue dye vascular permeability assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of histones in the jejunum, liver, lung, and kidney after 30- or 45-min ischemia. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining.

Results
Recombinant thrombomodulin yielded statistically significant improvements in survival after 45-min ischemia (ischemia–reperfusion without vs. with 10 mg/kg recombinant thrombomodulin: 0% vs. 33%, n = 21 per group, P = 0.001). Recombinant thrombomodulin reduced the histologic injury score, expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and extravasation of Evans blue dye, which were augmented by 30-min ischemia–reperfusion, in the liver, but not in the intestine. Accumulated histones and neutrophil extracellular traps were found in the livers and intestines of 30-min ischemia–reperfusion–injured mice. Recombinant thrombomodulin reduced these accumulations only in the liver.

Conclusions
Recombinant thrombomodulin improved the survival of male mice with intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury. These findings suggest that histone and neutrophil extracellular trap accumulation exacerbate remote liver injury after intestinal ischemia–reperfusion. Recombinant thrombomodulin may suppress these accumulations and attenuate liver injury.