bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
112 Effects of experimentally-induced hypoxemia on hemodynamics and blood gases, and the performance of pulse oximeters in cattle
Authors: Fontenot Lauren R , Carstens Gordon E , Lepiz Mauricio , Washburn Kevin , Hardy Joanne 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) is considered to be the reference method for evaluating lung function. There is current interest in development of biosensors to measure SpO2 (peripheral oxygen saturation) using infrared technology as a non-invasive alternative for pre-clinical respiratory detection of disease in animals. Objectives of this study were to investigate effects of experimentally-induced hypoxemia on hemodynamics (heart rate, HR and blood pressure, BP) and SaO2, and to evaluate the ability of 2 SpO2 pulse oximeters (PowerLab, AD Instruments; Passport2, Datascope) to predict SaO2 in cattle. Further, arterial lactate concentrations were measured as an indicator of oxygen delivery to tissues. Graded levels of hypoxia in seven anesthetized Holstein steers (BW = 127 ± 7 kg) were achieved by step-wise reductions in inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) from baseline (20–35%) to target levels of 14–15%, 16–17% and 18–19%. When the desired FiO2 levels were sustained for at least 3 min, arterial blood samples (n = 56) were collected and analyzed using a co-oximeter (pHOx-Ultra, Nova Biomedical) to determine SaO2 and lactate. Simultaneously, BP, HR, and SpO2 data from the 2 pulse oximeters were recorded. Data were analyzed with a mixed model that included level of FiO2 as fixed effect. As expected, SaO2 decreased (P < 0.001) as FiO2 was reduced. Heart rate increased (P < 0.001) as FiO2 was reduced, although BP was unaffected by hypoxia. While not significantly different (P = 0.15), arterial lactate concentrations were reduced with declining FiO2. Likewise, the SpO2 values recorded by both pulse oximeters decreased (P < 0.001) incrementally as FiO2 declined, although values were only moderately correlated (P < 0.01; r = 0.35 to 0.41) with SaO2. These results demonstrate that future efforts to develop biosensors to monitor SpO2 and HR may have utility for preclinical detection of respiratory disease in livestock.
111 Changes in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in beef steers chronically exposed to endophyte-infected tall fescue seed
Authors: Brown Alecia R , Poole Rebecca K , Jackson McKenzie Lane , Poore Matthew H , Pickworth Carrie L , Poole Daniel H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Endophyte-infected tall fescue consumption adversely effects health and immune response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of protein supplementation on cytokine response in steers consuming ergovaline, found in endophyte-infected tall fescue. Thirty-two beef steers were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) and randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments for 56 days: endophyte-free seed (0 ug/kg ergovaline) with either 18% (EF-18; n = 8) or 14% dietary protein (EF-14; n = 8) and endophyte-infected seed (500 ug/ kg ergovaline) with 18% (EI-18; n = 8) or 14% dietary protein (EI-14; n = 8). Blood samples were collected for cytokine analysis on d 28 and d 42 of the feeding period representing when steers vaccinated and boostered for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) types 1 and 2 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). Cytokine concentrations were evaluated using Quantibody Bovine Cytokine Arrays. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Statistical significance was determined at P0.05). Interestingly, concentrations of cytokines, IL13 (912±148 vs. 410.9±135 pg/mL) and IL21 (1636.0±295 vs. 629±305 pg/mL), which are involved in chronic inflammatory process were greater (P < 0.05) in EI steer compared to EF steers on d 28 and d 42. Concentrations of chemokine CCL4 and proinflammatory cytokines IFNG and IL-1alpha tended to be greater in EI steers compared to EF steers (P < 0.10). Overall, these data demonstrate that consumption of ergovaline increased proinflammatory cytokines and induced a chronic immune response. Developing a better understanding of overall immunity in cattle exposed to endophyte-infected tall fescue is fundamental to improve cattle health within the beef industry.
109 Effects of post-weaning supplementation of immunomodulatory feed ingredient on body weight and cortisol levels in programmed fed beef heifers
Authors: Danielo Jessica L , Tipton Jessie , Ricks Ralph , McCarty Keelee J , Long Nathan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an immunomodulatory feed ingredient during post-weaning on growth and cortisol levels of beef heifers. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 72) from two AI sires were blocked (n = 9) by sire and BW and then randomly assigned to one of two pens per block. Each pen (4 heifers/pen) per block was assigned to one of the treatments. Heifers were fed a commercial TMR twice daily from d 0 to 60 to gain 0.75 kg/day. The feed was top-dressed once a day with either 72g of Celmanax (CEL) or 72g of corn germ (CON) per pen. Body weight was collected on d -1, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 61. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60. Sixteen heifers (n = 8 CEL; n = 8 CON) were randomly selected for a corticotropin releasing hormone/ arginine vasopressin (CRH/AVP) challenge after the 60 d period. Two heifers per pen (n = 32) were randomly selected for a transportation challenge to evaluate stress response on d 61 or 62 of the study. Pen was the experimental unit and data was analyzed by ANOVA or repeated measures analysis as appropriate. Feed efficiency and BW gain was increased (P = 0.04) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers. Serum cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers on d 30 to 60 post-weaning. Serum cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers during the CRH/AVP challenge from 60 to 150 minutes post infusion. Serum cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers throughout the transportation challenge. In summary, supplementation of Celmanax post-weaning increased BW gain and reduced cortisol concentrations in beef heifers.
160 Steers inoculated with Salmonella exhibit dissimilar hematology and body temperature profiles based on their exposure to a synthetic glucocorticoid
Authors: Wilkerson Shannon R , Broadway P Rand , Carroll Jeffery A , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole , Tigue Daniel A , Rehm John G , Callaway Todd R , Bratcher Christy L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of daily dexamethasone (DEX) infusions on hematology and body temperature in response to experimental, oral inoculation with Salmonella typhimurium. Weaned Holstein steer calves (n = 20; BW=102±2.7 kg) received DEX (n = 10; 0.5mg/kg BW) or saline (CON; n = 10; 0.5mg/kg BW) for 4 d (from d -1 to d 2) while simultaneously receiving an oral inoculation of a naldixic acid resistant Salmonella typhimurium (3.4x106 CFU/animal) via milk replacer on d 0. Fecal swabs for SAL shedding were obtained daily and samples were confirmed positive starting 24 h post inoculation (d 1) to harvest (d 5). Dexamethasone (DEX) administration was achieved via indwelling jugular catheters which were fitted simultaneously with rectal temperature (RT) recording devices on d −2 relative to inoculation and placed in individual pens in an environmentally controlled facility. Whole blood was collected at -24, -12, and 0 h; and at 8-h intervals from 8 to 120 h for hematology. There was a time x treatment (There should be) for RT such that the DEX treatment resulted in a decreased RT on d -1 to 2. A treatment × time interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for total white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes. Specifically, DEX increased WBC and neutrophils in DEX steers (P < 0.0001) yet lymphocytes increased following DEX administration (P < 0.05 at 24 and 48 h, respectively). Monocytes initially increased (P < 0.001) in response to the -24 h DEX treatment but slowly decreased beyond CON group levels following the 48 h DEX treatment. These data may be interpreted as either mimicking multiple acute stressors with respect to daily DEX injections, mild immunosuppression due to multiple DEX exposures, or a combination of both scenarios when juxtaposing DEX and Salmonella inoculation.
158 Long term impact of ergot alkaloids on fetal heifer development and subsequent growth and reproductive performance
Authors: Jackson McKenzie Lane , Newsome McKayla A , Brown Alecia R , Poole Rebecca K , Dudley Harrison B , Poore Matthew H , Poole Daniel H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated physiological differences in mid-gestation cows grazing either endophyte-infected (EI) or endophyte-free (EF) tall fescue. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of in utero exposure (TRT) of either EI or EF on heifer growth, reproductive tract development and onset of puberty. Pregnant Angus and SimAngus cows were blocked by age, BW, and breed; and then randomly assigned to graze either EF (n = 27) or EI (n = 27) pastures. At parturition, heifer birthweight was recorded and placental tissues were collected to assess placental characteristics. Heifer BW, height, frame score were recorded at weaning. Assessment of puberty via measurement of BW, BCS, reproductive tract scores (RTS) and pelvic area (PA) started at 10 mo of age. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure of SAS and examined for effects of TRT, sire, and age. Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05); however, there was a sire by treatment interaction for ADG during onset of puberty (P < 0.05). While TRT did not affect PA or RTS (P > 0.05) at 10 mo of age, sire significantly influenced RTS (P < 0.05) thus impacting of onset of puberty. While consumption of EI fescue impacts cow performance, calf birthweight, and ratio of cotyledon to placenta weight, it has minimal effect on postnatal growth and development through 10 mo of age. Further studies are needed to determine the impact on heifer reproductive performance.
156 Effect of shipping stress on complete blood counts of backgrounded beef steers
Authors: Tigue Daniel A , Rehm John G , Wilkerson Shannon R , Holland Courteney M , Broadway Paul R , Carroll Jeffery A , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole , Theurer Miles , Rodning Soren P , Starkey Jessica D , Mullenix Mary K , Bratcher Christy L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of shipping to feedyards in western Kansas from the Southeast on the immune response of beef steers using complete blood counts. Angus- and Hereford-sired steers (n = 24, BW = 266.3±24.9 kg) from E.V. Smith Research Center in Shorter, AL, were weaned on June 14, 2018. The following day, blood was collected for analysis. These calves were a subset from a larger project involving grazing. As such, calves were then maintained in drylots for 14 d until grazing was available. Once grazing was initiated, these calves were placed in drylot pens with a diet consisting of dry hay with supplemented with 1% of BW of dried distiller’s grains with solubles. After 80 d, half of the calves were shipped (n = 12, SC) to Hy-Plains Feedyard, LLC. in Montezuma, KS. Immediately prior to shipment, immediately post-shipment, and after 24-hr rest, blood was collected. Blood was also collected from the unshipped calves (UC) at similar time points. Whole blood collected at each time point was analyzed for complete blood counts. The data was analyzed using the Mixed Procedure in SAS. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected post-weaning or pre-shipping. Immediately post-shipment, white blood cell, and neutrophil counts were greater in SC while lymphocytes counts were less (P < 0.05) than UC; however, these were not different after 24-hr rest (P > 0.05). Hematocrit and monocyte count were elevated in SC both immediately post-shipping and after 24 hr of rest (P <0.05), while reticulocyte count was lower in SC at those same time points (P < 0.05). Basophil counts were lower in SC at the 24-hr rest time point (P = 0.03). Results of this study indicate that SC did not completely rehydrate after 24 hr of rest and complete blood counts show differences in immune response due to shipping
153 Supplementing an immunomodulatory feed ingredient to modulate thermoregulation and performance in finishing beef cattle under heat stress conditions
Authors: Colombo Eduardo , Cooke Reinaldo F , Schubach Kelsey , Rett Bruna , Brandão Alice 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This experiment compared body temperature and productive parameters in finishing cattle managed under heat stress conditions, and supplemented or not with a supplement based on yeast and B-complex vitamins (Omnigen-AF; OMN; Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ). Bos taurus × B. indicus cattle (64 heifers and 64 steers) were ranked by initial body weight (BW; 440 ± 3 kg) and sex, and allocated to 1 of 16 pens (8 heifers or steers/pen). Pens within sex were randomly assigned to receive (n = 8) or not (CON; n = 8) OMN at 56 g/cow daily (as-fed basis). Cattle received a total-mixed ration (d 0 to 106), and OMN was offered daily as a top-dress. Cattle were shipped on d 107 to a commercial packing facility (Friona, TX) for slaughter. Cattle BW was recorded on d 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 96, and 106. Feed intake was evaluated by measuring offer and refusals biweekly from each pen. Feed efficiency was calculated from each pen according to total feed intake and BW gain. From d 0 to 7, 28 to 42, and 84 to 98, heifer intravaginal temperature was recorded hourly (iButton temperature loggers DS1922L, Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA). Environmental temperature humidity index (THI) was also recorded hourly throughout the experiment, and averaged 79.8 ± 0.6. Heifers receiving OMN had less (P ≤ 0.05) vaginal temperature from 1500 to 1900h across sampling days (39.05 vs. 39.19 °C, respectively; SEM = 0.04), when THI ranged from 85.3 to 90.1. However, no treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.20) for BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and carcass traits upon slaughter (P ≥ 0.22). Collectively, results from this experiment suggest that OMN ameliorated hyperthermia in finishing cattle exposed to heat stress conditions, but such benefit was not sufficient to improve productive and carcass parameters
117 Effects of feeding a Bacillus Subtilus active microbial on the clinical health, performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers
Authors: Wilson Blake K , Ryan Will , DeSocio Elizabeth , Lockard Caleb , Hergenreder Jerilyn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cross-bred steers (n = 397; initial BW = 247 ± 21 kg) from a single ranch were used to determine the effects of supplementing a Bacillus subtilus direct-fed microbial (DFM; CLOSTAT, Kemin Animal Health, Des Moines, IA) at a rate of 13 g ∙ steer−1 ∙ d−1 on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and clinical health during receiving and finishing. Steers were randomly assigned to pens by BW and pens were pairwise assigned 1 of 2 experimental treatments, control (CON) or DFM. Steers were housed in 12.2 x 30.5 m soil surfaced pens, and pen served as the experimental unit. There were no differences during the receiving period for overall BW (P = 0.97), ADG (P = 0.91), DMI (P = 0.77), or G: F (P = 0.79). There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for the DFM fed steers to be 14% more efficient from d 0 to 14 of the receiving period. There were also no differences in final BW (P = 0.40) or overall DMI (P = 0.46) during finishing, but there was a difference in ADG (P = 0.03) from d 29 to 56 of the finishing period where steers supplemented with DFM had greater ADG. The DFM supplemented steers also tended to be more efficient overall during finishing and for the entirety of the experiment (P = 0.07 and P = 0.08, respectively). There were no differences in carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.31) between the experimental treatments. While limited research has been conducted examining the effects of Bacillus subtilis on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and the clinical health of growing and finishing steers, the results of this experiment suggest that the supplementation of a strain Bacillus subtilis at a rate of 13 g ∙ steer−1 ∙ d−1 may improve feed efficiency
167 Livestock Literacy: Ensiling newspaper as a renewable fiber source for ruminant animals
Authors: Finn Natalie A , Cherry Nichole M , Muir James P , Smith William B 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Per unit energy, fiber is among the most expensive components of the ruminant diet. While the use of by- or co-products can help offset the costs of feeding cattle, these feeds often increase in price with increased adoption. Wastes from human enterprises may represent the next step in feedstuff investigation. Our objective was to evaluate the suitability of newspaper as a component of silage for ruminant feeding. Newspapers were obtained from the Dick Smith Library and JTAC News at Tarleton State University (Stephenville, TX). Samples were cut into strips (approximately 4.0 × 30.2 mm) using an office shredder. Sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan] was harvested and cut by hand to lengths of approximately 10 cm. Samples were combined to achieved DM ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100% newspaper and sorghum-sudangrass. Distilled water was added to achieve 45% DM. Samples were packed in a double layer of plastic sheeting and sealed in 19 L buckets. Laboratory silos were arranged in a Latin square design in a laboratory and allowed to ferment for 35 d. Ensiled samples were assayed for DM, particle size, and silage acids. There was no effect of newspaper percentage (P = 0.47) on silage pH. Ammonia (0.04 to 1.2% DM), total VFA (0.01 to 4.8% DM), lactic acid (0 to 46.6% VFA), and acetic acid (0.01 to 2.4% DM) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increased concentration of sorghum-sudangrass. Results indicated that newspaper alone was not an effective feedstuff to ensile. However, addition of newspaper to grass silages could represent a viable means to decrease cost and extend resources for ruminant animal producers.
161 Evaluation of cull sweet potato storage roots as a winter supplement to grazing for cow-calf pairs
Authors: Parish Jane A , Rutherford Cobie , Meyers Stephen L , Shankle Mark W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cull sweet potato storage roots that would otherwise be left unharvested in production fields or dumped as waste from excess supplies in storage may be available for use as livestock feed at competitive pricing relative to other feedstuffs. Given this potential economical source of nutrients for consumption by beef cattle, the objective of this study was to assess cow-calf performance using unprocessed sweetpotato storage roots as a winter supplement to grazing cow-calf pairs as compared to whole cottonseed or no supplement. Fall-calving multiparous Bos taurus crossbred cows in Prairie, MS, were allotted ad libitum access to mixed-grass pasture with tall fescue as the predominant forage species and randomly allocated to one of three as-fed basis supplement groups: 6.8 kg/cow/d of sweetpotato storage roots (SWP); 2.3 kg/ cow/d of whole cottonseed (WCS); or no supplement (NONE). Supplements were offered to cows on a group basis on every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 93 d each winter initiating December 5, 2016 (n = 81) and December 11, 2017 (n = 105). Cow BCS on a scale of 1 to 9 (1 = emaciated; 9 = obese) at supplementation initiation was 6.1 ± 0.1. From supplementation initiation until calf weaning in March, change in cow BCS (P < 0.01) was greatest for NONE (-1.1 ± 0.1), intermediate for SWP (-0.7 ± 0.1), and least for WCS (-0.4 ± 0.1). Adjusted 205-d calf BW was 16.9 ± 3.8 kg heavier (P < 0.01) in steers than heifers but did not differ (P = 0.41) among supplementation groups. Although nursing calf performance was not impacted by supplementation regime, results suggest that cull sweetpotato storage roots may be an effective feedstuff for winter supplementation intended to reduce BCS loss in lactating beef cows. Additional research to determine optimal frequency and quantity of SWP supplementation is warranted
164 Effects of year-round supplementation of sugarcane molasses/urea or range cubes on growth performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef cows and their offspring
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth , Vedovatto Marcelo , Ranches Juliana , Gouvêa Vinícius , Miranda Miguel , Arthington John , Vendramini João , Moriel Philipe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study compared the effectiveness of liquid sugarcane molasses/urea or wheat middlings-based range cubes supplementation on performance of beef cow-calf pairs. On d 0, 82 mature pregnant Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (433 ± 47 kg; BCS = 4.6 ± 0.77) and randomly allocated into 1 of 6 bahiagrass pastures (13–14 pairs and 9.3 ha/pasture). Treatments were assigned randomly to pastures (2 pastures/treatment) and consisted of cows offered: winter supplementation of molasses/urea from calving until end of breeding season (d 161 to 300; MOL-W), or year-round supplementation of liquid urea/molasses (MOL-Y) or range cubes (CUB-Y). Supplement amount offered to cows differed monthly among treatments, but all cows were limit-fed 272 kg/yr of the respective supplement DM and similar trace mineral supplementation (336 g/cow/wk). Cubes were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous compared with molasses/urea (75% TDN, 20% CP; DM basis). Weekly supplement amount was divided in half and offered every Monday and Thursday. Cow BCS: did not differ among treatments from d 0 to 74 (P ≥ 0.56); was greater at calving (d 161) for MOL-Y and CUB-Y vs. MOL-W cows (P ≤ 0.05); and was greatest, intermediate, and least at start of breeding season (d 217) for MOL-Y, CUB-Y, and MOL-W cows (P ≤ 0.05), respectively. Liver concentrations for Co, Se, and Cu on d 122 and 217 were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for CUB-Y vs. MOL-W and MOL-Y cows. Calving date, percentage of pregnant cows on d 360, and calf birth BW, pre-weaning ADG, and BW at weaning did not differ (P ≥ 0.14) among treatments. Therefore, year-round supplementation of liquid molasses/urea and range cubes enhanced cow BCS at calving and start of breeding season but did not impact subsequent reproductive performance of cows and calf weaning weights than conventional winter molasses/urea supplementation of cows