bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Erasure of Hasidic Yiddish from Twentieth Century Yiddish Linguistics
Authors: Nove Chaya R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Unlike other Yiddish dialects that were diminished to the point of virtual obsolescence in the decades following World War II, Hasidic Yiddish remains the dominant language for several hundred thousand Hasidic Jews across the globe. And yet, a survey of the research on Yiddish linguistics published during the second half of the 20th century does not reflect this reality. In this article, I review how the ideological underpinnings of Yiddish linguistics created and perpetuated a disciplinary preoccupation with a hypothetical standard at the expense of theoretically informative empirical studies of an evolving Yiddish dialect. Specifically, I show how linguistic chauvinism, a series of calamitous events, and historical anti-religiosity complicated by new resentments, led to the erasure of Hasidic dialects from Yiddish scholarship. Finally, I highlight significant contributions that recent empirical studies of Hasidic Yiddish are making to the field of linguistics.
How Yiddish is Haredi Satmar Yiddish?
Authors: Krogh Steffen 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Ever since the founding of the modern Haredi Satmar movement in the late 1940s in New York City, the Yiddish variety spoken by the Satmar Haredim has been subject to considerable influence from coterritorial English. The present article addresses the question of the extent to which core features of Eastern European Yiddish have survived into present-day Haredi Satmar Yiddish in America. Most significant in this study is whether the features in question have been able to maintain their position in Haredi Satmar Yiddish despite their absence in English. The absence of a given feature in English will in all likelihood favor alternative Yiddish constructions that have equivalents in English, and will eventually trigger the elimination of the feature in Haredi Satmar Yiddish.
Empirical Research and Workplace Discrimination Law
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In Empirical Research and Workplace Discrimination Law, part of the series Comparative Discrimination Law, Alysia Blackham offers a succinct comparative survey of empirical research that is occurring in workplace discrimination law, across jurisdictions such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Drawing on case studies of existing scholarship, Blackham offers both a rationale for conducting empirical research in this area, and methodological options for researchers considering empirical work. Using examples from case law and public policy, the author considers the impact that empirical research is having on discrimination law and policy, and highlights fundamental gaps in existing empirical scholarship.
نحو قراءة منظومية أخلاقية للفقه: الإجهاض نموذجًا
Authors: الخطيب معتز 
Published: June 2019

الخلاصة
يقدم هذا البحث مدخلاً جديدًا لدراسة العلاقة بين الفقه والأخلاق من خلال تأمل الأحكام الفقهية نفسها وما إذا كانت تستند إلى بنية أخلاقية بالمنظور الحديث، سواءٌ الأخلاق المعيارية أم التطبيقية، وهي محاولة لتجاوز مجرد الانشغال بالصياغة المعاصرة للأحكام الفقهية إلى معالجة مشاغل حديثة وتأمل العقل الفقهي نفسه من خلال موضوعاته وأحكامه. ويتخذ الباحث من أحكام الإجهاض في المذهب الحنبلي نموذجًا تطبيقيًّا للقراءة المنظومية الأخلاقية التي يقترحها، وهي تعني أربعة أمور: الأول: اعتبار أحكام الجنين في مختلف الأبواب منظومةً متكاملةً وحَمْل بعضها على بعض، والثاني: تَتَبع عِلَل الأحكام التي تختلف بحسب كل مسألة، والثالث: استيعاب كتب المذهب بأشكالها المختلفة، والرابع: الجمع بين الفروع والأصول عبر تأمل منهجية الحنابلة في تقرير مسائل الإجهاض‫.‬
وبناء على هذه القراءة المنظومية اتضح أن أحكام الإجهاض في المذهب تدور على ثلاثة أوصاف هي: انعقاد النطفة ولدًا بِتَحولها إلى علقة وهو أول أحوال الحمل، والتخليق وهو ظهور صورة الإنسان فيه أو بعضها، ونفخ الروح. وتختلف أحكام الجنين - وهي كثيرة - بحسب هذه الأوصاف وجودًا وعدمًا، وقد أثبت الحنابلةُ للجنين نوع استقلالية ولكنها ليست مطلقة، فحياة الجنين ليست كاملة ما دام يتحرك بغيره‫.‬
يقوم الفقه الحنبلي عامةً على المنهجية النصية والبعد عن الرأي المجرد، ويحاول إعمال جميع النصوص ما أمكنَ، ولكن فقهاء المذهب المتأخرين اعتنوا بتعليل المسائل وبيان وجه الحكم ضمن نظرٍ يَنتظم جميع الأحكام بما ينسجم مع قواعد المذهب وأصوله، ولو نظرنا إلى تعليلاتهم هنا نجدها تقوم على نظرين: أخلاقي وديني، يتلخصان في: (1) مركزية الروح الإنسانية، (2) ومراعاة الحياة الاعتبارية السابقة على نفخ الروح، (3) ووجود صفة الآدمية في الجنين واحترامها، (4) وأن الكلام في الجنين وأحكامه عامة مسألةٌ تتعلق بقضية الخلق الإلهي والحكمة المرادة منه‫.‬
Political Legitimacy, Democracy and Islamic Law: The Place of Self‐Government in Islamic Political Thought
Authors: Fadel Mohammad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Contemporary Political Islam, or Islamism, is commonly defined as a movement that seeks to apply the Sharīʿa as the basic law of Muslim states. This suggests that political legitimacy in Islamic thought can be reduced to the conformity of a polity’s actions to a pre-determined body of rules that are supplied by revelation, as supplemented by the interpretations of jurists. Such a demand is reasonably understood to be non-democratic because it includes no room for self-government by making it either redundant, if it produces results that are in conformity with the norms of the Sharīʿa, or contradictory to self-government, if the results of self-government differ from revealed norms. I argue instead that Islamic constitutional theory and political thought provide explicit grounds for self-government based on a conception of the state that is grounded in the ideals of agency and fiduciary duties rather than conformity with the pre-determined substantive norms of revelation simpliciter. On this account, self-government is essential to political legitimacy because the legitimacy of the ruler’s decisions can only be understood from the perspective of whether the people, as the principal who authorized the agent (i.e., the government), approves of the government’s conduct, or can reasonably be understood to approve of the government’s conduct. This has important implications for understanding how a state can, consistent with self-government, incorporate the Sharīʿa and its values in its legislative system. Far from imposing particular outcomes, in most cases, the rules of the Sharīʿa will only present options for how public law may be made, while giving the public the freedom, through the exercise of its collective deliberation, to choose how it operationalizes various provisions and values of the Sharīʿa in positive law in relation to its own determination of its own rational good (maṣlaḥa).
The Space of the Epigone in Early Greek Epic
Authors: Sammons Benjamin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Several poems of the Epic Cycle (especially the Little Iliad and the Nostoi) have a strong interest in the figure of the epigone, as does the Odyssey. Reconstruction of these cyclic epics suggests the operation of narrative conventions that are found to be pointedly inverted in the Homeric poem and thoroughly perverted in the cyclic Telegony.
Effect of Wind Speed and Leads on Clear-Sky Cooling over Arctic Sea Ice during Polar Night
Authors: Chechin Dmitry G. , Makhotina Irina A. , Lüpkes Christof , Makshtas Alexander P. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A simple analytical model of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) coupled to sea ice is presented. It describes clear-sky cooling over sea ice during polar night in the presence of leads. The model solutions show that the sea ice concentration and wind speed have a strong impact on the thermal regime over sea ice. Leads cause both a warming of the ABL and an increase of stability over sea ice. The model describes a sharp ABL transition from a weakly stable coupled state to a strongly stable decoupled state when wind speed is decreasing. The threshold value of the transition wind speed is a function of sea ice concentration. The decoupled state is characterized by a large air–surface temperature difference over sea ice, which is further increased by leads. In the coupled regime, air and surface temperatures increase almost linearly with wind speed due to warming by leads and also slower cooling of the ABL. The cooling time scale shows a nonmonotonic dependency on wind speed, being lowest for the threshold value of wind speed and increasing for weak and strong winds. Theoretical solutions agree well with results of a more realistic single-column model and with observations performed at the three Russian “North Pole” drifting stations (NP-35, -37, and -39) and at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean ice camp. Both modeling results and observations show a strong implicit dependency of the net longwave radiative flux at the surface on wind speed.
Climate Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing on Tropical Precipitation and Circulations
Authors: Wang Chia-Chi , Lee Wei-Liang , Chou Chia 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Aerosols are one of the key factors influencing the hydrological cycle and radiation balance of the climate system. Although most aerosols deposit near their sources, the induced cooling effect is on a global scale and can influence the tropical atmosphere through slow processes, such as air–sea interactions. This study analyzes several simulations of fully coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models under the influence of anthropogenic aerosols, with the concentrations of greenhouse gases kept constant. In the cooling simulations, precipitation is reduced in deep convective areas but increased around the edges of convective areas, which is opposite to the “rich-get-richer” phenomenon in global warming scenarios in the first-order approximation. Tropical convection is intensified with a shallower depth, and tropical circulations are enhanced. The anomalous gross moist stability (M′) mechanism and the upped-ante mechanism can be used to explain the dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the changes in tropical precipitation and convection. There is a northward cross-equatorial energy transport due to the cooler Northern Hemisphere in most of the simulations, together with the southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the enhancement of the Hadley circulation. The enhancement of the Hadley circulation is more consistent between models than the changes of the Walker circulation. The change in the Hadley circulation is not as negligible as in the warming cases in previous studies, which supports the consistency of the ITCZ shift in cooling simulations.
New Perspectives on the Generation and Maintenance of the Kuroshio Large Meander
Authors: Yang Yang , San Liang X. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe internal dynamical processes underlying the Kuroshio large meander are investigated using a recently developed analysis tool, multiscale window transform (MWT), and the MWT-based canonical transfer theory. Oceanic fields are reconstructed on a low-frequency mean flow window, a mesoscale eddy window, and a high-frequency synoptic window with reference to the three typical path states south of Japan, that is, the typical large meander (tLM), nearshore non-large meander (nNLM), and offshore non-large meander (oNLM) path states. The interactions between the scale windows are quantitatively evaluated in terms of canonical transfer, which bears a Lie bracket form and conserves energy in the space of scale. In general, baroclinic (barotropic) instability is strengthened (weakened) during the tLM state. For the first time we found a spatially coherent inverse cascade of kinetic energy (KE) from the synoptic eddies to the slowly varying mean flow; it occupies the whole large meander region but exists only in the tLM state. By the time-varying multiscale energetics, a typical large meander is preceded by a strong influx of mesoscale eddy energy from upstream with a cyclonic eddy, which subsequently triggers a strong inverse KE cascade from the mesoscale window to the mean flow window to build up the KE reservoir for the meander. Synoptic frontal eddies are episodically intensified due to the baroclinic instability of the meander, but they immediately feed back to the mean flow window through inverse KE cascade. These results highlight the important role played by inverse KE cascades in generating and maintaining the Kuroshio large meander.
Assimilation of Radar Radial Velocity, Reflectivity, and Pseudo–Water Vapor for Convective-Scale NWP in a Variational Framework
Authors: Lai Anwei , Gao Jidong , Koch Steven E. , Wang Yunheng , Pan Sijie , Fierro Alexandre O. , Cui Chunguang , Min Jinzhong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
To improve severe thunderstorm prediction, a novel pseudo-observation and assimilation approach involving water vapor mass mixing ratio is proposed to better initialize NWP forecasts at convection-resolving scales. The first step of the algorithm identifies areas of deep moist convection by utilizing the vertically integrated liquid water (VIL) derived from three-dimensional radar reflectivity fields. Once VIL is obtained, pseudo–water vapor observations are derived based on reflectivity thresholds within columns characterized by deep moist convection. Areas of spurious convection also are identified by the algorithm to help reduce their detrimental impact on the forecast. The third step is to assimilate the derived pseudo–water vapor observations into a convection-resolving-scale NWP model along with radar radial velocity and reflectivity fields in a 3DVAR framework during 4-h data assimilation cycles. Finally, 3-h forecasts are launched every hour during that period. The performance of this method is examined for two selected high-impact severe thunderstorm events: namely, the 24 May 2011 Oklahoma and 16 May 2017 Texas and Oklahoma tornado outbreaks. Relative to a control simulation that only assimilated radar data, the analyses and forecasts of these supercells (reflectivity patterns, tracks, and updraft helicity tracks) are qualitatively and quantitatively improved in both cases when the water vapor information is added into the analysis.
Continuing Bonds With Children and Bereaved Young People: A Narrative Review
Authors: Clabburn Oliver , Knighting Katherine , Jack Barbara A. , O’Brien Mary R. 
Published: June 2019

Background Finding alternative ways to reconnect with the deceased is a common feature of bereavement. However, it is currently unclear how bereaved children or young people establish and develop a “continuing bond” with deceased family members. Aim To investigate how bereaved young people continue bonds with deceased family members. Design A systematically conducted narrative review was conducted using six electronic databases: CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and BNI. Limiters were applied to peer-reviewed articles published in English. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Results Twenty articles were included in the review. Three overarching themes were generated: unintended connections, intended connections, and internalized connections. Conclusion Bereaved young people establish a sense of connection with deceased family members through various means (e.g., unprovoked or spontaneous reminders, physical mementos, internalized memories). Some connections are unintended and occur spontaneously. However, other young people will specifically seek ways to remember the deceased to provide a sense of enduring connection.
Safety findings from Phase 3 lasmiditan studies for acute treatment of migraine: Results from SAMURAI and SPARTAN
Authors: Krege John H , Rizzoli Paul B , Liffick Emily , Doty Erin G , Dowsett Sherie A , Wang Jianing , Buchanan Andrew S 
Published: June 2019

Background We assessed the safety profile of lasmiditan, a selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist without vasoconstrictive activity being developed as an acute therapy for migraine. Methods SAMURAI and SPARTAN were Phase 3 double-blind studies of patients with migraine, randomized to oral lasmiditan 50 mg (SPARTAN only), 100 mg, 200 mg, or placebo to be taken within 4 hours of onset of migraine pain. Safety data from the studies were integrated. Treatment-emergent adverse events (occurring within 48 hours of first dose) were considered in the analyses. Results The safety population comprised 1262 patients assigned placebo, and 654, 1265, and 1258 assigned lasmiditan 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg, respectively. There were no deaths; serious adverse events were reported for seven patients (placebo, n = 2 [0.2%]; lasmiditan 50 mg, n = 1 [0.2%]; lasmiditan 100 mg, n = 1 [0.2%]; lasmiditan 200 mg, n = 3 [0.2%]). Patients reporting ≥ 1 treatment-emergent adverse events were: Placebo, n = 174 (13.5%); lasmiditan 50 mg, n = 166 (25.4%); lasmiditan 100 mg, n = 458 (36.2%); and lasmiditan 200 mg, n = 510 (40.6%). Treatment-emergent adverse events were generally mild or moderate in severity. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events with lasmiditan were dizziness, paresthesia, somnolence, fatigue, nausea, muscular weakness and hypoesthesia. There were no ischemic events. Conclusions As a centrally-penetrant drug, lasmiditan use was associated with neurologic treatment-emergent adverse events; most were mild or moderate in severity and self-limiting. Trial registration at clinicaltrials.gov SAMURAI (NCT02439320) and SPARTAN (NCT02605174).
A brief intervention to improve rates and quality of physical examinations for admissions to acute adult psychiatry units
Authors: Munir Usama , Younus Adnan , Brakoulias Vlasios 
Published: June 2019

Objective: To determine the frequency and quality of physical examinations within 24 h of admission to an acute adult psychiatry unit, and whether a brief intervention involving feedback to clinicians could lead to improvement. Method: Retrospective review of the electronic medical records followed by four brief feedback sessions and email correspondence, followed by a further review of the medical records 1 month later. Results: The proportion of patients receiving a physical examination increased from 36/71 (50.7%) in the initial audit to 41/64 (64.1%) in the re-audit. The mean score of the quality of physical examinations improved from 7.5 to 9.3 (out of 15). The greatest improvement on re-audit occurred in the documentation of additional cardiac sounds (33.9% increase), additional breath sounds (17.7% increase), breath sounds (17.1% increase), cardiac sounds (14.2% increase) and bowel sounds (12.5% increase). Conclusion: This audit supports the use of brief peer-led feedback to improve the rates and quality of physical examinations.
Beware bandwagons! The bandwagon phenomenon in medicine, psychiatry and management
Authors: O’Connor Nick , Clark Scott 
Published: June 2019

Objectives: We examined the literature on bandwagons, fashions and fads in the fields of medicine, psychiatry and health management. Conclusions: The bandwagon effect appears to operate across medicine, psychiatry and health management, often to the detriment of patients and health organisations. The authors provide advice on recognising and managing this phenomenon.
Mental health patients in emergency departments are suffering: the national failure and shame of the current system. A report on the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine’s Mental Health in the Emergency Department Summit
Authors: Judkins Simon , Fatovich Daniel , Ballenden Nicola , Maher Helena 
Published: June 2019

Objectives: Inadequate capacity in Australia’s mental health system means that many people turn to emergency departments (ED) in crisis for care and support, often because it is the only service available. Australian Governments have set a 4-h target for all ED care, but the data shows that people presenting to an ED in a mental health crisis are the group most likely to wait more than 24 h for care. These long waits, seemingly with no end in sight, are harmful for patients and deeply frustrating for clinicians. Conclusions: In response, in 2018, the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM) organised the national Mental Health in the Emergency Department Summit. Delegates from across clinical disciplines and user groups were unified in their deep concern at the unacceptable state of mental health support available to people seeking help through EDs. The Summit identified four priorities for urgent action and urged government to take immediate steps to improve this situation.
Cultural validation of the structured clinical interview for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in Indigenous Australians
Authors: Toombs Maree , Nasir Bushra , Kisely Steve , Ranmuthugala Geetha , Gill Neeraj S , Beccaria Gavin , Hayman Noel , Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan Srinivas N , Nicholson Geoffrey C 
Published: June 2019

Objective: This study determined the cultural appropriateness of the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) as an acceptable tool for diagnosing mental illness among Indigenous people. Methods: De-identified qualitative feedback from participants and psychologists regarding the cultural appropriateness of the SCID-I for Indigenous people using open-ended anonymous questionnaires was gathered. Aboriginal Medial Service staff and Indigenous Support Workers participated in a focus group. Results: A total of 95.6% of participants felt comfortable during the 498 questionnaires completed. Psychologists also provided qualitative feedback for 502 (92.3%) interviews, of whom 40.4% established a good rapport with participants. Of the participants, 77.7% understood the SCID-I questions well, while 72.5% did not require any cultural allowances to reach a clinical diagnosis. Conclusion: When administered by a culturally safe trained psychologist, SCID-I is well tolerated in this group.
Effect of Subtalar Fusion and Calcaneal Osteotomy on Function, Pain, and Gait Mechanics for Calcaneal Malunion
Authors: Farouk Amr , Ibrahim Amr , Abd-Ella Mohamed Mokhtar , El Ghazali Sherif 
Published: June 2019

Background: Calcaneal malunion is a common complication of nonoperative management of calcaneal fracture, which leads to a disruption of the biomechanics of the lower extremity, pain, and permanent disability. Our aim was to evaluate pain, function, and gait after combined subtalar joint fusion, calcaneal osteotomy, and lateral wall exostectomy for patients with neglected calcaneal fractures with malunion. Methods: Eighteen patients with malunited calcaneal fractures, varus deformity, and subtalar arthritis were operated upon and then followed up for 18 months. All cases were assessed clinically using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) and visual analog scale (VAS); radiologically by measuring the talar inclination, talocalcaneal and talus-first metatarsal angles, and talocalcaneal height; and biomechanically by measuring the stride duration, step width, comfortable speed, and ground reaction forces in relation to the body weight. Results: A significant improvement in AOFAS (59.8 preoperatively to 80.2 after 18 months) and VAS (61.1 preoperatively to 29.4) was found. Also, our study revealed a significant improvement in the radiographic measurements including the valgus angle, the talocalcaneal angle, the talocalcaneal height, and the talar inclination angle. The gait analysis found that the maximum loading force in the push-off phase and comfortable speed yielded a significant improvement postoperatively. However, no significant differences between the preoperative data and the final follow-up in terms of the step width, stride duration, maximum peak force during loading phase, and minimum peak force during midstance phase were found. Conclusion: The combination of valgus calcaneal osteotomy, lateral wall exostectomy, and subtalar fusion resulted in pain reduction, improved function, and better gait. However, the limited bone stock for the graft used in the subtalar fusion made use of this technique in severely reduced height unadvisable. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.