bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Khasiat dan Profil Kromatogram Fraksi Aktif dari Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) yang Diiradiasi
Authors: Katrin Ermin , Jacobs Setiananda , Winarno Hendig 
Published: August 2019

The mangosteen fruit peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) are used as anti-infl ammatory, antihistamine, treatment of heart disease, antibacterial, antifungal, it is also used for the treatment or therapy of cancer, because it has a cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Most of Indonesian people have used the mangosteen fruit peel and they produce mangosteen peel into powder or herbal medicine industry has produced its extract in capsules. Efforts to preserve dried mangosteen rind has done by heating process or by gamma irradiation technique. This study aimed to study the effect of gamma irradiation on cytotoxicity activity of extracts and active fractions mangosteen fruit peel against L1210 leukemia cells and chromatogram profi le of extracts and active fractions of the mangosteen fruit peel. Dry powder mangosteen rind irradiated using gamma irradiation dose of 5; 7.5; 10; and 15 kGy. Then each sample was successive macerated in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Each extract was tested cytotoxicity against L1210 leukemia cells. The ethyl acetate extract was most active extract (IC50 = 4.17 mg/mL) compared with n-hexane extract (IC50 = 8.29 mg/mL) and ethanol extract (IC50 = 7.52 mg/mL). Fractionation of ethyl acetate extract by column chromatography were obtained 6 fractions. The result of cytotoxicity test showed that fraction 1 was the most active fraction (IC50 = 3.97 mg/mL), it was it was still categorized as potential anticancer (IC50 ≤ 20 mg/mL). Profi le chromatogram of fraction 1 with TLC-densitometry showed patches of discoloration on irradiation dose of 10 and 15 kGy. The results of analysis by HPLC fraction 1 showed a decrease of peak area at a dose of 10 kGy was signifi cantly different from the control. Based on the chromatogram profi le of fraction 1 and itscytotoxicity against L1210 leukemia cells, so the maximum dose of 7.5 kGy gamma irradiation can beap plied on irradiation of mangosteen fruit peel without changing its effi cacy as anti-cancer agent.
Off-Label Prescribing in Pediatric Inpatients With Pneumonia in a Children's Hospitaal
Authors: Ramadaniati Hesty Utami , Safarini Heni , Regine Aishah A 
Published: August 2019

Off-label is a term used in which a drug prescribed outside the official information of the marketing authorization. Off-label prescribing may occur as the result of several factors including lack of clinical trials data involving pediatrics and suitable formulations for medicines commonly prescribed to this fragile population. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the nature and prevalence of off-label prescribing in pediatric inpatients with pneumonia. Material and Methods: a retrospective study was conducted in a study hospital using medical records from pediatric inpatients with pneumonia during the period of January-December 2015. Patient and prescribing data were collected, and drugs were classified as on-label or off-label based on the Indonesia National Drug Information (IONI) and British National Formulary for Children (BNFC). Thereafter, off-label drugs were categorized with a hierarchical system of age, indication, route of administration and dosage. Results: There were 1141 drugs with 77 different types of drug were administered to 207 patient during the study period. The data uncovered that 405 (35,5%) of the drug prescriptions were used off-label based on IONI, and 319 (28%) of the drug were used off-label based on BNFC. Based on IONI and BNFC, most off-label drugs were from anti infection drugs. Conclusion: The prevalence of off-label use in pediatric inpatients with pneumonia is not high. The off-label prescribing may not be necessarily be considered irrational, yet this fact reveals that the use of drugs does not comply with the drug label. Clinical trials for pediatric drugs are essential to provide complete product information for pediatric use.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA SANITASI LINGKUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA LANJUT USIA
Authors: Nurhaedah Nurhaedah 
Published: August 2019

Latar belakang indikator keberhasilan pembangunan nasional adalah meningkatnya derajat kesehatan. Derajat kesehatan suatu negara dapat diukur dengan melihat tingkat kesakitan dan tingkat kematian yang disebabkan oleh umur dan usia harapan hidup. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui hubungan sanitasi lingkungan dengan kejadian diare pada lansia. Metode jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah survey analitik dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectional study. Penelitian cross sectional adalah suatu penelitian dimana variable yang termasuk factor resiko dan variable yang termasuk efek diobservasi pada waktu yang sama. Hasil melalui uji statistik dengan menggunakan uji Chi Square dibuktikan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan air bersih, jamban keluarga, pengelolaan sampah keluarga dan SPAL dengan kejadian diare pada lanjut usia. Kesimpulan kepada lanjut usia agar menggunakan air dari sumber yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan sebaiknya air yang hendak dikonsumsi dimasak terlebih dahulu serta menyediakan wadah khusus yang memiliki penutup sebagai tempat untuk menyimpan air agar air tidak terkontaminsai. Kepada lanjut usia agar menggunakan jamban keluarga yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan serta memperhatikan letak jamban agar tidak mengkontaminasi makanan, air dan tanah disekitarnya.
Tantangan Menghasilkan Diklat yang Berkualitas dan Berdampak Luas
Authors: Madjid Noor Cholis 
Published: August 2019

Kualitas organisasi tercermin dari keberhasilan organisasi tersebut menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya. Lembaga diklat akan dihargai dan diapresiasi kinerjanya apabila mampu menyediakan dan menyelenggarakan diklat yang berkualitas sesuai dengan ekspektasi stake holder yang dilayaninya. Unit organisasi sebagai stake holder Lembaga diklat senantiasa beradaptasi dan terus berinovasi untuk menghasilkan kinerja yang berkualitas dan untuk itu semua diperlukan kualitas SDM yang tinggi. Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan dituntut untuk menyediakan diklat yang tepat sesuai kebutuhan dan dengan kualitas yang prima. Tulisan ini merupakan pemikiran penulis dengan melakukan pengamatan dan studi kepustakaan terkait dengan diklat yang telah dilaksanakan pada Pusdiklat Anggaran dan Perbendaharan. Berdasarkan hasil kajian penulis, terdapat diklat yang dari sisi kuantitas tidak begitu banyak namun berdampak luas (impactfull) dan mempengaruhi kebijakan di level Kementerian. Dengan mengacu pada diklat yang impactfull ini diharapkan dapat menjadi best practice diklat yang berkualitas tinggi. Selanjutnya Badan Diklat yang ada di seluruh Kementerian diharapkan mampu mendesain dan melaksanakan diklat berkualitas tinggi dan memberikan dampak yang besar bagi stake holder yang dilayaninya.
Analisis Kebutuhan dan Kondisi Jabatan Fungsional di Lingkungan Sekretariat Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat
Authors: Soviyanti Novi 
Published: August 2019

The study presented in this paper is to analyze Functional Position which is an alternative in the career development of civil servants, in addition to structural positions such as supervisors, administrators, and high leadership positions. Being a functional official must have certain skills and skills and carry out specific work independently and by their skills and skills. This study aims to identify the needs and conditions of functional positions within the Regional Secretariat of West Java Province. The research method used is a qualitative method, which intends to understand and examine holistic phenomena about functional positions. The results of this study are the identification of the needs and conditions of functional positions, including librarians, staff analysts, and legislators, which can then be used to formulate functional position formations, especially within the West Java Provincial Secretariat. Abstrak Studi yang disajikan dalam makalah ini adalah menganalisis Jabatan Fungsional yang merupakan alternatif dalam pengembangan karier PNS, disamping jabatan struktural seperti pengawas, administrator dan jabatan pimpinan tinggi. Menjadi pejabat fungsional harus memiliki keahlian dan keterampilan tertentu serta melaksanakan pekerjaan yang spesifik secara mandiri dan sesuai dengan keahlian dan keterampilannya tersebut.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kebutuhan dan kondisi jabatan fungsional di lingkungan Sekretariat Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, yang bermaksud untuk memahami dan meneliti fenomena secara holistik tentang jabatan fungsional. Hasil penelitian ini adalah teridentifikasinya kebutuhan dan kondisi jabatan fungsional, diantaranya adalah Pustakawan, Analis Kepegawaian dan Perancang Peraturan perundang-undangan, yang selanjutnya dapat digunakan untuk menyusun formasi jabatan fungsional, khususnya di lingkungan Sekretariat Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat.
Authors: Ferronato Marcelo Lucian , Machado Daniela Moreira dos Santos , Stolerman Paula , Casagrande Ligiane Pauly 
Published: August 2019

Este texto busca a reflexão dos aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais do município de Cujubim, localizado na porção noroeste do estado de Rondônia, visando demonstrar a influência das atividades humanas empregadas na região sobre os movimentos migratórios e do uso do solo. A pesquisa se deu por meio de levantamento de dados secundários, informações sociais oficiais, e obtenção de dados primários, por meio de entrevistas com 37 moradores das zonas urbana e 27 moradores da área rural, além de instituições públicas e privadas atuantes na região. A pesquisa ocorreu em outubro de 2014. Os questionários foram formulados contendo perguntas fechadas e abertas, visando obter informações subjetivas dos entrevistados que poderiam melhor qualificar as informações que, em geral, ficam escondidas num momento posterior de tabulação e análise de dados quantitativos. A análise concentra-se em três questões básicas amplamente discutidas no decorrer do texto: a) queda da extração de madeiras; b) conversão de florestas em pastagens; c) incremento de mecanização agrícola. A situação relatada é preocupante e segue a mesma linha de outros municípios de Rondônia e do contexto histórico da Amazônia, com a possível transição de atividade econômica entre atividade madeireira que não é feita de forma sustentável, para a agropecuária e a pressão sobre os remanescentes florestais da região.
Authors: Amaral Márcio Douglas Brito , Corrêa Émerson Gil Santos , Sabino Thiago Alan Guedes , Santos Romário Valente 
Published: August 2019

O texto tem como objetivo central analisar a relação campo-cidade na Amazônia, a partir das relações estabelecidas entre a cidade média de Castanhal e a sua rede de proximidade territorial, conexões com agrovilas do município e demais localidades de municípios vizinhos voltados ao abastecimento dos produtos do campo e para prestação de serviços oferecidos às atividades produtivas realizadas no campo. De um lado, busca-se ressaltar a importância de Castanhal na prestação de serviços para o campo, por meio da oferta de produtos agrícolas derivados das agrolojas e da prestação de assistência técnica por instituições de pesquisa localizadas na cidade. De outro lado, destaca-se a importância da relação com o campo, tanto da ordem próxima – rede de proximidade territorial – quanto da ordem distante – áreas de abastecimento localizadas em outras regiões do país – para o abastecimento da cidade, particularmente as feiras. A hipótese levantada é a de que embora Castanhal não possa ser definida, fundamentalmente, como uma cidade do agronegócio, não se pode desprezar o papel que ela exerce na oferta de tecnologia e serviços para as atividades agrícolas do circuito superior e inferior do campo na região, bem como não se deve deixar de considerar a forte relação quanto ao abastecimento da própria cidade. Palavras-Chave: Cidades médias na Amazônia; Relação cidade-campo; Feiras; Agrolojas.
Desperation Of Father In Great Depression Era As Seen In Arthur Miller’s The Death Of Salesman
Authors: Megawati Sri 
Published: August 2019

The title of this thesis is an analysis of the ambitions and dreams of Americans in the 1920s, focusing on the analysis of a leading figure from the circle An ordinary person named Willy Loman who turned his career into a businessman (Salesman), but eventually found failure and experienced severe frustration and eventually committed suicide by crashing the car fence home.
Problems in this thesis is a problem associated with characterizations such as Willy Loman has an inner conflict between his two children Biff and Happy. In this thesis, the author uses a psychological approach. This approach saw the development of characters in literary works that are a reflection of the true human psyche. This approach also explains the character changes in the main characters.
The purpose of this study is for the reader to know the ambitions and dreams of what is in the drama of the death of Salesman, and the results obtained from this analysis is that material satisfaction greatly affects the lives of Americans especially Willy loman, the main character in this drama he Very ambitious to achieve material satisfaction such as home, money, success, wealth, honor, equality of rights so that people around him will put respect and sympathy.
Pragmatics Implicature Function Of Hillary Clinton And Donald Trump Presidential Debate
Authors: Nasir Ulfani Rizki 
Published: August 2019

The problem in this thesis is the utterances by the candidate of presidential debate Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump to get the support from the audience and can be a President of America. The candidates give suggestion and negative comment for the audience that he or she was the best to be a president of America.
In this writing, The writer use qualitative method of collecting data because of the element that used come from textual material, which data collected with utilize all of the information and the relevant thought. The writer use library research that kinds of qualitative method for analyze the data. Sarwono (2006:226) mention that library research use for analyze from textual data with systematically. In the writer point of view, this method is correctly use for analyzing this proposal. The writer will collect the data and categorized the primary data to secondary data with used pragmatics implicature function that is assertive function, directive function and expressive function and choose only some of the data for sampling.
The results of research in this thesis are the function of pragmatics implcature that was used the most is expressive function. From three presidential debate if Hillary Clinton and Donald trump.
Racial Prejudice Toward The Black In America As Reflected In James Mcbride The Color Of Water
Authors: Sanopa Sanopa 
Published: August 2019

This thesis discusses the issue of racial prejudice in America described in the novel The Color of Water written by James Mcbride. This analysis focuses on how blacks are perceived differently by other races in America such as whites. In this study, the authors analyzed three problems, the first why race prejudice occurred in America. How racial prejudices against blacks as uneducated people, how racial prejudice against blacks as criminal.
In analyzing the literary work, the author uses postcolonial theory, it is this theory that allows us to see how the colonial influence both during colonization lasted, before, and after the colonialization ended like today. This theory has a very important meaning, The hidden problems contained behind the facts that have occurred, and very in accordance with the problems contained in the novel the color of water.
In this study, the authors found a 1). bad relationship between the minority and the majority in the United States really happened. 2). Minorities such as blacks get white prejudices. This disharmony of relationships has some impact on the minority itself, the impact of which can be seen from how the quality of life of these minorities. 3). Another consequence of the harmony of the relationship is the emergence of awareness and motivation in the minority to be equal to the majority.
True Love of a Princess as Seen in William Shakespeare’s King Lear
Authors: Helmita Helmita , Marlina Lina 
Published: August 2019

This research is a study of psychological approaches that discuss the external aspect of drama King Lear by William Shakespeare. In this study the writer will discuss some of the problems that is (1) What does the king Lear prove his unconditional love to his youngest daughter (2) How does the King Lear’s youngest daughter prove her unconditional love to her father (king Lear) (3) How does the king Lear face the death of his youngest daughter. The purpose of this study is (1) To describe the king Lear prove his unconditional love to his youngest daughter (2) To describe the youngest daughter of king Lear prove unconditional love to his father king Lear (3) To explain the king Lear face the death of his youngest daughter. The theory used in this research is the theory of literary psychology according to Sigmund Freud and Carl rogers. This study used a qualitative method .The object of the study is William Shakespeare's William Lords drama. The data source is divided into two primary data sources and secondary data sources. The primary data source is the drama script itself. The secondary data source is the text of the text and some references related to the research. Data collection techniques are noted. Data analysis technique is descriptive analysis.The results show the following conclusions. First, the true love of a father to his daughter. Second, the true love of a daughter to her father. Third, when a father regrets his past decisions that can not see his daughter's love from the heart and must accept her daughter's gone ever.
Reducing Hypoglycemia in Critical Care Patients Using a Nurse-Driven Root Cause Analysis Process
Authors: Shea Krista E. , Gerard Sally O. , Krinsley James S. 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundSuccessful blood glucose control is associated with improved outcomes of critically ill patients. However, insulin treatment can cause hypoglycemia, an important patient safety concern. The Joint Commission has recommended that all episodes of hypoglycemia be evaluated with a root cause analysis.ObjectiveTo reduce episodes of hypoglycemia through the analysis of data related to each episode.MethodsThe interdisciplinary team of the 16-bed critical care unit of a university-affilited teaching hospital developed a process to analyze, in real time, each episode of hypoglycemia (blood glucose level &lt;60 mg/dL), including evaluation of patient risk factors and nursing interventions. The nursing staff integrated the root cause analysis into daily practice. The preimplementation period encompassed 2429 consecutive admissions, and the implementation period encompassed 2608 consecutive admissions.ResultsThe percentage of patients with hypoglycemia decreased substantially during the implementation period among those without (from 6.15% to 3.78%; P = .001) and with diabetes (from 13.14% to 7.23%; P = .002). Mean blood glucose level decreased during the implementation period among patients without diabetes (P &lt; .001), and did not change significantly among patients with diabetes (P = .23). The coefficient of variation, reflecting glucose variability, decreased during the implementation period among patients without and with diabetes (P &lt; .001 for each).ConclusionThe nurse-driven root cause analysis was associated with a substantial reduction in hypoglycemia, with concomitant decreases in mean blood glucose level among patients without diabetes and glucose variability in patients without and with diabetes.
Application of International association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society criteria for the diagnosis of lung carcinomas on small biopsies: A tertiary care center experience
Authors: Balraam K. V. Vinu , Shelly Divya , Mishra Prabha S. , Sampath K. S. , Bharadwaj Reena 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: The new IASLC/ATS/ERS classification provides standardized terminology for lung cancer diagnosis in small biopsies and cytology specimens. Objectives: The aim was to study the feasibility of the guidelines using one marker for adenocarcinoma (ADC) and one for squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). Subject and Methods: In this study, we reviewed all the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks diagnosed as lung carcinoma between July 2016 and December 2017. Cases were labeled as SCLC, ADC, SQCC, NSCLC favor ADC, NSCLC favor SQCC, NSCLC-not otherwise specified (NOS), and NSCLC-NOS possible adeno-SQCC (ADSQCC) as per IASLC/ATS/ERS 2011 guidelines. A three-step approach incorporating morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and molecular analysis was used. Results: One hundred and nine cases were included. Six of the 109 cases were SCLC and 1 case was of large-cell neuroendocrine type. Of the remaining 102, 51 were diagnosed based on their classical histomorphology into SQCC (8) and ADC (43). Remaining 51 cases required IHC/special stains for categorization. The panel comprised anti-CK7, anti-thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), and anti-p63. Twenty-nine were positive for anti-TTF-1 and thus labeled as NSCLC favor ADC. Fifteen were labeled as NSCLC favor SQCC as they were highlighted by anti-p63. Four cases showed reaction to both the antibodies in different sets of tumor cells and thus were classified as NSCLC-NOS, possible ADSQCC. Remaining 3 cases did not show reaction to any of the antibodies and hence were labeled NSCLC-NOS. Conclusion: The need for every laboratory to use minimal tissue for ancillary tests to diagnose lung carcinoma on small biopsies is reemphasized. Tissue from small biopsies needs to be preserved not only for the diagnosis but also for molecular testing and evaluation of markers of resistance to therapy, in this era of personalized medicine.
Prostate cancer survival estimates: An application with piecewise hazard function derivation
Authors: Bhattacharjee Atanu , Budukh Atul , Dikshit Rajesh 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: The hazard function is defined as time-dependent. However, it is an overlooked area of research about the estimation of hazard function within the frame of time. The possible explanation could be carried by estimating function through the changes of time points. It is expected that it will provide us the overall idea of survival trend. This work is dedicated to propose a method to work with piecewise hazard rate. It is a data-driven method and provides us the estimates of hazard function with different time points. Methods: The proposed method is explored with prostate cancer patients, registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program and having aged at diagnosis with range 40–80 years and above. A total of 610,814 patients are included in this study. The piecewise hazard rate is formulated to serve the objective. The measurement of piecewise hazard rate is compared with Wald-type test statistics, and corresponding R function is provided. The duration of follow-ups is split into different intervals to obtain the piecewise hazard rate estimates. Results: The maximum duration of follow-up observed in this study is 40 years. The piecewise hazard rate changes at different intervals of follow-ups are observed almost same except few later intervals in the follow-up. The likelihood of hazard in earlier aged patients observed lower in comparison to older patients. The hazard rates in different grades of prostate cancer also observed separately. Conclusion: The application of piecewise hazard helps to generate statistical inference in a deeper manner. This analysis will provide us the better understanding of a requirement of effective treatment toward prolonged survival benefit for different aged patients.