bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anesthésie générale du chien. De l'usage intrapéritonéal du Nembutal
Authors: Aspiotis N. , Papadopoulos O. , Melas D. , Stoilis E. , Elezoglou B. 
Published: June 2018

(1) Pour provoquer une anesthésie générale par voie intrapéritonéale par le Nembutal la dose considérée comme dose optima est celle de 35 mg/kg. poids vif, soit 1 cm3 d’une solution à 3,5 % par kilogramme. Cette dose provoque une anesthésie chirurgicale profonde dans 87 % environ des cas (expérimentation portant sur 29 chiens) et est assez éloignée des doses toxiques (M.L.D. 10 = 62 mg/kg poids vif).
(2) Par suite de l’absorption lente du Nembutal par le péritoine on assiste à une période d’excitation — qui est absente dans l’administration intraveineuse — mais celle-là est relativement courte, environ 20 mn. 50 s. ± 42 s. sur une expérimentation de 20 chiens et peu agitée passant parfois presque inaperçue.
(3) Dans l’injection intrapéritonéale, les apnées, qui sont assez souvent à craindre avec les barbituriques, ne s’observent jamais, ceci par suite de l’absorption lente de l’anesthésique par le péritoine.
(4) L’anesthésie chirurgicale profonde survient environ 10 minutes après l’injection (10 mn. 33 s. ± 2 mn. 3 s.) et dure en moyenne 3 h. 45 mn. (3 h. 47 mn. ± 1 h. 42 mn, sur une expérimentation de 25 chiens). Comme anesthsie chirurgicale profonde est considérée la période pendant laquelle le réflexe podal disparaît. Le réflexe cornéen a été trouvé comme aboli dans les plus extrêmes degrés de l’anesthésie chirurgicale profonde.
(5) La durée de la période d’animation (d’après une expérimentation portant sur 25 chiens) s’est trouvée d’une durée égale à 5 heures environ (3 h. 11 mn. jusqu’à l’élévation de l’animal et 1 h. 48 mn. jusqu’à son rétablissement complet).
(6) Les actions pharmacologiques les plus importantes signalées au cours de l’expérimentation sont les suivantes : — Chute de la température. Depuis une température initiale de 39 °, 2 C une chute a été observée de 35 °, 4 C, pour une température ambiante de 16° C.
— Augmentation du nombre des pulsations dans une proportion de 107 : 150.
— Diminution du rythme respiratoire dans une proportion de 29 : 17 (expérimentation portant sur 20 chiens).
(7) L’anesthésie générale du chien pour intervention de longue durée par injection intrapéritonéale de Nembutal constitue donc une méthode précieuse et sans danger.
Selon ce procédé, tous les avantages de l’anesthésie au Nembutal administré par voie intraveineuse sont obtenus, alors que aucun des inconvénients ne sont rencontrés : lenteur de l’opération et dangers présentés par les chiens méchants ou dangereux.
Population-specific responses in physiological rates of Emiliania huxleyi to a broad CO2 range
Authors: Zhang Yong , Bach Lennart T. , Lohbeck Kai T. , Schulz Kai G. , Listmann Luisa , Klapper Regina , Riebesell Ulf 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Although coccolithophore physiological responses to CO2-induced
changes in seawater carbonate chemistry have been widely studied in the past,
there is limited knowledge on the variability of physiological responses
between populations from different areas. In the present study, we
investigated the specific responses of growth, particulate organic (POC) and
inorganic carbon (PIC) production rates of three populations of the
coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi from three regions in the North
Atlantic Ocean (Azores: six strains, Canary Islands: five strains, and Norwegian
coast near Bergen: six strains) to a CO2 partial pressure
(pCO2) range from 120 to 2630 µatm.
Physiological rates of each population and individual strain increased with
rising pCO2 levels, reached a maximum and declined thereafter.
Optimal pCO2 for growth, POC production rates, and tolerance to
low pH (i.e., high proton concentration) was significantly higher in an
E. huxleyi population isolated from the Norwegian coast than in those
isolated near the Azores and Canary Islands. This may be due to the large
environmental variability including large pCO2 and pH
fluctuations in coastal waters off Bergen compared to the rather stable
oceanic conditions at the other two sites. Maximum growth and POC production
rates of the Azores and Bergen populations were similar and significantly
higher than that of the Canary Islands population. This pattern could be
driven by temperature–CO2 interactions where the chosen incubation
temperature (16 ∘C) was slightly below what strains isolated near the
Canary Islands normally experience. Our results indicate adaptation of
E. huxleyi to their local environmental conditions and the existence
of distinct E. huxleyi populations. Within each population,
different growth, POC, and PIC production rates at different pCO2
levels indicated strain-specific phenotypic plasticity. Accounting for this
variability is important to understand how or whether E. huxleyi
might adapt to rising CO2 levels.
Evaluating a stochastic parametrization for a fast–slow system using the Wasserstein distance
Authors: Vissio Gabriele , Lucarini Valerio 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Constructing accurate, flexible, and efficient parametrizations is one of the great challenges in the numerical modeling of geophysical fluids. We consider here the simple yet paradigmatic case of a Lorenz 84 model forced by a Lorenz 63 model and derive a parametrization using a recently developed statistical mechanical methodology based on the Ruelle response theory. We derive an expression for the deterministic and the stochastic component of the parametrization and we show that the approach allows for dealing seamlessly with the case of the Lorenz 63 being a fast as well as a slow forcing compared to the characteristic timescales of the Lorenz 84 model. We test our results using both standard metrics based on the moments of the variables of interest as well as Wasserstein distance between the projected measure of the original system on the Lorenz 84 model variables and the measure of the parametrized one. By testing our methods on reduced-phase spaces obtained by projection, we find support for the idea that comparisons based on the Wasserstein distance might be of relevance in many applications despite the curse of dimensionality.
Do mycorrhizal fungi create below-ground links between native plants and &lt;i&gt;Acacia longifolia&lt;/i&gt;? A case study in a coastal maritime pine forest in Portugal
Authors: Carvalho Pedro , Martins Rui , Portugal António , Gonçalves M. Teresa 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Maritime pine forests are a major ecosystem throughout the
Portuguese coast and are severely affected by the invasion of Acacia longifolia.
The presented study investigated the diversity of ectomycorrhizal
fungi (ECM) of major plant species in these ecosystems to find possible links
between Pinus pinaster, three native Cistaceae shrubs and the
Acacia invasive species. We successfully identified 13 ECM fungal
taxa. Within those, two species from the order Helotiales were found in all
plant species, and over half of the fungal ECM species found in Pinus pinaster were also common to the Cistaceae shrubs. Network analysis points to
the Cistaceae shrubs having a central role in these below-ground communities,
therefore enforcing the idea that they are key to these communities
and should not be underestimated. Our results also point to the evolving role
of invasive plant species in the ecosystem dynamics in the rhizosphere, which
host fungal species that are common to native plants, although it is not
yet clear whether these fungal taxa are native or a consequence of the presence of
Acacia longifolia.
Measurement and Evolution of Institutions in Nigeria
Authors: Fadiran David O. , Sarr Mare 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We construct three measures of political and economic institutions that cover a 150-year period (1862–2011) for Nigeria. To do so, we rely on a theoretical definition of the institutional measures, broken down into relevant components that assess the extent to which the Nigerian legal framework provides for specific rights and freedoms. We make use of preexisting (de jure) legislations, ordinances, and constitutions to assign scores to every relevant component. The newly constructed indicators (civil and political liberties, freehold property rights, and customary property rights) provide a platform for a comprehensive analysis of institutional change in Nigeria since 1862. We document the manner in which the evolution of these de jure institutional measures are shaped by Britain’s colonial objectives of gaining administrative control over the region to facilitate trade endeavors, the introduction of indirect rule, the amalgamation (unification) of the northern and southern parts of the country as well as postindependence military rule. We show that our measures of institutional quality are strongly correlated with existing and popular measures (for overlapping periods spanning at most 50 years). This finding bodes well for the reliability of our institutional indicators.
Measuring Land Property Rights, Political Rights, Civil Liberties, and Political Instability in Senegal (1819–2010)
Authors: Konte Maty 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Most of the widely used indicators of institutions have been criticized because of a lack of objectivity in their construction and because they cover only short time periods, especially for African countries. New indicators of de jure land property rights, de jure political rights and civil liberties, and de facto political instability over a long time horizon have recently been launched for a number of former British colonies in Africa, using the leximetrics method to quantify legal information. This article proposes comparable indicators of institutions for a former French colony in Africa, Senegal. De jure indicators are coded on the basis of written regulations, laws, and constitutions for the period 1819–2010. Our de facto measure of political instability is based on reported events collected from different sources. Data over such a long time horizon provide an opportunity to understand Senegal’s development path from the early stages of its colonization until today.
Measuring Political and Economic Institutions in Ethiopia: c. 1888–2016
Authors: Bedasso Biniam E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article presents the first ever set of indexes of political and civil rights and land rights in Ethiopia spanning more than a century. We have extracted information from legal texts and historical records. Then we quantified legislative developments in an attempt to objectively measure de jure political and economic institutions over the existence of the modern Ethiopian state. The results show that political institutions have improved gradually even though there is a tendency of retracting some rights recently. Land rights have never been more extensive than in the 1960s. The land reform of the late 1970s achieved a more equitable distribution of land at the expense of a shrinking set of rights.
The burden of symptomatic skeletal events in castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients with bone metastases at three Canadian uro-oncology centres
Authors: Saad Fred , Fleshner Neil E. , So Alan , Le Lorier Jacques , Perrault Louise , Poulin-Costello Melanie , Rogoza Raina , Robson Ewan J.D. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction: Metastatic bone disease in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) carries risks of significant morbidity, including symptomatic skeletal events. We estimated the healthcare resource costs of managing skeletal events.
Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients who died from or were treated palliatively for metastatic CRPC from 2006–2013 at Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (Montreal), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Toronto), or Vancouver General Hospital (Vancouver).
Results: Of 393 patients, 275 (70%) experienced 833 events (85 per 100 patient-years), with a median time to first event of 17.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.3, 21.7). The mean metastatic bone disease-related healthcare resource use cost (2014 Canadian dollars) estimate for patients without symptomatic skeletal events was $9550 and between $22 101 (observed) and $34 615 (adjusted) for patients with at least one event. Fewer patients in Montreal (55%) experienced events compared to Toronto (79%) or Vancouver (76%). Median time to first event was longer in Montreal (25.0 months [18.5, 32.6]) than in Toronto (14.6 months [9.7, 16.8]) or Vancouver (17.3 months [14.8, 24.0]). More patients received bone-targeted therapy in Montreal (64%) and Toronto (60%) than in Vancouver (24%). Bone-targeted therapy was mostly administered every 3–4 weeks in Montreal and every 3–4 months in Toronto.
Conclusions: Metastatic bone disease-related healthcare resource use costs for Canadian CRPC patients are high. Symptomatic skeletal events occurred frequently, with the incremental cost of one or more events estimated between $12 641 and $25 120. Symptomatic skeletal event incidence and bone-targeted therapy use varied considerably between three Canadian uro-oncology centres. An important limitation is that only patients who died from prostate cancer were included, potentially overestimating costs.
Pediatric cystogram: Are we considering age-adjusted bladder capacity?
Authors: Guerra Luis A. , Keays Melise A. , Purser Matthew J. , Wang Stephen Y. , Leonard Michael P. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction: There are a small number of reports in the literature describing bladder rupture during cystograms in children. We hypothesized that children undergoing cystograms may have their bladder overfilled during the test. We aimed to evaluate the current practice when performing cystograms in our institution, contrasting actual volume used to fill the bladder to the ageadjusted bladder capacity.
Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all voiding cystourethrograms (VCUG) and radionuclide cystograms (RNC) performed at the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario from 2006– 2013. Formulas used to estimate age-adjusted bladder capacity: 1) infants <1 year: capacity (mL) = (2.5 x age [months]) + 38 (Holmdahl et al, 1996); and 2) older children >1 year: capacity (mL) = (2 + age [years]) x 30 (Koff et al, 1983).
Results: A total of 2411 cystograms were done (1387 VCUG; 1024 RNC) in 817 infants and 1594 children older than one year — 1113 boys and 1298 girls. Generally, bladders tended to be overfilled with 32% more volume in mL than the expected age-adjusted bladder capacity — VCUG 151 (122) mL vs. 120 (97) mL (p<0.001) and RNC 191 (97) mL vs. 151 (74) mL (p<0.001). Most importantly, infants had a striking overfilling rate of 64% and 38 % more volume than their expected age-adjusted bladder capacity for VCUG and RNC, respectively (p<<0.001).
Conclusions: Bladders were filled above the estimated age-adjusted capacity in mL at the following rates: 32% in the whole group and 64% in infants undergoing VCUG. It raises concern of possible bladder rupture in this age group. Furthermore, this may lead to overgrading and overdiagnosing of vesicoureteric reflux, as well as overestimation of post-void residual. Attention should be paid to filling to age-adjusted bladder capacity and allowing the child adequate time to void during performance of the cystogram.
The association between physician trust and prostate-specific antigen screening: Implications for shared decision-making
Authors: Klaassen Zachary , Wallis Christopher J.D. , Goldberg Hanan , Chandrasekar Thenappan , Fleshner Neil E. , Finelli Antonio , Kulkarni Girish S. , Detsky Allan S. , Satkunasivam Raj 
Published: June 2018

Introduction: Shared decision-making is widely recommended when men are considering prostate cancer screening with prostatespecific antigen (PSA). The role of patients’ trust in cancer information from their physician in such decisions is unknown.
Methods: We identified male respondents ≥18 years of age from the Health Information National Trends Survey, a population-based survey of people living in the U.S. (2011–014). We assessed the association between degree of trust in cancer information from respondent’s physician with patient-reported receipt of PSA screening and patient-reported discussion of PSA screening with their physician.
Results: Among 5069 eligible respondents, 3606 (71.1%) men reported trusting cancer information from their physician “a lot,” 1186 (23.4%) “somewhat,” 219 (4.3%) “a little,” and 58 (1.1%) “not at all.” A total of 2655 (52.4%) men reported receiving PSA screening. The degree of trust an individual had in his physician for cancer information was strongly associated with his likelihood of having received PSA screening (ptrend<0.0001) (54.9% “a lot” vs. 27.6% “not at all”). These findings persisted after multivariable regression. Similarly, men who had high levels of trust in their physician were more likely to have discussed PSA screening with a strong trend across strata (ptrend<0.0001).
Conclusions: The level of trust an individual has in cancer information from his physician is strongly associated with his likelihood of discussing and undergoing PSA screening. As rationale, implementation of PSA screening requires shared decision-making, and the level of trust an individual has in his physician has important implications for dissemination of PSA screening guidelines.
Le leadership associé à l’exercice de la fonction de dirigeant d’une organisation : de quoi s’agit-il?
Authors: Brassard André , Lapointe Pierre 
Published: June 2018

Le présent texte vise à recenser les différentes significations relatives à la nature du leadership associé à la fonction de dirigeant d’une organisation et qui ont émergé progressivement dans la documentation portant sur l’administration des organisations, dont l’administration de l’éducation. La documentation consultée, importante, quoique limitée, comprend des textes de différentes natures produits à partir des années 1930 jusqu’à 2015. Deux significations génériques du concept de leadership ressortent explicitement ou implicitement chez les auteurs : soit le leadership est un exercice d’influence concentré, soit il est un exercice d’influence distribué. Se situant à l’intérieur de l’une ou l’autre de ces significations génériques, sept significations spécifiques ont été trouvées. Elles se différencient en fonction de deux dimensions : la relation qui existe entre le leadership et l’exercice de la fonction de dirigeant d’une organisation, et le type de ressources mobilisées. Certaines des significations se subdivisent selon que l’exercice de l’influence s’appuie sur l’ensemble des ressources du pouvoir, ou selon qu’il mobilise des ressources autres que l’autorité et la contrainte. Deux des significations viennent de la distinction posée par plusieurs auteurs entre leadership et administration, ces deux modes d’action étant complémentaires chez les uns et incompatibles chez d’autres.
Leadership : « lâcher prise » pour que s’exprime l’acte productif collectif
Authors: Mauny Christophe , Frantz Adeline 
Published: June 2018

Dans un contexte politique, administratif, éducatif et pédagogique qui se complexifie, l’apport du leadership peut contribuer à faire converger les pratiques individuelles vers la construction de compétences collectives pour des orientations partagées en faveur de l’éducation des élèves. Partant du contexte éducatif français, cet article théorique et expérientiel appréhende le leadership dans sa dimension collective et pose l’hypothèse que le « lâcher-prise » constitue un levier important du pilotage dans la gouvernance des systèmes. Par conséquent, il doit faire l’objet d’une attention particulière. Plus qu’une simple posture caractéristique de la définition du leader, le « lâcher-prise » est une démarche aux formes multiples au regard des stratégies déployées et des objets de réflexion. En ce qu’elle est d’abord l’expression de relations intrapersonnelles et interpersonnelles, la mobilisation collective est nécessairement liée au processus de négociation et conjugue une diversité de gestes professionnels. C’est au travers de ce prisme que nous identifierons quatre situations typiques amenant à s’interroger sur le « lâcher-prise » pour que l’acte de pilotage s’exprime collectivement et localement.
Comprehensive analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in chrysanthemum
Authors: Song Aiping , Hu Yueheng , Ding Lian , Zhang Xue , Li Peiling , Liu Ye , Chen Fadi 
Published: June 2018

Background
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, an important type of pathway in eukaryotic signaling networks, play a key role in plant defense responses, growth and development.

Methods
Phylogenetic analysis and conserved motif analysis of the MKK and MPK families in Arabidopsis thaliana, Helianthus annuus and Chrysanthemum morifolium classified MKK genes and MPK genes. qRT-PCR was used for the expression patterns of CmMPK and CmMKK genes, and yeast two-hybrid assay was applied to clear the interaction between CmMPKs and CmMKKs.

Results
We characterized six MKK genes and 11 MPK genes in chrysanthemum based on transcriptomic sequences and classified these genes into four groups. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that CmMKKs and CmMPKs exhibited various expression patterns in different organs of chrysanthemum and in response to abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments. Furthermore, a yeast two-hybrid assay was applied to analyze the interaction between CmMKKs and CmMPKs and reveal the MAPK cascades in chrysanthemum.

Discussion
Our data led us to propose that CmMKK4-CmMPK13 and CmMKK2-CmMPK4 may be involved in regulating salt resistance and in the relationship between CmMKK9 and CmMPK6 and temperature stress.
Emergency Department Visits and Ambient Temperature: Evaluating the Connection and Projecting Future Outcomes
Authors: Lay C. R. , Mills D. , Belova A. , Sarofim M. C. , Kinney P. L. , Vaidyanathan A. , Jones R. , Hall R. , Saha S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe U.S. Global Climate Change Research Program has identified climate change as a growing public health threat. We investigated the potential effects of changes in ambient daily maximum temperature on hyperthermia and cardiovascular emergency department (ED) visits using records for patients age 64 and younger from a private insurance database for the May–September period for 2005–2012. We found a strong positive relationship between daily maximum temperatures and ED visits for hyperthermia but not for cardiovascular conditions. Using the fitted relationship from 136 metropolitan areas, we calculated the number and rate of hyperthermia ED visits for climates representative of year 1995 (baseline period), as well as years 2050 and 2090 (future periods), for two climate change scenarios based on outcomes from five global climate models. Without considering potential adaptation or population growth and movement, we calculate that climate change alone will result in an additional 21,000–28,000 hyperthermia ED visits for May to September, with associated treatment costs between $6 million and $52 million (2015 U.S. dollars) by 2050; this increases to approximately 28,000–65,000 additional hyperthermia ED visits with treatment costs between $9 million and $118 million (2015 U.S. dollars) by 2090. The range in projected additional hyperthermia visits reflects the difference between alternative climate scenarios, and the additional range in valuation reflects different assumptions about per‐case valuation.