bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Spirit of Radio: Hungary 1956, Radio Free Europe, and the Shadow Public Sphere
Authors: Brown Karl 
Published: August 2018

This study explores popular responses to communist rule in Hungary and the role of Western media in the years leading up to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Most scholars to date have focused on the guiding role of the intelligentsia and the influence of Radio Free Europe. While these were indeed necessary ingredients in the revolutionary stew, Brown argues that the roots of the revolution are more complex. Hungarians from all social strata listened to many Western radio stations; as a result, many of them adopted critical and informed perspectives on the propaganda directed at them from both Moscow and Washington. As Hungarians listened in on the West, their discussion of news and politics generated a shadow public sphere, in which Radio Free Europe came to occupy a preeminent role despite its biased and propagandistic tone. The shadow public sphere incubated the postwar dream of an egalitarian and democratic Hungary until open political discourse became possible once more in October 1956.
Assessment of the functional quality and safety of yoghurts produced with starter cultures obtained from selected commercially sold yoghurts
Authors: Oyetunji Oluwadunsin Adedeji , Adebisi Kehinde Adedapo 
Published: August 2018

The study focused on the examination of laboratory prepared yoghurts which were fermented with selected starter cultures from commercially sold yoghurt. The starter cultures were molecularly identified (16s rRNA) as Enterococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Pediococcuspentosaceus and Enterococcus durans. The isolates were examined for bile tolerance as an indicator of their ability to survive in the gut. The starter cultures were used to produce different yoghurts in the following order: Enterococcus lactis produced yoghurt, L. plantarum and L. pentosus produced yoghurt, Pediococcuspentosaceus produced yoghurt, E. durans produced yoghurt and yoghurt produced with all starter cultures. All yoghurts were examined for nutritional quality (vitamin A, B12 and C content, soluble and casein bound magnesium and calcium and proximate nutrient composition). At p ≤0.05, there was statistical significant difference in the nutritional content with P. pentosaceus contained yoghurt, E. durans contained yoghurt and yoghurt produced with a combination of all isolates recording the highest nutritional values and the lowest was observed with the control. Safety tests such as haematology and histology were carried out on wistar rats. After 7 days of feeding the rats in groups with the different yoghurts and a control without yoghurt, there were marked improvements in the red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts but no significant difference in the differentials at p ≤0.05. The isolates were also observed to have no disruptive effect on the morphology and structure of the small intestine. Overall, the use of these lactic acid bacteria strains showed immense benefits in their use as starter cultures and the study demonstrated safety of the final products for consumption.
La conception de l’identité [al-hûwiyya] dans le fondamentalisme islamique sunnite contemporain
Authors: Salib Amany Fouad 
Published: August 2018

L’arrivée au pouvoir des partis islamistes sunnites dans nombre de pays arabes, avec l’effervescence des révoltes de 2011, révèle une idéologie confessionnelle fondatrice de leur paradigme identitaire et inspirant leur approche des problématiques politiques. Cet article vise à explorer la conceptualisation de l’identité par le biais d’une analyse qualitative de contenu de la littérature des maîtres à penser du fondamentalisme islamique et à la lumière de l’expérience islamiste en Égypte. Nous mettons en lumière la généalogie épistémologique de nombre des constantes relatives à la conception de l’identité, notamment la Charia, en vue d’éclairer une des facettes des tensions ayant marqué le « projet d’État islamique ». Nous analysons le lien entre le dogme fondateur, le discours et l’exercice du pouvoir par l’entremise de la réforme constitutionnelle de 2012. À travers le fondamentalisme islamique, la matrice identitaire constitue-t-elle une « fonction instable » ou une « réalité substantielle » (Lévi-Strauss) ?
Captive gibbons (Hylobatidae) use different referential cues in an object-choice task: insights into lesser ape cognition and manual laterality
Authors: Caspar Kai R. , Mader Larissa , Pallasdies Fabian , Lindenmeier Miriam , Begall Sabine 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundUtilization of visual referential cues by non-human primates is a subject of constant scientific interest. However, only few primate species, mostly great apes, have been studied thoroughly in that regard, rendering the understanding of phylogenetic influences on the underlying cognitive patterns difficult.MethodsWe tested six species of captive gibbons in an object-choice task (n = 11) for their ability to interpret two different pointing gestures, a combination of body orientation and gaze direction as well as glancing as referential cues. Hand preferences were tested in the object-choice task and in a bimanual tube task (n = 18).ResultsWe found positive responses to all signals except for the glancing cue at the individual as well as at the group level. The gibbons’ success rates partially exceed results reported for great apes in comparable tests and appear to be similarly influenced by prior exposure to human communicative cues. Hand preferences exhibited by the gibbons in the object-choice task as well as in a bimanual tube task suggest that crested gibbons (Nomascussp.) are strongly lateralized at individual but not at population level for tasks involving object manipulation.DiscussionBased on the available data, it can be assumed that the cognitive foundations to utilize different visual cues essential to human communication are conserved in extant hominoids and can be traced back at least to the common ancestor of great and lesser apes. However, future studies have to further investigate how the social environment of gibbons influences their ability to exploit referential signals. Gibbons’ manual laterality patterns appear to differ in several aspects from the situation found in great apes. While not extensive enough to allow for general conclusions about the evolution of hand preferences in gibbons or apes in general, our results add to the expanding knowledge on manual lateralization in the Hylobatidae.
Occurrence of virulent multidrug-resistantEnterococcus faecalisandEnterococcus faeciumin the pigs, farmers and farm environments in Malaysia
Authors: Tan Shiang Chiet , Chong Chun Wie , Teh Cindy Shuan Ju , Ooi Peck Toung , Thong Kwai Lin 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundEnterococcus faecalisandEnterococcus faeciumare ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens found in the guts of humans and farmed animals. This study aimed to determine the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biofilm-forming ability and genotypes ofE. faecalisandE. faeciumfrom swine farms. Correlations between the genotypes, virulotypes, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors such as locality of farms and farm hygiene practice were explored.MethodsE. faecalisandE. faeciumstrains were isolated from the oral, rectal and fecal samples of 140 pigs; nasal, urine and fecal samples of 34 farmers working in the farms and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms located in Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method, and the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis were performed to determine the clonality of the strains. Crosstab/Chi-square test and DistLM statistical analyses methods were used to determine the correlations between the genotypes, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors.ResultsA total of 211E. faecalisand 42E. faeciumwere recovered from 140 pigs, 34 farmers and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms in Peninsular Malaysia. Ninety-eight percent of the strains were multidrug-resistant (resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin). Fifty-two percent of the strains formed biofilms. Virulence genesefa, asaI, gelE,esp,cylandacegenes were detected. Virulence genesefaandasaI were most prevalent inE. faecalis(90%) andE. faecium(43%), respectively. Cluster analyses based on REP-PCR and PFGE showed the strains were genetically diverse. Overall, the strains isolated from pigs and farmers were distinct, except for three highly similar strains found in pigs and farmers. The strains were regional- and host-specific.DiscussionThis study revealed alarming high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in pigs and swine farmers. The presence of resistance and virulence genes and the ability to form biofilm further enhance the persistence and pathogenicity of the strains. Although the overall clonality of the strains were regionals and host-specific, strains with high similarity were found in different hosts. This study reiterates a need of a more stringent regulation to ensure the proper use of antibiotics in swine husbandry to reduce the wide spread of multidrug-resistant strains.
Spatial versus temporal structure: Implications of inter‐haul variation and relatedness in the North‐east Atlantic spurdog Squalus acanthias
Authors: Thorburn James , Jones Rosie , Neat Francis , Pinto Cecilia , Bendall Victoria , Hetherington Stuart , Bailey David Mark , Leslie Noble , Jones Cath 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Micropopulation processes, such as gene flow, operating within geographic regions are often poorly understood, despite their potential to affect stock structure and sustainability. This is especially true for highly mobile species, such as elasmobranchs, where the potential for spatial overlap of regional populations is increased as a result of greater movement capabilities. A lack of information on these processes means that management plans rarely consider spatio‐temporal structure.
Spurdog (Squalus acanthias) are globally distributed throughout temperate regions yet there is an apparent lack of gene flow between ocean basins. In the North‐east Atlantic there is little work on gene flow within the region, which is currently managed as a single stock that is estimated to be at 19% compared with 1905. Some evidence from this region suggests population processes that have the potential to cause structuring.
The population structure of the North‐east Atlantic spurdog was investigated using an 828‐bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region and seven focal polymorphic microsatellite markers. Samples from 295 individuals from eight locations throughout UK waters were used in this study.
Overall, mitochondrial sequences suggest some regional differentiation. Genetic diversity was comparable with that reported in previous studies of spurdog. Haplotype diversity (0.782–1.000) is amongst the highest observed for an elasmobranch. Microsatellite markers suggest that a high level of relatedness was responsible for regional population structuring. There was no apparent spatial structure after removal of ‘full sibling’ relationships.
Inter‐haul variation from Celtic Sea samples is suggestive of subpopulations and aggregation events, which may have important implications for fisheries conservation of this and other elasmobranch species.
Switchable Dielectric Phase Transition Triggered by Pendulum‐Like Motion in an Ionic Co‐crystal
Authors: Wang Qing , Zhang Wan‐Ying , Shi Ping‐Ping , Ye Qiong , Fu Da‐Wei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMolecular‐based ionic co‐crystals, which have the merits of low‐cost/easy fabrication processes and flexible structure and functionality, have already exhibited tremendous potential in molecular memory switches and other electric devices. However, dipole (ON/OFF switching) triggering is a huge challenge. Here, we introduce a pendulum‐like dynamic strategy to induce the order–disorder transition of a co‐crystal [C5H7N3Cl]3[Sb2Br9] (compound 1). Here, the anion and cation act as a stator and a pendulum‐like rotor (the source of the dielectric switch), respectively. The temperature‐dependent dielectric and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses reveal that 1 undergoes a reversible phase transition, which stems from the order–disorder transition of the cations. The thermal ON/OFF switchable motions make 1 a promising candidate to promote the development of bulk crystals as artificial intelligent dielectric materials. In addition, the pendulum‐like molecular dynamics and distinct arrangements of two coexisting ions with a notable offset effect promotes/hinders dipolar reorientation after dielectric transition and provides a rarely observed but fairly useful and feasible strategy for understanding and modulating the dipole motion in crystalline electrically polarizable materials.
Life‐cycle greenhouse gas emissions of corn kernel fiber ethanol
Authors: Qin Zhangcai , Li Qianfeng , Wang Michael , Han Jeongwoo , Dunn Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCorn kernel fiber ethanol that can be produced concurrently with corn starch ethanol has recently been approved as cellulosic biofuel in the USA, suggesting that fiber ethanol could be eligible for a higher credit price than conventional starch ethanol due to its anticipated lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A life‐cycle analysis was conducted to quantify ethanol's GHG emissions. Here we show that fiber ethanol's life‐cycle GHG emissions (36–39 g CO2e MJ−1) are close to meeting the US cellulosic biofuel's legislative mandate of 60% GHG emissions reduction relative to gasoline (~94 g CO2e MJ−1), with slightly lower emissions under the nth plant mature fiber technology than under the state of technology (SOT). The co‐product, distiller's grain with solubles (DGS), can notably affect fiber ethanol's GHG emissions, and this impact may need to be further examined when evidence of DGS market impacts becomes available. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fluorescence‐Lifetime‐Sensitive Probes for Monitoring ATP Cleavage
Authors: Hammler Daniel , Marx Andreas , Zumbusch Andreas 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) probes modified with fluorescence dyes that change their fluorescence properties upon cleavage are an interesting tool for monitoring enzymatic ATP turnover. As a readout parameter, fluorescence lifetime is attractive because it is nearly independent of concentration. In our study, we synthesised and investigated fifteen different ATP analogues, in which the fluorophores were attached to the γ‐phosphate of ATP. All analogues showed distinctly different fluorescence lifetimes compared to the corresponding values of the free fluorophores. Both increases and decreases in fluorescence lifetime were observed upon attachment to ATP. To shed light on the photophysical processes governing the lifetime changes, we performed photoelectron spectroscopy in air (PESA) to determine HOMO energy levels and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to obtain rate constants. We present evidence that fluorescence quenching in the compounds tested is dynamic and attributed to photoinduced electron transfer (PET), whereas fluorescence lifetime increases are caused by stacking interactions between chromophore and the nucleobase reducing non‐radiative relaxation. Finally, we demonstrate that enzymatic cleavage of the ATP analogues presented can be followed by continuous monitoring of fluorescence lifetime changes.
Tetrakis(phenylethynyl)tetracene: A New π‐Extended Rubrene Derivative
Authors: Kitamura Kei , Asahina Kenta , Nagai Yusaku , Sugiyama Haruki , Uekusa Hidehiro , Hamura Toshiyuki 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAn efficient synthetic route to 5,6,11,12‐tetrakis(arylethynyl)tetracenes, new π‐extended rubrene derivatives, was developed by means of [2+4] cycloaddition of dialkynylnaphthalyne and dialkynylisobenzofuran. Importantly, two alkynyl groups introduced into the aryne exerts a significant effect in lowering the LUMO energy, allowing practical access to sterically overcrowded polycyclic structures through an efficient HOMO–LUMO interaction. Study on the potential reactivity inherent in the peri‐ethynyl‐substituted tetracenes revealed several interesting reactivities. X‐ray analysis of these new π‐extended derivatives showed distorted structures to reduce steric repulsion due to the existence of the substituents at the peri‐positions.
Modeling the Catalytic Conversion of Steel Mill Gases Using the Example of Methanol Synthesis
Authors: Schlüter Stefan , Hennig Torsten 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe conversion of steel mill off‐gases to base chemicals is a promising perspective to improve the financial return of steelmaking in Europe and fight CO2 emissions. In the Carbon2Chem® joint research project, mathematical models are developed to simulate operation scenarios of cross‐industrial networks and chemical plants embedded in a steel mill environment. Methodically, the modeling follows a multilevel approach combining models of different depth and origin in a common simulation framework. Here, the synthesis of methanol is simulated and analyzed for different gas conditioning scenarios.
The Project Carbon2Chem®
Authors: Deerberg Görge , Oles Markus , Schlögl Robert 
Published: August 2018

AbstractKeeping carbon in the loop is a short sentence that describes the Carbon2Chem® project. Climate protection requires a reduction of CO2 emissions as well as less use of fossil fuels. In the project, a consortium from industry and science works on implementing a flexible carbon capture and utilization (CCU) concept for the carbon‐based industry. An example is the cross‐industrial network of steel industry, chemical industry, and energy industry. Instead of being harmful waste, top gases from the steel mill now serve as raw material for the production of synthetic fuels, plastics, and basic chemicals. This is possible through the systemic use of renewable energy.
Short‐Duration AL‐335, Odalasvir, With or Without Simeprevir, in Patients With HCV GT1 or 3 Infection Without Cirrhosis
Authors: Gane Edward J. , Stedman Catherine A. , Schwabe Christian , Vijgen Leen , Chanda Sushmita , Kakuda Thomas N. , Fry John , Blatt Lawrence M. , McClure Matthew W. 
Published: August 2018

This open‐label, phase IIa study assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of direct‐acting antiviral agent (DAA) regimens in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Multiple 6‐12‐week oral regimens of 400‐800 mg once daily (QD) AL‐335 + 50 mg QD/every other day odalasvir ± 75‐150 mg QD simeprevir were evaluated in treatment‐naïve, HCV genotype (GT)1/3‐infected patients without cirrhosis. Safety/pharmacokinetic parameters, HCV‐RNA, and sequencing data were assessed. Treatment regimens for later study cohorts were adjusted based on emerging data. In total, 112 patients were enrolled. Three serious treatment‐emergent adverse events occurred, one of which (a Mobitz type 1 second‐degree atrioventricular block [Wenckebach]) was possibly related to high odalasvir exposure and resulted in premature discontinuation of study drugs. No other clinically significant safety findings were identified. GT1‐infected patients receiving 3‐DAA for 6‐8 weeks achieved 100% sustained virologic response 12 weeks and 24 weeks after the end of treatment (sustained virologic response [SVR12/24]). GT1‐infected patients receiving 2‐DAA or GT3‐infected patients receiving 3‐DAA had SVR12/24 less than 90%, whether treated for 8 weeks or 12 weeks. Virologic failure was associated with the emergence of generally persistent NS5A and/or transient NS5B resistance‐associated substitutions in most patients. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of the three drugs were also elucidated. Conclusions: In treatment‐naïve subjects without cirrhosis, AL‐335 + odalasvir + simeprevir for 6‐8 weeks was generally safe and highly efficacious against HCV GT1. However, inadequate efficacy was observed for the 2‐DAA regimen in GT1‐infected subjects and the 3‐DAA regimen in GT3‐infected subjects.
Acne vulgaris severity graded by in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography
Authors: Fuchs Christine S. K. , Andersen Amanda J. B. , Ardigo Marco , Philipsen Peter A. , Haedersdal Merete , Mogensen Mette 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionAcne is an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, which can be investigated in vivo using reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT).ObjectivesBy means of RCM and OCT to identify morphological characteristics of acne that may be associated with clinical acne severity.MethodsPatients with mild to moderate facial acne (n = 14, Investigators Global Assessment scale, IGA 1–3), and healthy participants (n = 7, IGA 0) were included in this explorative study. A total of 108 RCM image blocks and 54 OCT scans (each RCM and OCT image measuring 6 × 6 mm) were captured from lesional‐, perilesional, and lesion‐free skin areas. Acne lesions, infundibular regions of follicles and inflammation degree were compared in acne patients and healthy participants.ResultsCombined use of RCM and OCT demonstrated infundibular morphology, acne lesions, and blood flow. RCM images of perilesional‐ and lesion‐free skin in acne patients revealed follicle infundibula with hyperkeratinized borders and abundant keratin plugs, contrasting skin of healthy participants. Higher acne severity related to increased number of follicles with hyperkeratotic borders (P = 0.04) and keratin plugs (P = 0.006), increased infundibulum diameter (P < 0.001), increased density of inflammatory cells (P < 0.001), and blood flow (P = 0.03). Acne lesion morphology was not associated with acne severity.ConclusionCombined use of RCM and OCT elucidated distinctive follicle infundibulum characteristics and inflammation degree that were associated with acne severity. Future trials may apply imaging techniques to support clinical acne grading, and monitor treatment efficacy. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:104–113, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TGF‐β1 and connexin‐43 expression in neurogenic bladder from rats with sacral spinal cord injury
Authors: Zhao Jimao , Wu Menghua , Chen Siyang , Ji Zhengguo , Zheng Xin 
Published: August 2018

AimsSacral spinal cord injury (SCI) could induce underactive bladder (UAB). Malfunction of connexin 43 (CX43) regulated by TGF‐β1 might involve in urinary bladder dysfunction. We studied the changes of CX43 and TGF‐β1/Smad3 signaling in detrusor of neurogenic bladder (NB) in sacral SCI rats.MethodsSacral SCI was produced by hemisection (SSCH) or transection (SSCT) of spinal cord between L4 and L5 in female Wistar rats. BBB scores, residual urine volume and bladder weight as well as characteristic cystometric parameters at 6th week were used to confirm the successful establishment of NB. Western blotting and qRT‐PCR were used to exam the protein and mRNA expression levels of CX43, CX45, TGF‐β1, and Smad3 in detrusor.ResultsBBB scores were significantly decreased, with the lowest in SSCT rats (P < 0.01). The residual urine volume, mean bladder weight, and cystometric parameters were increased, with the highest in SSCT rats. CX43 and phospho‐CX43 protein levels were significantly decreased, but those of TGF‐β1, Smad3, and phospho‐Smad3 were significantly increased. It was the protein and mRNA levels of CX43 but not those of CX45 which were decreased in negative accordance with those of TGF‐β1 and Smad3. Those changes were more significant in SSCT than in SSCH rats.ConclusionsThis study indicates that voiding dysfunction is related to the decreased CX43 function in detrusor from NB. TGF‐β1/Smad3 signaling might be involved in the down‐regulation of CX43 in SCI rats. Early regulation of CX43 might be beneficial to patients with voiding dysfunction.