bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Function of Dedications in Early Modern Scientific Books
Authors: Vermij Rienk 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Historians of science have studied book dedications mostly as an expression of patronage relationships, but this was not their only reason of existence. In the first part of the article, the general functions of book dedications are analyzed. As a starting-point, the article uses one specific, fairly homogenous genre, the academic disputation. Dedicatees fall into three broad categories: parents and relatives, regents and nobles, and professors. The corresponding functions can be defined as: maintaining an existing relationship, asking for specific favors, and enhancing the author’s credibility. The same functions can be recognized in other genres, although with many exceptions and deviations. In the second part of the article, two concrete examples are analyzed in detail, Rheticus’ Narratio prima and Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius. As it appears, rather than follow a consistent strategy, their authors had to navigate between conflicting demands and considerations.
Statistical Theory on the Functional Form of Cloud Particle Size Distributions
Authors: Wu Wei , McFarquhar Greg M. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Several functional forms of cloud particle size distributions (PSDs) have been used in numerical modeling and remote sensing retrieval studies of clouds and precipitation, including exponential, gamma, lognormal, and Weibull distributions. However, there is no satisfying theoretical explanation as to why certain distribution forms preferentially occur instead of others. Intuitively, the analytical form of a PSD can be derived by directly solving the general dynamic equation, but no analytical solutions have been found yet. Instead of a process-level approach, the use of the principle of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) for determining the theoretical form of PSDs from the perspective of system is examined here. MaxEnt theory states that the probability density function with the largest information entropy among a group satisfying the given properties of the variable should be chosen. Here, the issue of variability under coordinate transformations that arises using the Gibbs–Shannon definition of entropy is identified, and the use of the concept of relative entropy to avoid these problems is discussed. Focusing on cloud physics, the four-parameter generalized gamma distribution is proposed as the analytical form of a PSD using the principle of maximum (relative) entropy with assumptions on power-law relations among state variables, scale invariance, and a further constraint on the expectation of one state variable (e.g., bulk water mass). The four-parameter generalized gamma distribution is very flexible to accommodate various type of constraints that could be assumed for cloud PSDs.
Secondary Ice Formation during Freezing of Levitated Droplets
Authors: Lauber Annika , Kiselev Alexei , Pander Thomas , Handmann Patricia , Leisner Thomas 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The formation of secondary ice in clouds, that is, ice particles that are created at temperatures above the limit for homogeneous freezing without the direct involvement of a heterogeneous ice nucleus, is one of the longest-standing puzzles in cloud physics. Here, we present comprehensive laboratory investigations on the formation of small ice particles upon the freezing of drizzle-sized cloud droplets levitated in an electrodynamic balance. Four different categories of secondary ice formation (bubble bursting, jetting, cracking, and breakup) could be detected, and their respective frequencies of occurrence as a function of temperature and droplet size are given. We find that bubble bursting occurs more often than droplet splitting. While we do not observe the shattering of droplets into many large fragments, we find that the average number of small secondary ice particles released during freezing is strongly dependent on droplet size and may well exceed unity for droplets larger than 300 μm in diameter. This leaves droplet fragmentation as an important secondary ice process effective at temperatures around −10°C in clouds where large drizzle droplets are present.
Combined Use of Satellite Observations and Global Hawk Unmanned Aircraft Dropwindsondes for Improved Tropical Cyclone Analyses and Forecasts
Authors: Christophersen Hui , Atlas Robert , Aksoy Altug , Dunion Jason 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This study demonstrates that Global Hawk unmanned aircraft system dropwindsondes and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) observations can be complementary in sampling a tropical cyclone (TC). The assimilation of both datasets in a regional ensemble data assimilation system shows that the cumulative impact of both datasets is greater than either one alone because of the presence of mutually independent information content. The experiment that assimilates both datasets has smaller position and intensity errors in the mean analysis than those with individual datasets. The improvements in track and intensity forecasts that result from combining both datasets also indicate synergistic benefits. Overall, superior track and intensity forecasts are evident. This study suggests that polar-orbiting satellite spatial coverage should be considered in operational reconnaissance mission planning in order to achieve further improvements in TC analyses and forecasts.
Linking science education and HIV using viral biology, epidemiology and science practices
Authors: Moreno Nancy P , Newell Alana D , Zientek Linda R , Nimon Kim , Vogt Gregory L 
Published: June 2018

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary, discovery-oriented teaching unit designed to provide science and health information about HIV from the perspective of viral biology, population statistics and epidemiology. Design: Single group pre- and post-curriculum pilot study. Setting: Fifteen middle and high school classrooms recruited from districts in and around a large, diverse, urban area in the mid-southern USA. Method: Science educators, clinicians, virologists and biologists collaborated to develop a set of five activities intended to increase content knowledge related to HIV, while developing students’ science-related skills in the context of an authentic, relevant example. The activities were piloted with six hundred and twenty-four 12- to 18-year-old students. Multiple-choice pre- and post-tests were used to assess changes in students’ knowledge, and teacher evaluations were used to gauge appropriateness of content, ease of activity implementation and teacher perceptions of student skill development, learning and engagement. Results: Student pre- and post-tests and teacher post-evaluations indicated that the curriculum was effective in increasing content knowledge for students across all age ranges, with 13- to 14-year-old, grade 8 students achieving the greatest knowledge gains. Teacher-reported information also suggested that students were able to apply relevant skills to their interpretation of authentic data related to the incidence and transmission of HIV infection around the world. Conclusion: The developed activities have the potential to provide timely, relevant information to students while strengthening science-related content knowledge and skills as well as health literacy.
A systematic review of the impact of outpatient clinical pharmacy services on medication-related outcomes in patients receiving anticancer therapies
Authors: Maleki Sam , Alexander Marliese , Fua Tsien , Liu Chen , Rischin Danny , Lingaratnam Senthil 
Published: June 2018

Background Patients receiving anticancer therapies are frequently prescribed complex and high-risk medication regimens, which at times can result in medication misadventures. The objective of this review was to assess the effect of outpatient clinical pharmacy services on medication-related outcomes in patients receiving anticancer therapies, including patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods A systematic review of original publications indexed in EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library from June 2007 to June 2017. Eligible studies evaluated outpatient pharmacy clinic services for cancer patients and reported at least one medication-related quantitative outcome measure. Two authors independently reviewed full-text articles for inclusion, then extracted data and performed quality and risk of bias assessments. Results Of 908 identified publications, 13 met predefined eligibility criteria; 1 randomised control trial, 2 controlled cohort studies and 10 uncontrolled before–after studies. Many excluded studies described outpatient pharmacy services but lacked medication-related outcomes. All included studies had informative practice model designs, with interventions for drug-related problems including drug dose optimisation ( n = 8), reduced drug interaction ( n = 6) and adverse drug reaction reporting ( n = 3). Most studies ( n = 11) reported on symptom improvement, commonly nausea ( n = 7) and pain ( n = 5). Of four studies in radiotherapy cohorts, pharmacist involvement was associated with improved symptoms, satisfaction and wellbeing scores. Conclusion Few studies have objectively assessed outpatient pharmacy cancer services, even fewer in the radiotherapy settings. Although the results support these services, significant heterogeneity and bias in the study designs prohibit robust conclusions and further controlled trials are required.
Peripherally inserted central catheter with intracavitary electrocardiogram guidance: Malposition risk factors and indications for post-procedural control
Authors: Monard Céline , Lefèvre Mathilde , Subtil Fabien , Piriou Vincent , David Jean-Stephane 
Published: June 2018

Objectives: To confirm the feasibility of intracavitary electrocardiogram guidance to verify tip’s position during insertion of peripherally inserted central catheter and to identify clinical factors or intracavitary electrocardiogram patterns associated with aberrant tip’s position. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in our university hospital after authorization of the ethics committee. All patients addressed for peripherally inserted central catheter insertion were included and received the insertion using intracavitary electrocardiogram and electromagnetic guidance. Side of insertion and three electrocardiogram factors were collected: visualization of P-wave at baseline (sinusal rhythm), acquisition of the maximal P-wave and the negative deflection. All patients had a systematic post-procedural chest X-ray. One of the investigators assessed all chest X-ray, blinded to the results of intracavitary electrocardiogram, and confirmed whether the tip’s position on chest X-ray matched with the intracavitary electrocardiogram information or if the tip was malpositioned on chest X-ray (mismatch with intracavitary electrocardiogram or aberrant position). Factors associated with malposition were described. Results: From January 2015 to April 2015, 330 patients were eligible, 5 had an uninterpretable chest X-ray, and 14 were non-sinusal at baseline. Our main analysis population included 311 patients. We observed a mismatch between intracavitary electrocardiogram and chest X-ray estimate of the tip’s position in 3 cases (1%) and an aberrant tip’s position occurred in 3 cases (1%). Incidence of malposition was higher in the group of patients with non-sinusal rhythm (14%) and when the catheter was inserted on the left side (7%). Conclusion: This study confirmed the feasibility of intracavitary electrocardiogram for peripherally inserted central catheter positioning and the limits of chest X-ray. Insertion on left side may represent risk factor for aberrant position but our study lacked power to establish a statistical link.
Cytotoxic effects of Benzodioxane, Naphthalene diimide, Porphyrin and Acetamol derivatives on HeLa cells
Authors: Jeyamogan Shareni , Khan Naveed Ahmed , Anwar Ayaz , Shah Muhammad Raza , Siddiqui Ruqaiyyah 
Published: June 2018

Objectives: To synthesize novel compounds belonging to Benzodioxane, Naphthalene diimide, Aminophenol derivatives and Porphyrin classes and test their potential anticancer properties. Methods: Several compounds were synthesized and their molecular identity was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance. Potential anticancer properties were determined using cytopathogenicity assays and growth inhibition assays using cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Cells were incubated with different concentrations of compounds belonging to Benzodioxane, Naphthalene diimide, Aminophenol derivatives and Porphyrins and effects were determined. HeLa cells cytopathogenicity was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release using cytotoxicity detection assay. Growth inhibition assays were performed by incubating 50% semi-confluent HeLa cells with Benzodioxane, Naphthalene diimide, Aminophenol derivatives and Porphyrin compounds and HeLa cell proliferation was observed. Growth inhibition and host cell death were compared in the presence and absence of drugs. Results: Cytopathogenicity assays showed that the selected compounds were cytotoxic against HeLa cells, killing up to 90% of cells. Growth inhibition assays exhibited 100% growth inhibition. These effects are likely via oxidative stress, production of reactive oxygen species, changes in cytosolic and intracellular calcium/adenine nucleotide homeostasis, inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase/cyclooxygenase and/or glutathione depletion. Conclusions: Benzodioxane, Naphthalene diimide, Aminophenol derivatives and Porphyrins exhibited potent anticancer properties. These findings are promising and should pave the way in the rationale development of anticancer drugs. Using different cancer cell lines, future studies will determine their potential as anti-tumour agents as well as their precise molecular mode of action.
Extraocular muscle sampled volume in Graves’ orbitopathy using 3-T fast spin-echo MRI with iterative decomposition of water and fat sequences
Authors: Garau Ludovico M , Guerrieri Daniele , De Cristofaro Flaminia , Bruscolini Alice , Panzironi Giuseppe 
Published: June 2018

Background Current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for measuring extraocular muscle (EOM) volume enlargement are not ideally suited for routine follow-up of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) because the difficulty of segmenting the muscles at the tendon insertion complicates and lengthens the study protocol. Purpose To measure the EOM sampled volume (SV) and assess its correlation with proptosis. Material and Methods A total of 37 patients with newly diagnosed GO underwent 3-T MRI scanning with iterative decomposition of water and fat (IDEAL) sequences with and without contrast enhancement. In each patient, the three largest contiguous coronal cross-sectional areas (CSA) on the EOM slices were segmented using a polygon selection tool and then summed to compute the EOM-SV. Proptosis was evaluated with the Hertel index (HI). The relationships between the HI value and EOM-SV and between HI and EOM-CSA were compared and assessed with Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the univariate regression coefficient. Inter-observer and intra-observer variability were calculated. Results HI showed a stronger correlation with EOM-SV ( P < 0.001; r = 0.712, r2 = 0.507) than with EOM-CSA ( P < 0.001; r = 0.645 and r2 = 0.329). The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated that the inter-observer agreement was high (0.998). The standard deviation between repeated measurements was 1.9–5.3%. Conclusion IDEAL sequences allow for the measurement EOM-SV both on non-contrast and contrast-enhanced scans. EOM-SV predicts proptosis more accurately than does EOM-CSA. The measurement of EOM-SV is practical and reproducible. EOM-SV changes of 3.5–8.3% can be assumed to reflect true volume changes.
Determining the Antibacterial Activity of Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes with and without Alcohol against Common Oral Pathogens
Authors: Bahlouli Sepideh , Aghazadeh Zahra , Aghazadeh Marzieh , Shojani Sevda , Kafil Hossein Samadi 
Published: June 2018

Aims and Objectives Mouthwashes with antibacterial activity inhibit the growth of bacteria in the mouth and teeth. Chlorhexidine is one of the most widely used mouthwashes that inhibits dental plaque and prevents tooth surface decay. Recently, concerns have been raised that alcohol-containing mouthwashes may have carcinogenic properties and may be harmful to children and pregnant and lactating women. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes with and without alcohol on common oral bacteria. Material and Methods In this in vitro study, bacterial species were purchased from a research center and were cultured separately in proprietary environments in test tubes. Thereafter, mouthwashes with alcohol, without alcohol, and with salt water (saline) were added to test tubes containing the bacteria grown. The samples were then analyzed using a spectrophotometer to determine viability, growth rate, and bacteria waste. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey statistical tests. Results The obtained results showed that the saline group had the highest antibacterial activity and that the average antibacterial activity of the alcohol and alcohol-free groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Post hoc test results showed that the antibacterial activity of the saline group was significantly different statistically from that of the other two groups. Conclusion On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that both alcohol-free chlorhexidine and alcohol-containing chlorhexidine are effective in removing oral microbes. Moreover, by using alcohol-free chlorhexidine, the harmful effects of alcohol can be prevented.
161533 TriKE stimulates NK-cell function to overcome myeloid-derived suppressor cells in MDS
Authors: Sarhan Dhifaf , Brandt Ludwig , Felices Martin , Guldevall Karolin , Lenvik Todd , Hinderlie Peter , Curtsinger Julie , Warlick Erica , Spellman Stephen R. , Blazar Bruce R. , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Cooley Sarah , Vallera Daniel A. , Önfelt Björn , Miller Jeffrey S. 
Published: June 2018

Key Points
161533 TriKE–treated MDS NK cells proliferate and become activated to overcome tumor-induced NK cell dysfunction. IL-15 induces the inhibitory checkpoint TIGIT on NK cells, but not when IL-15 is presented in the context of 161533 TriKE.
The research on 3D printing fingerboard and the initial application on cerebral stroke patient’s hand spasm
Authors: Wang Kai , Shi Yiting , He Wen , Yuan Jing , Li Yuan , Pan Xiaolin , Zhao Cuilian 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Purpose
To research the possibility of designing customized 3D printing fingerboard to apply to the limb rehabilitation of cerebral stroke patients as well as the prevention and treatment of finger spasm, through 3D printing technology.

Methods
Taking 18 hospitalized cerebral stroke patients for example, through scanning, molding and printing, to make and wear 3D printing fingerboard for them, and then observe the compliance, main complaint, muscular tension of affected hand and changes on range of motion after they wear the fingerboard for 3 weeks and 3 months.

Results
Have acquired completed data from 13 patients. The time of them wearing the fingerboard every day varied from 1 to 8 h, and most of them reflected that they felt comfortable and there was no feeling of worsened pain or finger skin allergy. In addition, the patients’ grip strength, hand function and range of motion improved by varying degrees while their muscular tensions declined by varying degrees. The tension and bending resistance of the fingerboard all met the patients’ treatment requirements.

Conclusions
With the advantages of being accurate and customized, 3D printing fingerboard can benefit patients fixing and orthopedic treatment, and even prevent and treat cerebral stroke patient’s finger spasm.
Trial registration The research topic has been registered in Chinese Clinic Trial Registry. Registration time: January 15, 2016. Registration topic: The Use of 3D Printing Technology in the Orthotic of Extremity Rehabilitation of Stroke Patient. Registration Number: ChiCTR-INR-16007774
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Antimicrobial misuse in pediatric urinary tract infections: recurrences and renal scarring
Authors: Jayaweera Jayaweera Arachchige Asela Sampath , Reyes Mohommed 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn children, urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of a common bacterial infection. This study was conducted to detect the uropathogen, antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogen associated with recurrences and renal scarring in children initially taken care from general practitioners and later presented to tertiary care.MethodsEvery inward UTI episode, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility was done while on past 6-month, history of infections and use of antimicrobials was collected using clinical records and demonstration of antimicrobials. Children with recurrent pyelonephritis was followed and in vitro bio film formation was assessed.ResultsFrequency of UTI was significantly high among infants (p = 0.03). Last 6-month, all (220) were exposed to antimicrobials. Cefixime was the commonly prescribed antimicrobial (p = 0.02). In current UTI episode, 64.5% (142/220) of children with UTI were consulted GPs’ prior to seek treatment from tertiary care pediatric unit (p = 0.02). While on follow up child who developed UTI, found urine culture isolates were significantly shifted fromE. coliandK. pneumoniaeto extended spectrum of beta-lactamase (ESBL)E. coliandK. pneumoniae.Out of 208 participants, 36 of them had re-current pyelonephritis (R-PN). Renal scarring (RS) was detected in 22 out of 70 patients with pyelonephritis following dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. Following each episodes of recurrent pyelonephritis 11% of new scar formation was detected (p = 0.02). Bio film formingE. coliandK. pneumoniaewas significantly associated in patients with R-PN (p = 0.04).DiscussionMedical care providers often prescribe antimicrobials without having an etiological diagnosis. While continuing exposure of third generation cephalosporin and carbapenem leads to development of ESBL and CRE microbes in great. The empiric uses of antimicrobials need to be stream lined with local epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. R-PN in childhood leads to RS. In great, bio film formation act as the focus for such recurrences.