bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weld Procedure Qualification
Authors: Castner Harvey R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Welding codes and standards usually require the qualification of welding procedures prior to being used in production. This is to ensure that welds will meet the minimum quality and mechanical property requirements for the application. This article provides an overview of the welding procedure qualification guidelines and test methods. It also reviews the codes, standards, and specifications that govern the design and fabrication of welded structures for the procedure qualification details that are appropriate for a given application.
Residual Stresses and Distortion
Authors: Masubuchi Koichi 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the formation of residual stresses and distortion, providing information on the techniques for measuring residual stresses. It presents a detailed discussion on the magnitude and distribution analysis of the residual stresses and distortion in weldments. The article briefly explains the effects of residual stresses and distortion on the brittle fracture and fatigue fracture of welded structures. It also provides information on the thermal treatments of weldments.
Plasma Arc Cutting
Authors: Landry Chuck 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Plasma arc cutting (PAC) is an erosion process that utilizes a constricted arc in the form of a high-velocity jet of ionized gas to melt and sever metal in a narrow, localized area. This article discusses the process description, equipment, gases, operating sequence, process considerations, and applications of PAC. It concludes with a discussion on the safety measures associated with the PAC process.
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Siemer Darryl D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is generally used for measuring relatively low concentrations of approximately 70 metallic or semimetallic elements in solution samples. This article describes several features that are common to three techniques, namely, AAS, atomic emission spectrometry (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). It discusses the reasons for the extreme differences in AAS sensitivities that affect AFS and AES. The article provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the Smith/Hieftje system and two types of background correction systems, namely, the continuum-source background correction and Zeeman background correction. It also provides a list of applications of conventional AAS equipment, which includes most of the types of samples brought to laboratories for elemental analyses.
Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Brabson G. Dana 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorption spectroscopy is a powerful yet cost-effective tool that is widely used to identify organic compounds and to measure the concentration of principal and trace constituents in liquid, gas, and solid test samples. This article emphasizes the quantitative analysis of elements in metals and metal-bearing ores. The instrumentation required for such applications consists of a light source, a filter or wavelength selector, and some type of visual or automated sensing mechanism. The article examines common sensing options and provides helpful information on how to set up and run a variety of UV/VIS absorption tests.
Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: McGown Linda B. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides an introduction to the molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, and discusses the theory of fluorescence and its application to chemical analysis. It provides information on fluorescence that occurs in organic compounds and inorganic atoms and molecules. The article describes the instruments used in the spectroscopy, namely, radiation sources, sample holders, wavelength selectors, detectors, computers, and ratiometric instruments. The practical considerations include solvent effects, corrected spectra, wavelength calibration, temperature, and scattered light. The article also discusses the uses of some special techniques used in molecular fluorescence spectroscopy.
X-Ray Spectrometry
Authors: Leyden Donald E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides an introduction to x-ray spectrometry, and discusses the role of electromagnetic radiation, x-ray emission, and x-ray absorption. It focuses on the instrumentation of wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectrometers, and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometers (EDS) that comprise x-ray tubes, the analyzing system, and detectors. The fundamentals of EDS operation are described. The article also provides useful information on preparation of various samples, explaining the qualitative and quantitative analyses of EDS. It reviews the applications of the x-ray spectrometry.
Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission
Authors: Cahill Thomas A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) is one of several quantitative analyses based on characteristic x-rays. This article provides a detailed account on the principles of PIXE, discussing the data-reduction codes used to identify, integrate, and reduce x-ray peaks into elemental concentrations. It provides information on the calibration of PIXE analysis, which is mostly performed using gravimetric standards to avoid serious absorption, refluorescence, or ion energy change corrections. A comparative study on PIXE and x-ray fluorescence is also included. Finally, the article discusses the applications of PIXE in three areas, namely, atmospheric physics and chemistry, external proton milliprobes and historical analysis, and PIXE microprobes.
Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Marcott Curtis 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a useful technique for characterizing materials and providing information on the molecular structure, dynamics, and environment of a compound. This article provides the basic principles and instrumentation of IR spectroscopy. It discusses the sampling techniques of IR spectroscopy, namely, attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and photoacoustic spectroscopy, and chromatographic techniques. Explaining the qualitative analysis of IR spectroscopy, the article provides information on spectral absorbance-subtraction, analysis of components in spectral matrix mixture, and determination of exact peak location of broad profiles. It discusses the quantitative analysis that mainly includes Beer's law for single compound in single wave number. The article also exemplifies the applications of IR spectroscopy.
Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Donohue D.L. , Carter J.A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) is an analytical technique used for determining the concentration of elements in a wide range of solid samples, including metals, semiconductors, ceramics, geological and biological materials, and air and water pollution samples. This article discusses the basic principles of spark source technique; SSMS instrumentation such as ion source, electric sector, and magnetic sector; sample preparation; and test procedures of SSMS. Some of the related techniques to SSMS are laser ionization mass spectrometry and laser-induced resonance ionization mass spectrometry. The ions produced in SSMS are detected by either the photometric method or electrical detection method and quantitatively measured by techniques such as internal standardization techniques, isotope dilution, multi element isotope dilution, and dry spike isotope dilution. The detected spark source spectrum contains all the elemental data of the tested sample. Finally, the article exemplifies the applications of SSMS.
Gas Analysis by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Grindstaff Q.G. , Franklin J.C. , Marshall J.L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Gas analysis by mass spectrometry, or gas mass spectrometry, is a useful analytical tool for investigations performed in controlled atmospheres or in vacuum. This article provides sufficient information to determine if gas mass spectrometry can produce the data required and to determine the type of instrument necessary for a particular application. It discusses the working operations of gas mass spectrometer components, namely, the introduction system, ion sources, mass analyzers, and the ion detector. The article also provides information on resolution of a gas mass spectrometer determined by the width of the source slit and the collector slit. Finally, it describes the instrument set-up for gas mass spectrometry, and shows how to analyze the test results of gas mass spectrometry.
High-Temperature Combustion
Authors: Fricioni R.B. , Essig Loren 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
High-temperature combustion is primarily used to determine carbon and sulfur contained in a variety of materials. This article illustrates the principle of combustion and focuses on the characteristics of accelerators. It provides information on the process of separating oxide compounds formed in the combustion zone. The article provides information on infrared and thermal-conductive detectors, which are used for the detection of CO2 and SO2. Finally, it addresses the requirements of a sample to undergo total and selective combustion, and presents examples showing the applications of high-temperature combustion. .
Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Bunker M.E. , Minor M.M. , Garcia S.R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNeutron activation analysis (NAA) is a highly sensitive and accurate method of assaying bulk materials for trace levels of many elements. This article provides a detailed account on several types of NAA, namely, nondestructive and radiochemical thermal neutron activation, delayed neutron counting, epithermal and 14-MeV fast neutron activation, and prompt gamma activation analysis. It also includes application examples, explaining where and how each method is used and the types of elements on which they are effective.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Authors: Goehner Raymond P. , Nichols Monte C. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) techniques are used to characterize samples in the form of loose powders or aggregates of finely divided material that readily diffract x-rays in specified patterns. This article provides an introduction to XRPD, beginning with a review of sensing devices, including pinhole/Laue cameras, Debye-Scherrer/Gandolfi cameras, Guinier cameras, glancing angle cameras, conventional diffractometers, thin film diffractometers, Guinier diffractometers, and micro diffractometers. The article then describes several quantitative measurement methods, such as lattice parameter, absorption diffraction, spiking, and direct comparison, explaining where each may be used. It also identifies potential sources of error in XRPD measurements.
Radial Distribution Function Analysis
Authors: Konnert J.H. , Karle J. , D'Antonio P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The diffraction pattern of any material contains structural and chemical property information that can be extracted using radial distribution function analysis. This article provides an introduction to the technique and presents several examples highlighting various ways in which it can be used. It begins with a discussion on the principles of diffraction and scattering and the effectiveness of x-ray, neutron, and electron energy sources for different types of measurements. It provides information on data collection and reduction and explains how to create atomic distribution plots from intensity and scattering angle data. The article also presents application parameters for defining short distances and background intensity and describes a procedure for generating pair distribution functions.
Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Yelon W.B. , Ross F.K. , Krawitz A.D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Neutrons are a principal tool for the study of lattice vibrational spectra in materials. This article provides a detailed account of fission and spallation methods of neutron production that are capable of producing sufficient intensity to be useful in neutron scattering research. It describes the instrumentation required for, and advancements made in, neutron powder diffraction. The article further explains the texture and residual stress (macrostresses and microstresses) problems that are analyzed using the neutron powder diffraction method. It also outlines the single-crystal neutron diffraction technique, and provides examples of the applications of neutron diffraction.
Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Joshi A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the principles and applications of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). It provides information on the instrumentation typically used in the AES, including an electron gun, an electron spectrometer, a secondary electron detector, and an ion gun. The article also describes experimental methods and limitations of the AES, including elemental detection sensitivity, electron beam artifacts, sample charging, spectral peak overlap, high vapor pressure samples, and sputtering artifacts.
Field Ion Microscopy and Atom Probe Microanalysis
Authors: Smith G.D.W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Field ion microscopy (FIM) can be used to study the three-dimensional structure of materials, such as metals and semiconductors, because successive atom layers can be ionized and removed from the surface by field evaporation. The ions removed from the surface by field evaporation can be analyzed chemically by coupling to the microscope a time-of-flight mass spectrometer of single-particle sensitivity, known as the atom probe (AP). This article describes the principles, sample preparation, and quantitative analysis of FIM. It also provides information on the principles, instrument design and operation, mass spectra and their interpretation, and applications of AP microanalysis.
Low-Energy Ion-Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Nelson G.C. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Low-energy ion-scattering spectroscopy (LEISS) is used extensively to analyze solid surfaces. The LEISS process relies on binary elastic collisions between an incident ion beam and the atoms in a sample to obtain information on the surface atoms. The velocity of the scattered ions is used to determine the mass of the atoms that are struck. This article introduces LEISS and its principles. It describes the use of LEISS spectra in qualitative and quantitative analyses, and reviews the instrumentation and applications of LEISS.
Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Kelly Michael J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article introduces the fundamental concepts and the essential components of liquid chromatography (LC). It discusses the different modes of LC, such as liquid-solid chromatography, liquid-liquid chromatography, bonded-phase chromatograph, normal-phase chromatography, reversed-phase chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, ion-pair chromatography, and size-exclusion chromatography. The article also includes a discussion on the qualitative and quantitative analyses and the applications of LC.
Ion Chromatography
Authors: Merrill Raymond M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Ion chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique that uses columns packed with ion exchange resins to separate ions in aqueous solutions and dynamically elute them to a detector. This article provides information on the different modes of detection, namely, eluent-suppressed conductivity detection, single-column ion chromatography with conductivity detection, ion chromatography with spectrophotometric detection, and amperometric electrochemical detection. It describes the modes of separation techniques in IC and reversed-phase IC. The article discusses the detection capabilities of IC, the procedures for preparing solid and liquid samples, as well as the applications of IC.
Оценка содержания остаточных количеств глифосата как критерий безопасности для здоровья человека применения десикантов на его основе
Authors: Ivanova L. P. 
Published: December 2018

Изучали динамику содержания глифосата и основного метаболита глифосата аминометилфосфоновой кислоты (АМФК) в главных агроклиматических зонах Украины во время полевых испытаний глифосатсодержащих десикантов в период с 1997 по 2015 г. Остаточные количества глифосата в исследуемых пробах определяли с помощью химико-аналитического метода высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о достаточно быстром снижении уровня глифосата в пшенице и ячмене. Рассчитан период полураспада действующего вещества в изучаемых сельскохозяйственных культурах. Выявлено, что в период сбора урожая содержание остаточных количеств глифосата в зерне пшеницы и ячменя не превышало утверждённого в Украине максимально допустимого уровеня для зерна хлебных злаков. Проведённая токсиколого-гигиеническая оценка свойств действующего вещества ‒ глифосата, а также полученные результаты долговременных исследований по определению его содержания в пшенице и ячмене позволили определить риск для здоровья человека применения глифосата для десикации зерновых злаковых культур по критерию оценки содержания остаточного количества.
Performans Arttırma Tutum Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Authors: YILDIZ Rabia , TOROS Turhan 
Published: December 2018

Performans Arttırma
Tutum Ölçeği (PAT-Ö) ilk 97 madde 4 lü
likert tipi olup son olarak Petroczi (2002)’nin çalışmasıyla 17 maddeye 6 lı
likert tipi şeklinde oluşturulmuş ve literatüre kazandırılmış bir ölçektir.
Ülkemizde yaşayan bireylerin, performans arttırma tutumlarını görmek açısından
kullanılabilecek bir ölçeği, Türk literatürüne kazandırmak oldukça yararlı
sonuçlar taşıyacaktır. Bu bilgiler ışığında araştırmanın amacı; uluslararası
düzeyde kabul gören performans arttırma tutum ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne
uyarlanmasıdır. Ölçek uyarlama çalışması için araştırmaya 114 erkek (yaş=21,52±3,11) ve 214 kadın (yaş=21,95±2,65) olmak üzere toplam 328 lisanslı
sporcu katılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ölçek maddelerini belirlemek amacıyla
açıklayıcı faktör analizi, model ile veri arasındaki uyumu test etmek amacıyla
ise doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Güvenirlik için Cronbach Alpha
güvenirlik testi, madde korelasyon testi için Pearson Momentler Çarpımı
Korelasyon Testi ve test-tekrar test değerlerine bakılmıştır. Ölçeğin
orijinalinde olduğu gibi tek alt faktörde toplandığı görülmüştür. Çalışmamızda
Performans Arttırma Tutum Ölçeği’nin iç tutarlılık katsayısı .87 olarak, faktör
yüklerinin .40 ile .65 arası değer aldığı, test-tekrar test korelasyonun ise
.76 olduğu saptanmıştır.
TURİSTLERİN GIDA KARAR SÜRECİNDE ETKİLİ OLAN FAKTÖRLERİN BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: DİKEN Büşra , GİRGİN Göksel Kemal 
Published: December 2018

Gıda tüketimi, günümüzde turizmin vazgeçilmez bir
parçası ve turizm hareketlerinde de önemli bir motivasyon kaynağıdır. Diğer bir
açıdan ise gıda kavramı destinasyonların pazarlanması ve tanıtılmasında son
derece önemli bir unsurdur. Bir destinasyonda gıda kültürünün gelişim
göstermesi ve farklı talep unsurları tarafından destinasyonun gıda kültürünün
bilinirliğinin artması bölge turizmi için son derece önem taşımaktadır. Bu
bağlamda bir destinasyonu ziyaret eden bireylerin gıda tüketim davranışlarının
incelenmesi son derece önemlidir. Turistlerin gıda karar sürecinde etkili olan
faktörleri belirlemek amacına yönelik yapılan bu araştırmada ilk olarak gıda
karar sürecine ilişkin alanyazın taraması yapılarak kuramsal bilgilere
ulaşılmıştır. Bunun neticesinde de birincil verilerin toplanma aşamasına
geçilmiş ve veri toplama aracı olan anket tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır.
Araştırmanın anket formu 2 bölümden ve toplamda 65 sorudan oluşmaktadır. Anket
formunun birinci bölümü katılımcıların sosyo-demografik özellikleri ve seyahat
davranışlarına ilişkin 12 sorudan oluşurken anketin ikinci bölümünde ise
turistlerin gıda karar sürecinde etkili olan faktörleri belirlemeye yönelik Mak
vd., (2012)’nin çalışmasına dayanarak Martinez (2015) tarafından geliştirilen
turistlerin gıda kararında etkili olan ifadeleri içeren 5 boyut (Kültürel ve
Dini Faktörler; Sosyo-Demografik Faktörler; Motivasyon Faktörleri; Kişisel
Tercihler ve Geçmiş Deneyimler) 53 ifade yer almaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda
ise; turistlerin gıda karar sürecinde etkili olan faktörlerin ilk ve en çok
olarak “Duyusal Çekicilik” faktörü, ikinci olarak “Kültürel ve Otantik Deneyim”
faktörü daha sonra “Geçmiş Deneyim” dördüncü olarak “Kişisel Tercih” faktörü
beşinci olarak “Yerel Gıda ve Özgünlük” faktörü altıncı olarak “Aşinalık ve
Gıdaya İlişkin Tecrübe” faktörü, son ve en az olarak da “Hatıra ve Öğrenme
İsteği” faktörünün etkili olduğunu söylemek mümkündür
Chlorophyll a Concentration from Phytoplankton in Ketawai, Bangka Tengah, Bangka Belitung
Authors: Utami Eva 
Published: December 2018

Fitoplankton mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting sebagai produsen di laut dan menggunakan klorofil untuk memerangkap energy cahaya yang dibutuhkan dalam proses fotosintesis. Proses ini berguna untuk memanen energy cahaya yang bersama air dan karbondioksida untuk menghasilkan oksigen dan karbohidrat, dengan kata lain proses ini untuk mengubah energy matahari menjadi energy kimia. Peran klorofil sangat penting untuk proses tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis konsentrasi klorofil a fitoplankton dan mengetahui factor fisika-kimia perairan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di perairan Pulau Ketawai, Bangka tengah pada bulan Maret 2017. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa nilai konsentrasi klorofil pada masing-masing stasiun pengambilan sampel berbeda. Parameter lingkungan yang terukur masih dalam batas ideal untuk pertumbuhan fitoplankton.

Phytoplankton has important role as a primary producer in oceans and use chlorophyll to trap light needed for photosynthesis (Matthews & Holde, 1996). This process which uses to harvested light energy together with water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and carbohydrates; as such, it converts solar energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis as well, which help phytoplankton get energy from light. The aim of this study is to analyze chlorophyll a concentration and physicochemical water parameters. The research had been done on March 2017 in Ketawai Island, Bangka Tengah, Bangka Belitung. Result showed that value of chlorophyll a concentrations were different each site research which are Eastern coastal waters, Sothern coastal waters, Western coastal waters and Northern coastal waters were 4.128 mg/L, 0.19 mg/L, 0.15 mg/L, and 0.824 mg/L, respectively. The characteristic of water quality measured were found to be within the ideal range for phytoplankton.
La résonance paramagnétique électronique de l'ion VO2+ dans le sphène et l'apophyllite et de l'ion Mn2+ dans la trémolite, l'apophyllite et la scheelite
Authors: Marfunin Arnol'd-Sergeevic , Bershov L. V. , Mineeva Rimma M. 
Published: December 2018

La résonance paramagnétique électronique a permis de reconnaître la présence de V⁴⁺ dans des échantillons naturels de sphène et d'apophyllite et de préciser qu'en fait le vanadium était sous forme d'ion [VO]²⁺. Les sites occupés par le vanadium ont également pu être déterminés.
Le manganèse, sous forme d'ion Mn²⁺, a été observé dans l'apophyllite où il occupe des sites déterminés. Dans la trémolite, Mn²⁺ ne joue pas le même rôle que dans le diopside. Enfin, dans la scheelite, le manganèse existe sous deux formes : Mn²⁺ et [MnF₄]²⁻ occupant des sites distincts.