bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a Speech Communities Approach: A Review Article
Authors: D’Anna Luca 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The present paper offers a review of Stefano Manfredi’s Arabi Juba: un pidgin-créole du Soudan du Sud (2017), discussing the potential benefits of its methodological approach for the field of Arabic linguistics and dialectology. Manfredi’s volume represents the latest and most comprehensive description of Juba Arabic, a pidgin / creole spoken in South Sudan. It includes a socio-historical introduction describing the conditions from which the speech community that gave rise to Juba Arabic first emerged, followed by nine chapters that provide a detailed description of the language at the phonological, morphological and syntactical levels. The paper also discusses how Manfredi’s approach goes in the direction of a linguistics of speech communities invoked by Magidow (2017) and how it might represent a model for future grammars of dialectal Arabic. Manfredi (2017), in fact, provides a multidimensional description of Juba Arabic, in which the diverse nature of its speakers (monolinguals native speakers vs bilinguals L2 speakers with different L1s) and the prolonged contact with its lexifier language (Sudanese Arabic) give origin to acrolectal and basilectal varieties. Manfredi analyzes internal variation from both a synchronic and diachronic perspective, resorting to the concept of “dynamic synchrony” to describe ongoing processes of language change. The linguistic situation of the Arabic-speaking world after the end of the colonial period, on the other hand, witnesses a more and more intense contact between different Arabic dialects and an increased influence from MSA, through mass media and growing rates of literacy. The situation of language contact that results from these circumstances needs more refined conceptual tools in order to be effectively described. For this reason, and in light of Magidow (2017), this review article argues that the approach adopted by Manfredi might be successfully imported in the field of Arabic dialectology.
Histological Study of The Healing of Traumatic Tympanic Membrane Perforation After Vivosorb and Epifilm Application
Authors: Yilmaz Mahmut Sinan , Sahin Elvan , Kaymaz Recep , Altunkaynak Berrin Zuhal , Akidil Ayse Oznur , Yanar Sevinc , Demir Deniz , Guven Mehmet 
Published: June 2019

Background: Untreated traumatic tympanic membrane perforations (TMPs) may lead to permanent perforations and hearing loss. There are many materials that have been previously used for repairing the TMPs. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical and histological effects of Vivosorb (Vv) and Epifilm on healing of TMPs in a rat model. Material and Methods: The posterior-inferior quadrant of the tympanic membranes (TMs) in right ears of 14 rats was perforated using a 20-g needle and then the animals were randomly divided into 2 equal groups (n = 7). The perforated right TMs were treated with either Vv (Vv group) or Epifilm (Ep group). The left TMs of 7 rats were perforated in same way and allowed to close spontaneously without any topical material applications (spontaneous closure group as sham control, SC). The left tympanic membranes of the other 7 rats were not perforated and used as normal controls (NC group). On postoperative 15th day, tympanic bullas were extracted from killed rats and examined morphometrically and histopathologically. Results: Perforation closure rate was 85.7% (6/7) in both Vv and SC groups. Perforations of Ep group closed in 7/7 (100%) ears. The thicknesses of the perforated membranes were increased in SC and especially Vv groups. Also, connective tissue fibrosis, blood clots, and epithelial degenerations were detected in SC and Vv groups. The mean fibroblastic reaction scores of Vv, Ep, and SC groups were 2.14(+), 0.57(+), and 1.71(+) respectively, on comparison with NC group. The mean neovascularization score was 1.42(+) in Vv group, 0.14(+) in Ep group, and 0.57(+) in SC group. Conclusion and Significance: Vivosorb and especially Epifilm can improve the healing process in traumatic TMPs and additionally, Epifilm might be more preferred for the treatment of TMPs because of causing lesser fibrosis.
Use of ultrasound combined with magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of breast masses and fibroids
Authors: Xiang Wei , Huang Zihui , Tang Chenhu , Shen Bo , Yu Qun , Niu Xiaohong , Meng Fanrong 
Published: June 2019

Objective To investigate the clinical value of ultrasound plus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of breast masses and fibroids. Methods Clinical data for 357 patients with breast masses diagnosed at our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The diagnostic performances were compared between 243 patients who underwent routine ultrasound examinations (control group) and 114 patients who underwent routine ultrasound plus MRI (test group). Results The overall accordance rates of routine ultrasound and routine ultrasound plus MRI for the diagnosis of breast masses, based on postoperative pathological diagnoses, were 70.78% (172/243) and 90.35% (103/114). The addition of MRI significantly improved the overall diagnostic performance of routine ultrasound for breast masses. The diagnostic accordance rate of routine ultrasound for the diagnosis of breast fibroids (fibroadenomas) was 74.12% (63/85 cases) compared with 93.94% (31/33 cases) for routine ultrasound plus MRI. The diagnostic performance of routine ultrasound plus MRI was therefore also significantly higher than routine ultrasound alone for diagnosing breast fibroids. Conclusions Routine ultrasound plus MRI can greatly improve the diagnostic accordance rates for breast masses and fibroadenomas.
The Nobel Prize in Economics Turns 50
Authors: Sanderson Allen R. , Siegfried John J. 
Published: June 2019

The first Sveriges Riksbank Prizes in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded in 1969, 50 years ago. In this essay, we provide the historical origins of this sixth “Nobel” field, background information on the recipients, their nationalities, educational backgrounds, institutional affiliations, and collaborations with their esteemed colleagues. We describe the contributions of a sample of laureates to economics and the social and political world around them. We also address—and speculate—on both some of their could-have-been contemporaries who were not chosen, as well as directions the field of economics and its practitioners are possibly headed in the years ahead, and thus where future laureates may be found. JEL Classifications: A1, B3
Trans-Iliac Aortic Valve Replacement: Feasibility, Safety, and Medium-Term Follow-up
Authors: Gennari Marco , Trabattoni Piero , Pepi Mauro , Polvani Gianluca , Salvi Luca , Agrifoglio Marco 
Published: June 2019

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is nowadays generally accepted as the treatment of choice for high- to intermediate-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis not suitable for the standard surgical replacement. Many vascular accesses have been described for the valve delivery, comprising the common iliac artery as the arterial site of access. Methods: From September 2008 to June 2014, 440 patients underwent TAVR at our institution. We report a series of 12 patients that have undergone TAVR via a trans-iliac (TI) retroperitoneal surgical approach and also discuss its feasibility, security, and medium-term follow-up. Results: The 30-day survival rate was 92%. Only 1 local vascular access major complication occurred requiring an iliac-femoral bypass grafting with a vascular graft. Two patients experienced transient neurological ischemic attack. At 3-year follow-up, all the 11 patients were alive and well and the echocardiographic evaluation revealed good function of the prosthesis. Conclusions: The TI route seems to be feasible with a low profile of local complications. It may be a reasonable access alternative to the femoral artery and to the trans-apical approach. A broader, prospective study is advisable to gain general consensus on this approach.
Assessment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Maturity With Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Van Dyck Pieter , Zazulia Katja , Smekens Céline , Heusdens Christiaan H.W. , Janssens Thomas , Sijbers Jan 
Published: June 2019

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity (SI) measurements are being used increasingly in both clinical and research studies to assess the maturity of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts in humans. However, SI in conventional MRI with weighted images is a nonquantitative measure dependent on hardware and software. Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of studies that have used MRI SI as a proxy for ACL graft maturity and to identify potential confounding factors in assessing the ACL graft in conventional MRI studies. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library electronic databases according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to identify studies that examined the healing of the intra-articular portion of the ACL graft by assessing SI on MRIs. Results: A total of 34 studies were selected for inclusion in this systematic review. The MRI acquisition techniques and methods to evaluate the ACL graft SI differed greatly across the studies. No agreement was found regarding the time frames of SI changes in MRI reflecting normal healing of the ACL tendon graft, and the graft SI and clinical outcomes after ACL reconstruction were found to be poorly correlated. Conclusion: The MRI acquisition and evaluation methods used to assess ACL grafts are very heterogeneous, impeding comparisons of SI between successive scans and between independent studies. Therefore, quantitative MRI-based biomarkers of ACL graft healing are greatly needed to guide the appropriate time of returning to sports after ACL reconstruction.
Barriers to an Information Effect on Diagnostic Disparities of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children
Authors: Schelly David , González Patricia Jiménez , Solís Pedro J. 
Published: June 2019

Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is underdiagnosed in children from minority and low socioeconomic status families, and reports indicate that parental “lack of awareness” of symptoms is a factor, which implicates the adoption of the category globally. However, parental knowledge of ASD has failed to explain emerging clusters of cases. The objective of the present research was to identify and describe barriers to an “information effect” in diagnosis. Methods: Interviews were conducted with the parents of 54 children with ASD in Costa Rica, many living within clusters that appeared after a genetic study conducted an information campaign for recruitment. The interviews explored factors influencing symptom recognition and help-seeking behaviors. Several barriers were identified that prevent information about ASD or exposure to diagnosed cases from influencing parents’ help-seeking behaviors. Results: Early symptoms in most children gave parents no reason to suspect ASD. Later, parents’ understanding of ASD depended on caricatures of the disorder. Parents often received unsolicited advice from strangers, although rarely from family, and it was always seen as critical of their parenting; furthermore, the advice was too late to influence the referral process, which was well underway by the time classical symptoms of ASD appeared, if they did at all. Postdiagnosis, the interviewees occasionally gave advice to other parents, mostly strangers, but none had apparently been diagnosed. Conclusions: The results implicate efforts to educate parents about symptoms of ASD, where a focus on generic developmental delays and neurodevelopmental disorders in general may be more effective than ASD-specific information.
Excellent long-term survival of children with Down syndrome and standard-risk ALL: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group
Authors: Matloub Yousif , Rabin Karen R. , Ji Lingyun , Devidas Meenakshi , Hitzler Johann , Xu Xinxin , Bostrom Bruce C. , Stork Linda C. , Winick Naomi , Gastier-Foster Julie M. , Heerema Nyla A. , Stonerock Eileen , Carroll William L. , Hunger Stephen P. , Gaynon Paul S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Children’s Cancer Group 1991 study was a clinical trial for children with National Cancer Institute standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This trial demonstrated that 5 doses of vincristine and escalating IV methotrexate (MTX) without leucovorin rescue in the interim maintenance (IM) phases resulted in superior event-free survival (EFS) when compared with 2 doses of vincristine, oral (PO) MTX, PO mercaptopurine, and dexamethasone. This report describes a favorable outcome of this regimen in patients with Down syndrome (DS). Forty-four patients with DS were randomized to the arms containing PO MTX during IM, and 31 to those containing IV MTX. Ten-year EFS rates for patients with DS randomized to IV MTX vs PO MTX were 94.4% ± 5.4% vs 81.5% ± 6.6%, respectively. IV methotrexate with strict escalation parameters, as given in this study, was well tolerated, although the mean total tolerated dose received was lower in patients with DS than in those without DS. There was no increase in hepatic toxicity, systemic infections, or treatment-related deaths in patients with DS during IM on either the IV or PO MTX arms, as compared with those without DS. The incidence of mucositis was increased in patients with DS as compared with patients without DS, particularly among patients who received IV MTX. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00005945.
Orthostatic intolerance in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Garner Richard , Baraniuk James N. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background
Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is a significant problem for those with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). We aimed to characterize orthostatic intolerance in CFS and to study the effects of exercise on OI.

Methods
CFS (n = 39) and control (n = 25) subjects had recumbent and standing symptoms assessed using the 20-point, anchored, ordinal Gracely Box Scale before and after submaximal exercise. The change in heart rate (ΔHR ≥ 30 bpm) identified Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) before and after exercise, and the transient, exercise-induced postural tachycardia Stress Test Activated Reversible Tachycardia (START) phenotype only after exercise.

Results
Dizziness and lightheadedness were found in 41% of recumbent CFS subjects and in 72% of standing CFS subjects. Orthostatic tachycardia did not account for OI symptoms in CFS. ROC analysis with a threshold ≥ 2/20 on the Gracely Box Scale stratified CFS subjects into three groups: No OI (symptoms < 2), Postural OI (only standing symptoms ≥ 2), and Persistent OI (recumbent and standing symptoms ≥ 2).

Conclusions
Dizziness and Lightheadedness symptoms while recumbent are an underreported finding in CFS and should be measured when doing a clinical evaluation to diagnose orthostatic intolerance. POTS was found in 6 and START was found in 10 CFS subjects. Persistent OI had symptoms while recumbent and standing, highest symptom severity, and lability in symptoms after exercise.
Trial registration The trial was registered at the following: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03567811
Getting back to fire suméŝ: exploring a multi-disciplinary approach to incorporating traditional knowledge into fuels treatments
Authors: Wynecoop Monique D. , Morgan Penelope , Strand Eva K. , Sanchez Trigueros Fernando 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundEvaluating fuel treatment effectiveness is challenging when managing a landscape for diverse ecological, social, and economic values. We used a Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) to understand Confederated Colville Tribal (CCT) member views regarding the location and effectiveness of fuel treatments within their ancestral territory within the Colville National Forest (CNF) boundary. The 2015 North Star Fire burned 88 221 ha (218 000 acres) of the CCT ancestral territory.ResultsWe sampled thirty plot pairs that were treated or untreated prior to being burned by the North Star Fire and again one growing season post fire. Species diversity was significantly increased by wildfire in both treated and untreated plots. Species richness was significantly increased in the plots that were treated, and there was no significant change in species richness from wildfire within the untreated plots. The percent canopy cover of two of the six culturally important plants (Fragariaspp.L. andArnica cordifoliaHook.) significantly increased one growing season post wildfire within treated plots and one (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi[L.] Spreng.) significantly decreased in the treated plots post wildfire. These post-fire monitoring results were consistent with CCT member management recommendations and desired outcomes of understory thinning, prescribed fire, and natural ignition found using PGIS.ConclusionsTogether, the results suggest that prior thinning and prescribed burning can foster vegetation response to subsequent wildfires, including culturally important plants. Further, integrating Traditional Knowledge (TK) into fuels treatments can improve ongoing adaptive management of national forests that include tribal ancestral lands.
Metabolic Dysregulation Controls Endocrine Therapy–Resistant Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis
Authors: Blundon Malachi A , Dasgupta Subhamoy 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Cancer recurrence and metastasis involves many biological interactions, such as genetic, transcription, environmental, endocrine signaling, and metabolism. These interactions add a complex understanding of cancer recurrence and metastatic progression, delaying the advancement in therapeutic opportunities. We highlight the recent advances on the molecular complexities of endocrine-related cancers, focusing on breast and prostate cancer, and briefly review how endocrine signaling and metabolic programs can influence transcriptional complexes for metastasis competence. Nuclear receptors and transcriptional coregulators function as molecular nodes for the crosstalk between endocrine signaling and metabolism that alter downstream gene expression important for tumor progression and metastasis. This exciting regulatory axis may provide insights to the development of cancer therapeutics important for these desensitized endocrine-dependent cancers.
Multiple Sclerosis Risk Factors and Pathogenesis
Authors: Nourbakhsh Bardia , Mowry Ellen M. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEWThis article summarizes recent advances in the identification of genetic and environmental factors that affect the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) and the pathogenic processes involved in acute relapses and relapse-independent disability progression.RECENT FINDINGSThe number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with increased risk of MS has increased to more than 200 variants. The evidence for the association of Epstein-Barr virus infection, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, and smoking with increased risk of MS has further accumulated, and, in cases of obesity and vitamin D deficiency, the evidence for causal association has strengthened. Interactions between genetic and environmental factors have been studied more extensively. Dietary factors and changes in the gut microbiota are emerging as possible modulators of the disease risk. Several processes important to MS pathogenesis have been newly investigated or investigated more comprehensively, including the role of B cells, innate immune cells, meningeal inflammation, cortical and gray matter demyelination, and early axonal and neuronal loss.SUMMARYMS is a complex disease in which the interaction between genetic and environmental factors causes a cascade of events, including activation of the adaptive and innate immune system, blood-brain barrier breakdown, central nervous system demyelination, and axonal and neuronal damage with variable degrees of repair. These events manifest as potentially reversible focal neurologic symptoms or progressive nonremitting physical and cognitive disability, or both. Advances in the understanding of the risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms of MS have resulted in improved therapeutic strategies. The results of ongoing or future studies are needed to successfully and fully translate these advances into clinical practice.
Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ontaneda Daniel 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article provides an update on progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), with a focus on pathogenic mechanisms, clinical features, imaging features, and recent therapeutic advances.

RECENT FINDINGS
Progressive forms of MS are identified by a history of progressive accrual of disability independent of relapse, but they share many biological, clinical, and MRI features with relapsing MS. Both relapses and new lesions can occur in the context of progressive MS, and establishing when the transition from relapsing to progressive MS occurs is often difficult. Several pathogenic mechanisms coexist in progressive MS. Targeting inflammation in both primary and secondary progressive MS appears to reduce the accumulation of disability.

SUMMARY
Progressive MS remains a diagnostic challenge, and the pathogenesis underlying progression is complex. Significant overlap in the biology and clinical and imaging features of progressive MS exists with relapsing forms of the disease. The use of disease-modifying and symptomatic treatments may improve the quality of life for patients with progressive MS.
Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Solomon Andrew J. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEWThe diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is often challenging. This article discusses approaches to the clinical assessment for MS that may improve diagnostic accuracy.RECENT FINDINGSContemporary diagnostic criteria for MS continue to evolve, while knowledge about diseases that form the differential diagnosis of MS continues to expand. Recent data concerning causes of MS misdiagnosis (the incorrect assignment of a diagnosis of MS) have further informed approaches to syndromes that may mimic MS and the accurate diagnosis of MS.SUMMARYThis article provides a practical update on MS diagnosis through a discussion of recently revised MS diagnostic criteria, a renewed consideration of MS differential diagnosis, and contemporary data concerning MS misdiagnosis.