bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pichia pastoris protease‐deficient and auxotrophic strains generated by a novel, user‐friendly vector toolbox for gene deletion
Authors: Ahmad Mudassar , Winkler Christine M. , Kolmbauer Markus , Pichler Harald , Schwab Helmut , Emmerstorfer‐Augustin Anita 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTargeted gene knockouts play an important role in the study of gene function. For the generation of knockouts in the industrially important yeast Pichia pastoris, several protocols have been published to date. Nevertheless, creating a targeted knockout in P. pastoris still is a time‐consuming process, as the existing protocols are labour intensive and/or prone to accumulate nucleotide mutations. In this study, we introduce a novel, user‐friendly vector‐based system for the generation of targeted knockouts in P. pastoris. Upon confirming the successful knockout, respective selection markers can easily be recycled. Excision of the marker is mediated by Flippase (Flp) recombinase and occurs at high frequency (≥95%). We validated our knockout system by deleting 20 (confirmed and putative) protease genes and five genes involved in biosynthetic pathways. For the first time, we describe gene deletions of PRO3 and PHA2 in P. pastoris, genes involved in proline, and phenylalanine biosynthesis, respectively. Unexpectedly, knockout strains of PHA2 did not display the anticipated auxotrophy for phenylalanine but rather showed a bradytroph phenotype on minimal medium hinting at an alternative but less efficient pathway for production of phenylalanine exists in P. pastoris. Overall, all knockout vectors can easily be adapted to the gene of interest and strain background by efficient exchange of target homology regions and selection markers in single cloning steps. Average knockout efficiencies for all 25 genes were shown to be 40%, which is comparably high.
Numerical and experimental characterisation of an aeronautic Pitot probe
Authors: Jäckel R. , Gutiérrez Urueta G.L. , Tapia Rodríguez F. , Monreal Jiménez C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAeronautic Pitot probes (PPs) are extremely important for airspeed and altitude measurements in aviation. Failure of the instrument due to clogging caused by ice formation can lead to dangerous situations. In this work, a commercial aeronautic PP was characterised experimentally regarding its inner composition, material properties and its thermal performance in a climatic wind tunnel. Performance runs were taken out in order to analyse the thermal response of the PP under various operating conditions with a particular emphasis on the cooling process in the case of a heating element failure. Data for the thermal conductivity, diffusivity and specific heat for each material forming the PP were obtained. A numerical model to simulate the thermal behaviour of the PP was created using Comsol Multiphysics (CM). Experimental data were compared with their numerical counterparts for model validation purposes. After the model was validated, the operation of the PP in flight conditions was simulated. The failure of the conventional heating system was analysed to obtain the time until the PP reaches a tip temperature where ice formation can be expected. The tip temperature undercut the zero degrees Celsius mark 165 seconds after the heating element was switched off. The data collected in this work can be used to implement and validate mathematical models in order to predict the thermal performance of Pitot probes in flight conditions.
East African HIV care: depression and HIV outcomes
Authors: Meffert S. M. , Neylan T. C. , McCulloch C. E. , Maganga L. , Adamu Y. , Kiweewa F. , Maswai J. , Owuoth J. , Polyak C. S. , Ake J. A. , Valcour V. G. 
Published: May 2019

Importance.Depression is a common co-morbidity for people living with HIV (PLWH) and is associated with elevated plasma HIV RNA levels. While depression correlates with deficits in antiretroviral (ARV) adherence, little data exist to inform the relationship between depression and HIV vial load more broadly.Objective.To examine the relationship between depression and viral load in the African Cohort Study (AFRICOS) independently of ARV adherence.Design.PLWH in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania underwent screening for depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) upon enrollment at AFRICOS HIV care sites.Setting.AFRICOS is an ongoing prospective longitudinal cohort study enrolling HIV-infected adults at HIV care centers including sites in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. These sites are administered by President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief programs.Participants.HIV+ individuals were eligible if they were at least 18 years old, receiving HIV care at the enrolling clinic and consented to data and specimen collection.Main outcome measure.CESD.Results.Among 2307 participants, 18–25% met the CESD threshold for depression. Depression was associated with decreased ARV adherence (OR 0.59,p = 0.01). Higher scores on three CESD items were significantly associated with 209–282% higher viral load, independently of ARV adherence among participants on ARVs ⩾6 months.Conclusions.PLWH had high prevalence of depression on the CESD. Diverse depression symptoms were independently associated with increases in viral load, underscoring the need for comprehensive treatment of depression.
Heat Transfer to Slender Bodies at a Mach Number of 5.2
Authors: Fancett R. K. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryBecause of the lack of reliable data on heat transfer to long bodies, measurements have been made to cone-cylinder-flares at a Mach number of 5·2. Axial heat transfer distributions were closely predicted by a modified reference enthalpy method for both laminar and turbulent flows at zero incidence and the heat transfer to the flare windward generator at incidence agreed with laminar theory.
The Interaction of the Wake from an Oscillating Blade with a Fixed Cascade
Authors: Whitehead D. S. , Nabar V. G. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe paper presents a theoretical investigation of the flow when the wake from a single vibrating aerofoil interacts with a fixed downstream cascade set normal to the mean flow direction. It is concluded that the effects of the cascade extend upstream by a distance of about one quarter of the wavelength of the fluctuations in the wake. It is also found that the wake passes through the cascade unchanged in strength, but that the cascade sheds vorticity of equal and opposite magnitude, so that, if an average is taken in the direction parallel to the cascade, the wake is annulled.
A Lifting-Surface Theory for the Rectangular Wing in Non-Stationary Flow
Authors: Graham J. M. R. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA method of obtaining the load distribution on thin rectangular wings in non-stationary incompressible flow is presented, with particular reference to the problem of gust-induced loading. The method utilises solutions to a Fourier transform of the downwash integral equation, enabling the problem to be expressed in the form of a set of dual integral equations having a series solution. Some values of the overall lift coefficient are computed and compared with values of lift coefficient obtained by collocation methods. The method is easily extendable to subsonic compressible flows.
Stability Derivatives of Sharp Wedges in Viscous Hypersonic Flow
Authors: Hui W. H. , East R. A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryUsing a perturbation method, the formulae for the pitching stability derivatives of sharp wedges at zero incidence in viscous hypersonic flow are obtained in closed form. The results include the effect of unsteady reflected waves from the bow shock and may be applied to any wedge provided that the bow shock is attached. The effect of viscosity of the gas is included in two parts: first, it thickens the wedge, thus introducing the concept of an effective wedge, thicker than the original wedge by a semi-vertex angle equal to the average inclination of the displacement boundary layer; secondly, it makes this effective wedge deformable. Comparison with previous theories is given.
Numerical Calculations of the Hypersonic Viscid–Inviscid Flow Inside Simple Ducts of Circular Cross-Section
Authors: Lee B. H. K. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe method of characteristics and an implicit finite-difference scheme are used to investigate the interaction between the internal flow field and laminar boundary layer in ducts of circular cross-section under the conditions of high Mach number and low Reynolds number. The displacement thickness is added on to the body to form a new “effective body shape” which is used to re-calculate the inviscid flow. Iterations are performed and a solution is obtained when the surface pressures in two consecutive iterations converge to within a specified tolerance. The calculated surface pressures on a 10 degree conical duct placed in a hypersonic stream at M∞=8·34, Re∞=7·5 × 106 and M∞=10·4, Re∞=4·625 × 106 with γ=1·4 show good agreement with experiments. The results are computed for constant wall temperature, using a value of Tw/Tstag=0·23, and the Prandtl number is assumed to be constant and equal to 0·7 throughout the calculations. The type of shock-wave interaction near the axis of symmetry is determined and the computation terminates after the fluid properties behind the reflected shock have been calculated.
Gust Loading on a Thin Aerofoil
Authors: Mugridge B. D. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA closed-form expression is derived which gives an approximate solution to the lift generated on a two-dimensional thin aerofoil in incompressible flow with a normal velocity component of the form exp [i(ωt–xx+yy)]. The inaccuracy of the solution when compared with other published work is compensated by the simplicity of the final expression, particularly if the result is required for the calculation of the sound power radiated by an aerofoil in a turbulent flow.
Pressure Distributions and Forces on Rectangular and D-shaped Cylinders
Authors: Bostock B R , Mair W A 
Published: May 2019

SummaryMeasurements in two-dimensional flow on rectangular cylinders confirm earlier work of Nakaguchi et al in showing a maximum drag coefficient when the height h of the section (normal to the stream) is about 1.5 times the width d. Reattachment on the sides of the cylinder occurs only for h/d < 0.35.For cylinders of D-shaped section (Fig 1) the pressure distribution on the curved surface and the drag are considerably affected by the state of the boundary layer at separation, as for a circular cylinder. The lift is positive when the separation is turbulent and negative when it is laminar. It is found that simple empirical expressions for base pressure or drag, based on known values for the constituent half-bodies, are in general not satisfactory.
The Money Supply, Economic Management and the Gilt-Edged Market
Authors: Pepper G. T. 
Published: May 2019

We unfortunately have a system under which Exchequer financing can, and does, lead to the creation of money quasi-automatically to the extent that the requirements of the Exchequer are not met by genuine savings or taxation. This is the outcome of a financing system perfected in two world wars, when the dangers inherent in the creation of money obviously took second place to other considerations. The utilization of this system in peace-time clearly calls for the utmost restraint.The Earl of Cromer as Governor of the Bank of England in a speech on 18 May 1966.The subject of the money supply suddenly became most topical in the Autumn of 1968. It is of importance to investment, in general because of possible changes in the economic management of the United Kingdom, and in particular because of the possible implications for the gilt-edged market.
An Early Book on Compound Interest: Richard Witt's Arithmeticall Questions
Authors: Lewin C. G. 
Published: May 2019

One of the highlights of the year 1613 was the burning down of the Globe Theatre in London, during a performance of Shakespeare's newly-written ‘Henry VIII’, when the discharge of a piece of ordnance set fire to the thatch.Another event which took place during the year was less spectacular but, to actuaries, just as noteworthy. This was the publication of a book by Richard Witt entitled: Arithmeticall Questions, touching The Buying or Exchange of Annuities; Taking of Leases for Fines, or yearly Rent; Purchase of Fee-Simples; Dealing for present or future Possessions; and other Bargaines and Accounts, wherein allowance for disbursing or forebeareance of money is intended; Briefly resolved, by means of certain Breviats. (See Title Page in Figure 1 on facing page).
Legal Problems in Medical Advance
Authors: Daube David 
Published: May 2019

I am deeply appreciative of the honour you have done me in inviting me to deliver this lecture. It is an especial privilege to speak under the auspices of Dean Reuven Yaron, to whom I am tied by a friendship of many years and from whom, like many of you, I have learned a great deal. I am very grateful for his generous introduction: you will know him well enough to make the necessary allowances.The subject of this evening is so wide that only a few selected items can be discussed; and inevitably some of you who would have preferred a different choice will be disappointed. Let me say at once that I shall not go into autopsy, however burning an issue it is at the moment in this country. The reason is simple: I have already written on it and do not wish to repeat myself. I shall open by some comments on a recent debate in Britain. Then I shall come to my principal topic, experimentation. This may be of interest to you at a moment when you are, happily, about to start a School of Pharmacology which will no doubt have to think about such matters. Finally I shall explore a much neglected, almost repressed aspect of the march of medicine—if you like, a variation on the old folk theme “out of sight, out of mind”.
Territoriality of Trademark Rights
Authors: Blum Arno A. 
Published: May 2019

Can the registered owner of a trademark object to the use of his mark on goods on which the same trademark has been legally affixed abroad, but which have been imported into this country without his consent and against his wishes through what may be termed “irregular channels”, i.e., not through the agent, licensee or subsidiary of the trademark proprietor?This question of apparently minor importance has lately come to the forefront of interest in professional circles. The intensification of international trade since the end of World War II, the lowering of tariffs, the creation of supra-national economic units such as EEC and EFTA, and the growing number of international firms and concerns with the consequent establishment of sales organizations abroad have brought this question in different sets of circumstances before the courts of many countries. Their decisions have been widely divergent, from country to country, and sometimes even within the same country; many of them have been attacked in textbooks and legal periodicals; their reasoning, even where the results have been accepted, has been criticized and new doctrines have been proposed. In 1967, the International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property (AIPPI), with a view to unifying trademark law, initiated an extensive study of this question, but has so far failed to arrive at a generally acceptable solution.
Tax Treaties as Means of Encouraging Investment in Developing Countries
Authors: Fink Sheldon 
Published: May 2019

In the last twenty-five years more than sixty new states have come into being. Most of these new states are burdened with the problems caused by economic underdevelopment, but are determined to solve those problems. The very fact of underdevelopment, however, has meant that these states are unable to marshall sufficient domestic capital to meet the goals of constant and rapid development. They have, consequently, had to turn to the developed, industrialized nations for aid in achieving those goals.At first, the aid that was given to the developing countries was generally given on a government to government basis. The explanation for the absence of private enterprise in the business of reconstruction and development may be found in the facts of the economic reality of Europe in the late 1940's and of Africa, Asia and Latin America in the 50's and 60's. The problems that had to be solved were so complex and the means for solving them so limited that it seemed that if anything could be done, it would have to be done on the massive, centralized, planned basis which demanded governmental organization and control. Furthermore, in the short-run, at least, the private sector was totally uninterested in any investment which was risky and, so it seemed, not very profitable. Rational economic decisions were, however, in the case of the developing countries, buttressed by an ideological foundation which rejected private enterprise associated with former colonialist masters and emphasized the economic and social benefits of public control of the means of production. In the past ten years, however, ideology has begun to make way for a more pragmatic approach. The developing countries have come to understand that aid from foreign governments often comes in a package with undesirable political wrappings and that, more important, government to government aid simply could not provide enough of the capital that must be raised if ambitious development programmes are to be met.
Electron Microscope and Histochemical Observations on the Daughter Sporocyst of Schistosoma mattheei and Schistosoma bovis
Authors: Kinoti G. K. , Bird R. G. , Barker Mary 
Published: May 2019

Electron-microscopical, histological and histochemical observations were carried out on the body wall of the daughter sporocyst stage of Schistosoma mattheei and S. bovis. Electron microscopy revealed that the body wall consists of a continuous outer layer of cytoplasm, collagen fibres, fibroblasts and a layer of somatic cells which are apparently continuous with the cytoplasmic layer. This layer forms numerous microvilli at the surface.Pronounced alkaline phosphatase activity was found in the sporocyst body wall, but no evidence of esterases was found in the parasite although esterase activity was readily demonstrated in the snail tissue that the schistosome parasitized.It is concluded that the passage of substances such as glucose across the surface of the sporocyst is an active process probably mediated by enzymes and that little, if any, lipid metabolism occurs in the sporocyst stage.
The Life History of Gastrodiscoides hominis (Lewis and McConnel, 1876) Leiper, 1913– the Amphistome Parasite of Man and Pig
Authors: Dutt S. C. , Srivastava H. D. 
Published: May 2019

The life cycle of Gastrodiscoidcs hominis has been described using Helicorbis coenosus as the experimental intermediate host and the pig as the definitive host.The morphology of the miracidium, redia and metacercaria has been described. Data have been furnished on the infection and longevity, of and production of cercariae by the snail host, and the growth and development of the adult-fluke in the definitive host.
Association and predatory capacity of fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia and Arthrobotrys cladodes in the biological control of parasitic helminths of bovines
Authors: Vieira Ítalo Stoupa , Oliveira Isabela de Castro , Campos Artur Kanadani , Araújo Jackson Victor de 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNematophagous fungi are used in the biological control of the parasitic helminths of animals and plants. The association of ovicidal and predator nematophagous fungi may present a complementary and increased action on the biological control of helminths. Joint growth compatibility and predation tests were carried out on infective larvae of nematode parasites of bovines with the nematophagous fungus ovicide Pochonia chlamydosporia and the nematophagous fungus predator Arthrobotrys cladodes. The tests of antagonism in direct confrontation, antibiosis and the effect of volatile metabolites between the isolates of P. chlamydosporia and A. cladodes indicated the viability of joint growth of these fungi. The association of the fungi P. chlamydosporia and A. cladodes presented a higher predatory capacity of infective larvae of the parasitic nematodes of bovines when compared to the predation of the fungi used alone. Therefore, under laboratory conditions, the fungi studied presented growth compatibility and the association of these increased the nematicidal activity against parasitic helminths of cattle.
SOCIOLOGIA E SCIENZA POLITICA IN GAETANO MOSCA
Authors: Lombardo Antonio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneII problema del potere e delle élites politiche costituisce certamente uno dei nodi piú complessi della sociologia e della scienza politica. Al centro dell'interesse del sociologo e del politologo sono tuttora domande di questo tipo: E inevitabile il formarsi di un'oligarchia al vertice delle organizzazioni di grandi dimensioni? Ci sono differenze specifiche tra le leggi che regolano le tendenze oligarchiche e quelle democratiche nel sistema sociale e nel sistema politico? E soprattutto: nei sistemi democratici esiste una élite del potere, e con quale fenomenologia, e a quali condizioni?Per di piú, sui problemi delle élites politiche si è verificato un apparente « rovesciamento di fronte », che contribuisce a confondere ulteriormente il panorama. La teoria che postula l'esistenza del fenomeno elitista come struttura costante della società in generale — e delle società politiche in particolare — nasce storicamente con un’impronta conservatrice. Mosca, liberale comunemente considerato conservatore, è influenzato, nella redazione della giovanile Teorica, dal Taine; la sociologia delle élites è, per Pareto, il momento di passaggio dal liberalismo del Cours all’estrema destra e all’adesione al fascismo; del pari la scoperta della legge ferrea dell’oligarchia è certamente il displuvio del passaggio di Michels dal socialismo al fascismo.Le teorie elitiste nascono dunque, storicamente, da una matrice intellettuale e politica conservatrice, e si propongono una critica « da destra » dei regimi liberaldemocratici e dell’ideologia rousseauiana. In un secondo momento, depurato da certi contenuti non funzionali logicamente allo stesso sviluppo della teoria empirica, l’élitismo diventa un presupposto, espresso o sotteso, del pluralismo: delle teorie, cioè, le quali sostengono che le liberaldemocrazie, o poliarchie, costituiscono il sistema ottimale per la difesa delle libertà e per il piú generale sviluppo politico. Tanto per tenerci al filone liberale, possiamo partire dagli italiani Burzio e Dorso, e arrivare alla sistemazione neo-élitista di Ralf Dahrendorf, di Dahl e di Sartori.
CONSIDERAZIONI SULLA FILOSOFIA POLITICA
Authors: Bobbio Norberto 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIn occasione del convegno di Bari su «Tradizione e novità della filosofia della politica », la mia relazione distingueva quattro significati dell'espressione ‘filosofia politica’: a) ricerca della miglior forma di governo o dell'ottima repubblica; b) ricerca del fondamento dello stato e conseguente giustificazione (o ingiustificazione) dell'obbligo politico; c) ricerca della natura della politica o meglio della politicità, e conseguente distinzione tra politica e morale; d) analisi del linguaggio politico e metodologia della scienza politica.L' esigenza di questa distinzione nasceva dalla constatazione che alla categoria della filosofia politica si sogliono assegnare opere apparentemente molto diverse come la Repubblica di Platone, il Contratto sociale di Rousseau, e la Filosofia del diritto di Hegel. Recentemente, in seguito a quella che è stata chiamata la svolta linguistica del filosofare, e alla crescente importanza assunta dall’analisi dei fondamenti e dalla metodologia delle varie scienze per opera delle correnti neo-positivistiche, si è fatta strada l’idea che, se di filosofia politica si possa ancora parlare, in un contesto culturale in cui i discorsi sui valori, terreno tradizionalmente riservato ai filosofi, vengono assegnati alle differenti ideologie, questa si risolva tutta quanta nell'analisi dei modi e degli strumenti con cui si fa scienza dei fenomeni politici.