bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Structure of the Lunar South Pole‐Aitken Basin
Authors: James Peter B. , Smith David E. , Byrne Paul K. , Kendall Jordan D. , Melosh H. Jay , Zuber Maria T. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe South Pole‐Aitken basin is a gigantic impact structure on the far side of the Moon, with an inner rim extending approximately 2,000 km in the long axis dimension. The structure and history of this basin are illuminated by gravity and topography data, which constrain the subsurface distribution of mass. These data point to the existence of a large excess of mass in the Moon's mantle under the South Pole‐Aitken basin. This anomaly has a minimum mass of 2.18 × 1018 kg and likely extends to depths of more than 300 km. Plausible sources for this anomaly include metal from the core of a differentiated impactor or oxides from the last stage of magma ocean crystallization. Although the basin‐forming impact event likely excavated the vast majority of the preexisting crust, the present‐day crust of the basin interior is at least 16 km thick in undisturbed regions.
Pacing of Red Sea Deep Water Renewal During the Last Centuries
Authors: Felis Thomas , Mudelsee Manfred 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Red Sea is a deep marine basin often considered as small‐scale version of the global ocean. Hydrographic observations and ocean‐atmosphere modeling indicate Red Sea deep water was episodically renewed by wintertime open‐ocean deep convections during 1982–2001, suggesting a renewal time on the order of a decade. However, the long‐term pacing of Red Sea deep water renewals is largely uncertain. We use an annually resolved coral oxygen isotope record of winter surface water conditions to show that the late twentieth century deep water renewals were probably unusual in the context of the preceding ~100 years. More frequent major events are detected during the late Little Ice Age, particularly during the early nineteenth century characterized by large tropical volcanic eruptions. We conclude that Red Sea deep water renewal time is on the order of a decade up to a century, depending on the mean climatic conditions and large‐scale interannual climate forcing.
On the Importance of Gradients in the Low‐Energy Electron Phase Space Density for Relativistic Electron Acceleration
Authors: Allison Hayley J. , Horne Richard B. , Glauert Sarah A. , Del Zanna Giulio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObservations of the electron radiation belts have shown links between increases in the low‐energy seed population and enhancements in the >1‐MeV flux. During active times, low‐energy electrons are introduced to the radiation belt region before being accelerated to higher energies via a range of mechanisms. The impact of variations in the seed population on the 1‐MeV flux level were explored using the British Antarctic Survey Radiation Belt Model. We find that, for a period from the 21 April to 9 May 2013, the increase in the low‐energy electron flux was vital to recreate the observed 1‐MeV flux enhancement on the 1 May but was less important for the 1‐MeV enhancement on the 27 April 2013. To better understand the relationships between the different energy populations, a series of idealized experiments with the 2‐D British Antarctic Survey Radiation Belt Model were performed, which highlight a careful balance between losses and acceleration from chorus waves. Seed population enhancements alter this balance by increasing the phase space density gradient, and consequently, the rate of energy diffusion, allowing acceleration to surpass loss. Additionally, we demonstrate that even with the same chorus diffusion coefficients and the same low‐energy boundary condition, the flux of ∼500‐keV to 1‐MeV electrons increased when starting with a hard spectrum but decreased for a soft initial spectrum. This suggests that initial energy gradients in the phase space density were important to determine whether >500‐keV electrons were enhanced due to chorus wave acceleration.
Decadal Stabilization of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen as a Benchmark for Global Land Models
Authors: Wei Ning , Cui Erqian , Huang Kun , Du Zhenggang , Zhou Jian , Xu Xiaoni , Wang Jing , Yan Liming , Xia Jianyang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGlobal land models are now routinely incorporating the nitrogen (N) cycle into simulations, but the identification of its benchmarks has lagged behind. An important variable in these models is the soil inorganic N (SIN) which is the resultant of different input and output N processes. However, whether and how the SIN pool and its spatiotemporal variation can be used as benchmarks for models remains unclear. Here we first constructed a database of measured SIN at 756 sites from 1980 to 2010 across China, one of the regions that has been experiencing the highest external N input. Although there was great spatial variability of the measured SIN pool, no significant changes were detected across China during 1980–2010 based on a bootstrapping approach. The medians of the measured SIN across China were 63, 70, and 65 mg/kg during the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, respectively. Then, we used the regional SIN database to evaluate two versions of the Community Land Model (i.e., CLM4.5 and CLM5.0). In comparison with the observation (median 75 mg/kg) at grid‐cell scale, both CLM4.5 (median 0.70 mg/kg) and CLM5.0 (median 0.79 mg/kg) underestimated the SIN pools across China. Although the drivers of such modeling biases are difficult to identify at the current stage, improved representations of both input and output processes of the SIN pool in the models are highly recommended. These findings suggest that a decadal stabilization of the SIN pool in terrestrial ecosystems and the spatial distribution of the SIN pool may be a useful benchmark for global biogeochemical models.
Cold water immersion improves recovery of sprint speed following a simulated tournament
Authors: Leeder Jonathan D. C. , Godfrey Matthew , Gibbon Daniel , Gaze David , Davison Gareth W. , Van Someren Ken A. , Howatson Glyn 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIt is a common requirement in tournament scenarios for athletes to compete multiple times in a relatively short time period, with insufficient recovery time not allowing full restoration of physical performance. This study aimed to develop a greater understanding of the physiological stress experienced by athletes in a tournament scenario, and how a commonly used recovery strategy, cold water immersion (CWI), might influence these markers. Twenty‐one trained male games players (age 19 ± 2; body mass 78.0 ± 8.8 kg) were randomised into a CWI group (n = 11) or a control group (n = 10). To simulate a tournament, participants completed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on three occasions in five days. Recovery was assessed at specific time points using markers of sprint performance, muscle function, muscle soreness and biochemical markers of damage (creatine kinase, CK), inflammation (IL‐6 and C‐Reactive Protein) and oxidative stress (lipid hydroperoxides and activity of 6 lipid‐soluble antioxidants). The simulated tournament was associated with perturbations in some, but not all, markers of physiological stress and recovery. Cold water immersion was associated with improved recovery of sprint speed 24 h after the final LIST (ES = 0.83 ± 0.59; p = .034) and attenuated the efflux of CK pre‐ and post‐LIST 3 (p < .01). The tournament scenario resulted in an escalation of physiological stress that, in the main, cold water immersion was ineffective at managing. These data suggest that CWI is not harmful, and provides limited benefits in attenuating the deleterious effects experienced during tournament scenarios.
Association of electrocardiographic left and right ventricular hypertrophy with physical fitness of military males: The CHIEF study
Authors: Chao Wei‐Hsiung , Su Fang‐Ying , Lin Felicia , Yu Yun‐Shun , Lin Gen‐Min 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTAIM: To investigate the association of electrocardiographic (ECG) left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (LVH and RVH) with physical fitness of military males.METHODS: We used a military cohort of 2587 males, who were on average 29.1 years of age, from the cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in armed forces (CHIEF) study in Taiwan for the analysis. Isolated ECG‐LVH (n = 779) was diagnosed by either the Sokolow‐Lyon or Cornell voltage criteria. Isolated ECG‐RVH (n = 234) was defined by either the Sokolow‐Lyon or Myers et al. voltage criteria. Combined ECG‐LVH/RVH (n = 140) was defined as those who met the voltage criteria for both LVH and RVH. The other ECGs were defined as unaffected (n = 1434). Physical fitness was evaluated by the upper and lower 16% exercise performance (beyond 1‐standard deviation) in 3000‐meter run, 2‐minute sit‐ups, and 2‐minute push‐ups. All procedures were standardized and monitored by unified computerized scoring systems. A multiple logistic regression was used to determine the relationship.RESULTS: Compared with unaffected participants, those with an isolated ECG‐LVH were tended to have a better 3000‐meter run performance (odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals: 1.22 [0.99–1.50], p‐value = 0.064) after adjusting for age, service specialty, body mass index, mean blood pressure, smoking status, alcohol intake, hemoglobin level, and exercise frequency. By contrast, those with an isolated ECG‐RVH were tended to have a worse 2‐minute sit‐up performance (OR: 1.46 [0.99–2.16], p‐value = 0.054).CONCLUSION: Military males with ECG‐LVH and/or ECG‐RVH compared to unaffected participants may have diverse exercise performances. However, these observations narrowly failed to reach statistical significance.
Caffeine and resistance exercise: the effects of two caffeine doses and the influence of individual perception of caffeine
Authors: Polito Marcos Doederlein , Grandolfi Kamila , de Souza Diego Brito 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough caffeine is a widely used ergogenic resource, some information regarding its effects on resistance exercises is still lacking. The objective of the present study was to verify the acute effect of the ingestion of two different doses of caffeine on performance during a session of resistance exercises and to analyze the perception of the subjects in relation to the intake of caffeine. Following a double‐blind, randomised, cross‐over, controlled, and non‐placebo design, 14 trained and healthy men (24.7 ± 6.8 years; 79.8 ± 9.8 kg; 177.3 ± 8.5 cm) performed a training session in chest‐press, shoulder‐press, and biceps curl exercises (3 sets until exhaustion; 70% 1RM; 3 min rest interval; 2 s for each concentric and eccentric phase) on three non‐consecutive days after ingestion of 3 mg.kg−1 caffeine (CAF3), 6 mg.kg−1 caffeine (CAF6), or no substance (CON). Subjects were informed that one of the caffeine doses would be placebo. The total number of repetitions performed in CON (93.6 ± 22.4) was significantly lower than in CAF3 (108.0 ± 19.9, P = 0.02) and in CAF6 (109.3 ± 19.8, P = 0.03) and there were no differences between caffeine doses. Eight subjects noticed that caffeine was in CAF3 and six in CAF6 and there were no differences in the number of repetitions between sessions in which the subjects perceived and did not perceive caffeine. In conclusion, caffeine doses of 3 or 6 mg.kg−1 similarly increased performance in resistance upper limb exercises, independent of the subject's perception of substance ingestion.
Fatigue reduces the complexity of knee extensor torque during fatiguing sustained isometric contractions
Authors: Pethick Jamie , Winter Samantha L. , Burnley Mark 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe temporal structure, or complexity, of muscle torque output reflects the adaptability of motor control to changes in task demands. This complexity is reduced by neuromuscular fatigue during intermittent isometric contractions. We tested the hypothesis that sustained fatiguing isometric contractions would result in a similar loss of complexity. To that end, nine healthy participants performed, on separate days, sustained isometric contractions of the knee extensors at 20% MVC to task failure and at 100% MVC for 60 s. Torque and surface EMG signals were sampled continuously. Complexity and fractal scaling were quantified by calculating approximate entropy (ApEn) and the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) α scaling exponent. Global, central and peripheral fatigue were quantified using maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) with femoral nerve stimulation. Fatigue reduced the complexity of both submaximal (ApEn from 1.02 ± 0.06 to 0.41 ± 0.04, P < 0.05) and maximal contractions (ApEn from 0.34 ± 0.05 to 0.26 ± 0.04, P < 0.05; DFA α from 1.41 ± 0.04 to 1.52 ± 0.03, P < 0.05). The losses of complexity were accompanied by significant global, central and peripheral fatigue (all P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that a fatigue‐induced loss of torque complexity is evident not only during fatiguing intermittent isometric contractions, but also during sustained fatiguing contractions.
A season long investigation into the effects of injury, match selection and training load on mental wellbeing in professional under 23 soccer players: A team case study
Authors: Abbott Will , Brownlee Thomas E. , Harper Liam D. , Naughton Robert J. , Richardson Andy , Clifford Tom 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study examined the influence of injury, match selection and training load on mental wellbeing (MW) in a squad of professional soccer players. Using a longitudinal design, twenty‐five male soccer players (age, 20 ± 1 years, height, 1.80 ± 5.79 m, body mass 76.33 ± 7.52 kg) from the under 23 squad playing in the Premier League 2 division in the UK completed the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale (WEMWBS) each week of the 2017/2018 season (37 weeks in total). Injury and non‐selection for the match squad were the only significant predictors of MW (P < 0.05). Injury had the biggest influence on MW that was lower when injured vs. not injured (43.6 ± 5.0 vs. 49.9 ± 3.5, respectively, P = 0.001, ES = 1.48), accounting for 40% of the variation in MW. This increased to 50% when not being selected to play games was also considered. Weekly training loads measured by GPS (total distance, sprint distance and total duration) and individual player win rate did not influence MW (P > 0.05). These findings highlight the importance of monitoring MW in professional soccer players and suggest that injured players and those rarely selected for the match squad should be educated on the strategies available for managing their mental health and wellbeing.
Deposition of Host Matrix Proteins on Breast Implant Surfaces Facilitates Staphylococcus Epidermidis Biofilm Formation: In Vitro Analysis
Authors: Walker Jennifer N , Pinkner Chloe L , Lynch Aaron J L , Ortbal Sarah , Pinkner Jerome S , Hultgren Scott J , Myckatyn Terence M 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a primary cause of breast implant-associated infection. S epidermidis possesses several virulence factors that enable it to bind both abiotic surfaces and host factors to form a biofilm. In addition S epidermidis colocalizes with matrix proteins coating explanted human breast implants.

Objectives
The authors sought to identify matrix proteins that S epidermidis may exploit to infect various breast implant surfaces in vitro.

Methods
A combination of in vitro assays was used to characterize S epidermidis strains isolated from human breast implants to gain a better understanding of how these bacteria colonize breast implant surfaces. These included determining the (1) minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for irrigation solutions commonly used to prevent breast implant contamination; (2) expression and carriage of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin and serine-aspartate repeat proteins, which bind fibrinogen (SdrG) and collagen (SdrF), respectively; and (3) biofilm formation on varying implant surface characteristics, in different growth media, and supplemented with fibrinogen and Types I and III collagen. Scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining analyses were performed to corroborate findings from these assays.

Results
Textured breast implant surfaces support greater bacterial biofilm formation at baseline, and the addition of collagen significantly increases biomass on all surfaces tested. We found that S epidermidis isolated from breast implants all encoded SdrF. Consistent with this finding, these strains had a clear affinity for Type I collagen, forming dense, highly structured biofilms in its presence.

Conclusions
The authors found that S epidermidis may utilize SdrF to interact with Type I collagen to form biofilm on breast implant surfaces.

Level of Evidence: 5
A comprehensive review and performance evaluation of bioinformatics tools for HLA class I peptide-binding prediction
Authors: Mei Shutao , Li Fuyi , Leier André , Marquez-Lago Tatiana T , Giam Kailin , Croft Nathan P , Akutsu Tatsuya , Smith A Ian , Li Jian , Rossjohn Jamie , Purcell Anthony W , Song Jiangning 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHuman leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules are encoded by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I loci in humans. The binding and interaction between HLA-I molecules and intracellular peptides derived from a variety of proteolytic mechanisms play a crucial role in subsequent T-cell recognition of target cells and the specificity of the immune response. In this context, tools that predict the likelihood for a peptide to bind to specific HLA class I allotypes are important for selecting the most promising antigenic targets for immunotherapy. In this article, we comprehensively review a variety of currently available tools for predicting the binding of peptides to a selection of HLA-I allomorphs. Specifically, we compare their calculation methods for the prediction score, employed algorithms, evaluation strategies and software functionalities. In addition, we have evaluated the prediction performance of the reviewed tools based on an independent validation data set, containing 21 101 experimentally verified ligands across 19 HLA-I allotypes. The benchmarking results show that MixMHCpred 2.0.1 achieves the best performance for predicting peptides binding to most of the HLA-I allomorphs studied, while NetMHCpan 4.0 and NetMHCcons 1.1 outperform the other machine learning-based and consensus-based tools, respectively. Importantly, it should be noted that a peptide predicted with a higher binding score for a specific HLA allotype does not necessarily imply it will be immunogenic. That said, peptide-binding predictors are still very useful in that they can help to significantly reduce the large number of epitope candidates that need to be experimentally verified. Several other factors, including susceptibility to proteasome cleavage, peptide transport into the endoplasmic reticulum and T-cell receptor repertoire, also contribute to the immunogenicity of peptide antigens, and some of them can be considered by some predictors. Therefore, integrating features derived from these additional factors together with HLA-binding properties by using machine-learning algorithms may increase the prediction accuracy of immunogenic peptides. As such, we anticipate that this review and benchmarking survey will assist researchers in selecting appropriate prediction tools that best suit their purposes and provide useful guidelines for the development of improved antigen predictors in the future.
A coordinate descent approach for sparse Bayesian learning in high dimensional QTL mapping and genome-wide association studies
Authors: Wang Meiyue , Xu Shizhong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMotivationGenomic scanning approaches that detect one locus at a time are subject to many problems in genome-wide association studies and quantitative trait locus mapping. The problems include large matrix inversion, over-conservativeness for tests after Bonferroni correction and difficulty in evaluation of the total genetic contribution to a trait’s variance. Targeting these problems, we take a further step and investigate a multiple locus model that detects all markers simultaneously in a single model.ResultsWe developed a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) method for quantitative trait locus mapping and genome-wide association studies. This new method adopts a coordinate descent algorithm to estimate parameters (marker effects) by updating one parameter at a time conditional on current values of all other parameters. It uses an L2 type of penalty that allows the method to handle extremely large sample sizes (&gt;100 000). Simulation studies show that SBL often has higher statistical powers and the simulated true loci are often detected with extremely small P-values, indicating that SBL is insensitive to stringent thresholds in significance testing.Availability and implementationAn R package (sbl) is available on the comprehensive R archive network (CRAN) and https://github.com/MeiyueComputBio/sbl/tree/master/R%20packge.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evolution of prodromal Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a prospective study
Authors: Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad , Yao Chun , Pelletier Amelie , Montplaisir Jacques Y , Gagnon Jean-François , Postuma Ronald B 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease has a long prodromal stage with various subclinical motor and non-motor manifestations; however, their evolution in the years before Parkinson’s disease is diagnosed is unclear. We traced the evolution of early motor and non-motor manifestations of synucleinopathy from the stage of idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder until defined neurodegenerative disease. During 2004–16, we recruited and then annually followed 154 polysomnography-proven patients with idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder, of whom 55 phenoconverted to defined parkinsonism or dementia. Longitudinal data on multiple prodromal features, including the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale parts I–III, quantitative motor tests, olfaction, colour vision, cognition, and autonomic functions were gathered annually (average = five follow-up visits, range: 2–12 years). The same measures were also assessed in 102 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. By looking backward from the time of dementia or parkinsonism diagnosis, we examined trajectories of each prodromal feature using mixed effect models. Based on analysis, olfactory loss was first to develop, with predicted onset >20 years before phenoconversion. This was followed by impaired colour vision, constipation, and erectile dysfunction, starting 10–16 years prior to phenoconversion. At 7–9 years before phenoconversion, slight urinary dysfunction and subtle cognitive decline could be detected. Among motor symptoms altered handwriting, turning in bed, walking, salivation, speech, and facial expression began to be disrupted starting 7–11 years prior to parkinsonism diagnosis, but remained mild until soon before phenoconversion. Motor examination abnormalities began 5–7 years before phenoconversion, with the alternate tap test having the longest interval (8 years before phenoconversion). Among cardinal motor phenotypes, bradykinesia appeared first, ∼5–6 years prior to phenoconversion, followed by rigidity (Year −3) and tremor (Year −2). With direct prospective evaluation of an idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder cohort during phenoconversion, we documented an evolution of prodromal manifestations similar to that predicted by pathological staging models, with predicted prodromal intervals as long as 20 years.