bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sea State Trends and Variability: Consistency Between Models, Altimeters, Buoys, and Seismic Data (1979–2016)
Authors: Stopa Justin E. , Ardhuin Fabrice , Stutzmann Eleonore , Lecocq Thomas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWave hindcasts of long time series (>30 years) have been instrumental in understanding the wave climate. However, it is still difficult to have a consistent reanalysis suitable for study of trends and interannual variability. Here we explore the consistency of a wave hindcast with independent observations from moored buoys, satellite altimeters, and seismic data. We use the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) winds to drive a wave model since extreme events are generally well captured. Unfortunately, the original CFSR winds are not homogeneous in time. We systematically modify this wind field in time and space to produce a wave field that has homogeneous differences against the Globwave/SeaStateCCI altimeter wave height database. These corrections to the winds and resulting waves are validated using independent buoy and microseism data. We particularly use seismic data in the dominant double‐frequency band, around 5‐s period, that are generated by opposing waves of equal frequencies. The seismic data confirms that our correction of time‐varying biases is consistent, even in remote and undersampled region such as the Southern Ocean where the original CFSR biases are strongest. Our analysis is performed on monthly time series, and we expect the monthly statistics to be better suited for climate studies. Remaining issues with time consistency of reanalysis products and associated wave hindcasts are further discussed.
A New Method for Simulation of Lunar Microwave Brightness Temperatures and Evaluation of Chang'E‐2 MRM Data Using Thermal Constraints From Diviner
Authors: Wei Guangfei , Li Xiongyao , Gan Hong , Blewett David T. , Neish Catherine D. , Greenhagen Benjamin T. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe used the bolometric brightness temperatures (TBol) derived from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiters Diviner Lunar Radiometer (Diviner) as an upper boundary condition in our thermal model. We then calculated temperature profiles at any local time based on our improved thermal model at low to middle latitudes (70° N/S). Based on the temperature profiles, we modeled the midnight brightness temperature at 19.35 (TB19) and 37 GHz (TB37). Comparing to the Chang'E‐1 and Chang'E‐2 (CE‐1/2) observations, we found that CE‐1 showed a better data quality than that of CE‐2, especially for the TB37 data. Assuming that the issue with the CE‐2 data is caused by heat contamination of the cold‐reference antennas, we performed an empirical normalization of the CE‐2 microwave radiometer data near midnight following the approach of Hu et al. (2017). The results show that TB difference (modeled values minus modified TB) for 19.35 GHz is less than 3.40 K for ∼80% of the pixels. At 37 GHz, ∼67% of the pixels have TB difference less than 2.88 K. Additionally, we identified some areas of low microwave temperature in our modified TB maps. These low‐TB features can be characterized by two types: (1) low TB spots at fresh craters with high rock abundance and bright rays and (2) high‐Ti lunar mare surfaces with a low content of rock fragments. Investigating these low‐TB regions with the modified TB data can reveal more information about subsurface thermal regime and properties and help us better understand the evolution of regolith on the Moon.
Understanding Negative Subtropical Shallow Cumulus Cloud Feedbacks in a Near‐Global Aquaplanet Model Using Limited Area Cloud‐Resolving Simulations
Authors: Narenpitak Pornampai , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLimited area cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulations called LASAM are used to reproduce and understand negative subtropical shallow cumulus cloud feedbacks in a near‐global aquaplanet CRM (NGAqua) with 4‐K sea surface temperature (SST) warming. NGAqua spans a large tropical channel domain, with 4‐km horizontal resolution, zonally symmetric equatorially peaked SST, and no cumulus parameterization. Prior work showed that its coarsely resolved shallow cumulus increases with warming. It was suggested that with warmer SST, the moister boundary layer is destabilized by more clear‐sky radiative cooling, driving more cumulus convection. A small doubly periodic version of the same CRM is configured to analyze this low cloud increase in a simpler context. It is driven by steady thermodynamic and advective forcing profiles averaged over the driest subtropical column humidity quartile of NGAqua. Sensitivity studies separate effects of radiative cooling and free tropospheric relative humidity changes from other aspects of NGAqua's warmer climate. Enhanced clear‐sky radiative cooling explains most of the cloud increase due to SST warming, regardless of CRM model resolution and advection scheme. A boundary layer energy budget shows that the downward entrainment heat flux strengthens to balance enhanced radiative cooling, carried by a stronger updraft cloud mass flux from a larger cumulus cloud fraction. In deeper trade cumulus layers, the enhanced radiative cooling in a warming climate may be balanced by increased precipitation warming, leaving the cloud coverage area almost unchanged. With larger domain sizes, shallow cumulus self‐aggregates, especially with higher SST, marginally increasing domain‐mean cloud fraction, but this is a secondary contributor to the cloud feedback.
Evaluation of Land Surface Subprocesses and Their Impacts on Model Performance With Global Flux Data
Authors: Li Jianduo , Zhang Guo , Chen Fei , Peng Xindong , Gan Yanjun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractStudy on the uncertainties in land surface models (LSMs) helps us understand the differences and errors in climate models. Meanwhile, uncertainty in model structure, derived from the many possible parameterization schemes for the same physical subprocess, is a primary source of land model uncertainties. To attribute structural errors and model parameterization scheme uncertainties, it is critical to identify the key subprocesses involved and investigate the interactions of these subprocesses on LSM behavior, which will ultimately help us identify the “optimal” parameterization schemes for various plant functional types, soil types, and different locations. Here, we conduct physical ensemble simulations for multiple sites from FLUXNET and then apply a variance‐based sensitivity analysis method to quantitatively assess the impacts of uncertainties in the parameterization schemes of subprocesses in the Noah with multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) LSM on model performance. The results show that three subprocesses—surface exchange coefficient, runoff and groundwater, and surface resistance to evaporation—have the most significant impacts on the performance of the simulated sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and net absorbed radiation in the Noah‐MP LSM. The interaction between two subprocesses could contribute up to 50% of the variation in model performance for some sites, which highlights the need for taking into consideration the interactions of subprocesses to improve LSMs. Finally, a statistical optimal combination of the parameterization schemes is recommended for global land modeling, although it is noticed that the optimal schemes vary with regions and can be different even for neighboring sites.
Active‐Passive Surface Water Classification: A New Method for High‐Resolution Monitoring of Surface Water Dynamics
Authors: Slinski Kimberly M. , Hogue Terri S. , McCray John E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study develops a new, highly efficient method to produce accurate, high‐resolution surface water maps. The “active‐passive surface water classification” method leverages cloud‐based computing resources and machine learning techniques to merge Sentinel 1 synthetic aperture radar and Landsat observations and generate monthly 10‐m‐resolution water body maps. The skill of the active‐passive surface water classification method is demonstrated by mapping surface water change over the Awash River basin in Ethiopia during the 2015 East African regional drought and 2016 localized flood events. Errors of omission (water incorrectly classified as nonwater) and commission (nonwater incorrectly classified as water) in the case study area are 7.16% and 1.91%, respectively. The case study demonstrates the method's ability to generate accurate, high‐resolution water body maps depicting surface water dynamics in data‐sparse regions. The developed technique will facilitate better monitoring and understanding of the impact of environmental change and climate extremes on global freshwater ecosystems.
Proteomic analysis of lymphoblastoid cell lines from schizophrenic patients
Authors: Yoshimi Akira , Yamada Shinnosuke , Kunimoto Shohko , Aleksic Branko , Hirakawa Akihiro , Ohashi Mitsuki , Matsumoto Yurie , Hada Kazuhiro , Itoh Norimichi , Arioka Yuko , Kimura Hiroki , Kushima Itaru , Nakamura Yukako , Shiino Tomoko , Mori Daisuke , Tanaka Satoshi , Hamada Shuko , Noda Yukihiro , Nagai Taku , Yamada Kiyofumi , Ozaki Norio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough a number of studies have identified several convincing candidate genes or molecules, the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) has not been completely elucidated. Therapeutic optimization based on pathophysiology should be performed as early as possible to improve functional outcomes and prognosis; to detect useful biomarkers for SCZ, which reflect pathophysiology and can be utilized for timely diagnosis and effective therapy. To explore biomarkers for SCZ, we employed fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) [1st sample set: 30 SCZ and 30 control subjects (CON)]. Differentially expressed protein spots were sequenced by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and identified proteins were confirmed by western blotting (WB) (1st and 2nd sample set: 60 SCZ and 60 CON). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify an optimal combination of biomarkers to create a prediction model for SCZ. Twenty protein spots were differentially expressed between SCZ and CON in 2D-DIGE analysis and 22 unique proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. Differential expression of eight of 22 proteins was confirmed by WB. Among the eight candidate proteins (HSPA4L, MX1, GLRX3, UROD, MAPRE1, TBCB, IGHM, and GART), we successfully constructed logistic regression models comprised of 4- and 6-markers with good discriminative ability between SCZ and CON. In both WB and gene expression analysis of LCL, MX1 showed reproducibly significant associations. Moreover,Mx1and its related proinflamatory genes (Mx2,Il1b, andTnf) were also up-regulated in poly I:C-treated mice. Differentially expressed proteins might be associated with molecular pathophysiology of SCZ, including dysregulation of immunological reactions and potentially provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
Connexin 43 hemichannels protect bone loss during estrogen deficiency
Authors: Ma Liang , Hua Rui , Tian Yi , Cheng Hongyun , Fajardo Roberto Jose , Pearson Joseph J. , Guda Teja , Shropshire Daniel Brian , Gu Sumin , Jiang Jean X. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEstrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women is a major cause of bone loss, resulting in osteopenia, osteoporosis, and a high risk for bone fracture. Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels (HCs) in osteocytes play an important role in osteocyte viability, bone formation, and remodeling. We showed here that estrogen deficiency reduced Cx43 expression and HC function. To determine if functional HCs protect osteocytes and bone loss during estrogen deficiency, we adopted an ovariectomy model in wild-type (WT) and two transgenic Cx43 mice: R76W (dominant-negative mutant inhibiting only gap junction channels) and Cx43 Δ130–136 (dominant-negative mutant compromising both gap junction channels and HCs). The bone mineral density (BMD), bone structure, and histomorphometric changes of cortical and trabecular bones after ovariectomy were investigated. Our results showed that the Δ130–136 transgenic cohort had greatly decreased vertebral trabecular bone mass compared to WT and R76W mice, associated with a significant increase in the number of apoptotic osteocyte and empty lacunae. Moreover, osteoclast surfaces in trabecular and cortical bones were increased after ovariectomy in the R76W and WT mice, respectively, but not in ∆130–136 mice. These data demonstrate that impairment of Cx43 HCs in osteocytes accelerates vertebral trabecular bone loss and increase in osteocyte apoptosis, and further suggest that Cx43 HCs in osteocytes protect trabecular bone against catabolic effects due to estrogen deficiency.
Comparison of Deep Learning Approaches for Multi-Label Chest X-Ray Classification
Authors: Baltruschat Ivo M. , Nickisch Hannes , Grass Michael , Knopp Tobias , Saalbach Axel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe increased availability of labeled X-ray image archives (e.g. ChestX-ray14 dataset) has triggered a growing interest in deep learning techniques. To provide better insight into the different approaches, and their applications to chest X-ray classification, we investigate a powerful network architecture in detail: the ResNet-50. Building on prior work in this domain, we consider transfer learning with and without fine-tuning as well as the training of a dedicated X-ray network from scratch. To leverage the high spatial resolution of X-ray data, we also include an extended ResNet-50 architecture, and a network integrating non-image data (patient age, gender and acquisition type) in the classification process. In a concluding experiment, we also investigate multiple ResNet depths (i.e. ResNet-38 and ResNet-101). In a systematic evaluation, using 5-fold re-sampling and a multi-label loss function, we compare the performance of the different approaches for pathology classification by ROC statistics and analyze differences between the classifiers using rank correlation. Overall, we observe a considerable spread in the achieved performance and conclude that the X-ray-specific ResNet-38, integrating non-image data yields the best overall results. Furthermore, class activation maps are used to understand the classification process, and a detailed analysis of the impact of non-image features is provided.
Ancestral Stress Alters Lifetime Mental Health Trajectories and Cortical Neuromorphology via Epigenetic Regulation
Authors: Ambeskovic Mirela , Babenko Olena , Ilnytskyy Yaroslav , Kovalchuk Igor , Kolb Bryan , Metz Gerlinde A. S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExperiences during early development are powerful determinants of lifetime mental health. Here we investigated if ancestral stress regulates the brain’s epigenetic memory to alter neuromorphology and emotionality in the remote F4 progeny. Pregnant female rat dams of the parental F0 generation were exposed to stress on gestational days 12–18. To generate a transgenerational stress lineage, their pregnant daughters (F1), grand-daughters (F2) and great-grand-daughters (F3) remained undisturbed. To generate a multigenerational stress lineage, pregnant dams of each generation (F1–F3) were stressed. A lineage of non-stress controls (F0–F3) was also produced. Multigenerational stress exceeded the impact of transgenerational stress by increasing anxiety-like behaviours and stress response in young and middle-aged F4 males but not females. Functional changes were accompanied by reduced spine density in the male medial prefrontal cortex with opposite effects in the orbital frontal cortex. Ancestral stress regulated cortical miR-221 and miR-26 expression and their target genes, thus downregulating ntrk2 and map1a genes in males while downregulating crh and upregulating map1a genes in females. These miRNA-dependent pathways are candidates for developmental programming of lifetime mental health. Thus, multigenerational stress in particular determines sexually dimorphic predisposition to stress vulnerability and generates a phenotype resembling symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Selection of carbohydrate-active probiotics from the gut of carnivorous fish fed plant-based diets
Authors: Serra Cláudia R. , Almeida Eduarda M. , Guerreiro Inês , Santos Rafaela , Merrifield Daniel L. , Tavares Fernando , Oliva-Teles Aires , Enes Paula 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe gastrointestinal microbiota plays a critical role on host health and metabolism. This is particularly important in teleost nutrition, because fish do not possess some of the necessary enzymes to cope with the dietary challenges of aquaculture production. A main difficulty within fish nutrition is its dependence on fish meal, an unsustainable commodity and a source of organic pollutants. The most obvious sustainable alternatives to fish meal are plant feedstuffs, but their nutritive value is limited by the presence of high levels of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which are not metabolized by fish. The composition of fish-gut microbial communities have been demonstrated to adapt when the host is fed different ingredients. Thus, we hypothesized that a selective pressure of plant-based diets on fish gut microbiota, could be a beneficial strategy for an enrichment of bacteria with a secretome able to mobilize dietary NSP. By targeting bacterial sporulating isolates with diverse carbohydrase activities from the gut of European sea bass, we have obtained isolates with high probiotic potential. By inferring the adaptive fitness to the fish gut and the amenability to industrial processing, we identified the best two candidates to become industrially valuable probiotics. This potential was confirmed in vivo, since one of the select isolates lead to a better growth and feed utilization efficiency in fish fed probiotic-supplemented plant-based diets, thus contributing for sustainable and more cost-effective aquaculture practices.
Muscle nonshivering thermogenesis in a feral mammal
Authors: Nowack Julia , Vetter Sebastian G. , Stalder Gabrielle , Painer Johanna , Kral Maria , Smith Steve , Le Minh Hien , Jurcevic Perica , Bieber Claudia , Arnold Walter , Ruf Thomas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMuscle nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) was recently suggested to play an important role in thermoregulation of species lacking brown adipose tissue (BAT). The mechanism, which is independent of muscle contractions, produces heat based on the activity of an ATPase pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA1a) and is controlled by the protein sarcolipin. To evaluate whether muscle NST could indeed play an important role in thermoregulation in species lacking BAT, we investigated the thermogenic capacities of newborn wild boar piglets. During cold exposure over the first 5 days of life, total heat production was improved while shivering intensity decreased, indicating an increasing contribution of NST. Sampling skeletal muscle tissue for analyses of SERCA activity as well as gene expression of SERCA1a and sarcolipin, we found an age-related increase in all three variables as well as in body temperature. Hence, the improved thermogenesis during the development of wild boars is not due to shivering but explained by the observed increase in SERCA activity. Our results suggest that muscle NST may be the primary mechanism of heat production during cold stress in large mammals lacking BAT, strengthening the hypothesis that muscle NST has likely played an important role in the evolution of endothermy.
Limbic-visual attenuation to crying faces underlies neglectful mothering
Authors: León Inmaculada , Rodrigo María José , El-Deredy Wael , Modroño Cristián , Hernández-Cabrera Juan Andrés , Quiñones Ileana 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNeglectful mothering is one of the most common forms of childhood maltreatment, involving a severe disregard of the child’s needs, yet little is known about its neural substrate. A child’s needs are usually conveyed by signals of distress revealed by crying faces. We tested whether infant and adult crying faces are processed differently in two sociodemographically similar groups of Neglectful (NM) and non-neglectful Control Mothers (CM). We used functional brain imaging to analyze the BOLD response from 43 mothers (23 neglectful and 20 control) while viewing faces from infants and adults (crying and neutral). In NM as compared to CM, the BOLD responses to both infant and adult crying faces were significantly reduced in the cerebellum, lingual, fusiform, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus, and inferior frontal gyrus. The reduced BOLD was also modulated by comorbid psychiatric symptoms. In the CM, frontal activation to infant versus adult crying faces was enhanced, whereas in the NM activation in the anterior cingulate cortex to infant crying was reduced compared to adult crying. The altered neural response to crying faces in NM, showing generic face and infant-specific face processing deficits, could underlie their characteristic poor social abilities as well as their poor response to infant needs, both affecting the caregiving role.
Haematological traits co-vary with migratory status, altitude and energy expenditure: a phylogenetic, comparative analysis
Authors: Yap Kang Nian , Tsai Olivia Hsin-I , Williams Tony D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAerobic capacity is assumed to be a main predictor of workload ability and haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) have been suggested as key determinants of aerobic performance. Intraspecific studies have reported increases in Hct and Hb in response to increased workload. Furthermore, Hct and Hb vary markedly among individuals and throughout the annual cycle in free-living birds and it has been suggested that this variation reflects adaptive modulation of these traits to meet seasonal changes in energy demands. We used a comparative dataset of haematological traits, measures of metabolic rate (57 species), and life-history traits (160 species) to test several hypotheses for adaptive variation in haematology in relation to migration and altitude. We then extended these general ideas to test relationships between Hct and basal metabolic rate, daily energy expenditure and activity energy expenditure, using the 57 species that we have metabolic rate information for. We found that at the interspecific level, full migrants have higher Hct and Hb than partial migrants and non-migrants, and that altitude is positively correlated with Hb but not Hct. Hct is positively associated with activity energy expenditure (energy spent specifically on costly activities), suggesting that haematological traits could be adaptively modulated based on life-history traits and that Hct is a potential physiological mediator of energetic constraint.