bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production and Utilization of Volatile Fatty Acids in Various Types of Anaerobic Reactors
Authors: Dohányos M , Kosová B , Zábranská J , Grau P 
Published: May 2018

Production and subsequent utilization of fatty acids (from C2 to C6) was followed in three types of anaerobic reactors:uplow sludge bed reactor (USBR),upflow fixed bed reactor (UFBR),downflow fixed bed reactor (DFBR).
It was found that the concentrations of lower fatty acids increased exponentially with increasing volumetric loading of the reactor in the range up to 15 kg m−3d−1 (as COD). Up to a loading of about 4 kg m−3d−1, only acetic and propionic acids appeared. Butyric and valeric acids were found only at a loading higher than 4 kg m−3d−1, caproic acid at a loading higher than 8 kg m−3d−1. The highest removal rates along the reactor were observed for butyric acid, the lowest for propionic acid. The volumetric rate of biogas production (volume of gas per volume of reactor per time) increased with increasing loading rates up to 4.6 m3m−3d−1. The UFBR was in general less sensitive to inhibition by fatty acids and to lower temperatures and fluctuation of loads than the other two types of reactors.
Total Effluent Treatment and Rinse Water Reclamation in a Semiconductor Device Manufacturing Facility
Authors: Cartwright Peter S. 
Published: May 2018

Case history of a total rinse water reclamation system operating in a semiconductor manufacturing facility.
Utilizing the latest technologies, over 90% of the rinse water is purified back to 18 megohm/cm quality for reuse, and the concentrated toxic chemicals are precipitated and disposed of as an insoluble sludge.
Based on a maximum rinse water flow of 72,000 gallons per day, the total operating cost is $251. 31/day.
Leachate Attenuation in the Unsaturated Zone Beneath Landfills: Instrumentation and Monitoring of a Site in Southern England
Authors: Robinson H. D. , Lucas J. L. 
Published: May 2018

Unlike a number of other countries, where legislation requires that all landfills are lined with impermeable materials, in the United Kingdom great reliance is placed upon the attenuation of contaminants which occurs as leachate seeps through intergranular unsaturated zones beneath sites. Much research has been reported which supports this view, although in recent years the effectiveness and reliability of these processes has been the subject of much debate.
This paper describes, and presents results from, a major research investigation which has been funded by the United Kingdom Department of the Environment at a site in Southern England where the landfill design has incorporated an engineered, semi-permeable attenuation blanket, using locally available calcareous sands and silt, which have been emplaced to a minimum depth of 6 m above the water table.
Installation of over 100 sampling and monitoring instruments within this unsaturated zone before waste disposal began in June 1982 has made it possible to obtain water samples from the saturated and unsaturated zones, gas samples from the unsaturated zone, and to measure soil water pressure, electrical conductivity, and temperature in situ, at 3 monthly intervals since this date, to allow movement and attenuation of decomposition products of solid wastes to be monitored.
P-Removal in Completely Mixed Systems
Authors: Donker H J. G. W. , Opic P. , de Vries H. P. 
Published: May 2018

Ca. 60 % of the Dutch activated sludge plants consist of completely mixed systems, experiments have been carried out in completely mixed pilot plants to study the biological P-removal.
The research was carried out in two pilot plants.
The pilot plants consisted of: anaerobic reactor, anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and a clarifier. All the reactors were completely mixed.
Both plants were fed with settled domestic waste water at a sludge loading of 400 and 250 g COD/kg sludge.day respectively. The results are given below:sludge loading (g COD/kg sludge.day)400400250ratio Anaerobic : Anoxic : Aerobic1: 1:2,71:1:4,11:1:2,7P-removal (%)802875N-removal (%)505065COD-removal (%)858585
It has been shown that there is no significant difference between the results at the two different sludge loadings.
Remarkable is the difference between the ratio 1:1:2,7 in combination with the internal recirculation flow anoxic-anaerobic of 160 % and the ratio 1:1:4,1 with a recirculation flow of 30 %.
During the start-up at a sludge loading of 250 g COD/kg sludge.day and an internal recirculation flow of 30 %, bulking sludge developed almost immediately. The Premoval was completely disturbed.
Increasing the internal recirculation flow to 160% had a positive effect on settling properties and P-removal.
This investigation has pointed out that a completely mixed system is suitable for biological P-removal, without negatively affecting the nitrification. Important factors in the process are the ratio anaerobic:anoxic:aerobic and the recirculation flows.
Treatment of Tar Sand Wastewaters with Activated Carbon, Ozone and Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Sierka Raymond A. , King Paul H. 
Published: May 2018

Tar sand deposits offer long-term potential for satisfying future energy needs. Two large field-scale extraction experiments near Vernal, Utah, employed either a sequenced reverse-forward combustion technique (TS-2C) or a steam flooding procedure (TS-1 S) to recover in-place bitumen. This report documents the evaluation of activated carbon, ozone and reverse osmosis in treating the two types of tar sand wastewaters. Substrates included untreated and pretreated (filtration, foam fractionation, chemical treatment with ferric chloride) TS-1S and TS-2C wastewaters.
Activated carbon, at a dose of 1,000 mg/L, reduced the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) of TS-1 S wastewater after treatment by 350 mg/L of ferric chloride to 2.3 mg/L TOC, a reduction of 91.6%. At the same adsorbent dos, activated carbon reduced the TOC in TS-2C wastewater from 678 mg/L to 546 mg/L. A study of the six commercially available adsorbents yielded little difference in adsorption capability for either wastewater.
Ozonation of TS-lS wastewater after pretreatment by either foam fractionation or chemical treatment with ferric chloride then activated carbon yielded residual TOC levels of less than 1.2 mg/L.
Reverse osmosis (RO) studies included investigation of four membrane types (cellulose acetate, poly-ether amide, poly-ether urea and a noncellulosic on a poly-sulfone base), three applied pressure levels (250, 400 and 550 psig) and two solution pH levels (5.5 and 7.8) with 5.0 µ (micron) filtered TS-2C wastewater as the substrate. A two-stage RO process achieved maximum organic and inorganic rejections of 98% and 97%, respectively.
Some Environmental Consequences of Water and Energy Conservation in the Handling of Mine Tailings in Sub-Arctic Regions
Authors: Sellgren Anders 
Published: May 2018

In the refining of ores large amounts of fine-grained mineral particles (tailings) are generally transported together with water (slurry) in pipelines, sometimes as far as several kilometers to the disposal area.
Great savings of energy and water can be obtained at concentrators if the tailings slurry is thickened more effectively and water is reused directly instead of being transported the long way around the disposal area. With direct circulation in sub-arctic regions, large amounts of heating energy can be recovered using a heat pump arrangement. The potential savings at a Swedish concentrator were estimated to be about 10-20 GWh per year, the majority of which would be savings in oil. Furthermore, handling of mine tailings products at low water content offers environmental benefits, and more effective deposition techniques can be used.
In cold areas, temperature and hydrological conditions greatly influence spreading and dissipation mechanisms of pollutants released in the process. Monthly variations of the discharge to the recipient of a substance emitted in the process were simulated in an example.
The degree of direct circulation in flotation of complex sulphide ores may be limited by water quality problems in the process. A mathematical model was developed and used to simulate the accumulation of a substance in the process for different degrees of direct circulation.
Finally, a schematic layout of a simple aeration plant for recycled process water was outlined and some regional water-related problems were discussed.
Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters
Authors: Kiestra H. , Eggers E. 
Published: May 2018

A general analysis is made of the current treatment methods for industrial wastewater. Mechanical, physico-chemical and biological treatment processes are discussed and the pros and contras of aerobic versus anaerobic treatment are listed, in terms of BOD and COD reduction, energy demand, operational aspects, land use, sensitivity and sludge production. In general, anaerobic treatment is attractive in cases where wastewater with high BOD concentrations has to be treated while aerobic treatment is less sensitive and allows (de) nitrification in the same reactor.
The latest developments in wastewater treatment, such as the ANAMET and the Gist-Brocades systems, are presented. Three cases of industrial wastewater treatment are elaborated, concerning effluents from a tannery, a slaughterhouse and an oil refinery.
Kinetic Aspects of Planning and Operating Activated Sludge Systems
Authors: Donáth-Jobbágy A. , Holló J. 
Published: May 2018

A “black-box” substrate removal model for predicting effluent pollution level in activated sludge treatment plants is presented. Reliability of the data acquired from batch and continuously operated systems has been studied. The dependence of the rate of substrate consumption on the quality and concentration of the substrates as well as on the adaptation and concentration of the microflora is shown by using a model sewage containing anion-active detergent as the sole carbon source. Prediction of the continuous operation on the basis of batch experiments is less tedious. The data acquired by the continuous method presented proved to be, however, more reliable and, therefore, preferable in predicting the operation of treatment plants.
The method of planning on the basis of the model is illustrated by using an industrial type model sewage: diluted milk containing n-dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (LAS) as a selectively detectable substrate. The dependence of the aeration tank volume on the biodegradabi1ity and planned effluent level of the different substrates is demonstrated. In the case of poorly biodegradable sewage applied, recycle ratio proved to be a potential control parameter of activated sludge wastewater treatment, extremely useful in overcoming shock loadings .
Use of Water in Adriatic Coastal Tourist Sites
Authors: Tedeschi S. 
Published: May 2018

Fresh water is in short supply in the Yugoslav coastal area and especially so on the islands. The use of fresh water for regional water supply systems is comparatively expensive and it is used for purposes which do not demand high quality water. An analysis of the water consumption in tourist areas suggests that the peak consumption could be lowered by 23 to 37,5 percent, thus saving about 32,2 percent of the total annual water mass. This equals about 70 percent of the total one-day flow of the Yugoslav rivers into the Adriatic.
Recycled water can be used for agricultural purposes and for aquaculture, which makes it possible to use the nutrients from waste water and to lower the quantity of waste matter in the coastal sea.
Analytical Quality Control (AQC) For Monitoring Trace Metals in the Coastal and Estuarine Environment
Authors: Gardner M. J. , Hunt D T. E. , Topping G. 
Published: May 2018

It is widely recognised that, unless special steps are taken, analytical results from a group of laboratories engaged in a monitoring programme are likely to be of poor comparability. This in turn can prejudice the conclusions drawn from the results of monitoring. On the basis of previous studies, the problem is known to be particularly acute for measurements of trace metals in saline waters.
Recognising the difficulty, the Marine Pollution Monitoring Management Group (MPMMG) and the Water Research centre (WRc) have organised a programme of Analytical Quality Control (AQC). This has the objective of ensuring that analytical results for filterable cadmium and mercury in saline waters, obtained by water industry and other relevant laboratories, are of adequate accuracy and comparability for their intended uses. WRc is to coordinate a series of tests, some involving distributions of standards and samples, which the participating laboratories undertake; this series of tests, the background to the approach and some of the results obtained to date are described here.
Field Studies on the Behaviour of Organic Micropollutants During Infiltration of River Water to Ground Water
Authors: Schaffner C. , Ahel M. , Giger W. 
Published: May 2018

The fate of organic micropollutants during ground water infiltration is of great interest since many water works use bank filtration as a first step in the treatment of river water for public water supplies. Field and laboratory studies are necessary to enhance our knowledge on the behaviour of organic chemicals during infiltration of river water to ground water. In an earlier study nonpolar volatile compounds (e.g. tetrachloroethylene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,3-dimethylbenzene) were investigated in natural river-ground water infiltration systems in Switzerland (Schwarzenbach et al., 1983). In this poster we report on recent work using one of these field sites and studying pentachlorophenol (PCP), nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) and nitrilotriacetate (NTA), Preliminary results will also be reported for ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
The field site for our investigation was in the lower Glatt Valley, Switzerland where the Glatt River infiltrates into a quarternary fluvioglacial valley fill aquifer. The Glatt River is a small, rather heavily polluted perialpine river which receives effluents from ten mechanical-biological treatment plants of municipal waste water (Ahel et al., 1984). At the field site the average discharge of the river is approximately 8 m3/sec and permanent infiltration of the river through a saturated zone can be assumed. Observation wells allowed the sampling of freshly infiltrated water at various distances (2,5 - 14 m) from the river. During one year seventeen sample series were collected at approximately monthly intervals including samples from the river and from four ground water observation wells.
Pentachlorophenol was determined by a method based on the procedure by Renberg and Lindstróm (1981), Detailed descriptions of the analytical methods for NP, NP1EO, NP2EO and NTA are given elsewhere (Ahel and Giger, 1985; Schaffner and Giger, 1984).
The observed averages and ranges of concentrations are given in Table 1. It was concluded that NTA is eliminated rapidly during ground water infiltration. Starting from a range of 8 to 83 mg/m3 and an average of 27 mg/m3 in the river, after 7 m of infiltration only 0.5 mg/m3 are left corresponding to an elimination of 98%. Low temperatures in winter (4 – 6 °C) and reduced oxygen contents in summer had no effect on the efficient elimination of NTA, This result is highly important in addressing the question as to what extent NTA might reach bank filtrated waters from polluted rivers.
The phenolic pollutants were eliminated according to the sequence: NP1EO ≈ NP2EO &gt; NP &gt; PCP. This is based on the decrease of the average concentrations over the first seven meters of infiltration. In particular, PCP turned out to be rather persistent in the ground water but not to such a degree as tetrachloroethylene and other chlorinated solvents which had been studied earlier.
Computerized Water Monitoring and Data-Transmission System for Hydrology, Control, and Management
Authors: Ottmann E J. E. , Vetter K. E. 
Published: May 2018

For many water affairs and objectives the following functions are often of great importance:–automatic and continuous measurement of parameter and control and regulation of variables–digital acquisition of data, processing, and storage of data in-situ–quick and safe teletransmission of data to a computing or service centre.
Thanks to computer-aided data acquisition and automated stations, today these functions can be performed in a cost-effective way. Furthermore, it is possible to profit by the efficiency and availability of such systems for a variety of projects in the field of water management.
The paper describes a modern microprocessor-controlled and modular system of CMOS-technology, developed in the Federal Republic of Germany and widely used by authorities and in industry. An outstanding feature of the system is its great flexibility in the range of data acquisition and data teletransmission with the following possibilities:–data collection system (data logger)–data transmission via fixed linesvia telephone linesvia radio.
Several examples show the application with hydrographs and water quality measurements, for the technical surveillance of waters and installations, as well as for the control and management of dams in view of drinking-water supply or agricultural irrigation, respectively. By means of these facilities on the basis of the measuring results, and after examination and evaluation of the information, topical decisions can be made which are founded on relevant strategies or model calculations. The use of the robust equipment is not only recommended for water authorities in industrialized countries, but also in developing countries for integrated measurement and information systems.
Alternatives for Soil Disposal of Excess Activated Sludge from the Industrial Waste Treatment Plant at Companhia Alcoolquímica Nacional
Authors: Francisco R. , Scheleuderer J. , Venturelli S. S. , da Rocha G. C. 
Published: May 2018

The industrial wastewater treatment plant at Companhia Alcoolquímica Nacional in Cabo, PE, with operation start-up expected in the second semester of 1986, is composed of: hydraulic and organic load equalization, pH correction and an extended aeration activated sludge plant. For the purpose of disposing of 995 kg solids/day (dry solids) excess biological sludge, a study was undertaken with the intention of using land disposal, after preliminary comparison with other conventional methods.
For the disposal of this sludge, which was thickened to 4% suspended solids by dissolved air flotation, two alternatives were proposed:Land disposal by subsurface injection (10 t dry solids per hectare per pass every 60 days).Land disposal by the trench fill system, in an available area of 3 ha.
In the case of subsurface injection, grass would be used for the vegetation cover. In the case of the trench fill system, corn and/or manioc tillages would be used. The crops obtained from these tillages may be used for animal feed.
After analysing several factors, such as available area, implementation and operating costs, handling facilities and climatic conditions, the trench fill disposal system was chosen. This has the following features:(a)Trenches with 50 cm base, distance from one trench to the next of 100 cm, (i.e., 10 trenches per 15 m), 35 cm depth;(b)0.3% trench slopes;(c)Conveyance of thickened sludge through a main chute with 0.1% slope;(d)120 t dry solids/ha/yr application, on a 3 ha total area;(e)Addition accomplished at a rate of 1/5 ha/day (5 days per week), the whole cycle being completed every three weeks.
Agronomic Requirements for Soil Utilization in Liquid Waste Disposal Systems – The Case of Sitel
Authors: Simon Zeno , Tedesco Marino 
Published: May 2018

At SITEL – the integrated effluent treatment system of Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), Triunfo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil – both the final effluent and the thickened excess activated sludge are disposed of on land. Thorough agronomic investigations made possible the identification of appropriate soils for receiving the wastes and the establishment of some design criteria. Profile depth, texture, infiltration rate, internal drainage, slope and availability of land covered with intact vegetation were the main factors considered in the election of areas for effluent disposal. For sludge application the following factors were taken into account: drainage, slope, chemical characteristics (mainly pH and Organic Matter), distance to the sludge loading point, suitability to agronomic management, ease of access, topography and presence of an adequate grass species (pangola grass).
The results of the preliminary agronomic investigations are presented and discussed. Design assumptions are confronted with actual operational data. Comparisons are made with other reported situations. A discussion on the limitations, shortcomings and incompleteness of the available criteria and guidelines is included, with particular focus on CEC, Infiltration Rates, Maximum Permissible Loadings, Nitrogen and Organic Matter.
The Use of an Algal-Microcrustacean Polyculture System for Domestic Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Kawai H. , Jureidini P. , da Conceição Neto J. , Motter O. F. , Rossetto R. 
Published: May 2018

Domestic sewage and some types of agroindustrial waste, although highly polluting wastes, could become important energy and protein sources because they are wastes which contain significant amounts of organic matter and nutrients used by human beings.
Based on this concept, experiments at different scales (laboratory, semi-pilot and pilot) have been carried out to verify the viability of a system composed of an anaerobic pond, an algae pond and a Zooplankton pond for the treatment of domestic sewage and, at the same time, to reuse the Zooplankton as animal feed. Scenedesmus sp and Daphnia sp were introduced into the algae and zoo-plankton ponds, respectively, to be maintained as the predominant biological element.
The best operational performance was obtained when the Zooplankton pond was operated with a semicontinuous flow system, with 50% of the Zooplankton pond water being renewed with effluent from the algae pond every 2 or 3 days.
The productivity of Daphnia sp under these operational conditions reached around 35 mg/l (dry weight). This corresponds to a production of 700 kg of microcrustaceans per day for a city with 100,000 inhabitants.
The BOD removal efficiency obtained during the experiment was 95-97%, and total ? and total ? removals were 42-59% and 37-48%, respectively. The final effluent had high transparency. In the Zooplankton pond, the algae concentration was reduced from 106cells/ml to 102 cells/ml, which corresponds to a removal efficiency of 99.99%.
An Alternative Approach to the Design of Waste Stabilization Ponds
Authors: James A. 
Published: May 2018

Waste stabilization ponds are frequently used for reducing the bacterial concentration of wastewaters. An examination of their performance suggests that they are inefficient in removal due to a combination of mixing and the presence of organic compounds which reduce die-off rates.
An alternative approach to design is suggested which emphasises organic removal by nethane production followed by light-induced die-off in an alqal free aerobic pond.