bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revealing the Role of Electrocatalyst Crystal Structure on Oxygen Evolution Reaction with Nickel as an Example
Authors: Wang Changhong , Wang Yun , Yang Hongchao , Zhang Yejun , Zhao Huijun , Wang Qiangbin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEstablishing a correlation between the crystal structure and electrocatalytic activity is crucial to the rational design of high performance electrocatalysts. In this work, taking the widely investigated nickel (Ni) based nonprecious oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst as an example, for the first time, it is reported that the crystal structure plays a critical role in determining the OER performance. Similar‐sized nickel nanoparticles but in different hexagonal close‐packed phase and face‐centered cubic phase coated with N‐doped carbon shells, noted as hcp‐Ni@NC and fcc‐Ni@NC, are successfully prepared, respectively, in which the N‐coated carbon shell structures were also similar. Surprisingly, a dramatically enhanced OER performance of hcp‐Ni@NC in comparison with fcc‐Ni@NC is observed. The hcp‐Ni@NC only requires 305 mV overpotential to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2, which is 55 mV lower than that of fcc‐Ni@NC, which can be ascribed to the influence of nickel crystal phase on the electron structure of N‐doped carbon shell. This finding will bring new thinking toward the rational design of high performance non‐noble metal electrocatalysts.
State‐of‐practice survey of model‐based systems engineering
Authors: Huldt T. , Stenius I. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper aims to examine and document the current state of practice of model‐based systems engineering (MBSE), and how organizations look toward the future. The paper is based on a survey of how MBSE has been applied and factors that influenced the perceived benefits and results. The survey was designed to evaluate the maturity and status of the implementation of MBSE (also called model‐centric systems engineering), within industry, academia, and governments. The approach to the survey development is described along with the survey results. The study indicates that one of the main hurdles to introducing a model‐based approach is the lack of clear and adopted organizational structures and an understanding of required conditions and needs at a management level. The survey also indicates that 50–75% of the respondents noted some improvement or a significant improvement across almost all systems engineering tasks.
Characterization, distribution, antimicrobial resistance and resistance risk factors in staphylococci isolated from cats from 2001 to 2014
Authors: Lane Martha J. , Roy Alma F. , Kearney Michael T. , Pucheu‐Haston Cherie M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRelatively few studies have been published describing the patterns of staphylococcal isolation and antimicrobial resistance over time in cats. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the frequency, location, characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated by the Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between the years 2001 and 2014. All feline staphylococcal isolates were classified phenotypically. Isolates corresponding to known or possibly pathogenic species (Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA)) as well as Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) and non‐speciated coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) were further evaluated to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns. A total of 519 staphylococci were isolated. The largest percentage of isolates was CNS, representing 39.3% of the total, while SIG, SE, SA and non‐speciated coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) represented 18.1%, 10.2%, 8.3% and 7.3%, respectively. Methicillin resistance (MR) was identified in 57.1% of SA and 20.5% of SIG. Resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial classes (multidrug resistance; MDR) was demonstrated in 54.5% of SA and 23.9% of SIG. The prevalence of MDR increased over time in both SIG and SA, while the prevalence of MR increased over time in SIG. An increase in mean antimicrobial resistance score over time was seen in SIG. This study demonstrates a high and increasing prevalence of MDR in SIG and SA, as well as increasing prevalence of MR in SIG isolated from cats.
Water and Indigenous rights: Mechanisms and pathways of recognition, representation, and redistribution
Authors: Jackson Sue 
Published: September 2018

Indigenous water rights contests take many forms, manifesting in conflict over water resource development, exclusion from decision‐making, marginalization in regional political economies and opposition to environmental degradation. A growing number of institutional options are available to recognize Indigenous water rights and a diversity of approaches is being taken by governments, courts of law, Indigenous peoples and others in response to historical and contemporary inequities and discrimination in patterns of distribution and participation in the institutions of water governance. Although not the only arena, political action directed towards change in state‐based institutions is a principal focus for Indigenous peoples engaged in water struggles. This article reviews the literature on Indigenous water rights in national frameworks of water governance from a range of disciplines. It describes the leading approaches to recognition, representation, and redistribution that exist under the domestic arrangements of nation‐states to recognize localized norms and rules of water use and custodianship, as well as Indigenous forms of political organization. These include statutory mechanisms to increase water access, treaties and settlements, constitutional protections for collective rights, self‐organized or internal governance models, market‐based approaches and moves in law to recognize reciprocal relationships to water and legitimize custodianship of rivers. Rather than take recognition for granted as an essential condition of or ideal end‐point to Indigenous water rights struggles, the paper critically reflects on the multi‐faceted dimensions of this ambivalent concept, revealing the opportunities as well as tensions and dilemmas in the leading approaches to addressing Indigenous water rights claims.This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Rights to Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Insight into the surfactin production of Bacillus velezensis B006 through metabolomics analysis
Authors: Wang Junqiang , Guo Rongjun , Wang Wenchao , Ma Guizhen , Li Shidong 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Bacillus velezensis B006 is a biocontrol agent which functions through effective colonization and surfactin production. To reveal the surfactin-producing mechanism, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics was performed to compare the metabolite profiles of strain B006 grown in industrial media M3 and M4. Based on the statistical and pathway topology analyses, a total of 31 metabolites with a fold change of less than − 1.0 were screened as the significantly altered metabolites, which distributed in 15 metabolic pathways. Fourteen amino acids involving in the metabolisms of alanine/aspartate/glutamate, glycine/serine/threonine, arginine/proline, glutathione/cysteine/methionine and valine/leucine/isoleucine as well as succinic acid in TCA cycle were identified to be the hub metabolites. Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and pantothenate/CoA biosynthesis also contributed to surfactin production. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the metabolic pathways of B. velezensis on surfactin production, and will benefit the optimization of commercial fermentation for higher surfactin yield.
First principles in the life sciences: the free-energy principle, organicism, and mechanism
Authors: Colombo Matteo , Wright Cory 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe free-energy principle states that all systems that minimize their free energy resist a tendency to physical disintegration. Originally proposed to account for perception, learning, and action, the free-energy principle has been applied to the evolution, development, morphology, anatomy and function of the brain, and has been called apostulate, anunfalsifiable principle, anatural law, and animperative. While it might afford a theoretical foundation for understanding the relationship between environment, life, and mind, its epistemic status is unclear. Also unclear is how the free-energy principle relates to prominent theoretical approaches to life science phenomena, such as organicism and mechanism. This paper clarifies both issues, and identifies limits and prospects for the free-energy principle as a first principle in the life sciences.
Avalanche Safety Practices Among Backcountry Skiers and Snowboarders in Jackson Hole in 2016
Authors: Nichols Ty B. , Hawley Alana C. , Smith William R. , Wheeler Albert R. , McIntosh Scott E. 
Published: September 2018

Introduction Carrying standard safety gear (beacon, probe, and shovel), planning a route of descent, and recreating with companions can help to mitigate the risk of injury or death resulting from avalanches in the backcountry. The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with performance of these safety practices. Methods A convenience sample of backcountry skiers and snowboarders was surveyed in 2016 at the backcountry gates of Jackson Hole Mountain Resort. Each participant was surveyed on characteristics including skill level, sex, age, prior avalanche education, and residency in the Jackson Hole area. Safety practices were also measured against avalanche hazard forecasts. Correlations were assessed using Fisher's exact testing. Results A total of 334 participants were surveyed. Factors associated with carrying avalanche safety gear included higher expertise, being a resident of the Jackson Hole area, and prior avalanche education. Factors associated with having a planned route of descent included higher expertise and being a resident of the Jackson Hole area. Factors associated with recreating with companions included younger age and lower expertise. Sex had no association with any of the surveyed safety practices. Participants were less likely to carry avalanche safety gear on low avalanche hazard days. Conclusions Certain individual characteristics of backcountry skiers and snowboarders are associated with increased frequency of adherence to recommended safety practices. These findings suggest that particular categories of backcountry recreationists may benefit from further avalanche safety education. The results of this study could help direct future educational efforts among backcountry recreationists.
Christian Religiosity and Corporate Community Involvement
Authors: Cui Jinhua , Jo Hoje , Velasquez Manuel G. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT:We examine whether religion influences company decisions related to corporate community involvement (CCI). Employing a large US sample, we show that the CCI initiatives of a company are positively associated with the level of Christian religiosity present in the region within which that company’s headquarters is located. This association persists even after we control for a wide range of firm characteristics and after we subject our results to several econometric tests. These results support our religious morality hypothesis which holds that companies headquartered in regions with higher levels of Christian religiosity will engage in more CCI initiatives. We also find that while Catholic and mainline Protestant religiosity have a positive influence on firms’ CCI initiatives, evangelical Protestant religiosity does not. This supports our differentiated responses hypothesis which holds that institutional differences among religious groups will produce different effects on companies’ CCI. This hypothesis is based on institutional theory.
What is a representative language sample for word and sound acquisition?
Authors: Yamaguchi Naomi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNaturalistic data are a useful source for language acquisition research. Recently, the emphasis has been placed on using denser corpora, in order to capture a more accurate picture of child language development. However, working with large amounts of data raises resource issues, since it is time-consuming to record and to transcribe. In this article, I focus on what would be the ideal duration of a naturalistic recording for it to be considered a representative enough sample of children's linguistic behaviours to observe the acquisition of words and sounds. Some of the results suggest that 30 minutes of recording may be enough to capture these specific developments, but these results are discussed in the perspective of what an ideal session could be.
“We Should Have Maintained This Unity, Then There Would Be More Development:” Lessons from a Pop-Up Museum of the Fante Confederation
Authors: Getz Trevor R. , Ehrisman Lindsay , Yeboah Tony 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:This article examines the potential of an unconventional method in applied history – the pop-up museum – for analyzing relationships between history and memory and producing meaningful histories of African pasts. Specifically, we assess our application of this tool to accounts of events surrounding the Fante Confederation of 1868–1873 in the Central Region of modern-day Ghana. By utilizing a pop-up museum exhibit in the field, we determined that the construction of a meaningful history of the Fante Confederation requires the apperception of “durable bundles” – continuities between collective memory and history that also serve as survivals from the mid-nineteenth century to contemporary society. Our original sources and interlocutors in common identified themes of “unity” and “development” as particularly meaningful durable themes. We posit that these shared themes can serve as points of attachment for contemporary Fante speakers to work with histories of the Fante Confederation, and propose them as motifs around which relevant histories can be built in this case. Finally, in reflecting on our experience, we hypothesize that this model of applied history may be useful in other situations as well.
Diffusiophoresis in narrow channel flows
Authors: Ault Jesse T. , Shin Sangwoo , Stone Howard A. 
Published: September 2018

Flows containing suspended colloidal particles and dissolved solutes are found in a multitude of natural and man-made systems including hydraulic fractures, water filtration systems and microfluidic devices, e.g. those designed for biological or medical applications. In these types of systems, unexpected particle dynamics such as rapid particle transport and focusing has been observed in the presence of local solute gradients due to the cooperating or competing effects of fluid advection and particle diffusiophoresis, the latter driven by local chemical gradients. We develop analytical expressions for the fluid, solute and particle dynamics in long, narrow channels due to the combined influence of pressure-driven channel flow with diffusiophoretic and diffusioosmotic effects. The results confirm a rapid particle focusing effect that can be controlled by manipulating the particle, solute and flow properties, as well as the channel’s geometry and surface chemistry. Thus, we propose a new approach for performing microfluidic zeta potentiometry, as well as techniques for sorting, concentrating and/or capturing particles based on their sizes or zeta potentials. Finally, we demonstrate that diffusioosmotic effects can be used to pump fluid against a pressure gradient.
On the evaluation of the stress intensity factor in calving models using linear elastic fracture mechanics
Authors: JIMÉNEZ STEPHEN , DUDDU RAVINDRA 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTWe investigate the appropriateness of calving or crevasse models from the literature using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). To this end, we compare LEFM model-predicted stress intensity factors (SIFs) against numerically computed SIFs using the displacement correlation method in conjunction with the finite element method. We present several benchmark simulations wherein we calculate the SIF at the tips of water-filled surface and basal crevasses penetrating through rectangular ice slabs under different boundary conditions, including grounded and floating conditions. Our simulation results indicate that the basal boundary condition significantly influences the SIF at the crevasse tips. We find that the existing calving models using LEFM are not generally accurate for evaluating SIFs in grounded glaciers or floating ice shelves. We also illustrate that using the ‘single edge crack’ weight function in the LEFM formulations may be appropriate for predicting calving from floating ice shelves, owing to the low fracture toughness of ice; whereas, using the ‘double edge crack’ or ‘central through crack’ weight functions is more appropriate for predicting calving from grounded glaciers. To conclude, we recommend using the displacement correlation method for SIF evaluation in real glaciers and ice shelves with complex geometries and boundary conditions.
Isotope Analytical Characterization of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Szabó Tibor , Janovics Róbert , Túri Marianna , Futó István , Papp István , Braun Mihály , Németh Krisztián , Szekeres Gergő Péter , Kinka Anikó , Szabó Anna , Hernádi Klára , Hajdu Kata , Nagy László , Rinyu László 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTCarbon-based nanomaterials of different dimensions (1–3D, tubes, bundles, films, papers and sponges, graphene sheets) have been created and their characteristic properties have been discussed intensively in the literature. Due to their unique advantageous, tunable properties these materials became promising candidates in new generations of applications in many research laboratories and, recently, in industries as well. Protein-based bio-nanocomposites are referred to as materials of the future, which may serve as conceptual revolution in the development of integrated optical devices, e.g. optical switches, microimaging systems, sensors, telecommunication technologies or energy harvesting and biosensor applications. In our experiments, we designed various carbon-based nanomaterials either doped or not doped with nitrogen or sulfur during catalytic chemical vapor deposition synthesis. Radio- and isotope analytical studies have shown that the used starting materials, precursors and carriers have a strong influence on the geometry and physico-/chemical characteristics of the carbon nanotubes produced. After determining the 14C isotope constitution 53 m/m% balance was found in the reaction center protein/carbon nanotubes complex in a sensitive way that was prepared in our laboratory. The result is essential in determining the yield of conversion of light energy to chemical potential in this bio-hybrid system.
Increase in Radiocarbon Concentration in Tree Rings from Kujawy Village (Se Poland) Around Ad 993–994
Authors: Rakowski Andrzej Z , Krąpiec Marek , Huels Mathias , Pawlyta Jacek , Boudin Mathieu 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTAn increase in atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) content of about 11.3‰ in the period AD 993–994 was observed in annual tree rings from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) (Miyake et al. 2013, 2014). Single-year samples of dendrochronologically dated tree rings (English oak, Quercus robur) from Kujawy, a village near Krakow (SE Poland), spanning the years AD 981–1000, were collected, and their 14C content was measured using the AMS system in the Leibniz Laboratory. The results clearly show an increase of 6.2±1.6‰ in the 14C concentration in tree rings between AD 993 and 994, with a maximum increase of 10.9±1.7‰ between AD 991 and 994.
Antimalarial bednet protection of children disappears when shared by three or more people in a high transmission setting of western Kenya
Authors: Tamari Noriko , Minakawa Noboru , Sonye George O. , Awuor Beatrice , Kongere James O. , Munga Stephen , Larson Peter S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA sizeable proportion of households is forced to share single long-lasting insecticide treated net (LLIN). However, the relationship between increasing numbers of people sharing a net and the risk for Plasmodium infection is unclear. This study revealed whether risk for Plasmodium falciparum infection is associated with the number of people sharing a LLIN in a holoendemic area of Kenya. Children ⩽5 years of age were tested for P. falciparum infection using polymerase chain reaction. Of 558 children surveyed, 293 (52.5%) tested positive for parasitaemia. Four hundred and fifty-eight (82.1%) reported sleeping under a LLIN. Of those, the number of people sharing a net with the sampled child ranged from 1 to 5 (median = 2). Children using a net alone or with one other person were at lower risk than non-users (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.10–0.82 and OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.22–0.97, respectively). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between non-users and children sharing a net with two (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.44–1.77) or more other persons (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.32–1.72). LLINs are effective in protecting against Plasmodium infection in children when used alone or with one other person compared with not using them. Public health professionals should inform caretakers of the risks of too many people sharing a net.
Short-term changes in the structure of ant assemblages in a Guinean savanna under differing fire regimes at Lamto Scientific Reserve, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kone Mouhamadou , Dosso Kanvaly , Yode Christine Dakele , Kouakou Akissi Evelyne , N'dri Aya Brigitte , Kone N'Golo Abdoulaye , N'dri Julien Kouadio , Dekoninck Wouter , Barot Sebastien 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:To maintain savanna vegetation, mid-seasonal fire has been applied since 1961 in the Lamto Savanna (Côte d'Ivoire). However, this prescribed fire has not impeded tree encroachment during recent years, nor have its effects on insect assemblages been documented. Also the impact of tree intrusion on insect assemblages is poorly studied in savanna. To prevent tree density increasing, a change in fire regime might be a solution. In this study, we examined the effect of different fire regimes (early, mid-seasonal and late fires) on leaf-litter ant assemblages in order to suggest appropriate measures for preventing tree invasion without having an effect on insect communities. Sampling was implemented by combining pitfall trapping and leaf-litter sampling before and after three different fire regimes, early, mid-seasonal and late fires. While the ant species richness declined after the passage of early and mid-seasonal fires, significantly more species were found in the burnt savanna after the late fire. However, the losses or gains of species due to different fire regimes did not cause severe changes in the ant species composition. Of the functional groups identified, only the generalists and specialist predators were respectively strongly affected by the early and mid-seasonal fires, certainly due to micro-habitat modification. Based on the trends observed in the present study, we suggest sampling other invertebrate fauna in similar savanna plots to find out if other insect groups have similar reactions to the applied fire regimes.