bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone mineral density from early to middle adulthood in persons with Down syndrome
Authors: Tang J. Y. M. , Luo H. , Wong G. H. Y. , Lau M. M. Y. , Joe G. M. , Tse M. A. , Ip P. , Wong I. C. K. , Lum T. Y. S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundWhile accelerated ageing is recognised among individuals with Down syndrome (DS), the trajectory of their bone health across adulthood remains poorly understood.MethodsThis study aimed to determine the age‐related loss of bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine in 128 adults with DS aged 18 to 54 years compared with 723 counterparts without DS.ResultsMen and women with DS had lower level of BMD than counterparts without DS across age groups. Magnitude of decrement in BMD as reflected in the z‐scores was similar between younger and older men with DS. Older women with DS, on the contrary, showed greater decrement in older ages especially in their fourth decade of life. Osteopenia and osteoporosis as defined using age‐specific and gender‐specific T‐scores affected greater number of men with DS (38% and 25%) than women (17% and 17%) aged 40–49 years.ConclusionsFindings supported adults with DS, especially men, to have early bone mineral testing.
Service use and perceptions of service effectiveness by parents of individuals with intellectual disabilities: comparing Jewish and Arab Israeli parental caregivers
Authors: Werner S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship between ethnicity, service use and perceptions of service effectiveness is inconclusive. This study examined differences in service use and perceptions of service effectiveness between Israeli Jewish (Jewish) and Israeli Arab (Arab) parental caregivers of individuals with intellectual disabilities and dual diagnosis of psychopathology.MethodsParental caregivers (n = 186) of individuals with intellectual disabilities or dual diagnosis, aged 10 to 30 years, completed a self‐report questionnaire.ResultsArab parental caregivers perceived health services to be more accessible than did Jewish caregivers, but there was no difference between the two groups in the use of the services. Overall, greater enabling factors and accessibility were associated with higher use of education and social services. No differences were found between the groups in their perceptions of service effectiveness.ConclusionArab family caregivers use education and social services less than do their Jewish peers, possibly because they have fewer enabling resources. The finding that both groups reported similar use of health services may be explained by a shared perception that informal help may not be suitable for dealing with situations of psychopathology. The similar perceptions of service effectiveness may be explained by extensive services available in Israel, to the satisfaction of both groups, or by the fact that participants perceived these services as their only alternative, and therefore fear losing them.
CT Attenuation of Acute Subdural Hematomas in Patients with Anemia
Authors: Duy Lindsay , Badeeb Arwa , Duy Walter , Alqahtani Eman , Champion Walter , Kim Dae Hee , Martin Dann , Vartanians Vartan , Coffin Phillip , Small Juan E. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEIsodense and hypodense acute subdural hematomas have been reported in the literature in anemic patients. The purpose of this study is to see if there is a statistically significant difference between the Hounsfield unit measurements of acute subdural hematomas in anemic and nonanemic patients.METHODSA total of 109 patients were analyzed. We measured the most hyperdense component of the subdural hematoma and compared these measurements for both anemic and nonanemic patients.RESULTSAll patients with anemia had a hyperdense component to their subdural hematomas during the acute period. No statistically significant difference was found in the density of the subdural hematomas between the two groups. More heterogeneous subdural hematomas were found in the anemic group than the nonanemic group, which suggests that anemia alone is not a sufficient explanation for acute homogenous isodense and hypodense subdural hematomas.CONCLUSIONA hyperdense subdural component was present in all acute subdural hematomas in anemic patients. Therefore, anemia alone is not a sufficient explanation for a homogenous low‐density acute subdural hematoma.
Relativism or tolerance? Defining, assessing, connecting, and distinguishing two moral personality features with prominent roles in modern societies
Authors: Collier‐Spruel Lauren , Hawkins Ashley , Jayawickreme Eranda , Fleeson William , Furr R. Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis work disentangles moral tolerance from moral relativism and reveals their distinct personological meanings. Both constructs have long been of interest to moral philosophers, moral psychologists, and everyday people, and they may play prominent roles in the feasibility of modern diverse societies. However, they have been criticized as devaluing morality and as producing overly permissive societies. Moreover, although they lack necessary conceptual implications for each other, they are easily (and often) conflated.MethodThree studies included nine samples (total N > 3,200, 40%–50% female, Mage = 38–40, 83% white). Participants completed (online) new measures of moral tolerance and moral relativism, along with measures of 40 additional constructs.ResultsResults reveal robust psychometric quality of the new measures (the Moral Relativism Scale and the Moral Tolerance Scale), demonstrate that the constructs are empirically overlapping but separable, and highlight their distinct personological networks. Moral relativism was associated with liberal political views and a lowered valuing/enacting of moral values. Moral tolerance was weakly associated with liberal political views but was strongly related to a broad range of both liberal and conservative moral values.ConclusionThis work yields new tools for investigating moral character, and it reveals the differential meaning of two important moral constructs.
New treatment options for delta virus: Is a cure in sight?
Authors: Yurdaydin Cihan 
Published: February 2019

SummaryCurrent treatment of chronic hepatitis D viral infection with interferons is poorly tolerated and effective only in a minority of patients. Despite delta virus causing the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, no other treatments are available. After many years of inactivity, there is now hope for new treatment approaches for delta virus and some are likely to enter clinical practice in the near future. Four new treatment approaches are currently being evaluated in phase 2 studies. These involve the hepatocyte entry inhibitor myrcludex B, the farnesyl transferase inhibitor lonafarnib, the nucleic acid inhibitor REP 2139 Ca and pegylated interferon lambda. Results obtained so far are promising, and phase 3 studies are expected shortly. This review summarizes the available data on the efficacy and safety of these new drugs.
Detectability of species of Carex varies with abundance, morphology, and site complexity
Authors: Dennett Jacqueline M. , Nielsen Scott E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractQuestionsAre graminoids more poorly detected than other life forms of vascular plants in surveys? How well do observer‐, species‐, and site‐specific variables explain variation in detection of Carex species across forests of different structure?LocationNortheastern Alberta, Canada.MethodsSpecies inventories were assessed within 50 belt transects, each 100 m in length and 2 m in width. Pseudoturnover was estimated for four life forms and all encountered species. Site‐specific factors were then compared with pseudoturnover of all vascular plants and graminoids using generalized linear regression. Carex detection probabilities were compared based on morphological groups. Detection success at a site and delays in detection within a site were assessed using logistic regression with AIC used to rank a‐priori hypotheses and standardized variables used to determine effect sizes of parameters related to plant detectability.ResultsPseudoturnover for graminoids was similar to that for other life forms and best related to ground layer cover. Morphological groups related to differences in detection, with short, small‐inflorescence Carex most poorly detected. Detection failure was best explained by species abundance and morphology, but delays were more tied to a site's vegetation structure and species abundance than to species morphology.ConclusionsSurveys targeting graminoids, including species of Carex, can achieve high detection rates with high survey effort over small areas, but should consider species‐ and site‐specific biases in detection success. Abundance is likely the most influential factor in determining detection success, and this must be accounted for when searching for low‐density species. We recommend that increased effort (time, repeat observations) be applied when searching for morphologically small graminoids.
Differential responses to ocean acidification between populations ofBalanophyllia eleganscorals from high and low upwelling environments
Authors: Griffiths Joanna S. , Pan Tien-Chien Francis , Kelly Morgan W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOcean acidification (OA), the global decrease in surface water pH from absorption of anthropogenic CO2, may put many marine taxa at risk. However, populations that experience extreme localized conditions, and are adapted to these conditions predicted in the global ocean in 2,100, may be more tolerant to future OA. By identifying locally adapted populations, researchers can examine the mechanisms used to cope with decreasing pH. One oceanographic process that influences pH is wind‐driven upwelling. Here we compare two Californian populations of the coralBalanophyllia elegansfrom distinct upwelling regimes, and test their physiological and transcriptomic responses to experimental seawater acidification. We measured respiration rates, protein and lipid content, and gene expression in corals from both populations exposed to pH levels of 7.8 and 7.4 for 29 days. Corals from the population that experiences lower pH due to high upwelling maintained the same respiration rate throughout the exposure. In contrast, corals from the low upwelling site had reduced respiration rates, protein content and lipid–class content at low pH exposure, suggesting they have depleted their energy reserves. Using RNA‐Seq, we found that corals from the high upwelling site upregulated genes involved in calcium ion binding and ion transport, most likely related to pH homeostasis and calcification. In contrast, corals from the low upwelling site downregulated stress response genes at low pH exposure. Divergent population responses to low pH observed inB. eleganshighlight the importance of multi‐population studies for predicting a species' response to future OA.
Beyond the absent body—A phenomenological contribution to the understanding of body awareness in health and illness
Authors: Dahlberg Helena 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStarting from a phenomenological understanding of the body, this article discusses the understanding of body awareness in health and illness. I question the common way to understand our relationship to our bodies in terms of subjective and objective perspectives on it, and furthermore, how this opposition has been used in the phenomenological literature to outline an understanding of health and illness as states where the body stays unnoticed versus resurfaces to our attention as dysfunctional. Using examples from an ongoing interview study, I argue for an understanding of the dialectical interplay between body and world in our awareness, and how it can be understood as an approaching or distancing movement to body and world. I furthermore describe how the interplay between body and world effects and is effected by our existence in health and illness. Finally, I suggest what implications this new way of understanding the lived body has for health care practice in general, and for the development of a person‐centred care in particular. I suggest that we leave the dichotomous understanding of subjective and objective perspectives behind, and start to investigate how we move between different kinds of body awareness in health and illness. Illness, as a situation where that which has been taken for granted becomes questioned, can be said to be characterized by mistrust, and by a distancing from world and body. It is thus of importance for caregivers to provide the time, space and trusting atmosphere needed in order to make the approaching movement possible.
Development of a clinical practice guideline for orthodontic retention
Authors: Wouters Cleo , Lamberts Toon A. , Kuijpers‐Jagtman Anne Marie , Renkema Anne Marie 
Published: February 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for orthodontic retention (OR).Materials and MethodsThe CPG was developed according to the AGREE II instrument and EBRO (Dutch methodology for evidence‐based guideline development). Reporting was done according the RIGHT statement. A Task Force developed clinical questions regarding OR. To answer these questions, a systematic literature search in PubMed and EMBASE was performed. Two independent researchers identified and selected studies, assessed risk of bias using Cochrane RoB tool and rated quality of evidence using GRADE. The Task Force formulated considerations and recommendations after discussing the evidence. The concept CPG was sent for commentary to all relevant stakeholders.ResultOne systematic review—with 15 studies—met the inclusion criteria. In case of low evidence and lack of outcome measures, expert‐based considerations were developed. Over four meetings, the Task Force reached consensus on considerations and recommendations, after which the concept CPG was ready for the commentary phase. After processing the comments, the CPG was presented to the Dutch Association of Orthodontists, whereafter authorization followed.LimitationsThe paucity of evidence‐based studies concerning OR and the reporting of measurable patient outcomes.ConclusionThis CPG offers practitioner recommendations for best practice regarding OR, may reduce variation between practices and assists with patient aftercare. A carefully chosen retention procedure for individual patients, combined with clear information and communication between orthodontist, dentist and patient will contribute to long‐term maintenance of orthodontic treatment results.
Allergen immunotherapy for IgE‐mediated food allergy: There is a measure in everything to a proper proportion of therapy
Authors: Pajno Giovanni Battista , Castagnoli Riccardo , Muraro Antonella , Alvaro‐Lozano Montserrat , Akdis Cezmi A. , Akdis Műbeccel , Arasi Stefania 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIgE‐mediated food allergy (FA) is a potentially life‐threatening condition with a negative impact on quality of life and an increasing prevalence in westernized countries in the recent two decades. A strict avoidance of the triggering food(s) represents the current standard approach. However, an elimination diet may be difficult and frustrating, in particular for common foods, (eg, milk, egg, and peanut). Food allergy immunotherapy (FA‐AIT) may provide an active treatment that enables to increase the amount of food that the patient can intake without reaction during treatment (ie, desensitization), and reduces the risk of potential life‐threatening allergic reaction in the event of accidental ingestion. However, several gaps need still to be filled. A memorable Latin orator stated: “Est modus in rebus” (Horace, Sermones I, 1, 106‐07). This sentence remembers that there is a measure in everything to a proper proportion of therapy. The common sense of measure should find application in each stage of treatment. A personalized approaching should consider the specific willing and features of each patient. Efforts are devoted to improve the efficacy, the safety but also the quality of life of patients suffering from FA. In the near future, it will be important to clarify immunologic pathways of FA‐AIT, and to identify reliable biomarkers in order to recognize the most suitable candidates to FA‐AIT and algorithms for treatments tailored on well‐characterized subpopulations of patients.
Population dynamics of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, in relation to temperature, potato cultivar and nematicide application
Authors: Kaczmarek A. M. , Back M. , Blok V. C. 
Published: February 2019

The impact of increasing temperatures on the population dynamics of the soil‐dwelling nematode Globodera pallida, a persistent and economically important pest of potatoes, was investigated. The reproductive factor (final population⁄initial population) and length of life cycle were found to be temperature sensitive. Pot experiments performed over 4 months allowed comparison of the effect on development of G. pallida of two temperature regimes: an average temperature comparable to current field conditions (14.3 °C) and an average temperature above current field conditions (17.3 °C). A larger second generation of juveniles was observed at 17.3 °C compared to 14.3 °C. Multiplication of G. pallida at field sites in Shropshire and East Lothian (average soil temperatures of 15.5 and 14.1 °C, respectively, during potato cropping) was also examined. A quantitative PCR assay and visual examination of roots were used to monitor the dynamics of the G. pallida populations in both field sites at 4‐weekly intervals. Four cultivars, Desirée, Cara, Maris Piper and Estima, were grown with and without nematicide treatments. Nematicide treatments suppressed population increases at both sites. Females were observed on the roots of cvs Cara and Desirée at the end of the growing season in Shropshire, but not at East Lothian, and are likely to represent a second generation.
Novel digital image analysis using fractal dimension for assessment of skin radiance
Authors: Haeri Morteza , Phamduy Theresa , Cafone Nina , Turkileri Kubra , Velkov Diane 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite a strong desire to quantify skin radiance in the field of cosmetics, there does not exist a robust method to characterize it. Classical shine that quantifies the specular reflection from skin has been commonly used as the metric to characterize radiance. However, it does not always correlate with the perceived radiance as there are many other parameters that inform radiance perception including spatial distribution of shine and color homogeneity.Materials and methodsIn this work, we propose a novel method using fractal analysis to better characterize radiance by considering the spatial heterogeneity of pixel intensities as well as color evenness. A simulated image library (nine images) from very dull to very bright was created using bare face images of 20 panelists. Product images taken post‐product usage were ranked along this library by finding the image in the library that most resembles the product image by our algorithm as well as experts. Additionally, classical shine and color measurements were made as benchmarks.ResultsOur results confirm a strong correlation (R2 = 0.99) between the expert radiance rankings and the rankings by fractal dimension algorithm. The new algorithm offers an improved product differentiation compared with classical shine or color measurements.ConclusionFractal dimension calculation offers higher sensitivity and resolution compared with other descriptors such as classical shine or color heterogeneity. In cases where the image rank is dominated by pixel intensities rather than color evenness, the image ranks resulting from calculating the fractal dimension is comparable with use of classical shine as the ranking parameter.
Can Crime Foster Social Participation as Conflict Can?*
Authors: Nussio Enzo 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveRecent literature indicates that exposure to conflict can foster participation. Scholars often point to the social dynamics related to conflict to explain this finding. This article examines individual coping as alternative explanation. It should influence victims of violence independently of the origin of victimization.MethodsUsing data from four survey waves in Colombia conducted between 2013 and 2015 (N = 5,536), victims of conflict actors are compared to victims of common delinquency with fixed effects regression analysis.ResultsBoth conflict and crime victims show elevated levels of participation in social organizations across a series of model specifications.ConclusionTheories related to the social dynamics of conflict cannot explain why crime victims show similarly elevated levels of participation as conflict victims. Individual coping theory provides an alternative. According to this theory, victims of violence seek support and participation to deal with emotional stress independent of the source of victimization.
Sharing soil knowledge and evaluating progress in the New South Wales Soil Knowledge Network
Authors: McInnes‐Clarke Sally K. , Jenkins Brian R. , Rawson Andrew , Murphy Brian W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe New South Wales (NSW) Soil Knowledge Network (SKN) is a group of retired soil specialist volunteers, who strive to promote the importance of soils through knowledge and expertise. The Soil Knowledge Network is unique and represents a new direction in knowledge sharing using the passion of recently retired soil scientists to support new and early career soil scientists. The terms ‘legacy science’ and ‘sharing legacy knowledge’ are used here to describeSKNactivities. This paper reflects on the progress of theSKNand assesses its positive impact on raising the awareness and understanding of soils using qualitative examples from workshops, a survey of soil team coaches at the 2018 National soil judging competition, and metrics from social media and online resources.SKNsuccesses and learning experiences are discussed along with notions of trust, credibility and the importance of people in delivering positive outcomes.
Zika transmission patterns: a meta‐review
Authors: Runge‐Ranzinger S. , Morrison A. C. , Manrique‐Saide P. , Horstick O. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryObjectiveTo assesses what is known and identify knowledge gaps for Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission patterns.MethodsMeta‐review searching the databases BioSys; Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialised Register and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; EMBASE; Google Scholar; LILACS; MEDLINE (PubMed); Web of Science; and WHOLIS with the term ‘ZIKA’. Systematic reviews and reviews specifying the search methods and describing potential modes of transmission were eligible for analysis.ResultsOf 5,401 hits for ‘Zika’, 44 studies were assessed and 11 included after applying in‐ and exclusion criteria: six systematic reviews and five reviews with specified methods, covering all ways of possible transmission. Results can be grouped into transmission routes with good evidence and agreement between the studies (evidence on vector, mother‐to‐child and sexual transmission) and transmission routes with limited evidence. Transmission by breastfeeding, intrapartum, by animal bites or laboratory‐based remains inconclusive, as these routes are suggested by single studies only. The risk of transfusion transmission is described and public health measures for safe transfusion should be taken as available.ConclusionOur results imply the need for public health measures to limit transmission via vectors, mother‐to‐child, sexual transmission and blood transfusion. Also needed are long‐term prospective cohort studies covering periods of active Zika virus transmission and measuring epidemiological parameters to establish evidence on other routes of transmission; seroprevalence studies; transmission dynamics modelling and modelling health impacts by different modes of transmission.