bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
78 Effects of extended aging, modified atmospheric packaging, and display time on metmyoglobin reducing activity and oxygen consumption of high-pH beef
Authors: Ramanathan Ranjith , English Andrea , Mafi Gretchen , VanOverbeke Deb 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA) and oxygen consumption (OC) are two important biochemical processes that can influence beef color. Several studies have determined the effects of aging and modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) on biochemical properties of normal-pH beef (5.5–5.7 pH range). However, limited knowledge is currently available on the effects of aging and MAP on biochemical properties of high-pH beef (> 6.2). Therefore, the objective was to determine the effects of extended aging, MAP, and display time on MRA and OC of high-pH beef. Ten USDA Choice (pH = 5.6) and ten ‘No-Roll’ dark cutting (high-pH; pH > 6.4) strip loins were obtained from a commercial packing plant within 72 hours of harvest. Loins were vacuum packaged and aged for 0, 21, 42, and 62 days at 4 °C. Following aging, from each normal- and high-pH loin sections, 2.5cm thick steaks were cut and packaged in PVC, high oxygen- (HiOx-MAP), and carbon monoxide modified atmospheric (CO-MAP) packaging. The surface color, MRA, and OC were determined on day 0 and 6 of the respective aging period. The experiment was replicated ten times (n = 10). High-pH steaks in all packaging and aging times had more stable red color than normal-pH steaks. High-pH steaks packaged in PVC and HiOx-MAP had greater (P < 0.05) MRA than normal-pH steaks. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in MRA between normal- and high-pH steaks on day 21 when steaks were packaged in CO-MAP, but high-pH had greater (P < 0.05) MRA on day 62. At all aging periods, high-pH steaks had greater (P < 0.05) OC than normal-pH steaks. However, a decrease in OC was greater (P < 0.05) for high-pH than normal-pH steaks. The results suggest that normal- and high-pH beef have different trends for the changes in MRA and OC.
79 Cooking method and beef flavor: a multivariate approach
Authors: Vierck Kelly R , Legako Jerrad F , Brooks J Chance 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sous vide cookery followed by finishing on four dry heat cookery methods and two quality grades on beef volatile flavor compound production in beef strip loin steaks. Beef strip loins (n = 40, 20/grade) were procured from two USDA quality grades: upper 2/3rds of Choice and Select. Strip loins were aged for 21 d at 2 to 4°C. Following aging, strip loins were sliced into 2.54 cm steaks, vacuum packaged, and frozen at -20°C. Steaks were thawed, then cooked sous vide in a circulating water bath at 63.5°C for 1.5 h. Steaks were finished to a medium degree of doneness (71°C) on one of four cooking methods: charbroiler grill (CHAR), clamshell grill (CLAM), convection oven (OVEN), and salamander broiler (SALA). Steaks were immediately submerged into ice to stop cooking, vacuum packaged and frozen at -20°C until analysis. Volatile compounds (n = 73) were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and were selected from the Maillard reaction and lipid degradation pathways. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to observe the relationships between volatile compounds and consumer ratings of beef strip loin steaks. When PCA was conducted, principal component (PC) 1 represented 50.59% and PC 2 represented 29.76% of the variation. Salamander steaks of both quality grades were the most closely associated with flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall liking. Charbroiler steaks were the most closely related with Maillard products, especially pyrazines, sulfur containing compounds, and pyrroles. Oven steaks were more associated with compounds associated with lipid degradation, including hexanol, hexanal, and 2-pentylfuran. Clamshell steaks were negatively associated with consumer palatability traits, which was expected, due to the poor liking ratings from consumers. These data indicate cooking method can directly impact flavor of beef strip loin steaks, regardless of quality grade
91 Animal acceptability trail of olive pomace on Gallus gallus domesticus
Authors: Snokhous Payton W , Kelley Stanley , Beverly Marcy , Anderson Mark 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of this study was to conduct an animal acceptability trial using a mixture of olive pomace and commercial poultry feed to determine which blend of feed and pomace would be most acceptable or most desired to broilers. Two pens, consisting of 20 broilers 34 days of age when put on trial, the broilers were provided three mixtures of feed in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture (O:C). Daily consumption rates were used to determine ration preference. The troughs were rotated, twice daily, within each pen to eliminate location preference. The broilers found the 1:3 ratio to be the most preferred, (P < .001) while the 3:1, and 1:1 ratio of O:C. did not differentiate (P < .39) continuation of this study will be to feed a control group a commercial broiler feed, along with a 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 O:C to determine the effect on performance and carcass attributes of each group.
86 Skeletal response to whole body vibration and dietary calcium and phosphorus in growing pigs
Authors: Huseman Chelsie , Welsh Thomas H , Sigler Dennis , Suva Larry , Dominguez Brandon , Paulk Chad B , Vogelsang Martha 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Whole body vibration (WBV) is reported to elicit increased bone mass and strength. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) and dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on bone microarchitecture and turnover. A total of 26 growing pigs were utilized in a 60-d experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned within group to a 2 × 2 factorial with Ca and P concentration (low and adequate) and WBV. Low Ca, P diets were 0.9 g/kg less than recommended levels of Ca and available P. Pigs receiving WBV were vibrated 30 min/d, 3 d/wk at a magnitude of 1-2mm and frequency of 50 Hz. On d 0, 30, and 60, digital radiographs were taken to determine bone mineral content by radiographic bone aluminum equivalency (RBAE) and blood was collected for bone formation biomarker (osteocalcin, OC) and bone resorption biomarker (carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks, CTX-I). At d 60, pigs were harvested and the left third metacarpal bone was excised for analysis by micro computed tomography (microCT) to measure trabecular microarchitecture and cortical bone geometry. Maximum RBAE values for the medial or lateral cortices were not affected (P > 0.05) by WBV. Pigs fed adequate Ca and P tended (P = 0.10) to have increased RBAE max values for the medial and lateral cortices. Vibrated pigs had decreased CTX-1 concentrations (P = 0.044). Pigs fed decreased Ca and P had increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of OC. Vibrated pigs had lower trabecular number (P = 0.002) and increased trabecular separation (P = 0.003), whereas cortical bone parameters were not changed by WBV or diet (P > 0.05). Whole body vibration in this study did not elicit an osteogenic response; however, early indications of bone turnover were observed.
89 Effects of different stages of processing newly hatched chicks on body temperature
Authors: Timbrook Tiffany , Hoefler William C , Rainey Malcolm 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different stages of hatchery processing on body temperature of newly hatched chicks on seven-day mortality. In order to evaluate these effects, rectal body temperatures were taken from 10 chicks per broiler farm at hatching (hatcher) using a Fluke 52ii Thermocouple Thermometer. Additional chick body temperatures were taken in the separator and chick rooms. Measurements were taken for six consecutive weeks beginning in October (fall) and repeated in March (spring) and July (summer) to examine seasonal effects on processing. Since there was a significant (PoC) means will be reported by season. During the fall, chick temperatures at the sorter were higher (40.6, P.05) in chick temperatures between the hatcher and chick room (40.16 and 40.17) respectively. When chick temperatures in the spring were evaluated, chick temperatures at the sorter were higher (40.71, P.05) in chick temperatures between the hatcher and chick room (40.16 and 40.37) respectively. During the summer sampling period, there were no differences (P > .05) among the hatcher, sorter and chick room (40.02, 40.05, and 40.44, respectively). Based on the results from this study, the trend was for chick temperatures to be higher during the sorting process compared to the hatcher or chick room.
88 Effects of two different hatcher basket wash systems on microbial counts
Authors: Sanders Abigail , Hoefler William C , Rainey Malcolm 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The recently hatched chicks’ umbilicus provides a pathway for the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Consequently, sanitation of hatcher basket is crucial to the future success of the chick. The design of this study was to examine the effects of two hatcher basket wash systems on microbial loads and subsequent 7 d chick mortality. Treatment 1 consisted of a single stage wash system and treatment 2 was a Multi-stage wash system. On sampling days, 10 hatcher baskets randomly selected off the chick processing line were individually swabbed pre-washing. A 5.08 cm2 templet placed in the lower left hand corner of each hatcher basket ensured accurate sampling. Following pre-wash sampling each basket was labeled, placed into the wash system, and recovered immediately post washing. A second templet placed in the same location as the first and a post wash swab collected. Samples were collected for 10 non-consecutive days. Following each collection day, each swab was plated on a 3M-Petrifilm Count Plate and allowed to incubate for 48 h at 39.44oC. Following incubation, plates were read to determine total plate count (TPC per cm2). There were no significant (P .05) at either the prewash (993 vs 595) or post wash (38 vs 58). There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 7 day mortality between treatment 1 vs 2 (0.95% vs 1.12%). In conclusion, both wash systems were effective in reducing microbial loads.
97 Nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of cool-season annual baleage
Authors: Shoup Sarah L , Dillard Sandra L , Mullenix Mary K , Muntifering Russ B 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Baleage production is gaining popularity in the Southeast due to the ability for more timely harvests and more consistent forage quality compared with hay. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of cool-season mixtures for baleage production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) with T-Raptor (Brassica rapa × napus; WT) or crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum; WC) were planted at the E.V. Smith Research Center in Shorter, AL as a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 3). Forage was treated or un-treated with silage inoculant to determine its efficacy in promoting proper fermentation. Samples were taken at 7 different time intervals to determine fermentation characteristics and quality. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.15) in ADF concentration among treatments, but day 120 after ensiling was greater (P ≤ 0.002) than all other sampling dates. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.11) in NDF between forages, silage inoculants, or among days and averaged 50.75%. The CP of the WC treatment was greater (P ≤ 0.0001) than WT by 3.6 units. Inoculated forage was greater (P ≤ 0.0001) than non-inoculated by 1.06 units. Crude protein was greater (P = 0.005) on day 120 than day 0. Inoculated WT had greater (P < 0.0001) total acid content than non-inoculated (8.35 vs. 6.19%, respectively). Wheat+clover had 1.5 units more total acid than WT. Inoculated forage had greater (P ≤ 0.0006) total acid present than non-inoculated forage. Butyric acid concentration increased (P ≤ 0.0001) with increasing days after ensiling. Butyric acid tended to be greater (P = 0.05) in WC than WT, likely due to increased pH in clover treatments as a result of legume buffering capacity. The results indicate that silage inoculants offer minimal benefits to baleage fermentation when using cool-season annual mixtures
95 Emerging Young Scholar: Impact of phosphorus recycling on the equine phosphorus requirement
Authors: Fowler Ashley , Lawrence Laurie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Optimal dietary P intakes provide only what animals require, thus minimizing the excretion of P into the environment. Feeding programs for horses commonly include inorganic P in excess of requirements, because organic P (e.g. phytate-P) is thought to be poorly digested by the horse. We have observed that 95% of phytate is degraded by the time it reaches the feces, suggesting that phytate-P availability, and thus true P digestibility, may be greater than believed. In other species but not in horses, it is recognized that fecal P excretion is an important means of maintaining P homeostasis, but can result in low estimates of P digestibility and subsequently greater P requirements. Adjusting the estimates of digestibility that are used to calculate requirements would reduce P requirements and the use of inorganic P, which is in diminishing supply world-wide. This research evaluated two factors that could affect P excretion, a change in physiological state (from lactation to post-lactation) and weight loss. We found that post-lactational mares tended to excrete more P than control mares (P = 0.082), but fecal P excretion exceeded P intake for both groups of mares, and mares also lost weight during the study. In the subsequent study, horses fed to lose weight tended to excrete more P than horses fed to gain weight (P = 0.085). If horses lost weight in previous studies used to determine P digestibility it is likely that body P, and not just undigested dietary P, was recovered in feces, skewing digestibility estimates. We hypothesize that previous studies have underestimated P digestibility by horses and that requirements could be revised, resulting in a significant reduction in the amount of inorganic P added to equine diets and in the amount of P excreted into the environment.
99 Managing alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures in the Southeastern U.S. to establish livestock grazing recommendations
Authors: Groce Kaylyn , Tucker Jennifer J , Mason Katie , Marks Landon , Mullenix Mary K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Recently there has been interest in interseeding high-quality legumes, like alfalfa, into existing bermudagrass stands as a step towards improving forage, animal, and ecosystem stability in the Southeast. Current work evaluating these mixtures has been focused on management and production of stored forages (i.e. dry hay/baleage), and limited work has evaluated the use of alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures under grazing conditions. It has been noted that both grazing intensity and frequency impact overall stand production over time. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of harvest height and frequency of newly established alfalfa interseeded into an existing bermudagrass stand, and begin to develop grazing recommendations for management of these mixtures. In 2018, 36 alfalfa-bermudagrass plots were established at 4 locations across Alabama (Crossville, Shorter) and Georgia (Watkinsville, Tifton), using a randomized complete block design with four replications at each location. Alfalfa varieties were selected for suitability to location and were either ‘Bulldog 505’ or ‘Bulldog 805’ interseeded into existing hybrid bermudagrass sods. Treatments included combinations of harvest frequency (2, 4, or 6 wk) and harvest height (2, 4, 6 inches), and plots were evaluated for their influence on sward yield, persistence, stand density, botanical composition, nutritive value, and change over time. In Georgia, the ‘Bulldog 805’ treatment harvested every 6 weeks at 6 inches had the greatest yield on average (2,453 kg/ha), while ‘Bulldog 505’ treatment harvested every 2 weeks at 6 inches had the lowest yield on average (382 kg/ha) during the 2018 growing season. Additionally, botanical compositions showed that the 6 week, 4-inch had the greatest proportion of alfalfa throughout the growing season, while alfalfa proportions decreased across the growing season in the 2 week, 2-inch harvest treatment. This study is supported by funding from the USDANIFA-Alfalfa Forage Research Program (2017)
145 Digestibility of forages in ruminally cannulated Jersey steers supplemented with liquid glycerol on a wheat straw forage diet
Authors: Soto Itzel A , Boyd Jamie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of supplementation of glycerol at a rate of 15% of DMI on forage digestibility on a diet of mature wheat hay. Forages tested included bermuda hay, wheat hay, alfalfa hay, and sorghum sudan hay. Samples were ground through a 2mm screen and placed in Ankom forage in-situ bags. Samples were run in triplicate to reduce error and increase statistical significance. Two ruminally cannulated steers were used in a 2x2 Latin square design for the study with ad libitum access to wheat hay and water. Animals were housed in a dry lot pen for the study. Diets offered were Control = wheat hay and Treatment= control + glycerol at 15% of daily DMI. The study consisted of 2 three-week periods. Each period had a 2-week standardization followed by a 1-week test period. During the test period, forage bags were placed in each steer for 0 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 144 h for fermentation. At the end of the incubation period, bags were collected and cold shocked to stop microbial digestion. The samples were then dried at 55°C and stored for later analysis for NDF. A significant impact on NDFdig by treatment (P < 0.0001) was observed. NDFdig was 59.2% w/ glycerol versus control at 49.13% overall. In addition, there was a significant difference between steers (P = 0.0001) on glycerol treatment (51.95% versus 66.45% NDFdig between steer A and B), indicating difference in ruminal population efficiency between individual animals. No significant difference (P = 0.98) between steers on the control treatment was observed. Implications of this study are the inclusion of dietary glycerol in the diet of ruminants on a low-quality forage diet may increase energy level and improve ruminal digestibility and animal response may be dependent on the unique ruminal environment of individual animals.
147 Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue pastures for profitability, animal performance, and soil health
Authors: Ingram Sam , Poore Matthew H , Poole Daniel H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue (TF) pastures to non-toxic infected tall fescue (NE) for profitability, animal and agronomic performance without compromising soil health is needed to transition to NE in the southeast U.S. Three renovation strategies were evaluated for impact on soil health, profitability, and animal and agronomic performance in a replicated field trial located in Bahama, NC. Strategies included: 1) control (C), 2) renovation to NE after one season of a single specie cover crop (1-SM), 3) renovation to NE after three seasons of a single specie cover crop (3-SM), and 4) renovation to NE after three seasons of a multi-specie cover crop (3-CM). Soil samples were taken prior to renovation to establish baseline soil health measurements for each strategy. Data were analyzed using proc GLM of SAS v9.4. Thirty-two Angus and Angus cross steers (initial BW 425 ± 27) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of four treatments during the first season of renovation. Average daily gain for cattle grazing the first season of cover crops was greatest (P < 0.001) with 3-CM (0.8 kg/d), 3-SM (0.8 kg/d), in comparison to C and 1-SM (-0.1 kg/d). Gain per hectare differed among treatments (P < 0.001) with 3-SM and 3-CM being greater than C and 1-SM (179, 154, -24, -43 kg/ha, respectively). Within the two-month grazing period, yield different during the month of August (P < 0.001), with 3-SM being the highest (4511 kg/ha) in comparison to 3-CM (3275 kg/ha), 1-SM (2922 kg/ha), and C (2644 kg/ha), while yield was highest (P < 0.001) for 3-CM in September (2931 kg/ha) in comparison to all other treatments. Data suggests agronomic and animal performance for 3-CM and 3-SM were improved compared to C and could partially alleviate initial renovation costs.
105 Altering the time of vaccination against respiratory pathogens enhanced antibody response and health of feedlot cattle
Authors: Schubach Kelsey , Cooke Reinaldo F , Brandão Alice , Schumaher Thiago , Souza Osvaldo , Bohnert David , Marques Rodrigo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Angus × Hereford calves (n = 159; 87 heifers and 72 steers) were ranked by sex, body weight (BW), and age, and assigned to 1 of 3 vaccination schemes against the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex: 1) vaccination at weaning (d 0) and booster at feedyard entry (d 30; CON, n = 53), 2) vaccination 15 d before weaning (d -15) and booster 15 d before feedyard entry (d 15; EARLY, n = 53), and 3) vaccination 15 d after weaning (d 15) and booster 15 d after feedyard entry (d 45; DELAYED, n = 53). Calves were maintained on pasture from d -15 to 30, transported (d 30) for 480 km to a commercial growing yard, and moved (d 180) to an adjacent finishing lot where they remained until slaughter (d 306). Calves were assessed for BRD signs daily from d 0 to 306 according to the DART system. Blood samples were collected and BW recorded on d -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 180. Hot carcass weight was recorded upon slaughter, and carcass quality assessed after a 24-h chill. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.49) for BW gain and carcass traits (P ≥ 0.32). Incidence of BRD (d 0 to 306) was lessened (P < 0.01) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED, and similar (P = 0.17) between CON and DELAYED. Treatment × day interactions were detected (P ≤ 0.02) for serum antibody titers against bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, parainfluenza3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, which were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED upon feedyard entry. Hence, anticipating initial and booster vaccination against respiratory pathogens to provide both doses prior to shipping appears to be a valid strategy to enhance cattle health responses and mitigate BRD in feedyards.