bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal computing: compuvision or teleputer
Authors: Press Larry 
Published: July 2002

Historically, the computer and communication industries have been separate, although both worked with electronically encoded information and shared similar technology. The regulations that kept computing and communication apart began to crumble in 1956 when the FCC ruled that Hush-a-Phone could attach equipment to the AT&T network under special circumstances. In 1959 they opened a portion of the microwave spectrum, and the 1968 Carter-phone case allowed all kinds of equipment to be tied to the network. Today, IBM is in the communication business and AT&T markets computers, but many feel that the distinction among computing, communication, news, and entertainment industries will blur or disappear.
The question is, who will lead the charge—the computer companies, entertainment companies, toy companies, or phone companies? To put it another way, will the home computer swallow up the television set or will the television set become a computer in disguise?
Not surprisingly, computer companies and entertainment companies have different answers to this question, and the debate was brought into focus by announcements at the Fifth Microsoft International CD-ROM Conference and Exposition. Let us look at the question of the home computer versus the smart TV and then come back to some of the other interesting announcements at the show and the current state of multimedia applications.
Multimedia document presentation, information extraction, and document formation in MINOS: a model and a system
Authors: Christodoulakis S. , Theodoridou M. , Ho F. , Papa M. , Pathria A. 
Published: July 2002

MINOS is an object-oriented multimedia information system that provides integrated facilities for creating and managing complex multimedia objects. In this paper the model for multimedia documents supported by MINOS and its implementation is described. Described in particular are functions provided in MINOS that exploit the capabilities of a modern workstation equipped with image and voice input-output devices to accomplish an active multimedia document presentation and browsing within documents. These functions are powerful enough to support a variety of office applications. Also described are functions provided for the extraction of information from multimedia documents that exist in a large repository of information (multimedia document archiver) and functions that select and transform this information. Facilities for information sharing among objects of the archiver are described; an interactive multimedia editor that is used for the extraction and interactive creation of new information is outlined; finally, a multimedia document formatter that is used to synthesize a new multimedia document from extracted and interactively generated information is presented.
This prototype system runs on a SUN-3 workstation running UNIX'". An Instavox, directly addressable, analog device is used to store voice segments.
Economic Impact of Aluminum‐Intensive Vehicles on the U.S. Automotive Recycling Infrastructure
Authors: Boon Jane E. , Isaacs Jacqueline A. , Gupta Surendra M. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe use of aluminum alloys in automobile production is growing as automakers strive to lower vehicle fuel consumption and reduce emissions by substituting aluminum for steel. The current recycling infrastructure for end‐of‐life vehicles is mature, profitable, and well suited to steel‐intensive vehicles; increased use of cast and wrought aluminum, however, will present new challenges and opportunities to the disassembler and shredder, who now comprise the first stages of the vehicle recycling infrastructure.Using goal programming techniques, a model of the auto recycling infrastructure is used to assess the materials streams and process profitabilities for several different aluminum‐intensive vehicle (AIV) processing scenarios. The first case simulates the processing of an AIV in the current recycling infrastructure. Various changes to the initial case demonstrate the consequences to the disassembler and shredder profitabilities whenever the price of nonferrous metals changes; greater fractions of the vehicle are removed as parts; the parts removed by the disassembler have increased aluminum content; the quantity of polymer removed by the disassembler is increased; the disassembly costs increase; the disposal costs for shredder residue and hazardous materials increase; the shredder processing costs increase; and different AIV designs are considered. These profits are also compared to those achieved for a steel unibody vehicle to highlight the impact of introducing AIVs into the existing infrastructure. Results indicate that the existing infrastructure will be able to accommodate AIVs without economic detriment.
LE SPECTACLE DES LETTRES, COMÉDIE DE CALLIAS
Authors: Ruijgh C.J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSOMMAIRE: § 1. Les trois fragments en trimètres iambiques.-§ 2. La parodos.-§ 3. Les noms de lettres dans le Spectacle.-§ 4. Le Marcianus A représente l'abrégé en 15 livres du texte en 30 livres d'Athénée.-§ 5. L'épitomé du texte déjà abrégé; les procédés de l'Epitomator et du Breviator.- § 6. Le problème de la date du Spectacle et de l'attribution au poète comique Callias.-§ 7. La structure métrique et prosodique des trimètres du Spectacle: structure du trimètre tragique.-§ 8. Le Spectacle a la forme d'une tragédie; date: environ 435.-§ 9. Le contenu du Spectacle.-§ 10. La mention du Spectacle au livre VII (275f11-276a6).-§ 11. La version abrégée de ce texte dans l'Épitomé.-§ 12-13. La mention du Spectacle au début de la digression sur les devinettes au livre X (448b3-c3).-§ 14. Le passage sur le prologue du Spectacle (453c3-d4).-§ 15. Observations sur 453c3-9.- § 16. Observations sur 453d1-4 = Fragment I.-§ 17. Le passage sur le choeur du Spectacle (453d5-f1).-§ 18. La reconstruction de la parodos.- § 19. Observations sur 453d5-e3.-§ 20. Observations sur 453e3-6 et e11-f1.-§ 21. L'emploi de mélodies divérentes pour la strophe et l'antistrophe correspondante dans les tragédies antérieures à 431 av. J.-C., dans les comédies, dans la grande lyrique chorale et dans la lyrique monodique.-§ 22. Excursus sur les rapports entre les mélodies du chant traditionnel et les contours mélodiques du langage parlé.-§ 23. Les mélodies de la tragédie ancienne, de la lyrique chorale et de la lyrique monodique.- § 24. Les innovations radicales du dithyrambe 'moderne' adoptées par Euripide.-§ 25. Le passage de Denys d'Halicarnasse sur la subordination des paroles à la mélodie et au rythme musicaux.-§ 26. Observations sur 453e6-10. L'élision en fin de vers.-§ 27. Le passage sur l'emploi syllabique des lettres vocaliques à elles seules (453f1-454a1).-§ 28. Observations sur 453f1-5.-§ 29. Observations sur 453f6-454a1 = Fragment II.-§ 30. Le passage sur la mention des formes des lettres pour indiquer un mot (454a2-9).-§ 31. Observations sur 454a2-9 (454a5-9 = Fragment III).- § 32. Le texte de 453c2-454a9 dans l'Épitomé.-§ 33-34. Les imitations du Spectacle (454a10-455b7).-§ 35. Conclusion.
Variation in reproductive capacity and virulence on different genotypes and resistance genes of Triticeae, in the cereal cyst nematode species complex
Authors: Fradj Makram Bel Hadj , Jahier Joseph , Bekal Sadia , Nicol Julie , Gauthier Jean-Pierre , Mokabli Aïssa , Rivoal Roger , Yahyaoui Amor , Valette Sylvie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo sets of experiments in 1998 and 1999 studied the (a)virulence status of 14 populations of Heterodera avenae, and two populations each of H. filipjevi and H. latipons towards the resistance genes and genotypes of Triticeae, presently known to be resistant to H. avenae, the main species of the cereal cyst nematode (CCN) species complex. Susceptible controls were Triticum aestivum cv. Arminda and Triticum turgidum cv. Cham1. Even in controlled experimental conditions, host responses differed between replicates in the same test and between consecutive tests for unexplained reasons. In spite of that, it has been confirmed that several of these CCN populations differ in their intrinsic capacity to reproduce, and this has to be taken into account in resistance screening. Consequently, the (a)virulence status of a CCN population is better established by a qualitative demarcation between resistant and susceptible plant genotypes based on an average of one cyst limit per plant. The matrix inferred from such a classification of host responses of pooled 1998 and 1999 data showed a complex distribution of avirulent and virulent phenotypes in these CCN populations which seems to arise from a mosaic-like evolution. The more or less wide virulence spectrum shown by this complex of populations and species is discussed in relation to their phylogenetic relationships. Correspondence factor analysis of the pooled data demonstrated a geographical demarcation between several populations of H. avenae and the representatives of H. filipjevi and H. latipons for their (a)virulence to either Cre1 or Cre3 genes and T. aestivum AUS4930 genotype. This could reveal local or regional selection of new pathotypes, more particularly in H. avenae. Genetic introgression to improve resistance to these nematodes in both bread and durum wheats is discussed for regional and global applications.
Diagenetic history of Lower Palaeozoic sediments in Pomerania (northern Poland), traced across the Teisseyre–Tornquist tectonic zone using mixed– layer illite– smectite
Authors: Środoń J. , Clauer N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMixed-layer illite-smectite from Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks, on both sides of the Teisseyre–Tornquist tectonic zone (TTZ) in northern Poland, was studied by X-ray diffraction and dated by K-Ar means.The percentage of smectite layers in illite-smectite (%S) indicates maximum palaeotemperatures of 125–135°C at the surface of Lower Palaeozoic rocks on the craton (NE of TTZ), and 110 to ≤180°C in different tectonic blocks to the SW of TTZ (area of Caledonian consolidation). The vertical changes in the %S indicate that the maximum palaeotemperatures were reached before Permian time on the craton, and before Jurassic, Triassic, Permian or Carboniferous periods but after the beginning of Devonian time in the Caledonian zone. The K—Ar ages of bentonites indicate that the maximum palaeotemperatures were reached by 370—390 Ma or even slightly earlier (Middle—late Devonian). A maximum of 3—6 km of Silurian–Devonian cover on the craton and in the TTZ is suggested by the data.
Additional data on reevesite and its Co-analogue, as a new member of the hydrotalcite group
Authors: Song Y. , Moon H.-S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractReevesite, the Ni-Fe member of the hydrotalcite group, occurs as a secondary mineral in the serpentinized ultramafic rocks of the Kwangcheon area in Korea, replacing the pecoraitc-magnetite-millerite-polydymite assemblages in small veins lining cracks and fracture zones. Chemical analyses for the reevesites indicate the presence of the Co-analogue of reevesite and the complete solid-solution between Fe3+and Co3+. The Co-analogue of the reevesite shows the approximate ratio of 3:1 of divalent to trivalent cations, which is in distinct contrast to the comblainite with the ratio of 2:1 reported by Piret & Deliens (1980). The presence of the complete solid-solution phase between Fe3+and Co3+is confirmed by synthesis at room temperature. On the basis of the results, the Co-analogue of the reevesite should be named as a new member of the hydrotalcite group, and thereby be distinguished from the comblainite. The partial substitutions of SO2-4for CO2-3in the interlayer region might affect the slight increase of the basal spacing in the reevesite. The synthesis performed suggests that the reevesite could be precipitated under either an alkaline or a neutral environment, if carbonate activity is high enough.
New uses for brick-making clay materials from the Bailén area (southern Spain)
Authors: Gonzalez I. , Galan E. , Miras A. , Aparicio P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn attempt has been made to assess new potential applications for the Bailén clays, traditionally used for manufacturing bricks, based on mineralogical, chemical, particle size, plasticity and firing results. Raw materials and mixtures used by the local factory were selected and tested with the addition of some diatomite, feldspar or kaolin. Based on their properties, clay materials from Bailén might be suitable for making porous red wall tiles, clinker, vitrified red floor tiles and porous light-coloured wall tiles by pressing; the first could be manufactured from the raw materials and mixtures currently used by the local manufactures. On the other hand, stoneware shaped by extrusion, such as perforated bricks, facing bricks and roofing tiles, can be also manufactured from the mixtures used at the factory if they contain 20-25% carbonate and small amounts of iron oxides; lightweight bricks require black and yellow clays with diatomite.
Chemical composition and Gibbs standard free energy of formation of Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxysulphate green rust and Fe(II) hydroxide
Authors: Refait Ph. , Bon C. , Simon L. , Bourrié G. , Trolard F. , Bessière J. , Gènin J.-M. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe redox potential and pH of aerated suspensions of iron(II) hydroxide in sulphate–containing aqueous solutions are measured during the oxidation process. Plateaux corresponding to the equilibrium conditions between Fe(OH)2(s) and Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxysulphate GR2(SO2-4)(s) on the one hand, and between GR2(SO2-4)(s) and FeOOH(s) on the other hand, are displayed. Potentiometry, voltammetry, pH-metry and Mössbauer spectroscopy are applied to follow all reactions. The thermodynamic meaning of the measured potential of the first plateau which corresponds to the GR2(SO2-4)(s)/Fe(OH)2(s) equilibrium is demonstrated. The chemical composition of GR2(SO2-4)(s) is found to be FeII4 FeIII2(OH)12SO4·nH2O all along the oxidation process, implying that this compound must be considered as a pure phase with a well-defined composition. The Gibbs standard free energy of formation or chemical potential μ°[GR2(SO2-4)(s)] in ‘anhydrous form’ (n = 0) is determined at −3790±10 kJ mol-1. A consistent value of μ°[Fe(OH)2(s)] at −490±1 kJ mol-1 is obtained.
Phenocrystic fluorite in peralkaline rhyolites, Olkaria, Kenya Rift Valley
Authors: Marshall A. S. , Hinton R. W. , Macdonald R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe first occurrence of phenocrystic fluorite in a peralkaline rhyolite is reported from Quaternary lavas (agpaitic index 1.11–1.37) erupted from the Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex, Kenya. Fluorite compositions are almost stoichiometric, with 0.65–1.49 ΣREE + Y oxides. Relative to coexisting glass (melt), the fluorites are enriched in REE, Y and Sr, are strongly depleted in all other trace elements and concentrate MREE relative to LREE and HREE. Y partitions into fluorite more strongly than the HREE. Fractionation of fluorite in its modal abundance would not significantly affect the REE abundances in the residual liquids, nor result in stronger Sr depletion. The P, T and composition conditions which stabilize fluorite in rhyolitic magmas are still obscure.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase εC selectively inhibits interleukin-6– and interleukin- 10–induced JAK-STAT signaling
Authors: Tanuma Nobuhiro , Shima Hiroshi , Nakamura Koji , Kikuchi Kunimi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractProtein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) ε (PTPε) exists as 2 forms generated by alternative promoter usage. It has recently been reported that a cytosolic isoform of PTPε (PTPεC) when over-expressed in murine M1 myeloid cells inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6)– and leukemia inhibitory factor–induced activation of Janus kinsases (JAKs), thereby suppressing STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and STAT3 signaling. This study characterizes an inhibitory action of PTPεC on IL-6 signaling and also reveals that PTPεC inhibitory activity is independent of other potential negative regulators, such as SHP-2 and SOCS family proteins. Furthermore, it analyzes the selectivity of PTPεC action toward several cytokines. On IL-6 stimulation, expression of PTPεC-DA, a catalytically inactive mutant of PTPεC, results in an earlier onset of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, suggesting different modes of action between PTPεC and other negative regulators. In addition, the study shows PTPεC-DA enhances activation of STAT1 by IL-6 as well. In terms of specificity to cytokines, over-expressed PTPεC also inhibits IL-10–induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 in M1 cells, whereas PTPεC does not affect either interferon-β– and interferon-γ–induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STATs or expression of STAT transcriptional targets. Among cytokines tested, the inhibitory effect of PTPεC is selective to IL-6– and IL-10–induced JAK-STAT signaling.
Lentivirus administration to rat muscle provides efficient sustained expression of erythropoietin
Authors: Seppen Jurgen , Barry Simon C. , Harder Brandon , Osborne William R. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A lentivirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) encoding rat erythropoietin (EPO) complementary DNA was administered to rat skeletal muscle and red blood cell production was serially monitored. After a single intramuscular injection hematocrit values increased and reached a plateau at about 35 days and were sustained for at least 14 months. Virus doses of 6 × 107infectious units and 6 × 106 infectious units produced significantly increased mean hematocrit values of 68.5% ± 2.1% (P &lt; .001, n = 4) and 52.7% ± 1.3% (P &lt; .001, n = 3), respectively, over values of control animals receiving normal saline (46.2% ± 1.5%, n = 2). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for vector sequences in genomic DNA showed muscle tissue at the site of injection was positive and undetectable in liver, spleen, kidney, and lung. The intramuscular administration of lentivirus provided a dose-responsive, highly efficient and sustained EPO gene delivery, suggesting these vectors may be applied generally to the systemic delivery of proteins such as hormones and clotting factors.
Phenotype changes resulting in high-affinity binding of von Willebrand factor to recombinant glycoprotein Ib-IX: analysis of the platelet-type von Willebrand disease mutations
Authors: Tait A. Sasha , Cranmer Susan L. , Jackson Shaun P. , Dawes Ian W. , Chong Beng H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo maintain hemostasis under shear conditions, there must be an interaction between the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX receptor and the plasma ligand von Willebrand factor (vWf). In platelet-type von Willebrand disease (Pt-vWD), hemostasis is compromised. Two mutations in the GPIbα polypeptide chain have been identified in these patients—a glycine-233 to valine change and a methionine-239 to valine change. For this investigation, these mutant proteins have been expressed in a Chinese hamster ovary cell model system. Ligand-binding studies were performed at various concentrations of ristocetin, and adhesion assays were performed under flow conditions. The Pt-vWD mutations resulted in a gain-of-function receptor. vWf binding was increased at all concentrations of ristocetin examined, and adhesion on a vWf matrix was enhanced in terms of cell tethering, slower rolling velocity, and decreased detachment with increasing shear rate. Two other mutations were also introduced into the GPIbα chain. One mutation, encompassing both the Pt-vWD mutations, created an increase in the hydrophobicity of this region. The second mutation, involving a valine-234 to glycine change, decreased the hydrophobicity of this region. Both mutations also resulted in a gain-of-function receptor, with the double mutation producing a hyperreactive receptor for vWf. These data further support the hypothesis that ligand binding is regulated by conformational changes in the amino-terminal region of GPIbα, thereby influencing the stability of the GPIbα–vWf interaction.
Underrepresentation of Black Men in Physician Assistant and Associate Training
Authors: Kibe Lucy W. , Schrode Katrina M. , Paik Samuel , Frias-Sarmiento Dominique 
Published: October 2024

ImportanceThe underrepresentation of Black men in the health care workforce, particularly among physician assistants and associates (PAs), represents a missed opportunity to alleviate shortages of health care professionals and enhance workforce diversity. Increasing the number of Black men in the training pipeline could significantly benefit education, patient care, and overall health outcomes.ObjectiveTo analyze patterns from 2013 to 2021 among Black men applying to and matriculating into PA programs and compare these figures with the age-specific US population of Black men.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study assessed deidentified application and matriculation data from the Central Application Service for Physician Assistants (CASPA) for PA training programs in the US, alongside US Census data. CASPA applicants reporting race and gender identities as Black male were included. Data were obtained March 10, 2023, from the 2012-2013 to the 2020-2021 application cycles; data were analyzed from June 2023 to May 2024.ExposuresBlack male applicants and matriculation.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPatterns and proportion of Black male applicants and matriculants to PA programs relative to total rates and expected numbers.ResultsFrom 2013 to 2021, PA programs grew 64.3%, with an increase in applicants from 19 761 to 30 196 and matriculants from 6192 to 11 115. Despite this growth, the representation of Black men among applicants (from 435 to 732) and matriculants (from 73 to 156) remained stagnant, averaging 2.2% and 1.2%, respectively, significantly lower than their 8.7% (3 920 231 individuals aged 20-29 years) representation in the US Census. In 2021, the matriculation rate for Black men (156 of 732 [21.3%]) was notably lower than the matriculation rate for all applicants (11 115 of 30 196 [36.8%]). Based on the expected proportion of Black men in the PA applicant age range, there should have been 2641 applicants (actual: 732) and 972 matriculants (actual: 156) across 308 PA programs in 2021; these numbers indicate that, per program, approximately 9 applicants would have to have been evaluated and 3 matriculated to achieve parity, in contrast to the mean of 2 applicants and 1 matriculant per 2 programs.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of PA applicants and matriculants, Black men remained substantially underrepresented despite overall growth of PA training programs. The low representation among matriculants was due in part to the low numbers of applicants but also to substantially lower matriculation success. This persistent underrepresentation highlights systemic barriers and underscores the need for targeted interventions to achieve a more representative health care workforce. To achieve equitable admissions, each PA program should aim to evaluate 9 Black male applicants and matriculate 3 Black men annually.