bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wohin steuert die Taxonomie?
Authors: Kunz Werner 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungIn der Taxonomie können die Organismen nach unterschiedlichen Kriterien zu Arten gruppiert werden, z.B. nach phänotypischen und genetischen Merkmalen oder nach der reproduktiven Verbindung. In der Natur gibt es nicht die universelle Einheit „Art“, weil unterschiedliche biologische Mechanismen dafür verantwortlich sind, wie die Individuen zu Gruppen zusammenhalten oder gegenseitig abgegrenzt werden. Unterschiedliche Artkonzepte definieren nicht unbedingt dieselbe in der Natur existierende Einheit. Ein und dasselbe Individuum kann je nach Artkonzept unterschiedlichen Arten zugeordnet werden. In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten hat die Barcode‐Taxonomie eine dominierende Rolle eingenommen. Ein großer Vorteil der Barcode‐Taxonomie ist die zeitsparende maschinelle Massenerfassung von Arten, ohne dass dazu taxonomisch ausgebildete Experten erforderlich sind. Vor allem bei evolutionär jungen Arten kommt es aber zu erheblichen Diskrepanzen zwischen der Arteinteilung nach dem Barcode‐Konzept und der Einteilung nach Reproduktionsgemeinschaften oder nach phänotypischen Merkmalen. Die Barcode‐Art muss daher als eine Art neben anderen Artkonzepten verstanden werden.
A novel liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry method with full scan for simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents of Shenkang injection in rat tissues: Application to tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Yang Jie , Sun Zhi , Li Duolu , Duan Fei , Li Zhuolun , Lu Jingli , Shi Yingying , Xu Tanye , Zhang Xiaojian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractShenkang injection is a traditional Chinese formula with good curative effect on chronic renal failure. In this paper, a novel, rapid and sensitive ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometry was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of seven bioactive constituents of Shenkang injection in rat plasma and tissues after intravenous administration. Acetonitrile was used as a protein precipitation agent in biological samples disposal with carbamazepine as internal standard. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% formic acid). The MS analysis was performed in the full‐scan positive and negative ion mode. The lower limits of quantification for the seven analytes in rat plasma and tissues were 0.1–10 ng/mL. The validated method was successfully applied to tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic studies of Shenkang injection after intravenous administration. The results of the tissue distribution study showed that the high concentrations of seven constituents were primarily in the kidney tract. This is the first report of the application of Q‐Orbitrap with full‐scan mass spectrometry in tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic studies of Shenkang injection.
The buffering role of in‐group identification and intergroup contact on the association between perceived discrimination and mental health
Authors: Bagci Sabahat C. , Turnuklu Abbas , Bekmezci Eyup 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPrevious research has shown that disadvantaged group members cope with the negative effects of perceived discrimination (PD) on mental health using various mechanisms. We examined the potential protective role of two processes—in‐group identification and intergroup contact—on the association between PD and mental health (anxiety and depression) among physically disabled adults (N = 269, Mage = 39.13, SD = 13.80). Intergroup contact, but not in‐group identification, had a buffering role on the association between PD and both depression and anxiety. However, this effect was further moderated by in‐group identification such that high levels of intergroup contact had a protective role against PD, only when in‐group identification was low. Findings highlight the importance of evaluating various social–psychological processes interactively in creating a resilient outlook among disadvantaged groups.
Mechanical and Crystallographic Analysis of Cholesterol Crystals Puncturing Biological Membranes
Authors: Al‐Handawi Marieh B. , Commins Patrick , Karothu Durga Prasad , Raj Gijo , Li Liang , Naumov Panče 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIschemic heart disease often leads to myocardial infarction and remains the most common cause for death in humans. Although the exact impetus for the infarction remains elusive, a mechanism has been proposed that relates the disease to the observed high cholesterol levels in the body. The mechanism claims that cholesterol crystallizes inside the arterial plaque into needle‐shaped crystals. The crystals puncture the fibrous cap of the plaque, whereby the necrotic contents of the plaque are spilled, subsequently clotting the blood vessels. This hypothesis has not been given sufficient attention partly due to the purported softness of the organic crystals and the common platy habit of the known crystal forms of cholesterol. In this work it is shown that, from hydrophobic solutions that attempt to emulate the plaque contents, a new solid form of cholesterol crystallizes as prisms with mucronate tips, and they are sufficiently strong to puncture a lamb pericardium, which mimics the plaque cap. The properties of the crystals were assessed by mechanical, structural, and crystallographic analyses. The results support the hypothesis that the cholesterol crystals can be considered, at least within the framework of the proposed mechanism, a possible cause of myocardial infarction.
Radical‐Triggered Three‐Component Coupling Reaction of Alkenylboronates, α‐Halocarbonyl Compounds, and Organolithium Reagents: The Inverse Ylid Mechanism
Authors: Tappin Nicholas D. C. , Gnägi‐Lux Manuel , Renaud Philippe 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAn operationally simple protocol to affect a radical addition to alkenylboronates that spontaneously undergo a [1,2]‐metalate shift is described. Overall, the reaction is a three‐component coupling of an organolithium, alkenylboronic ester, and halide which takes place with broad scope and good to excellent yields. Experimental mechanistic investigations support the formation of a boron inverse ylid intermediate.
Design of a high power PIN‐diode controlled switchable RF transmit array for TRASE RF imaging
Authors: Der Eric , Volotovskyy Vyacheslav , Sun Hongwei , Tomanek Boguslaw , Sharp Jonathan C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSome MRI applications require the generation of a series high power RF pulses in which the spatial transmit B1 field pattern over the sample is modified between one pulse and the next. This requirement may be realized by a RF transmit array with the capability to enable and disable individual elements to switch between field patterns with switching times of the order 10 μs. Our application is for a TRASE (“Transmit Array Spatial Encoding”) array for which short high power pulses are necessary to achieve high resolution (mm‐level) spatial encoding. We present designs for coil array, coil switching circuits, and a high power PIN diode driver together capable of robust and rapid switching of short (~120 μs) high power pulses for a 24 cm TRASE phase gradient coil suitable for imaging extremities at 8 MHz. We describe in detail the selection of suitable coil components and switch circuit designs to satisfy a specific requirement for maximum B1 field strength, and provide all circuit designs.
Design of Perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) Radical‐Based Compounds for Optoelectronic Applications: The Role of Orbital Delocalization
Authors: Diez‐Cabanes Valentín , Seber Gonca , Franco Carlos , Bejarano Francesc , Crivillers Nuria , Mas‐Torrent Marta , Veciana Jaume , Rovira Concepció , Cornil Jérôme 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPerchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical‐based compounds are widely exploited as molecular switching units. However, their application in optoelectronics is limited by the fact that they exhibit intense absorption bands only in a narrow range of the UV region around 385 nm. Recent experimental works have reported new PTM based compounds which present a broad absorption in the visible region although the origin of this behavior is not fully explained. In this context, Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD‐DFT) calculations have been performed to rationalize the optical properties of these compounds. Moreover, a new compound based on PTM disubstituted with bistriazene units has been synthetized and characterized to complete the set of available experimental data on related compounds. The results point to the delocalization of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) of the substituents along the PTM core as the origin of the new high absorption bands in the visible region. As a consequence, the absorption of the PTM‐based compounds can be tuned via the choice of the nature of the donor substituent, type of connection, and number of substituents.
Overview of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer and Their Applications in Drug Discovery
Authors: Civenni Gianluca , Carbone Giuseppina M. , Catapano Carlo V. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignant visceral neoplasm in males in Western countries. Despite progress made in the early treatment of localized malignancies, there remains a need for therapies effective against advanced forms of the disease. Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models are valuable tools for addressing this issue, particularly in defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor initiation and progression. While cell and tissue culture systems are important models for this purpose as well, they cannot recapitulate the complex interactions within heterotypic cells and the tumor microenvironment that are crucial in the initiation and progression of prostate tumors. Limitations of GEM models include resistance to developing invasive and metastatic tumors that resemble the advanced stages of human PCa. Nonetheless, because genetic models provide valuable information on the human condition that would otherwise be impossible to obtain, they are increasingly employed to identify molecular targets and to examine the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. The aim of this overview is to provide a brief but comprehensive summary of GEM models for PCa, with particular emphasis on the strengths and weaknesses of this experimental approach. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Relationship between Birefringence and Surface Morphology in Single‐Crystal Diamonds Grown by MPCVD
Authors: Zhao Yun , Guo Yanzhao , Lin Liangzhen , Zheng Yuting , Hei Lifu , Liu Jinlong , Wei Junjun , Chen Liangxian , Li Chengming 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSingle‐crystal diamonds are successfully synthesized using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. A smooth and flat single‐crystal surface is obtained by optimizing the size relationship between the seed substrate and the square hole of the shielding ring. When the sample grows higher than the polycrystalline diamond on the molybdenum holder, the surface becomes uneven. The polarization characteristics of two kinds of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) layers are compared between flat and uneven surfaces. Abnormal high‐order birefringence occurs in both morphologies, which is related to the dislocation density in the CVD layers. The higher the dislocation density of the sample, the more obvious the high‐order anomalous birefringence. High‐pressure high‐temperature seed substrates have obvious defects, such as dislocations, stacking faults, and boundaries of the growth sector, and these defects are mostly distributed at the edge of seed substrates. When the diamond surface demonstrates an edge‐to‐center morphology, the dislocations in the seed substrate, interface‐induced dislocations, and dislocations formed in the growth layer begin to converge toward the central region of the CVD layer, which results in a smaller area of low stress in the center of the CVD layer. High dislocation density causes the crystal to have a mosaic structure and orientation deviation.
Optimal design of third‐order microstrip bandpass filters by direct synthesis technique (DST)
Authors: Xiao Fei , Gong Huarong , Zhang Yong 
Published: June 2018

SummaryTo design microstrip filters is not easy for the sake of their distributed‐element effect. Undoubtedly, to understand their physical mechanism is very important to their design. In this paper, one effective approach to design some third‐order microstrip bandpass filters with each of 2 transmission zeros at each side of the passband is discussed. Lumped‐element equivalent circuits are used to represent these microstrip filters. Then, these lumped‐element equivalent circuits can be synthesized by direct synthesis technique we recently proposed, so that it is likely to calculate initial structural parameters of these microstrip filters and then facilitate their design. Verified by the measured results of the filter designed through the approach in this paper, the performance of the filters is close to ideal frequency responses. Furthermore, another third‐order microstrip bandpass filter is presented, in which open‐circuited stubs at input/output ports are introduced to suppress one specified harmonic to improve out‐of‐band attenuation.
Nutrient supply rates in a boreal extreme‐rich fen using ion exchange membranes
Authors: Hartsock Jeremy A. , Bremer Eric 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPlant Root Simulator (PRS®) probes have been widely used to assess soil nutrients in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of northern Alberta, Canada, but their optimum method of use and functionality in natural boreal fens and reclaimed wetlands needs to be determined. A PRS probe consists of an anion or cation exchange resin membrane that is housed in a plastic support. We assessed nutrient adsorption by PRS probes over three incubation periods (2, 24, and 384 hr) in a boreal extreme‐rich fen, a system with moderately high pore water electrical conductivity and a peatland site type that has been targeted in oil sand wetland reclamation. Ion adsorption by PRS probes was similar at 24 and 384 hr for ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, calcium, and magnesium, indicating that a stable or dynamic equilibrium was reached. However, potassium declined from 24 to 384 hr, likely due to displacement by more strongly held cations, while iron and manganese increased, likely due to increasingly anaerobic conditions. The finding that most nutrients were close to equilibrium on PRS probes within 24 hr has important implications for implementation and interpretation of PRS probe data in wetlands with moderately high pore water electrical conductivity.
Correlation with invasive left ventricular filling pressures and prognostic relevance of the echocardiographic diastolic parameters used in the 2016 ESC heart failure guidelines and in the 2016 ASE/EACVI recommendations: a systematic review in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Nauta Jan F. , Hummel Yoran M. , van der Meer Peter , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Voors Adriaan A. , van Melle Joost P. 
Published: June 2018

AimsFive echocardiographic parameters—left atrial volume index, left ventricular mass index, tricuspid regurgitation velocity, myocardial tissue velocity, and the ratio of early mitral inflow to tissue velocity of the mitral annulus (E/e')—are recommended in both the current European Society of Cardiology heart failure guidelines and the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. We aimed to perform a systematic review of these echocardiographic parameters at resting conditions for their correlation with left ventricular filling pressures in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In addition, the prognostic value of these parameters was assessed.Methods and resultsNine studies reported the correlation between echocardiography and invasive haemodynamics, and 18 papers reported on the prognostic value of echocardiography in HFpEF. Among the parameters, most data were reported for E/e'. The pooled correlation coefficient r was 0.56 for the relation between E/e' and invasively measured filling pressures. Combined weighted‐mean meta‐analysis of prognostic studies resulted in a hazard ratio of 1.05 (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.06) per unit increase in E/e' for the combined outcome of all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization. The other echocardiographic parameters, when taken individually, had similar or lower association with prognosis.ConclusionOnly a small number of studies validated the use of echocardiographic parameters at rest in patients with HFpEF. The best established parameter appears to be E/e', but the existing data only show modest correlations of E/e' with invasive filling pressures and outcomes in HFpEF.
Graphene Doped Mn2O3 Nanofibers as a Facile Electroanalytical DNA Point Mutation Detection Platform for Early Diagnosis of Breast/Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Tripathy Suryasnata , Gangwar Rahul , Supraja Patta , Rao AVSS Narayana , Vanjari Siva Rama Krishna , Singh Shiv Govind 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper demonstrates a simple, label‐free detection methodology for detecting single point DNA mutations. Single point mutation detection is a key enabler for diagnosis and prevention of several genetic disorders that manifest into cancers. Specifically for this purpose, herein, an electrochemical biosensor utilizing electrospun graphene doped manganese III oxide nanofibers (GMnO) is developed. The charge transfer resistance offered by GMnO is extremely sensitive to the localized change in the conductivity. This sensitivity, attributed to the low band gap of Mn2O3 and high charge transfer kinetics of graphene, is explored in the proposed mutation detection platform. As a proof of concept, ultrasensitive detection of BRCA1 gene specific point mutation is demonstrated. The target specific single stranded probe DNA is immobilized onto GMnO modified glassy carbon working electrodes via chemisorption. Post target‐DNA hybridization, differential pulse voltammetry is employed to facilitate detection of targeted point mutation, wherein, difference in peak currents is used to distinguish the target DNA as normal or mutant. Efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated against a target concentration ranging from 10 pM−1 μM. With respect to the mutated target DNA, the LoD of the proposed device is found to be 0.8±0.069 pM. The proposed approach can be extended for detecting any mutation/hybridization of interest by simply adapting an appropriate functionalization protocol.
SDN/NFV‐enabled performance estimation framework for SFC optimization
Authors: Yi Bo , Wang Xingwei , Huang Min 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMany network function virtualization management and orchestration frameworks have been proposed to offer an agile and automated service deployment with a set of virtual network function (VNF) placement and chaining algorithms. However, once the services are deployed, less attention is paid to the subsequent supervision on their performance which may be affected by the dynamic changing network conditions. In order to guarantee the performance of services, this article designs and presents a service function chain performance estimation framework, which can be used to complement the network function virtualization orchestrators by providing performance estimation and optimization for the already deployed services. In particular, the performance estimation is implemented based on the min‐plus algebra theory, and the optimization is fulfilled by using two VNF migration approaches on the basis of greedy and load balance, respectively. The proposed framework can (1) evaluate and compare existing VNF placement algorithms by statistics on service performance estimation, (2) estimate and optimize the performance of services by using VNF migration approaches, (3) integrate the VNF placement algorithms and VNF migration approaches, thus producing more efficient future solutions. Finally, this article presents an implementation of the proposed framework and evaluates its effectiveness in an experimental environment.
Exposure‐Response Modeling to Characterize the Relationship Between Ixekizumab Serum Drug Concentrations and Efficacy Responses at Week 12 in Patients With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
Authors: Chigutsa Emmanuel , Velez de Mendizabal Nieves , Chua Laiyi , Heathman Michael , Friedrich Stuart , Jackson Kimberley , Reich Kristian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIxekizumab, a high‐affinity monoclonal antibody, selectively targets interleukin‐17A and has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. The objective was to describe the relationship between ixekizumab concentrations and efficacy response (static Physician Global Assessment [sPGA] and the Psoriasis Activity and Severity Index [PASI) scores] after 12 weeks of ixekizumab treatment in psoriasis patients from 3 phase 3 studies. Data from 2888 psoriasis patients randomized to receive placebo or 80 mg ixekizumab every 2 weeks or every 4 weeks were analyzed. Separate logistic regression models describing the relationship between ixekizumab concentrations and sPGA or PASI scores at week 12 were used to determine the probability of patients achieving a response and to investigate the impact of various patient factors other than drug concentrations on response rates. Both dosing regimens were efficacious, with higher rates of response achieved with the higher range of observed ixekizumab concentrations after every‐2‐week dosing. Although higher bodyweight, palmoplantar involvement, lower baseline disease state, or high baseline C‐reactive protein were associated with slightly lower response rates, the magnitude of effect of these factors on sPGA(0,1) response was small, with all subgroups able to achieve high levels of response. Other factors tested had no effect including age, sex, and antidrug antibody status. Logistic regression modeling of ixekizumab concentration and efficacy data accurately identified the proportion of responders using sPGA or PASI end points. The higher concentration ranges achieved with 80 mg every 2 weeks versus every 4 weeks were associated with higher response levels.
Monte Carlo economic analysis of Baker's yeast invertase purification using two‐ and three‐phase partitioning
Authors: Torres‐Acosta Mario A , Morales‐Guzman Suria I , Ruiz‐Ruiz Federico , Vazquez‐Villegas Patricia , Willson Richard C , Rito‐Palomares Marco 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDInvertase use in the food industry is limited by production costs. Alternative strategies for extraction, such as aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) and three‐phase partitioning (TPP), could be economically feasible for yeast invertase. Economic modeling of bioprocesses makes possible the identification of critical parameters for production costs and emulation of real scenarios, moreover incorporation of uncertainty is possible. This study performed an economic analysis on the production of invertase using ATPS or TPP, also a virtual optimization of ATPS was done.RESULTSTPP provided a lower production cost than ATPS ($145 vs $59.3 per 1 million enzymatic units, respectively). The critical parameter for TPP is recovery yield as it is highly dependent on operating conditions. In contrast, ATPS is dependent on materials costs as the sample load is smaller for ATPS, requiring a larger system. Although TPP provided a lower cost, t‐butanol hinders its acceptance.CONCLUSIONVirtual optimization of ATPS found that varying sample load or system size is not enough to have a lower production cost than TPP, but provided insights for reduction of production costs and development of a safer technique. This study provides a framework for the virtual analysis of ATPS and TPP to evaluate their processes and reduce production costs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry