bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Incineration of Hazardous Liquid Wastes Generated by the Petrochemical Complex at Camaçari, Brazil
Authors: Cain P. , Neiva M. R. 
Published: May 2018

CETREL - Central de Tratamento de Efluentes Líquidos S/A, is responsible for the treatment of the majority of the industrial, wastes generated by more than fifty industries forming the Petrochemical Complex at Camaçari.
The hazardous wastes that cannot be handled by the central biological station have up to this year been stored in variuos types of “containers,” from large tanks, to barrels or disposal trenches.
To meet the requirements of an expanding Complex generating organic-chloride wastes, and to meet more rigorous environment standards, CETREL is implanting a unit for the incineration of hazardous liquid residuals. The plant, intended to start processing wastes in October of this year, will serve principally four companies; CPC, NITROCLOR, SILINOR and QUIMIFINA, which produce liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon residues mixed with nitrogen and silicon compounds.
The incinerator will have a nominal capacity of 10,000 t/year of residue and is designed to treat wastes such as PCBs, BHC, and other pesticides. Residence time in the afterburner is greater than two seconds at. 1450°C, which permits a destruction and removal efficiency of 99.9999%.
With respect to hazardous solid wastes CETREL is presently defining the requirements of the Petrochemical Complex and the surrounding industries to determine the capacity and type of incinerating unit that is most suitable.
This paper presents CETREL's experience which led to the definition and construction of a multipurpose liquid waste incinerator and why it is now planning to build a solid waste incinerator within the next three years.
Alternatives to Industrial Recycling of Phosphogypsum in Brazil
Authors: de Freitas B. J. , Albuquerque P. C. W. 
Published: May 2018

Residual gypsum from phosphoric acid plants has been a world-wide problem, concerning the environment, disposal and handling.
In Brazil, till the end of 1989, the phosacid plants had accumulated 30.0 million tonnes of that by-product, corresponding to 5.5 million tonnes of recoverable sulphur, equivalent to US$ 625 million. This phosphogypsum storage increases at a rate of 3.4 million t/a which represents more than a half million t/a of sulphur.
Since 1984, Petrofertil has been coordinating a systematic alternatives evaluation for industrial recycling of phosphogypsum, of which the most viable seems to be sulphur recovery in the liquid form or as sulphur dioxide. These alternatives are briefly examined under technological, economic and calcium co-product diversification and market aspects.
The economic approach considers the investment per produced tonne, the value of co-product market and energy costs. The conclusion tries to define an objective strategic approach concerning to the problem of sulphur recovery from phosphogypsum.
Treatment of Bleaching Effluents in Aerobic/Anaerobic Fluidized Biofilm Systems
Authors: Fahmy M. , Heinzle E. , Kut O. M. 
Published: May 2018

Biodegradation of chloroorganic compounds in real industrial bleaching effluents (chlorination and extraction), with adapted biofilm in fluidized sand bed reactors, was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The effluents were only diluted and supplied with mineral nutrients. Two reactor combinations were compared with a single stage aerobic digestor (AFB). In the anaerobic-aerobic reactors in series (AAS), the effluents were first treated anaerobically followed by an aerobic reactor in a single pass. In the anaerobic-aerobic recycle reactor (AAR), the reactor content was periodically moving back from aerobic to anaerobic fluidized beds.
The reactors were running continuously for one year. The most significant differences observed were between aerobic and anaerobic single reactors. Generally anaerobiosis reduced performance in terms of global parameters (COD, NPOC, AOX). With a residence time of 18 h for each reactor, COD and AOX typically decreased by 15-32 % for each aerobic reactor system (AFB, AAS, AAR), whereas a decrease of typically 4-15 % was observed in the purely anaerobic system. From GC and GC/MS analysis it was evident that in the anaerobic reactors, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was first converted to 2,4-dichlorophenol. In all three systems 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and dichlorophenols were almost completely removed.
Distribution of Halogenated Organic Compounds (AOX) – Swedish Transport to Surrounding Sea Areas and Mass Balance Studies in Five Drainage Systems
Authors: Enell M. , Wennberg L. 
Published: May 2018

In the discussion of environmental pollution problems halogenated organic compounds often play a dominant role because of their properties e.g. persistence and bioaccumulation in organisms. A research project on “Long distance distribution of halogenated organic compounds” was started in 1987 at the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL). The first part of the project focused on the transport of halogenated organic compounds, measured as AOX (adsorbable organic halogens), in Swedish rivers to surrounding sea areas. This work started in October 1987 and was finished in September 1988. Water samples were collected at 47 sampling stations in 33 drainage systems. During the same period the AOX concentration in atmospheric deposition was measured at 17 sampling stations.
Results show that the annual total transport of AOX to sea areas surrounding Sweden, was about 5,200 tonnes/year. Highest AOX concentrations in river waters were found on the Swedish west coast (maximum 98 µg/l) and the lowest in rivers flowing into the Bothnian Bay (maximum 29 µg/l), in the northeastern part of Sweden. Analyses of AOX in atmospheric deposition at sampling stations from the north to the south of Sweden, indicate that the amount of halogenated organic compounds, supplied with precipitation, was about 5,100 tonnes/year. The mean concentration of AOX in precipitation was 15 µg/l (n=202). The results indicate that there are also sources other than anthropogenic - probably natural production of halogenated organic compounds.
During the second part of the project mass balances for halogenated organic compounds in both small and well defined drainage basins, as well as in larger water systems shall be established. In five large water systems, in different parts of Sweden, atmospheric deposition, together with soil-, ground- and surface waters are studied. In order to explain differences in concentrations of halogenated organic compounds between different water systems, a specification of the AOX parameter is made.
Basic Studies on Phosphorus Removal by the Contact Aeration Process Using Iron Contactors
Authors: Haruta S. , Takahashi T. , Nishiguchi T. 
Published: May 2018

The authors have developed what we call the submerged iron contactor process as a simple and inexpensive phosphorus removal method for small-scale plants disposing of domestic wastewater and household wastewater treatment tanks. In this method iron contactors are submerged in biological treatment tanks, where phosphate anions in wastewater are combined with iron cations produced through corrosion of the contactors, and the compound thus produced is precipitated and removed together with biological sludge.
In these studies, laboratory experiments were made on the contact aeration process combined with the above-mentioned method, and the following findings were obtained. (1) It is desirable to treat wastewater by making use of corrosion by sulfate-reducing bacteria instead of corrosion by oxygen dissolved in wastewater, to conduct a stable phosphorus removal by this combined method. (2) The corrosion rate of iron contactors is affected by the volumetric loading of BOD in the tanks where they are submerged. (3) Assuming that an iron contactor continues to suffer corrosion evenly all over the surface when our combined method is applied, it is estimated that the corrosion rate is about 1mm or less in 30 years.
Pilot Plant Study on Microaerobic Self-Granulated Sludge Process (Multi-Stage Reversing Flow Bioreactor: MRB)
Authors: Takahashi M. , Kyosai S. 
Published: May 2018

A Multi-stage Reversing flow Bioreactor (MRB) was developed by the Public Works Research Institute in 1986. It utilizes the symbiotic interaction between anaerobic bacteria (sulfate reducing bacteria) and microaerobic bacteria (Beggiatoa=filamentous sulfur oxidizing bacteria) for self-granulated pellet formation. A MRB Pilot plant for domestic wastewater treatment (design capacity was 225 m3/day) was constructed in 1988. After several modifications of the initial design, stable pellet formation and high performance were achieved.
This paper describes the results of the pilot plant operation.
Design of Multi-Story Sewage Treatment Facilities
Authors: Yuki Yosuke , Takayanagi Enao , Abe Takashi 
Published: May 2018

In Osaka City, due to rises in land prices and the rapid advances of urbanization, it is difficult to enlarge sites for sewage treatment facilities. To enhance efficient land utilization, construction of multi-story facilities has been promoted. This effort commenced with the building of a two-story primary settling tank, followed by two-story final settling tanks, aeration tanks vertically combined with final settling tanks and three-story final settling tanks. Together with the introduction of these multi-story facilities, efforts have also been made to further deepen the aeration tanks.
One of the features of the city's multi-story sewage treatment facilities is the use of outlet pipes for purified wastewater in the final settling tanks. This has helped promote introduction of multi-story facilities. These multi-story facilities in Osaka City have already been in operation for ten to twenty years under satisfactory treatment conditions.
The area occupied by a multi-story structure is only 46% that of conventional single-story structures. Construction cost for single- and multi-story structures is almost equal.
Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Organic High-Strength Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Haberl R. , Atanasoff K. , Braun R. 
Published: May 2018

Within this research project a number of high strength organic waste waters was treated in anaerobic-aerobic working bench scale units and in small scale pilot plants. By this study problems with the anaerobic-aerobic technology should be solved, dimensioning parameters should be worked out, and the economy should be focused.
For most of the sewages the anaerobic-aerobic treatment turned out to be possible although sometimes technical problems could be observed. Such problems occurred in the final aerobic stage in connection with wastes with a high content of N. They could be solved by a predenitrification stage. Fibreboard sewage was taken as an example for wastes containing persistent substances; different anaerobic processes were tested, it turned out that a twostage anaerobic treatment is necessary to stabilize the process.
The economic calculations proved the anaerobic-aerobic treatment to be preferable if some conditions are considered.
Anaerobic (UASB) Treatment of Pulp (CTMP) Wastewater and the Toxicity on Granules
Authors: Kudo A. , Kennedy K. , Andras E. 
Published: May 2018

A chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) effluent was treated by upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors. The purpose of the 254 day experiment was to evaluate the acclimatization process for two types of anaerobic granules to CTMP wastewater. One type was an acetic acid enriched culture composed mainly of methanogenic bacteria (reactor I) and the other was a mixed anaerobic culture containing both methanogenic and acidogenic bacteria (reactor II). Initially the reactors were maintained on synthetic feed with acetic acid (reactor I) or sucrose (reactor II) as the carbon source. In order to acclimatize the granules to the wastewater, CTMP wastewater was introduced in 3 stages (10, 50, and 100%). The wastewater contained 8200 mg/l COD, 30-40% of which was non-biodegradable. Both reactors were operated at a specific loading rate of 0.16 g COD/g VSS/day throughout the experiment. Supplementary batch tests using serum bottles were conducted to evaluate toxicity of the CTMP wastewater and two known toxic compounds, pentachlorophenol and mercuric chloride, on mixed anaerobic culture granules.
Reactor II acclimatized to the CTMP wastewater better than reactor I. At 50% CTMP wastewater, a COD removal rate of 80% was attained for reactor II, while reactor I removed only 55% of the influent COD. Coincidentally, acetic acid consumption in reactor I was also inhibited after the introduction of 50% CTMP wastewater. It took reactor I 60 days to recover from the CTMP toxicity and to achieve the level of reactor II performance.
An unexpected discovery was that the granules from both reactors were completely inhibited 2 weeks after the completion of the 254 day experiment. The granules were stored in a cold room (4°C) for two weeks, during this period, the granules lost the ability to degrade acetic acid. These sick (inhibited) granules re-gained acetoclastic activity when sucrose feed was provided as a carbon source.
The results of batch tests showed a dramatic reduction in granule biogas production after exposure both to starvation and to toxicants at levels higher than a certain threshold concentration. The biogas production ratio between the starved and the fed granules was decreased from 89.9% to 43.0% when they were exposed to 50% and 300% CTMP wastewater, respectively. The toxicity of 100% CTMP was equivalent to 7 ppm of pentachlorophenol and 25 ppm of mercuric chloride.
Investigation on Wastewater Reuse on Passenger Aircraft
Authors: Sekoulov I. , Figueroa A. , Oles J. 
Published: May 2018

In order to reduce the take-off weight on passenger aircraft the possible incorporation of water recycling systems on deep space flights was investigated. The treatment system, composed of several non-phase change units, was studied in laboratory scale. Mainly membrane separation techniques (micro/ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis) and ozone oxidation were examined.
The pretreatment stage with screen, gap filter and micro/ultrafiltration unit is an integral part of the recycling system in order to protect the suceeding stages against clogging and biofouling. For the main treatment stage the combination of reverse osmosis and electrodialysis achieved the best quality water. Although the investigations conduced so far it was not possible to meet the treatment goal “drinking water quality”. Residual TOC identification should be carried on and the possible introduction of compounds through disinfectants in the wastewater system on ground before departure should be avoided.
The Application of a Full-Scale UASB Plant for the Treatment of Coffee Waste
Authors: Hajipakkos C. 
Published: May 2018

The suitability of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of a coffee waste has been demonstrated in a full-scale UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) plant.
The full-scale plant was designed after successful pilot-scale studies (19 m3 reactor) and was commissioned in September 1988.
The design was based on a maximum flow of 2000 m3/day, COD concentration of 4000 mg/l, BOD load 3000 kg/day, suspended solids 1500 mg/l and total sulphur 50 mg/l. The temperature of the wastewater was between 28-30 °C.
The required final effluent consent conditions for discharge into the local sewer were 700 kg BOD/day, 3000 mg/l COD, 600 mg/l suspended solids and 1 mg/l of hydrogen sulphide.
The treatment plant comprised a primary settlement tank, a pre-acidification tank, a UASB reactor and a submerged aerated filter. The first three units were installed so as to obtain the consent conditions in terms of COD, BOD and suspended solids. The submerged aerated filter was constructed in order to meet the hydrogen sulphide consent.
Close monitoring of the plant over a period of about 4 months demonstrated the potential of UASB reactors for the pre-treatment of this wastewater, as well as similar wastes from the food industry.
A properly designed ventilation system, and de-odourization with compost filters, eliminated all odours emanating from the plant, demonstrating that anaerobic reactors can be safely installed in densely inhabited areas without causing any environmental nuisance.
Correlation of Chemical and Sensory Data by Principal Component Factor Analysis
Authors: Meng A.-K. , Brenner L. , Suffet I. H. 
Published: May 2018

The cause(s) of many taste and odor problems in drinking water remain unknown. If sufficient information about the problem is not available to develop a hypothesis, one can begin to develop a hypothesis to test by using correlation methods from data base information concerning the problem. This paper presents a method to develop a correlation between chemicals and sensory characteristics of.a set of water samples by Principal Component Factor Analysis. The correlations developed hypotheses for the causes of tastes and odors that must be further tested. A correlation indicates that a pattern is occurring between two data bases.
In this case, the pattern is a change of a Chromatographie peak's detector response which parallels the sensory response of a flavor profile analysis panel for an organoleptic descriptor. The correlation must always be confirmed by sensory analysis. The results from an application of the method to data from the city of Philadelphia Water Department and Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. are shown. An evaluation of the results is described.
The correlation between a sensory response and a chemical concentration in water was described by expanding the Weber-Fechner Law. The Weber-Fechner Law states that the odor intensity of a sensory descriptor is proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the chemical associated with the odor. Two drinking water data sets from the Philadelphia Water Department and Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. were used to demonstrate the sensory-chemical correlation procedure. Correlations were observed. Clearly, a correlation indicates a possible relationship, a “presumptive result” that must be tested by sensory analysis to “confirm” if the relationship is true. A correlation indicates that a pattern is occurring between two data bases. In this case, the pattern is a change of a Chromatographie peak's detector response which parallels the sensory response of a flavor profile analysis panel for an organoleptic descriptor. The correlation must always be confirmed by sensory analysis as stated by the rules of scientific evidence.
Genetic Studies into Musty Odor Production by Actinomycetes
Authors: Ishibashi Y. 
Published: May 2018

Musty taste and odor is a serious problem for drinking water. Much data regarding its occurrence are being accumulated. However, we may be able to solve this problem by inquiring into the nature of secondary metabolism through the mevalonic acid pathway in actinomycetes and/or cyanobacteria that yield musty smelling compounds. Therefore, genetic analysis is applied to look for new solutions.
By investigating Streptomyces sp. with the protocol to recover plasmid DNA, it was difficult to get the infinitesimally small covalently closed circular (ccc) plasmid. On the other hand, Streptomyces strains which have been cured, which implicates plasmids, lost phenotypic characters such as musty odor production with aerial mycelium and pigment formation. DNA in Streptomyces are unstable and often cause amplification and deletion. The existence of giant linear plasmids was detected in musty smelling strains using pulsed – field gel electrophoresis.
Mobility of Residues at Petroleum Industry Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Sites
Authors: Loehr R. C. , Rogers L. A. , Erickson D. C. 
Published: May 2018

This study determined: (a) waste constituents remaining at long-term hazardous waste land treatment (HWLT) sites, and (b) the potential for subsequent degradation and migration of these constituents. Soils from six depths from random test pits at two oil refinery sites and a wood preserving site were evaluated for specific metals and organics. In surface soils, concentrations of organics and metals were greater than in background soils. At depths below 24-30” (60-76 cm) at the HWLT sites, PAH concentrations were below detection limits and the freon-extractable concentrations were at background. Chromium and nickel at depths below 24” (60 cm) appeared greater than background soil concentrations, but not copper, lead, and zinc concentrations.
Organics in TCLP extracts of site soils indicated no PAH compounds were extracted from either weathered or non-weathered soils. In most of the site soil samples, metals in the TCLP extracts were close to or below detection limits of 0.1 mg/L.
Aerobic and anaerobic microcosm studies indicated no statistically significant degradation of the PAH and freon extractables in the surface soil samples over eight months, suggesting very slow degradation of the accumulated organics following closure of an HWLT site.
Remediation of Petroleum Impacted Soils in Fungal Compost Bioreactors
Authors: McFarland M. J. , Qiu X. J. , Sims J. L. , Randolph M. E. , Sims R. C. 
Published: May 2018

The ability of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to enhance the biotransformation of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in contaminated soils was evaluated in compost bioreactors. Radiolabelled114C and chemical mass balances were used to evaluate: 1) rate of disappearance of test compound; 2) mineralization; 3) formation of bound contaminant residue; and 4) treatment costs.
Mineralization of B(a)P was found to be insignificant over the duration of test period. Moreover, no radioactivity was recovered in volatile organic traps indicating that transformation of B(a)P resulted in chemicals intermediates that remained associated with the compost matrix.
Bound contaminant residue formation was found to be the major mechanism of B(a)P removal accounting for nearly 100% of the contaminant loss from the solvent extract (methylene chloride/acetone). A maximum rate of bound contaminant removal of 1.36 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day was estimated in fungal inoculated system over the first thirty days of treatment. This was significantly different from the maximum rate of bound residue formation estimated in the noninoculated systems (0.83 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day) over the same time period. After thirty days, the rate of bound residue formation decreased to near zero in the inoculated system while remaining constant in the noninoculated reactors. The decrease in bound residue formation coincided with decline in benzo(a)pyrene removal. Data suggest that fungal activity may have been reduced over time by nutrient limitation.
Treatment of Lees Vinasses of Red Wine by Methanogenic Fermentation in Presence of Tannins and Sulphides
Authors: Ehlinger F. , Gueler I. , Ball F. X. , Prevot C. 
Published: May 2018

A two-stage anaerobic fermentation of red wine distillery wastes with high tannin concentrations (2-3 g/l) and high sulphate concentrations (3-8 g/l) was investigated. Tannins did not inhibit acid production and sulphate reduction in the acidogenic phase. Even with a concentration of 800 mg/l, 30% of the tannins were degraded in the acidogenic reactor.
A concentration of 500 mg/l tannins in the methane reactor progressively limited the methanogenic biological activity by 20%. A strong inhibition effect was detected towards sulphate-reducing bacteria in the methanogenic reactor.
The Concept of the Optimum Alignment of Discharge Pipelines Due to the Minimization of the Wave Forces
Authors: Akyarli A. , Arisoy Y. 
Published: May 2018

As the wave forces are the function of the wave height, period and the angle between the incoming wave direction and the axis of the discharge pipeline, the resultant wave force is directly related to the alignment of the pipeline.
In this paper, a method is explained to determine an optimum pipeline route for which the resultant wave force becomes minimum and hence, the cost of the constructive measures may decrease. Also, the application of this method is submitted through a case study.