bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of patient and public involvement on enrolment and retention in clinical trials: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Crocker Joanna C , Ricci-Cabello Ignacio , Parker Adwoa , Hirst Jennifer A , Chant Alan , Petit-Zeman Sophie , Evans David , Rees Sian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the impact of patient and public involvement (PPI) on rates of enrolment and retention in clinical trials and explore how this varies with the context and nature of PPI.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesTen electronic databases, including Medline, INVOLVE Evidence Library, and clinical trial registries.Eligibility criteriaExperimental and observational studies quantitatively evaluating the impact of a PPI intervention, compared with no intervention or non-PPI intervention(s), on participant enrolment and/or retention rates in a clinical trial or trials. PPI interventions could include additional non-PPI components inseparable from the PPI (for example, other stakeholder involvement).Data extraction and analysisTwo independent reviewers extracted data on enrolment and retention rates, as well as on the context and characteristics of PPI intervention, and assessed risk of bias. Random effects meta-analyses were used to determine the average effect of PPI interventions on enrolment and retention in clinical trials: main analysis including randomised studies only, secondary analysis adding non-randomised studies, and several exploratory subgroup and sensitivity analyses.Results26 studies were included in the review; 19 were eligible for enrolment meta-analysis and five for retention meta-analysis. Various PPI interventions were identified with different degrees of involvement, different numbers and types of people involved, and input at different stages of the trial process. On average, PPI interventions modestly but significantly increased the odds of participant enrolment in the main analysis (odds ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval and prediction interval 1.01 to 1.34). Non-PPI components of interventions may have contributed to this effect. In exploratory subgroup analyses, the involvement of people with lived experience of the condition under study was significantly associated with improved enrolment (odds ratio 3.14v1.07; P=0.02). The findings for retention were inconclusive owing to the paucity of eligible studies (odds ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 0.33 to 4.14), for main analysis).ConclusionsThese findings add weight to the case for PPI in clinical trials by indicating that it is likely to improve enrolment of participants, especially if it includes people with lived experience of the health condition under study. Further research is needed to assess which types of PPI work best in particular contexts, the cost effectiveness of PPI, the impact of PPI at earlier stages of trial design, and the impact of PPI interventions specifically targeting retention.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42016043808.
Fine needle aspirates comprehensively sample intrahepatic immunity
Authors: Gill Upkar S , Pallett Laura J , Thomas Niclas , Burton Alice R , Patel Amit A , Yona Simon , Kennedy Patrick T F , Maini Mala K 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveIn order to refine new therapeutic strategies in the pipeline for HBV cure, evaluation of virological and immunological changes compartmentalised at the site of infection will be required. We therefore investigated if liver fine needle aspirates (FNAs) could comprehensively sample the local immune landscape in parallel with viable hepatocytes.DesignMatched blood, liver biopsy and FNAs from 28 patients with HBV and 15 without viral infection were analysed using 16-colour multiparameter flow cytometry.ResultsThe proportion of CD4 T, CD8 T, Mucosal Associated Invariant T cell (MAIT), Natural Killer (NK) and B cells identified by FNA correlated with that in liver biopsies from the same donors. Populations of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1)hiCD39hitissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (CD69+CD103+) and liver-resident NK cells (CXCR6+T-betloEomeshi), were identified by both FNA and liver biopsy, and not seen in the blood. Crucially, HBV-specific T cells could be identified by FNAs at similar frequencies to biopsies and enriched compared with blood. FNAs could simultaneously identify populations of myeloid cells and live hepatocytes expressing albumin, Scavenger Receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), whereas hepatocytes were poorly viable after the processing required for liver biopsies.ConclusionWe demonstrate for the first time that FNAs identify a range of intrahepatic immune cells including locally resident sentinel HBV-specific T cells and NK cells, together with PD-L1-expressing hepatocytes. In addition, we provide a scoring tool to estimate the extent to which an individual FNA has reliably sampled intrahepatic populations rather than contaminating blood. The broad profiling achieved by this less invasive, rapid technique makes it suitable for longitudinal monitoring of the liver to optimise new therapies for HBV.
Towards the multi-scale characterization of braided fluvial geobodies from outcrop, core, ground-penetrating radar and well log data
Authors: Yeste Luis Miguel , Henares Saturnina , McDougall Neil , García-García Fernando , Viseras César 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The integrated application of advanced visualization techniques – validated against outcrop, core and gamma ray log data – was found to be crucial in characterizing the spatial distribution of fluvial facies and their inherent permeability baffles to a centimetre-scale vertical resolution. An outcrop/behind outcrop workflow was used, combining the sedimentological analysis of a perennial deep braided outcrop with ground-penetrating radar profiles, behind outcrop optical and acoustic borehole imaging, and the analyses of dip tadpoles, core and gamma ray logs. Data from both the surface and subsurface allowed the recognition of two main architectural elements – channels and compound bars – and within the latter to distinguish between the bar head and tail and the cross-bar channel. On the basis of a well-constrained sedimentological framework, a detailed characterization of the gamma ray log pattern in the compound bar allowed several differences between the architectural elements to be identified, despite a general cylindrical trend. A high-resolution tadpole analysis showed that a random pattern prevailed in the channel, whereas in the bar head and tail the tadpoles displayed characteristic patterns that allowed differentiation. The ground-penetrating radar profiles aided the 3D reconstruction of each architectural element. Thus the application of this outcrop/behind outcrop workflow provided a solid database for the characterization of reservoir rock properties from outcrop analogues.
Inverse elastic shell design with contact and friction
Authors: Ly Mickaël , Casati Romain , Bertails-Descoubes Florence , Skouras Mélina , Boissieux Laurence 
Published: November 2018

We propose an inverse strategy for modeling thin elastic shells physically, just from the observation of their geometry. Our algorithm takes as input an arbitrary target mesh, and interprets this configuration automatically as a stable equilibrium of a shell simulator under gravity and frictional contact constraints with a given external object. Unknowns are the natural shape of the shell (i.e., its shape without external forces) and the frictional contact forces at play, while the material properties (mass density, stiffness, friction coefficients) can be freely chosen by the user. Such an inverse problem formulates as an ill-posed nonlinear system subject to conical constraints. To select and compute a plausible solution, our inverse solver proceeds in two steps. In a first step, contacts are reduced to frictionless bilateral constraints and a natural shape is retrieved using the adjoint method. The second step uses this result as an initial guess and adjusts each bilateral force so that it projects onto the admissible Coulomb friction cone, while preserving global equilibrium. To better guide minimization towards the target, these two steps are applied iteratively using a degressive regularization of the shell energy.
We validate our approach on simulated examples with reference material parameters, and show that our method still converges well for material parameters lying within a reasonable range around the reference, and even in the case of arbitrary meshes that are not issued from a simulation. We finally demonstrate practical inversion results on complex shell geometries freely modeled by an artist or automatically captured from real objects, such as posed garments or soft accessories.
An adaptive parameterization for efficient material acquisition and rendering
Authors: Dupuy Jonathan , Jakob Wenzel 
Published: November 2018

One of the key ingredients of any physically based rendering system is a detailed specification characterizing the interaction of light and matter of all materials present in a scene, typically via the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). Despite their utility, access to real-world BRDF datasets remains limited: this is because measurements involve scanning a four-dimensional domain at sufficient resolution, a tedious and often infeasibly time-consuming process.
We propose a new parameterization that automatically adapts to the behavior of a material, warping the underlying 4D domain so that most of the volume maps to regions where the BRDF takes on non-negligible values, while irrelevant regions are strongly compressed. This adaptation only requires a brief 1D or 2D measurement of the material's retro-reflective properties. Our parameterization is unified in the sense that it combines several steps that previously required intermediate data conversions: the same mapping can simultaneously be used for BRDF acquisition, storage, and it supports efficient Monte Carlo sample generation.
We observe that the above desiderata are satisfied by a core operation present in modern rendering systems, which maps uniform variates to direction samples that are proportional to an analytic BRDF. Based on this insight, we define our adaptive parameterization as an invertible, retro-reflectively driven mapping between the parametric and directional domains. We are able to create noise-free renderings of existing BRDF datasets after conversion into our representation with the added benefit that the warped data is significantly more compact, requiring 16KiB and 544KiB per spectral channel for isotropic and anisotropic specimens, respectively.
Finally, we show how to modify an existing gonio-photometer to provide the needed retro-reflection measurements. Acquisition then proceeds within a 4D space that is warped by our parameterization. We demonstrate the efficacy of this scheme by acquiring the first set of spectral BRDFs of surfaces exhibiting arbitrary roughness, including anisotropy.
Decoupling simulation accuracy from mesh quality
Authors: Schneider Teseo , Hu Yixin , Dumas Jérémie , Gao Xifeng , Panozzo Daniele , Zorin Denis 
Published: November 2018

For a given PDE problem, three main factors affect the accuracy of FEM solutions: basis order, mesh resolution, and mesh element quality. The first two factors are easy to control, while controlling element shape quality is a challenge, with fundamental limitations on what can be achieved.

We propose to use
p
-refinement (increasing element degree) to decouple the approximation error of the finite element method from the domain mesh quality for elliptic PDEs.

Our technique produces an accurate solution even on meshes with badly shaped elements, with a slightly higher running time due to the higher cost of high-order elements. We demonstrate that it is able to automatically adapt the basis to badly shaped elements, ensuring an error consistent with high-quality meshing, without any per-mesh parameter tuning. Our construction reduces to traditional fixed-degree FEM methods on high-quality meshes with identical performance.
Our construction decreases the burden on meshing algorithms, reducing the need for often expensive mesh optimization and automatically compensates for badly shaped elements, which are present due to boundary constraints or limitations of current meshing methods. By tackling mesh generation and finite element simulation jointly, we obtain a pipeline that is both more efficient and more robust than combinations of existing state of the art meshing and FEM algorithms.
Recent Breakdown of the Seasonal Linkage between the Winter North Atlantic Oscillation/Northern Annular Mode and Summer Northern Annular Mode
Authors: Yamazaki Koji , Ogi Masayo , Tachibana Yoshihiro , Nakamura Tetsu , Oshima Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe summer northern annular mode (NAM) and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)/winter NAM have a positive correlation from the mid-1960s to the 1980s. Namely, when the winter NAO/NAM is in a positive phase, the following summer NAM tended to be in a positive phase. During the period from the mid-1960s to the 1980s, the NAO/NAM signals extended to the stratosphere in winter. Also, the lower-tropospheric warm anomaly over northern Eurasia in winter associated with the positive phase of NAO/NAM continued into spring. In summer, the annular anomalies in the temperature and 500-hPa height fields appeared, and the high-latitude westerly wind was enhanced following the winter positive NAO/NAM. However, after circa 1990, the seasonal linkage was broken (i.e., the winter-to-summer correlation became insignificant). The stratospheric signal in the winter NAO/NAM became weak and summer signals associated with the winter NAO/NAM almost disappeared. Seasonal evolutions of atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the winter NAO are examined for an early good-linkage period and a recent poor-linkage period. We discuss the possible causes of the linkage breakdown such as stratospheric ozone, North Atlantic SST, and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, besides chaotic internal variability in the climate system. Simulations with the Community Earth System Model suggest that the ocean and/or sea ice with interseasonal memories possibly cause the linkage, besides large internal variability through which the linkage can take place by chance.
Evaluation of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) at a Dense Urban Site in Shanghai: Sensitivity to Anthropogenic Heat and Irrigation
Authors: Ao Xiangyu , Grimmond C. S. B. , Ward H. C. , Gabey A. M. , Tan Jianguo , Yang Xiu-Qun , Liu Dongwei , Zhi Xing , Liu Hongya , Zhang Ning 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is used to investigate the impact of anthropogenic heat flux QF and irrigation on surface energy balance partitioning in a central business district of Shanghai. Diurnal profiles of QF are carefully derived based on city-specific hourly electricity consumption data, hourly traffic data, and dynamic population density. The QF is estimated to be largest in summer (mean daily peak 236 W m−2). When QF is omitted, the SUEWS sensible heat flux QH reproduces the observed diurnal pattern generally well, but the magnitude is underestimated compared to observations for all seasons. When QF is included, the QH estimates are improved in spring, summer, and autumn but are poorer in winter, indicating winter QF is overestimated. Inclusion of QF has little influence on the simulated latent heat flux QE but improves the storage heat flux estimates except in winter. Irrigation, both amount and frequency, has a large impact on QE. When irrigation is not considered, the simulated QE is underestimated for all seasons. The mean summer daytime QE is largely overestimated compared to observations under continuous irrigation conditions. Model results are improved when irrigation occurs with a 3-day frequency, especially in summer. Results are consistent with observed monthly outdoor water use. This study highlights the importance of appropriately including QF and irrigation in urban land surface models—terms not generally considered in many previous studies.
Robust precision motion control of piezoelectric actuators using fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode with time delay estimation
Authors: Yu Shengdong , Ma Jinyu , Wu Hongtao , Kang Shengzheng 
Published: November 2018

Background: Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in many micro/nano-manipulation applications, but their positioning accuracy are badly affected by their inherent nonlinear hysteresis and creep. To solve this problem, this paper presents a new robust motion-control method for piezoelectric actuators with fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode based on time delay estimation. Method: The proposed controller needs no detailed information about the hysteresis and other nonlinearities of the system, leading to a simple and model-free characteristic due to the time delay estimation and ensures fast convergence and high tracking accuracy thanks to the nonsingular terminal sliding-mode surface and fast terminal sliding mode -type reaching law. A robust exact differentiator is adopted to estimate the velocity and accelerationinformation online, and it overcomes the limitation of only available position measurements. The finite-time convergence and stability of the closed-loop system are proved by using a Lyapunov function. Results: Experimental results show that the proposed control strategy has faster convergence and higher tracking precision compared with a traditional time delay control. Conclusion: The proposed control strategy can be widely used as an effective control method for high-precision motion control of piezoelectric actuators.
Myths about Convenience Food Costs
Authors: Crist Bainbridge 
Published: November 2018

Do modern convenience foods cost a lot more than less highly-processed ones? Are housewives really being extravagant in using them to save time and effort? Are they the real culprits in slashing the farmer's share of the food dollar in recent years? These are some of the questions that have been debated in Congress, the press, and within the food industry as pre-cooked meals, cake mixes, frozen fruits and vegetables, and a host of other convenience items have grown in popularity. In the past few years an increasing volume of material has been coming from the U. S. Department of Agriculture that throws more light on these controversial questions.
Logical Flow Models for Marketing Analysis
Authors: Massy William F. , Savvas Jim D. 
Published: November 2018

Can analytical models of marketing phenomena be constructed, tested, and understood by persons who are not sophisticated in mathematics? “Yes,” say the authors—LOGICAL FLOW MODELS meet the specifications. They are appropriate for the analysis of large classes of marketing behavior. They can yield specific predictions, or be made the basis for computer simulation and sensitivity analysis in much the same manner as their mathematical counterparts. They can be important aids to decision making.
Local Media Analysis through Marketing Considerations
Authors: Sprague Jeremy D. 
Published: November 2018

Advertisers are constantly confronted with the problem of budget distribution. Although much progress has been made in the measurement of both marketing data and advertising weight, little has been accomplished in terms of correlating the two so as to arrive at a sound basis for budgeting decisions. This article offers a practical approach for the budget planner who wishes to allocate monies to markets on the basis of the markets’ estimated productivity.
Wanted: Sates Managers for Marketing Research
Authors: Davis Robert H. 
Published: November 2018

Despite significant improvements in methodology, many corporate executives are skeptical about the profit contribution being made by marketing research. Does management fail to appreciate the true value of research? Or have some research practitioners neglected a key part of their responsibilities? This article identifies a gap between marketing research practice and its profitable application to day-today business problems. The author goes on to suggest an approach for narrowing the gap.
A Managerial Approach to Advertising Measurement
Authors: Campbell Roy H. 
Published: November 2018

This article is based on the findings of a continuing study of advertising measurement that the author is conducting under the auspices of the Planning and Evaluation Committee of the Association of National Advertisers. Since the time that the study started in 1963, data on advertising measurements have been secured from 1,225 individuals in 414 firms in the United States and Canada, and case-history data have been gathered from 50 of these companies. The completed study, to be published in book form, will give case histories of the attempts of national advertisers to measure advertising results — with annual advertising expenditures ranging from under $500,000 to over $50,000,000. One or more case histories from each of the following categories will be included: (1) industrial goods and services, (2) consumer durable goods, (3) consumer nondurable goods, (4) consumer services.
On the Validity of Projective Questions
Authors: Steele Howard L. 
Published: November 2018

Consumer responses to direct, indirect, and projective questions about milk as a fattening food were scaled and included with other variables in regression tests using family milk consumption as the dependent variable. Family size, homemaker education, and family income explained more change in milk consumption than did attitude variables. However, significant differences appeared between attitude responses to the projective question and those from the direct question about milk as a fattening food. These differences show that projective techniques should be used where inhibitions may be raised in interviewing; in this study, problems relative to verbalizing concern about personal obesity and food prejudice probably resulted in stereotype answers to the more direct questions posed by interviewers.
Survey Data as Evidence in Trademark Infringement Cases
Authors: Thompson Donald L. 
Published: November 2018

➤There are still many basic, unresolved issues with respect to the status of survey data as legal evidence. In cases involving unfair trade, particularly alleged trademark infringement, public opinion surveys exist as an attractive, logical basis for making a decision. Increasingly, litigants have attempted to introduce such data, often with quite unpredicted and unexpected results. Evaluation is made of major survey research problem areas in terms of their legal significance. The article is designed to acquaint the survey research specialist with some of the practical and conceptual problems encountered in preparing survey data for court.