bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Planted Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) to Mechanical Release, Competition, and Drought in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Clinton Barton D. , Elliott Katherine J. , Swank Wayne T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Conversion of low-quality, natural mixed pine/hardwood ecosystems, containing a mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) dominated understory, to more productive eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)/mixed-hardwood systems is a common prescription on relatively xeric southern Appalachian forest sites. We examined the effects of mechanical release, interspecific competition, and annual precipitation on growth of planted white pine in four 14-yr-old stands in the southern Appalachians. Two stands were mechanically released at age 6. No significant differences in biomass, basal area, or diameter were found between treatments for all species combined. Radial increment was significantly less during a drought year for both treatments. Height increment was less sensitive to severe moisture limitation than radial increment. Height and radial increment were compared to distance-dependent and distance-independent measures of competition for the nonreleased stands. Indices based on height and height/distance explained the greatest amount of variation in both radial and height increment. The influence of post-release severe drought may have delayed or diminished the response to release. The competitive influence of understory dominant mountain laurel at stand age 14 appears to be slight compared to the influence of other competing hardwood vegetation. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):19-23.
Distribution and Characterization of Forested Wetlands in the Carolinas and Virginia
Authors: Brown Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent forest inventories of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, included sampling for hydric vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology. Forest samples that met all 3 of these criteria were classified as forested wetland. This study characterizes wetland forests by extent, owner, age, forest type, physiography, volume, growth, and removals, and evaluates its contribution to the timber supply. Wetland stands comprise 8.1 million ac, or 17% of the forests in the 3 States. They are over 90% privately owned, they vary widely by type and physiography, and they contribute 21% of all removals. Classification of wetland area based simply on broad management class and physiography will result in inaccurate estimates. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):64-70.
Site Factors Affecting Growth of Slash Pine in the Texas Post Oak Belt
Authors: Hacker W. David , Bilan M. Victor 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas to determine which site factors affected height growth of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.). Height-age pairs were developed from stem analysis data. Nonlinear regression was implemented to develop a generalized height-age model. After curves were developed, stepwise regression was used to determine impacts of environmental variables on height growth. Environmental factors correlated with height growth included A horizon depth and those related to moisture relations including seasonal precipitation, average daily temperature, and texture of the A horizon. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):71-74.
Borehole Oleoresin Production from Slash Pine
Authors: Hodges Alan W. , Johnson Jon D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A process is described for production of oleoresin from borehole wounds to the xylem in slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii). Advantages of this process over conventional oleoresin production methods include higher labor productivity, improved product quality, reduced tree damage and stress, and reduced insect pest problems. In experiments conducted in Florida and Georgia from 1991 to 1994, oleoresin yields averaged 657 g (1.45 lb) per borehole, or nearly 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) per tree with multiple boreholes. Tests of other species used commercially for oleoresin production, including longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), produced substantially lower yields. Borehole oleoresin yields were very sensitive to tree stem size, reflecting the capacity of preformed oleoresin stored in the resin duct system. Yields were significantly affected by treatment manipulations of borehole diameter, depth, number, spacing, orientation, chemical stimulants, and collection container type. Oleoresin flow was highest during the midsummer period and continued over a period of several months. Oleoresin flow potential was related to the percentage of tree stem basal area tapped. For optimal treatments affecting 35 to 40% of tree basal area, predicted yields ranged from 1.52 to 3.10 kg (3.35 to 6.83 lb) for trees 23 to 37 cm (9 to 14.5 in.) dbh, respectively. Tree growth rates were not measurably altered by borehole treatment. Comparisons with conventional bark-chipping oleoresin production systems in slash pine showed that the borehole system achieves a labor productivity two times greater than the best alternative, but sacrifices overall yields per tree. The borehole method offers new opportunities for utilization of the slash pine resource and an additional economic enterprise for forest lands. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):108-115.
Landowner Attitudes Toward South Carolina's Forest Stewardship Program
Authors: Melfi Frances M. , Straka Thomas J. , Marsinko Allan P. , Baumann Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study reports on a survey of 78 South Carolina nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners who participated in the Forest Stewardship Program and an additional analysis of all South Carolina participants (n = 1,018) in 1994-1995. Timber production was the most common primary management objective; wildlife management ranked second. Participants were satisfied with the multiple-use emphasis of the program. Once a landowner evaluated the written management plan, timber production tended to increase in importance. The type of natural resource professional that developed the management plan appeared to affect the stated objectives of the NIPF landowner. Consultants and industry foresters tended to work with landowners who had larger acreages, timber management objectives, and previous forest management plans. Ninety-three percent of landowners said their management plan was useful. Another 87% support the concept of multiple-use. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):158-163.
Conjoint Analysis: A Preference-Based Approach for the Accounting of Multiple Benefits in Southern Forest Management
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian , Holmes Thomas P. , Mercer D. Evan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Conjoint analysis, which enables a manager to measure the relative importance of a forest's multidimensional attributes, is critically reviewed and assessed. Special attention is given to the feasibility of using conjoint analysis for measuring the utility of market and nonmarket outputs from southern forests. Also, an application to a case of designing a nature and recreational park within a pine forest of North Carolina is presented. The authors conclude that there are promising applications for conjoint analysis; however, traditional validity testing, especially of southern nonindustrial private forest owners, is needed. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):180-186.
Growth Response and Cost Comparisons for Precommercial Thinning Methods of Appalachian Oak Stump Sprout Clumps
Authors: Groninger John W. , Stein Henry D. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Smith David Wm. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twelve-year-old stems of stump sprout origin were subjected to precommercial crop tree release treatments in an intermediate quality mixed Appalachian oak forest. Three chemicals (2,4-D, triclopyr, and kerosene) and two application methods (Hypo-hatchet® injection and stem spray) were compared with one another and with chainsaw felling in terms of crop and competitor growth response to thinning, productivity, and cost efficiency. After 5 yr, 2,4-D stem spray, triclopyr stem spray, and chainsaw treatments produced incremental diameter growth 28, 25, and 22% greater than unthinned controls, respectively. Triclopyr stem spray and chainsaw treatments were also most effective in controlling competitors. Stem spray and injection required 40 and 58% less time, respectively, and cost less than chainsaw felling. These results suggest that stem spray application of herbicides can be a cost effective alternative to chainsaw thinning for precommercial crop stem release of oak stump sprouts. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):19-23.
A Fund-Based Timberland Investment Performance Measure and Implications for Asset Allocation
Authors: Caulfield Jon P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Timberland investment management companies and institutional investors use indexes to calculate the performance of timberland investments. Most indexes are based on hypothetical timberland properties. The Timberland Performance Index (TPI), a fund-based performance measure, provides composite returns for actual, institutionally owned timberlands. The TPI has several desirable attributes: it uses publicly available data from real properties, is weighted by asset value, has a sufficiently long historical record that meaningful comparisons can be made with other assets, and can be updated quarterly. The TPI is employed to demonstrate how adding timberland to a portfolio influences risk-return relationships for institutional portfolios. For the 1981-1996 period it is found that adding timberland tends to enhance returns for given levels of risk. This is consistent with previous research, which employed hypothetical timberland indexes for this purpose. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):143-147.
Individual-Tree Basal Area Growth, Survival, and Total Height Models for Upland Hardwoods in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Graney David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Models were developed for individual-tree basal area growth, survival, and total heights for different species of upland hardwoods in the Boston Mountains of north Arkansas. Data used were from 87 permanent plots located in an array of different sites and stand ages; the plots were thinned to different stocking levels and included unthinned controls. To test these three tree models, stand development for 5 and 10 yr were simulated in terms of stand basal area/ac, numbers of trees/ac, and quadratic mean diameter. Percent mean differences for the three variables indicated no serious biases. A long-term projection of 100 yr to test model reasonableness showed development that would be consistent with these stands. These equations provide forest managers the first upland hardwood individual-tree growth models specifically for this region. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):184-192.
Effect of Peat, Shade, and Seedling Size on Growth of Atlantic White Cedar Transplants
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Snelling Layne K. , Pierce Gary L. , Wicker A. Mike 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One-year-old seedlings of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides [L.] B. S. P.) were grown for 1 yr in a transplant bed to determine the effects of factorial combinations of seedling size, shade, and peat amendments on nursery growth and subsequent first-year field performance. Growth in the nursery was improved by shade and peat. Resulting transplants, 0.4 to 0.7 m tall, were established in the field, using three site preparation treatments: none, roll and chop, and mounding. Survival and first-year height were similar for the three site preparation treatments. Small but significant residual effects of peat amendments and shade were still evident after one growing season in the field. Damage from deer and rabbits reduced total height by about 30% the first year. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):5-10.
Predicting Seed Yields from Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards: A Simulation Approach Using TImpSim
Authors: Byram T. D. , Richardson J. W. , Lowe W. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Simulation was used to predict seed yields for loblolly pine seed orchards in the Western Gulf Region of the United States. This approach allows a seed orchard manager to incorporate site-specific information as well as estimates about the effects of alternative management plans on predicted seed yields. Furthermore, the risks associated with different alternatives can be evaluated by calculating confidence limits for predicted yields. The utility of the simulation approach was demonstrated by comparing alternatives that assumed reduced yield variability, shortened orchard rotations, and reduced age to first seed production. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):117-123.
Ice Storm Damage to a Sweetgum Plantation Fertilized with Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Authors: Guo Yanfei 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ice storm damage to a 19-yr-old sweetgum plantation (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) fertilized with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) at age 4 was evaluated. Stem breakage was 39%, compared to 6% leaning, and 55% no damage. Fertilization did not influence the breakage, but dbh, crown diameter at age 15, and predicted dbh at the ice storm related to breakage. Overall, the mean dbh and crown diameter were greater for trees with breakage than those without breakage. The dbh of the leaning trees was smaller than that of the undamaged trees. Although trees with greater dbh had a greater probability for breakage, mean plot dbh may be more important than the individual trees' dbh. A tree with greater dbh compared with the adjacent trees has a greater probability of breakage. The results also show that although severely damaged, this plantation appears to have sufficient undamaged trees for recovery to levels described by others for thinned stands. South. J. Appl. For.(23)4:224-229.
Loblolly Pine Outperforms Slash Pine in Southeastern Georgia and Northern Florida
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Rheney John W. , Hitch Kenneth L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A total of 141 paired plot installations remain of the 160 that were planted with slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly (P. taedaL.) pine across southeastern Georgia and northern Florida, after 14 growing seasons. Installations were evenly distributed across eight soil types. Analyses indicate that loblolly performed equal to or better than slash pine. There were no soil X species interactions. After 14 yr, loblolly pine had significantly higher survival (71% vs. 66%), stand basal area (98 vs. 81 ft2/ac), total stand volume (1857 vs. 1721 ft3/ac), merchantable stand volume (1497 vs. 1310 ft3/ac), total green weight (53 tons vs. 47 tons), and merchantable green weight (45 vs. 35 tons/ac) than slash pine. Growth over the period from age 11 to age 14 was also higher for loblolly than for slash indicating that the difference in the two species is diverging over time. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1): 31-36.
An Economic Evaluation of Fusiform Rust Protection Research
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Pye John M. , Holmes Thomas P. , Wagner John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fusiform rust is a widespread and damaging disease of loblolly pine (P. taeda) and slash pine (P. elliottii) in the South. Research has identified families of these pines with improved genetic resistance to the disease, allowing production and planting of resistant seedlings in areas at risk. This study compared the cost of fusiform rust research to the simulated benefits of rust resistant seedlings in plantations that have been or are projected to be established Southwide between 1970 and 2020. Results showed that compounded fusiform rust research costs of $49 million in 1992 will return discounted benefits to plantation owners of between $l08 and $999 million in 1992, at a 4% real discount rate. The most probable targeting of rust resistant seedlings would provide estimated discounted benefits of fusiform rust protection of about $200 to $300 million in 1992, or annual discounted benefits of $40 to $60 million. This would generate benefit-cost ratios of about 4:1 to 6:1 for fusiform rust research. Currently anticipated improvements in resistance will not eliminate all physical and financial damages from the disease; simulation results indicate substantial financial benefits yet remain for additional research and development. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):77-85.
Twenty Years of Prescribed Burning Influence the Development of Direct-Seeded Longleaf Pine on a Wet Pine Site in Louisiana
Authors: Haywood James D. , Grelen Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prescribed burning treatments were applied over a 20 yr period in a completely randomized field study to determine the effects of various fire regimes on vegetation in a direct seeded stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Seeding was done in November 1968. The study area was broadcast-burned about 16 months after seeding. The initial research treatments were applied in 1973, and as many as 12 research burns were applied through 1993. Pines were measured in March 1995. Prescribed burning resulted in a greater stocking of longleaf pine (an average of 598 trees/ac) on treated plots than on unburned plots (30 trees/ac). However, on the burned treatments, longleaf pines were significantly smaller (2.5 ft3/tree of stemwood) than were the unburned trees (3.7ft3/tree of stemwood). Half of the treated plots were burned in early March, and the other half were burned in early May. Seasons of burning did not significantly influence longleaf pine stocking. However, use of fire in May resulted in significantly greater basal area (100 ft2/ac) and stemwood production (1,921 ft3/ac) than burning in March (59 ft2/ac and 909 ft3/ac). Fire effectively kept natural loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) seedlings from reaching sapling size, but loblolly saplings and poles dominated the unburned plots (710 trees/ac). When all pines were considered on all treatments, stocking ranged from 467 to 740 trees/ac, but stocking was not significantly different among treatments. The unburned plots had significantly greater total basal area (149 ft2/ac) and stemwood productivity (2,918 ft3/ac) than the burned treatments (82 ft2/ac and 1,459 ft3 /ac). Likewise, hardwoods that were at least 1 in. dbh were more common on unburned p lots (327 stems/ac) than on burned treatments (58 stems/ac). South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):86-92.
Visual Grading and Quality of 1-0 Northern Red Oak Seedlings
Authors: Clark S.L. , Schalarbaum S.E. , Kormanik P.P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Past research has used detailed measurements of various growth characteristics to determine seedling grades and quality of northern red oak nursery stock. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a visual grading process, similar to those found in commercial nursery operations, to distinguish high quality seedlings. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings were grown for 1 yr at two state nurseries and visually separated into three grades (cull, good, or premium) according to root and shoot characteristics. Approximately 64% of the seedlings grown at each nursery were judged to be of unacceptable size for successful field regeneration. Number of first-order lateral roots (FOLR), height, and root collar diameter (RCD) were measured for seedlings in the good and premium grades. Premium grade seedlings were significantly larger than the good grade seedlings for both nurseries. Phenotypic correlations of growth traits were strongest between number of FOLR and RCD. The results demonstrate that high quality nursery stock can be visually selected into two distinguishable grades. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):93-97.
A Technique for Merging Areas in Timber Mart-South Data
Authors: Prestemon Jeffrey P. , Pye John M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For over 20 yr, Timber Mart-South (TMS) has been distributing prices of various wood products from southern forests. In the beginning of 1988, the reporting frequency changed from monthly to quarterly, a change readily addressed through a variety of established statistical techniques. A more significant statistical challenge is Timber Mart-South's change in 1992 from (typically) three reporting regions per state to two. We developed a conversion technique to address this change in reporting areas, permitting longitudinal analyses of the current two regions per state but extending back to the beginning of Timber Mart-South's reports in 1976. We report conversion factors for every state's regions, verify the statistical nature of all time series created using them, and report tests of seamlessness. We find that our technique enables the creation of new, seamless series for pine sawtimber stumpage and delivered sawlogs, and pine and hardwood pulpwood stumpage and delivered logs. In only 30 out of 126 cases were we able to identify remaining regime shifts in the time-series of quarterly prices that corresponded with the 1992 boundary reconfigurations. However, these statistically significant shifts may not be related to the boundary reconfigurations. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):219-229.
Fifth-Year Response to Thinning in a Water Oak Plantation in North Louisiana
Authors: Meadows James S. , Goelz J.C.G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 21 ac, 28-yr-old water oak (Quercus nigra L.) plantation, on an old-field loessial site in north Louisiana, was subjected to three thinning treatments during the winter of 1987–1988: (1) no thinning, (2) light thinning to 180 dominant and codominant trees/ac, and (3) heavy thinning to 90 dominant and codominant trees/ac. Prior to thinning, the plantation averaged 356 trees/ac and 86 ft2/ac of basal area, with a quadratic mean diameter of 6.7 in. Thinning reduced stand basal areas to 52 and 34 ft2/ac for the light and heavy thinning treatments, respectively. After 5 yr, both thinning treatments increased diameter growth rates of individual residual trees, both when all trees were considered and when the analysis was limited to dominant and codominant trees only. Neither thinning treatment affected either stand-level volume growth or total yield 5 yr after treatment. However, thinning distributed total volume growth among fewer trees, such that, when trees of all crown classes were considered in the analysis, average annual volume growth per tree increased with increasing intensity of thinning. Both basal area growth and volume growth following light thinning appear to be sufficient to promote rapid recovery of the stand to a fully stocked condition in the near future. In contrast, heavy thinning reduced density to a severely understocked condition that will prohibit optimum occupancy of the site for a long period. Among the treatments evaluated in this study, light thinning produced the most desirable combination of individual-tree diameter growth and stand-level basal area growth. South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):31–39.
Natural Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Productivity Through 53 Years of Management under Four Reproduction Cutting Methods
Authors: Cain Michael D. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was initiated in 1943 to evaluate the long-term productivity of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pines (P. echinata Mill.) when managed under four reproduction cutting methods—clearcut, heavy seedtree, diameter-limit, and selection—on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas. Early volume production reflected retention of residual pines, and the clearcut was the least productive method through the first 36 yr. After 53 yr, there were no statistically significant (P = 0.07) differences among cutting methods in sawlog volume production, which averaged 3,800 ft3/ac. In terms of sawlog volume (bd ft/ac, Doyle scale), total production on clearcut, seedtree, and selection plots exceeded (P < 0.01) that on diameter-limit plots by 37%, but there were no differences in sawlog volume production among the other cutting methods. Results suggest that forest landowners should consider the advantages and disadvantages of each cutting method when planning their long-term objectives. South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):7–16.