bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Abrupt Climate Change in the Mid-1970s from a Phase-Space Transform Perspective
Authors: Dai Tanlong , Dong Wenjie , Guo Yan , Hong Tao , Ji Dong , Yang Shili , Tian Di , Wen Xiaohang , Zhu Xian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAbrupt climate change may cause heat, drought, and flood disasters. In this study, we find that many climate factors [e.g., the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)] show a decadal-scale abrupt change in the 1970s. To analyze this phenomenon thoroughly, a new method of pedigree clustering combined with phase-space analysis (PCPSA) is used to establish two-dimensional phase-space coordinate systems of EASM–AO, EASM–PDO, and AO–PDO and the three-dimensional phase-space coordinate system of EASM–AO–PDO. By using the PCPSA method, it is found that all of the phase-space coordinate systems have a significant abrupt change in the mid-1970s, with a transition period, and the fit to the abrupt change of the phase-space coordinate system is better than 80%, which indicates excellent fit. By analyzing the correlation of EASM, AO, and PDO with sea level pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature (SST), it is found that SLP has an obvious weakening trend in the high latitudes and an increasing trend in the tropics while SST has an increasing trend in most of the Southern Hemisphere waters and a minor weakening trend in the North Pacific Ocean waters between 30° and 40°N. Therefore, the abrupt climate change of the 1970s may well be a global abrupt change of the climatic system.
Interaction between the Black Carbon Aerosol Warming Effect and East Asian Monsoon Using RegCM4
Authors: Zhuang B. L. , Li S. , Wang T. J. , Liu J. , Chen H. M. , Chen P. L. , Li M. M. , Xie M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBlack carbon aerosol (BC) has a significant influence on regional climate changes because of its warming effect. Such changes will feed back to BC loadings. Here, the interactions between the BC warming effect and the East Asian monsoon (EAM) in both winter (EAWM) and summer (EASM) are investigated using a regional climate model, RegCM4, that essentially captures the EAM features and the BC variations in China. The seasonal mean BC optical depth is 0.021 over East Asia during winter, which is 10.5% higher than that during summer. Nevertheless, the BC direct radiative forcing is 32% stronger during summer (+1.85 W m−2). The BC direct effect would induce lower air to warm by 0.11–0.12 K, which causes a meridional circulation anomaly associated with a cyclone at 20°–30°N and southerly anomalies at 850 hPa over East Asia. Consequently, the EAM circulation is weakened during winter but enhanced during summer. Precipitation is likely increased, especially in southern China during summer (by 3.73%). Relative to BC changes that result from EAM interannual variations, BC changes from its warming effect are as important but are weaker. BC surface concentrations are decreased by 1%–3% during both winter and summer, whereas the columnar BC is increased in south China during winter. During the strongest monsoon years, the BC loadings are higher at lower latitudes than those during the weakest years, resulting in more southerly meridional circulation anomalies and BC feedbacks during both winter and summer. However, the interactions between the BC warming effect and EAWM/EASM are more intense during the weakest monsoon years.
Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamical Coupling Fundamental to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Wills Robert C. J. , Armour Kyle C. , Battisti David S. , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The North Atlantic has shown large multidecadal temperature shifts during the twentieth century. There is ongoing debate about whether this variability arises primarily through the influence of atmospheric internal variability, through changes in ocean circulation, or as a response to anthropogenic forcing. This study isolates the mechanisms driving Atlantic sea surface temperature variability on multidecadal time scales by using low-frequency component analysis (LFCA) to separate the influences of high-frequency variability, multidecadal variability, and long-term global warming. This analysis objectively identifies the North Atlantic subpolar gyre as the dominant region of Atlantic multidecadal variability. In unforced control runs of coupled climate models, warm subpolar temperatures are associated with a strengthened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and anomalous local heat fluxes from the ocean into the atmosphere. Atmospheric variability plays a role in the intensification and subsequent weakening of ocean overturning and helps to communicate warming into the tropical Atlantic. These findings suggest that dynamical coupling between atmospheric and oceanic circulations is fundamental to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and motivate approaching decadal prediction with a focus on ocean circulation.
Generating Calibrated Ensembles of Physically Realistic, High-Resolution Precipitation Forecast Fields Based on GEFS Model Output
Authors: Scheuerer Michael , Hamill Thomas M. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Enhancements of multivariate postprocessing approaches are presented that generate statistically calibrated ensembles of high-resolution precipitation forecast fields with physically realistic spatial and temporal structures based on precipitation forecasts from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS). Calibrated marginal distributions are obtained with a heteroscedastic regression approach using censored, shifted gamma distributions. To generate spatiotemporal forecast fields, a new variant of the recently proposed minimum divergence Schaake shuffle technique, which selects a set of historic dates in such a way that the associated analysis fields have marginal distributions that resemble the calibrated forecast distributions, is proposed. This variant performs univariate postprocessing at the forecast grid scale and disaggregates these coarse-scale precipitation amounts to the analysis grid by deriving a multiplicative adjustment function and using it to modify the historic analysis fields such that they match the calibrated coarse-scale precipitation forecasts. In addition, an extension of the ensemble copula coupling (ECC) technique is proposed. A mapping function is constructed that maps each raw ensemble forecast field to a high-resolution forecast field such that the resulting downscaled ensemble has the prescribed marginal distributions. A case study over an area that covers the Russian River watershed in California is presented, which shows that the forecast fields generated by the two new techniques have a physically realistic spatial structure. Quantitative verification shows that they also represent the distribution of subgrid-scale precipitation amounts better than the forecast fields generated by the standard Schaake shuffle or the ECC-Q reordering approaches.
A Model for the Wind-Driven Current in the Wavy Oceanic Surface Layer: Apparent Friction Velocity Reduction and Roughness Length Enhancement
Authors: Teixeira Miguel A. C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA simple analytical model is developed for the current induced by the wind and modified by surface wind waves in the oceanic surface layer, based on a first-order turbulence closure and including the effect of a vortex force representing the Stokes drift of the waves. The shear stress is partitioned between a component due to shear in the current, which is reduced at low turbulent Langmuir number Lat, and a wave-induced component, which decays over a depth proportional to the dominant wavelength λw. The model reproduces the apparent reduction of the friction velocity and enhancement of the roughness length estimated from current profiles, detected in a number of studies. These effects are predicted to intensify as Lat decreases and are entirely attributed to nonbreaking surface waves. The current profile becomes flatter for low Lat owing to a smaller fraction of the total shear stress being supported by the current shear. Comparisons with the comprehensive dataset provided by the laboratory experiments of Cheung and Street show encouraging agreement, with the current speed normalized by the friction velocity decreasing as Lat decreases and λw increases if the model is adjusted to reflect the effects of a full wave spectrum on the intensity and depth of penetration of the wave-induced stress. A version of the model where the shear stress decreases to zero over a depth consistent with the measurements accurately predicts the surface current speed. These results contribute toward developing physically based momentum flux parameterizations for the wave-affected boundary layer in ocean circulation models.
Mediating role of caregiver burden among family caregivers of patients with Parkinson’s disease in Mexico
Authors: Trapp Stephen , MacKenzie Justin , Gonzalez-Arredondo Susana , Rodriguez-Agudelo Yaneth , Arango-Lasprilla Juan Carlos 
Published: October 2018

Objective This study examined the mediating role of caregiver distress on family factors and caregiver life satisfaction among an understudied population of Parkinson’s disease caregiver in Mexico. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to examine psychosocial factors pertinent to caregiver of individuals with Parkinson’s disease ( n = 95). Guided by a caregiver stress process model, relations among family factors (e.g., cohesion, flexibility, quality of functioning), gender, distress, and satisfaction with life among caregiver were examined. Mediation analyses were performed to test the role of caregiver distress on the associations between family factors, gender, and caregiver satisfaction with life. Results Mediation models demonstrated that caregiver distress fully mediated the relation between quality of family functioning and caregiver satisfaction with life and partially mediated the association between family flexibility and caregiver satisfaction with life. Caregiver gender did not emerge as a significant covariate, and null results were found in the model examining family cohesion as a predictor. Conclusion These results underscore the critical role of caregiver distress and family factors on features of caregiver well-being, notably satisfaction with life. This evidence also offers cross cultural evidence for the caregiver stress process model, which has primarily been observed in Western samples. Accordingly, the need to build and disseminate empirically supported family-based treatments that emphasize caregiver distress is warranted.
Peripheral Vestibular System Histopathologic Changes following Head Injury without Temporal Bone Fracture
Authors: Knoll Renata M. , Ishai Reuven , Trakimas Danielle R. , Chen Jenny X. , Nadol Joseph B. , Rauch Steven D. , Remenschneider Aaron K. , Jung David H. , Kozin Elliott D. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveVestibular symptoms such as dizziness and vertigo are common after head injury and may be due to trauma to the peripheral vestibular system. The pathophysiology of peripheral vestibular symptoms following head injury without temporal bone (TB) fracture, however, is not well understood. Herein, we investigate the histopathology of the peripheral vestibular system of patients who sustained head injury without a TB fracture.Study DesignOtopathology study.SettingOtopathology laboratory.Subjects and MethodsTB of subjects with a history of head injury without TB fractures were included and evaluated by light microscopy. Specimens were assessed for qualitative and quantitative characteristics, such as number of Scarpa's ganglion cells in the superior and inferior vestibular nerves, vestibular hair cell and/or dendrite degeneration in vestibular end organs, presence of vestibular hydrops, and obstruction of the endolymphatic duct.ResultsFive cases (n = 5 TBs) had evidence of vestibular pathology. There was a decrease of 48.6% (range, 40%‐59%) in the mean count of Scarpa's ganglion cells as compared with that of normative historical age‐matched controls. Moderate to severe degeneration of the vestibular membranous labyrinth was identified in the posterior, superior, and lateral canals in several cases (50%, n = 4 TBs). The maculae utriculi and sacculi showed mild to severe degeneration in 2 cases. Additional findings include vestibular hydrops (25%, n = 2 TBs) and blockage of the endolymphatic duct (n = 1 TB).ConclusionsOtopathologic analysis of patients with a history of head injury without TB fracture demonstrated peripheral vestibular otopathology. Future studies are necessary to determine if otopathology findings are directly attributable to head injury.
The Canadian Plastic Surgery Workforce Analysis: Forecasting Future Need
Authors: Morzycki Alexander , Retrouvey Helene , Alhalabi Becher , Efanov Johnny Ionut , Al-Youha Sarah , Ahmad Jamil , Tang David T. 
Published: October 2018

Background: Projecting the demand for plastic surgeons has become increasingly important in a climate of scarce public resource within a single payer health-care system. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive workforce update and describe the perceptions of the workforce among Canadian Plastic Surgery residents and surgeons. Methods: Two questionnaires were developed by a national task force under the Canadian Plastic Surgery Research Collaborative. The surveys were distributed to residents and practicing surgeons, respectively. Results: Two-hundred fifteen (49%) surgeons responded, with a mean age of 51.4 years (standard deviation [SD] = 11.5); 78% were male. Thirty-three percent had been in practice for 25 years or longer. More than half of respondents were practicing in a large urban center. Fifty-nine percent believed their group was going to hire in the next 2 to 3 years; however, only 36% believed their health authority/provincial government had the necessary resources. The mean desired age of retirement was 67 years (SD = 6.4). We predict the surgeons-to-population ratio to be 1.55:100 000 and the graduate-to-retiree ratio to be 2.16:1 within the next 5 to 10 years. Seventy-seven (49%) residents responded. Most were “very satisfied” with their training (61%) and operative experience (90%). Eighty-nine percent of respondents planned to pursue addqitional training after residency, with 70% stating that the current job market was contributing to their decision. Most residents responded that they were concerned with the current job market. Conclusions: The results of this study predict an adequate number of plastic surgeons will be trained within the next 10 years to suit the population’s requirements; however, there is concern that newly trained surgeons will not have access to the necessary resources to meet growing demands. Furthermore, there is an evident shortage of those practicing in rural areas. Many trainees worry about the availability of jobs, despite evidence of active recruitment. The workforce may benefit from structured career mentorship in residency and improved transparency in hiring practices, particularly to attract young surgeons to smaller communities. It may also benefit from a coordinated national approach to recruitment and succession planning.
Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and genotyping of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains
Authors: Raeispour Maryam , Ranjbar Reza 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe way of treating different types of infectious diseases is really important. Using genotyping method, we can determine the genetic relatedness between the organisms with different resistance profile from different sources. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance and genotyping of uropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC) strains using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).MethodEscherichia coli(E. coli) strains were recovered from the patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) whom admitted in several major hospitals in Tehran. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done according to CLSI guideline. The present of some virulence factor have been detected using PCR assay. Genotyping of the strains was performed by PFGE and all PFGE profiles were subjected to data processing.ResultIn total, 60E. colistrains were subjected to the study. Most ofE. coliisolates were resistant to cefepime (100%) and cephalothin (74%) and susceptible to imipenem (100%), vancomycin (100%) and doxycycline (100%). Among the UPEC isolates the prevalence of fimbriae type I (fimH), hemolysin (hlyA) and aerobactin (aer) genes were 89%, 60% and 90%, respectively. The PFGE differentiatedE. colistrains into 33 different genetic clusters. Majority (30%) of them including PFGE type 11 generated 15 bands, while PFGE type 2 was the lowest (2%) prevalent group with 9 bands.ConclusionThe result showed that the antibiotic resistance is escalating rapidly. UPEC strains causing infections are more likely to harbor certain virulence genes. Our finding also showedE. colistrains isolated under the study were belonged to the diverse clones.
Paradoxical GH Increase During OGTT Is Associated With First-Generation Somatostatin Analog Responsiveness in Acromegaly
Authors: Scaroni Carla , Albiger Nora , Daniele Andrea , Dassie Francesca , Romualdi Chiara , Vazza Giovanni , Regazzo Daniela , Ferraù Francesco , Barresi Valeria , Maffeis Valeria , Gardiman Marina Paola , Cannavò Salvatore , Maffei Pietro , Ceccato Filippo , Losa Marco , Occhi Gianluca 
Published: October 2018

AbstractContextThe oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is considered the most useful method for diagnosing active acromegaly and for patient follow-up after neurosurgery. Despite its widespread use, only a few small studies have so far focused on patients’ clinical features associated with different GH responsiveness to OGTT.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the association between glucose-induced GH response and endocrine profiles, clinical manifestations, and response to therapy in a large cohort of patients with acromegaly.PatientsAccording to GH response to OGTT, patients were grouped as paradoxical (GH-Par) or nonparadoxical (GH-NPar), and their clinical and pathological features were compared in terms of pituitary tumor size, invasiveness, biochemical profiles, and response to therapy.ResultsThe study concerned 496 patients with acromegaly. At diagnosis, those with GH-Par (n = 184) were older than those with GH-NPar (n = 312) (mean ± SD, 44.1 ± 13.7 years vs 40.5 ± 12.7 years; P &lt; 0.01) and had smaller tumors (0.82 vs 1.57 cm3; P &lt; 0.01) that less frequently invaded the cavernous sinus (15% vs 27%; P &lt; 0.01). The GH-Par group also had a higher basal GH per volume ratio (14.3 vs 10.5 μg/L ⋅ cm3; P &lt; 0.05) and a lower incidence of hyperprolactinemia (17% vs 30%; P &lt; 0.01) than the GH-NPar group. Importantly, the GH-Par group had a higher rate of remission in response to somatostatin analogues (52% vs 26%; P &lt; 0.01) and a more marked drop in IGF-1 and GH after 6 months of therapy.ConclusionsOur data strongly suggest that serum GH responsiveness to oral glucose challenge reflects some important biological features of pituitary tumors and that the OGTT may have some prognostic value.
Herpesvirus Infections of the Nervous System
Authors: Baldwin Kelly J. , Cummings Christopher L. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article reviews the spectrum of neurologic disease associated with human herpesvirus infections.

RECENT FINDINGS
As more patients are becoming therapeutically immunosuppressed, human herpesvirus infections are increasingly common. Historically, infections with human herpesviruses were described as temporal lobe encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2. More recently, however, additional pathogens, such as varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus 6 have been identified to cause serious neurologic infections. As literature emerges, clinical presentations of herpesvirus infections have taken on many new forms, becoming heterogeneous and involving nearly every location along the neuraxis. Advanced diagnostic methods are now available for each specific pathogen in the herpesvirus family. As data emerge on viral resistance to conventional therapies, newer antiviral medications must be considered.

SUMMARY
Infections from the herpesvirus family can have devastating neurologic outcomes without prompt and appropriate treatment. Clinical recognition of symptoms and appropriate advanced testing are necessary to correctly identify the infectious etiology. Knowledge of secondary neurologic complications of disease is equally important to prevent additional morbidity and mortality. This article discusses infections of the central and peripheral nervous systems caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus 6. The pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentations of disease, diagnostic investigations, imaging characteristics, and treatment for each infectious etiology are discussed in detail.
Regional Anesthesia and Readmission Rates After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Chi Debbie , Mariano Edward R. , Memtsoudis Stavros G. , Baker Laurence C. , Sun Eric C. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
Total knee arthroplasty is a commonly performed procedure and an important contributor to national health care spending. Reducing the incidence of readmission could have important consequences for patient well-being and relevant financial implications. Whether regional anesthesia techniques are associated with decreased readmission rates and costs among privately insured patients remains unknown.

METHODS:
Using administrative claims data, we identified 138,362 privately insured patients 18–64 years of age who underwent total knee arthroplasty between 2002 and 2013. We then examined whether the use of a nerve block was associated with decreases in readmission rates and related costs during the 90 days after discharge. Our analyses were adjusted for potential confounding variables including medical comorbidities and previous use of opioids and other medications.

RESULTS:
After adjusting for patient demographics, comorbidities, and preoperative medication use, the adjusted 90-day readmission rate was 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.4) among patients who did not receive a block compared to 1.7% (95% CI, 1.1–2.4) among patients who did (odds ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.91–1.09; P = .85). The adjusted readmission-related postoperative cost for patients who did not receive a block was $561 (95% CI, 502–619) and $574 (95% CI, 508–639) for patients who did (difference, $13; 95% CI, −75 to 102; P = .74). This lack of statistically significant differences held for subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSIONS:
Nerve blocks were not associated with improved measures of long-term postoperative resource use in this younger, privately insured study population.