bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tandem Pore Domain Potassium Channels
Authors: Bayliss Douglas A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The KCNK gene family encodes two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels, which generate the background (“leak”) K+ currents that establish a negative resting membrane potential in cells of the nervous system. A pseudotetrameric K+-selective pore is formed by pairing channel subunits, each with two pore-domains, in homo- or heterodimeric conformations. Unique features apparent from high-resolution K2P channel structures include a domain-swapped extracellular cap domain, a lateral hydrophobic-lined fenestration connecting the lipid bilayer to the channel vestibule, and an antiparallel proximal C-terminal region that links the paired subunits and provides a site for polymodal channel modulation. Individual channels transition between open and closed states, with the channel gate located at the selectivity filter. In general, K2P channels display relatively modest voltage- and time-dependent gating, together with distinct single-channel rectification properties, that conspire to yield characteristic weakly rectifying macroscopic currents over a broad range of membrane potentials (i.e., background K+ currents). Of particular note, K2P channel activity can be regulated by a wide range of physicochemical factors, neuromodulators, and clinically useful drugs; a distinct repertoire of activators and inhibitors for different K2P channel subtypes endows each with unique modulatory potential. Thus, by mediating background currents and serving as targets for multiple modulators, K2P channels are able to dynamically regulate key determinants of cell-intrinsic electroresponsive properties. The roles of specific K2P channels in various physiological processes and pathological conditions are now beginning to come into focus, and this may portend utility for these channels as potential therapeutic targets.
Representations of Fatness by Experts and the Media and How This Shapes Attitudes
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The past two decades have seen an explosion of research on “fat frames.” Scholars have found that medical researchers and the pharmaceutical industry have dominated such debates, whereas fat rights activists have struggled to get their message out. Media scholars have found that the news media primarily frame fatness as a medical problem and public health crisis that people bring on themselves through poor food choices and physical inactivity. In contrast, the news media rarely discuss fatness as a form of diversity or condemn weight-based discrimination. Research has further shown that the news media emphasize individual blame and responsibility for “overweight” and “obesity.” Finally, experimental research has shown that people who read news media reports on an “obesity epidemic” caused by poor individual choices express more anti-fat prejudice than people who do not read such reports. This chapter examines the methodology and major findings of these strands of research and identifies fertile avenues of future research.
The Auditory Brainstem Implant
Authors: Shannon Robert V. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a surgically implanted device to electrically stimulate auditory neurons in the cochlear nucleus complex of the brainstem in humans to restore hearing sensations. The ABI is similar in function to a cochlear implant, but overall outcomes are poorer. However, recent applications of the ABI to new patient populations and improvements in surgical technique have led to significant improvements in outcomes. While the ABI provides hearing benefits to patients, the outcomes challenge our understanding of how the brain processes neural patterns of auditory information. The neural pattern of activation produced by an ABI is highly unnatural, yet some patients achieve high levels of speech understanding. Based on a meta-analysis of ABI surgeries and outcomes, a theory is proposed of a specialized sub-system of the cochlear nucleus that is critical for speech understanding.
Expertise for the Future
Authors: Resnick Lauren B. , Russell Jennifer Lin , Schantz Faith 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how learning outcomes can be improved by focusing educational systems on developing expertise in reasoning. A small but growing body of international research suggests that a wide variety of students can develop expertise in argumentation, and by extension, expertise in reasoning. Studies show that argument-based classroom talk can lead to the acquisition and retention of general knowledge, beyond the topics taught through discussion. The chapter considers how teachers develop expertise in this form of teaching, often called “dialogic,” and outline some of the challenges to spreading dialogic teaching beyond elite classrooms. It looks at how systems build organizational expertise to support dialogic teaching and learning, which involves considering the social and institutional structures within which teachers work. Finally, in a discussion of future research in this field, the chapter calls for engaging all levels of the educational system in supporting practices that will grow powerful learning.
Studies of Expertise and Experience: A Sociological Perspective on Expertise
Authors: Collins Harry , Evans Robert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe research programme known as Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE), often referred to as the “Third Wave of Science Studies,” treats expertise as real and as the property of social groups. This chapter explains the foundations of SEE and sets out the theoretical and methodological innovations created using this approach. These include the development of a new classification of expertise, which identifies a new kind of expertise called “interactional expertise,” and the creation of a new research method known as the Imitation Game designed to explore the content and distribution of interactional expertise. It concludes by showing how SEE illuminates a number of contemporary issues such as the challenges of interdisciplinary working and the role of experts in a “post-truth” society.
Incorporating Christian Communities in North Africa
Authors: Stevens Susan T. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Christian communities in North Africa are attested in textual sources from the second into the tenth centuries. The material evidence for them, especially churches, is restricted to the fourth through the seventh centuries and is embedded in the Roman landscape. Case studies of the urban, small town, and rural churches at Ammaedara, Aradi, Henchir Sokrine, and Horrea Caelia demonstrate a North African tendency to incorporate martyria and baptisteries. Churches also embody and shape local communities of martyrs, saints, clergy, and laymen. Their archaeological histories emphasize the continuity and cohesion of Christian communities in the face of sectarian and political conflicts.
James and Hegel
Authors: Stern Robert , Williams Neil W. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Although William James formed his philosophical views in direct reaction to the Hegelianism then dominant in American and British institutions, modern critics have tended to reject James’s criticism of G. W. F. Hegel as superficial and outdated. This is in part due to James’s energetic rhetorical style, but also because James at his most polemical tends to present his pluralistic and pragmatist empiricism as diametrically opposed to Hegel’s monistic and intellectualistic idealism, so that it is not clear how the two theories could engage in any meaningful dialogue. This chapter presents a different interpretation of the engagement between James and Hegel. On this interpretation, James’s criticisms of Hegel emerge from what he perceives to be a common starting point: the attempt to find the world to be “a home.” As such, James’s criticisms of Hegel should be understood as offering a kind of internal critique. According to James, Hegel offers too narrow an account of what it is for beings like us to “feel at home” in the world. This is a unique and internal criticism of Hegel which deserves to be taken seriously.
Common Taxonomy of Traits and Symptoms: Linking Schizophrenia Symptoms, Schizotypy, and Normal Personality
Authors: Cicero David C , Jonas Katherine G , Li Kaiqiao , Perlman Greg , Kotov Roman 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The associations among normal personality and many mental disorders are well established, but it remains unclear whether and how symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypal traits align with the personality taxonomy. This study examined the joint factor structure of normal personality, schizotypy, and schizophrenia symptoms in people with psychotic disorders (n = 288) and never-psychotic adults (n = 257) in the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. First, we evaluated the structure of schizotypal (positive schizotypy, negative schizotypy, and mistrust) and normal traits. In both the psychotic-disorder and never-psychotic groups, the best-fitting model had 5 factors: neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and psychoticism. The schizotypy traits were placed on different dimensions: negative schizotypy went on (low) extraversion, whereas positive schizotypy and mistrust went on psychoticism. Next, we added symptoms to the model. Numerous alternatives were compared, and the 5-factor model remained best-fitting. Reality distortion (hallucinations and delusions) and disorganization symptoms were placed on psychoticism, and negative symptoms were placed on extraversion. Models that separated symptom dimensions from trait dimensions did not fit well, arguing that taxonomies of symptoms and traits are aligned. This is the first study to show that symptoms of psychosis, schizotypy, and normal personality reflect the same underlying dimensions. Specifically, (low) extraversion, negative schizotypy, and negative symptoms form one spectrum, whereas psychoticism, positive schizotypy, and positive and disorganized symptoms form another. This framework helps to understand the heterogeneity of psychosis and comorbidity patterns found in psychotic disorders. It also underscores the importance of traits to understanding these disorders.
Multidisciplinary Treatment for Provoked Vestibulodynia
Authors: Smith Kelly B. , Sadownik Leslie A. , Dargie Emma , Albert Arianne Y.K. , Brotto Lori A. 
Published: January 2019

Objectives:
Multidisciplinary treatment programs for provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) are recommended, yet few have been evaluated. This study examined women’s symptom trajectories over time, as well as baseline demographic, psychosocial and pain characteristics as predictors/ moderators of sexual pain and distress following treatment at a clinic using multidisciplinary concurrent methods. We also examined the impact of baseline variables on the probability of having low sexual distress scores following treatment.

Materials and Methods:
Women attending a multidisciplinary treatment program for PVD were invited to complete questionnaires before, following, and at 6 and 18 months after program completion. Questionnaires included the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Painful Intercourse Self-Efficacy Scale (PISES), and Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ). Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the FSDS and FSFI pain subscale as criterion variables, and the other baseline variables as predictors and moderators.

Results:
Significant improvements in sexual distress and pain were observed over time. No significant moderators were identified, but higher baseline levels of FSFI desire and arousal predicted greater improvements in sexual distress. Similarly, higher baseline levels of desire predicted greater improvements in pain. Among women distressed at baseline and with 6 month FSDS scores, 25% (n=35) were no longer sexually distressed at 6 months; higher baseline levels of desire were associated with greater probability of having low sexual distress at 6 months.

Discussion:
Although global improvements were observed, women with poorer baseline sexual functioning were less likely to improve after multidisciplinary treatment.
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 Val158Met Polymorphism is Associated With Widespread Pressure Pain Sensitivity and Depression in Women With Chronic, but not Episodic, Tension-Type Headache
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Ambite-Quesada Silvia , Palacios-Ceña María , Guillem-Mesado Amparo , Guerrero-Peral Ángel , Pareja Juan A. , Arendt-Nielsen Lars 
Published: January 2019

Objectives:
The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate the association between the rs4680
Val158Met polymorphism in frequent episodic tension-type headache (FETTH) and chronic tension-type headache (CTTH); and (2) to analyze the association between the rs4680
Val158Met polymorphism with clinical, psychological, or psychophysical variables.

Methods:
In total, 50 women with FETTH, 50 with CTTH, and 50 matched headache-free women participated. After amplifying Val158Met polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction, the genotype frequencies and allele distributions based on restriction fragment length polymorphism were assessed. Participants were classified according to the Val158Met polymorphism
rs4680 genotype (Val/Val, Val/Met, or Met/Met). A headache diary collected clinical features. Disability (Headache Disability Inventory), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and depression/anxiety levels (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were also assessed. Pressure pain thresholds were assessed bilaterally over the temporalis, upper trapezius, second metacarpal, and tibialis anterior by a blinded assessor.

Results:
The distribution of rs4680 Val158Met genotype was not significantly different between women with/without headache (P=0.796). No differences in headache features, disability, anxiety, or sleep quality were observed depending on the rs4680 Val158Met genotype. Women with CTTH, but not FETTH, carrying the Met/Met genotype had lower widespread pressure pain thresholds and higher depressive symptoms than those with Val/Val or Val/Met genotype (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
The Val158Met polymorphism (rs4680) does not appear to be involved in predisposition to tension-type headache; however, this genetic factor may be involved in the pathogenesis expression of CTTH, as greater pressure pain sensitivity and higher depressive levels were found in CTTH carrying the Met/Met genotype.
Surgical Gowning Technique: Are We Contaminated Before We Cut?
Authors: Panas Kenton , Wojcik Jonathan , Falcon Spencer , Hollabaugh Kimberly , Hickerson Lindsay E. 
Published: January 2019

Objectives:
To assess possible breaches of sterility during the initial gowning step.

Design:
Observational study. Twenty-seven gowning events were monitored for contamination during a simulated two-person gowning process in which a surgical technician assists a surgeon in the gowning process at the beginning of a surgical procedure. The lower portion of the technician's gown was coated with resin powder before the gowning process to simulate contamination.

Setting:
Single-institution Level 1 trauma center.

Participants:
Three physicians and 3 tenured surgical technicians.

Intervention:
Observed contaminated areas represented by ultraviolet resin powder under ultraviolet light on the gown of the surgeon after the two-person gowning step.

Main Outcome Measurement:
Number and surface area of contamination events.

Results:
There was a 66.67% rate of contamination of the surgeon's gown sleeves while being gowned by a surgical technician. The overall median contamination for the short surgeon was 1.3 cm2. For the medium height surgeon, the overall median contamination was 1.4 cm2. The tall surgeon had an overall median contamination of 2.9 cm2. Of the short, medium, and tall surgeons, the number of contamination events was 6, 5, and 7, respectively. The study suggested that the surgeon's height was a significant source of variation (P = 0.046).

Conclusion:
We present an observational pilot study that suggests that to reduce contamination in the operating room, the two-person method must be highly monitored. This study also proposes that the single-person gowning technique should be used to reduce contamination rate during the gowning process.
Anal Cancer Precursor Lesions in HIV-Infected Persons: Tissue Human Papillomavirus Type Distribution and Impact on Treatment Response
Authors: Kobayashi Takaaki , Sigel Keith , Kalir Tamara , MacLeod Iain J. , Liu Yuxin , Gaisa Michael 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND:
Data on tissue distribution of human papillomavirus types in anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions are limited and the impact on treatment outcomes poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE:
We aimed to investigate potential predictors of treatment failure after electrocautery ablation, including human papillomavirus type(s) isolated from index lesions.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at a tertiary academic referral center in New York City.

PATIENTS:
Seventy-nine HIV-infected patients with a diagnosis of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions between January 2009 and December 2012 were included, and genomic DNA was extracted from biopsy tissue.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The prevalence of human papillomavirus types in index lesions and surveillance biopsies after electrocautery ablation were analyzed to evaluate treatment response.

RESULTS:
Of 79 anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 71 (90%) tested positive for ≥1 human papillomavirus type; 8 (10%) had no human papillomavirus detected. The most common type was 16 (39%), followed by 33 (15%). Human papillomavirus type 18 was seen in 3%. Sixty-one patients (77%) underwent electrocautery ablation and had subsequent surveillance biopsies. Surveillance biopsies yielded benign findings or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 31 (51%) of 61 and recurrent high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 30 (49%) of 61 patients (mean follow-up: 35 mo). Ablation response did not differ significantly based on baseline demographics, smoking history, history of anogenital warts, mean CD4+ T-cell count, antiretroviral-therapy use, and HIV viral load (<50 copies/mL). The recurrence of high-grade lesions was not significantly associated with high-risk human papillomavirus types detected in index lesions.

LIMITATIONS:
Human papillomavirus genotyping in surveillance biopsies was not performed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected patients contain a wide range of human papillomavirus types, and individual lesions commonly harbor multiple types concomitantly. Recurrence of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions after electrocautery ablation occurs frequently and is not affected by high-risk human papillomavirus types. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A833.
Use of Eye Shields for Mohs Micrographic Surgery of the Eyelids and Periorbital Area
Authors: Shih Shawn , Khachemoune Amor 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND
Internal eye shields are designed for use in periorbital procedures, but their use in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) of the eyelids has rarely been reported in the literature.

OBJECTIVE
The authors aim to discuss different types of internal eye shields as well as their indication, proper use, and potential complications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The authors performed a literature search on PubMed with the keywords “internal eye shield,” “corneal shield,” “scleral shield,” and “periorbital Mohs micrographic surgery” with no restriction on publication time frame due to the scarcity of relevant literature.

RESULTS
Experts seem to agree that use of eye shield for MMS of the eyelids is a reasonable measure to undertake to prevent operative injuries. Although either plastic or stainless steel eye shield can be used, plastic eye shields are often preferred and recommended in procedures where electrosurgical devices need to be used.

CONCLUSION
Although the authors recommend the use of internal eye shields for MMS of the eyelids for preventing operative injuries, this recommendation (Grade C) is based on very limited evidence (Level 5). More research and higher-powered studies are needed for conclusive evidence and to establish clear guidelines for providers.
Simultaneous Lateral Tarsal Strip and Medial Spindle Procedures for Cicatricial Ectropion
Authors: Goddard Lindsey , Chesnut Cameron 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND
Lateral tarsal strip (LTS) and medial spindle (MS) procedures are surgical techniques used to address cicatricial ectropion.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical characteristics and efficacy of simultaneous LTS and MS procedures for repair of cicatricial ectropion occurring after dermatologic surgeries.

METHODS
A retrospective review of all cases of symptomatic, cicatricial, lateral, and medial punctal ectropion in 1 author's (C.C.) practice over 2 years was performed. Those resulting from dermatologic surgical procedures and repaired with simultaneous LTS and MS procedures were included.

RESULTS
Fifty-six tumors involving the lower eyelid were considered highly at risk and treated with Mohs micrographic surgery and reconstruction in the senior author's practice during the review period, resulting in 3 (5.3%) cases of cicatricial ectropion. Five additional cases resulted from Mohs surgery and 7 resulted from excisions of pigmented lesions, all performed by other surgeons. One postoperative complication (6.7%) of undercorrection required reoperation, with initial surgical success rate being 93.3% and overall surgical success being 100% after the single reoperation.

CONCLUSION
Simultaneous LTS and MS are useful procedures for dermatologic surgeons yielding high surgical success and a low complication rate for correction of medial and lateral cicatricial ectropion with punctal eversion.
When Preoperative Imaging and Audiometry Conflict: A Case of Cochlear Implantation in a Prelingually Deafened Adult
Authors: Raymond Mallory , Vivas Esther X. 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
To describe a unique case of excellent audiometric outcomes for a prelingually deafened adult after cochlear implantation and to caution on the limits of magnetic resonance imaging for a diagnosis of cochlear nerve aplasia.

Patient:
Adult man with congenital bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss.

Intervention (s):
Cochlear implantation.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Audiometric testing and subjective hearing improvement.

Results:
Improved subjective and objective hearing after cochlear implantation.

Conclusions:
Consideration of cochlear implantation is reasonable for adults with long-standing hearing loss when preoperative audiometric testing is discordant with magnetic resonance imaging findings of radiographic cochlear nerve aplasia.