bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-8 Evaluation of National 4-H Hippology and Livestock Skillathon Contests
Authors: Tomoson Savanna , Nold Rosemarie , Bertolini Katherine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Youth enrolled in 4-H can participate in livestock skillathon and hippology contests to increase knowledge and leadership skills. Our objectives were to determine how contest involvement impacts youths’ content knowledge, 21st century skills, and plans following high school. Participants were selected from 2017 National 4-H Livestock Skillathon (LS) and 2018 Western National 4-H Roundup Hippology Contests (HP). Respondents (HP n = 17, LS n = 33) completed a survey consisting of binary and Likert scale questions to assess impact on post-high school plans, 21st century skill development and content knowledge gain. Two focus groups (HP n = 2, LS n = 5) were also asked 12 questions, with responses recorded by video and scribe, then transcribed and coded using axial codes. The HP contestants gained knowledge (signed rank t test; P < .05) in nutrition (gain of 1.6 on Likert scale of 1-5), visual judging (.9), equipment (.8), reproduction (1.3), and anatomy (1.3). The LS contestants gained knowledge in nutrition (.9), performance evaluation (.9), meat evaluation (1.4), equipment (1.2), breeds (1.2), quality assurance (1.0), and hay and wool judging (1.8). No significant difference (Wilcoxson rank sum test; P > .05) in development of 21st century skills between HP and LS was observed. Similarly, there was no significant difference between contests in knowledge gained in the common areas, nutrition, equipment, and breeds. For both contests, frequency of 4 and 5 responses on the Likert scale was >80% for teamwork, >60% for public speaking and leadership, and >70% for work ethic, responsibility, and ability to understand complex information. Focus group participants valued these contests for developing career and academic preparatory skills. Participation in 4-H Livestock Skillathon and Hippology contests resulted in significant knowledge increases in content areas. No difference was observed between contests on impact of 21st century skill development or youths’ career plans following high school.
PSI-23 Injectable Trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) on milk yield performance after an aflatoxin challenge in multiparous Holstein cows
Authors: Nye Juliette 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The project involved a randomized complete block design study assessing the effect of a commercially available mineral supplement on Holstein cow milk production after a mycotoxin challenge using Aflatoxin B1. 63 multiparous Holstein cows were used in the study, housed in tie stall barns, with 21 cows per period in each of three, 63 day periods. Milk yield was taken three times daily over the experimental period, and the total amount of milk produced over the experimental time period was assessed both before and after the Aflatoxin challenge. Composite milk samples from 2 days in the last week were analyzed for contents of fat, true protein, urea nitrogen content, lactose, total solids, and somatic cell count. The decreased number of positive SNAP tests in Treatment Period 3 (12.19 average positive SNAP tests) with the use of a mineral supplement after the aflatoxin challenge in comparison to Treatment Period 2 (12.95 average positive SNAP tests) in which there was no mineral supplement used, it can be concluded that the use of a mineral supplement is effective at reducing Aflatoxin content in milk yield.
PSI-20 Effects of management system on heifer growth performance and fescue toxicity
Authors: Olander Laura C , Henley Parker A , Ireland Frank A , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of beef heifer management system on growth performance and fescue toxicity. Fall-born Angus × Simmental heifers (n = 199; BW = 229 ± 24 kg] were stratified by BW into 12 groups and groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: dry-lot developed (DL); grazing endophyte-infected fescue supplemented with 2.3 kg dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean hulls per heifer daily (GF); grazing endophyte-infected fescue supplemented with 4.5 kg DDGS and soybean hulls per heifer daily from the midpoint of experimental period until breeding (GFLate); and grazing novel endophyte-infected fescue (GNF). The DL heifers were ad-lib fed a diet consisting of 70% hay and 30% DDGS. Experiment began in May and ended at time of AI. There was a treatment × time interaction (P < 0.01) for BW, BCS, HCS, and RR. There were no BW differences (P = 0.99) at trial initiation; however, on d 28, 56, 84, 112, and 148, DL heifers had greatest (P < 0.01) BW, with GF intermediate, and GFLate and GNF having the lightest BW. There were no BCS differences (P = 0.42) at trial initiation; however, on d 56 and 84, DL heifers had greatest (P < 0.01) BCS, with GF intermediate, and GFLate and GNF the lowest. On d 148, DL heifers had greater (P < 0.01) BCS than GF, GFLate, and GNF which were not different from each other. There were no HCS differences (P = 0.51) at trial initiation; however, on d 28, 84,112, and 148, GFLate had the greatest (P ≤ 0.03) HCS. For RR, DL had the greatest (P < 0.01) RR on d 28; on d 56, GNF had greatest (P < 0.01) RR; and at d 112, GFLate had greatest (P < 0.01) and DL least (P < 0.01) RR. Heifer management system impacted symptoms of fescue toxicity and heifers developed in a dry lot had the greatest BW and BCS.
PSI-18 Effects of supplementing polyunsaturated fatty acids during late gestation on performance of fall-calving cows
Authors: Black Trenton L , Shao Taoqi , Ireland Frank A , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of supplementing calcium salts of PUFA or SFA + MUFA during late gestation on performance of fall-calving beef cows through calving. Mature, Simmental x Angus cows confirmed pregnant to a synchronized artificial insemination (AI) and fetal sexed were selected prior to the start of the experiment. At 200 d of gestation, cows (n = 96; BW = 603 ± 72 kg) were stratified by age, AI service sire, fetal sex and BW and allotted to 8 groups. Groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (4 groups per treatment): SFA + MUFA (0.155 kg of EnerGII per cow per day on a DM basis) and PUFA (0.08 kg of Strata and 0.08 kg of Prequel per cow per day on a DM basis). The SFA + MUFA supplement included palmitic and oleic acid. The PUFA supplement included eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and linoleic acid. All cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue and were supplemented 2 kg DM per cow per d of soybean hulls for 78 d during late gestation in addition to their treatment supplement. Body condition score and BW were collected at trial initiation, during supplementation, before calving, and after calving. Pen was the experimental unit and BW, BCS, and calf BW were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The BW and BCS at trial initiation, during supplementation, before calving, and after calving of the cows supplemented PUFA were not different (P ≥ 0.38) than the BW and BCS of cows supplemented SFA + MUFA. Calf birth BW from cows supplemented with PUFA were not different (P = 0.87) than calf birth BW from cows supplemented with SFA + MUFA. Supplementing cows PUFA during late gestation in fall-calving cows did not affect BW, BCS or calf birth BW.
Contraction with Unpacking: When Unpacking Leads to Lower Calorie Budgets
Authors: Jia Miaolei (Liam) , Li Xiuping , Krishna Aradhna 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Consumers set a lower consumption budget when they set individual calorie budgets for constituent categories (e.g., breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks; categorical approach) versus when they set a total budget (overall approach). This contraction effect of unpacking a judgment is driven by motivated reasoning. Consumers are motivated to reduce calorie consumption, and this motive directs their cognitive elaboration for the budget decision to be on what to cut and how much to cut. Furthermore, the categorical (vs. overall) approach brings to mind more thoughts that are consistent with the motive to reduce consumption, which then leads to a lower calorie budget. Consistent with this explanation, the level of elaboration on reducing calorie intake—especially on occasions where overconsumption is less salient—mediates the contraction effect. In addition, the contraction effect is attenuated when the motive to reduce consumption is deactivated. Finally, while the contraction effect occurs when consumers have a motive to reduce consumption, the classic expansion effect of unpacking occurs when consumers are prompted to think about what to consume or are motivated to increase consumption. The results for calorie budgeting are shown to have downstream consequences on actual food consumption.
Beavers as Agents of Landscape Change
Authors: Westbrook Cherie J. 
Published: July 2019

Beavers ingeniously alter environments to suit their needs of predator protection and food access, creating widespread effects on surface waters throughout their range. Beaver are thus considered the quintessential ecosystem engineer. They “engineer” landscapes largely by building dams across low-order streams to retain water. Dam building changes a wide range of ecological, hydrologic, and geomorphic processes that transform rivers into complex wetland systems capable of supporting a diversity of aquatic and terrestrial species. Although less studied, beavers live in and can significantly impact landscape processes in large rivers, wetlands, and lakes and unexpected places like landslides, brackish deltas, and glacial discharge environments. The earliest works on beaver are from a time when beaver were very much still being trapped to supply the fashion market in Europe with pelts (c. late 1800s to early 1900s). Works from this period primarily document the natural history of beaver. Research interest in beaver waned for several decades, coincident with low beaver populations. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, researcher interest in beaver was again piqued, which led to a little over a decade of studies documenting a range of ecosystem effects of beaver. Research on beaver ecosystem engineering was reinvigorated again in the mid- to late-2000s, coincident with rewilding efforts in Europe, beaver use in stream restoration activities in the United States, and rapid spread of the exotic, invasive beaver population in Tierra del Fuego. This encyclopedia entry provides a summary of the hydrogeomorphic processes known to be beaver-mediated, as well as the state of knowledge of how beaver form stream valleys and shape wetland ecosystems. Included are brief annotations of key literature. Ecological and biogeochemical impacts of beaver ponds are extensive, but a full description of them are beyond the scope of this annotated bibliography. The topic could benefit from greater synergistic and integrative research among biologists, geomorphologists, ecologists, and hydrologists.
Capitalists in the Twenty-First Century*
Authors: Smith Matthew , Yagan Danny , Zidar Owen , Zwick Eric 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHow important is human capital at the top of the U.S. income distribution? A primary source of top income is private “pass-through” business profit, which can include entrepreneurial labor income for tax reasons. This article asks whether top pass-through profit mostly reflects human capital, defined as all inalienable factors embodied in business owners, rather than financial capital. Tax data linking 11 million firms to their owners show that top pass-through profit accrues to working-age owners of closely held mid-market firms in skill-intensive industries. Pass-through profit falls by three-quarters after owner retirement or premature death. Classifying three-quarters of pass-through profit as human capital income, we find that the typical top earner derives most of her income from human capital, not financial capital. Growth in pass-through profit is explained by both rising productivity and a rising share of value added accruing to owners.
Impact of incarceration on tuberculosis incidence and its interaction with income distribution inequality in Brazil
Authors: Pelissari Daniele Maria , Diaz-Quijano Fredi Alexander 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundDeteriorated conditions in the non-prison population can lead to an approximation of its tuberculosis (TB) risk to that in the prison population. We evaluated the association between incarceration and TB incidence rate and its interaction with population income distribution inequality in Brazilian municipalities (2013–2015).MethodsWe included 954 municipalities with at least one prison. Interaction between the Gini coefficient and prison exposure was analysed in a multiple regression model. We estimated the fraction of TB in the population attributable fraction (PAF) to exposure to prisons according the Gini coefficient.ResultsCompared with the non-prison population, the prisoners had 22.07 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.38 to 23.89) the risk of TB in municipalities where the Gini coefficient was <0.60 and 14.96 times (95% CI 11.00 to 18.92) the risk where the Gini coefficient was ≥0.60. A negative interaction in the multiplicative scale was explained by a higher TB incidence in the non-prison population in municipalities with a Gini coefficient ≥0.60. The PAF ranged from 50.06% to 5.19% in municipalities with Gini coefficients <0.40 and ≥0.60, respectively.ConclusionsInterventions to reduce prison exposure would have an ostensible impact in population TB incidence rates mainly in settings with lower Gini coefficients. In those with extreme inequality in income distribution, strategies focused on mitigating the effects of socio-economic factors should also be prioritized.
Whose Patient Is This? A Scoping Review of Patient Ownership
Authors: Kiger Michelle E. , Meyer Holly S. , Hammond Caitlin , Miller Katherine M. , Dickey Kara J. , Hammond Daniel V. , Varpio Lara 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
The scope of physicians’ responsibility toward patients is becoming increasingly complicated to delimit as interdisciplinary care delivery and degrees of subspecialization increase. Patients can easily be lost across multiple transitions involved in care. Preparing learners to engage in safe and responsible patient care requires that we be clear about parameters of patient ownership. This scoping review (1) explores and synthesizes definitions of patient ownership and (2) describes the factors that influence patient ownership.

Method
Searching PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO, the authors sought out publications of any format (i.e., original research papers, review articles, commentaries, editorials, and author discussions) that (1) addressed patient ownership directly or a closely related concept that explicitly affected patient ownership, (2) included medical care providers (attending/faculty physicians, medical residents, and/or medical students), and (3) were published in English. The authors analyzed findings to construct common themes and categorize findings.

Results
Of 411 papers screened, 82 met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-three papers defined patient ownership in highly variable ways. Common themes across definitions included responsibility for patient care, personally carrying out patient care tasks, knowledge of patients’ medical information, independent decision making, and putting patients’ needs above one’s own. Factors influencing patient ownership were (1) logistical concerns, (2) personal attributes, and (3) socially or organizationally constructed expectations.

Conclusions
A new definition of patient ownership is proposed encompassing findings from the review, while also respecting the shift from individual to a team-based patient care, and without removing the centrality of an individual provider’s commitment to patients.
FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL OUTCOMES AFTER FOVEA-SPARING INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING FOR MYOPIC MACULAR RETINOSCHISIS BY MICROPERIMETRY
Authors: Shinohara Kosei , Shimada Noriaki , Takase Hiroshi , Ohno-Matsui Kyoko 
Published: July 2019

Purpose:
To determine the morphological and physiological outcomes and safety of vitrectomy with fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic macular retinoschisis (MRS).

Methods:
Highly myopic eyes (refractive error greater than −8.0 diopters or an axial length longer than 26.5 mm) with MRS that underwent vitrectomy with fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling were analyzed retrospectively. The best-corrected visual acuity, retinal morphology, and the central and paracentral retinal sensitivities at 2°/6° by microperimetry were evaluated before and after the surgery. Postoperative microscotomas were also determined.

Results:
Thirty-three eyes with MRS; 16 eyes with and 17 eyes without a foveal retinal detachment, were studied. All 33 eyes had an improvement of MRS and foveal retinal detachment partially or completely after surgery, and none developed a full thickness macular hole. The postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, the central retinal sensitivity, and the retinal sensitivity at 2° were significantly better than the preoperative values. Sixteen eyes developed postoperative microscotomas at paracentral 2° and/or 6°.

Conclusion:
The results showed that vitrectomy with fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling is an effective and safe method to treat an MRS regardless of the presence of a foveal retinal detachment. However, careful follow-up should be performed to detect postoperative microscotomas.
Postoperative management of patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak
Authors: Stevens Shawn M. , Smith Cody J. , Lawton Michael 
Published: July 2019

Purpose of review
To explore key management principles and outcomes following surgical intervention for spontaneous CSF leaks of the lateral skull base.

Recent findings
Outcomes following surgery for spontaneous CSF leaks of the lateral skull base depend on the surgical approach utilized. The approach reported most frequently in the literature is currently the middle fossa approach. Mean leak recurrence rates, regardless of approach, were approximately 6%. The lowest leak recurrence rates were associated with the combined middle cranial fossa-transmastoid approach. A multilayer closure was employed in all of the reviewed investigations, but the choice of reconstructive material did not significantly affect outcomes. Direct surgical complications rates, overall, were low at less than 2%. Meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, and perioperative seizure activity were only rarely encountered. A concomitant diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension was found to be associated with increased rates of leak recurrence and sequential leak development at other skull base sites.

Summary
Postoperative management of patients with spontaneous CSF leaks of the lateral skull base has unique challenges. Observation of key treatment principles can lead to good outcomes and limit morbidity. A high index of suspicion should exist for concomitant idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
Trans-mastoid approach for cerebrospinal fluid leak repair
Authors: Karkas Alexandre , Khneisser Edwina 
Published: July 2019

Purpose of review
To describe the technique and discuss the advantages and outcomes of the trans-mastoid approach (TMA) for temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak.

Recent findings
TMA for CSF leak repair is an alternative to middle cranial fossa approach (MCFA) with less morbidity and good outcomes.

Summary
Persistent CSF leak in the temporal bone whether idiopathic, congenital or acquired, is an indication for surgery. TMA is a valid option for surgery, competing with MCFA in selected cases. Surgical technique consists of a standard mastoidectomy, exposure of the osteodural defect, and repairing it using multiple layers in an inlay and overlay fashion. Outcomes show low recurrence and complication rates with good hearing results. However, long-term follow-up should be made, as recurrences can be delayed.
Impact of Trainee Participation on Inguinal Hernia Repair Outcome
Authors: Lederhuber Hans , Hanßke Bengt , Dahlstrand Ursula 
Published: July 2019

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in postoperative outcome exist between open inguinal hernia repairs performed by surgical trainees and those performed by specialist surgeons.

Summary of Background Data:
Inguinal hernia repair is the prototype educational surgical procedure. The impact of trainee participation on postoperative outcome is still controversial and despite earlier studies no reliable hernia-specific data exist.

Methods:
The study cohort was based on the Swedish Hernia Register and consisted of 61,161 cases of male patients aged 18 years and older with open anterior mesh repair of a primary inguinal hernia between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2014. The study cohort was selected to represent the typical trainee procedure in Sweden. Primary outcome measures were reoperation due to hernia recurrence and postoperative 30-day complications.

Results:
Procedures with longer operating times were at a higher risk for reoperation when performed by supervised trainees [57 to 72 minutes: hazard ratio (HR) 1.55, 99% confidence interval (99% CI) 1.05–2.27] or unsupervised trainees (57 to 72 minutes: HR 1.60, 99% CI 1.18–2.17; >72 minutes: HR 1.72, 99% CI 1.25–2.37). The same was true for specialist and trainee-assisted specialists with operating times <43 minutes (HR 1.63, 99% CI 1.25–2.13; HR 1.58, 99% CI 1.09–2.28). Postoperative 30-day complications were generally associated with longer operating times and occurred at all levels of experience.

Conclusion:
Trainee participation in open inguinal repair in combination with longer operating time is a risk factor associated with higher reoperation rates. This calls for a more structured supervision of trainees in an assumedly basic procedure.
Bilirubin Improves the Quality and Function of Hypothermic Preserved Islets by Its Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effect
Authors: Yao Qing , Jiang Xue , Huang Zhi-Wei , Lan Qing-Hua , Wang Li-Fen , Chen Rui , Li Xin-Ze , Kou Longfa , Xu He-Lin , Zhao Ying-Zheng 
Published: July 2019

Background.
Islet transplantation is a promising option for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. However, the current lack of practical techniques for the isolated islets preservation still hampers the advancement of life-saving islet transplantation. Islet suffers from internal or external stimuli–induced oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation during preservation, which leads to disappointing outcomes regarding islet yield, survival, and function. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction is the primary cause of oxidative stress that induces islet loss and dysfunction. Thus, in this article, we hypothesized that an endogenous antioxidant, bilirubin, that could efficiently scavenge ROS and inhibit inflammatory reactions could be beneficial for islet preservation.

Methods.
Herein, we studied the effect of bilirubin on the hypothermic preserved (4°C) islets and evaluate the islets viability, insulin secretory function, oxidative stress levels, and in vivo transplantation performance.

Results.
Bilirubin could prevent cellular damages during short-term preservation and maintain the cocultured islets viability and function. The protective role of bilirubin is associated with its antioxidative ability, which dramatically increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and decreased the levels of ROS and malondialdehyde. Diabetic mice transplanted with bilirubin preserved islets were normoglycemic for 28 days, even overmatched the diabetic mouse transplanted with fresh islets. Mice receiving bilirubin cocultured islets required the least time to achieve normoglycemia among all groups and exhibited minimum inflammatory responses during the early transplantation stage.

Conclusions.
By utilizing bilirubin, we achieved highly viable and functional islets after hypothermic preservation to reverse diabetes in mice.