bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Reorganization of Motor Networks During Recovery from Partial Spinal Cord Injury in Monkeys
Authors: Chao Zenas C , Sawada Masahiro , Isa Tadashi , Nishimura Yukio 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), the motor-related cortical areas can be a potential substrate for functional recovery in addition to the spinal cord. However, a dynamic description of how motor cortical circuits reorganize after SCI is lacking. Here, we captured the comprehensive dynamics of motor networks across SCI in a nonhuman primate model. Using electrocorticography over the sensorimotor areas in monkeys, we collected broadband neuronal signals during a reaching-and-grasping task at different stages of recovery of dexterous finger movements after a partial SCI at the cervical levels. We identified two distinct network dynamics: grasping-related intrahemispheric interactions from the contralesional premotor cortex (PM) to the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1) in the high-γ band (>70 Hz), and motor-preparation-related interhemispheric interactions from the contralesional to ipsilesional PM in the α and low-β bands (10–15 Hz). The strengths of these networks correlated to the time course of behavioral recovery. The grasping-related network showed enhanced activation immediately after the injury, but gradually returned to normal while the strength of the motor-preparation-related network gradually increased. Our findings suggest a cortical compensatory mechanism after SCI, where two interdependent motor networks redirect activity from the contralesional hemisphere to the other hemisphere to facilitate functional recovery.
ACC Sulcal Patterns and Their Modulation on Cognitive Control Efficiency Across Lifespan: A Neuroanatomical Study on Bilinguals and Monolinguals
Authors: Del Maschio Nicola , Sulpizio Simone , Fedeli Davide , Ramanujan Keerthi , Ding Guosheng , Weekes Brendan S , Cachia Arnaud , Abutalebi Jubin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a key structure implicated in the regulation of cognitive control (CC). Previous studies suggest that variability in the ACC sulcal pattern—a neurodevelopmental marker unaffected by maturation or plasticity after birth—is associated with intersubject differences in CC performance. Here, we investigated whether bilingual experience modulates the effects of ACC sulcal variability on CC performance across the lifespan. Using structural MRI, we first established the distribution of the ACC sulcal patterns in a large sample of healthy individuals (N = 270) differing on gender and ethnicity. Second, a participants’ subsample (N = 157) was selected to test whether CC performance was differentially affected by ACC sulcation in bilinguals and monolinguals across age. A prevalent leftward asymmetry unaffected by gender or ethnicity was reported. Sulcal variability in the ACC predicted CC performance differently in bilinguals and monolinguals, with a reversed pattern of structure–function relationship: asymmetrical versus symmetrical ACC sulcal patterns were associated with a performance advantage in monolinguals and a performance detriment to bilinguals and vice versa. Altogether, these findings provide novel insights on the dynamic interplay between early neurodevelopment, environmental background and cognitive efficiency across age.
Endoscopic therapy of colorectal anastomotic hematoma with hypertonic dextrose
Authors: Shashi Preeti , Kochhar Gursimran , Shen Bo 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Anastomotic dehiscence and leak are dreaded complications after a colorectal resection and can often present with rectal bleeding and pelvic abscess or sepsis. Although most cases of bleeding after gastrointestinal anastomoses are minor and self-limited, major bleeding, as defined by hemodynamic instability or the need for blood transfusions, poses a significant challenge for management. Here we report a case in which a patient presenting with profuse rectal bleeding and pelvic hematoma secondary to a colorectal anastomotic leak was treated endoscopically with 50% dextrose spray then enema.
Marine sublittoral benthos fails to track temperature in response to climate change in a biogeographical transition zone
Authors: Gaudin François , Desroy Nicolas , Dubois Stanislas F , Broudin Caroline , Cabioch Louis , Fournier Jérôme , Gentil Franck , Grall Jacques , Houbin Céline , Le Mao Patrick , Thiébaut Éric 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Species ranges are shifting globally to track temperature changes in response to climate warming, with substantial variability among taxa. In the English Channel, a biogeographical transition zone between the cold temperate and warm temperate provinces of the North-East Atlantic, distribution shifts have been relatively well documented for plankton, fish and intertidal benthic organisms, but little information is available on sublittoral benthos. Following a description of the magnitude of the sea bottom temperature (SBT) rise, the changes in the distribution and occupancy of 65 benthic invertebrate species were analysed by comparing data collected throughout the English Channel at more than 200 stations sampled during a cool period in the 1960s–1970s and at present in 2012–2014. A non-uniform rise in SBT for the last three decades was observed at the regional scale, varying from 0.07 to 0.54°C per decade. This rise differs from that reported for sea surface temperature (SST) in stratified areas suggesting that SBT should be used rather than SST to analyse responses of subtidal organisms to climate change. Despite shifts in both minimum and maximum sea bottom isotherms (2.5 and 3.2 km.year−1, respectively), the distribution centroid shift of most species remained &lt;1.0 km.year−1, regardless of the average temperatures they usually experience. Conversely, decreases were observed in the occurrence of most cold-water species and increases were found in the occurrence of most warm-water species. These results suggest that ongoing climate change could lead to a decrease in benthic biodiversity at range limits, especially where connection routes are lacking for new migrants.
An efficient algorithm for compression-based compressed sensing
Authors: Beygi Sajjad , Jalali Shirin , Maleki Arian , Mitra Urbashi 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Modern image and video compression codes employ elaborate structures in an effort to encode them using a small number of bits. Compressed sensing (CS) recovery algorithms, on the other hand, use such structures to recover the signals from a few linear observations. Despite the steady progress in the field of CS, the structures that are often used for signal recovery are still much simpler than those employed by state-of-the-art compression codes. The main goal of this paper is to bridge this gap by answering the following question: can one employ a compression code to build an efficient (polynomial time) CS recovery algorithm? In response to this question, the compression-based gradient descent (C-GD) algorithm is proposed. C-GD, which is a low-complexity iterative algorithm, is able to employ a generic compression code for CS and therefore enlarges the set of structures used in CS to those used by compression codes. Three theoretical contributions are provided: a convergence analysis of C-GD, a characterization of the required number of samples as a function of the rate-distortion function of the compression code and a robustness analysis of C-GD to additive white Gaussian noise and other non-idealities in the measurement process. Finally, the presented simulation results show that, in image CS, using compression codes such as JPEG2000, C-GD outperforms state-of-the-art methods, on average, by about $2$–$3$ dB in peak signal-to-noise ratio.
Controllability of a one-dimensional fractional heat equation: theoretical and numerical aspects
Authors: Biccari Umberto , Hernández-Santamaría Víctor 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe analyse the controllability problem for a one-dimensional heat equation involving the fractional Laplacian $(-d_x^{\,2})^{s}$ on the interval $(-1,1)$. Using classical results and techniques, we show that, acting from an open subset $\omega \subset (-1,1)$, the problem is null-controllable for $s&gt;1/2$ and that for $s\leqslant 1/2$ we only have approximate controllability. Moreover, we deal with the numerical computation of the control employing the penalized Hilbert Uniqueness Method and a finite element scheme for the approximation of the solution to the corresponding elliptic equation. We present several experiments confirming the expected controllability properties.
A priori error for unilateral contact problems with Lagrange multipliers and isogeometric analysis
Authors: Antolin Pablo , Buffa Annalisa , Fabre Mathieu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this paper we consider a unilateral contact problem without friction between a rigid body and a deformable one in the framework of isogeometric analysis. We present the theoretical analysis of the mixed problem. For the displacement, we use the pushforward of a nonuniform rational B-spline space of degree $p$ and for the Lagrange multiplier, the pushforward of a B-spline space of degree $p-2$. These choices of space ensure the proof of an inf–sup condition and so on, the stability of the method. We distinguish between contact and noncontact sets to avoid the classical geometrical hypothesis of the contact set. An optimal a priori error estimate is demonstrated without assumption on the unknown contact set. Several numerical examples in two and three dimensions and in small and large deformation frameworks demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method.
Effects of Different Doses of GEN-003, a Therapeutic Vaccine for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus-2, on Viral Shedding and Lesions: Results of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Van Wagoner Nicholas , Fife Kenneth , Leone Peter A , Bernstein David I , Warren Terri , Panther Lori , Novak Richard M , Beigi Richard , Kriesel John , Tyring Stephen , Koltun William , Lucksinger Gregg , Morris Amy , Zhang Bin , McNeil Lisa K , Tasker Sybil , Hetherington Seth , Wald Anna 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
GEN-003 is a candidate therapeutic vaccine for genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). We compared virologic and clinical impact of varying GEN-003 doses.

Methods
Adults with symptomatic HSV-2 received placebo or GEN-003 (30 or 60 µg antigen with 25, 50, or 75 µg adjuvant). Viral shedding and lesion rates before vaccination were compared with those measured immediately after vaccination, then at weeks 29–33 and 53–57 after last dose.

Results
Compared with baseline shedding rates, the rate ratios for viral shedding immediately after treatment were as follows: 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49–1.36), 30 µg antigen/25 µg adjuvant (30/25) dose; 0.64 (95% CI, 0.45–0.92), 30/50 dose; 0.63 (95% CI, 0.37–1.10), 30/75 dose; 0.56 (95% CI, 0.36–0.88), 60/25 dose; 0.58 (95% CI, 0.38–0.89), 60/50 dose; 0.45 (95% CI, 0.16–0.79), 60/75 dose; and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.76–1.26), placebo. Lesion rate reductions by GEN-003 ranged from 31% to 69%, but lesion rates also decreased among placebo recipients (62%). Reductions in shedding and lesion rate were durable for 12 months for the 60 µg antigen plus 50 or 75 µg adjuvant groups. No serious adverse events occurred with vaccination.

Conclusions
The most efficacious vaccine combinations for GEN-003 were the 60 µg/50 µg and 60 µg/75 µg doses.
The stroke navigator: meaningful use of the electronic health record to efficiently report inpatient stroke care quality
Authors: Nathan Jay K , Foley Jenevra , Hoang Tiffany , Hiner Jim , Brooks Stephanie , Gendreau Julian L , Meurer William J , Pandey Aditya S , Adelman Eric E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
To facilitate high-quality inpatient care for stroke patients, we built a system within our electronic health record (EHR) to identify stroke patients while they are in the hospital; capture necessary data in the EHR to minimize the burden of manual abstraction for stroke performance measures, decreasing daily time requirement from 2 hours to 15 minutes; generate reports using an automated process; and electronically transmit data to third parties. Provider champions and support from the EHR development team ensured that we balanced the needs of the hospital with those of frontline providers. This work summarizes the development and implementation of our stroke quality system.
Does Time of Day Affect Variety-Seeking?
Authors: Gullo Kelley , Berger Jonah , Etkin Jordan , Bollinger Bryan 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Variety-seeking is a fundamental aspect of choice. But given circadian rhythms in chronobiology, might variety-seeking vary by time of day? Four studies, including an empirical analysis of millions of purchases, demonstrate diurnal variation in variety-seeking. Variety-seeking is lower in the morning than other times of day. People pick less varied flavors of yogurt, for example, when choosing in the morning. Further, the results demonstrate the underlying role of circadian changes in physiological stimulation and arousal. The effect is mediated by a physiological measure of arousal (i.e., body temperature) and moderated by factors that shape physiological arousal (i.e., sunlight and individual differences in circadian preferences). These findings shed light on drivers of variety-seeking and the biological basis of consumer behavior more generally.
The First Procedural Order
Authors: Commission Jeffery , Moloo Rahim 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the supplementary procedural rules that are typically decided at the outset of an investment arbitration and the process through which those rules come to be. It begins by discussing the procedural issues that parties and arbitral tribunals often see fit to address at the outset, including the procedural timetable, bifurcation, seat (if applicable), location, fees and costs, language, pleadings, discovery, witnesses, expert witnesses, amicus curiae, and confidentiality/transparency. The chapter also examines the process for deciding these procedural issues, noting that the procedure is most often a hybrid of communicating to the tribunal issues agreed by the parties and debating before the tribunal controverted procedural issues, which the tribunal then resolves. The First Procedural Order is the result of the First Procedural Conference.
Prologue
Authors: Orentlicher Diane 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In this prologue, the author reflects on the process of updating in 2005 the United Nations Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity (‘The Principles’). The author, who drafted the report that accompanied the Updated Principles, discusses the challenges involved in her work as well as the factors that were taken into consideration in the preparation of the report. The Principles, first conceived in 1997, serve two fundamentally different functions: first, as a classic soft law instrument and second, as ‘standards drawn from experience’ that could serve ‘as a broad strategic framework for action against impunity’. As a source of practical guidance derived from ‘best practices’, the Principles seek to honor local agency, reflecting in particular the perspectives of victims. They also recognize the elemental importance of clarifying where local discretion ends and legal obligation begins.
Preamble
Authors: Boven Theo van 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The Preamble of the Principles is based on the premise that the Principles will provide guidance to States and other entities in developing effective measures for combating impunity. A leading normative component of the Preamble is the trilogy of the core rights to know, to justice and to reparation, including guarantees of non-recurrence. This chapter first describes the functions and characteristics of a Preamble and provides an overview of the report of Special Rapporteur Louis Joinet before discussing the Updated Set of Principles and the evolving notion of ‘transitional justice’; the campaign against impunity; and the orientation and scope of the Principles, including the Preamble, in the broader settings of restoring peace and democracy. Issues concerning broad participatory involvement of victims, human rights defenders and other sectors of civil society are also considered.
Definition of a Commission’s Terms of Reference
Authors: Bisset Alison 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 8 provides for the creation of strong commissions with clear terms of reference that ensure delineation between their role and that of courts. However, it offers no guidance on how to coordinate the proceedings of commissions. Indeed, the Principle’s stipulations that commissions should possess quasi-judicial powers and the abilities to investigate all violations increases the likelihood of overlap in investigations and, therefore, the potential for operational tension. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 8 before discussing its theoretical framework and how the requirements of Principle 8 are reflected in modern practice. It highlights the practical difficulties associated with endowing commissions with wide mandates and truth-seeking powers, where there are also efforts to pursue criminal justice, by citing the experiences of South Africa, East Timor and Sierra Leone.
Guarantees for Victims and Witnesses Testifying on Their Behalf
Authors: Bisset Alison 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 10 provides guarantees for victims and witnesses testifying on their behalf. The participation of victims and witnesses in truth seeking processes is important in efforts to uncover the truth about the past. Many commissions have been mandated to gather victim testimony as a key objective and to provide victims with a forum in which to give account of the abuses suffered and to restore their dignity. When there is no testimony, commissions are unlikely to fulfill their broader mandates of establishing a historical record of past violations. After giving a contextual and historical background on Principle 10, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework and how commissions operate in practice in terms of witness protection.
Measures for the Preservation of Archives
Authors: Cadelo Valentina , Peterson Trudy Huskamp 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 14 outlines measures for the preservation of archives, a fundamental corollary to the right to know the truth. In order to preserve governmental and nongovernmental archives, their destruction must be prevented and active steps need to be taken to prolong the life of the materials. Technical measures and penalties must prevent any removal, destruction, concealment or falsification of archives to ensure that there will be no impunity for perpetrators of violations of human rights and/or humanitarian law. Preserving archives is particularly important during periods of governmental transition and regime change. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 14, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework as well as state practice on public records and archives.
Cooperation Between Archive Departments and the Courts and Non-Judicial Commissions of Inquiry
Authors: Ciorciari John D 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 16 stresses the need for cooperation between archive departments and the courts and non-judicial commissions of inquiry. This principle highlights two key challenges of managing archival access: respecting legitimate national security needs and protecting privacy. With respect to national security, the Principle’s requirement of independent judicial review renders it more demanding than the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and other major human rights instruments, which merely require that restrictions be prescribed by law are necessary to protect national security or public order. Principle 16’s forward-leaning position draws attention to the fact that national security and public order exemptions are easily abused by states keen to avoid embarrassment or self-incrimination. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 16 before discussing its theoretical framework as well as archival access in practice.
Specific Measures Related to the Restoration of or Transition to Democracy and/or Peace
Authors: Ciorciari John D 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 18 outlines specific measures related to the restoration of or transition to democracy and/or peace. Transitional states emerging from repressive rule face a host of serious archival challenges. Outgoing officials sometimes burn or destroy incriminating documents to cover their tracks, as occurred in East Germany, South Korea, South Africa, Egypt, and the Soviet Union. Principle 18 emphasizes the importance of protecting and preserving, inventorying, and analyzing archives of the old regime. It reflects an understanding that archives are keys to advancing accountability, the right to truth, and other elements of a successful transition to peace and/or democracy. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 18, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework as well as the ways in which states and third countries have managed archives related to past human rights abuses. It also highlights some areas for improvement in terms of archival practice in transitional periods.
Restrictions on Prescription
Authors: Pinzauti Giulia 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 23 deals with statutory limitations (prescription, in French) aimed at protecting defendants from stale claims that might be difficult to counter. Statutory limitations refer to legal norms that regulate the effects of the passage of time in domestic systems. In criminal law, they provide for a maximum timeframe, or prescription period, within which criminal proceedings can be instituted or sentences enforced. The passage of time makes the gathering of evidence more difficult and may also reduce the effectiveness of criminal prosecution. Significant delays in criminal action may thus impair the accused’s right to a fair trial. Furthermore, criminal proceedings tend to lose legitimacy as time passes. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 23, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework and how the statutory limitations have been applied in practice under multilateral treaties, domestic legislation and case-law. It also examines the practice of United Nations organs.
Restrictions on the Effects of Legislation on Disclosure or Repentance
Authors: Gosnell Christopher 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 28 deals with restrictions on the effects of legislation on disclosure or repentance. According to this Principle, a person’s formal confession of a crime may, pursuant to ‘provisions of legislation on disclosure and repentance’, justify a ‘reduction of sentence’ but not ‘exempt[ion]’ from ‘criminal or other responsibility’. Such a person may be granted asylum, presumably by another State, where such a confession ‘may subject the perpetrator to persecution’. Principle 28 thus highlights the maximum benefit that may be accorded to a confession under an amnesty program: a reduction of sentence but not ‘exemption’ from responsibility altogether. However, this distinction does not reflect any established practice or norms of international law. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 28 before discussing its theoretical framework and how exemption from criminal responsibility in return for confession has been applied in practice.