bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gliosarcoma: Neuroimaging and Immunohistochemical Findings
Authors: Peckham Miriam E. , Osborn Anne G. , Palmer Cheryl A. , Tsai Amy , Salzman Karen L. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEGliosarcoma (GSC) is an intra‐axial lesion which often abuts a dural margin and is composed of glial and mesenchymal elements. This lesion is considered a variant of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)‐wild type glioblastoma (GBM). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the imaging and molecular features of GSC in a large patient cohort.METHODSPathology‐proved GSC cases were collected from our quaternary care center spanning the last 16 years and IDH status was documented. Older GSC cases without prior immunohistochemical testing underwent tissue block staining to obtain IDH status. When available, p53, phosphate and tensin (PTEN), MIB‐1, EGFR amplification, and MGMT methylation were recorded and imaging findings tabulated. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine correlation of molecular markers and imaging characteristics.RESULTSA total of 25 cases were identified (21 de novo, 4 post‐treatment). All lesions contacted a dural, pial, or ependymal surface and were negative for an IDH R132H mutation, including postradiation GSC. In total, 16 of 16 cases showed nonamplification of EGFR/CEP7, 2 of 16 demonstrated MGMT methylation, and multiple lesions demonstrated p53 and PTEN mutations. Imaging features included areas of nodular thickening in necrotic lesions which appeared to abut the site of dural contact. There was no significant correlation of molecular markers with imaging characteristics.CONCLUSIONGSC was IDH(–) in all cases, supporting the current understanding of this lesion being a wild‐type GBM variant. Additional molecular markers demonstrated no significant correlation with imaging findings in this cohort.
Responding to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Australia
Authors: Shelton Doug , Reid Natasha , Till Haydn , Butel Francoise , Moritz Karen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a significant public health issue in Australia that is poorly diagnosed, chronic and costly. FASD is a diffuse acquired brain injury secondary to prenatal alcohol exposure. The prevalence rate of FASD among the general population in Australia is currently unknown; however, an Australian study in a selected high‐risk population reported some of the highest rates of FASD in the world. A common misconception among clinicians is that a child must have ‘the face’ of FASD to have the disorder. This is incorrect. The three sentinel facial features only occur in the minority of individuals with FASD. FASD should be considered as a ‘whole body’ disorder as increased susceptibility to chronic health problems suggests suboptimal in utero environments places the individual at risk of later disease. Clinicians are reluctant to consider FASD as a possible diagnosis because of the concern of inducing stigma; however, this concern is neither supported by the evidence nor patient stories. The Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD is now available to assist health professionals in providing timely and accurate diagnoses, which can lead to improved outcomes via evidence‐based intervention and is an important first step in future prevention.
Tics and Tourette syndrome
Authors: Efron Daryl , Dale Russell C 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTourette syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder. The genetic basis is complex, and both in utero and ex utero environmental factors may modify the phenotypic expression of the disorder. Inflammation related to aberrations in immune activation appears to play a pathogenic role in some cases. Multiple neurochemical pathways are involved. Rather than being a pure movement problem, tics are now understood to also have a sensory component. This has resulted in new psychological therapeutic strategies and other potential treatments. Furthermore, comorbidities are common, particularly attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorder, and often cause more difficulties than the tics. The approach to treatment is dependent on the degree and types of impairment. For many patients, education, acceptance and understanding are all that is needed. In more severe cases, psychological and/or pharmacological interventions may be indicated. In this article, the clinical features and pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome are reviewed, and a pragmatic management approach is discussed.
Models of care in neurodevelopmental–behavioural paediatrics
Authors: Jongeling Brad , Roberts Gehan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn Australia, children with developmental–behavioural presentations experience large variations in both access to specialist health care and in the care they receive from specialists. A recent survey of members of the Neurodevelopmental and Behavioural Paediatric Society of Australasia confirmed that this variation persists even among public services provided by paediatric doctors with a special interest in this field. In this article, we discuss the challenges of establishing a single model of developmental–behavioural paediatric care and set out principles of best practice in the field. An essential part of working towards excellence in care involves defining our outcomes, utilising standardised measures, collecting systematic data, working in partnership with families to address their concerns and goals, participating in reflective practice and demonstrating a willingness to change current practice based on the results.
Transformation of text in the English classroom: does ‘context’ really matter?
Authors: Matruglio Erika , Vale Emma 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates the language demands of creating texts in the English classroom, which involve transformations in context. In particular, it focuses on the tensions inherent in tasks which require more traditional textual analysis to be presented in ways other than traditional ‘essay’ format. These tasks are interpreted differently by students and can result in texts which vary in terms of their choice of ‘written‐like’ or ‘spoken‐like’ styles. This paper uses data from year nine English students presenting speeches to an imagined jury arguing for Shakespeare's Macbeth's guilt or innocence and explores the implications of shifts along the mode continuum evident in the students' language. It raises the question of the relative importance of transformations of language and context and the extent to which control of mode is valued. Language analysis of student responses focusing on genre, periodicity, use of vocatives and endophoric reference suggests the imagined context required by the task is less important than the literary context in assessing student responses and can act as a distraction. Findings have implications for alignment of teaching and assessment practices in English classrooms.
Nitric oxide inhibits biofilm formation by Vibrio fischeri via the nitric oxide sensor HnoX
Authors: Thompson Cecilia M. , Tischler Alice H. , Tarnowski Denise A. , Mandel Mark J. , Visick Karen L. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryNitric oxide (NO) is an important defense molecule secreted by the squid Euprymna scolopes and sensed by the bacterial symbiont, Vibrio fischeri, via the NO sensor HnoX. HnoX inhibits colonization through an unknown mechanism. The genomic location of hnoX adjacent to hahK, a recently identified positive regulator of biofilm formation, suggested that HnoX may inhibit colonization by controlling biofilm formation, a key early step in colonization. Indeed, the deletion of hnoX resulted in early biofilm formation in vitro, an effect that was dependent on HahK and its putative phosphotransfer residues. An allele of hnoX that encodes a protein with increased activity severely delayed wrinkled colony formation. Control occurred at the level of transcription of the syp genes, which produce the polysaccharide matrix component. The addition of NO abrogated biofilm formation and diminished syp transcription, effects that required HnoX. Finally, an hnoX mutant formed larger symbiotic biofilms. This work has thus uncovered a host‐relevant signal controlling biofilm and a mechanism for the inhibition of biofilm formation by V. fischeri. The study of V. fischeri HnoX permits us to understand not only host‐associated biofilm mechanisms, but also the function of HnoX domain proteins as regulators of important bacterial processes.
Pronunciation Instruction Can Improve L2 Learners’ Bottom‐Up Processing for Listening
Authors: KISSLING ELIZABETH M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractListening is widely regarded as an important skill that is difficult and necessary to teach in L2 classrooms. Listening requires both top‐down and bottom‐up processing, yet pedagogical techniques for the latter are often lacking. This study explores the efficacy of pronunciation instruction (PI) for improving learners’ bottom‐up processing. The study recruited 116 relatively novice learners of Spanish as a foreign language and provided the experimental groups with brief lessons in PI emphasizing segmental or suprasegmental features followed by production‐focused or perception‐focused practice. Learners’ bottom‐up processing skill was assessed with a sentence‐level dictation task. Learners given PI on suprasegmental features followed by perception‐focused practice found target language speech to be more intelligible than controls, indicating that they had improved their bottom‐up processing. However, learners given PI on segmental features followed by production‐focused practice found target language speech to be more comprehensible. The results indicate that PI is a worthwhile intervention for reasons that go beyond pronunciation, even when instructional time is limited, and that a range of features and practice types should be included in PI to improve listening skills.
Diet, gut microbiome and indoxyl sulphate in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Yang Chih‐Yu , Tarng Der‐Cherng 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTEmerging evidence suggests that intestinal dysbiosis plays an important role in host inflammation locally and systemically. Such pathological condition is even more prevailing in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of note, indoxyl sulphate (IS), a gut‐derived uremic toxin, is notorious for its pro‐inflammatory feature in CKD patients. IS accumulates in the body as the urinary excretion of uremic toxins is impaired, and further worsens the kidney function in a vicious cycle to CKD. Dietary restriction in vegetables, fruits and yogurt leads to the predominance of indole‐producing intestinal microbial flora and further exaggerates the accumulation of IS in CKD patients. Recently, interventional studies have shown that circulating IS can be reduced by dietary prebiotic and/or probiotic supplements. However, further randomized controlled trials are warranted to examine whether such beneficial effect of dietary prebiotic/probiotic supplements could be extrapolated to better hard outcomes in CKD population. In this review, we would also like to emphasize the importance of achieving sufficient intake of dietary fibre by proper vegetable pre‐treatment and accurate fruit selection, instead of directly avoiding these potassium‐rich yet fibre‐rich and base‐producing foods.
Role of renin‐angiotensin system in acute kidney injury‐chronic kidney disease transition
Authors: Chou Yu‐Hsiang , Chu Tzong‐Shinn , Lin Shuei‐Liong 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAcute kidney injury (AKI) can increase the risk of developing incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). The severity, frequency and duration of AKI are crucial predictors of poor renal outcome. A repair process after AKI can be adaptive and kidney recovers completely after a mild injury. However, severe injury will lead to a maladaptive repair, which frequently progresses to nephron loss, vascular rarefaction, chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Although different mechanisms underlying AKI‐CKD transition have been extensively discussed, no definite intervention has been proved effective to block or to retard the transition until recently. In CKD, renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor has been proved effective to slow down disease progression. Furthermore, RAS needs to be highlighted again in AKI‐CKD transition because recent animal studies have shown the activation of intra‐renal RAS after AKI, and RAS blockade can reduce the ensuing CKD and mortality. In patients with the complete renal recovery after AKI, administration of RAS inhibitor is associated with reduced risk of subsequent CKD as well. In this article, we will demonstrate the role of RAS in AKI‐CKD transition comprehensively. We will then emphasize the promising effect of RAS inhibitor on CKD prevention in patients recovering from AKI based on evidence from the bench to clinical research. All of these discussions will contribute to the establishment of reliable monitoring and therapeutic strategies for patients with functional recovery from AKI who can be most easily ignored.
“Mississippi Phenomenon”: Reinterpreting the 1970 Jackson State Shootings in the Era of Black Lives Matter
Authors: Chura Patrick 
Published: October 2018

The Kent State and Jackson State shootings of May 1970 were not directly related, yet the two atrocities have become “indelibly linked” in popular memory. This article draws from recent oral histories and ethnographic observations of commemorative events to shift the analytical frame toward attention to essential differences in the shooting contexts, arguing that Jackson State was not “the South's Kent State” but a “Mississippi phenomenon” best understood as a portent of ideologies at the core of the current Black Lives Matter movement.The long overdue attention now being given antiblack police brutality offers a vocabulary for reinterpreting Jackson State, enabling new conclusions. First, Kent State did not cause Jackson state, but the killings in Ohio did prompt a false equating of events in Kent and Jackson as similar antiwar protests. Second, this process of collective remembering, furthered by some discourses emanating from Kent State University, obfuscates intrinsic truths about race in America. Finally, conversation surrounding Black Lives Matter offers the chance to reassess the tragedies and remember them in ways that bring clarity to political and cultural structures of the present day.
Modeling Undetected Live Poliovirus Circulation After Apparent Interruption of Transmission: Pakistan and Afghanistan
Authors: Kalkowska Dominika A. , Duintjer Tebbens Radboud J. , Pallansch Mark A. , Thompson Kimberly M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSince most poliovirus infections occur with no paralytic symptoms, the possibility of silent circulation complicates the confirmation of the end of poliovirus transmission. Based on empirical field experience and theoretical modeling results, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative identified three years without observing paralytic cases from wild polioviruses with good acute flaccid paralysis surveillance as an indication of sufficient confidence that poliovirus circulation stopped. The complexities of real populations and the imperfect nature of real surveillance systems subsequently demonstrated the importance of specific modeling for areas at high risk of undetected circulation, resulting in varying periods of time required to obtain the same level of confidence about no undetected circulation. Using a poliovirus transmission model that accounts for variability in transmissibility and neurovirulence for different poliovirus serotypes and characterizes country‐specific factors (e.g., vaccination and surveillance activities, demographics) related to wild and vaccine‐derived poliovirus transmission in Pakistan and Afghanistan, we consider the probability of undetected poliovirus circulation for those countries once apparent die‐out occurs (i.e., in the absence of any epidemiological signals). We find that gaps in poliovirus surveillance or reaching elimination with borderline sufficient population immunity could significantly increase the time to reach high confidence about interruption of live poliovirus transmission, such that the path taken to achieve and maintain poliovirus elimination matters. Pakistan and Afghanistan will need to sustain high‐quality surveillance for polioviruses after apparent interruption of transmission and recognize that as efforts to identify cases or circulating live polioviruses decrease, the risks of undetected circulation increase and significantly delay the global polio endgame.
Online peer consulting for health professionals
Authors: Bientzle Martina , Lechner Christine , Cress Ulrike , Kimmerle Joachim 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundMany health care professionals specialise in particular medical fields. Nevertheless, they often encounter patients with other indications for which they have only limited experience. In such situations it is helpful to consult colleagues who have specialised in the respective areas. The Internet provides the opportunity to connect with other specialists that can be used for peer consulting. We argue that health professionals should learn to make use of online peer consulting during vocational training.MethodsWe used an open‐source platform that provided the opportunity to chat and upload documents. We recruited 45 first‐year physiotherapy students as participants. The training for online peer consulting was integrated into courses where students were taught basic principles of gait analysis and learned how to document the findings of their examinations. Subsequently, the students evaluated the course and the online collaboration.FindingsStudents were highly motivated to use the online platform and perceived the online peer consulting and the atmosphere of collaboration on the platform to be very positive. In addition, students had a significant increase in content knowledge and were more confident in their own knowledge than they were before the online peer consulting.DiscussionIt seems appropriate to provide training for giving and gathering online peer feedback. This opportunity, provided at an early stage of training, could help prepare students for continuing co‐operative exchange in their professional lives.Health care professionals should learn how to gather information from colleagues and how to provide adequate feedback
ACVECC‐Veterinary Committee on Trauma Registry Report 2013–2017
Authors: Hall Kelly E. , Boller Manuel , Hoffberg Jayme , McMichael Maureen , Raffe Marc R. , Sharp Claire R. ,   on behalf of ACVECC's Veterinary Committee on Trauma (VetCOT) Registry Subcommittee
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo report summative data from the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Veterinary Committee on Trauma (VetCOT) registry.DesignMulti‐institutional veterinary trauma registry data report.SettingVetCOT identified veterinary trauma centers (VTCs).AnimalsDogs and cats with evidence of trauma presented to VTCs with data entered in the VetCOT registry September 1, 2013–March 31, 2017.InterventionsVetCOT created a standardized data collection methodology for dog and cat trauma. Data were input to a web‐based data capture system (REDCap) by data entry personnel trained in data software use and operational definitions of data variables. Data on demographics, trauma type (blunt vs penetrating), preadmission care, hospitalization and intensive care requirement, trauma severity assessment at presentation (eg, modified Glasgow coma scale and animal trauma triage score), key laboratory parameters, necessity for surgical intervention, and case outcome were collected. Summary descriptive data for each species are reported.Measurements and Main ResultsTwenty‐nine VTCs in North America, Europe, and Australia contributed information from 17,335 dog and 3,425 cat trauma cases during the 42‐month reporting period. A large majority of cases presented directly to the VTC after injury (80.4% dogs and 78.1% cats). Blunt trauma was the most common source for injury in cats (56.7%); penetrating trauma was the most common source for injury in dogs (52.3%). Note that 43.8% of dogs and 36.2% of cats were reported to have surgery performed. The proportion surviving to discharge was 92.0% (dogs) and 82.5% (cats).ConclusionsThe VetCOT registry proved to be a powerful resource for collection of a large dataset on trauma in dogs and cats seen at VTCs. While overall survival to discharge was quite high, further evaluation of data on subsets of injury types, patient assessment parameters, interventions, and associated outcome are warranted.
Intercultural (mis)communication in teacher‐student interaction
Authors: Anderson Fred E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article explores communication and miscommunication in Japanese university settings, in English‐medium classroom situations where the students are Japanese and the instructor is a ‘native’, generally Inner Circle, speaker of English. The focus of the analysis is on two aspects of classroom style that are affected by teacher's and students’ divergent norms of interaction and interpretation: (1) turn‐taking behavior, especially student non‐responsiveness represented by an abundance of silence; and (2) forms of address, particularly the names, with or without a title, that students use in calling their teachers. The article is influenced by, and seen as an extension of, Larry E. Smith's work on English for cross‐cultural communication and discourse across cultures.
Accent, intelligibility, mental health, and trauma
Authors: Bhatia Tej K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe aim of this article is fourfold: (1) to define the notion of ‘accent’ from two linguistic and socio‐psychological perspectives; (2) to examine the multi‐faceted dimensions of accent in terms of the (bio‐)linguistic mind and the social mind; (3) to throw a spotlight on the convergence of mental health and accent trauma by presenting a forensic case study of mass murder and suicide committed by an Asian‐American, Jiverly Wong, who was traumatized by social exclusion and bullying, possibly due to his limited English proficiency in the form of non‐native speech traits exhibited in his accent; and (4) to present evidence from neurolinguistic (f‐MRI) studies of social pain caused by social exclusion. The discussion here is framed particularly in the context of intelligibility and interpretability of speech in cross‐cultural communication through world Englishes and the wide‐ranging negative reactions to people who speak English with a foreign accent.