Hypoglycaemia Prevention, Awareness of Symptoms, and Treatment (HypoPAST): protocol for a 24-week hybrid type 1 randomised controlled trial of a fully online psycho-educational programme for adults with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Halliday Jennifer A. , Holmes-Truscott Elizabeth , Thuraisingam Sharmala , Søholm Uffe , Chatterton Mary Lou , Russell-Green Sienna , O Eric , Andrikopoulos Sof , Black Taryn , Davidson Susan , Noonan Glen , Scibilia Renza , Hagger Virginia , Hendrieckx Christel , Mihalopoulos Cathrine , Shaw James A. M. , Versace Vincent L. , Zoungas Sophia , Skinner Timothy C. , Speight Jane ,   on behalf of the HypoPAST Research Group, Baptista Shaira , Prasertsung Chatpakorn , Robinson Alison 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background

Management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires the use of insulin, which can cause hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose levels). While most hypoglycaemic episodes can be self-treated, all episodes can be sudden, inconvenient, challenging to prevent or manage, unpleasant and/or cause unwanted attention or embarrassment. Severe hypoglycaemic episodes, requiring assistance from others for recovery, are rare but potentially dangerous. Repeated exposure to hypoglycaemia can reduce classic warning symptoms (‘awareness’), thereby increasing risk of severe episodes. Thus, fear of hypoglycaemia is common among adults with T1D and can have a negative impact on how they manage their diabetes, as well as on daily functioning, well-being and quality of life. While advances in glycaemic technologies and group-based psycho-educational programmes can reduce fear, frequency and impact of hypoglycaemia, they are not universally or freely available, nor do they fully resolve problematic hypoglycaemia or associated worries. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a fully online, self-directed, scalable, psycho-educational intervention for reducing fear of hypoglycaemia: the Hypoglycaemia Prevention, Awareness of Symptoms, and Treatment (HypoPAST) programme.

Methods
A 24-week, two-arm, parallel-group, hybrid type 1 randomised controlled trial, conducted remotely (online and telephone). Australian adults (≥ 18 years) with self-reported T1D and fear of hypoglycaemia will be recruited, and allocated at random (1:1) to HypoPAST or control (usual care). The primary outcome is the between-group difference in fear of hypoglycaemia (assessed using HFS-II Worry score) at 24 weeks. A sample size of N = 196 is required to detect a 9-point difference, with 90% power and allowing for 30% attrition. Multiple secondary outcomes include self-reported psychological, behavioural, biomedical, health economic, and process evaluation data. Data will be collected at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks using online surveys, 2-week ecological momentary assessments, website analytics and semi-structured interviews.

Discussion
This study will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of a novel, online psycho-educational programme: HypoPAST. Due to the fully online format, HypoPAST is expected to provide an inexpensive, convenient, accessible and scalable solution for reducing fear of hypoglycaemia among adults with T1D.

Trial registration
Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12623000894695 (21 August 2023).