bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of alveolar‐interstitial syndrome in dogs and cats with respiratory distress as assessed by lung ultrasound versus thoracic radiographs
Authors: Ward Jessica L. , Lisciandro Gregory R. , DeFrancesco Teresa C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess distribution of alveolar‐interstitial syndrome (AIS) detected by lung ultrasound (LUS) compared to thoracic radiographs (TXR).DesignProspective study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsSeventy‐six dogs and 24 cats with acute respiratory distress or tachypnea.InterventionsPatients underwent LUS and TXR within 6 hours. Lung ultrasound images were scored for presence and quantity of B‐lines in 4 lung quadrants (right cranial, right caudal, left cranial, left caudal). An individual LUS quadrant was scored positive if > 3 B‐lines were observed within a single intercostal space. Dorsoventral TXR were scored for presence of AIS in the same 4 quadrants. An individual TXR quadrant was scored positive if infiltrate was present in ≥ 25% of the quadrant. Medical records were evaluated for final diagnosis.Measurements and Main ResultsQuadrant‐by‐quadrant spatial agreement in assigning AIS using LUS versus TXR was fair (K = 0.24 – 0.56). Lung ultrasound scored a higher number of quadrants positive per patient (2.65 ± 1.59 vs. 2.13 ± 1.48;P = 0.012). Patterns of distribution of AIS differed significantly based on final diagnosis. Patients with left‐sided congestive heart failure were more likely to have diffuse AIS on LUS (P < 0.001) or bilateral caudal AIS on TXR (P = 0.04) while patients with noncardiac disease were more likely to have absence of AIS in all quadrants using either modality (P < 0.001). Differences in spatial distribution of AIS were also noted among disease subcategories.ConclusionsLung ultrasound and TXR were both useful to detect and categorize distribution of alveolar or interstitial pulmonary pathology. Spatial agreement between modalities was only fair. Overall, LUS detected a higher incidence of AIS compared to TXR. Both modalities detected differences in distribution of AIS based on final diagnosis, suggesting that a regional pattern‐based approach to thoracic imaging may prove diagnostically useful.
Two mutations at different positions in the CNBH domain of the hERG channel accelerate deactivation and impair the interaction with the EAG domain
Authors: Kume Shinichiro , Shimomura Takushi , Tateyama Michihiro , Kubo Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2018

Key points
In the human ether‐a‐go‐go related gene (hERG) channel, both the ether‐a‐go‐go (EAG) domain in the N‐terminal and the cyclic nucleotide (CN) binding homology (CNBH) domain in the C‐terminal cytoplasmic region are known to contribute to the characteristic slow deactivation.
Mutations of Phe860 in the CNBH domain, reported to fill the CN binding pocket, accelerate the deactivation and decrease the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiencies between the EAG and CNBH domains.
An electrostatic interaction between Arg696 and Asp727 in the C‐linker domain, critical for HCN and CNG channels, is not formed in the hERG channel.
Mutations of newly identified electrostatically interacting pair, Asp727 in the C‐linker and Arg752 in the CNBH domains, accelerate the deactivation and decrease FRET efficiency.
Voltage‐dependent changes in FRET efficiency were not detected.
These results suggest that the acceleration of the deactivation by mutations of C‐terminal domains is a result of the lack of interaction between the EAG and CNBH domains.
AbstractThe human ether‐a‐go‐go related gene (hERG) channel shows characteristic slow deactivation, and the contribution of both of the N‐terminal cytoplasmic ether‐a‐go‐go (EAG) domain and the C‐terminal cytoplasmic cyclic nucleotide (CN) binding homology (CNBH) domain is well known. The interaction between these domains is known to be critical for slow deactivation. We analysed the effects of mutations in the CNBH domain and its upstream C‐linker domain on slow deactivation and the interaction between the EAG and CNBH domains by electrophysiological and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analyses using Xenopus oocyte and HEK293T cell expression systems. We first observed that mutations of Phe860 in the CNBH domain, which is reported to fill the CN binding pocket as an intrinsic ligand, accelerate deactivation and eliminate the inter‐domain interaction. Next, we observed that the salt bridge between Arg696 and Asp727 in the C‐linker domain, which is reported to be critical for the function of CN‐regulated channels, is not formed. We newly identified an electrostatically interacting pair critical for slow deactivation: Asp727 and Arg752 in the CNBH domain. Their mutations also impaired the inter‐domain interaction. Taking these results together, both mutations of the intrinsic ligand (Phe860) and a newly identified salt bridge pair (Asp727 and Arg752) in the hERG channel accelerated deactivation and also decreased the interaction between the EAG and CNBH domains. Voltage‐dependent changes in FRET efficiency between the two domains were not detected. The results suggest that the CNBH domain contributes to slow deactivation of the hERG channel by a mechanism involving the EAG domain.
Effects of Modality and Speaking Style on Mandarin Tone Identification by Non-Native Listeners
Authors: Han Yueqiao , Goudbeek Martijn , Mos Maria , Swerts Marc 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough the way tones are acquired by second or foreign language learners has attracted some scholarly attention, detailed knowledge of the factors that promote efficient learning is lacking. In this article, we look at the effect of visual cues (comparing audio-only with audio-visual presentations) and speaking style (comparing a natural speaking style with a teaching speaking style) on the perception of Mandarin tones by non-native listeners, looking both at the relative strength of these two factors and their possible interactions. Both the accuracy and reaction time of the listeners were measured in a task of tone identification. Results showed that participants in the audio-visual condition distinguished tones more accurately than participants in the audio-only condition. Interestingly, this varied as a function of speaking style, but only for stimuli from specific speakers. Additionally, some tones (notably tone 3) were recognized more quickly and accurately than others.
The Anaphylatoxin C3a Receptor Expression on Human M2 Macrophages Is Down-Regulated by Stimulating the Histamine H4 Receptor and the IL-4 Receptor
Authors: Mommert Susanne , Aslan Derya , Ratz Lisanne , Stark Holger , Gutzmer Ralf , Werfel Thomas 
Published: August 2018

The anaphylatoxin C3a triggers inflammation by binding to its specific G-protein-coupled C3a receptor (C3aR). Since the number of C3aR, which is expressed on the cell surface, affects the response to C3a, we investigated the expression levels of C3aR on human M2 macrophages in allergic situations where high levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and histamine are present in a local microenvironment. The histamine H1 receptor (H1R), H2R and the H4R mRNA expressions were induced or up-regulated during the differentiation process of M2 macrophages. The presence of histamine or agonists targeting the H1R, H2R and, in particular, the H4R during in vitro differentiation from monocytes to macrophages modified the M2 phenotype by regulating the macrophage differentiation marker CD68 and CD163 expressions. In ­addition, the C3aR expression was also down-regulated by ­ST-1006 during this process. Histamine and ST-1006 down-regulated the expression of C3aR with different time kinetics on fully differentiated M2 macrophages. By analysing C3a-induced IL-6 mRNA expression, we observed a diminished response to C3a in ST-1006-treated M2 macrophages when compared to un-treated cells. Expression of C3 was not affected by histamine, whereas IL-4 strongly down-regulated C3aR and C3 expressions. Our data suggests that down-regulation of C3aR expression by mediators present in allergic situations such as IL-4 or histamine has an anti-inflammatory impact by reducing the sensitivity to C3a-induced down-stream signaling, thereby contributing to the regulation of local inflammatory responses in the skin.
Human Cervical Epithelial Cells Release Antiviral Factors and Inhibit HIV Replication in Macrophages
Authors: Xu Xi-Qiu , Guo Le , Wang Xu , Liu Yu , Liu Hang , Zhou Run-Hong , Gu Jun , Liu Jin-Biao , Xu Pei , Zhou Li , Ho Wen-Zhe 
Published: August 2018

The female reproductive tract is a major site of HIV sexual transmission. We here examined whether human cervical epithelial cells (HCEs) can be immunologically activated and produce antiviral factors against HIV. We demonstrated that HCEs (End1/E6E7 cells) possess the functional toll-like receptor (TLR)3 signaling system, which could be activated by Poly I:C and induce multiple cellular HIV restriction factors. The treatment of primary human macrophages with supernatant (SN) from TLR3-activated End1/E6E7 cell cultures resulted in HIV inhibition. This SN-mediated HIV inhibition was mainly through the induction of interferons (IFN)-β and IFN-λs, as the antibodies to IFN-β or IFN-λs receptor could effectively block the SN-mediated anti-HIV effect. Further studies showed that the incubation of macrophages with SN from the activated cervical epithelial cell cultures induced the expression of a number of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including IFN-stimulated gene (ISG15), ISG56, 2′, 5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS 1), OAS 2, Myxovirus Resistance A (MxA), MxB, and Guanylate-binding protein 5 (GBP5). In addition, TLR3-activated cells produced the CC chemokines [regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), Human macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α), MIP-1β] the ligands of HIV entry co-receptor CCR5. These observations support further studies on HCEs as potentially crucial and alternative targets for immunological intervention to control and prevent HIV sexual transmission.
Prediction of Occult Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer with CD31 Vessel Quantification
Authors: Mermod Maxime , Bongiovanni Massimo , Petrova Tatiana , Goun Elena , Simon Christian , Tolstonog Genrich , Monnier Yan 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveThe management of occult lymph node metastasis (LNM) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has been a matter of controversy for decades. The vascular density within the tumor microenvironment, as an indicator of ongoing angiogenesis, could constitute an attractive predictor of LNM. The use of the panvascular endothelial antibody CD31 as a marker of occult LNM has never been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive value of CD31 microvascular density for the detection of occult LNM in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary university hospital.Subjects and MethodsIntra‐ and peritumoral microvascular density values were determined in 56 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (n = 50) and oropharynx (n = 6) with clinically negative necks using the CD31 marker. Statistical associations of CD31 microvascular densities with clinicopathologic data were then established.ResultsPeritumoral CD31 microvascular density was significantly associated with occult LNM in multivariate analysis (P <. 01). Recursive partitioning analysis for this parameter found a cutoff of 19.33, which identified occult LNM with a sensitivity of 91%, a specificity of 65%, a positive predictive value of 40%, a negative predictive value of 97%, and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 71%.ConclusionPeritumoral CD31 microvascular density in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx allows accurate prediction of occult LNM.
An Optimized Robot‐Based Technique for Cochlear Implantation to Reduce Array Insertion Trauma
Authors: Torres Renato , Jia Huan , Drouillard Mylène , Bensimon Jean‐Loup , Sterkers Olivier , Ferrary Evelyne , Nguyen Yann 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo compare the intracochlear trauma induced by optimized robot‐based and manual techniques with a straight electrode array prototype inserted at different lengths.Study DesignExperimental study.SettingRobot‐based otologic surgery laboratory.Subjects and MethodsA prototype array was inserted at different insertion lengths (21 and 25 mm) in 20 temporal bones. The manual insertion was performed with a microforceps. The optimized approach consisted of an optimal axis insertion provided by a robot‐based arm controlled by a tracking system, with a constant speed of insertion (0.25 mm/s) achieved by a motorized insertion tool. The electrode position was determined at the level of each electrode by stereomicroscopic cochlea section analysis.ResultsA higher number of electrodes correctly located in the scala tympani was associated with the optimized approach (P =. 03, 2‐way analysis of variance). Regardless of the insertion technique used, the array inserted at 25 mm allowed complete insertion of the active stimulating portion of the array in all cases. Insertion depth was greater when the array was inserted to 25 mm versus 21 mm (P <. 001, 2‐way analysis of variance). The optimized insertion was associated with less trauma than that from manual insertion regardless the length of the inserted array (P =. 04, 2‐way analysis of variance).ConclusionCompared with a manual insertion, intracochlear trauma could be reduced with array insertion performed on an optimal axis by using motorized insertion and by applying a constant insertion speed.
Functional and structural plasticity following action observation training in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rocca Maria A , Meani Alessandro , Fumagalli Silvia , Pagani Elisabetta , Gatti Roberto , Martinelli-Boneschi Filippo , Esposito Federica , Preziosa Paolo , Cordani Claudio , Comi Giancarlo , Filippi Massimo 
Published: August 2018

Background: Hand motor deficits contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS)-related disability. Action observation training (AOT) is promising to improve upper limb function in neurologic patients. Objectives: In this preliminary study, we investigated AOT effects on dominant-hand motor performance in MS patients with upper limb motor impairment and performed an explorative analysis of their anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) substrates. Methods: In total, 46 healthy controls (HC) and 41 MS patients with dominant-hand motor impairment were randomized to AOT (HC-AOT = 23; MS-AOT = 20; watching daily-life action videos and execution) or control-training (HC-Control = 23; MS-Control = 21; watching landscapes videos and execution). Behavioral, structural, and functional (at rest and during object manipulation) MRI scans were acquired before and after a 2-week training. Results: After training, MS groups improved in right upper limb functions, mainly in AOT group ( p from 0.02 to 0.0001). All groups showed regional increased and decreased gray matter volume, with specific AOT effects in fronto-temporal areas in MS-AOT ( p < 0.001), without white matter (WM) integrity modifications. Increased and reduced recruitments of the action observation matching system and its connections in MS-AOT were found ( p < 0.001). Motor improvements were correlated with volumetric and functional MRI modifications ( r from −0.78 to 0.77, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The 10-day AOT promotes clinical improvements in MS patients through structural and functional modifications of the action observation matching system.
Screening for anxiety disorders
Authors: Wittchen Hans-Ulrich , Boyer Patrice 
Published: August 2018

Background The paper describes the rationale, sensitivity and specificity of the Anxiety Screening Questionnaire (ASQ), a disorder-specific screening instrument for use in primary care.Method Two hundred and fifty subjects sampled from psychiatric, primary care settings and the community, participated in a test-retest reliability as well as a procedural validity study, using the M–CIDI with DSM–IV algorithms as a diagnostic yardstick.Results The ASQ was found to be easy to administer and acceptable and efficient in terms of sensitivity and specificity for generalised anxiety syndromes. The test– retest item reliability was good to excellent with kappa values of 0.6 or above. As compared with the validity standard, the DSM – IV/CIDI diagnoses caseness sensitivity was generally high (above 82%) for all diagnostic domains covered, whereas the specificity was only high for DSM – IV threshold and subthreshold generalised anxiety disorder.Conclusions These preliminary findings demonstrate the usefulness of this anxiety screening questionnaire, constructed closely following the guidelines of specific diagnostic criteria.
Interaction of pharmacological and psychological treatments of anxiety
Authors: Lader M. H. , Bond A. J. 
Published: August 2018

Background Pharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety are often combined in clinical practice but there is little research from which to predict the effects.Method The theoretical outcomes of combining treatments and methods of investigating these as well as methodological difficulties are described. Studies which have been completed in anxiety disorders are reviewed. A double-blind trial, using a factorial design, evaluated buspirone v. placebo and anxiety management training v. nondirective therapy in 60 patients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).Results Relatively few germane studies have been carried out in the anxiety disorders except for panic disorder with agoraphobia. There is some evidence that short-term, combined treatment does confer additional benefits which are evident both in speed of onset and lasting remission. All four treatment combinations proved effective in the short-term treatment of GAD.Conclusions More studies examining combined treatment are needed. Although differences may not be apparent at the end of the treatment period, psychological treatment appears to confer advantages at follow-up.
Field Trials of the 1987 Draft of Chapter V (F) of ICD-10
Authors: Burke Jack D. 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionThis paper will review the major objectives and study design of the Field Trials of the draft chapter on Mental Behavioural and Developmental Disorders in the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), now in preparation. The text used in this Field Trial is the Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines, which is more elaborate than the Short Glossary for this chapter that will be published in the main volume of ICD-10. The text for the former will be published together with the Diagnostic Criteria for Research and other parts of the WHO family of instruments relevant to mental health.
Cardiovascular Effects of Antidepressant Medications
Authors: Halper James P. , Mann J. John 
Published: August 2018

Antidepressants are associated with a variety of side-effects, ranging in severity from the merely annoying to those with significant morbidity and even potential mortality. Prominent among the latter are cardiovascular effects, which have provided much of the impetus for the development of newer antidepressants such as fluoxetine. In this paper, we will review these cardiovascular effects, but as this has been previously undertaken elsewhere (e.g. Glassman & Bigger, 1981; Marshall & Forker, 1882; Glassman, 1984a), our consideration will be selective, with emphasis on methodological issues of relevance to the evaluation of new antidepressants. Since mechanisms of cardiac side-effects are best understood in relation to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), these will be a major focus, and will provide a background for the consideration of newer agents.While less is known regarding the side-effects of the newer antidepressants, examination of the evolution of knowledge and opinions regarding their safety is particularly pertinent in that it illustrates the waxing and waning of enthusiasm that typically accompanies the introduction of new therapeutic agents. We review below the growing body of data regarding fluoxetine and some of the other serotonin-selective antidepressants, as well as discussing serotonergic effects on the cardiovascular system and their implications for the clinical use of these agents. Since the interactions between antidepressants and drugs used to treat cardiovascular disorders have been reviewed by Rischet al(1982) and Glassman & Salzman (1987), these will not be considered here.
Hillside study of risk and early detection in schizophrenia
Authors: Cornblatt Barbara , Obuchowski Michael , Schnur David , O'Brien John D. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThe Hillside Study of Risk and Early Detection in Schizophrenia is a prospective study of young probands (ages 14–28) and their at-risk siblings (ages 14–24). A major goal is the identification of early predictors of illness that will facilitate intervention. The project design and pilot study are discussed.MethodFifteen adolescents were compared to 14 typical age-of-onset adults, all undergoing their first hospitalisation for schizophrenia.ResultsThere were no differences between adolescents and adults on any of the measures administered (i.e. attention, eye tracking, neurocognitive or clinical). In addition, for the sample overall, no association was found between neurocognitive functions and clinical state, either at admission or after treatment.ConclusionsIndividuals with adolescent onset of schizophrenia are considered to be representative of schizophrenia in general. Furthermore, neurocognitive deficits and clinical symptoms are concluded to be two independent classess of risk indicators.
First-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Wyatt Richard Jed , Damiani L. Michelle , Henter Ioline D. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThe concept that early intervention with antipsychotic medications improves the long-term course of schizophrenia is discussed.MethodThis report reviews the literature concerning early intervention with antipsychotic medications for people with firstepisodes, and how it affects long-term morbidity. It also studies the effects of discontinuing antipsychotic medications on relapse for people with first episodes.ResultsEarly intervention with antipsychotic medications appears to decrease the long-term morbidity of schizophrenia.ConclusionsEarly intervention with antipsychotic medications should be encouraged for people experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia. This report proposes that studying the various phases of subject response to treatment can be helpful in elucidating when antipsychotic medications should be tapered or withdrawn.
Prolonged recovery in first-episode psychosis
Authors: Edwards Jane , Maude Dana , McGorry Patrick D. , Harrigan Susan M. , Cocks John T. 
Published: August 2018

Background Early identification and specialised treatment of individuals with enduring positive symptoms may assist in alleviating symptoms and has the potential to change the course of illness.Method Prevalence and descriptive data on enduring positive symptoms in two first-episode samples are outlined. Attempts to incorporate the focus of early intervention for persisting psychosis into routine clinical care of individuals with first-episode psychosis are described.Results Of the 227 individuals with first-episode psychosis who were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale at 3/6 months and 12 months following initial stabilisation (from a total sample of 347), 6.6% experienced enduring positive symptoms at all three time points. When the analysis was restricted to schizophrenia, schizophreniform and schizoaffective disorders (n=158) the percentage increased to 8.9%. These patients had significantly longer mean duration of untreated psychosis prior to initiation of treatment and, at 12-month follow-up, significantly higher depression and poorer psychosocial functioning.Conclusions The association of untreated psychosis with treatment resistance supports the argument for early intervention as soon as possible following the onset of psychotic symptoms.