bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion and the Bio-Sociology of Transformation
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This final chapter seeks, first, to account for some recent explanations of human interaction in terms of cognition and evolutionary neuroscience; and second, to show how social cognition is transformed through religion at a cultural level as a system in relation to the environment; religion is a form of bio-sociology. This transformation is echoed in the history of Homo sapiens as a move from sign to symbol, suggesting, third, an abductive philosophical claim that life itself comes to articulation through religion; religions are the transformation of bio-energy expressed at an interpersonal level in human face-to-face encounter re-articulated at structurally higher levels of religious systems comprising practice, doctrine, narrative, and law. This transformation of human bio-sociology into religion is the way in which civilization seeks to repair the human and to bring us more acutely into life through the integration of higher linguistic consciousness with deeper, pre-linguistic forms of life.
Cloistered Virtue
Authors: Mottram Stewart 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Marvell’s Upon Appleton House (c.1651) and explores how Marvell uses the ruins of Nun Appleton Priory in this poem to meditate on the ruination of state-run religion during the puritan revolution of the mid-seventeenth century. The chapter sets the poem’s representation of Marvell’s patron—Thomas, third lord Fairfax—against the backdrop of the Scottish invasion of England in early August 1651, arguing that despite Fairfax’s decision the previous summer to resign his role as lord general of the parliamentary army, the poem nevertheless envisages a role for Fairfax in the military defence of northern England in August 1651, as governor of the important garrison town of Hull. Scotland, however, was not the only threat facing England in summer 1651. For the Fairfaxes, and other English presbyterians, the English church was a garden paradise overrun by the weeds of sectarianism, and it was English sectarianism that presbyterians on both sides of the border blamed for the outbreak of England’s war with Scotland in 1650. The chapter explores how Marvell gives voice in Upon Appleton House to presbyterian anxieties over the rise of sectarianism in the early 1650s, focusing on the poem’s representation of Nun Appleton’s meadows, garden, and priory ruins. In these catholic ruins, the chapter argues, Marvell sees English protestant sins reflected, and thus the poem’s remembrance of the dissolution of the monasteries is also an opportunity for a presbyterian meditation on the iconoclasm of English sectarians in the early 1650s.
Conclusion
Authors: Mottram Stewart 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter opens with a case study, assessing the impact of a century of protestant reforms on the layout and liturgy of the parish church of All Saints’, Bolton Percy, in the early 1650s—a time when both the poet, Andrew Marvell, and his patron, the former lord general of the parliamentary army, Thomas, third lord Fairfax, were parishioners. The chapter explores how Thomas Fairfax had helped preserve the stained glass and other features of Bolton Percy church, in spite of parliamentary ordinances directing the destruction of church idols and images, including those in windows. Yet Fairfax’s distaste for forms of protestant iconoclasm nevertheless co-existed with his presbyterian beliefs—a conjunction that may seem surprising, were it not for the fact that this study has uncovered a similar ambivalence towards religious violence and ruin creation in other avowedly puritan writers, from Spenser to Marvell. The chapter goes on to explore the Laudian apologist, Peter Heylyn’s identification with the religious conservatism of the Elizabethan church, arguing against the conventions of reformation historiography by suggesting that it was by no means only Laudians who sought to slow the pace of reformation and return the seventeenth-century church to the sobrieties of the Elizabethan settlement. The ambivalence of writers across the early modern period towards forms of reformation violence points rather to an anti-iconoclastic tradition that was indigenous to English protestantism in its formative century—suggesting that Laudian opposition to protestant iconoclasm was less ‘avant-garde’ than reformation historians have hitherto suggested.
Johannine Arch-Intelligibility
Authors: Behr John 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter Six opens up Part Three of this work, devoted to the reading of the Gospel of John given by the French Phenomenologist Michel Henry. This chapter begins by exploring the phenomenology of life developed by Henry, not that which appears in the world, but that which is prior to the world and only known in the immediacy of its pathos, the self-affectivity of the experience of living. The condition of our self as living ones is Christ himself, the First Living One, in whom the life that is the Father is engendered, so that, as Henry quotes Eckhart, ‘God engenders me as himself’. Identity in pathos (suffering is the experience of suffering, it doesn’t appear elsewhere by another means) grants truth, unlike the horizon of the world, in which something only appears as other than itself, torn from its own identity, rendered dead (for life, Henry reminds us, does not appear in the world). According to Henry’s analysis, this pathos of life constitutes the flesh, as phenomenologically distinct than the body; the latter is how we appear, externalized, in the world, the former is how we experience ourselves in the self-affectivity of the pathos of life. This then enables Henry to provide a more sophisticated understanding of Incarnation, not as the appearing of the Word of God within the world, but rather as the Word of God giving us access to life by sharing in his own flesh and his own pathos. The chapter finishes by considering how Henry reads Scripture, especially John, not against the horizon of the world and its history, but as an invitation to life with its own intelligibilty or ‘arch-intelligibility’.
Introduction
Authors: Behr John 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The introduction explores the various methodological problems involved in studying the Gospel of John and the idea of Incarnation, and introduces the various readers of the Gospel engaged in this study: early Christian writers (the ‘School of John’ as they were called by J.B. Lightfoot), modern exegetes, and Michel Henry. The methodological issues are addressed by way of Quentin Skinner’s ‘mythology of doctrine’, Hans-Georg Gadamer’s ‘effective history’, and Herbert McCabe’s questioning of the coherence of the idea of ‘pre-existence’ as it relates to ‘incarnation’. Of particular concern is the way in which systematic theological reflection has become detached from the exegetical practices in which theology developed, to be combined with a very different practice of reading Scripture, resulting in a loss of coherence and a different understanding of key ideas, such as Incarnation and the Passion (meaning the Crucifixion and Resurrection) and the relationship between them. Finally, the introduction argues for the need to bring together the different readers engaged in this volume so as to undertake the task of theology.
Persuasion and Responsibility
Authors: Bromwich David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Modernist poetry was defined partly by its renunciation of didactic purpose. Yet the most renowned of twentieth-century British poets, W. B. Yeats—a leading exponent of modernist doctrine—wrote often in a vein that directly implicates a political purpose. This contradiction was the main subject of an essay by George Orwell; it was also a motive for the rich meditation on art and morality in W. H. Auden’s elegy for Yeats. The latter went so far as to acquit Yeats of any ultimate blame for his opinions, on the ground that a true poet’s language belongs to every “free man” and therefore is emancipatory. Auden’s argument is stirring, but dubious. An apology for the language of poetry cannot wash out the impurity or the proneness to misunderstanding that poetry shares with rhetoric and with language generally.
Expertise
Authors: Heathcote Gina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that there is a gap between gender expertise, as a technique of global governance, and the transnational feminisms that gender law reform becomes a near-replica of. This chapter examines the rise of gender expertise within global governance to pay attention to what is lost, subsumed, and forgotten in the techniques of global governance, examining how transnational feminist histories and actions become subsumed within and yet expunged from gender law reform within international law. Thus, chapter 2 considers how a great deal of gender law reform functions as a plastic, near-replica of the complex feminist transnational knowledge (or, in Arendt’s words ‘know-how’) and histories that the reforms are expected to incorporate and replicate within global governance—ultimately erasing more feminist knowledge than they integrate.
Institutions
Authors: Heathcote Gina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter builds on the analysis of expertise and fragmentation that illuminates the risks for feminist engagements with global governance and law, to consider further strategies of reconstruction (and disruption) within the structures of the global order. In paying attention to international institutions, as non-state actors wielding legal power of sorts within global governance, this chapter takes dialogues from contemporary feminist approaches—the configuring of maternal subjectivity as interruption and feminist approaches to political economy—as initiating plural dialogues on international institutions from a feminist perspective. The chapter provides an analysis of the Human Rights Council, the World Health Organisation, and the Peacebuilding Commission, as well as an account of gender mainstreaming.
The Topographic Sources of Defoe’s Tour
Authors: Rogers Pat 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The most important study of the topographic background to Daniel Defoe’s Tour thro’ Great Britain (1724–1726) is still one written by the historical geographer J. H. Andrews in 1960. This article seeks to amplify what Andrews says about two aspects of the subject: the use that the author made of maps in compiling his work, and his recourse to the text of topographic volumes, including atlases and guides. On the first issue, the evidence corroborates what Andrews suggested about the use of maps in the Tour, but it shows that Defoe enlisted their aid more widely than previously suspected in areas of the country such as Westmorland. The discussion draws chiefly on maps by Robert Morden, but also those by John Speed, Herman Moll, and others. On the second point, Andrews tended to understate Defoe’s acquaintance with counties such as Dorset, Somerset, and East Yorkshire. As a result, except for parts of Cornwall, he exaggerated the degree to which the author relied on A New General Atlas (1721). Some other sources that he did not consider have now surfaced. A full comparison between the Tour and John Macky’s Journey is provided, exploring the kind of topographic detail each writer supplied. It remains the case that much of the treatment by Andrews continues to be valid after 60 years, and the article endorses his conclusion that even when we identify Defoe’s borrowings, they do not diminish the importance of ‘a great pioneer work of economic geography’.
Oral Rehydration in Children with Acute Diarrhoea and Moderate Dehydration—Effectiveness of an ORS Tolerance Test
Authors: Kauna Rhondi , Sobi Kone , Pameh Wendy , Vince John D , Duke Trevor 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOral rehydration solution (ORS) is the mainstay of treatment of acute watery diarrhoea, but it is underutilized in many hospitals, resulting in children with moderate degrees of dehydration being unnecessarily hospitalized and receiving intravenous fluids. We aimed to assess the utility of an ORS tolerance test on initial presentation to an emergency department, and determine the volume of ORS a child with diarrhoea and moderate dehydration needed to tolerate to be successfully managed at home. One hundred and twenty-nine children with acute watery diarrhoea and moderate dehydration were given ORS and observed in a Children’s Emergency Department (CED) over a period of 2–4 h. Patients were admitted, kept in the CED for further management or discharged, based on the assessment of oral intake and the clinical judgement of the treating health workers. Seventy-nine (61.2%) patients tolerated ORS well. They drank a median [interquartile range (IQR)] of 24.4 ml (IQR 12.5–28.8) ml/kg, were judged to have passed the ORS test and were discharged to continue oral rehydration treatment at home. At follow-up on days 2 and 5, 63/79 (79.7%) children had improved, were adequately hydrated and the diarrhoea had reduced. Sixteen of the 79 (20.3%) failed oral home treatment, with persisting diarrhoea, vomiting, hypokalaemia and/or weakness. The 63 who succeeded had tolerated a median of 25.8 (IQR 18.4–30.0) ml/kg of ORS in the CED, whilst the 16 who failed oral home treatment had tolerated 11.1 (IQR 9.1–23.0) ml/kg ORS (p < 0.001).
Reliability of Measures Intended to Assess Threshold-Independent Hearing Disorders
Authors: Kamerer Aryn M. , Kopun Judy G. , Fultz Sara E. , Neely Stephen T. , Rasetshwane Daniel M. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
Recent animal studies have shown that noise exposure can cause cochlear synaptopathy without permanent threshold shift. Because the noise exposure preferentially damaged auditory nerve fibers that processed suprathreshold sounds (low-spontaneous rate fibers), it has been suggested that synaptopathy may underlie suprathreshold hearing deficits in humans. Recently, several researchers have suggested measures to identify the pathology or pathologies underlying suprathreshold hearing deficits in humans based on results from animal studies; however, the reliability of some of these measures have not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to assess the test–retest reliability of measures that may have the potential to relate suprathreshold hearing deficits to site(s)-of-lesion along the peripheral auditory system in humans.

Design:
Adults with audiometric normal hearing were tested on a battery of behavioral and physiologic measures that included (1) thresholds in quiet (TIQ), (2) thresholds in noise (TIN), (3) frequency-modulation detection threshold (FMDT), (4) word recognition in four listening conditions, (5) distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), (6) middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR), (7) tone burst-elicited auditory brainstem response (tbABR), and (8) speech-evoked ABR (sABR). Data collection for each measure was repeated over two visits separated by at least one week. The residuals of the correlation between the suprathreshold measures and TIQ serve as functional and quantitative proxies for threshold-independent hearing disorders because they represent the portion of the raw measures that is not dependent on TIQ. Reliability of the residual measures was assessed using intraclass correlation (ICC).

Results:
Reliability for the residual measures was good (ICC ≥ 0.75) for FMDT, DPOAEs, and MEMR. Residual measures showing moderate reliability (0.5 ≤ ICC < 0.75) were tbABR wave I amplitude, TIN, and word recognition in quiet, noise, and time-compressed speech with reverberation. Wave V of the tbABR, waves of the sABR, and recognition of time-compressed words had poor test–retest reliability (ICC < 0.5).

Conclusions:
Reliability of residual measures was mixed, suggesting that care should be taken when selecting measures for diagnostic tests of threshold-independent hearing disorders. Quantifying hidden hearing loss as the variance in suprathreshold measures of auditory function that is not due to TIQ may provide a reliable estimate of threshold-independent hearing disorders in humans.
Original Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score for the Prediction of Short-Term Mortality in Cerebral Hemorrhage: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gregório Tiago , Pipa Sara , Cavaleiro Pedro , Atanásio Gabriel , Albuquerque Inês , Castro Chaves Paulo , Azevedo Luís 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
To systematically assess the discrimination and calibration of the Intracerebral Hemorrhage score for prediction of short-term mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage patients and to study its determinants using heterogeneity analysis.

Data Sources:
PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and CENTRAL from inception to September 15, 2018.

Study Selection:
Adult studies validating the Intracerebral Hemorrhage score for mortality prediction in nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage at 1 month/discharge or sooner.

Data Extraction:
Data were collected on the following aspects of study design: population studied, level of care, timing of outcome measurement, mean study year, and mean cohort Intracerebral Hemorrhage score. The summary measures of interest were discrimination as assessed by the C-statistic and calibration as assessed by the standardized mortality ratio (observed:expected mortality ratio). Random effect models were used to pool both measures. Heterogeneity was measured using the I
2 statistic and explored using subgroup analysis and meta-regression.

Data Synthesis:
Fifty-five studies provided data on discrimination, and 35 studies provided data on calibration. Overall, the Intracerebral Hemorrhage score discriminated well (pooled C-statistic 0.84; 95% CI, 0.82–0.85) but overestimated mortality (pooled observed:expected mortality ratio = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78–0.97), with high heterogeneity for both estimates (I
2 80% and 84%, respectively). Discrimination was affected by study mean Intracerebral Hemorrhage score (β = –0.05), and calibration was affected by disease severity, with the score overestimating mortality for patients with an Intracerebral Hemorrhage score greater than 3 (observed:expected mortality ratio = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.78–0.91). Mortality rates were reproducible across cohorts for patients with an Intracerebral Hemorrhage score 0–1 (I
2 = 15%).

Conclusions:
The Intracerebral Hemorrhage score is a valid clinical prediction rule for short-term mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage patients but discriminated mortality worse in more severe cohorts. It also overestimated mortality in the highest Intracerebral Hemorrhage score patients, with significant inconsistency between cohorts. These results suggest that mortality for these patients is dependent on factors not included in the score. Further studies are needed to determine these factors.
Targeting the androgen receptor and overcoming resistance in prostate cancer
Authors: Einstein David J. , Arai Seiji , Balk Steven P. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
Prostate cancer (PCa) is diagnosed in one out of every nine men and is the second leading cause of cancer death among men. Although therapies targeting the androgen receptor (AR) are highly effective, development of resistance is universal and remains a major therapeutic challenge. Nonetheless, signaling via AR is frequently maintained despite standard androgen-signaling inhibition. We review the current understanding of mechanisms of resistance as well as therapeutic approaches to improving treatment of PCa via targeting of the AR.

Recent findings
Resistance to AR-targeting therapies may be mediated by several mechanisms, including amplification, mutation, and alternative splicing of AR; intratumoral androgen synthesis; activation of alternative signaling pathways; and in a minority of cases, emergence of AR-independent phenotypes. Recent trials demonstrate that intensification of androgen blockade in metastatic castration-sensitive PCa can significantly improve survival. Similar strategies are being explored in earlier disease states. In addition, several other cellular signaling pathways have been identified as mechanisms of resistance, offering opportunities for cotargeted therapy. Finally, immune-based approaches are in development to complement AR-targeted therapies.

Summary
Targeting the AR remains a critical focus in the treatment of PCa.
Employ ductus venous blood flow in the early detection of trisomy 21, trisomy 18, and trisomy 13
Authors: Ge Yibing , Xia Lili , Wu Yun , Cao Hongbao 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background and objective:
Ductus venosus (DV) Doppler has been suggested as a biomarker for the early screening of trisomy diseases. However, results from different studies have been largely inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between DV and top 3 fetal aneuploidies by a systematical meta-analysis: trisomy 21 (T21), trisomy 18 (T18), and trisomy 13 (T13).

Methods:
We performed a literature search covering articles from Medline, PubMed, RePORTER, and Elsevier publications. DV-T21/T18/T13 relation data were extracted from 9, 7, and 6 previous studies, respectively, including 31,053, 28,092 and 26,721 pregnant women worldwide. Both random-effects and fixed-effect model were used to study the log odds ratio (LOR) of T21, T18, and T13 in case of DV. Four potential influential factors were studied using a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, including maternal age, data age, sample size, and population region.

Results:
DV was significantly related to T21, T18, and T13 (LOR = 3.44, 3.89 and 3.46; P value <2.1E-13). Significant between-study variance was observed for T21 (P value <1.71E-14), but not for T18 (P value >.05) and T13 (P value >.87). MLR results suggested that significant influential factors could include population region (P value <.0021), but not sample size, data age, and maternal age (P value >.078).

Conclusions:
Integrating DV could help in the detection of trisomy. However, accuracy and validity may vary depending on the population regions, which need further study.
Circulating cell-free DNA as a potential marker in smoke inhalation injury
Authors: Hayun Yehiel , Shoham Yaron , Krieger Yuval , Silberstein Eldad , Douvdevani Amos , Ad-El Dean 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Failure in evaluation of smoke inhalation injury (SII) is related to increased morbidity and mortality. Prognostic biomarkers that reflect the injury are undoubtedly needed. Cell-free DNA (CFD) concentrations are associated to the extent of tissue damage and inflammation in various pathologies. We have developed a simple assay for CFD quantification and previously found it prognostic in various pathologies including burns, lung disease, and sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate admission CFD as an injury severity marker in patients with SII.
In a prospective study, we measured admission CFD levels in 18 SII patients and matched control subjects. Daily CFD levels were also performed in 4 hospitalized patients. Serum CFD levels were measured by our direct rapid fluorometric assay.
Admission CFD levels of SII patients were significantly higher than those of healthy controls, 879 (236–3220) ng/mL vs. 339 (150–570) ng/mL, [median (range)], P < .0001. Admission CFD levels of hospitalized patients were significantly higher than those of nonhospitalized patients, 1517 (655–3220) ng/mL vs. 675 (236–1581) ng/mL, P < .05. Admission CFD positively correlated with hospitalization time (Rho = 0.578, P < .05) and was in linear correlation with CO poisoning (carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels, R
2 = 0.621, P < .0001). Additionally, along with the recovery of hospitalized patients, we observed a matched reduction of CFD levels.
CFD appears to be a potentially valuable marker for severity and follow-up of SII. We believe this rapid assay can help introduce the routine use of CFD measurement into daily practice.