bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delivering Better Projects on Time by Ensuring Requirements Quality Upfront
Authors: Vaz Eduardo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAs systems and projects become ever more complex due to multiple and distinct stakeholders, growing user demands, stricter regulations, and rapidly increasing integration and automation, the number and criticality of requirements also grows rapidly. The number of errors due to poor, ambiguous, and inconsistent requirements are becoming unmanageable and are leading to dramatic costs overruns and systemic delays. This paper investigates the cause and effects that errors in natural language requirements have in a projects’ timelines and costs and how an emerging class of automated requirements analysis tools based on computational natural language processing can be harnessed by domain experts at the onset of the development lifecycle for them to retake control and ensure successful projects on time and on budget.
Using Systems Theory to Address Complex Challenges to International Spent Nuclear Fuel Transportation
Authors: Williams Adam D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSimply looking at a world map suggests new, more complex set of risks and threats will challenge successful international spent nuclear fuel (SNF) transportation operations. Whether related to multimodal transfers of SNF casks or inconsistency in multijurisdictional control measures, international SNF transportation represents a clear example of new threats and risk stemming from a multifaceted, globalized operating environment. In response to recent work out of Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) suggesting that new, system‐theoretic analysis techniques better ensure safe, secure and safeguarded international transportation of SNF, this paper explores the ability of basic systems theory concepts—interdependence, hierarchy and emergence—to better understand and address these complexities in system analysis.
How Many Systems Engineers Does It Take To Change a Light Bulb?
Authors: Nolan Andy , Pickard Andrew C , Nolan Judy , Beasley Richard , Pruitt Timothy C 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper transposes lessons learnt in cost and schedule estimating over to Systems Engineering. Systems Engineering, like estimating, is reliant on the experience and judgement of the individuals developing the system. But how effective is judgement and can we trust it?Often Systems Engineers will not have enough data and must rely on their judgement. But humans are notoriously bad at judgement because they suffer from emotions, biases and egos.However, since the early 20th century, it has been known that the collective judgement of a crowd can often be better than the judgement of many of the individuals within the crowd. Systems Engineering benefits from independent reviews, brainstorming and other group based techniques. We know that “many heads are better than one”, but how many heads?Although we all use judgement in most of our work and life, we have a low opinion of any conclusions based entirely on judgement. Based on a study of 3,760 guesses, this paper draws some useful conclusions for when to use judgement, when to use a crowd and how to determine the optimum crowd size when using judgement in Systems Engineering.Although the paper refers to the judgement of numerical values, the findings described in this paper apply to any group based activities in Systems Engineering.
Formalizing Requirements Verification and Validation
Authors: Carson Ronald S. , Noel Robert A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Verification and Validation of requirements are formalized using decomposition and set theory to yield four elemental criteria, verifiability, feasibility, necessity, and sufficiency, which are derived from definitions of requirements “verification” and “validation”, and “correct and complete” requirements. These criteria are mapped to the fourteen characteristics of requirements in the INCOSE Guide to Writing Requirements. Requirements parent‐child relationships are established for the verification and validation (V&V) criteria at multiple levels of a system architecture, from user needs to component requirements. Using these V&V criteria during the requirements development process would enable improved first‐pass success and less rework caused by revisiting missing, incomplete, incorrect or unnecessary requirements.
A Novel “Resilience Viewpoint” to aid in Engineering Resilience in Systems of Systems (SoS)
Authors: Joannou Demetrios , Kalawsky Roy 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDesigning evolutionary systems to meet stakeholder expectations on safety, reliability and overall resilience is of great importance in an age of interconnectivity and high dependency systems. With incidents and disruptions becoming more frequent in recent years, the requirement for systems to demonstrate high levels of resilience given the economic, political and temporal dimensions of complexity, resilience is of great significance today. Systemic resilience is of high importance at the global level. Therefore, the role of the system engineer and architect is becoming more demanding due to the need to consider requirements from a broader range of stakeholders and to implement them into early conceptual designs. The early modeling process of all systems is common ground for most engineering projects, creating an architecture to both understand a system and to design future iterations by applying model‐based processes has become the norm. With the concept of systems‐of‐systems (SoS) becoming common language across multiple engineering domains, model‐based systems engineering techniques are evolving hand‐in‐hand to provide a paradigm to better analyse current and future SoS. The intrinsic characteristics of the constituent systems that make up the SoS make the challenge of designing and maintaining the reliability and resilience of a systems extremely difficult. This paper proposes a novel viewpoint, within an architecture framework (based around DoDAF, MoDAF and UPDM) to aid systems architects explore and design resilient SoS. This is known as theResilience Viewpoint.Much of the research in the area is focussed on critical infrastructure (CI), looking at telecommunication networks, electric grid, supply networks etc, and little has been done on a generalizable tool for SoS architecture analysis, especially using existing modeling languages. Here, the application of the ‘Resilience Viewpoint’ is demonstrated using a case study from an integrated water supply system of systems, to portray its potential analytical capabilities.
Quantitative Resiliency Analysis of Microgrids
Authors: Hecht Myron 
Published: August 2018

AbstractElectrical power generation, transmission, and distribution are among the most vital of the critical infrastructure services in modern society. While electrical grids in developed regions of the world are highly reliable, they are vulnerable to cyberattacks, extreme weather, electromagnetic pulses, and other extreme natural phenomena and malicious events. Microgrids are generally recognized as a means of increasing resiliency of electrical power. However, a specific quantitative definition of resilience and the appropriate measures of performance and effectiveness have not yet been established. Without these quantitative measures of performance and effectiveness, it is not possible to assess how much resilience a microgrid has or what enhancements or corrective actions are necessary to enable it to reach a specified level of resiliency. This paper proposes such quantitative resiliency measures, sets forth approaches for modeling and evaluating them, provides application examples, and shows they can be encapsulated within SysML models.
A successful use of systems approaches in cross‐disciplinary healthcare improvement
Authors: Johnson Julian , Smith Gary , Beck Fran , Harding Alan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUK Healthcare is facing many different trends: a changing demographic of an ageing and ‘frail’ population; increasing numbers of the population living with at least two long term conditions; improvements in medical care and interventions which can treat a larger number of conditions; continued budget pressures and raising expectations. Healthcare is a complex socio‐technical system, and to identify and devise interventions with clear net benefits is a challenge: we see a classic ‘wicked problem'. The outcome from three INCOSE‐facilitated multi‐disciplinary workshops was a coherent prioritised work programme, with buy‐in from all stakeholders, and traceable back to original issues and opportunities. This presentation will explain the context, the engagement from INCOSE, the nature of the workshops and techniques applied, and the outcomes. The developed programme supports the Shropshire and Telford NHS Sustainability and Transformation Plan (STP). Arguably the biggest ongoing challenge remains handling complexity and coherence across multiple stakeholder perspectives.
An MBSE modeling approach to efficiently address complex systems and scalability
Authors: Duprez Jean 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFor decades Airbus has largely used modeling and simulation techniques all along the development cycle. Nowadays, the use of systemic approaches, associated with proper modeling tools and technics, provides efficient solutions to leverage associated benefits while addressing the increasing systems complexity. This paper highlights some of these modeling principles, providing ways to improve, ease and make design activities more efficient, and providing solutions to better master the overall design complexity. The paper illustrates how to combine them, thanks to a given model structure, based on a deployment case performed within Airbus. Such an implementation requires significant customization efforts, raising risks to well support its deployment in extended enterprise, with other partners. Out of specificities linked to features of used modeling tools, the goal of this paper is to share with the MBSE community some root principles and needs, in order to have them better involved into future tools and standards.
A fresh look at Systems Engineering – what is it, how should it work?
Authors: Sillitto Hillary , Griego Regina , Arnold Eileen , Dori Dov , Martin James , McKinney Dorothy , Godfrey Patrick , Krob Daniel , Jackson Scott 
Published: August 2018

AbstractINCOSE's definition of SE was compared to the aspirations set out in SE Vision 2025 for SE as it ought to be to address modern challenges. Doing this led us to three fundamental realisations. First, while “20th century systems” were, for the most part, “deterministic” or nearly so, 21st century systems are on the other hand increasingly non‐deterministic, adaptive or “evolutionary”. Second, while “20th Century Systems Engineering Management” was implicitly based on a “command and control” paradigm, 21st Century Systems Engineering, to be successful, will usually need to use a more collaborative leadership paradigm. And third, that while 20th Century systems were largely “single systems”, designed to “solve” specific problems, 21st Century systems are almost invariably networked, and are parts of complex extended enterprises with multiple, often conflicting, stakeholder objectives, that are intimately related to complex societal challenges. We used elements of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to understand the implication and consequences of the paradigm shift implied by these realisations. A revised strawman definition of Systems Engineering is offered for consideration by INCOSE, showing the changes that would be required to take these and related factors into account.
A Systems Engineering Assessment of Emergency Disconnect System from the User Perspective
Authors: Kjørstad Marianne , Falk Kristin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper assesses the decision‐making process for activation of the Emergency Disconnect Systems (EDS) on offshore rigs in the oil and gas domain. The industry strives to evolve to a higher level of autonomy. At the same time, the standards and regulations are falling behind. The objective of this paper is to investigate the knowledge gap in engineering requirements for a future autonomous decision‐making system. We have interviewed key personnel with operational experience from Dynamic Positioning (DP) rigs operating on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), and a specialist engineer from a global supplier of offshore workover systems. The standards currently applied to design the EDS, are mainly providing procedures. To evolve to a higher level of autonomy, we suggest that designers consider the socio‐technical elements and relations of the EDS. The ISO9241‐210 standard can contribute with a human‐centered design approach as a supplement to the existing engineering approach.
Use of a Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Approach to Model Treatment Decisions in Oropharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Aarhus Robert T. , Huang Edward 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA potential Systems Engineering (SE) contribution to the healthcare discipline is in modeling the influence of interrelationships found in long‐term clinical decision‐making dynamics. Shared decision‐making (SDM) is an increasingly important practice used to navigate challenging issues in the selection of appropriate therapies. We have employed a Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) approach to formulate a prospective SDM model addressing treatment pathways for patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). While routine SDM is usually a collaboration between physician and patient, chronic and serious illness requires a longitudinal approach that coordinates action and decision space between multiple independent entities and represents a complex engineered system (CES) focused on successful treatment outcomes. We discuss an example that illustrates the trade‐offs between functionality and longevity that is often seen in OPC, and outline our efforts in augmenting SDM practices to reduce regret and recognize the diversity of patient preferences.
Integration of Parametric Cost Estimation with System Architecture – It's a dirty job but someone has to do it!
Authors: Papke Barry. , Wang Gan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe rapid adoption and advancement of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methods and tools opens up new avenues of systems engineering practices. One of them is cost estimation. As a key enabler for affordability analysis and budgetary decision making, cost estimation is an essential component for all system development and sustainment efforts. However, cost estimation is typically a separate endeavor from the design and development effort, creating a professional “chasm” between the worlds of systems designers and of cost analysts, causing a disconnect between the system as designed and the cost and effort required to build it.This paper describes an approach to “tightly” integrate the existing practice of parametric cost estimation with the system architecture development process by leveraging MBSE and SysML to enable repeatable and efficient estimation of system development cost, and to allow system cost and affordability to be incorporated into the “digital thread” of the design while improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the cost estimation process. By expanding our previous work (Papke, Wang and Pavalkis 2017), this paper describes a new concept of operation (CONOP) for system development, enabled by the integrated SysML and COSYSMO modeling environment, that effectively connects the cost baselines to the technical baselines throughout the project life cycle. This new CONOP presents another step towards “pulling the digital thread” by making affordability and economic analysis an integral part of the system architecture.
Information Technology Governance through the Complex System Governance Lens
Authors: Bradley Joseph M. , Soule Ralph T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAs the field of complex system governance (CSG) continues to emerge, definition of organizations that reflect the principles of complex system governments can be imagined. We briefly review the progression of research on complex system governance, beginning with the conundrum posed by Rittel and Weber for current research in the field. A high level over view of the Complex System Governance Reference Model (Keating and Bradley (2015)) is provided to ground the following analysis. We next apply principles of CSG identified by Keating and Bradley (2015) to an exemplar Information Technology (IT) system of systems (a complex system) that is part of a larger industrial enterprise. This application of the Reference Model continues with a discussion of gaps in the espoused governance model of the US Navy system for software acquisition and maintenance. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research. This paper is part of a sequence on the development, design and maturation of Complex System Governance.
Reverse engineering a legacy software in a complex system: A systems engineering approach
Authors: Moraga Maximiliano , Zhao Yang‐Yang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn a complex system, a legacy software as a component is determined by various factors beyond its own capability. Lack of knowledge that shaped software, which is often the case of a legacy software, can prohibit appropriate maintenance and development to comply with the system needs. To reverse engineering legacy software for a fit with the overall system of interest is a daunting task. Existing techniques of reverse engineering are mostly from a purely technical point of view and for the single discipline of software engineering. Thus, this paper aims for an approach to properly reverse engineer the reasoning behind the legacy software developments in a complex system. By jointly apply the CAFCR model and the reverse engineering, a roadmap is created to guide incremental developments of legacy software in a complex system, which benefits both the maintenance of existing implementation and realization of new functionalities for improved system performance.
Integrating Safety and Reliability Analysis into MBSE: overview of the new proposed OMG standard
Authors: Biggs Geoffrey , Juknevicius Tomas , Armonas Andrius , Post Kyle 
Published: August 2018

AbstractModel‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is gaining popularity in organizations creating complex systems where it is crucial to collaborate in a multi‐disciplinary environment. SysML, being one of the key MBSE components, has a good foundation for capturing requirements, architecture, constraints, views and viewpoints. It allows linking different types of models that come from different engineering disciplines. However, inherent safety and reliability aspects of a system are not addressed by the SysML language. A new group at the OMG has been created by industry experts in this area to address these aspects in a new standard. In this paper, with the intent to get feedback from the systems engineering community, the members of the newly formed group present the current state of the Safety and Reliability Analysis Profile for UML submission, which extends the SysML language with the tools for modelling safety and reliability aspects. This paper also explains the value users get from taking a model‐based approach to safety and reliability analysis and integrating it into the MBSE toolkit. Open issues and challenges are also discussed.
An “EPIIC” Vision to Evolve Project Integration, Innovation, and Collaboration with Broad Impact for How NASA Executes Complex Projects
Authors: Moreland Robert J. , Evans John W. , McGowan Anna‐Maria R. , Knizhnik Jessica , Phojanamongkolkij Nipa 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEvolving Project Integration, Innovation, and Collaboration (EPIIC) is a vision defined to transform the way projects manage information to support real‐time decisions, capture best practices and lessons learned, perform assessments, and manage risk across a portfolio of projects. The foundational project management needs for data and information will be revolutionized through innovations on how we manage and access that data, implement configuration control, and certify compliance. The embedded intelligence of new interactive data interfaces integrate technical and programmatic data such that near real time analytics can be accomplished to more efficiently and accurately complete systems engineering and project management tasks. The system‐wide data analytics that are integrated into customized data interfaces allows the growing team of engineers and managers required to develop and implement major NASA missions the ability to access authoritative source(s) of system information while greatly reducing the labor required to complete system assessments. This would allow, for example, much of what is accomplished in a scheduled design review to take place as needed, between any team members, at any time. An intelligent data interface that rigorously integrates systems engineering and project management information in near real time can provide substantially greater insight for systems engineers, project managers, and the large diverse teams required to complete a complex project. System engineers, programmatic personnel (those who focus on cost, schedule, and risk), the technical engineering disciplines, and project management can realize immediate benefit from the shared vision described herein. Implementation of the vision also enables significant improvements in the performance of the engineered system being developed.
The Whole Nine Yards of Systems Engineering: Stakeholders and enabling / realization systems
Authors: Beasley Richard , Pickard Andrew C , Cardow Iain , Symons Jon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper explores how a Systems Engineer, during the development of a system, needs to convert their focus from considering the stakeholders of the system to becoming a stakeholder themselves. In particular, the paper explores the outflow of derived needs, not only to other elements of the system, but out to the realization or enabling systems. An extension to James Martin's classic 7 Samurai systems is made, adding consideration of a Business Execution system to create and deliver the solution (including engagement with the realization systems), and the layers of Enterprise system management to control multiple projects (and possibly sectors). This leads to identification of 9 systems involved in a system delivery – “the whole nine yards of Systems Engineering”.The implications of the interaction with the realization systems to both Program Management and the modelling are reviewed. In most companies, where there is more than one solution produced the realization systems are shared, and therefore must be considered as a complex, rather than complicated, capability system supporting the solution delivery.
Integrating a Model‐Based Systems Engineering and Model‐Based Product Support Approach for Affordable System Sustainment
Authors: Kwon Steve , Page Kimberly , Weinstein Kevin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSystems engineers and product support managers often approach building the “best” or “right” system from different perspectives. Systems engineers focus on technical solutions that meet system requirements and maximize capabilities, while product support managers focus on optimized sparing levels and reduced supply chain delays. These tendencies lead to design decisions that do not optimize system readiness over the system life cycle. As programs evolve to deliver systems in today's budget constrained environment, several are adopting model‐based engineering approaches. The emphasis in acquisition is often to capture system requirements and architecture definition through a model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) approach. There is a significant opportunity to integrate model‐based product support (MBPS) practices with MBSE through concept and development to enable a decision support capability that effects optimized sustainment costs and demonstrates impacts on system readiness in design trades.