bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pelagic species diversity, biogeography, and evolution
Authors: Norris Richard D. 
Published: March 2019

Pelagic (open-ocean) species have enormous population sizes and broad, even global, distributions. These characteristics should damp rates of speciation in allopatric and vicariant evolutionary models since dispersal should swamp diverging populations and prevent divergence. Yet the fossil record suggests that rates of evolutionary turnover in pelagic organisms are often quite rapid, comparable to rates observed in much more highly fragmented terrestrial and shallow-marine environments. Furthermore, genetic and ecological studies increasingly suggest that species diversity is considerably higher in the pelagic realm than inferred from many morphological taxonomies.Zoogeographic evidence suggests that ranges of many pelagic groups are much more limited by their ability to maintain viable populations than by any inability to disperse past tectonic and hydrographic barriers to population exchange. Freely dispersing pelagic taxa resemble airborne spores or wind-dispersed seeds that can drift almost anywhere but complete the entire life cycle only in favorable habitats. It seems likely that vicariant and allopatric models for speciation are far less important in pelagic evolution than sympatric or parapatric speciation in which dispersal is not limiting. Nevertheless, speciation can be quite rapid and involve cladogenesis even in cases where morphological data suggest gradual species transitions. Indeed, recent paleoecological and molecular studies increasingly suggest that classic examples of “phyletic gradualism” involve multiple, cryptic speciation events.Paleoceanographic and climatic change seem to influence rates of turnover by modifying surface water masses and environmental gradients between them to create new habitats rather than by preventing dispersal. Changes in the vertical structure and seasonality of water masses may be particularly important since these can lead to changes in the depth and timing of reproduction. Long-distance dispersal may actually promote evolution by regularly carrying variants of a species across major oceanic fronts and exposing them to very different selection pressures than occur in their home range. High dispersal in pelagic taxa also implies that extinction should be difficult to achieve except though global perturbations that prevent populations from reestablishing themselves following local extinction. High rates of extinction in some pelagic groups suggests either that global perturbations are common, or that the species are much more narrowly adapted than we would infer from current taxonomies.
The Globalization Process of Human Rights in Latin America Versus Economic, Social an Cultural Diversity
Authors: Bartolomei María Luisa 
Published: March 2019

This paper attempts to explore briefly the history of the human rights movement in Latin America and the validity of the dominant European approach on human rights in the region. In light of this discussion, the paper looks at the problems of diversity and human rights in Latin America—universal rights and specific rights, equality and inequality before the law, especially in the case of indigenous rights and children's rights.The relationship between democracy, poverty and human rights is also examined in this article, as well as the current process of globalization and its impact on human rights in Latin America.
Statute Law Revision, Codification and Related Policies in Ireland
Authors: Donelan Edward 
Published: March 2019

This article examines the development of a policy by the Government of Ireland on the modernization of its statute law and describes recent developments in statute law revision and related policies in Ireland. In theory, the ideal and ultimate aim of such a policy should be the development of an easily accessible code.In practice, there is no political requirement for such grandiose idealism and what is taking place is much more pragmatic and modest. The article places these policies in the wider context of the modernization of government and anticipates some of the likely developments to emerge in this field in Ireland in the next 5 years.
Legal Data Banks in the United States and Their Use in Comparative Law
Authors: Maggs Peter B. 
Published: March 2019

Wonderfull many places, in the Ciuile law, require an expert Arithmeticien, to vnderstand the deepe Iudgment, & Iust determinatiô of the Auncient Romaine Lawmakers. But much more expert ought he to be, who should be hable, to decide with æquitie, the infinite varietie of Cases, which do, or may happen, under every one of those lawes and ordinances Ciuile. Hereby, easely, ye may now coniecture: that in the Canon law; and in the laws of the Realme (which with vs, beare the chief Authoritie), Iustice and equity might be greatly preferred, and skilfully executed, through due skill of Arithmetike, and proportions appertainyng.John Dee The Mathematical Præface to the Elements of Geometrie of Euclid of Megara (1570), at [12].
Behind the doors of home hospice patients: A secondary qualitative analysis of hospice nurse communication with patients and families
Authors: Oliver Debra Parker , Tappana Jessica , Washington Karla T. , Rolbiecki Abigail , Craig Kevin , Demiris George , Schafer Collyn , Winjobi Mumeenat , Clayton Margaret F. , Reblin Maija , Ellington Lee 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveHospice nurses frequently encounter patients and families under tremendous emotional distress, yet the communication techniques they use in emotionally charged situations have rarely been investigated. In this study, researchers sought to examine hospice nurses’ use of validation communication techniques, which have been shown in prior research to be effective in supporting individuals experiencing emotional distress.MethodResearchers performed a directed content analysis of audiorecordings of 65 hospice nurses’ home visits by identifying instances when nurses used validation communication techniques and rating the level of complexity of those techniques.ResultAll nurses used validation communication techniques at least once during their home visits. Use of lower level (i.e., more basic) techniques was more common than use of higher level (i.e., more complex) techniques.Significance of ResultsAlthough hospice nurses appear to use basic validation techniques naturally, benefit may be found in the use of higher level techniques, which have been shown to result in improved clinical outcomes in other settings.
Floating in Mud to Reach the Skies: Victor Sassoon and the Real Estate Boom in Shanghai, 1920s–1930s
Authors: Chung Stephanie Po-yin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe historical waterfront of Shanghai known as the Bund, one of the most impressive architectural landscapes in Asia, was described in the 1930s inFortunemagazine as having “the tallest buildings outside the American continent; the biggest hoard of silver in the world” and being “the cradle of new China”.1At a time when the US economy was in ruins and much of China was besieged by civil war, Shanghai's foreign concessions provided a safe haven for Chinese and foreign investors. With the influx of hot money, Shanghai experienced an unprecedented building boom. Notable among these real estate developers was Sir Ellice Victor Elias Sassoon (1881–1961, hereafter Victor Sassoon) who transferred much of his wealth from India to Shanghai and then transformed the Shanghai skyline. Inspired by American skyscrapers, Sassoon decided to build the first skyscraper in Shanghai, which would also be the first in the Eastern hemisphere, even though Shanghai's muddy ground had never supported a building of that height before. This article documents how the evolution of treaty port architecture in China owed much to Victor Sassoon. Its innovations – from the advent of skyscrapers, with their Art Deco style and mixed-use function, to the engineering methods and financial arrangements that built them – bore Sassoon's stamp. As will be seen, Sassoon's experiment paid off handsomely.
The evolution of property rights in Hellenistic Greece and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
Authors: Economou Emmanouil M. L. , Kyriazis Nicholas C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the present paper we trace the development of property rights during the Hellenistic period (3rd–2nd centuriesbce), focusing on Athens, the democratic Hellenistic federations and the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. Property rights had been already well developed and protected by courts and state laws during the previous Classical period in ancient Greece, but we argue that they further evolved during the Hellenistic period due to the introduction of a series of new political and economic institutions. We found that there was a causal relationship between the evolution of property rights and the further development of economic institutions in Hellenistic Athens and the Hellenistic federations. We finally argue that the development and adoption of market-oriented economic institutions by the Ptolemaic Kingdom should be attributed to the great influence that these institutions had in the entire Hellenistic world, which resulted in their diffusion from the democratic states to kingdoms.
From an unconstitutional constitutional amendment to an unconstitutional constitution? Lessons from Honduras
Authors: LANDAU DAVID E , DIXON ROSALIND , ROZNAI YANIV 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:The unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine has emerged as a highly successful, albeit still controversial, export in comparative constitutional law. The doctrine has often been defended as protecting a delegation from the people to the political institutions that they created. Other work has noted the doctrine’s potential utility in guarding against abusive constitutionalism. In this article, we consider how these justifications fare when expanded to encompass claims against the original constitution itself, rather than a later amendment to the text. That is, beyond the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine, can or should there be a doctrine of an unconstitutional constitution? Our question is spurred by a puzzling 2015 case from Honduras where the Supreme Court held an unamendable one-term limit on presidential terms, as well as protective provisions punishing attempts to alter that limit, to be unconstitutional. What is particularly striking about the case is that these provisions were not later amendments to the constitution, but rather parts of the original 1982 constitution itself. Thus, this article examines the possibility of ‘an unconstitutional constitution’, what we predict to be the next trend in global constitutionalism.
The ideologies of global constitutionalism
Authors: SHINAR ADAM 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:This introduction sets the stage for the special issue on the ‘ideologies of global constitutionalism’. It describes the competing approaches for conceptualising and analysing global constitutionalism. It then turns to highlight the overlooked ideologies underlying global constitutionalism through a thematic exposition of the articles in the special issue. In particular, the introduction questions the conventional link between global constitutionalism and neo-liberalism, explores a materialist analysis of global constitutionalism, analyses the validity of the liberal global constitutionalist paradigm for non-liberal regimes, and discusses the potential for the abuse of that liberal paradigm through the migration of constitutional doctrine.
The legitimacy of the European human rights regime – a view from the United Kingdom
Authors: GYORFI TAMAS 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:The purpose of the present article is threefold. First, my ambition is to improve the analytical framework that is used to assess the legitimacy of the European Court of Human Rights. The Court’s authority can neither be established nor refuted by a single master-argument. Instead, what we need is a careful balancing exercise and this piece aims to set out the main elements of the justificatory equation. Second, using this framework, I intend to put forward the outline of a coherent critique of the European human rights regime. Third, I hope that my article is able to shed light on why it is natural to expect more vocal criticism from the United Kingdom than from most other member states of the Council of Europe.
The persistence of colonial constitutionalism in British Overseas Territories
Authors: YUSUF HAKEEM O , CHOWDHURY TANZIL 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:This article argues that despite the UK Government’s exaltations of self-determination of its Overseas Territories, provisions of colonial governance persist in their constitutions. Further, it posits that such illustrations begin to answer the broader question of whether British Overseas Territories (BOTs) are modern day colonies. Such claims are not without merit given that 10 out of the 14 BOTS are still considered Non-Self-Governing Territories by the United Nations and have remained the target of decolonisation efforts. Drawing insights from post-colonial legal theory, this article develops the idea of the persistence of colonial constitutionalism to interrogate whether structural continuities exist in the governance of the UK’s British Overseas Territories. The analysis begins to unravel the fraught tensions between constitutional provisions that advance greater self-determination and constitutional provisions that maintain the persistence of colonial governance. Ultimately, the post-colonial approach foregrounds a thoroughgoing analysis on whether BOTs are colonies and how such an exegesis would require particular nuance that is largely missing in current institutional and non-institutional articulations of, as well as representations on, the issue.
No Evidence for a Large Atmospheric CO2 Spike Across the Cretaceous‐Paleogene Boundary
Authors: Milligan Joseph N. , Royer Dana L. , Franks Peter J. , Upchurch Garland R. , McKee Melissa L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCurrently, there is only one paleo‐CO2 record from plant macrofossils that has sufficient stratigraphic resolution to potentially capture a transient spike related to rapid carbon release at the Cretaceous‐Paleogene (K‐Pg) boundary. Unfortunately, the associated measurements of stomatal index are off‐calibration, leading to a qualitative interpretation of >2,300‐ppm CO2. Here we reevaluate this record with a paleo‐CO2 proxy based on leaf gas exchange principles. We also test the proxy with three living species grown at 500‐ and 1,000‐ppm CO2, including the nearest living relative of the K‐Pg fern, and find a mean error rate of ~22%, which is comparable to other leading paleo‐CO2 proxies. Our fossils record a ~250‐ppm increase in CO2 across the K‐Pg boundary from ~625 to ~875 ppm. A small CO2 spike associated with the end‐Cretaceous mass extinction is consistent with many temperature records and with carbon cycle modeling of Deccan volcanism and the meteorite impact.
Estimates of Decadal Climate Predictability From an Interactive Ensemble Model
Authors: Zhang Wei , Kirtman Ben 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDecadal climate predictability has received considerable scientific interest in recent years, yet the limits and mechanisms for decadal predictability are currently not well known. It is widely accepted that noise due to internal atmospheric dynamics at the air‐sea interface influences predictability. The purpose of this paper is to use the interactive ensemble (IE) coupling strategy to quantify how internal atmospheric noise at the air‐sea interface impacts decadal predictability. The IE technique can significantly reduce internal atmospheric noise and has proven useful in assessing seasonal‐to‐interannual variability and predictability. Here we focus on decadal timescales and apply the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent method to the Community Climate System Model comparing control simulations with IE simulations. This is the first time the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent has been applied to the state‐of‐the‐art coupled models. The global patterns of decadal predictability are discussed from the perspective of internal atmospheric noise and ocean dynamics.
Comparison of Thermospheric Density Between GUVI Dayside Limb Data and CHAMP Satellite Observations: Based on Empirical Model
Authors: Yu Tingting , Ren Zhipeng , Yue Xinan , Yu You , Wan Weixing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) aboard the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite senses far ultraviolet airglow emissions in the thermosphere. The retrieved altitude profiles of thermospheric neutral density from GUVI daytime limb scans are significant for ionosphere‐thermosphere study. Here, we use the profiles of the main neutral density to derive the total mass density during the period 2002–2007 under geomagnetic quiet conditions (ap < =12). We attempt to compare the obtained total mass density with the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) observations, making use of an empirical model (GUVI model hereafter). This GUVI model is aimed to solve the difficulty of the direct comparison of GUVI and CHAMP observations due to their different local times at a given location in a given day. The GUVI model is in good agreement with CHAMP observations with the small standard deviations of their ratios (less than 10%) except at low solar flux levels. The correlation coefficients are greater than 0.9, and the relative standard errors are less than 20%. Comparison between the GUVI model and CHAMP observations during solar minimum shows a large bias (~30%). The large bias at low solar flux levels might be due to the limitation of F10.7 as an extreme ultraviolet radiation flux proxy and the fitting method. Our results demonstrate the validity and accuracy of our model based on GUVI data against the density data from the CHAMP satellite.
Jurassic Monster Polar Shift Confirmed by Sequential Paleopoles From Adria, Promontory of Africa
Authors: Muttoni G. , Kent D.V. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractJurassic paleomagnetic data from North America have long been contentious, generating ambiguities in the shape of the global‐composite apparent polar wander path. Here we show from a restudy of two subdivisions of the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation at the classic locality at Norwood on the Colorado Plateau that the derived paleopoles reflect variable overprinting probably in the Cretaceous and are of limited value for apparent polar wander determination. We instead assembled an updated set of Jurassic paleopoles from parauthocthonous Adria, the African promontory, using primary paleomagnetic component directions derived from stratigraphically superposed intervals and corrected for sedimentary inclination error. These paleopoles are found to be in superb agreement with independent igneous paleopoles from the literature across the so‐called Jurassic monster polar shift, which in North American coordinates is a jump of ~30° arc distance from the 190‐ to 160‐Ma stillstand pole at 79.5°N 104.8°E to a 148 ± 3.5‐Ma pole at 60.8°N 200.6°E defined by four Adria sedimentary paleopoles and the published Ithaca, Hinlopenstretet, and Swartsruggens‐Bumbeni igneous paleopoles. The implied high rate of polar motion of ~2.5°/Myr across the monster shift is compatible with maximum theoretical estimates for true polar wander. We include a critique of published Jurassic paleomagnetic data that have been variably used in reference APWPs but that as a result of their low quality muted the real magnitude of the Jurassic monster shift. Finally, we provide paleocontinental reconstructions to describe examples of the bold signature that the monster polar shift left in the distribution of climate‐sensitive sedimentary facies worldwide.
Vegetation Responses to 2012–2016 Drought in Northern and Southern California
Authors: Dong Chunyu , MacDonald Glen M. , Willis Katherine , Gillespie Thomas W. , Okin Gregory S. , Williams A. Park 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe prolonged 2012–2016 California drought has raised many issues including concerns over reduced vegetation health. Drought impacts are complicated by geographical differences in hydroclimatic variability due to a climatic dipole influenced by the Pacific. Analysis of MODIS‐derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and self‐calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index from 2000 to 2018 reveals differences in drought and vegetation responses in Northern versus Southern California (NorCal vs SoCal, see definition in section ). The greatest declines in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were focused in the SoCal, while NorCal appears not severely affected thus far. It appears that both the strength of drought and the sensitivity of the vegetation to drought are larger in SoCal. The exacerbated aridity in SoCal is a trend extending throughout the past and present century. The spatial differences in hydroclimatology and vegetation responses are important considerations for statewide climate change adaptation—with SoCal potentially facing greater challenges.
Organic piezoelectric materials: milestones and potential
Authors: Guerin Sarah , Tofail Syed A. M. , Thompson Damien 
Published: March 2019

AbstractResearch on the piezoelectric response of biomolecules has intensified following demonstration of open circuit voltages of over 20 V in biopiezoelectric generators. Organic piezoelectric nanotubes, fibers, and micro-islands have been grown and studied; however, the lack of fundamental understanding of the piezoelectric effect in nature hinders the rational design of biomaterials to provide a tailor-made piezoelectric response. Advances in high performance computing have facilitated the use of quantum mechanical calculations to predict the full piezoelectric tensor of biomolecular crystals, including amino acids and small peptides. By identifying directions of high piezoelectric response, the simulations can guide experimental crystal growth, device fabrication and electrical testing, which have led to the demonstration of unprecedented piezoelectric responses in organic crystals on the order of 200 pC/N. These large responses arise from strong supramolecular dipoles, which can be tuned by molecular chemistry and packing, opening new opportunities for the realization of technologically useful piezoelectric devices from renewable materials. The amino acids predicted to exhibit the highest piezoelectric response, such as glycine, hydroxyproline and lysine, are anticipated to be used to engineer highly piezoelectric peptides in the future. With improved scaling of advanced computational methods, such as density functional perturbation theory, the research community can begin to efficiently screen peptide structures for enhanced electromechanical properties. This capability will accelerate the experimental development of devices and provide much-needed insight into the evolution of a hierarchical relation in biological materials starting from strongly piezoelectric building blocks.