bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel C5-Modified Pyrimidine Ribofuranonucleosides as Potential Antitumor or/and Antiviral Agents
Authors: Kollatos Nikolaos , Mitsos Christos , Manta Stella , Tzioumaki Niki , Giannakas Christos , Alexouli Tania , Panagiotopoulou Aggeliki , Schols Dominique , Andrei Graciela , Komiotis Dimitri 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Nucleoside analogues are well-known antitumor, antiviral, and chemotherapeutic
agents. Alterations on both their sugar and the heterocyclic parts may lead to significant
changes in the spectrum of their biological activity and the degree of selective toxicity, as
well as in their physicochemical properties.

Methods:
C5-arylalkynyl-β-D-ribofuranonucleosides 3-6, 3΄-deoxy 12-15, 3΄-deoxy-3΄-C-methyl-
β-D-ribofurananucleosides 18-21 and 2΄-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranonucleosides 23-26 of uracil, were
synthesized using a one-step Sonogashira reaction under microwave irradiation and subsequent
deprotection.

Results:
All newly synthesized nucleosides were tested for their antitumor or antiviral activity.
Moderate cytostatic activity against cervix carcinoma (HeLa), murine leukemia (L1210) and human
lymphocyte (CEM) tumor cell lines was displayed by the protected 3΄-deoxy derivatives
12b,12c,12d, and the 3΄-deoxy-3΄-methyl 18a,18b,18c. The antiviral evaluation revealed appreciable
activity against Coxsackie virus B4, Respiratory syncytial virus, Yellow Fever Virus and Human
Coronavirus (229E) for the 3΄-deoxy compounds 12b,14, and the 3΄-deoxy-3΄-methyl
18a,18c,18d, accompanied by low cytotoxicity.

Conclusion:
This report describes the total and facile synthesis of modified furanononucleosides
of uracil, with alterations on both the sugar and the heterocyclic portions. Compounds 12b,14 and
18a,c,d showed noticeable antiviral activity against a series of RNA viruses and merit further biological
and structural optimization investigations.
Potential Impurities of Tigecycline: Synthesis, Isolation, Characterization and In Vitro Pharmacological Evaluation
Authors: Sharavanan Selliamman Palaniyandi Nallusamy , Venkatesan Chidambaram Subramanian , Sathiyanarayanan Singaram , Kabilan Senthamaraikannan 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Tigecycline is a known antibiotic in the tetracycline family and a chemical
analog of minocycline. It may be used for the treatment against drug-resistant bacteria.

Methods:
HPLC method was used for related substance analysis. The degraded impurities during the
process were isolated and characterized by IR, HRMS (High Resolution Mass Spectrometry) and NMR
spectral analysis.

Results:
Four impurities of tigecycline, a broad spectrum antibacterial agent, were identified, synthesized
and characterized. The in vitro biological evaluation of the isolated compounds showed significant
antimicrobial and antioxidant properties to that of tigecycline. Apart from these, the tigecycline drug
substance showed significant degradation under oxidation conditions.

Conclusion:
The extensive investigational data confirm the structure of the four impurities. The specification
limit for these impurities is applied based on the toxicological data. The antimicrobial activity
revealed that the impurity 4 shows excellent activity towards both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria when compared with tigecycline. The results obtained for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity concluded that the impurity 2 and the impurity 3 showed good antioxidant
properties when compared with tigecycline. There was no activity observed on fungi for both
isolated degradants as well as tigecycline.
A Suitable Immunosensor for Chloramphenicol Determination: Study of Two Different Competitive Formats
Authors: Martini Elisabetta , Tomassetti Mauro , Angeloni Riccardo , Castrucci Mauro , Campanella Luigi 
Published: February 2019

Background:
deep analytical study was performed on two different formats based on a
“competitive” ELISA-type assay to develop a suitable, sensitive and cheap immune device for
chloramphenicol determination that could be advantageously applied to the analysis of real matrices
(pharmaceutical, food and environmental).

Methods:
To this purpose peroxidase enzyme as a marker and an amperometric electrode for hydrogen
peroxide, as a transducer, were used. Through the first competitive format, chloramphenicol determination
was based on the competition between chloramphenicol and conjugated with biotin-avidinperoxidase
chloramphenicol, both free in solution, for anti-chloramphenicol immobilized in the membrane,
while the second competitive format was based on the competition between free in solution chloramphenicol
and immobilized in membrane one, for anti-chloramphenicol biotin-avidin-peroxidase
conjugated free in solution.

Results:
The immunosensor was optimized by comparing the two used different “competitive” working
formats on the basis of respective Kaff values, that were found to be about 105 and 104 (mol L-1)-1. The
developed immune device displayed good selectivity for Chloramphenicol and LOD (limit of detection)
was of the order of 10-9 mol L-1. The immunosensor was also used to test the presence of Chloramphenicol
in real matrices such as cow milk, river wastewater and pharmaceutical formulations; recovery
tests, using the standard addition method, gave satisfactory results.

Conclusion:
The results proved the validity of this immune device based on the competition between
chloramphenicol and conjugated chloramphenicol obtained using biotin-avidin-peroxidase format, by
which it is possible to carry out the analysis of chloramphenicol in milk and in river waste-waters with a
% RSD ≤ 5 and with recovery values between 96% and 103%.
Estimating Bifurcating Consensus Phylogenetic Trees Using Evolutionary Imperialist Competitive Algorithm
Authors: Nikkhah Vageehe , Babamir Seyed M. , Arab Seyed S. 
Published: February 2019

Background:One of the important goals of phylogenetic studies is the estimation of species-level phylogeny. A phylogenetic tree is an evolutionary classification of different species of creatures. There are several methods to generate such trees, where each method may produce a number of different trees for the species. By choosing the same proteins of all species, it is possible that the topology and arrangement of trees would be different.Objective:There are methods by which biologists summarize different phylogenetic trees to a tree, called consensus tree. A consensus method deals with the combination of gene trees to estimate a species tree. As the phylogenetic trees grow and their number is increased, estimating a consensus tree based on the species-level phylogenetic trees becomes a challenge.Methods:The current study aims at using the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) to estimate bifurcating consensus trees. Evolutionary algorithms like ICA are suitable to resolve problems with the large space of candidate solutions.Results:The obtained consensus tree has more similarity to the native phylogenetic tree than related studies.Conclusion:The proposed method enjoys mechanisms and policies that enable us more than other evolutionary algorithms in tuning the proposed algorithm. Thanks to these policies and the mechanisms, the algorithm enjoyed efficiently in obtaining the optimum consensus tree. The algorithm increased the possibility of selecting an optimum solution by imposing some changes in its parameters.
PIK3R1 Mutation Associated with Hyper IgM (APDS2 Syndrome): A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Yazdani Reza , Hamidi Zahra , Babaha Fateme , Azizi Gholamreza , Fekrvand Saba , Abolhassani Hassan , Aghamohammadi Asghar 
Published: February 2019

Background and Objective:
APDS [Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) δ Syndrome]
is a newly found special form of primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in genes
encoding PI3Kδ subunits and over-activation of the PI3K signaling pathway. Gain-of-function and
loss-of-function mutations in PIK3CD (encoding P110δ) and PIK3R1 (encoding p85α, p55α and p50α)
lead to APDS1 and APDS2, respectively. The subsequent irregular PI3K downstream signaling cascade
is associated with abnormalities in B cells and T cells and the consequent heterogeneous clinical
manifestations including respiratory tract infections, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation and not to
mention primary antibody deficiency. In this study, we report a 12-year-old girl with a mutation in the
PIK3R1 gene who manifested immunological phenotypes resembling hyper IgM syndrome along with
a review of the literature of the previously reported patients.

Methods:
Whole exome sequencing was performed to detect the underlying genetic mutation in this
patient.

Results:
A de novo heterozygous splice site mutation in the hot spot of the PIK3R1 gene within the
intron 10 was found (c.1425+1G>A).

Conclusion:
Further investigations are required for evaluation of the underlying genetic defects and
the possible associations between genetic underpinning and heterogeneous severity and features of the
disease.
Formulation and Evaluation of Atenolol Nanocrystals Using 3(2) Full Factorial Design
Authors: Mazumder Rupa , Paul Swarnali Das 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Atenolol is a commonly used antihypertensive drug of class III BCS category. It
suffers from the problem of poor intestinal absorption or permeability thus low bioavailability. The objective
of the present study was to enhance the permeability of atenolol by using a suitable technique, which
is economical and devoid of using any organic solvent.

Methods:
The nanocrystal technology by high-pressure homogenization was chosen for this purpose,
which is a less expensive and simple method. In this technique, no organic solvent was used. The study
was further aimed to characterize prepared nanocrystals in the solid state by Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) patterns, particle size, zeta potential, %yield
and drug permeation study through isolated goat’s intestine. An in-vivo study was carried out to determine
the pharmacokinetic property in comparison to pure drug powder using rats as experimental animals.
The formulation design was optimized by a 3(2) factorial design. In these designs, two factors namely
surfactant amount (X1) and speed of homogenizer (X2) were evaluated on three dependent variables
namely particle size (y1), zeta potential (y2) and production yield (y3).

Results:
PXRD study indicated the presence of high crystal content in the prepared formulation. These
nanocrystal formulations were found with a narrow size range from 125 nm to 652 nm and positive
zeta potential of 16-18 mV. Optimized formulations showed almost 90% production yield. Permeability
study revealed 90.88% drug release for optimized formulation in comparison to the pure drug
(31.22%). The FTIR study also exposed that there was no disturbance in the principal peaks of the pure
drug atenolol. This confirmed the integrity of the pure drug and its compatibility with the excipients used.
A significant increase in the area under the concentration-time curve Cpmax and MRT for nanocrystals
was observed in comparison to the pure drug. The higher values of the determination coefficient (R2) of all
three parameters indicated the goodness of fit of the 3(2) factorial model. The factorial analysis also revealed
that speed of homogenizer had a bigger effect on particle size (-0.2812), zeta potential (-0.0004)
and production yield (0.0192) whereas amount of surfactant had a lesser effect on production yield
(-370.4401), zeta potential (-43.3651) as well as particle size (-6169.2601).

Conclusion:
It is concluded that the selected method of nanocrystal formation and its further optimization
by factorial design was effective to increase the solubility, as well as permeability of atenolol. Further,
the systematic approach of factorial design provides rational evaluation and prediction of nanocrystals
formulation on the selected limited number of smart experimentation.
DETERMINANTES DE LAS CAPACIDADES DE INNOVACIÓN EN EL SECTOR BIOTECNOLÓGICO EN MÉXICO
Authors: Morales Sánchez Mario Alberto , Díaz Rodríguez Héctor Eduardo 
Published: February 2019

<p align="center"> <strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>La innovación tecnológica es un proceso ligado a la generación de conocimiento y la manera en la que las empresas aprenden y desarrollan innovaciones depende del contexto particular en el que se desenvuelven. Dado el potencial de diseminación que la biotecnología tiene y, por tanto, su capacidad para apuntalar una oleada de crecimiento en otros sectores, el presente estudio se centra en conocer y medir las capacidades de innovación, así como sus factores determinantes en empresas biotecnológicas mexicanas. Los resultados muestran que la existencia de redes (financieras, de conocimiento, de colaboración, entre otras) que permitan generar un flujo adecuado de conocimiento, así como de capacidades de las empresas para aprovecharlo, son factores determinantes del dinamismo innovador.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>DETERMINANTS OF INNOVATION ABILITIES IN MEXICO’S BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR</strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p>Technological innovation is a process linked to the generation of knowledge and the way in which companies learn and develop innovations. It depends on the particular context in which firms operate. As the potential of biotechnology has to support a wave of growth in other sectors, this study focuses on identifying and measuring innovation capabilities, as well as the determinants of such capabilities in the Mexican biotechnology companies. The results show that the existence of networks (financial, knowledge, collaboration, among others) that allow generating both an adequate flow of knowledge and the capacities of companies to take advantage of such knowledge, are determining factors of the innovative dynamism.
EL IMPACTO DE LAS FUSIONES Y ADQUISICIONES EN LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO Y EL PIB: AMÉRICA LATINA, 1990-2014
Authors: Alarco Tosoni Germán 
Published: February 2019

<p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>El artículo presenta los factores explicativos de las fusiones y adquisiciones (F&amp;A), mostrando la evolución, importancia relativa y sectores de destino de esas operaciones en 16 economías de América Latina en el periodo 1990-2014. Con base en un modelo integral, se evalúan los impactos de las F&amp;A en el producto interno bruto (PIB), la vinculación entre el valor de las operaciones de F&amp;A y las ganancias y con ello se determinan los impactos en el consumo privado, la inversión privada y las exportaciones. Se concluye que la elasticidad del PIB respecto al valor de las F&amp;A es negativa en los casos de Chile, Perú y México. Más fusiones reconcentran el ingreso a favor de las ganancias e impactan de forma negativa en el producto. En el resto de las economías de la región estos resultados son ligeramente positivos o inciertos.</p><div> </div><p align="center"><strong>THE IMPACT OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA, 1990-2014</strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The paper reviews the factors accounting for Mergers and Acquisitions (M&amp;As). It then discusses the evolution of M&amp;A trades, their relative importance and the economic sectors that have been influenced by M&amp;As in sixteen Latin-American economies during 1990-2014. An integral model is developed with the aim of assessing both the impact of M&amp;As on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the link between the value of M&amp;A transactions and profits so as to determine the effects of profit share changes on private consumption, private investment and exports. The conclusion is reached that the elasticity of GDP with respect to the value of M&amp;As is negative in countries such as Chile, Peru and Mexico. A larger value of M&amp;As tend to redistribute income towards profits and impart a negative impact on output. The impact for other Latin American economies in our sample is either slightly positive or uncertain.</p>
Basil Fawlty ja ”esithatcherilaisuus” sarjassa Pitkän Jussin majatalo
Authors: Mähkä Rami 
Published: February 2019

Basil Fawlty ja ”esithatcherilaisuus” sarjassa Pitkän Jussin majataloArtikkeli tarkastelee brittiläistä tilannekomediaa Pitkän Jussin majatalo (Fawlty Towers BBC, 1975, 1979) konservatiivisuuden representaatioiden näkökulmasta ja kysyy, miten sarjan päähenkilö Basil Fawlty (esittäjä John Cleese) ”esithatcherilaisena” hahmona auttaa ymmärtämään niitä prosesseja, joiden seurauksena Margaret Thatcher nousi pääministeriksi vuonna 1979. Suositun sitcomin komediallinen päähenkilö artikuloi samoja arvoja kuin Thatcher mutta tekee sen monimerkityksellisesti, sillä kyseessä on komedia.Artikkelissa Fawltyn ”esithatcherilaisuus” ymmärretäänkin ongelmattoman käsitteen sijaan Fawltyn artikuloimina arvoina ja asenteina 1970-luvun jälkipuoliskon Britannian poliittis-yhteiskunnallisessa historiallisessa tilanteessa. Vastaavasti konservatiivisuus ymmärretään artikkelissa diskursseina, ei dogmaattisina opinkappaleina. Tämä vastaa thatcherismin ambivalenttia ja ristiriitaistakin luonnetta.Artikkeli väittää, että Basil Fawlty ja hänen arvomaailmansa ovat sarjan tärkein komedian lähde ja naurun kohde. Hän edustaa myös Thatcherille Britannian kehitystä pitkään jarruttanutta taantumuksellista konservatiivisuutta. Basililla ei kuitenkaan ole sarjassa vain yhtä positiota tai identiteettiä, vaan ne vaihtelevat tilanteen mukaan. Oleellista on, että sarja, sen jaksot, kohtaukset ja yksittäiset vitsit toimivat komediana. Tämä selittää myös sarjan tiettyä ambivalenttiutta suhteessa konservatiivisuuteen ja luokkayhteiskuntaan. Basil Fawlty And ‘Pre-Thatcherism’ in Fawlty TowersThe article analyses the popular British situation comedy Fawlty Towers (BBC, 1975, 1979) as a comedic representation of conservatism and its lead character, Basil Fawlty (played by John Cleese), as a ‘pre-Thatcherite’. The article discusses how Fawlty and the series can help us to understand the processes which led to Margaret Thatcher winning the election in 1979 and becoming prime minister. Fawlty promotes similar values to Thatcher, but with ambiguity as the series is a comedy; comedy makes interpretation of ideological issues problematic as it is an alternative meaning-making system to non-comedic forms.The article understands conservatism and Thatcherism as discourses rather than political dogmas or programmes. Thatcherism, including its relationship with particular forms of conservatism, is ambivalent and in some cases contradictory. Basil Fawlty is a prime example of this. The article argues that Fawlty can be seen as a ‘pre-Thatcherite’. He is the main target of laughter and ridicule in the series, but because of his witty remarks and sarcasm we are also laughing with him, not only at him. Despite his old-fashioned conservatism, he also represents values, such as patriotism, which can be seen as identifiable across political and ideological lines. This is exactly what Thatcher accomplished in the late 1970s
Auditoría Integral al Ciclo Presupuestario de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados de Cotopaxi y Pastaza
Authors: Benavides Iralda , Acosta Carla 
Published: February 2019

En este artículo se analizarán e identiicarán los problemas tanto inancieros de control interno, gestión y cumplimiento que poseen cada uno de los GAD municipales de los cantones (Maná, Pujilí, Salcedo, Pastaza, Pangua, Sigchos) para de esta manera mediante un diagnosticoveriicar el grado de acatamiento para esto se ha tomado como base la realización de una auditoría integral.Los resultados plasmados en las tablas resumen fueron hechos en base a investigación, lo cual ha permitido identiicar los problemas más relevantes y repetitivos que tiene cada Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados.
Las Capacidades y Potencialidades de los Recursos Humanos Eje Estratégico y Competitivo en la Gestión del Conocimiento.
Authors: Cejas Magda , Navarro Mercedes , Chirinos Nilda , Rivas Ariana 
Published: February 2019

Las capacidades y potencialidades de los recursos humanos hoy en díageneran grandes oportunidades tanto a las organizaciones como a lospaíses. Su constitución estratégica y competitiva se debe precisamenteal desarrollo de las competencias traducidas en términos de habilidades,destrezas y actitudes, por cual su alcance conlleva a la revalorización de lagestión del conocimiento en la sociedad actual, así entonces la concepciónexpresada con antelación se somete a continuos cambios en un mundocada vez más complejo en especial por la capacidad de innovar, modiicary generar transformaciones positivas no sólo para que la gente tenga unamejor calidad de vida, sino también, para incrementar nuevos paradigmasasociados a la sociedad del conocimiento. El objetivo que pretende esteartículo es el abordar la preponderancia que tiene las capacidades ypotencialidades de las personas en el marco de sus propias competenciasy en pro de la gestión y Economía del conocimiento. Como metodología seasumió la de tipo documental, la cual sigue un procedimiento lógico, tecnooperacionalesimplícitos en todo proceso de investigación, con el objetode ponerlos de maniiesto y sistematizarlos lo cual permitió el análisis de supuestos del estudio a partir de los conceptos teóricos respecto al tema.Concluyendo que la gestión del conocimiento forma parte de la sociedad deaprendizaje la cual está indisolublemente ligada a la comprensión formativede las personas en un contexto cada vez más amplio permitiendo asi unaprendizaje por competencias de character permanente entendiéndose loque se aprende, y todo ello de tal forma que pueda adaptarlo a nuevassituaciones que se transforman rápidamente.
Una mirada del proceso de regulación contable internacional en el contexto de globalización
Authors: Panchi Mayo Viviana Pastora 
Published: February 2019

La globalización es un proceso que ha inducido transformaciones relevantes en el funcionamiento del sistema económico a nivel mundial. Sus efectos, se precisan en las diversas dimensiones del desarrollo, incluyendo también los aspectos relacionados con el campo contable y financiero. Como un mecanismo para favorecer la competitividad empresarial y, la revelación de información completa y de calidad para la toma de decisiones, el International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) procedió a la formulación de las Normas nternacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF). En función de lo expuesto, este artículo tiene como objetivo disertar en torno a las bases de proceso de regulación contable internacional sustentado por el IASB en el contexto de lo global. Metodológicamente, el trabajo se desarrolló sobre la base del análisis hermenéutico de estudios desarrollados en las líneas de investigación en globalización y regulación contable internacional; así como de la revisión de las NIIF. Las conclusiones de la investigación, revelan la incidencia de lo global en el proceso de regulación contable fundamentado por el IASB, a partir del cual se ha desarrollado la armonización o convergencia contable que promueve la adopción de un mismo lenguaje como base del ejercicio de la contabilidad a nivel mundial.