bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging foliar and soil‐borne pathogens of leafy vegetable crops: a possible threat to Europe
Authors: Gilardi G. , Gullino M. L. , Garibaldi A. 
Published: February 2018

Italy is one of the leading countries for the production and consumption of ready‐to‐eat salads. This has led to a steady increase in the area used over the last decade for the growth of leafy vegetables under intensive systems. The recent new diseases that affect lettuce, wild and cultivated rocket, lamb's lettuce, spinach and basil are reported here: Plectosphaerella cucumerina on wild rocket, endive and lamb's lettuce, Fusarium equiseti on wild and cultivated rocket and lettuce, Myrothecium verrucaria on spinach and wild rocket, Myrothecium roridum on lamb's lettuce, Allophoma tropica on lettuce and Alternaria sp. on basil and rocket are among the new foliar pathogens in Italy. Among the soil‐borne pathogens, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare and Pythium Cluster B2a have recently been isolated in Italy on spinach and Swiss chard, lamb's lettuce and lettuce, while Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, which causes lettuce wilt, is gradually spreading to new countries. Some of the new pathogens have been found to be transmitted by seed and typical of tropical climate, and are thus favoured by the increases in temperature linked to climate change. The globalization of markets, climate change and intensive cultivation are among the factors responsible for the proliferation and spread of some of these new pathogens that are ‘alien’ to Italian production systems.
Technology and the future of language teaching
Authors: Kessler Greg 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe are living in a time with unprecedented opportunities to communicate with others in authentic and compelling linguistically and culturally contextualized domains. In fact, language teachers today are faced with so many fascinating options for using technology to enhance language learning that it can be overwhelming. Even for those who are inclined to experiment with emerging technologies, it can be challenging to identify which resources, tools, or Web sites may best fit a particular lesson, activity, or goal. Many of the most compelling opportunities are situated within the same global social and technology trends that have become commonplace in our daily lives, including social media, artificial intelligence, big data, and augmented reality. This article addresses the extent to which technology‐mediated social interactions dominate our daily lives, how we can leverage those interactions to the benefit of our learners, and how we can engage them in learning experiences in ways that will encourage them to practice language extensively.
A New Reference Material for Tritium Organic Molecules in Sediment: Results of an International Intercomparison Exercise
Authors: Warwick Phillip E. , Croudace Ian W. , Marsh Richard M. , Baglan Nicolas , Kim Sang Bog 
Published: February 2018

Solid matrix 3H reference materials are challenging to prepare given the volatile nature of 3H and are often unrepresentative of the range of 3H forms that may be encountered during routine analysis. As a result, few 3H reference materials are currently available, undermining verification of analytical techniques for environmental 3H measurement. To address this, an International Working Group on Organically‐Bound Tritium Analysis determined to produce a tritium natural matrix reference material (NMRM). The reference material comprises marine sediment blended with sewage sludge contaminated with 3H‐organic species arising from authorised discharges from a radiopharmaceutical manufacturing site. Previous studies have demonstrated that the 3H species have persisted in the environment over three decades providing valuable supporting data to underpin the characterisation of the NMRM. The preparation and characterisation of the NMRM are described along with the subsequent application of the reference material in an international intercomparison exercise involving nineteen laboratories from nine countries. A reference value of 168 ± 22 Bq kg−1 was derived from the data arising from the proficiency test.
Radio‐cephalic arteriovenous fistula recovered with drainage through the brachial vein
Authors: Norton de Matos António , Sousa Clemente Neves , Almeida Paulo , Teles Paulo , Rego Duarte , Teixeira Gabriela , Loureiro Luís , Teixeira Sérgio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDysfunction of arteriovenous access for hemodialysis is a challenge for the vascular surgeon. Some patients have complex vascular access with problems that are difficult to solve. Careful analysis of the vascular network with ultrasound and dissection of the veins during surgery can help to identify the best option for each access. We introduce and discuss the case of creation of a radio‐cephalic fistula with outflow into the brachial vein in 64‐year‐old hemodialysis male patient. This technique enables extending fistula patency, arterializing the brachial vein, and improves cost efficiency.
Preparation and characterization of potassium sodium niobate nanofibers by electrospinning
Authors: Lusiola Tony , Gorjan Lovro , Clemens Frank 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this work, we describe the electrospinning of (K,Na)NbO3 fibers and the effect of calcination temperature on the final phase composition. The envisaged application is for the fabrication of ferroelectric sensor hybrid materials. A solution of potassium acetate, sodium methoxide, and niobium ethoxide dissolved in methanol, acetylacetone, and acetic acid was mixed with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dissolved in methanol, producing a viscous solution for electrospinning. Confirmation that the proposed equation on the average diameter of fibers produced from high viscosity solutions was larger than that of a lower viscosity solution was made. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study showed the fibers to be cylindrical, smooth with diameters of around 400 nm and an aspect ratio >1000. The electrospun fibers were calcined from 700°C to 1050°C observing the fiber morphology. With increasing calcining temperature, the grain size increased. The calcined (K,Na)NbO3 nanofibers were brittle and generally found to display the “necklace effect.”
Properties of silica sol bonded corundum‐spinel castables for steel ladles
Authors: Qiu Wendong , Ruan Guozhi , Zhang Zhihui 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn order to overcome the shortcoming of the calcium aluminate cement (CAC) bonded castables, we prepared corundum‐spinel castables using silica sol as binder and tabular corundum, sintered magnesia‐alumina spinel, and reactive alumina as raw materials in this study. The effect of spinel grain size and solid content of silica sol on the flow value, sintering, mechanical strength and microstructure of the specimens treated at varying temperature of 400, 1000, 1500, and 1650°C for 5 hours in an air atmosphere were studied by SEM and EDS analyses. The results indicate that silica sol is suitable as a binder for corundum‐spinel systems. And silica sol with solid content of 25% bonded samples containing ≤90 μm spinel perform quite better than the others. At the same time, silica sol bonded samples had high strength in medium temperature. This is because that the closer proximity of silica sol and alumina powder and the high activity of nanometer SiO2 in silica sol are beneficial for the reaction of SiO2 and Al2O3 to generate mullite needed for reinforcement of castables matrix.
Family Migration as a Class Matter
Authors: Kofman Eleonore 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTraditionally, family migration was conceptualized as a separate form of migration from labour migration. Increasingly socio‐economic criteria (labour market participation, language competence, financial resources, independence from welfare), have been applied to family migration policies in Europe, and are harder to fulfil by those with a weaker labour market position. Hence class now plays an increasingly significant role in stratifying the right to family migration. The article examines the imposition of minimum income requirements in three countries – the Netherlands, Norway and the UK – and the significance of class in its economic and cultural dimensions in meeting the requirement. For those without sufficient economic capital to meet the requirement, cultural capital may facilitate the development of coping strategies to overcome or reduce the duration of family separation. Class is not the only stratifying element: gender, age and ethnicity interact with and reinforce the effects of class.
Prevalence of skin tears in the extremities in inpatients at a hospital in Denmark
Authors: Bermark Susan , Wahlers Britt , Gerber Anne Liv , Philipsen Peter Alshede , Skiveren Jette 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of skin tears in the extremities and to explore factors associated with development of skin tears in inpatients at a Danish hospital. The study was designed as a point prevalence survey and included 202 patients in the age range 19–99 (mean: 70·7, SD: 16·5). The patients were assessed for presence of skin tears, numbers, locations and previous skin tears. Data were collected using a data collection sheet developed for a previous study. The survey team consisted of four specialist nurses. Data were collected over a period of 24 hours spread over 3 days. Of the 202 patients, 23 had skin tears, yielding a prevalence of 11·4%. In total, 40 skin tears were observed. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that previous skin tears (odds ratio (OR): 9·3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2·6–33·4, P < 0·001), ecchymosis (OR: 5·6, CI: 1·4‐23·2, P < 0·017) and risk of falling (OR: 3·8, CI: 1·2‐12·0, P < 0·021) were significantly associated with development of skin tears. The prevalence of skin tears in this study (11·4%) matches other international observations. The following risk factors were recognised: previous skin tear, ecchymosis and risk of falling. These factors could be used to identify patients requiring prevention of skin tears.
Robocasting of MgO‐doped alumina using alginic acid slurries
Authors: Glymond Daniel , Vandeperre Luc J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe benefits of MgO doping of alumina for maintaining a homogeneous grain structure have long been established. Therefore in this work a bespoke ink for Robocasting of alumina is developed based on the gelation of alginic acid using magnesium ions, thereby ensuring homogeneous MgO doping of the alumina green body. The shear thinning behavior of alginic acid based solutions was paired with the rheological properties of a partially coagulated colloidal suspension to allow high solid loading inks (up to 50 vol%) with good extrusion behavior. Shear thinning coefficients of n ~ 0.2 were recorded, with yield stresses of 250 Pa and stiffness values in the range 100‐1000 kPa. The printed alumina bars reached densities of >98% and unpolished strengths reached up to 326 ± 16 MPa after sintering at 0.4 mol/L magnesium chloride and 45 vol% alumina.
Properties of food ingredients during processing in a domestic mixer grinder and subsequent storage: A review
Authors: Margasahayam Aswini , Balraj Yuganya 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe changes in the physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of ingredients during and post processing in a domestic mixer grinder are studied. Spices are powdered to release flavor but higher temperature during grinding and storage has deteriorative effects on its quality. Pastes and purees are prepared due to recipe requirements but grinding also releases characteristic flavors and some nutrient bioavailability. Storage leads to development of rancidity, off‐color, and off‐flavors. Batter from lentil and rice is ground and mixed before fermentation but storage leads to changes in acidity, nutrient content, taste, and texture of the final product. Flour is prepared from rice and chickpea lentil due to their versatility to be used in different food preparation applications. High speed grinding with increase in temperature leads to necessary starch damage but also has some drawbacks. Storage leads to color changes and reduces the suitability to some applications.Practical applicationsIn this research paper, the authors analyze the current grinding practices of food ingredients like spices, puree, paste, batter, and flours by consumers in Indian kitchens. The findings of this paper will help the consumer understand the changes that occur in the physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of the ingredients. Based on such understanding, authors recommend grinding practices for the sensory and nutritional benefits. To further the understanding, future research projects can delve deeper to understand the changes that occur during high speed grinding and address the characteristics that affect the properties and cause detrimental reactions. Further research can also help understand the nutritional benefits of fresh grinding.
Structured lipids by swine lard interesterification with oil and esters from common carp viscera
Authors: Engelmann J. I. , Silva P. P. , Igansi A. V. , Pohndorf R. S. , Cadaval T. R. S. , Crexi V. T. , Pinto L. A. A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractStructured lipids are esters of fatty acids, which were modified from its natural form. The aim of this work was to obtain structured lipids by chemical interesterification of the swine lard with the bleached oil or esters from carp viscera. The materials and the structured lipids produced were characterized by physicochemical, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and solid fat content analysis to be evaluated the interesterification reaction. The structured lipids from blends of swine lard/fish oil and of swine lard/fish esters presented similar characteristics to the swine lard. The NMR results show that changes in the fatty acids percentage present in positions sn‐1,3 and sn‐2 of the structured lipids was more pronounced when the carp oil was used. The solid fat content curves showed that, the structured lipids from fish oil and swine lard presented characteristics for application in baking products, however, when produced from esters and swine lard showed potential to be used in frying and condiments.Practical applicationsThe structured lipids have received special attention in the last years, being included in the functional foods and nutraceuticals group. The physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of saturated fats can be improved by incorporating fish oil. The production of structured lipids by chemical method shows some advantages, as low cost and facility for application in large scale. Thus, in this work, the structured lipids were produced by chemical interesterification of the saturated fat (swine lard) with bleached oil or esters from common carp viscera. Based on the results, the structured lipids obtained from fish oil and its esters with the swine lard showed potential for application in baking products, fried food, and in the production of condiments.
Assembly of Alaska‐Yukon boreal steppe communities: Testing biogeographic hypotheses via modern ecological distributions
Authors: Edwards Mary E. , Lloyd Andrea , Armbruster W. Scott 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBeringia (eastern Asia, Alaska, northwest Canada) has been a land‐bridge dispersal route between Asia and North America intermittently since the Mesozoic Era. The Quaternary, the most recent period of exchange, is characterized by large, geologically rapid climate fluctuations and sea‐level changes that alternately expose and inundate the land‐bridge region. Insights into how Quaternary land‐bridge geography has controlled species exchange and assembly of the North American flora comes from focusing on a restricted community with narrow ecological tolerances: species that are today restricted to isolated steppe habitats (dry grasslands) in the Subarctic. We evaluated (i) potential controls over current spatial distributions of steppe plants and their pollinators in Alaska and Yukon and (ii) their ecological distributions in relation to potential biogeographic histories. Taxa present in North America that are disjunct from Asia tended to have larger altitudinal ranges (tolerating colder temperatures) than taxa disjunct from farther south in North America, which were largely restricted to the warmest, lowest‐elevation sites. Ecological findings support the following biogeographic scenarios. Migration from Asia via the land‐bridge occurred during Quaternary glacial periods when conditions were colder and drier than today. While a corridor for migration of cold‐tolerant species of cold steppe and tundra, the land bridge acted as a filter that excluded warmth‐demanding species. Migration from North America occurred under warm, dry interglacial conditions; thermophilous North American disjuncts taking this route may have long histories in Beringia, or they may have migrated recently during the relatively warm and dry early Holocene, when forest cover was incomplete.
Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopic 3 mm and 5 mm cup biopsies to wedge biopsies of canine livers
Authors: Kimbrell Tiffany L. , Milovancev Milan , Olsen Ronald , Löhr Christiane V. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundDiagnostic accuracy of the 3 mm laparoscopic cup biopsy forceps for collection of tissue samples from canine livers is unproven.Hypotheses/ObjectivesCompare sample surface area and portal triad count between 3 mm and 5 mm laparoscopic cup biopsies and compare the histologic diagnosis obtained by each instrument to a standard necropsy wedge. The hypothesis was that more portal triads and greater sample surface area would be found with the 5 mm samples and the laparoscopic instruments would not have significantly different levels of agreement with necropsy wedge diagnosis.AnimalsTwenty‐one client‐owned dogs undergoing necropsy.MethodsProspective ex vivo study. Three samples (3 mm, 5 mm, and wedge) were taken of 2 different hepatic divisions within 24 hours of death. Morphologic diagnosis, World Small Animal Veterinary Association histologic features, surface area, and portal triad numbers were compared among the 3 samples.ResultsThere were significantly more portal triads (mean 21.4 versus 13.8; P < .0001) and a higher surface area (20.3 mm2 versus 11.5 mm2; P < .0001) in the 5 mm samples compared to 3 mm samples. Kappa coefficients and percent agreement for histologic diagnosis as compared to the wedge biopsy were not significantly different between the 2 instrument sizes (κ = 0.383 and 0.436, respectively; 67% and 69%, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDespite yielding smaller sample sizes, the 3 mm laparoscopic cup biopsy has a similar level of histologic diagnostic accuracy to the 5 mm instrument.
Clinical and prognostic associations of liver volume determined by computed tomography in acute liver failure
Authors: Zabron Abigail , Quaglia Alberto , Fatourou Evangelia , Peddu Praveen , Lewis Dylan , Heneghan Michael , Willars Christopher , Auzinger Georg , Heaton Nigel , Wendon Julia , Kane Pauline , Karani John , Bernal William 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundLiver volume (LV) can be non‐invasively determined from the analysis of computed tomography (CT) images, and in patients with acute liver injury (ALI) or failure (ALF), it can reflect the balance of structural collapse with hepatic regeneration. We examined its relation to cause of liver injury, measures of liver function and histopathological findings, and utility in prediction of complications and mortality.MethodsTwo hundred and seventy‐three patients with ALF/ALI admitted to a specialist intensive care unit were studied. One hundred and ninety‐nine patients (73%) had non‐acetaminophen (NA) aetiologies and 74 (27%) had acetaminophen‐induced disease. LV and proportion of predicted LV (PLV%) were determined from admission CT imaging.ResultsLV and PLV% showed marked variation when aetiologic groups were compared (P < .0001), including loss in cases with indeterminate cause (LV 939 cm3 [IQR 680‐1259], PLV% 56% [42‐84]) and increase in Budd‐Chiari syndrome (1891 cm3 [1601‐2094], 121% [111‐131]). Progression to high‐grade encephalopathy was more common with smaller LV and PLV. A < 1000 cm3 threshold identified NA patients who later developed it with 93% (95%CI 83‐98) specificity and odds ratio 10.6 (3.3‐34.5) at median 5 days prior to onset, and risk of death in those with NA‐drug‐induced (DILI) or indeterminate disease with 91% (71‐99) specificity and 63% (50‐75) sensitivity.ConclusionIn patients with ALF/ALI, LV shows marked variation by the cause of disease, and in prognostic importance. In indeterminate and DILI cases, loss of volume to <1000 cm3 may indicate irreversible liver injury and regenerative failure and serve as an early clinical predictor for the development of high‐grade encephalopathy and death.
Preconditioning With Low‐Level Laser Irradiation Enhances the Therapeutic Potential of Human Adipose‐derived Stem Cells in a Mouse Model of Photoaged Skin
Authors: Liao Xuan , Li Sheng‐Hong , Xie Guang‐Hui , Xie Shan , Xiao Li‐Ling , Song Jian‐Xing , Liu Hong‐Wei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study was conducted to explore the therapeutic potential of human adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) irradiated with a low‐level laser (LLL). Cultured ADSCs were treated with 650‐nm GaAlAs laser irradiation at 2, 4 and 8 J cm−2. Cell proliferation was quantified by MTT assays, cytokine secretion was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, and adipogenic differentiation was examined by oil red O staining. Additionally, the expression profiles of putative ADSC surface markers were analyzed by quantitative real‐time PCR. In addition, a mouse photoaged skin model was established by UVB irradiation. Effects of GaAlAs laser–treated ADSCs on the thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results showed that GaAlAs laser treatment of cells at a radiant exposure of 4 J cm−2 enhanced ADSC proliferation and adipogenic differentiation and increased secretion of growth factors. Furthermore, GaAlAs laser irradiation upregulated the expression of putative ADSC surface markers. In the mouse model of photoaged skin, ADSCs treated with GaAlAs laser irradiation had markedly decreased the epidermal thickness and increased the dermal thickness of photoaged mouse skin. Our data indicate that LLL irradiation is an effective biostimulator of ADSCs and might enhance the therapeutic potential of ADSCs for clinical use.
Improved Wound Remodeling Correlates with Modulated TGF‐beta Expression in Skin Diabetic Wounds Following Combined Red and Infrared Photobiomodulation Treatments
Authors: Fekrazad Reza , Sarrafzadeh Arash , Kalhori Katayoun A.M. , Khan Imran , Arany Praveen R. , Giubellino Alessio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDiabetic wounds are a major cause of morbidity among patients with poorly controlled blood glucose levels. Conventional empirical wound care strategies have shown limited efficacy, and there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Photobiomodulation treatments have shown positive therapeutic effects in several cell culture and animal models. In this study, we examined wound healing in diabetic rats following treatments with two laser wavelengths, namely red (660 nm) and infrared (808 nm) individually and in combination as compared to routine wound dressings. Immunostaining for TGF‐β expression was performed at various times postwounding. We noted that the combination of red and infrared laser treatments correlated with decreased TGF‐β1 levels at late stages in healing. There was no statistical significance with any treatments at an earlier time point. This study emphasizes the role of appropriate laser treatment protocols in modulating wound healing and remodeling responses.