bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singlet oxygen‐triggered chloroplast‐to‐nucleus retrograde signalling pathways: An emerging perspective
Authors: Dogra Vivek , Rochaix Jean‐David , Kim Chanhong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSinglet oxygen (1O2) is a prime cause of photo‐damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem II reaction center and in the light‐harvesting antenna complex are major sources of 1O2 generation. It has been thought that the generation of 1O2 mainly takes place in the appressed regions of the thylakoid membranes, namely, the grana core, where most of the active photosystem II complexes are localized. Apart from being a toxic molecule, new evidence suggests that 1O2 significantly contributes to chloroplast‐to‐nucleus retrograde signalling that primes acclimation and cell death responses. Interestingly, recent studies reveal that chloroplasts operate two distinct 1O2‐triggered retrograde signalling pathways in which β‐carotene and a nuclear‐encoded chloroplast protein EXECUTER1 play essential roles as signalling mediators. The coexistence of these mediators raises several questions: their crosstalk, source(s) of 1O2, downstream signalling components, and the perception and reaction mechanism of these mediators towards 1O2. In this review, we mainly discuss the molecular genetic basis of the mode of action of these two putative 1O2 sensors and their corresponding retrograde signalling pathways. In addition, we also propose the possible existence of an alternative source of 1O2, which is spatially and functionally separated from the grana core.
Understanding genetic control of root system architecture in soybean: Insights into the genetic basis of lateral root number
Authors: Prince Silvas J. , Valliyodan Babu , Ye Heng , Yang Ming , Tai Shuaishuai , Hu Wushu , Murphy Mackensie , Durnell Lorellin A. , Song Li , Joshi Trupti , Liu Yang , Van de Velde Jan , Vandepoele Klaas , Grover Shannon J. , Nguyen Henry T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDeveloping crops with better root systems is a promising strategy to ensure productivity in both optimum and stress environments. Root system architectural traits in 397 soybean accessions were characterized and a high‐density single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)‐based genome‐wide association study was performed to identify the underlying genes associated with root structure. SNPs associated with root architectural traits specific to landraces and elite germplasm pools were detected. Four loci were detected in landraces for lateral root number (LRN) and distribution of root thickness in diameter Class I with a major locus on chromosome 16. This major loci was detected in the coding region of unknown protein, and subsequent analyses demonstrated that root traits are affected with mutated haplotypes of the gene. In elite germplasm pool, 3 significant SNPs in alanine‐glyoxalate aminotransferase, Leucine‐Rich Repeat receptor/No apical meristem, and unknown functional genes were found to govern multiple traits including root surface area and volume. However, no major loci were detected for LRN in elite germplasm. Nucleotide diversity analysis found evidence of selective sweeps around the landraces LRN gene. Soybean accessions with minor and mutated allelic variants of LRN gene were found to perform better in both water‐limited and optimal field conditions.
Coordinated plasticity maintains hydraulic safety in sunflower leaves
Authors: Cardoso Amanda A. , Brodribb Timothy J. , Lucani Christopher J. , DaMatta Fábio M. , McAdam Scott A.M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe xylem cavitation threshold water potential establishes a hydraulic limit on the ability of woody species to survive in water‐limiting environments, but herbs may be more plastic in terms of their ability to adapt to drying conditions. Here, we examined the capacity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaves to adapt to reduced water availability by modifying the sensitivity of xylem and stomata to soil water deficit. We found that sunflower plants grown under water‐limited conditions significantly adjusted leaf osmotic potential, which was linked to a prolongation of stomatal opening as soil dried and a reduced sensitivity of photosynthesis to water‐stress‐induced damage. At the same time, the vulnerability of midrib xylem to water‐stress‐induced cavitation was observed to be highly responsive to growth conditions, with water‐limited plants producing conduits with thicker cell walls which were more resistant to xylem cavitation. Coordinated plasticity in osmotic potential and xylem vulnerability enabled water‐limited sunflowers to safely extract water from the soil, while protecting leaf xylem against embolism. High plasticity in sunflower xylem contrasts with data from woody plants and may suggest an alternative strategy in herbs.
HRB2 and BBX21 interaction modulates Arabidopsis ABI5 locus and stomatal aperture
Authors: Kang Xiaojun , Xu Gang , Lee Byungha , Chen Chen , Zhang Huanan , Kuang Rui , Ni Min 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBlue light triggers the opening of stomata in the morning to allow CO2 uptake and water loss through transpiration. During the day, plants may experience periodic drought and accumulate abscisic acid (ABA). ABA antagonizes blue light signalling through phosphatidic acid and reduces stomatal aperture. This study reveals a molecular mechanism by which two light signalling proteins interact to repress ABA signalling in the control of stomatal aperture. A hypersensitive to red and blue 2 (hrb2) mutant has a defective ATP‐dependent chromatin‐remodelling factor, PKL, in the chromodomain/helicase/DNA binding family. HRB2 enhances the light‐induced expression of a B‐box transcription factor gene, BBX21. BBX21 binds a T/G box in the ABI5 promoter and recruits HRB2 to modulate the chromatin structure at the ABI5 locus. Mutation in either HRB2 or BBX21 led to reduced water loss and ABA hypersensitivity. This hypersensitivity to ABA was well explained by the enhanced expression of the ABA signalling gene ABI5 in both mutants. Indeed, stomatal aperture was significantly reduced by ABI5 overexpression in the absence or presence of ABA under monochromatic light conditions. Overall, we present a regulatory loop in which two light signalling proteins repress ABA signalling to sustain gas exchange when plants experience periodic drought.
Histological findings in protocol biopsies following pediatric liver transplant: Low incidence of abnormalities at 5 years
Authors: Sheikh Amin , Chau Kai Y. , Evans Helen M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHistological abnormalities, including chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, and steatosis, are increasingly reported in liver biopsies of children after LT. These changes may be progressive and represent a form of rejection. Liver biochemistry is often initially normal. Our LT program began in 2002, utilizing tacrolimus and low‐dose steroids for the first year post‐LT. Patients undergo a protocol biopsy at 1 year post‐LT prior to stopping steroids, then at 5 years and every 5 years thereafter. Target tacrolimus levels are 5‐8 μg/L and 3‐5 μg/L after 3 and 12 months, respectively. Between 2002 and 2009, 51 LT were performed; 50 (98%) and 49 (96%) patients survived for 1 and 5 years, respectively. A total of 43 patients (median age at LT 2.3 years) underwent a protocol biopsy at 1 year (16 male; median time post‐LT 12.5 months), and 44 (20 male; median time post‐LT 5.1 years) at 5 years. By 5 years, 3 had transferred to adult services; 1 was re‐transplanted for graft failure and 1 moved overseas. Biopsies were reviewed by 2 pathologists. Most patients (31/44) were on tacrolimus monotherapy at 5 years. At 1 and 5 years, 29 of 43 (67.5%) and 31 of 44 (71%) biopsies were normal, respectively. Two of 44 had chronic allograft hepatitis at 5 years. Two of 43 and 1 of 44 had isolated fibrosis, 3 of 43 and 3 of 44 steatosis, and 3 of 43 and 4 of 44 acute rejection at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Other findings included predominantly biliary changes (6/43 & 3/44 at 1 and 5 years, respectively). Tacrolimus levels at 5 years were slightly higher than anticipated (median trough level 5.8 μg/L). With an immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus and low‐dose steroids for 1 year followed by tacrolimus monotherapy thereafter, the majority of PLB were normal and no progressive changes were observed at 5 years. Compared to other LT programs, we have lower rates of chronic allograft hepatitis, steatosis, and fibrosis at 5 years. However, the tacrolimus levels at 5 years were higher than planned and this may have played a role. Further evaluation is also required to determine the potential long‐term adverse effects of corticosteroid use on linear growth and bone mineral density.
Advances on a Decision Analytic Approach to Exposure‐Based Chemical Prioritization
Authors: Wood Matthew D. , Plourde Kenton , Larkin Sabrina , Egeghy Peter P. , Williams Antony J. , Zemba Valerie , Linkov Igor , Vallero Daniel A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe volume and variety of manufactured chemicals is increasing, although little is known about the risks associated with the frequency and extent of human exposure to most chemicals. The EPA and the recent signing of the Lautenberg Act have both signaled the need for high‐throughput methods to characterize and screen chemicals based on exposure potential, such that more comprehensive toxicity research can be informed. Prior work of Mitchell et al. using multicriteria decision analysis tools to prioritize chemicals for further research is enhanced here, resulting in a high‐level chemical prioritization tool for risk‐based screening. Reliable exposure information is a key gap in currently available engineering analytics to support predictive environmental and health risk assessments. An elicitation with 32 experts informed relative prioritization of risks from chemical properties and human use factors, and the values for each chemical associated with each metric were approximated with data from EPA's CP_CAT database. Three different versions of the model were evaluated using distinct weight profiles, resulting in three different ranked chemical prioritizations with only a small degree of variation across weight profiles. Future work will aim to include greater input from human factors experts and better define qualitative metrics.
The Formal Delegation of Regulatory Decisions in the Telecommunication Sector: An Explanation Using Classification Trees
Authors: González Camilo Ignacio , Verhoest Koen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractResearch on regulation has traditionally focused on studying the delegation of regulatory competencies from political principals to an independent regulatory agency. In this article, we argue that this delegation is nuanced by different factors that affect whether a specific regulatory decision is formally delegated. We examine and explain formal delegation patterns at the level of individual regulatory decisions in twelve countries located in Europe, Latin America, and South Asia. The data were gathered by coding the twelve countries' telecommunications legislation. The data analysis was undertaken using a classification tree model—a nonparametric model. We found that the maturity of the market has the greatest effect on the formal delegation of regulatory decisions, but this effect is also influenced by the other theoretical factors considered, particularly the level of political constraints and the type of regulation.
Detecting Epistatic Selection with Partially Observed Genotype Data by Using Copula Graphical Models
Authors: Behrouzi Pariya , Wit Ernst C. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryIn cross-breeding experiments it can be of interest to see whether there are any synergistic effects of certain genes. This could be by being particularly useful or detrimental to the individual. This type of effect involving multiple genes is called epistasis. Epistatic interactions can affect growth, fertility traits or even cause complete lethality. However, detecting epistasis in genomewide studies is challenging as multiple-testing approaches are underpowered. We develop a method for reconstructing an underlying network of genomic signatures of high dimensional epistatic selection from multilocus genotype data. The network captures the conditionally dependent short- and long-range linkage disequilibrium structure and thus reveals ‘aberrant’ marker–marker associations that are due to epistatic selection rather than gametic linkage. The network estimation relies on penalized Gaussian copula graphical models, which can account for a large number of markers p and a small number of individuals n. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method on simulated data sets as well as on genotyping data in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize.
Communicating Race: Canadian Foreign Correspondence on Citizenship 1945‐1977
Authors: Herzog Ben 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn 1946, for the first time, Canada introduced the status of independent Canadian citizenship. Prime Minister Mackenzie King declared that the coming into force of the Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946 gave expression to the unity between French‐ and English‐speaking Canadians and ‘the vision of human brotherhood’. In this paper, I analyze the documents on Canadian external relations that deal with the Citizenship Act of 1946. The goal of this paper is not just to present the specific framing of national citizenship in Canada, but also to assess the transformation in language used to articulate it. In Canada, the encouragement or rejection of cross‐border movements and entrance into the Canadian polity was framed in terms of racial categorization and defence considerations. Indeed, the qualitative analysis of those documents reveals some of the methods by which racial prejudices were articulated in an era in which explicit racial categories began to be illegitimate.
The Stability Paradox: Why Expansion of Women's Education Has Not Delayed Early Union Formation or Childbearing in Latin America
Authors: Esteve Albert , Florez‐Paredes Elizabeth 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite substantial improvements in women's education, the age at which Latin American women marry (cohabit) or become mothers for the first time has barely decreased over the past four decades. We refer to this as the “stability paradox.” We examine the relationship between years of schooling and transitions to first union or child, analyzing retrospective information from 50 cohorts of women born between 1940 and 1989 in 12 Latin American countries. Absolute and relative measures of schooling are compared. Data is drawn from 38 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted between 1986 and 2012 in these countries. Results show that expected postponement in family transitions due to educational expansion was offset by a rise in union formation and childbearing within strata of absolute education, but stayed approximately constant within strata of relative education. The relative measure of education retains the stratifying power of education but neutralizes any effect attached to a specific number of years of schooling and the learning skills associated with them. This is consistent with the idea that access to education in Latin America reproduces existing patterns of socioeconomic advantage, rather than creating a more equitable distribution of learning opportunities and outcomes.
Miscommunication in Doctor–Patient Communication
Authors: McCabe Rose , Healey Patrick G. T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe effectiveness of medical treatment depends on the quality of the patient–clinician relationship. It has been proposed that this depends on the extent to which the patient and clinician build a shared understanding of illness and treatment. Here, we use the tools of conversation analysis (CA) to explore this idea in the context of psychiatric consultations. The CA “repair” framework provides an analysis of the processes people use to deal with problems in speaking, hearing, and understanding. These problems are especially critical in the treatment of psychosis where patients and health care professionals need to communicate about the disputed meaning of hallucinations and delusion. Patients do not feel understood, they are frequently non‐adherent with treatment, and many have poor outcomes. We present an overview of two studies focusing on the role of repair as a mechanism for producing and clarifying meaning in psychiatrist–patient communication and its association with treatment outcomes. The first study shows patient clarification or repair of psychiatrists’ talk is associated with better patient adherence to treatment. The second study shows that training which emphasizes the importance of building an understanding of patients’ psychotic experiences increases psychiatrists’ self‐repair. We propose that psychiatrists are working harder to make their talk understandable and acceptable to the patient by taking the patient's perspective into account. We conclude that these findings provide evidence that repair is an important mechanism for building shared understanding in doctor–patient communication and contributes to better therapeutic relationships and treatment adherence. The conversation analytic account of repair is currently the most sophisticated empirical model for analyzing how people construct shared meaning and understanding. Repair appears to reflect greater commitment to and engagement in communication and improve both the quality and outcomes of communication. Reducing potential miscommunication between psychiatrists and their patients with psychosis is a low‐cost means of enhancing treatment from both the psychiatrist and patient perspective. Given that misunderstanding and miscommunication are particularly problematic in psychosis, this is critical for improving the longer term outcomes of treatment for these patients who often have poor relationships with psychiatrists and health care services more widely.
Editors' Introduction: Miscommunication
Authors: Healey Patrick G. T. , de Ruiter Jan P. , Mills Gregory J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMiscommunication is a neglected issue in the cognitive sciences, where it has often been discounted as noise in the system. This special issue argues for the opposite view: Miscommunication is a highly structured and ubiquitous feature of human interaction that systematically underpins people's ability to create and maintain shared languages. Contributions from conversation analysis, computational linguistics, experimental psychology, and formal semantics provide evidence for these claims. They highlight the multi‐modal, multi‐person character of miscommunication. They demonstrate the incremental, contingent, and locally adaptive nature of the processes people use to detect and deal with miscommunication. They show how these processes can drive language change. In doing so, these contributions introduce an alternative perspective on what successful communication is, new methods for studying it, and application areas where these ideas have a particular impact. We conclude that miscommunication is not noise but essential to the productive flexibility of human communication, especially our ability to respond constructively to new people and new situations.
Apple fruit acidity is genetically diversified by natural variations in three hierarchical epistatic genes: MdSAUR37, MdPP2CH and MdALMTII
Authors: Jia Dongjie , Shen Fei , Wang Yi , Wu Ting , Xu Xuefeng , Zhang Xinzhong , Han Zhenhai 
Published: May 2018

SummaryMany efforts have been made to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to facilitate practical marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in plants. In the present study, using MapQTL and BSA‐seq (bulk segregant analysis using next generation sequencing) with two independent pedigree‐based populations, we identified four major genome‐wide QTLs responsible for apple fruit acidity. Candidate genes were screened in major QTL regions, and three functional gene markers, including a non‐synonymous A/G single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region of MdPP2CH, a 36‐bp insertion in the promoter of MdSAUR37 and a previously reported SNP in MdALMTII, were validated to influence the malate content of apple fruits. In addition, MdPP2CH inactivated three vacuolar H+‐ATPases (MdVHA‐A3, MdVHA‐B2 and MdVHA‐D2) and one aluminium‐activated malate transporter (MdALMTII) via dephosphorylation and negatively influenced fruit malate accumulation. The dephosphotase activity of MdPP2CH was suppressed by MdSAUR37, which implied a higher hierarchy of genetic interaction. Therefore, the MdSAUR37/MdPP2CH/MdALMTII chain cascaded hierarchical epistatic genetic effects to precisely determine apple fruit malate content. An A/G SNP (−1010) on the MdMYB44 promoter region from a major QTL (qtl08.1) was closely associated with fruit malate content. The predicted phenotype values (PPVs) were estimated using the tentative genotype values of the gene markers, and the PPVs were significantly correlated with the observed phenotype values. Our findings provide an insight into plant genome‐based selection in apples and will aid in conducting research to understand the fundamental physiological basis of quantitative genetics.
Effects of losartan and allopurinol on cardiorespiratory regulation in obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Morgan Barbara J. , Teodorescu Mihaela , Pegelow David F. , Jackson Emily R. , Schneider Devin L. , Plante David T. , Gapinski James P. , Hetzel Scott J. , Dopp John M. 
Published: May 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
In sleep apnoea, a putative link between intermittent hypoxia and hypertension is the generation of oxygen radicals by angiotensin II and xanthine oxidase within the chemoreflex arc and vasculature. We tested whether chemoreflex control of sympathetic outflow, hypoxic vasodilatation and blood pressure are altered by angiotensin blockade (losartan) and/or xanthine oxidase inhibition (allopurinol).

What is the main finding and its importance?
Both drugs lowered blood pressure without altering sympathetic outflow, reducing chemoreflex sensitivity or enhancing hypoxic vasodilatation. Losartan and allopurinol are effective therapies for achieving blood pressure control in sleep apnoea.

AbstractChemoreflex sensitization produced by chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats is attenuated by angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade. Both AT1R blockade and xanthine oxidase inhibition ameliorate chronic intermittent hypoxia‐induced endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesized that treatment with losartan and allopurinol would reduce chemoreflex sensitivity and improve hypoxic vasodilatation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eighty‐six hypertensive patients with apnoea–hypopnoea index ≥25 events h−1 and no other cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal or metabolic disease were randomly assigned to receive allopurinol, losartan or placebo for 6 weeks. Treatment with other medications and/or continuous positive airway pressure remained unchanged. Tests of chemoreflex sensitivity and hypoxic vasodilatation were performed during wakefulness before and after treatment. Ventilation (pneumotachography), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography), heart rate (electrocardiography), arterial oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry), blood pressure (sphygmomanometry), forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) and cerebral flow velocity (transcranial Doppler ultrasound) were measured during eupnoeic breathing and graded reductions in inspired O2 tension. Losartan and allopurinol lowered arterial pressure measured during eupnoeic breathing and exposure to acute hypoxia. Neither drug altered the slopes of ventilatory, sympathetic or cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxia. We conclude that losartan and allopurinol are viable pharmacotherapeutic adjuncts for achieving blood pressure control in hypertensive obstructive sleep apnoea patients, even those who are adequately treated with continuous positive airway pressure.