bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of functional diversity and functional dominance on complementary light use depend on evenness
Authors: Wang Jiang , Yu Fei‐Hai 
Published: May 2018

AbstractQuestionsDoes functional diversity play a more important role than species richness in complementary resource use? Is the effect of functional diversity on complementarity greater when species evenness is higher? Does functional dominance play an important role in resource use when species evenness is low?LocationAn arable field in Linhai City, Zhejiang Province, China.MethodsWe assembled experimental plant communities with different species richness (one, two, four, eight and 12 species) and evenness (low and high). In each community, we quantified light interception efficiency (LIE) and light complementarity index (LC) to reflect light use. We measured four functional traits related to light capture to quantify functional diversity and functional dominance. We then tested effects of observed species richness, functional diversity and functional dominance on LIE, LC and above‐ground biomass in the low and high evenness communities.ResultsFunctional diversity was positively related to LIE, LC and above‐ground biomass in the high evenness communities, but not in the low evenness communities. In contrast, functional dominance was positively related to LIE and negatively related to LC in the low evenness communities, but not in the high evenness communities. Moreover, functional dominance had a larger promotion to above‐ground biomass in the low evenness communities. Observed species richness and evenness had a significant interactive effect on LIE and LC. LIE of a species mixture of the low evenness communities was positively correlated with LIE of the monoculture consisting of the species with the highest initial abundance in the species mixture, while LC of a species mixture of the low evenness communities was negatively correlated with it.ConclusionsFunctional diversity and functional dominance play a crucial role in light complementary use of plant communities, and their effects on light complementarity are mediated by species evenness. Thus, interactions of functional traits and evenness may greatly affect ecosystem functioning.
Transnational Neo‐Victorian Studies: Notes on the Possibilities and Limitations of a Discipline
Authors: Jones Anna Maria 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis essay explores the field of transnational neo‐Victorian studies, arguing that “transnational” does not so much signal a subcategory of the discipline of Victorian or neo‐Victorian studies as it does a recalibration of one's instruments of analysis and of one's position within a vast constellation of cultural producers and consumers, both within and without the academy. Transnational neo‐Victorian studies requires recognizing the value of what literary critic Juliet John has called “undisciplined knowledge.” It requires, moreover, a collaborative and tentative ethos that is often at odds with the structural realities of the academy. This essay first glosses some of the salient discussions around the terms “Victorian,” “neo‐Victorian,” and “transnational” before turning to an example of a transnational neo‐Victorian text, Japanese mangaKuroshitsuji(黒執事; 2007–) by Toboso Yana (枢やな), and its representation of a Chinese opium den in London's East End, in order to interrogate the possibilities and limitations of the discipline.
Language, emotion, and the emotions: A computational introduction
Authors: Santos Diana , Maia Belinda 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the second in the pair, we discuss how psychologists, linguists, and computer scientists model emotion from a computational perspective. First, we draw some parallels between the formalization of the emotions in the human body and the development of computational systems. Then we look at three influential schools for formalizing emotion in language, and we use a specific example to show that they do not have the same concerns and expressive power. We give some examples of computational resources for emotions, insisting on why the variety of languages and cultures makes it impossible to apply a monolithic universal approach. We then turn to emotion and opinion and briefly overview opinion mining and emotion generation. Instead of describing techniques and technologies and providing quantitative results, we try to present a “big picture” of emotion processing.
Can Natural Laws be Derived from Sociability?
Authors: Coyle Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe article questions whether it is possible to derive natural laws from human sociability. It examines the work of Aristotle, Augustine and Aquinas, and concludes that there are certain natural laws that can be derived from the social character of human beings. Some of these hold across all societies and at all times (semper et ad semper) whereas others hold only in general but are subject to exceptions (semper sed non ad semper). The article concludes by confronting an anti-social and immoralist challenge to the idea of natural laws of sociability.
Cell remodeling and subtilase gene expression in the actinorhizal plant Discaria trinervis highlight host orchestration of intercellular Frankia colonization
Authors: Fournier Joëlle , Imanishi Leandro , Chabaud Mireille , Abdou‐Pavy Iltaf , Genre Andrea , Brichet Lukas , Lascano Hernán Ramiro , Muñoz Nacira , Vayssières Alice , Pirolles Elodie , Brottier Laurent , Gherbi Hassen , Hocher Valérie , Svistoonoff Sergio , Barker David G. , Wall Luis G. 
Published: May 2018

Summary

Nitrogen‐fixing filamentous Frankia colonize the root tissues of its actinorhizal host Discaria trinervis via an exclusively intercellular pathway. Here we present studies aimed at uncovering mechanisms associated with this little‐researched mode of root entry, and in particular the extent to which the host plant is an active partner during this process.

Detailed characterization of the expression patterns of infection‐associated actinorhizal host genes has provided valuable tools to identify intercellular infection sites, thus allowing in vivo confocal microscopic studies of the early stages of Frankia colonization.

The subtilisin‐like serine protease gene Dt12, as well as its Casuarina glauca homolog Cg12, are specifically expressed at sites of Frankia intercellular colonization of D. trinervis outer root tissues. This is accompanied by nucleo‐cytoplasmic reorganization in the adjacent host cells and major remodeling of the intercellular apoplastic compartment.

These findings lead us to propose that the actinorhizal host plays a major role in modifying both the size and composition of the intercellular apoplast in order to accommodate the filamentous microsymbiont. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the analogies that can be made with the orchestrating role of host legumes during intracellular root hair colonization by nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia.
The Irie Classroom Toolbox: developing a violence prevention, preschool teacher training program using evidence, theory, and practice
Authors: Baker‐Henningham Helen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this paper, I describe the development of the Irie Classroom Toolbox, a school‐based violence prevention, teacher training program for use with children aged 3–6 years. In‐depth interviews were conducted with Jamaican preschool teachers, who had participated in a trial of a classroom behavior management program, at posttest (n= 35) and 5 years later (n= 20). An on‐going process evaluation was also conducted. Teachers’ preferred behavior management strategies and training methods were documented, and enablers and barriers to implementation were identified. Teachers were most likely to adopt strategies that they liked, found easy to use, and were effective. These included paying attention to positive behavior and explicitly teaching children the expected behavior. Teachers preferred active, hands‐on training strategies based on social–cognitive theories. Enablers to intervention implementation included positive teacher–facilitator relationships, choice, collaborative problem solving, teachers recognizing benefits of the intervention, group support, and provision of materials. Barriers to intervention implementation were also identified. These data were integrated with behavior change theory (i.e., the behavior change wheel and theoretical domains framework) to develop an intervention grounded in common core elements of evidence‐based programs while also utilizing teachers’ perspectives. The resulting program is a low cost, adaptable intervention that should be suitable for training preschool teachers in other low‐resource settings.
What implementation evidence matters: scaling‐up nurturing interventions that promote early childhood development
Authors: Britto Pia R. , Singh Manpreet , Dua Tarun , Kaur Raghbir , Yousafzai Aisha K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractResearch in early childhood development (ECD) has established the need for scaling‐up multisectoral interventions for nurturing care to promote ECD, for improved socioeconomic outcomes for sustainable societies. However, key elements and processes for implementation and scale‐up of such interventions are not well understood. This special series on implementation research and practice for ECD brings together evidence to inform effectiveness, quality, and scale in nurturing care programs; identifies knowledge gaps; and proposes further directions for research and practice. This paper frames the dimensions and components fundamental to the understanding of implementation processes for nurturing care interventions, factors for improving implementation of interventions, and strategies to scale by embedding interventions in delivery systems. We discuss emerging issues in implementation research for ECD, including (1) the role of context in adaptation and implementation, (2) standardized reporting of implementation research, (3) the importance of feasibility studies to inform scale‐up and capacity building, (4) fidelity and program quality improvement, and (5) intervention integration into existing systems. Effective implementation of nurturing care interventions is at the heart of achieving positive developmental outcomes for young children. It is pivotal to adapt and implement these interventions based on evidence for high impact, especially in low‐resource settings.
Spontaneous scar‐based reentrant atrial flutter: Electrophysiologic characteristics and ablation outcome in a retrospective analysis
Authors: Lei Sen , Jia Fengpeng , He Quan , Gao Lingyun , Luo Suxin , Lei Han , Zhu Dennis W. X. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe understanding of spontaneous scar‐based reentrant atrial arrhythmia is limited. We aim to characterize the electrophysiologic and mapping features of spontaneous scar‐based atrial flutter (AFL) and outcomes of catheter ablation.MethodsConsecutive patients with a diagnosis of AFL who underwent catheter ablation from January 2012 to June 2015 were screened. Scars were detected in 12 patients and were included in this study. All had negative coronary angiography. These patients were divided into right AFL (seven patients) and left AFL groups (five patients) based on electrophysiologic mappings.ResultsCompared to patients with right AFL, the size of right atrium (RA) was smaller and left atrium (LA) was larger in the left AFL group. The proportion of the scar area was 11.1 ± 11.7 % in the RA AFL group and 7.8 ± 2.8 % in the LA AFL group. The difference was significant (P = 0.001). The acute success rates of ablation were 85.7% and 100%, respectively, in patients with right and left AFL (P = 0.304). During the follow‐up, expansion of the scar area was noted in three patients with recurrent right AFL. No scar expansion was noted in one patient with recurrent left AFL. In addition, three patients with right AFL required permanent pacemaker implantation for sinus node dysfunction, and no one required pacemaker in patients with left AFL.ConclusionsSpontaneous scar could serve as substrate for AFL in RA or LA. Compared to left AFL, there was a higher rate of recurrence and pacemaker implantation in patients with right AFL.
Efficacy and absorption of topical sirolimus for the treatment of vascular anomalies in children: A case series
Authors: Le Sage Sophie , David Michèle , Dubois Josée , Powell Julie , McCuaig Catherine C. , Théorêt Yves , Kleiber Niina 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesEfficacy of topical sirolimus has recently been described in lymphatic anomalies but not in other types of vascular anomalies. To our knowledge, systemic absorption of topical sirolimus in these lesions has not yet been reported. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance, and absorption of topical sirolimus 0.1% with different types of vascular anomalies in children.MethodsSirolimus 0.1% was applied on cutaneous vascular anomalies in six children aged 2‐17. These anomalies consisted of three extratruncular micro‐ and macrocystic lymphatic malformations and one each verrucous venous malformation, truncular lymphatic malformation with angiokeratomas, and infantile hemangioma. Sirolimus blood levels were measured after 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months.ResultsA rapid decrease in the size of superficial lymphatic malformations in three of six patients and a significant decrease in discharge from oozing lesions were observed. Response occurred in less than 3 months. The truncular lymphatic malformation, verrucous venous malformation, and infantile hemangioma did not respond to topical sirolimus. Sirolimus levels were undetectable. Adverse effects were limited to local irritation.ConclusionsTopical sirolimus 0.1% is a useful treatment for cutaneous manifestations of extratruncular lymphatic malformations. The only adverse effect is local irritation. No systemic effects are expected, because blood levels are clinically insignificant.
Fungicide sensitivity and monocyclic parameters related to the Phakopsora pachyrhizi–soybean pathosystem from organic and conventional soybean production systems
Authors: Klosowski A. C. , Castellar C. , Stammler G. , May De Mio L. L. 
Published: May 2018

The failure of chemical control of soybean rust has been related to the selection of less sensitive isolates, and the infection capacity of such isolates could have implications for the management of the disease. The aims of the present study were to compare the sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin and the monocycle of soybean rust using isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi from two soybean fields with different production systems (organic and conventional) in 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons, and to monitor mutations in the CYP51 gene. To assess the sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin, detached leaf tests and in vitro germination, respectively, were used. To evaluate the monocycle, detached leaves were inoculated with a urediniospore suspension and evaluated daily by counting the number of uredia. The occurrence of the mutations in CYP51 was investigated by a pyrosequencing assay. In both 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons, the EC50 to tebuconazole was lower for the population from the organic system (0.41 and 0.10 μg mL−1, respectively) compared to the conventional system (1.60 and 4.44 μg mL−1, respectively), while the EC50 to azoxystrobin was similar for both populations. The lower sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin was associated with F120L + Y131H mutations in CYP51, and the F129L mutation in CYTB, respectively. The monomolecular model fitted to monocycle data and parameters related to the maximum asymptote and the AUDPC were superior for organic than the conventional system.
Electron microscopy of a 1991 spring plankton sample from the Argentinean Shelf reveals the presence of four new species of the Amphidomataceae (Dinophyceae)
Authors: Tillmann Urban 
Published: May 2018

SUMMARYThe dinophycean family Amphidomataceae encompasses the genera Azadinium and Amphidoma, which attract considerable attention because of their production potential for azaspiracids, i.e. lipophilic polyether phycotoxins. Many new species of Amphidomataceae were described in the last decade, but the diversity probably is not fully explored yet. In a continuation of a previous study, Amphidomatacean diversity of the 1991 spring plankton bloom along the Argentinean shelf was investigated. Based on morphology as inferred from scanning electron microscopy, three new species of Amphidoma and one new Azadinium are described. Azadinium asperum sp. nov. differed in size and shape from other Azadinium and had a characteristically rough and slightly granular surface of thecal plates. Amphidoma trioculata sp. nov. and Amphidoma cyclops sp. nov. differed by shape from most other Amphidoma, and can be differentiated from one another by the presence/absence of a antapical pore and by the size of a ventral depression. Amphidoma alata sp. nov. was unique by a conspicuous wing‐like sulcal list. Calculations based on the total number of small dinoflagellates and on relative scanning electron microscopy quantification indicated that density of all four species was fairly high (7–40 × 103 cells L−1), so a large number of cells could be investigated in the sample. A few more single cells in the sample are attributable to Amphidomataceae but do not belong to one of the described species. This indicates that the diversity of the group is still not fully explored.
No association between rate of torque development and onset of muscle activity with increased risk of hamstring injury in elite football
Authors: van Dyk N. , Bahr R. , Burnett A. F. , Verhagen E. , von Tiggelen D. , Witvrouw E. 
Published: May 2018

Hamstring injuries remain a significant burden in sports that involve high‐speed running. In elite male football, hamstring injury has repeatedly been identified as the most common non‐contact injury, representing 12% of all injuries. As the incidence remains high, investigations are aimed at better understanding how to improve prevention efforts. Intrinsic risk factors such as strength have been investigated extensively in a cohort of professional football players; however, other intrinsic measures of neuromuscular function have not been studied in this cohort. This study aims to investigate the association between timing of hamstring muscle activity onset and the rate of torque development during the early phase of isokinetic strength testing with risk of hamstring injury in professional football players in a prospective cohort study. All teams (n = 18) eligible to compete in the premier football league in Qatar underwent a comprehensive strength assessment during their annual periodic health evaluation at Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital in Doha, Qatar. Variables included rate of torque development and timing of muscle activity onset. A total of 367 unique players (60.6% of all QSL players) competed for 514 player seasons (103 players competed both seasons) and sustained 65 hamstring injuries. There was no difference in the onset of muscle activity between the biceps femoris and medial hamstrings comparing the injured to uninjured players. For both onset of muscle activity and rate of torque development, there were no significant differences between any of the variables (P > .05), with small effect sizes detected across all the different variables (d < 0.3). Rate of torque development and onset of muscle activity were not associated with a risk of future hamstring injury. The use of these measures as part of a periodic health evaluation to identify risk of hamstring injury is unsupported.
A review of multiracial malleability: Identity, categorization, and shifting racial attitudes
Authors: Pauker Kristin , Meyers Chanel , Sanchez Diana T. , Gaither Sarah E. , Young Danielle M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe majority of social perception research to date has focused on perceptually obvious and prototypical representations of social categories. However, not all people belong to social categories that are easily discernable. Within the past decade, there has been an upsurge of research demonstrating that multifaceted identities (both one's own and perceptions of others' identities) influence people to think about social categories in a more flexible manner. Here, we specifically review research on multiracial identity and perceptions of multiracial individuals as 2 domains where researchers have documented evidence of the flexible nature of social identities and social categorization. Integrating frameworks that argue race is a dynamic and interactive process, we provide evidence that studying multiracial perceivers and targets helps reveal that race changes across situations, time, and depending on a number of top‐down factors (e.g., expectations, stereotypes, and cultural norms). From the perspective of multiracial individuals as perceivers, we review research showing that flexible identity in multiracial individuals influences the process of social perception driven by a reduced belief in the essential nature of racial categories. From the perspective of multiracial individuals as targets, we review research that top‐down cues influence the racial categorization process. We further discuss emerging work that reveals that exposure to multiracial individuals influences beliefs surrounding the categorical (or noncategorical) nature of race, itself. Needed directions for future work are discussed.
Antecedent‐Contained Deletion in Japanese: Support for the VP‐Ellipsis Analysis
Authors: Abe Jun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this article, I demonstrate that antecedent‐contained deletion (ACD) exists in Japanese, thereby supporting the V‐stranding VP‐ellipsis analysis, and that the infinite regress resolution with such ACD cases must be made by overt movement. I suggest that this way of infinite regress resolution is a universal property, demonstrating that English ACD cases can be analyzed along these lines. I also argue that what seems like a case of Japanese ACD involves argument ellipsis, even though it violates the anti‐c‐command requirement, and that the apparent violation is resolved by adopting the late insertion of adjuncts and the derivational definition of c‐command.
Preparation for making clinical referrals
Authors: Qureshi Shaun P , Rankin Katharine , Storrar Neill , Freeman Michael 
Published: May 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe application of prior learning within medical curricula to real patient care is challenging. Clinical assistantships support UK medical students making the transition to postgraduate practice as doctors. This paper describes a method of teaching clinical referrals: the process of clinicians contacting colleagues for advice or services. The skills required are key to medical practice, and students should be supported to develop them in order to optimally benefit from their assistantships and prepare for practice.MethodsThe referrals workshop consisted of five diverse clinical cases that students explored in groups. Each station presented a realistic scenario. Students assimilated written information and made a telephone call to a faculty member in another room with a clinical request. After each 90‐minute session students received both personalised and group feedback.EvaluationThe workshop was delivered to 108 students over 2 days, and received positive feedback from students and faculty members. Students and faculty members particularly valued the realism of making authentic calls to unseen clinicians, the fidelity of simulated referrals and constructive feedback. They considered this excellent preparation for making referrals in the workplace. Challenges included the moderately large number of faculty members required for each workshop (seven staff) and technical issues with telephone reception.The referrals workshop consisted of five diverse clinical cases that students explored in groupsDiscussionThese practical, scalable, replicable and well‐received learning activities have addressed a key educational need by providing guidance on the integration of prior learning with the performance of core clinical tasks. It has provided valuable preparation for postgraduate practice. Our detailed description should allow others to adapt and evaluate this in their own settings.