bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New York City
Authors: Lee Karen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
New York City has been a global leader in healthy urban design and in improving the built environment—the human-made environment consisting of our neighborhoods, streets, buildings, and their amenities—to assist in the prevention and control of the current epidemics of noncommunicable disease and their risk factors. This chapter shows how, through the translation of research-based health evidence into the development and implementation of user-friendly resources with and for non–health professionals involved in the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and renovation of the built environment, such as the Active Design Guidelines and its supplements, NYC pioneered formal efforts toward systematic evidence-based environmental design that can decrease physical inactivity and sedentariness, key risk factors for mortality and morbidity around the world today, while addressing other key public health issues like safety and equity.
Observatory for Urban Health in Belo Horizonte City
Authors: Teixeira Caiaffa Waleska , Augusta de Lima Friche Amélia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Belo Horizonte Observatory for Urban Health is a partnership of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with the Belo Horizonte Municipality. The Observatory is engaged in a wide range of studies in urban health, including projects that aim to reduce the emergence and reemergence of disease and to study the behavioral influences on health and the role of the social determinants of health. This chapter discusses the work of the Belo Horizonte Observatory, highlighting its core projects and the lessons learned that can inform urban health scholarship and action worldwide.
City Health Departments
Authors: Kass Daniel , Matte Thomas , Karpati Adam 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In cities, opportunities exist to influence advances in healthcare, food systems, housing, transport, and the social, physical, and built environments to promote equity, well-being, and health. For cities to accommodate population increases and ameliorate existing conditions, they must seek greater local authority to act and regulate, decentralize power and revenue control from state and national governments, build stronger relationships among governmental sectors and civil society, and build technical and political capacity. This chapter addresses a critical mechanism by which public health as a sector must engage with these changes: local public health governance. It identifies challenges and constraints and offer recommendations for going forward.
The Changing Value and Meaning of Citizenship
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChapter 1 shows how the value and meaning of citizenship have evolved within political thought, with particular attention to the intensification of debates in relation to the protection of modern human rights. With the creation of the United Nations and the adoption of rights norms, the international community made assumptions about identity and membership that effectively limited the inclusiveness of so-called universal rights. By privileging state sovereignty and legal nationality, the human rights regime created protection gaps for noncitizens and people at the margins. Scholars continue to debate whether globalization has eroded the importance of state citizenship and the nation-state, or whether it has in fact strengthened the state’s role in the world system. I argue that citizenship continues to have persistent power and appeal, and that this complex concept is often conversely viewed as a right, an identity, and a commodity.
Statelessness and Elusive Political Membership
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStatelessness is recognized not only as a violation of the “right to a nationality” but also as a root cause of additional rights abuses. Yet while legal nationality is an essential prerequisite for the mere possibility of enjoying basic human rights, the international community’s narrow emphasis on citizenship acquisition is misguided. Legal status is only one step in a long journey toward full rights protection; statelessness is both a cause of marginalization and a symptom of it. That is, most stateless populations lack legal nationality because they face systematic discrimination from the beginning. Their circumstances are worsened by statelessness, but legal status alone cannot guarantee full rights protection. Rather than relying on the acquisition of legal nationality to ensure access to human rights, advocates must acknowledge the deeply rooted complexities of statelessness and seek out solutions that guarantee functioning citizenship rather than simple legal status.
Forced Displacement and Broken Ties
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough most forcibly displaced persons are legal nationals of a state, they lack functioning citizenship with their governments. In fact, their governments are often responsible for the human rights abuses and conflicts that prompted their displacement to begin with. While some protections under international law are meant to fill the gaps created by these broken ties, in reality the displaced suffer widespread human rights abuses in the absence of a reliable state duty-bearer. Anti–Syrian refugee sentiments in Europe, refugee detention in Australia, and the stubborn refusal to acknowledge many “illegal immigrants” as asylum-seekers in North America are just a few examples of the severe challenges to basic human rights the forcibly displaced face in the absence of functioning citizenship. The inadequacies of refugee rights, including the false assumption that displacement is anything less than normal in our current system, lead to glaring denials of the rights to place and purpose for the displaced.
Indigenous Nations and Tribal Sovereignty
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Indigenous rights movement has embraced the idea of self-determination for framing their demands for economic, political, and cultural survival. Indeed, calls for tribal sovereignty problematize the international community’s central focus on state governments for legitimizing human rights claimants. For communities such as the Onondaga Nation of Central New York, state membership comes second to the ties that bind one to an Indigenous nation. (Indeed, the Onondaga Nation maintains a legally distinct territory just outside Syracuse, New York, and some members have rejected US citizenship in favor of tribe-issued passports.) While this chapter explores the historical trajectory leading to modern Indigenous rights concerns—which include an ongoing process of cultural genocide—it focuses on how Indigenous nations and tribal sovereignty challenge the reliance on state citizenship for recognizing personhood and claiming human rights. Calls for Indigenous sovereignty offer alternative pathways for conceptualizing identification, legal status, and political membership.
Between Heimat and Hatred
Authors: Nielsen Philipp 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book studies German Jews involved in ventures that were from the beginning, or became increasingly, of the Right. Jewish agricultural settlement, Jews’ participation in the so-called Defense of Germandom in the East, their place in military and veteran circles, and finally right-of-center politics form the core of this book. These topics created a web of social activities and political persuasions neither entirely conservative nor entirely liberal. For those German Jews engaging with these issues, their motivation came from sincere love of their German Heimat—a term for home imbued with a deep sense of belonging—and from their middle-class environment, as well as a desire to repudiate antisemitic stereotypes of rootlessness, intellectualism, or cosmopolitanism. This tension stands at the heart of the book. The book also asks when did the need for self-defense start to outweigh motivations of patriotism and class? Until when could German Jews espouse views to the right of the political spectrum without appearing extreme to either Jews or non-Jews? The book builds on recent studies of Jews’ relation to German nationalism, the experience of German Jews away from the large cities, and the increasing interest in Germans’ obsession with regional roots and the East. The study follows these lines of inquiry to investigate the participation of some German Jews in projects dedicated to originally, or increasingly, illiberal projects. As such it shines light on an area in which Jewish participation has thus far only been treated as an afterthought and illuminates both Jewish and German history afresh.
Introduction: Theoretical Orientation and Methodology
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This introduction provides a general overview of the book. It explains how the book combines anthropology and Islamicist history to investigate contemporary Egyptian religious education. It also explains that the aim of the book is to show how hermeneutic theory and practice theory can be brought together to analyze the Islamic legal tradition. The introduction addresses a number of methodological issues, including the problems with the trouble case method. It also covers the difference between hermeneutic theory and practice theory, which are both concerned with the relationship between action and mind, but analyze this relationship in different ways. It ends with an outline of the different sections and chapters in the book.
The Sanad
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine the traditional Islamic concept of sanad. A sanad is a chain of scholars through which knowledge is passed over time. The chapter discusses the importance of the sanad in the view of premodern scholars and contemporary Traditionalist scholars. It also discusses how the sanad is related to Islamic ethics, companionship, and distinctive premodern Muslim understandings of language and writing. The chapter’s account of the sanad draws on insights from hermeneutic theory and practice theory. Specifically included in the discussion are the topics of the sanad and companionship, the sanad and the limitations of learning through texts, and written texts as a medium for the transmission of knowledge.
Rashi's Commentary on the Torah
Authors: Lawee Eric 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Rashi’s Commentary on the Torah explores the reception history of the most important Jewish Bible commentary ever composed, the Commentary on the Torah of Rashi (Shlomo Yitzhaki, 1040–1105). The Commentary has shaped perceptions of the meaning of the Torah, Judaism’s foundation document, among leading scholars, lay readers, and initiates in Jewish learning for more than nine centuries. The Commentary has benefited from enormous scholarly attention but analysis of diverse reactions to this work has been amazingly scant. Viewing the Commentary’s path to preeminence through a wide array of religious, intellectual, and literary lenses, Lawee focuses considerable attention on a hitherto unexamined—and wholly unexpected—feature of the work’s reception: critical, and at times astonishingly harsh, resistance to it. At the same time, he shows how Rashi’s interpretation of the Torah became an exegetical classic, a staple in the curriculum, a source of shared religious vocabulary for Jews across time and place, and a foundational text that shaped the Jewish nation’s collective identity. The book takes as its larger integrating perspective processes of canonicity as they shape how traditions flourish, disintegrate, or evolve. Rashi’s scriptural magnum opus, the foremost work of Franco-German (Ashkenazic) biblical scholarship, faced stiff completion for canonical preeminence in the form of rationalist reconfigurations of Judaism abroad in Mediterranean seats of learning. It nevertheless emerged triumphant in an intense medieval battle for Judaism’s future. Investigation of the reception of Rashi’s Commentary throws light on issues in Jewish scholarship and spirituality that continue to stir reflection, and even passionate debate, in the Jewish world today.
Rashi’s Commentary
Authors: Lawee Eric 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Commentary’s medieval reception unfolded in diverse centers of Jewish life and across a strikingly large number of spheres: exegetical, educational, polemical, and more. The chapter investigates the fortunes of the Commentary through the period of its early printing in the three key centers for its reception history: Ashkenaz (the Franco-German sphere), Sefarad (Spain), and southern France. The chapter concludes with an account of Rashi’s status as the paramount Torah commentator as it is brightly underscored in data from the first half century of Hebrew printing. In the four centuries prior to print, the Commentary had circulated in hundreds of copies—an enormous number for a Hebrew work in the chirographic age, the focus of the overview here. With printing, the number of editions exploded, reaching some three thousand in three decades. The record of early printings points to the Commentary’s status as a foundational text transcending time and place and embodying a collective Jewish identity.
Interpreting the Interpreter
Authors: Lawee Eric 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
One main mode of response to the Commentary that played a decisive role in its canonization is the ardent tradition of commentaries that Rashi’s work called forth (what scholars call “supercommentaries”). Simply by selecting Rashi’s interpretation of the Torah as their object of exposition, supercommentators accorded it a special status and stamp of auctoritas. In the case of Spanish supercommentators, the interpretive suppositions they brought to their study of Rashi could even bespeak a stance toward his exegesis commensurate with the one adopted toward earlier biblical and rabbinic texts. If Rashi presented ideas that troubled supercommentators, they did not seek to deauthorize the Commentary, but in keeping with strategies of commentators on canonical works across traditions, they found ways to read a difficult idea in a manner that allowed the Commentary to realize its ability to take on a new life, and even inspire, in circumstances vastly different from the one in which it was composed.
Rationalism versus the Rashi/Rabbinic Axis
Authors: Lawee Eric 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Book of Strictures, the work of an unknown late medieval rationalist, is the most concentrated assault on Rashi’s biblical scholarship in the annals of Jewish literature. In devoting himself to an often scornful assault on Rashi’s exegesis and ideas, focusing almost exclusively on those of midrashic provenance, the work’s author put himself at odds with powerful intellectual, halakhic, and educational currents pulling in the opposite direction, each buttressing the work’s growing reach and authority. Sefer hassagot occupies a significant place in the reception history of Rashi’s work, especially when viewed in terms of the hermeneutics of canonicity. The author’s literary vehicle is the stricture (hassagah), to which he often appends a corrective to Rashi’s interpretation. In so doing, he insistently contrasts an understanding of scripture grounded in canons of plain sense interpretation and scientific criteria of credibility with Rashi’s more fanciful midrashic methods and fantastical mentality.
Competing Canons
Authors: Lawee Eric 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Rashi’s critics joined a battle that unfolded across the late medieval Mediterranean at the center of which stood divergent ideas not only as to the correct meaning of the Torah but how to realize the divine charge that the Torah communicated. Many in the eastern Mediterranean, including Rashi’s resisting readers, took inspirtation from teachings of the Spanish luminaries, Abraham ibn Ezra and Maimonides. The late medieval battle over Judaism’s future is apparent from a peculiar specimen of Jewish rationalism bearing the title ‘Alilot devarim (Book of Accusations). Its author put his satirical genius in the service of exposure of the obscurantism that, in his view, had come to degrade Jewish life in post-talmudic times. The corruption infiltrated every sphere, and this writer thought Rashi’s Commentary a major cause and symptom of it. In the end, amid competing canons, Rashi’s Commentary, standing in varying degrees of opposition to the exegetical and theological rationalism of Ibn Ezra and Maimonides, proved triumphant, as is betokened by the composition and popularity of the greatest of the Rashi supercommentaries by Elijah Mizrahi.
Afterword
Authors: Lawee Eric 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Rashi’s Commentary became deeply and diversely embedded in Jewish life and has remained so, but modernity’s disintegrative and fragmenting effect took its toll, meaning one can also find signs in recent centuries of the work’s decanonization. Yet despite clear signs of its marginalization there are corresponding indicators of the Commentary’s ongoing influence and abiding contemporaneity. The variety of manners and modes in which the Commentary figures in Jewish life reflects the divergent and at times conflicting Jewish cultural spaces that it inhabits. Without attempting to chart all twists and turns, the Afterword provides a tour d’horizon that evokes key reference points in this story, providing a basis for detailed study of the Commentary’s modern fate.
“Yes and No”
Authors: Kars Aydogan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces paradoxical apophaticism on the divine essence and tests the common association of paradox and Sufism, with a particular focus on the self-contradictory phrases and statements in the “X-not-X” forms. Neither the employment nor the celebration of paradoxes were uniquely Sufi phenomenon. Yet it was primarily Sufis from early on who consciously adopted paradoxical apophatic approaches to the divine essence. I argue that the employment of paradoxes follows a rule-governed set of strategies in order to negate propositional discourse on God. These strategies entailed (1) a balanced, or symmetrical, attitude that finds affirmative and negative language equally disqualified, (2) a balanced take on the binary of divine incomparability and immanence, while the vast majority of Muslim scholars hold the former superior, and (3) a dialectical logic that performs divine trans-discursivity by uniting the irreconcilable opposites that constitute propositional discourse.
Conclusion
Authors: Kars Aydogan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter highlights the broader theoretical points that can be made on the basis of the analysis made in the previous chapters. It engages with contemporary philosophical and theological discussions beyond Islamic studies, criticizing the reduction of negative theology to paradoxicality, and the modern association of apophaticism with mysticism, critical thinking, and morality. It further argues that “negative theology” does not address a sui generis category or an enduring, well-defined group of intellectuals; it is rather a conceptual construct with debated meanings in changing historical settings. The chapter reminds that there were numerous negative theological positions regarding but a single question in a rich field of intellectual activity. These positions could and did transcend disciplinary boundaries as they were adopted by scholars with diverse orientations and backgrounds. Thus, construction of singular and distinct Christian, Jewish, or Muslim “negative theological traditions” not only overlooks the diversity, and sometimes conflicts, among various theological positions within religious traditions, but it also misses the historical fact that the negative theological positions among intellectuals from different religious backgrounds had strong overlaps. The rich theological networks highlighted the intellectual porosities between not only disciplines but also religious traditions.
Political Responsiveness in a Patronage Democracy
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter draws on accounts from sustained, in-depth shadowing of Indian politicians, as well as large-scale politician surveys, to characterize the nature of politicians’ engagement with their constituents. It highlights the importance these politicians place on making time for citizen interactions and responding to requests—to the extent that high-level politicians spend, on average, a quarter of their time interacting with individual citizens. Critically, the primary focus of these contacts is requests for assistance with the same types of goods and services that are typically also requested of local politicians such as village council presidents, providing preliminary evidence that demands may at least partially originate from individuals’ failure to acquire these benefits at the local level—a topic to which the book later turns. Chapter 2 also shows that the individual benefits directly provided to citizens by high-level politicians are substantial.
Access to Services in a Patronage Democracy
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a discussion of service provision in India, to set the context for an analysis of distributive politics and, in particular, constituency service, in a patronage democracy. It lays out the features of India’s political economy that continue to lead us to describe it as a patronage democracy. It then outlines the characteristics of India’s primary political, bureaucratic, and social institutions, considering the formal roles and responsibilities of key actors at all levels of government with regard to distributive politics and their informal powers over distribution, at the national, state, and local levels. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the potential for constituency service in India from the perspective of prevailing theories, considering in particular the character of political institutions, the nature of electoral and party politics, and the dynamics that may—or may not—encourage politicians to build personal reputations for responsiveness.
Constituency Service in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 11 considers the extent to which we should expect to observe similar dynamics of distributive politics in other parts of the world. It draws on a range of cross-national data to show that the contextual characteristics supporting constituency service—the dynamics of patronage democracy, difficulty in access to public benefits, and partisan allocation of benefits at local levels, accompanied by the presence of high-level representatives with little ability to monitor individual electoral behavior—coexist across a range of democracies around the world. It offers evidence to suggest that high-level politicians in countries across Africa, Asia, and Latin America also engage in individual-level distribution to build a personal vote, rather than support for their party, and that highly partisan distribution by local operatives may ironically heighten their incentives to assist constituents in a nonpartisan manner. Thus, India is an exemplar of a common trend, rather than a global outlier.