bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How far and how old: Longevity and displacement records from the South African Bird Ringing Scheme for Ardeidae, Threskiornithidae and Ciconiidae
Authors: Rose Sanjo , Oschadleus Hans-Dieter , Paijmans Dane 
Published: January 2019

Background: Understanding the movement and displacement of individuals within avian species is important for conservation. Herons, Storks and Egrets are especially important as they are migratory species and are potential indicator species. It is therefore valuable to set life history baselines to understand survival.Objectives: To establish baseline longevity and displacement values for the avian families Ardeidae, Threskiornithidae and Ciconiidae using the South African Bird Ringing Scheme (SAFRING) data for Africa and to highlight gaps in the SAFRING database for these families.Method: We used data archives of ringed and subsequently reported individuals to determine maximum displacement and longevities from the past seven decades for each species within these three families. Displacement was estimated by the straight-line distance between subsequent records for the same individual. Longevity is the measure of time elapsed in records for the same individual.Results: Displacement and longevity data were available for 17 of the 24 species in the focus families. Individuals of most of the species were ringed as nestlings so displacement records may represent dispersal. Displacement ranged from a maximum of 10 114 km for a White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) to 2.5 km for a Little Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus). Several species are poorly sampled, resulting in longevity records of just a few days. Despite that, longevity values were 5 years for 16 species, and the highest value was 25.3 years for a White Stork.Conclusion: It was possible to determine longevity values for most of the species within the three families investigated. Based on the displacement profiles for species with sufficient records, there are large differences in movement between species. Certain common species such as Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) have very few ringing records, which indicate a need for further species-specific research as the longevity values are not representative. This could greatly benefit studies aiming to use these species as ecosystem health indicators as well as identify which species are at risk.
O uso da LAI por jornalistas: uma análise de requerentes, pedidos e respostas
Authors: Gonçalves Francisco Eduardo , Stacciarini Isa Coelho , Nascimento Solano 
Published: January 2019

Trata o artigo do resultado da análise de todas as solicitações feitas por meio da Lei de Acesso à Informação (LAI) por requerentes identificados como jornalistas em 2017. Foram apresentados 3.386 pedidos por 856 jornalistas, sendo 72,21% atendidos. O estudo mostra que jornalistas têm feito uso efetivo da LAI no Brasil para obter informações. Mas a maior parte apresentou apenas um pedido. Há um grupo reduzido que já fez da LAI uma ferramenta de uso contínuo na apuração ao longo do ano de 2017.
Stratospheric ozone loss in the Arctic winters between 2005 and 2013 derived with ACE-FTS measurements
Authors: Griffin Debora , Walker Kaley A. , Wohltmann Ingo , Dhomse Sandip S. , Rex Markus , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Feng Wuhu , Manney Gloria L. , Liu Jane , Tarasick David 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Stratospheric ozone loss
inside the Arctic polar vortex for the winters between 2004–2005 and
2012–2013 has been quantified using measurements from the space-borne
Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS).
For the first time, an evaluation has been performed of six different ozone
loss estimation methods based on the same single observational dataset to
determine the Arctic ozone loss (mixing ratio loss profiles and the
partial-column ozone losses between 380 and 550 K). The methods used are the
tracer-tracer correlation, the artificial tracer correlation, the average
vortex profile descent, and the passive subtraction with model output from
both Lagrangian and Eulerian chemical transport models (CTMs). For the
tracer-tracer, the artificial tracer, and the average vortex profile descent
approaches, various tracers have been used that are also measured by ACE-FTS.
From these seven tracers investigated (CH4, N2O, HF,
OCS, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113), we found that CH4,
N2O, HF, and CFC-12 are the most suitable tracers for
investigating polar stratospheric ozone depletion with ACE-FTS v3.5. The
ozone loss estimates (in terms of the mixing ratio as well as total column
ozone) are generally in good agreement between the different methods and
among the different tracers. However, using the average vortex profile
descent technique typically leads to smaller maximum losses (by approximately
15–30 DU) compared to all other methods. The passive subtraction method
using output from CTMs generally results in slightly larger losses compared
to the techniques that use ACE-FTS measurements only. The ozone loss
computed, using both measurements and models, shows the greatest loss during
the 2010–2011 Arctic winter. For that year, our results show that maximum
ozone loss (2.1–2.7 ppmv) occurred at 460 K. The estimated partial-column
ozone loss inside the polar vortex (between 380 and 550 K) using the
different methods is 66–103, 61–95, 59–96, 41–89, and 85–122 DU for
March 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Ozone loss is difficult
to diagnose for the Arctic winters during 2005–2006, 2008–2009, 2011–2012,
and 2012–2013, because strong polar vortex disturbance or major sudden
stratospheric warming events significantly perturbed the polar vortex,
thereby limiting the number of measurements available for the analysis of
ozone loss.
Daily evaluation of 26 precipitation datasets using Stage-IV gauge-radar data for the CONUS
Authors: Beck Hylke E. , Pan Ming , Roy Tirthankar , Weedon Graham P. , Pappenberger Florian , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Huffman George J. , Adler Robert F. , Wood Eric F. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. New precipitation (P) datasets are released regularly, following
innovations in weather forecasting models, satellite retrieval methods, and
multi-source merging techniques. Using the conterminous US as a case study,
we evaluated the performance of 26 gridded (sub-)daily P datasets to obtain
insight into the merit of these innovations. The evaluation was performed at
a daily timescale for the period 2008–2017 using the Kling–Gupta efficiency
(KGE), a performance metric combining correlation, bias, and variability. As
a reference, we used the high-resolution (4 km) Stage-IV gauge-radar P
dataset. Among the three KGE components, the P datasets performed worst
overall in terms of correlation (related to event identification). In terms
of improving KGE scores for these datasets, improved P totals (affecting
the bias score) and improved distribution of P intensity (affecting the
variability score) are of secondary importance. Among the 11 gauge-corrected
P datasets, the best overall performance was obtained by MSWEP V2.2,
underscoring the importance of applying daily gauge corrections and
accounting for gauge reporting times. Several uncorrected P datasets
outperformed gauge-corrected ones. Among the 15 uncorrected P datasets, the
best performance was obtained by the ERA5-HRES fourth-generation reanalysis,
reflecting the significant advances in earth system modeling during the last
decade. The (re)analyses generally performed better in winter than in summer,
while the opposite was the case for the satellite-based datasets. IMERGHH V05
performed substantially better than TMPA-3B42RT V7, attributable to the many
improvements implemented in the IMERG satellite P retrieval algorithm.
IMERGHH V05 outperformed ERA5-HRES in regions dominated by convective storms,
while the opposite was observed in regions of complex terrain. The ERA5-EDA
ensemble average exhibited higher correlations than the ERA5-HRES
deterministic run, highlighting the value of ensemble modeling. The WRF
regional convection-permitting climate model showed considerably more
accurate P totals over the mountainous west and performed best among the
uncorrected datasets in terms of variability, suggesting there is merit in
using high-resolution models to obtain climatological P statistics. Our
findings provide some guidance to choose the most suitable P dataset for a
particular application.
CÁLCULO DE RISCO E DETECÇÃO DE QUEIMADAS: UMA ANÁLISE NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL
Authors: Sodré Giordani Rafael Conceição , De Souza Everaldo Barreiros , De Oliveira Juarez Ventura , Moraes Bergson Cavalcanti 
Published: January 2019

O sensoriamento remoto e o índice de risco de fogo são as formas de detecção e previsão de queimadas utilizadas pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais para monitorar a frequência de queimadas no Brasil, no entanto observa-se que a ocorrência de uma queimada nem sempre é prevista pelo índice do risco de fogo, particularmente na região da Amazônia oriental. Assim, esta pesquisa foi motivada pelo objetivo de analisar o padrão espaçotemporal das queimadas detectadas via satélite e a eficiência dos alertas de previsão de queimadas gerados pelo cálculo do risco de fogo, considerando a variabilidade dos fenômenos meteorológicos que podem influenciar o regime pluviométrico e alterar a ocorrência de focos de queimada na região da Amazônia oriental. As análises desta investigação consideraram as alterações das condições meteorológicas moduladas pela variabilidade interanual do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul ocorridas entres os anos de 2000 e 2017. Os resultados mostraram que, em anos menos chuvosos, os focos de queimada apresentaram maior frequência ao longo do ano. Já nos mais chuvosos, tenderam a concentrar-se no segundo semestre em proporção superior à observada nos anos mais secos. A maior parte dos focos de queimada (80%) ocorreu em áreas alteradas pela atividade humana, resultado não captadopelo índice de risco de fogo, indicando que, por este levar em conta somente variáveis ambientais e não incluir a ação do homem como parâmetro, a eficiência em antecipar a ocorrência de uma queimada se torna limitada.
What do animals want?
Authors: Franks B 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMotivation is a central concept for animal welfare; it has inspired methodological breakthroughs and generated a wealth of crucial empirical work. As the field develops beyond its original mandate to alleviate the suffering of animals in intensive farming systems, the assumptions behind the current models of motivation may warrant closer scrutiny. In this paper, I examine some of the complexities of studying motivation — for example, that what an animal wants can depend on its welfare and that, through genetic selection and housing choices, we can modify what an animal finds to be rewarding versus punishing. The central theme of this paper is, therefore, that we cannot just ask the animals under our care (or even in the wild) what they want and assume that we will receive unadulterated answers, free from human influence. While asking questions about animal motivation with empirical research is invaluable and necessary, our models drive our research questions, methodologies, and results’ interpretation. When the models we employ remain implicit (eg the only motivation questions worth asking are those that could be implemented within the current housing systems), they have ability to stifle progress in understanding animal welfare. Thus, in addition to the empirical work, we also need to expose and evaluate the models that drive the research. Making the models explicit will facilitate our ability to identify their areas of silence, assess their strengths and potential limitations, as well as examine how they conceptualise the relationship between motivation and animal welfare. I end with a discussion of the implications of a few relevant models, both implicit and explicit, noting how such consideration reveals exciting areas for future work, including, for example, research on the motivation to make choices and the motivation to learn.
Understanding the multiple conceptions of animal welfare
Authors: Weary DM , Robbins JA 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAcademics working on animal welfare typically consider the animal's affective state (eg the experience of pain), biological functioning (eg the presence of injuries), and sometimes naturalness (eg access to pasture), but it is unclear how these different factors are weighed in different cases. We argue that progress can be informed by systematically observing how ordinary people respond to scenarios designed to elicit varying, and potentially conflicting, types of concern. The evidence we review illustrates that people vary in how much weight they place on each of these three factors in their assessments of welfare in different cases; in some cases, concerns about the animal's affective state are predominant, and in other cases other concerns are more important. This evidence also suggests that people's assessments can also include factors (like the animal's relationship with its caregiver) that do not fit neatly within the dominant three-circles framework of affect, functioning and naturalness. We conclude that a more complete understanding of the multiple conceptions of animal welfare can be advanced by systematically exploring the views of non-specialists, including their responses to scenarios designed to elicit conflicting concerns.
Fine-mapping cis-regulatory variants in diverse human populations
Authors: Tehranchi Ashley , Hie Brian , Dacre Michael , Kaplow Irene , Pettie Kade , Combs Peter , Fraser Hunter B 
Published: January 2019

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful approach for connecting genotype to phenotype. Most GWAS hits are located in cis-regulatory regions, but the underlying causal variants and their molecular mechanisms remain unknown. To better understand human cis-regulatory variation, we mapped quantitative trait loci for chromatin accessibility (caQTLs)—a key step in cis-regulation—in 1000 individuals from 10 diverse populations. Most caQTLs were shared across populations, allowing us to leverage the genetic diversity to fine-map candidate causal regulatory variants, several thousand of which have been previously implicated in GWAS. In addition, many caQTLs that affect the expression of distal genes also alter the landscape of long-range chromosomal interactions, suggesting a mechanism for long-range expression QTLs. In sum, our results show that molecular QTL mapping integrated across diverse populations provides a high-resolution view of how worldwide human genetic variation affects chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and phenotype.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that minor issues remain unresolved (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).
An afferent white matter pathway from the pulvinar to the amygdala facilitates fear recognition
Authors: McFadyen Jessica , Mattingley Jason B , Garrido Marta I 
Published: January 2019

Our ability to rapidly detect threats is thought to be subserved by a subcortical pathway that quickly conveys visual information to the amygdala. This neural shortcut has been demonstrated in animals but has rarely been shown in the human brain. Importantly, it remains unclear whether such a pathway might influence neural activity and behavior. We conducted a multimodal neuroimaging study of 622 participants from the Human Connectome Project. We applied probabilistic tractography to diffusion-weighted images, reconstructing a subcortical pathway to the amygdala from the superior colliculus via the pulvinar. We then computationally modeled the flow of haemodynamic activity during a face-viewing task and found evidence for a functionally afferent pulvinar-amygdala pathway. Critically, individuals with greater fibre density in this pathway also had stronger dynamic coupling and enhanced fearful face recognition. Our findings provide converging evidence for the recruitment of an afferent subcortical pulvinar connection to the amygdala that facilitates fear recognition.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that minor issues remain unresolved (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).
Termite mound architecture regulates nest temperature and correlates with species identities of symbiotic fungi
Authors: Vesala Risto , Harjuntausta Anni , Hakkarainen Anu , Rönnholm Petri , Pellikka Petri , Rikkinen Jouko 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundLarge and complex mounds built by termites of the genusMacrotermescharacterize many dry African landscapes, including the savannas, bushlands, and dry forests of the Tsavo Ecosystem in southern Kenya. The termites live in obligate symbiosis with filamentous fungi of the genusTermitomyces. The insects collect dead plant material from their environment and deposit it into their nests where indigestible cell wall compounds are effectively decomposed by the fungus. Above-ground mounds are built to enhance nest ventilation and to maintain nest interior microclimates favorable for fungal growth.ObjectivesIn Tsavo Ecosystem twoMacrotermesspecies associate with three differentTermitomycessymbionts, always with a monoculture of one fungal species within each termite nest. As mound architecture differs considerably both between and within termite species we explored potential relationships between nest thermoregulatory strategies and species identity of fungal symbionts.MethodsExternal dimensions were measured from 164Macrotermesmounds and the cultivatedTermitomycesspecies were identified by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. We also recorded the annual temperature regimes of several termite mounds to determine relations between mound architecture and nest temperatures during different seasons.ResultsMound architecture had a major effect on nest temperatures. Relatively cool temperatures were always recorded from large mounds with open ventilation systems, while the internal temperatures of mounds with closed ventilation systems and small mounds with open ventilation systems were consistently higher. The distribution of the three fungal symbionts in different mounds was not random, with one fungal species confined to “hot nests.”ConclusionsOur results indicate that differentTermitomycesspecies have different temperature requirements, and that one of the cultivated species is relatively intolerant of low temperatures. The dominantMacrotermesspecies in our study area can clearly modify its mound architecture to meet the thermal requirements of several different symbionts. However, a treacherous balance seems to exist between symbiont identity and mound architecture, as the maintenance of the thermophilic fungal species obviously requires reduced mound architecture that, in turn, leads to inadequate gas exchange. Hence, our study concludes that while the limited ventilation capacity of small mounds sets strict limits to insect colony growth, in this case, improving nest ventilation would invariable lead to excessively low nest temperatures, with negative consequences to the symbiotic fungus.
Course of Back Pain in the Canadian Population: Trajectories, Predictors, and Outcomes
Authors: Canizares Mayilee , Rampersaud Y. Raja , Badley Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveTo identify and describe back pain trajectory groups and to compare indicators of health status, medication, and health care use in these groups.MethodsA representative sample (n = 12,782) of the Canadian population was followed‐up from 1994/1995 to 2010/2011. Participants were interviewed biannually and provided data on sociodemographic (e.g., education) and behavior‐related (e.g., physical activity) factors, depression, comorbidities, pain, disability, medication use (e.g., opioids), and health care use (e.g., primary care visits). We used group‐based trajectory analysis to categorize participants according to patterns in the course of their back pain during the 16‐year follow‐up period and compared indicators of pain, disability, medication, and health care use in the trajectory groups.ResultsA total of 45.6% of the participants reported back pain at least once during follow‐up. Of those, we identified 4 trajectories: persistent (18.0%), developing (28.1%), recovery (20.5%), and occasional (33.4%). The persistent and developing groups were characterized as having pain that prevented activities, disability, depression, and comorbidities. There were significant differences in the patterns of medication and health care use across the groups, with a general trend of most to least health care and medication use in the persistent, developing, recovering, and occasional groups. Those in the recovery group had an increasing trajectory reflecting opioid and antidepressant use.ConclusionApproximately 1 in 5 people with back pain experience a persistent pain trajectory with an associated increase in pain, disability, and health care use. Further research is needed to determine whether the groups identified represent different diagnoses, which may provide insight into the selection of stratified treatment and aid in designing early prevention and management strategies in the population.
Bone‐Adhesive Materials: Clinical Requirements, Mechanisms of Action, and Future Perspective
Authors: Sánchez‐Fernández María J. , Hammoudeh Hussein , Félix Lanao Rosa P. , van Erk Machteld , van Hest Jan C. M. , Leeuwenburgh Sander C. G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEach year, millions of people suffer from complex bone fractures which require proper external or internal fixation. This fixation is usually achieved by means of devices such as plates, pins, and screws. These traditional fixation strategies are associated with severe drawbacks, which have prompted research and development of a variety of bone‐adhesive biomaterials as alternative. However, a clinically applicable bone‐adhesive biomaterial—in the form of a bone‐glue or bone‐adhesive membrane—that meets all requirements has not yet been identified. This perspective article discusses the current state of the art of bone‐adhesive materials with a particular focus on their clinical requirements, mechanisms of action, and future perspective. To develop adhesive biomaterials with specific affinity to bone tissue, a more rational design should be implemented. This perspective article is intended as a starting point and inspiration for future research and development of suitable bone‐adhesive materials.