bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of Chalcone‐Type Chlorophyll Derivatives Possessing a Bacteriochlorin, Chlorin or Porphyrin π‐System and Their Optical Properties
Authors: Ohashi Kota , Kinoshita Yusuke , Tamiaki Hitoshi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractC3‐(Trans‐2‐arylethenyl)carbonylated chlorophyll derivatives possessing a bacteriochlorin or chlorin π‐system were synthesized by cross‐aldol (Claisen–Schmidt) condensation of methyl pyrobacteriopheophorbide‐a or 3‐acetyl‐3‐devinyl‐pyropheophorbide‐a bearing the C3‐acetyl group with p‐(un)substituted benzaldehydes under basic conditions. The corresponding porphyrin‐type chlorophyll derivatives were prepared by the oxidation (17,18‐didehydrogenation) of the chlorin‐type. Their Qy absorption and fluorescence emission maxima in dichloromethane correlated well with Hammett substituent constants of the p‐substituents. Several electron‐withdrawing p‐substituents suppressed the emission due to photoinduced electron transfer quenching in a molecule. The substitution sensitivities for their maxima and fluorescence quantum yields decreased in the order of bacteriochlorin‐, chlorin‐ and porphyrin‐type derivatives.
The Dynamics of an Interorganizational Emergency Management Network: Interdependent and Independent Risk Hypotheses
Authors: Jung Kyujin , Song Minsun , Park Hyung Jun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to uncover the dynamic structure of an interorganizational emergency management network after a disaster. This research tests two hypothesized network structures: interdependent risk and independent risk. While the former illustrates the importance of trust and information redundancy in coordinating and aligning emergency preparedness and response, the latter captures the tendency for local actors to seek dominant partners to bridge crucial information across the region. A stochastic actor‐based model with a forward selection strategy is used to analyze the structural effects of endogenous networks and the effects of exogenous community attributes on interorganizational ties. Based on the data sets collected before and after the 2012 typhoons in South Korea, the results support the interdependent risk hypothesis, suggesting that an interorganizational network structure tends to evolve into the notion of shared collaboration risk.
Horses for courses: China's accommodative approach to food standard‐setting in response to the internationalization of regulation
Authors: Chu May 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the evolution of China's food standard‐setting procedures from both domestic and international perspectives, particularly in the context of the internationalization of regulation. After the reform and opening‐up in 1978, state actors and leading enterprises monopolized the process of national food standard setting. With further participation in the global economy in the 21st century, China has become familiar with the international standard‐setting procedures and has modeled its domestic policymaking on these practices. This has resulted in a more transparent, inclusive, scientific, pluralized, and consensus‐based form of decisionmaking. By contrast, the standards of the strategic industries have been harmonized to the standards of international counterparts through a top‐down and authoritarian approach. This paper argues that China uses an accommodative approach, trichotomizing suitable standards and decisionmaking procedures in terms of inclusiveness and transparency, which suits the developmental needs of the domestic market, food export markets, and strategic industries.
Expert Views on Their Role as Policy Advisor: Pilot Study for the Cases of Electromagnetic Fields, Particulate Matter, and Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Spruijt Pita , Knol Anne B. , Petersen Arthur C. , Lebret Erik 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis perspective presents empirical data to demonstrate the existence of different expert views on scientific policy advice on complex environmental health issues. These views are partly research‐field specific. According to scientific literature, experts differ in the way they provide policy advice on complex issues such as electromagnetic fields (EMF), particulate matter (PM), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Where some experts feel their primary task is to carry out fundamental research, others actively engage in the policy dialogue. Although the literature provides ideas about expert roles, there exists little empirical underpinning. Our aim is to gather empirical evidence about expert roles. The results of an international study indicated that experts on EMF, PM, and AMR differ in the way they view their role in the policy dialogue. For example, experts differed in their views on the need for precaution and their motivation to initiate stakeholder cooperation. Besides, most experts thought that their views on the risks of EMF/PM/AMR did not differ from those of colleagues. Great dissensus was found in views on the best ways of managing risks and uncertainties. In conclusion, the theoretical ideal–typical roles from the literature can be identified to a certain extent.
Cervical lymphadenopathy in a dental patient: An eye opener case report
Authors: Dangore Khasbage Suwarna , Bhake Arvind S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCervical lymphadenopathy, a condition with multifactorial etiology is one of the common presentations in patients reporting to dental clinic. It is thus imperative that oral physicians have to be well versed with the causes of cervical lymphadenopathy. The present article describes a case of 24‐year‐old male who reported to his dentist with complaint of painless swelling of 4 months duration on right side of neck. Oral examination revealed missing mandibular third molars on both sides, which was confirmed on radiograph. Considering reactive lymphadenitis secondary to inflamed impacted molar as a reason for neck swelling, the surgical removal of third molar of right side was performed under antibiotic coverage which was uneventful. As the neck swelling persisted even after removal of molar, patient had undergone fine needle aspiration cytology and then the swelling was diagnosed as tubercular lymphadenitis. He was treated by antitubercular therapy for 6 months regimen, after then he was perfectly alright. The present report aims to highlight contemplative role of oral physician in early diagnosis of neck swellings that can result in on‐time management.
Levels or worlds of welfare? Assessing social rights and social stratification in Northern and Southern countries
Authors: Böger Tobias , Öktem Kerem Gabriel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSince Esping‐Andersen's Three Worlds, it has become a truism of welfare state research that welfare states do not vary linearly along a single dimension but have to be conceptualized as multidimensional phenomena that cluster into types caused by the political economy of class coalitions. However, when moving beyond the 18 original countries of Esping‐Andersen's analysis, the situation is less clear. Although additional worlds have been identified in the Global North and the Global South, these are usually not conceptualized along the same dimensions as the original three worlds and are rarely empirically compared with them. This paper tackles these omissions by explicitly comparing Northern and Southern countries within Esping‐Andersen's framework. It poses the question whether the central insight of welfare state research, namely, that there are not just gradual differences between welfare states, but different types with qualitative differences, expands beyond classic welfare states. Based on newly generated data on social rights and social stratification, we employ cluster analysis with 45 Northern and Southern countries. This analysis produces mixed results. We do find different types of welfare states with qualitative differences, but these do not fully correspond to Esping‐Andersen's Three Worlds. Moreover, our findings also point to a conceptual issue in welfare regime research: regimes are not just defined and measured in terms of different logics of welfare provision but also take into account degrees of welfare stateism. We argue that this issue is poised to become ever more pressing with the geographical expansion of welfare state research.
Good Looks as a Source of Moral Permissiveness*
Authors: Urbatsch Robert 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveEstablishing what leads people to particular moral beliefs is complicated by potential predictors being themselves caused by moral attitudes. This problem is less acute when considering the effects of good looks, which, by expanding sexual opportunities, shift incentives for beliefs regarding the morality of sexual activities.MethodsRegressions predict responses to morality‐related questions in the 2016 General Social Survey and the 1972 National Election Study, which included interviewer (i.e., not self‐generated) evaluations of respondents’ looks. These questions concern various actions’ moral acceptability regardless of legality, as well as policy positions on issues including gay marriage and marijuana legalization.ResultsBetter‐looking respondents give more morally permissive responses to most questions relating to sex. For issues not directly related to sexual opportunities, however, attractiveness does not predict significantly more acceptant attitudes.ConclusionGood‐looking people generally are more acceptant of those indulgences that they have disproportionate opportunities for, highlighting the role of opportunism in the formation of moral and political attitudes.
Diagnosis of feline mesenchymal nasal hamartoma by squash preparation cytology
Authors: Bottero Enrico , Melega Maverick , Dimartino Erika R. , Tricarico Michele , Lepri Elvio , De Lorenzi Davide , Miniscalco Barbara , Riondato Fulvio 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundFeline Mesenchymal Nasal Hamartoma (MNH) is a rare benign tumor‐like lesion of the sinonasal tract affecting young cats.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the diagnostic significance of osteoblast‐like (OB‐L) and osteoclast‐like cells (OC‐L) in squash preparation cytology from endoscopic biopsies.MethodsA 5‐year database was retrospectively reviewed and included 109 cases of which 24 were diagnosed as MNH by histopathology. Slides were examined by two cytologists (one experienced and one inexperienced in nasal and squash cytology) in a double‐blind study. The inexperienced cytologist counted OB‐L and OC‐L in 500 intact nucleated cells. The experienced cytologist assigned samples to four categories for OB‐L (0, 1‐5, 6‐10, >10/field) and OC‐L (0, 1‐2, 3‐5, >5/field).ResultsThe presence of OB‐L and OC‐L was significantly associated (P < 0.001) with the histologic diagnosis of MNH. Receiver operating characteristic curves from the counts by the inexperienced cytologist revealed 3/500 OB‐L and 2/500 OC‐L as the best cut‐offs for the diagnosis of MNH. Those of the experienced cytologist evaluation revealed that all the MNHs presented more than 10 OB‐L/field and 3 or more OC‐L/field. Both cytologists detected each cell type in all MNHs with an overall concordance of 0.93.ConclusionsThe presence of OB‐L and OC‐L is a consistent finding in MNH, and thus, represents a reliable cytologic diagnostic criterion. The described methods are applicable in routine in‐clinic laboratory settings and are easy to apply at any expertise level. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the accuracy of the proposed cut‐off values.
Aplikasi Gaya Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Aktif dalam Subjek Kemahiran Dinamika bagi Merealisasikan Pendidikan Abad ke-21
Authors: Mohamad Ali Asmawati , Abdul Karim@SAB Norizal , Mohamed Anita , Ismail Noraihan 
Published: October 2018

Suitability of determining the approach, methods, techniques and strategies that are being applied in teaching and learning session is closely related to curriculum implementer. Academic lecturers not only determine the design and development of elements contained in the subjects but also they act as the assessor and examiner of the learning outcome. The implementation of active learning is one of the elements in 21st Century Learning concept. This research used qualitative methodology with interviews and observation among matriculation students. The data of semi-structured interview were analysed in verbatim while the observation is being done using checklist form. Generally, the finding of this study shows that active learning activities are suitable to be applied especially in etiquette practical at the dining table, event organization, interview session and public speaking. The learning outcome of these activities was also assessed to develop generic skills from students’ and lecturers’ perspective.
Artesunate attenuates airway resistance in vivo and relaxes airway smooth muscle cells in vitro via bitter taste receptor‐dependent calcium signalling
Authors: Wang Yue , Wang Aili , Zhang Ming , Zeng Huilong , Lu Yun , Liu Lei , Li Jingjing , Deng Linhong 
Published: October 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The aim of this study was to evaluate artesunate for its use as a bronchodilator in asthma treatment.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We found that artesunate reduces airway resistance in both normal and ovalbumin‐treated Balb/c mice in vivo. Artesunate reduces traction force while inducing Ca2+ influx into cultured airway smooth muscle cells in vitro, most probably via the bitter taste receptor. These findings provide important evidence at both animal and cellular levels that artesunate might potentially be used as a bronchodilator for treating obstructive airway diseases, such as asthma.

AbstractFollowing the surprising discovery that bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) expressed in the lung and can be stimulated to relax airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), there is great interest in searching for a bitter taste receptor agonist as a new bronchodilator for asthma therapy. Among the great many other natural bitter substances, artesunate is of special interest to be evaluated for this purpose because of its pharmacological value as a derivative from the well‐known anti‐malarial, artemisinin. Therefore, in this study we treated either normal or ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthmatic Balb/c mice in vivo with artesunate (30, 60 or 120 μg) via aerosol inhalation. Subsequently, we measured the airway resistance of the mice in the presence or absence of artesunate. In addition, we treated either mouse or human ASMCs cultured in vitro with artesunate (0.25–2.0 mM) and then measured the traction force and [Ca2+]i flux of the cells in the presence or absence of artesunate. The results demonstrate that artesunate attenuated airway resistance in a dose‐dependent manner in both the normal and the OVA‐treated mice, but more potently in the latter. The in vivo efficacy of artesunate at 120 μg was comparable to that of the conventional bronchodilator, salbutamol, at 3 μg in terms of the reduction in airway resistance. Artesunate also reduced traction force and induced an increase in [Ca2+]i in the cultured ASMCs, which was mediated, at least in part, by TAS2R signalling in the human ASMCs. These results together suggest that artesunate might potentially be a cheap and safe bronchodilator to complement the current therapy of asthma.
Association between ambient temperature and mortality risk and burden: time series study in 272 main Chinese cities
Authors: Chen Renjie , Yin Peng , Wang Lijun , Liu Cong , Niu Yue , Wang Weidong , Jiang Yixuan , Liu Yunning , Liu Jiangmei , Qi Jinlei , You Jinling , Kan Haidong , Zhou Maigeng 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Objectives
To examine the association between temperature and cause specific mortality, and to quantify the corresponding disease burden attributable to non-optimum ambient temperatures.

Design
Time series analysis.

Setting
272 main cities in China.

Population
Non-accidental deaths in 272 cities covered by the Disease Surveillance Point System of China, from January 2013 to December 2015.

Main outcomes and measures
Daily numbers of deaths from all non-accidental causes and main cardiorespiratory diseases. Potential effect modifiers included demographic, climatic, geographical, and socioeconomic characteristics. The analysis used distributed lag non-linear models to estimate city specific associations, and multivariate meta-regression analysis to obtain the effect estimates at national and regional levels.

Results
1 826 186 non-accidental deaths from total causes were recorded in the study period. Temperature and mortality consistently showed inversely J shaped associations. At the national average level, relative to the minimum mortality temperature (22.8°C, 79.1st centile), the mortality risk of extreme cold temperature (at −1.4°C, the 2.5th centile) lasted for more than 14 days, whereas the risk of extreme hot temperature (at 29.0°C, the 97.5th centile) appeared immediately and lasted for two to three days. 14.33% of non-accidental total mortality was attributable to non-optimum temperatures, of which moderate cold (ranging from −1.4 to 22.8°C), moderate heat (22.8 to 29.0°C), extreme cold (−6.4 to −1.4°C), and extreme heat (29.0 to 31.6°C) temperatures corresponded to attributable fractions of 10.49%, 2.08%, 1.14%, and 0.63%, respectively. The attributable fractions were 17.48% for overall cardiovascular disease, 18.76% for coronary heart disease, 16.11% for overall stroke, 14.09% for ischaemic stroke, 18.10% for haemorrhagic stroke, 10.57% for overall respiratory disease, and 12.57% for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The mortality risk and burden were more prominent in the temperate monsoon and subtropical monsoon climatic zones, in specific subgroups (female sex, age ≥75 years, and ≤9 years spent in education), and in cities characterised by higher urbanisations rates and shorter durations of central heating.

Conclusions
This nationwide study provides a comprehensive picture of the non-linear associations between ambient temperature and mortality from all natural causes and main cardiorespiratory diseases, as well as the corresponding disease burden that is mainly attributable to moderate cold temperatures in China. The findings on vulnerability characteristics can help improve clinical and public health practices to reduce disease burden associated with current and future abnormal weather.
‘MOVEdiabetes’: a cluster randomized controlled trial to increase physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes in primary health in Oman
Authors: Alghafri Thamra S , Alharthi Saud Mohamed , Al-Farsi Yahya , Alrawahi Abdul Hakeem , Bannerman Elaine , Craigie Angela M , Anderson Annie S 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThis study examined the impact of a multicomponent intervention to increase physical activity (PA) in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Oman.Research design and methodsThis is a cluster randomized controlled trial in eight primary health centers. Participants were physically inactive, aged ≥18 years, and with no contraindication to PA. Patients attending intervention health centers (n=4) received the ‘MOVEdiabetes’ intervention, which consisted of personalized, individual face-to-face consultations by dietitians. Pedometers and monthly telephone WhatsApp messages were also used. Patients attending comparison health centers received usual care. The primary outcome was change in PA [Metabolic Equivalent(MET).min/week] after 12 months assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The secondary outcomes were changes in daily step counts, sitting time, weight, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure and lipids.ResultsOf the 232 participants (59.1% female, mean (SD) age 44.2 (8.1) years), 75% completed the study. At 12 months, the mean change in MET.min/week was +631.3 (95% CI 369.4 to 893.2) in the intervention group (IG) vs +183.2 (95% CI 83.3 to 283.0) in the comparison group, with a significant between-group difference of +447.4 (95% CI 150.7 to 744.1). The odds of meeting PA recommendations were 1.9 times higher in the IG (95% CI 1.2 to 3.3). Significant between-group differences in favor of IG were detected for mean steps/day (+757, 95% CI 18 to 1531) and sitting time hours/ per day (−1.5, 95% CI −2.4 to −0.7). Clinical measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides also showed significant intervention effects.Conclusions‘MOVEdiabetes’ was effective in increasing PA, the likelihood of meeting PA recommendations, and providing cardioprotective benefits in adults with T2D attending primary care.
Disability status, intimate partner violence and perceived social support among married women in three districts of the Terai region of Nepal
Authors: Gupta Jhumka , Cardoso Lauren F , Ferguson Gemma , Shrestha Binita , Shrestha Prabin Nanicha , Harris Courtney , Groce Nora , Clark Cari Jo 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionWomen living with disabilities are disproportionately vulnerable to intimate partner violence (IPV). Existing research on the topic largely takes place in high-income settings and treats disability as a dichotomous experience—an individual either has a disability or does not. Disability experiences, however, are diverse such that some individuals face minimal impairment, while for others impairment can be severe. With this spectrum in mind, this study sought to examine the associations between severity of disability impairment, past-year IPV, past-year in-law violence and perceived social support among married women in Nepal.MethodsBaseline data (2016) from a randomised controlled trial aiming to reduce IPV among women aged 18–49 (n=1800) were analysed using generalised estimating equations logistic regressions to assess associations.ResultsWomen with severe impairment reported higher levels of physical and/or sexual, emotional, economic and in-law violence than women without a disability (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.68, 95%  CI 1.04 to 2.72; AOR=1.65, 95%  CI 1.03 to 2.65; AOR=1.75, 95%  CI 1.02 to 3.02; AOR=2.80, 95%  CI 2.53 to 5.11, respectively). Differences in IPV between women reporting some impairment versus no disability were observed for economic (AOR=1.47, 95%  CI 1.11 to 1.94) and in-law violence (AOR=1.50, 95%  CI 1.07 to 2.10). Women with severe or some impairment versus no disability were less likely to perceive their in-laws as supportive.ConclusionDisability status was associated with increased vulnerability to IPV. A gradient was observed; the highest levels of IPV were experienced by women with severe impairment, followed by some impairment. Future research should examine the mechanisms driving such observations.
Another look at what teachers and students think about interprofessional learning as a shared experience in Iran: a qualitative research
Authors: Ahmady Soleiman , Khabaz Mafinejad Mahboobeh 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesTo explore experiences of interprofessional learning (IPL), and how faculty and students might want to participate in IPL opportunities as a form of shared learning.DesignQualitative study.SettingThe Ministry of Health and Medical Education which is accountable for rendering service to the public, providing healthcare needs and improving the quality of medical education was established in Iran in 1985, to integrate medical education with healthcare services.ParticipantsA sample of six faculty members and seven students, purposively sampled for demographic characteristics and their experience regarding shared learning.MethodsA descriptive qualitative study using thematic analysis of content was conducted. Data were obtained using semistructured interviews and then analysed thematically. Data collection and analysis were concurrent.ResultsThree categories were identified: the role of prologues in IPL, the role of structured IPL, and the role of context and structure in such a system for learning, representing seven subcategories.ConclusionThe findings indicate that experiences of learning with different professionals are complex, and these experiences shape their present and future workplace relations. Matching the existing educational context and structure with IPL and providing planned interaction and reflection among professionals are necessary to support IPL.