bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SURG-02. LASER INTERSTITIAL THERMAL THERAPY FOR BRAIN METASTASES: OUTCOMES AND PREDICTORS OF LOCAL RECURRENCE
Authors: Bastos Dhiego , Rao Ganesh , Glitza Isabella , Loree Jonathan , Weinberg2 Jeffrey S , Fuentes David , Stafford Jason , Shah Komal , Kumar Vinodh , Prabhu Sujit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
BACKGROUND: LITT has been used to treat recurrent brain metastasis after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Little is known about how best to assess the efficacy of treatment, specifically the ability of LITT to control local tumor progression post-SRS. Objectives: Evaluate the predictive factors associated with local recurrence after LITT. METHODS: Retrospective study with consecutive patients with brain metastases treated with LITT. Based on radiological aspects, lesions were divided into progressive disease after SRS (recurrence or radiation necrosis) and new lesions. Primary endpoint was time to local recurrence. RESULTS: 61 consecutive patients with 82 lesions (5 newly diagnosed, 46 recurrence and 31 radiation necrosis). Freedom from local recurrence at 6 months was 69.6%, 59.4% at 12, and 54.7% at 18 and 24 months. Incompletely ablated lesions had a shorter median time for local recurrence (p&lt; 0.001). Larger lesions (&gt;6cc) had shorter time for local recurrence (p=0.03). Dural based lesions showed a shorter time to local recurrence (p=0.01). Tumor recurrence/newly diagnosed had shorter time to local recurrence when compared to RN lesions (p=0.01). Patients receiving systemic therapy after LITT had longer time to local recurrence (p=0.01). In multivariate Cox-regression model the HR for incomplete ablated lesions was 4.88 (p&lt; 0.001), 3.12 (p=0.03) for recurrent tumors, and 2.56 (p=0.02) for patients not receiving systemic therapy after LITT. Complication rate was 26.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Incompletely ablated and recurrent tumoral lesions were associated with higher risk of treatment failure and were the major predicting factors for local recurrence. Systemic therapy after LITT was a protective factor regarding local recurrence.
SURG-10. MELANOMA CEREBRAL METASTASES IN IRELAND- GETTING UNDER THE SKIN
Authors: O’Halloran Philip , Cleary Anna , Cryan Jane , Caird John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ireland has the highest rate of melanoma related deaths in Europe. Despite the incidence of melanoma reaching record highs there remains a paucity of information in Ireland regarding the factors associated with melanoma brain metastasis (MBM). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with MBM in Ireland were retrospectively identified in Beaumont Hospital between 1999 and 2018. Patient demographics; year of detection of MBM, age at diagnosis of primary melanoma, age at detection of MBM, anatomical location of primary melanoma, BRAF mutation analysis and the number of metastases were investigated. Follow up data was also derived, including overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The incidence of malignant melanoma has increased by 158% over the past 20 years with 1,092 and 422 cases diagnosed in 2018 and 1999, respectively.128 patients with melanoma brain metastases were identified during this period. The median OS after detection of MBM was 5 months (95% CI 0.641–9.359 months). There was a male predominance (n= 77/128; 60%) with a median age of death at 58 years (n=67; range 16–82 years). Although females had a significantly longer time between diagnosis of primary melanoma and detection of MBM compared to males, 4 and 2 years respectively (p=0.02442), there was no significant age difference at death between males and females (p= 0.41294). BRAF mutation was an independent prognostic factor with an improved overall survival compared to those without the mutation, of 8 months and 3.5 months respectively (p=0.0012). Although non significant, the primary location of melanoma, leptomeningeal disease and number of cerebral metastases were all important considerations in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Male predominance and BRAF mutation represent important factors in this population group. The results of this study add to our knowledge concerning outcomes in melanoma brain metastases in Ireland, and may be useful in clinical planning, educational programs and future treatments.
Delivery of a Nicotine Replacement Therapy Sample at Outdoor Smoking Hotspots for Promoting Quit Attempts: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Cheung Yee Tak Derek , Cheung Li William Ho , Wang Man Ping , Lam Tai Hing 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Outdoor smoking hotspots are convenient venues for promoting smoking cessation. This randomized controlled trial aimed to obtain proof-of-concept evidence of the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness on quit attempts of delivering a 1-week free nicotine replacement therapy sample (NRTS) to smokers.

Methods
This pilot parallel, single-blinded, two-group (1:1) randomized controlled trial proactively recruited adult smokers in outdoor smoking hotspots in Hong Kong. Smokers consuming at least 10 cigarettes per day and fit for NRT use were individually randomized to receive either a 1-week NRT gum/patch and brief advice lasting 10 minutes (NRTS, n = 50), or receive only brief advice (control, n = 50). The primary outcomes were any self-reported quit attempts (stop smoking for at least 24 hours) at 1- and 3-month telephone follow-up. Risk ratios from log-binomial regression models were used to assess the associations.

Results
The NRTS increased quit attempts at 1-month (14% vs. 10%; adjusted risk ratio = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.43 to 3.61) and 3-month follow-up (26% vs. 12%; adjusted risk ratio = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.89 to 5.27), but the differences were not significant. Trial participation rate was about 81.3%. Around 54% of the intervention group participants used the NRT sample by the first month. The NRT users reported generally positive feedback about the usefulness of NRT sample for smoking cessation. Major factors of not using NRT included bad gum taste and their perception that NRT was not useful.

Conclusions
Delivering NRTS to smokers in outdoor smoking hotspots was feasible and efficacious in increasing NRT use. Additional post-recruitment support to sustain the use of NRT and cessation services is needed.

Implications
Our study supported that smokers at outdoor smoking hotspots can be approached for a brief smoking cessation intervention including an onsite delivery of NRTS. Delivering NRTS and a brief advice on using NRT to these smokers was feasible and efficacious to increase NRT use. A larger trial on the benefits on quit attempts and long-term abstinence is warranted.
Realism’s American Readers, 1860–1914
Authors: Johanningsmeier Charles 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that the readership for American literary realism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was much more heterogeneous and extensive than previously believed. Works of realism were not read only in high-priced magazines and books by genteel audiences living in urban areas, but they were also available in a wide variety of lower-priced books and periodicals—including newspapers—that reached people from various socioeconomic classes in small towns and rural areas as well as in cities. This chapter also provides an analysis of the limitations of previous research on readers’ reception of realist fiction, as well as a detailed explanation of the new approaches that literary scholars need to adopt in order to understand the cultural labor that realist texts performed among its various audiences.
Realism and the Uses of Humor
Authors: Bird John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which nineteenth-century American humor influenced realist writers. Down East humor and Southwestern humor in the first half of the century and literary comedians and local colorists in the second half provided models for ways to use humor to establish a sense of life, setting, characterization, satire, and social comment. An analysis of key comic scenes and techniques in Henry James’s The American, Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, William Dean Howells’s The Rise of Silas Lapham, Charles Chesnutt’s “The Goophered Grapevine,” and Edith Wharton’s The Custom of the Country shows how these writers used humor as a device in their development of realism.
Dwelling in American Realism
Authors: Armbruster Elif S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of houses and interiors in American realist fiction and argues that realist authors were preoccupied with settings and houses in a way unique to their period, the late nineteenth century, when numerous technological and aesthetic developments coincided with the reproduction of “real life” in writing. Offering the lives and literature of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Edith Wharton as useful brackets around the realist genre, the chapter illustrates the degree to which these two authors made the motif of the home central to their fiction and nonfiction. It provides detailed readings of Stowe’s Pink and White Tyranny (1871), Wharton’s The House of Mirth (1905), and Wharton’s rural novel, Summer (1917) in order to showcase how houses personify and encapsulate their characters. In realist fiction, the chapter argues, houses can be read in order to understand the characters who move within them, just as characters can be read by their homes. Finally, the chapter reveals the degree to which Gilded Age excess was replaced by early twentieth-century simplicity, which, in turn, became the linchpin for the era of modernism that evolved in literature and architecture at this time.
Racial Realism
Authors: Sheffer Jolie A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Realism as it has been articulated by white, middle-class literary gatekeepers since its heyday in the early twentieth century (and frequently into the present) has failed to address racism and imperialism of the era. Gene Jarrett describes black authors developing new literary forms in order “to re-create a lived or living world according to prevailing ideologies of race or racial difference.” This chapter expands Jarrett’s definition of “racial realism” beyond the black-white binary in order to show how writers of color from a variety of backgrounds crafted their own versions of realism, deploying allegory and making strategic use of stock genres such as the oriental romance and the western. For white readers in particular, these seemingly “nonrealist” plot elements provided intellectual distance from the contemporary injustices of racism in the age of US imperialism. However, for in-group readers, racial realism functioned both literally and figuratively to highlight experiences of racism and to legitimize histories too often ignored, misunderstood, or misrepresented in mainstream literary realism. Writers such as Winnifred Eaton and Mourning Dove created their own texts that were shaped by multiple literary ancestors and spoke simultaneously, though distinctly, to white readers and to their own communities of color.
Realism and the Middle-Class Balancing Act
Authors: Chura Patrick 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the effects of capitalism and social stratification on notions of class identity in two groups of American realist novels. First, it analyzes a pair of literary responses by William Dean Howells to the 1886 Chicago Haymarket bombing as the lead-in to a discussion of realist works about voluntary downward class mobility or “vital contact.” With Howells’s A Hazard of New Fortunes as a reference point and paradigm, the chapter also explores the ideologies implicit in several novels about upward social mobility, noting how both groups of texts are ultimately guided by a genteel perspective positioned between dominant and subordinate classes. In similar ways, the novels treated in the chapter balance middle-class loyalties against identities from higher and lower on the social scale while sending messages of both complicity and subversion on the subject of capitalist class relations.
The Evolution of American Dramatic Realism
Authors: Herrmann Eileen J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Realism in American drama has proved its resiliency from its inception at the end of the nineteenth century to its transformation into modern theater in the twentieth century. This chapter delineates the evolution of American realistic drama from the influence of European theater and its adaptation by American artists such as James A. Herne and Rachel Crothers. Flexible enough to admit the expressionistic techniques crafted by Susan Glaspell and Eugene O’Neill and leading to the “subjective realism” of Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller, realism has provided a wide foundation for subsequent playwrights such as David Mamet, August Wilson, and Sam Shepard to experiment with its form and language.
Visual Art, Intertextuality, and Authorship in the Golden Age of Illustration
Authors: Sonstegard Adam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter sketches the scope of the golden age of illustration, surveys major publishing houses’ attitudes toward visuality, the yearly incomes of prominent artists and realist authors, and the spatial proportions that leading magazines devoted to visual, as opposed to verbal, fare. It documents many readers’ experiences with illustrations that spoiled installments’ surprises, compromised a work’s narrative authority, or comically caricatured a work’s serious characterizations. Examples from A. B. Wenzell’s frontispieces for the Scribner’s serialized House of Mirth, Joseph Hatfield’s images for “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Albert Herter’s Bras Coupé in an 1899 edition of The Grandissimes, and a Puck cartoon of African Americans interacting with an advertisement for an Uncle Tom’s Cabin stage adaptation suggest that research into realism’s graphic dimensions combines innovative scholarship and rewarding archival recuperation.
Aesthetic Slippage in Realism and Naturalism
Authors: Duneer Anita 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers slippages in realist and naturalist aesthetics that transcend traditionally defined genres, terrains, and time periods. It examines realism’s and naturalism’s fluctuating acceptances and critiques of the “natural” order, bringing nineteenth-century imperialist discourse into dialogue with Darwinian themes typical of literary naturalism. The chapter proposes better understanding of the relation between realistic and naturalistic modes by examining inclusion and exclusion based on assumptions about the “natural” in analysis of slippages between representations of civilization and savagery in Jack London and Zitkala-Ša; restraint, compulsion, and the beast within the divided self in Frank Norris, Henry James, and Theodore Dreiser; and evolutionary discourse and environmental determinism in Angelina Weld Grimké, Nella Larsen, and Ann Petry. Finally, TV’s Breaking Bad and The Wire suggest that we are still grappling with the intersectional forces of race, class, and gender that define territories of privilege and limitations of the American dream.
The Role of Normative Information in Judgments of Others
Authors: Rogers Katherine H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When forming impressions of an other’s personality, people often rely on information not directly related to the individual at hand. One source of information that can influence people’s impressions of others is the personality of the average person (i.e., normative profile). This relationship between the normative profile and an impression is called normative accuracy or normativity. In this chapter, you will learn about the average personality, why it is important, the relationship to social desirability and what it means to have a normative impression, as well as correlates and moderators of normativity. More broadly, you will learn about current research and views regarding the normative profile and normative impressions as well as concrete steps for incorporating this approach into your future research on interpersonal perception.
The Link between Empirical Aesthetics and Philosophy
Authors: Seeley William P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores the complementary roles that philosophers and psychologists play in the study of art. Psychology provides a natural lens through which to interpret the history of art. Artworks are communicative events. They are cognitive, perceptual, and affective stimuli intentionally designed to express a point or purpose, articulate an idea, or convey some socially embedded meaning. Methodological progress in art is progress in a collective capacity to shape psychological responses in consumers germane to recovering this content. Understanding art in all of its variance is simply a process of tracking how artworks have been used as communicative devices within different social contexts. Philosophers and psychologists study complementary aspects of these communicative exchanges. Despite entrenched philosophical skepticism, the rich, longstanding, albeit often tacit, rapprochement between these two fields should therefore come as no surprise.
Community Policing in Schools: Relationship-Building and the Responsibilities of School Resource Officers
Authors: Broll Ryan , Howells Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
School resource officers (SROs) have become nearly ubiquitous in North American schools in the last three decades. Most research on SROs has examined their impact on violence and disorder at school, yielding mixed results; however, it is widely accepted that traditional law enforcement responsibilities comprise only one element of SROs’ triad of responsibilities, which also includes teaching and counselling. Although their responsibilities are based in community policing models, little research has explored the place of community policing principles within the work of SROs. Drawing upon mixed methods data collected from school administrators and SROs in a large Canadian city, this study examines relationship-building within the context of SROs’ triad of responsibilities. The results suggest that SROs follow a community policing approach and strategically foster mutually beneficial relationships to support their law enforcement, teaching, and counselling objectives. Further, as a result of their established relationships, SROs are positioned as key sources of support for school administrators.
Gait in People With Nonhealing Diabetes-Related Plantar Ulcers
Authors: Fernando Malindu E , Crowther Robert G , Lazzarini Peter A , Sangla Kunwarjit S , Wearing Scott , Buttner Petra , Golledge Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Abnormalities in gait have been associated with high plantar pressures and diabetes-related plantar foot ulcers. Whether these are a transient response to the ulcer or are representative of long-term lower limb biomechanical abnormalities is currently unknown.

Objective
The aim of this study was to examine whether 12 gait parameters identified as being associated with nonhealing diabetes-related plantar foot ulcers at baseline remained associated during a 6-month follow-up period.

Design
This was a longitudinal observational case-control study.

Methods
Gait assessments were performed at entry and twice during follow-up over a 6-month period in 12 participants with nonhealing diabetes-related plantar foot ulcers (case participants) and 62 people with diabetes and no history of foot ulcers (control participants) using a standardized protocol. Linear mixed-effects random-intercept models were used to identify gait parameters that consistently differed between case participants and control participants at all assessments after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, presence of peripheral neuropathy, and follow-up time. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were used to measure effect sizes.

Results
Five of the 12 gait parameters were significantly different between case participants and control participants at all 3 time points. Case participants had a more abducted foot progression angle (SMD = 0.37), a higher pelvic obliquity at toe-off (SMD = −0.46), a greater minimum pelvic obliquity (SMD = −0.52), a lower walking speed (SMD = −0.46), and a smaller step length (SMD = −0.46) than control participants.

Limitations
The limitations included a small sample size, the observational nature of the study, and the inability to evaluate the impact of gait on wound healing.

Conclusions
This study identified abnormal gait parameters consistently associated with nonhealing diabetes-related plantar foot ulcers. Further research is needed to test the clinical importance of these gait characteristics.
Management of rheumatic complications of ICI therapy: a rheumatology viewpoint
Authors: Leipe Jan , Mariette Xavier 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSince immune checkpoint inhibitors became the standard of care for an increasing number of indications, more patients have been exposed to these drugs and physicians are more challenged with the management of a unique spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Those irAEs of autoimmune or autoinflammatory origin, or both, can involve any organ or tissue, but most commonly affect the dermatological, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems. Rheumatic/systemic irAEs seem to be less frequent (although underreporting in clinical trials is probable), but information on their management is highly relevant given that they can persist longer than other irAEs. Their management consists of anti-inflammatory treatment including glucocorticoids, synthetic and biologic immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive drugs, symptomatic therapies as well as holding or, rarely, discontinuation of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we summarize the management of rheumatic/systemic irAEs based on data from clinical trials but mainly from published case reports and series, contextualize them and propose perspectives for their treatment.
Neuropeptide S promotes wakefulness through the inhibition of sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons
Authors: Chauveau Frédéric , Claverie Damien , Lardant Emma , Varin Christophe , Hardy Eléonore , Walter Augustin , Canini Frédéric , Rouach Nathalie , Rancillac Armelle 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
The regulation of sleep-wake cycles is crucial for the brain’s health and cognitive skills. Among the various substances known to control behavioral states, intraventricular injection of neuropeptide S (NPS) has already been shown to promote wakefulness. However, the NPS signaling pathway remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the effects of NPS in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the hypothalamus, one of the major brain structures regulating non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

Methods
We combined polysomnographic recordings, vascular reactivity, and patch-clamp recordings in mice VLPO to determine the NPS mode of action.

Results
We demonstrated that a local infusion of NPS bilaterally into the anterior hypothalamus (which includes the VLPO) significantly increases awakening and specifically decreases NREM sleep. Furthermore, we established that NPS application on acute brain slices induces strong and reversible tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive constriction of blood vessels in the VLPO. This effect strongly suggests that the local neuronal network is downregulated in the presence of NPS. At the cellular level, we revealed by electrophysiological recordings and in situ hybridization that NPSR mRNAs are only expressed by non-Gal local GABAergic neurons, which are depolarized by the application of NPS. Simultaneously, we showed that NPS hyperpolarizes sleep-promoting neurons, which is associated with an increased frequency in their spontaneous IPSC inputs.

Conclusion
Altogether, our data reveal that NPS controls local neuronal activity in the VLPO. Following the depolarization of local GABAergic neurons, NPS indirectly provokes feed-forward inhibition onto sleep-promoting neurons, which translates into a decrease in NREM sleep to favor arousal.