bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biology Involves Regulatory Control of Physical–Chemical Energetic Processes
Authors: Bolton Derek , Gillett Grant 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAs Engel saw, we will never make sense of psychosocial factors and their influence on health and disease while there is an underlying assumption that only physical causes are real. We believe the place to unpick this assumption is in biology and biomedicine itself, especially in the relation between biological processes and physics and chemistry. Ernst Schrödinger’s insight that biological processes run locally counter to the general direction of the second law of thermodynamics is now mainstream biophysics, as is his proposal that this is originally achieved by genes exercising information-based regulatory control of energetic processes. Information-based regulatory control mechanisms are a new and distinctive form of causation compared with conformity to the energy equations of physics and chemistry, most clearly evident in the fact that they can break down. This serves to argue against physicalism and is consistent with recent innovations in the philosophy of causation. The new concepts and principles of regulatory control apply in biology, but they also run through the psychological and social domains. This enables a more unified science, and one that has foundational differences between life and death, health and illness.
Psychology Regulates Activity in the Social World
Authors: Bolton Derek , Gillett Grant 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMoving on from biology to psychology, we propose that the core function of the psychological is agency. This conception of the psychological in the new reworked biopsychosocial theory is consistent with current psychology and neuroscience, for example the so-called 4 Es model of cognition as embodied, embedded, enactive and extended. Agency has conditions in the social and political domains—signified by concepts of autonomy and recognition—the failure of which can jeopardise the perception and exercise of agency and hence psychological health. The third component of the biopsychosocial—the social—is defined within this framework as essentially to do with control and distribution of the resources necessary for biological and psychological life. The main theme of biopsychosocial interactions threads through the chapter, including theorising the notorious (for reductionism) ‘top-down’ causal pathways. This chapter aims to provide a framework to understand how factors involved in health and disease, particularly in the contexts of public health, and managing with long-term conditions, are increasingly seen to extend beyond the internal biological environment into the psychological, social, economic and political conditions of living.
Microbial electron uptake in microbial electrosynthesis: a mini-review
Authors: Karthikeyan Rengasamy , Singh Rajesh , Bose Arpita 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Microbial electron uptake (EU) is the biological capacity of microbes to accept electrons from electroconductive solid materials. EU has been leveraged for sustainable bioproduction strategies via microbial electrosynthesis (MES). MES often involves the reduction of carbon dioxide to multi-carbon molecules, with electrons derived from electrodes in a bioelectrochemical system. EU can be indirect or direct. Indirect EU-based MES uses electron mediators to transfer electrons to microbes. Although an excellent initial strategy, indirect EU requires higher electrical energy. In contrast, the direct supply of cathodic electrons to microbes (direct EU) is more sustainable and energy efficient. Nonetheless, low product formation due to low electron transfer rates during direct EU remains a major challenge. Compared to indirect EU, direct EU is less well-studied perhaps due to the more recent discovery of this microbial capability. This mini-review focuses on the recent advances and challenges of direct EU in relation to MES.
Influence of R and S enantiomers of 1-octen-3-ol on gene expression of Penicillium chrysogenum
Authors: Yin Guohua , Zhang Yuliang , Fu Maojie , Hua Sui Sheng T , Huang Qixing , Pennerman Kayla K , Wu Guangxi , Jurick Wayne M , Lee Samantha , Bu Lijing , Zhao Hui , Bennett Joan W 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Inhibition of spore germination offers an attractive and effective target for controlling fungal species involved in food spoilage. Mushroom alcohol (1-octen-3-ol) functions as a natural self-inhibitor of spore germination for many fungi and, therefore, provides a useful tool for probing the molecular events controlling the early stages of fungal growth. In Penicillium spp., the R and S enantiomers of 1-octen-3-ol delayed spore germination and sporulation in four species of Penicillium involved in soils of fruit and grains, but to different degrees. Because of its well-annotated genome, we used Penicillium chrysogenum to perform a comprehensive comparative transcriptomic analysis of cultures treated with the two enantiomers. Altogether, about 80% of the high-quality reads could be mapped to 11,396 genes in the reference genome. The top three active pathways were metabolic (978 transcripts), biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (420 transcripts), and microbial metabolism in diverse environments (318 transcripts). When compared to the control, treatment with (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol affected the transcription levels of 91 genes, while (S)-(+)-1-octen-3-ol affected only 41 genes. Most of the affected transcripts were annotated and predicted to be involved in transport, establishment of localization, and transmembrane transport. Alternative splicing and SNPs’ analyses indicated that, compared to the control, the R enantiomer had greater effects on the gene expression pattern of Penicillium chrysogenum than the S enantiomer. A qRT-PCR analysis of 28 randomly selected differentially expressed genes confirmed the transcriptome data. The transcriptomic data have been deposited in NCBI SRA under the accession number SRX1065226.
Identification of donors for low-nitrogen stress with maize lethal necrosis (MLN) tolerance for maize breeding in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Das Biswanath , Atlin Gary N. , Olsen Michael , Burgueño Juan , Tarekegne Amsal , Babu Raman , Ndou Eric N. , Mashingaidze Kingstone , Moremoholo Lieketso , Ligeyo Dickson , Matemba-Mutasa Rumbidzai , Zaman-Allah Mainassara , San Vicente Felix , Prasanna B. M. , Cairns Jill E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAfter drought, a major challenge to smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa is low-fertility soils with poor nitrogen (N)-supplying capacity. Many challenges in this region need to be overcome to create a viable fertilizer market. An intermediate solution is the development of maize varieties with an enhanced ability to take up or utilize N in severely depleted soils, and to more efficiently use the small amounts of N that farmers can supply to their crops. Over 400 elite inbred lines from seven maize breeding programs were screened to identify new sources of tolerance to low-N stress and maize lethal necrosis (MLN) for introgression into Africa-adapted elite germplasm. Lines with high levels of tolerance to both stresses were identified. Lines previously considered to be tolerant to low-N stress ranked in the bottom 10% under low-N confirming the need to replace these lines with new donors identified in this study. The lines that performed best under low-N yielded about 0. 5 Mg ha−1(20%) more in testcross combinations than some widely used commercial parent lines such as CML442 and CML395. This is the first large scale study to identify maize inbred lines with tolerance to low-N stress and MLN in eastern and southern Africa.
Chronic Lower Leg Pain in Athletes: Overview of Presentation and Management
Authors: Mohile Neil , Perez Jose , Rizzo Michael , Emerson Christopher P. , Foremny Greg , Allegra Paul , Greditzer Harry G. , Jose Jean 
Published: March 2019

Background Athletes with chronic lower leg pain present a diagnostic challenge for clinicians due to the differential diagnoses that must be considered. Purpose/Questions We aimed to review the literature for studies on the diagnosis and management of chronic lower leg pain in athletes. Methods A literature review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane library databases were searched, and articles that examined chronic lower leg pain in athletes were considered for review. Two independent reviewers conducted the search utilizing pertinent Boolean operations. Results Following two independent database searches, 275 articles were considered for initial review. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 88 were included in the final review. These studies show that the most common causes of lower leg pain in athletes include medial tibial stress syndrome, chronic exertional compartment syndrome, tibial stress fractures, nerve entrapments, lower leg tendinopathies, and popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. Less frequently encountered causes include saphenous nerve entrapment and tendinopathy of the popliteus. Conservative management is the mainstay of care for the majority of cases of chronic lower leg pain; however, surgical intervention may be necessary. Conclusions Multiple conditions may result in lower leg pain in athletes. A focused clinical history and physical examination supplemented with appropriate imaging studies can guide clinicians in diagnosis and management. We provide a table to aid in the differential diagnosis of chronic leg pain in the athlete.
Do blind people share the tall-man stereotype?
Authors: Stefanczyk Michal Mikolaj , Wernecka Natalia , Sorokowski Piotr , Sorokowska Agnieszka 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe stereotype of a tall man has been reported in numerous studies. High stature is commonly associated with advantages such as leadership skills, wealth, intelligence or social status, and actual differences between the short and the tall men were indeed found for these traits, mainly in favor of the tall men. It is not certain, however, whether the height-related effects are biologically determined or if they result from socially-driven mechanisms. In this study we wanted to explore whether congenitally blind individuals, who are unable to perceive other people’s stature through the most salient, visual channel, share the positive, height-related stereotype. Thirty-four congenitally blind and forty-three sighted men and women rated four positive characteristics of a tall or a short man. It was found that none of the traits assigned to the tall man by the sighted people was assigned to this person by the blind individuals. In the congenitally blind group, no differences between the assessments of the tall and the short man were revealed. We discuss our findings in the context of social perception and stereotypes research.
Health and Health Seeking in Mosul During ISIS Control and Liberation: Results From a 40-Cluster Household Survey
Authors: Lafta Riyadh , Cetorelli Valeria , Burnham Gilbert 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesISIS seized Mosul in June 2014. This survey was conducted to assess health status, health needs, and health-seeking behavior during ISIS control and the subsequent Iraqi military campaign.MethodsForty clusters were chosen: 25 from east Mosul and 15 from west Mosul. In each, 30 households were interviewed, representing 7559 persons. The start house for each cluster was selected using satellite maps. The survey in east Mosul was conducted from March 13–31, 2017, and in west Mosul from July 18–31, 2017.ResultsIn the preceding 2 weeks, 265 (5.4%) adults reported being ill. Some 67 (25.3%) complaints were for emotional or behavioral issues, and 59 (22.3%) for noncommunicable diseases. There were 349 (13.2%) children under age 15 reportedly ill during this time. Diarrhea, respiratory complaints, and emotional and behavioral problems were most common. Care seeking among both children and adults was low, especially in west Mosul. During ISIS occupation, 640 (39.0%) women of childbearing age reported deliveries. Of these, 431 (67.3%) had received some antenatal care, and 582 (90.9%) delivered in a hospital. Complications were reported by 417 (65.2%).ConclusionsCommunicable and noncommunicable diseases were reported for both children and adults, with a high prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems, particularly in west Mosul. Care-seeking was low, treatment compliance for noncommunicable diseases was poor, and treatment options for patients were limited. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:758–766)
Response of the flow dynamics of Bowdoin Glacier, northwestern Greenland, to basal lubrication and tidal forcing
Authors: SEDDIK HAKIME , GREVE RALF , SAKAKIBARA DAIKI , TSUTAKI SHUN , MINOWA MASAHIRO , SUGIYAMA SHIN 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTWe use the full-Stokes model Elmer/Ice to investigate the present dynamics of Bowdoin Glacier, a marine-terminating outlet glacier in northwestern Greenland. Short-term speed variations of the glacier were observed, correlating with air temperature and precipitation, and with the semi-diurnal ocean tides. We use a control inverse method to determine the distribution of basal friction. This reveals that most of the glacier area is characterized by near-plug-flow conditions, while some sticky spots are also identified. We then conduct experiments to test the sensitivity of the glacier flow to basal lubrication and tidal forcing at the calving front. Reduction of the basal drag by 10–40% produces speed-ups that agree approximately with the observed range of speed-ups that result from warm weather and precipitation events. In agreement with the observations, tidal forcing and surface speed near the calving front are found to be in anti-phase (high tide corresponds to low speed, and vice versa). However, the amplitude of the semi-diurnal variability is underpredicted by a factor ~ 3, which is likely related to either inaccuracies in the surface and bedrock topographies or mechanical weakening due to crevassing.
THE 1860 JAPANESE EMBASSY AND THE ANTEBELLUM AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESS
Authors: DOAN NATALIA 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe 1860 Japanese embassy inspired within the antebellum African American press an imagined solidarity that subverted American state hierarchies of ‘civilization’ and race. The bodies of the Japanese ambassadors, physically incongruous with American understandings of non-white masculinity, became a centre of cultural contention upon their presence as sophisticated and powerful men on American soil. The African American and abolitionist press, reimagining Japan and the Japanese, reframed racial prejudice as an experience in solidarity, to prove further the equality of all men, and assert African American membership to the worlds of civility and ‘civilization’. The acceptance of the Japanese gave African Americans a new lens through which to present their quest for racial equality and recognition as citizens of American ‘civilization’. This imagined transnational solidarity reveals Japan's influence in the United States as African American publications developed an imagined racial solidarity with Japanese agents of ‘civilization’ long before initiatives of ‘civilization and enlightenment’ appeared on Japan's diplomatic agenda. Examining the writings of non-state actors traditionally excluded from early historical narratives of US–Japan diplomacy reveals an imagined transnational solidarity occurring within and because of an oppressive racial hierarchy, as well as a Japanese influence on antebellum African American intellectual history.
Several parameters that influence body size in the sea anemone Actinia equina in rock pools on the Yorkshire coast
Authors: Carling Bryony , Gentle Louise K. , Ray Nicholas D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDespite being classed as an asocial species, aggregations of sea anemones can be common in abundant species. UK populations of the geographically common aggressive intertidal sea anemone Actinia equina, form clustered aggregations notwithstanding a violent nature towards neighbours and relatives. Smaller in body size, and more abundant than those found in warmer climates, little research has been undertaken to discover what factors affect body size. This study investigates whether aggregation, distance to neighbour, submergence at low tide or pH in rock pools affect body size of A. equina in their natural habitat. Populations were investigated at five sites on the Yorkshire coast during August and September 2016. A total of 562 anemones were recorded revealing that solitary anemones were significantly larger than those found in clustered aggregations. In addition, anemones found submerged in rock pools at low tide were significantly larger than those found on emergent rock, and smaller anemones were found in significantly higher pH conditions (8.5+) than larger anemones. Anemones submerged at low tide are constantly able to feed and not subject to harsh conditions such as wind exposure and temperature, hence they can achieve larger sizes. Consequently, the size of the anemones may reflect a trade-off between the benefits of aggregating in exposed environments and the costs of competition for a reduced food resource.
‘Performed Conviviality’: Space, bordering, and silence in the city
Authors: CHAMBERS THOMAS 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThrough ethnographic material gathered in the Muslim woodworkingmohallas(neighbourhoods) of a North Indian city, this article attends to ‘performed’ elements of everyday convivial interactions. It builds on work that situates conviviality as a normative project aimed at understanding and fostering interaction within urban space which bridges forms of difference. Through descriptive accounts, the article illustrates how convivial exchanges can embody degrees of instrumentality and conceal relations of power and marginalization that act to silence outrage or contestation. This ‘performed conviviality’ is dealt with in a broader context of ‘scale’ to consider how marginalization and connectedness—the marginal hub—intersect in even the most mundane moments of convivial exchange. By tracing processes of marginalization, boundary making, and bordering within the local, city-wide, state, and international contexts, the article follows the production of a marginalized or ‘border’ subjectivity through to the individual level. The subjectivities produced in this context act to enforce degrees of self-imposed silence among those subjected to processes of marginalization. In addition—and again attending to scale through an acknowledgement of the connected nature of themohallas—the article also considers the role of conviviality in global chains of supply through the creation and maintenance of bonds and obligations that facilitate production in the city's wood industry.
Danger and Difference: Teatime at the northeast India-Bangladesh border
Authors: SUR MALINI 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article asks what can be learned about affinity and alterity by considering how villagers and state troops collectively live in remote and often dangerous borders. Situating this question along South Asia's longest international boundary—the India-Bangladesh border—I query the political possibilities of conviviality that bear upon altering notions of reciprocity, exchange, and trust, and which have not attracted the attention of either urban or border scholars. I argue that reciprocal webs of exchange brought Garo matrilineal kinship and Christian religiosity into relations with seemingly impersonal worlds of state control and border rule. The exchange of valued domestic objects, and the broader set of political and gendered affinities that surrounded these, are evidence of the border's changing role and temporality in mitigating difference and danger. Although these relations are embedded in the history of border-making in the Garo Hills, recent national security measures and border infrastructures have disrupted prior exchanges. These have disembedded the troops from their immediate rural environment in attempts to contain trans-border relationships.
Producing a Distant Centre: The role of wilderness in the post-Mao Tibetan Buddhist revival
Authors: CHO YASMIN 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article addresses how wilderness—through its qualities of remoteness and wildness—plays an essential role in the production of a vital religious centre in Tibet. By drawing on in-depth ethnographic observations in Yachen Gar, a mega-sized Buddhist encampment in the nomadic grasslands of China's northwestern Sichuan province, I examine the spatial and material features of the encampment, how various agents utilize these features to produce specific relations with it, and how, in this process, Yachen has become a centre of the Buddhist revival in Kham Tibet. I will present three ethnographic accounts—which focus on a Tibetan nun from the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), Chinese pilgrims, and reactions to the spread of electricity in Yachen—to address the ways in which Yachen is emplaced within the spatial and material tensions implemented and imagined by different participants. These accounts ultimately show how materiality plays a crucial role in forging the various contesting relations, actions, and meanings that constitute a social space.
Changes in the dynamic network structure of PTSD symptoms pre-to-post combat
Authors: Segal Adva , Wald Ilan , Lubin Gad , Fruchter Eyal , Ginat Keren , Ben Yehuda Ariel , Pine Daniel S. , Bar-Haim Yair 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundCombat exposure is associated with elevated risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite considerable research on PTSD symptom clustering, it remains unknown how symptoms of PTSD re-organize following combat. Network analysis provides a powerful tool to examine such changes.MethodsA network analysis approach was taken to examine how symptom networks change from pre- to post-combat using longitudinal prospective data from a cohort of infantry male soldiers (Mage = 18.8 years). PTSD symptoms measured using the PTSD Checklist (PCL) were assessed after 6 months of combat training but before deployment and again after 6 months of combat (Ns = 910 and 725 at pre-deployment and post-combat, respectively)ResultsStronger connectivity between PTSD symptoms was observed post-combat relative to pre-deployment (global strength values of the networks were 7.54 pre v. 7.92 post; S = .38, p < 0.05). Both the re-experiencing symptoms cluster (1.92 v. 2.12; S = .20, p < 0.03) and the avoidance symptoms cluster (2.61 v. 2.96; S = .35, p < 0.005) became more strongly inter-correlated post-combat. Centrality estimation analyses revealed that psychological reaction to triggers was central and linked the intrusion and avoidance sub-clusters at post-combat. The strength of associations between the arousal and reactivity symptoms cluster remained stable over time (1.85 v. 1.83; S = .02, p = .92).ConclusionsFollowing combat, PTSD symptoms and particularly the re-experiencing and avoidance clusters become more strongly inter-correlated, indicating high centrality of trigger-reactivity symptoms.