bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Enslavement to Emancipation: Naming Practices in the Danish West Indies
Authors: Abel Sarah , Tyson George F. , Palsson Gisli 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn most contexts, personal names function as identifiers and as a locus for identity. Therefore, names can be used to trace patterns of kinship, ancestry, and belonging. The social power of naming, however, and its capacity to shape the life course of the person named, becomes most evident when it has the opposite intent: to sever connections and injure. Naming in slave society was primarily practical, an essential first step in commodifying human beings so they could be removed from their roots and social networks, bought, sold, mortgaged, and adjudicated. Such practices have long been integral to processes of colonization and enslavement. This paper discusses the implications of naming practices in the context of slavery, focusing on the names given to enslaved Africans and their descendants through baptism in the Lutheran and Moravian churches in the Danish West Indies. Drawing on historiographical accounts and a detailed analysis of plantation and parish records from the island of St. Croix, we outline and contextualize these patterns and practices of naming. We examine the extent to which the adoption of European and Christian names can be read as an effort toward resistance and self-determination on the part of the enslaved. Our account is illuminated by details from the lives of three former slaves from the Danish West Indies.
Increased Variability of Thailand's Chao Phraya River Peak Season Flow and Its Association With ENSO Variability: Evidence From Tree Ring δ18O
Authors: Xu Chenxi , Buckley Brendan M. , Promchote Parichart , Wang S.‐Y. Simon , Pumijumnong Nathsuda , An Wenling , Sano Masaki , Nakatsuka Takeshi , Guo Zhengtang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe present a statistically robust reconstruction of Thailand's Chao Phraya River peak season streamflow (CPRPF) that spans the 202 years from 1804 to 2005 CE. Our reconstruction is based on tree ring δ18O series derived from three Pinus merkusii sites from Laos and Thailand. The regional δ18O index accounts for 57% of the observed variance of CPRPF. Spatial correlation and 21‐year running correlation analyses reveal that CPRPF is greatly influenced by regional precipitation variations associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Periods of enhanced and reduced ENSO activity are associated with strong and weak ENSO‐streamflow correlation, respectively. At the longer timescale, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) appears to modulate the ENSO‐streamflow correlations, with the most extreme flood events along the Chao Phraya River occurring during periods of increased frequency of La Niña events that coincide with extended cold phases of the PDO. The CPRPF reconstruction could aid management planning for Thailand's water resources.
The Shadow Price of Irrigation Water in Major Groundwater‐Depleting Countries
Authors: Bierkens Marc F. P. , Reinhard Stijn , de Bruijn Jens A. , Veninga Willeke , Wada Yoshihide 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn many semiarid regions with irrigation, the depletion rate of groundwater resources has increased substantially during the last decades. A possible reason for this is that the price that users pay for their water does not reflect its scarcity and value. An alternative way to assess the perceived value of water is calculating its shadow price, which is defined here as the marginal value produced, and relates to the efficiency gain from current reallocation. Here we determine the shadow price of water used for irrigation for the most important groundwater‐depleting countries and for four staple crops and one cash crop. To quantify the shadow price, the relation between the output and the water input is represented using production functions. We use globally available panel data on country‐specific crop yields and prices together with crop‐specific water consumption, calculated with the global hydrological model PCR‐GLOBWB, to parameterize the production function by country and crop with econometric analyses. Our results show that the variation of shadow prices for staple crops within several countries is high, indicating economically inefficient use of water resources, including nonrenewable groundwater. We also analyze the effects of reallocating irrigation water between crops, showing that changes in water allocation could lead to either an increase in the economic efficiency of water use or large reductions in irrigation water consumption. Our study thus provides a hydroeconomic basis to stimulate sustainable use of finite groundwater resources globally.
Mobility and Bioavailability of Sediment Phosphorus in Urban Stormwater Ponds
Authors: Frost Paul C. , Prater Clay , Scott Andrew B. , Song Keunyea , Xenopoulos Marguerite A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractStormwater ponds can serve as retention hotspots for phosphorus (P) moving out of the urban environment. This retention may be reduced by P speciation that reduces the bioavailability of P to primary producers and alters its mobility in sediments. Here we examined the mobility and fate of dissolved P in urban stormwater ponds with a set of complementary field measurements and short‐term laboratory and field experiments. We measured the types and amount of P in water column and sediments of urban stormwater ponds. We further assessed the mobility of different P types in pond sediments in the field and rates of P release from sediment cores maintained under laboratory conditions. Finally, we assessed P uptake rates by pond algal communities using short‐term bioassay experiments. We found that dissolved organic P was highly prevalent in urban pond water and sediments and that this type of P was mobile within sediments and could be released under high or low O2 conditions. We also found highly variable P demand by algae among stormwater ponds and that algal growth responses to P was correlated to water column N:P ratios. Altogether, our results indicate an important role for organic phosphorus cycling in urban stormwater ponds, which likely constrains the overall retention efficiency in these aquatic ecosystems.
Improving Snow Water Equivalent Maps With Machine Learning of Snow Survey and Lidar Measurements
Authors: Broxton Patrick D. , van Leeuwen Willem J. D. , Biederman Joel A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn the semiarid interior western USA, where a majority of surface water supply comes from mountain forests, high‐resolution aerial lidar‐based surveys are commonly used to study snow. These surveys provide rich information about snow depth, but they are usually not accompanied with spatially explicit measurements of snow density, which leads to uncertainty in the estimation of snow water equivalent (SWE). In this study, we use a novel approach to distribute ~300 field measurements of snow density with artificial neural networks. We combine the resulting density maps with aerial lidar snow depth measurements, bias corrected with a very large and precisely geolocated array of field‐measured snow depths (~4,000 observations), to create and validate maps of snow depth, snow density, and SWE over two sites along Arizona's Mogollon Rim in February and March 2017. These maps show differences between midwinter and late‐winter snow conditions. In particular, compared to that of snow depth, the spatial variability of snow density is smaller for the later snow survey than the earlier snow survey. These gridded data also show that the representativeness of Snow Telemetry and other point measurements is different for the midwinter and late‐winter snow surveys. Overall, the lidar artificial neural network SWE estimates can be as much as 30% different than if Snow Telemetry density were used with lidar snow depths to estimate SWE.
Baicalein inhibits fibronectin-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition by decreasing activation and upregulation of calpain-2
Authors: Chen Yan , Chen Lin , Hong Duanyang , Chen Zongyue , Zhang Jingyu , Fu Lingyun , Pan Di , Zhang Yanyan , Xu Yini , Gan Shiquan , Xiao Chaoda , Tao Ling , Shen Xiangchun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) facilitates tumorigenesis and the development of breast cancer. Inhibition of the FN-induced cellular response is a potential strategy for breast cancer treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the flavonoid baicalein on FN-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in MCF-10A breast epithelial cells and in a transgenic mouse MMTV-polyoma middle T antigen breast cancer model (MMTV-PyMT). Baicalein inhibited FN-induced migration, invasion, and F-actin remodeling. Baicalein also suppressed FN-induced downregulation of the epithelial markers E-cadherin and ZO-1 and upregulation of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail. Further investigation revealed that calpain-2 was involved in baicalein suppression of FN-induced EMT. Baicalein significantly decreased FN-enhanced calpain-2 expression and activation by suppressing its plasma membrane localization, substrate cleavage, and degradation of its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. Overexpression of calpain-2 in MCF-10A cells by gene transfection partially blocked the inhibitory effect of baicalein on FN-induced EMT changes. In addition, baicalein inhibited calpain-2 by decreasing FN-increased intracellular calcium ion levels and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases activation. Baicalein significantly decreased tumor onset, growth, and pulmonary metastasis in a spontaneous breast cancer MMTV-PyMT mouse model. Baicalein also reduced the expression of FN, calpain-2, and vimentin, but increased E-cadherin expression in MMTV-PyMT mouse tumors. Overall, these results revealed that baicalein markedly inhibited FN-induced EMT by inhibiting calpain-2, thus providing novel insights into the pharmacological action and mechanism of baicalein. Baicalein may therefore possess therapeutic potential for the treatment of breast cancer though interfering with extracellular matrix–cancer cell interactions.
Assembly of functionalized silk together with cells to obtain proliferative 3D cultures integrated in a network of ECM-like microfibers
Authors: Johansson Ulrika , Widhe Mona , Shalaly Nancy Dekki , Arregui Irene Linares , Nilebäck Linnea , Tasiopoulos Christos Panagiotis , Åstrand Carolina , Berggren Per-Olof , Gasser Christian , Hedhammar My 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTissues are built of cells integrated in an extracellular matrix (ECM) which provides a three-dimensional (3D) microfiber network with specific sites for cell anchorage. By genetic engineering, motifs from the ECM can be functionally fused to recombinant silk proteins. Such a silk protein, FN-silk, which harbours a motif from fibronectin, has the ability to self-assemble into networks of microfibers under physiological-like conditions. Herein we describe a method by which mammalian cells are added to the silk solution before assembly, and thereby get uniformly integrated between the formed microfibers. In the resulting 3D scaffold, the cells are highly proliferative and spread out more efficiently than when encapsulated in a hydrogel. Elongated cells containing filamentous actin and defined focal adhesion points confirm proper cell attachment to the FN-silk. The cells remain viable in culture for at least 90 days. The method is also scalable to macro-sized 3D cultures. Silk microfibers formed in a bundle with integrated cells are both strong and extendable, with mechanical properties similar to that of artery walls. The described method enables differentiation of stem cells in 3D as well as facile co-culture of several different cell types. We show that inclusion of endothelial cells leads to the formation of vessel-like structures throughout the tissue constructs. Hence, silk-assembly in presence of cells constitutes a viable option for 3D culture of cells integrated in a ECM-like network, with potential as base for engineering of functional tissue.
Boron tolerance and accumulation potential of four salt-tolerant plant species
Authors: Zhao Qian , Li Jia , Dai Zheng , Ma Chengcang , Sun Hongwen , Liu Chunguang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBoron (B) is an essential element for plants, but excess B is phytotoxic. Since excess B often occurs along with high salinity in the environment, the purposes of the experiments are to screen plants that tolerate both excess B and high salinity for the remediation of B-contaminated saline water or soils. Here we tested the capacities of B tolerance and accumulation of four salt-tolerant plant species, Tripolium pannonicum, Suaeda glauca, Iris wilsonii, and Puccinelliatenuiflora using hydroponic culture systems, and compared their potential for application in phytoremediation. The maximum B supply concentrations for the survival of T. pannonicum, S. glauca, I. wilsonii, and P. tenuiflora are 40, 250, 700, and 300 mg/L, respectively. The maximum B concentrations in the shoot tissue of these plants are 0.45, 2.48, 15.21, and 8.03 mg/g DW, and in the root are 0.23, 0.70, 6.69, and 2.63 mg/g DW, respectively. Our results suggest that S. glauca, I. wilsonii, and P. tenuiflora are capable of tolerating and accumulating high levels of B, and I. wilsonii is a most promising candidate for the remediation of B-contaminated sites. This study will provide evidence in support of our future pilot studies (e.g., constructed wetlands) on the phytoremediation of B-contaminated water and soil.
Blended electrospinning with human liver extracellular matrix for engineering new hepatic microenvironments
Authors: Grant Rhiannon , Hallett John , Forbes Stuart , Hay David , Callanan Anthony 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTissue engineering of a transplantable liver could provide an alternative to donor livers for transplant, solving the problem of escalating donor shortages. One of the challenges for tissue engineers is the extracellular matrix (ECM); a finely controlled in vivo niche which supports hepatocytes. Polymers and decellularized tissue scaffolds each provide some of the necessary biological cues for hepatocytes, however, neither alone has proved sufficient. Enhancing microenvironments using bioactive molecules allows researchers to create more appropriate niches for hepatocytes. We combined decellularized human liver tissue with electrospun polymers to produce a niche for hepatocytes and compared the human liver ECM to its individual components; Collagen I, Laminin-521 and Fibronectin. The resulting scaffolds were validated using THLE-3 hepatocytes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed retention of proteins in the scaffolds. Mechanical testing demonstrated significant increases in the Young’s Modulus of the decellularized ECM scaffold; providing significantly stiffer environments for hepatocytes. Each scaffold maintained hepatocyte growth, albumin production and influenced expression of key hepatic genes, with the decellularized ECM scaffolds exerting an influence which is not recapitulated by individual ECM components. Blended protein:polymer scaffolds provide a viable, translatable niche for hepatocytes and offers a solution to current obstacles in disease modelling and liver tissue engineering.
Application of tabu search-based Bayesian networks in exploring related factors of liver cirrhosis complicated with hepatic encephalopathy and disease identification
Authors: Zhang Zhuang , Zhang Jie , Wei Zhen , Ren Hao , Song Weimei , Pan Jinhua , Liu Jinchun , Zhang Yanbo , Qiu Lixia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to explore the related factors and strengths of hepatic cirrhosis complicated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) by multivariate logistic regression analysis and tabu search-based Bayesian networks (BNs), and to deduce the probability of HE in patients with cirrhosis under different conditions through BN reasoning. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that electrolyte disorders, infections, poor spirits, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic diabetes, prothrombin time, and total bilirubin are associated with HE. Inferences by BNs found that infection, electrolyte disorder and hepatorenal syndrome are closely related to HE. Those three variables are also related to each other, indicating that the occurrence of any of those three complications may induce the other two complications. When those three complications occur simultaneously, the probability of HE may reach 0.90 or more. The BN constructed by the tabu search algorithm can analyze not only how the correlative factors affect HE but also their interrelationships. Reasoning using BNs can describe how HE is induced on the basis of the order in which doctors acquire patient information, which is consistent with the sequential process of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Soil nitrogen determines greenhouse gas emissions from northern peatlands under concurrent warming and vegetation shifting
Authors: Luan Junwei , Wu Jianghua , Liu Shirong , Roulet Nigel , Wang Mei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBoreal peatlands store an enormous pool of soil carbon that is dependent upon – and vulnerable to changes in – climate, as well as plant community composition. However, how nutrient availability affects the effects of climate and vegetation change on ecosystem processes in these nutrient-poor ecosystems remains unclear. Here we show that although warming promoted higher CH4 emissions, the concurrent addition of N counteracted most (79%) of this effect. The regulation effects of the vegetation functional group, associated with the substrate quality, suggest that CH4 emissions from peatlands under future warming will be less than expected with predicted shrub expansion. In contrast, N2O flux will be enhanced under future warming with predicted shrub expansion. Our study suggests that changes in greenhouse gas emissions in response to future warming and shifts in plant community composition depend on N availability, which reveals the complex interactions that occur when N is not a limiting nutrient.
Designing and experimentally testing a flux‐focusing axial flux magnetic gear for an ocean generator application
Authors: Bahrami Kouhshahi Mojtaba , Acharya Vedanadam M. , Calvin Matthew , Bird Jonathan Z. , Williams Wesley 
Published: April 2019

The torque density characteristics for an axial flux magnetic gear using a flux‐focusing topology is experimentally studied when using neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) rare‐earth magnets. A geometric parameter sweep analysis was utilised in order to maximise both the calculated volumetric and mass torque density. The calculated torque and torque density was 628.6 N·m and 173.02 N·m/L while the experimentally measured torque and resultant torque density was 553.2 N·m and 152.3 N·m/L.
Plication versus Resection in Horizontal Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Kühne Jill , Palmowski-Wolfe Anja 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background To compare two commonly used strengthening procedures in strabismus surgery: plication and resection of the extraocular muscle (EOM).
Patients and Methods From an anonymous databank of strabismus surgeries, performed at the University Eye Hospital Basel, patients with a horizontal strabismus surgery, consisting of a recession combined with either plication or resection of the antagonist and a follow-up of at least 3 months, were included. Exclusion criteria were previous eye surgeries, binocular surgeries, and simultaneous surgery of oblique or vertical EOM. Pre- and postoperative angles were measured using the alternating prism cover test during fixation at distance.
Results Fifty-nine patients met the criteria and were matched according to the angle at baseline in the recession/plication group, resulting in 12 resection/recession and 12 plication/recession patients. There was no significant difference in the number of eso- and exodeviations, age at surgery, or gender between the groups. Mean difference between plication and resection was 1.2 PD at 1 week (p = 0.72) and 1.7 PD at 3 months (p = 0.61). A separate analysis for eso- and exodeviations showed no significant difference between recession/plication and recession/resection at 1 week or 3 months (p value side effect = 0.59; resection vs. plication at 1 week p = 0.68; resection vs. plication at 3 months: p = 0.57). The overall dose effect (SD) was 2.13 PD (0.88)/mm in the recession/plication group and 2.51 PD (0.81)/mm in the recession/resection group after 1 week (p = 0.331). After 3 months, the mean dose effect was 1.85 PD (1.06)/mm in the recession/plication group and 2.09 PD (1.12)/mm in the recession/resection group (p = 0.611).
Discussion Our findings show that recession/plication is a valid alternative to recession/resection in horizontal strabismus without the need to cut the muscle, as we saw no difference in surgical effectiveness in either eso- or exodeviations at 1 week or at 3 months.
Choroidal Neovascularisation Complicating Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: The Discovery Rate on Multimodal Imaging
Authors: Romdhane Khaled , Mantel Irmela 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Purpose To identify the image modality allowing identification of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) complicating chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), including fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A).
Methods Patients diagnosed with chronic CSCR and secondary CNV were included in the study. The image modalities FA, ICGA, and OCT-A were reviewed for specific CNV signs permitting diagnosis. Patients with missing image modalities, poor image quality, previous laser treatment, or other confounding pathologies were excluded.
Results CNV was identified on OCT-A in 32 of 33 eyes (97%), whereas ICGA revealed an abnormal vascular network in 23 eyes (70%), significantly less frequently than with OCT-A (p = 0.003). FA allowed CNV identification in 10 eyes (30%), significantly less frequently than with OCT-A (p < 0.001). Type 1 CNV was detected by OCT-A in 29 of 30 eyes (97%), by ICGA in 20 eyes (67%; p = 0.0027), and by FA in 8 eyes (27%; p < 0.001).
Conclusions OCTA is a useful diagnostic tool to detect occult CNV complicating chronic CSCR. This image modality might be important for adequate patient care.