bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Characterization of a Thin, Double‐sided Air Breathing Micro Fuel Cell
Authors: Mahmoodi S. R. , Besser R. S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAn air‐breathing micro fuel cell (μFC) with laterally fed porous anode electrode is realized and reported. The performance of this microdevice with embedded flow channels and electrodes is characterized in ambient conditions. To realize this device, we used negative epoxy‐based photoresist (SU‐8) as a stamp to transfer a microchannel pattern into a Nafion 1110 membrane by micro hot embossing. A Nafion 212 layer served to seal the device as a blanket top layer. The fabrication process of microchannels and μFC assembly is evaluated with optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) step by step. Variations of hydrogen feed rate on performance are investigated. The cell is composed of two individual fuel cells with a shared anode. The characteristics of the cell are further studied by performance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of the separate constituent cells and compared with data for the complete cell. The maximum power density per superficial (footprint) area is 68.4 mW cm−2 for the shared anode stack. In the present μFC architecture, the external packaging is Nafion polymer, which results in a thin and light energy source with simplicity of manufacturing. The device performance offers a high volumetric and gravimetric energy density for portable applications.
Hospital outcomes of older people with cognitive impairment: An integrative review
Authors: Fogg Carole , Griffiths Peter , Meredith Paul , Bridges Jackie 
Published: June 2018

ObjectivesTo summarise existing knowledge of outcomes of older hospital patients with cognitive impairment, including the type and frequency of outcomes reported, and the additional risk experienced by this patient group.MethodsIntegrative literature review. Health care literature databases, reports, and policy documents on key websites were systematically searched. Papers describing the outcomes of older people with cognitive impairment during hospitalisation and at discharge were analysed and summarised using integrative methods.ResultsOne hundred four articles were included. A range of outcomes were identified, including those occurring during hospitalisation and at discharge. Older people with a dementia diagnosis were at higher risk from death in hospital, nursing home admission, long lengths of stay, as well as intermediate outcomes such as delirium, falls, dehydration, reduction in nutritional status, decline in physical and cognitive function, and new infections in hospital. Fewer studies examined the relationship of all‐cause cognitive impairment with outcomes. Patient and carer experiences of hospital admission were often poor. Few studies collected data relating to hospital environment, eg, ward type or staffing levels, and acuity of illness was rarely described.ConclusionsOlder people with cognitive impairment have a higher risk of a variety of negative outcomes in hospital. Prevalent intermediate outcomes suggest that changes in care processes are required to ensure maintenance of fundamental care provision and greater attention to patient safety in this vulnerable group. More research is required to understand the most appropriate ways of doing this and how changes in these care processes are best implemented to improve hospital outcomes.
Genome‐wide association analysis links multiple psychiatric liability genes to oscillatory brain activity
Authors: Smit Dirk J. A. , Wright Margaret J. , Meyers Jacquelyn L. , Martin Nicholas G. , Ho Yvonne Y. W. , Malone Stephen M. , Zhang Jian , Burwell Scott J. , Chorlian David B. , de Geus Eco J. C. , Denys Damiaan , Hansell Narelle K. , Hottenga Jouke‐Jan , McGue Matt , van Beijsterveldt Catharina E. M. , Jahanshad Neda , Thompson Paul M. , Whelan Christopher D. , Medland Sarah E. , Porjesz Bernice , Lacono William G. , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOscillatory activity is crucial for information processing in the brain, and has a long history as a biomarker for psychopathology. Variation in oscillatory activity is highly heritable, but current understanding of specific genetic influences remains limited. We performed the largest genome‐wide association study to date of oscillatory power during eyes‐closed resting electroencephalogram (EEG) across a range of frequencies (delta 1–3.75 Hz, theta 4–7.75 Hz, alpha 8–12.75 Hz, and beta 13–30 Hz) in 8,425 subjects. Additionally, we performed KGG positional gene‐based analysis and brain‐expression analyses. GABRA2—a known genetic marker for alcohol use disorder and epilepsy—significantly affected beta power, consistent with the known relation between GABAA interneuron activity and beta oscillations. Tissue‐specific SNP‐based imputation of gene‐expression levels based on the GTEx database revealed that hippocampal GABRA2 expression may mediate this effect. Twenty‐four genes at 3p21.1 were significant for alpha power (FDR q < .05). SNPs in this region were linked to expression of GLYCTK in hippocampal tissue, and GNL3 and ITIH4 in the frontal cortex–genes that were previously implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In sum, we identified several novel genetic variants associated with oscillatory brain activity; furthermore, we replicated and advanced understanding of previously known genes associated with psychopathology (i.e., schizophrenia and alcohol use disorders). Importantly, these psychopathological liability genes affect brain functioning, linking the genes' expression to specific cortical/subcortical brain regions.
AHNS Series: Do you know your guidelines? AHNS Endocrine Section Consensus Statement: State‐of‐the‐art thyroid surgical recommendations in the era of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features
Authors: Ferris Robert L. , Nikiforov Yuri , Terris Davis , Seethala Raja R. , Ridge J. Andrew , Angelos Peter , Duh Quan‐Yang , Wong Richard , Sabra Mona M. , Fagin James A. , McIver Bryan , Bernet Victor J. , Harrell R. Mack , Busaidy Naifa , Cibas Edmund S. , Faquin William C. , Sadow Peter , Baloch Zubair , Shindo Maisie , Orloff Lisa , Davies Louise , Randolph Gregory W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe newly introduced pathologic diagnosis of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP) will result in less bilateral thyroid surgery as well as deescalation in T4 suppressive and radioactive iodine treatment. Although, NIFTP is a nonmalignant lesion that has nuclear features of some papillary malignancies, the challenge for the surgeon is to identify a lesion as possibly NIFTP before the pathologic diagnosis. NIFTP, due to its reduction of overall rates of malignancy, will result in the initial surgical pendulum swinging toward lobectomy instead of initial total thyroidectomy. This American Head and Neck Society endocrine section consensus statement is intended to inform preoperative evaluation to attempt to identify those patients whose final pathology report may ultimately harbor NIFTP and can be offered a conservative surgical plan to assist in cost‐effective, optimal management of patients with NIFTP.
Racial disparities in the choice of definitive treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Lewis Carol M. , Ajmani Gaurav S. , Kyrillos Alexandra , Chamberlain Paul , Wang Chi‐Hsiung , Nocon Cheryl C. , Peek Monica , Bhayani Mihir K. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundDefinitive surgery is recommended for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The purpose of this study was to present our assessment of the disparities in treatment selection for oral cavity SCC.MethodsNon‐Hispanic white and non‐Hispanic black patients with oral cavity SCC were identified in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Regression models were used to estimate relative risk (RR) of receiving surgery and absolute difference between non‐Hispanic white and non‐Hispanic black patients.ResultsThere were 82.3% of non‐Hispanic white patients who received surgery, compared to 64.2% of non‐Hispanic black patients (P < .001). The non‐Hispanic black patients were less likely to receive surgery than non‐Hispanic white patients (RR 0.87) with an absolute difference of 10.9%. The non‐Hispanic black patients were significantly more likely to not be offered surgery (RR 1.42) and to refuse recommended surgery (RR 1.38) but not have a contraindication to surgery (RR 1.17).ConclusionThe non‐Hispanic black patients are less likely to receive or be recommended surgery for oral cavity SCC and are more likely to refuse surgery. Further study is needed to identify strategies to close this disparity.
Compartmentalized endoscopic resection of the olfactory cleft for nasal intestinal adenocarcinomas
Authors: Russel Adrien , Nguyen Duc Trung , Vigouroux Charlène , Gallet Patrice , Vignaud Jean‐Michel , Rumeau Cécile , Jankowski Roger 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to describe the pathology of the different compartments in endoscopic resection of nasal intestinal‐type adenocarcinomas (ITACs) and its relationships with oncologic outcomes.MethodsThis retrospective study included all patients endoscopically operated for nasal ITACs, followed by radiotherapy in the majority of cases, between 2004 and 2014. The surgery systematically separated 3 compartments: ethmoid lateral mass, olfactory cleft, and anterior cranial fossa (in cases with skull‐base invasion) to analyze their pathological “focal” or “massive” invasion by the tumor.ResultsSixty‐seven patients (aged 69.2 ± 9.8 years) were included. Twenty‐nine patients (43.3%) had only pathological focal invasion. At 61.0 ± 41.7 months of mean follow‐up, the recurrence rates were 34.2% in the group with massive invasion and 10.3% in the group with focal invasion (P = .023). The disease‐specific death rate had a tendency to be higher in the group with massive invasion (23.7% vs 6.9% for the group with focal invasion; P = .097). By Kaplan‐Meier analysis, the 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate was better in the group with focal invasion than the group with massive invasion (P = .01). The 5‐year overall survival was not different between the 2 groups (47.4% and 65.5% for focal invasion and massive invasion respectively; P = .14).ConclusionCompartmentalized endoscopic resection, combined with postoperative radiotherapy, is one way to operate on nasal ITACs with good oncologic outcomes.
Walsh Hadamard kernel‐based texture feature for multimodal MRI brain tumour segmentation
Authors: Angulakshmi M. , Lakshmi Priya G. G 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe automated brain tumor segmentation methods are challenging due to the diverse nature of tumors. Recently, the graph based Spectral Clustering (SC) method is utilized for brain tumor segmentation to create high‐quality clusters. In this article, a new superpixel based SC using the Walsh Hadamard texture feature for multimodal brain tumor segmentation from Magnetic Resonance Image is proposed. The selected kernels of Walsh Hadamard Transform (WHT) are projected on equal size blocks of the image for texture feature extraction. The texture feature strength of each block is considered as superpixels, and these superpixels become nodes in the graph of SC. Finally, the original members of superpixels are recovered to represent Complete Tumor (CT), Tumor Core (TC), and Enhancing Tumor (ET) tissues. The observational results are brought out on BRATS 2015 data sets and evaluated using the Dice Score (DS), Hausdorff Distance, and Volumetric Difference metrics. The proposed method has produced competitive results with a DS of 0.83 for CT, 0.75 for TC, and 0.73 for ET, respectively, for high‐grade images. In case of low‐grade images, the proposed method achieves DS of 0.78 for CT, 0.68 for TC, and 0.60 for ET, respectively. The proposed method produces results better than other existing clustering methods.
Enhanced Activation of Rac1/Cdc42 and MITF Leads to Augmented Osteoclastogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Osteopetrosis Type II
Authors: Jung Youn‐Kwan , Kwon Ki‐Tae , Jang Ji‐Ae , Han Min‐Su , Kim Gun‐Woo , Han Seungwoo 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThe autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADOII) caused by the mutation of chloride channel 7 (ClC‐7) gene is the most common form of adult‐onset osteopetrosis. Despite dysfunctional bone resorption, an augmented osteoclast differentiation was reported recently in ADOII patients. DNA sequencing analysis of the ADOII patient's ClC‐7 gene identified a known heterozygous mutation, c.643G>A in exon 7, encoding p.Gly215Arg. In vitro osteoclast differentiation from the ADOII patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) increased compared with control despite their dysfunctional bone resorbing capacity. Osteoclasts from the ADOII patient's PBMCs and ClC‐7 knockdown bone marrow monocytes (BMMs) showed an enhanced Ser‐71 phosphorylation of Rac1/Cdc42 and increase of the microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) and receptor activator of NF‐κB (RANK) that can be responsible for the enhanced osteoclast differentiation. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Platelet-Derived TGF-β Induces Tissue Factor Expression via the Smad3 Pathway in Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Saito Masanori , Ichikawa Jiro , Ando Takashi , Schoenecker Jonathan G , Ohba Tetsuro , Koyama Kensuke , Suzuki-Inoue Katsue , Haro Hirotaka 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

Over the last three decades, the prognosis of osteosarcoma has remained unchanged; the prognosis for patients with lung metastasis is still poor, and the development of new treatments is urgently required. We previously showed that aggressive osteosarcoma cells express more tissue factor (TF) and demonstrate enhanced extrinsic pathway capacity. Furthermore, tumor growth can be suppressed with the anticoagulant low molecular weight heparin. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TF regulation are still unclear. Here, we report that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) upregulates TF, which can occur via activated platelets. TF was found to be expressed on osteosarcoma cell surfaces, which mediated the production of Xa and thrombin. TF induction by TGF-β was observed in several osteosarcoma cells, and especially in MG 63 cells. Both TF expression by TGF-β and extrinsic pathway activity through TF were rapidly increased. This reaction was inhibited by a TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor and TGF-β neutralizing antibody. Although TGF-β was found to phosphorylate both Smad2 and Smad3, their roles were markedly disparate. Surprisingly, Smad2 knockdown resulted in no inhibitory effect, whereas Smad3 knockdown completely suppressed TGF-β–induced TF expression. Next, data suggested that platelets were the source of TGF-β. We confirmed that thrombin-activated platelets and osteosarcoma cells could release TGF-β, and that platelet-derived TGF-β could induce TF expression. These processes were also inhibited by a TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor and Smad3 knockdown. Moreover, CD42b, TF, TGF-β, Smad2/3, and p-Smad2/3 were also detected in a biopsy sample from an osteosarcoma patient. Collectively, these finding suggested that the interaction between osteosarcoma cells and platelets, via thrombin and TGF-β, results in a continuous cycle, and that anti-platelet or anti-TGF-β therapy could be a promising tool for disease treatment. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Treatment of fecal impaction in children using combined polyethylene glycol and sodium picosulphate
Authors: Lamanna Anthony , Dughetti Lauren D , Jordan‐Ely Julie A , Dobson Kyla M , Dynan Megan , Foo Adeline , Kooiman Louise M P , Murakami Naomi , Fiuza Kaic , Foroughi Siavash , Leal Marcelo , Vidmar Suzanna , Catto‐Smith Anthony G , Hutson John M , Southwell Bridget R 
Published: June 2018

Background and AimPolyethylene glycol (PEG) is the gold standard for fecal disimpaction in constipation. A regimen of PEG combined with the stimulant laxative sodium picosulphate (SPS) produced fecal disimpaction in chronically constipated children in the community, but it is unknown if it is effective for more severe constipation. To determine the stool output and effect of a combined PEG and SPS regimen on fecaloma in children with severe constipation and impaction.MethodsChildren with symptoms for a duration of ≥2 years, a palpable fecaloma, and enlarged rectum on X‐ray (rectal: pelvic ratio > 0.6) were recruited from a tertiary hospital. Daily diaries recorded laxative dose, stool frequency, volume, and consistency (Bristol stool scale, BSS). Abdominal X‐rays were taken on day 1 and day 8, and stool loading was assessed using the Leech score. Laxative doses were based on the child's age. The dose of PEG with electrolytes taken was 2–8 sachets (14.7 g/sachet) on days 1–2, reducing to 2–6 sachets on day 3. The SPS dose was 15–20 drops on days 2–3.ResultsEighty‐nine children (4–18 years) produced a large volume of soft stool (median/inter‐quartile‐range: 2.2/1.6–3.1 L) over 7 days. Stool volume on X‐rays decreased significantly in the colon (P < 0.001). Fecalomas resolved in 40 of 89 children, while 49 needed a second high dose. Rectal:pelvic ratios did not change.ConclusionsA combined high dose of PEG and SPS on days 1 and 2 was effective in removing the fecaloma in half of the children. Administering high doses for a longer period should be tested to provide outpatient disimpaction for severe fecalomas. Rectums remained flaccid after emptying.
Epidermal growth factor receptor targeted methotrexate and small interfering RNA co‐delivery
Authors: Steinborn Benjamin , Truebenbach Ines , Morys Stephan , Lächelt Ulrich , Wagner Ernst , Zhang Wei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundDeveloping new drug delivery carriers addressing chemoresistance is still full of challenges and opportunities. As the rapid development of small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides promising therapeutic perspectives, nanocarriers for drug and siRNA co‐delivery present new alternatives for cancer therapy.MethodsA co‐delivery nanosystem for methotrexate (MTX) or gamma‐glutamylated derivatives (gE2‐MTX and gE5‐MTX) and antitumoral EG5 siRNA has been developed utilizing the sequence defined cationic lipo‐oligomers 454, 1021 and 1027. Based on a lipo‐oligomer‐MTX‐siRNA core, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted delivery system was established via post modification with the GE11 targeting peptide.ResultsAlmost 100% MTX derivative incorporation was achieved in gE2‐MTX or gE5‐MTX siRNA/454 polyplexes, whereas the particle sizes (100–150 nm) and siRNA binding abilities were well maintained. Our co‐delivery system greatly increased the MTX sensitivity of MTX resistant KB cells. Enhanced cellular internalization of GE11 siRNA/454 polyplexes incorporating either gE2‐MTX or gE5‐MTX was observed and attributed to GE11‐mediated targeting of EGFR overexpressing KB cells. GE11 modified gE2‐MTX or gE5‐MTX EG5 siRNA polyplexes illustrated the highest anti‐tumoral activities compared to free MTX or nontargeted polyplexes. The His‐containing gE2‐MTX or gE5‐MTX siRNA/1027 polyplexes showed increased tumor cell killing compared to the His‐free analogous 1021 polyplexes.ConclusionsA new strategy for co‐delivering negatively charged MTX and cytotoxic siRNA has been developed by utilizing sequence defined cationic lipo‐oligomers. Mediated by the combined effect of antifolate MTX, antimitotic EG5 siRNA and EGFR targeting by GE11, superior tumor cell killing was obtained with GE11 gE2‐MTX or gE5‐MTX EG5 siRNA/454 polyplexes.
Preoperative assessment of frailty predicts age‐related events after hepatic resection: a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Tanaka Shogo , Ueno Masaki , Iida Hiroya , Kaibori Masaki , Nomi Takeo , Hirokawa Fumitoshi , Ikoma Hisashi , Nakai Takuya , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Kubo Shoji 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundAge‐related events, such as cardiopulmonary complications, delirium, transfer to a rehabilitation facility, and dependency are a major problem after hepatic resection in the elderly. This prospective multicenter study aimed to preoperatively evaluate frailty in the elderly according to a phenotypic frail index, named the “Kihon Checklist (KCL),” to predict “age‐related events” after hepatic resection.MethodsBetween May 2016 and September 2017, 217 independently living patients who consented among all patients aged ≥65 years who planned to undergo hepatic resection were included in the study. Preoperative frailty was defined as a total KCL score ≥8. We analyzed clinical characteristics and outcomes, including age‐related events (major respiratory and cardiac complications, delirium medication needed, transfer to rehabilitation facility, and dependency) between patients with and without frailty.ResultsOf the 217 patients, 63 and 154 were classified into the frail and non‐frail groups, respectively. The incidences of age‐related events (31.7% vs. 7.8%, P < 0.001) were higher in the frail group. Multivariate analysis indicated that frailty (P < 0.001, hazard ratio 5.16) and resection of ≥2 sectors (P = 0.014, hazard ratio 2.98) were independent risk factors for age‐related events.ConclusionsFrailty evaluated by KCL in the elderly can predict postoperative age‐related events after hepatic resection.
On‐site detection of succinylcholine in biomedical matrix by surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Kai , Zhu Yingjie , Wu Jianfeng , Guo Lei , Xie Jianwei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCholine receptor blocker succinylcholine (suxamethonium [SUX]) is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent to relax muscles. It is often used in clinic to conduct auxiliary endotracheal intubation as a surgical anesthetic inducer, which can cause respiratory depression and cardiac arrest. In recent years, SUX was occasionally used for theft and crime by daubing on darts, resulting in intoxication or even death. Regarding the rapid detection demand of SUX in first aid and emergency response, a bit of challenges still existed, especially towards biomedical samples due to its properties of high hydrophilic, alkali‐liable, low onset concentration, and susceptibility to cholinesterase. In this report, we described an on‐site surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method on SUX in the first time. We found that key parameters facilitated this SERS method including MgI2‐induced appropriate aggregation and higher pH, in which enhanced electrostatic interaction between analyte and AuNPs occurred, and larger adsorption capacity of AuNPs, which makes the sensitive measurement of alkali‐liable SUX become possible. Coupled with simple and optimized pretreatment procedures, successful measurement of SUX in plasma and urine samples was also achieved. The limit of detection reached 1 μg/L in plasma and 10 μg/L in urine. We regarded acids for precipitating abundant proteins and inhibited cholinesterase activity in plasma and proteins for assisting antiagglomeration of AuNPs when coexisted with plenty of inorganic salts in urine, as the critical parameters in sample pretreatment. We hope this method can find its great potential in forensic and clinical diagnosis in case of SUX poisoning or intoxication.