bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
My Time: Incidencia de la televisión a la carta en la evolución del prime time en España
Authors: Polo-López Marc , Miotto Giorgia , Fondevila-Gascón Joan Francesc 
Published: February 2018

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar el impacto de la televisión a la carta en las audiencias del prime time en España. La aparición de distintas cadenas de televisión a lo largo de los últimos años ha supuesto una fragmentación de las audiencias en función de la oferta televisiva y de los gustos particulares de cada individuo entre la audiencia, que ha llegado a la máxima expresión desde el momento en que los espectadores pueden elegir el contenido que deseen, en el momento que prefieran. El catalizador de esta evolución en el consumo de la televisión es la tecnología en general e internet en concreto, que de forma conjunta ofrecen los dispositivos necesarios para que el consumidor de contenido audiovisual pueda acceder a ellos de la forma más rápida y cómoda. Metodología: La investigación se apoya en elementos cuantitativos como el análisis de las audiencias conseguidas por los principales programas en la televisión en España entre los años 2002 y 2015, y se complementa con valoraciones cualitativas relevantes que incluye las aportaciones de profesionales que representan a las principales empresas del sector. Resultados y conclusiones: Se valora la televisión como un medio relevante, pero con matices en cuanto a los programas y a la forma de consumir esta televisión.
An SQP method for Chebyshev and hole-pattern fitting with geometrical elements
Authors: Hutzschenreuter Daniel , Härtig Frank , Schmidt Markus 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. A customized sequential quadratic program (SQP) method for the solution of minimax-type fitting applications
in coordinate metrology is presented. This area increasingly requires highly
efficient and accurate algorithms, as modern three-dimensional geometry measurement systems
provide large and computationally intensive data sets for fitting
calculations. In order to meet these aspects, approaches for an optimization
and parallelization of the SQP method are provided. The implementation is
verified with medium (500 thousand points) and large (up to 13 million
points) test data sets. A relative accuracy of the results in the range of
1 × 10−14 is observed. With four-CPU
parallelization, the associated calculation time has been less than 5 s.
Brief Communication: Synoptic-scale differences between Sundowner and Santa Ana wind regimes in the Santa Ynez Mountains, California
Authors: Hatchett Benjamin J. , Smith Craig M. , Nauslar Nicholas J. , Kaplan Michael L. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Downslope Sundowner winds in southern California's
Santa Ynez Mountains favor wildfire growth. To explore differences between
Sundowners and Santa Ana winds (SAWs), we use surface observations from 1979 to 2014
to develop a climatology of extreme Sundowner days. The
climatology was compared to an existing SAW index from 1979 to 2012.
Sundowner (SAW) occurrence peaks in late spring (winter). SAWs demonstrate
amplified 500 hPa geopotential heights over western North America and
anomalous positive inland mean sea-level pressures. Sundowner-only
conditions display zonal 500 hPa flow and negative inland sea-level pressure
anomalies. A low-level northerly coastal jet is present during Sundowners
but not SAWs.
Clinical Outcomes After Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty With and Without Subscapularis Repair: The Importance of Considering Glenosphere Lateralization
Authors: Werner Brian C. , Wong Alexandra C. , Mahony Gregory T. , Craig Edward V. , Dines David M. , Warren Russell F. , Gulotta Lawrence V. 
Published: February 2018

Introduction:
Recent biomechanical data suggests that repairing the subscapularis during reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) can increase the force required by the posterior rotator cuff and deltoid to elevate the arm.

Methods:
We retrospectively studied patients who underwent primary RSA and had baseline and minimum 2-year postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder scores, stratified them according to subscapularis management, then subgrouped them according to lateralization of the glenosphere component.

Results:
Patients with subscapularis repair and a lateralized glenosphere had significantly less improvement in ASES scores than did those without lateralization (P = 0.016) and patients without subscapularis repair (P = 0.006). Individually, subscapularis management (P = 0.163) and glenosphere lateralization (P = 0.847) had no significant effect on the change in ASES score but in combination did have a significant effect on the change in ASES score (P = 0.002).

Discussion:
The combination of subscapularis repair and glenosphere implant lateralization in RSA translates to significantly less clinical improvement.

Conclusions:
Patients who underwent both subscapularis repair and glenosphere lateralization had significantly less improvement in ASES scores.

Level of Evidence:
Level III
Impact of Narrative Exposure Therapy on torture survivors in the MENA region
Authors: Kirstine Viller Hansen Ane , Sloth Hansen-Nord Nete , Smeir Issam , Engelkes-Heby Lianne , Modvig Jens 
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a brief cognitive-behavioural intervention for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which has mostly been used to treat traumatised asylum seekers and refugees in high-income settings. Evidence is scarce on the effectiveness of NET with torture survivors, especially in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region where health systems are unable to meet the increasing needs of mental health disorders caused by war and displacement. Click on pdf for full abstract.
Assessing intraspecific genetic diversity from community DNA metabarcoding data
Authors: Elbrecht Vasco , Vamos Ecaterina Edith , Steinke Dirk , Leese Florian 
Published: February 2018

Background. DNA metabarcoding is used to generate species composition data for entire communities. However, sequencing errors in high throughput sequencing instruments are fairly common, usually requiring reads to be clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTU), loosing information on intraspecific diversity in the process.
Methods. This study combines sequence denoising strategies, normally applied in microbial research, with additional abundance based filtering to extract haplotypes from freshwater macroinvertebrate metabarcoding data sets. This novel approach is implemented in the R package "JAMP" and can be applied to Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) amplicon datasets. We tested our haplotyping method by sequencing i) a single-species mock community composed of 31 individuals with different haplotypes spanning three orders of magnitude in biomass and ii) 18 monitoring samples each amplified with four different primer sets and two PCR replicates.
Results. We detected all 15 haplotypes of the single specimens in the mock community with relaxed filtering and denoising settings. However, up to 480 additional unexpected haplotypes remained in both replicates. Rigorous filtering removes most unexpected haplotypes, but also can discard expected haplotypes mainly from the small specimens. In the monitoring samples, the different primer sets detected 177 - 200 OTUs, each containing an average of 2.40 to 3.30 haplotypes per OTU. Population structures were consistent between replicates, and similar between primer pairs, depending on the primer length. A closer look at abundant taxa in the data set revealed various population genetic patterns, e.g. Taeniopteryx nebulosa and Hydropsyche pellucidula with a difference in north-south haplotype distribution, while Oulimnius tuberculatus and Asellus aquaticus display no clear population pattern but differ in genetic diversity.
Discussion. We developed a strategy to infer intraspecific genetic diversity from bulk invertebrate samples using metabarcoding data. It needs to be stressed that at this point metabarcoding-informed haplotyping is not capable to capture the full diversity present in bulk samples, due to variation in specimen size, primer bias and loss of sequence variants with low abundance. Nevertheless, for a high number of species intraspecific diversity is recovered, identifying potentially isolated populations and potential taxa for further more detailed phylogeographic investigation. While we are currently lacking large-scale metabarcoding data sets to fully take advantage our new approach, metabarcoding-informed haplotyping holds great promise for biomonitoring efforts that not only seek information about biological diversity but also underlying genetic diversity.
Quantifying Extremely Rapid Flux Enhancements of Radiation Belt Relativistic Electrons Associated With Radial Diffusion
Authors: Liu Si , Yan Qi , Yang Chang , Zhou Qinghua , He Zhaoguo , He Yihua , Gao Zhonglei , Xiao Fuliang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPrevious studies have revealed a typical picture that seed electrons are transported inward under the drive of radial diffusion and then accelerated via chorus to relativistic energies. Here we show a potentially different process during the 2–3 October 2013 storm when Van Allen Probes observed extremely rapid (by about 50 times in 2 h) flux enhancements of relativistic (1.8–3.4 MeV) electrons but without distinct chorus at lower L‐shells. Meanwhile, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellites simultaneously measured enhanced chorus and fluxes of energetic (∼100–300 keV) seed electrons at higher L‐shells. Numerical calculations show that chorus can efficiently accelerate seed electrons at L ∼ 8.3. Then radial diffusion further increased the phase space density of relativistic electrons throughout the outer radiation belts, with a remarkable agreement with the observation in magnitude and timescale. The current results provide a different physical scenario on the interplay between radial diffusion and local acceleration in outer radiation belt.
A Review of Alfvénic Turbulence in High‐Speed Solar Wind Streams: Hints From Cometary Plasma Turbulence
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T. , Lakhina Gurbax S. , Sen Abhijit , Hellinger Petr , Glassmeier Karl‐Heinz , Mannucci Anthony J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSolar wind turbulence within high‐speed streams is reviewed from the point of view of embedded single nonlinear Alfvén wave cycles, discontinuities, magnetic decreases (MDs), and shocks. For comparison and guidance, cometary plasma turbulence is also briefly reviewed. It is demonstrated that cometary nonlinear magnetosonic waves phase‐steepen, with a right‐hand circular polarized foreshortened front and an elongated, compressive trailing edge. The former part is a form of “wave breaking” and the latter that of “period doubling.” Interplanetary nonlinear Alfvén waves, which are arc polarized, have a ~180° foreshortened front and with an elongated trailing edge. Alfvén waves have polarizations different from those of cometary magnetosonic waves, indicating that helicity is a durable feature of plasma turbulence. Interplanetary Alfvén waves are noted to be spherical waves, suggesting the possibility of additional local generation. They kinetically dissipate, forming MDs, indicating that the solar wind is partially “compressive” and static. The ~2 MeV protons can nonresonantly interact with MDs leading to rapid cross‐field (~5.5% Bohm) diffusion. The possibility of local (~1 AU) generation of Alfvén waves may make it difficult to forecast High‐Intensity, Long‐Duration AE Activity and relativistic magnetospheric electrons with great accuracy. The future Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus missions should be able to not only test these ideas but to also extend our knowledge of plasma turbulence evolution.
The Role of Pore Fluid Pressure on the Failure of Magma Reservoirs: Insights From Indonesian and Aleutian Arc Volcanoes
Authors: Albino F. , Amelung F. , Gregg P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe use numerical models to study the mechanical stability of magma reservoirs embedded in elastic host rock. We quantify the overpressure required to open tensile fractures (the failure overpressure), as a function of the depth and the size of the reservoir, the loading by the volcanic edifice, and the pore fluid pressure in the crust. We show that the pore fluid pressure is the most important parameter controlling the magnitude of the failure overpressure rather than the reservoir depth and the edifice load. Under lithostatic pore fluid pressure conditions, the failure overpressure is on the order of the rock tensile strength (a few tens of megapascals). Under zero pore fluid pressure conditions, the failure overpressure increases linearly with depth (a few hundreds of megapascals at 5 km depth). We use our models to forecast the failure displacement (the cumulative surface displacement just before an eruption) on volcanoes showing unrest: Sinabung and Agung (Indonesia) and Okmok and Westdahl (Aleutian). By comparison between our forecast and the observation, we provide valuable constraint on the pore fluid pressure conditions on the volcanic system. At Okmok, the occurrence of the 2008 eruption can be explained with a 1,000 m reservoir embedded in high pore fluid pressure, whereas the absence of eruption at Westdahl better suggests that the pore fluid pressure is much lower than lithostatic. Our finding suggests that the pore fluid pressure conditions around the reservoir may play an important role in the triggering of an eruption by encouraging or discouraging the failure of the reservoir.
Microseismicity of an Unstable Rock Mass: From Field Monitoring to Laboratory Testing
Authors: Colombero C. , Comina C. , Vinciguerra S. , Benson P. M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe field‐scale microseismic (MS) activity of an unstable rock mass is known to be an important tool to assess damage and cracking processes eventually leading to macroscopic failures. However, MS‐event rates alone may not be enough for a complete understanding of the trigger mechanisms of mechanical instabilities. Acoustic Emission (AE) techniques at the laboratory scale can be used to provide complementary information. In this study, we report a MS/AE comparison to assess the stability of a granitic rock mass in the northwestern Italian Alps (Madonna del Sasso). An attempt to bridge the gap between the two different scales of observation, and the different site and laboratory conditions, is undertaken to gain insights on the rock mass behavior as a function of external governing factors. Time‐ and frequency‐domain parameters of the MS/AE waveforms are compared and discussed with this aim. At the field scale, special attention is devoted to the correlation of the MS‐event rate with meteorological parameters (air temperature and rainfalls). At the laboratory scale, AE rates, waveforms, and spectral content, recorded under controlled temperature and fluid conditions, are analyzed in order to better constrain the physical mechanisms responsible for the observed field patterns. The factors potentially governing the mechanical instability at the site were retrieved from the integration of the results. Abrupt thermal variations were identified as the main cause of the site microsesimicity, without highlighting irreversible acceleration in the MS‐event rate potentially anticipating the rock mass collapse.
Vertical Variation of the Effects of Atmospheric Stability on Turbulence Statistics Within the Roughness Sublayer Over Real Urban Canopy
Authors: Zou Jun , Sun Jianning , Liu Gang , Yuan Renmin , Zhang Hongsheng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEddy correlation measurements have been carried out at six different heights above the urban canopy in three cities of China, that is, Nanjing, Changzhou, and Suzhou. Observations at these heights are used to evaluate the dependence of normalized standard deviations of velocity components σi/u*l (i = u, v, w) and temperature
on local atmospheric stability ζ (=(z − zd)/Λ), where u*l is the local friction velocity, Tv*l is the local temperature scale, zd is the displacement height, and Λ is the local Obukhov length. It is found that the universal functions ai(1 + bi| ζ| )1/3 and
, in which ai, bi, and
are empirical coefficients, are suitable for describing the behaviors of σi/u*l and
, respectively. Under neutral conditions (|ζ| < 0.05), the value of σi/u*l (approximately equal to ai) decreases with height. On the other hand, bi increases with height under both unstable (ζ < − 0.05) and stable (ζ > 0.05) conditions, suggesting that the thermal effect of stratification on the standard deviations of velocity components increases with height in the urban roughness sublayer. However, the behavior of
is different from that of σi/u*l.
remains constant with height under unstable conditions but increases with height under stable conditions. Vertical variations of these coefficients in the universal functions are consistent with the concept of local similarity, suggesting that the turbulence behavior in the urban roughness sublayer is different from that over the flat terrain.
A Multiplicative Cascade Model for High‐Resolution Space‐Time Downscaling of Rainfall
Authors: Raut Bhupendra A. , Seed Alan W. , Reeder Michael J. , Jakob Christian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDistributions of rainfall with the time and space resolutions of minutes and kilometers, respectively, are often needed to drive the hydrological models used in a range of engineering, environmental, and urban design applications. The work described here is the first step in constructing a model capable of downscaling rainfall to scales of minutes and kilometers from time and space resolutions of several hours and a hundred kilometers. A multiplicative random cascade model known as the Short‐Term Ensemble Prediction System is run with parameters from the radar observations at Melbourne (Australia). The orographic effects are added through multiplicative correction factor after the model is run. In the first set of model calculations, 112 significant rain events over Melbourne are simulated 100 times. Because of the stochastic nature of the cascade model, the simulations represent 100 possible realizations of the same rain event. The cascade model produces realistic spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall at 6 min and 1 km resolution (the resolution of the radar data), the statistical properties of which are in close agreement with observation. In the second set of calculations, the cascade model is run continuously for all days from January 2008 to August 2015 and the rainfall accumulations are compared at 12 locations in the greater Melbourne area. The statistical properties of the observations lie with envelope of the 100 ensemble members. The model successfully reproduces the frequency distribution of the 6 min rainfall intensities, storm durations, interarrival times, and autocorrelation function.
Investigation of Turbulent Entrainment‐Mixing Processes With a New Particle‐Resolved Direct Numerical Simulation Model
Authors: Gao Zheng , Liu Yangang , Li Xiaolin , Lu Chunsong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA new particle‐resolved three‐dimensional direct numerical simulation model is developed that combines Lagrangian droplet tracking with the Eulerian field representation of turbulence near the Kolmogorov microscale. Six numerical experiments are performed to investigate the processes of entrainment of clear air and subsequent mixing with cloudy air and their interactions with cloud microphysics. The experiments are designed to represent different combinations of three configurations of initial cloudy area and two turbulence modes (decaying and forced turbulence). Five existing measures of microphysical homogeneous mixing degree are examined, modified, and compared in terms of their ability as a unifying measure to represent the effect of various entrainment‐mixing mechanisms on cloud microphysics. Also examined and compared are the conventional Damköhler number and transition scale number as a dynamical measure of different mixing mechanisms. Relationships between the various microphysical measures and dynamical measures are investigated to search for a unified parameterization of entrainment‐mixing processes. The results show that even with the same cloud water fraction, the thermodynamic and microphysical properties are different, especially for the decaying cases. Further analysis confirms that despite the detailed differences in cloud properties among the six simulation scenarios, the variety of turbulent entrainment‐mixing mechanisms can be reasonably represented with power law relationships between the microphysical homogeneous mixing degrees and the dynamical measures.
Toward Exploring the Synergy Between Cloud Radar Polarimetry and Doppler Spectral Analysis in Deep Cold Precipitating Systems in the Arctic
Authors: Oue Mariko , Kollias Pavlos , Ryzhkov Alexander , Luke Edward P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe study of Arctic ice and mixed‐phase clouds, which are characterized by a variety of ice particle types in the same cloudy volume, is challenging research. This study illustrates a new approach to qualitative and quantitative analysis of the complexity of ice and mixed‐phase microphysical processes in Arctic deep precipitating systems using the combination of Ka‐band zenith‐pointing radar Doppler spectra and quasi‐vertical profiles of polarimetric radar variables measured by a Ka/W‐band scanning radar. The results illustrate the frequent occurrence of multimodal Doppler spectra in the dendritic/planar growth layer, where locally generated, slower‐falling particle populations are well separated from faster‐falling populations in terms of Doppler velocity. The slower‐falling particle populations contribute to an increase of differential reflectivity (ZDR), while an enhanced specific differential phase (KDP) in this dendritic growth temperature range is caused by both the slower and faster‐falling particle populations. Another area with frequent occurrence of multimodal Doppler spectra is in mixed‐phase layers, where both populations produce ZDR and KDP values close to 0, suggesting the occurrence of a riming process. Joint analysis of the Doppler spectra and the polarimetric radar variables provides important insight into the microphysics of snow formation and allows the separation of the contributions of ice of different habits to the values of reflectivity and ZDR.