bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tools of Diplomacy : The Relation between Ends and Means is the Central Problem in Foreign Policy
Authors: Bloomfield Lincoln P. 
Published: September 2018

In the field of foreign policy, one of the most intriguing differences between the practitioner and the theoretician lies in the realm of doctrinal controversy. The prime controversy that has agitated academicians in recent years is one that is now very familiar. It is the alleged conflict between Realism and Idealism.At its heart this argument has to do with the connection between personal ethics and international politics. In its most explicit form this argument involves appraisals of the institutions of collective intergovernmental action our age has erected in profusion, particularly the global variety of political international organization that has taken shape in the League and the UN. It is here above all that our intellectuals have sometimes tended to become a trifle unscholarly as they hurled at each other the epithets of “Cynic” or “Utopian Dreamer”. Our diplomatic tools in the form of inter-governmental institutions have in this sense been made to carry a heavy supercargo of freight bearing on ends and means, the nature of man, and the general residuum of the eighteenth and nineteenth century debates about the perfectibility of man and the inevitability of social progress.
Some Strategies of Non–Violence
Authors: Karol Gottwald Norman 
Published: September 2018

In the present heated debate over the justice and sanity of thermonuclear defense—a debate already well advanced in Great Britain and gaining headway in the United States—it often appears that nuclear realists and nuclear pacifists deliberately misunderstand one another. There is a disturbing tendency to bypass concrete discussion and to scatter energy in personal acrimony and repetition of cliches.Apparently the problem is simply that each position sees its opposite as an absolute antithesis. The nuclear pacifist tends to regard nuclear realism as a reckless and wanton invitation to the total destruction of civilization. The nuclear realist tends to look upon nuclear pacifism as a sentimental and foolhardy summons to total capitulation to Communism. As a matter of fact, search as we will, there do not seem to be any serious advocates of either extreme. The opponents so conceived are caricatures. No one aspires to total destruction or to total surrender. Each side believes precisely in the feasibility of its strategy for avoiding both catastrophes. There are, of course, important differences in the weight given to the two extreme possibilities and the question as to which is the worse fate, total destruction or total surrender, is an urgent subject for debate.
War and the Absolutists
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W. 
Published: September 2018

No problem facing contemporary world leaders tests political intelligence and moral imagination more severely than the issue of nuclear weapons. The awesome question of what is a viable armaments policy perplexes men no less in 1960 than it did in 1945. What are responsible governments to do with instruments of lethal destruction? What programs can international institutions devise that will broaden the narrow spectrum of security that nations have enjoyed since World War II? Who is prepared to gamble on another's restraint with the growing stockpiles of ever more deadly weapons that nations possess?If there is no security in national weakness can states find safety in national strength? If so, what has happened to criteria of national power when thermonuclear devices can in fatal strikes wipe out whole populations, armies and industrial potentials?
The Recovery of Ethics
Authors: Nitze Paul H. 
Published: September 2018

There are a host of issues facing us today which pose an ethical problem in the field of foreign policy. What kind of international order will prevail in the future? Will it be one compatible with ideas, principles, and political structures such as those we enjoy in the United States while offering a place within that structure to Communist states? Or will it be an international structure designed by and compatible with the objectives of the Communist states while offering a possibility of coexistence to us and to other states similarly organized?Under what types of circumstances, if any, should we continue nuclear tests? Under what circumstances, if any, should we actually use nuclear weapons? Under what circumstances, if any, should we use nuclear weapons to enforce our views of what is just and equitable in the relations between nations? Under what circumstances, if any, should we use firm measures to keep our allies from engaging“ in unjust or imprudent actions?
Italy's “Opening to the Left”
Authors: Robert Nilsson K. 
Published: September 2018

Since the Italian General Elections of April 28-29, the buzz of speculation has been increasing noticeably. For they seem to have provided infinite diagnostic opportunities, as though to confirm Gaetano Salvemini's description of those scholars who incline “neither on the one hand to partiality nor on the other to impartiality.“Thus, the losses of the Christian Democracy Party (CD) to the Liberal Right are explained as a rejection of the “opening to the left.” “On the other hand,” CD losses to the Socialist and Communist Left are attributed to the slowness with which the “opening” was being put into effect. From yet another side, the losses have been attributed to the melting away of old barriers against the Communist classenemy. Proponents of this view point with alarm to the encyclicals of the late Pope John, Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris.
The United States and United Europe
Authors: Fedder Edwin H. 
Published: September 2018

The current debate concerning the role to be played by the United States with respect to the expanding Common Market is in many ways as unreal as the proverbial angels and pinheads. The unreality stems from the fact that the United States has no choice—we are irrevocably committed to our identification with Western Europe.Despite the level of integration already achieved by the Western European nations, it can still be fashionable in informed circles to minimize the developments which have been leading toward the creation of a United Europe, to say that current plans for unification will come to naught. While it is true that earlier plans failed, there are sound reasons to say that those on the boards now will not.
Intensive Care of Acute Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Authors: Ropper Allan H. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGuillain-Barré syndrome causes, in addition to paralysis and respiratory failure, many general medical problems that have great bearing on outcome. The main features of daily care that require attention are: respiratory and urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hyponatremia, pain control, and the potential for pulmonary embolism. Dysautonomic problems that arise specifically in the intensive care unit include: hyper- and hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and ileus. Throughout the illness, certain psychological aberrations and communication problems must be addressed. The experience reviewed herein provides a practical approach to these problems.
Notes on the Dialogue
Authors: Molnar Thomas 
Published: September 2018

The French saying, Pas d'ennemi à gauche, can be paraphrased today: No dialogue with the right. For indeed, the “dialogue,” the most popular term of the sixties, is a companion-word of peaceful coexistence with communism and of apertura a sinistra, even of ecumenism whose noble objectives have been corrupted by the scramble of many, so-called ecumenists for the atheist's smile.Primarily, then, “dialogue” is a political term, masking a strategy designed to appease and validate the ideological Left. Since this Left has its representatives within die Christian churches as well as in the political arena, it is hard to separate church matters from more generally political matters in discussing the dialogue. To a large extent, indeed, they overlap, as is shown by the identity of expressions that advocates of political or religious dialogue use in their parallel approach to the problem.
Organized Religion and Peace
Authors: Moore Arthur 
Published: September 2018

“Do organized religions have the right to consider problems of war and peace?” The answer, of course, is yes. This may seem to some a mere cliché, but given the extremely wide spectrum of contemporary opinion about what religion should or should not do, it is useful to emphasize this point.To those of us who get letters from readers or telephone calls from parishioners, it may not seem immediately evident that this point is generally acknowledged. It is nevertheless true. No matter how angry the reaction may be to any given statement, the basic attack, ultimately, is almost always on the content of the statement rather than upon the right of the religious group to make a statement of some kind about war and peace.
A Sleep of Prisoners
Authors: Gottwald Norman K. 
Published: September 2018

Strange how we trust the powers that ruin And not the powers that bless Christopher Fry, A Sleep of PrisonersA key issue in modern international affairs is the policy of possessing nuclear weapons in order allegedly to prevent war. Christian conscience cannot evade the dilemma that this policy poses. It is easy to try to pull the sting from it by playing a game with words and theories.A recent instance of a common way of pulling the sting is Bernard Brodie's “Morals and Strategy” (worldview, September 1964).
American Diplomacy and the First Cuban Revolution
Authors: Dewart Leslie 
Published: September 2018

To date, most interpretations of Cuban-American relations since Castro's revolution have depended in great part upon the assumption of either unqualified benevolence or sordid malignancy in American diplomacy towards Cuba. Both these prejudices are false; American diplomacy has been of a highly ambivalent nature.To understand this it might be useful to recall what few students of recent Cuban events have remembered, namely, that Castro's was only the second radical reconstruction attempt in Cuba to have posed problems for the United States.
Internationalism and the Nations of Europe
Authors: Lukacs John 
Published: September 2018

Let us begin with the obvious. A certain kind of “Europe” is taking shape. I put “Europe” within quotation marks. This “Europe” which is taking shape, is a “Europe” of institutions. It is a result of the achievements of the fifties rather than of the forties and of the sixties; of the Schuman Plan and of the Western European Union and of the Common Market, of WEU and EPU and ECSC and EFTA, of Europ and Euratom and Europlan and Eurovision, of OEEC and OECD and TEE.There is nothing in history which is inevitable, and the history of no continent shows this better than the history of Europe: but certain things are irreversible (an interesting thought for philosophers: why, historically speaking, “inevitable” and “irreversible“ are not at all the same) and this development of “European” institutions is one of them.
Questioning the Basic Premises
Authors: Thatcher Harold W. 
Published: September 2018

Since the beginning of our intervention in Vietnam there has been much criticism of our ill-fated policy there. Much of it, however, has been aimed at our tactics and techniques and therefore has not been very effective because, once the basic premises and assumptions of the government's policy in Vietnam are accepted, a good case can be made out by the Administration for the means employed. What should be criticized and attacked are the basic premises and assumptions, for these seem, in almost every instance, to be demonstrably false.Before examining these basic premises, however, it may be well to say a few words about the climate in which all of our foreign policy since World War II has been conducted. The two words which most succinctly characterize this climate are fear and hate.
Latin American Diary
Authors: Tillman Seth 
Published: September 2018

December 1,1967—Recife. After flying all night from Miami, I arrived in Recife this morning.’ I wanted to see the town, the shanty towns which are called “favelas” (the word is the Portuguese equivalent of the Spanish “barriadas”), the dry “sertao” of the interior if possible and one or more of the coastal sugar plantations.The northeast of Brazil is divided into two general regions: the coastal sugar plantations, owned by powerful but not always prosperous sugar barons and worked by illiterates, most of whom receive less than the Federal minimum wage of $26 a month; and the interior sertao, populated by illiterate and extremely poor farmers who, in the frequent droughts, often starve or pour desperately intd Recife or other cities.
As Freedom is a Fantasy
Authors: Gendler Everett E. 
Published: September 2018

In the first sense of the term, the representation of that not actually present, it is in fact a fantasy “that military service in this country's aimed forces is an option exercisable solely at the discretion of the individual,” as Freedom House proclaims. The “option” of military service is indeed not exercised today “solely at the discretion of the individual,” neither in this country nor any other. Such an option is “not actually present”.Which means what? Simply that a central meaning of freedom — “… existing under a government which … does not encroach upon individual rights … acting of one's own will or choice; not determined from without” — is not yet a reality for young men anywhere on this planet.
The Choice Is Ours — Now
Authors: Klutznick Philip M. 
Published: September 2018

I welcome an opportunity to briefly examine Walt Rostow's contention that we are at a watershed. I am inclined to accept the generic proposition, although it will become apparent that the premises with which we support the conclusion differ.Vietnam can well be the last great confrontation of the postwar era if we learn the lessons of Vietnam as well as others of recent years. Vietnam is providing an excellent modern example of the limitations of enormous military power. In another area, the Kennedy round, which was completed some months ago, there is also provided a classic example of the limitations of enormous economic power. If the people of the United States and especially its leadership can profit from the experiences of recent months on the military and economic fronts, then Mr. Rostow's thesis that we are at a watershed should prove valid. If we fail to understand or misinterpret what is happening, then it is possible that Mr. Washburn and the new generation are in for the kind of difficulties that could arise from a major decline in the affluence and influence of the United States. Naturally, every American might selfishly view such a prospect with great concern; I am sufficiently chauvinistic about our nation's potential for good that I view it with alarm for the world as a whole.
The Challenge of the Future
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W. 
Published: September 2018

No task in political science or diplomatic analysis is more baffling and uncertain than that of political prediction. To say that we are at a watershed in the unfolding of contemporary international relations is to postulate the existence of deep running social and political forces so powerful that they will carry international society into a new era. That important forces exist affecting international politics is beyond dispute; that these aspects of the present day world are capable of transforming the relations among men and nations is far less susceptible of proof.It is sobering to look back to the dominant views concerning international society which were prevalent two decades ago. First, many saw in the establishment of the United Nations the possibility of removing power politics and rivalries among states from the international scene.
The Illusions of a Realist
Authors: Molnar Thomas 
Published: September 2018

Charles de Gaulle has always been a rather enigmatic figure, and from his earliest days as an officer he carefully cultivated this image of himself. In one of his books he wrote that it is the leader's destiny to remain aloof and shoulder silently the burden of responsibility. And he considered himself as the future leader of France back in the late 1920's when one day he confided to a fellow officer his premonition that the country would yet call upon him to save her.To his contemporaries. the enigma seemed more often than not ominous. Once in the mid-30's Leon Blum named him in a warning to the National Assembly against setting up an armée de metier, an elite corps of motorized troops “ready for any adventure.” Blum added that M. de Gaulle copied the idea from experiments in the German army, a statement that certainly did not endear the politician to the colonel. The latter claimed-to have been an innovator in the matter of using rapid armored divisions in a future war.
Modern War and the Just War
Authors: Douglass James W. 
Published: September 2018

In view of the agreement being pounded out for a test-ban treaty and the hope that we are entering a new stage of East-West understanding, it may seem academic at this point to re-open discussion of die morality of nuclear war. There are substantial reasons for thinking otherwise.The first is that the apocalyptic weapons which have driven fear into the heart of humanity remain present and poised for firing. Their number, in fact, continues to increase even as the peaceful effects of the understanding at Moscow move across the earth giving rise to men's joy and hope. Without discouraging such profound hopes, for which there are good reasons, we must nevertheless recognize the unlikelihood of a test-ban generating so rapid an agreement on disarmament that we shall see the great weapons removed and destroyed in the near future.
Christianity and Communism: The Emerging Dialogue
Authors: Murchland Bernard 
Published: September 2018

“There are two kinds of truth,” the Danish physicist, Niels Bohr, used to tell his students, “small truth and great truth. You can recognize a small truth because its opposite is falsehood. The opposite of a great truth is another truth.”I suggest it might be helpful to view Christianity and communism as two great truths, in Bohr's sense. The issue between them is not so much one of truth and falsehood as the more comprehensive opposition of the kind exhibited by different philosophies of life, each making claim to man's total allegiance. This opposition ought in fact to be a form of creative collaboration, for the truth never'competes with itself, only with error.
In Defense of Defense
Authors: Gessert Robert A. 
Published: September 2018

Confusion and a deep division within the American public over die value of an anti-ballistic missile (A.B.M.) defense system was reflected in the midsummer vote in the Senate to authorize about $900 million for expenditure in fiscal year 1970 for President Nixon's Safeguard A.B.M. system.During the debate that preceded the Senate vote, public and religious presses carried many articles that presented forceful arguments against the Safeguard program. These seem to boil down to two principal issues of moral concern: it is alleged, first, that the Safeguard A.B.M. would introduce a destabilizing element into the strategic nuclear balance just at the time we are attempting to enter negotiations with the Soviet. Union for limitation on strategic armaments; second, that deployment of the Safeguard system would be wasteful of national resources needed for pressing domestic problems.
No More Vietnams: The End of Intervention?
Authors: Paton Davies John 
Published: September 2018

Some twenty years ago, when we found out that the Chinese could fight, American military and diplomatic officialdom discovered Sun Tzu. This discovery came about through emergency reading of Mao Tse-tung on strategy, which in turn revealed that Mao had drawn many of his ideas (and even plagiarized) from an obscure ancient called Sun Tzu. More recently, when we found out that the North Vietnamese could fight, Sun Tzu again, so I am told, came into vogue with our military and diplomatic thinkers.Liddell Hart speaks of this fourth century B.C. military theorist as having had a “clear vision” and “more profound insight” than Clausewitz. But our leaders' acquaintance with that vision and insight seems to have availed us little. “Know the enemy and know yourself,” said Sun Tzu — not Confucius nor John F. Kennedy — “and in a hundred battles you will never be in peril.”
Human Rights: The Church Speaking to Politics
Authors: Quade Quentin L. 
Published: September 2018

In the language and literature of politics there are few concepts at once as important and as confused as the idea of human rights.The testimony to its importance is convincing. Countless men have died in the name of human rights. Entire societies have been formed with some vision of human rights as the central social creed, while other societies have been thoroughly disrupted by internal elements pursuing such rights. And today the politics of many nations and much of the politics among nations is carried on in verbal categories of human rights.But if the significance of the notion of human rights is evident, the fact of disagreement about its meaning is no less clear.
Students, Faculty and Society
Authors: Cornog William H. 
Published: September 2018

It seems to be that this year above all years we shall not want to or be able to confine ourselves to the examination of our instruction and guidance or purely the educational program. We are obliged to relate what we teach and how we teach, and the way in which we and our students live and study together, to the large and very serious concerns of our society in these most unquiet times.Anyone who witnessed the recent events in Chicago must be more concerned than ever about the state of the union. Everyone who saw the violence in the streets and the incivility of the political scene indoors was shocked. But the tragedy is that few could have been surprised.
Political Surveillance and the Constitutional Order
Authors: Blacketock Paul W. 
Published: September 2018

It is a truism that knowledge is power and that secret knowledge is secret power. Both are a threat to democratic governments. One of the reasons why the totalitarian governments of both Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany were able to enslave their peoples was the fact that their security police and intelligence agencies expanded their legitimate security functions to include widespread political surveillance of all persons suspected of being ”subversive.“Inevitably, in an atmosphere of heightened political and social tensions, one man's liberal is another man's subversive. The definition of “subversive” can easily be expanded to include anyone who in any way opposes government policy or criticizes the established political and social order.
“Myth” in Politics
Authors: Maguire Daniel C. 
Published: September 2018

The Government fashions an imaginary world that pleases it, and then conies to believe in the reality of that world and acts as though it were real.-Hans J. Morgenthau, New York Times Magazine, April 18, 1965Words are like people; they have many relatives and companions. When you decide to marry a word to your particular purpose, it is thus well to make clear in advance that it is the word you want and not the whole family of associations. "Myth," of course, is a much-used and well-battered word. But in spite of varied usage, "myth" remains in linguistic currency and, if carefully defined, can be serviceable.