bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alfalfa–Grass Mixtures in Comparison to Grass and Alfalfa Monocultures
Authors: Aponte Alfredo , Samarappuli Dulan , Berti Marisol T. 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Alfalfa–grass mixtures are good alternative to alfalfa and grass monocultures.
In the establishment year, alfalfa dominated the mixture, whereas as stands got older, grasses increased their contribution to the biomass.
Alfalfa had higher crude protein, whereas grasses had higher fiber digestibility.
Alfalfa–grass mixtures improved forage seasonal distribution.
The most common binary mixture in the northern Great Plains is smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) (SBG) with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). However, other mixtures might have advantages over SBG–alfalfa. The objective was to compare forage yield, nutritive value, seasonal distribution, and persistence of grasses in monoculture or binary mixtures with alfalfa. A field experiment was established in 2010 in Fargo, Prosper, and Carrington, ND, and results were evaluated until 2013. Several wheatgrass species not commonly used in alfalfa–grass mixtures were tested. All grass species produced higher forage yield in binary mixtures with alfalfa than in monoculture. Binary mixtures had higher persistence in normal rainfall conditions and improved forage nutritive value. Alfalfa contributed with higher crude protein, whereas grasses had higher digestibility of the fiber. Intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey], not commonly included in mixtures with alfalfa, had greater biomass yield than many of the grasses in mixture with alfalfa, although not significantly different from SBG–alfalfa mixture. In the establishment year, alfalfa dominated the mixture (77–99% of total biomass), whereas as stands got older, grasses increased their contribution to the harvested biomass. In the third production year, grass in the mixtures was, on average, 50% of the total biomass. Alfalfa–grass mixtures with grasses other than SBG had similar or greater yield than SBG–alfalfa, increasing the number of potential grass choices that can be used in mixtures. In general, alfalfa–grass mixtures had greater forage yield and nutritive value than grass monocultures.
Square Insecticidal Protein Concentration Relate to its Biomass in Bt Cotton
Authors: Zhou Mingyuan , Li Yabing , Cui Qin , Abidallha Eltayib. H. M. A. , Chen Yuan , Chen Dehua 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Cultivar with high square biomass for individual and whole plant had higher insecticidal protein content.
The increased square biomass by mepiquat chloride application enhaced Bt protein concentration.
The decreased square biomass by nitrogen deficit reduced square Bt protein concentration.
The square insecticidal protein concentration relates to its biomass.
Bt transgenic cotton has been cultivated in China and many other cotton production areas in the world. However, the insecticidal efficacy is often low for the reproductive organs, especially for the cultivars with a big boll in China. The objective of the study focused on the effect of square biomass on the Bt protein concentration during the squaring period for Bt cotton. In the variety effect study in 2015 and 2016, two hybrid Bt cultivars (Sikang3 and Sumian29) and two conventional Bt cultivars (Sikang1 and Nucotn33B) were compared for square biomass and Bt toxin content from 15 to 25 d after square appearance (DASP) during the cotton growing seasons. Cultivars with high square biomass for individual and whole plant had higher insecticidal protein content. In the cultural practice effect study in 2017, the experiment of mepiquat chloride (MC) dose and different nitrogen deficit extents were designed to further investigate the relationship between square biomass and square Bt protein concentration. The MC application significantly increased square mass and square Bt protein content. In contrast, the nitrogen deficit decreased square mass together with square insecticidal protein concentration. The positive correlation between square biomass (the individual square biomass and the square biomass per plant) and square insecticidal protein content was highly significant in variety study and cultural practice study. The results indicated that increment of square development by variety selection and cultural practice could increase insect resistance during squaring period of Bt cotton.
Transport and Retention of Molybdenum(VI) in Soils: Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Sun Wenguang , Selim H. Magdi 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas
Mo(VI) sorption was kinetically controlled and highly nonlinear in two different soils.
Mo(VI) retention mechanism in Windsor sand was different from Webster loam.
Rate‐limited processes greatly influenced Mo(VI) transport in soils.
Mo(VI) transport was well described using a second‐order model.
Understanding the mechanisms and kinetics controlling the retention and transport of molybdenum [Mo(VI)] is a prerequisite in the effort to evaluate environmental risk of groundwater contamination. In this study, kinetic batch and miscible‐displacement experiments were performed to investigate Mo(VI) adsorption–desorption and transport behaviors on a neutral soil (Webster loam) and a slightly acidic soil (Windsor sand). Batch results indicated that adsorption of Mo(VI) was kinetically controlled and highly nonlinear in both soils. The Mo(VI) maximum adsorption and kinetic rate for acidic Windsor sand was much higher than for neutral Webster loam. Mo(VI) breakthrough curves (BTCs) were asymmetrical and exhibited extensive tailing with incomplete recovery in the effluent: these features demonstrate that rate‐limited or non‐equilibrium process influenced Mo(VI) transport behavior. To better understand the controls on the nonlinear kinetic behavior of Mo transport in these soils, a second‐order (SO) model which accounts for equilibrium, reversible, and irreversible retention mechanisms was used to describe Mo(VI) retention and transport in soils. Based on optimized and predictive modeling results, a fully reversible equilibrium‐kinetic SO model successfully described the time‐dependent Mo(VI) sorption for Webster loam. However, for Windsor sand, which exhibited strong affinity and low mobility for Mo(VI), an additional consecutive irreversible reaction phase was necessary to describe Mo(VI) retention and transport with time.
A new approach for the removal of unfixed dyes from reactive dyed cotton by Fenton oxidation
Authors: Islam Sana , Shaikh Irfan Ahmed , Firdous Nabeela , Ali Azhar , Sadef Yumna 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The use of fresh water in the textile wash-off process is becoming more expensive day by day due to declining water levels in the region. In this study, the potential of using Fenton oxidation in wash-off cotton reactive dyeing was investigated. The spent wash-off wastewater from one dyeing was first treated with Fenton oxidation, and then reused in several washing-offs employing widely used reactive dyes, C.I. Reactive Yellow 145, C.I. Reactive Blue 21, and C.I. Reactive Red 195. Experimental results showed that at acidic pH (3) using optimized quantities of FeSO4 and H2O2, Fenton process yielded a significant reduction (90–95%) of color in 30 minutes of treatment time. New washing-offs were then carried out in Fenton decolorized wash-off wastewater, and dyed cotton fabric samples were subjected to quality evaluations in terms of color difference properties (ΔL*, Δc*,Δb*, Δa*, ΔE*cmc) and wash fastness properties. This study concluded that after Fenton oxidation, treated liquor can be effectively reused subsequent washing-offs without compromising fabric quality parameters as ΔE*cmc was less than 1, and washing and crocking was also in the range of 4.5–5 which is commercially acceptable. Moreover, the difference in color strength in terms of k/s was also negligible.
Pharmacotherapy of Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Isildak Hacer , Schwartz Stephen G. , Flynn Harry W. 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common cause of central visual loss in
patients with high myopia, and the most common form of CNV in younger individuals. Pharmacologic therapy is
the current mainstay of treatment of these patients.

Methods:
Review of pharmacological treatment options for myopic CNV, which primarily involves intravitreal
administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents.

Results:
At this time, anti-VEGF therapy agents are the first-line therapy in these patients. Comparative trials
have not identified any major differences in treatment outcomes between aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab. Only ranibizumab is approved for this indication in the US. Best visual outcomes are associated with
younger age, smaller lesion size, and absence of chorioretinal atrophy.

Conclusion:
Anti-VEGF therapy is generally very effective in the treatment of myopic CNV.
Indinavir-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers to Brain Drug Delivery: Optimization, Characterization and Neuropharmacokinetic Evaluation
Authors: Nasiri Mohammad , Azadi Amir , Zanjani Mohammad Reza Saghatchi , Hamidi Mehrdad 
Published: January 2019

Purpose:
As an anti-retroviral Protease Inhibitor (PI), Indinavir (IDV) is part of the regimen known as Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) widely used for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The drug efficiency in treatment of the brain manifestations of HIV is, however, limited which is mainly due to the efflux by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressed at the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB).

Methods:
To overcome the BBB obstacle, NLCs were used in this study as carriers for IDV, which were optimized through two steps: a “one-factor-at-a-time” screening followed by a systematic multiobjective optimization. Spherical smooth-surfaced Nanoparticles (NPs), average particle size of 161.02±4.8 nm, Poly-Dispersity Index (PDI) of 0.293±0.07, zeta potential of -40.62±2.21 mV, entrapment efficiency of 93±1.58%, and loading capacity of 9.15±0.15% were obtained after optimization which were, collectively, appropriate in terms of the objective of this study.

Result:
The surface of the optimized NPs was, then, modified with human Transferrin (TR) to improve the drug delivery. The particle size, zeta potential, and PDI of the TR-modified NLCs were 185.29±6.7nm, -28.68±3.37 mV, and 0.247±0.06, respectively. The in vitro release of IDV molecules from the NPs was best fitted to the Weibull model indicating hybrid diffusion/erosion behavior.

Conclusion:
As the major in vivo findings, compared to the free drug, the NLCs and TR-NLCs displayed significantly higher and augmented concentrations in the brain. In this case, NLC and TR-NLC were 6.5- and 32.75-fold in their values of the brain uptake clearance compared to free drug.
Perbaikan Manajemen Reproduksi Kambing Peranakan Etawah Melalui Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan kepada Kelompok Ternak Subur Kokap Kulon Progo DIY
Authors: Ridlo Muhammad Rosyid 
Published: January 2019

Reproduction management Socialiszation to “Subur” Perananakan Etawah (PE) Goat Farmer Comunitee in Hargo Tirto, Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta was focused on reproduction problems in PE Goat. The main issue that should be priority is Goat Reproduction. Good Dairy goat management reproduction will give positive effect to success of milk production. The back ground of animal husbandary comunitee is located in mountain range of Kulon Progo, their main job activity are as a coconut sugar farmer. The Subur Animal Husbandary Comunitee is grouped as a new dairy goat farmer. They still trying to learn how to develop their husbandary, do not have adequate knowledge of good management farming and good information about reproduction. That condition are the reasons to choose Subur Animal Husbandary Comunitee as a target for Socialiszation in presentation and discussion to farmers. Specific explanation and direct practice in field and does oestrus observation. Distribution of feed, medicine, vitamin and mineral were given to Subur Animal Husbandary Comunitee. The results of this program give many positive impact to the farmers and dairy goats such as; the farmers understand and be able to detect signs of oestrus which is very important to them, the farmers have apply detection of oestrus by visual and buck as a natural oestrus detector, natural mating and pregnant occurrence increased after the farmers have applied oestrus detection in does of PE Goat.
De La gran transformación a la gran financiarización
Authors: Polanyi Levitt Kari 
Published: January 2019

Este ensayo de lo que trata es de bosquejar un marco dentro del cual aparezcan los mecanismos de relaciones económicas desiguales entre los llamados países desarrollados y en desarrollo. O más precisamente, los mecanismos por los cuales los antiguos territorios coloniales de los poderes metropolitanos han sido y siguen siendo incorporados dentro del sistema capitalista mundial en expansión.
El TLCAN en la agricultura de México: 23 años de malos tratos
Authors: Roberto Escalante S. Fernando González 
Published: January 2019

<p align="right"> </p><p>El presente trabajo expone el impacto del TLCAN en la agricultura mexicana a 23 años de su implementación, considerando el desarrollo de su producción, la especialización, el grado de dependencia alimentaria, el apoyo público y privado que se le ha brindado así como las políticas de integración necesarias para el rescate del campo que deberían tomarse en consideración para una próxima renegociación de este acuerdo comercial.</p><p> </p><div><div><p> </p></div></div>
Remoción de cromo en aguas residuales industriales mediante el uso de biomasa de Spirulina sp, sedimentación primaria y precipitación química
Authors: Meneses Barroso Yeni Maritza , Patiño Mantilla Paula Andrea , Betancur Perez Jhon Fredy 
Published: January 2019

El cromo es un metal pesado ampliamente usado a nivel industrial y vertido comúnmente de manera directa a fuentes hídricas, lo que conlleva a un deterioro de las mismas. Por lo tanto, esta investigación busca comprobar la remoción de cromo ejercida mediante tratamiento físico, químico y biológico en aguas residuales industriales, con el fin de determinar cuál alternativa resulta más sostenible.Para ello se implementaron a escala laboratorio ocho reactores con agua residual industrial de una empresa del sector metalmecánico; inicialmente se evaluó la remoción de cromo mediante sedimentación primaria logrando remociones del 16%; posteriormente, se verificó el efecto llevado a cabo mediante precipitación química con sulfato de aluminio y oxido de calcio; por último, se evaluó la capacidad de biosorción de la microalga Spirulina sp utilizando biomasa viva y muerta a las 24 y 96 horas. Encontrando que existen mecanismos de fácil implementación para evitar vertimientos directos, además se encontró que el tratamiento químico logra disminuir el cromo a valores inferiores de 0.1 mg/l, con remociones del 99%, sin embargo, genera más del 30% de lodos y no favorece la separación del metal. Con el uso de biomasa se alcanzaron remociones de hasta el 96.5% en las primeras 24 horas y un valor final de cromo de 1.02 mg/l, presentando la ventaja que este método genera menos del 10% de lodos y permite recuperar el cromo para su posterior uso. De modo que, se recomienda la implementación de un tratamiento físico-biológico, puesto que mejora la sostenibilidad del proceso.
Öğretmen Adaylarının Üniversite Yaşamına Sosyal, Kişisel ve Akademik Uyumları
Authors: ESEN AYGÜN Hanife , ŞAHİN-TAŞKIN Çiğdem 
Published: January 2019

Bu araştırmada Temel Eğitim bölümü birinci sınıfta
öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının üniversite yaşamına uyum süreçleri kişisel,
sosyal ve akademik uyum kapsamında incelenmiştir. Bu araştırma ile öğretmen adaylarının üniversite yaşamına
uyum düzeyleri çeşitli değişkenler açısından ele alınırken; uyum sürecinde rol
oynayan unsurların ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda
çalışma karma desende tasarlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, öğretmen adaylarının üniversite yaşamına uyum
düzeylerinin çok yüksek olmadığı göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, öğretmen
adaylarının uyum düzeyleri cinsiyet, anabilim dalı ve coğrafi bölgeye göre
anlamlı farklılık göstermezken, genel not ortalamasına göre notu 80-84 puan
aralığında olan öğretmen adaylarının lehine anlamlı farklılık görülmektedir
Is There a Need for the Modernization of Russian Federalism and To What Extent?
Authors: Yengibaryan R. V. 
Published: January 2019

Introduction. The issues of federalism theory, history, policy and practices have been the focus both in Russia and abroad over decades. Hundreds of books, thousands of research papers, lots of scientific conferences and seminars seem to have been dedicated to this problem. Yet we are still watching a burgeoning interest in this issue due to the increasing role of federalism in the reality of the modern world.Methods and Materials. The research involves such methods as logical analysis, systematic and comparative legal methods, etc.Research Outcomes. 1. The federal system of Russia, its political stability, sustainable nature of interfederal relations are the true facts, giving rise to necessity for the transition to a new model of federalism, which can prove to be more appropriate in terms of current economic and political environments prevailing in Russia.2. There is no doubt that the federal system of polity of the Russian Federation is justifed by legal, judicial, political and economic aspects, with no reasonable alternatives. The question is whether the existing principle of national and territorial structural organization of the Russian Federation is appropriate by now. There are persuasive arguments for the priority of the geographical and economic principle over the national and territorial division.3. The geographical and economic principle priority in the organization of modern Russia does not mean that specifc national and ethnic features of certain regions will be neglected.4. The geographical and economic principle priority in the organization of the Russian Federation will result in the consolidation of Russian entities and provide them with more extent of economic independence.Discussion and conclusion. It is obvious that from perspective of long-term development of Russia, the development of all Russian entities should be going at the same pace, which is not an easy task in the existing social, political and economic environments. The pace of development demonstrated by Moscow or Saint Petersburg Regions, or Tatarstan cannot be justly compared with those of Ingushetia or Dagestan. Indeed, the developed entities of the Russian Federation cannot endlessly donate to those lacking dynamics in their development. It is crystal clear that the modern day organization of the Russian Federation based on mere national and territorial grounds can hardly promote the equal development and integration of all Russian regions. Cultural and civilizational distinctions of certain entities should not lead to their isolation within one country and lagging behind national development.
Development of German and Russian Corporate Law in the Hostile Take- over Environment
Authors: Zotova E. К. 
Published: January 2019

Introduction. Speculative behavior is common for modern stock markets. It leads to corporate short-termism and therefore has negative systemic implications for the states’ economies. In an attempt to mitigate this trend, the German lawmaker developed national legislation aiming, inter alia, to provide company management with additional powers it could potentially use to prevent hostile takeovers. This experience needs to be critically studied in terms of both German and Russian doctrine and legal practice.Materials and methods. This paper uses the following general and specifc scientifc methods: structure-function analysis, comparative law method, Aristotelian method, statistical method, historical method, systemic method and hermeneutic method.Results of the research. Reacting towards a number of transactions affecting the German corporate landscape, the German legislature developed the Law on Acquisition of Securities and Change of Corporate Control. This Law contains protectionist provisions potentially entitling the board of directors of a joint-stock company to undertake measures to prevent hostile takeovers either subject to consent of the supervisory board or in cases where it is authorized to do so according to the corporate charter. Nevertheless, the impact these powers have in practice is very limited, which can be mostly attributed to practical considerations of the German judiciary and legislature.Discussion and conclusions. The article contains analysis of the German and Russian legal doctrine and court practice pertaining to joint-stock companies, as well as the scope of authorities of their management, analysis of the basic advantages and disadvantages of the German regulatory approach, conclusions as to applicability of the German approach in Russia.
“The starting point”: History of the Theory of International Relations as a New Sub Discipline
Authors: Alekseevа T. А. 
Published: January 2019

Introduction.A new sub discipline of the Theory of international relations – The History of the TIR, is already in place in the scientifc community of international studies. One of the most important problems, stated by the scientists, is the heterogeneity, fragmentation and the lack of fnished structure of the Theory of international relations. This article is devoted to only one of the multitude of questions: what date may be regarded as a “starting point”, the beginning of the discipline from which we should analyze the achieved results?Materials and Methods.While preparing this article, the author used the method of the comparative study of the intellectual traditions in the history of the political and legal thought.The Results of the Study.Nowadays the Theory of international relations is still at the stage of formation with its main features as fragmentation and absence of coherence towards the key moments of its development, including the date of its birth. Therefore, the appearance of the new discipline – History of the Theory of international relations – is quite natural as it helps to build necessary “bridges” and to clarify the details of the international studies development.Discussion and Conclusions.Today none of the existing theoretical or epistemological attitudes can be regarded suffciently complete to pretend for a monopoly in the international studies. Moreover, no real intellectual progress allows this or that theoretical worldview to have the absolute priority. In the context of the quite complicated and contradictory issues that exist in real international relations, no simple or unequivocal explanation is possible. Therefore, it is high time to turn away from the endless interdisciplinary debates and start evaluating the real problems, but it would presuppose, according to David A. Lake, the recognition of different judgments and articulation of the lexicon which is able to identify not only what the various research traditions have in common but also what differentiates them.