bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Flow Lateralization and Collateral Compensatory Mechanisms in Patients With Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Zarrinkoob Laleh , Wåhlin Anders , Ambarki Khalid , Birgander Richard , Eklund Anders , Malm Jan 
Published: April 2019

Background and Purpose—
Four-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging enables quantification of blood flow rate (BFR; mL/min) in multiple cerebral arteries simultaneously, making it a promising technique for hemodynamic investigation in patients with stroke. The aim of this study was to quantify the hemodynamic disturbance and the compensatory pattern of collateral flow in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis.

Methods—
Thirty-eight patients (mean, 72 years; 27 men) with symptomatic carotid stenosis (≥50%) or occlusion were investigated using 4-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. For each patient, BFR was measured in 19 arteries/locations. The ipsilateral side to the symptomatic carotid stenosis was compared with the contralateral side.

Results—

Internal carotid artery BFR was lower on the ipsilateral side (134±87 versus 261±95 mL/min;
P
<0.001). BFR in anterior cerebral artery (A1 segment) was lower on ipsilateral side (35±58 versus 119±72 mL/min;
P
<0.001). Anterior cerebral artery territory bilaterally was primarily supplied by contralateral internal carotid artery. The ipsilateral internal carotid artery mainly supplied the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. MCA was also supplied by a reversed BFR found in the ophthalmic and the posterior communicating artery routes on the ipsilateral side (−5±28 versus 10±28 mL/min,
P
=0.001, and −2±12 versus 6±6 mL/min,
P
=0.03, respectively). Despite these compensations, BFR in MCA was lower on the ipsilateral side, and this laterality was more pronounced in patients with severe carotid stenosis (≥70%). Although comparing ipsilateral MCA BFR between stenosis groups (<70% and ≥70%), there was no difference (
P
=0.95).

Conclusions—
With a novel approach using 4-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, we could simultaneously quantify and rank the importance of collateral routes in patients with carotid stenosis. An important observation was that contralateral internal carotid artery mainly secured the bilateral anterior cerebral artery territory. Because of the collateral recruitment, compromised BFR in MCA is not necessarily related to the degree of carotid stenosis. These findings highlight the importance of simultaneous investigation of the hemodynamics of the entire cerebral arterial tree.
Upper-Slope Jets and Gulf Stream Filaments Inshore of the Charleston Bump during Winter 2012
Authors: Seim Harvey , Edwards Catherine 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA 3-month-long field program conducted in winter 2012 inshore of the seaward deflection of the Gulf Stream at the Charleston Bump observed several 7–21-day periods of strong (>0.5 m s−1) equatorward along-shelf flow over the upper continental slope. In sea surface temperature images, these phenomena resemble and appear linked to warm filaments, features known to be associated with meanders of the Gulf Stream as it traverses the southeast coast of North America. However, the character of these upper-slope features differs from previous descriptions of filaments, hence we describe them as “upper-slope jets.” We document the characteristics of the jets, which are approximately 30 km in width, centered on the 200-m isobath, with a maximum temperature variation at depth, and reasonably long-lived. Southwestward flow within the jet extends to 200 m and is in approximate thermal wind balance below a surface mixed layer. Maximum transport is estimated to be about 2.0 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106m3s−1), driving a net equatorward along-shelf velocity over the deployment period. For this time period, at least, the jets form the equatorward flow of the shoreward flank of the Charleston Gyre. We suggest the features resemble the Pinocchio’s Nose Intrusion recently described by Zhang and Gawarkiewicz. Large-amplitude meander crests with sufficiently strong curvature vorticity are a plausible source of initiation of the upper-slope jets.
Indoor overheating and mitigation of converted lofts in London, UK
Authors: Li Xiaoyi , Taylor Jonathon , Symonds Phil 
Published: April 2019

In the UK, there has been an increase in the number of loft conversions, driven by demands for increased floor areas of dwellings to accommodate more individuals or increase property values. While rooms directly underneath roofs are known to have increased overheating risks, there is little research available that quantifies this risk, and how to mitigate it cost-effectively. This paper seeks to evaluate overheating risks in loft conversions, using integrated environmental solutions virtual environment to dynamically simulate indoor temperatures in a semi-detached dwelling in London, UK, under current and future (2050s and 2080s medium and high emissions) climate scenarios. Adaptive overheating risk and energy consumption are calculated with and without passive overheating adaptations that reduce solar gains, increase ventilation, or add thermal insulation. Marginal abatement cost curves (MACC) are then used to select the most cost-effective adaptations based on installation and ongoing energy consumption costs. Results estimate 11,340–12,210 more summertime Category I overheating degree-hours for the loft than conventional bedrooms in the dwelling under the current climate; total category I loft overheating degree-hours may increase to 20,319 by 2080. While external shutters and night-purge ventilation were the most effective at reducing overheating degree-hours (96% and 89%, respectively), the most cost-effective solutions considering capital and ongoing costs are ventilation strategies, including night-time purge ventilation, advance ventilation and cross ventilation. Passive adaptations are not capable of eliminating overheating entirely, and by the 2080s active cooling is likely to be required to maintain comfortable indoor conditions in lofts. Practical application: Converted lofts – present in 5.8% of English and 10.8% of London dwellings – are at significantly elevated risk of high indoor temperatures relative to conventional rooms. Passive adaptations such as ventilation and shading can effectively mitigate loft overheating until around 2080, after which active measures become necessary. When capital and ongoing costs are considered, the most cost-effective heat mitigating adaptations are night and advance ventilation and internal curtains/blinds. Heat mitigating adaptations for converted lofts should become mandatory, and such spaces should not be occupied by the vulnerable or elderly during hot weather.
Predicting outcomes of total joint arthroplasty using the distress and risk assessment method
Authors: Schlitt Patrick , Freedman Mitchell , Tan Timothy L , Minori Joshua , Schroeder Jake T , Parvizi Javad 
Published: April 2019

Background: Psychological distress is presumed to be an important factor that can adversely impact the outcome of orthopaedic procedures. The Distress and Risk Assessment Method (DRAM) is an evaluation tool which assesses psychological distress in patients with low back pain. The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the influence of preoperative psychological distress, as determined by the DRAM score, on the functional outcomes of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Materials and methods: A prospective study of 61 TJAs was performed at a single institution. The DRAM questionnaire and a variety of functional measures (12-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-12], visual analogue scale [VAS], Oxford Hip Score [OHS], Oxford Knee Score [OKS], and Oswestry Disability Questionnaire [ODQ]) were administered to the patient at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively. Mixed model regressions and Mann-Whitney tests were utilised to evaluate the relationship of the DRAM score with functional outcomes. Results: The summed quantitative DRAM score was predictive of functional outcomes. With each 1 point increase in psychological distress, VAS pain increased by 0.023 ( p = 0.015), OKS decreased by 0.34 ( p = 0.01), ODQ increased by 0.065 ( p = 0.02), and MCS decreased by 0.14 ( p = 0.015). In addition, patients with lower preoperative distress scores had higher rates of improvement than patients with higher preoperative distress scores for VAS pain ( p = 0.034). Discussion: Psychological distress was associated with decreased baseline mental health and function in the early postoperative period, which has important implications for bundled payments. However, patients with psychological distress still demonstrated functional improvements and TJA should thus not be contraindicated in these patients.
Effect of Astragalus membranaceus in Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Rhinitis Mouse Model
Authors: Bing Zhong , Jin-Tao Du , Feng Liu , Ba Luo , Ya-Feng Liu , Shi-Xi Liu 
Published: April 2019

Background Astragalus membranaceus (AM), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat allergic diseases, but the mechanism for treating allergic rhinitis (AR) remains unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to look at the anti-inflammatory effect of AM on AR and the mechanism of anti-allergy. Methods The mouse model of AR was induced by ovalbumin. Allergic symptoms, number of eosinophils in nasal mucosa, and levels of inflammatory cells in nasal lavage fluid were analyzed. We explored the serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and IL-10. Besides, the relative mRNA of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 was also detected in nasal mucosa tissue. The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen and nasal lymphoid tissue were analyzed. The mRNA levels of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκBα), as well as NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity, were tested. We also measured the protein levels of NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 in nasal mucosa. Results AM could reduce the number of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa and decrease the levels of inflammatory cells in nasal lavage fluid. The serum IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were also decreased, while levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were increased. The relative mRNA of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 was decreased by AM. AM increased the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen and nasal lymphoid tissue. In addition, AM could reduce the activity of NF-kB by inhibiting the mRNA expression and DNA binding activity of NF-κB p65. However, AM had no significant effect on mRNA of IκBα. Above all, AM could reduce the p-NF-κB p65 protein expression of nasal mucosa. Conclusions AM could reduce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by increasing the level of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells and inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB.
Advances in surgical applications of growth factors for wound healing
Authors: Yamakawa Sho , Hayashida Kenji 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGrowth factors have recently gained clinical importance for wound management. Application of recombinant growth factors has been shown to mimic cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation in vivo, allowing for external modulation of the healing process. Perioperative drug delivery systems can enhance the biological activity of these growth factors, which have a very short in vivo half-life after topical administration. Although the basic mechanisms of these growth factors are well understood, most have yet to demonstrate a significant impact in animal studies or small-sized clinical trials. In this review, we emphasized currently approved growth factor therapies, including a sustained release system for growth factors, emerging therapies, and future research possibilities combined with surgical procedures. Approaches seeking to understand wound healing at a systemic level are currently ongoing. However, further research and consideration in surgery will be needed to provide definitive confirmation of the efficacy of growth factor therapies for intractable wounds.
Effects of Diabetes on Motor Recovery After Cerebral Infarct: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Moon Jun Sung , Chung Seung Min , Jang Sung Ho , Won Kyu Chang , Chang Min Cheol 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveLittle is known about the effects of diabetes on motor recovery after cerebral infarct. To address this question, we recruited patients with corona radiata infarct and controlled for the integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) as determined by diffusion tensor tractography (DTT).DesignOne hundred patients were recruited, and DTT was performed within 7 to 30 days of infarct onset. Based on the DTT findings (DTT+, CST was preserved around the infarct; DTT−, CST was interrupted by the infarct) and the presence (DM+) or absence (DM−) of diabetes, patients were divided into DTT+/DM− (36 patients), DTT+/DM+ (19 patients), DTT−/DM− (32 patients), and DTT−/DM+ (13 patients) groups. Six months after cerebral infarct, motor function on the affected side was evaluated for each patient via the upper motricity index (MI), lower MI, modified Brunnstrom classification (MBC), and functional ambulation category (FAC).ResultsIn the patients with a DTT+ finding, no motor function scores were significantly different between the DTT+/DM− and DTT+/DM+ groups at 6-month evaluation. However, in patients with DTT− finding, all motor function scores at the 6-month evaluation were significantly higher in the DTT−/DM− group than in the DTT−/DM+ group.ConclusionWhen the CST is interrupted by a corona radiata infarct, recovery of motor function in patients with diabetes is more impaired than those without diabetes.
Vitamin D and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Hiemstra Thomas F , Lim Kenneth , Thadhani Ravi , Manson JoAnn E 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Context
A large body of experimental and observational data has implicated vitamin D deficiency in the development of cardiovascular disease. However, evidence to support routine vitamin D supplementation to prevent or treat cardiovascular disease is lacking.

Design and Results
A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed and other literature search engines. Mounting epidemiological evidence and data from Mendelian randomization studies support a link between vitamin D deficiency and adverse cardiovascular health outcomes, but randomized trial evidence to support vitamin D supplementation is sparse. Current public health guidelines restrict vitamin D intake recommendations to the maintenance of bone health and prevention of fractures. Two recently published large trials (VITAL and ViDA) that assessed the role of moderate- to high-dose vitamin D supplementation as primary prevention for cardiovascular outcomes in the general population had null results, and previous randomized trials have also been generally negative. These findings from general population cohorts that are largely replete in vitamin D may not be applicable to chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations, in which the use of active (1α-hydroxylated) vitamin D compounds is prevalent, or to other high-risk populations. Additionally, recent trials in the CKD population, as well as trials using vitamin D analogs, have been limited.

Conclusions
Current randomized trials of vitamin D supplementation do not support benefits for cardiovascular health, but the evidence remains inconclusive. Additional randomized trials assessing larger numbers of participants with low baseline vitamin D levels, having longer follow-up periods, and testing higher vitamin D dosages are needed to guide clinical practice.
Assembling the adipose organ: adipocyte lineage segregation and adipogenesis in vivo
Authors: Sebo Zachary L. , Rodeheffer Matthew S. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
Adipose tissue is composed of anatomically distinct depots that mediate several important aspects of energy homeostasis. The past two decades have witnessed increased research effort to elucidate the ontogenetic basis of adipose form and function. In this Review, we discuss advances in our understanding of adipose tissue development with particular emphasis on the embryonic patterning of depot-specific adipocyte lineages and adipocyte differentiation in vivo. Micro-environmental cues and other factors that influence cell identity and cell behavior at various junctures in the adipocyte lineage hierarchy are also considered.
Loss-of-function approaches in comparative physiology: is there a future for knockdown experiments in the era of genome editing?
Authors: Zimmer Alex M. , Pan Yihang K. , Chandrapalan Theanuga , Kwong Raymond W. M. , Perry Steve F. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTLoss-of-function technologies, such as morpholino- and RNAi-mediated gene knockdown, and TALEN- and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout, are widely used to investigate gene function and its physiological significance. Here, we provide a general overview of the various knockdown and knockout technologies commonly used in comparative physiology and discuss the merits and drawbacks of these technologies with a particular focus on research conducted in zebrafish. Despite their widespread use, there is an ongoing debate surrounding the use of knockdown versus knockout approaches and their potential off-target effects. This debate is primarily fueled by the observations that, in some studies, knockout mutants exhibit phenotypes different from those observed in response to knockdown using morpholinos or RNAi. We discuss the current debate and focus on the discrepancies between knockdown and knockout phenotypes, providing literature and primary data to show that the different phenotypes are not necessarily a direct result of the off-target effects of the knockdown agents used. Nevertheless, given the recent evidence of some knockdown phenotypes being recapitulated in knockout mutants lacking the morpholino or RNAi target, we stress that results of knockdown experiments need to be interpreted with caution. We ultimately argue that knockdown experiments should not be discontinued if proper control experiments are performed, and that with careful interpretation, knockdown approaches remain useful to complement the limitations of knockout studies (e.g. lethality of knockout and compensatory responses).
СИСТЕМА СБОРА ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ О СОСТОЯНИИ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЙ ТЕХНОСФЕРЫ
Authors: Vinogradov Oleg Stanislavovich , Vinogradova Natalia Aleksandrovna , Bezborodova Oksana Evgenievna , Sherstnev Vladislav Vadimovich 
Published: April 2019

Эколого-экономическое состояние городов и сельскохозяйственных угодий является определяющим для дальнейшего развития территорий. Глобальные экологические проблемы, связанные с возрастанием экономического ущерба от катастроф природного и техногенного характера, загрязнением воздушной и водной среды, почв, затрагивают интересы РФ и ее граждан. Экологическая ситуация в РФ характеризуется высоким уровнем техногенного воздействия на окружающую среду и человека, и связано это не только с последствиями прошедшего экономического кризиса в нашей стране, но и с условиями хозяйствования, применяемыми в промышленности и сельском хозяйстве. Для эффективного функционирования системы комплексного мониторинга состояния территориальной техносферы чрезвычайно важным является научно обоснованное формирование сети постов мониторинга, то есть мест и способов размещения датчиков. Статья содержит общую схема сбора и передачи информации о результатах мониторинга, в соответствии с которой, подобраны и описаны группы стационарных и мобильных датчиков. Датчики служат для автоматического измерения и учета объема и массы выбросов, сбросов, концентрации загрязняющих веществ в воздушной, водной средах и почве. Своевременное установление факта превышения предельно допустимых значений измеренных датчиками, сможет предотвратить развитие чрезвычайной ситуации и сохранить жизнь и здоровье населения, а также снизить экономические затраты на последующую рекультивацию пораженных территорий.Цель: разработка общей схемы автоматического сбора и передачи экологической информации, в составе системы комплексного мониторинга территориальной техносферы, в режиме реального времени.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались математические методы, а также аналитические методы анализа.Результаты: впервые разработана и описана общая схема сбора и передачи информации о результатах комплексного мониторинга территориальной техносферы, с применение беспилотных летательных аппаратов, для автоматического измерения и учета состояния техносферы, позволяющая снизить экономический ущерб от загрязнения территорий и затрат на их последующую рекультивацию.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты (схема мониторинга и принципы ее построения) целесообразно применять для создания системы контроля воздействия на окружающую среду техногенных объектов. Причем в этих результатах могут быть заинтересованы как сами предприятия (для составления экологической отчетности, проведения экологического контроля и пр.), так и региональные экологические службы Российской Федерации.
Design Implications of Extended Producer Responsibility for Durable Products
Authors: Huang Ximin (Natalie) , Atasu Atalay , Toktay L. Beril 
Published: April 2019

We analyze product design implications of extended producer responsibility (EPR)-based take-back legislation on durable goods. In particular, we observe that durable product design incentives under EPR may involve an inherent trade-off that has not been explored to date: Durable goods producers can respond to EPR by making their products more recyclable or more durable, where the former decreases the unit recycling cost and the latter reduces the volume the producer has to recycle. When these two design attributes do not go hand in hand, as is the case for many product categories, product design implications of EPR can be counterintuitive. We find that more stringent collection targets (defined as the portion of total product volume to be collected) or recycling targets (defined as the portion of each collected product unit to be recycled) may imply reduced recyclability or durability. Moreover, although collection and recycling targets appear to be similar EPR implementation levers for increasing the total amount of materials recycled, they, in fact, have opposing effects in driving producers’ design choices. As a result, EPR may have unintended consequences for the environment. A calibrated numerical study on the photovoltaic panel (PVP) industry allows us to show that more stringent EPR requirements (such as those proposed by the recent recast of the WEEE directive) can lead to a PVP technology choice with lower recyclability and higher durability and, consequently, result in higher greenhouse gas emissions. These results call for a careful analysis of the benefits of EPR legislation in the context of durable goods. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3072 . This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
Rising Through the Ranks: The Evolution of the Market for Corporate Executives, 1936–2003
Authors: Frydman Carola 
Published: April 2019

I present new stylized facts on the market for managers over the twentieth century, utilizing a novel data set on managerial careers. From the 1930s to the mid-1970s, the level of executive pay, inequality among executives across and within firms, and mobility were low. These patterns have reversed since then. I document that an increase in the importance of general managerial human capital can account for this change. The level of general skills, measured by the type of education and occupational mobility of managers, correlate with higher pay and turnover. Other factors may have also contributed to these changes, but the labor market for managers has likely played an important role. This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.