bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instantaneous ionization rate as a functional derivative
Authors: Ivanov I. A. , Hofmann C. , Ortmann L. , Landsman A. S. , Nam Chang Hee , Kim Kyung Taec 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe notion of the instantaneous ionization rate (IIR) is often employed in the literature for understanding the process of strong field ionization of atoms and molecules. This notion is based on the idea of the ionization event occurring at a given moment of time, which is difficult to reconcile with the conventional quantum mechanics. We describe an approach defining instantaneous ionization rate as a functional derivative of the total ionization probability. The definition is based on physical quantities, such as the total ionization probability and the waveform of an ionizing pulse, which are directly measurable. The definition is, therefore, unambiguous and does not suffer from gauge non-invariance. We compute IIR by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom in a strong laser field. In agreement with some previous results using attoclock methodology, the IIR we define does not show measurable delay in strong field tunnel ionization.
Spatially resolving the atmosphere of the non-Mira-type AGB star SW Vir in near-infrared molecular and atomic lines with VLTI/AMBER
Authors: Ohnaka K. , Hadjara M. , Maluenda Berna M. Y. L. 
Published: November 2018

Aims. We present a near-infrared spectro-interferometric observation of the non-Mira-type, semiregular asymptotic giant branch star SW Vir. Our aim is to probe the physical properties of the outer atmosphere with spatially resolved data in individual molecular and atomic lines.
Methods. We observed SW Vir in the spectral window between 2.28 and 2.31 μm with the near-infrared interferometric instrument AMBER at ESO’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI).
Results. Thanks to AMBER’s high spatial resolution and high spectral resolution of 12 000, the atmosphere of SW Vir has been spatially resolved not only in strong CO first overtone lines but also in weak molecular and atomic lines of H2O, CN, HF, Ti, Fe, Mg, and Ca. While the uniform-disk diameter of the star is 16.23 ± 0.20 mas in the continuum, it increases up to 22–24 mas in the CO lines. Comparison with the MARCS photospheric models reveals that the star appears larger than predicted by the hydrostatic models not only in the CO lines but also even in the weak molecular and atomic lines. We found that this is primarily due to the H2O lines (but also possibly due to the HF and Ti lines) originating in the extended outer atmosphere. Although the H2O lines manifest themselves very little in the spatially unresolved spectrum, the individual rovibrational H2O lines from the outer atmosphere can be identified in the spectro-interferometric data. Our modeling suggests an H2O column density of 1019–1020 cm−2 in the outer atmosphere extending out to ~2 R⋆.
Conclusions. Our study has revealed that the effects of the nonphotospheric outer atmosphere are present in the spectro-interferometric data not only in the strong CO first overtone lines but also in the weak molecular and atomic lines. Therefore, analyses of spatially unresolved spectra, such as, for example, analyses of the chemical composition, should be carried out with care even if the lines appear to be weak.
Ist ambulante Suchthilfe auch dann wirksam und kosteneffektiv, wenn Klienten „Kontrolliertes Trinken“ oder andere Zielsetzungen präferieren?
Authors: Sieber Martin 
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Die Studie befasst sich mit dem Rückgang des Alkoholkonsums und den Folgekosten nach Abschluss der ambulanten Behandlung bei Menschen mit einem Alkoholproblem, die unterschiedliche Konsumziele verfolgen: a) Abstinenz (A), b) Kontrolliertes Trinken (KT), c) andere Ziele (AZ).
Methodik 450 Klienten ambulanter Beratungsstellen wurden bei Behandlungsende sowie ein Teil davon im Follow-up befragt und entsprechend ihrem Konsumziel in 3 Gruppen aufgeteilt. Der „Problematische Alkoholkonsum“ sowie die Kosten für ambulante/stationäre Behandlungen und Arbeitsabsentismus wurden für die 12 Monate vor respektive 6 und 12 Monate nach Behandlungsende ermittelt. Die Analyse umfasst 116 Personen mit vollständigem Datensatz.
Ergebnisse Der Rückgang der Alkoholproblematik war bei allen 3 Gruppen signifikant (p<0,001) und bei 72,4% entstanden lediglich geringe Folgekosten (bis CHF 1000 pro Jahr). Entgegen den Erwartungen bestand bei den stationären Behandlungen kein signifikanter Rückgang und bei den Absentismustagen ein signifikanter Anstieg (p<0,01). Die Folgekosten sanken bei Gruppe A signifikant (p<0,01), bei Gruppe KT nahmen sie zu. Personen mit dem Ziel „Abstinenz“ hatten bessere Verlaufsindikatoren bezüglich Alkoholkonsum und Folgekosten als Personen mit dem Ziel „Kontrolliertes Trinken“.
Schlussfolgerungen Bei Personen mit anderen Zielsetzungen als der Abstinenz ist eine Modifikation der Behandlung zu überdenken. Da bei den Folgekosten infolge stationärer Behandlungen kein substantieller Rückgang bestand, sollte in neuen Studien ermittelt werden, wie sich die Kosten bei einer längeren Follow-up-Zeit entwickeln.
Endoskopische Submukosa-Dissektion bei mukosalen Low-Risk-Magenfrühkarzinomen – eine retrospektive, unizentrische Studie
Authors: Scheerer Frank , Schmitt Wolfgang , Dollhopf Markus , Kremer Marcus 
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die endoskopische Submukosa-Dissektion (ESD) ist in Asien Standard zur Behandlung von Magenfrühkarzinomen (MFK) im Rahmen von definierten Kriterien. Auch in Europa wird sie immer häufiger benutzt. Bei Risikokonstellationen (z. B. Submukosa-Invasion, Lymphangio-Invasion, schlecht differenziertes Karzinom) ist das Auftreten von Lymphknotenmetastasen möglich. Wir definierten eine „Low-Risk-Gruppe“ (differenzierte, nur mukosal gelegene MFK ohne Ulzeration und Gefäßinfiltration, größenunabhängig) um das endoskopische Ergebnis und den Langzeitverlauf dieser prognostisch günstigen Gruppe zu untersuchen.
Patienten und Methoden Patienten mit nicht vorbehandelten Low-Risk-MFK wurden in die retrospektive Auswertung aufgenommen. Ausgewertet wurden Patientendaten (Alter, Geschlechterverteilung), Karzinomparameter (Anzahl, Größen, Lokalisation, Paris-Klassifikation), histologische Parameter, Resektionsdaten (u. a. En-bloc-Resektion, R-Status), Nachsorgen (u. a. Lokalrezidive, Überleben) und Komplikationsdaten.
Ergebnisse Durch ESD wurden bei 55 Patienten 61 Low-Risk-MFK entfernt. In 93,4 % gelang die En-bloc-, in 91,8 % die R0-Resektion. In 8 Fällen (13,1 %) kam es zu interventionsabhängigen Komplikationen: 5 verzögerte Nachblutungen (8,2 %), 2 Mikroperforationen (3,3 %, keine Operation notwendig) und ein Nicht-ST-Hebungsinfarkt (1,6 %).Während der Nachbeobachtungszeit (Mittelwert: 54,3 Monate) kam es in 4 Fällen (6,6 %) zu Lokalrezidiven, von welchen zumindest zwei erfolgreich endoskopisch behandelt werden konnten. Die anderen beiden Patienten verstarben nach endoskopischer Re-Therapie vor der ersten Kontrolle. Insgesamt verstarben 4 Patienten (7,8 %) während des Follow-ups, jeweils nicht tumorassoziiert. Bei 9 Patienten (16,4 %) wurden syn- oder metachrone Läsionen nachgewiesen, welche alle endoskopisch behandelt werden konnten. Lymphknotenmetastasen traten nicht auf.
Fazit In der von uns definierten Low-Risk-Gruppe von mukosalen MFK wurde mittels ESD eine hohe Rate von En-bloc- und R0-Resektionen erreicht. Die festgestellten Lokalrezidive konnten endoskopisch beherrscht werden. Metastasen wurden nicht festgestellt, kein Patient verstarb tumorassoziiert. ESD ist für diese Gruppe daher als Standard-Therapie zu empfehlen. Hinsichtlich des klinisch-endoskopischen Verlaufs bei Vorhandensein von Risikofaktoren sowohl bei Mukosakarzinomen als auch der übrigen MFK aus der sogenannten Expanded-Group (u. a. Lymphangio-Invasion, submukosainvasive MFK, schlecht differenzierte G3-Karzinome) liefert die Studie keine Daten.
Aktuelle Konzepte zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Clostridioides [Clostridium]-difficile-Infektion bei Patienten mit chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Stallmach Andreas , Reuken Philipp , Teich Niels 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungPatienten mit chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED) haben ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko für Clostridioides [Clostridium] difficile Infektionen (CDI). Eine CDI kann ihrerseits die Aktivität der luminalen Entzündung erhöhen. Daher ist eine rasche Diagnostik und Therapie erforderlich. Viele Diagnose- und Behandlungsstudien zu Patienten mit CDI ohne entzündliche Darmerkrankung lassen sich nicht deckungsgleich auf CED-Patienten übertragen. Diese Übersicht fasst deshalb die alltagsrelevanten Daten der letzten Jahre zusammen und kondensiert diese in vier Leitsätzen. 1) Eine CDI verschlechtert nicht nur kurzfristig die Krankheitsaktivität, sondern bedingt langfristig eine erhöhte Morbidität (z. B. Kolektomiegefahr) und Mortalität. 2) Bei Verdacht auf eine CDI sollte rasch ein Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GDH)-Nachweis geführt werden. Ist dieser positiv und ist die Krankheitsaktivität hoch, ist eine Therapie gegen C. diff. einzuleiten und diese ggf. bei negativen Bestätigungstests zu beenden. 3) CED-Patienten mit einer nachgewiesenen CDI sollten primär mit Vancomycin behandelt werden. 4) Bei einer rezidivierenden CDI bei Patienten mit CED ist der fäkale Mikrobiomtransfer eine effektive Therapiemaßnahme. Allerdings muss in ca. 15 % der Fälle mit einer Aktivierung der CED gerechnet werden. Ein konsequentes Beachten dieser Leitsätze kann im Umgang mit einer CDI bei CED-Patienten helfen.
Psychological Adjustment of Carers of Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Thomson Francesca , Bergman Philip , Hay Margaret 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Context As type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is predominantly diagnosed during childhood, the responsibilities of T1DM management often fall to carers. Caring for a child with a chronic illness brings with it additional responsibilities and burdens.
Aims This study employed Thompson's Transactional Stress and Coping model (TTSCM) to explore psychological adjustment of carers of children with T1DM.
Design/Methods This cross-sectional correlational study included a sample of 93 carers of children with T1DM. Via an online questionnaire, carers were administered measures of cognitive processes (illness and general stress appraisal and self-efficacy), methods of coping, and family functioning. Illness information from clinical records was also collected.
Results Three distinct coping styles emerged. These were labeled proactive, avoidant, and reframing/reflecting coping. Canonical correlations revealed that the TTSCM accounted for 44% of the variance in carer adjustment, with both illness and general stress appraisal, and avoidant coping making the largest contributions.
Conclusions Findings supported the utility of TTSCM in this population, and that stress appraisal and copings strategies should be the focal points for psychological intervention when working toward positive psychological adjustment in this patient group.
Should the Presence or Extent of Coronary Artery Disease be Quantified in the CHA2DS2-VASc Score in Atrial Fibrillation? A Report from the Western Denmark Heart Registry
Authors: Steensig Kamilla , Olesen Kevin , Thim Troels , Nielsen Jens , Jensen Svend , Jensen Lisette , Kristensen Steen , Bøtker Hans , Lip Gregory , Maeng Michael 
Published: November 2018

Background Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have an increased risk of ischaemic stroke. The risk can be predicted by the CHA2DS2-VASc score, in which the vascular component refers to previous myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease and aortic plaque, whereas coronary artery disease (CAD) is not included.
Objectives This article explores whether CAD per se or extent provides independent prognostic information of future stroke among patients with AF.
Materials and Methods Consecutive patients with AF and coronary angiography performed between 2004 and 2012 were included. The endpoint was a composite of ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack and systemic embolism. The risk of ischaemic events was estimated according to the presence and extent of CAD. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated in reference to patients without CAD and adjusted for parameters included in the CHA2DS2-VASc score and treatment with anti-platelet agents and/or oral anticoagulants.
Results Of 96,430 patients undergoing coronary angiography, 12,690 had AF. Among patients with AF, 7,533 (59.4%) had CAD. Mean follow-up was 3 years. While presence of CAD was an independent risk factor for the composite endpoint (adjusted IRR, 1.25; 1.06–1.47), extent of CAD defined as 1-, 2-, 3- or diffuse vessel disease did not add additional independent risk information.
Conclusion Presence, but not extent, of CAD was an independent risk factor of the composite thromboembolic endpoint beyond the components already included in the CHA2DS2-VASc score. Consequently, we suggest that significant angiographically proven CAD should be included in the vascular disease criterion in the CHA2DS2-VASc score.
Nephrology Referral in Diabetes Practice
Authors: Kalra Sanjay , Sahay Manisha , Sahay Rakesh 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDiabetic nephropathy, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is a major complication of diabetes. Appropriate management of DKD requires multispecialty intervention under the guidance of endocrinology and nephrology. However, delayed referral to specialized nephrology services usually occurs, and this leads to suboptimal outcomes. This multispecialty consensus suggests simple clinical and biochemical parameters that should prompt referral of DKD patients to nephrology. A checklist for physicians who manage DKD is also provided.
Noncompliance to Diet and Medication among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Selected Hospitals of Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Kafle Nisha , Poudel Resham , Shrestha Sushan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Background Diabetes is a major public health problem affecting people of all ages globally. Noncompliance compromises the effectiveness of treatment and adversely affects patients' health. The main purpose of this study was to assess and compare the proportion of noncompliance to diet and medication between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) visiting public and private hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Methods Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in T2DM patients visiting public and private hospitals. Eight item Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MMAQ) for medication adherence and Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire (PDAQ) for dietary adherence were used. Epidata was used for data entry and SPSS for data analysis. Chi-square test was used as a test of significance. Odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
Results The study involved 182 T2DM patients. Participants' age was ≥ 17 years and they were under treatment for ≥ 6 months. Mean age of the participants was 54.67 years with standard deviation (SD) ± 11.69. Prevalence of medication noncompliance was seen in 126 (69.2%) patients, whereas prevalence of dietary noncompliance was seen in 166 (91.2%) patients. Illiterate participants were more likely to be noncompliant than literate to medication (OR 4.32, p = 0.001). Self-employed were more likely to be noncompliant to medication than job holders (OR 2.93, p = 0.008). People visiting public hospital were more likely to be noncompliant to diet than those visiting private hospital (OR 4.89, p = 0.009). Illiterate participants were more likely to be noncompliant to diet than literate (OR 10.94, p = 0.005).
Conclusion The T2DM patients visiting public hospitals were more noncompliant to diet. Illiterate patients were more noncompliant to both medication and diet. Self-employed compared with job holders were more noncompliant to medication. Patient education and counseling should be aggressively addressed mainly in public hospitals. There was no significant difference in medication noncompliance between public and private hospitals (p = 0.108).
Der Zeitpunkt der Kyphoplastie beeinflusst das Ergebnis: eine prospektive Analyse
Authors: Trieb Klemens , Nittinger Michael 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungZiel der prospektiven Untersuchung war es, bei der Behandlung von Wirbelkörperfrakturen mittels Ballonkyphoplastie die Schmerzreduktion im Hinblick auf das Frakturalter zu evaluieren. Insgesamt konnten in dieser Studie 106 Patienten (37 männlich und 69 weiblich) mit 128 Wirbelkörperfrakturen mit einem mittleren Alter von 67,5 Jahren (21 bis 92 Jahre) bei einem Bodymaßindex von 26,4 (16–40,4) erfasst werden. Alle Frakturen wurden radiologisch und klinisch ausgewertet. Es wurden die Schmerzintensität (visuelle Analogskala 0–10), der Analgetikaverbrauch (WHO-Stufenschema 1 bis 3), der Oswestryscore und operationsrelevante Daten erhoben (Operationsdauer, Zementverbrauch, Komplikationen). Es wurden 37 A 1.1-, 43 A 1.2-, 43 A 1.3-, 4 A 3.1- und 1 A 2.3-Klassifikationen erhoben. Das Frakturalter in Tagen betrug bei 75 Patienten weniger als 23 Tage, die mittlere Operationszeit betrug 43 Minuten. Der Analgetikaverbrauch konnte von präoperativ 1,8 ± 0,8 auf 1,0 ± 0,6 reduziert werden. Eine signifikante Verbesserung zeigte sich in der Schmerzintensität; diese sank signifikant von 8,2 ± 0,9 präoperativ auf 3,9 ± 0,8 postoperativ. Bezogen auf das Frakturalter und die Schmerzintensität konnte eine deutlich höhere Schmerzreduktion bei den frischen Frakturen zwischen 0 und 23 Tagen erzielt werden. Hier sank die Schmerzintensität auf 2,5 ± 0,5 postoperativ, bei den später versorgten Frakturen lag dieser Wert bei 4,5 ± 0,4. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass die Ballonkyphoplastie eine suffiziente Methode ist Wirbelkörperfrakturen aufzurichten, den Kyphosewinkel zu verbessern und eine Schmerzreduktion zu erreichen.
Observing Eurolects
Authors: Sandrelli Annalisa 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The English text of any EU act is the product of collaboration between native and non-native drafters and is influenced by contact with the other EU languages in the multilingual drafting process. This study investigates the main differences between the language used in a corpus of EU directives (corpus A) and the language employed in the related UK national transposition measures (corpus B), via a mixture of quantitative data obtained using specific concordancing software (WordSmith Tools) and qualitative observations. The significant differences found at various levels (lexical, morpho-syntactic and textual) confirm the existence of a specific variety of English used in EU legislation, that is, an English Eurolect.
Final report, on-going key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, ozone at ambient level, comparison with NIST, September 2017
Authors: Viallon Joële , Idrees Faraz , Moussay Philippe , Wielgosz Robert , Norris James E , Hodges Joseph T 
Published: November 2018

As part of the ongoing key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, a comparison has been performed between the ozone national standard of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the common reference standard of the key comparison, maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The instruments have been compared over a nominal ozone amount-of-substance fraction range of 0 nmol/mol to 500 nmol/mol.
KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH
Ozone, Standard Reference Photometer

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
The magneto-optical response of two Faraday crystals from Matesy: a case study
Authors: Espina-Hernández J H , Michlmayr S , Piepgras R , Zagar B 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This work analyses two Faraday crystals from the company Matesy to elucidate how their differences compromise experimental results for quantitative magnetometry. Our results show that the two crystals have different domain patterns and different hysteresis loops under the influence of a homogeneous magnetic field, which point to the importance of considering carefully the crystal selection and their individual characterization for its successful implementation in a magneto-optic measurement setup.
Estimation of vector uncertainties of multivariable indirect instrumental measurement systems on the star circuit example
Authors: Warsza Zygmunt , Puchalski Jacek 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Signal processing in a multi-variable indirect measurement system and its uncertainties is considered. It was proposed to extend the vector method of estimating uncertainties, given in Supplement 2 to GUM for the use to describe the accuracy of instrumental systems for indirect multivariable measurements. A formula for the covariance matrix of relative uncertainties is also given. As the example, the covariance matrix for indirect measurements of the star form circuit resistances from its terminals was determined and influence of of the measurement channels uncertainties are analyzed.
Effect Modification by Age on the Benefit or Harm of Antihypertensive Treatment for Elderly Hypertensives: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Huang Chi-Jung , Chiang Chern-En , Williams Bryan , Kario Kazuomi , Sung Shih-Hsien , Chen Chen-Huan , Wang Tzung-Dau , Cheng Hao-Min 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The influence of age on balance of benefit vs. potential harm of blood pressure (BP)-lowering therapy for elderly hypertensives is unclear. We evaluated the modifying effects of age on BP lowering for various adverse outcomes in hypertensive patients older than 60 years without specified comorbidities.

METHODS
All relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were systematically identified. Coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure (HF), cardiovascular death, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), renal failure (RF), and all-cause death were assessed. Meta-regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between achieved systolic BP (SBP) and the risk of adverse events. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the estimates.

RESULTS
Our study included 18 RCTs (n = 53,993). Meta-regression analysis showed a lower achieved SBP related with a lower risk of stroke and cardiovascular death, but an increased risk of RF. The regression slopes were comparable between populations stratifying by age 75 years. In subgroup analysis, the relative risks of a more aggressive BP lowering strategy were similar between patients aged older or less than 75 years for all outcomes except for RF (P for interaction = 0.02). Compared to treatment with final achieved SBP 140–150 mm Hg, a lower achieved SBP (&lt;140 mm Hg) was significantly associated with decreased risk of stroke (relative risk = 0.68; 95% confidence interval = 0.55–0.85), HF (0.77; 0.60–0.99), cardiovascular death (0.68; 0.52–0.89), and MACE (0.83; 0.69–0.99).

CONCLUSIONS
To treat hypertension in the elderly, age had trivial effect modification on most outcomes, except for renal failure. Close monitoring of renal function may be warranted in the management of elderly hypertension.