bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the CRAC: Diversification of ion signaling in B cells
Authors: Mahtani Trisha , Treanor Bebhinn 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough calcium signaling and the important role of calcium release–activated calcium channels is well recognized in the context of immune cell signaling, there is a vast diversity of ion channels and transporters that regulate the entry of ions beyond calcium, including magnesium, zinc, potassium, sodium, and chloride. These ions play a critical role in numerous metabolic and cellular processes. The importance of ions in human health and disease is illustrated by the identification of primary immunodeficiencies in patients with mutations in genes encoding ion channels and transporters, as well as the immunological defects observed in individuals with nutritional ion deficiencies. Despite progress in identifying the important role of ions in immune cell development and activation, we are still in the early stages of exploring the diversity of ion channels and transporters and mechanistically understanding the role of these ions in immune cell biology. Here, we review the biology of ion signaling in B cells and the identification of critical ion channels and transporters in B‐cell development, activation, and differentiation into effector cells. Elucidating the role of ion channels and transporters in immune cell signaling is critical for expanding the repertoire of potential therapeutics for the treatment of immune disorders. Moreover, increased understanding of the role of ions in immune cell function will enhance our understanding of the potentially serious consequences of ion deficiencies in human health and disease.
T and B‐cell signaling in activated PI3K delta syndrome: From immunodeficiency to autoimmunity
Authors: Preite Silvia , Gomez‐Rodriguez Julio , Cannons Jennifer L. , Schwartzberg Pamela L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPhosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3K) are a family of lipid kinases that are activated by a variety of cell‐surface receptors, and regulate a wide range of downstream readouts affecting cellular metabolism, growth, survival, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. The importance of these lipid kinases in lymphocyte signaling has recently been highlighted by genetic analyses, including the recognition that both activating and inactivating mutations of the catalytic subunit of PI3Kδ, p110δ, lead to human primary immunodeficiencies. In this article, we discuss how studies on the human genetic disorder “Activated PI3K‐delta syndrome” and mouse models of this disease (Pik3cdE1020K/+ mice) have provided fundamental insight into pathways regulated by PI3Kδ in T and B cells and their contribution to lymphocyte function and disease, including responses to commensal bacteria and the development of autoimmunity and tumors. We highlight critical roles of PI3Kδ in T follicular helper cells and the orchestration of the germinal center reaction, as well as in CD8+ T‐cell function. We further present data demonstrating the ability of the AKT‐resistant FOXO1AAA mutant to rescue IgG1 class switching defects in Pik3cdE1020K/+ B cells, as well as data supporting a role for PI3Kδ in promoting multiple T‐helper effector cell lineages.
Signaling pathways involved in the T‐cell‐mediated immunity against Epstein‐Barr virus: Lessons from genetic diseases
Authors: Latour Sylvain , Fischer Alain 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPrimary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) provide researchers with unique models to understand in vivo immune responses in general and immunity to infections in particular. In humans, impaired immune control of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with the occurrence of several different immunopathologic conditions; these include non‐malignant and malignant B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a severe inflammatory condition, and a chronic acute EBV infection of T cells. Studies of PIDs associated with a predisposition to develop severe, chronic EBV infections have led to the identification of key components of immunity to EBV – notably the central role of T‐cell expansion and its regulation in the pathophysiology of EBV‐associated diseases. On one hand, the defective expansion of EBV‐specific CD8 T cells results from mutations in genes involved in T‐cell activation (such as RASGRP1, MAGT1, and ITK), DNA metabolism (CTPS1) or co‐stimulatory pathways (CD70, CD27, and TNFSFR9 (also known as CD137/4‐1BB)) leads to impaired elimination of proliferating EBV‐infected B cells and the occurrence of lymphoma. On the other hand, protracted T‐cell expansion and activation after the defective killing of EBV‐infected B cells is caused by genetic defects in the components of the lytic granule exocytosis pathway or in the small adapter protein SH2D1A (also known as SAP), a key activator of T‐ and NK cell‐cytotoxicity. In this setting, the persistence of EBV‐infected cells results in HLH, a condition characterized by unleashed T‐cell and macrophage activation. Moreover, genetic defects causing selective vulnerability to EBV infection have highlighted the role of co‐receptor molecules (CD27, CD137, and SLAM‐R) selectively involved in immune responses against infected B cells via specific T‐B cell interactions.
Multi‐lead vs single‐lead Tpeak‐Tend interval measurements for prediction of reperfusion ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Authors: Sedova Ksenia , Galinyte Viktorija , Arteyeva Natalia , Hejda Jan , Bernikova Olesya , Kneppo Peter , Azarov Jan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionElectrocardiographic Tpeak‐Tend interval (Tp‐Te) is a promising marker for the prediction of ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF). The study was aimed to compare single‐lead vs multilead Tp‐Te variables as VT/VF predictors in experimental ischemia/reperfusion model.Methods and ResultsComputer simulations were done using the ECGSIM model with an ischemic region set in anterior left ventricular apex. In 18 anesthetized cats, myocardial ischemia was induced by 30‐minute ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion. Body surface ECGs in limb leads and modified precordial leads were recorded. Tp‐Te was detected automatically in individual leads with a custom‐designed parametric algorithm. Tp‐Te dispersion and total Tp‐Te were calculated as a difference between the maximal and minimal value of individual Tp‐Te(s) and an interval between the earliest Tpeak and the latest Tend throughout all leads, respectively.Simulations showed that the increase of local, but not total, dispersion of repolarization characteristic for ischemic damage led to nonuniform shortening of T‐peak times across 12 standard leads, which in turn resulted in the increase of single‐lead Tp‐Te(s), total Tp‐Te and Tp‐Te dispersion. Animals experienced VT/VF showed increased Tp‐Te dispersion and total Tp‐Te during reperfusion. In univariate logistic regression analysis, only the Tp‐Te dispersion at the beginning of reperfusion was associated with the VT/VF incidence. According to ROC curve analysis, the optimal cut‐off value of the Tp‐Te dispersion was 17 ms (sensitivity 0.71, specificity 0.80).ConclusionsThe reperfusion VT/VFs were independently predicted by increased Tp‐Te dispersion, which suggests the importance of multi‐lead evaluation of Tp‐Te intervals.
A novel ECG‐based algorithm to determine right ventricular lead placement in permanent pacemaker patients (RVpace study)
Authors: Zajac Dariusz , Farkowski Michal M. , Kowalik Ilona , Jankowska Agnieszka , Firek Bohdan , Szwed Hanna , Pytkowski Mariusz 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionFluoroscopy guidance alone is not sufficient for the accurate localization of the pacing lead (PL) in the right ventricle (RV) during implantation of the cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED). The aim of this study was to create a surface electrocardiogram (ECG) algorithm based on paced QRS (pQRS) morphology to accurately localize PL position in the RV.Methods and ResultsThirty consecutive patients scheduled for catheter ablation of right heart arrhythmias were enrolled. After the elimination of index arrhythmia pacing from the RV interventricular septum (IVS), apex and free wall was performed and pQRS were recorded. The pacing site was verified both by fluoroscopy and transthoracic echocardiography. After a careful analysis of pQRS, a stepwise algorithm was developed to aid the proper positioning of the PL in RV. The algorithm was later prospectively validated in 31 pacemaker patients undergoing an elective generator exchange.A clear R wave in I, II, and V5 leads indicated proximal IVS. For a reliable indication of other RV sites, four ECG leads were crucial I, II, V5, and V6. A prospective evaluation of the algorithm revealed 90.3% agreement between RV lead localization obtained by ECG and echocardiography, with sensitivity of 92.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83.2%‐100.0%) and a positive predictive value of 96.0% (95% CI, 89.0%‐100.0%) for desired lead locations in RV.ConclusionA simple ECG algorithm can reliably differentiate between the sites of permanent PL implantation in the RV in CIED recipients.
Family functioning and psychological distress in a sample of mental health outpatients: Implications for routine examination and screening
Authors: Tramonti Francesco , Petrozzi Angela , Burgalassi Annalisa , Milanfranchi Alessandro , Socci Cristina , Belviso Cristina , Mainardi Cecilia , Albanesi Giorgio , Guglielmi Paola 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesClinical and research evidence suggests that family functioning is an important variable in shaping psychological well‐being, despite being often overlooked in the prevailing approaches to mental health. The aim of the present study is to examine the associations between psychological distress and family functioning in a sample of patients accessing a public mental health service.MethodCORE‐OM and FACES IV questionnaires were administered to 112 patients, and all the correlations between the scales and subscales were calculated. Descriptive statistics concerning family typologies and satisfaction with family communication or relationships were also evaluated.ResultsThe results showed significant associations between family functioning and psychological well‐being. Positive aspects of family functioning, such as balanced cohesion and flexibility, were associated with lower distress, while negative aspects such as disengagement were associated with poorer mental health. According to the Circumplex model, most of the families were described as balanced in their functioning; however, the communication and family satisfaction scores revealed that many patients had concerns about their family relationships.ConclusionsThis study confirms that family functioning is significantly associated with psychological distress, also in the absence of clear and conspicuous signs of structural imbalances within family relationships.
Oral Health Symptoms and Cognitive Function Among US Community‐Dwelling Chinese Older Adults
Authors: Petrovsky Darina V. , Wu Bei , Mao Weiyu , Dong XinQi 
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESLimited research is available on the relationship between oral health symptoms and cognitive function among community‐dwelling US Chinese older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between tooth/gum symptoms and changes in cognitive function.DESIGNTwo‐wave epidemiological study.SETTINGPopulation Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE).PARTICIPANTSUS Chinese older adults (N = 2713; mean age = 72.6 y; 58.4% women).MEASUREMENTSWe selected self‐reported oral (tooth and gum) symptoms as independent variables. To examine changes in cognitive function (wave 2: Baseline), we chose the following three domains: episodic memory (East Boston Memory Test); executive function (Symbol Digit Modalities Test); and working memory (Digit Span Backwards). In addition, we assessed global cognitive function by constructing a composite measure.RESULTSAt baseline, 1297 participants (47.8%) reported having teeth symptoms, and 513 participants (18.9%) reported having gum symptoms. Adjusting for sociodemographic and health‐related characteristics, participants who reported having teeth symptoms at baseline experienced their global cognition decrease by 0.07 units (estimate = −0.07; p = .003) and their episodic memory decrease by 0.07 units (estimate = −0.07; p = .026). Participants who reported having teeth symptoms at baseline experienced a faster rate of decline in global cognition for every additional year (estimate = 0.02; p = .047). However, this effect disappeared once we adjusted for all covariates (estimate = 0.02; p = .069). We found no significant relationship between baseline gum symptoms and change of cognitive function.CONCLUSIONHaving teeth symptoms was associated with a decline in cognitive function among US Chinese older adults. Developing policy measures aimed at ameliorating health and improving cognition in this high‐risk fast‐growing population in the United States would need to include oral health preventive and dental care services. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:S532–S537, 2019.
The Influence of Smoking Status on the Health Profiles of Older Chinese American Men
Authors: Li Chien‐Ching , Matthews Alicia K. , Dong XinQi , Simon Melissa 
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVETo examine the influence of smoking status on the health profiles of community‐dwelling older Chinese American men in the greater Chicago, IL, area.DESIGNThis study utilized a cross‐sectional study design to analyze data obtained from the larger Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE).SETTINGA population‐based study conducted in Chicago.PARTICIPANTSBaseline data from Chinese American men who participated in PINE (N = 1492).MEASURESDemographic characteristics measured included age, education years, marital status, income, health insurance coverage, and smoking pack‐years. Self‐reported smoking status included never smoker, current smoker, and former smoker. Health profile indicators included perceived health status, past 12‐month changes in health, chronic medical conditions (heart diseases, stroke, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, thyroid disease, and osteoarthritis), quality of life, and depression and anxiety.RESULTSThe mean age of the study sample was 72.5 years. Of the sample, 65% reported a smoking history, with 25.1% current smokers and 40.1% former smokers. Current smokers were younger, less educated, and uninsured. Former smokers had the poorest overall health profiles. Compared to former smokers, current smokers were less likely to have heart disease (odds ratio [OR] = 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39‐0.90), hypertension (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.41‐0.72), high cholesterol (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.56‐0.99), thyroid disease (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.21‐0.90), depression (rate ratio [RR] = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.58‐0.99), and anxiety (RR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.59‐0.89), and they had fewer overall chronic medical conditions (RR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.70‐0.88) after controlling for demographic factors and smoking pack‐year history. Compared to never smokers, former and current smokers reported poorer self‐rated health (OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.11‐2.26) and lower perceived quality of life (OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.04‐4.29).CONCLUSIONSConsistent with prior research, smoking rates were elevated among this sample of older Chinese men. Counter to study hypotheses, former smokers had worse overall health. Study findings suggest the need for health promotion interventions for both current and former smokers. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:S577–S583, 2019.
Institutional Special Needs Plans and Hospice Enrollment in Nursing Homes: A National Analysis
Authors: Dhingra Lara , Lipson Karen , Dieckmann Nathan F. , Chen Jack , Bookbinder Marilyn , Portenoy Russell 
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUNDInstitutional Special Needs Plans (I‐SNPs) in nursing homes could impact hospice use by residents with advanced illness. Little is known about their relationship.OBJECTIVETo determine whether I‐SNP availability has been associated with changes in hospice utilization.DESIGNFederal data from 2011 and 2013 were extracted from the Minimum Data Set (MDS) and other sources. Multilevel models evaluated I‐SNP–, resident‐, and facility‐related variables as predictors of hospice utilization.SETTINGAll US nursing homes in 2011 (N = 15 750) and 2013 (N = 15 732).PARTICIPANTSNursing home residents enrolled in Medicare or in both Medicare and Medicaid.MEASUREMENTSNursing home and resident data were obtained from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services sources: the MDS 3.0, Master Summary Beneficiary File, and Special Needs Plan Comprehensive Report.RESULTSThe mean number of residents per nursing home was 210.9 (SD = 167.1) in 2011 and 217.2 (SD = 171.5) in 2013. The prevalence of I‐SNP contracts in nursing homes increased between 2011 and 2013, from 55.2% (N = 8691) to 61.1% (N = 9605), respectively (P < .001). In multivariate analyses, greater hospice enrollment in nursing homes was associated with having at least one I‐SNP enrollee per month; year (2013 higher than 2011); smaller facility size; urban (vs rural) setting; location in the Northeast (vs Midwest); lower average resident mental status; higher average resident mobility; younger residents, on average; and facilities with higher proportions of residents with specific diagnoses (cancer, cirrhosis, and dementia). After adjusting for resident and nursing home characteristics, the association between monthly I‐SNP presence and hospice enrollment was found only in nursing homes with 50 or greater beds and there was a positive relationship with increasing size.CONCLUSIONSGrowth of I‐SNPs has been associated with changes in hospice utilization, and the relationship varies by facility size. Studies are needed to clarify the nature of this association and determine whether care may be improved through coordination of these programs. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2537–2544, 2019
Efficacy of gabapentin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ta Patrick Chieu Poa , Dinh Hue Quyen , Nguyen Kim , Lin Samuel , Ong Yong Li , Ariyawardana Anura 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe aim of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of gabapentin (GBP) in the treatment of pain of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN). A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (EBSCO Industries), Emcare (Ovid), Medline (Ovid), Medline (PubMed), Scopus (Elsevier) and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics). The inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trials of GBP as a monotherapy in the treatment of idiopathic TN in adult participants and publications in English. All other study methodologies were excluded. The search yielded 1472 articles, and after exclusion, 11 full‐text articles were eligible for full‐text analysis. Only two studies met the inclusion criteria. There is insufficient evidence either to support or refute the efficacy of GBP in the management of idiopathic TN. Therefore, further well‐designed placebo‐controlled trials are required to confirm the efficacy of GBP in managing TN pain as a single therapy.
A reappraisal and revision of the numbering of the pharyngeal arches
Authors: Graham Anthony , Poopalasundaram Subathra , Shone Victoria , Kiecker Clemens 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe pharyngeal arches are a prominent and significant feature of vertebrate embryos. These are visible as a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the embryonic head. In humans, and other amniotes, there are five pharyngeal arches numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6; note the missing ‘5’. This is the standard scheme for the numbering of these structures, and it is a feature of modern anatomy textbooks. In this article, we discuss the rationale behind this odd numbering, and consider its origins. One reason given is that there is a transient 5th arch that is never fully realized, while another is that this numbering reflects considerations from comparative anatomy. We show here, however, that neither of these reasons has substance. There is no evidence from embryology for a ‘5th’ arch, and the comparative argument does not hold as it does not apply across the vertebrates. We conclude that there is no justification for this strange numbering. We suggest that the pharyngeal arches should simply be numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 as this would be in keeping with the embryology and with the general numbering of the pharyngeal arches across the vertebrates.
Mycobacterium abscessus infections following injection of botulinum toxin
Authors: Fang Rou‐yu , Sun Qiu‐ning 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of Mycobacterium abscessus infections has increased in recent years. Some of these infections are caused by invasive cosmetic procedures.AimsRaising the awareness of cosmetic procedure related Mycobacterium abscessus infection for clinicians.Patients/MethodsWe presented a 28‐year‐old woman who developed multiple erythema and painful nodules in her lower extremities after injections of botulinum toxin.ResultsMycobacterium culture and strain identification of the tissue confirmed Mycobacterium abscessus. Combination antibiotics therapy was given and the lesion healed with scar and pigmentation.ConclusionMycobacterium abscessus infections following injection of botulinum toxin are rare and easily misdiagnosed as common suppurative infections. Early microbiologic tests are necessary for diagnose. Standardized operation should be performed to avoid this particular infection.
Hope and human capital enhance job engagement to improve workplace outcomes
Authors: Ozyilmaz Adnan 
Published: August 2019

Drawing from conservation of resources theory, we contend that motivation (job engagement) fully mediates the relationships between hope and human capital (antecedents) and task performance. We also propose that job engagement provides an interesting explanation for organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) that differs from the explanation provided by human capital. Using triad data collected from 170 employees, their supervisors, and their peers at 15 different business organizations in Turkey across four waves, we find that the associations of hope and human capital with task performance occur through job engagement. Interestingly, one path (human capital–job engagement–task performance–OCBs) provides a chain of positive associations that can explain OCBs, whereas another path (human capital–OCBs) has a direct, negative association with OCBs. The results suggest that the motivational value of job engagement leads to improvement in the task performance and OCBs of individuals who are full of hope and have high human capital.Practitioner points

Practising managers should invest in hiring, training, and retaining individuals with high levels of hope and human capital to enhance job engagement in the workplace because such individuals conserve their resources to engage in their job.

Job engagement in role A (task) contributes to role B (OCBs) because high accomplishment in task performance generates positive emotions, which lead to high achievement in OCBs. Therefore, practising managers should allow their subordinates to allocate their resources to addressing their multiple roles in the order of the importance that they assign to these roles because employees’ resources, energy, time, and attentional capacities are limited.