bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of chromic oxide, titanium dioxide and lignin as indigestible markers for the determination of ileal and faecal digestibility of nitrogen in the pig
Authors: Jagger S. , Wiseman J. , Cole D.J.A. 
Published: June 2019

Indigestible markers are important in the determination of digestibility values when only a sample of the material may be collected. This situation arises when collecting ileal digesta for determination of ileal digestibilities via a T-piece cannula. Consequently a comparison of indigestible markers was undertaken.The trial consisted of five treatments: (a) 0.1% Cr2O3, (b) 0.5% Cr2O3, (c) 0.1% TiO2, (d) 0.5% TiO2 and (e) no external marker. Treatment (e) was used for the determination of lignin. 5 cannulated (Landrace x Large White) x Landrace gilts, initially weighing an average of 35 kg, were arranged in a 5 x 5 Latin square. They were placed in metabolism crates, for the collection periods, and housed in a building with a controlled environment. Each of the five periods was preceded by a 9 day acclimatization period. Before period 1 faecal samples had been taken from the 5th to the 9th day after external markers had been included in the diets. These samples were used to determine the quantity of marker excreted in relation to time after inclusion in the diet. Each period consisted of a 5 day marker-to-marker collection of faeces and collection of ileal digesta on the 1st, 3rd and 5th day after the faecal collection. Ileal digesta was collected every 2 hours for 12 hours. Pooled samples of ileal digesta and faeces for each period were used for the determination of nitrogen digestibility.
The Supplementation of Ammonia Treated Straws for Suckler Cows
Authors: Turner P J , Perks D A 
Published: June 2019

A further experiment in a series of trials to look at the effects of treating straws on their feed values, and the responses to different supplements was carried out in the winter of 1982-83. The treatments were:-1)Untreated barley straw (DBS) plus 1.5 kg rolled barley/urea per day2)Ammonia treated barley straw (TBS) alone3)Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) alone4)Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.5 kg rolled barley5)Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.5 kg soya bean meal6)Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.25 kg rolled barley and 0.25 kg fishmealThere were 7 Hereford x Friesian cows per treatment, all mature animals (third calvers or more) calved in May, bulled with a Charolais bull in July and calves weaned off and cows yarded in November 1982. The trial ran for 145 days from 25 November 1982 to 19 April I983 covering about months 4 to 8 of pregnancy. They were group fed.
Evaluation of partial weaning and treatment with PG600 at weaning in relation to subsequent reproduction in the sow.
Authors: Foxcroft G. R. , English P. R. , Bampton P. R. , MacPherson O. , Birnie M. , Bark L. J. 
Published: June 2019

’Partial’ or ‘split’ weaning involves the earlier weaning of part of the litter before the normal weaning date. There have been isolated reports which claim that such a practice can reduce final weaning to service and conception interval and increase the size of the subsequent litter. However, these possible effects have not been quantified adequately and accordingly a study was carried out to further evaluate this practice.The study was conducted on a 700 sow commercial unit in Aberdeen-shire with crossbred Large White (LW) x Landrace (LR) sows mated to LW, LR or LW x LR boars. Sows and litters were accomodated in conventional farrowing pens and weaning took place when litters averaged 17 days of age. Following weaning, sows were transferred to dry sow stalls adjacent to boar pens. Newly weaned pigs were transferred to flat-deck nursery accomodation.
Supplementation of Scottish Blackface Gimmers During Mating and Mid-pregnancy
Authors: Waterhouse A , McClelland T H 
Published: June 2019

Lamb output in terms of both reproductive performance and lamb growth during lactationof hill gimmers (18 months old at first mating) is typically well below that of their multiparous contemporaries. This paper reports an attempt to evaluate the effects of supplementary feeding during the mating period and mid-pregnancy on gimmer performance.Three hundred and ninety three Scottish Blackface gimmers from two hirsels (flocks of sheep from contiguous areas of land) of Auchtertyre Farm in west Perthshire were split according to the following design.
Comparison of systems for estimating protein allowances for dairy cows
Authors: Waters C.J. , Dewhurst R.J. , Webster A.J.F. 
Published: June 2019

The proposed Agricultural Research Council (ARC 1984) protein evaluation system for ruminants provides lower nitrogen allowances than any other. (National Research Council 1985; Alderman 1987). A U.K. Interdepartmental Working Party (IDWP) was set up to consider the ARC (1980) proposals and recommend a practical protein evaluation system for ruminants for use by the advisory services. Its provisional proposals have been reported by Webster (1987). This trial was set up to provide a practical evaluation of the two systems in a commercial dairy herd.Animals. Thirty-three Friesian cows (mean livewewight 590kg, mean previous milk yield 6120 kg), in early lactation were blocked according to (a) previous treatment, (b) number of previous lactations and (c) previous milk yield. The cows were randomly allocated within blocks to one of three dietary treatments.Treatments. Dietary nitrogen allowances were calculated, according to (1) ARC(1984) and (2) IDWP (Webster, 1987) except that the ARC (1984) concept of essential amino acid nitrogen was included in the IDWP calculations. The difference in nitrogen allowances between the two systems was so great as to warrant a third intermediate treatment (INT), calculated to provide allowances mid-way between the other two.
Lamb Production from Summer Lambing Ewes
Authors: King Margaret E , Keeling Beverley J 
Published: June 2019

The majority of lamb production in Britain is concentrated in March and April resulting in a glut of lambs during July-September when the guaranteed price is at its lowest. Trials were carried out over 3 years to assess the feasibility of lambing hill and lowground ewes in early summer when grass is at its most productive and little concentrates are necessary prior to lambing.Trial 1 involved 20 bought-in Blackface (BF) ewes which were exposed to the tup in January/February in a sheltered field. Hay was available but no concentrates were fed. Ewes were outwintered and lambed in June/July when they were moved onto clean grazing. Concentrates were fed at the rate of 150g/d rising to 300g/d from 4 weeks pre-lambing to 10 days post-lambing. Results are shown in table 1.
Alternative Ways of Oestrus Induction in Early Lambing Ewes
Authors: Keeling B J , Gunn G J , King M E , Logue D N , Gill A , Rodway R G , Ibrahim M 
Published: June 2019

The majority of early lambing flocks in the UK consist of crossbred ewes which do not normally cycle at a time consistent with an early January lambing. Oestrus stimulation is therefore necessary and is generally achieved by the use of progesterone-impregnated sponges and Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG). Alternative techniques to sponges and PMSG to induce oestrus may become increasingly important in the future if restrictions are placed on the use of synthetic hormones. The present study aimed toa) Investigate alternative ways of advancing the breeding season naturally using vasectomised males and ovariectomised, oestrus-induced females. (Teasing).b) Assess whether treatment of ‘teased’ ewes with melatonin would enhance any effect of teasers.
Digestibility of amino acids in maize, wheat and barley meals measured in pigs with ileo-rectal anastomosis and isolation of the large intestine
Authors: Green S. , Bertrand S. , Duron M. , Maillard R. 
Published: June 2019

Evaluation was made of the extent to which amino acids in maize, wheat and barley meals were digested by pigs.Apparent Digestibility (AD) of an individual amino acid was determined as the difference between amino acid intake and amino acid in the ileal digesta, expressed as a percentage of the intake. AD was adjusted to True Digestibility (TD) by correcting for the endogenous amino acid in the digesta, measured after feeding protein-free diets. An attempt was made to account for the possible influence of dietary fibre on digestility determinations by using protein-free diets which provided similar intakes of crude fibre as that achieved with the cereals.4 littermate male pigs (22 kg live weight) were each surgically modified to create an ileo-rectal anastomosis. The large intestine was sealed at both ends and a cannula exteriorized from its lumen to enable fermenting residues to escape. Pigs were housed in individual metabolism crates. Digesta by-passed the large intestine, were expelled via the anus and collected in trays. The spurious influence of bacteria in the large intestine, on digestibility measurement, was thus avoided.
The use of exotic sires for mating to maiden suckler heifers
Authors: Dolman D F , Broadbent P J 
Published: June 2019

Sires from British breeds are less likely to cause calving difficulties than sires from Continental breeds. Consequently, heifers have usually been mated to Aberdeen-Angus, Beef Shorthorn or Hereford sires although Continental sires produce bigger, faster growing calves which mature at heavier weights. However, information is available on calving difficulties for sires used in AI and this enables easy calving Continental sires to be selected.A group of 70 Hereford x British Friesian heifers were allocated at random to be mated, using AI, to a progeny tested high performance easy calving Aberdeen-Angus or to an easy calving sire of the Blonde d'Aquitaine, Limousin and Simmental breeds.Only one sire from each breed was involved. The heifers were mated to commence calving in mid August 1985. A combined PRID/PG (PRID, CEVA; prostaglandin ICI Estrumate) technique was used to synchronise oestrus in the heifers and they were served by AI at 72 and 96 hours after the PG injection.
Some Brief Reflections on Digital Technologies and Economic Development
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAmong the many disruptions caused by artificial intelligence (AI) and other digital technologies (including automation, cyberwarfare, surveillance, loss of privacy, fake news, infrastructure vulnerability), the effects on development pathways are likely to be significant and complex. AI will enable low-income countries to leapfrog in several sectors, including e-governance, e-finance, e-health, and e-education. Yet AI will also lead to automation, reducing the demand for labor, especially unskilled labor. Labor-intensive sectors such as apparel will provide fewer jobs, and lower export earnings. Development strategies will need to adjust accordingly.
International economic law and the quest for universality
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe quest for universality in international economic law has met many obstacles. This article begins from the proposition that there are various ways to conceive of universality in international law, for example whether the rules are accepted widely among states (omnipresence) or whether they are broadly coherent (generality). Homing in on trade and investment law, the article assesses how each of these areas has functioned as a testing ground for these different conceptions. An in-built quasi-universality characterizes international trade law with the WTO as a seemingly centralized universal institution. Such universality, however, has often been achieved through differentiation of rights and obligations (e.g., the Enabling Clause and regional trade agreements). In investment law, attempts at universalization through the construction of centralized institutions have failed. Nevertheless, certain common standards have emerged in this fragmented regime. There is also a debate around the use of the MFN clause as a universalizing tool and renewed efforts to universalize investment law are afoot. More generally, it is clear that there is little appetite for codification of international economic law, and that states wish to control its content through the conclusion of treaties. In the final analysis, this article asks whether it is time to conceive of universality differently, and particularly whether equity and collective preferences should be a more central part of the quest.
Use of oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue staining enhances rabbit cloned embryo development in vitro
Authors: Jia Linying , Ding Bo , Shen Chong , Luo Shiwei , Zhang Yanru , Zhou Lin , Ding Ruike , Qu Pengxiang , Liu Enqi 
Published: June 2019

SummaryRabbits play an important role in people’s lives due to their high nutritional value and high-quality hair that can be used as raw material for textiles. Furthermore, rabbits are an important animal model for human disease, as genome-edited animals are particularly valuable for studying gene functions and pathogenesis. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an important technique for producing genome-edited animals and it has great value in saving endangered species and in clone stem cell therapy. However, the low efficiency of SCNT limits its application, with the selection of suitable rabbit oocytes being crucial to its success. In the present study, we collected oocytes from ovarian follicles and stained them with 26 μM brilliant cresyl blue (BCB). We then matured the oocytes in vitro and used them for SCNT. Comparison of the BCB-positive oocytes with BCB-negative oocytes and the control group showed that the BCB-positive group had a significantly higher maturation rate (81.4% vs. 48.9% and 65.3% for the negative and control groups, respectively), cleavage rate (86.6% vs. 67.9% and 77.9%), blastocyst rate (30.5% vs. 12.8% and 19.6%), total number of blastocysts (90±7.5 vs. 65.3±6.3 and 67.5±5.7), and inner cell mass (ICM)/ trophectoderm (TE) index (42.3±4.2 vs. 30.2±2.1 and 33.9±5.1) (P<0.05). The BCB-positive group had a significantly lower apoptosis index (2.1±0.6 vs. 8.2±0.9 and 6.7±1.1 for the negative and control groups, respectively) (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate that BCB-positive oocytes have a higher maturation ability and developmental competence in vitro, indicating that BCB staining is a reliable method for selecting oocytes to enhance the efficiency of SCNT.
Passing on the fire - To further inspire people to contribute to the management of animal genetic resources
Authors: Kubbinga B. , Hoffmann I. , Scherf B. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn light of the upcoming first International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources (September 2007), experts have been interviewed to tell about their experiences in the management of animal genetic resources over the past fifty years. They identified three milestones in the history of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) management: the foundation of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (1973), the FAO/UNEP 1980 Technical Consultation on AnGR, and the signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). Conservation of AnGR started at grassroot level and eventually led to policies at governmental level. The passion of civil society organizations remains vital to conserve local livestock breeds. Technical and financial support will be crucial for the future of AnGR conservation. The next milestone will be a Global Plan of Action that is expected as one outcome of the International Technical Conference.
Access to care of frail community-dwelling older adults in Belgium: a qualitative study
Authors: Fret Bram , De Donder Liesbeth , Lambotte Deborah , Dury Sarah , Van der Elst Michaël , De Witte Nico , Switsers Lise , Hoens Sylvia , Van Regenmortel Sofie , Verté Dominique 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimThis paper aims to identify barriers that frail community-dwelling older adults experience regarding access to formal care and support services.BackgroundUniversal access to healthcare has been set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a main goal for the post-2015 development agenda. Nevertheless, regarding access to care, particular attention has to be paid to the so-called vulnerable groups, such as (frail) older adults.MethodsBoth inductive and deductive content analyses were performed on 22 individual interviews with frail, community-dwelling older adults who indicated they lacked care and support. The coding scheme was generated from the conceptual framework ‘6A’s of access to care and support’ (referring to work of Penchansky and Thomas, 1981; Wyszewianski, 2002; Saurman, 2016) and applied on the transcripts.FindingsResults indicate that (despite all policy measures) access to a broad spectrum of care and support services remains a challenge for older people in Belgium. The respondents’ barriers concern: ‘affordability’ referring to a lot of Belgian older adults having limited pensions, ‘accessibility’ going beyond geographical accessibility but also concerning waiting lists, ‘availability’ referring to the lack of having someone around, ‘adequacy’ addressing the insufficiency of motivated staff, the absence of trust in care providers influencing ‘acceptability’, and ‘awareness’ referring to limited health literacy. The discussion develops the argument that in order to make care and support more accessible for people in order to be able to age in place, governments should take measures to overcome these access limitations (eg, by automatic entitlements) and should take into account a broad description of access. Also, a seventh barrier (a seventh A) within the results, namely ‘ageism’, was discovered.
The Molecular Cloud Content of Spiral and Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Rickard L. J 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper concentrates on the molecular cloud component in its role as the site of current star formation – especially massive star formation. It is further restricted to the molecular component as traced by CO, the preeminent tracer of molecular gas in galaxies despite the problems discussed here. The basic topics addressed are (1) the variation of CO properties with galactic environment and type; (2) the problems involved in the inference of H2 distributions for individual galaxies from CO observations; and (3) the particular question of the presence of spiral structure in the CO component.
Supernovae and Stellar Mass Loss
Authors: Chevalier R. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractType I supernovae can be modeled as the carbon deflagration of white dwarfs and Type II supernovae as the explosions of massive stars with hydrogen envelopes. The massive stars at the ends of their lives are expected to be red supergiants, which are observed to have slow, dense winds. The interaction of the supernova kinetic energy and radiation with the circumstellar gas gives rise to observational phenomena at a range of wavelengths. Additional phenomena, such as a scattered light echo, are predicted. While the light from a Type II supernova near maximum light is probably from energy deposited in the initial explosion, there is now good evidence that the radioactive decay of 56Co powers the emission at late times. It was been noted that the explosions of massive stars without hydrogen envelopes would be quite unlike normal Type II supernovae. There is now good evidence for such explosions – SN1985f and the class of peculiar Type I supernovae. It is suggested that these supernovae be called Type III with the spectroscopic definition of a) no H lines and b) broad [01] lines at late times. That not all very massive star explosions are of this type is indicated by SN1961v, which was probably a very massive explosion, but in which hydrogen was present.
Models for the Early and Late Spectra of Supernovae
Authors: Fransson Claes 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe ionizing and heating effects of the radiation from the supernova on the circumstellar matter are discussed. In particular, it is shown how observations of UV absorption lines can give information about the ionization structure and radiative acceleration of the gas. In the second part, the physics of the late phases of supernovae is studied with special emphasis on the metal rich interiors of massive corecollapse supernovae. These results are then applied to SN 1985f.
Coronal Response to Energy Release During Solar Flares
Authors: Antonucci Ester 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe observations obtained with high resolution spectrometers flown in the past solar maximum, in the years 1979-1981, have shown that the soft x-ray plasma during the impulsive phase of solar flares is characterized by upflows. as well as by isotropic flows, at velocities of a few hundred km s-1. Isotropic flows can be directly related to the primary energy release process. While, upflows are an indication of chromospheric material heated to coronal temperatures and evaporating along the magnetic fluxtubes; they are therefore related to the development of the coronal soft x-ray source in the flare region.
Report of Joint Meeting held on 1985 November 22 to consider the MERIT/COTES recommendations for a new international earth-rotation service
Authors: McCarthy D D , Yatskiv Y A , Wilkins G A 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA Joint Meeting of Commissions 19 and 31 was held during the IAU General Assembly at Delhi to consider the recommendations for a new international earth-rotation service put forward by the IAU/IUGG Joint Working Groups on the rotation of the Earth and the conventional terrestrial reference system. Wilkins gave summaries of the MERIT programme of activities to monitor earth rotation and intercompare the techniques of observation and analysis and of the COTES programme to establish the basis of a new conventional terrestrial reference system. He reviewed the recommendations of the Groups, and then introduced a draft resolution of the Commissions. An amendment on the continuation of the use of the technique of optical astrometry was accepted and the resolution was then adopted without objection. Four papers on work related to the MERIT/COTES programmes were then presented. Paquet discussed the agreement in the results by different techniques for polar motion and universal time. Preuss presented a paper by Campbell and Schuh on short-period variations in earth-rotation determined by VLBI. Dickey discussed the intercomparisons between the earth-orientation parameters obtained by different techniques and then reviewed the close correlation between the length of the day and the angular momentum of the atmosphere. Finally, Vicente and Verbeiren presented new techniques for processing time and polar motion series.
A Reconsideration of the Galactic Constants
Authors: Kerr F. J. , Lynden-Bell D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhereas the I.A.U. standard values of the constants Ro, ⊙o, A, and B, differ from those currently considered best, the errors of current determinations are still rather large. Although the means of recent determinations lead to a fairly consistent set of values for the four main constants, the agreement may be largely coincidental. However, a case can be made for agreeing on a new pair of standard values for Ro and ⊙o as a matter of practical convenience.