bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecodesign of cosmetic formulae: methodology and application
Authors: L'Haridon J. , Martz P. , Chenéble J.‐C. , Campion J.‐F. , Colombe L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis article describes an easy‐to‐use ecodesign methodology developed and applied since 2014 by the L'Oréal Group to improve the sustainable performance of its new products without any compromise on their cosmetic efficacy.MethodsCosmetic products, after being used, are often discharged into the sewers and the aquatic compartment. This discharge is considered as dispersive and continuous. A consistent progress in reducing the environmental impact of cosmetic products can be achieved through focusing upon three strategic indicators: biodegradability, grey water footprint adapted for ecodesign (GWFE) and a global indicator, complementary to these two endpoints. Biodegradability represents the key process in the removal of organic ingredients from the environment. GWFE is defined herein as the theoretical volume of natural freshwater required to dilute a cosmetic formula after being used by the consumer, down to a concentration without any foreseeable toxic effects upon aquatic species. Finally, the complementary indicator highlights a possible alert on formula ingredients due to an unfavourable environmental profile based on hazard properties: for example Global Harmonization System/Classification, Labelling and Packaging (GHS/CLP) H410 classification or potential very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) classification.ResultsThe ecodesign of a new cosmetic product can be a challenge as the cosmetic properties and quality of this new product should at least match the benchmark reference. As shown in the case studies described herein, new methodologies have been developed to maximize the biodegradability of cosmetic formulae, to minimize their GWFE and to limit the use of ingredients that present an unfavourable environmental profile, while reaching the highest standards in terms of cosmetic efficacy.ConclusionBy applying these methodologies, highly biodegradable products (≥ 95% based on ingredient composition) have been developed and marketed, with a low GWFE. This new ecodesign approach shows that embedding sustainability in developing new cosmetic products can also open up new innovative opportunities.
RUMORS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS
Authors: Bloch Francis , Demange Gabrielle , Kranton Rachel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article studies the transmission of rumors in social networks. We consider a model with biased and unbiased agents. Biased agents want to enforce a specific decision and unbiased agents to match the true state. One agent learns the true state and sends a message to her neighbors, who decide whether or not to transmit it further. We characterize the perfect Bayesian equilibria of the game, show that the social network can act as a filter, and that biased agents may have an incentive to limit their number.
Mucosal‐associated invariant T cells in autoimmune and immune‐mediated diseases
Authors: Rouxel Ophélie , Lehuen Agnès 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAutoimmune and inflammatory diseases have complex etiologies not fully understood. Both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells express an invariant TCRα chain (Vα7.2‐Jα33 in humans and Vα19‐Jα33 in mice) and recognize the conserved MHC‐I‐related molecule MR1 presenting bacterial metabolites derived from the synthesis of vitamin B. MAIT cells harbor tissue homing properties and produce inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that MAIT cells may play a key role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we described the current knowledge on MAIT cells in these pathologies, based on patients analyses as well as mouse models. While most of the studies support a deleterious role of MAIT cells in tissue inflammation and destruction, a few reports suggest a protective role of MAIT cells. MAIT cells could represent a new biomarker of disease progression, and a better knowledge of their function might open new avenues for therapeutic strategies based on their manipulation.
A tutorial on the statistical analysis of factorial experiments with qualitative and quantitative treatment factor levels
Authors: Piepho H. P. , Edmondson R. N. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAgronomic experiments are often complex and difficult to interpret, and the proper use of appropriate statistical methodology is essential for an efficient and reliable analysis. In this paper, the basics of the statistical analysis of designed experiments are discussed using real examples from agricultural field trials. Factorial designs allow for the study of two or more treatment factors in the same experiment, and here we discuss the analysis of factorial designs for both qualitative and quantitative level treatment factors. Where treatment factors have quantitative levels, models of treatment effects are essential for efficient analysis and in this paper we discuss the use of polynomials for empirical quantitative modelling of treatment effects. The example analyses cover experiments with a single quantitative level factor, experiments with mixtures of quantitative and qualitative level factors, polynomial regression designs with two quantitative level factors, split‐plot designs with quantitative level factors and repeated‐measures designs with correlated data and a quantitative treatment response over time. Modern mixed model computer software for routine analysis of experimental data is now readily available, and we demonstrate the use of two alternative software packages, the SAS package and the R language. The main purpose of the paper is to exemplify standard statistical methodology for routine analysis of designed experiments in agricultural research, but in our discussion we also provide some references for the study of more advanced methodology.
Prediction of carotid intima–media thickness in obese patients with low prevalence of comorbidities by serum copper bioavailability
Authors: Tarantino Giovanni , Porcu Cristiana , Arciello Mario , Andreozzi Paola , Balsano Clara 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackground and AimWestern societies, with growing prevalence, suffer from various metabolic diseases like obesity and hepatic steatosis, better defined as non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, or cardiovascular (CV) diseases that are strictly linked to each other. The association of their occurrence with the altered homeostasis of metals is an intriguing issue. Copper in particular was identified as key player in various metabolic derangements. On these bases, we aimed at investigating the possible association of serum copper levels with an indicator of early CV risk as the intima–media thickness (IMT) of carotid artery and its predictive value in a selected population of obese patients.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study recruiting 100 obese patients characterized by a low prevalence of comorbidities. Ultrasound investigation for hepatic steatosis and IMT evaluation were performed. Serum samples were collected and then analyzed through atomic absorption spectrometry to evaluate their copper content. Possible correlations between copper bioavailability and biochemical, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics of patients were sought.ResultsAge negatively predicted copper serum levels of patients (P = 0.009). However, the most interesting finding is the negative prediction of IMT by the copper serum levels (t = −2.23, P = 0.028, least absolute deviations regression). Factor analysis confirmed the aforementioned inverse correlation and highlighted the strong inverse correlation between smoking and copper serum levels.ConclusionOur data show that an altered copper bioavailability predicts early atherosclerosis as main CV risk in obese patients with hepatic steatosis detected by ultrasound, shedding some light in this pathological scenario.
Practicing what we preach: A pilot study on oral health practices of dentists in Massachusetts
Authors: Nalliah Romesh P. , Allareddy Veerasathpurush 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimDentists are perceived as leaders and role models of good oral health, but do dentists practice what they preach? The current study was a pilot evaluation dentists of the oral health and oral health practices of dentists in Massachusetts.MethodsThe Massachusetts Dental Society sent emails to 3957 member dentists for whom an email contact was available. One reminder was sent 3 months later, and there was no incentive offered. Institutional review board approval was acquired prior to administering the survey through the Harvard Medical School Committee on Human Studies.ResultsA total of 4.9% of dentists had a comprehensive oral examination more than 8 years ago, and 3.1% had diagnostic bitewings 3‐5 years ago. Our study revealed that 5.8% had untreated caries and only 70.8% reported having no oral health problems. A total of 37% reported that lack of time was a barrier in seeking care, and 7.8% reported financial barriers. Finally, 4.1% reported that a non‐dentist coworker examined and managed their oral health.ConclusionsThe current study revealed that many dentists are not following American Dental Association guidelines for prevention for themselves. Subsequently, many in our profession are recommending preventive care for their patients that they are not adhering to themselves.
How Do Financing Constraints Affect Firms’ Equity Volatility?
Authors: CARVALHO DANIEL 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTTheory suggests that financing frictions can have significant implications for equity volatility by shaping firms’ exposure to economic risks. This paper provides evidence that an important determinant of higher equity volatility among research and development (R&D)‐intensive firms is fewer financing constraints on firms’ ability to access growth options. I provide evidence for this effect by studying how persistent shocks to the value of firms’ tangible assets (real estate) affect their subsequent equity volatility. The analysis addresses concerns about the identification of these balance sheet effects and shows that these effects are consistent with broader patterns on the equity volatility of R&D‐intensive firms.
Evidence of effectiveness of preventive dental care in reducing dental treatment use and related expenditures
Authors: Pourat Nadereh , Choi Moonkyung Kate , Chen Xiao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesPreventive dental health services are intended to reduce the likelihood of development of tooth decay and the need for more intensive treatment overtime. The evidence on the effectiveness of preventive dental care in reducing treatment services and expenditures is lagging for adults, particularly those with lower incomes and chronic conditions. We assessed the impact of preventive dental services on dental treatment service use and expenditures overall and by category of service.MethodsWe calculated the annual numbers of preventive (periodic diagnostic and prophylactic procedures) and treatment (restorative, surgery, prosthodontic, endodontic, and periodontic) services per beneficiary using Medicaid enrollment and claims data for beneficiaries with three categories of conditions (diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory disease) from 10 largest California counties. We used Cragg hurdle exponential regression models controlling for past service use, demographics, length of enrollment, and county.ResultsWe found that using preventive services in 2005‐2007 was associated with higher likelihood and number of treatment dental services used, but associated with lower treatment expenditures in 2008. The reduction in expenditures was noted only in restorative, prosthodontics, and periodontic services.ConclusionsThe findings provide much needed evidence of the contribution of preventive dental care in maintaining oral health of low‐income adults with chronic conditions and potential for savings to the Medicaid program. Providing lower cost preventive dental care to the individuals with chronic conditions would achieve better oral health and lower treatment expenditures.
Melatonin increases brown adipose tissue mass and function in Zücker diabetic fatty rats: implications for obesity control
Authors: Fernández Vázquez Gumersindo , Reiter Russel J. , Agil Ahmad 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMelatonin limits obesity in rodents without affecting food intake and activity, suggesting a thermogenic effect. Previously we demonstrated that melatonin browns subcutaneous fat in Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Other works pointed to melatonin as a signal that increases brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and function in rodents. However, direct proof of thermogenic properties (uncoupled mitochondria) of the newly recruited BAT in response to melatonin is still lacking. Therefore, in this work, we investigated if melatonin recruits thermogenic BAT in ZDF rats. Zücker lean (ZL) and ZDF animals were subdivided into two groups, control (C) and treated with oral melatonin (M) for 6 weeks. Mitochondrial mass, activity of citrate synthase (CS), and respiratory chain complexes I and IV were lower in C‐ZDF than in C‐ZL animals (P < .001). Melatonin treatment increased BAT weight in ZDF rats (P < .001). Also, it rose mitochondrial mass (P < .01) and activities of CS and complexes I and IV (P < .001) in both, ZDF and ZL rats. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA and protein were 50% lower in BAT from obese rats. Also, guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding was lower in ZDF than in lean rats (P < .01). Melatonin treatment of obese rats restored the expression of UCP1 and GDP binding to levels of lean rats and sensitized the thermogenic response to cold exposure. These data demonstrated that melatonin recruits thermogenic BAT in ZDF rats. This may contribute to melatonin's control of body weight and its metabolic benefits.
Levels: Descriptive, Explanatory, and Ontological
Authors: List Christian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractScientists and philosophers frequently speak about levels of description, levels of explanation, and ontological levels. In this paper, I propose a unified framework for modelling levels. I give a general definition of asystem of levelsand show that it can accommodate descriptive, explanatory, and ontological notions of levels. I further illustrate the usefulness of this framework by applying it to some salient philosophical questions: (1) Is there a linear hierarchy of levels, with a fundamental level at the bottom? And what does the answer to this question imply for physicalism, the thesis that everything supervenes on the physical? (2) Are there emergent properties? (3) Are higher‐level descriptions reducible to lower‐level ones? (4) Can the relationship between normative and non‐normative domains be viewed as one involving levels? Although I use the terminology of “levels”, the proposed framework can also represent “scales”, “domains”, or “subject matters”, where these are not linearly but only partially ordered by relations of supervenience or inclusion.
Approach‐related emotion, toddlers' persistence, and negative reactions to failure
Authors: Sullivan Margaret Wolan , Carmody Dennis P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractApproach behavior, defined as differences in behavior to an incentive event and anger at its removal, was assessed during contingency learning in 87 5‐month olds was related to maternal ratings of mastery behaviors at 2 years. Mothers reported on infants' concurrent temperament, as well as the occurrence of anger and tantrums, and their own anger at 12 months. Approach behavior was expected to predict persistence with objects and persistent motor behavior, but not negative reactions to failure. Negative reactions to failure were expected to be mediated by a distress‐prone temperament. The moderating effect of maternal anger on these relations was also explored using conditional process regression models. Controlling for soothability, early approach behavior predicted toddlers' persistence, especially gross motor persistence, moderated by maternal anger. With more maternal anger, approach behavior and toddler's persistence were more strongly related. Distress to limits, infant anger at 12 months, and maternal anger were significantly correlated, but only infant anger was related to negative reactions to failure. Prior to 6 months, goal‐directed behavior is related to later behavioral persistence, but maternal responses to child anger are an important contributor to this relation and by 12 months, infant anger directly predicts mastery frustration at 2 years.
Use of SkinFibrometer® to measure skin elasticity and its correlation with Cutometer® and DUB® Skinscanner
Authors: Kim M. A. , Kim E. J. , Lee H. K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundSkin elasticity is an important indicator of skin aging. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the SkinFibrometer® is appropriate for measuring skin biomechanical properties, and to correlate it with elasticity parameters measured using the Cutometer® and with dermis structural properties measured using DUB® Skinscanner.Materials and methodsTwenty‐one individuals participated in this study. The skin of the cheek, around the eye, and the volar forearm were evaluated. To analyze correlations of elasticity parameters, the induration value against the indenter pressure of SkinFibrometer® and R, Q parameters of Cutometer® were compared. Dermal echogenicity using DUB® Skinscanner was compared with the induration value of SkinFibrometer®.ResultsThe younger age group showed more firm and elastic skin properties compared to the older age group, and the elasticity values of the volar forearm were significantly higher than those of the cheek and around the eye region. Even though the measuring principle is different, both SkinFibrometer® and Cutometer® demonstrated the same trends of skin elasticity differences according to age and anatomical regions. There were significant correlations between the induration value of SkinFibrometer®, representing skin firmness, and R0, Q0 and R2, R5, R7, Q1, Q2 of Cutometer®, which represent skin firmness and resilience, respectively (P < .01). In addition, dermal echogenicity positively correlated with skin firmness determined by SkinFibrometer® (P < .01).ConclusionWe identified correlations between skin elasticity parameters evaluated by two different methods of suction and indentation, and demonstrated that the SkinFibrometer® is an objective, non‐invasive evaluation tool for skin stiffness and elasticity.
Synovial cell sarcoma in a dog: A misnomer—Cytologic and histologic findings and review of the literature
Authors: Monti Paola , Barnes Darren , Adrian Anna M. , Rasotto Roberta 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA 4‐year‐old Irish Setter was presented with a history of progressive left pelvic limb lameness. Orthopedic examination revealed pain on manipulation of the left stifle. Radiographs showed an osteolytic lesion in the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle. Fine‐needle aspirates were taken, and cytology revealed numerous cohesive clusters of plump, oval to spindloid cells often with perivascular distribution and moderate cellular atypia. A diagnosis of sarcoma was made with synovial cell sarcoma (SCS) and histiocytic sarcoma being the 2 main differentials. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoma and provided the same differentials. All neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin, and approximately 5% of them also stained with pan‐cytokeratin using immunohistochemical staining methods. Neoplastic cells did not expressCD18. The combination of this immunohistochemical profile and cell morphology was consistent with anSCS. Synovial cell sarcoma is a rare and poorly understood canine tumor entity. This is the first extensive description of the cytologic features of this neoplasm. The literature was also reviewed, focusing on comparative aspects of dogs and people, with a special emphasis on the cell of origin and diagnostic tools. Controversies regarding the nomenclature of this tumor are also presented. The authors propose a new term (cytokeratin‐positive joint‐associated sarcoma) for addressing this neoplasm until the cell of origin of this tumor is elucidated.
Examining the Feasibility of Supine-to-Stand as a Measure of Functional Motor Competence
Authors: Nesbitt Danielle , Molina Sergio , Sacko Ryan , Robinson Leah E. , Brian Ali , Stodden David 
Published: February 2018

A person’s ability to rise from the floor to a standing position is seen as a precursor for establishing and maintaining bipedal independence. It also is an important primer for the development of other fundamental movement skills and is associated with functional capacity in later life. Thus, the potential importance of developing this movement capability early in life and understanding how it may relate to global function (i.e., motor competence [MC]) across the lifespan may be underestimated. Therefore, this study examined the validity of supine-to-stand test (STS) as a developmental measure of functional MC across childhood into young adulthood using a pre-longitudinal screen approach and examining associations between movement components. STS time also provided a secondary measure of developmental validity in addition to an examination of the concurrent validity of STS against developmentally valid measures of MC (i.e., throwing, kicking, hopping, and standing long jump) in these age groups. Overall, results indicated that cross-sectional data “curves” for the STS components generally fit Roberton’s hypothetical model curves. STS time demonstrated weak to moderate (r = −.28 to −.64) correlations to MC product measures across all age groups indicating that STS time can be considered a valid and reliable measure of MC across childhood into young adulthood.