bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Feels Disadvantaged? Reporting Discrimination in Surveys
Authors: Auer Daniel , Ruedin Didier 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this chapter, we seek to shed light on the mechanisms of perceived discrimination: Who, among recent immigrants, is more likely to feel discriminated against and report it when asked in a survey? Social scientists typically define discrimination as an observable and unjust difference in the treatment of distinct groups. To personally feel discriminated against, people must be aware of the differential treatment and perceive it as unjust. We show that reporting discrimination when asked in a survey depends substantially upon individual traits, including aspects that shape whether discrimination is accepted and whether immigrants feel attached to the host society. Although respondents report less discrimination if their job situation has improved after migration, people more likely report discrimination when they originate from countries in which the national legislature represents ethnic minority groups relatively well. Earlier difficulties related to the migration process and the lack of supporting networks continue to affect the perception of unfair treatment. Moreover, we show that individuals distinguish to a surprising degree between discrimination in and outside the work environment. For instance, when they are proficient in the local language, respondents often report discrimination in the workplace but not in a public environment. This distinction between discrimination in the workplace and discrimination in public also depends strongly upon the immigrant’s origin. We conclude that contemporary individual-level measures and policy recommendations merely approximate discriminatory patterns; we urge future research to consider factors that affect individual perception of discrimination.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking from anyon condensation
Authors: Bischoff Marcel , Jones Corey , Lu Yuan-Ming , Penneys David 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn a physical system undergoing a continuous quantum phase transition, spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs when certain symmetries of the Hamiltonian fail to be preserved in the ground state. In the traditional Landau theory, a symmetry group can break down to any subgroup. However, this no longer holds across a continuous phase transition driven by anyon condensation in symmetry enriched topological orders (SETOs). For a SETO described by aG-crossed braided extension$$ \mathcal{C}\subseteq {\mathcal{C}}_G^{\times } $$C⊆CG×, we show that physical considerations require that a connected étale algebraA∈$$ \mathcal{C} $$Cadmit aG-equivariant algebra structure for symmetry to be preserved under condensation ofA. Given any categorical actionG→EqBr($$ \mathcal{C} $$C) such thatg(A) ≅Afor allg∈G, we show there is a short exact sequence whose splittings correspond toG-equivariant algebra structures. The non-splitting of this sequence forces spontaneous symmetry breaking under condensation ofA, while inequivalent splittings of the sequence correspond to different SETOs resulting from the anyon-condensation transition. Furthermore, we show that if symmetry is preserved, there is a canonically associated SETO of$$ {\mathcal{C}}_A^{\mathrm{loc}} $$CAloc, and gauging this symmetry commutes with anyon condensation.
Internal hernia after gastrectomy for gastric cancer in minimally invasive surgery era
Authors: Kang Kyong Min , Cho Yo Seok , Min Sa-Hong , Lee Yoontaek , Park Ki Bum , Park Young Suk , Ahn Sang-Hoon , Park Do Joong , Kim Hyung-Ho 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Background
The incidence and clinical presentation of internal hernia after gastrectomy have been changing in the minimally invasive surgery era. This study aimed to analyze the clinical features and risk factors for internal hernia after gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed internal hernia after gastrectomy for gastric cancer in 6474 patients between January 2003 and December 2016 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate risk factors.

Results
Internal hernias identified by computed tomography or surgical exploration were 111/6474 (1.7%) and the median interval time was 450 days after gastrectomy. Fourteen (0.9%) of the 1510 patients who underwent open gastrectomy and 97 (2.0%) of the 4964 patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy developed internal hernia. Of the 6474 patients, internal hernia developed in 0 (0%), 9 (1.1%), 40 (3.1%), 56 (3.3%), 6 (2.3%), and 0 (0%) patients who underwent Billroth I, Billroth II, Roux-en-Y, uncut Roux-en-Y, double tract, and esophagogastrostomy reconstructions, respectively. Fifty-nine (53.2%) of 111 patients with symptomatic hernia underwent surgery. Of the 59 internal hernias, treated surgically, 32 (53.2%), 27 (45.8%), and 0 (0%) were identified in jejunojejunostomy mesenteric, Petersen’s, and transverse colon mesenteric defects, respectively. In multivariate analysis, non-closure of mesenteric defects (P < 0.01), laparoscopic approach (P < 0.01), and totally laparoscopic approach (P = 0.03) were independent risk factors for internal hernia.

Conclusions
The potential spaces such as Petersen’s, jejunojejunostomy mesenteric, and transverse colon mesenteric defects should be closed to prevent internal hernia after gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Peer-to-peer electricity trading system: smart contracts based proof-of-benefit consensus protocol
Authors: Liu Chao , Chai Kok Keong , Zhang Xiaoshuai , Chen Yue 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNowadays, people trade electricity through centralized companies or organizations which is vulnerable to cyber attacks and incapable of coping with increasing demands from stakeholders. In this paper, we propose a new Peer-to-Peer Electricity Blockchain Trading (P2PEBT) system based on the current charging and discharging schemes for electric vehicles (EV) in the smart grid to enable users to participate in the trading process. In order to cope with the current situation of the high volume of EV integration, the proof-of-Benefit (PoB) consensus primitives are proposed for P2PEBT to achieve demand response by providing incentives to balance local electricity demand in the novel blockchain system. PoB is implemented by executing the smart contracts on the Ethereum platform, and the process of achieving the maximal benefits is completed by submitting the transaction in the decentralized network. Security analysis shows that the P2PEBT system is able to manage a potential protection against up to a number of attacks. We demonstrate that the proposed system using the PoB consensus mechanism can achieve lower power fluctuation without requiring a third-party intermediary.
Parent Mindfulness, Parenting, and Child Psychopathology in China
Authors: Han Zhuo Rachel , Ahemaitijiang Nigela , Yan Jia , Hu Xiaoyi , Parent Justin , Dale Chelsea , DiMarzio Karissa , Singh Nirbhay N. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Objectives
Considering the Western-Eastern cultural differences in parenting practices, as well as the relative paucity of research on the use of mindfulness-based programs by Chinese parents, we replicated a recently proposed Western model of mindfulness. The purpose of this study was to test the direct and indirect relations between parents’ dispositional mindfulness, mindful parenting, parenting practices, and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors.

Method
A total of 2237 Chinses parents (M = 38.46, SD = 4.43) of 6- to 12-year-old children participated in the current study.

Results
The results showed that parents’ dispositional mindfulness was indirectly associated with child internalizing and externalizing behaviors through mindful parenting and positive parenting practices, whereas this pathway was not significant through negative parenting practices. In addition, mothers and fathers demonstrated almost equal effects on direct and indirect pathways except that mothers showed stronger effects on the relationships between dispositional mindfulness and mindful parenting, as well as on the link between negative parenting practices and child externalizing behaviors.

Conclusions
These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying how mindfulness and parenting associated with child internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and have important implications for research on interventions aimed at promoting children’s psychological well-being.
Automatic spine segmentation from CT images using Convolutional Neural Network via redundant generation of class labels
Authors: Vania Malinda , Mureja Dawit , Lee Deukhee 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
There has been a significant increase from 2010 to 2016 in the number of people suffering from spine problems. The automatic image segmentation of the spine obtained from a computed tomography (CT) image is important for diagnosing spine conditions and for performing surgery with computer-assisted surgery systems. The spine has a complex anatomy that consists of 33 vertebrae, 23 intervertebral disks, the spinal cord, and connecting ribs. As a result, the spinal surgeon is faced with the challenge of needing a robust algorithm to segment and create a model of the spine. In this study, we developed a fully automatic segmentation method to segment the spine from CT images, and we compared our segmentation results with reference segmentations obtained by well-known methods. We use a hybrid method. This method combines the convolutional neural network (CNN) and fully convolutional network (FCN), and utilizes class redundancy as a soft constraint to greatly improve the segmentation results. The proposed method was found to significantly enhance the accuracy of the segmentation results and the system processing time. Our comparison was based on 12 measurements: the Dice coefficient (94%), Jaccard index (93%), volumetric similarity (96%), sensitivity (97%), specificity (99%), precision (over segmentation 8.3 and under segmentation 2.6), accuracy (99%), Matthews correlation coefficient (0.93), mean surface distance (0.16 mm), Hausdorff distance (7.4 mm), and global consistency error (0.02). We experimented with CT images from 32 patients, and the experimental results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed method.
Highlights A method to enhance the accuracy of spine segmentation from CT data was proposed. The proposed method uses Convolutional Neural Network via redundant generation of class labels. Experiments show the segmentation accuracy has been enhanced.
The Potential Role of Arginine Supplements on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rhim Hye Chang , Kim Min Seo , Park Young-Jin , Choi Woo Suk , Park Hyoung Keun , Kim Hyeong Gon , Kim Aram , Paick Sung Hyun 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Introduction
The efficacy and safety of arginine supplements in erectile dysfunction (ED) remain debatable.

Aim
To assess the potential role of arginine supplements on ED as alternatives to phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

Methods
Studies published up to April 2018 that evaluated the efficacy of arginine supplements were identified from multiple databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Embase, Kiss, DBpia, and Cochrane databases). Studies comparing arginine supplements with placebo or no treatment; focusing only on patients with mild to moderate severity of ED; and presenting outcomes such as improvement rate, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score, and adverse effects were included. Subgroup analysis for arginine alone and arginine in combination with other substances was further conducted to increase interpretability.

Main Outcome Measure
The strength of the association between arginine supplements and ED was assessed using relative odds ratios and weighted mean differences with 95% CI.

Results
In total, 10 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, reporting the outcomes of 540 patients with ED. The analysis demonstrated that arginine supplements with dosage ranging from 1,500 to 5,000 mg significantly improved ED compared with placebo or no treatment (odds ratios, 3.37 [1.29, 8.77], P = .01, I2 = 44). Arginine supplements also caused significant improvements in the IIEF subdomain scores of overall satisfaction, intercourse satisfaction, orgasmic function, and erectile function, whereas the IIEF sexual desire score remain unchanged. The adverse effect rate in the arginine-treated group was 8.3%, and that in the placebo group was 2.3%, none of which were severe.

Clinical Implications
Arginine supplements can be recommended to patients with mild to moderate ED.

Strength & Limitations
The strength of this study is that it is the first meta-analysis to assess the potential role of arginine supplements in ED compared with placebo or no treatment. A limitation is that the treatment dosage and duration varied among studies, which may have contributed to study heterogeneity.

Conclusion
The results of our systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence on the effectiveness of arginine supplements for mild to moderate ED.
The Basic Science Behind Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Scoping Review of Pre-Clinical Studies
Authors: Sokolakis Ioannis , Dimitriadis Fotios , Teo Pearline , Hatzichristodoulou Georgios , Hatzichristou Dimitrios , Giuliano Francois 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionDespite recent promising clinical results, the underlying mechanism of action of low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) for erectile dysfunction (ED) is mostly unclear and currently under investigation.AimTo systematically identify and evaluate evidence regarding the basic science behind Li-ESWT for ED, discuss and propose a putative mechanism of action, address the limitations, and imply insights for further investigation in the field.MethodsUsing Cochrane’s methodologic recommendations on scoping studies and systematic reviews, we conducted a systematic scoping review of the literature on experimental research regarding Li-ESWT for ED and other pathologic conditions. The initial systematic search was carried between January and November 2017, with 2 additional searches in April and August 2018. All studies that applied shockwave treatment at an energy flux density &gt;0.25 mJ/mm2 were excluded from the final analysis.Main Outcome MeasureWe primarily aimed to clarify the biological responses in erectile tissue after Li-ESWT that could lead to improvement in erectile function.Results59 publications were selected for inclusion in this study. 15 experimental research articles were identified on Li-ESWT for ED and 44 on Li-ESWT for other pathologic conditions. Li-ESWT for ED seems to improve erectile function possibly through stimulation of mechanosensors, inducing the activation of neoangiogenesis processes, recruitment and activation of progenitor cells, improving microcirculation, nerve regeneration, remodeling of erectile tissue, and reducing inflammatory and cellular stress responses.Clinical ImplicationsImproving our understanding of the mechanism of action of Li-ESWT for ED can help us improve our study designs, as well as suggest new avenues of investigation.Strengths & LimitationsA common limitation in all these studies is the heterogeneity of the shockwave treatment application and protocol.ConclusionLi-ESWT for ED, based on current experimental studies, seems to improve erectile function by inducing angiogenesis and reversing pathologic processes in erectile tissue. These studies provide preliminary insights, but no definitive answers, and many questions remain unanswered regarding the mechanism of action, as well as the ideal treatment protocol.
Building Partnerships and Bridging Science and Policy to Address the Biological Invasions Crisis
Authors: Barney Jacob N. , Schenk Todd , Haak David C. , Salom Scott , Brown Bryan , Hotchkiss Erin R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBiological invasions are one of the grand challenges facing society, as exotic species introductions continue to rise and can result in dramatic changes to native ecosystems and economies. The scale of the “biological invasions crisis” spans from hyperlocal to international, involving a myriad of actors focused on mitigating and preventing biological invasions. However, the level of engagement among stakeholders and opportunities to collaboratively solve invasives issues in transdisciplinary ways is poorly understood. The Biological Invasions: Confronting a Crisis workshop engaged a broad group of actors working on various aspects of biological invasions in Virginia, USA—researchers, Extension personnel, educators, local, state, and federal agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and land managers—to discuss their respective roles and how they interact with other groups. Through a series of activities, it became clear that despite shared goals, most groups are not engaging with one another, and that enhanced communication and collaboration among groups is key to designing effective solutions. There is strong support for a multistakeholder coalition to affect change in policy, public education/engagement, and solution design. Confronting the biological invasions crisis will increasingly require engagement among stakeholders.
Dynamo saturation down to vanishing viscosity: strong-field and inertial scaling regimes
Authors: Seshasayanan Kannabiran , Gallet Basile 
Published: February 2019

We present analytical examples of fluid dynamos that saturate through the action of the Coriolis and inertial terms of the Navier–Stokes equation. The flow is driven by a body force and is subject to global rotation and uniform sweeping velocity. The model can be studied down to arbitrarily low viscosity and naturally leads to the strong-field scaling regime for the magnetic energy produced above threshold: the magnetic energy is proportional to the global rotation rate and independent of the viscosity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$. Depending on the relative orientations of global rotation and large-scale sweeping, the dynamo bifurcation is either supercritical or subcritical. In the supercritical case, the magnetic energy follows the scaling law for supercritical strong-field dynamos predicted on dimensional grounds by Pétrélis & Fauve (Eur. Phys. J. B, vol. 22, 2001, pp. 271–276). In the subcritical case, the system jumps to a finite-amplitude dynamo branch. The magnetic energy obeys a magneto-geostrophic scaling law (Roberts & Soward, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 4, 1972, pp. 117–154), with a turbulent Elsasser number of the order of unity, where the magnetic diffusivity of the standard Elsasser number appears to be replaced by an eddy diffusivity. In the absence of global rotation, the dynamo bifurcation is subcritical and the saturated magnetic energy obeys the equipartition scaling regime. We consider both the vicinity of the dynamo threshold and the limit of large distance from threshold to put these various scaling behaviours on firm analytical ground.
Automatic measurement of glacier ice ablation using thermistor strings
Authors: CARTURAN L. , CAZORZI F. , DALLA FONTANA G. , ZANONER T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this work we tested the suitability of thermistor strings as automatic tools for the continuous measurement of glacier ice ablation. Experimental data collected in summer 2017 over an Italian glacier provided ice ablation readings with accuracy similar to manual measurements with ablation stakes and other automatic systems, like the draw-wire method and the Bøggild ablatometer. Thermistor strings have potential for future applications in remote glacier monitoring, thanks to their flexibility, simple construction, and robustness.
Mathematicians on board: introducing lunar distances to life at sea
Authors: BENNETT JIM 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNevil Maskelyne, the Cambridge-trained mathematician and later Astronomer Royal, was appointed by the Royal Society to observe the 1761 transit of Venus from the Atlantic island of St Helena, assisted by the mathematical practitioner Robert Waddington. Both had experience of measurement and computation within astronomy and they decided to put their outward and return voyages to a further use by trying out the method of finding longitude at sea by lunar distances. The manuscript and printed records they generated in this activity are complemented by the traditional logs and journals kept by the ships’ officers. Together these records show how the mathematicians came to engage with the navigational practices that were already part of shipboard routine and how their experience affected the development of the methods that Maskelyne and Waddington would separately promote on their return. The expedition to St Helena, in particular the part played by Maskelyne, has long been regarded as pivotal to the introduction of the lunar method to British seamen and to the establishment of theNautical Almanac. This study enriches our understanding of the episode by pointing to the significant role played by the established navigational competence among officers of the East India Company.
A NEOLOGIZING TAKE ON HIPPONAX, FR. 92.3 WEST
Authors: Allen Archibald 
Published: February 2019

‘When I use a word’, Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, ‘it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.’In his recent note on Hipponax in this journal, Joseph Cotter first offers ‘a revised version of LSJ's definition’ of ὄρχις. At LSJ (incl. Revised Supplement, 1996), s.v. ὄρχις I, ‘… testicle Hippon. 92.3 W. …’, he would delete the Hipponactean citation and rewrite the second definition, under ΙΙ (‘plant so called from the form of its root …’), to read: ‘from similarity of shape, 1 glans penis, Hippon. 92 (95 Degani), 2. <plant> from the form of its root …’. Cotter derives his new definition from his reading of that Hipponactean line (= fr. 95.3 Degani), καί μοι τὸν ὄρχιν τῆς φαλ[ … , which he supplements with the name of a marsh bird, φαλ[ηρίδος, also redefined. This supplementary ‘coot’ is said to mean ‘cock’, so that the narrator of the fragment's description of (probable) treatment for sexual impotence tells how a Lydian woman ‘thrashed with fig-branch (4, κ]ράδηι συνηλοίησεν) the glans of my cock’. We are presented, then, with two previously unattested meanings of two nouns, ὄρχις and φαληρίς, and an accommodating correction of LSJ. What—I have asked Cotter—might Henry Liddell have thought of these innovations, familiar as he undoubtedly was with Humpty Dumpty's semantics!