bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Socio Hydrology and Spatial Organization of Human Settlements (An Analytical Study of Rural Wasit District at Wasit Governorate)
Authors: Al Bashagha Harth Hazim Aziz , Jalil Mustafa Abdul 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The rural stabilizers in Iraq have a basic identity, which is the agricultural identity. Therefore, they depend on the hydrologic factor (directly or indirectly) in their formation and realization of the pattern. With the formation of the patterns and stability of the rural stabilizers, the interaction and mutual influence begins between society and hydrology with time, and given the emergence of the concept of global hydrology collectively as a new concept dealing with the study of the interrelationship between society and water with time. This concept was introduced in this study for the purpose of analyzing the rural situation of Wasit, and model of their design in 1976 where the agricultural Dujailah industrial project carried out. The project includes network reclamation and stations of dairy cows and plants. This leads to the main spatial indicators (population, cultivated areas, livestock, water resources, educational services, and health services), in this study we try to determine what is the most interactive and influential indicator on the society and thus on the formation of the patterns of rural stabilizers in Wasit region. It also discusses the impact and interaction of the rural society with the project of reclamation and analysis of the results and their discussion based on a spatial statistical method. The first model represents the social side and the second model represents the economic side. The results are analyzed to determine the importance of the concept of social hydrology in the process of rural development, it is important to introduce this concept in the spatial organization of the rural stability along with the service sectors to achieve a state of functional integration between the economic structure and service sectors of the study area.
Sustainable Used of Natural Coagulants Aid for Enhancing the Performance of Alum to Treat Turbid Water
Authors: Ali Ahmed Hassoon , Tlaiaa Younis Swadi , Razak Nasir Zainab Abdul 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Within the last ten years, many worried about the connection between Alzheimer disease and the residuals of aluminum in the water treatment. Therefore, there has been an increasing interest in developing substances that cause natural coagulation. In this study the effect of using natural coagulants, peeled nut extract and apricot tree gum with alum Al2(SO4)3 and compared to alum alone was investigated. The study was carried out by a series of jar tests with initial turbidity of 22 and 100 NTU. These values were taken to represent the minimum and maximum water turbidity of Tigris River in Baghdad. Different doses of natural coagulation and alum were used (ranged from 2-12 mg / L). After treatment, the turbidity has been measured and the results reflected that, the use of apricot gum and peels nut as coagulant aids with alum were better compared to the use of alum alone and that using of 50% alum + 50% peels nut gave maximum removal efficiency of 95 and 88% for initial turbidity of 22 and 100 NTU respectively and that using of 50% alum + 50% apricot gum gave maximum removal efficiency of 90 and 85% for initial turbidity of 22 and 100 NTU respectively. At the same time, this reduced the alum dose from 12 mg/L to 6 mg/L. This process will reflect on saving cost and reduce health risk associated with using of alum.
New Attempted Moving Towards Understanding Urban System Behavior
Authors: Khalil Safiya M. , Ebrahim Mustafa A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSystem is considering useful concept to describe the spatial forms (city, region, etc.). Additionally, diverse fields that undertaking finds it sharpen their understanding and improve their practice.by exploring the literatures in this field; here we argue that there are two forces that effect in urban system behavior: 1stone vertical force the value which changing according to urban rent and another social factor related to place. The 2ndone horizontal force the flow changing according to movement of matter, energy, and information. That may lead to new perspective to see the city as a system and highlight the way for planners to sustain their cities.
Dynamic Preemption Algorithm to Assign Priority for Emergency Vehicle in Crossing Signalised Intersection
Authors: Salih Amenah A. , Lewis Andrew , Chung Edward 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Emergency vehicle (EV) services save lives around the world. The necessary fast response of EVs requires minimising travel time. Preempting traffic signals can enable EVs to reach the desired location quickly. Most of the current research tries to decrease EV delays but neglects the resulting negative impacts of the preemption on other vehicles in the side roads. This paper proposes a dynamic preemption algorithm to control the traffic signal by adjusting some cycles to balance between the two critical goals: minimal delay for EVs with no stop, and a small additional delay to the vehicles on the side roads. This method is applicable to preempt traffic lights for EVs through an Intelligent Transportation System. A Matlab-Vissim Interface was implemented to simulate the intersection and apply the proposed algorithm. The results show a significant decrease in delays for both EVs and other traffic.
Application of Variable Pulsed Irrigation Algorithm (VPIA) for Runoff Losses Reduction: Case Study of Different Soil Types
Authors: Al Al-Baaj Aymen A. , Lewis Andrew , Alfatlawi Thair J. M. , Kaparaju Prasad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The low-pressure sprinklers have been widely used to replace the high-pressure impact sprinklers in the lateral move sprinkler irrigation system due to its low operating cost and high efficiency. However, runoff losses under the low-pressure sprinkler irrigation machine can be significant. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the variable pulsed irrigation algorithm (VPIA) in reducing the runoff losses under low-pressure lateral move sprinkler irrigation machine for three different soil types. The VPIA uses the ON-OFF pulsing technique to reduce the runoff losses by controlling the number and width of the pulses considering the soil and the irrigation machine properties. Also, the VPIA aims to achieve a balance between four critical goals: reduce the runoff losses, deliver the highest possible irrigation depth, ensure a high level of water distribution uniformity in the direction movement, and with the lowest number of pulses. From a wide range of pulses numbers and widths tested applying a certain water depth to three soil types (Loamy Sand, Sandy Loam, Loam), the best solution that satisfies the algorithm goals was selected. A MATLAB code was written to simulate the soil infiltration rate, the sprinkler application rate, and to apply the proposed algorithm. The simulation results show a runoff reduction of at least 91.76% for Loamy sand, 90.7% for Sandy Loam, and 97.79% for Loam soils with a high level of distribution uniformity while delivering the highest possible irrigation depth using the lowest number of pulses.
Development of Vehicle Queue Model for Selected Signalized Intersections at CBD in Sulaymaniyah City
Authors: Khaleel Saad M , Sofia Gandhi G , Kadhim Ali J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to develop an empirical model for queue length prediction at Signalized Intersections as a function of influence traffic and geometric features. Two Signalized Intersections with different characteristics are selected in Sulaymaniyah city. Geometric design elements were measured through a field survey and satellite image. Field traffic volumes, signal timings and phasing, control delay and queue length were measured during peak and off-peak periods using video recording technique. A statistical approach (SPSS) is used to develop a queue length model. The statistical analysis indicates that both geometric and traffic variables have a significant effect on queue length. The regression model, developed to estimate queue length, shows good correlation with field values. The model has been compared with the SYNCHRO software model. It is found that although SYNCHRO queue overestimates at high v/c (range, but it does not have a significant difference with the field queue a 95% confidence level.
Evaluation of the Effect of Mixing Conditions of Micro-Silica Modified Asphalt Binder
Authors: Zghair Hussein H , Joni Hasan H , Hassan Maan S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve an effective approach to the processing of asphalt binder modified with micro-silica particles. Various mixer type (mechanical and high shear), revaluation rates (2000, 4000 and 6000 rpm), and two mixing time (30 and 60 minutes), were adopted. Three micro-silica contents 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight of asphalt cement were added. The asphalt binder was prepared at temperature of 140 °C. Comparisons were made to evaluate the properties of the modified asphalt binder such as penetration grade, softening point temperature, temperature sensitivity, rotational viscosity and ductility. Results of this study showed that the use of micro silica as a modifier was helpful in enhancing the physicals properties of the asphalt binder. In general, it was found that the penetration value decreased and softening point temperature, as well as the viscosity value, increased and the temperature sensitivity was improved. Furthermore, high shear mixing was more practical particularly to achieve a good dispersion of micro silica particles into asphalt binder and obtained a homogenous composite binder. Finally, the tested specimens showed 6% of micro silica was adequate to improve the physical properties of asphalt and become more suitable for constructing the highway pavements in hot weather conditions.
Numerical Analysis of Shear Strength Behavior of self-compact reinforced concrete Two-way Bubble Deck Slab with Shear Reinforcement
Authors: Harba Ibrahim S. I. , Hammed Mais A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Bubble Deck is a new construction technology uses hollow plastic balls to eliminate the concrete in the middle part of the solid slab which has a little effect on the performance of the structure. So, this part significantly decreases the self-weight of the structure. Usually, the most critical point in the design of the bubbled slab is the design of a slab-column connection due to the concentration of loads and moments. This paper presents a numerical analysis by ABAQUS/2018 program through using the damage plasticity model to simulate the influence of the cavities due to using the plastic balls on the punching behavior and the effect of strengthening the punching zone by using different shear reinforcement systems on the maximum punching load and deformation capacity. Three slab specimens from the numerical analysis model have been simulated against the experimental results. The calculation of error in the model lies between 4% and 6%. Parametric of study have also been accomplished to realize the effect of the changes in shear reinforcement ratio with bubble slab. It has found that the ultimate strength and deformation capacity have increased when shear reinforcement ratio.
Sustainable Spatial Development of Oil Investment Locations in Iraq) An Analytical Study of Environmental Impact (The site of the field Ahdab in Wasit province as a case study
Authors: Al-Zaidy Turki Amer , Motlak Jamal B 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The existence of a large oil industry leading the Iraqi economic sector has a pivotal role in economic development. Development in the oil sector, which follows geographical determinism, does not mean that it achieves economic development only, but must achieve sustainable development too. The process of investment as an engine for development in the oil sector, especially after oil contracts, which allowed the global companies to work in the oil sector in Iraq, contributed to increase the quantities of oil and gas production, and helped the sites near the oil fields to be more economically efficient. The research problem focused on the negative effects of the establishment and continuation of the work of oil investment projects on the local environment, including agricultural land area as well as soil, air, and water. The research aims to introduce the philosophy of environmental sustainability in oil investment projects, to achieve development for the societies near of the oil fields, and ensure that the environment is not damaged. This will be done by putting the hypothesis that: including the dimensions of sustainable environmental development within the adoption of oil investment policy, helps to improve the spatial development of the oil investment site and improve the quality of life of the community. Descriptive analysis used to study the environmental effects of the Ahdab oil field / Al-ahrar Nahiya / Numaniya Qada / Wasit province as a case study. The study found that there are significant negative impacts on agricultural land, air, water and soil. The local community quashinare represented by members of local governments (members of the provincial council, local council of Nu’maniyah, and the local council of the Al-ahrar Nahia), believe that the company’s performance about theenvironmentis unsatisfactory.A number of relevant conclusions and recommendations were presented.
Some Properties of Concrete by Replacing Sand with Sulphate Content Higher than Specification Limits with Slag Sand
Authors: Mahdi Zainab H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThere are many recent problems in several quarries of natural sand containing sulphate ratios outside the limits of the specification has led to difficulty in obtaining sand conforms to specifications in terms of the proportion of sulphate. To solve this problem, in this search was used the iron industry waste called slag iron that forming a burden on the environment. Where it was broken down and converted into a sand and then use the replacement rates (0, 25, 35, 50 and 100)% from a failing natural sand. Test conducted compressive strength and electrical resistivity to find out the impact of replaced the slag sand by failing natural sand on its. The results showed that the best replacement ratio was 50% by weight of failing sand and the rate of increase in the compressive strength (31.3 and 7)% at age 28 day compared mixture containing failing natural sand and the mixture containing the successful natural sand respectively. But when the total replacement of the failing sand by slag sand was the percentage increase (79.1 and 46) % compared to the same mixtures and age. The results of electrical resistivity tests showed significantly reduced for the mixtures which were the replacement the failing sand by slag sand with rates (0, 25, 35, 50 and 100) % compared to the mixtures containing successful natural sand where the rate of decline at age 28 day (30.8, 52.7, 60.8, 64.8 and 86.2) % respectively.
The Impact of Financial Problems Related to Investment Projects in Iraq
Authors: Naji Hafiz I. , Mahmood Mohammed Sh. , Mohammad Huda E. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates the problems that face the process of investment financially in Iraq. The decision to finance and search for the appropriate sources of funding for the project is one of the most important topics facing the path of projects and investors in light of the limited alternatives available and this decision will ultimately affect the success of the project in the future and continuity. The investment process in Iraq in the current time suffers from a list of problems (Lack of specialized investment banks to finance investment projects, the Weak role of financial institutions in providing banking facilities, Suspension of funding of projects by their financiers, Austerity due to the financial crisis has adversely affected the financial allocations of bodies, Lack of stability in the price of construction materials; and government delays in paying dues to private sector companies).
It has been found that (37%) of the investment projects in Iraq have been stopped in the period from (2008-2017). The accumulation of financial benefits on loans taken by the private sector and its companies from banks and public and financial institutions due to delay in repaying these loans (4.6), and government delays in paying dues to private sector companies (4.5), which means that these two problems are affecting highly and negatively on the investment process. Several solutions are discussed to be benefit in solving the investment financial problems in Iraq.
Environmental Consideration In Flood Mitigation And River Restoration
Authors: Sammen Saad Sh. , Mohammad Thamer Ahmed , Majeed Qutaiba G. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
One of the fundamental section of sustainable improvement in river basin systems and has multifunctional targets is river restoration. The targets of river restoration are to minimize the physical degradation and recover river elegance value, pollution manage and good ecosystem with biodiversity. River restoration is a multidisciplinary task in which engineer, hydrologist, geologist and ecologist can work together to enhance river environment. In decades ago, Malaysia was exposed to fast evolution and subsequently extreme flooding has happened especially in urban territories. In order to minimize flood damage, the flood mitigation measures were taken and channel improvement is mainly utilized for this goal. Due to the insufficient available river reserve and perhaps the absence of environmental awareness, previously, the consultant engineers usually advised a wider and deeper rectangular concrete river channel to mitigate the flood damage. The replacement of the natural river channel with a concrete channel outcomes are increased physical degradation and lowering of aesthetic and recreational values of rivers. Lately, there is a strong confirmation to take into account the environmental effect in rivers canalizing. Malaysian experience in restoration of the urban river will be focused on in this study, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly materials utilized for flood mitigation goals.
Effect of Ceramic Nanoparticles on Nanofluids Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Jehhef K A , Yasin N J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this study, an extensive experimental evaluation is conducted on the electrical conductivity of water based nanofluids containing three types of ceramic nanoparticles of (Al2O3, CuO and ZrO2) with different nanoparticles concentrations of (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 vol. %) and for various temperatures ranged by (20-80 °C) by using deionized water as a base fluid. The nanofluids volume (water/nanoparticles) is used at (200 ml). The nanofluid sample mixes slowly by stirring and ultrasonic vibration sonicator with power of (50 W) for a maximum time of (15-20 minutes) to break up any particle aggregates with no any surfactant that is added into the nanofluids to avoid reunion. The electrical conductivity of nanofluids is measured by electrical conductivity meter. Results indicate that the effect of solution temperature on the nanofluids electrical conductivity has little effect in the range of 20–40 °C, but the effect of temperature is increased in the temperature range of 40–80 °C. Also, the percent of electrical conductivity enhancement is 80%, 75% and 50 % when using the nanofluids of CuO, Al2O3 and ZrO2 respectively. Finally, the theoretical model of Maxwell is used to compare with the present experimental results and it gives an agreements.
Wear Behavior and Mechanism of CoCrMo Alloy Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy Route
Authors: Abbass Muna Khethier , Yagoob Jawdat Ali 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis research is devoted to study the wear behavior and mechanism of CoCrMo alloy due to the uitilization of the alloy in application mainly exposed to wear. Samples fabricated by powder metallurgy route compacted under (1000MPa) and sintered at (1200ºC) in the argon atmosphere. Wear test type pin-on-disc was performed under dry sliding condition over steel counterface disc. For the first group of wear tests four vertically loads (10,15,20 and 25) N were applied at fixed sliding speed (1.476) m.s−1, time (15 min) and sliding distance (1329m). The second group of tests were conducted at fixed applied load (25) N for (60 min) interrupted to four equal intervals and at the same above sliding speed. The worn surface of the tested samples and formed wear debris particles were investigated and analyzed with aid of SEM and SEM-Mapping facilities. The results showed that the wear rate increased by increasing the applied load and a transition from mild wear to severe wear was occurred at (20 N) for fixed sliding time (15min). The maximum measured wear rate was (39.72×10−7) mm3.mm−1at the highest applied load. While for the second group the wear rate was decreased when the sliding time exceeded 30 min. The main wear mechanism was adhesive type detected by material transfer, with lower abrasive type which is revealed from the existence of fine grooves. Oxidation and plastic deformation features are also observed.
Studying the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Porcelanite: lithium metasilicate Composite as a Dental Veneer Material
Authors: Zinad Raghad Saad , Merzah Amel Salih , Mohammed Sarah Kareem 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study is designed to prepare and evaluate a new composite material composed of Porcelanite and lithium metasilicate, mixing them in different weight percentages 20:80, 25:75, 40:60, 50:50,and 75:25, respectively, in order to develop a new composite material by a solid state reaction method, with advanced properties for physical and mechanical which can be used for dental veneer applications. Results show that the percentage of Porcelanite strongly enhances these properties for the composite, until reaching the sample with (75% Porcelanite and 25% Lithium meta silicate), which is begun to reduce. The best weight percentage from the view of physical properties, cold crushing strength, and the micro hardness, will be the 50% Porcelanite, which is suggested it to be as a good dental material used in veneer applications.
Preparation pure ZnO, La-doped ZnO nanoparticles using sol-gel technique: Characterization and Evaluation Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Salman O N , Ahmed D S , Abed A L , Dawood M O 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this work, pure ZnO and La-doping ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by using Sol-Gel technique followed by heat treatment calcinated at 450 °C for 3 h. The resulting samples were characterized by elemental analysis, like a XRD, FTIR and FESEM for structural and morphological properties and study the influence of different percentages of La to ZnO after heat treatment calcination as well as improving small size of crystalline size of doping ZnO especially at 0.50% and 0.75% of La. The effect of different percentages (0.25, 0.5 & 0.75%) of La doped ZnO were evaluated against gram negative (E. coli) which exhibits higher antibacterial activity than pure ZnO sample using plate count method.
Evaluation of velocity distribution utilizing the helically coiled tape in a conical diffuser
Authors: Shukri Askari Ehan Sabah , Hussein Afaf Ali , Khudhier Ahmed 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Numerical analyses study is reported on the flow characteristics in a conical diffuser with a helical tape insert. In this study, a rectangular tape of 5 mm width and 2 mm thickness is used inside the inner wall of the diffuser to induce additional recirculation. The numerical results are achieved for different Reynolds numbers (58035, 116072, 174108 and 232144) based on the inlet hydraulic diameter. The simulations are carried out with constant inlet condition considering the flow turbulent and incompressible. Air is used as a working fluid and maintained at constant room temperature. From a similar inlet condition, the results indicated that the velocity distribution is well enhanced.