bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential impact of a modest reduction in salt intake on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease burden and premature mortality: a modelling study
Authors: Aminde Leopold Ndemnge , Cobiac Linda J , Veerman J Lennert 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the potential impact of reduction in salt intake on the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality in Cameroon.MethodsUsing a multicohort proportional multistate life table model with Markov process, we modelled the impact of WHO’s recommended 30% relative reduction in population-wide sodium intake on the CVD burden for Cameroonian adults alive in 2016. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted and used to quantify uncertainty.ResultsOver the lifetime, incidence is predicted to decrease by 5.2% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 4.6 to 5.7) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 6.6% (95% UI 5.9 to 7.4) for haemorrhagic strokes, 4.8% (95% UI 4.2 to 5.4) for ischaemic strokes and 12.9% (95% UI 12.4 to 13.5) for hypertensive heart disease (HHD). Mortality over the lifetime is projected to reduce by 5.1% (95% UI 4.5 to 5.6) for IHD, by 6.9% (95% UI 6.1 to 7.7) for haemorrhagic stroke, by 4.5% (95% UI 4.0 to 5.1) for ischaemic stroke and by 13.3% (95% UI 12.9 to 13.7) for HHD. About 776 400 (95% UI 712 600 to 841 200) health-adjusted life years could be gained, and life expectancy might increase by 0.23 years and 0.20 years for men and women, respectively. A projected 16.8% change (reduction) between 2016 and 2030 in probability of premature mortality due to CVD would occur if population salt reduction recommended by WHO is attained.ConclusionAchieving the 30% reduction in sodium intake recommended by WHO could considerably decrease the burden of CVD. Targeting blood pressure via decreasing population salt intake could translate in significant reductions in premature CVD mortality in Cameroon by 2030.
Phase I Study of the Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitor Navoximod (GDC-0919) Administered with PD-L1 Inhibitor (Atezolizumab) in Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Jung Kyung Hae , LoRusso Patricia , Burris Howard , Gordon Michael , Bang Yung-Jue , Hellmann Matthew D. , Cervantes Andrés , Ochoa de Olza Maria , Marabelle Aurelien , Hodi F. Stephen , Ahn Myung-Ju , Emens Leisha A. , Barlesi Fabrice , Hamid Omid , Calvo Emiliano , McDermott David , Soliman Hatem , Rhee Ina , Lin Ray , Pourmohamad Tony , Suchomel Julia , Tsuhako Amy , Morrissey Kari , Mahrus Sami , Morley Roland , Pirzkall Andrea , Davis S. Lindsey 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
IDO1 induces immune suppression in T cells through l-tryptophan (Trp) depletion and kynurenine (Kyn) accumulation in the local tumor microenvironment, suppressing effector T cells and hyperactivating regulatory T cells (Treg). Navoximod is an investigational small-molecule inhibitor of IDO1. This phase I study evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of navoximod in combination with atezolizumab, a PD-L1 inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer.

Patients and Methods:
The study consisted of a 3+3 dose-escalation stage (n = 66) and a tumor-specific expansion stage (n = 92). Navoximod was given orally every 12 hours continuously for 21 consecutive days of each cycle with the exception of cycle 1, where navoximod administration started on day −1 to characterize pharmacokinetics. Atezolizumab was administered by intravenous infusion 1,200 mg every 3 weeks on day 1 of each cycle.

Results:
Patients (n = 157) received navoximod at 6 dose levels (50–1,000 mg) in combination with atezolizumab. The maximum administered dose was 1,000 mg twice daily; the MTD was not reached. Navoximod demonstrated a linear pharmacokinetic profile, and plasma Kyn generally decreased with increasing doses of navoximod. The most common treatment-related AEs were fatigue (22%), rash (22%), and chromaturia (20%). Activity was observed at all dose levels in various tumor types (melanoma, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, cervical, neural sheath, non–small cell lung cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urothelial bladder cancer): 6 (9%) dose-escalation patients achieved partial response, and 10 (11%) expansion patients achieved partial response or complete response.

Conclusions:
The combination of navoximod and atezolizumab demonstrated acceptable safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics for patients with advanced cancer. Although activity was observed, there was no clear evidence of benefit from adding navoximod to atezolizumab.
PREPARED Study: A Study of Shared Decision-Making for Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Doll Jacob A. , Jones W. Schuyler , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Culpepper Sara , Parks Robin L. , Calhoun Christy , Au David H. , Patel Manesh R. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Guidelines recommend patient engagement in shared decision-making regarding coronary revascularization, but studies demonstrate poor patient understanding of risks, benefits, and alternatives. Effective strategies are needed to integrate informed patient preferences into clinical care, particularly for patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography.

Methods and Results:

We developed a web-based decision aid to educate patients and survey their treatment preferences before angiography. We compared knowledge, attitudes, and preferences of 203 patients with and without use of the decision aid. In a pilot cluster-randomized study, cardiologists were assigned to receive versus not receive patient preferences, with subsequent assessment of treatment decisions. The median age of participants was 64 years, 62% were men, 74% were white, and a similar number had acute presentation (49% non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction or unstable angina) and stable presentation (51% stable angina or atypical symptoms). Most patients preferred treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention compared with either medical therapy alone (63% versus 21%) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (81% versus 7%). The decision aid was associated with improved performance on a 6-item knowledge scale (mean, 2.7 versus 2.2 questions correct;
P
<0.01) and greater interest in shared decision-making but not an overall change in patient preferences. The pilot cluster-randomized study demonstrated the feasibility of integrating patient preference information into clinical care, although providing preferences to the clinicians did not improve concordance between preference and treatment.

Conclusions:
A web-based decision aid was associated with improved patient knowledge and greater desire to participate in shared decision-making for coronary revascularization. Most patients preferred percutaneous coronary intervention to either medical therapy alone or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Further investigation is needed to determine the impact of patient preferences on clinical decision-making and outcomes.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Unique identifier: NCT02272062.
Metabolic Changes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Hearts Precede Cardiac Dysfunction and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Authors: Li Jie , Kemp Brandon A. , Howell Nancy L. , Massey James , Mińczuk Krzysztof , Huang Qiao , Chordia Mahendra D. , Roy R. Jack , Patrie James T. , Davogustto Giovanni E. , Kramer Christopher M. , Epstein Frederick H. , Carey Robert M. , Taegtmeyer Heinrich , Keller Susanna R. , Kundu Bijoy K. 
Published: February 2019

Background
Sustained pressure overload leads to changes in cardiac metabolism, function, and structure. Both time course and causal relationships between these changes are not fully understood. Therefore, we studied spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during early hypertension development and compared them to control Wistar Kyoto rats.

Methods and Results

We serially evaluated myocardial glucose uptake rates (Ki) with dynamic 2‐[
18
F] fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography, and ejection fraction and left ventricular mass to body weight ratios with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in vivo, determined glucose uptake and oxidation rates in isolated perfused hearts, and analyzed metabolites, mammalian target of rapamycin activity and endoplasmic reticulum stress in dissected hearts. When compared with Wistar Kyoto rats, SHR demonstrated increased glucose uptake rates (Ki) in vivo, and reduced ejection fraction as early as 2 months of age when hypertension was established. Isolated perfused SHR hearts showed increased glucose uptake and oxidation rates starting at 1 month. Cardiac metabolite analysis at 2 months of age revealed elevated pyruvate, fatty acyl‐ and branched chain amino acid‐derived carnitines, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Mammalian target of rapamycin activity increased in SHR beginning at 2 months. Left ventricular mass to body weight ratios and endoplasmic reticulum stress were elevated in 5 month‐old SHR.

Conclusions
Thus, in a genetic hypertension model, chronic cardiac pressure overload promptly leads to increased myocardial glucose uptake and oxidation, and to metabolite abnormalities. These coincide with, or precede, cardiac dysfunction while left ventricular hypertrophy develops only later. Myocardial metabolic changes may thus serve as early diagnostic markers for hypertension‐induced left ventricular hypertrophy.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in 25‐Hydroxy Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Zhang Xi , Tu Wanzhu , Manson JoAnn E. , Tinker Lesley , Liu Simin , Cauley Jane A. , Qi Lihong , Mouton Charles , Martin Lisa W. , Hou Lifang , Song Yiqing 
Published: February 2019

Background

Recent evidence suggests that racial/ethnic differences in circulating levels of free or bioavailable 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25[
OH
]D) rather than total 25(
OH
)D may explain apparent racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (
CVD
). We prospectively examined black‐white differences in the associations of total, free, and bioavailable 25(
OH
)D, vitamin D–binding protein, and parathyroid hormone levels at baseline with incident
CVD
(including nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and
CVD
death) in postmenopausal women.

Methods and Results

We conducted a case‐cohort study among 79 705 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 79 years, who were free of
CVD
at baseline in the WHI‐OS (Women's Health Initiative Observational Study). A subcohort of 1300 black and 1500 white participants were randomly chosen as controls; a total of 550 black and 1500 white women who developed incident
CVD
during a mean follow‐up of 11 years were chosen as cases. We directly measured total 25(
OH
)D, vitamin D–binding protein, albumin, parathyroid hormone, and calculated free and bioavailable 25(
OH
)D. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine their associations with
CVD
risk. Although vitamin D–binding protein and total, free, and bioavailable 25(
OH
)D were not significantly associated with
CVD
risk in black or white women, a significant positive association between parathyroid hormone and
CVD
risk persisted in white women (hazard ratio comparing the highest quartile with the lowest, 1.37; 95%
CI
, 1.06–1.77) but not in black women (hazard ratio comparing the highest quartile with the lowest, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.79–1.58), independent of total, free, and bioavailable 25(
OH
)D or vitamin D–binding protein.

Conclusions

Circulating levels of vitamin D biomarkers are not related to
CVD
risk in either white or black women. Higher parathyroid hormone levels may be an independent risk factor for
CVD
in white women.
The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the Temporomandibular Joint After Radiotherapy in Rabbits
Authors: Kılıç Caner , Ak Semih , Yazıcı Ömer , Özlügedik Samet , Bozdoğan Nazan , Baltu Yahya , Tunçcan Tuncay , Ant Ayça 
Published: February 2019

Objectives: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was administered into the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) space, which had been exposed to radiotherapy (RT), in an attempt to prevent and/or treat the late-term complications associated with RT when used for the treatment of head and neck cancers (nasopharyngeal cancer in particular) on the musculoskeletal system. Methods: A total of 13 adult male New Zealand ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) rabbits were used in the study. The animals were classified into 3 groups: 6 in the RT group, 6 in the RT+PRP group, and 1 in the control group (exposed to neither). The TMJ space of each rabbit was exposed to 2240 cGy external RT in total, and PRP was administered into the TMJ space 1 month later. The joints were surgically removed 1 month later and examined histopathologically. Results: In the group given RT+PRP, the level of inflammation, amount of muscle fibrosis, vascular wall fibrosis, synovial membrane and condyle cartilage thickness, temporal extrabone fibrous cell layer count, and intramuscular changes were similar to those recorded in the control group, although the positive effects of PRP were not found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: The findings of the present study demonstrate that injections of PRP may increase joint inflammation and therefore enhance blood supply, resulting in the onset of regeneration. These favorable effects of PRP may be helpful in the fight against late-term musculoskeletal complications of RT and may minimize such side effects as sore jaw, malnutrition, and weight loss.
Cemented versus uncemented femoral component total hip arthroplasty in elderly patients with primary osteoporosis: retrospective analysis with 5-year follow-up
Authors: Yang Chen , Han Xiulan , Wang Jie , Yuan Zheng , Wang Tao , Zhao Mingdong , Han Guowei 
Published: February 2019

Objective To compare medium-term clinical and radiological outcomes of primary unilateral uncemented (UN) or cemented (CE) femoral component total hip arthroplasty (THA) in elderly patients with osteoporosis. Methods Consecutive patients with osteoporosis who underwent primary unilateral UN or CE THAs at our institution from 2006 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. All consecutive procedures were managed by high-volume surgeons, using UN or CE THA approaches. Follow-up assessments occurred at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively, and yearly thereafter. Patient-related functional outcomes were assessed using the Harris Hip Score (HHS). Primary and secondary endpoints were early revision (<5 years) and functional outcome. Results In total, 496 primary unilateral THAs (CE, n = 184; UN, n = 182) were assessed with a median follow-up period of 75 months (range, 65–86 months). From 3 months after surgery to the final follow-up, HHS was consistently superior in the CE group. Respective prosthetic loosening rates in the UN and CE groups were 26.4% and 16.8% at a minimum of 5 years. There was a significant difference in rate of early revision (7.6% CE vs. 14.8% UN). Conclusion Compared with UN THA, CE THA exhibits a superior outcome in elderly patients with primary osteoporosis.
Comparing Educational Outcomes of Online Module-Based Technology with and without Simulation on Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying in Second Semester BSN Students
Authors: Lewis-Pierre LaToya , McKay Mary , Sanko Jill , Gattamorta Karina , Azaiza Khitam 
Published: February 2019

Background: Opportunities to provide competent and compassionate End-of Life (EOL) care to patients and families are limited for nursing students. Method: A mixed methods approach was used to explore the students' attitudes towards caring for an EOL patient in two groups: an on-line-module only group and an on-line module plus simulation group. Results: Statistically significant effect of time was found across the two conditions (F [1, 69] = 7.83, p = .007), indicating that scores on the FATCOD-B significantly improved regardless of the condition over time. The qualitative responses indicated that the simulation experience was more impactful than the on-line module. Conclusions: Innovative education modalities described in the study may assist in preparing the future workforce for the myriad of demands related to health, life, and death.
Long-term outcome and psychiatric comorbidity of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa
Authors: Andrés-Pepiñá Susana , Plana Maria Teresa , Flamarique Itziar , Romero Sonia , Borràs Roger , Julià Laia , Gárriz Miguel , Castro-Fornieles Josefina 
Published: February 2019

Objective: To assess the outcome of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) about 20 years after first treatment. Methods: Sixty-two women diagnosed with AN during adolescence were invited to participate. Of these 62 patients, 38 agreed to participate and were assessed with a battery of questionnaires and interviews. A control group of 30 women of similar age was also assessed. Results: Of the patients who completed the full assessment, 13 (34%) presented some degree of eating disorder (ED) at follow-up (10 (26%) met full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) criteria for an ED and 3 (8%) showed partial remission of an ED). The remaining 25 (66%) patients had fully recovered from AN. The duration of untreated illness before admission was significantly associated with an increased risk of a current ED (odds ratio (OR) = 3.334 (1.3–8.7); p = .014). Of the patients who had recovered totally from their ED, 24% showed another psychiatric disorder. This percentage rose to 70% in patients with a current ED. Conclusion: Sixty-six percent of adolescents who completed the assessment achieved remission of their AN. Comorbidity was more common in the current ED group. The variable that best predicted complete remission was the number of years without treatment, showing the importance of detection and early intervention.
Preschoolers’ lexical skills in two majority languages: Is there evidence for the onset of sequential bilingualism?
Authors: Gatt Daniela , Dodd Barbara 
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives: This study measured bilingual lexical skills in children just starting preschool and in others who had been attending preschool for one year. It aimed to investigate how children’s lexical abilities were influenced by length of contact with structured bilingual input at school, in a context where two majority languages are taught through the educational system. Methodology: The participants were 72 children starting their first and second year in preschool, aged 2;11–3;4 ( N = 35) and 3;11–4;4 years ( N = 37), respectively. The children came from Maltese-dominant homes and attended the same state preschool where, in line with established bilingual educational policy, they were expected to receive systematic oral exposure to English. Receptive picture name judgement and picture naming tasks in Maltese and English were employed to measure receptive and expressive lexical abilities. Data and analysis: Correct receptive judgement and naming responses were analysed as a function of age group and language of testing. Findings: Comparison of 3- and 4-year-old performance revealed marked growth in Maltese but limited improvement in English for the older group. This profile was inconsistent with lexical outcomes expected for children receiving significant exposure to a second language (L2) in preschool. The findings call for reconsideration of the assumption that preschool entry for Maltese-dominant children and the sequential bilingual exposure associated with it bring about an improvement in L2 lexical abilities. School and home bilingual input, children’s learning demands and Malta’s sociolinguistic context were considered as possible contributing factors. Originality: To our knowledge, a focus on preschoolers’ lexical skills in two typologically distant, majority languages against a backdrop of stable bilingualism is novel. Significance: Given the bilingual stability and socio-cultural uniformity of the broader context for this study, the findings are proposed as a point of reference for evaluating preschoolers’ bilingual lexical skills.
Cross-linguistic influence in the use of objects in Japanese/English simultaneous bilingual acquisition
Authors: Mishina-Mori Satomi 
Published: February 2019

Aims: This study investigates whether, to what extent, and in which direction interface structure induces cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in the use of objects in Japanese/English simultaneous bilinguals. Design: Year-long observations of parent–child interactions in two two-year-olds were conducted to observe the changes taking place at the earliest stages of development. Data analysis: A total of 48 recording sessions were transcribed and coded using Computational Human Articulatory Theory conventions and were compared with mean length of utterance-matched monolingual data drawn from the CHILDES database. Findings: We report a temporary influence from Japanese to English and a mild influence from English to Japanese. Originality: This study offers evidence of CLI in object use in less-studied language pairs. Implications: The data support the interface hypothesis and further suggest that the language combination affects the intensity of influence due to the degree of the overlap. Our data also add evidence to the proposal that without language dominance, CLI occurs from the overt language to the language with null options.
Bilingual language exposure and the peer group: Acquiring phonetics and phonology in Gaelic Medium Education
Authors: Nance Claire 
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives: This paper aims to examine the acquisition of phonetics and phonology in the context of Scottish Gaelic immersion schooling. I explore the effect of differing home language backgrounds among primary school children on the production of laterals and stop consonants. Design/methodology/approach: Acoustic analysis was performed on Gaelic and English speech data collected from children in Gaelic Medium Education in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Data and analysis: Word list data were collected from 18 children aged 7–11 and analyzed using measurements of formants and duration of stop phases. Half of the sample had little or no exposure to Gaelic in the home, while the other half had differing degrees of family input. Statistical analysis was conducted using Conditional Inference Trees. Findings and conclusions: This study finds that any initial differences between children who enter Gaelic Medium Education as fluent speakers and those who do not are leveled out by late primary school, at least in terms of pronunciation. I suggest that leveled varieties of minority languages can develop in pre-adolescence in peer group settings such as minority language education. Originality: This study is the first to examine phonetic and phonological acquisition in Gaelic-English bilingual children. It is one of a small number of studies to examine bilingual phonological acquisition in immersion schooling. The study supports recent research exploring the development of peer group varieties among young minority language speakers. Significance and implications: This research aims to expand traditional models that consider the extent of exposure to two languages as key in predicting phonetic and phonological production. I suggest that the impact of the peer group and the context of language use are also significant factors. Results suggest potential development of education varieties of Gaelic. These findings have implications for future revitalization strategies for minority languages across the world.