bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of elevated CO2 on growth, calcification, and spectral dependence of photoinhibition in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae)1
Authors: Lorenzo M. Rosario , Neale Patrick J. , Sobrino Cristina , León Pablo , Vázquez Víctor , Bresnan Eileen , Segovia María 
Published: May 2019

We studied the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on cell growth, calcification, and spectral variation in the sensitivity of photosynthesis to inhibition by solar radiation in the globally important coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Growth rates and chlorophyll a content per cell showed no significant differences between elevated (800 ppmv) and ambient (400 ppmv) CO2 conditions. However, the production of organic carbon and the cell quotas for both carbon and nitrogen, increased under elevated CO2 conditions, whilst particulate inorganic carbon production rates decreased under the same conditions. Biometric analyses of cells showed that coccoliths only presented significant differences due to treatments in the central area width. Most importantly, the size of the coccosphere decreased under elevated CO2 conditions. The susceptibility of photosynthesis to inhibition by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was estimated using biological weighting functions (BWFs) and a model that predicts photosynthesis under photosynthetically active radiation and UVR exposures. BWF results demonstrated that the sensitivity of photosynthesis to UVR was not significantly different between E. huxleyi cells grown under elevated and present CO2 concentrations. We propose that the acclimation to elevated CO2 conditions involves a physiological mechanism of regulation and allocation of energy and metabolites in the cell, which is also responsible for altering the sensitivity to UVR. In coccolithophores, this mechanism might be affected by the decrease in the calcification rates.
Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered flunixin in greyhound dogs
Authors: Morris Tim , Paine Stuart W. , Zahra Paul , Li Eric , Colgan Sally , Karamatic Steven 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMedication control in greyhound racing requires information from administration studies that measure drug levels in the urine as well as plasma, with time points that extend into the terminal phase of excretion. To characterize the plasma and the urinary pharmacokinetics of flunixin and enable regulatory advice for greyhound racing in respect of both medication and residue control limits, flunixin meglumine was administered intravenously on one occasion to six different greyhounds at the label dose of 1 mg/kg and the levels of flunixin were measured in plasma for up to 96 hr and in urine for up to 120 hr. Using the standard methodology for medication control, the irrelevant plasma concentration was determined as 1 ng/ml and the irrelevant urine concentration was determined as 30 ng/ml. This information can be used by regulators to determine a screening limit, detection time and a residue limit. The greyhounds with the highest average urine pH had far greater flunixin exposure compared with the greyhounds that had the lowest. This is entirely consistent with the extent of ionization predicted by the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. This variability in the urine pharmacokinetics reduces with time, and at 72 hr postadministration, in the terminal phase, the variability in urine and plasma flunixin concentrations are similar and should not affect medication control.
A 4 year quality improvement initiative reducing post‐operative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery at a quaternary paediatric hospital
Authors: Ali Usman , Tsang Maisie , Igbeyi Brenda , Balakrishnan Sindu , Shackell Kelly , Kotzer Gloria , Mc Donnell Conor 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundPost‐operative nausea and vomiting is a significant cause of morbidity in pediatric anesthesia. As well as patient discomfort, post‐operative nausea and vomiting can also result in dehydration, delayed discharge and unplanned hospital admission. Children undergoing strabismus surgery are known to be a particularly high risk group for post‐operative nausea and vomiting.AimsThe aim of this project was to reduce post‐operative nausea and vomiting by 50% over a period of 12 months.MethodsThis was a single centre retrospective observational study, with prospective observational follow up. A driver diagram was constructed and smart aim established. The Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act method of quality improvement was used for this project. Benchmark data from one hundred patients was collected retrospectively from patient records. After this, interventions were introduced and serial data was prospectively collected. Statistical process control charts were constructed to monitor percentage bundle compliance and incidence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting in the post anesthetic care unit.ResultsPost‐operative nausea and vomiting data was collected for 1079 children in total. Baseline incidence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting was 18%. After 4 years this was reduced to 4.72%. At the conclusion of the project there was no significant difference over the previous six months between the incidence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting in the strabismus population and the general post anesthetic care unit population.ConclusionUsing quality improvement methodology, we were able to sustainably reduce the incidence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting for children undergoing strabismus repair. We demonstrated using an evidence based therapeutic bundle can reduce incidence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting in the high risk surgical strabismus population to a level comparable to the average post‐operative nausea and vomiting incidence in our post anesthetic care unit population.
Nonneoplastic diseases and disorders of the oral mucosa: A contemporary overview
Authors: Ariyawardana Anura , Johnson Newell W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOral mucosal diseases encompass a diverse array of conditions and disorders arising from malignant, potentially malignant, and nonneoplastic processes. Considerable attention has been paid to the former in recent years, much less to the wide range of nonneoplastic disease processes, which constitute a sizeable proportion of the oral disease burden globally. Many nonneoplastic disease processes of the oral mucosa significantly affect the patient's quality of life. Fortunately, timely identification and intervention can reduce the associated morbidity and, sometimes, mortality. As such, it is of utmost importance that dentists are familiar with early identification and management of this wide range of oral mucosal diseases. This volume of Periodontology 2000 provides a comprehensive contemporary review of such diseases and disorders through 15 chapters. We cover all relevant disease categories: developmental anomalies, infections, white and red lesions, vesiculo‐bullous diseases, oral dermatoses, oral ulcerative conditions, dysplastic lesions, and mucosal diseases as manifestations of systemic disease or oral lesions as a part of systemic diseases. Each chapter discusses epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Controversies and many significant gaps in knowledge are exposed, with suggestions for research to address limitations in current understandings. We take a look at the 2017 classification of the periodontal diseases and discuss the importance of close liaison between the specialties of oral medicine and of periodontology in the management of the many oral diseases, apart from the common forms primarily related to oral biofilm, affecting the gingivae and other parts of the periodontium.
Noma (cancrum oris): An unresolved global challenge
Authors: Feller Liviu , Khammissa Razia A. G. , Altini Mario , Lemmer Johan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNoma (canrum oris) is a mutilating necrotizing disease of uncertain etiology, but it is accepted that it is caused primarily by a polybacterial infection with secondary ischemia. The consequent necrotizing fasciitis, myonecrosis, and osteonecrosis results in destruction of facial structures with severe functional impairment and disfigurement. It most frequently affects children, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa, who are malnourished or debilitated by systemic conditions including but not limited to malaria, measles, and tuberculosis; and less frequently debilitated HIV‐seropositive subjects. In the vast majority of cases, in susceptible subjects, noma is preceded by necrotizing stomatitis. However, it has been reported, albeit rarely, that noma can arise without any preceding oral lesions being observed. Noma is not recurrent and is not transmissible.
Police‐Monitored Cameras and Crime*
Authors: Munyo Ignacio , Rossi Martín A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study the effects of police monitoring on crime. We exploit detailed information on the location and date of installation of police‐monitored surveillance cameras, coupled with data at the street‐segment level on all reported crimes in the city of Montevideo, Uruguay. We find that the introduction of police‐monitored surveillance cameras reduces crime by about 20 percent in monitored areas relative to a pure control group located outside the city. We also explore potential displacement effects, and we do not find evidence of such effects.
Canine pyoderma gangrenosum with recurring skin lesions of unknown origin and splenic involvement
Authors: Kang Jung‐Hun , Yoon Jung‐Hee , Kim Yong‐Baek , Hwang Cheol‐Yong 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundReports of canine pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) are uncommon in the veterinary literature. Rarer still are cases describing dogs with both skin lesions and internal organ involvement.ObjectiveTo describe a case of canine PG with skin and internal organ involvement.AnimalsA client‐owned dog.Methods and materialsComplete blood count, serum chemistry, C‐reactive protein and SNAP cPL tests, and abdominal ultrasonography and fine‐needle aspiration of the spleen were performed.ResultsThe dog was treated with oral prednisolone and ciclosporin. After three months of therapy, ultrasonography revealed normalization of the spleen and resolution of skin lesions.Conclusion and clinical importanceDogs with skin lesions compatible with PG should be screened carefully for internal organ involvement. Ciclosporin may be a useful treatment for the immediate and long‐term management of canine PG.
THEOLOGY AND COSMOLOGY: A CALL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY ENRICHMENT
Authors: Hausoul Raymond R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractToday, there is a growing interest in interdisciplinary studies between theology and natural sciences. This article will reveal some “core” problems in this interdisciplinary relationship. It investigates how cosmic eschatology and natural sciences can benefit the most from each other while dealing with the scenarios which cosmology presents. Doing so, the main emphasis will be on rediscovering the impact of the Resurrection in Christian theology and the possibility of launching a dialogue between natural sciences and theology concerning the new heaven and the new earth.
REACTING TO CONSECRATING SCIENCE: WHAT MIGHT AMATEURS DO?
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn Consecrating Science: Wonder, Knowledge, and the Natural World, Lisa H. Sideris makes a compelling case that a new cosmology movement advocates for a new, universal, creation story grounded in the sciences. She fears the new story reinforces elite power structures and anthropocentrism and thus environmental degradation. Alternatively, she promotes genuine wonder which occurs in experiences of the natural world. As Sideris focuses on the likely logical outcome of the assumptions and arguments of the new cosmologies, she does not investigate whether and how people react to these new myths. I suggest that methods of documentary studies, applied to popular book reviews on Amazon and Goodreads, shed light on the ramifications of the new cosmologies among the general public. While many reviewers exhibit attitudes and behaviors that would concern Sideris, responses are far from univocal. Using this case as a guide, I suggest that attention to the experience of laypeople could contribute productively to religion and science research in general.
Natural-Convection Heat Transfer in Liquids Confined by Two Horizontal Plates and Heated From Below
Authors: Globe Samuel , Dropkin David 
Published: May 2019

This paper presents results of an experimental investigation of convective heat transfer in liquids placed between two horizontal plates and heated from below. The liquids used were water, silicone oils of 1.5, 50, and 1000 centistoke kinematic viscosities, and mercury.
The experiments covered a range of Rayleigh numbers between 1.51(10)5 and 6.76(10)8. and Prandtl numbers between 0.02 and 8750.
Tests were made in cylindrical containers having copper tops and bottoms and insulating walls. For water and silicone oils the container was 5 in. in diam and 2 in. high. For mercury, two containers were used, both 5.28 in. in diameter, but one 1.39 in. high and another 2.62 in. high. In all cases the bottom plates were heated by electric heaters. The top plates were air-cooled for the water and silicone-oil experiments and water-cooled for the mercury tests. To prevent amalgamation, the copper plates of the mercury container were chromium plated.
Surface temperatures were measured by thermocouples embedded in the plates.
The test results indicate that the heat-transfer coefficients for all liquids investigated may be determined from the relationship Nu=0.069Ra13Pr0.074
In this equation the Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers are based on the distance between the copper plates.
The results of this experiment are in reasonable agreement with the data reported by others who used larger containers and different fluids.
Generalized Correlation of Boiling Heat Transfer
Authors: Levy S. 
Published: May 2019

A generalized equation to describe surface boiling of liquids is derived. The expression which correlates all fluid independently of pressure and heating surface-fluid combination is QA=kLCLρL2σTsρL-ρV1BLΔT3
The form of the relation was obtained from a simplified model of heat transfer to the bubbles close to the heated surface. The coefficient BL, determined empirically, was found to be a function only of the product ρVhfg and is shown in Fig. 4.
Good agreement between test results and the derived equation was obtained for pool boiling and nucleate boiling heat transfer of subcooled and vapor-containing liquids.
Some General Considerations of the Heating of Satellites
Authors: Eggers Alfred J. , Wong Thomas J. , Slye Robert E. 
Published: May 2019

Heating of satellites is treated in connection with flight in planetary atmospheres and in interplanetary space. Heating during entry into the earth’s atmosphere is generally more severe than that encountered during launch or exit, although it can be substantially reduced by employing blunt shapes and small entry angles. Decelerations and heating rates during entry can be further reduced by employing lifting satellites. These techniques in combination with known radiation, heat-sink, and ablation cooling techniques appear adequate to handle the entry problem at speeds up to escape speed. Return flights from distant planets like Saturn and beyond may be characterized by much higher entry speeds, and more advanced techniques for coping with the heating problem may be required. Heating during entry into the atmospheres of planets neighboring Earth tends to be more or less severe than that in the earth’s atmosphere depending on whether the planets are larger or smaller than Earth.
Heating in interplanetary space due to solar radiation becomes severe only if a satellite approaches to within a small fraction of an astronomical unit of the sun, or if the vehicle has an inefficient radiation shield. A cooling problem is encountered in the outer portion of our solar system, and an auxiliary power source may be required to supplement the reduced amount of heat from the sun. The sputtering or erosion of material from the surface of a satellite, caused by impact at hypervelocities with small particles in space, may also pose direct or indirect heating problems. Further research is required to assess the magnitude of these problems.
Torispherical Shells—A Caution to Designers
Authors: Galletly G. D. 
Published: May 2019

It has recently become apparent, through a rigorous stress analysis of a specific case that designing torispherical shells by the current edition of the ASME Code on Unfired Pressure Vessels can lead to failure during proof-testing of the vessel. The purpose of the present paper is to show in what respects the Code fails to give accurate results. As an illustrative example, a hypothetical pressure vessel with a torispherical head having a diameter-thickness ratio of 440 was selected. The supports of the vessel were considered to be either on the main cylinder or around the torus. The vessel was subjected to internal pressure and the elastic stresses in it were determined rigorously and by the Code. A comparison of the two revealed that the Code predicted stresses in the head which were less than one half of those actually occurring. Furthermore, the Code gave no indication of the presence of high compressive circumferential direct stresses which exceeded 30,000 psi for practically the entire torus. If the head had been fabricated using a steel with a yield point of 30,000 psi, then a limit analysis shows that it would have failed or undergone large deformations, whereas the Code would have predicted that it was safe. The Code’s rules for torispherical heads are thus in need of revision for certain geometries. The implications of the foregoing results are currently being studied by the ASME; in the interim, however, designers should exercise care in applying the Code to torispherical shells.
It is also shown in the paper that the use of the membrane state as a particular solution of the differential equations is not a good approximation for toroidal shells of the type considered.
Steady-State Creep Analysis of the Weight Loadings of Furnace Tubes on Multiple Supports
Authors: Jacobowitz J. L. , Mader C. K. 
Published: May 2019

Analysis of creep stress-strain relationships is made for horizontally supported furnace tubes including the effect of tube weight and internal pressure. Steady-state creep effects through the tube wall due to axially symmetrical heal input are also analyzed for these conditions. The original Bailey approach to the pressure problem only is extended to the larger scope undertaken. Maximum permissible tube spans are derived based on accepted criteria for creep stress and deflections.
The results of this work indicate that maximum allowable tube spans may often be theoretically increased beyond present usual design limits except for a few specific materials and instances where short spans are required at very high temperatures. In actual tube design, consideration should be given to experience in operation of any particular type of furnace so that secondary effects may be minimized. Increased economies in costs and flexibility in furnace layout as well as rational span determination are expected from use of these results.
Approximate Solutions to a Problem of Press Forging
Authors: Kobayashi S. , Thomsen E. G. 
Published: May 2019

The velocity vectors in the flash and body of a press forging of commercially pure lead having axial symmetry were obtained experimentally from incremental displacements in stepwise forging operations. It was found that the velocities are in excellent agreement with those derived with the aid of a simple disk theory, where it was assumed that all deformation is concentrated in a fictitious disk. Comparison with velocities derived from certain slip-line solutions also shows that substantial agreement exists here between theory and experiment.
Calculated average forging pressures, which were obtained by the approximate disk and slip-line theories, are in approximate agreement and the local pressure distributions are similar. These results seem to clarify the role which the flash height and friction in the die-lands play in achieving a good impression of the die cavities.
Experience in the Use of the Gibson Method of Water Measurement for Efficiency Tests of Hydraulic Turbines
Authors: Gibson Norman R. 
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this paper is to examine the records of experience, for 35 years from 1920 to 1955, in the use of the Gibson Method and Apparatus, for measuring the flow of water as applied in field efficiency tests of turbines in hydro-electric power plants.
Diagrams based on tables of maximum efficiencies of comparable units, from a total of 310 tests are presented. A few unusual experiences are cited and described. A comprehensive discussion of the accuracy of the method is given; with particular reference to the critical analyses of Francis Salgat and the late Dieter Thoma and others and to the precision which can be expected in determining the various factors required for measuring water quantities by this method.
Four appendixes give: (1) A brief description of the Gibson Method and Apparatus; (2) some slight revisions of the author’s original paper published by ASME in 1923; (3) a numerical example of the delineation and computation of a differential pressure-time diagram; and (4) a partial Bibliography with notes.
Application and Analysis of a Computer Control System
Authors: Lefkowitz Irving , Eckman Donald P. 
Published: May 2019

The electronic computer offers the possibility of achieving complete and precise control of physical systems. An application of particular interest is the computer control of industrial processes to specified criteria of performance; e.g., control of the process such that product of uniform, specified quality is produced under conditions of minimum cost.
A computer control application to a batch-type process is presented. The method of control, based on repetitive computer action and fast-time scaling makes it possible to obtain a specified end point consistent with a prescribed criterion of optimum performance.
Dynamic analysis of the computer control system is difficult because of the nonlinear and sampled-data characteristics of the computer element. A method for approximate determination of system behavior based on perturbation techniques is described. It is shown, in particular, that the effect of a disturbance signal on the processing path varies in almost direct proportion with the sampling period. Thus, by making the sampling period small relative to the duration of the process, simplifying approximations to the mathematical model may be employed in the derivation of the computer-control equations.
The study is augmented by data on computer control of a three-component-batch chemical process. The results of the dynamic analysis are compared qualitatively with the experimental results of predictor and optimizing control runs.