bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Subtype Determines Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency-Associated-Transcript Promoter Activity during Latency
Authors: Cabrera Jorge Ruben , Charron Audra J. , Leib David A. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) latency in neurons remains poorly understood, and the heterogeneity of the sensory nervous system complicates mechanistic studies. In this study, we used primary culture of adult trigeminal ganglion (TG) mouse neurons in microfluidic devices and an
in vivo
model to examine the subtypes of sensory neurons involved in HSV latency. HSV-infected neurofilament heavy-positive (NefH
+
) neurons were more likely to express latency-associated transcripts (LATs) than infected neurofilament heavy-negative (NefH
−
) neurons. This differential expression of the LAT promoter correlated with differences in HSV-1 early infection that manifested as differences in the efficiency with which HSV particles reached the cell body following infection at the distal axon.
In vivo
, we further identified a specific subset of NefH
+
neurons which coexpressed calcitonin gene-related peptide α (NefH
+
CGRP
+
neurons) as the sensory neuron subpopulation with the highest LAT promoter activity following HSV-1 infection. Finally, an early-phase reactivation assay showed HSV-1 reactivating in NefH
+
CGRP
+
neurons, although other sensory neuron subpopulations were also involved. Together, these results show that sensory neurons expressing neurofilaments exhibit enhanced LAT promoter activity. We hypothesize that the reduced efficiency of HSV-1 invasion at an early phase of infection may promote efficient establishment of latency in NefH
+
neurons due to initiation of the antiviral state preceding arrival of the virus at the neuronal cell body. While the outcome of HSV-1 infection of neurons is determined by a broad variety of factors
in vivo
, neuronal subtypes are likely to play differential roles in modulating the establishment of latent infection.

IMPORTANCE
Two pivotal properties of HSV-1 make it a successful pathogen. First, it infects neurons, which are immune privileged. Second, it establishes latency in these neurons. Together, these properties allow HSV to persist for the lifetime of its host. Neurons are diverse and highly organized cells, with specific anatomical, physiological, and molecular characteristics. Previous work has shown that establishment of latency by HSV-1 does not occur equally in all types of neurons. Our results show that the kinetics of HSV infection and the levels of latency-related gene expression differ in certain types of neurons. The neuronal subtype infected by HSV is therefore a critical determinant of the outcome of infection and latency.
Late Cretaceous to early Neogene tectonic development of the southern Sierra Nevada region, California
Authors: Chapman Alan D. , Wood David J. , Saleeby Jason B. , Saleeby Zorka 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
The Sierra Nevada batholith is an ~600-km-long, NNW-trending continental arc generally exposed from epizonal to mesozonal levels and showing a distinct strike-perpendicular zonation in structural, lithologic, petrologic, geochronologic, and isotopic patterns. South of 35.5° N, in the southern Sierra Nevada–northern Mojave Desert region, the depth of exposure increases markedly and a tectonostratigraphy consisting of three distinct, fault-bounded assemblages is observed. From high to low structural levels, these units are (1) fragments of shallow-level eastern Sierra Nevada batholith affinity rocks, (2) deeper-level western to axial zone rocks, and (3) subduction accretion assemblages (e.g., the Rand schist). This multi-tiered core complex is the product of shallow subduction that occurred over ~500 km of the plate margin in Late Cretaceous time. Slab shallowing was accompanied by intense contractile deformation within the crust and along the subduction megathrust; crustal thickening, uplift, and denudation of the residual arc to midcrustal levels; removal of the forearc and frontal arc by subduction erosion; and replacement of sub-batholithic mantle with underplated subduction assemblages. As the slab reverted to a “normal” trajectory, previously thickened crust no longer compensated at depth by a shallowly dipping slab became gravitationally unstable and underwent a profound phase of extensional collapse. Two subparallel shear zones, one separating assemblages 1 and 2 (the southern Sierra detachment) and the other juxtaposing units 2 and 3 (the Rand fault), comprise an integrated Late Cretaceous detachment system that accommodated extensional collapse. These Late Cretaceous events preconditioned the southern California crust for imprints of subsequent tectonic regimes. For example, subduction of the Pacific-Farallon slab window in early Neogene time created an extensional stress regime in the overriding plate, facilitating high-angle normal faulting across the previously extended region and volcanism associated with upwelling astheno-spheric material. The invasion of hot and buoyant asthenosphere destabilized dense sub-batholithic root material still affixed beneath the central Sierra Nevada batholith, leading to Pliocene–Quaternary delamination of the high-density rocks. Replacement of dense sub-batholithic root materials with asthenosphere has led to ~1 km of uplift across the southern Sierra Nevada and into the eastern San Joaquin Basin. The purpose of this trip is to highlight structural and petrologic records of multiple phases of tectonism in the southern Sierra Nevada–Mojave Desert region, illustrating the profound and lasting effect that shallow subduction may have on a continental margin.
Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7–9 years of age
Authors: Rowan Janet A , Rush Elaine C , Plank Lindsay D , Lu Jun , Obolonkin Victor , Coat Suzette , Hague William M 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveTo compare body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7–9 years in offspring of women with gestational diabetes (GDM) randomized to metformin (±insulin) or insulin treatment during pregnancy.Research design and methodsChildren were assessed at 7 years in Adelaide (n=109/181) and 9 years in Auckland (n=99/396) by anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n=92/99) and fasting bloods (n=82/99).ResultsIn the Adelaide subgroup, mothers were similar at enrollment. Women randomized to metformin versus insulin had higher treatment glycemia (p=0.002) and more infants with birth weight >90th percentile (20.7% vs 5.9%; p=0.029). At 7 years, there were no differences in offspring measures. In Auckland, at enrollment, women randomized to metformin had a higher body mass index (BMI) (p=0.08) but gained less weight during treatment (p=0.07). Offspring birth measures were similar. At 9 years, metformin offspring were larger by measures of weight, arm and waist circumferences, waist:height (p<0.05); BMI, triceps skinfold (p=0.05); DXA fat mass and lean mass (p=0.07); MRI abdominal fat volume (p=0.051). Body fat percent was similar between treatment groups by DXA and BIA. Abdominal fat percentages (visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver) were similar by MRI. Fasting glucose, triglyceride, insulin, insulin resistance, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, liver transaminases, leptin and adiponectin were similar.ConclusionsMetformin or insulin for GDM was associated with similar offspring total and abdominal body fat percent and metabolic measures at 7–9 years. Metformin-exposed children were larger at 9 years. Metformin may interact with fetal environmental factors to influence offspring outcomes.
From the battlefield to the bedroom: a multilevel analysis of the links between political conflict and intimate partner violence in Liberia
Authors: Kelly Jocelyn T D , Colantuoni Elizabeth , Robinson Courtland , Decker Michele R 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesAssess the link between levels of armed conflict and postconflict intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by women in Liberia.MethodsArmed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data were used to measure conflict-related fatalities in districts in Liberia during the country’s civil war from 1999 to 2003. These data were linked to individual-level data from the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey, including past-year IPV. Multilevel logistic models accounting for the clustering of women within districts evaluated the relationship of conflict fatalities with postconflict past-year IPV. Additional conflict measures, including conflict events and cumulative years of conflict, were assessed.ResultsAfter adjusting for individual-level characteristics correlated with IPV, residence in a conflict fatality-affected district was associated with a 50% increase in risk of IPV (adjusted OR (aOR): 1.55, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.92). Women living in a district that experienced 4–5 cumulative years of conflict were also more likely to experience IPV (aOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.75).ConclusionResiding in a conflict-affected district even 5 years after conflict was associated with postconflict IPV.Policy implicationsRecognising and preventing postconflict IPV violence is important to support long-term recovery in postconflict settings.
Pregnancy outcomes among Chinese women with and without systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wu Jiayue , Ma Jinghang , Bao Chunde , Di Wen , Zhang Wei-Hong 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveTo completely and quantifiably determine the effect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on pregnancy outcomes in a Chinese cohort.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingData were collected at a tertiary medical centre located in Shanghai, China, from September 2011 to May 2017.ParticipantsWe assigned 338 pregnant women with SLE to the study cohort and 1014 randomly selected pregnant women without SLE (three for every woman with SLE) to a comparison cohort. The relevant medical records of all pregnant women were retrospectively reviewed. Cases of multiple pregnancy and cases in which an artificial abortion was performed for personal reasons were excluded.Primary and secondary outcome measuresMaternal and fetal outcomes were primary outcomes, and management of antenatal care was the secondary outcome.ResultsThe risks of pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.75 to 4.09), pre-eclampsia (OR 3.13, 95% CI 1.95 to 5.03) and premature rupture of membranes (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.46 to 4.40) were significantly different between women with and without SLE. Gestational diabetes was negatively associated with SLE in pregnant women (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.85). Pregnant women with SLE displayed significantly higher rates of fetal loss (OR 10.23, 95% CI 5.08 to 20.59), including spontaneous abortion (OR 4.42, 95% CI 1.52 to 12.80), therapeutic abortion (OR 16.57, 95% CI 5.80 to 47.35) and stillbirth (OR 13.25, 95% CI 1.49 to 118.11), and a higher risk of preterm birth (OR 3.15, 95% CI 2.21 to 4.50), intrauterine growth restriction (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.58), a child who was small for the gestational age (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.13), a caesarean section (OR 4.73, 95% CI 3.30 to 6.80) or a neonatal intensive care unit admission (OR 3.48, 95% CI 2.21 to 5.48) than women in the non-SLE population after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionsIn this study, SLE significantly increased the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, a preconception assessment and close antenatal monitoring by both rheumatologists and obstetricians should be performed in pregnant women with SLE.
Children and Young People-Mental Health Safety Assessment Tool (CYP-MH SAT) study: Protocol for the development and psychometric evaluation of an assessment tool to identify immediate risk of self-harm and suicide in children and young people (10–19 years) in acute paediatric hospital settings
Authors: Manning Joseph C , Walker Gemma M , Carter Tim , Aubeeluck Aimee , Witchell Miranda , Coad Jane 
Published: April 2018

IntroductionCurrently, no standardised, evidence-based assessment tool for assessing immediate self-harm and suicide in acute paediatric inpatient settings exists.AimThe aim of this study is to develop and test the psychometric properties of an assessment tool that identifies immediate risk of self-harm and suicide in children and young people (10–19 years) in acute paediatric hospital settings.Methods and analysisDevelopment phase: This phase involved a scoping review of the literature to identify and extract items from previously published suicide and self-harm risk assessment scales. Using a modified electronic Delphi approach, these items will then be rated according to their relevance for assessment of immediate suicide or self-harm risk by expert professionals. Inclusion of items will be determined by 65%–70% consensus between raters. Subsequently, a panel of expert members will convene to determine the face validity, appropriate phrasing, item order and response format for the finalised items.Psychometric testing phase: The finalised items will be tested for validity and reliability through a multicentre, psychometric evaluation. Psychometric testing will be undertaken to determine the following: internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, convergent, divergent validity and concurrent validity.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was provided by the National Health Service East Midlands—Derby Research Ethics Committee (17/EM/0347) and full governance clearance received by the Health Research Authority and local participating sites. Findings from this study will be disseminated to professionals and the public via peer-reviewed journal publications, popular social media and conference presentations.
Practical guide to the meta-analysis of rare events
Authors: Efthimiou Orestis 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveMeta-analysing studies with low event rates is challenging as some of the standard methods for meta-analysis are not well suited to handle rare outcomes. This is more evident when some studies have zero events in one or both treatment groups. In this article, we discuss why rare events require special attention in meta-analysis, we present an overview of some approaches suitable for meta-analysing rare events and we provide practical recommendations for their use.MethodsWe go through several models suggested in the literature for performing a rare events meta-analysis, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. We illustrate these models using a published example from mental health. We provide the software code needed to perform all analyses in the appendix.ResultsDifferent methods may give different results, and using a suboptimal approach may lead to erroneous conclusions. When data are very sparse, the choice between the available methods may have a large impact on the results. Methods that use the so-called continuity correction (eg, adding 0.5 to the number of events and non-events in studies with zero events in one treatment group) may lead to biased estimates.ConclusionsResearchers should define the primary analysis a priori, in order to avoid selective reporting. A sensitivity analysis using a range of methods should be used to assess the robustness of results. Suboptimal methods such as using a continuity correction should be avoided.
Simulation and test of the thermal behavior of pressure switch
Authors: Liu Yifang , Chen Daner , Zhang Yao , Dai Tingting 
Published: April 2018

Little, lightweight, low-power microelectromechanical system (MEMS) pressure switches offer a good development prospect for small, ultra-long, simple atmosphere environments. In order to realize MEMS pressure switch, it is necessary to solve one of the key technologies such as thermal robust optimization. The finite element simulation software is used to analyze the thermal behavior of the pressure switch and the deformation law of the pressure switch film under different temperature. The thermal stress releasing schemes are studied by changing the structure of fixed form and changing the thickness of the substrate, respectively. Finally, the design of the glass substrate thickness of 2.5 mm is used to ensure that the maximum equivalent stress is reduced to a quarter of the original value, only 154 MPa when the structure is in extreme temperature (80[Formula: see text]C). The test results show that after the pressure switch is thermally optimized, the upper and lower electrodes can be reliably contacted to accommodate different operating temperature environments.
Debris flows and water tracks in northern Victoria Land, continental East Antarctica: a new terrestrial analogue site for gullies and recurrent slope lineae on Mars
Authors: Hauber E. , Sassenroth C. , de Vera J.-P. , Schmitz N. , Jaumann R. , Reiss D. , Hiesinger H. , Johnsson A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Although the present environmental conditions on Mars prohibit the generation of significant volumes of liquid water, observations of several very young landforms, such as gullies and recurrent slope lineae, have been interpreted as signals for aqueous processes. To explore the range of conditions under which such features can be formed on Earth, a field site in northern Victoria Land, East Antarctica, was geomorphologically investigated. Despite the small size of the ice-free area, the site displays gullies, water tracks and other traces of liquid water. The gullies show clear evidence of sediment transport by debris flows, and are typical of paraglacial processes on steep slopes in a recently deglaciated area. Water tracks appear in different forms, and seem to recur seasonally in the austral summer. Melting of snow and surface glacier ice is the major water source for both debris flows and water tracks. The observations presented here highlight the potential for hyperarid polar deserts to generate morphogenetically significant amounts of meltwater. The gullies are morphologically analogous to Martian gullies, and water tracks on steep slopes appear very similar to recurrent slope lineae. The observations suggest that even small ice-free sites in continental Antarctica may enable observations which can serve as a basis for working hypotheses in Mars analogue studies, and future field work should consider more areas in Antarctica in addition to the McMurdo Dry Valleys to search for Mars analogue landforms.
Archibald Geikie and the Elgin reptiles
Authors: Benton Michael J. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Archibald Geikie had some involvement in Victorian controversies over the age and interpretation of the Permian–Triassic Elgin reptiles. His early patronage by Roderick Murchison, and his biography of Murchison, gave him an unusual position, both in praising his older mentor and also in dealing with some of the mistakes he made. Murchison long held to the notion that the yellow sandstones at Elgin were all Devonian in age, even as more and more specimens of Mesozoic-style reptiles emerged. He eventually accepted that the palaeontological evidence trumped his beloved field observations, and it is likely Geikie never doubted the true age. Later, Geikie was honoured when a dicynodont from Elgin,
Geikia
, was named after him by Geological Survey staff palaeontologist E.T. Newton (1840–1930). The circumstances surrounding this choice of name remain uncertain.
Role of mitophagy regulation by ROS in hepatic stellate cells during acute liver failure
Authors: Tian Zhen , Chen Yi , Yao Naijuan , Hu Chunhua , Wu Yuchao , Guo Dandan , Liu Jinfeng , Yang Yuan , Chen Tianyan , Zhao Yingren , He Yingli 
Published: April 2018

Liver sinusoids serve as the first line of defense against extrahepatic stimuli from the intestinal tract. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are pericytes residing in the perisinusoidal space that integrate cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in the sinusoids and relay these signals to the liver parenchyma. Oxidative stress has been shown to promote inflammation during acute liver failure (ALF). Whether and how oxidative stress is involved in HSC inflammation during ALF remains unclear. Level of systemic oxidative stress is reflected by superoxide dismutase (SOD). Thus, ALF patients were recruited to investigate the correlation between plasma SOD levels and clinical features. Liver tissues were collected from chronic hepatitis patients by biopsy and from ALF patients who had undergone liver transplantation. SOD2 expression and HSCs activation were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Inflammation, mitophagy, and apoptosis were investigated by immunoblot analysis and flow cytometry in HSCs treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) donors. The plasma SOD level was significantly increased in patients with ALF compared with those with cirrhosis (444.4 ± 23.58 vs. 170.07 ± 3.52 U/ml, P < 0.01) and was positively correlated with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Na score ( R2 = 0.4720, P < 0.01). In vivo observations revealed that SOD2 immunostaining was increased in ALF patients and mice models, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that LPS/ROS promoted inflammation via inhibiting mitophagy. Moreover, the regulation of inflammation was apoptosis independent in HSCs. LPS-induced increases in oxidative stress promote inflammation through inhibiting mitophagy in HSCs during the process of ALF, providing a novel strategy for the treatment of patients with ALF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we demonstrate that the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level is significantly increased in patients with acute liver failure (ALF), and, correlated with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Na score, SOD level dropped in the remission stage of ALF. We identify that, in liver tissue from ALF patients and mice models, manganese-dependent SOD was overexpressed, and show lipopolysaccharide/H2O2 inhibits mitophagy via reactive oxygen species in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We show that inhibited mitophagy promotes inflammation in HSCs, whereas mitophagy inducer rescues HSCs from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.