bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epoch‐Based Model for Stormtime Plasmapause Location
Authors: Goldstein J. , Pascuale S. , Kurth W. S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe output of a plasmapause test particle (PTP) code is used to formulate a new epoch‐based plasmapause model. The PTP simulation is run for an ensemble of 60 storms spanning 3 September 2012 to 28 September 2017 and having peak Dst of −60 nT or less, yielding over 7 million model plasmapause locations. Events are automatically identified and epoch times calculated relative to the respective storm peaks. Epoch analysis of the simulated plasmapause is demonstrated to be an effective method to reveal the dynamical phases of plume formation and evolution. The plasmapause radius is found to be strongly correlated with positive solar wind electric field. The epoch‐binned PTP data are used to create the first analytical model of the plasmapause that explicitly includes plumes. We obtain this result by employing as basis functions our derived exact solutions for the Volland‐Stern convection potential. The analytical plasmapause model depends on epoch time, for moderate and strong storms, and is specified by three main parameters: the duskside plasmapause radius and two tuning coefficients. The epoch‐based analytical model is shown to agree to within 0.5 RE with nightside in situ plasmapause crossings by the Van Allen Probes on 17 March 2015. Compared to dayside plume crossings on 26 June 2000, the model agrees within 0.7 RE of radius and 0.8 RE azimuthal distance. This level of agreement is comparable to that achieved by the full dynamic PTP simulation.
Can Enhanced Flux Loading by High‐Speed Jets Lead to a Substorm? Multipoint Detection of the Christmas Day Substorm Onset at 08:17 UT, 2015
Authors: Nykyri K. , Bengtson M. , Angelopoulos V. , Nishimura Y. , Wing S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper describes highly interesting observations of the 25 December 2015 substorm onset at 08:17 UT during northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) while magnetosheath contained several intervals of negative Bz. A unique alignment of several spacecraft near the Earth‐Sun line together with magnetohydrodynamic simulations, ground‐based magnetometer, and auroral observations allow a comprehensive timing analysis of the events leading to substorm onset. Perplexingly, prior to substorm onset Geotail measured for 26 min positive IMF Bz just upstream of the bow shock, while simultaneously MMS spacecraft measured several intervals of strong negative Bz in the dayside magnetosheath. These strong pulses of negative Bz in the magnetosheath were associated with high dynamic pressure magnetosheath jets, likely created by foreshock transients during strongly radial IMF interval. Multipoint plasma and magnetic field measurements from ARTEMIS and THEMIS spacecraft were used to determine tail reconnection time at 8:14 and location at x=−33RE. Ground‐based observations of Pi2 pulsations and auroral brightening, with observations of a dipolarization front by THEMIS spacecraft, allowed determination of substorm onset to be at ≈08:17. All MMS spacecraft detected the same magnetosheath jet structure with Bz=−25 nT at ∼08:00 while IMF was northward. Based on DMSP observations and timing analysis we propose that these jets produced magnetopause reconnection leading to final, critical flux enhancement in the midtail region, which may have triggered reconnection 12–14 min later after jet observations.
Vertical Coseismic Offsets Derived From High‐Resolution Stereogrammetric DSM Differencing: The 2013 Baluchistan, Pakistan Earthquake
Authors: Barnhart William D. , Gold Ryan D. , Shea Hannah N. , Peterson Katherine E. , Briggs Richard W. , Harbor David J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe recent proliferation of high‐resolution (<3‐m spatial resolution) digital topography data sets opens a spectrum of geodetic applications in differential topography, including the quantification of coseismic vertical displacement fields. Most investigations of coseismic vertical displacements to date rely, in part, on preevent or postevent lidar surveys that are intractable or nonexistent in many locales. Stereogrammetric digital surface models (DSMs) derived from high‐resolution satellite optical imagery provide a new avenue for the retrieval of spatially dense vertical coseismic displacements on a global scale. In this study, we generated 2‐m resolution preseismic and postseismic DSMs from satellite optical imagery spanning the 2013 Mw7.7 Baluchistan strike‐slip earthquake that occurred on the Hoshab fault in southern Pakistan. We applied the Iterative Closest Point algorithm to the DSMs to quantify the coseismic vertical displacement field at a spatial resolution of 10–30 m and to generate 3‐D coseismic strain tensors. We found that across‐fault vertical offsets alternated between uplift and subsidence and varied between ~1 and 3 m in a nonsystematic manner along the Hoshab fault. We show that the preexisting topography and near‐fault geomorphology are variably consistent and inconsistent with the displacement kinematics of the 2013 earthquake, and we argue that these relationships highlight varied slip sense history along the Hoshab fault. Notably, topography along the southern extents of the Hoshab fault requires different surface displacement kinematics than occurred in the 2013 earthquake, suggesting that the Hoshab fault accommodates varying senses of slip (bimodal slip) through time.
Elucidating the Hidden Nonconservative Behavior of DOM in Large River‐Dominated Estuarine and Coastal Environments
Authors: Gao Lei , Gao Yongqiang , Zong Haibo , Guo Laodong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the mixing behavior and biogeochemical cycling of heterogeneous dissolved organic matter (DOM) at the land‐ocean interface has been a major challenge, especially in large river‐dominated estuarine and coastal environments with multiple and complex end‐members of riverwater and seawater. Significant correlations and thus an “apparent” conservative behavior are generally observed for the bulk DOM when plotting concentration‐salinity relationships, but the relatively small deviations from the apparent conservative behavior are difficult to be quantified. In July 2016, the flood in the Changjiang River basin caused the Changjiang Diluted Water extended widely to the western East China Sea, making it a natural laboratory to examine the river‐sea mixing behavior of riverine DOM and other optical properties. Here a new biogeochemical approach was established to elucidate their hidden nonconservative behavior in the study area. Comparisons in the bulk dissolved organic carbon and the three chromophoric DOM properties among 13 pairs of same‐salinity patches (with similar salinities but quite different distances from the river mouth) revealed that the East China Sea shelf was a significant sink for all the three chromophoric DOM properties. The Changjiang Diluted Water surface branches transporting southward tended to serve as a sink for the bulk dissolved organic carbon while the ones transporting northward were less a sink or even a source. The different removal extents of various biogeochemical constituents can also be calculated from the same‐salinity patch comparisons. Our results obtained by the new approach provide detailed magnitudes of sink or source for different DOM properties and their in situ removal/production extents, giving new insights into biogeochemical processes in large river‐dominated estuarine and coastal environments.
Dynamic and Statistical Features of Internal Solitary Waves on the Continental Slope in the Northern South China Sea Derived From Mooring Observations
Authors: Chen Liang , Zheng Quanan , Xiong Xuejun , Yuan Yeli , Xie Huarong , Guo Yanliang , Yu Long , Yun Shengjun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFor investigation of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the South China Sea (SCS), most cruise observations are concentrated from Luzon Strait to Dongsha Atoll in the northeastern SCS but few on the continental slope far away from the west of Dongsha Atoll. In this study, we use 1‐year long mooring data to determine dynamic and statistical features of the ISWs on the shelf slope of the northwestern SCS. The analysis results of the mooring data reveal that the ocean internal waves on the shelf slope of the northwestern SCS have physical properties of highly nonlinear waves, which are well described by the solutions of the Korteweg‐de Vries equation. The mean nonlinear phase speeds of mode‐1 and mode‐2 ISWs are 1.38 ± 0.14 and 0.66 ± 0.12 m/s, respectively. The major direction of mode‐1 ISWs is northwestward 305° ± 21°. Strong ISW currents force the major direction of total current velocities to turn 67.5° in the upper layer and 135° in the lower layer. The monthly occurrence frequency distribution of ISWs shows a peak in July with a maximum frequency of 16.2% and a trough in March with a minimum frequency of 3.3%. Mode‐2 ISWs appear most in December, accounting for 50% of total mode‐2 ISWs. The largest mode‐2 ISW on record up today with the depressed amplitude as large as 91 m, and the elevated amplitude of 73 m was observed at mooring station. These new findings and new data are of significance to local internal wave prediction model development.
Trace Elements and Sr, Nd Isotope Compositions of Surface Sediments in the Indian Ocean: An Evaluation of Sources and Processes for Sediment Transport and Dispersal
Authors: Subha Anand S. , Rahaman Waliur , Lathika N. , Thamban M. , Patil S. , Mohan Rahul 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo decipher sediment provenance, understand dispersal pattern and its controlling factors in the Indian Ocean, we have studied major and trace element abundances and isotope compositions of Sr (87Sr/86Sr) and Nd (εNd) in silicate fractions of 38 surface sediment samples collected at ~1.5° interval from India (~10°N) to Antarctica (~70°S). The 87Sr/86Sr ratio and εNd vary from 0.70527 and 0.1 near Crozet Island to 0.77854 and −34.8 near Antarctica, respectively. Higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio and lower εNd near Antarctica indicate source of old granitic rocks, and the opposite is observed in sediments from the Central and the Southwest Indian Ridges indicating source of seafloor spreading and mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal activity. Chondrite normalized Rare Earth Elements (REEs) pattern reveals positive Europium anomaly for Central and Southwest Indian Ridge sediments, while positive Gadolinium anomaly is observed in Indian and Antarctic coastal sediments. Sediments in the Indian sector of Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctica are highly dispersed through deep, bottom, and Antarctic circumpolar currents. The εNd spatial map generated for the entire Indian Ocean based on compilation of present study and results from literature shows dominance of terrigenous inputs from continental erosion with minor contribution from the ridges in the Indian Ocean. The εNd map together with trace elements can be employed for reconnaissance for mineral exploration associated with hydrothermal deposits. Further, comparison of detrital εNd with its counter phases, that is, authigenic fractions and modern seawater at the sampling sites, would enhance our knowledge of benthic exchange processes, with an implication in using Nd isotopes as a water mass circulation proxy.
Toward an Integrated View of Ionospheric Plasma Instabilities: 3. Explicit Growth Rate and Oscillation Frequency for Arbitrary Altitude
Authors: Makarevich Roman A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGeneral analytic expressions are derived for the growth rate γ and oscillation frequency in the ion frame
of unstable plasma waves generated by ionospheric plasma instabilities including the Farley‐Buneman instability (FBI) and the gradient‐drift instability (GDI). The explicit expressions are developed for arbitrary altitude and scales in the local approximation. Limits of applicability are carefully considered focusing on the dependence on the electron density gradients G=∇n/n and wavelengths λ. It is shown that the key parameter that controls the applicability is the growth rate γ normalized to the ion collision frequency νi, with the developed expressions being valid for slow growths γ/νi<0.1. It is also shown that the commonly used assumption about the equivalency of the wave phase velocity Vph and the plasma drift velocity Vd fails in the F region at gradients as weak as G=10−5m−1. The developed analytic expressions for arbitrary altitude/scale offer a straightforward way of reconciling various altitude‐ and scale‐specific cases (e.g., FBI/GDI modes in the E region), with the often‐neglected ion inertia shown to play a critical role in the reconciliation. The new ion inertia effect is found to be represented by the quantity
in the growth rate expression. The effect is found to reduce the standard FBI factor and amplify the GDI factor, and, due to the inverse relationship with the ion inertia, the effect becomes progressively stronger at larger altitudes and/or wavelengths.
Drought‐Triggered Magmatic Inflation, Crustal Strain, and Seismicity Near the Long Valley Caldera, Central Walker Lane
Authors: Hammond W. C. , Kreemer C. , Zaliapin I. , Blewitt G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe use GPS data to show synchronization between the 2011 and 2016 drought cycle in California, accelerated uplift of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and enhanced magmatic inflation of the Long Valley Caldera (LVC) magmatic system. The drought period coincided with faster uplift rate, changes in gravity seen in the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and changes in standardized relative climate dryness index. These observations together suggest that the Sierra Nevada elevation is sensitive to changes in hydrological loading conditions, which subsequently influences the LVC magmatic system. We use robust imaging of horizontal GPS velocities to derive time‐variable shear and dilatational strain rates in a region with highly variable station distribution. The results show that the highest strain rates are near the eastern margin of the Sierra Nevada and western edge of the Central Walker Lane (CWL) passing directly through LVC. The drought period saw geographic shifts in the distribution in active shear strain in the CWL more than 60 km from the LVC, delineating the minimum extent over which the active magmatic system affects the CWL tectonic environment. We analyze declustered seismicity data to show that locations with higher seismicity rates tend to be (1) areas with higher strain rates and (2) areas in which strain rates increased during drought‐enhanced inflation. We hypothesize that drought conditions reduce vertical surface mass loading, which decreases pressure at depth in the LVC system, in turn enhances magmatic inflation, and drives horizontal elastic stress changes that redistribute active CWL strain and modulate seismicity.
Identification of TC2N as a novel promising suppressor of PI3K-AKT signaling in breast cancer
Authors: Hao Xiang-lin , Gao Li-yun , Deng Xiao-juan , Han Fei , Chen Hong-qiang , Jiang Xiao , Liu Wen-bin , Wang Dan-dan , Chen Jian-ping , Cui Zhi-hong , Ao Lin , Cao Jia , Liu Jin-yi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough TC2N has proven to be an oncogene in lung cancer, its biological function and molecular mechanisms in other cancer still remains unclear. Here, we investigate in breast cancer that TC2N expression is sharply overexpressed in breast cancer specimens compared with normal breast specimens, and the low TC2N expression was associated with advanced stage, lymphatic metastasis, larger tumors and shorter survival time. Upregulation of TC2N significantly restrains breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, TC2N blocks AKT signaling in a PI3K dependent and independent way through weakening the interaction between ALK and p55γ or inhibiting the binding of EBP1 and AKT. To sum up, these results unmask an ambivalent role of TC2N in cancer, providing a promising inhibitor for PI3K-AKT signaling.
Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence
Authors: Sliepen Kwinten , Han Byung Woo , Bontjer Ilja , Mooij Petra , Garces Fernando , Behrens Anna-Janina , Rantalainen Kimmo , Kumar Sonu , Sarkar Anita , Brouwer Philip J. M. , Hua Yuanzi , Tolazzi Monica , Schermer Edith , Torres Jonathan L. , Ozorowski Gabriel , van der Woude Patricia , de la Peña Alba Torrents , van Breemen Mariëlle J. , Camacho-Sánchez Juan Miguel , Burger Judith A. , Medina-Ramírez Max , González Nuria , Alcami Jose , LaBranche Celia , Scarlatti Gabriella , van Gils Marit J. , Crispin Max , Montefiori David C. , Ward Andrew B. , Koopman Gerrit , Moore John P. , Shattock Robin J. , Bogers Willy M. , Wilson Ian A. , Sanders Rogier W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStabilized HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) that resemble the native Env are utilized in vaccination strategies aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). To limit the exposure of rare isolate-specific antigenic residues/determinants we generated a SOSIP trimer based on a consensus sequence of all HIV-1 group M isolates (ConM). The ConM trimer displays the epitopes of most known bNAbs and several germline bNAb precursors. The crystal structure of the ConM trimer at 3.9 Å resolution resembles that of the native Env trimer and its antigenic surface displays few rare residues. The ConM trimer elicits strong NAb responses against the autologous virus in rabbits and macaques that are significantly enhanced when it is presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The dominant NAb specificity is directed against an epitope at or close to the trimer apex. Immunogens based on consensus sequences might have utility in engineering vaccines against HIV-1 and other viruses.
Selective light absorber-assisted single nickel atom catalysts for ambient sunlight-driven CO2 methanation
Authors: Li Yaguang , Hao Jianchao , Song Hui , Zhang Fengyu , Bai Xianhua , Meng Xianguang , Zhang Hongyuan , Wang Shufang , Hu Yong , Ye Jinhua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAmbient sunlight-driven CO2 methanation cannot be realized due to the temperature being less than 80 °C upon irradiation with dispersed solar energy. In this work, a selective light absorber was used to construct a photothermal system to generate a high temperature (up to 288 °C) under weak solar irradiation (1 kW m−2), and this temperature is three times higher than that in traditional photothermal catalysis systems. Moreover, ultrathin amorphous Y2O3 nanosheets with confined single nickel atoms (SA Ni/Y2O3) were synthesized, and they exhibited superior CO2 methanation activity. As a result, 80% CO2 conversion efficiency and a CH4 production rate of 7.5 L m−2 h−1 were achieved through SA Ni/Y2O3 under solar irradiation (from 0.52 to 0.7 kW m−2) when assisted by a selective light absorber, demonstrating that this system can serve as a platform for directly harnessing dispersed solar energy to convert CO2 to valuable chemicals.
Manganese Oxide Nanochips as a Novel Electrocatalyst for Direct Redox Sensing of Hexavalent Chromium
Authors: Bhanjana Gaurav , Rana Pooja , Chaudhary Ganga Ram , Dilbaghi Neeraj , Kim Ki-Hyun , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn order to maintain a healthy organisation of bionetworks, both qualitative and quantitative estimation of hexavalent chromium in food and beverage samples is required based on proper quality control and assurance. Nonetheless, conventional quantitation techniques for hexavalent chromium generally suffer from certain limitations (e.g., the need for expertise, costly equipment, and a complicated procedure). This research was performed to elaborate a novel method to quantify hexavalent chromium based on an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry technique. To this end, nanochips of manganese oxide (Mn3O4: approximately 80–90 nm diameter and 10 nm thickness) were synthesized using a chemical method and characterized with spectroscopic and microscopic approaches. These nanochips were employed as proficient electrocatalytic materials in direct redox sensing of hexavalent chromium in both real samples and laboratory samples. Manganese oxide nanochips felicitated large surface area and catalytic action for direct electrochemical reduction of hexavalent chromium at electrode surface. This fabricated nanochip sensor presented a detection limit of 9.5 ppb with a linear range of 50–400 ppb (sensitivity of 25.88 µA cm−2 ppb−1).
Optimising the structure of a cascaded modular battery system for enhancing the performance of battery packs
Authors: Fares Ahmed M. , Klumpner Christian , Sumner Mark 
Published: May 2019

The overall performance of battery packs may be affected by imbalances between the series connected cells which is more likely in packs with high number of cells needed to provide a high voltage as needed for example in electric vehicles. In this case, the overall capacity and power capability of the pack are limited by the weakest cell in the stack which results in incomplete utilisation of the pack's capabilities. In traditional centralised battery systems (TCBS), this is addressed by implementing cell active/passive balancing circuitry/techniques which restore some of the pack's energy capability. This paper proposes the use of cascaded modular battery systems (CMBS) to remove the need for extra balancing circuitry and maximises the performance and reliability of a battery system containing unequal matched/aged cells. The analysis is assessing the CMBS overall system efficiency, reliability and weight compared to the TCBS for a design of a 300 V/3.6 kW battery system as a case study.
Antioxidant activity and antifungal fractional inhibitory concentration indices of zinc oxide nanoparticles in combination with carbendazim, mancozeb, and thiram
Authors: Jamdagni Pragati , Rana J.S. , Khatri Poonam 
Published: May 2019

The current study reports antioxidant and antifungal activity of green and chemically synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles in combination with agricultural fungicides carbendazim, mancozeb, and thiram. Nanoparticles were synthesised using previously standardised procedure and characterised, which confirmed particle size of <100 nm. These nanoparticles were then analysed for their antifungal and antioxidant activity. For fractional inhibitory concentration analysis, nanoparticles were combined with fungicides and tested against five fungal phytopathogens, namely Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillium expansum. Nanoparticles positively influenced the antifungal potential of all test fungicides and excellent synergism was observed against all tested fungi. Further, the antioxidant activity of the stated nanosuspension was accessed by conducting free radical scavenging assay using 1,1 diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl. L‐ ascorbic acid was used as a standard reference. Radical scavenging improved with increasing concentration of nanoparticles and percent scavenging as high as 87% was observed at 125 µg/mL. Thus, this work reports the synthesis of stable zinc oxide nanosuspension with good antifungal potential and efficient antioxidant activity.