bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between five acellular oxidative potential measurement assays performed with detailed chemistry on PM10 samples from the city of Chamonix (France)
Authors: Calas Aude , Uzu Gaëlle , Kelly Frank J. , Houdier Stephan , Martins Jean M. F. , Thomas Fabrice , Molton Florian , Charron Aurélie , Dunster Christina , Oliete Ana , Jacob Véronique , Besombes Jean-Luc , Chevrier Florie , Jaffrezo Jean-Luc 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Many studies have demonstrated associations between exposure to ambient
particulate matter (PM) and adverse health outcomes in humans that can be
explained by PM capacity to induce oxidative stress in vivo. Thus, assays
have been developed to quantify the oxidative potential (OP) of PM as a more
refined exposure metric than PM mass alone. Only a small number of studies
have compared different acellular OP measurements for a given set of ambient
PM samples. Yet, fewer studies have compared different assays over a year-long period and
with detailed chemical characterization of ambient PM. In
this study, we report on seasonal variations of the dithiothreitol (DTT),
ascorbic acid (AA), electron spin resonance (ESR) and the
respiratory tract
lining fluid (RTLF, composed of the reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic
acid (ASC)) assays over a 1-year period in which 100 samples were analyzed.
A detailed PM10 characterization allowed univariate and
multivariate regression analyses in order to obtain further insight into
groups of chemical species that drive OP measurements. Our results show that
most of the OP assays were strongly intercorrelated over the sampling year
but also these correlations differed when considering specific sampling
periods (cold vs. warm). All acellular assays are correlated with a
significant number of chemical species when considering univariate
correlations, especially for the DTT assay. Evidence is also presented of a
seasonal contrast over the sampling period with significantly higher OP
values during winter for the DTT, AA, GSH and ASC assays, which were assigned
to biomass burning species by the multiple linear regression models. The ESR
assay clearly differs from the other tests as it did not show seasonal
dynamics and presented weaker correlations with other assays and chemical
species.
CO2 flux over young and snow-covered Arctic pack ice in winter and spring
Authors: Nomura Daiki , Granskog Mats A. , Fransson Agneta , Chierici Melissa , Silyakova Anna , Ohshima Kay I. , Cohen Lana , Delille Bruno , Hudson Stephen R. , Dieckmann Gerhard S. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Rare CO2 flux measurements from Arctic pack ice show that two types of ice contribute to the release of CO2 from the ice to the atmosphere during winter and spring: young, thin ice with a thin layer of snow and older (several weeks), thicker ice with thick snow cover. Young, thin sea ice is characterized by high salinity and high porosity, and snow-covered thick ice remains relatively warm ( >  −7.5 °C) due to the insulating snow cover despite air temperatures as low as −40 °C. Therefore, brine volume fractions of these two ice types are high enough to provide favorable conditions for gas exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere even in mid-winter. Although the potential CO2 flux from sea ice decreased due to the presence of the snow, the snow surface is still a CO2 source to the atmosphere for low snow density and thin snow conditions. We found that young sea ice that is formed in leads without snow cover produces CO2 fluxes an order of magnitude higher than those in snow-covered older ice (+1.0 ± 0.6 mmol C m−2 day−1 for young ice and +0.2 ± 0.2 mmol C m−2 day−1 for older ice).
Euro-Atlantic winter storminess and precipitation extremes under 1.5 °C vs. 2 °C warming scenarios
Authors: Barcikowska Monika J. , Weaver Scott J. , Feser Frauke , Russo Simone , Schenk Frederik , Stone Dáithí A. , Wehner Michael F. , Zahn Matthias 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Severe winter storms in combination with precipitation extremes pose a
serious threat to Europe. Located at the southeastern exit of the North
Atlantic's storm track, European coastlines are directly exposed to impacts
by high wind speeds, storm floods and coastal erosion. In this study we
analyze potential changes in simulated winter storminess and extreme
precipitation, which may occur under 1.5 or 2 ∘C warming scenarios.
Here we focus on a first simulation suite of the atmospheric model CAM5
performed within the HAPPI project and evaluate how changes of the horizontal
model resolution impact the results regarding atmospheric pressure, storm
tracks, wind speed and precipitation extremes. The comparison of CAM5 simulations with different resolutions indicates that
an increased horizontal resolution to 0.25∘ not only refines
regional-scale information but also improves large-scale atmospheric
circulation features over the Euro-Atlantic region. The zonal bias in monthly pressure at mean sea level
and wind fields, which is typically found in low-resolution models, is
considerably reduced. This allows us to analyze potential changes in
regional- to local-scale extreme wind speeds and precipitation in a more
realistic way. Our analysis of the future response for the 2 ∘C warming scenario
generally confirms previous model simulations suggesting a poleward shift
and intensification of the meridional circulation in the Euro-Atlantic
region. Additional analysis suggests that this shift occurs mainly after
exceeding the 1.5 ∘C global warming level, when the midlatitude
jet stream manifests a strengthening northeastward. At the same time, this
northeastern shift of the storm tracks allows an intensification and
northeastern expansion of the Azores high, leading to a tendency of less
precipitation across the Bay of Biscay and North Sea. Regions impacted by the strengthening of the midlatitude jet, such as the
northwestern coasts of the British Isles, Scandinavia and the Norwegian Sea,
and over the North Atlantic east of Newfoundland, experience an increase in
the mean as well as daily and sub-daily precipitation, wind extremes and
storminess, suggesting an important influence of increasing storm activity in
these regions in response to global warming.
Analysis of vegetation condition and its relationship with meteorological variables in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin of China
Authors: Han Xianming , Zuo Depeng , Xu Zongxue , Cai Siyang , Gao Xiaoxi 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The Yarlung Zangbo River Basin is located in the southwest border of China,
which is of great significance to the socioeconomic development and
ecological environment of Southwest China. Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI) is an important index for investigating the change of vegetation
cover, which is widely used as the representation value of vegetation cover.
In this study, the NDVI is adopted to explore the vegetation condition in the
Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during the recent 17 years, and the relationship
between NDVI and meteorological variables has also been discussed. The
results show that the annual maximum value of NDVI usually appears from July
to September, in which August occupies a large proportion. The minimum value
of NDVI appears from January to March, in which February takes up most of the
percentage. The higher values of NDVI are generally located in the lower
elevation area. When the altitude is higher than 3250 m, NDVI began to
decline gradually, and the NDVI became gradual stabilization as the elevation
is up to 6000 m. The correlation coefficient between NDVI and
precipitation in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin is greater than that with
temperature. The Hurst index of the whole basin is 0.51, indicating that the
NDVI of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin shows a weak sustainability.
Detecting trend on ecological river status – how to deal with short incomplete bioindicator time series? Methodological and operational issues
Authors: Cernesson Flavie , Tournoud Marie-George , Lalande Nathalie 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Among the various parameters monitored in river monitoring networks,
bioindicators provide very informative data. Analysing time variations in
bioindicator data is tricky for water managers because the data sets are
often short, irregular, and non-normally distributed. It is then a
challenging methodological issue for scientists, as it is in Saône basin
(30 000 km2, France) where, between 1998 and 2010, among 812 IBGN
(French macroinvertebrate bioindicator) monitoring stations, only 71 time
series have got more than 10 data values and were studied here. Combining
various analytical tools (three parametric and non-parametric statistical
tests plus a graphical analysis), 45 IBGN time series were classified as
stationary and 26 as non-stationary (only one of which showing a
degradation). Series from sampling stations located within the same
hydroecoregion showed similar trends, while river size classes seemed to be
non-significant to explain temporal trends. So, from a methodological point
of view, combining statistical tests and graphical analysis is a relevant
option when striving to improve trend detection. Moreover, it was possible to
propose a way to summarise series in order to analyse links between
ecological river quality indicators and land use stressors.
Response of streamflow to climate change in a sub-basin of the source region of the Yellow River based on a tank model
Authors: Wu Pan , Wang Xu-Sheng , Liang Sihai 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Though extensive researches were conducted in the source region of the Yellow
River (SRYR) to analyse climate change influence on streamflow, however, few
researches concentrate on streamflow of the sub-basin above the Huangheyan
station in the SRYR (HSRYR) where a water retaining dam was built in the
outlet in 1999. To improve the reservoir regulation strategies, this study
analysed streamflow change of the HSRYR in a mesoscale. A tank model (TM) was
proposed and calibrated with monthly observation streamflow from 1991 to
1998. In the validation period, though there is a simulation deviation during
the water storage and power generation period, simulated streamflow agrees
favourably with observation data from 2008 to 2013. The model was further
validated by two inside lakes area obtained from Landsat 5, 7, 8 datasets
from 2000 to 2014, and significant correlations were found between the
simulated lake outlet runoff and respective lake area. Then 21 Global Climate
Models (GCM) ensembled data of three emission scenarios (SRA2, SRA1B and
SRB1) were downscaled and used as input to the TM to simulate the runoff
change of three benchmark periods 2011–2030 (2020s), 2046–2065 (2050s),
2080–2099 (2090s), respectively. Though temperature increase dramatically,
these projected results similarly indicated that streamflow shows an increase
trend in the long term. Runoff increase is mainly caused by increasing
precipitation and decreasing evaporation. Water resources distribution is
projected to change from summer-autumn dominant to autumn winter dominant.
Annual lowest runoff will occur in May caused by earlier snow melting and
increasing evaporation in March. According to the obtained results, winter
runoff should be artificially stored by reservoir regulation in the future to
prevent zero-flow occurrent in May. This research is helpful for water
resources management and provides a better understand of streamflow change
caused by climate change in the future.
Stability and tilting of regional water cycle over Tarim Basin
Authors: Zhang Hongquan , Ma Zhuguo 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The Tarim Basin is located upwind of the Gobi Desert where individual deserts
have expanded significantly during the last 50 years. In recent history,
stable runoff in the Tarim Basin has been observed despite the Lop Nur dry up
and dramatic water consumption shift from east to west. This regional water
cycle stability is conceptually explained based on the relationship between
precipitation and evapotranspiration. The water consumption imbalance is
caused by human activities near the river sources, which tilts the humidity
profile over the basin. As a result, more water vapour spills from the
western part of the basin and causes precipitation to increase in adjacent
areas. At the same time, the Westerlies carry the low humidity air mass out
of the eastern part of the basin to make the downwind Gobi Desert and
surrounding areas drier. Therefore, the observed wetting on the west and
drying on the east of northwest China are coupled.
Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya
Authors: Muthuwatta Lal , Sood Aditya , McCartney Matthew , Silva Nishchitha Sandeepana , Opere Alfred 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. In the Tana River Basin in Kenya, six Regional Circulation Models
(RCMs) simulating two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) (i.e., 4.5
and 8.5) were used as input to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)
model to determine the possible implications for the hydrology and water
resources of the basin. Four hydrological characteristics – water yield,
groundwater recharge, base flow and flow regulation – were determined and
mapped throughout the basin for three 30-year time periods: 2020–2049,
2040–2069 and 2070–2099. Results were compared with a baseline period,
1983–2011. All four hydrological characteristics show steady increases under
both RCPs for the entire basin but with considerable spatial heterogeneity
and greater increases under RCP 8.5 than RCP 4.5. The results have important
implications for the way water resources in the basin are managed. It is
imperative that water managers and policy makers take into account the
additional challenges imposed by climate change in operating built
infrastructure.
Boninite and boninite-series volcanics in northern Zambales ophiolite: doubly vergent subduction initiation along Philippine Sea plate margins
Authors: Perez Americus , Umino Susumu , Yumul Jr. Graciano P. , Ishizuka Osamu 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. A key component of subduction initiation rock suites is boninite, a high-magnesium andesite that is uniquely predominant in western Pacific forearc terranes and in select Tethyan ophiolites such as Oman and Troodos. We report, for the first time, the discovery of low-calcium, high-silica boninite in the middle Eocene Zambales ophiolite (Luzon Island, Philippines). Olivine–orthopyroxene microphyric high-silica boninite, olivine–clinopyroxene–phyric low-silica boninite and boninitic basalt occur as lapilli fall deposits and pillow lava flows in the upper volcanic unit of the juvenile arc section (Barlo locality, Acoje Block) of the Zambales ophiolite. This upper volcanic unit overlies a lower volcanic unit consisting of basaltic andesite, andesite to dacitic lavas and explosive eruptive material (subaqueous pahoehoe and lobate sheet flows, agglutinate and spatter deposits) forming a low-silica boninite series. The overall volcanic stratigraphy of the extrusive sequence at Barlo resembles holes U1439 and U1442 drilled by IODP Expedition 352 in the Izu–Ogasawara (Bonin) trench slope. The presence of depleted proto-arc basalts in the Coto Block (45 Ma) (Geary et al., 1989), boninite and boninite series volcanics in Barlo (Acoje Block (44 Ma)) and simultaneous and post-boninite moderate-Fe arc tholeiites in Sual and Subic areas of the Acoje Block (44–43 Ma) indicate that the observed subduction initiation stratigraphy in the Izu–Ogasawara–Mariana forearc is also present in the Zambales ophiolite. Paleolatitudes derived from tilt-corrected sites in the Acoje Block place the juvenile arc of northern Zambales ophiolite in the western margin of the Philippine Sea plate. In this scenario, the origin of Philippine Sea plate boninites (IBM and Zambales) would be in a doubly vergent subduction initiation setting.
Casting Aspersions in Patent Trials
Authors: Brean Daniel Harris , Clark Bryan P. 
Published: June 2018

Bad actors in patent litigation can face serious consequences. Infringers who are found to “willfully” infringe may be subject to trebled damages. Patentees who assert weak claims in bad faith can be ordered to pay the defendant’s attorneys’ fees. These remedies are of such importance to the patent system today that the Supreme Court reinvigorated both of the respective doctrines in back-to-back landmark decisions in 2014 (Octane Fitness) and 2016 (Halo Electronics). Those decisions have helped district courts more effectively punish and deter misconduct. But the Supreme Court neglected to address a critical part of these remedies—whether and to what extent they should be tried to a jury. Under current law, willfulness can be tried to a jury but bad-faith enforcement cannot. This means that plaintiffs alone can legitimately cast aspersions at defendants that profoundly color the case and the jury’s views of it.It has long been held that willfulness is an issue triable by jury, but courts have reached that conclusion without conducting the proper analysis, which requires delving into the historical treatment of the issue. This article performs that analysis, finding that the Seventh Amendment does not guarantee a right to try willfulness to a jury. Nor does the Seventh Amendment require that questions of bad-faith enforcement be tried to juries. Both issues lack clear historical antecedents or analogues that would suggest juries decided the issues when the Seventh Amendment was ratified. Whether such issues should be tried to juries likely comes out in the negative as well. Juries are ill-equipped to appreciate the proper significance and context of evidence touching on willfulness and bad-faith enforcement, which typically includes matters of claim construction, discovery, legal interpretation, or settlement discussions. And evidence about a party’s culpability can easily bleed into the threshold liability and damages determinations, resulting in unsupportable compromise verdicts on those issues.The best practice would be to try neither issue, but as it is, with willfulness being submitted to juries, a separate question is whether that alone justifies trying bad-faith enforcement to juries as well. This article demonstrates that basic fairness, as well as evidentiary practicalities for how such issues are proven, compels that both issues be tried together, and to the same jury, to ensure that juries hear both sides of the story before they assign moral blame.
The Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Application Process: An Analysis of the Applicant Experience
Authors: Ramkumar Prem N. , Navarro Sergio M. , Chughtai Morad , Haeberle Heather S. , Taylor Samuel A. , Mont Michael A. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction:
Orthopaedic surgery residency positions are highly sought after. The purpose of this survey study was to report the following components of the applicant experience: (1) the number of programs to which applicants applied and interviewed, (2) the performance criteria associated with receiving interviews, (3) the way applicants respond to e-mail interview offers, (4) the pre- and post-interview communication between applicants and programs, (5) the importance of interview day activities and the determinants of the applicant rank order list (ROL), and (6) the financial cost of the application process.

Methods:
An online survey was administered and entirely completed by a representative sample of 100 orthopaedic surgery residency applicants for the 2015 to 2016 cycle during the 3-week period between the last interview of the application season and the deadline for ROL certification. The survey included 45 questions: 7 for background, 7 for competitiveness, 15 for the interaction between applicants and programs, 15 for the importance of interview day experience and the determinants of the applicant ROL, and 1 for the cost of attending each interview.

Results:
Students applied to 83 ± 27 programs, received 17 ± 10 interviews, and attended 12 ± 5 interviews. Interview offers correlated with, in descending order, Alpha Omega Alpha status, Step 2 Clinical Knowledge, and Step 1. The mean time to reply of interview offer was 17 minutes, yet 25% of the applicants lost at least one interview despite having at least one other person monitor the applicant's e-mail account. Applicants and programs frequently contacted each other to express interest. Although evaluating current residents was the most valuable aspect of interview day to applicants, the strongest determinants for applicants' ROLs were location and surgical experience, with research the least important factor. The cost of interview season was >$7,000 per applicant, excluding away externships.

Conclusion:
Applying to orthopaedic surgery residency is a complex, competitive, and costly experience for applicants. The application process may benefit from better expectation management of applicant candidacy and a more prohibitive communication policy between applicants and programs after the interview day.
Relationship between obesity and thyroid function in adults
Authors: EKİNCİ Ferhat , MERDER-COŞKUN Demet , TUNCEL Bilge , ATİLA Dinçer , YILDIZ Hüseyin , UZUNER Arzu 
Published: June 2018

Objectives: Obesity affects prognosis of many comorbid diseasesnegatively. This study was conducted to investigate the relationshipbetween obesity and thyroid function.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conductedbetween December 2011 and December 2012. Consecutively selectedadults who applied to the outpatient clinics of Family Medicine andInternal Medicine, at Marmara University Hospital were recruited inthe study. Height and weight were measured and body mass index(BMI) was calculated. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), freethyroxine (fT4), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL),high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride and glucose levels weremeasured for every participant. According to their BMI, participantswere divided into three groups as normal weight (&lt;25), overweight (25-30) and obese (≥30).Results: Data of 618 participants (53% female/47% male)was analyzed. Mean age was 43±15. There were 175 (28.3%)participants in normal weight, 242 (39.2%) in overweight and 201(32.5%) in obese groups. No statistically significant differencewas found between groups in terms of TSH or fT4. Statisticallysignificant difference was found in terms of lipid profiles andblood glucose between groups. Atherogenic lipid levels (totalcholesterol, LDL and triglyceride) and blood glucose werehigher and HLD levels were lower in overweight or obese groups (P&lt;0.05) but there were no statistically significant differencesbetween overweight and obese groups (P&gt;0.05).Conclusion: This study is one of the few studies in theliterature showing that there is no relationship between obesity andthyroid function.
La déclinaison de la professionnalisation dans le secteur de l’enseignement au Cameroun
Authors: Abdourhaman Ibrahim 
Published: June 2018

En partant des différentes acceptions du concept de professionnalisation et de ses dimensions, la présente étude propose d’analyser le sens qu’en a donné le gouvernement camerounais et les actions qui en ont découlé. Un corpus documentaire constitué des plans quinquennaux, des plans d’ajustement structurel, des stratégies globales de développement et des stratégies sectorielles de l’éducation concernant la période de 1960 à 2020, complété par des entretiens avec des personnes-ressources, a été soumis à une analyse du contenu. Il ressort de cette analyse que deux grandes dimensions de la professionnalisation sont mises en oeuvre au Cameroun, celle de l’enseignement, pris comme corporation, et celles des enseignements. La première a fait l’objet de plusieurs politiques publiques, sans pour autant être officiellement désignée sous le terme professionnalisation. Quant à la seconde, elle est présente dans le discours officiel depuis le milieu des années 1970. Elle vise une meilleure gestion des flux d’élèves et une insertion facile des jeunes dans la vie active. La présente étude suggère un examen plus approfondi du rapport entre « professionnalisation des enseignements » et « professionnalisation du personnel enseignant ».