bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Anakinra in Subjects of Heavier vs. Lighter Body Weights
Authors: Yang Bing‐Bing , Gozzi Peter , Sullivan John T. 
Published: March 2019

This trial (20010168) studied how body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) influenced the pharmacokinetics (PK) of anakinra. Subjects (n = 32) were assigned to four groups (n = 8) according to BW and BMI. Randomization was according to a four‐treatment, four‐period, four‐sequence crossover design. The four anakinra injections were 100, 150, and 300 mg s.c. and 100 mg i.v. Plasma samples were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and noncompartmental PK parameters estimated. BW demonstrated the following effects: after i.v. administration, significant effects (P < 0.05) were observed for exposure (area under the concentration–time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0–∞)), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), volume of distribution at steady state, and clearance; whereas after s.c. administration, significant effects (P < 0.05) were observed for Cmax, AUC0–∞, terminal half‐life, and estimated apparent clearance. Mean AUC was reduced 24% and 33% for heavier (BW ≥ 100 kg) vs. lighter subjects (BW ≤ 90 kg) after i.v. and s.c. administration, respectively. BMI increased clearance for heavier subjects. For example, mean (SD) plasma clearance of i.v. anakinra increased from 1.17 ± 0.29 to 1.62 ± 0.24 mL/minute/kg (P < 0.05) for larger (> 100 kg) obese (BMI > 36) vs. larger (> 100 kg) less obese (BMI < 35) subjects, respectively. Similarly, results following s.c. supported those after i.v. administration. Derived half‐lives increased with higher BW and higher BMI ranging from 3.63 hour for less obese, lighter‐weight subjects to 7.62 hour for obese, heavier‐weight subjects. Absolute bioavailability ranged from 80–92% and was unrelated to BW or BMI. Anakinra exposure is statistically significantly related to BW and to a lesser extent BMI.
Hereditary angioedema in Austria: prevalence and regional peculiarities
Authors: Schöffl Clemens , Wiednig Michaela , Koch Lukas , Blagojevic Daniel , Duschet Peter , Hawranek Thomas , Kinaciyan Tamar , Öllinger Angela , Aberer Werner 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundData on the prevalence and clinical features of Austrian patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1‐inhibitor (C1‐INH) deficiency (HAE‐1) or dysfunction (HAE‐2) are lacking.MethodsCurrent baseline data were collected in a national survey. The records of HAE patients at the Medical University of Graz were analyzed with regard to clinical characteristics.ResultsA total of 137 patients were identified, yielding a prevalence of 1 : 64,396. The median age at the onset of symptoms was 6.5 years, and the median age at the time of correct diagnosis 21.0 years. The median delay in diagnosis was 15.0 years for newly diagnosed patients without a family history of HAE. Patients with a family history of HAE received an immediate diagnosis. HAE patients without a family history of HAE and born before 1960 had to wait a median of 16.0 years until they were diagnosed correctly. Patients born after 1980 still experienced a median diagnostic delay of 6.5 years.ConclusionPatients with this condition still face an excessive diagnostic delay in some parts of Austria, or their disorder may even remain unrecognized by specialists. This underlines the need for better awareness of the disease.
Evaluation of pulmonary artery stiffness in newly diagnosed adult patients with asthma
Authors: Baysal Sadettin Selçuk , Has Mehmet 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundThere are limited studies on the effects of asthma on cardiac function. Right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension are cardiovascular complications that may be seen in advanced stages of the disease. Pulmonary artery stiffness (PAS), is a promising, relatively new echocardiographic index that has been reported to increase in right ventricular failure, providing information about pulmonary vascular bed.AimIn this study, we aimed to evaluate PAS, a marker of pulmonary artery elasticity, in adult‐onset asthma.MethodsNinety‐nine nonsmokers who had a new asthma diagnosis between the ages of 18 and 65 years and 97 healthy controls with similar age and sex distribution were included in the study. PAS was calculated by dividing the maximal frequency shift of pulmonary flow (MFS) in pulmonary acceleration time (PAT).ResultsClinical and demographic characteristics of both groups were similar (P ˃ 0.05). PAS values were higher in the asthma group than in the control group (25.2 ± 4.5 vs 22.4 ± 4.1, P ˂0.001). TAPSE was lower in the case group (24.9 ± 2.0 vs 25.5 ± 2.1, P = 0.043), while RV MPI was higher (0.36 ± 0.07 vs 0.32 ± 0.06, P ˂0.001). In the multivariate linear regression analysis, RV MPI, RV Em, and TAPSE variables were independent predictors of PAS.ConclusionIn our study, PAS values were higher in patients with newly diagnosed adult asthma and we found a significant weak correlation between PAS values and subclinical right ventricular dysfunction.
Prey colour biases in jumping spiders (Habronattus brunneus) differ across populations
Authors: Powell Erin C. , Cook Collette , Coco Jeffrey , Brock Michelle , Holian Lauren A. , Taylor Lisa A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPredators often avoid aposematic prey as a result of aversions to particular prey signals (e.g., bright colours and noxious odours). These aversions may be flexible, that is, they can be reinforced or extinguished with experience. As such, we might expect populations to differ in their biases against certain prey characteristics (e.g., colour or pattern) depending on the prey available in the community. Here, we tested whether the jumping spider, Habronattus brunneus(Salticidae), exhibits colour biases against red prey using choice tests with novel (artificially coloured) prey, and then went on to examine how these biases differ across four geographically distinct focal populations. We then conducted preliminary field surveys at each of these four sites to explore differences in habitat type and prey availability. Overall, we found that field‐caught H. brunneusexhibited a bias against the colour red (compared with black) when tested with artificially coloured prey in the laboratory. However, the degree of colour bias varied among our four focal populations (with two populations exhibiting strong biases against red and two showing no colour biases). Preliminary habitat and prey surveys suggest that these populations also differed in both habitat structure (percentage of grass, leaf litter and bare ground) and prey availability across many taxa, suggesting that the spiders from each population may have been exposed to, and had experiences with, different potential prey. We discuss how prey availability may influence colour biases in predators, as well as how predator experience may shape the evolution of prey colour signals.
Aquatic carbon fluxes dampen the overall variation of net ecosystem productivity in the Amazon basin: An analysis of the interannual variability in the boundless carbon cycle
Authors: Hastie Adam , Lauerwald Ronny , Ciais Philippe , Regnier Pierre 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe river–floodplain network plays an important role in the carbon (C) cycle of the Amazon basin, as it transports and processes a significant fraction of the C fixed by terrestrial vegetation, most of which evades as CO2 from rivers and floodplains back to the atmosphere. There is empirical evidence that exceptionally dry or wet years have an impact on the net C balance in the Amazon. While seasonal and interannual variations in hydrology have a direct impact on the amounts of C transferred through the river–floodplain system, it is not known how far the variation of these fluxes affects the overall Amazon C balance. Here, we introduce a new wetland forcing file for the ORCHILEAK model, which improves the representation of floodplain dynamics and allows us to closely reproduce data‐driven estimates of net C exports through the river–floodplain network. Based on this new wetland forcing and two climate forcing datasets, we show that across the Amazon, the percentage of net primary productivity lost to the river–floodplain system is highly variable at the interannual timescale, and wet years fuel aquatic CO2 evasion. However, at the same time overall net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and C sequestration are highest during wet years, partly due to reduced decomposition rates in water‐logged floodplain soils. It is years with the lowest discharge and floodplain inundation, often associated with El Nino events, that have the lowest NEP and the highest total (terrestrial plus aquatic) CO2 emissions back to atmosphere. Furthermore, we find that aquatic C fluxes display greater variation than terrestrial C fluxes, and that this variation significantly dampens the interannual variability in NEP of the Amazon basin. These results call for a more integrative view of the C fluxes through the vegetation‐soil‐river‐floodplain continuum, which directly places aquatic C fluxes into the overall C budget of the Amazon basin.
Forest type interacts with milkweed invasion to affect spider communities
Authors: Kapilkumar Ingle , Nikolett Gallé‐Szpisjak , Hardeep Kaur , Róbert Gallé 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNon‐native tree plantations constitute a large part of forestation worldwide. Plantations are prone to invasion by exotic herbaceous plant species due to habitat properties, including understory vegetation structure.We established 40 sampling sites in 10 plantation forests. Sites were selected according to tree species (native poplar forests and exotic pine plantations) and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) density (invaded and non‐invaded sites) in a full factorial design. We collected spiders with pitfall traps.We found a significant effect ofA. syriacainvasion on spider functional diversity (Rao's quadratic entropy), with invaded sites having a lower functional diversity than non‐invaded sites. A larger effect of invasion withA. syriacaon the RaoQ of spiders was observed in pine compared to poplar plantations. Spider species were larger, and web‐building spiders were more frequent in poplar forests than in pine plantations. We found no effect ofA. syriacainvasion on species richness or abundance of spiders.Species composition of spider assemblages in the two forest types was clearly separated according to non‐metric multidimensional scaling. We identified seven species associated with pine plantations and six species associated with poplar plantations.The similar species richness and the higher functional diversity of non‐invaded sites suggested that these trait states were less similar than invaded sites and that functionally different species were present. In contrast, the invaded sites had lower functional diversities and thus more uniform trait state compositions, suggesting that environmental filtering played an important role in species sorting, making invaded plantations low‐quality secondary habitats for the original spider fauna.
Young and biased: Children's perceptions of overweight peers
Authors: Rex‐Lear Madeline , Jensen‐Campbell Lauri A. , Lee Sarah 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeThis study examined whether the age, ethnicity, sex, and weight of children influenced weight‐based biases.MethodsElementary school children (N = 367; boys = 177; Mage = 9.31 years) provided their perceptions of thin, average, and heavy target children. The age and ethnicity as well as the actual height and weight of each participant was also collected.ResultsChildren rated heavier child targets more negatively than average or thin counterparts. Participant and target ethnicity did not moderate weight biases. Boys were more likely than girls to stigmatize overweight targets regardless of the target's sex. Girls were more likely to stigmatize overweight boys. Young children and those who were thinner were less biased than older and heavier children, but still rated heavier targets negatively.ConclusionThe ubiquity of a negative weight bias, even in children, underscores the need for constructing plans in which to not only deal the health concerns associated with obesity but also develop strategies for children who might be physically and/or psychologically struggling with the biases associated with being overweight.
Formal and informal care after stroke: A longitudinal analysis of survivors’ post rehabilitation hospital discharge
Authors: Pucciarelli Gianluca , Ausili Davide , Rebora Paola , Arisido Maeregu W. , Simeone Silvio , Alvaro Rosaria , Vellone Ercole 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsTo describe the type and the amount of formal and informal care received during the first year after home discharge and to identify the baseline predictors of the formal and informal care needs of stroke survivors.DesignLongitudinal study. Data were collected between June 2013–May 2016.MethodsSurvivors (N = 415) were enrolled during discharge from rehabilitation hospitals and interviewed at 3 (T1), 6 (T2), 9 (T3), and 12 (T4) months. The linear mixed effects model with random intercept and random slopes was used to trend for the amount of formal and informal care received by survivors during the four observation times.ResultsRegarding formal care, only physiotherapy and speech therapy decreased significantly over time. Stroke survivors received a mean of 17 hr of paid informal care per week at T1 and these hours did not significantly decrease after one year from discharge, while unpaid informal care decreased significantly over time. Higher numbers of paid informal caregiving were predicted by older age, higher education levels, lower physical functioning, and living without unpaid informal caregivers while higher numbers of unpaid informal care were predicted by lower physical functioning and living with unpaid informal caregivers.ConclusionsStroke has a great effect on survivors’ lives. During the first few months after rehabilitation hospital discharge, survivors need further care because they are often discharged before achieving independent functioning.ImpactThe results of this study could be important to guide future interventions aimed at imporving stroke survivors' conditions after post rehabilitation hospital discharge.
Maximum morning home systolic blood pressure is an indicator of the development of diabetic nephropathy: The KAMOGAWA‐HBP study
Authors: Okamura Takuro , Ushigome Emi , Kitagawa Nobuko , Oyabu Chikako , Tanaka Toru , Hasegawa Goji , Nakamura Naoto , Ohnishi Masayoshi , Tsunoda Sei , Ushigome Hidetaka , Yokota Isao , Hamaguchi Masahide , Asano Mai , Yamazaki Masahiro , Fukui Michiaki 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe maximum value of home systolic blood pressure is correlated with damage to target organs, including diabetic nephropathy. However, the precise relationship between the development of diabetic nephropathy and maximum home systolic blood pressure has not been elucidated.Materials and MethodsIn this prospective 2‐year cohort subanalysis of the KAMOGAWA‐HBP study, the patient population was 477 Japanese patients with normoalbuminuria. We investigated the effects of mean and maximum home blood pressure on the development of diabetic nephropathy, which we defined as a urinary albumin excretion value ≥30 mg/g creatinine. Among the 477 patients, 67 developed diabetic nephropathy.ResultsIn our multivariate logistic regression analyses, the maximum morning home systolic blood pressure was significantly positively associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy after adjusting for patient sex and age, smoking status, the diabetes mellitus duration, body mass index, creatinine, total cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, and antihypertensive medication use (odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.42, P = 0.021).ConclusionsMaximum home blood pressure can be identified at a glance, and its measurement would thus be helpful to healthcare providers who treat patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria.
Pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus complex in children with cystic fibrosis: A practical management guideline
Authors: Andrew Eden C , Connell Tom , Robinson Phil , Curtis Nigel , Massie John , Robertson Colin , Harrison Joanne , Shanthikumar Shivanthan , Bryant Penelope A , Starr Mike , Steer Andrew , Ranganathan Sarath , Gwee Amanda 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) pulmonary infections is an emerging challenge in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Multidrug therapy for prolonged durations is required and carries the significant burden of drug‐related toxicity, cost and selective pressure for multiresistant bacteria. International guidelines acknowledge that clinical and in vitro data to support treatment regimens are limited, particularly in children. As part of a collaboration between the infectious diseases and respiratory units at our institution, we have developed a modified treatment guideline that aims to balance the aims of MABSC eradication and slowing disease progression with minimising drug toxicity and resistance. The outcomes of this treatment approach will be monitored and reported. In this manuscript, we discuss the available evidence for treatment choices and present our treatment guideline for paediatric patients with CF and MABSC infection.
Efficacy of an orally administered anti‐diarrheal probiotic paste (Pro‐Kolin Advanced) in dogs with acute diarrhea: A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded clinical study
Authors: Nixon Sophie L. , Rose Lindsay , Muller Annika T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundAcute diarrhea is a common clinical presentation of dogs. The effect of specific anti‐diarrheal probiotic pastes (ADPPs) in the management of acute, uncomplicated diarrhea in dogs is unknown.HypothesisAdministration of an ADPP containingEnterococcus faecium4b1707 will improve the clinical outcome of acute, uncomplicated diarrhea in dogs compared to placebo.AnimalsOne hundred forty‐eight client‐owned dogs with acute diarrhea as the main clinical sign.MethodsDouble‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, randomized, blocked, multicenter clinical field study conducted at 14 primary care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom and Ireland.ResultsThe ADPP was associated with better clinical outcome compared to placebo in dogs with acute, uncomplicated diarrhea. Dogs in the ADPP group had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhea (ADPP: median, 32 hours; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2‐118;n = 51; Placebo: median, 47 hours; 95% CI, 4‐167;n = 58;P = .008) and the rate of resolution of diarrhea was 1.60 times faster in the ADPP group than in the Placebo group (ratio, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.08‐2.44;P = .02). Fewer dogs required additional medical intervention (AMI) for non‐improvement or worsening in the ADPP group compared to the Placebo group (3.5% of dogs and 14.8% of dogs, respectively), with a relative risk of 0.88 (P = .04; AMI, ADPP, 3.5%, 2/57 dogs; Placebo, 14.8%, 9/61 dogs; relative risk, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.77‐0.99).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe ADPP may accelerate resolution of acute diarrhea in dogs and decrease the requirement for AMI.
Anatomical, histomorphological and molecular classification of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Kendall Timothy , Verheij Joanne , Gaudio Eugenio , Evert Matthias , Guido Maria , Goeppert Benjamin , Carpino Guido 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCholangiocarcinoma constitutes a heterogeneous group of malignancies that can emerge at any point of the biliary tree. Cholangiocarcinoma is classified into intrahepatic, perihilar and distal based on its anatomical location. Histologically, conventional perihilar/distal cholangiocarcinomas are mucin‐producing adenocarcinomas or papillary tumours; intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are more heterogeneous and can be sub‐classified according to the level or size of the displayed bile duct. Cholangiocarcinoma develops through multistep carcinogenesis and is preceded by dysplastic and in situ lesions. Definition and clinical significance of precursor lesions, including biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct, intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasm, are discussed in this review. A main challenge in diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma is the fact that tumour tissue for histological examination is difficult to obtain. Thus, a major clinical obstacle is the establishment of the correct diagnosis at a tumour stage that is amenable to surgery which still represents the only curable therapeutic option. Current standards, methodology and criteria for diagnosis are discussed. Cholangiocarcinoma represents a heterogeneous tumour with regard to molecular alterations. In intrahepatic subtype, mainly two distinctive morpho‐molecular groups can currently be discriminated. Large‐duct type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma shows a high mutation frequency of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, such as KRAS and TP53 while Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1/2 mutations and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2‐fusions are typically seen in small‐duct type tumours. It is most important to ensure the separation of the given anatomical subtypes and to search for distinct subgroups within the subtypes on a molecular and morphological basis.
Recruitment of specific flavonoid B‐ring hydroxylases for two independent biosynthesis pathways of flavone‐derived metabolites in grasses
Authors: Lam Pui Ying , Lui Andy C.W. , Yamamura Masaomi , Wang Lanxiang , Takeda Yuri , Suzuki Shiro , Liu Hongjia , Zhu Fu‐Yuan , Chen Mo‐Xian , Zhang Jianhua , Umezawa Toshiaki , Tobimatsu Yuki , Lo Clive 
Published: March 2019

Summary

In rice (Oryza sativa), OsF2H and OsFNSII direct flavanones to independent pathways that form soluble flavone C‐glycosides and tricin‐type metabolites (both soluble and lignin‐bound), respectively. Production of soluble tricin metabolites requires CYP75B4 as a chrysoeriol 5′‐hydroxylase. Meanwhile, the close homologue CYP75B3 is a canonical flavonoid 3′‐hydroxylase (F3′H). However, their precise roles in the biosynthesis of soluble flavone C‐glycosides and tricin–lignins in cell walls remain unknown.

We examined CYP75B3 and CYP75B4 expression in vegetative tissues, analyzed extractable flavonoid profiles, cell wall structure and digestibility of their mutants, and investigated catalytic activities of CYP75B4 orthologues in grasses.

CYP75B3 and CYP75B4 showed co‐expression patterns with OsF2H and OsFNSII, respectively. CYP75B3 is the sole F3′H in flavone C‐glycosides biosynthesis, whereas CYP75B4 alone provides sufficient 3′,5′‐hydroxylation for tricin–lignin deposition. CYP75B4 mutation results in production of apigenin‐incorporated lignin and enhancement of cell wall digestibility. Moreover, tricin pathway‐specific 3′,5′‐hydroxylation activities are conserved in sorghum CYP75B97 and switchgrass CYP75B11.

CYP75B3 and CYP75B4 represent two different pathway‐specific enzymes recruited together with OsF2H and OsFNSII, respectively. Interestingly, the OsF2H‐CYP75B3 and OsFNSII‐CYP75B4 pairs appear to be conserved in grasses. Finally, manipulation of tricin biosynthesis through CYP75B4 orthologues can be a promising strategy to improve digestibility of grass biomass for biofuel and biomaterial production.