bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Capital Migration: A Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Kooiman Niels , Latten Jan , Bontje Marco 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBased on micro‐level administrative data this paper aims to identify the role of internal migration in shaping regional and inter‐urban contrasts in human capital stocks in the Netherlands. We follow birth cohort 1979 from age 16 until age 35 and compare spatial trajectories between university graduates(‐to‐be) and their lower educated peers. We conclude that, in a context of dominating rural‐to‐urban migration flows, the highest educated(‐to‐be) are more than others attracted to metropolitan core areas and the Randstad. Second, we aim to test whether this urban preference may be prompted by spatial variation in socio‐economic progression by comparing changes in the relative wage position of employees in different spatial settings. Metropolitan settings and the Randstad in general are found to function more than other regions as socio‐economic escalators during the first phase of the labour career. However, these effects appear to be equal among educational groups.
Pain, balance, grip strength and gait parameters of older adults with and without post‐chikungunya chronic arthralgia
Authors: Forechi Ludimila , Silveira‐Nunes Gabriela , Barbosa Michelle Almeida , Barbosa Érika Guerrieri , Santos Denise Leite dos , Vieira Edgar Ramos , Barbosa Alexandre Carvalho 
Published: October 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo compare the levels of pain, grip strength, balance and gait in older adults with and without post‐Chikungunya chronic arthralgia (PCCA).MethodsSixty‐two older adults, 30 with and 32 without PCCA participated in the study. Pain level was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Gait during a 10‐m walk was assessed using inertial sensors. Semi‐static balance was assessed during an eyes‐closed bipedal balance test on a force platform, and grip strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer.ResultsParticipants with PCCA presented severe levels of pain (VAS > 7.5), poorer balance, lower grip strength, walked slower, with lower cadence and stride length and higher stride time and stride length variability than participants without PCCA (P < 0.001 for all variables).ConclusionsOlder adults with PCCA had high levels of pain, impaired balance and gait and lower grip strength compared to older adults without PCCA.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura relapse induced by acute hepatitis E transmitted by cryosupernatant plasma and successfully controlled with ribavirin
Authors: Riveiro‐Barciela Mar , Bes Marta , Quer Josep , Valcarcel David , Piriz Sofia , Gregori Josep , Llorens Meritxell , Salcedo María‐Teresa , Piron Maria , Esteban Rafael , Buti Maria , Sauleda Silvia 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUNDHepatitis E virus (HEV) can be transmitted by transfusion of any type of blood component, but there are few data on the potential risk of transmitting this virus and the associated complications. We provide evidence that HEV can be transmitted by cryosupernatant plasma, and that HEV infection can act as a trigger for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA patient with a history of TTP treated with plasmapheresis 2 months previously developed jaundice and a TTP exacerbation with purpura, thrombocytopenia, schistocytes, and undetectable ADAMTS‐13 activity. He was diagnosed with acute hepatitis E and treated with ribavirin. TTP remitted with remission of HEV infection.RESULTSTraceback to determine the source of the infection showed that 1 cryosupernatant plasma among the 99 different blood components used for the patient's last plasmapheresis was positive for HEV RNA, with an estimated viral load of 5000 to 10,000 IU/mL. Phylogenetic analysis proved the transfusion‐transmitted route of acute hepatitis E.CONCLUSIONIn a patient with TTP, acute HEV infection transmitted by cryosupernatant plasma may trigger exacerbation of TTP, which can be controlled on remission of HEV infection with ribavirin.
Long‐term monitoring of virus antibody titers in human intravenous immunoglobulin lots derived from donors in Japan
Authors: Onodera Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Risa , Nakagawa Hitoshi , Urayama Takeru , Haino Katsuyuki , Yunoki Mikihiro 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUNDIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) contains immunoglobulin G against various viruses, except those that have been screened, such as human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C viruses. Antivirus titers reflect the serostatus of the blood donor population in the collection region and are of clinical interest.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSDuring the past 10 years, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella‐zoster, hepatitis A and B, Epstein‐Barr, and human respiratory syncytial viruses; human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3; human herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2; human herpesvirus 6; cytomegalovirus (CMV); human adenoviruses (HAdVs) 1, 2, 3, 7, and 11; human parvovirus B19; and human echovirus 9 and 11 titers in IVIG lots have been measured by a commercial testing facility. A viral neutralizing assay for CMV has been used at our facility. Herein, we summarize the measurements and results of a regression analysis of the trends in virus antibody titers.RESULTSIVIG lots contained significant titers against all of the above viruses, except for HAdV 7. Three patterns—stable, increasing, and decreasing—were observed, without any drastic changes. Although these trends reflect the seroprevalence in Japan, the titers were not obviously affected by the cycle of epidemics. On the other hand, the prevalence data suggest that titers against hepatitis A virus and other viruses will decrease in the near future, although they are currently stable.CONCLUSIONMonitoring the titer of IVIG lots and seroprevalence of donor populations is important for anticipating future changes in virus antibody titers of IVIG lots and can provide useful information of clinical interest.
Leptin acts in the carotid bodies to increase minute ventilation during wakefulness and sleep and augment the hypoxic ventilatory response
Authors: Caballero‐Eraso Candela , Shin Mi‐Kyung , Pho Huy , Kim Lenise J , Pichard Luis E. , Wu Zhi‐Juan , Gu Chenjuan , Berger Slava , Pham Luu , Yeung Ho‐Yee (Bonnie) , Shirahata Machiko , Schwartz Alan R. , Tang Wan‐Yee (Winnie) , Sham James S. K. , Polotsky Vsevolod Y. 
Published: October 2018

Key points
Leptin is a potent respiratory stimulant.
A long functional isoform of leptin receptor, LepRb, was detected in the carotid body (CB), a key peripheral hypoxia sensor. However, the effect of leptin on minute ventilation (VE) and the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) has not been sufficiently studied.
We report that LepRb is present in approximately 74% of the CB glomus cells.
Leptin increased carotid sinus nerve activity at baseline and in response to hypoxia in vivo.
Subcutaneous infusion of leptin increased VE and HVR in C57BL/6J mice and this effect was abolished by CB denervation.
Expression of LepRb in the carotid bodies of LepRb deficient obese db/db mice increased VE during wakefulness and sleep and augmented the HVR.
We conclude that leptin acts on LepRb in the CBs to stimulate breathing and HVR, which may protect against sleep disordered breathing in obesity.
AbstractLeptin is a potent respiratory stimulant. The carotid bodies (CB) express the long functional isoform of leptin receptor, LepRb, but the role of leptin in CB has not been fully elucidated. The objectives of the current study were (1) to examine the effect of subcutaneous leptin infusion on minute ventilation (VE) and the hypoxic ventilatory response to 10% O2 (HVR) in C57BL/6J mice before and after CB denervation; (2) to express LepRb in CB of LepRb‐deficient obese db/db mice and examine its effects on breathing during sleep and wakefulness and on HVR. We found that leptin enhanced carotid sinus nerve activity at baseline and in response to 10% O2 in vivo. In C57BL/6J mice, leptin increased VE from 1.1 to 1.5 mL/min/g during normoxia (P < 0.01) and from 3.6 to 4.7 mL/min/g during hypoxia (P < 0.001), augmenting HVR from 0.23 to 0.31 mL/min/g/Δ (P < 0.001). The effects of leptin on VE and HVR were abolished by CB denervation. In db/db mice, LepRb expression in CB increased VE from 1.1 to 1.3 mL/min/g during normoxia (P < 0.05) and from 2.8 to 3.2 mL/min/g during hypoxia (P < 0.02), increasing HVR. Compared to control db/db mice, LepRb transfected mice showed significantly higher VE throughout non‐rapid eye movement (20.1 vs. −27.7 mL/min respectively, P < 0.05) and rapid eye movement sleep (16.5 vs 23.4 mL/min, P < 0.05). We conclude that leptin acts in CB to augment VE and HVR, which may protect against sleep disordered breathing in obesity.
Visual response properties of neurons in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of awake mouse
Authors: De Franceschi Gioia , Solomon Samuel G. 
Published: October 2018

Key points
In rodents, including mice, the superior colliculus is the major target of the retina, but its visual response is not well characterized.
In the present study, extracellular recordings from single nerve cells in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus were made in awake, head‐restrained mice, and their responses to visual stimuli were measured.
It was found that these neurons show brisk, highly sensitive and short latency visual responses, a preference for black over white stimuli, and diverse responses to moving patterns.
At least five broad classes can be defined by variation in functional properties among units.
The results of the present study demonstrate that eye movements have a measurable impact on visual responses in awake animals and show how they may be mitigated in analyses.
AbstractThe mouse is an increasingly important animal model of visual function in health and disease. In mice, most retinal signals are routed through the superficial layers of the midbrain superior colliculus, and it is well established that much of the visual behaviour of mice relies on activity in the superior colliculus. The functional organization of visual signals in the mouse superior colliculus is, however, not well established in awake animals. We therefore made extracellular recordings from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in awake mice, while the animals were viewing visual stimuli including flashed spots and drifting gratings. We find that neurons in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of awake mouse generally show short latency, brisk responses. Receptive fields are usually ‘ON–OFF’ with a preference for black stimuli, and are weakly non‐linear in response to gratings and other forms of luminance modulation. Population responses to drifting gratings are highly contrast sensitive, with a robust response to spatial frequencies above 0.3 cycles degree−1 and temporal frequencies above 15 Hz. The receptive fields are also often speed‐tuned or direction‐selective. Analysis of the response across multiple stimulus dimensions reveals at least five functionally distinct groups of units. We also find that eye movements affect measurements of receptive field properties in awake animals, and show how these may be mitigated in analyses. Qualitatively similar responses were obtained in urethane‐anaesthetized animals, although receptive fields in awake animals had higher contrast sensitivity, shorter visual latency and a stronger response to high temporal frequencies.
Challenges of enforcing cell phone use while driving laws among police: a qualitative study
Authors: Rudisill Toni Marie , Baus Adam D , Jarrett Traci 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundCell phone use while driving laws do not appear to be heavily enforced in the USA. This study seeks to gain law enforcements’ perspective and learn potential barriers to cell phone law enforcement.MethodsQualitative interviews (ie, focus groups) were conducted with officers (N=19) from five West Virginia law enforcement agencies. The officers who participated were >18 years of age, sworn into their departments and employed in law enforcement for >1 year. Focus group sessions lasted 45–60 min and followed a standardised, pilot-tested script. These sessions were audio recorded and transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was employed among three researchers to determine themes surrounding enforcement.ResultsFour themes emerged including current culture, the legal system, the nature of police work and issues with prevention. Specific barriers to enforcement included cultural norms, lack of perceived support from courts/judges, different laws between states, the need for a general distracted driving law, unclear legislation, officers’ habits and perceived risk, wanting to maintain a positive relationship with the public, not being able to see the driver (impediments of vehicle design, time of day), phones having multiple functions and not knowing what drivers are actually doing, risk of crashing during traffic stops and lack of resources. Prevention activities were debated, and most felt that technological advancements implemented by cell phone manufacturers may deter use.ConclusionsNumerous barriers to cell phone law enforcement exist. Legislation could be amended to facilitate enforcement. Prevention opportunities exist to deter cell phone use while driving.
Protective effects of helmets on bicycle-related injuries in elderly individuals
Authors: Kim Taerim , Jung Kwang Yul , Kim Kyunga , Yoon Hee , Hwang Sung Yeon , Shin Tae Gun , Sim Min Seob , Jo Ik Joon , Cha Won Chul 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThe increasing frequency of bicycle-related injuries is due to the growing elderly population and their increasing physical activity. This study aimed to compare the protective effects of helmets on bicycle-related injuries in elderly individuals compared with those in younger adults.MethodsData from the Korean emergency department–based Injury In-depth Surveillance database from eight emergency departments during 2011–2016 were retrospectively analysed. The subjects sustained injuries while riding bicycles. Cases with unknown clinical outcomes were excluded. Covariates included mechanism, place and time of injury. The primary outcome was traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidence, and the secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and severe trauma. The effects of helmets on these outcomes were analysed and differences in effects were determined using logistic regression analysis. Subsequently, the differences in the effects of helmets use between age groups were examined by using interaction analysisResultsOf 7181 adults, 1253 were aged >65 years. The injury incidents showed a bimodal pattern with peaks around ages 20 and 50 years. Meanwhile, the helmet-wearing rate showed a unimodal pattern with its peak at age 35–40 years; it decreased consistently with age. By multivariate analysis, helmet-wearing was associated with a reduced TBI incidence (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.99) and severe trauma (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.93). The effects of helmets increased in elderly individuals (TBI (p=0.022) and severe trauma (p=0.024)).ConclusionThe protective effects of helmets on bicycle-related injuries are greater for elderly individuals, thus reducing TBI incidence.
Efficacy of novel immunotherapy regimens in patients with metastatic melanoma with germline CDKN2A mutations
Authors: Helgadottir Hildur , Ghiorzo Paola , van Doorn Remco , Puig Susana , Levin Max , Kefford Richard , Lauss Martin , Queirolo Paola , Pastorino Lorenza , Kapiteijn Ellen , Potrony Miriam , Carrera Cristina , Olsson Håkan , Höiom Veronica , Jönsson Göran 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundInherited CDKN2A mutation is a strong risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. Moreover, carriers have been found to have poor melanoma-specific survival. In this study, responses to novel immunotherapy agents in CDKN2A mutation carriers with metastatic melanoma were evaluated.MethodsCDKN2A mutation carriers that have developed metastatic melanoma and undergone immunotherapy treatments were identified among carriers enrolled in follow-up studies for familial melanoma. The carriers’ responses were compared with responses reported in phase III clinical trials for CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors. From publicly available data sets, melanomas with somatic CDKN2A mutation were analysed for association with tumour mutational load.ResultsEleven of 19 carriers (58%) responded to the therapy, a significantly higher frequency than observed in clinical trials (p=0.03, binomial test against an expected rate of 37%). Further, 6 of the 19 carriers (32%) had complete response, a significantly higher frequency than observed in clinical trials (p=0.01, binomial test against an expected rate of 7%). In 118 melanomas with somatic CDKN2A mutations, significantly higher total numbers of mutations were observed compared with 761 melanomas without CDKN2A mutation (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001).ConclusionPatients with CDKN2A mutated melanoma may have improved immunotherapy responses due to increased tumour mutational load, resulting in more neoantigens and stronger antitumorous immune responses.
Effects of a fall rye cover crop on weeds and productivity ofPhaseolusbeans
Authors: Flood Heather E. , Entz Martin H. 
Published: October 2018

Fall-seeded rye (Secale cereale) is known to suppress weeds through physical and allelopathic properties. This study examined the effects of fall rye cover crops on weed and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) productivity over four site–years in Manitoba. In addition to rye, we tested early versus late spring rye termination times as well as herbicide use in a factorial experiment with four replicates. In the absence of herbicides, rye reduced early-season broadleaf and grassy weed plant populations by 44%–72% and 43%–88%, respectively. Terminating rye at the four-leaf stage (∼1100 kg dry matter ha−1) provided the same level of weed suppression as termination at booting (∼3100 kg dry matter ha−1). Early rye termination increased bean plant populations (significant at three out of four sites), bean development (four out of four sites), bean biomass (two out of four sites), and bean yield (three out of four sites) compared with later termination. Lower bean yield with rye at one site–year was attributed to dry early season conditions, where rye reduced soil water content. While the rye cover crop provided multiple benefits to bean production, early termination resulted in the best agronomic outcome. Rye was beneficial to weed control even when herbicides were used.
Sex differences in the central and peripheral manifestations of ischemia-induced heart failure in rats
Authors: Yu Yang , Wei Shun-Guang , Weiss Robert M. , Felder Robert B. 
Published: October 2018

Sex differences in the presentation, outcome, and responses to treatment of systolic heart failure (HF) have been reported. In the present study, we examined the effect of sex on central neural mechanisms contributing to neurohumoral excitation and its peripheral manifestations in rats with HF. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary artery ligation (CL) to induce HF. Age-matched rats served as controls. Ischemic zone and left ventricular function were similar 24 h and 4 wk after CL. Female rats with HF had a lower mortality rate and less hemodynamic compromise, pulmonary congestion, and right ventricular remodeling 4 wk after CL. Plasma angiotensin II (ANG II), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and norepinephrine levels were increased in HF rats in both sexes, but AVP and norepinephrine levels increased less in female rats. In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, a key cardiovascular-related nucleus contributing to neurohumoral excitation in HF, mRNA levels for the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β as well as cyclooxygenase-2 and the ANG II type 1a receptor were increased in HF rats of both sexes, but less so in female rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein levels increased in female HF rats but decreased in male HF rats. mRNA levels of AVP were lower in female rats in both control and HF groups compared with the respective male groups. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 increased similarly in both sexes in HF. The results suggest that female HF rats have less central neural excitation and less associated hemodynamic compromise than male HF rats with the same degree of initial ischemic cardiac injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex differences in the presentation and responses to treatment of heart failure (HF) are widely recognized, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study describes sex differences in the central nervous system mechanisms that drive neurohumoral excitation in ischemia-induced HF. Female rats had a less intense central neurochemical response to HF and experienced less hemodynamic compromise. Sex hormones may contribute to these differences in the central and peripheral adaptations to HF.
Incremental Elevations in TNFα and IL6 in the Human Colon and Procancerous Changes in the Mucosal Transcriptome Accompany Adiposity
Authors: Pfalzer Anna C. , Leung Keith , Crott Jimmy W. , Kim Susan J. , Tai Albert K. , Parnell Laurence D. , Kamanu Frederick K. , Liu Zhenhua , Rogers Gail , Shea M. Kyla , Garcia Paloma E. , Mason Joel B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground:Obesity, a risk factor for colorectal cancer, raises systemic levels of proinflammatory mediators. Whether increased levels also reside in the colons of obese individuals and are accompanied by procancerous alterations in the mucosal transcriptome is unknown.Methods:Concentrations of TNFα, IL1β, and IL6 in blood and colonic mucosa of 16 lean and 26 obese individuals were examined. Differences in the mucosal transcriptome between the two groups were defined.Results:Plasma IL6 and TNFα were 1.4- to 3-fold elevated in obese subjects [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 34 kg/m2] compared with the lean controls (P &lt; 0.01). Among individuals with BMI ≥ 34 kg/m2 colonic concentrations of IL6 and TNFα were 2- to 3-fold greater than in lean subjects (P &lt; 0.03). In a general linear model, adjusted for NSAID use, colonic IL6 (partial r = 0.41; P &lt; 0.01) and TNFα (partial r = 0.41; P = 0.01) increased incrementally over the entire range of BMIs (18.1–45.7). Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was associated with a reduction in colonic IL6 (β = −0.65, P &lt; 0.02). RNA sequencing (NSAID users excluded) identified 182 genes expressed differentially between lean and obese subjects. The two gene networks most strongly linked to changes in expression included several differentially expressed genes known to regulate the procarcinogenic signaling pathways, NFκB and ERK 1/2, in a pattern consistent with upregulation of each in the obese subjects.Conclusions:Incremental increases in two major proinflammatory colonic cytokines are associated with increasing BMI, and in the obese state are accompanied by procancerous changes in the transcriptome.Impact:These observations delineate means by which an inflammatory milieu may contribute to obesity-promoted colon cancer.