bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diets of endangered silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana, Kirtland, 1844) in Lake Erie and implications for recovery
Authors: Kočovský Patrick M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSilver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana, Kirtland, 1844) is a native Cyprinid in Lake Erie, one of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. It is listed as endangered by the US state of New York and Canada, which has a recovery plan, and as special concern by the state of Michigan. Silver chub faces a potential threat to recovery from control efforts for invasive Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes 1844). Among the knowledge gaps for protection and restoration is current diet data. I describe the diet of silver chub from western Lake Erie in 2014, and I compare it to past studies to assess changes in diet through time. Silver chub captured in bottom trawls May–September 2014 were frozen in the field, and stomach contents were preserved in ethanol. Diet taxa were identified to the lowest practical taxonomic unit, then dried and weighed. Frequency of occurrence in silver chub diets was highest for Hexagenia spp. mayflies (79%). Dreissena spp. and Hexagenia spp. were both 41% of the diet by dry weight. Analysis of δ13C isotopes identified Hexagenia spp. as the primary source of carbon in silver chub. Compared to past studies, Dreissena spp. have mostly replaced Sphaeriidae and Gastropoda in silver chub diets. There also have been seasonal shifts in relative amounts of shelled organisms and Hexagenia spp. This study and past research suggest a functional link between silver chub and Hexagenia spp. abundance. Maintenance and recovery of silver chub may be dependent on maintaining Hexagenia spp. populations.
Alterations in brain microstructure in rats that develop abnormal aggression following peripubertal stress
Authors: Walker Sophie E. , Wood Tobias C. , Cash Diana , Mesquita Michel , Williams Steven C. R. , Sandi Carmen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractExposure to early adversity is implicated in the development of aggressive behaviour later in life in some but not all individuals. The reasons for the variability in response to such experiences are not clear but may relate to pre‐existing individual differences that influence their downstream effects. Applying structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to a rat model of abnormal aggression induced by peripubertal stress, we examined whether individual differences in the development of an aggressive phenotype following stress exposure were underpinned by variation in the structure of aggression‐associated, corticolimbic brain regions. We also assessed whether responsiveness of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis to stress was associated with neurobehavioural outcome following adversity. A subset of the rats exposed to peripubertal stress developed an aggressive phenotype, while the remaining rats were affected in other behavioural domains, such as increased anxiety‐like behaviours and reduced sociability. Peripubertal stress led to changes in tissue microstructure within prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampal formation only in those individuals displaying an aggressive phenotype. Attenuated glucocorticoid response to stress during juvenility predicted the subsequent development of an aggressive phenotype in peripubertal stress‐exposed rats. Our study establishes a link between peripubertal stress exposure in rats and structural deviations in brain regions linked to abnormal aggression and points towards low glucocorticoid responsiveness to stress as a potential underlying mechanism. We additionally highlight the importance of considering individual differences in behavioural response to stress when determining neurobiological correlates.
Life‐history traits buffer against heat wave effects on predator–prey dynamics in zooplankton
Authors: Zhang Huan , Urrutia‐Cordero Pablo , He Liang , Geng Hong , Chaguaceda Fernando , Xu Jun , Hansson Lars‐Anders 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn addition to an increase in mean temperature, extreme climatic events, such as heat waves, are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity with climate change, which are likely to affect organism interactions, seasonal succession, and resting stage recruitment patterns in terrestrial as well as in aquatic ecosystems. For example, freshwater zooplankton with different life‐history strategies, such as sexual or parthenogenetic reproduction, may respond differently to increased mean temperatures and rapid temperature fluctuations. Therefore, we conducted a long‐term (18 months) mesocosm experiment where we evaluated the effects of increased mean temperature (4°C) and an identical energy input but delivered through temperature fluctuations, i.e., as heat waves. We show that different rotifer prey species have specific temperature requirements and use limited and species‐specific temperature windows for recruiting from the sediment. On the contrary, co‐occurring predatory cyclopoid copepods recruit from adult or subadult resting stages and are therefore able to respond to short‐term temperature fluctuations. Hence, these different life‐history strategies affect the interactions between cyclopoid copepods and rotifers by reducing the risk of a temporal mismatch in predator–prey dynamics in a climate change scenario. Thus, we conclude that predatory cyclopoid copepods with long generation time are likely to benefit from heat waves since they rapidly “wake up” even at short temperature elevations and thereby suppress fast reproducing prey populations, such as rotifers. In a broader perspective, our findings suggest that differences in life‐history traits will affect predator–prey interactions, and thereby alter community dynamics, in a future climate change scenario.
Community‐ and ecosystem‐level effects of multiple environmental change drivers: Beyond null model testing
Authors: De Laender Frederik 
Published: June 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the joint effect of multiple drivers of environmental change is a key scientific challenge. The dominant approach today is to compare observed joint effects with predictions from various types of null models. Drivers are said to combine synergistically (antagonistically) when their observed joint effect is larger (smaller) than that predicted by the null model. Here, I argue that this approach does not promote understanding of effects on important community‐ and ecosystem‐level variables such as biodiversity and ecosystem function. I use ecological theory to show that different mechanisms can lead to the same deviation from a null model's prediction. Inversely, I show that the same mechanism can lead to different deviations from a null model's prediction. These examples illustrate that it is not possible to make strong mechanistic inferences from null models. Next, I present an alternative framework to study such effects. This framework makes a clear distinction between two different kinds of drivers (resource ratio shifts and multiple stressors) and integrates both by incorporating stressor effects into resource uptake theory. I show that this framework can advance understanding because of three reasons. First, it forces formalization of “multiple stressors,” using factors that describe the number and kind of stressors, their selectivity and dynamic behaviour, and the initial trait diversity and tolerance among species. Second, it produces testable predictions on how these factors affect biodiversity and ecosystem function, alone and in combination with resource ratio shifts. Third, it can fail in informative ways. That is, its assumptions are clear, so that different kinds of deviations between predictions and observed effects can guide new experiments and theory improvement. I conclude that this framework will more effectively progress understanding of global change effects on communities and ecosystems than does the current practice of null model testing.
Long‐term decline despite conservation efforts questions Eurasian Stone‐curlew population viability in intensive farmlands
Authors: Gaget Elie , Fay Remi , Augiron Steve , Villers Alexandre , Bretagnolle Vincent 
Published: July 2018

Agricultural intensification over the past decades has led to a generalized decline in farmland biodiversity. Farmland birds are particularly exposed to rapid changes in habitat and reduced food resources or availability. Understanding how farmland specialists can be preserved and their populations enhanced are major challenges for this century. Based on a long‐term (19‐year) study of a Eurasian Stone‐curlew Burhinus oedicnemus population, we estimated the demographic parameters, including clutch size, egg volume, hatching success, survival rate and apparent population size. Demographic rates found for this French population were, on average, comparable to those found elsewhere in Europe. However, all demographic parameters showed negative trends, including a dramatic decline in the local population (26% decline over 14 years) and a 10% decline in adult survival rate over 11 years. Such a long‐term decline, despite on‐going conservation efforts, calls into question the overall sustainability of arable Stone‐curlew populations. We infer some of the possible causes of this decline, in particular food shortage, and discuss how this pattern could be reversed through conservation measures applicable at very large spatial scales.
How midwives manage rapid pre‐loading of fluid in women prior to low dose epidurals: A retrospective chart review
Authors: Lindstrom Hannah , Kearney Lauren , Massey Debbie , Godsall Guy , Hogan Emma 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimTo describe contemporary routine practice regarding rapid pre‐loading of intravenous fluid management prior to epidural analgesia during labour and birth.BackgroundMidwives are the key health professionals providing care for women before, during and after an epidural in labour. Part of this management involves maternal hydration; however, how midwives assess and manage maternal hydration and fluid management is not well understood. Prior to the administration of a low dose epidural for pain relief a rapid intravenous pre‐loading of between 500‐1000 mls of crystalloid fluids is administered to the pregnant women. Currently, there is limited evidence available to assess if intravenous pre‐loading reduces maternal hypotension and foetal bradycardia. Anecdotal evidence suggests that wide variation in clinical practice in relation to volume of fluid administered, fluid status assessment and clinical documentation occurs.DesignA retrospective medical health record review, in a regional Australian maternity hospital.MethodsA retrospective medical health record review chart review from women who received an epidural for pain relief during labour and birth (June–September 2015).ResultsData from 293 charts were collected, including: maternal factors; blood pressure distributions; maternal fluid status; types, concentration and timing of analgesia loading doses; IV fluid loading volumes; maternal hypotension, foetal outcomes and documentation of fluid balance charts. Wide variation in clinical practice was evident with midwives administering pre‐loading fluid volumes ranging from 250‐1000 ml. Midwifery assessment, documentation and practice pertaining to hydration was inconsistent and lacking.ConclusionManagement of intravenous fluids during labour is fragmented. Although fluid balance charts are used internationally to assess maternal hydration, documentation of fluid balance status was poor. Multi‐professional collaboration between obstetrics, anaesthetics and midwifery is required to address this wide variation and reach consensus on best practice based on what evidence is currently available.
Patient support during treatment for active tuberculosis and for latent tuberculosis infection: Policies and practices in European low‐incidence countries
Authors: Jansen‐Aaldring Niesje , van de Berg Sarah , van den Hof Susan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimTo provide an overview of the policies and practices of patient support during treatment for active tuberculosis and for latent tuberculosis infection in European countries with a low incidence of tuberculosis and to identify potential best practices.BackgroundPolicies, practices and its’ evaluations from similar settings may aid in the development of evidence‐based patient support guidelines.DesignDescriptive study.MethodsIn June 2016, a survey was conducted among the 24 European low tuberculosis incidence countries (<20 patients per 100,000 population).ResultsNineteen of the 24 countries approached responded. Most countries (18/19) gave some form of tuberculosis patient support including various treatment supervision options and treatment adherence interventions such as health education, psycho‐emotional and socio‐economic support. Patient support for persons on treatment for latent tuberculosis infection was less widely (9/19) implemented. Patient support guidelines were available in 13 countries, but none of the interventions included had been quantitatively evaluated for their effects on treatment adherence. Potential best practices included appointing a tuberculosis coordinator in charge of organizing patient support; putting a treatment plan meeting with patients, providers and stakeholders in place; supplying direct enablers for marginalized patients; organizing cultural‐sensitive community support; and dispensing pill cases. A lack of resources impeded the provision of patient support, especially for home‐based treatment supervision.ConclusionWe summarized policies and practices of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection patient support in low tuberculosis incidence European countries. Given the lack of quantitative evaluations, more research is needed to verify the effectiveness of identified potential best practices.
Children and young people with Down syndrome: Their awareness of Down syndrome and developing self‐perceptions
Authors: Deakin Karen , Moore Derek G. , Jahoda Andrew 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundPast research suggests children with Down syndrome often lack awareness of their disability despite the visibility of their condition.MethodThis study used novel tasks to investigate their insight. Twenty‐eight young people with Down syndrome (aged 8–17 years) were recruited, along with control groups of 67 typically developing young people. Three tasks explored the children's awareness of Down syndrome: (a) choice of partner for social activities, (b) sorting photographs and (c) attributing positive or negative descriptors to photographs.ResultsAll participants expressed a preference to engage in social activities with typically developing peers. Most participants with Down syndrome identified with the typically developing person. Even though all participants attributed more positive descriptors to the photographs of the typically developing individuals, they remained positive about themselves.ConclusionThe early awareness of difference shown by young people with Down syndrome suggests this may play an important role in their developing identities.
Community assembly and diversification in a species‐rich radiation of island weevils (Coleoptera: Cratopini)
Authors: Kitson James J. N. , Warren Ben H. , Thébaud Christophe , Strasberg Dominique , Emerson Brent C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimTo test a prediction derived from island biogeographical theory that in situ speciation should make an increasingly important contribution to community assembly as islands age. This prediction is tested on estimated biogeographical histories from Mauritius (approximately 9 Myr) and Reunion (approximately 5 Myr). We additionally investigate the evolutionary dynamics of insect flight loss, as the loss of flight in island lineages can influence patterns of diversification.LocationMascarene Islands; Southwest Indian Ocean.TaxonWeevils.MethodsUp to five individuals of each taxonomically described species sampled within each sampling site were sequenced for the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase II to delimit operational taxonomic units (OTUs). OTUs were further sequenced for the nuclear genes Arginine Kinase, Histone 3 and ribosomal 28s, to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the group. Timings of colonization and in situ speciation events were estimated with beast2.ResultsOur results support the hypothesis that present‐day species richness on the older island of Mauritius is largely the result of in situ speciation, with few colonization events, of which all but the most basal are recent. In contrast, Reunion presents a more uniform temporal spectrum of colonization times. Flight loss has evolved convergently at least five times, and speciation events associated with flight loss are significantly younger than speciation events that have not resulted in flight loss.Main conclusionsPatterns of community assembly on the islands of Mauritius and Reunion fit a model where the addition of new species and species turnover is increasingly dominated by in situ speciation as an island community matures. Repeated flight loss indicates selection for flightlessness, with the young age of flightless lineages suggesting higher extinction rates over longer evolutionary time‐scales and little influence on present‐day species richness.
Range shifts in response to past and future climate change: Can climate velocities and species’ dispersal capabilities explain variation in mammalian range shifts?
Authors: Williams J. Eric , Blois Jessica L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimRange shift is a relatively well‐understood response to climate change, but our ability to predict shifts is limited. Two factors that may cause variation in range shifts across species are dispersal ability and varying rates of climate change through time and across space. Here, we assess patterns of range shifts during the late Quaternary and estimate how the velocity of climate change and the dispersal ability of a species affect the magnitude of species range shifts in response to climate change.LocationNorth America.MethodsWe hindcast species distribution models for 122 North American mammals to five times over the past 17,000 years and forecast them to two future times given two emissions scenarios. Generalized additive models were constructed to quantify the importance of dispersal ability and the velocity of temperature and precipitation in determining the magnitude of range shift expected for individual species.ResultsHindcasted and forecasted ranges demonstrate the variety of responses to climate change. In general, species shifted their ranges in a northerly direction (NW, N, NE) regardless of the type of climate change (i.e., warming vs. cooling). The highest rates of range shifts during the past occurred during periods of relatively rapid climate change (Last Glacial Maximum/Bølling‐Allerød and Bølling‐Allerød/Younger Dryas transitions). Rates of range shifts for the future are projected to be significantly higher than any of the past intervals. The velocity of climate change is significantly associated with the magnitude of range shifts during climate transitions that occur over longer time‐scales, while maximum dispersal distance is important during periods of rapid climate change.Main ConclusionsOur results suggest that both the dispersal ability and the velocity of climate change are significantly associated with species’ range shifts. However, the importance of these two factors is context‐dependent and depends on the interaction of the rate of climate change and the length of time over which the change occurs.
Corporate social responsibility and product quality
Authors: Calveras Aleix , Ganuza Juan‐José 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe study both theoretically and empirically the relationship between different types of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and a firm's product quality. On the one hand, observable external CSR (e.g., a firm's involvement in a social project) can be used as a signal to unobservable product quality. On the other hand, internal CSR (e.g., human resources practices such as training and labor stability) can improve a firm's labor productivity, specially in firms supplying high quality. We show that CSR may serve as a tool for a firm's product differentiation strategy, finding that both internal and external CSR enhance a firm's product quality. Moreover, this implies the existence of complementarity between internal and external CSR (they mutually reinforce each other) through product quality. We test our theoretical results with data from the hotel industry where we show that hotel establishments with a higher product quality are indeed more likely to be socially responsible, both internally and externally, indicative of the existence of complementarity.
Metformin inhibits visceral allodynia and increased gut permeability induced by stress in rats
Authors: Nozu Tsukasa , Miyagishi Saori , Kumei Shima , Nozu Rintaro , Takakusaki Kaoru , Okumura Toshikatsu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackground and AimMetformin has been shown to have anti‐cytokine property. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced or repeated water avoidance stress (WAS)‐induced visceral allodynia and increased gut permeability were pro‐inflammatory cytokine‐dependent responses, which were considered to be animal models of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We hypothesized that metformin improves symptoms in the patients with IBS by attenuating these visceral changes and tested the hypothesis in rats.MethodsThe threshold of the visceromotor response induced by colonic balloon distention was measured. Colonic permeability was determined in vivo by quantifying the absorbed Evans blue for 15 min spectrophotometrically.ResultsSubcutaneously injected LPS (1 mg/kg) reduced the threshold of visceromotor response, and metformin (5–50 mg/kg for 3 days) intraperitoneally attenuated this response in a dose‐dependent manner. Repeated WAS (1 h daily for 3 days) induced visceral allodynia, which was also blocked by metformin. The antinociceptive effect of metformin on the LPS‐induced allodynia was reversed by compound C, an adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase inhibitor or NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor but not modified by naloxone. Additionally, it was blocked by sulpiride, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, but domperidone, a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, did not alter it. Metformin also blocked the LPS‐induced or repeated WAS‐induced increased colonic permeability.ConclusionsMetformin attenuated the visceral allodynia and increased gut permeability in animal IBS models. These actions may be evoked via activation of adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase, nitric oxide, and central dopamine D2 pathways. These results indicate the possibility that metformin can be useful for treating IBS.