bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Out‐of‐Plane Hole Mobility in Poly(3‐Hexylthiophene)‐b‐Poly(styrene) Film
Authors: Tomita Eri , Kim Kyusun , Minegishi Kazushi , Nakamura Akitaka , Kanehashi Shinji , Ogino Kenji 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTwo or three orders of higher magnitude out‐of‐plane hole mobilities are observed in the films of poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(styrene) (P3HT‐b‐PSt) compared with those of P3HT fabricated with the same conditions in a diode geometry. From grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray diffraction analysis, it is found that there is a trend that PSt domains hinder the growth of alkyl stacking, and promote that of the π–π stacking. Differential scanning calorimetry thermogram of P3HT‐b‐PSt exhibits distinct double endothermic peaks, and double glass transitions. The larger change of heat capacity in glass transition at higher temperature indicates that the larger content of rigid amorphous region exists compared with P3HT. It is considered that the higher content of rigid amorphous domain (short‐range ordered packing) interconnects the crystallites (long‐range ordered packing) leading to the extraordinary higher mobility in P3HT‐b‐PSt film.
Dual innervation may occur in a partially denervated muscle
Authors: Obongo Rais , Bon‐Mardion Nicolas , Duclos Celia , Strunski Vladimir , Guerout Nicolas , Marie Jean‐Paul 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTIntroduction: With a view to simplifying surgical techniques for selective laryngeal reinnervation, we addressed the question of whether it is feasible to receive additional innervation by a partially denervated muscle using an infrahyoid muscle model. Methods: In 90 rats (6 groups of 15), phrenic nerve transfer was used to reinnervate the sternothyroid muscle. In some cases, residual innervation by the original nerve was present. Three months later we performed electromyographic studies, contraction strength measurements, histologic assessment, and retrograde labeling. Results: Muscles reinnervated by the phrenic nerve had a greater “dual‐response” rate (in terms of nerve latency, contraction strength, and retrograde labeling) than muscles in the control groups. Discussion: The phrenic nerve can impart its inspiratory properties to an initially denervated strap muscle—even when residual innervation is present. The preservation of contractile potential confirmed the feasibility of dual innervation in a previously injured muscle. Muscle Nerve 59:108–115, 2019
Size and shape analysis of Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae), vector of citrus huanglongbing disease
Authors: Aidoo Owusu F , Tanga Chrysantus M , Paris Thomson M , Allan Sandra A , Mohamed Samira A , Khamis Fathiya M , Sétamou Mamoudou , Borgemeister Christian , Ekesi Sunday 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe African citrus triozid (ACT) Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most devastating pests of citrus with a well‐known role as a vector of the phloem‐limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter africanus) associated with huanglongbing (citrus greening disease), currently considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. Although the pest can successfully develop and reproduce on non‐citrus host plants, there is no documented information on the geometric morphometry of ACT. We determine the effect of host plants on ACT morphometry under controlled laboratory conditions using traditional and geometric analysis.RESULTSACT reared on C. limon and Citroncirus spp. was significantly larger than when reared on the other host plant species. ACT reared on C. anisata and C. tangelo was consistently smaller than that reared on M. koenigii and C. sinensis. Based on warped outline drawings, ACT reared on Citroncirus spp. and Murraya koenigii had narrower wings than when reared on C. anisata, C. limon, and C. sinensis with slightly broader wing patterns.CONCLUSIONThis study clearly demonstrates that host plant species affect morphometric variation in ACT, which might have a direct impact on fitness parameters of the pest as well as its potential for dispersion. Wing shape and size appear to be useful in separating populations of ACT into different groups. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis in the Estimates of Common Environmental Effects Affecting GPS Observations
Authors: Gruszczynska Marta , Rosat Severine , Klos Anna , Gruszczynski Maciej , Bogusz Janusz 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We described a spatio-temporal analysis of environmental loading models: atmospheric, continental hydrology, and non-tidal ocean changes, based on multichannel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA). We extracted the common annual signal for 16 different sections related to climate zones: equatorial, arid, warm, snow, polar and continents. We used the loading models estimated for a set of 229 ITRF2014 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame) International GNSS Service (IGS) stations and discussed the amount of variance explained by individual modes, proving that the common annual signal accounts for 16, 24 and 68% of the total variance of non-tidal ocean, atmospheric and hydrological loading models, respectively. Having removed the common environmental MSSA seasonal curve from the corresponding GPS position time series, we found that the residual station-specific annual curve modelled with the least-squares estimation has the amplitude of maximum 2 mm. This means that the environmental loading models underestimate the seasonalities observed by the GPS system. The remaining signal present in the seasonal frequency band arises from the systematic errors which are not of common environmental or geophysical origin. Using common mode error (CME) estimates, we showed that the direct removal of environmental loading models from the GPS series causes an artificial loss in the CME power spectra between 10 and 80 cycles per year. When environmental effect is removed from GPS series with MSSA curves, no influence on the character of spectra of CME estimates was noticed.
Improvement of butanol production in Clostridium acetobutylicum through enhancement of NAD(P)H availability
Authors: Qi Feng , Thakker Chandresh , Zhu Fayin , Pena Matthew , San Ka-Yiu , Bennett George N 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Clostridium acetobutylicum is a natural producer of butanol, butyrate, acetone and ethanol. The pattern of metabolites reflects the partitioning of redox equivalents between hydrogen and carbon metabolites. Here the exogenous genes of ferredoxin-NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (FdNR) and trans-enoyl-coenzyme reductase (TER) are introduced to three different Clostridium acetobutylicum strains to investigate the distribution of redox equivalents and butanol productivity. The FdNR improves NAD(P)H availability by capturing reducing power from ferredoxin. A butanol production of 9.01 g/L (36.9% higher than the control), and the highest ratios of butanol/acetate (7.02) and C4/C2 (3.17) derived metabolites were obtained in the C acetobutylicum buk- strain expressing FdNR. While the TER functions as an NAD(P)H oxidase, butanol production was decreased in the C. acetobutylicum strains containing TER. The results illustrate that metabolic flux can be significantly changed and directed into butanol or butyrate due to enhancement of NAD(P)H availability by controlling electron flow through the ferredoxin node.
Multifunctional Proteins: Involvement in Human Diseases and Targets of Current Drugs
Authors: Franco-Serrano Luis , Huerta Mario , Hernández Sergio , Cedano Juan , Perez-Pons JosepAntoni , Piñol Jaume , Mozo-Villarias Angel , Amela Isaac , Querol Enrique 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Multifunctionality or multitasking is the capability of some proteins to execute two or more biochemical functions. The objective of this work is to explore the relationship between multifunctional proteins, human diseases and drug targeting. The analysis of the proportion of multitasking proteins from the MultitaskProtDB-II database shows that 78% of the proteins analyzed are involved in human diseases. This percentage is much higher than the 17.9% found in human proteins in general. A similar analysis using drug target databases shows that 48% of these analyzed human multitasking proteins are targets of current drugs, while only 9.8% of the human proteins present in UniProt are specified as drug targets. In almost 50% of these proteins, both the canonical and moonlighting functions are related to the molecular basis of the disease. A procedure to identify multifunctional proteins from disease databases and a method to structurally map the canonical and moonlighting functions of the protein have also been proposed here. Both of the previous percentages suggest that multitasking is not a rare phenomenon in proteins causing human diseases, and that their detailed study might explain some collateral drug effects.
IS TRUE BELIEF REALLY A FUNDAMENTAL EPISTEMIC VALUE?
Authors: Aschliman Lance K. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I question the orthodox position that true belief is a fundamental epistemic value. I begin by raising a particularly epistemic version of the so-called “value problem of knowledge” in order to set up the basic explanandum and to motivate some of the claims to follow. In the second section, I take aim at what I call “bottom-up approaches” to this value problem, views that attempt to explain the added epistemic value of knowledge in terms of its relation to a more fundamental value of true belief. The final section is a presentation of a value-theoretic alternative, one that explains the value problem presented in the first section while also doing justice to intuitions that may cause us to worry about bottom-up approaches. In short,knowledgeand not mere true belief is a fundamental epistemic value as it is the constitutive goal of propositional inquiry.
Particle-in-cell simulations of laser–plasma interactions at solid densities and relativistic intensities: the role of atomic processes
Authors: Wu D. , He X. T. , Yu W. , Fritzsche S. 
Published: August 2018

Direct numerical simulation of intense laser–solid interactions is still of great challenges, because of the many coupled atomic and plasma processes, such as ionization dynamics, collision among charged particles and collective electromagnetic fields, to name just a few. Here, we develop a new particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code, which enables us to calculate laser–solid interactions in a more realistic way. This code is able to cover almost ‘all’ the coupled physical processes. As an application of the new code, the generation and transport of energetic electrons in front of and within the solid target when irradiated by intense laser beams are studied. For the considered case, in which laser intensity is$10^{20}~\text{W}\cdot \text{cm}^{-2}$and pre-plasma scale length in front of the solid is$10~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$, several quantitative conclusions are drawn: (i) the collisional damping (although it is very weak) can significantly affect the energetic electrons generation in front of the target, (ii) the Bremsstrahlung radiation will be enhanced by 2–3 times when the solid is dramatically heated and ionized, (iii) the ‘cut-off’ electron energy is lowered by an amount of 25% when both collision damping and Bremsstrahlung radiations are included, and (iv) the resistive electromagnetic fields due to Ohmic heating play nonignorable roles and must be taken into account in such interactions.
A study of cascading failures in real and synthetic power grid topologies
Authors: SPIEWAK RUSSELL , SOLTAN SALEH , FORMAN YAKIR , BULDYREV SERGEY V. , ZUSSMAN GIL 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUsing the direct current power flow model, we study cascading failures and their spatial and temporal properties in the U.S. Western Interconnection (USWI) power grid. We show that yield (the fraction of demand satisfied after the cascade) has a bimodal distribution typical of a first-order transition. The single line failure leads either to an insignificant power loss or to a cascade which causes a major blackout with yield less than 0.8. The former occurs with high probability if line tolerance α (the ratio of the maximal load a line can carry to its initial load) is greater than 2, while a major blackout occurs with high probability in a broad range of 1 < α < 2. We also show that major blackouts begin with a latent period (with duration proportional to α) during which few lines overload and yield remains high. The existence of the latent period suggests that intervention during early stages of a cascade can significantly reduce the risk of a major blackout. Finally, we introduce the preferential Degree And Distance Attachment model to generate random networks with similar degree, resistance, and flow distributions to the USWI. Moreover, we show that the Degree And Distance Attachment model behaves similarly to the USWI against failures.
Connection Between Root Zone Soil Moisture and Surface Energy Flux Partitioning Using Modeling, Observations, and Data Assimilation for a Temperate Grassland Site in Germany
Authors: Shrestha P. , Kurtz W. , Vogel G. , Schulz J.‐P. , Sulis M. , Hendricks Franssen H.‐J. , Kollet S. , Simmer C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLand surface models (LSMs) with different degrees of complexity are in use as lower boundary conditions for atmospheric models with the simpler LSMs preferentially used in numerical weather forecasting. This study evaluates the second‐generation TERRA Multi‐Layer and the third‐generation Community Land Model (CLM) to better understand the connection between root zone soil moisture and surface energy fluxes, which is important for predictions. Both LSMs were compared in multiyear, observation‐driven simulations at the Falkenberg grassland site (Germany), and their results were compared to observations. With their default settings for the site, both LSMs tend to overestimate the Bowen ratio, while CLM additionally exhibited a wet bias and a too low soil moisture variance. With modified photosynthetic parameters in CLM, the Bowen ratio improved considerably, but the soil moisture bias and its too low variance remained. Joint data assimilation with soil parameter update significantly improved the soil moisture variance but degraded the Bowen ratio. We could identify the default shallow root fraction distribution to be responsible for the overestimated Bowen ratio, which could be largely reduced by increasing the root fractions in deeper layers. This study demonstrates how observations and data assimilation with joint state‐parameter updating can be used to improve the realism of third‐generation LSMs and thus our understanding of the connection between root zone soil moisture and surface energy flux partitioning.
The Instantaneous Retrieval of Precipitation Over Land by Temporal Variation at 19 GHz
Authors: You Yalei , Peters‐Lidard Christa , Wang Nai‐Yu , Turk Joseph , Ringerud Sarah , Yang Song , Ferraro Ralph 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe primary signal used in all current passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithms over land is the depression of the instantaneous brightness temperature (TB) caused by ice scattering. This study presents a new methodology to retrieve instantaneous precipitation rate over land by using TB temporal variation (ΔTB) at 19 GHz, which primarily reflects the surface emissivity variation due to the precipitation impact. As a proof‐of‐concept, we exploit observations from five polar‐orbiting satellites over the Southern Great Plains of the United States. Results show that ΔTB at 19 GHz correlate well with the instantaneous precipitation rate. Further analysis shows that ΔTB at 19 GHz is better correlated with the precipitation rate when multiple satellite observations are used due to the much shorter revisit time for a certain location. The retrieved instantaneous precipitation rate over Southern Great Plains from ΔTB at 19 GHz reasonably agrees with the surface radar observations, with the correlation, the root‐mean‐square error and the bias being 0.49, 2.39 mm/hr, and 6.54%, respectively. Future work seeks to combine the ice scattering signal at high frequencies and this surface emissivity variation signal at low frequencies to achieve an optimal retrieval performance.
Nonlinear Trends and Nonstationary Oscillations as Extracted From Annual Accumulated Precipitation at Mexico City
Authors: Martinez‐Lopez B. , Quintanar A. I. , Cabos‐Narvaez W. D. , Gay‐Garcia C. , Sein D. V. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractExtracted nonstationary oscillations and nonlinear trends of precipitation and sea surface temperature (SST) data reveal that rainfall variability in Mexico City is mainly composed by a long‐term positive trend, a multidecadal oscillation highly correlated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and year‐to‐year variability. The precipitation trend, lasting for more than a century, cannot be attributed to global warming or urbanization alone; rather, it can be thought of as part of a natural oscillation composed of alternating wet‐dry anomalies with a period of a couple of centuries, as past evidence indicates. To further test the dependence of the AMO‐related component, yearly SST time series were derived from a simplified model of the atmosphere‐ocean system forced by white noise. The simulated SST time series exhibits AMO‐like variability entirely consistent with the observed one, implying that North Atlantic SST multidecadal variability can be seen as the integrated response of surface ocean layers to external stochastic atmospheric forcing.
Projected Centennial Oxygen Trends and Their Attribution to Distinct Ocean Climate Forcings
Authors: Takano Yohei , Ito Takamitsu , Deutsch Curtis 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe explore centennial changes in tropical Pacific oxygen (O2) using numerical models to illustrate the dominant patterns and mechanisms under centennial climate change. Future projections from state‐of‐the‐art Earth System Models exhibit significant model to model differences, but decreased solubility and weakened ventilation together deplete thermocline O2 in middle to high latitudes. In contrast, the tropical thermocline O2 undergoes much smaller changes or even a slight increase. A suite of sensitivity experiments using a coarse resolution ocean circulation and biogeochemistry model show that ocean warming is the leading cause of global deoxygenation in the thermocline across all latitudes with secondary contributions from changes in hydrological cycles and wind stress modulating regional changes in O2. The small O2 changes in the tropical Pacific thermocline reflect near‐complete compensation between the solubility decrease due to warming and reduction in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU). We further quantified the changes in AOU due to contributions from changes in water mass age and biological remineralization from the sensitivity experiments. The two effects almost equally contribute to the reduction of AOU in the tropical Pacific thermocline (43% for physical circulations and 57% for biology). Our results suggest that better understanding of water mass changes in the tropical oceans is key to improving projections and reducing the uncertainties of future O2 changes.
Imaging the Eastern Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt With Ambient Seismic Noise: Evidence for a Slab Tear
Authors: Castellanos Jorge C. , Clayton Robert W. , Pérez‐Campos Xyoli 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe eastern sector of the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) is an enigmatic narrow zone that lies just above where the Cocos plate displays a sharp transition in dipping angle in central Mexico. Current plate models indicate that the transition from flat to steeper subduction is continuous through this region, but the abrupt end of the TMVB suggests that the difference in subduction styles is more likely to be accommodated by a slab tear. Based on a high‐resolution shear wave velocity and radial anisotropy model of the region, we argue that a slab tear within South Cocos can explain the abrupt end of the TMVB. We also quantify the azimuthal anisotropy beneath each seismic station and present a well‐defined flow pattern that shows how mantle material is being displaced from beneath the slab to the mantle wedge through the tear in the subducted Cocos plate. We suggest that the toroidal mantle flow formed around the slab edges is responsible for the existence of the volcanic gap in central Mexico. Moreover, we propose that the temperature increase caused by the influx of hot, less dense mantle material flowing through the tear to the Veracruz area may have significant implications for the thermomechanical state of the subducted slab and explain why the intermediate‐depth seismicity ends suddenly at the southern boundary of the Veracruz basin. The composite mantle flow formed by the movement of mantle material through the slab tears in western and southern Mexico may be allowing the Cocos plate to roll back in segments.
Atlantic Water Transformation Along Its Poleward Pathway Across the Nordic Seas
Authors: Bosse Anthony , Fer Ilker , Søiland Henrik , Rossby Thomas 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe warm and salty Atlantic Water is substantially modified along its poleward transit across the Nordic Seas, where it reaches deeper isopycnals. In particular, the Lofoten Basin, exposed to intense air‐sea interactions, plays a crucial role in the transformation of Atlantic Water. Averaged over a seasonal cycle, Atlantic Water releases approximately 80 W/m2 of heat to the atmosphere over a large area, leading to winter mixed layer depths of up to 500 m (locally exceeding 1,000 m in the Lofoten Basin Eddy, a permanent vortex located in the basin center) and substantial water mass transformation. We investigate spiciness injection (temperature and salinity increase) by winter mixing, by performing an isopycnal analysis using a comprehensive observational data set covering the 2000–2017 period. Compared to the Atlantic Water properties at the Svinøy section, representative of the inflowing Atlantic Water, some isopycnals reveal an important warming (up to 1.5°C) and salinification (up to 0.2 g/kg). Key areas for spiciness injection are the western Lofoten Basin and west of Bear Island. The modified spicy Atlantic Waters coincide with low potential vorticity with strongly density‐compensated layers at their base, allowing double‐diffusion processes to occur farther downstream toward the Arctic. Despite its limited spatial extent, the Lofoten Basin Eddy exhibits the greatest spiciness injection, as well as the deepest mixed layer and thickest low potential vorticity layer of the Norwegian Seas. The Atlantic Water spiciness at Svinøy shows a downstream correlation in the Lofoten Basin and farther north toward the Arctic with a lag of 1 to 1.5 years.