bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperfactuals
Authors: Madureira Nuno Luis 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A historical sequence is said to be hyperfactual whenever it contains facts that have been proved to exist twice, that is, they exist under two alternative courses of events: the factual and the counterfactual. In such cases, we may verify whether multiple courses of action lead to the same outcome. Drawing upon an idea from Nelson Goodman, each section of this article highlights a different type of hyperfactual sequence: those resulting from the turbulence of historical turning points; those resulting from long term historical sequences; and those resulting from competing courses of action. The final section conveys how hyperfactuals represent the resistance of the multiple layers of history to the formalism of subjunctive conditionals.
Songs from Sinai: The Origins of a Musical Category
Authors: Friedmann Jonathan L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Recent scholarship argues that Abraham Z. Idelsohn coined the term ‘Missinai tune’ in studies published during the 1920s and 1930s. This article refutes that claim by revisiting Idelsohn’s research, evaluating the critiques, examining earlier evidence, and comparing Missinai tunes to other venerated groupings of synagogue song.
Did Pharaoh Repent? On the Development and Transformation of an Aggadic Motif
Authors: Atzmon Arnon 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article focuses on the shifts in the portrayal of Pharaoh in aggadic midrashic compositions, mostly those connected with Exodus 13:17. Tannaitic Midrashim from the Roman period create the motif of “Pharaoh’s repentance.” Aggadic Midrashim from the Byzantine period reject, in turn, this motif. At the end of the Byzantine period, perhaps influenced by the Islamic reading of the biblical Pharaoh, the motif of “Pharaoh’s repentance” returns to the fore and even enjoys some literary development. The dynamic changes that these interpretations underwent reflect shifts in the internal spiritual life of the sages and in their interchanges with the surrounding cultures.
Erasmus and His Amanuenses
Authors: Blair Ann 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This Margaret Mann Phillips lecture of 2018 examines Erasmus’s relationships with his amanuenses, building on the work of Franz Bierlaire (1968) and others. It especially considers when and why members of Erasmus’s familia appeared in print in his works. Mention of servants functioned in a variety of ways to allay the author’s responsibility for features of the text that might be criticized. Manuscript evidence also shows Erasmus working with his amanuenses in the preparation of publications and indexes in particular.
Speaking figuratively
Authors: O’Shields Kathryn 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article addresses two forms of artful language: similes and metaphors. It argues that their artful quality arises from a deliberate omission of information, requiring the listener to fill in the missing parts. Sentences of the form ‘A is like B’ have two uses: as plain comparisons (called similatives) stating that two individuals (item A and item B) are comparable and share properties, and as similes, which are intended as assertions that A is “B-like” in some way. The simile’s absent information is tacit assumptions about its second member, B. As a result, similatives and similes behave differently and have distinct syntactic interpretations. The absent information in a metaphor of the form ‘A is a B’ is a tacit analogy, A:X::B:Y. As such, a metaphor asserts a parallel between two unstated relations, not its two identified items. The tacit members X and Y create the structural framework for the metaphor. Because metaphors use different tacit information than similes do, the two forms require distinct interpretations. It is also shown here that the literal truth of similes and metaphors is irrelevant to their interpretations. Nevertheless, artful statements can be used to make true or false assertions. Their truth is determined by taking their absent information into account. Furthermore, similes and metaphors can meaningfully use negation, as plain statements can. Patterns in simile and metaphor usage reveal that there are predictable processes behind their creation and systematic methods to their interpretations. Once these are identified, the linguistic contributions of similes and metaphors become clear.
Invited presuppositions and the pragmatics of trick questions
Authors: Lotze Nathaniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Trick questions are a subgenre of puzzles that have undergone little, if any, semantic-pragmatic study, in part because they are often conflated with riddles. While they do share some mechanisms with riddles, they lean much more heavily on pragmatic mechanisms, and how they make use of them is quite different. This paper focuses on three types of invited presuppositions (box, red herring, and rug) that add more weight to the theory that presuppositions are best suited to pragmatic analysis. The lingering question is whether these three types are more or less comprehensive, or if other types might be distilled from other trick questions.
Brand(ing) Independence
Authors: Michael Rose 
Published: March 2019

Background: There has been little formal reflection by independent publishing practitioners on how they (do or don’t) capitalize on their brand or imprints.
Aim: To discuss the unique opportunities presented by a small press’s ‘small’ identity.
Method: To document my own experience—as commissioning editor for a trade press, after co-founding a tiny start-up—in the broader context of industry knowledge acquired as editor of the Australian national trade press journal and a publishing academic.
Results: Through the creative writing of a personal opinion piece, I explore how our ad hoc personality-driven small press network may be particularly well primed to respond to challenging—and changing—circumstances.
Conclusion: That it is the nature of independent publishers, whether commercial ventures or micropresses, to be agile and adaptable; to respond intuitively to perceived opportunities; to connect directly with reading communities. That it may also be in the nature of an industry that proudly identifies and markets itself as individualistic and personality driven to not necessarily identify and articulate any such specific strategies … or, indeed, maintain them.
A Guide to Mandarin, in Manchu: on a Partial Translation of Guanhua zhinan (1882) and Its Historical Context
Authors: Söderblom Saarela Mårten 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper describes and contextualizes Guwan hûwa jy nan, a partial Manchu translation, hitherto unidentified as such, of a Japanese-authored Mandarin primer —Guanhua zhinan—from 1882. In so doing, the paper will highlight certain characteristics of the language primer in Northeast Asia and their consequences for our conceptualization of Mandarin Chinese as China’s national language.
East Asian primers in dialogue form moved between communities of readers and even languages with remarkable ease. Not only did the same Chinese texts reach places far apart, they were also adapted for the teaching of languages entirely different from those of their original composition. The Manchu translation of the Japanese Mandarin primer is one example of this phenomenon. It represents the confluence of a pedagogical tradition of teaching the Qing dynastic language and a growing foreign interest in Beijing Chinese, manifest here through the text’s origin in the Meiji government’s interpreter corps.
Contested Stance Practices in Secular Yiddish Metalinguistic Communities: Negotiating Closeness and Distance
Authors: Avineri Netta 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This ethnographic research examines language socialization practices and language ideologies in secular Yiddish “metalinguistic communities,” communities of positioned social actors shaped by practices that view language as an object. “Metalinguistic community” is a framework for diverse participants who can experience both distance from and closeness to the language and its speakers, due to historical, personal, and/or communal circumstances. Through an examination of classroom interactions in California, this article shows how simultaneous distancing and closeness experienced by metalinguistic community members can manifest in “contested stance practices,” public demonstrations of language ideologies that reveal both internal and external tensions. Contested stance practices reveal how members’ perceptions of language are shaped by their personal histories and those of their imagined communities; these practices become a fertile means through which individuals negotiate their relationships with language as a symbol of identity, ideology, and community.
New Notes on the Rise-Fall Contour
Authors: Burdin Rachel Steindel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study examines the production and use of the rise-fall contour by three Yiddish/English bilinguals in a small American Jewish community. Acoustic analysis shows that the Yiddish rise-falls have higher peaks, larger rise spans, and later Tonal Centers of Gravity compared to a similar intonational contour in English. These results hold for all three speakers despite their diverse linguistic histories. Additionally, evidence is provided that rise-falls with higher peaks have social meaning in both languages. English rise-falls are produced with higher peaks during meetings of a local Yiddish club than during one-on-one interviews, and rise-falls with high peaks are used in both Yiddish and English during an exchange in which one of the speakers discusses his relationship to Passover. The social meaning of the phonetically extreme rise-falls is posited to be the reason why all three speakers have either successfully acquired or maintained phonetic distinctiveness between their English and Yiddish.
Cosmopolitanism, Literary Nationalisms and Linguistic Activism
Authors: Bourlet Mélanie 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between cosmopolitanism and nationalism through the example of a transnational literature written in an African language, Pulaar, considered from a multi-located perspective. It seeks to understand to what extent a linguistically based transnational literary nationalism may be considered a form of “bottom-up cosmopolitanism” (Appadurai) that carries social aspirations. In the context of globalization, movements of linguistic revitalisation continue to grow and language has become a veritable tool for social action. This essay argues that, from a methodological standpoint, a more focused attention to the local and to translocal ties allows us to bring to light the connectivity of literature and its tendency to challenge institutionalized global literary geographies.
Where to Find Indian Menocchios?
Authors: Orsini Francesca 
Published: March 2019

AbtractIf we agree with the basic assumption that ordinary people and not only “professional” intellectuals have thought and discussed ideas and produced and exchanged knowledge, where in South Asian archives can we find examples of non-elite figures and their discourses like the sixteenth-century miller Menocchio, immortalised by Carlo Ginzburg in The Cheese and the Worms? If we want to look beyond the high languages of Persian, Sanskrit, and Tamil, with their established protocols and vocabularies of knowledge, where do we look, and what and who are we likely to find? Should we look only at individual “great thinkers,” systematic philosophies or genres that are recognizable as “philosophy” or as śāstra? Or, for Indian as for African languages, should we look for ideas in the languages themselves and in genres in which ideas have been discussed, be they proverbs (as repositories of received, often contrasting, ideas), or song-poems, sermons, anecdotes, fictional narratives, letters, records of conversations like Sufi malfūẓāt, and so on—whether “philosophical ideas” are expressed explicitly or are implicit in their arrangement? This essay offers four initial suggestions about what the appropriate and available genres for an intellectual history in Indian languages may be.
The lichen family Teloschistaceae in the Altai-Sayan region (Central Asia)
Authors: VONDRÁK JAN , FROLOV IVAN , DAVYDOV EVGENY A. , YAKOVCHENKO LIDIA , MALÍČEK JIŘÍ , SVOBODA STANISLAV , KUBÁSEK JIŘÍ 
Published: March 2019

Within the Altai-Sayan region, we identified 103 species of Teloschistaceae from 1193 field records supported by herbarium vouchers. The recorded species belong to the subfamilies Xanthorioideae (46 species in 14 genera) and Caloplacoideae (57 species in 17 genera); Teloschistoideae is absent. We divided the 194 surveyed localities into four categories: arid alpine, arid non-alpine, humid alpine, humid non-alpine. Each category has a specific lichen composition and a typical combination of traits. Humid non-alpine localities are mostly inhabited by broadly distributed boreal-montane species; humid alpine sites by arctic-alpine lichens; arid non-alpine habitats are preferred by xerophilous Eurasian species and arid alpine sites by xerophilous Central Asian species with (presumably) large geographic ranges in dry continental Asia. Some arid alpine species have a thick crustose thallus with a very thick medulla and cortex; this morphological trait is confined to the Central Asian group of lichens and is absent from other climatic regions, such as arctic, boreal or oceanic Eurasia. We compared species diversity in the Altai-Sayan region with the Alps. Both regions differ in species and generic composition and the richness is higher in the latter. Taxonomy: Caloplaca fluviatilis is newly described. New combinations are Pachypeltis insularis, P. pachythallina, P. phoenicopta and Variospora sororicida. Two of Magnusson’s names are newly synonymized: Caloplaca infestans with Pachypeltis intrudens and Caloplaca kansuensis with C. bicolor. In addition to 22 known genera, we define, provisionally, 9 groups of species that may merit recognition as genera. Caloplaca epithallina is provisionally placed in Shackletonia, but we do not formally publish a new combination. Lichenicolous Pachypeltis phoenicopta and Variospora sororicida are less host-specific than originally thought. Floristics: Caloplaca pratensis is new to Eurasia, Caloplaca helygeoides (= C. diphyodes auct.), C. monacensis and C. soralifera are new to Asia. 12 species are new to Russia, 9 new to Siberia, 9 new to China, 2 new to Kazakhstan, and 2 new to Xinjiang. Outside the studied region Pachypeltis phoenicopta is new to Europe (Spain, Sierra Nevada) and we report the first reliable record of Pachypeltis insularis from Greece (Mt Olympus).
A taxonomically significant polymorphism in Leucochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Nomenclature, larval and adult descriptions, and biological notes
Authors: TAUBER CATHERINE A. , MANTOANELLI EUZILENI , ALBUQUERQUE GILBERTO S. , REGUILÓN CARMEN , OLAZO ENRIQUE GONZÁLEZ , TAUBER MAURICE J. 
Published: March 2019

Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) loretana Navás, 1935, a species described from Argentina, was discovered to have a geographically variable polymorphism, with two forms of adult coloration. One of the morphs (the “brown-spotted” morph) is indistiguishable from the widespread species Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) longicornis (G. Gray in Cuvier, 1832) and the second morph (the “white-spotted” morph) is identical to another Argentinian species, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) boxi Navás, 1930. These observations generated a number of nomenclatural changes: (1) The oldest of the three names, L. (L.) longicornis (= Hemerobius longicornis), is a secondary homonym of a Linnaean species described in 1764 and therefore is unavailable for Gray’s species. (2) Thus, by priority, L. (L.) boxi becomes the valid name for the polymorphic species. (3) Leucochrysa (L.) loretana becomes a synonym of L. (L.) boxi. (4) The above three names are stabilized by the designation of primary types for each of the species, and by other nomenclatural actions. Specifically, (a) a lectotype is designated for Hemerobius longicornis G. Gray and, as First Revisers, we selected the species name from among two that were published in the original description; (b) a lectotype is designated for Leucochrysa boxi Navás; and (c) a neotype is designated for Leucochrysa loretana Navás. Finally, the L. (L.) boxi adult is redescribed (both morphs, as well as the male and female genitalia); the larvae (all instars) are described; and aspects of the biology of the species (geographic variation in the polymorphism and a new record of ectoparasitism) are presented.
On the composite nature of the holotype of Loxodontomys pikumche Spotorno et al., 1998 (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae)
Authors: TETA PABLO , PARDIÑAS ULYSES F. J. , D’ELÍA GUILLERMO 
Published: March 2019

Central Chilean populations of the mouse Loxodontomys Osgood were traditionally (e.g., Pine et al., 1979) included as part of the single species recognized in the genus, L. micropus (Waterhouse). Later, Spotorno et al. (1998) considered that they belong to an up to then undescribed species for which they coined the name L. pikumche. This taxon, with type locality in “... Cajón del Río Maipo, sector Cruz de Piedra (34º 10’ S 69º 58’ W, 2.450 msnm), a 55 km S de la Central Hidroeléctrica de Las Melosas... en la Cordillera de la Región Metropolitana” is characterized by a 2n = 32 (NF = 34) and some subtle morphological differences with L. micropus (that, in turn, has a 2n = 34, NF = 36; Spotorno et al., 1998; Teta et al., 2009). More recently, Novillo et al. (2009) reported the first record of L. pikumche in the Argentinean province of Mendoza and added some putative morphological differences with L. micropus to those previously listed by Spotorno et al. (1998). As discussed by Cañon et al. (2010), the morphological characters documented as differences by Novillo et al. (2009) have some degree of variation within populations of L. micropus s.s. (e.g., zygomatic plate morphology, lateral profile of nasals, development of posterior palate process; see Hershkovitz, 1962; Steppan, 1995) or were based on misinterpretation of some features (e.g., both specimens studied by Novillo et al. [2009] has posteriorly divergent toothrows, and not only that of micropus). Indeed, the distinction of L. pikumche was recently put in interdict by Cañon et al. (2010) on the base of molecular and morphological evidence. These authors remarked that several putative diagnostic characters (e.g., molar root numbers, incisor orientation, shape of upper incisor dentine fissure) vary within and among populations of L. micropus s.s. Further, Cañon et al. (2010) suggested that L. pikumche may be a junior synomyn of L. m. alsus (Thomas, 1919).
The European 2016/17 Drought
Authors: García-Herrera Ricardo , Garrido-Perez Jose M. , Barriopedro David , Ordóñez Carlos , Vicente-Serrano Sergio M. , Nieto Raquel , Gimeno Luis , Sorí Rogert , Yiou Pascal 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe have analyzed the record-breaking drought that affected western and central Europe from July 2016 to June 2017. It caused widespread impacts on water supplies, agriculture, and hydroelectric power production, and was associated with forest fires in Iberia. Unlike common continental-scale droughts, this event displayed a highly unusual spatial pattern affecting both northern and southern European regions. Drought conditions were observed over 90% of central-western Europe, hitting record-breaking values (with respect to 1979–2017) in 25% of the area. Therefore, the event can be considered as the most severe European drought at the continental scale since at least 1979. The main dynamical forcing of the drought was the consecutive occurrence of blocking and subtropical ridges, sometimes displaced from their typical locations. This led to latitudinal shifts of the jet stream and record-breaking positive geopotential height anomalies over most of the continent. The reduction in moisture transport from the Atlantic was relevant in the northern part of the region, where decreased precipitation and increased sunshine duration were the main contributors to the drought. On the other hand, thermodynamic processes, mostly associated with high temperatures and the resulting increase in atmospheric evaporative demand, were more important in the south. Finally, using flow circulation analogs we show that this drought was more severe than it would have been in the early past.
Comparing the Assimilation of Radar Reflectivity Using the Direct GSI-Based Ensemble–Variational (EnVar) and Indirect Cloud Analysis Methods in Convection-Allowing Forecasts over the Continental United States
Authors: Duda Jeffrey D. , Wang Xuguang , Wang Yongming , Carley Jacob R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Two methods for assimilating radar reflectivity into deterministic convection-allowing forecasts were compared: an operationally used, computationally less expensive cloud analysis (CA) scheme and a relatively more expensive, but rigorous, ensemble Kalman filter–variational hybrid method (EnVar). These methods were implemented in the Nonhydrostatic Multiscale Model on the B-grid and were tested on 10 cases featuring high-impact deep convective storms and heavy precipitation. A variety of traditional, neighborhood-based, and features-based verification metrics support that the EnVar produced superior free forecasts compared to the CA procedure, with statistically significant differences extending up to 9 h into the forecast. Despite being inferior, the CA scheme was able to provide benefit compared to not assimilating radar reflectivity at all, but limited to the first few forecast hours. While the EnVar is able to partially suppress spurious convection by assimilating 0-dBZ reflectivity observations directly, the CA is not designed to reduce or remove hydrometeors. As a result, the CA struggles more with suppression of spurious convection in the first-guess field, which resulted in high-frequency biases and poor forecast evolution, as illustrated in a few case studies. Additionally, while the EnVar uses flow-dependent ensemble covariances to update hydrometers, thermodynamic, and dynamic variables simultaneously when the reflectivity is assimilated, the CA relies on a radar reflectivity-derived latent heating rate that is applied during a separate digital filter initialization (DFI) procedure to introduce deep convective storms into the model, and the results of CA are shown to be sensitive to the window length used in the DFI.