bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRUDE-OIL CHARACTERIZATION AT CAILLOU ISLAND, LOUISIANA BY “GENERIC” HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Price Leigh C. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Twenty-three oils from the Caillou Island field, Louisiana, and ten unrelated oils from widely-scattered, North American localities were characterized by gas chromatography. The Caillou Island oils ranged in depth from 2,617-6,060 m (8,398-19,444 ft), in gravity from 0.758-0.889 g/cc (52.8-27.6° API), had widely variable physical characteristics ranging from black oil to straw yellow condensate-like oil, and exhibited no correlation of physical properties versus depth. Oils were compared by measuring relative peak heights of selected aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons (HCs) in the n-C8 to n-C21 range. (The n-paraffins had been removed from the saturated HCs by molecular sieve.) The measured relative peak heights were summed over carbon-number intervals of 2 to 7.5, normalized by percentage to each other, and plotted. In spite of this relatively unsophisticated manual technique, the relatively inefficient gaschromatographic column (1.8 m × 2 mm packed column 3% GC SE-30 on 100-200 mesh Gas Chrom Q) which was employed, and the highly variable physical characteristics of the Caillou Island oils, these oils, by the resultant plots, obviously belonged to one family, and therefore, presumably, had a common source. With one exception (Lake Barre field, 3.2 km (2 mi) north of Caillou Island), the other ten oils, by these plots, exhibited no correlation to the Caillou Island oils, or to each other. These results were confirmed by C4-C7 HC analyses.
Although biomarker-classed C13-C21 isoprenoid HCs were used in some of these plots, in other plots, “generic” iso-cyclic saturated, and aromatic HCs were also used, HCs which are not considered to be biomarker-classed HCs. These “generic” HCs, present in oils in concentrations second only to the n-paraffins and in concentrations much higher than conventional iso-cyclic biomarkers, may, because of their higher concentrations, give a broader-based sampling and characterization of oils than do such biomarkers.
Episodic Nature of Holocene Sea Level Rise and The Evolution of Galveston Bay
Authors: Anderson John B. , Siringan Fernando P. , Smyth Wendy C. , Thomas Mark A. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
The sediments that now fill the incised Trinity River Valley record the evolution of the Galveston Bay estuary during the last transgression. High resolution seismic data and sediment cores have been used to study this record. The most significant outcome of this study is the observation that dramatic landward shifts in the position of the estuary occurred on several occasions in response to rapid sea-level rises. These shifts caused complete reorganization of the bay environments. If glaciologists are correct in their predictions, mass wasting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will cause another catastrophic change in coastal and estuary evolution within the next millennium.
HOLOCENE DEVELOPMENT OF SHELF-PHASE MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA PLAINS
Authors: Penland Shea , McBride Randolph A. , Suter John R. , Boyd Ron , Williams S. Jeffress 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Early delta plain scientists emphasized the concept of the Mississippi River building a single delta plain at the end of the Holocene transgression beginning about 3000-4000 yBP Their work suggests that during the Holocene transgression the rate of relative sea level rise was sufficient enough to prevent delta plain development and as a consequence, the Gulf of Mexico flooded the alluvial valley until the end of the Holocene transgression. Using new geophysical, geotechnical, and radiometric techniques, recent geologic studies of the Mississippi River delta plain and continental shelf reveal the occurrence of several relative sea level stillstands during the last stages of the Holocene transgression. Three shelf-phase delta plains have been identified to date, each separated by a regional transgressive surface of erosion produced by a rise in relative sea level. Sequence stratigraphic relationships suggest that whenever relative sea level rise rates exceed 2 cm/yr for several centuries, the delta cycle process of the Mississippi River stops, and the shelf-phase delta plain undergoes regional submergence and transgression. In contrast, it appears that whenever relative sea level rise rates drop below 2 cm/yr, the delta cycle process operates building a new shelf-phase delta plain.
BEACH REPLENISHMENT ON GULF OF MEXICO SHORELINES
Authors: Pilkey Orrin H. , Dixon Kathie 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Thirty-five Gulf of Mexico replenished beaches (over 100 pumpings) furnish the basis for this report of the beach replenishment experience through 1988 in the Gulf of Mexico. Beach replenishment along the Gulf shoreline has been sporadic in both application and maintenance. The primary reasons for this appear to be availability of funds and the willingness of communities to meet federal requirements. In at least one case, South Seas Plantation, Florida, the delays associated with the federal funding process led the community to fund their own project. One of the most successful (measured in terms of project lifetime) open ocean shoreline projects is South Seas Plantation, Florida. Among the least successful open ocean projects are Upham Beach, Florida and Grand Isle, Louisiana. Fill densities on the Gulf range from seven to 1,000 m3/m. Projects carried out on the open ocean coast range in length from one to seven kilometers. Since monitoring of replenished beaches is rarely carried out, data are sketchy on the validity of engineering design parameters. Of the beach design parameters investigated including project dimensions, fill grain size, proximity of structures, wave height, and storm frequency, none seem to be of overriding importance in determining beach durability; although beach length and storm history clearly play a role.
DEFINING THE BASINWARD LIMITS OF SALT DEPOSITION, NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: FIDUK J.C. , MCBRIDE B.C. , WEIMER P. , ROWAN M.G. , TRUDGILL B.D. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTFrom widely spaced locations across the northern Gulf of Mexico, seismic reflection data suggest the presence of salt at great depth basinward (south) of the Sigsbee Escarpment. Seismic data from east Alaminos Canyon, central Walker Ridge, and easternmost Atwater Valley display strikingly similar reflection character and geometries in the interval between 7.5 seconds and 10.5 seconds of two-way travel time (TWTT). The salt interval lies between the Middle Cretaceous Sequence Boundary (MCSB) and interpreted basement. Above basement and below the base of autochthonous salt is interpreted an interval of variable thickness, composed of synrift and/or early postrift sediments.The interpreted salt interval is wedge-shaped and pinches out in a basinward direction. The top of the wedge is undulatory while the wedge base appears relatively flat. Flat lying reflections onlap the wedge from a basinward direction. Other onlapping reflections infill the area between undulations on the wedge surface. Internally, mounded seismic character is observed beneath undulation crests, while a more chaotic reflection character is observed between crests, but between lines reflection character is variable. Clear internal reflection terminations are seen downlapping against the base of the wedge as the wedge pinches out basinward. Undulations in the salt wedge’s upper surface are thought to reflect early salt pillow or salt roller development. Salt within the identified interval and possessing the described reflection character and geometry may represent the basinward depositional limit of deformed autochthonous salt. This depositional limit is thought to lie close to the oceanic-extended continental crust boundary.Similar wedge-shaped structures within this time interval have not been observed south of the Sigsbee Escarpment in Keathley Canyon or western Walker Ridge. The structures may not exist in this area, may be obscure because of poor/sparse data, or existing structures may have already been overridden by the allochthonous salt.
ECONOMIC SUBSALT EXPLORATION IN THE GULF OF MEXICO: PRESENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
Authors: FOX JAMES F. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Interest in the hydrocarbon potential of the subsalt play in the Gulf of Mexico has continued to grow over the last decade, especially now that the play has produced economic results. The emphasis on economics is crucial. The rapid evolution of ideas on the interaction of sedimentation, salt, and hydrocarbons has been driven by the fact that the oil industry believes that it can make money and generate value for its shareholders, and therefore is willing to invest in research and technical work to support the play.
High drilling costs and a lack of consistent success in finding world-class reserves are two main factors that are generating doubt as to the continued economic viability of the play. However, the industry as a whole must still believe that the future rewards are worth the current investment. Activity at the recent lease sales has been high, and numerous subsalt wells continue to be drilled each year.
Continued success in the short-term will be necessary to maintain the high level of funding for both operations and research. The challenge facing geoscientists is to reduce the exploration risk and attendant high costs by gaining a better understanding of the relationship between salt, sediment, and hydrocarbons.
TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SALT-RELATED OVERBURDEN STRUCTURES IN THE SOUTHERN NORTH SEA BASIN, U.K.
Authors: HOOPER ROBERT J. , COLLERAN JOHN , GUNN CAROL 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
The present-day structural configuration of the Mesozoic and younger section in the Southern North Sea (SNS) Basin results from the complex interaction between extension, salt tectonics, inversion, and subsidence, that began in the late Triassic and continued well into the Tertiary. Interpretation of high-resolution 3D seismic data, combined with 2D cross-section restorations and the new insights into salt tectonics derived from scaled analog- and numerical-model experiments, has prompted a reevaluation of the development of salt-related structures in the basin. Several key aspects of the developmental history can be well explained using the concepts derived from experimental data notably diapiric rise and fall and inversion-related diapiric rejuvenation.
A wide variety of salt-related structures occurs in the SNS Basin, including graben-diapir systems, salt-walls, and salt swells and troughs. These structures, though physically very different, have similar development histories. Salt-related overburden structures in the basin are considered to result from thin-skinned gravity-driven deformation that was responsible for triggering and controlling graben and diapir growth, and for the selective later inversion of some diapirs. Additional structures were created by bending and vertical movements associated with extensionally-driven diapiric collapse. The development of structures in the overburden was not driven by salt movement; salt structures developed as a simple “reaction” to the thin-skinned extension and subsequent contraction of the overburden.
SALT TECTONICS STRUCTURAL STYLES: CONTRASTS AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: MOHRIAK WEBSTER UEIPASS 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe tectonic evolution of the South Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico salt basins are associated with rupture of Gondwana and the emplacement of oceanic crust in different chronological and geological settings. Salt basins developed diachronously from the Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, subsequent to an intracontinental rift phase, and were deformed by several tectono-sedimentary episodes in the geologic history, which are responsible for their contrasting halokinetic structural styles. Mechanisms of convergent and divergent radial flow may explain some of the differences between compressional and extensional regimes, but the stratigraphic framework, associated with changing environments of deposition and different episodes of sediment input, controls the formation of extensional and compressional structures, salt mounds, salt diapirs, and salt tongues in different compartments along the sedimentary basins.Allochthonous salt tongues, which have been thoroughly studied in the Gulf of Mexico, are not so spectacularly developed in the South Atlantic, but some deep water structures bear some resemblance to the Sigsbee Scarp. Fold belts associated with proximal extensional regimes giving way to distal compressional regimes have been identified both in the Gulf of Mexico and in the South Atlantic. The occurrence of systematic arrays of counter-regional (landward-dipping) normal faults has been documented both in the Gulf of Mexico and in the South Atlantic. In the deep water province of the Cabo Frio region, this style of salt tectonics resulted in well-developed antithetic faults responsible for large stratigraphic gaps along the salt weld. Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous autochthonous halokinetic structures, which are often masked by the phenomenal Miocene-Pleistocene progradation that originated salt tongues and other allochthonous structures, can also be visualized in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.Deep seismic reflection profiles have characterized some enigmatic features offshore the northeastern Brazilian margin.Some of these structures show a moundlike geometry and overlie the rift-drift regional unconformity. Multiple interpretations have been proposed, including tilted rift blocks, reefs, basement highs, volcanic plugs, and even processing artifacts. Some of these features seem to be associated with magmatic activity during the emplacement of oceanic crust, and others occur along fracture zones. On the other hand, some structures show striking evidence of salt tectonics. These features, when analyzed within a basinwide context, have important geologic significance and possible deep-water exploratory plays. Similar structures may be interpreted in the Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, and along the eastern margin of North America.
GEOLOGIC CONTROLS ON STYLE OF SALT PIERCEMENTS IN THE PRICASPIAN BASIN, KAZAKHSTAN: CONTRASTS WITH THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: SCHAMEL STEVEN , PILIFOSSOV VICTOR M. , VOTSALEVSKY EDGAR S. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe Pricaspian basin at the close of the Paleozoic was a silled, remnant ocean basin about a fourth the areal size of the Gulf of Mexico, but about as deep. In mid-Permian time this basin filled with up to 4.5 km thick succession of evaporites, mainly salt. The evaporites were followed immediately by nearly complete infilling of the basin by Upper Permian-Triassic coarse clastics derived from the southern Urals and other active orogens marginal to the basin. The volume of post-Triassic sediments has decreased through time as the depocenter shifted to the northwest margin of the basin.The thick original accumulation of salt followed by rapid, and early, nearly complete, infilling of the basin has favored development of massive, uniformly spaced salt stocks and massifs with minor overhangs. Vertical migration of the salt dominates. Allochthonous salt sheets, common piercement structures in the Gulf of Mexico, are not recognized.
FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE LOWER OLIGOCENE T1 SANDSTONE (CARBONERA FORMATION), APIAY FIELD, LLANOS BASIN, COLOMBIA
Authors: MALAGON CLAUDIA , WEIMER PAUL , KRAUS MARY J. , PULHAM ANDREW J. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
The Apiay field is located in the southwestern part of the Llanos Basin, Colombia. The main Apiay reservoirs are in Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Campanian) sandstones. Within the lower Tertiary strata (lower Oligocene), a secondary gas/ condensate reservoir occurs in the lowermost sandstones of the Carbonera Formation, informally named the “T1 sandstone.”
The T1 sandstone is sandstone-rich across the central part of the field and more mud-rich to the west, and is interpreted as representing the fill of a paleovalley. It comprises dominantly marginal marine strata deposited under brackish water conditions, as indicated by a detailed facies analysis, the trace fossil assemblages, and biostratigraphic data.
Lithofacies descriptions recognize the following depositional history within the valley (from bottom to top): a thin interval of fine-grained fluvial sandstone, which rests unconformably over black, shallow marine shales. These fluvial deposits are confined to the deepest part of the paleovalley and have a restricted distribution within the field. There is an abrupt transition upward into marginal marine, brackish deposits composed of medium-grained sandstones, that represent mainly intertidal sandstone bars. The upward change from fluvial deposition to marginal marine is interpreted to reflect an overall transgression during filling of the paleovalley. Marginal marine deposits are volumetrically the most important within the T1 sandstone reservoir.
The T1 sandstone can be divided into two flow units. Flow unit 1 shows poor reservoir quality (porosity 17%, permeability of 146 md); flow unit 2 shows good reservoir quality (porosities 14.5%-15.6%, permeabilities 309-397 md). A zone of lower porosity and permeability (13% and 197 md, respectively) was found within this flow unit.
RESERVOIR ARCHITECURE OF THE VLA-6/9/21 AREA, LAKE MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA
Authors: TREVIÑO RAMÓN H. , AMBROSE WILLIAM A. , GUEVARA EDGAR H. , AKHTER M. SALEEM , RAEUCHLE SANDRA K. , MUÑOZ PEDRO , MEDINA MILEIDA , AGOSTINI NÉLIDA , LEÓN ALFREDO , PARRA NESTOR , DELGADO ISMAEL 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Reservoir sandstone geometry of tide-dominated depositional sequences in the Lower Misoa Formation (lower Eocene), together with multiple northwest-trending normal faults, exerts a strong influence on fluid distribution and poorly swept areas in the VLA-6/9/21 Area in north-central Lake Maracaibo. An integrated reservoir-characterization study by the Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG) and Maraven, S. A., identifies depositional and structural controls on bypassed oil in poorly swept areas adjacent to elongate pathways of water encroachment along depositional axes within sparsely drilled, fault-bounded compartments.
The upper C6 to C3 Members consist of multiple tide-dominated depositional sequences, 30.5 to 91.5 m (100 to 300 ft) thick, bounded below by tidal-ravinement surfaces and capped by flooding surfaces. Each sequence contains multiple parasequences composed of 50- to 100-ft (15.2- to 30.5-m), predominantly upward coarsening, pervasively burrowed sandstones, eroded by cross bedded sandstones. Limited accommodation space resulted in tidal ravinement and erosion of older genetic stratigraphic units. Detailed depositional modeling of these depositional sequences provides a framework for understanding and predicting reservoir drainage patterns and distribution of remaining oil.
L’INTERFACE COMMERCE-CULTURE ET LA QUESTION DU RÈGLEMENT DES DIFFÉRENDS
Authors: Gagné Gilbert 
Published: October 2019

Le traitement des biens et services culturels relève, en droit international, à la fois de l’OMC et de l’UNESCO et pose donc la question des liens entre les dispositions de chaque régime, particulièrement en ce qui touche au règlement des différends. Une jurisprudence en matière de produits culturels devrait émaner du mécanisme de règlement des différends prévu par la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles afin d’assurer que cette jurisprudence repose sur des considérations culturelles. Cependant, dans la mesure où le mécanisme de règlement des différends de l’OMC est de loin le plus élaboré et le plus utilisé, c’est ce dernier qui risque de développer une telle jurisprudence. Pour autant que la Convention reflète un consensus international quant au traitement des produits culturels, cette dernière pourrait influencer les conclusions des instances de règlement des différends à l’OMC.
La sociologie de l’éducation au Québec : entre discipline et spécialité
Authors: Doray Pierre , Groleau Amélie 
Published: October 2019

Il y a plus de cinquante ans maintenant, le Québec était traversé par de grandes réformes du système éducatif au cours de la Révolution tranquille. Les sociologues ont non seulement pris part aux changements, ils en ont également examiné les effets, critiqué les manques, documenté les solutions alternatives, etc. Ce faisant, ils ont participé à la formalisation de la sociologie de l’éducation québécoise. Cet article traite de l’évolution de cette spécialité au Québec au cours des dernières décennies. Prenant appui sur le concept d’institutionnalisation des disciplines scientifiques, il examine l’émergence de la sociologie de l’éducation sur le plan social et intellectuel en lien avec le contexte politique et social québécois. Quelles furent les étapes de sa structuration ? Quels furent les moments forts et les grands thèmes étudiés ? Quelle est la place de la sociologie de l’éducation au Québec en sociologie et en éducation à l’heure actuelle ? Il ressort de cet état des lieux que malgré une influence marquante au cours des années 1970, le poids formel de la sociologie de l’éducation est aujourd’hui relativement faible tant par rapport aux sciences de l’éducation qu’à la sociologie en général. Toutefois, cette spécialité demeurerait pertinente en raison de l’arrimage entre sa production scientifique et les changements sociaux et politiques dans le champ de l’éducation.
Ginger Nectar Formulation Based on Oleoresin Using a Central Composite Design
Authors: Sidibe Daouda , Coulibaly Adama , Nyamien Yves , Oguielou Blé Loui , Konan Ysidor N’guessan , Marius Biego Godi Henri 
Published: October 2019

Aims : This study aims to determine the organoleptic characteristics of different formulations nectars elaborated with ginger oleoresin.
Study Design : Ginger nectars were formulated, using a composite central plan, from oleoresin or ginger rhizome, lemon juice and sugar. Then, they were subjected to sensory analyzes.
Place and Duration of Study : The study was conducted, between November and December 2017, at the Biochemistry and Food Sciences Laboratory of the Félix Houphouët-boigny University.
Methodology : Seventeen (17) nectars formulas were established by considering varying amounts of three ingredients: oleoresin (X1), sugar (X2) and lemon juice (X3) according to a composite experimental plan. The acceptance of these nectar formulas with consumers has been estimated. The intensities of perception of their color, texture and flavor were also evaluated relative to the artisanal nectar of ginger taken as a control. The sensory evaluation was carried out by panels of tasters.
Results : The hedonic analysis indicates that in addition to the control Ft accepted at 91.43% by the tasters, the formulations F2; F8; F12; F13 and F14 are preferred in proportions ranging from 57.14% to 77.15%. The intensities of the organoleptic characteristics of these nectars are translated by sensory profiles. The formulations F2; F8; F12; F13 and F14 are yellow while the control is brown. As regards the texture, the control has a turbidity more pronounced than the formulations. While the intensities of the fluidity and homogeneity are higher for formulations F2; F8; F12; F13 and F14 than the control. In addition, the control Ft appears sweeter and more acidic than the formulations. This character is also observed in the flavors of gnamankou and lemon.
Conclusion : The formulations F2; F8; F12; F13 and F14 close to the witness would be indicators for producers of ginger nectar.