bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of limestone filler and silica fume on rheology and strength of self‐compacting concrete
Authors: Benaicha Mouhcine , Belcaid Aicha , Alaoui Adil H. , Jalbaud Olivier , Burtschell Yves 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the manufacture of self‐compacting concrete (SCC), the replacement of a cement fraction by mineral additions is the most common method of the mix design in order to reduce the amount of cement for economic or environmental reasons. This study presents the effect of limestone filler and silica fume on the rheological and mechanical behavior of 13 types of self‐compacting concretes. Based on the rheology measurement such as slump flow diameter, V‐funnel flow time, yield stress, and plastic viscosity, and the mechanical tests such as the compressive strength and Young's modulus, our results show that it is possible, according to the type and dosage of mineral additions, to correlate the mechanical parameters and each of the used rheology tests.
External electric field effects on chemical structure and reactivity
Authors: Stuyver Thijs , Danovich David , Joy Jyothish , Shaik Sason 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn recent years, external electric fields (EEFs) have captured some spotlight as novel effectors of chemical change. EEFs directly impact the structure of molecular systems. For example, aligning an electric field along a specific bond‐axis leads to either shortening or elongation of the bond (and ultimately bond breaking). Furthermore, EEFs enable unprecedented control over chemical reactivity. Orienting an electric field along the so‐called “reaction‐axis,” the direction in which the electrons reorganize during the conversion from reactant to product, leads to catalysis or inhibition and can induce mechanistic crossover from concerted to stepwise reactions. Off‐reaction‐axis orientation enables control over the stereoselectivity of reactions and disables forbidden–orbital mixing. Two‐directional fields enable control over both reactivity and selectivity. In this advanced review, we offer an overview of this rapidly evolving research field with a focus on the valence bond modeling of EEF effects and the insight it offers. A wide variety of examples will be considered and a link to the experiment will be made throughout. We end by offering some perspectives in which we postulate that, as experimental techniques continue to mature, EEFs could potentially become a generally applicable “zapping” tool to facilitate elaborate chemical syntheses.This article is categorized under:Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
Analysis of the Thermomechanical Response of Structural Cables Subject to Fire
Authors: Kotsovinos Panagiotis , Atalioti Athina , McSwiney Neil , Lugaresi Francesca , Rein Guillermo , Sadowski Adam J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCable-supported structures such as bridges and stadia are critical for the surrounding community and the consequences arising from a major fire event can be substantial. Previous computational studies into the thermal response of cables often employed simplistic heat transfer models that assumed lump capacitance or cross-sectional homogeneity without proof of validity. This paper proposes a methodology for calculating the thermal response of a cable cross-section allowing for heat transfer by conduction through each strand contact surface and radiation across inter-strand cavities. The methodology has been validated against two experiments of cables subjected to radiant heating and an input sensitivity analysis has been undertaken for the heat transfer and material parameters. The approach is compared against simple heat transfer lumped methods for a parallel-strand cable where it is shown that these lumped models are not always conservative. The model is then coupled with a two-dimensional generalised plain strain model to study the likely effect of the cross-sectional temperature gradients on the mechanical response. The study considers three qualitatively different hydrocarbon jet fire scenarios, both with and without external insulation for fire protection. It is shown that the proposed methodology can reproduce realistic cross-sectional temperature distributions with up to 50% temperature difference at the cable external surface and can capture the phenomenon of load shedding in a gradually heated cable. It is also shown that assuming a lumped thermal mass neglects the possibility of moment-inducing temperature gradients which are not considered in the ambient design of cables that is driven by tensile capacities. The proposed model and its predictions contribute towards an improved understanding and a more informed structural design of cable-supported structures in fire.
BFA fuzzy logic based control allocation for fault-tolerant control of multirotor UAVs
Authors: Saied M. , Knaiber M. , Mazeh H. , Shraim H. , Francis C. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the problem of fault-tolerant control (FTC) for redundant multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) subject to actuators failures. A fuzzy logic approach is used to solve the constrained control allocation problem by adjusting the components of the multiplexing vector once a motor failure is detected. This fuzzy logic allocation problem is tuned using the Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA), a powerful bio-inspired optimisation technique. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated through real experimental application to a hexarotor UAV, where up to two motors failures are considered.
Social Movements and Constitutionalism in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Authors: BUI Ngoc Son 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article considers whether the academic inquiry of comparative constitutionalism in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan may be further developed by a full consideration of the relevance of social movements. Integrating social movement theories into comparative constitutional law, this article argues that a more nuanced positive account of the creation and consolidation of constitutionalism in these East Asian polities must be situated within the engagement of social movements in discursive venues for formal and informal constitutional change.
Medical Device Design Practitioner Strategies for Prototype-Centered Front-End Design Stakeholder Engagements in Low-Resource Settings
Authors: Coulentianos Marianna J. , Rodriguez-Calero Ilka , Daly Shanna R. , Burridge Jocelyn , Sienko Kathleen H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrototypes have the potential to provoke discussion and to encourage stakeholders to play an active role during design engagements in the front-end phases of a design process. However, detailed descriptions of stakeholder engagement strategies in front-end design are lacking. The aim of this research study was to understand how design practitioners prepare and manage stakeholders for engagements involving prototypes in the front-end phases of a medical device design process. Design practitioners at companies developing mechanical and electromechanical medical devices for use in low- and middle-income countries were interviewed following a semi-structured interview guide. Interview transcripts were analysed, and inductive codes were developed. The findings suggest that design practitioners manage the group composition of stakeholders, review the project and prototype(s) with stakeholders at the start of the engagement, and show the progress of prototypes to stakeholders over multiple engagements. These strategies shed light on the importance of handling interpersonal relationships during stakeholder engagement with prototypes.
Navigating Matters of Concern in Participatory Design
Authors: Brodersen Søsser , Pedersen Signe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAmong 75-90% of residents in Danish nursing homes are diagnosed with dementia. This article explore how a team of five 3rd semester bachelor's design students sought to improve quality of life for elderly people with dementia in a nursing home through a co-design process of a new sensory stimulation technology. Participatory Design researchers agree that it is important to involve diverse actors in the design process such as elderly with dementia, nursing home management, nursing staff etc. But when involving many different actors in designing new products, services and systems the challenge is to navigate the many perspectives and concerns of these actors, which is often conflicting and hence needs negotiating. ‘We draw upon the ANT framework to analyse how ‘matters of concern’ (MoCs) are negotiated and to discuss how designers navigate by staging and facilitating design interactions to support negotiation of MoCs among numerous actors during the design process.
Abductive Inferences in Strategic Design Decisions
Authors: Kroll Ehud , Koskela Lauri 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe overall strategy of designing is addressed. The design decisions that have a major impact on the direction in which the process evolves are termed “strategic”, and here we study them from the perspective of abduction. The aim is to clarify the role of abduction (in the sense of inference to the best explanation) in strategic decision making in design. Four cases are used for demonstration and discussion: functional decomposition in novel situations; the ordering of subfunctions in a function structure; the order of development of design tasks; and managing the design iterations. We focus on two specific design strategies: systematic design and parameter analysis, and show that strategic abductions often take place within the chosen strategy for the sake of efficiency of the process. Such abductions are often triggered by rules (like focusing first on the issue with greatest uncertainty in the total design task) that derive from Peirce's principle for economy of research. It is found that strategic abductions may have a decisive impact on the outcome of a design process. Two potential ways of improving design strategies and related strategic abductions are discussed.
An Introductory Review of Methods for the Articulation of Strategy in Design
Authors: Simeone Luca 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper presents an introductory review of methods to articulate strategy in design. Articulation is here seen as a process in which strategy is more or less strictly and explicitly identified and described, e.g. in relation to key ideas, directions to follow, goals and expected results. The paper surveys existing literature in design research and identifies two broad categories of methods for the articulation of strategy: (1) structured frameworks, and (2) vocabularies and principles.
Innovative Design in Factory - New Methods to Go from Closed to Expandable Prescriptions at the Shop Floor Level
Authors: Harlé Honorine , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoit , Hooge Sophie , Levillain Kevin , Bulin Guillaume , Menard Thierry 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the question of the design activity at the shop floor level. The design activity has been confined for a large part in the design and the methods office. However, a certain form of design adapted to the factory remains. It is necessary to solve the problems which appear during the manufacturing process and to improve the productivity. However another form of design can emerge; it has a stronger impact on the factory, since the rules of the manufacturing system are modified under its effect. The paper studies 21 cases of design in the Airbus factory at Saint-Nazaire. It shows that the design activity does exist at the shop floor level. It characterizes this activity distinguishing two types of design which can co-exist in a factory. It shows that the type of results reached is not the same according to the type of design implemented.
Design for Empathy: A Co-Design Case Study with the Finnish Parliament
Authors: Tuomala Enni-Kukka S E , Baxter Weston L 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGlobalisation and the mixing of people, cultures, religions and languages fuels pressing healthcare, educational, political and other complex sociocultural issues. Many of these issues are driven by society's struggle to find ways to facilitate deeper and more emotionally meaningful ways to help people connect and overcome the empathy gap which keeps various groups of people apart. This paper presents a process to design for empathy – as an outcome of design. This extends prior work which typically looks at empathy for design – as a part of the design process, as is common in inclusive design and human centered design process. We reflect on empathy in design and challenge the often internalised role of the designer to be more externalised, to shift from an empathiser to become an empathy generator. We develop and demonstrate the process to design for empathy through a co-creation case study aiming to bring empathy into politics. The ongoing project is set in the Parliament of Finland, and involves co- creation with six Members of the Parliament from five political parties. Outcomes of the process and case study are discussed, including design considerations for future research.
Role Model for Systems Engineering Application
Authors: Gräßler Iris , Oleff Christian , Hentze Julian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTwenty-three years ago, Sheard published a very well-known description of Systems Engineering roles. Each role represents and defines activities and tasks to be taken into account for performing Systems Engineering through the entire system life cycle. As today's more and more complex systems require different considerations and approaches, these activities and tasks have changed and thereby the description of the role model need to be updated. This work introduces the “Role Model for Systems Engineering Application”, which is adapted to today's circumstances, with the intention to give practitioners guidance in applying Systems Engineering. For this purpose, results from literature as well as from research projects and industrial applications experience were analyzed and combined to an updated role description.
A Comparison of Contemporary Prototyping Methods
Authors: Coutts Euan Ross , Wodehouse Andrew , Robertson Jason 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrototypes are a common feature of many product design and development endeavours. An ever widening range of prototyping options are available to designers and engineers. May particular options be superior to others, or more appropriate for particular endeavours? This paper reviews current literature on the nature of what constitutes a prototype and the benefits they offer to the discipline. They principally facilitate communication, aid learning, help gain and provide feedback, inform decision making and generally provide superior design outcomes. In order to determine if any particular manner of prototype is preferable for achieving these benefits a comparative study of some of the contemporary prototyping methods is subsequently conducted: A 3D printed prototype (physical prototype), a CAD prototype (represented using a computer monitor), an augmented reality prototype (represented using a tablet device) and a virtual reality prototype (represented using a stereo projector and polarised glasses). The results indicate that while all provide benefits, overall the physical prototype performs best and the augmented reality prototype performs most poorly.
A Lifecycle Cost-Driven System Dynamics Approach for Considering Additive Re-Manufacturing or Repair in Aero-Engine Component Design
Authors: Lawand Lydia , Al Handawi Khalil , Panarotto Massimo , Andersson Petter , Isaksson Ola , Kokkolaras Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAero-engine component design decisions should consider re-manufacturing and/or repair strategies and their impact on lifecycle cost. Existing design approaches do not account for alternative production technologies such as the use of additive manufacturing in life extension processes. This paper presents a modeling and optimization methodology for examining the impact of design decisions in the early development stage on component lifecycle cost during the in-service phase while considering the potential use of additive manufacturing in life extension strategies. Specifically, a system dynamics model is developed to assess different end-of-life scenarios. Finally, an optimization problem is formulated and solved to minimize lifecycle cost with respect to design variables related to re-manufacturing.
An Exploratory Study Comparing CAD Tools and Working Styles for Implementing Design Changes
Authors: Phadnis Vrushank Shripad , Leonardo Kevin Alfonso , Wallace David Robert , Olechowski Alison Louise 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper presents the findings of a preliminary study comparing implementation of design changes using various computer-aided design (CAD) working styles. Our study compares individuals’ and pairs’ completion of a series of changes to a toy car CAD model. We discuss the results in terms of productivity and value added ratio, derived from time-based quantitative data. We also discuss qualitative findings acquired through post-study surveys. Overall, our findings suggest that pairs were less efficient than individual designers due to overheads like communication, history dependency and complex couplings within the CAD model tree. However, it is also noteworthy that within each pair the lead participant's performance was at par with individual participants. Lastly, we also discuss behaviors and patterns that emerge as unique to the synchronous collaborative environment, motivating future work.
Analysing and Solving the Reduced-Ability and Excessive-Use Dilemmas in Technology Use
Authors: Wesugi Shigeru 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTechnology use provides great benefits by extending human ability, but the negative effects cannot always be ignored. The author examined the dilemmas of technology use based on Shibata's analysis of McLuhan's extension theory and indicated two types of dilemmas in continuous technology use. First is the decreased human ability as the innate functionality is substituted by the technology. Second is excessive utilisation of the technology, which may instil a false sense of naturally extended ability.Subsequently, the author considered and suggested approaches for mitigating both types of dilemmas. The decreased-ability dilemma might be resolved by continuously utilising the technology and designing technology relevant to the degree of human ability. Meanwhile, the excessive-utilisation dilemma might be resolved by regulating the technology use and designing technology that achieves the desired disposition change in users.Finally, the possibility of advancing the existing design approaches to further resolve the dilemmas was discussed.
Analysis and Synthesis of Resilient Load-Carrying Systems
Authors: Schulte Fiona , Kirchner Eckhard , Kloberdanz Hermann 
Published: July 2019

AbstractResilient systems have the capability to survive and recover from seriously affecting events. Resilience engineering already is established for socio-economic organisations and extended network-like structures e. g. supply systems like power grids. Transferring the known principles and concepts used in these disciplines enables engineering resilient load-carrying systems and subsystems, too. Unexpected load conditions or component damages are summarised as disruptions caused by nesciense that may cause damages to the system or even system breakdowns. Disruptions caused by nescience can be controlled by analysing the resilience characteristics and synthesising resilient load-carrying systems. This paper contributes to a development methodology for resilient load-carrying systems by presenting a resilience applications model to support engineers analysing system resilience characteristics and behaviour. Further a concept of a systematically structured solution catalogue is provided that can be used for the classification of measures to realise resilience functions depending on system adaptivity and disruption progress. The resilience characteristics are illustrated by 3 examples.
Doll Based Design Tool in Corporate Contexts: A Qualitative Comparison with Storyboard in a New Product Development Project
Authors: Kagohashi Kaho , Taoka Yuki , Ohno Takehiko , Hamaguchi Nana , Chen Xinlei , Amano Kenta , Saito Shigeki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVarious tools for participatory design approach have been developed to support users to engage design process. Doll scenario is proposed as a generative tool for letting participants make and enact scenarios. However, suitable context to practice doll scenario is unclear in comparison with other tools using scenario. Therefore, our overall objective is to increase understanding of characteristics of making scenario in two different ways of expression; with doll and storyboard. We developed a doll scenario method, doll staging. The tool was evaluated in comparison to storyboard at a workshop which is a part of a new product development project in a corporate. The workshop was evaluated by semi-structured interviews with the participants and observations of the workshop and design outcome. The result suggests that doll staging allows participants to think from users’ perspective in developing new idea. These findings provides new direction to choose scenario based design tools according to objective or context of design project. We also discuss potentials and research directions to use tools for developing scenario in corporate contexts.
Functional Analysis in Embodiment Design - An Investigation of Embodiment Function Relations in Testing Activities
Authors: Grauberger Patric , Voß Katharina , Matthiesen Sven 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTesting contributes to success of engineering design as it plays an important role in gaining insights about the system in development. Literature indicates that for success in engineering design, gaining insights about relations of embodiment and function is crucial. In this contribution, an investigation of how insights about embodiment function relations are gained in testing, is conducted. For this, the testing documentation in a student development project is analysed. The results show a correlation of gaining insights about embodiment function relations to success in engineering design. Potential for improvement in data acquisition and processing is uncovered, which will be used in a succeeding study to investigate this issue in more detail.
Purpose-Oriented Modelling of the Learning Process When Using Prototypes
Authors: Schork Stefan , Kirchner Eckhard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrototypes are often used as a tool in the product development process and their usage is advised in many guidelines, frameworks and product development methods. Those prototypes achieve different goals of which most relate to getting new insights and information about the product in development. For the development of those prototypes however, significantly less development methods are available compared to the number of methods for the development of products. Investigating the process of using a prototype leads to the idea that the main purpose of those prototypes is describable as learning about the product. This idea is elaborated further and followed by the introduction of the detailed process model for prototyping which is primarily based on the detailed process model for products. However, the purpose of the prototype differs from the purpose of the product which leads to some significant changes of the model. To give an example of a prototyping process, the development of a sensor- integrating elastic claw coupling is introduced and analysed. In addition, this paper discusses the question, how other product development models may be applied to the development of prototypes.