bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Playing and Training at Altitude on Concussion Incidence in Professional Football
Authors: Connolly James G. , Nathanson John T. , Sobotka Stanislaw , Haider Syed , Gometz Alex , Lovell Mark , Choudhri Tanvir 
Published: December 2018

Background: Despite the increased attention to sports-related concussion, the literature lacks information about the environmental factors that contribute to concussion incidence. Previous investigators have noted a decreased rate of concussion in football games played at higher altitude. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the protective effects of altitude on concussion rate, as described by previous investigators, were due to acute effects of altitude exposure or chronic adaptations to training at altitude. Our hypothesis was that these protective effects are not attributable to relative cerebral edema that occurs in conditions of altitude-associated hypobaric hypoxia, known as the “slosh effect,” but rather result from long-term adaptations to training at altitude. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Athletes from the 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 National Football League (NFL) seasons were included in this analysis of publicly available data. Concussion rates were subdivided into 4 groups: (1) low-altitude teams playing below 644 feet (low-low), (2) low-altitude teams playing above 644 feet (low-high), (3) high-altitude teams playing below 644 feet (high-low), and (4) high-altitude teams playing above 644 feet (high-high). Results: Away teams had a significantly higher rate of concussion (0.32 concussions per exposure) compared with their home team counterparts (0.27 concussions per exposure; P = .03). Teams training and playing at high altitude had a 28% decreased concussion rate, which was significantly lower compared with concussion incidence rates for overall, low-low, and high-low groups ( P < .05). In comparison, teams that trained at altitude but played below 644 feet had the highest rate of concussion, at 0.36 concussions per exposure ( P < .05). Conclusion: These data indicate that living and training at altitude may have a protective effect on concussion rate, as evidenced by the significant reduction in the high-high group and the lack of an effect in the low-high group. However, teams from low altitude playing at high altitude did not have a statistically significant reduction in concussion rate. These results show that the slosh theory does not completely explain the effects of altitude on concussion incidence rate in the NFL. Further analyses are needed to investigate the true cause of altitude-induced protection in the NFL.
An ATF6-tPA pathway in hepatocytes contributes to systemic fibrinolysis and is repressed by DACH1
Authors: Zheng Ze , Nayak Lalitha , Wang Wei , Yurdagul Arif , Wang Xiaobo , Cai Bishuang , Lapping Stephanie , Ozcan Lale , Ramakrishnan Rajasekhar , Pestell Richard G. , Jain Mukesh K. , Tabas Ira 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a major mediator of fibrinolysis and, thereby, prevents excessive coagulation without compromising hemostasis. Studies on tPA regulation have focused on its acute local release by vascular cells in response to injury or other stimuli. However, very little is known about sources, regulation, and fibrinolytic function of noninjury-induced systemic plasma tPA. We explore the role and regulation of hepatocyte-derived tPA as a source of basal plasma tPA activity and as a contributor to fibrinolysis after vascular injury. We show that hepatocyte tPA is downregulated by a pathway in which the corepressor DACH1 represses ATF6, which is an inducer of the tPA gene Plat. Hepatocyte-DACH1–knockout mice show increases in liver Plat, circulating tPA, fibrinolytic activity, bleeding time, and time to thrombosis, which are reversed by silencing hepatocyte Plat. Conversely, hepatocyte-ATF6–knockout mice show decreases in these parameters. The inverse correlation between DACH1 and ATF6/PLAT is conserved in human liver. These findings reveal a regulated pathway in hepatocytes that contributes to basal circulating levels of tPA and to fibrinolysis after vascular injury.
The Effect of Cadence on the Mechanics and Energetics of Constant Power Cycling
Authors: BRENNAN SCOTT F. , CRESSWELL ANDREW G. , FARRIS DOMINIC J. , LICHTWARK GLEN A. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
At a constant power output, cyclists prefer to use a higher cadence than those that minimize metabolic cost. The neuromuscular mechanism underpinning the preferred higher cadence remains unclear.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cadence on joint level work and vastus lateralis (VL) fascicle mechanics while cycling at a constant, submaximal, power output. We hypothesized that preferred cycling cadence would enhance the power capacity of the VL muscle when compared with a more economical cadence. Furthermore, we predicted that the most economical cadence would coincide with minimal total electromyographic activity from the leg muscles.

Methods
Metabolic cost, lower-limb kinematics, joint level work, VL fascicle mechanics, and muscle activation of the VL, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and soleus muscles were measured during cycling at a constant power output of 2.5 W·kg−1 and cadences of 40, 60, 80, and 100 rpm. A preferred condition was also performed where cadence feedback was hidden from the participant.

Results
Metabolic cost was lowest at 60 rpm, but the mean preferred cadence was 81 rpm. The distribution of joint work remained constant across cadences, with the majority of positive work being performed at the knee. The preferred cadence coincided with the highest VL power capacity, without a significant penalty to efficiency, based on fascicle shortening velocity.

Conclusions
Cycling at a higher cadence is preferred to ensure that the muscle’s ability to produce positive power remains high. Further investigations are required to examine what feedback mechanism could be responsible for the optimization of this motor pattern.
Neuromodulation influences synchronization and intrinsic read-out
Authors: Scheler Gabriele 
Published: December 2018

Background: The roles of neuromodulation in a neural network, such as in a cortical microcolumn, are still incompletely understood. Neuromodulation influences neural processing by presynaptic and postsynaptic regulation of synaptic efficacy. Neuromodulation also affects ion channels and intrinsic excitability. Methods: Synaptic efficacy modulation is an effective way to rapidly alter network density and topology. We alter network topology and density to measure the effect on spike synchronization. We also operate with differently parameterized neuron models which alter the neuron's intrinsic excitability, i.e., activation function. Results: We find that (a) fast synaptic efficacy modulation influences the amount of correlated spiking in a network. Also, (b) synchronization in a network influences the read-out of intrinsic properties. Highly synchronous input drives neurons, such that differences in intrinsic properties disappear, while asynchronous input lets intrinsic properties determine output behavior. Thus, altering network topology can alter the balance between intrinsically vs. synaptically driven network activity. Conclusion: We conclude that neuromodulation may allow a network to shift between a more synchronized transmission mode and a more asynchronous intrinsic read-out mode. This has significant implications for our understanding of the flexibility of cortical computations.
Establishing an international laboratory network for neglected tropical diseases: Understanding existing capacity in five WHO regions
Authors: Dean Laura , Njelesani Janet , Mulamba Charles , Dacombe Russell , Mbabazi Pamela S. , Bates Imelda 
Published: December 2018

Background. Limited laboratory capacity is a significant bottleneck in meeting global targets for the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). Laboratories are essential for providing clinical data and monitoring data about the status and changes in NTD prevalence, and for detecting early drug resistance. Currently NTD laboratory networks are informal and specialist laboratory expertise is not well publicised, making it difficult to share global expertise and provide training, supervision, and quality assurance for NTD diagnosis and research. This study aimed to identify laboratories within five World Health Organisation regions (South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Americas, Western Pacific and Europe) that provide NTD services and could be regarded as national or regional reference laboratories, and to conduct a survey to document their networks and capacity to support NTD programmes. Methods. Potential NTD reference laboratories were identified through systematic searches, snowball sampling and key informants. Results. Thirty-two laboratories responded to the survey. The laboratories covered 17 different NTDs and their main regional and national roles were to provide technical support and training, research, test validation and standard setting. Two thirds of the laboratories were based in academic institutions and almost half had less than 11 staff. Although greater than 90 per cent of the laboratories had adequate technical skills to function as an NTD reference laboratory, almost all laboratories lacked systems for external verification that their results met international standards. Conclusions. This study highlights that although many laboratories believed they could act as a reference laboratory, only a few had all the characteristics required to fulfil this role as they fell short in the standard and quality assurance of laboratory processes. Networks of high quality laboratories are essential for the control and elimination of disease and this study presents a critical first step in the development of such networks for NTDs.
Strong association between higher-risk sex and HIV prevalence at the regional level: an ecological study of 27 sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Kenyon Chris R. , Buyze Jozefien , Schwartz Ilan S. 
Published: December 2018

Background: It is unclear why HIV prevalence varies by nearly two orders of magnitude between regions within countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In this ecological study, we assess if HIV prevalence by region is associated with any of four markers of higher risk sexual behavior: lifetime number of partners, multiple partners in past year, higher risk sex (defined as sex with non-cohabiting, non-marital partners) and age at debut. Methods: We performed Pearson’s correlation between the 4 behavioral risk factors and HIV prevalence by region in 47 nationally representative surveys from 27 sub-Saharan African countries, separately by gender. In addition, principal components analysis was used to reduce the eight risk factors (four for each gender) to two principal components (PCs). Mixed effects linear regression was used to assess the relationship between the resulting two PCs and HIV prevalence after controlling for the prevalence of male circumcision. Results: HIV prevalence varied by a median 3.7 fold (IQR 2.9-7.9) between regions within countries. HIV prevalence was strongly associated with higher risk sex and, to a lesser extent, the other risk factors evaluated. Both PCs were strongly associated with HIV prevalence when assessed via linear regression. Conclusions: Differences in sexual behavior may underpin the large differences in HIV-prevalence between subpopulation within sub-Saharan African countries.
What does the actor need to perform in health care? Emotional demands, skills and competencies
Authors: Sextou Persephone , Karypidou Anatoli 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article aims to explore the required skills and competencies of the actor who works in health-care systems. A narrative inquiry gave the opportunity for participants to elaborate on their understandings of their direct or indirect engagement with theatre in hospitals. Data were collected in the form of ten narrative interviews with experienced actors in hospitals and drama trainees. Inductive thematic analysis of this collection of qualitative data was used to allow findings to emerge from frequent or significant themes inherent in the semi-structured interviews. The study demonstrates a defensible emphasis on key themes, including the predictable professional skills such as acting in participatory dramas, using theatre improvisation and puppetry, and interpersonal skills such as emotional intelligence and empathetic awareness.
Fugitive knowledge: Performance pedagogies, legibility and the undercommons
Authors: Walsh Aylwyn 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In Held, the criminal justice project I conducted at the University of Leeds with second-year theatre and performance students, performance pedagogies were structured to produce an ethnodrama. As part of the course, I developed partnerships with community-based partners Leeds Magistrates, Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service, and Ripon House. Students presented the performed ethnodrama to partners and invited guests. In this article, I examine how such performance-making enables students to interrogate their own understandings about the criminal justice system. In particular, they were asked to think about precarity and criminalization, and how institutions rely on authoritative readings of ex-prisoners’ records. I reflect on how higher education institutions produce knowledge. Throughout, I offer critical framing influenced by Stefano Harney and Fred Moten’s The Undercommons.
The responsible citizen: An investigation of the Theatre of the Oppressed
Authors: Songe-Møller Anna S. , Bjerkestrand Karin Brunvathne , Bjørnstad Gunhild Brænne 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article investigates the competencies promoted by the Theatre of the Oppressed, and examines how they may stimulate the empowerment of minority groups in Slovenia. The text is based on staged research interviews with participants of different ethnic and social backgrounds in a workshop in Koper, Slovenia. Analysis of the interviews show that participants experienced increased consciousness of themselves as oppressors and oppressed at an individual level, as well as an understanding that belonging in a group gives one the courage and security to raise one’s voice and that increased competence in diversity can be achieved at a societal level by using Theatre of the Oppressed. These abilities are then connected to the cognitive, affective and social competencies needed to develop democratic citizens.
Shared experiencing, shared understandings: Intersubjectivity as a key phenomenon in drama education
Authors: Viirret Tuija Leena 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article is a philosophical reflection on intersubjectivity in the context of drama education; it draws on the concept’s most recent neuroscientific basis as well as the perspectives of Merleau-Ponty, Buber and Husserl. Its purpose is to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction in learning processes in drama education. In the stream of interaction in drama, the central conditions are shared experiencing and shared understandings. Intersubjectivity encompasses both of these. This study views intersubjectivity as an innate capacity and a real phenomenon – one that is a key phenomenon in the interactions of drama education.
Process drama and co-creation: Democratic participation in museum education
Authors: Tetlie Odette 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Norwegian museums play a role as institutions of democratization, their goal being – among other things – the implementation of dialogue-based and participatory education programmes. This article is based on the process drama Gundell Olsdatter, developed in 2014–15 at Steilneset Memorial in Vardø, associated with Varanger Museum, in the very north of Norway. The project focuses on the pupils’ opportunities for participation and involvement in the process drama, in conjunction with philosopher Carl Cohen’s three dimensions of democracy: breadth, depth and width. In this article, I analyse and discuss how process drama as a framework may facilitate co-creation within museum education, thus helping to make the education more democratic and participatory. The findings show that certain dramatic conventions provide a deeper degree of participation by providing the students with practice in involvement and decision-making. Through the dramatic process, the pupils become not only spectators, but also contributors to the knowledge and mediation process.
Reimagining ‘role’ and ‘character’: An approach to acting training for role-play simulation in the tertiary education setting
Authors: Arrighi Gillian , Irvine Clare , Joyce Brian , Haracz Kirsti 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The efficacy of role-play simulation (RPS) education rests on its ability to comprehensively reflect real-life situations. The goal is to create immersive events or situations that enable a student to spontaneously respond in a controlled environment that nevertheless reflects their anticipated work experience. While an extensive body of literature exists that reports on the aims, working methods and outcomes of RPS across empirically based disciplines such as medicine and health, law, business, social work, engineering, management, and education, very little research has been published on appropriate or possible training models for the ‘actors’ in RPS. Reporting on a multi-part, interdisciplinary action research project based at the University of Newcastle, Australia, across the subject areas of drama and pharmacy (2012), and later occupational therapy (2013–18), this article examines an actor-training method that reimagines approaches to developing ‘role’ and ‘character’ in RPS and evaluates the outcomes for student learning.
Spectres des Monstres: Post-postmodernisms, hauntology and creepypasta narratives as digital fiction
Authors: Ondrak Joe 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Horror has always been adaptable to developments in media and technology; this is clear in horror tales from Gothic epistolary novels to the ‘found footage’ explosion of the early 2000s via phantasmagoria and chilling radio broadcasts such as Orson Welles’ infamous War of the Worlds (1938). It is no surprise, then, that the firm establishment of the digital age (i.e. the widespread use of Web2.0 spaces the proliferation of social media and its integration into everyday life) has created venues not just for interpersonal communication, shared interests and networking but also the potential for these venues to host a new type of horror fiction: creepypasta. However, much of the current academic attention enjoyed by digital horror fiction and creepypasta has focused on digital media’s ability to remediate a ‘folk-like’ storytelling style and an emulation of word-of-mouth communication primarily associated with urban legends and folk tales. Here, I intend to argue that creepypasta should primarily be considered a form of digital fiction due to its ability to spread narratives in a way distinct to digital textuality and intrinsically linked to the affordances of digital media. In this article, I will treat creepypasta narratives as a genre specific to the form of digital fiction – specifically a ‘fourth generation’ of digital fiction – in which ‘the [social media] platform is a significant part of the aesthetic expression and the meaning potential’ of these stories. I will argue that the affordances of social media, and the way in which they are taken advantage of by creepypasta narratives situate the phenomenon as an example of post-postmodern storytelling that embodies traits of Jeffrey Nealon’s ‘Post-postmodernism’, Alan Kirby’s ‘Digimodernism’ and Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker’s ‘Metamodernism’. I will suggest that this postpostmodern cultural turn works hand in hand with the resurgence of a cultural ‘hauntology’ to coalesce in creepypasta as a unique type of text. While creepypasta’s hauntological qualities have previously been noted by Line Henriksen, this article will explore a relationship between creepypasta and post-postmodernism that has not yet been acknowledged. Ultimately, I will attest that the above theories describe (sometimes overlapping) symptoms of an emerging cultural period that relate to creepypasta’s meaning potential and its formal and aesthetic properties. Observations from all three theories of a post-postmodern age coalesce in creepypasta narratives, from the specific qualities of digital textuality and the unique properties of different social media platforms on which these narratives are hosted (YouTube, Reddit, webforums and so on) to the metatextuality of creepypasta works and how they depart from and retain a dialogue with postmodern horror narratives. While the cultural landscape is still in flux and what will come after postmodernism has yet to be determined, creepypasta narratives tell us that a post-postmodern age has already arrived.
Haunted objects, networked subjects: The nightmarish nostalgia of creepypasta
Authors: Cooley Kevin , Milligan Caleb Andrew 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this article, we argue that the digitally networked horror genre ‘creepypasta’ and its networked horror collapses the comfortable dichotomy of subjects acting upon objects by creating narrative spaces in which haunted objects encroach upon the lives of their victimized subjects. Particularly, creepypasta legends such as ‘Candle Cove’ and ‘BEN Drowned’ upset the subject/object relationships of the technological nostalgia that fuels a mutating genre of Internet discourse. By alienating mythologized childhood artefacts (i.e., television shows, video games), these networked narratives depict not how properties can be made strange, but more accurately, are revealed as having always been strange. The perversion of the nostalgic text is only one part of what generates horror in these stories. It is that the texts themselves were always the perversions to begin with; always performing an eradication of object and subject, player and game, reader and text.
8-bit nostalgia and the uncanny: Horror as critique in Twine games
Authors: Osborne Heather 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
As the video game medium has matured, nostalgia for earlier games and systems has grown, including through commodification of nostalgia by video game companies. Nostalgia contrasts a constructed ideal past in tension with an inadequate present. This doubled structure echoes how the uncanny distorts familiar spaces with unfamiliar dread. I explore how three indie Twine games create horror through their rhetorical and mechanical appeal to nostalgia. Tom McHenry’s Horse Master (2013) problematizes players’ empathy in resource sims; Michael Lutz’s the uncle who works for nintendo (2014a) examines the dangers of over-immersion in video games; and Christine Love’s Even Cowgirls Bleed (2013) critiques violent gameplay mechanics by taking them to their horrific extreme. These games’ aesthetic, mechanical, and thematic appeal to players’ nostalgia leads to a defamiliarization and ironization of the familiar, resulting in an uncanny horror. As a result, these games use the horror genre to critique unproblematized and commodified nostalgia in the video game community.
Zombies and the viral web
Authors: Macfarlane Karen E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Zombies are ubiquitous in twenty-first-century culture, and are generally read, as many monsters are, as metaphors for such anxieties as the horrors of mechanized labour, of unbridled consumerism, of global pandemics and on and on .... In this article, I argue that the zombie’s multiple and hybrid origins and metonymic associations make it a monster for the digital age. As posthuman fantasies of disembodiment become increasingly more possible, the corporeality of the zombie functions as a reminder of the fundamentally embodied nature of our experiences with and in cyberspace. In this sense, I argue, the zombie functions as a sign for the horrors of networked culture and its terrifying potential for monstrous replication.