bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chinese Civil War and Implications for Borderland State Consolidation in Mainland South-East Asia
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFew studies on the legacies of the Chinese Civil War have examined its effects on state consolidation in the borderland area between China and mainland South-East Asia. This paper empirically examines the impact of the intrusion of the defeated Kuomingtang (KMT) into the borderland area between China, Burma and Thailand. In the People's Republic of China (PRC), the presence of the US-supported KMT across its Yunnan border increased the new communist government's threat perceptions. In response, Beijing used a carrot-and-stick approach towards consolidating its control by co-opting local elites while ruthlessly eliminating any opposition deemed to be in collusion with the KMT. In the case of Burma, the KMT presence posed a significant challenge to Burmese national territorial integrity and effectively led to the fragmentation of the Burmese Shan State. Finally, in Thailand, Bangkok collaborated with the Americans in support of the KMT to solidify its alliance relations. Later, Thailand used the KMT as a buffer force for its own border defence purposes against a perceived communist infiltration from the north. This paper contextualizes the spill-over effects of the Chinese Civil War in terms of the literature on how external threats can potentially facilitate state consolidation.
The Strategic use of Nitrogen on Continuously Grazed Grass/Clover Swards
Authors: Purvis N. , Younger A. 
Published: June 2019

The nitrogen fixing and nutritional benefits of including white clover in a pasture are well documented. However, where attempts have been made to increase herbage yield by the application of fertilizer nitrogen, only the grass component of the mixture is stimulated. The white clover is placed at a competitive disadvantage for other aspects of the environment, especially light, and is adversely affected.In many practical grazing systems, where defoliation is continuous rather than intermittent, it might be possible to maintain the crop canopy at a level where shading is unimportant. Similarly, if modest amounts of fertilizer nitrogen are applied when clover is least likely to be affected, the adverse effects may be minimized. Thus, the objectives of this study are to examine the extent to which fertilizer nitrogen can be used to improve animal production from a grass/clover sward by increasing herbage production whilst maintaining an effective clover population.
Development of an intensive care unit to rear weakly pigs
Authors: Lightfoot A.L. , Egan B.J. 
Published: June 2019

Pre-weaning mortality results in a national loss of about 3 million piglets annualy so a system which reared weakly or non-competitive pigs would be of value to the industry. A review of the literature concerned with very early weaning or weaning at birth showed the standards required for feeding, temperature control and hygiene to make a successful system. An apparatus designed and built to provide these standards is being tested at Terrington.The apparatus houses 10 piglets, each in individual compartments, within a moulded glass-fibre module. A pressurised, part re-circulation fan/heater, system maintains accurate temperature control up to 34°C.
Energy standards for growing rabbits: performance and diet digestibility as affected by hay content, fineness of grinding and level of feeding
Authors: Ward Siobhan , Owen E. , Capper B.S. , Wood J.F. 
Published: June 2019

There are no published feed-energy standards for growing rabbits. Even nutritional factors that affect intake and digestibility, and consequently performance, are not well documented. Two experiments were carried out, as part of a programme to develop energy feeding standards for growing rabbits. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of physical and chemical characteristics on intake and digestibility of diets. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of level of feeding on digestibility of diets varying in energy density.A 3 x 2 factorial design was used in both experiments, with 20 Individually-fed weaned rabbits per treatment (initial weight approximately 800 g). Diets were pelleted (4 mm die diameter) and were of the same formulation in both experiments. Diets (LH, MB, HH) were formulated to contain different crude fibre levels (Table 1) by varying, the inclusion rates of grass hay - (LH, Low Hay, 273 g/kg; MB, Medium Hay, 556 g/kg and HH, High Hay, 831 g/kg). Diets were formulated to contain the same amounts of crude protein. In Experiment 1 the hay component In diets LHf, MHf and HHf was ground through a 1 mm screen whereas that in diets LHc, MHc and HHc was ground using a 6 mm screen. In Experiment 2, diets LHf, MHf and HHf were fed ad libitum or at 70% of ad libitum Intake.
Breeding Value Estimation for Pigs in Closed Nucleus Herds
Authors: Wray Naomi R. 
Published: June 2019

Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) is now the method of choice for the estimation of breeding values in dairy and beef populations. The advantages of this mixed model methodology over traditional methods are well documented and include the simultaneous estimation of fixed effects and prediction of random effects and the utilization of records from all relatives to predict an individuals breeding value. In addition, account is taken of genetic trend and of reduction in genetic variance due to selection. In Canada, BLUP is now used for breeding value estimation of pigs but the structure of the Canadian pig industry is one of many herds practising selection with the herds linked by a widespread use of artificial insemination. The advantages of BLUP have not been investigated for the situation of the UK pig industry where most selection is performed within closed nucleus herds.The objectives of this study were to use computer simulation to determine rates of response, accuracy of prediction and accummulation of inbreeding for pigs in closed nucleus herds when selection decisions were based on estimated breeding values (EBVs) derived from BLUP compared to more traditional methods of phenotypic selection and index selection.
Relationships between Digestibility and Energy Value in Primary Growth Fresh Herbage
Authors: Givens D I , Everington Jeannie M 
Published: June 2019

Despite its importance, relatively few measurements have been made of the metabolisable energy (ME) content of fresh herbage. Changes in the nutritive value of spring herbage are commonly described in terms of its digestible organic matter content (DOMD) either measured in vitro or predicted from a fibre fraction. ME is normally assumed to be directly proportional to DOMD.Energetic studies of herbage such as those of Armstrong (1964) and Beever et al (1985) have been restricted to pure species and one location. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine changes in DOMD and energy values with increasing maturity in vivo using sheep in commercial swards over several years.
Effects of Offering Malt Distillers Grains (Draff) as a Replacement for Concentrates in Silage based Diets for Dairy cows
Authors: Hyslop J J , Roberts D J 
Published: June 2019

The control of milk production costs has gained even greater importance when striving to improve profitability under a quota regime. Consequently there is a resurgence of interest in the use of competitively priced byproduct feedstuffs for dairy cows. However detailed information concerning the use of distillery byproducts under UK conditions is scarce. This experiment examines the effect of replacing a proprietary pelleted concentrate with malt distillers grains (draff).In a changeover design experiment consisting of 4 three week periods, sixteen autumn calving British Friesian cows were offered four treatments, in which draff plus a mineral supplement replaced part of the concentrate allocation. The mineral supplement was formulated and fed to ensure that levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium supplied by the concentrate plus draff/mineral fraction of the diet were equal for all treatments. Cows were offered silage ad libitum with both concentrates and draff/mineral being offered separately in two feeds per day.
The Influence of Fatness at Parturition. Nutrition during Lactation and Litter Size on the Performance of Breeding Sows
Authors: Yang H. , Phillips P. , Whittemore C.T. , Eastham P.R. 
Published: June 2019

To help resolve the dynamics of fatty tissue mobilisation, and interactions with milk yield and reproductive performance, the experiment reported here takes gilts and sows over four parities to one of two levels of strategic fatness at parturition, and then studies the consequences of high or low lactation feed intakes in conjunction with strong or weak milk withdrawal potentials as achieved by manipulation of litter size.One hundred and two Large White x Landrace F1 hybrid gilts were purchased from the Cotswold Pig Development Company Limited at about 30 kg live weight. At mating, animals were allocated at random to one of B treatments comprising: two levels [fat and thin) of target backfat thickness at parturition (10-14 mm. T vs 20-24 mm. F): two daily feeding levels (high and low) during 4-week lactation [3 kg, L vs ad libitum to a maximum of 7 kg. H): and two sizes of sucking litter (5 vs 9 in parity I. and 6 vs 10 in parities 2. 3 and 4).
The influence of fatness at parturition. nutrition during lactation and litter size on the performance of breeding sows
Authors: Whittemore C.T. , Yang H. , Phillips P. , Eastham P.R. 
Published: June 2019

The influence of fatness at parturition, nutrition during lactation and the size of litter upon changes in backfat depth, live weight and conformation of sows over four parities has been presented in the first report. The present report will deal with the consequences for reproductive performance and production efficiency.One hundred and two Large White x Landrace Fl hybrid gilts were purchased from the Cotswold Pig Development Company Limited at about 30 kg live weight. At mating, animals were allocated at random to one of B treatments comprising: two levels (fat and thin) of target backfat thickness at parturition (10-14 mm. T vs 20-24 mm. F): two daily feeding levels (high and low) during 4-week lactation (3 kg. L vs ad libitum to a maximum of 7 kg. H): and two sizes of sucking litter (5 vs 9 in parity 1, and 6 vs 10 in parities 2, 3 and 4).
The effect of food intake prior to farrowing on the body composition of first-litter sows
Authors: Mullan B.P. , Williams I.H. 
Published: June 2019

Body reserves are important in reproduction because they can be used by the sow to buffer the nutritional stress through a low intake of food in lactation (Mullan and Williams, 1988). Quantitative information on the body composition of first-litter sows during lactation is clearly required to establish what body reserves are mobilized during lactation, and how this relates to subsequent reproductive performance. The aim of this study was to quantify the body reserves of first-litter sows at farrowing and to measure the change in these reserves during lactation.Animals selected for body composition studies were from the High-High, High-Low, Low-High and Low-Low groups of an experiment described by Mullan and Williams (1988). Animals were selected according to bodyweight, depth of backfat and litter size, with the object to have animals that were representative of those in the earlier experiment. Sows were removed from their litter, weighed and the depth of backfat measured by ultrasound at the P2. Within three hours of weaning animals were slaughtered and the head, trotters, tail, viscera one side of the carcass were frozen, minced and chemically analysed for lipid, protein, water and ash.
Evaluation of seven ultrasonic machines for estimating carcase composition in live bulls
Authors: Porter S J , Chadwick J P , Owen M G , Page S J 
Published: June 2019

The application of ultrasonics to the evaluation of live cattle has been carried out in bull performance testing for several years. The machine used for this was the Scanogram. The fact that this machine is no longer being produced and the emergence of several new machines has prompted this trial to evaluate seven ultrasonic machines.A total of 49 bulls, 27 Limousin x Friesian and 22 Charolais x Friesian, were evaluated and slaughtered in four batches of approximately equal size, over four weeks. Each batch was of one breed.Age, live weight at evaluation and subjective assessments of fatness and conformation were recorded together with fat and muscle measurements by the Delphi (Delphi Instruments Ltd, New Zealand), Meritronics (Merit, Lowson and French, England), Scanogram (Ithaco Incorporated, USA), Vetscan (Company no longer in existence), Kaijo Denki (Medata Systems Ltd, England), Velocity of Sound (Prototype developed at IFR-Bristol, England) and Warren (Prototype developed by J Warren) ultrasonic machines.
The Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in Barley Beef Diets
Authors: Neilson D.R. , Lowman B.G. , Parkinson H. , Browne J.W. , Hunter E.A. 
Published: June 2019

Feed accounts for over 75 per cent of the variable costs in beef production systems. Any improvement in feed conversion efficiency will therefore have a beneficial effect on enterprise profitability. Growth promoters are commonly used to improve animal performance by increasing liveweight gain and/or improving feed conversion efficiency. With the recent ban on hormone implants in EEC countries, more emphasis has been put on the use of feed additives to improve performance.Producer experience would suggest that the routine inclusion of sodium bicarbonate into barley beef rations can show beneficial responses in terms of animal performance. The magnitude of these responses is not well quantified, nor is the potential interaction between sodium bicarbonate and other feed additives.Rogers and Davis (1982) reported that sodium bicarbonate decreases the in vivo production rate of propionate, decreases retention time of liquids and alters digestibility of nutrients. Increasing ruminal bypass of nutrients may improve utilisation by altering the site of digestion with a subsequent improvement in animal performance. Rogers and Davis (1982) also described the effect of monensin; which increased in vivo ruminal production of propionate, increased ruminal retention time of solids and liquids and improved digestibility of nutrients.
Carcass fat quality and performance of lambs given diets containing protected fat
Authors: Davies D.A.R. , Gallo C.B. , Butler-Hogg B.W. , Buxton P. 
Published: June 2019

Protected fat has been used successfully in diets for lactating and growing ruminants. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of including a source of protected fat - Megalac ® -in complete diets for artificially reared lambs.The trial involved 39 lambs which were weaned at 30 to 35 days following a period of artificial rearing on a ewe milk replacer containing 60 g fat per kg and fed at a restricted level.The lambs were penned individually on sawdust and were given access to one of three complete diets from 20 days of age. The diets were in pellet form and differed mainly in the level of Megalac included (Table 1). Megalac is a protected fat which is a calcium soap and contains (g/kg) oil 850, calcium 90 and has the approximate fatty acid composition (g/kg) C14 15, C16 110, C18 50, C18:1 400, C18:2 95. Lambs were allocated to diets within blocks which varied according to sex (entire male or female) and breed (Cambridge or Suffolk x Cambridge).
Incidence of Soft Fat in British Pigs
Authors: Dransfield E. , Kempster A.J. 
Published: June 2019

Both the quality and physical properties of fat are important attributes of pig carcass quality. The physical properties of fatty tissue, particularly its softness, affect its appearance, ease of cutting and carcasses with excessively soft fat are unsuitable for processing. Concern about soft fat is highlighted as one of the most serious problems judging from the level of industrial complaints and queries.Softness judged by a sensory thumb test may vary considerably between assessors and therefore a portable pentrometer which measures the resistance to penetration by a small probe was developed. The probe indicates firmness in units from 0 to 100O. Units less than 575 are equivalent to a sensory score of 1 or 2, values of 575 to 775 a score of 3 or 4; 776 to 875 a score of 5 or 6 and values more than 875, a score of 7 or 8 on a firmness scale of 1 to 8. Six probes were used by MLC regional officers in 28 meat plants which were stratified by size and throughput and chosen from diferent regions of the country.
Effects of Grass Silage Quality and three Levels of Flat Rate Concentrate Feeding to upland Ewes in the Last Trimester of Pregnancy upon Voluntary Food Intake
Authors: Black W.J.M. , Henderson A.R. , Lewis M. , Fitzsimons J. 
Published: June 2019

With increasing flock sizes and the uncertainty of the hay-making process, silage has a part to play as the basal diet of Greyface type ewes during the latter half of pregnancy. Silage also varies considerably in feeding value and there is a demand for advice upon the contribution which grass silage can make to the diet, and also what level of concentrate feeding should be associated with any given silage. Silage is commonly subjected to a number of laboratory analytical procedures to provide estimates of:ME, D value, amonia nitrogen, dry matter, crude protein, pH and MAD fibreThe present series of feeding experiments sets out to provide evidence about the voluntary intake of a range of silages by ewes in late pregnancy and to examine any relationships which would help in predicting intake from laboratory analysis.
Carcase Composition of Lambs from Greek Dairy Breeds of Sheep
Authors: Zygoyiannis D. , Stamataris K. , Kouimtzis S. , Doney J.M. 
Published: June 2019

There are many locally-named breeds in Greece, all of which are derived from Zackel or Tsigai types in various combinations. One of the most numerous is the Karagouniko, described as a medium-sized, hardy breed of Zackel origin, probably with some introduction of a fat-tail breed. A ewe in good body condition weighs about 60 kg. In most regions there is little consistent breeding policy except to improve milk production and fecundity of the local breed by crossbreeding to the semi-indigenous Chios or, less commonly, the imported East Friesland. The Chios is reputed to be derived from a Turkish fat-tail breed crossed with ingenous sheep of Zackel and/or Tsigai origin. Adult ewes in good condition weigh around 65 kg.The traditional marketing period for lambs is December to Easter and 80% are sold off milk at an age of 30 to 50 days and a carcase weight (including head) of 5 to 9 kg. Despite the highest, number of sheep per head of population in the EEC, some 16% of consumption is imported, usually in the 13 to 15 kg carcase range. The consumer discriminates against fat but there is no recognised standards of assessment or grading.
Nutritive Value of Pig Diets Containing Extruded or Milled Full Fat Rapeseed
Authors: Maskell I. , Ellis M. , Smithard R. 
Published: June 2019

Full fat rapeseed is not usually used in livestock feeds because the extracted oil is too valuable. However in some circumstances it may be worthwhile using full fat rapeseed as a protein and energy supplement. Intact seeds are only poorly digested so it is necessary to physically disrupt the seed to allow efficient digestion. Milling the seeds may allow myrosinase catalysed hydrolysis of glucosinolates yielding products which adversely affect palatability and nutritive value. Dry extrusion offers a means of simultaneously crushing the seed and denaturing the myrosinase by high temperature (130°C). Previous short term studies with rats and pigs have indicated that extrusion may improve the nutritive value of diets containing 12.5% high glucosinolate rapeseed (HG-RS).The present work involved a production trial to study the longer term effects of diets containing 12.5% rapeseed and a metabolism study to investigate the digestion and short term effects of pig diets containing 25% rapeseed.
Recent developments in predicting the nutritive value grass silage for ruminants
Authors: Givens D I 
Published: June 2019

Nutritive value 1n the context of this paper refers to metabolisable energy (ME) content. Silage composition and hence ME content 1s determined essentially by the composition of the ensiled crop, pre-ensiling treatments such as wilting or additive use and the conditions within the silo. Consequently the ME content of silage 1s very variable and means of predicting it are required for routine purposes.Until 1985 the prediction of ME was based on a series of digestibility trials carried out on MAFF EHFs between 1967 and 1972. A relationship between DOMD content and modified add detergent fibre (MADF) content (Clancey and Wilson, 1966) was calculated and the assumption that ME: (MJ/kg DM)= DOMD (%) X 0.16 was made. This did not take account of the energy contribution from volatile components.
Supplementation of silage for finishing lambs
Authors: Minter C. M. , Tempest W. M. 
Published: June 2019

The importance of dietary fibre in rumen buffering has long been overlooked, despite the realisation that the primary mechanism to achieve maximum ruminant production is by the maintenance of a rumen pH suitable for microbial digestion and growth. It has been demonstrated that the rumen pH following cereal based supplementation is depressed to a far greater degree than when the concentrate supplement is non-cereal based (Rymer, 1986).Two trials are reported, firstly in which silage fed to finishing lambs was supplemented with either dried molassed sugar beet pulp, a source of highly digestible fibre and low in starch; whole barley (55.6% of D.M. content as starch, (British Sugar, 1986)); or a commercial lamb creep pellet and secondly in which silage plus dried molassed sugar beet pulp was supplemented with undegradeable protein or not.
An optimal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs
Authors: Wang T. C. , Fuller M. F. 
Published: June 2019

An animal's rate of protein accretion (or nitrogen retention) is determined by the most deficient (or first limiting) amino acid in the diet, in a perfectly balanced (or ideal) protein all essential amino acids and the sum of the non-essential amino acids are equally limiting. If a dietary protein had any amino acids in excess of the ideal pattern, then the removal of any of the excess should not affect nitrogen retention. This principle was used to determine the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.Three nitrogen balance trials were carried out with a total of 64 gilts of weight from 30 to 55 kg. Casein and a mixture of amino acids were used in the semi-purified diets. The animals were given the diets at the rate of 93 g/kg BW0.75/d in three equal meals mixed with 0.3 L water. The feeding times were 08.30, 12.30 and 17.30. All pigs received their experimental diets for 7 days, made up of 3 days preliminary and a 4-day collection, except that the preliminary period before the first collection in the first period was 7 days. Before the first collection bladder catheters were introduced.