bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Lowering Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol With Contemporary Lipid‐Lowering Therapies and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Khan Safi U. , Rahman Hammad , Okunrintemi Victor , Riaz Haris , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Sattur Sudhakar , Kaluski Edo , Lincoff A. Michael , Martin Seth S. , Blaha Michael J. 
Published: March 2019

Background

The relationship between lowering LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) cholesterol with contemporary lipid‐lowering therapies and incident diabetes mellitus (
DM
) remains uncertain.

Methods and Results

Thirty‐three randomized controlled trials (21 of statins, 12 of PCSK9 [proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9] inhibitors, and 0 of ezetimibe) were selected using
Medline
,
Embase,
and
the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
(inception through November 15, 2018). A total of 163 688 nondiabetic patients were randomly assigned to more intensive (83 123 patients) or less intensive (80 565 patients) lipid‐lowering therapy. More intensive lipid‐lowering therapy was defined as the more potent pharmacological strategy (
PCSK
9 inhibitors, higher intensity statins, or statins), whereas less intensive therapy corresponded to active control group or placebo/usual care of the trial. Metaregression and meta‐analyses were conducted using a random‐effects model. No significant association was noted between 1‐mmol/L reduction in
LDL
cholesterol and incident
DM
for more intensive lipid‐lowering therapy (risk ratio: 0.95; 95%
CI
, 0.87–1.04;
P
=0.30;
R
2
=14%) or for statins or
PCSK
9 inhibitors. More intensive lipid‐lowering therapy was associated with a higher risk of incident
DM
compared with less intensive therapy (risk ratio: 1.07; 95%
CI
, 1.03–1.11;
P
<0.001; I
2
=0%). These results were driven by higher risk of incident
DM
with statins (risk ratio: 1.10; 95%
CI
, 1.05–1.15;
P
<0.001; I
2
=0%), whereas
PCSK
9 inhibitors were not associated with incident
DM
(risk ratio: 1.00; 95%
CI
, 0.93–1.07;
P
=0.96; I
2
=0%;
P
=0.02 for interaction).

Conclusions

Among intensive lipid‐lowering therapies, there was no independent association between reduction in
LDL
cholesterol and incident
DM
. The risk of incident
DM
was higher with statins, whereas
PCSK
9 inhibitors had no association with risk of incident
DM
.
Understanding the links between social ties and fitness over the life cycle in primates
Authors: Thompson Nicole A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Many studies highlight the correlation between social ties and fitness, yet often cannot reveal how ties influence fitness. This review is aimed to facilitate the formulation and testing of hypotheses in this area on non-human primates. I outline fitness-relevant measures of social ties and 6 potential pathways from ties to fitness. Pathways include communal care; group level cooperation for resources; monopolizing resources within groups; attaining social status; reducing risk and allostatic load; and developing behavioural competence. Hypotheses for further evaluation include (1) fitness increases sociality, not vice versa; (2) early life experience influences both ties and fitness, (3) ties are actually costly; (4) short term costs of ties are outweighed by long term benefits. With the advance of theoretical and methodological approaches to evaluate the costs and benefits of social ties, and monitor them at multi-generational field sites, primate behavioural ecologists are poised to test several of these hypotheses.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of a new root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus horti n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Pratylenchidae), from Ghent University Botanical Garden
Authors: Nguyen Huu Tien , Trinh Quang Phap , Couvreur Marjolein , Singh Phougeishangbam Rolish , Decraemer Wilfrida , Bert Wim 
Published: March 2019

Summary
Root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., are one of the most important nematode groups in economic terms. The combination of morphological analyses and molecular analyses based on D2-D3 of 28S rDNA, ITS rDNA, and COI mtDNA regions supported the establishment of a new Pratylenchus species, making a total of 103 valid Pratylenchus species. The females of P. horti n. sp. are characterised by the following traits: low labial region with two annuli continuous to the body, en face form belonging to group II sensu Corbett & Clark (1983) with submedian triangular-shaped segments fused with the oral disc and separated from the lateral segments, lateral field with four incisures at vulval level and lacking areolation, robust stylet 15-17 μm long with rounded knobs, and subcylindrical tail with smooth tail tip. The males are largely similar to the females but differ from the females by the partially areolated lateral field, slightly ventrally arcuate and weakly cephalated spicules (15-19 μm), and ventrally curved elongate conical tail with a poorly protruding, crenate bursa. The new species was recovered from soil and root samples from the rhizosphere of Hedychium greenii growing in the Botanical Garden, Ghent University, Belgium.
“Though This Be Madness, Yet There Is Method In’t”: The mamnūʿ min al-ṣarf (Diptotes) in Arabic Grammatical Tradition
Authors: Druel Jean N. , Kasher Almog 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article discusses theories designed by medieval Arabic grammarians to explain one of the most puzzling topics in Arabic grammar, mamnūʿ min al-ṣarf (diptotes). The mainstream theory of mamnūʿ min al-ṣarf probably took on its definitive form in the early 4th/10th century; it differs from Sībawayhi’s (d. ca 180/796) theory, yet consists of a generalisation of features found in the latter. A later modification, which retained its basic elements, was presented to the mainstream theory probably during the 7th/13th century. A radically different theory was presented by al-Suhaylī (d. 581/1185), who harshly criticised the mainstream theory as inadequate and arbitrary.
Reflexes of Old Arabic */ǧ/ in the Maghrebi Dialects
Authors: Guerrero Parrado Jairo 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The present paper discusses from a diachronic standpoint the realizations of Old Arabic */ǧ/ in the various Maghrebi dialects. It covers the following issues: reflexes of Old Arabic */ǧ/, phonetically conditioned shifts involving /ǧ/ and /ž/, discussion and conclusions. The remaining part of the study is devoted to a presentation and discussion of evidences suggesting that affricate /ǧ/ was formerly more widespread among first-layer dialects.
Svalbard’s ‘Snow Crab Row’ as a Challenge to the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union
Authors: Steenkamp Robert C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union is legally, politically and environmentally of great importance. However, the effectiveness of old regimes to respond to contemporary developments poses several potential challenges to the CFP. This article aims to identify some of these external challenges by highlighting the differing interpretations of the Svalbard Treaty, as well as the introduction of the highly profitable snow crab to the Svalbard Archipelago. In doing so, the invasive nature of snow crabs – whose full impact in the Barents Sea is not yet understood – and their possibly negative effect on other commercial fish stocks will be examined. Additionally, the spatial scope of the Svalbard Treaty, the international rules applicable to the exploitation of snow crabs, and the designation of snow crabs as a sedentary and therefore continental shelf resource, will also be discussed as challenges to the CFP.
Spain’s Action to Control and Suppress Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Oanta Gabriela A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The aim of this article is to address the evolution of Spain’s action to fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing during the last thirty years, as well as its future prospects. Currently, Spain strictly complies with the provisions of the international fisheries law and the European Union’s Common Fisheries Policy. In addition, Spain adopted a complex and diverse normative framework, which allows it to establish administrative sanctions against various Spanish individuals and fishing companies, which are suspected of being involved in IUU fishing activities. Moreover, Spanish legal courts and tribunals had to adjudicate in a few cases occasioned by IUU activities. This article analyses the Spanish current legal framework regarding controlling and suppressing IUU fishing, as well as the enforcement of the legal norms in Spain by the public authorities with competences in this field and by the Spanish courts and tribunals.
Effects of Sea Spray on the Dynamics and Microphysics of an Idealized Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Shpund J. , Khain A. , Rosenfeld D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe effect of sea spray particles (SSP) on the intensity and microphysical structure of an idealized tropical cyclone (TC) is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with a new spectral bin microphysics package. The SSP size distribution in the hurricane boundary layer is calculated using a Lagrangian–Eulerian bin-microphysics model (LEM) with high spatial resolution and extremely high drop size resolution. Sea spray ascending in updrafts within the eyewall of a TC dramatically increases the concentration of cloud drops within a wide range of sizes and decreases the effective drop radius to the values typical of polluted continental clouds. At the same time, the presence of spray drops of a few hundred microns in radii trigger intense rain just above cloud base. As a result, sea spray creates clouds that have a unique combination of maritime and continental properties. Outside the eyewall, clouds remain extremely maritime. SSP are shown to increase substantially the maximum vertical velocity, the cloud water content, and the mass contents of ice particles within the eyewall. As a result, SSP lead to TC intensification, axis symmetrization, and a decrease in eyewall radius. We found a new mechanism where wind-generated sea spray particles invigorate the inner cloud bands by nucleating more cloud droplets, which leads to more water vapor condensation and greater latent heating. The dependence of this process on surface wind speed constitutes a positive feedback loop that can lead to higher hurricane intensity. The results of simulations of cloud microstructure in the hurricane eyewall are supported by observations.
The Flow through the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Candela J. , Ochoa J. , Sheinbaum J. , López M. , Pérez-Brunius P. , Tenreiro M. , Pallàs-Sanz E. , Athié G. , Arriaza-Oliveros L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFour years (September 2012 to August 2016) of simultaneous current observations across the Yucatan Channel (~21.5°N) and the Straits of Florida (~81°W) have permitted us to investigate the characteristics of the flow through the Gulf of Mexico. The average transport in both channels is 27.6 Sv (1 Sv = 106m3s−1), in accordance with previous estimates. At the Straits of Florida section, the transport related to the astronomical tide explains 55% of the observed variance with a mixed semidiurnal/diurnal character, while in the Yucatan Channel tides contribute 82% of the total variance and present a dominant diurnal character. At periods longer than a week the transports in the Yucatan and Florida sections have a correlation of 0.83 without any appreciable lag. The yearly running means of the transport time series in both channels are well correlated (0.98) and present a 3-Sv range variation in the 4 years analyzed. This long-term variability is well related to the convergence of the Sverdrup transport in the North Atlantic between 14.25° and 18.75°N. Using 2 years (July 2014–July 2016) of simultaneous currents observations in the Florida section, the Florida Cable section (~26.7°N), and a section across the Old Bahama Channel (~78.4°W), a mean northward transport of 28.4, 31.1, and 1.6 Sv, respectively, is obtained, implying that only 1.1 Sv is contributed by the Northwest Providence Channel to the mean transport observed at the Cable section during this 2-yr period.
Tornadogenesis and Early Tornado Evolution in the El Reno, Oklahoma, Supercell on 31 May 2013
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. , Thiem Kyle J. , Snyder Jeffrey C. , Houser Jana B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study documents the formation and part of the early evolution of a large, violent tornado near El Reno, Oklahoma, based on data from a mobile, polarimetric, rapid scan, X-band, Doppler radar. The main circulation associated with the tornado formed near the ground initially, ~90 s prior to the development of the vertically coherent vortex, which built upward through a vertical column of at least 3.5 km in less than 20 s, the update time of the Doppler radar data. Strong but broad rotation from 500 m to 1.5 km AGL also preceded the formation of the tornado at the surface by several minutes. A precipitation-loaded downdraft was observed in the right-forward flank of the storm, which could have enhanced evaporative cooling and allowed for a faster rate of baroclinic generation of low-level horizontal vorticity, while descending reflectivity cores in the right-rear quadrant might have enhanced low-level convergence to the rear of or along the leading edge of the rear-flank gust front. The intensification of the tornado occurred in spurts, not steadily, perhaps owing to surges in momentum at the surface associated with the precipitation-laden downdrafts. The tornado was highly tilted even when it was intensifying, calling into question the importance of a vertical juxtaposition of the mesocyclone aloft and the tornado at the surface. In this case study, while the development of a weak-echo hole was evidence of rotation, the absence of one did not mean that there was not a strong vortex, owing to the lofting of debris.
Book review: Laurence Cox and Alf Gunvald Nilsen, We Make Our Own History: Marxism and Social Movements in the Twilight of Neoliberalism and Alf Gunvald Nilsen, Politics from Below: Essays on Subalternity and Resistance in India
Authors: Jha Pushpanjali 
Published: March 2019

Laurence Cox and Alf Gunvald Nilsen, We Make Our Own History: Marxism and Social Movements in the Twilight of Neoliberalism. New Delhi: Aakar Books, 2017, 254 pp., ₹550, ISBN 9789350024720. Alf Gunvald Nilsen, Politics from Below: Essays on Subalternity and Resistance in India. New Delhi: Aakar Books, 2017, 228 pp., ₹695, ISBN 9789350025000.
Employment Opportunities Across Social Classes in Rural India
Authors: Deb Surajit 
Published: March 2019

In the second part of the Social Change Indicator series, we provide information from government survey data on the work opportunities for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and non-SC-ST class in the rural India. 1 Our data refers to 18 states which covers more than 95 per cent of the SC or ST population in the country.  The generation of employment continues to remain one of the key political economic challenges in India despite the achievements of its high economic growth rates in the past two decades. The problem remains complicated due to the nature of the country’s labour market that is characterised by skill shortages, dominance of low-paid jobs in the informal and unorganised sectors and vulnerable employments. The government has recently set up a task force to address deficiencies in the existing data on employment and plans to outline a National Employment Policy (NEP) for the creation of quality jobs through economic, social and labour policy interventions. The NEP claims that it will also provide a much-needed focus on equal access to employment opportunities for marginalised sections like the SCs and STs by identifying skill shortages, training needs and available employment opportunities. Given social class differences in India, it is sometimes hypothesised that social exclusion and discrimination remain a common phenomenon in the labour market of different states in India.
Sensory retraining of the leg after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chia Fenny SF , Kuys Suzanne , Low Choy Nancy 
Published: March 2019

Objective:This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of interventions intended for retraining leg somatosensory function on somatosensory impairment, and secondary outcomes of balance and gait, after stroke.Data sources:Databases searched from inception to 16 January 2019 included Cochrane Library, PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Reference lists of relevant publications were also manually searched.Review methods:All types of quantitative studies incorporating interventions that intended to improve somatosensory function in the leg post stroke were retrieved. The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was used for quality appraisal. Standardised mean differences were calculated and meta-analyses were performed using preconstructed Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.Results:The search yielded 16 studies, comprising 430 participants, using a diverse range of interventions. In total, 10 of the included studies were rated weak in quality, 6 were rated moderate, and none was rated strong. Study quality was predominantly affected by high risk of selection bias, lack of blinding, and the use of somatosensory measures that have not been psychometrically evaluated. A significant heterogeneous positive summary effect size (SES) was found for somatosensory outcomes (SES: 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04 to 1.01; I2 = 74.48%), which included joint position sense, light touch, and two-point discrimination. There was also a significant heterogeneous positive SES for Berg Balance Scale scores (SES: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.10 to 1.14; I2 = 59.05%). Gait SES, mainly of gait velocity, was not significant.Conclusion:This review suggests that interventions used for retraining leg somatosensory impairment after stroke significantly improved somatosensory function and balance but not gait.
Factors related to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in patients in the intensive care unit receiving antifungals: a single-center retrospective study
Authors: Jingjing Sun , Yanshu Zhang , Yu Liu , Qindong Shi , Xue Wang , Lei Zhang , Yingli He , Litao Guo 
Published: March 2019

Objective To analyze factors related to antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) receiving antifungals with the aim of informing rational antibiotic use. Methods Sex, age, medical history, use of proton pump inhibitors, administration of parenteral nutrition, albumin level, occurrence of AAD, type of antibiotics, duration of ICU admission, and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. The associations of age, sex, medical history, and other factors with AAD were associated by logistic regression. Results In total, 284 patients were enrolled (antifungals, n = 110; no antifungals, n = 174). The total incidence of AAD was 32.39%. The incidence of AAD was significantly different between the groups (52.73% vs. 19.54%). The duration of proton pump inhibitor therapy, duration of antifungal therapy, enzyme inhibitor antibiotic use, and azithromycin use were associated with AAD in ICU patients receiving antifungal therapy. The mean duration of ICU admission was higher in patients receiving antifungal therapy (20.14 ± 11.50 vs. 14.48 ± 8.54 days). There was no significant difference in ICU mortality rates. Conclusion The duration of proton pump inhibitor therapy, duration of antifungal therapy, use of enzyme inhibitor antibiotics, and use of azithromycins were associated with AAD in ICU patients receiving antifungal therapy.
Implementation of an evidence-based practice to decrease surgical site infection after coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Al Salmi Hanadi , Elmahrouk Ahmed , Arafat Amr A , Edrees Azzahra , Alshehri Mashael , Wali Ghassan , Zabani Ibrahim , Mahdi Nasser A , Jamjoom Ahmed 
Published: March 2019

Objective Surgical site infection (SSI) is a serious complication after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study was performed to evaluate evidence-based practice and structured problem-solving to reduce SSI after CABG. Methods An infection control strategy including supervised chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) showers was implemented from January 2017 to March 2018 for 119 patients undergoing CABG. The controls comprised 244 patients who underwent CABG from 2014 to 2016. Risk factors for SSI were identified, and a problem-focused strategy was used to control SSI. Propensity score matching was used to study the effect of CHG showers on SSI. Results SSI occurred in 25 patients (10.25%) in the control group, and the significant risk factors were the postoperative blood glucose level, transfer from an outside hospital, emergency operation, redo sternotomy, a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and the duration of surgery. After implementation of the program, the SSI rate significantly decreased to 3.36%. Patients who had undergone preoperative CHG showers had a significantly lower SSI rate (1.69%) than the matched controls (13.56%). Conclusion SSI after CABG can be reduced using evidence-based practice and structured problem-solving to identify risk factors. A preoperative CHG shower is associated with a lower SSI rate after CABG.
Successful role of adjuvant radiotherapy in a rare case of tracheal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: a case report
Authors: Lisi Roberto , Abate Gessica , D’Urso Pasqualina , Martinetti Maria Teresa , Siniscalchi Benedetta , Marampon Francesco , Bulzonetti Nadia , Tombolini Vincenzo 
Published: March 2019

Background: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare benign cancer that can express a more aggressive phenotype related to the genetic mutation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase receptor (ALK). Involvement of trachea is extremely rare and due to the clinical and radiologic nonspecificity, the definitive diagnosis is based on the histologic evaluation of tissue specimens. Total surgical excision is curative and chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been employed in the treatment of unresectable tumors or as adjuvant therapies. Case presentation: The case described here is being reported because of the rare tracheal location and the atypical treatment approach used for an ALK-positive IMT. A 7-week pregnant woman voluntary interrupted pregnancy and underwent total surgical excision that resulted to have close margins. Although ALK-positive expression indicated the use of ALK inhibitors, she refused any type of adjuvant therapy that could affect ovarian function. Thus, 3D conformational external beam radiotherapy was performed with a daily dose of 180 cGy, 5 times per week, up to 45 Gy at the level of trachea. A total of 62 months of follow-up showed and no signs of disease recurrence or late radiation therapy-related toxicity. Conclusions: This report describes an extremely rare case of a tracheal IMT, underlying the key role of radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment able to definitively cure IMT, limiting systemic chemotherapy-related toxicity.