bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adenosine A1 and A2A receptors differently control synaptic plasticity in the mouse dorsal and ventral hippocampus
Authors: Reis Sara L. , Silva Henrique B. , Almeida Margarida , Cunha Rodrigo A. , Simões Ana P. , Canas Paula M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe hippocampus is a brain region involved in processing both memory and emotions, through a preferential involvement of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and ventral hippocampus (VH), respectively. Adenosine A1 and A2A receptors (A1R and A2AR) control both mood and memory, but it is not known if there is a different adenosine modulation of synaptic plasticity along the hippocampal axis. Using adult, C57BL/6 male mice, we show that both A1R and A2AR were more abundant in DH compared with VH. However, recordings of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials at Schaffer collaterals‐CA1 pyramidal synapses revealed that A1R were equi‐effective to inhibit basal excitatory synaptic transmission in DH and VH, but endogenous A1R activation was more effective to depress the probability of release in VH. In contrast, the selective A2AR antagonist (SCH58261, 50 nM) controlled both long‐term potentiation (induced by a high frequency stimulation protocol) and long‐term depression (induced by a low frequency stimulation protocol) selectively in DH rather than VH, whereas the selective A1R antagonist (DPCPX, 100 nM) revealed a similar tonic inhibition of long‐term depression in DH and VH. These findings show a different control of synaptic plasticity by the adenosine modulation system in the dorsal and ventral poles of the hippocampus, which may underlie a different efficiency of the adenosine system to control mood and memory.
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The winding paths of peripheral proletarianization: Local labour, world hegemonies, and crisis in rural Colombia
Authors: Hough Phillip A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper analyses the spatial and temporal patterning of Colombia's rural coffee, banana, and coca‐producing labour regimes. The violent labour repression and endemic crises of labour control characterizing these regimes challenge the market despotism paradigm that predominates in scholarly analysis of 21st century labour and agrarian struggles. Instead, I draw from early and later writings of Giovanni Arrighi and his collaborators to develop a new labour regime framework that is sensitive to the experiences of capitalist development in “hostile environments” (i.e., peripheral market conditions) and “hostile times” (periods of world hegemonic decline). In doing so, I highlight the deep social contradictions—crises, violence, and labour militancy—that result from processes of peripheral proletarianization and the ways that these contradictions were mitigated and/or exacerbated by the rise of U.S. global hegemony, Colombian developmental policy, and local agrarian struggle.
“Such elements do not belong in an ordered society”: Managing rural–urban resettlement in democratic South Africa
Authors: Levenson Zachary 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn South Africa, the scale of rural–urban resettlement after apartheid continues to overwhelm the capacity of the government to house city dwellers in need of shelter. But the legitimacy of the postapartheid government rests on its ability to secure the rights of citizens who enjoy constitutional guarantees, including the right to housing. Because the government cannot simply repress this unhoused surplus population, it seeks instead to delegitimize some portion of it. It does so by developing a number of moralizing discourses, the subject of this paper, which distinguish between patient, deserving citizens, and unruly queue jumpers perceived to threaten the democratic project itself. Housing officials misrecognize squatters as a cause, rather than a consequence, of the state's failure to deliver, policing new land occupations with a draconian severity. They justify such repression in the name of protecting the democratic order, which is assumed to require waiting instead of improvisation.
Pen to the tiller: Land reform and social mobility across the 1979 Iranian revolution
Authors: Harris Kevan , Kalb Zep 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGiovanni Arrighi joined together questions of agrarian political economy with questions concerning the livelihoods of rural migrants and the fate of peasant communities as they dissipated. In this article, we apply Arrighi's concerns to the case of Iran to examine how processes of agrarian transformation link with trends in social stratification and upward mobility. First, we argue that land reform implemented during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi contributed to a heterogenous social differentiation of the Iranian peasantry. Second, we claim that the widening of access to credentials fostered by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's Islamic Republic laid the tracks by which peasants and rural households could convert landholding assets into newly accessible forms of cultural capital. The benefits of these transformational processes, however, fell disproportionately to the rural middle strata created under the Pahlavi monarchy. Through the use of a new survey dataset, we show how pre‐1979 land reform in Iran favoured segments of the peasantry, not for those who remained in rural agricultural production, but instead for those who utilized landholdings as a means to transfer status and opportunities to their children after the 1979 Iranian revolution.
English as a medium of instruction and the discursive construction of elite identity
Authors: Jahan Iffat , Hamid M. Obaidul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDebates over medium of instruction, as ideological skirmishes, showcase discursive identity construction, reproduction, and contestation by different social groups. Drawing on such debates in letters to the editor and internet‐based newsgroup posts written by Bangladeshi English‐medium (EM) and Bangla‐medium (BM) educated writers, this article examines the construction of elite identity by the EM educated group. It illustrates how this group drew on changing discourses of elitism, language ideologies, and other identity resources to construct self‐identity that emphasized theachievementof qualifications and attributes rather thanunearnedsocial privilege, and how the territorially bound elite identity was transformed into deterritorialized cosmopolitan identity in the process. The article contributes to our understanding of the relationship between language, identity, and society by illustrating struggles for identity and status maintenance in education that is increasingly being dominated by English and English as a medium of instruction under the influence of neoliberal globalization. It also suggests how English and national languages may relate to (post)colonialism, nationalism, national identity, and social class in a globalized world.
AMPK-SIRT1-independent inhibition of ANGPTL3 gene expression is a potential lipid-lowering mechanism of metformin
Authors: Lin Li , Burke Jamie , Venkatesh Sahana , Sadana Prabodh 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Hypertriglyceridaemia enhances cardiovascular disease risk in patients with diabetes. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) regulates plasma triglyceride levels by hydrolysing chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, improves plasma lipids including triglycerides. We examined metformin's regulation of angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3), a liver-derived secretory protein with LPL inhibitory property.

Methods
Using HepG2 cells, a human hepatocyte cell line, the effects of metformin on ANGPTL3 gene and protein expression were determined. The role of AMPK-SIRT1 pathway in metformin regulation of ANGPTL3 was determined using pharmacological, RNAi and reporter assays. Metformin regulation of ANGPTL3 expression was also examined in sodium palmitate-induced insulin resistance.

Key findings
Metformin and pharmacological activators of AMPK and SIRT1 inhibited the expression of ANGPTL3 in HepG2 cells. Pharmacological or RNAi-based antagonism of AMPK or SIRT1 failed to affect metformin inhibition of ANGPTL3. AMPK-SIRT1 activators and metformin exhibited distinct effects on the expression of ANGPTL3 gene luciferase reporter. Sodium palmitate-induced insulin resistance in cells resulted in increased ANGPTL3 gene expression which was suppressed by pretreatment with metformin.

Conclusions
Metformin inhibits ANGPTL3 expression in the liver in an AMPK-SIRT1-independent manner as a potential mechanism to regulate LPL and lower plasma lipids.
Constructional Processing in a Second Language: The Role of Constructional Knowledge in Verb‐Construction Integration
Authors: Kim Hyunwoo , Rah Yangon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe constructionist approach holds that an argument structure construction, a conventionalized form–meaning correspondence of a sentence, allows language users to efficiently access sentential information. This study investigated whether increased sensitivity to constructional information would enable second language learners to efficiently fuse information from a verb and a construction during real‐time sentence processing. Based on their performance in an English sentence sorting task, we divided Korean‐speaking learners of English into construction‐centered and verb‐centered groups depending on their degree of reliance on constructional information in sorting. These groups were then administered a self‐paced reading task where learners read English constructions in a word‐by‐word fashion. Results showed that learners’ reading time was contingent upon constructional sensitivity such that the construction‐centered group was faster than the verb‐centered group at integrating argument roles between a verb and a construction. These findings provide new evidence that constructional information can facilitate second language sentence processing.
miR‐26b‐5p helps in EpCAM+cancer stem cells maintenance via HSC71/HSPA8 and augments malignant features in HCC
Authors: Khosla Ritu , Hemati Hamed , Rastogi Archana , Ramakrishna Gayatri , Sarin Shiv K. , Trehanpati Nirupma 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundTargeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult because of their similarities with normal stem cells (NSCs). EpCAM can identify CSCs from EpCAM+AFP+HCC cases, but is also expressed on NSCs. We aimed to distinguish the two using integrated protein, mRNA and miRNA profiling.MethodsiTRAQ based protein profiling and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was performed on EpCAM+/EpCAM− cells isolated from HCC (Ep+CSC, Ep−HCC) and EpCAM+ cells from non‐cancerous/non‐cirrhotic control liver tissues (Ep+NSC). Validations were done using qRT‐PCR, flowcytometry and western blotting followed by in vitro and in vivo functional studies.Results11 proteins were overexpressed (>3 fold) in Ep+CSCs compared to Ep−HCC and Ep+NSC cells. However, RNA‐sequencing confirmed the Ep+CSC specific up‐regulation of only HSPA8, HNRNPC, MPST and GAPDH mRNAs among these. Database search combined with miRNA profiling revealed Ep+CSC specific down‐regulation of 29 miRNAs targeting these four genes. Of these, only miR‐26b‐5p was found to target both HSPA8 and EpCAM. Validation of HSPA8 overexpression and miR‐26b‐5p down‐regulation followed by linear regression analysis established a negative correlation between the two. Functional studies demonstrated that reduced miR‐26b‐5p expression increased the spheroid formation, migration, invasion and tumourigenicity of Ep+CSCs. Furthermore, anti‐miR‐26b‐5p increased the number of Ep+CSCs with a concomitant overexpression of stemness genes and reduction of proapoptotic protein BBC3, which is a known substrate of HSPA8.ConclusionmiR‐26b‐5p imparts metastatic properties and helps in maintenance of Ep+CSCs via HSPA8. Thus, miR‐26b‐5p and HSPA8 could serve as molecular targets for selectively eliminating the Ep+CSC population in human HCCs.
Prolegomenon to a Theory of Philosophical Transposition, with Reference to Confucianism in America
Authors: Crane Sam 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhat factors shape the movement of systems of thought from one historical‐cultural context to another? This paper provides a preliminary answer to this question by constructing an analytic framework drawn from the sociology of philosophy, and it uses this framework to consider the prospects for the contemporary transposition of Confucianism from China to America. The central, though still provisional, conclusion is that while global power dynamics matter, the particular conditions of the “philosophical fields” of both the original and the recipient locations are of primary importance in determining the extent and significance of any particular case of philosophical transposition. Therefore, due to the dynamics of the philosophical fields in both countries, it is unlikely that Confucianism will gain greater intellectual and political influence in the United States.
Vikingism as a Metametaphysical Thesis
Authors: Livanios Vassilis 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper aims to be a contribution to the recent discussion on the science‐metaphysics relationship. After drawing a distinction between two aspects of the relationship, it defends the theoretical importance of the proposed distinction and argues for the interconnectedness of the aspects in question. The paper then focuses on one of those aspects: that is, the methodological strategy of some metaphysicians to appeal to scientific findings and practice in the course of discussing variouspuremetaphysical problems. It discusses the question about the scope of science‐informed metaphysics and its relation to the issue concerning the existence of an autonomous metaphysical possibility. Finally, the paper explores the reasons metaphysicians have for involving science in metaphysical discussions.
Is Global Poverty a Philosophical Problem?
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPeter Singer’s groundbreaking call to action in 1972, “Famine, Affluence, and Morality,” drew philosophical attention to the topic of famine and the associated suffering or preventable death of many throughout the world. Yet despite the volume of philosophical work Singer’s paper inspired, it would still be easy to suppose that global poverty is not a problem for philosophers to take seriouslyin itselfbut is rather a particularly stark illustration or instance of a more general problem, whether in ethics or in political philosophy. The aim of this paper is to argue that the philosophical landscape of global poverty is both sui generis and sufficiently complex that the topic should be considered not as an instance of a more general philosophical problem but as a distinct area of normative inquiry.
PthA4AT, a 7.5‐repeats transcription activator‐like (TAL) effector fromXanthomonas citrissp.citri, triggers citrus canker resistance
Authors: Roeschlin Roxana Andrea , Uviedo Facundo , García Lucila , Molina María Celeste , Favaro María Alejandra , Chiesa María Amalia , Tasselli Sabrina , Franco‐Zorrilla José Manuel , Forment Javier , Gadea José , Marano María Rosa 
Published: July 2019

SummaryTranscription activator‐like effectors (TALEs) are important effectors ofXanthomonasspp. that manipulate the transcriptome of the host plant, conferring susceptibility or resistance to bacterial infection.Xanthomonas citrissp.citrivariant AT(X. citriAT) triggers a host‐specific hypersensitive response (HR) that suppresses citrus canker development. However, the bacterial effector that elicits this process is unknown. In this study, we show that a 7.5‐repeat TALE is responsible for triggering the HR. PthA4ATwas identified within thepthArepertoire ofX. citriATfollowed by assay of the effects on different hosts. The mode of action of PthA4ATwas characterized using protein‐binding microarrays and testing the effects of deletion of the nuclear localization signals and activation domain on plant responses. PthA4ATis able to bind DNA and activate transcription in an effector binding element‐dependent manner. Moreover, HR requires PthA4ATnuclear localization, suggesting the activation of executor resistance (R) genes in host and non‐host plants. This is the first case where a TALE of unusually short length performs a biological function by means of its repeat domain, indicating that the action of these effectors to reprogramme the host transcriptome following nuclear localization is not limited to ‘classical’ TALEs.
Shades of gray: Conscientious objection in medical assistance in dying
Authors: Pesut Barbara , Thorne Sally , Greig Madeleine 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWith the advent of legalized medical assistance in dying [MAiD] in Canada in 2016, nursing is facing intriguing new ethical and theoretical challenges. Among them is the concept of conscientious objection, which was built into the legislation as a safeguard to protect the rights of healthcare workers who feel they cannot participate in something that feels morally or ethically wrong. In this paper, we consider the ethical complexity that characterizes nurses' participation in MAiD and propose strategies to support nurses' moral reflection and imagination as they seek to make sense of their decision to participate or not. Deconstructing the multiple and sometimes conflicting ethical and professional obligations inherent in nursing in such a context, we consider ways in which nurses can sustain their role as critically reflective moral agents within a context of a relational practice, serving the diverse needs of patients, families, and communities, as Canadian society continues to evolve within this new way of engaging with matters of living and dying.
Fruit‐dependent epigenetic regulation of flowering in Citrus
Authors: Agustí Manuel , Mesejo Carlos , Muñoz‐Fambuena Natalia , Vera‐Sirera Francisco , de Lucas Miguel , Martínez‐Fuentes Amparo , Reig Carmina , Iglesias Domingo J. , Primo‐Millo Eduardo , Blázquez Miguel A. 
Published: July 2019

Summary

In many perennial plants, seasonal flowering is primarily controlled by environmental conditions, but in certain polycarpic plants, environmental signals are locally gated by the presence of developing fruits initiated in the previous season through an unknown mechanism.

Polycarpy is defined as the ability of plants to undergo several rounds of reproduction during their lifetime, alternating vegetative and reproductive meristems in the same individual.

To understand how fruits regulate flowering in polycarpic plants, we focused on alternate bearing in Citrus trees that had been experimentally established as fully flowering or nonflowering.

We found that the presence of the fruit causes epigenetic changes correlating with the induction of the CcMADS19 floral repressor, which prevents the activation of the floral promoter CiFT2 even in the presence of the floral inductive signals. By contrast, newly emerging shoots display an opposite epigenetic scenario associated with CcMADS19 repression, thereby allowing the activation of CiFT2 the following cold season.
Part 2: Theoretical equivalence in physics
Authors: Weatherall James Owen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractI review the philosophical literature on the question of when two physical theories are equivalent. This includes a discussion of empirical equivalence, which is often taken to be necessary, and sometimes taken to be sufficient, for theoretical equivalence; and “interpretational” equivalence, which is the idea that two theories are equivalent just in case they have the same interpretation. It also includes a discussion of several formal notions of equivalence that have been considered in the recent philosophical literature, including (generalized) definitional equivalence and categorical equivalence. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the relationship between equivalence and duality. The article is in two parts; this is Part 2, which addresses categorical equivalence, interpretational equivalence, and duality.
Part 1: Theoretical equivalence in physics
Authors: Weatherall James Owen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractI review the philosophical literature on the question of when two physical theories are equivalent. This includes a discussion of empirical equivalence, which is often taken to be necessary, and sometimes taken to be sufficient, for theoretical equivalence; and “interpretational” equivalence, which is the idea that two theories are equivalent just in case they have the same interpretation. It also includes a discussion of several formal notions of equivalence that have been considered in the recent philosophical literature, including (generalized) definitional equivalence and categorical equivalence. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the relationship between equivalence and duality. The article is in two parts; this is Part 1, which addresses empirical equivalence and definitional equivalence.
Contrasting water sources and water‐use efficiency in coexisting desert plants in two saline‐sodic soils in northwest China
Authors: Min X.‐J. , Zang Y.‐X. , Sun W. , Ma J.‐Y. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Soil degradation resulting from various types of salinity is a major environmental problem, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Exploring the water‐related physiological traits of halophytes is useful for understanding the mechanisms of salt tolerance. This knowledge could be used to rehabilitate degraded arid lands.

To investigate whether different types of salinity influence the water sources and water‐use efficiency of desert plants (Karelinia caspia, Tamarix hohenackeri, Nitraria sibirica, Phragmites australis, Alhagi sparsifolia, Suaeda microphylla, Kalidium foliatum) in natural environments, we measured leaf gas exchange, leaf carbon and xylem oxygen isotope composition and soil oxygen isotope composition at neutral saline‐sodic site (NSS) and alkaline saline‐sodic site (ASS) in northwest China.

The studied plants had different xylem water oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O) and foliar carbon isotope compositions (δ13C), indicating that desert plants coexist through differentiation in water use patterns. Compared to that at the NSS site, the stem water in K. caspia, A. sparsifolia and S. microphylla was depleted in 18O at the ASS site, which indicates that plants can switch to obtain water from deeper soil layers when suffering environmental stress from both salinity and alkalinisation. Alhagi sparsifolia had higher δ13C at the ASS site than at the NSS site, while K. caspia and S. microphylla had lower δ13C, which may have resulted from interspecific differences in plant alkali and salt tolerance ability.

Our results suggest that under severe salinity and alkalinity, plants may exploit deeper soil water to avoid ion toxicity resulting from high concentrations of soluble salts in the superficial soil layer. In managed lands, it is vital to select and cultivate different salt‐tolerant or alkali‐tolerant plant species in light of local conditions.