bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Makes Prisons a Country?
Authors: Looman Mary D. , Carl John D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses what makes prisons a country. The chapter reviews the elements that characterize a country: unified people, geography, history, language, and culture. Then it identifies ways that mass incarceration fits those elements. The authors discuss the ways offenders must assimilate to prison culture to survive. The culture of prison shows offenders ways to behave and interact with others and gives meaning to their lives behind the razor-wire fences. Inmates must adapt to a culture that includes values and beliefs that do not exist anywhere else in the world except in prison. Over time, prison inmates learn to live in their new world and, when released, return to a land they no longer understand.
Assimilating a Country Called Prison
Authors: Looman Mary D. , Carl John D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main reasons the United States will continue to have latent consequences from the mass incarceration epidemic for years to come. Through deliberate policy designs, the United States has disenfranchised millions of citizens who could work, pay taxes, support local schools, care for their children, and contribute to their communities. The authors leave the reader with one macro proposal that could bring down the mountain of mass incarceration—the enactment of the Marshall Plan 2024, based on Secretary of State George Marshall’s plan to help European nations recover from the devastation of World War II. The authors designed a new mountain, the 21st century social justice system, that identifies nine key strategies for creating a collaborative and humane justice system for all citizens. The chapter summarizes each proposal and provides a list of strategies and measurable outcomes.
The Musical Leader
Authors: Grymes James A. , Kusz Veronika 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
During the interwar period, Dohnányi was appointed to Hungary’s most influential musical positions. Documents from his tenure as president-conductor of the Budapest Philharmonic Society show the immense pride he took in leading the orchestra, as well as his thought process in selecting its repertoire. A trio of interviews from the weekly magazine Rádióélet [Radio life] convey his optimism that as music director of the Hungarian Radio he would be able to harness the new medium to further educate his audience and cultivate public taste. As director of the Franz Liszt Academy, Dohnányi advocated for the repatriation of Franz Liszt’s remains and nominated Béla Bartók for the prestigious Greguss Medal. These powerful positions were not without discord, as shown by a minor controversy involving the International Franz Liszt Competition and other conflicts.
Prince Miloš and the Founding of Modern Serbia, 1815–1839
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Prince Miloš Obrenović’s rule was insecure, wedged as he was between the Ottoman regime and domestic rivals who sought to share his power. He nevertheless built upon this shaky foundation as he sought more powers from the Ottomans while cementing his authority. Albeit tyrannical, his regime launched a dynamic that would transform Serbia over the next quarter-century, securing its statehood. In his 24-year rule, Miloš began the construction of a modern state and society. But transforming the obor-knezes, knezes and kmets into his officials and creating a new bureaucratic class, he paradoxically reduced the local freedoms that Serbs had enjoyed in Ottoman times while exploiting them as the Ottomans had. The emergence of a bureaucratic elite initiated a fissure in Serbian national life between this elite and the peasant populace that would increasingly dominate Serbian political and intellectual life. Eventually, the new class of high officials and the pre-existing Serbian notables sought to end Miloš’s autocracy and share power, and these he was unable to defeat, resulting in his abdication. The rule of law was consequently established in Serbia under a constitution and oligarchy that would determine the country’s destiny for the next two decades.
The Historical Antecedents
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a brief history of how Africa’s borders came into being in the first place, and the dramatic negative impact that this had on the continent’s subsequent economic development. The chapter briefly retells the story of the Conference of Berlin in 1884/85, and the absurdity of the borders that were drawn up, separating communities with very strong kinship ties and shared socio-political systems that ultimately undermined the prospects for economic development on the continent. The chapter describes previous attempts by African countries since independence to address this toxic legacy and achieve greater unity, initially through the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity in 1963 and subsequently through the establishment of regional economic communities and the African Union. The chapter also stresses the vibrancy of intra-African trade in precolonial times, with networks stretching across the continent and as far afield as Brazil and China. Yet the colonial powers set up a system which deeply disincentivized economic relations between African countries. By the time of the first wave of independence in the late 1950s/early 1960s, intra-African trade stood at less than 5% of total trade.
The Flip Side of Commodity Dependence
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Economic growth performance in Africa improved in the early 2000s, after the “lost decades” of the 1980s and 1990s, but it soon became clear that the growth was not being accompanied by sufficiently pronounced structural change— the shifting out of employment from agriculture into higher value-added activities. This chapter reviews the evidence on the cost and scale of the “manufacturing deficit” for continental growth, and also discusses the feasibility of the continent “leapfrogging” into high-value added services. While some service sub-sectors are associated with economic dynamism and have growth-enhancing characteristics, there are limits to such growth without a sufficient degree of industrialization. The chapter reviews the evidence on the consequences of weak manufacturing growth, not that it has generally resulted in reduced productivity, economic growth and job creation. Although the AfCFTA will not automatically accelerate industrialization across Africa, it does lay the groundwork for the expansion of manufacturing.
The Importance of Catalysing Greater Cross-Border Investment
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 focusses on the importance of catalyzing greater intra-African foreign direct investment (FDI) if the AfCFTA is to achieve its goals. One of the drivers of greater volumes of intra-African trade is through higher levels of cross-border FDI. This is particularly so in sectors like retail, automobiles, chemical products, and food processing. The AfCFTA will increase the attractiveness of the African continent to foreign investment, with one recent study suggests that intra-African FDI will rise between 54-68% once it is fully implemented. This is highly desirable, as it is the way to promote intra-African knowledge transfer, efficiency, and greater intra-African trade. FDI is also crucial to promote greater cross-border services trade. Although global profitability of FDI appears to be falling, there is an abundance of opportunities for achieving high rates of return on the continent. While this is good from the point of view of investors, Africa sorely needs more competition in product markets, with one study revealing that African consumers pay around 25% more for their food bills than the global average. The AfCFTA thus has to help induce a more competitive market on the continent.
Family Ties
Authors: Venkatkrishnan Anand 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter understands the place of bhakti in Brahmin identity by reconstructing the scholarly lives of the Dēvas, a family of Maharashtrian Brahmins who lived in Banaras in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Dēvas attempted to reconcile their personal religious convictions with their public lives as scholars and teachers in a multilingual world. Although they wrote only in Sanskrit, they argued that the everyday practices of bhakti, especially in vernacular languages, should be respected and celebrated by Brahmins. The chapter contextualizes the impact of bhakti on their writings in Mīmāṁsā and Vēdānta within the social world of early modern Banaras. The Dēvas explored the tension between piety and pedagogy in the new intellectual economy of early modern India. They criticized the materialistic excess of the systems of patronage and networks that made them successful. These tensions refracted those of the Maharashtrian bhakti traditions to which the Dēvas traced their heritage.
A Child of the Raj
Authors: Kiszely John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Ismay’s heritage, family background, and early life to the age of twenty-six. It describes his childhood in India, the influence on him of the ethos of the Indian Civil Service, his education in the British public school system, and his training at the Royal Military College Sandhurst. It follows his early military career in an Indian Army cavalry regiment stationed on the North-west Frontier, including active service in the Mohmand Expedition of 1908. It describes his love of life in his regiment, his success as a young officer, and gives insights into Ismay’s character and personality. The chapter concludes with his volunteering, on the eve of the First World War, for active service in the British Somaliland Protectorate.
The Fall of France, The Battle of Britain, The Blitz
Authors: Kiszely John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Prime Minister Churchill’s appointment of Ismay as his chief staff officer and head of the Office of the Minister of Defence, Ismay’s role in those jobs, and as a newly-appointed member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee. It recounts his accompaniment of Churchill on all his visits to France in May and June 1940, his meetings with successive French Prime Ministers Daladier and Reynaud, his visits to RAF stations during the Battle of Britain, and to stricken city communities during the Blitz. It details Ismay’s initiatives in Home Defence, the defense of Whitehall and Chequers, and the establishment of the alternative command headquarters in London at Dollis Hill. Also described are Ismay’s organization of his staff and his close relations with his two key subordinates, Colonel Hollis and Major Jacob.
‘The Year of Destiny’
Authors: Kiszely John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes Ismay’s experiences and observations during what he called “the year of destiny.” It focuses on the planning, conduct and outcome of Operation Overlord—the Allied invasion of Europe—but also describes the relations between Churchill and the Chiefs of Staff (in particular, General Brooke) which hit a new low over strategy in the Far East and in which Ismay intervened with success to avoid a complete fracture in relations. The chapter recounts Ismay’s accompaniment of Churchill to visit the embarking troops on the eve of D-Day, the high emotions (Ismay’s included) which surrounded the postponement of the operation, and Ismay’s contribution to the deception plan. It also recounts the nadir in relations between Ismay and Churchill and Ismay’s letter of resignation which he submitted during the Quebec conference in September 1944.
Ismay’s War
Authors: Kiszely John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses Ismay’s contribution to Churchill’s success as prime minister and to the Allied victory. It describes Ismay’s design and leadership of what Churchill called his “handling machine” (his executive staff), Ismay’s key role as mediator between Churchill and the Chiefs of Staff, his relations with the three longest serving Chiefs (Brooke, Pound, and Portal), with Churchill’s cronies (Bracken, Morton, Beaverbrook, Professor Lindemann, and Dr Wilson), and with the Churchill family members. It highlights as one of Ismay’s greatest contributions his work in helping to cement the Anglo-American partnership. It includes the views of Ismay’s critics, Ismay’s opinion of Churchill, both as wartime political leader and as a strategist, and analyses the extent of Ismay’s influence on him.
Sunset
Authors: Kiszely John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the final eight years of Ismay’s life. It describes his production of his memoirs, published in 1960, and provides a critique of them. It details his continued, close engagement with the Churchill family, his private correspondence with Eisenhower (including during his time as president) and with Mountbatten (including the commissioning of a semi-official account of Partition in India), and his active support for two charitable campaigns: one for a fund for senior retired Polish officers; and one for the award of a medal for Bomber Command. It details his involvement in two government reviews of the higher management of defense: one in 1957 and a further, more wide-ranging one in 1963 based on what became known as the Ismay-Jacob Report which was instrumental in the establishment of a Ministry of Defence incorporating the three Service departments of state.
Court-Packing and Constitutional Change
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Supreme Court’s understanding of the Constitution changed dramatically in the late 1930s. The Court had once deemed much economic regulation unconstitutional, but now the Court overruled its prior decisions and upheld virtually all regulation. The most common explanation for the change frames it as the Court’s reaction to President Franklin Roosevelt’s 1937 Court-packing plan. But the revolution in the Court’s approach to the constitutionality of regulation began several years before 1937 and continued several years after. It was a lengthy process, not a sudden event. Nor was the change unidirectional. It was more of a zigzag than a straight line. And the events of 1937 were soon overwhelmed in importance by personnel changes on the Court. Between 1937 and 1943 Roosevelt appointed eight new justices, all of whom favored the new method of interpreting the Constitution.
Epilogue
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
When the Court is in the news these days, it is usually for reaching decisions that are welcomed by the right and reviled by the left. One common critique of the conservative justices is that they are exceeding the proper bounds of their own authority by crossing the line that divides law from politics. As we have seen, however, similar allegations have been levelled at the Court almost since its creation. Southerners, who were bitterly opposed to the Court’s early nineteenth-century decisions affirming the federal government’s primacy over the states, also accused the justices of seizing power for political reasons. So did opponents of the Court’s twentieth-century decisions establishing new constitutional rights for black people, for Communists, and for criminal defendants. The Court’s critics have always accused the justices of grabbing power to implement their political beliefs.
Tomorrow, there will be war!
Authors: Behrends Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The introduction starts with a conversation around a fire side during fieldwork in a village on the Chad-Sudan border in 2001. A war was announced for the next day, and no one was supposed to go to the market, the elders declared. This situation reveals how an immediate arrival of war is locally anticipated, and provides accounts of how people have known to practically react to the threat of sudden attacks by armed men on horseback. The text introduces the Chad-Sudan borderland’s crisis setting and the temporal and methodological framework of this research. It introduces the book’s content and its conceptual frame regarding the making and unmaking of difference through flexible categorizing and forms of belonging, and how people have, and continue to live with uncertainty.
This money belongs to the people of Chad
Authors: Behrends Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The last chapter of part three foregrounds a more general perspective on development. On the one hand, the author examines the Chadian president’s focus on a project of architectural high modernity, envisioning the “new” city of N’Djamena financed by the petro-state’s oil billions. On the other hand, the author interrogates notions of peace and war, arguing that it is best to speak of a transitional phase that, in the future, might lean toward either side of the continuum. This is a time in which the changes brought about by war, displacement, emplacement and aid manifest themselves through the complex mosaic of perspectives from before the Darfur War until now.
Anthropological Culture
Authors: Roy Olivier 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining deculturation, which is a frequent phenomenon throughout history. The process today is more complex; it is not only the dominated who are losing their culture, but the dominant cultures are also in crisis. In this broad anthropological process, deculturation is of course more visible in dominated groups: immigrants, indigenous societies, and the working class. But what happens when the dominant class no longer embodies values and whole categories of the population lose their cultural bearings, even when they are not necessarily “dominated”? The crisis of culture is of course linked to the crisis in the social bond and the disconnect between shared imaginaries and social life. Desocialization, individualization, and deterritorialization are the three key elements. The sociological foundation required for a culture to exist is in crisis. It has not disappeared; there are still nations, societies, social classes, socio-occupational groups, ethnic groups, tribes, villages, neighborhoods and so on. However, these sociological affiliations are increasingly dissociated from forms of virtual sociability that have developed through the use of the internet. The chapter also looks at the concept of subcultures and the notion of a youth culture.
‘Alas Poor Danes!’
Authors: Simms Brendan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how in 1807, at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain inflicted preventive violence on a small and ostensibly neutral European state, Denmark, to pre-empt the possible seizure of the Danish fleet by Napoleon. The operation involved the destruction of parts of the city of Copenhagen and considerable loss of civilian life. After a short setting of the scene in its broader international context, the chapter locates the bombardment within contemporary discussions on international law (the “law of nations”), in respect to both ius ad bellum and ius in bello. The author shows how these discussions were embedded in the larger framework of the contest between Napoleonic hegemony and those who supported the “balance of power”.
British-Army Violence Against Civilians in the Peninsular War
Authors: Esdaile Charles 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In war, excessive violence is not necessarily the work of political or military authority. In the Peninsular War of 1808-14, for example, the leading British commanders, Sir John Moore and the Duke of Wellington were at pains to burden the civilian populace as little as possible in respect of such matters as living off the country; to keep their troops under control in respect of their treatment of the civilian population; and to avoid such tactics as the indiscriminate bombardment of enemy-held cities. In this, however, at least in so far as the first two objectives were concerned, they were in large part frustrated: the products of the poorer elements of a society in which violence and brutality were endemic, ever prone to drunkenness, often short of food, and periodically subjected to episodes of immense trauma, their soldiers habitually acted in ways that broke the norms expected of them. Hence, for example, the horrific scenes witnessed at Badajoz in 1812.
Hindutva versus “Islamist threats”
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The circumstances of Modi’s elevation to the apex position in Gujarat are not unimportant for understanding his strategy in the months that followed, including during and after the communal violence which engulfed the state in 2002. The passivity of the police not only allowed Hindu nationalist propaganda to circulate, but also enabled the Hindu nationalist militias to strike almost everywhere with impunity. While previous riots had usually been confined to a few places, the 2002 riot was pervasive throughout Gujarat, across dozens of districts. Modi derived electoral dividends from communal polarization. Indeed, the BJP won 42 out of 50 seats in the three districts most heavily affected by this violence, Panchmahals, Dahod and Vadodara (where it won all the 13 MLA seats).
Devolving, but never quite forgetting
Authors: Kenny Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The devolution reforms initiated by Labour after its 1997 victory reshaped territorial government across the UK, establishing new legislative bodies in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The new institutions of government in each were differently constituted. Scotland received its own parliament with fairly significant domestic policy responsibilities. Northern Ireland had a power-sharing assembly as part of a wider international agreement, involving the Republic of Ireland. And Wales was awarded a much more limited model at its inception. Fairly quickly these devolved institutions became integral to the UK's political landscape, although there were sharp disagreements at Westminster about their implications, and controversies in these different contexts about the status and performance of these institutions.
Brexit
Authors: Kenny Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The result of the historic poll on the UK’s membership in the European Union in June 2016 created deep strains within the UK's governing system. The attempt to secure an Agreement with the EU, and pass it through the UK parliament created divisive conflicts between the Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Whitehall governments, raising questions about where sovereignty lay which had, previously, been easily avoided. The question of the Irish border became particularly salient, and the impact of different potential agreements upon Northern Ireland the subject of extensive partisan debate at Westminster. There were also continuing conflicts over the implications of the return of powers from Brussels in areas of devolved competence for the UK’s own internal market. The May government established new mechanisms for joint decision-making in response—“common frameworks”, but these were jettisoned by her successor, Johnson’s, insistence on the primacy of British governmental authority—as reflected in the Internal Market Act. The Brexit crisis placed severe strain upon the devolved Union, and set in motion different arguments for its reform.
Introduction
Authors: Sweijs Tim , Michaels Jeffrey H. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 sparked a pivotal moment of reflection on the character of future war. With the return of large-scale interstate war to Europe, a development believed to be virtually unthinkable, prevailing ideas about the future of war held by politicians, the military, scholars, and societies more generally, have had to be fundamentally rethought. In this introductory chapter, Sweijs and Michaels discuss the nature of this re-evaluation, particularly the extent to which the war in Ukraine can really be viewed as a harbinger of future wars – whether in Europe or elsewhere. In addition, they provide a general overview of the key themes discussed in the book.