bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State, labour, and kin: tensions of value in an egalitarian community
Authors: Hoëm Ingjerd 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis essay discusses the effects of a state apparatus and new forms of labour in a kin‐based egalitarian distributive economy. The atoll society of Tokelau is currently establishing a modern state, largely financed by aid, but also through revenue from Tokelau's fisheries zone. The new labour regime associated with the introduction of a state administration is in practice entangled with an egalitarian distributive system of production and reproduction. The local kin‐based leadership is able to incorporate and use the system of capital in an egalitarian fashion. Whether it will be able over time to accommodate social inequality – that is, the division of villagers into skilled and unskilled workers with potentially qualitatively different access to livelihoods – is, however, an open question. Where comparative studies from Aboriginal Australia describe unequal access to work and standards of livelihoods by reference to ontology, and hence by implication to ethnicity, the tensions experienced in Tokelau take place within one social network in which new forms of labour contribute to a devaluation of skills associated with gendered patterns of livelihoods. From this devaluation follows a potential loss of sustainability for the atoll society should the capital flow move elsewhere.
State against industry: time and labour among Dominican furniture makers
Authors: Krohn‐Hansen Christian 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis essay analyses time and labour among small Dominican furniture producers. The Dominican Republic's small workshops and firms experience much waiting – not speed and political‐economic integration, but, instead, slowness, blockades, and marginalization. The national production of furniture has faced increasingly tough competition from imported commodities. In the early 1990s, the national finances were in crisis. Pressured by its international lenders, the state deregulated and opened the economy, while it has continued to spend little on the development of the country's workshops and industry. In addition, the country's electricity sector is in poor condition and long blackouts are the norm. Because of the situation, the country's small furniture makers are forced to live with contradictory and clashing social rhythms. The diversity among forms of time is navigated through concrete labour and in the everyday. Contemporary global capitalism ought to be understood as a contingent outcome of labour activity in the form of a myriad of localized, mundane efforts to ‘fix’ it. Such efforts always mirror a specific political and social history. By exploring contemporary capitalist time through a focus on particular forms of labour, we can analyse how global capitalism's discrepant rhythms help to give shape to, disrupt, and dislocate forms of labour in a given place. At the same time, we show how the involved agents seek to adapt to, and work on the effects of, the conflicts between rhythms.
Born like China, growing like China
Authors: Chen Xianjuan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper studies the effects of China's one‐child policy on saving and foreign reserve accumulation. Fertility control increases the saving rate both by altering saving decisions at the household level, and by altering the demographic composition of the population at the aggregate level. I show that demographically induced changes in saving explain the build‐up of a large foreign surplus in China. As in Song, Storesletten, and Zilibtti (2011), the model features contractual and financial market imperfections. Government‐owned firms are less productive but have full access to the credit market. Entrepreneurial firms are more productive but face credit constraints. As labour switches from less productive to more productive firms, demand for domestic bank borrowing decreases. As saving increases while demand for loans decreases, domestic savings are invested abroad, generating a foreign surplus. The model predicts that China's foreign reserve accumulation will soon begin to slow down in response to recent relaxation of the one‐child policy.
Update on the Health Services Research Doctoral Core Competencies
Authors: Burgess James F. , Menachemi Nir , Maciejewski Matthew L. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo present revised core competencies for doctoral programs in health services research (HSR), modalities to deliver these competencies, and suggested methods for assessing mastery of these competencies.Data Sources and Data CollectionCore competencies were originally developed in 2005, updated (but unpublished) in 2008, modestly updated for a 2016 HSR workforce conference, and revised based on feedback from attendees. Additional feedback was obtained from doctoral program directors, employer/workforce experts and attendees of presentation on these competencies at the AcademyHealth's June 2017 Annual Research Meeting.Principal FindingsThe current version (V2.1) competencies include the ethical conduct of research, conceptual models, development of research questions, study designs, data measurement and collection methods, statistical methods for analyzing data, professional collaboration, and knowledge dissemination. These competencies represent a core that defines what HSR researchers should master in order to address the complexities of microsystem to macro‐system research that HSR entails. There are opportunities to conduct formal evaluation of newer delivery modalities (e.g., flipped classrooms) and to integrate new Learning Health System Researcher Core Competencies, developed by AHRQ, into the HSR core competencies.ConclusionsCore competencies in HSR are a continually evolving work in progress because new research questions arise, new methods are developed, and the trans‐disciplinary nature of the field leads to new multidisciplinary and team building needs.
Application of High Pressure with Homogenization, Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, and Cold Plasma for the Inactivation of Bacterial Spores: A Review
Authors: Lopes Rita P. , Mota Maria J. , Gomes Ana M. , Delgadillo Ivonne , Saraiva Jorge A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFormation of highly resistant spores is a concern for the safety of low‐acid foods as they are a perfect vehicle for food spoilage and/or human infection. For spore inactivation, the strategy usually applied in the food industry is the intensification of traditional preservation methods to sterilization levels, which is often accompanied by decreases of nutritional and sensory properties. In order to overcome these unwanted side effects in food products, novel and emerging sterilization technologies are being developed, such as pressure‐assisted thermal sterilization, high‐pressure carbon dioxide, high‐pressure homogenization, and cold plasma. In this review, the application of these emergent technologies is discussed, in order to understand the effects on bacterial spores and their inactivation and thus ensure food safety of low‐acid foods. In general, the application of these novel technologies for inactivating spores is showing promising results. However, it is important to note that each technique has specific features that can be more suitable for a particular type of product. Thus, the most appropriate sterilization method for each product (and target microorganisms) should be assessed and carefully selected.
Internal Control and Operational Efficiency
Authors: Cheng Qiang , Goh Beng Wee , Kim Jae B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study, we examine whether internal control over financial reporting affects firm operational efficiency. We find that operational efficiency, derived from frontier analysis, is significantly lower among firms with material weaknesses in internal control relative to firms without such weaknesses. We also find that the remediation of material weaknesses leads to an improvement in operational efficiency. Additional analyses indicate that the negative effect of material weaknesses on operational efficiency is stronger for firms with a greater demand for higher quality information for decision making, for weaknesses that are deemed to be more severe, and to a certain extent, for smaller firms. Overall, our study extends the literature by presenting systematic evidence on the effect of effective internal control on operational efficiency and informs the debate over the costs and benefits of the internal control reporting requirements under the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002.
Expertise Rents from Insider Trading for Financial Experts on Audit Committees
Authors: Duellman Scott , Guo Jun , Zhang Yan , Zhou Nan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe document the existence of expertise rents by finding that financial experts on audit committees obtain higher abnormal returns from insider purchases than do non‐financial experts on audit committees. We further investigate whether information processing skills work alone or jointly with an information advantage to generate expertise rents. While financial experts on audit committees outperform financial experts on other committees, financial experts on compensation, executive, nominating, and governance committees do not outperform non‐financial experts on these committees. These findings suggest that expertise rents are domain‐specific and can be obtained only when directors have both access to private information and information processing skills. In additional testing, we find that expertise rents for financial experts on audit committees are primarily driven by non‐accounting financial experts, whose finance or supervisory experience could make them better than accounting financial experts in understanding market conditions and assessing firm risk.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in children with ASD and their parents: a 3‐year follow‐up
Authors: Francis K. , Dougali A. , Sideri K. , Kroupis C. , Vasdekis V. , Dima K. , Douzenis A. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveSeveral lines of evidence point to a probable relationship between brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but studies have yielded inconsistent findings on the BDNF serum level in ASD. The study aimed to assess those levels in children with ASD and their families.MethodBDNF serum levels were measured in 45 ASD children without intellectual disability (ID) and allergies, age 30–42 months and age‐matched normal controls. BDNF serum levels in the parents of the ASD subjects were compared to normal controls. BDNF serum levels in the ASD subjects were followed up for 3 years and correlated with adaptive functioning changes.ResultsBDNF serum levels were measured to be lower in children with ASD and independent of all the major baseline characteristics of the subjects. Having a child with ASD raises the BDNF levels in parents comparing to controls. Prospectively, no correlation between the change of BDNF variables in time and the change of the Vineland scores was found.ConclusionsOur results contradict those from recent published meta‐analyses with the age, the presence of ID and allergies being possible contributing factors. The parents’ data indeed point to a role of BDNF in the pathophysiology of ASD.
Alcohol industry involvement in policymaking: a systematic review
Authors: McCambridge Jim , Mialon Melissa , Hawkins Ben 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimsTo summarize the substantive findings of studies of alcohol industry involvement in national or supranational policymaking, and to produce a new synthesis of current evidence.MethodsThis study examined peer‐reviewed journal reports published in the English language between 1980 and 2016 of studies of alcohol industry involvement in policymaking. Included studies were required to provide information on data collection and analysis and to have sought explicitly to investigate interventions by alcohol industry actors within the process of public policymaking. Eight electronic databases were searched on 27 February 2017. The methodological strengths and limitations of individual studies and the literature as a whole were examined. A thematic synthesis using an inductive approach to the generation of themes was guided by the research aims and objectives.ResultsTwenty reports drawn from 15 documentary and interview studies identify the pervasive influence of alcohol industry actors in policymaking. This evidence synthesis indicates that industry actors seek to influence policy in two principal ways by: (1) framing policy debates in a cogent and internally consistent manner, which excludes from policy agendas issues that are contrary to commercial interests; and (2) adopting short‐ and long‐term approaches to managing threats to commercial interests within the policy arena by building relationships with key actors using a variety of different organizational forms. This review pools findings from existing studies on the range of observed impacts on national alcohol policy decision‐making throughout the world.ConclusionsAlcohol industry actors are highly strategic, rhetorically sophisticated and well organized in influencing national policymaking.
The impacts of pretreatment circulating eosinophils and basophils on prognosis of stage Ⅰ–Ⅲ colorectal cancer
Authors: Wei Yisheng , Zhang Xiao , Wang Guoying , Zhou Yaguang , Luo Minrui , Wang Shan , Hong Chuyuan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimThe effects of circulating eosinophils and basophils on cancer survival are unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the impacts of eosinophils and basophils on prognosis of stage I–III colorectal cancer (CRC) patients.MethodsFrom February 2003 to March 2013, 569 stage I–III CRC patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The associations between pretreatment circulating eosinophils, basophils and CRC overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS) were investigated. Moreover, the prognostic value of combined eosinophils/basophils and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR)/platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was investigated.ResultsKaplan–Meier methods showed the associations of eosinophils < 0.095 × 109/L and shorter OS (P < 0.0001), eosinophils < 0.055 × 109/L and shorter DFS (P < 0.0001), basophils < 0.015 × 109/L and shorter OS (P = 0.001), basophils < 0.015 × 109/L and shorter DFS (P = 0.005). Cox regression model showed that eosinophils < 0.095 × 109/L (hazard ratio [HR], 1.723; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.177–2.523) and basophils < 0.015 × 109/L (HR, 1.714; 95% CI = 1.152–2.548) were independent prognostic factors for OS, and eosinophils < 0.055 × 109/L (HR, 2.309; 95% CI = 1.587–3.361) and basophils < 0.015 × 109/L (HR, 1.397; 95% CI = 1.003–1.945) were independent prognostic factors for DFS, respectively. The combined eosinophil‐PLR (HR, 2.611; 95% CI = 1.328–5.130) and basophil‐PLR (HR, 2.520; 95% CI = 1.240–5.123) were the independent prognostic factors for OS. The combined eosinophil‐NLR (HR, 2.770; 95% CI = 1.528–5.019) and eosinophil‐PLR (HR, 4.788; 95% CI = 2.458–9.329) were the independent prognostic factors for DFS.ConclusionPretreatment circulating eosinophils < 0.095 × 109/L/0.055 × 109/L and circulating basophils < 0.015 × 109/L have significant impacts on prognosis of stage I–III CRC patients.
Role of super‐selective embolization in lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Senadeera Sajith C. , Vun Simon V. , Butterfield Nicholas , Eglinton Tim W. , Frizelle Frank A. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundLower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common acute general surgical condition that is typically self‐limiting; however in refractory cases it can necessitate life‐saving intervention. When bleeding is refractory, super‐selective embolization (SSE) becomes an important management strategy. This study aims to evaluate outcomes of this procedure at our institution and identify predictors of clinical success.MethodsA retrospective analysis of patients with positive computed tomography angiograms for LGIB at a tertiary centre between December 2007 and May 2017.ResultsOf 87 600 acute general surgical admissions, 2700 were for LGIB. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated active bleeding in 104 patients who then had mesenteric angiograms. SSE was performed in 77 patients of whom 66 (86%) demonstrated active bleeding. Technical success was achieved in 75 patients (97%). Clinical success was achieved in 63 patients (81%). Re‐bleeding occurred in 14 patients (19%), with four requiring surgery. One patient went forward for re‐embolization. Bowel ischaemia occurred in four patients (5.2%), with two requiring bowel resection. A 30‐day mortality following SSE was 6.5%, with one death attributable to bowel ischaemia and four deaths from medical comorbidity. Median age (years) of those who had clinical success was 78 (interquartile range (IQR) 16.4) and those who did not was 65 (IQR 20.2) (P = 0.031). Clinical success was more common in those who had diverticular related bleeding (61.9%) compared to other pathologies (38.1%) (P = 0.036).ConclusionSSE was successful in a high proportion of patients in this series with low complication rates. Clinical success was higher in those who were older or with diverticular related bleeding.
Hypoglycaemia was common in acute gastroenteritis in a prospective hospital‐based study, but electrolyte imbalances were not
Authors: Qadori Mohammed , Flem Elmira , Bekkevold Terese , Døllner Henrik , Gilje Ann Marit , Rojahn Astrid , Størdal Ketil 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimUsing routine blood sampling in a gastroenteritis diagnostic workup is debatable. This study examined the relationship between the severity of acute gastroenteritis and blood test abnormalities.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled children under five years of age referred for outpatient or inpatient management for gastroenteritis from February 2014 to April 2016. The four study hospitals cared for 30% of Norwegian children. The severity of gastroenteritis was assessed using Vesikari scores. Blood samples were analysed at each hospital.ResultsThe 659 children had a median age of 19 months. The rotavirus was found in 314/514 children with stool samples (61%). Severe gastroenteritis, indicated by a Vesikari score of ≥11, was found in 392/549 (71%) with completed scores, but only 40 of 649 (6%) assessed for dehydration were more than 5% dehydrated. None had sodium <130 mmol/L. Glucose of 3.0–3.3 mmol/L was detected in 52/578 (9%) and <3.0 mmol/L in 33/578 (6%). Hypoglycaemia, elevated urea, low bicarbonate and negative base excess were associated with disease severity. The duration of vomiting and the rotavirus infection were associated with hypoglycaemia. Elevated urea, low bicarbonate and negative base excess had high specificities, but low sensitivities.ConclusionHypoglycaemia was common in acute gastroenteritis, but major electrolyte disturbances were infrequent.
What Does Trump Really Want?
Authors: Winter David G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDonald Trump's 2017 inaugural address was scored with a content analysis measure of implicit motives. The results show that compared to other 20th and 21st century U.S. presidents, he scores very high in achievement and power motive imagery, but only about average in affiliation imagery. Based on previous research on presidents’ motive imagery, this profile suggests some predictions about the Trump presidency and possible problems for it. In political leaders, high achievement motivation often leads to frustration with the political process. Power motivation, while associated with rated greatness, is related to polarization of public opinion and war. The effects of motives are further channel by temperament and traits—in Trump's case, high extraversion and low agreeableness.
‘Massive’ metformin overdose
Authors: Chiew Angela L. , Wright Daniel F. B. , Dobos Nicola M. , McArdle Kylie , Mostafa Ahmed A. , Newth Annemarie , Roberts Michael S. , Isbister Geoffrey K. 
Published: March 2018

Massive metformin overdose can cause metabolic acidosis with hyperlactatemia. A 55‐year‐old woman presented 5 h after multidrug overdose, including 132 g extended‐release metformin. Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) and noradrenaline were commenced due to metabolic acidosis (pH 7.0, lactate 17 mmol l–1) and shock. Despite 3 h of CVVHDF, her acidosis worsened (pH 6.83, lactate 24 mmol l–1). Intermittent haemodialysis (IHD) improved acidosis (pH 7.13, lactate 26 mmol l–1) but again worsened (pH 6.91, lactate 30 mmol l–1) with CVVHDF recommencement. IHD (12 h), CVVHDF (26 h) and vasopressor support for 7 days resulted in survival. Measured metformin concentrations were extremely high with a peak of 292 μg ml–1 at 8 h postingestion. IHD, but not CVVHDF in this case, was associated with improvement in metabolic acidosis and hyperlactataemia. Pharmacokinetic analysis of metformin concentrations found a reduced apparent oral clearance of 8.2 l h–1 and a half‐life of approximately 30 h. During IHD, the apparent oral clearance increased to 22.2 l h–1 with an approximate half‐life of 10 h. The impact of prolonged oral absorption from a pharmacobezoar and redistribution of metformin from peripheral sites (including erythrocytes) on the pharmacokinetic profile cannot be determined from the data available.
Model Selection for Semiparametric Marginal Mean Regression Accounting for Within-Cluster Subsampling Variability and Informative Cluster Size
Authors: Shen Chung-Wei , Chen Yi-Hau 
Published: March 2018

Summary
We propose a model selection criterion for semiparametric marginal mean regression based on generalized estimating equations. The work is motivated by a longitudinal study on the physical frailty outcome in the elderly, where the cluster size, that is, the number of the observed outcomes in each subject, is “informative” in the sense that it is related to the frailty outcome itself. The new proposal, called Resampling Cluster Information Criterion (RCIC), is based on the resampling idea utilized in the within-cluster resampling method (Hoffman, Sen, and Weinberg, 2001, Biometrika88, 1121–1134) and accommodates informative cluster size. The implementation of RCIC, however, is free of performing actual resampling of the data and hence is computationally convenient. Compared with the existing model selection methods for marginal mean regression, the RCIC method incorporates an additional component accounting for variability of the model over within-cluster subsampling, and leads to remarkable improvements in selecting the correct model, regardless of whether the cluster size is informative or not. Applying the RCIC method to the longitudinal frailty study, we identify being female, old age, low income and life satisfaction, and chronic health conditions as significant risk factors for physical frailty in the elderly.
LOBBYING AND ELECTIONS
Authors: Klingelhöfer Jan 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTI analyse the interaction between post‐election lobbying and the voting decisions of forward‐looking voters. The existing literature has shown that in models with citizen candidates from a dispersed distribution of preferences, lobbying has no influence on implemented policy. In my model with ideological parties, lobbying is shown to have an effect on policy. In terms of welfare, I show that the median voter and the majority of voters can be better off with lobbying.