bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children with type 1 diabetes of early age at onset – immune and metabolic phenotypes
Authors: Sales Luis Madalena , Alcafache Margarida , Ferreira Sara , Fitas Ana Laura , Simões Pereira Joana , Caramalho Íris , Lopes Lurdes , Limbert Catarina 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to evaluate children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with early age at onset (EAO) for clinical, immune and metabolic features in order to identify age-related disease phenotypes.

Methods
Comparative study of two groups of T1D children: EAO (≤5 years) and later age at onset (LAO; >5 years), regarding the presence of other autoimmune (AI) diseases, diabetes ketoacidosis and immunologic profile at onset and metabolic data 1 year after diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed with significance set for p < 0.05.

Results
The study included 137 children (EAO = 52, mean age 3.6 ± 1.5 [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and LAO = 85, mean age 10.4 ± 2.9). EAO was more associated with concomitant AI diseases (p = 0.032). Despite no differences in disease onset, EAO presented with lower C-peptide levels (p = 0.01) and higher absolute lymphocyte number (p < 0.0001), with an inverse correlation between these two variables (p = 0.028). Additionally, the EAO group had a higher frequency of serum detection of three antibodies (Abs) (p = 0.0008), specifically insulin Abs (p = 0.0001). One year after diagnosis, EAO had higher total daily insulin (TDI) dose (p = 0.008), despite similar hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).

Conclusions
Our data show an association of EAO T1D with more AI diseases, higher number of Abs, lower initial insulin reservoir and higher insulin requirements 1 year after diagnosis. In this group, immune imbalance seems more evident and disease progression faster, probably reflecting distinct “immune environment” with different ages at disease onset. Further studies in the field of immunogenetics and immune tolerance are required, to improve patient stratification and find novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Current and Future Challenges in Trial Design for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in HIV Prevention
Authors: Donnell Deborah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Success in establishing efficacy of antiretroviral drugs to prevent acquisition of HIV infection has fundamentally changed the trial design considerations for future experimental drugs. Current trials of potential new antiretroviral agents for pre-exposure prophylaxis are using active control designs – where all trial participants receive an active antiretroviral drug. Current trials of other experimental approaches, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, permit use of the proven prevention agent FTC/TDF for all trial participants. In the future, if even more effective prevention methods are approved, active control designs would anticipate very few infection events and not provide statistically robust evidence. A potential alternative is to conduct placebo randomized trials limited to participants for whom current prevention tools are not acceptable.
Numerical Investigation on Metrological Fidelity of a Shielded Thermocouple Probe and the Effects of Geometrical Parameters
Authors: Ummer Zahir , Zhang Weihao , Yang Weiping , Zou Zhengping , Zhao Jian 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Proper design optimization and precise error characterization of temperature sensing-elements are rudimentary in the field of high accuracy gas temperature measurements. The intricate flow structures and heat transfer mechanisms related to a shielded thermocouple probe are studied in this paper using computational fluid dynamics and conjugate heat transfer (CFD/CHT) simulation tools. Owing to the probe’s novel geometry, it was a pre-requisite to characterize the metrological fidelity of the probe and the steady-state errors were determined from the simulations. The influence of certain geometrical parameters on the error characteristics of the probe was also investigated. The characteristic variation of the metrological fidelity of the probe with respect to those geometrical parameters should facilitate the optimization of the probe design.
How do you smile along a path?
Authors: Irwin Patricia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper argues that a core component of root meaning is the distinction between body parts versus the body conceived as a whole. This distinction is shown to be relevant in the acceptability of motion sentences in English with whole-body roots likedance$\sqrt {\textsc{dance}} $and body-part roots likesmile$\sqrt {\textsc{smile}} $. In keeping with the assumption that roots lack syntactic category, I argue that verbal roots occur freely in syntactic structures but that some root-structure combinations are degraded (or unacceptable), and that this is due to an incompatibility between conceptual root content and interpreted syntactic structure.
Roots, their structure and consequences for derivational timing
Authors: Kučerová Ivona , Szczegielniak Adam 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent work in Distributed Morphology, most prominently Harley (2014), argues for roots being able to take syntactic complements, which opens the door for the possibility of having syntactic features within a root’s representation – something most DM literature rejects (Embick 2015). Upon a closer inspection of the arguments presented in the literature, it is not clear whether the disagreement has an empirical underpinning, or whether it stems from the lack of methodological clarity as far as the identification of the precise nature of what constitutes a syntactic feature. This paper takes this methodological question seriously and investigates a type of derivational behavior that, in our view, provides a decisive argument for the presence of syntactic features on roots. We argue that the presence of a syntactic feature on the root can be conclusively established based on a feature’s impact on specific properties within a larger syntactic structure. Based on empirical evidence form gender agreement phenomena, we introduce a model of grammar that distinguishes roots with syntactic features from those which do not have them. We propose that such a distinction between roots will manifest itself in the timing of root insertion – roots without syntactic features are late inserted, while roots with syntactic features must be early inserted.
Selecting roots: the view from compounding
Authors: Michelioudakis Dimitris , Angelopoulos Nikos 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe investigate how saturation of different theta-roles by the non-head constituent correlates with derivational suffixes and, in turn, with the event structures compatible with those suffixes. We also investigate XP realisations of themes, causers and instruments in deverbal nominal and participial constructions and which ±agentive and/or ±process/episodic sub-readings allow which type of argument. It turns out that for each theta-role, the contexts that allow an XP realisation are exactly the complement of the contexts that would allow compounding of that same theta-role. We take this complementarity to be an indirect argument in favour of (i) divorcing argument licensing from argument selection and (ii) dissociating argument introduction from event-structure-related heads, which then potentially reaffirms the role of roots in (first phase) syntax.
Compounds, composability, and morphological idiosyncrasy
Authors: Steddy Sam 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWorking within the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993, 1994), this paper offers a derivational analysis of the range of structures and the types of idiosyncrasy associated with compounding. Building on prior analysis by Harley (2009), compound structures are argued to vary according to the ways in which the head and the non-head of a compound are categorised. Specifically, if the non-head of a compound is acategorial, then the relationship between the compound head and non-head is non-decomposable. Based on data from Hebrew (Borer 2009), it is shown that this also makes the non-head inaccessible to independent syntactic-semantic operations, including coordination, and coreference with a pronoun. It is additionally shown that morphologically-conditioned allomorphy (Bobaljik 2012) may be conditioned between the compound head and a suffix, as constitutes part of a bracketing paradox (Williams 1981). Where categorisation of the head of the compound gives rise to effects of headedness, however, this allomorphy may be ‘blocked’ by the structure associated with exocentricity. The final sections of the paper consider exocentricity, and other interactions between idiosyncratic meanings and phonology, in further detail.
(Non-)Intersective adjectives and root suppletion
Authors: Despić Miloje 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper I examine certain gradable adjectives in Serbian, whose suppletive comparative forms display unexpected semantic properties. In particular, while these adjectives are ambiguous between intersective and non-intersective readings in the positive form, their suppletive comparative and superlative forms are limited to the non-intersective interpretation. These facts show, I argue, that in a theory like Distributed Morphology either adjectival roots or category-assigning heads they combine with come in semantic subtypes (i.e. are specified for certain semantic properties; Harley 2005, Anagnostopoulou and Samioti 2014). I show how the analysis I propose explains semantic properties of change-of-state verbs derived from these adjectives and why these adjectives are restricted to the intersective interpretation when their positive form takes the long-form (definite) inflection. I also provide an illustration of how Arregi and Nevins’s (2014) analysis of the so-called “disuppletive” roots, suchworse/badder, can deal with the facts presented in this paper. Finally, I discuss implications of these facts in the context of Bobaljik’s (2012) approach to suppletive comparative morphology.
Derivational argument ellipsis
Authors: Takahashi Daiko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe present article is concerned with two important observations about argument ellipsis. One is that it may apply to arguments that do not enter into agreement relationship with functional categories but not to those that do; the other is that extraction out of elided arguments is possible in Japanese. In order to account for these properties, I adopt the theory of derivational ellipsis, according to which elliptic constituents are marked as such as early as in the syntactic component, and the hypothesis thatv, V, and an internal argument can be combined in different ways in different languages. The proposed analysis does not only account for the relevant facts about argument ellipsis in Japanese, but also extends to other languages that exhibit slightly different behaviors with regard to null arguments.
Feasibility of Ion Exchange Membranes to Control pH during Electro-Osmotic Consolidation
Authors: Martin Lucas , Meegoda Jay N. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Electro-osmosis is an established method of consolidating soft fine-grained soils. Its efficiency is controlled by the electrical resistance of the soil-electrode system. Because of an increase in soil electrical resistance during treatment, its cost efficiency is reduced, limiting the widespread use of this technique, especially in developed nations. One of the main causes of electrical resistance is hydrolysis of water molecules around the electrodes. The acidification of the anode, in particular, reduces the negative surface charge of clay particles and, thus, the zeta potential. According to the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski model, the zeta potential is directly proportional to the electro-osmotic permeability. This article studies the use of ion exchange membranes to assess their ability to prevent flow of hydrogen ions into the soil. The test with an anion exchange membrane showed minimal change of the pH in the soil around the anode compared to a control, which is better for electro-osmotic consolidation.
Undrained Shear Strength and Monotonic Behavior of Different Nonplastic Silts: Sand-Like or Clay-Like?
Authors: Monkul M. Murat , Aydın Nagihan G. , Demirhan Bengü , Şahin Mehmet 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The common assumption in geotechnical engineering research and practice has been that nonplastic silts behave sand-like, whereas, as silts become more plastic, they start to behave clay-like. To date, there are practically no studies focusing solely on various nonplastic silts and their monotonic response, perhaps because of the solid belief that nonplastic silts behave sand-like in all aspects. A series of constant volume direct simple shear tests were conducted on three different nonplastic silts. Because the specimens were reconstituted to have loose grain structures, volumetrically contractive tendency was observed for all the silts with relatively small effective stress friction angles. It was observed that Ko compression lines and critical state lines are parallel to each other for all three silts, which is considered to be a clay-like behavior in literature. It was shown that undrained shear strengths can be normalized with the effective vertical consolidation stress, which is also considered to be a clay-like behavior in literature. Normalized values are compared with the ones obtained for plastic silts compiled from previous studies. Normalized undrained shear strength values for plastic silts in literature were seen to be typically greater. Possible reasons such as density effect and strength anisotropy were discussed.
Apparatus for Measuring Pipe-Soil Interaction Behavior Using Shallow ‘Pipe-like’ Penetrometers
Authors: Schneider M. A. , Stanier S. A. , White D. J. , Randolph M. F. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Reliable characterization of surficial marine sediments is essential to ensure the safe and economical design of subsea infrastructure for offshore energy facilities (e.g., seabed cables, pipelines, and shallow foundations). Conventional in situ testing methods (e.g., cone penetrometer test or T-bar) require careful interpretation to account for the effects of shallow embedment, whereas laboratory tests are affected by sampling-induced disturbances, the impact of which can be significant at the low stress levels relevant to the design of subsea infrastructure. This article describes two novel box-core–sized shallow penetrometers—the hemiball and toroid—which mimic the shape of subsea pipelines and have been designed to reliably measure the strength, consolidation, and frictional properties of surficial offshore sediments. The development and specification of the actuator used to operate these probes is also described. Another major benefit of these penetrometers, which are intended to be used offshore for on-deck testing aboard a survey vessel, is their capability to generate effective stress interpretations of the soil behavior, and this is made possible because pore pressure transducers are installed and monitored throughout testing. The results of a first laboratory proof test are presented to illustrate the potential of this novel sensor concept.
A Fourier Spectral Method to Measure the Thermal Diffusivity of Soil
Authors: Beardsmore Graeme , Egan Shannon , Sandiford Mike 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
It is well established that amplitude decays and phase shifts as a function of depth, frequency, and thermal diffusivity when a periodic surface temperature signal conducts into the ground. In historical practice, this principle has often been employed to estimate soil thermal diffusivity using observations of the dominant diurnal and annual temperature signals. We describe and demonstrate a method to infer thermal diffusivity over a broad bandwidth in the frequency domain using high fidelity time-series ground temperature records. We draw information from thermal signals generated by meteorological events over weeks and months, as well as the dominant diurnal signal. Both the decay in amplitude and shift in phase of each frequency band contribute points to plots that define linear functions relative to a parameter that incorporates frequency and depth. Linear regression through the points gives the magnitude and uncertainty of the slope of the function, where the slope is equal to the inverse square root of the average thermal diffusivity over the sampled time-period and depth interval. This allows statistical quantification of the uncertainty in the thermal diffusivity estimate. Furthermore, our method delineates depth intervals where nonconductive processes significantly affect heat transfer. Examples are presented for a dry desert soil in South Australia and the floor of a tropical alpine forest in Mexico.
An Experimental Study on the Rheological Properties of Laponite RD as a Transparent Soil
Authors: Zhang Yiping , Hu Mengxian , Ye Tian , Chen Yongjin , Zhou Yongchao 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The shear rheological properties of Laponite RD as a transparent soil have been investigated by a thixotropic test, dynamic strain sweep, dynamic frequency sweep, and a creep test. The thixotropic test revealed the thixotropic curve of Laponite RD that consisted of deformation, flow, and destruction regions. The apparent viscosity in the flow region matched well with the result calculated from the Herschel-Buckley model. Dynamic tests showed that the elastic properties of Laponite RD were promoted with the increase in concentration. When the strain was less than 10 %, it exhibited linear viscoelasticity with slight frequency dependence. Under constant external force, the Burgers model was used to characterize Laponite RD; thereby, the parameters of the creep model were obtained. Our results shed light on the understanding of the rheological properties of Laponite RD to extend its application as transparent soil in geotechnical engineering.
Haar Wavelet Transform for Arrival Time Identification in Bender Element Tests
Authors: Fernández Lavín Alfonso , Ovando Shelley Efraín 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The determination of shear wave velocity (Vs) using bender elements can be affected by the near-field effect. This phenomenon hinders the identification of the S-wave arrival time of an output signal. Multiple alternatives have been presented to counteract these effects, including the use of wavelet transforms during the last decade. In this article, the Haar wavelet is used because of the simplicity and speed of calculation. The determination of S-wave arrival time in signals influenced by the near-field effect is performed by setting an explicit event with a high value of energy at a specific time, in relation to the scale average energy in different levels of multiresolution analysis. The results show that regardless of the input frequency, the S-wave arrival time values are very similar, and the near-field effect is not observed when wavelet approach is used to determine the S-wave arrival times, unlike when applying other traditional interpretation approaches.
Assessment of Pavement Response during Spring Thaw Using Heavy Vehicle Simulator Testing
Authors: Bilodeau J.-P. , Doré G. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two indoor laboratory studies were performed at Laval University using a heavy vehicle simulator on two very different pavement structures. The flexible pavement structural response was tested in thawing conditions for different loading conditions. These tests were performed to document how the flexible pavement response changes with thaw depth and to validate the main findings and information available in the literature regarding pavement response during spring thaw and spring load restrictions policies. The results collected during the experiment are in accordance with some general findings identified in the literature. More specifically, signs of weakening appear as soon as the thaw front reaches the granular layer beneath the asphalt concrete, at a depth of about 250–300 mm, and peak response values of up to 200 % are observed either while the structure thaws or once thawing is almost completed in the subgrade soil.
Influence of Biot’s Compressibility Parameters on Transient Response of Saturated Poroelastic Media
Authors: Hu Dan , Zhang Kaiyin , Li Fen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In many branches of engineering, the effect of the compressibility parameters of solid and fluid are significant in describing the realistic behavior of porous media. The principle goal of the present work is to clarify the influence of the compressibility of each constituent on consolidation and dynamic behavior of porous media. In this research, an analytical solution in Laplace domain is obtained for dynamic 1-D problem, and further, the response in time domain is evaluated using the convolution quadrature method. By considering a wide range of compressibility parameters, the consolidation and wave propagation behavior are discussed in terms of pore pressure and solid displacement. These results offer some guidance in choosing appropriate compressibility parameters in practical problems.
Study of the Effect of Aggregate Geometry Characteristics on the Rheology of Asphalt Mortar Using Newly Developed Material Rheological Property Test Analyzer and Aggregate Image Measurement System
Authors: Li Hechuan , Wu Yaqi , Yu Jianying , Wu Shaopeng , Li Yuanyuan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A new rheometer developed in the laboratory and the Aggregate Image Measurement System (AIMS) were used to study the effect of aggregate geometry characteristics on the rheological properties of asphalt mortar. AIMS was used to investigate the geometry characteristics (angularity index and Form 2-D) of two aggregates including steel slag and basalt. The results showed that steel slag had a better Form 2-D and angularity index, representing a better particle distribution and shape property. A material rheological property test analyzer was applied to evaluate the rheological properties of pure and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt and their asphalt mortars at 20°C and 40°C, and then the data were modeled through the simulation software. As a kind of rigid body, the addition of aggregate had a great influence on the rheological properties of asphalt. The experiment results indicated that, after the addition of aggregate or SBS, the rheological model of asphalt samples was still Burges model accompanied by the change of rheological parameters. As a kind of temperature-sensitive material, temperature was the most important factor for determining the rheological properties of asphalt. The addition of SBS promoted the elastic deformation of asphalt and restrained the viscous deformation of asphalt. The effect of aggregates with high Form 2-D and angularity index on the rheological properties of asphalt was weaker.