bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narcotics and Drug Abuse
Authors: Pardo Bryce , Reuter Peter 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFifty years ago, the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice saw drugs as a modest but growing problem for the criminal justice system. The reemergence of heroin occupied the Commission's attention. Many recommendations are admirable, such as a focus on public health interventions and a concern about the appropriateness of criminal prohibitions on marijuana use. Throughout the past 50 years, the problem has both massively expanded and changed in many ways; the principal drug of abuse has shifted multiple times, as has the populations most affected by them. Policy, largely stuck on tough enforcement for 30 years, is now moving in a direction more consistent with the Commission's views. Researchers have made only modest advances in understanding what enforcement can do to reduce drug use and related problems, but society has made some progress in developing interventions that have both a sound theoretical base and the promise of avoiding the unintended negative consequences of the highly punitive system of the 1980s and 1990s. A Commission in 2018 would face a much different and larger problem that has transformed many aspects of criminal justice. Investing in more data collection and evaluation research would be among its major recommendations, as would an admission of considerable uncertainty about what to do with the latest twist in the U.S. drug problem, the addition of the much more dangerous fentanyls.
The usage of procalcitonin in Finland
Authors: Tujula B. , Kokki M. , Pulkki K. , Romppanen J. , Sjövall S. , Tuominen H. , Kokki H. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundWe have surveyed the use of procalcitonin (PCT) in Finland with a specific emphasis on intensive care unit (ICU) patients.MethodsThe PCT use was surveyed from all 11 laboratories providing services for all 15 secondary and all five tertiary care hospitals in Finland. The laboratories reported the PCT use of each hospital in 2014 and 2015. Four hospitals were analysed for the first 100 adult ICU patients with PCT measurements in 2015. The indication for PCT measurement and whether PCT values affected antibiotic treatment were collected from patient records.ResultsThe overall national PCT use was similar between 2014 and 2015 with around 15 000 measurements annually. The PCT use varied greatly between hospitals and specialities; one tertiary care hospital used 5600 measurements annually, while another tertiary care hospital did not use PCT at all. Over half of the requests for PCT were in the ICU. There were significant differences in PCT use for ICU patients: in the most frequent user, PCT was mainly used for follow‐up of antibiotic treatment, whereas in the other three hospitals, PCT was mainly used for differential diagnosis. The most frequent user also had the highest per patient rate of PCT measurements, with a mean of six PCT tests/patient compared to two PCT tests/patient in the three other hospitals. PCT had an effect on antibiotic treatment in every 5th case.ConclusionThe use of PCT in Finland varies significantly between hospitals, even though the national guideline proposes its use for septic patients.
Pattern of care and survival of anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearranged non–small cell lung cancer (ALK+ NSCLC) in an Australian Metropolitan Tertiary Referral Centre: A retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: Itchins Malinda , Hayes Sarah A. , Gill Anthony J. , Cooper Wendy , O'Connell Rachel , Howell Viive M. , Clarke Stephen J. , Pavlakis Nick 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimTo report on the pattern of care and survival of anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearranged non–small cell lung cancer (ALK+NSCLC) in a real‐world retrospective cohort from an Australian tertiary referral center.MethodsIndividuals with a pathological diagnosis of ALK+NSCLC via immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization and a radiological diagnosis of stage IV disease were eligible. Patients were identified via the Pathology Department specimen database and electronic patient chart review. Data were collected and analyzed for baseline demographics, radiological pattern of disease and response to treatment, treatment sequencing, toxicity and survival.ResultsThirty‐five patients were identified over a 7‐year period from 2010 to 2016 and followed for a median of 23 months. Median overall survival (OS) in the entire cohort was immature at data cut, 46.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.53–69.47 months), with the longest surviving patient was alive 62.1 months since diagnosis. Objective radiological response rate overall across six potential treatments and six treatment lines (range 1–6) was 58.2%. Almost 50% received at‐least two lines of ALK inhibitor therapy with median OS in this group estimated to be 53.4 months (95% CI, 35.1 months–not reached). Toxicity was manageable with a low rate of ≥ grade 3 toxicity (n = 7). Forty‐eight percent relapsed within the CNS and 43% overall died due to CNS progression. In those with CNS diagnosis at baseline and/or progression within the CNS (n = 32), median OS was also 46.0 months (95% CI, 24.22–66.78 months).ConclusionThis retrospective cohort analysis of a single tertiary institution experience in treating ALK+NSCLC demonstrates impressive OS and the importance and impact of careful management of CNS disease in this patient population.
Allergen immunotherapy in people, dogs, cats and horses – differences, similarities and research needs
Authors: Mueller R. S. , Jensen‐Jarolim E. , Roth‐Walter F. , Marti E. , Janda J. , Seida A. A. , DeBoer D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn human patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis sensitized to grass pollen, the first successful allergen immunotherapy (AIT) was reported in 1911. Today, immunotherapy is an accepted treatment for allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and hypersensitivities to insect venom. AIT is also used for atopic dermatitis and recently for food allergy. Subcutaneous, epicutaneous, intralymphatic, oral and sublingual protocols of AIT exist. In animals, most data are available in dogs where subcutaneous AIT is an accepted treatment for atopic dermatitis. Initiating a regulatory response and a production of “blocking” IgG antibodies with AIT are similar mechanisms in human beings and dogs with allergic diseases. Although subcutaneous immunotherapy is used for atopic dermatitis in cats, data for its efficacy are sparse. There is some evidence for successful treatment of feline asthma with AIT. In horses, most studies evaluate the effect of AIT on insect hypersensitivity with conflicting results although promising pilot studies have demonstrated the prophylaxis of insect hypersensitivity with recombinant antigens of biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Optimizing AIT using allergoids, peptide immunotherapy, recombinant allergens and new adjuvants with the different administration types of allergen extracts will further improve compliance and efficacy of this proven treatment modality.
Increasing success in outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy by an optimal clinical pathway
Authors: Greilsamer Tristan , Orion François , Denimal Fabrice , De Kerviler Benoît , Jean Marc‐Henri , Dimet Jérôme , Comy Michel , Abet Emeric 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of more convincing and reassuring remarks from the surgeon in the preoperative consult associated with a dedicated outpatient facility to increase our rate of success in outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy.MethodsA one‐centre prospective clinical study was conducted between February 2013 and May 2015. During the first time period (February 2013–March 2014), patients were hospitalized in conventional care unit and given the possibility to choose an outpatient procedure. In the second phase (April 2014–May 2015), the patients were held in a dedicated outpatient facility. Outpatient success rate was evaluated using Chung's discharge score 6 h after surgery.ResultsEighty patients were included (30 in a traditional setting, 50 in an optimal clinical pathway). Both groups were comparable for mean age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score and mean operative time (P = 0.36, P = 1 and P = 0.09, respectively). Success in outpatient surgery was significantly higher in the optimal clinical pathway group (73.3% versus 96%, P = 0.005). The only criteria which was significantly improved in Chung score was perambulation (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups for post‐operative complications (P = 0.28) or readmission (P = 1).ConclusionOptimal clinical pathway (more convincing and reassuring remarks in the preoperative consult and a dedicated outpatient facility) is the key to increase success in outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Immunophenotypic analysis of cell cycle status in acute myeloid leukaemia: relationship to cytogenetics, genotype and clinical outcome
Authors: Sellar Rob S. , Gale Rosemary E. , Khwaja Asim , Garbowski Maciej , Loddo Marco , Stoeber Kai , Williams Gareth H. , Linch David C. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryCell cycle status may play an important role in directing patient therapy. We therefore determined the cell cycle status of leukaemic cells by immunophenotypic analysis of bone marrow trephine biopsies from 181 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and correlated the results with biological features and clinical outcome. There was considerable heterogeneity between patients. The presenting white cell count significantly correlated with the proportion of non‐quiescent cells (P < 0·0001), of cycling cells beyond G1 (P < 0·0001) and the speed of cycling (P < 0·0001). Profiles in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) differed from non‐APL and were consistent with more differentiated cells with reduced proliferative potential, but no significant differences were observed between non‐APL cytogenetic risk groups. NPM1 mutations but not FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3ITD) were significantly associated with a higher proportion of cells beyond G1 (P = 0·002) and faster speed of cycling (P = 0·003). Resistance to standard cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin induction chemotherapy was significantly related to a slower speed of cycling (P = 0·0002), as was a higher relapse rate (P = 0·05), but not with the proportion of non‐quiescent cells or actively cycling cells. These results show a link between the cycling speed of AML cells and the response to chemotherapy, and help to identify a group with a very poor prognosis.
An effective modestly intensive re‐induction regimen with bortezomib in relapsed or refractory paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Kaspers Gertjan J. L. , Niewerth Denise , Wilhelm Bram A. J. , Scholte‐van Houtem Peggy , Lopez‐Yurda Marta , Berkhof Johannes , Cloos Jacqueline , de Haas Valerie , Mathôt Ron A. , Attarbaschi Andishe , Baruchel André , de Bont Eveline S. , Fagioli Franca , Rössig Claudia , Klingebiel Thomas , De Moerloose Barbara , Nelken Brigitte , Palumbo Giuseppe , Reinhardt Dirk , Rohrlich Pierre‐Simon , Simon Pauline , von Stackelberg Arend , Zwaan Christian Michel 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThis trial explored the efficacy of re‐induction chemotherapy including bortezomib in paediatric relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Patients were randomized 1:1 to bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2/dose) administered early or late to a dexamethasone and vincristine backbone. Both groups did not differ regarding peripheral blast count on day 8, the primary endpoint. After cycle 1, 8 of 25 (32%) patients achieved complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery, 7 (28%) a partial remission and 10 had treatment failure. Most common grade 3–4 toxicities were febrile neutropenia (31%) and pain (17%). Bortezomib was safely combined with vincristine. Bortezomib rarely penetrated the cerebrospinal fluid.
Together I Can! Joint Attention Boosts 3‐ to 4‐Year‐Olds’ Performance in a Verbal False‐Belief Test
Authors: Psouni Elia , Falck Andreas , Boström Leni , Persson Martin , Sidén Lisa , Wallin Maria 
Published: April 2018

Effects of joint attention were addressed on 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds’ performance in a verbal false‐Belief Test (FBT), featuring the experimenter as co‐watcher rather than narrator. In two experiments, children (N = 183) watched a filmed‐FBT jointly with a test leader, disjointed from a test leader, or alone. Children attending jointly with a test leader were more likely to pass the FBT compared with normative data and to spontaneously recall information indicating false‐belief understanding, suggesting that joint attention strengthens the plausibility of the FBT and renders plot‐critical information more salient. In a third experiment (N = 59), results were replicated using a typical, image‐based FBT. Overall findings highlight the profound impact of experimenter as social context in verbal FBTs, and link recall of specific story features to false‐belief understanding.
Synergistic effect of interleukin-17 and tumour necrosis factor-α on inflammatory response in hepatocytes through interleukin-6-dependent and independent pathways
Authors: Beringer A , Thiam N , Molle J , Bartosch B , Miossec P 
Published: April 2018

Summary
The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α are targets for treatment in many chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we examined their role in liver inflammatory response compared to that of IL-6. Human hepatoma cells (HepaRG, Huh7.5 and HepG2 cells) and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) were cultured with IL-6, IL-17 and/or TNF-α. To determine the contribution of the IL-6 pathway in the IL-17/TNF-α-mediated effect, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody was used. IL-17 and TNF-α increased in synergy IL-6 secretion by HepaRG cells and PHH but not by Huh7.5 and HepG2 cells. This IL-17/TNF-α synergistic cooperation enhanced the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) in HepaRG cell and PHH cultures through the induction of IL-6. IL-17/TNF-α also up-regulated IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) chemokines in synergy through an IL-6-independent pathway. Interestingly, first exposure to IL-17, but not to TNF-α, was crucial for the initiation of the IL-17/TNF-α synergistic effect on IL-6 and IL-8 production. In HepaRG cells, IL-17 enhanced IL-6 mRNA stability resulting in increased IL-6 protein levels. The IL-17A/TNF-α synergistic effect on IL-6 and IL-8 induction was mediated through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB and/or protein kinase B (Akt)–phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling pathways. Therefore, the IL-17/TNF-α synergistic interaction mediates systemic inflammation and cell damage in hepatocytes mainly through IL-6 for CRP and ASAT induction. Independently of IL-6, the IL-17A/TNF-α combination may also induce immune cell recruitment by chemokine up-regulation. IL-17 and/or TNF-α neutralization can be a promising therapeutic strategy to control both systemic inflammation and liver cell attraction.
Participation in planning and social networks increase social monitoring in community‐based conservation
Authors: Alexander Steven M. , Epstein Graham , Bodin Örjan , Armitage Derek , Campbell Donovan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBiodiversity conservation is often limited by inadequate investments in monitoring and enforcement. However, monitoring and enforcement problems may be overcome by encouraging resource users to develop, endorse, and subsequently enforce conservation regulations. In this article, we draw upon the literature on common‐pool resources and social networks to assess the impacts of participation and network ties on the decisions of fishers to voluntarily report rule violations in two Jamaican marine reserves. Data was collected using questionnaires administered through personal interviews with fishers (n = 277). The results suggest that local fishers are more likely to report illegal fishing if they had participated in conservation planning and if they are directly linked to community‐based wardens in information sharing networks. This research extends well‐established findings regarding the role and impacts of participation on biodiversity conservation by highlighting the importance of synergies between participation and social networks for voluntary monitoring of conservation regulations.
The major barriers to evidence‐informed conservation policy and possible solutions
Authors: Rose David C. , Sutherland William J. , Amano Tatsuya , González‐Varo Juan P. , Robertson Rebecca J. , Simmons Benno I. , Wauchope Hannah S. , Kovacs Eszter , Durán América Paz , Vadrot Alice B. M. , Wu Weiling , Dias Maria P. , Di Fonzo Martina M. I. , Ivory Sarah , Norris Lucia , Nunes Matheus Henrique , Nyumba Tobias Ochieng , Steiner Noa , Vickery Juliet , Mukherjee Nibedita 
Published: April 2018

AbstractConservation policy decisions can suffer from a lack of evidence, hindering effective decision‐making. In nature conservation, studies investigating why policy is often not evidence‐informed have tended to focus on Western democracies, with relatively small samples. To understand global variation and challenges better, we established a global survey aimed at identifying top barriers and solutions to the use of conservation science in policy. This obtained the views of 758 people in policy, practice, and research positions from 68 countries across six languages. Here we show that, contrary to popular belief, there is agreement between groups about how to incorporate conservation science into policy, and there is thus room for optimism. Barriers related to the low priority of conservation were considered to be important, while mainstreaming conservation was proposed as a key solution. Therefore, priorities should focus on convincing the public of the importance of conservation as an issue, which will then influence policy‐makers to adopt pro‐environmental long‐term policies.
Conversion from tacrolimus‐mycophenolate mofetil to tacrolimus‐mTOR immunosuppression after kidney‐pancreas transplantation reduces the incidence of both BK and CMV viremia
Authors: Knight Richard J. , Graviss Edward A. , Nguyen Duc T. , Kuten Samantha A. , Patel Samir J. , Gaber Lillian , Gaber A. Osama 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to determine whether conversion from tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil (TAC‐MMF) into tacrolimus/mTOR inhibitor (TAC‐mTOR) immunosuppression would reduce the incidences of BK and CMV viremia after kidney/pancreas (KP) transplantation.MethodsIn this single‐center review, the TAC‐mTOR cohort (n = 39) was converted at 1 month post‐transplant to an mTOR inhibitor and reduced‐dose tacrolimus. Outcomes were compared to a cohort of KP recipients (n = 40) maintained on TAC‐MMF.ResultsAt 3 years post‐transplant, KP survivals and incidences of kidney/pancreas rejection were equivalent between mTOR and MMF‐treated cohorts. (P = ns). BK viremia‐free survival was better for the mTOR vs MMF‐treated group (P = .004). In multivariate analysis, MMF vs mTOR immunosuppression was an independent risk factor for BK viremia (hazard ratio 12.27, P = .02). Similarly, mTOR‐treated recipients displayed better CMV infection‐free survival compared to the MMF‐treated cohort (P = .01). MMF vs mTOR immunosuppression (hazard ratio 18.77, P = .001) and older recipient age (hazard ratio 1.13 per year, P = .006) were independent risk factors for CMV viremia. Mean estimated GFR and HgbA1c levels were equivalent between groups at 1, 2, and 3 years post‐transplantation.ConclusionConversion from TAC/MMF into TAC/mTOR immunosuppression after KP transplantation reduced the incidences of BK and CMV viremia with an equivalent risk of acute rejection and similar renal/pancreas function.
Impact of pretransplant donor‐specific antibodies on kidney allograft recipients with negative flow cytometry cross‐matches
Authors: Kwon Hyunwook , Kim Young Hoon , Choi Ji Yoon , Shin Sung , Jung Joo Hee , Park Su‐Kil , Han Duck Jong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Luminex test can detect low levels of donor‐specific antibody (DSA) that cannot be detected by flow‐cytometric cross‐matching (FCXM) in kidney transplantation (KT). This study evaluated the impact of DSA on clinical outcomes in KT recipients negative on FCXM. Of 575 consecutive patients who underwent living donor KT between January 2013 and July 2016, 494 (85.9%) were DSA‐negative and 81 (14.1%) were DSA‐positive. Although rates of acute cellular rejection (ACR) at 1 year were similar in the 2 groups (P = .54), the incidence of antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR) was significantly higher in the DSA‐positive group (P < .01). There was no statistically significant association between rejection‐free graft survival (RFGS) rates and pretransplant class I DSA. However, evaluation of pretransplant class II DSA showed that RFGS rates were significantly lower in patients with mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) >3000 than in patients with DSA‐negative (P < .01). On multivariate analyses, class II DSA MFI ≥5000 was a significant risk factor for acute rejection (hazard ratio, 7.48; P < .01). These findings suggested that pretransplant DSA alone did not affect graft survival in KT recipients without desensitization. However, class II DSA MFI >5000 was an independent predictor of acute rejection in DSA‐positive patients.
Turnover and nestedness in subtropical dung beetle assemblages along an elevational gradient
Authors: da Silva Pedro G. , Lobo Jorge M. , Hensen Maristela C. , Vaz‐de‐Mello Fernando Z. , Hernández Malva I. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimWe investigated changes in dung beetle β‐diversity components along a subtropical elevational gradient, to test whether turnover or nestedness‐related processes drive the dissimilarity of assemblages at spatial and temporal scales.LocationAn elevational gradient (200–1,600 m a.s.l.) of the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil.MethodsWe investigated the extent to which β‐diversity varied along the elevational gradient (six elevations) at both spatial (among sites at different elevations) and temporal (different months at the same site) scales. We compared both the turnover and nestedness‐related dissimilarity of species and genera using multiple‐site or multiple‐month measures and tested whether these measurements were different from random expectations.ResultsA mid‐elevation peak in species richness along the elevational gradient was observed, and the lowest richness occurred at the highest elevations. We found two different groups of species, lowland and highland species, with a mixing of groups at intermediate elevations. The turnover component of β‐diversity was significantly higher for both spatial (i.e. elevational) and temporal changes in species composition. However, when the data for genera by site were considered, the elevational turnover value decreased in relative importance. Nestedness‐related processes are more important for temporal dissimilarity patterns at higher elevation sites.Main conclusionsSpatial and temporal turnover of dung beetle species is the most important component of β‐diversity along the elevational gradient. High‐elevation assemblages are not subsets of assemblages that inhabit lower elevations, but this relationship ceases when β‐diversity is measured at the generic level. Environmental changes across elevations may be the cause of the differential establishment of distinctive species, but these species typically belong to the same higher taxonomic rank. Conservation strategies should consider elevational gradients in case‐specific scenarios as they may contain distinct species assemblages in lowlands vs. highlands.