bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coordination of human hippocampal sharpwave-ripples during NREM sleep with cortical theta bursts, spindles, downstates and upstates
Authors: Jiang Xi , Gonzalez-Martinez Jorge , Halgren Eric 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn rodents, waking firing patterns replay in NREM sleep during hippocampal sharpwave-ripples (HC-SWR), correlated with neocortical graphoelements (NC-GE). NC-GE include theta-bursts, spindles, downstates and upstates. In humans, consolidation during sleep is correlated with scalp-recorded spindles and down-upstates, but HC-SWR cannot be recorded non-invasively. Here we show in humans of both sexes that HC-SWR are highly correlated with NC-GE during NREM, with significantly more related HC-SWR/NC-GE for downstates or upstates than theta-bursts or spindles, in N2 than N3, in posterior than anterior HC, in frontal than occipital cortex, and ipsilaterally than contralaterally. The preferences interacted, e.g. frontal spindles co-occurred frequently with posterior HC-SWR in N2. These preferred GE, stages and locations for HC-SWR/NC-GE interactions may index selective consolidation activity, although that was not tested in this study. SWR recorded in different HC regions seldom co-occurred, and were related to GE in different cortical areas, showing that HC-NC interact in multiple transient, widespread but discrete, networks. NC-GE tend to occur with consistent temporal relationships to HC-SWR, and to each other. Cortical theta-bursts usually precede HC-SWR, where they may help define cortical input triggering HC-SWR firing. HC-SWR often follow cortical downstate onsets, surrounded by locally-decreased broadband power, suggesting a mechanism synchronizing cortical, thalamic and hippocampal activities. Widespread cortical upstates and spindles follow HC-SWR, consistent with the hypothesized contribution by hippocampal firing during HC-SWR to cortical firing-patterns during upstates and spindles. Overall, our results describe how hippocampal and cortical oscillations are coordinated in humans during events that are critical for memory consolidation in rodents.Significance StatementHippocampal sharpwave-ripples, essential for memory consolidation, mark when hippocampal neurons replay waking firing patterns. In rodents, cortical sleep waves coordinate the transfer of temporary hippocampal to permanent cortical memories, but their relationship with human HC-SWR remains unclear. We show that human hippocampal sharpwave-ripples co-occur with all varieties of cortical sleep waves, in all cortical regions, and in all stages of Non-REM sleep but with overall preferences for each of these. We found that sharpwave-ripples in different parts of the hippocampus usually occurred independently of each other, and preferentially interacted with different cortical areas. We found that sharpwave-ripples typically occur after certain types of cortical waves, and before others, suggesting how the cortico-hippocampo-cortical interaction may be organized in time and space.
Evaluating probabilistic programming and fast variational Bayesian inference in phylogenetics
Authors: Fourment Mathieu , Darling Aaron E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent advances in statistical machine learning techniques have led to the creation of probabilistic programming frameworks. These frameworks enable probabilistic models to be rapidly prototyped and fit to data using scalable approximation methods such as variational inference. In this work, we explore the use of the Stan language for probabilistic programming in application to phylogenetic models. We show that many commonly used phylogenetic models including the general time reversible (GTR) substitution model, rate heterogeneity among sites, and a range of coalescent models can be implemented using a probabilistic programming language. The posterior probability distributions obtained via the black box variational inference engine in Stan were compared to those obtained with reference implementations of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for phylogenetic inference. We find that black box variational inference in Stan is less accurate than MCMC methods for phylogenetic models, but requires far less compute time. Finally, we evaluate a custom implementation of mean-field variational inference on the Jukes-Cantor substitution model and show that a specialized implementation of variational inference can be two orders of magnitude faster and more accurate than a general purpose probabilistic implementation.
Enhanced leaky sex expression is an adaptive plastic response to pollen limitation in the dioecious plantMercurialis annua
Authors: Cossard Guillaume G. , Pannell John R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is almost ubiquitous across the tree of life, but clear demonstrations that it is adaptive are rare. In dioecious plants, males and females frequently show ‘leaky’ sex expression, with individuals occasionally producing flowers of the opposite sex. Here, we demonstrate that leaky sex expression in the wind-pollinated dioecious herbMercurialis annuais plastically responsive to its mating context. We compared experimental populations of females growing either with or without males. Females growing in the absence of males were leakier in their sex expression than controls with males, producing more than twice as many male flowers. Moreover, because greater leakiness was more highly represented in the population’s progeny, we conclude that enhanced leakiness in sex expression is adaptive inM. annua. We discuss differences in the degree of plasticity between ploidal races ofMercurialis annuain terms of likely differences in the reliability of the signal plants may perceive for the presence of males in their populations. Our results provide a striking instance of adaptive plasticity in the reproductive behavior of plants and draw attention to possible constraints on plasticity when the environmental signals that individuals receive are unreliable.
Priors and Payoffs in Confidence Judgments
Authors: Locke Shannon M. , Gaffin-Cahn Elon , Hosseinizaveh Nadia , Mamassian Pascal , Landy Michael S. 
Published: July 2019

1AbstractPriors and payoffs are known to affect perceptual decision-making, but little is understood about how they influence confidence judgments. For optimal perceptual decision-making, both priors and payoffs should be considered when selecting a response. However, for confidence to reflect the probability of being correct in a perceptual decision, priors should affect confidence but payoffs should not. To experimentally test whether human observers follow this normative behavior, we conducted an orientation-discrimination task with varied priors and payoffs, probing both perceptual and metacognitive decision-making. We then examined the placement of discrimination and confidence criteria according to several plausible Signal Detection Theory models. In the normative model, observers use the optimal discrimination criterion (i.e., the criterion that maximizes expected gain) and confidence criteria that shift with the discrimination criterion that maximizes accuracy (i.e., are not affected by payoffs). No observer was consistent with this model, with the majority exhibiting non-normative confidence behavior. One subset of observers ignored both priors and payoffs for confidence, always fixing the confidence criteria around the neutral discrimination criterion. The other group of observers incorrectly incorporated payoffs into their confidence by always shifting their confidence criteria with the same gains-maximizing criterion used for discrimination. Such metacognitive mistakes could have negative consequences outside the laboratory setting, particularly when priors or payoffs are not matched for all the possible decision alternatives.
The ARRIVE guidelines 2019: updated guidelines for reporting animal research
Authors: Percie du Sert Nathalie , Hurst Viki , Ahluwalia Amrita , Alam Sabina , Avey Marc T. , Baker Monya , Browne William J. , Clark Alejandra , Cuthill Innes C. , Dirnagl Ulrich , Emerson Michael , Garner Paul , Holgate Stephen T. , Howells David W. , Karp Natasha A. , Lidster Katie , MacCallum Catriona J. , Macleod Malcolm , Petersen Ole , Rawle Frances , Reynolds Penny , Rooney Kieron , Sena Emily S. , Silberberg Shai D. , Steckler Thomas , Würbel Hanno 
Published: July 2019

AbstractReproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved.Here we introduce ARRIVE 2019. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise the items and split the guidelines into two sets, the ARRIVE Essential 10, which constitute the minimum requirement, and the Recommended Set, which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers to verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document that serves 1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, 2) to clarify key concepts and 3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim through these changes to help ensure that researchers, reviewers and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
Differential pulmonary immunopathologic response of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection: a retrospective study
Authors: Grossman Paige C. , Schneider David A. , Knowles Donald P. , Highland Margaret A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMycoplasma ovipneumoniaeis a respiratory pathogen that can impact domestic sheep (Ovis aries; DS) and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis; BHS). Experimental and field data have indicated BHS are more susceptible than DS to developing polymicrobial pneumonia associated withMycoplasma ovipneumoniaeinfection. We hypothesized that DS and BHS have a differential immunopathologic pulmonary response toM. ovipneumoniaeinfection. A retrospective study was performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung tissue from DS and BHS without and withM. ovipneumoniaedetected in the lung tissue (n=8 per group). While eachM. ovipneumoniaepositive lung sample had microscopic changes typical of infection, including hyperplasia of intrapulmonary bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and respiratory epithelium, DS exhibited a more robust and well-organized BALT formation as compared to BHS. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies reactive in FFPE tissues and specific for leukocyte and cytokine markers: T cell marker CD3, B cell markers CD20 and CD79a, macrophage markers CD163 and Iba1, and cytokine IL-17. Digital analysis was used to quantitate chromogen deposition in regions of interest (ROIs), including alveolar and bronchiolar areas, and bronchiolar subregions (epithelium and BALT). Main effects and interaction of species and infection status were analyzed by beta regression and Bonferroni corrections were performed on pairwise comparisons (PBon<0.05 significance). Significant species differences were identified for bronchiolar CD3 (PBon=0.0023) and CD163 (PBon=0.0224), alveolar CD163 (PBon=0.0057), and for IL-17 in each of the ROIs (alveolar:PBon=0.0009; BALT:PBon=0.0083; epithelium:PBon=0.0007). Infected BHS had a higher abundance of bronchiolar CD3 (PBon=0.0005) and CD163 (PBon=0.0162), and alveolar CD163 (PBon=0.0073). While IL-17 significantly increased with infection in BHS BALT (PBon=0.0179) and alveolar (0.0006) ROIs, abundance in DS showed an insignificant decrease in these ROIs and a significant decrease in epithelial abundance (PBon=0.0019). These findings support the hypothesis that DS and BHS have a differential immunopathologic response toM. ovipneumoniaeinfection.
Trace amine-associated receptor gene polymorphism increases drug craving
Authors: Loftis Jennifer M. , Lasarev Michael , Shi Xiao , Lapidus Jodi , Janowsky Aaron , Hoffman William F. , Huckans Marilyn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDMethamphetamine (MA) is a potent agonist at the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This study evaluated a common variant (CV) in the human TAAR1 gene, synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) V288V, to determine the involvement of TAAR1 in MA dependence.METHODSParticipants (n = 106) with active MA dependence (MA-ACT), in remission from MA dependence (MA-REM), with active polysubstance dependence, in remission from polysubstance dependence, and with no history of substance dependence completed neuropsychiatric symptom questionnaires and provided blood samples. In vitro expression and function of CV and wild type TAAR1 receptors were also measured.RESULTSThe V288V polymorphism demonstrated a 40% increase in TAAR1 protein expression in cell culture, but message sequence and protein function were unchanged, suggesting an increase in translation efficiency. Principal components analysis resolved neuropsychiatric symptoms into four components, PC1 (depression, anxiety, memory, and fatigue), PC2 (pain), PC3 (drug and alcohol craving), and PC4 (sleep disturbances). Analyses of study group and TAAR1 genotype revealed a significant interaction for PC3 (craving response) (p = 0.003). The control group showed no difference in PC3 associated with TAAR1, while adjusted mean craving for the MA-ACT and MA-REM groups, among those with at least one copy of V288V, was estimated to be, respectively, 1.55 (p = 0.036) and 1.77 (p = 0.071) times the adjusted mean craving for those without the TAAR1 SNP.CONCLUSIONSNeuroadaptation to chronic MA use may be altered by TAAR1 genotype and result in increased dopamine signaling and craving in individuals with the V288V genotype.
The effects of biodegradable mulch film on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency of cotton and maize in an arid region
Authors: Deng Lu , Yu Ruide , Wang Qian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPlastic residual film pollution in China is serious, and the use of degradable mulch film instead of plastic mulch can effectively alleviate this situation. The substitution of common polyethylene plastic mulch film with biodegradable mulch film in the agricultural production of cotton and maize in an arid region was investigated in the present study. Using bare soil as the control, we compared the effects of common polyethylene plastic film and biodegradable mulch film on crop growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) in maize and cotton. The results indicated that: (1) the biodegradable mulch film in this region remained intact for 60 days after being laid down, significantly degrading after 120 days, and was associated with increased soil temperature, moisture conservation, and degradability in comparison to a bare soil control. (2) Both the biodegradable mulch film and the polyethylene plastic film significantly increased various physiological parameters, such as crop height, stalk diameter, and leaf area. (3) The biodegradable mulch film significantly increased maize and cotton crop yield by 69.4–76.2% and 65.2–71.9%, respectively, compared to the bare soil control. (4) Compared to the bare soil control, the biodegradable mulch film effectively increased WUE in the crops by 64.5–73.1%. In summary, biodegradable mulch film had comparable results to the common polyethylene plastic film in increasing soil temperature, moisture conservation, crop growth, yield, and WUE. As the biodegradable mulch film causes no residual pollution, it is thus preferable to common plastic mulch film for agricultural applications in arid regions and supports the sustainable development of agroecosystems.
Towards a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use and resistance on the farm: A knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey across livestock systems in five African countries
Authors: Caudell Mark A , Dorado-Garcia Alejandro , Eckford Suzanne , Byarugaba Denis , Afakye Kofi , Chansa-Kabali Tamara , Kabali Emmanuel , Kiambi Stella , Kimani Tabitha , Mainda Geoffrey , Mangesho Peter , Chimpangu Francis , Dube Kululeko , Kikimoto Bashiru Boi , Koka Eric , Mugara Tendai , Swiswa Samuel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe nutritional and economic potentials of livestock systems are compromised by the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A major driver of resistance is the misuse and abuse of antimicrobial drugs. The likelihood of misuse may be elevated in low- and middle-income countries where limited professional veterinary services and laissez faire access to drugs are assumed to promote non-prudent practices (e.g., self-administration of drugs). The extent of these practices, as well as the knowledge and attitudes motivating them, are largely unknown within most agricultural communities in low- and middle-income countries. The main objective of this study was to document dimensions of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in livestock systems and identify the livelihood factors associated with these dimensions. A mixed-methods ethnographic approach was used to survey households keeping layers in Ghana (N=110) and Kenya (N=76), pastoralists keeping cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania (N=195), and broiler farmers in Zambia (N=198), and Zimbabwe (N=298). Across countries, we find that it is individuals who live or work at the farm who draw upon their knowledge and experiences to make decisions regarding antimicrobial use and related practices. Input from animal health professionals is rare and antimicrobials are sourced at local, privately owned agrovet drug shops. We also find that knowledge, attitudes, and particularly practices significantly varied across countries, with poultry farmers holding more knowledge, desirable attitudes, and prudent practices compared to pastoralists households. Multivariate models showed that variation is related to several factors, including education, disease dynamics on the farm, and sources of animal health information. Study results emphasize that interventions to limit antimicrobial resistance must be founded upon a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use at the farm-level given limited input from animal health professionals and under-resourced regulatory capacities within most low- and middle-income countries. Establishing this bottom-up understanding across cultures and production systems will inform the development and implementation of the behavioral change interventions to combat AMR globally.
Association between Japanese community health workers’ willingness to continue service and two categories of motives: altruistic and self-oriented
Authors: Taguchi Atsuko , Murayama Hiroshi , Ono Keiko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundAs population aging progresses, volunteers in health field are expected to play a key role in health promotion and disease prevention, which may improve community residents’ health and well-being and at the same time help curve healthcare cost. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of self-oriented motives and altruistic motives as explanatory factors for Japanese Community Health Workers (CHWs)’ desire to continue their service. Unraveling the relative effects of these two types of motivation on CHW retention may lead to policy and practical implications for recruiting, training, and supporting CHWs in Japan. Haddad (2007) observed that citizens in Japan generally have a sense of governmental and individual responsibility for dealing with social problems. Applying these insights to CHWs, we hypothesize that altruistic motives have more potent influence on volunteers’ willingness to continue to serve than self-oriented motives.MethodsThree cities in Shiga prefecture, Japan agreed to participate in the study. Anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was mailed to all CHWs who work in the three communities. The survey data were collected in March and April, 2013. A total of 417 questionnaires were mailed to CHWs, of which 346 were completed and returned (response rate 83.0%). Nine questionnaires missing response to the question concerning willingness to continue serving were removed from the analysis. The final analysis used 337 questionnaires (effective response rate 80.8%).ResultsOne hundred ninety-nine (59.1%) of the respondents answered the question about willingness to continue CHW affirmatively, and 138 (40.9%) negatively. Controlling for other relevant factors, those with self-oriented motives in serving as CHWs were more likely to state they are willing to continue to serve (OR:1.54, confidence interval 1.00-2.37) than those without such motives. Contrary to our hypothesis, the effect of altruistic motives on respondents’ willingness to continue serving as CHWs was slightly larger than that of self-oriented motives; the odds ratio was 1.56(confidence interval 1.08-2.27).ConclusionOne practical implication of the research is that learning more about the twin motives, self-oriented and altruistic, of volunteers and tailoring the content of CHW training to address those motives may be beneficial.
The gender gap in work–life balance satisfaction across occupations
Authors: Dilmaghani Maryam , Tabvuma Vurain 
Published: July 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to compare the gender gaps in work–life balance satisfaction across occupations. Due to data limitations, the studies of work–life balance satisfaction have generally relied on researcher collected data. As a result, large-scale studies encompassing all occupations in the same social and policy context are rare. In several cycles of the Canadian General Social Survey, the respondents are directly asked about their work–life balance (WLB) satisfaction. The present paper takes advantage of this unique opportunity to compare the gender gap in WLB satisfaction across occupations in Canada.Design/methodology/approachThis paper pools four cross-sectional datasets (N = 37,335). Multivariate regression analysis is used.FindingsWomen in management and education are found to have a lower WLB satisfaction than their male counterparts. Conversely, and rather surprisingly, a WLB satisfaction advantage is found for women in transport over males in this occupation. Further investigation shows that the female WLB advantage in transport is driven by the relatively low WLB satisfaction of males in this occupation, while the opposite is true for education.Social implicationsThe findings are discussed in light of the WLB policies and their increasing gender-blindness.Originality/valueThis paper is the first large-scale study which compares the gender gap in WLB satisfaction across occupations, in a given policy context.