bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel treatment of in‐office tooth bleaching sensitivity: A randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical study
Authors: Mehta Deepak , Jyothi S. , Moogi Prashant , Finger Werner J. , Sasaki Keiichi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesAim of this clinical trial was to investigate the effect of a calcium phosphate based desensitizer paste applied prior to in‐office tooth whitening on bleaching sensitivity (BS).MethodsThis crossover study was designed as randomized double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial. The desensitizer paste Teethmate AP (TAP) contains tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous in glycerol and polyethylene glycol, whereas placebo (PLA) is a calcium phosphate free analog. Fifty patients with sound maxillary incisors and canines were enrolled. Tooth shades were determined with a Vitapan Classic Shade guide. Randomly, TAP and PLA were applied to the left or to the right anterior teeth. After rinsing and air‐drying the bleaching gel (Opalescence Boost PF 40%) was applied and left on the labial surfaces for 15 minutes. Sensitivity was recorded using a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) before, at 5, 10, and 15 minutes during, and at 1 hour, 1, 2, and 7 days after bleaching. Tooth whitening was determined with the shade guide after 1 day and 1 week.ResultsPrebleaching desensitization with TAP reduced BS significantly when compared with PLA. Between 1 and 7 days the average sensitivity scores were close to zero, whereas the average scores for PLA were significantly higher during this time interval. Independent from the desensitizing treatment after 1 and 7 days the medians of the shades were between 5 and 3.5 units brighter.ConclusionsPrebleaching desensitization with TAP was effective in reducing BS during and after tooth whitening treatment and had no adverse effect on the bleaching result.Clinical significancePrebleaching topical application of a calcium phosphate containing compound reduced significantly bleaching sensitivity during a single 15 minutes treatment and up to one week with a 40% hydrogen peroxide containing gel without compromising tooth whitening.
Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Dementia: National Estimates of Functional Disability Trajectories
Authors: MacNeil Vroomen Janet L. , Han Ling , Monin Joan K. , Lipska Kasia J. , Allore Heather G. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo estimate the associations between diabetes, heart disease, and dementia, which may increase the difficulty of self‐care; model functional disability trajectories jointly with attrition (death or dropout) over 5 years.DesignPopulation‐based complex survey design.SettingNational Health and Aging Trends Study.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older (N=7,609).MeasurementsNational estimates were generated using sampling weights. Sociodemographic characteristics, self‐reported physician‐diagnosed chronic conditions, six activities of daily living (ADL), and cognitive status were ascertained in annual in‐person interviews. A joint model using group‐based trajectory modeling was used to estimate the number of ADL disabilities and attrition probability. Multinomial logistic regression with survey weights was used to estimate the association between diabetes, heart disease, and dementia and resultant trajectories of disability, with the least disabled trajectory used as a reference.ResultsThree functional disability trajectories were identified: 26.9 million (76.3%) individuals with no disability and a constant study attrition of 14.3%, 4.9 million (13.9%) with mild and increasing disability and 12% attrition in 2012 and 27.2% in 2015, and 3.4 million (9.7%) with severe and increasing disability and 25.4% attrition in 2012 and 35% in 2015. Persons with possible dementia, possible dementia and diabetes, or possible dementia with diabetes and heart disease had significantly greater odds of being on the mild disability trajectory than those with no disability. Persons with probable dementia, representing more than 1.5 million persons, regardless of concurrent conditions, had significantly greater odds of being on the severe disability trajectory than on the no disability trajectory.ConclusionsMethods that generate national estimates and account for attrition and for multiple chronic conditions and cognitive status may be useful for health policy‐makers to make decisions on care provisions and services.
Phylogenetic patterns and correlation of key structures for jumping: bone crests and cross‐sectional areas of muscles inLeptodactylus(Anura, Leptodactylidae)
Authors: Ponssa María Laura , Fratani Jéssica , Abdala Virginia 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAnurans are characterized by their saltatory mode of locomotion, which is associated with a specific morphology. The coordinated action of the muscles and bones of the pelvic girdle is key to the transmission of the force of the hindlimbs to the axial skeleton during jumping. Two features are critical for optimal locomotory performance: the cross‐sectional area of muscle and the bone crest attachment sites. The first character is a proxy of the force exerted by the muscle, whereas the crests are muscle attachments sites related to muscle force. The provisory relationship between these features has previously been identified and bone crest size can be used to infer the magnitude and, therefore, muscle force in fossils records. In this work, we explore the correlation between the cross‐sectional area of essential muscles to the jumping mechanism (longissimus dorsi, extensor iliotibialis B, tenuissimus, puboischiofemoralis internus B, coccygeo‐sacralis and coccygeo‐iliacus) and the bone crests where these muscles are inserted (dorsal tubercle, dorsal crest and urostylar crest) in species of the genusLeptodactylus. This genus, along with other leptodactylids, exhibits a diversity of locomotor modes, including jumping, hopping, swimming and burrowing. We therefore analyzed the morphometric variation in the two features, cross‐sectional area and bone crest area, expecting a correlation with different locomotor types. Our results showed: (i) a correlation between the urostylar crest and the cross‐sectional area of the related muscles; (ii) that the bone crest surface area of urostyle and ilium and the cross‐sectional area of the corresponding muscles can be utilized to infer locomotor faculties in leptodactylid frogs; and (iii) that the evolution of both characters demonstrates a general tendency from lower values in leptodactylid ancestors to higher values in theLeptodactylusgenus. The results attest to the importance of the comparison of current ecological and phylogenetic analogues as they allow us to infer functionality and behavior in fossil and extant groups based on skeletal evidence. Phylogenetic patterns in character evolution and their correlation with locomotory types could imply that functional restrictions are also inherited in leptodactylid.
A novel method to visualise the three‐dimensional organisation of the human cerebral cortical vasculature
Authors: Harrison C. H. , Buckland G. R. , Brooks S. E. , Johnston D. A. , Chatelet D. S. , Liu A. K. L. , Gentleman S. M. , Boche D. , Nicoll J. A. R. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCurrent tissue‐clearing protocols for imaging in three dimensions (3D) are typically applied to optimally fixed, small‐volume rodent brain tissue – which is not representative of the tissue found in diagnostic neuropathology laboratories. We present a method to visualise the cerebral cortical vasculature in 3D in human post‐mortem brain tissue which had been preserved in formalin for many years. Tissue blocks of cerebral cortex from two control cases, two Alzheimer's brains and two cases from Alzheimer's patients immunised against Aβ42 were stained with fluorescent Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin (Tomato lectin), dehydrated and cleared using an adapted three‐dimensional imaging of solvent cleared organs (3DISCO) protocol to visualise the vascular endothelium. Tissue was imaged using light sheet and confocal microscopy and reconstructed in 3D using amira software. The method permits visualisation of the arrangement of the parallel penetrating cortical vasculature in the human brain. The presence of four vascular features including anastomosis, U‐shaped vessels, spiralling and loops were revealed. In summary, we present a low cost and simple method to visualise the human cerebral vasculature in 3D compatible with prolonged fixation times (years), allowing study of vascular involvement in a range of normative and pathological states.
Wear and Corrosion Interactions at the Titanium/Zirconia Interface: Dental Implant Application
Authors: Sikora Craig L. , Alfaro Maria F. , Yuan Judy Chia‐Chun , Barao Valentim A. , Sukotjo Cortino , Mathew Mathew T. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPurposeDental implants have been shown to have predictable success, but esthetic complications often arise. To reduce tissue shadowing from titanium, zirconia abutments may be used; however, the literature suggests that the use of zirconia leads to greater destruction of the implant interface that may result in biological complications such as titanium tattoos and heavy metal toxicity. Previous studies have examined the mechanical aspects of this implant/abutment relationship, but they have not accounted for the corrosive degradation that also takes place in the dynamic environment of the oral cavity. This study investigated the combined effect of both wear and corrosion on the materials at the implant and abutment interface.Materials and MethodsUsing a simulated oral tribocorrosive environment, titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr) abutment materials were slid against titanium and Roxolid implant alloys. The four couplings (Ti/Ti, Ti/Rox, Zr/Ti, Zr/Rox) were selected for the tribocorrosion tests (N = 3). The testing was conducted for 25K cycles, and the coefficient of friction (CoF) and voltage evolution were recorded simultaneously. Following the tribocorrosion assays, the wear volume loss was calculated, and surface characterization was performed. Statistical analysis was completed using a one‐way ANOVA followed by post‐hoc Bonferroni comparisons.ResultsZr/Ti groups had the highest CoF (1.1647), and Ti/Ti had the lowest (0.5033). The Zr/Ti coupling generated significantly more mechanical damage than the Ti/Ti group (p = 0.021). From the corrosion aspect, the Ti/Ti groups had the highest voltage drop (0.802 V), indicating greater corrosion susceptibility. In comparison, the Zr/Roxolid group had the lowest voltage drop (0.628 V) and significantly less electrochemical degradation (p = 0.019). Overall, the Ti/Ti group had the largest wear volume loss (15.1 × 107 μm3), while the Zr/Ti group had the least volume loss (2.26 × 107 μm3). Both zirconia couplings had significantly less wear volume than the titanium couplings (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study highlights the synergistic interaction between wear and corrosion, which occurs when masticatory forces combine with the salivary environment of the oral cavity. Overall, the zirconia groups outperformed the titanium groups. In fact, the titanium groups generated 5 to 6 times more wear to the implant alloys as compared with the zirconia counterparts. The best performing group was Zr/Ti, and the worst performing group was Ti/Ti.
In Vitro Evaluation of Cell Compatibility of Dental Cements Used with Titanium Implant Components
Authors: Marvin Jason C. , Gallegos Silvia I. , Parsaei Shaida , Rodrigues Danieli C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the biocompatibility of five dental cement compositions after directly exposing human gingival fibroblast (HGF) and MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblast cells to cement alone and cement applied on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) specimens.Materials and MethodsNanostructurally integrated bioceramic (NIB), resin (R), resin‐modified glass ionomer (RMGIC), zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), and zinc phosphate (ZP) compositions were prepared according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. Samples were prepared in cylindrical Teflon molds or applied over the entire surface of polished cpTi discs. All samples were cured for 0.5, 1, 12, or 24 hours post‐mixing. Direct contact testing was conducted according to ISO 10993 by seeding 6‐well plates at 350,000 cells/well. Plates were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 for 24 hours before individually plating samples and cpTi control discs. Plates were then incubated for an additional 24 hours. Microtetrazolium (MTT) cell viability assays were used to measure sample cytotoxicity.ResultsFor samples that cured for 24 hours prior to direct contact exposure, only NIB and ZP cements when cemented on cpTi demonstrated cell viability percentages above the minimum biocompatibility requirement (≥70%) for both the investigative cell lines. R, RMGIC, and ZOE cements exhibited moderate to severe cytotoxic effects on both cell lines in direct contact and when cemented on cpTi specimens. For HGF cells, ZOE cemented‐cpTi specimens exhibited significantly decreased cytotoxicity, whereas RMGIC cemented‐cpTi specimens exhibited significantly increased cytotoxicity.ConclusionsDespite previous studies that showed enhanced cpTi corrosion activity for fluoride‐containing compositions (NIB and ZP), there was no significant difference in cytotoxicity between cement alone and cemented‐cpTi. In general, the MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblast cells were more sensitive than HGF cells to cement composition. Ultimately, cement composition played a significant role in maintaining host cell compatibility. Results of this work help illustrate the impact of different cement formulations on host cell health and emphasize the need for understanding material properties when selecting certain formulations of dental cements, which can ultimately influence the survival of dental implant systems.
Spatial and social mobility
Authors: Borck Rainald , Wrede Matthias 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper analyzes the relationship between spatial mobility and social mobility. It develops a two‐skill‐type spatial equilibrium model of two regions with location preferences where each region consists of an urban area that is home to workplaces and residences and an exclusively residential suburban area. The paper demonstrates that relative regional social mobility is negatively correlated with segregation and inequality. In the model, segregation, income inequality, and social mobility are driven by differences between urban and residential areas in commuting cost differences between high‐skilled and low‐skilled workers, and also by the magnitude of taste heterogeneity.
Enteric motor dysfunctions in experimental chronic pancreatitis: Alterations of myenteric neurons regulating colonic motility in rats
Authors: Chen L. , Yu B. , Luo D. , Lin M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanism underlying gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility associated with chronic pancreatitis (CP) has not been fully elucidated, and enteric nervous system (ENS) has an important regulatory role in gastrointestinal motor function. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of ENS in the colonic hypomotility induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) infusion which mimics CP.MethodsMale Sprague‐Dawley rats were submitted to CP which was induced by pancreatic infusion of 2% TNBS, or sham group with treatment of equal saline. Three weeks after induction of CP, we pathologically examined the inflammation of pancreas and counted the number of withdrawal events stimulated by Von Frey filaments to evaluate hyperalgesia. The gastrointestinal transit rate was measured using Carbon inkl driving test, and the contraction activities of colonic muscle strip were studied in an organ bath system. The expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in colonic myenteric plexus (MP) of ENS were investigated by Western blotting and double immunofluorescence staining.Key ResultsIn TNBS‐treated group, rats had the signs of chronic pancreatitis 3 weeks after intraductal infusion and had increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation of the abdomen. For rats with CP, the gastrointestinal transit rate was reduced; in addition, the contractile activities of longitudinal muscle (LM) and circular muscle (CM) strips of distal colon in TNBS group were lower than those in sham group. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that the percentage of ChAT‐immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the MP was decreased, but the proportion of NOS‐IR neurons in the MP was increased when compared with sham‐operated group. Western blotting proved that TNBS infusion down‐regulated ChAT but up‐regulated NOS expression in the colon MP.Conclusions & InferencesDecreased ChAT‐IR neurons and increased NOS‐IR in the MP of colon ENS may contribute to the pathogenesis of colonic dysmotility in CP.
The energy budget in C4 photosynthesis: insights from a cell‐type‐specific electron transport model
Authors: Yin Xinyou , Struik Paul C. 
Published: March 2018

Summary

Extra ATP required in C4 photosynthesis for the CO2‐concentrating mechanism probably comes from cyclic electron transport (CET). As metabolic ATP : NADPH requirements in mesophyll (M) and bundle‐sheath (BS) cells differ among C4 subtypes, the subtypes may differ in the extent to which CET operates in these cells.

We present an analytical model for cell‐type‐specific CET and linear electron transport. Modelled NADPH and ATP production were compared with requirements.

For malic‐enzyme (ME) subtypes, c. 50% of electron flux is CET, occurring predominantly in BS cells for standard NADP‐ME species, but in a ratio of c. 6 : 4 in BS : M cells for NAD‐ME species. Some C4 acids follow a secondary decarboxylation route, which is obligatory, in the form of ‘aspartate‐malate’, for the NADP‐ME subtype, but facultative, in the form of phosphoenolpyruvate‐carboxykinase (PEP‐CK), for the NAD‐ME subtype. The percentage for secondary decarboxylation is c. 25% and that for 3‐phosphoglycerate reduction in BS cells is c. 40%; but these values vary with species. The ‘pure’ PEP‐CK type is unrealistic because its is impossible to fulfil ATP : NADPH requirements in BS cells.

The standard PEP‐CK subtype requires negligible CET, and thus has the highest intrinsic quantum yields and deserves further studies in the context of improving canopy productivity.
The molecular control of tendril development in angiosperms
Authors: Sousa‐Baena Mariane S. , Lohmann Lúcia G. , Hernandes‐Lopes José , Sinha Neelima R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe climbing habit has evolved multiple times during the evolutionary history of angiosperms. Plants evolved various strategies for climbing, such as twining stems, tendrils and hooks. Tendrils are threadlike organs with the ability to twine around other structures through helical growth; they may be derived from a variety of structures, such as branches, leaflets and inflorescences. The genetic capacity to grow as a tendrilled climber existed in some of the earliest land plants; however, the underlying molecular basis of tendril development has been studied in only a few taxa. Here, we summarize what is known about the molecular basis of tendril development in model and candidate model species from key tendrilled families, that is, Fabaceae, Vitaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Passifloraceae and Bignoniaceae. Studies on tendril molecular genetics and development show the molecular basis of tendril formation and ontogenesis is diverse, even when tendrils have the same ontogenetic origin, for example leaflet‐derived tendrils in Fabaceae and Bignoniaceae. Interestingly, all tendrils perform helical growth during contact‐induced coiling, indicating that such ability is not correlated with their ontogenetic origin or phylogenetic history. Whether the same genetic networks are involved during helical growth in diverse tendrils still remains to be investigated.
The impact of junk food marketing regulations on food sales: an ecological study
Authors: Kovic Y. , Noel J. K. , Ungemack J. A. , Burleson J. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of junk food broadcast marketing policies on nationwide junk food sales and identify policy characteristics effective in reducing sales.MethodsCountry policy data (n = 79) were categorized in a thorough literature review and analysed using a repeated measures design against data on food sales per capita. Study conducted in United States, 2017.ResultsCountries with junk food broadcast marketing policies saw a decrease in junk food sales per capita after implementation, while those without said policies saw an increase (p = 0.013). Countries with statutory policies saw a decrease in sales per capita, while those with only self‐regulation saw an increase (p = 0.004). Audience restrictions (p = 0.024) and standardized nutrition criteria (p = 0.008) were policy characteristics significantly associated with a decrease in sales per capita.ConclusionsUtilizing a novel approach to evaluate junk food broadcast marketing policies, the study demonstrated that countries with statutory policies saw a significant decrease in junk food sales per capita not seen in countries with no or only self‐regulatory policies. To effectively reduce exposure to child‐targeted junk food marketing, governments should establish strong, comprehensive statutory regulations. Additionally, countries that implement junk food marketing policies can use food sales data to track policy effectiveness.
Insight into the development of obesity: functional alterations of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Louwen F. , Ritter A. , Kreis N. N. , Yuan J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObesity is associated with a variety of disorders including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Obesity changes the composition and structure of adipose tissue, linked to pro‐inflammatory environment, endocrine/metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) have multiple functions like cell renewal, spontaneous repair and homeostasis in adipose tissue. In this review article, we have summarized the recent data highlighting that ASCs in obesity are defective in various functionalities and properties including differentiation, angiogenesis, motility, multipotent state, metabolism and immunomodulation. Inflammatory milieu, hypoxia and abnormal metabolites in obese tissue are crucial for impairing the functions of ASCs. Further work is required to explore the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its alterations and impairments. Based on these data, we suggest that deregulated ASCs, possibly also other mesenchymal stem cells, are important in promoting the development of obesity. Restoration of ASCs/mesenchymal stem cells might be an additional strategy to combat obesity and its associated diseases.