bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MISTRANSLATION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY RECONSIDERED
Authors: CHAN Clara Ho-yan 
Published: February 2019

This study aims to explore different causes for the mistranslation of legal terminology in international agreements that are enforced through domestic legislation, and attempt to provide some solutions. It is said that legal training will help legal translators to render terminology correctly. This should be held true because many legal terms from different legal systems are ‘false friends’, in that even a well-trained lawyer may need to undertake extensive legal and linguistic research to render them in another language or legal system. This study, by use of a comparison of several translated legal terms from People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan, shows that besides the cause of ‘legal knowledge’, the disparities between international law and national law and different legal traditions can also lead to an improper transfer of legal terminology. Examples of these terms are “Copyright piracy” (Daoban 盗版 vs. qinhai zhuzuoquan 侵害著作权), “Good Faith” (Chengshi shouxin 诚实守信 vs. shanyi 善意), and “Inventive Step” (Famingxing de buzhou 发明性的步骤 vs. jinbuxing 进步性). In order to enhance translators’ legal knowledge, it is proposed that they be presented with some substantive laws together with simple illustrations of their structures. Translators should crosscheck their translations against a wide range of sources at work.
Signalling Sites of Contention in Judicial Discourse. An Exploratory Corpus- Based Analysis of Selected Stance Nouns in US Supreme Court Opinions and Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal Judgments
Authors: GOŹDŹ-ROSZKOWSKI Stanisław 
Published: February 2019

This paper adopts a comparative, corpus-based perspective to examine the language of judicial justification. Based on substantial corpus data, the study explores one of the linguistics resources, i.e. head nouns (e.g. assumption, belief, notion, etc.) followed by a nominal complement in the form of that-clause in two comparable legal settings: the opinions given in the United States Supreme Court and the judgements handed down by Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal. The findings corroborate the results of previous research which shows that nouns found in this pattern are used to perform various discourse functions but evaluation plays a central role in judicial writing and these nouns are used to signal sites of contentions. The study reveals the general similarity between the two sets of data suggesting that American and Polish judicial writing is underpinned by essentially the same epistemological assumptions. Yet, there are some differences in the way the nouns behave phraseologically. Polish nouns tend to show less collocational variation and they are found performing fewer discourse functions.
Establishing reference ranges for lymphocyte proliferation responses to phytohemagglutinin in patients with T cell dysfunction
Authors: Alsalamah Mohammad , Vong Linda , Cimpean Lorand , Dadi Harjit 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: The evaluation of lymphocyte proliferation responses is a critical component of the clinical work up for patients with suspected immunodeficiencies. Those with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) have consistently low to absent responses (stimulation index, SI) to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). However, patients with combined immunodeficiency (CID) have more varied proliferative responses, and are open to a wide range of interpretations. Aims: To establish lymphocyte proliferation response reference ranges for patients with T cell defects, especially those with CID as well as healthy controls. Methods: Data was collected retrospectively from charts of patients with a diagnosis of SCID (n = 39), CID (n = 52), or from healthy controls (n = 440). Reference percentiles were calculated using the 95% of the distribution of the test results. Results: The reference ranges for the control group ranged from 134 to 2220.5, whereas those with CID were distributed between 0.81 and 169.1. Patients with typical SCID had profound low proliferative responses, with SI <5. Conclusion: Our results highlight the variability of lymphocyte proliferation responses to PHA in patients with CID as well as healthy controls. These reference ranges will assist with the critical interpretation of assay results, particularly when values fall on the extreme end of the range. Statement of novelty: We provide reference ranges for lymphocyte proliferation responses to PHA from patients with CID and healthy controls.
Network Properties Revealed during Multi-Scale Calcium Imaging of Seizure Activity in Zebrafish
Authors: Liu Jing , Baraban Scott C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSeizures are characterized by hypersynchronization of neuronal networks. Understanding these networks could provide a critical window for therapeutic control of recurrent seizure activity, i.e., epilepsy. However, imaging seizure networks has largely been limited to microcircuitsin vitroor small “windows”in vivo. Here, we combine fast confocal imaging of genetically encoded calcium indicator (GCaMP)-expressing larval zebrafish with local field potential (LFP) recordings to study epileptiform events at whole-brain and single-neuron levelsin vivo. Using an acute seizure model (pentylenetetrazole, PTZ), we reliably observed recurrent electrographic ictal-like events associated with generalized activation of all major brain regions and uncovered a well-preserved anterior-to-posterior seizure propagation pattern. We also examined brain-wide network synchronization and spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal activity in the optic tectum microcircuit. Brain-wide and single-neuronal level analysis of PTZ-exposed and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-exposed zebrafish revealed distinct network dynamics associated with seizure and non-seizure hyperexcitable states, respectively. Neuronal ensembles, comprised of coactive neurons, were also uncovered during interictal-like periods. Taken together, these results demonstrate that macro- and micro-network calcium motifs in zebrafish may provide a greater understanding of epilepsy.
A Resting-State Functional MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Study of the Dorsal Hippocampus in the Chronic Unpredictable Stress Rat Model
Authors: Magalhães Ricardo , Novais Ashley , Barrière David A. , Marques Paulo , Marques Fernanda , Sousa João C. , Cerqueira João J. , Cachia Arnaud , Jay Therese M. , Bottlaender Michel , Sousa Nuno , Mériaux Sébastien , Boumezbeur Fawzi 
Published: February 2019

Exposure to chronic stress leads to an array of anatomical, functional, and metabolic changes in the brain that play a key role in triggering psychiatric disorders such as depression. The hippocampus is particularly well known as a target of maladaptive responses to stress. To capture stress-induced changes in metabolic and functional connectivity in the hippocampus, stress-resistant (low-responders) or -susceptible (high-responders) rats exposed to a chronic unpredictable stress paradigm (categorized according to their hormonal and behavioral responses) were assessed by multimodal neuroimaging; the latter was achieved by using localized1H MR spectroscopy and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) at 11,7T data from stressed (n= 25) but also control (n= 15) male Wistar rats.Susceptible animals displayed increased GABA–glutamine (+19%) and glutamate–glutamine (+17%) ratios and decreased levels of macromolecules (−11%); these changes were positively correlated with plasma corticosterone levels. In addition, the neurotransmitter levels showed differential associations with functional connectivity between the hippocampus and the amygdala, the piriform cortex and thalamus between stress-resistant and -susceptible animals. Our observations are consistent with previously reported stress-induced metabolomic changes that suggest overall neurotransmitter dysfunction in the hippocampus. Their association with the fMRI data in this study reveals how local adjustments in neurochemistry relate to changes in the neurocircuitry of the hippocampus, with implications for its stress-associated dysfunctions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChronic stress disrupts brain homeostasis, which may increase the vulnerability of susceptible individuals to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Characterization of the differences between stress-resistant and -susceptible individuals on the basis of noninvasive imaging tools, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contributes to improved understanding of the mechanisms underpinning individual differences in vulnerability and can facilitate the design of new diagnostic and intervention strategies. Using a combined functional MRI/MRS approach, our results demonstrate that susceptible- and non-susceptible subjects show differential alterations in hippocampal GABA and glutamate metabolism that, in turn, associate with changes in functional connectivity.
A unique case of ectopic Cushing’s syndrome from a thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Lawrence Lima , Zhang Peng , Choi Humberto , Ahmad Usman , Arrossi Valeria , Purysko Andrei , Makin Vinni 
Published: February 2019

Summary
Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production leading to ectopic ACTH syndrome accounts for a small proportion of all Cushing’s syndrome (CS) cases. Thymic neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms that may secrete ACTH leading to rapid development of hypercortisolism causing electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities, uncontrolled hypertension and an increased risk for opportunistic infections. We present a unique case of a patient who presented with a mediastinal mass, revealed to be an ACTH-secreting thymic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) causing ectopic CS. As the diagnosis of CS from ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) remains challenging, we emphasize the necessity for high clinical suspicion in the appropriate setting, concordance between biochemical, imaging and pathology findings, along with continued vigilant monitoring for recurrence after definitive treatment.

Learning points:

Functional thymic neuroendocrine tumors are exceedingly rare.

Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome secondary to thymic neuroendocrine tumors secreting ACTH present with features of hypercortisolism including electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities, uncontrolled hypertension and hyperglycemia, and opportunistic infections.

The ability to undergo surgery and completeness of resection are the strongest prognostic factors for improved overall survival; however, the recurrence rate remains high.

A high degree of initial clinical suspicion followed by vigilant monitoring is required for patients with this challenging disease.
IMPACT OF HYDROGEN ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Nowotny J. , Veziroglu T. N. 
Published: February 2019

The present work considers the impact of hydrogen fuel on the environment within the cycles of its generation and combustion. Hydrogen has been portrayed by the media as a fuel that is environmentally clean because its combustion results in the formation of harmless water. However, hydrogen first must be generated. The effect of hydrogen generation on the environment depends on the production process and the related byproducts. Hydrogen available on the market at present is mainly generated by using steam reforming of natural gas, which is a fossil fuel. Its byproduct is CO2, which is a greenhouse gas and its emission results in global warming and climate change. Therefore, hydrogen generated from fossil fuels is contributing to global warming to the similar extent as direct combustion of the fossil fuels. On the other hand hydrogen obtained from renewable energy, such solar energy, is environmentally clean during the cycles of its generation and combustion. Consequently, the introduction of hydrogen economy must be accompanied by the development of hydrogen that is environmentally friendly. The present work considers several aspects related to the generation and utilisation of hydrogen obtained by steam reforming and solar energy conversion (solar-hydrogen).
A kortikoszteroidtartalmú szemcseppek alkalmazása gyermekkori allergiás szembetegségek kezelésében
Authors: Csorba Anita , Soproni Anna , Maneschg Otto , Nagy Zoltán Zsolt , Szamosi Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract: The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing recently. Allergy has various symptoms. Allergic eye diseases (seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, contact blepharoconjunctivitis) are common in atopic patients. Treatment options for allergic conjunctivitis include local and systemic antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, dual-action agents, vasoconstrictors and corticosteroids. Treatment seems easy, but inappropriate therapy – in extreme cases – can lead to vision loss. Corticosteroid eyedrops provide effective relief of symptoms, however, their use is limited due to their severe side effects. Both steroid-induced cataract and steroid-induced glaucoma are dangerous for vision. The characteristics, frequency and risks of these side effects have been studied widely in adults, but there are very few studies focused on children. According to the present studies, the side effects of topically administered corticosteroids appear more often in children than in adults. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(9): 329–337.
Framework to assess organizational readiness for digital transformation
Authors: Sanchez Marisa Analia 
Published: February 2019

The digital transformation puts to the test the sustainability of traditional business models. The aim of this research work is to formulate a framework that explains resources, capabilities and management choices necessary to respond to the new environment. The proposal is based on literature review of both theoretical and empirical research. The framework abstracts complexity to isolate a few key variables. Its specification is based on system dynamics since it naturally models forces of change in a complex system so that their influences can be better understood.La transformación digital pone a prueba la sustentabilidad de los modelos de negocio tradicionales. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es formular un marco de referencia que explique los recursos, capacidades y decisiones gerenciales necesarias para responder al nuevo ambiente. La propuesta se basa en una revisión literaria de investigaciones tanto teóricas como empíricas. El marco de referencia abstrae la complejidad para aislar unas pocas variables clave. Su especificación se basa en dinámica de sistemas dada que naturalmente modela fuerzas de cambio en un sistema complejo de modo que sus influencias pueden entenderse mejor.A transformação digital testa a sustentabilidade dos modelos de negócios tradicionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é desenvolver um modelo para explicar os recursos, capacidades e decisões de gestão necessárias para responder ao novo ambiente. A proposta é baseada em uma revisão da literatura tanto da pesquisa teórica e empírica. O modelo abstrai a complexidade para isolar algumas variáveis-chave. Sua especificação é baseada en dinâmica de sistemas dado que naturalmente modela as forças de mudança em um sistema complexo de modo que sua influência pode ser melhor compreendida.
A Modern városok program jelentősége a hazai városfejlődésben
Authors: Fekete Dávid 
Published: February 2019

Magyarország kormánya 2015-ben nagyszabású városfejlesztési projektcsomagot indított el Modern városok program címmel. A fejlesztésekről a 23 megyei jogú város polgármesterei külön-külön találkozókon egyeztek meg a kormányfővel 2015 és 2017 között. A program teljes költségvetése mintegy 3400 milliárd forint, az abban szereplő fejlesztések a kormányzati tervek szerint 2022-ig befejeződnek. A programot elemző kutatásban az alábbi szempontok szerint vizsgáltuk a fejlesztési programot: a program európai és hazai területfejlesztési politikában betöltött szerepe, a központi költségvetésre és az önkormányzati forrásokra gyakorolt hatásai, a gazdaságfejlesztéshez és újraiparosításhoz való hozzájárulása, a program mint új városfejlesztési rezsim.
A hazai területfejlesztés elmúlt évszázadában nem találtunk olyan városfejlesztési programot, mely filozófiájában és költségvetési volumenében hasonlítható lenne a Modern városok programhoz. A program előképe elsősorban az 1960-as években megjelenő, de napjainkban is gyakran alkalmazott francia etatista-dirigista megközelítés, hiszen jelentős hasonlóságot mutatnak az alkalmazott eszközök és módszerek, így pl. a tervszerződések rendszere, a központi finanszírozás és döntéshozatal. A program újszerű városfejlesztési rezsimként történő értelmezése ugyanakkor nem bizonyított: az ehhez szükséges, széles körű társadalmi bevonás alapján közösen kialakított fejlesztési célkitűzések nem voltak tapasztalhatók. A program fontos fókusza a gazdaságfejlesztés: gyakorlatilag valamennyi város érintett az iparfejlesztéssel, gazdaságfejlesztéssel kapcsolatos intézkedésekben. Az elmúlt évek megyei jogú városokat érintő kormányzati döntései közül a program meghatározó fejlesztési forrásokat biztosít az érintettek számára, városonként átlagosan kb. 150 milliárd Ft értékben valósulnak meg fejlesztések.
Az új gazdaság térnyerése a budapesti irodaházak bérlői körében
Authors: Baji Péter , Csizmady Adrienne 
Published: February 2019

Az utóbbi évtizedekben a kutatások homlokterébe került az ún. új gazdaság szerepe a városok megújulásában. Ez a jelenség a fejlett gazdaságok posztindusztriális átalakulásához köthető, ahol a korábbi belső városrészek lepusztult ipari zónái számára keresik a megújuláshoz vezető utat. Az egyik ilyen válaszút az új gazdaság különböző szegmenseinek (IKT-szektor, dizájn, új média stb.) vonzása volt a megújítandó területeken, de több nemzetközi kutatás rávilágított arra, hogy a siker nem univerzális és sok esetben nem is meggyőző. Az új gazdaság térnyeréséről Budapestre kevés átfogó kutatás készült, így munkánk ezt a hiányt pótolja. Mivel 2000 óta fővárosunk egyik leglátványosabb átalakulása a modern irodaház-állomány folyamatos bővülése, ezért kutatási kérdéseinkre a budapesti bérirodaházakra vonatkozó saját gyűjtésű adatbázisunk segítségével keressük a választ.
Kutatásunk fő kérdése, hogy az új gazdaság térnyerésének mintázataiban milyen különbségek találhatók, és a klaszteresedés mennyiben hozható összefüggésbe a városátalakulás spontán és tervezett folyamataival. Feltáró kutatásunk eredményei arra engednek következtetni, hogy a budapesti bérirodaház-építés célcsoportjának egyharmadába a kreatív szolgáltatásokhoz sorolható tevékenységeket végző cégek tartoznak. Közel egynegyedét pedig a pénzügyi és ingatlanokkal foglalkozó szolgáltatást kínálók adják. Habár az új gazdaság bizonyos szegmenseinek szerepe kiemelkedő az irodaházak bérlői között, a különböző irodapiaci zónákban mégsem találunk jelentős eltéréseket. Vagyis a városközponthoz közeli budai és pesti irodapiaci zónák a belvárosi területekkel együtt osztoznak mind a klasszikus városközponti üzleti negyedet képző, mind az átmeneti zónát megújító új gazdasági ágazatokban. Így a központi üzleti negyed és a kreatív funkció nem válik el élesen a különböző irodapiaci zónák szerint Budapesten.
Walter Benjamin e a filosofia da escrita: apresentação, constelação e crítica/ Walter Benjamin and the philosophy of writing: presentation, constellation and criticism
Authors: Braga Leonardo Izoton 
Published: February 2019

Resumo: Este artigo busca evocar as dimensões política, poética e filosófica na escrita de Walter Benjamin, trabalhando as concepções de apresentação (Darstellung) da verdade, constelação e crítica, como dimensões constitutivas de seu exercício de pensamento, praticado na linguagem. Para isso, trabalhamos: as concepções de tratado, fragmento e constelação, em sua crítica à escrita sistemática, em paralelo ao seu modo de pensar a filosofia como apresentação (Darstellung) da verdade, presentes no Prefácio do Drama Trágico Alemão (1928); a sua concepção de linguagem como arquivo de semelhanças não sensíveis, evocada na Doutrina das Semelhanças e em Sobre a faculdade mimética (1933); e sua distinção entre o químico e o alquimista, assim como a relação entre o comentário e a crítica, presentes no ensaio sobre as Afinidades Eletivas de Goethe (1922). Por fim, afirmamos seu modo ensaístico de escrita como locus de um exercício de crítica imanente, exposição e desvio, na construção de um método, uma política de leitura e escrita do mundo, que nasce como tarefa de “ler o que nunca foi escrito”, daquele não tem nada a dizer, somente a mostrar.Palavras chave: escrita; apresentação; constelação; crítica; desvio.Abstract:This article seeks to evoke the political, poetic and philosophical dimensions in the writing of Walter Benjamin, working the concepts of presentation (Darstellung) of truth, constellation and criticism, as constitutive dimensions of his exercise of thought, practiced in language. Therefore, we worked on: the conceptions of treaty, fragment and constellation in its critique of systematic writing, in parallel with its mode of thinking philosophy as presentation (Darstellung) of truth, present in the Preface of German Tragic Drama (1928); his conception of language as an archive of nonsensuous similarities, evoked in the Doctrine of Similarities and On mimetic faculty (1933); and his distinction between the chemist and the alchemist, as well as the relation between comment and criticism, present in the essay about Goethe’s Elective Affinities (1922). Finally, we affirm his essayistic mode of writing as the locus of an exercise of immanent critique, exposition and detour, in the construction of a method, a policy of reading and writing the world, born as a task of “reading what was never written” by the one who has nothing to say, only to show.Keywords: writing; presentation; constellation; criticism; detour.