bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—6
Authors: Molyneux W. G. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryDevelopments in computer technology will result in a capacity for structural analysis and definition of structural geometry in intimate detail, and this capacity will be used to the full for design and fabrication in the relatively brittle materials of high specific strength and stiffness that will become commonplace. However, only evolutionary developments in basic structural form are anticipated for the future, with stressed-skin structure remaining dominant. The structure will be windowless.Mass-produced personal aircraft will be required for leisure purposes, and glass is likely to be a favoured structural material for these.
A General Note on the Selection of Redundancies in Structural Analysis
Authors: Robinson John 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThis paper lists all the known published work on the development of automatic selection of redundancy techniques over the past decade. The main interest is a selection technique based on an algebraic procedure. It is emphasised that such a technique is very flexible in its application and that the redundancy selection can be completely automatic, completely preselected but automatically imposed or a combination of the two. This enables previous experience to be applied. The criterion is given for optimum redundancy selection and items which influence this are discussed. It is pointed out that the basic and redundant load transformation matrices can be generated automatically for general configurations.
Structural Aspects of the Do 31 Jet-Lift VTOL Aircraft
Authors: Flemming M. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe special structural problems of VTOL aircraft are examined, taking the Do 31 as a basis and it is shown how these problems can be solved without significant weight penalties.After a short description of the aircraft and the systems associated with aircraft testing, the structural design of the Do 31 is described.The effect of special VTOL load cases on the individual aircraft components are illustrated and it is shown where these are critical. The methods used in the calculations are explained briefly and theoretical results are compared with tests.Special emphasis is given to the lift pod structure and its structural analysis.There are special problems with VTOL aircraft which must be considered during the structural design phase. The effects of temperature on the engine pods, wing and fuselage are shown and the solution of the associated design problems are indicated. The results obtained are compared with a number of Do 31 test results.If conventional British or US fire requirements are applied to the design of lift pods, there is a possibility of some weight penalties. Fire problems and fire requirements for lift pods are discussed with reference to test results. Recommendations for minimising the danger of explosions and for the use of fire detecting devices are also made.A great advantage of VTOL aircraft is their ability to use unprepared sites. Debris may be thrown up by the downward deflected jet exhausts and strike the aircraft. Calculations and test results show the effect of impact velocities, stone shape, etc. Structural optimisation for withstanding debris impact is considered.Noise problems have to be investigated during the aircraft design phase because of the high engine thrust installed in a VTOL aircraft. Results of the Do 31 tor near field noise levels are given. Particular attention is given to the proportion of overall noise level which affects the airframe.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—8
Authors: Thring M. W. 
Published: June 2018

Power generation for civilian aircraft can only be considered in terms of what kind of flying people will want to do in the 2nd century because the weight and cost of the fuel which will be best are dependent on how much people can afford to pay, how large and how fast they want the planes to be and what the world's total aircraft fuel consumption will be in relation to the world's total supplies of various fuels.The predictable primary power sources of the second century are the fossil chemical fuels, oil and natural gas, the nuclear fuels (fission and fusion) and solar energy.
The Dynamics of Low-Thrust Spacecraft Manoeuvres
Authors: Burt E. G. C. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryOrbital manoeuvres by means of impulsive thrusts, such as those available with chemical rockets, are well known, but a different treatment is needed for the small, continuous thrusts that are typical of electrical propulsion systems. It is shown that with the aid of these small forces it is possible to change independently all the orbital elements of a spacecraft, and thus to proceed slowly from a given orbit to any other. For each manoeuvre there exists an equivalent velocity which depends only on the initial and final orbital states, and which can be related directly to the spacecraft propulsion parameters.For any form of propulsion where the propellent acquires some or all of its energy from a separate energy source, as in electrical propulsion, it is found that optimum time-varying relations exist between the flow of mass and of energy, which may also be expressed in terms of the exhaust velocity and the thrust. In particular, the optimum exhaust velocity is shown to be an increasing function of time, related to the way in which the energy is released.The practical realisation of electrical propulsion depends on the development of efficient propulsion units and of lightweight power supplies; these and other spacecraft components are discussed, and a number of examples of orbital manoeuvres are given, including close-Earth, far-Earth and lunar orbits. The paper concludes with a discussion of these orbital transfers in relation to their possible uses, including communication satellites and a test of relativity theory
The Effects of Solid Viscosities to Dynamic Load Factors of the Ring and the Hollow Sphere Subjected to Impulsive Loads
Authors: Suzuki Shin-Ichi 
Published: June 2018

Although it has been said that dynamic load factor is equal to 2, it became evident by the author's researches that this value is influenced by the dimensions of members and loading conditions and is very different from 2. However, the solid viscosities are neglected in all these researches. Previously, the author obtained the coefficients of viscosities from the experimental results of damped oscillation of a cantilever beam in a vacuum vessel and investigated the relationships between dynamic load factors and solid viscosities on the beam and the rod subjected to transverse or longitudinal impulsive loads. From these results, it was found that the effects of solid viscosities to dynamic load factors cannot be neglected.To find out whether the same fact can be obtained for the higher dimensions or not, the ring and the hollow sphere subjected to uniformly distributed impulsive loads along the inner and outer edges are analysed. Since σθ, the direct stress to the circumferential direction, is the most important from the engineering point of view, the relationships between solid viscosities and dynamic load factors of σθ are investigated.
Commonwealth Caribbean Air
Transport
Authors: Went T. E. 
Published: June 2018

I would like to express my thanks to the Council of the
Royal Aeronautical Society for inviting me to
deliver this lecture. I am very happy that this
honour has been extended to me: I am happy for
myself, and also for my country, Barbados, one of
the newest sovereign states, but one which has
evolved with the British Commonwealth. Our
relationship has existed since 1625 and apart from
what I believe to be the first case of UDI in the
British Colonial Empire in the Cromwell era, we have
been stalwart members of the club.In November 1966 Barbados became a sovereign state, the
colonial days were over. From here on we have been a
full member of the British Commonwealth of
Nations.
IATA—Very Suspicious
Characters
Authors: Hildred William 
Published: June 2018

Sir William Hildred drew upon his personal experiences
until 1966 as Director General of the International
Air Transport Association.That body worked closely with the International Civil
Aviation Organisation (ICAO)—the author, instigator,
and watchdog of Annex 9 of the Chicago Convention
which dealt wholly with the subject of facilitation.
Neither body had legislative power. ICAO could only
make recommendations but these required the assent
and action of Sovereign Governments before they
became effective. The President of ICAO had said it
was the increase in passenger and cargo volume which
created the problem but Sir William ascribed a good
deal of it to the entrenched conservatism of
Governments and their operating agencies.
Immigration
Authors: Fitzgerald T. 
Published: June 2018

Immigration control is an expression of national
interest. The objective is to ensure that, of all
those people who wish to come from abroad to work
and settle here, we should accept only those whom it
is in the national interest to accept. The process
of selection must be operated in a way which does
not delay or inconvenience the great generality of
travellers.In more detail, the current objectives of the UK
immigration control are: — (a)to prevent the
entry of people who are personally unacceptable,
for example, because of criminal
record;(b)to
protect and supplement the resident labour
force;(c)to
prevent immigration of a type, and on a scale,
which might give rise to serious social
problems.
Major Allister Macintosh Miller:
1892—1951
Authors: Van der Spuy K. R. 
Published: June 2018

I Feel highly honoured at having been asked to deliver
this inaugural lecture as a prelude to the bi-annual
series of Memorial Lectures on the development of
Civil Aviation in South Africa. This lecture will be
devoted to the man—Major Allister Macintosh
Miller.Much has come about in the field of Civil Aviation
since the days I am going to speak about. Space and
time have been telescoped. Colossal strides have
been made. In this hall tonight I see a number of
persons who, like myself, are able to make the
comparison between the civil aircraft of vintage
1919 and the civil aircraft of today.
Selection of Interplanetary
Trajectories
Authors: Musker A. J. 
Published: June 2018

It is only in fairly recent years that the idea of
sending an object to another planet has become a
practical reality. This has led to the rapid
development of celestial mechanics, although the
subject is by no means new. The purpose of the paper
is to introduce the subject and to see how
well-established results and equations may be
utilised to find out about the motion of an object
on its way to another planet. Once the path is
determined, various deductions may be made about the
rocket vehicle which must place the object or
spacecraft along that path.The concept at “launch window” will be introduced and a
method of determining it will be presented. Once it
is known, the number of available trajectories
(although theoretically infinite) are narrowed down
by selecting desired values of some parameters.
Managing Costs for Profit: Part I—Business Objectives and Strategic Planning
Authors: Norman P. A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThis paper presents basic disciplines for effective management of costs for profitable operation in technologically orientated industries. The techniques outlined for strategic planning, implementation of the ensuing plan and for operational planning and control are not new, but available and proven by wide application in the USA and to a lesser extent in the UK.The adoption of these or similar disciplines in the UK aerospace industry in co-operation with the Government in defining industry objectives and strategic plans, could represent a big step towards promoting a healthy and expanding industry for the future.Application of these techniques will present difficulties in the aerospace industry, but by their very nature should yield an immense return in this environment. There would appear to be no insuperable difficulties in achieving successful application by both Government and Industry.Since the 1967 Management Studies Group Symposium showed a strong demand for information on these techniques, and because no single source document can be recommended, the preparation of this survey has been undertaken.
The Five Point Loading Shear Stiffness Test
Authors: Langley Marcus 
Published: June 2018

Howard suggested that the shear stiffness of a beam in bending could be more expeditiously determined by using the five point loading system.Grayley reviewed the accuracy and speed of various methods of finding the shear stiffness of sandwich beams and showed that five point loading compared favourably on all counts with three point loading, four point loading, and with block shear tests.The RAeS Data Unit gave a description of an experimental method of determining the shear and flexural stiffnesses of a sandwich material, based on Howard's work.
Bullous Pemphigoid in an Infant: A Case Report
Authors: Thabouillot Oscar , Le Coz Julien , Roche Nicolas-Charles 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA seven-month-old girl was referred to the emergency department (ED) after a general practitioner suspected Steven-Johnson syndrome. Actually, the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid (BP) was made based on biopsies; BP is a rare, autoimmune skin disease involving the presence of blisters known as bullae. The child was efficiently treated with topical steroids. This case shows the importance of the ED physician’s prior knowledge of BP so that a differential diagnosis with other autoimmune diseases (dermatosis, pemphigus) can be made.Thabouillot O, Le Coz J, Roche NC. Bullous pemphigoid in an infant: a case report.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(4):448–450.
Hybrid phase retrieval algorithm based on modified very fast simulated annealing
Authors: Xu Yueshu , Ye Qian , Meng Guoxiang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Misell algorithm is one of the most widely used phase retrieval holography methods for large reflector antennas to measure surface deformation. However, it usually locks in a local minimum because it heads downhill from an initial estimation without any consideration whether it heads for a global minimum or not. The core problem of the Misell algorithm is to find an initial estimation near the global minimum to avoid local stagnation. To cope with the problem, we construct a hybrid Misell algorithm, named modified very fast simulated annealing (MVFSA)-Misell algorithm, to search for the global minimum with a high efficiency. The algorithm is based on the combination of the MVFSA algorithm and Misell algorithm. Firstly, the MVFSA is utilized to obtain a rough position near the global minimum in limited steps. Then, the Misell algorithm starts from the rough position to converge to the global minimum with high speed and accuracy. The convergence characteristic of the proposed algorithm was discussed in detail through digital simulation. Simulation results show that the algorithm can reach global minimum in a very short time. Unlike the traditional Misell algorithm, the hybrid algorithm is not influenced by initial phase estimation.
Resistance to Multiple PRE Herbicides in a Field-evolved Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) Population
Authors: Brunton David J. , Boutsalis Peter , Gill Gurjeet , Preston Christopher 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA population of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidumGaudin) from a field on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, was suspected of resistance to thiocarbamate herbicides. Dose–response studies were conducted on this population (EP162) and two susceptible populations (SLR4 and VLR1). The resistant population exhibited cross-resistance to triallate, prosulfocarb, EPTC, and thiobencarb with higher LD50to triallate (14.9-fold), prosulfocarb (9.4-fold), EPTC (9.7-fold), and thiobencarb (13.6-fold) compared with the susceptible populations SLR4 and VLR1. The resistant population also displayed resistance to trifluralin, pyroxasulfone, and propyzamide. The LD50of the resistant population was higher for trifluralin (13.8-fold), pyroxasulfone (8.1-fold), and propyzamide (2.7-fold) compared with the susceptible populations. This study documents the first case of field-evolved resistance to thiocarbamate herbicides inL. rigidum.
Weather, Risk, and Voting: An Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Weather on Vote Choice
Authors: Bassi Anna 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA number of theoretical and empirical studies analyze the effect of inclement weather on voter turnout and in turn on parties’ vote share. However, empirical findings suggest that the effect of weather on parties’ vote share is greater than can be explained by its influence on voter turnout alone. This article provides experimental evidence of the effect of weather on vote choice between more- versus less-risky candidates. Findings show that bad weather significantly and sizeably depresses risk tolerance making voters less likely to vote for risky candidates. This article also provides evidence of a possible mechanism: unpleasant weather conditions depress agents’ mood, making agents less inclined to vote for candidates who are perceived as more risky.
Coupled Snow Cover and Avalanche Dynamics Simulations to Evaluate Wet Snow Avalanche Activity
Authors: Wever Nander , Vera Valero Cesar , Techel Frank 
Published: June 2018

We present physics‐based snowpack simulations for four snow seasons with detailed wet snow avalanche activity records. The distributed, spatially explicit simulations using the Alpine3D and SNOWPACK model show that the simulated snowpack in the release areas of documented wet snow avalanches often exhibits its first wetting of the season on the release day. This first wetting is accompanied in the simulations by liquid water accumulating on capillary barriers, often formed by depth hoar layers. The strongest water accumulations and largest increases in percolation depth are found on the day of avalanche release. For individual avalanche paths, however, this only holds in 25%–30% of the cases. Assuming that the depth of the strongest water accumulation corresponds to the avalanche fracture depth, the avalanche dynamics model RAMMS‐Extended was run using simulated snowpack properties as initial conditions in the release area and boundary conditions along the avalanche path. On average, the simulated affected area by the avalanche and runout distance for the release day are statistically significant in closer agreement with the observations than two days before the release. This does not hold for the simulations of 1 day before and 1 and 2 days after the release. This suggests that fracture depths and the temporal evolution of percolation depths are adequately simulated within a ±1‐day period. The results show a large potential for distributed snow cover and avalanche dynamics simulations to assess wet snow avalanche hazards, although predictions for individual avalanche paths remain challenging.
Detecting Lightning Infrasound Using a High‐Altitude Balloon
Authors: Lamb Oliver D. , Lees Jonathan M. , Bowman Daniel C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAcoustic waves with a wide range of frequencies are generated by lightning strokes during thunderstorms, including infrasonic waves (0.1 to 20 Hz). The source mechanism for these low‐frequency acoustic waves is still debated, and studies have so far been limited to ground‐based instruments. Here we report the first confirmed detection of lightning‐generated infrasound with acoustic instruments suspended at stratospheric altitudes using a free‐flying balloon. We observe high‐amplitude signals generated by lightning strokes located within 100 km of the balloon as it flew over the Tasman Sea on 17 May 2016. The signals share many characteristics with waveforms recorded previously by ground‐based instruments near thunderstorms. The ability to measure lightning activity with high‐altitude infrasound instruments has demonstrated the potential for using these platforms to image the full acoustic wavefield in the atmosphere. Furthermore, it validates the use of these platforms for recording and characterizing infrasonic sources located beyond the detection range of ground‐based instruments.
A Case Study of Near‐Earth Magnetotail Conditions at Substorm and Pseudosubstorm Onsets
Authors: Miyashita Y. , Angelopoulos V. , Fukui K. , Machida S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhile a substorm involves auroral poleward expansion after initial brightening, a pseudosubstorm (pseudobreakup) subsides without progressing to poleward expansion. To understand what makes this difference, we studied near‐Earth magnetotail conditions at a pseudosubstorm onset and the subsequent substorm onset, using multipoint Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft data. In the present event, near‐Earth magnetic reconnection possibly occurred before initial brightening for both pseudosubstorm and substorm. In the near‐Earth magnetotail at X ∼− 10 RE, the ion β, ion pressure, and ion and total (ion plus magnetic) pressure gradient projection along two closely located spacecraft were smaller and magnetic field lines were less stretched around the pseudosubstorm initial brightening than around the substorm initial brightening. Dipolarization did not occur for the pseudosubstorm, whereas it began just before poleward expansion for the substorm. These observations suggest that conditions of the near‐Earth magnetotail possibly affect whether the initial action develops into a full‐fledged substorm.
Linking patterns of net community production and marine microbial community structure in the western North Atlantic
Authors: Wang Seaver , Lin Yajuan , Gifford Scott , Eveleth Rachel , Cassar Nicolas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMarine net community production (NCP) tracks uptake of carbon by plankton communities and its potential transport to depth. Relationships between marine microbial community composition and NCP currently remain unclear despite their importance for assessing how different taxa impact carbon export. We conducted 16 and 18S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequencing on samples collected across the Western North Atlantic in parallel with high-resolution O2/Ar-derived NCP measurements. Using an internal standard technique to estimate in-situ prokaryotic and eukaryotic rDNA abundances per liter, we employed statistical approaches to relate patterns of microbial diversity to NCP. Taxonomic abundances calculated using internal standards provided valuable context to traditional relative abundance metrics. A bloom in the Mid-Atlantic Bight featured high eukaryote abundances with low eukaryotic diversity and was associated with the harmful algal bloom-forming Aureococcus anophagefferens, phagotrophic algae, heterotrophic flagellates, and particle-associated bacteria. These results show that coastal Aureococcus blooms host a distinct community associated with regionally significant peaks in NCP. Meanwhile, weak relationships between taxonomy and NCP in less-productive waters suggest that productivity across much of this region is not linked to specific microplankton taxa.