bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gen Ed Hustle
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of why universities require general education or gen ed. If you ask them, they’ll offer a host of nice, public-spirited reasons. The purpose of gen eds is to ensure that students are well rounded, develop a wide breadth of knowledge and skills, and are exposed to multiple fields so they can make an informed decision about their major. However, the real reason for requiring gen eds is that it represents a way for certain faculty to capture students' tuition dollars. The chapter argues that faculty members exploit students for their own selfish benefit, although they disguise this practice with moralistic arguments.
Why Universities Produce Too Many PhDs
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the current glut of underemployed PhDs, especially in fields like English or modern languages. It asks: Why do so many programs continue to pump out new PhDs despite bad employment prospects? It suggests the reason for a humanities PhD glut is not that jobs are going away. Rather, jobs are mostly remaining stable or growing relative to the overall college population, but humanities departments over the past few decades have overproduced PhDs at even faster rates—rates that far exceeded the ability of the academy to employ them. The humanities are not the victims here; they are responsible for their own plight.
Cheaters, Cheaters Everywhere
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issue of student cheating. Student cheating is widespread—most cheat a little, and some cheat a lot. Thanks to social desirability bias, surveys give a lower bound on how many and how often students cheat, so the truth is that more students cheat and more often than the surveys indicate. When cheating is this widespread, it is useless to blame character. What is needed is to change the environment in which students find themselves. This means reducing their incentive to cheat and structuring the classroom in such a way as to make cheating more difficult or less likely to pay off. The good news is that once a university develops a reputation for academic honesty among students, this behavior tends to become self-reinforcing. The bad news is that dishonesty is also self-reinforcing. Changing from the bad equilibrium (lots of cheating) to the good one (little cheating) is also difficult.
Three Big Myths about What’s Plaguing Higher Ed
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The past nine chapters examined all sorts of bad behavior from faculty, administrators, and students. Much of this bad behavior can be attributed to the perverse incentives individuals face because of the way universities are structured. Nevertheless, many commentators seem to believe that three powerful forces haunt academia. They are, supposedly: the corporatization of higher education; neoliberal ideology; and the threat of impending technological disruption. This chapter shows these three alleged threats are greatly exaggerated. It concludes that the problem with blaming all of them on poltergeists and gremlins is there is no real evidence they exist or are causing the current difficulties.
Answering Taxpayers
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the many perks enjoyed by colleges at the expense of taxpayers. American colleges and universities spend about half a trillion dollars a year on direct operations. Federal, state, and local governments cover a large portion of these expenses. Overall, colleges get about 37 percent of their revenue from the government. This number does not include indirect spending, such as the public goods colleges consume without having to pay taxes. Colleges do not pay for roads, police, fire departments, military defense, and so on, in the communities where they operate. They also enjoy substantial tax benefits on everything from the property they own to the purchases they make to the way they invest money under their endowments. Thus, colleges receive other hidden subsidies and perks not reflected in those numbers.
Memory-Keepers
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 details the roles and responsibilities incumbent on two monastic officers—cantors and sacristans—who, though indispensable to the production and direction of their communities’ liturgies, have been neglected in histories of medieval monasticism. This chapter identifies nuns known to have held these offices and examines the different ways they created, preserved, and passed on their communities’ memoria through copying books, circulating mortuary rolls after the death of a consoror, composing saints’ lives and miracle collections to honor their foremothers, translating and guarding their relics, decorating sacred spaces, maintaining the proper observance of the liturgical calendar, and orchestrating the hours of prayer and Masses, even preparing the eucharistic offering. Highlighting the various roles and responsibilities that cantors and sacristans assumed is essential because they, along with their abbesses and prioresses, are the stars of the history this study seeks to relate.
The Mechanics of Claims and Permissible Killing in War
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This book operates on two levels. On the more practical level, its overarching concern is to answer the question, When is it permissible to use lethal force to defend people against threats? The deeper concern of the book, however, is to lay out and defend a new account of rights, the mechanics of claims. This framework constructs rights from the premise that rights provide a normative space in which people can pursue their own ends while treating each other as free and equal fellow-agents whose welfare morally matters. According to the mechanics of claims, rights result from first weighing competing patient-claims on an agent, then determining if the agent has a strong enough agent-claim to act contrary to the balance of patient-claims on her, and then looking to see if special claims limit her freedom. The strength of claims in this framework reflects not just the interest in play but the nature of the claims. Threats who have no right to threaten have weaker claims not to be harmed than bystanders who might be harmed as a side effect, all else equal. With this model, a central problem in just war theory can be pushed to the margins: determining when people have forfeited their rights and are liable to harm. Threats may lack a right not to be killed even if they have done nothing to forfeit it.
Storm of the Sea
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
From the pre-Contact period through the end of the Seven Years’ War in 1763, the Wabanaki Indians of northern New England and the Canadian Maritimes confronted European colonialism by assimilating sailing technology and undertaking an extractive political project. Their campaign of sea and shore united their communities into a confederacy, alienated colonial neighbors, and stymied English and French imperialism. Afloat, Indian marine warriors commanded sailing ships and coordinated a barrage of punitive and plundering raids on the English fisheries of the northwest Atlantic. Ashore, Indian diplomats engaged in shrewd transatlantic negotiations with imperial officials of French Acadia and New England. Wabanaki’s blue-water strategy ultimately sought to achieve a Native dominion governed by its sovereign masters and enriched by profitable and compliant tributaries.
The Golden Age of Piracy, 1714–1727
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 drastically reconfigured the geopolitics of the northeast. Wabanaki adapted to and then manipulated the new imperial arrangement by modernizing their diplomatic and military strategy for regional ascendancy. The process of modernization was threefold. Indians applied their historic claim to sovereignty over sea and shore to the new postwar world while also amplifying their insistence on the tributary status of English neighbors. As much as Europeans might wish to remap the region, Indians insisted on the proper order of things. At the same time, they detached their seaborne campaigning from wars rooted in the distant power circles of European courts, from conflicts touched off by imperial priorities that increasingly seemed arbitrary and unpredictable. The new face of Wabanaki’s hegemonic ambition was born of a desire to unfetter the political and economic fortunes of native communities from those of Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
By the turn of the nineteenth century, there were scant traces of the northeast’s former Native power. Wabanaki themselves struggled to hold on to their maritime past as Euro-American powers confined them to small reserves on land and then worked to forget their history of conflict, dependency, and defeat at the hands of a powerful Indian confederacy. Romantic notions of the “vanishing Indian” became commonplace in nineteenth century New England society, and coupled with a similar romanticization of pirates, Anglo- Americans increasingly lost sight of this dark chapter of their past.
Beyond the Rapist
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In the United States, approximately one in five women experiences rape during college, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) students experience sexual violence at higher rates than their peers. Given this context, many colleges are working to better prevent and address these assaults. This book takes up this social problem—how organizations talk about and respond to sexual violence—and considers it in proximity to a persistent theoretical dilemma in the academic field of organizational communication: How are organization and violence related, and what does that relationship have to do with communication? Guided by feminist new materialist and intersectional theories, the book examines one public U.S. university known for responding well to sexual violence. It focuses on the processes and policies that require most faculty and administrators, along with student–employees, to report sexual violence to designated campus offices, per federal laws Title IX, the Clery Act, and the Violence Against Women Act. Unfortunately, the university’s interventions in sexual violence reinforce other violent systems. The book illustrates the negative consequences of considering communication to be either separate from the physical world or indistinguishable from it. It also details problems with the notion that only individuals enact violence. Through its focus on two core ideas—communication and agency—the book encourages scholars to avoid wholly constructivist or realist arguments, and it shows the importance of questions about power and difference in organizational scholarship on posthumanism and materiality. The book concludes with suggestions for how U.S. universities can look “beyond the rapist” to generate more robust interventions in sexual violence.
Integrating Personality Assessment With 360 Feedback in Leadership Development and Coaching
Authors: Kaiser Robert B. , Chamorro-Premuzic Tomas 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how integrating personality assessment with 360 Feedback can provide a powerful combination for leadership development based on strategic self-awareness. The combination is strategic in that it broadens self-awareness of what one does, and it is powerful in that it deepens self-awareness about why one does it, which can help leaders make lasting changes to better align with the skills, competencies, and values needed for high performance in their jobs and the desires of their organizations. Combining 360 Feedback with personality assessment can also be powerful in selection-oriented talent management processes, from the identification of leadership potential, to succession planning, to hiring decisions. However, these high-stakes applications are distinct from developmental applications and involve a number of different considerations. For the sake of focus and simplicity, the chapter only addresses 360 Feedback in a development context.
The Journey From Development to Appraisal
Authors: Maylett Tracy M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This case study describes an initiative to change a long-standing performance management process at a large manufacturing facility within General Mills that emphasized the attainment of objective performance measures (the “what” of performance) to one that also included the “how” of goal achievement. The organization embarked on a 3-year pilot evaluation of the use of 360 Feedback as a possible solution to replace or supplement their traditional single-source (supervisor) performance appraisal process. The two systems ran in parallel using 140 randomly selected employees. Results showed little correlation between the what measures of performance from the traditional appraisals and the how data collected using the 360 Feedback, supporting the view that job performance should be viewed as requiring both aspects of evaluation, using different methods of assessment. Ultimately, the organization maintained both systems but integrated 360 Feedback into the traditional appraisals as well, creating complementary processes that looked “forward” (development) and “past” (performance).
Gender, Politics, and Water in Australia and Bangladesh
Authors: Alston Margaret 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In the wake of climate change, environmental degradation, and increasing global populations, food and water security are under threat throughout the world. This chapter focuses on the impacts of climate change on water security in Australia and Bangladesh, noting in particular the gendered implications and the way policies influence and shape gendered responses. In Bangladesh, for example, following disasters, access to safe, uncontaminated water may involve women walking significant distances. Australian research has examined the impact of water policies on gendered livelihood strategies as farming families readjust to their reduced access to irrigation water. A critical feature of this chapter is an examination of the way water has become “commodified” and reconfigured around new forms of market value. The chapter poses questions about the ongoing impact of water insecurity in the face of predicted and extreme climate events.
Living Mirrors
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of perception, building on the theory of substance outlined in chapter 4. Leibniz offers both a top-down argument (from our experience to the properties of all simple substances) and a bottom-up argument (from a basic theory of substance to the interrelation of all substances) for the existence of expressive relations among substances. Each argument has some difficulties, and this chapter argues that the bottom-up argument is more promising. Section 2 outlines Leibniz’s general account of expression, and section 3 applies this account of expression to simple substances, arguing that there are two fundamental bases for expression in Leibniz: causation and relations of structure. Section 4 considers Leibniz’s arguments for universal expression and point of view. Finally, the differences between the two bases for expression in the simple substances are considered.
Perception, Consciousness, and Continuity
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter looks at a vexed issue in Leibnizian interpretation––the question of Leibniz’s theory of consciousness. The phenomena of consciousness are apparently discontinuous, and, Leibniz argues, the failure to resolve these apparent discontinuities may lead one astray. I will show that the principle of continuity provides reasons to doubt that some of the main interpretations of Leibniz’s theory of consciousness are correct, and I will propose an interpretation that adheres more closely to this principle. Against those who argue that Leibniz’s theory of consciousness is a higher-order theory, this chapter argues that the standard presentation of such an interpretation violates the principle of continuity. An alternative threshold theory is presented and defended.
Looking Back
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter considers the role of memory in Leibniz’s philosophy of mind and, in particular, in his theory of consciousness. It is argued that a simple memory theory of consciousness will fall prey to similar systematic worries as the occurrent higher-order theory. Some refinements to the memory theory are suggested. The result is a more robust memory interpretation that cannot be easily dismissed. However, in the end, even this memory-based higher-order account does not have a clear advantage. The modifications needed in order to strengthen the memory theory open the door again to the competing interpretation that relies only on lower-order features of perceptions. Finally, it is argued that Leibniz’s claims about memory and consciousness are not intended to identify a constitutive relation between memory and consciousness. Rather, they identify a conceptual relation between memory and consciousness.
Self-Reflection, Perception, and Conceptual Thought
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter argues that the two-fold representation of the self provides a basis for conceptual thought. Some argue that perception and conception are, for Leibniz, radically divided, as they are in Kant’s accounts of intuition and understanding. If this is right, then there is an apparent threat to continuity and therefore to the naturalness of Leibniz’s philosophy of mind. However, this chapter argues that Leibniz is not necessarily committed to a gap here. First, conception is grounded in and arises from perception. Second, insofar as there are primitive concepts, animals could very well have those primitives as well, lacking only the ability to develop those ideas into conscious conceptual cognition. And so the difference would be the presence of a certain kind of ability, which rational beings have that non-rational beings do not have. This difference can be conceived as on a continuum.
Relationships Between Law and Morality
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes three types of inquiry about law. It articulates the two conceptual views about morality and the nature of law that comprise the focus of this volume. First, the chapter explains positivist and anti-positivist views with respect to whether it is a conceptual truth that the criteria of legal validity include moral constraints on the content of law. It then turns to the dispute between inclusive and exclusive positivists with respect to whether it is conceptually possible for a legal system to have content-based moral criteria of validity. Finally, this chapter argues that the claim that conceptual jurisprudence should not be done is either unclear or false.
Law’s Claim of Legitimate Authority
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter determines whether the Authority Thesis is true. The Authority Thesis is based on the idea of a conceptual truth that law claims legitimate authority and hence that it is a conceptual truth that law is capable of being legitimate. This is the foundation of the Incorporation Thesis. Insofar as the notion of legitimate authority is a concept with morally normative content, it is important to understand whether it is part of law’s nature that it claims legitimate authority. To this end, the chapter attempts to determine whether the arguments against the Incorporation Thesis succeed, as well as to facilitate a deeper understanding of the conceptual relationships between law and morality.
Corporate Strategists
Authors: Whittington Richard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines corporate strategists—in-house strategy staffs—as a major part of the Strategy profession. It examines their growth since the beginning of the twentieth century, and especially since the 1960s. It demonstrates that corporate strategists remain a significant professional group, long after Mintzberg’s (1994) description of a ‘fall’ of strategic planning. The chapter identifies important continuities in the nature of corporate strategists’ work, including analysis and support for senior management, especially the chief executive officer. Further continuities for corporate strategists include the permeable and precarious nature of their profession. At the same time, the chapter identifies attractive features of the corporate strategy role, such as intellectual stimulus, broad perspectives, career progression, and closeness to top management decision-making.
Strategic Planning
Authors: Whittington Richard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of strategic planning practices from around 1960. Strategic planning advanced on the prior practice of long-range planning by emphasizing choice, competition, and control. It also made an initial step towards more open forms of strategizing by widening the discourse of strategy among managerial elites. Strategic planning’s rise was supported by three exogenous forces: growing organizational complexity, a culture of rationality, and new analytical technologies. Nevertheless, strategic planning’s development still took two kinds of arduous and fallible institutional work: ‘rule-making’ and ‘resource-organizing’. Under the first, corporate strategists, such as Shell’s Pierre Wack, created and disseminated techniques, such as scenario analysis, while consultants, such as BCG and McKinsey, promoted portfolio analysis. Under the second, entrepreneurs, such as Bruce Henderson, had to create new consulting organizations, such as BCG, and corporate strategists, such as Jack McKitterick at General Electric, built the first corporate strategy units.
Factors to Consider for the Application of the Parody Exception
Authors: Jacques Sabine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on various factors which are potentially relevant to the application of the parody exception. It begins with a discussion of the problematic nature of defining the contours of the parody exception, placing emphasis on fair dealing and rules of the genre that traditionally constitute a two-step assessment used by the courts to determine whether the use of the work is ‘for the purpose of parody’. It then considers a number of landmark decisions that illustrate the relevance of the ‘traditional’ fairness factors adopted in the judicial consideration of the parody exception. These factors include the intent of the parodist, encroachment upon the right-holder’s economic rights, absence of confusion, the quantity reproduced, motives of the parodist, and the three-step test. The chapter concludes by asking whether national courts might introduce new factors and seek to adapt the parody exception to new kinds of uses.
Sincerity’s Champions
Authors: Diepeveen Leonard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the different ways in which intent functions in aesthetic creation and experience, what counted as signs of sincere intent in the early twentieth century, and what aspects of modernism threatened the effortless functioning of such signs. It argues that in the early twentieth century the signs of sincere intent were under contention, as they always are at moments of cultural change and ideological contestation. In any new aesthetic movement or cultural context, one which appears to break with the past rather than just modulate it, the signs of sincere intent—because they are contextually and socially understood and negotiated—have to be renegotiated. Radically new works, works that are most in violation of the time’s default aesthetic, will present unclear signs of intent, clouding their sincerity.