bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Candida species as commensal gut colonizers: A study of 133 longitudinally followed Swedish infants
Authors: Kondori Nahid , Nowrouzian Forough , Ajdari Marjan , Hesselmar Bill , Saalman Robert , Wold Agnes E , Adlerberth Ingegerd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The gut microbiota harbor a wide range of bacterial species, but also yeasts may be part of this ecosystem. Infants who are being treated in intensive care units are often colonized by Candida species. However, little is known regarding commensal yeast colonization of healthy infants and young children. Here the acquisition of yeast species was studied in a birth-cohort including 133 healthy Swedish infants. A rectal swab sample was obtained on day 3 of life, and fresh fecal samples were obtained at regular intervals up to 3 years of age; the samples were cultured quantitatively for yeasts. Colonization with yeasts increased rapidly in the first months of life, with 73/133 infants (55%) colonized at 6 months of age. The yeast numbers in positive samples decreased from an average of 105 cfu/g in infants aged 0–2 months to 103.5 cfu/g at 3 years of age. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species and reached higher population counts than the other species in culture-positive infants. The yeast colonization rate did not differ between infants who were delivered vaginally and those birthed via Caesarean section, whereas breastfed infants showed a lower colonization rate (p &lt; 0.05 for 1 year of age compared to the other infants). The results demonstrate that yeasts, particularly C. albicans and C. parapsilosis (sensu lato), are common commensals in the gut microbiota of healthy infants and young children.
Estimation of singly transiting K2 planet periods with Gaia parallaxes
Authors: Sandford Emily , Espinoza Néstor , Brahm Rafael , Jordán Andrés 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
When a planet is only observed to transit once, direct measurement of its period is impossible. It is possible, however, to constrain the periods of single transiters, and this is desirable as they are likely to represent the cold and far extremes of the planet population observed by any particular survey. Improving the accuracy with which the period of single transiters can be constrained is therefore critical to enhance the long-period planet yield of surveys. Here, we combine Gaia parallaxes with stellar models and broad-band photometry to estimate the stellar densities of K2 planet host stars, then use that stellar density information to model individual planet transits and infer the posterior period distribution. We show that the densities we infer are reliable by comparing with densities derived through asteroseismology, and apply our method to 27 validation planets of known (directly measured) period, treating each transit as if it were the only one, as well as to 12 true single transiters. When we treat eccentricity as a free parameter, we achieve a fractional period uncertainty over the true single transits of $94^{+87}_{-58}{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, and when we fix e = 0, we achieve fractional period uncertainty $15^{+30}_{-6}{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, a roughly threefold improvement over typical period uncertainties of previous studies.
MEK/MELK inhibition and blood–brain barrier deficiencies in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors
Authors: Meel Michaël H , Guillén Navarro Miriam , de Gooijer Mark C , Metselaar Dennis S , Waranecki Piotr , Breur Marjolein , Lagerweij Tonny , Wedekind Laurine E , Koster Jan , van de Wetering Marianne D , Schouten-van Meeteren Netteke , Aronica Eleonora , van Tellingen Olaf , Bugiani Marianna , Phoenix Timothy N , Kaspers Gertjan J L , Hulleman Esther 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are rare, but highly aggressive. These entities are of embryonal origin occurring in the central nervous system (CNS) of young children. Molecularly these tumors are driven by a single hallmark mutation, resulting in inactivation of SMARCB1 or SMARCA4. Additionally, activation of the MAPK signaling axis and preclinical antitumor efficacy of its inhibition have been described in AT/RT.

Methods
We established and validated a patient-derived neurosphere culture and xenograft model of sonic hedgehog (SHH) subtype AT/RT, at diagnosis and relapse from the same patient. We set out to study the vascular phenotype of these tumors to evaluate the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in AT/RT. We also used the model to study combined mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for AT/RT.

Results
We found MELK to be highly overexpressed in both patient samples of AT/RT and our primary cultures and xenografts. We identified a potent antitumor efficacy of the MELK inhibitor OTSSP167, as well as strong synergy with the MEK inhibitor trametinib, against primary AT/RT neurospheres. Additionally, vascular phenotyping of AT/RT patient material and xenografts revealed significant BBB aberrancies in these tumors. Finally, we show in vivo efficacy of the non-BBB penetrable drugs OTSSP167 and trametinib in AT/RT xenografts, demonstrating the therapeutic implications of the observed BBB deficiencies and validating MEK/MELK inhibition as a potential treatment.

Conclusion
Altogether, we developed a combination treatment strategy for AT/RT based on MEK/MELK inhibition and identify therapeutically exploitable BBB deficiencies in these tumors.
A Taper System for Predicting Height, Diameter, and Volume of Hardwoods
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Yandle David O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A simple taper system based on relative diameters and heights, is presented for 9 hardwood species. Procedures are described for predicting diameters and heights, and developing volume tables to any merchantable top diameters. A program (BASIC) is offered, upon request. North. J. Appl. For. 2:24-25, June 1984.
Small-Woodlot Management by Single-Tree Selection:
21-Year Results
Authors: Johnson James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1958, a case study was established to determine the economic benefits and improvements in quality that could be attained in a previously unmanaged stand of northern hardwoods by using the single-tree selection system. The average net earnings realized per man-hour from three harvests on a 55-acre woodlot, in 1982 dollars, were $7.82, $11.95, and $16.33, respectively. Annual growth of sawlog residuals increased from 119 to 138 board feet per acre. The initial cull of 25% in sawlog trees was reduced to 12%. Board foot volume of growing stock increased by 83% in grade 1 and 3.5% in grade 2 trees, but decreased 8.1% in grade 3 trees. Study results indicate that many unmanaged woodlots have the potential for producing revenue, while allowing the owner to manage for esthetic and multiple-use objectives at the same time. North. J. Appl. For. 1:69-71, Dec. 1984
A Practical Alternative to Single-Tree Selection?
Authors: Miller Gary W. , Smith H. Clay 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When landowners want to develop and maintain an uneven-aged tree structure in eastern hardwood stands, single-tree selection often is suggested as the only advisable, long-term partial regeneration harvest method. Single-tree selection is preferred because it provides a means for improving quality and controlling stocking of the residual stand necessary for sustained yield of desired products. Although studies have shown that single-tree selection is feasible where desirable shade-tolerant species can be regenerated, it is rarely applied because marking stands for harvest can be difficult and time consuming. Instead, diameter-limit cutting is the most common partial regeneration practice used in eastern hardwoods, primarily because it is much easier to apply. Unfortunately, strict diameter-limit cuts do not provide for control of residual stocking or improve the quality of residual trees. However, based on 20-yr results, most objectives of single-tree selection can be attained with flexible diameter-limit harvest guidelines based on potential value increase of individual trees combined with an improvement cut in small sawtimber trees at each periodic cut. North. J. Appl. For. 10(1):32-38.
Whole Stand Yield and Density Equations for Fourteen Forest Types in Minnesota
Authors: Walters David K. , Ek Alan R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Models that estimate per acre basal area, number of stems, quadratic mean diameter, volumes to specified top diameters, and biomass per acre by stand age and site index were developed and fitted to data for 14 forest types in Minnesota. The resulting equations were developed from linear and nonlinear least squares analyses using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data. These equations are intended for projecting future forest characteristics including yield on a statewide basis assuming the continuation of the level of management inherent in the data. Parameter estimates and goodness-of-fit statistics are provided for each model. Also discussed are the implementation procedures, assumptions, consistency of estimates, estimates for mixed species stands, and other considerations in applications. North. J. Appl. For. 10(2): 75-85.
A Jack Pine Bark Factor Equation for Michigan
Authors: Fowler Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A multiple linear regression equation was developed to predict bark factor for jack pine in Michigan as a function of tree height. The equation was validated on independent data sets. The prediction equation yielded average relative errors from -2.9 to 0.4% for all tree heights above stump height. At stump height the average relative errors varied from -5.3 to -2.3%. The jack pine equation was compared with red pine and aspen bark factor equations. The new equation can be used to more accurately estimate tree and log wood volumes than when using a constant bark factor determined at breast height, which, in general leads to underestimates of wood volume. North. J. Appl. For. 10(2):86-89.
Polymer Root Dip Increases Survival of Stressed Bareroot Seedlings
Authors: Alm Alvin , Stanton John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Moisture-absorbing polymers are often used as a preplant root dip in some areas of the United States to protect bareroot seedlings against moisture loss and increase survival. There is little documentation in the literature on the effectiveness of these root dips. A series of plantings with red pine, jackpine, and white spruce tested seedlings dipped in Terra-Sorb® and Terra-Verde® versus undipped controls. In some of the plantings, seedlings were stressed by air-drying after dipping for periods up to 20 min before planting. Results indicated the polymers can increase survival especially in situations where the seedlings have been stressed. Use of polymers in planting programs should be considered as they offer a form of insurance against survival loss resulting from seedlings being exposed to drying during the planting process. North. J. Appl. For. 10(2):90-92.
A New Look at the Canadian Market for U.S. Hardwood Lumber
Authors: Armstrong James P. , Ponzurick Thomas G. , Luppold William G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Producers of U.S. hardwoods have aggressively expanded into international markets. This expansion has increased the requirements for information on specific international markets. One such export market is Canada. The authors conducted an extensive survey of Canadian hardwood lumber buyers in order to augment existing information on this market. The results indicate that Canadians purchase a wide variety of U.S. hardwood lumber species; the primary species are red oak, hard maple, and white oak, in declining order. All grades of U.S. hardwood lumber are purchased; approximately half of the lumber was graded FAS & IF, and one-third was graded No. 2 Common or below. The U.S. accounted for 98% of the hardwood lumber imported by Canada in 1990; South American countries were the next largest source. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3): 128-131.
A Parsimonious Number of Growth Curves
Authors: Zeide Boris 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Construction of new site index curves is often justified by a lack of growth information for a given species and site. This justification presumes that there is a one-to-one correspondence between growth pattern and stand conditions which are determined by numerous genetic and ecological factors together with their complex interactions. Because these factors are combined in an infinite number of ways, each stand is unique and needs its own site index curve. The effort required for collecting growth information would be prohibitive. This effort is also unnecessary because many existing curves coincide with each other and are, therefore, redundant. Differences in species, site, and construction methods do not prevent the appearance of the same growth patterns. These facts indicate that unique growth conditions do not mean that each stand has a unique growth pattern. Therefore, a more productive approach to growth modeling consists of distilling these patterns from existing curves and yield tables rather than piling up more new site index curves. Earlier investigations showed that the diversity in growth curves can be reduced to a small number (15-30) of growth types. The present study demonstrates that the number of types can be further reduced to 3-5 without sacrificing accuracy of growth predictions. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3):132-136.
Oak Regeneration Potential Increased by Shelterwood Treatments
Authors: Schlesinger Richard C. , Sander Ivan L. , Davidson Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In much of the Central Hardwood Forest Region, oak species are not regenerating well, even though large oak trees are common within the existing forests. The shelterwood method has been suggested as a potential tool for establishing and developing advanced regeneration where it is lacking. The 10-yr results from a study of several variants of the shelterwood method show that on good sites in the Missouri Ozarks Region, a heavy understory treatment is most important, while on average sites, reducing the overstory density level is most important. The right combinations of overstory and understory treatments will likely be different for different stands and locations, but the shelterwood method does appear to be a useful silvicultural tool for perpetuating central hardwood oak forests. North. J. Appl. For. 10(4): 149-153.
Profitability of Precommercially Thinning Oak Stump Sprouts
Authors: Dwyer John P. , Dey Daniel C. , Kurtz William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thinning oak stump sprouts to a single stem at an early age will increase diameter growth of the released stem. However, precommercial thinning represents a substantial investment which must be carried for many years before any returns are realized. We estimated the incremental gains in yield and the present net worth for five crop-tree release treatments of 5-yr-old coppice sprouts in the southeastern Missouri Ozarks and compared them to the results from unthinned control plots. The treatments involved thinning 100, 150, 200, 250, and all clumps of sprouts on the plots to a single stem. All thinning treatments increased diameter growth and yield compared to the control, but at a 5% rate of return, the control treatment produced the largest present net worth. We have concluded that based on the growth response and timber price situations within the Ozark Region, precommercial thinning of oak stump sprouts is not an economical management practice. North. J. Appl. For. 10(4):179-183.
The Next Generation's Forest: Woodland Owners' Attitudes Toward Estate Planning and Land Preservation in Connecticut
Authors: Broderick Stephpen H. , Hadden Kenneth P. , Heninger Brian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The tremendous escalation in property values during the 1980s created new problems and issues in the education of southern New England NIPF owners. Among these was an increased need for education on estate planning and land protection techniques. This paper describes the approach taken by the University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension System and several partners to assess NIPF owners' knowledge levels and needs in these areas. It reports on the results of a mail survey to NIPFs and on the implications those results have for future research and educational efforts. The results and implications should be applicable in other states where high land values and land fragmentation are important issues. North. J. Appl. For. 11(2):47-52.
Regeneration Success and Plant Species Diversity of Allegheny Hardwood Stands After Roundup Application and Shelterwood Cutting
Authors: Horsley Stephen B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The presence of desirable regeneration and plant species diversity was studied in five Allegheny hardwood stands before and for 7 yr after application of Roundup herbicide and shelterwood cutting to remove interfering understories of hayscented and New York fern, striped maple, and beech and to establish desirable hardwood regeneration. In each of five 20 ac stands, 10 ac were sprayed with 1 lb ai (active ingredient)/ac of Roundup in August 1979; the remaining 10 ac were unsprayed. The entire 20 ac stand received a shelterwood seed cut the following winter. On treated plots, fern was reduced from 57% stocking before treatment to 7% 1 yr after treatment; striped maple and beech stocking was reduced by 16% during the same time. By the fourth year after treatment, regeneration stocking of desirable hardwood species had doubled on treated plots but remained unchanged on untreated control plots. Species diversity was measured by species richness, three diversity indices--Berger-Parker, Margalef and Shannon, and index-free diversity ordering. Neither the herbicide treatment nor the shelterwood seed cut had a statistically significant effect on species richness of either woody species or herbaceous species groups. Nor was there a significant effect of treatments on woody species diversity as measured by the three diversity indices. Index-free diversity ordering showed. (1) a trend toward increase in less common species on Roundup-treated areas, and (2) the diversity of herbaceous species groups was higher in all 7 yr after treatment with Roundup. Values of the three diversity indices were higher for herbaceous species on Roundup-treated subplots for 2 to 7 yr after treatment. Much of this increase resulted from germination of seed bank grasses, sedges, and Rubus spp. With the qualification that long-term and current browsing by deer has impoverished the flora of the Allegheny hardwood forest, diminishing potential treatment effects, the study demonstrated that Roundup treatment aided desirable regeneration establishment, did not have a negative impact on woody species or herbaceous species group diversity, and may have increased diversity of herbaceous species. North. J. Appl. For. 11(4): 109-116.
Opportunities for Solitude in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness
Authors: Watson Alan E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recreation visitors to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness in Minnesota were surveyed to examine the effects of a Forest Service proposal to reduce the number of entrance permits in hopes of increasing opportunities for solitude and reducing resource damage. Results suggest that: (1) reducing recreation-use limits will benefit a portion of the overnight visitors who reported difficulty finding an unoccupied campsite; (2) solitude opportunities can be meaningfully described by comparing visitor encounter levels with visitor tolerance for encounters; and (3) the least number of daily encounters rather than the average number may be the most useful evaluation criteria in determining if solitude opportunities exist. Furthermore, while minimal opportunities for solitude must be provided to meet the mandate of the Wilderness Act, understanding visitor preferences can help determine the quality of wilderness recreation opportunities. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1): 12-18.
Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration in Mixed Stands in Southern New England
Authors: Kittredge David B. , Ashton P. Mark S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Browsing preferences by white-tailed deer were evaluated for 6 tree species in northeastern Connecticut. Deer density averaged 23/mile². Deer exhibited no species-specific preferences for seedlings greater than 19 in. For seedlings less than 19 in., hemlock and black birch were preferred. Red maple, sugar maple, and white pine seedlings were avoided. Red oak seedlings were neither preferred nor avoided. A much higher proportion of seedlings greater than 19.7 in. in height was browsed, regardless of species. Browsing preferences for species in the smaller seedling class, combined with a lack of preference for species in the larger class may result in future stands with less diverse tree species composition. Deer densities in excess of 23/mile² may be incompatible with regeneration of diverse forests in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):115-120.
Control of the Noxious Weed Mile-A-Minute (Polygonum perfoliatum) in Reforestation
Authors: McCormick Larry H. , Hartwig Nathan L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected herbicides to control the noxious weed mile-a-minute (Polygonum perfoliatum L). The effectiveness of pre- and postemergence applications of the herbicides Oust®, Velpar L®, Arsenal®, AAtrex®, Pursuit®, and Pursuit Plus® and postemergence application of Roundup® were evaluated. Preemergence applications of most of the herbicides were more effective in controllingmile-a-minute than postemergence applications. Low preemergent rates of Oust, Velpar L, Arsenal, AAtrex, Pursuit, and Pursuit Plus were highly effective in controlling mile-a-minute; Roundup and Arsenal provided the best postemergence control. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):127-132.
Vigor and Nutrition vs. Sap Sugar Concentration in Sugar Maples
Authors: Wilmot Timothy R. , Brett Philip W. , Tyree Melvin T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although maple dieback has received considerable recent attention in the Northeast, little has been reported about the relationship between sap sugar yield and crown health or crown nutrition. We measured sap sugar concentration (sweetness) in six northern Vermont maple stands in the springs of 1990-1992, and sap volume yield from tapholes at one stand in 1991. The stands differed in average crown dieback, canopy transparency, density, and mean dbh, as well as cation exchange capacity (CEC) of upper soil horizons. Sweetness of individual trees was correlated with sweetness measured the previous year (r > 0.72, P < 0.001) and with dbh (r > 0.45, P < 0.001), but correlations between sweetness and crown dieback or canopy transparency were low (r < 0.14). Sap volume was negatively correlated with crown dieback (r = -0.51, P = < 0.001). Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. Foliar nutrient status of trees was not well correlated with sap sweetness (r < 0.30). Affects of soil amendments, primarily cations, on sap sugar concentration were studied at three stands with low CEC. There were no treatment-dependent changes in sap sweetness 2 yr after the first fertilizer application. North. J. Appl. For. 12(4):156-162.