bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and Morphometric Study of the Supratrochlear Foramen
Authors: Silva F.A. , Silva T.S. , Souza P.R.F.B. , Reis R.S. , Ferreira M.R.S. , Magalhães C.P. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction The supratrochlear foramen (SF) is located in the distal portion of the humerus, formed in between the coronoid fossa and the olecranon fossa. Is associated with a narrowing of the medullary canal in the distal humerus, in addition to being a phylogenetic characteristic, more common in ancient populations. The objective was to evaluate the incidence of the supratrochlear foramen, it's shape, dimensions and translucency of the septum.
Materials and Methods A total of 141 humerus adults, 72 right and 69 left-handed individuals from the collection of the Human Bone of the Academic Center of Vitória-Brazil. The format was classified as oval, round, irregular and cribriform. The vertical (VD) and transversal (TD) diameter were measured and the translucency of the septum was observed.
Results Of the 141 humerus, 19.8% (28) had SF 39.3% (11) on the right side and 60.7% (17) on the left side. The oval was the most recurrent, found in 39% of the cases and the translucency was identified in 78% (110) of the bones. The mean VD was 3.653 mm and 3.492 mm on the right and left sides, respectively. The mean of the TD was 4.853 mm on the right side and 5.427 mm on the left. The area averages were 19.633 ± 20.57 mm2 on the right side and 19.919 ± 19.24 mm2 on the left side.
Conclusion The knowledge of SF favors the preoperative procedures of patients with fractures in the distal humerus, necessary for the surgeries in the region.
Effects of Aqueous Extract of Persea americana (Mill.) Leaf on the Myocardium of Left Ventricle of High Salt Fed Adult Wistar Rat
Authors: Ayoola I.O. , Komolafe O.A. , Saka O.S. , Bejide R.A. , Odukoya S.O.A. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction This study was designed to show that Persea americana extract possess the ability to protect the myocardium of left ventricle against injury caused by high salt diet in adult Wistar rats.
Method Forty healthy Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 120–150 g were randomly assigned into 8 groups of 5 rats each (Groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H). Rats in groups A, F, G and H were fed with standard laboratory pellets, while groups B, C, D and E were fed on the high-salt diet for four weeks. Concomitantly, daily administration of 50 mg kg-1, 100 mg kg-1 and 150 mg kg-1 of the Persea americana extract were given orally to groups C&F, D&G and E&H respectively while rats in groups A and B were administered distilled water. The rats were sacrificed under ketamine anesthesia (30mg/kg i.m). The left ventricle of the heart was excised, processed in paraffin wax and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Verhoeff-Van Gieson stains. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze data, followed by Student Newman-keuls (SNK) test for multiple comparison.
Result Results revealed that there was statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference in body weight change across all experimental groups; which was significantly lower in high salt fed groups. It was revealed that there were morphological alterations in the myocardium of left ventricle in group B while Persea americana protected myocardium in other experimental groups.
Conclusion In conclusion, high salt diet induced myocardium alterations which were significantly protected by oral administration of Persea americana extract.
CXCR4 and PD-1 Expression in Head and Neck Cancer with Perineural Spread
Authors: Barnett Catherine , Sommerville Ryan , Lin Charles , Ratnayake Gishan , Hughes Brett , Taheri Touraj 
Published: June 2018

Background Perineural spread (PNS) is a marker of aggressiveness and has been shown to occur in cranial nerves due to advanced mucosal and cutaneous head and neck cancer. Receptors CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have been shown to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers with PNS, with the inhibition of these pathways offering a potential future treatment.
Methods Retrospective immunohistochemical staining for the CXCR4 and PD-1 receptors was performed on 28 head and neck specimens that demonstrated PNS from January 2017 to August 2017, at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
Results CXCR4 staining was positive in 52 and 60% of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma PNS specimens, respectively. Cutaneous SCC tumors with no PNS stained positively in 33%. No significant staining for PD-1 in peritumoral lymphocytes or tumor specimens was seen.
Conclusion CXCR4 is overexpressed in advanced skin cancer and head and neck tumors that demonstrated PNS to large cranial nerves. Overall, these results provide strong support for using CXCR4 as a biomarker and further investigation of immunotherapeutic agents that could inhibit tumor progression via targeting CXCR4 expression.
Bias patterns and climate change signals in GCM-RCM model chains
Authors: Sørland Silje Lund , Schär Christoph , Lüthi Daniel , Kjellström Erik 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The assessment of regional climate change and the associated planning of adaptation and response strategies are often based on complex model chains. Typically these employ global and regional climate models (GCMs and RCMs), as well as one or several impact models. It is a common belief that the errors in such model chains behave approximately additive, thus the uncertainty should increase with each modeling step. If this hypothesis was true, the application of RCMs would not lead to any intrinsic improvement (beyond higher-resolution details) of the GCM results. Here, we investigate the bias patterns (offset during the historical period against observations) and climate change signals of two RCMs that have downscaled a comprehensive set of GCMs following the EURO-CORDEX framework. Our results show that the biases of the RCMs and GCMs are not additive and not independent. The two RCMs are systematically reducing the biases and modifying climate change signals of the driving GCMs, even on scales that are considered well resolved by the driving GCMs. The GCM projected summer warming at the end of the century is substantially reduced by both RCMs. These results are important, as the projected summer warming and its likely impact on the water cycle are among the most serious concerns regarding European climate change.
The role of immune cells in brain development and neurodevelopmental diseases
Authors: Tanabe Shogo , Yamashita Toshihide 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
During brain development, the generation of neurons and glial cells is rigorously regulated by diverse mechanisms including the immune system. Dysfunction of the developing system results in the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders and psychological disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that the immune system is implicated in brain development. As the central nervous system is physically separated from the circulatory system by the blood–brain barrier, circulating immune cells are unable to infiltrate into the brain parenchyma. However, several studies have demonstrated that immune cells, such as B cells, T cells and macrophages, are observed in the meningeal space, perivascular space and choroid plexus and have crucial roles in brain function. Moreover, genome-wide association studies have revealed that the immune system is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders and psychological disorders. Here, we discuss the role of each of these immune cell types in brain development and the association with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Temporal Effects of Message Congruency on Attention to and Recall of Pictorial Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages
Authors: Lochbuehler Kirsten , Wileyto E Paul , Mercincavage Melissa , Souprountchouk Valentina , Burdge Jordan Z , Tang Kathy Z , Cappella Joseph N , Strasser Andrew A 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Recent research has shown that message congruency is beneficial to recall of pictorial health warning label (PWL) content after initial exposure. Despite less attention to the text warning, smokers exposed to congruent PWLs were more likely to recall the text and the message. This study aimed to replicate these findings and to examine whether congruency also affects recall after multiple exposures over time.

Methods
A total of 320 daily smokers (39.7% female; cigarettes/day: M = 15.31, SD = 7.15) were randomized to one congruent or incongruent PWL and attended 4 laboratory sessions over 10 days. During each session, eye movements were recorded while viewing the PWL and open-ended recall of label content was assessed after exposure.

Results
Smokers who were exposed to a congruent PWL were more likely to recall the text (p = .01) and the message (p = .02) and less likely to recall the image (p = .003) of the PWL after initial exposure. By day 4, incongruent PWLs were recalled equally well as congruent PWLs. Independent of condition, image recall was initially high and remained high whereas text and message recall was relatively low initially but increased over time. It was not until day 7 that about 80% of text and message recall was observed.

Conclusions
Even when exposed to the same PWL over time, smokers require multiple exposures to recall the text and the message of a PWL. More research on the effects of congruency in the natural environment, where smokers are exposed to multiple PWLs, is needed.

Implications
The findings of this study, and of previous work showing that message congruency in PWLs is beneficial to initial recall of PWL content, could potentially help to address legal challenges regarding the implementation of PWLs in the United States. Factually correct text warnings have been uncontested on US cigarettes packages since 1966. Congruent PWLs simply provide a means to visually support the same information as the existing text using a medium that better garners attention to the health information. Investigating and understanding longer-term effects of congruency are important and can empirically inform future warning label development, both in the United States via the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, and via other governing bodies.
Posterior Fossa Craniotomy for Adherent Fourth Ventricle Neurocysticercosis
Authors: Franko Lynze R , Pandian Balaji , Gupta Avneesh , Savastano Luis E , Chen Kevin S , Riddell James , Orringer Daniel A 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infectious helminthic disease often presenting in patients who have immigration or travel history from areas where NCC is endemic. Fourth ventricle cysts from NCC pose a unique treatment challenge, as there is little consensus on the best treatment. This case study describes the treatment of a patient with fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis (FVNCC), examines the therapeutic decision-making, and provides a video of a posterior fossa craniotomy (PFC) resection of a degenerative cyst.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
The patient presented with headache, dizziness, nausea, and memory difficulties. A fourth ventricle cyst consistent with NCC was found on magnetic resonance imaging, and serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the diagnosis. The cyst was removed utilizing an open PFC followed by antihelminthic therapy and corticosteroids. There was resolution of symptoms at 9 mo postoperatively.

CONCLUSION
Several treatment modalities have been proposed for isolated cysts in the fourth ventricle, including medication, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, endoscopic removal, and PFC. The treatment decision is complex, and there is little guidance on the best treatment choices. In this article, we describe treatment via PFC for an adherent FVNCC cyst.
Characterization of cancer genomic heterogeneity by next-generation sequencing advances precision medicine in cancer treatment
Authors: Zhang Jialing , Späth Stephan Stanislaw , Marjani Sadie L , Zhang Wengeng , Pan Xinghua 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease with unique genomic and phenotypic features that differ between individual patients and even among individual tumor regions. In recent years, large-scale genomic studies and new next-generation sequencing technologies have uncovered more scientific details about tumor heterogeneity, with significant implications for the choice of specific molecular biomarkers and clinical decision making. Genomic heterogeneity significantly contributes to the generation of a diverse cell population during tumor development and progression, representing a determining factor for variation in tumor treatment response. It has been considered a prominent contributor to therapeutic failure, and increases the likelihood of resistance to future therapies in most common cancers. The understanding of molecular heterogeneity in cancer is a fundamental component of precision oncology, enabling the identification of genomic alteration of key genes and pathways that can be targeted therapeutically. Here, we review the emerging knowledge of tumor genomics and heterogeneity, as well as potential implications for precision medicine in cancer treatment and new therapeutic discoveries. An analysis and interpretation of the TCGA database was included.
I’ll Just Stay Home: Employment Inequality Among Parents
Authors: Flynn Lindsay B 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHow does homeownership magnify existing gender disparities in the labor markets of the rich OECD countries? Men and women, and especially mothers and fathers, respond to homeownership differently. Owners work more hours than renters but mothers experience an ownership penalty while fathers solidify their market attachment. Both responses increase the gender gap. As such, governments pursuing dual policy objectives of promoting homeownership and greater gender parity in the labor market will find their policies working at cross-purposes. This paper analyzes the effect of homeownership on labor market attachment and explains why mothers and fathers respond to it in different ways.
Color-selective photophobia in ictal vs interictal migraineurs and in healthy controls
Authors: Nir Rony-Reuven , Lee Alice J. , Huntington Shaelah , Noseda Rodrigo , Bernstein Carolyn A. , Fulton Anne B. , Bertisch Suzanne M. , Hovaguimian Alexandra , Buettner Catherine , Borsook David , Burstein Rami 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Aversion to light is common among migraineurs undergoing acute attacks. Using psychophysical assessments in patients with episodic migraine, we reported that white, blue, amber, and red lights exacerbate migraine headache in a significantly larger percentage of patients and to a greater extent compared with green light. This study aimed at determining whether these findings are phase-dependent–namely, manifested exclusively during migraine (ictally) but not in its absence (interictally), or condition-dependent—ie, expressed uniquely in migraineurs but not in healthy controls. To determine whether the color preference of migraine-type photophobia is phase- or condition-dependent, we compared the effects of each color of light in each intensity between migraineurs during and in-between attacks and healthy controls. During the ictal and interictal phases, the proportion of migraineurs reporting changes in headache severity when exposed to the different colors of light increased in accordance with elevated light intensities. During the ictal phase, white, blue, amber, and red lights exacerbated headaches in ∼80% of the patients; however, during the interictal phase, light initiated headache in only 16% to 19%. Notably, green light exacerbated headaches in 40% and triggered headaches in 3% of the patients studied during the ictal and interictal phases, respectively. With one exception (highest red light intensity), no control subject reported headache in response to the light stimuli. These findings suggest that color preference is unique to migraineurs—as it was not found in control subjects—and that it is independent of whether or not the patients are in their ictal or interictal phase.
Delivery of TDF/FTC for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent HIV-1 Acquisition in Young Adult Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women of Color Using a Urine Adherence Assay
Authors: Lalley-Chareczko Linden , Clark Devon , Conyngham Caitlin , Zuppa Athena , Moorthy Ganesh , Mounzer Karam , Koenig Helen 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention with daily tenofovir and emtricitabine is effective when taken consistently. Currently, there is no objective way to monitor PrEP adherence. Urine has been shown to be highly correlated with plasma tenofovir levels, with urine tenofovir levels >1000 ng/mL demonstrating recent (1–2 days) adherence to PrEP.

Setting:
This study was conducted at an urban community health center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Methods:
PrEP was administered to 50 young men who have sex with men and transgender women of color using weekly, biweekly, and/or monthly dispensation schedules. Primary objectives were retention at 48 weeks (in care at week 48 and completing ≥50% of medication pickups) and adherence assessed by urine tenofovir levels. Risk behaviors and sexually transmitted infection diagnoses were also collected.

Results:
Seventy percent of participants were retained in care at 48 weeks. The proportion of subjects with urine tenofovir consistent with recent adherence was 80, 74.4, 82.4, 82.4, and 69.7% at weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48, respectively. Sixty-one sexually transmitted infections were diagnosed over 231 screenings throughout 48 weeks, with no significant change between the first and second 24-week periods (P = 0.43; 0 seroconversions). At week 48, more than half of subjects reported an increase or no change in condom use, an increase in their ability to discuss HIV with partners, and no change in number of sexual partners from baseline.

Conclusions:
These data demonstrate PrEP can be successfully delivered to a high-risk population with high program retention and medication adherence measured by urine tenofovir levels.
Opening Pandora’s box: high level resistance to antibiotics of last resort in Gram negative bacteria from Nigeria
Authors: Ogbolu David O , Piddock Laura J V , Webber Mark A 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem but information about the prevalence and mechanisms of resistance in sub-Saharan Africa are lacking. We determined the percentage of drug resistant isolates and resistance mechanisms in 307 Gram negative isolates randomly collected from south western Nigeria. Susceptibility testing revealed 78.1%, 92.2% and 52.6% of all isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins and carbapenems respectively. There were more resistant isolates from the stools of uninfected patients than from specimens of patients with symptoms of infections. Only a small proportion of E. coli (10%) and Klebsiella (7%) isolates produced a carbapenemase. Whole genome sequencing of selected isolates identified the presence of globally disseminated clones. This depicts a crisis for the use of first line therapy in Nigerian patients, it is likely that Nigeria is playing a significant role in the spread of AMR due to her high population and mobility across the globe.
Improved state-level influenza activity nowcasting in the United States leveraging Internet-based data sources and network approaches via ARGONet
Authors: Lu Fred S. , Hattab Mohammad W. , Clemente Leonardo , Santillana Mauricio 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn the presence of population-level health threats, precision public health approaches seek to provide the right intervention to the right population at the right time. Accurate real-time surveillance methodologies that can estimate infectious disease activity ahead of official healthcare-based reports, in relevant spatial resolutions, are critical to eventually achieve this goal. We introduce a novel methodological framework for this task which dynamically combines two distinct flu tracking techniques, using ensemble machine learning approaches, to achieve improved flu activity estimates at the state level in the US. The two predictive techniques behind the proposed ensemble methodology, named ARGONet, utilize (1) a dynamic and self-correcting statistical approach to combine flu-related Google search frequencies, information from electronic health records, and historical trends within a given state, as well as (2) a data-driven network-based approach that leverages spatial and temporal synchronicities observed in historical flu activity across states to improve state-level flu activity estimates. The proposed ensemble approach considerably outperforms each individual method and any previously proposed state-specific method for flu tracking, with higher correlations and lower prediction errors.
Network-Guided Discovery of Influenza Virus Replication Host Factors
Authors: Ackerman Emily E. , Kawakami Eiryo , Katoh Manami , Watanabe Tokiko , Watanabe Shinji , Tomita Yuriko , Lopes Tiago J. , Matsuoka Yukiko , Kitano Hiroaki , Shoemaker Jason E. , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThe position of host factors required for viral replication within a human protein-protein interaction (PPI) network can be exploited to identify drug targets that are robust to drug-mediated selective pressure. Host factors can physically interact with viral proteins, be a component of pathways regulated by viruses (where proteins themselves do not interact with viral proteins) or be required for viral replication but unregulated by viruses. Here, we demonstrate a method of combining a human PPI network with virus-host protein interaction data to improve antiviral drug discovery for influenza viruses by identifying target host proteins. Network analysis shows that influenza virus proteins physically interact with host proteins in network positions significant for information flow. We have isolated a subnetwork of the human PPI network which connects virus-interacting host proteins to host factors that are important for influenza virus replication without physically interacting with viral proteins. The subnetwork is enriched for signaling and immune processes. Selecting proteins based on network topology within the subnetwork, we performed an siRNA screen to determine if the subnetwork was enriched for virus replication host factors and if network position within the subnetwork offers an advantage in prioritization of drug targets to control influenza virus replication. We found that the subnetwork is highly enriched for target host proteins – more so than the set of host factors that physically interact with viral proteins. Our findings demonstrate that network positions are a powerful predictor to guide antiviral drug candidate prioritization.IMPORTANCEIntegrating virus-host interactions with host protein-protein interactions, we have created a method using these established network practices to identify host factors (i.e. proteins) that are likely candidates for antiviral drug targeting. We demonstrate that interaction cascades between host proteins that directly interact with viral proteins and host factors that are important to influenza replication are enriched for signaling and immune processes. Additionally, we show that host proteins that interact with viral proteins are in network locations of power. Finally, we demonstrate a new network methodology to predict novel host factors and validate predictions with an siRNA screen. Our results show that integrating virus-host proteins interactions is useful in the identification of antiviral drug target candidates.