bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microendoscopy reveals positive correlation in multiscale length changes and variable sarcomere lengths across different regions of human muscle
Authors: Lichtwark Glen A. , Farris Dominic J. , Chen Xuefeng , Hodges Paul W. , Delp Scott L. 
Published: September 2018

Sarcomere length is a key physiological parameter that affects muscle force output; however, our understanding of the scaling of human muscle from sarcomere to whole muscle is based primarily on cadaveric data. The aims of this study were to explore the in vivo relationship between passive fascicle length and passive sarcomere length at different muscle-tendon unit lengths and determine whether sarcomere and fascicle length relationships are the same in different regions of muscle. A microendoscopy needle probe capable of in vivo sarcomere imaging was inserted into a proximal location of the human tibialis anterior muscle at three different ankle positions [5° dorsiflexion, 5° plantar flexion (PF), and 15° PF] and one distal location at a constant ankle position (5° PF distal). Ultrasound imaging of tibialis anterior fascicles, centered on the location of the needle probe, was performed for each condition to estimate fascicle length. Sarcomere length and fascicle length increased with increasing muscle-tendon unit length, although the correlation between sarcomere length change and muscle fascicle length change was only moderate ( r2 = 0.45). Passive sarcomere length was longer at the distal imaging site than the proximal site ( P = 0.01). When sarcomere number was estimated from sarcomere length and fascicle length, there were fewer sarcomeres in the fibers of distal location than the proximal location ( P = 0.01). These data demonstrate that fascicle length changes are representative of sarcomere length changes, although significant variability in sarcomere length exists within a muscle and sarcomere number per fiber is region-dependent.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sarcomere and fascicle lengths were measured in vivo from human muscle to examine the relationship between the different scales of organization. Changes in fascicle length were moderately related to sarcomere length changes; however, sarcomere length and number per fiber varied from proximal to distal regions of the muscle. Differences in average sarcomere operating lengths across the muscle suggest potentially different stresses or strains experienced within different regions of muscle.
Exercise training-induced effects on the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype in humans with obesity
Authors: Stinkens Rudi , Brouwers Bram , Jocken Johan W. , Blaak Ellen E. , Teunissen-Beekman Karianna F. , Hesselink Matthijs K. , van Baak Marleen A. , Schrauwen Patrick , Goossens Gijs H. 
Published: September 2018

Rodent studies have indicated that physical exercise may improve adipose tissue function. We investigated the effects of a 12-wk supervised, progressive exercise training program on adipocyte morphology and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue function in metabolically well-phenotyped subjects with obesity. Men with obesity ( n = 21) participated in a 12-wk supervised, progressive, combined exercise training program consisting of aerobic exercise (30 min at 70% of maximal power output 2 times/wk) and resistance exercise (3 × 10 repetitions at 60% of 1 repeated maximum 1 time/wk), with adjustment of exercise intensity every 4 wk. At baseline and after intervention, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected to determine 1) adipocyte morphology, 2) gene expression of markers for lipolysis, inflammation, browning, adipokines, and mitochondrial biogenesis/function, 3) protein expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, and 4) ex vivo basal and β2-adrenergic stimulated lipolysis. The exercise training program, which increased maximal aerobic capacity ( P < 0.001) and muscle strength ( P < 0.001), slightly reduced adipose tissue mass (~0.7 kg, P = 0.021) but did not affect abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte size ( P = 0.744), adipose tissue gene expression of markers for mitochondrial biogenesis and function, browning, lipolysis, inflammation and adipokines, total OXPHOS protein content ( P = 0.789), or β2-adrenergic sensitivity of lipolysis ( P = 0.555). A 12-wk supervised, progressive exercise training program did not alter abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte morphology and adipose tissue gene/protein expression of markers related to adipose tissue function or β2-adrenergic sensitivity of lipolysis in male subjects with obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Studies that investigated the effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function in well-phenotyped humans are scarce. We demonstrate that 12 wk of supervised exercise training improved physical fitness and peripheral insulin sensitivity but did not alter abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte morphology, adipose tissue gene and protein expression of markers related to adipose tissue function, or β2-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis in men with obesity. A prolonged and/or more intense training program may be required to improve human adipose tissue function.
TP53 Outperforms Other Androgen Receptor Biomarkers to Predict Abiraterone or Enzalutamide Outcome in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: De Laere Bram , Oeyen Steffi , Mayrhofer Markus , Whitington Tom , van Dam Pieter-Jan , Van Oyen Peter , Ghysel Christophe , Ampe Jozef , Ost Piet , Demey Wim , Hoekx Lucien , Schrijvers Dirk , Brouwers Barbara , Lybaert Willem , Everaert Els G. , De Maeseneer Daan , Strijbos Michiel , Bols Alain , Fransis Karen , Beije Nick , de Kruijff Inge E. , van Dam Valerie , Brouwer Anja , Goossens Dirk , Heyrman Lien , Van den Eynden Gert G. , Rutten Annemie , Del Favero Jurgen , Rantalainen Mattias , Rajan Prabhakar , Sleijfer Stefan , Ullén Anders , Yachnin Jeffrey , Grönberg Henrik , Van Laere Steven J. , Lindberg Johan , Dirix Luc Y. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Purpose:
To infer the prognostic value of simultaneous androgen receptor (AR) and TP53 profiling in liquid biopsies from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) starting a new line of AR signaling inhibitors (ARSi).
Experimental Design: Between March 2014 and April 2017, we recruited patients with mCRPC (n = 168) prior to ARSi in a cohort study encompassing 10 European centers. Blood samples were collected for comprehensive profiling of CellSearch-enriched circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Targeted CTC RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) allowed the detection of eight AR splice variants (ARV). Low-pass whole-genome and targeted gene-body sequencing of AR and TP53 was applied to identify amplifications, loss of heterozygosity, mutations, and structural rearrangements in ctDNA. Clinical or radiologic progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis, and independent associations were determined using multivariable Cox regression models.

Results:
Overall, no single AR perturbation remained associated with adverse prognosis after multivariable analysis. Instead, tumor burden estimates (CTC counts, ctDNA fraction, and visceral metastases) were significantly associated with PFS. TP53 inactivation harbored independent prognostic value [HR 1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18–3.00; P = 0.008], and outperformed ARV expression and detection of genomic AR alterations. Using Cox coefficient analysis of clinical parameters and TP53 status, we identified three prognostic groups with differing PFS estimates (median, 14.7 vs. 7.51 vs. 2.62 months; P &lt; 0.0001), which was validated in an independent mCRPC cohort (n = 202) starting first-line ARSi (median, 14.3 vs. 6.39 vs. 2.23 months; P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusions:
In an all-comer cohort, tumor burden estimates and TP53 outperform any AR perturbation to infer prognosis.
See related commentary by Rebello et al., p. 1699
Methylation and Expression of Nonclustered Protocadherins Encoding Genes and Risk of Precancerous Gastric Lesions in a High-Risk Population
Authors: Wu Si , Zhang Yang , Zhang Lian , Ma Jun-Ling , Zhou Tong , Li Zhe-Xuan , Liu Wei-Dong , Li Wen-Qing , You Wei-Cheng , Pan Kai-Feng 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Nonclustered protocadherins (PCDH) family is a group of cell–cell adhesion molecules. We have found differentially methylated genes in the nonclustered PCDHs family associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in prior genome-wide methylation analysis. To further investigate the methylation and expression of nonclustered PCDHs encoding genes in H. pylori--related gastric carcinogenesis process, four candidate genes including PCDH7, PCDH10, PCDH17, and PCDH20 were selected, which were reported to be tumor suppressors for digestive cancers. A total of 747 participants with a spectrum of gastric lesions were enrolled from a high-risk population of gastric cancer. Promoter methylation levels of four genes were significantly higher in H. pylori–positive subjects than the negative group (all P &lt; 0.001). Elevated methylation levels of PCDH10 and PCDH17 were observed with the increasing severity of gastric lesions (both Ptrend &lt; 0.001). In the protein expression analysis, PCDH17 expression was inversely associated with gastric lesions; the OR [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 0.49 (0.26–0.95) for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 0.31 (0.15–0.63) for intestinal metaplasia, and 0.38 (0.19–0.75) for indefinite dysplasia and dysplasia, compared with superficial gastritis. In addition, PCDH10 expression was significantly lower in CAG (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.24–0.68). The inverse association between methylation and protein expression of PCDH10 and PCDH17 was further supported when we explored the methylation and mRNA expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas database (all P &lt; 0.001). Our study found elevated promoter methylation and decreased expression of PCDH10 and PCDH17 in advanced gastric lesions, suggesting that elevated PCDH10 and PCDH17 methylation may be an early event in gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res; 11(11); 717–26. ©2018 AACR.
Observations of Bacterial Biofilm on Ureteral Stent and Studies on the Distribution of Pathogenic Bacteria and Drug Resistance
Authors: Zhang Jia-Mo , Liu Juan , Wang Ke , Zhang Xuan , Zhao Tao , Luo Hua-Ming 
Published: September 2018

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study aims to observe the morphological characteristics of bacterial biofilm on the surface of ureteral stents and analyze distribution characteristics of pathogens on the bacterial biofilm and drug resistance. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Ureteral stents were sampled from 129 patients. A scanning electron microscope was used to observe the morphological characteristics of bacterial biofilms, and the Congo red medium was applied to screen bacterial biofilm strains on the renal pelvis section, ureter section, and bladder section respectively. Urine culture was performed, and the drug sensitive test analysis was carried out for the pathogenic bacteria detected. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Bacterial biofilms can be observed on the surface of ureteral stents, and these bacteria are embraced by large amounts of fiber membranes. A total of 107 patients were found to be positive for biofilms with a positive rate of 82.9%. The positive rates of the bladder section, ureter section, renal pelvis section, and urine culture were 85.0, 42.9, 67.3, and 24.3% respectively. Pathogenic bacteria mainly concentrated on <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and the drug resistance rate of the bacterial biofilm strains on the ureteral stent was relatively higher. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The bacterial biofilm on the ureteral stent is an important factor that induces catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
Eros e logos: a propósito de Foucault e Platão
Authors: Wolff Francis 
Published: September 2018

O artigo visa discutir a análise que Foucault faz da erótica platônica no quinto capitulo de O uso dos prazeres. Para responder às dificuldades de inserção deste texto no livro e no conjunto da obra do autor, não seria lícito afirmar que tudo aquilo que Foucault diz a respeito da relação erótica não valeria também para a relação discursiva? Não se trata, em ambos os casos, da “busca verdade"?
A questão do finalismo na filosofia de Schopenhauer
Authors: Cacciola Maria Lúcia 
Published: September 2018

Este artigo tem em vista examinar a questão de como uma “metafísica da Vontade" que não admite nenhum “telos” pode, ao mesmo tempo, aceitar para fins epistemológicos uma “reabilitação das causas finais". Ora, a idéia de um finalismo na natureza para explicação do mundo orgânico esta intimamente ligada à predominância da Vontade sobre o Intelecto e, assim, à tentativa de banir da filosofia qualquer traço de teologia: a saber, ao propósito de negar qualquer inteligência externa ordenadora que possa ser formada como causa transcendente do mundo.
Sobre a correspondência de Espinosa com Tschirnhaus
Authors: Chauí Marilena 
Published: September 2018

A correspondência de Espinosa com Tschimhaus,` iniciada pouco antes da publicação do Tratado teológico-político e terminada alguns meses antes da morte do filósofo, é de marcada importância não só por conter os últimos escritos de Espinosa, mas sobretudo porque nela alguns dos temas mais importantes de sua filosofia são discutidos - nas primeiras, a relação entre necessidade e liberdade; nas seguintes, a distinção entre idéia verdadeira e adequada; nas últimas, o infinito atual, a possibilidade da exposição geométrica da metafísica e de uma física a priori. Neste ensaio, mencionaremos a presença implícita de Leibniz nas últimas cartas de Tschirnhaus, mas trataremos apenas da primeira troca de cartas, cujo assunto é a divergência entre Tschirnhaus e Espinosa no tocante à liberdade.
Insturatio, revolutio: docta spes
Authors: Nascimento Maria das Graças De Souza do 
Published: September 2018

A Antiguidade não conhecia o conceito de revolução política como irrupção do absolutamente novo. A concepção histórica que foi progressivamente forjada na modernidade considera o curso dos acontecimentos como um processo sem princípio e predeterminados. E no interior desta concepção que pode nascer a idéia de revolução como irrupção do novo na história. O artigo organiza-se em torno das expressões argumenta spes, de F. Bacon, les raisons de notre espérance, de Condorcet, e docta spes, de E. Bloch.
A correspondência com a Princesa Elisabeth e a fundamentação da moral cartesiana
Authors: Marques Jordino de Assis Dos Santos 
Published: September 2018

Meu objetivo é tratar a correspondência entre a Princesa Elisabeth e Descartes como um dos momentos propulsores do estabelecimento da moral cartesiano. Procuro mostrar por primeiro, como os temas propostos por Elisabeth se inscrevem no cerne mesmo do caetesianismo, na medida em que uma de suas preocupações era o modo de relação entre aIma e o corpo. Em seguida, será visto como se estabelece nesta correspondência uma reflexão moral com traços estoicos, mas que não prescinde de uma técnica médica, realizando, assim, a totalidade do projeto cartesiano, que se quer comparado à sabedoria, que não dispensa a metáfora da árvore com raízes, tronco, galhos e frutos bem determinados.
O cogito como representação e como presença: duas perspectivas da relação de si a si em Descartes
Authors: Birchal Telma De Souza 
Published: September 2018

O artigo enfoca duas maneiras possíveis, não necessariamente excludentes, de se compreender o “'penso, logo existo" cartesiano: a primeira, enquanto representação de si, decorre de uma compreensão do eu como sujeito, quer dizer, de um sujeito diante de um objeto e se remete a uma consciência refletida de si; a segunda, como presença a si mesmo, é relativa a uma compreensão do ego como ser ou existência, dados numa experiência originária se remete a uma consciência imediata de si. O artigo pretende também apontar as possibilidades e os limites de cada uma destas leituras
Overcoming Power Asymmetry in Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups
Authors: Clements Ashley Jonathan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Humanitarian actors seeking to offer assistance and protection to civilians in many contemporary conflicts negotiate access with armed groups from a position of weakness. They consequently concede many of their demands, compromising humanitarian operations and principles, and leaving millions of vulnerable civilians beyond reach. Using a structural analysis of the negotiation process in many recent humanitarian crises this article demonstrates the basis of this marked power asymmetry and challenges the assumption in much of the literature that this power imbalance is immutable. Humanitarian negotiators have access to a range of tactics that can alter the structure of the negotiation to reach more favorable outcomes. This article argues that these strategies have proved effective in many recent negotiations, but also carry significant risks to humanitarian actors and to the civilians they seek to assist.
UK newspaper reporting of the NHS cancer drugs fund, 2010 to 2015: a retrospective media analysis
Authors: Lewison Grant , Aggarwal Ajay , Roe Philip , Møller Henrik , Chamberlain Charlotte , Sullivan Richard 
Published: September 2018

Objective We wished to explore how UK national newspapers had covered the creation and operation of the Cancer Drugs Fund from 2010 to 2015. This was introduced to provide cancer patients in England with access to drugs not appraised or approved by the National Institute for health and Care Excellence. Design We sought stories in nine newspapers from the Factiva database, and copied their salient details to a spreadsheet. They were categorised by whether they were supportive or critical of the Cancer Drugs Fund and their main arguments, which drugs they mentioned and for which cancers. Settings Not applicable Participants Not applicable Main outcome results Press coverage was mainly very positive, arguing for the Cancer Drugs Fund's extension to Scotland and Wales, and a bigger budget, but neglecting the lack of patient benefit and the severe side effects that sometimes occurred. Leading this support was the Daily Mail, whose influence (measured by the product of number of stories and the paper's circulation) was almost greater than that of the other newspapers combined. Results Press coverage was mainly very positive, arguing for the Cancer Drugs Fund’s extension to Scotland and Wales, and a bigger budget, but neglecting the lack of patient benefits and the severe side effects that sometimes occurred. Leading this support was the Daily Mail, whose influence (measured by the product of number of stories and the paper’s circulation) was almost greater than that of the other newspapers combined. Conclusions Although there was some critical analysis of the Cancer Drugs Fund, our analysis shows that most press coverage was largely positive and unrepresentative in comparison with the lack of overall benefits to patients and society. It is likely that it contributed to the Cancer Drugs Fund’s continuation despite mounting evidence of its ineffectiveness.
Comparison between a novel knotless technique and the conventional single knot technique of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy by novice laparoscopists
Authors: Ye Jianfei , Lu Jian , Wang Guoliang , Ma Lulin 
Published: September 2018

Objectives This study aimed to investigate a novel knotless technique for novice laparoscopists in traditional laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Methods We studied 68 patients who had a novel technique performed in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (knotless group) and 89 who had the conventional single knot technique (single knot group). The operations were all performed by novice laparoscopists with experience of fewer than 100 cases of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Knotless suture of the dorsal vein complex was conducted using a barbed self-retaining suture with three bites at the same location. The knotless urethrovesical anastomosis technique was conducted using a unidirectional single running fashion with a barbed self-retaining suture. Results There were no significant differences in the estimated blood loss, complication rate, postoperative hospital stay, anastomotic leakage rate, continence at 6 months after surgery, and positive margin rate between the two groups. The mean anastomotic time (24.9 vs. 44.2 min), operative time (168.1 vs. 201.8 min), and duration of catheter placement (12.8 vs. 19.8 days) were shorter in the knotless group than in the single-knot group. Conclusions The knotless technique of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is a safe and effective procedure.
Safety and tolerability of sauna detoxification for the protracted withdrawal symptoms of substance abuse
Authors: Lennox Richard D , Cecchini-Sternquist Marie 
Published: September 2018

Objective Protracted drug withdrawal symptoms can last months or years after drug cessation, often precipitating a return to substance misuse. We evaluated the safety and preliminary health benefits of a unique chemical exposure regimen based on exercise, sauna and therapeutic nutrients. Methods This was a prospective evaluation of 109 individuals sequentially enrolled into a sauna detoxification component of a multi-modal, long-term residential substance abuse treatment centre. Results Data from medical charts, client self-reports and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) responses indicated that the Hubbard sauna detoxification method was well tolerated, with a 99% completion rate, including one human immunodeficiency virus and nine hepatitis C positive clients. There were no cases of dehydration, overhydration or heat illness. Statistically significant improvements were seen in both mental and physical SF-36 scores at regimen completion, as well as in Addiction Severity Index and Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Short Screener change scores at rehabilitation program discharge, compared with enrolment. Conclusions The regimen lacked serious adverse events, had a very low discontinuation rate and high client-reported satisfaction. The SF-36 data indicated improved physical and emotional symptoms. Therefore, broader investigation of this sauna-based treatment regimen is warranted.