bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warum wir uns mit Rohstoffen befassen müssen
Authors: Bertau Martin 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungEine gesicherte Rohstoffbasis ist für die industrielle Produktion essentiell. Der weltweit zunehmende Rohstoffbedarf ist Resultat der wachsenden Weltbevölkerung und Ausdruck des Bestrebens nach einer Angleichung der Lebensbedingungen nach westlichem Vorbild. Die Folge ist eine Konkurrenz um Lagerstätten. Eine Kreislaufführung von Rohstoffen kann zur Versorgungssicherheit beitragen, aber vor allem bei exportorientierten Ländern nur zu einem Teil die benötigten Rohstoffe bereitstellen. Dabei entzieht die zunehmende Komplexität moderner Produkte Elemente vielfach einer Wiederverwertung. Moderne chemische Verfahren (Wertstoffchemie) gestatten die Entwicklung leistungsfähiger Prozesse zur Wiedergewinnung von Sekundärrohstoffen in Primärproduktqualität und tragen so zur Sicherung der industriellen Rohstoffbasis bei.
Dissecting the nucleotide binding properties of the septins from S. cerevisiae
Authors: Baur Julian David , Rösler Reinhild , Wiese Sebastian , Johnsson Nils , Gronemeyer Thomas 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSeptins are a conserved family of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)‐binding proteins that assemble into an ordered array of filaments at the mother bud neck in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.They are present in all higher eukaryotes except plants.Septins belong structurally to the P‐Loop nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPases) like Rab and Ras. However, unlike other small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPases) septins are supposed to act as scaffolds rather than signalling mediators. This is why they are considered as the fourth class of cytoskeletal proteins.It is assumed that septins fulfil their functions independently of the bound nucleotide. The role of guanosine diphosphosphate (GDP) and GTP binding and subsequent hydrolysis was controversial debated in the last couple of years. Lack of crystal structures of yeast septin subunits or rods and difficulties to isolate single monomeric septin subunits often hindered the correlation of results obtained from in vivo studies with biochemical data. Recently, nucleotide binding and hydrolysis was connected to the formation of septin rods from its subunits. However, the evidence was only indirectly obtained through the use of septin mutants in the context of intact cells.We provide here mechanistic insight into the nucleotide binding of the yeast septins by in vitro assays using purified septin rods and building blocks, thereby adding further insights to the already available models on septin filament formation.
Regulation of mechanotransduction: Emerging roles for septins
Authors: Lam Maxine , Calvo Fernando 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCells exist in dynamic three‐dimensional environments where they experience variable mechanical forces due to their interaction with the extracellular matrix, neighbouring cells and physical stresses. The ability to constantly and rapidly alter cellular behaviour in response to the mechanical environment is therefore crucial for cell viability, tissue development and homeostasis. Mechanotransduction is the process whereby cells translate mechanical inputs into biochemical signals. These signals in turn adjust cell morphology and cellular functions as diverse as proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of mechanotransduction and how septins may participate in it, drawing on their architecture and localization, their ability to directly bind and modify actomyosin networks and membranes, and their associations with the nuclear envelope.
Combined immuno‐purification and detection of recombinant erythropoietins and activin receptor type II‐Fc fusion proteins by isoelectric focusing for application in doping control
Authors: Martin Laurent , Audran Michel , Marchand Alexandre 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIso‐electric focusing (IEF) was the first method established to discriminate endogenous and recombinant erythropoietins (rEPOs). It is still approved by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) as an initial testing procedure to detect erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) in doping control samples. However EPO‐Fc, one of the prohibited rEPOs designated by WADA, is not detectable with the actual IEF conditions. Other newly developed ESAs – luspatercept and sotatercept, both activin receptor type II‐Fc fusion proteins (ActRII‐Fc) – are also now prohibited and could be used in combination with rEPOs. Methods of identification of ActRII‐Fc in blood by SAR/SDS‐PAGE have been described, but not by IEF. Here we detail improvements in blood sample preparation and IEF analysis: A combined immuno‐purification of EPOs and ActRII‐Fc proteins in a single procedure, an appropriate isoforms separation for all proteins using new pre‐loading and gel conditions, and a single detection of all rEPOs and ActRII‐Fc proteins after successive incubation with anti‐EPO and anti‐ActRII antibodies.With these changes, distinctive profiles for all the ESAs were obtained by IEF. Therefore, IEF could be used as a screening method to detect a wide spectrum of prohibited ESAs in blood samples prior to specific confirmation for the identified rEPO or ActRII‐Fc.
Resting‐state pulvinar‐posterior parietal decoupling in PTSD and its dissociative subtype
Authors: Terpou Braeden A. , Densmore Maria , Théberge Jean , Frewen Paul , McKinnon Margaret C. , Lanius Ruth A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractKey evidence points toward alterations in the neurocircuitry of large‐scale networks among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The pulvinar is a thalamic region displaying reciprocal connectivity with the cortex and has been shown to modulate alpha synchrony to facilitate network communication. During rest, the pulvinar displays functional connectivity with the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a heteromodal network of brain areas underlying multisensory integration and socioaffective functions that are shown at deficit in PTSD. Accordingly, this study seeks to reveal the resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) patterns of individuals with PTSD, its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS) and healthy controls. A whole‐brain rsFC analysis was conducted using SPM12 and PickAtlas. Connectivity was analyzed for the left and right pulvinar across groups of individuals with PTSD (n = 81), PTSD + DS (n = 49), and controls (n = 51). As compared to PTSD, controls displayed significantly greater pulvinar rsFC with the superior parietal lobule and precuneus. Moreover, as compared to PTSD + DS, controls showed increased pulvinar connectivity with the superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule and the precuneus. PTSD groups did not display stronger connectivity with any region as compared to controls. Last, PTSD had greater rsFC in the supramarginal gyrus relative to PTSD + DS. Reduced connectivity between the pulvinar and PPC may explain impairments to autobiographical memory, self‐referential processing, and socioaffective domains in PTSD and PTSD + DS even at “rest.” Critically, these alterations appear to be exacerbated in individuals with PTSD + DS, which may have important implications for treatment.
Dimension optimization of two air cavities thermal insulator as an application in buildings
Authors: Elnaggar Mohamed , Alnahhal Mohammed , Edwan Ezzaldeen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe present study investigates the use of two air cavities thermal insulator in buildings. The two air cavities insulator structure is supposed to be located within the building's wall and roof forming two separated vertical and horizontal cavity, respectively. In addition, the wall cavity height (or roof cavity length), H, was investigated at H = 2, 3, 4, 5 m to find the influence of wall cavity height (or roof cavity length) on various thermal characteristics and thus to determine the thermal optimum thickness. At each wall cavity height (and roof cavity length), cavity thickness, Lc, was varied from 0.01 m to 0.1 m forming aspect ratio, AR = H/Lc ranges of 20 to 200, 30 to 300, 40 to 400, and 50 to 500 for H = 2, 3, 4, and 5 m, respectively. The present results reveal the presence of the first and second cavities in wall and roof at various thicknesses affecting the development of wall and roof components' surface temperature. In addition, varying the wall cavity height or roof cavity length has further significant effects on the development of these surface temperatures. Moreover, it was found that increasing the wall cavity height leads to increasing the optimum wall cavity thickness, Lc = 0.024, 0.027, 0.029, and 0.031 m at cavity height, H = 2, 3, 4, and 5 m, respectively, whereas in the roof cavity case, the optimum roof cavity thickness seems to reach its asymptotic value at about 0.019 m for the roof cavity length investigated, H = 2, 3, 4, and 5 m despite the optimum wall cavity thickness that was not.
Effects of non‐Darcian and temperature dependent heat source on two‐phase flow in a vertical porous space with thermal radiation
Authors: Muthuraj R. , Srinivas S. , Shukla Anant Kant , Immaculate D. Lourdu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this article, influences of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation on MHD flow of two immiscible fluids in a vertical channel filled with porous materials have been studied theoretically. The equations governing the problem are transformed to a system of ODE and are solved by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of physical parameters on flow and heat transfer characteristics have been discussed with the help of graphs. It is found that viscous dissipation parameter, heat source parameter, thermal parameter lead to enhance velocity as well as temperature field. Also, increasing Brinkmann number and heat source parameter lead to suppress Coefficient of skin friction at the left wall but the opposite is true at the other wall. However, these parameters give reverse trend on Nusselt number distribution. Further, increasing thermal conductivity ratio and fluids height ratio leads to increase heat transfer coefficient significantly at the left wall. In addition, we have compared present HAM solution with analytical solution of the problem (ie, absence of radiation parameter and Brinkmann number).
Alternative Conceptions and the Learning of Chemistry
Authors: Taber Keith S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA great deal of research has indicated that teaching is rarely a matter of introducing learners to material that simply replaces previous ignorance, but is more often a matter of presenting ideas that are somewhat at odds with existing understanding. In subjects such as chemistry, learners at school and university come to their studies already holding misconceptions or ‘alternative conceptions’ of subject matter. This has implications for subsequent learning, and so for teaching. This article reviews a number of key issues: (i), the origins of these alternative conceptions; (ii), the nature of these ideas; and, (iii), how they influence learning of the chemistry curriculum. These issues are in turn significant for guidance on (a) how curriculum should be selected and sequenced, and (b) on the pedagogy likely to be most effective in teaching chemistry. A specific concern reported in chemistry education is that one source of alternative conceptions seems to be instruction itself.
The association between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and low birthweight in a Sudanese maternity hospital
Authors: Mustafa Ahmed , Bilal Naser E. , Abass Awad‐Elkareem , Elhassan Elhassan M. , Adam Ishag 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and low birthweight (LBW).MethodsThe present case–control study was conducted at a Sudanese maternity hospital from September 1 to December 30, 2015. Patients who delivered single neonates with LBW (>500 g but <2500 g) and the subsequent singleton delivery with birthweight of 2500–4000 g were included. A questionnaire was used to collect medical and obstetric data. The presence of malarial parasites in peripheral, placental, and umbilical cord samples was investigated using blood films. The presence of H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) in maternal and umbilical cord serum samples was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe study included 87 patients in each of the LBW and control groups. Maternal serum tested positive for H. pylori IgG among 66 (75.9%) and 48 (55.2%) patients in the LBW and control groups (P=0.006); no malarial parasites were observed. Similarly, umbilical cord serum tested positive for H. pylori IgG among 66 (75.9%) and 34 (39.1%) patients in the LBW and control groups (P<0.001). Maternal H. pylori IgG seropositivity (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4–7.2; P=0.003) and umbilical cord H. pylori IgG seropositivity (OR 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.1–10.2; P<0.001) were significantly associated with LBW.ConclusionSeropositivity for H. pylori IgG was associated with LBW.
Elucidating the role of (p)ppGpp in mycobacterial persistence against antibiotics
Authors: Bhaskar Ashima , De Piano Cyntia , Gelman Ekaterina , McKinney John D. , Dhar Neeraj 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBacterial persistence, the ability of bacteria to survive high concentrations of antibiotics for extended periods of time, is an important contributing factor to therapy failure and development of chronic and recurrent infections. Several recent studies have suggested that this persistence is mediated primarily by (p)ppGpp, through its interactions with toxin–antitoxin modules and polyphosphates. In this study, we address whether these key players play a role in mycobacterial persistence against antibiotics. We targeted these specific pathways in Mycobacterium smegmatis by constructing deletion strains of (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase (relA), polyphosphate kinases (ppk1 and ppk2), exopolyphosphatases (ppx1 and ppx2), and the lon protease. None of these mutant strains exhibited altered levels of persisters against isoniazid and ciprofloxacin, when compared with wild‐type strain. Even under conditions in which the stringent response usually gets activated, these strains displayed wild‐type persister levels. Interestingly, we also found that unlike Escherichia coli, maintaining M. smegmatis in exponential phase by repeated passaging does not eliminate persisters suggesting that at least against the antibiotics tested, stationary‐phase dependent persisters (type I) are not the major contributors. Thus, our data demonstrate that multiple mechanisms of antibiotic persistence exist and that these vary widely among different bacterial species. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):836–844, 2018
Hemorrhage of MRI and Immunohistochemical Panels Distinguish Secretory Carcinoma From Acinic Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Kuwabara Hiroko , Yamamoto Kiyohito , Terada Tetsuya , Kawata Ryo , Nagao Toshitaka , Hirose Yoshinobu 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesSecretory carcinoma (SC, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma) is a salivary gland tumor with ETV6‐NTRK3 gene fusion, and its differential diagnosis includes acinic cell carcinoma (ACC). As hemorrhage is often seen in SC, we hypothesized that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemical analyses could distinguish SC from ACC.Study DesignRetrospective study.MethodsWe used ETV6‐NTRK3 gene fusion analyses to reclassify 19 parotid gland tumors that had previously been diagnosed as SC or ACC, and then investigated hemorrhage in both hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E)‐stained sections and MRIs, and immunohistochemical expression of S‐100, mammaglobin, DOG1, and α‐amylase.ResultsThe 19 tumors were genetically reclassified into 11 (58%) SC and 8 (42%) ACC. Combined S‐100 and mammaglobin were specific for SC; whereas DOG1 was specific for ACC, and α‐amylase was expressed only in 4 ACC cases (50%). H&E staining showed hemorrhage with hemosiderin deposition in all SC cases, and T2‐weighted MRI showed hypointense areas in all investigated SC cases, but not in ACC.ConclusionHemorrhage with hemosiderin deposition is frequently present in SC, and hemorrhage findings in MRI and an immunohistochemical panels for S‐100, mammaglobin and DOG1 can distinguish SC from ACC.Level of Evidence3b
Staged Thyroidectomy: A Single Institution Perspective
Authors: Wu Che‐Wei , Sun Hui , Zhang Guang , Kim Hoon Yub , Catalfamo Antonina , Portinari Mattia , Carcoforo Paolo , Randolph Gregory W. , Chai Young Jun , Dionigi Gianlorenzo 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThe increasing use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in thyroid surgery has revealed the need to develop new strategies for cases in which a loss of signal (LOS) occurs on the first side of a planned total thyroidectomy.ObjectivesThis study reviews the experience of the authors in using IONM for planned total thyroidectomy after LOS on the first thyroid lobe. The aims were to estimate the incidence of LOS on the first side of resection and to compare intraoperative strategies applied after this event.Materials and MethodsIntermittent IONM was performed with stimulation of both the vagal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) (V1, R1, R2, V2). Patients underwent pre‐ and postoperative laryngoscopy. Before surgery, patients were informed that staged thyroidectomy might be required.ResultsThis study analyzed 803 consecutive thyroid procedures. Of these, V2 LOS (<100 mcV) occurred after first lobe exeresis in 23 (2.8%) procedures. The surgical procedure was stopped in 20 cases (ie, staged thyroidectomy was performed). In three cases with malignancy and severe comorbidity (ASA score 3‐4), total bilateral thyroidectomy was performed as planned. No cases of bilateral RLN palsy occurred. Postoperative laryngoscopy confirmed RLN palsy in 21 of the 23 cases. All true positive patients received speech therapy. Patients who had false positive LOS (n = 2) or malignancy (n = 8) and patients who were symptomatic (n = 7) received completion thyroidectomy within 6 months. One patient received radioactive iodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. Two patients received follow up.ConclusionsNeuromonitoring changes the surgical decision‐making process in a multidisciplinary manner. A shared decision‐making process involving the patient, anesthesiologist, and endocrinologist is suggested. In the case of intraoperative LOS on the first‐operated side in a planned total thyroidectomy, the thyroid surgeon essentially has three options for surgery on the contralateral side: 1) Perform staged thyroidectomy. This option is recommended in bilateral goiter, Graves' disease, or low‐risk thyroid carcinoma (differentiated or medullary thyroid carcinoma). The aim is to avoid bilateral vocal cord palsy. Two‐stage completion surgery is delayed until recovery of ipsilateral nerve function. 2) Perform subtotal resection on the contralateral side ventrally to the RLN plane at a safe distance from the nerve. The aim is to avoid further disease recurrence and revision surgery. 3) Perform total thyroidectomy as planned for advanced thyroid carcinoma (including undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma). The aim is to improve disease control through radioactive iodine therapy, radiation therapy, or target therapy immediately after surgery.Level of Evidence4
In vivo nerve identification in head and neck surgery using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Langhout Gerrit C. , Kuhlmann Koert F.D. , Schreuder Pim , Bydlon Torre , Smeele Ludi E. , van den Brekel Michiel W.M. , Sterenborg Henricus J.C.M. , Hendriks Benno H.W. , Ruers Theo J.M. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundCareful identification of nerves during head and neck surgery is essential to prevent nerve damage. Currently, nerves are identified based on anatomy and appearance, optionally combined with electromyography (EMG). In challenging cases, nerve damage is reported in up to 50%. Recently, optical techniques, like diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) show potential to improve nerve identification.Methods212 intra‐operative DRS/FS measurements were performed. Small nerve branches (1–3 mm), on near‐nerve adipose tissue, muscle and subcutaneous fat were measured during 11 surgical procedures. Tissue identification was based on quantified concentrations of optical absorbers and scattering parameters.ResultsClinically comprehensive parameters showed significant differences (<0.05) between the tissues. Classification using k‐Nearest Neighbor resulted in 100% sensitivity and a specificity of 83% (accuracy 91%), for the identification of nerve against surrounding tissues.ConclusionsDRS/FS is a potentially useful intraoperative tool for identification of nerves from adjacent tissues.Level of EvidenceObservational proof of principle study.
Polarization Control in Graphene‐Based Polymer Waveguide Polarizer
Authors: Kim Jin Tae , Choi Hongkyw 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPolarizers have been intensively investigated theoretically and experimentally, with innovative device designs and emerging optical materials. However, the polarization state and extinction ratio in a waveguide polarizer are not changeable, owing to the passive device operation principles. In this study, a polarization‐switchable graphene waveguide polarizer based on the polarization‐dependent light absorption of graphene film of different thicknesses and micro‐opto‐mechanical systems (MOMS) technology is demonstrated. A superstrate on which graphene layers of different thicknesses are integrated is positioned on the optical waveguide core, and is mechanically pushed to suppress the unwanted polarization state. Graphene thickness on the superstrate plays a key role in switching the device's polarization state: A few‐layer graphene film on the superstrate attenuates the transverse‐electric (TE) mode, making the device transverse‐magnetic (TM) passing, while a many‐layer graphene diminishes the TM mode, making the device TE passing. The dynamic optical attenuation function is automatically configured via accurate and discrete mechanical adjustment of the air gap between the superstrate and the waveguide core. The theoretical simulation and the experimental result exhibit good agreement. This work introduces an idea for tuning the polarization state in a polarization diverse coherent optical system and may contribute to a wide range of applications in MOMS systems.