bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species distribution of yeasts recovered from different clinical samples Addiss Ababa,Ethiopia
Authors: Deribe Elias Seyoum , Bitew Adane , Mihret Amete 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background
Currently, fungal diseases of humans are among the most problematic illnesses is the result of an increase in opportunistic fungal infections caused by rise in the number of immune-compromised patients. Particularly, yeasts are the most common cause of fungal infections leading to a range superficial type to life-threatening invasive infections. The aim of this study is to determine species distribution of yeasts particularly of Candida species recovered from different clinical samples.

Method
A cross sectional study was conducted from January 01, 2018 –September 30, 2018 in Addis Ababa, Arsho laboratory. Oropharengial swabs, nail scrapings, sputum, corneal scrapings, and vaginal swabs were collected from patients with signs and symptoms of infections. Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by using YST card through VITEK 2 compact system. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.

Result
A total of 209 yeasts were recovered of which 49.8% were Candida albicans, 43.1% were non-albicans candida species and 7.2% were yeasts other than Candida species. The current study, eighteen (18) different types of yeast species were identified from different clinical samples. All recognized yeast considered as a causative agent of fungal infection in previously reported data in worldwide.

Conclusion
C. albicans remaining the predominant species, but the emergence of non-albicans Candida and other than candida species have increased. Thus, more studies on Candida prevalence are needed throughout country.
Reactivity of tuberculin among Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccinated school children, Kassala State, Sudan Fatima A. Khalid1. Elderidiry MM2, MM Mukhta3
Authors: Khalid Fatima Abbas , Eldirdery Muataz Mohamed , Mukhtar Maowia Mohamed 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background

Tuberculin skin test (TST) is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction of latent TB infected patients and BCG vaccinated individuals. It is recommended for screening of mycobacterium infection in many countries. Kassala state in eastern Sudan is known as the highest pulmonary TB endemic region in Sudan. Little data is available on the TST reactivity among school children in Kassala. This activity aimed to measure the prevalence of TST reactivity among school children in Kassala as indictor for exposure and response to BCG vaccination.

Method

Five tuberculin units of PPD were injected intradermally in the left forearm of 2600 children aged 5-15 years attending governmental basic schools in Kassala. BCG scar, child health and nutrition status were assessed before the test. The reactivity of TST was read for 2568 children after 48- 72 hours, interpreted at different cut-off level based on published guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS (V. 20.0)

Results

Tuberculin reactivity was measured to 2568 out of the 2600, 32 were absent during the measurement. Most of children 2100 (81.8%) had no reaction with TST (no induration). Four hundred and sixty eight (18.2%) had induration ranged from 1mm to 28 mm with mean 3.1mm ±3.29, among them, 17 cases had induration ranged from 10- 28mm. prevalence of BCG scar was 1688 (64.9%). TST reactivity was statistically associated with geographical localities, child gender, and age (P<0.001). High percentage of TST reactivity was recorded in females (65.8%) compared to males (34.1%). Furthermore, TST reactivity was increased with the age, among the strong positive reaction, 9/17 were in age 13-15 years. Also TST reactivity was statistically correlated with nutrition and socioeconomic status ((P<0.001). TST reactivity was not affected by BCG vaccine (P>0.05).

Conclusion

The study provides data on BCG vaccination coverage in Kassala state, the prevalence of non reactivity of TST. No effect of BCG vaccine on reactivity of TST, hence it can be used as the diagnostic tool for detection of LTBI in children. Different confounding factors were associated with TST reactivity including child age, gender and nutrition status, health and socioeconomic status.
SAİT HALİM PAŞA'NIN EGEMENLİK ANLAYIŞI VE ÖNGÖRDÜĞÜ HÜKÜMET SİSTEMİ
Authors: NAL Sabahattin 
Published: May 2019

Bu çalışmada, Osmanlının son döneminde yüksek memuriyetlerde bulunmuş, dönemin en güçlü partisi olan İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyetinin genel başkanlığını yapmış, sadrazamlık görevinde bulunmuş, İslamcı bir düşünür olan Said Halim Paşa’nın egemenlik anlayışı ve geliştirdiği hükümet sistemi incelenmiştir. İslamcı düşünce yapısına uygun olarak, kanun yapma yetkisiyle donatılmış organ olan teşri merci (yasama kurulu) hariç, devletin etkili makamlarının seçimle işbaşına gelmesini önermiştir. Bu çerçevede, devlet başkanı ve millet meclisi halk tarafından seçilecektir. Fakat bunlar seçimle işbaşına gelseler de şeriattan kaynaklanan bir iktidarı temsil ettiklerinden meşruiyetlerini milletten değil, İslami ilkelere bağlılıktan aldıklarından egemenlik nihai olarak halka ait değildir. Halkın iradesinin üstünde bir ilahi irade vardır. Dolayısıyla onun egemenlik konusundaki yaklaşımı, providansiyel egemenlik anlayışını çağrıştırmaktadır. Devlet bakanının seçimle işbasına gelmesini önerdiğinden, devlet şekli olarak da cumhuriyeti benimsemiştir. Geliştirdiği hükümet sistemi, bazı yönleriyle parlamenter sistemi, bazı yönleriyle başkanlık sistemini çağrıştırmaktadır. Bir başka ifadeyle geliştirdiği hükümet sisteminin, eklektik bir sistem olduğu söylenebilir. Önerdiği sistemde, kanun yapma yetkisi, halk tarafından seçilmiş meclise değil, İslam hukukçularına ait olacaktır. Bu yönüyle önerdiği hükümet sisteminin günümüz demokratik hükümet sistemleriyle uyumlu olduğu söylenemez.
Estimating evapotranspiration over vegetated surfaces based on wet patch patterns
Authors: Li Peiyuan , Wang Zhi-Hua 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the hydrological cycle and natural water-energy nexus. The dynamics of soil water content (θ) in the top surface layer, regulated by local climate, predominates the surface energy exchange and ET behavior. In this study, we proposed a novel ET-θ relation using a physically based wet patch radius coupling the near surface turbulent transfer and soil water availability. The model is tested against the dataset from eddy covariance (EC) sites in the AmeriFlux network. The results show that ET rate is supply-driven under low soil moisture conditions since the plant controls the transpiration rate to conserve water due to water stress. While in energy-limited condition, increasing soil moisture will not promote ET rate as it is bounded by the lower atmospheric demand. The proposed method is practically designed to calculate ET using variables readily measured by standard EC towers such as soil moisture and meteorological measurements. The method can also potentially be extended to predict the spatial and physical patterns of ecosystem services under different hydroclimatic conditions.
Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in the sediments of Poyang Lake, China
Authors: Liu Shuli , Jian Minfei , Zhou Longyin , Li Wenhua 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Microplastics are considered to be a widespread environmental contaminant, posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. We addressed this issue based on field observations and laboratory analysis of samples from Poyang Lake. We collected sediment samples from 10 sites across Poyang Lake during 2017. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that the abundance of microplastics ranged from 11 to 3,153 items/kg dw in the sediment samples. Except at Nanjishan, the amount of microplastics in different periods decreased in the order: December &gt; April &gt; July. Microplastics with a size &lt;1 mm were the most abundant fraction in sediments, reaching over 50%. Observations under microscope revealed four types of microplastics in Poyang Lake: fragments, films, foams and fibers. Fragments were more common in sediments. Microplastics have complex surface topography, typically including rough surfaces, porous structures, cracks and extensive damage. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that most microplastics contained Si, Na, Ca, Cl and Al. Overall, the results provided strong evidence of high levels of microplastics in Poyang Lake, suggested that the microplastics pollution status in Poyang Lake should continue to be monitored.
Evaluation of Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) Level in Type 2 Diabetic Chronic HCV Non-cirrhotic Treatment-Naïve Egyptian Patients Eradicated with Sofosbuvir Plus Daclatasvir
Authors: Hussein Hany Aly , Allam Ahmed Samir , Moaty Ahmed Samir Abdel 
Published: May 2019

Background /Introduction:
A high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was
seen in association with hepatitis C virus infection; moreover, risk of development of T2DM is increased
about 11 folds in patients with risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the presence of chronic
hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. There is a few available data on the effect of HCV eradication by
the new direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) on the glycemic control; hence the aim of our study is to
evaluate the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level changes in type 2 diabetic chronic HCV non cirrhotic
treatment-naïve Egyptian patients after eradication with sofosbuvir (SOV) plus daclatasvir (DCV).

Patients and Methods:
A prospective observational cross-sectional study, included 128 type 2 diabetic
HCV patients with easy to treat criteria (non cirrhotic treatment-naïve patients with the following
liver biochemical markers; total serum bilirubin ≤ 1.2 mg/dl, serum albumin ≥ 3.5 g/dl, INR≤ 1.2 and
Platelet count≥ 150.000/mm3); according to the protocol of the Egyptian National Committee for Controlling
HCV and the guidelines of the European Association for the Study of the Liver. HbA1c was
done for all patients enrolled in the study before starting antiviral treatment, at the end of treatment and
3 months (12 weeks) after the end of treatment to patients who achieved sustained virological response
(SVR) 12 only.

Results:
According to their antidiabetic medications, patients were classified to Group I: 70 patients taking
oral hypoglycemic drugs, Group II: 58 patients taking insulin therapy +/- oral hypoglycemic drugs.
Regarding the glycemic profile, a statistically significant decrease of mean HbA1c % values was found
in the studied patients (n=128), over the period of the study with p-value < 0.05. For better evaluation
of improvement of glycemic control, we used a composite endpoint given by the reduction of HbA1c
% (of a minimum of 0.5%). The endpoint was reached to 79% (101 patients) of all studied patients 3
months after the end of treatment. 75.7% (53 patients) reached the endpoint in group I, while 82.75 %
(48 patients) of group II reached the endpoint 3 months after the end of treatment.

Conclusion:
This study supports the idea that HCV eradication leads to a reduction in HbA1c in patients
with diabetes, which could delay the onset and progression of microvascular diabetes complications.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of 8-Thiosubstituted 1,3,7- Trimethylxanthine Hydrazones with In-vitro Neuroprotective and MAO-B Inhibitory Activities
Authors: Mitkov Javor , Kasabova-Angelova Alexandra , Kondeva-Burdina Magdalena , Tzankova Virginia , Tzankova Diana , Georgieva Maya , Zlatkov Alexander 
Published: May 2019

Objective:The syntheses and biological activities of 8-thiosubstituted-1,3,7- trimethylxanthine derivatives bearing an aromatic hydrazide-hydrazone fragment in the side chain at C8 are described.Methods:The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds 6a-m were confirmed based on their MS, FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses.Results:The in vitro investigations of neuroprotective effects manifested on cellular (human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y) and sub-cellular (isolated rat brain synaptosomes) levels show that compounds 6g and 6i demonstrate statistically significant activity. The performed monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibition study in vitro show that compounds 6g and 6i possess a significant MAO-B inhibition activity close to L-deprenyl.Conclusion:These results suggest that such compounds may be utilized for the development of new candidate MAO-B inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
Electrodeposition of Lead from Simulated Wastewater Using Stainless Steel Tubes Bundle as Cathode
Authors: Salman Anas Bdiwi 
Published: May 2019

Background:Lead ions form a dangerous pollutant to both human and aqua lives when discharged to the environment with wastewater due to the diseases and the damage of the live cells caused by these ions, so, it is very important to find an effective method for lead ions removel.Methodology:Lead ions were successfully recovered from simulated wastewater by a flowthrough batch recycle electrochemical reactor with stainless steel tubes bundle as a cathode operating under mass transfer control conditions in 0.5 M NaCl electrolyte solution. Effects of initial lead ions concentration, electrolyte flow rate, and PH were studied and the mass transfer coefficient was determined under these conditions. Performance of this reactor was analyzed by the construction of some figures of merit like fractional conversion, specific energy consumption, space-time yield, and space velocity.Results:Experimental results were correlated in the general form of a dimensionless mass transfer correlation as SH = 1.024Re0.00699Sc1/3.
Acceptability of Mobile Health Interventions to Increase Diabetic Risk Factor Awareness Among the Commuter Population in Johannesburg: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Fischer Alex , Chadyiwa Martha , Tshuma Ndumiso , Nkosi Vusumuzi 
Published: May 2019

Background
Developing countries are experiencing a shift from infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes. Diabetes accounts for more disability-adjusted life years than any other NCD in South Africa, and research has identified a number of preventable risk factors; however, there is not enough evidence from lower resource settings as to how best to disseminate this information to the population. Today, 90% of the world’s population lives in mobile phone coverage areas, and this provides a unique opportunity to reach large populations with health information.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate how potential mobile health (mHealth) platforms should be paired with diabetes risk factor education so that at-risk communities are empowered with information to prevent and manage diabetes.

Methods
A Likert-style survey was distributed to commuters in the City of Johannesburg in July 2018 that explored participants’ background characteristics as well as their knowledge and awareness surrounding diabetic risk factors (such as exercise, smoking, and hypertension) and their comfort level with various information delivery methods (such as WhatsApp, short message service, and email). The grouped variables from diabetic risk factors and information delivery methods were described with mean Likert scores and then investigated for relationships with Spearman Rho correlation coefficients.

Results
Background characteristics revealed that the self-reported prevalence of diabetes was twice as high in this studied commuter population than the national average. WhatsApp was the most favorable mHealth information delivery method and had a moderate correlation coefficient with diet and nutrition (0.338; P<.001) as well as a weaker correlation with physical activity (0.243; P<.001). Although not as robust as the WhatsApp correlations, each of the other information delivery methods also showed weaker, yet statistically significant, relationships with one or more of the risk factors.

Conclusions
The elevated self-reported diabetes prevalence reinforces the need for diabetes risk factor education in the studied commuter population of Johannesburg. The most feasible mHealth intervention for diabetic risk factor education should focus on WhatsApp messaging while also offering content across other mHealth and traditional platforms to remove barriers to access and enhance the user experience. The content should emphasize diet and nutrition as well as physical activity while also incorporating information on secondary risk factors.
Kadar insulin-like growth factor-1, ghrelin ASI, dan peningkatan berat badan bayi pada ibu menyusui obesitas dan normal
Authors: Sinaga Desriati , Yantri Eny , Yusrawati Yusrawati 
Published: May 2019

Background: Obesity is one of the factors that trigger the incidence of non-communicable diseases and increase morbidity rates in mothers and infants. Ghrelin hormone in breast milk serves to stimulate appetite in infants as well as release factors for GH. IGF-1 hormone in breast milk plays a role in increasing the length of bone and muscle mass of infants and mediators of GH work. Obesity can affect baby's weight gain and ghrelin and IGF-1 hormone levels in breast milk.Objective: Analyzes the association of IGF-1 and ghrelin levels of breast milk with weight gain between obese and normal mothers.Method: Observational study with cross sectional design on 40 breastfeeding mothers and their infants in the work area of Andalas Health Center, Ikur Koto Health Center and Puskesmas Lubuk Buaya Padang City with consecutive sampling technique from August to November 2017. The examination of IGF-1 and ghrelin levels was conducted at the University's Biomedical Laboratory Andalas with ELISA method. Weight gain is obtained from 1 month infant weight loss with infant birth weight. Data analysis used independent t test to see difference and Pearson test to see correlation.Results: There was a difference in IGF-1 levels in breast milk (p = 0.00) between obese and normal mothers. There was no difference in ghrelin levels of breast milk (p = 0.90) between obese and normal mothers. There was a difference in weight gain between obese and normal mothers (p = 0.02). There was no significant association between IGF-1 and ghrelin levels of breast milk with an increase in infant weight between obese and normal mothers.Conclusion: There was no significant association between IGF-1 and ghrelin levels of breast milk with an increase in infant weight between obese and normal mothers.
LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE IDENTIDADES CORPORALES ALTERNATIVAS EN LOS LÍMITES DE UN PROYECTO EDUCATIVO HEGEMÓNICO
Authors: Mariel Alejandra Ruiz 
Published: May 2019

A pesquisa teve a intenção de conhecer a contribuição da educação física na construção de identidades corporais da infância no contexto europeu atual. Desde o enfoque socioconstrutivista, (Gergen, 1992; Giddens, 1995; Castells, 2000; Hernández, 2000; Braidotti, 2000; Butler, 2003, dentre outros). A metodologia construtivista (Guba; Lincoln, 1994) e o estudo etnográfico (DENZIN, 1997) se reflete na construção de identidades corporais alternativas, nos limites de um projeto educativo hegemônico, que questionam as formas tradicionais do saber e anunciam a urgencia de um sujeito corporal político que merece uma nova articulação pedagógica.
Predictive Value of Fasting Glucose, Postload Glucose, and Hemoglobin A1c on Risk of Diabetes and Complications in Chinese Adults
Authors: Lu Jieli , He Jiang , Li Mian , Tang Xulei , Hu Ruying , Shi Lixin , Su Qing , Peng Kui , Xu Min , Xu Yu , Chen Yuhong , Yu Xuefeng , Yan Li , Wang Tiange , Zhao Zhiyun , Qin Guijun , Wan Qin , Chen Gang , Dai Meng , Zhang Di , Gao Zhengnan , Wang Guixia , Shen Feixia , Luo Zuojie , Qin Yingfen , Chen Li , Huo Yanan , Li Qiang , Ye Zhen , Zhang Yinfei , Du Rui , Cheng Di , Liu Chao , Wang Youmin , Wu Shengli , Yang Tao , Deng Huacong , Li Donghui , Lai Shenghan , Bloomgarden Zachary T. , Chen Lulu , Zhao Jiajun , Mu Yiming , Ning Guang , Wang Weiqing , Bi Yufang 
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVEUncertainty remains regarding the predictive value of various glycemic measures as they relate to the risk of diabetes and its complications. Using the cutoffs recommended by the American Diabetes Association’s 2010 criteria, we determined the associations of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h postload glucose (2h-PG), and HbA1c with the outcomes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSBaseline medical history, FPG, 2h-PG, and HbA1c were obtained from a population-based cohort of 193,846 adults aged ≥40 years in China during 2011–2012. A follow-up visit was conducted during 2014–2016 in order to assess incident diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and mortality.RESULTSWe documented 8,063 cases of diabetes, 3,014 CVD-related events, 1,624 cases of cancer, and 2,409 deaths during up to 5 years of follow-up. Multivariable-adjusted risk ratios (95% CIs) of diabetes associated with prediabetes based on FPG of 100–125 mg/dL, 2h-PG of 140–199 mg/dL, or HbA1c of 5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol) were 1.60 (1.43–1.79), 2.72 (2.43–3.04), and 1.49 (1.36–1.62), respectively. Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested J-shaped associations of FPG, 2h-PG, and HbA1c levels with CVD, cancer, and mortality. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) associated with untreated diabetes based on FPG ≥126 mg/dL, 2h-PG ≥200 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) were 1.18 (1.05–1.33), 1.31 (1.18–1.45), and 1.20 (1.07–1.34) for CVD; 1.10 (0.92–1.32), 1.44 (1.25–1.67), and 1.08 (0.92–1.28) for cancer; and 1.37 (1.20–1.57), 1.57 (1.41–1.76), and 1.33 (1.17–1.52) for mortality, respectively. 2h-PG remained significantly associated with outcomes in models including FPG and HbA1c as spline terms. Furthermore, 2h-PG significantly improved the ability of the C statistic to predict diabetes, CVD, and mortality.CONCLUSIONS2h-PG remains independently predictive of outcomes in models including FPG and HbA1c. Therefore, in addition to FPG and HbA1c, routine testing of 2h-PG should be considered in order to better assess the risks of outcomes.
STUDI MORFOLOGI KAWASAN KOTAGEDE DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA: Perkembangan Pola Kawasan Kotagede dan Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhinya.
Authors: Litiloly Muhammad Khadafi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract: Kotagede is a historical area in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, strong as a Javanese cultural preserve. Kotagede residents have settled here since the Mataram kingdom was founded in the 16th century. Some historical relics in Kotagede include the ruins of the palace, the tomb of the king, the grand mosque, and the surrounding surrounding. Kotagede is famous for silverware and heritage tourism. In this paper, the urban morphology is discussed and the influence of the factors that shape the Kotagede region. The purpose of writing is to find patterns of formation and development of the Kotagede region from time to time, as well as knowing the factors that influence it. The method used is literature study and field study. Comparisons between field studies and literature can produce conclusions about the history of the development of the Kotagede region.Keywords: urban morphology, urban, region, kotagedeAbstrak: Kotagede adalah kawasan bersejarah di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, kuat sebagai cagar budaya Jawa. Warga Kotagede menetap di sini sejak kerajaan Mataram berdiri abad ke 16. Beberapa peninggalan sejarah di Kotagede antara lain puing-puing kraton, makam raja, masjid agung, serta beteng yang mengelilinginya. Kotagede terkenal karena kerajinan perak dan wisata heritage. Dalam tulisan ini dibahas morfologi kota kawasan dan pengaruh dari faktor-faktor yang membentuk kawasan Kotagede. Tujuan dari penulisan adalah menemukan pola pembentuk dan perkembangan kawasan Kotagede dari masa ke masa, serta mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dan studi lapangan. Perbandingan antara studi lapangan dan studi pustaka dapat menghasilkan kesimpulan tentang sejarah perkembangan kawasan Kotagede.Kata Kunci: morfologi,kota, kawasan, kotadegede