bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Creativity Development and Assessment of Architectural Design Education: A Case Study of Basic Design Studio
Authors: Sat Gungor Beyza , Yorgancioglu Derya 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Basic design education retains its seminal role in most of the architectural curricula today. Having the primary goal of getting acquainted students with knowledge and skills of design basics, basic design education supports the development of creative ways of thinking combined with hands-on learning experiences. The assignments address the articulation of the basic design in 2D and 3D elements such as lines, planes, volumes, structures and forms, while students are encouraged to experiment the potentials of different materials and techniques. Course included 9 different 2D and 3D exercises that focus on design principles and elements together by adding different design problems in process. For instance, structural problems as self-standing or modular 3D units’ penetrations and strengthens for complex design problems are added for further assignments in the schedule. In this process ‘creativity development’ is assessed and evaluated by considering the whole course schedule at the example of individual student assignments. The objective of this paper is to make an analysis of creativity development with regard to the assessment and evaluation procedures, taking the process and products of a basic design studio as a case study. The methodological framework of this paper is based on the examination of two sets of data; (1) ‘quantitative data’ that includes the grades of assignments that are designed as part of ARCH 101 Design course of architecture program at Özyeğin University Faculty of Architecture and Design in “ARCH 101 in Fall term of 2017-2018 academic program; (2) ‘qualitative data’ that includes the studio observations and reflective interpretations of instructors regarding the creativity development process for individually student assignments. Grades give the idea of which student exercise has been understood well and reached its learning objectives by considering the whole class. Majority tendency of the grades help assessment of the schedule from the aspect of creativity development. The evaluation of creativity includes manifold aspects of assessment. Teachers’ style, schedule of the course, personal factors such as students’ personal backgrounds, former education, and the styles of thinking and learning, being individual or collective are all effective on creativity.
Radiosity Model and Compensation Theorem
Authors: Ficker Tomas 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the preceding conference contribution called “Radiative Heat Transfer in Buildings”, a general model for radiative heat transfer in inner spaces of buildings has been developed. The model is capable of determining radiosities, heat fluxes and heat flows with each surface of the interior. In closed spaces like interiors, the radiative energy should be conserved so that the total heat flow should be zero. This property may be formulated as the compensation theorem and should be mirrored in each reasonable model. Thus, it is desirable to verify whether our developed model satisfies such a property. The mathematical proof has been presented which has confirmed that the developed model obeys the compensation theorem. As a numerical illustration, radiative heat flows in a simple room have been computed and their total sum has been quantified and shown that this summation leads to zero value. The numerical illustrations start with formulating matrix of view factors that describe the ‘mutual visibility’ of interior surfaces and in this way they assist to redistribute radiative heat among the interior surfaces. As soon as the matrix of view factors is established, the system of algebraic equations is formed. These equations serve for computing surface radiosities. The radiosities enable estimating heat fluxes and heat flows occurring in the interior. Some of the heat flows are positive and some are negative. The positive value of heat flow means that the corresponding surface emits energy into the interior whereas the negative value indicates that the corresponding surface absorbs energy from the interior. By summing the positive and negative values of heat flows, the total heat flow can be obtained whose value is zero in agreement with the compensation theorem.
Urban Insertion Projects for the University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Authors: Sammons Thomas C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Community Design Work Shop (CDW) is an Institute within the School of Architecture and Design at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. The CDW has been involved with the community urban design projects in architecture and planning for over twenty years. During this time, the CDW has been involved with the small town projects that promoted the revival of their downtown areas and neighborhoods along with the large infrastructure designs for interstate highways and major arterials for Municipalities and the State of Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. The CDW was engaged in restoration projects for small towns following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita devastation in 2005. Additionally, the CDW has completed multiple projects for the University of Louisiana at Lafayette where the CDW team proposed the design, developed the construction documents and was involved with supervising the building construction. The purpose of the CDW is to function as an outreach Institute to the community for urban design and provide the graduate architecture students an opportunity to gain practical experience with real world design problems. The paper will focus on the process of engaging the university’s administration and students in charrettes and public meetings. Working as a team, the CDW produces the design, develops the construction documents and consults with local architects and engineers. The paper discussion will highlight three of the CDW’s projects: The University Bike Path – which links the University Research Park to the main campus completed in 2014; the redesign of the main campus Quadrangle completed in 2017; and the University International/Cultural Space, currently in progress. These three projects demonstrate how the public can be engaged in a design process; how the student learning benefits of all the students, the public, the development of the design show the construction process to completion.
Modelling of the Impact of the Retention Reservoir on the Flood Protection of the City – A Case Study for the City of Kalisz (Central Poland)
Authors: Laks Ireneusz , Walczak Zbigniew 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Floods are natural phenomena related to the circulation of water in nature and they cannot be avoided. Despite the methods of predicting floods, technological development and civilization progress, the flood risk has been still increasing. The relevant hydrotechnical advancement, rational spatial development and optimal water management have a significant impact on reducing the consequences of flooding. Particularly retention reservoirs are decisive to rising flood safety and living conditions of urban residents who are at risk of flooding. The construction of a retention reservoir is a serious engineering, economic and eco-scale challenge. It must be preceded by numerous studies and analyses necessary to carry out the entire construction process and subsequent operation in an optimal way. At present, a number of engineering and environmental analyses are supported by the use of forecasting and computational tools based on the mathematical description of a given physical phenomenon. With their use, it is possible to determine, at the design level, the impact of a technical facility on various elements of the natural or the human environment. The paper presents the impact analyses of a planned retention reservoir located on the Prosna river in the flood protection system in Kalisz (Poland). The flood protection system is insufficient in Kalisz and its weakness was demonstrated, among others, by flood in May, 2010. Analyses were based on data received from the unsteady flow numerical modelling system and optimisation methods to support the management process of retention reservoir resources for extreme periods. The formulated task of dynamic optimisation due to its non-linearity was simplified to a static task by discretisation of an independent variable.
Performance of Electrochromic Glazing: State of the Art Review
Authors: Anissa Tabet Aoul Kheira , Efurosibina Attoye Daniel , Al Ghatrif Lama 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Globally, buildings are responsible for about 45% of energy consumption, 40% of atmospheric emission, 30% of water usage and 30% of waste generation, yielding negative environmental impacts which drove intensive research to achieve a sustainable built environment. Architects are primarily responsible and bear a major stake in the design of the built environment; being professionally mandated to achieve environmentally friendly, functional, structurally stable, and aesthetically pleasing designs. Adopting innovative solutions, which do not compromise these conventional, building requirements, is therefore crucial to promoting sustainability in the built environment. This investigation reviews electrochromic (EC) glazing as a sustainable design option for buildings: its types and properties are presented along with an added focus on design, energy and cost analysis aspects. The findings indicate that EC glazing can reduce electricity demand by 7-8% for moderate window size and 14-16% for large windows. Based on building type, 6 to 11% and 8 to 15% savings are possible for commercial building and residential buildings, respectively. Based on their performance and market success, alternative strategies, such as hybrid EC windows with PV cells, are presented. Further research areas are then deduced based on this review, which may provide design, energy and cost saving benefits.
Managing Delays in Construction Projects Aiming at Cost Overrun Minimization
Authors: Anysz Hubert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The effects of the delay in construction contract execution are always negative for every party being involved. Cancelling the delays of the time schedule means the use of more production means that it was planned. It creates an additional cost. If the delays of the schedule are not cancelled, the contractor suffers from the cost increase. The penalties arisen from not keeping the milestones or the completion date are expected too. There is a trade-off: cancelling delays spending additional money now (during the contract execution) or executing a delayed contract till its end awaiting for its final settlement (showing the cost increase) and possible penalties. There is no one, correct answer how to manage a delayed construction project. There is a natural unwillingness to spend money over the budget. Nevertheless, the delayed completion date can cause much higher contractor’s expenses, than cancelling delays during the contract execution. The decisions made by the project manager depend on various factors discussed in the paper. A delay concerning the single task increases the cost of its execution at a different level. The same, the level of influence of delaying a single task, influences the completion date with varied strength. These influences depend on the location of the task in a net model – the base of a schedule. The tasks located on the critical path – defined in the Critical Path Method – should be of the special care. However, delays on not critical tasks can also break the budget and the planned completion date. The nature of delay is important as well. Lowered productivity of a workers’ brigade can make the execution of the task longer, the same as forced breaks in their efficient work. The reaction of a site manager to such causes of delay should be different, as the origin of the delays is different. The impact of the delay noticed on the single task is discussed in the paper and possible reaction (varied on the type of a delay and a task location too) are proposed. The proposed solutions aim at cost minimizing considering the total expenses spent by a contractor and possible penalties in case of the delayed completion date of a construction contract.
Modelling Negotiations of Construction Subcontract based on a Game Theory – Results of an Experiment
Authors: Anysz Hubert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The process of negotiation can be analyzed considering some scientific issues (e.g. psychological, sociological). When a construction subcontract is negotiated, as it is business activity, the rational choices should be considered more than other factors influencing the decisions of the negotiating parties. A game theory supports rational decision making based on calculations, expected values and strategic choices. An experiment was carried with the participation of the students of Civil Engineering Faculty. Five different games were prepared. The students started playing with the “nature”. Then the probabilities of the “nature” strategies were introduced. Finally, they played three one-on-one sets of repetitive games. The results prove that knowing the needs of the opposite player (knowing his/her possible strategies) leads to a win-win result where the score of both players is maximized. The experiment and its result are analyzed in the paper. The multiple negotiations, and then multiple cooperation of a general contractor with the same subcontractor on construction projects is an often case. These parties discuss the rules of their cooperation formalized in subcontracts several times. The typical image of a general contractor’s need is a low price given by a subcontractor. In fact, it the is only one of the needs. Moreover, it is not a rare case where flexibility of engagement on a building site or a high number of equipment units or favorable terms of payment are desired by a general contractor more than the low price given by a subcontractor. A subcontractor’s standing can be different too. They can search for profitable cooperation or they have to provide work for some brigades not to have them unengaged. They can afford long term payment or they have to be paid in advance. The experiment proves that disclosure of the needs (strategies) by negotiating parties leads to achievement of higher gain for both of them (when the game is repetitive). The paper sets the basis for modelling negotiations of a construction subcontract based on a game theory.
Assessment of Changes in Compressive Strength of Deep Beam Elements Made by Pumping Self-Compacting Concrete Bottom-Up
Authors: Dybel Piotr 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This experimental work investigates into the effect of a change in the compressive strength of concrete along the length and height of monolithic deep beams made of high performance self-compacting concrete (HPSCC). In the tests, three different HPSCC mixes were used in which the amount of silica fume differed (0, 5 and 10% by mass of cement). The binder content (550 kg/m3) and the water-binder ratio (0.32) were fixed. Experimental deep beams, measuring 1.60 m in length, 0.16 m in width and 0.48 m in height, were cast. Two variants of concrete mixture casting were considered in this work: from the top and from the base of the formwork system with a single casting point at one edge. No significant changes to the compressive strength along the element span were observed in the tests, independently of the casting variant or the mixture composition. However, a tendency was observed for the compressive strength to undergo a reduction with an increasing distance between the samples and the concrete casting point. On the other hand, the tests showed that independently of the concrete casting variant, the mixture composition or the distance to the concrete casting point, in the upper parts of the elements there was a concrete layer of poorer quality and lower compressive strength. The reduction of the compressive strength of the top sample with respect to the bottom one was in the range 6.1 - 15.0% for the top-down concreting and 1.0 - 10.3% for concreting from the bottom of the formwork. Casting the self-compacting mixture from the bottom of the formwork yielded a satisfactory degree of the strength homogeneity in the test element. This variant of casting may be used in practice as an alternative way of laying an self-compacting concrete mix.
The Use of Computer Simulation in Preparation of Construction Works Carried Out by Helicopters
Authors: Bistak Andrej , Hulinova Zdenka , Nestiak Michal , Gasparik Jozef 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhen constructing buildings on challenging terrain or in densely built urban areas, the potential of conventional “ground” construction technology is insufficient. In this case, a building can be constructed with the assistance of helicopters. The preparation of construction processes carried out by helicopters must respect the effects of randomly changing construction conditions, mainly weather, as well as specific helicopter working conditions. Weather conditions significantly affect helicopter parameters, especially its most important value in the construction technology – the maximum load capacity. The helicopter load is therefore not constant but it “changes in time”. The complexity of this system can be modelled by using simulation models. The built-in model should allow us to investigate the behaviour of construction processes under realistic conditions and to evaluate the proposed structure of the process based on the required criteria. This presented article deals with the conceptual design of the simulation model of the helicopter-aided construction process, including the design of the simulation scheme. The key part of the simulation model, taking into account future weather conditions at the construction site, is designed in several steps with gradual approximation using various numerical weather prediction models. Partial work results suggest that although construction production is characterized by several specific features suitable for the use of simulation methods, to date, the simulation approach, up to a few exceptions, is not used. For this reason, it is the primary objective of this research to verify the suitability of simulation modelling in the preparation of building construction, thereby creating the conditions for eventual use of simulation models in building practice as well. Processing this topic belongs to the area of interdisciplinary research, so in the future the presented methodology could be also used outside the construction sector, especially in logistics in general.
Study of Deflection in Insulating Glass Units Under Climatic Loads Simulation
Authors: Respondek Zbigniew , Major Izabela 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Insulating glass unit (IGU) is a commonly used filling element in transparent building partitions. The component glass panes in the unit are connected to each other on the edges by a spacer in such a way, that the space between them forms a tight gap filled with gas. The state of the gas in the gap can be described, with sufficient accuracy, by the law of ideal gases. Periodic changes in external climatic factors, above all atmospheric pressure and temperature, result in deflection of the component glass panes, which generates secondary loads associated with the change of gas pressure in the gap. The static quantities in the glass panes (deflection, stress) are therefore the result of the state of temporary equilibrium between the gas pressure in the gap and the external pressure. Measuring the deflection of component glass panes in operating conditions is time-consuming, because it requires waiting for changes in weather factors – these changes are often unpredictable. The aim of this article is to develop the concept of a test stand allowing the measurement of the deflection of the IGU models under the conditions of climatic loads changes simulation, where these changes can be controlled over time and generated in an orderly manner. The presented project meets these requirements. The stand is built from a massive main frame, which is the basis for the placement of deflection sensors, which is accompanied by a supporting frame, that allows placing glass panes with different thicknesses. The tested model of IGU is equipped with threaded elements, thanks to which it is possible to regulate the gas pressure inside the gap and monitor its temperature. An additional function of the stand is the ability to assess the tightness of the connection of component glass panes with the spacer, which may be an alternative to the standard way of testing this parameter.
The Effect of Determination of Ground Conditions on Expressway Embankment Foundation
Authors: Majer Stanislaw 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Proper identification of ground conditions is one of the most important stages of preparing building documentation. This stage becomes even more important when there are organic soils in the building site. The article discusses a case study of the foundation reinforcement of the expressway embankments with existing thick organic soils layers underneath. This investment was carried out in the “Design and Build” formula. Therefore, the materials made available by the Investor at the stage of preparing the offer determined the method of strengthening the weak substrate by the Contractor. Since the basic criterion for selecting the offer to complete the investment was the price, the choice of the reinforcement method had an impact on the overall cost of execution. This problem concerned about 730 m of an expressway passing through the valley. The height of the embankments was from 3 to 5.5 m, the area of the embankment’s base was about 26 500 m2 and the average depth of occurrence of weak soils was 10 m. The situation was additionally complicated by the bridge located in the missile of the section, that was based on driven piles. In the described case, the depth of occurrence of the support substrate was determined correctly, inaccuracies occurred when determining the type of organic soils and, above all, determining their state and shear strength. An additional wide range of field and laboratory tests performed during the implementation of the project, commissioned by both the contractor and the contracting party, has changed the method of ground reinforcement. The original Controlled Modulus Columns with a diameter of 40 cm in a triangular spacing with a length of over 90,000 m have been changed to precast reinforced concrete piles with a 40 x 40 cm cross-section in a square spacing with a total length of more than 57,000 m. The head of the columns was finished with a 30 cm C30/37 reinforced concrete slab instead of a transmission layer of aggregate and geosynthetics.