bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of rumen‐protected folic acid and dietary protein level on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and hepatic gene expression of dairy calves
Authors: La ShaoKai , Li Hao , Wang Cong , Liu Qiang , Guo Gang , Huo WenJie , Zhang YanLi , Pei CaiXia , Zhang ShuanLin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of rumen‐protected folic acid (RPFA) supplementation and dietary protein level on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and hepatic gene expression in calves. Forty Holstein male calves (161 ± 5.7 days of age and 192 ± 5.4 kg of body weight) were assigned to one of four groups in a randomized experimental design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate crude protein (130.1 g CP/kg [MCP] or high crude protein (150.2 g CP/kg [HCP]) diets were fed without (RPFA−) or with 3.6 mg FA (RPFA+) as RPFA per kg dietary dry matter (DM). Calves were fed a total mixed ration with a corn silage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 on a DM basis. The CP×RPFA interaction was not significant for any of the studied variables. The unchanged DM intake, higher average daily gain and lower feed conversion ratio were observed for HCP or RPFA+. Ruminal pH was lower, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration was higher for HCP or RPFA+. Acetate proportion was higher, and propionate proportion was lower for HCP or RPFA+. As a result, the higher acetate to propionate ratio was observed. Ruminal ammonia N was higher for HCP, but was lower with RPFA supplementation. The higher digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF was observed. Blood glucose and insulin were unchanged, but albumin, total protein, GH and IGF‐1 were higher. Similarly, the higher hepatic expression of GH, IGF‐1, GHR, IGF‐1R, PI3K, mTOR and P70S6K was observed for HCP or RPFA+. The results indicated that increasing dietary CP content or supplementation with RPFA promoted growth performance of calves by improving nutrient utilization and up‐regulating hepatic expression of gene related to protein synthesis.
“The challenge of managing insecurities”: Parents’ experiences with the care for their child with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Petit‐Steeghs Violet , Pittens Carina A. C. M. , Barnhoorn Magda J. M. , Broerse Jacqueline E. W. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeLast decennia remarkable advances have been made in decreasing the mortality rate of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), resulting in a relatively growing patient group with long‐term complications and complex care needs. These consequences have a huge impact on the quality of life of both children and their families. To provide practical recommendations for improving the quality of care for this patient group, the present study sought to obtain insights into the experiences and needs of parents with a child with CDH.Design and MethodsA qualitative study was conducted on the experiences and needs of parents with a child with CDH living in the Netherlands. Data was obtained by means of a discourse analyses of 17 weblogs written by parents and three online focus groups with 8–12 parents per group (n = 29). The data was analysed thematically and structured by using the model of Lawoko (2007) on parental satisfaction with care.ResultsAlthough parents were generally satisfied with the delivered care, they frequently encountered challenges in managing insecurities throughout the care process. Besides the unpredictable disease progress, insecurities were exacerbated by: (a) limited specialized knowledge of long‐term consequences, (b) logistical problems, and (c) nontransparent communication. Providing security through, for instance, a clear care plan and by engaging parents in the decision‐making process helped them feel more in control.Practice ImplicationsThis study showed that parents’ main challenge was to manage insecurities. Creating securities by providing a care plan and involving parents in the decision‐making process helped parents to feel more in control. To improve quality of care for children with CDH, future measures should, therefore, focus on reducing insecurities by managing expectations, improving transparency and stimulating engagement.
Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on‐farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle
Authors: Megahed Ameer A. , Grünberg Walter , Constable Peter D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundUrine concentration (UC) provides clinically useful information concerning hydration status and renal function of animals.ObjectivesTo characterize the clinical performance of urine specific gravity measured by optical refractometry (USG‐R) or Multistix‐SG urine reagent dipstick (USG‐D), urine electrical conductivity using an OAKTON Con 6 conductivity handheld meter (UEC), urine color (UColor) using a custom‐designed 8‐point color chart, and urine creatinine concentration (UCreat) for assessing UC in dairy cattle.Animals20 periparturient Holstein‐Friesian cows.MethodsUrine was obtained by perineal stimulation or urethral catheterization and urine osmolality (UOsm, reference method), USG‐R, USG‐D, UEC, UColor, and UCreat determined. Diagnostic test performance was evaluated using Spearman's rho and logistic regression to determine the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and optimal cut point for diagnosing hypohydration (UOsm ≥800 mOsm/kg). P < .05 was considered significant.ResultsThe best performing test for diagnosing hypohydration was USG‐R (AUC = 0.90) at an optimal cut point ≥1.030. The second‐best performing test was UEC (AUC = 0.82) at a cut point of ≥23.7 mS/cm, followed by UCreat (AUC = 0.76) at a cut point of ≥95.3 mg/dL, and UColor (AUC = 0.74) at a cut point of ≥4 on an 8‐point scale. Urine specific gravity measured by dipstick performed poorly (AUC = 0.63).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceUSG‐R and UEC provide practical and sufficiently accurate methods for measuring UC in dairy cattle. Urine color had moderate clinical utility as a no‐cost cow‐side method for assessing UC, whereas dipstick refractometry is not recommended for assessing UC.
Harnessing crowdsourcing for scholarly and GLAM purposes
Authors: Van Hyning Victoria 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFull text search is vital to research of many kinds, but automatically creating transcriptions of most handwritten materials and ornate print is not yet technologically achievable. Even companies that have invested heavily in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and search optimization, such as Alphabet (Google's parent company), have yet to make (or make widely available) technology for parsing handwritten or ornate text. Crowdsourcing conducted by scholars and cultural heritage practitioners offers an opportunity for us to engage with a diverse public who are interested in transcribing historical, literary, and other documents, in order to advance human knowledge. Crowdsourcing is a great vehicle for engaging students of all walks of life, with primary sources. Virtual volunteers all around the world are eager to learn and contribute to the vast project of making the world's textual records more widely accessible, not only for search, but for those, such as blind and partially sighted people, who use screen readers.
Comparative genomics reveal pathogenicity‐related loci inPseudomonas syringaepv.actinidiaebiovar 3
Authors: Zhao Zhibo , Chen Jiliang , Gao Xiaoning , Zhang Di , Zhang Jinlong , Wen Jing , Qin Huqiang , Guo Ming , Huang Lili 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBacterial canker of kiwifruit, is a severe global disease caused byPseudomonas syringaepv.actinidiae(Psa). Here, we found that Psa biovar 3 (Psa3) was the only biovar consisting of three widely distributed clades in the largest Chinese kiwifruit cultivated area. Comparative genomics between the three clades revealed 13 polymorphic genes, each of which had multiple intra‐clade variations. For instance, we confirmed that the polymorphiccopAgene, which encodes a periplasmic protein CopA that is translocated by the Twin‐arginine targeting (Tat) system, was involved in copper tolerance. We also found extensive variation in pathogenicity amongst strains within each genetically monomorphic clade. Accordingly, the pathogenic determinants of Psa3 were identified via a genomic comparison of phenotypically different strains within each clade. A case study of the high‐ and low‐virulence strains in the clade 2 of Psa3 revealed that anhfqvariant involved inin vitrogrowth and virulence, while a conserved locus 930 bp upstream of thehrpRgene in the Type III secretion system (T3SS) cluster was required for full pathogenicity on kiwifruit and elicitation of the hypersensitivity response on non‐hostNicotiana benthamiana. The ‘‐930’ locus is involved in transcriptional regulation ofhrpR/Sand modulates T3SS function via the hierarchical ‘HrpR/S‐HrpL‐T3SS/effector’ regulatory cascade in Psa. Our results provide insights into the molecular basis underlying the genetic diversification and evolution of pathogenicity in Psa3 since kiwifruit canker emerged in China in the 1980s.
A review of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in infants: From common to concerning
Authors: Arnold Kathryn A. , Gao Jingyun , Stein Sarah L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in infants present in a variety of patterns. These skin eruptions can be dramatic, causing alarm in parents and medical personnel. Many of these syndromes have overlapping features, which adds to the confusion and uncertainty regarding diagnosis and management. This review discusses the spectrum of hypersensitivity responses with a focus on their presentation in infants. The clinical findings, pathophysiology, histopathology, management, and complications of these conditions will be reviewed.
Breathe out and learn: Expiration‐contingent stimulus presentation facilitates associative learning in trace eyeblink conditioning
Authors: Waselius Tomi , Wikgren Jan , Penttonen Markku , Nokia Miriam S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRhythmic variation in heart rate and respiratory pattern are coupled in a way that optimizes the level of oxygen in the blood stream of the lungs and the body as well as saves energy in pulmonary gas exchange. It has been suggested that the cardiac cycle and respiratory pattern are coupled to neural oscillations of the brain. Yet, studies on how this rhythmic coupling is related to behavior are scarce. There is some evidence that, for example, the phase of respiration affects memory retrieval and the electrophysiological oscillatory state of the limbic system. It is also known that the phase of the cardiac cycle and hippocampal electrophysiological oscillations alone affect learning. Here, we studied whether the timing of training trials to different phases of respiration affects learning trace eyeblink conditioning in healthy adult humans. Trials consisting of a neutral conditioned stimulus (200‐ms tone) and a slightly aversive unconditioned stimulus (100‐ms air puff toward the eye), presented with a 600‐ms trace interval, were timed to either inspiration or expiration. A control group was trained regardless of respiratory phase. We found that, at the end of training, the rate of conditioned responses was higher in the group trained at expiration than it was in the other two groups. That is, brain state seems to fluctuate as a function of respiratory rhythm, and this fluctuation is also behaviorally relevant, exerting its effect on, at the least, a simple form of associative learning.
High‐intensity interval training in chronic kidney disease: A randomized pilot study
Authors: Beetham Kassia S. , Howden Erin J. , Fassett Robert G. , Petersen Aaron , Trewin Adam J. , Isbel Nicole M. , Coombes Jeff S. 
Published: April 2019

IntroductionHigh‐intensity interval training (HIIT) increases mitochondrial biogenesis and cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic disease populations, however has not been studied in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to compare the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of HIIT with moderate‐intensity continuous training (MICT) in people with CKD.MethodsFourteen individuals with stage 3‐4 CKD were randomized to 3 supervised sessions/wk for 12 weeks, of HIIT (n = 9, 4 × 4 minute intervals, 80%‐95% peak heart rate [PHR]) or MICT (n = 5, 40 minutes, 65% PHR). Feasibility was assessed via session attendance and adherence to the exercise intensity. Safety was examined by adverse event reporting. Efficacy was determined from changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), exercise capacity (METs), and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1α protein levels), muscle protein catabolism (MuRF1), and muscle protein synthesis (p‐P70S6k Thr389).ResultsParticipants completed a similar number of sessions in each group (HIIT = 33.0[7.0] vs MICT = 33.5[3.3] sessions), and participants adhered to the target heart rates. There were no adverse events attributable to exercise training. There was a significant time effect for exercise capacity (HIIT = +0.8 ± 1.2; MICT = +1.3 ± 1.6 METs; P = 0.01) and muscle protein synthesis (HIIT = +0.6 ± 1.1; MICT = +1.4 ± 1.7 au; P = 0.04). However, there were no significant (P > 0.05) group × time effects for any outcomes.ConclusionThis pilot study demonstrated that HIIT is a feasible and safe option for people with CKD, and there were similar benefits of HIIT and MICT on exercise capacity and skeletal muscle protein synthesis. These data support a larger trial to further evaluate the effectiveness of HIIT.
Information Technology and Local Product Variety: Substitution, Complementarity and Spillovers
Authors: De Vos Duco , Meijers Evert 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper addresses the interaction between information technology (IT) and agglomeration. The literature distinguishes two types of interactions, namely a substitution effect and a complementarity effect. We conceptualise a third effect, namely a ‘spillover’ mechanism, by which IT allows places in close proximity of large cities to ‘borrow size’ and sustain greater product variety. We test these mechanisms using detailed data on restaurant cuisine variety in the Netherlands, and the IT dimension is measured through the use and penetration of online restaurant reviews. We find that IT complements cuisine variety in cities, and induces spillovers to smaller places near larger ones, allowing smaller places to sustain ‘rare’ cuisines that were traditionally only present in larger cities. As such, IT leads to the spread of agglomeration benefits such as local product variety over larger territories.
Linguistic insecurity and the linguistic ownership of English among Singaporean Chinese
Authors: Foo Amanda Limin , Tan Ying‐Ying 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLinguistic insecurity and linguistic ownership rest on the same foundational ideas. However, despite the extensive study of both, the two concepts have never been discussed in conjunction. This paper refines both concepts and puts forth a set of conditions to test for the presence of linguistic insecurity and the exercise of linguistic ownership in 287 Singaporeans through an empirical survey examining their use of English, as well as their perceptions of other speakers in the Singapore English‐speaking community and Singapore English itself. The results reveal that Singaporeans are linguistically insecure but yet exercise full ownership of the English language. These somewhat paradoxical findings uncover an unusual relationship between linguistic insecurity and ownership. We argue in this paper that there exists a new type of linguistic ownership in Singapore, one that does not invoke notions of authority or legitimacy. It is this new notion of linguistic ownership that drives a new brand of linguistic insecurity documented in this paper.
Maternal corticosterone in the mouse alters oxidative stress markers, antioxidant function and mitochondrial content in placentas of female fetuses
Authors: Bartho Lucy A. , Holland Olivia J. , Moritz Karen M. , Perkins Anthony V. , Cuffe James S. M. 
Published: April 2019

Key points
Maternal exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone is known to programme a range of sex specific disease outcomes in offspring.
Sex differences in placental adaptations are thought to mediate these processes.
Placental oxidative stress is implicated in a range of pregnancy disorders but the role of placental oxidative stress in sex specific disease outcomes following prenatal corticosterone exposure is unknown.
This study demonstrates that maternal corticosterone reduced placental hydrogen peroxide and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine concentrations but increased protein carbonyl content and advanced glycation end product concentrations in placentas of female fetuses but not male fetuses.
These results highlight that placentas of female fetuses respond differently to maternal corticosterone exposure, with oxidative stress a major finding in placentas of female fetuses.
AbstractMaternal exposure to glucocorticoids during pregnancy increases offspring risk of developing a range of sex specific disease phenotypes. These sex specific disease outcomes are thought to be in part mediated by different placental adaptations in males and females. The placenta is a highly metabolic organ which is vulnerable to the effects of oxidative stress. In other tissues, males and females have been shown to respond differently to the pro‐oxidant effects of glucocorticoids. This study therefore used a well characterized animal model of maternal corticosterone exposure to investigate sex specific alterations in reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant concentrations and mitochondrial properties that might contribute to sex differences in placental outcomes. C57BL/6 mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps containing corticosterone (33 μg kg−1 h−1) at embryonic day (E) 12.5 and placentas collected at E14.5 for analysis. Corticosterone exposure reduced placental hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine concentrations but increased protein carbonyl content and advanced glycation end product concentrations in placentas of female fetuses but not male fetuses. This dysregulation of different markers of oxidative stress may be due to increased placental activity of thioredoxin reductase in female but not male fetuses. Corticosterone reduced placental mitochondrial content but increased protein expression of the autophagosome cargo protein p62. This study demonstrates that placentas of female fetuses respond differently to maternal corticosterone exposure and highlights an important role of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial adaptations and antioxidant responses in glucocorticoid induced programmed disease.
Prospective colonoscopic study to investigate risk of colorectal neoplasms in first-degree relatives of patients with non-advanced adenomas
Authors: Ng Siew C , Kyaw Moe Htet , Suen Bing Yee , Tse Yee Kit , Wong Martin C S , Hui Aric J , Tak Hui Yee , Lau James Y W , Sung Joseph J Y , Chan Francis K L 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveThe risk associated with a family history of non-advanced adenoma (non-AA) is unknown. We determined the prevalence of colorectal neoplasms in subjects who have a first-degree relative (FDR) with non-AA compared with subjects who do not have an FDR with adenomas.DesignIn a blinded, cross-sectional study, consecutive subjects with newly diagnosed non-AA were identified from our colonoscopy database. 414 FDRs of subjects with non-AA (known as exposed FDRs; mean age 55.0±8.1 years) and 414 age and sex-matched FDRs of subjects with normal findings from colonoscopy (known as unexposed FDRs; mean age 55.2±7.8 years) underwent a colonoscopy from November 2015 to June 2018. One FDR per family was recruited. FDRs with a family history of colorectal cancer were excluded. The primary outcome was prevalence of advanced adenoma (AA). Secondary outcomes included prevalence of all adenomas and cancer.ResultsThe prevalence of AA was 3.9% in exposed FDRs and 2.4% in unexposed FDRs (matched OR (mOR)=1.67; 95% CI 0.72 to 3.91; p=0.238 adjusted for proband sex and proband age). Exposed FDRs had a higher prevalence of any adenomas (29.2% vs 18.6%; mOR=1.87; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.66; p<0.001) and non-AA (25.4% vs 16.2%; mOR=1.91; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.76; p=0.001). A higher proportion of exposed FDRs than unexposed FDRs (4.3% vs 2.2%; adjusted mOR=2.44; 95% CI 1.01 to 5.86; p=0.047) had multiple adenomas. No cancer was detected in both groups.ConclusionA positive family history of non-AA does not significantly increase the risk of clinically important colorectal neoplasia. The data support current guidelines which do not advocate earlier screening in individuals with a family history of non-AA.Trial registration numberNCT0252172.
Occupational exposure to solvents and lung function decline: A population based study
Authors: Alif Sheikh M , Dharmage Shyamali , Benke Geza , Dennekamp Martine , Burgess John , Perret Jennifer L , Lodge Caroline , Morrison Stephen , Johns David Peter , Giles Graham , Gurrin Lyle , Thomas Paul S , Hopper John Llewelyn , Wood-Baker Richard , Thompson Bruce , Feather Iain , Vermeulen Roel , Kromhout Hans , Jarvis Debbie , Garcia Aymerich Judith , Walters E Haydn , Abramson Michael J , Matheson Melanie Claire 
Published: April 2019

RationaleWhile cross-sectional studies have shown associations between certain occupational exposures and lower levels of lung function, there was little evidence from population-based studies with repeated lung function measurements.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the associations between occupational exposures and longitudinal lung function decline in the population-based Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study.MethodsLung function decline between ages 45 years and 50 years was assessed using data from 767 participants. Using lifetime work history calendars completed at age 45 years, exposures were assigned according to the ALOHA plus Job Exposure Matrix. Occupational exposures were defined as ever exposed and cumulative exposure -unit- years. We investigated effect modification by sex, smoking and asthma status.ResultsCompared with those without exposure, ever exposures to aromatic solvents and metals were associated with a greater decline in FEV1(aromatic solvents 15.5 mL/year (95% CI −24.8 to 6.3); metals 11.3 mL/year (95% CI −21.9 to – 0.7)) and FVC (aromatic solvents 14.1 mL/year 95% CI −28.8 to – 0.7; metals 17.5 mL/year (95% CI –34.3 to – 0.8)). Cumulative exposure (unit years) to aromatic solvents was also associated with greater decline in FEV1and FVC. Women had lower cumulative exposure years to aromatic solvents than men (mean (SD) 9.6 (15.5) vs 16.6 (14.6)), but greater lung function decline than men. We also found association between ever exposures to gases/fumes or mineral dust and greater decline in lung function.ConclusionsExposures to aromatic solvents and metals were associated with greater lung function decline. The effect of aromatic solvents was strongest in women. Preventive strategies should be implemented to reduce these exposures in the workplace.