bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA
Virus Genomes
Authors: Domingo Esteban , Perales Celia 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses are the most abundant group of molecular parasites that infect humans, animals and plants. They are associated with important diseases such as human influenza, newly emerging haemorrhagic fevers or several forms of hepatitis. Virus particles are disparate in size, shape and composition, and enclose an RNA genome that can be either single stranded, double stranded, nonsegmented or segmented. Application of deep sequencing methodologies has unveiled their great abundance and ubiquity. The structural diversity of viral RNA is reflected in differences in their replication cycles that are completed through complex interactions between viral and host proteins. RNA viruses share error‐prone replication that confers on them the capacity to adapt to a wide range of environments. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of virus structure and expression of their genetic programmes, the success of preventive and control strategies has been limited. Application of Darwinian principles to RNA viruses might result in new approaches for viral disease control.

Key Concepts

RNA viruses are the most abundant group of cellular parasites.

RNA viruses are associated with many established, emerging and reemerging infections.

RNA viral genomes are diverse in structure and nucleotide sequences.

Application of deep sequencing has confirmed an extreme diversity of individual viral populations.

RNA viruses evolve following Darwinian principles.

RNA virus adaptability demands new approaches for the control of viral disease.

Lethal mutagenesis is a new antiviral strategy based on extinguishing a virus by excess mutations.
Evolutionary Ideas: Pre‐Darwinian
Authors: Gliboff Sander 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Even if they did not anticipate Darwin's evolutionary answers, naturalists, philosophers and theologians have always asked many of the same kinds of questions, about the unity, diversity and complexity of living things; their seemingly perfect adaptations to their places in nature and their patterns of distribution across the globe.

Key Concepts

For biologists today, Darwin's 1859 theory of evolution answers questions about the diversity of life forms, the common patterns in their structure, their adaptation to different environments and their distribution over geographic space and geological time.

Before Darwin, scientists, philosophers and theologians grappled with many of the same questions, sometimes anticipating Darwin's answers, but more often not.

Historically important explanatory devices included the work of chance in agglomerating atoms into viable configurations, formative forces that push and pull organic matter into shape, natural tendencies for matter to self‐organise and divine or transcendental organising principles.

These sorts of devices were in line with the scientific standards of the day and provided satisfactory answers to questions about structural unity, diversity, and adaptation.

Questions about the geographic and geological distribution of species became most pressing in the nineteenth century and seemed to require historical and evolutionary explanations.
Epitope Mapping:
B
‐Cell Epitopes
Authors: Borszekova Pulzova Lucia 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Antigen–antibody interaction is a key event in humoral immune response to invading pathogen. All of the macromolecular components of living organism (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids) are potential antigens. A specific antibody recognises antigen at discrete regions known as antigenic determinants or B‐cell epitopes. Most of the antigen surface may become part of epitopes after recognition with specific antibodies; however, the exact selection mechanism of why certain regions become B‐cell epitopes is not fully understood. The epitope mapping is the process of identification and characterisation of the antibody‐binding site on the antigen, although the term is also applied more broadly to receptor–ligand interactions unrelated to the immune system. With an ever‐increasing number of available pathogen genomes, mapping of epitopes becomes the central issue of vaccine development. Precise identification of epitope is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of immunity and autoimmunity and allows to replace an antigen in the immunisation, antibody production and serodiagnosis.

Key Concepts

Virtually any surface‐exposed residue of antigen may become part of epitope after interactions with the antibody. The exact selection mechanism governing the antibody recognition of the corresponding epitope is not known.

The experimental methods developed to identify the epitopes depend on the unique features of the reaction between an antigen and its complementary antibody.

Structural methods interpret the protein structure comprising residues in direct contact with an antibody.

Functional methods identify and characterise residues important for binding within structurally defined epitope and are based on detection of binding of antibody to antigen fragments.

Identification of B‐cell epitopes is extensively employed in the development of diagnostic tests, therapeutics and vaccines.

The epitope‐based subunit vaccines became a promising alternative to traditional vaccines; however, low immunogenicity and low affinity of raised antibodies present major drawbacks of these types of vaccines.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Authors: Raue Friedhelm , Frank‐Raue Karin 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome caused by missense gain‐of‐function mutations of the
RET
proto‐oncogene on chromosome 10. It has a strong penetrance of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and can be associated with bilateral pheo and primary hyperparathyroidism. Two different clinical variants of MEN 2 are known, MEN 2A with the subtype FMTC (familial medullary thyroid carcinoma) and MEN 2B. The specific
RET
mutation may suggest a predilection towards a particular phenotype and clinical course, with strong genotype–phenotype correlations. Recommendations on the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy and extent of surgery are based on classification of
RET
mutations into three risk levels according to genotype–phenotype correlations. By earlier identification of patients with hereditary MTC, the presentation changed from clinical tumours to preclinical disease, resulting in a high cure rate of affected patients with much better prognosis.

Key Concepts

The hereditary cancer syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2) is caused by germ‐line activating mutations of the
RET
proto‐oncogene.

Hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is the most common manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) syndrome.

Genetic testing detects nearly 100% of mutation carriers.

Two different clinical variants of MEN 2 are known, MEN 2A with the subtype FMTC and MEN 2B.

Each variant of MEN 2 results from different
RET
gene mutations with a good genotype–phenotype correlation.

Recommendation for the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy and extent of surgery is based on a classification of the
RET
mutations into three risk levels utilising the genotype–phenotype correlation and measurement of basal calcitonin in addition.

By prophylactic thyroidectomy at early ages before metastases occur, cure rate of MTC will be 100%.

The analysis of the
RET
proto‐oncogene in MEN 2 was the first step in establishing the highly personalised approach to the diagnosis and treatment of MEN 2.
Efficacy of Systolic Extinction Training in Fibromyalgia Patients With Elevated Blood Pressure Response to Stress: A Tailored Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Thieme Kati , Meller Tina , Evermann Ulrika , Malinowski Robert , Mathys Marc G. , Graceley Richard H. , Maixner William , Turk Dennis C. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveAn intrinsic pain regulatory system is modulated by both cardiovascular dynamics that influence baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and is diminished in fibromyalgia (FM). Baroreceptors relay cardiovascular output to the dorsal medial nucleus tractus solitarius reflex arcs that regulate pain, sleep, anxiety, and blood pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of systolic extinction training (SET), which combines operant treatment (OT) with baroreflex training (BRT). BRT delivers peripheral electrical stimulation within a few milliseconds of the systolic or diastolic peak in the cardiac cycle. In addition, we compared SET to OT–transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) independent of the cardiac cycle and aerobic exercise (AE)–BRT in FM patients with elevated blood pressure responses to stress.MethodsSixty‐two female patients with FM were randomized to receive either SET (n = 21), OT‐TENS (n = 20), or AE‐BRT (n = 21). Outcome assessments were performed before treatment (T1), after 5 weeks of treatment (T2), and after the 12‐month follow‐up (T3).ResultsIn contrast to patients receiving OT‐TENS or AE‐BRT, those receiving SET reported a significantly greater reduction in pain and pain interference (all P < 0.01) that was maintained at the 12‐month follow‐up. Clinically meaningful pain reduction at T3 was achieved in 82% of patients in the SET group, 39% of those in the OT‐TENS group, and only 14% of those in the AE‐BRT group. Patients in the SET group showed a significant increase (57%) in BRS following treatment, while neither the AE‐BRT group or the OT‐TENS group showed significant changes over time.ConclusionSET resulted in statistically significant, clinically meaningful, and long‐lasting pain remission and interference compared to OT‐TENS and AE‐BRT. These results suggest that BRS modification is the primary mechanism of improvement. Replication of our results using larger samples and extension to other chronic pain conditions appear to be warranted.
Single‐Crystalline Nanobelts Composed of Transition Metal Ditellurides
Authors: Kwak Jinsung , Jo Yongsu , Song Seunguk , Kim Jung Hwa , Kim Se‐Yang , Lee Jae‐Ung , Lee Sungwoo , Park Jungmin , Kim Kangwon , Lee Gun‐Do , Yoo Jung‐Woo , Kim Sung Youb , Kong Young‐Min , Lee Gwan‐Hyoung , Lee Wan‐Gyu , Park Jucheol , Xu Xiaodong , Cheong Hyeonsik , Yoon Euijoon , Lee Zonghoon , Kwon Soon‐Yong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFollowing the celebrated discovery of graphene, considerable attention has been directed toward the rich spectrum of properties offered by van der Waals crystals. However, studies have been largely limited to their 2D properties due to lack of 1D structures. Here, the growth of high‐yield, single‐crystalline 1D nanobelts composed of transition metal ditellurides at low temperatures (T ≤ 500 °C) and in short reaction times (t ≤ 10 min) via the use of tellurium‐rich eutectic metal alloys is reported. The synthesized semimetallic 1D products are highly pure, stoichiometric, structurally uniform, and free of defects, resulting in high electrical performances. Furthermore, complete compositional tuning of the ternary ditelluride nanobelts is achieved with suppressed phase separation, applicable to the creation of unprecedented low‐dimensional materials/devices. This approach may inspire new growth/fabrication strategies of 1D layered nanostructures, which may offer unique properties that are not available in other materials.
Grain‐Boundary “Patches” by In Situ Conversion to Enhance Perovskite Solar Cells Stability
Authors: Liu Lang , Huang Sheng , Lu Yue , Liu Pengfei , Zhao Yizhou , Shi Congbo , Zhang Siyu , Wu Jiafeng , Zhong Haizheng , Sui Manling , Zhou Huanping , Jin Haibo , Li Yujing , Chen Qi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe power conversion efficiency of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells has increased rapidly, but the device stability remains a big challenge. Previous studies show the grain boundary (GB) can facilitate ion migration and initiate device degradation. Herein, methimazole (MMI) is employed for the first time to construct a surface “patch” by in situ converting residual PbI2 at GBs. The resultant MMI–PbI2 complex can effectively suppress ion migration and inhibit diffusion of the metal electrodes. The origin of the surface “patch” effect and their working mechanisms are investigated experimentally and theoretically at the microscopic level. It hence demonstrates a simple and effective method to prolong the device stability in the context of GB engineering, which could be extensively applied to perovskite‐based optoelectronics.
An Artificial Sensory Neuron with Tactile Perceptual Learning
Authors: Wan Changjin , Chen Geng , Fu Yangming , Wang Ming , Matsuhisa Naoji , Pan Shaowu , Pan Liang , Yang Hui , Wan Qing , Zhu Liqiang , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSensory neurons within skin form an interface between the external physical reality and the inner tactile perception. This interface enables sensory information to be organized identified, and interpreted through perceptual learning—the process whereby the sensing abilities improve through experience. Here, an artificial sensory neuron that can integrate and differentiate the spatiotemporal features of touched patterns for recognition is shown. The system comprises sensing, transmitting, and processing components that are parallel to those found in a sensory neuron. A resistive pressure sensor converts pressure stimuli into electric signals, which are transmitted to a synaptic transistor through interfacial ionic/electronic coupling via a soft ionic conductor. Furthermore, the recognition error rate can be dramatically decreased from 44% to 0.4% by integrating with the machine learning method. This work represents a step toward the design and use of neuromorphic electronic skin with artificial intelligence for robotics and prosthetics.
Highly Efficient 2D/3D Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells via Low‐Pressure Vapor‐Assisted Solution Process
Authors: Li Ming‐Hsien , Yeh Hung‐Hsiang , Chiang Yu‐Hsien , Jeng U‐Ser , Su Chun‐Jen , Shiu Hung‐Wei , Hsu Yao‐Jane , Kosugi Nobuhiro , Ohigashi Takuji , Chen Yu‐An , Shen Po‐Shen , Chen Peter , Guo Tzung‐Fang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe fabrication of multidimensional organometallic halide perovskite via a low‐pressure vapor‐assisted solution process is demonstrated for the first time. Phenyl ethyl‐ammonium iodide (PEAI)‐doped lead iodide (PbI2) is first spin‐coated onto the substrate and subsequently reacts with methyl‐ammonium iodide (MAI) vapor in a low‐pressure heating oven. The doping ratio of PEAI in MAI‐vapor‐treated perovskite has significant impact on the crystalline structure, surface morphology, grain size, UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra, and the resultant device performance. Multiple photoluminescence spectra are observed in the perovskite film starting with high PEAI/PbI2 ratio, which suggests the coexistence of low‐dimensional perovskite (PEA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1) with various values of n after vapor reaction. The dimensionality of the as‐fabricated perovskite film reveals an evolution from 2D, hybrid 2D/3D to 3D structure when the doping level of PEAI/PbI2 ratio varies from 2 to 0. Scanning electron microscopy images and Kelvin probe force microscopy mapping show that the PEAI‐containing perovskite grain is presumably formed around the MAPbI3 perovskite grain to benefit MAPbI3 grain growth. The device employing perovskite with PEAI/PbI2 = 0.05 achieves a champion power conversion efficiency of 19.10% with an open‐circuit voltage of 1.08 V, a current density of 21.91 mA cm−2, and a remarkable fill factor of 80.36%.
Self‐Destructing Secured Microchips by On‐Chip Triggered Energetic and Corrosive Attacks for Transient Electronics
Authors: Pandey Shashank S. , Banerjee Niladri , Xie Yan , Mastrangelo Carlos H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe paper presents two techniques of triggered chip self‐destruction or transience toward realization of highly secured microchips. Both methods are developed to affect a surface transience where the chip surface is destroyed on trigger. The first transience method utilizes a solid‐state energetic exothermal energy release that melts the surface of the microchips and the second method involves release of a corrosive chemical agent on the target chip from a microfluidic plane that dissolves the surface of the chip. The exothermic energy release layer was developed as a spinnable nanothermite thin film with a self‐assembled CuO/Al nanothermite mixture densely dispersed in a Napalm‐B gelling agent. This thin film could be ignited through resistive heating or through an electric spark. In the other method, a microfluidic plane is fabricated over the target chip and demonstrably containing perfectly sealed reservoirs of different acidic agents is equipped to release them on being triggered on the chip to execute transience action. Both methods are developed as an add‐on technique without requiring any specialized chip design and are shown to successfully destroy silicon test microchips with electrical components in a short time ranging from less than a second to within 13 s of trigger activation.
Synthesis and Adsorption Properties for Cationic Dyes of Acrylic Acid/Vermiculite Hydrogel Initiated by Glow‐Discharge‐Electrolysis Plasma
Authors: Lu Quanfang , Zheng Jidong , Yu Jie , Yang Shuxiu , Ma Deli , Yang Wu , Gao Jinzhang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this work, an acrylic acid/vermiculite (AA/VMT) hydrogel was prepared by glow‐discharge‐electrolysis plasma initiated graft copolymerization, in which N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide was used as a cross‐linker. The structure, thermal stability, morphology and surface area of AA/VMT hydrogel were characterized by FT‐IR, TG, SEM, and automated porosimeter. Cationic dyes such as Crystal violet (CV) and Methylene blue (MB) were used for testing the adsorption property. Factors influencing adsorption such as pH, contact time, concentration were investigated by batch experiments. Adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were employed to illustrate the hydrogel‐dye interaction. The results showed that the best parameters for the adsorption of dyes were pH = 6 and contact time 2 h. The adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo‐second‐order model with multi‐step diffusion process. Both Langmuir and Redlich‐Peterson isotherms were well agreed with the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacities of CV and MB on AA/VMT hydrogel were 2575.2 and 2674.0 mg g−1, respectively.
Influence of annealing time on linear rheology and morphology of silica filled polyisoprene rubber and ethylene‐propylene rubber
Authors: Xie Zhou , Xu Yiting , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTDynamic rheology in combination of fluorescence and molecular weight analysis was carried out to explore annealing‐induced structural evolutions in silica filled polyisoprene rubber (IR) and ethylene‐propylene rubber compounds containing rhodamine B modified silica of 2.5% in volume fraction. The results show that storage modulus of the ethylene‐propylene rubber compounds increases slightly with increasing annealing time while that of the IR compounds exhibits a peaking behavior at mediate silica contents. Fluorescence tests reveal that the silica agglomerates in both compounds while the agglomeration is more significant in the IR ones. Molecular weight analysis shows that IR in the compounds undergoes degradation during the annealing. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46679.
Methylated Nucleobases: Synthesis and Evaluation for Base Pairing In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Jabgunde Amit M. , Jaziri Faten , Bande Omprakash , Froeyen Matheus , Abramov Mikhail , Nguyen Hoai , Schepers Guy , Lescrinier Eveline , Pinheiro Vitor B. , Pezo Valérie , Marlière Philippe , Herdewijn Piet 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe synthesis, base pairing properties and in vitro (polymerase) and in vivo (E. coli) recognition of 2′‐deoxynucleotides with a 2‐amino‐6‐methyl‐8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐purine (X), a 2‐methyl‐6‐thiopurine (Y) and a 6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidone (Z) base moiety are described. As demonstrated by Tm measurements, the X and Y bases fail to form a self‐complementary base pair. Despite this failure, enzymatic incorporation experiments show that selected DNA polymerases recognize the X nucleotide and incorporate this modified nucleotide versus X in the template. In vivo, X is mainly recognized as a A/G or C base; Y is recognized as a G or C base and Z is mostly recognized as T or C. Replacing functional groups in nucleobases normally involved in W−C recognition (6‐carbonyl and 2‐amino group of purine; 6‐carbonyl of pyrimidine) readily leads to orthogonality (absence of base pairing with natural bases).
Sulfonated Hollow Covalent Organic Polymer: Highly‐Selective Adsorption toward Cationic Organic Dyes over Anionic Ones in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Jian‐Hong , Zhang Yue , An Lian‐Cai , Wang Wen‐He , Zhang Ying‐Hui , Bu Xian‐He 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA sulfonated hollow covalent organic polymer (sh‐COP‐P) was prepared by post sulfonation of hollow covalent organic polymer (h‐COP‐P) synthesized through poly‐condensation of tetrabiphenylporphyrin (TBPP). In comparison with h‐COP‐P, sh‐COP‐P exhibits significantly enhanced adsorption capacity of organic cationic dyes in aqueous solutions accompanied with notably reduced adsorption capacity of anionic dyes. This gives sh‐COP‐P a satisfactory performance in selectively separating cationic organic dyes from anionic ones, mainly attributed to the electrostatic interaction between polymer backbone and the guest molecules.
A novel architecture of Proxy‐LMA mobility management scheme for software‐based smart factory networking
Authors: Cho Chulhee , Chung Tai‐Myoung 
Published: June 2018

SummaryMobile users expect a network service, in which seamless handoff occurs while moving on a next generation wireless network. In addition, in smart factories (SFs), communication is required between factory floor and manufacturing zone, as well as connectivity towards office IT, or remote production facilities that are connected via wide area network or internet. For this purpose, interworking between heterogeneous networks is important, but there has been little research on global mobility support. Therefore, this paper proposes Proxy‐LMA technology, a mobile IP‐based global internetworking system, to improve global mobility and interoperability in the SFs network environment. The purpose of the proposed Proxy‐LMA system is to support global mobility by using mobility management protocols such as PMIPv6 and MIPv6 in heterogeneous network environment. As a result of the performance evaluation, Proxy‐LMA system is more efficient than other methods in terms of signaling cost and response delay in heterogeneous network environment. Software‐based networking in SFs enables them to easily adapt the communication network to changing requirements. Similar to cloud‐based systems, such SFs could be seen as production clusters that could be rented and configured as needed. The SF network uses software‐defined networking combined with network functions virtualization, to achieve the required flexibility. Despite the fact that the technology is nowadays not yet ready for deployment in today's manufacturing networks, a novel network architecture for SFs based on software‐defined networking and network virtualization is here proposed, to support smart services, especially for Industrie 4.0.