bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gestion rigoureuse et agile de la stratégie : un préalable à la croissance à long terme des entreprises
Authors: Hadaya Pierre , Gagnon Bernard 
Published: June 2018

De 50 % à 90 % des efforts stratégiques des entreprises sont en définitive considérés comme des échecs 1 . Par conséquent, peu d’entreprises réussissent à créer et à maintenir un avantage concurrentiel ainsi qu’à assurer leur croissance de façon durable. Les entreprises peuvent toutefois éviter le naufrage grâce à un système rigoureux et agile de gestion de la stratégie.
Immune Checkpoint Blockade Restores HIV-Specific CD4 T Cell Help for NK Cells
Authors: Porichis Filippos , Hart Meghan G. , Massa Alexandra , Everett Holly L. , Morou Antigoni , Richard Jonathan , Brassard Nathalie , Veillette Maxime , Hassan Muska , Ly Ngoc Le , Routy Jean-Pierre , Freeman Gordon J. , Dubé Mathieu , Finzi Andrés , Kaufmann Daniel E. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Immune exhaustion is an important feature of chronic infections, such as HIV, and a barrier to effective immunity against cancer. This dysfunction is in part controlled by inhibitory immune checkpoints. Blockade of the PD-1 or IL-10 pathways can reinvigorate HIV-specific CD4 T cell function in vitro, as measured by cytokine secretion and proliferative responses upon Ag stimulation. However, whether this restoration of HIV-specific CD4 T cells can improve help to other cell subsets impaired in HIV infection remains to be determined. In this study, we examine a cohort of chronically infected subjects prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and individuals with suppressed viral load on ART. We show that IFN-γ induction in NK cells upon PBMC stimulation by HIV Ag varies inversely with viremia and depends on HIV-specific CD4 T cell help. We demonstrate in both untreated and ART-suppressed individuals that dual PD-1 and IL-10 blockade enhances cytokine secretion of NK cells via restored HIV-specific CD4 T cell function, that soluble factors contribute to these immunotherapeutic effects, and that they depend on IL-2 and IL-12 signaling. Importantly, we show that inhibition of the PD-1 and IL-10 pathways also increases NK degranulation and killing of target cells. This study demonstrates a previously underappreciated relationship between CD4 T cell impairment and NK cell exhaustion in HIV infection, provides a proof of principle that reversal of adaptive immunity exhaustion can improve the innate immune response, and suggests that immune checkpoint modulation that improves CD4/NK cell cooperation can be used as adjuvant therapy in HIV infection.
Active mTORC2 Signaling in Naive T Cells Suppresses Bone Marrow Homing by Inhibiting CXCR4 Expression
Authors: Arojo Omotooke A. , Ouyang Xinxing , Liu Dou , Meng Ting , Kaech Susan M. , Pereira Joao P. , Su Bing 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Recirculation of naive T cells between secondary lymphoid organs to receive survival cues and scan for signs of infection or other pathologic conditions is important for immune homeostasis and effective immune responses. Although the mechanisms that specifically guide the entry of naive T cells into secondary lymphoid organs are well studied, the mechanisms that keep them from fluxing into inappropriate or undesirable compartments, such as healthy tissues or bone marrow, are less well understood. In this study, we report an unexpected finding that under steady state, bone marrow homing of naive T cells is actively suppressed by mTORC2 signaling. We found that in mice, T cell–specific deletion of an essential mTORC2 component Sin1 results in increased accumulation of naive T cells in the bone marrow. Mechanistically, we show that loss of mTORC2 signaling in naive T cells results in enhanced FOXO1 activity, which leads to increased CXCR4 expression and chemotactic response to CXCL12, a key chemokine that promotes bone marrow homing and retention of T cells. Together, the results of our study reveal a novel role of mTORC2 in T cell homeostasis via active suppression of naive T cell bone marrow homing by the mTORC2–FOXO1–CXCR4 axis.
The internal and external consistency of a speech reception threshold test for isiZulu speakers with normal hearing sensitivity
Authors: Panday Seema , Kathard Harsha , Pillay Mershen , Wilson Wayne 
Published: June 2018

Background and objectives: This study investigated reliability, particularly the internal and external consistency, of a new isiZulu speech reception threshold (SRT) test. Methods: To examine internal consistency, 21 adult isiZulu speakers with normal hearing sensitivity completed the SRT test using the first and second halves of the SRT wordlist in the same test session. To examine external consistency, a separate 23 adult isiZulu speakers with normal hearing sensitivity completed the SRT test, using the whole word list on two occasions 4 weeks apart. Consistency of SRT test scores in these test conditions was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient analyses (a measure of the consistency or reproducibility of different observations of the same quantity) and Bland and Altman analyses of agreement (a comparison of measurement error with the expected variation amongst subjects). Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient values ranged from 0.69 to 0.79, showing the isiZulu test scores were highly consistent between the test and retest conditions used in this study. Bland and Altman analyses showed that isiZulu speakers with normal hearing sensitivity can be expected to return isiZulu SRT test scores that differ by no more than 7.5 dB HL – 8.7 dB HL between original and repeat assessments. Conclusion: The isiZulu SRT test was reliable, showing high internal and external consistency, when used to assess first-language speakers of isiZulu with normal hearing sensitivity. These findings warrant continued development of the isiZulu SRT test for eventual clinical use. This development should include validating this test on first-language speakers of isiZulu with and without hearing loss.
Factors relating to the attraction of talented early career academics in South African higher education institutions
Authors: Lesenyeho Dorcas L. , Barkhuizen Nicolene E. , Schutte Nico E. 
Published: June 2018

Orientation: South African higher education institutions (HEIs) are facing significant challenges in attracting talents to academic positions.Research purpose: The main objective of this research was to determine factors that will attract early career academics to South African HEIs.Motivation for the study: Currently there exists limited research on factors that attract early career academics to HEIs as preferred employers.Research approach, design and method: A qualitative approach was adopted for this study; semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain data. The study participants comprised of 23 academic staff members from various merged South African HEIs.Main findings: The findings show that nine themes are related to the attraction of early career academics to HEIs: career development and advancement, opportunities to make a contribution, employer branding and prestige, job security, flexible working hours (work–life balance), intellectual stimulation, innovation, opportunity to apply skills and autonomy.Practical/managerial implications: The results also challenge HEIs to develop a superior employer brand with a strong employee value proposition (EVP) that would attract, develop and reward early career academics for their work efforts.Contribution/value-add: The study provides important practical guidelines that could assist HEIs to attract talented early career academics and become an employer of choice.
A replication recipe: list your ingredients before you start cooking
Authors: Chang Andrew C. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The author argues that researchers should do replications using preanalysis plans. These plans should specify at least three characteristics that would act as stopping rules for the replicator: (1) how much flowtime the replicator will spend, (2) how much money and effort (working hours) the replicator will spend, and (3) the intended results and the precision of the replication necessary for “success”. A researcher’s replication will be “successful” according to context-specific criteria in the preanalysis plan. The author also argues that the two biggest drawbacks of preanalysis plans—(1) that they discount unexpected but extraordinary findings and (2) that they make it difficult for researchers to prespecify all possible actions in their decision trees—are less relevant for replications compared with new research. He concludes with describing a preanalysis plan for replicating a paper on housing demand and household formation.
The importance of mixed-phase and ice clouds for climate sensitivity in the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2
Authors: Lohmann Ulrike , Neubauer David 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. How clouds change in a warmer climate remains one of the largest
uncertainties for the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). While a large
spread in the cloud feedback arises from low-level clouds, it was recently
shown that mixed-phase clouds are also important for ECS. If mixed-phase
clouds in the current climate contain too few supercooled cloud droplets, too
much ice will change to liquid water in a warmer climate. As shown by
Tan et al. (2016), this overestimates the negative cloud-phase feedback and
underestimates ECS in the CAM global climate model (GCM). Here we use
the newest version of the ECHAM6-HAM2 GCM to investigate the importance of
mixed-phase and ice clouds for ECS. Although we also considerably underestimate the fraction of supercooled
liquid water globally in the reference version of the ECHAM6-HAM2 GCM, we do not
obtain increases in ECS in simulations with more supercooled liquid water in
the present-day climate, different from the findings by Tan et al. (2016). We
hypothesize that it is not the global supercooled liquid water fraction that
matters, but only how well low- and mid-level mixed-phase clouds with cloud-top temperatures in the mixed-phase temperature range between 0 and
−35 ∘C that are not shielded by higher-lying ice clouds are
simulated. These occur most frequently in midlatitudes, in particular over
the Southern Ocean where they determine the amount of absorbed shortwave
radiation. In ECHAM6-HAM2 the amount of absorbed shortwave radiation over the
Southern Ocean is only significantly overestimated if all clouds below
0 ∘C consist exclusively of ice. Only in this simulation is ECS
significantly smaller than in all other simulations and the cloud optical
depth feedback is the dominant cloud feedback. In all other
simulations, the cloud optical depth feedback is weak and changes in cloud
feedbacks associated with cloud amount and cloud-top pressure dominate the
overall cloud feedback. However, apart from the simulation with only ice
below 0 ∘C, differences in the overall cloud feedback are not
translated into differences in ECS in our model. This insensitivity to the
cloud feedback in our model is explained with compensating effects in the
clear sky.
Fungal loop transfer of nitrogen depends on biocrust constituents and nitrogen form
Authors: Aanderud Zachary T. , Smart Trevor B. , Wu Nan , Taylor Alexander S. , Zhang Yuanming , Belnap Jayne 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Besides performing multiple ecosystem services individually and collectively,
biocrust constituents may also create biological networks connecting
spatially and temporally distinct processes. In the fungal loop hypothesis
rainfall variability allows fungi to act as conduits and reservoirs,
translocating resources between soils and host plants. To evaluate the extent
to which biocrust species composition and nitrogen (N)
form influence loops, we created a minor, localized rainfall event containing
15NH4+ and 15NO3-. We then measured the
resulting δ15N in the surrounding dry cyanobacteria- and
lichen-dominated crusts and grass, Achnatherum hymenoides, after
24 h. We also estimated the biomass of fungal constituents using
quantitative PCR and characterized fungal
communities by sequencing the 18S rRNA gene. We found evidence for the
initiation of fungal loops in cyanobacteria-dominated crusts where
15N, from 15NH4+, moved 40 mm h−1 in
biocrust soils with the δ15N of crusts decreasing as the
radial distance from the water addition increased (linear mixed effects model
(LMEM)): R2=0.67, F2,12=11, P=0.002). In cyanobacteria crusts, δ15N, from
15NH4+, was diluted as Ascomycota biomass increased (LMEM:
R2=0.63, F2,8=6.8, P=0.02), Ascomycota accounted for
82 % (±2.8) of all fungal sequences, and one order, Pleosporales,
comprised 66 % (±6.9) of Ascomycota. The seeming lack of loops in
moss-dominated crusts may stem from the relatively large moss biomass
effectively absorbing and holding N from our minor wet deposition
event. The substantial movement of 15NH4+ may indicate a
fungal preference for the reduced N form during amino acid
transformation and translocation. We found a marginally significant
enrichment of δ15N in A. hymenoides leaves but
only in cyanobacteria biocrusts translocating 15N, offering
evidence of links between biocrust constituents and higher plants. Our
results suggest that minor rainfall events may initiate fungal loops
potentially allowing constituents, like dark septate Pleosporales, to rapidly
translocate N from NH4+ over NO3- through
biocrust networks.
Postume rente in de wettelijke vereffening
Authors: van Anken J.M. 
Published: June 2018

Postume rente in de wettelijke vereffening
Rentetermijnen die vervallen na overlijden van een schuldenaar wiens nalatenschap wordt vereffend conform afdeling 4.6.3 BW leveren in de praktijk onduidelijkheid op. Deze bijdrage vergelijkt twee op dit punt relevante rechterlijke uitspraken, om vervolgens de behandeling van rentetermijnen in faillissement voor het voetlicht te brengen. Daarna wordt beargumenteerd waarom die behandeling ook in vereffening dient te worden gevolgd en wordt geanalyseerd wat daarvan de praktische gevolgen zijn. Daarbij wordt aandacht besteed aan aansprakelijkheid en verhaalsaansprakelijkheid en wat de relevantie is van een eventueel negatief saldo en het onderscheid tussen de zware en lichte vereffening.
Procederen bij de kantonrechter in erfrechtzaken: de nieuwe Handleiding erfrechtprocedures kantonrechter
Authors: Diks J.Th.M. 
Published: June 2018

Procederen bij de kantonrechter in erfrechtzaken: de nieuwe Handleiding erfrechtprocedures kantonrechter
Op 12 december 2017 werd de Handleiding erfrechtprocedures kantonrechter vastgesteld. De handleiding vervangt de versie uit 2008. In deze bijdrage wordt de nieuwe handleiding besproken. Naast de doelstelling en opzet van de handleiding worden de algemene opmerkingen uit de handleiding besproken. De belangrijkste inhoudelijke wijzigingen ten opzichte van de vorige versie komen aan de orde.
Not All Ductal Carcinomas In Situ Are Created IDLE (Indolent Lesions of Epithelial Origin)
Authors: Alexander Melissa , Beyda Jessica , Nayak Anupma , Jaffer Shabnam 
Published: June 2018

Context.—Mammographic screening has increased the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but this has not been accompanied by a decline in the incidence of invasive carcinoma (IC). Consequently, the surgical treatment of DCIS has recently been questioned, with some advocating only surveillance (with or without neoadjuvant endocrine therapy) after a core biopsy diagnosis of DCIS.Objectives.—To examine the predictive value of a core biopsy diagnosis of DCIS, particularly the upgrade rate to IC, and to identify associated factors.Design.—Using the pathology database, we identified 2943 cases of DCIS diagnosed on core biopsy from 2000 to 2015, of which 229 cases (8%) later had the stage upgraded to IC.Results.—Ages ranged from 25 to 90 years (mean, 59 years). The DCIS presented with calcifications in 151 of 229 cases (65.9%), was widespread in 26 of 151 cases (17%), had a mass or density present in 70 of 229 cases (31%), with heterogeneous echogenic features in 44 of those 70 cases (63%), and an enhancement upon magnetic resonance imaging in 8 of 229 cases (3.5%). Of the 229 cases, the DCIS grades were as follows: low in 29 cases (13%), intermediate in 79 cases (36%), and high in 121 cases (53%). Of the 229 cases, necrosis was present in 152 (66.4%) and was comedo necrosis in 99 cases (43%). Of the 229 cases of IC, the tumor stage was as follows: microIC in 36 (16%), T1a in 119 (52%), T1b in 35 (15%), T1c in 28 (12%), T2 in 8 (3%), and T3 in 3 cases (1%). Axillary lymph nodes were staged in 167 patients as follows: N0, 141 cases (84%); N0(i+), 14 cases (8%); and N1, 12 cases (7%). The 12 N1 cases were subclassified by T stage as follows: T1a, 1 case (8%); T1b, 4 cases (33%); T1c, 2 cases (17%); T2, 4 cases (33%); and T3, 1 case (8%). The IC cases of stage upgrading were predominantly smaller than 2 cm (218 of 229; 95%), and more than two-thirds were smaller than 0.5 cm (155 of 229; 95%), most of which were accompanied by extensive DCIS.Conclusions.—Approximately one-half of the upgrades were associated with high-grade DCIS, especially with comedo necrosis; nevertheless, the other one-half of the upgrades were due to low- and intermediate-grade DCIS and should not be underestimated. There were few positive results from axillary lymph node biopsies, but they occurred in 3% (7 of 218) of the carcinomas smaller than 2 cm. Our findings indicate that caution is needed when DCIS cases diagnosed by core biopsy are treated nonsurgically with surveillance (with or without neoadjuvant endocrine therapy), given the number of cases (229 of 2943; 8%) that are upgraded to IC and those with axillary lymph node metastases (12 of 167; 7%).
Short-Duration Rapid Chilling of Mastectomy Specimens Does Not Interfere With Breast Cancer Biomarker and Molecular Testing
Authors: Kumarapeli Asangi R. , Bellamy William , Olgaard Ericka , Massoll Nicole , Korourian Soheila 
Published: June 2018

Context.—
A thorough gross examination of specimens for breast cancer requires the tissue to be very thinly sectioned, which is often difficult in large mastectomy samples. We have implemented rapid chilling of mastectomy specimens before formalin fixation.

Objective.—
To evaluate the effects of rapid chilling of breast tissue on subsequent biomarker and molecular testing.

Design.—
Mastectomy specimens were chilled at −80°C for 20 minutes to facilitate uniform sectioning of tissue at 4-mm intervals and enhance proper fixation and identification of small lesions. The integrity of chilled tissue for ancillary and molecular testing was assessed. We identified patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer on biopsy at outside institutions and subsequently underwent mastectomy at our institution during 2010–2014. We compared the results of biomarker testing performed on biopsy tissue with those performed on mastectomy tissue. The quantity and quality of DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) mastectomy tissue with invasive carcinoma were assessed by using spectrophotometry and polymerase chain reaction. All Oncotype DX reports from 2011–2014 were reviewed to identify any documented evidence of assay interference caused by rapid chilling of tissue.

Results.—
We found essentially 100% concordances in estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 gene ERBB2 (HER2/neu) studies. Extracted tumor DNA showed suitable purity and concentration that produced amplified fragments of 300 to 400 base pair lengths by polymerase chain reaction of FFPE tissue. No documented assay interferences were found in the Oncotype DX reports.

Conclusions.—
Short-duration rapid chilling of mastectomy tissue improves gross examination, optimally preserves DNA, allows for molecular testing, and does not interfere with biomarker assessment.
A Cadaveric Study of Metatarsal Length and Its Function in the Metatarsal Formula and Forefoot Pathology
Authors: Stoupine Anna , Singh Bibi Nafesa 
Published: June 2018

Background:The metatarsal parabola or formula is an important principle in assessing normal foot structure and pathology. To understand what effect the positions of the distal ends of the metatarsals have on foot function, the relative length of each metatarsal must be considered. The purpose of this study was to investigate what the normal metatarsal formula is and compare these findings with previous research.Methods:Measurements of metatarsal lengths were taken from 20 feet of five male and five female cadavers. The mean lengths were used to identify each donor's metatarsal formula.Results:On average, the most common formula presented was in the order of metatarsals II&gt;III&gt;IV&gt;V&gt;I.Conclusions:These findings differ from historic measurements and raise questions regarding which metatarsal formula is considered normal. Further investigation is needed to standardize a more reliable method of measuring metatarsal lengths for evaluating foot biomechanics and planning forefoot surgeries.
Reproducibility and Reliability of the Radiographic Angles Used to Assess Tailor's Bunions
Authors: Shofler David W. , McKenna Bryon , Huang Johnny , Christman Robert A. 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Tailor's bunion, or bunionette, deformity is a common condition of the lateral forefoot. To aid in assessing the deformity, radiographic angular measurements are frequently used. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and reproducibility of these angular measurements.

Methods:
Thirty unique weightbearing dorsoplantar digital radiographs of pathologic feet were compiled. For these 30 radiographs and for ten repeated radiographs, six practicing clinicians measured the following angles: the fourth to fifth intermetatarsal angle, the lateral deviation angle, and the fifth metatarsophalangeal angle. Both traditional and modified versions of the fourth to fifth intermetatarsal angle were included.

Results:
Intraclass correlation coefficient values were calculated for each of the angles studied. Intrarater reliability was highest for the fifth metatarsophalangeal angle and lowest for the lateral deviation angle. Intrarater reliability was higher for the traditional fourth to fifth intermetatarsal angle than for the modified version. The interrater reliability calculations revealed parallel findings.

Conclusions:
Accurate assessment is critical when planning for surgical intervention. Awareness of the relative reliability of these radiographic angular measurements can aid in preoperative planning and may be of benefit in procedure selection.