bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Performance Photodiode Based on Atomically Thin WSe2/MoS2 Nanoscroll Integration
Authors: Deng Wenjie , You Congya , Chen Xiaoqing , Wang Yi , Li Yufo , Feng Beibei , Shi Ke , Chen Yongfeng , Sun Ling , Zhang Yongzhe 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSelf‐assembled structures of 2D materials with novel physical and chemical properties, such as the good electrical and optoelectrical performance in nanoscrolls, have attracted a lot of attention. However, high photoresponse speed as well as high responsivity cannot be achieved simultaneously in the nanoscrolls. Here, a photodiode consisting of single MoS2 nanoscrolls and a p‐type WSe2 is demonstrated and shows excellent photovoltaic characteristics with a large open‐circuit voltage of 0.18 V and high current intensity. Benefiting from the heterostructure, the dark current is suppressed resulting in an increased ratio of photocurrent to dark current (two orders of magnitude higher than the single MoS2 nanoscroll device). Furthermore, it yields high responsivity of 0.3 A W−1 (corresponding high external quantum efficiency of ≈75%) and fast response time of 5 ms, simultaneously. The response speed is increased by three orders of magnitude over the single MoS2 nanoscroll device. In addition, broadband photoresponse up to near‐infrared could be achieved. This atomically thin WSe2/MoS2 nanoscroll integration not only overcomes the disadvantage of MoS2 nanoscrolls, but also demonstrates a single nanoscroll‐based heterostructure with high performance, promising its potential in the future optoelectronic applications.
Tracking Dynamic Phase Segregation in Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystals under Two‐Photon Scanning Laser Illumination
Authors: Chen Weijian , Mao Wenxin , Bach Udo , Jia Baohua , Wen Xiaoming 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPhotoinduced phase segregation in mixed halide perovskites has received considerable attention due to its critical roles in diminishing device performance in photovoltaic and light‐emitting applications. Here, dynamic photoinduced phase segregation and dark recovery in mixed halide perovskite single crystal microplatelets are investigated, combining depth‐resolved, temporal‐resolved, and detection‐wavelength selective spectroscopic imaging techniques. Under identical illumination, the edges and interior of microplatelets exhibit significantly different phase segregation. An intimate correlation of PL dynamics between I‐phase and Br‐phase indicates that the halide substitution is the dominant effect. In the dark, the phase‐segregated crystals reversibly recover to the stable equivalence. This work clarifies the critical role of the edge state of the microplatelets and reveals the physical mechanism of phase segregation in mixed halide perovskites, which is of crucial importance for their applications in photovoltaics and photonics.
TRPM2 participates the transformation of acute pain to chronic pain during injury‐induced neuropathic pain
Authors: Wang Hong , Song Tieying , Wang Wenli , Zhang Zaiwang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTransient receptor melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a nonselective Ca2+‐permeable cation channel highly expressed in brain and other tissues. Studies showed that TRPM2 contributed to the induction of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine of immune cells, resulted in neuropathic pain. However, how TRPM2 regulates neuropathic pain is not clear. The sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model was used to induce chronic neuropathic pain. The RNA and protein level of TRPM2 was detected with real‐time PCR and western blot. SiRNA targeting TRPM2 was used to knockdown the expression of TRPM2. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined using H2DCFDA assay and NO production was analyzed by measuring the accumulated level of its stable metabolite (nitrite). We found that CCI significantly increased TRPM2 expression in dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Knockdown TRPM2 in early phase after CCI alleviated injury‐induced neuropathic pain. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TRPM2 knockdown drastically inhibited the iNOS expression and NO generation, with decreased ROS generation in CCI rat. TRPM2 participates in the transformation of acute pain to chronic pain during injury‐induced neuropathic pain, which might serve as a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain.
Understanding the role cumulative exposure to highly qualified science teachers plays in students' educational pathways
Authors: Lee Se Woong , Mamerow Geoff 
Published: May 2019

AbstractYears of experience, education level, and subject matter expertise are three measures of teacher qualification that are employed widely in contemporary educational policies including tenure, salary, and hiring, despite significant questions about their effectiveness at predicting student performance. These questions reveal a critical gap in the literature, concerning, in particular, the enduring impact of teachers' qualifications on students' educational experiences, and they ways in which related research has traditionally been framed and conducted. Specifically, studies examining these predictors have focused almost exclusively on investigating the role that an individual teacher's qualifications have on students' performance. In schools, however, students are exposed to different teachers every year, and those teachers often have differing qualifications. This study explores the impact of teacher qualification from a cumulative perspective by examining the relationship between cumulative science teachers' qualifications (measured by years of experience, education level, and subject matter expertise) and students' educational success (academic achievement, college enrollment, and decision to major in a Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics field). The study found that students taught by science teachers who—as a group—were cumulatively more highly qualified, tended to have higher achievement, as well as better educational pathways and outcomes in STEM. Given that students are taught by teachers from across a broad spectrum of qualification throughout their schooling, findings from this study could have important implications, not only for research and practice, but also for education policy.
Glutamate dehydrogenases in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Trotter Pamela J. , Juco Karen , Le Ha T. , Nelson Kjersten , Tamayo Lizeth I. , Nicaud Jean‐Marc , Park Young‐Kyoung 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGlutamate dehydrogenases (GDHs) are fundamental to cellular nitrogen and energy balance. Yet little is known about these enzymes in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The YALI0F17820g and YALI0E09603g genes, encoding potential GDH enzymes in this organism, were examined. Heterologous expression in gdh‐null Saccharomyces cerevisiae and examination of Y. lipolytica strains carrying gene deletions demonstrate that YALI0F17820g (ylGDH1) encodes a NADP‐dependent GDH whereas YALI0E09603g (ylGDH2) encodes a NAD‐dependent GDH enzyme. The activity encoded by these two genes accounts for all measurable GDH activity in Y. lipolytica. Levels of the two enzyme activities are comparable during logarithmic growth on rich medium, but the NADP‐ylGDH1p enzyme activity is most highly expressed in stationary and nitrogen starved cells by threefold to 12‐fold. Replacement of ammonia with glutamate causes a decrease in NADP‐ylGdh1p activity, whereas NAD‐ylGdh2p activity is increased. When glutamate is both carbon and nitrogen sources, the activity of NAD‐ylGDH2p becomes dominant up to 18‐fold compared with that of NADP‐ylGDH1p. Gene deletion followed by growth on different carbon and nitrogen sources shows that NADP‐ylGdh1p is required for efficient nitrogen assimilation whereas NAD‐ylGdh2p plays a role in nitrogen and carbon utilization from glutamate. Overexpression experiments demonstrate that ylGDH1 and ylGDH2 are not interchangeable. These studies provide a vital basis for future consideration of how these enzymes function to facilitate energy and nitrogen homeostasis in Y. lipolytica.
The need to engage with citizen scientists to study the rich fungal biodiversity in South Africa
Authors: Gryzenhout Marieka 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFungi are a marginal interest group for the South African public even with the recent boom in nature guides covering diverse topics. However, fungi are not a marginal group in any ecosystem on Earth, and have vital ecological functions with significant positive or negative impacts on the lives of humans. The reasons for the obscurity of fungi, are that fungi are not well-known, often negatively perceived and not well publicized. Yet strong interest exists from laymen to diverse biologists. These enthusiasts are frustrated by a lack of information and expertise. South Africa has an incredibly rich diversity of fungi but there are no active experts cataloguing and describing these fungi, especially the groups the public encounters. This is a problem also experienced by many other African countries. Planned and focused efforts including citizens will contribute to the needed stimulation, promotion and funding of research in mycology in South Africa.
The Mycology Collections Portal (MyCoPortal)
Authors: Miller Andrew N. , Bates Scott T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Mycology Collections Portal (MyCoPortal) was established in 2011 to offer a simple, economic solution for institutions worldwide to maintain and serve their fungal collection data online. Although the MyCoPortal functions primarily as a web portal for collections to upload their specimen metadata and images, it also provides data packaging (e.g. checklists), visualization (mapping and timelines), educational material (identification keys, quizzes) and easy access to DwC formatted data sets as downloadable csv files. The MyCoPortal currently serves over 3.6M records from 84 institutions worldwide.
fungifromindia: the first online initiative to document fungi from India
Authors: Ranadive Kiran , Jagtap Neeta , Khare Harshavardhan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe first on-line fungal website from India has been launched with seven databases of Indian fungi containing 7528 specimen records representing 384 families, 1385 genera, and 5906 species. Every species has been given a unique identity number that can be cited in any publication. Every record in this database has the name checked in MycoBank, and will be linked to other fungal databases throughout the World. This is also the first Indian initiative towards the international documentation of the country’s biodiversity.
Promoting teaching and research on African fungi by field schools on tropical mycology in Benin
Authors: Piepenbring Meike , Yorou Nourou S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn 2015, 2016, and 2017, three international field schools on tropical mycology were realized in Benin by the University of Parakou, Benin, in collaboration with the University of Frankfurt, Germany. A total of 69 participants from 14 countries of tropical Africa and three different countries of Europe included 61 student participants from Africa and Germany as well as eight African and international teachers. By demonstrations and collecting fungi in the field, light microscopic analysis of the specimens collected, literature analysis, checklist work, and seminars, knowledge on fungal diversity, systematics, morphology, and ecology was shared and generated. Through joint field and laboratory activities, participants were motivated to pursue studies in mycology in order to contribute not only to general knowledge on tropical fungi, but also promote sustainable management of fungi in forestry, agriculture, and the environment, as well as to use fungi for food, medicine, and other applications.
Scattering equations and a new factorization for amplitudes. Part II. Effective field theories
Authors: Gomez Humberto , Helset Andreas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe continue the program of extending the scattering equation framework by Cachazo, He and Yuan to a double-cover prescription. We discuss how to apply the double-cover formalism to effective field theories, with a special focus on the non-linear sigma model. A defining characteristic of the double-cover formulation is the emergence of new factorization relations. We present several factorization relations, along with a novel recursion relation. Using the recursion relation and a new prescription for the integrand, any non-linear sigma model amplitude can be expressed in terms of off-shell three-point amplitudes. The resulting expression is purely algebraic, and we do not have to solve any scattering equation. We also discuss soft limits, boundary terms in BCFW recursion, and application of the double-cover prescription to other effective field theories, like the special Galileon theory.
Bilateral Risk‐Reducing Mastectomies with Implant‐Based Reconstructions Followed Long Term: A Consecutive Series of 185 Patients
Authors: Isaksson Karin , Arver Brita , Bottai Matteo , Pettersson Andreas , Wickman Marie , Sandelin Kerstin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundBilateral risk‐reducing mastectomy (BRRM) is the most effective method to prevent breast cancer in genetically predisposed women and is often performed concomitantly with breast reconstruction. The reconstruction time varies and corrective surgeries are common.MethodsThis study evaluated 185 consecutive cases of BRRM and immediate breast reconstruction with implants with regard to surgical outcome and resource consumption. With an 18‐year observation period, it was possible to compare permanent expander implants (PEIs) with permanent fixed volume implants (PIs).ResultsA minimum follow‐up of 2 years for all participants but one was achieved. Seventy‐five percent (n = 138) of the women received PEI and 25% (n = 47) PI. In a multivariate analysis including age, BMI (<25, ≥25), smoking (yes, no), implant type (PEI, PI), incision technique, operation time and specimen weight <350 g, ≥350 g), only BMI ≥25 was associated with an increased risk of an early complication (OR 7.1, 95% CI 2.44–20.4). As expected, there was a significant difference in median reconstruction time between PEI and PI (12.4 vs. 1.0 months, p < 0.001). The cumulative reoperation‐free 2‐year survival was significantly higher in the PI than in the PEI group (81% vs. 26%, p < 0.001).ConclusionImplant‐based reconstruction remains a valid option after BRRM in high‐risk women. Whenever possible (low BMI and small breast volume without severe ptosis), permanent fixed volume implants can be safely recommended and are resource saving in comparison with permanent expander implants.
Evaluation of elbow function following bipolar latissimus dorsi flap in late partial brachial plexus injury: A case report
Authors: Saleh Ruksal , Paturusi Idrus , Sakti Muhammad , Pasallo Padlan , Maulidiah Qariah , Guatama Astrawinata 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

The goals of the treatment of brachial plexus palsies or traumatic loss of upper extremity function are including hand reanimation, protective hand sensation, shoulder stability, and elbow function as the first priority in upper extremity reconstruction. One method that has been developed to solve this problem is bipolar transfer of the latissimus dorsi muscle. We present a case of 37-years-old male with late case of partial brachial plexus injury treated with bipolar latissimus dorsi flap. Aim for this research is to report a long term satisfying elbow and shoulder clinical function outcome after performed bipolar latissimus dorsi muscle transfer. Seven years post-surgical follow up showed active shoulder abduction at 180°, active shoulder external rotation at 45°, active shoulder forward flexion at 90°, extend shoulder until 20°, active elbow flexion at 120°, active elbow extension until 0°. Elbow flexion strength was measured using the MRC grading system-with elbow flexed at 90o-was M5.
We concluded that bipolar latissimus dorsi muscle flap provides a good outcome in elbow reanimation following late brachial plexus injury. Preoperative donor muscle strength evaluation will predict satisfactory postoperative result.

Highlights:
Growth estimates in linear elasticity with a sublinear body force without definiteness conditions on the elasticities
Authors: Franchi Franca 
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we study the boundary-initial value problem for a linear elastic body ina bounded domain, when the body force depends on the displacement vector u in asublinear way.Recently, much attention has been given to nonlinear body forces not only to studythe fundamental solutions of the equations governing linear elastodynamics, see e.g.Kecs [3], but also to derive global non existence results in abstract problems with directapplications to nonlinear heat diffusion or to the nonlinear wave equation, see e.g. Ball[1], Levine and Payne [10].
Trypanosoma cruzi: continuous cultivation with murine cell lines
Authors: Hudson L. , Snary D. , Morgan Sara-Jane 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYY strain parasites (Wellcome stock) were cloned as epimastigotes by limiting dilution and one clone, Wel Tryp A2 was used to infect cell cultures and irradiated mice. The fibrosarcoma line, M4, was susceptible to infection with Wel Tryp A2 trypomastigotes but, after the first round of intracellular infection, proliferation and differentiation, failed to support parasite growth in long-term continuous culture. In contrast, a muscle-derived cell line, S2, produced regular waves of extracellular trypomastigotes and amastigotes during 80 days of continuous culture reported here. These infected S2 cultures have remained in continuous culture for up to 18 months over a 5-year period and have yielded in excess of 108parasites/20 ml culture at 4–6 day intervals. Extracellular amastigotes produced in these cultures have a close morphological, immunological and biochemical analogy to intracellular parasites derived from rodents, and have maintained an absolute dependence on host cells for their growth and proliferation. These amastigotes produced low-grade chronic infections in normal CBA/T6 mice but produced acute, fatal infections with high parasitaemia in mice of the same inbred strain given 900 rad. whole-body irradiation prior to infection. Although present findings relate to a single parasite clone, the parent stock from which the clone was derived showed similar growth characteristics when co-cultured with S2 cells.
Mucosal surface lesions in young protein-deficient pigs infected with Ascaris suum (Nematoda)
Authors: Martin Jean , Crompton D. W. T. , Carrera E. , Nesheim M. C. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYThe morphology of the mucosal surface of samples from the small intestine of young protein-deficient pigs was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Three pigs had been infected with Ascaris suum for at least 58 days while 1 had remained uninfected; all pigs were housed and maintained under the same conditions, at the same time. The tissue samples collected at post mortem examination from pigs which contained A. suum showed varying degrees of villous atrophy and fusion. In addition, unusual small craters and as yet unidentified objects were observed at the surfaces of the enterocytes of Ascaris-infected pigs. These changes in mucosal morphology were not seen in the tissue taken from the uninfected pig. The possible association between the mucosal lesions and lactose maldigestion in young, protein-deficient pigs infeceted with A. suum is discussed.
The occurrence of antibodies to hidden and exposed determinants of surface antigens ofTrichinella spiralis
Authors: Ortega-Pierres Guadalupe , Chayen Ann , Clark N. W. T. , Parkhouse R. M. E. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYMice were infected per os withTrichinella spiralisand their lymphocytes were removed and fused with mouse myeloma cell line P3 × 63Ag8653P3 for the selection of monoclonal antibodies to biochemically defined, stage-specific surface antigens of 3 parasite developmental stages: muscle larvae, adults and newborn larvae. Two separate antibodies against a defined single surface antigen of each stage were isolated. In each separate case the pair of monoclonal antibodies precipitated the same component from detergent-solubilized surface antigen preparations, but only one was able to bind to the surface of the living worm. The other must therefore be directed against an antigenic epitope which is obscured in the intact worm surface. The latter type of antibody is unlikely to be involved in the initial phase of parasite rejection and hence is another example of a non-protective host antibody response. The stimulus for its synthesis may be release of surface antigen, which does occurin vitro. One surface antigen of the newborn larvae is only detected by antibody in the first 6 h after birth; thereafter its presence is obscured as other antigens appear. The major surface antigen of the infective larvae contains carbohydrate determinants which are not available at the parasite surface. In addition, it displays great molecular heterogeneity but all variants appear to be derived from a common polypeptide structure.
PARTITI E CLASSE PARLAMENTARE NEGLI ANNI SETTANTA
Authors: Guadagnini Marila 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'opinione che la classe politica è stata ed è centrale nel nostro sistema più che in altre nazioni ha una storia assai lunga, quasi quanto la storia stessa dei partiti, così come una lunga tradizione ha la discussione circa il basso grado di efficienza e di legittimità che caratterizza l'élite politica. La continuità con cui tali problemi paiono connaturati col sistema politico spiega forse la particolare attenzione dedicata in Italia, sia sul piano teorico che su quello della ricerca empirica, al tema delle élites: basti pensare alle riflessioni dei teorici della classe politica o alle numerose ricerche empiriche condotte su questo argomento nel dopoguerra.
INTRODUZIONE
Authors: L.M.  
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneQuesta rivista è di «riflessione», assai piò che di «intervento». La nostra convinzione di fondo era (ed è) che in Italia non fosse necessaria un'altra pubblicazione di parte, vicina a qualche area o tendenza politica, ma piuttosto una rivista che servisse ad approfondire, a capire meglio, i maggiori fenomeni politici dell'epoca in cui viviamo e, in particolare, della nostra democrazia. Iniziando il secondo decennio di vita Giovanni Sartori ha riassunto la linea perseguita con queste parole: «Una scienza politica faziosa, comiziante, propagandante, non è; intendo, non è scienza e nemmeno, in alcun modo, conoscenza» (questa rivista, X, 1980). Dal che non consegue che ci siamo arroccati in una torre d'avorio. A dimostrazione del contrario basterà ricordare il dibattito dedicato alle correnti interne ai partiti politici nel 1972, o il numero unico sui sindacati nel 1973, quando appariva che proprio quei due fenomeni, cioè la crescente importanza delle correnti partitiche e dei sindacati, fossero le novità piò importanti per il sistema politico italiano all'inizio degli anni settanta; oppure i molti saggi sulla democrazia e gli aspetti centrali ad essa legati, quali elitismo, competizione, pluralismo, quando sembrava che la crisi delle democrazie occidentali caratterizzasse la seconda metà del decennio; o, infine, i diversi contributi sui partiti e sistemi di partito, pubblicati in vari anni, quando queste istituzioni parevano sottoposte a sfida e, certo, a trasformazione.
Subcommunal Participation and Leadership Cohesiveness of the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Singapore
Authors: Fong Mak Lau 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUsing reproduced inscription data the present study examines two social facets of the Chinese in nineteenth-century Singapore. The first facet pertains to group participation (economic and social) and it was found that the average amount of donations made by the Hokkiens to their subcommunal organizations was much higher than that given by the Cantonese and Hakkas.On the other hand, more Cantonese and Hakka people contributed to their subcommunal organizations. The interplay of differential economic status and organizational objectives is heuristic in explaining this discrepancy.