bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen cross-feeding among rumen biohydrogenation, propionogenesis and methanogenesis drives the milk fatty acid profile in dairy goats
Authors: Tan Jinlei , Wu Yuqi , Dong Huixin , Li Shuaishuai , Jiang Huai , Yin Qingyan , Yao Junhu , Li Zongjun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rumen microbial biohydrogenation (RBH) is the major factor responsible for the bovine milk rich in saturated fatty acids (FAs). Here, we evaluated the effects of nutritional manipulation of ruminal propionogenesis and methanogenesis, two primary hydrogen sinks, on the RBH and milk FA profiles in vivo and in vitro using three propionogenesis enhancers (fumarate [FUM], biotin and monensin) and one methanogenesis inhibitor (N-[2-(nitrooxy)ethyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide [NPD]). The in vivo results showed that inclusion of FUM in lactating dairy goat diet could protect dietary unsaturated FAs against RBH with increased proportions of C18:2n − 6 (by 33.5%), C18:3n − 3 (by 38.1%) and RBH intermediates (e.g. trans-10 C18:1 and trans-11 C18:1) in rumen contents. Additionally, FUM supplementation increased the milk Δ9 desaturase index (by 15.5%) with higher cis-9 monounsaturated FAs in the milk. As a result, FUM increased the proportions of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated FAs in the milk with lower atherogenicity index (by −15.3%) and thrombogenicity index (by −19.5%). Conversely, supplementing NPD increased RBH completeness (by 7.4%) with higher milk atherogenicity index (by 10.5%) and thrombogenicity index (by 8.7%). The adverse effects of NPD on the milk FA profiles can be eliminated when supplemented in combination with FUM. The metagenomic analyses showed that neither FUM nor NPD affect the rumen microbial α- or β-diversity at the strain or gene level. The in vitro study showed that the conversion rate of FUM to propionate was increased from 54.7% to 80.6% when FUM supplemented in combination with biotin and monensin, resulting a higher anti-RBH potential. Accordingly, manipulation of ruminal methanogenesis and propionogenesis can redirect hydrogen toward or away from RBH and thereby influence the milk FA profiles. FUM is a promising feed additive in ruminant not only to reduce the methane emissions as previously proved but also to improve the nutritional desirability of the milk FA profiles for human health.
The PSR and the Nature of Explanation: An Underrated Response to Modal Fatalism
Authors: Blado Joseph Emmanuel Elevado 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe principle of sufficient reason (PSR) says every fact has an explanation. But van Inwagen argues the PSR is false—otherwise all facts are necessary facts. Consider the conjunction of all contingent facts, which we can call the Big Contingent Conjunction. If every fact has an explanation, then presumably the Big Contingent Conjunction had better have an explanation too. But what fact could explain its truth—is the Big Contingent Conjunction explained by a necessary fact or a contingent one? Trouble ensues either way. If the Big Contingent Conjunction is explained by a necessary fact, then it is hard to see why it should be contingent. (After all, if something follows from what is necessary, it too would seem to be necessary.) On the other hand, if the Big Contingent Conjunction is explained by a contingent fact, then the explanation appears circular since the explanans itself is among the facts it explains in the Big Contingent Conjunction. This paper explores an assumption of this argument rarely subjected to scrutiny—namely, the distribution principle, which asserts that if a fact explains a conjunction, then it explains each of its conjuncts. Though superficially plausible, close consideration of this principle reveals some reasons to reject it, potentially saving the PSR from van Inwagen’s challenge.
Informing a sinusitis clinical trial protocol: A focus group study with clinicians and staff
Authors: Liu Ruey-Ying , Fencil Charles , Whitfield Tom , Merenstein Daniel , Barrett Bruce , Rabago David , Krist Alex H. , Tong Sebastian T. , Zgierska Aleksandra E. , Tarn Derjung M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study investigates practicing clinician and staff perspectives on potential protocol modifications for the “Nasal Irrigation, Oral Antibiotics, and Subgroup Targeting for Effective Management of Acute Sinusitis” (NOSES) study, a pragmatic randomized controlled trial aiming at improving acute rhinosinusitis management. Focus groups with clinicians and staff at the pretrial stage recommended expanding participant age inclusion criteria, incorporating patients with COVID-19, and shortening the supportive care phase. Participants also discussed patient engagement and recruitment strategies. These practical insights contribute to optimizing the NOSES trial design and underscore the value of qualitative inquiries and healthcare stakeholder engagement in informing clinical trial design.
Driving key partner engagement by integrating community-engaged principles into a stakeholder analysis: A qualitative study
Authors: Allen Casey , Frankel Emily , Watanabe-Galloway Shinobu , Keeler Heidi , Palm Dave , Fitzpatrick Brooke , Estabrooks Paul , King Keyonna M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
The stakeholder analysis approach has historically been top-down rather than collaborative with key partners. However, this approach poses challenges for key partner engagement and community-engaged research, which aims to incorporate key partners throughout the project. This study, conducted by the Community Engagement Network at a Midwest Academic Medical Center, seeks to examine the value of community-engaged research for diverse key partners to increase collaboration, strengthen partnerships, and enhance impact, ultimately driving key partner engagement.

Methods:
The study involved semi-structured interviews with 38 key partners from diverse groups, including community members, community organizations, Practice-Based Research Network members, researchers, research administration, university administration, and potential funders. The interview guide, informed by an extensive literature review, assessed perceived value, barriers, and improvement strategies for community-engaged research, supplemented by value proposition statements.

Results:
The analysis revealed three main themes: 1) Fostering Community Buy-In: Authentic representation and inclusive partnerships were essential for trust and commitment; 2) Enhancing Communication and Dissemination: Effective communication strategies were vital for maintaining engagement and sharing research outcomes; and 3) Building Capacity and Ensuring Sustainability: Continuous learning and long-term investments were crucial for sustaining community-engaged research efforts.

Discussion:
This study underscores the value of incorporating key partners into stakeholder analyses to enhance collaboration, strengthen partnerships, and improve the impact of community-engaged research. The findings offer valuable insight for institutional transformation and implementation of effective stakeholder analyses and engagement tools, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of research strategies and initiatives.
COVID-19 Infection Experience and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Medical Staff: The Mediating Role of Professional Burnout
Authors: Wang Bingqian , Liu Xiaohan , Han Bing , Li Xiaoguang , Zhang Jiawei , Fu Yaqun , Zhu Zheng , Nie Zhijie , Tan Yiyang , Guo Jing , Yang Li , Jiang Rongmeng 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to assess the relationship between COVID-19 infection-related conditions and depressive symptoms among medical staff after easing the zero-COVID policy in China, and to further examine the mediating role of professional burnout.

Methods
A total of 1716 medical staff from all levels of health care institutions in 16 administrative districts of Beijing, China, were recruited to participate at the end of 2022 in this cross-sectional study. Several multiple linear regressions and mediating effects tests were performed to analyze the data.

Results
At the beginning of the end of the zero-COVID policy in China, 91.84% of respondents reported infection with COVID-19. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the severity of infection symptoms was significantly positively associated with high levels of depressive symptoms (β = 0.06, P < 0.001), and this association was partially mediated by professional burnout. Specifically, emotional exhaustion (95% CI, 0.131, 0.251) and depersonalization (95% CI, 0.009, 0.043) significantly mediated the association between the severity of infection symptoms and depressive symptoms.

Conclusions
The mental health of medical staff with more severe symptoms of COVID-19 infection should be closely monitored. Also, interventions aimed at reducing emotional exhaustion and depersonalization may effectively reduce their risk of developing depressive symptoms.
What the War on Terror leaves behind: An introduction
Authors: Toros Harmonie , Jarvis Lee , Jackson Richard 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article serves as the introduction to a Special Issue of the European Journal of International Security titled ‘What the War on Terror Leaves Behind’. In it, we seek to contextualise and summarise the diverse contributions of this collection, which is animated by four overarching questions: (i) More than 20 years after the attacks of 11 September 2001, is the War on Terror now, finally, over? (ii) What, if any, legacies remain from the post-9/11 way of thinking and doing counterterrorism? (iii) What is the significance of the War on Terror’s legacies or absence thereof? and, (iv) How do the War on Terror’s impacts and effects sit within other historical contexts and (dis)continuities? The article begins with a brief overview of some of the conceptual and political ambiguities of the War on Terror itself, before situating the issue in relation to issues of continuity and change anticipated by the four questions above. A second section then explores the urgency of these questions for academic debate, and in the ‘real world’ of international security as experienced by states, communities, and other subjects. A third section then summarises the argument and contributions of the articles in the issue –highlighting the lack of agreement on key issues within these debates.
Turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluid in rough channels
Authors: Narayanan C. , Singh J.S. , Nauer S. , Belt R.J. , Palermo T. , Lakehal D. 
Published: November 2024

Direct numerical simulations of the turbulence of a Herschel–Bulkley (HB) fluid in a rough channel are performed at a shear Reynolds number

$Re_{\tau } \approx 300$

and a Bingham number

${Bn} \approx 0.9$

. For the type of rough surface used in this study, the results indicate that Townsend's wall similarity hypothesis also holds for HB fluids. However, there are notable differences compared with the effect of roughness on Newtonian fluids. More specifically, the effect of roughness appears to be slightly stronger for HB fluids, in the sense that the bulk Reynolds number, based on the viscosity at the wall, is reduced further due to the increase in viscosity in the troughs of the roughness surface induced by the low shear. At the same time, for the simulated rough surface, the contribution of form drag to the total pressure drop is reduced from 1/4 to about 1/5 due to the persistence of viscous shear in the boundary layer, reducing its shielding effect. As for the friction factor, due to the nonlinearity of the HB constitutive relation, its use with the wall shear rate from the mean wall shear stress underpredicts the minimum viscosity at the wall by up to 18 %. This inevitably leads to uncertainties in the prediction of the friction factor. Finally, it is observed that the rough surface is unable to break the peculiar near-wall flow structure of HB fluids, which consists of long persistent low-speed streaks occupying the entire domain. This means that the small-scale energy is significantly reduced for HB fluids, even in rough channels, with the energy more concentrated in the lower wavenumber range, implying an increase in the slope of the power spectrum to

$-7/2$

in the inertial range, as shown by Mitishita et al. (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 293, 2021, 104570).
What Do Privileged Coordinates Tell Us About Structure?
Authors: Barrett Thomas William , Manchak JB 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We examine whether the ‘privileged coordinates’ of a geometric space encode its ‘amount of structure.’ In doing so, we compare this coordinate approach to comparing amounts of structure to the more familiar auto-morphism approach. We first show that on a natural understanding of the former, it faces one of the same well known problems as the latter. We then capture a precise sense in which the two approaches are closely related to one another, and we conclude by discussing whether they might still prove useful in cases of philosophical interest, despite their shortcomings.
How Narratives Can Deidealize Models
Authors: Quack Alexandra 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Tarja Knuuttila and Mary Morgan recently challenged the widespread understanding that deidealization is no more than a simple process of relaxing assumptions to build increasingly more realistic models. They submit that, in practice, processes of model deidealization are diverse and complex and thus warrant more explicit scrutiny. Drawing on a case from economics, I extend their proposal by showing how narratives, as additional representational forms, can assume a crucial role in deidealizing mathematical models. I thereby propose to consider that processes of model deidealization are not necessarily exhausted by processes in which one mathematical model is replaced with another one.
Construct Validity in Automated Counterterrorism Analysis
Authors: Yee Adrian K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Governments and social scientists are increasingly developing machine learning methods to automate the process of identifying terrorists in real time and predict future attacks. However, current operationalizations of “terrorist”’ in artificial intelligence are difficult to justify given three issues that remain neglected: insufficient construct legitimacy, insufficient criterion validity, and insufficient construct validity. I conclude that machine learning methods should be at most used for the identification of singular individuals deemed terrorists and not for identifying possible terrorists from some more general class, nor to predict terrorist attacks more broadly, given intolerably high risks that result from such approaches.
Political Leaders and Gender Disparity: The Link between Economic Hardship and Female Ministerial Appointments
Authors: Han Kangwook , Han Sung Min 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWhile previous studies have examined the factors contributing to the appointment of women in government cabinets, few have investigated the role of political leaders in promoting women's cabinet representation. Drawing on political socialization theory, we argue that political leaders from economically disadvantaged backgrounds are more inclined to appoint female members to ministerial positions than their wealthier counterparts. This propensity stems from leaders’ personal experiences of economic hardship, which foster their interest in improving political equality among social groups and reducing gender disparities by appointing more female ministers. Analyzing an original dataset encompassing leaders’ family backgrounds across 155 countries between 1966 and 2015, we find that leaders who have experienced economic hardship significantly increase the proportion of female ministers in executive cabinets. This finding holds across various model specifications and effectively addresses endogeneity concerns. Our research highlights the crucial role of political leaders in shaping gender politics based on their economic backgrounds.
Enhancing lodging resistance in two Vicia species: unveiling the morphological and stem anatomy transformations induced by Moddus
Authors: Zorić Lana , Živanov Dalibor , Karagić Đura , Karanović Dunja , Luković Jadranka 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTo assess the potential for enhancing lodging resistance in legumes through the application of plant growth regulators (PGR) and changes in stem structure, the stem morphological and anatomical characteristics, as well as the chemical composition, of Vicia sativa and Vicia pannonica were analysed before and after treatment with different doses of PGR trinexapac-ethyl. The aim was to identify stem morpho-anatomical components that impact lodging resistance, quantify the dose-dependent effect of the chosen PGR on the Vicia stem and examine if stem lodging resistance could be improved through PGR application, as well as determine if some of the stem characteristics could be used as markers for lodging resistance prediction.Although in both species lodging index increased (14–126%), suggesting improved resistance to lodging, and stem height decreased (12–38%) upon PGR application, the impact on V. sativa was more pronounced. The findings indicate that, apart from stem height, none of the examined morpho-anatomical characteristics showed a high and significant correlation with the lodging index. Therefore, none of these characteristics can be used as a marker for predicting lodging resistance. Increased proportion of cortex, cylinder parenchyma and collenchyma, along with reduced central cavity, might contribute to a greater lodging resistance in V. sativa. PGR decreased the amount of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. These results encourage the use of PGR for lodging resistance improvement in vetches, through the reduction of stem height, since this modification did not adversely affect the stem structure or grain yield.
Neighbourhood Walkability and Greenness Exhibit Different Associations with Social Participation in Older Males and Females: An Analysis of the CLSA
Authors: Klicnik Irmina , Putman Andrew , Rudoler David , Widener Michael J. , Dogra Shilpa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We explored the relationship between neighbourhood and social participation among older adults using a Living Environments and Active Aging Framework. This prospective cohort study used baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) with a 3-year follow-up. Three aspects of social participation were the outcomes; walkability and greenness at baseline were exposure variables. The sample consisted of 50.0% females (n=16,735, age 72.9± 5.6 years). In males, higher greenness was associated with lower loneliness and less variety in social activities. No significant associations between greenness and social participation were found in females. High walkability was related to a higher variety of social activity and higher loneliness in males but not females, and less desire for more social activity in both sexes. Greenness and walkability impact social participation among older adults. Future research should include sex and gender-based analyses.
Advance directives in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Appel Jacob M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Balancing autonomy and beneficence remains an ongoing challenge in the ethical treatment of patients with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders of thought. Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) offer one mechanism through which individuals can guide their own care, but unlike medical advance directives, they are not widely utilized in the United States. They are also highly limited by state law in the scope of their legal authority. This article explores the evidentiary basis for PADs as well as the legal and ethical issues that arise in the use of PADs in individuals with schizophrenia, arguing that providers’ fears of complete opt-out from care by patients are likely unfounded and that PADs offer a powerful tool through which individuals with schizophrenia can ensure meaningful consideration of their own values and goals.
Off-track monetary policy and housing
Authors: Horvath Jaroslav , Jawadi Fredj , Rothman Philip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We find significant evidence of model misspecification, in the form of neglected serial correlation, in the econometric model of the U.S. housing market used by Taylor (2007) in his critique of monetary policy following the 2001 recession. When we account for that serial correlation, his model fails to replicate the historical paths of housing starts and house price inflation. Further modifications allow us to capture both the housing boom and the bust. Our results suggest that the counterfactual monetary policy proposed by Taylor (2007) would not have averted the pre-financial crisis collapse in the housing market. Additional analysis implies that the burst of house price inflation during the COVID-19 pandemic was not caused by the deviations from the Taylor rule that occurred during this period.
Trends in food and nutrition behaviours, knowledge and attitudes among youth in six countries: findings from the 2019–2021 International Food Policy Study Youth Surveys
Authors: Acton Rachel B , White Christine M , Hock Karen , Vanderlee Lana , Hammond David 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective:
This commentary highlights the release of findings now available in the report International Food Policy Study Youth Surveys: Summary of Findings 2019–2021.

Design:
The survey data described in this commentary consist of repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted annually beginning in 2019.

Setting:
Online surveys were conducted in 2019 to 2021 among respondents living in Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the USA.

Participants:
Survey respondents were youth aged 10–17 years in 2019 (n 12 031), 2020 (n 11 108) and 2021 (n 10 459).

Results:
The report described in this commentary summarises findings on food and nutrition behaviours, attitudes and knowledge among youth, including their diet sources and patterns, school nutrition environments, food security, diet intentions, weight perceptions and weight loss behaviours, sugary drink perceptions, awareness of public education and mass media campaigns, perceptions of food labels and exposure to food and beverage marketing.

Conclusion:
Results from the IFPS Youth surveys provide important insights into key policies of global interest, including front-of-package nutrition labelling, levies on sugary beverages and restrictions on marketing unhealthy food and beverages to children. As policymakers continue to seek effective strategies to improve adolescent health outcomes, ongoing cross-country monitoring of food and nutrition-related indicators, such as the data from the International Food Policy Study, will be critical in assessing dietary trends and evaluating upcoming policies.
Too Much Democracy? Exploring the Link between Majoritarian Institutions and Disparities in the American States
Authors: Pacheco Julianna , LaCombe Scott 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn the field of American state politics, the tension between majoritarian institutions and equality has largely been ignored. Do state institutions that empower majority preferences exacerbate disparities in social outcomes? Under what conditions do majoritarian institutions exacerbate inequalities in the American states? Our argument is that equality is most likely to be threatened under majoritarian institutions when (1) there are systemic participatory biases and/or (2) there are widespread prejudices about particular groups in society. We find that more majoritarian institutions are associated with larger disparities between White and Black life expectancy and poverty rates across the American states, but not differences in educational attainment. We also find that this effect is moderated by racial context, with majoritarian institutions being associated with greater disparities for states with diverse racial contexts and smaller disparities in more homogenous states. These findings suggest that majoritarian institutions operate to the benefit of the White majority, while coming at the cost of minority population outcomes when a racial threat is perceived, and presumably, public opinion is biased.