Impact of Ethnicity on Long Term Outcomes of High-Dose Chemotherapy and Upfront Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Curet Frances N. Cervoni , Bassett Roland L. , Pasvolsky Oren , Deen Abdullah Faisal , Tanner Mark R. , Bashir Qaiser , Srour Samer A. , Saini Neeraj Y. , Ramdial Jeremy , Nieto Yago , Lee Hans C. , Patel Krina K. , Kebriaei Partow , Fingrut Warren B. , Smallbone Portia , Becnel Melody R. , Gaballa Mahmoud R. , Thomas Sheeba K. , Ye J Christine , Orlowski Robert Z. , Champlin Richard E. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Qazilbash Muzaffar H. 
Published: December 2024

Introduction
Upfront high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHCT) is considered a standard of care for eligible patients with newly diagnosed MM (NDMM). Historically, Hispanic or African-American patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have been reported to have worse outcomes. In this study, we examined the impact of ethnicity on the outcome of NDMM patients who received upfront autoHCT at our Center with the hypothesis that all ethnic/racial groups will have similar outcomes.
Methods
In this retrospective, single-center, chart review analysis we identified 1962 patients who self-identified themselves as belonging to one of the three ethnic or racial groups: African-American (AA), Hispanic or Latino (H/L), or White (W). Our primary endpoints were progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Our secondary endpoints were response rates as defined by the International Myeloma Working Group criteria. High-risk cytogenetics (HRCG) was defined as the presence of t(4;14), t(14;16), del17p, or 1q21 gain or amplification.
Results
Overall, 353, 440 and 1169 patients identified themselves as AA, H/L or W. The median age at transplant was 58, 57, and 63 years in AA, H/L and W patients (p=0.0005). Three-hundred-thirty patients (16.8%) had autoHCT before 2010, while 1632 (83.2%) in or after 2010 (p=0.0005). HRCG was seen in 26.7%, 23.7% and 28.6% of AA, H/L and W patients, respectively (p=0.09). Median serum creatinine at baseline was 1.10, 1.00, and 1.04 in AA, H/L and W patients, respectively (p=0.02). There was no significant difference in R-ISS stage (p=0.30) or HCT-Comorbidity Index score (p=0.27) between the three groups. Overall, 51.2%, 39.1%, and 59.4% AA, H/L and W patients, respectively, received proteasome inhibitor (PI)/immunomodulatory drug (IMiD)-based triplet regimens (p=0.0005). Pre-transplant response of &gt;CR was seen in 15%, 18.6% and 12.7% of AA, H/L and W patients, respectively. Melphalan alone was used as conditioning in 79%, 80%, and 80.2% AA, H/L and W patients, respectively. Lenalidomide, with or without dexamethasone, was used as maintenance in 83%, 74.2%, and 73.5% of AA, H/L and W patients, respectively.
At the final best response evaluation, 58.9%, 54.1% and 60.1% of AA, H/L and W patients achieved a complete response (CR), while 90.3%, 80.5% and 88.8% of AA, H/L and W patients achieved at least a very good partial response (VGPR). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.4, 3.2, and 5.1 years in AA, H/L and W patients, respectively (p&lt;0.0001). Similarly, median overall survival (OS) was 16.1 years, 8.6 years and 13.6 years in AA, H/L and W patients, respectively (p &lt;0.0001).
We evaluated the impact of several baseline covariates on the PFS and OS. We found that standard-risk CG (p&lt;0.0001) and achieving a CR before autoHCT (p&lt;0.0001) were associated with a better PFS. Similarly, standard-risk CG, serum creatinine &lt;1.5 mg/dL, and the use of PI/IMiD triplets as induction were associated with a better OS.
Conclusion
In this single-center, retrospective analysis, patients who identified themselves as Hispanic/Latino had significantly worse PFS and OS compared to other ethnic groups. That may be related to a smaller proportion of these patients (&lt;40%) receiving a PI/IMiD-based triplet induction and a suboptimal best post-transplant response with only 80% achieving a VGPR.