bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonvolatile and Programmable Photodoping in MoTe2 for Photoresist‐Free Complementary Electronic Devices
Authors: Liu Tao , Xiang Du , Zheng Yue , Wang Yanan , Wang Xinyun , Wang Li , He Jun , Liu Lei , Chen Wei 
Published: November 2018

Abstract2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMD)‐based electronic devices have been extensively explored toward the post‐Moore era. Huge efforts have been devoted to modulating the doping profile of TMDs to achieve 2D p–n junctions and inverters, the fundamental units in logic circuits. Here, photoinduced nonvolatile and programmable electron doping in MoTe2 based on a heterostructure of MoTe2 and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) is reported. The electron transport property in the MoTe2 device can be precisely controlled by modulating the magnitude of the photodoping gate exerted on BN. Through tuning the polarity of the photodoping gate exerted on BN under illumination, such a doping effect in MoTe2 can be programmed with excellent repeatability and is retained for over 14 d in the absence of an external perturbation. By spatially controlling the photodoping region in MoTe2, a photoresist‐free p–n junction and inverter in the MoTe2 homostructure are achieved. The MoTe2 diode exhibits a near‐unity ideality factor of ≈1.13 with a rectification ratio of ≈1.7 × 104. Moreover, the gain of the MoTe2 inverter reaches ≈98, which is among the highest values for 2D‐material‐based homoinverters. These findings promise photodoping as an effective method to achieve 2D‐TMDs‐based nonvolatile and programmable complementary electronic devices.
Potential 2D Materials with Phase Transitions: Structure, Synthesis, and Device Applications
Authors: Wang Xinsheng , Song Zhigang , Wen Wen , Liu Haining , Wu Juanxia , Dang Chunhe , Hossain Mongur , Iqbal Muhammad Ahsan , Xie Liming 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLayered materials with phase transitions, such as charge density wave (CDW) and magnetic and dipole ordering, have potential to be exfoliated into monolayers and few‐layers and then become a large and important subfamily of two‐dimensional (2D) materials. Benefitting from enriched physical properties from the collective interactions, long‐range ordering, and related phase transitions, as well as the atomic thickness yet having nondangling bonds on the surface, 2D phase‐transition materials have vast potential for use in new‐concept and functional devices. Here, potential 2D phase‐transition materials with CDWs and magnetic and dipole ordering, including transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal halides, metal thio/selenophosphates, chromium silicon/germanium tellurides, and more, are introduced. The structures and experimental phase‐transition properties are summarized for the bulk materials and some of the obtained monolayers. In addition, recent experimental progress on the synthesis and measurement of monolayers, such as 1T‐TaS2, CrI3, and Cr2Ge2Te6, is reviewed.
Supramolecularly Engineered NIR‐II and Upconversion Nanoparticles In Vivo Assembly and Disassembly to Improve Bioimaging
Authors: Zhao Mengyao , Li Benhao , Wang Peiyuan , Lu Lingfei , Zhang Zhengcheng , Liu Lu , Wang Shangfeng , Li Dandan , Wang Rui , Zhang Fan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractContrast agents for bioimaging suffer from low accumulation at lesion area and high uptake in the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Assembly of nanoparticles in vivo improves their enrichment at tumors and inflamed areas. However, uncontrollable assembly also occurs at the liver and spleen owing to the uptake of nanoparticles by the RES. This is known to probably cause a higher bioimaging background and more severe health hazards, which may hamper the clinical application. Herein, a new near‐infrared (NIR)‐controlled supramolecular engineering strategy is developed for in vivo assembly and disassembly between lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles and second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) nanoprobes to realize precision bioimaging of tumors. A supramolecular structure is designed to realize assembly via host–guest interactions of azobenzene and β‐cyclodextrin to enhance the retention of NIR‐II nanoprobes in the tumor area. Meanwhile NIR‐laser‐controllable nanoprobes disassembly brings about a reduction in the bioimaging background as well as acceleration of their RES clearance rate. This strategy may also be used in other nano‐to‐micro‐scale contrast agents to improve bioimaging signal‐to‐noise ratio and reduce long‐term cytotoxicity.
A Comparative Study of Thiol‐Terminated Surface Modification by Click Reactions: Thiol‐yne Coupling versus Thiol‐ene Michael Addition
Authors: Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Sekula‐Neuner Sylwia , Trouillet Vanessa , Hirtz Michael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTwo quick and efficient, metal catalyst free conjugation routes for the covalent attachment of functional compounds to functionalized surfaces by scanning probe lithography methods are compared in the presented work. The studied methods are thiol‐yne coupling (TYC) and thiol‐ene Michael addition (TEMA). First, the surface of hydroxyl‐terminated glass is thiolated using (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS). Then, in the distinct experiments, the thiol‐terminated surface is spotted by microchannel cantilever spotting with different fluorescent and nonfluorescent inks containing cycloalkyne (dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)) or alkene (maleimide) groups. Experiments with different fluorophores show that both routes are successful in coupling functional moieties to the surface in a short time and low temperature. Comparing the protein binding experiments for biotin‐DBCO and biotin‐maleimide reveals a higher surface density of immobilized biotin via the TEMA route. The results from this study are applicable in design and fabricating of biosensors, appropriate for protein detection and other biomedical/biological applications.
Designing Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Neutral Tetrahedral Manganese(II) Complexes for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Qin Yanyan , Tao Peng , Gao Long , She Pengfei , Liu Shujuan , Li Xiangling , Li Feiyang , Wang Hua , Zhao Qiang , Miao Yanqin , Huang Wei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhosphorescent transition‐metal complexes have played the vital role in the rapid development of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) as the most promising candidates for next‐generation flat‐panel display and solid‐state lighting techniques. In this work, novel and low‐cost phosphorescent neutral tetrahedral manganese(II) complexes (DBFDPO‐MnX2, X = Br, or Cl) based on dibenzofuran‐based phosphine oxide derivative as ligand are designed and synthesized. The manganese(II) complexes exhibit intense green phosphorescence with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of as high as 81.4% (DBFDPO‐MnBr2). Using complex DBFDPO‐MnBr2 as dopant, a green OLED with current efficiency (CEmax) of 35.47 cd A−1, power efficiency (PEmax) of 34.35 lm W−1, and external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 10.49% is fabricated. Interestingly, red exciplex emission is also observed in electroluminescence, arising from the interaction between the host materials (bis(2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐pyridine)beryllium (Bepp2) or 1,3,5‐tris(2‐N‐phenylbenzimidazolyl)benzene (TPBi)) and the dopant (DBFDPO‐MnBr2). The exciplex‐based red OLED in this study exhibits the maximum CE and PE reaching 18.64 cd A−1 and 17.92 lm W−1, respectively, which are among the up‐to‐date highest values for exciplex‐based red OLEDs. Beneficial from the exciplex, it has the great potential to broaden the electroluminescent spectra with manganese(II) complex.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Temperature‐Dependent Annulation of 3‐Aryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolones with 1,3‐Diynes: An Approach to π‐Conjugated Molecules
Authors: Zhang Wenge , Li Hongji , Wang Lei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA Cobalt‐catalyzed annulation of 3‐aryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolones with 1,3‐diynes has been developed, in which reaction temperature variation considerably affects the cyclization orientation and afforded structurely distinctive products in good yields and high regioselectivity. Additionally, the late‐stage transformation of the cyclization products into N‐containing heterocycles is also demonstrated.magnified image
Synthesis and characterization of new honey incorporated double‐network hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and acylated chitosan
Authors: Khaleghi Mahroo , Mani Fatemeh , Salimi Hamid , Hajibeygi Mohsen , Pashazadeh Rahim , Zayerzadeh Ehsan , Babanejad Niloofar , Shabanian Meisam 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA new honey‐hydrogel arrangement was developed by incorporating honey into a hydrogel containing polyvinyl alcohol and acylated chitosan. A water‐soluble acylated chitosan as the second network was synthesized via reaction of maleic anhydride with chitosan in water. A freeze–thaw process was employed to cross‐link the polyvinyl alcohol chains and a calcium chloride solution was used to cross‐link the acylated chitosan mixture in the presence of honey to precipitate out a flexible and tough hydrogel. The CaCl2content was optimized for the best results which was 0.1 mass%. The characterization such as mechanical, thermal, water content, and cell culture studies of all the synthesized double‐network hydrogel systems were investigated. In the presence of the acylated chitosan and honey almost all the investigated properties of the samples were improved. The formulation was optimized using deferent amount of CaCl2. Mechanical testing of the optimized formulation displayed a maximum value of 0.55 MPa and 310% for tensile strength and elongation at break. Swelling studies indicated that optimized formulation hydrogel absorbed much water as compare with honey‐free hydrogels due to increased amounts of network connectivity and higher hydrophilicity. Thermal analysis of the samples indicated that synthesized double‐network hydrogel network also decreased thermal stability and showed synergistic effects on the improvement of char residues. In addition, cell culture studies showed an appropriate biocompatibility behavior without showing any sign of cytotoxicity.
Transferable and Flexible Artificial Memristive Synapse Based on WOx Schottky Junction on Arbitrary Substrates
Authors: Lin Ya , Zeng Tao , Xu Haiyang , Wang Zhongqiang , Zhao Xiaoning , Liu Weizhen , Ma Jiangang , Liu Yichun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe absence of an effective approach to achieve free‐standing inorganic memristors seriously hinders the development of transferable artificial synapses. Here, a transferable WOx‐based memristive synapse is demonstrated using a nondestructive water‐dissolution method in which the NaCl substrate is selected as the sacrificial layer due to its thermotolerance and water‐solubility. The essential synaptic learning functions are achieved to comprehensively mimic the biological synapse, such as short‐term/long‐term plasticity, paired‐pulse facilitation, and spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity. This artificial synapse can be transferred and conformed onto various unconventional substrates to manifest the flexibility, 3D conformality, and biocompatibility. There is no mechanical damage during the transfer process, and all these transferred devices present excellent synaptic emulations. The memristive behavior shows no degeneration after large‐angle bending or 100 times bending tests. This result may pave a feasible way for the realization of wearable neuromorphic computing systems in the future.
Ginzburg–Landau Theory for Magneto‐Elastic Interaction and Magnetization in Type‐II Superconductors
Authors: Li Yingxu , Kang Guozheng , Gao Yuanwen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe interaction between vortex and crystal lattice (periodic arrays of flux quantum and atoms) in type‐II superconductors is evaluated through Ginzburg–Landau theory. It is found that, in an isotropic crystal, the magneto‐elastic coupling energy counteracts the elasticity‐driven intervortex interaction energy. Thus, the elastic response is induced entirely by individual vortices taken separately. Furthermore, the strain in a vortex‐lattice cell decays quadratically with the distance from the vortex core, which allows a cutoff at the cell boundary. Finally, it could be concluded that if the jump in the elastic constant at is comparable to unity, the elasticity energy dominates the competition between the vortex lattice and crystal elasticity. This effect likely results in the second magnetization peak in the reversible magnetization.
Trapped Carrier Scattering and Charge Transport in High‐Mobility Amorphous Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Wang Xiao , Dodabalapur Ananth 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe multiple trap and release (MTR) model is extended to more completely and accurately describe charge transport in high‐mobility amorphous metal oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs). In addition to trapping and release of charges, other scattering mechanisms that influence mobility are considered along with screening by free carriers. The mobility for each of the dominant scattering mechanisms is calculated using the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) in the relaxation time approximation. It is found that trapped carriers very effectively scatter the charges that move in extended states. This type of scattering is unique to TFTs. Experimental data from high‐mobility amorphous metal oxide TFTs are compared with calculations with very good agreement. At high temperatures, scattering by longitudinal optical phonons and surface phonons becomes significant. This work represents the first successful combination of charge carrier scattering and the BTE with thermally activated MTR transport in a disordered semiconductor. Charge transport in amorphous metal oxide transistors is quantitatively described for the first time and the factors that influence the mobility at various temperatures and charge carrier densities are clearly described. This approach can be used for describing transport in several amorphous and polycrystalline semiconductors with significant disorder and trapping.
Künstliche, gelbasierte Organellen für die räumliche Organisation von zellfreien Genexpressionsreaktionen
Authors: Aufinger Lukas , Simmel Friedrich C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGelbasierte, künstliche Organellen wurden entwickelt, die die sequenzspezifische und programmierbare Lokalisation zellfreier Transkriptions‐ und Translationsreaktionen innerhalb eines künstlichen zellulären Systems ermöglichen. Dazu wurden Agarose‐Mikrogele genutzt, die kovalent mit DNA‐Templaten modifiziert wurden, die für verschiedene Funktionen codieren, und diese wiederum in Emulsionströpfchen eingeschlossen. Von Transkriptionsorganellen transkribierte RNA‐Signale können spezifisch, durch Hybridisierung mit entsprechenden DNA‐Adressmolekülen, von Zielorganellen eingefangen werden. mRNA‐Moleküle mit Toehold‐Switch‐Riboregulatoren, die von Transkriptionsorganellen produziert werden, werden nur in Translationsorganellen exprimiert, die den entsprechenden DNA‐Trigger für den Riboregulator enthalten. Die räumliche Beschränkung von Transkription und Translation auf getrennte Organellen ähnelt damit der Genexpression in eukaryotischen Zellen. Die Kombination kommunizierender Gelkügelchen mit spezialisierten Funktionen eröffnet die Möglichkeit der Programmierung künstlicher zellulärer Systeme auf Organell‐Ebene.
Divergent Late‐Stage (Hetero)aryl C−H Amination by the Pyridinium Radical Cation
Authors: Ham Won Seok , Hillenbrand Julius , Jacq Jérôme , Genicot Christophe , Ritter Tobias 
Published: November 2018

Abstract(Hetero)arylamines constitute some of the most prevalent functional molecules, especially as pharmaceuticals. However, structurally complex aromatics currently cannot be converted into arylamines, so instead, each product isomer must be assembled through a multistep synthesis from simpler building blocks. Herein, we describe a late‐stage aryl C−H amination reaction for the synthesis of complex primary arylamines that other reactions cannot access directly. We show and rationalize through a mechanistic analysis the reasons for the wide substrate scope and the constitutional diversity of the reaction, which gives access to molecules that would not have been readily available otherwise.
Refinement of Highly Flexible Protein Structures using Simulation‐Guided Spectroscopy
Authors: Hays Jennifer M. , Kieber Marissa K. , Li Jason Z. , Han Ji In , Columbus Linda , Kasson Peter M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHighly flexible proteins present a special challenge for structure determination because they are multi‐structured yet not disordered, so their conformational ensembles are essential for understanding function. Because spectroscopic measurements of multiple conformational populations often provide sparse data, experiment selection is a limiting factor in conformational refinement. A molecular simulations‐ and information‐theory based approach to select which experiments best refine conformational ensembles has been developed. This approach was tested on three flexible proteins. For proteins where a clear mechanistic hypothesis exists, experiments that test this hypothesis were systematically identified. When available data did not yield such mechanistic hypotheses, experiments that significantly outperform structure‐guided approaches in conformational refinement were identified. This approach offers a particular advantage when refining challenging, underdetermined protein conformational ensembles.
Self‐Orienting Hydrogel Micro‐Buckets as Novel Cell Carriers
Authors: Liu Qian , Zhao Meng , Mytnyk Serhii , Klemm Benjamin , Zhang Kai , Wang Yiming , Yan Dadong , Mendes Eduardo , van Esch Jan H. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHydrogel microparticles are important in materials engineering, but their applications remain limited owing to the difficulties associated with their manipulation. Herein, we report the self‐orientation of crescent‐shaped hydrogel microparticles and elucidate its mechanism. Additionally, the microparticles were used, for the first time, as micro‐buckets to carry living cells. In aqueous solution, the microparticles spontaneously rotated to a preferred orientation with the cavity facing up. We developed a geometric model that explains the self‐orienting behavior of crescent‐shaped particles by minimizing the potential energy of this specific morphology. Finally, we selectively modified the particles’ cavities with RGD peptide and exploited their preferred orientation to load them with living cells. Cells could adhere, proliferate, and be transported and released in vitro. These micro‐buckets hold a great potential for applications in smart materials, cell therapy, and biological engineering.
1,2,3‐Diazaborinin: ein BN‐Analogon des Pyridins durch Borol‐Ringerweiterung mit einem organischen Azid
Authors: Lindl Felix , Lin Shujuan , Krummenacher Ivo , Lenczyk Carsten , Stoy Andreas , Müller Marcel , Lin Zhenyang , Braunschweig Holger 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEin neuer Reaktionsweg für die Ringerweiterung von antiaromatischen Borolen mit organischen Aziden wird vorgestellt. Die gewöhnlich zu 1,2‐Azaborininen führende Reaktion eines Borols mit einem organischen Azid wurde durch die Veränderung der elektronischen Eigenschaften der Ausgangsverbindungen zur Bildung eines 1,2,3‐Diazaborinins umgeleitet. Das aus 1‐(2,3,4,5‐Tetraphenylborolyl)ferrocen mit 4‐Azido‐N,N‐dimethylanilin zunächst gebildete isolierbare Azo‐Azaborinin zersetzt sich thermisch zum 1,2,3‐Diazaborinin und Benzonitril. Die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften und die Reaktivität dieser heterocyclischen Verbindung zeigen Ähnlichkeiten zu Pyridinen, zu denen sie isoelektronisch ist. Dichtefunktionalrechnungen geben einen Einblick in den Mechanismus dieser ungewöhnlichen Umwandlung.
Chemically Fueled Dissipative Self‐Assembly that Exploits Cooperative Catalysis
Authors: Bal Subhajit , Das Krishnendu , Ahmed Sahnawaz , Das Dibyendu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn living systems, dissipative processes are driven by the endergonic hydrolysis of chemical fuels such as nucleoside triphosphates. Now, through a simple model system, a transient self‐assembled state is realized by utilizing the catalytic effect of histidine on the formation and breaking of ester bonds. First, histidine facilitates the ester bond formation, which then rapidly co‐assembles to form a self‐supporting gel. An out‐of‐equilibrium state is realized owing to the cooperative catalysis by the proximal histidines in the assembled state, driving the second pathway and resulting in disassembly to sol. Cooperative effects that use the dual role of imidazoles as nucleophile and as proton donor is utilized to achieve transient assemblies. This simple system mimics the structural journey seen in microtubule formation where the substrate GTP facilitates the non‐covalent assembly and triggers a cooperative catalytic process, leading to substrate hydrolysis and subsequent disassembly.
Hydrogenation of Borylated Arenes
Authors: Wollenburg Marco , Moock Daniel , Glorius Frank 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA cis‐selective hydrogenation of abundant aryl boronic acids and their derivatives catalyzed by rhodium cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (Rh–CAAC) is reported. The reaction tolerates a variety of boron‐protecting groups and provides direct access to a broad scope of saturated, borylated carbo‐ and heterocycles with various functional groups. The transformation is strategically important because the versatile saturated boronate products are difficult to prepare by other methods. The utility of the saturated cyclic building blocks was demonstrated by post‐functionalization of the boron group.
Musculoskeletal Radiology Teaching at a UK Medical School: Do We Need to Improve?
Authors: Marino Katherine , Merrick Deborah , Edwards Kimberly , Pratten Margaret 
Published: November 2018

The United Kingdom is currently facing crisis due to a shortage of radiology consultants despite ever‐increasing demand for medical imaging. The specifics of how best to teach radiology has generated increasing interest. This study aims to determine whether musculoskeletal (MSK) radiology teaching at the University of Nottingham (UoN) Medical School is perceived to be satisfactory by medical students, Foundation‐Year doctors, and senior medical professionals in preparing students for the demands working as Foundation‐Year doctors. Questionnaires were distributed to all medical students and Foundation‐Year doctors that graduated from UoN (n = 307). Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with consultants and teaching staff (n = 13). Forty‐nine percent of preclinical medical students, 43% of clinical students and 27% of Foundation‐Year doctors thought MSK radiology teaching was not sufficient in preparing them for the radiology challenges Foundation‐Year doctors' face. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The consensus from senior medical professionals was that MSK Radiology teaching is currently adequate and producing competent students. Interestingly, only 5% of students were considering a career in radiology compared to 34% of Foundation‐Year doctors. Overall, there seems to be concern among students regarding MSK radiology teaching and students have a lack of confidence with MSK radiology. Foundation‐Year doctors and senior medical professionals do not share this view. This may be due to medical students' lack of clarity on what is required of them. Formal documentation of set learning objectives for MSK radiology throughout the curriculum may address this.