bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Purification of Tritiated Phytohemagglutinin and Studies of Cellular Localization in Human Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: CONARD ROBERT A. , DEMOISE CHARLES F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A tritiated bean extract was obtained from bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown hydroponically in nutrient media containing various concentrations of tritium water. Purification was accomplished by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography using DEAE, CM-52 cellulose columns, and finally by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The purified product showed greatly increased mitogenic activity and electrophoretically showed a single labeled protein band on electrophoresis. Radioactivity of the purified PHA varied between 0.1-0.5 µCi/mg. which, though not as high as desirable, was sufficient for autoradiographic and subcellular fractionation studies in human leukocyte cultures. Within a few hours cytoplasmic localization of the label was noted in most of the cells in culture, including neutrophils and larger mononuclear cells. Breakdown of many of these cells during the first 24 hr. resulted in labeled amorphous basophilic staining masses of cell particles.
Though agglutination of cells was commonly seen, the lack of label in red cells or surface label of leukocytes was notable. Blast forms which appeared by the second day showed prominent labeling which appeared to be largely cytoplasmic as evidenced by grain distribution. Several reasons were discussed which made it seem likely that the mitogenic molecule was represented in the cell label. Assay of subcellular fractions showed the major portion of radioactivity in the mitochondrial fraction. Specific activity, however, was too low to permit electron microscopic localization of label in individual organelles. Lack of label of RNA and DNA proteins was demonstrated by cellular distribution of the label and chemical extraction of RNA and DNA. Interesting speculation arises as to whether the PHA may stimulate mitochondrial activity and induce RNA synthesis and blastogenesis. Further experiments are in progress to obtain a purer PHA with higher specific radioactivity in order to more precisely define the site and mechanism of action of the mitogen.
Acute Leukemia Occurring During Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: McPHEDRAN PETER , HEATH CLARK W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Acute leukemia occurred in two of 340 persons with chronic lymphocytic leukemia listed in a registry of leukemia cases among residents of Georgia. One case was acute myeloblastic leukemia; the cell type of the other was disputed. Before onset of acute leukemia, one patient had had numerous diagnostic x-rays, while the other had received therapeutic radiation. These data and previous case series indicate that acute leukemia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is rare, has no consistent cell type, and often follows exposure to therapeutic radiation. It seems possible that such cases of acute leukemia often represents a second malignancy than a true blast phase of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Hypofibrinogenemia Due to L-Asparaginase: Studies of Fibrinogen Survival Using Autologous 131I-Fibrinogen
Authors: BETTIGOLE R. E. , HIMELSTEIN E. S. , OETTGEN H. F. , CLIFFORD G. O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Plasma fibrinogen levels fall, often dramatically, in patients receiving L-asparaginase. Studies of six patients using autologous 131I-fibrinogen showed that at a dose of 1000 I.U./kg./day L-asparaginase had no effect on their rates of fibrinogen disappearance. The fall in their plasma fibrinogen levels, therefore, must have been a result of decreased synthesis since it could not be ascribed to increased utilization or destruction of fibrinogen.
Paraproteinemia in a Child with Leukemia
Authors: LINDQVIST KAARE J. , RAGAB ABDELSALAM H. , OSTERLAND C. KIRK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A four-year-old boy was diagnosed as having lymphoblastic leukemia in January 1967. On immunosuppressive therapy he had several clinical remissions and relapses. In mid-1968 he entered a period of sustained clinical remission. At that time a monoclonal gammaglobulin peak appeared in the electrophoresis pattern of his serum. The paraprotein which was present in concentrations above 44 mg. per ml., was characterized as γG with K-chain specificity. There was no evidence of multiple myeloma, and no urinary Bence-Jones protein was detected. The patient was investigated for cellular and humoral type immunologic responsiveness during the sustained remission period with normal results. The possible relationship between the paraprotein and the favorable clinical course in this patient is discussed.
Fibrillar Bundles in the Nucleus of Blood Lymphocytes from Leukemic and Nonleukemic Patients
Authors: STEFANI STEFANO S. , TONAKI HIROSHI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Fibrillar bundles were found in the nuclei of blood lymphocytes from 15 of 30 normal individuals. Similar fibrils were found in three of 16 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and in one of eight cases of Hodgkin’s disease. Nuclear bundles when observed in a sample were found only in small numbers. No points of continuity between the nuclear and the cytoplasmic fibrils could be found.
Evaluation of a Standard Dosage Schedule with Streptokinase
Authors: HIRSH J. , O’SULLIVAN E. F. , MARTIN M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The safety and effectiveness of a standard dosage schedule of streptokinase was evaluated in 50 patients with thromboembolic disease. A streptokinase resistance test was performed, and each patient was then treated with 250,000 units of streptokinase infused over 30 minutes followed by 100,000 units per hour. The results of serial tests of fibrinolytic activity were then correlated with the streptokinase resistance in each patient. Forty six of the fifty patients had a resistance of 250,000 units or lower and all these developed an active thrombolytic state with rapid plasminogen depletion. The four patients with a streptokinase resistance in excess of 250,000 units showed a delayed fibrinolytic response; however, once obtained, the fibrinolytic effects were similar to those found in the other 46 patients.
It is concluded that an active thrombolytic state would be obtained most consistently if the inducing dose of streptokinase is individualized for each patient. The thrombolytic effects of a standard dose schedule are less predictable, but its routine use may be an acceptable alternative in a particular community if the range and distribution of the streptokinase resistance have been determined and have been shown to be relatively low in a large percentage of the community.
Brief Report: Bone Marrow Lymphocytosis in Acute Leukemia: A Second Look
Authors: SKEEL ROLAND T. , BENNETT JOHN M. , HENDERSON EDWARD S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A review of 54 patients with acute leukemia in remission confirms the impression that bone marrow lymphocytosis (BML) of 20 per cent or more is not a manifestation of incomplete remission, but may be an indicator of good prognosis. This concept is particularly manifest in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Eight such patients without BML have had median remissions and survivals of five and 10 months, respectively, while 30 patients with BML have had remissions and survivals of nine and 35 months.
The Use of Heparin in Autoimmune Hemolytic Disease
Authors: BARDANA EMIL J. , BAYRAKCI CEMIL , PIROFSKY BERNARD , HENJYOJI HOWARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Seven patients with various forms of autoimmune hemolytic anemia were treated with parenteral heparin. A therapeutic failure resulted in all instances. Heparin therapy did not induce a clinical response or reduce the magnitude of hemolysis. There was no demonstrable in vivo or in vitro effect of this drug on direct and indirect antiglobulin and bromelin tests. Serum complement levels and the degree of erythrocyte mobility were unaffected by heparin during the therapeutic trial.
Diagnostic Specificity of Sucrose Hemolysis Test for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: HARTMANN ROBERT C. , JENKINS DAVID E. , ARNOLD ANITA B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The diagnostic specificity of the various modifications of the sucrose hemolysis test for PNH was examined in detail. In whole blood screening tests the greatest specificity was achieved using citrated or oxalated blood and room temperature incubation (23°). Defibrinated whole blood should not be used since "false positive" hemolysis may occur in blood disorders other than PNH. Mechanisms were suggested for this phenomenon. The validity of the confirmatory sucrose hemolysis test employing normal serum was further reported. Because of the clear, colorless character of serum-sucrose mixtures, an insignificant degree of hemolysis (i.e., less than 5%) is more readily visible than in other PNH hemolytic tests employing undiluted serum. Definitive instructions and criteria for interpretation were given for both the whole blood screening test and the confirmatory sucrose hemolysis test.
Ferrioxamine Iron in Rabbit Reticulocyte Heme Synthesis
Authors: GERLANC M. D. , ZAPOLSKI E. J. , RUBIN M. , PRINCIOTTO J. V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ferrioxamine B, a naturally occurring sideramine, serves as an iron transport agent and iron donor for heme synthesis in micro organisms. It is unable to effectively replace transferrin in iron delivery for rabbit reticulocyte hemoglobin formation.
Enlargement of Mitochondrial Compartment in Iron and Copper Deficiency
Authors: DALLMAN PETER R. , GOODMAN JOSEPH R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Marked enlargement of the mitochondrial compartment is present in heart muscle, liver, and erythroblasts of iron- and copper-deficient rats. Mitochondria are increased in size, and may also be increased in number, particularly in heart muscle and erythroid cells. The enlarged mitochondria are more electron-lucent and in the hepatocyte may have sparser packing of cristae than in animals on a complete diet. Morphologic changes in the erythroid percursors of three iron-deficient patients are similar to those observed in the experimental animal. The morphologic response is not attributable to anemia or inanition but appears more specifically related to the lack of trace metals or cofactors required for the synthesis of certain mitochondrial enzymes.
DFP Labeling of Platelets During Recovery from Thrombocytopenia
Authors: EBBE SHIRLEY , SAPIENZA PETER , DUFFY PETER , STOHLMAN FREDERICK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rat platelets were labeled with tritiated diisopropylfluorophosphate (3H-DFP) during recovery from acute thrombocytopenia. The results indicated that there was significant labeling of megakaryocytes by 3H-DFP which, in the presence of an increased rate of platelet production, resulted in maintenance of relatively constant values for platelet-bound radioactivity during the period of maximum platelet production and reactive thrombocytosis. Significant random loss of platelets was apparent, and, when a cohort of young platelets was transfused to normal recipients, they were destroyed at a normal rate.
Autoradiography of Diffusible Compounds in Human Nonnucleated Erythrocytes: Studies with Tritiated Glucose and Adenine
Authors: GREENWALT TIBOR J. , PAIGE JOSEPH C. , ETOH NOBUKOH , STEANE EDWIN A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple method for autoradiography of diffusible substances in erythrocytes is described. It is based on retarding diffusion from the red corpuscles during fixation and processing by using the bifunctional aldehyde, glutaraldehyde; rapid drying; and applying the nuclear emulsion as a dried, preformed film.
The technique was used for studying the changes during storage in the ability of red blood cells to utilize glucose. The incorporation of glucose-6-3H by samples of blood stored for different periods of time was followed by the number of silver grains present in the red corpuscles. It was observed that the percentage of erythrocytes with fewer than four grains increased progressively during the storage of ACD blood. The incorporation of glucose as observed by the silver grain pattern was reversible toward that of freshly collected red corpuscles following incubation of the stored samples with adenosine.
Similar studies were performed using adenine-8-3H as the label in blood stored for six weeks in ACD adenine solution. Incubation of the blood samples containing 0.5 mM. adenine for one hour at 37°C resulted in autoradiographic patterns equivalent in grain counts to those given by red blood cells stored with the radiolabeled adenine for five weeks. The incubation of fresh samples with inosine was found to inhibit the incorporation of adenine, whereas inosine enhanced the number of grains in red blood cells which had "run down" during storage.
The autoradiographic technique presented should be of value for the in vitro evaluation of methods of blood preservation and for studying the metabolic heterogeneity of normal red corpuscles and other tissue cells. It should be useful for investigating hereditary and acquired abnormalities of metabolism.
In Vitro Effect of Chloramphenicol on Chromosomes
Authors: MITUS W. J. , COLEMAN NANCI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukocytes from normal individuals were cultured in media containing various concentrations of chloramphenicol. Chromosomes obtained from these cultures were studied for intrachromosomal vacuolation and various other structural changes such as breaks, gaps, fragmentations, etc.
Chromosomes from chloramphenicol containing cultures showed significant increase in abnormalities when compared with control preparations. Changes observed were very similar to those seen in patients receiving large doses of chloramphenicol.
Characterization and Genetic Studies of Microcytic Anemia in House Mouse
Authors: RUSSELL ELIZABETH S. , NASH DONALD J. , BERNSTEIN SELDON E. , KENT EDITH L. , MCFARLAND ELEANOR C. , MATTHEWS SUSAN M. , NORWOOD MARY S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Microcytic anemia, inherited as a unit autosomal recessive, is the first of the twelve known single-gene induced hereditary anemias of the mouse which results entirely from alteration of individual erythrocytes rather than from reduction in number of red cells. At all ages where mk/mk individuals could be recognized, from the fifteenth day of gestation to adulthood, the erythrocyte count of mk/mk individuals was at least as high as that of normal counterparts. At all ages, the hemoglobin concentration in these small erythrocytes was also reduced, so that the total available hemoglobin was markedly reduced at all ages. The higher than normal numbers of erythrocytes in adult microcytic mice demonstrate that the cell-producing mechanisms operate efficiently. Genetic tests have shown that the mk single-gene defect has no relation to structure of either the α-chain or the β-chain of the hemoglobin molecule. The mk microcytosis and hypochromia must then result from a metabolic or structural defect independent both of the factors responsible for regulating red cell number and of those controlling hemoglobin structure.
This mk/mk microcytic anemia shows some similarities to human thalassemias: hypochromia, microcytosis and presence of target cells, combined with splenomegaly, reticulocytosis, and higher than normal erythrocyte counts (like thalassemia minor). As in thalassemia, hemoglobin structure is normal, although the amount per cell is subnormal. Human hemolytic anemias also share some of these characteristics. The similarities of mk/mk microcytic anemia of the mouse to certain human anemias are sufficient to warrant its further investigation as an animal model for understanding of human hereditary disease.
Analytic Review: Disorders of Phagocyte Function
Authors: DOUGLAS STEVEN D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The physiologic aspects of neutrophil and monocyte function as related to bactericidal capacity have been reviewed. Recent studies have demonstrated clinical syndromes involving defects in chemotaxis, opsonization, and a spectrum of intracellular neutrophil and monocyte defects. The present concepts of the pathophysiology of these syndromes have been considered. The elucidation of the basic defects awaits the development of new approaches to the study of phagocyte function.
Total Body Counting in the Assessment of Vitamin B12 Absorption in Patients with Pernicious Anemia, Achlorhydria Without Pernicious Anemia and in Acid Secretors
Authors: IRVINE W. J. , CULLEN D. R. , SCARTH LAURA , SIMPSON J. D. , DAVIES S. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The absorption of 58Co-vitamin B12 was assessed by the method of total body counting in 25 patients with frank P.A., five with latent P.A., 47 with achlorhydria but without malabsorption of vitamin B12 and 47 acid-secreting patients. A total of 192 tests was done. With or without prior stimulation of intrinsic factor secretion by pentagastrin the upper level of absorption of vitamin B12 in patients with frank or latent P.A. was 25 per cent. Taking an equivocal result to be 21-25 per cent inclusive, the total body counting method was able to distinguish P.A. patients from those with achlorhydria without P.A. with 87 per cent accuracy and one per cent error and from non-P.A. achlorhydric patients and acid secretors combined with 91 per cent accuracy and 0.5 per cent error.
Pentagastrin stimulation did not improve the separation between achlorhydric patients with and without P.A. but raised the lower limit of retention of vitamin B12 from 24 to 44 per cent in the acid secreting patients.
The method of total body counting is recommended as a method of assessing vitamin B12 absorption.
Evidence for Cyclic -3',5'-Adenosine Monophosphate as Chemotactic Agent for Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: LEAHY DENNIS R. , McLEAN EDWARD R. , BONNER J. T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Using the Boyden test for chemotaxis, it was possible to show that cyclic-3',5'-AMP attracts polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Although this effect is definite, casein has a more potent effect. Since cyclic AMP is synthesized by bacteria, and is a heat stable molecule of small molecular weight, it is presumed to be one of the components in bacteria capable of producing positive chemotaxis in leukocytes.
An Improved Method for Performing Neutrophil Survival Studies
Authors: DEINARD AMOS S. , PAGE ARTHUR R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An improved method for doing DFP32 neutrophil survival studies is described that allows quantitative measurement of total circulating neutrophil-associated radioactivity. DFP32 labeled neutrophils are quantitatively trapped on a nylon fiber column and washed free of contaminating radioactivity. The neutrophil-associated radioactivity is then counted in a liquid scintillation counter. Data so obtained can then be used to construct both a true neutrophil survival curve and a curve for the fall-off of neutrophil specific activity. Leukokinetic data on hematologically normal individuals compare favorably with the values for normal persons that Athens and his collaborators have published.
Muramidase in Polycythemia Vera
Authors: BINDER RICHARD A. , GILBERT HARRIET S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The serum muramidase levels of 45 patients with polycythemia vera were found to be significantly elevated above the values in 20 normal subjects. The patients with polycythemia vera who were studied included those with active disease, those controlled with myelosuppressive agents and those in the spent phase. A high degree of correlation was found between muramidase levels and leukocyte count, granulocyte count, serum uric acid, serum vitamin B12 content and unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity. No correlation was found between muramidase levels and hematocrit, monocyte count and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity. It is felt that this study lends support to the origin of serum muramidase from granulocytes and that elevated levels of serum muramidase in the subjects studied are a reflection of the involvement of the granulocyte in the proliferative process responsible for polycythemia vera.
Effect of Erythropoietin on Proliferation of Erythroid Stem Cells in the Absence of Transplantable Colony-forming Units
Authors: REISSMANN KURT R. , SAMORAPOOMPICHIT SOMMART 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A single administration of Myleran eradicated colony-forming stem cells from marrow or spleen of mice for a period of two weeks or longer. Erythropoiesis was restored during that time, and the exclusion of cell influx from the colony-forming progenitors into the intermediary erythroid stem cell compartment permitted a study of the effects of erythropoietin on the kinetics of the latter. The results indicate that erythropoietin, in addition to its role in transforming immediate precursors into proerythroblasts, stimulated the proliferation of erythroid stem cells. The significance of this in regard to stem cell kinetics and rate regulation of erythropoiesis is discussed.
A Simple Spot Screening Test for Fast Detection of Red Cell NADH-Diaphorase Deficiency
Authors: KAPLAN JEAN-CLAUDE , NICOLAS ANNE-MARIE , HANZLICKOVA-LEROUX ALENA , BEUTLER ERNEST 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A rapid spot screening test for NADH-diaphorase deficiency is described. Nitrited blood is added to a reaction mixture freshly prepared from stable stock reagents. Spots are made at intervals on filter paper and examined for defluorescence as NADH is oxidized. All of six patients with NADH diaphorase deficiency studied have been correctly identified using this technique, but it is not suitable for the detection of heterozygotes.
Eosinophil Kinetics in Two Patients with Eosinophilia
Authors: HERION J. C. , GLASSER R. M. , WALKER R. I. , PALMER J. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukocyte kinetics were studied in two individuals with marked eosinophilia. Blood leukocytes, labeled in vitro with Na251CrO4, disappeared from the circulation at different rates in the two subjects during the first eight hours after infusion. In one, label disappeared exponentially with a T/2 of 4.5-5.0 hours; in the other, the level of radioactivity remained constant. In both, however, a significant rise in radioactivity appeared during the second 24 hours, suggesting recirculation of the eosinophils. Blood leukocyte DNA-32P labeling was similar in both subjects and closely resembled neutrophil DNA-32P labeling observed in normal individuals. Hydrocortisone infusion produced an exponential decrease in circulating eosinophils in one subject and, for reasons unknown, a linear decrease in the other; the drug exhibited no effect on eosinophils in vitro.
Effect of L-Asparaginase on Mouse Bone Marrow, Assayed by In Vitro Culture
Authors: BROWN CLARENCE H. , CANELLOS GEORGE P. , CARBONE PAUL P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
L-asparaginase administered in therapeutic doses to mice was found to reduce the total number of nucleated marrow cells and colony-forming cells when assayed 4 hours after administration by a methylcellulose bone marrow culture technique. Both marrow cellularity and the fraction of surviving IVCFC/femur were normal by 24 hours after injection, except with very large doses, at a time when there were sufficient quantities of L-asparaginase free or cellularly bound within the marrow to be toxic to the culture system. The enzyme could be removed from the marrow specimens with repeated washings. It is postulated that the bone marrow of the mouse is similar to the regenerating rat liver in that both have the ability to compensate for Lasparagine depletion, even in the presence of active L-asparaginase. The rarity of clinically observed myelosuppression in human subjects could be the result of a similar mechanism.