bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential susceptibility & replication potential of Vero E6, BHK-21, RD, A-549, C6/36 cells & Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to three strains of chikungunya virus
Authors: Sudeep Anakkathil Balan , Vyas Pratik B. , Parashar Deepti , Shil Pratip 
Published: September 2019

Background & objectives:
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne arthritogenic virus causes infections ranging from febrile illness to debilitating polyarthralgia in humans. Re-emergence of the virus has affected millions of people in Africa and Asia since 2004. During the outbreak, a new lineage of the virus has evolved as an adaptation for enhanced replication and transmission by Aedes albopictus mosquito. A study was designed to compare the susceptibility of four vertebrate cell lines, namely Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney), BHK-21 (Baby hamster kidney), RD (human rhabdomyosarcoma), A-549 (human alveolar basal epithelial cell) and C6/36 (Ae. albopictus) to Asian genotype and two lineages of East, Central and South African (E1:A226 and E1:A226V) of CHIKV.

Methods:
One-step growth kinetics of different CHIKV strains was carried out in the above five cell lines to determine the growth kinetics and virus yield. Virus titre was determined by 50 per cent tissue culture infectious dose assay and titres were calculated by the Reed and Muench formula. Growth and virus yield of the three strains in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes was studied by intrathoracic inoculation and virus titration in Vero E6 cell line.

Results:
Virus titration showed Vero E6, C6/36 and BHK-21 cell lines are high virus yielding with all the three lineages while RD and A-549 yielded low virus titres. C6/36 cell line was the most sensitive and yielded the maximum titre. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, when inoculated with high titre virus, yielded an almost equal growth with the three strains while rapid growth of E1:A226V and Asian strain was observed with 1 log virus.

Interpretation & conclusions:
C6/36 cell line was found to be the most sensitive and high yielding for CHIKV irrespective of lineages while Vero E6 and BHK-21 cell lines yielded high titres and may find application for vaccine/diagnostic development. Infection of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with the three CHIKV strains gave almost identical pattern of growth.
A systematic review of standard treatment guidelines in India
Authors: Koli Paresh Girdharlal , Kshirsagar Nilima A. , Shetty Yashashri C. , Mehta Dhvani , Mittal Yashaswini , Parmar Urwashi 
Published: September 2019

Background & objectives:
Standard treatment guidelines (STGs) are the cornerstone to therapeutics. Multiple agencies in India develop STGs. This systematic review was conducted to find out STGs available in India, evaluate if these were as per World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for STGs and compare these with National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines. Information on legal authority and responsibility for formulating STGs was also sought.

Methods:
PRISMA guidelines were followed. Publications from PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for STGs using terms 'Standard Treatment Guidelines AND India'. Data from STGs were compiled in excel as per the WHO and authors' criteria for STGs and compared with NICE guidelines.

Results:
PubMed and Google Scholar search provided 56 publications (out of 1695 search results) mentioning 27 STGs. Google search and replies from authors led us 36 STGs, totalling to 63 STGs. No STG mentioned any specific period of revision, eight STGs were not evidence-based, 55 had some Indian references, 48 STGs were for single disease and the remaining multi-disease, three STGs did not include diagnostic criteria, 16 STGs did not give prescribing information of recommended treatment and 16 STGs provide no referral criteria for patients. Fifty five STGs did not mention level of health care. While NICE is a single legal authority in England and guidelines are as per WHO recommendations for STGs, in India although Acts and rules do not vest authority, National Health Systems Resource Center is generally designated responsible for STGs.

Interpretation & conclusions:
In India, although there are multiple STGs developed by various authorities and professionals for the same conditions, these fulfil WHO recommendations only partially. Authority with statutory duty collaborating with professional organizations, a standard methodology for adopting international guidelines, Indian data for evidence base, attention to local needs will help in developing better STGs and their acceptance.
Molecular characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating at various geographical locations in India, 2017
Authors: Potdar Varsha , Vijay Neetu , Gupta Nivedita , Arunkumar G. , Borkakoty Bishwajyoti , Malhotra Bharti , Rabha Debajit , Hinge Dilip , Kaur Harmanmeet , Chadha Mandeep 
Published: September 2019

Background & objectives:
Influenza virological surveillance is an essential tool for the early detection of novel genetic variants of epidemiologic and clinical significance. This study was aimed to genetically characterize A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in 2017 and to compare it with the global data.

Methods:
The regional/State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDLs) provided influenza diagnosis for referred clinical samples and shared influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 positives with the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India, for hemagglutinin (HA) gene phylogenetic analysis. Sites at Manipal, Jaipur and Dibrugarh performed the sequencing and shared the sequence data for analysis. The antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses was assessed for known molecular marker H275Y at the ICMR-NIV, Pune.

Results:
All the eight VRDLs had well-established influenza diagnostic facilities and showed increased activity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during 2017. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses from the different regions of the country were similar to A/Michigan/45/2015 strain which was the 2017-2018 recommended vaccine strain and were clustered with the globally circulating clade 6B.1 with signature mutations S84N, S162N and I216T. The clade 6B.1 showed further subgrouping with additional mutations S74R, S164T and I295V; however, there was no significant association between the presence of these mutations and severity of disease due to influenza. All the study viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir.

Interpretation & conclusions:
During the study period, all the study sites reported globally circulating A/Michigan/45/2015 vaccine strain of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and remained sensitive to oseltamivir. Further genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses is recommended to address public health concerns.
Two millennia of Main region (southern Germany) hydroclimate variability
Authors: Land Alexander , Remmele Sabine , Hofmann Jutta , Reichle Daniel , Eppli Margaret , Zang Christian , Buras Allan , Hein Sebastian , Zimmermann Reiner 
Published: September 2019

Abstract. A reconstruction of hydroclimate with an annual
resolution covering millennia for a geographically limited region in
continental Europe significantly improves our knowledge of past climate
dynamics. With the use of an extensive collection of oak ring-width series
(Quercus robur and Quercus petraea) from living trees, historic timbers and subfossil alluvial wood
deposits from the Main River region in southern Germany, a regional,
2000-year long, seasonally resolved hydroclimate reconstruction for the
Main region has been developed. Climate-growth response analysis has been
performed with daily climate records from AD 1900 onwards. To test the
stability of the developed transfer function, a bootstrapped transfer
function stability test (BTFS) as well as a classical calibration/verification approach have been implemented to study climate-growth model
performance. Living oak trees from the Main River region show a significant
sensitivity to the precipitation sum from 26 February to 6 July (spring to
midsummer) during the full (r=0.49, p<0.01, N=116) and
split (r=0.58, p<0.01, N=58) calibration periods. BTFS
confirmed the stability of the developed transfer function. The developed
precipitation reconstruction reveals high variability on a high- to
mid-frequency scale during the past two millennia. Very dry spring to
midsummer seasons lasting multiple years appeared in the decades AD 500/510s, 940s, 1170s, 1390s and 1160s. At the end of the AD 330s, a
persistent multi-year drought with drastically reduced rainfall (with regard to 1901–2000) could be identified, which was the driest decade over the past
2000 years in this region. In the AD 550s, 1050s, 1310s and 1480s,
multi-year periods with high rainfall hit the Main region. In spring to
midsummer of AD 338, precipitation was reduced by ∼38 %
and in AD 357 it increased by ∼39 %. The presented
hydroclimate reconstruction and its comparison to other records reveal
interesting insights into the hydroclimate dynamics of the geographically
limited area over the Common Era, in addition to revealing noticeable temporal
differences.
The Recognition of Animal Sentience by the Law
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In order to protect nonhuman animals effectively, animal law must overcome many hurdles, be it the balance of human and nonhuman interests, the use paradigm, or narrow definitions of legal personhood or basic rights. A fact often overlooked in this uphill struggle is that the laws of most states recognize that animals must be protected because and to the extent that they are sentient. The legal recognition of animal sentience seems to nullify all and any attempts to deny them legal protection simply because they are not sufficiently appealing, emotionally close, or economically useful to us. However, the legal recognition of animal sentience does not overcome all our cognitive prejudices about animals. Using a comparative law method and insights from moral philosophy, this article analyzes the nature and scope of the legal recognition of animal sentience. It identifies its advantages in challenging arbitrariness and inconsistency and championing intrinsic animal protection and points to the most pressing shortcomings, including some states’ refusal to commit themselves to animal sentience and remaining prejudices in society and science. In concluding, the article offers ways to address and remedy these shortcomings and points to ways in which the concept can be used more effectively by academics and practitioners.
Beyond Competition: An Indigenous Perspective on Organized Sport
Authors: Rice Brian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper is about participation in sport from the perspective of several Indigenous societies and includes a comparative analysis with mainstream competitive sport. The author utilizes his experiences from his own Kenienkè:haka society and includes the seven teachings of the Anishnabè along with other examples from other Indigenous societies. The paper emphasizes the differences between an Indigenous cultural understating about sport that is rooted in community teachings over a mainstream individualistic one. There is an emphasis on how good community and team leaders are thought of and evolve within Indigenous societies.
Engaging (with) Indigeneity: Decolonization and Indigenous/Indigenizing Sport History
Authors: MacLean Malcolm 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe drive to decolonize the academy has led to the reconstruction of old understandings, yet much of the critical studies tradition does little more than add “data” from colonially suppressed peoples without re-examining the dominant discursive narratives. This paper explores the historiography of indigenous sport to pose questions about the ways the Imperial Archive has shaped our understandings and the manner of access to that source material, suggesting ways that they might be used to disrupt the dominant epistemologies of colonial(ist) sport history. It constructs a sixfold typology and explores each type through the analysis of a single representative source. In doing so, it tests the limits of researchers’ moral responsibility to include research communities in the process of development and production of data and critiques the view that responsibility for and conduct of the analysis rests solely with the researcher. In posing the problem of “the archive, “ the paper explores ways in which the decolonization of sport history and the indigenization of the subject can help reconfigure the meaning of modern sport and develop a more fluid, dialogic approach to historiographical practice.
Enduring Legacies and Convergent Identities: The Male-Dominated Origins of the Kenyan Running Explosion
Authors: Sikes Michelle 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The colonial era in Kenya was a pivotal and transitional period during which aspects of local peoples’ existing gender roles and relations were challenged, renegotiated and, in the case of running, confirmed. British colonial intent to introduce running as sport to men aligned with Rift Valley societies that condoned male, though not female, running. Indigenous ideas and ways of living could operate in tandem with the historically masculine orientation of Western athletics, leaving a legacy of cultural synthesis that significantly constrained Kenyan women’s sporting prospects. Histories of sport in Kenya, and elsewhere, should take into account both external and local gender norms, as they existed prior to colonial contact, to understand better the gendered mechanisms through which sport “diffused” to empire.
Comparative Analysis of Manual, Rotary and Reciprocal Systems on Primary Teeth Root Canals: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: ARSLAN İpek , AYDINOĞLU Sema , BAYGIN Ozgul , TÜZÜNER Tamer , ŞİRİN Murat 
Published: September 2019

Objective:
To evaluate the residual debris and smear layer
formation, and also preparation time of one or multifile manual, rotary, and
reciprocal systems on primary teeth.

Materials and methods: A total of 75
primary mandibular molar teeth were randomly divided to five groups (n=15). The
distal canals of teeth were shaped with each of the K file, Protaper, Twisted
File, OneShape, and Reciproc systems. Preparation time was also recorded. Longitudinal
sections groups were prepared and processed for observation under scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) at a standard magnification of X1000 for smear layer
and X200 for residual debris. The presence of smear layer and residual debris was
evaluated by two trained operators. The data of preparation time and also
debris and smear scores were analyzed using ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test,
respectively.

Results: Reciproc and OneShape systems had significantly less
instrumentation time than all other groups (p&lt;0.001). The results of
statistical analyses were the same for the residual debris and smear layer scores.
In the coronal thirds of the canals, the canal preparation with the Protaper
system resulted in significantly less debris and smear layer compared with the
OneShape system (p=0.015). In the middle thirds of the canals, OneShape and
Reciproc systems had more residual debris and smear layer than the Protaper
system (p&lt;0.05). In the apical thirds of the canals, the use of the Protaper
instruments resulted in less debris and smear layer than the Reciproc system
(p=0.034).

Conclusion:
Within the limits of this study, the Protaper system,
which showed better cleaning efficacy and was also faster than the manual
system, can be an effective alternative to other systems in the root canal
treatment of primary molars. More in vitro and clinical investigations are
needed on root canal treatment of primary teeth.
War Breaks Out
Authors: Crombé Xavier , Kuper Joanna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article seeks to document and analyse violence affecting the provision of healthcare by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and its intended beneficiaries in the early stage of the current civil war in South Sudan. Most NGO accounts and quantitative studies of violent attacks on healthcare tend to limit interpretation of their prime motives to the violation of international norms and deprivation of access to health services. Instead, we provide a detailed narrative, which contextualises violent incidents affecting healthcare, with regard for the dynamics of conflict in South Sudan as well as MSF’s operational decisions, and which combines and contrasts institutional and academic sources with direct testimonies from local MSF personnel and other residents. This approach offers greater insight not only into the circumstances and logics of violence but also into the concrete ways in which healthcare practices adapt in the face of attacks and how these may reveal and put to the test the reciprocal expectations binding international and local health practitioners in crisis situations.
All Lives Are Equal but Some Lives Are More Equal than Others
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In 2015, Action Contre la Faim launched a campaign calling on the UN to create a new post, that of a Special Rapporteur for the protection of humanitarian aid workers. Critics of the proposal claimed, inter alia, that creating such a post would imply that aid workers were a special category of civilians, worthy of protection over and above that accorded the wider population in the contexts in which they work.1 This raises an important issue which runs deeper than the campaign for a Special Rapporteur. The present article argues that, with or without such a post, the current situation is one in which humanitarian agencies treat aid workers as distinct and separate from the wider civilian population, and take significantly different measures for the safety of their staff from those they take for other civilians. For the most part, the distinction and associated differences are uncritically accepted, and this article sets out to challenge such acceptance by highlighting the nature of the differences, assessing possible explanations for the underlying distinction and considering its implications. Through this analysis, the article argues that this distinction not only reflects but also reinforces an unequal valuing of lives internationally.
The Duties of an NGO Security Advisor
Authors: Strub Emmanuelle 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A security advisor for Médecins du Monde France between 2012 and 2016, Emmanuelle Strub recalls her experience and some of the major shifts in risk management in the NGO sector in recent years. In particular, at a time of global normalisation of the aid sector, she describes her own efforts to streamline security management in her organisation: empowering field teams and, in particular, heads of mission, emphasising the crucial role of obtaining consent from the various stakeholders in the countries of intervention, and developing security trainings, crisis-management tools and a risk-management methodology. Yet, she warns, the trend today, with the advent of the duty-of-care concept, is to shift the use of risk management from enabling operations and facilitating access to populations to protecting the organisation from legal or reputational risks.
Azole Resistance and Detection of the ERG11 Gene in Clinical Candida albicans Isolated from Pregnant Women with Vulvovaginitis Attending Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Nigeria
Authors: Abdu Abdulrasheed B. , Alade Tolulope , Omotu Catherine 
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Candida albicans is one of the most important aetiological agents causing vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. Most women will experience at least one episode during their reproductive years. Antifungal resistance is a particular problem with Candida infections. Some types of Candida are increasingly resistant to the first-line and second-line antifungal medications.
Objective: To investigate the azole susceptibility of Candida albicans (C. albicans) from pregnant vulvovaginal candidiasis patients and to detect ERG11 gene in these azole resistance isolates.
Methods: Forty-one clinical isolates of C. albicans were collected. Azole susceptibility was tested in vitro using microdilution techniques. The ERG11 genes of 27 isolates of C. albicans (All resistant to azoles) were amplified using PCR method.
Results: Of the 67 isolates recovered, 41(61.19%) were C. albicans, of which 27 (65.85%) each, and 25(60.98%) were resistant to Fluconazole, Voriconazole, and Nystatin respectively. In total, ERG11 genes were detected among 24(88.89%) of 27 C. albicans azole resistant isolates.
Conclusions: Twenty four ERG11 genes were detected among 27 azole resistant C. albicans isolates, which indicates a possible relation with the increase in resistance to azole drugs and the recurrence of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Use of duplex polymerase chain reaction (duplex-PCR) technique to identify bovine and water buffalo milk used in making mozzarella cheese
Authors: REA STEFANO , CHIKUNI KOICHI , BRANCIARI RAFFAELLA , SANGAMAYYA RAM SUKASI , RANUCCI DAVID , AVELLINI PAOLO 
Published: July 2002

Molecular biology techniques have been used for species identification in food of animal origin in relatively recent years. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method, the multiplex PCR, was recently applied to species identification in meat and meat products. It allows co-amplification of separate regions of a single gene or specific fragments, each typical of a different animal species in a single PCR reaction, using different pairs of primers in the same reaction mix. In the present paper, the duplex-PCR technique is proposed to identify bovine and water buffalo DNA in a single PCR assay in milk and mozzarella cheese (a typical Italian cheese, originally made from pure water buffalo milk). Because of its lower cost, undeclared bovine milk is added to water buffalo milk for making different kinds of mozzarella cheese. The results of this experiment indicate the applicability of this method, which showed an absolute specificity for the two species and a high sensitivity even down to low DNA concentrations (1 pg). In bovine and water buffalo mixtures of both milk and mozzarella cheese, the minimum concentration tested was 1% of bovine in water buffalo milk and water buffalo in bovine milk. The importance of the somatic cell content in raw milk is also discussed with special reference to the evaluation of mixtures (milk or cheese) of the two species.
Puritans, Antinomians and Laudians
in Caroline London: The Strange
Case of Peter Shaw and its Contexts
Authors: COMO DAVID , LAKE PETER 
Published: July 2002

Early in 1629 one Peter Shaw, an obscure London preacher,
appeared before the Court of High Commission. While the records
of the court for the relevant period have been lost, it seems clear
from a later case that Shaw was both convicted and suspended. For,
speaking in 1631, during proceedings against the antinomian, Samuel
Pretty, Laud claimed that hespake the less in this cause (as he intimated) because there had been so much said
against these same and the like tenets in the causes of one [Robert] Townes and
one Mr Shaw, which Mr Shaw, though the said bishop of London hath in public
declared he should never have to do by his consent in this diocese, yet no place,
said the bishop, will serve him but he must needs have admittance in London and
he came to me for admittance, which I purpose, never, God willing, to grant.During the period immediately prior to Shaw's prosecution the authorities
had launched an investigation into his activities and opinions, one that
involved over two dozen witnesses whose testimony appears to have been
condensed into a single dossier, which survives in the state papers for
March 1628/9. The three documents contained in that dossier – a set of
court articles, notes from two of Shaw's sermons and a letter allegedly
written by one of his supporters – are reproduced below.