bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Epidemiological Characteristics of Asymptomatic Malaria Based on Ultrasensitive Diagnostics: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Girma Seble , Cheaveau James , Mohon Abu Naser , Marasinghe Dewdunee , Legese Ruth , Balasingam Nirujah , Abera Adugna , Feleke Sindew M , Golassa Lemu , Pillai Dylan R 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
As the global public-health objectives for malaria evolve from malaria control towards malaria elimination, there is increasing interest in the significance of asymptomatic infections and the optimal diagnostic test to identify them.

Method
We conducted a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic individuals (N = 562) to determine the epidemiological characteristics associated with asymptomatic malaria. Participants were tested by rapid diagnostic tests (CareStart, Standard Diagnostics [SD] Bioline, and Alere ultrasensitive RDT [uRDT]), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to determine malaria positivity. Hemoglobin values were recorded, and anemia was defined as a binary variable, according to World Health Organization guidelines.

Results
Compared to reference qRT-PCR, LAMP had the highest sensitivity (92.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 86.4–96.5), followed by uRDT Alere Malaria (33.9%, 95% CI 25.5–43.1), CareStart Malaria (14.1%, 95% CI 8.4–21.5), microscopy (5.0%, 95% CI 1.8–10.5), and SD Bioline (5.0%, 95% CI 1.8–10.5). For Plasmodium falciparum specimens only, the sensitivity for uRDT Alere Malaria was 50.0% (95% CI 38.8–61.3) and SD Bioline was 7.3% (95% CI 2.7–15.3). Based on multivariate regression analysis with qRT-PCR as the gold standard, for every 3.2% increase in the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria, hemoglobin decreased by 1 gram per deciliter (prevalence ratio 0.968, 95% CI 0.940–0.997; P = .032). Deletions (4.8%) in hrp2 were noted.

Conclusions
While uRDT Alere Malaria has superior sensitivity to rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy in detecting asymptomatic malaria, LAMP is superior still. Ultrasensitive diagnostics provide the accurate prevalence estimates of asymptomatic malaria required for elimination.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Transmission Among Persons With Acute HIV-1 Infection in Malawi: Demographic, Behavioral, and Phylogenetic Relationships
Authors: Dennis Ann M , Cohen Myron S , Rucinski Katherine B , Rutstein Sarah E , Powers Kimberly A , Pasquale Dana K , Phiri Sam , Hosseinipour Mina C , Kamanga Gift , Nsona Dominic , Massa Cecilia , Hoffman Irving F , Pettifor Audrey E , Miller William C 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding sexual networks involving acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections (AHI) may lead to prevention opportunities to mitigate high rates of onward transmission. We evaluated HIV-1 phylogenetic and behavioral characteristics among persons with AHI and their referred partners.MethodsBetween 2012 and 2014, 46 persons with AHI in Malawi participated in a combined behavioral and biomedical intervention. Participants referred sexual partners by passive referral. Demographics and sexual behaviors were collected through interviews and HIV-1 genetic relationships were assessed with phylogenetics.ResultsAmong 45 AHI participants with HIV-1 sequences, none was phylogenetically-linked with another AHI index. There were 19 (42%) AHI participants who referred a single partner that returned for testing. Most partners (n = 17) were HIV-infected, with 15 (88%) presenting with an established infection. There were 14 index-partner pairs that had sequences available; 13 (93%) pairs were phylogenetically-linked dyads. The AHI index was female in 7/13 (54%) dyads. Age-disparate relationships among dyads were common (≥5-year age difference in 67% of dyads), including 3/6 dyads involving a male index and a younger woman. Index participants with a referred partner were more likely to report no casual partners and to be living with their current partner than participants not in dyads.ConclusionsPassive-partner referral successfully identified partners with genetically-similar HIV infections—the likely source of infection—but only 40% of index cases referred partners who presented for HIV-1 testing. Future work evaluating assisted partner notification may help reach susceptible partners or more people with untreated HIV-1 infections connected to acute transmission.Clinical Trials RegistrationNCT01450189
Comparison of 3 Days Amoxicillin Versus 5 Days Co-Trimoxazole for Treatment of Fast-breathing Pneumonia by Community Health Workers in Children Aged 2–59 Months in Pakistan: A Cluster-randomized Trial
Authors: Sadruddin Salim , Khan Ibad ul Haque , Fox Matthew P , Bari Abdul , Khan Attaullah , Thea Donald M , Khan Amanullah , Khan Inamullah , Ahmad Ijaz , Qazi Shamim A 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
Globally, most deaths due to childhood pneumonia occur at the community level. Some countries are still using oral co-trimoxazole, despite a World Health Organization recommendation of oral amoxicillin for the treatment of fast-breathing pneumonia in children at the community level.

Methods
We conducted an unblinded, cluster-randomized, controlled-equivalency trial in Haripur District, Pakistan. Children 2–59 months of age with fast-breathing pneumonia were treated with oral amoxicillin suspension (50 mg/kg/day) for 3 days in 14 intervention clusters and oral co-trimoxazole suspension (8 mg trimethoprim/kg and 40 mg sulfamethoxazole/kg/day) for 5 days in 14 control clusters by lady health workers (LHW). The primary outcome was treatment failure by day 4 for intervention clusters and by day 6 for control clusters. The analysis was per protocol.

Results
Out of the 15 749 cases enrolled in the study, 9153 cases in intervention and 6509 cases in control clusters were included in the analysis. Treatment failure rates were 3.6% (326) in intervention clusters and 9.1% (592) in control clusters. After adjusting for clustering, the risk of treatment failure was lower in intervention clusters (risk diﬀerence [RD] -5.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] -7.4–-3.7%) than in control clusters. Children with incomplete adherence had a small increase in treatment failure versus those with complete adherence (RD 2.9%, 95% CI 1.6–4.1%). No deaths or serious adverse events occurred.

Conclusions
A 3-day course of oral amoxicillin, administered by LHWs, is an effective and safe treatment for fast-breathing pneumonia in children 2–59 months of age. A shorter course of amoxicillin improves adherence to therapy, is low in cost, and puts less pressure on antimicrobial resistance.

Clinical Trials Registration
ISRCTN10618300.
‘No time for health:’ exploring couples’ health promotion in Indian slums
Authors: Gaiha Shivani Mathur , Gillander Gådin Katja 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Joint involvement of couples is an effective strategy to increase contraceptive use and improve reproductive health of women. However, engaging couples to understand how their gender attitudes affect their personal and family health is an idea in search of practice. This mixed-methods study explores opportunities and barriers to couples' participation in health promotion in three slums of Delhi. For each couple, surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with husbands and wives individually to contrast self and spousal work, time, interest in health, sources of information related to health and depth of knowledge (n = 62). Urban poverty forces men to work long hours and women to enter part-time work in the informal sector. Paid work induces lack of availability at home, lack of interest in health information and in performing household chores and a self-perception of being healthy among men. These factors inhibit men's' participation in community-based health promotion activities. Women's unpaid work in the household remains unnoticed. Women were expected to be interested in and to make time to attend community-based health-related activities. Men recalled significantly less sources of health information than their spouse. Men and their wives showed similar depth of health-related knowledge, likely due to their spousal communication, with women acting as gatekeepers. Health promotion planners must recognize time constraints, reliance on informal interpersonal communication as a source of health information and the need to portray positive masculinities that address asymmetric gender relations. Innovative, continuous and collaborative approaches may support couples to proactively care about health in low-resource settings.
Very Serious Books
Authors: Forster Chris 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter draws on the records of the British Home Office to reconsider the censorship of two novels by women in the late 1920s: Radclyffe Hall’s The Well of Loneliness and the Norah James’s less well-known Sleeveless Errand. It argues that the suppression of these novels was a function of the way they were positioned and received as “serious” works, capable of effecting social change. The chapter argues that specific circumstances in the late 1920s also shaped the perception of the novels. A perception that World War I had radically imbalanced the British population by creating two million "surplus women" created an context where representations of women's sexuality were perceived as especially dangerous. Hall’s representation in The Well of Loneliness of the book as a medium with authority and social agency made both novels seem especially dangerous in this context, and thus, in the eyes of the Home Office, worthy of suppression.
Obscenity and the Voice
Authors: Forster Chris 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that an oral mode of textual circulation, which T. S. Eliot discovered both in obscene, comic, bawdy folk song and in music hall performance, provided him with a vision of social cohesion that contrasts with the fragmentation that is otherwise central to his work. The ability of these genres to figure an otherwise lost social cohesion, however, reflects the fact that they are spaces where men bonded and created a sense of homosocial community. Eliot’s published comments on obscenity confirm his valuation of the comic or humorous obscene as a mode and index of social health; but the instances where Eliot discovers this cohesion are predicated on the exclusion of women.
Feeling From Music
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses the emergence of feelings in the music listener. We hear a sad piece and feel sad, but we are not sad about the music, and nothing bad has happened to us. Some philosophers have therefore concluded that music cannot elicit emotion. Instead, perhaps we are confusing the emotion we hear expressed in the music with the emotion we feel. But research shows that people do feel emotions from music, and they distinguish the emotions they hear in the music from the emotions the music makes them feel. There is no empirical support for the philosophical position that we do not experience emotion from music. However, emotions from music are softened by aesthetic distance—we know these emotions are caused by the music and not by a life event. The chapter concludes with a consideration of some conflicting evidence about whether the emotional response to music is innate or influenced by one’s musical culture.
Drawn to Pain
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Aristotle said we don’t like to look at painful things in life but get pleasure from seeing these things in art. This chapter examines what research tells us about why we willingly expose ourselves to sad music, paintings of suffering, horror movies, and tragic narratives. Studies show that the sadder we feel when experiencing these forms of art, the more we enjoy the experience and the more moved we feel. Thus, when we experience art with painful content, we experience positive as well as negative emotions. The positive emotions are made possible because of aesthetic distance. That is, we know that our emotions are caused by art, not “real life.” In addition, the experience of negative emotions promotes meaning making as we try to make something positive out of a painful experience. And meaning making is an important function of art.
Does Making Art Improve Well-Being?
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the claim that making art is therapeutic. Evidence that the arts are therapeutic comes from studies showing that art making in young children living in poverty relieves physiological indices of stress. And when we draw, mood improves. Why? Both Aristotle and Freud believed that the arts are cathartic. For Aristotle, watching a tragedy arouses pity and fear, which at the end “flood” out of us, leaving us calm. For Freud, making art involved sublimating forbidden urges in a socially acceptable way, resulting in tension release. But research shows another mechanism at work: making art pulls us away from negative affect, distracting us from our problems. Whether more intensive involvement in the arts can relieve stress, not via distraction but through the process of venting and working through difficulties, remains a distinct possibility.
Global Migration Governance
Authors: Micinski Nicholas R. , Weiss Thomas G. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Global migration governance has evolved dramatically over the last quarter-century through increased international forums, bilateral and regional initiatives, and global responses. This article describes why international cooperation on migration has been so difficult by examining the factors that encourage and discourage cooperation. In the face of increasing pressure, the United Nations and other international organizations have taken up the challenge to build a more reliable and institutionalized architecture that moves beyond coordination and recent crises. This article considers two recent efforts: the Global Migration Group and the 2016 New York Declaration on Migrants and Refugees. Both cases show the conflicting interests of UN member states and competition among UN agencies and international NGOs. While there is much noise and activity around global governance of migration, it is unclear that the emerging norms and institutions will bring greater coherence or have more of an impact on refugee and migration policies worldwide.
Introduction
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the lack of continuous tradition of the art of the theatre in the history of Jewish culture. Theatre as art and institution was forbidden for Jews during most of their history, and although there were plays written in different times and places during the past centuries, no tradition of theatre evolved in Jewish culture until the middle of the nineteenth century. In view of this absence, the author discusses the genesis of Jewish theatre in Eastern Europe and in Eretz-Yisrael (The Land of Israel) since the late nineteenth century, encouraged by the Jewish Enlightenment movement, the emergence of Jewish nationalism, and the rebirth of Hebrew as a language of everyday life. Finally, the chapter traces the development of parallel strands of theatre that preceded the Israeli theatre and shadowed the emergence of the political infrastructure of the future State of Israel.
Hanoch Levin
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the theatrical oeuvre of Hanoch Levin, the most prolific of Israeli playwrights. Like Aloni, Levin learned theatre craft at the theatre and soon began to direct his own plays. He tried out new materials and learned the stage language while writing and directing his plays. In each play that he wrote in a new style, he used a particular dramatic template that he deconstructed and rebuilt, so that each étude became a play in its own right. Analysing his interpretation of tragedies by Euripides and Aeschylus—Everyone Wants to Live (Alcestis), The Emperor (Ion), and The Moaners (Agamemnon), the chapter discusses the ways he studied their dramaturgical techniques, and expressed their attitudes towards human destiny, human suffering, and social hierarchy. In his plays, he responded to their choices from a modern, contemporary attitude and with profound understanding of the many facets of contemporary human behaviour.
Decommemorating
Authors: Beiner Guy 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Commemoration of controversial historical episodes can trigger adverse hostile reactions of ‘decommemorating’, which aim to stamp out memory but in practice signify an oblique form of engaging with remembrance. In the wider context of a fin-de-siècle craze for commemoration, the centenary of the 1798 rebellion was celebrated by nationalists in Ulster in 1898. The commemorations were contested on many levels, showing infighting between rival nationalist factions, as well as conflicts between nationalists and unionists. Overt displays of public remembrance antagonized loyalists, provoking mass rioting and the destruction of a monument for a folk heroine. In turn, renewed interest among cultural revivalists resulted in new productions of cultural memory. Decommemorating triggered a surge of re-commemorating, which came to an end with the outbreak of the Irish Revolution.
Dependence on Extractive Industries in Lower-income Countries
Authors: Roe Alan , Dodd Samantha 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes statistical information evidencing the proposition that extractive industries are of great significance in many low- and middle-income developing economies, and so to their development prospects. It examines the scale of the current dependence of low- and middle-income economies on both types of extractive resources: metals, and oil and gas. The chapter also assesses how country levels of dependence have changed in the past twenty years, showing that there has been a clear upward trend based on exports. The chapter outlines how the upward trend has continued in many countries despite the recent commodity price collapse, and assesses some of the consequences of that collapse.
Political Economy and Governance
Authors: Dietsche Evelyn 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the political economy of extractive resources and the resources governance agenda. The consensus that good sector governance improves the developmental impacts of extractive resources exploitation is premised on the understanding that institutions matter for development. However, there is no straightforward answer to the question of what exactly ‘institutions’ are, how they change, or how they can be made to change to become more supportive of an extractives-led development agenda. The chapter suggests turning from the negative question ‘how can poor outcomes be prevented?’ towards the positive question ‘how can positive institutional change be brought about?’ It presents the main strands of a substantial body of literature that can help to inform answers to this question.
Oil Discovery and Macroeconomic Management
Authors: Bawumia Mahamudu , Halland Håvard 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses the evolution of fiscal and monetary variables in Ghana, from the discovery of oil in 2007 through to 2014. It documents the deterioration of fiscal and monetary discipline over this period, which resulted in a rebound of debt, a deterioration of the external balance, and a decrease in public investment. The chapter goes on to analyse the potential causes of this deterioration, including the political economy context, and the fiscal and monetary institutional framework. The suggested causes include the politics of Ghana’s dominant two-party system. Finally, the chapter discusses what Ghana could have done differently to avoid the various damaging effects associated with the oil discovery. It does not aim to provide specific fiscal policy recommendations for Ghana, but rather to give an empirical account of Ghana’s experience that may be useful for other countries that discover oil.
Enhancing Sustainable Development from Oil, Gas, and Mining
Authors: McPhail Kathryn 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter outlines how sustainable development in resource-rich countries requires an ‘all of government’ approach as well as multi-stakeholder dialogue and partnerships between government, companies, and civil society organizations. Effective management and regulation requires different government agencies to work together and in partnership with stakeholders. The chapter focuses on the need for an agreed set of data and analysis showing the current and potential future contributions of the natural resources sector at the national and local levels. In some countries there is a lack of trust between different stakeholder interests. The chapter probes how collaboration between stakeholders can mitigate the negative impacts of resource development and enhance its potential positive contributions, particularly at the local level and where the governance context is weak. The chapter identifies three important steps toward sustainable development: creating an evidence base to facilitate cross-government coordination; building trust through multi-stakeholder dialogue; and building partnerships for development.
Improving Basic Education—The Governance Challenge
Authors: Levy Brian 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Building on political settlements analysis, this chapter lays out the multi-level framework used throughout the book to explore how political and institutional context influence the governance of basic education in South Africa at national, provincial, and school levels. It reviews the literature on the influence of politics on bureaucratic performance, and on the potential and limits of school-level participatory, horizontal governance. It details why South Africa’s institutional arrangements for education provide an ideal natural experiment for exploring the influence of divergent contexts on the operation and performance of subnational bureaucracies—and also the potential of horizontal governance as an institutional complement in settings where bureaucracies work well, and as an institutional substitute in settings where educational bureaucracies are dysfunctional.
Explaining the Western Cape Performance Paradox
Authors: Wills Gabrielle , Shepherd Debra , Kotzé Janeli 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In this chapter we consider how well primary school students perform in the Western Cape when compared with their peers in other provinces and countries across Southern and Eastern Africa. We find that while the Western Cape is a relatively efficient education system within South Africa, particularly in serving the poorest students, a less-resourced country such as Kenya produces higher Grade 6 learning outcomes at every level of student socio-economic status. The system performance differentials are not explained away by differences in resourcing, teacher, school inputs, or indicators of hierarchical governance. The results point to the limits of strong Weberian bureaucratic capabilities for raising learning outcomes.