bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Storage after gamma irradiation affects in vivo oxygen delivery capacity of transfused red blood cells in preterm infants
Authors: Saito‐Benz Maria , Murphy William G. , Tzeng Yu‐Chieh , Atkinson Greg , Berry Mary J. 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUNDGamma irradiation of red blood cells (RBCs) is well recognized to exacerbate storage lesion formation, but the effect of storage after irradiation on in vivo oxygen delivery capacity of transfused RBCs is currently not known.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSIn 24 preterm infants with anemia receiving nonurgent transfusion of irradiated RBCs, we examined cerebral regional tissue oxygenation (crSO2) and time spent with peripheral arterial saturation (SpO2) less than 88%. Physiologic data were obtained immediately before, immediately after, and 5 days after transfusion.RESULTSWe observed linear negative moderate correlations between time since irradiation and the magnitude of change in crSO2 (r = –0.60; 95% CI, –0.81 to –0.27; p = 0.0018) and time spent with SpO2 of less than 88% (r = –0.42; 95% CI, –0.71 to 0.003; p = 0.04) immediately after transfusion. In infants (n = 9) who received fresher RBCs (irradiated <10 days before transfusion), there was a sustained increase in mean crSO2 up to 5 days after transfusion (3.0%; 95% CI, 0.3% to 5.7%; p = 0.04). Conversely, in infants (n = 15) who received older RBCs (irradiated ≥10 days before transfusion), there were negligible changes in crSO2 after transfusion at any time point.CONCLUSIONOur findings indicate that storage after gamma irradiation may have a detrimental effect on the oxygen delivery capacity of RBCs given to anemic preterm infants.
The epidemiology of bacterial culture–positive and septic transfusion reactions at a large tertiary academic center: 2009 to 2016
Authors: Erony Sean M. , Marshall Christi E. , Gehrie Eric A. , Boyd Joan S. , Ness Paul M. , Tobian Aaron A.R. , Carroll Karen C. , Blagg Lorraine , Shifflett Lisa , Bloch Evan M. 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUNDBacterial contamination and associated septic transfusion reactions (STRs) remain the leading infectious risk to the blood supply. We sought to characterize the risk and clinical presentation of blood culture–positive transfusion reactions (BCPTRs) and STRs at our institution.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA retrospective analysis was conducted of all suspected transfusion reactions reported to the transfusion service at a 1000‐bed tertiary academic medical center from January 2009 to September 2016. Routine investigation included review of the clinical presentation, Gram stain, and bacterial culture of residual blood from the transfused product or associated blood bag. BCPTRs were defined by the presence of a positive bacterial culture in the blood product and/or recipient. STRs met definitive Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hemovigilance criteria for transfusion‐transmitted infection, with definite imputability and concordant bacterial culture of the blood product and recipient.RESULTSA total of 688,514 blood products were transfused during the study period, 3170 transfusion reactions were reported, and 18 (0.57%) were BCPTRs of which seven (0.22%) were STRs. Fifteen of 18 (83.3%) BCPTRs and six of seven (85.7%) were associated with transfusion of apheresis platelets. Major symptoms and signs of BCPTRs included chills (67%), fever (61%), and nausea and vomiting (50%). Four of seven (57.1%) STRs were classified as severe or life‐threatening.CONCLUSIONBCPTRs are rare yet potentially serious. The signs and symptoms of BCPTRs, and associated STRs, are not specific, posing risk of misclassification. Challenges surrounding reporting and case ascertainment underscore the need for laboratory measures to address residual risk of contamination.
FAITH AND COMPASSION IN AN UNFINISHED UNIVERSE
Authors: Haught John F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe theme of compassion is prominent in the work of Christopher Southgate. This scientist and theologian is deeply affected by Charles Darwin's nineteenth century disclosure of the long, previously unknown, history of life's suffering. Southgate is also aware of the many unsuccessful attempts by Christian theologians to make sense of it all. Here I build on Southgate's work. I note, first, that both the suffering of life and the protest against it by compassionate human beings are integral parts of a single cosmic drama; second, that the drama is still far from finished; and, third, that the suffering of innocent life remains unintelligible and unredeemed apart from faith's anticipation of a fulfillment that awaits the entire cosmic drama.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert 
Published: August 2018

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 9a Benmarrakchi Fatimaezzahra, Chouaib Doukkali University, MoroccoErica D. Shifflet-Chila, Michigan State University, USAMeral Seker, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, TurkeyThomas K. F. Chiu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com
Energy Innovation: A Focus on Power Generation Data Capture and Analytics in a Competitive Market
Authors: Della Villa Salvatore A. 
Published: August 2018

Efficiency, operational flexibility, durability, environmental friendliness, and reliability — these words are often used to define expectations and requirements for product performance, required in the energy market today. Yet, depending on where one looks at the curve of product evolution, these words have very different meanings. One thing remains constant, irrespective of where one looks at performance growth over time, product improvement requires actual field experience data on a number of operating plants and units, to supplement the testing and verification processes of the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). The combination of the field experience with the latest testing, verification, and quality control techniques, followed by the OEM, is essential to achieve the inherent reliability and ultimately, the life-time expectations set by the market.
There is always a question as to the amount of actual field experience data that is necessary to validate product improvement or advancement. Today, the market seems to accept a lower standard of operating time (∼ 8,000 Actual Operating Hours (AOH)), compared with the past (∼ 100,000 AOH) for product validation. If Equivalent Operating Hours (EOH) were the basis for assessing the maturity of a new technology, the times would be lower. Whether the number is 8,000 or 100,000 AOH, the fact is that field experience data represents the intersection of the OEM’s design, validated through component and system level testing, coupled with the actual operating and maintenance practice and experience of the owner/operator. It is here that the OEM and owner/operator begin to directly share a common objective; the ability to demonstrate the efficiency, operational flexibility, durability, environmental friendliness and reliability of the product improvement. Consequently, the OEM and the owner/operator have a strong and shared interest in the accuracy, fidelity, and the completeness of field data; to ensure that an effective Failure Reporting and Corrective Action (FRACA) process is in place — driving continuous product improvement; to meet market expectations for equipment performance, and to support new product introduction.
The focus of this paper is field experience data, past and present, with a specific emphasis on the increasing influence and value that data has in the ever changing and competitive energy market. The paper will suggest that the present and future need for high fidelity equipment data (at a component level of detail) is not just essential for supporting engineering efforts for product evolution, but also to support effective Operations & Maintenance (O&M) strategies. The paper will advance the notion that the fusion of total plant data, from three primary sources, with the ability to transform, analyze, and act based on integrating subject matter expertise is essential for effectively managing assets for optimum performance and profitability; executing and delivering on the promise of “Big Data” and advanced analytics.
Modeling Near Critical and Supercritical Fuel Injection and Mixing in Gas Turbine Applications
Authors: Lettieri C. , Subashki G. , Spakovszky Z. 
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a numerical framework for characterizing fuel injection in modern combustors. The approach utilizes scaling analysis to describe the droplet evaporation in non-dimensional and fluid-independent terms. The results of the model are validated against published experimental data of isolated droplets evaporating at subcritical and near-critical conditions. The model is incorporated in a spray calculation framework and extended to the supercritical regime to assess the impact of different fluid-properties and evaporation models on temperature and fuel vapor distributions.
The results suggest that in a non-convective environment the transient and quasi-steady evaporation rates vary exponentially with Lewis number. Furthermore, the results show fluid-independent behavior of the droplet evaporation, indicating that a single-component fluid can potentially be used as a modeling surrogate for jet fuel. The first-principles analysis demonstrates that classical evaporation models overestimate transient evaporation and underestimate quasi-steady evaporation, with discrepancies up to 70% at supercritical conditions. This is due to limitations in fuel-property description and the lack of non-isothermal droplet characterization at near-critical conditions. The temperature profiles are typically under-predicted and fuel vapor concentrations are over-predicted in standard spray calculations with subcritical evaporation models. As such the proposed framework breaks new ground in modeling of supercritical fuel injection. The improved quality in the predicted fuel concentration and temperature distribution can enable more accurate assessment of flame position, improving the estimation of combustion stability margins and NOx emissions. The model can be incorporated in commercial codes to guide the design of combustors operating at supercritical conditions.
Tomographic PIV in the Near Field of a Swirl-Stabilised Fuel Injector
Authors: Spencer Adrian , Brend Mark , Butcher Daniel , Dunham David , Cheng Liangta , Hollis Dave 
Published: August 2018

The isothermal flow fields of injectors have undergone several computational and experimental investigations using point and planar measurement techniques,. Within the swirl induced vortex breakdown region it is only LES that has been able to predict fully the presence of a three dimensional helical vortex structure for a particular injector, and in certain conditions (no central fuel jet), a precessing vortex core. These structures can be elucidated from point and planar measurements and favorable comparisons of velocity statistics between experiment and LES predictions strengthen these findings. However, volumetric, 3-component measurement of velocity data has not been widely available to provide conclusive evidence of the exact three dimensional nature of the vortex structures that exist.
An experimental setup utilizing time resolved tomographic PIV on a water flow rig is described in this paper. This is used to provide as high-quality aerodynamic study as possible of a single stream radially-fed air swirl gaseous fuel injector. The level of accuracy of the tomographic PIV technique is demonstrated by calculating the divergence of the velocity field as well as validating the results against a comprehensive 2 and 3 component standard PIV velocity database and other measurement techniques and predictions.
Structure identification methods have been employed to visualise and understand the complex flow topology within the near field of the injector. The change in topology with and without the stabilising central jet is further investigated and agrees with findings of planar PIV results. While the velocity error associated with the tomo-PIV results is higher than the planar results the data agree well within the identified uncertainty bounds and are complimentary in understanding the flow field structure. Thus a full volumetric aerodynamic survey is available for the first time on this isothermal flow case.
Transient Characteristics of a Dual-Rotor System With Intershaft Bearing Subjected to Mass Unbalance and Base Motions During Start-Up
Authors: Chen Xi , Liao Mingfu 
Published: August 2018

Using Newmark-Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (Newmark-HHT) integration method, transient characteristics of the dual-rotor system with an intershaft bearing subjected to mass unbalance and base motions during start-up are illustrated. Rotary inertia, gyroscopic moment, shear deformation, mass unbalance and deterministic base motions are considered. Due to variable angular velocities, additional stiffness matrices associated with rotating angular accelerations are also introduced in the equations of motion. The effects of base motion parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the dual-rotor system are discussed, including base axial rotation, lateral rotations, and harmonic translations.
The results show that base axial rotation significantly changes the transient critical speeds and resonant amplitudes of the dual-rotor system. In the case of base lateral rotation, the center of the orbit is no longer on the bearing centerline, but with a dynamic offset. When increasing the rotating speeds, the dynamic offset becomes greater. Unlike base lateral rotation, base harmonic translation doesn’t result in dynamic offset, but it amplifies response amplitudes over the entire range of rotating speed. In conclusion, it provides a flexible approach with high efficiency and good expandability to predict transient responses of dual-rotor systems under base motions, and to prevent dual-rotor systems against potential excessive vibration in the design phase.
Application of the Modal Approach for Prediction of Forced Response Amplitudes for Fan Blades
Authors: Eichner Franziska , Belz Joachim 
Published: August 2018

Forced response is the main reason for high cycle fatigue in turbomachinery. Not all resonance points in the operating range can be avoided especially for low order excitation. For highly flexible CFRP fans an accurate calculation of vibration amplitudes is required.
Forced response analyses were performed for blade row interaction and boundary layer ingestion. The resonance points considered were identified in the Campbell diagram. Forced response amplitudes were calculated using a modal approach and results are compared to the widely used energy method. For the unsteady simulations a time-linearised URANS method was applied. If only the resonant mode was considered the forced response amplitude from the modal approach was confirmed with the energy method. Thereby forced response due to BLI showed higher vibration amplitudes than for blade row interaction.
The impact of modes which are not in resonant to the total deformation were investigated by using the modal approach, which so far, only considers one excitation order. A doubling of vibrational amplitude was shown in the case of blade row interaction for higher rotational speeds. The first and third mode-shape as well as modes with similar natural frequencies were identified as critical cases.
The behaviour in the vicinity of resonance shows high vibration amplitudes over a larger frequency range. This is also valid for high modes with many nodal diameters, which have a greater risk of critical strain.
Steam Turbine Exhaust Optimization Based on Gaussian Covariance Networks Using Transient CFD Simulations
Authors: Cremanns Kevin , Roos Dirk , Penkner Andreas , Hecker Simon , Musch Christian 
Published: August 2018

Renewable energies are increasingly contributing to the overall volume of the electricity grid and demand besides high efficiency, greater flexibility of the conventional fossil power plants. To optimize these objectives, extensive CFD calculations are required in most cases. For example, transient CFD calculations are only rarely combined with an optimizer because of their high demand on computational resources and time. Surrogate models, which are mathematical methods to learn and approximate the relationship between input and output parameters, are a common way to solve these problems. Once they are trained, they can perform the evaluations within seconds and replace the expensive simulation. Of course, real calculations are still needed to generate the training data. Therefore, it is useful to apply efficient and sequentially extensible design plans.
This paper presents a new surrogate model method, based on a deep neural network learning the non-stationary hyperparameters of combined Gaussian process covariance matrices. It is used to approximate the complex and time consuming transient CFD simulation of a combined high-intermediate pressure steam turbine double shell outer casing. To minimize the exergy loss, the exhaust geometry is optimized in a single and multi-objective optimization on the surrogate models. The multi-objective optimization also includes the uniform velocity distribution of the steam in different areas of the casing, to predict the thermal loading of the steam turbine inner casing and to avoid an imbalanced thermal loading. A sequential sampling approach combined with a sensitivity analysis is used to find the minimum number of samples needed to train the surrogate models in order to gain sufficient prediction quality.
Additionally, the paper describes the initial geometry, its numerical setup and the required control mechanisms to avoid noisy designs, which might complicate the surrogate model training. There is also a comparison of the initial and chosen optimal designs.
Comparative Experimental Investigation of Leading Edge Cooling Concepts of Turbine Rotor Blades
Authors: Elfner Maximilian , Schulz Achmed , Bauer Hans-Jörg , Lehmann Knut 
Published: August 2018

This paper presents extensive results of an ongoing study on internal blade cooling concepts. A new test rig has been designed, built and commissioned, allowing fast comparison of different cooling schemes as well as surface temperature measurements for different cooling concepts. By scaling the test specimen, full aerothermal similarity was achieved at high measurement accuracy and resolution. Surface temperature (and thus total cooling effectiveness) is measured using high resolution, high dynamic range infrared thermography with an improved data evaluation method.
Results for a conventional multi-pass cooling design are presented as a baseline case. Several new internal cooling concepts are then assessed for their relative cooling performance to the conventional design as well as their absolute cooling effectiveness. Those designs include various internal swirl concepts (cyclone cooling). The results show that great care has to be taken when designing advanced internal cooling concepts with complex flow structures, since the effects of internal crossflow, internal pressure loss, internal heat transfer coefficient, and film cooling effectiveness strongly interact with each other and the hot gas flow and hence affect the resulting total cooling effectiveness.
Heat Recovery From a Liquefied Natural Gas Production Process by Means of an Organic Rankine Cycle
Authors: Ancona M. A. , Bianchi M. , Branchini L. , De Pascale A. , Melino F. , Ottaviano S. , Peretto A. , Scarponi L. B. 
Published: August 2018

In the last years, the increased demand of the energy market has led to the increasing penetration of renewable energies in order to achieve the primary energy supply. However, natural gas is expected to still play a key role in the energy market, since its environmental impact is lower than other fossil fuels. It is mainly employed as gaseous fuel for stationary energy generation, but also as liquefied fuel, as an alternative to the diesel fuel, in vehicular applications.
Liquefied Natural Gas is currently produced mainly in large plants directly located at the extraction sites and transported by ships or tracks to the final users. In order to avoid costs and environmental related impact, in previous studies Authors developed a new plant configuration for liquefied natural gas production directly at filling stations. One of the main issues of the process is that in various sections the working fluid needs to be cooled by external fluids (such as air for compressor inter and after-cooling or chilling fluids), in order to increase the global performances. As a consequence, an important amount of heat could be potentially recovered from this Liquefied Natural Gas production process. Thus, based on the obtained results, in this study the integration between the liquefaction process and an organic Rankine cycle is proposed. In fact, the heat recovered from the Liquefied Natural Gas production process can be used as hot source within the organic Rankine cycle.
The aim of the work is the identification of the optimal integrated configuration, in order to maximize the heat recovery and, as a consequence, to optimize the process efficiency. With this purpose, in this study different configurations — in terms of considered organic fluid, architecture and origin of the recovered heat — have been defined and analyzed by means of a commercial software. This software is able to thermodynamically evaluate the proposed process and had allowed to define the optimal solution.
CFD Simulations for Film Cooling Holes: Comparison Between Different Isotropic and Anisotropic Eddy Viscosity Models
Authors: Dickhoff Jens , Kusterer Karsten , Bhaskar Santhosh Kumar , Bohn Dieter 
Published: August 2018

In modern gas turbines, film cooling technology is essential for the protection of hot parts. Today, shaped holes are widely used, but besides others, the NEKOMIMI-shaped cooling holes have shown that there is still potential to increase the film cooling effectiveness significantly by generation of Anti-Counter-Rotating Vortices (ACRV). Within the past decade, the technology has been improved step by step at B&B-AGEMA and Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.; mainly by means of numerical simulations. The laterally averaged film cooling effectiveness is typically captured with acceptable accuracy, but the experimental measurements still show a deviation from the numerically obtained results with respect to the local film cooling effectiveness distribution behind the film cooling hole. Nevertheless, the film cooling air spread out in the lateral direction is one of the keys for enhancement of the film cooling performance. Thus, more precise simulations are consequently necessary for improvement of the hole shape configuration.
The present study involves simulations of a baseline fan shaped hole configuration (“777 hole” investigated by Schroeder and Thole [1][2]) using different turbulence models available in STAR-CCM+ with isotropic and anisotropic turbulence consideration (constitutive relations). Distinct differences with respect to flow phenomena (detachments and vortex creation) can be observed depending on the applied turbulence model. In total, the results show that anisotropic viscosity strongly influences the film cooling performance prediction by CFD for prediction of the film cooling effectiveness, but none of the models provides acceptable accuracy in this regard.