bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Municipal Wastewater Reuse via Soil Aquifer Treatment for Non-Potable Purposes
Authors: Kanarek A. , Aharoni A. , Michail M. 
Published: May 2018

Groundwater recharge for wastewater reuse developed and practiced successfully in the Dan Region Project is rather a soil aquifer treatmemt (SAT) system which should be considered as an integral part of the municipal wastewater treatment process.
SAT consists of controlled passage of effluent through the unsaturated zone and the aquifer, mainly for purification purposes. The recharge operation is carried out by means of spreading basins which are surrounded by adequately spaced recovery wells which permit segregation of the recharge zone from the rest of the aquifer.
A very high quality of reclaimed water is obtained after SAT which is suitable for a variety of non-potable uses such as unrestricted agricultural uses, industrial uses, non-potable municipal uses and recreational uses.
Groundwater Contamination by Detergents and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons – A Global Problem of Organic Contaminants: Is the Solution Locally Specific?
Authors: Zoller Uri 
Published: May 2018

The ever-increasing demand of our technological society has generated a global problem of groundwater pollution by man-made products and/or their metabolites. The penetration of detergents and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) originating from anthropogenic sources constitutes a major issue of environmental and health concern.
In Israel, the concentrations of nonbiodegradable nonionic detergents in sewage influents, effluents, and water wells were found to be in the range of 1-2.60, 0.25-0-50 and 0.12-0.78 mg/liter respectively. These results translate the global problem of groundwater pollution into the local problem of groundwater contaminated by synthetic detergents with all the environmental, health, societal, technological, economic and political issues involved. The respective base-line data concerning PAHs is not available as yet.
Although some of the solutions are locally specific they cannot be applied independently of what is being done in this respect worldwide. The long-term solution requires international cooperation and collaboration.
Respiratory Problems among Schoolchildren Living in the Vicinity of an Industrialized Zone
Authors: Goren A. , Hellmann S. , Brenner S. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: This study was carried out in the framework of a health monitoring system set up in the vicinity of a 1400 MW coal-fired power plant in Israel.
Methods: Second, fifth and eighth grade schoolchildren were followed up every three years; they performed pulmonary function tests (PFT) and their parents filled out ATS-NHLI health questionnaires.
A subgroup of children living near an industrial zone was studied separately and compared with children from another relatively clean part of the town.
Results: Children growing up in the vicinity of the industrial zone showed a higher prevalence of almost all respiratory symptoms compared with children residing in the unpolluted part of the town. Part of the symptoms, such as 1. sputum with cold, 2. sputum without cold and 3. cough accompanied by sputum were significantly more common among the schoolchildren from the industrialized zone; their prevalences being: 1. 27.3% in the industrialized compared with 12.5% in the cleaner area, 2. 12.7% compared with 2.5% and 3. 18.2% compared with 6.3%, respectively.
No significant differences could be shown for the prevalence of respiratory diseases among the children from the two zones; asthma was more common among children from the industrial zone but the difference was not statistically significant. No consistent trend of reduced pulmonary function tests could be shown for the four subgroups of studied children (e.g. boys and girls from fifth and eighth class).
Conclusions: Children residing in the vicinity of the industrialized zone had significantly more respiratory symptoms compared with children from a cleaner part of the town. No permanent physiological changes were obvious.
Assessment of Turbulent Processes in Lake Kinneret by the Two-Dimensional Reservoir Water Quality Model “Better”
Authors: Oziransky Y. , Shteinman B. 
Published: May 2018

Data of high spatial and temporal resolution, and a special sampling program are essential for successful application of mathematical models designed to reproduce observed seasonal patterns of temperature, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, pH, and algal biomass for both vertical and longitudinal gradients in a water body. Lake Kinneret suspended solids are of great potential value for estimating transport, exposure to water body elements, and fate of many toxic substances. Therefore the distribution of admixtures in two longitudinal and five vertical segmentation schemes were examined with the two-dimensional water body quality box model “BETTER” (Bender et al, 1990).
The transects were taken in the north-western part of Lake Kinneret close to the Jordan River mouth and the National Water Carrier (NWC) head pumping station. The outflow volumes were given according to regular sampling of natural speed of water outflow from different lake layers under calm conditions. Temporal distribution of mixing concentrations as well as turbulent diffusion horizontal coefficients due to the spatial distribution of turbulent scale were obtained during the model's run with the December 1991 data.
Spatial and Temporal Changes in Habitat Conditions in the Na'aman Stream Ecosystem, Israel
Authors: Jennings Jean-Jacques , Gasith Avital 
Published: May 2018

Nahal Na'aman is a small, shallow coastal stream in northern Israel. A three year study was conducted to examine the effect of habitat conditions on the biological structure and function of the stream ecosystem. Here we describe temporal and spatial changes in the water regime and water quality as measures of the stream's habitat conditions.
Habitat condition is strongly influenced by the hydrological regime and the water quality. In dry years the water level drops and the upper section of the stream may dry up completely. Inflow of polluted water from various sources increasingly reduces water quality downstream. In general, the Na'aman may be categorized as oligo- to mesohaline stream, highly enriched with organic matter and nutrients. Sporadic pollution events markedly affect the water quality resulting in hypertrophic conditions, particularly at times of low stream levels. Low water quality was detected also in association with the drying and refilling of the stream's sections in late summer and in fall, respectively, and following runoff in winter.
The oligohaine nature of the stream a priori reduces species diversity relative to other freshwater, lowland streams/Based on water quality conditions, highest species diversity may be expected in the spring area and the upper section of the stream. However, habitat conditions in this section are most unstable due to changes of the hydrological regime. This, in turn, is expected to further reduce species richness and diversity. The extreme conditions are expected to determine the limit for the development of plant and animal life in the stream.
This study illustrates the inherent problems of the coastal streams of Israel, namely, diminishing natural flow which is often replaced by discharge of effluent or sewage. Rehabilitation of the Na'aman and other coastal streams demands a radical solution for these problems.
Cholinesterase Enzymatic Profiles and the Exposure of Fish to Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides in Israel
Authors: Yawetz A. , Manelis R. , Gasith A. 
Published: May 2018

In the tilapia as well as in the carp, gill acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was more sensitive than brain AChE to organophosphorous (OP) and carbamate (CB) compounds, and the threshold levels for residue detection by the biochemical method were lower in the gills, compared to the brain. The sensitivity of tilapia gill AChE to paraoxon was extremely high, and enabled detection of paraoxon residues in the gills at the ppb level.
The carp showed higher resistance than the tilapia for poisoning by both the OP compound parathion and the carbamate methomyl.
The residual post-mortem brain and gill AChE activities from tilapia killed by either parathion or methomyl poisoning were low, and could easily be differentiated from brain AChE activity in the control ish, which remained normal until 18 hours after death, providing that fish were held at temperature up to 10°C.
Detection of poisoning with OP and CB compounds, in fish that are being marketed, is of extreme importance, especially in Lake Kinneret, where illegal fishing with insecticides occurs occasionally.
Sources and Delivery of Sediments Contaminated by Toxic Metals to the North Avenue Dam, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Authors: Novotny V. , Wawrzyn W. G. , Bachhuber J. , Grant S. , Windstrup K. , Schonter R. 
Published: May 2018

Sediments which have accumulated in the Milwaukee River North Avenue urban impoundment in Milwaukee, Wisconsin over a period of more than one hundred years were investigated. After the drawdown of the water level in the impoundment, extensive investigations focused on determining sediment volume, characteristics and contamination. It was found that the accumulated sediment has a fine texture and contains higher levels of toxic metals.
Analysis of sources of sediments and sediment contamination considered the background sources, including impact of agriculture, and urban sources such as urban runoff and combined sewer overflow. Cadmium, copper and lead were identified as metals of concern both in the water, using log-normal statistics of the data and in the sediment by the sediment-pore water concentration partitioning. Urban runoff was found to be the most significant source of contamination.
The North Avenue Dam represents a typical example of urban impoundments which have now reached the end of their usefulness.
Desorption of Chlorobenzenes from Natural Suspended Solids and Sediments
Authors: Koelmans A. A. , de Lange H. J. , Lijklema L. 
Published: May 2018

The desorption of chlorobenzenes from heterogeneous suspended solid mixtures and sediments at nonequilibrium conditions was investigated, using a gas purge method. This technique offers the possibility to measure equilibrium and rate data from adsorbent suspensions, without phase separation. The desorption patterns were interpreted and fitted in terms of multiple box models. The results show that when the equilibration time for sediment suspensions contaminated in the laboratory is longer, desorption is slower. At nonequilibrium conditions, the more hydrophobic chlorobenzenes are released faster than the less hydrophobic ones.
For ten suspended solid samples the model parameters were related to adsorbent characteristics, such as organic matter, phytoplankton and clay content by means of correlation analysis, and compared to similar desorption data for algal cultures obtained in earlier studies in our laboratory. It was found that all desorption data could be described with a two-compartment desorption model. The partition coefficient was proportional to the content of organic matter, which in turn was mainly determined by the concentration of phytoplankton in the samples. The desorption rate was positively correlated with the phytoplankton content as well. This suggests that phytoplankton cells form an easily accessible fraction of the total adsorbent.
A HYDROLYSIS/THICKENING/FILTRATION PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Authors: Woodard Steven E. , Wukasch Ronald F. 
Published: May 2018

A process has been developed for reducing both the mass and volume of waste activated sludge generated by the biological treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater. As a result of the mixture rule, the sludge is classified as a hazardous waste. Thus, treatment and disposal have traditionally been very costly. This study focused on optimizing an engineered hydrolysis operation in terms of solids reduction, environmental impact, practicality and cost. Dewaterability screening studies were also conducted in an attempt to transform the residual solids into a readily filterable material.
The resultant hydrolysis/thickening/filtration process begins with room temperature sludge acidification using sulfuric acid. This results in 50 to 60 percent solubilization of suspended solids, thus sharply reducing the mass of solids to be handled. Also, carbon dioxide is liberated during the reaction phase, enabling solids separation and thickening to occur via flotation. Subnatant hydrolysate can then be recycled to enhance solids solubilization. Once properly conditioned with acid and cationic polymer, the residual solids are readily pressure filtered to cake dryness in excess of 50% solids. Results of laboratory studies indicate that the overall process is capable of substantially reducing sludge cake production.
OPTIMISATION OF W ASTEW A TER TREATMENT PLANTS BY MEANS OF COMPUTER MODELS
Authors: Dupont René , Sinkjær Ole 
Published: May 2018

The objective of the work presented is to demonstrate how computer based models can be used to improve the effluent quality from wastewater treatment plants by optimisation of the operation. The investigation was carried out in connection with pilot plant investigations at Damhusllen Wastewater Treatment Plant in order to establish the design basis for upgrading the treatment plants in the city of Copenhagen.
Calibration of the model was done with thorough characterisation of the wastewater and the activated sludge as the primary calibration tool. Special attention was paid to the nitrification process, which by previous investigations was shown to be occasionally inhibited. Model constants for the nitrification process were detennined from experiments. Default constants were used for nearly all other constants. The pilot plant was optimized with the calibrated model. Different operational strategies for improvement of the denitrification process were tested. The denitrification process was operated relatively poorly at the time for the optimisation.
The calibration showed that it was possible to calibrate the model using the characterization of the wastewater and the activated sludge as the primary calibration tool. Further it was shown that the calihrated model could be used as a tool for optimising the operation of the pilot plant. The suggested operation correlated well with the practical realisable operation.
Pollution prevention: a winning strategy for the protection of the environment
Authors: Lindstrom K. P. , Renescu Adriana 
Published: May 2018

This case study presents the development and implementation of the County Sanitation Districts of Orange County (Districts) Pollution Prevention Program (P3) aimed at reducing the environmental release of pollutants. The P3 has been integrated in the Districts' environmental management program and incorporates the goals of the Districts' 30-year Master Plan called 2020 Vision. The Districts take a multi-media approach to environmental protection giving equal importance to emissions to air, water or the land. The Districts' P3 efforts, applied in combination with an aggressive Source Control Program, has resulted in significant reductions in heavy metals and other pollutant discharges to the environment.
The P3 is a major element of the Districts' Source Control Program. During the past seven years, pollution prevention (the management of waste generation or reduction of waste before it is generated) has proven to be the most effective strategy to protect the environment. The Program has resulted in reductions in influent loadings of heavy metals and other pollutants of concern, and an improving record of compliance by major industrial dischargers. The reduction in metals and other pollutants has resulted in quantifiable improvements in environmental conditions in the marine environment (in the vicinity of the discharge) several miles offshore near the ocean outfall, in reduced air emissions from the treatment plants, and in the concentrations of heavy metals in the residual biosolids produced for recycling. Long-term monitoring data shows improvements in effluent toxicity (as measured by fish survival), reductions in the concentrations of metals in sediments around the ocean outfall and long-term gradual improvements in biological conditions as measured by the number of species of benthic invertebrates. Data on the trends for each of these and other conditions, are presented along with the specific methods employed to achieve the reductions from industrial dischargers.
The successes of P3 were acknowledged by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which awarded the Districts the Administrator's national 1992 Pollution Prevention Achievement Award.
Study on nitrified liquor recycling process operations using polyurethane foam sponge cubes as a biomass support medium
Authors: Deguchi H. , Kashiwaya M. 
Published: May 2018

An experimental study was carried out to find a way of using sponge cubes as a biomass support medium to reaction tanks for nitrified liquor recycling process. Type-A, in which biomass fixed cubes are contacted with both anoxic and oxic stages and Type-B, where biomass fixed cubes are contacted with either anoxic or oxic stages, were selected as experimental cases.
The results showed that the amount of CO2-C generated which was related to sludge production for Type-B exceeded the amount for Type-A by between 12 to 21%. The nitrification and denitrification rate coefficients at 20°C in Type-A were 1.5 and 1.6 times respectively higher than the coefficients for suspended growth. The rate coefficients in Type-B were 1.5 and 2.0 times respectively higher than the coefficients for Type-A.
Alternative Strategies for Meeting Stringent Effluent Guidelines
Authors: Wesley Eckenfelder W. 
Published: May 2018

Stringent effluent guidelines relating to volatile organic carbon (VOC), effluent toxicity and priority pollutants require a reappraisal of design criteria for wastewater treatment plants in the chemical and petrochemical industry. In the case of volatiles, the biodegradability of the VOC as well as the type of aeration equipment needs to be considered. High temperatures in covered aeration basins can create serious sludge settling problems. Priority pollutant removal requires careful consideration of adequate sludge age. Temperature is particularly significant in reducing priority pollutants to acceptable levels.
The generation of non-degradable by-products, SMP, can create effluent toxicity problems. This may require tertiary treatment with activated carbon.
Data-Handling and Management of Preventive Measures Using a Dynamic Integrated Monitoring System
Authors: Lynggaard-Jensen A. , Balslev P. , Nielsen M. K. 
Published: May 2018

The concept and procedures of a data-handling system, which can be described as a “Dynamic Integrated Monitoring System” are presented together with examples which can be produced by such a system. The monitoring is based on on-line measurements, laboratory analyses on different types of samples, information on raw materials and products as well as the production equipment/facilities used. The data-aquisition (online and off-line) is controlled by a management system, which secures the coordination, fastest updating and follow up of the key element in the system – the data.
In order to turn the data into useful information, the former is continuously processed, validated and stored, while simultaneously quantitative information and operation indexes are calculated. Through application procedures, this basic information is now used for several different tasks such as alarms, statistics, emission control and prognosis, waste minimization and long term general environmental management.
Inhibition of the Nitrification Process in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants by Industrial Discharges
Authors: Grüttner H. , Winther-Nielsen M. , Jørgensen L. , Bøgebjerg P. , Sinkjær O. 
Published: May 2018

More than three years of pilot-plant operation has documented that inhibition of nitrification was found to influence the dimensioning of the largest Danish wastewater treatment plant, which serves a major part of Copenhagen. Hence, a program for investigating the sources of substances inhibitory to nitrification was initiated. Since the number of substances potentially inhibitory to nitrification is very high, the investigations used direct testing of inhibitory effects on nitrification as a tool for the mapping operations.
The overall purpose of the investigation was to determine the types of sources of inhibitory substances and to suggest a program for source control to be implemented by the individual municipalities in the catchment area. This paper describes the strategy for sampling and the results of the first two years of activity. Major conclusions have been that the most important sources of inhibitory substances are to be found among the industries, and that nearly all of the industries investigated exhibited some kind of inhibitory effect Further, is was demonstrated that the toxic unit calculation might be used in the quantification of the sources, and that the observed effects could be explained by the chemical substances in the wastewater from the industries.
Based on the above described results, a strategy for control of the inhibitory effects at the different levels of the catchment area was suggested.
Filtration of submicron particles: effect of ionic strength and organic substances
Authors: Prasanthi H. , Vigneswaran S. , Waite T. D. , Aim R. Ben 
Published: May 2018

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) suspension was used in this study to investigate the effects of aggregate size and solution chemical characteristics on particle removal and headloss development in a deep bed filter. When electrolyte (KCl) concentration in the suspension was increased from 0-80 mM, the size of hematite aggregates in suspension increased from 85 to 990 nM but had no significant effect on zeta potential. It was found that at low KCl concentrations (0-10 mM), the initial removal is governed by surface chemical properties while at higher concentrations (40-80 mM), the effect of particle size (steric effect) predominates. The transient stage filter performance was found to be controlled by the favourable chemical conditions prevailing in the filtration system rather than the size of the particles.
Studies of the effect of a natural organic material (fulvic acid) on particle removal indicated that fulvic acid at low concentrations (less than 0.75 mg/L) enhanced particle aggregation and improved filtration efficiency. At concentrations higher than 2 mg/L, it was found to increase the stability of particles thus affecting filtration efficiency.
Assessment of the ecological value of rivers in flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Wils C. , Schneiders A. , Bervoets L. , Nagels A. , Weiss L. , Verheyen R. F. 
Published: May 2018

Assessment of the ecological value of streams and rivers is important to determine which watercourses should be preserved for the future. Throughout the world, a large number of evaluation systems have been developed either to assess complete river systems or merely to evaluate the water quality.
However, in a region such as Flanders, where rivers are generally very polluted, it is not only important to evaluate the current ecological value, but also to recognize those watercourses which still have a high potential value. For this purpose a system was developed in Flanders to assess the present as well as the potential ecological value of streams and rivers. The evaluation is based on a number of morphological characteristics, on the water quality and on the aquatic communities. The result is a global ecological evaluation map of each river basin. This map is made available to policy makers in order to assist in the elaboration of purification programmes and river restoration and conservation projects.