bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation in Stormwater Management in Canada: The Way Forward
Authors: Marsalek Jiri , Schreier Hans 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Rapid urban expansion, increased traffic, ageing infrastructure, greater climatic variability, and the need for enhanced sustainability of urban water resources pose significant challenges to conventional stormwater management. Innovative approaches are needed in order to mitigate the risk of flooding, pollution, and aquatic ecosystem degradation, and enhance beneficial uses of urban waters. To examine such approaches, a series of three regional conferences on innovative stormwater management were held in Vancouver, Calgary, and Toronto during 2007 to 2008 under the sponsorship of the Canadian Water Network (CWN) and the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). Authors of selected conference papers providing information on innovative approaches to mitigating the risk of flooding and reducing pollution impacts at the property, neighbourhood, and watershed scales were then invited to submit journal papers, and those accepted in the review process were included in this Special Issue of the Water Quality Research Journal of Canada.
An overview of the selected papers indicates that no single innovative measure is adequate under all circumstances,and a multibarrier approach is deemed to be most effective. Examples of innovations at the property level include harvesting roof runoff and reusing water, managing rainwater by infiltration in swales and into soils in bioretention areas, minimizing impervious surfaces, and using pervious pavement. At the neighbourhood level, runoff impacts are mitigated by designing roads without curbs, gutters, and drain pipes, and diverting runoff into infiltration channels, swales, and wetlands. Creating roads and parking lots with pervious pavement and draining runoff from such surfaces into infiltration basins is also discussed. Among stormwater quality source controls, potential effects of street sweeping on runoff quality enhancement were assessed. New innovations at the watershed scale include: (a) the creation of wide riparian buffer zones that can detain water, remove sediments, and mitigate nutrient export and other pollutant effects, (b) the minimization of channelization of streams and rivers, and (c) the designation of floodwater storage areas. A new water balance model that is linked to a global information system (GIS) and works at all the three scales offers the best option to conceptualize stormwater problems, and their mitigation, in urban watersheds. Finally, the aim of this Special Issue is to promote examples of successful innovative approaches to improving stormwater management in Canadian cities, hoping that other practitioners will build on this experience and bring stormwater management practice to the next higher level.
Treatment Performance of an Extensive Vegetated Roof in Waterloo, Ontario
Authors: Vander Linden Kyle , Stone Micheal 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Vegetated roof technologies are used as treatment measures to mitigate the effects of urban stormwater. A mass balance approach was used to assess the treatment performance of a vegetated roof located on the City Hall in Waterloo, Ontario. The vegetated and control roof sections were instrumented to measure precipitation, storage, and outflow for 18 storm events from June to October, 2006. Concentrations of suspended solids, total phosphorus (TP), and SRP (SRP) in precipitation and roof (vegetated and control) runoff were measured. A total of 155.6 mm of rain fell during the study period. The vegetated roof retained 64.5 mm (43.9%) of the total rainfall while the control roof retained approximately 5.1 mm (4.0%). For individual rain events, the vegetated roof retained an average of 3.5 mm (47.6%), while the control roof retained approximately 0.3 mm (4.7%). Water retention varied with storm size, season, and frequency of storm events. The vegetated roof retained 80.1% of precipitation for storm events ≤3.5 mm, and 34.9% for storm events &gt;3.5 mm. TP and SRP concentrations from the vegetated roof were significantly higher than either the precipitation or runoff from the control roof.
Evaluation of Green Roofs for Runoff Retention, Runoff Quality, and Leachability
Authors: Van Seters Tim , Rocha Lisa , Smith Derek , MacMillan Glenn 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This three-year study evaluates the quantity and quality of runoff from an extensive green roof on a multistory building in Toronto. Laboratory physical, chemical, and leachate analyses of eleven commercially available green roof growing media were also undertaken to help identify the potential influence that the growing media may have on runoff chemistry. Continuous precipitation and runoff data collected over 18 months outside of the winter period indicated that the green roof discharged 63% less runoff than a neighbouring conventional modified bitumen roof. Runoff volumes from the green roof averaged 42% less than the conventional roof in April and November, and between 70 and 93% less during the summer months. Water samples were collected from both roofs during 21 rain events in 2003 and 2004 and analyzed for general chemistry (e.g., pH, total suspended solids), metals, nutrients, bacteria (n = 16), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (n = 18). Loads of most chemical variables in green roof runoff were lower than from the conventional roof. Exceptions included constituents such as calcium, magnesium, and total phosphorus, which were either naturally present in the media or were added to promote plant growth. Total phosphorus concentrations in green roof runoff were significantly higher than the conventional roof (α = 0.001), and regularly exceeded the Ontario receiving water objective (0.03 mg/L). Phosphorus concentrations fell significantly after the first year of monitoring (α = 0.001), suggesting that the nutrient is being leached from the media. Chemical analyses of green roof growing media showed that levels of most constituents were similar to or lower than typical background concentrations for agricultural soils in Ontario. However, leachate concentrations from several media exceeded receiving water standards for phosphorus, aluminum, copper, iron, and vanadium. This study highlights the importance of engineering green roof media to minimize leaching of nutrients and other contaminants while maintaining their ability to support plant growth.
Developing Capacity for Large-Scale Rainwater Harvesting in Canada
Authors: Farahbakhsh Khosrow , Despins Christopher , Leidl Chantelle 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the ancient practice of capturing rainwater from impervious surfaces and storing it for future use. Harvesting roof runoff for domestic purposes has historically been prevalent in rural areas of Canada and the practice is currently experiencing revived interest and uptake in the urban environment. When implemented on a wide scale, RWH can contribute to both stormwater abatement and water conservation, serving to relieve pressure on existing infrastructure and potentially delay the need for infrastructure expansion. While such benefits are known, there remain several barriers that impede widespread implementation. These include cost, liability concerns, and a lack of clear policy for RWH. This paper outlines the benefits of RWH and describes findings of recent research that has attempted to develop some of the technical, administrative, and market capacity needed to overcome these barriers, focussing on water quality, design practices, economic analysis, and policy development.
Environmental Factors Affecting Methoprene Concentrations for West Nile Virus Control in a Storm Sewer System
Authors: Li James Y. , Lo Ching , Luciani Peter D. , Des Lauriers Angelune , Sze Kevin , Shao Jiang , Komer Wayne , Wilkinson Ken , Truen David , Anderton Rod 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
To address vector-borne West Nile virus in Canada, chemical larvicides (methoprene) are applied to storm sewer system catch basins (CBs) to control mosquitoes. This study assessed the fate and transport of methoprene in such systems over time relative to precipitation. Rainfall and methoprene concentration patterns revealed the effect of dilution, dissolution, and flushing of the larvicide. In the summer and fall of 2003 to 2005, field monitoring studies were conducted in Toronto, Ontario on two CBs, each treated with a control dose of methoprene, supplied in pellet or ingot formulation. Furthermore, in 2005, concentrations at the storm sewer outfall were measured during nine rainfall events. Based on daily monitoring, findings indicate that (1) the methoprene concentration at the CBs fell below the minimum lethal concentration or LC50 one or two weeks after treatment, and remained below LC50 concentrations over 70% of the time; (2) rainfall flushed methoprene from the CBs to the storm sewer outfall at concentrations higher than the levels specified by Ministry of Environment, which may cause ecosystem damage; (3) based on the number of cycles per diem within each CB in each study period, there was no conclusive pattern in the flushing susceptibility of pellets versus ingots; (4) the mean concentration of methoprene increased with reduced CB sump volume; (5) less total precipitation resulted in higher average methoprene concentrations and a higher number of days above the LC50 based on ingot-dosed CBs; (6) counter-intuitive to (4) and (5), larger sump water volumes and greater rainfall resulted in lower mean concentrations and fewer days above the LC50; and (7) a single ingot dosage was comparable in performance to a three pellet dosage.
Physicochemical Distribution of Metals in the Water Phase of Catch Basin Mixtures
Authors: Karlsson Kristin , Westerstrand Magnus , Viklander Maria , Ingri Johan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A mixture of sediment and water is formed during the cleansing of catch basins. This paper discusses the concentration levels and distribution of numerous metals and organic carbon (OC) in the water phase of this mixture. The results show that due to the high concentrations of metals in the water phase, the catch basin mixture should be treated before it reaches a recipient. Three sites with different types of area and traffic intensity were sampled. Four fractions were analyzed: unfiltered, dissolved (&lt;0.2 µm), colloidal (0.22 µm to 1 kD [kilodalton]), and truly dissolved (&lt;1 kD). The results of the unfiltered fraction show high concentrations of metals and OC in the catch basin mixture. A comparison of Canadian and Swedish Environmental Protection Agency guidelines and the catch basin mixtures shows that concentrations exceeded the threshold values for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Compared with samples from a reference lake in the area, the unfiltered fraction showed high concentrations of all elements. OC seems to have a large impact on the overall speciation of trace metals in the catch basin mixture. To trace the sources of the particulate fraction in the unfiltered samples, Al-normalization was used. Al-normalization indicated that Ca, K, Mg, Na, Mn, Ba, Co, and Cr concentrations could be explained by mineral particles used as traction control. Furthermore, the trace elements As, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni were all enriched in the catch basin mixture.
Estimation of Biodegradation and Liquid-Solid Partitioning Coefficients for Selected PAHs in Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Parker Wayne J. , Monteith Hugh D. , Pileggi Vince 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Batch testing was employed to estimate model parameters that are required for predicting the fate of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater treatment. Linear partitioning was found to describe the partitioning of PAHs to solids and was best described when the soluble phase of the PAHs was determined by centrifugation alone. The liquid-solid partitioning coefficients obtained for primary and secondary sludges were statistically different, with the latter being higher than the former for most of the PAHs examined in this study. Temperature had a significant impact on the estimated biodegradation rate coefficients (Kb). The biodegradation rate coefficients for anthracene and phenanthrene (three-ring PAHs) were statistically different from benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene (four-ring PAHs). The presence of a nitro-adduct on acenaphthene resulted in a substantial increase in the Kb relative to the unsubstituted anthracene and phenanthrene. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the removal of PAHs in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant was most sensitive to the value of the liquid-solid partitioning coefficients. Approximately 60% of the PAHs were removed from the wastewater stream through partitioning to both primary and secondary solids, and subsequent discharge.
Use of Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes to Trace Natural and Anthropogenic Inputs into Riverine Systems in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
Authors: Farwell Andrea J. , Parrott Joanne L. , Sherry Jim P. , Tetreault Gerald R. , Van Meer Terry , Dixon D. George 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in fish were examined as a potential tracer of exposure to oil sands constituents in naturally eroded environments and in areas of anthropogenic activity (municipal and industrial effluent discharges; oil sands surface mining) within the Athabasca River drainage basin of northern Alberta, Canada. Longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus), and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) showed changes in δ13C values with the river gradient. Site-specific differences in the δ13C values of fish were more pronounced for the small-bodied fish species in the lower reaches of a tributary (slimy sculpin) and immediately downstream of tributary inputs along the Athabasca River (trout-perch), where potential exposure to the oil sands constituents is elevated. There were also species and site-specific trends for δ15N values. Site-specific trends attributed to municipal or industrial effluent discharge or tributary inputs may prove to be a useful tool for defining residency on the oil sands deposit. This study has provided baseline data of isotope values for fish species which are currently used (longnose sucker) or may be used in future environmental effects monitoring programs. Defining residency and exposure to the oil sands deposit is critical to establishing exposure-response relationships, particularly since there are new expansions to oil sands mining operations.
Biological Phosphorus Removal and Denitrification of a Fish Farm Effluent in a Sequencing Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
Authors: Restrepo Juan D. , Labelle Marc-André , Parent Serge , Villemur Richard , Juteau Pierre , Comeau Yves 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Removal of phosphate and nitrate from the effluent of a fish farm with a recirculation system was tested in a sequencing moving bed biofilm bioreactor (SMBBR) over a 160-day period. This bioprocess made use of a stock tank (ST) that allowed the same volume of anaerobic water to be reused from one batch to another. Water from the ST contained an excess of a carbon source (acetate), which made it possible to alternate between anaerobic (1.5 h) and aerobic/anoxic (4 h) conditions to achieve enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The developed biomass (2,072 mg total solids m-2 d-1 and 892 mg total volatile solids m-2 d-1 ) removed 7.5 mg of PO4-P per litre and 8.5 mg of NO3-N per litre from an influent containing 10 mg of PO4-P per litre and 21 mg NO3-N per litre. The dynamic variation of phosphate and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the influent showed that the biomass was sensitive to the CODavailable/Pinfluent ratio. A ratio of 10 to 15 mg of COD per milligram of P seemed to favour phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Differences between the nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen reduction kinetics suggested that the denitrification could be attributed to organisms other than PAOs. The SMBBR-ST showed potential for EBPR and for denitrification as well. However, the economic feasibility of implementing such a process in a full-scale operation remains to be demonstrated.
Onsite Microbiological Quality Monitoring of Raw Source Water in Cree Community of Mistissini
Authors: Bernier Jean-Luc T. , Maheux Andrée F. , Boissinot Maurice , Picard François J. , Bissonnette Luc , Martin Daniel , Dewailly Éric , Bergeron Michel G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Access to safe drinking water is a major concern for Canada's First Nations. The main objective of this report was to evaluate the microbiological quality of raw source water used for drinking purposes by the Cree people of Mistissini (Province of Québec, Canada) during summer 2005. Twelve environmental sites and 24 portable water containers used for domestic water collection and storage were sampled and submitted to microbiological determination of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus sp. using membrane filtration and colourimetric standard methods. The results suggest that the microbiological quality of raw source water sampled from environmental sites is enhanced by storage practices of Mistissini inhabitants as microbial counts have shown a tendency to decrease upon storage and that the targeted fecal indicators (E. coli and enterococci) were quantitatively distributed independently from each other, especially with regards to the type of water source. In conclusion, even if the use of multiple indicators could offer better water quality monitoring, technological constraints limit the use of culture-based methods in such a remote area, underlining the importance of always boiling water from raw water sources before consumption.
Multicriteria Review of Nonpoint Source Water Quality Models for Nutrients, Sediments, and Pathogens
Authors: Booty William , Benoy Glenn 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
There now exists a large number of nonpoint source models that have been developed for watershed management issues. As part of the National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiative (NAESI), it was necessary to evaluate which model or models would be the best choice for examining various best management practices for nutrients, sediments, and pathogens in test watersheds. Environment Canada has committed to the development of environmental performance standards that will guide environmentally sustainable agricultural practices and management. A literature review was carried out and a short list of 13 models was selected that met the basic needs of the project. These models were subsequently evaluated based on a multicriteria analysis that considered 21 model characteristics. A weight and a total score quantify the relative importance of each criterion. The top six models were SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), AnnAGNPS (Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source), BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources), GIBSI (Gestion Intégrée des Bassins versants á l'aide d'un Systéme Informatisé), AGNPS (Agricultural Nonpoint Source), and HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program - Fortran).
Integrated Land and Water Scenarios of the Raisin River Watershed Using the SWAT Model
Authors: Wong Isaac W. , Booty William G. , Benoy Glenn , Nielsen Cathy , Fong Phil , McCrimmon R.Craig 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This paper investigates the linkage between Canada's National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiative (NAESI) Biodiversity and Water themes by studying how patterns in terrestrial habitat, generated through land cover scenario modelling, influence water quality and quantity in the Raisin River watershed in southeastern Ontario. NAESI developed nonregulatory performance standards that define ideal and achievable levels of environmental quality. The indicators used to investigate the scenario risks included sediment and nutrient concentrations. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)-2005 model was calibrated and validated from 1985 to 2006 for current land cover and five other scenarios: potential natural vegetation (PNV); high biodiversity conservation (HBC); moderate biodiversity conservation; agricultural intensification with limited application of conservation direction; and agricultural intensification with no consideration of conservation direction (ANC). Scenario comparisons are provided for the average annual flow, and concentrations of total suspended sediment (TSS), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus for five watershed locations. The PNV scenario predicted the lowest total flows, and sediment and nutrient concentrations, and the ANC scenario predicted the highest sediment and nutrient concentrations. The SWAT median values for the HBC, "Current," and ANC scenarios at the outlet all exceeded the Ideal Performance Standards, except for the median TSS concentration of the HBC scenario.
Evaluation of Risk Assessment Tools to Predict Canadian Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
Authors: Summerscales Ian Michael , McBean Edward A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A number of risk assessment tools and guidance documents have been developed by regulatory and nongovernmental bodies to enable risk assessment of drinking water systems. To evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of available risk assessment tools, three of the existing risk assessment tools were applied to waterborne disease outbreaks in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, and Walkerton, Ontario, to determine whether the risk assessment tools would have indicated that the water systems were at risk of failure. Both of these outbreaks are sufficiently well documented to allow testing of the risk assessment tools. Both of the outbreaks occurred partly due to vulnerabilities that prevented the respective water systems from having effective multiple barriers to drinking water contamination. The risk assessment tools generally identified the hazards that resulted in contamination of the source water. However, the different tools had different levels of success in identifying vulnerabilities in the downstream barriers such as treatment processes and water quality monitoring activities. None of the risk assessment tools successfully incorporated the interdependent nature of the multiple barriers of drinking water safety.
Influences of Human Stressors on Fish-Based Metrics for Assessing River Condition in Central Alberta
Authors: Stevens Cameron E. , Council Trevor , Sullivan Michael G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Economic developments in Alberta have resulted in widespread changes in land use that may deteriorate river conditions for fish. Fish assemblages were characterized with index of biological integrity metrics for the heavily-developed watershed of the Battle River, Alberta. Metric relationships with human stressors were quantified using regression and information theory methods. Although the fauna comprised 14 native species, 50% of the catch was white sucker (Catostomus commersoni Lacepede, 1803). Five statistically unrelated metrics were identified as being responsive to stressors: two trophic guilds, one habitat guild, one reproductive guild, and one measure of community structure. Regression showed that the cumulative effect of human developments, indexed as road density in the basin, was negatively linked to the relative abundance of lithophils and positively linked to the relative abundance of omnivores. Agriculture also threatened the integrity of fish assemblages. Stream sections with higher cattle densities in their basins had fewer lithophils and benthic invertivores; whereas stream sections with higher nutrient concentrations contained fewer species, as well as fewer top carnivores, but more true omnivores. Understanding effects of human footprints that are expanding in western Canada will be critical to the successful management of aquatic resources.