bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) overwintering: an overview
Authors: Clarke Anthony R , Merkel Katharina , Hulthen Andrew D , Schwarzmueller Florian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Dacini fruit flies are tropical and subtropical insects for which a winter diapause is largely unknown. However, some pest dacines have extended their geographic ranges into temperate areas where winter temperatures may be limiting. During the 1900s, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) extended its Australian endemic tropical range to include temperate southern Australia. Starting nearly 100 years ago, several research teams have spent considerable effort understanding how ‘tropical’ B. tryoni survives temperate winters: this review summarises that research. Across three study areas (Sydney and surrounding districts, New South Wales; Melbourne and surrounding districts, Victoria; Stanthorpe, south‐eastern Queensland), there is highly consistent data showing that the fly overwinters almost exclusively in the adult form. Eggs, larvae and pupae generated in late autumn or early winter either fail to develop due to lack of sufficient day‐degree accumulation or if immature development is successful and adults emerge, then those adults do not become sexually mature until the spring. Females which are already sexually mature when entering winter resorb some or all of their eggs. During winter, adults rest in sheltered locations and will forage for food on warm days. In field cages, mortality of adults is approximately 8% per week during winter, and so significant adult mortality occurs during winter. Based on laboratory studies, adult survival at cool to cold (15°C to −4°C) temperatures is increased if the fly or earlier developmental stages (pre‐pupal maggots and fully developed pupae) undergo an acclimation process, rather than being subjected to a sudden drop in temperature. Early climate change modelling suggests that a decrease in the number of extreme cold events (i.e. hard frosts) is more likely to lead to improved fly survival in temperate areas than the overall mean temperature increase. Gaps in knowledge include quantification of what makes a preferred overwintering site; how climate change over the last 30 years (when the last detailed experiments were done) have modified overwintering phenologies; and where on the Australian east coast does temperature become limiting such that year‐round breeding ceases.
A qualitative study of trainee experiences in Family Medicine‐Obstetrics fellowships
Authors: Hansen Elizabeth Rose , Eden Aimee R. , Peterson Lars E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundFamily Medicine‐Obstetrics fellowships provide family physicians with advanced obstetrics training. No accreditation system exists for these fellowships, which leads to variable training. Variation of fellows’ experiences is not well understood. Our objective is to understand the motivations, training, and overall experiences of fellows in Family Medicine‐Obstetrics fellowships, which may inform opportunities for improvement in fellowship design and suggest how Family Medicine‐Obstetrics fellowship‐trained physicians are prepared to practice among other obstetrics providers postgraduation.MethodsWe conducted semistructured interviews with current and past Family Medicine‐Obstetrics fellows between Spring 2014 and Winter 2015. We used a snowball sampling approach. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded following an inductive approach to content analysis.ResultsWe contacted 47 and interviewed 21 current and past Family Medicine‐Obstetrics fellows from 15 programs from across the country. Fellowships varied in cohort size, length, co‐occurring presence of obstetrics and gynecology training programs, and structure and curriculum. Interviewees were motivated to complete a fellowship because of inadequate obstetrics training in residency, or because of an interest in rural or urban underserved practice. Fellowship experiences were shaped by fellowship leadership, program structure and curriculum, and relationships with obstetricians. Some felt prepared to forge collaborative professional relationships with obstetricians.ConclusionsThe diversity of fellows’ experiences suggests possible avenues of improvement for Family Medicine‐Obstetrics fellowships. These fellowships can prepare physicians to provide obstetric services in a variety of settings, including working in multispecialty integrated maternity care systems.
Deep cervical lymph node ligation aggravates AD‐like pathology of APP/PS1 mice
Authors: Wang Linmei , Zhang Yanli , Zhao Ying , Marshall Charles , Wu Ting , Xiao Ming 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid‐beta (Aβ) is a key step in the onset and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, reducing Aβ accumulation in the brain is a promising therapeutic strategy for AD. The recently discovered glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vasculature have been shown to be critical for the elimination of interstitial waste products, especially Aβ, from the brain. In the present study, ligation of deep cervical lymph nodes was performed to block drainage of this system and explore the consequences on Aβ‐related pathophysiology. Five‐month‐old APP/PS1 mice and their wild‐type littermates received deep cervical lymphatic node ligation. One month later, behavioral testing and pathological analysis were conducted. Results demonstrated that ligation of dcLNs exacerbated AD‐like phenotypes of APP/PS1 mice, showing more severe brain Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, synaptic protein loss, impaired polarization of aquaporin‐4 and deficits in cognitive and exploratory behaviors. These results suggest that brain lymphatic clearance malfunction is one of the deteriorating factors in the progression of AD, and restoring its function is a potential therapeutic target against AD.
Inhibition of kinesin family member 20B sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cell to microtubule‐targeting agents by blocking cytokinesis
Authors: Liu Xinran , Li Yangkai , Zhang Xia , Liu Xin‐Yuan , Peng Anlin , Chen Yuchen , Meng Lijing , Chen Hong , Zhang Yu , Miao Xiaoping , Zheng Ling , Huang Kun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractKinesin family member 20B (KIF20B, also known as MPHOSPH1) is a kinesin protein that plays a critical role in cytokinesis. Previously, we and others have demonstrated the oncogenic role of KIF20B in several cancers; however, the exact mechanisms underlying its tumorigenic effects remain unclear. Herein, we showed overexpression of KIF20B in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and reported a negative correlation between KIF20B level and prognosis of patients. Mechanistically, reducing KIF20B blockades mitotic exit of HCC cells at telophase in a spindle assembly checkpoint independent way. Importantly, reducing KIF20B acts synergistically with three microtubule‐associated agents (MTA) to p53‐ or p14ARF‐dependently suppress p53‐wt or p53‐null HCC cells. In addition to taxol, reducing KIF20B also enhanced the toxicity of two chemotherapeutic drugs, hydroxycamptothecin and mitomycin C. In conclusion, we found a novel mechanism in that blocking cytokinesis by KIF20B inhibition increases the efficacy of MTA; our results thus suggested a dual‐mitotic suppression approach against HCC by combining MTA with KIF20B inhibition, which simultaneously blocks mitosis at both metaphase and telophase.
Body mass index, peer victimization, and body dissatisfaction across 7 years of childhood and adolescence: Evidence of moderated and mediated pathways
Authors: Lee Kirsty S. , Vaillancourt Tracy 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNumerous studies have reported that children and adolescents who are overweight are more likely to get bullied, yet the literature is replete with methodological limitations. We examined the transactional associations between peer victimization and body mass index (BMI), considering potential mediating (body dissatisfaction) and moderating (biological sex) factors. Participants (n = 631) came from the McMaster Teen Study, where students were assessed annually between Grades 5–11, approximately half were girls (53.9%), and the majority were white (76.4%). Peer victimization (from Grade 5) and body dissatisfaction (from Grade 6) were self‐reported by students, while parents reported their child's height and weight (from Grade 5). Cascade models were built up sequentially using path analysis across 2‐year increments (Grades 5, 7, 9, and 11). The final model had excellent fit to the data (χ2 = 73.961, df = 66, p = 0.234). Grade 5 peer victimization had a direct effect on BMI across a 2‐year period in girls (b = 0.59, SE = 0.21, p = 0.005) and boys (b = 0.82, SE = 0.30, p = 0.006), and an indirect effect on BMI via body dissatisfaction across a 4‐year period (b = 0.074, 95% CI = 0.012–0.152, p = 0.036). At no point did BMI directly increase risk for peer victimization, yet there were indirect effects via body dissatisfaction among girls but not boys. Peer victimization and body dissatisfaction were proximally and longitudinally related at every time point and there was a transactional association in late‐adolescence among girls but not boys. Targeting modifiable factors in the social (peer victimization) and psychological (body dissatisfaction) domains may limit accelerated weight gain and the health risks associated with excess adiposity.
Lanthanides in granulometric fractions of Mediterranean soils. Can they be used as fingerprints of provenance?
Authors: Martín‐García J. M. , Molinero‐García A. , Calero J. , Fernández‐González M. V. , Párraga J. , Delgado R. 
Published: September 2018

There is geochemical interest in the lanthanides because they behave like a group that is closely related to the parent materials during surface processes, although they also undergo fractionation as a result of supergene dynamics. We analysed lanthanide concentrations (ICPms) in the granulometric fractions fine sand, clay and free forms of clay (FFclay‐CDB and FFclay‐Ox: extracted with citrate‐dithionite‐sodium bicarbonate and with ammonium oxalate, respectively) from a soil chronosequence of Mediterranean soils. There was a relative enrichment of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) in the clay fraction and its free forms with respect to fine sand. The clay free forms behaved as scavengers of lanthanides, and oxidative scavenging of cerium (Ce) in FFclay‐CDB was also detected. Lanthanide concentrations (lanthanum to gadolinium in fine sand; terbium to lutetium in clay) varied with soil age, and chronofunctions were established. There was a strong positive collinearity between most of the lanthanide concentrations. Furthermore, the value of the correlation index (Pearson's r) of the concentrations between couples of lanthanides (rCLC) decreased significantly with increasing separation between the elements in the periodic table; this has never been described in soils. Several geochemical properties and indices in the fine sand and clay soil fractions and in the geological materials of the Guadalquivir catchment showed, on the one hand, a genetic relation between them all, enabling the lanthanides to be used as fingerprints of provenance; on the other hand, fractionation between fine sand and clay showed these are actively involved in soil lanthanide dynamics.Highlights
Are lanthanides from fine sand and clay genetically related to the geological materials?
Lanthanide concentrations of fine sand and clay fit chronofunctions
Pearson's r of lanthanide couples decreases when separation increases in the periodic table
Free forms of clay are scavengers of lanthanides and concentrate HREE and cerium
The association betweenST18 gene polymorphism and severe pemphigus disease among Iranian population
Authors: Etesami Ifa , Seirafi Hassan , Ghandi Narges , Salmani Hamzeh , Arabpour Maedeh , Nasrollahzadeh Ali , Teimourpour Amir , Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Keramatipour Mohammad 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRecently,ST18 polymorphism has played a role in increasing the risk of pemphigus among some populations such as Egyptian and Jewish. In addition, a variant within theST18 promoter gene was shown to induceST18 upregulation and cytokine secretion leading to keratinocyte susceptibility to anti‐desmoglein antibodies. Thus, the present study aimed to assess theST18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) relationship with pemphigus, disease severity and family history among Iranian population. A total of 111 pemphigus patients and 201 healthy controls were genotyped for threeST18SNPs rs2304365, rs10504140 and rs4074067 by usingTETRA‐ARMS PCRmethod. The results indicated that risk allele A in rs2304365 was significantly higher in pemphigus patients, compared with the amount in the control group (OR = 2.43CI = 1.49‐3.975,P < 0.001). Thus, A allele represents a risk factor for pemphigus. Further, the patients carrying the risk allele had a more severe disease and a higher age of disease onset while no relationship was observed between the number of relapses and positive family history of pemphigus with the risk allele. Finally, dominant model was regarded as the strongest inheritance model for the associated risk. The present study confirmed the relationship betweenST18 gene with pemphigus disease, a more severe disease, and a higher age of disease onset.
Population decline in the endemic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Kapisillit River, Greenland
Authors: Hedeholm Rasmus Berg , Broberg Mala , Nygaard Rasmus , Grønkjær Peter 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAtlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., is found throughout the North Atlantic, with thousands of rivers having spawning populations. In Greenland, spawning is limited to one river in West Greenland, the Kapisillit River (64˚N), and the salmon are limited to the lower few kilometres of the system. Using mark–recapture, it was estimated the parr population was 5,953 individuals, and that the population size has declined by 52% since 1959. In spite of this decline, parr density remains high, being between 0.26 and 0.62 parr/m2. Using a historical age‐length key, an estimated minimum of 635 smolt will have descended to the sea in 2017. These will be caught in a fishery currently subject to no regulatory measures and fishing remains the most likely driver of the population decline. The genetically distinct population is endemic to Greenland, and managers should implement measures to conserve this genetic integrity and local biodiversity.
Differential use of winter precipitation by upper and lower elevation Douglas fir in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Martin Justin , Looker Nathaniel , Hoylman Zachary , Jencso Kelsey , Hu Jia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn temperate regions such as the American west, forest trees often exhibit growth sensitivity to climatic conditions of a particular season. For example, annual tree ring growth increments may correlate well with winter precipitation, but not with summer rainfall, suggesting that trees rely more on winter snow than summer rain. Because both the timing and character of seasonal western climate patterns are expected to change considerably over coming decades, variation in the importance of different seasonal moisture sources for trees can be expected to influence how different forest trees respond to climate change as a whole, with shifts in seasonality potentially benefitting some trees while challenging others. In this study, we inferred patterns of tree water use in Douglas fir trees from the Northern Rockies for 2 years using stable water isotopes, while simultaneously quantifying and tracking precipitation inputs to soil moisture across a vertical soil profile. We then coupled water source use with daily measurements of radial growth to demonstrate that soil moisture from winter precipitation accounted for 87.5% and 84% of tree growth at low and high elevations, respectively. We found that prevailing soil moisture conditions drive variation in the depth at which trees access soil water, which in turn determines which seasonal precipitation inputs are available to support tree growth and function. In general, trees at lower elevations relied more on winter precipitation sourced from deep soils while trees at higher elevations made better use of summer rains sourced from near‐surface soil layers. As both the timing of seasons and phase of precipitation (rain vs. snow) are likely to change considerably across much of the west, such patterns in tree water use are likely to play a role in determining the evolution of forest composition and structure in a warming climate.
Lignin from bark as a resource for aromatics production by hydrothermal liquefaction
Authors: Schuler Julia , Hornung Ursel , Dahmen Nicolaus , Sauer Jörg 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBiorefineries, which are using mostly unused side streams of other existing processes like bark or lignin, have a huge potential to open new resources, for example, chemicals. But with new resources new challenges will be met along the way. These challenges must be addressed and discussed to build a solid and far‐sighted process. This work focuses on the formation of monocyclic compounds like catechol as a valuable product during the hydrothermal liquefaction of beech wood bark as well as Kraft lignin from pine wood like Indulin AT. The focus is to get a better knowledge of the behavior of bark during hydrothermal liquefaction for depolymerization aiming at the production of aromatic building blocks for chemicals. Therefore, the influence, for example, of temperature and reaction time, the chemical reaction pathways, and the therefore necessary analytics need to be understood. Several limitations and challenges of common analytical methods are discussed and compared for bark and Kraft lignin, which is relatively well investigated and can act as a reference material to build a common ground and make it possible to build standards for all bioeconomic processes. Hydrothermal conditions increase the yield and selectivity toward bifunctional molecules like catechol. With rising temperatures and longer retention times, the catechol mass yields get lower. At temperatures above 350°C, nearly no catechol could be found any more. Different types of wood deliver different lignin compositions in terms of the monomeric units. However, it can be observed that different lignins show the same trends in regard to the catechol yield concerning temperatures and reaction time dependence, but overall a different product spectrum.
Pressurized extraction of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids from wet Chlorella vulgaris and Phaeodactylum tricornutum biomass using subcritical liquids
Authors: Derwenskus Felix , Metz Felix , Gille Andrea , Schmid‐Staiger Ulrike , Briviba Karlis , Schließmann Ursula , Hirth Thomas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the extraction of lipids, for example, mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as well as carotenoids, from wet microalgae biomass using pressurized subcritical extraction solvents, which meet the requirements of food and feed applications. To demonstrate the effect of the solvent and temperature on the lipid yield, we chose two microalgae species, viz. Chlorella vulgaris and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, differing in their biochemical composition fundamentally. In case of P. tricornutum, ethanol showed the highest fatty acid yield of 85.9% w/w. In addition to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the ethanolic extracts contained exceptional amounts of fucoxanthin (up to 26.1 mg/g d. w.), which can be beneficial to protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation processes and in terms of human nutrition. For C. vulgaris, a fatty acid yield of 76.5% w/w was achieved from wet biomass using ethyl acetate at 150°C. In general, an increase in the extraction temperature up to 150°C was found to be important in terms of fatty acid yield when extracting wet microalgae biomass. The results suggest that it is possible to efficiently extract both fatty acids and carotenoids from wet microalgae by selecting suitable solvents and thus circumvent energy‐intensive drying of the biomass.
Evaluating age‐related changes of some facial signs among men of four different ethnic groups
Authors: Flament F. , Amar D. , Feltin C. , Bazin R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe alterations of some facial characteristics, with age, in men of different ethnic groups are a scarcely studied topic.ObjectiveTo illustrate and grade, among men of four different ethnic descents (Asians, African‐Americans, Caucasians, Indians), aged 18–80 year, the changes in the severity of some facial signs occurring with age.MethodsDigital Photographs (full face, profile, 45°) of 1058 subjects were taken under standard conditions of lightning. These allowed us to zoom in on 15–20 different facial signs on all subjects. Their observations by 15 trained experts, under calibrated screens, allowed these signs to be graded, with the help of four referential skin Atlases, specific to the gender and ethnic groups studied.ResultsMost facial signs show a rather regular increase with age, with different kinetics according to the ethnic group. The major changes, in all four ethnic groups, mostly concern skin structural alterations (wrinkles, neck sagging or texture). The changes in the severity of some wrinkles (forehead, inter‐ocular…) may be viewed as ethnic signatures. The modifications in pigmentation disorders seem more closely linked to the constitutive skin pigmentation (photo‐types), among which pigmentary spots are confirmed as a more specific Asian trait.ConclusionMen of four different ethnic origins present different and ethnic‐related facial alterations with increasing age, of different amplitudes.
Evaluation of the in vitro cholesterol‐lowering activity of the probiotic strain Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856
Authors: Majeed Muhammed , Majeed Shaheen , Nagabhushanam Kalyanam , Arumugam Sivakumar , Beede Kirankumar , Ali Furqan 
Published: September 2018

SummaryEmerging scientific evidence suggests that the supplementation of probiotics may help to reduce/manage blood cholesterol levels in humans. We evaluated the in vitro cholesterol‐lowering activity of the probiotic strain Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856. This probiotic de‐conjugated bile salts and liberated deoxycholic acid, confirming its bile salt hydrolase activity. Furthermore, B. coagulansMTCC 5856 also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced cholesterol levels in culture media under growing (48.42%), resting (live but suspended in buffer, 36.47%) and even heat‐killed (dead, 8.5%) conditions. Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856 significantly reduced the cholesterol levels in cholesterol‐rich foods, such as egg yolk (39.79%), chicken liver (45.44%) and butter (49.51%), when incubated for 24 h in conditions mimicking the in vivo environment. Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856 also produced significant (P < 0.05) amounts of propionic acid and butyric acid while fermenting cholesterol‐rich foods. The multitudinous ways by which B. coagulansMTCC 5856 reduces cholesterol levels endorses its application in functional food formulations and as a dietary ingredient for the management of hypercholesterolemia, potentially reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease and other related disabilities.