bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Powered Flying-Controls; Some Design Considerations
Authors: Bradbury F. J. , Parker S. M. 
Published: February 2019

Powered flying-control systems are a comparatively recent addition to aircraft and, to date, have been devised to modify, as little as possible, existing piloting technique. At the present time there is a basic similarity in most of the designs being used, and it is the purpose of this paper to consider the reasons for this and to examine the suitability of these systems for such future requirements as can be foreseen. Little has been published about the difficulties encountered in the installation of such systems, particularly of relation to stability and reliability, but some account is given in this paper of experience with one typical system which has been used in a number of aeroplanes of widely differing types. Whilst the scope of this paper is not intended to cover a detailed comparison of the minor features of various designs, some reference is made to those details which have a prime influence on performance. Finally, consideration is given to the extremely important question of pre-flight rig testing, which is necessary to secure adequate reliability in services so vital to the safety of the whole aeroplane and its occupants.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Packed Towers Operating under Counter-current Flow Conditions
Authors: Rose H. E. , Young P. H. 
Published: February 2019

The problem of the hydraulic characteristics of a packed tower operating under counter-current flow conditions has been studied both theoretically and experimentally; the analysis leading to the conclusion that the hydraulic resistance of a tower operating normally is most accurately given by the sum of the pressure drop through the packing under “wet-drained” conditions and a term representing the resistance due to the moving liquid stream. The results, which are presented mainly in graphical form, lead finally to a three-dimensional graph having axes of liquid rate, gas velocity, and pressure drop—these being the principal variables of the problem. This graph is believed to be both original and of practical interest. Various other factors governing the operation of a tower have been discussed and the problem of “hold-up” has been treated in some detail, since it is of importance in some aspects of the treatment of the problem of towers working under counter-current flow conditions.
Control and Recovery of Dust and Fume in Industry
Authors: Ashman R. 
Published: February 2019

This paper originated as a result of the author's efforts to arrange systematically the data and information which gradually accumulated from the preparation for, and participation in, a considerable number of discussions concerning specific dust control and recovery problems. The aim of this digest is to give the non-specialist engineer an unbiased working knowledge of this field of industry. The paper commences with reference to the various purposes and applications of dust control and recovery. The nature of dust and fume is then discussed. Consideration is given to the various methods of controlling dust and special attention is given to the design of local exhaust systems. Recovery equipment can be classified on the basis of the principle utilized, namely: gravitational, inertial and centrifugal separation, electrostatic precipitation, filtration, washing and ultrasonic agglomeration. Each of these main groups is considered as thoroughly as the limitations of the paper will permit. This is followed by some notes on the selection of equipment for specific duties. A substantial part of the paper deals with the prevention of, and protection from, the explosions and fires which are a serious hazard in many dust control and recovery installations. It is suggested that the introduction of some measure of standardization of design in this field would be a useful service to industry generally.
Heat Transfer in a Nozzle at Supersonic Speeds
Authors: Saunders O. A. , Calder P. H. 
Published: February 2019

Very few previous experiments have been done on the transfer of heat to or from a gas flowing at high subsonic or supersonic speeds in a pipe or nozzle. Since the thermodynamic effects of heat exchange and friction upon the flow may be appreciable before the flow has settled down to equilibrium distribution of temperature and velocity over the cross-section, it is essential in any experimental investigation to define precisely the condition of the flow at the entrance to the measuring section. An example of fundamental and practical importance is the convergent-divergent nozzle with cooling at the walls, and experiments are described using a water-cooled nozzle of smooth continuous internal profile through which hot gas at 850 deg. C. (1,562 deg. F.) was passed and with the heat transfer measured at different positions along the divergent section at Mach numbers up to 1·75. The heat transfer results for the different positions are best correlated by a Reynolds number based on length from the throat, and they indicate a turbulent boundary layer, which is confirmed by temperature traverses at the nozzle end. It is concluded that transition takes place at or near the throat. The results are somewhat unexpected since both extraction of heat and downward pressure gradient might be expected to tend to delay transition and to produce a laminar boundary layer extending well into the divergent section. The results agree remarkably well with the low velocity formula for a turbulent boundary layer along a flat plate and show no appreciable influence of Mach number.
An Investigation into the Condensation of Steam
Authors: Hampson H. , Özişik N. 
Published: February 2019

Experiments have been performed to examine critically the mechanism of condensation of steam, particularly when the condensation occurred in the dropwise form. This led to an investigation of the duration of life of a surface giving purely dropwise condensation, of which a brief summary is given. Having found that appreciable durations were possible, quantitative measurements of the heat transfer rates were made for high heat loads on a flat surface. Stress was laid throughout on the maintenance of either the purely filmwise or purely dropwise form. An analysis of the results is given, and an examination of the possible application to practical problems shows that steam-condenser surface areas for high heat loading can be reduced appreciably from the present value, provided little non-condensable gas is present, the presence of a small quantity of promoter is tolerable, and suitable water-side conditions can be maintained. The effects of departure from these conditions, found in practice, are discussed.
Intra- and Interpersonal Factors in Adolescence Predicting Loneliness among Young Adults with Visual Impairments
Authors: Veerman Linda , Heppe Eline , Gold Deborah , Kef Sabina 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Youths with visual impairments (i.e., blindness or low vision) experience difficulties with forming and maintaining social relationships with peers. These difficulties challenge their psychosocial functioning and put them at risk of being lonelier later in life. The study’s primary goal was to investigate how intra- and interpersonal factors during adolescence influence Loneliness in young adulthood. Methods: Analyses were conducted on data from a national data set. Participants ( N = 96) were interviewed at two different time points. General linear regression and mediation analyses were used to examine the role of social competence, personality, and satisfaction with social support, measured at mean age 17.83, and on Loneliness measured at mean age 23.45. Results: Analyses showed that adolescents with visual impairments who were more emotionally stable and had higher social competence during adolescence were less lonely later in life. In addition, the results showed that emotionally unstable adolescents reported lower social competence and, therefore, were lonelier in young adulthood. Discussion: These findings indicate that factors connected to Loneliness in young adulthood include people’s personality traits and their level of social competence at a younger age. Implications for practitioners: Knowing the underlying causes of an individual’s Loneliness assists practitioners in selecting what type of intervention would be suitable for addressing these issues. Those with low social skills benefit more from social skills training and those with negative biases of their own functioning profit more from interventions based on cognitive approaches. Screening methods could be used in order to determine these underlying issues and personality structure, before assigning persons to specific interventions.
Use of telephone and web interfaces of interactive response technology at clinical investigator sites in clinical trials
Authors: Saarela Anna-Leena , Walzer Anja , Juppo Anne Mari 
Published: February 2019

Background Interactive response technologies are used in clinical trials to provide services such as automated randomization and medication logistics management. The objective of this article is to investigate the usage of telephone (Interactive Voice Response) and web (Interactive Web Response) interfaces of interactive response technologies at clinical investigator sites in clinical trials, to obtain information about the preferences of interactive response technology end users between the telephone and web interfaces, and to explore the relevance of the telephone interface in this setting. Methods The data consist of an online survey conducted in spring 2016 with clinical investigators, study nurses, and pharmacists in 13 countries. Results Ninety-eight percent of survey respondents preferred the web interface over the telephone interface, the most important reason being superior usability. However, the respondents indicated the usability of interactive response technology interfaces is not optimal, and lack of integration and consistency across systems is common. A vast majority of interactive response technology end users at clinical sites prefer to use the web interface over the telephone interface, but most also feel there would need to be a back-up system. Conclusions Based on the results, it would be beneficial to improve the usability of the interactive response technology interfaces, and to increase consistency across systems from the current level. Support to and training of the users, as well as clarifying the responsibilities between sites and the sponsor should also be a focal point. Study sponsors should explore with interactive response technology service providers how removing the telephone interface would impact future studies, and whether there could be a more efficient means to achieve a reliable back-up to the web interface instead of a dedicated telephone interface.
Patient and disease characteristics of adult patients with type 1 diabetes in Germany: an analysis of the DPV and DIVE databases
Authors: van Mark Gesine , Lanzinger Stefanie , Barion Ralf , Degenhardt Michael , Badis Simone , Noll Horst , Danne Thomas , Bramlage Peter , Seufert Jochen , Holl Reinhard W. 
Published: February 2019

Background: An understanding of the current status of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can help to provide appropriate treatment. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the DIabetes Versorgungs-Evaluation (DIVE) and the Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) databases for Germany. Results: The analysis included 56,250 people with T1DM (54.2% male), a median age of 36.8 years, and a median diabetes duration of 12.4 years. 15.3% were obese (body mass index ≥ 30kg/m2). Long-acting insulin analogs were used by 53.3%, short-acting analogs by 72.1%, and oral antidiabetic drugs by 4.7%. Patients had a median glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.8%. There was a drop in HbA1c and an increase in the rate of hypertension, oral antidiabetic drug use, and in the rate of severe hypoglycemia (all p < 0.01) with age. Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) showed the best glucose values with fewer complications compared to other monitoring systems. HbA1c and FBG were lower in patients using a pump versus multiple daily injections (MDIs; 7.7 versus 7.9% and 7.8 versus 8.7 mmol/l; all adjusted p < 0.01). Patients had a lower risk of at least one severe hypoglycemic or DKA episode during the most recent treatment year with pump treatment compared to MDI (9.4% versus 10.5% and 4.7% versus 6.1%, both adjusted p < 0.01). Conclusion: The data demonstrated less-than-optimal glycemic control in the young, an increasing metabolic pattern in T1DM with increasing age, a benefit of FGM to improve HbA1c control and adverse effects, as well as benefits of pump treatment over MDIs.
Emerging trends and research foci in gastrointestinal microbiome
Authors: Huang Xiaoquan , Fan Xiaowen , Ying Jun , Chen Shiyao 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Background
Gastrointestinal microbiome has drawn an increasing amount of attention over the past decades. There is emerging evidence that the gut flora plays a major role in the pathogenesis of certain diseases. We aimed to analyze the evolution of gastrointestinal microbiome research and evaluate publications qualitatively and quantitatively.

Methods
We obtained a record of 2891 manuscripts published between 1998 and 2018 from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) of Thomson Reuters; this record was obtained on June 23, 2018. The WoSCC is the most frequently used source of scientific information. We used the term “Gastrointestinal Microbiomes” and all of its hyponyms to retrieve the record, and restricted the subjects to gastroenterology and hepatology. We then derived a clustered network from 70,169 references that were cited by the 2891 manuscripts, and identified 676 top co-cited articles. Next, we used the bibliometric method, CiteSpace V, and VOSviewer 1.6.8 to identify top authors, journals, institutions, countries, keywords, co-cited articles, and trends.

Results
We identified that the number of publications on gastrointestinal microbiome is increasing over time. 112 journals published articles on gastrointestinal microbiome. The United States of America was the leading country for publications, and the leading institution was the University of North Carolina. Co-cited reference analysis revealed the top landmark articles in the field. Gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), probiotics, irritable bowel disease, and obesity are some of the high frequency keywords in co-occurrence cluster analysis and co-cited reference cluster analysis; indicating gut microbiota and related digestive diseases remain the hotspots in gut microbiome research. Burst detection analysis of top keywords showed that bile acid, obesity, and Akkermansia muciniphila were the new research foci.

Conclusions
This study revealed that our understanding of the link between gastrointestinal microbiome and associated diseases has evolved dramatically over time. The emerging new therapeutic targets in gut microbiota would be the foci of future research.
Testosterone induces renal tubular epithelial cell death through the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway
Authors: Peng Yonghan , Fang Ziyu , Liu Min , Wang Zeyu , Li Ling , Ming Shaoxiong , Lu Chaoyue , Dong Hao , Zhang Wenhui , Wang Qi , Shen Rong , Xie Fei , Zhang Weitao , Yang Cheng , Gao Xiaofeng , Sun Yinghao 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Background
The morbidity of nephrolithiasis is 2–3 times higher in males than in females, suggesting that androgen plays a key role in nephrolithiasis. The death of renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) is an important pathophysiological process contributing to the development of nephrolithiasis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate whether androgen directly induces TECs apoptosis and necrosis and its underlying mechanisms in kidney stone formation.

Materials and methods
We compared serum testosterone level between male and female healthy volunteers and kidney stone patients. The in vivo nephrolithiasis model was established using glyoxylic acid, and calcium deposits were detected by van Kossa staining. In the in vitro study using mouse TECs (TCMK-1 cells) and human TECs (HK-2 cells), apoptosis, necrosis, and the expression of BH3-only protein Bcl-2-like 19 kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) were examined incubated with different doses of testosterone using flow cytometry. Levels of apoptosis-related proteins transfected with the BNIP3 siRNA were examined by western blotting. The mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) was detected by JC-1 staining and flow cytometry. We monitored BNIP3 expression in the testosterone-induced TECs injury model after treatment with hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and/or hypoxia inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) inhibitors to determine the upstream protein regulating BNIP3 expression. Additionally, ChIP and luciferase assays were performed to confirm the interaction between HIF-1α and BNIP3.

Results
Both male and female patients have significantly higher testosterones compared with healthy volunteers. More calcium deposits in the medulla were detected in male mice compared to female and castrated male mice. Testosterone induced TECs apoptosis and necrosis and increased BNIP3 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Testosterone also increased Bax expression, decreased Bcl-2 expression and induced a loss of ΔΨm. This effect was reversed by BNIP3 knockdown. HIF-1α inhibition significantly decreased BNIP3 expression and protected TECs from testosterone-induced apoptosis and necrosis. HIF-2α inhibition, however, did not influence BNIP3 expression or TECs apoptosis or necrosis. Finally, HIF-1α interacted with the BNIP3 promoter region.

Conclusion
Based on these results, testosterone induced renal TECs death by activating the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway.
Phase IB/II Randomized Study of FOLFIRINOX Plus Pegylated Recombinant Human Hyaluronidase Versus FOLFIRINOX Alone in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: SWOG S1313
Authors: Ramanathan Ramesh K. , McDonough Shannon L. , Philip Philip A. , Hingorani Sunil R. , Lacy Jill , Kortmansky Jeremy S. , Thumar Jaykumar , Chiorean E. Gabriela , Shields Anthony F. , Behl Deepti , Mehan Paul T. , Gaur Rakesh , Seery Tara , Guthrie Katherine A. , Hochster Howard S. 
Published: February 2019

PURPOSE Pegylated recombinant human hyaluronidase (PEGPH20) degrades hyaluronan (HA) and, in combination with chemotherapy, prolongs survival in preclinical models. The activity of PEGPH20 with modified fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFIRINOX) was evaluated in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients had untreated mPC, a performance status of 0 to 1, and adequate organ function. Tumor HA status was not required for eligibility. After a phase Ib dose-finding study of mFOLFIRINOX plus PEGPH20, the phase II open-label study randomly assigned patients (1:1) to the combination arm or to mFOLFIRINOX alone (n = 138). The primary end point was overall survival (OS). RESULTS PEGPH20 dosages of 3 µg/kg every 2 weeks were more tolerable than twice-weekly dosages used in the phase I study, so 3 µg/kg every 2 weeks was the phase II dosage. An amendment instituted enoxaparin prophylaxis in the PEGPH20 combination arm as a result of increased thromboembolic (TE) events. The planned interim futility analysis when 35 deaths (of 103 analyzable patients) occurred resulted in an OS hazard ratio (HR) of 2.07 that favored the control arm, and the study was closed to accrual. The treatment-related grade 3 to 4 toxicity was significantly increased in the PEGPH20 combination arm relative to control (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 7.1). The median OS in the mFOLFIRINOX arm was 14.4 months (95% CI, 10.1 to 15.7 months) versus 7.7 months (95% CI, 4.6 to 9.3 months) in the PEGPH20 combination arm. CONCLUSION Addition of PEGPH20 to mFOLFIRINOX seems to be detrimental in patients unselected for tumor HA status. This combination caused increased toxicity (mostly GI and TE events) and resulted in decreased treatment duration compared with mFOLFIRINOX alone. The median OS in the mFOLFIRINOX control arm (14.4 months) is, to our knowledge, the longest yet reported and can be considered for patients with good PS.
<p><strong>An overview of the Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) of the Red Sea Farasan </strong><strong>Archipelago (Saudi Arabia)</strong></p>
Authors: STRUMIA FRANCO , DAWAH HASSAN 
Published: February 2019

A survey of the Chrysididae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of the Farasan Archipelago (Red Sea) was undertaken, mainly using Malaise traps and sweep nets from 2012 to 2017. Twenty-eight species belonging to eight genera were identified and recorded in this study (four of which are new records for the south-western Saudi Arabia). We have described four new species: (Hedychridium azizi sp. nov., Chrysis farasanensis sp. nov., Chrysis decolorata ssp. nov., Trichrysis flavicornis sp. nov.) A list of all species of Chrysididae recorded from the major Farasan Island is provided. The Chrysididae population of the Farasan Archipelago is composed mainly of species of South West Palaearctic Region. The presence of a few Afrotropical species is evidence of their expansion in the nearby Southern Arabia. Key word: Chrysididae, cuckoo wasp, Saudi Arabia, Jazan, Farasan Island, new species
The role of histology in the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis
Authors: Iwata E. , Scarborough M. , Bowden G. , McNally M. , Tanaka Y. , Athanasou N. A. 
Published: February 2019

AimsThe aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic utility of histological analysis in spinal biopsies for spondylodiscitis (SD).Patients and MethodsClinical features, radiology, results of microbiology, histology, and laboratory investigations in 50 suspected SD patients were evaluated. In 29 patients, the final (i.e. treatment-based) diagnosis was pyogenic SD; in seven patients, the final diagnosis was mycobacterial SD. In pyogenic SD, the neutrophil polymorph (NP) infiltrate was scored semi-quantitatively by determining the mean number of NPs per (×400) high-power field (HPF).ResultsOf the 29 pyogenic SD patients, 17 had positive microbiology and 21 positive histology (i.e. one or more NPs per HPF on average). All non-SD patients showed less than one NP per HPF. The presence of one or more NPs per HPF had a diagnostic sensitivity of 72.4%, specificity 100%, accuracy 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) 81.0%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 61.9%. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were greater using the criterion of positive histology and/or microbiology than positive histology or microbiology alone. Granulomas were identified histologically in seven mycobacterial SD patients, and positive microbiology was detected in four.ConclusionThe diagnosis of pyogenic SD was more often confirmed by positive histology (one or more NPs per HPF on average) than by microbiology, although diagnostic sensitivity was greater when both histology and microbiology were positive. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:246–252.