bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of nitrogen fertilization in shrub willow short rotation coppice production – a quantitative review
Authors: Fabio Eric S. , Smart Lawrence B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSustained interest in producing renewable energy from dedicated woody biomass crops, such as shrub willow (Salix spp.), through short rotation coppice (SRC) has resulted in a substantial amount of published research on SRC over the past few decades. One area of constant focus has been the nutritional requirements for optimal growth and yield. Inconsistency in the results of individual research trials has likely been a driver of repeated experimentation. This review is intended to provide a quantitative examination of the effect of fertilization treatments on willow biomass yield in field conditions. Data from the literature were collected and summarized to test for significant sources of variation in willow biomass nitrogen (N) pools of common SRC genotypes used in North American and European research programs. A meta‐analysis was conducted on studies comparing synthetic or organic sources of N willow fertilization to an unfertilized control treatment to test for yield response. Overall, the majority of responses to fertilization were positive, although variation by species, N source material, and crop age were found. While no clear pattern in N dosage response was observed, the level of yield response was correlated with geographic and climatic variables. Nitrogen export levels were fairly predictable, and the synthesis presented here can be used to refine current guidelines. Environmental and economic aspects are also considered.
Exploring a critical legal cartography: Law, practice, and complexities
Authors: Reiz Nicole , O'Lear Shannon , Tuininga Dory 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe word cartography literally means “to write the earth.” Just as there are many ways to write a story, there are many ways to depict the world, or some part of the world, in a map. In this article, we consider the possibility of a critical legal cartography. Towards this end, we explore the main arguments for and against “mapping law” from legal scholars, human geographers, and legal anthropologists. Questions like “what does it mean to map law?” and “can we map law?” are surprisingly complex and lead to other important questions about the relationships among law, space, and cartography. We look at the multiple strands of research and fields that touch on various aspects of law and how we understand the spatio‐legal world around us. We examine the relationship between cartography and criminology through the development of the field of crime mapping and the influence of cartographic innovations throughout history on our own understanding of the spatiality of the legal world around us. Finally, we turn to recent work in the area of critical cartography, critical geopolitical cartography, and recent innovations in the field of cartography itself to set the stage for our own call towards developing a critical legal cartography.
The efficacy of fluoxetine in BMS—A cross‐over study
Authors: Zoric Bojana , Jankovic Ljiljana , Kuzmanovic Pficer Jovana , Zidverc‐Trajkovic Jasna , Mijajlovic Milija , Stanimirovic Dragan 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundBurning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an intraoral burning or dysaesthetic sensation, recurring daily for more than two hours during the period longer than 3 months. The objective was to evaluate and analyse the efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine on psychological factors, as well as on pain in participants with BMS.MethodsIn a 6‐month study, 100 participants with primary and secondary BMS were divided into two groups—fluoxetine and control (placebo) and examined by the dentist and the neurologist. Depression and anxiety were estimated by Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAM‐D) and Anxiety (HAM‐A) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the pain intensity by visual analogue scale (VAS).ResultsMean age of the participants was 60.33 in fluoxetine group and 67.4 in control group. Most of the participants were female—74% in the fluoxetine and 78% in the control group. Statistical difference between the fluoxetine and the control group was found in HAM‐D results (P < .05). Values of other scales and VAS decreased significantly after the therapy in both groups (P < .05).ConclusionsOur trial results indicate that fluoxetine therapy not only improves the psychological status of participants with BMS but also fluoxetine decreases the intensity of pain in these patients.
Determination of Sm‐Nd Isotopic Compositions in Fifteen Geological Materials Using Laser Ablation MC‐ICP‐MS and Application to Monazite Geochronology of Metasedimentary Rock in the North China Craton
Authors: Xu Lei , Yang Jinhui , Ni Qian , Yang Yueheng , Hu Zhaochu , Liu Yongsheng , Wu Yuanbao , Luo Tao , Hu Shenghong 
Published: March 2018

In this study, we report both 143Nd/144Nd and 147Sm/144Nd values in twelve minerals (apatite, titanite, monazite and eudialyte) based on analyses over 4 years using LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. The positive correlation between the measured βSm and βNd (r2 = 0.9981) over this time in our laboratory demonstrates the excellent long‐term stability of the method. Compared with the normal method, Sm and Nd signal intensities were improved by a factor of 2.9 with the use of X skimmer and Jet sample cones in combination with the addition of nitrogen at 3–6 ml min−1 to the central gas flow. The enhancement of signal intensity benefits the accurate in situ determination of the Sm‐Nd isotopes of samples poor in these elements. 143Nd/144Nd values were also determined in two manganese nodules and GSMC Co‐rich crust with low mass fractions of Nd (94–293 μg g−1). Generally, most of the obtained Sm‐Nd isotopic compositions in these geological materials are consistent with published values. ‘External reproducibility’ (2s) of 143Nd/144Nd and 147Sm/144Nd was typically better than 0.06‰ and 2.5‰, respectively, demonstrating that the Durango, Otter Lake, NW‐1 and MAD apatites, the Khan, and OLT‐1 titanites, MGMH#117531 monazite and LV01 eudialyte are promising candidate reference materials for in situ Sm‐Nd isotopic determinations. The Trebilcock, Mae Klang and 44069 monazites are only suitable for in situ Nd isotopic determinations because of their heterogeneous Sm/Nd compositions. The heterogeneous Sm‐Nd composition of titanite BLR‐1 demonstrates that it is not a suitable reference material for in situ Sm‐Nd isotopic determinations. Deep‐sea samples (NOD‐A‐1 and NOD‐P‐1 manganese nodule, GSMC Co‐rich crust) with low mass fractions of Nd also show homogenous Nd isotopic compositions. Sm‐Nd isotopic ratios of a monazite (MQG‐22) from the North China Craton were measured as a case study and gave a 147Sm‐143Nd isochron age of 1792 ± 35 Ma (MSWD = 3.2) consistent with the published metamorphic age of the host metasedimentary rocks. The results for both candidate reference materials and geological samples demonstrate that the in situ LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS analytical protocol described is feasible and robust for research in geological evolution.
Determination of In and Sn Mass Fractions in Sixteen Geological Reference Materials by Isotope Dilution MC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Kirchenbaur Maria , Heuser Alexander , Bragagni Alessandro , Wombacher Frank 
Published: March 2018

Mass fractions of Sn and In were determined in sixteen geological reference materials including basaltic/mafic (BCR‐2, BE‐N, BHVO‐1, BHVO‐2, BIR‐1, OKUM, W‐2, WS‐E), ultramafic (DTS‐2b, MUH‐1, PCC‐1, UB‐N) and felsic/sedimentary reference materials (AGV‐2, JA‐1, SdAR‐M2, SdAR‐H1). Extensive digestion and ion exchange separation tests were carried out in order to provide high yields (> 90% for Sn, > 85% for In), low total procedural blanks (~ 1 ng for Sn, < 3 pg for In) and low analytical uncertainties for the elements of interest in a variety of silicate sample matrices. Replicate analyses (n = 2–13) of Sn–In mass fractions gave combined measurement uncertainties (2u) that were generally < 3% and in agreement with literature data, where available. We present the first high‐precision In data for reference materials OKUM (32.1 ± 1.5 ng g−1), DTS‐2b (2.03 ± 0.25 ng g−1), MUH‐1 (6.44 ± 0.30 ng g−1) and PCC‐1 (3.55 ± 0.35 ng g−1) as well as the first Sn data for MUH‐1 (0.057 ± 0.010 μg g−1) and DTS‐2b (0.623 ± 0.018 μg g−1).
Domestic interest groups and rights mobilization: explaining the case of Slovenia's support for the proposed Convention on the Rights of Older Persons
Authors: HERRO ANNIE 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSlovenia, a country that faced dramatic decline in economic growth and a relatively new European Union member, recently broke with the EU's consensus and announced its support for the proposed Convention on the Rights of Older Persons, a treaty widely expected to be very costly to implement. Using process tracing, counter‐factual analysis and a range of primary and secondary qualitative data sources, in this article I explore the influence of a transnational advocacy network (TAN) on this policy shift and the relevance of national actors and structures. I argue that while people often see TANs as motivated by principled and material imperatives, scholars have mainly explored how and why ostensibly moral transnational actors, such as international non‐governmental organizations, behave instrumentally. In this article, I invert this focus by discussing why a domestic TAN partner – a traditional interest group – mobilized around a human rights issue advanced by a TAN. In doing so, I draw on ideas from social movement studies and, more recently, from international relations to highlight the importance of domestic structures in constituting the identity and interests of individuals and organizations, and therefore their likelihood of supporting transnational norms. I seek to contribute to our understanding of the circumstances under which TANs succeed by unpacking the interactions between the national origin of domestic interest groups, and the crucial links between transnational and domestic groups that are responsible for TANs forming and thereby potentially exerting influence.
Validation of the systematic scoring of immunohistochemically stained tumour tissue microarrays using QuPath digital image analysis
Authors: Loughrey Maurice B , Bankhead Peter , Coleman Helen G , Hagan Ryan S , Craig Stephanie , McCorry Amy M B , Gray Ronan T , McQuaid Stephen , Dunne Philip D , Hamilton Peter W , James Jacqueline A , Salto‐Tellez Manuel 
Published: March 2018

AimsOutput from biomarker studies involving immunohistochemistry applied to tissue microarrays (TMA) is limited by the lack of an efficient and reproducible scoring methodology. In this study, we examine the functionality and reproducibility of biomarker scoring using the new, open‐source, digital image analysis software, QuPath.Methods and resultsThree different reviewers, with varying experience of digital pathology and image analysis, applied an agreed QuPath scoring methodology to CD3 and p53 immunohistochemically stained TMAs from a colon cancer cohort (n = 661). Manual assessment was conducted by one reviewer for CD3. Survival analyses were conducted and intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility assessed. Median raw scores differed significantly between reviewers, but this had little impact on subsequent analyses. Lower CD3 scores were detected in cases who died from colorectal cancer compared to control cases, and this finding was significant for all three reviewers (P‐value range = 0.002–0.02). Higher median p53 scores were generated among cases who died from colorectal cancer compared with controls (P‐value range = 0.04–0.12). The ability to dichomotise cases into high versus low expression of CD3 and p53 showed excellent agreement between all three reviewers (kappa score range = 0.82–0.93). All three reviewers produced dichotomised expression scores that resulted in very similar hazard ratios for colorectal cancer‐specific survival for each biomarker. Results from manual and QuPath methods of CD3 scoring were comparable, but QuPath scoring revealed stronger prognostic stratification.ConclusionsScoring of immunohistochemically stained tumour TMAs using QuPath is functional and reproducible, even among users of limited experience of digital pathology images, and more accurate than manual scoring.
Rapid decline of anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies following early treatment of incident HCV infections in HIV‐infected men who have sex with men
Authors: Aebi‐Popp K , Wandeler G , Salazar‐Vizcaya L , Metzner K , Stöckle M , Cavassini M , Hoffmann M , Lüthi A , Suter F , Bernasconi E , Fehr J , Furrer H , Rauch A ,   and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesFollowing clearance of incident hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, HCV antibody levels may decline, resulting in seroreversion. It is unclear to what extent HCV antibody level trajectories differ between patients with treatment‐induced sustained virological response (SVR), those with spontaneous clearance and those with untreated replicating HCV infection. We investigated HCV antibody level dynamics in HIV‐infected MSM with different clinical outcomes.MethodsWe investigated anti‐HCV antibody level dynamics following an incident HCV infection in 67 HIV‐infected men who have sex with men (MSM) with different clinical outcomes: SVR (n = 33), spontaneous clearance (n = 12), and untreated replicating infection (n = 22). Antibody levels were measured at the time of HCV diagnosis, and at yearly intervals for 3 years thereafter.ResultsAt baseline, median HCV antibody levels were similar in the three groups: 13.4, 13.8 and 13.5 sample to cut‐off (S/CO) for SVR, spontaneous clearance and untreated infection, respectively. Over 3 years of follow‐up, SVR was associated with a more pronounced decrease in anti‐HCV levels compared with spontaneous clearance and untreated infection [median decline 71% [interquartile range (IQR: 43–87%), 38% (IQR: 29–60%) and 12% (IQR: 9–22%), respectively; P < 0.001]. Seroreversions occurred in five of 33 (15%) patients with SVR and in one of 12 (8%) with spontaneous clearance. A shorter delay between time of infection and treatment start correlated with higher rates of decline in antibody levels. Seven patients experienced a reinfection.ConclusionsTreatment‐induced HCV clearance was associated with a more pronounced decline in anti‐HCV antibody levels and with higher rates of seroreversion compared with spontaneous clearance or untreated replicating HCV infection among HIV‐infected MSM with incident HCV infections. Rapid clearance of HCV RNA following early HCV treatment might impair the development of persistent antibody titres.
Prevalence and risk factors of measles seronegativity in a cohort of HIV‐positive subjects: a retrospective study
Authors: Dauby N , Martin C , Hainaut M , Grammens T , Van den Wijngaert S , Delforge M , De Wit S 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesMeasles infection is a vaccine‐preventable disease currently resurging in Europe. HIV‐infected subjects are at higher risk of complications following measles infection. We investigated the risk factors associated with being seronegative in a cohort of HIV‐infected subjects.MethodsAll HIV‐infected subjects in our cohort who had a measles serological test performed between December 2005 and May 2017 were retrospectively identified. A measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) titre > 275 mIU/mL was considered protective. Risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.ResultsMeasles serology was available in 273 of 3124 subjects in active follow‐up (8.7%). The prevalence of measles seronegativity was 21.6% (59 of 273). In the univariate analysis, being born after 1970 and HIV infection by vertical transmission were both associated with a higher risk of measles seronegativity, while a nadir CD4 T‐cell count < 200 cells/μL was associated with a lower risk of measles seronegativity. In the multivariate analysis, only being born after 1970 [odds ratio (OR) 4.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–18.7] and vertical transmission (OR 7.7; 95% CI 3.3–18.3) were significantly associated with seronegativity. Among the vertically infected subjects with measles‐mumps‐rubella (MMR) immunization documentation, the median number of doses of vaccine received before testing was 2 (range 1–3).ConclusionsHIV‐infected subjects born after 1970 and vertically infected subjects should be screened for measles seropositivity.
Depositional environments of well‐sorted detrital limestone from the Minatogawa Formation in the southern part of Okinawa Island, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan
Authors: Fujita Kazuhiko , Aruga Kayo , Humblet Marc , Nagai Koichi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWell‐sorted detrital limestone is one of the typical lithofacies of the latest interval of the Pleistocene Ryukyu Group, which is exposed in the Ryukyu Archipelago in southwestern Japan. The depositional environments of the limestone are interpreted to be extremely shallow and to include back‐reef lagoons or moats and subaerial sand dunes. However, detailed micropaleontological analyses have not been performed on this limestone. In this study, the interpretation of the depositional environments and paleo‐water depths was improved by quantitative examination of foraminiferal assemblages for the well‐sorted detrital limestone of the Minatogawa Formation in the southern part of Okinawa Island. Thin sections of limestone collected from the Minatogawa (Horikawa) quarry were subjected to sedimentological and foraminiferal analyses. Comparison with modern foraminiferal distribution within the Ryukyu Archipelago indicates that back‐reef and fore‐reef dwelling foraminifers characterize the fossil assemblages from the well‐sorted detrital limestone (bioclastic grainstone). Three ratios of indicator foraminiferal taxa (ratios of back‐reef to fore‐reef taxa, planktonic foraminifers to Amphistegina lobifera and Amphistegina lessonii, and Calcarina gaudichaudii to other Calcarina species), as well as multivariate analyses suggest that the well‐sorted detrital limestone was deposited in fore‐reef setting shallower than 40 m in water depth. A comparable depth range was reconstructed from the coral assemblage in the associated coral limestone, suggesting that the Minatogawa Formation was deposited in a gently inclined ramp setting with patch reefs and/or fringing reefs. Stratigraphic changes in paleo‐water depth, together with evidence of several unconformities associated with paleosol layers suggest that there were repeated transgressions and regressions, with an amplitude up to several tens of meters, when the Minatogawa Formation was deposited.
Gene flow connects coastal populations of a habitat specialist, the Clapper Rail Rallus crepitans
Authors: Coster Stephanie S. , Welsh Amy B. , Costanzo Gary , Harding Sergio R. , Anderson James T. , Katzner Todd E. 
Published: March 2018

Examining population genetic structure can reveal patterns of reproductive isolation or population mixing and inform conservation management. Some avian species are predicted to exhibit minimal genetic differentiation among populations as a result of the species high mobility, with habitat specialists tending to show greater fine‐scale genetic structure. To explore the relationship between habitat specialization and gene flow, we investigated the genetic structure of a saltmarsh specialist with high potential mobility across a wide geographical range of fragmented habitat. Little variation among mitochondrial sequences (620 bp from ND2) was observed among 149 individual Clapper Rails Rallus crepitans sampled along the Atlantic coast of the USA, with the majority of individuals at all sampling sites sharing a single haplotype. Genotyping of nine microsatellite loci across 136 individuals revealed moderate genetic diversity, no evidence of bottlenecks and a weak pattern of genetic differentiation that increased with geographical distance. Multivariate analyses, Bayesian clustering and an AMOVA all suggested a lack of genetic structuring across the Atlantic coast of the USA, with all individuals grouped into a single interbreeding population. Spatial autocorrelation analyses showed evidence of weak female philopatry and a lack of male philopatry. We conclude that high gene flow connecting populations of this habitat specialist may result from the interaction of ecological and behavioural factors that promote dispersal and limit natal philopatry and breeding‐site fidelity. As climate change threatens saltmarshes, the genetic diversity and population connectivity of Clapper Rails may promote resilience of their populations. This finding helps inform about potential fates of other similarly behaving saltmarsh specialists on the Atlantic coast.
Larval development, metabolism and diet are possible key factors explaining the decline of the threatenedDytiscus latissimus
Authors: Scholten Ilse , van Kleef Hein H. , van Dijk Gijs , Brouwer Julian , Verberk Wilco C.E.P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn Western Europe, the diving beetleDytiscus latissimus(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) has become rare and went extinct in several countries during the last century. This study investigated whether larval development rate, metabolism and feeding ecology differ betweenD. latissimusand the congenericD. lapponicusto explore factors explaining its decline.During instar I andII,D. latissimuslarvae developed faster and gained more weight thanD. lapponicuslarvae. In accordance,D. latissimuslarvae had higher oxygen consumption rates thanD. lapponicuslarvae, which signifies a greater energy expenditure.Food preference tests showed thatD. latissimuslarvae strongly prefer caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) with early instars being obligatory dependent on caddisfly larvae for their development. Only instarIIIlarvae readily fed on alternative prey items. In contrast,D. lapponicuslarvae had a broader diet and even rejected caddisfly larvae.Based on field observations, availability of caddisfly larvae strongly declined before the end of the larval development ofD. latissimus, suggesting that time constraints on food availability limit completion of larval development.Our results suggest that food limitation during (early) larval stages is a possible bottle‐neck for this species, potentially explaining its disappearance from former localities. Promoting caddisfly larvae in the vicinity ofD. latissimusoviposition sites, may possibly safeguard the present distribution ofD. latissimusand support the species recovery. Although more research is needed, promoting leaf litter in shores may be beneficial to the shredding caddisfly larvae and in turn for their predatorD. latissimus.