bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Professionalising Primary School Teachers in Guiding Inquiry-Based Learning
Authors: van Uum Martina S. J. , Peeters Marieke , Verhoeff Roald P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper reports a pretest-posttest study about the impact of a teacher professional development (TPD) programme on primary school teachers’ knowledge of and attitude towards inquiry-based learning. A pedagogical framework of inquiry phases and domains of scientific knowledge combined with hard and soft scaffolds formed the basis for the TPD programme. A total of 59 teachers were divided between the experimental group, which participated in the TPD programme, and a control group. We measured the teachers’ subject matter knowledge (SMK) of the conceptual, epistemic, social, and procedural domain before and after the TPD programme by means of different questionnaires. In addition, we measured their knowledge of how to support their pupils during the inquiry process (PCK) and their attitude towards inquiry-based learning. The results show that our TPD programme improved teachers’ conceptual and social SMK, PCK, and attitude. Our study implicates that scaffolding different domains of scientific knowledge during the inquiry cycle is a valuable component of TPD in inquiry-based learning.
Adolescent men's attitudes and decision making in relation to pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: An integrative review of the literature from 2010 to 2017
Authors: Kane Joleen , Lohan Maria , Kelly Carmel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe review updates a previous review conducted in 2010 (Lohan et al.), summarizing the available literature on young men's attitudes and decision‐making in the context of addressing two questions: (1) What are adolescent men's attitudes to adolescent pregnancy? (2) What are adolescent men's attitudes and decision‐making in relation to pregnancy outcomes?MethodsUsing Whittemore and Knafl's process for conducting an integrative review, 38 studies published between 2010 and 2017 reporting on young men's attitudes and decision‐making in relation to pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes were analysed.ResultsOne of the most important conclusions of this review is that the findings of studies can often be contradictory. This is because attitudes to unintended pregnancy, contraception and abortion can be contextual and contingent on the dominant or prevailing social norms and roles within a given time, space or social group. In general, we can conclude that in the vast majority of studies young men perceive actual or potential unintended pregnancies as a life event that will present them with moral and material dilemmas.ConclusionsThis review exposes gaps in the academic literature, concerning young men's experiences of unintended pregnancy and pregnancy decision making. This review argues that a greater understanding of young men's experiences when they experience an unintended pregnancy with a partner within a relationship or beyond it is a fundamental first step in offering reproduction and sexual health counselling and services to men. As it stands, we do not yet have a significant body of literature to inform practice development.
Rice Genomics: Over the Past Two Decades and into the Future
Authors: Song Shuhui , Tian Dongmei , Zhang Zhang , Hu Songnian , Yu Jun 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Domestic rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops, feeding a large number of worldwide populations. Along with various high-throughput genome sequencing projects, rice genomics has been making great headway toward direct field applications of basic research advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of agronomical traits and utilizing diverse germplasm resources. Here, we briefly review its achievements over the past two decades and present the potential for its bright future.
Epidemiology of Penile Fractures in United States Emergency Departments: Access to Care Disparities May Lead to Suboptimal Outcomes
Authors: Rodriguez Dayron , Li Kai , Apoj Michel , Munarriz Ricardo 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Introduction
The epidemiology of penile fractures in the emergency setting is not well described.

Aim
Examine the incidence, evaluation, management, risk factors predicting surgical repair or hospital transfer, and use of financial resources in patients presenting with penile fractures to the emergency departments (ED) nationwide in the Unites States.

Methods
ED visits with a primary diagnosis of penile fractures (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition codes) between 2010-2014 were abstracted from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample.

Main Outcome Measure
Penile fracture incidence, disposition, hospital, and clinical factors which were associated with immediate surgical repair or transfer to another institution, and cost were investigated.

Results
8,029 ED visits for penile fracture in the United States were observed, which represents a national incidence of 1.02 per 100,000 male subjects per year. No meaningful trends in incidence were observed over the 5-year period. 63.9% were treated non-surgically or discharged from the ED, 25.7% underwent surgical repair, and 10.3% were transferred to other institutions. Hospital factors which predicted surgical repair included Northeast region, teaching hospital status, trauma hospital status, high volume ED, and urban location. Clinical risk factors which predicted surgical repair included hypertension, smoking, alcohol dependence, drug abuse, erectile dysfunction, hematuria, urethral injury, and urinary retention. Factors leading to patient transfers included non-academic, rural and non-trauma hospitals, low economic income and low emergency department volume. In addition, weekend and spring presentation were associated with higher transfer rates, while summer presentation was associated with surgical repair.

Clinical Implications
A large proportion of penile fractures are discharged from the ED, indicating possible health care access disparity.

Strengths & Limitations
This is one of the first population-based study of penile fracture incidence, disposition, risk factors which predict surgery or transfer, and cost in the US ED setting. The unexpected high number of discharges may be a result of misdiagnosis; alternatively these data may reveal previously under-reported management patterns in the community.

Conclusion
This large retrospective study of penile fractures in the US ED setting demonstrates a stable incidence of penile fractures presenting to the US emergency departments. A quarter of patients undergo immediate surgical repair, 10% are transferred to other institutions and 63.9% of patients are discharged home. The high proportion of ED discharges may be due to access to health care disparities.
Clitoral Phimosis: Effects on Female Sexual Function and Surgical Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Chmel Roman , Nováčková Marta , Fait Tomáš , Zámečník Libor , Krejčová Lucie , Pastor Zlatko 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Surgery is the optimal treatment for a severe form of clitoral phimosis (CP) that is initiated by lichen sclerosus (LS) and causes female sexual dysfunction.

Aim
We aimed to determine the etiology of clitoral phimosis, its influence on sexual function, and outcomes after surgical treatment.

Methods
In this prospective cohort study, we observed the occurrence of clitoral phimosis and related changes in a group of 3,650 sexually active heterosexual women with a mean age of 34.8 ± 14.9 years (20–45 years) from September 2014 to September 2016. Ultimately, we compared the changes in sexual function and distress and satisfaction with postoperative genital appearance in 9 patients with severe clitoral phimosis at 12 months after surgical treatment.

Main Outcome Measures
Sexual function was evaluated using the Female Sexual Distress Scale–Revised and the Female Sexual Function Index, and the patient’s genital self-image was evaluated using the Female Genital Self-Image Scale; gynecologic examinations were performed on all patients.

Results
Various forms of CP were found in 46 of 3,650 patients (1.3%). Severe forms of CP were found in 9 cases, but it was complicated by stenosis of vaginal introitus in only 2 cases. These 9 patients underwent circumcision, and 2 of them underwent perineoplasty. Female sexual dysfunction occurred mainly in those with LS and severe forms of phimosis. Sexual function, as indicated by the total Female Sexual Function Index score, was significantly improved at 12 months after surgery (17.9 ± 0.9 vs 26.6 ± 0.5; P &lt; .001). The Female Genital Self-Image Scale score assessing genital perception was significantly higher after surgery than before in women who underwent clitoral circumcision (20 ± 3.0 vs 12.3 ± 3.3; P &lt; .001). The Female Sexual Distress Scale–Revised score was significantly lower after surgery than before (21.3 ± 6.2 vs 33.8 ± 6.9; P &lt; .001). Sexual function in 2 women with CP and stenosis of vaginal introitus improved after surgery, but the sexual distress level did not decrease significantly.

Clinical Implications
The results of this study will help clinicians to centralize treatment methods and advise patients on the management of clitoral phimosis.

Strengths & Limitations
This is a study evaluating postoperative results of sexual function, distress, and satisfaction with genitalia in women with severe CP, using validated questionnaires. However, the small number of patients and the absence of an appropriate control group are limitations.

Conclusion
Surgical treatment of clitoral phimosis can improve sexual function, but because LS—a common underlying cause—is chronic in nature, patients may experience recurrence.
Control of Volunteer Giant Reed (Arundo donax)
Authors: San Martín Carolina , Gourlie Jennifer A. , Barroso Judit 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGiant reed (Arundo donaxL.) has recently shown great potential as a feedstock for the bioenergy industry. However, beforeA. donaxcan be grown commercially, due to its invasive nature, management strategies must be developed to reduce the risk of unintended spread. This research was conducted in northeastern Oregon (USA) during two growing seasons. Nine control strategies were evaluated in a field that previously hadA. donaxas a crop. The control strategies included mechanical practices (stem cutting and rhizome digging), physical practices (covering with an opaque tarp), chemical practices (glyphosate applications at different rates and timings), and a combination of these practices. Spring samplings ofA. donaxregrowth in the season following treatments indicated that stem cutting in the spring without follow-up control practices provided no control. Covering plants with a tarp after cutting them (either with or without a glyphosate treatment after cutting) resulted in 96% control. Application of glyphosate alone also resulted in excellent control, although timing of application was an important factor for maximizing efficacy. The best results were found when the maximum dose (10.2 L ai ha−1) was split among two or three applications (>99% of control) compared with the maximum dose applied once (75% to 94%). Control was lower (73% to 89%) for two of the strategies that included mechanical practices, stem cutting + glyphosate and rhizome digging, in comparison to other strategies involving tarps and/or glyphosate applications (88% to 100%). Results indicated that it is very difficult to eradicate volunteerA. donaxin 1 yr, but very good control can be achieved with several of the strategies tested.
Final evolution of super-AGB stars and supernovae triggered by electron capture
Authors: Leung Shing-Chi , Nomoto Ken’ichi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStars of 8–10 M⊙ form a strongly electron-degenerate oxygen–neon–magnesium core which is more massive than ∼1.1 M⊙, and become super-Asymptotic Giant Branch stars. The oxygen–neon–magnesium core increases its mass through H and He shell burning. The core contracts accordingly and the central density increases. In the high density core, electron capture takes place and further boosts the core contraction. When electron capture on 20Ne starts, it induces oxygen–neon deflagration. It remains a theoretical question whether neutron star can be formed after the deflagration has started. If the star collapses, the following explosion is known as an electron capture supernova. In this article, we give a brief overview on the development of idea in the presupernova evolution and the hydrodynamics behaviour of electron capture supernovae. Using standard stellar evolutionary models that show rather high ignition density, we show that the collapse can occur in a wide range of model parameter. However, future study remains important. We also review the possible observables of electron capture supernovae and discuss their applications to the light curve model for the Crab supernova 1054.
The genetic and environmental etiology of child maltreatment in a parent-based extended family design
Authors: Pittner Katharina , van Ijzendoorn Marinus H. , Alink Lenneke R. A. , Buisman Renate S. M. , Compier-de Block Laura H. C. G. C. , van den Berg Lisa J. M. , Elzinga Bernet M. , Lindenberg Jolanda , Tollenaar Marieke S. , Diego Vincent P. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChild maltreatment has been associated with various cumulative risk factors. However, little is known about the extent to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences between parents in perpetrating child maltreatment. To estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to perpetrating maltreatment we used a parent-based extended family design. Child-reported perpetrated maltreatment was available for 556 parents (283 women) from 63 families. To explore reporter effects (i.e., child perspective on maltreatment), child reports were compared to multi-informant reports. Based on polygenic model analyses, most of the variance related to the perpetration of physical abuse and emotional neglect was explained by common environmental factors (physical abuse: c2 = 59%, SE = 12%, p = .006; emotional neglect: c2 = 47%, SE = 8%, p < .001) whereas genetic factors did not significantly contribute to the model. For perpetrated emotional abuse, in contrast, genetic factors did significantly contribute to perpetrated emotional abuse (h2 = 33%, SE = 8%, p < .001), whereas common environment factors did not. Multi-informant reports led to similar estimates of genetic and common environmental effects on all measures except for emotional abuse, where a multi-informant approach yielded higher estimates of the common environmental effects. Overall, estimates of unique environment, including measurement error, were lower using multi-informant reports. In conclusion, our findings suggest that genetic pathways play a significant role in perpetrating emotional abuse, while physical abuse and emotional neglect are transmitted primarily through common environmental factors. These findings imply that interventions may need to target different mechanisms dependings on maltreatment type.
Electrophysiology finds no inherent delay for grammatical gender retrieval in non-native production
Authors: Shantz Kailen , Tanner Darren 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLate second language (L2) learners experience pervasive difficulty mastering grammatical gender, and a comprehensive account of this deficit has yet to emerge. We investigate a previously unexamined aspect of L2 gender use: the time course of lexical feature retrieval. Using event-related potentials (ERPs) with a covert production task, we examined whether L2 gender retrieval is delayed relative to phonology and to the time course of feature retrieval in native speakers for familiar nouns whose gender participants had strong knowledge of. Results find that L2 gender retrieval is not fundamentally delayed, and that L2 lexical feature retrieval may be more susceptible to top-down influences. These findings place important constraints on accounts of L2 acquisition and processing with respect to how lexical features are represented and retrieved. Our results further suggest that deficits in online L2 gender use may stem from post-retrieval processes and/or retrieval errors rather than inherent delays in gender retrieval.
Coverage and factors associated with vitamin A supplementation among children aged 6–59 months in twenty-three sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Berde Anselm S , Bester Petra , Kruger Iolanthé M 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to give an overall view of the pattern of high-dose vitamin A supplementation (VAS) coverage in twenty-three sub-Saharan African countries and factors associated with receipt of VAS among children aged 6–59 months.DesignCross-sectional data from the twenty-three Demographic and Health Surveys conducted from 2011 to 2015 in twenty-three sub-Saharan African countries were pooled. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to explore factors associated with VAS.SettingTwenty-three sub-Saharan African countries.ParticipantsChildren (n215 511) aged 6–59 months.ResultsThe overall coverage of VAS among children aged 6–59 months for the surveys included was 59·4 %. In the multivariable analysis, children whose mothers had primary (adjusted OR (aOR)=1·43; 95 % CI 1·39, 1·47) or secondary or above (aOR=1·72; 95 % CI 1·67, 1·77) educational status were more likely to receive VAS than children whose mothers had no formal education. Other factors associated with significantly increased likelihood of VAS were: living in urban areas; children of working mothers; children whose mothers had higher media exposure; children of older mothersv. children of mothers aged 15–19 years; and older childrenv. children aged 6–11 months. At the country level, lower media exposure was significant and negatively associated with VAS.ConclusionsBroader VAS coverage is needed according to our data. More efforts are needed to scale up coverage, focusing mostly on groups at risk of non-receipt of vitamin A.
Are Saturn's Interchange Injections Organized by Rotational Longitude?
Authors: Azari A. R. , Jia X. , Liemohn M. W. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Provan G. , Ye S.‐Y. , Cowley S. W. H. , Paranicas C. , Sergis N. , Rymer A. M. , Thomsen M. F. , Mitchell D. G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSaturn's magnetosphere has been extensively studied over the past 13 years with the now retired Cassini mission. Periodic modulations in a variety of magnetospheric phenomena have been observed at periods close to those associated with the emission intensity of Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR). Resulting from Rayleigh‐Taylor like plasma instabilities, interchange is believed to be the main plasma transport process in Saturn's inner to middle magnetosphere. Here we examine the organization of equatorially observed interchange events identified based on high‐energy (3–22 keV) H+ intensifications by several longitude systems that have been derived from different types of measurements. The main question of interest here is as follows: Do interchange injections undergo periodicities similar to the Saturn kilometric radiation or other magnetospheric phenomena? We find that interchange shows enhanced occurrence rates in the northern longitude systems between 30° and 120°, particularly between 7 and 9 Saturn Radii. However, this modulation is small compared to the organization by local time. Additionally, this organization is weak and inconsistent with previous findings based on data with a limited time span.
Soil Respiration Components and their Temperature Sensitivity Under Chemical Fertilizer and Compost Application: The Role of Nitrogen Supply and Compost Substrate Quality
Authors: Chen Zengming , Xu Yehong , Castellano Michael J. , Fontaine Sébastien , Wang Weijin , Ding Weixin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUnderstanding autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) components of soil respiration (Rs) and their temperature sensitivity (Q10) is critical for predictingsoil carbon (C) cycle and its feedback to climate change. In agricultural systems, these processes can be considerably altered by chemical fertilizer and compost application due to changes in nitrogen (N) supply and substrate quality (decomposability). We conducted a field experiment including control, urea, and four compost treatments. Ra and Rh were separated using the root exclusion method. Composts were characterized by chemical analyses, 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance, and lignin monomers. Annual cumulative Ra, along with root biomass, increased with soil mineral N, while Rh was suppressed by excessive N supply. Thus, Ra was stimulated but Rh was decreased by urea alone application. Annual Rh was increased by application of compost, especially that containing most lignin vanillyl and syringyl units, O‐alkyl C, di‐O‐alkyl C, and manganese. However, during the initial period, Rh was most effectively stimulated by the compost containing most carbohydrates, lignin cinnamyl units, phenolic C, and calcium. Ra was mediated by N release from compost decomposition and thus exhibited similar responses to compost quality as Rh. The Rh Q10 was reduced, while Ra Q10was increased by chemical fertilizer and compost application. Moreover, the Rh Q10 negatively related to soil mineral N supply and compost indicators referring to high substrate quality. Overall, our results suggest that N supply and substrate quality played an important role in regulating soil C flux and its response to climate warming.
Loss of MADD expression inhibits cellular growth and metastasis in anaplastic thyroid cancer
Authors: Saini Shikha , Sripada Lakshmi , Tulla Kiara , Kumar Prabhakaran , Yue Fei , Kunda Nicholas , Maker Ajay V. , Prabhakar Bellur S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAnaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options and dismal patient survival. We have previously shown MADD to be differentially overexpressed in multiple cancer histologies and to contribute to tumor cell growth and survival. Therefore, we targeted MADD by gene silencing, explored its effect on cellular proliferation and metastases and examined its therapeutic potential in an orthotopic ATC model in athymic nude mice. When compared to untreated control and scramble siRNA, MADD siRNA treatment inhibited the proliferative capacity of 8505C, C643 and HTH7 cells in vitro and 8505C-derived-orthotopic tumor growth in vivo. MADD ablation caused a significant reduction in cellular migration and invasion potential; clonogenic capacity; as well as, mitochondrial length and potential in vitro. This MADD siRNA-induced anti-migratory/invasive effect corresponded with inhibition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt signaling. Mechanistically, MADD siRNA inhibited TNFα induced activation of pERK, pGSK3β and β-catenin, suggesting that MADD knockdown might exert its anti-migratory/invasive effects, by blocking TNFα/ERK/GSK3β axis. MADD siRNA can inhibit β-catenin nuclear translocation and consequently, the expression of its target genes in ATC cells. In in vivo experiments, along with tumor regression, MADD siRNA treatment also decreased evidence of lung metastases. Immunohistochemically, MADD siRNA-treated tumor tissues exhibited a reduction in Ki67 and N-Cadherin expression, and an increase in E-Cadherin expression. In conclusion, we show the crucial role of MADD in ATC tumorigenesis and metastasis and its potential implications as a molecular target for ATC therapy.