bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships of Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Substrate Drugs in Drug–Drug Interactions on Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters
Authors: Yamazaki Shinji 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA general objective of drug–drug interaction (DDI) studies is to determine whether potential interactions of new molecular entities with concomitantly administered other drugs exist and, if DDIs occur, whether dosage adjustments are required. A typical end point for DDI evaluations is the ratio of area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) of substrate drugs (AUCR), whereas the ratios of maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) and terminal half‐life (t1/2) are also important to understand DDI mechanisms (CmaxR and t1/2R, respectively). Because changes in substrate AUC by precipitant drugs ultimately result from alterations of Cmax and t1/2, AUCR can be considered a hybrid parameter of CmaxR and t1/2R, for example, AUCR ≈ CmaxR × t1/2R. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between AUCR, CmaxR, and t1/2R in physiologically based pharmacokinetic model–predicted and clinically observed DDI results. First, the model‐predicted results showed the excellent proportional relationship between AUCR and (CmaxR × t1/2R) in DDI results of virtual substrates having a wide range of oral bioavailability with coadministration of ketoconazole, ritonavir, and rifampin. Second, the
reasonable proportional relationships were also observed in the clinically observed DDI results of midazolam and statins (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin) with various inhibitors and inducers. Finally, these results suggest that utilization of the proportional relationship between AUCR and (CmaxR × t1/2R) can provide an additional framework to further interpret DDI results reasonably and clearly. Furthermore, the proportional relationship can be purposely used to assess study design and pharmacokinetic analyses in DDI studies.
Evidence of Strict Stereospecificity in the Structure of sn‐1,2‐Diacyl‐3‐Acetyl‐Glycerols from Euonymus maximowiczianus Seeds Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Sidorov Roman A. , Shashkov Alexander S. , Solovyev Pavel A. , Gorshkova Elena N. , Tsydendambaev Vladimir D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAsymmetric, optically active sn‐1,2‐diacyl‐3‐acetyl‐glycerols (AcDAG) have been known to scientists for several decades. However, to date, the problem of their structure has not been definitely resolved, which has led to a vast diversity of terms used for their designation in the literature. Using two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, we have investigated AcDAG from the mature seeds of Euonymus maximowiczianus, from which we have been able to both identify a correlation of the methyl group in acetic acid residue with protons at the carbon atom at sn‐3 position in the glycerol residue of the AcDAG molecule and, for the first time, demonstrate that this correlation is observed exclusively with one carbon atom at the α‐position, but not with two as would have been expected in case of a racemic mixture. Moreover, results of our analysis of AcDAG isolated from the seeds of E. maximowiczianus directly confirm that diacylglycerol‐3‐acetyl‐transferase is responsible for their biosynthesis, which reveals a strict specificity not only to acetyl‐CoA as one of the substrates but also to the sn‐3‐position of the glycerol residue in sn‐1,2‐diacylglycerol during their biosynthesis.
Efficacy and Hematological Responses of Walleyes to Chemosedation and Electrosedation
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T , Johnson J Alan , Bowker James D 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
We conducted a series of experiments to assess Walleyes Sander vitreus that were sedated with tricaine methanesulfonate (150 mg/L), eugenol (60 mg/L), benzocaine (150 mg/L), carbon dioxide (CO2; 360 mg/L), or pulsed-DC electrosedation (100 or 150 V; 5 or 10 s). Fish were sedated individually or in groups and were allowed to recover in order to determine induction and recovery times. Blood samples were collected from group-sedated fish over a 6-h postsedation period to assess physiological indicators of stress. Electrosedation yielded the fastest mean ± SE induction (0.1 ± 0.0 min), and CO2 yielded the slowest (2.1 ± 0.5 min). Recovery times varied, but most fish recovered within 1–3 min and all fish recovered within approximately 5 min postsedation. Voltage and exposure time had little effect on induction, but fish that were exposed to 150 V of pulsed DC for 10 s took approximately twice as long to recover as other electrosedated fish. Plasma cortisol levels increased substantially from 0.5 to 1.0 h postsedation regardless of the sedative used, and plasma glucose levels increased substantially throughout the 6-h postsedation sampling period. Results show that juvenile Walleyes can be effectively sedated with any of the sedation options, but sedative exposure does induce an acute stress response.
Specifying neural crest cells: From chromatin to morphogens and factors in between
Authors: Rogers Crystal D. , Nie Shuyi 
Published: May 2018

Neural crest (NC) cells are a stem‐like multipotent population of progenitor cells that are present in vertebrate embryos, traveling to various regions in the developing organism. Known as the “fourth germ layer,” these cells originate in the ectoderm between the neural plate (NP), which will become the brain and spinal cord, and nonneural tissues that will become the skin and the sensory organs. NC cells can differentiate into more than 30 different derivatives in response to the appropriate signals including, but not limited to, craniofacial bone and cartilage, sensory nerves and ganglia, pigment cells, and connective tissue. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that control the induction and specification of NC cells include epigenetic control, multiple interactive and redundant transcriptional pathways, secreted signaling molecules, and adhesion molecules. NC cells are important not only because they transform into a wide variety of tissue types, but also because their ability to detach from their epithelial neighbors and migrate throughout developing embryos utilizes mechanisms similar to those used by metastatic cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms required for the induction and specification of NC cells in various vertebrate species, focusing on the roles of early morphogenesis, cell adhesion, signaling from adjacent tissues, and the massive transcriptional network that controls the formation of these amazing cells.This article is categorized under:
Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics
Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling
Unexplained variability among spatial replicates in transient elasticity: implications for evolutionary ecology and management of invasive species
Authors: Horvitz Carol C. , Denslow Julie S. , Johnson Tracy , Gaoue Orou , Uowolo Amanda 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUnderstanding actual and potential selection on traits of invasive species requires an assessment of the sources of variation in demographic rates. While some of this variation is assignable to environmental, biotic or historical factors, unexplained demographic variation also may play an important role. Even when sites and populations are chosen as replicates, the residual variation in demographic rates can lead to unexplained divergence of asymptotic and transient population dynamics. This kind of divergence could be important for understanding long‐ and short‐ term differences among populations of invasive species, but little is known about it. We investigated the demography of a small invasive tree Psidium cattleianum Sabine in the rainforest of Hawaiʻi at four sites chosen for their ecological similarity. Specifically, we parameterized and analyzed integral projection models (IPM) to investigate projected variability among replicate populations in: (1) total population size and annual per capita population growth rate during the transient and asymptotic periods; (2) population structure initially and asymptotically; (3) three key parameters that characterize transient dynamics (the weighted distance of the structure at each time step from the asymptotic structure, the strength of the sub‐dominant relative to the dominant dynamics, and inherent cyclicity in the subdominant); and (4) proportional sensitivity (elasticity) of population growth rates (both asymptotic and transient) to perturbations of various components of the life cycle. We found substantial variability among replicate populations in all these aspects of the dynamics. We discuss potential consequences of variability across ecologically similar sites for management and evolutionary ecology in the exotic range of invasive species.
Comparative Study of Life Quality Between Migrant Children and Local Students in Small and Medium-Sized Cities in China
Authors: Zhang Junhua 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEvery child deserves a fair chance in life. However, migrant children are at higher risk of developing mental health problems. The problem of migrant children who have left their hukou registration place for 6 months or longer with their parents from rural areas to cities in China has become a unique social issue in the social transformation of China. However, even up to this day, little is known about life satisfaction of migrant children in small and medium-sized cities. To investigate the current situation of migrant children’s life satisfaction, several scales including Chinese Adolescent Students’ Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, Social Economic Status Scale, Social Support Rating Scale and big five inventory were used to obtain data on 142 migrant children and 165 local primary school students. Results showed that migrant children’s life satisfaction was significantly lower when compared to local non-migrant students. The study also highlighted that subjective and objective support, utilization of support, conscientiousness and parent’s educational level were predictive factors of life satisfaction. Migrant children’ life satisfaction was not optimistic and social support was significantly influencing factors of migrant children’s life satisfaction, so they need a support system of government, school, community, family to help them through difficulties.
Estimates of Size of Cycle in a Predator-Prey System
Authors: Lundström Niklas L. P. , Söderbacka Gunnar 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe consider a Rosenzweig–MacArthur predator-prey system which incorporates logistic growth of the prey in the absence of predators and a Holling type II functional response for interaction between predators and preys. We assume that parameters take values in a range which guarantees that all solutions tend to a unique limit cycle and prove estimates for the maximal and minimal predator and prey population densities of this cycle. Our estimates are simple functions of the model parameters and hold for cases when the cycle exhibits small predator and prey abundances and large amplitudes. The proof consists of constructions of several Lyapunov-type functions and derivation of a large number of non-trivial estimates which are of independent interest.
Resilience trajectories to full recovery in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Torgalsbøen Anne-Kari , Fu Susie , Czajkowski Nikolai 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground:Resilience is successful adaptation despite adversity. This personality trait has the potential to add new knowledge to how to achieve a successful outcome, but resilience has been understudied in schizophrenia. The objective of the present study is to investigate if there are significant differences in resilience development among fully recovered and non-recovered patients with first episode schizophrenia (FES).Methods:In the ongoing Oslo Schizophrenia Recovery Study spanning 10 years, 28 first-episode patients are interviewed and assessed yearly with comprehensive criteria of full recovery, a measure of social and role functioning and resilience, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The present study includes data from six follow-ups over four years. Working or studying, having symptoms that are stably mild or absent for two years or more, having contact with friends and/or dating, participating in leisure activities and living independently define full recovery.Results:At the four-year follow-up, 55% were sustained full/partly recovered. Ten percent of those fully recovered were no longer in treatment. Choosing the overall best linear mixed model, we found a significantly larger increase in resilience score among the fully recovered than among those not recovered.Conclusions:Based on the theoretical rationale that resilience is activated differently in persons who experience adversity, the significant increase in resilience in the fully recovered group indicates that this psychological trait is present to a higher degree in fully recovered. These results highlight resilience as a factor associated with increased recovery in FES adding to the small literature on improvement among these patients and thus have important clinical implications.
Cafeteria diet during the gestation period programs developmental and behavioral courses in the offspring
Authors: Ribeiro Ana Cláudia Alves Freire , Batista Tatiane Helena , Veronesi Vanessa Barbosa , Giusti‐Paiva Alexandre , Vilela Fabiana Cardoso 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of exposure to maternal consumption of a hyperenergetic, highly palatable diet, known as the cafeteria diet, during the gestation period on the development and behavior of offspring. For this, we used pregnant female mice that were fed a normal or a cafeteria diet during the gestation period. The evaluation of maternal behavior in lactating dams was performed from the second to the eighth day postpartum (PND 2‐8). Weight gain, feed intake, and energy intake were recorded during the gestation period. In the offspring, reflex parameters and physical development were evaluated during the lactation period and when they reached adolescence. Behavioral performance was evaluated in light‐dark, open‐field, and play behavior tests. In addition, biochemical parameters of the dams and the adolescent offspring were evaluated. The cafeteria diet during gestation altered maternal behavior and the onset of physical and neurodevelopmental landmarks and had an impact on emotional and play behavior in adolescent offspring. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that exposure to maternal consumption of a cafeteria diet during the gestation period can program developmental and behavioral courses in the offspring.
Geochemical characteristics and analysis of crude-oil source in the deep-water area of the Baiyun Sag, South China Sea
Authors: He Dashuang , Hou Dujie , Chen Tao 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In the Baiyun Sag, the oil relationship with possible source rocks is complicated, and little research on oil sources in the area has been performed. In this paper, geochemical studies of carbon isotopes, biomarkers, paleoenvironmental deposition, and crude oil maturity, carried out with the use of oil samples from the Baiyun Sag, demonstrate that the organic matter in crude oil has an oxidizing depositional environment and primarily lacustrine facies conditions, with a significantly higher plant input. The oil samples used are mature to highly mature. Crude oil in the northern area of the Baiyun Sag is more mature than samples in the eastern part of the sag. Despite limited source rock data, we were able to conclude that the crude oil samples were derived mainly from the Enping Formation; other potential source rocks of the Wenchang and Zhuhai Formations may also have contributed to the reservoirs in different parts of the sag. Furthermore, the source of crude oil in each structure in the Baiyun Sag was analyzed; for example, crude oil in the LH19-5 structure was generated from the organic matter of the Enping Formation, and crude oil in the LW3-1 structure was derived from the mixed organic matter of the Enping, Wenchang, and Zhuhai Formations.
© 2018, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Crustal structure and properties of Archean cratons of Gondwanaland: similarity and difference
Authors: Baranov A.A. , Bobrov A.M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This is a synopsis of available data the on crustal structure and properties of thirteen Archean cratons of Gondwanaland (the cratons of Africa, Australia, Antarctica, South America, and the Indian subcontinent). The data include estimates of surface area, rock age and lithology, Moho depth, thickness of lithosphere and sediments, as well as elevations, all summarized in a table. The cratons differ in size from 0.05 × 106 km2 (Napier craton) to 4 × 106 km2 (Congo craton) and span almost the entire Archean period from 3.8 to 2.5 Ga. Sediments are mostly thin, though reach 7 km in the Congo and West African cratons. Elevations above sea level are from 0 to 2 km; some relatively highland cratons (Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, and Tanzanian) rise to more than 1 km. On the basis of regional seismic data, the Moho map for cratons has been improved. The Moho diagrams for each craton are constructed. The analysis of the available new data shows that the average Moho depth varies from 33 to 44 km: Pilbara (33 km), Grunehogna (35 km), São Francisco (36 km), Yilgarn (37 km), Dharwar (38 km), Tanzanian (39 km), Zimbabwe (39 km), Kaapvaal (40 km), Gawler (40 km), Napier (40 km), West Africa (40 km), Congo (42 km), and Amazon (44 km) cratons. The Moho depth within the cratons is less uniform than it was assumed before: from 28 to 52 km. The new results differ significantly from the earlier inference of a relatively flat Moho geometry beneath Archean cratons. According to the new data, early and middle Archean undeformed crust is characterized by a shallow Moho depth (28–38 km), while late Archean or deformed crust may be as thick as 52 km.
Climatic factors as risks of recent ecological changes in the shallow zone of Lake Baikal
Authors: Potemkina T.G. , Potemkin V.L. , Fedotov A.P. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Eutrophication processes have been recorded in many world’s freshwater reservoirs, which are sources of drinking water. More and more investigations show that global warming is the main natural factor that causes eutrophication. In recent years, signs of eutrophication have also been recorded in Lake Baikal containing 20% of the world’s freshwater reserves. Therefore, we performed the first comprehensive analysis of long-term changes in climatic parameters capable to provoke negative changes in the shallow zone. The largest number of anomalies of climatic indices has been recorded in the 21st century. Moreover, the current decade has been the most favorable for the emergence of negative processes in the lake (outbreak of the mass growth of algae and aquatic vegetation, rotting of their remains at the bottom and on the shores of the lake, changes in the structure and zoning of biocoenoses, etc.). The main natural conditions favoring the emergence of negative signs are elevated temperatures of the air and lake shore water, reduced amount of precipitation, reduced inflow of river waters into Baikal and lowering of its water level, low-water season, and weakening of wind currents, water exchange processes, and, as a result, water self-purification. In the period of continuing global warming, it is necessary to study the climate effect on the processes in the shallow zone and to carry out long-term monitoring for elucidation of recent and expected changes in the ecological state of Lake Baikal and for their valid interpretation.
Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2018
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey , Lee Garam , Ritter Aaron , Zhong Kate 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntroductionTreatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are needed due to the growing number of individuals with preclinical, prodromal, and dementia forms of AD. Drug development for AD therapies can be examined by inspecting the drug development pipeline as represented on clinicaltrials.gov.MethodsClinicaltrials.gov was assessed as of January 30, 2018 to determine AD therapies represented in phase I, phase II, and phase III.ResultsThere are 112 agents in the current AD treatment pipeline. There are 26 agents in 35 trials in phase III, 63 agents in 75 trials in phase II, and 23 agents in 25 trials in phase I. A review of the mechanisms of actions of the agents in the pipeline shows that 63% are disease‐modifying therapies, 22% are symptomatic cognitive enhancers, and 12% are symptomatic agents addressing neuropsychiatric and behavioral changes. Trials in phase III are larger and longer than phase II or phase I trials, particularly those involving disease‐modifying agents. Comparison with the 2017 pipeline shows that there are four new agents in phase III, 14 in phase II, and eight in phase I. Inspection of the use of biomarkers as revealed on clinicaltrials.gov shows that amyloid biomarkers are used as entry criterion in 14 phase III disease‐modifying agent trials and 17 disease‐modifying agent trials in phase II. Twenty‐one trials of disease‐modifying agents in phase II did not require biomarker confirmation for AD at trial entry.DiscussionThe AD drug development pipeline is slightly larger in 2018 than in 2017. Trials increasingly include preclinical and prodromal populations. There is an increase in nonamyloid mechanisms of action for drugs in earlier phases of drug development. Biomarkers are increasingly used in AD drug development but are not used uniformly for AD diagnosis confirmation.
BOUNDS FOR TRIPLE EXPONENTIAL SUMS WITH MIXED EXPONENTIAL AND LINEAR TERMS
Authors: YAU KAM HUNG 
Published: May 2018

We establish bounds for triple exponential sums with mixed exponential and linear terms. The method we use is by Shparlinski [‘Bilinear forms with Kloosterman and Gauss sums’, Preprint, 2016, arXiv:1608.06160] together with a bound for the additive energy from Roche-Newton et al. [‘New sum-product type estimates over finite fields’, Adv. Math.293 (2016), 589–605].
Turkish Industrial Relations at the Crossroads: Revisiting the History of Industrial Relations in the Early Post World War Two Period
Authors: Özkiziltan Didem , Çelik Aziz 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe 1961 constitutional reform in Turkey recognized the right to strike and granted other rights and freedoms related to the collective actions of labor. Conventional wisdom holds that Turkish trade unions became independent of the state power with class-based interests only after this reform. Across mainstream literature, this is considered, in historical institutionalist terms, as the first critical juncture in Turkey's industrial relations. This paper provides a critical account of the institutional continuity, development, and change that took place in Turkey's industrial relations starting from its establishment as a republic in 1923 until the end of the 1950s, by considering the socioeconomic and legal-political environment during these years. Considering the historical evidence employed, and under historical institutionalism, it is argued that the first critical juncture in the country's industrial relations occurred in 1947, when the ruling cliques permitted the establishment of trade unions. In this paper, it is purported that the consensus reached by the trade unions on the necessity of the right to strike from the mid-1950s onwards initiated a peaceful class struggle between Turkish labor and the state, which gradually steered the industrial relations toward the second critical juncture following the promulgation of the 1961 constitution.