bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How have carbon stocks in central and southern Africa’s miombo woodlands changed over the last 50 years? A systematic map of the evidence
Authors: Gumbo Davison , Clendenning Jessica , Martius Christopher , Moombe Kaala , Grundy Isla , Nasi Robert , Mumba Kondwani Y. , Ribeiro Natasha , Kabwe Gillian , Petrokofsky Gillian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundMiombo woodlands cover ≈ 2.7 million km2of central and southern Africa between dry (650 mm mean annual rainfall) and moist miombo (1400 mm) and are currently threatened by land use and land cover changes that have intensified over the last 50 years. Despite the miombo’s global significance for carbon (C) storage and sequestration, there has been no regional synthesis that maps carbon stocks and changes in the woodlands. This information is crucial to inform further research for the development of appropriate policies and management strategies to maintain and increase C stocks and sequestration capacity, for conservation and sustainable management. We assembled a systematic map to determine what evidence exists for (1) changes in carbon stocks in miombo woodlands over the period 1960–2015; (2) differences in carbon density in miombo with different conservation status; (3) trends in carbon stock recovery following human disturbance; and (4) fire management impacts on carbon stocks and dynamics.MethodsWe screened 11,565 records from bibliographic databases and grey literature sources following an a priori research protocol. For inclusion, each study had to demonstrate the presence of miombo-typical species (Brachystegia,JulbernardiaandIsoberlinia) and data on above- or below-ground carbon stocks or plant biomass.ResultsA total of 54 articles met the inclusion criteria: 48 quantitative and eight qualitative (two of which included quantitative and qualitative) studies. The majority of studies included in the final analyses are largely quantitative in nature and trace temporal changes in biomass and carbon in the miombo woodlands. Studies reported a wide range (1.3–95.7 Mg ha−1) of above-ground carbon in old-growth miombo woodland. Variation between years and rainfall zones and across conservation area types was large.ConclusionsAn insufficient number of robust studies that met our inclusion criteria from across the miombo region did not allow us to accurately pool carbon stocks and trends in miombo old growth. Thus, we could not address the four questions originally posed in our protocol. We suggest that future studies in miombo woodlands take longer term observational approaches with more systematic, permanent sampling designs, and we identify questions that would further warrant systematic reviews, related to differences in C level recovery after disturbance in fallow and post-clearing re-growth, and the role of controlled fire management.
Decreased Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Aging Male Mice Is Associated With Reduced Hepatic Cyp2r1 Abundance
Authors: Roizen Jeffrey D , Casella Alex , Lai Meizan , Long Caela , Tara Zahra , Caplan Ilana , O’Lear Lauren , Levine Michael A 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, as determined by circulating levels of 25-hydroxycalciferol [25(OH)D], is greater in older individuals compared with the young. To examine the hypothesis that altered production or inactivation of 25(OH)D contributes to lower circulating levels of 25(OH)D, we measured the serum levels of parent vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and 25(OH)D. We also determined the relative abundance of transcripts encoding hepatic CYP2R1 and CYP27B1, the principal 25-hydroxylases, transcripts encoding enzymes that degrade 25(OH)D in the liver (Cyp3A11) and kidney (Cyp24A1) and transcripts encoding megalin and cubilin, proteins critical to vitamin D resorption in the kidney in mice at three different ages. We observed a significant decline in the relative abundance of Cyp2R1 in the liver with aging (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.0077). Concurrent with the decrease in mRNA, a significant decline in hepatic CYP2R1 protein (one-way ANOVA for trend, P = 0.007) and 25(OH)D (one-way ANOVA for trend, P = 0.002) and in the ratio of 25(OH)D3 to cholecalciferol (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.0003). By contrast, levels of the transcripts encoding Cyp3a11, Cyp24a1, and Cyp27b1 megalin and cubilin were unchanged with aging. A significant positive correlation was found between Cyp2r1 mRNA and 25(OH)D, and a stronger correlation was found between Cyp2r1 mRNA and the ratio of 25(OH)D3 to cholecalciferol. These results indicate that decreased expression of CYP2R1 contributes to the reduced serum levels of 25(OH)D in aging.
Induced cell fate transitions at multiple cell layers configure haustorium development in parasitic plants
Authors: Wakatake Takanori , Yoshida Satoko , Shirasu Ken 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
The haustorium in parasitic plants is an organ specialized for invasion and nutrient uptake from host plant tissues. Despite its importance, the developmental processes of haustoria are mostly unknown. To understand the dynamics of cell fate change and cellular lineage during haustorium development, we performed live imaging-based marker expression analysis and cell-lineage tracing during haustorium formation in the model facultative root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum. Our live-imaging analysis revealed that haustorium formation was associated with induction of simultaneous cell division in multiple cellular layers, such as epidermis, cortex and endodermis. In addition, we found that procambium-like cells, monitored by cell type-specific markers, emerged within the central region of the haustorium before xylem connection to the host plant. Our clonal analysis of cell lineages showed that cells in multiple cellular layers differentiated into procambium-like cells, whereas epidermal cells eventually transitioned into specialized cells interfacing with the host plant. Thus, our data provide a cell fate transition map during de novo haustorium organogenesis in parasitic plants.
Side branching and luminal lineage commitment by ID2 in developing mammary glands
Authors: Seong Jinwoo , Kim Nam-Shik , Kim Jee-Ah , Lee Wonbin , Seo Ji-Yun , Yum Min Kyu , Kim Ji-Hoon , Park Inkuk , Kang Jong-Seol , Bae Sung-Hwan , Yun Cheol-Heui , Kong Young-Yun 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Mammary glands develop through primary ductal elongation and side branching to maximize the spatial area. Although primary ducts are generated by bifurcation of terminal end buds, the mechanism through which side branching occurs is still largely unclear. Here, we show that inhibitor of DNA-binding 2 (ID2) drives side branch formation through the differentiation of K6+ bipotent progenitor cells (BPs) into CD61+ luminal progenitor cells (LPs). Id2-null mice had side-branching defects, along with developmental blockage of the differentiation of K6+ BPs into CD61+ LPs. Notably, CD61+ LPs were found in budding and side branches, but not in terminal end buds. Hormone reconstitution studies using ovariectomized MMTV-hemagglutinin-nuclear localized sequence-tagged Id2 transgenic mice revealed that ID2 is a key mediator of progesterone, which drives luminal lineage differentiation and side branching. Our results suggest that CD61 is a marker of side branches and that ID2 regulates side branch formation by inducing luminal lineage commitment from K6+ BPs to CD61+ LPs.
Histone arginine methylation by Prmt5 is required for lung branching morphogenesis through repression of BMP signaling
Authors: Li Qiuling , Jiao Jie , Li Huijun , Wan Huajing , Zheng Caihong , Cai Jun , Bao Shilai 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Branching morphogenesis is essential for the successful development of a functional lung to accomplish its gas exchange function. Although many studies have highlighted requirements for the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway during branching morphogenesis, little is known about how BMP signaling is regulated. Here, we report that the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5) and symmetric dimethylation at histone H4 arginine 3 (H4R3sme2) directly associate with chromatin of Bmp4 to suppress its transcription. Inactivation of Prmt5 in the lung epithelium results in halted branching morphogenesis, altered epithelial cell differentiation and neonatal lethality. These defects are accompanied by increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation of lung epithelium, as a consequence of elevated canonical BMP-Smad1/5/9 signaling. Inhibition of BMP signaling by Noggin rescues the lung branching defects of Prmt5 mutant in vitro. Taken together, our results identify a novel mechanism through which Prmt5-mediated histone arginine methylation represses canonical BMP signaling to regulate lung branching morphogenesis.
The Impact of Reimbursement Policy on Social Welfare, Revisit Rate, and Waiting Time in a Public Healthcare System: Fee-for-Service Versus Bundled Payment
Authors: Guo Pengfei , Tang Christopher S. , Wang Yulan , Zhao Ming 
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the impact of two reimbursement schemes, fee-for-service and bundled payment, on the social welfare, the patient revisit rate, and the patient waiting time in a public healthcare system. The two schemes differ on the payment mechanism: under the fee-for-service scheme, the healthcare provider receives the payment each time a patient visits (or revisits) whereas, under the bundled payment scheme, the healthcare provider receives a lump sum payment for the entire episode of care regardless of how many revisits a patient incurs. By considering the quality-speed trade-off (i.e., a higher service speed reduces service quality, resulting in a higher revisit rate), we examine a three-stage Stackelberg game to determine the patients’ initial visit rate, the service provider’s service rate (which affects the revisit rate), and the funder’s reimbursement rate. This analysis enables us to compare the equilibrium outcomes (social welfare, revisit rate, and waiting time) associated with the two payment schemes. We find that when the patient pool size is large, the bundled payment scheme dominates the fee-for-service scheme in terms of higher social welfare and a lower revisit rate, whereas the fee-for-service scheme prevails in terms of shorter waiting time. When the patient pool is small, the bundle payment scheme dominates the fee-for-service scheme in all three performance measures. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0690 .
Optimizing Local Content Requirements Under Technology Gaps
Authors: Cui Shiliang , Lu Lauren Xiaoyuan 
Published: June 2018

Problem definition: We study how the government of a developing country optimizes its local content requirement (LCR) policy to maximize social welfare in a setting where foreign original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) produce and sell multicomponent products in the developing country. The foreign OEMs’ local sourcing of components is more costly than global sourcing because of technology gaps between local and global suppliers. Academic/practical relevance: We characterize and compare the optimal product-level and component-level LCR policies imposed on multicomponent products. Component-level LCR and its relationship with product-level LCR, although relevant to trade policy making, have not been studied in prior research. Methodology: We use stylized modeling with a Stackelberg game, welfare optimization, and Cournot competition. Results: The optimal component-level LCR for low-gap (or high-gap) components is higher (or lower) than the optimal product-level LCR, although the two policies achieve the same maximum social welfare. The optimal LCR is monotone increasing in the market size of the final product but decreasing in the corporate tax rate. The optimal LCR is decreasing in the number of competing foreign OEMs but increasing in the number of competing local OEMs. Managerial implications: (1) From a welfare standpoint, imposing an LCR at the component level may be unnecessary. However, when replacing a product-level LCR policy with a component-level one, governments should increase (or decrease) the LCR for low-gap (or high-gap) components. (2) Governments should consider raising LCRs when their domestic markets grow. (3) When more foreign OEMs operate in a developing country, its government should consider lowering LCRs. (4) The emergence of local OEMs should give governments an incentive to raise LCRs. (5) The carrot-and-stick approach makes sense when implementing LCR policies—the LCR should be set low (or high) when the corporate tax rate is high (or low). The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0698 .
Structured Illumination Reflectance Imaging for Enhanced Detection of Subsurface Tissue Bruising in Apples
Authors: Li Richard , Lu Yuzhen , Lu Renfu 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. In this research, a structured illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) system was used as a novel method for detection of fresh bruises on apples. The SIRI system projects sinusoidal patterns of illumination onto samples, and image demodulation is then used to recover depth-specific information through varying the spatial frequency of the illumination pattern. The capability of SIRI was demonstrated through the detection of artificially induced bruises on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’ apples with varying levels of bruising. It was hypothesized that by confining the light penetration depth near the surface of each fruit, subsurface defects such as bruising should be more apparent under SIRI than conventional planar illumination imaging. Three 120° phase-shifted reflectance images were acquired from 60 fruit each of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’ varieties at 0 h, 4 to 6 h, and 24 h after impact bruising for each of the four spatial frequencies (i.e., 0, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.25 cycles mm-1). The reflectance images acquired by the system were then demodulated into an alternating component (AC) and direct component (DC), where the AC contained depth-specific information and the DC image represented the diffuse reflectance from the apple sample under uniform (or planar) illumination. Bruise detection algorithms were developed and applied to the demodulated AC and DC images. The SIRI system achieved 70% to 100% bruise detection rates, compared to 0% to 50% detection rates under conventional planar illumination. However, detection results were influenced by both severity of bruising and bruise development after impact; better bruise detection results were obtained when bruises had developed for 4 to 6 h after impact. SIRI has demonstrated a superior capability of detecting fresh bruises, and it is promising as a new imaging modality for quality detection of agricultural products. Keywords: Apples, Bruises, Defects, Fruit, Imaging, Nondestructive, Quality, Sorting, Structured illumination.
Rain Water Deficit and Irrigation Demand of Major Row Crops in the Mississippi Delta
Authors: Tang Qiuxiang , Feng Gary , Fisher Daniel , Zhang Huihui , Ouyang Ying , Adeli Ardeshir , Jenkins Johnie 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The Mississippi Delta is an important agricultural area, producing 67% of the soybean, corn, and cotton grown in the state of Mississippi. Because irrigation can stabilize and increase crop yields and economic returns, approximately 80% of the water withdrawn from the alluvial aquifer is used for irrigation. This region is experiencing severe declines in groundwater level, which threaten the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. Therefore, better irrigation management practices must be developed, but there is lack of knowledge regarding crop water requirements, rain water deficits, and irrigation demand to improve rain and irrigation water use efficiencies of these crops. The objective of this study was to determine the crop water requirements, rain water deficits, and irrigation demand of the three crops using the RZWQM2 model based on a 100-year representative weather data series from the Stoneville weather station for improving irrigation management in the Mississippi Delta. The analysis indicated that mean monthly precipitation in the crop non-growing season from November to the following April was 127 mm, while only 82 mm on average was received during the crop growing season. Soybean, corn, and cotton are typically planted in early May, late March, and late May and harvested in mid-September, late August, and late October, respectively. Rainfall during the growing seasons for soybean, corn, and cotton was 400, 510, and 435 mm and accounted for 31%, 40%, and 34% of annual rainfall, respectively, over the 100-year period. Early seeding can allow crops to receive more early season rainfall and reduce the number of days of water stress during the growing season. Average crop evapotranspiration of soybean, corn, and cotton was 546, 588, and 552 mm, respectively. Rainfall was found to be insufficient to meet the crop water requirements beginning in the 5th, 7th, and 6th weeks after planting. Weekly effective rain water deficits greater than 20 mm were found in weeks 7 through 16 (22 to 29 mm) for soybean, in weeks 11 through 20 (20 to 26 mm) for corn, and in weeks 11 through 16 (20 to 30 mm) for cotton. The RZWQM2 model estimated a range of annual effective rain water deficits in soybean of 0 to 622 mm, with an average deficit of 340 mm. Deficits in corn ranged from 32 to 685 mm, with an average deficit of 355 mm, while deficits in cotton ranged from 169 to 650 mm, with an average deficit of 395 mm. Results obtained from the 100-year historical weather data can be applied to improve irrigation scheduling, water resources planning, and design of irrigation and cropping systems in the Mississippi Delta. Keywords: Corn, Cotton, Crop water requirement, Irrigation demand, Mississippi Delta, Rain water deficit, Soil water balance, Soybean.
Center-Pivot-Mounted Sensing System for Monitoring Plant Height and Canopy Temperature
Authors: Sui Ruixiu , Baggard Jonnie 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Easy-to-use data acquisition methods are required for variable-rate irrigation (VRI) decision support systems. Plant canopy temperature is related to plant water stress. Plant height is useful as an indicator of plant health conditions and can be used to estimate yield potential. Therefore, measurements of plant canopy temperature and plant height coupled with spatial information in the field can be used for determining VRI water application depths. A center-pivot-mounted wireless data acquisition (WDAQ) system was developed to collect plant canopy temperature and plant height data in the field. Each WDAQ unit consisted of a GPS receiver, programmable data logger, infrared temperature sensor, ultrasonic distance sensor, solar power supply, and wireless data transmitter/receiver. The system included two WDAQ units installed on a four-span center-pivot VRI system. One unit was mounted at the middle of the third span, and the other was mounted at the middle of the fourth span from the pivot. The infrared temperature sensors were used to detect the canopy temperature, while the ultrasonic distance sensors were used to measure plant height. The WDAQ system was designed to continuously and simultaneously measure plant canopy temperature and plant height and record the spatial coordinates at each measurement location as the center pivot moved around the field. Data collected were wirelessly transferred to a receiver for data processing. This WDAQ system has been tested and evaluated in the field for two years. Test results indicated that the WDAQ system was able to record approximately 3,200 measurements from each sensor in one pivot circle (360°). The measurement error of the ultrasonic distance sensor was 0.2 to 3 cm in a measurement range of 14 to 209 cm, and the sensor-measured plant heights were strongly correlated with manually tape-measured plant heights in soybean and cotton crops (r2 = 0.97). Combined with the spatial information, measurements of plant height and crop canopy temperature were used to generate plant height and crop canopy temperature maps. Spatial variabilities of plant height and canopy temperature across the field could be identified from the maps and used in irrigation research. The WDAQ system has great potential for automatic creation of VRI prescription maps and plant-based irrigation scheduling. Keywords: Canopy temperature, Irrigation scheduling, Plant height, Sensors, Variable-rate irrigation.
Applications of bark for bio-based adhesives and foams
Authors: Kuo Pei-Yu , Yan Ning , Tratnik Nicole , Luo Jing 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
With the increased concern for climate change and depletion of fossil fuel resources, there is a growing trend to research and develop technologies that can use renewable biomass as the raw material for synthesizing chemical products. Bark, a largely available forestry biomass residue with attractive chemical compositions, is considered as a promising feedstock. This article summarizes our recent research and development work in deriving bark-derived adhesives and foams and various bark conversion technologies explored. Advantages and disadvantages associated with the conversion technologies and bark-based chemical products are discussed. Some future studies that can further promote commercial applications of these novel bio-based products are presented. These novel bark-derived products have potential to generate higher value return using the low-valued forestry residue materials while increasing the renewable content in the final chemical products for a higher sustainability.
Die marktliberale Wende in 70 Jahren Medienberichterstattung: Welche Deutungsmuster den medialen Diskurs um soziale Gerechtigkeit bestimmen
Authors: Vietze Florian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractÖffentliche Diskurse können Sozialreformen beeinflussen. Im Anschluss an das Konzeptsozialer Deutungsmusterargumentiert der vorliegende Beitrag, dass die Umsetzung von Sozialreformen wahrscheinlicher ist, wenn sie mit Deutungen im Einklang stehen, die im öffentlichen Diskurs einehegemonialeStellung einnehmen. Der Beitrag basiert auf einerqualitativenInhaltsanalyse von 3025 Artikeln zum Thema soziale Gerechtigkeit, die seit 1946 inZeit,SpiegelundFrankfurter Allgemeiner Zeitung (FAZ)erschienen sind. Eine anschließendequantitativeAnalyse der codierten Textstellen zeigt, welche Deutungen im Diskurs zu einer bestimmten Zeit besonders präsent sind. Der Beitrag rekonstruiert vier Deutungsmuster (Individualismus, Egalitarismus, Askriptivismus und Chancengleichheit) und unterscheidet fünf historische Phasen, die jeweils entweder von egalitaristischen oder individualistischen Deutungen dominiert werden, und seit 2014 eine sechste Phase, in der Deutungen überwiegen, die sich am Prinzip der Chancengleichheit orientieren. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse einen starken öffentlichen Rückhalt für Umverteilung und Wohlfahrtsstaat.