bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10 Social Networks and the Development of Neighborhood Identities in Amache, a WWII Japanese American Internment Camp
Authors: Kamp‐Whittaker April , Clark Bonnie J. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIn 1942 Japanese Americans from the west coast of the United States were forcibly relocated to incarceration camps scattered across the interior of the country. Constructed by the Army Corp of Engineers and designed to house around 10,000 individuals, these centers followed a rigid, gridded layout that allowed for the rapid construction of what were ostensibly cities. Residential sections were laid out in blocks, each containing barracks buildings to which internees were assigned on arrival. Five seasons of intensive pedestrian survey at the Granada Relocation Center National Historic Landmark, Colorado (also known as Amache), accompanied by extensive oral histories, has determined that these residential blocks became neighborhoods with individual character and personalities. Archaeological and archival data are used to examine the development of neighborhood identities and examine the relative utility of different data sets in identifying social interaction as a proxy for neighborhood identities. Archaeological research at Amache reveals the physical modifications and artifacts found in residential blocks. Distinct differences in densities and types of artifacts along with the development of coordinated blockwide landscaping and centrally located communal features show that internees were developing neighborhood‐based communities. These indicate the role that new social relationships, developed within the confines of camp, along with the influences of existing social ties and sets of behavioral traits, had on the formation of neighborhoods. This chapter uses social network data drawn from historic newspapers to examine the levels of interaction occurring between residents of the same residential block and between different areas of the camp. Social network data will be used to explore the role that social interaction had in the creation and maintenance of neighborhood identities. These different lines of data converge to highlight how neighborhoods defined by distinct sets of activities and residential traits were being formed within the institutional setting of Amache.
The effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets
Authors: Peng Peng , Chen Jiashun , Yao Kang , Yin Yulong , Long Lina , Fang Rejun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide (HiZox) on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets. A total of 128 weaned piglets [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of (6.55 ± 0.25 kg; 21 d of age) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) a corn‐soybean basal diet; (2) basal diet + 3,000 mg/kg conventional ZnO; (3) basal diet + 200 mg/kg HiZox; (4) basal diet + 500 mg/kg HiZox. The experiments lasted for 28 days. Incremental HiZox in the diet increased ADG (linear p = 0.015; quadratic p = 0.043) and ADFI (linear p = 0.027; quadratic p = 0.038), and the diarrhea index decreased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01) as HiZox supplemented increased. Furthermore, supplementation with HiZox increased the amounts of Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum in comparison with that of control treatment or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO treatment, while decreased the populations of Escherichia coli, Clostridium coccoides, and Clostridium. leptum subgroup (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum relative to those in control treatment. The addition of HiZox increased the villus height and villus‐to‐crypt ratio (VC) of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05), while decreased the crypt depth of jejunum (p < 0.05) and tended to reduce the crypt depth of duodenum (p < 0.10) compared with the control treatment. Piglets fed with 500 mg/kg HiZox had lower serum D‐lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) than those fed with basal control diet or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO diet (p < 0.01). The results suggested that supplementation with HiZox modulated intestinal microbial composition and improved intestinal morphology, which may exert protective effects on the integrity of the mucosal barrier function of weaned piglets, was as efficacious as pharmaceutical doses of ZnO in enhancing growth performance, indicating that the HiZox may be a promising alternative to pharmaceutical doses of ZnO.
An adaptive trial design to optimize dose‐schedule regimes with delayed outcomes
Authors: Lin Ruitao , Thall Peter F. , Yuan Ying 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper proposes a two‐stage phase I‐II clinical trial design to optimize dose‐schedule regimes of an experimental agent within ordered disease subgroups in terms of the toxicity‐efficacy trade‐off. The design is motivated by settings where prior biological information indicates it is certain that efficacy will improve with ordinal subgroup level. We formulate a flexible Bayesian hierarchical model to account for associations among subgroups and regimes, and to characterize ordered subgroup effects. Sequentially adaptive decision‐making is complicated by the problem, arising from the motivating application, that efficacy is scored on day 90 and toxicity is evaluated within 30 days from the start of therapy, while the patient accrual rate is fast relative to these outcome evaluation intervals. To deal with this in a practical manner, we take a likelihood‐based approach that treats unobserved toxicity and efficacy outcomes as missing values, and use elicited utilities that quantify the efficacy‐toxicity trade‐off as a decision criterion. Adaptive randomization is used to assign patients to regimes while accounting for subgroups, with randomization probabilities depending on the posterior predictive distributions of utilities. A simulation study is presented to evaluate the design's performance under a variety of scenarios, and to assess its sensitivity to the amount of missing data, the prior, and model misspecification.
Endoluminal negative pressure therapy in colorectal anastomotic leaks
Authors: Popivanov G. I. , Mutafchiyski V. M. , Cirocchi R. , Chipeva S. D. , Vasilev V. V. , Kjossev K. Ts. , Tabakov M. S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of the present work was to perform an up‐to‐date review of the literature on endoluminal negative pressure therapy for colorectal anastomotic leak.MethodAn electronic search in PubMed and Google Scholar and a manual search without language restrictions were performed on 25 January 2019. Only original series reporting endoluminal negative pressure therapy in colorectal anastomotic leaks were included. The primary outcome was the success rate (complete closure of the abscess cavity). The secondary outcomes were the rates of complications and stoma closure.ResultsNineteen series with a total of 295 cases were analysed. The median distance of the anastomosis from the anal verge and the size of the abscess were 5.65 cm (4.9–10) and 6.0 cm (5–8.1) respectively. In 84.5% (78%–91%) the stoma was created at the first intervention. Neoadjuvant therapy was performed in 48.6% (3%–60%). Median 7 sponges (2–34) were used with median negative pressure 150 mmHg (125–700) for a median of 31 days (14–127). The success rate was 85.4% (80%–91%) with ileostomy closure in 72.6%. Complications were observed in 19% (13%–25%): abscesses 11.5% and anastomotic stenosis 4.4%. Laparotomy was required in 15% of the complications. The stoma was the only significant predictor for the success of the therapy (0.007, SE 0.004, P = 0.040).ConclusionsThe initial experience looks promising with an 85% success rate, which precludes risky re‐resections with redo anastomosis or Hartmann's procedure. Despite the good initial results, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn because of the small sample size and the lack of high‐quality comparative studies.
Cytomorphological criteria for separation of pulmonary adenocarcinomas from squamous cell carcinomas: A statistical learning approach
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Esebua Magda , Sun Lei , Schmidt Robert L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundCurrent therapy requires separation of non‐small cell carcinomas into adenocarcinomas (AC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). A meta‐analysis has shown a pooled diagnostic sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 95% for the diagnosis of AC. While a number of cytomorphological features have been proposed for separation of AC from SCC, we are unaware of a statistically based analysis of cytomorphological features useful for separation of these two carcinomas. We performed logistic regression analysis of cytological features useful in classifying SCC and AC.DesignSixty‐one Papanicolaou‐stained fine needle aspiration specimens (29 AC/32 SCC) were reviewed by two board‐certified cytopathologists for nine features (eccentric nucleoli, vesicular chromatin, prominent nucleoli, vacuolated cytoplasm, 3‐dimensional cell balls, dark non‐transparent chromatin, central nucleoli, single malignant cells and spindle‐shaped cells). All cytological specimens had surgical biopsy results. Inter‐rater agreement was assessed by Cohen's κ. Association between features and AC was determined using hierarchical logistic regression model where feature scores were nested within reviewers. A model to classify cases as SCC or AC was developed and verified by k‐fold verification (k = 5). Classification performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsObserved rater agreement for scored features ranged from 49% to 82%. Kappa scores were clustered in three groups. Raters demonstrated good agreement for prominent nucleoli, vesicular chromatin and eccentric nuclei. Fair agreement was seen for 3‐dimensional cell balls, dark non‐transparent chromatin, and presence of spindle‐shaped cells. Association of features with adenocarcinoma showed four statistically significant associations (P < 0.001) with adenocarcinoma. These features were prominent nucleoli, vesicular chromatin, eccentric nuclei and three‐dimensional cell balls. Spindle‐shaped cells and dark non‐transparent chromatin were negatively associated with adenocarcinoma.ConclusionsLogistic regression analysis demonstrated six features helpful in separation of AC from SCC. Prominent nucleoli, vesicular chromatin, cell balls and eccentric nucleoli were positively associated with AC and demonstrated a P value of 0.001 or less. The presence of dark, non‐transparent chromatin and spindle‐shaped cells favoured the diagnosis of SCC.
Specialized assertive community treatment intervention for homeless youth with first episode psychosis and substance use disorder: A 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Doré‐Gauthier Virginie , Miron Jean‐Philippe , Jutras‐Aswad Dider , Ouellet‐Plamondon Clairélaine , Abdel‐Baki Amal 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimNo previous study has investigated interventions for homeless youth suffering from first episode psychosis and comorbid substance use disorder (HYPS). An intensive assertive community intervention team (IACIT) offering outreach interventions, housing support as well as integrated care for early psychosis and substance use disorder (SUD) was created in 2012 at the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM). To explore the impact of the addition of an IACIT to an early intervention for psychosis service (EIS) on housing stability, functional and symptomatic outcomes and mental health service use.MethodsA two‐year longitudinal study comparing the outcome of HYPS receiving combined EIS and IACIT since 2012, to a historical cohort of HYPS receiving EIS only between 2005 and 2011. Socio‐demographic data, housing stability, functioning, illness severity, SUD severity, emergency room visits and hospitalizations were assessed at admission, at 1 month, and every 3 months thereafter.ResultsHYPS receiving EIS + IACIT achieved housing stability more rapidly and spent less time hospitalized than HYPS getting EIS only (RR 2.38, P = .017). HYPS with cocaine misuse were less likely to attain housing stability (RR 0.25, P = .04). No between‐group differences were found for psychiatric symptoms, functioning and SUD outcomes.ConclusionThe addition of IACIT‐HYPS to EIS was associated with earlier housing stability and reduced total hospitalization days compared to EIS alone.
Plants, position and pollination: Planting arrangement and pollination limitation in a revegetated eucalypt woodland
Authors: McCallum Kimberly P. , Breed Martin F. , Lowe Andrew J. , Paton David C. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe spatial arrangement of plants is a key determinant of pollination services in natural ecosystems. Despite this, plant arrangements are rarely considered an important characteristic of revegetated communities and this may be limiting successful pollination dynamics in these re‐created systems. We assessed if aggregated South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon, F. Muell) had greater pollination success than more dispersed trees by measuring fruit set, seed production and germination in a revegetated eucalypt woodland. The proportion of buds that developed into fruit (fruit set) was similar between aggregated (five flowering Blue Gum within 30 m) and dispersed (no flowering Blue Gum within 30 m) trees (<14%). Aggregated and dispersed trees produced a similar number of seeds per fruit in 2015, when fewer trees flowered and those that flowered produced fewer flowers (ca 8 seeds/fruit). In 2016, when flowering was more abundant, aggregated trees produced more seeds per fruit than dispersed trees (12 seeds/fruit compared to 4 seeds/fruit). Despite differences in seed number, there was no difference in the quality of seed produced, indicating outcrossed pollen was received by both aggregated and dispersed trees. Although outcrossing was likely, this did not prevent pollination limitation, with the addition of outcrossed pollen increasing fruit and seed set for trees in both arrangements. Consequently, we propose that planting individuals of the same species (conspecifics) in clumps, rather than intermixing species, can increase seed set in revegetated eucalypts, particularly in good flowering years. However, aggregated plantings will be most effective if the needs and foraging behaviour of pollinators are also considered, to attract and sustain pollinators in revegetated systems, thereby minimizing the risk of pollination limitation.
Grandparents on the move: a multilevel framework analysis to understand diversity in zero‐generation care arrangements in Switzerland
Authors: WYSS MALIKA , NEDELCU MIHAELA 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAmong the various forms of transnational grandparenting is the engagement of the so‐called zero generation – the transnationally mobile parents of adult migrants – in caring for their grandchildren abroad. It constitutes a distinct kind of intergenerational solidarity within transnational families. By taking migrant families in Switzerland as a case in point, in this article we attempt to broaden the existing research by adopting a comparative, qualitative approach towards understanding the commonalities and differences of childcare organization involving grandparental support in European and non‐European transnational families. By taking into account the main objective and the temporality of grandparents' visits in Switzerland, we identify six different types of childcare arrangements. While these arrangements are shaped by the discriminatory Swiss migration regime, several other institutional, familial, and individual factors help to promote or impede them, or to change their dynamics. Thus, we introduce an innovative, multi‐level, analytical approach towards studying the various ways in which the parents of adult migrants of different nationalities take part in the transnational circulation of care.
Association between cerebral microbleeds and hypertension in the Swedish general population “Good Aging in Skåne” study
Authors: Elmståhl Sölve , Ellström Katarina , Siennicki‐Lantz Arkadiusz , Abul‐Kasim Kasim 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCerebral microbleeds (CMB) on MRI are frequent in healthy aging individuals but precede ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and dementia. Different etiologies have been suggested for nonlobar CMB, which have a stronger connection to hypertension (HT) than do lobar CMB. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CMB and the association between nonlobar/lobar CMB and different blood pressure (BP) and HT treatment conditions in a longitudinal, population‐based cohort of the Good Aging in Skåne (GÅS) study. White matter hyperintensities (WMH), CMB, atrophies, and infarctions were identified with brain 3T MRI, and BP parameters were examined in 344 randomly selected subjects between 70 and 87 years old. CMB were observed in 26% of the whole cohort, increasing from 19% of subjects in their 70s to 30% of those over 80 years of age. Of these subjects, 38% had multiple CMB, and 59% had a lobar localization. CMB were associated with severe confluent WMH (odds ratio = 7.02; 2.16‐18.84). Increasing age, being male, and having HT, impaired cognition, or a history of angina pectoris were associated with CMB. Both lobar and nonlobar CMB were associated with HT. Nonlobar CMB were particularly associated with increased BP, pulse pressure, controlled HT, and uncontrolled HT. After controlling for sex and HT, age was no longer a risk factor for CMB In conclusion, sex and HT are the major risk factors for CMB, especially nonlobar CMB, which suggests stricter implementation of recommended guidelines for HT treatment in the elderly.
Metformin mediates induction of miR‐708 to inhibit self‐renewal and chemoresistance of breast cancer stem cells through targeting CD47
Authors: Tan Weige , Tang Hailin , Jiang Xinhua , Ye Feng , Huang Lili , Shi Dingbo , Li Laisheng , Huang Xiaojia , Li Li , Xie Xiaoming , Xie Xinhua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBreast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have been considered responsible for cancer progression, recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the mechanisms by which cells acquire self‐renewal and chemoresistance properties are remaining largely unclear. Herein, we evaluated the role of miR‐708 and metformin in BCSCs, and found that the expression of miR‐708 is significantly down‐regulated in BCSCs and tumour tissues, and correlates with chemotherapy response and prognosis. Moreover, miR‐708 markedly inhibits sphere formation, CD44+/CD24− ratio, and tumour initiation and increases chemosensitivity of BCSCs. Mechanistically, miR‐708 directly binds to cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47), and regulates tumour‐associated macrophage‐mediated phagocytosis. On the other hand, CD47 is essential for self‐renewal, tumour initiation and chemoresistance of BCSCs, and correlates with the prognosis of breast cancer patients. In addition, the anti‐type II diabetes drug metformin are found to be involved in the miR‐708/CD47 signalling pathway. Therefore, our study demonstrated that miR‐708 plays an important tumour suppressor role in BCSCs self‐renewal and chemoresistance, and the miR‐708/CD47 regulatory axis may represent a novel therapeutic mechanism of metformin in BCSCs.
Spinal high‐mobility group box‐1 induces long‐lasting mechanical hypersensitivity through the toll‐like receptor 4 and upregulation of interleukin‐1β in activated astrocytes
Authors: Morioka Norimitsu , Miyauchi Kazuki , Miyashita Keita , Kochi Takahiro , Zhang Fang Fang , Nakamura Yoki , Liu Keyue , Wake Hidenori , Hisaoka‐Nakashima Kazue , Nishibori Masahiro , Nakata Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntrathecal treatment with recombinant high‐mobility group box‐1 (rHMGB1) in naïve mice leads to a persistent and significantly decreased hind paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli, suggesting that spinal HMGB1 evokes abnormal pain processing. By contrast, repeated intrathecal treatment with anti‐HMGB1 antibody significantly reverses hind paw mechano‐hypersensitivity in mice with a partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). By contrast, the cellular mechanism by which spinal HMGB1 induces neuropathic pain has yet to be fully elaborated. The current study tested the hypothesis that spinal HMGB1 could induce mechanical hypersensitivity through the activation of specific receptor in glial cells. Intrathecal pretreatment with toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 inhibitors, but not TLR5, receptor for advanced glycation end‐products and C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4 inhibitors, prevented rHMGB1‐evoked mechanical hypersensitivity. Activation of spinal astrocytes appears to be crucial for the mechanism of action of rHMGB1 in naïve mice, as intrathecal pretreatment with astrocytic inhibitors prevented the rHMGB1‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was up‐regulated within activated astrocytes and block of TLR4 prevented the upregulation of IL‐1β. Interleukin‐1β appears to be secreted by activated astrocytes, as IL‐1β neutralizing antibody prevented rHMGB1‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Furthermore, intrathecal pretreatment with either MK801 or gabapentin prevented the rHMGB1‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity, suggesting roles for spinal glutamate and the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor in the mediation of rHMGB1‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Thus, the current findings suggest that spinal HMGB1 upregulates IL‐1β in spinal astrocytes through a TLR4‐dependent pathway and increases glutamatergic nociceptive transduction. These spinal mechanisms could be key steps that maintain neuropathic pain.
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Emergence of structure in mouse embryos: Structural Entropy morphometry applied to digital models of embryonic anatomy
Authors: Waites William , Davies Jamie A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe apply an information‐theoretic measure to anatomical models of the Edinburgh Mouse Atlas Project. Our goal is to quantify the anatomical complexity of the embryo and to understand how this quantity changes as the organism develops through time. Our measure,Structural Entropy, takes into account the geometrical character of the intermingling of tissue types in the embryo. It does this by a mathematical process that effectively imagines a point‐like explorer that starts at an arbitrary place in the 3D structure of the embryo and takes a random path through the embryo, recording the sequence of tissues through which it passes. Consideration of a large number of such paths yields a probability distribution of paths making connections between specific tissue types, andStructural Entropyis calculated from this (mathematical details are given in the main text). We find that Structural Entropy generally decreases (order increases) almost linearly throughout developmental time (4–18 days). There is one `blip’ of increased Structural Entropy across days 7–8: this corresponds to gastrulation. Our results highlight the potential for mathematical techniques to provide insight into the development of anatomical structure, and also the need for further sources of accurate 3D anatomical data to support analyses of this kind.