bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking Marital Support to Aging-Related Biomarkers: Both Age and Marital Quality Matter
Authors: Wilson Stephanie J , Bailey Brittney E , Malarkey William B , Kiecolt-Glaser Janice K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Marital support is central to couples’ relationships, yet support’s health implications can vary widely. Guided by attribution bias and aging theories, the current study examined whether age and marital satisfaction moderate the links of perceived and received spousal support to aging-related biomarkers.

Methods
Couples (N = 93, ages 22–77) rated marital satisfaction, overall perceived spousal support, and the quality of support received from their spouse in a lab-based discussion. Blood samples collected at baseline, immediately post-discussion, 3 hr post-discussion, and end-of-visit were assayed for proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1.

Results
Consistent with predictions, less satisfied older couples who received lower-quality spousal support during their discussion had greater increases in TNF-α than those who received higher-quality support; highly satisfied couples of all ages and less satisfied younger couples did not show these inflammatory changes. Highly satisfied older couples with greater perceived spousal support had lower TNF-α across the day and higher IGF-1.

Discussion
Marital satisfaction and age may shape spousal support’s significance for healthy aging. Rose-colored lenses worn only in the most satisfying marriages may protect couples from the possible health risks of low-quality received support and enhance potential benefits of perceived support. For better or worse, these health implications may grow with older age.
Phenome-wide Mendelian-randomization study of genetically determined vitamin D on multiple health outcomes using the UK Biobank study
Authors: Meng Xiangrui , Li Xue , Timofeeva Maria N , He Yazhou , Spiliopoulou Athina , Wei Wei-Qi , Gifford Aliya , Wu Hongjiang , Varley Timothy , Joshi Peter , Denny Joshua C , Farrington Susan M , Zgaga Lina , Dunlop Malcolm G , McKeigue Paul , Campbell Harry , Theodoratou Evropi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent across the globe. Existing studies suggest that a low vitamin D level is associated with more than 130 outcomes. Exploring the causal role of vitamin D in health outcomes could support or question vitamin D supplementation.

Methods
We carried out a systematic literature review of previous Mendelian-randomization studies on vitamin D. We then implemented a Mendelian Randomization–Phenome Wide Association Study (MR-PheWAS) analysis on data from 339 256 individuals of White British origin from UK Biobank. We first ran a PheWAS analysis to test the associations between a 25(OH)D polygenic risk score and 920 disease outcomes, and then nine phenotypes (i.e. systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, risk of hypertension, T2D, ischaemic heart disease, body mass index, depression, non-vertebral fracture and all-cause mortality) that met the pre-defined inclusion criteria for further analysis were examined by multiple MR analytical approaches to explore causality.

Results
The PheWAS analysis did not identify any health outcome associated with the 25(OH)D polygenic risk score. Although a selection of nine outcomes were reported in previous Mendelian-randomization studies or umbrella reviews to be associated with vitamin D, our MR analysis, with substantial study power (>80% power to detect an association with an odds ratio >1.2 for per standard deviation increase of log-transformed 25[OH]D), was unable to support an interpretation of causal association.

Conclusions
We investigated the putative causal effects of vitamin D on multiple health outcomes in a White population. We did not support a causal effect on any of the disease outcomes tested. However, we cannot exclude small causal effects or effects on outcomes that we did not have enough power to explore due to the small number of cases.
Rational Singularities, Quiver Moment Maps, and Representations of Surface Groups
Authors: Budur Nero 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We prove using jet schemes that the zero loci of the moment maps for the quivers with one vertex and at least two loops have rational singularities. This implies that the spaces of representations of the fundamental group of a compact Riemann surface of genus at least two have rational singularities. This has consequences for the numbers of irreducible representations of the special linear groups over the integers and over the $p$-adic integers.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Rates in British Columbia Women: A Population-Level Data Linkage Evaluation of the School-Based HPV Immunization Program
Authors: Racey C Sarai , Albert Arianne , Donken Robine , Smith Laurie , Spinelli John J , Pedersen Heather , de Bruin Pamela , Masaro Cindy , Mitchell-Foster Sheona , Sadarangani Manish , Dawar Meena , Krajden Mel , Naus Monika , van Niekerk Dirk , Ogilvie Gina 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
To understand real-world human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine impact, continuous evaluation using population-based data is critical. We evaluated the early impact of the school-based HPV immunization program on cervical dysplasia in women in British Columbia, Canada.

Methods
Data linkage was performed using records from provincial cervical screening and immunization registries. Precancerous outcomes were compared between unvaccinated and HPV-vaccinated women born 1994–2005. Incidence rate, relative rate (RR), and vaccine effectiveness (VE), using unadjusted and adjusted Poisson regression of cytology (HSIL) and histopathology (CIN2, CIN3, and CIN2+) outcomes, were compared across vaccination status groups.

Results
Women who received a complete series of vaccine on schedule between age 9 and 14 years had an adjusted RR = 0.42 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31–0.57) for CIN2+ over 7 years of follow-up compared to unvaccinated women, resulting in a VE of 57.9% (95% CI, 43.2%–69.0%). Adjusted RR for HSIL was 0.53 (95% CI, .43–.64), resulting in a VE of 47.1% (95% CI, 35.6%–56.7%).

Conclusion
Women vaccinated against HPV have a lower incidence of cervical dysplasia compared to unvaccinated women. Immunization between 9 and 14 years of age should be encouraged. Continued program evaluation is important for measuring long-term population impact.
In vitro activity of rezafungin against common and rare Candida species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Tóth Zoltán , Forgács Lajos , Locke Jeffrey B , Kardos Gábor , Nagy Fruzsina , Kovács Renátó , Szekely Adrien , Borman Andrew M , Majoros László 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundRezafungin is a novel echinocandin with excellent activity against common Candida species; however, limited data are available regarding rare Candida species.MethodsWe determined the in vitro susceptibility of 689 clinical isolates of 5 common and 19 rare Candida species, as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The activity of rezafungin was compared with that of anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, amphotericin B and fluconazole, using CLSI broth microdilution methodology (Fourth Edition: M27).ResultsRezafungin MIC90 values were 0.06 mg/L for Candida albicans (n=125), Candida tropicalis (n=51), Candida dubliniensis (n=22), Candida inconspicua (n=41), Candida sojae (n=10), Candida lipolytica (n=10) and Candida pulcherrima (n=10), 0.12 mg/L for Candida glabrata (n=81), Candida krusei (n=53), Candida kefyr (n=52) and Candida fabianii (n=15), 0.25 mg/L for Candida lusitaniae (n=46) and Candida auris (n=19), 0.5 mg/L for Candida metapsilosis (n=15) and S. cerevisiae (n=21), 1 mg/L for Candida orthopsilosis (n=15) and Candida guilliermondii (n=27) and 2 mg/L for Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto (n=59). Caspofungin MIC90 values were 0.25–2 mg/L for all species, while micafungin and anidulafungin MIC90 values were similar to those of rezafungin. Fluconazole resistance was found in C. albicans (5.6%) and C. glabrata (4.9%); rezafungin was effective against these isolates as well. Amphotericin B MIC values did not exceed 2 mg/L.ConclusionsRezafungin showed excellent in vitro activity against both WT and azole-resistant Candida species, as well as against S. cerevisiae. Rezafungin had similar activity to other echinocandins (excluding caspofungin) against common Candida species and, notably, against clinically relevant uncommon Candida species.
Ensuring innovation through participative antitrust
Authors: Bethell Oliver J , Baird Gavin N , Waksman Alexander M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Innovation is fundamental to economic growth, competition, and consumer welfare. It involves five core elements: Creativity, risk-taking, value-addition, adoption, and destruction. When these elements are combined, they produce powerful new technologies that revolutionize the way we work, travel, interact and more. Politicians, regulators, and consumers are asking whether antitrust can adequately promote and protect competition and innovation in the digital sector. Can it ensure access to competitively important data? Can it prevent mergers that eliminate future rivals? And can it address foreclosure by incumbent service providers? This article argues that the solution does not lie in overly broad changes to legal duties, burdens and standards of proof, which could have adverse consequences. Instead, governments, agencies, and industry should cooperate to produce rules that promote innovation by digital platforms and new entrants alike. This model of participative antitrust offers a promising path forward.
Effects of Brewer’s spent grain and carrot pomace on digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal and urinary metabolites in dogs fed low- or high-protein diets1
Authors: Eisenhauer Laura , Vahjen Wilfried , Dadi Temesgen , Kohn Barbara , Zentek Jürgen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and carrot pomace (CAP) were used as fiber sources in low- or high-protein diets in dogs. Ten adult Beagles were involved in 5 feeding periods of 19 d in a cross-over design. Experimental diets contained 7.5% of total dietary fiber (TDF) from BSG or CAP and 20% or 40% of crude protein in dry matter. A diet with 3.5% TDF from both fiber sources and 20% crude protein was used as reference. Fecal dry matter was 27% higher for diets with BSG compared to CAP (P < 0.001). Apparent fecal digestibility of crude protein was 7% to 11% higher in diets with 40% protein concentration (P < 0.001), while apparent digestibility of crude fat was 2% to 3% higher for diets with CAP (P < 0.001). Carrot pomace increased the apparent fecal digestibility of TDF, phosphorus, and magnesium (P < 0.001), while 40% protein diets had a positive impact on TDF and sodium and a negative effect on magnesium apparent fecal digestibility (P < 0.001). Inclusion of CAP increased fecal short-chain fatty acids (P = 0.010), mainly acetate (P = 0.001). i-butyrate (P = 0.001), i-valerate (P = 0.002), biogenic amines (P < 0.001), and ammonium (P < 0.001) increased with higher dietary protein levels. Diet-induced changes in the fecal microbiome were moderate. Relative abundance of Bifidobacteriales was higher for the low-protein diets (P = 0.001). To conclude, BSG and CAP can be used as fiber sources in canine diets and are well tolerated even at higher inclusion rates, the effect on microbial protein fermentation seems to be limited compared to the dietary protein level.
Prevalence of Lynch syndrome among patients with upper urinary tract carcinoma in a Japanese hospital-based population
Authors: Ito Tetsuya , Kono Koji , Eguchi Hidetaka , Okazaki Yasushi , Yamamoto Gou , Tachikawa Tetsuhiko , Akagi Kiwamu , Okada Yohei , Kawakami Satoru , Morozumi Makoto , Tamaru Jun-ichi , Ishida Hideyuki 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of Lynch syndrome and the use of universal tumor screening to identify Lynch syndrome among unselected patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma, which is associated with Lynch syndrome, have not been closely investigated yet.MethodsA total of 166 tumors from 164 upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma patients were tested for microsatellite instability and expression of mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MHS2, MSH6 and PMS2) by immunohistochemistry. Genetic testing was performed for patients suspected of having Lynch syndrome. Clinicopathological factors, including familial and personal cancer history associated with mismatch repair deficiency, were evaluated.ResultsThe frequency of high-level microsatellite instability and loss of at least one mismatch repair protein was 2.4% (4/164); the microsatellite instability and immunohistochemistry results showed complete concordance. Of these four patients, three were genetically proven to have Lynch syndrome, while the remaining one was highly suggestive for Lynch syndrome based on their personal cancer history. Univariate analysis showed that age&lt;70 years (P = 0.04), ureter as the tumor location (P = 0.052), previous history/synchronous diagnosis of colorectal cancer (P &lt; 0.01) and fulfillment of the criteria per the revised Bethesda guideline (P &lt; 0.01) tended to be or were significantly associated with high-level microsatellite instability/mismatch repair loss.ConclusionsThe prevalence of Lynch syndrome among unselected upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma patients was at least 1.8% in our study population. The screening efficacies of the microsatellite instability test and immunohistochemistry appear equivalent. Universal tumor screening may be a valid approach; however, selective screening methods that consider factors associated with mismatch repair loss/high-level microsatellite instability tumors require further investigation.
Cathepsin D Expression and Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Mahajan Ujjwal M , Goni Elisabetta , Langhoff Enno , Li Qi , Costello Eithne , Greenhalf William , Kruger Stephan , Ormanns Steffen , Halloran Christopher , Ganeh Paula , Marron Manuela , Lämmerhirt Felix , Zhao Yue , Beyer Georg , Weiss Frank-Ulrich , Sendler Matthias , Bruns Christiane J , Kohlmann Thomas , Kirchner Thomas , Werner Jens , D’Haese Jan G , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael , Heinemann Volker , Neoptolemos John P , Büchler Markus W , Belka Claus , Boeck Stefan , Lerch Markus M , Mayerle Julia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Cathepsin-D (CatD), owing to its dual role as a proteolytic enzyme and as a ligand, has been implicated in cancer progression. The role of CatD in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is unknown.

Methods
CatD expression quantified by immunohistochemistry of tumor-tissue microarrays of 403 resected pancreatic cancer patients from the ESPAC-Tplus trial, a translational study within the ESPAC (European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer) trials, was dichotomously distributed to low and high H scores (cut off 22.35) for survival and multivariable analysis. The validation cohort (n = 69) was recruited based on the hazard ratio of CatD from ESPAC-Tplus. 5-fluorouracil-, and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines were employed for mechanistic experiments. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
Median overall survival was 23.75 months and median overall survival for patients with high CatD expression was 21.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.31 to 24.80) months vs 27.20 (95% CI = 23.75 to 31.90) months for low CatD expression (χ2LR, 1DF = 4.00; P = .04). Multivariable analysis revealed CatD expression as a predictive marker in gemcitabine-treated (z stat = 2.33; P = .02) but not in 5-fluorouracil-treated (z stat = 0.21; P = .82) patients. An independent validation cohort confirmed CatD as a negative predictive marker for survival (χ2LR, 1DF = 6.80; P = .009) and as an independent predictive marker in gemcitabine-treated patients with a hazard ratio of 3.38 (95% CI = 1.36 to 8.38, P = .008). Overexpression of CatD was associated with a concomitant suppression of the acid sphingomyelinase, and silencing of CatD resulted in upregulation of acid sphingomyelinase with rescue of gemcitabine resistance.

Conclusions
Adjuvant gemcitabine is less effective in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with high CatD expression, and thus CatD could serve as a marker for biomarker-driven therapy.
From Refugee to Entrepreneur? Challenges to Refugee Self-reliance in Berlin, Germany
Authors: Embiricos Alexandra 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The years following the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015 saw unprecedented efforts to promote the social and economic inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers. Entrepreneurship has been praised as a promising route to refugee self-reliance, but its viability remains contested and under-researched in developed economies such as Germany. Limited literature on the topic suggests entrepreneurship is a useful route to self-sufficiency, although refugees face more barriers than other immigrant entrepreneurs, such as language barriers and bureaucratic processes. This article uses semi-structured interviews with refugee entrepreneurs, civil society, social enterprises and the public sector to identify the main challenges for refugee entrepreneurs and to examine whether entrepreneurship is effective for achieving self-reliance in one of the most important centres for creating innovative projects supporting refugee inclusion and entrepreneurship, namely Berlin. Though it is too early to demonstrate whether entrepreneurship has long-term economic gains, this research shows that entrepreneurship is not a ‘fast track’ to economic self-reliance, but has several benefits for social inclusion. It also demonstrates the importance of holistic support systems for refugee entrepreneurs and the difficulty of refugee entrepreneurial success even in the most developed economies.
Automatic detection and visualization of garment color in Western portrait paintings
Authors: Sarı Cihan , Salah Albert Ali , Akdag Salah Alkım Almıla 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Paintings give us important clues about how males and females were perceived over centuries in the Western culture. In this article, we describe a system that allows scholars to automatically visualize how the clothing colors of male and female subjects changed over time. Our system analyzes a large database of paintings, locates portraits, automatically classifies each portrait’s subject as either male or female, segments the clothing areas and finds their dominant color. An interactive, web-based visualization is proposed to allow further exploration of the results. To test the accuracy of our system, we manually annotate a portion of the Rijksmuseum collection, and use state-of-the-art image processing and computer vision algorithms to process the paintings. We use a deep neural network-based style transfer approach to improve gender recognition (or more correctly, sex recognition) of the sitters of portraits. The annotations and the code of the approach are made available.
Respiratory Physiology in Critical Illness
Authors: Kwon Minkyung , Diaz-Gomez Jose L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The practice of critical care medicine requires detailed knowledge of the practical aspects of respiratory physiology, including lung mechanics, the physiology of hypoxia, and the control of breathing. Before the lungs can enable gas exchange, air must move from the upper airway down a series of branching small airways and reach the alveoli. In the walls of the alveoli, capillaries form a dense network and receive blood flowing from the pulmonary artery before it flows to the pulmonary vein. Between the capillary network and the alveoli lies a thin blood-gas barrier through which oxygen and carbon dioxide move, chiefly by simple diffusion.
Mechanical Ventilation: Basic Modes
Authors: Lowell Amelia A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The main goal of mechanical ventilation is to unload the respiratory muscles to facilitate oxygenation and ventilation. This is accomplished by providing a minute ventilation (VE) (respiratory rate × tidal volume [VT]) that will result in adequate alveolar ventilation coupled with supplemental oxygen and a mean airway pressure that will result in adequate arterial oxygenation.
Nutrition in Critical Illness
Authors: Vizzini Angela N. , Hamdan Mireille H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nutritional care of critically ill patients prompts considerations unique to this patient population. For many years it has been postulated that the inflammation and stress response that accompany critical illness contribute to hypermetabolism and increased nutrient requirements. There is a reasonable consensus that nutrition therapy tailored to the patient’s energy and protein requirements aids in recovery, maintains lean muscle mass, and decreases infectious complications. This chapter addresses nutritional issues in critically ill patients and suggests appropriate interventions and monitoring to prevent complications and facilitate recovery from critical illness.
Neurologic Examination in Neurocritical Illness
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Neurologic examination of critically ill neurologic patients must be the uncompromised gold standard in any evaluation. Without it or when confounded, the attending physician is prone to make errors in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The localization of a disease process in a specific part of the brain (eg, the cerebrum, midbrain, pons, or medulla oblongata), spinal cord, neural plexuses, or peripheral nerves constitutes the essence of a neurologic evaluation, but neurologists resort to several neuroimaging modalities when localization is uncertain.
Intracranial Pressure
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Freeman William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills the subarachnoid space, spinal canal, and ventricles of the brain. CSF is enclosed within the brain by the pial layer, ependymal cells lining the ventricles, and the epithelial surface of the choroid plexus, where it is largely produced. Choroid plexus is present throughout the ventricular system with the exception of the frontal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct. The vascular smooth muscle and the epithelium of the choroid plexus receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic input. In an adult, CSF is normally acellular. A normal spinal sample may contain up to 5 white blood cells (WBCs) or red blood cells (RBCs). CSF allows for a route of delivery and removal of nutrients, hormones, and transmitters for the brain.
Cerebrospinal Physiology
Authors: Zachariah Joseph 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
With its high metabolic rate and lack of substrate stores, the brain is dependent on a constant supply of oxygen and glucose. If blood flow stops, alterations in brain function occur within seconds and irreversible injury can occur within a few minutes. Many patients admitted to neurosciences intensive care units have acute strokes, are eligible for endovascular procedures, and may need other measures to preserve adequate cerebral blood flow. An understanding of the blood supply, venous drainage, and factors affecting cerebral perfusion is thus pivotal to the practice of neurologic critical care. This chapter reviews the anatomical and physiologic principles governing cerebral circulation and blood flow.
Cerebral Circulation and Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: Abcejo Arnoley S. , Pasternak Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cardiac arrest occurs suddenly, often without premonitory symptoms. Consciousness is lost within seconds to minutes because of insufficient cerebral blood flow in the midst of complete hemodynamic collapse. Anoxic-ischemic brain injury is most commonly caused by cardiac arrest, which is frequently lethal; of the US patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated by emergency medical services, almost 90% die. Among the patients who survive to hospital admission, inpatient mortality may be decreasing, but a substantial number of those survivors have poor neurologic outcomes from anoxic-ischemic brain injury.