bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disciplinary slapping is associated with bullying involvement regardless of warm parenting in early adolescence
Authors: Fujikawa Shinya , Ando Shuntaro , Nishida Atsushi , Usami Satoshi , Koike Shinsuke , Yamasaki Syudo , Morimoto Yuko , Toriyama Rie , Kanata Sho , Sugimoto Noriko , Sasaki Tsukasa , Furukawa Toshiaki A. , Hiraiwa‐Hasegawa Mariko , Kasai Kiyoto 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionBullying among adolescents can cause depression and suicidality. Identifying the risk factors for bullying in early adolescence, when its prevalence tends to increase, would assist in its prevention. Although certain parenting styles are known to be associated with bullying, the association of slapping as a parental disciplinary practice with early adolescent bullying is not sufficiently understood. Furthermore, little is known about how warm parenting modifies this association although slapping and warm parenting are not mutually exclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of slapping with the experience of early adolescent bullying––categorized in terms of victims, bullies, and bully‐victims––while considering how warm parenting modifies this association.MethodsThis study used data from the Tokyo Early Adolescence Survey, a cross‐sectional survey of 4478 children aged 10 from the general population. Data were collected from both children and their primary parent using self‐administered questionnaires and face‐to‐face interviews. Responses from 4326 participants with no missing data were usable for the current analysis (mean age,  10.2 ± 0.3 years; 53 % boys).ResultsFrequent and occasional slapping was associated with increased odds of youth being identified as bullies or bully‐victims, even after adjusting for warm parenting. The likelihood of being victims, bullies or bully‐victims increased as the frequency of slapping increased.ConclusionDisciplinary slapping was associated with increased odds of bullying in early adolescence, regardless of whether warm parenting was present or not.
Early childhood aggressive behaviour: Negative interactions with paternal antisocial behaviour and maternal postpartum depressive symptoms across two international cohorts
Authors: Lambregtse-van den Berg Mijke P. , Tiemeier Henning , Verhulst Frank C. , Jaddoe Vincent , Tindall Elizabeth , Vlachos Haido , Aumayer Katie , Iles Jane , Ramchandani Paul G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground:Early childhood aggressive behaviour is a predictor of future violence. Therefore, identifying risk factors for children’s aggressive behaviour is important in understanding underlying mechanisms. Maternal postpartum depression is a known risk factor. However, little research has focused on the influence of paternal behaviour on early childhood aggression and its interaction with maternal postpartum depression.Methods:This study was performed in two cohorts: the Fathers Project, in the United Kingdom (n = 143) and the Generation R Study, in The Netherlands (n = 549). In both cohorts, we related paternal antisocial personality (ASP) traits and maternal postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms to childhood aggressive behaviour at age two (Fathers Project) and age three (Generation R Study). We additionally tested whether the presence of paternal ASP traits increased the association between maternal PPD–symptoms and early childhood aggression.Results:The association between paternal ASP traits and early childhood aggressive behaviour, corrected for maternal PPD-symptoms, was similar in magnitude between the cohorts (Fathers Project: standardized β = 0.12, p = 0.146; Generation R: β = 0.14, p = 0.001), although the association was not statistically significant in the Fathers Project. Strikingly, and in contrast to our expectations, there was evidence of a negative interaction between paternal ASP traits and maternal PPD-symptoms on childhood aggressive behaviour (Fathers Project: β = −0.20, p = 0.020; Generation R: β = −0.09, p = 0.043) in both studies. This meant that with higher levels of paternal ASP traits the association between maternal PPD-symptoms and childhood aggressive behaviour was less and vice versa.Conclusions:Our findings stress the importance of including both maternal and paternal psychopathology in future studies and interventions focusing on early childhood aggressive behaviour.
Petrological and Geochemical Constraints on the Origin of Early Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks in the Central‐East Asia: Implications for Crustal Growth and Evolution
Authors: Qian Sheng‐Ping , Ren Zhong‐Yuan , Zhang Le , Zhang Lei , Wu Ya‐Dong , Mei Sheng‐Wang , Xu Xiao‐Bo , Luo Qing‐Chen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNew petrological and geochemical data for Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the North China Craton (NCC) combined with published data of cotemporaneous volcanic rocks in the NCC and eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (ECAOB) are used to understand their petrogenesis and crustal growth and evolution. Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the NCC show characteristics typical of continental crust, with negative Nb and Ta anomalies, and enrichment of K and Pb. The εNd of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the NCC correlate with indices of differentiation (e.g., Mg#), implying that mantle‐derived magmas were modified by open‐system processes. The high‐Mg clinopyroxene and melt inclusions hosted by high‐Fo olivine in Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the NCC have lower 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios than low‐Mg clinopyroxene and melt inclusions hosted by low‐Fo olivine, which can be explained by the interaction between lower crust and basaltic magmas (magma mixing or assimilation). Unlike contemporaneous counterparts in the NCC, Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the ECAOB have high εNd values. Such features can also be produced by crustal assimilation and/or magma mixing, given the juvenile lower crust beneath the ECAOB. The “adakitic” signature of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks is most likely inherited from the lower continental crust. Large‐scale partial melting of the lower crust may have been related to continuous magmatic underplating in an extensional environment. This work suggests that Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the Central‐East Asia represent a nonnegligible contribution to crustal growth, despite having “crust‐like” trace element and isotopic characteristics.
Integration of Geochemical and Geophysical Data to Characterize and Map Lateritic Regolith: An Example in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Iza E. R. H. F. , Horbe A. M. C. , Castro C. C. , Herrera I. L. I. E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn tropical regions like the Amazon, there are extensive lateritic covers that have not been properly mapped, despite their economic‐bearing minerals and their importance related to denudation and regolith landscape studies. To consolidate tools for regolith cartography, geochemical and geophysical data (airborne gamma ray spectrometry and magnetometry) were integrated. Regional indexes (including the weathering intensity index, WII; lateritic index, LI; and mafic index, MI) were generated and applied, which allowed for the identification of regolith properties. The WII highlighted areas with high weathering levels located between 149 and 300 m and between 500 and 627 m of altitude that are related to the lower planation surface and upper planation surfaces, respectively. The LI ratified the WII and highlighted areas with high Th/K and U/K ratios, associated with lateritic duricrusts. The correlation between LI and MI showed lateritic duricrusts related to mafic and felsic substrates, especially on altitudes below 300 m, which confirmed the geochemical data. All of these results lead to the reinterpretation of areas previously considered to be sedimentary as residuals associated with oxisols and lateritic duricrusts, and this allows us to propose that the regolith mapping techniques and model generation (weathering intensity and lateritic indexes) have a good level of reliability.
Carbon Isotopic Fractionation via Diffusion in a Coarse Material
Authors: Schulte M. , Jochmann M. A. , Gehrke T. , Denecke M. , Schmidt T. C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMethane oxidation is a major environmental process in different types of soil. Due to its global warming potential, exact fluxes of methane from soil to the atmosphere are relevant for atmospheric and carbon flux modeling. In this context the investigation of the methane oxidation turnover rates is often carried out by measuring the isotopic fractionation during the involved biodegradation processes. Unfortunately, isotopic fractionation can be a result of both biodegradation and diffusion. Therefore, a thorough estimation of the diffusion‐related isotopic fractionation is mandatory for a correction of biotransformation relevant kinetic isotope effects. Here for the first time, we investigated the isotopic fractionation of methane by diffusion in a coarsely mixed crushed stone and soil material. Determined isotopic fractionations by diffusion in terms of enrichment factors were −0.0212 ± 0.005 at 22.5 °C and −0.0218 ± 0.003 at 30 °C. When estimating biotransformation of methane from stable isotope measurements, the fractionation by diffusion has to be subtracted for estimating correct biotransformation rates. The obtained data are relevant not only for the investigation of oxidation processes in landfills but can also be adapted to other coarse materials such as arctic and tundra as well as wetland and volcanic soils. As a consequence, including the isotopic fractionation by diffusion within calculations of biotransformation will allow determining more exact values under well‐known conditions for methane flux calculations.
Investigating Relationships Between Australian Flooding and Large‐Scale Climate Indices and Possible Mechanism
Authors: Liu Jianyu , Zhang Yongqiang , Yang Yuting , Gu Xihui , Xiao Mingzhong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFlooding is one of the most severe natural disasters in Australia. While flood spatial and temporal variability in the Australian continent has been well documented in the literature, the relationship between seasonal flood magnitude and frequency (FMF) and climatic driving forces influence, and the possible physical mechanism behind the relationship remain unclear. This study attempts to quantify relationships between four climatic indices (Niño‐Southern Oscillation [ENSO], Indian Ocean Dipole [IOD], Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation [IPO], and Southern Annular Mode [SAM]) and seasonal FMF across 413 unregulated Australian catchments during 1975–2010. Results indicate that the climate indices have noticeable impacts on flood variability across Australia. Specifically, ENSO plays a dominant role in influencing summer and spring flood variability. However, IOD and IPO tend to have larger effects on autumn and winter floods, respectively. Relationships between the climate indices and FMF can be well interpreted by atmospheric circulation related to the dominant climate index. Our results provide relevant information for flood risk management and have implications for mitigating flood hazards.
10Be/9Be Ratios Reflect Antarctic Ice Sheet Freshwater Discharge During Pliocene Warming
Authors: Valletta Rachel D. , Willenbring Jane K. , Passchier Sandra , Elmi Chiara 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlong glaciated margins, ratios of meteoric cosmogenic beryllium‐10, 10Be, normalized to its stable isotope, 9Be, reflect an environmental signal, driven ultimately by climatic change. We explore the application of this isotopic pair as a proxy for East Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics. We analyze 10Be/9Be in middle Pliocene glaciomarine sediments offshore the Wilkes Land Region (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1361A) and examine our new record alongside existing biochemical/geochemical records (Ba/Al, opal %wt, εNd, and 87Sr/86Sr). 10Be/9Be ratios reach local maxima during pulsed, mild warming events and are strongly correlated with existing records that indicate concurrent ice sheet retraction and increased bioproductivity. We suggest climate change as the primary driver of the 10Be/9Be record near glaciated margins, whereby increased warming drives ice sheet retraction, discharging freshwaters and diluting the open ocean 10Be/9Be signal recorded in authigenic minerals.
The Role of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake in Topographic Evolution: Seismically Induced Landslides and the Associated Isostatic Response
Authors: Ren Zhikun , Zhang Zhuqi , Zhang Huiping , Zheng Wenjun , Zhang Peizhen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe widely held notion about the relationship between reverse‐faulting earthquakes and mountain building has been challenged by recent studies suggesting a net coseismic lowering of surface height due to the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. We calculate the long‐term isostatic response to the removal of coseismic landslide mass produced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, using re‐estimated coseismic landslide volumes. The total isostatic response volume is associated with the input landslide volumes and ranges from ~1.0 to 2.7 km3, which did not change much with the varied input value of the effective elastic thickness (Te); however, the rebound distribution changes with Te. Consequently, the net uplift volume will be ~1.2–2.9 km3, taking into account the total landslide volume of 2.8 + 0.9/−0.7 km3 and the coseismic uplift of 2.6 ± 1.2 km3. The isostatic response due to Wenchuan earthquake is ~0.3 m but may vary from 0.15 to 0.6 m (input minimum and maximum landslide volumes from the combined scaling parameters, respectively) in the central Longmen Shan. We also find that the average net uplift is ~0.11–0.26 m, which resulted from the imbalance between earthquake‐caused uplift and the isostasy within the landslide region due to the Wenchuan earthquake. The total isostasy could reach ~550–1,300 m during the past 10–15 Ma, in the corridor bounding the coseismic surface ruptures. Our findings reveal that the evolution of local topography in the Longmen Shan region is inevitably related to the repeated tectonic events, especially the strong earthquakes similar to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.
No Measurable Calcium Isotopic Fractionation During Crystallization of Kilauea Iki Lava Lake
Authors: Zhang Hongming , Wang Yang , He Yongsheng , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Jacobsen Stein B. , Helz Rosalind T. , Marsh Bruce D. , Huang Shichun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn order to investigate possible Ca isotopic fractionation during basaltic magma differentiation, we measured Ca isotopic compositions of lavas recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake at Hawaii. This set of lavas record the whole crystal fractionation history of basaltic magma, ranging from olivine accumulation/fractionation to multiple phase crystallization, including plagioclase and clinopyroxene. Our results show no detectable Ca isotopic variation in all measured Kilauea lavas at a precision of ±0.07‰ for 44Ca/40Ca (δ44/40Ca = 0.80 ± 0.08, 2 SD, n = 19). Using such observation and published intermineral Ca isotopic fractionation factors, a Monte Carlo approach is used to estimate the mineral‐melt 44Ca/40Ca fractionation factors. We found that Ca isotopic fractionation between clinopyroxene and basaltic melt is small, with Δ44/40Cacpx‐melt = 0.04 ± 0.03 at 1200 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first estimated mineral‐melt Ca isotopic fractionation factor reported. We use this estimated Δ44/40Cacpx‐melt and intermineral Ca isotopic fractionation factors to investigate Ca isotopic effects during mantle partial melting under 1–2 GPa. Our simulations show that the largest 44Ca/40Ca effect, up to +0.3‰, is achieved in large degree melting residues during fractional and dynamic melting. In contrast, partial melts show negligible 44Ca/40Ca isotopic effect, <0.07‰.
Irregular Transition Layer Beneath the Earth's Inner Core Boundary From Observations of Antipodal PKIKP and PKIIKP Waves
Authors: Attanayake Januka , Thomas Christine , Cormier Vernon F. , Miller Meghan S. , Koper Keith D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractStandard Earth models assume a simple uniform inner core boundary (ICB) separating the liquid iron outer core from the solid iron inner core. Metallurgical and geodynamic experiments, however, predict lateral variations along this boundary originating from thermochemical and geodynamic instabilities during solidification. We search for evidence of this lateral heterogeneity by exploiting the sensitivity of antipodal PKIIKP waveforms to the shear wave velocity structure of the uppermost inner core beneath their reflection points on the underside of the ICB. Measuring PKIIKP/PKIKP energy ratios from 33 rare antipodal seismograms in the 178o to 180o distance range, we find this ratio varying between 0.1 and 1.1. Synthetic seismograms demonstrate that a laterally homogeneous liquid‐solid ICB cannot account for this variability. Observations instead support a spatially variable ICB transition consisting of either (1) gradients in seismic velocities and density in which they smoothly increase from those at the outer core to those in the bulk of the inner core over a maximum depth of 10 km or (2) a layered transition with localized double discontinuities in velocities and densities separated by 4–10 km. A layered transition can generate a coda following PKIKP if shear velocity is small (<2 km/s) in the transition. Our results imply that the ICB is not uniform and might appear patchy with lateral rigidity variations. Nonuniform small‐scale structural features that we infer to be present at the ICB are consistent with nonlinear solidification mechanisms driven by small‐scale outer core convection in the lowermost outer core.
Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Natural Lake Sediment Prior to Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotope Analysis of Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Falster Georgina , Delean Steven , Tyler Jonathan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of authigenic and biogenic lacustrine carbonates are commonly used as past climate proxies, and these carbonates are often preserved within organic‐rich bulk sediment. We measured the δ13C and δ18O of carbon dioxide evolved from fine‐grained crystalline calcite and biogenic aragonite, mixed with natural organic‐rich lake sediment. We found that if the ratio of total inorganic carbon (TIC) to total organic carbon (TOC) in lacustrine bulk sediment is low, then organic compounds evolve detectable CO2 during phosphoric acid digestion, leading to an “organic bias” in the measured δ13C and δ18O. We tested the effect of oxidative pretreatment of the bulk sediment with acidic or alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), at a range of temperatures. Pretreatment with acidic H2O2 not only had a negligible effect on the TIC/TOC but also resulted in dissolution and reprecipitation of carbonate, and a consequent “treatment bias” that was particularly strong for δ18O. Oxidation with alkaline H2O2 removed a greater proportion of organic material, with no evidence for carbonate dissolution at temperatures of ≤50 °C. The δ13C and δ18O values obtained from sediment treated with alkaline H2O2 at 50 °C were both accurate and precise, even for sediment with very low initial TIC/TOC. Our results show that it is possible to obtain accurate δ13C and δ18O values from carbonates preserved within organic‐rich lacustrine sediment, suitable for use in paleoclimate reconstructions.
Ocean Crustal Seismic Layer 2C
Authors: Carlson R. L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNormal oceanic crust is chiefly defined by a seismic structure consisting of layers 2 and 3. Houtz and Ewing (1976, 10.1029/JB081i014p02490) further subdivided layer 2 into layers 2A, 2B, and 2C. Though it has been associated with the dike sections sampled in Holes 504B and 1256D, layer 2C is often not observed; whether it is a distinguishable feature of the seismic structure is a question of importance to interpretations of the seismic structure and depends particularly on the defining characteristics of layers 2C and 3. A review and analysis of existing data reveal that the defining characteristic of layer 3 is a gradient of 0.1 ± 0.1/s, with a velocity at the transition to layer 3 of 6.85 ± 0.20 km/s. Layer 2C is observed in about half of seismic profiles examined. It can be recognized as a transition of the average velocity gradient from >1 above to <1 but more than 0.2/s below. The characteristic gradient is 0.64 ± 0.22/s, and the velocity at the transition to layer 2C is 6.06 ± 0.26 km/s, a value in excellent agreement with the layer 2C velocities reported by Houtz and Ewing. Model travel time curves calculated from sonic logs and seismic profiles from Sites 504 and 1256 show that layer 2C would have been observed in airgun‐sonobuoy profiles at these sites, where layer 2C is composed almost entirely of dikes, whereas layer 2B is composed chiefly of lavas.
Freshwater Seepage Into Sediments of the Shelf, Shelf Edge, and Continental Slope of the Canadian Beaufort Sea
Authors: Gwiazda R. , Paull C. K. , Dallimore S. R. , Melling H. , Jin Y. K. , Hong J. K. , Riedel M. , Lundsten E. , Anderson K. , Conway K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLong‐term warming of the continental shelf of the Canadian Beaufort Sea caused by the transgression associated with the last deglaciation may be causing decomposition of relict offshore subsea permafrost and gas hydrates. To evaluate this possibility, pore waters from 118 sediment cores up to 7.3‐m long were taken on the shelf and slope and analyzed for chloride concentrations and δ180 and δD composition. We observed downcore decreases in pore waters Cl− concentration in sediments from all sites from the inner shelf (<20‐m water depth), from the shelf edge, from the outer slope (down to 1,000‐m water depths), and from localized shelf features such as midshelf pingo‐like features and inner shelf pockmarks. In contrast, pore water freshening is absent from all investigated cores of the Mackenzie Trough. Downcore pore waters Cl− concentration decreases indicate regional widespread freshwater seepage. Extrapolations to zero Cl− of pore water Cl− versus δ180 regression lines indicate that freshwaters in these environments carry different isotope signatures and thus are sourced from different reservoirs. These isotopic signatures indicate that freshening of shelf sediments pore waters is a result of downward infiltration of Mackenzie River water, freshening of shelf edge sediments is due to relict submarine permafrost degradation or gas hydrate decomposition under the shelf, and freshening of slope sediments is consistent with regional groundwater flow and submarine groundwater discharge as far as 150 km from shore. These results confirm ongoing decomposition of offshore permafrost and suggest extensive current groundwater discharge far from the coast.
Speleothems as Magnetic Archives: Paleosecular Variation and a Relative Paleointensity Record From a Portuguese Speleothem
Authors: Ponte J. M. , Font E. , Veiga‐Pires C. , Hillaire‐Marcel C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe provide a high‐resolution and complete paleomagnetic study from a middle‐Holocene (~4,100–3,300 years Before Common Era, BCE) dome‐shaped speleothem (SPAIV) from Algarve, Portugal. Our results show that the SPAIV speleothem carries a primary and stable remanent magnetization, for which directions are similar to other speleothems from the western Alps. Magnetic declination and inclination curves are also comparable to current paleosecular variation models (SHA.DIF.14k, CALS10k.1b, and pfm9k.1a), one of them (SHA.DIF.14k) fitting better with the present data set. Relative paleointensity was estimated using two different methods: conventional normalization of natural remanent magnetization by anhysteretic and isothermal, and the pseudo‐Thellier method, which is being tested here for the first time in a speleothem. Both methods show similar results, with a minimum intensity peak at ~3,850 years BCE. This low relative intensity is observed in all samples pertaining to the same respective calcite laminae. These results suggest that high growth rate speleothems are good high‐resolution recorders of the direction and intensity of the Earth's magnetic field.