bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The benefits of trees for livable and sustainable communities
Authors: Turner‐Skoff Jessica B. , Cavender Nicole 
Published: July 2019

Societal Impact StatementTrees play a critical role for people and the planet. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the presence of trees and urban nature can improve people's mental and physical health, children's attention and test scores, the property values in a neighborhood, and beyond. Trees cool our urban centers. Trees are essential for healthy communities and people. The benefits that trees provide can help cities and countries meet 15 of the 17 internationally supported United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This critical review provides a comprehensive argument that trees should be considered an important part of the equation by project managers and civic leaders as we collectively work toward reaching these sustainability goals.SummaryWe live in an era influenced by humans to the point that the Earth's systems are now altered. In addition, a majority of the world's population live in cities. To meet the needs of people in a changing world, The United Nations General Assembly created the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG) to improve the quality of life for people. These broad goals outline the greatest challenges of our time. An effective strategy to assist in meeting these goals is to plant and protect trees, especially in cities where the majority of people live. This paper serves as a critical review of the benefits of trees. Trees promote health and social well‐being by removing air pollution, reducing stress, encouraging physical activity, and promoting social ties and community. Children with views of trees are more likely to succeed in school. Trees promote a strong economy and can provide numerous resources to the people that need them. While cities are getting hotter, trees can reduce urban temperatures. They provide habitat and food for animals. Finally, trees are valuable green infrastructure to manage stormwater. Money spent on urban forestry has a high return on investment. As we navigate this human‐dominated era, we need skilled people who understand the nuances of the built environment and trees as we strategically plan the cities of the future. The overwhelming evidence from the scientific literature suggests that investing in trees is an investment in meeting the UN SDG, and ultimately an investment for a better world.
Investigating the GPM Dual‐frequency Precipitation Radar signatures of low‐level precipitation enhancement
Authors: Porcacchia Leonardo , Kirstetter Pierre‐Emmanuel , Maggioni Viviana , Tanelli Simone 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHigh‐intensity precipitation represents a threat for several regions of the world because of the related risk of natural disasters (e.g. floods and landslides). This work focuses on low‐level precipitation enhancement that occurs in the cloud warm layer and has been observed in relation to collision‐coalescence (CC) leading to flash floods and extreme rainfall events in tropical and temperate latitudes. Specifically, signatures of precipitation enhancement (referred to as CC‐dominant precipitation) are investigated in the observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core mission Dual‐frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) over the central/eastern Contiguous United States (CONUS) during June 2014–May 2018. A classification scheme for CC‐dominant precipitation, developed for dual‐polarization S‐band radar measurements and applied in a previous work to X‐band radar observations in complex terrain, is used as a benchmark. The scheme is here applied to the GPM ground validation dataset that matches ground‐based radar observations across CONUS to space‐borne DPR retrievals. The occurrence of CC‐dominant precipitation is documented and the corresponding signatures of CC‐dominant precipitation at Ku‐ and Ka‐band are studied. CC‐dominant profiles show distinguishing features when compared to profiles not dominated by CC, e.g. characteristic vertical slopes of reflectivity at Ku‐ and Ka‐band in the liquid layer, lower freezing‐level height, and shallower ice layer, which are linked to environmental conditions driving the peculiar CC microphysics. This work aims at improving satellite quantitative precipitation estimation, particularly GPM retrievals, by targeting CC development in precipitation columns.
Magnetic Anisotropy vs. Shape Preferred Orientation in Quartzites with Negative Susceptibility – Implications for Analysing Strain Intensity Variations
Authors: Renjith A.R. , Mamtani Manish A. , Abhijith V. , Rana Virendra 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Through this study the robustness of using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data is tested as a gauge of intensity of shape preferred orientation (SPO) in pure quartzites that have a low mean magnetic susceptibility (Km). AMS of eight quartzite samples from the Rengali province (eastern India) is measured, and the degree of magnetic anisotropy Pj, which is a measure of the intensity of magnetic fabric is calculated. Quartz grain size, shape as well as orientation data are obtained based on SEM-EBSD analysis of each sample. Using these microstructural data, intensity of SPO of quartz grains in each sample is quantified by measuring (i) the concentration parameter (κq) and (ii) the azimuthal anisotropy of fractal dimension (AAD). Magnitude of 2D strain (E) is also estimated for each sample. Based on these data the statistical relationship between the various parameters is evaluated viz. Pj vs. κq, Pj vs. AAD, Pj vs. E, κq vs. AAD, κq vs. E, AAD vs. E. A strong linear relationship is established in each case. It is argued that quartz aspect ratio, dominant slip systems/recrystallization mechanisms cannot explain the strong linear correlations between magnetic anisotropy, SPO and strain. To further support findings of the above determined relationships, positive Km quartzites were also investigated. It is found that the latter do not show a strong relationship between the intensity of AMS, SPO and strain. It is therefore, established that whilst the variation in intensity of magnetic fabric can be used to gauge variation in intensities of strain as well as SPO in the investigated negative Km quartzites, the same is not true for positive Km quartzites, where the AMS is controlled the para/ferromagnetic phases present in the rock.
The Morphology and Metallurgical Implications for Extraction of Platinum Group Minerals (PGM’s) in Chromitite
Authors: Sunder Raju P.V. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
This study was carried out on chromitite bearing samples from Sittampundi anorthosite complex (SAC), Tamil Nadu, to understand the morphology of platinum-group minerals (PGM) and associated silicates using state-of-the-art technology QEMSCAN®. The dominant mineralogy of the samples are chromite (&gt;70 mass percent), plagioclase (An90) and chlorite-actinolite with orthopyroxene (En85). The morphology of PGMs grain sizes are varying from 10 - &lt; 3µm in size. Understanding the morphological characteristics of PGMs is essential for the future beneficiation and metallurgical process involved for the extraction of PGMs associated with the chromitite samples to make viable Sittampundi complex a promising target for future PGE exploration.
Palaeo-weathering Characteristics and Nature of Source Lithology of a Carbonaceous Metasedimentary Unit in the Dalma Volcano-sedimentary Belt, North Singhbhum Mobile Belt, Eastern India
Authors: Khatun Mousoma , Singh Sahendra , Chakravarti Rajarshi 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The Palaeo to Mesoproterozoic Dalma volcano-sedimentary basin (DVSB) is a typical greenstone belt sequence within the North Singhbhum Mobile Belt (NSMB) of Singhbhum Crustal Province (SCP), eastern India. The volcano-sedimentary belt is situated in the central portion of NSMB and separates the Chaibasa and Dhalbhum formation lying at its south from the Chandil Formation at its north. The metasedimentary unit comprises carbonaceous phyllite, carbonaceous cherty quartzite, quartz mica schist and quartzite. In the present work, the Au-rich carbonaceous metasedimentary rocks were studied to understand the source rocks characteristic, paleoweathering history and possible tectonic set-up. Geochemical classification diagrams based on the major oxide data indicates that these units belong to arkose to wacke field and the protolith underwent moderate to high degree of chemical weathering. Based on critical elemental ratios, it is inferred that the sediments were subjected to moderate degree of physical weathering, associated with sediment sorting and recycling. A fractionated REE pattern coupled with prominent negative Eu anomaly and elevated Th/Sc ratios indicate a felsic provenance for these metasedimentary units. The data further suggests that the sediments were deposited in a passive margin tectonic setting, during a prolonged period of upliftment and erosion of the Archean Singhbhum granite complex.
Geology-aided Geostatistical Modelling of a Ferruginous Bauxite Deposit in Eastern India
Authors: Behera Girija Shankar , Sarkar Bhabesh C. , Singh Rahul Kumar , Singh Sahendra 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Geostatistical modelling for a part of a ferruginous bauxite deposit in Eastern India has been carried out for estimation of mineral inventory and grade-tonnage relationships. Resource estimation of the bauxite deposit carried out by different agencies previously were on the basis of drill hole spacing employing fundamentally conventional cross-sectional techniques and in a limited way geostatistics. The conventional methods have limitation to specify the confidence limits (+/-) or, in other words, the percent accuracy of the estimated mean. One normally relies on approximation without any mathematical basis. However, no integrated mineral deposit modelling has been carried out combining deposit geology with geostatistics for development of mineral inventory and estimation of grade-tonnage relationships. An understanding of formation of bauxite by the process of residual weathering and lateritization of Archean khondalite and charnokite, when incorporated in population modelling and semi-variography and integrated with appropriate geostatistical evaluation process provided a means to improved geo-characterization of the bauxite deposit. The integrated geostatistical modelling led to the quantification of the individual population characteristics and spatial relationships of the geo-variables. Spatial correlation modelling of the sample values through semi-variography revealed a moderate to high nugget-to-sill ratio with moderate range of influence, characterizing the spatial variability of the ferruginous bauxite deposit. Geostatistical estimation employing 3D block kriging led to the generation of slice-wise block kriged estimates and kriging variances. Resulting block estimates, when stacked slice-wise one below the other, provided a 3D mineral inventory of 29.87 mt of bauxite averaging 42.04% Al2O3 and 2.88% SiO2. Spatial distribution maps of kriging variance aid in reflecting zones of uncertainty of varying magnitude associated with block estimates.
A New Find of Uraniferous Migmatites in Singrauli District, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Lingamurty E. , Panda Arjuna 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Presence of uranium mineralisation associated with migmatites is reported from Chhotanagpur granite gneiss complex (CGGC) along Baran and Gabala river section in parts of Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh. Nine radioactive bands along the Baran river and three radioactive bands along Gabala river section near Jhanji hosted by migmatites leucosomes with variable dimensions have been located. The trend of migmatite is E-W to WNW-ESE and dips of 50°-60° N. Grab samples of radioactive migmatite leucosomes from Baran river assay from 93.28 ppm to 534 ppm U and 21.97 ppm to 254 ppm Th, whereas Gabala river migmatites analysed 127.19 ppm to 8564.4 ppm U and 21.97 ppm to 105.48 ppm thorium. Uraninite is the main uranium mineral identified in the leucosome from both the localities. Chemical age of single uraninite grain from Gabala river migmatite is 792Ma age which suggest that uranium mineralisation/uraninite crystallisation in migmatite took place during Neoproterozoic. Euhedral shape of uraninite grain, their high U/Th ratio, high REE content and high unit cell dimension(a0) suggest that uranium mineralisation in migmatite took place at moderate to high temperature hydrothermal fluid. In view of uraniferous nature and their dimension, migmatites of the area warrant detailed exploration to establish migmatite hosted U-mineralisation.
Measurement of Radon Concentration and Evaluation of Total Dose in Drinking Water of Chikmagalur City, Karnataka
Authors: Srinivasa E. , Rangaswamy D. R. , Sannappa J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In the present study, radon concentrations were measured in 31 drinking water samples collected from different locations of the Chikmagalur city, Karnataka state, India, using emanometry technique. The measured radon concentrations ranged from 0.51 ± 0.1 Bq l-1 to 151.98 ± 3.5 Bq l-1 with an average value of 22.72 ± 1.1 Bq l-1. From this study, it is evident that 61 % of drinking water samples have radon levels higher than the maximum contaminant level of 11 Bq l-1 recommended by EPA. The estimated total annual effective dose from three locations of the studied area was found to be higher than the safe limit of 0.1 mSv y-1 recommended by WHO and EU Council.
The Limits to Law: How Intellectual Properties Are Used and Protected in Chinese Industries
Authors: HE Qiaoling 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMany studies agree that a weak intellectual property right (IPR) legal system likely reduces innovation or creation; they also predict that increasing intellectual properties (IPs) in developing countries will automatically lead to local needs for stronger formal protection. However, the situation is found to be more complex in China. With a focus on the use of IPs and relevant protection mechanisms in China, this study points out that many companies acquire IPs for purposes that do not depend on their enforcement; many companies have informal ways of protecting their IPs without resorting to court enforcement. Both the alternative functions and the alternative enforcement mechanisms are shaped by industrial characteristics, especially in four aspects: technological features, administrative regulation, market characteristics, and network structure. Based on studies of different industrial sectors in China, this article develops a general framework for analyzing the role of IPRs in industrial practice.
Response to a Fire Incident in the Operation Room: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Sharma Raman , Kumar Ashok , Koushal Vipin 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTHealth care facilities are always seen as places of haven and protection for managing external incidents, but situations become difficult and challenging when such facilities themselves are affected by internal hazards. Such incidents are arguably more disruptive than external incidents, because patients are dependent on supportive measures and are neither in position to respond to such crisis situation nor do they know how to respond. Operating room fires are rare but potentially catastrophic, involving loss of costly resources and possibly lives. This case report details a true operating room fire incident in an emergency operating room and details the real-life challenges encountered by operating room staff in preserving both life and property. As a result of this work, precautionary measures may be implemented to mitigate such incidents. Careful coordination, continuous training, and fire drill exercises can improve the overall outcomes and minimize the possibility of these potentially fatal problems, thereby making a safer health care environment for every worker and patient.
Playing across the Andes: Sports Media and Populism in Argentina and Chile
Authors: Acuña Pedro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article examines the central role of sports media in the discussions about national sports programmes at the peak of Latin American populism, particularly during the governments of Juan Perón in Argentina (1946–55) and Carlos Ibáñez in Chile (1952–8). By exploring sports publications such as the Argentine magazinesMundo DeportivoandEl Gráficoand the Chilean weeklyEstadio, I argue that sports media staged stories and images that were both inspired by, and critical of, the larger populist projects in Argentina and Chile. Photographers and cartoonists, often in collaboration with sportswriters, produced and crafted populist ideas about class collaboration, the inclusion of children in the state project and women's participation in politics.
Reluctant Reconciliation: South Korea's tentative détente with North Korea in the Nixon era, 1969–72
Authors: LYONG CHOI 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article discusses the impact and implications of Sino-American reconciliation on South Korea's policy towards its conflict with North Korea as well as its effect on South Korean politics in the early 1970s. Specifically, this article will examine how the Park regime altered its policy toward the North in response to the demands of the Nixon administration, before discussing the limitations of the policy in terms of the hostile approach of the Park regime toward Pyongyang during its talks with North Korea in 1972.Based on recent findings in the South Korean and American archives, and an interview with former KCIA official Gang Indeok, this article contends that this particular focus provides an interesting case study to explain the impact of global changes on the domestic politics of specific nation(s) during the Cold War era. Along with many other American client states, the Republic of Korea misunderstood the objective of the United States before Nixon announced his Doctrine in 1969 and intention to reduce American support for Park. To be sure, it was not Washington's intention to build a democratic country in the Korean Peninsula. Rather, as Westad has indicated, the superpower sought greater control over the world and the expansion and extension of its power. This short article will thus demonstrate the process by which the client states of the United States—in particular, South Korea—came to understand the real aims of Washington and learned how to utilize these American intentions for their own national interest.
Constructive Galois Connections
Authors: DARAIS DAVID , HORN DAVID VAN 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGalois connections are a foundational tool for structuring abstraction in semantics, and their use lies at the heart of the theory of abstract interpretation. Yet, mechanization of Galois connections using proof assistants remains limited to restricted modes of use, preventing their general application in mechanized metatheory and certified programming. This paper presents constructive Galois connections, a variant of Galois connections that is effective both on paper and in proof assistants; is complete with respect to a large subset of classical Galois connections; and enables more general reasoning principles, including the “calculational” style advocated by Cousot. To design constructive Galois connections, we identify a restricted mode of use of classical ones which is both general and amenable to mechanization in dependently typed functional programming languages. Crucial to our metatheory is the addition of monadic structure to Galois connections to control a “specification effect.” Effectful calculations may reason classically, while pure calculations have extractable computational content. Explicitly moving between the worlds of specification and implementation is enabled by our metatheory. To validate our approach, we provide two case studies in mechanizing existing proofs from the literature: the first uses calculational abstract interpretation to design a static analyzer, and the second forms a semantic basis for gradual typing. Both mechanized proofs closely follow their original paper-and-pencil counterparts, employ reasoning principles not captured by previous mechanization approaches, support the extraction of verified algorithms, and are novel.
Cross-sectional association between diet quality and cardiometabolic risk by education level in Mexican adults
Authors: López-Olmedo Nancy , Popkin Barry M , Gordon-Larsen Penny , Taillie Lindsey Smith 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:Understanding the association between diet quality and cardiometabolic risk by education level is important for preventing increased cardiometabolic risk in the Mexican population, especially considering pre-existing disparities in diet quality. The present study examined the cross-sectional association of overall diet quality with cardiometabolic risk, overall and by education level, among Mexican men and women.Design:Cardiometabolic risk was defined by using biomarkers and diet quality by the Mexican Diet Quality Index. We computed sex-specific multivariable logistic regression models.Setting:Mexico.Participants:Mexican men (n634) and women (n875) participating in the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012.Results:We did not find associations of diet quality with cardiometabolic risk factors in the total sample or in men by education level. However, we observed that for each 10-unit increase in the dietary quality score, the odds of diabetes risk in women with no reading/writing skills was 0·47 (95 % CI 0·26, 0·85) relative to the odds in women with ≥10 years of school (referent). Similarly, for each 10-unit increase of the dietary quality score, the odds of having threev. no lipid biomarker level beyond the risk threshold in lower-educated women was 0·27 (95 % CI 0·12, 0·63) relative to the odds in higher-educated women.Conclusions:Diet quality has a stronger protective association with some cardiometabolic disease risk factors for lower- than higher-educated Mexican women, but no association with cardiometabolic disease risk factors among men. Future research will be needed to understand what diet factors could be influencing the cardiometabolic disease risk disparities in this population.
Excess Infant Mortality of Twins Over Singletons in Arab Countries: The Evidence of Relative Survival Methods
Authors: Chellai Fatih , Boudrissa Naima 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere are no studies and only limited data that compare the difference in mortality between twins and singletons in the Arab world. We studied the survival of 306,966 children, including 9,280 twins, over the period 1970–2013 in six Arab countries (Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Mauritania, Sudan and Tunisia) based on the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) database. With the use of relative survival models, we estimated the mortality of twins relative to singletons by including socioeconomic and demographic variables. This study confirms the results of previous studies on the excess risk of death of twins compared to singletons. There is evidence that excess mortality decreases with follow-up; in addition, male twins have a higher risk of death compared to females for all countries except Tunisia. Wealth index and education levels of women are factors that influence the risk of mortality. It is recommended that these findings are considered when performing future health and population strategies in these Arab countries.