bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UV/Oxidation of Organic Contaminants in Ground, Waste and Leachate Waters
Authors: Zeff Jack D. , Barich Jerome T. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Over the past four years, Ultrox International has demonstrated the efficacy of ultraviolet light-enhanced oxidation at industrial, Department of Defense and Superfund sites. Waters containing halogenated solvents such as trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and other halogenated compounds have been successfully treated with UV/ozone or UV/hydrogen peroxide or UV with ozone and peroxide. Other contaminants such as benzene, toluene, xylene, hydrazines, phenols, chlorophenols, dioxanes, PCBs and pesticides in wastewaters and groundwaters have also been reduced to acceptable discharge standards. Summations of the above projects will be presented, along with some of the technological basis of this process. Data showing comparisons of UV-enhanced oxidation testing with traditional ozonation also will be presented based upon research conducted under government grants.
Design and cost data from pilot plant testing and from operations at full-scale commercial installations will be presented. The applications will cover ultraviolet/oxidation systems treating waste water in the wood treating industry, rocket fuel waste water, and groundwater containing chlorinated solvents at automotive, aerospace and electronics manufacturers.
A discussion of test results and process economics from a demonstration of the ULTROX® process in the U.S. EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program also will be presented.
Rayox® — A Second Generation Enhanced Oxidation Process for Process and Groundwater Remediation
Authors: Cater Stephen R. , Bircher Keith G. , Stevens R.D. Samuel , Safarzadeh-Amiri Ali 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Rayox® water decontamination system represents a second generation enhanced (advanced) oxidation water remediation technology. Several key features of the Rayox® system give it substantial performance advantages over previous embodiments of enhanced oxidation technology. These features are discussed along with their impact upon system performance. Results from several case studies on groundwater treatment demonstrate Rayox®’s powerful and versatile capability to destroy a variety of pollutants, including refractory compounds such as carbon tetrachloride, di- and trichloroethane, etc. in water to virtually any required discharge level.
Advanced Chemical Oxidation of Organics Using the perox-pure™ Oxidation System
Authors: Froelich Emery M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Development of the perox-pure™ oxidation system began in the late 1970’s, and there are now about seventy (70) full-scale treatment systems in operation. The process uses high intensity UV light, hydrogen peroxide, and a patented reactor design to catalytically oxidize toxic organics in water. Dissolved organics are converted to carbon dioxide and water and, if present, halogens are converted to halides. Data from bench-scale and full-scale treatment systems are presented along with a discussion of the unique advantages of the perox-pure™ chemical oxidation system. The process can be operated as a closed system generating no air emissions, solid residues, or other secondary pollution problems. Treated water is suitable for discharge, reinjection or reuse. In addition to economic and performance data, recent improvements that provide operating cost savings of up to 50% are highlighted.
Restoring Hamilton Harbour
Authors: Rodgers G. Keith 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Hamilton Harbour is one of 43 “Areas of Concern” in the Great Lakes for which plans must be developed to restore beneficial uses specified in the 1987 agreement between Canada and the United States regarding Great Lakes Water Quality. Assessment of the remaining barriers to achieving the ecosystemic values or beneficial uses of the Harbour reveals the types of problems encountered in similar situations elsewhere—eutrophication from excessive nutrient inputs (primarily from sewers and sewage treatment plants), a historical legacy of infilling of crucial fish and wildlife habitat and of contaminated sediment (residues of past sewage discharges and steel industrial effluents). Water quality, except for trophic conditions, already meets existing standards as a result of progress in the past 20 years.
The major challenge in the proposed program to restore the beneficial uses, apart from the cost of correcting the existing situation, will be how to maintain conditions in the face of population growth and industrial diversification. There are technological limits and heavy costs associated with implementing the technology that is available for the final steps in the restoration program.
Survey of the Ecological State of Eight Man-Made Lakes Within the City Limits of Freiburg, Germany
Authors: Pulvermüller Agnes G. , Müller Heidulf E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The survey of the ecological condition of eight lakes within the city limits of Freiburg included hydrochemical measurements and analyses (oxygen profiles, Secchi depth, pH, biochemical oxygen demand) together with biological parameters (chlorophyll a, phytoplanktonbiomass, Escherichia coli counts), as well as parasitic examinations. Only some of the investigated parameters are presented here. Seven of the eight lakes were found to be eutrophic. The process of eutrophication appears to be still in progress. One lake can be considered to be hypertrophic. Schistosome dermatitis was observed. The water quality in general was considered to be acceptable; suggestions to maintain or improve the water quality are made.
Retrofitting Stormwater Ponds for Water Quality Control
Authors: Marsalek J. , Watt W. E. , Henry D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
During the last 15 years, many stormwater ponds were built in Canada. These ponds were designed to control runoff flows by peak shaving and thereby prevent flooding resulting from urbanization, but they are ineffective in protection of water quality in the receiving waters. Thus, one of the emerging challenges in urban water management is the retrofitting of existing stormwater ponds to meet the current environmental concerns. The retrofitting measures proposed include changes in flow regimes, storage pool volumes and flow velocities, achievable by structural changes in inlet, storage and outlet structures; treatment of runoff by sedimentation or filtration; enhancement of biological processes contributing to pollutant removal through longer detentions and introduction of aquatic plants; and, improvement of aquatic life habitat. A case is made for an ecosystem approach where the pond is one element in the urban stormwater treatment train which controls catchment, pond and receiving waters.
Impact of a Modernized Bleached Kraft Mill on White Sucker Populations in the Spanish River, Ontario
Authors: Servos M. R. , Carey J. H. , Ferguson M. L. , Van Der Kraak G. , Ferguson H. , Parrott J. , Gorman K. , Cowling R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The impact of effluent from a modern bleached kraft pulp mill was examined on the Spanish River, Ontario. The mill utilizes oxygen deligniflcation, chlorine dioxide substitution, and secondary treatment (aerated lagoon) resulting in the production of &lt; 1.5 kg AOX/air dried metric tonne (ADMT) of pulp. However, the relatively low river flow results in an AOX concentration in the receiving waters of approximately 0.15 mg/L, similar to the level reported for other sites receiving both treated and untreated bleached kraft mill effluents. There was only a minimal reduction in the concentration of AOX and chlorophenolics in river water sampled over 51 km downstream of the outfall. In early August 1990, 14 to 30 live white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) were collected at each of two sites upstream and three sites downstream of the outfall (2, 28, 51 km). Each fish was examined for gross pathological changes, several condition indices, hematocrit, plasma electrolytes, plasma testosterone, and hepatic mixed function oxygenase enzyme activity (ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase). Selected fish were also examined histologically for liver, gill, kidney, spleen, heart, muscle and gonad abnormalities. Liver somatic index was elevated in fish immediately below the outfall while elevation of EROD activity persisted 51 km downstream. There were no significant histopathological lesions observed observed and there were no consistent patterns observed in condition indices or plasma parameters.
Comprehensive Study of a Bleached Kraft Mill Aerobic Secondary Treatment System
Authors: Fein J. , Beavan M. , Effio A. , Gray N. , Moubayed N. , Cline P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A comprehensive study (physical, chemical and biological parameters) was made of a conventional secondary treatment system (aeration stabilization basin) linked to a state-of-the-art bleached kraft mill. Overall the system removed 88% of the BOD, 62% of the COD, 47% of the TOC, 56% of the AOX and 69% of the suspended solids present in the influent stream. Of the total removed, the first aeration cell was the most active area of the system, responsible for the removal of 70% of the BOD5, 57% of the COD, 43% of the TOC, 75% of the AOX, and all of the acute toxicity entering the system. Cell 2 was found to be carbon limited. Unlike Cell 1, Cell 2 played a significant role in suspended solids removal.
RBC Kinetics in Treating Domestic and Industrial Dairy Wastewater Under Low and High Organic Loading Conditions
Authors: Surampalli Rao Y. , Baumann E. Robert 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A full-scale, four-stage RBC (rotating biological contactors) plant, having parallel trains used to treat domestic and industrial dairy wastewater, failed to meet standard secondary effluent limits due to overloading in the two initial stages. The plant was first operated under normal loading; subsequently the load to the plant was increased in an incremental fashion by increasing the load from the dairy. This was done to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of supplemental aeration to eliminate oxygen-limiting conditions in the overloaded stages. An enlarged first stage was later created to lower the organic load to the initial stages by removing the wooden baffles between the first and second stages. The experimental work at the plant was conducted for approximately six months, during which daily 24-hour composite samples were collected at the end of each stage and analyzed for various parameters.
The experimental results indicated that substrate removal with supplemental air and an enlarged first stage followed first-order kinetics at both lower and higher organic loadings. Without supplemental air, substrate removal followed second-order kinetics at lower loadings and zero-order kinetics at higher organic loadings. With an enlarged first stage only, substrate removal followed first-order kinetics at lower loading and zero-order kinetics at higher loadings. Overall, RBC performance improved significantly with supplemental air and an enlarged first stage. The results also suggest that higher organic loadings and removals can be achieved in the presence of supplemental air due to the maintenance of higher dissolved oxygen levels in the mixed liquor.
Utilization of Calcium-Loaded Low-Rank Brown Coals for Removing Heavy Metals from Waste Solutions
Authors: Horáćek J. , Punćochář M. , Drahoš J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Calcium-loaded low-rank brown coal was used to extract various heavy metals (Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) from aqueous solutions. The results showed a high efficiency of extraction — almost 99.9% of metals in the concentration range of 3,000–10,000 mg/1 were removed from the solutions. Both the batch and continuous modes of contacting were tested and for the latter, the process of penetration was also studied.
Distribution of Chlorobenzenes, Pesticides and PCB Congeners in Lake Ontario Near the Toronto Waterfront
Authors: Halfon Efraim , Poulton Don 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Concentrations of 89 toxic organic pollutants (25 contaminants, including chlorobenzenes and pesticides, and 64 PCB isomers) were measured in Lake Ontario along the Toronto Waterfront area during the spring, summer and fall of 1987. Data indicate that Humber Bay, the inner harbour, and the areas near the Toronto Main Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) are the most polluted. While contaminant levels in some offshore areas are high, average levels for most contaminants are similar to whole-lake levels. Lake Ontario receives large amounts of pollutants from atmospheric sources and the Niagara River. Consequently, the impact of both local and whole-lake sources is felt in the Toronto Waterfront Area. Thus, even if all local sources of pollution were removed, the Toronto Waterfront Area would probably remain affected by other sources, primarily the Niagara River. Concentrations of toxic pollutants would remain approximately the same as far as two kilometers from shore.
Relationships Between Concentrations of Metals in Sediment and Two Species of Freshwater Mussels in the Ottawa River
Authors: Metcalfe-Smith J.L. , Merriman J.C. , Batchelor S.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study examined the relationships between concentrations of metals in sediment and freshwater mussels from the Ottawa River to determine whether mussels could provide useful Information on the bioavailability of sediment-associated metals. Sediment and two species of mussels, Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata (F. Unionidae), were collected from several sites on the river and analyzed for residues of nine metals. Significant positive correlations between concentrations in mussels and sediment were observed for only four metals (Cd, Cr, As, Se), even though the readily extractable or “bioavailable” fraction of the total load in sediment was compared for all metals except As, Se and Hg. Lack of correlation for other metals may have been due to a narrow range of exposure concentrations tested or to the regulatory capabilities of the mussels themselves. Interspecific differences in bioaccumulation were observed for As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. Interpretation of data from mussel monitoring programs requires knowledge of the complex processes influencing bioaccumulation.
An Overview of Dynamics and Biotoxicity of Metals in the Freshwater Environment
Authors: Huang P.M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The toxic metals, including metalloids, in the freshwater ecosystem are largely associated with surficial sediments and suspended particulate materials. These metals are in dynamic equilibrium with interstitial water and the overlying water column. The bioavailability and toxicity of metals in the freshwater environment are influenced by their speciation and dynamics. Our current understanding of the nature of metal partitioning in particulate materials, interstitial water and the overlying water column is quite limited because of the limitations of the metal fractionation methods and difficulties in obtaining thermodynamic information which approaches the realities in streams, rivers and lakes. Little is known about the in situ metal dynamics. Kinetic studies of metal reactions, thus, warrant in-depth research for years to come. Besides inorganic and organic colloids, microbes contribute to metal transformations. The impact of the interactions of microbes with minerals and organic components on the dynamics and biotoxicity of metals merits attention. Over the last decade, there has been much research on the development of hydrochemical models for better understanding and predicting metal transport in the freshwater system, yet little research has been focused on how well they describe field data. The supply of biologically available metals in the freshwater environment is governed by a series of physical, physicochemical, biochemical and biological processes. To date, there are very few studies on the subject in which an integrated approach has been taken. The roles of these interacting processes in affecting metal dynamics and their impacts on freshwater toxicology deserve increasing attention.
Effects of Speciation of Toxic Metals on their Biological Activity
Authors: Kushner Donn J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Some properties of different toxic metals and metal ions are considered, especially the ability of the latter to form complexes with inorganic and organic ligands of low and high molecular weight. The effect of such complexation, of pH changes, and of changes of valence on toxic action towards microorganisms (including bacteria, algae, yeast and fungi) and higher animals are reviewed. Mechanisms of microbial tolerance towards toxic metals, especially those that involve changes in metal speciation, are also considered. Intracellular binding compounds, including metallothioneins and phytochelatins, which control metal movement and toxicity are briefly described. Neurological, immunological and carcinogenic effects of different metallic species on humans and other animals are also described.
Algal Bioassays for Metal Toxicity Identification
Authors: Peterson Hans G. , Nyholm Niels 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
There is a need for algal bioassays that reflect the toxicity and bioavailability of metals in aquatic ecosystems. Reliable results can be achieved only when physical, chemical and biological factors are carefully controlled throughout the test period, and when they reflect the environmental conditions to be simulated. These can be either some consensus universal standard conditions or they can be specific environmental scenarios. Tests carried out under different controlled physical-chemical experimental conditions will give us an understanding of metal toxicity as a function of the environmental conditions. Here we address some factors that ought to be considered in the development of sensitive, cost-effective and ecologically realistic algal bioassays. The goal of bioassay protocol development is to produce algal toxicity data that are reproducible and can be used in risk assessments for aquatic ecosystems, and to detect the effects of metal contaminants in these systems.
Effects of Environmental Factors and Primary Production on the Distribution and Methylation of Mercury in a Chain of Highly Eutrophic Riverine Lakes
Authors: Jackson Togwell A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A chain of six highly eutrophic lakes linked by the Qu’Appelle River of southern Saskatchewan is polluted with mercury (Hg) introduced by the river from sources upstream from the lakes. Microbial production of methyl Hg (CH3Hg+) from inorganic Hg in the river and lakes is independent of the total abundance of inorganic Hg but is strongly dependent on environmental conditions that control microbial activity, including the factors which determine the abundance of phytoplankton, the primary source of the organic nutrient substrates utilized by Hg methylating and demethylating microbes. Most of the inorganic Hg transported into the lakes by the river is evidently adsorbed to FeOOH coatings on detrital clay and is deposited with the clay on a delta near its point of entry into the first lake of the series, although afterwards some of the Hg may be remobilized and transferred to organic matter and sulfides on reduction and dissolution of FeOOH in anaerobic bottom environments. Thus, inorganic Hg concentrations in lake water and sediments are highest in deltaic environments near the inflow; but Hg methylating activity is most intense in lake basins further downstream, where conditions are more favourable for the growth of methylating microbes, owing to a greater abundance of organic nutrient substrates derived from phytoplankton blooms and a higher proportion of organic matter to mineral detritus (and possibly a lower concentration of toxic pollutants). Therefore, the concentrations of CH3Hg+ and inorganic Hg in the first lake of the series are inversely related even though a supply of bioavailable inorganic Hg is essential to CH3Hg+ production. The most favourable conditions for CH3Hg+ production occur in lake basins characterized by low concentrations of fluvial clay and silt, deep water of high transparency, high primary productivity, intense heterotrophic microbial activity, and low sediment Eh. Despite the occurrence of relatively high concentrations of sulfide in these extremely eutrophic environments, the net effect of the prevailing conditions is stimulation of Hg methylating activity. The CH3Hg+ generated in the lake is supplemented by fluvial CH3Hg+ formed when plankton blooms develop in the river under conditions of slack flow.
Application of Molecular Biology Techniques for Isolating and Monitoring Pollutant-Degrading Bacteria
Authors: Greer Charles , Masson Luke , Comeau Yves , Brousseau Roland , Samson Rejean 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The characterization of genes from bacterial organic pollutant degradation pathways has enabled the development and application of molecular techniques to study the microbial ecology of contaminated environments. The techniques include the use of catabolic gene probes, nucleic acid hybridization techniques, and use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify specific target regions of nucleic acid.
Gene probes encoding enzymes involved in the dissimilation of chlorobiphenyls (bphC) and chlorobenzoic acids (clcA) have been used to isolate bacteria from polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated soils. The xylE (toluene, xylene degradation), ndoB (naphthalene degradation) and alkB (C6 to C12 n-paraffin degradation) gene probes have been used to isolate indigenous bacteria from petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and to enrich bacteria expressing these genotypes for subsequent bioaugmentation of the soils.
A reporter gene system has been developed to study the fate of a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate-degrading pseudomonad. The genes for lactose utilization (lacYZ) and for bioluminescence (luxAB) were integrated into the chromosome, providing genetically stable, non-transferable markers. This strain can be unequivocally differentiated from indigenous bacteria and is detectable to 10 viable cells per gram of soil.
Comparison of Captor System with Other Fixed-Film Media Nitrification Systems
Authors: Banerji Shankha K. , Liu Min-Hsin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted at 20–25°C to compare the performance of three different types of Captor media with a rock-gravel media and a plastic trickling filter-packing media. The open-cell Captor media performed better than the gravel media and plastic trickling filter media at all loading rates up to 0.592 kg NH3-N/m3/d. Even at the highest NH3-N loading rate, the effluent NH3-N concentration was less than 1.0 mg/L in the open-cell Captor media effluent. The closed-cell, carbon-impregnated Captor media did not perform as well as the open-cell media. The reduction of temperature to 10–12°C reduced the performance of the Captor system to some extent, but NH3-N levels of less than 1.0 mg/L were obtained at loading rates up to 0.339 kg NH3-N/m3/d. At the highest NH3-N loading rate tested (0.852 kg NH3-N/m3/d), the nitrification performance of all the systems decreased, probably due to D.O. limitations, increased BOD loading and the consequent displacement of the nitrifiers by the heterotrophic organisms and lower detention time.
Use of Fly Ash in the Removal of Copper, Nickel and Zinc from Wastewater
Authors: Viraraghavan T. , Dronamraju Murali M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The effectiveness of fly ash in adsorbing copper, nickel and zinc was studied by conducting batch kinetic and isotherm studies. The effect of contact time, pH, initial concentration of the adsorbate, and temperature on the adsorption process was studied. Fly ash was found to be an effective adsorbent. The contact time necessary to attain equilibrium was found to be two hours. Maximum adsorption occurred in the pH range of 3.0 to 3.5. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were found to be applicable to the adsorption data of copper, nickel and zinc. Thermodynamic parameters suggested the exothermic nature of the adsorption process.