bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Differences Between Recent Model and Satellite Tropospheric Warming Rates With Tropical SSTs
Authors: Tuel A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGlobal climate models generally overestimate recent tropospheric warming trends. While a number of explanations have been suggested, their relative impacts have not been quantified. In particular, interannual and long‐term variability of tropospheric temperatures (TTT) is known to be strongly constrained by near‐surface conditions in ocean regions of deep convection. Here, we analyze the role played by tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability in recent decades in setting TTT. We find that Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models and observations agree on the interannual relationship between SSTs in regions of deep, tropical convection and TTT. Over the 1979–2018 period, most of the difference between model and satellite‐based TTT trends can be explained by respective differences in SST warming trends in regions of deep convection. While large multidecadal patterns of SST variability certainly play a role, notably in the Pacific Ocean, other mechanisms may also contribute to the overestimation of recent SST warming in climate models.
Simultaneous Rocket and Scintillation Observations of Plasma Irregularities Associated With a Reversed Flow Event in the Cusp Ionosphere
Authors: Jin Yaqi , Moen Jøran I. , Spicher Andres , Oksavik Kjellmar , Miloch Wojciech J. , Clausen Lasse B. N. , Pożoga Mariusz , Saito Yoshifumi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe present an overview of the ionospheric conditions during the launch of the Investigation of Cusp Irregularities 3 (ICI‐3) sounding rocket. ICI‐3 was launched from Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard, at 7:21.31 UT on 3 December 2011. The objective of ICI‐3 was to intersect the reversed flow event (RFE), which is thought to be an important source for the rapid development of ionospheric irregularities in the cusp ionosphere. The interplanetary magnetic field was characterized by strongly negative Bz and weakly negative By. The EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) 32‐m beam was operating in a fast azimuth sweep mode between 180° (south) and 300° (northwest) at an elevation angle of 30°. The ESR observed a series of RFEs as westward flow channels that were opposed to the large‐scale eastward plasma flow in the prenoon sector. ICI‐3 intersected the first RFE in the ESR field of view and observed flow structures that were consistent with the ESR observations. Furthermore, ICI‐3 revealed finer‐scale flow structures inside the RFE. The high‐resolution electron density data show intense fluctuations at all scales throughout the RFE. The ionospheric pierce point of the GPS satellite PRN30, which was tracked at Hornsund, intersected the RFE at the same time. The GPS scintillation data show moderate phase scintillations and weak amplitude scintillations. A comparison of the power spectra reveals a good match between the ground‐based GPS carrier phase measurements and the spectral slope of the in situ electron density data in the lower frequency range. It demonstrates the possibility of modelling GPS scintillations from high‐resolution in situ electron density data.
Phytoplankton Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea From Satellite Data Using Self‐Organizing Maps
Authors: El Hourany Roy , Abboud‐Abi Saab Marie , Faour Ghaleb , Mejia Carlos , Crépon Michel , Thiria Sylvie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe present a new method to identify phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) in the Mediterranean Sea from ocean color data (GlobColour data in the present study) and AVHRR sea surface temperature. The principle of the method is constituted by two very fine clustering algorithms, one mapping the relationship between the satellite data and the pigments and the other between the pigments and the PFTs. The clustering algorithms are constituted of two efficient self‐organizing maps, which are neural network classifiers. We were able to identify and estimate the percentage of six PFTs: haptophytes, chlorophytes, cryptophytes,Synechococcus,Prochlorococcus, and diatoms. We found that these PFTs present a peculiar variability due to the complex physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea: Haptophytes and chlorophytes dominate during winter and mainly in the western Mediterranean basin, whileSynechococcusandProchlorococcusdominate during summer. The dominance of diatoms was mainly observed in spring in the Balearic Sea in response to deep water convection phenomena and near the coastline and estuaries due to important continental inputs. Cryptophytes present a weak concentration in the Aegean Sea in autumn. The validation tests performed on in situ matchups showed satisfying results and proved the ability of the method to reconstruct efficiently the spatiotemporal patterns of phytoplankton groups in the Mediterranean Sea. The method can easily be applied to other oceanic regions.
The Impact of Variable Land‐Atmosphere Coupling on Convective Cloud Populations Observed During the 2016 HI‐SCALE Field Campaign
Authors: Fast Jerome D. , Berg Larry K. , Feng Zhe , Mei Fan , Newsom Rob , Sakaguchi Koichi , Xiao Heng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe use a large‐eddy simulation model with a nested domain configuration (297 and 120 km wide) and an interactive land surface parameterization to simulate the complex population of shallow clouds observed on 30 August 2016 during the Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols, and Land‐Ecosystems campaign conducted in north‐central Oklahoma. Shallow convective clouds first formed over southeast Oklahoma and then spread toward the northwest into southern Kansas. By the early afternoon, the relatively uniform shallow cloud field became more complex in which some regions became nearly cloud free and in other regions larger shallow clouds developed with some transitioning to deeper, precipitating convection. We show that the model reproduces the observed heterogeneity in the cloud populations only when realistic variations in soil moisture are used to initialize the model. While more variable soil moisture and to a lesser extent cool lake temperatures drive the initial spatial heterogeneity in the cloud populations, precipitation‐driven cold pools become an important factor after 1300 CST. When smoother soil moisture variations are used in the model, more uniform shallow cloud populations are predicted with far fewer clouds that transition to deeper, precipitating convection that produce cold pools. An algorithm that tracks thousands of individual cumulus show that the more realistic soil moisture distributions produces clouds that are larger and have a longer lifetime. The results suggest that shallow and deep convection parameterizations used by mesoscale models need to account for the effects of variable land‐atmosphere interactions and cold pools.
Designing Eco‐Friendly Water Intake Portfolios in a Tropical Andean Stream Network
Authors: González‐Zeas D. , Rosero‐López D. , Walter T. , Flecker A. , Lloret P. , De Bièvre B. , Condom T. , Osorio R. , Dangles O. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn view of the rapid proliferation of water infrastructures worldwide, balancing human and ecosystem needs for water resources is a critical environmental challenge of global significance. While there is abundant literature on the environmental impacts of individual water infrastructures, little attention has been paid to their cumulative effects in river networks, which may have basin‐to‐global impacts on freshwater ecology. Here we developed a methodological framework based on Pareto frontier analysis for optimizing trade‐offs between water withdrawal and ecological indicators. We applied this framework to a mountainous Ecuadorian headwater river network that is part of a continental water transfer for supply and demand management to optimize ecological conditions and the operation of 11 water intake structures used to provide potable water to the city of Quito. We found that the current water intake configuration has an important effect on the total length of fifth‐order stream sections (65% reduction compared to premanaged condition) and isolates 70.9% of the headwater stream length. The Pareto frontier analysis identified water intake portfolios (i.e., different combinations of intake sites) that decreased ecological impacts by 7.8% points (pp) and 13.0 pp for connectivity and stream order change, respectively, while meeting Quito's water demands. Additional portfolios accounting for monthly variability in water demand and resources further decrease the ecological impact up to 9.6 pp in connectivity and 13.4 pp in stream order. These eco‐friendly portfolios suggest that adaptive management at basin level may help optimize water withdrawal to fulfill urban demands while preserving ecological integrity.
Crystal structures of plant inorganic pyrophosphatase, an enzyme with a moonlighting autoproteolytic activity
Authors: Grzechowiak Marta , Ruszkowski Milosz , Sliwiak Joanna , Szpotkowski Kamil , Sikorski Michal , Jaskolski Mariusz 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPases, EC 3.6.1.1), which hydrolyze inorganic pyrophosphate to phosphate in the presence of divalent metal cations, play a key role in maintaining phosphorus homeostasis in cells. DNA coding inorganic pyrophosphatases from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPPA1) and Medicago truncatula (MtPPA1) were cloned into a bacterial expression vector and the proteins were produced in Escherichia coli cells and crystallized. In terms of their subunit fold, AtPPA1 and MtPPA1 are reminiscent of other members of Family I soluble pyrophosphatases from bacteria and yeast. Like their bacterial orthologs, both plant PPases form hexamers, as confirmed in solution by multi-angle light scattering and size-exclusion chromatography. This is in contrast with the fungal counterparts, which are dimeric. Unexpectedly, the crystallized AtPPA1 and MtPPA1 proteins lack ∼30 amino acid residues at their N-termini, as independently confirmed by chemical sequencing. In vitro, self-cleavage of the recombinant proteins is observed after prolonged storage or during crystallization. The cleaved fragment corresponds to a putative signal peptide of mitochondrial targeting, with a predicted cleavage site at Val31–Ala32. Site-directed mutagenesis shows that mutations of the key active site Asp residues dramatically reduce the cleavage rate, which suggests a moonlighting proteolytic activity. Moreover, the discovery of autoproteolytic cleavage of a mitochondrial targeting peptide would change our perception of this signaling process.
Phobischer Schwankschwindel
Authors: Chrobok Agnieszka I. 
Published: August 2019

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGPersistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) löst als neue Entität in der 11. Version der „Internationalen statistischen Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme“ (ICD-11) der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO), die bis dato gängigen Begriffe, wie phobischer Schwankschwindel oder chronischer subjektiver Schwindel, ab. Diese Entität soll in dem weiten Themenfeld der nicht organischen Schwindel mehr strukturierte diagnostische Kriterien anbieten, um dem klinischen Anwender die Feststellung dieser wichtigen und häufigen Diagnose zu erleichtern. Die Übersicht bietet einen Einblick in die verfügbare Literatur zum Thema PPPD und die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse im Bereich des nicht organischen Schwindels. Als relativ neue Entwicklung der letzten Jahre bedarf dieser gesamte Symptomenkomplex weiterer Studien und Forschungsergebnisse, um die Diversität des Problems in allen seinen Facetten noch besser verstehen zu können.
Kontaktuntersuchungen bei aktiver Tuberkulose und Management latenter Tuberkulose: 5 Jahres-Analyse an einem deutschen Großstadt Gesundheitsamt
Authors: Neuhann Florian , Franek Henrieke , Funke Natalie , Pusch Lynn Marie , Bunte Anne , Blettner Maria 
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Im Rahmen der Tuberkulosekontrolle führen Gesundheitsämter auf Grundlage des Infektionsschutzgesetzes (IfSG) in Deutschland Untersuchungen bei Kontaktpersonen von Tuberkulosepatienten durch, um eine mögliche Infektion bei diesen Personen zu identifizieren. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, die Maßnahmen des Kölner Gesundheitsamtes bei neu diagnostizierten Fällen von latenter Tuberkulose Infektion (LTBI) über einen Zeitraum von 5 Jahren retrospektiv zu analysieren.
Material und Methoden Daten des Kölner Gesundheitsamts von Untersuchungen bei Kontaktpersonen von Tuberkuloseerkrankten im Zeitraum 01.07.2012 bis 31.12.2016 wurden analysiert. Fehlende Zeichen einer aktiven Tuberkulose und ein positiver Interferon Gamma Release Assay bildeten die Basis zur Diagnose einer LTBI. Personen mit positiven Testergebnis, die zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung mindestens 16 Jahre und in Köln gemeldet waren, wurden mit in die Untersuchung eingeschlossen.
Ergebnisse Von insgesamt 3859 Kontaktpersonen erfüllten 430 Fälle die Einschlusskriterien: bei 174/430 Patienten wurde die Indikation für eine chemopräventive Therapie (CPT) gesehen, 65 LTBI-Patienten (35,1%) führten diese tatsächlich durch; bei 117 Patienten war in den Akten keine Angabe zur Durchführung einer Therapie vermerkt. 22/430 Personen mit LTBI entwickelten innerhalb des Untersuchungszeitraums eine aktive Tuberkulose.
Schlussfolgerung Um das Potenzial der chemopräventiven Therapie der LTBI im Hinblick auf die Empfehlungen der „End TB“-Strategie der Weltgesundheitsorganisation für Deutschland zu optimieren, unterstreichen diese Zahlen den Bedarf, Dokumentation und Management der latenten Tuberkulose weiter zu verbessern
A role for S-nitrosylation of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme SCE1 in plant immunity
Authors: Skelly Michael J. , Malik Saad I. , Le Bihan Thierry , Bo Yuan , Jiang Jihong , Spoel Steven H. , Loake Gary J. 
Published: August 2019

Significance
S-nitrosylation, the addition of a nitric oxide (NO) moiety to a reactive protein cysteine (Cys) thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO), is emerging as a pivotal redox-based, posttranslational modification (PTM) during plant immune function. However, the Cys target sites of NO bioactivity and the associated consequences on cellular signaling are not well defined. Our findings suggest that S-nitrosylation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-conjugating enzyme 1 (SCE1) at Cys139 controls SUMOylation, a protein-based PTM that negatively regulates plant immunity through conjugation of SUMO1/2. This Cys is evolutionary conserved and specifically S-nitrosylated in the human homolog, UBC9, implying that this mechanism might be conserved across phylogenetic kingdoms.
Forecasting failure locations in 2-dimensional disordered lattices
Authors: Berthier Estelle , Porter Mason A. , Daniels Karen E. 
Published: August 2019

Significance
Disordered lattices are used widely for mechanical applications because they are lightweight and robust. Due to their heterogeneous structure, it is a complicated task to understand and forecast their progressive degradation. To safely use these materials and design structures with optimized mechanical properties, it is crucial to understand where failures occur. We show that a simple test that consists of comparing the importance of a beam with respect to the other beams in a lattice permits a successful forecast of the locations of failures. It allows one to consider only a small fraction of the beams as likely failure locations. Our approach also provides a roadmap for studies of failures in other spatial networks.
The mesospheric sodium layer and its impact on the LGS parameters
Authors: Djaidri F. , Moussaoui N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The atmospheric turbulence limits the angular resolution of telescopes of tens of meters to that of a telescope of 20 cm diameter. Large telescopes, such as the VLT and the E-ELT, have adopted the Adaptive Optics (AO) system to reduce the undesirable effects of turbulence. The implantation of the technology of “sodium-LGSs” is essential to increase the performances of the AO. The generation of “sodium-LGSs” is the result of the fluorescence of mesospheric Na atoms located between 80 to 105 km of altitude. The laser beam sent from the ground is tuned to the wavelength 589 nm; excites the D2 line of Na. The backscattered light gives necessary information on atmospheric turbulence and their effects on the incoming wave front of an astronomical object. The mesospheric sodium layer is characterized by the abundance of Na, the centroid height and the thickness of the layer. Their behaviors affect the variations of parameters of the “sodium-LGSs”, such as the Return Flux and the elongation of the spot. The characterization of this layer is necessary in order to optimize the performance of the “LGSs-AO” system. We present semi-empirical models based on experimental measurements. These models explain the variations in the abundance and height of the centroid of the sodium layer.
The Horizon Problem
Authors: Lakhal Bahia Si , Guezmir Ameur 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The standard model of cosmology describes relatively in a satisfactory way, the major stages of the evolution of the observable universe, over time. Despite its success, it presents some problems that constitute a puzzle nowadays. Among them, we cite the horizon problem, which is the purpose of this paper to study and present the different solutions that are available in the literature.
The inflationary model, originally introduced by A. Guth in 1981, was designed to solve the horizon, flatness and entropy problems. Since then, we are faced now with more than 200 inflationary models. However, space missions, for to test the validity of some cosmological models (Planck 2013, 2015…) show that the universe follows the simplest proposed inflationary theories.
In this work, we will study some models proposed as a solution to the horizon problem.
Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Digestion and Consensus Open-Vessel Digestion Procedures for Evaluation of Metalliferous Airborne Particulate Matter
Authors: Schwank Tobias , Pitzke Katrin , Gusbeth Krista , Ashley Kevin , Breuer Dietmar 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Metal occupational exposure limits mainly focus on total content of the respective metals of interest. The methods applied for trace metal analysis in occupational health and safety laboratories are usually standardized to pragmatic consensus digestion schemes, ensuring comparability of results. The objective of the present study entailed the evaluation of a recently developed HNO3-only microwave-assisted digestion procedure by comparison with the German consensus hot-block digestion and other national digestion schemes. An inter-laboratory comparison test with participation of nine national occupational health and safety laboratories from Europe and North America was organized. For adequate emulation of what workers are at risk of inhaling four different industrial metal processing workplace dusts (electronic recycling, high-speed steel grinding, cylinder head cleaning, and battery combustion ash) were homogenized and sieved to the particle size < 100 µm diameter at IFA. The participants were asked to process air sample-typical amounts according to the German hot-plate technique, the IFA microwave-assisted digestion scheme as well as their national or in-house conventional digestion method for airborne dust and analyze for Cd, Co, Cr, Co, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Recoveries (relative to consensus open-vessel digestion) obtained for the new IFA microwave-assisted digestion were between 88 and 114% and relative reproducibility standard deviations were <10% for most metals of interest. The in-house digestion procedures applied varied widely but (whether microwave, hot block, or open vessel) yielded comparable results for the predominantly elemental alloy type dusts supplied. Results become more diverse for the combustion dust, especially if a combination of microwave-assisted digestion procedures with high temperatures and hydrofluoric acid is applied. ISO 15202-2 is currently being revised; this digestion procedure will be included as a possible variant in annex 2.
The Timor Sea Conciliation under Article 298 and Annex V of UNCLOS: A Critique
Authors: Liao Xuexia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the first compulsory conciliation proceeding under Article 298 and Annex V of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It assesses the competence and conciliation proceedings in a comprehensive manner, with a view to understanding how conciliation may contribute to settling maritime boundary disputes. This paper reviews the conciliation commission’s interpretation of Article 281, Article 298(1)(a)(i) and other relevant provisions of Annex V to UNCLOS, and discusses the question of whether a pre-existing treaty between the parties can preclude resort to compulsory conciliation under Article 298(1)(a)(i), a question largely left unanswered by the commission. Furthermore, this paper examines the conciliation proceedings and the outcomes in the light of the law of maritime delimitation.
Healthcare Workers’ Strategies for Doffing Personal Protective Equipment
Authors: Baloh Jure , Reisinger Heather Schacht , Dukes Kimberly , da Silva Jaqueline Pereira , Salehi Hugh P , Ward Melissa , Chasco Emily E , Pennathur Priyadarshini R , Herwaldt Loreen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Personal protective equipment (PPE) helps protect healthcare workers (HCWs) from pathogens and prevents cross-contamination. PPE effectiveness is often undermined by inappropriate doffing methods. Our knowledge of how HCWs approach doffing PPE in practice is limited. In this qualitative study, we examine HCWs’ perspectives about doffing PPE.

Methods
Thirty participants at a Midwestern academic hospital were recruited and assigned to 1 of 3 doffing simulation scenarios: 3 mask designs (n = 10), 2 gown designs (n = 10), or 2 glove designs (n = 10). Participants were instructed to doff PPE as they would in routine practice. Their performances were video-recorded and reviewed with participants. Semistructured interviews about their doffing approaches were conducted and audio-recorded, then transcribed and thematically analyzed.

Results
Three overarching themes were identified in interviews: doffing strategies, cognitive processes, and barriers and facilitators. Doffing strategies included doffing safely (minimizing self-contamination) and doffing expediently (eg, ripping PPE off). Cognitive processes during doffing largely pertained to tracking contaminated PPE surfaces, examining PPE design cues (eg, straps), or improvising based on prior experience from training or similar PPE designs. Doffing barriers and facilitators typically related to PPE design, such as PPE fit (or lack of it) and fastener type. Some participants also described personal barriers (eg, glasses, long hair); however, some PPE designs helped mitigate these barriers.

Conclusions
Efforts to improve HCWs’ doffing performance need to address HCWs’ preferences for both safety and expediency when using PPE, which has implications for PPE design, training approaches, and hospital policies and procedures.