bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early high‐dose caffeine citrate for extremely preterm infants: Neonatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes
Authors: Firman Brooke , Molnar Attila , Gray Peter H 
Published: March 2019

AimTo examine neonatal morbidities, including the incidence of cerebellar haemorrhage (CBH), and neurodevelopmental outcomes following the administration of high loading dose caffeine citrate compared to standard loading dose caffeine citrate.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 218 preterm infants <28 weeks’ gestation who received a loading dose of caffeine citrate within the first 36 h of life at the Mater Mothers' Hospital over a 3‐year period (2011–2013). Two groups were compared, with 158 neonates in the high‐dose cohort receiving a median dose of caffeine citrate of 80 mg/kg and 60 neonates in the standard dose cohort receiving a median dose of 20 mg/kg. Routine cranial ultrasound, including mastoid views, was performed during the neonatal period. At 2 years of age, infants presented for follow‐up and were assessed with the Neurosensory Motor Developmental Assessment (NSMDA) and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III (Bayley‐III).ResultsThere was no difference in the incidence of neonatal morbidities, including CBH, between the two groups. The incidence of CBH in the high‐dose group was 2.5% compared to 1.7% in the standard‐dose group. There was no difference in the neurodevelopmental follow‐up scores as evaluated with the NSMDA and the Bayley‐III.ConclusionsThe use of early high loading dose caffeine citrate in extremely preterm infants was not shown to be associated with CBH or abnormal long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The overall incidence of CBH, however, was much lower than in studies using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. It is suggested that a large randomised clinical trial is needed to determine the optimal dose of caffeine citrate when given early to very preterm infants.
Association of lung lesions measured by thoracic ultrasonography at first diagnosis of bronchopneumonia with relapse rate and growth performance in feedlot cattle
Authors: Timsit Edouard , Tison Nicolas , Booker Calvin W. , Buczinski Sébastien 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundSeverity of lung lesions quantified by thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) at time of bronchopneumonia (BP) diagnosis predicted death among steers not treated for this condition. Further research is needed to confirm that lung lesions detected by TUS can be associated with negative outcomes in cattle with BP that subsequently were treated.ObjectiveTo quantify the effects on relapse rate and average daily gain (ADG) of lung lesions detected by TUS at first BP diagnosis in feedlot cattle.AnimalsProspective cohort of mixed beef‐breed steers (n = 93; 243 ± 36 kg) and heifers (n = 51; 227 ± 42 kg) with BP at 4 feedlots.MethodsThoracic ultrasonography was performed by the same clinician and 16‐second TUS videos were evaluated offline for maximal depth and area of lung consolidation, maximum number of comet tails, and maximal depth of pleural fluid. Individual ADG was calculated between 1 and 120 days after arrival. Effects of lesions on relapse rate and ADG were investigated using mixed regression models.ResultsMaximal depth of lung consolidation was associated with a higher risk of relapse (odds ratio [OR], 1.337/cm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.042‐1.714) and lower ADG (− 34 g/cm; −64 to −4). Maximal area of lung consolidation also was associated with a higher relapse risk (OR, 1.052/cm2; 1.009‐1.097) but not with ADG. Comet tails and pleural fluid were not associated with risk of relapse or ADG.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceQuantifying maximal depth and area of lung consolidation by TUS at first BP diagnosis can provide useful prognostic information in feedlot cattle.
The combined effects of an extreme heatwave and wildfire on tallgrass prairie vegetation
Authors: Ratajczak Zak , Churchill Amber C. , Ladwig Laura M. , Taylor Jeff H. , Collins Scott L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractQuestionsClimate extremes are predicted to become more common in many ecosystems. Climate extremes can promote and interact with disturbances, but the combined effects of climate extremes and disturbances have not been quantified in many ecosystems. In this study, we ask whether the dual impact of a climate extreme and concomitant disturbance (wildfire) has a greater affect than a climate extreme alone.LocationTallgrass prairie in the Konza Prairie Biological Station, northeastern Kansas, USA.MethodsWe quantified the response of a tallgrass prairie plant community to a 2‐year climate extreme of low growing‐season precipitation and high temperatures. In the first year of the climate extreme, a subset of plots was burned by a growing‐season wildfire. This natural experiment allowed us to compare community responses to a climate extreme with and without wildfire.ResultsIn plots exposed to the climate extreme but not wildfire, community structure, diversity, and composition showed minor to insignificant changes, such as a 20% reduction in grass cover and a slight increase in species diversity. Plots exposed to both the climate extreme and wildfire underwent larger changes, including an 80% reduction in grass cover, 50% increase in forb cover, and increased plant diversity. Two years after the climate extreme, structural shifts in burned plots showed little sign of recovery, indicating a potentially lasting shift in plant community structure.ConclusionsOur results suggest that community responses to climate extremes need to account for climate‐related disturbances — in this case, high temperatures, drought and wildfire. This response diverged from our expectation that heat, drought, and an additional fire would favor grasses. Although growing‐season wildfires in tallgrass prairie have been rare in recent decades, they will likely become more common with climate change, potentially leading to changes in grassland structure.
Paclitaxel‐coated balloon in the treatment of recurrent dysfunctional arteriovenous access, real‐world experience and longitudinal follow up
Authors: Phang Chee Chin , Tan Ru Yu , Pang Suh Chien , Tan Chee Wooi , Teh Swee Ping , Cheng Rui‐Wern , Kho Yu Xuan , Chong Tze Tec , Gogna Apoorva , Foo Wai Yin , Tan Chieh Suai 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTAimDysfunctional arteriovenous (AV) access remains a significant cause of morbidity and hospital admission for patients with end stage renal failure on haemodialysis. This study was performed to evaluate the impact of paclitaxel‐coated Balloon (PCB) on the patency of AV access with recurrent stenoses.MethodsWe retrospectively studied haemodialysis patients who presented to our centre with recurrent AV access dysfunction and compared intervention‐free patency using plain balloon versus PCB.ResultsA total of 147 patients were followed up longitudinally. Intervention‐free patency was better following PCB compared to previous intervention using plain balloons (6.4 ± 5.8 versus 4.0 ± 3.7, P < 0.01). The 3‐ and 6‐month patency rates after PCB were significantly better compared to standard plain angioplasty balloon: 69.4% versus 52.4%, P < 0.01 and 42.9% versus 15.6%, P < 0.01 respectively. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of circuit patency demonstrated the superiority of PCB over plain balloon angioplasty in both arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous graft (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01 respectively) although the patency of arteriovenous fistula remained significantly better than arteriovenous graft following interventions with PCB (P < 0.01). Age of AV access and the number of previous interventions were found to be significant predictors of patency following PCB intervention.ConclusionArteriovenous access intervention with PCB was shown to be superior compared to plain balloon in the treatment of both non‐thrombosed and thrombosed AV accesses in our multi‐ethnic population.
Development and validation of the 22‐item Tarumi's Modern‐Type Depression Trait Scale: Avoidance of Social Roles, Complaint, and Low Self‐Esteem (TACS‐22)
Authors: Kato Takahiro A. , Katsuki Ryoko , Kubo Hiroaki , Shimokawa Norihiro , Sato‐Kasai Mina , Hayakawa Kohei , Kuwano Nobuki , Umene‐Nakano Wakako , Tateno Masaru , Setoyama Daiki , Kang Dongchon , Watabe Motoki , Sakamoto Shinji , Teo Alan R. , Kanba Shigenobu 
Published: March 2019

AimUnderstanding premorbid personality is important, especially when considering treatment selection. Historically, the premorbid personality of patients with major depression in Japan was described asShuchaku‐kishitsu[similar to Typus melancholicus], as proposed by Shimoda in the 1930s. Since around 2000, there have been increased reports in Japan of young adults with depression who have had premorbid personality differing from the traditional type. In 2005, Tarumi termed this novel condition ‘dysthymic‐type depression,’ and more recently the condition has been calledShin‐gata/Gendai‐gata Utsu‐byo[modern‐type depression (MTD)]. We recently developed a semi‐structured diagnostic interview to evaluate MTD. Development of a tool that enables understanding of premorbid personality in a short time, especially at the early stage of treatment, is desirable. The object of this study was to develop a self‐report scale to evaluate the traits of MTD, and to assess the scale's psychometric properties, diagnostic accuracy, and biological validity.MethodsA sample of 340 participants from clinical and community settings completed measures. Psychometric properties were assessed with factor analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of the MTD traits was compared against a semi‐structured interview.ResultsThe questionnaire contained 22 items across three subscales, thus we termed it the 22‐item Tarumi's Modern‐Type Depression Trait Scale: Avoidance of Social Roles, Complaint, and Low Self‐Esteem (TACS‐22). Internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity were all satisfactory. Among patients with major depression, the area under the curve was 0.757 (sensitivity of 63.1% and specificity of 82.9%) and the score was positively correlated with plasma tryptophan.ConclusionThe TACS‐22 possessed adequate psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy in an initial sample of Japanese adults. Additional research on its ability to support clinical assessment of MTD is warranted.
Development of hemolytic paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria without graft loss following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acquired aplastic anemia
Authors: Oved Joseph H. , Stanley Natasha , Babushok Daria V. , Huang Yanping , Duke Jamie L. , Monos Dimitrios S. , Teachey David T. , Olson Timothy S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPNH is the most common clonal hematopoietic disorder arising in patients with aAA. PNH is caused by mutations in PIGA, a gene that encodes the catalytic subunit of an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of GPI anchors, transmembrane glycolipids required for cell surface expression of many proteins. PNH clones likely arise as immune escape mechanisms in aAA by preventing CD1D‐restricted T‐cell recognition of GPI anchors and GPI‐linked autoantigens. Though many patients with aAA treated with IST will develop subclinical PNH clones, only a subset will develop PNH disease, characterized by increased thrombosis, intravascular hemolysis, and potential for severe organ dysfunction. In contrast to IST, allogeneic HSCT for patients with aAA is thought to cure bone marrow aplasia and prevent hematopoietic clonal evolution to PNH. Herein, we present a phenomenon of host‐derived PNH disease arising in a patient with aAA many years following MSD‐BMT, highlighting the importance of monitoring for this clonal disease in aAA patients with stable mixed donor/recipient chimerism after HSCT. We also provide a literature review for similar occurrences of PNH arising after HSCT.
Moral Character and the Significance of Action: Judging Dmitri Karamazov
Authors: Pacovská Kamila 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe paper considers the problematic relation between a person and her action as it is expressed in the problem of blame and moral judgement. I argue that blaming someone for her action does affect our moral judgement of her, but does not imply condemnation of her moral character. I use the example of Dmitri Karamazov to show that a response to a particular situation, although shaped by the previous character of the person, does not follow from it and can in turn affect and change the person's character by changing the way in which she perceives what is valuable.
Immune response of pearl oysters to stress and diseases
Authors: Adzigbli Linda , Hao Ruijuan , Jiao Yu , Deng Yuewen , Du Xiaodong , Wang Qingheng , Huang Ronglian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPearl oysters are found in the marine ecosystem. Due to their frequent exposure to microbial pathogens and environmental perturbations, they have developed a multifaceted innate immune system with differentially expressed immune‐related genes in response to a range of stress via vast coordinated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The species are farmed to produce pearls. With the increasing adoption of aquaculture techniques in pearl production, there is the need to understand their culture environment and their immune response mechanisms. Multi‐omic studies have documented responses to nuclei insertion operation, diseases and various environmental conditions in Pinctada fucata martensii (Dunker, 1880), Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901), Pinctada margaritifera and Pteria penguin (Roding, 1798). Among the various stressors, nuclei insertion operation has been identified as a prevailing factor modifying gene expression. Other factors include life stage, air exposure, temperature, salinity, metals and organic contaminants. This manuscript details the response mechanism of these pearl oysters to the various stressors.
Arabidopsis seedlings display a remarkable resilience under severe mineral starvation using their metabolic plasticity to remain self‐sufficient for weeks
Authors: Réthoré Elise , d'Andrea Sabine , Benamar Abdelilah , Cukier Caroline , Tolleter Dimitri , Limami Anis M. , Avelange‐Macherel Marie‐Hélène , Macherel David 
Published: March 2019

SummaryDuring the life cycle of plants, seedlings are considered vulnerable because they are at the interface between the highly stress tolerant seed embryos and the established plant, and must develop rapidly, often in a challenging environment, with limited access to nutrients and light. Using a simple experimental system, whereby the seedling stage of Arabidopsis is considerably prolonged by nutrient starvation, we analysed the physiology and metabolism of seedlings maintained in such conditions up to 4 weeks. Although development was arrested at the cotyledon stage, there was no sign of senescence and seedlings remained viable for weeks, yielding normal plants after transplantation. Photosynthetic activity compensated for respiratory carbon losses, and energy dissipation by photorespiration and alternative oxidase appeared important. Photosynthates were essentially stored as organic acids, while the pool of free amino acids remained stable. Seedlings lost the capacity to store lipids in cytosolic lipid droplets, but developed large plastoglobuli. Arabidopsis seedlings arrested in their development because of mineral starvation displayed therefore a remarkable resilience, using their metabolic and physiological plasticity to maintain a steady state for weeks, allowing resumption of development when favourable conditions ensue.
Structural diversification during glucosinolate breakdown: mechanisms of thiocyanate, epithionitrile and simple nitrile formation
Authors: Eisenschmidt‐Bönn Daniela , Schneegans Nicola , Backenköhler Anita , Wittstock Ute , Brandt Wolfgang 
Published: March 2019

SummarySecondary metabolism is characterized by an impressive structural diversity. Here, we have addressed the mechanisms underlying structural diversification upon damage‐induced activation of glucosinolates, a group of thioglucosides found in the Brassicales. The classical pathway of glucosinolate activation involves myrosinase‐catalyzed hydrolysis and rearrangement of the aglucone to an isothiocyanate. Plants of the Brassicaceae possess specifier proteins, i.e. non‐heme iron proteins that promote the formation of alternative products by interfering with this reaction through unknown mechanisms. We have used structural information available for the thiocyanate‐forming protein from Thlaspi arvense (TaTFP), to test the impact of loops protruding at one side of its β‐propeller structure on product formation using the allylglucosinolate aglucone as substrate. In silico loop structure sampling and semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations identified a 3L2 loop conformation that enabled the Fe2+ cofactor to interact with the double bond of the allyl side chain. Only this arrangement enabled the formation of allylthiocyanate, a specific product of TaTFP. Simulation of 3,4‐epithiobutane nitrile formation, the second known product of TaTFP, required an alternative substrate docking arrangement in which Fe2+ interacts with the aglucone thiolate. In agreement with these results, substitution of 3L2 amino acid residues involved in the conformational change as well as exchange of critical amino acid residues of neighboring loops affected the allylthiocyanate versus epithionitrile proportion obtained upon myrosinase‐catalyzed allylglucosinolate hydrolysis in the presence of TaTFP in vitro. Based on these insights, we propose that specifier proteins are catalysts that might be classified as Fe2+‐dependent lyases.
A Gouge-Free Tool Axis Reorientation Method for Kinematics Compliant Avoidance of Singularity in 5-Axis Machining
Authors: Sun Shuoxue , Sun Yuwen , Lee Yuan-Shin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
When a cutter traverses a region local to the singularity in 5-axis machining, the stability of machine tool motion may be violated and inevitably lead to a reduction in machining quality and accuracy. In this paper, the underlying cause of the singular machine behaviors is first investigated by differentiating tool path motions, on the basis of the tool path motion expressions in part and machine coordinate systems. A further investigation indicates abrupt kinematic changes to be inevitable when the rotary axes approach a singularity. To eliminate such possible singular risks in 5-axis machining, a local tool path modification method is proposed by adjusting the two rotary axes out of a singular configuration. The critical kinematics smoothing and the consequent gouging concerns resulting from reorientation are comprehensively incorporated in the process of singularity avoidance, by means of a novel tool orientation optimization model. Specifically, the algorithm starts with the determination of an appropriate adjustment range in a simple yet effective manner, and then the primary rotary axis is adjusted in a constrained region away from zero, so as to avoid singularity. After that, the second rotary axis is accordingly adjusted, with no gouging requirements being violated. In this way, singularity problems in 5-axis machining are solved, and both the machine axes kinematics and surface gouging errors are under control. Machining simulation and laboratory experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Post hoc efficacy and safety analysis of insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed- ratio combination in North American patients compared with the rest of world
Authors: Dailey George , Bajaj Harpreet S , Dex Terry , Groleau Melanie , Stager William , Vinik Aaron 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of iGlarLixi (titratable fixed-ratio combination of insulin glargine (iGlar) and lixisenatide) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) living in North America (NA; USA and Canada) compared with the rest of the world (RoW).Research design and methodsPost hoc analysis included patient-level data from 509 sites/centers across two phase III trials: LixiLan-O (NCT02058147; insulin-naive patients; NA, n=371; RoW, n=796) and LixiLan-L (NCT02058160; inadequately controlled patients on basal insulin; NA, n=196; RoW, n=535). Efficacy outcomes were: change from baseline to Week 30 in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), postprandial glucose (PPG), PPG excursions, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and body weight; proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <42 mmol/mol (<7.0%); proportion of patients achieving composite endpoint: HbA1c <42 mmol/mol (<7.0%), no weight gain or symptomatic hypoglycemia (blood glucose ≤3.9 mmol/L (≤70 mg/dL)). Safety endpoints included incidence of documented symptomatic hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events.ResultsSignificantly larger reductions (p≤0.003) in HbA1c from baseline to Week 30 were achieved with iGlarLixi, compared with iGlar or lixisenatide, in NA and RoW patients in LixiLan-O (iGlarLixi vs iGlar: −0.31 and −0.29, respectively; iGlarLixi vs lixisenatide: −0.84 and −0.69, respectively) and in LixiLan-L (iGlarLixi vs iGlar: −0.5 and −0.51, respectively). Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia was similar between NA and RoW patients. iGlarLixi resulted in significant weight benefits versus iGlar (change from baseline –1.58 and –1.29 kg for NA and RoW patients, respectively; p<0.001). GI adverse events were similar for iGlarLixi and iGlar, but significantly higher for lixisenatide.ConclusionsiGlarLixi improved glycemic parameters versus iGlar or lixisenatide alone in both NA and RoW patients, with beneficial weight effects versus iGlar. iGlarLixi treatment responses, hypoglycemia risk and GI adverse events in NA patients were comparable with patients in the RoW.Trial registryClinicaltrials.govNCT02058147andNCT02058160.-
Eligibility of patients with type 2 diabetes for sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor cardiovascular outcomes trials: a global perspective from the DISCOVER study
Authors: Pintat Stéphane , Fenici Peter , Hammar Niklas , Ji Linong , Khunti Kamlesh , Medina Jesús , Tang Fengming , Wittbrodt Eric , Surmont Filip 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the eligibility of patients participating in DISCOVER (a 3-year, prospective, observational study program of 15 992 patients with type 2 diabetes [T2D] initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy across 38 countries) for four cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study [CANVAS], Dapagliflozin effect on CardiovascuLAR Events trial [DECLARE-TIMI 58], EMPAgliflozin cardiovascular OUTCOME event trial [EMPA-REG OUTCOME], and eValuation of ERTugliflozin effIcacy and Safety CardioVascular outcomes trial [VERTIS-CV]).Research design and methodsIn this cross-sectional analysis, baseline characteristics of DISCOVER patients were compared with the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the CVOTs to assess patient eligibility, overall and in four regions (Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa).ResultsOverall, 11 385 patients (71.2%) had sufficient data for the analysis; 56.1% were men. The mean age and time since T2D diagnosis were 57.4 and 5.6 years, respectively. The mean glycated hemoglobin level was 8.3%. DISCOVER patients were younger, and fewer had a history of cardiovascular disease, than those enrolled in the CVOTs. Eligibility varied across the CVOTs; the proportion of eligible DISCOVER patients was highest for DECLARE-TIMI 58 (40.5%), followed by CANVAS (19.9%), VERTIS-CV (7.2%), and EMPA-REG OUTCOME (7.1%); 54.6% of patients were not eligible for any CVOT. Eligibility for each CVOT varied across regions, which was explained by the differing proportions of patients with established cardiovascular disease.ConclusionsIn a large, international population of patients with T2D initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy, DECLARE-TIMI 58 was the most inclusive CVOT, suggesting that its study population will be more representative of patients encountered in routine clinical practice than those of CANVAS, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, and VERTIS-CV.