bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School Starting Age, Fertility, and Family Formation: Evidence From the School Entry Cutoff Using Exact Date of Birth
Authors: Beck Kathryn Christine , Hart Rannveig Kaldager , Flatø Martin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the past 50 years, the age at first birth in Norway and other European countries has shifted, leading to concerns that individuals begin childbearing too late to reach their intended family size. This article analyzes the effect of school starting age on fertility and family formation by utilizing Norway's age-based school entry policy. Using individual-level register data and a regression discontinuity design, we find that being born after the age cutoff for school start results in an increased age at first birth of 2.9 months for women and 4.0 months for men, whereas completed cohort fertility was unchanged. Similarly, being born after the cutoff increased the age at first marriage by 4.7 months for women and 2.4 months for men, with no effect on the overall probability of having a partner. Results show that age at completed education and earnings development are important mechanisms in this fertility postponement. Additionally, we analyze detailed age- and parity-specific effects, providing important insights into how age at starting school affects fertility timing but not overall fertility.
Revolutionizing neurosurgical care: Cost-effective follow-up with social media applications
Authors: Shahid Raana , Safdar Zainab 
Published: November 2024

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.12(PINS).11104
How to cite this: Shahid R, Safdar Z. Revolutionizing neurosurgical care: Cost-effective follow-up with social media applications. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(12):S128-S129. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.12(PINS).11104
Outcomes of Fenestration of Lamina Terminalis for Hydrocephalus following Clipping of Ruptured Aneurysms of Anterior Circulation
Authors: Iqbal Ismaeel Khalid , Ansari Nasruddin , Subhan Muhammad , Sheikh Faiq , Wadd Ejaz Hussain , Majid Hafiz Abdul 
Published: November 2024

Objectives: To evaluate the Outcomes of Fenestration of Lamina Terminalis for Hydrocephalus following Clipping of Ruptured Aneurysms of Anterior Circulation.
Methods: A retrospective case series study was conducted at the Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore from August 2022 to July 2023. Seventy seven patients meeting the inclusion criteria of age group 20-65 years, ruptured saccular aneurysm of anterior circulation with or without lamina terminalis fenestration during clipping, were enrolled through non-probability convenience sampling. Data was collected on all patients concerning postoperative hydrocephalus and the measures to mitigate its adverse effects. SPSS version 21 was utilized for data analysis.
Results: The average age of the patients was 46, and 60% were female. In the Lamina terminalis fenestrated group (n=40), the percentage of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus cases following aneurysm clipping was 4% for low Fisher grade and 13% for high Fisher grade. In contrast, in the non-fenestrated group of (n=37) patients, the percentage was 10% for the low Fisher grade and 37% for the high Fisher grade.
Conclusion: Reducing the likelihood of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after ruptured aneurysm clipping can be achieved using lamina terminalis fenestration, regardless of fisher grade. It assists in preventing excessive brain retraction, decreasing intracranial pressure, raising brain perfusion, cisternal blood cleansing, and lowering the need for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in cases of persistent hydrocephalus. Consequently, to reduce the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus, we recommend routine lamina terminalis fenestration following anterior circulation aneurysm clipping.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.12(PINS).11122
How to cite this: Iqbal IK, Ansari N, Subhan M, Sheikh F, Wadd IH, Majid HA. Outcomes of Fenestration of Lamina Terminalis for Hydrocephalus following Clipping of Ruptured Aneurysms of Anterior Circulation. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(12):S37-S40. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.12(PINS).11122
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Surgical outcomes of delayed clipping in ruptured intracranial aneurysms of anterior circulation: Experience from a low-middle-income country
Authors: Khokhar Tariq Imran , Cheema Zulqarnain Akram , Fatima Ibreeza , Riaz Maimoona , Qadri Haseeb Mehmood , Bashir Asif 
Published: November 2024

Objective: To evaluate the surgical outcomes of delayed microsurgical clipping for ruptured intracranial aneurysms (RICAs) of anterior circulation.
Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study assessed the surgical outcomes of 50 patients who underwent surgical clipping for “ruptured aneurysms” with subarachnoid haemorrhage after the 21st post-bleed day, from May 01, 2022, till May 01, 2023, at the Department of Neurosurgery, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
Results: The mean age of patients was 49.66 ± 6.231 years with a female preponderance of 54%. Out of 50 cases, 21 were midline aneurysms (42%), followed by left-sided laterality in 16 cases (32%). Aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was the most common accounting for 42% of the patients. Forty-nine patients returned home after first postoperative week without deficits, with a success rate of 98%. Seizures, surgical site infection and cerebrospinal fluid leak were noted in 6%, 4% and 2% patients, respectively.
Conclusion: Delayed clipping in RICAs after the 21st post-bleed day is advocated, especially in resource-constrained settings. Meticulous surgical technique and asepsis are responsible for great postoperative outcomes.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.12(PINS).11273
How to cite this: Khokar TI, Cheema ZA, Fatima I, Riaz M, Qadri HM, Bashir A. Surgical outcomes of delayed clipping in ruptured intracranial aneurysms of anterior circulation: Experience from a low-middle-income country. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(12):S41-S46. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.12(PINS).11273
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
PINS’s Commitment to Research and Academic Excellence
Authors: Bashir Asif 
Published: November 2024

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.12(PINS).11413
How to cite this: Bashir A. PINS’s Commitment to Research and Academic Excellence. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(12):S3. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.12(PINS).11413
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) - Causes, Diagnosis, Symptoms, Treatment
Authors: Targoński Oskar , Targońska Marta , Madej Adrianna , Suława Adrian , Furgalska Julia , Fedorowicz Sebastian , Basiak Aneta , Ptasiński Aleksander , Niekurzak Rafał , Buczek Agnieszka 
Published: November 2024

Introduction and Purpose: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia represents a group of genetic disorders characterized by improper adrenal steroidogenesis, resulting in deficiency or absence of cortisol and/or aldosterone, and varying degrees of disturbances in sexual development. The aim of this study is to raise awareness about the disease, enabling early diagnosis and contributing to reducing neonatal mortality, as the first clinical manifestation of CAH can be the life-threatening salt-wasting syndrome.

State of Knowledge: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), also known as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, encompasses a group of inherited disorders affecting the adrenal glands located above the kidneys. Adrenal glands produce various hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. CAH involves deficiencies in the enzymes necessary for the production of these hormones, leading to hormonal disturbances.

Summary: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), also referred to as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), describes a group of genetic diseases causing defects in adrenal hormone synthesis. CAH results in deficiency or absence of cortisol and/or aldosterone. The most common causes are mutations in the CYP21 gene (21-hydroxylase deficiency), CYP11B2 gene (11β-hydroxylase deficiency), and HSD3B2 gene (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency). Enzymatic deficiencies lead to compensatory increases in CRH and ACTH secretion, causing adrenal hyperplasia and excessive androgen synthesis.
Geographic information system mapping and predictors of glycemic control in children and youth with type 1 diabetes: a study from Western India
Authors: Yewale Sushil , Chaudhary Navendu , Miriam Demi , Bhor Shital , Dange Nimisha , Shah Nikhil , Khadilkar Vaman , Khadilkar Anuradha 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping, is a novel way to provide insights into spatial distribution of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and associations between T1D outcomes and potential predictors. We aimed to explore GIS in children with T1D, and identify predictors of poor glycemic control.

Methods
Design: Cross-sectional; Participants: 402 children and youth (187 boys) with T1D. Place of residence (coordinates) of participants were geocoded in GIS. They were divided into two groups living in urban or peri-urban areas using ArcGIS Pro. The characteristics of urban/peri-urban living were linked to sociodemographic and biochemical data and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed. Association between glycemic control and distance to our unit was studied.

Results
Mean age was 13.2 ± 4.7 years; 196 children were living in urban areas, 206 in peri-urban areas. There was significant difference in HbA1c between groups (Urban 9.9 (9.7, 10.2) %, Peri-urban 10.5 (10.1, 10.8) %) (p=0.004); mean difference 0.5 (0.1, 1.0) with poorer glycemic control and higher prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency in peri-urban and higher prevalence of hypothyroidism in urban areas. There was significant correlation between glycemic control (HbA1c) and distance to our unit r=0.108 (0.023, 0.218) (p=0.031). Individuals with an HbA1c ≥9.5 were residing farther away (58.9 (49.4, 68.5) km) as compared to those with HbA1c <9.5 (44.5 (35.1, 53.9) km) (p<0.05).

Conclusions
Children with T1D when grouped using GIS had differences in glycemic control and comorbidities; peri-urban participants and those residing further away from our unit had poorer glycemic control. Future efforts may be aimed at identifying centers and channelizing resources towards children showing poor glycemic control, thus optimizing disease management.
Humanitarian interpreting in the context of African migrant reception in the Canary Islands
Authors: García-Morales María Goretti , González Leticia Fidalgo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Canary Islands have traditionally been known for their beautiful beaches and tourist resorts. However, in the last decades, African migrant reception in this territory has become a human rights issue, which requires attention from all those involved in providing infrastructure, medical assistance, integration opportunities, etc. At the base of any of these actions is communication. Assisting migrants as soon as they arrive in Spanish territory, is certainly a new context where both language and cultural barriers are present.In this article we aim to describe the characteristics of the so-called Atlantic route in the context of irregular migration by sea, with a view to justifying its designation as a humanitarian crisis context and the consequent need to address this situation by providing suitable interpreter training for both ad hoc interpreters and those involved in interpreter education. We will also describe the main differences in the role played by interpreters and cultural mediators, with a special focus on ethical principles attached to the interpreting profession. Finally, after presenting some of the challenges in current communication practices with people arriving on the coasts of the Canary Islands, we will discuss whether translation and interpreting services should adapt to this specific situation.
Sleep Hygiene Within the Fire Service: A Narrative Review
Authors: Hare McKenzie M. , Wohlgemuth Kealey J. , Mota Jacob A. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
Firefighters are valuable members of society, prioritizing and assisting in public safety. Although the occupation is physically demanding, firefighters are at great risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. Although cardiovascular disease, obesity, and hypertension are preventable, the risk remains prominent in the fire service. Firefighters respond to emergencies throughout the day and night, causing disruptions and insufficient sleep, which may hinder their health and ability to accomplish occupational tasks. Adequate sleep quantity and quality are vital for both cognitive functioning and performance. Decrements in sleep duration or quality may have immediate detrimental impacts on firefighters' ability to perform occupational duties and further increase the risk of injury. Furthermore, poor sleep habits also negatively affect chronic health, heightening the precedented health concerns of this population. Understanding the effects of poor sleep hygiene and how to counteract inadequate sleep may reduce the risk of chronic health problems and allow firefighters to consistently accomplish occupational performance tasks. This narrative review describes the effects of poor sleep and the implication of quality sleep hygiene regimens that may provide the fire service.
A Mutual Project: Architecture and the Imperial Foundations of American Missionaries in Nineteenth-Century Beirut
Authors: El Chami Yasmina 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article focuses on the construction of the Syrian Protestant College from its foundation in 1863 to the beginning of the twentieth century and resituates American missionaries as covert imperial actors in nineteenth-century Beirut. It examines the close relationship between the missionaries’ increasingly imperial ambitions and their architectural establishment in the city, as evidenced by the private correspondence of the college’s founders. Here, architecture was neither a simple projection of “American” or evangelical culture nor a materialization of direct colonial control. Rather, architecture was tasked with multiple evolving roles as the missionary project grew more secure. This article traces the development of the college and its campus through three phases to illustrate how architecture and the missionaries’ imperial ambitions became mutually constitutive over time. In elucidating the nineteenth-century imperial foundations of the Syrian Protestant College it reconsiders both the nature of American imperialism in the Middle East and the central role of architecture in its construction.
ФИЛИППОВСКИЙ НАСТАВНИК СИМЕОН ГАВРИЛОВ КАК КНИЖНИК
Authors: Е.М. ЮХИМЕНКО 
Published: November 2024

Статья посвящена видному деятелю старообрядчества последней трети XIX - начала XX в. - северодвинскому крестьянину Симеону Гаврилову, наставнику филипповского согласия, книжнику, писателю, составителю четырех родословных. На основе новых материалов уточняются некоторые факты его биографии, в частности касающиеся времени пребывания на московском Братском дворе (конец 1873-1879), поездки в Сибири (1900). Сохранившиеся материалы Симеона Гаврилова - его сочинения, сборники, выписки - наглядно показывают широту книжных интересов филипповского наставника, глубину его познаний, не ослабевающий с годами интерес к разысканию нового материала. Работу северодвинского книжника характеризует вполне осознанный источниковедческий подход: оценка авторитетности источника, поиски авторских списков, сравнительный анализ списков, археографические комментарии. Все это служит ярким свидетельством сохранения в старообрядческой среде традиционного типа книжника-начетчика.
The article is devoted to the prominent figure of the Old Believers of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries - Severodvinsk peasant Simeon Gavrilov, mentor of the Filippovsky consent, scribe, writer, compiler of four Genealogies. Based on new materials, the article clarifies some of the facts of his biography, in particular, concerning the time of his stay in the Moscow Bratsky Dvor (the end of 1873 - 1879), trip to Siberia (in 1900). Simeon Gavrilov was a member of the circle of authoritative Filippovsky mentors and had access to the archives of the Bratsky Dvor and other mentors. He searched for books and documents on the history of consent wherever he was: in Moscow, Yegoryevsk, Kimry, Siberia. The surviving materials of Simeon Gavrilov - his writings, collections, extracts - clearly show the breadth of his book interests, the depth of knowledge, and the interest in finding new material that has not weakened over the years. The work of the Severodvinsk scribe is characterized by a completely conscious source study approach: assessment of the authority of the source, searches for author’s copies, comparative analysis of copies, archaeographic comments. As a scribe and copyist, Simeon Gavrilov was distinguished by his great punctuality and perfectionism. All this serves as clear evidence of the preservation of the traditional type of scribe-dogmatist in the Old Believer environment.
Mechanical Ventilation for Children Approaching End of Life: A PHIS Study, 2010–2019
Authors: Puccetti Deirdre F. , Staffa Steven J. , Burns Jeffrey P. 
Published: November 2024

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation (IMV and NIV) for children who die in the hospital, to assess for change over time, and to determine the association between mode(s) of ventilation and hospital resource utilization.

METHODS
Multicenter retrospective cohort of 37 children’s hospitals in the United States participating in Pediatric Health Information Systems Database. Included 41 091 hospitalizations for patients 0 to 21 years who died in hospital January 2010 to December 2019. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression examined IMV and NIV use clustered by hospital, adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics. χ2, Kruskal-Wallis tests and multivariable regression models measured associations between mode of ventilation and resource utilization.

RESULTS
Over the decade, the percentage exposed to any IMV remained unchanged (∼88.5%), whereas any NIV increased 7.1% (18.8% to 25.9%), with wide interhospital variability in NIV use. Exposure to both IMV + NIV increased 6.0% (16.8% to 22.8%). Compared with only IMV, only NIV had lower odds of ICU admission and death, shorter ICU length of stay (LOS), similar hospital LOS, and lower costs. Both IMV + NIV had higher odds of ICU admission, longer duration of IMV, lower likelihood of ICU death, longer ICU and hospital LOS, and higher costs than IMV alone.

CONCLUSIONS
For children who died in the hospital in the past decade, use of NIV has increased without a reciprocal decrease in IMV, because of an increase in exposure to both IMV + NIV, a combination associated with high hospital resource utilization.
Anosmia and homoeopathy
Authors: Tripathy Tridibesh , Das Shankar , Dwivedi Rakesh , Gautam Mohini 
Published: November 2024

Anosmia is a commonly reported symptom in COVID-19 patients that frequently occurs early in the course of the disease & may persist as a long term symptom. SARS-COV2 infection has been suggested to cause the death of support cells in the olfactory epithelium with consequences for neuronal function.The article focuses on the age old concept of Ayurveda where it is advised to start feeling the senses as the day starts & be aware of any changes with the comeback of Communicable Diseases (CD) such as the COVID 19 pandemic. As the CDs surged, the concept of eating while smelling the food emerged since the process of anosmia led to definitive changes in the nasal cavity that are definitive signs of COVID 19 infection. The current article sees the role of Homoeopathy of the AYUSH system in the process of anosmia due to COVID 19. Those adopting the process of healthy nasal health may use the therapeutic system of homeopathy to optimize the benefits of a healthy olfaction.After discussing the various modalities of anosmia, a homoeopathic treatment protocol is suggested on the lines of the markers mentioned above. The article aspires that this integration will help the nation to deal with the current & future menace of CDs.
Life Skills Children Aged 4-6 Years in Sragen
Authors: Hasanah Fathimah , Pranoto Yuli Kurniawati Sugiyo Pranoto , Diana Diana 
Published: November 2024

The abilities of children aged 4-6 years in Sragen Regency look poor, it is thought that this is because life skills at school and at home are not instilled well and in harmony. The aim of this research is to analyze how the life skills of children aged 4-5 years in Sragen district are seen from the age, gender and type of work of the parents. This research uses mixed methods, namely quantitative and qualitative. The results of the findings explain that children's life skills The age of 6 years looks better and because of the adjustments the cultivation of life skills is carried out at home and at school. The life skills possessed by children aged 4 years seem to be starting to emerge in the aspects of personal skills (including self-knowledge skills, rational thinking skills) and social skills (including functional language skills, empathy skills). The life skills of children aged 5 years seem to have developed in those who are female and are supported by the type of work and educational background of their parents in the form of Strata 1. Likewise, the life skills of children aged 6 years in female children have more life skills that are very developed from of personal skills and social skills.Several factors influence the development of life skills. What teachers do at school is as follows: starting from giving examples at school, giving invitations and commands and doing it directly to the children. This is the instillation carried out by teachers at school so that children receive life skills stimulus in the form of personal skills and social skills which become the basic provisions for life for children aged 4-6 years which are also supported by stimuli which are followed up at home by parents.