bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations Between State‐Level Policies Regarding Alcohol Use Among Pregnant Women, Adverse Birth Outcomes, and Prenatal Care Utilization: Results from 1972 to 2013 Vital Statistics
Authors: Subbaraman Meenakshi S. , Thomas Sue , Treffers Ryan , Delucchi Kevin , Kerr William C. , Martinez Priscilla , Roberts Sarah C.M. 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundPolicies regarding alcohol use during pregnancy continue to be enacted and debated in the United States. However, no study to date has examined whether these policies are related to birth outcomes—the outcomes they ultimately aim to improve. Here, we assessed whether state‐level policies targeting alcohol use during pregnancy are related to birth outcomes, which has not been done comprehensively before.MethodsThe study involved secondary analyses of birth certificate data from 148,048,208 U.S. singleton births between 1972 and 2013. Exposures were indicators of whether the following 8 policies were in effect during gestation: Mandatory Warning Signs (MWS), Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women, Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women/Women with Children, Reporting Requirements for Data and Treatment Purposes, Prohibitions Against Criminal Prosecution, Civil Commitment, Reporting Requirements for Child Protective Services Purposes, and Child Abuse/Child Neglect. Outcomes were low birthweight (<2,500 g), premature birth (<37 weeks), any prenatal care utilization (PCU), late PCU, inadequate PCU, and normal (≥7) APGAR score. Multivariable fixed‐effect logistic regressions controlling for both maternal‐ and state‐level covariates were used for statistical analyses.ResultsOf the 8 policies, 6 were significantly related to worse outcomes and 2 were not significantly related to any outcomes. The policy requiring MWS was related to the most outcomes: specifically, living in a state with MWS was related to 7% higher odds of low birthweight (p < 0.001); 4% higher odds of premature birth (p < 0.004); 18% lower odds of any PCU (p < 0.001); 12% higher odds of late PCU (p < 0.002); and 10% lower odds of a normal APGAR score (p < 0.001) compared to living in a state without MWS.ConclusionsMost policies targeting alcohol use during pregnancy do not have their intended effects and are related to worse birth outcomes and less PCU.
Environmental determination of body size in mammals: Rethinking ‘island dwarfism’ in the golden bandicoot
Authors: Dunlop Judy , Morris Keith 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThere are several cases of insular animal species exhibiting dramatic differences in body size when compared with mainland counterparts. Such pronounced morphological changes can arise from divergent selection via differing resource availability, competition or predation pressure. Past studies have not been able to demonstrate a reversal of these morphological changes when populations are removed from their island situation. This study examines the body size response of populations of the Barrow Island ‘dwarf’ subspecies of golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus barrowensis: Ramsay, 1887) following translocation to an island and mainland site within their former range. Skeletal and mass measurements, body condition and fecundity of released animals and their offspring were compared to data from the source population. When comparing bandicoots born at translocation sites to source populations, males were significantly larger in skeletal size and mass, females were also significantly larger and exhibited higher reproductive output (number, frequency and average mass of pouch young). These effects occurred in a gradient according to environmental conditions, where animals were smallest and least productive at the densely populated source site, larger and more productive on a nearby island, and largest and most productive at a mainland site with some nutritional supplementation. These changes in skeletal size, mass and fecundity took place in the first 1–4 generations (18 months post‐release), suggesting that the response is not explained by natural selection. We posit that the small size of golden bandicoots on Barrow Island (315.8 ± 4.2 g, this study, cf 569.4 ± 19.3 g, mainland) is not a genotypic response to selective pressures, but rather a reversible phenotypic response to more favourable environmental conditions. A reduction in competitive pressures appeared to allow bandicoots to grow to a larger size and mass, and allow greater reproductive output. Ecological processes relating to resource limitation appear to drive ‘island dwarfism’ in I. auratus, and may apply to other insular species with morphological differentiation.
Generalized Information Theory Meets Human Cognition: Introducing a Unified Framework to Model Uncertainty and Information Search
Authors: Crupi Vincenzo , Nelson Jonathan D. , Meder Björn , Cevolani Gustavo , Tentori Katya 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSearching for information is critical in many situations. In medicine, for instance, careful choice of a diagnostic test can help narrow down the range of plausible diseases that the patient might have. In a probabilistic framework, test selection is often modeled by assuming that people's goal is to reduce uncertainty about possible states of the world. In cognitive science, psychology, and medical decision making, Shannon entropy is the most prominent and most widely used model to formalize probabilistic uncertainty and the reduction thereof. However, a variety of alternative entropy metrics (Hartley, Quadratic, Tsallis, Rényi, and more) are popular in the social and the natural sciences, computer science, and philosophy of science. Particular entropy measures have been predominant in particular research areas, and it is often an open issue whether these divergences emerge from different theoretical and practical goals or are merely due to historical accident. Cutting across disciplinary boundaries, we show that several entropy and entropy reduction measures arise as special cases in a unified formalism, the Sharma–Mittal framework. Using mathematical results, computer simulations, and analyses of published behavioral data, we discuss four key questions: How do various entropy models relate to each other? What insights can be obtained by considering diverse entropy models within a unified framework? What is the psychological plausibility of different entropy models? What new questions and insights for research on human information acquisition follow? Our work provides several new pathways for theoretical and empirical research, reconciling apparently conflicting approaches and empirical findings within a comprehensive and unified information‐theoretic formalism.
Longitudinal development of attention and inhibitory control during the first year of life
Authors: Holmboe Karla , Bonneville‐Roussy Arielle , Csibra Gergely , Johnson Mark H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractExecutive functions (EFs) are key abilities that allow us to control our thoughts and actions. Research suggests that two EFs, inhibitory control (IC) and working memory (WM), emerge around 9 months. Little is known about IC earlier in infancy and whether basic attentional processes form the “building blocks” of emerging IC. These questions were investigated longitudinally in 104 infants tested behaviorally on two screen‐based attention tasks at 4 months, and on IC tasks at 6 and 9 months. Results provided no evidence that basic attention formed precursors for IC. However, there was full support for coherence in IC at 9 months and partial support for stability in IC from 6 months. This suggests that IC emerges earlier than previously assumed.A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVE17hooANY
Transplantation tolerance through mixed chimerism: From allo to xeno
Authors: Sachs David H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTo date, the only successful means of achieving allogeneic transplantation tolerance in the clinic has involved induction of mixed lymphohematopoietic chimerism. Such chimerism was first achieved in mice and subsequently in large animals, including miniature swine, monkeys and most recently humans. The mechanism of tolerance has differed between models, involving both deletional and regulatory mechanisms, in varying proportions, depending on the model. Considerable progress has also been made toward induction of tolerance across the xenogeneic pig‐to‐primate barrier, although complete success has not yet been achieved. The two approaches toward xenograft tolerance currently being investigated both involve establishment of a mixture of host and donor cells in the thymus, in one case through administration of donor bone marrow to the recipient and in the other through vascularized donor thymus transplantation to a thymectomized recipient. Hopefully, a combination of these approaches may provide an effective means for achieving full tolerance and thereby bringing xenograft organ transplantation to the clinic.
The Agony and the Ecstasy: Student-Coaches’ Perceptions of a Heutagogical Approach to Coach Development
Authors: Stoszkowski John , Collins Dave 
Published: June 2018

Heutagogy is the focus on self-determined learning by the learner. In a recent Insights paper, Stoszkowski and Collins offered a critical overview of heutagogy, highlighting the potential advantages for coaching and coach education, as well as some concerns with its use. The aim of the present study was to offer insight into student-coaches’ experiences on a sports coaching bachelor degree module that was underpinned by a heutagogical approach to learning. Twenty-six student-coaches (6 females and 20 males) took part in semi-structured group interviews, 19 of whom had completed an end of module survey. Data were analyzed inductively and findings revealed that performance on, and perceptions of, the module showed the approach was differentially effective, with three higher order themes representing the student-coaches’ articulation of their experiences: (a) attitudinal disposition, (b) knowledge and experience, and (c) skill set. Although the findings of present study suggest heutagogy is a potentially useful method in coach education, we also highlight some potentially essential caveats to the use of the method.
Differences in IgG Fc Glycosylation Are Associated with Outcome of Pediatric Meningococcal Sepsis
Authors: de Haan Noortje , Boeddha Navin P. , Ekinci Ebru , Reiding Karli R. , Emonts Marieke , Hazelzet Jan A. , Wuhrer Manfred , Driessen Gertjan J. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Pediatric meningococcal sepsis often results in morbidity and/or death, especially in young children. Our understanding of the reasons why young children are more susceptible to both the meningococcal infection itself and a more fulminant course of the disease is limited. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is involved in the adaptive immune response against meningococcal infections, and its effector functions are highly influenced by the glycan structure attached to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. It was hypothesized that IgG Fc glycosylation might be related to the susceptibility and severity of meningococcal sepsis. Because of this, the differences in IgG Fc glycosylation between 60 pediatric meningococcal sepsis patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and 46 age-matched healthy controls were investigated, employing liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection of tryptic IgG glycopeptides. In addition, Fc glycosylation profiles were compared between patients with a severe outcome (death or the need for amputation) and a nonsevere outcome. Meningococcal sepsis patients under the age of 4 years showed lower IgG1 fucosylation and higher IgG1 bisection than age-matched healthy controls. This might be a direct effect of the disease; however, it can also be a reflection of previous immunologic challenges and/or a higher susceptibility of these children to develop meningococcal sepsis. Within the young patient group, levels of IgG1 hybrid-type glycans and IgG2/3 sialylation per galactose were associated with illness severity and severe outcome. Future studies in larger groups should explore whether IgG Fc glycosylation could be a reliable predictor for meningococcal sepsis outcome.

IMPORTANCE
Meningococcal sepsis causes significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in young children. Identification of risk factors for a more fulminant infection would help to decide on appropriate treatment strategies for the individual patients. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays an essential role in humoral immune responses and is involved in the adaptive immune response against meningococcal infections. Of great influence on the receptor affinity of IgG is the
N
-glycan on its fragment crystallizable (Fc) portion. In the present study, we analyzed IgG glycosylation during the fast development of meningococcal sepsis in children, and we were able to identify glycosylation features that are different between meningococcal sepsis patients and healthy controls. These features might be indicative of a higher susceptibility to meningococcal sepsis. In addition, we found glycosylation features in the patients that were associated with illness severity and severe disease outcome, having the potential to serve as a disease outcome predictor.
The Expulsion of Hagar
Authors: Englard Yaffa 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Although many other scenes from the book of Genesis have been represented visually over the centuries, Hagar’s expulsion has been largely overlooked. This article examines the history of those works devoted to the subject, focusing in particular on the planes on which Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar are placed, the effects of narrative and story-telling upon visual art, the influence of theological stances and their developments upon the understanding of the episode, its reflection of early and medieval Jewish-Christian relations, and feminist/gender biblical interpretation.
Seasonal variability in diversity and abundance of the free-living pelagic copepod community of the Algerian coasts (SW Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Chaouadi Mustapha , Hafferssas Aziz 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Investigations on the free-living, pelagic copepod community of the Algerian coasts were performed at the Habibas Islands and in Bou Ismail Bay (Sidi Fredj coast) between 0 and 100 meter depth during various seasons of the year 2012-2013. Seventy-seven taxa at species level have been identified, belonging to 47 genera and 24 families. The distribution of the copepod community revealed seasonal variability; high abundance and species richness (greater than 20 species) characterized winter and spring, while the summer period was characterized by low abundance and species richness. The spatial distribution showed high abundance and species richness on the Sidi Fredj coast (the respective mean abundances along the Sidi Fredj coast and at the Habibas Islands were 253.71 ind.m−3 and 109.77 ind.m−3, respectively). Analysis of the samples showed the presence of seven abundant and frequent species: Centropages typicus, Eucalanus elongatus, Pleuromamma abdominalis, Paracalanus parvus, Paracalanus nanus, Calanus helgolandicus, and Temora stylifera. Multivariate analysis (ascending hierarchical classification and non-metric multidimensional scaling) enabled us to group the stations according to the composition in the copepod species, and the influence of seasonal changes was well observed. A dominance of herbivorous behaviour, followed by an omnivorous feeding strategy, was observed in the two studied areas. A dominance of epipelagic and epi-mesopelagic species was observed during all seasons, reflecting a neritic character of both study areas.
The Virus in the Language: Alonso De Cartagena’s Deconstruction of the “Limpieza De Sangre” in Defensorium Unitatis Christianae (1450)
Authors: Giordano Maria Laura 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This paper analyzes a little-studied aspect of Bishop Alonso de Cartagena (1485–56): that of a theologian embroiled in a polemic dispute with Pero Sarmiento and Marcos García de Mora, organizers of the Toledan anti-converso riots of 1449. In this dispute, Cartagena demonstrates a formidable dialectic force, which he develops in his treatise Defensorium Unitatis Christianae. His theological discourse would become a battleground in which, Bible in hand, he revealed the belligerent, irrational and, at the same time, ideological and heretical nature of his adversaries’ arguments.
Cartagena represents the critical conscience of the conversos of his time and epitomizes an ambitious and valiant Christian humanism in his attempt to save the unity of Christian society from the cultural and social rift the Toledan crisis clearly embodied. His originality lies in having understood the importance of language as a medium and, therefore, the need to neutralize the “virus” inside it: the preconceived and artificial conceptions that the Toledo rebels had of conversos.
Furthermore, his assertion that the papacy should maintain full control of the punishment of heretics led him to suggest repeatedly to John II of Castile that matters of faith did not concern the civil authorities.
His role as a theologian reveals itself in his decisive contribution to the expression of a new religious identity: that of the conversos, who thanks to him, began to familiarize themselves with theological concepts such as justification by faith and works such as the Beneficium Christi, which would later play a role in the Spanish and European religious crisis of the sixteenth century.
Simulating Tornado Probability and Tornado Wind Speed Based on Statistical Models
Authors: Cohen Ariel E. , Cohen Joel B. , Thompson Richard L. , Smith Bryan T. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This study presents the development and testing of two statistical models that simulate tornado potential and wind speed. This study reports on the first-ever development of two multiple regression–based models to assist warning forecasters in statistically simulating tornado probability and tornado wind speed in a diagnostic manner based on radar-observed tornado signature attributes and one environmental parameter. Based on a robust database, the radar-based storm-scale circulation attributes (strength, height above ground, clarity) combine with the effective-layer significant tornado parameter to establish a tornado probability. The second model adds the categorical presence (absence) of a tornadic debris signature to derive the tornado wind speed. While the fits of these models are considered somewhat modest, their regression coefficients generally offer physical consistency, based on findings from previous research. Furthermore, simulating these models on an independent dataset and other past cases featured in previous research reveals encouraging signals for accurately identifying higher potential for tornadoes. This statistical application using large-sample-size datasets can serve as a first step to streamlining the process of reproducibly quantifying tornado threats by service-providing organizations in a diagnostic manner, encouraging consistency in messaging scientifically sound information for the protection of life and property.
Examining the impact of audience response systems on student performance in anatomy education: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Fergusson Stuart J , Aka Justine J , Hennessy Catherine M , Wilson Andrew J , Parson Simon H , Harrison Ewen M , Finn Gabrielle M , Gillingwater Thomas H 
Published: June 2018

Background and aims Electronic audience response systems offer the potential to enhance learning and improve performance. However, objective research investigating the use of audience response systems in undergraduate education has so far produced mixed, inconclusive results. We investigated the impact of audience response systems on short- and long-term test performance, as well as student perceptions of the educational experience, when integrated into undergraduate anatomy teaching. Methods and results A cohort of 70 undergraduate medical students was randomly allocated to one of the two groups. Both groups received the same anatomy lecture, but one group experienced the addition of audience response systems. Multiple-choice tests were conducted before, immediately after the lecture and again 10 weeks later. Self-perceived post-lecture subject knowledge, confidence and enjoyment ratings did not differ between groups. Test performance immediately following the lecture improved when compared against baseline and was modestly but significantly superior in the group taught with audience response systems (mean test score of 17.3/20 versus 15.6/20 in the control group, p = 0.01). Tests conducted 10 weeks after the lecture showed no difference between groups (p = 0.61), although overall a small improvement from the baseline test was maintained (p = 0.02). Conclusions Whilst audience response systems offer opportunities to deliver novel education experiences to students, an initial superiority over standard methods does not necessarily translate into longer term gains in student performance when employed in the context of anatomy education.
Models for basic warp knitted fabrics Part II: single guide bar fabrics (closed-lap and open-lap)
Authors: Kurbak Arif 
Published: June 2018

Warp knitted fabrics are mainly used as household goods, technical textiles, medical textiles, etc. Modeling of these fabrics is necessary for predicting the desired technical or medical functions beforehand. In this context, the present series of papers is devoted to the modeling of basic warp knitted fabrics. In this, Part II of this series, models for single guide bar fabrics are created. There are mainly two types of single bar fabrics, namely closed-lap and open-lap single bar fabrics. Structures are also changed by having different lapping movements up to the five needle spaces. In this work, 1 and 1, 2 and 1, 3 and 1, 4 and 1 closed-lap and 1 and 1, 2 and 1, 3 and 1 open-lap single bar warp knitted fabrics are considered. During modeling, the loop leanings in the course-wise direction are considered, curvature equalities at the loop parts are attained as much as possible, two connected parabolas are taken as the fabric plane model of the loop connection part, loop heads are taken as parametric ellipses in two dimensions and the remaining loop parts are modeled by wrapping parabolic or cubic curves on imaginary cylindrical or conical objects. The models created are versatile and they can be changed and used for special cases. The models created are drawn to scale by using the 3DS-MAX computer graphical program. At first glance, it is seen that the shapes obtained by the models are similar to the ones that can be observed in real samples.