bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the surface velocity of an alpine cirque glacier
Authors: SANDERS J. W. , CUFFEY K. M. , MACGREGOR K. R. , KAVANAUGH J. L. , DOW C. F. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTFollowing pioneering work in Norway, cirque glaciers have widely been viewed as rigidly rotating bodies. This model is incorrect for basin-filling cirque glaciers, as we have demonstrated at West Washmawapta Glacier, a small glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Here we report observations at the same glacier that assess whether complex temporal variations of flow also occur. For parts of three summers, we measured daily displacements of the glacier surface. In one year, four short-duration speed-up events were recorded. Three of the events occurred during the intervals of warmest weather, when melt was most rapid; the fourth event occurred immediately following heavy rain. We interpret the speed-up events as manifestations of enhanced water inputs to the glacier bed and associated slip lubrication by increased water volumes and pressures. No further speed-ups occurred in the final month of the melt season, despite warm temperatures and several rainstorms; the dominant subglacial water system likely transformed from one of poorly connected cavities to one with an efficient channel network. The seasonal evolution of hydrology and flow resembles behaviors documented at other, larger temperate glaciers and indicates that analyses of cirque erosion cannot rely on simple assumptions about ice dynamics.
Evaluation of salinomycin isolated from Streptomyces albus JSY-2 against the ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Authors: Yao Jia-Yun , Gao Ming-Yue , Jia Yong-Yi , Wu Yan-Xia , Yin Wen-Lin , Cao Zheng , Yang Gui-Lian , Huang Hai-Bin , Wang Chun-Feng , Shen Jin-Yu , Gu Zhi-Min 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to investigate the antiparasitic activity of extracellular products of Streptomyces albus. Bioactivity-guided isolation of chloroform extracts affording a compound showing potent activity. The structure of the compound was elucidated as salinomycin (SAL) by EI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. In vitro test showed that SAL has potent anti-parasitic efficacy against theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis with 10 min, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h (effective concentration) EC50 (95% confidence intervals) of 2.12 (2.22–2.02), 1.93 (1.98–1.88), 1.42 (1.47–1.37), 1.35 (1.41–1.31) and 1.11 (1.21–1.01) mg L−1. In vitro antiparasitic assays revealed that SAL could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis encysted tomonts at a concentration of 8.0 mg L−1. In vivo test demonstrated that the number of I. multifiliis trophonts on Erythroculter ilishaeformis treated with SAL was markedly lower than that of control group at 10 days after exposed to theronts (P < 0.05). In the control group, 80% mortality was observed owing to heavy I. multifiliis infection at 10 days. On the other hand, only 30.0% mortality was recorded in the group treated with 8.0 mg L−1 SAL. The median lethal dose (LD50) of SAL for E. ilishaeformis was 32.9 mg L−1.
Verbal fluency in relation to reading ability in students with and without dyslexia
Authors: SHAREEF ZEINAB , ÖSTBERG PER , HEDENIUS MARTINA 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTVerbal fluency tasks, in which participants generate words during a set time, have been used in research and assessments of neurobiological disorders and impairments. Research on verbal fluency in dyslexia has shown impaired performance in semantic and letter fluency. However, studies report inconsistent results, and action fluency has not been examined in dyslexia. Current research has mainly examined verbal fluency in relation to executive functions, vocabulary, and phonological processing. The present study examined performance on letter, semantic, and action fluency in relation to reading ability in 42 students in higher education, of which 16 had developmental dyslexia and 26 had typical reading development. It was examined if verbal fluency can predict variance in reading ability when group, phonological awareness, and rapid automatized naming are controlled for. Results showed impaired verbal fluency in the developmental dyslexia group. Action fluency and group were significant predictors of reading ability, together explaining 73% of the variance, in a backward elimination regression analysis. The results point to a possible, unique connection between action fluency and reading ability; this connection is discussed based on their neurocognitive underpinnings.
Becoming atomic: the bunker, modernity, and the city
Authors: Boyd Gary A. , Linehan Denis 
Published: November 2018

From a starting point of Jay Swayze's extraordinary Underground Homes and Gardens project (1980) this paper explores and contextualises the bunker's significance and accelerated production under threat from atomic weapons in the Cold War. The nuclear bunker represents the end-point of a series of buried and semi-buried structures. Bulwarks since the early eighteenth century against increasingly sophisticated forms of ordnance, they emerge in increasing numbers throughout the twentieth century across a series of scales and spheres from the household to the civic and urban. In its proliferation as a building type and precise fitness to purpose, the bunker is arguably as emblematic of modernity as the department store, the great exhibition, the skyscraper or the machine-inspired domestic space advocated by Le Corbusier. It also represents the obverse – or perhaps a parodic iteration – of the preoccupations of early architectural modernism: a vast underground international style, cast in millions of tons of thick, reinforced concrete retaining walls, whose spatial relationship to the landscape above was strictly mediated through the periscope, the loop-hole, the range finder and the strategic necessity to both resist and facilitate the technologies and scopic regimes of weaponry.This paper critically uncoils Paul Virillo's observation that, once physically eclipsed in its topographical and technical settings, the bunker's efficacy would mutate to other domains, retaining and remaking its meaning in another topology. ‘The essence of the new fortress’, he writes, ‘is elsewhere, underfoot, invisible from here on in’. Shaped by this impulse, this paper attempts to render visible the bunker's relationship to modernity and its architectural, cultural and urban contributions to the twentieth century. In doing so it excavates some of the relationships between the physical artefact, its implications and its enduring metaphorical and perceptual ghosts as domestic realms and whole cities and regions became atomic.
Quantitative Aspects of PLAD Sidewall Doping Characterization by SIMS and APT
Authors: Kouzminov Dimitry , Cournoyer James , Norasetthekul Somchintana , Muthuraman Harish , Gao Qi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractApplication of atom probe tomography (APT) and 1.5D secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) as complimentary techniques to study fin sidewall doping by plasma implantation (PLAD) is the focus of this paper. Unlike planar transistors, characterization of 3D devices both by SIMS and APT requires sample preparation via trench backfill with α-Si, or other material, via chemical vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition process due to high aspect ratio of test structures. Certain artifacts with adverse impacts on quantitative results encountered in this study are discussed.
onlineSPARC: A Programming Environment for Answer Set Programming
Authors: MARCOPOULOS ELIAS , ZHANG YUANLIN 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRecent progress in logic programming (e.g. the development of the answer set programming (ASP) paradigm) has made it possible to teach it to general undergraduate and even middle/high school students. Given the limited exposure of these students to computer science, the complexity of downloading, installing, and using tools for writing logic programs could be a major barrier for logic programming to reach a much wider audience. We developed onlineSPARC, an online ASP environment with a self-contained file system and a simple interface. It allows users to type/edit logic programs and perform several tasks over programs, including asking a query to a program, getting the answer sets of a program, and producing a drawing/animation based on the answer sets of a program.
More than meets the eye – and less: Comments onThe Internationalists
Authors: FOLLESDAL ANDREAS 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:These comments address three themes concerning Oona A Hathaway’s and Scott J Shapiro’sThe Internationalists(Hathaway and Shapiro 2017), a great contribution to scholarship about international relations, international law and international legal theory. I first explore further some game theoretical themes, how the Peace Pact arguably contributed to avoid war by creating institutions – such as international courts – that helped stabilise an assurance game among states by providing trustworthy information and commitments, in turn influencing practices and beliefs concerning mutual non-aggression. Second, I suggest that the authors should not claim more than that the Peace Pact was one cause of the massive shift in reduced warfare. Further arguments are needed to show that this treaty was the trigger that ‘began a cascade’. Third, I suggest that the lessons for the future are limited, as we explore how to preserve and improve on the New World Order of the Pact, rather than backsliding into the Old World Order.
The role of outcasting in the world order
Authors: ULFSTEIN GEIR 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:The Internationalistsis a fascinating book. The authors present a clear proposition about the significance of the 1928 Pact for the Renunciation of War for a more peaceful world. My focus is on the role of what the authors call outcasting, as an alternative to war. I argue that outcasting is hardly new. It has been known as reprisals or self-help, and currently as countermeasures. It is essential that such measures are brought under international control. What is more, the current US administration is a threat to the current world order. Other states and civil society need to continue to develop internationally controlled sanctions against violations of international law – also in the absence of the USA.
Outlawing war is not enough to promote international peace: The ambivalence of liberal interventionism
Authors: GEIS ANNA 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:Why has interstate war declined and why do states refrain from territorial conquests in the post-Second World War order? The 1928 Peace Pact cannot account for these remarkable developments. This article argues that outlawing war is not enough to promote international peace. International Relations debates on the influence of weapons of mass destruction, democratic regime types and political cultures on interstate behaviour provide further important insights into the delegitimation of certain types of war. Since the 1990s, a changing character of war and warfare has emerged that is especially promoted by democratic states. How democratic states have justified their military use of force and how they have conducted their military interventions has a strong and ambivalent impact on the liberal world order.
Time and Scale Dependence in Estuarine Longitudinal Dispersion
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Ming , Chant Robert , Hunter Eli , Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDye‐release and numerical modeling experiments are conducted to investigate horizontal dispersion in a partially mixed estuary. Longitudinal dispersion of a dye patch shows marked flood‐ebb asymmetry in the first two tidal cycles after a dye release, with most of the dispersion occurring during ebb tides. There are large differences in the dispersion rate between spring and neap tides. Due to increased vertical mixing during spring tides, a dye patch quickly extends from the bottom to the surface and is exposed to the vertical shear in the entire water column, enhancing longitudinal dispersion. In contrast, most of the dye patch is limited to the bottom few meters during the neap tides. Although decreased vertical mixing during neap tides facilitates longitudinal dispersion, the vertical shear across the thin dye patch in the bottom layer is much weaker than the full water column shear in spring tides. Decreased shear leads to reduced longitudinal dispersion. After four tidal cycles, the second moment of the dye patch increases with time in the along‐channel direction at a power of between 2 and 3. The longitudinal dispersion rate varies as the four thirds power of the dye patch size, indicating scale‐dependent diffusion.
The Apparent Absence of Kilometer‐Sized Pyroclastic Volcanoes on Mercury: Are We Looking Right?
Authors: Brož P. , Čadek O. , Wright J. , Rothery D. A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSpacecraft data reveal that volcanism was active on Mercury. Evidence of large‐volume effusive and smaller‐scale explosive eruptions has been detected. However, only large (>~15 km) volcanic features or vents have been found so far, despite abundant high‐resolution imagery. On other volcanic planets, the size of volcanoes is anticorrelated with their frequency; small volcanoes are much more numerous than large ones. Here we present results of a numerical model that predicts the shapes of ballistically emplaced volcanic edifices and hence can explain the lack of kilometer‐sized constructional explosive volcanoes on the surface of Mercury. We find that due to the absence of the atmosphere, particles are spread on this planet over a larger area than is typical for Earth or Mars. Erupted volumes are likely insufficient to build edifices with slope angles that enable their easy recognition with currently available data or that could survive destruction by subsequent impact bombardment.
Seeking the Shore: Evidence for Active Submarine Canyon Head Incision Due to Coarse Sediment Supply and Focusing of Wave Energy
Authors: Smith M. Elliot , Werner Samuel H. , Buscombe Daniel , Finnegan Noah J. , Sumner Esther J. , Mueller Erich R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSubmarine flows carve canyons into continental shelves, yet the conditions and events responsible for canyon incision are incompletely understood. Coarse sediment flux has been shown to promote terrestrial bedrock incision via abrasion in rivers, but similar processes in submarine canyons have yet to be systematically documented. We use repeat bathymetry, provenance analysis, wave modeling, and channel network analysis to show that longshore sheltering and wave focusing by the Delgada submarine canyon induce sediment accumulation and elevated wave shear stresses in its headwall region that frequently mobilize coarse bed material. These mobilizations scour bedrock in the headwall and generate abrasive turbidity currents that work to carve the canyon's active channel into bedrock. These findings highlight an important positive feedback between submarine canyons, waves, and sediment supply and suggest that submarine canyons adjacent to wave‐dominated, coarse sediment‐rich coastlines seek the shoreline through headward incision.
Sensitivity of the ITCZ Location to Ocean Forcing Via Q‐Flux Green's Function Experiments
Authors: Harrop Bryce E. , Lu Jian , Liu Fukai , Garuba Oluwayemi A. , Leung L. Ruby 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe sensitivity of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) position to forcing patterns is important for understanding changes in tropical rainfall. A set of Green's function experiments reveals hat this sensitivity is asymmetric depending on which hemisphere (northern or southern) the forcing is applied. Northern hemisphere forcings produce a much larger response than southern hemisphere forcings of similar magnitude. The response of the ITCZ position to forcing can be broken into linear and nonlinear components, and it is shown that the asymmetry arises from the nonlinear component. The linear and nonlinear response components have similar magnitudes, but the pattern of the nonlinear component is insensitive to the location of the forcing, such that it amplifies the response to northern hemisphere forcings and dampens the response to southern hemisphere forcings. This asymmetry hints at an intrinsic mode of the climate system, depending on the current climate state.
Rupture Kinematics and Structural‐Rheological Control of the 2016 Mw6.1 Amatrice (Central Italy) Earthquake From Joint Inversion of Seismic and Geodetic Data
Authors: Cirella A. , Pezzo G. , Piatanesi A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe investigate the rupture process of the 2016, Mw6.1 Amatrice earthquake, the first shock of a seismic sequence characterized by three damaging earthquakes occurred in central Italy between August and October. We jointly invert strong motion, High‐Rate GPS data, GPS, and DInSAR displacements and we adopt ad hoc velocity profiles of the crust below each station. The retrieved source model reveals a high degree of complexity, characterized by a prominent bilateral rupture with low slip at the hypocenter, two well‐separated slip patches and a rupture front accelerating when breaking the largest patch. The rupture of the main asperity features a slip‐velocity pulse that is impeded ahead of its current direction and splits into two pulses. In this fault section we find clues of structural and rheological control of the rupture propagation due to the fault system segmentation.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Coccolithophore Blooms in the Eastern Bering Sea
Authors: Ladd C. , Eisner L. B. , Salo S. A. , Mordy C. W. , Iglesias‐Rodriguez M. D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCoccolithophores are a widespread group of marine phytoplankton that produce plates of calcium carbonate that cover their cells. Large blooms of coccolithophores may significantly influence the biogeochemical properties of the ocean and atmosphere and trophic dynamics of the marine ecosystem. Because of the important implications of coccolithophore blooms, their timely monitoring and reporting is necessary for ecosystem management. To communicate with ecosystem management stakeholders, we developed an annual Coccolithophore Bloom Index (CBI) for the eastern Bering Sea shelf using satellite ocean color data. Comparisons between in situ and satellite data and the CBI (years 1997–2017) were used to examine the hypotheses regarding environmental influences on interannual bloom variability. A significant nonlinear relationship with summer stratification was found: the CBI was higher during years with either very low or very high stratification. In addition, while the blooms usually occurred over the middle shelf (50‐ to 100‐m depth), more of the bloom was located over the shallow (30–50 m) inner shelf when stratification was low. Spatial correspondence between nutrient concentrations (nitrate and ammonium) and the areal extent of the coccolithophore bloom provides tantalizing but nonconclusive evidence that nutrient availability plays a role in bloom formation and location.
On the Harvest of Predictability From Land States in a Global Forecast Model
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. , Halder Subhadeep , Bombardi Rodrigo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractVarious land surface treatments in a suite of subseasonal‐to‐seasonal forecasts are applied to diagnose the degree to which potential predictability from the land surface is harvested, where breakdowns occur in the process chains that link land surface states to atmospheric phenomena, and the role played by memory in the climate system. Version 2 of the Coupled Forecast System (CFSv2) is used for boreal summer simulations spanning 28 years. Four types of retrospective forecasts are produced: those where land surface initial states are from the same date and year as the initial atmosphere and ocean states; ensembles where initial land states come from different years than the atmosphere and ocean; simulations where soil moisture is specified from an observationally constrained analysis; and simulations where an alternative triggering mechanism for convection is employed. The specified soil moisture allows estimation of an upper bound for land‐driven predictability and prediction skill in boreal summer. Realistic land initialization represents the best possible case with this model in forecast mode, while the simulations with initial land states from different years isolate the impact of atmosphere and ocean initialization on forecasts. Harvested predictability is calculated, and its relationship to memory of initial anomalies is estimated. The pathway of land surface information through the energy and water cycles to the atmosphere, and ultimately its effects on precipitation, is traced, showing a robust propagation of useful signal through land surface fluxes, near‐surface meteorological states, and boundary layer properties, but largely disappearing at precipitation, implying problems with the convective parameterization.
SO2 Observations and Sources in the Western Pacific Tropical Tropopause Region
Authors: Rollins Andrew W. , Thornberry Troy D. , Atlas Elliot , Navarro Maria , Schauffler Sue , Moore Fred , Elkins James W. , Ray Eric , Rosenlof Karen , Aquila Valentina , Gao Ru‐Shan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the primary source gases for aerosols in the atmosphere. Even at low concentrations, its presence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) provides an important source for aerosol nucleation and growth, and SO2 has been postulated to be important for the stratospheric sulfur budget. To understand aerosol nucleation and global radiative effects, it is therefore important to quantify how much SO2 emitted from biogenic and anthropogenic processes at the surface is transported into the UT/LS. Much of the potential transport is expected to occur in regions of significant deep convection such as the western Pacific warm pool. Here we use measurements from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) WB‐57F Pacific Oxidants Sulfur Ice and DehydratiON (POSIDON) mission that was based in Guam in 2016 to examine the distribution and sources of SO2 in the western Pacific UT/LS region. During POSIDON, a few events related to volcanic emissions as well as transport by tropical cyclones were observed that brought up to 86 pptv of SO2 above 14‐km altitude. Overall however, the measurements corroborate our earlier findings that SO2 near the tropical tropopause is typically quite low (~5 pptv) and globally the transport of SO2 into the stratosphere is likely a minor source of stratospheric aerosols.