bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast and Flexible Visualization Using an Enhanced Scene Graph
Authors: Gebert Martin , Steger Wolfgang , Stelzer Ralph 
Published: November 2018

Virtual Reality (VR) visualization of product data in engineering applications requires a largely manual process of translating various product data into a 3D representation.
Modern game engines allow low-cost, high-end visualization using latest stereoscopic Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) and input controllers. Thus, using them for VR tasks in the engineering industry is especially appealing.
As standardized formats for 3D product representations do not currently meet the requirements that arise from engineering applications, the presented paper suggests an Enhanced Scene Graph (ESG) that carries arbitrary product data derived from various engineering tools. The ESG contains formal descriptions of geometric and non-geometric data that are functionally structured. A VR visualization may be derived from the formal description in the ESG immediately. The generic elements of the ESG offer flexibility in the choice of both engineering tools and renderers that create the virtual scene.
Furthermore, the ESG allows storing user annotations, thereby sending feedback from the visualization directly to the engineers involved in the product development process. Individual user interfaces for VR controllers can be assigned and their controls mapped, guaranteeing intuitive scene interaction.
The use of the ESG promises significant value to the visualization process as particular tasks are being automated and greatly simplified.
Thermal Prestress in Composite Compliant Shell Mechanisms
Authors: Stacey Jonathan P. , O’Donnell Matthew P. , Schenk Mark 
Published: November 2018

Due to the anisotropic nature of fibre-reinforced laminates, thermally-induced internal stresses can remain in the material after manufacture. Mismatches between coefficients of thermal expansion are especially prominent in thin shells with fewer plies or large angle variations. Such stresses cause out-of-plane warping and are therefore often deliberately avoided. Utilising their effects on structural behaviour however, can enable stiffness-tailored composite compliant mechanisms. Work detailed in this paper aims to exploit thermal prestress to reduce the torsional stiffness of cross-ply tape laminate springs.
An extension of an analytical tape spring model with composite thermal analysis is presented, which shows that thermal effects cause significant changes to the energy landscapes of thin composite shells. Tape springs that would otherwise be monostable structures become bistable and exhibit greater ranges of low-energy twisting when thermally-induced prestress is present. Predicted shell geometries are compared with finite element models and manufactured samples, showing good agreement between all approaches. The limited feasibility of zero torsional stiffness composite tape springs is discussed, as well as wider challenges involved in manufacturing prestressed composite compliant mechanisms such as fibre misalignment and moisture ingress.
Redesign of the Femoral Stem for a Total Hip Arthroplasty for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Hanks Bradley , Dinda Shantanab , Joshi Sanjay 
Published: November 2018

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an increasingly common procedure that replaces all or part of the hip joint. The average age of patients is decreasing, which in turn increases the need for more durable implants. Revisions in hip implants are frequently caused by three primary issues: femoral loading, poor fixation, and stress shielding. First, as the age of hip implant patients decreases, the hip implants are seeing increased loading, beyond what they were traditionally designed for. Second, traditional implants may have roughened surfaces but are not fully porous which would allow bone to grow in and through the implant. Third, traditional implants are too stiff, causing more load to be carried by the implant and shielding the bone from stress. Ultimately this stress shielding leads to bone resorption and implant loosening.
Additive manufacturing (AM) presents a unique opportunity for enhanced performance by allowing for personalized medicine and increased functionality through geometrically complex parts. Much research has been devoted to how AM can be used to improve surgical implants through lattice structures. To date, the authors have found no studies that have performed a complete 3D lattice structure optimization in patient specific anatomy. This paper discusses the general design of an AM hip implant that is personalized for patient specific anatomy and proposes a workflow for optimizing a lattice structure within the implant.
Using this design workflow, several lattice structured AM hip implants of various unit cell types are optimized. A solid hip implant is compared against the optimized hip implants. It appears the AM hip implant with a tetra lattice outperforms the other implant by reducing stiffness and allowing for greater bone ingrowth. Ultimately it was found that AM software still has many limitations associated with attempting complex optimizations with multiple materials in patient specific anatomy. Though software limitations prevented a full 3D optimization in patient specific anatomy, the challenges associated such an approach and limitations of the current software are discussed.
Development of Experimental Active Magnetic Bearing Device for Measurement of Mechanical Seal Reaction Force Acting on Rotor
Authors: Manabe Hiroki , Yabui Shota , Inoue Hideyuki , Inoue Tsuyoshi 
Published: November 2018

In turbomachinery, seals are used to prevent fluid leakage. At seal part, rotordynamic fluid force (RD fluid force), which causes whirling motion of rotor, is generated. Under certain conditions, the RD fluid force may contribute to instability of the machine. There are several cases that the whirling is accompanied by eccentricity due to the influence of gravity, or the whirling orbit becomes elliptical due to the influence of the bearing support anisotropy. In these cases, mathematical modeling of the RD fluid forces becomes increasingly complex. As a result, the RD fluid force measurement is more preferable. To improve the measurement and evaluation technology of the RD fluid force, a method to arbitrarily control whirling of the orbit is required.
In this paper, RD fluid force measurement by controlling the shape of the orbit using an active magnetic bearing (AMB) is proposed. A contact type mechanical seal is used as a test specimen. When the rotating shaft is whirling, the RD fluid force due to hydrodynamics lubrication and the frictional force due to contact occur on the sliding surface. The resultant force of these forces is taken as the reaction force of mechanical seal and the measurement is performed. The measured reaction force of the mechanical seal is compared with simulation results and the validity of the proposed measurement method is confirmed.
Voice of the Customer Oriented New Product Synthesis Over Knowledge Graphs
Authors: Qin Feiwei , Xu Hairui , Zhang Weicheng , Yuan Lin , Li Ming , Liu Yusheng , Liu Ying , Chen Yong 
Published: November 2018

The online shopping has been much easier and popular, and meanwhile brings new challenges and opportunities to the field of product design and marketing sale. On one hand, product manufacturers find it challenging to produce new popularly accepted products to meet the customers’ needs; on the other hand, end customers usually feel it difficult to buy ideal goods that they really want, even if navigating a huge amount of commodities. There are indeed a ‘communication gap’ between the customers and manufacturers.
As an effort to partially resolve the issue, this paper proposes a novel product synthesis approach from ‘voice of the customer’ over product knowledge graphs. Here the voice of customers mainly refer to the buyers’ product reviews from online shopping platforms or blogs, while the product knowledge graph is constructed containing professional hierarchical product knowledge on its properties based on ontological models. Using the technologies of natural language processing, we first extract the customs’ polarities on each specific aspect of a product, which are then transited to design requirements on the product’s design components. Based on the requirement extractions, and the pre-built product knowledge, semantic web and reasoning techniques are utilized to synthesize a novel product that meets more customer needs. Typical case studies on mobile phones from raw online data demonstrate the proposed approach’s performance.
Analyzing the Effect of Air Capacitor Turbocharging Single Cylinder Engines on Fuel Economy and Emissions Through Modeling and Experimentation
Authors: Buchman Michael R. , Johnson W. Brett , Winter Amos G. 
Published: November 2018

Turbocharging can provide a cost effective means for increasing the power output and fuel economy of an internal combustion engine. A turbocharger added to an internal combustion engine consists of a coupled turbine and compressor. Currently, turbocharging is common in multi-cylinder engines, but it is not commonly used on single-cylinder engines due to the phase mismatch between the exhaust stroke (when the turbocharger is powered) and the intake stroke (when the engine intakes the compressed air). The proposed method adds an air capacitor, an additional volume in series with the intake manifold, between the turbocharger compressor and the engine intake, to buffer the output from the turbocharger compressor and deliver pressurized air during the intake stroke. This research builds on previous work where it was shown experimentally that a power gain of 29% was achievable and that analytically a power gain of 40–60% was possible using a turbocharger and air capacitor system.
The goal of this study is to further analyze the commercial viability of this technology by analyzing the effect of air capacitor turbocharging on emissions, fuel economy, and power density. An experiment was built and conducted that looked at how air capacitor sizing affected emissions, fuel economy, and the equivalence ratio. The experimental data was then used to calibrate a computational model built in Ricardo Wave. Finally this model was used to evaluate strategies to further improve the performance of a single cylinder diesel turbocharged engine with an air capacitor.
Calculation of the Collision-Free Printing Workspace for Fully-Constrained Cable-Driven Parallel Robots
Authors: Fabritius Marc , Martin Christoph , Pott Andreas 
Published: November 2018

Using fully-constrained cable robots as manipulators for 3D-printing, there is the risk of collisions between the cables and the printing part.
This paper presents a method to calculate the shape of the workspace volume within which a part can be printed without such collisions. The presented method is based on the fact that the printing part is produced in a sequence of horizontal layers. The areas occupied by the cables in the layers are scaled similar mappings of the cross-sections of the printing part. There is no collision if the 2D-shapes occupied by the cables in the printing layer do not overlap with the cross-sections of the printing part in the same layer. A procedure to find the largest printable 2D-shapes within the class of parallelograms for each layer is developed. The maximum printable 3D-volume is then given by stacking the 2D-shapes of each layer. Figures show the results of the method applied on the cable robot IPAnema 3. Finally, a guideline for the design of fully-constrained cable robots to maximize their printable volume is given.
A Spatial Parametric Model for the Nonlinear Stiffness Characteristics of Flexure Strips
Authors: Nijenhuis Marijn , Meijaard J. P. , Brouwer Dannis M. 
Published: November 2018

The flexure strip is commonly used to provide support stiffness in flexure mechanisms for precision applications. While the flexure strip is often treated in a simplified form, e.g. by assuming planar deformation or linearized stiffness, the deformation in practice is spatial and sufficiently large that nonlinear effects due to the geometrical stiffness are significant.
This paper presents an understandable analytical model for the nonlinear stiffness characteristics of flexure strips that deform spatially due to a general 3-D loading condition. This model provides closed-form expressions in a mixed stiffness and compliance matrix format that is tailored to flexure mechanism analysis. The effects of bending, elongation, and torsion deformation are taken into account. The geometrically nonlinear effects of the model are verified numerically.
The approach for deriving closed-form solutions in a nonlinear context is detailed in this paper. Based on the Hellinger–Reissner variational principle, it can also be extended to the analysis of multi-flexure strip mechanisms. This is demonstrated with the case of a spatially deforming parallelogram flexure mechanism.
A Probabilistic Design Reuse Index
Authors: Vasantha Gokula , Sherlock Andrew , Corney Jonathan , Quigley John 
Published: November 2018

The benefits of being able to create a number of product variations from a limited range of components, or sub-assemblies, are widely recognized. Indeed it is clear that companies who can effectively reuse elements of existing designs when creating new products will be more productive and profitable than those whose catalogues are full of parts individually tailored to specific models. Frustratingly, despite the benefits, existing approaches to quantifying the amount of design reuse within a company’s product range are laborious and often provide only aggregated reuse value that provided little explicit indication of where the highest and lowest levels of re-use occur within a product portfolio.
This paper surveys existing measures of design reuse and describes the results of applying some of them to quantify the amount of commonality in a range of flat-pack furniture. The results illustrate the differences between their definitions of design reuse. We then present a new approach to objectively quantifying levels of reuse by comparing actual probability distributions of component use with virtual ones, where every component is used with equal preference. The proposed reuse metric, named Probabilistic Design Reuse Index (PDRI), is applied to the flat-pack dataset and the results used to highlight component families with low levels of design commonality.
Learning by Doing: A Simple Educational Method for Modelling Vehicle Suspensions
Authors: Kames Elisabeth , Thiess David , Morkos Beshoy 
Published: November 2018

This paper examines the educational benefit of modeling and analyzing a quarter car suspension system to simulate the vehicle response to various road inputs. The response of the vehicle was considered both theoretically and experimentally. The primary goal of the study is to test the ability to integrate similar approaches in an educational setting to allow students to gain a “real world” perspective on their theoretical coursework. Typical engineering curriculum focuses heavily on theoretical computational models. However, some students have trouble relating this calculated data to practical occurrences. This paper outlines the challenges and considerations for implementing experimental procedures into common coursework to compare to theoretical calculated data.
For the theoretical model, the equation of motion of the dynamic response of the suspension system was obtained using Lagrange’s equation. Using a 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport, the suspension spring constant, the tire spring constant, the tire damping coefficient, and the suspension damping coefficient were calculated or estimated experimentally (these parameters were used for both the theoretical and the experimental models). The combination of the MATLAB and Simulink files were used to produce visual representations of the response of the vehicle to road inputs.
The experimental model is obtained using a combination of MATLAB and accelerometer data. The 2013 Jeep Wrangler was exposed to three different real-world inputs: a step up, a step down, and a sinusoidal input (a speed bump). The experimental and theoretical data is compared to exhibit trends of the vehicle to these road inputs. While the models do not align numerically, the trends of the experimental and theoretical data are shown to coincide for each of the responses.
This paper will outline the quarter car model used and the mathematical model of it, the methods used to solve the model, the results obtained from the study, and the ability to integrate methods such as this into a classroom setting as a supplement.
Lumbopelvic pain, anxiety, physical activity and mode of conception: a prospective cohort study of pregnant women
Authors: Lardon Emeline , St-Laurent Audrey , Babineau Véronique , Descarreaux Martin , Ruchat Stephanie-May 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesPregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain (LPP) is a frequent condition known to significantly affect women in their daily life. The aetiology of pregnancy-related LPP pain is still not clearly established but the mode of conception has been suggested to contribute to LPP. Anxiety related to fertility treatments may be one of the contributing factors. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the evolution of LPP prevalence and severity, and anxiety throughout pregnancy in women who conceived spontaneously (SP) or after fertility treatments (FT). A further aim was to examine the relationship between pregnancy-related LPP severity and anxiety. The secondary objective was to determine the evolution of physical activity and their correlation with the severity of pregnancy-related LPP.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPregnant women were recruited through physicians’ referrals, posters and newspaper advertisements in the local and surrounding communities (hospital, maternity care clinic, prenatal centres, sports centres, local university) in the city of Trois-Rivières, Canada.Participants59 pregnant women (33 SP and 26 FT) were assessed during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPregnancy-related LPP prevalence and severity (primary), trait and state anxiety, and physical activity levels (secondary).ResultsThere was no relationship between the mode of conception and the outcome measures. The prevalence and severity of LPP increased over the course of pregnancy (time effect, p<0.0001) whereas trait anxiety decreased from early to mid-pregnancy (time effect, p=0.03). Activity limitations increased throughout pregnancy (time effect, p<0.0001) and physical activity levels decreased (time effect, p<0.0001). The severity of LPP was positively correlated with activity limitations (r=0.51 to 0.55) but negatively with physical activity levels (r=−0.39 to −0.41).ConclusionsMaternal health-related factors, such as LPP, anxiety and physical activity, are not different in women who conceived spontaneously or after fertility treatments. The more LPP was severe, the more the women were physically limited and inactive.
Outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy in the elderly: a ‘real-world’ multicenter study
Authors: Alawieh Ali , Starke Robert M , Chatterjee Arindam Rano , Turk Aquilla , De Leacy Reade , Rai Ansaar T , Fargen Kyle , Kan Peter , Singh Jasmeet , Vilella Lukas , Nascimento Fábio A , Dumont Travis M , McCarthy David , Spiotta Alejandro M 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundThe efficacy of endovascular thrombectomy (ET) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in octogenarians is still controversial.ObjectiveTo evaluate, using a large multicenter cohort of patients, outcomes after ET in octogenarians compared with younger patients.MethodsData from prospectively maintained databases of patients undergoing ET for AIS at seven US-based comprehensive stroke centers between January 2013 and January 2018 were reviewed. Demographic, procedural, and outcome variables were collected. Outcomes included 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, postprocedural National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, postprocedural hemorrhage, and mortality. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the independent effect of age ≥80 on outcome measures. Subgroup analyses were also performed based on location of stroke, success of recanalization, or ET technique used.ResultsRates of functional independence (mRS score 0–2) after ET in elderly patients were significantly lower than for younger counterparts. Age ≥80 was independently associated with increased mortality and poor outcome. Age ≥80 showed an independent negative prognostic effect on outcome even when patients were divided according to thrombectomy technique, location of stroke, or success of recanalization. Age ≥80 independently predicted higher rate of postprocedural hemorrhage, but not success of recanalization. Baseline deficit and number of reperfusion attempts, but not Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score were associated with lower odds of good outcome.ConclusionThe large effect size of ET on AIS outcomes is significantly diminished in the elderly population when using comparable selection criteria to those used in younger counterparts. This raises concerns about the risk–benefit ratio and the cost-effectiveness of performing this procedure in the elderly before optimizing patient selection.
Efficacy of stenting in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-related cerebral venous sinus stenosis
Authors: Li Ke , Ren Ming , Meng Ran , Ding Yuchuan , Rajah Gary B , Wang Feng , Ji Xunming 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundVenous stenting has been proven to be a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and cerebral venous sinus stenosis (CVSS). However, its use in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-related CVSS has been less reported.PurposeTo explore the safety and efficacy of stenting for patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST)-related CVSS.MethodsThe clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with CVST-related CVSS received venous stenting in the chronic stage after failed medical treatment were retrospectively evaluated.ResultsA total of 17 patients with CVST-related CVSS were included. Mean pressure gradient across the CVSS decreased from 11.5±4.2 mmHg prior to stenting to 2.1±1.1 mmHg post- stenting. Mean CSF opening pressure decreased from 33.1±5.5 cmH2O to 18.7±1.7 cmH2O. Both headache and visual disturbance improved or resolved in 78% and 92% of the patients, respectively. Complications included lethal cerebellar hematoma in one case and bilateral occipital epidural hematoma in another case. One of the patients received retreatment with ventriculo-peritoneal shunting due to recurrent headache.ConclusionRestoring the patency of stenotic sinuses with stents in patients of CVST-related CVSS unresponsive to medical therapy in the chronic stage may improve symptoms in the majority of the patients. However, a relatively higher cerebral hemorrhage rate was observed and may be related to this pathology. Stenting in this subgroup of CVSS patients may require further evaluation with a larger and long-term study, and should be used with caution at this time.
Buttress plating of a Salter‐Harris type III distal radial physeal fracture in a miniature dachshund
Authors: Labrador Jose , Witte Philip Georg 
Published: November 2018

A Salter‐Harris type III left distal radial physeal fracture in a miniature dachshund was stabilised using a medially applied 1.5‐mm veterinary cuttable plate in buttress fashion and seven 1.5‐mm cortical screws. Lameness resolved following surgery and the outcome was optimal, with long‐term follow‐up including veterinary examination and radiography 18 months following surgery revealing no lameness, no muscle atrophy, symmetrical carpal range of motion and no evidence of implant‐related complications or carpal periarticular new bone formation. There are few reports in the veterinary literature of Salter‐Harris type III fractures and, besides humeral condylar fracture repair, few reports of true buttress plating.