bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem engineering by a canopy‐forming kelp facilitates the recruitment of native oysters
Authors: Shelamoff Victor , Layton Cayne , Tatsumi Masayuki , Cameron Matthew J. , Wright Jeffrey T. , Johnson Craig R. 
Published: August 2019

Ecosystem engineers are species that influence the abiotic and biotic environment around them and may assist the restoration of associated species, including other habitat‐forming species. We deployed an array of 28 artificial reefs with transplanted Ecklonia radiata, the dominant canopy‐forming kelp species across southern Australia, to investigate how the patch size and density of E. radiata influenced the establishment of the associated communities of plants and animals. Many of the reefs were rapidly colonized by Ostrea angasi, a critically depleted reef‐forming oyster. Over the 24‐month deployment of the reefs, thick oyster mats formed across the entire surface of many of the reefs with estimated biomass densities exceeding 5 kg of live oysters/m2; however, oyster density was dependent on E. radiata patch size and density. Increasing patch size and the presence of kelp resulted in significantly higher densities of oysters 5 months after the reefs were deployed and at the end of the experiment, where oysters were approximately three times more numerous on reefs with kelp compared to those without kelp. E. radiata appeared to facilitate the establishment of O. angasi largely through its capacity to reduce benthic light and thus suppress competition from turfing algae. These results may inform the development of novel approaches to tackle recruitment bottlenecks affecting the restoration of O. angasi reefs.
Perinatal iron deficiency combined with a high salt diet in adulthood causes sex‐dependent vascular dysfunction in rats
Authors: Woodman Andrew G. , Noble Ronan M. N. , Panahi Sareh , Gragasin Ferrante S. , Bourque Stephane L. 
Published: August 2019

Key points
Perinatal iron deficiency causes changes in offspring mesenteric artery function in adulthood, particularly in males, which can be exacerbated by chronic intake of a high salt diet.
Perinatal iron deficient male offspring exhibit enhanced conversion of big endothelin‐1 to active endothelin‐1, coinciding with decreased nitric oxide levels.
Perinatal iron deficient male offspring have reduced nitric oxide‐mediated endothelial‐dependent vasodilatation coincident with increased vascular superoxide levels following consumption of a high salt diet.
Perinatal iron deficiency has no apparent effects on vascular function in female offspring, even when fed a high salt diet.
These results help us better understand underlying vascular mechanisms contributing to increased cardiovascular risk from perinatal stressors such as iron deficiency.
AbstractPre‐ and immediate postnatal stressors, such as iron deficiency, can alter developmental trajectories and predispose offspring to long‐term cardiovascular dysfunction. Here, we investigated the impact of perinatal iron deficiency on vascular function in the adult offspring, and whether these long‐term effects were exacerbated by prolonged consumption of a high salt diet in adulthood. Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed either an iron‐restricted or ‐replete diet prior to and throughout pregnancy. Six weeks prior to experimentation at 6 months of age, adult offspring were fed either a normal or high salt diet. Mesenteric artery responses to vasodilators and vasoconstrictors were assessed ex vivo by wire myography. Male perinatal iron deficient offspring exhibited decreased reliance on nitric oxide with methacholine‐induced vasodilatation (interaction P = 0.03), coincident with increased superoxide levels when fed the high salt diet (P = 0.01). Male perinatal iron deficient offspring exhibit enhanced big endothelin‐1 conversion to active endothelin‐1 (P = 0.02) concomitant with decreased nitric oxide levels (P = 0.005). Female offspring vascular function was unaffected by perinatal iron deficiency, albeit the high salt diet was associated with impaired vasodilation and decreased nitric oxide production (P = 0.02), particularly in the perinatal iron deficient offspring. These findings implicate vascular dysfunction in the sex‐specific programming of cardiovascular dysfunction in the offspring by perinatal iron deficiency.
Fidelity of muscle fibre reinnervation modulates ageing muscle impact in elderly women
Authors: Sonjak Vita , Jacob Kathryn , Morais José A. , Rivera‐Zengotita Marie , Spendiff Sally , Spake Carole , Taivassalo Tanja , Chevalier Stéphanie , Hepple Russell T. 
Published: August 2019

Key points
Susceptibility to age‐related muscle atrophy relates to the degree of muscle denervation and the capacity of successful reinnervation. However, the specific role of denervation as a determinant of the severity of muscle aging between populations with low versus high physical function has not been addressed.
We show that prefrail/frail elderly women exhibited marked features of muscle denervation, whereas world class octogenarian female master athletes showed attenuated indices of denervation and greater reinnervation capacity.
These findings suggest that the difference in age‐related muscle impact between low‐ and high‐functioning elderly women is the robustness of the response to denervation of myofibers.
AbstractAgeing muscle degeneration is a key contributor to physical frailty; however, the factors responsible for exacerbated vs. muted ageing muscle impact are largely unknown. Based upon evidence that susceptibility to neurogenic impact is an important determinant of the severity of ageing muscle degeneration, we aimed to determine the presence and extent of denervation in pre‐frail/frail elderly (FE, 77.9 ± 6.2 years) women compared to young physically inactive (YI, 24.0 ± 3.5 years) females, and contrast these findings to high‐functioning world class octogenarian female masters athletes (MA, 80.9 ± 6.6 years). Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis muscle were obtained from all three groups to assess denervation‐related morphological and transcriptional markers. The FE group displayed marked grouping of slow fibres, accumulation of very small myofibres, a severe reduction in type IIa/I size ratio, highly variable inter‐subject accumulation of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)‐positive myofibres, and an accumulation of pyknotic nuclei, indicative of recurring cycles of denervation/reinnervation and persistent denervation. The MA group exhibited a smaller decline in type IIa/I size ratio and fewer pyknotic nuclei, accompanied by a higher degree of type I fibre grouping and larger fibre group size, suggesting a greater reinnervation of denervated fibres. Consistent with this interpretation, MA had higher mRNA levels of the reinnervation‐promoting cytokine fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1 (FGFBP1) than FE. Our results indicate that the muscle of FE women has significant neurogenic atrophy, whereas MA muscle exhibit superior reinnervation capacity, suggesting that the difference in age‐related muscle impact between low‐ and high‐functioning elderly women is the robustness of the response to denervation of myofibres.
A Robotic Glenohumeral Simulator for Investigating Prosthetic Implant Subluxation
Authors: Mancuso Matteo , Arami Arash , Becce Fabio , Farron Alain , Terrier Alexandre , Aminian Kamiar 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is an effective treatment for glenohumeral (GH) osteoarthritis. However, it still suffers from a substantial rate of mechanical failure, which may be related to cyclic off-center loading of the humeral head on the glenoid. In this work, we present the design and evaluation of a GH joint robotic simulator developed to study GH translations. This five-degree-of-freedom robot was designed to replicate the rotations (±40 deg, accuracy 0.5 deg) and three-dimensional (3D) forces (up to 2 kN, with a 1% error settling time of 0.6 s) that the humeral implant exerts on the glenoid implant. We tested the performances of the simulator using force patterns measured in real patients. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of different orientations of the glenoid implant on joint stability. When simulating realistic dynamic forces and implant orientations, the simulator was able to reproduce stable behavior by measuring the translations of the humeral head of less than 24 mm with respect to the glenoid implant. Simulation with quasi-static forces showed dislocation in extreme ranges of implant orientation. The robotic GH simulator presented here was able to reproduce physiological GH forces and may therefore be used to further evaluate the effects of glenoid implant design and orientation on joint stability.
Correlations for Convection in Hydrodynamically Developing Laminar Duct Flow
Authors: Bennett T. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A generalized correlation for combined entry convection in ducts of arbitrary cross section has been developed. The correlation is constructed for the average Nusselt number using knowledge of fully developed transport constants. The general correlation reproduces the first principle solutions for the well-established round and parallel plate duct geometries to within ±5% for both constant temperature and constant heat flux wall conditions when Pr ≥ 0.7. A survey of the literature demonstrates that the new generalized correlation performs as well or better than existing correlations, which are expressed for specific geometries and wall conditions. The new correlation is generally in good agreement with the first principle solutions of less common duct geometries so long as the duct has a convective surface equal to the wetted perimeter. The new correlation is not recommended for ducts having small aspect ratios that pinch the flow when convection is prescribed by the H2 constant heat flux wall condition.
Numerical Analysis of Thermofluid Performance of Fin-and-Tube Heat Transfer Surface Using Rectangular Winglets
Authors: Sarangi Shailesh Kumar , Mishra Dipti Prasad , Mishra Praveen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper numerically investigates the heat transfer enhancement using rectangular winglet pairs in a fin-and-tube type heat transfer surface having five inline rows of tubes. The influence of number of winglets, attack angles of the winglets, and their location has been analyzed under laminar flow conditions with Reynolds number ranging 400–1500. To account for the combined effect of heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop penalty, an enhancement factor is also discussed by changing the winglet pair's number and location. The numerical results show that pressure drop can be reduced significantly by placing the winglet more toward the exit of the flow channel. Streamwise distance and spanwise distance of the winglet pairs have been investigated for maximum enhancement factor. The numerically obtained results show that the winglets number and their placement at different locations have a major influence on enhancement factor. The results show that both the heat transfer and the pressure drop increase with an increase in attack angle of the winglets and best angle for the highest enhancement factor has been found out. Correlations have been developed for streamwise distance, spanwise distance, and angle of attack for different range of Reynolds numbers.
Spatial Grammar-Based Recurrent Neural Network for Design Form and Behavior Optimization
Authors: Stump Gary M. , Miller Simon W. , Yukish Michael A. , Simpson Timothy W. , Tucker Conrad 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA novel method has been developed to optimize both the form and behavior of complex systems. The method uses spatial grammars embodied in character-recurrent neural networks (char-RNNs) to define the system including actuator numbers and degrees of freedom, reinforcement learning to optimize actuator behavior, and physics-based simulation systems to determine performance and provide (re)training data for the char-RNN. Compared to parametric design optimization with fixed numbers of inputs, using grammars and char-RNNs allows for a more complex, combinatorial infinite design space. In the proposed method, the char-RNN is first trained to learn a spatial grammar that defines the assembly layout, component geometries, material properties, and arbitrary numbers and degrees of freedom of actuators. Next, generated designs are evaluated using a physics-based environment, with an inner optimization loop using reinforcement learning to determine the best control policy for the actuators. The resulting design is thus optimized for both form and behavior, generated by a char-RNN embodying a high-performing grammar. Two evaluative case studies are presented using the design of the modular sailing craft. The first case study optimizes the design without actuated surfaces, allowing the char-RNN to understand the semantics of high-performing designs. The second case study extends the first by incorporating controllable actuators requiring an inner loop behavioral optimization. The implications of the results are discussed along with the ongoing and future work.
Multi-Fidelity Physics-Constrained Neural Network and Its Application in Materials Modeling
Authors: Liu Dehao , Wang Yan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Training machine learning tools such as neural networks require the availability of sizable data, which can be difficult for engineering and scientific applications where experiments or simulations are expensive. In this work, a novel multi-fidelity physics-constrained neural network is proposed to reduce the required amount of training data, where physical knowledge is applied to constrain neural networks, and multi-fidelity networks are constructed to improve training efficiency. A low-cost low-fidelity physics-constrained neural network is used as the baseline model, whereas a limited amount of data from a high-fidelity physics-constrained neural network is used to train a second neural network to predict the difference between the two models. The proposed framework is demonstrated with two-dimensional heat transfer, phase transition, and dendritic growth problems, which are fundamental in materials modeling. Physics is described by partial differential equations. With the same set of training data, the prediction error of physics-constrained neural network can be one order of magnitude lower than that of the classical artificial neural network without physical constraints. The accuracy of the prediction is comparable to those from direct numerical solutions of equations.
Performance Simulation to Understand the Effects of Multifluid Scaling of Gas Turbine Components for Generation IV Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Osigwe Emmanuel O. , Gad-Briggs Arnold , Nikolaidis Theoklis , Pilidis Pericles , Sampath Suresh 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A significant hurdle in the development of performance simulation tools to analyze and evaluate nuclear power plants (NPP) is finding data relating to component performance maps. As a result, engineers often rely on an estimation approach using various scaling techniques. The purpose of this study is to determine the component characteristics of a closed-cycle gas turbine NPP using the existing component maps with the corresponding design data. The design data are applied for different working fluids using a multifluid scaling approach to adapt data from one component map into another. The multifluid scaling technique described herein was developed as an in-house computer simulation tool. This approach makes it easy to theoretically scale the existing maps using similar or different working fluids without carrying out a full experimental test or repeating the whole design and development process. The results of selected case studies show a reasonable agreement with the available data. The analyses intend to aid the development of cycles for Generation IV NPPs specifically gas-cooled fast reactors (GFRs) and very high-temperature reactors (VHTRs).
Study on Calculation Difference of the SCWR Core Steady-State Analysis Code
Authors: Wang Lianjie , Yao Lei , Yang Ping , Lu Di , Zhao Wenbo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The three-dimensional code system supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) coupled neutronics/thermal-hydraulics analysis (SNTA) code is developed for SCWR core steady-state analysis by coupling neutronics/thermal-hydraulics (N/T). This paper studies the calculation difference between the SNTA code and the standard reactor analysis code (SRAC). By using the impacts exclusive method, it is confirmed that the calculation difference between these two codes is caused by different feedback of the cross section. The cross section data and the energy group structure of the SRAC code differ from the SNTA code, and the density coefficient of reactivity calculated by the SRAC code is higher, which means the feedback of the density and power distribution is bigger and the axial power distribution varies rapidly. The SNTA code with finer energy group structure is suitable for the performance analysis of SCWR core which has strong N/T coupling characteristics.
Formation of Local, Transient “Acid Spikes” in the Fast Neutron Radiolysis of Supercritical Water at 400 °C: A Potential Source of Corrosion in Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors?
Authors: Patwary Md Mohsin , Sanguanmith Sunuchakan , Meesungnoen Jintana , Jay-Gerin Jean-Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of supercritical water (SCW) in GEN IV reactors is a logical approach to the ongoing development of nuclear energy. A proper understanding of the radiation chemistry and reactivities of transients in a reactor core under SCW conditions is required to achieve optimal water chemistry control and safety. A Monte Carlo simulation study of the radiolysis of SCW at 400 °C by incident 2 MeV monoenergetic neutrons (taken as representative of a fast neutron flux in a reactor) was carried out as a function of water density between ∼150 and 600 kg/m3. The in situ formation of H3O+ by the generated recoil protons was shown to render the “native” track regions temporarily very acidic (pH ∼ 1). This acidity, though local and transitory (“acid spikes”), raises the question whether it may promote a corrosive environment under proposed SCW-cooled reactor operating conditions that would lead to progressive degradation of reactor components.
Behavioural outcome in twin–twin transfusion syndrome survivors treated with laser surgery
Authors: Brandsma Fieke L , Spruijt Marjolijn S , Rijken Monique , Tan Ratna N G B , Oepkes Dick , Lopriore Enrico , van Klink Jeanine M M 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveEvaluate the incidence of and risk factors for behavioural problems in twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) survivors treated with fetoscopic laser coagulation.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingNational referral center for fetal therapy, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.PatientsBehavioural outcome was assessed in 417 TTTS survivors, at the age of 2 years.InterventionsParents completed the Child Behavior Checklist for their twins. Antenatal, neonatal and follow-up data including Bayley III and a neurological exam were recorded from the medical database.Main outcome measuresThe incidence of and risk factors for behavioural problems.Results332 twin pregnancies (664 fetuses) were treated with fetoscopic laser for TTTS between 2008 and 2015. For 517 children eligible for follow-up, 417 (81%) Child Behavior Checklist questionnaires were completed. The study group was born at a mean gestational age of 32.8 weeks±3.2. Total behavioural problems within the borderline to clinical range were reported in 8% (95% CI 5.9 to 11.2) of survivors, compared with 10% in the general Dutch population (p=0.12). No difference between donors and recipients was detected (p=0.84). Internalising and externalising problems were reported in 9.4% (95% CI 6.9 to 12.6) and 11.5% (95% CI 8.8 to 15.0), respectively. Severe neurodevelopmental impairment was more frequent in the children with behavioural problems. High maternal educational level was associated with lower behavioural problem scores.ConclusionParents of twins treated with fetoscopic laser therapy for TTTS do not report more behavioural problems compared with general population norms. More behavioural problems are reported in children with severe neurodevelopmental impairment.
Team illness prevention strategy (TIPS) is associated with a 59% reduction in acute illness during the Super Rugby tournament: a control–intervention study over 7 seasons involving 126 850 player days
Authors: Schwellnus Martin , Janse van Rensburg Charl , Bayne Helen , Derman Wayne , Readhead Clint , Collins Rob , Kourie Alan , Suter Jason , Strauss Org , Sewry Nicola , Jordaan Esme 
Published: August 2019

Objectives
To determine whether a team illness prevention strategy (TIPS) would reduce the incidence of acute illness during the Super Rugby tournament.

Methods
We studied 1340 male professional rugby union player seasons from six South African teams that participated in the Super Rugby tournament (2010–2016). Medical staff recorded all illnesses daily (126 850 player days) in a 3-year control (C: 2010–2012; 47 553 player days) and a 4-year intervention (I: 2013–2016; 79 297 player days) period. A five-element TIPS was implemented in the I period, following agreement by consensus. Incidence rate (IR: per 1000 player days; 95% CI) of all acute illnesses, illness by main organ system, infectious illness and illness burden (days lost due to illness per 1000 player days) were compared between C and I period.

Results
The IR of acute illness was significantly lower in the I (5.5: 4.7 to 6.4) versus the C period (13.2: 9.7 to 18.0) (p<0.001). The IR of respiratory (C=8.6: 6.3 to 11.7; I=3.8: 3.3 to 4.3) (p<0.0001), digestive (C=2.5: 1.8 to 3.6; I=1.1: 0.8 to 1.4) (p<0.001), skin and subcutaneous tissue illness (C=0.7: 0.4 to 1.4; I=0.3: 0.2 to 0.5) (p=0.0238), all infections (C=8.4: 5.9 to 11.9; I=4.3: 3.7 to 4.9) (p<0.001) and illness burden (C=9.2: 6.8 to 12.5; I=5.7: 4.1 to 7.8) (p=0.0314) were significantly lower in the I versus the C period.

Conclusion
A TIPS during the Super Rugby tournament was associated with a lower incidence of all acute illnesses (59%), infectious illness (49%) and illness burden (39%). Our findings may have important clinical implications for other travelling team sport settings.