bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health system resilience in the face of crisis: analysing the challenges, strategies and capacities for UNRWA in Syria
Authors: Jamal Zeina , Alameddine Mohamad , Diaconu Karin , Lough Graham , Witter Sophie , Ager Alastair , Fouad Fouad M 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHealth system resilience reflects the ability to continue service delivery in the face of extraordinary shocks. We examined the case of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and its delivery of services to Palestine refugees in Syria during the ongoing crisis to identify factors enabling system resilience. The study is a retrospective qualitative case study utilizing diverse methods. We conducted 35 semi-structured interviews with UNRWA clinical and administrative professionals engaged in health service delivery over the period of the Syria conflict. Through a group model building session with a sub-group of eight of these participants, we then elicited a causal loop diagram of health system functioning over the course of the war, identifying pathways of threat and mitigating resilience strategies. We triangulated analysis with data from UNRWA annual reports and routine health management information. The UNRWA health system generally sustained service provision despite individual, community and system challenges that arose during the conflict. We distinguish absorptive, adaptive and transformative capacities of the system facilitating this resilience. Absorptive capacities enabled immediate crisis response, drawing on available human and organizational resources. Adaptive capacities sustained service delivery through revised logistical arrangements, enhanced collaborative mechanisms and organizational flexibility. Transformative capacity was evidenced by the creation of new services in response to changing community needs. Analysis suggests factors such as staff commitment, organizational flexibility and availability of collaboration mechanisms were important assets in maintaining service continuity and quality. This evidence regarding alternative strategies adopted to sustain service delivery in Syria is of clear relevance to other actors seeking organizational resilience in crisis contexts.
Transitional Justice in Tunisia: When Religion Meets State
Authors: Kazemi Elham 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT∞
In response to criticisms pointed toward the liberal framework of transitional justice (TJ) and its detachment from local communities and norms, there has been a move toward ‘localism’ in the literature and practice of TJ. Recently, a call was made to incorporate Islamic principles and mechanisms into postconflict and post-transition efforts as a measure to increase the local legitimacy and ownership of TJ as well as its acceptance by the local population. Yet, even here, challenges and obstacles remain. Using Tunisia as an illustrative case study, this article argues that local TJ is not immune to power struggles. More specifically, in countries with a legacy of state-sponsored assertive secularism, religion is more likely to play a role as a marker of political and collective identity leading to polarization in the transition process.
Neoliberalism as Religion: Sacralization of the Market and Post-truth Politics
Authors: Mavelli Luca 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSince the 2008 financial crisis, depictions of neoliberalism as a religion, system of belief, and “kind of faith” have multiplied in an attempt to explain neoliberalism's remarkable power and resilience. These accounts, however, have remained largely impressionistic. In this article, I interrogate the meanings, implications, and value of conceptualizing neoliberalism as religion and advance two main claims. First, the power of neoliberalism stems from being a rationality of government that continuously evokes religious meanings and significations. Neoliberalism displaces and redraws the boundary between secular and religious and appropriates an aura of sacredness while concealing itself behind an authoritative secular rational façade. Second, one of the outcomes of the neoliberal “sacralization” of the market has been the emergence of so-called “post-truth politics.” The latter, I contend, can be conceptualized as a neoliberal “truth market” of news production, circulation, and consumption that is governed simultaneously by logics of commodification and belief. This analysis aims to contribute to existing debates on secularization, on neoliberalism's resilience, and on post-truth politics. It shows their interconnectedness through a critical approach that focuses on the disarticulation, rearticulation, and deployment of the categories of the secular/profane and religious/sacred in neoliberal regimes of power and knowledge.
Borders, Detention, and the Disruptive Power of the Noisy-Subject
Authors: Ozguc Umut 
Published: September 2019

AbstractViolent borders are one of the most pressing ethical and political questions of our time. This article seeks to challenge the violent construction of borders through the concept of noise. Drawing on Michel Serres's philosophy of noise and Marie Thompson's emphasis on its affectiveness, the article shows the generative, disruptive, and affective power of noise at the border. I argue that noise creates a disruption in the system and, in doing so, calls for new encounters and relations that operate within and beyond existing power relations. I suggest that the figure of the noisy-subject creates, interrupts, and disturbs the border. The noisy-subject simultaneously prompts disorder and order on the border and transforms it into a third space that is neither simply captured by the sovereign nor fully emancipated from its power. The border as a third space constantly moves with the affective force of its noisy-subjects.
Unusual olfactory perception during radiation sessions for primary brain tumors: a retrospective study
Authors: Obinata Mika , Yamada Kana , Sasai Keisuke 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
During irradiation sessions for brain tumors or head and neck cancers, some patients experience abnormal olfactory sensations. To date, the frequency of such sensations during these treatment sessions has not been investigated. We analyzed abnormal olfactory sensations in patients who underwent radiation therapy at our institution for primary brain tumors, excluding malignant lymphoma, between January 2009 and January 2018. A total of 191 patients who were awake during radiation treatment and capable of communicating were analyzed in this retrospective medical study. Of these patients, 7 were aware of olfactory sensations during irradiation. The median age of these 7 patients was 13 (range 8–47) years, Six were &lt;20 years of age, accounting for 10% of the total population of similar age (n = 60). However, only 1 of 131 patients aged ≥20 years complained of strange olfactory sensations. Four of seven patients had germ cell tumors, but none had a medulloblastoma. We investigated patients who experienced light sensation, as an internal standard to ascertain the accuracy of this study. Only 10 patients experienced light sensation during their irradiation sessions. This suggests that the frequency of these sensations was possibly underestimated in our study. In conclusion, a considerable number of patients experienced unusual olfactory sensations during radiation treatment. Further prospective studies on abnormal olfactory sensations during irradiation are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism of this sensation.
Paediatric acute lymphadenitis: Emergency department management and clinical course
Authors: Long Michelle , Reddy Deepti N , Akiki Salwa , Barrowman Nicholas J , Zemek Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To describe clinical characteristics and management of acute lymphadenitis and to identify risk factors for complications.

Methods
Health record review of children ≤17 years with acute lymphadenitis (≤2 weeks) in a tertiary paediatric emergency department (2009–2014); 10% of charts were reviewed by a blinded second reviewer. Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with intravenous antibiotic treatment, unplanned return visits warranting intervention, and surgical drainage.

Results
Of 1,023 health records, 567 participants with acute lymphadenitis were analyzed. The median age = 4 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2 to 8 years), and median duration of symptoms = 1.0 day (IQR: 0.5 to 3.0 days). Cervical lymphadenitis was most common. Antibiotics were prescribed in 73.5% of initial visits; 86.9% of participants were discharged home. 29.0% received intravenous antibiotics, 19.3% had unplanned emergency department return visits, and 7.4% underwent surgical drainage. On multivariate analysis, factors associated with intravenous antibiotic use included history of fever (odds ratio [OR]=2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11 to 3.92), size (OR=1.74 per cm, 95% CI: 1.44 to 2.14), age (OR=0.84 per year, 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.92), and prior antibiotic use (OR=4.45, 95% CI: 2.03 to 9.88). The factors associated with unplanned return visit warranting intervention was size (OR=1.30 per cm, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.59) and age (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80 to 0.97). Factors associated with surgical drainage were age (OR=0.68 per year, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.83) and size (OR=1.80 per cm, 95% CI: 1.41 to 2.36).

Conclusions
The vast majority of children with acute lymphadenitis were managed with outpatient oral antibiotics and did not require return emergency department visits or surgical drainage. Larger lymph node size and younger age were associated with increased intravenous antibiotic initiation, unplanned return visits warranting intervention and surgical drainage.
Core and ‘Crust’: Consumer Prices and the Term Structure of Interest Rates
Authors: Ajello Andrea , Benzoni Luca , Chyruk Olena 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We propose a no-arbitrage model of the nominal and real term structures that accommodates the different persistence and volatility of distinct inflation components. Core, food, and energy inflation combine into a single total inflation measure that ties nominal and real risk-free bond prices together. The model successfully extracts market participants’ expectations of future inflation from nominal yields and inflation data. Estimation uncovers a factor structure common to core inflation and interest rates and downplays the pass-through effect of short-lived food and energy shocks on inflation and interest rates. Model forecasts systematically outperform survey forecasts and other benchmarks.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
From the Political to the Personal: Work and Class in 1970s British Feminist Art
Authors: McLellan Josie 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
How did British feminist art of the 1970s represent work and class, and what light does this shed on the women’s movement more generally? This article discusses the work of artists, including Bobby Baker, the Feministo and Fenix collectives, the Hackney Flashers, and Mary Kelly. These artists were eager to connect feminist activism to other struggles on the Left and were thus initially drawn to document working-class women’s paid work. Their political commitment to represent ‘ordinary’ working lives often led to lengthy periods of research, as well as attempts to make both the creative process and the finished product accessible to new participants and audiences. However, across this period, two changes took place. First, artists began to focus on women’s unpaid work, drawing attention to the tension between domestic work and paid employment, and the lack of easy solutions to this problem. Secondly, most lost faith in art’s power to represent the experience of work beyond the individual and the personal. Early political idealism gave way to sustained soul-searching about the intellectual, moral, and aesthetic difficulties of representing the experience of others, particularly those of a different class background. This article, then, shows that the early British women’s movement was keen to engage with working-class experience and that it did so in a way that was self-reflective. In the end, it was this self-reflection, and the questions that it generated about the morality, politics, and aesthetics of representing others, that led to the personal and psychological turn of the later 1970s.
Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain
Authors: Walters Edgar T. , Williams Amanda C. de C. 
Published: September 2019

Our understanding of the biology of pain is limited by our ignorance about its evolution. We know little about how states in other species showing various degrees of apparent similarity to human pain states are related to human pain, or how the mechanisms essential for pain-related states evolved. Nevertheless, insights into the evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain are beginning to emerge from wide-ranging investigations of cellular mechanisms and behavioural responses linked to nociceptor activation, tissue injury, inflammation and the environmental context of these responses in diverse species. In February 2019, an unprecedented meeting on the evolution of pain hosted by the Royal Society brought together scientists from disparate fields who investigate nociception and pain-related behaviour in crustaceans, insects, leeches, gastropod and cephalopod molluscs, fish and mammals (primarily rodents and humans). Here, we identify evolutionary themes that connect these research efforts, including adaptive and maladaptive features of pain-related behavioural and neuronal alterations—some of which are quite general, and some that may apply primarily to humans. We also highlight major questions, including how pain should be defined, that need to be answered as we seek to understand the evolution of pain.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain’.
Generating Evidence for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Clinical Guidelines Using EHR Data
Authors: Johnson Amber M. , Bikak Marvi , Griffin Paul M. , Adibuzzaman Mohammad 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe aim of this research was to develop data-driven models using electronic health records (EHRs) to conduct clinical studies for predicting clinical outcomes through probabilistic analysis that considers temporal aspects of clinical data. We assess the efficacy of antibiotics treatment and the optimal time of initiation for in-hospitalized diagnosed with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) as an application to probabilistic modeling.Materials and MethodsWe developed a semi-automatic Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modeling and simulation approach that encodes clinical conditions as computable definitions of health states and exact time duration as input for parameter estimations using raw EHR data. We applied the MCMC approach to the MIMIC-III clinical database, where ICD-9 diagnosis codes (491.21, 491.22, and 494.1) were used to identify data for 697 AECOPD patients of which 25.9% were administered antibiotics.ResultsThe average time to antibiotic administration was 27 hours, and 32% of patients were administered vancomycin as the initial antibiotic. The model simulations showed a 50% decrease in mortality rate as the number of patients administered antibiotics increased. There was an estimated 5.5% mortality rate when antibiotics were initially administrated after 48 hours vs 1.8% when antibiotics were initially administrated between 24 and 48 hours.DiscussionOur findings suggest that there may be a mortality benefit in initiation of antibiotics early in patient with severe respiratory failure in settings of COPD exacerbations warranting an ICU admission.ConclusionProbabilistic modeling and simulation methods that considers temporal aspects of raw clinical patient data can be used to adequately generate evidence for clinical guidelines.
Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin for traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Liu Motao , Wang Amy J. , Zhao Gexin , He Hua , Williams Ziv M. , Hu Kejia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveRecent studies regarding the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) for treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been inconsistent. This study conducts a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the safety and efficacy of EPO for TBI patients at various follow-up time points.MethodsA literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library for RCTs studying EPO in TBI patients published through March 2019. Non-English manuscripts and non-human studies were excluded. The assessed outcomes include mortality, neurological recovery and associated adverse effects. Dichotomous variables are presented as risk ratios (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsA total of seven RCTs involving 1197 TBI patients were included in this study. Compared to the placebo arm, treatment with EPO did not improve acute hospital mortality or short-term mortality. However, there was a significant improvement in mid-term (6 months) follow-up survival rates. EPO administration was not associated with neurological function improvement. Regarding adverse effects, EPO treatment did not increase the incidence of thromboembolic events or other associated adverse events.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis indicates a slight mortality benefit for TBI patients treated with EPO at mid-term follow-up. EPO does not improve in-hospital mortality, nor does it increase adverse events including thrombotic, cardiovascular and other associated complications. Our analysis did not demonstrate a significant beneficial effect of EPO intervention on the recovery of neurological function. Future RCTs are required to further characterize the use of EPO in TBI.
Neuropsychological stratification of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: building affect into clinically relevant neuro-biomarkers of breathlessness
Authors: Finnegan Sarah L. , Faull Olivia K. , Harmer Catherine J. , Herigstad Mari , Rahman Najib M. , Reinecke Andrea , Pattinson Kyle T.S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundChronic breathlessness profoundly affects quality of life for its sufferers. Often, reported breathlessness is inconsistent with airway pathophysiology and objective disease markers. While a mechanistic understanding of this discordance has thus far remained elusive, factors such as mood, attention and expectation have all been implicated as important perceptual modulators. Therefore, here we have developed a model capable of exploring these relationships aiding patient stratification and revealing clinically-relevant neuro-biomarkers.MethodsA cohort of 100 participants with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a comprehensive assessment that included functional brain imaging while viewing and rating breathlessness-related word cues, self-report questionnaires and clinical measures.ResultsUsing an exploratory factor analysis across psychological and physiological measures, we identified two distinctive neuropsychological behavioural profiles that differed across four key factors corresponding to mood, symptom burden, and two capability measures. These profiles stratified participants into high and low symptom groups, which did not differ in spirometry values. The low symptom load group demonstrated greater FMRI activity to breathlessness-related word cues in the anterior insula.ConclusionsOur findings reveal two clear groups of individuals within our COPD cohort, divided by behavioural rather than clinical factors. Furthermore, indices of depression, anxiety, vigilance and perceived capability were linked to differences in brain activity within key regions thought to be involved in monitoring bodily sensations (interoception). These findings demonstrate the complex relationship between affect and interoceptive processing, providing the foundations for the development of targeted treatment programmes that harness clinical and symptom-relevant biomarkers.
Use of consensus term and definition for delayed cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Rowland Matthew J , Pattinson Kyle T.S. , Vergouwen Mervyn D.I. , Watkinson Peter J 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground and purposeIn 2010, a multidisciplinary research group proposed a consensus term and definition for the complication of delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). We assessed the use of this term and its definition as an endpoint in observational studies and clinical trials.MethodsFirstly, we performed a MEDLINE abstract search from Jan 2008 to Dec 2017 for observational cohort studies and clinical trials to investigate the used terminology over the years. Next, we studied trends in citations of the original paper citing the consensus definitions since publication in 2010.ResultsThe number of publications citing the 2010 consensus definitions has steadily increased from 18 in 2011 to 54 in 2017. Between 2010 and 2017, 527 papers were published with delayed cerebral ischemia, or another term to describe the same complication, as an endpoint. However, the term delayed cerebral ischemia was used only in 131/527 (25%) of papers and only 14/81 (17%) of clinical trials/cohort studies published in 2017 cited the consensus definitions when outlining study endpoints.ConclusionsDespite publication of consensus terminology and definitions for DCI in 2010, the majority of cohort studies and clinical trials in patients with SAH are not using these. Researchers and editors should be reminded of the importance of using these consensus terminology and definitions in future studies, which will promote the comparability of results between studies, understand the true impact of an intervention, aggregate results in meta-analyses, and construct guidelines with a high level of evidence.
Not all seabird species can overcome marine threats when predator removal at their colonies is prioritised
Authors: Borrelle Stephanie B. , Jones Holly P. , Richard Yvan , Salguero-Gómez Roberto 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSeabirds are globally threatened. In the face of multiple threats, it is critical to understand how conservation strategies that mitigate one threat intersect with others to impact population viability. Marine threats, including pollution, climate change, and fisheries could derail gains to seabird populations resulting from arduous predator eradication efforts. However, this potentially negative effect is yet to be evaluated. We test whether mortality from marine threats can subvert the on-going recovery of 17 seabird species from 37 colonies on islands worldwide where predators were removed. We use demographic modelling to estimate potential adult mortality from fisheries, plastic ingestion, and climate change. For 82% of the species we examine, marine threats do not impede recovery following predator eradication. However, for six colonies of three species, Calonectris diomedea, C. borealis, and Ardenna carneipes, mortality from multiple marine threats may interrupt their recovery. Combining our demographic approach with comparative phylogenetic methods, we explore whether foraging niche, range, and morphometric traits inform the vulnerability to marine threats using an expanded dataset of 81 seabird species. Our analyses reveal surface filtering and pursuit diving species, and species with smaller at-sea distributions to be most vulnerable to declines due to multiple threats. However, these traits do not necessarily predict species’ vulnerability to marine threats in the absence of predators at nesting colonies, suggesting that shared traits may not be useful to infer vulnerability to multiple marine threats. Post-eradication monitoring to determine whether species require additional conservation management following predator eradication are essential in the face of intensifying pressures in the marine environment.