bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Ethical Orientations of Turkish Teachers
Authors: Ural Ozlem , Gokturk Soheyda , Bozoglu Oguzhan 
Published: April 2018

Students’ development in terms of values, moral education and character is crucial for the culture of any society. Considering that these are gained through family and school, school principals and teachers can be the key players. Even if teachers do not deliberately act as models or ethic agents, or their main purpose is not merely ethical education, they still affect the students directly and indirectly. Therefore, exploration of their ethical decisions and what orientations guide them in making those ethical decisions is highly important. In this regard, teachers’ ethical orientation is worth measuring. In this study, Ethical Position Questionnaire [1], which has so far been commonly used to explore ethical orientations of a variety of professionals and cultural groups was translated into Turkish; and validity and reliability study was applied on teachers. Research group consisted of 251 primary school teachers working in state schools located in Kocaeli province, Turkey. To identify the construct validity of Ethical Position Questionnaire (EPQ), factor analysis was conducted. The analysis revealed that EPQ is two factor-structured and these factors explain 45% of the variance. Cronbach’s Alpha internal consistency reliability assessed for the total items of Turkish version of EPQ was .81 and for the first subscale –idealism-, for the second scale –relativism- was found .84 and .86 respectively. In conclusion, The Turkish version of Ethical Position Questionnaire was identified as a valid and reliable research tool to assess ethical positions of primary school teachers.
Mathematical Writing Errors in Expository Writings of College Mathematics Students
Authors: Guce Ive K. 
Published: April 2018

<p>Despite the efforts to confirm the effectiveness of writing in learning mathematics, analysis on common errors in mathematical writings has not received sufficient attention. This study aimed to provide an account of the students’ procedural explanations in terms of their commonly committed errors in mathematical writing. Nine errors in mathematical writing were pre-defined namely, misuse of mathematical terms, misuse of mathematical symbols, incorrect notation, incorrect grammar, incorrect capitalization, no or incorrect punctuation, vague term, incorrect term, and lack of term or phrase. This study used qualitative method of research to keep a record of errors in mathematical writing. Conducted in the College of Education Arts and Sciences of De La Salle Lipa, the study involved twelve BS Mathematics students enrolled in Advanced Calculus 1 class as respondents. Results revealed that the most committed errors done in mathematical writing are incorrect grammar and misuse of mathematical symbols. Certainly, intervention programs on mathematics writing will bring favorable outcomes. Language courses in the students’ curriculum which tackle proper grammar usage may be integrated with writing about mathematics as part of the student activities. Such will provide the students with writing experiences fitted to their discipline.</p><p> </p>
Political Reasons for the Success and Failure of Absalom’s Rebellion (2 Sam 15-19)
Authors: Schücking-Jungblut Friederike 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This study reads the Absalom narrative as an instructive discourse on the modes of human behavior in the form of a historical narrative. Concretely it focuses on the intended change in leadership and analyzes the political processes during the initial success and final failure of the revolt. Absalom’s rebellion can best be described as an irregular dynastic succession. As such it has elements of both continuity and discontinuity to the preceding and competing kingship of David. Maintaining an aura of power and gaining personnel resources, i.e. both elites from the established hierarchy and a wide base within the population, are identified as the two main reasons for the initial success. But later, the inaccurate handling of these very same personnel resources result in Absalom’s failure and death. In the end, a final redactional layer transfers the causality for Absalom’s failure to the divine level.
On the Possible Interpretations of Amos 7:14
Authors: Ridge David B. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The ambiguity of the vocabulary and grammar of Amos 7:14 has led to the proposal of numerous conflicting interpretations. I present a comprehensive evaluation of these proposals. I argue that both grammar and context indicate Amos 7:14 is made up of three declarative clauses, two negative and one affirmative, which describe either the past or present vocation of Amos. Whether they describe the past or present relative to the situation in the narrative, these clauses combine with the account of Amos’s prophetic call to indicate that his prophetic activity is not motivated by economic or other concerns but only by his desire to be obedient to YHWH.
“Look through Your Book and Make Me a Perfect Match”: Talking about Genealogy in Amoraic Palestine and Babylonia
Authors: Koren Yedidah 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRabbinic literature is concerned with lineage when determining appropriate marital partners. For the rabbis, not all Jews may marry all other Jews. Some Jews have a lower lineage status and may only marry others of similar status. Scholars have assumed that the Amoraim of Babylonia were more stringent towards matters of lineage than their Palestinian counterparts. However, the talmudic sources themselves do not neatly fit with this dichotomy. Additionally, this generalization does not capture the variety of ways that the Amoraim perceived lineage. In this article, I propose a shift of focus towards the different terminologies and discourses in Amoraic sources, which provide a richer understanding of the ways in which they viewed genealogy, and wished to shape it. These terminologies reflect different ways in which the rabbis constructed the idea of a Jewish people, and its components.
Capital Punishment for Apostasy in Islam
Authors: Baker Man 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This article sheds light on the Islamic legal ruling concerning apostasy (riddah). It reviews the verses of the Qur’an and the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad concerning apostasy, with the aim of reaching a firm conclusion on this topic, particularly because Islam has been accused of being a religion that forces people to embrace it, even against peoples’ free will. The article also reviews Muslim scholars’ points of view concerning this topic and the historical circumstances and conditions regarding it. The article concludes that Islam never sentences anyone to death for eschewing Islam; it merely does so for riddah.
More than Piety
Authors: Martin Lucinda 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Histories of Early Modern religion in Europe typically contrast the activities of ordained theologians with those of laity. The thought and writings of the former usually constitute “theology” and those of the latter “piety.” The result has long been a divided history. Confessional church historians have written histories that were essentially genealogies of (male) officer holders, while scholars of folklore, culture or literature analyzed the contributions of laity. Since the so-called cultural turn, the contributions of laity as organizers, transmitters and patrons of Early Modern religious movements are being recognized. What has been less studied are the intellectual achievements of laity, many of whom possessed deep knowledge of theology, history, and ancient languages and played important roles in Early Modern religious history. This article provides an overview of the main issues and the development of lay theology in the period and argues for increased study of the phenomenon.
Nimbus-6 Temperature Soundings Obtained Using Interactive Video-Graphics Computer Techniques
Authors: Paulson Byron A. , Horn Lyle H. 
Published: April 2018

In an attempt to improve the quality of Nimbus-6 soundings, the Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS) at the University of Wisconsin is used to manually edit individual (scan spot) High-resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS) soundings. Unlike the Nimbus-6 Data System Test (DST) soundings that are derived from averages of up to 84 spot radiance measurements and the TIROS-N and NOAA-6 operational soundings that can involve averages of up to 63 spot measurements, the HIRS soundings used in this study were derived from single spot radiances or averages of five single spot soundings. Also, unlike the DST soundings, the HIRS McIDAS retrievals used contemporary surface (instrument shelter) temperatures as a pseudoinfrared window channel to aid in cloud filtering. These McIDAS-generated soundings were used to analyze 1) level temperature fields at 850, 500, and 300 mb; 2) the 850–300 mb thickness field; and 3) the 500 mb height field over eastern Europe for a 20 August 1975 case. The excellent radiosonde network in this area is used for verification purposes.
While the individual spot soundings offer little improvement over the DST data, the averages of five of these soundings provide analyses that are distinctly superior to the operational DST soundings. Although improvement is noted in the root mean square and bias scores, the largest improvements are found in the S1 score, which is a measure of gradient comparison. The radiosonde verification data are partitioned into subsets and in some tests are combined with the HIRS soundings. Other tests involve comparisons in which the radiosonde data consist of only mandatory-level data. The various tests indicate that the edited HIRS soundings averaged in small groups are comparable to mandatory-level radiosonde data in constructing 500 mb height analyses.
Cloud-top Structure of Tornadic Storms on 10 April 1979 from Rapid Scan and Stereo Satellite Observations1
Authors: Negri Andrew J. 
Published: April 2018

The cloud top structure of the Wichita Falls tornadic storm of 10 April 1979 (and other severe storms on this day) is studied using remotely-sensed observations from radar and satellite. A comprehensive data set included 3 min interval visible (0.6 μm) and infrared (11 μm) radiances from the eastern GOES and similar 30 min interval data from the western GOES. The near synchronization of these two satellites allowed for the stereoscopic determination of cloud top heights. In addition, at 2048 GMT, TIROS-N scanned the storms within one minute of the geosynchronous stereo and provided 1 km resolution infrared blackbody temperatures.
Because internal storm dynamics are hidden from the view of the satellite, storm updraft intensity must be inferred from cloud-top minimum temperature and its rate of change. The Wichita Falls, Tex. tornadic storm could be defined in the satellite data by a point of minimum temperature which displayed temporal continuity and achieved a temperature of 208 K. A cloud-top cooling rate above the tropopause of 7 K/21 min preceded tornadogenesis. An adjacent warm area (221 K) developed downwind and was surrounded by a “V”-shaped pattern of lower temperatures. The warm area is postulated as due to subsidence in the lee of an ascending tower.
The measured stereo height of the Wichita Falls storm was 15.6 km at 2349 GMT, 1.5 km higher than severe storms 150 km downwind, although its minimum blackbody temperature was 9 K higher than that of these downwind storms. In addition, unrealistic fluctuations in the time sequence of temperature 30 min prior to the Wichita Falls tornado indicate that the IR measurements are affected by sensor response and/or field of view limitations, at least close to the anvil edge. Cross sections of stereo heights, IR temperature, and radar reflectivity at 2349 GMT demonstrate that while there is, in general, a co-location of high tops, low temperatures, and high low-level radar reflectivity, significant variations can exist in height/rainfall relationships.
A comparison of data sets at 2048 GMT between stereo height measurements and IR temperatures from GOES-East and TIROS-N revealed that anvil top features can be up to 10 K warmer in the GOES field of view (100 km2) than from TIROS-N (1 km2), and that this difference can reach 20 K for young thunderstorms, with perhaps 4 K explained by calibration differences. The lapse rate for tops penetrating the tropopause was substantially closer to the adiabatic lapse rate when TIROS-N temperature minima, rather than GOES minima, were plotted as a function of stereo determined height.
An Update on Trends in Skill of Daily Forecasts of Temperature and Precipitation at the State University of New York at Albany
Authors: Bosart Lance F. 
Published: April 2018

Consensus (the average of all forecasts) skill levels in forecasting daily maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation probability across six class intervals, and precipitation amount at the State University of New York at Albany are reviewed for the period 1977–82. Skill is measured relative to a climatological control. Forecasts are made for four consecutive 24 h periods for Albany, N.Y., beginning at 1800 GMT of the current day.
For minimum temperature, the skill levels average 57%, 41%, 26%, and 15%, respectively, for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h in advance. For maximum temperature, a more limited sample yields corresponding skill levels of 84%, 49%, 34%, and 19% for 12, 36, 60, 84 h ahead. Linear regression analysis yields little in the way of a definitive trend, given the smallness of the explained variance. Comparison with other readily available objective and subjective operational guidance establishes the credibility of the consensus forecast.
An Error Analysis of LFM-II Forecasts During the 1982–1983 Winter Season
Authors: Schechter Randy 
Published: April 2018

An analysis of average errors (bias) in forecast variables of the National Meteorological Center (NMC) LFM-II model has been completed for the winter season of 1982–1983 (23 November 1982–31 March 1983). The forecast variables evaluated were sea level pressure, 1000-500 mb thickness, boundary layer temperature, boundary layer relative humidity, mean relative humidity, and boundary layer winds. Average errors were calculated from forecasts contained in the Forecast United States (FOUS) 60-78 bulletins for 89 stations around the United States and adjacent waters. Forecasts were stratified into runs initialized with 0000 GMT or 1200 GMT data. Verifications were produced for 12-, 24-, 36-, and 48-hour forecasts.
The results substantiate certain geographically dependent error characteristics (biases) in the model. Sea level pressure is generally forecast too low east of the Rockies, particularly in the upper Mississippi valley, and too high west of the Rockies, particularly in the far southwest. Errors of 1000-500 mb thickness are generally small and tend to be forecast too high in the central United States and too low in the Rockies. For mean relative humidity, the model is too moist over the northern Rockies and too dry from Texas northward to Wisconsin. With the exception of the Rocky Mountain states, forecasts of boundary layer relative humidity are too dry nationwide. The largest dry bias is centered on the Texas Gulf coast. Boundary layer temperature forecasts are too warm along the Gulf coast and Florida and too cold near the Great Lakes. While errors are usually small for boundary layer winds, the error vectors have cyclonic curvature in the east and a northerly component in the nation's midsection.
There is a pronounced diurnal variation in the model bias for some of the forecast variables examined (boundary layer temperature, boundary layer relative humidity, and, to a lesser degree, 1000-500 mb thickness). This is demonstrated by the differences in the average error fields at 0000 GMT and 1200 GMT.
Should Cities Embrace Their Heat Islands as Shields from Extreme Cold?
Authors: Yang Jiachuan , Bou-Zeid Elie 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe higher temperature in cities relative to their rural surroundings, known as the urban heat island (UHI), is one of the most well documented and severe anthropogenic modifications of the environment. Heat islands are hazardous to residents and the sustainability of cities during summertime and heat waves; on the other hand, they provide considerable benefits in wintertime. Yet, the evolution of UHIs during cold waves has not yet been explored. In this study, ground-based observations from 12 U.S. cities and high-resolution weather simulations show that UHIs not only warm urban areas in the winter but also further intensify during cold waves by up to 1.32° ± 0.78°C (mean ± standard deviation) at night relative to precedent and subsequent periods. Anthropogenic heat released from building heating is found to contribute more than 30% of the UHI intensification. UHIs thus serve as shelters against extreme-cold events and provide benefits that include mitigating cold hazard and reducing heating demand. More important, simulations indicate that standard UHI mitigation measures such as green or cool roofs reduce these cold-wave benefits to different extents. Cities, particularly in cool and cold temperate climates, should hence revisit their policies to favor (existing) mitigation approaches that are effective only during hot periods.
Comparison of total ionic strength adjustment buffers III and IV in the measurement of fluoride concentration of teas
Authors: Patel Shilpa , Omid Narges , Zohoori Fatemeh V , Maguire Anne , Waldron Kevin J , Valentine Ruth A 
Published: April 2018

Background: Tea is the second most consumed drink in the UK and a primary source of hydration; it is an important source of dietary fluoride (F) for consumers and also abundant in aluminium (Al). Varying ranges of F concentrations in teas have been reported worldwide which may be, in part, due to differences in analytical techniques used to measure this ion. Aim: The effect of using total ionic adjustment buffers (TISAB) III or IV when measuring F concentration of black teas available in the UK was investigated and compared. Based on this evaluation, the effects of three different infusion times, 1 min, 10 min and 1 h, caffeine content and tea form on the F contents of the tea samples were investigated. Methods: The F concentrations of 47 tea samples were measured directly using a fluoride ion-selective electrode (F-ISE), TISAB III and IV and infusion times of 1 min, 10 min and 1 h. Results: Mean (SD) F concentration of tea samples for all infusion times was statistically significantly higher ( p < 0.001) measured by TISAB IV (4.37 (2.16) mg/l) compared with TISAB III (3.54 (1.65) mg/l). A statistically significant positive correlation ( p < 0.001) was found between Al concentration (mg/l) and differences in F concentration (mg/l) measured using the two TISABs; the difference in F concentration measured by the two TISABs increased with the magnitude of Al concentration. Conclusion: Due to higher concentrations of F and Al in teas and their complexing potential, use of TISAB IV facilitates more accurate measurement of F concentration when using an F-ISE and a direct method.
Safety and efficacy of the oblique-axis plane in ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein puncture: A meta-analysis
Authors: Miao Shuai , Wang Xiuli , Zou Lan , Zhao Ye , Wang Guanglei , Liu Yuepeng , Liu Su 
Published: April 2018

Objective This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the oblique-axis plane in ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein puncture. Methods We searched Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for relevant randomized clinical trials comparing the oblique axis with the short axis in ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein puncture. Results Five randomized clinical trials were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled meta-analysis showed that the incidence of arterial puncture in the oblique-axis group was significantly lower than that in the short-axis group. No significant difference was found in the first-pass success rate between the oblique-axis group and short-axis group. Additionally, there were no significant differences in the puncture success rate or number of attempts required between the two groups. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein puncture using the oblique-axis plane reduced the risk of arterial puncture, but no difference was found in the first-pass success rate, puncture success rate, or number of attempts required.
“Sacred Pause” in the ICU: Evaluation of a Ritual and Intervention to Lower Distress and Burnout
Authors: Kapoor Sumit , Morgan Christopher K. , Siddique Muhammad Asim , Guntupalli Kalpalatha K. 
Published: April 2018

Background:Increased exposure to deaths in the intensive care unit (ICU) generate grief among ICU staff, which remains unresolved most of the time. Unresolved grief becomes cumulative and presents a risk factor for burnout. “sacred pause” is a ritual performed at patient’s death to honor the lost life and recognize the efforts of the health-care team.Objective:To study the impact of the ritual of sacred pause on the attitudes and behaviors of the ICU physicians and nurses.Methods:Ten-question online anonymous survey was sent to ICU physicians and nurses in the medical ICU of a tertiary care hospital in July 2017.Results:Thirty-four ICU team members completed the survey including 12 physicians and 22 nurses. Seventy sacred pause rituals were performed from July 2016 to June 2017. Seventy-nine percent respondents believed that the ritual brought closure and helped them overcome the feelings of disappointment, grief, distress, and failure after the death of their patient in ICU. Seventy-three percent agreed that the ritual has instilled and encouraged a sense of team effort. Eighty-two percent responded that the ritual makes their efforts feel appreciated. Many felt that the ritual should be a universal phenomenon in all ICUs. Only 55% respondents felt that the practice has a potential to decrease ICU burnout, many of them (42%) were undecided.Conclusion:Sacred pause brings closure, prevents cumulative grief and distress, builds resilience, promotes team effort, and improves professional satisfaction of ICU team. It may lower burnout syndrome in ICU, but further studies are warranted.