bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elective cesarean delivery at term and the long-term risk for endocrine and metabolic morbidity of the offspring
Authors: Moshkovsky R. , Wainstock T. , Sheiner E. , Landau D. , Walfisch A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOther than obesity, no definitive insights have been gained regarding the apparent association between mode of delivery and long-term endocrine and metabolic outcomes in the offspring. We aimed to determine whether elective cesarean delivery (CD) impacts on long-term endocrine and metabolic morbidity of the offspring. A population-based cohort analysis was performed including all singleton-term deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a single tertiary medical center. A comparison was performed between children delivered via a non-emergent CD and those delivered vaginally (VD). Hospitalizations of the offspring up to the age of 18 years involving endocrine morbidity were evaluated. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative morbidity incidence. Cox and a Weibull regression models were used to control for confounders. During the study period 131,880 term deliveries met the inclusion criteria; 8.9% were elective non-urgent CDs (n=11,768) and 91.1% (n=120,112) were VDs. The survival curve demonstrated a significantly higher cumulative incidence of endo-metabolic morbidity in offspring born via CD (P=0.010). In the regression models, adjusted for maternal obesity, CD was not noted as an independent risk factor for long-term pediatric endocrine and metabolic morbidity of the offspring while maternal obesity emerged as a strong predictor. We therefore conclude that CD per-se does not appear to increase the risk for long-term pediatric endo-metabolic morbidity of the offspring.
On the Driver of Daytime Pc3 Auroral Pulsations
Authors: Motoba T. , Ebihara Y. , Ogawa Y. , Kadokura A. , Engebretson M. J. , Angelopoulos V. , Gerrard A. J. , Weatherwax A. T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPc3 range frequency (22–100 mHz) auroral pulsations often occur at daytime high latitudes, equatorward of the cusp/cleft and typically map to the dayside outer magnetosphere. In this paper we present simultaneous observations of compressional Pc3 magnetic pulsations in the dayside outer magnetosphere that occurred in direct association with daytime Pc3 auroral pulsations at South Pole Station (−74.4° magnetic latitude). The pulsations were almost identical at the two locations, and their correlation was clearest when the magnetospheric pulsations were highly monochromatic. Lower‐band chorus waves and keV electron fluxes were also modulated in the Pc3 range, likely by the compressional magnetic pulsations. The common Pc3 frequency in the magnetosphere and aurora matched well with the predicted frequency of upstream ultralow frequency waves. These results provide the first compelling evidence for the direct dayside outer magnetosphere‐ionosphere linkage between upstream‐generated compressional Pc3 waves, Pc3 range modulations of chorus waves and keV electrons, and Pc3 auroral pulsations.
On the Velocity‐Current Relation of Positive Leader Discharges
Authors: Zhao X. , Liu L. , Wang X. , Liu L. , Qu L. , Jia L. , He J. , Luo B. , Chen H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe velocity‐current relation of positive leader discharges is of great importance in the research of lightning physics. However, the measured data in a wide range of current up to several hundred amperes are not available so far. To fill the gap, experiments on positive leader discharges in long air gaps under lightning impulses were carried out on the test site at an altitude of 2.1 km. The velocity and current of positive leaders were measured with the synchronized discharge current and high‐speed video frames. An empirical formula for the velocity‐current relation of positive leaders is given with the leader current up to 500 A. The measurements are also compared with the numerical simulations, and it is suggested that the initial tip radius of a propagating leader grows as the leader current increases.
Deciphering Human Contributions to Yellow River Flow Reductions and Downstream Drying Using Centuries‐Long Tree Ring Records
Authors: Li Jinbao , Xie Shang‐Ping , Cook Edward R. , Chen Fahu , Shi Jiangfeng , Zhang David D. , Fang Keyan , Gou Xiaohua , Li Teng , Peng Jianfeng , Shi Shiyuan , Zhao Yesi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Yellow River flow has decreased substantially in recent decades, and the river often dried up in the lower reach and failed to reach the sea. Climate change and human disruption have been suggested as major causes of the flow reduction, but quantification of their relative contribution is challenging due to limited instrumental records and disturbance by dams. Here we use a basin‐wide tree ring network to reconstruct the Yellow River flow for the past 1,200 years and show that the flow exhibits marked amplitude variations that are closely coupled to the hydrological mean state swings at multidecadal to centennial timescales. Recent flow should have increased to the highest level of the past 1,200 years if there were no human disruption. However, human activities have caused a loss of nearly half of natural flow since the late 1960s and are the main culprit for recent downstream flow reduction.
Climatology of the Quasi‐6‐Day Wave in the Mesopause Region and Its Modulations on Total Electron Content During 2003–2017
Authors: Qin Yusong , Gu Sheng‐Yang , Dou Xiankang , Gong Yun , Chen Gang , Zhang Shaodong , Wu Qian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe westward quasi‐6‐day planetary wave (Q6DW) with zonal wave number 1 is a prominent oscillation in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, which causes significant variabilities in the ionosphere through E region wind dynamo. In this paper, the neutral wind observations from the Thermosphere Ionosphere and Mesosphere Electric Dynamics Doppler Imager experiment, the kinetic temperature observations from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument, and the total electron content (TEC) maps from globally distributed Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers during 2003–2017 are utilized to statistically study the Q6DW in both the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. Our statistical results show that (1) the Q6DW is most likely to occur during May and September, exhibiting a quasi‐semiannual oscillation. (2) The periods of the Q6DW show two statistical crests at ~6 and ~7 days separately. (3) The ionospheric oscillations due to the Q6DW are positively related to both the 10.7‐cm solar flux index and the neutral wave amplitudes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. The stronger oscillations in TEC under higher solar activity conditions are due to the larger ionization rate and thus larger background TEC. A stronger Q6DW results in stronger wind dynamos in the E region, which leads to stronger F region responses indirectly. (4) The interhemispheric asymmetries of the ionospheric responses to Q6DW show weak negative correlations with both solar activities and neutral wave perturbations, the mechanism of which needs our further investigation.
Changes in the Relationship Between the Interannual Variation of Eurasian Snow Cover and Spring SAT Over Eastern Eurasia
Authors: Wang Min , Jia Xiao Jing , Ge Jing Wen , Qian Qi Feng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChanges in the relationship between interannual variation of spring (March–April–May) surface air temperature (SAT) over eastern Eurasia (SAT_EA) and Eurasian snow during 1972–2009 are investigated. The results show that the interannual variation in SAT_EA is significantly correlated with Eurasian snow cover anomalies (SCA) over two key regions, which include the western (SCAW) and eastern (SCAE) parts of the Eurasian continent. A pronounced climate shift of SAT_EA is observed around the late 1980s, and therefore, the data are divided into two subperiods, that is, 1972–1987 (P1) and 1988–2009 (P2). Examinations show that the relationship between SAT_EA and SCAW is impacted by the Arctic Oscillation. In contrast, the relationship between SCAE and the SAT_EA is Arctic Oscillation independent and is significantly increased from P1 to P2. Further analysis shows that the increased correlation between SAT_EA and SCAE from P1 to P2 cannot be well explained by the snow‐related surface heat flux. A wave train‐like anomalous circulation plays an important role in enhancing their relationship through intensified wind‐induced heat advection in P2, which causes reduced snow and increased SAT_EA. A lead‐lag regression analysis of the SCAE and the circulation anomalies indicates that the changes of the SCAE and SAT_EA are mainly responses to atmospheric circulation anomalies that occur 2 months before spring. Numerical experiments that use a linear baroclinic model indicate that the snow anomalies around Lake Baikal may impact the variation of SAT_EA through modulating atmospheric circulation over the East Asia‐North Pacific area.
An Assessment of the Impacts of Cloud Vertical Heterogeneity on Global Ice Cloud Data Records From Passive Satellite Retrievals
Authors: Wang Chenxi , Platnick Steven , Fauchez Thomas , Meyer Kerry , Zhang Zhibo , Iwabuchi Hironobu , Kahn Brian H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSpaceborne passive instruments are widely used to infer long‐term ice cloud properties due to their large temporal and spatial coverage. Although observations from active instruments demonstrate ice particle variability in the vertical dimension, a pragmatic assumption made in passive cloud retrieval algorithms is that the observed scene consists of a plane‐parallel cloud. In this study, a theoretical exploration on how ice cloud vertical heterogeneity (ICVH) influences passive retrievals (i.e., cloud optical thickness, cloud effective radius, and ice water path, IWP) is implemented at the pixel scale. Specifically, with an established ice cloud profile database inferred from 1‐year Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation/CloudSat, we quantitatively estimate ICVH‐induced biases on monthly averaged cloud macrophysical and radiative properties. Results show an average underestimation (−35%) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) monthly IWP due to the ICVH for global ice clouds over ocean. The ICVH impacts are enhanced at large IWPs (e.g., > 500 g/m2) and solar zenith angles, resulting in a profound underestimation of MODIS IWP (up to −50%) in deep convective regions and middle to high‐latitude regions in the winter hemisphere. The global‐averaged ice cloudy‐sky reflected solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation derived from MODIS retrievals are slightly overestimated, suggesting that the ICVH has little impact on cloud radiative properties. Relatively large reflected solar radiation (0.3 W/m2) and outgoing longwave radiation (0.1 W/m2) flux differences occur at high and low IWPs, respectively. The largest total flux difference (~2 W/m2), mainly contributed by shortwave part, is associated with deep convection where the typical IWP is greater than 2,000 g/m2.
A 14‐ka Record of Dust Input and Phytoplankton Regime Changes in the Subtropical NE Pacific: Oceanic and Terrestrial Processes Linked by Teleconnections at Suborbital Scales
Authors: Arellano‐Torres Elsa , Álvarez‐Covelli Catalina , Kasper‐Zubillaga Juan José , Lozano‐García María del Socorro 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe study shifts in phytoplankton proxies linked to terrigenous inputs and teleconnections in a core from Soledad Basin, Gulf of Ulloa, NW Mexico, spanning the end of the deglaciation and the Holocene. We used biogenic opal (% opal), organic carbon (% total organic carbon [TOC]), and inorganic carbon (% CaCO3) as proxies of productivity and opal/TOC and CaCO3/TOC ratios as proxies of nutrient uptake and C‐export by siliceous and carbonate organisms. We reconstructed terrestrial inputs and identified authigenic gypsum. Based on opal/TOC and CaCO3/TOC ratios, we found periodic changes of ~0.5, 1.1–1.8 ka cycle in phytoplankton proxies exporting siliceous and carbonate skeletal debris to the sediments. An increase in carbonate organisms occurred during 14–8.7 ka, corresponding to reduced El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐like variability, in parallel to the northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and an overall negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). An increase in siliceous organisms occurred between 6 and 3 ka, coincident with strong ENSO‐like conditions, southern migration of ITCZ, and less intense but more frequent positive PDO‐hydrological variability. Grain size analyses show significant amounts of fine fraction (dust <6.6 μm) present during the early‐ to mid‐Holocene in agreement to extreme weather on land, with episodes of eolian and fluvial transport to the sea. The ENSO‐like variations influenced biological C‐export producers on a scale of 1.1–1.8 ka, but PDO‐related variability is uncertain. We suggest that Holocene drivers for phytoplankton successions are changes in insolation, ITCZ migration, California Current upwelling, nutrient inputs by advection, and terrestrial sources.
Cretaceous to Middle Cenozoic Exhumation History of the Cordillera de Domeyko and Salar de Atacama Basin, Northern Chile
Authors: Henriquez Susana , DeCelles Peter G. , Carrapa Barbara 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSpatiotemporal patterns of deformation and exhumation in the central Andes are key parameters for reconstructing the kinematic history of the orogenic belt. Previous studies of the retroarc thrust belt document overall eastward propagation of deformation since the late Eocene, but the amount and timing of exhumation during the early phase of Andean orogeny remains largely unconstrained, particularly in the modern forearc region. In order to determine the timing and amount of exhumation prior to the late Eocene, we employed a multidating approach combining zircon U‐Pb geochronology with apatite fission track and apatite (U‐Th)/He thermochronology. We focus on the low‐temperature cooling history of the Cordillera de Domeyko thrust belt and synorogenic deposits in the Salar de Atacama basin. Our results show Late Cretaceous to Oligocene cooling and exhumation in the Cordillera de Domeyko. The distribution of cooling ages in the forearc indicates three periods of exhumation: ~86–65, ~65–50, and 50–28 Ma. The amount of cooling was variable in space and time but requires total exhumation of ~2.5–3.3 km of rocks above major structures in the thrust belt. Regional unconformities in the Salar de Atacama basin correlate with periods of eastward migration of the orogenic front at ~65 Ma and ~50–40 Ma. Pulses of deformation at the front of the thrust belt alternated with periods of out‐of‐sequence hinterland deformation and exhumation. Overall, our data show that shortening in the central Andes commenced during the Late Cretaceous (as early as ~86 Ma) and that deformation (shortening) and exhumation were coupled in space and time.
A Gravity Study of the Longmenshan Fault Zone: New Insights Into the Nature and Evolution of the Fault Zone and Extrusion‐Style Growth of the Tibetan Plateau Since 40 Ma
Authors: Jiang Xiaodian , Li Zheng‐Xiang , Li Chaoyang , Gong Wei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Longmenshan Fault Zone (LFZ) is a tectonic boundary between the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin of the South China Block. Knowledge of the nature and history of the LFZ is important for understanding the growth of continental plateaus and mechanisms for major earthquakes along their margins, as exemplified by the magnitude 7.9 M Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008. Flexural modeling of new and existing gravity survey data along three transects, combined with published seismic reflection profiles and earthquake focal mechanism data, indicates that the central‐northern LFZ is a lithospheric‐scale fault zone that has low elastic strength but with strong episodic dextral transpressional motions. In contrast, the southern LFZ is a crustal‐scale thrust zone dominated by shallow‐angle thrust motion of the Tibetan Plateau over a moderately stiff South China Block. In conjunction with the record of Cenozoic basin erosion in the western Sichuan Basin and a regional kinematic analysis, we suggest that the lithospheric‐scale LFZ started 40 Myr ago and became an external boundary of a northeasterly directed extrusion‐style plateau growth, predominantly through crustal thrusting and thickening.
Deep Convolutional Encoder‐Decoder Networks for Uncertainty Quantification of Dynamic Multiphase Flow in Heterogeneous Media
Authors: Mo Shaoxing , Zhu Yinhao , Zabaras Nicholas , Shi Xiaoqing , Wu Jichun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSurrogate strategies are used widely for uncertainty quantification of groundwater models in order to improve computational efficiency. However, their application to dynamic multiphase flow problems is hindered by the curse of dimensionality, the saturation discontinuity due to capillarity effects, and the time dependence of the multi‐output responses. In this paper, we propose a deep convolutional encoder‐decoder neural network methodology to tackle these issues. The surrogate modeling task is transformed to an image‐to‐image regression strategy. This approach extracts high‐level coarse features from the high‐dimensional input permeability images using an encoder and then refines the coarse features to provide the output pressure/saturation images through a decoder. A training strategy combining a regression loss and a segmentation loss is proposed in order to better approximate the discontinuous saturation field. To characterize the high‐dimensional time‐dependent outputs of the dynamic system, time is treated as an additional input to the network that is trained using pairs of input realizations and of the corresponding system outputs at a limited number of time instances. The proposed method is evaluated using a geological carbon storage process‐based multiphase flow model with a 2,500‐dimensional stochastic permeability field. With a relatively small number of training data, the surrogate model is capable of accurately characterizing the spatiotemporal evolution of the pressure and discontinuous CO2 saturation fields and can be used efficiently to compute the statistics of the system responses.
Investigating Abiotic Drivers for Vertical and Temporal Heterogeneities of Cyanobacteria Concentrations in Lakes Using a Seasonal In Situ Monitoring Station
Authors: Wilkinson A. A. , Hondzo M. , Guala M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHarmful algal blooms (HAB) are ubiquitous ecological and public health hazards because they are composed of potentially toxic freshwater microorganisms called cyanobacteria. The abiotic drivers for toxic HAB are investigated using a research station deployed in a eutrophic lake in Minnesota in 2016. This research station provides full‐depth water quality (hourly) and meteorological conditions monitoring (5 min) at the sampling site. Water quality monitoring provides chemical, physical, and biological measurements, that is, phycocyanin concentration, a photosynthetic pigment distinct to cyanobacteria. The high cyanobacteria biovolume (BV) in the epilimnion observed in mid‐July persisted until late September when it was distributed uniformly throughout the water column. A scaling relationship was developed among BV heterogeneity, thermal stratification stability, and surface water temperature. This relationship was verified in a dimictic lake the following year. The proposed scaling relationship is relevant to sampling protocols of HAB as it informs if the sample depth is representative of the entire water column. During the strongly stratified period, BV accumulated above the thermocline and in the photic zone, with distinct peaks forming occasionally both near the water surface and at locations with photosynthetically active radiation approximately equal to 10 μE/m2s. Our observations suggest that the temporal/vertical variability of cyanobacteria BV is strongly influenced by lake dynamics, thermal structure, seasonal temperature variation, and light availability. These observations demonstrate that cyanobacteria tend to move and accumulate in specific warm water layers, confined by the thermocline and determined by well‐defined light conditions.
Niclosamide activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by intracellular acidification and mitochondrial inhibition
Authors: Thi Tran Uyen , Kitami Toshimori 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe NLRP3 inflammasome is unique among pattern recognition receptors in using changes in cellular physiology as a mechanism for sensing host danger. To dissect the physiological network controlling inflammasome activation, we screened for small-molecule activators and suppressors of IL-1β release in macrophages. Here we identified niclosamide, a mitochondrial uncoupler, as an activator of NLRP3 inflammasome. We find that niclosamide inhibits mitochondria and induces intracellular acidification, both of which are necessary for inflammasome activation. Intracellular acidification, by inhibiting glycolysis, works together with mitochondrial inhibition to induce intracellular ATP loss, which compromises intracellular potassium maintenance, a key event to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. A modest decline in intracellular ATP or pH within an optimal range induces maximum IL-1β release while their excessive decline suppresses IL-1β release. Our work illustrates how energy metabolism converges upon intracellular potassium to activate NLRP3 inflammasome and highlights a biphasic relationship between cellular physiology and IL-1β release.
Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Surgical Planning and Use of Three-Dimensional Printing in the Repair of a Complex Articular Femoral Fracture in a Dog
Authors: Lam Griselda , Kim Sun-Young 
Published: December 2018

Objective The main purpose of this study was to describe the use and benefits of 3-dimensional (3D) computer-assisted surgical planning (CASP) and printing in a complex articular fracture repair in a dog.
Study Design Case report.
Animals Client-owned dog.
Results One dog with a closed, severely comminuted, distal femoral supracondylar and bicondylar fracture underwent a preoperative computed tomography scan. Three-dimensional CASP was performed using computer-aided design software. Three-dimensional CASP allowed for visualization of the fracture fragments and virtual surgery, including reduction of the fragments and implant placement. A 3D model of the affected femur was printed and a bone plate was pre-contoured to the model. Intraoperative fracture reduction and stabilization were performed without complications. Postoperative radiographs revealed successful execution of the planned procedure. Subsequent radiographs and clinical examination indicated that bone healing was achieved with return to normal function of the limb. Three-dimensional CASP and the printed 3D model allowed for improved understanding of the anatomical relationship between fracture fragments, preoperative implant selection and contouring, and the ability to practice fracture reduction and implant placement preoperatively. The model was also used for client education, and to teach students and residents.
Conclusion Three-dimensional CASP and printed models are valuable tools in the preoperative planning of complex fracture repairs, educating clients and teaching students and residents.