bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment Assessment of Stormwater Retention Ponds within the Urban Environment of Calgary, Canada
Authors: Vopicka Krista Westerbeek 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The treatment of urban stormwater by retention ponds is known to be effective for water quality improvement as well as storm flow management and, in the past two decades, has become widely implemented. However, limited research has been conducted on the quality of sediment deposited in ponds. Therefore this study focuses on contaminant concentrations within the sediment from stormwater ponds built in Calgary, Canada. Electrical conductivity and the sodium adsorption ratio consistently exceeded the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) agricultural soil quality guidelines, indicating a city-wide salt contamination issue. F3 hydrocarbon fractions, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, selenium, and zinc were also identified as parameters of concern. In particular, the 61 Avenue SE duck pond displayed the greatest diversity and severity of contaminants due to the industrial catchment area. Removal and disposal options were limited due to the characteristics of the sediment. The examination of the solids content illustrated that all retention ponds will require the sediment to be dewatered prior to disposal. Disposal options were subsequently restricted to landfill disposal due to salt, metal, and/or hydrocarbon parameters exceeding CCME soil guidelines. One exception was the Deerfoot Trail and Highway 22X pond which could be directly disposed of in areas designated as commercial and industrial land use.
Stream Chloride Monitoring Program of City of Toronto: Implications of Road Salt Application
Authors: Perera Nandana , Gharabaghi Bahram , Noehammer Peter 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In cold regions, winter road safety is a major challenge for municipalities and provincial highway transportation agencies. Road salt is widely used to improve winter road conditions, but concerns have been raised about the effects of road salts on the environment. This paper describes a water quality monitoring program designed to measure both background chloride concentrations and the effects of road salt application on stream water quality in four watersheds (Humber River, Don River, Highland Creek, and Morningside tributary of Rouge River) located within the City of Toronto boundary. The effect of road salts on stream water quality was evaluated based on chloride concentration because of its conservative nature. A bilinear correlation was developed to transform measured specific conductance levels in stream water to chloride concentrations. There are no Ontario aquatic fresh water quality guidelines for chloride, but chloride concentrations in almost all the monitored streams in Toronto periodically exceeded chronic and acute chloride threshold levels of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The City of Toronto has been proactive in its efforts to implement management practices to reduce the impact of road salt application on the environment while maintaining safe driving conditions for its road users. Normalized salt application rates in Toronto have been on a gradual declining trend in the last decade from about 0.08 to 0.07 tonnes of salt applied per centimetre of snowfall per kilometre of lane. With public safety in mind, further reductions in salt application rates are being considered to reduce the adverse environmental effects to acceptable limits.
Reduction of Alkali-Labile Phosphates in Mussels Exposed to Primary-Treated Wastewaters Undergoing Ozone and Ultraviolet Disinfection: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gagné François , André Chantale , Cejka Patrick , Blaise Christian , Hausler Robert 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the estrogenic potential of a primary municipal effluent, undergoing ozone or ultraviolet disinfection, in Elliptio complanata mussels. Mussels were exposed for seven weeks, using a continuous flowthrough system, to a primary effluent from a major city before and after disinfection. Results showed that the effluents, regardless of the disinfection procedure, readily affected gametogenesis in mussels as determined by gonado-somatic index, and by DNA synthesis as determined by the activity of aspartate transcarbamoylase activity, a rate-limiting enzyme for pyrimidine synthesis. The estrogenic potential of the effluents was observed by the increased levels of alkali-labile phosphate, a generic measure for vitellogenin-like proteins, where the disinfection procedures did not completely remove the estrogenic effects of the primary effluent. Thus, the introduction of an ozone or ultraviolet disinfection step to a primary-treated effluent will likely diminish the estrogenic potential, but not entirely.
Electrochemical Removal of Copper and Lead from Industrial Wastewater: Mass Transport Enhancement
Authors: Yaqub Asim , Ajab Huma , Khan Saqib , Khan Sajjad , Farooq Robina 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The effects of ultrasonic frequencies on both the mass transport process and diffusion layer were investigated during electrochemical treatment. The rates of mass transfer at a stainless steel cathode were measured for copper and lead in dilute acidified copper sulphate and lead nitrate solutions at different ultrasonic frequencies. Concentrations in bulk solution were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. By increasing frequencies from 40 to 100 kHz, a high value for the mass transfer coefficient and an effective thinning of the diffusion layer were observed. Higher rates of mass transfer reduced energy consumption. Use of ultrasound with electrochemical processes can provide valuable contributions to remove metallic ions from industrial wastewater without using extra chemicals. The process has efficiently reduced the cost of energy consumption and deposition time.
Electrokinetic Flotation of Process Water from Paint Booths
Authors: Xu Yanqing , Shang Julie Q. , Yono Faiz W. , George Gary , Coleman Dennis P. , Sioshansi Mitra , Sullivan Shelley 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Electrokinetic flotation (EKF) for separation of paint solids and process water from automotive assembly paint booths was investigated in a series of laboratory-scale batch experiments. The EKF process employs a single electrode-module and a DC (direct current) power supply, but does not use any chemical agents or air supplier. The electrode-module, which consists of parallel electrode plates, was developed and used in the experiments. The influencing parameters of the EKF process for the process water treatment, including the type of paint, initial suspended paint solids (SS) concentration, and applied electric current, were investigated in the experimental program. It was found from this study that the EKF process decreased the SS concentration from 300 to 100 mg/L in 30 minutes at 55 A/m2 in the water-borne paint water, from 150 to 50 mg/L in 5 minutes at 22 A/m2 in the solvent-borne paint water, and from 550 to 100 mg/L in 5 minutes at 44 A/m2 in the mixed paint water, as well as reduced colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The study concluded that paint type, initial SS concentration, and electric current are the most important parameters in the EKF process governing the effectiveness of solid/water separation, treatment time, and power consumption. A comparison of SS removal between the chemical coagulation and the EKF treatments showed that SS removal by the EKF process was similar to the chemical treatment. The study concluded that the EKF is an effective technique for solid/water separation in paint booths with simultaneous COD and colour removal.
Influence of Sediment Grain Size on Elutriate Toxicity of Inorganic Nanomaterials
Authors: Santos Maria Alice , Monteiro Regina T.R. , Blaise Christian , Gagné François , Bull Kimberly , Férard Jean-François 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Knowledge concerning the ecotoxic effects of nanomaterials, chemical structures with novel properties owing to their small sizes (1 to 100 nm), is wanting and deserves to be documented more fully. In this study we conducted testing with the MARA (microbial array for risk assessment) assay-an 11 microbial species 96-well microplate toxicity test measuring growth inhibition-to determine the toxic potential of four metallic nanopowders (MNPs): copper zinc iron oxide, samarium (III) oxide, erbium (III) oxide, and holmium (III) oxide. MTC (microbial toxicity concentration) endpoint values showed a range of toxicity responses generated by individual strains that was MNP-specific. Cluster analysis undertaken with the (n = 11) MTC values of the four MNPs, reflecting a toxic fingerprint proper to each nanochemical, indicated that their modes of action may be different. Experiments were also conducted with an artificial sediment, composed of varying concentrations of silica sand and kaolin (fine particles &lt; 0.004 mm), spiked with each MNP to assess the contribution of fine particles on the resulting elutriate toxicity. The latter was shown to increase as fines contents decreased, except for CuZnFeO where no particular trends were observed. Toxicity testing was then undertaken with each MNP spiked into natural Saint Lawrence River freshwater sediments displaying low, medium, and high fines contents. Once again, analogous results to those obtained with the artificial sediment experiments were observed for MNP elutriate toxicity. Overall, MARA bioassay data indicate that MNP toxicity can be modulated by sediment grain size and that resulting adverse effects on aquatic biota will in part depend on such sediment characteristics.
Temperature Impact of the Industrial Cooling Water Discharges in a Long Boat Slip of Hamilton Harbour
Authors: He Cheng 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The thermal structure of industrial cooling water discharged into a long, narrow and shallow, straight open boat slip (Ottawa Street Slip, [OSS]) was investigated by field measurements during the hottest summer month in 2006. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and thermal transport models were established and verified with measurements. The main purposes of this study were to understand the mechanism of the thermal structure in the OSS during the hot summer season under the present cooling water discharge conditions, to investigate the influence of harbour water on the thermal structure in the slip, and to establish a means for scientific predictions of the impact of cooling water discharges in a future study. Toward this end, the water temperature at multiple locations along the OSS and meteorological data near the study site were collected during the summer period of 2006. The collected data reveal: (1) during the measured summer period, the water temperature in the slip can be higher than 30°C during a period of high air temperatures; (2) water temperature variations within short periods of 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes were no more than 4°C during the entire measurement period; (3) water temperature in the slip is controlled by both air and cooling discharge temperatures, and the cooling water temperature's increase due to industrial cooling processing seems to be relatively independent of the intake water temperature; therefore, the water temperature in the slip varied mainly with the air temperature; (4) since water temperature in the slip seemed to closely follow the intake water temperature, the intake channel may need to be optimized to maximize the possibility of getting the coolest water available from Hamilton Harbour; and (5) the cooler harbour water could not penetrate deeply into the slip. The collected water temperature data were also used for verification of three-dimensional hydrodynamic and transport models. The simulation results showed that the established model could reasonably well reproduce general thermal structures in the entire slip. This achieved the ultimate goal of the study for establishing a model to assess the impacts of further increase of cooling water discharge into the OSS.
Performance and Modelling of a Highway Wet Detention Pond Designed for Cold Climate
Authors: Vollertsen Jes , Åstebøl Svein Ole , Coward Jan Emil , Fageraas Tor , Nielsen Asbjørn Haaning , Hvitved-Jacobsen Thorkild 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A wet detention pond in Norway has been monitored for 12 months. The pond receives runoff from a highway with a traffic load of 42,000 average daily traffic. Hydraulic conditions in terms of inflow, outflow, and pond water level were recorded every minute. Water quality was monitored by volume proportional inlet and outlet samples. During most of the year, excellent pollutant removal was achieved; however, during two snowmelt events the pollutant removal was poor or even negative. The two snowmelt events accounted for one third of the annual water load and for a substantial part of the annual pollutant discharge. The performance of the pond was analyzed using a dynamic model and pollutant removal was simulated by first-order kinetics. Good agreement between measurement and simulation could be achieved only when choosing different first-order rate constants for different parts of the year. However, no relation between the rate constants obtained and the time of year could be identified, and neither did the rate constants for different pollutants correlate. The study indicates that even detailed measurements of pollutant input and output allow only average performance to be simulated and are insufficient for simulating event-based variability in pond performance.
A GIS-Based Spatial-Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Water Quality Data in the Porsuk River, Turkey
Authors: Arslan Ozan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The study offers a GIS-based multivariate statistical analysis strategy to assess river water quality. Multivariate statistical methods and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology have effectively been used for water quality management. Recognizing the fact that the use of standard statistical methods can be restrictive due to the complexity of water quality datasets, geospatial statistical methods have been recommended for the water quality assessment. The objective of the study was to explore the potential capabilities of GIS-based joint multivariate statistical analysis for water quality assessment of Porsuk River in Turkey. A well-known multivariate statistical technique, principal component analysis (PCA), is incorporated into a geographic database for interpretation of water quality data. To characterize spatial variability of water quality data, spatial PCA was performed on the basis of spatial autocorrelation. Application of the joint spatio-multivariate statistical analysis for interpretation of the water quality database offered a better understanding of the hydrochemistry in the study region.
Experimental Study on the Elimination of Colour and Organic Matter from Wastewater Using an Inexpensive Biomaterial, Chitosan
Authors: Modak Poly R. , Singh Kripa S. , Connor Dennis A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Chitosan has been investigated as an inexpensive, biologically derived adsorbent and/or primary coagulant for two reactive azo dyes in textile wastewater. At natural pH, complete elimination of colour was achieved from 0.1 g/L aqueous solutions of the textile dyes Procion Orange MX-2R and Procion Red MX-5B with a dose of 6 g of chitosan per litre of dye solution. However, when pH was lowered (to 4.8 and 5.5 respectively), a dose of only 1 g of chitosan per litre was necessary to eliminate colour and drastically reduce TOC (total organic carbon) and chemical oxygen demand for the same concentration of dyes. This allowed about an 80% reduction in sludge volume production. Addition of sodium phosphate dibasic and potassium sulfate improved the dye removal at higher pH. Colour removal decreased significantly with or without added salts as pH was adjusted above 7. Equilibrium adsorption experiments showed that both dye solutions follow the Freundlich isotherm, but not the Langmuir isotherm. Kinetics measurements show a better fit to the pseudosecond-order Lagergren model than to the first-order Lagergren model. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, or BET, surface area analysis and scanning electron microscope micrographs were included for better understanding of the nature of the chitosan surface with and without adsorbed dye. Chitosan appears to be a natural, clean and excellent product for the adsorption of Procion Orange MX-2R and Procion Red MX-5B in mildly acidic conditions.
Chemical Treatment and Enhancement of Bioavailability of Olive Mill Wastewater
Authors: Abbassi Bassim Eid 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this research, the potential of chemical treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) using different compounds such as lime, potassium permanganate, hypochlorite, and Fenton's reagent has been investigated. The capability of these compounds to breakdown the carbonaceous content of OMW was tested at different concentration ratios and contact times using a batch system. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was used as an indicator for the organic content of the OMW. The results showed that chemical treatment is an effective means of treating highly concentrated wastewater such as OMW. A COD removal of about 90% was obtained at permanganate:COD ratio of 1:25 and contact time of 25 minutes. Using Fenton's reaction, more than 93% COD removal was observed at COD:Fe ratio of 50:1, H2O2:Fe ratio of 10:1, and contact time of 10 minutes. The lowest COD removal was observed using sodium hypochlorite. It was possible to reduce the bioavailability indicator, COD/BOD5 ratio, by 40 and 50% by treating the OMW with permanganate and Fenton's reagent, respectively. These results along with the short contact time required indicate that chemical treatment is an effective alternative to conventional biological treatment of highly concentrated OMW.
The Use of Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Analysis to Characterize Food Web Changes in Aquatic Systems for Reclamation of Oil Sands Process-Affected Materials
Authors: Elshayeb Monalisa , MacKinnon Michael D. , Dixon D. George , Power Michael 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
One strategy for reclamation of oil sands leases in northern Alberta is the construction of lakes and wetlands by capping oil sands process-affected material (OSPM) with water. To assess this approach, experimental sites containing a range of OSPM have been constructed to monitor the evolution of the resulting aquatic habitats. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were used to assess the effects of OSPM on aquatic food webs. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of sediment, dissolved inorganic and organic carbon, particulate organic matter, periphyton, plants, plankton, aquatic invertebrates, and fish were used to assess differences related to the naphthenic acid (NA) concentration in OSPM and reference sites. NAs are a principal contaminant of concern in OSPM. Sites were grouped into low (0 to 4 mg/L), medium (4 to 15 mg/L), and high (&gt;15 mg/L) NA concentrations. There were no significant differences in food web area or length among the three NA groupings. In most cases, carbon isotope analyses of samples from low, medium, and high NA concentration sites were not significantly different, suggesting that OSPM is not a significant contributor to food web carbon sources. Significant differences were found in nitrogen isotope signatures between low, medium, and high NA sites. Ammonia from OSPM is suggested as the main contributor to δ15N enrichment.
Effects of Two Types of Landfills on River Water Quality and Endocrine Disruptor Concentrations Before and After Rainfall in a Subtropical Climate
Authors: Lin Chia-Wei , Li Mei-Hui 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
One closed uncontrolled landfill, the Neihu garbage dump, and one active controlled landfill, the Sanzhuku sanitary landfill, were selected for investigation of their leachate characteristics and effects on adjacent river water quality before and after rainfall in northern Taiwan. A total of seven samplings were made during February and June 2007, with four samplings done after individual rainfall events on study sites. Water quality of runoff samples collected from the Sanzhuku sanitary landfill showed less pollution than the water quality of leachates collected from the Neihu garbage dump; however, some water quality levels of leachate samples collected from the Neihu garbage dump were relatively high, such as ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), orthophosphate (PO43-) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). At the uncontrolled dump, rainfall lead to dilution effects on river water NH3-N and PO43- concentrations, but not other water quality parameters. In contrast, the concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol were increased in both types of landfills after rainfall in the present study. Dilution effects of rainfall on most water quality parameters and toxicity tests were observed in the Neihu garbage dump leachates after rainfall, but not for the Sanzhuku Landfill runoff. The highest concentration of BPA measured in this study was 25.8 μg L-1 in the Sanzhuku sanitary landfill runoff after the heaviest rainfall event, during which 236 mm of rainfall accumulated over four days. The results of this study suggest that both uncontrolled and controlled landfill leachates can be an important potential pollution source of BPA to adjacent water bodies.
Water Quality Effects from an Aquaculture Operation in a Meromictic Iron Pit Lake in Northwestern Ontario, Canada
Authors: McNaughton Kimberly A. , Lee Peter F. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In 1989, aquaculture for the production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was started in the upper depths of the 180-m deep Caland pit lake formed after the flooding of the former Steeprock Iron Mine. After ten years of operation, water quality was shown to be affected by the fish farm as well as proximal waste and the surficial geology of the area. Meromictic conditions occurred in the pit lake with a dichotomy in water quality versus depth. A cluster of parameters (ammonia, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, B, pH, dissolved oxygen) were either in higher concentrations in the mixolimnion or varied little throughout the entire water column, and a second cluster of parameters had higher levels below the chemocline (conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, total dissolved solids, nitrate, sulfate, Ca, Mg, hardness, Na, Cl, K, Fe, Mn, Sr, and silicon dioxide). Statistically significant variations in concentrations among many of these chemical parameters were observed between the two years of study, among depths, and among seasons. Nutrient loading from excess fish food and waste increased phosphorus and ammonia levels. The expansion of the fish farm also reduced the levels of dissolved oxygen in the lower depths of the pit lake, thus reducing the volume of usable water for aquaculture purposes. In the early 2000s the fish farm decreased production and those closed in 2006. Later data showed that nitrate and potassium had corresponding decreases in both the monimolimnion and the mixolimnion. Sulfate levels remained elevated.