bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discriminating Powers of Partial Agreements of Names for Linking Personal Records
Authors: Newcombe H. B. , Fair M. E. , Lalonde P. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The preceeding paper examined the logical basis of an exact way of calculating the discriminating powers of people’s names when they only partially agree. The method has application to automated file searching and record linkage. The present account describes an empirical test of the approach. Use is made of some 2000 comparison pairs of male given names, obtained as a byproduct from an earlier linkage study. The test shows that exact value-specific ODDS can indeed be calculated for common names when compared with their accepted synonyms (e.g. JOSEPH versus JOE). Moreover, the use can be extended to include rare variants, by arranging these into groups defined in value-specific terms (e.g. as selected blocks in an alphabetically sequenced listing, or combinations of such blocks). A majority of all name comparisons may be handled in this manner.The added precision serves to reduce the numbers of records that are ambiguously linked and require labour intensive clerical resolution.
On Medical Informatics
Authors: Haux R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:This paper summarizes the author’s point of view of defining medical informatics, to stimulate further discussions on how this “newly emerging discipline” should further proceed. We realize that the term “informatics” is related rather to the term “information science” than to “computer science”. Accordingly, medical informatics deals with the systematic processing of information in medicine. Many information systems in medicine are interrelated and can hardly be regarded as independent systems. As a result, medicine becomes gradually more an “empirical science of extreme complexity”. Because of its complexity and wide range of applications, medical informatics should be considered as a separate discipline, its aim being to contribute to the systematic processing of information in medicine. The contribution of medical informatics should be a better understanding of the human being and means for the provision of high quality patient care.
A National Computer-Based Epidemiological Information System
Authors: Bachev S. , Petkova Elena 
Published: March 2018

A computer-based system for epidemiological information has been worked out on the basis of the existing system for obligatory registration of all persons suffering from infectious diseases. The system consists of two subsystems
1. for descriptive epidemiological information and
2. for analytical epidemiological information.The first subsystem is based on the daily input of registered cases and supplies the necessary information on the epidemic situation of the country by diagnoses, towns and villages, regions and districts, new cases and deaths.Using the data of epidemiological research and the results of medical treatment, the second subsystem meets the demands for data for the regular annual epidemiological analyses. The information collected is analytically evaluated, throwing light upon the factors determining the epidemic situation of the country and making it possible to develop a strategy for the control of infectious diseases and to obtain a model of the epidemic process.
Genesis, Growth, and Therapy of Tumors: Mathematical Models
Authors: Bühler W. J. 
Published: March 2018

Many phenomena in biology and medicine display regularities which can be described mathematically (though quite often in a particular set of observations these regularities are rather well hidden behind irregularities introduced by factors unrelated to the phenomenon observed, i.e. by »biological variation« and »random fluctuations«). Mathematical models are constructed not only to describe and explain quantitative relationships but also to predict aspects of the phenomena which are not yet observed or even unobservable.Tumor research is one of the areas in which mathematical work of this kind has been done in about the last two decades. Recent developments have been stimulated by the special sessions of the fourth and fifth Berkeley Symposia devoted to the subject. The purpose of the present paper is to give a survey over the work that has been done and to indicate current trends. An attempt has been made to provide the reader with a complete list of references.
The Evaluation of Hospital Returns in Developing Countries
Authors: Diesfeld H. J. 
Published: March 2018

A method is presented to improve the applicability of information derived from hospital returns. This method may also serve as a tool for the evaluation of hospital services and for regional hospital planning.Hospital returns should report in the form of »hospital recording rates« for each of the recorded diseases per year of observation. The »hospital recording rate« is the observed number of each diagnosis in a given period of time, divided by the »effective population« of the »hospital catchment area«. The »hospital catchment area« and the »effective population« are defined by scores reflecting the estimated »degree of centrality«, which is considering the attractivity and accessibility of the single hospital and the demographic situation in the hospital area. The »degree of centrality« can be compared with the regional mean score in order to categorize each hospital within the infrastructure of hospital services in that region. This procedure can supply valuable information for regional hospital planning.
The Use of Biomedical Periodical Literature at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology
Authors: Wood D. N. , Bower C. A. 
Published: March 2018

The paper reports the results of a two week questionnaire survey of the use of biomedical periodical literature carried out at the UK National Lending Library in February 1969. The survey was designed to discover the subject, date and language characteristics of the borrowed literature, the most frequently requested journals, and the most popular sources of-references to biomedical publications.The loans were spread over 1,084 titles, although 9 per cent of the issues involved only 2 per cent of the titles. The literature in most demand was less than one year old and in the case of medicine 50 per cent of the requests were for literature less than 3½ years old. The half-life for the biological literature was somewhat longer at 5¾ years. The majority of issues (87.8 per cent) involved English language periodicals.Overall, the principal sources of references to the requested literature were citation lists in other periodical articles. Regarding the more recent literature, however, abstracting and indexing journals were the primary sources of information. For medical references Index Medicus was the most used indexing publication, and for biological references Current Contents.
Sequential Instruction System (SIS))
Authors: Reichertz P. L. , Courtney D. , Birznieks F. B. 
Published: March 2018

This article describes a relatively simple conversational computer system to handle instructional texts or to perform a computer-aided testing. The system proceeds in a sequential mode with possibilities for branching forward or backward from where a sequential course is resumed.Instructional or explanatory texts and/or multiple choice questions may be displayed. According to the answers the correctness or incorrectness of the reply is indicated. After each incorrect answer references or explanations are given. If desired, these explanatory frames can also be accessed after correct answers.After completion of a course the score is displayed. SIS produces a log for the instructor including answers to individual questions and summary scores.The system is written in FORTRAN. It is designed to run under O.S. on IBM 360 series computers with 2260 cathode ray tube (CRT) displays. It exists in two versions, one operating under a stand-alone attention handler for local displays, the other requiring the B.E.S.T. (Baylor Executive System for Teleprocessing) as message control program. In this case, remote CRT’s, teletypes and typewriter-type terminals may also serve as user terminals.Though a few courses have been implemented, SIS is the basic vehicle, not the content of courses.
Vergleichskriterien unterschiedlicher Klassifikationssysteme
Authors: HÖPKER W. W. 
Published: March 2018

Auch in Zukunft werden ▪— besonders im internationalen Bereich — konventionelle Klassifikationsund Codierungssysteme in der Medizin ihre Berechtigung behalten. Die Entscheidung für ein bestimmtes Klassifikationssystem sollte nicht nur nach sachlichen und begrifflich-semantischen Gesichtspunkten erfolgen. Für die Codierung selbst und deren formalen Ablauf — zum Zwecke der Optimierung des eigentlichen Verschlüsselungsvorganges und damit des Arbeitsaufwandes — sind zusätzliche Vergleichskriterien heranzuziehen, die es gestatten, die formalen Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Klassifikationssysteme zu beschreiben und gegeneinander abzugrenzen.Die eigenen Untersuchungen gehen von zwei unterschiedlichen Voraussetzungen aus. Nach bestimmten Kriterien wird die aus der Ordnungsstruktur der Klassifikationssysteme ersichtliche Gliederung zur Definition einer »Klasse« herangezogen, deren numerischer Umfang nach Rang geordnet und für jeden Schlüssel getrennt dargestellt wird. Der Vergleich dieser Rangzahlkurven zwischen den einzelnen Schlüsseln ergibt erste Anhaltspunkte für die Gliederungsstruktur derselben.Die informationstheoretischen Begriffe wie Information, Entropie und Redundanz werden erläutert und auf die derzeit bekannten national wie international verbreiteten Schlüssel angewandt. Die erhaltenen Werte ergeben gute Vergleichskriterien derart, daß ein Maß für die Information der Gliederung eines Klassifikationssystems angegeben werden kann, welches nicht aus dem Bedeutungsinhalt der in den Schlüsseln aufgeführten Vorzugsbenennungen (Preferred Terms) abgeleitet werden kann und ausschließlich als Ausdruck angewandter Ordnungsund Aufteilungskriterien anzusehen ist.Benutzungshäufigkeiten der Schlüssel und deren Vorzugsbenennungen liegen uns nicht vor. Aus diesem Grunde ist es nicht möglich, differenziertere informationstheoretische Größen zu berechnen.
Information Handling
Authors: Rich R. P. 
Published: March 2018

This paper explains how a small research effort in document retrieval led to the development of a generally useful package of information processing programs, first for a small (IBM 1401) computer and then for a large (IBM 7094) computer, to meet the growing demand, The approach is based ori standard programs for routine operations (editing, printing, searching) on information files, supplemented by a problem-oriented computer language for programming those tasks which the standard ‘ programs will not handle.The entire package has been carefully designed so that it can easily be taught to and used by people without previous computer experience, including clerical staff.
Symbolic Shorthand System for Physiology and Medicine
Authors: Ember G. , Padmanabhan N. 
Published: March 2018

The Symbolic Shorthand System (SSS) is applicable to any problem of documentation. Instead of a code designation composed of numbers and letters the SSS uses mnemonic symbols and signs reminiscent of the subjects they denote.All possible subjects and relationships between them are first arranged in one dimension, typed separately on subject cards, and then arranged one after the other according to a fixed order of precedence.Synonymous designations are avoided because all symbols have only one fixed meaning. The possibility of combining symbols gives this system the vital flexibility that other methods lack and it can be expanded indefinitely by establishing new symbols and signs.
The Center for International Biomedical Communications Research
Authors: Kent A. , Vinken P. J. 
Published: March 2018

A joint center has been established by the University of Pittsburgh and the Excerpta Medica Foundation. The basic objective of the Center is to seek ways in which the health sciences community may achieve increasingly convenient and economical access to scientific findings. The research center will make use of facilities and resources of both participating institutions. Cooperating from the University of Pittsburgh will be the School of Medicine, the Computation and Data Processing Center, and the Knowledge Availability Systems (KAS) Center. The KAS Center is an interdisciplinary organization engaging in research, operations, and teaching in the information sciences.Excerpta Medica Foundation, which is the largest international medical abstracting service in the world, with offices in Amsterdam, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo and Buenos Aires, will draw on its permanent medical staff of 54 specialists in charge of the 35 abstracting journals and other reference works prepared and published by the Foundation, the 700 eminent clinicians and researchers represented on its International Editorial Boards, and the 6,000 physicians who participate in its abstracting programs throughout the world. Excerpta Medica will also make available to the Center its long experience in the field, as well as its extensive resources of medical information accumulated during the Foundation’s twenty years of existence. These consist of over 1,300,000 English-language _abstract of the world’s biomedical literature, indexes to its abstracting journals, and the microfilm library in which complete original texts of all the 3,000 primary biomedical journals, monitored by Excerpta Medica in Amsterdam are stored since 1960.The objectives of the program of the combined Center include: (1) establishing a firm base of user relevance data; (2) developing improved vocabulary control mechanisms; (3) developing means of determining confidence limits of vocabulary control mechanisms in terms of user relevance data; 4. developing and field testing of new or improved media for providing medical literature to users; 5. developing methods for determining the relationship between learning and relevance in medical information storage and retrieval systems’; and (6) exploring automatic methods for retrospective searching of the specialized indexes of Excerpta Medica.The priority projects to be undertaken by the Center are (1) the investigation of the information needs of medical scientists, and (2) the development of a highly detailed Master List of Biomedical Indexing Terms. Excerpta Medica has already been at work on the latter project for several years.
Quality Control of Data in a Large-Scale Cancer Register Program
Authors: Lourie W. I. , Haenszeland W. 
Published: March 2018

Quality control of data collected in the United States by the Cancer End Results Program utilizing punchcards prepared by participating registries in accordance with a Uniform Punchcard Code is discussed. Existing arrangements decentralize responsibility for editing and related data processing to the local registries with centralization of tabulating and statistical services in the End Results Section, National Cancer Institute. The most recent deck of punchcards represented over 600,000 cancer patients; approximately 50,000 newly diagnosed cases are added annually.Mechanical editing and inspection of punchcards and field audits are the principal tools for quality control. Mechanical editing of the punchcards includes testing for blank entries and detection of in-admissable or inconsistent codes. Highly improbable codes are subjected to special scrutiny. Field audits include the drawing of a 1-10 percent random sample of punchcards submitted by a registry; the charts are .then reabstracted and recoded by a NCI staff member and differences between the punchcard and the results of independent review are noted.
Einfluß der Faktoren Tageszeit und Elektrodenlage und ihre Prüfung bei automatischer EEG-Auswertung
Authors: Beigel Th. M. 
Published: March 2018

Der Studie liegt ein zweimonatiges Experiment zugrunde, in welchem zu verschiedenen Tageszeiten das EEG der Probanden kurzzeitig registriert wurde. Nach der automatischen Extraktion der Dominanten Frequenz aus dem EEG wurde der Einfluß der Hauptwirkungen Tageszeit, Langzeit und Elektrodenlage sowie der Wechselwirkung Tageszeit/Langzeit bei Anwendung des korrekten F-Tests von LE ROY untersucht.Im Anhang wurde der F-Test eines gemischten Modells von fünf Faktoren entwickelt und die vereinfachte Regel von DUDECK für partiell-hierarchische Modelle erläutert.
MEDIC: An on Site Designed Data Management System for Cardiology
Authors: Lustman F. , Lanthier P. , Charbonneau D. 
Published: March 2018

A patient-oriented data management system is described. The environment was cardiology with a heavy emphasis on research and the MEDIC system was designed to meet the day to day program needs. The data are organized in speciality files with dynamic patient records composed of subrecords of different types. The schema is described by a data definition language. Application packages include data quality control, medical reporting and general inquiry.After five years of extensive use in various clinical applications, its utility has been assessed as well as its low cost. The disadvantages, the main being the multifile structure, can now be stated as its advantages, like data independence and performance increase. Although the system is now partially outdated, the experience acquired with its use becomes very helpful in the selection process of the future database management system.
VIRUS — A Laboratory Information System for Clinical Virology
Authors: Blomberg J. , Mattson J. , Börjesson B. , Hast S. , Andersson P. , Holm K. 
Published: March 2018

A system covering request registration, analytical orders, printing of worksheets, result reporting, result control and printing of patient reports is presented. Additionally, interim reports can be produced; accounting is automatic, and group requests and requests for new analyses of old samples can be handled. The system meets the demand for retrospective analysis which arises when acute intermediate and convalescent sera have to be analyzed simultaneously. Consequently, results from the same type of analysis performed on the same sample on different occasions can be handled and presented in a clear way on the VDU and on the report.All work is performed on-line in real time via VDU screens. All data are stored on a 3 x 100 Mbyte disk chive which can accommodate approximately 6 years’ work.The system has been implemented as a terminal system with 5 VDU: s and one line printer connected to an IBM 370/158 computer. The IMS data base management system has been utilized.
Computer-assisted Control of a Waiting List
Authors: Rourke T. A. , McFadden E. , Rogers A. C. N. 
Published: March 2018

The main objective in the use of computer-based systems which dynamically order hospital waiting lists is to produce a more systematic and clinically acceptable pattern of selection from the waiting list than that resulting from traditional manual systems. This has been achieved previously through the evaluation of fairly complex mathematical formulae which require detailed analysis to modify their behaviour pattern, and thus separate the clinician from direct control of the system.This paper describes a waiting list management system which uses a conceptually simple ordering process based on waiting time limits set by the clinician for each planned clinical procedure relevant to the specialty. The clinician receives periodic analyses of the current performance of the process and can easily control the behaviour pattern by changing the limits for any procedure. The system also keeps account of allocated bed and theatre resources.Use of this waiting list management system in a Urology Department has resulted in a significant shift in the composition of the waiting list and in a more equitable pattern of selection from the waiting list;. In addition, the time spent by the clinician in managing the waiting list has been considerably reduced.
Computeranterstützte Diagnosenclokumentation
Authors: Hölzel D. 
Published: March 2018

Die Diagnosenverschlüsselung wird häufig nur als Problem der medizinischen Dokumentation betrachtet. Unter Gesichtspunkten der Informatik können Lösungsansätze entwickelt werden, die auch im Hinblick auf Standardisierung und Auswertung Vorteile aufweisen. Ein solches System zur computerunterstützten Diagnosendokumentation wird beschrieben.Es wird ein modifizierter ICD/E Diagnosenschlüssel eingesetzt. Aspekte einer maschinellen Unterstützung für die Präsentation und Pflege des Diagnosenschlüssels, die automatische Codierung und die Auswertung werden dargestellt. Notwendig ist eine Integration der verschiedenen Probleme. Sie führt zu mehrfach verwertbaren Schlüsselkomponenten, mit denen sich die genannten Aufgaben abdecken lassen.Vorauszusetzen ist, daß disziplinspezifisch ein Standard von Diagnosenformulierungen vordefiniert und kontrolliert erweitert wird. Für die Realisiermag der Anforderungen ist dann ein eindimensionaler Schlüssel von Vorteil.
Information Systems to Support Medical Practice and Scientific Discovery
Authors: Lindberg D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:In many educational applications of the computer, systems are designed to contain information or knowledge that is to be conveyed to the student or user via an interactive learning scheme. In contrast, most NLM systems strive merely to increase the user´s access to the broad range of published scientific literature, or to link the user to appropriate factual databases.Providing or enhancing access is, of course, made more difficult than in didactic systems because of the relatively large size of the files that make up the bibliographic and factual databases. For example, the MEDLARS files contain over 12 million records, made up of roughly thirty billion online characters.Users send electronic queries to these files on-line via commercial valueadded networks (24 hrs/day, 365 days/year), in total about 4 million queries per year. Of the 4 million, approximately half of the queries were (in the opinion of the users polled) prompted by questions that arose in caring for a particular patient. The remaining 2 million queries concerned research, teaching, and public policy.
New Premises and New Tools for Medical Care and Medical Education
Authors: Weed L. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Medical care and medical education can be supported more than in the past by using new tools and new premises for the effective linkage between bodies of knowledge and the use of that knowledge. The medical record can be converted from a source-oriented record to a problem-oriented record, enabling to trace not only what was done, but why it was done. These possiblities reveal new insights in the use of databases, problem lists, problem-oriented plans, and problem-oriented progress notes and flowsheets. It brings about a neW behavior in teaching which replaces memorizing facts, new possibilities for medical care, and new responsibilities both for physicians and patients. We now have knowledge-coupling tools that can be used directly with the patients at the time of problem solving. Patients are becoming active participants in this process, bringing about new roles for experts as well as expert systems.
Software Engineering Education in Medical Informatics
Authors: Leven F. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Requirements and approaches of Software Engineering education in the field of Medical Informatics are described with respect to the impact of (1) experiences characterizing the “software misery”, (2) status and tendencies in software methodology, and (3) educational status and needs in computer science education influenced by the controversy “theoretical versus practical education”. Special attention is directed toward the growing importance of analysis, design methods, and techniques in the professional spectrum of Medical Informatics, the relevance of general principles of systems engineering in health care, the potential of non-procedural programming paradigms, and the intersection of Artificial Intelligence and education. Realizations of and experiences with programs in the field of Software Engineering are reported with respect to special requirements in Medical Informatics.