bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitive approach and future perspectives in microscopic patterns of mycorrhizal roots
Authors: Stoian Vlad , Vidican Roxana , Crişan Ioana , Puia Carmen , Şandor Mignon , Stoian Valentina A. , Păcurar Florin , Vaida Ioana 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe harmonization of methodologies for the assessment of radicular endophytic colonization is a current necessity, especially for the arbuscular mycorrhizas. The functionality of mycorrhizal symbionts for plants can be described only by indicators obtained based on microscopic analysis. That is the reason for which a unifying methodology will lead to the achievement of highly correlated indicators comparable from one research to another. Our proposed methodology can further digitize the microscopic observations of colonization. The MycoPatt system is developed as a methodological framework for obtaining objective and comparable microscopic observations. The horizontal, vertical and transversal indicators are highly adaptable and allow the tracking of mycorrhizal colonization in root length. All structures developed by symbionts can be traced and the obtained metadata can be compared without any transformation. Mycorrhizal maps have a high degree of applicability in evaluating soil inoculum efficiency. In the future, the application of this method will lead to digital maps with a high degree of accuracy. MycoPatt allows the mathematical expression of colonization patterns, being a complex model that converts biological data into statistically comparable indicators. This will further allow obtaining inferences with applicative importance and similarity spectra for the colonizing fungi and host plants.
Microbiota of the Oropharynx and Endoscope Compared to the Esophagus
Authors: Okereke Ikenna C. , Miller Aaron L. , Hamilton Catherine F. , Booth Adam L. , Reep Gabriel L. , Andersen Clark L. , Reynolds Sandy T. , Pyles Richard B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe role of the microflora in the development of esophageal disease is still largely unknown and is being investigated in more detail. Our goal was to determine how the microbiota levels of endoscope and uvular swabs compared to the levels of tissue biopsies along various points of the esophagus. 17 patients with Barrett’s esophagus agreed to participate in the study. Biopsies of esophageal mucosa were taken from the (1) proximal esophagus, (2) mid-esophagus, (3) distal esophagus, and (4) Barrett’s esophagus. Swabs were also taken from the uvula and the endoscope. Throughout the esophagus, 17 bacterial genera were detected from the samples. The microflora pattern obtained from the uvula and endoscopic swabs did not correlate well with mucosal biopsies along any aspect of the esophagus. There were statistically significant differences in the levels and proportions of bacteria found when comparing the uvula swab to the esophageal biopsies and when comparing the endoscope swab to the esophageal biopsies. Obtaining a simple swab of the uvula or endoscope itself appears to be a poor substitute for tissue biopsy of esophageal mucosa when evaluating microflora patterns. When performing microflora studies of the esophagus, mucosal biopsies should be used for analysis.
Sequence analysis of capnography waveform abnormalities during nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterization laboratory
Authors: Conway Aaron , Collins Peter , Chang Kristina , Mafeld Sebastian , Sutherland Joanna , Fingleton James 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIdentifying common patterns in capnography waveform abnormalities and the factors that influence these patterns could yield insights to optimize responses to sedation-induced respiratory depression. Respiratory state sequences for 102 patients who had a procedure in a cardiac catheterisation laboratory with procedural sedation and analgesia were developed by classifying each second of procedures into a state of normal breathing or other capnography waveform abnormalities based on pre-specified cut-offs for respiratory rate and end-tidal CO2 concentration. Hierarchical clustering identified four common patterns in respiratory state sequences, which were characterized by a predominance of the state assigned normal breathing (n = 42; 41%), hypopneic hypoventilation (n = 38; 38%), apnea (n = 15; 15%) and bradypneic hypoventilation (n = 7; 7%). A multivariable distance matrix regression model including demographic and clinical variables explained 28% of the variation in inter-individual differences in respiratory state sequences. Obstructive sleep apnea (R2 = 2.4%; p = 0.02), smoking status (R2 = 2.8%; p = 0.01), Charlson comorbidity index score (R2 = 2.5%; p = 0.021), peak transcutaneous carbon dioxide concentration (R2 = 4.1%; p = 0.002) and receiving an intervention to support respiration (R2 = 5.6%; p = 0.001) were significant covariates but each explained only small amounts of the variation in respiratory state sequences. Oxygen desaturation (SpO2 < 90%) was rare (n = 3; 3%) and not associated with respiratory state sequence trajectories.
Computational Design of Novel Hydrogen-Doped, Oxygen-Deficient Monoclinic Zirconia with Excellent Optical Absorption and Electronic Properties
Authors: Tolba Sarah A. , Allam Nageh K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMonoclinic ZrO2 has recently emerged as a new highly efficient material for the photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. Herein, first-principles calculations were carried out to understand how Hydrogen doping can affect the electronic structure and optical properties of the material. The effects of Hydrogen interstitial and substitutional doping at different sites and concentrations in m-ZrO2 were examined by an extensive model study to predict the best structure with the optimal properties for use in solar energy conversion devices. Hydrogen interstitials (Hi) in pristine m-ZrO2 were found to lower the formation energy but without useful effects on the electronic or optical properties. Hydrogen mono- and co-occupying oxygen vacancy (Ov) were also investigated. At low concentration of Hydrogen mono-occupying oxygen vacancy (HOv), Hydrogen atoms introduced shallow states below the conduction band minimum (CBM) and increase the dielectric constant, which could be very useful for gate dielectric application. The number and position of such defect states strongly depend on the doping sites and concentration. At high oxygen vacancy concentration, the modeled HOv-Ov structure shows the formation of shallow and localized states that are only 1.1 eV below the CBM with significantly high dielectric constant and extended optical absorption to the infrared region. This strong absorption with the high permittivity and low exciton binding energies make the material an ideal candidate for use in solar energy harvesting devices. Finally, the band edge positions of pristine and doped structures with respect to the redox potentials of water splitting indicated that Hydrogen occupying oxygen vacancies can increase the photocatalytic activity of the material for hydrogen generation due the extremely improved optical absorption and the band gap states.
PBI-4050 via GPR40 activation improves adenine-induced kidney injury in mice
Authors: Thibodeau Jean-François , Simard Jean-Christophe , Holterman Chet E. , Blais Amélie , Cloutier Marie-Pier , Medeiros Thalia , Leduc Martin , Grouix Brigitte , Leblond François A. , Burger Dylan , Hébert Richard L. , Kennedy Christopher R.J. , Gagnon Lyne 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
PBI-4050 (3-pentylbenzenacetic acid sodium salt), a novel first-in-class orally active compound that has completed clinical Phases Ib and II in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and metabolic syndrome respectively, exerts antifibrotic effects in several organs via a novel mechanism of action, partly through activation of the G protein receptor 40 (GPR40) receptor. Here we evaluate the effects of PBI-4050 in both WT and Gpr40−/− mice on adenine-induced tubulointerstitial injury, anemia and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Adenine-induced CKD was achieved in 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice fed a diet supplemented with 0.25% adenine. After 1 week, PBI-4050 or vehicle was administered daily by oral-gavage for 3 weeks. Gpr40−/− mice were also subjected to adenine-feeding, with or without PBI-4050 treatment. PBI-4050 improved renal function and urine concentrating ability. Anemia was present in adenine-fed mice, while PBI-4050 blunted these effects and led to significantly higher plasma erythropoietin (EPO) levels. Adenine-induced renal fibrosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis were significantly decreased by PBI-4050. In parallel, Gpr40−/− mice were more susceptible to adenine-induced fibrosis, renal function impairment, anemia and ER stress compared with WT mice. Importantly, PBI-4050 treatment in Gpr40−/− mice failed to reduce renal injury in this model. Taken together, PBI-4050 prevented adenine-induced renal injury while these beneficial effects were lost upon Gpr40 deletion. These data reinforce PBI-4050’s use as a renoprotective therapy and identify GPR40 as a crucial mediator of its beneficial effects.
The Consequences of Oromandibular Dystonia on Communicative Participation: A Qualitative Study of the Insider's Experiences
Authors: Page Allyson D. , Siegel Lauren H. , Baylor Carolyn R. , Adams Scott G. , Yorkston Kathryn M. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to obtain a self-reported account of the experience of living with oromandibular dystonia (OMD) to gain a better understanding of both the daily facilitators and barriers to communicative participation and the strategies used for adapting to life with OMD.

Method
Eight individuals with OMD and dysarthria participated in 1 face-to-face, semistructured interview. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative, phenomenological methods of coding, immersion, and emergence were used in the analysis of interview data.

Results
Three major themes and 7 subthemes emerged from the analysis of interview data. First, “speaking is different now” provided examples of how speech changes are manifested in various life situations. Second, “my roles have changed” addressed how OMD has impacted work, home, and social roles. Third, “I accept it and move on” involved finding strategies that help and adopting a different perspective.

Conclusion
We suggest that the management of OMD must take a more holistic approach by addressing consequences beyond the physical symptoms and be tailored to each individual based on his or her personal concerns and goals.
Interrater Reliability and Concurrent Validity for the Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale 3.0: Application With Persons With Acquired Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia
Authors: Wambaugh Julie L. , Bailey Dallin J. , Mauszycki Shannon C. , Bunker Lisa D. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This investigation was designed to provide interrater reliability data for the Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale 3.0 (ASRS 3.0;
Strand, Duffy, Clark, & Josephs, 2014
). Importantly, ratings were completed by investigators who were not involved with the ASRS development. Another aim was to evaluate the relationship of the ASRS 3.0 total score to word intelligibility.

Method
Two investigators independently completed ASRS 3.0 ratings for 28 participants with chronic apraxia of speech and aphasia. Intelligibility scores were obtained for all participants.

Results
Consistency of ratings for each feature and total score of the ASRS 3.0 was measured using intraclass correlation coefficients. Twelve of 13 intraclass correlation coefficients for feature ratings reached significance; clinical meaningfulness ranged from poor to excellent. Interrater reliability for the total scores was excellent. Similarly, absolute difference of ratings was minimal for the total scores, but varied across the 13 feature ratings. Correlations between the intelligibility scores and ASRS 3.0 total score were moderate to strong.

Conclusion
The total ASRS 3.0 score may be viewed as a reliable indicator of prevalence of apraxia of speech features. Although there was good to acceptable correspondence in ratings of the majority of the individual features, additional operationalization of rating procedures may be needed to improve interrater reliability for a few features.
Effect of Clear Speech on the Duration of Silent Intervals at Syntactic and Phonemic Boundaries in the Speech of Individuals With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Gravelin Anna C. , Whitfield Jason A. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
The purpose of the current investigation was to determine the extent to which individuals with and without Parkinson disease (PD) modified silent interval durations when using a clear speaking style.

Method
Ten individuals with idiopathic PD and 10 older adult control speakers produced a reading passage using both habitual and clear speaking styles. Silent intervals lasting 15 ms and longer were identified and extracted. Each silent interval was categorized according to the surrounding syntactic context of the reading passage. In addition, voiceless stop gaps that occurred within words, phrases, or clauses were categorized by the preceding phonemic context.

Results
Statistical analyses revealed that all participants increased silent interval duration with a clear speaking style at inter-sentence and intra-sentence syntactic boundaries. Compared to controls, individuals with PD exhibited significantly less increase in silent interval durations at these syntactic boundaries. Control speakers also increased silent stop gap durations in the clear speaking style regardless of preceding phonemic context. Individuals with PD, however, only increased stop gap duration when the silent interval was preceded by a sonorant.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that speakers with PD exhibit less clarity-related increase in silent interval duration than control speakers. In addition, speakers with PD exhibited significant increases in silent interval duration that coincided with syntactic boundaries of the reading passage but little to no clarity-related modulation of stop gap intervals. Therefore, these data suggest that speakers with PD exhibited changes in silent interval durations that were more so associated with modulation of speech prosody than articulation when using a clearer speaking style.
Differentiating Typical From Atypical Speech Production in 5-Year-Old Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Hustad Katherine C. , Sakash Ashley , Broman Aimee Teo , Rathouz Paul J. 
Published: July 2019

Objective
Early diagnosis of speech disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is of critical importance. A key problem is differentiating those with borderline or mild speech motor deficits from those who are within an age-appropriate range of variability. We sought to quantify how well functional speech measures differentiated typically developing (TD) children from children with CP.

Method
We studied speech production in 45 children with CP (26 with clinical speech motor impairment [SMI] and 19 with no evidence of speech motor impairment [NSMI]) and in 29 TD children of the same age. Speech elicitation tasks were used. Intelligibility, speech rate, and intelligible words per minute were examined.

Results
All measures differentiated between all 3 groups of children with considerable precision based on area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) data. AUC was highest for overall intelligibility, which ranged from .88 to .99. Intelligible words per minute also yielded very strong AUCs, ranging from .81 to .99. In each of the receiver operating characteristic models, discrimination between groups was highest for children with speech motor impairment versus TD children. Data indicated that 90% of TD children had overall intelligibility above 87% at 5 years of age, but that no child was 100% intelligible. Furthermore, 90% children with SMI had intelligibility below 72%.

Conclusion
Findings suggest that functional speech measures differentiate very clearly between children with and without CP and that even children who do not show evidence of speech motor impairment have functional differences in their speech production ability relative to TD peers.
Profiling Speech Sound Disorders for Clinical Validation of the Computer Articulation Instrument
Authors: van Haaften Leenke , Diepeveen Sanne , Terband Hayo , Vermeij Bernadette , van den Engel-Hoek Lenie , de Swart Bert , Maassen Ben 
Published: July 2019

PurposeThe current article presents data from 2 studies on clinical groups of children referred for speech assessment. The aims of these studies are to validate the Computer Articulation Instrument (CAI) with the known-group validation method and to determine the differential diagnostic power of the resulting speech profiles.MethodStudy 1 examined known-group validity by comparing the scores of 93 children diagnosed with speech-language difficulties on the picture naming (PN) task of the CAI with intelligibility judgments given by speech-language pathologists. In Study 2, the speech profiles of 41 children diagnosed with speech sound disorders (SSDs), consisting of 4–6 factor scores extracted from the 4 tasks of the CAI, namely, PN, nonword imitation (NWI), word and nonword repetition, and maximum repetition rate (MRR), were validated against clinical judgments of severity of the SSD given by speech-language pathologists.ResultsIn Study 1, a repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of intelligibility level on the PN performance of the CAI and there were highly significant correlations between intelligibility and PN performance in the expected direction. Neither intelligibility level nor PN performance was related to nonverbal intelligence and language scores. The analysis of variance and a series ofttests in Study 2 revealed significant differences between the moderate and severe groups for the CAI factors based on PN and NWI and the bisyllabic and trisyllabic sequences of MRR, but not for the factor word and nonword proportion of whole-word variability based on word and nonword repetition, and the monosyllabic sequences of MRR. These results suggest that, especially, the tasks PN, NWI, and the bisyllabic and trisyllabic sequences of MRR are most sensitive for diagnosing SSDs.ConclusionsThe findings of these 2 studies support the known-group validity of the CAI. Together with the results of a previous study of our group on reliability and validity (van Haaften et al., 2019), we can conclude that the CAI is a reliable and valid tool for assessment of children with SSDs.
Early Risk Factors and Emotional Difficulties in Children at Risk of Developmental Language Disorder: A Population Cohort Study
Authors: St Clair Michelle C. , Forrest Claire L. , Yew Shaun Goh Kok , Gibson Jenny L. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
This study evaluated the pathways between developmental language disorder (DLD), psychosocial risk factors, and the development of emotional difficulties from ages 3 to 11 years within the Millennium Cohort Study.

Method

A total of 14,494 singletons (49.4% female) from the Millennium Cohort Study were evaluated within this study. Risk of DLD (rDLD) was defined as age 5 parent-reported language problems and/or −1.5
SD
s on a Naming Vocabulary subtest at the age of 5 years. Children without rDLD formed the general population comparison group. Psychosocial risk factors included 9-month temperamental traits, parental psychological distress, and maternal attachment as well as age 3 emotional regulation abilities, parent–child relationship, and peer problems. The parent report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Emotional Difficulty subscale at 3, 5, 7, and 11 years of age was the outcome variable. The trajectory of emotional difficulties was evaluated within a variable-centered approach and a person-centered approach, using growth mixture modeling.

Results

Children with rDLD (
n
= 884) had increased levels of emotional problems when compared to the general population group (
n
= 13,344). Psychosocial risk factors were increased in children with rDLD, fully mediated the increased emotional difficulties at 3 years, and partially mediated the increased emotional difficulties at 11 years. Children with rDLD were more likely to be included in emotional trajectory subgroups with an increasing pattern of emotional problems. rDLD was an additional risk factor for lower levels of emotional self-regulation and increased peer problems when controlling for the emotional difficulties trajectory subgroup.

Conclusion
This article indicates that the increased emotional difficulties found in children with rDLD are likely a function of early language difficulties influencing other domains of development, specifically social interactions (parent and peer) and emotional self-regulation abilities. Clinically, this reiterates the importance of early identification and treatment of children with language delays or clinical level language disorders.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8323598
Optimized and Predictive Phonemic Interfaces for Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Authors: Cler Gabriel J. , Kolin Katharine R. , Noordzij Jacob P. , Vojtech Jennifer M. , Fager Susan K. , Stepp Cara E. 
Published: July 2019

PurposeWe empirically assessed the results of computational optimization and prediction in communication interfaces that were designed to allow individuals with severe motor speech disorders to select phonemes and generate speech output.MethodInterface layouts were either random or optimized, in which phoneme targets that were likely to be selected together were located in proximity. Target sizes were either static or predictive, such that likely targets were dynamically enlarged following each selection. Communication interfaces were evaluated by 36 users without motor impairments using an alternate access method. Each user was assigned to 1 of 4 interfaces varying in layout and whether prediction was implemented (random/static, random/predictive, optimized/static, optimized/predictive) and participated in 12 sessions over a 3-week period. Six participants with severe motor impairments used both the optimized/static and optimized/predictive interfaces in 1–2 sessions.ResultsIn individuals without motor impairments, prediction provided significantly faster communication rates during training (Sessions 1–9), as users were learning the interface target locations and the novel access method. After training, optimization acted to significantly increase communication rates. The optimization likely became relevant only after training when participants knew the target locations and moved directly to the targets. Participants with motor impairments could use the interfaces with alternate access methods and generally rated the interface with prediction as preferred.ConclusionsOptimization and prediction led to increases in communication rates in users without motor impairments. Predictive interfaces were preferred by users with motor impairments. Future research is needed to translate these results into clinical practice.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8636948