bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The smart approach: feasibility of lentigo maligna superficial margin assessment with hand‐held reflectance confocal microscopy technology
Authors: Pellacani G. , De Carvalho N. , Ciardo S. , Ferrari B. , Cesinaro A.M. , Farnetani F. , Bassoli S. , Guitera P. , Star P. , Rawson R. , Rossi E. , Magnoni C. , Gualdi G. , Longo C. , Scope A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundLentigo maligna may be challenging to clear surgically.ObjectiveTo evaluate feasibility of using superficial skin cuts as RCM imaging anchors for attaining negative surgical margins in lentigo maligna.MethodsIncluded patients presented with lentigo maligna near cosmetically sensitive facial structures. We evaluated, with hand‐held‐RCM, microscopic clearance of melanoma beyond its dermoscopically detected edges. Evaluated margins were annotated using shallow skin cuts. If a margin was positive at ‘first‐step’ RCM evaluation, we sequentially advanced the margin radially outward at that segment by 2‐mm intervals until an RCM‐negative margin was identified. Prior to final surgical excision, we placed sutures at the outmost skin cuts to allow comparison of RCM and histopathological margin assessments. Primary outcome measure was histopathological verification that RCM‐negative margins were clear of melanoma.ResultsThe study included 126 first‐step margin evaluations in 23 patients, median age 70 years (range: 43–91). Seventeen patients (74%) had primary in‐situ melanoma and six (26%) invasive melanoma, mean thickness 0.3 mm (range 0.2–0.4 mm). Six cases (26%) showed complete negative RCM margins on ‘first‐step’, 11 (48%) were negative at ‘second‐step’, and four (17%) at ‘third‐step’. In two additional cases (9%), margins clearance could not be determined via RCM due to widespread dendritic cells proliferation. The RCM‐negative margins in all 21 cases proved clear of melanoma on histopathology. Of the 15 cases that returned at 1‐year follow‐up, none showed any residual melanoma on dermoscopic and RCM examinations. Interobserver reproducibility showed fair agreement between bedside RCM reader and blinded remote‐site reader, with Spearman's rho of 0.48 and Cohen's kappa of 0.43; using bedside reader as reference, the remote reader's sensitivity was 92% and specificity 57% in positive margin detection.ConclusionsMargin mapping of lentigo maligna with hand‐held‐RCM, using superficial skin cuts, appears feasible. This approach needs validation by larger studies.
The early exhumation history of the Western TianshanUHPmetamorphic belt, China: New constraints from titanite U–Pb geochronology and thermobarometry
Authors: Zhang Lijuan , Chu Xu , Zhang Lifei , Fu Bin , Bader Thomas , Du Jinxue , Li Xiaoli 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Chinese Western Tianshan terrane is a well‐known ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt that mainly consists of subducted oceanic crustal materials. While two uplift stages have been recognized, the early exhumation history has not been fully constrained. We conducted U–Th–Pb and trace element microanalysis of titanite as well as zircon fromUHPeclogites. Apart from several inclusions in garnet, three types of retrograde titanite have been identified based on their petrographic occurrences: (a) in matrix enclosing relict rutile; (b) as coarse‐grained coronas around garnet; and (c) in veins coexisting with epidote and/or apatite. The three types of titanite are homogeneous in chemical composition, low in Al, enriched in middle rare earth elements (REEs), and depleted in lightREEs and heavyREEs, suggesting their growth during retrograde decompression. Sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) andLA‐ICP‐MSU–Pb dating of titanite from four samples, regardless of their textural occurrences, gave consistent ages ofc. 306 Ma. Phase equilibria modelling and Zr‐in‐titanite thermometry indicate that titanite replaced rutile at ~14 kbar and ~570°C, following a nearly isothermal decompression from theUHPpeak conditions of 30 kbar and 550–570°C.SHRIMPzircon U–Pb dating yields two age groups:c. 320 Ma andc. 305 Ma. The former is generally interpreted to be the age ofUHPstage. The latter, overlapping the titanite ages, represents the timing of titanite growth during exhumation. Thus, we estimate that the near‐isothermal exhumation from theUHPpeak conditions to the epidote–amphibolite facies retrogression (14 kbar) lastedc. 15 Ma, corresponding to an average exhumation rate of 3.4 ± 2.5 mm/yr (2σ). This exhumation rate lies within the range of oceanicLT‐HPbelts in the absence of continental subduction, suggesting a similar slab exhumation mechanism that operates in theUHPregime. The consistent retrograde metamorphic ages recorded by titanite from different localities, and the general agreement amongP–Tpaths in the adjacent area, suggest that theUHPunit of Western Tianshan metamorphic belt was likely exhumed as a coherent unit.
Substitution of sodium chloride by salt microspheres in dough: Effect on dough rheological properties
Authors: Král Martin , Pospiech Matej , Běhalová Hana , Dordevic Dani , Ošťádalová Martina , Tremlová Bohuslava , Florkiewicz Adam 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis research aimed to evaluate the impact of different salts on dough rheology parameters and gas cell development during dough preparation. Three types of salts in four concentrations each were used in dough preparation and following analyses were conducted: sodium content, salt structure analysis, dough hardness, dough stickiness and dough image analysis. The research showed how significantly (p < .05) the measured properties of dough can be influenced by the used type of salt, salt concentrations and fermentation time. The emphasis is put on salt substitutes of hollow microsphere salt (Hs) substitutes due to its special physical characteristics. The uniqueness of Hs physical characteristics was confirmed by electron microscope photomicrographs. The gained results are indicating that even low changes in salt concentration (0.40; 0.30; 0.25; and 0.15) make noticeable changes in dough characteristics. The usage of salt substitutes in food industry has been constantly growing and it makes the research a valuable source of information for further application of this salts.Practical applicationsThe different salt types (table—Ts, sea—Ss and hollow microsphere—Hs) which were studied in our work differ just slightly. However, an important issue in choosing salt should also be the nutritive perspective, in particular low sodium content as a preventive measure against cardio‐vascular diseases. Hs and Ss are therefore suitable alternatives to typical Ts.
Prognostic importance of plasma total magnesium in a cohort of cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease
Authors: van den Broek D. Hendrik N. , Chang Yu‐Mei , Elliott Jonathan , Jepson Rosanne E. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundHypomagnesemia is associated with increased mortality and renal function decline in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Magnesium is furthermore inversely associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), an important prognostic factor in CKD in cats. However, the prognostic significance of plasma magnesium in cats with CKD is unknown.ObjectivesTo explore associations of plasma total magnesium concentration (tMg) with plasma FGF23 concentration, all‐cause mortality, and disease progression in cats with azotemic CKD.AnimalsRecords of 174 client‐owned cats with IRIS stage 2‐4 CKD.MethodsCohort study. Cats with azotemic CKD were identified from the records of two London‐based first opinion practices (1999–2013). Possible associations of baseline plasma tMg with FGF23 concentration and risks of death and progression were explored using, respectively, linear, Cox, and logistic regression.ResultsPlasma tMg (reference interval, 1.73–2.57 mg/dL) was inversely associated with plasma FGF23 when controlling for plasma creatinine and phosphate concentrations (partial correlation coefficient, −0.50;P < .001). Hypomagnesemia was observed in 12% (20/174) of cats, and independently associated with increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35–5.55;P = .005). The unadjusted associations of hypermagnesemia (prevalence, 6%; 11/174 cats) with survival (hazard ratio, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.54–5.38;P = .001), and hypomagnesemia with progressive CKD (odds ratio, 17.7; 95% CI, 2.04–154;P = .009) lost significance in multivariable analysis.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHypomagnesemia was associated with higher plasma FGF23 concentrations and increased risk of death. Measurement of plasma tMg augments prognostic information in cats with CKD, but whether these observations are associations or causations warrants further investigation.
Accumulation of 24 nucleotide transgene‐derived siRNAs is associated with crinivirus immunity in transgenic plants
Authors: Qiao Wenjie , Zarzyńska‐Nowak Aleksandra , Nerva Luca , Kuo Yen‐Wen , Falk Bryce W. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryRNA silencing is a conserved antiviral defence mechanism that has been used to develop robust resistance against plant virus infections. Previous efforts have been made to develop RNA silencing‐mediated resistance to criniviruses, yet none have given immunity. In this study, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants harbouring a hairpin construct of the Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequence exhibited immunity to systemic LIYV infection. Deep sequencing analysis was performed to characterize virus‐derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) generated on systemic LIYV infection in non‐transgenic N. benthamiana plants as well as transgene‐derived siRNAs (t‐siRNAs) derived from the immune‐transgenic plants before and after LIYV inoculation. Interestingly, a similar sequence distribution pattern was obtained with t‐siRNAs and vsiRNAs mapped to the transgene region in both immune and susceptible plants, except for a significant increase in t‐siRNAs of 24 nucleotides in length, which was consistent with small RNA northern blot results that showed the abundance of t‐siRNAs of 21, 22 and 24 nucleotides in length. The accumulated 24‐nucleotide sequences have not yet been reported in transgenic plants partially resistant to criniviruses, and thus may indicate their correlation with crinivirus immunity. To further test this hypothesis, we developed transgenic melon (Cucumis melo) plants immune to systemic infection of another crinivirus, Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV). As predicted, the accumulation of 24‐nucleotide t‐siRNAs was detected in transgenic melon plants by northern blot. Together with our findings and previous studies on crinivirus resistance, we propose that the accumulation of 24‐nucleotide t‐siRNAs is associated with crinivirus immunity in transgenic plants.
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae TALE proteins recruit OsTFIIAγ1 to compensate for the absence of OsTFIIAγ5 in bacterial blight in rice
Authors: Ma Wenxiu , Zou Lifang , Zhiyuan JI , Xiameng XU , Zhengyin XU , Yang Yangyang , Alfano James R. , Chen Gongyou 
Published: April 2018

SummaryXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial blight (BB) of rice, uses transcription activator‐like effectors (TALEs) to interact with the basal transcription factor gamma subunit OsTFIIAγ5 (Xa5) and activates the transcription of host genes. However, how OsTFIIAγ1, the other OsTFIIAγ protein, functions in the presence of TALEs remains unclear. In this study, we show that OsTFIIAγ1 plays a compensatory role in the absence of Xa5. The expression of OsTFIIAγ1, which is activated by TALE PthXo7, increases the expression of host genes targeted by avirulent and virulent TALEs. Defective OsTFIIAγ1 rice lines show reduced expression of the TALE‐targeted susceptibility (S) genes, OsSWEET11 and OsSWEET14, which results in increased BB resistance. Selected TALEs (PthXo1, AvrXa7 and AvrXa27) were evaluated for interactions with OsTFIIAγ1, Xa5 and xa5 (naturally occurring mutant form of Xa5) using biomolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and microscale thermophoresis (MST). BiFC and MST demonstrated that the three TALEs bind Xa5 and OsTFIIAγ1 with a stronger affinity than xa5. These results provide insights into the complex roles of OsTFIIAγ1 and OsTFIIAγ5 in TALE‐mediated host gene transcription.
Methods for Preferential Sampling in Geostatistics
Authors: Dinsdale Daniel , Salibian-Barrera Matias 
Published: April 2018

SummaryPreferential sampling in geostatistics occurs when the locations at which observations are made may depend on the spatial process that underlines the correlation structure of the measurements. We show that previously proposed Monte Carlo estimates for the likelihood function may not be approximating the desired function. Furthermore, we argue that, for preferential sampling of moderate complexity, alternative and widely available numerical methods to approximate the likelihood function produce better results than Monte Carlo methods. We illustrate our findings on the Galicia data set analysed previously in the literature.
Distribution of exogenous complement factor H in mice in vivo
Authors: Koskinen A. R. , Cheng Z.‐Z. , Pickering M. C. , Kairemo K. , Meri T. , Cook H. T. , Meri S. , Jokiranta T. S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFactor H is an important regulator of complement activation in plasma and on cell surfaces in both humans and mice. If FH function is compromised, inappropriate complement activation on self‐surfaces can have disastrous effects as seen in the kidney diseases atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy. As FH constructs have been proposed to be used in treatment for these diseases, we studied the distribution of exogenous FH fragments in mice. Full‐length mFH, mFH1‐5 and mFH18‐20 fragments were radiolabelled, and their distribution was examined in WT, FH−/− and FH−/−C3−/− mice in vivo. Whole body scintigraphy revealed accumulation of radioactivity in the abdominal part of the mice, but also to the thyroid gland and urinary bladder. At organ level in WT mice, some full‐length FH accumulated in internal organs, but most of it remained in the circulation. Both of the mFH fragments accumulated in the kidneys and were excreted in urine. For mFH1‐5, urinary secretion is the likely cause for the accumulation. Concentration of mFH18‐20 to kidneys was slower, and at tissue level, mFH18‐20 was localized at the proximal tubuli in WT and FH−/−C3−/− mice. No C3‐independent binding to glomeruli was detected. In conclusion, these results show that glomerular glycosaminoglycans and sialic acids alone do not collect FH in kidneys. Deposition of C3 fragments is also needed, which implies that in aHUS, the problem is in simultaneous recognition of C3 fragments and glycosaminoglycans or sialic acids by FH, not just the inability of FH to recognize glomerular endothelium as such.
‘Was it meant to be mean?’ Young children's hostile attributional bias and intent attribution skills
Authors: van Dijk Anouk , de Castro Bram Orobio , Thomaes Sander , Poorthuis Astrid M. G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTwo studies investigated whether young children's hostile attributional bias (i.e., the tendency to assume that others have hostile intentions) may be explained by a lack of intent attribution skills (i.e., the ability to correctly infer others’ intentions). We also investigated whether these intent attribution skills depend on children's false‐belief understanding. Children who lack false‐belief understanding may base their attributions on the observable outcomes of others’ behavior, rather than on others’ intentions. These hypotheses were tested by assessing intent attributions made by children ages 3–7 years. We systematically varied intent and outcome information in vignettes (Study 1, N = 151) and staged interactions with puppets (Study 2, N = 85). Results replicated across studies. Children who understood false belief (vs. those who did not) based their attributions more on intent information. However, these intent attribution skills did not affect children's hostile attributional bias. Exploratory analyses showed that children with higher levels of hostile attributional bias, more than others, based their attributions on outcome information. Thus, the findings from this research do not support the assumption that young children with a hostile attributional bias lack intent attribution skills; instead, the findings suggest that these children have a heightened sensitivity for negative outcomes.
Spatial analysis of reported new cases and local risk of leprosy in hyper‐endemic situation in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Celivane Cavalcanti , Bonfim Cristine Vieira do , de Brito Cintia Michele Gondim , Ferreira Andrea Torres , Gregório Vera Rejane do Nascimento , de Oliveira André Luiz Sá , Portugal José Luiz , de Medeiros Zulma Maria 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the spatial distribution of the incidence of leprosy and identify areas at risk for occurrences of hyper‐endemic disease in Northeastern Brazil.MethodsEcological study using municipalities as the analysis unit. Data on new cases of leprosy came from the Health Hazard Notification System (SINAN). This study focused on Pernambuco and covered the years 2005 to 2014. Indicators for monitoring were calculated per 100 000 inhabitants. The local empirical Bayes method was used to minimise rate variance, and spatial autocorrelation maps were used for spatial pattern analysis (box maps and Moran maps).ResultsA total of 28 895 new cases were registered in the study period. The average incidence was 21.88/100 000; the global Moran's I index was 0.36 (P < 0.01), thus indicating the existence of spatial dependence; and the Moran map identified 20 municipalities with high priority for attention. The average incidence rate among individuals under 15 years of age was 8.78/100 000; the global Moran's I index showed the presence of positive spatial autocorrelation (0.43; P < 0.01), and the Moran map showed a main cluster of 15 hyper‐endemic municipalities. The average rate of grade 2 physical disability at the time of diagnosis was 1.12/100 000; the global Moran index presented a positive spatial association (0.17; P < 0.01); and the Moran map located clusters of municipalities (high‐high) in three mesoregions.ConclusionApplication of different spatial analysis methods made it possible to locate areas that would not have been identified by epidemiological indicators alone.
The effect of ischaemic preconditioning on central and peripheral fatiguing mechanisms in humans following sustained maximal isometric exercise
Authors: Halley Samuel L. , Marshall Paul , Siegler Jason C. 
Published: April 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) influence central and peripheral fatiguing mechanisms during sustained maximal isometric exercise?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Voluntary activation and pre‐ to postexercise reductions in resting twitch torque values were unchanged by IPC. However, an effect on tissue oxygenation was observed within the IPC trials, where greater concentrations of deoxyhaemoglobin were recorded with concurrent upward trends of total haemoglobin concentrations. Using a direct assessment of neural drive, we found that IPC had no influence on either central or peripheral fatiguing pathways after maximal isometric exercise.

AbstractIschaemic preconditioning (IPC) is thought to inhibit neural feedback from metabolically sensitive muscle afferents during exercise. It was hypothesized that IPC could affect mechanisms associated with centrally mediated fatigue after a maximally fatiguing protocol. Eleven resistance‐trained men completed three 2 min maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) via an isometric leg extension preceded by treatments of IPC (three bouts of 5 min bilateral leg occlusions at 220 mmHg), SHAM (three bouts of 5 min at 20 mmHg) or CON (30 min passive rest). Femoral nerve stimulation was used to explore central and peripheral fatigue pathways. These pathways were profiled at baseline (BL), before the 2 min MVC (Pre) and 10 s afterwards (Post). Tissue oxygenation was measured throughout the 2 min MVCs via near‐infrared spectroscopy. The Pre to Post MVC (−71 ± 56 Nm; d = 1.33 ± 0.51, P < 0.01) and twitch torque (−51 ± 20 Nm; d = 3.76 ± 0.84, P < 0.01) levels declined without differences between conditions (MVC, P = 0.67; twitch torque, P = 0.39). Voluntary activation was also unaffected by condition (P = 0.80). Peak deoxyhaemoglobin concentrations were elevated in the IPC trials relative to CON (3.7 ± 3.0 μmol l−1; d = 1.02 ± 0.46, P < 0.01) and SHAM (3.0 ± 3.7 μmol l−1; d = 0.82 ± 0.57, P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that IPC does not affect central or peripherally mediated mechanisms of fatigue during a sustained 2 min maximal effort isometric leg‐extension task.
Development of a screening tool to predict the risk of chronic pain and disability following musculoskeletal trauma: protocol for a prospective observational study in the United Kingdom
Authors: Rushton Alison B , Evans David W , Middlebrook Nicola , Heneghan Nicola R , Small Charlotte , Lord Janet , Patel Jaimin M , Falla Deborah 
Published: April 2018

IntroductionPain is an expected and appropriate experience following traumatic musculoskeletal injury. By contrast, chronic pain and disability are unhelpful yet common sequelae of trauma-related injuries. Presently, the mechanisms that underlie the transition from acute to chronic disabling post-traumatic pain are not fully understood. Such knowledge would facilitate the development and implementation of precision rehabilitation approaches that match interventions to projected risk of recovery, with the aim of preventing poor long-term outcomes. The aim of this study is to identify a set of predictive factors to identify patients at risk of developing ongoing post-traumatic pain and disability following acute musculoskeletal trauma. To achieve this, we will use a unique and comprehensive combination of patient-reported outcome measures, psychophysical testing and biomarkers.Methods and analysisA prospective observational study will recruit two temporally staggered cohorts (n=250 each cohort; at least 10 cases per candidate predictor) of consecutive patients with acute musculoskeletal trauma aged ≥16 years, who are emergency admissions into a Major Trauma Centre in the United Kingdom, with an episode inception defined as the traumatic event. The first cohort will identify candidate predictors to develop a screening tool to predict development of chronic and disabling pain, and the second will allow evaluation of the predictive performance of the tool (validation). The outcome being predicted is an individual’s absolute risk of poor outcome measured at a 6-month follow-up using the Chronic Pain Grade Scale (poor outcome ≥grade II). Candidate predictors encompass the four primary mechanisms of pain:nociceptive(eg, injury location),neuropathic(eg, painDETECT),inflammatory(biomarkers) andnociplastic(eg, quantitative sensory testing). Concurrently, patient-reported outcome measures will assess general health and psychosocial factors (eg, pain self-efficacy). Risk of poor outcome will be calculated using multiple variable regression analysis.Ethics and disseminationApproved by the NHS Research Ethics Committee (17/WA/0421).