bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maxwell‐compensated design of asymmetric gradient waveforms for tensor‐valued diffusion encoding
Authors: Szczepankiewicz Filip , Westin Carl‐Fredrik , Nilsson Markus 
Published: May 2019

PurposeDiffusion encoding with asymmetric gradient waveforms is appealing because the asymmetry provides superior efficiency. However, concomitant gradients may cause a residual gradient moment at the end of the waveform, which can cause significant signal error and image artifacts. The purpose of this study was to develop an asymmetric waveform designs for tensor‐valued diffusion encoding that is not sensitive to concomitant gradients.MethodsThe “Maxwell index” was proposed as a scalar invariant to capture the effect of concomitant gradients. Optimization of “Maxwell‐compensated” waveforms was performed in which this index was constrained. Resulting waveforms were compared to waveforms from literature, in terms of the measured and predicted impact of concomitant gradients, by numerical analysis as well as experiments in a phantom and in a healthy human brain.ResultsMaxwell‐compensated waveforms with Maxwell indices below 100 (mT/m)2 ms showed negligible signal bias in both numerical analysis and experiments. By contrast, several waveforms from literature showed gross signal bias under the same conditions, leading to a signal bias that was large enough to markedly affect parameter maps. Experimental results were accurately predicted by theory.ConclusionConstraining the Maxwell index in the optimization of asymmetric gradient waveforms yields efficient diffusion encoding that negates the effects of concomitant fields while enabling arbitrary shapes of the b‐tensor. This waveform design is especially useful in combination with strong gradients, long encoding times, thick slices, simultaneous multi‐slice acquisition, and large FOVs.
Comparison of different green‐extraction techniques and determination of the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of Echinacea angustifolia L. extracts
Authors: Russo Daniela , Faraone Immacolata , Labanca Fabiana , Sinisgalli Chiara , Bartolo Mariantonietta , Andrade Paula B. , Valentao Patricia , Milella Luigi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionNowadays several plant species, such as Echinacea angustifolia L., can be considered natural important sources for therapeutic applications. Echinacea angustifolia is one of the most known medicinal plants, it shows protective and preventive effects against many chronic diseases, thanks to immunostimulant properties, mostly due to its polysaccharides and antioxidants. However, the optimisation of green extraction techniques to respect the environment is, currently, a hard challenge for the recovery of secondary metabolites.MethodologyHydro‐enzymatic extraction has been performed for the first time, it was compared with other different extraction techniques, for their efficacy in bioactive compound recovery. Phytochemical characterisation has been carried out through high‐performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD) analysis and the antioxidant activity has been also measured.ResultsThe highest extractive yields and the strongest antioxidant activity was obtained by cellulase and xylanase enzyme extraction. The enzymatic extraction with pectinase enzyme led to a higher polysaccharide content in comparison with the literature. The hydro‐enzymatic extraction method and analytical conditions allowed the identification and quantification of two compounds, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time in E. angustifolia root extract.ConclusionThe optimised extraction methods discussed in this work led to a higher polysaccharides content, in comparison to previous literature results. The enzymatic extraction seems to be the best extraction technique, in terms of antioxidant yield and efficacy in bioactive compound recovery.
Carbon‐Coated Supraballs of Randomly Packed LiFePO4 Nanoplates for High Rate and Stable Cycling of Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Patil Virendra , Oh Woong , Yoo Jong Won , Pu Lyongsun , Park Jong Hyeok , Yoon Won‐Sub , Yi Gi‐Ra 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOne of the key strategies used to obtain high‐rate Li‐ion battery is the reduction of the Li‐ion path length inside the active materials and the enhancement of the ionic diffusion outside the active materials. It is demonstrated that electrochemical performance can be improved significantly at high C‐rates using carbon‐coated spherical aggregates or “supraballs” of randomly packed olivine LiFePO4 (LFP) nanoplates as cathode active materials. 258 nm LFP nanoplates with 30 nm thickness are synthesized through a high‐temperature solvothermal method, in which short lithium‐ion channels are formed perpendicular to the top or bottom planes. These thin nanoplates are formed into carbon‐coated “supraballs” through a spray‐drying and thermal annealing process, in which nanoplates are not stacked but randomly packed due to relatively fast drying. Internal and external nanoplate ion diffusion is therefore enhanced simultaneously due to the optimal molecular crystalline structure and interparticle pore structures of the nanoplates. Indeed, the initial capacity of the carbon‐coated supraballs is 162 mAh g−1 (173.34 mAh cm−3) at 0.1 C and more than 80% is retained (≈130.91 mAh g−1) at 50 C. Furthermore, they offer durable cycling stability (>500 cycles) at 1 C without compromising their capacity.
Effects of chronic dietary thiamethoxam and prothioconazole exposure onApis melliferaworker adults and brood
Authors: Wood Sarah C , de Mattos Igor Medici , Kozii Ivanna V , Klein Colby D , Dvylyuk Ihor , Folkes Crystani D A , de Carvalho Macedo Silva Roney , Moshynskyy Igor , Epp Tasha , Simko Elemir 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDChronic exposure of honey bees (Apis melliferaLinnaeus) to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and the fungicide prothioconazole is common during foraging in agricultural landscapes. We evaluated the survival and hypopharyngeal gland development of adult worker honey bees, and the survival of the worker brood when chronically exposed to thiamethoxam or thiamethoxam and prothioconazole in combination.RESULTSWe found that 30 days of exposure to 40 μg kg–1of thiamethoxam significantly (P < 0.001) increased the frequency of death in worker adults by four times relative to solvent control. The worker brood required 23 times higher doses of thiamethoxam (1 mg L–1or 909 μg kg–1) before a significant (P = 0.04), 3.9 times increase in frequency of death was observed relative to solvent control. No additive effects of simultaneous exposure of worker adults or brood to thiamethoxam and prothioconazole were observed. At day 8 and day 12, the hypopharyngeal gland acinar diameter was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between controls and adult workers exposed to thiamethoxam and/or prothioconazole.CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that chronic exposure to field‐realistic doses of thiamethoxam and/or prothioconazole are unlikely to affect the survival of adult workers and brood. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Gray wolf optimizer approach to the reliability‐cost optimization of residual heat removal system of a nuclear power plant safety system
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Pant Sangeeta , Ram Mangey 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo ensure the safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs), nuclear regulatory agencies set technical specifications (TSs). TSs define the safety‐related operational measures and specify essential requirements and set specific limitations that is necessarily be followed by a nuclear industry to meet the requirements for the safety of an NPP. One of the important bases for the setting of TSs is the estimates of the availability and reliability of various systems and costs associated with an NPP. In this work, authors have presented a framework based upon a hodiernal nature‐inspired metaheuristic called multiobjective gray wolf optimizer (MOGWO) algorithm, which mimic the hierarchal and hunting behavior of gray wolves (Canis lupus), for technical specifications optimization of residual heat removal system (RHRS) of an NPP safety system. The efficiency of MOGWO in optimizing the TSs is demonstrated by comparing its results with a very popular swarm‐based optimization technique named multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO).
Highly‐Luminescent DTTA‐Appended Water‐Soluble Lanthanide Complexes of 4‐(Het)aryl‐2,2′‐bipyridines: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Krinochkin Alexey P. , Kopchuk Dmitry S. , Kim Grigory A. , Ganebnykh Il'ya N. , Kovalev Igor S. , Santra Sougata , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Majee Adinath , Rusinov Vladimir L. , Chupakhin Oleg N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNew series of highly luminescent DTTA (DTTA=diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid) ‐ appended water‐soluble lanthanide complexes of 4‐(het)aryl‐2,2′‐bipyridines were prepared. By using the Kröhnke method and the alkylation reaction sequence, the corresponding 4‐(het)aryl‐2,2′‐bipyridines were synthesized in good yields, and their Eu(III), Tb(III), Dy(III) and Sm(III) complexes were prepared. Photophysical properties were studied for all the obtained complexes and the influence of the nature of the (het)aromatic substituent of 2,2′‐bipyridine moiety on the photoluminescence of the resulted lanthanide complexes was investigated. An efficient sensitization of lanthanide luminescence by halogen‐ and methoxyphenyl‐substituted 2,2′‐bipyridine ligands were observed to result in up to 56% and up to 25% quantum yields for Tb(III) and Eu(III) luminescence accordingly.
Unveiling the Impact of the Polypyrrole Coating Layer Thickness on the Electrochemical Performances of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 in Li–Ion Battery
Authors: Li Baoyun , Li Guangshe , Zhang Dan , Fan Jianming , Chen Dandan , Ge Yongxin , Lin Feng , Zheng Chuting , Li Liping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCoating polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface of cathode materials could effectively enhance the electrochemical performances of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The effect of the coated PPy layer thickness on the electrochemical performance, however, has not been well revealed. In this work, we study experimentally the impact of the PPy coating layer thickness on the electrochemical performance of the cathode materials in LIBs. The surface‐coated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM) with different PPy layer thickness was synthesized by in situ growing PPy on the surface of NCM. When these coated‐samples were tested as cathodes of LIBs, the sample PPy5 with a coating layer thickness of about 3 nm exhibits an optimum electrochemical performance. More detailed analysis of electrochemical impedance spectra and structures for the cycled electrodes show that the coating layer of about 3 nm endows the PPy5 cathode with the smallest resistance and the most stable structure, ensuring its excellent cycle stability and rate performance. Comparatively, coating layer thickness of about 1 nm is too thin to maintain the structural stability of PPy1 cathode during a long‐term cycle, and an over thick coating layer (approximately 5 nm) significantly increases the resistance due to the shedding of the electrode, which results in their poor electrochemical performance. The results given in present paper will provide the guidance for optimizing the electrochemical properties of conductive polymer coated cathode materials.
Implications of Chemical Reduction Using Hydriodic Acid on the Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Membranes
Authors: Alayande Abayomi Babatunde , Park Hee‐Deung , Vrouwenvelder Johannes S. , Kim In S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe antimicrobial properties of graphene‐based membranes such as single‐layer graphene oxide (GO) and modified graphene oxide (rGO) on top of cellulose ester membrane are reported in this study. rGO membranes are made from GO by hydriodic acid (HI) vapor treatment. The antibacterial properties are tested after 3 h contact time with selected model bacteria. Complete bacterial cell inactivation is found only after contact with rGO membranes, while no significant bacterial inactivation is found for the control i) GO membrane, ii) the mixed cellulose ester support, and the iii) rGO membrane after additional washing that removes the remaining HI. This indicates that the antimicrobial effect is neither caused by the graphene nor the membrane support. The antimicrobial effect is found to be conclusively linked to the HI eliminating microbial growth, at concentrations from 0.005%. These findings emphasize the importance of caution in the reporting of antimicrobial properties of graphene‐based surfaces.
Liesegang Banding for Controlled Size and Growth of Zeolitic‐Imidazolate Frameworks
Authors: Zakhia Douaihy Rita , Al‐Ghoul Mazen , Hmadeh Mohamad 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHere, the formation of periodic precipitation (Liesegang bands) from hybrid (organic–inorganic) components is reported, namely ZIF‐8, ZIF‐67, and their mixed metal derivatives. The spacing and width laws that characterize the Liesegang system are determined and the resulting pattern is exploited to crystal engineer various sizes and doping of the ZIF material. Several key parameters that govern the crystallization process of ZIF‐8 are investigated in each band and the growth of the particles in each band is found to follow an Ostwald ripening mechanism.
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder: A Population-Based Study of Iranian Women
Authors: Alizadeh Ameneh , Farnam Farnaz , Raisi Firoozeh , Parsaeian Mahboubeh 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
To date, few studies have investigated the prevalence of sexual pain in the context of the new diagnostic concept of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD).

Aim
To evaluate the prevalence of GPPPD and its associated factors.

Methods
This was a population-based, cross-sectional study of 590 healthy married women age 18–70 years conducted between May and October 2017 in Tehran, Iran.

Main Outcome Measures
Research tools included demographic characteristics checklist, factors affecting GPPPD, sexual distress and self-reporting of pain during intercourse, 2 standard questionnaires on depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9) and Binik’s guideline for the diagnosis of GPPPD.

Results
196 women (33%) reported pain or fear in answer to self-report questions. Administration of Binik’s guideline yielded a GPPPD prevalence of 16% (n = 94 women); however, this number decreased to 62 women (10.5%) when sexual distress was taken into account; thus, the final prevalence of GPPPD was considered to be 10.5%. However, if the threshold in Binik’s guideline was lowered to also include those reporting “somewhat” pain in addition to the group reporting “moderate” and “quite a bit or always,” then the prevalence of GPPPD increased to 25.8%. The results of backward logistic regression identified a strong aversion to looking at or touching the genitalia (odd ratio [OR] = 4.3), low sexual satisfaction (OR = 3.1), and severe depression (OR = 6.6) as independent risk factors for a diagnosis of GPPPD and secure financial status (OR = 0.3) and a high level of marital satisfaction (OR = 0.2) as protective factors against a diagnosis of GPPPD.

Clinical Implications
Reliable diagnosis of GPPPD is crucial. Application of validated tools may mitigate the overestimation of GPPPD prevalence. Simultaneously, clinicians’ judgment is essential in assessing a reasonable threshold and preventing underestimation that leads to the exclusion of women suffering from pain.

Strengths & Limitations
The present study is one of the few evaluating the prevalence of GPPPD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) definition and Binik’s guideline. The study also aims to point out some new perspectives on merging the 2 concepts of vaginismus and dyspareunia. Study limitations include the evaluation of factors affecting GPPPD based on self-reporting and possible recall bias.

Conclusion
Further research is needed to determine the appropriate threshold for a diagnosis of GPPPD. We suggest that a woman with mild to moderate pain or fear of vaginal penetration is under sexual distress and cannot be neglected. In addition, problems may arise following the DSM-5 merging of the 2 disorders of vaginismus and dyspareunia, owing to the significant prevalence and distress of lifelong vaginismus in some cultures.
Experimental Investigation of the Boundary Layer in a Streamwise Corner
Authors: Zamir M. , Young A. D. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe results of extensive measurements which are presented here show the presence of secondary flow in the laminar corner boundary layer which is opposite in rotation sense to that found in the turbulent corner flow. This secondary flow is associated with progressive changes of the form of the velocity profiles. These changes become marked prior to transition and may be linked with the transition process. The laminar corner flow separates readily under the influence of an adverse streamwise pressure gradient.
Laminar Compressible Boundary Layers with Non-Uniform Wall Temperatures
Authors: Hughes T. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe results obtained from exact numerical solutions to the laminar boundary layer equations are compared with those given by the approximate method of Luxton and Young and the comparison shows that the latter method may be used for cases involving non-constant wall temperatures. This satisfactory result arises essentially from the fact demonstrated by the calculations that the skin friction is relatively insensitive to wall temperature gradients. It is also shown from these results that there is a lag in the propagation of wall temperature changes through the boundary layer. In consequence the Stanton number is a heat transfer parameter of doubtful value in cases of non-uniform wall temperature.
On the Flutter of a Smooth Circular Cylinder in a Wake
Authors: Simpson Alan 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe stability of a smooth circular cylinder, free to translate horizontally and vertically against linear springs in the wake from an identical neighbouring cylinder, is studied using quasi-static aerodynamic derivatives and simple flutter theory. It is found that at spacing values between ten and twenty cylinder diameters (typical of the spacings employed on “bundled” overhead transmission lines) classical flutter of the leeward cylinder can occur in a certain critical range of wind speeds at certain orientations of this cylinder in the wake. However, the occurrence of flutter appears to be conditional on a positive difference of natural frequency between vertical and horizontal motions of the leeward cylinder in still air.Classical static instability (divergence) of the leeward cylinder is also shown to be possible over the entire “incidence” range in the wake, but this occurs in a much higher wind speed range than that associated with flutter.
The Laminar Boundary Layer of a Source and Vortex Flow
Authors: Cham T. S. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA study is made of the interaction of a combination of free-vortex and source flow with a stationary surface. The laminar boundary layer flow can be expressed in ordinary differential equations by choosing suitable similarity transforms for the Navier-Stokes equations. When simplifying boundary-layer approximations are included, the equations do not yield any unique solution. Solutions to the complete equations are calculated numerically for the special case of equal source and vortex strengths for a limited range of Reynolds number. The results show the presence of “super” velocities and large pressure variations within the viscous layer.
The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Rotating Nose-Body
Authors: Cham T-S. , Head M. R. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryEarlier papers described a method of calculating three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers based on the use of momentum-integral equations in the streamwise and cross-flow directions. Here the method is applied to a problem which is initially formulated in a coordinate system appropriate to the somewhat complex body geometry. Transformation to a streamline coordinate system is then made before the application of a rapidly converging iterative method of solution. The calculations, which are confined to single Reynolds number and a particular value of the rotation parameter, show the very large increases in drag and torque that accompany early transition.
The Pope as Antichrist: the Substance of George Tyrrell's Polemic
Authors: Wells David F. 
Published: May 2019

George Tyrrell's identification of the Pope as the Antichrist was not particularly original but it was important. For Tyrrell was the leader of a movement which, in the opinion of René Marlé, created the most serious disturbance in the Catholic Church since the time of the Reformation. Moreover, the reformers and iconoclasts who had made this charge previously had usually done so from a position outside of Catholic tradition. Tyrrell, however, attacked the Pope from within, as a member of his flock. The Jesuit philosopher even went so far as to claim that his radical posture was the inevitable consequence of his Catholic convictions. Thus he explained:I believe in the Roman Church so far as it is Christian and Catholic; I disbelieve in it so far as it is papal. I see two spirits in it, as in myself, struggling for supremacy — Light and Darkness, Christ and Anti-Christ; God and the Devil. At present Christ is thrown and Anti-Christ is uppermost. … I look for the day when Peter, after his boasted fidelity and manifold denials, aliquando conversus, confirmabit fratres. It is a long way off from that blessed cockcrow.
Recent Probability Results for Extreme Ages
Authors: Walsh John E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractConsider a very large number of persons, and probability distributions for the age at death of the last survivor, next to last survivor, etc. First, suppose that the persons are statistically independent with the same probability distribution for age at death (random sample case). Then, some approximations to distributions of extremes are often usable. These approximations are completely specified except for at most three parameters. This simplifies distribution estimation to estimation of the parameters. Moreover, previous large samples (possibly different sizes) from the same population of persons, and much of their data on extremes, can be used for estimation. Also, the sample results of ten remain applicable for the more general case of independence (or mild dependence) but possibly different distributions for the ages at death. Here, the average of these distributions is ‘sampled’. Very recent results show that distributions of extremes are of the sample type for any joint distribution of the ages at death. However, the distribution ‘sampled’ can be greatly different for the last survivor, next to last survivor, etc. This effectively limits estimation of parameters to previous groups having very nearly the same joint distribution and use of one observed extreme per group.
Historical revision
Authors: Canny Nicholas P. 
Published: May 2019

On 4 September 1607 the two Ulster earls, Tyrone and Tyrconnell, and the lord of Fermanagh, Cuconnaught Maguire, accompanied by their respective kinsmen, embarked from Lough Swilly for continental Europe. They never again returned to the lands they had striven so hard to hold. Their departure was a tragedy for Gaelic Ireland; their former dependants were left leaderless and unprotected, and what remained of the Gaelic way of life was soon undermined by the plantation in Ulster. The ‘ flight of the earls ’ is one of the black pages of Irish history and the event marks the end of an age.What occasioned this sudden and mysterious departure? Of the many answers suggested almost all have been coloured by prejudice and the picture, consequently, remains clouded. Professional historians, with few exceptions, have shied away from the subject, and have contented themselves with qualified versions of the explanations offered by such writers as Fr Meehan, T. M. Healy, and Seán O'Faoláin. An essay in revision is certainly long overdue.