bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: General problems
Authors: Foote Mike 
Published: March 2019

Mathematical modeling of cladogenesis and fossil preservation is used to explore the expected behavior of commonly used measures of taxonomic diversity and taxonomic rates with respect to interval length, quality of preservation, position of interval in a stratigraphic succession, and taxonomic rates themselves. Particular attention is focused on the independent estimation of origination and extinction rates. Modeling supports intuitive and empirical arguments that single-interval taxa, being especially sensitive to variation in preservation and interval length, produce many undesirable distortions of the fossil record. It may generally be preferable to base diversity and rate measures on estimated numbers of taxa extant at single points in time rather than to adjust conventional interval-based measures by discarding single-interval taxa.A combination of modeling and empirical analysis of fossil genera supports two major trends in marine animal evolution. (1) The Phanerozoic decline in taxonomic rates is unlikely to be an artifact of secular improvement in the quality of the fossil record, a point that has been argued before on different grounds. (2) The post-Paleozoic rise in diversity may be exaggerated by the essentially complete knowledge of the living fauna, but this bias is not the principal cause of the pattern. The pattern may partly reflect a secular increase in preservation nevertheless.Apparent temporal variation in taxonomic rates can be produced artificially by variation in preservation rate. Some empirical arguments suggest, however, that much of the short-term variation in taxonomic rates observed in the fossil record is real. (1) For marine animals as a whole, the quality of the fossil record of a higher taxon is not a good predictor of its apparent variability in taxonomic rates. (2) For a sample data set covering a cross-section of higher taxa in the Ordovician, most of the apparent variation in origination and extinction rates is not statistically attributable to independently measured variation in preservation rates. (3) Previous work has shown that standardized sampling to remove effects of variable preservation and sampling yields abundant temporal variation in estimated taxonomic rates. While modeling suggests which rate measures are likely to be most accurate in principle, the question of how best to capture true variation in taxonomic rates remains open.
La Bibliothèque Léon Graulich (Faculté de Droit de Liège)
Authors: Guillitte Paulette 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe Library Léon Graulich of the University of Liège Law School was founded in 1929 and has approximately 250,000 volumes in its collections.Its acquisitions policy emphasizes books on legal subjects with main attention devoted to the law of Belgium. Foreign law materials, especially French law and the law of the European Communities are also being collected on a current basis, as well as the law of the United States and a few other countries on a small scale.Since 1971 the Library has been using modern computer techniques for the production of a bibliographic record of books and articles on legal subjects published in Belgium.In addition, the documents of the Belgium Parliament are also accessible through computer terminals which have been installed in the Library. Since 1977 the collective labor agreements are also part of this automated indexing system.
Criminal Justice in the People's Republic of China: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Western Language Commentaries
Authors: Kearley Timothy 
Published: March 2019

On July 1, 1979, during the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (PRC), seven important laws were passed. Among these new laws were complete codes of criminal law and criminal procedure.The approval of these laws—particularly the codes of criminal law and procedure—is, to anyone with more than a casual interest in the PRC's legal system, an act of great significance. The Chinese themselves certainly view this event as being quite important and have devoted considerable time and effort to propagandizing its meaning for their society.
Academic Law Librarians in the United States of America: Lawyers or Librarians?
Authors: Liivak Arno 
Published: March 2019

“Everthing's up-to-date in Kansas CityThey've gone about as far as they can go!”American standards for law librarianship have been frequently cited and widely used as guidelines in law library literature. It is understandable how one not fully conversant with the problems inherent in American law librarianship might well regard the present standards with the kind of awe expressed in the above quotation. After all, academic law librarians in the United States have a doubledegree standard of education, possess full faculty rank and status as members of law school faculties, and require certification in accordance with their own professional association standards. Committees of the American Association of Law Libraries are engaged in writing canons of professional ethics for law librarians while another is producing a code of job security. A committee of concerned librarians is dealing with questions of social importance and probing the possible response of law libraries to those issues. The law library literature itself is filled with articles presenting various philosophies of law librarianship. Surveys are taken on topics of constant interest ranging from salary scales and book counts to the very latest topical problems such as sex discrimination. Members even voice concern about the possibilities of unauthorized practice of law in their daily work and raise questions concerning the need for malpractice insurance coverage for reference librarians. Thus, at first glance, it does seem entirely possible to conclude that “everything is up-to-date” in American law librarianship.
The Internet Experience and Authors Rights
Authors: Schurtz-Taylor Jane 
Published: March 2019

What is the future of copyright and authors’ rights in the light of what is being called “the digital information society?”It is generally recognised that the law responds to a given situation: if the legal fraternity doesn't take the time to observe and understand what is actually happening, it will be almost impossible to ascertain where and what the problems are. Only by careful observation can the lawmakers suggest possible solutions and appreciate their value.
The Virtual Law School Library
Authors: Pengelley Nicholas 
Published: March 2019

What do the next twenty years hold for law school libraries? How will they look in 2021? What will be in them? Who will use them? Will we still use books, or will everything be accessed through an electronic medium? These questions are canvassed in the context of a law school library that is, in 2001, uneasily poised at a junction where signposts point to alternative futures for the delivery of legal education itself.I. IntroductionWe seem, yet again, to be at one of those moments in time, so common in the last quarter of the 20th century, and likely to be continuous in the 21st, when the future appears as a melting pot of possibilities for law libraries, particularly university law libraries. This time the uncertainty is largely driven by the potential advent of Web-based learning, and the as yet largely undeveloped nature of the law school response to the possibilities of education outside of the traditional classroom model. Uncertainty is also due to the growing awareness that IT literacy is increasing rapidly among our user community, and that students in particular now prefer electronic sources of information over print – sources which, increasingly, they can access from places other than the physical law library.
When Property Does Not Mean Property: An Analysis of the Existence of International Intellectual Property†
Authors: Chu Jonathan M.W.W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper endeavours to dispel the logical conclusion which one may draw from the territorial nature of intellectual property rights and aims to show that the term “international intellectual property” may refer to the underlying products of intellect which give rise to rights granted internationally and which are, themselves, rights of a different sort.To suggest that “there is no such thing as international intellectual property” may have been particularly reasonable prior to the end of the 19thcentury when there was little or no international obligations to protect intellectual property. Nowadays, however, the term “international intellectual property” is, at the very least, misunderstood, if not a clear term that has worked its way into the international legal lexicon with each international intellectual property agreement entered into since the beginning of the beginning of the international period.It is quite plain that individual intellectual property rights such as copyright, patents, registered designs, and registered and unregistered trade mark rights are not international in scope or nature. It is also quite clear that intellectual property rights are territorial in nature as they are derived from national law and are governed exclusively within jurisdictions of such law. This principle is trite and was better observed in a World Intellectual Property Organization survey:Each country determines, for its own territory and independently from any other country, what it is to be protected as intellectual property, who should benefit from such protection, for how long and how protection should be enforced.Despite an apparently logical conclusion which one may draw from the territorial nature of intellectual property rights, the term “international intellectual property” may infer something more than this. Rather than confining the term to basic interpretation of the words which make the term, international intellectual property may refer to the underlying products of intellect which give rise to rights granted internationally and which are, themselves, rights of a different sort. While the standards of recognition and rights granted in relation to such products of intellect may vary between nations, the source of such products remains the same and it is such property which various international agreements seek to govern. It is given through developments in international intellectual property agreements, that a definition of the term may be implied, if not derived.In this paper, I endeavour to establish that there is such thing as international intellectual property. As such, I will first establish that there is such a thing as „intellectual property,” despite arguments against the term. I will then move on to establish that there is such thing as international intellectual property, particularly in light of the developments in international intellectual property agreements.
Socialist Legal Systems: Reflections on Their Emergence and Demise
Authors: Reynolds Thomas H. 
Published: March 2019

For a significant part of the twentieth century, the countries and nations of Eastern Europe were considered as belonging to the “socialist family of laws”. There is no great need to study this particular phase or concept in any detail for the simple reason that in recent years it has become clear that Marx and Trotsky were wrong. It is not capitalism that will be consigned to the dust-bin of history, it is Communism that is being consigned to the trash heap in 1991.It should now be evident that a lot of wool has been pulled over a lot of eyes on the subject of “socialist law”. For years, scholars and practitioners—believed in the existence of an efficient or at least a workable and functioning collection of legal systems in Eastern Europe. These were all assumed to be based, in some respectable fashion or other, on the precepts of Marx and Engels, applying the Hegelian dialectic to arrive at the desired legal norms of the new society and implementing legislation to achieve this goal. Everyone then understood the Communists view of law as a political instrument which would shift societies to a final workers’ paradise.
Developing an Electronic Information Role for Scholarly Associations: The American Society of International Law
Authors: Watson Jill McC. 
Published: March 2019

During a panel organized by the American Society of International Law entitled Global Networks, New Technologies and International Law, Roberta Balstad Miller, of the Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), spoke of the “anarchic” internet.It has no priorities. It makes no judgments. It treats every piece of information like any other. As a result, systems for managing electronic information are required that will permit users to search for (and find) materials relevant to their needs. However, the very flexibility of the Internet, and in particular the Web, that allows individuals and organizations to share electronic materials easily also creates, in turn, new problems for users. They must be able to: identify online materials that originate in a broad variety of organizations; depend on their being available over time; and evaluate the quality of the materials and organization that produce them.
Antipsychotica van een nieuwe generatie Praktijkervaringen
Authors: Kolthof H.J. , Blansjaar B.A. 
Published: March 2019

SamenvattingIn de praktijk zijn de effecten van clozapine en risperidon vergeleken bij schizofrene patiënten die onvoldoende reageren op klassieke antipsychotica. Van de 25 op clozapine ingestelde patiënten gebruikte 63 procent na een half jaar nog medicatie. Bij driekwart van deze groep wend naast goede effecten op hallucinaties en wanen ook een gunstig effect op negatieve symptomen geconstateerd. Van de 25 op risperidon ingestelde patiënten gebruikte na een half jaar nog 54 procent medicatie. In tegenstelling tot tie clozapine-gebruikers werd er bij hen nauwelijks een duurzaam effect op negatieve symptomen gevonden. Wel werden relatief weinig bijwerkingen gemeld. Gezien de resultaten van dit onderzoek wordt een kritische houding ten aanzien van het gebruik van nieuwe antipsychotica aanbevolen.
The integrated palliative care outcome scale for patients with palliative care needs: Factors related to and experiences of the use in acute care settings
Authors: Lind Susanne , Wallin Lars , Fürst Carl Johan , Beck Ingela 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveImplementation of patient-reported outcome measures for patients with palliative care needs is characterized by both enablers and barriers. The ways in which healthcare professionals experience the use of assessment tools is important. Our aims were to explore factors contributing to or hindering patients with palliative care needs in assessing their symptoms with the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale (IPOS) and to explore healthcare professionals’ experiences of the use of IPOS in acute care settings.MethodData were collected as a part of the evaluation of the feasibility of an implementation strategy for introducing IPOS. Data from three participating acute care units were included. We used descriptive and analytical statistics; a qualitative content analysis was also performed.ResultA total of 309 patients were eligible to be offered assessment of symptoms with IPOS. Of these 69 (22%) had completed IPOS. A significant positive association was found between healthcare professionals’ participation in training sessions and completed IPOS. The experiences of IPOS were split into two categories: “IPOS acting as a facilitator” and “barriers to the use of IPOS.” The use of IPOS was described as contributing to person-centered care of patients with palliative care needs and inspiration to improved routines. Healthcare professionals’ feelings of uncertainty about how to approach severely ill patients and their family members appear to have hindered their use of IPOS.Significance of resultsWe found an association between healthcare professionals’ participation in training sessions and patients who completed IPOS, indicating the need for a high degree of attendance at the training to achieve successful implementation. The healthcare professionals expressed feelings of insecurity concerning the use of IPOS indicating a need for further education and clinical support in its use of IPOS. Nevertheless, use of IPOS was considered to contribute to improved care of patients with palliative care needs.
The globalisation of constitutional law as a weakly neo-liberal project
Authors: TUSHNET MARK 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:An international consensus on the content of domestic constitutional law has structural ‘rights’-related components. The former requires roughly democratic systems for choosing representatives/executives. The consensus favours some forms of judicialised constitutional review, though the precise form is open to choice. The rights component includes a standard list of ‘core’ civil rights, including in this category equality along a number of dimensions – though not class or income. The rights-component is fundamentally neo-liberal. This is clearest in connection with ‘second generation’ social and economic rights, which – the consensus holds – can be recognised in a constitution but should not be vigorously enforceable (in systems where there is judicial enforcement of constitutional rights). The rights of free expression and political association must be specified in ways that allow political challenges to be mounted against efforts – including legislative programmes of political parties that control governments – to resist the neo-liberal policy agenda. Departures from this consensus are described as departures, not from ‘neo-liberal’ or even ‘liberal’ constitutionalism, but as departures from constitutionalism as such. We could ‘thin down’ the idea of constitutionalism quite a bit without abandoning constitutionalism’s core commitment to avoiding arbitrary government action.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in China From 2005 to 2014
Authors: Yan Xu , Qiu Dezhi , Zheng Shikan , Cheng Ke , Han Yunping , Sun Jianhui , Su Xianfa 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMunicipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are considered significant artificial sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in the forms of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), during their normal operations. In this study, we used an emission factor method to determine the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of GHG emissions from MWWTPs in China during the period 2005–2014; influencing factors and uncertainties were also analyzed. Our results show that total GHG emissions from Chinese MWWTPs increased from 326.54 to 1294.03 Gg CO2‐eq between 2005 and 2014, and that regional distribution was extremely variable. During this decade, the proportion of CH4 in the total GHG emissions decreased from 74.1 to 59.4% while that of N2O increased from 25.9 to 40.6%. The observed increase in N2O was probably due to the enhancement of wastewater discharge standards for nitrogen discharge, resulting in lower waterborne but higher atmospheric levels of nitrogen oxides. Our comparison of GHG emissions from wastewater discharging directly to the aquatic environment with that treated at MWWTPs in 2014 indicate that the latter disposal method resulted in an 18‐fold drop in GHG emissions. Regional economic development level and wastewater treatment capacity were the factors most closely related to GHG emissions from MWWTPs; the per‐capita protein supply was closely related to N2O emissions.
A Statistical Approach to Quantify Atmospheric Contributions to the ITEC WN4 Structure Over Low Latitudes
Authors: Chen T. , Wan W. , Xiong J. , Yu Y. , Ren Z. , Yue X. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBased on multiyear observations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and atmospheric wind, we develop a new method to interpret the atmospheric contribution to the ionospheric wave number‐4 (WN4) structure according to their coherences in annual variations. First, the ionospheric WN4 is extracted from the equatorial integrated TEC (ITEC) using the global ionospheric maps. The wind observation from the TIMED Doppler Interferometer on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetic and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite are used to deduce the latitudinal symmetric and antisymmetric components of the zonal and meridional DE3 (diurnal, eastward, and zonal wave number 3), SE2 (semidiurnal, eastward, and zonal wave number 2), and SPW4 (stationary planetary wave with zonal wave number 4). We then develop a regression model to estimate the coupling efficiency, the background diurnal influence, and the associated contribution in ITEC WN4. (1) The zonal symmetric DE3 is the most efficient tide in generating ITEC WN4, while the zonal symmetric SPW4 plays a secondary but varied role. (2) The diurnal variation of background ionosphere/thermosphere influence's amplitude is similar to that of the zonal mean ITEC during the day, with a westward phase velocity. (3) The zonal symmetric DE3 resulted WN4 can reach 7% of the zonal daily mean ITEC, while the observed total WN4 value is about 10%. The contributions by the zonal symmetric SE2, SPW4, and meridional symmetric SE2 are comparable with respective maxima ~1.5% of the zonal daily mean ITEC. The present results confirm former suggestions that symmetric zonal DE3 is the primary source for ionospheric WN4, and the contributions due to antisymmetric wind components are relatively small in ITEC WN4.
Solar Flare and Geomagnetic Storm Effects on the Thermosphere and Ionosphere During 6–11 September 2017
Authors: Qian Liying , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan G. , Chamberlin Phillip C. , Coster Anthea , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Solomon Stanley C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe period of 6–11 September 2017 was an active period in which multiple solar flares and a major geomagnetic storm occurred. The two largest flares, an X9.3 and an X8.2, were a disk flare and a limb flare, respectively. We conducted model simulations and data analysis to examine solar flare effects on the coupled thermosphere and ionosphere (TI) system in connection with flare location effects and to investigate the occurrences of large‐scale traveling atmosphere disturbances (TADs) due to flares and storms. Soft X‐ray enhancement, which dominates E region ionization, is essentially not affected by the location of a flare on the Sun; solar extreme ultraviolet enhancement, which dominates ionization above ~150 km, is much weaker for a limb flare compared to a disk flare with the same magnitude. Consequently, flare responses in the lower thermosphere, and ionosphere E region are not affected by flare locations, but above ~150 km, the TI system responds more strongly to disk flares than to limb flares. However, our studies show that during the space weather events in September 2017, these flare location effects were masked by other factors including local time and longitude. Large‐scale TADs occurred when there were both flares and storms. The presence of the flares changed the magnitudes and propagation speeds of the large‐scale TADs. However, there was no evidence that large‐scale TADs occurred when there were only flares and not storms, indicating that solar flares alone were not sufficient to excite large‐scale TADs.