bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning About Archaeology and Prehistoric Life
Authors: Besse M. , Fragnière S. , Müller A. , Piguet M. , Dubois L. , Miéville D. , Schoeb S. , Schumacher D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article is about an intervention introducing prehistoric life in primary education. Its objectives were to foster openness and interest for prehistory and archaeology, as well as content knowledge and conceptual learning with a focus on four main facets: basic knowledge about prehistoric life; conceptual learning/change regarding prehistory; learning about archaeologists and archaeology as a scientific discipline; and learning about interactions of archaeology and other disciplines (interdisciplinarity). Students participated in two workshops about the creation of a prehistoric object, highlighting the close interaction between the natural sciences and humanities within archaeology. The workshop emphasised dialogue between students, teachers and researchers, as well as active participation by the students. The educational effects of the workshops were studied using a pre-post design (N = 439, ages 8–10 years). Results show that the workshops had sizeable positive effects on both affective and cognitive variables. The appreciation of the workshops ranged from ≈ 70 to 90% (of maximum value) for interest, perceived educational value and further aspects. We also found a positive impact of the intervention on cognitive variables, e.g. for several elements of key knowledge about prehistory (such as where prehistoric people lived and with what resources; medium to large effect sizes:d > 0.9 andd = 0.46, respectively). Regarding conceptual learning, we found improved understanding of the link between climate change and long-term changes in wildlife in a given area (medium to large effect sizes,d = 0.5–0.8). A positive impact was also found for the understanding of archaeology encompassing both humanities and the natural sciences (e.g. understanding of climate change as inferred from archaeological knowledge,d = 0.3–0.5). No differences of the various outcomes were found between girls and boys; the workshops appear suitable for both genders. We conclude with a discussion of the interpretation of our findings, of some limitations and possible improvements, and of future perspectives, in particular for further classroom implementation.
Performance assessment of water reuse strategies using integrated framework of urban water metabolism and water-energy-pollution nexus
Authors: Landa-Cansigno Oriana , Behzadian Kourosh , Davila-Cano Diego I. , Campos Luiza C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper evaluates the metabolism-based performance of a number of centralised and decentralised water reuse strategies and their impact on integrated urban water systems (UWS) based on the nexus of water-energy-pollution. The performance assessment is based on a comprehensive and quantitative framework of urban water metabolism developed for integrated UWS over a long-term planning horizon. UWS performance is quantified based on the tracking down of mass balance flows/fluxes of water, energy, materials, costs, pollutants, and other environmental impacts using the WaterMet2 tool. The assessment framework is defined as a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) within the context of the water-energy-pollution nexus. The strategies comprise six decentralised water reuse configurations (greywater or domestic wastewater) and three centralised ones, all within three proportions of adoption by domestic users (i.e. 20, 50, and 100%). This methodology was demonstrated in the real-world case study of San Francisco del Rincon and Purisima del Rincon cities in Mexico. The results indicate that decentralised water reuse strategies using domestic wastewater can provide the best performance in the UWS with respect to water conservation, green house gas (GHG) emissions, and eutrophication indicators, while energy saving is almost negligible. On the other hand, centralised strategies can achieve the best performance for energy saving among the water reuse strategies. The results also show metabolism performance assessment in a complex system such as integrated UWS can reveal the magnitude of the interactions between the nexus elements (i.e. water, energy, and pollution). In addition, it can also reveal any unexpected influences of these elements that might exist between the UWS components and overall system.
Cognitive consequences of timeframe bias. On the link between working memory, cognitive switching, and time perspective
Authors: Witowska Joanna , Zajenkowski Marcin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe present study examined how time perspective is associated with working memory updating and cognitive switching. Additionally, stress states and mood as potential mediators of the relationship between time perspective and cognitive performance were analysed. During two sessions participants (n = 200) completed a set of questionnaires measuring time perspective, task-related stress states, and mood. Moreover, in two separate sessions they performed working memory updating and switching tasks. The results indicated that two time perspectives, i.e. Present Fatalism and Past Positive, were associated with updating. Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that positive mood accounted for these relationships. Specifically, Present Fatalism was correlated with low positive mood and in turn, worse working memory scores, whereas Past Positive was associated with high positive mood leading to better performance on the working memory task. None of the time perspective dimensions correlated with cognitive switching. These findings shed more light on the cognitive consequences of timeframe bias and suggest new approaches in research on time perspective and cognitive functioning.
On Analyzing The Law of Legal Ethics: An American Perspective
Authors: Patterson L. Ray 
Published: May 2019

My purpose in this paper is to present some propositions relevant to the analysis of legal ethical problems. In working my way to those propositions, however, I shall first discuss the need for them and explain why I deem them to be important.My basic thesis is that historically the profession's codes of ethics constituted a jurisprudential anomaly with two unfortunate consequences. First, they had an undesirable effect on the conduct of lawyers in the representation of their clients. Second, and more importantly, they served to impede the development of a satisfactory law of legal ethics.The first proposition is more difficult to establish than the second and I do not propose to dwell on it. But, if you accept the notion that lawyers have used their duty of loyalty to the client to arrogate to themselves the power of acting in accordance with the client's wishes regardless of the consequences to society or to others, I think you will agree with the point. This is not to say that lawyers always exercise that power, and few lawyers, I think, take seriously Lord Brougham's infamous dictum that an advocate “must not regard the alarm, the suffering, the torment, the destruction which he may bring upon any other” in defense of his client. But the fact that the dictum lives on tells us something about the lawyer's perception of his duty of loyalty. Ultimately, I suppose, the notion of the lawyer's duty of loyalty to the client must be attributed to the common law adversary system of trial, but the duty received its most fulsome expression in the profession's code of ethics. Courts never gave loyalty the imprimatur of approval that the profession stamped on it with the rules of ethics.
Advertising and Contract
Authors: Tedeschi G. 
Published: May 2019

After having acquired a prominent place in economic life—and therefore also in the life of law—advertising has begun to draw the attention of both law-maker and legal analyst.Indeed two fronts are distinguishable which the potential victims of advertising seek to open up against the advertiser—the first by his business competitors and the second by the actual direct and indirect customers. As to the first front, the law has already taken regard of it ever since it took a stand against unfair competition, since advertising is the main instrument to effect some of the different forms of unfair competition (which in Israeli law, following the English pattern, takes the shape of “injurious falsehood” and “passing off”).
Schistosoma bovis, S. intercalatumandS. haematobium:methods forin vivoradiolabelling of cercariae with radioselenium
Authors: Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCercariae of Schistosoma bovis, S. intercalatum and S. haematobium were radiolabelled by individual exposure of their respective host snails to 75Se-methionine in 1 ml water for a period of 20 hours. Maximum cercaria-bound radioactivity was obtained four to seven days after labelling of snails, but detectable levels of radioactivity incorporation were obtained with all three species for a period of 32 days. The radiolabelling procedure did not interfere with the production of cercariae or with the biological characteristics of the labelled larvae. The described research opens the way for the application of various radioisotope tracer systems in studies on host-parasite relationships between cercariae and schistosomula of terminal-spined species of schistosomes and the final host.
Studies on Onchocerca tarsicola Bain and Schulz-Key, 1974 in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in northern Finland
Authors: Bylund G. , Fagerholm H.-P. , Krogell C. , Nikander S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA survey revealed that Onchocerca tarsicola Bain & Schulz-Key, 1974 is a widespread parasite among reindeer in northern Finland. Of 407 animals studied from 12 reindeer herds, 124 (30·5%) were infected. There was a marked difference in infection levels between different reindeer herds and the frequency as well as the intensity of infection was highest in old animals whereas the parasites were rare in yearlings.
Studies on amphistomiasis in Andhra Pradesh (India) VI. Immunization of lambs and kids with gamma irradiated metacercariae of Cercariae indicae XXVI
Authors: Hafeez Md. , Rao B. V. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe life span and the pathogenicity of amphistomes developing from Cercariae indicae XXVI (Paramphistomum epiclitum) were considerably reduced when the metacercariae were gamma-irradiated at 2krad or 3krad. The higher irradiation dose resulted in the complete absence of the flukes in infected animals. Single vaccination of lambs and kids with 3000 metacercariae irradiated at 2 krad or 3 krad stimulated a significant degree of resistance against challenge with 5000 non-irradiated metacercariae. The resistance was more pronounced in the group vaccinated with metacercariae irradiated at 3krad.
Schistosoma mansoni: changes in the rate of tyrosine uptake by unisexual females after stimulation by males and male extracts
Authors: Popiel Irene , Erasmus David A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe rate of uptake of H3 tyrosine by unisexual females in vitro was accelerated by 22% when male worm extract was added to the culture medium. Pairing of unisexual females with mature male worms in vitro resulted in a similar acceleration of H3 tyrosine uptake. As tyrosine is avidly taken up by the vitelline gland for the formation of egg shell protein the change in the rate of H3 tyrosine uptake can be employed as a sensitive quantitative criterion for assessing its development following stimulation.
A simplified radioimmunoassay technique for hydatid disease and human trichinosis
Authors: Matossian R. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA. A comparative study of a simplified radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique with the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test in the diagnosis of 72 patients with hydatid disease indicated the greater sensitivity of the former. Both methods had an equal specificity in 60 control patients. RIA will serve as a useful addition to tests already available in hydatid serology.B. A comparison of the (RIA) technique with the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) in the diagnosis of 33 patients with early, active trichinosis and 30 healthy controls indicated an equal sensitivity and specificity of both methods. The adoption of RIA as an easier method is recommended.This study of a simplified radioimmunoassay technique for the diagnosis of hydatid disease and trichinosis in man is presented in two sections.
Resistance toFasciola hepaticain calves harbouring primary patentSchistosoma bovisinfections
Authors: Sirag Sirag B. , Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg , Nansen Peter , Monrad Jesper , Frandsen Flemming 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA substantial resistance to a heterologous challenge withFasciola hepaticawas demonstrated in calves harbouring primary patentSchistosoma bovisinfections of an age of 10 weeks at challenge, the mean worm burden being reduced by 29·9% (p < 0025) in calves primarily infected withS. bovisas compared with that of the challenge control group. The heterologous resistance was also evidenced by less pronounced liver tissue damage and lower serum gammaglutamyl-transpeptidase values in theS. boms-infected animals compared with the challenge control group.
Karyotypes and chromosome morphologies of Megalodiscus temperatus and Philophthalmus gralli
Authors: Grossman A. I. , Cain G. D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe karyotypes of two hermaphroditic trematodes, Megalodiscus temperatus and Philophthalmus gralli, were described and compared as to chromosomal morphology and constitutive heterochromatin constitution. The haploid number of chromosomes for both species is 10 and both karyotypes are composed mainly of acrocentric chromosomes. Constant heteromorphism of the No. 10 chromosomes was found in M. temperatus. The heteromorphic chromosomes differ is size and heterochromatin constitution. The possible mechanisms of chromosomal dimorphism in M. temperatus and its significance in the evolution of sexchromosome differentiation in trematodes are discussed.
The effect of drug treatment on the pattern of emergence of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae from skin snips
Authors: Kale Oladele O. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTA controlled study was carried out to determine the effect of some known anti-filarial drugs on the pattern of emergence of Onchoccrca volvulus microfilariae from skin snips into saline. The results show that before treatment, 81·7 to 92·1% of microfilariae emerge in all the groups within 24 hours. The differences between the groups were not significant. After treatment with oral diethylcarbamazine, metrifonate and topical diethylcarbamazine (DEC) the percentage of microfilariae emerging from the snips dropped significantly to 48·4,560 and 60·1 respectively, whereas no significant change occurred following treatment with levamisole (88·1%) and yeast tablets (89·1%). A pair-wise comparison of the post-treatment microfilarial emergence in all the groups showed statistically significant differences when (i) oral DEC is compared to levamisole, topical DEC and yeast, (ii) metrifonate is compared to levamisole and yeast and (iii) topical DEC is compared to yeast. It is suggested that microfilariae which fail to emerge from snips after treatment are those that have been killed or paralysed by the action of the drugs. The study has thus established that drug action in vivo is one of the factors which affects the proportion of microfilariae which emerge from skin snips and provides an additional parameter for measuring the antimicrofilarial potential of drugs in clinical chemotherapeutic trials.
The relationship between pasture herbage and the development and survival of the free-living stages of Oesophagostomum dentatum
Authors: Rose J. H. , Small A. J. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTPlots of pastureland with well grown herbage provided a more favourable environment for the survival and development of the free-living stages of Oesophagostomum dentatum in faeces during warm dry weather than did plots with short herbage. This was because well grown herbage gave better protection against the unfavourable effects of dryness than did short herbage. There was no significant difference between the plots during cool wet weather.
Pathological changes in kidneys, livers and spleens of Brugia pahangi-infected jirds (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Klei Thomas R. , Crowell Wayne A. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe major organs, other than lymphatics, of jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) with prepatent and chronic patent infections of Brugia pahangi were studied by standard histological, electron microscopical and fluorescent antibody techniques. Changes observed and not previously described in detail or in large numbers of animals are reported. Multifocal non-suppurative interstitial nephritis was observed in 4% of animals with patent infections of 163 days duration and in 69% of animals with patent infections of 274 days duration. Glomerular changes were not observed in kidneys of any animals infected with B. pahangi. The occurrence of large granulomata composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and giant cells in the liver and smaller granulomata in the spleen correlated with patency of infections but microfilariae or worm antigens were not observed in these areas. Amyloid deposits were demonstrated in the spleens of 4% of animals with patent infections of 163 days duration and in 38% of animals with patent infections of 274 days duration but were not seen in uninfected animals of the same age or animals receiving only challenge inoculations of 28 days duration.
The utility of human filarial serum in the detection of circulating antigen
Authors: Kaliraj P. , Kharat Indira , Ghirnikar S. N. , Harinath B. C. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe utility of human filarial serum immunoglobulin (FSI) in detecting circulating antigen in filarial sera was studied by counter Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and the indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT). CIEP was found to be better than IHAT. 23 out of 30 sera from persons with microfilaraemia and one of 30 clinical cases of filariasis, but none of the normal sera or sera from those with helminths other than filariae, showed the presence of circulating filarial antigen in CIEP. FSI was fractionated by DEAE- Sephadex A-50 column chromatography and the antibody active in CIEP was found to be IgG in nature.
Cytochemistry of Mehlis' gland in Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Mandawat S. , Sharma A. N. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTHistochemical techniques were used to study the chemical composition of Mehlis’ gland secretion in Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium. The results suggest the secretion to be lipoproteinous in nature, containing several hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. In tests for nine hydrolytic enzymes only seven were detected in relation to gland cells, ihe two enzymes not showing any reactivity being glucose-6-phosphatase and 5-Nucleotidase. Alkaline phosphatase and ATPase have been associated with the permeability and transport of precursors of synthetic material from the surrounding parenchyma and with eliminating the waste products from the gland: ACPase in (i) generating a favourable milieu in the gland for the synthesis of secretory material and (ii) in regulating secretion and its over production; TPPase in elaborating the secretion, esterases in the metabolism of the gland. Intense SDH and MAO activities were related to high synthetic activity of the gland cells. Phenol oxidase—a key enzyme involved in tanning was absent.
The transmission ofOnchocerca tarsicola(Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) byOdagmia ornataandProsimulium nigripes(Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Schulz-Key H. , Wenk P. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTOnchocerca tarsicolais a subcutaneous filariid of the red deer living on the tendons of the radial-carpal and tibial-tarsal joints. Its micronfilariae concentrate mainly in the external ears. The extrinsic cycle of this parasite was investigated. In a hyperendemic area wild-caughtOdagmia ornatawere dissected, as well as samples which had fed on a tame deer and been kept in the laboratory after the infecting blood-meal. About 3 to 5% of the flies were infected with larval stages ofOnchocerca tarsicola. More than 40% ofOdagmia ornatainduced to feed on the ears of the deer became infected and about 30% of the flies which survived more than 18 days contained third-stage larvae. The larval development in the vector is described.Prosimulium nigripesappears to be a second natural vector ofOnchocerca tarsicola. Observations concerning the potential vectors ofO. Jlexuosa, O. tubingensis and Cutifilaria wenkiliving in red deer are discussed.
Researches on Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) in the south of Chile. IV Occurrence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzch)
Authors: Torres Patricio , Franjola René , Figueroa Luis , Schlatter Roberto , González Héctor , Contreras Boris , Martin Rodolgo 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTExperimental infections were established with Diphyllobothrium sp. plerocercoids obtained from Salmo gairdneri. a fish introduced at the beginning of the 1900s in the lake region of Chile. These permitted us to obtain adult parasites in Larus dominicanus and Canis familiaris.The histological features of the plerocercoids, their relation to the host, adult pattern and susceptibility of hosts allowed us to determine the presence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzch) for the first time in South America in the lacustrine region of southern Chile.It is believed that this cestode was introduced to this ecosystem by infected persons travelling from North America or Europe or, alternatively, brought by migratory birds, e.g., Sterna hirundo, S. paradisea or Larus pipixcan on their winter visits to South America.
Limited fly load and development of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in Guatemalàn Simulium ochraceum
Authors: Hashiguchi Y. , Kawabata M. , Ito S. , Recinos C M. M. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTFly load of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae and their early development in Simulium ochraceum were examined at intervals of 10, 30 and 60 min after ingestion and then hourly up to 72 hours. Many microfilariae ingested were damaged by the cibarial armature of the vector, limiting the fly load, but some of these damaged microfilariae were able to penetrate the gut before they died. Thus, the mean number of the living parasites per fly in the head and thorax decreased gradually with elapse of time after ingestion. The parasites ingested by S. ochraceum did not develop beyond the microfilarial stages during the first 24 hours; thereafter only thoracic forms (lst-stage larvae) were found to be alive. The high mortality of the infected fly might be caused by the high intakes of microfilariae and also by normal and/or partly wounded microfilariae invading various organs. The numbers of microfilaria ingested from different biting sites were usually high in comparison with the densities observed in each site; this indicates that the microfilariae might be attracted by the biting females.
Experience in Northern Nigeria with countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion and indirect haemagglutination tests for diagnosis of hydatid cyst in camels
Authors: Dada B. J. O. , Adegboye D. S. , Mohammed A. N. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTSera from 36 slaughtered camels with proven hydatid disease, from 46 camels found to be free of hydatidosis at post-mortem meat inspection, and from 26 animals with confirmed caprine heartwater, bovine trypanosomiasis and cysticercosis were examined. The indirect haemagglutination was found to be the most sensitive but least specific of the three tests. Ouchterlony's double diffusion (DD) test was specific and fairly sensitive. Although the countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was as specific as DD, it was the least sensitive of the three serological tests.All three serological tests were always positive in camels with hydatid cyst infection affecting both the liver and the lung. A combination of indirect haemagglutination and Ouchterlony's double diffusion tests could be useful for diagnosing hydatidosis in camels and probably other animals.