bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGEMBANGAN HANDOUT EVOLUSI BERBASIS HASIL PENELITIAN PROFIL DNA FINGERPRINTING
Authors: Sari Nila Kartika , Iza Nikmatul 
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop a handout based on the results of a DNA Fingerprinting Profile in Javanese-Arabic Ethnics in Malang, East Java, Indonesia for the course of Evolution. Development (Handout) was carried out based on the 4D development model of Thiagarajan. The 4D model has 4 stages, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate, while the research to be carried out is only limited to the develop stage. The research subjects were students of the Biology Education Study Program IKIP Budi Utomo Malang who had taken as many as 40 evolutionary subjects. Data analysis techniques used to analyze quantitative data in the form of validation scores from two material experts, two media experts and readability tests. The instruments used to collect data in the study included validation sheets and questionnaires. The results of the material expert validation analysis included aspects of the completeness of the material, material, questions about evaluation and aspects of material development. The results of expert media validation analysis include aspects of Handout size, Cover Design Handout, Cover Handout Typography, Cover Handout Illustration aspects, Handout Content Design, Typography of Handout Content, Handout Illustration, Language Feasibility, and Presentation Completeness. The results of the readability test analysis include aspects of the material ease, the victory of the handout of understanding material, and renewal of material. Based on the results of the analysis data in this development research, it can be concluded that the average results of the assessment from the material expert validator was obtained with a percentage of 89.85% with the category Very Valid. The average assessment results from media expert validators with a percentage of 98.22% with the category Very Valid. The average assessment results from the readability test with a percentage of 92.73% with the category Very Valid.
GAMBARAN KEJADIAN TUBERKULOSIS DI KABUPATEN PATI
Authors: Murtono Dwi 
Published: March 2019

ENGLISHTuberculosis is one of the long-known diseases and still becomes the leading cause of death in the world. The TB incidence needs a serious attention because it is a major public health problem. The objective of the study was to describe the TB incidence in Pati Regency in the period 2014-2016. It used quantitative and descriptive approaches. Secondary data sourced from Integrated Tuberculosis Information System (SITT) period 2014-2016 at Health Service of Pati Regency. Data were classified based on sex, TB classification, and age. Data were tested using descriptive analysis. The results of the study were: (1) The TB incidence showed an increase, (2) The increase of TB incidence was found both in men and women, but the number of TB cases was higher in men compared to the counterparts. (3) The number of TB cases increased in all TB classification groups, which the highest was found in positive smear pulmonary group. (4) The number of TB cases rose along with the increase of age, which the majority cases occurred in the productive age group. INDONESIATuberkulosis (TB) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang telah lama dikenal dan sampai saat ini masih menjadi penyebab utama kematian di dunia. Kejadian TB perlu mendapat perhatian serius karena TB merupakan masalah kesehatan publik mayor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran kejadian TB di Kabupaten Pati dalam kurun waktu tahun 2014-2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Data sekunder berasal dari Sistem Informasi Tuberculosis Terpadu (SITT) Kabupaten Pati tahun 2014-2016 dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Pati. Data diolah berdasarkan jenis kelamin, klasifikasi TB dan umur penderita TB. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian adalah (1) angka kejadian TB menunjukkan adanya peningkatan; (2) angka kejadian TB berdasarkan klasifikasi jenis kelamin lebih banyak ditemukan pada jenis kelamin laki-laki dan menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan kejadian TB baik untuk laki-laki maupun perempuan; (3) angka kejadian TB berdasarkan klasifikasi TB secara umum menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan dan mayoritas kejadian adalah TB paru BTA positif; (4) kejadian TB mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan bertambahnya umur. Secara umum, kejadian TB paling besar terjadi pada usia produktif.
On Constraining the Growth History of Massive Black Holes via Their Distribution on the Spin–Mass Plane
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxia , Lu Youjun 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The spin distribution of massive black holes (MBHs) contains rich information on the MBH growth history. In this paper, we investigate the spin evolution of MBHs by assuming that each MBH experiences two-phase accretion, with an initial phase of coherent accretion via either the standard thin disk or super-Eddington disk, followed by a chaotic-accretion phase composed of many episodes with different disk orientations. If the chaotic-accretion phase is significant to the growth of an MBH, the MBH spin quickly reaches the maximum value because of the initial coherent accretion, then changes to a quasi-equilibrium state and fluctuates around a value mainly determined by the mean ratio of the disk to the MBH mass (M
•) in the chaotic-accretion episodes, and further declines because of late chaotic accretion if

. The turning point to this decline is determined by the equality of the disk warp radius and disk size. By matching the currently available spin measurements with mock samples generated from the two-phase model(s) on the spin–mass plane, we find that MBHs must experience significant chaotic-accretion phase with many episodes and that the mass accreted in each episode is roughly 1%–2% of M
• or less. MBHs with

appear to have intermediate-to-high spins (∼0.5–1), while lighter MBHs have higher spins (≳0.8). The best matches also infer that (1) the radiative efficiencies (η) of those active MBHs appear to slightly decrease with M
•; however, the correlation between η and M
•, if any, is weak; (2) the mean radiative efficiency of active MBHs is

, consistent with the global constraints.
BiasedN-Glycosylation Site Distribution and Acquisition across the Antibody V Region during B Cell Maturation
Authors: Koers Jana , Derksen Ninotska I. L. , Ooijevaar-de Heer Pleuni , Nota Benjamin , van de Bovenkamp Fleur S. , Vidarsson Gestur , Rispens Theo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAbs can acquire N-linked glycans in their V regions during Ag-specific B cell responses. Among others, these N-linked glycans can affect Ag binding and Ab stability. Elevated N-linked glycosylation has furthermore been associated with several B cell–associated pathologies. Basic knowledge about patterns of V region glycosylation at different stages of B cell development is scarce. The aim of the current study is to establish patterns of N-glycosylation sites in Ab V regions of naive and memory B cell subsets. We analyzed the distribution and acquisition of N-glycosylation sites within Ab V regions of peripheral blood and bone marrow B cells of 12 healthy individuals, eight myasthenia gravis patients, and six systemic lupus erythematosus patients, obtained by next-generation sequencing. N-glycosylation sites are clustered around CDRs and the DE loop for both H and L chains, with similar frequencies for healthy donors and patients. No evidence was found for an overall selection bias against acquiring an N-glycosylation site, except for the CDR3 of the H chain. Interestingly, both IgE and IgG4 subsets have a 2-fold higher propensity to acquire Fab glycans compared with IgG1 or IgA. When expressed as rmAb, 35 out of 38 (92%) nongermline N-glycosylation sites became occupied. These results point toward a differential selection pressure of N-glycosylation site acquisition during affinity maturation of B cells, which depends on the location within the V region and is isotype and subclass dependent. Elevated Fab glycosylation represents an additional hallmark of TH2-like IgG4/IgE responses.
FTRCA1, a Species-Specific Member of finTRIM Family, Negatively Regulates Fish IFN Response through Autophage-Lysosomal Degradation of TBK1
Authors: Wu Min , Zhao Xiang , Gong Xiu-Ying , Wang Yang , Gui Jian-Fang , Zhang Yi-Bing 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In mammals, tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have emerged as pivotal players endowed with, directly, antiviral effects and, indirectly, modulatory capacity of the innate immune response. An unprecedented expansion of TRIM family has occurred in fish; however, the functional role of fish TRIM family members remains largely unknown. In this study, we identify a species-specific TRIM gene from crucian carp Carassius auratus, named FTRCA1, phylogenetically similar to the members of finTRIM, a subfamily of TRIM exclusively in teleost fish. FTRCA1 is induced by IFN and IFN stimuli as a typical IFN-stimulated gene. Overexpression of FTRCA1 negatively regulates IFN antiviral response by inhibition of IRF3 phosphorylation; consistently, knockdown of FTRCA1 results in enhanced levels of IRF3 phosphorylation and also IFN expression following poly(I:C) transfection. Whereas FTRCA1 is associated with several pivotal signaling molecules of RIG-I–like receptor pathway, its association with TBK1 results in autophage-lysosomal degradation of TBK1, thus abrogating the downstream IFN induction. Interestingly, FTRCA1 is phosphorylated by TBK1, but this phosphorylation is not required for downregulation of TBK1 protein. Transfection assays indicate that FTRCA1 is likely an E3 ligase with the requirement of RING finger domain, and deletion of N-terminal RING domain or mutation of seven conservative sites abolishes the negative regulatory function of FTRCA1. Collectively, these results illuminate a novel finTRIM-mediated innate immune modulatory pathway, thus providing insights into species-specific regulation of fish IFN response.
Analytical Specifications of Tamra Bhasma
Authors: Chaudhari Swapnil , Ruknuddin Galib , Prajapati Pradeep K , Rao Meda M 
Published: March 2019

Introduction:
In Ayurveda, metals and minerals are converted into biocompatible forms through specified classical procedures like Shodhana, Marana, etc. before their therapeutic use. Their frequent use without any noticeable side effects since ages is the ultimate proof of safety. But, safety and toxicity concerns are being raised by conventional researchers considering the presence of heavy metals in them. Noncompliance of pharmaceutical procedures as described in Ayurvedic classics is one possible cause for toxicity. At the same time, no standard analytical profiles are available for many metallic preparations.

Materials and methods:
The present study aims to prepare and develop preliminary analytical profiles for Tamra bhasma (calcined copper) with and without Amritikarana on structural and elemental basis to address the role of the raw materials used during the preparation, compound form, nature and particle size of both samples.

Results and conclusion:
The study revealed that Tamra Bhasma contains copper in a nano-crystalline structure having standard mean diameter ~12.72 μ in Tamra bhasma without Amritikarana and ~8.83 μ in Amritikarana sample. Copper sulfide form (CuS) associated with elemental sulfur was found to be a structural component in both samples.
Chronic Toxicity Evaluation of Majoon-e-Kundur
Authors: Khan Mohammad A , Urooj Mohd , Razvi Syed H , Kazmi Munawwar H , Husain Gulam M 
Published: March 2019

Background:

Majoon-e-Kundur (MK) is a compound Unani formulation used in Taqteer-ul-Baul (Dribbling of urine), Salas- ul-Baul(Urinary incontinence), Baul Filfarash (Nocturnal enuresis), Surat-e-Inzal (Premature ejaculation) and Zof-e-Masana (weakness of urinary bladder). However, toxicity studies on MK have not been carried out for its long-term use.

Objective:
The present study was carried out to study the 180 days repeated dose toxicity of MK in rats.

Materials and methods:
The study was carried out on Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of both sexes. Animals were divided into two groups (n = 15). MK was administered at a limit dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/day p.o. for 180 days. After completion of 180 days blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis and animals were sacrificed, and organs were harvested for relative organ weight determination followed by histopathological evaluation.

Results:
Animals in groups treated with MK did not show any abnormal behavior or clinical signs indicative of systemic toxicity. There was no toxicologically significant alteration observed in body weight, feed intake, hematological and biochemical parameters, relative organ weights and histopathological findings of control and MK treated rats of either sex.

Conclusion:
There were no toxicologically significant alterations with respect to clinical signs of toxicity, body weight gain and feed intake, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weight, gross necropsy and histopathological findings in MK treated rats at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw as compared to control group. It may be concluded based on the above observations that MK is safe up to the limit dose tested in rats.
Cartografias de quem produz cartografias: narrativas dos professores sobre crianças e mapas
Authors: Roberti Daniel Luiz Poio , Lopes Jader Janer Moreira 
Published: March 2019

O texto fala de mapas, crianças e escolas na visão de determinados atores. São eles: professores universitários que contribuíram para a formação da Cartografia Escolar no Brasil. A Cartografia Escolar é um campo de pesquisa que surge na interface entre Educação e Geografia, a partir das primeiras discussões empreendidas pelo grupo Geografia e Cartografia Escolar no final da década de 90. Este grupo de pesquisa é coordenado pelas professoras Rosângela Doin de Almeida e Regina Araújo Almeida. A história do grupo se mistura com a dos seus eventos acadêmicos, como os Colóquios de Cartografia para Criança e Escolares. Até o momento foram 7 eventos de Cartografia para escolares no Brasil. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa foi compreender os movimentos e práticas cartográficas que se encontram emaranhados nas narrativas dos entrevistados e nos anais dos colóquios, simpósios e fóruns de Cartografia para Crianças. Constatamos que o campo da Cartografia Escolar sofre influência de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, principalmente, da psicologia do desenvolvimento e da filosofia.
Palavras-chave: Cartografia Escolar, Colóquios para Criança e escolares, Mapas
A ferrovia como via de integração nacional: um discurso sobre a unidade territorial
Authors: Martins Marco Túlio , Souza Rita De Cássia Martins de 
Published: March 2019

Este trabalho intitulado A ferrovia como via de integração nacional: um discurso sobre a unidade territorial tem como objetivo central a análise da materialidade geográfica projetada a partir dos discursos dos geopolíticos militares, no caso, o historiador e geopolítico brasileiro Nelson Werneck Sodré em consonância com o discurso de Mário Travassos. Foi abordada uma perspectiva geopolítica recorrente nas obras e nos discursos promulgados pelos militares, qual seja: a integração nacional e a formação do mercado interno; a ferrovia e a integração territorial. A análise está envolta da perspectiva de formação do território brasileiro, constituindo uma das perspectivas teórico-metodológica do pensamento geográfico: o discurso geográfico como forma de projeção da materialidade territorial de um Estado.
Palavras-Chave: Pensamento Geográfico; Unidade Territorial brasileira; geopolítica brasileira; Nelson Werneck Sodré.
Bottom-Kissing and the Fragility of Status in Chaucer's Miller's Tale
Authors: Friedman John Block 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Miller's Tale attacks authority and permanence of status among a highly class-conscious, small bourgeoisie, using the humiliation through bottom-kissing found in the Old French fabliaux Berengier au Lonc Cul and La Gageure. Chaucer's recollection of these fabliaux may have influenced the postures of Alisoun and Nicholas in the Miller's Tale's window scenes, scenes that ultimately result in a loss of status, certainty, and authority for all of the major characters but Alisoun. Moreover, the ancient motif of apotropaic sexual exhibitionism, where the display of female genitalia, the buttocks, and farting averted demons, is comically used to imagine Absolon as such a demon when he comes wooing at Alisoun's window on the night of her tryst with Nicholas.
Temporary Protection Regimes and Refugees: What Works? Comparing the Kuwaiti, Bosnian, and Syrian Refugee Protection Regimes
Authors: Bastaki Jinan 
Published: March 2019

Many states have responded to mass influxes of refugees fleeing generalized violence and war by setting up ad hoc and/or temporary protection regimes. These regimes have had various degrees of success, depending particularly on the length of stay of the refugees. This article will compare the approach of states to three separate refugee influxes—Kuwaiti refugees in the Gulf, Bosnian refugees in Germany, and Syrian refugees in Turkey—and will argue that efforts to harmonize temporary protection measures are desirable, but given that these situations tend to be prolonged, there must be greater responsibility sharing between states, in order to lead to greater integration of refugees in the host states.
Stories for Asylum: Narrative and Credibility in the United States’ Political Asylum Application
Authors: Holland Madeline 
Published: March 2019

This article examines the narrative demands placed on asylum seekers to the United States. Engaging with scholars from the felds of narratology and literature, this article argues that “telling a story” is an implicit requirement of the asylum application process to the United States, and that the stories of asylum seekers are evaluated for their truthfulness on the basis of criteria that align with literary standards of veracity. The article examines the implications of bringing these literary standards of veracity to bear on asylum seekers’ stories, and explores the ways in which a “true” story told by an asylum seeker may fail to be recognized as such.
Decade of Despair: The Contested Rebuilding of the Nahr al-Bared Refugee Camp, Lebanon, 2007–2017
Authors: Knudsen Are John 
Published: March 2019

In mid-2007 the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp near Tripoli was destroyed by the Lebanese Army battling an insurgent Islamist group, Fatah al-Islam. Displacing about 30,000 Palestinian refugees, it was one of the largest internal battles in post–civil war Lebanon. A decade later, the camp has yet to be fully rebuilt; indeed, reconstruction has been slow, confictual, and underfunded. Rebuilding the camp has been contested and delayed by political opposition, funding shortfalls, and complex ownership of land and property. About half of the displaced families have been able to return, the remainder are internally displaced, living temporarily in other camps or rented apartments. This article analyzes the slow-paced reconstruction of the Nahr al-Bared camp and especially what can be learnt from rehousing refugees in a militarized space of exception.
Patterns of hepatitis B virusSgene escape mutants and reverse transcriptase mutations among genotype D isolates in Jordan
Authors: Ababneh Nidaa A. , Sallam Malik , Kaddomi Doaa , Attili Abdelrahman M. , Bsisu Isam , Khamees Nadia , Khatib Amer , Mahafzah Azmi 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important infectious cause of morbidity and mortality in Jordan. HBV genotype D is the most prevalent in the country. Virus escape mutants in the HBVSregion is an important public health problem halting preventive efforts. The aim of the current study was to investigate patterns of HBV escape and resistance mutations and to assess domestic transmission of the virus.MethodsPatients infected with HBV were recruited at Jordan University Hospital (n= 56) and were diagnosed during (1984–2012). A total of 37 partial HBVSsequences were generated using Sanger’s method. Mutation analysis was done using the HIV grade HBV drug resistance interpretation online tool and Geno2pheno (HBV) online tools. Domestic transmission of HBV was assessed using maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference with similar GenBank sequences.ResultsGenotyping revealed an exclusive presence of sub-genotype D1. Typical HBV escape mutants were identified in seven patients. These mutations included: L109R, Q129R, M133L, S143L and D144E with overall prevalence of 18.9% (95% CI [9.5–34.2]). Reverse transcriptase (RT) sequence analysis showed mutations in three patients with overall prevalence of 8.1% (95% CI [2.8–21.3]). RT mutations included: V173L, S202I, L180M, M204V and T184A. Transmission cluster analysis revealed a relatively high proportion of infections taking place as a result of domestic spread (29.7%).ConclusionsBased on our findings, RT mutation analysis appears to be of high value before the initiation of therapy in patients with chronic HBV infection in Jordan. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a considerable proportion of local spread in the country which should be considered in the preventive infection control efforts.
A Dynamic Graphene Oxide Network Enables Spray Printing of Colloidal Gels for High‐Performance Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Xiong Zhiyuan , Yun Xiawei , Qiu Ling , Sun Youyi , Tang Bo , He Zijun , Xiao Jing , Chung Dwayne , Ng Tuck Wah , Yan Hao , Zhang Ranran , Wang Xiaogong , Li Dan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractProperly controlling the rheological properties of nanoparticle inks is crucial to their printability. Here, it is reported that colloidal gels containing a dynamic network of graphene oxide (GO) sheets can display unusual rheological properties after high‐rate shearing. When mixed with polyaniline nanofiber dispersions, the GO network not only facilitates the gelation process but also serves as an effective energy‐transmission network to allow fast structural recovery after the gel is deformed by high‐rate shearing. This extraordinary fast recovery phenomenon has made it possible to use the conventional air‐brush spray technique to print the gel with high‐throughput and high fidelity on nonplanar flexible surfaces. The as‐printed micro‐supercapacitors exhibit an areal capacitance 4–6 times higher than traditionally spray‐printed ones. This work highlights the hidden potential of 2D materials as functional yet highly efficient rheological enhancers to facilitate industrial processing of nanomaterial‐based devices.