bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
25 Years of Real Option Empirical Research in Management
Authors: Ipsmiller Edith , Brouthers Keith D. , Dikova Desislava 
Published: August 2018

For several decades, management scholars have extolled the virtues of using real option logic when making decisions under uncertainty. Real option logic suggests that in such situations, firms might be better off deferring or staging investments, reducing potential financial losses, while at the same time securing an option to grow (or abandon) the investment when uncertainty abates. Our analysis of the empirical research published in leading management journals over the past 25 years suggests that while some progress has been made, much more work needs to be done. We still do not have the answers to critical questions such as: Which entrepreneurial/managerial traits impact the identification or exploitation of real options? Do multiple types of uncertainties interact with each other and influence real option decisions? Addressing these and other issues identified in our study can help improve our understanding of the usefulness of real option logic in management.
Gelatin as a convenient surrogate protein to model the in vitro effects of advanced glycation end‐product formation
Authors: Pringle Nadine A. , van de Venter Maryna , Koekemoer Trevor C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractProtein glycation has been implicated in skin ageing and several other disease states; however, the slow rate of glycation end‐product formation makes in vitro studies challenging and often impractical. Gelatin, a denatured form of collagen, was identified as a convenient glycation surrogate amenable to cell culture conditions. The suitability of glycated gelatin to model the effects of AGE formation was verified using RAW 264.7 macrophages which revealed a remarkable correlation to previously documented effects. Effects of glycated gelatin on the central role of NF‐ĸB and its downstream consequences (COX‐2 and CD86) confirmed the pro‐inflammatory nature of advanced glycation end‐products. Together, these findings provide confidence that this model could prove a valuable tool to study the poorly understood mechanisms characterizing cellular dysfunction in response to AGE accumulation.
Headache Characteristics in Children With Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome, Elevated Opening Pressure Without Papilledema, and Normal Opening Pressure: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hamedani Ali G. , Witonsky Kailyn F.R. , Cosico Mahgenn , Rennie Robert , Xiao Riu , Sheldon Claire A. , Paley Grace L. , McCormack Shana E. , Liu Geraldine W. , Friedman Deborah I. , Liu Grant T. , Szperka Christina L. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundCertain headache characteristics and associated symptoms are commonly attributed to increased intracranial pressure, but they have not been systematically studied among children in the context of revised diagnostic criteria for pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS).MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of patients treated for suspected or confirmed PTCS. Charts were reviewed for PTCS and headache diagnostic criteria and associated characteristics. Chi‐squared or Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare the frequency of headache characteristics between groups.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐seven individuals were identified: 61 had definite PTCS, 10 had probable PTCS, 31 had elevated opening pressure (OP) without papilledema, and 25 had normal OP without papilledema. Eleven children had no headache (6 with definite PTCS, 5 with probable PTCS). Headache pattern was episodic in 49% (95% CI: 34–64%) of those with definite PTCS, 18% (95% CI 6–37%) of those with elevated OP without papilledema, and 16% (5–36%) of those with normal OP without papilledema. Headache location was more likely to involve the head along with neck or shoulders in those with definite PTCS compared with elevated OP without papilledema (OR = 7.2, 95% CI: 1.9–27.6) and normal OP (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.3–15.6) groups.DiscussionWhile missing data and small cohort size are limitations, this study suggests that headache in PTCS is more likely to involve the head along with neck/shoulders, and that headache in PTCS may be episodic or constant. Headache is occasionally absent in PTCS.
TESTING THE QUANTAL RESPONSE HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Melo Emerson , Pogorelskiy Kirill , Shum Matthew 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe develop a nonparametric test for consistency of player behavior with the quantal response equilibrium (QRE). The test exploits a characterization of the equilibrium choice probabilities in any structural QRE as the gradient of a convex function; thereby, QRE‐consistent choices satisfy the cyclic monotonicity inequalities. Our testing procedure utilizes recent econometric results for moment inequality models. We assess our test using lab experimental data from a series of generalized matching pennies games. We reject the QRE hypothesis in the pooled data but cannot reject individual‐level quantal response behavior for over half of the subjects.
Incidence and risk of vaginal candidiasis associated with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in real‐world practice for women with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Yokoyama Hiroki , Nagao Ami , Watanabe Sanae , Honjo Jun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe prevalence and risk of vaginal candidiasis before and after initiating sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, although some clinical trials have been carried out, have not been adequately shown in real‐world practice. We investigated the incidence of vaginal Candida colonization and symptomatic vaginitis, and the clinical risk factors including diabetic microvascular complications.Materials and MethodsThe participants were 114 women with type 2 diabetes who were free of vaginitis symptoms and started SGLT2 inhibitors. Vaginal candidiasis tests through self‐administered swabs were carried out at baseline, 6 and 12 months.ResultsBefore starting SGLT2 inhibitors, 17 participants (14.9%) had positive vaginal Candida colonization. Younger age and the presence of microangiopathy were significantly associated with the positive colonization in multivariate analysis. Among all participants, 23 (20.2%, 8 because of vaginitis and 15 for other reasons) discontinued SGLT2 inhibitors before reaching the 6‐month test. Of 65 participants who were negative for Candida at baseline and received the 6‐month test, 24 (36.9%) converted to a positive culture, and multivariate analysis showed older age as an independent risk for developing Candida colonization. There were 18 participants (15.8%) who developed symptomatic vaginitis, and they showed similar characteristics to the 24 participants. Most of those with negative cultures at 6 months showed negative results at 12 months and vice versa.ConclusionsThe rates of developing positive colonization and symptomatic vaginitis after starting SGLT2 inhibitors appear to be higher in real‐world practice than the rates of 31% and 5–10% in clinical trials, respectively. Risk factors of vaginal Candida colonization might be different before and after taking SGLT2 inhibitors.
Using the SSU, ITS, and Ribosomal DNA Operon Arrangement to Characterize Two Microsporidia Infecting Bruce Spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Donahue Katelyn L. , Broadley Hannah J. , Elkinton Joseph S. , Burand John P. , Huang Wei‐Fone , Andersen Jeremy C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractResearch pertaining to the two closely‐related microsporidian genera Nosema and Vairimorpha is hindered by inconsistencies in species differentiation within and between the two clades. One proposal to better delimit these genera is to restructure the Nosema around a “True Nosema” clade, consisting of species that share a characteristic reversed ribosomal DNA operon arrangement and small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA sequences similar to that of the Nosema type species, N. bombycis. Using this framework, we assess two distinct microsporidia recovered from the forest insect Bruce spanworm (Operophtera bruceata) by sequencing their SSU and internal transcribed spacer regions. Phylogenetic analyses place one of our isolates within the proposed True Nosema clade close to N. furnacalis and place the other in the broader Nosema/Vairimorpha clade close to N. thomsoni. We found that 25% of Bruce spanworm cadavers collected over the four‐year study period were infected with microsporidia, but no infections were detected in cadavers of the Bruce spanworm's invasive congener, the winter moth (O. brumata), collected over the same period. We comment on these findings as they relate to the population dynamics of the Bruce spanworm‐winter moth system in this region, and more broadly, on the value of ribosomal DNA operon arrangement in Nosema systematics.
Integrated Memory Care Clinic: Design, Implementation, and Initial Results
Authors: Clevenger Carolyn K. , Cellar Janet , Kovaleva Mariya , Medders Laura , Hepburn Kenneth 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe Integrated Memory Care Clinic (IMCC) is a patient‐centered medical home as defined by the National Committee for Quality Assurance directed by advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) caring for persons living with dementia (PLWD); physicians provide specialty consultation but do not direct care or care planning. The IMCC incorporates geriatric nursing, social work, and APRNs from neurology, gerontology, palliative care, and geriatric psychiatry. APRNs provide comprehensive, coordinated primary care for dementia, other chronic conditions, and minor acute illnesses. Partnering with PLWD and families and taking a palliative‐oriented, dementia‐informed medical home approach, the IMCC aims to reduce dementia burden. This study describes the first 12 months of IMCC's operation with 139 enrolled PLWD‐caregiver dyads. All patients have a diagnosis of dementia or mild cognitive impairment; most have Alzheimer's disease (53.2%). Patients have an average of 5.8 medical conditions and 6.9 prescriptions; 38.1% have an advanced directive, a medical power of attorney, or a living will. Mean age is 78.6, 63.3% are female, and 30.9% are African American. Mean Montreal Cognitive Assessment score is 12.6. Most require assistance in activities of daily living. Many display neuropsychiatric symptoms. The most prevalent comorbidities are hypertension, dyslipidemia, and depression. The rate of ambulatory‐sensitive hospitalizations declined from 6.7% in December 2015 to less than 1% in May 2016. Caregivers were highly satisfied. We observed nonsignificant improvements in neuropsychiatric symptom severity (p=.07), caregiver distress (p=.69), and caregiver competence (p=.18). IMCC is a novel care model for PLWD and their caregivers and may be a more sustainable model than traditional primary care for this growing vulnerable population. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2401–2407, 2018.
Rest‐Activity Rhythms and Cognitive Decline in Older Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study
Authors: Rogers‐Soeder Tara S. , Blackwell Terri , Yaffe Kristine , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Redline Susan , Cauley Jane A. , Ensrud Kristine E. , Paudel Misti , Barrett‐Connor Elizabeth , LeBlanc Erin , Stone Katie , Lane Nancy E. , Tranah Greg ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Research Group
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo examine rest–activity circadian rhythm (RAR) and cognitive decline in older men.DesignLongitudinal.SettingOsteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) and ancillary Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Men (MrOS Sleep) studies.ParticipantsMrOS and MrOS Sleep participants (N=2,754; mean age 76.0 ± 5.3).MeasurementsThe Modified Mini‐Mental State examination (3MS) was used to assess cognition at baseline (2003–05) and follow‐up examinations (2005–06 and 2007–09). Wrist actigraphy was used to measure 24‐hour activity counts at baseline. RAR variables included amplitude (strength of activity rhythm), mesor (mean activity level), pseudo F‐statistic (overall circadian rhythm robustness), and acrophase (time of daily peak activity).ResultsAfter an average of 3.4 ± 0.5 years, men with lower amplitudes, mesors, and pseudo F‐statistics had greater decline in 3MS performance (amplitude: –0.7 points Q1 vs –0.5 points Q4, p<.001; mesor: –0.5 points Q1 vs –0.2 points Q4, p=.01; pseudo F‐statistic: –0.5 points Q1 vs –0.3 points Q4, p<.001). Lower amplitudes and pseudo‐F statistics were associated with greater odds of clinically significant cognitive decline (≥5‐point decrease) (amplitude Q1 vs. Q4: odds ratio (OR)=1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.0–1.9; pseudo‐F statistic Q1 vs Q4: OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.0–1.9). Men with phase‐advanced acrophase had greater odds of clinically significant cognitive decline (OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.2–2.8). Results were adjusted for multiple confounders.ConclusionSeveral parameters of disrupted RAR (lower amplitude, pseudo F‐statistic, mesor, phase‐advanced acrophase) were associated with greater cognitive decline in older community‐dwelling men. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that altered RARs are associated with cognitive decline in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2136–2143, 2018.
Antifungal and cytotoxicity activities of Banisteriopsis argyrophylla leaves
Authors: Oliveira Daiane M , Silva Tomás F R , Martins Mário M , de Morais Sérgio A L , Chang Roberto , de Aquino Francisco J T , da Silva Claudio V , Teixeira Thaise L , Martins Carlos H G , Moraes Thaís S , Cunha Luís C S , Pivatto Marcos , de Oliveira Alberto 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Objectives
This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal and cytotoxic activity of the EtOH extract and fractions of Banisteriopsis argyrophylla leaves, and to perform the identification of these bioactive metabolites.

Methods
The EtOAc fraction (EAF) obtained from the ethanolic extract of B. argyrophylla leaves showed better antifungal potential against Candida spp. In this fraction, ten flavonoids have been identified by UHPLC-ESI-MSn. Then, EAF was submitted to column chromatography to give four new fractions (A1–A4). The cytotoxicity was determined against Vero cells.

Key findings
The EAF showed better antifungal potential against Candida spp. with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 31.25 and 93.75 μg/ml. The (–)-catechin (fraction A1) showed a MIC of 2.83 μg/ml against Candida glabrata. Fractions A2, A3 and A4 were rich in quercetins and kaempferols and showed good inhibitory concentrations (5.86–46.87 μg/ml) against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis.

Conclusions
The EtOH extract, fractions and the isolated (–)-catechin showed lower toxicity to Vero cells than cisplatin, used as a positive control. Thus, the leaves of B. argyrophylla are a promising source of antifungal agents.
Sudden infant death and social justice: A syndemics approach
Authors: Bartick Melissa , Tomori Cecília 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSudden unexpected infant death (SUID) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) prevention has focused on modifying individual behavioural risk factors, especially bedsharing. Yet these deaths are most common among poor and marginalized people in wealthy countries, including U.S. Blacks, American Indians/Alaskan Natives, New Zealand Māori, Australian Aborigines, indigenous Canadians, and low‐income British people. The United States now has the world's highest prevalence of SUID/SIDS, where even Whites' SIDS prevalence now approaches that of the Māori. Using public databases and the literature, we examine SUID/SIDS prevalence and the following risk factors in selected world populations: maternal smoking, preterm birth, alcohol use, poor prenatal care, sleep position, bedsharing, and formula feeding. Our findings suggest that risk factors cluster in high‐prevalence populations, many are linked to poverty and discrimination and have independent effects on perinatal outcomes. Moreover, populations with the world's lowest rates of SUID/SIDS have low income‐inequality or high relative wealth, yet have high to moderate rates of bedsharing. Employing syndemics theory, we suggest that disproportionately high prevalence of SUID/SIDS is primarily the result of socially driven, co‐occurring epidemics that may act synergistically to amplify risk. SUID must be examined through the lens of structural inequity and the legacy of historical trauma. Emphasis on bedsharing may divert attention from risk reduction from structural interventions, breastfeeding, prenatal care, and tobacco cessation. Medical organizations play an important role in advocating for policies that address the root causes of infant mortality via poverty and discrimination interventions, tobacco control, and culturally appropriate support to families.
Phosphagen kinase function in flagellated spores of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans integrates transcriptional regulation, metabolic dynamics and protein retargeting
Authors: Kagda Meenakshi S. , Vu Andrea L. , Ah‐Fong Audrey M. V. , Judelson Howard S. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryFlagellated spores play important roles in the infection of plants and animals by many eukaryotic microbes. The oomycete Phytophthora infestans, which causes potato blight, expresses two phosphagen kinases (PKs). These enzymes store energy in taurocyamine, and are hypothesized to resolve spatial and temporal imbalances between rates of ATP creation and use in zoospores. A dimeric PK is found at low levels in vegetative mycelia, but high levels in ungerminated sporangia and zoospores. In contrast, a monomeric PK protein is at similar levels in all tissues, although is transcribed primarily in mycelia. Subcellular localization studies indicate that the monomeric PK is mitochondrial. In contrast, the dimeric PK is cytoplasmic in mycelia and sporangia but is retargeted to flagellar axonemes during zoosporogenesis. This supports a model in which PKs shuttle energy from mitochondria to and through flagella. Metabolite analysis indicates that deployment of the flagellar PK is coordinated with a large increase in taurocyamine, synthesized by sporulation‐induced enzymes that were lost during the evolution of zoospore‐lacking oomycetes. Thus, PK function is enabled by coordination of the transcriptional, metabolic and protein targeting machinery during the life cycle. Since plants lack PKs, the enzymes may be useful targets for inhibitors of oomycete plant pathogens.
Fluconazole‐induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling requires phosphatidylinositol 3‐phosphate 5‐kinase in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata
Authors: Bhakt Priyanka , Shivarathri Raju , Choudhary Deepak Kumar , Borah Sapan , Kaur Rupinder 
Published: August 2018

SummaryKnown azole antifungal resistance mechanisms include mitochondrial dysfunction and overexpression of the sterol biosynthetic target enzyme and multidrug efflux pumps. Here, we identify, through a genetic screen, the vacuolar membrane‐resident phosphatidylinositol 3‐phosphate 5‐kinase (CgFab1) to be a novel determinant of azole tolerance. We demonstrate for the first time that fluconazole promotes actin cytoskeleton reorganization in the emerging, inherently less azole‐susceptible fungal pathogen Candida glabrata, and genetic or chemical perturbation of actin structures results in intracellular sterol accumulation and azole susceptibility. Further, CgFAB1 disruption impaired vacuole homeostasis and actin organization, and the F‐actin‐stabilizing compound jasplakinolide rescued azole toxicity in cytoskeleton defective‐mutants including the Cgfab1Δ mutant. In vitro assays revealed that the actin depolymerization factor CgCof1 binds to multiple lipids including phosphatidylinositol 3,5‐bisphosphate. Consistently, CgCof1 distribution along with the actin filament‐capping protein CgCap2 was altered upon both CgFAB1 disruption and fluconazole exposure. Altogether, these data implicate CgFab1 in azole tolerance through actin network remodeling. Finally, we also show that actin polymerization inhibition rendered fluconazole fully and partially fungicidal in azole‐susceptible and azole‐resistant C. glabrata clinical isolates, respectively, thereby, underscoring the role of fluconazole‐effectuated actin remodeling in azole resistance.
Acetyl‐coenzyme A synthetase gene ChAcs1 is essential for lipid metabolism, carbon utilization and virulence of the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum
Authors: Gu Qiongnan , Yuan Qinfeng , Zhao Dian , Huang Junbin , Hsiang Tom , Wei Yangdou , Zheng Lu 
Published: August 2018

SummaryAcetyl‐coenzyme A (acetyl‐CoA) is a key molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in amino acid, protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Here, we genetically dissected the distinct roles of two acetyl‐CoA synthetase genes, ChAcs1 and ChAcs2, in the regulation of fermentation, lipid metabolism and virulence of the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum. ChAcs1 and ChAcs2 are both highly expressed during appressorial development and the formation of primary hyphae, and are constitutively expressed in the cytoplasm throughout development. We found that C. higginsianum strains without ChAcs1 were non‐viable in the presence of most non‐fermentable carbon sources, including acetate, ethanol and acetaldehyde. Deletion of ChAcs1 also led to a decrease in lipid content of mycelia and delayed lipid mobilization in conidia to developing appressoria, which suggested that ChAcs1 contributes to lipid metabolism in C. higginsianum. Furthermore, a ChAcs1 deletion mutant was defective in the switch to invasive growth, which may have been directly responsible for its reduced virulence. Transcriptomic analysis and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) revealed that ChAcs1 can affect the expression of genes involved in virulence and carbon metabolism, and that plant defence genes are up‐regulated, all demonstrated during infection by a ChAcs1 deletion mutant. In contrast, deletion of ChAcs2 only conferred a slight delay in lipid mobilization, although it was highly expressed in infection stages. Our studies provide evidence for ChAcs1 as a key regulator governing lipid metabolism, carbon source utilization and virulence of this hemibiotrophic fungus.
An evaluation of alternative explanations for widespread cytonuclear discordance in annual sunflowers (Helianthus)
Authors: Lee‐Yaw Julie A. , Grassa Christopher J. , Joly Simon , Andrew Rose L. , Rieseberg Loren H. 
Published: August 2018

Summary

Cytonuclear discordance is commonly observed in phylogenetic studies, yet few studies have tested whether these patterns reflect incomplete lineage sorting or organellar introgression.

Here, we used whole‐chloroplast sequence data in combination with over 1000 nuclear single‐nucleotide polymorphisms to clarify the extent of cytonuclear discordance in wild annual sunflowers (Helianthus), and to test alternative explanations for such discordance.

Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that cytonuclear discordance is widespread within this group, both in terms of the relationships among species and among individuals within species. Simulations of chloroplast evolution show that incomplete lineage sorting cannot explain these patterns in most cases. Instead, most of the observed discordance is better explained by cytoplasmic introgression. Molecular tests of evolution further indicate that selection may have played a role in driving patterns of plastid variation – although additional experimental work is needed to fully evaluate the importance of selection on organellar variants in different parts of the geographic range.

Overall, this study represents one of the most comprehensive tests of the drivers of cytonuclear discordance and highlights the potential for gene flow to lead to extensive organellar introgression in hybridizing taxa.