bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Instruction and Out‐of‐School Exposure to Foreign Language Input on Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge in Two Languages
Authors: Peters Elke , Noreillie Ann‐Sophie , Heylen Kris , Bulté Bram , Desmet Piet 
Published: May 2019

This cross‐sectional study investigated the impact of length of instruction, out‐of‐school exposure to foreign language input, and gender on learners’ receptive vocabulary knowledge in two foreign languages: French (first foreign language) and English (second foreign language). The findings suggest that, although length of instruction correlated positively with vocabulary knowledge in English and French, the gains remained modest when out‐of‐school exposure to the foreign language input was limited. Despite fewer years of English instruction, participants’ vocabulary knowledge in English was considerably larger than their French vocabulary knowledge, which can be explained by their large amounts of out‐of‐school exposure to English language input. Participants’ online activities in particular had a positive effect on their vocabulary knowledge in English. Although gender influenced participants’ engagement with online activities in English, gender did not have a direct effect on their vocabulary knowledge, as the structural equation modeling analysis showed.Open PracticesThis article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. The test materials are publicly accessible via the IRIS database at https://www.iris-database.org: The English VocabLab test (https://www.iris-database.org/iris/app/home/detail?id=york%3a933919) and The French VocabLab test (https://www.iris-database.Org/iris/app/home/detail?id=york%3a933777). Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Shining light on the alphaproteobacterial general stress response
Authors: Dikiy Igor , Gardner Kevin H. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe general stress response (GSR) allows many bacterial species to react to myriad different stressors. In Alphaproteobacteria, this signaling pathway proceeds through the partner‐switching PhyR‐EcfG sigma‐factor mechanism and is involved in multiple life processes, including virulence in Brucella abortus. To date, details of the alphaproteobacterial GSR signaling pathway have been determined using genetic and biochemical work on a diverse set of species distributed throughout the clade. Fiebig and co‐workers establish Erythrobacter litoralis DSM 8509 as a genetically tractable lab strain and use it to both directly and indirectly delineate photoresponsive GSR pathways mediated by multiple HWE/HisKA_2 histidine kinases. The existence of a new phototrophic lab strain allows researchers to compare the GSR across different Alphaproteobacteria, as well as study the interplay between the GSR and phototrophy. Additionally, the discovery of new HWE/HisKA_2 kinases regulating the GSR poses new questions about how different stimuli feed into this widespread stress pathway.
Down‐regulation of HTR1A‐modulated ACC activation contributes to stress‐induced visceral hyperalgesia in rats
Authors: Yi Lisha , Sun Huihui , Zhang Haiqin , Chen Ying , Zhou Lu , Xuan Liqian , Zhan Tingting , Jiang Yuanxi , Xu Shuchang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term stress was suggested to cause visceral hypersensitivity and promote functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Some brain regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may play an important role for generating visceral hypersensitivity; however, its molecular mechanisms are not clear. This study aimed to explore the role of 5‐HT1A receptors (HTR1As) in activating ACC and corresponding mechanism, in stress‐induced visceral hyperalgesia rats.MethodsThe VH rat model was established by chronic water avoidance stress (WAS), and the visceral sensitivity was measured by electromyogram. Rat's anxiety‐like behaviors were evaluated by the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM). To overexpress or down‐regulate HTR1A expression, HTR1A‐specific lentivirus expressing the green fluorescent protein was administered into the ACC. Protein expression levels were observed by Western blot.ResultsThe protein expression of HTR1A in bilateral ACC in WAS group was significantly lower than that in normal control (NC) and Sham‐WAS groups, while the levels of c‐fos in the ACC of WAS rats were significantly higher. Down‐regulation of HTR1As could induce VH in control rats with the increased expression of c‐fos, p‐ERK, and p‐Akt in ACC, while up‐regulation of HTR1As in the ACC could partly inhibit ACC sensitization and stress‐induced visceral hyperalgesia.Conclusions & InferencesDown‐regulation of HTR1As modulates ACC activation probably through activating ERK and Akt pathways, thus contributes to the formation of stress‐induced visceral hyperalgesia.
PI 3‐kinase‐ and ERK‐MAPK‐dependent mechanisms underlie Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1‐mediated activation of Sprague Dawley colonic myenteric neurons
Authors: O'Brien Rebecca , Buckley Maria M. , Kelliher Amy , O'Malley Dervla 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundGlucagon‐like peptide (GLP‐1) can modify colonic function, with beneficial effects reported in the functional bowel disorder, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS pathophysiology is characterized by hyper‐activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal stress axis and altered microbial profiles. This study aims to characterize the neuronal and functional effects of GLP‐1 in healthy rat colons to aid understanding of its beneficial effects in moderating bowel dysfunction.MethodsImmunofluorescent and calcium imaging of myenteric neurons prepared from Sprague Dawley rat colons was carried out to elucidate the neuromodulatory actions of the GLP‐1 receptor agonist, exendin‐4 (Ex‐4). Colonic contractile activity was assessed using organ bath physiological recordings.Key resultsEx‐4 induced an elevation of intracellular calcium arising from store release and influx via voltage‐gated calcium channels. Ex‐4 activated both ERK‐MAPK and PI 3‐kinase signaling cascades. Neuronal activation was found to underlie suppression of contractile activity in colonic circular muscle. Although the stress hormone, corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) potentiated the neuronal response to Ex‐4, and the functional effects of Ex‐4 on colonic circular muscle activity were not altered.Conclusions and inferencesEx‐4 evoked neurally regulated suppression of rat colonic circular muscle activity. In myenteric neurons, the neurostimulatory effects of Ex‐4 were dependent upon activation of PI 3‐kinase and ERK‐MAPK signaling cascades. No further change in circular muscle function was noted in the presence of CRF suggesting that stress does not impact on colonic function in health. Further studies in a model of IBS are needed to determine whether mechanisms are modified in the context of bowel dysfunction.
Correlation between the motility of the proximal antrum and the high‐frequency power of heart rate variability in freely moving rats
Authors: Meister Alissa L. , Jiang Yanyan , Doheny Kim K. , Travagli R. Alberto 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundCardiac vagal tone can be monitored non‐invasively via electrocardiogram measurements of the high‐frequency power spectrum of heart rate variability (HF‐HRV). Vagal inputs to the upper GI tract are cumbersome to measure non‐invasively. Although cardiac and GI vagal outputs arise from distinct brainstem nuclei, the nucleus ambiguus, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, respectively, we aim to test the hypotheses that in freely moving rats HF‐HRV power is correlated to proximal antral motility and can be altered by high levels of circulating estrogen and vagal‐selective treatments known to affect antral motility.MethodsMale and female Sprague‐Dawley rats were implanted with a miniaturized strain gauge on the proximal gastric antrum and ECG electrodes to collect simultaneous antral motility and electrocardiogram. After recovery, male rats underwent baseline recordings before and after administration of saline (N = 8), cholecystokinin (CCK; N = 7), ghrelin (N = 6), or food (N = 6). Female rats (N = 6) underwent twice‐daily recordings to determine baseline correlations during estrous cycle stages.Key ResultsThere was a significant positive correlation between HF‐HRV and proximal antral motility at baseline in males and females with low, but not high, estrogen levels. In male rats, the significant positive correlation was maintained following CCK, but not ghrelin or food administration.Conclusions and InferencesOur data suggest that in rodents, HF‐HRV positively correlates to proximal antral motility at baseline conditions in males and low‐estrogen females or following interventions, such as CCK, known to affect vagal tone. This correlation is not observed when antral motility is influenced by more complex events.
Parts greater than their sum: randomized controlled trial testing partitioned incentives to increase cancer screening
Authors: Nisa Claudia F. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Schumpe Birga M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPromoting healthy behavior is a challenge for public health officials, especially in the context of asking patients to participate in preventive cancer screenings. Small financial incentives are sometimes used, but there is a little scientific basis to support a compelling description of the best‐practice implementation of such incentives. We present a simple behavioral strategy based on mental accounting from prospect theory that maximizes the impact of incentives with no additional cost. We show how the partition of one incentive into two smaller incentives of equivalent total amount produces substantial behavioral changes, demonstrated in the context of colorectal cancer screening. In a randomized controlled trial, eligible patients aged 50−74 (n = 1652 patients) were allocated to receive either one €10 incentive (upon completion of screening) or two €5 incentives (at the beginning and at the end of screening). We show that cancer screening rates were dramatically increased by partitioning the financial incentive (61.1%), compared with a single installment at the end (41.4%). These results support the hedonic editing hypothesis from prospect theory, and underline the importance of implementing theoretically grounded healthcare interventions. Our results suggest that, when patient incentives are feasible, healthcare procedures should be framed as multistage events with smaller incentives offered at multiple points in time.
Exploring compassionate attributes and skills among individuals participating in compassion‐focused therapy for enhancing well‐being
Authors: Sommers‐Spijkerman Marion , Elfrink Teuntje R. , Drossaert Constance H. C. , Schreurs Karlein M. G. , Bohlmeijer Ernst T. 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThe conceptual approach of compassion underlying compassion‐focused therapy (CFT) is based on theoretical rather than empirical grounds. The aim of the present study was to seek empirical support for components of compassion as outlined in the theoretical model underpinningCFT, and to explore which components, if any, matter most for improving well‐being.DesignA sequential exploratory mixed methods design was employed.MethodsAlongside a randomized controlled trial (RCT), we systematically examined 625 emails sent by 87RCTparticipants to five counsellors during the course of a well‐being enhancingCFTself‐help intervention, to identify theoretically based compassionate attributes and skills. Next, in a quantitative analysis, we compared participants who did and did not show clinically relevant improvement on well‐being with regard to the occurrence of compassionate attributes and skills.ResultsAlthough the theoretical model of compassion integral toCFTwas largely supported by the emails, it was slightly simplified so as to better fit the data. The adjusted model comprises five compassionate attributes (i.e., care for well‐being, sensitivity, empathy, distress tolerance, and common humanity) and four compassionate skills (i.e., compassionate attention, reasoning, behaviour, and feeling/sensation). Three illustrative cases are presented to contribute to a better understanding of fundamental components of compassion. Quantitative analyses indicate that participants showing clinically relevant improvement on well‐being expressed significantly more compassionate feeling/sensation compared to those who did not.ConclusionsWe found preliminary evidence for the conceptualization of compassion underlyingCFT. Compassionate feeling/sensation bears particular interest when well‐being is the intended outcome ofCFT.Practitioner pointsIndividuals participating in compassion‐focused therapy for enhancing well‐being experience a wide range of compassionate attributes and skills.Compassion‐focused therapy may instigate well‐being if a client is able to experience compassionate feeling/sensation.
Immunophenotype of pediatric‐onset mastocytosis does not correlate with clinical course
Authors: Greenberger Shoshana , Landov Hagai , Confino Yitzhak , Vaknine Hananya , Avivi Camila , Baum Sharon , Barzilai Aviv 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundPediatric mastocytosis differs from adult mastocytosis in its presentation and clinical course. However, the data regarding the immunophenotypic characterization of mast cells in children are limited. Our objective was to evaluate the immunophenotype of mast cells in pediatric mastocytosis and correlate it with the clinical course.MethodsBiopsy specimens of children with cutaneous mastocytosis were retrieved from the institutions of pathology and were stained for CD25, CD2, and CD30. The percentage of mast cells and the staining intensity were correlated with the clinical data.ResultsTwenty‐five biopsy specimens were included in the study. Patients’ average age was 15.4 at presentation and 37.5 months at biopsy performance. Clinical presentations included maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis in 79% and mastocytoma in 21% of cases. CD25, CD2, and CD30 were positive in 60%, 44%, and 84% of the biopsy specimens, respectively. The staining score was significantly higher for CD30 as compared to those for CD25 and CD2 (P = 0.02). No correlation was found between the immunophenotype and the clinical form or course of disease.ConclusionsOur results confirm that CD30 is a sensitive marker for pediatric‐onset mastocytosis. Nevertheless, its expression does not correlate with clinical subtype or clinical course. The sensitivity of CD25 is higher than that of CD2 in skin lesions.
God Regulates the Church, Even If He Doesn't – Wittgensteinian Philosophy of Religion and Realism
Authors: Kroesbergen Hermen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFar from being non‐realism or antirealism, Wittgensteinian philosophy of religion shows the meaning of practices within which the whole weight is in the picture that God speaks. ‘The authority of the community of believers determines what is the word of God’ does not contradict ‘God himself determines what is the word of God.’ As is shown by an example of Peter Winch, the distinction between inside and outside perspectives on religious practices is already given in those practices themselves. Wittgensteinian philosophy of religion does justice to the independent reality of God, without the adjustments proposed by Stephen Mulhall and Andrew Moore.
Abnormal neural responses to harmonic syntactic structures in congenital amusia
Authors: Zhou Linshu , Liu Fang , Jiang Jun , Jiang Hanyuan , Jiang Cunmei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn music, harmonic syntactic structures are organized hierarchically through local and long‐distance dependencies. This study investigated whether congenital amusia, a neurodevelopmental disorder of pitch perception, is associated with impaired processing of harmonic syntactic structures. For stimuli, we used harmonic sequences containing two phrases, where the first phrase ended with a half cadence and the second with an authentic cadence. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the ending chord of the authentic cadence to be either syntactically regular or irregular based on local dependencies. Sixteen amusics and 16 controls judged the expectedness of these chords while their EEG waveforms were recorded. In comparison to the regular endings, irregular endings elicited an ERAN, an N5, and a late positive component in controls but not in amusics, indicating that amusics were impaired in processing local syntactic dependencies. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the half cadence of the harmonic sequences to either adhere to or violate long‐distance syntactic dependencies. In response to irregular harmonic sequences, an ERAN‐like component and an N5 were elicited in controls but not in amusics, suggesting that amusics were impaired in processing long‐distance syntactic dependencies. Furthermore, for controls, the neural processing of local and long‐distance syntactic dependencies was correlated at the later integration stage but not at the early detection stage. These findings indicate that amusia is associated with impairment in the detection and integration of local and long‐distance syntactic violations. The implications of these findings in terms of hierarchical music‐syntactic processing are discussed.
The Babylonian Talmud in its cultural context
Authors: Goldstone Matthew 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Babylonian Talmud is a foundational work for the development of Jewish law and a centerpiece for the study of rabbinic literature. One of the fastest growing trends in the academic study of the Talmud is the contextualization of this text against the background of Greco–Roman, Sasaniageneration of Talmudic studiesn Persian, and Zoroastrian, as well as Syriac and Christian works. This article surveys the history of the study of the Babylonian Talmud in light of a variety of cultural contexts and provides a close look at some of the major products of this line of research.
Intraoperative and major postoperative complications and survival of dogs undergoing surgical management of epiglottic retroversion: 50 dogs (2003‐2017)
Authors: Mullins Ronan A. , Stanley Bryden J. , Flanders James A. , López Pablo Pérez , Collivignarelli Francesco , Doyle Ronan S. , Schuenemann Riccarda , Oechtering Gerhard , Steffey Michele A. , Lipscomb Victoria J. , Hardie Robert J. , Kirby Barbara M. , McAlinden Aidan B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo report intraoperative and major postoperative complications in dogs treated surgically for epiglottic retroversion (ER), compare the incidence of major postoperative complications between procedures, and report survival of surgically treated dogs.Study designMulti‐institutional retrospective study.Sample populationFifty dogs treated with 78 procedures.MethodsMedical records of dogs diagnosed and surgically treated for ER from 2003 to 2017 at 11 institutions were reviewed. Complications were divided into intraoperative and major postoperative complications.ResultsIntraoperative complications occurred during 2 of 78 (2.6%) procedures. Thirty‐six major postoperative complications were documented in 22 dogs after 36 of 74 (48.7%) procedures. Postoperative complications occurred after 7 of 12 (58.3%) nonincisional epiglottopexy, 23 of 43 (53.5%) incisional epiglottopexy, 2 of 4 (50%) partial epiglottectomy, 2 of 12 (16.7%) subtotal epiglottectomy, and 2 of 3 (66.7%) other surgical procedures. Epiglottopexy failure was the most common major postoperative complication. The incidence of major postoperative complications did not differ between procedures (P = .1239), although, when combined, epiglottopexy procedures (30/55) had a higher incidence of complications than epiglottectomy procedures (4/16; P = .048). Thirty (60%) dogs were alive at a median of 928 days (range, 114‐2805), 8 (16%) were lost to follow‐up after 411 days (range, 43‐1158), and 12 (24%) were dead/euthanized after 301.5 days (range, 3‐1212). Median survival time was not reached after a median of 716 days.ConclusionAlthough intraoperative complications were uncommon, major postoperative complications were common, especially after epiglottopexy procedures.Clinical significanceAlthough surgical treatment of ER is associated with a high rate of major postoperative complications, especially epiglottopexy procedures, long‐term survival can be achieved.
Feasibility of open‐chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation through a transdiaphragmatic approach in dogs
Authors: Jack Malcolm W. , Wierenga Janelle R. , Bridges Janis P. , Baltzer Wendy I. , Crosse Katherine R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe and evaluate the feasibility of a transdiaphragmatic (TD) approach for open‐chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OCCPR) as an alternative to a traditional lateral thoracotomy (LT) in a canine cadaver model.Study designRandomized noninferiority ex vivo study.AnimalsFourteen canine cadavers weighing 17.4–30.2 kg.MethodsAn LT and a TD approach to the heart were performed in each cadaver. The order of procedures as well as an assignment to specific operators were randomized before starting the study. Data recorded included the time between incision and initiation of cardiac compressions; time between initiation of the first suture placement and closure of the intrapleural space; time between initiation of the first suture placement and final skin suture; trauma to pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic and neurovascular structures; distance between the caval foramen and diaphragmatic incision; the intercostal space entered during LT; and appropriate closure.ResultsThe mean time between incision and initiation of cardiac compressions for the TD approach (85 ± 35 seconds) was noninferior to the LT (84 ± 28 seconds). The pleural space was closed faster after the TD approach (531 ± 276 seconds) than after the lateral approach (817 ± 294 seconds, P = .03). Total duration of closure did not differ between techniques (P = .11). There was no difference between the complication rates of each approach.ConclusionThe TD approach did not prolong the procedure or increase the complication rate compared with an LT.Clinical significanceThis study provides evidence to support additional investigation of the TD approach for OCCPR to determine its efficacy and safety in live animals.
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of
Listeria monocytogenes
Infection
Authors: Schlech Walter F. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium which can be found in soil or water. Infection with the organism can develop after ingestion of contaminated food products. Small and large outbreaks of listeriosis have been described. Listeria monocytogenes can cause a number of clinical syndromes, most frequently sepsis, meningitis, and rhombencephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. The latter syndrome mimics the veterinary infection in ruminants called “circling disease”. Neonatal infection can occur as a result of maternal chorioamnionitis (“early onset” sepsis) or through passage through a birth canal colonized with Listeria from the gastrointestinal tract. (“late onset” meningitis). Treatment of listeriosis is usually with a combination of ampicillin and an aminoglycoside but other regimens have been used. The mortality rate is high, reflecting the combination of an immunocompromised host and an often delayed diagnosis.