bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformation of rice bran into single‐cell protein, extracted protein, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, and minerals
Authors: Pruksasri Suwattana , Wollinger Kristoffer Kurt , Novalin Senad 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt is evident that, during the conversion of agricultural sidestreams into valuable substances, a complete utilization is necessary for economic reasons. The present study investigated the transformation of defatted rice bran into proteins (single cell and extracted protein), soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, and minerals.RESULTSIn a process chain, starch/glucose was enzymatically extracted and converted into single cell protein (Chlorella sorokiniana). Then, rice bran proteins were extracted and partially precipitated. The remaining liquid was ultrafiltered (3 kDa) to obtain a further protein fraction and minerals. The protein fraction contained a considerable amount of soluble dietary fiber. With these steps, around 69% of the rice bran was transformed, resulting in three protein fractions with an average purity of approximately 45% and minerals with a purity of approximately 63%. In a subsequent process, the remaining cake was disintegrated at 95 °C and pH 2. A further 12% of the rice bran could be liquefied. After centrifugation, the supernatant was subjected to ultrafiltration (3 kDa) to obtain soluble dietary fiber in the retentate and minerals in the permeate. However, only around 2% of the rice bran was converted into soluble dietary fiber, whereas the remainder comprised a mixture of minerals and monomeric sugars.CONCLUSIONThe process chain can be rearranged and optimized especially to increase the output of soluble dietary fiber and proteins as a result of using the digested monomeric sugars for algae cultivation. At the end of the process, 18% of rice bran remained as an insoluble dietary fiber fraction. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Targeted metabolite profiling to gain chemometric insight into Indian pomegranate cultivars and elite germplasm
Authors: Singh Sukhvinder Pal , Pal Ram Krishna , Saini Manpreet Kaur , Singh Jagdeep , Gaikwad Nilesh , Parashuram Shilpa , Kaur Charanjit 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDPomegranate fruit is an excellent source of bioactive polyphenolics, known to contribute significantly to human health. India is the largest producer of pomegranate in the world and produces the finest quality fruit with highly desirable consumer traits such as soft seeds, low acidity, and attractive fruit and aril color. Knowledge of the extent of variation in key metabolites (sugars, organic acids, phenolics, and anthocyanins) is key to selecting superior genotypes for germplasm improvement. Relevant information with respect to Indian genotypes is scarce. The present study therefore aims to evaluate quantitatively important metabolites in some cultivars and elite germplasm of pomegranate in India.RESULTSIdentification and quantification of primary and secondary metabolites such as sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, polyphenolics, and anthocyanins were conducted using a liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC–MS) platform. Fructose and citric acid were the predominant sugar and organic acid, respectively. Wild genotypes had significantly higher concentrations of organic acids, antioxidant activity, and phenolics, namely punicalagin, ellagic acid, sinapic, and ferulic acid.CONCLUSIONCyanidin and delphinidin derivatives of anthocyanins were more abundant in red aril commercial genotypes. Results suggest that wild‐sour accessions represent a rich source of polyphenolics that can be utilized in future breeding programs to breed healthier varieties, food supplements, and pharmaceutical products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Matrix solid‐phase dispersion coupled with hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction for determination of triazine herbicides in peanuts
Authors: Piao Huilan , Jiang Yanxiao , Li Xinpei , Ma Pinyi , Wang Xinghua , Song Daqian , Sun Ying 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTwo extraction procedures, matrix solid‐phase dispersion and hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction, were combined and applied to determine triazine herbicides in peanut samples. The results showed that the established method has high extraction efficiency and could greatly eliminate the interferences from complex matrix samples. A series of important experimental parameters were all investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the developed method has the limits of detection for triazine herbicides in the range of 0.05 to 1.71 μg/kg. Moreover, it has the recovery in the range of 80.4–120.0% with relative standard deviations of equal or lower than 8.9%. The established method may have a great potential in separation, enrichment, and purification of triazines from complex fatty solid samples.
Technical solutions for the safe utilization of heavy metal‐contaminated farmland in China: A critical review
Authors: Li Xiaofang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChina is suffering from farmland heavy metal pollution. Different strategies have been explored in the past decades to address the problem, mainly metal removal, substitute planting, and safe farming. Safe farming aims to produce metal‐safe food crops in heavy metal‐polluted farmland without purposefully removing the excess metals. Safe farming was intended to address the soil‐borne food heavy metal issue and has been advocated as a priority solution for farmland pollution by the government. Many conventional and novel technologies have been tested for safe farming in recent years. Although most reduced heavy metals in grains, none of the technologies alone were found to be sufficient in field practice to meet national food standards. The current best practice is recognized as the combination of several agronomic measures, including pollution‐safe cultivars, optimal water management, liming, and conventional metal immobilizers. Unfortunately, field trials have not achieved a robust technical framework effective for farmland with different soil properties and climatic conditions. We propose that a practical technical framework may be biotechnology centered with a minimal use of chemical immobilizers, particularly liming and phosphate minerals. Foliar sprays and microbial biosorbents seem promising for safe farming. A biotechnology‐centered framework may largely simplify the field practice of safe farming and is more acceptable to governments and farmers.
Gender and land degradation neutrality: A cross‐country analysis to support more equitable practices
Authors: Okpara Uche T. , Stringer Lindsay C. , Akhtar‐Schuster Mariam 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWomen and men have unequal opportunities to address land degradation. Although adoption of Sustainable Development Goal target 15.3 leads the world to “strive towards land degradation neutrality (LDN)” by 2030, gender concerns are sparsely considered in LDN programming to date. To achieve LDN in regions with deeply entrenched sociocultural norms requires gender responsiveness, accounting for the varied gender components of land degradation. This paper identifies innovative entry points for, and benefits of, integrating gender issues into LDN, as well as the risks of gender inaction. Assessment of the literature on the links between gender and land reveals land degradation is gendered and closely tied to gender biases in land rights, access to resources and incentives, opportunities to participate in decision making, and the distribution of costs/benefits of projects targeting land improvement. Analysis of selected LDN‐related projects shows that interventions seem to target gender biases by engaging: women's groups that are locally recognised as change agents in driving inclusiveness and gender specialists to coordinate gender mainstreaming activities. Entry points for gender‐responsive LDN are identified, including interventions that merge LDN gender plans with existing gender schemes at local and global levels, enable gender‐sensitive early warning systems, and narrow gender disparities and safeguard women's land rights through gender‐sensitive LDN financing mechanisms. Gender‐responsive LDN is one of several avenues to support growing international efforts to promote gender equality and female empowerment, alongside movement towards a future where more balanced relations ensure women and men can interact with and care for land in more equitable and nonhierarchical ways.
Optimal Biliary Drainage for Patients With Biliary Anastomotic Strictures After Right Lobe Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: You Min Su , Paik Woo Hyun , Choi Young Hoon , Shin Bang‐sup , Lee Sang Hyub , Ryu Ji Kon , Kim Yong‐Tae , Suh Kyung‐Suk , Lee Kwang‐Woong , Yi Nam‐Joon , Hong Suk Kyun 
Published: April 2019

Right lobe (RL) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) usually includes 2 bile duct anastomosis sites, namely, the right anterior and the right posterior segmental ducts. This study aimed to evaluate the optimal treatment for biliary strictures following RL LDLT with respect to unilateral or bilateral drainage techniques. From January 2005 to December 2017, 883 patients at Seoul National University Hospital underwent RL LDLT. Of these, 110 patients were enrolled who had 2 duct‐to‐duct anastomosis sites and who were considered at risk of developing biliary anastomotic strictures. Unilateral or bilateral biliary drainage during the follow‐up period was identified by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and/or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD). The clinical success, complication, and 180‐day mortality rates were compared between the unilateral and bilateral biliary drainage groups according to the initial ERCP findings. The mean age at the time of LDLT was 54.2 ± 8.2 years. The median time from LDLT to initial biliary anastomotic strictures was 177 (interquartile range, 18‐1085) days. At the initial ERCP, unilateral drainage was performed in 55 (50.0%) patients, and bilateral drainage was performed in 11 (10.0%) patients. Of the patients who underwent unilateral drainage, 35 (63.6%) patients required conversion to bilateral drainage during follow‐up. Overall, 71 (64.5%) patients required bilateral drainage more than once, whereas only 27 (24.5%) patients reached a resolution with unilateral biliary drainage. In this study, most patients required bilateral biliary drainage more than once during follow‐up. An active attempt should be made to drain bilaterally in patients with biliary anastomotic strictures following RL LDLT.
Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Target the Enteroendocrine System in Cafeteria‐Diet‐Fed Rats
Authors: Ginés Iris , Gil‐Cardoso Katherine , Terra Ximena , Blay MTeresa , Pérez‐Vendrell Anna Maria , Pinent Montserrat , Ardévol Anna 
Published: April 2019

ScopeThe effects on the enteroendocrine system of three different grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) treatments are analyzed in rats on a cafeteria diet for 17 weeks.Methods and resultsGSPE is administered in a corrective manner (15 last days of the cafeteria diet) at two doses, 100 and 500 mg GSPE per kg bw. A third, longer treatment in which GSPE (500 mg kg–1 bw) is administered daily every other week during the 17 weeks of the cafeteria diet is also tested. Most GSPE treatments lead to ghrelin accumulation in the stomach, limited CCK secretion in the duodenum, and increased GLP‐1 and PYY mRNA in colon. GSPE also increases cecal hypertrophy and reduces butyrate content. When the treatment is administered daily every other week during 17 weeks, there is also an increase in colon size. These effects are accompanied by a reduced food intake at the end of the experiment when GSPE is administered at 500 mg GSPE kg–1 during the last 15 days, but not on the other treatments, despite an observed reduction in body weight in the longer treatment.ConclusionGSPE modulates the enteroendocrine system in models in which it also reduces food intake or body weight.
Design of phase matching chessboard‐like electromagnetic metasurfaces for wideband radar cross section reduction
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Shen Rongbo , Li Fengxia , Zhou Yang , Zhang Li , Weng Xiaolong , Lu Haipeng , Xie Jianliang , Deng Longjiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this article, a chessboard‐like electromagnetic metasurfaces which can realize the polarization compensation and cancellation of the reflection beam in microwave region is designed and realized for wideband radar cross section (RCS) reduction. The chessboard‐like electromagnetic metasurfaces are composed of a square annular artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) combination with the Jerusalem cross AMC. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the chessboard‐like electromagnetic metasurfaces exhibit significantly RCS reduction over −10 dB in the frequency bandwidths 6.16‐18 GHz, and two RCS reduction peaks at 7.0 and 12.0 GHz in the considering frequency ranges for the normal incidence of an electromagnetic wave. The physical mechanisms of the RCS reduction peaks can be elucidated by the phase matching technology similar to the impedance matching technology applied to radar absorbing materials (RAMs). The basic physical property implies that RCS reduction based on the composite AMC metasurfaces can be improved greatly by introducing as many phase matching points as possible in the functional frequency bands. Considered that the phase matching is a necessary condition rather than a sufficient condition for RCS reduction of the chessboard‐like AMCs structures, other physical mechanisms of RCS reduction are also discussed by far field distribution, near field distribution and the properties of mono‐static RCS reduction.
Cherenkov‐excited luminescence scanned imaging using scanned beam differencing and iterative deconvolution in dynamic plan radiation delivery in a human breast phantom geometry
Authors: Jia Mengyu Jeremy , Bruza Petr , Andreozzi Jacqueline M. , Jarvis Lesley A. , Gladstone David J. , Pogue Brian W. 
Published: April 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to demonstrate high resolution optical luminescence sensing, referred to as Cherenkov excited luminescence scanning imaging (CELSI), could be achieved during a standard dynamic treatment plan for a whole breast radiotherapy geometry.MethodsThe treatment plan beams induce Cherenkov light within tissue, and this excitation projects through the beam trajectory across the medium, inducing luminescence where there can be molecular reporter. Broad beams generally produce higher signal but low spatial resolution, yet for dynamic plans the scanning of the multileaf collimator allows for a beam‐narrowing strategy by recursively temporal differencing each of the Cherenkov images and associated luminescence images. Then reconstruction from each of these size‐reduced beamlets defined by the differenced Cherenkov images provides a well‐conditioned matrix inversion, where the spatial frequencies are limited by the higher signal‐to‐noise ratio beamlets. A built‐in stepwise convergence relies on stepwise beam size reduction, which is associated with a widening of the bandwidth of Cherenkov spatial frequency and resultant increase in spatial resolution. For the phantom experiments, europium nanoparticles were used as luminescent probes and embedded at depths ranging from 3 to 8 mm. An intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan was used to test this.ResultsThe Cherenkov images spatially guided where the luminescence was measured from, providing high lateral resolution, and iterative reconstruction convergence showed that optimization of the initial and stopping beamlet widths could be achieved with 15 and 4.5 mm, respectively, using a luminescence imaging frame rate of 5/s. With the IMRT breast plan, the original lateral resolution was improved 2X, that is, 0.08–0.24 mm for target depths of 3–8 mm. In comparison, a dynamic wedge (DW) plan showed an inferior image fidelity, with relative contrast recovery decreasing from 0.86 to 0.79. The methodology was applied to a three‐dimensional dataset to reconstruct Cherenkov excited luminescence intensity distributions showing volumetric recovery of a 0.5 mm diameter object composed of 0.5 μM luminescent microbeads.ConclusionsHigh resolution CELSI was achieved with a clinical breast external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plan. It is anticipated that this method can allow visualization and localization for luminescence/fluorescence tagged vasculature, lymph nodes, or superficial tagged regions with most dynamic treatment plans.
Rapid Recolonization and Life History Responses of Bull Trout Following Dam Removal in Washington's Elwha River
Authors: Brenkman Samuel J. , Peters Roger J. , Tabor Roger A. , Geffre Joshua J. , Sutton Kathryn T. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Connected river systems confer advantages upon migratory salmonids by facilitating greater life history expression and, ultimately, population persistence. In Washington's Elwha River, two impassable, century-old hydroelectric dams were removed in the world's largest dam removal project. Dam removal restored access to 130 km of habitat and reconnected headwater, estuarine, and marine areas. We used multi-year radiotelemetry data to characterize migratory patterns of federally threatened Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus after dam removal. Bull Trout rapidly responded to barrier removal and were the first among the Pacific salmonids to move into the newly accessible headwaters. Spatial extent and mean distance traveled upriver increased annually, and adults reached the headwaters (64 km) within 3 years of dam removal. Telemetry data revealed that Bull Trout migrated between the river and its estuary (up to 168 km), and spawning migrations occurred in consecutive years. Relocations of Bull Trout in the tidal zone and the presence of bright, silvery colored adults were indicative of marine residence. Length at age of Bull Trout significantly increased after dam removal, and fish captured before and after dam removal were larger at similar ages in comparison with migratory populations throughout their range. We described the diet of Bull Trout captured in the river and estuary after dam removal. Bull Trout primarily consumed Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp., Threespine Sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, and sculpins Cottus spp., and the prevalence of sculpins in their diet decreased from the estuary to upstream areas. As the length of Bull Trout increased, they progressively consumed larger prey items. In this historic dam removal project, Bull Trout were early and rapid recolonizers and displayed migrations throughout the reconnected river and its estuary. This study is among the first to evaluate Bull Trout responses to dam removal and establishes a baseline to assess future recovery of this threatened species in the Elwha River.
Field validation of water‐pipe leakage detection through spatial and time‐lapse analysis of GPR wave velocity
Authors: Cheung Bella Wei‐Yat , Lai Wallace Wai‐Lok 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTDetection of leakage in a buried water pipe is a crucial issue, as underground pipes become aged and these pipes are often used as pathways for aggressive chemical agents. Non‐destructive geophysical methods for identifying such underground leakages are of vital importance. Leakage detection in buried water pipes is sometimes carried out through specific acoustic methods. In this research, we have used ground‐penetrating radar as an alternative to such acoustic methods, because of the high sensitivity of electromagnetic waves to the presence of water in soil. This paper presents a methodology, illustrated by field‐scale ground‐penetrating radar experiments. Four water leakage points in a buried, ductile, iron, main‐water pipe were pre‐designed within a full‐scale (20 m long × 10 m wide) experimental set up. This facility was paved half by reinforced concrete and half by other pavement blocks. Four ground‐penetrating radar antennae with five nominal frequencies 200, 250, 400, 600 and 900 MHz were tested. Using a modified algorithm for common offset ground‐penetrating radar antennae, in this work, we measure the changes in electromagnetic wave velocity and wave reverberation, which sense upward and downward leakages, respectively. Leakages could be identified most clearly in the 600 MHz ground‐penetrating radar data. Our result suggests two potential applications in terms of detecting and defining the extent of multiple leakages in old water pipes, and testing and commissioning new pipes before and after pressurized tests.
Potential clinical benefits and limitations of fetal virtopsy using high‐field MRI at 7 Tesla versus stereomicroscopic autopsy to assess first trimester fetuses
Authors: Staicu Adelina , Albu Camelia , Popa‐Stanila Roxana , Chiriac Liviu , Boitor‐Borza Dan , Bondor Cosmina , Kovacs Tunde , Caracostea Gabriela , Rotar Ioana Cristina , Turcu R.V. Flaviu , Simon Simion , Muresan Daniel , Stamatian Florin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to establish the diagnostic accuracy of high‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 Tesla (T) compared with that of stereomicroscopic autopsy for assessing first trimester fetuses.MethodsNine consecutive cases of first trimester fetuses resulting from spontaneous and therapeutic pregnancy termination were considered. The cases were divided into two groups according to gestational age: the Embryo Group with cases of nine to 10 gestational weeks (GWs) and the Fetus Group with cases of 13 GWs. The first group was scanned using three‐dimensional fast imaging with steady state precession (3D FISP), and the second group was scanned using a two‐dimensional (2D) turbo spin‐echo high‐resolution T2‐weighted imaging (T2 WI) protocol. A radiologist and two embryologists interpreted the images. All cases were evaluated by invasive autopsy, with pathologist blinded to the imaging results. In total, the database included 270 items for evaluation (9 cases × 30 structures/case).ResultsThe global agreement between fetal high‐field virtopsy and microscopic or stereomicroscopic autopsy was evaluated using 225 evaluation items visible by both methods. Overall, using microscopic examination and stereomicroscopic autopsy as the gold standard, fetal high‐field virtopsy had a sensitivity of 94.6% [95% CI, 87.2‐98.3] and a specificity of 97.6% [95% CI, 95‐98.8]. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 93% [95% CI, 85.7‐96.6], and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 98.2% [95% CI, 95.7‐99.4]. Cohen kappa coefficient of agreement was k = 0.92 [95% CI, 0.82‐0.97], and the McNemar test showed p = 1.00.ConclusionsVirtual autopsy using high‐field MRI at 7 T can be considered a safe alternative approach to stereomicroscopic autopsy for the assessment of fetal structural anomalies at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy.