bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative assessment of the high-light tolerance in plants with an impaired photosystem II donor side
Authors: Wilson Sam , Ruban Alexander V. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Photoinhibition is the light-induced down-regulation of photosynthetic efficiency, the primary target of which is photosystem II (PSII). Currently, there is no clear consensus on the exact mechanism of this process. However, it is clear that inhibition can occur through limitations on both the acceptor- and donor side of PSII. The former mechanism is caused by electron transport limitations at the PSII acceptor side. Whilst, the latter mechanism relies on the disruption of the oxygen-evolving complex. Both of these mechanisms damage the PSII reaction centre (RC). Using a novel chlorophyll fluorescence methodology, RC photoinactivation can be sensitively measured and quantified alongside photoprotection in vivo. This is achieved through estimation of the redox state of QA, using the parameter of photochemical quenching in the dark (qPd). This study shows that through the use of PSII donor-side inhibitors, such as UV-B and Cd2+, there is a steeper gradient of photoinactivation in the systems with a weakened donor side, independent of the level of NPQ attained. This is coupled with a concomitant decline in the light tolerance of PSII. The native light tolerance is partially restored upon the use of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC), a PSII electron donor, allowing for the balance between the inhibitory pathways to be sensitively quantified. Thus, this study confirms that the impact of donor-side inhibition can be detected alongside acceptor-side photoinhibition using the qPd parameter and confirms qPd as a valid, sensitive and unambiguous parameter to sensitively quantify the onset of photoinhibition through both acceptor- or donor-side mechanisms.
Praesepe (NGC 2632) and its tidal tails
Authors: Röser Siegfried , Schilbach Elena 
Published: April 2019

Aims. Within a 400 pc sphere around the Sun, we search for Praesepe’s tidal tails in the Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) data set.
Methods. We used a modified convergent-point method to find stars with space velocities close to the space velocity of the Praesepe cluster.
Results. We find a clear indication for the existence of Praesepe’s tidal tails, both extending up to 165 pc from the centre of the cluster. A total of 1393 stars populate the cluster and its tails, giving a total mass of 794 M⊙. We determined a tidal radius of 10.77 pc for the cluster and a tidal mass of 483 M⊙. The corresponding half-mass radius is 4.8 pc. We also found a clear indication for mass segregation in the cluster. The tidal tails outside 2 tidal radii are populated by 389 stars. The total contamination of our sample by field stars lies between 50 and 100 stars or 3.6–7.2%. We used an astrometrically and photometrically clean subsample of Gaia DR2, which makes our Praesepe sample incomplete beyond MG ≈ 12.0 mag; this corresponds to about 0.25 M⊙. A comparison with an N-body model of the cluster and its tails shows remarkably good coincidence. Three new white dwarfs are found in the tails.
Patient Satisfaction with General versus Local Anesthesia during Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Mracek Jan , Kletecka Jakub , Holeckova Irena , Dostal Jiri , Mrackova Jolana , Mork Jan , Priban Vladimir 
Published: April 2019

Background and Study Aims Both general and local anesthesia are used in our department for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The decision as to which anesthetic technique to use during surgery is made individually. The aim of our study was to evaluate patient satisfaction and preference with the anesthesia type used.
Material and Methods The satisfaction of a group of 205 patients with regard to anesthesia used and their future preferences were evaluated prospectively through a questionnaire. The reasons for dissatisfaction were assessed.
Results CEA was performed under general anesthesia (GA) in 159 cases (77.6%) and under local anesthesia (LA) in 46 cases (22.4%). In the GA group, 148 patients (93.1%) were satisfied; 30 patients (65.2%) in the LA group were satisfied (p < 0.0001). The reason for dissatisfaction with GA were postoperative nausea and vomiting (7 patients), postoperative psychological alteration (3), and fear of GA (1). The reasons for dissatisfaction with LA were intraoperative pain (9 patients), intraoperative discomfort and stress (5), and intraoperative breathing problems (2). Of the GA group, 154 (96.9%) patients would prefer GA again, and of the LA group, 28 (60.9%) patients would prefer LA if operated on again (p < 0.0001). Overall, 172 patients (83.9%) would prefer GA in the future, and 33 patients (16.1%) would prefer LA.
Conclusion Overall patient satisfaction with CEA performed under both GA and LA is high. Nevertheless, in the GA group, patient satisfaction and future preference were significantly higher. Both GA and LA have advantages and disadvantages for CEA. An optimal approach is to make use of both anesthetic techniques based on their individual indications and patient preference.
A new look at the question of the bilingual advantage
Authors: Dash Tanya , Berroir Pierre , Ghazi-Saidi Ladan , Adrover-Roig Daniel , Ansaldo Ana Inés 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBilingualism has been associated with age-related cognitive advantage. It is important to study cognitive control mechanisms to better understand this phenomenon. We sought to examine proactive and reactive control, as measured by fast and slow responses, respectively. The neural underpinnings of these modes of control were studied in rigorously matched elderly monolinguals and bilinguals, using fMRI performance on a Simon task. The results indicate that bilinguals performed efficiently in proactive mode, as more activation and connectivity were observed in the monolinguals. On the other hand, the monolinguals functioned more efficiently in reactive mode, recruiting fewer brain areas than the bilinguals. These results suggest that bilinguals’ function effortlessly and economically in proactive mode, which is preserved through lifelong use of languages, whereas monolinguals are efficient in reactive mode, which they use more often as a consequence of aging. Thus, frequent use in daily life contributes to efficient functioning in the respective mode of control.
Oil production, environmental pressures and other sources of violent conflict in Nigeria
Authors: Udoh Isidore 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
Globally, environmental overexploitation and degradation constitute both threats to human development and sources of tension and conflicts. In Nigeria, the degradation of the Niger Delta environment by oil production has exacerbated long-standing grievances among communities competing for scarce resources. This article seeks to examine the theoretical and existential explanations for the mobilisation by groups from Nigeria’s oil-producing communities to pursue armed struggle in engaging with the Nigerian state and multinational oil companies. Using 10 focus groups with 85 participants, the author tests the argument that violent conflicts in the Niger Delta are related to the negative pressures placed on the environment and communities by pollution of land and water resources by oil production. These pressures expose the population of the area to poverty, hunger, malnutrition, anxiety, distrust and violence. The ensuing widening inequalities have spawned simmering grievances, a survivalist culture and a politics of ethnic mobilisation.
A Friend in Need? Exploring the Influence of Disease and Disability Onset on the Number of Close Friends Among Older Adults
Authors: Latham-Mintus Kenzie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This research examines whether onset of life-threatening disease (i.e., cancer, lung disease, heart disease, or stroke) or activities of daily living disability influences the reported number of close friends.

Method
Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2006–2012), this research capitalizes on panel data to assess changes in number of close friends over a 4-year period. Lagged dependent variable (LDV) and change score (CS) approaches were used.

Results
Both the LDV and CS models provide evidence that onset of life-threatening disease was associated with reporting more friends 4 years later. In particular, onset of cancer was associated with reporting more close friends.

Discussion
This research provides evidence of the network activation hypothesis following onset of life-threatening disease among older adults.
Outpatient antibacterial use and costs in children and adolescents: a nationwide register-based study in Finland, 2008–16
Authors: Parviainen Sofia , Saastamoinen Leena , Lauhio Anneli , Sepponen Kati 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the prevalence of outpatient use and the costs of systemic antibacterials among children and adolescents in Finland during 2008–16 and to examine patterns of use by age and gender.MethodsData were retrieved from the Finnish statistical database Kelasto, based on the Finnish Prescription Registry. Data included information on dispensed reimbursed prescriptions of antibacterials for systemic use in children aged 0–17 years during 2008–16. The prevalence of antibacterial prescriptions per 1000 children and costs per prescription were calculated.ResultsThe overall prevalence of antibacterial prescriptions decreased in the study period and was highest in 2010 (with 708 prescriptions per 1000 children) and lowest in 2016 (with 374 prescriptions per 1000 children). Children aged 1–2 years had the highest prevalence of antibacterial prescriptions. Furthermore, boys had slightly higher prevalences than girls. The 10 most commonly used antibacterial agents covered ∼97% of all prescriptions and broad-spectrum penicillins were the most commonly used antibacterials. The total costs of antibacterials decreased during the study period, but the costs per prescription increased.ConclusionsThis study showed a decreasing trend in the prescribing of antibacterial drugs, regardless of age or gender. Increasing awareness of antimicrobial resistance, reimbursement status changes and pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations are possible reasons for this. Some of the antibacterial oral solutions lost their reimbursement status, but their consumption did not decrease any faster than the consumption of the substances with continuous reimbursability. It is likely that removing the reimbursement status of antibacterials has placed an extra cost burden on families and increased costs per prescription.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing each extracellular loop domain of occludin
Authors: Shimizu Yoshimi , Shirasago Yoshitaka , Suzuki Takeru , Hata Tomoyuki , Kondoh Masuo , Hanada Kentaro , Yagi Kiyohito , Fukasawa Masayoshi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe tight junction protein occludin (OCLN) is a four-pass transmembrane protein with two extracellular loops (ELs), and also functions as a co-receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Recently, we reported the establishment of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing each intact EL domain of OCLN that can strongly prevent HCV infection in vitro and in vivo, and these mAbs were applicable for flow cytometric (FCM) analysis, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the present study, we further examined the application of these anti-OCLN mAbs and characterized their binding properties. All four mAbs were available for immunoprecipitation. The three first EL (EL1)-recognizing mAbs were applicable for immunoblotting, but the second EL (EL2)-recognizing one was not. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we also determined residues of OCLN critical for recognition by each mAb. Our findings showed that the small loop between two cysteines of the EL2 domain is essential for the binding to one EL2-recognizing mAb and that the recognition regions by three EL1-recognizing mAbs overlap, but are not the same sites of EL1. To obtain a deeper understanding of OCLN biology and its potential as a therapeutic target, specific mAbs to detect or target OCLN in intact cells should be powerful tools for future studies.
Management Reasoning: Implications for Health Professions Educators and a Research Agenda
Authors: Cook David A. , Durning Steven J. , Sherbino Jonathan , Gruppen Larry D. 
Published: April 2019

Substantial research has illuminated the clinical reasoning processes involved in diagnosis (diagnostic reasoning). Far less is known about the processes entailed in patient management (management reasoning), including decisions about treatment, further testing, follow-up visits, and allocation of limited resources. The authors’ purpose is to articulate key differences between diagnostic and management reasoning, implications for health professions education, and areas of needed research.
Diagnostic reasoning focuses primarily on classification (i.e., assigning meaningful labels to a pattern of symptoms, signs, and test results). Management reasoning involves negotiation of a plan and ongoing monitoring/adjustment of that plan. A diagnosis can usually be established as correct or incorrect, whereas there are typically multiple reasonable management approaches. Patient preferences, clinician attitudes, clinical contexts, and logistical constraints should not influence diagnosis, whereas management nearly always involves prioritization among such factors. Diagnostic classifications do not necessarily require direct patient interaction, whereas management prioritizations require communication and negotiation. Diagnoses can be defined at a single time point (given enough information), whereas management decisions are expected to evolve over time. Finally, management is typically more complex than diagnosis.
Management reasoning may require educational approaches distinct from those used for diagnostic reasoning, including teaching distinct skills (e.g., negotiating with patients, tolerating uncertainty, and monitoring treatment) and developing assessments that account for underlying reasoning processes and multiple acceptable solutions.
Areas of needed research include if and how cognitive processes differ for management and diagnostic reasoning, how and when management reasoning abilities develop, and how to support management reasoning in clinical practice.
Opioids on Trial: A Systematic Review of Interventions for the Treatment and Prevention of Opioid Overdose
Authors: Bahji Anees , Bajaj Neeraj 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Background:
Canada is in the midst of an opioid epidemic. In 2016, there were more than 2800 apparent opioid-related deaths. Although improved access to naloxone has saved countless lives, it is unclear if there are other effective pharmacological or nonpharmacological interventions for the treatment and prevention of opioid overdose. In this systematic review, we aim to synthesize published findings on such interventions.

Methods:
We searched 5 electronic databases for randomized controlled studies using either pharmacological or nonpharmacological interventions to treat or prevent opioid overdose, and subsequently extracted and synthesized data from appropriate studies.

Results:
Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria. Naloxone, nalmefene, and physostigmine were effective in reversing opioid overdose, whereas naltrexone was effective in preventing opioid overdose. Opioid agonists, including methadone, buprenorphine, and diacetylmorphine, were effective in improving secondary outcomes with variable effects on overdose prevention. No trials using primarily nonpharmacological interventions were identified.

Conclusions:
In this systematic review, naloxone, nalmefene, and physostigmine emerged as effective in treating opioid overdose, whereas naltrexone showed evidence in preventing opioid overdose. Opioid agonists were found to be effective in improving retention in treatment and in reducing illicit opioid use. Pharmacological interventions play a key role in addressing the opioid epidemic; however, evidence for a multidisciplinary approach involving harm reduction and addressing psychosocial barriers could be the topic of subsequent literature reviews.
Corticostriatal Hyperactivation to Reward Presentation in Individuals With TBI With High Depressive Symptomatology: A Pilot Study
Authors: Spirou Angela , Chiaravalloti Nancy D. , Dobryakova Ekaterina 
Published: April 2019

Objective:To examine the impact of depression on neural mechanisms associated with outcome processing (rewarding and punishing outcomes) in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Setting:Kessler Foundation's Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center.Participants:A total of 16 adults with moderate to severe TBI.Main Measures:Chicago Multiscale Depression Inventory (CMDI); Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation Scale (BIS/BAS); functional MRI of the head while performing a gambling task, with a reward (+$1.00) and punishment (−$0.50).Results:Individuals with TBI reporting high depressive symptomatology exhibited increased activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and striatum during presentation of rewarding outcomes compared with individuals with TBI reporting low depressive symptomatology. Punishing outcome presentation was not associated with any change in brain activation. No differences in volume of the striatum and VMPFC were observed between groups.Conclusions:Current findings provide the first evidence of differences in neural mechanisms underlying outcome processing between individuals with TBI with and without depression. The results suggest that depressive symptomatology might have a different effect on individuals with TBI than what is typically observed in individuals without TBI reporting with depression, with the possibility of rewards becoming more reinforcing as depressive symptomatology increases. Future studies should explore the potential implications of behavioral responses to rewards and punishments in TBI and how they can affect rehabilitation approaches and activities of daily living.
The Relations Among Depression, Cognition, and Brain Volume in Professional Boxers: A Preliminary Examination Using Brief Clinical Measures
Authors: Lee Bern , Bennett Lauren L. , Bernick Charles , Shan Guogen , Banks Sarah J. 
Published: April 2019

Objective:Depression, neuropathology, and cognitive decline are commonly observed with repetitive head injuries (RHIs). We examined whether in boxers (a) clinically significant depression is associated with structural brain changes and cognition; (b) minimal symptoms of depression moderate the relations among RHI and brain volumes and cognition; and (c) baseline depression is associated with longitudinal cognitive changes.Setting:Clinical Research Center.Participants:A total of 205 male professional boxers.Design:Cross-sectional and longitudinal (subsample:n= 45; first visit to follow-up range = 1-6 years; mean = 2.61 years).Main Measures:Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression; CNS Vital Signs cognitive battery; brain imaging.Results:Clinically significant depression was associated with smaller regional volumes in insula, cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, thalami, and middle corpus-callosum subregions; and with poorer verbal memory and psychomotor speed performance. Depression symptoms moderated the relations between RHI and bilateral thalami, left hippocampus, left medial orbitofrontal cortex, and bilateral insula volumes; but not cognition. Baseline depression was associated with poorer psychomotor speed and reaction time longitudinally and improved verbal memory performance longitudinally.Conclusion:Clinical depression is associated with volumetric and cognitive changes occasioning RHI exposure, and even minimal depressive symptoms may moderate the relations between exposure and brain volumes in key regions. Longitudinally, there is preliminary evidence that depression precedes cognitive changes.
Acute alcohol effects on conditioned pain modulation, but not temporal summation of pain
Authors: Horn-Hofmann Claudia , Capito Eva Susanne , Wolstein Jörg , Lautenbacher Stefan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough pain reduction after alcohol administration has repeatedly been demonstrated, alcohol effects on advanced and clinically relevant dynamic pain paradigms are still unknown. As such, temporal summation of pain (TSP) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) indicate mechanisms of endogenous pain modulation and involve certain neurotransmitter systems crucially influenced by alcohol. Our study is the first to investigate acute alcohol effects on TSP and CPM. We investigated 39 healthy subjects in a placebo-controlled within-subject design and targeted alcohol levels of 0.06% (dose 1) and 0.08% (dose 2). Pain threshold, TSP, and CPM were evaluated before and after an alcoholic or placebo drink. Temporal summation of pain was assessed as enhanced pain response to 5 repetitive contact heat stimuli (threshold +3°C). Conditioned pain modulation was tested as pain inhibition when a conditioning stimulus (46°C hot water) was applied concurrently to a test stimulus (contact heat; threshold + 3°C). Both alcohol doses boosted CPM, with a greater effect size for the higher dose. Conditioning stimulus ratings increased after alcohol intake but were not correlated with CPM, suggesting independence of these effects. Temporal summation of pain was not affected by alcohol, and alcohol effects on pain threshold were small and limited to the higher dose. Our findings suggest that analgesic alcohol effects might be mainly driven by an enhancement of endogenous pain inhibition. The frequent use of alcohol as self-medication in chronic pain might be motivated by alcohol temporarily restoring deficient CPM, thus leading to pain relief in the short run and alcohol-related problems in the long run.
Surgical Management of Gynecomastia: A Review of the Current Insurance Coverage Criteria
Authors: Rasko Yvonne M. , Rosen Carly , Ngaage Ledibabari M. , AlFadil Sara , Elegbede Adekunle , Ihenatu Chinezi , Nam Arthur J. , Slezak Sheri 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Gynecomastia is a common condition that can be corrected with surgical excision of the breast tissue. Unlike the policies available for reduction mammaplasty in women, gynecomastia policies are variable and not based on strong scientific evidence. This study reviews U.S. insurance policies for coverage of gynecomastia surgery and compares these policies to the guidelines put forth by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

Methods:
Sixty U.S. insurance companies were selected based on their market share value. Medicare was also evaluated. The policy for each company was identified using a Web-based search or by contacting the company directly. Policies were reviewed to abstract coverage criteria. All information gathered was compared to national recommendations.

Results:
Of the 61 companies evaluated, 38% did not have a well-defined policy for gynecomastia surgery and assessed each request on a case-by-case basis with no defined criteria. The remaining 62% of providers held a defined policy. Companies often required thorough documentation of breast size, body mass index, extent and duration of symptoms, and prior treatments, but requirements varied between insurers. Many of these policies were limited in their coverage, e.g. they would cover tissue excision but not liposuction. Fourteen companies would consider of coverage for patients younger than 18 years.

Conclusions:
Coverage of gynecomastia surgery varies across insurers. Insurance company considerations do not often align with patient concerns and physician recommendations on gynecomastia and its treatment options. Coverage criteria should be reevaluated and universally established, to expand access to care and improve treatment efficiency.