bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of drying processes on properties of polyphenol‐enriched maple sugar powders
Authors: Bhatta Sagar , Ratti Cristina , Stevanovic Tatjana 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe aim of this research was to develop a natural food ingredient based on maple sugar powders (MSP) enriched in polyphenols. By incorporating 0.01% (wt/vol) of hot water extract (hot water extraction: 90°C and 1 hr; bark/water, 1/10 wt/vol) from sugar and red maple bark into substandard quality maple syrup, the latter was enriched by 13–20% in total phenolic content (TPC). The mixtures (syrup and extracts) were dehydrated using freeze‐drying (FD: at −36°C for 15 hr and subsequently at 30°C for 10 hr) or vacuum double‐drum drying (VDD: at 80°C and 660 Torr) to obtain the powders. Influence of drying processes on TPC, antioxidant capacity, and physical properties of powders was studied. Both drying processes caused a decrease in TPC and antioxidant capacity of MSP. Nevertheless, bark extracts contributed to higher TPC (8–10%) and antioxidant capacity (>40%) compared to control MSP. The moisture content of VDD powders (0.63–0.71%, dry basis) was significantly lower than that of FD powders (4.10–4.40%, dry basis). MSP produced by FD were amorphous and those produced by VDD crystalline. FD powders had instant‐like properties (dissolution time of 12–13 s), whereas those produced by VDD were less cohesive (Hausner ratio, 1.13–1.21), with excellent flowability.Practical ApplicationsConsumers are increasingly attracted by natural food products. Canada is the world major producer of maple syrup, a nutritious natural sweetener exclusively obtained from maple trees sap. Unfortunately, a “very dark” color syrup is accumulated as surplus in large quantity in Canada as it is considered of substandard quality. In this research, freeze‐drying (FD) and vacuum double‐drum drying (VDD) techniques were studied to produce maple sugar powders (MSP) from this substandard surplus syrup. This syrup was additionally enriched in polyphenols by adding hot water extracts from maple barks. The obtained polyphenol‐enriched MSP have shown interesting qualities for application as natural sweeteners, such as free flowing or instant‐like powder. Our results indicate that FD and VDD are suitable techniques for substandard syrup conversion into value‐added maple product. MSPs have a huge potential of application as natural food ingredients of instant drinks, cereal mix, cookies, and energy bars.
Optimization of glutinous rice wine brewing conditions by using Taguchi method and semiempirical equation
Authors: Chiu Ying‐Cheng , Chang Cheng‐Yi , Hsueh Kan‐Lin , Liu Feng‐Jiin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGlutinous rice wine brewing from uncooked material was studied using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Using uncooked rice skips rice soaking and steaming procedures, required low energy, and provides high ethanol yield. The influences of brewing on the ethanol yield were investigated. The results indicated that the degree of importance of these factors was as follows: fermentation temperature (Tf) > amount of inoculum (Xo) > fermentation duration (tf) > gelatinization temperature (Tg). The optimal conditions were as follows: gelatinization temperature of 85°C, fermentation temperature of 25°C, fermentation duration of 16 days, and amount of inoculum by weight of 0.5%. The ethanol yield was 48% by volume and was in agreement with that predicted by the Taguchi method. Ethanol yield data were fitted with a polynomial equation and semiempirical equation as a function of Tf, Xo, tf, and Tg. The result of these equations confirms the optimal conditions obtained from Taguchi L9 orthogonal array experiment. Results from the semiempirical reaction kinetic model suggested that ethanol yield plateaued after a certain number of fermentation days.Practical applicationsSimilar strategy can be applied to other wine brewing processes to obtain a rational kinetic model and optimal condition within few tests.
Antibacterial mechanism of Tetrapleura tetraptera extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and its application in pork
Authors: Lin Lin , Agyemang Kwabena , Abdel‐Samie Mohamed Abdel‐Shafi , Cui Haiying 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe antibacterial activity and the mechanism of Tetrapleura tetraptera root extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The mechanism of action of T. tetraptera on tested bacterial species was predominantly characterized by the study of transmission electron microscopy, which revealed severe damage on the primary target which affected the cell integrity and cell membrane permeability. The loss of soluble proteins studied by bacterial protein sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and the decreased adenosine triphosphate and DNA contents confirmed the leakage of cell wall. In addition, the studies revealed that the root extract of T. tetraptera could also disrupt the respiratory metabolism by inhibiting the bacteria through the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas and the hexose monophosphate pathways. T. tetraptera extract possessed a high level of antimicrobial activity in pork, which significantly reduced total viable bacterial population. This study clearly indicates that the T. tetraptera could be a potential source of new antimicrobial agent which has proven effective activity against antibiotic‐resistant strains of pathogens.Practical ApplicationsTetrapleura tetraptera is a flowering plant native to Africa with a wide range of applicability in local cuisines and traditional medicine. The T. tetraptera root extract possesses high antimicrobial activity against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. This study could contribute to the better understanding of antibacterial mechanism of T. tetraptera. As a natural food preservative, it has broad prospect to be utilized in the meat industry.
Resiliency Groups Following Hip Fracture in Older Adults
Authors: Colón‐Emeric Cathleen , Whitson Heather E. , Pieper Carl F. , Sloane Richard , Orwig Denise , Huffman Kim M. , Bettger Janet Prvu , Parker Daniel , Crabtree Donna M. , Gruber‐Baldini Ann , Magaziner Jay 
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVESDefining common patterns of recovery after an acute health stressor (resiliency groups) has both clinical and research implications. We sought to identify groups of patients with similar recovery patterns across 10 outcomes following hip fracture (stressor) and to determine the most important predictors of resiliency group membership.DESIGNSecondary analysis of three prospective cohort studies.SETTINGParticipants were recruited from various hospitals in the Baltimore Hip Studies network and followed for up to 1 year in their residence (home or facility).PARTICIPANTSCommunity‐dwelling adults aged 65 years or older with recent surgical repair of a hip fracture (n = 541).MEASUREMENTSSelf‐reported physical function and activity measures using validated scales were collected at baseline (within 15‐22 d of fracture), 2, 6, and 12 months. Physical performance tests were administered at all follow‐up visits. Stressor characteristics, comorbidities, and psychosocial and environmental factors were collected at baseline via participant report and chart abstraction. Latent class profile analysis was used to identify resiliency groups based on recovery trajectories across 10 outcome measures and logistic regression models to identify factors associated with those groups.RESULTSLatent profile analysis identified three resiliency groups that had similar patterns across the 10 outcome measures and were defined as “high resilience” (n = 163 [30.1%]), “medium resilience” (n = 242 [44.7%]), and “low resilience” (n = 136 [25.2%]). Recovery trajectories for the outcome measures are presented for each resiliency group. Comparing highest with the medium‐ and low‐resilience groups, self‐reported pre‐fracture function was by far the strongest predictor of high‐resilience group membership with area under the curve (AUC) of .84. Demographic factors, comorbidities, stressor characteristics, environmental factors, and psychosocial characteristics were less predictive, but several factors remained significant in a multivariable model (AUC = .88).CONCLUSIONThese three resiliency groups following hip fracture may be useful for understanding mediators of physical resilience. They may provide a more detailed description of recovery patterns in multiple outcomes for use in clinical decision making. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2519–2527, 2019
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Reasons for Breastfeeding Cessation Among Women Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Authors: Gallo Sina , Kogan Kelly , Kitsantas Panagiota 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionBreastfeeding rates among women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are lower compared with those of nonparticipants. The objective of this study was to assess racial and ethnic differences in self‐reported reasons for breastfeeding cessation during the first year postpartum.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of data from women participating in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study‐2. Women specified reasons that influenced their decision to stop breastfeeding during telephone interviews between 1 and 13 months postpartum. Logistic regression models for each racial and ethnic group explored the effects of sociodemographic variables on each reason.ResultsThe sample for this analysis included 4095 women (34.1% non‐Hispanic white, 25.5% non‐Hispanic black, and 40.4% Hispanic). Across all race and ethnic groups, food security status was a predictor of some but not all reasons for breastfeeding cessation. Compared with their counterparts who were food secure, white women with low food security and black women with very low food security were more likely (odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% CI, 1.04‐3.35 and OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.19‐2.90, respectively) to stop breastfeeding because they wanted or needed someone else to feed their infants. Hispanic women with very low food security were more likely to stop breastfeeding because they felt they did not have enough milk. Compared with their multiparous counterparts, primiparous black and white women were almost twice as likely to stop breastfeeding because of trouble sucking or latching. Hispanic and black women born outside the United States had significantly higher odds of breastfeeding cessation because of the infant losing interest compared with US‐born women. Education and marital status significantly predicted reasons for breastfeeding cessation among Hispanic and white women.DiscussionAmong women participating in WIC, food security, parity, country of birth, education, and marital status were significant predictors of reasons for breastfeeding cessation across racial and /ethnic groups. Incorporating these findings in education, counseling, and interventions may help overcome breastfeeding barriers.
Awareness about proper use of sunscreen in people of color: A Jordanian‐based survey
Authors: Al‐Qarqaz Firas , Marji Maha , Bodoor Khaldon , Al ALshiyab Diala , Muhaidat Jihan , Al Ghamdi Saleh 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe use of sunscreen is an important preventive measure against skin cancer and treatment for other skin conditions. There is evidence pointing to lack awareness and misconceptions regarding use of Sunscreen. This is especially evident in populations with skin of color (POC).MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study of 2000 individuals. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data on general knowledge and use of sunscreen as well as reasons for stopping use of sunscreen.ResultsThe results of this study indicate a clear deficiency in the use and knowledge about sunscreen among Jordanians. Females are using sunscreen more than males. However, the use of sunscreen is inadequate in many aspects including timing of application, frequency of use, and amount used among other things. There is an obvious lack of knowledge about sunscreen as shown by lack of awareness about benefits of use in various times of the year, use in children, use for all skin types, and several misconceptions among other knowledge gaps. Main reasons for stopping sunscreen include side effects, cost, and being not suitable for skin. Awareness about sunscreen can be improved by proper counseling by healthcare professionals and utilization of various media platforms.ConclusionsThe use of sunscreen is inadequate in this population of color (POC). Lack of proper counseling, failure to read use instructions can contibute to inadequate use of sunscreen. Risks and benefits of sunscreen should be explained by medical professionals. The media should be more utilized to disseminate such knowledge.
The role of diet in irritable bowel syndrome: implications for dietary advice
Authors: Rej A. , Aziz I. , Tornblom H. , Sanders D. S. , Simrén M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects approximately 10% of the population. Diet triggers symptoms in the vast majority of individuals with IBS. In view of this, there has been a focus on the role of diet in IBS. The diets currently being headlined for IBS include (i) traditional dietary advice, (ii) the low fermentable oligo‐, di‐, mono‐ saccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) diet and (iii) the gluten‐free diet (GFD). Although traditional dietary advice is considered as the first‐line dietary therapy, its evidence base is variable, with a few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring the efficacy of this approach, other than for fibre. There are now a growing number of RCTs demonstrating the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet in the short‐term, with some emerging data on the long‐term ‘adapted’ low FODMAP diet. There are also several RCTs showing the benefits of a GFD in IBS; however, this concept is hampered with uncertainty as to the mechanism of action. Nevertheless, all of these dietary therapies are viable options for individuals with IBS, with the dietitian and patient engagement at the forefront of achieving success. However, future pragmatic studies are needed to clarify the comparative efficacy and convenience of implementing these various diets into routine life. Moreover, it is imperative to better delineate the concern that restrictive diets – such as the low FODMAP and GFD – may promote nutritional inadequacies, disordered eating behaviours, and lead to detrimental alterations to the gut microbiota.
SFRP2 promotes stem cells from apical papilla‐mediated periodontal tissue regeneration in miniature pig
Authors: Li Guoqing , Han Nannan , Yang Haoqing , Zhang Xiuli , Cao Yangyang , Cao Yu , Shi Ruitang , Wang Songlin , Fan Zhipeng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMesenchymal stem cell‐based therapy is a reliable treatment for periodontal tissue regeneration, while ideal regeneration rate is still a facing problem. In previous study, we found SFRP2 a promising gene in modulating mesenchymal stem cells potential. We further investigated its role on periodontal tissue regeneration. We created periodontitis model in miniature pigs and locally injected with stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP). The periodontitis models were classed into three groups, SFRP2‐SCAP group (injected with SCAP overexpressing with SFRP2), SCAP group (injected with SCAP transduced with vector backbone) and saline group (vehicle group injected with saline). Clinical assignment, CT scanning, histopathological assessment and quantitative analysis were applied to evaluate the regeneration effect. Twelve weeks after the injection, we found healthier gingival status in SFRP2‐SCAP group than the other two groups. Clinical assignment results showed values of probing depth, gingival recession and attachment loss were improved in SFRP2‐SCAP group than that of SCAP group and saline group. The volume of newborn bone was also enhanced in SFRP2‐SCAP group than SCAP group and saline group. The difference of clinical assignments and newborn bone between each group was significant relevant. HE staining demonstrated increased tissue regeneration in SFRP2‐SCAP group than SCAP group and saline group. Our findings revealed that SFRP2 could enhance SCAP‐mediated periodontal tissue regeneration and provide a potential target for improving the regeneration of periodontal tissue.
Fracture Resistance of Various Thickness e.max CAD Lithium Disilicate Crowns Cemented on Different Supporting Substrates: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Chen Sara Elizabeth , Park Albert Christopher , Wang Jingxu , Knoernschild Kent L. , Campbell Stephen , Yang Bin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the influence of abutment material properties on the fracture resistance and failure mode of lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) CAD/CAM (computer‐aided design/manufacturing) crowns on traditionally and minimally prepared simulated tooth substrates.Materials and MethodsThirty lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) CAD/CAM crowns were divided into three groups (n = 10): TD: traditional thickness crowns cemented on Paradigm MZ100 abutments; MD: minimal thickness crowns cemented on Paradigm MZ100 abutments; ME: minimal thickness crowns cemented on e.max abutments. The 3Shape system was used to scan, design and mill all abutments and crowns with a die space set to 40 µm. Traditional thickness crowns were designed based on manufacturer guidelines with 1.5 mm occlusal thickness and 1.0 mm margins. Minimal thickness crowns were designed with 0.7 mm occlusal thickness and 0.5 mm margins. MZ100 composite and e.max abutments were selected to simulate dentin and enamel substrates, respectively, based on their elastic‐modulus. Variolink Esthetic was used to cement all samples following manufacturer's instructions. A universal testing machine was used to load all specimens to fracture with a 3 mm radius stainless steel hemispherical tip at a crosshead speed 0.5 mm/minute along the longitudinal axis of the abutment with a 1 mm thermoplastic film placed between the loading tip and crown surface. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc assessment. Fractographic analysis was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsThe mean fracture load (standard deviation) was 1499 (241) N for TD; 1228 (287) N for MD; and 1377 (96) N for ME. Statistically significant difference between groups did not exist (p = 0.157, F = 1.995). In groups TD and MD with low e‐modulus abutments, the dispersion of a probability distribution (coefficient of variation: CV) was statistically higher than that of group ME with high e‐modulus abutments. SEM illustrated larger micro‐fracture dimensions in Group MD than Group ME.ConclusionMinimal thickness e.max crowns did not demonstrate statistical difference in fracture resistance from traditional thickness crowns. Fracture mechanisms of minimal thickness e.max crowns may be affected by the e‐modulus of the substrate. Minimal thickness e.max crowns may be a viable restorative option when supported by high e‐modulus materials.
Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study
Authors: Guglielmini Carlo , Berlanda Michele , Fracassi Federico , Poser Helen , Koren Shani , Baron Toaldo Marco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundImprovement in cardiac function has been demonstrated after thyroxine treatment in humans with hypothyroidism using the myocardial performance index (MPI). Cardiac changes after thyroxine supplementation are poorly documented in dogs with spontaneous hypothyroidism and comparison with clinically healthy dogs is lacking.ObjectivesTo evaluate the electrical activity and mechanical function of the heart in dogs with primary hypothyroidism at baseline (T0) and after thyroxine supplementation (T60).AnimalsForty client‐owned dogs with hypothyroidism and 20 clinically healthy dogs.MethodsProspective cohort study. Selected electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables, including the MPI, were measured in all dogs at T0 and in 30 hypothyroid dogs at T60.ResultsHypothyroid dogs had significantly decreased median or mean heart rate (HR), P wave amplitude, and R wave amplitude (P= .04,P= .002, andP= .003, respectively) and E‐point‐to‐septal separation normalized to body weight (EPSSn) and trans‐mitral E wave velocity (E max;P < .001 andP= .025, respectively) at T0 compared to control dogs. At T60, significantly increased median or mean HR, P wave amplitude, fractional shortening, and E max (P < .001,P= .004,P= .002, andP= .009, respectively) and significantly decreased left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index, and normalized systolic diameter and EPSSn (P= .03,P= .03, andP= .001, respectively) were found.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHypothyroidism in dogs induces mild and reversible changes of electromechanical cardiac function. The MPI does not have clinical importance in identifying cardiac dysfunction in affected dogs.
Heritage language acquisition: What it reveals and why it is important for formal linguistic theories
Authors: Lohndal Terje , Rothman Jason , Kupisch Tanja , Westergaard Marit 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper discusses the interplay between acquisition and theory construction. It endeavors to show how a more direct and crucially bi‐directional relationship between formal linguistic theory and the study of heritage language bilingualism can provide mutual benefit. It will be argued that data from acquisition—not exclusively but indeed especially from heritage language bilingualism—provide windows into the tenability of formal linguistic proposals. As a result, acquisition evidence—both developmental and in ultimate attainment—should be welcomed by all formal theorists, as they can confirm or disconfirm otherwise seemingly unverifiable theoretical arguments. Our claims will be illustrated by three research areas: language change, differences between functional and lexical features, and the interplay between core syntax and other components of the grammar.
Critical thinking, biases and dual processing: The enduring myth of generalisable skills
Authors: Monteiro Sandra , Sherbino Jonathan , Sibbald Matthew , Norman Geoff 
Published: August 2019

AbstractContextThe myth of generalisable thinking skills in medical education is gaining popularity once again. The implications are significant as medical educators decide on how best to use limited resources to prepare trainees for safe medical practice. This myth‐busting critical review cautions against the proliferation of curricular interventions based on the acquisition of generalisable skills.StructureThis paper begins by examining the recent history of general thinking skills, as defined by research in cognitive psychology and medical education. We describe three distinct epochs: (a) the Renaissance, which marked the beginning of cognitive psychology as a discipline in the 1960s and 1970s and was paralleled by educational reforms in medical education focused on problem solving and problem‐based learning; (b) the Enlightenment, when an accumulation of evidence in psychology and in medical education cast doubt on the assumption of general reasoning or problem‐solving skill and shifted the focus to consideration of the role of knowledge in expert clinical performance; and (c) the Counter‐Enlightenment, in the current time, when the notion of general thinking skills has reappeared under different guises, but the fundamental problems related to lack of generality of skills and centrality of knowledge remain.ConclusionsThe myth of general thinking skills persists, despite the lack of evidence. Progress in medical education is more likely to arise from devising strategies to improve the breadth and depth of experiential knowledge.