bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing Graft Incompatibility Detection Procedures on Interior Douglas-Fir
Authors: Foushee David , Fins Lauren 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Grafts of 21 mature inland Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) were used to test the anatomical and electrophoretic methods of detecting graft incompatibility that were developed for the coastal variety of the species. Both methods were found to be effective. Incompatibility averaged 34% when evaluated by anatomical examination; and electrophoretic analysis of isozymes, 19 to 20 months after grafting, was 82% accurate in detecting incompatible grafts. Sixty percent of the incompatible grafts had externally visible bark fissures along the contact zone between scion and rootstock. One clone had greater than 90% compatibility. West. J. Appl. For. 6(2):39-42.
Economic and Marketing Implications of Special Forest Products Harvest in the Coastal Pacific Northwest
Authors: Schlosser William E. , Blatner Keith A. , Chapman Roger C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The special forest products industry has recently become an important factor in forest management. Plants common to the understories of many Pacific Northwest United States and coastal British Columbia forests are harvested, processed, and marketed worldwide in floral greens markets as supplements and complements in floral arrangements. The industry employed over 10,000 people in Washington, Oregon, and southern British Columbia in 1989, and generated an estimated $128.5 million in sales. Forestland managers are discovering the advantages associated with leasing harvesting rights to the producers and harvesters of these products. A mail survey was used to sample special forest products businesses in Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia during 1989. Descriptions of plant materials harvested and their value are presented and discussed. Business characteristics and total industry affects are discussed. The industry's impacts on the regional economies and the industries marketing strategies including channels of distribution, product development, market product development, and future market opportunities are also discussed. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):67-72.
Decision Analysis and Sensitivity Testing of Reforestation Strategies1
Authors: Cleaves David A. , Birch Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Decision analysis might provide better guidance in silvicultural decisions if users could understand the relative impact of component assumptions and subjective judgments more easily. A reforestation project in western Oregon that involved four alternatives was structured as a decision analysis problem. The optimal solution ranked the alternatives based on their probabilistically weighted soil expectation value (SEV). The solution was tested to determine its sensitivity across realistic ranges in costs, probabilities, and biological responses. Relative rankings were most sensitive to cost components with wide natural ranges (such as prescribed burning) and to variations in 15-year survival and growth predictions; rankings were least sensitive to probability estimates. Rankings were quite stable even when the detail in the parameters was increased. A systematic sensitivity analysis pointed out the impact of errors or uncertainty in judgment and focused the decision maker's effort in information gathering and reanalysis. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):73-78.
Genetic Variation in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis from Coastal British Columbia1
Authors: Cherry M. L. , Lester D. T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Genetic variation in several traits of Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) was measured in progeny from seven coastal B.C. provenances, each represented by three open-pollinated families. The common-garden nursery trial also included one provenance of Port-Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). Growth traits and frost hardiness were measured at the end of the first growing season, and morphological traits after the second year. Provenances varied in percentage germination, shoot dry weight, shoot to root dry weight ratio, number of lateral branches per stem, and cold injury to a minimum temperature of -20°C in December. Families differed in height, root collar diameter, and in the number of nodes of primary foliage. Port-Orford cedar exhibited much greater height, stem caliper, and dry weight than any Alaska-cedar provenance, but was more susceptible to frost damage. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):25-29.
Long-Term Effect of Treating True Fir Stumps with Sodium Tetraborate to Control Losses from Heterobasidion annosum
Authors: Schultz Mark E. , Parmeter John R. , Slaughter Garey W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stump treatment with sodium tetraborate (borax) to control infection by Heterobasidion annosum and to reduce losses was tested in 10 true fir stands in California. These stands were thinned in 1978, 1979, or 1980, and borax was applied to stumps on 0.5 ha plots. Adjacent 0.5 ha plots were left untreated. Borax reduced stump surface infection but did not affect tree mortality between paired treated and untreated plots. The incidence of H. annosum increased for borax-treated stumps whose protected surfaces were removed 1 year earlier. The number of firs that died over the period of the study was positively correlated with the average age of the trees. Differences in mortality were not significant between treated and untreated plots West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):29-31
Plantations vs. Advance Regeneration: Height Growth Comparisons for Southwestern Oregon
Authors: Korpela Ed J. , Tesch Steven D. , Lewis R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Model projections of newly planted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings grown under three competition regimes were compared across three site classes with growth of three height classes of Douglas-fir and white fir (Abies concolor) advance regeneration for 20 years following overstory removal. Plantations growing without competition were projected to grow about as fast as advance regeneration on the best sites and slower on the poorer sites. However, over the 20-year period, the projected height of planted trees exceeded only that of released small white fir. Competing vegetation reduced projected plantation growth, thus increasing the height advantage of advance regeneration over planted trees after 20 years. Comparisons such as these are influenced by the time required to establish new plantations, competition faced by released and planted trees, and the species composition, vigor, and initial height of the advance regeneration. These results suggest that managing advance regeneration may be a viable reforestation alternative in southwestern Oregon, particularly on poorer sites. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):44-47
Equations for Estimating Browse Biomass of Red Huckleberry, Western Red-Cedar, and Deer Fern by Vertical Profile
Authors: Smith Nicholas J. , McLeod Alan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Edible biomass estimating regression equations were developed for red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), understory western red-cedar (Thuja plicata) and deer fern (Blechnum spicant) growing in potential second-growth Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) winter range on Vancouver Island, B.C. Vertical edible biomass height profile equations were also developed for red huckleberry and western red-cedar. These models may be used to objectively and conveniently help assess the amount of forage available to deer during severe winters. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):48-50.
Predicting Crown Sizes and Diameter Distributions of Tanoak, Pacific Madrone, and Giant Chinkapin Sprout Clumps
Authors: Harrington Timothy B. , Tappeiner John C. , Warbington Ralph 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Crown size and stem diameters were measured on a total of 908 sprout clumps of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and giant chinkapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla). The clumps, age 1 to 16 years, were located at 23 sites in southwestern Oregon and 20 sites in northwestern California. Regression equations were developed for predicting individual-clump crown size and stem-diameter distributions of dominant sprouts from the total basal area (dm² at 1.37 m) in stems of the parent tree (PBA) and number of growing seasons since burning (AGE). Variables of PBA, AGE, and species in combination accounted for over 75% of the total variation in hardwood crown width and height and for 62% of the variation in sprout number. Variables describing site characteristics and competing vegetation abundance did not explain more than 2% of additional variation in hardwood crown size or sprout diameter distribution. On the basis of the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test (α = 0.05), the Weibull function adequately described the reverse J-shaped distribution of stem diameters for individual sprout clumps. The goodness of fit for each of the predictive models for tanoak and madrone was verified with independent data. West. J. Appl. For. 7(4):103-108.
Winter Logging and Erosion in a Ponderosa Pine Forest in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Williams John D. , Buckhouse John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Trees are often harvested in small woodlots for the dual purpose of generating revenue and expanding or enhancing woodland pasture for livestock and wildlife. Following such an effort, in a two-part study we compared the runoff and erosion potential in harvested and nonharvested sites. The tree harvest was conducted on snow and frozen soil and used prescribed skid trails. In the first part of the study, runoff plots were installed and monitored for 2 winters and 1 summer to determine if runoff and erosion resulting from natural precipitation events occurred from either of two treatments; a harvested site or a comparable nonharvested site. In the second part of the study, simulated rainfall was applied to a separate set of runoff plots to determine endpoint infiltration capacity and to make projections of infiltration and erosion response to anticipated livestock grazing. Rainfall was applied to each plot at three subsequent levels of ground cover manipulation: undisturbed vegetation, clipped vegetation, and vegetation and organic soil horizon removed. No runoff or sediment production was recorded between September 1986 and December 1987 in either harvested or nonharvested treatments in the plots monitoring response to natural rainfall. In addition, runoff and sediment production did not occur as a result of simulated rainfall in either site regardless of the ground cover treatment. The same result was obtained when rainfall was applied for an extended period and at an increased rate of application. The lack of runoff can be attributed to site conditions, especially the well-developed biomass in the upper soil horizons, and the method and season of logging. If the tree harvest procedures are repeated in similar sites, similar results may be expected. West. J. Appl. For. 8(1):19-23.
Early Development of Matched Planted and Naturally Regenerated Douglas-Fir Stands After Slash Burning in the Cascade Range
Authors: Miller Richard E. , Bigley Richard E. , Webster Steve 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We compared matched planted and naturally regenerated plots in 35- to 38-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) stands at seven locations in western Washington and Oregon. Total number of live stems is similar, but stands planted to Douglas-fir average 26 more live stems/ac of Douglas-fir and 39 fewer stems/ac of other conifers than do naturally regenerated stands. Despite an average 2-yr delay in planting after burning, dominant Douglas-fir in planted stands average 3 fewer years than natural regeneration to attain breast height after burning. Volume of all live trees (1.6 in. dbh and larger) and of Douglas-fir average 40% greater on planted plots. Volume of live conifers 7.6 in. dbh and greater average 41% greater on planted plots as compared to naturally regenerated plots (2977 vs. 2118 ft³/ac). Differences that developed on these plots are probably less than differences that would be shown by plantations being established today with prompt planting and improved nursery stock and planting methods. Planting slash-burned clearcuts in this general area of the Cascade Range resulted in faster volume production. West. J. Appl. For. (8)1:5-10.
The Effect of Harvesting Activities on Soil Compaction, Root Damage, and Suckering in Colorado Aspen
Authors: Shepperd Wayne D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Logging activities cause significant compaction on skid trails in commercial aspen harvest areas. Bulk density increases have persisted up to 12 yr following harvest. Compaction of the upper 0.2 m of an undisturbed mineral soil profile increased with each succeeding pass of a tractor where later passes contributed less to the total compaction effect. Compaction effects were similar under wet soil conditions. High organic matter content in the upper mineral soil profile may have decreased the magnitude of compaction effects. Root damage can occur without apparent disruption of the soil profile, especially to fine roots and those in saturated soils. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):62-66.
Incorporating Additional Tree and Environmental Variables in a Lodgepole Pine Stem Profile Model
Authors: Byrne John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A new variable-form segmented stem profile model is developed for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) trees from the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. I improved estimates of stem diameter by predicting two of the model coefficients with linear equations using a measure of tree form, defined as a ratio of dbh and total height. Additional improvements were obtained by fitting this model to individual national forest data sets. Other tree and environmental variables tested but found of little use in improving stem profile estimates were crown ratio, habitat series, elevation, slope percent, and aspect. West. J. Appl. For. 8(3):86-90.
Machine Site Preparation Improves Seedling Performance on a High-Elevation Site in Southwest Oregon
Authors: McNabb David H. , Baker-Katz Kathryn , Tesch Steven D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings planted on areas receiving one of four site-preparation treatments (scarify, scarify/till, soil removal and soil removal/till) and on unprepared control areas were compared for 5 yr at a high-elevation, nutrient-poor site in the western Siskiyou Mountains of southwest Oregon. Fifth-year survival of seedlings was at least 85% among machine-prepared plots, compared to 42% on control plots. Cover of competing vegetation remained less than 25% during the period for all machine treatments. In contrast, vegetation cover on control plots was 30% at the time of planting and increased to nearly 75% after 5 yr. Competing vegetation clearly impeded seedling performance. The effects of unusually droughty conditions at the time of planting in 1982 were examined further by interplanting additional seedlings in the soil-removal treatment in 1985. The interplanting was followed by more normal spring precipitation, and seedlings grew better over 5 yr than those planted in 1982. The slow recovery of competing vegetation and generally poor seedling growth on all treatments during both planting years are attributed to low soil fertility. West. J. Appl. For. 8(3):95-98.
Genetically Improved Ponderosa Pine Seedlings Outgrow Nursery-Run Seedlings with and without Competition—Early Findings
Authors: McDonald Philip M. , Fiddler Gary O. , Kitzmiller Jay H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three classes of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings (nursery-run, wind-pollinated, control-pollinated) were evaluated for stem height and diameter at the USDA Forest Service's Placerville Nursery and the Georgetown Ranger District in northern California. Pines in all three classes were grown with competing vegetation or maintained in a free-to-grow condition. Control-pollinated seedlings were statistically taller (P < 0.05) than nursery-run counterparts when outplanted, and after 1 and 2 growing seasons in the field with and without competition. They also had significantly larger diameters when outplanted and after 2 growing seasons in the field when free to grow. Wind-pollinated seedlings grew taller than nursery-run seedlings when free to grow. A large amount of competing vegetation [bearclover (Chamaebatia foliolosa)—29,490 plants per acre; herbaceous vegetation—11,500; hardwood sprouts—233; and whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida) seedlings—100] ensure that future pine development will be tested rigorously. West. J. Appl. For. 9(2):00-00.
Using Tree Growth and Yield Simulators to Create Ecological Yield Tables for Silvicultural Prescriptions
Authors: Barrett Tara M. , Davis Lawrence S. , Schurr Frieder G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several authors have suggested using silviculture to create a dynamic target distribution of forest structures across the landscape in managing for both biodiversity and production of outputs (Harris 1984, Oliver 1992, Swanson and Franklin 1992). If forest structure (the dynamic spatial distribution and composition of tree vegetation) is known, it can be used for predicting changes in wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and output production. This paper describes a method for using tree growth and yield simulator output to classify temporal changes in forest structure associated with applying silvicultural prescriptions. West. J. Appl. For. 9(3):91-94.
Acetabulum Cup Stability in an Early Weight-Bearing Cadaveric Model of Geriatric Posterior Wall Fractures
Authors: Marmor Meir , Knox Riley , Huang Adrian , Herfat Safa 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been suggested for posterior wall (PW) fractures with unfavorable features in the geriatric population. There is a paucity of studies reporting on postoperative protocols for primary THA after PW fractures. The purpose of this study was to test the biomechanical effect of immediate assisted weight-bearing on acetabulum THA cup fixation in an osteoporotic PW fracture model.

Methods:
Computed tomography scans of 18 geriatric PW fractures (mean age, 77 ± 8 years) were used to generate representative PW fracture. This fracture pattern, comprising 50% of the PW and 25% of the acetabulum rim, was then created in 6 female cadaveric pelves. A multihole acetabulum THA cup was implanted with line-to-line reaming and fixed with four 5-mm screws. The pelves were cyclically loaded to up to 1.8× body weight (BW) in the intact form, after fracture creation and fracture fixation. Optical markers were used to determine acceptable cup motion of less than 150 μm.

Results:
Five specimens withstood 3.6× BW loading after implantation and before fracture creation. At 1.8× BW load, cup motion was nonfractured: 50 ± 24 µm (range, 5–128 µm), fractured with no fixation: 37 ± 22 µm (range, 8–74 µm), or fractured with fixation: 62 ± 39 µm (range, 5–120 µm) (P = 0.0097). Cup motion was <150 µm for all groups.

Conclusion:
This study supports the practice of allowing immediate assisted weight-bearing in patients undergoing THA with PW fractures involving up to 50% of the PW and up to 25% of the acetabular rim, with or without fixation of the PW fragment.
Postpartum hormonal contraception in breastfeeding women
Authors: Stanton Taylor A. , Blumenthal Paul D. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
To provide an overview of recent research and guidelines regarding contraception and breastfeeding.

Recent findings
Recent studies assessed lactogenesis, breastfeeding rates, and milk supply concerns in patients starting postpartum hormonal contraception. One study showed a small but statistically significant increase in milk supply concerns between users and nonusers of postpartum hormonal contraception. Mean time to lactogenesis and breastfeeding rates were similar between patients with immediate and delayed insertion of the levonorgestrel (LNG) implant in one study and the LNG intrauterine device (IUD) in another study. Two studies assessed nursing knowledge and attitudes toward postpartum contraception in breastfeeding women, showing that postpartum nurses had incorrect knowledge of contraceptive safety in this patient population. Both studies demonstrated persistent erroneous beliefs that depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) adversely affects breastfeeding. In postpartum patients intending to breastfeed, more than half intended to initiate contraception within 6 weeks postpartum and few indicated effect on breastfeeding as a factor in their decision.

Summary
There are no significant differences in lactogenesis, breastfeeding, and infant growth parameters between immediate postpartum (IPP) and delayed insertion of LNG implants and IUDs. Labor and delivery and postpartum nurses have persistent erroneous beliefs that DMPA negatively affects breastfeeding. Patients desire to use contraception postpartum but prenatal counseling rates and practices are of variable content and quality.
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Its Association With Ocular Discomfort in Patients With Ocular Prosthesis
Authors: Altin Ekin Meryem , Karadeniz Ugurlu Seyda , Kahraman Hazan G. 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
To investigate the effects of ocular prosthesis on meibomian glands and also to identify the role of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) on ocular discomfort in prosthetic eyes.

Methods:
This prospective study included 55 patients who had been wearing unilateral ocular prosthesis for more than 1 year. A 15-item questionnaire regarding MGD-related ocular symptoms was administered to all patients. Both prosthetic eyes and paired normal eyes were evaluated with slit-lamp, noncontact meibography and spectral optical coherence tomography. A multiple linear regression model was applied to evaluate factors on ocular symptom scores.

Results:
The ocular symptom scores, meibography scores, meibomian gland loss, and lid margin abnormality scores of prosthetic eyes were significantly higher than those of normal eyes (P<0.05). Tear meniscus measurements of eyes with prosthesis were significantly lower from those of normal eyes (P<0.05). The ocular symptom scores were significantly positively correlated with meibography scores, meibomin gland loss, and lid margin abnormality scores and negatively correlated with tear meniscus measurements (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between total meibography scores and all tear meniscus parameters (P<0.05). The patients who had used ocular prosthesis for longer durations had a significantly greater meibography scores, meibomin gland loss, lid margin abnormality scores, and ocular symptom scores but lesser tear meniscus parameters (P<0.05).

Conclusion:
Use of ocular prosthesis is significantly associated with MGD, which is proportional to the duration of prosthesis wear. Furthermore, ocular discomfort symptoms of prosthetic eye wearers significantly correlated with MGD-related dry eye.