bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
How did special prosecutors come to exercise significant power, despite serving purely at the pleasure of the president? Why has the United States rejected stronger institutional safeguards of the sort embraced by other advanced democracies? What does this history means for special prosecutors today? The short answer to all of these questions is that special prosecutors function as catalysts for democracy. By raising the visibility of presidential misconduct, they enable the American people to hold the president accountable for his actions. But just like presidents, special prosecutors can abuse their power. To guard against this risk, the president retains the power to fire a special prosecutor at any time. If he exercises that power corruptly or capriciously, special prosecutors have no legal remedy. But they are not unprotected. The president must ultimately answer to the American people. This has proved a surprisingly powerful deterrent.
The First One Hundred Years
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Between 1875 and 1973, five different presidents appointed special prosecutors to investigate all manner of high-level official corruption. This chapter tells the stories of three such investigations, which provide crucial lessons for understanding modern-day special prosecutors. In each case, popular outcry over alleged misconduct by high executive officials forced the president to appoint a special prosecutor to restore public confidence. In each case, the high public salience of the resulting investigation gave the president’s supporters powerful incentives to attack the special prosecutor. But the special prosecutor’s visibility also provided the American people a potent tool for holding presidents accountable. Right from the beginning, politics was a double-edged sword for special prosecutors and their ability to safeguard the rule of law.
A New Balance
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
After the ordeal of Bill Clinton’s impeachment, few wished to resurrect a strongly independent special prosecutor. But nor did anyone wish to return to the wholly unregulated approach of the previous era. Was there not some middle ground? In the waning days of the Clinton administration, Attorney General Janet Reno convened a task force to answer this question. For nearly twenty years, the intricate rules this group drafted went largely untested. Then Donald Trump was elected president. This chapter recounts the drafting of these rules and the appointment of special counsel Robert Mueller to investigate allegations of collusion between Trump’s 2016 campaign and the Russian government. Political pressure forced Trump to acquiesce in Mueller’s appointment. This gave Trump and his allies powerful political incentives to attack Mueller, which they did with ruthless ferocity. For special prosecutors, this is the norm. For the American people, it is cause for intense vigilance.
Can the President Be Compelled to Testify under Oath?
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Executive privilege is a doctrine closely akin to attorney-client privilege that allows presidents to resist judicial demands for evidence or testimony under hazily defined circumstances. It is frequently the bane of a special prosecutor’s existence. This chapter recounts the story of United States v. Nixon, the only executive privilege case ever decided by the U.S. Supreme Court—and the only court decision ever to bring down a sitting president. Despite this dramatic outcome, the Court’s decision left much room for debate. As a result, most executive privilege disputes are resolved through negotiation and not by the courts. In the background of every such negotiation, a single question looms larger than all the rest: What will the American people stand for? Here, too, the choice is ours.
Two waves: interference
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the sum of two waves, including standing waves. The examples considered are Young’s two-hole experiment, the Fabry–Perot etalon, and Michelson’s interferometer. In most cases interference can be treated as a sum of two or more phasors, which may either add or cancel, producing constructive and destructive interference, respectively.
Understanding the (Re)creation of Routines from Within
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how routines are created and recreated from within, and proposes a process model focusing on the internal dynamics of routines. In particular, by unpacking the performative and ostensive aspects of routines, it grounds endogenous explanations of routine creation and recreation to the situated understandings and actions of mutually susceptible participants. Mead’s concept of role taking helps to account for the fitting together of individual lines of action (performative) and the sharing of participants’ schemata (included in the ostensive) as mutually constituted processes that occur as participants develop distinct selves in the context of a joint activity. Moreover, the content and structure of the ostensive aspect is accounted for, and a conceptualization is proposed that does justice to it as a singular structural construct and allows for its multiplicity.
Grasping the Logic of Practice
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
There is an increasing concern that organizational theories are not relevant to practice. This chapter contends that the overall problem is that most organizational theories are unable to capture the logic of practice because they are developed within the framework of scientific rationality. The latter, along with the accompanying representational view of theory, are grounded on an entity-based ontology that foregrounds the subject-object separation. Drawing on Heidegger and his interpreters, existential ontology is suggested as an alternative, which is spacious enough to allow that a practice world shows up to beings who are absorbed in it, and that human beings can engage with the practice world in variously detached ways, through which its components appear to them. Accordingly, practical rationality is elaborated as an alternative framework, and shown to enable development of theories that grasp the logic of practice, and thus are more relevant to organizational practice.
Anthropocene: the good, the bad, and the inescapable
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The Anthropocene is an emerging epoch in the Earth system that requires a “state shift” in the way we think. The Earth system becomes much more unstable than it was in the last 12,000 years of the Holocene. The “bad Anthropocene” is associated with scientists who have identified “planetary boundaries” that must not be transgressed: so the Anthropocene is mostly something to be fought. The “good Anthropocene” is proposed by technological optimists who welcome humanity asserting benign control over what was the natural world. It is preferable to think of the inescapable Anthropocene: as something that humanity must learn to live with, for it will continue to generate novel challenges and crises in the Earth system. Human activities have a decisive causal influence on the Earth system, but to date the responses of the social sciences to the challenge have been inadequate. It is necessary to do better.
Governance in the Anthropocene
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The opposite of path dependency is reflexivity, the capacity of structures, systems, and ideas to question their own core commitments, and if necessary change themselves, not just do different things. The main requirement of governance in the Anthropocene is ecological reflexivity, which requires listening and responding effectively to signals from the Earth system, and foresight to anticipate potentially catastrophic changes. Ecological reflexivity fights pathological path dependencies. More effective deliberative and democratic practices can help. However, no fixed model of governance is appropriate in an ever-changing Earth system. Instead, this chapter shows how to think about building the capacity of governance to change, which is much more important than any specific model. The challenge is to develop governance capacities that have never been fully demonstrated before. Looking at the ambiguous history of climate governance, we draw lessons about how ecological reflexivity can be cultivated.
Sustainability
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The idea of sustainability has dominated global environmental affairs for several decades, though sustainable development has nowhere been achieved in practice. Established conceptions of sustainable development asserting that growth, justice, and environmental protection can be mutually reinforcing now need to be rethought under the more challenging circumstances of the Anthropocene. Sustainability needs to become more reflexive: more open to a range of understandings about its own essence, more ecologically grounded, more dynamic in its responsiveness to changing social and Earth system conditions, more far-sighted in anticipating future problems (such as state shifts in the Earth system), and more effectively integrated with other social values (such as justice and democracy). These requirements are demonstrated by a critical examination of one of the largest global efforts to advance sustainability and associated values: the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015.
Who will form the Anthropocene?
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The Anthropocene requires remaking social structures and practices. Who can do this, giving form and meaning to values such as justice, democracy, sustainability, and conservation, thereby disrupting path dependencies in ideas? Discourse entrepreneurs are leaders and activists who can advance discourses such as that of the Anthropocene itself, or shift the balance within or across discourses (such as moral and religious ones) in an ecological direction. Other vital agents include scientists and experts, cities and sub-national governments, and those most vulnerable to a damaged Earth system. Non-human nature can play a role. More conventional agents such as states, international organizations, and corporations, whose actions are vitally important receive less attention because they are not well placed to initiate change in ideas. Using illustrations from biodiversity, climate governance, and elsewhere, this chapter shows how formative agency can transform the meanings and principles that guide institutions and practices, through argument, rhetoric, and deliberation.
The Exile
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the broad conceptualization of mobility by Catholics. It explores the different understandings of migration for Protestants and Catholics, and highlights the specifically Catholic interpretations of mobility. A narrative of ‘exile’ is not dominant in Catholics’ writing on mobility; instead, the centrality of ‘mission’ in Catholic thinking becomes manifest. This changes the dynamic of how we should interpret mobile Catholics: not as isolated sufferers, but as militant defenders of their Church. Rather than victims escaping hardship, English Catholics went abroad with a mission and purpose. Moreover, the preference for ‘missionary’ over ‘exile’ indicates that Catholics did not understand physically leaving their country as breaking all ties with it in order to embrace the life of an isolated wanderer. On the contrary, expatriate Catholics were seen as active participants in an English Catholic community that did not have clearly defined geographical borders.
Conclusion
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The conclusion draws together the book’s arguments, highlighting the importance of recognizing the variety of confessional mobility. Through this approach, the discussion of expatriate English Catholics is no longer a self-contained narrative: its greater significance lies in reconfiguring how we think about both confessional mobility and the Counter-Reformation. English Catholics’ scattered community shows the role of bonds of belonging over physical proximity and territoriality. Moreover, their various identifications—among English Catholics, within the broader Catholic Church, and with English subjecthood—strongly support moving beyond a narrative of simple, linear integration in a host society. Confessional Mobility also challenges the ongoing practice of reducing English Catholics, especially migrants, to the footnotes to scholarship on the Catholic Reformation, since they did not conform to a monolithic image of the triumphant Church. However, this book shows that the Counter-Reformation took many shapes, and that English particularities were part of this diverse spectrum.
Vices of the Mind
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This book defends the view that epistemic vices are blameworthy or otherwise reprehensible character traits, attitudes, or ways of thinking that systematically obstruct the gaining, keeping, or sharing of knowledge. An account is given of specific epistemic vices and of the particular ways in which they get in the way of knowledge. Closed-mindedness is an example of a character vice, an epistemic vice that is a character trait. Epistemic insouciance and epistemic malevolence are examples of attitude vices. An example of an epistemic vice that is a way of thinking is wishful thinking. Only epistemic vices that we have the ability to control or modify are strictly blameworthy but all epistemic vices are intellectual failings that reflect badly on the person whose vices they are. Epistemic vices merit criticism if not blame. Many epistemic vices are stealthy, in the sense that they block their own detection by active critical reflection or other means. In these cases, traumatic experiences can sometimes open one’s eyes to one’s own failings but are not guaranteed to do so. Although significant obstacles stand in the way of self-improvement in respect of our epistemic vices, and some epistemic vices are resistant to self-improvement strategies, self-improvement is nevertheless possible in some cases.
The Anatomy of Vice
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains and defends obstructivism about epistemic vice, the view that epistemic vices are blameworthy or otherwise reprehensible character traits, attitudes, or ways of thinking that systematically obstruct the gaining, keeping, or sharing of knowledge. It explains how epistemic vices get in the way of knowledge and criticizes motivational accounts of epistemic vice. Obstructivism focuses on the epistemic consequences of epistemic vices and is a form of consequentialism. The focus in this chapter is on arrogance and its role in obstructing the acquisition and sharing of knowledge during preparations for the 2003 American invasion of Iraq. Epistemic vices are distinguished from mere cognitive defects and an account is given of different senses in which we might have responsibility for our own epistemic vices.
Self-Improvement
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues for a qualified optimism about self-improvement, that is, for the view that self-improvement in respect of our epistemic vices is sometimes possible and that there is something we can do about our epistemic vices, including our implicit biases. It is possible for us to tackle our character vices as long as we know we have them, are motivated to tackle them, and are willing and able to make the necessary effort of self-control. Some of our epistemic vices are resistant to self-improvement strategies because they deprive us of the motivation to do anything about them. Such vices are resistant vices. Epistemic vices that can’t be eliminated can sometimes be bypassed or outsmarted, but self-ignorance and lack of motivation can limit the effectiveness of outsmarting strategies just as effectively as they can limit the effectiveness of vice-reduction strategies.
Aims, Approach, and Structure of the Study
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Furlonge Haydn I. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This study sheds new light on several development controversies in addition to the resource curse including industrial policy, premature deindustrialization, urban bias, rural neglect, and dual track reform. The approach uses two stylized facts rent-driven models to analyze the political economy of economic development. It illustrates the models with two country case studies: high-rent Trinidad and Tobago and low-rent Mauritius. The stylized facts models provide a nuanced explanation of the rent curse and are applied to compare and explain the contrasting post-1960 development outcomes in five principal global developing regions: sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, East Asia, South Asia, and the Gulf.
Imperial Boys and Men of Letters
Authors: Eastlake Laura 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Roman influences upon the muscular Christian virtue and hardy imperialist outlooks which sit at the heart of much Victorian schoolboy fiction including Thomas Hughes’s Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857) and Kipling’s Stalky and Co. (1899). It then examines more closely constructions of an equivalent intellectual—or literary—masculinity embodied in the Man of Letters, whose identity, like those of his cousins the muscular Christian and the Victorian imperialist, is also derived from classical exemplars, but whose manliness is encoded more subtly, even metatextually, into works like Kipling’s Stalky. It argues that the refiguration of writing as a heroic act equivalent, and even superior to fighting, held a particular appeal for Victorian culture which perceived itself to have a uniquely modern relationship with the written word.
Introduction
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The letters of the apostle Paul contain the earliest evidence we have of followers of Christ. Archaeology and the Letters of Paul is about these letters, and, even more, about the social, political, economic, and religious lives of those to whom and with whom Paul wrote. This book uses archaeological materials to consider specific, local contexts among the cities of the Roman Empire. It engages in the imaginative work of history, amassing details from archaeology to build cases of the rich, complicated, embroiled lives of those adelphoi, the brothers and sisters whom Paul addressed in his letters.
On Travel and Hospitality
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The apostle Paul is often depicted as one among other apostolic heroes who traveled the Mediterranean to spread the gospel. The Letter to the Galatians indicates conflict between these travelers, whose visits and absences result in turmoil and social fractures within the community. A contemporaneous inscription from Galatia demonstrates a local attempt to control the exploitative practices of Roman imperial travelers who demand housing, food, animals, and help during their move through the region. The power differential between Roman officials with diplomata and early Christian travelers is considerable. Nonetheless, the inscription provides a context for considering the cost and consequences of hospitality for the many Christ followers who hosted apostles and itinerant teachers.
The Outcome of Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment According to Electodiagnosis in Patients with Intractable Lumbosacral Radicular Pain
Authors: Park Chan Hong , Lee Sang Ho 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundRadicular pain is related to lesions that either directly compromise the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) or indirectly compromise the spinal nerve and its roots by causing ischemia or inflammation of the axons.ObjectiveOur study aimed to assess the outcomes of pulsed readiofrequency treatment (PRF) according to electrodiagnosis results in patients with chronic intractable lumbosacral radicular pain.MethodsA total of 82 failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) patients were included in this study. All of them underwent electromyography/nerve conduction studies before pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment at the DRG, and they were classified according to the electrodiagnostic results as: group 1, no definite finding (normal); group 2, radiculopathy; and group 3, neuropathy. Pain intensity was assessed according to a numeric rating scale score and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) before treatment and at one, three, six, and 12 months after treatment, and successful treatment was defined as a pain score reduction of ≥50% at 12 months, as compared with the pretreatment score.ResultsPretreatment electrodiagnosis identified 28 patients with no definite findings, 31 patients with radiculopathy, and 23 patients with neuropathy. The patients with neuropathy had less pain relief after treatment than those with no definite findings and those with radiculopathy. The prevalence of pain reduction of at least 50% was lower in the neuropathy group than in the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference in ODI between group.ConclusionOutcomes after PRF at the DRG did not show strong differences according to electrodiagnostic findings in FBSS patients with chronic intractable lumbosacral radicular pain.
Approval of New Opioid Raises Concerns
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: January 2019

A new form of the opioid sufentanil has been approved under the trade name Dsuvia. It is administered sublingually using a special applicator. The drug can only be sold and administered in certified medically supervised health care settings.Dsuvia carries a black box warning that it may cause respiratory depression; addiction, abuse, and misuse; and drug interactions with benzodiazepines and other central nervous system depressants. The warning also states that concomitant use of Dsuvia with cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoenzyme CYP3A4 inhibitors (or, conversely, discontinuing drugs that induce this isoenzyme), can dangerously increase the circulating levels of Dsuvia and be fatal.Approval of Dsuvia has been controversial, with critics claiming that a new opioid is not warranted given the deaths from the current opioid epidemic.