bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LRRK2 impairs autophagy by mediating phosphorylation of leucyl‐tRNA synthetase
Authors: Ho Dong Hwan , Kim Hyejung , Nam Daleum , Sim Hyuna , Kim Janghwan , Kim Hyung Gun , Son Ilhong , Seol Wongi 
Published: November 2018

Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a causal gene of Parkinson disease. G2019S pathogenic mutation increases its kinase activity. LRRK2 regulates various phenotypes including autophagy, neurite outgrowth, and vesicle trafficking. Leucyl‐tRNA synthetase (LRS) attaches leucine to tRNALeuand activates mTORC1. Down‐regulation of LRS induces autophagy. We investigated the relationship between LRRK2 and LRS in regulating autophagy and observed interaction between endogenous LRRK2 and LRS proteins and LRS phosphorylation by LRRK2. Mutation studies implicated that T293 in the LRS editing domain was a putative phosphorylation site. Phospho‐Thr in LRS was increased in cells overexpressing G2019S and dopaminergic neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells of a G2019S carrier. It was decreased by treatment with an LRRK2 kinase inhibitor (GSK2578215A). Phosphomimetic T293D displayed lower leucine bindings than wild type (WT), suggesting its defective editing function. Cellular expression of T293D increased expression of GRP78/BiP, LC3B‐II, and p62 proteins and number of LC3 puncta. Increase of GRP78 and phosphorylated LRS was diminished by treatment with GSK2578215A. Levels of LC3B, GRP78/BiP, p62, and α‐synuclein proteins were also increased in G2019S transgenic (TG) mice. These data suggest that LRRK2‐mediated LRS phosphorylation impairs autophagy by increasing protein misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated by LRS editing defect.Significance of the studyLeucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause of Parkinson disease (PD), and the most prevalent pathogenic mutation, G2019S, increases its kinase activity. In this study, we elucidated that leucyl‐tRNA synthetase (LRS) was an LRRK2 kinase substrate and identified T293 as an LRRK2 phosphorylation site. LRRK2‐meidated LRS phosphorylation or G2019S can lead to impairment of LRS editing, increased ER stress, and accumulation of autophagy markers. These results demonstrate that LRRK2 kinase activity can facilitate accumulation of misfolded protein, suggesting that LRRK2 kinase might be a potential PD therapeutic target along with previous studies.
Role of estradiol and testosterone in Ucp1 expression in brown/beige adipocytes
Authors: Suzuki Mika , Murakami Masaru , Shirai Mitsuyuki , Hashimoto Osamu , Kawada Teruo , Matsui Tohru , Funaba Masayuki 
Published: November 2018

Activity of brown/beige adipocytes is higher in women than in men. The expression level of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is largely consistent with the thermogenic activity in brown/beige adipocytes. The present study examined the direct effects of sex hormones on Ucp1 expression in brown adipocytes and beige adipocytes, which were differentiated from HB2 brown preadipocytes and 3T3‐L1 white preadipocytes, respectively; treatment with estradiol or testosterone was used during the early (days 0‐8) or late stage (days 8‐12) of brown adipogenesis and beige adipogenesis. On day 8 or day 12, cells were treated with or without isoproterenol (Iso), an agonist for the β‐adrenergic receptor, for 4 hours. Furthermore, the sex of cells was examined; the sex‐determining region y gene, which is located on the y chromosome, was present in HB2 cells, but not in 3T3‐L1 cells, suggesting that HB2 cells and 3T3‐L1 cells are male and female cells, respectively. Treatment with 17β‐estradiol during the early stage of brown adipogenesis enhanced the responsiveness to Iso on Ucp1 induction, whereas treatment during the late stage of brown adipogenesis decreased Ucp1 expression in unstimulated brown adipocytes. Estradiol decreased Iso‐induced Ucp1 expression during the early stage of beige adipogenesis. Treatment with testosterone during the early stage of brown adipogenesis did not affect Ucp1 expression but increased the responsiveness to Iso on Ucp1 induction by the treatment during the late stage of brown adipogenesis. The present results suggest that sex hormones modulate the expression level of Ucp1 in brown/beige adipocytes in a stage‐dependent manner. Direct effects of sex hormones in brown/beige adipogenesis were evaluated. Treatment with 17β‐estradiol during the early stage of brown adipogenesis enhanced the responsiveness to isoproterenol (Iso), an agonist for the β‐adrenergic receptor, on Ucp1 induction, whereas treatment during the late stage of brown adipogenesis decreased Ucp1 expression in unstimulated brown adipocytes. Estradiol decreased Iso‐induced Ucp1 expression during the early stage of beige adipogenesis. Testosterone during the late stage of brown adipogenesis increased the responsiveness to Iso on Ucp1 induction. Sex hormones modulate the expression level of Ucp1 in brown/beige adipocytes in a stage‐dependent manner.
Stoichiometric Regeneration of ATP by A NAD(P)/CoA‐free and Phosphate‐balanced In Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Biosystem
Authors: Wei Xinlei , Xie Leipeng , Job Zhang Yi‐Heng P. , You Chun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe regeneration of adenosine triphosphate is crucial for establishing a cost‐effective biosystem in which energy‐dependent processes are involved. Here, an in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem was designed to utilize low‐cost starch‐based material as energy source for the stoichiometric regeneration of ATP. This system required neither NAD(P) nor coenzyme A, and theoretically produced 3 ATPs per glucose equivalent of starch. When integrated with the L‐theanine‐producing enzymatic reaction which consumes 1 ATP to generate 1 L‐theanine molecule, our system resulted in a near‐theoretical yield of 2.94 L‐theanine per glucose equivalent. Furthermore, inorganic phosphate concentration of the system was nearly constant throughout the reaction period, suggesting the homeostatic reaction environment for enzymatic processes. This work provides a useful strategy for cost‐effective ATP regeneration which facilitates the production of ATP‐dependent value‐added chemicals.
CaII, YbII and SmII Bis(Amido) Complexes Coordinated by NHC Ligands: Efficient Catalysts for Highly Regio‐ and Chemoselective Consecutive Hydrophosphinations with PH3
Authors: Lapshin Ivan V. , Basalov Ivan V. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Cherkasov Anton V. , Trifonov Alexander A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe first example of intermolecular hydrophosphination of styrene, 2‐vinylpyridine and phenylacetylene with PH3 catalyzed by bis‐(amido) complexes [(Me3Si)2N]2M(NHC)2 (M=Ca, Yb, Sm) coordinated by NHC ligands is described. The reactions of styrene with PH3 proceed under mild conditions in quantitative yields to afford only anti‐Markovnikov product and allow for the chemoselective synthesis of primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines. Addition of phenylacetylene to PH3 regardless the initial molar substrates ratio results in the exclusive formation of a tertiary tris‐(Z‐styryl)‐phosphine. Crucial effect of the Lewis base coordinated to the metal ion in precatalyst on catalytic activity in styrene hydrophosphination with PH3 was demonstrated. Free NHCs were also found to be able to promote addition of PH3 to styrene, however they provide much lower reaction rates compared to the metal complexes.
Asymmetric Cyclizative Dimerization of (ortho‐Alkynyl Phenyl) (Methoxymethyl) Sulfides with Palladium(II) Bisoxazoline Catalyst
Authors: Peng Cheng , Kusakabe Taichi , Kikkawa Shoko , Mochida Tomoyuki , Azumaya Isao , Dhage Yogesh Daulat , Takahashi Keisuke , Sasai Hiroaki , Kato Keisuke 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe first example of an asymmetric cyclization–dimerization of (ortho‐alkynyl phenyl) (methoxymethyl) sulfides with a palladium(II) bisoxazoline (box) catalyst has been developed. The box ligand enhances the alkynophilicity of benzothienyl palladium(II) intermediate A and thus promotes coordination of the second alkyne substrate, leading to the dimerization. The characteristic properties of the box ligand were supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the intermediate. Axially chiral bibenzothiophenes were obtained in good yields with good enantioselectivities.
Rhodium Complexes of a New‐Generation Sapphyrin: Unique Structures, Axial Chirality, and Catalysis
Authors: Chen Qiu‐Cheng , Saltsman Irena , Kaushansky Alexander , Xiao Zi‐Ye , Fridman Natalia , Zhan Xuan , Gross Zeev 
Published: November 2018

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Zeev Gross at the Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology. The image, designed by Qiu‐Cheng Chen and Zeev Gross, was inspired by space walking and depicts rhodium(I) floating between the five nitrogen atoms of sapphyrin and how this affects chirality of the corresponding complex. Here the first co‐author, Q.‐C. Chen, shares some insights. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201804138.
Potential role of cancer stem cells as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cervical cancer
Authors: Sudhalkar Niyati , Rathod Nidul P. , Mathews Ashwathi , Chopra Supriya , Sriram Harshini , Shrivastava Shyam K. , Goda Jayant S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundEradicating cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are termed as the “beating heart” of various malignant tumors, including cervical cancer, holds great importance in cancer therapeutics. CSCs not only confer chemo‐radio resistance but also play an important role in tumor metastasis and thereby pose a potential barrier for the cure of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer, a common malignancy among females, is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and the study on CSCs residing in the niche is promising.Recent findingsBiomarker approach to screen the cervical CSCs has gained impetus since the past decade. Progress in identification and characterization of the stem cell biomarkers has led to many insights. For the diagnostic purpose, several biomarkers like viral (HPV16), stem cell markers, transcription factors (viz, SOX2, OCT 4, and c‐Myc), and CSC surface markers (viz, ALDH1 and CD44) have been identified. The research so far has been directed to study the CSC stemness and demonstrates various gene expression signatures in cervical CSCs. Such studies hold a potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict therapeutic response and clinical outcome in patients.ConclusionsStem cell biomarkers have been validated and their therapeutic targets are being developed as “strategies to improve therapeutic ratio in personalized medicine.” This review gives a brief overview of the cervical CSC biomarkers, their current and future diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential.
Energetic, Topological and Electric Field Analyses of Cation‐Cation Nucleic Acid Interactions in Watson‐Crick Disposition
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Mata Ignasi , Molins Elies , Espinosa Enrique 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA theoretical study of the effect of the diprotonation on the nucleic acid bases (A : U, A : T and G : C) in Watson‐Crick conformation has been carried out by means of DFT computational methods in vacuum. In addition, the corresponding neutral and monoprotonated binary complexes have been considered. Most of the diprotonated species studied are stable, even though the binding energy is positive due to the overall repulsive electrostatic term. Local electrostatic attractive forces in the regions of hydrogen bonds (HBs) are responsible for equilibrium geometries, as shown by the electric field lines connecting the electrophilic and nucleophilic sites involved in the HB interactions. Secondary electrostatic effects also affect the assembling of the nucleic acid complexes in either neutral or cationic form. In particular, the electric field lines flowing from electrophilic sites in one base to nucleophilic sites in the other reinforce the linking between them. Hence, when the nucleophilic site concerns the free lone pair of the heteroatom involved in the HB interaction as acceptor, the HB distance shortens. However, if the free lone pair of the HB acceptor interacts with an electrophilic site in the same molecule, the HB distance elongates, weakening the HB interaction. The topological analysis of the electron density distribution in HB regions indicates that neutral, monoprotonated and diprotonated complexes show no differences in the nature of their HB's.
Satisfactory content delivery scheme for QoS provisioning in delay tolerant networks
Authors: Ezzahidi Sidi Ahmed , Sabir Essaid , Ghogho Mounir 
Published: November 2018

SummaryWe deal in this article with the content forwarding problem in delay tolerant networks (DTNs). We first formulate the content delivery interaction as a noncooperative satisfaction game. On one hand, the source node seeks to ensure a delivery probability above some given threshold. On the other hand, the relay nodes seek to maximize their own payoffs. The source node offers a reward (virtual coins) to the relay, which caches and forwards the file to the final destination. Each relay has to solve the dilemma of accepting/rejecting to cache the source's file. Cooperation incurs energy cost due to caching, carrying, and forwarding the source's file. Yet when a relay accepts to cooperate, it may receive some reward if it succeeds to be the first relay to forward the content to the destination. Otherwise, the relay may receive some penalty in the form of a constant regret; the latter parameter is introduced to make incentive for cooperation. Next, we introduce the concept of satisfaction equilibrium (SE) as a solution concept to the induced game. Now, the source node is solely interested in reaching a file delivery probability greater than some given threshold, while the relays behave rationally to maximize their respective payoffs. Full characterizations of the SEs for both pure and mixed strategies are derived. Furthermore, we propose two learning algorithms allowing the players (source/relays) to reach the SE strategies. Finally, extensive numerical investigations and some learning simulations are carried out to illustrate the behavior of the interacting nodes and to give some insightful thoughts on how to fine‐tune the network setting.
Black walnut alley cropping is economically competitive with row crops in the MidwestUSA
Authors: Wolz Kevin J. , DeLucia Evan H. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe maize–soybean rotation (MSR) dominates the Midwest United States and degrades many ecological functions. Black walnut (Juglans nigraL.) plantation forestry (PF) and alley cropping (AC) are two alternative land‐uses that can enhance productivity and restore ecosystem services. Given the lack of robust market mechanisms to monetize ecosystems services, we tested whether the profitability ofPFandACcould drive adoption in the Midwest. Publically available data on black walnut soil suitability, timber prices, crop productivity, and cash rents were combined in a high‐resolution spatial analysis to identify regions where these alternatives can outcompeteMSR. To avoid selecting an arbitrary discount rate at which to make comparisons, we determined the threshold discount rate necessary to makePForACeconomically competitive withMSR. We show that, with a 5% discount rate,PFandACcould be more profitable on 17.0% and 23.4% ofMSRland, respectively. Contrary to the common assumption that woody agricultural alternatives should first be adopted in marginal row crop areas, the economic competitiveness ofPFandACwas not correlated withMSRproductivity. Instead, black walnut growth rate was the central driver ofPFandACcompetitiveness, underscoring a necessary shift away from the currentMSR‐centric perspective in defining target regions for land‐use alternatives. Results reveal major opportunities for landowners and investors to increase profitability by investing inPFandACon both “marginal” and productiveMSRland.
Benthic biogeographic patterns in the southern Australian deep sea: Do historical museum records accord with recent systematic, but spatially limited, survey data?
Authors: Tanner Jason E. , Althaus Franziska , Sorokin Shirley J. , Williams Alan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimTo document biogeographic patterns in the deepwater benthic epifauna and demersal fishes of southern Australia, and determine whether museum records and systematic survey data provide matching results.LocationSouthern Australian (32–44oS) continental slope (200–3,000 m deep).TaxonMarine benthic fauna (Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Porifera, Sipuncula, and fishes).MethodsAll available electronic records of fauna from the above taxa and ≥200 m depth off the southern Australian coastline, regardless of organism size, were collated from Australian museums and checked for geographic and taxonomic consistency. These records were then split into 40 geographic segments of roughly equal numbers, with each segment then treated as a sample in multivariate analyses of assemblage composition. Data from a recent (2015) systematic beam trawl survey along five north–south transects in the central Great Australian Bight were also included for comparison.Main conclusionsThe systematic survey data grouped with the associated geographic segments despite differences in sampling technique (single gear compared to multiple gears), with subsequent differences in taxonomic biases, and the use of a 25 mm mesh, which would undersample some smaller organisms present in the museum data. Thus, the museum data and the survey data provided the same results for the central Great Australian Bight at the level of the whole assemblage. The main biogeographic break occurred off southeastern Tasmania, with a second substantial break occurring at around the border between New South Wales and Victoria. This indicates the potential for unused museum data to describe biogeographic patterns over regional spatial scales, especially in the deep sea where the expense of collecting new data is relatively high.
Under which humidity conditions are moss spores released? A comparison between species with perfect and specialized peristomes
Authors: Zanatta Florian , Vanderpoorten Alain , Hedenäs Lars , Johansson Victor , Patiño Jairo , Lönnell Niklas , Hylander Kristoffer 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDispersal is a fundamental biological process that can be divided into three phases: release, transportation, and deposition. Determining the mechanisms of diaspore release is of prime importance to understand under which climatic conditions and at which frequency diaspores are released and transported. In mosses, wherein spore dispersal takes place through the hygroscopic movements of the peristome, the factors enhancing spore release has received little attention. Here, we determine the levels of relative humidity (RH) at which peristome movements are induced, contrasting the response of species with perfect (fully developed) and specialized (reduced) peristomes. All nine investigated species with perfect peristomes displayed a xerochastic behavior, initiating a closing movement from around 50%–65% RH upon increasing humidity and an opening movement from around 90% RH upon drying. Five of the seven species with specialized peristomes exhibited a hygrochastic behavior, initiating an opening movement under increasing RH (from about 80%) and a closing movement upon drying (from about 90%). These differences between species with hygrochastic and xerochastic peristomes suggest that spore dispersal does not randomly occur regardless of the prevailing climate conditions, which can impact their dispersal distances. In species with xerochastic peristomes, the release of spores under decreasing RH can be interpreted as an adaptive mechanism to disperse spores under optimal conditions for long‐distance wind dispersal. In species with hygrochastic peristomes, conversely, the release of spores under wet conditions, which decreases their wind long‐distance dispersal capacities, might be seen as a safe‐site strategy, forcing spores to land in appropriate (micro‐) habitats where their survival is favored. Significant variations were observed in the RH thresholds triggering peristome movements among species, especially in those with hygrochastic peristomes, raising the question of what mechanisms are responsible for such differences.
Birds in the Himalayas: What drives beta diversity patterns along an elevational gradient?
Authors: Hu Yiming , Ding Zhifeng , Jiang Zhigang , Quan Qing , Guo Keji , Tian Liqiao , Hu Huijian , Gibson Luke 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBeta diversity patterns along elevational gradients have become a hot topic in the study of biogeography and can help illuminate the processes structuring mountain ecosystems. Although elevational species richness patterns have been well documented, there remains much uncertainty over the causes of beta diversity patterns across elevational gradients. We conducted bird surveys and obtained high‐resolution climatic data along an elevational gradient in Gyirong Valley in the central Himalayas, China, between 1,800 and 5,400 m elevation. In total, we recorded 182 bird species (including 169 breeding birds). We simulated beta diversity patterns with the mid‐domain effect (MDE) null model and conducted distance‐based redundancy analyses (db‐RDA) to relate beta diversity to dispersal limitations, spatial constraints, habitat complexity, contemporary climate, and historical climate. Mantel tests and variation partitioning were employed to identify the magnitude of independent statistical associations of environmental factors with beta diversity. Patterns of empirical and simulated beta diversity were both hump‐shaped, peaking at intermediate elevations. The db‐RDA indicated that beta diversity was correlated with changes in spatially structured environmental factors, especially with contemporary climate and habitat complexity. Mantel tests and variation partitioning also suggested that climate dissimilarity was the major independent correlate of beta diversity. The random community structure and spatial constraints may also contribute to the overall hump‐shaped pattern. Beta diversity of bird communities in Gyirong Valley could be explained by the combination of different factors but is mainly shaped by the spatially structured environmental factors, especially contemporary climate.