bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Taxonomies: Carl Linnaeus, Swedish Travel in Asia and the Classification of Man
Authors: Skott Christina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article looks at ways in which Swedish travel to Asia informed the classification of man in the work of Carl Linnaeus. In the tenth edition of hisSystema Naturae(1758), Linnaeus made substantial changes to his earlier taxonomy of humans. Through two case studies, it is argued that these changes to a great extent were prompted by fresh Swedish eyewitness reports from China and Southeast Asia. The informants for theHomo asiaticus, a variety ofHomo sapiens, and a proposed new species of humans,Homo nocturnus(ortroglodytes), were all associated with the Swedish East India Company. The botanical contribution by men trained in the Linnaean method travelling on the company's ships has long been acknowledged. In contrast to the systematic collecting of botanical material, Swedish descriptions of Asia's human inhabitants were often inconclusive, reflecting the circumstances of the trade encounter. Linnaeus also relied on older observations made by countrymen, and his human taxonomies also highlight the role of travel literature in eighteenth-century anthropology.
High‐Temperature Observation of Transdomain Transitions in Vortex States in Intermediate Titanomagnetite
Authors: Khakhalova E. , Moskowitz B.M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNatural materials contain small grains of magnetic iron oxides that can record information about the magnetic field of the Earth when they form and can be used to document changes in the geomagnetic field through time. Thermoremanent magnetization is the most stable type of remanent magnetization in igneous rocks and can be carried by particle sizes above the upper size limit for single‐domain behavior. To better understand thermoremanent magnetization in particles larger than single domain, we imaged the thermal dependence of magnetic structures in ~1.5‐μm grains of titanomagnetite (Fe2.46Ti0.54O4) using variable‐temperature magnetic force microscopy. At room temperature, grains displayed single‐vortex and multivortex states. Upon heating, the single‐vortex state was found to be stable up to the Curie temperature (~215 °C), whereas multivortex states unblocked between 125 and 200 °C by transitioning into single‐vortex states. During cooling in a weak field (~0.1 mT), single‐vortex states nucleated just below the Curie temperature and remained unchanged to room temperature. The single‐vortex state was the only magnetic state observed at room temperature after weak field thermoremanent magnetization acquisition experiments. These observations indicate that single‐vortex states occur in titanomagnetite and, like single‐domain particles, have high thermal stability necessary for carrying stable paleomagnetic remanence.
Characteristics of Repeating Long‐Period Seismic Events at Fuego Volcano, January 2012
Authors: Brill K. A. , Waite G. P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe describe a suite of repeating long‐period seismic events at Fuego volcano in Guatemala. These events, recorded on a temporary network over a period of 8 days during January 2012, did not occur with any visibly or audibly detectable emissions from the volcano. Events are separated into families based on different correlation coefficient thresholds. A correlation coefficient threshold of 0.70 yields two families with 123 events and 25 events, respectively. These two event families share enough common features that if the correlation coefficient threshold is 0.65, the families merge and grow to include an additional 226 events. The short duration and frequency content concentrated below 2 Hz of the second family allow us to create a phase‐weighted stack which we then inverted for source mechanism and location using unconstrained full‐waveform moment‐tensor inversion. The eigenvalue decompositions of the best‐fit models indicate the source is a crack with some volume change. The short duration of the modeled source time function and the slight variability of signal shape within the suite of repeating events indicate the events are caused by rapid pressurization of cracks or series of connected cracks. The interevent times of these events appear clustered, indicating driving processes more complex than continual degassing of magma in the conduit would allow. Better understanding of these events may shed light on processes not captured by real‐time seismic amplitude measurements or gas flux measurements alone.
On Solutions of the PFSS Model With GONG Synoptic Maps for 2006–2018
Authors: Nikolić L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe potential field source surface (PFSS) model is widely used to derive the magnetic field of the solar corona. The only free parameter in the PFSS model is the radius of the so‐called source surface, where magnetic field lines are forced to open. The radius of this surface is typically set to 2.5 solar radii in research and operational PFSS numerical models. Here, using Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) synoptic maps of the photospheric field, solutions of the PFSS model for various heights of the source surface are investigated for 2006–2018. In particular, numerically derived open solar magnetic flux and coronal holes are examined. Solutions of the PFSS model based on GONG synoptic maps are particularly important since they are often used to drive operational space weather forecast models. Comparisons between observations and numerical results in this paper suggest that the radius of the source surface is significantly lower than 2.5 solar radii during the active phase of solar cycle 24. The fact that the source surface location depends on the solar activity suggests that relations which associate solar wind properties with the coronal magnetic field in the PFSS‐based solar wind modes should be revisited. Furthermore, although the correction of the polar magnetic field is part of GONG synoptic map production pipeline, the results suggest that better treatment of polar fields is needed to cover observational gaps. The issue with the polar fields in GONG maps is particularly pronounced in recent years.
Velocity Field Estimation on Density‐Driven Solute Transport With a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Kreyenberg Philipp J. , Bauser Hannes H. , Roth Kurt 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecent advances in machine learning open new opportunities to gain deeper insight into hydrological systems, where some relevant system quantities remain difficult to measure. We use deep learning methods trained on numerical simulations of the physical processes to explore the possibilities of closing the information gap of missing system quantities. As an illustrative example we study the estimation of velocity fields in numerical and laboratory experiments of density‐driven solute transport. Using high‐resolution observations of the solute concentration distribution, we demonstrate the capability of the method to structurally incorporate the representation of the physical processes. Velocity field estimation for synthetic data for both variable and uniform concentration boundary conditions showed equal results. This capability is remarkable because only the latter was employed for training the network. Applying the method to measured concentration distributions of density‐driven solute transport in a Hele‐Shaw cell makes the velocity field assessable in the experiment. This assessability of the velocity field even holds for regions with negligible solute concentration between the density fingers, where the velocity field is otherwise inaccessible.
A first-principles phase field method for quantitatively predicting multi-composition phase separation without thermodynamic empirical parameter
Authors: Bhattacharyya Swastibrata , Sahara Ryoji , Ohno Kaoru 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo design tailored materials, it is highly desirable to predict microstructures of alloys without empirical parameter. Phase field models (PFMs) rely on parameters adjusted to match experimental information, while first-principles methods cannot directly treat the typical length scale of 10 μm. Combining density functional theory, cluster expansion theory and potential renormalization theory, we derive the free energy as a function of compositions and construct a parameter-free PFM, which can predict microstructures in high-temperature regions of alloy phase diagrams. Applying this method to Ni-Al alloys at 1027 °C, we succeed in reproducing evolution of microstructures as a function of only compositions without thermodynamic empirical parameter. The resulting patterns including cuboidal shaped precipitations are in excellent agreement with the experimental microstructures in each region of the Ni-Al phase diagram. Our method is in principle applicable to any kind of alloys as a reliable theoretical tool to predict microstructures of new materials.
Lattice doping regulated interfacial reactions in cathode for enhanced cycling stability
Authors: Zou Lianfeng , Li Jianyu , Liu Zhenyu , Wang Guofeng , Manthiram Arumugam , Wang Chongmin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInterfacial reactions between electrode and electrolyte are critical, either beneficial or detrimental, for the performance of rechargeable batteries. The general approaches of controlling interfacial reactions are either applying a coating layer on cathode or modifying the electrolyte chemistry. Here we demonstrate an approach of modification of interfacial reactions through dilute lattice doping for enhanced battery properties. Using atomic level imaging, spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory calculation, we reveal aluminum dopants in lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide are partially dissolved in the bulk lattice with a tendency of enrichment near the primary particle surface and partially exist as aluminum oxide nano-islands that are epitaxially dressed on the primary particle surface. The aluminum concentrated surface lowers transition metal redox energy level and consequently promotes the formation of a stable cathode-electrolyte interphase. The present observations demonstrate a general principle as how the trace dopants modify the solid-liquid interfacial reactions for enhanced performance.
Polyhydride CeH9 with an atomic-like hydrogen clathrate structure
Authors: Li Xin , Huang Xiaoli , Duan Defang , Pickard Chris J. , Zhou Di , Xie Hui , Zhuang Quan , Huang Yanping , Zhou Qiang , Liu Bingbing , Cui Tian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCompression of hydrogen-rich hydrides has been proposed as an alternative way to attain the atomic metallic hydrogen state or high-temperature superconductors. However, it remains a challenge to get access to these states by synthesizing novel polyhydrides with unusually high hydrogen-to-metal ratios. Here we synthesize a series of cerium (Ce) polyhydrides by a direct reaction of Ce and H2 at high pressures. We discover that cerium polyhydride CeH9, formed above 100 GPa, presents a three-dimensional hydrogen network composed of clathrate H29 cages. The electron localization function together with band structure calculations elucidate the weak electron localization between H-H atoms and confirm its metallic character. By means of Ce atom doping, metallic hydrogen structure can be realized via the existence of CeH9. Particularly, Ce atoms play a positive role to stabilize the sublattice of hydrogen cages similar to the recently discovered near-room-temperature lanthanum hydride superconductors.
Structure of Myosin VI/Tom1 complex reveals a cargo recognition mode of Myosin VI for tethering
Authors: Hu Shichen , Guo Yujiao , Wang Yingli , Li Ying , Fu Tao , Zhou Zixuan , Wang Yaru , Liu Jianping , Pan Lifeng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMyosin VI plays crucial roles in diverse cellular processes. In autophagy, Myosin VI can facilitate the maturation of autophagosomes through interactions with Tom1 and the autophagy receptors, Optineurin, NDP52 and TAX1BP1. Here, we report the high-resolution crystal structure of the C-terminal cargo-binding domain (CBD) of Myosin VI in complex with Tom1, which elucidates the mechanistic basis underpinning the specific interaction between Myosin VI and Tom1, and uncovers that the C-terminal CBD of Myosin VI adopts a unique cargo recognition mode to interact with Tom1 for tethering. Furthermore, we show that Myosin VI can serve as a bridging adaptor to simultaneously interact with Tom1 and autophagy receptors through two distinct interfaces. In all, our findings provide mechanistic insights into the interactions of Myosin VI with Tom1 and relevant autophagy receptors, and are valuable for further understanding the functions of these proteins in autophagy and the cargo recognition modes of Myosin VI.
Genetic signature related to heme-hemoglobin metabolism pathway in sepsis secondary to pneumonia
Authors: Leite Giuseppe Gianini Figuerêido , Scicluna Brendon P. , van der Poll Tom , Salomão Reinaldo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated inflammatory response to pathogens. Bioinformatics and transcriptomics studies contribute to get a better understanding of the pathogenesis of sepsis. These studies revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in sepsis involved in several pathways. Here we investigated the gene expression profiles of blood leukocytes using three microarray datasets of sepsis secondary to pneumonia, focusing on the heme/hemoglobin metabolism pathway. We demonstrate that the heme/hemoglobin metabolism pathway was found to be enriched in these three cohorts with four common genes (ALAS2, AHSP, HBD, and CA1). Several studies show that these four genes are involved in the cytoprotection of non-erythrocyte cells in response to different stress conditions. The upregulation of heme/hemoglobin metabolism in sepsis might be a protective response of white cells to the hostile environment present in septic patients (follow-up samples).
Whole genome sequencing revealed new molecular characteristics in multidrug resistant staphylococci recovered from high frequency touched surfaces in London
Authors: Cave Rory , Misra Raju , Chen Jiazhen , Wang Shiyong , Mkrtchyan Hermine V. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe rise of antibiotic resistance (AMR) is one of the most important public health threats worldwide.Today, increasing attention is being paid to multidrug resistant staphylococci isolated from healthcare and non-healthcare environments as the treatment of these bacteria has become increasingly difficult. In this study, we compared staphylococci isolates recovered from high frequency touched surfaces from public areas in the community and hospitals in East and West London. 281 out of 600 (46.83%) staphylococci isolates recovered were multidrug resistant, of which 49 (8.17%) were mecA positive. There was significantly higher proportion of multidrug resistant staphylococci (P = 0.0002) in East London (56.7%) compared to West London (49.96%). The most common species identified as multidrug resistant were S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and S. hominis, whereas penicillin, fusidic acid and erythromycin were the most frequent antibiotics the isolates were resistant to. Whole genome sequenced of mecA positive isolates revealed that S. sciuri isolates carried the mecA1 gene, which has only 84.43% homology with mecA. In addition, other frequently identified resistance genes included blaZ, qacA/B and dfrC. We have also identified a diverse range of SCCmec types, many of which were untypable due to carrying a novel combination of ccr genes or multiple ccr complexes.
Critical Nodes in River Networks
Authors: Sarker Shiblu , Veremyev Alexander , Boginski Vladimir , Singh Arvind 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRiver drainage networks are important landscape features that have been studied for several decades from a range of geomorphological and hydrological perspectives. However, identifying the most vital (critical) nodes on river networks and analyzing their relationships with geomorphic and climatic properties have not yet been extensively addressed in the literature. In this study, we use an algorithm that determines the set of critical nodes whose removal results in maximum network fragmentation and apply it to various topologies of simulated and natural river networks. Specifically, we consider simulated river networks obtained from optimal channel network (OCN) approach as well as extracted networks from several natural basins across the United States. Our results indicate a power-law relationship between the number of connected node pairs in the remaining network and the number of removed critical nodes. We also investigate the characteristics of sub-basins resulted from the removal of critical nodes and compare them with those of central nodes (in the context of betweenness centrality) for both natural basins and OCNs with varying energy exponent γ to understand vulnerability and resilience of river networks under potential external disruptions.
Improved efficacy of naproxen-loaded NLC for temporomandibular joint administration
Authors: Guilherme Viviane A. , Ribeiro Lígia N. M. , Alcântara Ana C. S. , Castro Simone R. , Rodrigues da Silva Gustavo H. , da Silva Camila Gonçalves , Breitkreitz Márcia C. , Clemente-Napimoga Juliana , Macedo Cristina G. , Abdalla Henrique B. , Bonfante Ricardo , Cereda Cintia M. S. , de Paula Eneida 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInflammatory conditions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and peripheral tissues affect many people around the world and are commonly treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, in order to get desirable results, treatments with NSAIDs may take weeks, causing undesirable side effects and requiring repeated administration. In this sense, this work describes the development of an optimized nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation for intra-articular administration of naproxen (NPX). An experimental design (23) selected the best formulation in terms of its physicochemical and structural properties, elucidated by different methods (DLS, NTA, TEM, DSC, and ATR-FTIR). The chosen formulation (NLC-NPX) was tested on acute inflammatory TMJ nociception, in a rat model. The optimized excipients composition provided higher NPX encapsulation efficiency (99.8%) and the nanoparticles were found stable during 1 year of storage at 25 °C. In vivo results demonstrated that the sustained delivery of NPX directly in the TMJ significantly reduced leukocytes migration and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), for more than a week. These results point out the NLC-NPX formulation as a promising candidate for the safe treatment of inflammatory pain conditions of TMJ or other joints.
Concentric lamellae – novel microanatomical structures in the articular calcified cartilage of mice
Authors: Keenan Craig M. , Beckett Alison J. , Sutherland Hazel , Ranganath Lakshminarayan R. , Jarvis Jonathan C. , Prior Ian A. , Gallagher James A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe structure, ultrastructure and function of hyaline articular cartilage (HAC) and subchondral bone (SCB), and their involvement in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) have been extensively researched. However, much less attention has been focused on the intervening tissue, articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and its role in the initiation and progression of OA. Using both light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a study of ACC in wild type (WT) mice, and mice with genetic osteoarthropathies (AKU) was undertaken to further understand the role played by ACC in the early stages of OA.Tibio-femoral joints were obtained from BALB/c WT and BALB/c AKU mice aged between 7 and 69 weeks. One joint was processed for routine histological analysis. The tip of the medial femoral condyle (MFC), which contained HAC, ACC, and SCB, was dissected from the contra-lateral joint and processed for TEM.In WT and AKU mice novel microanatomical structures, designated concentric lamellae, were identified surrounding chondrocytes in the ACC. The lamellae appeared to be laid down in association with advancement of the tidemark indicating they may be formed during calcification of cartilage matrix. The lamellae were associated with hypertrophic chondrocytes throughout the ACC.Novel microanatomical structures, termed concentric lamellae, which were present around hypertrophic chondrocytes in the ACC are described for the first time. Their apparent association with mineralisation, advancement of the tidemark, and greater abundance in a model of osteoarthropathy indicate their formation could be important in the pathogenesis of OA and AKU.
Eugenol diffusion coefficient and its potential to control Sitophilus zeamais in rice
Authors: Prates Lucas Henrique Figueiredo , Faroni Lêda Rita D’Antonino , Heleno Fernanda Fernandes , de Queiroz Maria Eliana Lopes Ribeiro , de Sousa Adalberto Hipólito , Silva Marcus Vinícius de Assis 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGiven the insecticidal potential of eugenol as a fumigant, this work aimed to determine the diffusion coefficient of eugenol emanating from a pure standard solution (99%), as well as from clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophillata Thunb. (Myrtaceae)) through rice grain; to chemically analyse the volatile composition of commercially available eugenol and clove essential oil; and to evaluate the mortality of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: curculionidae) after exposure to eugenol inside a test chamber filled with rice. The solid phase microextraction method of extracting and quantifying eugenol by gas chromatography presented a good analytical response for the quantification of the analyte. There was no significant difference between the diffusion coefficient of eugenol diffusing from pure eugenol or from clove essential oil. The diffusion coefficient of eugenol through rice with the conditions herein adopted is 1.09 × 10−3 cm2 s−1. The characterization of clove essential oil confirmed the presence of eugenol as its major component (74.25%). A difference was observed in the composition of the distinct phases evaluated. The exposure of adult S. zeamais to diffused eugenol from pure eugenol over seven days resulted in significantly higher mortality rates (~37%) than eugenol diffused from clove essential oil (~11%). No differences in mortality rates were observed in individuals placed at different positions inside the test chamber during eugenol fumigation.
Spatial Regulation of Mitochondrial Heterogeneity by Stromal Confinement in Micropatterned Tumor Models
Authors: Begum Hydari Masuma , Ta Hoang P. , Zhou Hao , Ando Yuta , Kang Diane , Nemes Kristen , Mariano Chelsea F. , Hao Jia , Yu Min , Shen Keyue 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHeterogeneity of mitochondrial activities in cancer cells exists across different disease stages and even in the same patient, with increased mitochondrial activities associated with invasive cancer phenotypes and circulating tumor cells. Here, we use a micropatterned tumor-stromal assay (μTSA) comprised of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as a model to investigate the role of stromal constraints in altering the mitochondrial activities of cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using microdissection and RNA sequencing, we revealed a differentially regulated pattern of gene expression related to mitochondrial activities and metastatic potential at the tumor-stromal interface. Gene expression was confirmed by immunostaining of mitochondrial mass, and live microscopic imaging of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and optical redox ratio. We demonstrated that physical constraints by the stromal cells play a major role in ΔΨmheterogeneity, which was positively associated with nuclear translocation of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators. Importantly, inhibiting actin polymerization and Rho-associated protein kinase disrupted the differential ΔΨmpattern. In addition, we showed a positive correlation between ΔΨmlevel and metastatic burdenin vivoin mice injected with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. This study supports a new regulatory role for the TME in mitochondrial heterogeneity and metastatic potential.