bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Howard Nina 
Published: May 2018

International Journal of English and Cultural Studies (IJECS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJECS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 1, Number 1 Ali Dabbagh, Gonbad Kavous University, IranLeo H. Aberion, Niversity Of San Joserecoletos, PhilippinesMałgorzata Podolak, Maria CurieSkłodowska University in Lublin, PolandMariam Nemsadze, Akaki Tsereteli State University, GeorgiaScott Edward Freer, University of Leicester, UKShaban Darakchi, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BulgariaVesselina Anastasova Laskova, University of Udine, Italy Nina HowardEditorial AssistantInternational Journal of English and Cultural StudiesRedfame Publishing--------------------------------------------9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97006-6018, USATel: 1-503-828-0536 ext. 510Fax: 1-503-828-0537Email: ijecs@redfame.comWebsite: http://ijecs.redfame.com
Atmospheric blocking as a traffic jam in the jet stream
Authors: Nakamura Noboru , Huang Clare S. Y. 
Published: May 2018

A traffic jam of air
Persistent meandering of the jet stream can cause atmospheric blocking of prevailing eastward winds and result in weather extremes such as heat waves in the midlatitudes. Nakamura and Huang interpret the poorly understood origins of these systems as the meteorological equivalents of traffic congestion on a highway and show how they can be described by analogous mathematical theory. Climate change may affect the frequency of blocking as well as its geographic distribution, reflecting a simultaneous shift in the structure of the stationary atmospheric waves and the regional capacity of the jet stream.

Science
, this issue p.
42
Chromosomally Encoded
mcr-5
in Colistin-Nonsusceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Snesrud Erik , Maybank Rosslyn , Kwak Yoon I. , Jones Anthony R. , Hinkle Mary K. , McGann Patrick 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of historical
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
clinical isolates identified a chromosomal copy of
mcr-5
within a Tn
3
-like transposon in
P. aeruginosa
MRSN 12280. The isolate was nonsusceptible to colistin by broth microdilution, and genome analysis revealed no mutations known to confer colistin resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of
mcr
in colistin-nonsusceptible
P. aeruginosa
.
Accelerating Kenya’s progress to 2030: understanding the determinants of under-five mortality from 1990 to 2015
Authors: Keats Emily C , Macharia William , Singh Neha S , Akseer Nadia , Ravishankar Nirmala , Ngugi Anthony K , Rizvi Arjumand , Khaemba Emma Nelima , Tole John , Bhutta Zulfiqar A 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionDespite recent gains, Kenya did not achieve its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target for reducing under-five mortality. To accelerate progress to 2030, we must understand what impacted mortality throughout the MDG period.MethodsTrends in the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) were analysed using data from nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (1989–2014). Comprehensive, mixed-methods analyses of health policies and systems, workforce and health financing were conducted using relevant surveys, government documents and key informant interviews with country experts. A hierarchical multivariable linear regression analysis was undertaken to better understand the proximal determinants of change in U5MR over the MDG period.ResultsU5MR declined by 50% from 1993 to 2014. However, mortality increased between 1990 and 2000, following the introduction of facility user fees and declining coverage of essential interventions. The MDGs, together with Kenya’s political changes in 2003, ushered in a new era of policymaking with a strong focus on children under 5 years of age. External aid for child health quadrupled from 40 million in 2002 to 180 million in 2012, contributing to the dramatic improvement in U5MR throughout the latter half of the MDG period. Our multivariable analysis explained 44% of the decline in U5MR from 2003 to 2014, highlighting maternal literacy, household wealth, sexual and reproductive health and maternal and infant nutrition as important contributing factors. Children living in Nairobi had higher odds of child mortality relative to children living in other regions of Kenya.ConclusionsTo attain the Sustainable Development Goal targets for child health, Kenya must uphold its current momentum. For equitable access to health services, user fees must not be reintroduced in public facilities. Support for maternal nutrition and reproductive health should be prioritised, and Kenya should acknowledge its changing demographics in order to effectively manage the escalating burden of poor health among the urban poor.
Second-generation antipsychotic medications and risk of chronic kidney disease in schizophrenia: population-based nested case–control study
Authors: Wang Hsien-Yi , Huang Charles Lung-Cheng , Feng I Jung , Tsuang Hui-Chun 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesThe study aims to compare the risk of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) between patients with schizophrenia using first and second-generation antipsychotics.SettingDatasets of 2000–2013 National Health Insurance in Taiwan were used.ParticipantsThe National Health Insurance reimbursement claims data have been transferred to and managed by the National Health Research Institute in Taiwan since 1996. We used the Psychiatric Inpatient Medical Claims database, a subset of the National Health Insurance Research Database, comprising a cohort of patients hospitalised for psychiatric disorders between 2000 and 2013 (n=2 67 807). The database included patients with at least one psychiatric inpatient record and one discharge diagnosis of mental disorders coded by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes 290–319. The age of patients at first admission was restricted to 18–65 years.Primary outcomeCKD (ICD-9 code 582, 583, 585, 586, 588) requiring hospitalisation or three outpatient visits. The diagnosis of CKD follows the criteria of ‘Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes’ in Taiwan. CKD is defined as a kidney damage as albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g in two of three spot urine specimens or glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2for 3 months or more.ResultsWe found that the risks for CKD were higher for those who used second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) longer cumulatively than those who did not. Using non-users, patients did not have any SGA records, as reference group, the risks for CKD comparing those using SGAs for 90 to 180 days with non-users and those using SGAs for more than 1000 days were 1.42 (1.06–1.91) and 1.30 (1.13–1.51), respectively.ConclusionsThe current study suggests the relationship between using SGAs and risk of CKD.
Cardiac auscultation poorly predicts the presence of valvular heart disease in asymptomatic primary care patients
Authors: Gardezi Syed K M , Myerson Saul G , Chambers John , Coffey Sean , d’Arcy Joanna , Hobbs F D Richard , Holt Jonathan , Kennedy Andrew , Loudon Margaret , Prendergast Anne , Prothero Anthony , Wilson Joanna , Prendergast Bernard D 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveCardiac auscultation is a key clinical skill, particularly for the diagnosis of valvular heart disease (VHD). However, its utility has declined due to the widespread availability of echocardiography and diminishing emphasis on the importance of clinical examination. We aim to determine the contemporary accuracy of auscultation for diagnosing VHD in primary care.MethodsCardiac auscultation was undertaken by one of two experienced general practitioners (primary care/family doctors) in a subset of 251 asymptomatic participants aged >65 years undergoing echocardiography within a large community-based screening study of subjects with no known VHD. Investigators were blinded to the echocardiographic findings. Newly detected VHD was classified as mild (mild regurgitation of any valve or aortic sclerosis) or significant (at least moderate regurgitation or mild stenosis of any valve).ResultsNewly identified VHD was common, with mild disease in 170/251 participants (68%) and significant disease in 36/251 (14%). The sensitivity of auscultation was low for the diagnosis of mild VHD (32%) but slightly higher for significant VHD (44%), with specificities of 67% and 69%, respectively. Likelihood ratios were not statistically significant for the diagnosis of either mild or significant VHD in the overall cohort, but showed possible value for auscultation in non-overweight subjects (body mass index <25 kg/m2).ConclusionCardiac auscultation has limited accuracy for the detection of VHD in asymptomatic patients and is a poor diagnostic screening tool in primary care, particularly for overweight subjects. Ensuring easy access to echocardiography in patients with symptoms suggesting VHD is likely to represent a better diagnostic strategy.
012 Cost-effectiveness of long-term continuous monitoring with an insertable cardiac monitor to detect atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke: an australian payer perspective
Authors: Thijs Vincent , Guarnieri Carmel , Makino Koji , Tilden Dominic , Huynh Marianne 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionDetection of atrial fibrillation (AF) is required to initiate oral anticoagulation (OAC) after cryptogenic stroke. However, paroxysmal AF can be difficult to diagnose with short term cardiac monitoring. Taking an Australian payer perspective, we evaluated whether long-term continuous monitoring with an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) is cost-effective for preventing recurrent stroke in patients with cryptogenic stroke.MethodsA lifetime Markov model was developed to simulate the follow-up of patients, comparing long-term continuous monitoring with an ICM to monitoring by conventional care. We used a linked evidence approach to estimate the rates of recurrent stroke when AF detection leads to initiation of oral anticoagulation, as detected using ICM during the lifetime of the device, or as detected using usual care. All diagnostic and patient management costs were modelled. Other model inputs were determined by literature review. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) was undertaken to explore the effect of parameter uncertainty according to CHADS2 score and oral anticoagulation treatment effect.ResultsIn the base-case analysis, the model predicted an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of A$29 570 per quality adjusted life year (QALY). Amongst CHADS2sub-groups analyses, the ICER ranged from A$26,342/QALY (CHADS2=6) to A$42,967/QALY (CHADS2=2). PSA suggested that the probabilities of ICM strategy being cost-effective were 53.4% and 78.7%, at thresholds of $30 000 (highly cost-effective) and $50 000 per QALY (cost-effective), respectively.ConclusionLong-term continuous monitoring with ICM is a cost-effective intervention to prevent recurrent stroke in patients following cryptogenic stroke in the Australian context.
016 What is the actual prevalence of migraine?
Authors: Yeh Wei Z , Blizzard Leigh , Taylor Bruce V 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionPopulation prevalence studies of migraine report prevalence rates of between 2.6% to 21.7%, with an average of ~12%. However, migraine prevalence among neurologists is reported to be between 27.6% and 48.6%. Our study examines migraine prevalence among three groups of attendees at a national neurology meeting i) neurologists, ii) neurology registrars, and iii) others (non-neurologists and non-neurology registrars). We hypothesise that there would be a step-wise increase in migraine prevalence, depending on the level of knowledge of the protean manifestations of migraine presentation. If our hypothesis is correct, this would suggest that the true population prevalence is higher than has been previously identified, and therefore only careful phenotyping of groups will allow for differences in genetic and biomarker outcomes to be determined.MethodsA survey was designed with questions regarding demographics, history of migraine and specific questions aimed at neurologist respondents. Attendees at the Australian and New Zealand Association of Neurologists Annual Scientific Meeting (ANZAN ASM) 2017 were surveyed anonymously.Results313 out of 606 attendees responded (51.7%). 65.9% of neurologists, 57.4% of neurology trainees and 52.5% of non-neurologist/neurology registrar respondents had a personal history of migraine, with the difference between neurologist and non-neurologist/neurology registrar groups being statistically significant (p=0.03). Migraine in migraineurs and non-migraine headache in non-migraineurs were nearly all self-diagnosed. Among neurologist migraineurs, 51.2% experienced migraine with aura and 43% migraine without aura.ConclusionMigraine prevalence is significantly higher in neurologists compared to non-neurologists and at least 2–3 times higher than reported in population prevalence studies. This may be due to significant under-recognition of migraine in non-neurologists and the population migraine prevalence is highly likely to be significantly higher than previously determined. This under-recognition of migraine may significantly influence the search for genetic predictors and biomarkers of migraine.
034 The susceptibility vessel sign: a clinical-radiological case of propagating left MCA thrombus with resolving neurological deficits
Authors: Nham Benjamin , Hawke Simon 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionThe susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) is a radiological sign on the SWI sequence of MRI that can predict cardioembolic source and increased recanalisation rates in stroke.1 We present a case of an 86 year old female with resolving neurological deficits from a propagating left MCA thrombus with positive SVS on imaging.CaseAn 86 year old female presented with sudden onset right sided weakness and expressive aphasia in the context of new atrial fibrillation. Her NIHSS was 4. Initial CT angiogram showed complete occlusion of the proximal M1 segment of the left middle cerebral artery. She was within the thrombolysis window but her deficits largely resolved (NHISS 0) before thrombolysis could be administered. A repeat CT angiogram one hour after the first scan showed complete resolution of the MCA occlusion. An MRI brain showed curvilinear gradient signal hypointensity in the distal left M2 segment of the MCA (positive SVS) with a small area of infarction and restricted diffusion. She was discharged on apixaban without neurological deficit. This is a unique case of a stroke patient, with proximal large vessel occlusion, presenting with neurological deficits that self-resolved within minutes without thrombolysis or thrombectomy. There was a positive SVS on MRI. This radiological sign allows direct visualisation of the hypointense thrombo-embolus on the SWI sequence. It occurs as there is a higher level of deoxy-haemoglobin content in the thrombo-embolus and is predictive of a cardioembolic source as cardioembolic thrombi are rich in erythrocytes1.ConclusionOur case demonstrated interesting clinical-radiological-pathological correlation in cardioembolic stroke with resolving neurological deficits. The patient’s clinical improvement matched the radiological improvement and corresponded to the pathophysiological course of thrombus from embolization, propagation, occlusion, dissolution and then recanalisation. The SVS is a useful radiological sign to predict cardioembolic sources of stroke and is associated with higher vessel re-canalisation rates.Reference. Cho KH, Kim JS, Kwon SU, et al. Significance of susceptibility vessel sign on T2*-weighted gradient echo imaging for identification of stroke subtypes. Stroke2005;36:2379–2383.
007 The impact of demographic changes on the presentation and outcome of stroke: experiences of the oldest old in the murrumbidgee region
Authors: Powell Alice , Finucane Paul , Jude Martin , Mewburn Jenna , Mohr Katherine , Kerr Stephen 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionDemographic changes are leading to an ageing population with a disproportionate increase in the oldest old. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in Australia and is particularly prevalent in the elderly. The Murrumbidgee region has a population profile that is 14 years ahead of national Australia and therefore data from this population portends how stroke may present nationally in the future. Existing research suggests that stroke risk factors, subtype, treatment provided and outcomes differ between younger and older demographic groups. This study seeks to build a profile of the experiences of stroke in the oldest old and compare variables with two younger cohorts to test a number of hypotheses about background, treatment and outcomes.MethodsData was collected retrospectively from the electronic medical records of 100 stroke patients consecutively admitted to the Wagga Wagga Rural Referral Hospital Acute Stroke Unit. They were split into three demographic groups; young old, 65–74 old (75 to 84) and oldest old (85 and older) and comparisons were made of baseline functional status and risk factor profile, stroke type, stroke treatment and outcomes.ResultsOlder people admitted with stroke were more likely to be female with poorer premorbid functional status and higher numbers living in residential care. Atrial fibrillation (p=0.008) and hypertension (p=0.01) were significantly more common with advancing age while rates of smoking (p=0.006) were higher in younger patients. Stroke mechanism was predominantly cardioembolic in older patients and embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) in the youngest group. Stroke severity and stroke treatment did not vary according to age. However, outcomes were poorer with rates of dependency (p=0.03) and residential aged care facility placement (p=0.06) increased among older patients post stroke.ConclusionThese data provide an indication of how stroke may manifest in our ageing population in the future.
Tumor Elastography and Its Association with Collagen and the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Riegler Johannes , Labyed Yassin , Rosenzweig Stephen , Javinal Vincent , Castiglioni Alessandra , Dominguez Claudia X. , Long Jason E. , Li Qingling , Sandoval Wendy , Junttila Melissa R. , Turley Shannon J. , Schartner Jill , Carano Richard A.D. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Purpose: The tumor microenvironment presents with altered extracellular matrix (ECM) and stroma composition, which may affect treatment efficacy and contribute to tissue stiffness. Ultrasound (US) elastography can visualize and quantify tissue stiffness noninvasively. However, the contributions of ECM and stromal components to stiffness are poorly understood. We therefore set out to quantify ECM and stroma density and their relation to tumor stiffness.
Experimental Design: A modified clinical ultrasound system was used to measure tumor stiffness and perfusion during tumor growth in preclinical tumor models. In vivo measurements were compared with collagen mass spectroscopy and automatic analysis of matrix and stromal markers derived from immunofluorescence images.
Results: US elastography estimates of tumor stiffness were positively correlated with tumor volume in collagen and myofibroblast-rich tumors, while no correlations were found for tumors with low collagen and myofibroblast content. US elastography measurements were strongly correlated with ex vivo mechanical testing and mass spectroscopy–based measurements of total collagen and immature collagen crosslinks. Registration of ultrasound and confocal microscopy data showed strong correlations between blood vessel density and T-cell density in syngeneic tumors, while no correlations were found for genetic tumor models. In contrast to collagen density, which was positively correlated with stiffness, no significant correlations were observed for hyaluronic acid density. Finally, localized delivery of collagenase led to a significant reduction in tumor stiffness without changes in perfusion 24 hours after treatment.
Conclusions: US elastography can be used as a potential biomarker to assess changes in the tumor microenvironment, particularly changes affecting the ECM. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4455–67. ©2018 AACR.
Phase I Study of Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus GL-ONC1 in Patients with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Authors: Lauer Ulrich M. , Schell Martina , Beil Julia , Berchtold Susanne , Koppenhöfer Ursula , Glatzle Jörg , Königsrainer Alfred , Möhle Robert , Nann Dominik , Fend Falko , Pfannenberg Christina , Bitzer Michael , Malek Nisar P. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Purpose: Peritoneal carcinomatosis is common in advanced tumor stages or disease recurrence arising from gastrointestinal cancers, gynecologic malignancies, or primary peritoneal carcinoma. Because current therapies are mostly ineffective, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Here, we report on a phase I study designed to assess safety, MTD, and antitumor activity of intraperitoneal administration of oncolytic vaccinia virus GL-ONC1 in advanced stage peritoneal carcinomatosis patients.
Patients and Methods: GL-ONC1 was administered intraperitoneally every 4 weeks for up to four cycles at three different dose levels (107–109 pfu) following a standard 3+3 dose escalation design. GL-ONC1 was infused via an indwelling catheter that enabled repetitive analyses of peritoneal fluid biopsies. The primary study objective was safety of GL-ONC1 according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0 (CTCAEv4.0).
Results: Patients with advanced-stage peritoneal carcinomatosis (n = 7) or advanced peritoneal mesothelioma (n = 2) received 24 doses of GL-ONC1. Adverse events were limited to grades 1–3, including transient flu-like symptoms and increased abdominal pain, resulting from treatment-induced peritonitis. No DLT was reported, and the MTD was not reached. Furthermore, no signs of viral shedding were observed. Importantly, in 8 of 9 study patients, effective intraperitoneal infections, in-patient replication of GL-ONC1, and subsequent oncolysis were demonstrated in cycle 1. All patients developed neutralizing activities against GL-ONC1.
Conclusions: GL-ONC1 was well tolerated when administered into the peritoneal cavity of patients with advanced stage peritoneal carcinomatosis. Efficient tumor cell infection, in-patient virus replication, and oncolysis were limited to treatment cycle 1 (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01443260). Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4388–98. ©2018 AACR.