bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rye cover crop incorporation and high watertable mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in cultivated peatland
Authors: Wen Yuan , Zang Huadong , Freeman Benjamin , Ma Qingxu , Chadwick David R. , Jones Davey L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDrainage and cultivation of peat soils almost always result in rapid soil degradation and a loss of soil organic matter (SOM). Winter cover crop cultivation and subsequent incorporation and watertable elevation have been considered as potential strategies to improve soil quality and decrease nutrient loss in drained and cultivated peatlands. However, the combined effect of residue incorporation and watertable management on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in these highly productive fen peat soils remains unknown. In the present study, two winter cover crops with contrasting carbon/nitrogen ratios (vetch [Vicia sativa], 45–60; rye [Secale cereale], 13–14) were incorporated into peat soils as green manure (without extra synthetic/organic N addition) at two watertable depths (−50 and −30 cm). Our results showed that fast mineralization of incorporated residues can cause a large pulse of GHG release under favourable environmental conditions. Both vetch and rye incorporation increased CO2 emissions compared with the bare soil treatments due to labile C addition and removal of N constraints. However, the two cover crops had strongly contrasting effects on N2O emissions. Incorporation of low C/N ratio vetch stimulated N2O emissions (average 21.8 ± 7.3 mg N m−2 hr−1) compared with the bare soil treatments, whereas high C/N ratio rye decreased N2O emissions (average 0.09 ± 0.03 mg N m−2 hr−1). Raising the watertable slightly reduced CO2 emissions from an average of 1.3 ± 0.4 (the bare soils) to 0.9 ± 0.3 g C m−2 hr−1 by inhibiting SOM mineralization but significantly increased N2O emissions in the vetch treatments by stimulating denitrification. CH4 fluxes were not affected by watertable depth, and their contribution to total global warming potential was negligible. Therefore, we conclude that high C/N ratio cover crops (e.g., rye) in combination with a raised watertable may represent a viable management option to mitigate GHG fluxes in fen peat soils.
Integrated ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves for detecting near‐surface caverns at Duqm area, Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Mohamed A.M.E. , El‐Hussain I. , Deif A. , Araffa S.A.S. , Mansour K. , Al‐Rawas G. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTCaverns in hard limestone form natural karstic features. Surveying, detecting, and managing caverns are valuable as they provide an accurate and reliable understanding of the geohazards that caverns represent. With the construction of the highway network in Duqm (Duqm Port, Sultanate of Oman), near‐surface stability problem (caverns) appeared. Three geophysical tools – ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography, and multichannel analysis of surface waves – were utilized to delineate the subsurface cavities beneath an area of 10,000 m2 (200 m × 50 m). Based on interpretation of the results of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves, the caverns are found to extend in the N–S direction. The results show two cavern systems of varying thicknesses. The caverns are separated at the top, but at some locations they become an one‐unit cavern system, especially in the northerly direction. The cavern system is not completely hollow; at some locations, they are filled with materials of different physical properties than the host rock. The depth of the cavern system varies between 0 and 5.2 m. The caverns are found only within the limestone rock unit. There is no evidence of caverns within the shale rock unit. The results from the three methods show good agreement in terms of depth and dimensions of the detected caverns.
SAMBADENA Hyperpolarization of 13C‐Succinate in an MRI: Singlet‐Triplet Mixing Causes Polarization Loss
Authors: Berner Stephan , Schmidt Andreas B. , Zimmermann Mirko , Pravdivtsev Andrey N. , Glöggler Stefan , Hennig Jürgen , von Elverfeldt Dominik , Hövener Jan‐Bernd 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe signal enhancement provided by the hyperpolarization of nuclear spins of biological molecules is a highly promising technique for diagnostic imaging. To date, most 13C‐contrast agents had to be polarized in an extra, complex or cost intensive polarizer. Recently, the in situ hyperpolarization of a 13C contrast agent to >20 % was demonstrated without a polarizer but within the bore of an MRI system. This approach addresses some of the challenges of MRI with hyperpolarized tracers, i. e. elevated cost, long production times, and loss of polarization during transfer to the detection site. Here, we demonstrate the first hyperpolarization of a biomolecule in aqueous solution in the bore of an MRI at field strength of 7 T within seconds. The 13C nucleus of 1‐13C, 2,3‐2H2‐succinate was polarized to 11 % corresponding to a signal enhancement of approximately 18.000. Interesting effects during the process of the hydrogenation reaction which lead to a significant loss of polarization have been observed.
CuZnInSe3‐based solar cells: Impact of copper concentration on vibrational and structural properties and device performance
Authors: Guc Maxim , Oliva Florian , Kondrotas Rokas , Alcobe Xavier , Placidi Marcel , Pistor Paul , Saucedo Edgardo , Perez‐Rodriguez Alejandro , Izquierdo‐Roca Victor 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCuZnInSe3 (CZISe) is an interesting alternative for the acknowledged Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layer in thin film solar cells. While the partial replacement of scarce and expensive indium and gallium by zinc decreases manufacturing costs, the solid solution between CuInSe2 and ZnSe opens interesting options for band gap tuning and grading. Its potential as an absorber layer in photovoltaic devices has been demonstrated by obtaining 7.4 and 7.6 % efficiency in CZISSe‐ and CZISe‐based devices, respectively. On the other hand, the inherent complexity of the quaternary CZISe together with a lack of fundamental insights puts a limit to its current development. We present insights on the influence of the copper content ([Cu]/([Zn] + [In]) ratio) on the structural and optoelectronic properties of CZISe as well as the formation of secondary phases. By means of XRD and Raman scattering analyses, in addition to the sphalerite CZISe structure, a chalcopyrite Cu‐In‐Zn‐Se phase was found for high copper concentrations. On the contrary, for low Cu concentrations, unambiguous indications of a new ordered vacancy compound (OVC)–like phase formation both in XRD patterns and in Raman spectra were found. Conditions of pre‐resonant Raman scattering were applied to emphasize the new found phase and to estimate its concentration. Finally, the influence of each phase on the optoelectronic parameters and performance of solar cells with efficiencies of up to 7.4 % was studied.
Driven translocation of semiflexible polyelectrolyte through a nanopore
Authors: Wu Fan , Fu Yu , Yang Xiao , Sun Li‐Zhen , Luo Meng‐Bo 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe influence of the chain stiffness on the translocation of semiflexible polyelectrolyte through a nanopore is investigated using Langevin dynamics simulations. Results show that the translocation time τ increases with the bending modulus kθ because of the increase of viscous drag forces with kθ. We find that the relation between τ and kθ, the asymptotic behavior of τ on the polyelectrolyte length N, and the scaling relation between τ and the driving force f are dependent on kθ and N. Our simulation results show that the semiflexible polyelectrolyte chain can be regarded as either a flexible polyelectrolyte at small kθ or large N where its radius of gyration RG is larger than the persistence length Lp or a stiff polyelectrolyte at large kθ or short N where RG < Lp. Results also show that the out‐of‐equilibrium effect during the translocation becomes weak with increasing kθ. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 912–921
A behavioral cancer pain intervention: A randomized noninferiority trial comparing in‐person with videoconference delivery
Authors: Kelleher Sarah A. , Winger Joseph G. , Dorfman Caroline S. , Ingle Krista K. , Moskovich Ashley A. , Abernethy Amy P. , Keefe Francis J. , Samsa Greg P. , Kimmick Gretchen G. , Somers Tamara J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveBehavioral cancer pain interventions are efficacious for improving important pain outcomes; yet, traditional in‐person delivery limits patient access. This study compared videoconference‐delivered mobile health pain coping skills training (mPCST) to in‐person pain coping skills training (PCST‐traditional).MethodsThis study was a randomized, noninferiority trial with cancer patients. Participants (N = 178) were randomly assigned to four, 45‐minute sessions of mPCST or PCST‐traditional. Session content focused on evidence‐based cognitive and behavioral pain management skills. Assessments were completed at baseline, posttreatment, and 3‐month posttreatment, and included measures of primary intervention outcomes (ie, pain severity and pain interference) and secondary intervention outcomes (ie, physical symptoms, psychological distress, physical well‐being, and self‐efficacy). The main study aim tested whether mPCST was more accessible (defined as feasibility, acceptability, patient burden, and engagement) than PCST‐traditional. The second aim tested whether mPCST was noninferior to PCST‐traditional.ResultsmPCST demonstrated significantly greater feasibility (ie, attrition, adherence, and time to completion) than PCST‐traditional. Both groups reported similar patient burden and engagement as well as a high degree of acceptability. All intervention outcomes demonstrated noninferiority at posttreatment and, with the exception of physical symptoms, 3‐month posttreatment. Concerning the primary intervention outcomes, 95% CIs for the mean differences (d) were below the noninferiority margin of 1 for pain severity (posttreatment d = 0.09, 95% CI, −0.63‐0.81; 3 months d = −0.43 95% CI, −1.22‐0.36) and pain interference (posttreatment d = −0.11, 95% CI, −0.99‐0.76; 3 months d = −0.26 95% CI, −1.14‐0.62).ConclusionmPCST is highly accessible and noninferior to PCST‐traditional.
Pivotal role of cAMP‐PKA‐CREB signaling pathway in manganese‐induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells
Authors: Yang Yiping , Ma Shuyan , Wei Fu , Liang Guiqiang , Yang Xiaobo , Huang Yuman , Wang Jian , Zou Yunfeng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractManganese (Mn) plays a critical role in individual growth and development, yet excessive exposure can result in neurotoxicity, especially cognitive impairment. Neuronal apoptosis is considered as one of the mechanisms of Mn‐induced neurotoxicity. Recent evidence suggests that cAMP‐PKA‐CREB signaling regulates apoptosis and is associated with cognitive function. However, whether this pathway participates in Mn‐induced neurotoxicity is not completely understood. To fill this gap, in vitro cultures of PC12 cells were exposed to 0, 400, 500, and 600 μmol/L Mn for 24 hours, respectively. Another group of cells were pretreated with 10.0 μmol/L rolipram (a phosphodiesterase‐4 [PDE4] inhibitor) for 1 hour followed by 500 μmol/L Mn exposure for 24 hours. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot analysis were used to detect the apoptosis rate, protein levels of PDE4, cAMP signaling, and apoptosis‐associated proteins, respectively. We found that Mn exposure significantly inhibited cAMP signaling and protein expression of Bcl‐2, while increasing apoptosis rate, protein levels of PDE4, Bax, activated caspase‐3, and activated caspase‐8 in PC12 cells. Pretreatment of rolipram ameliorated Mn‐induced deficits in cAMP signaling and apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that cAMP‐PKA‐CREB signaling pathway‐induced apoptosis is involved in Mn‐induced neurotoxicity.
Radiofrequency Ablation for Benign Thyroid Nodules: 1‐Year Follow‐Up in 184 Patients
Authors: Vuong Nguyen Lam , Dinh Le Quang , Bang Ho Tat , Thuy Tran Thi Mai , Bac Nguyen Hoang , Vy Tran Thanh 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundBenign thyroid nodules are common, and must be treated when symptomatic. Non‐surgical minimally invasive modalities, including radiofrequency ablation (RFA), have been widely used with good results. The factors related to the efficacy of RFA are still debated. This study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy and related factors of RFA in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules.MethodsA retrospective single‐center study was conducted on 251 benign thyroid nodules in 184 patients treated with RFA. The procedure was performed under ultrasound (US) guidance using the trans‐isthmic approach and the moving‐shot technique. Clinical and US examinations were performed at 1, 3, 6, 12 months, and then at 6 month intervals. Study outcomes were volume reduction ratio (VRR) and complications.ResultsThere were 153 women and 31 men included in the study. The mean age was 43.9 years. The median initial largest diameter and volume of nodules were 30 mm and 6.18 ml. The median length of follow‐up was 12 months. Two minor complications were found. The mean VRR was 66.8; 74.3; and 81% after 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Initial solidity was a factor related to the efficacy: cystic nodules had higher VRR compared to solid ones.ConclusionsRFA is safe, effective and can be used as a routine treatment for benign thyroid nodules. More prospective multicenter studies with long‐term follow‐up are required to improve the safety and efficacy of RFA.
Training wheels needed: Lessons in professionalism from a&nbsp;liberal deferral policy
Authors: Daniel Michelle , Gay Tamara , Mangrulkar Rajesh , Ross Paula , Weir Sara , Hogikyan Emily , Thompson Owen , Santen Sally 
Published: June 2019

Learning to self-regulate is an important aspect of professionalism. Thus, in 2015–16, the University of Michigan implemented a learner-centred ‘deferral’ policy called ‘trust and track’ in the preclinical phase. This gave students the autonomy to decide whether to attend required experiences, take quizzes and exams on schedule, or submit assignments on time. Surprisingly, quiz and exam deferrals remained relatively stable, but required experience deferrals more than doubled. While late assignments were not specifically tracked, there were multiple reports of assignments being months overdue. Some reasons for deferrals exhibited questionable judgement. Behavioural patterns carried forward, with an unusual spike in deferrals of licensure exams and requests for time off in the clinical phase. Wellness indices did not improve, despite learners having more autonomy and flexibility. It became clear to us that novice learners need clear professional expectations with limits to assist in developing professional behaviours. In 2016–17, we implemented a stricter policy that set clear expectations, established limits, and provided guidance on acceptable reasons to defer. We simultaneously implemented other measures to promote wellness. The moral of the story is that ‘training wheels’ are needed to help early learners develop the professional behaviours expected of practising physicians.
The role of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine and rivastigmine on chronic pain and cognitive function in aging: A review of recent clinical applications
Authors: Eldufani Jabril , Blaise Gilbert 
Published: June 2019

AbstractChronic pain in patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia is a complex issue in the medical field; these patients suffer from the common causes of chronic pain, especially in geriatric medicine. To ensure the correct type and level of given treatment, medical care should be taken to avoid the contribution of chronic pain and cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE‐Is) have been proven as an efficient therapeutic resource for significant improvement in dementia of Alzheimer's disease and chronic pain due to the fact that cholinergic deficit is considered as an early finding in cognitive impairment and persisting pain. Some AChE‐Is are investigated here in terms of treatment of dementia and chronic pain management. Neostigmine has been used as an adjunct analgesic in the postoperative period and in combination with other analgesic medications in an intrathecal approach. Rivastigmine has, over the past ten years, become the approved agent for the management of dementia of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and has gained approval for treating different types of non‐Alzheimer's dementia. In this review, we will focus on the two types of AChE‐Is (rivastigmine and neostigmine) in the development of their clinical use and their respective mechanisms of actions on improving cognitive function and managing chronic pain.
Real-world effectiveness of infection prevention interventions for reducing procedure-related cardiac device infections: Insights from the veterans affairs clinical assessment reporting and tracking program
Authors: Asundi Archana , Stanislawski Maggie , Mehta Payal , Baron Anna E. , Mull Hillary J. , Ho P. Michael , Zimetbaum Peter J. , Gupta Kalpana , Branch-Elliman Westyn 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjective:To measure the association between receipt of specific infection prevention interventions and procedure-related cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections.Design:Retrospective cohort with manually reviewed infection status.Setting:Setting: National, multicenter Veterans Health Administration (VA) cohort.Participants:Sampling of procedures entered into the VA Clinical Assessment Reporting and Tracking-Electrophysiology (CART-EP) database from fiscal years 2008 through 2015.Methods:A sample of procedures entered into the CART-EP database underwent manual review for occurrence of CIED infection and other clinical/procedural variables. The primary outcome was 6-month incidence of CIED infection. Measures of association were calculated using multivariable generalized estimating equations logistic regression.Results:We identified 101 procedure-related CIED infections among 2,098 procedures (4.8% of reviewed sample). Factors associated with increased odds of infections included (1) wound complications (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 8.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.16–24.20), (2) revisions including generator changes (aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.59–3.63), (3) an elevated international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5 (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.12–2.18), and (4) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus colonization (aOR, 9.56; 95% CI, 1.55–27.77). Clinically effective prevention interventions included preprocedural skin cleaning with chlorhexidine versus other topical agents (aOR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.22–0.76) and receipt of β-lactam antimicrobial prophylaxis versus vancomycin (aOR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37–0.96). The use of mesh pockets and continuation of antimicrobial prophylaxis after skin closure were not associated with reduced infection risk.Conclusions:These findings regarding the real-world clinical effectiveness of different prevention strategies can be applied to the development of evidence-based protocols and infection prevention guidelines specific to the electrophysiology laboratory.
A Grammatical Contrast and its Signals in Mandarin Chinese and in English
Authors: Shen Yao 
Published: June 2019

Let us consider two lists of Chinese words in Mandarin Chinese, the spoken National language. (In this article the writer is also the informant). According to their syntactic functions, we shall call the words in one of these lists “nouns”, and those in the other list “verbs”.Examples of nouns are: gou ‘dogs’; ji ‘chickens’; wudz ‘rooms’; tsai ‘vegetables, dishes (of food)’ Examples of verbs are: jiau ‘bark, call’; chr ‘eat’; hei ‘dark, are dark’; tian ‘sweet, are sweet’. In Chinese, there are sentences consisting of a noun followed by a verb. We shall call the formula for such sentences S = N V. Examples are: gou jiau ‘Dogs bark.’; ji chr ‘Chickens eat.’; wudz hei ‘Rooms are dark.’; tsai tian ‘Vegetable are sweet; dishes (of food) are sweet.’. There are also parts of sentences in Chinese consisting of a verb followed by a noun. We shall call the formula for such “verb noun” sentence parts V N. Examples are: jiau gou ‘call dogs’; chr ji ‘eat chickens; hei wudz ‘darkrooms’; tian tsai ‘desserts’.
Le Mot “Sauvage” en franco-canadien
Authors: Dulong Gaston 
Published: June 2019

Le mot sauvage est d’un emploi très fréquent dans la langue parlée ou écrite des francophones du Canada. Il s’agit là d’un phénomène déjà ancien et d’autant moins surprenant que, dès les débuts de la Nouvelle-France, aujourd’hui le Canada, les colons français furent en contact très étroit avec les populations indigènes abusivement appelées indiennes dans les manuels d’histoire.Déjà, dans les Relations des Jésuites, nos aborigènes apparaissent sous le nom de Sauvages, vocable que la langue parlée leur a conservé. En effet, encore aujourd’hui ce mot s’applique à tous les Amérindiens nord-américains, à l’exception cependant des Esquimaux.
A Statistical Review of the Evidence for the Existence of Temporary Selection
Authors: Seal Hilary L. 
Published: June 2019

The theory of ‘temporary selection’ is concerned with the variation, for fixed x, of q[x–t]+t the observed rate of mortality at age x during the t+1th year after the issue of an assurance or annuity contract. The classical view is that—apart from chance variations—q[x–t]+t increases gradually with increasing t until the effects of selection have disappeared after which time q[xx–t]+t is a constant depending on x only.Various reasons have been suggested for the persistence of temporary selection in an observed series of values of q[xx–t]+t. The chief of these are:(1) The continuing effects of an initial selection on the part of the assurance company or by the annuitant (Morgan, 1834);(2) The gradual withdrawal from assurance of healthy lives (Higham, 1851); and(3) Secular improvements in medicals election or in the self-selection of annuitants (Karup, 1903).
The Expenses of British Life Offices
Authors: Dyson E. J. W. , Elphinstone M. D. W. 
Published: June 2019

Of the three major elements in the formulae for office premiums, mortality has been subjected to refined investigation; interest has been considered closely, particularly since the war; expenses alone have hardly been considered. We have found only four papers on the subject in the whole of J.I.A., three (19, 153; 44, 415; 49, 111) many years ago, and the fourth (69, 50) before the war. There have been a few papers since in T.S.A., notably Mr Pedoe's (4, 485).Our object is to analyse the expenses of a group of British life offices, so as to provide a reliable basis for comparison of offices, to enable managements to test the efficiencies of their own offices against others, and to provide means for getting standard costs as a tool of administration.
The feed intake and performance of dairy cows fed on cut grass
Authors: Halley R. J. , Dougall B. M. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn the years 1959, 1960 and 1961 sections of the College herd of pedigree Guernsey cows were fed indoors on cut grass. The grass, cut twice each day, was fed in excess of appetite.The weight of grass dry matter consumed varied significantly in each year with the percentage of dry matter in the grass. In one year only did the dry-matter consumption vary significantly with the percentage of crude fibre in the grass.The weight of drinking water consumed varied significantly with the percentage of dry matter in the grass. The total water intake, i.e. drinking water plus uncombined water in the grass, remained almost constant at approximately 14 gal per cow per day.The use of a concentrate supplement in 1960 and 1961 produced small increases in yield which were not statistically significant. If, however, the differences recorded were real, then they would have been economic in one year and not in the other.The intake of starch equivalent, calculated from the chemical analyses of the grass, could not be reconciled with the performance of the cows.