bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A standardized low-cost peer role-playing training intervention improves medical student competency in communicating bad news to patients in Botswana
Authors: Westmoreland Katherine D. , Banda Francis M. , Steenhoff Andrew P. , Lowenthal Elizabeth D. , Isaksson Erik , Fassl Bernhard A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to demonstrate effectiveness of an educational training workshop using role-playing to teach medical students in Botswana to deliver bad news.MethodA 3-hour small group workshop for University of Botswana medical students rotating at the Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone was developed. The curriculum included an overview of communication basics and introduction of the validated (SPIKES) protocol for breaking bad news. Education strategies included didactic lecture, handouts, role-playing cases, and open forum discussion. Pre- and posttraining surveys assessed prior exposure and approach to breaking bad news using multiple-choice questions and perception of skill about breaking bad news using a 5-point Likert scale. An objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) with a standardized breaking bad news skills assessment was conducted; scores compared two medical student classes before and after the workshop was implemented.ResultForty-two medical students attended the workshop and 83% (35/42) completed the survey. Medical students reported exposure to delivering bad news on average 6.9 (SD= 13.7) times monthly, with 71% (25/35) having delivered bad news themselves without supervision. Self-perceived skill and confidence increased from 23% (8/35) to 86% (30/35) of those who reported feeling “good” or “very good” with their ability to break bad news after the workshop. Feedback after the workshop demonstrated that 100% found the SPIKES approach helpful and planned to use it in clinical practice, found role-playing helpful, and requested more sessions. Competency for delivering bad news increased from a mean score of 14/25 (56%,SD= 3.3) at baseline to 18/25 (72%,SD= 3.6) after the workshop (p= 0.0002).Significance of resultsThis workshop was effective in increasing medical student skill and confidence in delivering bad news. Standardized role-playing communication workshops integrated into medical school curricula could be a low-cost, effective, and easily implementable strategy to improve communication skills of doctors.
The balance of adult mental health care: provision of core health versus other types of care in eight European countries
Authors: Cetrano G. , Salvador-Carulla L. , Tedeschi F. , Rabbi L. , Gutiérrez-Colosía M. R. , Gonzalez-Caballero J. L. , Park A.-L. , McDaid D. , Sfetcu R. , Kalseth J. , Kalseth B. , Hope Ø. , Brunn M. , Chevreul K. , Straßmayr C. , Hagmair G. , Wahlbeck K. , Amaddeo F. ,   for the REFINEMENT group
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimsAlthough many mental health care systems provide care interventions that are not related to direct health care, little is known about the interfaces between the latter and core health care. ‘Core health care’ refers to services whose explicit aim is direct clinical treatment which is usually provided by health professionals, i.e., physicians, nurses, psychologists. ‘Other care’ is typically provided by other staff and includes accommodation, training, promotion of independence, employment support and social skills. In such a definition, ‘other care’ does not necessarily mean being funded or governed differently. The aims of the study were: (1) using a standard classification system (Description and Evaluation of Services and Directories in Europe for Long Term Care, DESDE-LTC) to identify ‘core health’ and ‘other care’ services provided to adults with mental health problems; and (2) to investigate the balance of care by analysing the types and characteristics of core health and other care services.MethodsThe study was conducted in eight selected local areas in eight European countries with different mental health systems. All publicly funded mental health services, regardless of the funding agency, for people over 18 years old were identified and coded. The availability, capacity and the workforce of the local mental health services were described using their functional main activity or ‘Main Types of Care’ (MTC) as the standard for international comparison, following the DESDE-LTC system.ResultsIn these European study areas, 822 MTCs were identified as providing core health care and 448 provided other types of care. Even though one-third of mental health services in the selected study areas provided interventions that were coded as ‘other care’, significant variation was found in the typology and characteristics of these services across the eight study areas.ConclusionsThe functional distinction between core health and other care overcomes the traditional division between ‘health’ and ‘social’ sectors based on governance and funding. The overall balance between core health and other care services varied significantly across the European sites. Mental health systems cannot be understood or planned without taking into account the availability and capacity of all services specifically available for this target population, including those outside the health sector.
Seasonal Wetness, Soil Organic Carbon, and Fire Influence Soil Hydrological Properties and Water Repellency in a Sagebrush‐Steppe Ecosystem
Authors: Chandler David G. , Cheng Yang , Seyfried Mark S. , Madsen Matthew D. , Johnson Chris E. , Williams C. Jason 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPrescribed fire is an important tool for rangeland management in sage‐steppe ecosystems, yet the long‐term effects of this practice on soil hydraulic properties are not well known. We explore interactions among site geomorphology, soil organic carbon (SOC) soil N, soil water repellency (SWR), and plant community type on infiltration properties before fire and 8 years thereafter in a semiarid research watershed. The objective was to assess the sustainability of rangeland burning in sage‐steppe ecosystems. Many types of measurements were made in three plant communities to identify how differences in soil hydraulic properties are related to differences in plant cover and soil texture and to determine relationships among SOC, SWR, soil water contact angle, and infiltration properties. Measurements were made on transects in burned and unburned catchments. We found that severity and occurrence of surface SWR were substantially reduced 8 years after a fire within the area originally covered with mountain big sagebrush, where the fire intensity was greatest. Surface SWR was lowest in the sparsely vegetated low sagebrush, where SOC was also lowest. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kh) increased in each vegetation type over the 8‐year period after burning and was not directly related to SWR. Spatial variability in Kh was primarily controlled by soil texture, whereas differences in sorptivity (S) were controlled by SWR and aridity. SOC is not well correlated to soil surface SWR. The decadal scale changes in Kh and associations between S and site characteristics indicate forms of resilience to fire across a moisture gradient.
Infrared Characterization of Jupiter's Equatorial Disturbance Cycle
Authors: Antuñano Arrate , Fletcher Leigh N. , Orton Glenn S. , Melin Henrik , Rogers John H. , Harrington Joseph , Donnelly Padraig T. , Rowe‐Gurney Naomi , Blake James S. D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe use an infrared data set captured between 1984 and 2017 using several instruments and observatories to report five rare equatorial disturbances that completely altered the appearance of Jupiter's equatorial zone (EZ): the clearance of tropospheric clouds revealed a new 5‐μm‐bright band encircling the planet at the equator, accompanied by large 5‐μm‐bright filaments. Three events were observed in ground‐based images in 1973, 1979, and 1992. We report and characterize for the first time the entire evolution of two new episodes of this unusual EZ state that presented their maximum 5‐μm‐brightness in December 1999 and February 2007, coinciding with a brown coloration south of the equator and with large bluish filaments and white plumes in the northern EZ at visible wavelengths. We characterize their typical infrared‐bright lifetimes of 12–18 months, with possible periodicities of 6–8 or 13–14 years. We predict that a full‐scale equatorial disturbance could occur in 2019–2021.
High‐Frequency Thermal Fluctuations and Instabilities in the Radiation Belt Environment
Authors: Hwang Junga , Yoon Peter H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper overviews the electrostatic and electromagnetic theories of spontaneous emission in magnetized plasma as they relate to measured electric and magnetic field fluctuations in quiet time radiation belt and ring current region. The pervasively detected high‐frequency fluctuations in the upper‐hybrid frequency range as well as the background low‐frequency range spectral profile in the whistler mode range are explained within the context of the spontaneous emission theory. The quasilinear calculation of loss cone instability is also carried out in order to validate the assumption of spontaneous emission model. It is shown that the saturated wave amplitudes associated with the upper‐hybrid and multiple‐harmonic cyclotron instability are quite low, indicating that the theoretical explanation based upon the assumption of spontaneous emission theory may be adequate for understanding the observed background fluctuations during quiet times.
Ion Dynamics and the Shock Profile of a Low‐Mach Number Shock
Authors: Gedalin Michael , Zhou Xiaoyan , Russell Christopher T. , Drozdov Alexander , Liu Terry Z 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe directly measured magnetic field fluctuates even at low‐Mach number shocks. Separation of the essential shock profile from features superimposed onto it is one of the basic problems of shock physics. The essential structure is one which affects the ion motion and is shaped by the produced ion distributions: the macroscopic fields which are built self‐consistently and together with the ion dynamics. The advanced test particle analysis is used to derive the magnetic profile which is consistent with the collisionless ion motion in the macroscopic fields of the shock front. The downstream side of the derived profile is in good agreement with the observed profile of a low‐Mach number interplanetary shock. The analysis allows us to improve the determination of the Mach number and provides an approximate value of the cross‐shock potential, which is not measured. It is shown that α‐particles cause nonperiodicity of the downstream magnetic oscillations. The performed hybrid simulations support the conclusion that the macroscopic fields of the shock play the main role in the formation of downstream ion distributions. The role of fluctuations is to enhance smoothing of the distributions and speed up relaxation to gyrotropy. The measured ion distributions well agree with the theoretically predicted onset of the anisotropy at the shock crossing and its persistence well into the downstream region.
Physically Constrained Stochastic Shallow Convection in Realistic Kilometer‐Scale Simulations
Authors: Sakradzija Mirjana , Klocke Daniel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA new configuration of a parameterization for shallow convection in the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic Model (ICON) is described and tested on a single realistic test case. As a test case, a shallow convective day over Germany is simulated using four different configurations of ICON. These configurations differ by the choice of the shallow convection parameterization, which can be deterministic, stochastic, or completely switched off. As the fourth configuration, the ICON large eddy simulation setup is used as a reference against which the three other ICON model configurations are tested and compared at resolutions from 1 to 10 km. It is demonstrated that a deterministic mass flux closure combined with the stochastic sampling of the cloud base mass fluxes corrects the spatial and temporal distribution of cloudiness. The mean vertical structure of the cloud layer and vertical profiles of the thermodynamic variables in the boundary layer are also improved. The stochastic parameterization adapts to the model resolution by its formulation, while a limited scale‐aware behavior is present in the outcome of the simulations. This limitation stems from the resolution dependence of the resolved dynamics, which produces incorrect distributions of cloudiness, and scale‐dependence opposite of what is expected based on the reference large eddy simulation results. The deterministic version of the convection scheme cannot correct the behavior of the resolved dynamics, while the stochastic version corrects the resolved dynamics to some extent and improves the overall behavior across resolutions.
Sunspot Observations on 10 and 11 February 1917: A Case Study in Collating Known and Previously Undocumented Records
Authors: Willis D. M. , Wilkinson J. , Scott C. J. , Wild M. N. , Stephenson F. R. , Hayakawa H. , Brugge R. , Macdonald L. T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn extensive investigation of ships' logs, as part of the Old Weather citizen‐science project, identified a sunspot observation made from HMS Hilary on 10 February 1917. This sunspot record was accompanied by detailed meteorological records that have enabled a reconstruction of the conditions under which the observation was made (overcast with detached clouds). Although there is no incontrovertible evidence that this was an unaided‐eye observation, comparison with an unaided‐eye observation recorded on the 11 February 1917 in a local treatise from Hénán province in China confirms that this sunspot group was visible to the unaided eye. White‐light photographs from the Dehra Dun Observatory confirm the detailed description of the sunspot group provided by the naval observer. Moreover, comparisons with tabular data published by the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, confirm the statement that this was an unusually large sunspot group. Indeed, on 11 February 1917 the area of the sunspot group was greater than the area of any sunspot group recorded previously at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. A comparison with a modern unaided‐eye observation confirms that it is possible to observe sunspots under meteorological conditions similar to those experienced on‐board HMS Hilary.
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase is important for the maintenance of glioblastoma stemness
Authors: Kim Hee Yeon , Kim Dong Keon , Bae Seung-Hyun , Gwak HyeRan , Jeon Ji Hoon , Kim Jong Kwang , Lee Byung Il , You Hye Jin , Shin Dong Hoon , Kim Young-Ho , Kim Soo Youl , Han Sung-Sik , Shim Jin-Kyoung , Lee Ji-Hyun , Kang Seok-Gu , Jang Hyonchol 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGlioblastoma is a highly malignant tumor that easily acquires resistance to treatment. The stem-cell-like character (stemness) has been thought to be closely associated with the treatment resistance of glioblastoma cells. In this study, we determined that farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS), a key enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis, plays an important role in maintaining glioblastoma stemness. A comparison of the mRNA expression in patient-derived glioblastoma sphere cells, which maintain stemness, and their differentiated counterparts, which lose stemness, via RNA sequencing showed that most of the altered genes were networked in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. We screened Federal Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs targeting specific enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway for their ability to inhibit glioblastoma sphere formation. Inhibitors of FDPS, such as alendronate and zoledronate, significantly reduced the formation of glioblastoma spheres, and alendronate was effective at a lower molar concentration than zoledronate. Knockdown of FDPS using short hairpin RNA also completely inhibited the formation of secondary spheres. FDPS mRNA in patients with glioblastoma was associated with malignancy in three independent microarray data sets. RNA sequencing showed that alendronate treatment reduced the embryonic stem cell signature and activated development- and necrosis-related pathways in glioblastoma spheres. These results suggest that FDPS is important for the maintenance of glioblastoma stemness and that alendronate, a drug widely used to treat osteoporosis, can be repositioned to treat glioblastoma.
Trends in Chronic Liver Disease-Related Hospitalizations: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Asrani Sumeet K. , Hall Lauren , Hagan Michael , Sharma Sushma , Yeramaneni Samrat , Trotter James , Talwalkar Jayant , Kanwal Fasiha 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVES:
In a population-based study, we examined time trends in chronic liver disease (CLD)-related hospitalizations in a large and diverse metroplex.

METHODS:
We examined all CLD-related inpatient encounters (2000–2015) in Dallas–Fort Worth (DFW) using data from the DFW council collaborative that captures claims data from 97% of all hospitalizations in DFW (10.7 million regional patients).

RESULTS:
There were 83,539 CLD-related hospitalizations in 48,580 unique patients across 84 hospitals. The age and gender standardized annual rate of CLD-related hospitalization increased from 48.9 per 100,000 in 2000 to 125.7 per 100,000 in 2014. Mean age at hospitalization increased from 54.0 (14.1) to 58.5 (13.5) years; the proportion of CLD patients above 65 years increased from 24.2% to 33.1%. HCV-related hospitalizations plateaued, whereas an increase was seen in hospitalizations related to alcohol (9.1 to 22.7 per 100,000) or fatty liver (1.4 per 100,000 to 19.5 per 100,000). The prevalence of medical comorbidities increased for CLD patients: coronary artery disease (4.8% to 14.3%), obesity (2.8% to 14.6%), chronic kidney disease (2.8% to 18.2%), and diabetes (18.0% to 33.2%). Overall hospitalizations with traditional complications of portal hypertension (ascites, varices, and peritonitis) remained stable over time. However, hospitalization with complications related to infection increased from 54.7% to 66.4%, and renal failure increased by sevenfold (2.7% to 19.5%).

CONCLUSIONS:
CLD-related hospitalizations have increased twofold over the last decade. Hospitalized CLD patients are older and sicker with multiple chronic conditions. Traditional complications of portal hypertension have been superseded by infection and renal failure, warranting a need to redefine what it means to have decompensated CLD.
BMP-IHH-mediated interplay between mesenchymal stem cells and osteoclasts supports calvarial bone homeostasis and repair
Authors: Guo Yuxing , Yuan Yuan , Wu Ling , Ho Thach-Vu , Jing Junjun , Sugii Hideki , Li Jingyuan , Han Xia , Feng Jifan , Guo Chuanbin , Chai Yang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCalvarial bones are connected by fibrous sutures. These sutures provide a niche environment that includes mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, which help maintain calvarial bone homeostasis and repair. Abnormal function of osteogenic cells or diminished MSCs within the cranial suture can lead to skull defects, such as craniosynostosis. Despite the important function of each of these cell types within the cranial suture, we have limited knowledge about the role that crosstalk between them may play in regulating calvarial bone homeostasis and injury repair. Here we show that suture MSCs give rise to osteoprogenitors that show active bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling and depend on BMP-mediated Indian hedgehog (IHH) signalling to balance osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis activity. IHH signalling and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) may function synergistically to promote the differentiation and resorption activity of osteoclasts. Loss of Bmpr1a in MSCs leads to downregulation of hedgehog (Hh) signalling and diminished cranial sutures. Significantly, activation of Hh signalling partially restores suture morphology in Bmpr1a mutant mice, suggesting the functional importance of BMP-mediated Hh signalling in regulating suture tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, there is an increased number of CD200+ cells in Bmpr1a mutant mice, which may also contribute to the inhibited osteoclast activity in the sutures of mutant mice. Finally, suture MSCs require BMP-mediated Hh signalling during the repair of calvarial bone defects after injury. Collectively, our studies reveal the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing cell–cell interactions within the cranial suture that regulate calvarial bone homeostasis and repair.
Tumor suppressive miR-6775-3p inhibits ESCC progression through forming a positive feedback loop with p53 via MAGE-A family proteins
Authors: Meng Lingjiao , Liu Fei , Ju Yingchao , Ding Pingan , Liu Sihua , Chang Sheng , Liu Shina , Zhang Yi , Lian Yishui , Gu Lina , Zhang Xiaochong , Sang Meixiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAccumulating evidences indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in multiple diseases, including cancer. In the present study, we showed that miR-6775-3p plays a tumor suppressive role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). High expression miR-6775-3p is associated with good clinical outcomes of ESCC patients. Over-expression of miR-6775-3p inhibited tumor growth and liver metastasis of ESCC xenograft tumors. Enforced expression of miR-6775-3p inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that miR-6775-3p was associated with the genes on “pathway in cancer”. Mechanically, miR-6775-3p inhibited the expression of tumor antigens MAGE-A family through direct binding the 3′UTR region of MAGE-A mRNAs, and attenuated MAGE-A-inhibited transcriptional activity of tumor suppressor p53. In addition, miR-6775-3p also directly inhibits its host gene SLC7A5 which has been reported to play oncogenic roles in cancer progression. Interestingly, miR-6775-3p and its host gene SLC7A5 were directly transcriptionally induced by p53. Thus, for the first time, our study proposed a novel positive feedback regulation between miR-6775-3p and p53 via MAGE-A family, which plays crucial role in ESCC progression.
Estrogen nuclear receptors affect cell migration by altering sublocalization of AQP2 in glioma cell lines
Authors: Wan Shu , Jiang Juanjuan , Zheng Chuanming , Wang Ning , Zhai Xia , Fei Xiangwei , Wu Ruijin , Jiang Xiuxiu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGlioblastomas are capable of infiltrating into neighboring brain tissues. The prognosis of a male patient is worse than that of women. Here, we demonstrate the effects of estrogen on invasion of glioma cells via regulating estrogen nuclear receptors (ERα and ERβ) combined with aquaporin 2 (AQP2). In our study, we conclude that AQP2 was located mainly in the nuclei of the glioma cell lines and is capable of inhibiting cell invasion. According to the gene ontology analysis, out of 138 screened genes, three genes of ankyrin repeat and FYVE domain containing 1 (ANKFY1), lymphocyte transmembrane adaptor 1 (LAX1), and latent transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (LTBP1) were found to be regulating the ERα and ERβ. The expression of ERα was found to be high, whereas the expression of both ERβ and AQP2 was low in glioma cells from patient tissues and glioblastoma cell lines. The expression levels of AQP2, ANKFY1, LAX1, and LTBP1 were upregulated by both ERα small interfering RNA (siRNA) and overexpression of ERβ. AQP2 inhibition of cell invasion was inversely influenced by LAX1siRNA. The luciferase report system indicated that AQP2 promoted the transcriptional activity of LAX1 and inhibited cell invasion. These data suggest that ERβ may function as AQP promoter in the nucleus to sustain cells' stability by promoting AQP production, while ERα acts as an antagonist of AQP2. The ratio between ERα and ERβ is likely to affect the distribution of AQP2 in the nucleus. Low level of ERβ reduces the inhibition of invasion of glioma cells influenced by high level of LAX1 expression, leading to an increase in the invasion ability of glioma cells.