bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES CONCERNING THE PATHOGENESIS OF GAUCHER’S DISEASE
Authors: OTTENSTEIN BERTHA , SCHMIDT GERHARD , THANNHAUSER S. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The serum of normal individuals and of patients with Gaucher’s disease does not contain cerebrosides in measurable amounts. Cerebrosides in Gaucher’s disease are increased only in those organs containing abundant numbers of cells characteristic of the disease.
2. Normal red blood cells contain approximately 0.19 per cent cerebrosides. The cerebroside in red blood cells is a galactosidocerebroside.
3. Red blood cells in Gaucher’s disease do not differ quantitatively and qualitatively in their cerebroside content from the red blood cells of normal individuals.
4. In four different cases of Gaucher’s disease separate determinations of splenic galactosido- and glucosidocerebrosides were made. The spleen of two adults showed mainly glucosidocerebrosides and only traces of galactosidocerebrosides, while the analysis of the spleen of two other adults showed that galactosido- as well as glucosidocerebrosides may be accumulated simultaneously in Gaucher cells. These findings are of importance, since it is demonstrated that the deviation of the cerebroside metabolism in Gaucher cells not only results in the formation of an abnormal glucosidocerebroside, but also may lead to the increased formation of the normal galactosidocerebroside, kerasin. It is demonstrated that the relative proportions of galactosido- and glucosidocerebrosides in Gaucher cells may differ considerably in individual cases.
5. The organs of infantile siblings with "generalized infantile Gaucher’s" disease were analyzed. The organs of one infant showed mainly galactosidocerebrosides while in the organs of the other sibling both kinds of cerebrosides, glucosido- as well as galactosidocerebrosides, were present.
6. The findings reported in this paper lend support to the theory that Gaucher’s disease is the result of a deviation of the intracellular metabolism of reticulum cells and histiocytes. The cerebrosides are not transported by the serum or by the red blood cells and secondarily deposited in the cells involved, but are formed and stored in the reticulum cells and histiocytes were they are found.
STUDIES OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN MAN: II. A STUDY OF THE PERMEABILITY OF THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE TO INORGANIC PHOSPHATE IN VITRO BY THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHATE (P32)
Authors: TAYLOR F. H. L. , LEVENSON S. M. , ADAMS M. A. , KENDRICK MARY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Phosphate exchange in red cells and plasma was studied in vitro using P32 in the form of sodium phosphate as a tracer.
2. No phosphate was added other than the isotopic preparation which was of high specific activity.
3. Inorganic phosphate exchanged freely between the plasma and the erythrocytes at 37.5 C. in a period of four hours. Minimal transfer occurred at 7 C.
4. Most of the added P32 which passed into the erythrocytes during this time remained in the inorganic fraction, less than 15 per cent being found in the organic acid soluble fraction.
5. The specific activity of the inorganic phosphate of the erythrocytes was equal to or greater than that obtaining for the inorganic phosphate of the plasma at the end of the four hour incubation period at 37.5 C.
STUDIES IN IRON TRANSPORTATION AND METABOLISM
Authors: DUBACH REUBENIA , CALLENDER SHEILA T. E. , MOORE CARL V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The isotope technic for studying iron absorption has been extended to measure the unabsorbed isotope in feces as well as the amount synthesized into hemoglobin. The recovery of radioiron from feces was shown to be accurate within 10 per cent.
2. There was suggestive evidence to indicate that, with the 1 mg. per kilogram dose employed, normal subjects may sometimes absorb more iron than is converted within a two week period into hemoglobin.
3. Patients with fever, untreated pernicious anemia, and refractory anemia were shown to absorb more iron than they use for hemoglobin.
4. Patients with hemolytic anemia may absorb more iron than can be recovered in the peripheral blood at any one time because isotopic hemoglobin is removed from the circulation at a rapid rate.
5. Except in afebrile patients with hypochromic anemia, acceptance of the per cent of a given dose of radioiron which appears in circulating hemoglobin as a measure of iron absorption must be made with caution.
6. The theory that mucosal cells accept iron for absorption or block its assimilation provides the best known explanation for iron absorption; but patients with adequate iron stores may assimilate considerable quantities of the metal and the block must be regarded as relative.
THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON HEMOPOIESIS. IS THERE AN INDIRECT EFFECT?
Authors: LAWRENCE JOHN S. , VALENTINE WILLIAM N. , DOWDY ANDREW H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The general aim of the investigations here reported has been to obtain evidence for or against "indirect" radiation effects.
2. To this end, twenty-six successful cross circulation experiments (carotid to carotid anastomoses) have been performed between normal cats and radiated cats.
3. Cross circulation was established in most instances at some specified time interval after the radiation of one partner. All intervals up to eighty-two hours after radiation of one partner were covered.
4. In seven experiments cross circulation was established and then one animal radiated while the other was shielded. These were considered the most critical experiments of the group.
5. Detailed data on leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in the normal animals obtained during an approximately twenty-eight day period of follow-up are presented.
6. These data are not considered to support the thesis of indirect effects peculiar to radiation. A trend toward slightly lowered absolute lymphocyte counts in normal animals after cross circulation was not considered significant, and in no instance did leukopenia develop in the normal animal.
7. The literature is reviewed and discussed.
CLOTTING OF PLASMA AND SILICONE SURFACES
Authors: PATTON THOMAS B. , WARE ARNOLD G. , SEEGERS WALTER H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Blood was collected with special care and centrifuged in silicone treated glass tubes at 22-23,000 R.P.M. for various periods of time. Even after prolonged centrifugation, incoagulable plasma could not always be obtained. When clots formed, only a small portion of the fibrinogen was represented as fibrin. Minute amounts of thrombin cause this fibrin formation. No evidence was found to support the view that plasma may contain a soluble factor which can initiate clotting independent of platelet action.
CARBAMATES IN THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF LEUKEMIA
Authors: SKIPPER HOWARD E. , RISER WILLIAM H. , STELZENMULLER ANNE , HOLT HELEN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple procedure for screening compounds for leukotoxic action is described. Results obtained on assaying known leukopenic agents such as urethan, nitrogen mustard, x-ray, potassium arsenite, and benzene indicate a reasonable measure of reliability.
A METHOD FOR OBTAINING LIVING LEUKOCYTES FROM HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD BY ACCELERATION OF ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION
Authors: MINOR ALLEN H. , BURNETT LEE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple method for obtaining living leukocytes from human peripheral blood is presented. It consists of the addition of fibrinogen to heparinized blood. Essentially all the leukocytes remain in plasma suspension and essentially all the erythrocytes are sedimented out at the end of one hour.
NUCLEAR STRUCTURE VERSUS NUCLEAR PATTERN
Authors: JONES OLIVER P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Lymphoid cells from rat and human fetal livers and adult rat lymph nodes were studied by means of various cytologic, cytochemical and optical technics.
2. Freshly dried smears preserve cytoplasmic detail with an extraordinary degree of accuracy.
3. Mitochondria, both numerous and pleomorphic, are preserved in the cytoplasm which lies beyond the nuclear membrane as well as in the thin layers of cytoplasm above and beneath the nucleus.
4. In dry-fixed preparations stained with Romanowsky dyes, mitochondria appear as negative images (light areas) in basophilic cytoplasm. These negative images within the nuclear area contribute to the formation of what hematologists in the past have described as parachromatin.
5. The dry smear method of studying lymphoid blood cells produces nuclear patterns formed by the sum total of nuclear and cytoplasmic alterations which reflect functional activity.
6. The meaning of the terms nuclear structure and nuclear pattern have been contrasted.
DIAGNOSIS AND MECHANISM OF HEMOLYSIS IN CHRONIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA WITH NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA
Authors: DACIE J. V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Studies in vitro and transfusion experiments indicate that the "cause" of nocturnal hemoglobinuria is an abnormality of the erythrocytes. In vitro, patient’s corpuscles undergo hemolysis in fresh human sera, but only within a pH range of 6 to 8, a range more restricted on the alkaline side than the limits within which isohemolysis will take place.
2. The nonspecific nature of the acid-serum test is emphasized. In addition to nocturnal hemoglobinuria, positive tests for hemolysis may be obtained in this way with certain "warm" and "cold" hemolysins, and in the presence of marked spherocytosis. The control observations necessary for the diagnosis of nocturnal hemoglobinuria are described.
3. The erythrocytes in nocturnal hemoglobinuria are remarkably sensitive to hemolysis by anti-A (or anti-B) but are not hemolyzed by anti-Rh.
4. It is suggested as a hypothesis that the same abnormality, presumably at the corpuscular surface, which is the cause of the increased sensitivity to hemolysis by anti-A results in the erythrocytes being fatally sensitive in vivo to a hemolytic factor distinct from complement and normally present in serum.
HEMOLYTIC REACTIONS PRODUCED IN DOGS BY TRANSFUSION OF INCOMPATIBLE DOG BLOOD AND PLASMA
Authors: YOUNG LAWRENCE E. , ERVIN DONALD M. , YUILE CHARLES L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Dogs injected intravenously with dog erythrocytes containing one or more antigenic factors lacking in their own red cells developed iso-hemagglutinins and hemolysins exhibiting characteristics of immune antibodies.
2. Transfusions of incompatible whole dog blood and plasma were carried out under controlled conditions. Pretransfusion observations were made and followed by closely spaced post-transfusion measurements of serologic and hematologic alterations.
3. The rate of destruction of incompatible donated corpuscles was determined by tagging the cells with radioactive iron and also by employing the technique of differential agglutination of erythrocytes. It was thereby shown that all of the incompatible donated cells disappeared from the recipient’s circulation within the first thirty to ninety minutes following transfusion. The probable mechanisms and relative importance of intra- and extravascular destruction of erythrocytes are briefly discussed.
4. Destruction of recipient dogs’ corpuscles by donated immune plasma was relatively slow, and spherocytosis and increased osmotic fragility of the recipients’ cells were evident for periods as long as twenty days. These observations are compared with those made in human beings after transfusions of plasma and of blood from dangerous universal donors.
5. The titer of complement in the sera of recipient dogs was sharply reduced for at least five hours after all transfusions of incompatible whole blood, but isoagglutinin titers were less regularly reduced after such transfusions.
6. Other notations of interest included estimates of the concentrations of serum bilirubin, sodium and potassium, determinations of clotting time, prothrombin concentration, and observations on red cell morphology, intravascular erythrophagocytosis, and shifts in distribution of leukocytes and in the electrophoretic patterns of plasma.
EFFECTS OF THE INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF BAL (2,3 DIMERCAPTOPROPANOL) IN A SUBJECT WITH THE SICKLE CELL TRAIT: CASE REPORT
Authors: KUHNS WILLIAM J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effects of the intramuscular administration of BAL in a Negro harboring the sickle cell trait have been presented. It was observed that the rate of sickling was accelerated and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was retarded in the presence of BAL both in vitro and apparently in vivo. However, the administration of BAL produced none of the pathologic sequelae characteristic of sickle cell disease.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
Authors: KLINE B. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The mechanism of transfer, in cases of erythroblastosis fetalis, of incompatible fetal red blood cells to the mother and of maternal blood with antibody to the fetus, was observed especially well in 2 cases in which the infants were born alive.
The two placentas showed occlusion of peripheral blood vessels of many villi and trunks by agglutinated red blood cells and fibrin. Associated with the vascular thromboses, there were, in places, necrosis of the walls and of regional tissues with rupture and hemorrhage of fetal blood, containing numerous intact nucleated red blood cells, into regional intervillous spaces. Through the broken surfaces, adjacent maternal blood was in contact with the fetal circulation.
A more accurate designation for "erythroblastosis fetalis" would be "transplacental erythrocytotoxic anemia."
OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE HYPOPHYSIS AND THE ADRENAL CORTEX ON BLOOD PLATELET LEVELS
Authors: ADAMS ELIJAH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Observations were made to investigate possible endocrine influences on blood platelets. Adrenal cortex extract failed to influence the platelet counts of mice, rats, or rabbits. Adrenalectomy and sham-adrenalectomy were followed by almost identical platelet increases in mice and rats. Administration of adrenal cortex extract, or physiologic saline, to adrenalectomized rats was followed by a consistent fall in platelets not observed in sham-adrenalectomized rats, or after administering distilled water to adrenalectomized rats. Platelet levels in hypophysectomized rats were significantly lower than in unoperated controls. Splenectomy in hypophysectomized rats was followed by a maximum rise in platelets markedly lower than following splenectomy in intact rats. Bone-marrow megakaryocytes in hypophysectomized rats were significantly fewer than in intact rats. No changes in megakaryocyte number or morphology appeared following splenectomy either in intact or hypophysectomized rats.
The relationship between anemia, fecal stercobilinogen, erythrocyte survival, and globin synthesis in heterozygotes for beta-thalassemia
Authors: Gallo E , Pich P , Ricco G , Saglio G , Camaschella C , Mazza U 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Erythrocyte survival, fecal stercobilinogen, and the alpha/beta-chain synthesis ratio in recticulocytes and bone marrow (six cases only) were determined and related to the hemoglobin levels in ten heterozygous carriers of beta-thalassemia with different degrees of anemia. Erythrocyte survival values were low, though not related to the degree of anemia, whereas stercobilinogen values and changes in the peripheral blood alpha/beta-chain ratios were so correlated. In the case of bone marrow, on the other hand, the ratio between alpha-chain and beta-chain synthesis was virtually 1, irrespective of the degree of anemia. It is suggested that the severity of anemia in heterozygous carriers is independent of peripheral hemolysis and entirely attributable to destruction of erythroblasts within the marrow.
Clonal analysis of bcr-abl rearrangement in T lymphocytes from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Jonas D , Lubbert M , Kawasaki ES , Henke M , Bross KJ , Mertelsmann R , Herrmann F 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cytogenetic hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1), which reflects a chromosomal translocation t(9;22) and a rearrangement of the ABL and bcr genes. This marker is found in all cells arising from the same malignant precursor cell and can be detected in CML cells of the myeloid, monocytic, erythroid, and B-lymphocyte lineage. It is, however, controversial as to whether T lymphocytes of CML patients carry this gene rearrangement. An answer to this question would clarify whether the translocation in CML occurs in a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell or in a precursor cell already committed to certain lineages, but not the T-cell lineage. To address this question, we established T-cell clones from peripheral venous blood cells of four patients with CML and screened these clones for bcr-abl fusion transcripts by means of polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis. In four T-cell clones of three of these patients, the bcr-abl transcript could be detected. None of 12 T-cell clones of the fourth patient disclosed detectable bcr-abl amplification product. Both CD4+ as well as CD8+ clones displayed fused bcr-abl sequences. These data imply that in CML some but not all T lymphocytes may originate from the Ph1-positive stem cell.
Monoclonal antibodies specific for low-affinity interleukin-3 (IL-3) binding protein AIC2A: evidence that AIC2A is a component of a high- affinity IL-3 receptor
Authors: Ogorochi T , Hara T , Wang HM , Maruyama K , Miyajima A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mouse interleukin-3 (IL-3) binds to its receptor with high and low affinities. Using anti-Aic2 antibody, two distinct cDNAs (AIC2A and AIC2B) were isolated. The AIC2A gene encodes a protein of 120 Kd that binds IL-3 with low affinity, whereas the AIC2B gene encodes a protein that is 91% identical to AIC2A at the amino acid level, but which does not bind IL-3. To study the structure of the functional high-affinity IL-3 receptor (IL-3R), we generated specific monoclonal antibodies against the AIC2A protein. We produced a soluble AIC2A protein by inserting a termination codon at the beginning of the transmembrane domain of the AIC2A cDNA. Soluble AIC2A protein expressed in COS7 cells was purified to homogeneity and three anti-AIC2A monoclonal antibody- producing hybridomas (3D1, 3D4, and 9D3) were obtained from a rat immunized with the purified soluble AIC2A protein. The antibodies were specific for the AIC2A protein and did not bind to the AIC2B protein. Using chimeric receptors between AIC2A and AIC2B, recognition sites of the antibodies were mapped. The antibodies immunoprecipitated a 120-Kd protein from IL-3-dependent PT18 cells. The N-terminal sequence of the 120-Kd protein was consistent with the predicted processing site of the signal sequence of the AIC2A protein. Staining of IL-3-dependent and IL- 3-independent cell lines with the 9D3 antibody were consistent with the IL-3 binding. The 9D3 antibody inhibited both the high-affinity IL-3 binding and the low-affinity binding, as well as IL-3-dependent proliferation. These results indicate that the AIC2A protein is a binding component of a high-affinity IL-3R.
HLA-DR–Mediated Signals for Hematopoiesis and Induction of Apoptosis Involve But Are Not Limited to a Nitric Oxide Pathway
Authors: Lee Jong Wook , Beckham Cassandra , Michel Bryce R. , Rosen Henry , Deeg H. Joachim 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCross-linking of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens by anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody (MoAb; H81.9; IgG2a) results in inhibition of hematopoiesis in canine and human models. Inhibition of hematopoiesis is associated with apoptosis in a proportion of marrow cells. Since in murine macrophages class II cross-linking triggers nitric oxide (NO) production, and NO is thought to affect regulation of hematopoiesis, we investigated whether NO was involved in our models. In murine J774 monocytes/macrophages, MoAb H81.9 did induce NO. NO production was blocked by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), an inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), and by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In human and canine long-term marrow cultures (LTMCs) and in enriched marrow monocytes, however, no measurable increase in NO production was noted after H81.9 exposure. Nevertheless, NAC protected LTMCs against H81.9 induced inhibition of hematopoiesis. Therefore, we determined the effect of an exogenous NO donator, sin-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine), on canine and human LTMCs and on apoptosis. Sin-1 at concentrations ≥100 μg/mL inhibited LTMCs and induced apoptosis; at low concentrations (1 μg/mL), however, sin-1 stimulated the generation of colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage. Combined treatment with sin-1 at 100 μg/mL and MoAb H81.9 resulted in profound inhibition of hematopoiesis in both canine and human LTMCs, and had an additive effect on apoptosis. At 1 μg/mL sin-1 counteracted the effect of H81.9 on hematopoiesis. The effect of sin-1 on apoptosis and hematopoiesis in LTMC was largely prevented by NAC. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that HLA-DR mediated apoptosis and inhibition of hematopoiesis involve oxidative stress. However, the biphasic response of hematopoiesis to sin-1 suggests a complex regulatory network possibly related to differences in NO sensitivity of distinct subpopulations of cells. Signals in addition to NO appear to be involved in the effect of anti-HLA-DR MoAb on hematopoiesis.
Molecular Profile of Epstein-Barr Virus in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Related Lymphadenopathies and Lymphomas
Authors: Ometto Lucia , Menin Chiara , Masiero Sara , Bonaldi Laura , Del Mistro Annarosa , Cattelan Anna Maria , D'Andrea Emma , De Rossi Anita , Chieco-Bianchi Luigi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)–infected patients develop a spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders ranging from nonneoplastic lymphadenopathies to B-cell lymphomas. Although evidence suggests that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) might be involved, its molecular profile and expression pattern in HIV-1–related lymphoproliferations remain to be defined. Using polymerase chain reaction–based techniques, we studied EBV types and variants in 28 lymphadenopathy lesions and in 20 lymphomas (15 large cell and 5 Burkitt-like). EBV was detected in 89% of lymphadenopathies and in 80% of lymphomas; viral DNA content was significantly higher in the latter. EBNA2 and LMP1 gene analysis indicated that half of the EBV+ lymphadenopathies were coinfected with both EBV type 1 and 2 strains and/or multiple type 1 variants. Conversely, all but one lymphoma carried a single viral variant, consistently type 1 in large cell lymphomas, and type 2 in Burkitt-like tumors. Most lymphomas, but no lymphadenopathies, showed monoclonal Ig heavy-chain rearrangement. Analysis of 5 large cell lymphomas and 9 lymphadenopathies for EBV transcripts identified LMP1 mRNA in most samples, and the EBNA2 transcript in all tumors. These findings provide evidence of a heterogeneous EBV population in lymphadenopathy lesions, strengthen the notion that lymphomas arise from clonal expansion of EBV+ cells, and suggest different roles for EBV types 1 and 2 in HIV-1–related lymphoproliferations.