bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ensiling characteristics, in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial communities and aerobic stability of low‐dry matter silages produced with sweet sorghum and alfalfa mixtures
Authors: Chen Lei , Dong Zhihao , Li Junfeng , Shao Tao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDSilages produced with grass and legume mixtures may have positive associative effects on silage quality and animal performance when ruminants are fed the silages. The present study aimed to determine the preservation characteristics, in vitro rumen fermentation profile and microbial abundance of silages, produced with mixtures of sweet sorghum (SS) and alfalfa (AF) in different ratios: 100:0 (Control), 75:25 (SA25), 50:50 (SA50), 25:75 (SA75) and 0:100 (SA100) on a fresh weight basis.RESULTSAs the proportion of AF increased in the silages, pH, acetic acid, ammonia nitrogen and crude protein (CP) concentrations, and aerobic stability increased (P < 0.05), whereas lactic acid and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations decreased (P < 0.05). Increasing the proportion of AF in the silages, increased (P < 0.05) the in vitro degradability of dry matter and CP, as well as the proportions of genus Prevotella, but decreased (P < 0.05) the in vitro degradability of NDF (IVNDFD) and ADF (IVADFD) and proportions of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Compared to the Control silage, SA25 silage had greater (P < 0.05) proportions of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, IVNDFD, IVADFD, ruminal short chain fatty acids and microbial protein concentrations, as well as lower (P < 0.05) methane production.CONCLUSIONThe silage produced with the SS to AF ratio of 75:25 was the most suitable for ruminants use as a result of the optimal balance of fermentation quality, feed‐nutritional value and aerobic stability. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of POSS hybrid organogels using Menschutkin quaternization chemistry
Authors: Kilic Deniz , Karaca Balta Demet , Saloglu Didem , Temel Gokhan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe present research describes a series of organic–inorganic hybrid gels based on polystyrene and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) prepared using free radical copolymerization and Menschutkin chemistry techniques. In the first step, poly(styrene‐co‐chloromethylstyrene) is readily achieved by thermally initiated radical copolymerization and the subsequently obtained copolymer reacts with diethanolamine functional POSS nanoparticles which are employed as the crosslinker. The resulting hybrid network possesses ionic moieties and inorganic POSS nanoparticles. The POSS‐containing hybrid gels exhibit excellent organic solvent absorption and show good mechanical behaviour. Gel containing 0.8 × 10−3 mmol of POSS(DEA)8 (DEA, diethanolamine) reached the highest swelling ratio; hence, the corresponding gel can absorb organic solvent up to 20× its weight. The rate constant, coefficients and diffusional behaviour of hybrid organogels in organic solvent were examined as well. The organic solvent intake of the hybrid gel follows a non‐Fickian type diffusion. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of asymmetrically substituted head‐to‐head polyacetylenes from 2,3‐disubstituted‐1,3‐butadienes
Authors: Yu Yunhai , Qu Chengke , He Junpo 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAsymmetrically substituted head‐to‐head polyacetylenes with phenyl and triphenylamine, thienyl or pyrenyl side groups were synthesized through anionic or controlled radical polymerization of 2,3‐disubstituted‐1,3‐butadienes and subsequent dehydrogenation process. Anionic polymerizations of the designed monomers bearing pendent triphenylamine and thienyl group gave narrow disperse disubstituted precursor polybutadienes with exclusive 1,4‐ or 4,1‐structure, which were confirmed by GPC and NMR measurements. In addition, the monomers possessing pyrenyl group were polymerized via nitroxide mediated radical polymerization and the resulting polymers were obtained with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersities. These polybutadiene precursors were then dehydrogenated in the presence of 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone. Thus asymmetrically substituted head‐to‐head polyacetylenes were obtained as indicated by 1H NMR. The properties of polybutadiene precursors and the corresponding polyacetylenes were analyzed by UV–vis, DSC, and TGA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 395–402
Micro‐/Mesoporous conjugated polymer based on star‐shaped triazine‐functional triphenylamine framework as the performance‐improved cathode of Li‐organic battery
Authors: Chen Zhangxin , Su Chang , Zhu Xiaogang , Xu Ruoteng , Xu Lihuan , Zhang Cheng 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTA novel organic conjugated polymer based on star‐shaped triazine‐functional triphenylamine framework poly[1,3,5‐tris(4‐diphenylamino‐phenyl)triazine] (PTDAPTz) is designed and synthesized successfully by FeCl3‐catalysted chemical oxidative polymerization. The polymer PTDAPTz powder exhibits a compactly packed pleated skirt shape‐like morphology with a high surface area (~930 m2 g−1) and a bimodal pore size distribution ranging from micropores (~0.55 nm) to small diameter mesopores (~2–6 nm). As explored as the cathode material, the obtained PTDAPTz presents the double charge–discharge process characteristics of both the free radical redox of triphenylamine unit and the bipolar redox of triazine unit in the polymer and a well‐defined multistage charge/discharge voltage plateau (~3.8 V for p‐doped and ~2.0 V for n‐doped) during the charge–discharge process. Also, the PTDAPTz demonstrates an improved capacity (stabilized at 123 mA h g−1 until 50th cycle) and the enhanced rate performance compared to polytriphenylamine (PTPAn). Specially, the discharge curve for the part of triphenylamine unit presents an obviously improved discharge plateau (~3.8 V for PTDAPTz compared to ~3.6 V for PTPAn) due to the electron‐withdrawing effect of the triazine unit to triphenylamine. The elaborate structural design and created micro‐/mesoporous morphology with the double charge–discharge process make PTDAPTz a potential candidate as the performance‐improved cathode of Li‐organic battery. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2574–2583
Synthesis of transparent block copolymers consisting of poly(diisopropyl fumarate) and poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) segments by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization using trithiocarbonates as the chain transfer agents
Authors: Takada Kohei , Matsumoto Akikazu 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of diisopropyl fumarate (DiPF) was carried out using ethyl 2‐[[(dodecylthio)thioxymethyl]thio]‐2‐methylpropionate (T1) and 1,1′‐(1,2‐ethanediyl) bis[2‐[[(dodecylthio)thioxymethyl]thio]‐2‐methylpropionate] (T2) as the monofunctional and difunctional chain transfer agents (CTAs) to synthesize poly(diisopropyl fumarate) (PDiPF) with a rigid chain conformation. The obtained PDiPF had a well‐controlled molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and structure of the chain ends. Size exclusion chromatography and NMR measurements revealed an excellent introduction efficiency (84–98%) of the terminal trithiocarbonate group into the polymer chain end. They were available as the monofunctional and difunctional macro‐CTAs to synthesize the AB and ABA block copolymers, respectively. While the well‐controlled block copolymers were solely obtained by the polymerization of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate as the second monomer in the presence of PDiPF as the macro‐CTA, the block copolymerization of DiPF using poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) as the macro‐CTA failed. The trithiocarbonate group at the chain end was completely removed by the reaction with n‐butylamine and it was valid for the improvement of the coloration and other optical properties of the transparent polymers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2584–2594
Maternal and perinatal outcomes after elective induction of labor at 39 weeks in uncomplicated singleton pregnancy: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Sotiriadis A. , Petousis S. , Thilaganathan B. , Figueras F. , Martins W. P. , Odibo A. O. , Dinas K. , Hyett J. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe rate of maternal and perinatal complications increases after 39 weeks' gestation in both unselected and complicated pregnancies. The aim of this study was to synthesize quantitatively the available evidence on the effect of elective induction of labor at 39 weeks on the risk of Cesarean section, and on maternal and perinatal outcomes.MethodsPubMed, US Registry of Clinical Trials, SCOPUS and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to August 2018. Additionally, the references of retrieved articles were searched. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of singleton uncomplicated pregnancies in which participants were randomized between 39 + 0 and 39 + 6 gestational weeks to either induction of labor or expectant management. The risk of bias of individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The overall quality of evidence was assessed according to the GRADE guideline. Primary outcomes included Cesarean section, maternal death and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Secondary outcomes included operative delivery, Grade‐3/4 perineal laceration, postpartum hemorrhage, maternal infection, hypertensive disease of pregnancy, maternal thrombotic events, length of maternal hospital stay, neonatal death, need for neonatal respiratory support, cerebral palsy, length of stay in NICU and length of neonatal hospital stay. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) were calculated using random‐effects models.ResultsThe meta‐analysis included five studies (7261 cases). Induction of labor was associated with a decreased risk for Cesarean section (moderate quality of evidence; RR 0.86 (95% CI, 0.78–0.94); I2 = 0.1%), maternal hypertension (moderate quality of evidence; RR 0.65 (95% CI, 0.57–0.75); I2 = 0%) and neonatal respiratory support (moderate quality of evidence; RR 0.73 (95% CI, 0.58–0.95); I2 = 0%). Neonates born after induction weighed, on average, 81 g (95% CI, 63–100 g) less than those born after expectant management. No significant effects were found for the other outcomes with the available data. The main limitation of our analysis was that the majority of data were derived from a single large study. A second limitation arose from the open‐label design of the studies, which may theoretically have affected the readiness of the attending clinician to resort to Cesarean section.ConclusionsElective induction of labor in uncomplicated singleton pregnancy at 39 weeks' gestation is not associated with maternal or perinatal complications and may reduce the need for Cesarean section, risk of hypertensive disease of pregnancy and need for neonatal respiratory support. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Structured Finance and the Social Contract: How Tranching Challenges Contractualist Approaches to Financial Risk
Authors: Scharding Tobey 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT:Many ethicists argue that contract theory offers the most promising strategy for regulating risks. I challenge the adequacy of the contractualist approach for evaluating the complicated, novel risks associated with some structured financial products, particularly focusing on risks to third parties. Structured financial products like collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) divide a pool of financial assets into risk “tranches” organized from least to most risky. Investors purchase various tranches based on their individual risk-and-return preferences. Whereas contract theory holds that investment risks are ethically permitted (roughly) when everyone—including both parties directly involved in the investments and third parties—consents to them, structured financial products like CDOs show that even risks to which everyone consents are ethically problematic when they involve systemic risks of ruin.
When BLUE is not best: non-normal errors and the linear model
Authors: Baissa Daniel K. , Rainey Carlisle 
Published: October 2018

AbstractResearchers in political science often estimate linear models of continuous outcomes using least squares. While it is well known that least-squares estimates are sensitive to single, unusual data points, this knowledge has not led to careful practices when using least-squares estimators. Using statistical theory and Monte Carlo simulations, we highlight the importance of using more robust estimators along with variable transformations. We also discuss several approaches to detect, summarize, and communicate the influence of particular data points.
Performing and analysing tone-induced cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in traumatic and non-traumatic vestibular pathology
Authors: Mallinson A I , Longridge N S 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis paper discusses our technique of carrying out cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing in a single position. The described technique allows for a symmetrical, natural flexion of the neck muscles, which is helpful as many of our patients have suffered traumatic deceleration injures.MethodsPatients with suspected vestibular pathology referred by specialists were sequentially assessed in a tertiary referral neuro-otology unit within a teaching hospital using our technique and our previously established normative database. All patients underwent standardised vestibular assessment in addition to cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential assessment. Our normative data are in keeping with that reported by other centres.ResultsMany of the patients had abnormal vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, which is in line with a history suggesting otolithic disease.ConclusionBoth cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials offer several parameters for detecting abnormalities. The technique reported enables us to assess patients in an accurate fashion whether or not they have suffered traumatic neck injuries.
Contribution of phonological and morphological information in reading Arabic: A developmental perspective
Authors: BAR-ON AMALIA , SHALHOUB-AWWAD YASMIN , TUMA-BASILA REEM IBRAHEEM 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTArabic-speaking students learn to read a transparent maʃku:l script, which provides full vowel information using letters to represent long vowels and phonemic diacritics for short vowels. Gradually, they progress to an opaque ɣayr-maʃku:l script, without diacritics. In this script, internal short vowels can be retrieved using morphological information about word patterns. The current study compared the contribution of phonological information to that of morphological information in the reading acquisition process in Arabic. Four Arabic-speaking groups (2nd, 4th, 6th grades, and adults) read three lists of pseudowords aloud. Two lists included the same morphologically based pseudowords (MPW), one maʃku:l and the second ɣayr-maʃku:l. The third list comprised matched maʃku:l nonwords (NW) with no internal morphological structure. All groups read the ɣayr-maʃku:l MPW list faster than the two other maʃku:l lists, and maʃku:l NWs were read the slowest. There was an age by list type accuracy interaction: while ɣayr-maʃku:l MPWs were read more accurately with increasing age, there were no differences between the student groups with respect to either of the other two lists. However, maʃku:l MPWs were read more accurately than maʃku:l NWs. The findings suggest that from very early on, morphology exceeds phonology, playing a crucial role in supplementing missing vowel information.
Reflections in the Fishbowl: the Changing Role of Law Librarians in the Mix of an Evolving Legal Profession
Authors: Baranow Victoria Elizabeth 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper by Victoria Elizabeth Baranow is a reflective piece after co-moderating a session at the 2017 CALL Conference in Ottawa with Shaunna Mireau. The session was titled ‘Unconference Through the Fishbowl: The Changing Role of Law Librarians in the Mix of an Evolving Legal Profession.’ A play-by-play article on the session was written based on notes and recollections from the session and published in the TALL Quarterly, the journal by the Toronto Association of Law Libraries.1 The article was used as the basis for this paper; which goes one step further in attempting to answer some of the big questions we are faced with each day while also questioning some of the assumptions and wider cultural forces at play in our law librarianship profession.**
The First Law & Technology International Writing Competition
Authors: Terrell Matthew 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this two-part feature, Dr Matthew Terrell provides a brief introduction to a new initiative that was launched by Justis in 2017: the inaugural Law and Technology International Writing Competition. This was a competition aimed at attracting students to write a 1,000 word piece in the style of a blog entry. The winner was Róisín Costello from Trinity College Dublin and her article, entitled ‘The Tortoise and the Hare? Due Process and Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence in the Digital Age’, follows this introduction.
Apatinib-induced protective autophagy and apoptosis through the AKT–mTOR pathway in anaplastic thyroid cancer
Authors: Feng Haoran , Cheng Xi , Kuang Jie , Chen Lingxie , Yuen Stanley , Shi Minmin , Liang Juyong , Shen Baiyong , Jin Zhijian , Yan Jiqi , Qiu Weihua 
Published: October 2018

AbstractApatinib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, has been shown to promote anti-cancer action across a wide range of malignancies, including gastric, lung, and breast cancers. Our previous study showed that apatinib increases apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), but the direct functional mechanism of tumor lethality mediated by apatinib is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that apatinib induced both autophagy and apoptosis in human ATC cells through downregulation of p-AKT and p-mTOR signals via the AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, inhibition of apatinib-induced autophagy increased apatinib-induced apoptosis in ATC cells, and additional tumor suppression was critically produced by the combination of apatinib and the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine in vivo and in vitro. These findings showed that both autophagy and AKT/mTOR signals were engaged in ATC cell death evoked by apatinib. ATC patients might benefit from the new anti-cancer drug, and molecular targeted treatment in combination with autophagy inhibitors shows promise as a treatment improvement.
Apelin inhibited epithelial−mesenchymal transition of podocytes in diabetic mice through downregulating immunoproteasome subunits β5i
Authors: Yin Jiming , Wang Yangjia , Chang Jing , Li Bin , Zhang Jia , Liu Yu , Lai Song , Jiang Ying , Li Huihua , Zeng Xiangjun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe epithelial−mesenchymal transition (EMT) of podocytes had been reported to be involved in the glomerular fibrosis in diabetic kidney diseases, which was regulated by TGFβ and NFκB pathways. And apelin, an adipokine which is upregulated in diabetic kidney diseases, was reported to be negatively correlated to TGFβ in polycystic kidney disease and attenuate EMT in renal tubular cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that apelin might inhibit the EMT of podocytes through downregulating the expression and activation of TGFβ/Smad pathway in diabetic kidney diseases. The results showed that apelin in glomeruli of diabetic mice were increased and exogenous apelin inhibited the EMT of podocytes in diabetic mice, which were accompanied with the decreased expression of proteasome subunits β5i. The results from β5iKO mice confirmed that the inhibiting effects of apelin on EMT of podocytes in diabetic mice were dependent on β5i. The results from culture podocytes showed that apelin decreased the degradation of pIκB and promoted the translocation of IκB into nucleus through decreasing the expression of β5i, which would inhibit the promoting effects of NFκB on expression of TGFβ and followed by decreased activation of Smad pathway and EMT in podocytes. In conclusion, apelin might act as an EMT suppressor for podocytes to decrease the process of glomerular fibrosis in diabetic mice.
Energy level tuned indium arsenide colloidal quantum dot films for efficient photovoltaics
Authors: Song Jung Hoon , Choi Hyekyoung , Pham Hien Thu , Jeong Sohee 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe introduce indium arsenide colloidal quantum dot films for photovoltaic devices, fabricated by two-step surface modification. Native ligands and unwanted oxides on the surface are peeled off followed by passivating with incoming atomic or short ligands. The near-infrared-absorbing n-type indium arsenide colloidal quantum dot films can be tuned in energy-level positions up to 0.4 eV depending on the surface chemistry, and consequently, they boost collection efficiency when used in various emerging solar cells. As an example, we demonstrate p–n junction between n-type indium arsenide and p-type lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot layers, which leads to a favorable electronic band alignment and charge extraction from both colloidal quantum dot layers. A certified power conversion efficiency of 7.92% is achieved without additionally supporting carrier transport layers. This study provides richer materials to explore for high-efficiency emerging photovoltaics and will broaden research interest for various optoelectronic applications using the n-type covalent nanocrystal arrays.
Characterization of a long overlooked copper protein from methane- and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
Authors: Fisher Oriana S. , Kenney Grace E. , Ross Matthew O. , Ro Soo Y. , Lemma Betelehem E. , Batelu Sharon , Thomas Paul M. , Sosnowski Victoria C. , DeHart Caroline J. , Kelleher Neil L. , Stemmler Timothy L. , Hoffman Brian M. , Rosenzweig Amy C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMethane-oxidizing microbes catalyze the oxidation of the greenhouse gas methane using the copper-dependent enzyme particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO). Isolated pMMO exhibits lower activity than whole cells, however, suggesting that additional components may be required. A pMMO homolog, ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), converts ammonia to hydroxylamine in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) which produce another potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide. Here we show that PmoD, a protein encoded within many pmo operons that is homologous to the AmoD proteins encoded within AOB amo operons, forms a copper center that exhibits the features of a well-defined CuA site using a previously unobserved ligand set derived from a cupredoxin homodimer. PmoD is critical for copper-dependent growth on methane, and genetic analyses strongly support a role directly related to pMMO and AMO. These findings identify a copper-binding protein that may represent a missing link in the function of enzymes critical to the global carbon and nitrogen cycles.