bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in hemoglobin across the life cycle and between males and females
Authors: Jorgensen Josh M. , Crespo‐Bellido Mayra , Dewey Kathryn G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWHO recommendations for hemoglobin (Hb) cutoffs to define anemia are based on a handful of studies conducted in the 1960s that did not include participants from all life stages. To evaluate whether there is a need to update Hb cutoffs, we conducted a narrative review of the literature to identify more recent studies that have reported Hb cutoffs in males and females in various life stages. We compiled information from 60 studies conducted around the globe between 1975 and 2018. Many studies reported cutoffs that were similar to WHO recommendations, but cutoffs identified in studies of infants, young children, premenopausal women, and the elderly tended to be lower than WHO recommendations, while cutoffs identified in studies of men tended to be higher than WHO cutoffs. Few studies excluded individuals with iron deficiency or inflammation, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn regarding normal reference ranges. Further research using more stringent exclusion criteria is needed to develop revised recommendations for Hb cutoffs to define anemia.
Novel application and validation of in vivo micro‐CT to study bone modelling in 3D
Authors: Oz Ulas , Ruellas Antonio Carlos , Westgate Philip M. , Cevidanes Lucia H. , Huja Sarandeep S. 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesThe aim is to highlight a novel three‐dimensional (3D) imaging methodology using micro‐CT scans to visualize and measure bone modelling in an animal model. In order to validate the new methodology, we compared the 3D imaging method to traditional two‐dimensional (2D) histomorphometry to assess growth changes in the jaws of a rodent.Setting and sample populationRodent animal models.Material and methodsEleven rats were obtained from a larger previously published study. Sixty undecalcified histological sections from the maxilla and corresponding high‐resolution in vivo micro‐CT reconstructions were obtained. Bone modelling changes on specific alveolar surfaces were measured using traditional histomorphometry. Measurements of bone growth were also obtained via 3D Slicer software from 3D micro‐CT generated models from the same plane containing the histological images. Both qualitative and quantitative 3D methods were compared to traditional histological measurements. Quantitative agreement between methods was categorized as follows: poor (>150 μm), good (150‐100 μm) and excellent (<100 μm).ResultsBoth qualitative (88.3%) and quantitative (86.7%) 3D measurements showed excellent agreement, when compared to histomorphometric measurements. Only 1.7% and 5% of the comparisons exhibited poor agreement (>150 μm) for qualitative and quantitative methods, respectively.DiscussionThe new 3D superimposition method compares very favourably with traditional histology. It is likely that in the future, such methods will be used in studies of bone adaptation.ConclusionThe 3D micro‐CT qualitative and quantitative methods are reliable for measuring bone modelling changes and compare favourably to histology for the specific application described.
Hunting for genes that shape human faces: Initial successes and challenges for the future
Authors: Weinberg Seth M. , Roosenboom Jasmien , Shaffer John R. , Shriver Mark D. , Wysocka Joanna , Claes Peter 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractThere is ample evidence from heritability studies, genetic syndromes and experimental animal models that facial morphology is strongly influenced by genes. In this brief review, we present an up‐to‐date overview of the efforts to identify genes associated with the size and shape of human facial features. We discuss recent methodological advances that have led to breakthroughs, but also the multitude of challenges facing the field. We offer perspective on possible applications of this line of research, particularly in the context of the precision genomics movement.
Altering calcium and phosphorus levels in utero affects adult mouse mandibular morphology
Authors: Hassan Mohamed G. , Vargas Ricardo , Zaher Abbas R. , Ismail Hanan A. , Lee Clare , Cox Timothy C. , Jheon Andrew H. 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of our study was to determine morphological changes and bone mineral density (BMD) differences in the adult mandible of offspring exposed to high calcium, low phosphorus diets in utero until weaning age.Materials and MethodsTime‐mated FVB wild‐type mice were fed normal or experimental diet during gestation and until weaning of offspring. Experimental diet contained 3‐fold increase in calcium and 3‐fold decrease in phosphorus compared to normal diet. Adult mandibles of offspring exposed to experimental diet were sacrificed and heads scanned using micro‐computed tomography. Three‐dimensional 3D geometric morphometric analysis GMA was utilized to detect morphological changes to the mandible including the condyle.ResultsExperimental females showed the greatest morphological differences including shortened mandibular ramus width and height, shortened mandibular body length and height, a wider but shortened condylar neck and a wider condylar head in the lateral‐medial direction. Experimental male mandibles trended towards increased mandibular body height and length, opposite the changes observed in experimental female mandibles, whereas condyles were similar to that observed in experimental females. Bone mineral density (BMD) was lowered in experimental females.ConclusionIncreased calcium and decreased phosphorus levels led to a retrognathic mandible associated with lowered BMD in experimental females, whereas experimental showed partly opposite effects. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism underlying diet‐ and gender‐specific differences in mandibular morphology.
Orthodontics in the era of big data analytics
Authors: Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Rengasamy Venugopalan Shankar , Nalliah Romesh P. , Caplin Jennifer L. , Lee Min Kyeong , Allareddy Veeratrishul 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractThe objective of this report was to provide an overview of the current landscape of big data analytics in the healthcare sector, introduce various approaches of machine learning and discuss potential implications in the field of orthodontics. With the increasing availability of data from various sources, the traditional analytical methods may not be conducive anymore for examining clinical outcomes. Machine‐learning approaches, which are algorithms trained to identify patterns in large data sets, are ideally suited to facilitate data‐driven decision making. The field of orthodontics is particularly ripe for embracing the big data analytics platform to improve decision making in clinical practice. The availability of omics data, state‐of‐the‐art imaging and potential for establishing large clinical data repositories have favourably positioned the specialty of orthodontics to deliver personalized and precision orthodontic care. Specifically, we discuss about next‐generation sequencing, radiomics in the context of CBCT imaging, and how centralized data repositories can enable real‐time data pooling from multiple sources.
Three‐dimensional evaluation of the holographic projection in digital dental model superimposition using HoloLens device
Authors: Talaat Sameh , Ghoneima Ahmed , Kaboudan Ahmed , Talaat Wael , Ragy Nivin , Bourauel Christoph 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo assess validity and reliability of palatal superimposition of holograms of 3D digital dental models using a customized software, (Ortho Mechanics Sequential Analyzer OMSA), installed on Microsoft HoloLens device as compared to the OMSA application running on a regular computer screen.MethodsThe sample consisted of pre‐ and post‐treatment digital maxillary dental models of 20 orthodontic cases (12.3 ± 1.9 years) treated by rapid maxillary expansion (two turns per day). For each case, the pre‐ and post‐treatment digital models were superimposed using hand gestures for marking the dental models holograms in mixed reality using the Microsoft HoloLens. The same models were then superimposed using the conventional landmark‐based method with OMSA software running on a regular computer screen. The same set of dental arch parameters was measured on the superimposed 3D data by the two software versions for comparison. Agreement in the superimposition outcomes among the two superimposition methods was assessed using Dahlberg error (DE), concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) using two‐way ANOVA mixed model for absolute agreement and Bland‐Altman analysis.ResultsRepeatability was acceptable for all variables based on the high values of CCCs over 0.99 with a lower 95% confidence limit over 0.95 for any variable. The DE ranged from 0.14 mm to 0.36 mm. The absolute error did not exceed 0.5 mm for any variable.ConclusionUsing the depth vision capabilities of the Microsoft HoloLens, 3D digital dental models can be reliably superimposed allowing virtual assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes.
Predicting adult facial type from mandibular landmark data at young ages
Authors: Oh Heesoo , Knigge Ryan , Hardin Anna , Sherwood Richard , Duren Dana , Valiathan Manish , Leary Emily , McNulty Kieran 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo assess the potential of predicting adult facial types at different stages of mandibular development.Setting and Sample PopulationA total of 941 participants from the Bolton‐Brush, Denver, Fels, Iowa, Michigan and Oregon growth studies with longitudinal lateral cephalograms (total of 7166) between ages 6‐21 years.Material and MethodsEach participant was placed into one of three facial types based on mandibular plane angle (MPA) from cephalograms taken closest to 18 years of age (range of 15‐21 years): hypo‐divergent (MPA < 28°), normo‐divergent (28°≤ MPA ≤ 39°) and hyper‐divergent (MPA > 39°). Cephalograms were categorized into 13 age groups 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18‐21. Twenty‐three two‐dimensional anatomical landmarks were digitized on the mandible and superimposed using generalized Procrustes analysis, which projects landmarks into a common shape space. Data were analysed within age categories using stepwise discriminant analysis to identify landmarks that distinguish adult facial types and by jackknife cross‐validation to test how well young individuals can be reclassified into their adult facial types.ResultsAlthough each category has multiple best discriminating landmarks among adult types, three landmarks were common across nearly all age categories: menton, gonion and articulare. Individuals were correctly classified better than chance, even among the youngest age category. Cross‐validation rates improved with age, and hyper‐ and hypo‐divergent groups have better reclassification rates than the normo‐divergent group.ConclusionsThe discovery of important indicators of adult facial type in the developing mandible helps improve our capacity to predict adult facial types at a younger age.
Establishment and characterization of immortalized mouse ameloblast‐like cell lines
Authors: MacDougall Mary , Mamaeva Olga , Lu Changming , Chen Shuo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesEnamel organ epithelium (EOE) gives rise to the major epithelial‐derived cell types of tooth including the ameloblasts. The formation of enamel, termed amelogenesis, occurs through the cytodifferentiation of ameloblasts, ultimately leading to apoptosis and necrosis of these cells with eruption. Therefore, studies regarding enamel matrix formation and bioengineering have been limited. In this study, we establish and characterize two mouse immortalized ameloblast‐like cell lines using human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6/E7 oncogenes for the first time.Setting and Sample PopulationTwo mouse EOE dental cell lines (EOE‐2M and EOE‐3M).Material and MethodsIsolated EOE primary cells were used to establish clonal cell lines and immortalized using the HPV16 E6/E7 gene platform. Two established cell lines were characterized by growth rate (Cell Proliferation Assay, MTS), gene (quantitative RT‐PCR) and protein (immunocytochemistry) expression profiles, and mineralization potential (in situ alkaline phosphatase (ALP) histochemistry and Xylene Orange staining) in media supplemented with ascorbic acid and β‐glycerophosphate. Gene and protein expression analyses included specific enamel matrix and ameloblast cell markers: Amel, Ambn, Enam, Amtn, ODAM, MMP20, Krt14 and DLX3.ResultsBoth cell lines were maintained in excess of 30 passages, with EOE‐3M cells proliferating at a slightly higher rate. The cell lines expressed all tested enamel matrix markers and produced a mineralized ECM demonstrating an ameloblast‐like profile.ConclusionsTwo mouse ameloblasts‐like immortalized cell lines have been characterized that will be useful tool for studies regarding enamel bioengineering.
Noise generation during surgical osteotomies in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery – is it harmful?
Authors: Tocaciu S. , Liu A. , Rutherford N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimOral and maxillofacial surgeons typically spend over 20 h in the operating theatre every week. Many of their procedures involve the use of powered bone and tooth cutting devices, which generate potentially harmful levels of noise. Prolonged exposure to loud noises is associated with hearing loss, increased serum cortisol levels, detrimental cardiovascular outcomes, and poor task performance. This study explores the noise generation of common powered tooth and bone cutting devices in a theatre setting.Materials and methodsBoth compressed air and electric devices were tested. For compressed air devices three burs were tested – jet, round and fissure.ResultsThe study found that at the proximity of the patient and surgeon, all tested devices generated noise above the safe threshold of 75 decibels. At the distance of 1 m or more (corresponding to the anaesthetist and scout nursing staff), the Surgairtome and oscillating saw were the only powered osteotomy devices below the safe noise level.ConclusionsThis study explores the impact of noise generation from powered osteotomy devices. This may have health implications for theatre staff, the surgeon, anaesthetist, and the patient.
Genome invasion by a hypomethylated satellite repeat in Australian crucifer Ballantinia antipoda
Authors: Finke Andreas , Mandáková Terezie , Nawaz Kashif , Vu Giang T. H. , Novák Petr , Macas Jiri , Lysak Martin A. , Pecinka Ales 
Published: May 2019

SummaryRepetitive sequences are ubiquitous components of all eukaryotic genomes. They contribute to genome evolution and the regulation of gene transcription. However, the uncontrolled activity of repetitive sequences can negatively affect genome functions and stability. Therefore, repetitive DNAs are embedded in a highly repressive heterochromatic environment in plant cell nuclei. Here, we analyzed the sequence, composition and the epigenetic makeup of peculiar non‐pericentromeric heterochromatic segments in the genome of the Australian crucifer Ballantinia antipoda. By the combination of high throughput sequencing, graph‐based clustering and cytogenetics, we found that the heterochromatic segments consist of a mixture of unique sequences and an A−T‐rich 174 bp satellite repeat (BaSAT1). BaSAT1 occupies about 10% of the B. antipoda nuclear genome in >250 000 copies. Unlike many other highly repetitive sequences, BaSAT1 repeats are hypomethylated; this contrasts with the normal patterns of DNA methylation in the B. antipoda genome. Detailed analysis of several copies revealed that these non‐methylated BaSAT1 repeats were also devoid of heterochromatic histone H3K9me2 methylation. However, the factors decisive for the methylation status of BaSAT1 repeats remain currently unknown. In summary, we show that even highly repetitive sequences can exist as hypomethylated in the plant nuclear genome.
Anesthetic effects of isoflurane and propofol on cerebrospinal fluid biochemical markers in healthy dogs
Authors: Seisdedos Alejandro , Galán Alba , Carletti Beatrice , Quirós Setefilla , Funes Francisco , Martín Eva M. , Domínguez Juan M. , Gómez Rafael , Granados María M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe study of brain energy metabolism (BEM) markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a potential diagnostic and prognostic tool for many central nervous system (CNS) diseases. To date, in veterinary medicine, few studies are reporting physiologic ranges for some BEM markers. Recently, the influence of anesthetic drugs on BEM markers has been described in mice; subsequently, the study of CSF‐BEM markers has gained increasing attention.ObjectivesThe effects of anesthetic agents on BEM are poorly understood in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of propofol, isoflurane, and the duration of anesthesia on CSF‐BEM markers in dogs.MethodsNine dogs were anesthetized at two different periods, one month apart. In the first period, the dogs were intravenously anesthetized with propofol (PRO‐group), and in the second period, the dogs received inhalant anesthesia with isoflurane (ISO‐group). In both cases, CSF and blood were collected 15 minutes (T0) and 3 hours after induction (T3) and analyzed for lactate, pyruvate, glucose, creatine kinase, glutamate, and electrolyte concentrations.ResultsCSF lactate (CSF‐L) showed variation depending on the anesthetic agent and time, being significantly lower after 3 hours of anesthesia in the PRO‐group and showing a trend to increase over time in the ISO‐group. No changes were detected over time or between groups in CSF glutamate, glucose, or electrolytes.ConclusionsThe results of this study support that the anesthetic drug choice and length of the general anesthesia should be considered when CSF‐L analyses are interpreted in dogs.
Biogas producibility and kinetic evaluation of anaerobic rotating biological contactors
Authors: Samadi Farhikhteh , Mirbagheri Seyed Ahmad 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe application of an empirical model proposed by Stover‐Kincannon was examined in a batch anaerobic rotating biological contactor under mesophilic condition. The results from methane gas production of industrial sewage sludge were used to produce kinetic parameters for the Stover‐Kincannon model. The experiment also evaluated the feasibility of methane gas production for various system loadings. The tests were implemented in six steps with 80% disc submergence and 4.0 rpm disc rotational speed. The optimum biogas production was reached in the fourth step with COD influent of 7687 mg/L and sludge retention time of 43 days. For the step with highest biogas production, the disc rotational speed was increased to 6 rpm which led to decrease in the hydraulic retention time by 4 days. The COD removal efficiencies varying from 50.48 to 80.11% were achieved. Methane production rate was measured by gas chromatography and was in the range of 45–58%. The results illustrated that Stover‐Kincannon model has a satisfactory accuracy in simulating the performance of an AnRBC.
Kinaesthetic illusion shapes the cortical plasticity evoked by action observation
Authors: Bisio Ambra , Biggio Monica , Avanzino Laura , Ruggeri Piero , Bove Marco 
Published: May 2019

Key points
The combination of action observation (AO) and a peripheral nerve stimulation has been shown to induce plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, using peripheral nerve stimulation little is known about the specificity of the sensory inputs.
The current study, using muscle tendon vibration to stimulate muscle spindles and transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess M1 excitability, investigated whether a proprioceptive stimulation leading to a kinaesthetic illusion of movement (KI) was able to evoke M1 plasticity when combined with AO.
M1 excitability increased immediately and up to 60 min after AO‐KI stimulation as a function of the vividness of the perceived illusion, and only when the movement directions of AO and KI were congruent.
Tactile stimulation coupled with AO and KI alone were not sufficient to induce M1 plasticity.
This methodology might be proposed to subjects during a period of immobilization to promote M1 activity without requiring any voluntary movement.
AbstractPhysical practice is crucial to evoke cortical plasticity, but motor cognition techniques, such as action observation (AO), have shown their potentiality in promoting it when associated with peripheral afferent inputs, without the need of performing a movement. Here we investigated whether the combination of AO and a proprioceptive stimulation, able to evoke a kinaesthetic illusion of movement (KI), induced plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). In the main experiment, the role of congruency between the observed action and the illusory movement was explored together with the importance of the specificity of the sensory input modality (proprioceptive vs. tactile stimulation) to induce plasticity in M1. Further, a control experiment was carried out to assess the role of the mere kinaesthetic illusion on M1 excitability. Results showed that the combination of AO and KI evoked plasticity in M1, with an increase of the excitability immediately and up to 60 min after the conditioning protocol (P always <0.05). Notably, a significant increase in M1 excitability occurred only when the directions of the observed and illusory movements were congruent. Further, a significant positive linear relationship was found between the amount of M1 excitability increase and the vividness of the perceived illusion (P = 0.03). Finally, the tactile stimulation coupled with AO was not sufficient to induce changes in M1 excitability as well as the KI alone. All these findings indicate the importance of combining different sensory input signals to induce plasticity in M1, and that proprioception is the most suitable sensory modality to allow it.