bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in Changes of Mobility Patterns Across the Globe—Evidence From a Natural Experiment
Authors: Kamińska Joanna A. , Kazak Jan K. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThe impact of population mobility and transportation choices on the environment is significant. Sustainable mobility policies require an understanding of evolving mobility patterns. This study examines global mobility variations across countries using COVID‐19 Community Mobility Reports. Employing the k‐medoids algorithm and Dynamic Time Warping, we analyzed mobility dynamics. Results reveal diverse changes in population mobility. Around 52 Global North countries exhibit approximately 10% reduction in professional activity‐related traffic post‐COVID‐19. Regarding urban green space mobility, only 29 countries exhibit strong seasonality, with summer traffic in the northern hemisphere peaking at about 150% higher than winter traffic. Three groups of countries are identified concerning public transport mobility: returning to pre‐pandemic levels, experiencing a 25% increase, and nearly doubling from pre‐pandemic levels. This underscores the key determinants for sustainable mobility policy implementation. Fifteen highly developed countries share similar mobility patterns across six areas studied, facilitating the exchange of sustainable mobility solutions and best practices. This research underscores the importance of understanding and addressing evolving mobility patterns for effective environmental policy planning.
SHORT‐ROOT specifically functions in the chalazal region to modulate assimilate partitioning into seeds
Authors: Li Meng , Li Qianfang , Li Shuang , Niu Xufang , Xu Huimin , Li Pengxue , Bian Xinxin , Chen Zhichang , Liu Qian , Zhang Hongxiang , Liu Yunqi , Wu Shuang 
Published: October 2024

SUMMARYNourishing the embryo with endosperm and enclosing both embryo and endosperm in the seed coat are two important evolutionary innovations. Seed coat is conventionally viewed as a protective layer that functions after the seed has matured. Here, we challenge this notion by showing that a subregion of the seed coat, termed the chalazal seed coat (CZSC), is geared to gate seed nutrition loading in developing seeds. The CZSC develops the coordinative system comprising the apoplastic isolation, mediated by the restricted suberization, and the active transport, mediated by the specific expression of a variety of transporters, at as early as the globular embryo stage in both Arabidopsis and soybean seeds. This coordinated system in the CZSC disrupts the vascular continuum to the maternal tissues and forces the nutrient transport into selective and active absorption. We further reveal that the precision of the spatiotemporal suberin deposition and transporter expression is controlled by the regulatory hierarchy of SHR‐MYBs cascades. Our results provide a mechanistic insight into the assimilate accumulation in dicot seeds.
Myosin‐binding protein 13 mediates primary seed dormancy via abscisic acid biosynthesis and signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hao Cui‐Hong , Pang Chen , Yang Li‐Na , Xiong Feng , Li Sha 
Published: October 2024

SUMMARYDormancy is an essential characteristic that enables seeds to survive in unfavorable conditions while germinating when conditions are favorable. Myosin‐binding proteins (MyoBs) assist in the movement of organelles along actin microfilaments by attaching to both organelles and myosins. In contrast to studies on yeast and metazoans, research on plant MyoBs is still in its early stages and primarily focuses on tip‐growing cells. In this study, we found that Arabidopsis MyoB13 is highly expressed in dry mature seeds. The myob13 mutant, created using CRISPR/Cas9, exhibits a preharvest sprouting phenotype, which can be mitigated by after‐ripening treatment, indicating that MyoB13 plays a positive role in primary seed dormancy. Furthermore, we show that MyoB13 negatively regulates ABA biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Notably, the expression of MyoB13 orthologs from maize and soybean can completely restore the phenotype of the Arabidopsis myob13 mutant, suggesting that the function of MyoB13 in ABA‐induced seed dormancy is evolutionarily conserved. Therefore, the functional characterization of MyoB13 offers an additional genetic resource to help prevent vivipary in crop species.
Improved Prediction of Pump Performance Through the Rotation–Curvature Correction—An Experimental and Numerical Study of a Low-Specific-Speed Helico-Axial Compression Cell in Series
Authors: Gundersen Ted Ø. S. , Torbergsen Erik A. , Balakin Boris , Arntzen Bjørn J. , Hoffmann Alex C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Within turbomachines, turbulence production and redistribution are affected by system rotation and streamline curvature. However, the most frequently used turbulence models do not account for these effects. In the present paper, we calibrate a rotation–curvature correction to the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model to improve the accuracy of pump performance predictions through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for a wide range of relative flow rates. The new formulation was achieved through comparison of experimental and numerical results obtained for a low-specific-speed (nondimensional specific speed ≈ 0.7) helico-axial compression cell in series. CFD results revealed secondary flows and strong rotor–stator interactions. Steady-state simulations with the standard SST turbulence model were unable to accurately predict pump performance because of such inherently unsteady features. Unsteady simulations improved the predicted performance, but the head coefficient was up to 10% higher than test results at part-load operation. Through calibration of a rotation–curvature correction, the error in the predicted head coefficient was essentially eliminated for relative flow rates above 50% relative flow. Below 47% relative flow, a rotating stall-phenomenon was identified. The stall cell propagated at a rate of 0.4 times the impeller angular frequency, and we identified a propagation mechanism related to a circumferential variation in impeller tip leakage flow (TLF) rate. The presented turbulence model formulation can improve performance predictions in turbomachinery applications where leakage flows are significant, and forms a basis for future work on extended modeling of increasingly complex operating conditions.
Results From the First Para Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents With Disabilities in Chile
Authors: Aguilar-Farias Nicolas , Miranda-Marquez Sebastian , Toledo-Vargas Marcelo , Sadarangani Kabir P. , Ibarra-Mora Jessica , Martino-Fuentealba Pia , Rodriguez-Rodriguez Fernando , Cristi-Montero Carlos , Henríquez Matías , Cortinez-O’Ryan Andrea 
Published: October 2024

Background: Global initiatives have been put in place to attain a thorough understanding of worldwide variations in physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents. Yet, there is limited knowledge about PA-related indicators, specifically for children and adolescents with disabilities (CAWD). To bridge this data gap, the Global Matrix of Para Report Cards (PRCs) of CAWD initiative was established to address the scarcity of information on PA for this population globally. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize the results of Chile’s First PRC on PA for CAWD. Methods: Chile’s PRC included 10 core PA indicators common to the Global Matrix of PRCs. Evidence from scientific articles, reports, and databases available or released from 2018 to January 2022 was included for each indicator. A scientific committee collected and analyzed the data, assigning letter grades (A–F) based on benchmarks. Results: The grades assigned were as follows: Overall PA, D−; Organized Sports and Physical Activity Participation, C−; Active Play, INCOMPLETE; Active Transportation, D−; Sedentary Behavior, F; Physical Fitness, INCOMPLETE; Family and Peers, D+; School, C+; Community and Environment, D+; Government, B−. Conclusions: Chile scored low in most indicators. Although some efforts have been made in the last decade in terms of policies, these have not been reflected in PA and related behaviors in CAWD. The results underscore that maintaining the current situation is inadequate for addressing the widespread problem of physical inactivity among CAWD in Chile, emphasizing the urgency for substantial changes and a comprehensive approach to effectively combat this crisis.
Social Comparison, Social Indispensability, or Both? On the Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Effort Gains in Swimming Relays
Authors: Torka Ann-Kathrin , Hüffmeier Joachim , Fischer Sebastian , Braun Claudia 
Published: October 2024

Members of swimming relays often show effort gains in relays (i.e., more effort and faster swimming times in the relay vs. the individual competition). The weakest relay members typically exhibit the most pronounced effort gains. However, the underlying psychological processes are unclear. Prior research suggests social comparisons with stronger fellow relay members, perceived social indispensability, or a combination of both processes as plausible mediators. In Study 1, using linear mixed model and regression analyses on N = 239 observations from 222 elite U.S. college swimmers, we found empirical support only for the social indispensability hypothesis. Study 2, a survey among N = 46 German national team swimmers, substantiated the results, because the athletes most often mentioned processes related to social indispensability as motivating them. Our findings offer theoretical conclusions for expectancy × value models on team member effort expenditure and practical implications for coaching and selecting the weakest members for swimming relays.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria screening for developing countries using a modified water quality test kit
Authors: Stocki Jolie A. , Fleck Rachel C. , Nguyen Ivy B. , Walde Ryan , Mobley Harry L. T. , Shea Allyson E. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Between 2% and 15% of pregnant women unknowingly experience asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), defined as ≥10
5
CFU per milliliter of urine in the absence of symptoms. ASB increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including pyelonephritis, preterm labor, and low-birth weight infants. While pregnant women in the United States are routinely screened for ASB, those in developing countries with limited resources and funding lack an accurate mechanism for ASB screening. Aquagenx water quality test kits detect
Escherichia coli
, the most common causative agent of ASB, and total coliform bacteria in drinking water via colorimetric and fluorescent indicators. We found that the Aquagenx system is compatible with human urine and then proceeded to develop an ASB screening protocol using disposable inoculating loops. Our protocol diagnosed artificial ASB
−
samples (10
4
CFU/mL
E. coli
) with a false positive (FP) rate of 33% (
n
= 18) and ASB
+
(10
5
CFU/mL
E. coli
) with a false negative (FN) rate of 5.6% (
n
= 18). Clinical sample testing with our protocol revealed a FP rate of 0% in ASB
−
samples (
n
= 28) and a FN rate of 0% in ASB
+
samples caused by coliforms (
n
= 13). Aquagenx did not detect ASB in nine clinical samples with non-coliform etiological agents due to the limitations of the technology. However, with very high accuracy for detection of
E. coli
and other causative agents that collectively account for 90.1% of ASB cases, these kits could be used as a diagnostic ASB screening tool in developing countries in which there is currently no alternative to urine culture.

IMPORTANCE
Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) affects 2%–15% of pregnant women and can result in adverse maternal and fetal outcomes if left undetected and untreated. In the United States and other developed nations, pregnant women are regularly screened for ASB via urine culture. However, in low-resource countries where bacterial culture is not available, dipstick testing is used. Although accurate in cases of symptomatic bacteriuria, dipstick detection is ineffective for detecting ASB. Here, we made use of an existing water quality field test for ASB urine screening, which would be readily deployable in low-resource settings. We optimized a dilution protocol for sampling patient urine within the detection limits of the Aquagenx kit technology. Overall, we were able to detect ASB samples with Gram-negative pathogens that collectively account for 90% of all ASB cases. Utilization of this repurposed technology for proactive medical screening may help prevent adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes due to ASB.
A framework for training graduate students and campus communities in inclusive teaching
Authors: Batterton Berit E. , Neill C. Melman , Biggs Christopher R. , Rempel Hannah S. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

While graduate student teaching assistants (TAs) contribute significantly to university education, many graduate programs across diverse disciplines offer limited formal pedagogical training. In turn, many researchers informally develop teaching and mentoring skills as they advance to faculty positions or related careers. This can perpetuate a lag in the implementation of inclusive educational environments despite the clear benefits demonstrated by recent pedagogical research. For instance, the integration of inclusive teaching strategies like universal design for learning, growth mindset feedback, and the use of relatable role models in curricula may help increase the persistence, success, and self-efficacy of traditionally underrepresented groups in the sciences. Additionally, research indicates that training graduate TAs in evidence-based practices may have benefits beyond teaching efficacy, such as greater confidence in research preparedness and science communication—skills applicable to any scientific field or career path. Here, we developed and implemented an inclusive teaching series for a marine science department that included: (i) campus-wide pedagogical journal article discussions and knowledge-sharing, (ii) expert-led interactive workshops on evidence-based teaching strategies, and (iii) a graduate TA professional development module on inclusive lesson planning with opportunities to teach and receive feedback. Based on our experiences, we share a framework and resources to facilitate a broader adoption of formalized TA training in inclusive teaching practices within graduate programs across a variety of fields.
Olfactory and trigeminal routes of HSV-1 CNS infection with regional microglial heterogeneity
Authors: Niemeyer Christy S. , Merle Laetitia , Bubak Andrew N. , Baxter B. Dnate’ , Gentile Polese Arianna , Colon-Reyes Katherine , Vang Sandy , Hassell James E. , Bruce Kimberley D. , Nagel Maria A. , Restrepo Diego 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) primarily targets the oral and nasal epithelia before establishing latency in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and other peripheral ganglia. HSV-1 can also infect and become latent in the central nervous system (CNS) independent of latency in the TGs. Recent studies suggest entry to the CNS via two distinct routes: the TG-brainstem connection and olfactory nerve; however, to date, there is no characterization of brain regions targeted during HSV-1 primary infection. Furthermore, the immune response by microglia may also contribute to the heterogeneity between different brain regions. However, the response to HSV-1 by microglia has not been characterized in a region-specific manner. This study investigated the time course of HSV-1 spread within the olfactory epithelium (OE) and CNS following intranasal inoculation and the corresponding macrophage/microglial response in a C57BL/6 mouse model. We found an apical to basal spread of HSV-1 within the OE and underlying tissue accompanied by an inflammatory response of macrophages. OE infection was followed by infection of a small subset of brain regions targeted by the TG in the brainstem and other cranial nerve nuclei, including the vagus and hypoglossal nerve. Furthermore, other brain regions were positive for HSV-1 antigens, such as the locus coeruleus (LC), raphe nucleus (RaN), and hypothalamus while sparing the hippocampus and cortex. Within each brain region, microglia activation also varied widely. These findings provide critical insights into the region-specific dissemination of HSV-1 within the CNS, elucidating potential mechanisms linking viral infection to neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.

IMPORTANCE
This study shows how herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) spreads within the brain after infecting the nasal passages. Our data reveal the distinct pattern of HSV-1 through the brain during a non-encephalitic infection. Furthermore, microglial activation was also temporally and spatially specific, with some regions of the brain having sustained microglial activation even in the absence of viral antigens. Previous reports have identified specific brain regions found to be positive for HSV-1 infection; however, to date, there has not been a concise investigation of the anatomical spread of HSV-1 and the brain regions consistently vulnerable to viral entry and spread. Understanding these region-specific differences in infection and immune response is crucial because it links HSV-1 infection to potential triggers for neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
Torque-speed relationship of the flagellar motor with dual-stator systems in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wu Haolin , Wu Zhengyu , Tian Maojin , Zhang Rongjing , Yuan Junhua 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

The single polar flagellar motor in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is equipped with two stator systems, MotAB and MotCD, both driven by H
+
ions. The torque-speed relationship for flagellar motors with two stator systems has not been explored previously. In this study, we developed a method that utilizes optical trapping and fluorescence labeling to measure the torque-speed relationships for the wild-type
P. aeruginosa
motor with dual stators and mutant strains with a single stator system, revealing surprising differences in them. Moreover, we found that the MotAB stators exhibit slip-bond behavior in load dependence, contrasting with the catch-bond behavior of the MotCD stators and
Escherichia coli
stators. Further examination of the solvent isotope and pH effects on the torque-speed relationships of these stator systems provided additional insights into their dynamics. Interestingly, we discovered that the torque of the wild-type motor is similar to the combined torque of motors with MotAB or MotCD stators, indicating an additive contribution from the two stator types in the wild-type motors. These findings underscore the enhanced adaptability of
P. aeruginosa
to a wide range of external environments with varying load conditions.

IMPORTANCE

We developed a novel method to measure the flagellar motor torque-speed relationship by trapping a swimming bacterium using optical tweezers. Using the
P. aeruginosa
flagellar motor as a model system to investigate motor dynamics with dual stator types, we measured the torque-speed relationships for wild-type motors with dual stator types and mutants with a single type. We found drastic differences that stem from the varying load dependencies of stator stability. These variations enable bacteria to rapidly adjust their stator composition in response to external load conditions. Interestingly, we observed that the torque of the wild-type motor is akin to the cumulative torque of motors with either stator type, indicating an additive contribution from the two stator types in wild-type motors. The methodology we established here can be readily employed to study motor dynamics in other flagellated bacteria.
The vitamin D receptor is essential for the replication of pseudorabies virus
Authors: Zeng Lei , Wang Shu-Yi , Du Meng-Hua , Chu Bei-Bei , Ming Sheng-Li 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear steroid receptor that regulates the expression of genes across various biological functions. However, the role of VDR in pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection has not yet been explored. We discovered that VDR positively influenced PRV proliferation because knockdown of VDR impaired PRV proliferation, whereas its overexpression promoted it. Additionally, we observed that PRV infection upregulated VDR transcription alongside 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD
3
) synthesis, contingent on p53 activation. Furthermore, VDR knockdown hindered PRV-induced lipid synthesis, implicating VDR’s involvement in this process. To decipher the mechanism behind VDR’s stimulation of lipid synthesis during PRV infection, we conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and found significant enrichment of genes in the Ca
2+
signaling pathway. Measurements of Ca
2+
indicated that VDR facilitated Ca
2+
absorption. Moreover, the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 and AMPK/mTORC1 pathways were also enriched in our RNA-seq data. Interfering with VDR expression, or chelating Ca
2+
using BAPTA-AM, markedly impacted the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 and AMPK/mTORC1 pathways, lipid synthesis, and PRV proliferation. In summary, our study demonstrates that PRV infection promotes VDR expression, thereby enhancing Ca
2+
absorption and activating PI3K/AKT/mTORC1- and AMPK/mTORC1-mediated lipid synthesis. Our findings offer new insights into strategies for PRV prevention.

IMPORTANCE

Vitamin D, beyond its well-known benefits for bone health and immune function, also plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression through its receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Although VDR’s influence spans multiple biological processes, its relationship with viral infections, particularly pseudorabies virus (PRV), remains underexplored. Our research illustrates a complex interplay where PRV infection boosts VDR expression, which in turn enhances Ca
2+
absorption, leading to the activation of critical lipid synthesis pathways, PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 and AMPK/mTORC1. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the intricate dynamics between host molecular mechanisms and viral proliferation but also open avenues for exploring new strategies aimed at preventing PRV infection. By targeting components of the VDR-related signaling pathways, we can potentially develop novel therapeutic interventions against PRV and possibly other similar viral infections.