bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hasan Bin Muhammed el-Hanefiyye’nin Hayatı, Kadere Dair Risâlesi ve Kaderle İlgili Görüşleri
Authors: ULUTAŞ Yasin 
Published: May 2019

Birçok farklı siyasi ve itikadî etken nedeniyle ilk asırda
Müslümanlar arasında tartışılan ilk konulardan biri kader konusudur. Bu dönemde,
kader ile ilgili Müslümanlar arasında birbirine zıt iki anlayış gelişmiştir.
Bunlardan biri kaderi reddetmek suretiyle insan iradesini merkeze alan kader
anlayışı, diğeri ise ilahi iradeyi esas alan cebri kader anlayışıdır. Erken
dönemde kader ile ilgili yazılan ve günümüze ulaşan üç risaleden biri insan
iradesine dayalı bir anlayışı savunurken diğer ikisi, Allah’ın iradesini temel
alan bir kader anlayışına dayanır. Cebri kader anlayışını savunan risalelerden
biri Hasan b. Muhammed el-Hanefiyye’ye aittir. İslam kelamının ilk yazılı
metinlerinden biri olan bu risale insan, fiillerini iradesi ile yapar diyenlere
karşı reddiye olarak yazılmıştır. Risalede belirtilen bu cebri anlayış, insanın
bütün eylemlerini, Allah’ın emir ve iradesi ile gerçekleştirdiğini, kendisi için takdir ettiğini değiştirmeye veya
ortadan kaldırmaya güç yetiremeyeceğini, aynı zaman da kendisi için
planladığını da uygulamaktan başka bir seçeneğinin olmadığını iddia eder. Bu anlayışı temellendirmek için Allah’ın
kudretine vurgu yapan ayetler, siyak ve sibakından koparılarak delil olarak
sunulmuştur. Risale, insan fiillerinin Allah’ın takdiri ile gerçekleştiğini
savunanlar ile insanın hür iradesi ile gerçekleştiğini savunanlar arasındaki
hayali bir tartışma metoduyla yazılmıştır. Bu diyalektik metodu daha sonraki
kelam metinlerinde de görmek mümkündür. Kader konusu ile ilgili yazılan ilk
metinler, kader konusunun kelam ilminin başlangıcında nasıl tartışılıp
anlaşıldığını göstermesi bakımından önemlidir.
Constraining First Star Formation with 21 cm Cosmology
Authors: Schauer Anna T. P. , Liu Boyuan , Bromm Volker 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Within standard ΛCDM cosmology, Population III star formation in minihalos of mass M
halo ≳ 5 × 105
M
⊙ provides the first stellar sources of Lyα photons. The Experiment to Detect the Global Epoch of Reionization Signature (EDGES) has measured a strong absorption signal of the redshifted 21 cm radiation from neutral hydrogen at z ≈ 17, requiring efficient formation of massive stars before then. In this Letter, we investigate whether star formation in minihalos plays a significant role in establishing the early Lyα background required to produce the EDGES absorption feature. We find that Population III stars are important in providing the necessary Lyα-flux at high redshifts, and derive a best-fitting average Population III stellar mass of ∼750 M
⊙ per minihalo, corresponding to a star formation efficiency of 0.1%. Furthermore, it is important to include baryon-dark matter streaming velocities in the calculation, to limit the efficiency of Population III star formation in minihalos. Without this effect, the cosmic dawn coupling between 21 cm spin temperature and that of the gas would occur at redshifts higher than what is implied by EDGES.
Marketing du luxe
Authors: Béji-Bécheur Amina 
Published: May 2019

Ce chapitre propose de comprendre comment les entreprises des secteurs du luxe conçoivent et mettent en œuvre leur responsabilité à l’égard de la société. Ce chapitre s’organise en deux parties : Quels sont les concepts essentiels pour appréhender les stratégies RSE des entreprises du luxe ? Comment les marques de luxe mettent-elles en œuvre une politique en matière de développement durable ? L’étude de pratiques et discours d’entreprises du secteur depuis 1997 souligne une évolution des engagements à partir de 2008. Les premiers groupes à s’être impliqués ont pris en compte le risque de réputation. Aujourd’hui, il s’agit de faire de la RSE un avantage concurrentiel en cohérence avec le capital d’image des marques du luxe français.
Marketing du luxe
Authors: de Lassus Christel 
Published: May 2019

Les maisons de luxe ont dans un premier temps été très réticentes vis-à-vis d’Internet. L’association des concepts de luxe et de média social semblait par principe antinomique : vision élitiste d’un créateur contre « ouverture aux internautes », communication corporate s’opposant au peer-to-peer , rareté et exclusivité contre profusion et gratuité, qualité contre instantanéité, geste d’artisan et savoir-faire contre contre « diffusion mondiale »… Puis dans un deuxième temps elles ont cherché à se positionner sur ce canal, notamment en communication (de Chernatony, 2001 ; Onkonkwo, 2009). Enfin récemment, certaines maisons de luxe se sont décidées à utiliser Internet en cross-canal, en comprenant que tout est inextricablement lié.
Marketing du luxe
Authors: de Lassus Christel 
Published: May 2019

Les pop-up stores sont des magasins éphémères, ouverts pour une période courte, et dénommés « pop-up stores » par analogie avec les « fenêtres pop-up » sur Internet. Souvent perçus comme un moyen de communication évènementielle, car largement soutenus par des communications dans la presse ou sur les blogs, c’est surtout une nouvelle forme de distribution qui peut s’avérer très performante. L’endroit est à la fois un lieu expérientiel mais aussi un lieu promotionnel, qui met en scène un nombre réduit de produits. En plus des boutiques éphémères, l’autre action évènementielle notable en boutique consiste en des actions de PLV éphémère, que nous envisagerons avec une interview de manager.
Les méthodes de recherche du DBA
Authors: Point Sébastien 
Published: May 2019

Qu’est-ce que le codage ? Comment donner du sens aux données ? Comment lier concepts et données ? Ce chapitre vise à introduire la notion de codage et susciter une véritable réflexion sur ce processus d’analyse des données. Il s’agit donc de lever le voile sur ce processus de transformation. Si, en théorie, la démarche de codage reste simple, en pratique ce n’est pas un processus neutre, puisqu’il mobilise une grande subjectivité du chercheur à travers la recherche de sens. Reste au chercheur de faire les bons choix de codages et d’interprétations.
Les méthodes de recherche du DBA
Authors: Renard Laurent , Cloutier Martin 
Published: May 2019

Dans ce chapitre est présenté un bref survol de l’approche de recherche en science du design (RSD) dans la discipline du management. Cette approche de recherche est orientée vers la recherche de solutions à des problèmes de terrain qui auront été convertis en une classe de problème par le manager-chercheur. Ce dernier se donne pour objectif de développer des solutions génériques basées sur l’élaboration de propositions de design qui pourront être mobilisées dans une organisation pour élaborer des solutions précises qui se rapportent à la même classe de problème. Le processus de RSD exige de réaliser quatre grands types d’activités à savoir : 1. L’explicitation de la situation posant problème et sa conversion en une classe de problème générique ; 2. Réalisation d’un état de la connaissance systématique ; 3. Le développement de la solution générique (les propositions de design) ; et 4. L’évaluation de la solution générique (les propositions de design).
Les potentialités touristiques, atout stratégique de la redynamisation de l’économie locale en Algérie
Authors: Abrika Belaïd 
Published: May 2019

Les aspects développés dans cet article mettent en exergue les facteurs nécessaires à la promotion du tourisme en pensant la redynamisation des activités traditionnelles et artisanales du patrimoine ancestral dans la perspective d’un développement territorial durable en Algérie en général à travers des cas d’études de mise en tourisme du patrimoine des espaces villageois en Kabylie en particulier. Les constats d’échec des politiques publiques dans le secteur du tourisme en Algérie relèvent les déficits à combler par les nouvelles orientations préconisées durant la dernière décennie en offrant des facilités et des bonifications afin d’attirer le maximum d’investisseurs étrangers et nationaux. Le tourisme est perçu comme un véritable vecteur du développement territorial. Avec l’implication et la dynamisation des acteurs des organisations de la société et des collectivités locales il est question d’assurer la durabilité des ressources territoriales subissant une dégradation abusive. Deux cas d’étude sont présentés à travers le village fantôme d’Ath El Kaid (Tizi-Ouzou) et celui du mont du village de Djoua (Béjaia) ; ils illustrent l’impérieuse exigence de l’implication des communautés villageoises locales dans les projets de mise en tourisme durable à partir des potentialités touristiques que recèlent les territoires des différentes régions d’Algérie.
Ursum facere ou le sens reconstitué
Authors: Voisenat Claudie 
Published: May 2019

Chaque hiver, dans le Haut-Vallespir, une vallée des Pyrénées-Orientales, de jeunes hommes grimés en « Ours », poursuivis par des « Chasseurs », parcourent les rues des villages pour se saisir des jeunes filles. En dépit de leur ancienneté, ou mieux, en raison d’elle, les fêtes de l’Ours relèvent bien d’une reconstitution : non pas celle d’un passé mis en scène dans sa matérialité, mais celle du sens, perpétuellement reconstruit à mesure que le temps et les transformations sociales viennent l’éroder. Si les gestes et l’expression, « faire l’ours », ursum facere montrent une singulière rémanence, aussi loin que remonte notre documentation, depuis le milieu du xix e siècle au moins, les raisons de le faire n’ont pas cessé d’être réélaborées, restaurant en permanence la cohérence qui donne sens à l’expérience, en permet le renouvellement et la répétition qui lui donne valeur de rite. Réutilisations, emprunts, transferts, sont à l’œuvre, utilisant les recouvrements successifs des discours autochtones par ceux de la religion tout d’abord, de l’érudition locale ensuite, des sciences humaines. Leur récupération, on pourrait dire leur indigénisation récente, par une communauté soucieuse d’énoncer et de valoriser sa propre culture, ne cantonne pas la reconstitution dans la fidélité à une vérité originelle, unique. Reconstituer la cohérence, c’est avant tout orchestrer une polyphonie. On tente ici d’en isoler quelques voix.
L’impossible reconstitution du catharisme : la maison Déodat Roché à Arques
Authors: Poulot Dominique 
Published: May 2019

Le département de l’Aude se définit officiellement comme « Pays cathare » dans sa communication institutionnelle et ses produits touristiques, pour lesquels il a déposé une marque en 1992. On étudie ici un exemple de cette patrimonialisation du catharisme et ses paradoxes avec le petit musée du village d’Arques, consacré à Déodat Roché (1877-1978), considéré de manière médiatique comme le « pape » du catharisme à la fin du xx e siècle. Le musée d’Arques tente de rendre compte de sa vie et de ses travaux, au centre d’un réseau européen d’ésotérisme religieux, mais se consacre aussi à montrer la mémoire locale autour de cette illustre personnalité locale. L’étude de la muséographie révèle les paradoxes de l’entreprise de contribuer à une identité collective par la mise en valeur d’un revival marginal. L’incarnation d’une mémoire collective dans la reconstitution d’une initiation ésotérique singulière ne va pas sans annexions et réinventions a posteriori .
Generation of IL-3–Secreting CD4+ T Cells by Microbial Challenge at Skin and Mucosal Barriers
Authors: Kunnath-Velayudhan Shajo , Goldberg Michael F , Saini Neeraj K , Ng Tony W , Arora Pooja , Johndrow Christopher T , Saavedra-Avila Noemi Alejandra , Johnson Alison J , Xu Jiayong , Kim John , Khajoueinejad Nazanin , Petro Christopher D , Herold Betsy C , Lauvau Gregoire , Chan John , Jacobs William R , Porcelli Steven A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
During Ag priming, naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into subsets with distinct patterns of cytokine expression that dictate to a major extent their functional roles in immune responses. We identified a subset of CD4+ T cells defined by secretion of IL-3 that was induced by Ag stimulation under conditions different from those associated with previously defined functional subsets. Using mouse models of bacterial and viral infections, we showed that IL-3–secreting CD4+ T cells were generated by infection at the skin and mucosa but not by infections introduced directly into the blood. Most IL-3–producing T cells coexpressed GM-CSF and other cytokines that define multifunctionality. Generation of IL-3–secreting T cells in vitro was dependent on IL-1 family cytokines and was inhibited by cytokines that induce canonical Th1 or Th2 cells. Our results identify IL-3–secreting CD4+ T cells as a potential functional subset that arises during priming of naive T cells in specific tissue locations.
Evolution of DARDAR-CLOUD ice cloud retrievals: new parameters and impacts on the retrieved microphysical properties
Authors: Cazenave Quitterie , Ceccaldi Marie , Delanoë Julien , Pelon Jacques , Groß Silke , Heymsfield Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In this paper we present the latest refinements brought to the DARDAR-CLOUD
product, which contains ice cloud microphysical properties retrieved from the
cloud radar and lidar measurements from the A-Train mission. Based on a large
dataset of in situ ice cloud measurements, the parameterizations used in the
microphysical model of the algorithm – i.e. the normalized particle size
distribution, the mass–size relationship, and the parameterization of the a
priori value of the normalized number concentration as a function of temperature
– were assessed and refined to better fit the measurements, keeping the
same formalism as proposed in DARDAR basis papers. Additionally, in regions
where lidar measurements are available, the lidar ratio retrieved for ice
clouds is shown to be well constrained by the lidar–radar synergy. Using this
information, the parameterization of the lidar ratio was also refined, and
the new retrieval equals on average 35±10 sr in the temperature range between −60
and −20 ∘C. The impact of those changes on the retrieved ice
cloud properties is presented in terms of ice
water content (IWC) and effective radius. Overall,
IWC values from the new DARDAR-CLOUD product are on average 16 % smaller than
the previous version, leading to a 24 % reduction in the ice water path. In
parallel, the retrieved effective radii increase by 5 % to 40 %, depending on
temperature and the availability of the instruments, with an average
difference of +15 %. Modifications of the microphysical model strongly affect
the ice water content retrievals with differences that were found to range
from −50 % to +40 %, depending on temperature and the availability of the
instruments. The largest differences are found for the warmest temperatures
(between −20 and 0 ∘C) in regions where the
cloud microphysical processes are more complex and where the retrieval is
almost exclusively based on radar-only measurements. The new lidar ratio
values lead to a reduction of IWC at cold temperatures, the difference
between the two versions increasing from around 0 % at −30 ∘C
to 70 % below −80 ∘C, whereas effective radii are not impacted.
Brain Function Assessment of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in the Expanded Disability Status Scale
Authors: Alonso Ricardo N. , Eizaguirre Maria B. , Silva Berenice , Pita Maria C. , Yastremiz Cecilia , Vanotti Sandra , Cáceres Fernando , Garcea Orlando 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background:
There is no consensus regarding assessment of the brain function functional system (FS) of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We sought to describe brain function FS assessment criteria used by Argentinian neurologists and, based on the results, propose redefined brain function FS criteria.

Methods:
A structured survey was conducted of 113 Argentinian neurologists. Considering the survey results, we decided to redefine the brain function FS scoring using the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) battery. For 120 adult patients with MS we calculated the EDSS score without brain function FS (basal EDSS) and compared it with the EDSS score after adding the modified brain function FS (modified EDSS).

Results:
Of the 93 neurologists analyzed, 14% reported that they did not assess brain function FS, 35% reported that they assessed it through a nonstructured interview, and the remainder used other tools. Significant differences were found in EDSS scores before and after the inclusion of BICAMS (P &lt; .001). Redefining the brain function FS, 15% of patients modified their basal EDSS score, as did 20% of those with a score of 4.0 or less.

Conclusions:
The survey results show the importance of unifying the brain function FS scoring criteria in calculating the EDSS score. While allowing more consistent brain function FS scoring, including the modified brain function FS led to a change in EDSS score in many patients, particularly in the lower range of EDSS scores. Considering the relevance of the EDSS for monitoring patients with MS and for decision making, it is imperative to further validate the modified brain function FS scoring.
Early Agenian rhinocerotids from Wischberg (Canton Bern, Switzerland) and clarification of the systematics of the genus Diaceratherium
Authors: Jame Claire , Tissier Jérémy , Maridet Olivier , Becker Damien 
Published: May 2019

Background. Wischberg is a Swiss locality in Bern Canton which has yielded numerous vertebrates remains from the earliest Miocene (= MN1). It has a very rich faunal diversity, one of the richest in Switzerland for this age. Among all the mammals reported in the original faunal list 70 years ago, three rhinocerotid species were identified. The material consists of two fragmentary skulls, cranial fragments, several mandibles, teeth and postcranial bones, in a rather good state of preservation.
Results. After reexamination of the material from this locality (curated in three different Swiss museums), and comparison with holotype specimens, we show that all rhinocerotid specimens from Wischberg can be referred to just two species. Most of the material can be attributed to the large size teleoceratine Diaceratherium lemanense, while only a few specimens, including a skull and mandible, belong to the much smaller sized Pleuroceros pleuroceros. We describe and illustrate for the first time most of these fossil remains. However, the systematics of the genus Diaceratherium is currently controversial, and we attempt to elucidate it based on our new observations, though a large-scale phylogenetic study should be done in the future to resolve it. The rhinocerotid association found in Wischberg is nonetheless typical of the MN1 biozone, which results from a faunal renewal occurring just before the end of the Oligocene.
Towards a distributed connectionist account of cognates and interlingual homographs: evidence from semantic relatedness tasks
Authors: Poort Eva D. , Rodd Jennifer M. 
Published: May 2019

Background
Current models of how bilinguals process cognates (e.g., “wolf”, which has the same meaning in Dutch and English) and interlingual homographs (e.g., “angel”, meaning “insect’s sting” in Dutch) are based primarily on data from lexical decision tasks. A major drawback of such tasks is that it is difficult—if not impossible—to separate processes that occur during decision making (e.g., response competition) from processes that take place in the lexicon (e.g., lateral inhibition). Instead, we conducted two English semantic relatedness judgement experiments.

Methods
In Experiment 1, highly proficient Dutch–English bilinguals (N = 29) and English monolinguals (N = 30) judged the semantic relatedness of word pairs that included a cognate (e.g., “wolf”–“howl”; n = 50), an interlingual homograph (e.g., “angel”–“heaven”; n = 50) or an English control word (e.g., “carrot”–“vegetable”; n = 50). In Experiment 2, another group of highly proficient Dutch–English bilinguals (N = 101) read sentences in Dutch that contained one of those cognates, interlingual homographs or the Dutch translation of one of the English control words (e.g., “wortel” for “carrot”) approximately 15 minutes prior to completing the English semantic relatedness task.

Results
In Experiment 1, there was an interlingual homograph inhibition effect of 39 ms only for the bilinguals, but no evidence for a cognate facilitation effect. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and also revealed that cross-lingual long-term priming had an opposite effect on the cognates and interlingual homographs: recent experience with a cognate in Dutch speeded processing of those items 15 minutes later in English but slowed processing of interlingual homographs. However, these priming effects were smaller than previously observed using a lexical decision task.

Conclusion
After comparing our results to studies in both the bilingual and monolingual domain, we argue that bilinguals appear to process cognates and interlingual homographs as monolinguals process polysemes and homonyms, respectively. In the monolingual domain, processing of such words is best modelled using distributed connectionist frameworks. We conclude that it is necessary to explore the viability of such a model for the bilingual case.

Data, scripts, materials and pre-registrations.
Experiment 1: http://www.osf.io/ndb7p; Experiment 2: http://www.osf.io/2at49.
Facial flatness indices: application in orthodontics
Authors: Chalala Chimène , Saadeh Maria , Ayoub Fouad 
Published: May 2019

Facial flatness indices have been used in anthropology to discern differences among populations. They were evaluated on skulls from around the world.Aims(1) to evaluate the use of facial flatness indices in orthodontics and (2) to assess their variation among malocclusions, age and sex.Materials and MethodsA total of 322 cone beam computed tomography radiographs were digitized and three facial indices (frontal, simotic and zygomaxillary) along with three transverse distances (fmo1–fmo2, zma1–zma2 and n1–n2) were assessed and compared between different groups.ResultsThe zygomaxillary index was increased in Class II (32.6 ± 0.42;p< 0.001) and decreased in Class III malocclusions (29.4 ± 0.66;p< 0.001) compared to Class I (31.18 ± 0.3;p< 0.001). The frontal and nasal flatness are not characteristic features of any of the sagittal malocclusions. Facial flatness indices did not differ between males and females and between growing and non-growing patients.ConclusionThe position of subspinale point (A point) forward or backward relative to the zygomaxillary width is a factor of assessment of facial flatness. The zygomaxillary index could be helpful in weighting proportionally the width of the maxilla (expansion) relative to its sagittal position in Class II and Class III malocclusions.