bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
19 Safety in numbers: Social isolation increases behavioral responses of cattle during startle tests
Authors: Mathias Amanda , Daigle Courtney L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Social isolation confounds cattle fear tests. Fear tests often require individuals to be isolated from the herd, possibly eliciting other emotions (i.e. panic and grief) outside of fear. To test this, steer (n = 32) behavior during an individual startle test (IST) and a group startle test (GST) were video recorded. During IST, one steer was placed in a solid sided pen and, after 60 seconds, two umbrellas opened simultaneously. Behavior was video recorded for an additional four minutes. For GST, the same procedures were followed, except 4 familiar steers were in the pen simultaneously. Within each test, steers were evaluated in a random order. IST retesting (IST_2) occurred five weeks after the first IST (IST_1). The GST took place one week after IST_2 testing completed. Video recordings of IST_1, IST_2, and GST were decoded for frequency and duration of behavior (steps, standing bouts, time spent standing, eliminations). Relationships among behavior, test, and minute of test were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Model (PROC MIXED). Minute and test affected number of steps (P < 0.0001) and time spent standing (P < 0.0001). During GST, steers performed fewer steps than in the IST_1 (P < 0.0001) and IST_2 (P = 0.0003). There were no differences in step count between IST_1 and IST_2. Steers spent more time standing during GST than IST_1 (P < 0.0001) and IST_2 (P = 0.004). No differences in time-spent standing were seen between IST_1 and IST_2. Number of standing bouts were impacted by test (P = 0.0008). Steers stood more during GST than in IST_1 (P = 0.0007) and IST_2 (PP = 0.03) with no differences observed between IST_1 and IST_2. The IST is repeatable, yet the strength of the behavioral response is reduced during GST. This is the first quantifiable representation of the impact of social isolation on the fear response in beef cattle.
21 Performance of growing beef cattle consuming bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide and molasses and supplemented with cottonseed meal
Authors: Ciriaco Francine M , Henry Darren D , Canal Luara B , Sanford Carla D , Barreneche Gonzalo , Luna Ana C G , Dubeux Jose C B , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay treated with calcium oxide (CaO) and molasses, offered ad libitum, on performance of growing beef cattle supplemented with cottonseed meal. Sixty-four growing Bos taurus and Bos indicus influenced heifers (249 ± 26 kg of BW) and steers (249 ± 20 kg of BW) were used in a randomized complete block design. The experiment consisted of a 56 d period in which animals were weighed every 14 d. On d 0, animals were weighed after 16-h water and feed withdrawal, stratified by sex, breed, and BW, and blocked by initial BW. Cattle were then allotted to 16 dormant bahiagrass pastures (1.34 ha each; 4 animals/pasture), which were located in 2 different areas within 0.52 km of each other. Pastures were stratified by location and randomly assigned (n = 8 pastures/treatment) to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) hay treated with 10% molasses (DM basis) + water (to 35% DM; MOL) or 2) hay treated with 5% CaO (DM basis) + 10% molasses (DM basis) + water (to 35% DM; CAO). Cottonseed meal was provided at a rate of 0.3% of cattle BW/d (as fed basis). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and pasture was the experimental unit. The model included the fixed effects of treatment and sex. Location and block were included as random effects. Initial and final BW were not affected by treatment (P = 0.573, P = 0.453; initial and final BW, respectively) or sex (P = 0.512, P = 0.670; initial and final BW, respectively). Additionally, no effects of treatment (P = 0.767) or sex (P = 0.285) were observed on ADG (average of 0.537 kg). In conclusion, bahiagrass hay treated with molasses alone or in combination with CaO failed to improve performance of growing beef cattle
24 Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue pastures for profitability, animal performance, and soil health
Authors: Ingram Sam , Poore Matthew H , Poole Daniel H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue (TF) pastures to non-toxic infected tall fescue (NE) for profitability, animal and agronomic performance without compromising soil health is needed to transition to NE in the southeast U.S. Three renovation strategies were evaluated for impact on soil health, profitability, and animal and agronomic performance in a replicated field trial located in Bahama, NC. Strategies included: 1) control (C), 2) renovation to NE after one season of a single specie cover crop (1-SM), 3) renovation to NE after three seasons of a single specie cover crop (3-SM), and 4) renovation to NE after three seasons of a multi-specie cover crop (3-CM). Soil samples were taken prior to renovation to establish baseline soil health measurements for each strategy. Data were analyzed using proc GLM of SAS v9.4. Thirty-two Angus and Angus cross steers (initial BW 425 ± 27) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of four treatments during the first season of renovation. Average daily gain for cattle grazing the first season of cover crops was greatest (P < 0.001) with 3-CM (0.8 kg/d), 3-SM (0.8 kg/d), in comparison to C and 1-SM (-0.1 kg/d). Gain per hectare differed among treatments (P < 0.001) with 3-SM and 3-CM being greater than C and 1-SM (179, 154, -24, -43 kg/ha, respectively). Within the two-month grazing period, yield different during the month of August (P < 0.001), with 3-SM being the highest (4511 kg/ha) in comparison to 3-CM (3275 kg/ha), 1-SM (2922 kg/ha), and C (2644 kg/ha), while yield was highest (P <0.001) for 3-CM in September (2931 kg/ha) in comparison to all other treatments. Data suggest agronomic and animal performance for 3-CM and 3-SM were improved compared to C and could partially alleviate initial renovation costs.
74 Stocker management and impacts on health and subsequent feedlot performance
Authors: Beck Paul A , Horn Gerald , Kegley Elizabeth B , Powell Jeremy G , Rivera Daniel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The stocker segment of the beef industry provides significant enterprise services. The stocker industry provides a shock absorber to absorb the bulk of the cattle not ready for finishing in the numbers glut in the fall and helps provide a year around supply of feeder cattle. Other benefits include adding size to small and medium frame cattle to allow them to finish at acceptable weights, grouping cattle from small herds into semiload lots, and improved health and resilience to the stressors of changing diets, management, and environment. Health during receiving to the finishing phase has been shown to impact finishing performance and carcass quality, so the effects of stocker management can have serious implications on long-term economics of the feedlot enterprise and consumer acceptance of beef products. Ratliff et al. (2014) compiled data from Arkansas receiving and stocker grazing experiments and found that calves coming into the receiving unit as bulls were more likely to experience 2nd and 3rd pulls for bovine respiratory disease and had lower gains during grazing than calves coming in as steers. Records from research trials conducted in Mississippi and Arkansas found a 6 to 14% reduction in ADG for calves that had been treated for BRD once vs two times or more, respectively. There is much less data that considers the health outcomes of calves received as light weight stocker cattle and how this impacts subsequent performance during finishing. Timing of application of growth promoting technologies during the stocker phase has been shown to affect response to implants during finishing and carcass quality, but little data is available regarding stocker cattle health and finishing performance. More research is needed to ascertain what determines the quality of the health intervention outcomes for individual animals and the subsequent implications of health in the stocker phase
73 Managing health during the receiving period
Authors: Richeson John T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cattle originating from the southeastern United States and received in stocker and feedlot facilities in the southern Great Plains are at increased risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and other health disorders because the marketing and relocation process may result in stress-induced immunosuppression, increased respiratory virus transmission, and poor nutritional status. Cattle health directly affects growth performance because stress and the inflammatory response to infection results in tissue catabolism and anorexia. Preconditioning practices at the ranch origin, such as vaccination, castration, weaning, and feed bunk and water tank exposure, can significantly improve health outcome during the receiving period; however, this practice is underutilized, resulting in high-risk, commingled calves entering subsequent production sectors. Antimicrobial metaphylaxis is one of the most effective management strategies to control an anticipated outbreak of BRD in newly received calves, yet antimicrobial use in food animals is under intense scrutiny. Antimicrobial alternatives such as direct-fed microbial products may provide health benefits but uncertainty regarding the route and timing of application, effective dose, and product selection will require further research to improve application. Nutritional stress resulting from reduced feed and water intake before, during, and after relocation and potential trace mineral deficiency upon arrival must be considered in a comprehensive health management program. Finally, detection of BRD or other diseases in large groups of cattle is challenging because of the prey instinct to disguise clinical signs of illness. Technology that continuously monitor individual cattle behavior may provide early disease detection with greater sensitivity and specificity than traditional methods but several barriers to adoption exist. This symposium presentation will outline the multitude of factors to consider in managing cattle health during the receiving period and provide research-based evidence that challenge paradigm regarding health management of newly received cattle.
77 Improving lean muscle color of atypical dark- cutting beef by antioxidant-enhancement and modified atmospheric packaging
Authors: Cassens Andrew M , Mafi Gretchen , VanOverbeke Deb , Ramanathan Ranjith 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Any deviation from the bright-red color of beef leads to discounted price or consumer rejection. Atypical dark-cutting beef represents darker color of lean around a pH 5.6 – 5.8. However, limited studies have determined the postharvest practices to improve the lean color of atypical dark-cutting beef. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of rosemary-enhancement and modified atmospheric packaging on atypical dark-cutting beef. Atypical dark-cutting beef strip loins (n = 13, pH=5.70 ± 0.09; ADC) and USDA Choice beef strip loins (n = 6, pH=5.57 ± 0.1; CH) were selected within 72 h of harvest. Atypical dark-cutting strip loins were divided into 2 sections, and randomly assigned to one of the following enhancement treatments: control non-enhanced (ADC), or a 1.1% rosemary-enhanced treatment (ADCE). After enhancement, 2.54 cm steaks were cut from CH, ADC, and ADCE strip loins and assigned to 1 of 3 packaging treatments: polyvinyl chloride overwrap (PVC), carbon monoxide modified atmosphere packaging (CO-MAP; 0.4% CO, 69.6% N, and 30% CO2), and high-oxygen modified atmospheric packaging (HiOx-MAP; 80% O2 and 20% CO2). A HunterLab MiniScan was used to determine color during the 6 d simulated retail display. Visual color measurement for muscle darkening (MD), muscle color (MC), and surface discoloration (SD) were recorded on d 2, 4, and 6 of retail display. There was a significant enhancement x packaging interaction for instrumental and visual color measurements. For all packaging types, ADCE steaks possessed greater L* values than DC steaks. In addition, ADCE steaks packaged in HiOx-MAP or CO-MAP had brighter-red color than ADC steaks. Furthermore, ADCE and C steaks had less muscle darkening compared with ADC steaks for MD and MC attributes. The results suggest that enhancement and modified atmospheric packaging have the potential to improve the surface color of atypical dark-cutting beef.
92 Digestawell® fiber improves in-vitro digestibility of alfalfa and coastal bermudagrass hay fed to horses
Authors: Perron Brittany S , Wagner-Wells Ashley , Boyd Jamie , Girard Ivan , Guiterrez Noheli , Burt Justin C , Splan Rebecca 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Enhanced microbial activity in the equine hindgut increases nutrient availability, reduces fecal waste, and adds value to low quality forages. The dietary supplement DigestaWell® Fiber (DF; fibrolytic cofactors: methionine and B vitamins), designed to increase microbial efficiency, has been shown to improve in-vitro digestibility of alfalfa and tall fescue forages after 48h incubation. The objective of this study was to determine if DF would improve in-vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) and ADF digestibility (ADFD) of alfalfa and coastal bermudagrass hays incubated for 48h or 72h. Utilizing a crossover design, four mature Quarter Horse mares were fed 2% BW daily of alfalfa (AF; 32.8% NDF, 27.1% ADF) or coastal bermudagrass (CB; 63.2% NDF, 35.4% ADF) hay for 19d periods. DMD and ADFD were determined after 48h or 72h incubation with or without treatment (320mg/L DF) at 37.5°C in an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh feces. Forage samples were run in triplicate. Data were transformed to approximate normality, then analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model in SAS with main effects of forage, treatment, incubation time, and feeding period, and statistically significant interactions. Across incubation times, DMD was higher for AF than CB (P < 0.01; 49.4% vs 42.1%). Across forages, DMD was higher at 72h than at 48h incubation (P < 0.01; 47.5% vs 43.9%). DF improved DMD across forages at 48h (P = 0.03), but not at 72h (P = 0.47). Across incubation times, DF improved DMD of CB (P < 0.01), but not AF (P = 0.79). Additionally, across both forages and both incubation times, DF improved ADFD (P < 0.01). In conclusion, DF may improve microbial fermentation in the equine hindgut. Future research should investigate in-vivo effects of oral supplementation of DF on forage digestibility measures.
90 Evaluation of transport duration on immune response and blood parameters in sedentary horses
Authors: Thompson Amy R , Jones Trinette , Guay Kimberly A , Leatherwood Jessica L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Transport has cogent effects on the physiological and immunological welfare of horses, resulting in inevitable stressors regardless of adaptation or conditioning. We hypothesized transporting sedentary horses would yield allied results to studies using transport-conditioned horses. Mature stock-type horses (n = 4) were subjected to three transport durations (0.25, 3 and 6 hours) with 7–8 days between transport. All subjects were transported simultaneously for all durations of transport. Blood samples were collected before, post-transport and 24 hours post-transport and analyzed for complete blood count (CBC). Body weight (BW), rectal temperature (RT), blood glucose (GLU) and blood lactate (BLA) were recorded before and post-transport. All data (p<0.05) were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS © 9.4). Transport duration did not influence CBC, BLA or other physical measurements. Resulting GLU increased after 3 (158.5±8.5 mg/ dL) and 6 (147.50±8.5 mg/dL) hours of transport compared to 0.25 hour of transport (117.8±7.2 mg/dL). Weights decreased after transport; however, this was likely due to eliminative behavior during transport. Total WBC tended (P = 0.06) to increase before transport (7.71±0.6 K/µL) than post (5.64±0.59 K/µL) and 24 hours post-transport (6.14±0.06 K/µL). Percent neutrophils (N) increased post-transport (66.8±2.5%) compared to before transport (55.7±2.6%) and 24 hours post-transport (57.2±2.5%). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (N:L) tended (p= 0.07) to increase post-transport (66.7±2.7%) than before (55.7±2.7%) and 24 hours post-transport (57.3±2.6%) regardless of duration. Increases in N are consistent with previous research indicating a short-term stress response. Previous research measuring adrenocortical response reported elevated N:L ratios indicating stress; our results suggests transport, even minimal, may stimulate a stress response in rarely-transported horses. Elevated GLU after transport may further support an adrenocortical response as cortisol can influence blood glucose concentrations. Findings indicate even short-term transport elicits an immunological stress response and may be intensified in rarely transported horses compared to seasoned travelers.
85 Impact of teat order on feed consumption in swine from birth to nursery
Authors: Lichtenwalter Callan A , Apple Jason K , Kegley Elizabeth B , Tsai Tsung Cheng , Palmer Elizabeth , Knapp Joshua K , Galloway Doug 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship between teat order and its impact on feed consumption in pigs through nursery. Pigs were observed 48 h after birth to be in either a cranial, middle, or caudal teat position. Growth performance data, and active and total plasma ghrelin concentrations (determined by radioimmunoassay) were analyzed from 2 pigs in each position from 6 litters (n = 36) at 7 d of age, 21 d of age (weaning), and 62 d of age (end of the nursery stage) to determine a relationship with teat order. At weaning, pigs were moved to an off-site nursery and housed 2 pigs/pen based on teat position and litter, resulting in 6 pens/teat position. Overall, no effect of teat order was found on average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.91), average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.67), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; P = 0.33), or body weight (P = 0.94) among pigs from each teat position. A linear relationship was found between teat order and ADG (P = 0.01) as well as G:F in nursery phase-1 (P = 0.01) with caudal pigs gaining more rapidly and being more efficient than cranial pigs. Yet, in nursery phase-2, cranial pigs had the greatest ADFI (linear, P = 0.05). No difference was seen in active (P = 0.18) or total (P = 0.63) ghrelin concentrations or the active to total ghrelin ratio (P = 0.68) in relation to teat order, although there were differences in active (P = 0.04) and total (P < 0.01) ghrelin concentrations among the sampling days with the least concentrations being on d 21 for active and total ghrelin. Further study should investigate what factors would contribute to these data contradicting previous inferences about the relationship of teat order and feed consumption in pigs
96 Impact of potassium application and harvest regime in alfalfa yield, forage quality and stand persistence in South Georgia
Authors: Thinguldstad Britta , Tucker Jennifer J , Baxter Lisa , Segers Jacob R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Potassium fertilization and harvest timing can both impact stand life of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). In the Southeast, high temperatures and humidity often influence harvest timing and fertilization. Current nutrient management and harvest recommendations are generated from research conducted in northern climates with different varieties. The objective of this trial is to determine the impact of potassium fertilization and harvest regime on stand persistence, forage yield, and quality of ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa in the Southeast. This study was conducted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA, on a two-year-old stand of ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa planted fall 2015. Plots were randomly assigned using a split block design. Main plots were harvest treatment: bud, and 10, 30 and 50% bloom stage. Plots were subdivided to examine K fertilization at rates: 0, 67, 101, 134 and 168 kg/ha, split 3 times throughout the season. Plots were visually assessed each harvest to determine ground cover and percent bloom. Fifty shoots were collected to evaluate leaf:stem and mass:shoot ratio, and yield was determined through harvest using a Swift forage harvester. Grab samples were collected for nutritional analysis using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Data was analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with repeated measures analysis option at a= 0.05. Leaf:stem ratio was not significant for all main effects (P > 0.46). Harvest treatment had an effect on yield, with 10% bloom greater than bud stage (1,321 kg/ha and 1,104 kg/ha, respectively; P = 0.04). Crude protein levels were the greatest in bud stage and lowest with 50% bloom (22.8% and 21.2%; P < 0.01). Total digestible nutrients were greater in bud and 10% bloom compared to 30% and 50% (65% and 63%, respectively; P < 0.01). Potassium application and harvest regime can impact alfalfa growth. Funding for this project was provided by USDA-NIFA-AFRP grant #2016-70005-25653.
104 Administration of a DNA immunostimulant does not mitigate bovine herpesvirus-1 recrudescence in dexamethasone challenged beef cattle
Authors: Seiver Hannah A , Samuelson Kendall L , Posey Richard D , Tomczak Dexter J , Smock Taylor M , Richeson John T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The study objective was to determine the effect of a DNA immunostimulant on recrudescence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) after dexamethasone challenge in beef cattle. It was hypothesized that the DNA immunostimulant would mitigate stress-induced immunosuppression; thereby, reducing the incidence of BHV-1 recrudescence. Steers (n=10) and heifers (n=10; initial BW = 489 kg ± 57 kg) were stratified by pre-existing BHV-1 antibody titer, sex and initial BW and randomly assigned to treatment (n=4 pens/treatment; 2 or 3 animals/pen). All calves were administered 40 mg of dexamethasone i.v. at 0600 h from d 0 to 2, 166-d subsequent to BHV-1 challenge with 1.0 × 108 plaque-forming units per nostril. On d 1, calves were administered treatments consisting of 2 mL i.m. of DNA immunostimulant (Zelnate; ZEL) or sterile saline (CON). Once daily (0600) from d 0 to 12, a whole blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture for complete blood count (CBC) analysis and nasal swabs were collected to determine BHV-1 prevalence via virus isolation testing. A repeated measures mixed model was used to test the effect of treatment, day and their interaction for CBC variables. There was a treatment × day interaction for eosinophils (P = 0.02) and percent eosinophils (P = 0.03). Eosinophils were greater (P < 0.01) for ZEL on d 3 and 6 post-dexamethasone challenge. On d 11 and 12, eosinophils for CON rebounded such that their concentration was greater than ZEL (P < 0.01). Lymphocytes, neutrophil and monocyte concentration did not differ (P ≥ 0.44); however, a day effect (P ≤ 0.01) existed such that each variable increased transiently after dexamethasone challenge. All cattle had BHV-1 present in a nasal swab sample on at least one sample day, with prevalence of BHV-1 in nasal swab samples being greatest on d 5 (80% positive; P = 0.01). However, no treatment differences were detected for BHV-1 prevalence in this study. The DNA immunostimulant altered eosinophil concentrations but did not mitigate BHV-1 recrudesce after dexamethasone challenge