bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crown and Foreign acts of State Before British Courts
Authors: Bjorge Eirik , Miles Cameron 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom undertook in Rahmatullah v. Ministry of Defence and Belhaj v. Straw to demarcate the relationship between the judiciary and the executive with respect to Crown and foreign act of state. This chapter aims to unpack Rahmatullah and Belhaj for the reader and further to use these decisions to enquire into the constitutional underpinnings of the British act of state doctrines—particularly as they pertain to the separation of powers. The chapter concludes that there exists a general uncertainty regarding the scope of the doctrines, and a lack of jurisprudential development with respect to their constitutional underpinnings. But it is undeniable that progress, however minor, has been made in these decisions. The scene has been set in Rahmatullah and Belhaj for further developments—even if litigants will still need to refer to the earlier case law in order to get the full picture.
U.S. War Powers and the Potential Benefits of Comparativism
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes U.S. law governing the use of military force, and it considers the potential value of comparative study of how different countries regulate the issue. As the chapter notes, there is significant uncertainty and debate in the United States over the distribution of authority concerning the use of force—in particular, over whether and to what extent military actions must be authorized by Congress. Because courts in the modern era have generally declined to review the legality of military actions, disputes over this issue have had to be resolved, as a practical matter, through the political process. For those who believe that it is important to have legislative involvement in decisions to use force, the political process has not proven to be satisfactory: presidents have often used military force without obtaining congressional approval, and Congress generally has done little to resist such presidential unilateralism. The United States is not the only country to struggle with regulating the domestic authority to use military force. This issue of foreign relations law is common to constitutional democracies, and nations vary substantially in how they have addressed it. Comparative study of such approaches should be of inherent interest to scholars and students, including those trying to better understand the U.S. approach. Whether and to what extent such study should also inform the interpretation or revision of U.S. law presents a more complicated set of questions that are affected in part by one’s legal methodology and how the comparative materials are being invoked.
Decisions in Japan to use Military Force or Participate in Multinational Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Mori Tadashi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the law in Japan governing the country’s use of military force and participation in multinational peacekeeping operations. Although Article 9 of Japan’s post–World War II constitution seems to disallow the development of armed forces, the country has long maintained limited armed forces for purposes of self-defense. According to the Japanese government’s traditional constitutional interpretation, these forces can only be used when necessary to repel an armed attack on Japan. Under this interpretation, Japan can use armed force only for individual self-defense, not for collective self-defense or collective security. In addition, although Japanese law since the 1990s has allowed for some participation of Japanese forces in multinational peacekeeping operations, this allowance has been very limited. In 2015, however, Japan enacted two important statutes that broaden the government’s ability to use the country’s armed forces. One statute allows the country for the first time to exercise a right of collective self-defense, although the legislation only permits Japan to exercise this right for the purpose of ensuring its survival and protecting its people in situations that are called “existential crisis situations.” The other statute broadens the ability of Japanese forces to engage in various support activities in multinational peacekeeping operations. Because of Article 9 of the Constitution, however, Japan’s ability to use its military is still substantially more limited than for many other countries.
The Constitutional Allocation of Executive And Legislative Power Over Foreign Relations
Authors: Martinez Jenny S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the allocation of authority between executive and legislative branch officials with respect to three areas: general foreign relations powers such as reception of ambassadors and recognition of foreign governments; treaty negotiation, ratification, and implementation; and war powers. Overall, it appears that most modern constitutions contemplate the sharing of foreign relations authority between the executive and legislative branches, with the precise boundaries of power more often determined by practicalities, politics, and particular circumstances than abstract theories. In particular, constitutional design choices are often influenced by the history and political context of a particular country and region, and provide a lens into what a given society views as important, dangerous, or problematic. The variations in design choices refute the notion that most foreign relations powers are inherently “executive” or “legislative” in nature, and instead highlight the ways in which design choices are embedded in broader social and political contexts.
Separation of Powers, Treaty-Making, and Treaty Withdrawal
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues , Versteeg Mila 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines from a comparative perspective the national legal regimes that govern treaty-making and treaty withdrawal, functions that in many countries were traditionally vested in the executive. Drawing from an original data set that covers 101 countries for the period 1815–2013, the chapter identifies several large-scale trends. First, it confirms a sustained trend toward greater parliamentary involvement in treaty-making. Second, it shows that many countries recognize executive agreements and other alternative procedures through which the executive can conclude internationally binding agreements without parliamentary approval, but that these “workarounds” are typically subject to significant constraints affecting the executive’s discretion and the domestic legal status of the resulting agreements. Third, it shows that in recent years several countries have introduced constraints on the executive’s ability to withdraw from treaties without parliamentary approval. Finally, it draws attention to the little-noticed role of national judiciaries in treaty-making, by showing that in many legal systems treaties are subject to constitutional review prior to ratification. The chapter discusses the implications of these four trends, all of which represent moves away from the executive-dominated world of traditional treaty relations. It hypothesizes that these trends respond to growing separation of powers concerns as treaties increasingly shape domestic law.
International Agreements and U.S. Foreign Relations Law
Authors: Galbraith Jean 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Over its constitutional history, the United States has developed multiple ways of joining, implementing, and terminating treaties and other international commitments. This chapter provides an overview of the law governing these pathways and considers the extent to which comparative law has influenced them or could do so in the future. Focusing in particular on the making of international commitments, the chapter describes how, over time, the United States came to develop alternatives to the process set out in the U.S. Constitution’s Treaty Clause, which requires the approval of two-thirds of the Senate. These alternatives arose partly from reasons of administrative efficiency and partly from presidential interest in making important international commitments in situations where two-thirds of the Senate would be unobtainable. These alternatives have had the effect of considerably increasing the president’s constitutional power to make international commitments. Nonetheless, considerable constraints remain on presidential power in this context, with some of these constraints stemming from constitutional law and others from statutory, administrative, and international law. With respect to comparative law, the chapter observes that U.S. practice historically has been largely but not entirely self-contained. Looking ahead, comparative practice is unlikely to affect U.S. constitutional law with respect to international agreements, but it might hold insights for legislative or administrative reforms.
Feminist Economics and Ethics
Authors: Knobloch Ulrike 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBased on different normative foundations, a plurality of approaches to feminist economics has developed since the 1980s. The major tasks of an ethics of feminist economics, feminist economic ethics, are to make visible these normative foundations and to critically reflect them from a non-androcentric moral point of view that has first to be unfolded. Therefore, the first section on feminist ethics looks beyond androcentric ethics, reflects critically the existing gender norms and asks, “care justice for whom?” The second section degenders economic terms and makes explicit the normative foundations of feminist economics and economic ethics. The third section is dedicated to the method, subject matter, and agency model of a contemporary feminist economic ethics taking queer and postcolonial ethics into account. The conclusion summarizes the challenges a critical reflexive feminist economic ethics of paid and unpaid work as an ethics of caring provisioning is facing.
Civil Rights, Employment, and Race
Authors: O'Flaherty Brendan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhy are there civil rights laws? What should their scope and coverage be? What are their weaknesses? How can they be improved? In answering these questions, I concentrate on employment and on race in the United States. Following Sophia Moreau, I argue that civil rights laws are ways of assigning rights that are needed when groups are victims of pervasive discrimination. Empirical economic work shows that blacks and Hispanics probably meet the relevant conditions for coverage under these laws, but whites (at least white males) do not. Civil rights laws are hard to enforce, and should cover as many different domains of life as possible because coverage in each domain is complementary with coverage in others. Existing laws do not seem sufficient to assure blacks and Hispanics of the deliberative freedoms that Moreau enunciates, and so I speculate on alternative approaches.
The Tragedy of Economics: On the Nature of Economic Harm and the Responsibilities of Economists
Authors: DeMartino George F. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Economists cause harm as they try to do good: that is the tragedy of economics. That claim is a non-normative description, not an indictment of the profession. Harm arises because of the uneven impact across society of most economic policy interventions, and because of the irreparable ignorance economists face in their work. But the profession gives inadequate attention to the harm its practice induces—a claim that is both positive and normative. Standard approaches to harm in economics present harms as fully reparable through monetary compensation, even though many harms are not in fact reparable or compensable. Given its prevalence and depth, economists should foreground economic harm in their assessment of economic systems. The paper offers one such approach: “economy harm profile analysis.”
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Social Welfare Functions
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter describes and compares the two most important policy-analysis methodologies in economics: cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and the social-welfare-function (SWF) framework. Both approaches are consequentialist and welfarist; both are typically combined with a preference-based view of well-being. Despite these similarities, the two methodologies differ in significant ways. CBA translates well-being impacts into monetary equivalents, and ranks outcomes according to the sum total of monetary equivalents. By contrast, the SWF framework relies upon an interpersonally comparable measure of well-being. Each possible outcome is mapped onto a list (vector) of these well-being numbers, one for each person in the population; the ranking of outcomes, then, is driven by some rule (the SWF) for ranking these well-being vectors. The utilitarian SWF and the prioritarian family of SWFs (each corresponding to well-developed positions in moral philosophy) are especially plausible. The case for using CBA rather than one of these SWFs is weak—or so the chapter argues.
Morality as a Complex Adaptive System
Authors: Gaus Gerald 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter focuses on Hayek’s analysis of morality as an evolved spontaneous order while updating and revising it, taking account of current research and models. While his path-breaking work requires revision, Hayek presents an analysis of a complex adaptive moral order that is far more in tune with current science than are the highly rationalistic analyses of contemporary political philosophy, which often seek to present utopian plans for the perfect justice. Yet, I argue, we need to rethink important claims. Hayek puts great weight on group-level selection to maintain the functionality of the complex adaptive system of social morality, a claim that has been buttressed by the recent work of David Sloan Wilson. I question this, showing how an “invisible hand” can maintain functional cooperation among current humans without strong group-level selection.
Pentecostal and Charismatic
Authors: Work Telford 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Accounts of Pentecostal ecumenism tend to take two basic shapes. In one, the story of Pentecostal and charismatic ecumenism is subsumed into the wider course of twentieth-century ecumenism, whose centre has been the World Council of Churches. The other regards Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity as an ecumenical movement in its own right, expressed in innumerable informal relationships and recently embodied in the Global Christian Forum. These two popular visions often keep Pentecostals, charismatics, and mainstream ecumenists talking past one another. An inventory of the gifts offered, gifts received, and gifts withheld or rejected among these parties in twentieth- and twenty-first-century ecumenism leads to a different interpretation of their interrelationship. The ecumenical movement at large and Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity itself are both among the renewing tides in Christ’s ecclesial ecumene. The most significant Pentecostal/charismatic contribution to ecumenism may be its own spirit, and vice versa.
Africa
Authors: Smit Dirk J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Since the birth of the ecumenical movement in Edinburgh a century ago, much has changed ecumenically regarding the African continent. This chapter briefly tells the story of official ecumenism on African soil, including the history of the ecumenical movement and the presence of international confessional bodies and traditions. It then describes some of the complex stories of regional, national, and local ecumenism in Africa, including the history of the All Africa Conference of Churches and of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians. Drawing on these stories, the chapter then lists five of the most important ecumenical challenges facing the continent—cultural, political, economic, peacemaking, and survival—which often give rise to informal ecumenism. It concludes with an overview of several well-known ecumenical initiatives and documents in Africa.
Europe
Authors: Dieter Theodor 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the multifaceted relations between churches in Europe in an ecumenical age. It considers church fellowships and communions of different ecclesial density on the Protestant side, and various significant agreements (e.g. Leuenberg, Meissen, Porvoo, and Reuilly) that have enabled them; the Conference of European Churches, which also has Orthodox participation; and the European Ecumenical Assemblies, in which additionally the Roman Catholic Church participates. It also notes the more informal, spiritual movement called Together for Europe. The Charta Oecumenica is presented, together with several agreements on the mutual recognition of baptism, and finally there is a brief account of national councils of churches, of ecumenical research institutions, and of a number of dialogue commissions, with a sampling of their fruits.
Historical Development of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
Authors: Langenbahn Donna M. , Rath Joseph F. , Diller Leonard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Psychologists who understand the nuances of impaired cognitive abilities, especially within the context of personality and emotional factors, are uniquely qualified to provide interventions for cognitive and psychosocial difficulties following brain injury. Such interventions fall under the labels cognitive rehabilitation and neuropsychological rehabilitation. Following a brief overview of the historical precursors of neuropsychological rehabilitation, the chapter focuses upon developments in the 20th century through the present, some European, mostly German and Russian, and primarily those in the United States. The manner in which the fields of clinical neuropsychology and rehabilitation medicine provided context and complemented the development of neuropsychological rehabilitation is highlighted. Current trends and future implications are addressed, with an emphasis on the examination of individual patient characteristics and therapy factors to optimize clinical outcomes.
Wayne State University and the Birth of Contemporary Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Woodard John L. , Milberg William , Whitman R. Douglas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The neuropsychology specialization at Wayne State University was probably the first organized training experience in neuropsychology housed entirely within a clinical psychology training program. The genesis of this neuropsychology training experience was dependent on a critical mass of faculty who brought a convergence of psychological expertise from a variety of disciplines inside and outside clinical psychology. The primary driving force was the vision of Gerald Rosenbaum, who saw the critical relevance of the central nervous system to the understanding of psychopathology. Rosenbaum’s influences included Arthur Benton and Kenneth Spence. The development of experiential training for students at the Lafayette Clinic was another critical factor that brought expertise in clinical psychology, neurology, and psychiatry together under one roof. Phillip Rennick (who trained under Ward Halstead), Raymond Dennerll, Mel Schwartz, and R. Douglas Whitman were also highly influential figures who developed and maintained the neuropsychology specialization to the present time.
NH3 observations of the S235 star-forming region: Dense gas in inter-core bridges
Authors: Burns Ross A , Handa Toshihiro , Omodaka Toshihiro , Sobolev Andrej M , Kirsanova Maria S , Nagayama Takumi , Chibueze James O , Kohno Mikito , Nakano Makoto , Sunada Kazuyoshi , Ladeyschikov Dmitry A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Star formation is thought to be driven by two groups of mechanisms; spontaneous collapse and triggered collapse. Triggered star formation mechanisms further diverge into cloud–cloud collision (CCC), “collect and collapse” (C&C) and shock-induced collapse of pre-existing, gravitationally stable cores, or “radiation driven implosion” (RDI). To evaluate the contributions of these mechanisms and establish whether these processes can occur together within the same star-forming region, we performed mapping observations of radio-frequency ammonia and water maser emission lines in the S235 massive star-forming region. Via spectral analyses of main, hyperfine, and multi-transitional ammonia lines we explored the distribution of temperature and column density in the dense gas in the S235 and S235AB star-forming region. The most remarkable result of the mapping observations is the discovery of high-density gas in inter-core bridges which physically link dense molecular cores that house young proto-stellar clusters. The presence of dense gas implies the potential for future star formation within the system of cores and gas bridges. Cluster formation implies collapse, and the continuous physical links, also seen in re-imaged archival CS and 13CO maps, suggest a common origin to the molecular cores housing these clusters, i.e a structure condensed from a single, larger parent cloud, brought about by the influence of a local expanding H$\,$ ii region. An ammonia absorption feature co-locating with the center of the extended H$\,$ ii region may be attributed to an older gas component left over from the period prior to formation of the H$\,$ ii region. Our observations also detail known and new sites of water maser emission, highlighting regions of active ongoing star formation.
Terrorism and Ressentiment in Revolutionary Russia*
Authors: Morrissey Susan K 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
During the late nineteenth century, revolutionary terrorism emerged as a political tactic in Europe and across the world, where it formed one part of anti-colonial, anti-capitalist and national liberation movements. While its public spectacle took advantage of the new media landscape to communicate affective and political messages, terrorism was ultimately a ‘weapon of the weak’, a means for individuals and small groups to fight against the increasingly powerful modern state. The turn to insurgent violence was consequently imbricated with the experience of state violence. Focusing on a period of revolutionary unrest and heightened political violence in early twentieth-century Russia, this article takes a micro-historical approach to examine how individuals and radical parties came to explain, justify, and incite terrorist acts through narratives of vengeance and ressentiment. Drawing on recent scholarship by anthropologists and historians of emotion and bypassing psychological modes of explanation, it tracks specific articulations of political subjectivity that combine claims to (popular) sovereignty, universalism, dignity and rights with the language of honour and shame. The terrorist act was frequently justified as a sovereign right derived from the experience of state violence upon the body.