bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying variation in Romanian: deletion of the definite article -l in continuous speech
Authors: Vasilescu Ioana , Chitoran Ioana , Vieru Bianca , Adda-Decker Martine , Candea Maria , Lamel Lori , Niculescu Oana 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Studies of variation in continuous speech converge towards the conclusion that in everyday speech, words are often produced with reduced variants: some segments are shortened or completely absent. We describe an initiative to automatically exploit spoken corpora, in order to better understand linguistic behavior in spontaneous speech. This study focuses on the reduction of the postposed definite article in Romanian. The Romanian corpora used here cover several speaking styles including both prepared and spontaneous speech, such as broadcast news and debates, elicited dialogues and monologues on suggested topics. Taken together, the data sets contain more than 10 hours of speech produced in a variety of communicative frameworks. The deletion of the definite article -l, i.e. L-dropping in continuous speech, is investigated across speaking styles using pronunciation variants aligned with the speech. The main question addressed in the study is the influence of speaking style on the distribution of L-dropping. We examine the role of the surrounding context in L-dropping and L-retention. The results show that, in prepared speech and broadcast news, deletion is triggered by the context as a consequence of the communicative framework and the nature of the following segment (following vowel-initial words favor L-retention, while consonant-initial words favor L-dropping). In spontaneous speech, L-dropping is more frequent and the context is less important in predicting the occurrence of reduced variants than in other speaking styles.
Sicherheit und Sicherheitsgefühl in Bochum
Authors: Feltes Thomas , Reiners Paul 
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag gibt die Ergebnisse der letzten Bochumer Dunkelfeldstudie wieder, die 2016 durchgeführt wurde. Diese Studie (»Bochum IV«) ist einzuordnen in eine Reihe empirischer und kriminalgeografisch orientierter Studien, die erstmals in den Jahren 1975/1976 (»Bochum I«) durchgeführt wurden und in den Jahren 1986/1987 (»Bochum II«) sowie 1998/1999 (»Bochum III«) fortgesetzt worden sind. Im Fokus der Studie standen Viktimisierung und Kriminalitätsfurcht der Bochumer Bürger sowie deren Bewertung der Polizei.
Rechtsextremismus unter Jugendlichen in Niedersachsen
Authors: Krieg Yvonne , Kliem Sören 
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung
Eine Reihe von Entwicklungen in jüngerer Zeit deutet darauf hin, dass rechte und rechtsextreme Einstellungen immer mehr Anklang in der öffentlichen Meinung finden, was sich ebenso in einer gestiegenen Anzahl von rechtsextrem motivierten Straftaten äußert. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorliegende Studie die zeitlichen Veränderungen hinsichtlich rechter Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen anhand umfangreicher Befragungen von Jugendlichen, die in den Jahren 2013, 2015 und 2017 in Niedersachsen durchgeführt wurden. Zudem werden verschiedene potenzielle Bedingungsfaktoren rechter Straftaten untersucht und letztlich die Bedeutsamkeit rechter Einstellungen hinsichtlich des Risikos, rechte Straftaten zu begehen, identifiziert. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass rechtsextreme Einstellungen und Straftaten unter Jugendlichen keine Randerscheinung darstellen, sondern vielmehr starker gesellschaftlicher Aufmerksamkeit unterliegen sollten. Als potenzielle Risikofaktoren rechter Straftaten stellen sich dabei die objektive Deprivation, eigene Viktimisierungserfahrungen durch Eltern oder Personen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund, Gewaltaffinität, Risikosuche und letztlich die Übernahme rechter Einstellungen heraus. Als möglicher Schutzfaktor gilt ein hohes Empathievermögen. Entgegen der theoretischen Erwartung stellt sich eine autoritäre Einstellung als potenzieller Schutzfaktor sowie die Freundschaft zu einer Person mit Migrationshintergrund als möglicher Risikofaktor für rechte Straftaten heraus.
Expanded Jones complex space model to describe arbitrary higher-order spatial states in fiber
Authors: Mao Baiwei , Liu Yange , Zhang Hongwei , Yang Kang , Feng Mao , Wang Zhi , Li Zhaohui 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As a new multiplexing dimension, spatial modes are catching increasing attentions nowadays. It is a fundamental task to establish an appropriate theoretical model to describe these spatial modes, especially higher-order spatial modes. However, existing theoretical models are only able to explain some special higher-order spatial states in fiber. The basic problem in these models is that their discussed dimensions are not enough. Indeed, to describe a higher-order spatial state, at least four dimensions are needed. In this paper, we present an expanded Jones complex space model, which is four-dimensional when a single higher-order state is discussed. The expanded Jones model is based on the discussion of an arbitrary combination of four degenerated higher-order modes. As a result, arbitrary spatial states are described. Because the number of used dimensions matches that of the problem, the descriptions of higher-order modes are more complete than other models. Also, we have verified the reliability of the expanded Jones model in our experiment. This model has the potential to simplify many analyses related to spatial modes in fiber.
A real-time ex vivo model (eIBUB) for optimizing intraperitoneal drug delivery as an alternative to living animal models
Authors: Sautkin Iaroslav , Solass Wiebke , Weinreich Frank-Jürgen , Königsrainer Alfred , Schenk Martin , Thiel Karolin , Reymond Marc A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundOptimization of intraperitoneal drug delivery systems requires functional models. We proposed the Inverted Bovine Urinary Bladder Model (IBUB), but IBUB does not allow repeated measurements over time and there is a significant biological variability between organs.MethodsA further development of IBUB is presented, based on the physical principle of communicating vessels. Fresh bovine bladders were inverted so that the peritoneum lines up the inner surface. The IBUB and a second vessel were then interconnected under the same CO2 pressure and placed on two scales. The therapeutic solution (Doxorubicin 2.7 mg and Cisplatin 13.5 mg) was delivered via an aerosolizer. All experiments were in triplicate and blinded to the origin of samples, measurements in a GLP-certified laboratory.ResultsThe enhanced IBUB (eIBUB) model allows measurements of tissue drug concentration, depth of tissue penetration and spatial distribution. The homogeneous morphology of the peritoneum enables standardized, multiple tissue sampling. eIBUB minimizes biological variability between different bladders and eliminates the bias caused by the liquid collecting at the bottom of the model. Concentration of doxorubicin in the eIBUB (mean ± STDV: 18.5 ± 22.6 ng/mg) were comparable to clinical peritoneal biopsies (19.2 ± 38.6 ng/mg), as was depth of drug penetration (eIBUB: mean (min-max) 433 (381–486) µm, clinical ~ 500 µm).ConclusionsThe eIBUB model is a simple and powerful ex vivo model for optimizing intraperitoneal drug delivery and represents an attractive alternative to animal models. Results obtained are similar to those obtained in the human patient.
A review on characteristics of food waste and their use in butanol production
Authors: Abo Bodjui Olivier , Gao Ming , Wu Chuanfu , Zhu Wenbin , Wang Qunhui 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Biobutanol offers several advantages and a larger market, that make it a biofuel to be studied with great interest. In fact, butanol has an energy content similar to that of gasoline, and it can be used as an alternative fuel to gasoline. It is a biofuel that is safe for the environment. The optimization of the production of butanol thus appears as an attractive option. Butanol production from food waste (FW) is a process for carbon recovery and a method for solid waste recycling. Recently, the use of FW and food processing waste (FPW) as raw material for the production of butanol has attracted much interest. However, an efficient fermentation process is vital to improve the production of biobutanol. To the best of our knowledge, no review on butanol production from FW has been presented so far. Thus, this review focuses on the characteristics of FW and its potential to produce butanol. In addition, the main factors that affect their use for the production of butanol are also discussed.
A Discharge Vital Sign Documentation Improvement Initiative in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Vukovic Adam A. , Berry Corrie , Johnson David P. 
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Vital signs are important data elements in the pediatric emergency department (PED). The presence of unexplained tachycardia at discharge has been associated with patient return to the PED and subsequent admission. Our aim for this study was to increase the percentage of patients discharged with a complete set of vital signs, when indicated, from 22% to 95% by June 30, 2018.

METHODS:
A multidisciplinary team developed key drivers, and data were collected by using a retrospective chart review. Outcome measures were the percentage of patients with discharge vital signs and 72-hour returns to the PED. Balancing measures included PED length of stay (LOS) and hospital admissions. Data were compiled from a chart review 7 times monthly; all charts were of patients presenting to the PED during the days being reviewed. An annotated p-chart was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS:
Data were collected for 18 months, including baseline data from July to September 2017, during which time 22% of patients had discharge vital signs. Targeted quality improvement methodology initially improved discharge vital signs to 41%, and then to 85%, which has been sustained for 7 months. There was no change in 72-hour return PED visits or LOS. Although absolute hospitalizations remained stable, the percentage of patients admitted increased.

CONCLUSIONS:
Targeted quality improvement methodology is associated with sustained improvement of indicated discharge vital signs for patients discharged from the PED. This improvement was not associated with reduced return PED visits, prolonged LOS, or increased hospitalization.
Methylene Blue Removal of Fixed-Bed Column Reactor with Pumice and nZVI-Pumice: Experimental and Modeling Study
Authors: Genişoğlu Mesut , Gören Ayşegül Yağmur , Balcı Esin , Recepoğlu Yaşar Kemal , Ökten Hatice Eser 
Published: August 2019

Nano
zero-valent iron (nZVI) emerges as a low cost and eco-friendly adsorbent to
treat textile wastewater, which is rich in dye content. However nZVI particles
can easily agglomerate in aqueous environment due to electrostatic interaction,
decreasing their treatment efficiency. Therefore pumice, a low-cost and naturally
found porous material with lower specific surface area (2m2/gr), can
be used as support material to reduce agglomeration of nZVI. Treatment
efficiencies of pumice/nZVI packing (10:0 and 9:1 (w/w)) in column reactor for specified
initial methylene blue concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L) were
investigated in this study. Adsorption capacities of the adsorbents were calculated
as 2.8 and 4.2 mg/g-adsorbent, respectively at 100 mg/L initial methylene blue
concentration. Mixed bed column performed significantly better than its pumice-only
counterpart for low initial concentrations. Thomas adsorption model was applied
to experimental results with a moderate to
high predictive power.
Longitudinal Response to Restrictions on Menthol Cigarettes Among Young Adult US Menthol Smokers, 2011–2016
Authors: Rose Shyanika W. , Ganz Ollie , Zhou Yitong , Carnegie Brittany E. , Villanti Andrea C. , Rath Jessica , Hair Elizabeth C. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To examine responses to hypothetical restrictions on menthol cigarettes among young adult menthol smokers in the United States. Methods. We surveyed Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort respondents 18 to 34 years of age every 6 months from December 2011 through October 2016. Menthol cigarette smokers (n = 806, n = 1963 observations) indicated their response if menthol cigarettes were unavailable. Weighted analyses accounting for repeated measures were used to estimate the prevalence and correlates of responses and trends over time. Results. Overall, 23.5% of young adult menthol smokers said they would quit if menthol cigarettes were unavailable, with this response largely unchanged between 2011 and 2016. There was a significant increase in the switch to another tobacco product response (from 7.4% to 13.2%; P = .01) associated with current noncigarette use. In adjusted analyses, African Americans, women, those with less than a high school education, and those with any quit intention were more likely to say they would quit smoking. Conclusions. Increased intentions to switch products suggest the acceptability and availability of alternatives to menthol cigarette smokers. Menthol cigarette restrictions benefit vulnerable groups and those interested in quitting, but the availability of menthol in noncigarette products could limit benefits.
Medicaid Expansion, HIV Testing, and HIV-Related Risk Behaviors in the United States, 2010–2017
Authors: Gai Yunwei , Marthinsen John 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To examine the relationship between Medicaid expansion under the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and both HIV testing and risk behavior among nonelderly adults in the United States. Methods. We pooled 2010 to 2017 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and focused our main analysis on respondents aged between 25 and 64 years from families with incomes below 138% of the federal poverty level. We used the difference-in-difference method and sample-weighted multivariable models to control for individual, state-area–level, and trend factors. Results. Medicaid expansion was associated with a significant 3.22-percentage-point increase in HIV test rates (P < .01) for individuals below 138% of the federal poverty level, with the largest impacts on non-Hispanic Blacks, age groups 35 to 44 years and 55 to 64 years, and rural areas. Expansion was not related to changes in HIV-related risk behavior. Conclusions. Medicaid expansion promoted HIV testing without increasing HIV risk behavior, but there were large disparities across race/ethnicity, age, and geographic area types. Public Health Implications. Nonexpansion states, mostly in the South, might have missed an opportunity to increase HIV test rates, which could have serious future health and financial consequences.
Engaging Parents to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bergman Peter , Dudovitz Rebecca N. , Dosanjh Kulwant K. , Wong Mitchell D. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives. To test whether providing information to parents about their child’s academic performance and behavior in school will lead to lower rates of adolescent substance use. Methods. We performed a randomized controlled trial in Los Angeles, California. We enrolled 318 seventh graders and their parents in 2014 and collected data through 2016. Half of the participants had parents with income less than $15 000, and 81% were Latino. During this intervention, Linking Information and Families Together, we sent parents weekly text messages, telephone calls, or e-mails about missed assignments, grades, and behavior. Parents reported their monitoring and parenting self-efficacy; students reported their use and intentions to use alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs. Results. By the end of eighth grade, lifetime use of alcohol or marijuana was 18.2% in the control group and 10.2% in the intervention group (P = .02). Parenting self-efficacy, parent–child relationship, and student’s grades were similar between groups. Conclusions. The intervention successfully reduced adolescent alcohol and marijuana initiation between grades 7 and 8. The intervention cost $15 per student per year but could be automated, reducing the marginal cost toward zero. The intervention holds promise as a scalable and innovative approach to reducing substance use. Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02129153.
The Myth of Innate Racial Differences Between White and Black People’s Bodies: Lessons From the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Authors: Hogarth Rana Asali 
Published: August 2019

In this commentary, I take up the question of why beliefs in fundamental, innate racial differences between Black and White people’s bodies persist in medical discourse, despite evidence to the contrary. I locate the origin of some of these beliefs in the infamous yellow fever epidemic that struck Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1793. During that early public health crisis, White physicians and lay people erroneously thought that Black people were immune to yellow fever because of their race. I then highlight the efforts of Philadelphia’s Black leaders during the epidemic—namely Absalom Jones and Richard Allen—to challenge the belief in fundamental and innate differences between Blacks and Whites. I conclude by asking us to consider how the false belief that there is something peculiar about Black people’s bodies has become a feature, not an aberration, in the production of medical knowledge. Indeed, I point out how medical experimentation in the 20th century and in the marketing of new drugs in the 21st century have been buttressed by this persistent yet incorrect assumption that innate racial differences exist.
Risk factor and Outcomes of Diabetic Foot Ulcer among Diabetes Mellitus Patients Admitted to Nekemte Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia:Prospective cohort study
Authors: Bekele Firomsa , Chelkeba Legese , Fekadu Ginenus , Bekele Kumera 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background:Foot problems are very common in people with diabetes affecting up to 15% of diabetic patients during their lifetime throughout the world. Foot ulcers significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus. The diabetic patients with foot ulcers require long-term hospitalization and carry the risk of limb amputation. Despite this, no study has been done on risk factor and outcomes of diabetic foot ulcer in NRH. Methods: A general prospective cohort study of diabetes mellitus patients who had diabetic foot ulcer was conducted among diabetes patients of Nekemte referral hospital (NRH) from March15 to June 15, 2018. The Wagner classification of diabetic foot ulcer was used to assess the severity of foot ulcers. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between dependent variable and independent variables. Results: Over the study period, 115 diabetes foot ulcer patients were admitted to the Nekemte referral hospital; of these patients, 35(30.43%) were under gone (minor and major amputations) and 80(69.57%) were healed. Grade of diabetic foot ulcerAOR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.604, 4.789,inappropriate antibioticsAOR = 2.526; 95% CI: 1.767, 8.314, Overweight AOR = 2.767; 95% CI: 1.827, 9.252, obesity AOR = 3.020; 95% CI: 2.556, 16.397,blood glucose controlAOR = 2.592; 95% CI: 1.937, 7.168, and neuropathy AOR = 1.565; 95% CI: 1.508, 4.822 were found to be a risk factor for amputation in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Blood glucose level, higher body mass index (BMI), inappropriate antibiotics given, neuropathy, and advanced grade of diabetic foot ulcer were independent predictors of amputation. Provision of special emphasis for patients having neuropathy and advanced grade of diabetic foot ulcer, decreasing excessive weight gain, managing hyperglycemia, and appropriate antibiotics prescription practice would decrease outcomes of diabetic foot ulcer. Key words:Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Risk Factors, Outcomes,Nekemte Referral hospital
Development of a computer-based quantification method for immunohistochemically-stained tissues and its application to study mast cells in equine wound healing (proof of concept)
Authors: Dubuc Valerie , Laverty Sheila , Richard Hélène , Doré Monique , Theoret Christine 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background

There is a growing interest in the scientific community to use computer-based software programs for the quantification of cells during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Drawbacks of current computer-based methods used to quantify immunohistochemical staining are the complexity of use, expense of software and overly-simplified description of protocol thereby limiting reproducibility. The precise role of mast cells in equine cutaneous wound healing is unknown. Given the contribution of mast cells to the chronic inflammation observed in human keloid, a pathology similar to exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) in horses, mast cells might be present in high numbers in equine limb wounds predisposed to EGT. The main goal of this study was to develop a reliable and reproducible quantification method for immunostained tissues using a computer software that is widely available, at no cost, to the scientific community. At secondary goal was to conduct a proof of concept using the newly-established method to quantify mast cells during wound healing at different anatomical sites (body and limb) in horses.

Results

A good intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, 0.67 p < 0.05) was found between the computer-based ImageJ method and manual counting. An excellent intra-operator ICC of 0.90 (p < 0.01) was found for the ImageJ quantification method while a good interoperator ICC of 0.69 (p < 0.01) was measured. Mast cells were localized below the epidermis, around cutaneous appendages and blood vessels. Mast cell numbers did not differ significantly in relation to anatomical location or time of healing.

Conclusions

The computer-based quantification method developed is reliable, reproducible, available, cost-free and could be used to study different physiological and pathological processes using immunohistochemistry.