bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metonymies are more literal than metaphors: evidence from ratings of German idioms
Authors: MICHL DIANA 
Published: May 2019

abstractMetaphor and metonymy are likely the most common forms of non-literal language. As metaphor and metonymy differ conceptually and in how easy they are to comprehend, it seems likely that they also differ in their degree of non-literalness. They frequently occur in idioms which are foremost non-literal, fixed expressions. Given that non-literalness seems to be the defining criterion of what constitutes an idiom, it is striking that no study so far has focused specifically on differing non-literalness in idioms. It is unclear whether and how metaphoric and metonymic structures and their properties are perceived in idioms, given that the comprehension of idioms is driven by a number of other properties that are connected. This study divides idioms according to their metonymic or metaphoric structure and lets participants rate their non-literalness, familiarity, and transparency. It focuses on non-literalness as key property, finds it strongly connected to transparency, and to be the one key factor in predicting idiom type. Specifically, it reveals that metonymies are generally perceived as rather or even extremely literal, while metaphors are generally perceived as highly non-literal.
Subsonic Wing-Body Interference for Missile Configurations at Large Angles of Attack
Authors: Thomson K D 
Published: May 2019

SummaryAn approximate method is presented for estimating the normal-force and pitching-moment characteristics (including the effects of wing-body interference) of wings mounted on bodies. A pair of wings placed side by side can be specified which, when operating at a certain angle of attack different from the geometrical angle of attack, have the same aerodynamic properties as the wings in the presence of the body. The equivalent wings and effective angle of attack are determined, and these enable the wing-body normal force and pitching moment to be estimated for wing-body combinations at angles of attack up to 90°. Comparisons made with the results of a specially conducted series of experiments on rectangular and delta planform wing-body combinations have provided gratifying supporting evidence for the theory.Estimates are also made of the normal force and pitching moment produced by two cone-cylinder bodies over the angle of attack range 0° to 90°. These estimates, when added to the wing-body normal-force and pitching-moment estimates, have resulted in a set of longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics which are generally close to those found experimentally. The method appears to have application in the preliminary design phase for slewing missiles.
The Stability of a Radial Wall Jet
Authors: Tsuji Yutaka , Morikawa Yoshinobu , Sakou Masaaki 
Published: May 2019

SummaryMeasured stability characteristics in a radial wall jet were compared with calculated results for a two-dimensional wall jet. It was found that the stability of the radial wall jet is similar in many respects to that of the two-dimensional wall jet. An exception is that the local amplification rate of the disturbance velocity is much higher than in the two-dimensional case. It was also found that quarter-harmonics appear in the non-linear region, as well as half-harmonics, and that their amplitude distributions show profiles similar to that of the fundamental component. Further, vortex patterns were visualised in water flow, and results corresponding to measurements in air flow and to the linear stability calculation were obtained.
A Rope of Sand: Interpreting Locke's First Treatise of Government
Authors: Tarlton Charles D. 
Published: May 2019

The historiography of Locke's First treatise exhibits a vicious circle of oversight, prejudgement and caricature which has effectively prohibited detailed, structural interpretation of that work for generations. Twenty years ago the solitary voice of Herbert Rowen escaped the inertia and admonished scholars for their lack of attention. ‘There is more to the First treatise’, he argued, ‘than a refutation of Sir Robert Filmer's derivation of political authority from Adam in a straight line of inheritance.’ The central theme of the treatise had been misconstrued, Rowen thought, and that mistake helped to account for the general neglect. He urged a reassessment of the predominant dogma, maintaining thatLocke's First treatise turns out to be an essential portion of his total argument on behalf of the social compact state, and against the dynastic (and potentially absolute) state. Though its argument is negative, the First treatise is necessary to Locke's major, positive work in the Second treatise because it clears and defines the ground for it. It therefore merits more attention than has usually been given to it.
The Independence of the Judicial Process
Authors: Hailsham  
Published: May 2019

I first visited Jerusalem in 1941. I was looking forward to an agreeable sick leave after a small flesh wound in the desert. Unfortunately as the train moved slowly up from Lydda, I felt more and more ill and finally I collapsed on the platform of Jerusalem station and was removed on a stretcher to a requisitioned Italian hospital. A ridiculous small insect had infected me with a tiresome small disease.My visit was less disagreeable than its unfavourable beginning would seem. I soon recovered from my sandfly fever, but as they had carelessly placed me in a bed next to a patient suffering from diphtheria, I was incarcerated in the hospital, or so they supposed, in quarantine for another fortnight. This was not quite so aggravating as one might think. The Italian hospital was furnished with an outside staircase just opposite my bed, and after my temperature had been taken in the morning I escaped by it for most of the day. If I was missed, no one informed me, and, as I suppose it is now too late to court martial me, I can explain that with the fortnight's quarantine and the effective sick leave which followed (I spent it at Amdursky's Central Hotel in Ben Yehuda Street) I visited most of the sacred spots without either a professional guide or a Baedeker, except my grandmother's grounding in the Bible. It was not a bad way to see the holy city since, in the middle of the war, there was not much commercialisation, and no one paid much attention to a slightly bandaged lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade wandering about the city and its neighbourhood.
Outlawing Terrorism
Authors: Ginossar Shalev 
Published: May 2019

One of the main driving forces of man is fear, and its very paralyzing effect has, in the solution of human conflicts, been sought as method for both attack and defence. No wonder then that Montesquieu recognized fear as the principle of the despotic type of government; while organized terror as practised nowadays on a wide scale has become an instrument for undermining the authority of established government.Its origin can be traced to Anarchism, that frightful episode in “the war between two divisions of society,… the world of privilege and the world of protest…, the last cry of individual man,… the last fist shaken against the encroaching State”. But organization in every form was so repellent to the 19th century anarchists that they were incapable of drawing together, even for the sake of concerted action.
On One Aspect of Law and Morals in Jewish Law: Lifnim Mishurat Hadin
Authors: Shilo Shmuel 
Published: May 2019

In Talmudic literature the term lifnim mishurat hadin (i.e., beyond the line of the law) is mentioned a number of times. Before analyzing the various Talmudic passages where this concept is found, we will ask a number of questions, some of which we will answer in this article. Not all of the answers will be unequivocal and some questions will remain, in the end, provocative and open. Hopefully, the paper will encourage further discussion of the concept lifnim mishurat hadin.Is lifnim mishurat hadin a specific norm of behaviour which can be precisely defined, or is it rather a concept referring to recommended ethical behaviour, similar to general moral values and examples of ethical behaviour which abound in the Talmud but which have no clearly definable characteristics? If we conclude that lifnim mishurat hadin is indeed a precisely defined norm of behaviour does it stand on its own as a specific type of moral behaviour, or is it synonymous with certain other moral norms, dinei shamayim (the Laws of Heaven), midat hassidut (the degree of ethical perfection of men of piety and virtue) or one of the other ethical norms found in the Talmudic sources? If lifnim mishurat hadin is not just another term for some other moral norm, what is the difference between them? (A reasoned answer to this question cannot be given without a full discussion of all the other moral norms in the Talmud; therefore in this article we will only suggest approaches to answering this question). Are there differences of degree within the norm of lifnim mishurat hadin itself? Are there types of behaviour recorded in the Talmud, about which the phrase lifnim mishurat hadin is not used, but which are in fact examples of behaviour lifnim mishurat hadin? If so, is there a reason why such actions were not explicitly described as lifnim mishurat hadin?
Governmental Regulation of the Press: A Study of Israel's Press Ordinance Part II
Authors: Lahav Pnina 
Published: May 2019

The British strategy to tame the Palestine press was to be implemented through a sophisticated masterplan. The Press Bureau was reorganized and explicitly directed to woo journalists and thereby achieve press cooperation. Simultaneously, the iron fist of the Press Ordinance was cast, to be used in case gentle handling failed to bear the desired cooperation.The British analyzed the pitfalls on the road to cooperation correctly. As early as 1932 the Press Officer observed that the “deep-seated antipathy of Arabs and Jews as represented by their respective presses” and “the fundamental opposition of all Arab press to the Mandate” might undermine the entire plan. But even this sober analysis could not foresee the dimensions of the coming crisis.As Jewish immigration to Palestine and the economic prosperity of the country increased, the Arabs anxiety about their political future in Palestine intensified. In 1936, Arab tensions exploded in the Arab rebellion. Widespread terror, arson and general strikes engulfed the country, and this time they were directed not only against the Jews but also against the British Government. Under these circumstances, the British came to the conclusion that they could no longer support the idea of a Jewish National Home in Palestine. In 1939, the White Paper, expressing a shift in policy, was issued. His Majesty's Government rejected the idea that Palestine should become a Jewish State and announced that hereinafter, Jewish immigration to Palestine would be limited and Jewish purchase of Arab lands prohibited.
Cannabis and psychosis: revisiting a nineteenth century study of ‘Indian Hemp and Insanity’ in Colonial British India
Authors: Ayonrinde Oyedeji A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn nineteenth-century British India, concern regarding large numbers of asylum patients with ‘Indian Hemp Insanity’ led to establishment of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. The exotic cannabis plant was widely used in pharmacopeia and a source of government revenue. The Commission was tasked with determining the public health risks of cannabis use, particularly mental illness. This analysis of the Commission report seeks to highlight the status of 1892 cannabis research and compare it with current evidence for medical and recreational cannabis use.MethodsDetailed historiographic review of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report (1892).ResultsIn 1892, heavy cannabis use was considered to have been associated with severe mental illness (7.3% of asylum patients; 12.6% of patients with diagnoses). About two-thirds were children and young adults with higher relapse rates. Risk increased with early cannabis use and a family history of mental illness. Cannabis psychosis was found to have a shorter trajectory and better prognosis than other mental illnesses in the asylums. Different cannabis potency and modes of consumption had different effects. Occasional cannabis use was felt to have medicinal benefits for some. Appendices provided symptoms and demographic characteristics of cannabis-induced mental illness.ConclusionThis important nineteenth-century study observed frequency and dose-related effects of cannabis on mental health, particularly psychotic symptoms in young people with a previous or hereditary risk of mental illness. Pathophysiological observations were consistent with current knowledge. As one of the most systematic and detailed studies of the effects of cannabis of the time it foreshadowed contemporary cannabis issues.
IL CONCETTO DI ÉLITE
Authors: Zannoni Paolo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLo stato di una disciplina è riflesso dallo stato dei suoi concetti. Quindi un'analisi dei concetti fondamentali di una disciplina è un'analisi della disciplina stessa. Se questa affermazione è vera, la principale caratteristica della scienza politica è la confusione. Confusione nei significati, nei referenti e nella significatività dei suoi concetti fondamentali. A nostro parere conoscere le cause di questa confusione costituisce il primo passo verso la riduzione o l'eliminazione della confusione stessa. La logica contemporanea, la filosofia del linguaggio e la filosofia della scienza hanno rivolto grande attenzione al problema della formulazione e della chiarificazione dei concetti. In questo saggio quindi cercherò di utilizzare alcuni contributi di queste discipline nel tentativo di chiarire il concetto di élite.
IL SISTEMA PARTITICO TURCO: ISTITUZIONALIZZAZIONE, POLARIZZAZIONE E FRAMMENTAZIONE
Authors: Özbudun Ergun 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLo studio del sistema partitico turco presenta diversi motivi di interesse. Non solo la Turchia è uno dei pochi paesi «in via di sviluppo» che ha conservato un sistema di partiti competitivo per un considerevole lasso di tempo, ma in anni recenti si sono verificati, a livello sistematico, mutamenti significativi che meritano una analisi approfondita. Tali mutamenti sembrano essere associati soprattutto al processo di modernizzazione socioeconomica, per cui lo studio del sistema partitico turco dovrebbe servire a chiarire il rapporto tra modernizzazione e sistema dei partiti. In questo saggio cercherò in primo luogo di descrivere il formato e la meccanica del sistema partitico facendo uso della tipologia di Sartori. Successivamente prenderò in esame alcuni fenomeni piú specifici, quali la polarizzazione, l'istituzionalizzazione e la frammentazione che caratterizzano il «caso turco». In ciascun momento, metterò in evidenza le implicazioni dell'analisi ai fini dello studio dello sviluppo politico. Da ultimo, proverò a formulare delle previsioni sulle possibili direzioni del mutamento del sistema partitico.
INDIPENDENTI DI SINISTRA E PCI. UN PRIMO CONFRONTO DEL LORO COMPORTAMENTO LEGISLATIVO
Authors: Tempestini Attilio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNel nostro paese è diffusa la prassi di presentare, alle elezioni, candidati non iscritti al partito che li mette in lista, e per tale motivo correntemente definiti «indipendenti». A partire dalle consultazioni politiche del 1968, come è noto, uno dei gruppi parlamentari che si costituiscono al Senato — quello della Sinistra Indipendente — è formato quasi nella sua totalità da candidati del genere, eletti nelle liste del PCI (piú esattamente, nelle liste comuni del PCI e del PSIUP in due consultazioni su tre, nel 1968 e nel 1972). Si tratta di candidati che, una volta in parlamento, non si iscrivono al gruppo del partito (o ai gruppi dei partiti) cui devono l'elezione, ma ad un altro gruppo: la Sinistra Indipendente.
Radioactive species in sea water
Authors: Baxter M. S. , McKinley I. G. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisRadioactive species, in the dissolved state in sea water, can serve to define rates and directions of water movement. The requirements for such applications are that tracer species be soluble, chemically conservative, of half-life compatible with the process timescale under study and have non-uniform inputs. Boundary and point source inputs generate concentration gradients induced by the known-rate kinetics of radioactive decay. Advection-diffusion and box-model treatments are widely used in data interpretation and examples of a range of applications, based on14C,222Rn,228Ra and fallout nuclides, are presented. Reactive radionuclides such as228Th and210Pb can, on the other hand, be used to trace the fate of many heavy metals introduced into the marine environment. The release of waste from the nuclear industry provides a very convenient source of tracers for coastal waters. This application is illustrated by several studies of Windscale-derived radiocaesium in Scottish waters.
Calcareous sediments on the nearshore continental shelf of western Scotland
Authors: Farrow George E. , Cucci Maurice , Scoffin Terence P. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe highest carbonate values are associated with exposed coasts of Lewisian gneiss, reaching 95% CaCO3in SW Tiree: around Iona average values are 80 to 85% CaCO3. Maximum values of 60 to 70% on Islay indicate a regional gradient which reflects a reduced fetch southwards, and a greater input from reworked glacial drift and fluvial material.High energy carbonate deposits are distinguished by the low diversity of their components, nearly all coming from fragmented molluscs and barnacles. Low energy carbonates have diverse components, with foram and echinoid values each reaching 10%. The ratiomost easily separates the two facies (high energy mean = 18-5: low energy mean = 2-1).In the immediate offshore tidal-swept zones such as the Sound of Iona barnacles are the most important contributors to the sediment.Most of the carbonate is fresh and by its relationship to contemporary shore ecology can be shown to be of present-day origin. Offshore, however, relict grains are widespread. Their pitted surfaces are inhabited by very abundant diatoms, and it is tentatively suggested that local carbonate dissolution may be caused by them. Additionally they represent a much more abundant source of silica for eventual silicification of the carbonate than do sponge spicules, which are rare.
The effect of changes in scale on ship and semi-submersible design
Authors: Miller N. S. , De Souza P. M. F. M. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe effects of changing scale on ships and semi-submersibles are explored in this paper. In the early part attention is drawn to the wide differences in design practice which exist for large ships with, in particular, a tendency for a lower length to breadth ratio as size is increased. Theoretical reasons for this are given, the principal ones being that this leads to a reduction in steel weight per ton displacement without any large increase in power. It is suggested that this tendency will continue until the weight of the transverse material in the hull approaches that of the longitudinal material. Many other characteristics of the ships improve with lower L/B ratios but manoeuvrability declines and in order to reap the benefit of low L/B designs greater research should be applied to improving this aspect of large ships.Much greater flexibility in design exists for semi-submersibles since there are no draft restrictions. The paper examines the effects of geometric variations in semi-submersibles and concludes that the stability, dynamic motions and wind and hydrodynamic drag all improve with increasing size but that structural steel weight may not be a significantly lower percentage of the displacement unless design changes are made with changing scale. Attention is drawn to the big improvements in rolling (pitching) performance which would enable large floating platforms to have a very low level of motion. This could have great significance for the siting of petrochemical and other plants at sea.
Underwater inspection of offshore structures
Authors: Milne P. H. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisUnder the Offshore Installations (Construction and Survey) Regulations 1974 all structures established or maintained in UK waters must possess a valid certificate of fitness. To obtain this certificate annual visual inspections of parts of the structure must be carried out both above and below water. A major survey of the complete structure or platform is required every five years.Underwater inspections may be carried out down to 50 m by divers on surface demand. Below 50 m when divers are involved it is essential to use either a diving bell or lock-out submersible. To avoid saturation diving and reduce diving hazards, the unmanned submersible has been developed as an underwater inspection tool.Various navigation systems have been developed for offshore position fixing. Deepwater navigation and surveying relies on a combination of surface radio stations and seabed underwater acoustic transponders. Platform navigation for underwater inspection and maintenance is a major problem due to poor diving access and few underwater reference points.The inefficiency of the present diver operated navigation and survey systems round platforms is now being investigated by a research team from the University of Strathclyde. Preliminary tests of equipment have already been carried out in a diving tank and at sea.
The history and future of the North Sea benthos
Authors: Norton P. E. P. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThis is a brief review intended to supply bases for prediction of future changes in the North Sea Benthos. It surveys long-term changes which are affecting the benthos. Any prediction must take into account change in temperature, depth, bottom type, tidal patterns, current patterns and zoogeography of the sea and the history of these is briefly touched on from late Tertiary times up to the present. From a prediction of changes in the benthos, certain information concerning the pelagic and planktonic biota could also be derived.
Brain Metabolism and Arterial Acid-Base Balance Following Bilateral Carotid Occlusion in Normotensive and Experimental Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Fujishima M. , Morotomi Y. , Tamaki K. , Nakatomi Y. , Ogata J. , Takishita S. , Kumamoto K. , Fukiyama K. , Omae T. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:The effects of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion en brain metabolism and arterial acid-base balance were studied in normotensive and experimental renovascular hypertensive rats.One hour after carotid occlusion in hypertensive rats, supratentorial lactate increased to 383% and lactate-pyruvate ratio to 280% of the controls, while adenosine triphosphate (ATP) decreased to 69%. These metabolic changes were thought to be due to cerebral ischemia. Arterial pC02 was lowered and the pH was raised in the hypertensive animals due to cerebral ischemia induced hyperventilation. In the normotensive rats, carotid occlusion had minimal effects on cerebral metabolism and arterial acid-base balance.These results suggest that hypertensive rats are more susceptible to cerebral ischemia caused by carotid occlusion than normotensive rats. Increased cerebrovascular resistance in hypertension is discussed as a casual factor in cerebral ischemia.
Cytochemical Localization of Adenylate Cyclase in Broken Cell Preparations of the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: French S. W. , Palmer D. S. , Caldwell M. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY:Broken cell preparations derived from rat cerebral cortical grey matter were studied cytochemically to localize adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in subcellular organelle membranes. AC activity was localized by visualizing reaction product in brain particulate fractions by electron microscopy. Activity was found in the endoplasmic reticulum, on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane and on both leaflets of the nuclear membrane. Reaction product was found in the postsynaptic density area of most synapses. The reaction product tended to be more prominent in the presence of flouride. A synaptosome-rich fraction was shown to have NE stimulated AC activity which was blocked in vitro by both a α-and an β-blocker and in vivo by propranolol.