bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience matters: The role of academic scientist mobility for industrial innovation
Authors: Kaiser Ulrich , Kongsted Hans C. , Laursen Keld , Ejsing Ann‐Kathrine 
Published: May 2018

Research Summary: A learning‐by‐hiring approach is used to scrutinize scientists' mobility in relation to the recruiting firms' subsequent innovation output. Our starting point is that among firm hires, individuals with university research experience—hired from universities or firms—can be particularly valuable. However, conflicting institutional logics between academia and industry makes working with academic scientists challenging at times for firms. We suggest two solutions to this difficulty: hiring “ambidextrous” individuals with a mix of experience of university research and working for a technologically advanced firm, and a strong organizational research culture in the recruiting firm reflected by the presence of a scientist on the top management team. We track the mobility of R&D workers empirically using patent and linked employer‐employee data.Managerial Summary: An important way to make organizations more innovative is hiring individual researchers with the right types of skills and experience. We show that individuals with university research experience beyond their final degree are particularly likely to help boost firm‐level innovation output after hiring compared to R&D workers with other types of skills and experience. However, to obtain good returns to innovation from hiring such individuals, firms need a university research–friendly organizational culture when hiring individuals with university research experience, from either firms or academia.
Dual‐Modality Surface‐Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering and Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography Nanoparticle Approach for Brain Tumor Delineation
Authors: Neuschmelting Volker , Harmsen Stefan , Beziere Nicolas , Lockau Hannah , Hsu Hsiao‐Ting , Huang Ruimin , Razansky Daniel , Ntziachristos Vasilis , Kircher Moritz F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDifficulty in visualizing glioma margins intraoperatively remains a major issue in the achievement of gross total tumor resection and, thus, better clinical outcome of glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Here, the potential of a new combined optical + optoacoustic imaging method for intraoperative brain tumor delineation is investigated. A strategy using a newly developed gold nanostar synthesis method, Raman reporter chemistry, and silication method to produce dual‐modality contrast agents for combined surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) and multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) imaging is devised. Following intravenous injection of the SERRS‐MSOT‐nanostars in brain tumor bearing mice, sequential MSOT imaging is performed in vivo and followed by Raman imaging. MSOT is able to accurately depict GBMs three‐dimensionally with high specificity. The MSOT signal is found to correlate well with the SERRS images. Because SERRS enables uniquely sensitive high‐resolution surface detection, it could represent an ideal complementary imaging modality to MSOT, which enables real‐time, deep tissue imaging in 3D. This dual‐modality SERRS‐MSOT‐nanostar contrast agent reported here is shown to enable high precision depiction of the extent of infiltrating GBMs by Raman‐ and MSOT imaging in a clinically relevant murine GBM model and could pave new ways for improved image‐guided resection of brain tumors.
Targeting RNA in mammalian systems with small molecules
Authors: Donlic Anita , Hargrove Amanda E. 
Published: May 2018

The recognition of RNA functions beyond canonical protein synthesis has challenged the central dogma of molecular biology. Indeed, RNA is now known to directly regulate many important cellular processes, including transcription, splicing, translation, and epigenetic modifications. The misregulation of these processes in disease has led to an appreciation of RNA as a therapeutic target. This potential was first recognized in bacteria and viruses, but discoveries of new RNA classes following the sequencing of the human genome have invigorated exploration of its disease‐related functions in mammals. As stable structure formation is evolving as a hallmark of mammalian RNAs, the prospect of utilizing small molecules to specifically probe the function of RNA structural domains and their interactions is gaining increased recognition. To date, researchers have discovered bioactive small molecules that modulate phenotypes by binding to expanded repeats, microRNAs, G‐quadruplex structures, and RNA splice sites in neurological disorders, cancers, and other diseases. The lessons learned from achieving these successes both call for additional studies and encourage exploration of the plethora of mammalian RNAs whose precise mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. Efforts toward understanding fundamental principles of small molecule–RNA recognition combined with advances in methodology development should pave the way toward targeting emerging RNA classes such as long noncoding RNAs. Together, these endeavors can unlock the full potential of small molecule‐based probing of RNA‐regulated processes and enable us to discover new biology and underexplored avenues for therapeutic intervention in human disease.This article is categorized under:

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses In Vitro and In Silico
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA Interactions
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Nano interface potential influences in CdTe quantum dots and biolabeling
Authors: Kanagasubbulakshmi S. , Kadirvelu K. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Nano interface influences in physiochemical properties of quantum dots (QDs) are the challenging approach to tailor its surface functionalities. In this study, a set of polar and non-polar solvents were selected to analyze the influences in solvent-based dynamic radius and surface potential of QDs. From the nano interface chemistry of polar and non-polar solvents, an appropriate mechanism of precipitation and hydrophobic ligand exchange strategy were elucidated by correlating Henry’s equation. Further, the in vitro cytotoxic potential and antimicrobial activity of QDs were assessed to perform biolabeling. From the observations, an appropriate dosage of QDs was fixed to label the animal ((RAW 264.7 cell lines) and bacterial cells (Escherichia coli) for effective cell attachment. Biolabeling was achieved by tailoring nano interface chemistry of QDs without additional support of biomolecules. Bacterial cell wall-based interaction of QDs was evaluated using SEM and EDAX analysis. Thus, provided clear insights into the nano interface chemistry in the development of highly photostable QDs will be helpful in biomedical applications.
Secular trends in the age at onset of bipolar I disorder – Support for birth cohort effects from interational, multi-centre clinical observational studies
Authors: Scott J. , Etain B. , Azorin J.M. , Bellivier F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjective:To examine any association of birth decade, sex and exposure to alcohol and/or substance use disorders (ASUD) with age at onset (AAO) of bipolar I disorder (BD-I).Methods:Using data from a representative clinical sample of 3896 BD-I cases recruited from 14 European countries, we examined AAO distributions in individuals born in consecutive birth decades. Cumulative probabilities with Mantel-Cox log-rank tests, pairwise comparisons and Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were employed to analyze AAO according to birth decade, sex, and presence or absence of an ASUD.Results:In the total sample, median AAO of BD-I decreased from about 41 years for those born in the 1930s to about 26 years for those born in the 1960s. In a sub-sample of 1247 individuals (selected to minimize confounding), AAO significantly decreased for males and females born in each consecutive decade between 1930 and 50 (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.81), and for cases with an ASUD as compared to without (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.87). The best fitting regression model identified an independent effect for each birth decade and an interaction between ASUD status and sex, with a consistently earlier AAO in males with an ASUD (OR: 0.79: 95% CI: 0.70, 0.91).Conclusions:In BD-I cases diagnosed according to internationally recognized criteria and recruited to pan-European clinical observational studies, the AAO distributions are compatible with a birth cohort effect. A potentially modifiable risk factor, namely ASUD status, was associated with the observed reduction in AAO, especially in males.
Association Between Psoriasis and Erectile Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wu Tao , Duan Xi , Chen Shulin , Chen Xiaobin , Yu Ruichao , Yu Xiaodong 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Several studies have shown a relationship between psoriasis and erectile dysfunction (ED), but a meta-analysis of the data has not been performed.

Aim
To conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of existing evidence to quantify and compare the risk of ED with psoriasis.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane databases, and Google Scholar. We calculated pooled odds ratios (OR), standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% CI.

Outcomes
Outcome measures included characteristics of included studies, association between psoriasis and ED risk, and association for adjusted-for-covariates studies between psoriasis and ED risk.

Results
In total, 9 studies with 36,242 psoriasis patients and 1,657,711 controls (participants without psoriasis) met inclusion criteria and showed that there was statistically significant association between psoriasis and ED risk (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.29–1.41; P &lt; .00001; I2 = 44%). A significant association for adjusted-for-covariates studies between psoriasis and ED risk was also observed (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.08–1.37; P = .002; I2 = 43.8%). It revealed the International Index of Erectile Function-5 score was statistically significantly lower in the psoriasis group than controls (SMD −3.09; 95% CI −4.81 to −1.37; P = .0004; I2 = 77%). A subgroup analysis was performed to potentially explain heterogeneity. It examined the main potential sources of inter-study variance including variance sample sizes and different assessment tools for ED.

Clinical Translation
The risk of ED in psoriasis patients should also be assessed by physicians.

Conclusions
This study is a well-designed and comprehensive meta-analysis to examine the relationship between psoriasis and risk of ED. However, the included studies are mostly cross-sectional or have small sample cohorts, which could bring bias and heterogeneity into the analysis. Our findings support the hypothesis that psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of ED. Furthermore, additional prospective cohort studies are needed to elucidate these relationships and to advance knowledge in this field.
Going South: Tracing Race and Region in the Post-Emancipation Black Atlantic
Authors: ENGEL ELISABETH , GRANT NICHOLAS 
Published: May 2018

The demise of American slavery in 1865 put black Americans in motion to an unprecedented degree. Freed slaves and their descendants migrated from the plantations in the rural South to destinations around the globe. Travelling in a variety of new roles – as missionaries, journalists, agronomists, scientists, athletes, performers, entrepreneurs and political activists – African Americans gained international visibility, inspiring other oppressed populations in the colonial world to struggle for their liberation.
Fuller's earth from near Dry Branch., Georgia, a montmorillonite-cristobalite clay
Authors: Brindley G. W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFuller's earth from near Dry Branch, Georgia, is shown by X-ray analysis to contain comparable amounts of montmorillonite and cristobalite, and only minor amounts of other minerals. The cristobalite resembles the high form, but may be a very disordered low form. Electron micrographs show the montmorillonite to be lath-like, and the cristobalite globular in form.
The clay mineralogy of some tills in the Cambridge district
Authors: Perrin R. M. S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFour ice advances have been recognised in East Anglia but only two of these, the Lowestoft and the Gipping, have deposited till in the Cambridge area. The clay fractions of these tills have been investigated and compared with those of the Oxford, Ampthill, Kimeridge and Gault Clays, the Lower Greensand and the Chalk, all of which outcrop in the district and could be expected to contribute material to the tills.The value of clay mineralogical analysis as a means of measuring directions of ice-movement is critically discussed.An outline account is given of the more important processes of weathering and soil-formation which occur on the Gipping till in the Breckland area.
Giving your SEM or FIB a Helping Hand
Authors: Rowlands Neil , Frayne Gavin , Hansen Bo Svarrer 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopes have traditionally been used for observation and microanalysis of samples. Positioning and testing of samples has usually been performed out of the SEM chamber e.g. electrical test benches, sample preparation. However, due to miniaturization in semiconductor technology, optics, micro-mechanics, medicine, gene- and biotechnology, highly precise positioning techniques are becoming increasingly important. This may be performed using an optical microscope, or more commonly, within the SEM chamber itself.
Spatial Resolution in ACOM - What Will Come After EBSD
Authors: Schwarzer RA 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Automated Crystal Orientation Microscopy (ACOM) on a grain specific level has proved to be an invaluable new tool for characterizing polycrystalline materials. It is usually based on scanning facilities using electron diffraction , due to its high sensitivity and spatial resolution, but also attempts have been made which rely upon X-ray or hard synchrotron radiation diffraction. The grain orientations are commonly mapped in pseudo-colors on the scanning grid to construct Crystal Orientation Maps (COM), which represent “images” of the microstructure with the advantage of providing quantitative orientation contrast. In a similar way, misorientations across grain boundaries, Σ values of grain boundaries, or other microstructural characteristics are visualized by mapping the grains in the micrograph with specific colors. The principal objectives are the determination of quantitative, statistically meaningful data sets of crystal orientations, misorientations, the CSL character (Σ) of grain boundaries, local crystal texture (pole figures, ODF, MODF, OCF) and derived entities, phase discrimination and phase identification.
Microscopy used to Show how Spiders Hide!
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
It has been appreciated that many invertebrates have morphologic and/or behavioral traits that help them survive by camouflage for predator avoidance or being stealthy predators themselves. The morphologic features that are involved have been described in greater detail as the technology has evolved. Recently, Rebecca Duncan, Kellar Autumn, and Greta Binford have used dissecting microscopes and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) to reveal new details of how certain species of spiders hide themselves by covering themselves with sand, and how the sand particles tenaciously stick to the spiders’ bodies.
Unique Minilens Cooling System Results in a Compact TEM
Authors: Lysenkov Dmitry , Monigle William C 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been proven to be one of the most convenient and straight forward methods for resolving sub-nanometer structures. The use of these instruments in life sciences, materials sciences and in the semiconductor industry has contributed greatly to many significant advances. However, typical TEMs are very large, expensive and relatively complicated to operate. Fortunately, recent advances in TEM technology and product design have created a new TEM instrument that is very well suited to everyday applications in hospitals, universities and laboratories of all types. Able to fit in a small room, this new TEM does not require the expensive, extensive building modifications usually associated with a TEM installation.
Modified Cryo-Preparation for Studying Salt Glands in the Turf Grass Zoysia matrella
Authors: Rao Sheetal , Pendleton Michael W , Binzel Marla L , Ellis E Ann 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Zoysia, a common turf grass, is characterized by the presence of functional salt glands. These glands are specialized structures through which the plants excrete excess salt. Research on the mechanism of salt secretion in Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) prompted the development of a specimen preparation technique that would preserve the secreted salt and salt gland. Conventional aqueous preparative techniques wash away the secreted salt on the leaf surface. A specimen preparation technique was modified from a simple cryo-preparative technique for examining hydrogels in the transmission electron microscope.
Using Iodine Vapour Staining to Visualize Starch Distribution in a Dry, Extruded Food
Authors: Bond Jacquie , Hardacre Allan K 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Food ingredients are often made by extruding flours and starches derived from cereal grains with proteins. Extrusion is carried out at high temperature, high shear and low water conditions to make low density, foamed pellets that are used as food ingredients. The structure of the crisp matrix varies greatly with the ingredient proportion and is important in forming the organoleptic properties of the crisps. However, it is very difficult to analyse the structure of the matrix with respect to the distribution of the major components, and the authors have been unable to find references for these materials. Furthermore, the materials must be stained without wetting as water will destroy the integrity of the crisps.
A Method to Characterize and Correct Elliptical Distortion in Electron Diffraction Patterns
Authors: Hou Vincent D-H , Li Du 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
One of the main obstacles to performing electron crystallography analysis in a TEM is that the acquired electron diffraction data often exhibits some form of distortion introduced by the lens system. Recognizing this problem, Capitani et al. has proposed a method to detect such distortion, which is primarily elliptical, by using a single crystal standard. Once such elliptical distortion is characterized, electron diffraction data acquired later can then be corrected by means of image processing. However, it may be desirable to correct such distortion at the instrument level. In this article, a different approach to measuring diffraction elliptical distortion is proposed by characterizing diffraction ring patterns and it is demonstrated that by varying the objective lens stigmation settings, it is possible to eliminate this elliptical distortion completely.
Insect Epicuticular Grease Visualised by Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Gorb Stanislav , Voigt Dagmar , Peisker Henrik 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The covering wings (elytra) in the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata appear shiny, smooth, water-repellent, and slightly slippery, (Fig. 1). These properties are due to the presence of epicuticle, the outermost layer of the insect integument, covered by a wax-like lipid surface layer called grease. Surface waxes have been previously reported in a variety of conditions, from liquid viscous coatings to crystalline structures in form of plates, rods and filaments from many insects (adults and larvae) and arachnids (Hadley, 1981a,b). Beament (1945) and Wigglesworth (1945) considered an outer thin layer of solid wax, whereas Lewis (1962) rather assumed an oil film on the epicuticle surface to be widespread throughout insects.
How Much Force Does it Take to Move an Atom on a Surface?
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
It was demonstrated 18 years ago that atoms could be manipulated, one at a time, on a surface. Yet only recently has the force required to move an atom been determined. Markus Ternes, Christopher Lutz, Cyrus Hirjibehedin, Franz Giessibl, and Andreas Heinrich, in a technical tour de force, have engineered a microscope that incorporates features of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) to accurately quantitate the lateral and vertical forces needed to move a single atom on a surface.
Testing Parameters for Two-Dimensional Crystallization and Electron Crystallography on Eukaryotic Membrane Proteins with Liposomes as Controls
Authors: Zhao Gengxiang , Mutucumarana Vasantha , Stafford Darrel W , Kanaoka Yoshihide , Austen K Frank , Schmidt-Krey Ingeborg 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Membrane proteins comprise the majority of known and potential drug targets, yet have been immensely difficult to analyze at the structural level due to their location in the membrane bilayer. Removal from the membrane necessitates replacement of the phospholipid bilayer by detergents in order to maintain protein solubility. However, the absence of lipids and the presence of detergents can render non-physiological conformational changes of the membrane protein (Tate, 2006). Electron crystallography is an important method for studying membrane proteins that usually takes advantage of reconstituting the protein in a phospholipid bilayer and removal of the detergent. Richard Henderson and Nigel Unwin used this technique to elucidate the three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of the transmembrane α-helices of bacteriorhodopsin, which was the first 3D structural information on a membrane protein (Henderson and Unwin, 1975).
Hardware and Techniques for Cross- Correlative TEM and Atom Probe Analysis
Authors: Gorman Brian P , Diercks David , Salmon Norman , Stach Eric , Amador Gonzalo , Hartfield Cheryl 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Atom probe tomography has primarily been used for atomic scale characterization of high electrical conductivity materials. A high electrical field applied to needle-shaped specimens evaporates surface atoms, and a time of flight measurement determines each atom's identity. A 2-dimensional detector determines each atom's original position on the specimen. When repeated successively over many surface monolayers, the original specimen can be reconstructed into a 3-dimensional representation. In order to have an accurate 3-D reconstruction of the original, the field required for atomic evaporation must be known a-priori. For many metallic materials, this evaporation field is well characterized, and 3-D reconstructions can be achieved with reasonable accuracy.
Imaging Skin Epidermal Stem Cells: A Review
Authors: Pasolli Hilda Amalia 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Nature has provided us with a wonderful outer surface, the skin. We humans are fascinated with our epidermis and hair. We spend an exorbitant amount of time and money on skin and hair maintenance. We try hard to keep it soft, smooth, radiant, tan or pale, clean or made-up. We try to remove hair from some areas as hard as we try to keep it on others. Only when our skin is afflicted by disease, burns, wounds, or scratches is it apparent that this amazing outer shell protects us from dehydration and infections. To perform this crucial protective function and to be able to respond to injuries, skin needs to undergo self-renewal to repair damaged tissue and to replace old cells. For this formidable task, skin depends on stem cells. Stem cells have the ability to self-perpetuate and to give rise to differentiating cells that constitute one or more tissue types.