bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porous Si/TiO2 nanowire photoanode for photoelectric catalysis under simulated solar light irradiation
Authors: Chen Zhangxiaoxiong , Yang Jikai , Yang Xiaotian , Zhao Yiming , Kang Jiaqi , Yang Fuyu , Zhang Yufei , Cheng Ming , Wang Guozheng , Duanmu Qingduo 
Published: April 2018

Porous Si/TiO2 nanowire photoanodes were prepared by a combination of hydrothermal synthesis and metal‐assisted chemical etching. Characterization of samples was conducted using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction, the results showing that a porous Si/TiO2 heterojunction structure was synthesized. Diffuse reflection spectra show that the porous Si/TiO2 nanowire photoanodes have a strong absorption. Photocurrent measurement shows that the photocurrent of the porous Si/TiO2 nanowire photoanodes at 6 h is higher than that of others in the measuring region. The photoelectric catalysis (PEC) activities of porous Si/TiO2 nanowire photoanodes were evaluated in degradation experiments of methylene blue under simulated solar light irradiation, and the sample at 6 h shows the highest PEC activity. Meanwhile, the PEC activity of the porous Si/TiO2 nanowire photoanode is higher than that of the single direct photocatalysis process or electric catalysis. The mechanism of the PEC of the porous Si/TiO2 nanowire photoanodes has been explained.
Catalytic effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals in different occurrence modes in Zhundong coals
Authors: Liang Dingcheng , Xie Qiang , Zhou Huabing , Yang Mingshun , Cao Junya , Zhang Jun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTwo Zhundong coals, Nanlutian coal and Wucaiwan coal, were pretreated by a sequential extraction; alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) in different occurrence modes were separated from the coal samples. The contents and compositions of AAEMs in coal were investigated, and then a kinetic model was used to quantify their catalytic behavior. Experimental results show that the content of water‐soluble AAEMs is high and that these AAEMs are composed mainly of NaCl and other sodium species. After removing these AAEMs from the Nanlutian coal and the Wucaiwan coal, the activation energy required for gasification increases by 7.679 and 4.035 kJ mol−1, respectively. Some of the sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium species exist in ion‐exchangeable form, but the content is low. When the ion‐exchangeable AAEMs were removed, the activation energy increases by 5.117 and 1.400 kJ mol−1, respectively. The content of acid‐soluble AAEMs is high and composed mainly of calcium and magnesium salts. After removing these AAEMs, the activation energy was increased by 2.002 and 0.537 kJ mol−1, respectively. Finally, the content of insoluble AAEMs is very high, and this fraction is composed mainly of silicates and aluminosilicates. As these AAEMs are stable, their catalytic effect could be ignored.
Recent Advances in the Catalytic Enantioselective Reactions of para‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Li Wenjun , Xu Xianhong , Zhang Pengfei , Li Pengfei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn recent years, the catalytic enantioselective reactions of p‐QMs have drawn much attention, because of their distinctive reactivities. As such, a variety of chiral catalytic systems have been developed. This Focus Review describes the reactions of p‐QMs according to the chiral catalyst system used, with the aim of provide the first complete picture of the exciting developments in this field. Special emphasis is placed on recent work regarding their reaction mechanisms.
DNA repair protein XPA is differentially expressed in colorectal cancer and predicts better prognosis
Authors: Feng Xue , Liu Jingwei , Gong Yuehua , Gou Kaihua , Yang Huaiwei , Yuan Yuan , Xing Chengzhong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAs an indispensable factor in DNA damage recognition step of nucleotide excision repair, XPA interacts with a series of proteins to initiate repair process. The expression characteristics of XPA in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its influence on CRC prognosis remain elusive. Tissue specimens of CRC and nontumor adjacent tissues from 283 patients were collected. XPA protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry staining. Nonparametric test was used to investigate the difference of XPA expression between CRC and nontumor adjacent tissues, as well as the correlation between XPA expression and clinicopathological parameters of CRC. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate the relationship between XPA expression and CRC prognosis. Meanwhile, we analyzed TCGA data to investigate the relation between XPA mRNA expression and survival of CRC. XPA protein expression was significantly decreased in CRC tissues compared with nontumor adjacent tissues (P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated consistently significant down‐regulation of XPA in CRC tissues in age > 60 (P = 0.026), age ≤ 60 (P = 0.008), colon cancer (P = 0.009), and rectal cancer (P = 0.015) patients and males (P = 0.004). For clinicopathological parameters, CRC patients with drinking habits revealed XPA overexpression than nondrinkers (P = 0.032). For prognosis, CRC patients with high XPA protein expression had longer overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.39–0.97, P = 0.037). Stratified analysis suggested a better prognosis in relation to high XPA protein expression in patients over 60 years (adjusted HR = 0.48, P = 0.021), with rectal cancer (HR = 0.56, P = 0.037), without distant metastasis (HR = 0.58, P = 0.033), without tumor deposits (HR = 0.40, P = 0.006; adjusted HR = 0.44, P = 0.028), and with tumor diameter over 4 cm (HR = 0.49, P = 0.023). DNA repair protein XPA is significantly decreased in colorectal cancer tissues than in adjacent nontumor tissues. High expression of XPA protein showed significant relationship with better survival of CRC, especially rectal cancer. XPA might be a novel biomarker but might not be an independent factor to predict prognosis of CRC patients.
Effect of the Amino Acids L‐Methionine and D‐Threonine on Calcium Lactate Pentahydrate Crystallization
Authors: Kiran-Yildirim Bercem , Titiz-Sargut Sibel , Sayan Perviz 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe crystallization of calcium lactate pentahydrate was performed in the absence and presence of the amino acids L‐methionine and D‐threonine. The metastable zone width was measured as a function of concentration of amino acids and cooling rate. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), filtration rate, and average particle size measurements were performed. FTIR results showed that all crystals formed in calcium L‐lactate pentahydrate form, but crystals, which had a needle‐like crystal structure in pure media, experienced a habit change in the presence of amino acids. The average particle size and the length‐to‐width ratio of the crystals increased in the presence of amino acids which appeared as reduction in mean specific cake resistance. The amino acids exerted enlargement effects on the metastable zone width.
A Zinc Cobalt Sulfide Nanosheet Array Derived from a 2D Bimetallic Metal–Organic Frameworks for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Tao Kai , Han Xue , Cheng Qiuhui , Yang Yujing , Yang Zheng , Ma Qingxiang , Han Lei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPorous ternary metal sulfide integrated electrode materials with abundant electroactive sites and redox reactions are very promising for supercapacitors. Herein, a porous zinc cobalt sulfide nanosheet array on Ni foam (Zn‐Co‐S/NF) was constructed by facile growth of 2D bimetallic zinc/cobalt‐based metal–organic framework (Zn/Co‐MOF) nanosheets with leaf‐like morphology on NF, followed by additional sulfurization. The Zn‐Co‐S/NF nanosheet array acted directly as a supercapacitor electrode showing much better electrochemical performance (2354.3 F g−1 and 88.6 % retention over 1000 cycles) when compared with zinc cobalt sulfide powder (355.3 F g−1 and 75.8 % retention over 1000 cycles), which originates from good electrical conductivity and mechanical stability, abundant electroactive sites, and facilitated transportation of electrons and electrolyte ions due to the unique nanosheet array structure. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device assembled from Zn‐Co‐S/NF and activated carbon electrodes can deliver a highest energy density of 31.9 Wh kg−1 and a maximum power density of 8.5 kW kg−1. Most importantly, this ASC also shows good cycling stability (71.0 % retention over 10000 cycles). Furthermore, a red LED can be powered by two connected ASCs, and thus as‐synthesized Zn‐Co‐S/NF has great potential for practical applications.
Differential Reactivity of Metal Binding Domains of Copper ATPases towards Cisplatin and Colocalization of Copper and Platinum
Authors: Fang Tiantian , Tian Yao , Yuan Siming , Sheng Yaping , Arnesano Fabio , Natile Giovanni , Liu Yangzhong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Menkes (MNK) and Wilson (WLN) disease proteins are two P‐type ATPases responsible for active Cu efflux. These ATPases are also associated with resistance to cisplatin. In this work, different metal‐binding domains (MBDs) of ATPases (9 out of 12 domains) were compared based on their reactivity towards cisplatin. The reaction rates of the MBDs can be largely different; the reaction of MNK6 is about six times faster than that of WLN2. Copper coordination favors the platination of the MBDs to different extents. The rate of platination was generally greater for holo‐MBDs than for apo‐MBDS (particularly in the case of WLN4 and WLN2); however, it was negligibly affected in the case of MNK6. Interestingly, the platinum binding weakens the CuI coordination, but does not expel the copper ion from MBDs. The latter results nicely explain the inhibitory effect of Cu upon the cisplatin translocation promoted by Cu‐ATPases and can help in understanding how copper levels can modulate the sensitivity of cancer cells to platinum chemotherapy.
Oxygen Evolution Catalysis with Mössbauerite—A Trivalent Iron‐Only Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Ertl Michael , Andronescu Corina , Moir Jonathon , Zobel Mirijam , Wagner Friedrich E. , Barwe Stefan , Ozin Geoffrey , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Breu Josef 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMössbauerite is investigated for the first time as an “iron‐only” mineral for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media. The synthesis proceeds via intermediate mixed‐valence green rust that is rapidly oxidized in situ while conserving the layered double hydroxide structure. The material catalyzes the oxygen evolution reaction on a glassy carbon electrode with a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.63 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Stability measurements, as well as post‐electrolysis characterization are presented. This work demonstrates the applicability of iron‐only layered double hydroxides as earth‐abundant oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Mössbauerite is of fundamental importance since as an all Fe3+ material its performance has no contributions from unknown synergistic effects as encountered for mixed valence Co/Ni/Fe LDH.
Characteristics of opioid‐maintained clients smoking fentanyl patches: The importance of confirmatory drug analysis illustrated by a case series and mini‐review
Authors: Kimergård Andreas , Dunne Jacklyn , Bøgen Anette , Hindersson Peter , Breindahl Torben 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe increase in opioid prescribing in many European countries over the last decade has raised concerns about associated diversion, overdose, and mortality. Fentanyl is one of these synthetic opioids that is typically prescribed as a transdermal patch for pain that requires continuous pain relief and has been the focus of investigation due to reports of overdose and death. We report a case series of 14 drug addiction treatment entrants, who entered treatment in a service located in the region of Southern Denmark from August 2015 to December 2015 for smoking fentanyl patches. Clients presented with difficulties breathing and pains in the lungs. The clients had a history of past opioid use, including heroin. Relapses resulted in treatment disengagement. Immunoassays for fentanyl were used in the service. In some cases, false negative results occurred. Clients' urine samples were subsequently analysed in a collaborating laboratory. Seven clients tested positive for fentanyl. One client was positive for both fentanyl and heroin. Analyses were also positive for other opioids and metabolites in 6 clients, predominantly codeine and oxycodone. Results from confirmatory analysis contributed to clearer insights into clients' drug histories, which facilitated personalised care plans consisting of opioid agonist therapy informed by confirmed drug use. In Denmark, prescription levels of fentanyl are high, which has been accompanied by observations of diversion and smoking in a smaller population. In addition to revision of inappropriate prescribing to reduce diversion, we recommend increased reliance upon confirmatory drug analysis in the addiction treatment sector in Denmark.
Root diameter predicts the extramatrical hyphal exploration distance of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community
Authors: Chen Weile , Eissenstat David M. , Koide Roger T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLocally coexisting tree species of temperate forests often vary widely in the diameter of their absorptive roots, resulting in contrasting strategies of root foraging within soil nutrient hot spots. We hypothesized that root diameter would also influence the extramatrical hyphal exploration distance of the mycorrhizal fungal community due to coevolution of the plant and fungal partners leading to functional complementarity. We collected absorptive roots from mature trees of nine ectomycorrhizal tree species in replicated monoculture plots of a plantation where the soil is relatively homogeneous. The identities of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa and their relative abundances were determined by DNA sequencing. The hyphal exploration type (i.e., contact, short‐distance, medium‐distance or long‐distance) was assigned to each taxon, allowing us to calculate an index of the abundance‐weighted mean extramatrical hyphal exploration distance of the fungal community. Overall, there was a significant, positive correlation between root diameter and our index of hyphal exploration distance such that tree species with the thicker roots were associated with fungi with the longer hyphal exploration distance. Moreover, we found that root diameter negatively correlated with the proportion of contact ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa and positively correlated with the proportion of medium‐distance ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa. Our results suggest that among temperate ectomycorrhizal tree species, root diameter selects for communities of mycorrhizal fungi of specific exploration distance in a way that is consistent with root‐fungal functional complementarity in nutrient foraging.
Flowering and floral visitation predict changes in community structure provided that mycorrhizas remain intact
Authors: Bennett Jonathan A. , Cahill James F. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPollination is critical for plant fitness and population dynamics, yet little attention is paid to the role of flowering and plant‐pollinator interactions in structuring plant communities, including community responses to environmental change. Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), nutrient abundances, and plant litter all affect plant access to different resources, and are known regulators of community structure. Each factor can also affect flowering and plant‐pollinator interactions, potentially contributing to changes in community structure. To test whetherAMF, nutrients, and litter influenced the relationship between pollination and community structure, we conducted a 5‐yr field experiment applying fungicide, adding fertilizer, and removing plant litter in native grassland. We measured the distribution of flowers and floral visits among species in year three and linked these measures to changes in plant composition and species richness between years three and five. We hypothesized that an uneven distribution of flowers and visits among species would lead to greater community change, but that the treatments would disrupt this relationship by altering sexual allocation and recruitment. Consistent with our hypothesis, communities with uneven flower distributions exhibited greater changes in community composition and richness under ambient conditions. However,AMFsuppression neutralized this relationship and regulated the other treatment effects, highlighting the potential importance ofAMFfor stabilizing recruitment dynamics. Combined,AMFsuppression and nutrient addition caused species losses when few species flowered, likely by compounding stresses for those species. The treatment effects on the relationship between flowering and community composition were more nuanced, but were likely driven by increased competition and altered flowering among species. By contrast, community composition was more stable when visitation rates were uneven among species, irrespective of any treatments. This suggests that some species require high visitation rates to maintain their populations due to greater dependence on sexual reproduction. Combined, these results highlight the importance of flowering and floral visitation to the dynamics of grassland communities. They also suggest that altered recruitment dynamics is a major, yet understudied, mechanism by which environmental change affects communities. Consequently, understanding the effects of environmental change on plant communities will require study of both plant growth and sexual reproduction.
Sustained cross‐presentation capacity of murine splenic dendritic cell subsets in vivo
Authors: Ho Nataschja I. , Camps Marcel G. M. , de Haas Edwin F. E. , Ossendorp Ferry 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAn exclusive feature of dendritic cells (DCs) is their ability to cross‐present exogenous antigens in MHC class I molecules. We analyzed the fate of protein antigen in antigen presenting cell (APC) subsets after uptake of naturally formed antigen‐antibody complexes in vivo. We observed that murine splenic DC subsets were able to present antigen in vivo for at least a week. After ex vivo isolation of four APC subsets, the presence of antigen in the storage compartments was visualized by confocal microscopy. Although all APC subsets stored antigen for many days, their ability and kinetics in antigen presentation was remarkably different. CD8α+ DCs showed sustained MHC class I‐peptide specific CD8+ T‐cell activation for more than 4 days. CD8α− DCs also presented antigenic peptides in MHC class I but presentation decreased after 48 h. In contrast, only the CD8α− DCs were able to present antigen in MHC class II to specific CD4+ T cells. Plasmacytoid DCs and macrophages were unable to activate any of the two T‐cell types despite detectable antigen uptake. These results indicate that naturally occurring DC subsets have functional antigen storage capacity for prolonged T‐cell activation and have distinct roles in antigen presentation to specific T cells in vivo.
Azobis[tetrazolide]‐Carbonates of the Lanthanides – Breaking the Gadolinium Break
Authors: Müller Danny , Knoll Christian , Herrmann Andrea , Savasci Gökcen , Welch Jan M. , Artner Werner , Ofner Johannes , Lendl Bernhard , Giester Gerald , Weinberger Peter , Steinhauser Georg 
Published: April 2018

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Peter Weinberger from TU Wien, Vienna, Austria, and Georg Steinhauser, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany. The cover image shows the structure of the featured lanthanide azobis[tetrazolide]‐carbonate reaching from Y to Yb to illustrate the “overcoming” of the gadolinium break.
Visually induced analgesia in a deep tissue experimental pain model: A randomised crossover experiment
Authors: van Selm M.J. , Gibson W.I. , Travers M.J. , Moseley G.L. , Hince D. , Wand B.M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundVisualizing one's own painful body part appears to have an effect on reported pain intensity. Furthermore, it seems that manipulating the size of the viewed image can determine the direction and extent of this phenomenon. When visual distortion has been applied to clinical populations, the analgesic effects have been in opposition to those observed in some experimental pain models. To help resolve this problem, we explored the effect of visualisation and magnification of the visual image on reported pain using a delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) pain model.MethodsWe induced DOMS in the quadriceps of 20 healthy volunteers. Forty‐eight hours later, participants performed a series of painful contractions of the DOMS‐affected muscle under four randomised conditions: (1) Viewing the injured thigh; (2) Viewing the contralateral thigh; (3) Viewing a neutral object; and (4) Viewing the injured thigh through magnifying glasses. For each condition, participants rated their pain intensity during a series of painful contractions.ResultsWe observed that direct visualisation of the injured thigh had no effect on pain intensity when compared to viewing the contralateral thigh or neutral object. However, magnification of the DOMS‐affected leg during the performance of painful contractions caused participants to report more pain than when viewing the injured thigh normally.ConclusionsThese results further demonstrate that the effect of visualisation varies between different pain conditions. These results may have implications for the integration of visual feedback into clinical practice.SignificanceWe present delayed onset muscle soreness as a model for exploring visually induced analgesia. Our findings suggest that this phenomenon is expressed differently in exogenous and endogenous experimental pain models. Further exploration may offer a potential pathway for the integration of visual analgesia into the management of clinical pain.
How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Toward a more fine‐grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories
Authors: Imhoff Roland , Lamberty Pia 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPublic discourse and scholarly literature often make a strong connection between paranoid thought and belief in conspiracy theories. We report one meta‐analysis and two correlational studies across two distinct cultural contexts (total N = 578) to provide an estimate for their association but also evidence for their distinctiveness via a multi‐trait‐multi‐method approach. Whereas the meta‐analysis (k = 11 studies) provided support for a reliable association between paranoia and conspiracy beliefs, the two additional studies provide direct evidence for their distinctiveness and divergent associations with other constructs. Although both assume sinister intentions of others, beliefs in conspiracy theories are more specific in who these others are (powerful groups) than paranoia (everyone). In contrast, paranoia was more restricted in terms of who the target of the negative intentions is (the self) than conspiracy theorizing (society as a whole). In light of this and distinct associations of conspiracy beliefs with political control and trust but not (inter‐)personal control and trust (like paranoia), we propose to treat the two as distinct (albeit correlated) constructs with conspiracy beliefs reflecting a political attitude compared to paranoia as a self‐relevant belief.