bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships among wood‐boring beetles, fungi, and the decomposition of forest biomass
Authors: Skelton James , Jusino Michelle A. , Carlson Paige S. , Smith Katherine , Banik Mark T. , Lindner Daniel L. , Palmer Jonathan M. , Hulcr Jiri 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA prevailing paradigm in forest ecology is that wood‐boring beetles facilitate wood decay and carbon cycling, but empirical tests have yielded mixed results. We experimentally determined the effects of wood borers on fungal community assembly and wood decay within pine trunks in the southeastern United States. Pine trunks were made either beetle‐accessible or inaccessible. Fungal communities were compared using culturing and high‐throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS) of DNA and RNA. Prior to beetle infestation, living pines had diverse fungal endophyte communities. Endophytes were displaced by beetle‐associated fungi in beetle‐accessible trees, whereas some endophytes persisted as saprotrophs in beetle‐excluded trees. Beetles increased fungal diversity several fold. Over forty taxa of Ascomycota were significantly associated with beetles, but beetles were not consistently associated with any known wood‐decaying fungi. Instead, increasing ambrosia beetle infestations caused reduced decay, consistent with previous in vitro experiments that showed beetle‐associated fungi reduce decay rates by competing with decay fungi. No effect of bark‐inhabiting beetles on decay was detected. Platypodines carried significantly more fungal taxa than scolytines. Molecular results were validated by synthetic and biological mock communities and were consistent across methodologies. RNA sequencing confirmed that beetle‐associated fungi were biologically active in the wood. Metabarcode sequencing of the LSU/28S marker recovered important fungal symbionts that were missed by ITS2, though community‐level effects were similar between markers. In contrast to the current paradigm, our results indicate ambrosia beetles introduce diverse fungal communities that do not extensively decay wood, but instead reduce decay rates by competing with wood decay fungi.
Island area, body size and demographic history shape genomic diversity in Darwin's finches and related tanagers
Authors: Brüniche‐Olsen Anna , Kellner Kenneth F. , DeWoody J. Andrew 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGenomic diversity is the evolutionary foundation for adaptation to environmental change and thus is essential to consider in conservation planning. Island species are ideal for investigating the evolutionary drivers of genomic diversity, in part because of the potential for biological replicates. Here, we use genome data from 180 individuals spread among 27 island populations from 17 avian species to study the effects of island area, body size, demographic history and conservation status on contemporary genomic diversity. Our study expands earlier work on a small number of neutral loci to the entire genome and from a few species to many. We find significant positive correlation between island size and genomic diversity, a significant negative correlation between body size and genomic diversity, and that historical population declines significantly reduced contemporary genomic diversity. Our study shows that island size is the key factor in determining genomic diversity, indicating that habitat conservation is key to maintaining adaptive potential in the face of global environmental change. We found that threatened species generally had a significantly smaller values of Watterson's theta (θW = 4Neμ) compared to nonthreatened species, suggesting that θW may be useful as a conservation indicator for at‐risk species. Overall, these findings (a) provide biological insights into how genomic diversity scales with ecological, morphological and demographic factors; and (b) illustrate how population genomic data can be leveraged to better inform conservation efforts.
Genome‐wide SNP data reveal improved evidence for Antarctic glacial refugia and dispersal of terrestrial invertebrates
Authors: McGaughran Angela , Terauds Aleks , Convey Peter , Fraser Ceridwen I. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAntarctica is isolated, surrounded by the Southern Ocean and has experienced extreme environmental conditions for millions of years, including during recent Pleistocene glacial maxima. How Antarctic terrestrial species might have survived these glaciations has been a topic of intense interest, yet many questions remain unanswered, particularly for Antarctica's invertebrate fauna. We examine whether genetic data from a widespread group of terrestrial invertebrates, springtails (Collembola, Isotomidae) of the genus Cryptopygus, show evidence for long‐term survival in glacial refugia along the Antarctic Peninsula. We use genome‐wide SNP analyses (via genotyping‐by‐sequencing, GBS) and mitochondrial data to examine population diversity and differentiation across more than 20 sites spanning >950 km on the Peninsula, and from islands both close to the Peninsula and up to ~1,900 km away. Population structure analysis indicates the presence of strong local clusters of diversity, and we infer that patterns represent a complex interplay of isolation in local refugia coupled with occasional successful long‐distance dispersal events. We identified wind and degree days as significant environmental drivers of genetic diversity, with windier and warmer sites hosting higher diversity. Thus, we infer that refugial areas along the Antarctic Peninsula have allowed populations of indigenous springtails to survive in situ throughout glacial periods. Despite the difficulties of dispersal in cold, desiccating conditions, Cryptopygus springtails on the Peninsula appear to have achieved multiple long‐distance colonization events, most likely through wind‐related dispersal events.
Retrospective two‐centre study on prepubertal children with Tinea capitis in Korea
Authors: Lee Weon Ju , Lee Eun Hye , Bang Yong Jun , Jun Jae Bok 
Published: October 2019

SummaryTinea capitis is an infectious dermatological disorder caused by dermatophytes that occur primarily in children. It has recently been brought under effective control in Korea since the introduction of oral antifungal medications and the implementation of concerted public health initiatives. Therefore, its incidence rate has decreased considerably. We investigated changes in the epidemiological and mycological characteristics of tinea capitis patients under the age of 10 in Korea. Using medical records from Kyungpook National University Hospital and the Catholic Skin Disease Clinic from 1989 to 2018, we retrospectively investigated the characteristics of 786 patients with tinea capitis. Of the 786 patients, 744 were KOH‐positive. The annual incidence of tinea capitis was decreased from 120 to less than 10 between 1989 and 2018. Overall, 446 (56.74%) were male and 340 (43.26%) were female, representing a ratio of 1:0.8. In terms of the seasonality of it, 276 (35.11%) visited hospital in winter, 193 (24.55%) in spring, 177 (22.52%) in fall and 140 (17.81%) in summer. Dermatophytes were cultured from 628 patients. Microsporum canis was the most common dermatophyte (73.16%), followed by Trichophyton verrucosum and Trichophyton rubum. Of the 786 patients, 577 (73.41%) lived in urban areas and 209 (26.59%) in rural areas. Changes in the epidemiological and mycological characteristics of children with tinea capitis were shown in incidence, sex distribution, seasonality and causative dermatophytes. The incidence of tinea capitis has fallen significantly in prepubertal children. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance is needed to prevent tinea capitis in Korea.
miR‐27a/b is a posttranscriptional regulator of Gpr126 (Adgrg6)
Authors: Musa Gentian , Srivastava Swati , Petzold Jana , Cazorla‐Vázquez Salvador , Engel Felix B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGpr126 (Adgrg6), a member of the adhesion G protein–coupled receptor family, has been associated with a variety of human diseases. Yet, despite its clinical importance, the mechanisms regulating Gpr126 expression are poorly understood. Here, we aimed at identifying upstream regulatory mechanisms of Gpr126 expression utilizing the heart as model organ in which Gpr126 regulates trabeculation. Here, we focused on possible regulation of Gpr126 regulation by microRNAs, which have emerged as key players in regulating development, have a critical role in disease progression, and might serve as putative therapeutic targets. In silico analyses identified one conserved binding site in the 3′ UTR of Gpr126 for microRNA 27a and 27b (miR‐27a/b). In addition, miR‐27a/b and Gpr126 expression were differentially expressed during rat heart development. A regulatory role of miR‐27a/b in controlling Gpr126 expression was substantiated by reduced Gpr126 mRNA levels upon ectopic expression of miR‐27a/b in HEK293T cells and miR‐27b in zebrafish embryos. Regulation of Gpr126 expression by direct binding of miR‐27a/b to the 3′ UTR of Gpr126 was verified by luciferase reporter assays in HEK293T cells. Finally, the modulation of gpr126 expression in zebrafish by injection of either miR‐27b or miR‐27b inhibitor in single cell–stage embryos resulted in hypo‐ or hypertrabeculation, respectively. Collectively, the data indicate that Gpr126 expression is regulated by miR‐27a/b.
Pharmacists' clinical competency towards oral mucosal diseases: Results from a mystery shopper study
Authors: Al‐Amad Suhail H. , Ghebeh Maya , Saloum Prescilla , Maarouf Tamara B. , Moustafa Yasmin M. , Younis Zeyad 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the clinical advices pharmacists would give to patients who present with various oral mucosal lesions.Subjects and MethodsOne hundred and twenty pharmacists in three major cities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were approached by senior dental students acting as mystery shoppers. Pharmacists were shown an image of one of four oral mucosal lesions representing candidosis, aphthous ulcer, erosive lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Pharmacists' referral pattern and choices of medications were recorded and assessed against demographic variables.ResultsEighty‐eight per cent (88%) of pharmacists dispensed a non‐prescription medication to treat the oral lesions, including SCC, while only 12% recommended that the lesion shown to them be assessed by a clinician. Among all referral recommendations, 32% were for SCC (p = .006). Geographical proximity of a clinic to the pharmacy was a significant factor in determining pharmacists' referral recommendation (p = .036).ConclusionMost pharmacists dispensed a medication for oral mucosal lesions, including potentially malignant and malignant ones, without referring patients to a medical or dental practitioner. Pharmacists should be aware of the serious nature of some oral mucosal lesions and the necessity to refer those cases to a qualified practitioner for proper clinical assessment.
ABCB5 is activated by MITF and β‐catenin and is associated with melanoma differentiation
Authors: Louphrasitthiphol Pakavarin , Chauhan Jagat , Goding Colin R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDefining markers of different phenotypic states in melanoma is important for understanding disease progression, determining the response to therapy, and defining the molecular mechanisms underpinning phenotype‐switching driven by the changing intratumor microenvironment. The ABCB5 transporter is implicated in drug‐resistance and has been identified as a marker of melanoma‐initiating cells. Indeed ongoing studies are using ABCB5 to define stem cell populations. However, we show here that the ABCB5 is a direct target for the microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor MITF and its expression can be induced by β‐catenin, a key activator and co‐factor for MITF. Consequently, ABCB5 mRNA expression is primarily associated with melanoma cells exhibiting differentiation markers. The results suggest first that ABCB5 is unlikely to represent a marker of de‐differentiated melanoma stem cells, and second that ABCB5 may contribute to the non‐genetic drug‐resistance associated with highly differentiated melanoma cells. To reconcile the apparently conflicting observations in the field, we propose a model in which ABCB5 may mark a slow‐cycling differentiated population of melanoma cells.
Increased brain gyrification in the schizophrenia spectrum
Authors: Sasabayashi Daiki , Takayanagi Yoichiro , Takahashi Tsutomu , Nemoto Kiyotaka , Furuichi Atsushi , Kido Mikio , Nishikawa Yumiko , Nakamura Mihoko , Noguchi Kyo , Suzuki Michio 
Published: October 2019

AimIncreased brain gyrification in diverse cortical regions has been reported in patients with schizophrenia, possibly reflecting deviations in early neurodevelopment. However, it remains unknown whether patients with schizotypal disorder exhibit similar changes.MethodsThis magnetic resonance imaging study investigated brain gyrification in 46 patients with schizotypal disorder (29 male, 17 female), 101 patients with schizophrenia (55 male, 46 female), and 77 healthy controls (44 male, 33 female). T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images were obtained for each participant. Using FreeSurfer software, the local gyrification index (LGI) of the entire cortex was compared across the groups.ResultsBoth schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder patients showed a significantly higher LGI in diverse cortical regions, including the bilateral prefrontal and left parietal cortices, as compared with controls, but its extent was broader in schizophrenia especially for the right prefrontal and left occipital regions. No significant correlations were found between the LGI and clinical variables (e.g., symptom severity, medication) for either of the patient groups.ConclusionIncreased LGI in the frontoparietal regions was common to both patient groups and might represent vulnerability to schizophrenia, while more diverse changes in schizophrenia patients might be associated with the manifestation of florid psychosis.
Anemia management in cancer patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Latcha Sheron 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCancer and kidney disease are linked by causality and comorbidities. Observational data show an increased risk of malignancy as renal function declines. Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs), which are the cornerstone therapy for anemia patients with chronic kidney disease and cancer, are associated with increased risks for cancer, cancer‐related mortality, progression of disease, and thromboembolic events. This article examines the recently published guidelines for ESA use in cancer patients from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Society of Hematology and attempts to contextualize them to the care of patients with coexistent CKD, cancer, and anemia.
Missing the Forest for the Trees: Why Cognitive Science Circa 2019 Is Alive and Well
Authors: French Robert M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNúñez and colleagues (2019) chronicle in extraordinary detail the “demise” of cognitive science, as it was first defined in the late 1970s. The problem is that their account, however accurate, misses the forest for the trees. Cognitive science circa 2019 is alive and well; it just has not followed the path anticipated by its founders over 40 years ago.
Oculo‐skeletal dysplasia in five Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Sebbag Lionel , Riggs Alexandra , Carnevale Joyce 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical features and diagnostic findings of Labrador Retrievers with oculo‐skeletal dysplasia (OSD).Animal studiedFive privately owned dogs.ProceduresMedical records of dogs diagnosed with OSD from 2008 through 2018 were reviewed. Patients were excluded if lacking disease confirmation through genetic testing (Optigen RD/OSD). Information collected included signalment, physical and ophthalmic examination findings, results of ocular ultrasound and electroretinogram, and digital radiographs of forelimbs and pelvis.ResultsAll five dogs were Labrador Retrievers, confirmed to be homozygote for the OSD mutation. The main physical abnormalities were vision deficits (5 dogs), short‐limbed dwarfism (5), carpal valgus (4), and color dilution alopecia (4). The main ophthalmic anomalies were cataracts (10 eyes), vitreous syneresis (10), retinal separation (6), persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (2), lens coloboma (2), microphakia (2), and persistent tunica vasculosa lentis (1). Ocular ultrasound and electroretinogram confirmed the diagnoses of retinal separations and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Radiographic changes included shortening of ulna and curved radius (5 dogs), elbow incongruity and osteoarthritis (4 dogs), hip dysplasia (3), and coxofemoral osteoarthritis (2). Available follow‐up information (2 dogs) showed progression of cataract from incipient to mature in one dog, necessitating cataract surgery, and progression of cataract and lameness in another dog.ConclusionsThe clinical findings of OSD are described in five Labrador Retrievers. DNA testing is critical to diagnose OSD and help eradicate this condition from the breed. Progression of cataracts and osteoarthritis in dogs with OSD warrants yearly monitoring.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of the Flow Force Exerted on the Disk of a Direct-Operated Pressure Safety Valve in Energy System
Authors: Zong Chaoyong , Zheng Fengjie , Chen Dianjing , Dempster William , Song Xueguan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The flow force acting on a valve disk plays an important role in the overall performance of pressure safety valves (PSVs). To quantify the disk force, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods have been widely implemented. In this paper, the capability of CFD models, and the identification of the most suitable turbulence models' geometry modeling and mesh requirements have been assessed to establish the accuracy of CFD models for disk force prediction. For validation purposes, a PSV disk force measuring rig was designed and constructed to obtain the steady-state flow forces exerted on the valve disk at different valve openings. The CFD model assessment is achieved by comparing the simulation results to experimental measurements; this is achieved in two stages. Stage 1 investigates the use of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based turbulence models where two-dimensional (2D) simulations are performed with five turbulence models. The results indicate that a variety of force results are produced by different turbulence models, among which the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω was found to have the best performance. Stage 2 investigates meshing and the use of symmetry and geometry simplifications; 2D, 1/8 three-dimensional (3D) and 1/2 3D mesh models are examined. The results indicate that the 1/8 3D mesh model is the optimal choice, owing to its higher accuracy and reasonable grid scale. The studies performed in this paper extend the knowledge of compressible flow force prediction, and should facilitate the design or optimization of PSVs.
Crack Growth Evaluation for Cracked Stainless and Carbon Steel Pipes Under Large Seismic Cyclic Loading
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshihito , Katsuyama Jinya , Li Yinsheng , Onizawa Kunio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some Japanese nuclear power plants have experienced several large earthquakes beyond the design basis ground motion. In addition, cracks resulting from long-term operation have been detected in piping systems. Therefore, to assess the structure integrity and to evaluate the fragility of cracked pipes taking the occurrence of large earthquakes into account, it is very important to establish a crack growth evaluation method for cracked pipes that are subjected to large seismic cyclic response loading. In our previous study, we proposed an evaluation method for crack growth during large earthquakes through experimental study using small size specimens and investigation using finite element analyses. In the present study, to confirm applicability of the proposed method to pipe, crack growth tests were conducted on both stainless and carbon steel pipe specimens with a circumferential through-wall crack, considering large seismic cyclic response loading with complex waveforms. The predicted crack growth values are in good agreement with the experimental results and the applicability of the proposed method was confirmed.
A Numerical Study of Shock and Heating With Rarefaction for Hypersonic Flow Over a Cylinder
Authors: Assam Ashwani , Nived M. R. , Kalkote Nikhil Narayan , Eswaran Vinayak 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The numerical computation of hypersonic flows over blunt bodies is challenging due to the difficulty in robust and accurate wall heat flux prediction and proper capturing of shock waves free from the “carbuncle” phenomenon and other shock anomalies. It is important to understand how this behavior is affected due to rarefaction, which in turn will help to improve the study of aerospace vehicles flowing in rarefied and hypersonic regime. Recently, the SLAU2 convective scheme was shown to suppress the shock anomalies found in capturing strong shocks, however, it still showed a wavy pattern of heating. We have proposed a modification to the SLAU2 convective scheme to improve the accuracy of flow predictions in the presence of strong shocks. We then perform the numerical simulation of hypersonic viscous flow over a cylinder at Mach 8 and 16.34 at different Knudsen numbers. We carry out the study using the modified SLAU2 and the classical Roe schemes. We study how the shock anomalies found in the continuum hypersonic flows behave with the degree of rarefaction. It is found that the modified SLAU2 captures the shock free from the shock anomalies at all Kn, while the Roe scheme lacks robustness for Kn≲10−3. The variation of different flow properties such as heat flux, wall shear stress, and the Mach number is investigated. The peak heating value was observed to decrease with the degree of rarefaction.
Experimental Study on Comprehensive Performance of Sintering Biporous Wicks Prepared by Salt Dissolution and Cold Pressing Process
Authors: Guo Chunsheng , Jiang Cheng , Ma Jun , Cao Yingwen , Zou Yong , Liu Yong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Porous wicks are a key component of loop heat pipes (LHPs). In order to enhance the antigravity and long-distance operation ability of the LHP, a porous wick is required to have the characteristics of high permeability and high capillary suction capability. In this paper, biporous wicks were prepared by salt dissolution pore-forming technology, and a gas resistance testing platform and a capillary suction testing platform were setup to test the samples. The current research studies the effects of different pore-forming agent mass ratios (10%, 30%, and 40%) and different cold pressing pressures (30 kN, 40 kN, 50 kN, and 60 kN) on the porosity, permeability, and the suction speed. The study finds that the porosity, permeability, and the total suction mass of the porous wicks all increase when the NaCl mass increases; the increase of the suction speed is proportional to the increase of the porosity and the permeability, and hence, proportional to the increase of NaCl mass. The total suction mass and suction speed is inversely proportional to cold pressing pressure.