bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case Study of Digital Elevation Model-Based Slope Stability Assessment on Managed Forestland in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Pyles Marvin R. , Kramer Mari 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An aerial photo-based inventory of landslides on recently harvested and reforested land after a significant landslide-producing storm in February 1996, was compared with a digital elevation model-based assessment of slope stability (shallow landsliding stability model [SHALSTAB]) for Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) and surrounding forestland. The SHALSTAB predictions of landslide locations did not correlate well with the locations of observed landslides. Eighty-nine percent of the landslides on the more stable landform in the southern portion of the CTSI ownership occurred on land that SHALSTAB indicated to be at a low risk of landsliding. Seventy-two percent of the landslides on the less stable landform to the north occurred on land that SHALSTAB indicated to be at a low risk of landsliding. Conversely, only 11 and 28%, respectively, of the observed landslides occurred on lands predicted to be “chronically unstable” or at “high risk” by SHALSTAB. This level of correct prediction of landsliding was judged to be unacceptable for SHALSTAB to be used for slope stability assessment as a part of forest management planning. West. J. Appl. For. 21(4):195–202.
Optimal Policies for Managing Aggregate Resources on Temporary Forest Roads
Authors: Sessions John , Boston Kevin , Thoreson Rick , Mills Keith 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
High-quality, durable rock aggregate suitable for road surfacing, with low sediment–producing characteristics, is a scarce resource in many forested areas of the United States and elsewhere. Rock aggregate is a heavy product that generally must be transported less than 50 miles to be economically useful. In the Coast Ranges of western Oregon and Washington, aggregate for road surfacing can amount to more than 60% of the cost of road construction. Durable aggregate is becoming scarcer, with few known quarry sources. So, over the last two decades, some aggregate surfacing on temporary roads has been recycled by both the USDA Forest Service and the Oregon Department of Forestry. We discuss the process of recycling road aggregate, drawing from the experience on the Astoria District of the Oregon Department of Forestry, and then propose a mathematical formulation to determine optimal policies for managing aggregate resources on temporary forest roads. West. J. Appl. For. 21(4):207–216.
Projections of Forestland and Developed Land Areas in Western Washington
Authors: Alig Ralph , White Eric 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Between 1990 and 2000, nonfederal timberland areas in western Washington declined by 5%, in contrast to a 3% reduction for the 1980–90 period. Most of this reduction is attributed to the conversion of timberland to other land uses, especially urban and other developed uses. In areas such as the Puget Sound region, population densities have more than doubled over the last 40 years. Further expansion in urban and developed areas is expected, with timberland a major source for development. We project an 8% reduction over 30 years in forestland area in western Washington. At the same time, urban and other developed areas are projected to roughly double, driven by increases in population and personal income levels. Increased demand for land for residential and other developed uses puts upward pressure on land values, increasing opportunity cost of retaining land in forests and raising the question of what will become of some forests and associated forest resources, such as water and wildlife, if forest owners find it too costly to manage the forest.
Economic Costs of Different Riparian Management Regulations in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Zobrist Kevin W. , Lippke Bruce R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Riparian management is an important consideration for sustainable wood production in the Pacific Northwest. Western Washington and Oregon have similar riparian management issues but different regulatory prescriptions. Application of these prescriptions to a sample of 10 small private ownerships illustrate some of the economic differences of each state's approach. Economic costs tend to be higher in Washington but can be significant in both states. Lower cost strategies through alternate plans may be important for protecting riparian habitat while ensuring the long-term economic viability of forestry in the region.
Comparing Tree and Stand Volume Growth Response to Low and Crown Thinning in Young Natural Douglas-fir Stands
Authors: Emmingham Wm , Fletcher Rick , Fitzgerald Stephen , Bennett Max 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We consider tree and stand response to low, crown, and no thinningof well-differentiated, naturally regenerated even-aged Douglas-firstands over 15 years on a moderately productive Cascade Mountains siteand over 10 years on a highly productive Oregon Coast Range site.Regardless of treatment, trees in dominant and codominant crown classescontinued growing at preinitiation rates and contributed 92–100% ofstand growth 5–15 years later. Most leave trees in suppressed crownclasses died during the first 10 years and suppressed and intermediatecrown classes contributed little to stand growth because survivorscontinued to grow slowly. Low thinning remains the most reliablethinning method for increasing stand volume in high-quality trees.Crown or selection thinning may be used to achieve certain objectivesif managers carefully use information about response of trees invarious crown classes. Growth rates of residual stands will depend onthe amount of residual growing stock and the degree to which it iscomprised of vigorously growing dominant and codominant trees.Residual subordinate trees may provide snags but few living trees insmall-diameter classes. Implications for management of the Douglas-firare discussed.
Simulating the Effects of Forest Management on Large Woody Debris in Streams in Northern Idaho
Authors: Teply Mark , McGreer Dale , Schult Dennis , Seymour Patrick 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Existing models for simulating large woody debris (LWD) loads of forest streams were adapted for forest conditions in northern Idaho. Effects of riparian management prescriptions implemented for streams within a habitat conservation planning area for bull trout and other sensitive species were evaluated based on riparian and instream LWD conditions observed along 58 randomly selected stream segments. A wood budgeting system presented by Welty et al. (2002. Riparian aquatic interaction simulator (RAIS): A model of riparian forest dynamics for the generation of large woody debris and shade. For. Ecol. Manage. 162:299–318) was employed through use of observed starting instream LWD loads and generalized depletion rates. LWD recruitment estimates were based on locally relevant growth and yield simulators, taper equations, and adjustments for tree fall directional bias. LWD loading, expressed as the number of qualifying pieces per 1,000 ft of stream, was examined under two scenarios: a no-harvest scenario and a harvest scenario. Results indicated no significant difference in the frequency distribution of simulated LWD loading between the no-harvest and harvest scenarios over a 100-year prediction period. Examination of our assumptions indicated that LWD loading was likely underestimated and less variable than would be expected. However, these assumptions had equal effects on each scenario, enabling us to confidently interpret the effects of timber harvest. The nature and extent of riparian forest harvesting evaluated in this simulation is similar to levels being considered elsewhere in the region. Therefore, simulation techniques demonstrated here could be applied elsewhere in the region for evaluating the potential effects of riparian management on fisheries resources.
Regional Height–Diameter Equations for Major Tree Species of Southwest Oregon
Authors: Temesgen Hailemariam , Hann David W. , Monleon Vincente J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Selected tree height and diameter functions were evaluated for their predictive abilities for major tree species of southwest Oregon. Two sets of equations were evaluated. The first set included four base equations for estimating height as a function of individual tree diameter, and the remaining 16 equations enhanced the four base equations with alternative measures of stand density and relative position. The inclusion of the crown competition factor in larger trees (CCFL) and basal area (BA), which simultaneously indicates the relative position of a tree and stand density, into the base height–diameter equations increased the accuracy of prediction for all species. On the average, root mean square error values were reduced by 45 cm (15% improvement). On the basis of the residual plots and fit statistics, two equations are recommended for estimating tree heights for major tree species in southwest Oregon. The equation coefficients are documented for future use.
Technical Note: Development of a Landsat Time Series for Application in Forest Status Assessment in the Inland Northwest United States
Authors: Beck Russell N. , Gessler Paul E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Inland Northwest United States contains extensive areas of complex, inaccessible terrain requiring significant resource expenditure for forest inventory, assessment, and monitoring. Cost-effective methods are necessary for annual broad-scale assessment of forest condition over complex terrain. Proficiency in the use of timely satellite image products along with spatial analysis tools such as geographic information systems can assist natural resource managers to understand regional dynamics and change within these landscapes. Satellite-derived vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can effectively assess and monitor vegetation dynamics of large remote areas. This article presents a newly developed archive and example methods for monitoring forest dynamics through the creation of NDVI departure maps. The NDVI products were generated from a time series of Landsat imagery (1989–2004) to derive both density distributions and a long-term departure from average map for any year or series of years within the time series archive. A preliminary application of the data is demonstrated showing temporal trends of vegetation dynamics relating to harvesting and management within two small pilot study areas in north Idaho.
Developing Fire Behavior Fuel Models for the Wildland–Urban Interface in Anchorage, Alaska
Authors: Cheyette Daniel , Rupp T. Scott , Rodman Sue 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fire behavior modeling systems are playing an increasingly important role in identifying areas of the wildland–urban interface (WUI) that could support intense and fast-moving wildfires. The modeling systems also can be used to prioritize areas for fuels reduction treatments. We used forest inventory data to create custom fire behavior fuel models for the Anchorage, Alaska, WUI—an area strongly impacted by a recent spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) infestation. Eight custom fuel models were developed including a custom fuel model for a spruce bark beetle impacted forest type. NEXUS simulations indicate that the custom fuel models better describe forest structure and predict fire behavior than do parameterized standard fuel models previously used by local fire managers. Rate of spread and fireline ranged from 1–321 chains/hour and 1–2,549 Btu/ft per second, respectively, for the custom fuel models compared with 1–70 chains/hour and 1–7,929 Btu/ft per second, respectively, for the parameterized standard fuel models. Our study shows that it is both possible and feasible to create custom fuel models directly from fuels inventory data. This achievement has broad implications for land managers, particularly managers of the boreal forest, a region that is susceptible to wildfires but also home to a growing human population and increasing amounts of development.
Effects of Growing Space on Growth for 20-Year-Old Giant Sequoia, Ponderosa Pine, and Douglas-Fir in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Peracca Galen G. , O'Hara Kevin L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Relationships between growing space per tree and tree growth components (dbh, height, percentage of live crown, height-diameter ratio, tree volume, and tree biomass) were studied in three single-species, 20-year-old Nelder plots in the Sierra Nevada. Study species included ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa [P.&C. Lawson]), coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum [Lindl.] Buchh.). Spacing distance between trees varied from 1.77 to 17.78 ft, and growing space per tree varied from 4.1 to 411.0 ft2 (computed using Thiessen polygons). Relationships between growing space and tree height, tree diameter, and percentage of live crown were all significant and showed increasing trends as growing space per tree increased. Height:diameter ratios were high at close spacing and decreased with increasing growing space. Volume growth and biomass per tree increased, whereas stand volume and stand biomass decreased with increased growing space. Ponderosa pine produced the most stand volume and biomass of the three species.
The Effects of Initial Spacing and Rectangularity on the Early Growth of Hybrid Poplar
Authors: Johnstone Wayne D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray × Populus deltoides Marsh.) plantations, at two locations in southern British Columbia, were examined 9 years after planting, to determine the effects of plantation spacing on individual-tree and per-hectare growth and development. At both locations, spacing had a direct, significant effect on virtually all of the individual-tree characteristics examined. For a given amount of growing space per tree, rectangularity (within-row/between-row spacing ratios) had no significant effect on individual-tree diameter, height, or total bole volume. Virtually all of the per-hectare characteristics examined were not significantly affected by spacing at either location.
Distribution of Fine Roots of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir in a Central Idaho Forest
Authors: Dumm Gabriel , Fins Lauren , Graham Russell T. , Jain Theresa B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study describes soil horizon depth and fine root distribution in cores collected at two distances from the boles of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine trees at a study site in a central Idaho forest. Concentration and content of fine roots extracted from soil cores were compared among species, soil horizons, tree size, and distance from bole. Approximately 80% of litter and humus samples contained no fine roots. The highest fine root content and concentrations of fine roots occurred in deep mineral soil for both species (1.24 g and 2.82 g/l for Douglas-fir and 0.98g and 2.24 g/l for ponderosa pine, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found in fine root content or concentration between species in any of the four soil horizons. Tree size was not a significant factor in fine root distribution in this study. Significant variables were horizon, distance from bole, and interactions among tree size, location of sample, and soil horizon. This study, which was part of a larger US Forest Service study to develop a predictive model of postfire tree mortality, provides baseline information that may be useful in predicting postfire damage to fine roots.
Increasing Value and Reducing Costs through Hauling Longer Logs: Opportunities and Issues
Authors: Sessions John , Wimer Jeff , Boston Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The majority of log volume in the western United States is transported as long logs on stinger-steered pole trailers. Opportunities exist to increase value and reduce costs through hauling longer logs. Hauling longer logs often permits increasing gross vehicle weight, reducing the cost of transport and using less fuel per unit of log volume transported. Longer logs also increase the potential to recover value by retaining more bucking options at the mill. On higher-speed routes, hauling longer logs will decrease fuel consumption if vehicle air resistance is reduced. A number of issues associated with hauling longer logs must be considered, including truck performance on horizontal and vertical curves, gradeability, loading and unloading trucks, mill yard layout, method of log measurement, and bridge limits.
Biomass and Stand Characteristics of a Highly Productive Mixed Douglas-Fir and Western Hemlock Plantation in Coastal Washington
Authors: Harrison Robert B. , Terry Thomas A. , Licata Christopher W. , Flaming Barry L. , Meade Rod , Guerrini Irae A. , Strahm Brian D. , Xue Dongsen , Lolley M. Reese , Sidell Amy R. , Wagoner Gage L. , Briggs David , Turnblom Eric C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Aboveground biomass predictive equations were developed for a highly productive 47-year-old mixed Douglas-fir and western hemlock stand in southwest Washington State to characterize the preharvest stand attributes for the Fall River Long-Term Site Productivity Study. The equations were developed using detailed biomass data taken from 31 Douglas-fir and 11 western hemlock trees within the original stand. The stand had an average of 615 live trees per hectare, with an average dbh of 35.6 cm (39.1 cm for Douglas-fir and 33.3 cm for western hemlock) and an average total tree height of 31.6 m (32.8 m for Douglas-fir and 30.2 m for western hemlock). Equations developed were of the form ln Y = b1 + b2 ln dbh, where Y = biomass in kg, dbh = diameter in cm at 1.3 m height, b1 = intercept, and b2 = slope of equation. Each tree part was estimated separately and also combined into total aboveground biomass. The total aboveground biomass estimation equations were ln Y = −0.9950 + 2.0765 ln dbh for Douglas-fir, and ln Y = −1.6612 + 2.2321 ln dbh for western hemlock. The estimate of the aboveground live-tree biomass was of 395 Mg ha−1 (235 Mg ha−1 for Douglas-fir and 160 Mg ha−1 for western hemlock), with 9.5, 29.3, 12.9, 308, and 32.7 Mg ha−1 in the foliage, live branches, dead branches, stem wood, and stem bark, respectively. When compared with biomass estimates from six other studies, ranging in age from 22 to 110 years and from 96.3 to 636 Mg ha−1, the biomass of the Fall River site was relatively high for its age, indicating very high productivity.
Wood Changes in Four Size Classes of Fire-Killed Western Larch
Authors: Jackson Marcus B. , Bulaon Beverly M. , Marsden Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four size classes (8–12, 12.1–16, 16.1–20, and 20.1+ in. dbh) of fire-killed western larch (Larix occidentalis) were monitored and dissected over a 5-year period to assess causes and rates ofpostfire wood changes. Defect and merchantable volume were assessed by a certified scaler during the first 3 years. A greater proportion of wood volume in small trees was affected by decay, wood borers, and checks than in the large trees. Half of the 8‐12 in. dbh size class wood volumewas lost to postfire defects, whereas less than 15% of the 20.1+ in. dbh size class wood volume was lost to postfire defects after 3 years.
Relating Forest Attributes with Area- and Tree-Based Light Detection and Ranging Metrics for Western Oregon
Authors: Goerndt Michael E. , Monleon Vincente J. , Temesgen Hailemariam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three sets of linear models were developed to predict several forest attributes, using stand-level and single-tree remote sensing (STRS) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) metrics as predictor variables. The first used only area-level metrics (ALM) associated with first-return height distribution, percentage of cover, and canopy transparency. The second alternative included metrics of first-return LiDAR intensity. The third alternative used area-level variables derived from STRS LiDAR metrics. The ALM model for Lorey's height did not change with inclusion of intensity and yielded the best results in terms of both model fit (adjusted R2 = 0.93) and cross-validated relative root mean squared error (RRMSE = 8.1%). The ALM model for density (stems per hectare) had the poorest precision initially (RRMSE = 39.3%), but it improved dramatically (RRMSE = 27.2%) when intensity metrics were included. The resulting RRMSE values of the ALM models excluding intensity for basal area, quadratic mean diameter, cubic stem volume, and average crown width were 20.7, 19.9, 30.7, and 17.1%, respectively. The STRS model for Lorey's height showed a 3% improvement in RRMSE over the ALM models. The STRS basal area and density models significantly underperformed compared with the ALM models, with RRMSE values of 31.6 and 47.2%, respectively. The performance of STRS models for crown width, volume, and quadratic mean diameter was comparable to that of the ALM models.
Allometric Equation Development, Biomass, and Aboveground Productivity in Ponderosa Pine Forests, Black Hills, Wyoming
Authors: Tinker Daniel , Stakes Gail K. , Arcano Richard M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Temperate forest ecosystems continue to play an important role in the global carbon cycle, and the ability to accurately quantify carbon storage and allocation remains a critical tool for managers and researchers. This study was aimed at developing new allometric equations for predicting above- and belowground biomass of both mature trees and saplings of ponderosa pine trees in the Black Hills region of the western United States and at evaluating thinning effects on biomass pools and aboveground productivity. Study sites included three stands that had been commercially thinned and one unmanaged stand. Nine allometric equations were developed for mature trees, and six equations were developed for saplings; all models exhibited strong predictive power. The unmanaged stand contained more than twice as much total aboveground biomass as any of the thinned stands. Aboveground biomass allocation among tree compartments was similar among the three older stands but quite different from the young, even-aged stand. Stand-level aboveground net primary production was higher in the unmanaged and intensively managed stands, yet tree-level annual productivity was much lower in the unmanaged stands than in any of the managed forests, suggesting that thinning of some forest stands may increase their ability to sequester and store carbon. Our data also suggest that different management approaches did not have the same effect on carbon allocation as they did on total carbon storage capacity, but rather, stand age was the most important factor in predicting carbon allocation within individual trees and stands. Identification of the relationships between stand structure and forest management practices may help identify various management strategies that maximize rates of carbon storage in ponderosa pine forests.