bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
29 The effect of fleshing ability on cow and calf performance
Authors: Holder Amanda , Wiseman Aksel , McGee Adam , Lalman David , Andresen Claire 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Several factors influence the overall maintenance requirements of a mature beef cow including age, gain, lactation, pregnancy, and fleshing ability. However, limited research is available to distinguish what sets a hard-fleshing cow apart from an easy-fleshing cow. Cows that are hard-fleshing maintain a lower body condition score (BCS) throughout the year compared to easy-fleshing counterparts. The objectives of this experiment are to determine the differences in characteristics and production between cows classified as easy- vs. hard- fleshing. Characteristics of interest include feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, body weight changes, BCS changes, and other body composition measurements, as well as calf weaning weight. In this study, 24 spring-calving, mature Angus beef cows were classified as either hard-fleshing or easy-fleshing based on BCS and ultrasound measurements for back fat and rump fat. The intake study took place during the second trimester, cows were assigned to an easy- or hard-fleshing pen based on treatment where they remained for the entirety of the 45-day intake study. Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Milk data collection began one month after calving with monthly milkings from May-August. There were no differences (P = 0.9) in DMI, although hard-fleshing cows had greater DMI calculated on a metabolic body weight basis (P = 0.05). There was a trend (P = 0.12) for hard-fleshing cows to wean heavier calves, although there was no difference in mean milk yield (P = 0.44). Body condition score was positively correlated with protein and carbohydrate content of milk with easy-fleshing cows having greater contents of both (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). Overall, an increase in BCS without an increase in DMI may be beneficial from a reproductive standpoint, though more research in this area is needed.
76 Shipping calves to the Southern Great Plains: Impact of mode, timing, distance and cattle type
Authors: Griffin Dee 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This presentation will discuss historical transportation information, recommendations and available transportation data. Stocker and feeder cattle transportation in the U.S. is virtually unchanged in the last five decades. Transportation stress continues to be accepted as an important factor in the morbidity and mortality of cattle shipped to Southern Great Plains feedyards and stocker operations. Transportation research has occurred in bits and pieces that provide glimpses into mechanisms involved but in general the results are puzzle pieces that have had little influence on transportation techniques. The Electronic Logging Device (ELD) use mandate in livestock hauling will impact stocker and feeder transport to the Great Plains. The extent of which is not yet known and recent delays in implementation with concurrent “exceptions” and “adjustments” make it unclear what the future will hold for stocker and feeder cattle transportation. The Livestock Marketing Association (LMA) has in recent decades developed voluntary livestock handling and transportation training for their customers. Some of the training has been accomplished in a partnership with the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA). The first of these were the “Focal Point” training and “Master Transporter Guide.” More recent, NCBA has developed Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) Transportation certification training for both “Farmer/Rancher” and “Professional Drivers.” Packers have embraced this effort and the major packers currently require all drivers delivering livestock to their operations to be certified. The NCBA BQA Transportation training certification is applicable to stocker and feeder drivers hauling cattle to the Great Plains, but currently it is rare that stocker and feeder operations require drivers to have transportation certification that bring cattle to their operations. Interesting and useful data will be reviewed, such as transportation data collected from Dr. Richeson and Dr. Lawrence at West Texas A&M University. Finding examples include; cattle during transportation can take thousands of steps while on in the semi-trailer with differing number of steps and G-Forces being recorded for cattle on the top deck compared to cattle on the lower deck.
87 Effect of calcium supplementation on gestation and farrowing characteristics of sows
Authors: Harrelson Flint W , Emery Audrey , Moore Courtney , Siefert Dillon , Harrelson Patricia L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Calcium, when supplemented prior to farrowing, has been shown to reduce stillborn deaths by shortening farrowing duration. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of calcium supplementation on birth weight, gestation length, live vs. stillborn piglets, and litter weight. Twenty crossbred sows and gilts, across two farrowing groups, were stratified by parity (range = 0 - 9) and randomly allocated to one of two treatments, no calcium supplement (CON) or a 28% calcium supplement (CAL) beginning 3 d prior to initiation of farrowing. Supplement was top-dressed at the afternoon feeding (1500 h) and was maintained through parturition, whether it preceded or succeeded the expected 3 d treatment. Sows were monitored from the initiation of farrowing until passage of the placenta was complete and delivery time, birth weight, and sex of piglets was recorded. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. No significant effect (P = 0.41) on birth weight was observed for CAL compared to CON sows (1.42 vs. 1.38 ± 0.03 kg). Gestation length was reduced (P < 0.01) for CAL sows compared to CON sows (115.1 vs. 116.2 ± 0.2 d, respectively), while both litter size (P = 0.32) and litter weight (P = 0.25) were unaffected by supplementation. Calcium supplementation exhibited no impact on either the percentage of piglets born alive (P = 0.51) nor percentage of stillborn piglets (P = 0.50) though numerically these were improved compared to controls (87.3 vs. 80.4 ± 8.0%, and 11.95 vs. 18.15 ± 8.0%, respectively). In summary, calcium supplemented sows farrowed sooner, though piglet birth weight along with percentage of piglets born alive or stillborn was similar to those whom were not supplemented.
94 Performance of growing beef cattle consuming bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide and molasses and supplemented with cottonseed meal
Authors: Ciriaco Francine M , Henry Darren D , Canal Luara B , Sanford Carla D , Barreneche Gonzalo , Luna Ana C G , Dubeux Jose C B , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay treated with calcium oxide (CaO) and molasses, offered ad libitum, on performance of growing beef cattle supplemented with cottonseed meal. Sixty-four growing Bos taurus and Bos indicus influenced heifers (249 ± 26 kg of BW) and steers (249 ± 20 kg of BW) were used in a randomized complete block design. The experiment consisted of a 56 d period in which animals were weighed every 14 d. On d 0, animals were weighed after 16-h water and feed withdrawal, stratified by sex, breed, and BW, and blocked by initial BW. Cattle were then allotted to 16 dormant bahiagrass pastures (1.34 ha each; 4 animals/pasture), which were located in 2 different areas within 0.52 km of each other. Pastures were stratified by location and randomly assigned (n = 8 pastures/treatment) to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) hay treated with 10% molasses (DM basis) + water (to 35% DM; MOL) or 2) hay treated with 5% CaO (DM basis) + 10% molasses (DM basis) + water (to 35% DM; CAO). Cottonseed meal was provided at a rate of 0.3% of cattle BW/d (as fed basis). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and pasture was the experimental unit. The model included the fixed effects of treatment and sex. Location and block were included as random effects. Initial and final BW were not affected by treatment (P = 0.573, P = 0.453; initial and final BW, respectively) or sex (P = 0.512, P = 0.670; initial and final BW, respectively). Additionally, no effects of treatment (P = 0.767) or sex (P = 0.285) were observed on ADG (average of 0.537 kg). In conclusion, bahiagrass hay treated with molasses alone or in combination with CaO failed to improve performance of growing beef cattle
144 Monensin effects on beef calves receiving limited creep-feeding supplementation
Authors: de Oliveira Rhaiza Alves , Vendramini João , Moriel Philipe , Arthington John , Miranda Miguel , Vedovatto Marcelo , Silva Hiran da 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Monensin is a feed additive used to increase performance of beef cattle; however, the effects on cattle grazing warm-season perennial forages with limited levels of concentrate are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to test the effects of monensin on performance of beef calves receiving limited creep-feeding supplementation. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL, from April to August (112 d) 2018. The creep-feeding supplementation level was 400 g of soybean meal/d. Calves were supplemented 3 days per week, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, thus the daily supplementation level was multiplied by 7 d and divided by 3 feeding days. Treatments were monensin (20 g/kg of the expected DMI) or control (no monensin), distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Twenty four cow-calf pairs (415±29 and 162±35 kg, respectively) were randomly distributed in eight limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) pastures (experimental units; 1.0 ha/pasture; 3 cow-calf pairs/pasture). Pastures were grazed with a continuous and fixed stocking rate. There was no difference in herbage mass (mean = 2,250 kg/ha, P =0.52, SE = 120) and herbage allowance (HA, mean = 1.2 kg DM/kg LW, P = 0.52, SE = 0.04) between treatments. In addition, there was no effect of monensin on calf average daily gain (mean = 0.77 kg/d, P = 0.27, SE = 0.04), cow body condition score (BCS, mean = 5.1, P = 0.15, SE = 0.15), and calf coccidia infestation (mean = 0.18 log egg count, P = 0.98, SE = 0.08). Calves receiving monensin consumed a lesser (P < 0.01) proportion of the supplement than control in the first 13 h after supplementation (76 vs. 95%). Monensin was not effective to increase performance of beef calves receiving limited creep-feeding supplementation.
108 Effects of post-weaning supplementation of immunomodulatory feed ingredient on cortisol concentrations and microbial populations in programmed fed beef heifers
Authors: McCarty Keelee J , Tipton Jessie , Ricks Ralph , Danielo Jessica L , Thompson Jesse , Long Nathan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of immunomodulatory feed ingredient during post-weaning on cortisol concentration and fecal microbial populations of beef heifers. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 72) from two AI sires were blocked (n = 9) by sire and BW, randomly assigned to one of two pens (4 heifers/pen) per block, then assigned to treatments. Heifers were fed twice daily from d 0 to 60 (gain 0.75 kg/day) and top-dressed once daily with either 72g of Celmanax (CEL) or corn germ (CON; corn germ meal) per pen. After 60 days, two heifers per pen (n = 32) were randomly selected for a transportation challenge. Fecal grab samples were collected on d 0 and 69 of treatment, hr -24, 0, 24 of the challenge and 7 d post-challenge. Serum samples were collected at h 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the challenge. Clostridia and E. coli were enumerated from fecal samples using selective media. Isolates (≤ five isolates from each media per sample) were genetically tested to determine if they were C. perfringens or pathogenic E. coli. Fecal samples were enriched for detection of Salmonella. Pen was the experimental unit and data was analyzed by ANOVA or repeated measures analysis. Following treatment, decreased (P ≤ 0.05) populations of total E. coli, Salmonella, and C. perfringens were observed in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers, whereas clostridia and pathogenic E. coli were not different (P > 0.05) between treatments. Transportation stress increased (P ≤ 0.05) populations of clostridia, C. perfringens, total E. coli, and Salmonella, but decreased (P = 0.0252) pathogenic E. coli counts. Cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers throughout the challenge. In summary, supplementation of Celmanax post-weaning altered microbial populations and cortisol concentrations were reduced during transportation in beef heifers.
107 Timing of progesterone exposure effects pregnancy rates following fixed time artificial insemination in postpartum beef cows
Authors: Smith Anna L , Poole Rebecca K , Mayberry Kyle , Newsome McKayla A , Dudley Harrison B , Poole Daniel H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Advancements in reproductive technologies have improved pregnancy rates in postpartum cows; however, undesirable consequences leading to reduced fertility still occur. Thus, the objectives were to determine if presence of a corpus luteum (CL) at the start of estrous synchronization (AIM1) or if the length of proestrus (interval from progesterone removal to a GnRH-induced LH surge; AIM2) alters fixed timed artificial insemination (FTAI) pregnancy rates. Cycling postpartum cows (n = 285) at two locations were synchronized using the CO-Synch+CIDR® FTAI protocol. Ultrasonographic measurements of luteal area were recorded at CIDR insertion. To determine the impact of proestrus length, cows were randomly assigned to either undergo CIDR removal at the time of PGF2a injection (long proestrus, n = 145), or CIDR removal 24 hours post PGF2a injection (short proestrus, n = 140). Blood samples were collected at CIDR insertion and at insemination for progesterone (P4) analysis. Pregnancy status to FTAI was assessed using ultrasonographic diagnosis at 30 d post insemination. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure of SAS and examined for effects of length of proestrus, P4 concentration, luteal area, sire, location, and age. Statistical significance was determined at P0.05) pregnancy rates. Pregnancy rates were greater in cows with >1 ng/mL P4 compared to cows with 0.05). Cows > 4 y old had higher AI pregnancy rates compared to 2–3 y cows (70.2±7.4 vs. 51±5.8%, respectively; P > 0.05). Based on these data, incorporating a presynchronization program to ensure the presence of a functional CL at the start of a FTAI protocol may improve pregnancy success in postpartum beef cows.
114 The relationship of cell mediated immune response of Brahman cows on calving interval
Authors: Mund Marianna E , Neuendorff Don A , Quail Lacey , Banta Jason P , Riley David G , Welsh Thomas H , Randel Ronald D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The relationships between cell-mediated immune response (CMIR) of cows and calving interval and calf growth were evaluated. Calving interval was evaluated for each of the initial 7 life-time opportunities that females had to produce a calf. The number of days from when the cow had a calf until she calved again determined the cow’s calving interval for each year. The Spring breeding seasons were divided into 45-d artificial insemination and 45-d natural service periods. The Fall breeding season was natural service each year. Multiparous Brahman cows (n = 435) had records for breeding and calving dates and calf weaning weights. The CMIR (hypersensitivity response to Candida albicans measured using tail-fold thickness) was determined once for each female in the Fall and early Winter 2015. Cows were classified into response groups based on mean and SD of CMIR. High responders were those with CMIR ½ SD ≥ the mean (≥ 2.8 mm), Intermediate cows were within ½ SD of the mean (2.7-1.8 mm), and cows ½ SD ≤ the mean were Low (≤ 1.7 mm). Data were analyzed using repeated measures, mixed, and Chi Square procedures (SAS 9.4). Variables included calving interval, cow age, CMIR response group, pregnancy status, calf count, calf sex, cow sire, calf sire, and calf adjusted 180-d weaning weight. A greater proportion of High CMIR cows made it to their 6th calving interval. Chi Square analysis indicated that High CMIR cows were more likely to remain in the herd longer and produce a calf each year. Cows with High CMIR had a greater stayability (P = 0.1). Selection for High CMIR can result in selection of cows which are more likely to remain in the herd long enough to be profitable as they have a greater stayability and shorter calving intervals (about 25 days) than their Low CMIR herdmates.
157 The relationship of weaning stress, sex and temperament on fecal microbiota and metabolites in Brahman calves
Authors: Gart Elena V , Lawhon Sara D , Suchodolski Jan S , Randel Ronald D , Welsh Thomas H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The relationship of weaning stress on fecal microbiota and serum and fecal metabolites of calm and temperamental 6-month-old Brahman bulls and heifers was studied. Temperament score (average of pen score and exit velocity) was used to classify calf temperament. Rectal fecal samples and jugular blood samples were collected from 10 calm and 10 temperamental calves (5 bulls and 5 heifers of each temperament) at weaning and d 4 after weaning. Fecal bacterial DNA was used to characterize microbiota by Illumina sequencing, MiSeq, QIIME, UniFrac, and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) methods. Serum and fecal samples were used to characterize metabolites by untargeted GC-TOF mass spectrometry, ChromaTOF, and BinBase methods. Univariate analysis (alpha value for the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test = 0.05, FDR = 0.1) was used to determine differentially abundant microbial taxa and metabolites. Serum cortisol concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in temperamental than in calm calves. Serum cortisol was greater (P < 0.05) in heifers than bulls. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot showed 71 and 31 bacterial taxa were differentially enriched between day and sex at d 4, respectively; and 51 unknown and 9 known fecal metabolites were differentially enriched between day and sex at d 4, respectively. Abundance of metabolites of neuroactive compounds in fecal and serum samples varied by weaning, sex and temperament. Specifically, by d 4 5-aminovaleric acid, 5-methoxytryptamine, adenosine, capric acid, glutamic acid, tyramine, and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were enriched (P < 0.05) in feces. By d 4 metabolites associated with lipolysis were differentially enriched in serum. Energy related metabolites (glycerol-3-galactoside, glucose and trehalose) were enriched (P < 0.05) in serum of temperamental relative to calm calves. Serum GABA was differentially enriched (P < 0.05) in heifers relative to bulls. The presence of microbiota taxa and metabolites associated with behavior and energy homeostasis were differentially affected by calf sex, temperament, and weaning stress.
125 Tick burden observed on cattle and sheep during winter season on the Edwards Plateau of Texas
Authors: Hays Samantha R , Teel Pete D , Starns Heath D , Garza Nick , Moen Robert , Tolleson Douglas R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Multi-species livestock grazing is a common practice in the Edwards Plateau of Texas. Winter demands on livestock are high because of forage quality and quantity limitations and stresses of tick parasitism. Our objective was to assess winter-active tick burden on livestock and gauge effectiveness of a pour-on synthetic pyrethroid acaricide. At the Sonora AgriLife Station, 26 Bos taurus crossbred heifers (260 ± 6 kg) and 28 Dorper ewes (42 ± 1 kg) were maintained on 97.125 hectares of rangeland. Tick burden was assessed by individual animal inspection on: 12-18-2017, 01-05-2018, 01-122018, 01-26-2018, 02-09-2018, 02-16-2018, 02-23-2018, and 03-08-2018. Trial 1 acaricide treatment was applied 01-05-2018 on heifers and ewes chosen randomly to serve in the non-treated control (13 heifers; 14 ewes) or acaricide-treated (13 heifers; 14 ewes) groups. Trial 2 acaricide treatment was applied 02-16-2018 using a switchback design. Tick species included Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor albipictus, and Ixodes scapularis. Tick burden differences were determined by analysis of variance procedures. There were no differences in tick burden on heifers or ewes prior to acaricide application for Trial 1 nor Trial 2 (P > 0.276, 0.002 ± 0.46; P > 0.354, 0.002 ± 0.11 and P > 0.606, 0.002 ± 0.05; P > 0.705, 0.001 ± 1.34, respectively). There were no differences (P > 0.149) between acaricide-treated (0.519 ± 0.05) and non-treated control (0.644 ± 0.07) heifers in Trial 1 nor Trial 2 (0.759 ± 0.07 and 0.404 ± 0.04, respectively). Similarly, there were no differences (P > 0.997) between acaricide-treated (2.964 ± 0.31) and non-treated control (2.965 ± 0.3) ewes in Trial 1 nor Trial 2 (1.015 ± 0.13 and 5.563 ± 0.45, respectively). We conclude ticks challenge the well-being and production in overwintering livestock in the Edwards Plateau. Alternative acaricides should be evaluated for efficacy and efficiency in these production systems
162 Assessment of daily intake by beef heifers of sweet potato storage roots under competitive limit-feeding conditions
Authors: Parish Jane A , Rutherford Cobie , Meyers Stephen L , Shankle Mark W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Excess consumption of sweet potato storage roots (SWP) poses an acidosis risk to cattle that may be mitigated by limit-feeding strategies. Yet limit-feeding is often administered to achieve mean desired daily DMI in groups of cattle with little regard for DMI variation among individuals. The study objective was to assess variation in daily DMI of SWP by beef heifers in limit-fed, competitive feeding groups. Twenty-four 9- to 10-mo-old Bos taurus crossbred heifers were stratified by initial BW (261.9 ± 8.8 kg) to 4 paddocks (6 heifers/ paddock) and offered SWP (24.9% DM on an as-fed basis; 7.7% CP, 5.9% ADF and 80% TDN on a DM basis) supplementation daily at a rate of 3.4 kg DM/ paddock with ad libitum access to mixed-grass pasture. After a 7-d acclimation period in which all heifers were trained to use a GrowSafe system, daily SWP DMI was monitored for 39 days. Standard deviation estimates were calculated from DMI data and used to classify DMI into the following levels: low (2.0 kg, >0.5 SD). Half of the heifers (mean SWP DMI = 0.0 ± 0.02 kg) never consumed SWP at the high DMI level, but 42% of the heifers (mean SWP DMI = 1.1 ± 0.02 kg) consumed SWP at the high DMI level for at least 18 days over the study duration. No heifers consumed at the moderate DMI level more than 16 days during the trial. This suggests that DMI of individual cattle offered SWP in limit-fed groups often either exceeds by approximately 2-fold per animal mean values of SWP offered per group or is at or near zero. Additional research is needed to elucidate optimal group feeding strategies to achieve individual DMI targets among cattle offered SWP.