bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sex chromosome system can influence the evolution of sex‐biased dispersal
Authors: Brom Thomas , Massot Manuel , Laloi David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSex‐biased dispersal is a much‐discussed feature in literature on dispersal. Diverse hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of sex‐biased dispersal, a difference in dispersal rate or dispersal distance between males and females. An early hypothesis has indicated that it may rely on the difference in sex chromosomes between males and females. However, this proposal was quickly rejected without a real assessment. We propose a new perspective on this hypothesis by investigating the evolution of sex‐biased dispersal when dispersal genes are sex‐linked, that is when they are located on the sex chromosomes. We show that individuals of the heterogametic sex disperse relatively more than do individuals of the homogametic sex when dispersal genes are sex‐linked rather than autosomal. Although such a sex‐biased dispersal towards the heterogametic sex is always observed in monogamous species, the mating system and the location of dispersal genes interact to modulate sex‐biased dispersal in monandry and polyandry. In the context of the multicausality of dispersal, we suggest that sex‐linked dispersal genes can influence the evolution of sex‐biased dispersal.
A highly sensitive, non‐invasive qPCR‐based strategy for direct quantification of Yersinia ruckeri in fish faeces
Authors: Ghosh Bikramjit , Crosbie Philip B. B. , Nowak Barbara F. , Bridle Andrew R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFinfish with asymptomatic Yersinia ruckeri infections pose a major risk as they can transmit the pathogen and cause clinical outbreaks in stock populations. Current tools have insufficient quantitative ability for accurately detecting the trace levels of Y. ruckeri typically associated with asymptomatic infection, necessitate invasive or lethal sampling, or require long processing times. This study presents a highly sensitive qPCR‐based method, targeting part of the Y. ruckeri 16S rRNA sequence, that is capable of detecting extremely low levels of Y. ruckeri in noninvasively collected faecal samples. Quantitative precision and accuracy of faecal sample analysis was consistent, despite the complexity of the faecal matrix. The assay demonstrated linearity over a six log‐wide dynamic range. Its limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 4 and 10 copies of the target sequence, respectively. Sensitivity of the assay was comparable to other qPCR‐based methods without requiring invasive or lethal sampling. Applicability as a screening strategy was tested using passively collected faecal samples. Asymptomatic Y. ruckeri infection was detected in all samples, although none of the fish exhibited overt infection. This method will be beneficial for finfish disease management if developed further as a noninvasive, screening tool against asymptomatic Y. ruckeri infection.
Altered uric acid metabolism in isolated colonic Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis
Authors: Zhu Feng , Feng Dengyu , Zhang Tenghui , Gu Lili , Zhu Weiming , Guo Zhen , Li Yi , Lu Nan , Gong Jianfeng , Li Ning 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground and AimPatients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have higher incidence of developing nephrolithiasis. Increased uric acid production induced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae exacerbates colitis in mice. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum uric acid level and disease activity in IBD population.MethodsFour hundred and thirty‐five patients enrolled in Jinling Hospital from January 1, 2015 to August 31, 2017 were included in the retrospective study. Clinical parameters were collected and compared with non‐IBD matched controls (n = 51). Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio (UA/Cr) was used as a biomarker for uric acid metabolism. Sixty‐five active IBD patients were longitudinally studied to investigate the UA/Cr before and after therapy. Linear mixed models were estimated for Crohn's disease (CD) group to explore the relationship between UA/Cr and other parameters.ResultsUric acid to creatinine ratio was significantly correlated with Crohn's disease activity index (ρ = 0.184, P = 0.002) and Harvey Bradshaw index (ρ = 0.154, P = 0.010) and C‐reactive protein (ρ = 0.591, P < 0.001) in CD group. Colonic CD and anti‐Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) positive CD had an increased UA/Cr compared with L1, L3, and ASCA negative CD (P = 0.027, P = 0.0013, and P = 0.043, respectively). A significant decrease in UA/Cr was observed after induction therapy in active CD (P = 0.0002) but not in ulcerative colitis (P = 0.076).ConclusionUric acid to creatinine ratio correlated with disease activity in CD. Colonic CD and ASCA positive CD had an increased UA/Cr. Effective treatment for CD patients lowered UA/Cr. Uric acid metabolism might be a novel aspect to investigate disease activity of IBD.
Quantitative 3D comparison of biofilm imaged by X‐ray micro‐tomography and two‐photon laser scanning microscopy
Authors: LARUE A.E. , SWIDER P. , DURU P. , DAVIAUD D. , QUINTARD M. , DAVIT Y. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryOptical imaging techniques for biofilm observation, like laser scanning microscopy, are not applicable when investigating biofilm formation in opaque porous media. X‐ray micro‐tomography (X‐ray CMT) might be an alternative but it finds limitations in similarity of X‐ray absorption coefficients for the biofilm and aqueous phases. To overcome this difficulty, barium sulphate was used in Davit et al. (2011) to enable high‐resolution 3D imaging of biofilm via X‐ray CMT. However, this approach lacks comparison with well‐established imaging methods, which are known to capture the fine structures of biofilms, as well as uncertainty quantification. Here, we compare two‐photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) images of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa biofilm grown in glass capillaries against X‐ray CMT using an improved protocol where barium sulphate is combined with low‐gelling temperature agarose to avoid sedimentation. Calibrated phantoms consisting of mono‐dispersed fluorescent and X‐ray absorbent beads were used to evaluate the uncertainty associated with our protocol along with three different segmentation techniques, namely hysteresis, watershed and region growing, to determine the bias relative to image binarization. Metrics such as volume, 3D surface area and thickness were measured and comparison of both imaging modalities shows that X‐ray CMT of biofilm using our protocol yields an accuracy that is comparable and even better in certain respects than TPLSM, even in a nonporous system that is largely favourable to TPLSM.
Mapping birefringence in three dimensions using polarized light field microscopy: the case of the juvenile clamshell
Authors: TRAN M.T. , OLDENBOURG R. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryWe report methods to generate three‐dimensional maps of birefringence, its position and orientation in juvenile shells of the Atlantic hard clamshell (Mercenaria mercenaria). For measuring the retardance and optic axis orientation of curved shell surfaces in three dimensions, we developed enhanced acquisition and processing algorithms and combined results from conventional and light field imaging approaches to reconstruct the three‐dimensional shell shape and its anisotropic optical properties. Our work represents the first successful attempt to generate such maps at a spatial resolution of about 2 μm and angular steps of about 9° in terms of the inclination angles of the optic axis. The maps of clamshell birefringence provide structural insights into the early mineralization during juvenile clamshell development.
The locomotor system of the ocean sunfish Mola mola (L.): role of gelatinous exoskeleton, horizontal septum, muscles and tendons
Authors: Davenport John , Phillips Natasha D. , Cotter Elizabeth , Eagling Lawrence E. , Houghton Jonathan D. R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAdult ocean sunfish are the heaviest living teleosts. They have no axial musculature or caudal fin. Propulsion is by unpaired dorsal and anal fins; a pseudocaudal fin (‘clavus’) acts as a rudder. Despite common perception, young sunfish are active predators that swim quickly, beating their vertical fins in unison to generate lift‐based propulsion and attain cruising speeds similar to salmon and marlin. Here we show that the thick subcutaneous layer (or ‘capsule’), already known to provide positive buoyancy, is also crucial to locomotion. It provides two compartments, one for dorsal fin musculature and one for anal fin muscles, separated by a thick, fibrous, elastic horizontal septum that is bound to the capsule itself, the roof of the skull and the dorsal surface of the short vertebral column. The compartments are braced sagittally by bony haemal and neural spines. Both fins are powered by white muscles distributed laterally and red muscles located medially. The anal fin muscles are mostly aligned dorso‐ventrally and have origins on the septum and haemal spines. Dorsal fin muscles vary in orientation; many have origins on the capsule above the skull and run near‐horizontally and some bipennate muscles have origins on both capsule and septum. Such bipennate muscle arrangements have not been described previously in fishes. Fin muscles have hinged tendons that pass through capsular channels and radial cartilages to insertions on fin rays. The capsule is gelatinous (89.8% water) with a collagen and elastin meshwork. Greasy in texture, calculations indicate capsular buoyancy is partly provided by lipid. Capsule, septum and tendons provide elastic structures likely to enhance muscle action and support fast cruising.
Inverse correlation between the number of CXCR3+ macrophages and the severity of inflammatory lesions in Sjögren's syndrome salivary glands: A pilot study
Authors: Aota Keiko , Yamanoi Tomoko , Kani Koichi , Nakashiro Koh‐ichi , Ishimaru Naozumi , Azuma Masayuki 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundMechanisms underlying immune cells’ recruitment and activation into the inflammatory lesions of lip salivary glands (LSGs) from primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients are incompletely understood. Chemokines play pivotal roles in these processes, so we investigated the clinical significance of chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in the autoimmune lesions of pSS.MethodsWe histologically determined the grade of LSG samples from 22 patients with pSS and subjected the samples to immunofluorescence analysis to determine the expressions of CXCR3 and its ligands: CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. To identify the immune cells expressing CXCR3 in the LSGs, we performed double immunofluorescence analysis using antibodies against CD3 (pan‐T cells), CD80 (M1 macrophages), CD163 (M2 macrophages), and CD123 (plasmacytoid dendritic cells: pDCs). The relationship between the grade of lymphocytic infiltration and the number of positively stained cells was analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation test.ResultsThe expressions of CXCL9 and CXCL10 showed particularly intense staining in the LSG samples’ ductal cells. The CXCR3 expression was detected mainly in CD80+ and CD163+ macrophages. The number of CXCR3+CD163+ macrophages inversely correlated with the LSG inflammatory lesions’ severity (rs = −0.777, P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results suggest that the enhanced production of CXCL9 and CXCL10 from ductal cells results in the CXCR3+ macrophages’ migration. There was an inverse correlation between these two parameters: that is, the number of CXCR3+CD163+ macrophages decreased as the lymphocytic infiltration grade increased. Although CXCR3 is expressed in all of the innate immune cells, CXCR3+CD163+ M2 macrophages may contribute to the anti‐inflammatory functions in pSS lesions.
Unpacking the Meaning of Conflict in Organizational Conflict Research
Authors: Mikkelsen Elisabeth Naima , Clegg Stewart 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this conceptual essay, we review the field of organizational conflict to unpack how it has been constructed genealogically and with what consequences by investigating three major shifts in theorization that have occurred over the past six decades. First, a move away from viewing conflict as dysfunctional to viewing it as constructive. Second, a shift from normative prescriptions to descriptions of what disputants do in conflict. Third, a shift from psychological functional analyses to studying conflict as an organizational phenomenon. We find that three distinct and essentially contested conceptions frame studies of conflict at work: conflict as a distinct behavioral phenomenon, conflict as an instrumental means of achieving something else, and conflict as a social construction contingent on how reality is perceived. This conceptual essay adds to current thinking in organizational conflict research by emphasizing how philosophical and political assumptions about conflict can be seen to have framed knowledge production within the field when it is viewed historically.
A lifeworld phenomenological study of the experience of living within ageing skin
Authors: Cowdell Fiona , Galvin Kathleen T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractUnderstanding people's experience of skin ageing as it is lived can enable sensitive approaches to promoting healthy skin and to care in general. By understanding the insider perspective, what it is like for individuals, a way to sensitise practice for more humanly sensitive care is offered. Through interviews with seventeen community‐dwelling older people, the essential meaning of living within ageing skin was illuminated as a state of managed inevitability. The skin is inevitably changing, and ageing skin is a marker of change over time but the person within remains. Constituents of the phenomenon comprise the experience of unfamiliar sights and sensations given by ageing skin; facing and accepting bodily changes and seeing this back and forth in family connections; taking care of the skin “to face” the world; and to present oneself to others and a different place in the world, same person, changed body. Findings point to why and how nurses can treat older people as persons by not over emphasising a view on ageing bodies or bodies with aged skin alone, but in tempering this view with deeper existential insights, meeting the older person with a skin care need as a person and not just as a physical entity.
WNT10A mutation results in severe tooth agenesis in a family of three sisters
Authors: Abid M. F. , Simpson M. A. , Barbosa I. A. , Seppala M. , Irving M. , Sharpe P. T. , Cobourne M. T. 
Published: June 2018

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo identify the genetic basis of severe tooth agenesis in a family of three affected sisters.Patients and MethodsA family of three sisters with severe tooth agenesis was recruited for whole‐exome sequencing to identify potential genetic variation responsible for this penetrant phenotype. The unaffected father was tested for specific mutations using Sanger sequencing. Gene discovery was supplemented with in situ hybridization to localize gene expression during human tooth development.ResultsWe report a nonsense heterozygous mutation in exon 2 of WNT10A c.321C>A[p.Cys107*] likely to be responsible for the severe tooth agenesis identified in this family through the creation of a premature stop codon, resulting in truncation of the amino acid sequence and therefore loss of protein function. In situ hybridization showed expression of WNT10A in odontogenic epithelium during the early and late stages of human primary tooth development.ConclusionsWNT10A has previously been associated with both syndromic and non‐syndromic forms of tooth agenesis, and this report further expands our knowledge of genetic variation underlying non‐syndromic forms of this condition. We also demonstrate expression of WNT10A in the epithelial compartment of human tooth germs during development.
Inheritance and allelic relationship among gene(s) for blast resistance in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
Authors: Singh Shweta , Sharma Rajan , Pushpavathi Bheemavarapu , Gupta Shashi Kumar , Durgarani Ch. V. , Raj Chandramani 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSix blast‐resistant pearl millet genotypes, ICMB 93333, ICMB 97222, ICMR 06444, ICMR 06222, ICMR 11003 and IP 21187‐P1, were crossed with two susceptible genotypes, ICMB 95444 and ICMB 89111 to generate F1s, F2s and backcrosses, BC1P1 (susceptible parent × F1) and BC1P2 (resistant parent × F1) for inheritance study. The resistant genotypes were crossed among themselves in half diallel to generate F1s and F2s for test of allelism. The F1, F2 and backcross generations, and their parents were screened in a glasshouse against Magnaporthe grisea isolates Pg 45 and Pg 53. The reaction of the F1s, segregation pattern of F2s and BC1P1 derived from crosses involving two susceptible parents and six resistant parents revealed the presence of single dominant gene governing resistance in the resistant genotypes. No segregation for blast reaction was observed in the F2s derived from the crosses of resistant × resistant parents. The resistance reaction of these F2s indicated that single dominant gene conferring resistance in the six genotypes is allelic, that is same gene imparts blast resistance in these genotypes to M. grisea isolates.
Ten years of native seed certification in Germany – a summary
Authors: Mainz A. K. , Wieden M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMany renaturation projects and compensation areas are based on the use of seeds from regional indigenous wild plants; in the following: native or regional seeds. Despite this, such seeds make up only a small proportion of the total number of seeds used for greening projects; in Germany, for example, it is only around 1% (=200 t per year). Although the market for regional seeds is small, it is highly competitive. High‐priced native seeds compete with flower mixes of unspecified origin and can only be differentiated from them by reliable quality seals. A quality assurance system based on seed legislation (EUDirective 2010/60, preservation mixtures) has been developed in a few European countries. However, quality assurance ends with the sale of the seeds. Thus, seed use remains unmonitored, and often unsuitable material, or material foreign to the region, is planted in restoration areas. Unfortunately, nature conservation has not made seed‐based restoration one of its key issues, neither at the European nor at the national level. Currently there are many different local and regional standards, methods and private certificates that are confusing for users and which provide little continuity and predictability for producers. We recommend the establishment of anEUdirective or a broadly agreed recommendation to theEUmember states, spearheaded by nature conservation, which would define the standards for producing and using native seeds (e.g. harmonised regions that cross national borders, quality regulations). At the same time, wild plant interest groups should combine existing structures in order to strengthen seed‐based restoration through international cooperation.
Colonization of woody seedlings in the understory of actively and passively restored tropical moist forests
Authors: Ssekuubwa Enock , Muwanika Vincent B. , Esaete Josephine , Tabuti John R. S. , Tweheyo Mnason 
Published: June 2018

The status of woody seedling colonization gives clues about the self‐sustainability of restored forests, a tenet of restoration success. Little is known about woody seedling colonization in restored afrotropical forests. We evaluated effects of restoration methods (active vs. passive), sampling year, restoration age, and distance from old‐growth forests on seedling colonization in restored afrotropical moist forests. Seedlings were measured in 2011 and 2014 in 71 clusters of 284 permanent sampling plots (12.6 m2 each) in actively (initially 3–16 years old) and 21 clusters of 63 plots in passively restored forests (initially 16 years old) in Kibale National Park, western Uganda. Seedlings were also measured in nearby old‐growth forests in three clusters of five plots in 2014. We determined species diversity, richness, abundance per plot, and species composition as measures of seedling colonization in restored and old‐growth forests. We found that diversity, richness, and abundance of seedlings were significantly higher in passively than actively restored forests. Diversity and richness but not abundance significantly increased between sampling years and with restoration age. Distance from old‐growth forests did not significantly affect diversity, richness, and abundance. Species composition of actively and passively restored forests was different from that of old‐growth forests after 19 years since restoration started. Our results show that passive restoration should be the preferred method for recovering afrotropical forests, and highlight the effect of continued management on biodiversity of restored forests.
A pilot study on the effect of oclacitinib on epicutaneous sensitization and transepidermal water loss in a colony of atopic beagle dogs
Authors: Marsella Rosanna , Ahrens Kim 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundDogs with atopic dermatitis are prone to sensitization to environmental allergens due to increased skin permeability; the effect of treatments on epicutaneous sensitizations is unknown.Hypothesis/objectivesTo evaluate if oclacitinib (i) prevents new sensitizations and (ii) affects skin barrier function.AnimalsAtopic beagle dogs.MethodsAim 1. Ten dogs were randomly assigned to placebo or oclacitinib while exposed epicutaneously to a novel allergen. Sensitization was assessed using serum allergen‐specific IgE and clinically by development of skin reactions at the site of allergen application. Time to develop dermatitis and allergen‐specific IgE were compared between groups. Aim 2. Eight dogs were randomly assigned to placebo or oclacitinib for four weeks and challenged with an allergen known to trigger flares. After a four week wash‐out, dogs were crossed‐over and the protocol repeated. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured on days 0 and 28 of each arm.ResultsAim 1. Oclacitinib significantly increased (P = 0.006) time to develop skin reactions compared to placebo. Four (of five) dogs receiving oclacitinib failed to develop skin reactions, whereas all placebo dogs developed dermatitis. There were no significant differences in allergen‐specific IgE between groups. Aim 2. TEWL results were difficult to interpret. Significantly higher values were detected from the axilla in placebo compared to oclacitinib‐treated dogs (P = 0.047). TEWL values were significantly higher from the inguinal area in oclacitinib (P = 0.039) treated dogs but not placebo at the end of the study.Conclusions and clinical importanceClinically, oclacitinib delayed development of dermatitis at the site of allergen application. TEWL results were difficult to interpret and additional studies are required for clarification.