bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of change expectancy and recovery processes on depression severity
Authors: Low Benjamin Chu Yuan , Lim Kokkwang , Wong Meiyin , Ooi Sayleong , Yap Chee Khong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConsumer recovery processes refer to social Connectedness, Hope, Identity, Meaning in life, and Empowerment (“CHIME”). This study examined if expectations of change in depression could mediate the relationship between CHIME recovery processes and depression severity. Participants were patients who consulted clinical psychologists at primary care clinics. Measures of depression change expectancy, CHIME recovery processes, and depression symptoms were administered. Change expectancy partially mediated the relationship between Hope and depression severity. The same was found for Identity, but Identity also mediated the relationship between change expectancy and depression. Thus, Hope may reduce depression by improving change expectancies, whereas Identity and change expectancy may have reciprocal influences that alter depression. Findings suggest that the CHIME recovery processes may facilitate recovery from depression.
Effect of dust particle and magnetic field on EEPF and plasma oscillation
Authors: Kalita D. , Kakati B. , Kausik S. S. , Saikia B. K. , Bandyopadhyay M. 
Published: July 2019

The significance of dust particles for the electron energy probability function (EEPF) and plasma oscillations is studied under varying magnetic field strength in a filamentary discharge hydrogen plasma. The experimental result shows that with an increase in dust density, the electron density decreases as a result of the charging of dust grains in the plasma background. A bi-Maxwellian EEPF is computed in both a pristine hydrogen plasma and a dust-containing plasma at different magnetic field strengths. We have observed that the increase in magnetic field decreases the lower energy electron population. The electron population of the lower energy range shows nearly identical results at magnetic field,

$B\leqslant 3.7$

mT whereas the behaviour of the high-energy electron population becomes identical for a field strength

$B\leqslant 5.8$

mT. From the observation, we have seen that the mid energy electron population slightly decreases and the high energy electron population slightly increases due to the presence of dust particles as compared to a pristine plasma. Further, very low energy electron population remains almost unchanged. With increase in dust density, the mid energy electron population further decreases whereas the high energy electron population slightly increases for different magnetic fields. But, no changes were observed for the very low energy electron population in the presence of dust particles. From the study of plasma oscillation, it is observed that the dominant frequency associated with the plasma oscillation is matched with the ion cyclotron frequency. The amplitude of the ion cyclotron frequency reduces with the increase of dust density which might be due to the decrease of plasma density.
Oodaaq Ø and other short-lived islets north of Greenland
Authors: Bennike Ole , Shea Jeff 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn 1978, a small island was discovered north of Kaffeklubben Ø, until then considered the most northern island on Earth. This island was named Oodaaq Ø. It was visited again in 1979, and in 1980 it was seen from Kaffeklubben Ø by members of the Sirius sledge patrol. Sirius searched for Oodaaq Ø again from 1981 to 1984 but did not find it. During the period from 1996 to 2008, the region was visited regularly and a number of new islets were discovered: the 1996 ATOW Island, KMS Island, 2001 RTOW Island, 83-42 Island, Stray Dog West Island and the 2008 Island. The islets are composed of gravel. We believe the area with islets is shallow, being a continuation of a coastal plain to the south. We suggest that the sea floor in the area is irregular and that the islets form by floes of sea ice that bulldoze material from the sea floor up above sea level. In some cases, perhaps all, the islets disappear when sea ice floes bulldoze sediment back below sea level. Alternatively, the so-called islets are just accumulations of gravel on sea ice.
Dissecting the impact of depression on decision-making
Authors: Lawlor Victoria M. , Webb Christian A. , Wiecki Thomas V. , Frank Michael J. , Trivedi Madhukar , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Dillon Daniel G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundCognitive deficits in depressed adults may reflect impaired decision-making. To investigate this possibility, we analyzed data from unmedicated adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and healthy controls as they performed a probabilistic reward task. The Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Model (HDDM) was used to quantify decision-making mechanisms recruited by the task, to determine if any such mechanism was disrupted by depression.MethodsData came from two samples (Study 1: 258 MDD, 36 controls; Study 2: 23 MDD, 25 controls). On each trial, participants indicated which of two similar stimuli was presented; correct identifications were rewarded. Quantile-probability plots and the HDDM quantified the impact of MDD on response times (RT), speed of evidence accumulation (drift rate), and the width of decision thresholds, among other parameters.ResultsRTs were more positively skewed in depressed v. healthy adults, and the HDDM revealed that drift rates were reduced—and decision thresholds were wider—in the MDD groups. This pattern suggests that depressed adults accumulated the evidence needed to make decisions more slowly than controls did.ConclusionsDepressed adults responded slower than controls in both studies, and poorer performance led the MDD group to receive fewer rewards than controls in Study 1. These results did not reflect a sensorimotor deficit but were instead due to sluggish evidence accumulation. Thus, slowed decision-making—not slowed perception or response execution—caused the performance deficit in MDD. If these results generalize to other tasks, they may help explain the broad cognitive deficits seen in depression.
Characterizing Chemical Terrorism Incidents Collected by the Global Terrorism Database, 1970-2015
Authors: Santos Cynthia , El Zahran Tharwat , Weiland Jessica , Anwar Mehruba , Schier Joshua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground:The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an open-source database on terrorist incidents around the world since 1970, and it is maintained by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START; College Park, Maryland USA), a US Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence. The consortium reviews media reports to determine if an event meets eligibility to be categorized as a terrorism incident for entry into the database.Objective:The objective of this study was to characterize chemical terrorism incidents reported to the GTD and understand more about the kinds of chemical agents used, the associated morbidity and mortality, the geography of incidents, and the intended targets.Methods:Chemical terrorism incidents from 1970 through 2015 were analyzed by chemical agent category, injury and fatality, geographic region, and target.Results:During the study period, 156,772 terrorism incidents were reported to the GTD, of which 292 (0.19%) met the inclusion criteria for analysis as a chemical terrorism incident. The reported chemical agent categories were: unknown chemical (30.5%); corrosives (23.3%); tear gas/mace (12.3%); unspecified gas (11.6%); cyanide (8.2%); pesticides (5.5%); metals (6.5%); and nerve gas (2.1%). On average, chemical terrorism incidents resulted in 51 injuries (mean range across agents: 2.5-1,622.0) and seven deaths (mean range across agents: 0.0-224.3) per incident. Nerve gas incidents (2.1%) had the highest mean number of injuries (n = 1,622) and fatalities (n = 224) per incident. The highest number of chemical terrorism incidents occurred in South Asia (29.5%), Western Europe (16.8%), and Middle East/North Africa (13.0%). The most common targets were private citizens (19.5%), of which groups of women (22.8%) were often the specific target. Incidents targeting educational institutions often specifically targeted female students or teachers (58.1%).Conclusions:Chemical terrorism incidents rarely occur; however, the use of certain chemical terrorism agents, for example nerve gas, can cause large mass-causality events that can kill or injure thousands with a single use. Certain regions of the world had higher frequency of chemical terrorism events overall, and also varied in their frequencies of the specific chemical terrorism agent used. Data suggest that morbidity and mortality vary by chemical category and by region. Results may be helpful in developing and optimizing regional chemical terrorism preparedness activities.
Effect of ‘rice’ pattern on high blood pressure by gender and obesity: using the community-based KoGES cohort
Authors: Han Yuri , Kang Daehee , Lee Sang-Ah 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to examine the association between dietary pattern and the risk of high blood pressure (BP) and to estimate the attenuated effect by gender and obesity on the association using data from a prospective cohort study in Korea.Design:Prospective study. Diet was assessed using a validated 103-item FFQ and was input into factor analysis after adjustment for total energy intake.Setting:Community-based Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES) cohort.Participants:Healthy individuals (n 5151) without high BP at recruitment from the community-based cohort study.Results:Dietary pattern was not associated with the risk of high BP regardless of the type of covariates, with the exception of the ‘rice’ pattern. The effect of the ‘rice’ pattern was observed in both men (Ptrend = 0·013) and women (Ptrend < 0·001), but the statistical significance remained only in women after adjustment for confounders (Ptrend = 0·004). The positive association of the ‘rice’ pattern with high BP risk was attenuated by obesity. After stratification by gender and obese status, in particular, the harmful effect of the ‘rice’ pattern was predominantly observed in obese women (Ptrend < 0·001) only.Conclusions:This longitudinal study in Korean adults found a positive association of the ‘rice’ pattern with long-term development of incident high BP, predominantly in women. The association is likely to be attenuated by gender and obese status.
Vivekananda, Sarah Farmer, and global spiritual transformations in thefin de siècle
Authors: Harris Ruth 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs Swami Vivekananda travelled West at the end of the nineteenth century to propagate what has become known as ‘Hindu Universalism’, the American Sarah Farmer travelled to Palestine to embrace the new Baha’i faith. This article will ask why both wished to create ‘universal’ religions, and why they found inspiration at Green Acre, Maine in 1894 in the wake of the Chicago World Parliament of Religions in 1893. Visitors to Green Acre discussed ‘divine femininity’, engaged with men such as Vivekananda and Abdu’l-Baha, and began to criticize colonial hierarchies in the search for spiritual reconciliation, all concerns which touched on questions of ‘Eastern’ religion. However, spirituality was not a mere epiphenomenon of larger historical developments. Rather, the ‘transformation’ discussed here drew on an essentialized notion of ‘Eastern wisdom’ that contrasted spirituality with materialism, tolerance with intolerance, transcendence with instrumentalism. Yet, such polarized characterizations misjudged the ways in which Baha’i and Hindu Universalism destabilized the very categories of East and West, while retaining a vision of ‘Eastern wisdom’ untouched by Western corruptions.
Whither growth? International development, social indicators, and the politics of measurement, 1920s–1970s
Authors: Macekura Stephen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFew concepts in the history of twentieth-century history proved as important as economic growth. Scholars such as Charles Maier, Robert Collins, and Timothy Mitchell have analysed how the notion that an entity called ‘the economy’ (defined by metrics such as Gross National Product, or GNP) could be made to grow came to define economic thought and policy worldwide. Yet there has been far less attention paid to the fact that neither growth nor GNP went without challenge during their emergence and global diffusion. This article focuses on one set of growth critics: those who advocated for ‘social indicators’ in international development policy during the 1960s and 1970s. It advances three overlapping arguments: that advocates for social indicators harkened back to early twentieth-century transnational efforts to make workers’ ‘standard of living’ the primary statistical framework for policy-makers; that, while supporters of social indicators expressed frustration with technocratic governance, their reform efforts nevertheless represented technocratic critiques of modernity; and finally, that one of the major reform efforts, Morris David Morris’s advocacy on behalf of the ‘Physical Quality of Life Index’ (PQLI), as an alternative measure of national wellbeing, ultimately struggled to challenge the GNP growth paradigm, and yet proved influential in spawning subsequent research into new measures and approaches to development.
Interpretation of the Tropospheric Gradients Estimated With GPS During Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Graffigna Victoria , Hernández‐Pajares Manuel , Gende Mauricio , Azpilicueta Francisco , Antico Pablo 
Published: July 2019

During the last decade Global Positioning System (GPS) Continuous Operating Reference Stations networks have become a new important data source for meteorology. This has dramatically improved the ability to remotely sense the atmosphere under the influence of severe mesoscale and synoptic systems. The zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) is one of the atmospheric variables continuously observed, and its horizontal variations, the horizontal tropospheric gradients, are routinely computed nowadays within the dual‐frequency GPS processing, but their interpretation and relationship with the weather is still an open question. The purpose of this paper is to contribute in this direction by studying the effect that Hurricane Harvey had on the spatial and temporal behavior of the ZTDs and gradients, when it reached Texas coast, during 18–31 August 2017. The results show that ZTD time series present a clear and rapid increase larger than 10 cm in a few hours when the hurricane reached the area. Gradients behaviors show that the hurricane also produced significant changes on them, since the magnitude and predominant directions before and after the hurricane arrived are completely different. Noticeably, the gradient vectors before the landing are consistently related to the horizontal winds and pressure fields. In this manuscript we demonstrate that the ZTD gradients can show a consistent signature under severe weather events, strongly suggesting their potential application for short‐term weather forecasting.
Aerosol Effect on the Cloud Phase of Low‐Level Clouds Over the Arctic
Authors: Filioglou M. , Mielonen T. , Balis D. , Giannakaki E. , Arola A. , Kokkola H. , Komppula M. , Romakkaniemi S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThree years of nighttime Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation data was used in synergy with CloudSat measurements to quantify how strongly aerosol type and aerosol load affect the cloud phase in low‐level clouds over the Arctic. Supercooled liquid layers were present in the majority of observed low‐level clouds (0.75 ≤ z ≤ 3.5 km) between −10 and −25 °C. Furthermore, based on the subset (6%) of data with high quality assurance for aerosol typing, ice formation is more common in the presence of dust or continental aerosols as opposed to marine or elevated smoke aerosols. With the first aerosol group, glaciated clouds were found at cloud top temperatures of 2 to 4 °C warmer than with the latter aerosol types. Further association of the aerosol concentration with the cloud phase showed that the aerosol concentration outweighs the aerosol type effect. Depending on the aerosol load, the temperature at which a cloud completely glaciates can vary by up to 6–10 °C. However, this behavior was most pronounced in stable atmospheric conditions and absent over open ocean with lower tropospheric stability values and probably less stratified clouds. Finally, more mixed‐phase clouds were associated with high aerosol load, suggesting that mixed‐phase clouds have an extended lifetime in the Arctic under high cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. This implies that in a pristine environment, with few or no local aerosol sources, and under the investigated conditions the amount of aerosol particles affects the cloud phase more than the aerosol type does.
Observational Constraint on the Radius and Oblateness of the Lunar Core‐Mantle Boundary
Authors: Viswanathan V. , Rambaux N. , Fienga A. , Laskar J. , Gastineau M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLunar laser ranging (LLR) data and Apollo seismic data analyses, revealed independent evidence for the presence of a fluid lunar core. However, the size of the lunar fluid core remained uncertain by ±55 km (encompassing two contrasting 2011 Apollo seismic data analyses). Here we show that a new description of the lunar interior's dynamical model provides a determination of the radius and geometry of the lunar core‐mantle boundary (CMB) from the LLR observations. We compare the present‐day lunar core oblateness obtained from LLR analysis with the expected hydrostatic model values, over a range of previously expected CMB radii. The findings suggest a core oblateness (fc=(2.2±0.6)×10−4) that satisfies the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium over a tight range of lunar CMB radii (
km). Our estimates of a presently relaxed lunar CMB translates to a core mass fraction in the range of 1.59–1.77% with a present‐day free core nutation within (367±100) years.
Greater Water Surface Variability Revealed by New Congo River Field Data: Implications for Satellite Altimetry Measurements of Large Rivers
Authors: Carr Andrew B. , Trigg Mark A. , Tshimanga Raphael M. , Borman Duncan J. , Smith Mark W. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLarge river hydrodynamics studies inform global and regional issues pertaining to biogeochemical cycling, ecology, water availability, and flood risk. Such studies rely increasingly on satellite measurements, but these are limited by resolution, coverage, and uncertainty and their inability to directly measure bathymetry or discharge. We obtain new in situ data covering 650 km of the Congo's main stem, including elusive bathymetry and discharge measurements that complement space‐borne data sets. Our key findings relate to our water surface elevation measurements, which show that spatial coverage of existing satellite altimetry for deriving river water surface profiles may be adequate through the globally important Cuvette Centrale but is not at its outlet where our field data reveal significant spatial variability in water surface slope. The findings have implications for altimetry‐based hydrodynamics studies of other large rivers, such as those that involve estimating discharge or modeling multichannel river hydraulics.
Structural Heterogeneity and Anisotropy in the Source Zone of the 2018 Eastern Iburi Earthquake in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Gou Tao , Huang Zhouchuan , Zhao Dapeng , Wang Liangshu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe investigate 3‐D seismic structures (Vp, Vs, and Poisson's ratio) and Vp azimuthal anisotropy in the source area of the 2018 Eastern Iburi earthquake (M 6.7) in Hokkaido, Japan. Its mainshock occurred at the edge of a high‐Vp (2–4%) seismogenic zone. Significant low‐Vs (−1% to −3%) and high Poisson's ratio (2–7%) anomalies are imaged in and below the source zone and extend to the upper surface of the subducting Pacific slab, most likely reflecting ascending fluids released by the slab dehydration. A high consistency between the fault plane and the low‐Vs and high Poisson's ratio anomalies indicates that the fluids may have entered the fault and affected the rupture nucleation. A high‐V (1–3%) anomaly is revealed in the fore‐arc mantle wedge and connects with the high‐V seismogenic zone, probably reflecting a lithospheric fragment and contributing to cool down the mantle wedge. Complex seismic anisotropy is revealed in the crust in and around the source area, which may reflect complicated stress regime and strong structural heterogeneities there.
Atomic-level passivation mechanism of ammonium salts enabling highly efficient perovskite solar cells
Authors: Alharbi Essa A. , Alyamani Ahmed Y. , Kubicki Dominik J. , Uhl Alexander R. , Walder Brennan J. , Alanazi Anwar Q. , Luo Jingshan , Burgos-Caminal Andrés , Albadri Abdulrahman , Albrithen Hamad , Alotaibi Mohammad Hayal , Moser Jacques-E. , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Giordano Fabrizio , Emsley Lyndon , Grätzel Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe high conversion efficiency has made metal halide perovskite solar cells a real breakthrough in thin film photovoltaic technology in recent years. Here, we introduce a straightforward strategy to reduce the level of electronic defects present at the interface between the perovskite film and the hole transport layer by treating the perovskite surface with different types of ammonium salts, namely ethylammonium, imidazolium and guanidinium iodide. We use a triple cation perovskite formulation containing primarily formamidinium and small amounts of cesium and methylammonium. We find that this treatment boosts the power conversion efficiency from 20.5% for the control to 22.3%, 22.1%, and 21.0% for the devices treated with ethylammonium, imidazolium and guanidinium iodide, respectively. Best performing devices showed a loss in efficiency of only 5% under full sunlight intensity with maximum power tracking for 550 h. We apply 2D- solid-state NMR to unravel the atomic-level mechanism of this passivation effect.
Outer membrane protein complex as a carrier for malaria transmission blocking antigen Pfs230
Authors: Scaria Puthupparampil V. , Rowe Christopher G. , Chen Beth B. , Muratova Olga V. , Fischer Elizabeth R. , Barnafo Emma K. , Anderson Charles F. , Zaidi Irfan U. , Lambert Lynn E. , Lucas Bob J. , Nahas Debbie D. , Narum David L. , Duffy Patrick E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMalaria transmission blocking vaccines (TBV) target the mosquito stage of parasite development by passive immunization of mosquitoes feeding on a vaccinated human. Through uptake of vaccine-induced antibodies in a blood meal, mosquito infection is halted and hence transmission to another human host is blocked. Pfs230 is a gametocyte and gamete surface antigen currently under clinical evaluation as a TBV candidate. We have previously shown that chemical conjugation of poorly immunogenic TBV antigens to Exoprotein A (EPA) can enhance their immunogenicity. Here, we assessed Outer Membrane Protein Complex (OMPC), a membrane vesicle derived fromNeisseria meningitidis, as a carrier for Pfs230. We prepared Pfs230-OMPC conjugates with varying levels of antigen load and examined immunogenicity in mice. Chemical conjugation of Pfs230 to OMPC enhanced immunogenicity and functional activity of the Pfs230 antigen, and OMPC conjugates achieved 2-fold to 20-fold higher antibody titers than Pfs230-EPA/AdjuPhos®at different doses. OMPC conjugates were highly immunogenic even at low doses, indicating a dose-sparing effect. EPA conjugates induced an IgG subclass profile biased towards a Th2 response, whereas OMPC conjugates induced a strong Th1-biased immune response with high levels of IgG2, which can benefit Pfs230 antibody functional activity, which depends on complement activation. OMPC is a promising carrier for Pfs230 vaccines.