bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Acute Ischemic Stroke Care and Outcomes Between Comprehensive Stroke Centers and Primary Stroke Centers in the United States
Authors: Man Shumei , Zhao Xin , Uchino Ken , Hussain M. Shazam , Smith Eric E. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Xian Ying , Schwamm Lee H. , Shah Shreyansh , Khan Yosef , Fonarow Gregg C. 
Published: May 2018

Background:
To improve stroke care, the Brain Attack Coalition recommended establishing primary stroke center (PSC) and comprehensive stroke center (CSC) certification. This study aimed to compare ischemic stroke care and in-hospital outcomes between CSCs and PSCs.

Methods and Results:
We analyzed patients with acute ischemic stroke who were hospitalized at stroke centers participating in Get With The Guidelines-Stroke from 2013 to 2015. Multivariable logistic regression models were generated to examine the association between stroke center certification (CSC versus PSC) and performances and outcomes. This study included 722 941 patients who were admitted to 134 CSCs and 1047 PSCs. Both CSCs and PSCs had good conformity to 7 performance measures and the summary defect-free care measure. Among emergency department admissions, CSCs had higher intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) and endovascular thrombectomy rates than PSCs (14.3% versus 10.3%, 4.1% versus 1.0%, respectively). Door to intravenous tPA time was shorter at CSCs (median, 52 versus 61 minutes; adjusted risk ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.95). More patients at CSCs had door to intravenous tPA time ≤60 minutes (79.7% versus 65.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–1.75). For transferred patients, CSCs and PSCs had comparable overall performance in defect-free care, except higher endovascular thrombectomy therapy rates. The overall in-hospital mortality was higher at CSCs in both emergency department admissions (4.6% versus 3.8%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.29) and transferred patients (7.7% versus 6.8%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–1.32). In-hospital outcomes were comparable between CSCs and PSCs in patients who received intravenous tPA or endovascular thrombectomy.

Conclusions:
CSCs and PSCs achieved similar overall care quality for patients with acute ischemic stroke. CSCs exceeded PSCs in timely acute reperfusion therapy for emergency department admissions, whereas PSCs had lower risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality. This information may be important for acute stroke triage and targeted quality improvement.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of Aphelenchoides kheirii n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Pinus nigra in north-western Iran
Authors: Golhasan Behrouz , Heydari Ramin , Esmaeili Mehrab , Kanzaki Natsumi 
Published: May 2018

SummaryAphelenchoides kheiriin. sp. was isolated during a survey of nematodes associated with bark samples of pine trees (Pinus nigra) in West Azerbaijan province, north-western Iran. The new species has a body length of 500 (448-520) μm in the female and 442 (402-480) μm in the male. The cuticle is weakly annulated with four lateral lines and the lip region is offset. The stylet is 10.4 (10-11) μm long with small basal swellings and the excretory pore located immediately posterior to base of metacorpus; hemizonid invisible. The post-vulval uterine sac length 37.7 (28-45) μm. Spicules are relatively short (18-20 μm in dorsal limb) and the end of the dorsal limb clearly curved ventrally like a hook. The male tail has usual three pairs of caudal papillae (2 + 2 + 2) and a well-developed mucron. The female tail is conical, terminating in a complicated step-like projection, usually with many tiny nodular protuberances. The new species belongs to the Group 2 category ofAphelenchoidesspeciessensuShahina in which ten known species among Groups 2 and 4sensuShahina, namely:A. arcticus,A. blastophthorus,A. fuchsi,A. parasaprophilus,A. paraxui,A. xui,A. dactylocercus,A. gynotylurus,A. iranicusandA. saprophilusare the most similar species. Phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit (SSU) and partial large subunit (LSU) sequences of rRNA supported the morphological results.
Online Technology as a Pathway for Citizen Deliberation and Depolarization
Authors: Restrepo Elvira María 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHuman development rests largely on the ability for a society to avoid violent conflict. This article proposes, and presents results from, an online technology platform and a methodology, which can help depolarize sectors of society, with the specific application to the current divisive post-war landscape within Colombia. The platform is based on deliberative democracy, and is designed to enable citizens to discuss issues in small groups. It exploits Colombia’s high online connectivity to provide a safe, anonymous environment for expressing opinions related to both the government and the guerrillas. Preliminary findings suggest that the platform could aid bridge building among citizens, and it could be easily replicated in other situations globally. Given the polarization that seems to arise in technologically-enabled societies as a result of social media “bubbles,” the broader need for such a platform in local, regional, and national debates is particularly pressing.
The naked ape as an evolutionary model, 50 years later
Authors: van Straalen Nico M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEvolution acts through a combination of four different drivers: (1) mutation, (2) selection, (3) genetic drift, and (4) developmental constraints. There is a tendency among some biologists to frame evolution as the sole result of natural selection, and this tendency is reinforced by many popular texts. “The Naked Ape” by Desmond Morris, published 50 years ago, is no exception. In this paper I argue that evolutionary biology is much richer than natural selection alone. I illustrate this by reconstructing the evolutionary history of five different organs of the human body: foot, pelvis, scrotum, hand and brain. Factors like developmental tinkering, by-product evolution, exaptation and heterochrony are powerful forces for body-plan innovations and the appearance of such innovations in human ancestors does not always require an adaptive explanation. While Morris explained the lack of body hair in the human species by sexual selection, I argue that molecular tinkering of regulatory genes expressed in the brain, followed by positive selection for neotenic features, may have been the driving factor, with loss of body hair as a secondary consequence.
The Development of the Expanded Tachanun for Monday and Thursday
Authors: Ron Zvi 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
On Mondays and Thursdays many supplications are added to the standard Tachanun prayer. These additions are not noted in the Talmud, and first appear in Geonic literature. This article traces the development of the Monday/Thursday Tachanun, from its beginnings as a short prayer with multiple options, to its later form as a long prayer with no room for personal choices. The current traditional Monday/Thursday Tachanun is seen to be a collection of many smaller earlier Tachanun prayers.
New fossil gastropod species (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the upper Miocene of the Canary Islands (Spain)
Authors: MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ ESTHER , VERA-PELÁEZ JOSÉ LUIS , CASTILLO CAROLINA , LOZANO-FRANCISCO M. CARMEN 
Published: May 2018

Ten new species of fossil gastropods from the upper Miocene (Tortonian) of the Canary Islands (Spain) are described. Among these are three species of the genus Patella, a group with few fossil representatives, as well as three others representing the family Trochidae. The remaining new species represent Caenogastropoda. This study improves our knowledge of the fossil malacofauna from the Miocene of these islands. Together with the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, the Canaries belong to the Macaronesian biogeographic region. The described species are indicative of rocky coastal environments, and are thus expanding the current understanding of such ecosystems and their associated marine molluscs such as the family Patellidae whose fossil record is scarce. New species: Patella tintina Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Patella maxoratensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Patella mahamensis Martín-González sp. nov., Jujubinus ajachaensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Osilinus burgadoi Martín-González sp. nov., Gibbula tindayaensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Cerithium miocanariensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Tectarius isletaensis Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Morula mionigra Martín-González sp. nov. and Conus fuerteventurensis Vera-Peláez & Martín-González sp. nov.
CO2 and Carbon Emissions from Cities: Linkages to Air Quality, Socioeconomic Activity, and Stakeholders in the Salt Lake City Urban Area
Authors: Lin John C. , Mitchell Logan , Crosman Erik , Mendoza Daniel L. , Buchert Martin , Bares Ryan , Fasoli Ben , Bowling David R. , Pataki Diane , Catharine Douglas , Strong Courtenay , Gurney Kevin R. , Patarasuk Risa , Baasandorj Munkhbayar , Jacques Alexander , Hoch Sebastian , Horel John , Ehleringer Jim 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUrban areas are responsible for a substantial proportion of anthropogenic carbon emissions around the world. As global populations increasingly reside in cities, the role of urban emissions in determining the future trajectory of carbon emissions is magnified. Consequently, a number of research efforts have been started in the United States and beyond, focusing on observing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and relating its variations to carbon emissions in cities. Because carbon emissions are intimately tied to socioeconomic activity through the combustion of fossil fuels, and many cities are actively adopting emission reduction plans, such urban carbon research efforts give rise to opportunities for stakeholder engagement and guidance on other environmental issues, such as air quality.This paper describes a research effort centered in the Salt Lake City, Utah, metropolitan region, which is the locus for one of the longest-running urban CO2 networks in the world. The Salt Lake City area provides a rich environment for studying anthropogenic emissions and for understanding the relationship between emissions and socioeconomic activity when the CO2 observations are enhanced with a) air quality observations, b) novel mobile observations from platforms on light-rail public transit trains and a news helicopter, c) dense meteorological observations, and d) modeling efforts that include atmospheric simulations and high-resolution emission inventories.Carbon dioxide and other atmospheric observations are presented, along with associated modeling work. Examples in which the work benefited from and contributed to the interests of multiple stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, air quality managers, municipal government, urban planners, industry, and the general public) are discussed.
CESM1(WACCM) Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble Project
Authors: Tilmes Simone , Richter Jadwiga H. , Kravitz Ben , MacMartin Douglas G. , Mills Michael J. , Simpson Isla R. , Glanville Anne S. , Fasullo John T. , Phillips Adam S. , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Tribbia Joseph , Edwards Jim , Mickelson Sheri , Ghosh Siddhartha 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper describes the Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble (GLENS) project, which promotes the use of a unique model dataset, performed with the Community Earth System Model, with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model as its atmospheric component [CESM1(WACCM)], to investigate global and regional impacts of geoengineering. The performed simulations were designed to achieve multiple simultaneous climate goals, by strategically placing sulfur injections at four different locations in the stratosphere, unlike many earlier studies that targeted globally averaged surface temperature by placing injections in regions at or around the equator. This advanced approach reduces some of the previously found adverse effects of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, including uneven cooling between the poles and the equator and shifts in tropical precipitation. The 20-member ensemble increases the ability to distinguish between forced changes and changes due to climate variability in global and regional climate variables in the coupled atmosphere, land, sea ice, and ocean system. We invite the broader community to perform in-depth analyses of climate-related impacts and to identify processes that lead to changes in the climate system as the result of a strategic application of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering.
A Physically Based Algorithm for Downscaling Temperature in Complex Terrain
Authors: Sheridan Peter , Vosper Simon , Smith Samantha 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRecent improvements to an algorithm to be used operationally for downscaling screen temperatures from numerical weather prediction models are described. Testing against very high resolution dynamically downscaled screen temperatures and intensive field measurements taken during the Cold-Air Pooling Experiment (COLPEX) is performed. The improvements are based on a physical understanding of the processes involved in the formation of cold-air pools (CAPs) that is informed by recent research. The algorithm includes a parameterization of sidewall sheltering effects that lead to lower temperatures in valley-bottom CAPs on clear, calm nights. Advection and adjustment over exposed hilltops results in higher screen temperatures than on flat ground but lower temperatures relative to the free air above the valley at the same elevation, and a treatment of this effect has also been developed. These processes form the major contributions to the often dramatic small-scale variations in temperature in complex terrain in stable boundary layer conditions, even when height variation is fairly shallow. The improvements result in qualitatively better reproduction of subgrid temperature patterns in complex terrain during CAPs. Statistical forecast errors are subsequently improved.
An Index of Summer Rainfall for Queensland’s Grazing Lands
Authors: Day Kenneth A. , McKeon Gregory M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA historical rainfall index, relevant to the grazing industries of Queensland, Australia, is described. We refer to our index as the Queensland grazing lands rainfall index (QGLRI), which is a long-term (1890/91–present) time series of austral summer (November–March) rainfall, spatially averaged over a region we define as the Queensland grazing lands region. We argue that our QGLRI better represents historical summer rainfall variability faced by the majority of the grazing industry in Queensland than does area-averaged statewide rainfall. The geographical boundaries of our region were chosen to 1) better represent the spatial patterns of land use, settlement, and livestock densities and 2) coincide with spatial patterns of airmass dominance. The selected region covers 59% of Queensland’s mainland area but carries more than 80% of the state’s livestock. The region’s boundaries also closely match the mean summer location of the boundaries of the “tropical maritime Pacific” air mass. The selected 5-month season (November–March) was chosen based on summer rainfall dominance, seasonal climatic effects restricting pasture and animal growth, and pasture management implications such as burning and the risk of overgrazing. We find that this season also corresponds to the timing of tropical maritime airmass dominance. The remaining regions of Queensland, far-northern and far-western Queensland, also correspond to well-defined dominant air masses, with properties that are markedly different from those of the tropical maritime Pacific air mass. We demonstrate that the rainfall regime in far-northern Queensland makes a strong contribution to statewide totals, resulting in statewide summer rainfall having lower variability than our QGLRI.
The Effects of Cognitive and Visual Workload on Peripheral Detection in the Detection Response Task
Authors: van Winsum Wim 
Published: May 2018

Objective: The independent effects of cognitive and visual load on visual Detection Response Task (vDRT) reaction times were studied in a driving simulator by performing a backwards counting task and a simple driving task that required continuous focused visual attention to the forward view of the road. The study aimed to unravel the attentional processes underlying the Detection Response Task effects. Background: The claim of previous studies that performance degradation on the vDRT is due to a general interference instead of visual tunneling was challenged in this experiment. Method: vDRT stimulus eccentricity and stimulus conspicuity were applied as within-subject factors. Results: Increased cognitive load and visual load both resulted in increased response times (RTs) on the vDRT. Cognitive load increased RT but revealed no task by stimulus eccentricity interaction. However, effects of visual load on RT showed a strong task by stimulus eccentricity interaction under conditions of low stimulus conspicuity. Also, more experienced drivers performed better on the vDRT while driving. Conclusion: This was seen as evidence for a differential effect of cognitive and visual workload. The results supported the tunnel vision model for visual workload, where the sensitivity of the peripheral visual field reduced as a function of visual load. However, the results supported the general interference model for cognitive workload. Application: This has implications for the diagnosticity of the vDRT: The pattern of results differentiated between visual task load and cognitive task load. It also has implications for theory development and workload measurement for different types of tasks.
Phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Pokorná Pavla , Šíma Martin , Vobruba Václav , Tibboel Dick , Slanař Ondřej 
Published: May 2018

Introduction: The disposition of drugs is potentially changed due to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in neonates and infants. Methods: The aim of the study was to evaluate the individual pharmacokinetics (PK) of phenobarbital and the effect of PK covariates in neonates and infants undergoing ECMO. Sixteen patients (7 neonates, 9 infants) treated with phenobarbital during ECMO (centrifugal-flow pump circuits) were enrolled in the PK study. Phenobarbital serum concentrations were measured using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Individual PK parameters - volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (CL) were calculated in a one-compartmental pharmacokinetic model. Results: The mean (SD) Vd and CL values in neonates were 0.46 (0.24) L/kg and 8.0 (4.5) mL/h/kg, respectively. Respective values in infants were 0.56 (0.23) L/kg and 8.5 (3.1) mL/h/kg. PK parameters in neonates and infants were not significantly different. We observed high inter-individual variability in PK parameters (coefficients of variation [CV] were 52% and 53% for CL and Vd, respectively). Doses were adjusted based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in 87.5% patients. Only 50% of the first measured phenobarbital serum concentrations in each patient were within the therapeutic range of 10-40 mg/L, in comparison with 88.6% concentration measured after TDM implementation. Linear regression models showed that both Vd and CL are significantly related with body weight (BW) and length. Median optimal phenobarbital loading dose (LD) and maintenance dose (MD), calculated from pharmacokinetic data, were 15 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg/day, respectively. Conclusions: Body weight was shown to be the main PK covariate of phenobarbital disposition. Subsequent dosing nomograms are provided for phenobarbital dosing during ECMO.
The Standardization of Diagnostic Criteria for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Implications for Research, Clinical Practice and Population Health
Authors: Brown Jasmine M. , Bland Roger , Jonsson Egon , Greenshaw Andrew J. 
Published: May 2018

Objective: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a preventable disorder caused by maternal alcohol consumption and marked by a range of physical and mental disabilities. Although recognized by the scientific and medical community as a clinical disorder, no internationally standardized diagnostic tool yet exists for FASD. Methods and Results: This review seeks to analyse the discrepancies in existing diagnostic tools for FASD, and the repercussions these differences have on research, public health, and government policy. Conclusions: Disagreement on the adoption of a standardised tool is reflective of existing gaps in research on the conditions and factors that influence fetal vulnerability to damage from exposure. This discordance has led to variability in research findings, inconsistencies in government messaging, and misdiagnoses or missed diagnoses. The objective measurement of the timing and level of prenatal alcohol exposure is key to bridging these gaps; however, there is conflicting or limited evidence to support the use of existing measures.
Clinical and immunological pattern and outcome of Egyptian systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a single center experience
Authors: Mahmoud G A , Shahin A A , Zayed H S , Moghazy A , Eissa B M 
Published: May 2018

Objective The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and immunological pattern and disease outcome in Egyptian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Patients and methods The medical records of 770 systemic lupus erythematosus patients who were followed from 2002–2015 at Kasr Alainy Hospital, Cairo University, were retrospectively reviewed. Results There were 707 (91.8%) females. The mean age at disease onset was 22.1 ± 8.6 and the disease duration was 6.1 ± 4.5 years. The main clinical manifestations were mucocutaneous (90.8% with oral ulcers affecting 52.5%), arthritis (80.3%), nephritis (67.8%), hematologic involvement (64.9%), serositis (55.2%) and neuropsychiatric manifestations (44.3%). The frequencies of antinuclear antibodies were 94.3%, anti-dsDNA 74.8%, anti-Smith 11%, anticardiolipin antibodies 29.5% and lupus anticoagulant 19.8%. Infections, predominantly bacterial, affected 337 (43.8%) patients. Thirty-three (4.3%) patients died. The main causes of death were sepsis and disease activity. The five- and 10-year survival rates for the total cohort were 97.4% and 96.3%, respectively, and were 96% and 92%, respectively for those with nephritis ( p = 0.008). Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum creatinine, a higher damage index, infections, a higher glucocorticoid dose and cyclophosphamide use ≥ six months were associated with an increased risk of mortality with odds ratios of 3.69, p < 0.01; 4.12, p < 0.001; 1.54, p < 0.001; 1.43, p < 0.001; 5.08, p < 0.001; 5.04, p < 0.001 and 2.25, p = 0.03, respectively. Conclusion Compared to other cohorts, a relatively lower mean age at systemic lupus erythematosus onset and higher frequencies of oral ulcers, serositis and nephritis were found.