bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LONG DAYS PROMOTE FLOWERING OF ARMERIA MARITIMA
Authors: Lehmann J.T. , Albrecht M.L. 
Published: February 2019

Armeria maritima was studied to provide guidelines for flowering potted plant production. Seed and vegetatively propagated plants were exposed to 9-hr, 13-hr, or 17-hr photoperiods. Flowering was enhanced under the 13-hr and 17-hr photoperiods. Peduncle and leaf length were shorter, and plants were more compact under short days (SD, 9-hr photoperiod) than under long days (LD). When grown under SDs then moved at monthly intervals to LDs, the degree to which the compact growth habit (CH) was expressed was dependent upon the length of exposure to SDs. Plants with the CH produced fewer inflorescences than full growth habit plants.
Plants held in cold storage (4C) flowered more profusely under LDs, but had a delay in flowering. There was more uniform flowering for plants held in cold storage than those held in a cool greenhouse (7C night temperature).
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TOMATO POLLEN BEHAVIOUR IN VITRO UNDER LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Kaltsikes P. J. , Bebeli P. J. 
Published: February 2019

The genetics of the ability of tomato pollen to germinate and grow in vitro under low temperature was investigated in two crosses namely “Resista” × “Hilda” and “Resista” × “Monita”. In each cross the following generations were utilised: F1, F2, BC1 and BC2, and their reciprocals, along with the parents. Pollen was placed on microscope slides having cavities filled with a liquid nutrient medium (water, 10% sucrose and 50 ppm boric acid) and allowed to germinate and grow for six hours at 15° C and then killed with acetocarmine. Germination rates and pollen tube length were determined and analyses on a genetic model allowing only for additive and dominance gene effects.
For pollen germination rate both additive and dominance gene effects were significant while for tube length only the additive effects were. Dominance was towards lower rates of germination. At least three genes control pollen germination rates while seven or more are involved in pollen tube length determination.
BORON TOXICITY AND SALINITY INTERACTIONS IN PRUNUS SPECIES.
Authors: Brown Patrick H. , Hu Hening , El-Mntaium Rawia 
Published: February 2019

Excessive soil and water boron (B) occur widely in California, often in conjunction with high soil salinity. Descriptions of the symptoms of B toxicity and quantification of its impact on Prunus species are not available. In these experiments we describe the impact of high B and saline conditions on uptake, distribution and growth depression in almond, peach, plum and peach/almond hybrid rootstocks
A series of experiments are described that indicate an important additive effect of B on sensitivity of Prunus species to salinity. Boron concentrations in excess of lppm in the irrigation solution, significantly impair plant growth under moderate (non-limiting) salinity conditions and lead to plant death at higher salinity levels. Symptoms of B toxicity in Prunus include stem necrosis and vascular occlusion. Unlike most other species, B does not appear to accumulate in the leaf margins and leaf symptoms are generally not observed. Differences in sensitivity of a range of Prunus species to B toxicity are described.
Initial results suggest that differences in rootstock sensitivity to B and salinity are the result of differential uptkake and partitioning of B, Na and Cl within the plant.
CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT ASSOCIATED WITH BUD DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Erner Yair 
Published: February 2019

Lack of carbohydrate has long been held to be a factor contributing to poor return bloom when fruits are “stored” on the tree for a prolonged period or after an “on” year crop. It is well-documented that in a number of nodes sited along a fruiting branch basipetal to a growing fruit, no bloom occurs in the following season.
During a year's monitoring buds from an “on” year of 'Shamouti' orange and Murcott mandarin had the same level of soluble sugars and starch as from “off” year. While, leaves of 'Shamouti' did not show any differences in soluble sugars and starch with “on” and “off” years, Murcott had twice as much starch in the leaves from “off” year. Sucrose has been found to be the major sugar, with glucose up to 1/10 of sucrose and very minute amounts of glucose. Reproductive buds contained less soluble sugars than vegetative with no significant differences between basal and top buds from either type of branches. Results will be discussed in terms of carbohydrate effects on bud differentiation toward flowering. Supported by BARD No. I-1643-89.
VIBRATION OF TOMATO FRUIT CAUSES ABNORMAL RIPENING.
Authors: Assi Najib , Ahrens M. Joseph 
Published: February 2019

Previous investigations have shown that severe injury and bruising result from impacts, compression, and vibration scuffing during transport. Work specifically on vibration has focused on damage caused by “micro impact” and not true vibration. Our study looked at true vibration-imparted energy and analyzed the effects of force and frequency.
Mature green tomato fruit were secured to a platform and energized with a vibration cell at different frequencies and force for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. The fruit were then allowed to ripen at 20C. Ethylene and respiration rates were determined along with general condition for two weeks.
Ethylene production and respiration rate increased initially and remained high with increasing force and length of treatment. Fruit vibrated for 40, 50, and 60 m developed an uneven ripening pattern. When the control fruit were red, the vibrated fruit showed blotchy ripening. In addition, the ripening rate was slower, although respiration and ethylene production were higher. However, when the control fruit were full red to overripe, the blotchy ripening disappeared in the treatments, but they never developed as deep a red as the controls. We are continuing to investigate vibrational effects on gel breakdown and membrane integrity
A PACKAGING SYSTEM FOR PEELED WHOLE BABY CARROTS
Authors: Ahrens M. Joseph 
Published: February 2019

Fresh, peeled, whole baby carrots are fast becoming the driving force in sales of fresh carrots. In 1991, 200 million tons were marketed to food service and retail outlets. “Peeled whole baby carrots” are mature carrots cut to 5 cm lengths and peeled in a modified potato peeler. Two problems have developed which are limiting the expansion of this market: 1) the product as currently packed develops a slimey rot in 10 days and 2) a “white blush” forms on the exposed surface of the product after 5 days.
Tests on the atmosphere of the bag indicated that the product was generating a low O2 environment, causing the growth of anaerobic rots. Evaluations of several film materials were undertaken to find a formulation which would provide an O2 level above 5% and CO2 below 7%, a level above which some cultivars are injured. Sucrose ester and cellulose based edible films and anti-oxidants were applied to the product to help eliminate white blush, which could be the product of dehydration or lignin formation.
A cellulose-base edible film supplied from the USDA and a mineral impregnated single ply low density polyethylene 1.5 mil bag were selected as the optimum packaging combination. Storage at 5C was improved to 50 days, with white blush and decay greatly reduced. Studies on the logistics of the edible film application are continuing.
ORCHARD FACTORS AFFECTING TREE PRODUCTIVITY AND MITE INFESTATIONS IN ARKANSAS
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Johnson Donn , Herder Mark Den , Talbert Ron 
Published: February 2019

Twelve apple orchards and an experimental orchard were evaluated in 2 years for weed population and diversity, primary pests (codling moth, oriental fruit moth, plum curculio and mites), primary diseases, soil water content, and 37 horticultural attributes describing tree growth, fruit growth, productivity, tree nutrition, and management intensity. Data were collected at 2 week intervals. The experimental orchard contained three apple cultivars grown in three orchard floor management systems.
Increased weed ground cover related to earlier and increased mite predator populations in trees, decreased pest mite-days, but reduced tree and fruit growth. Grass weed species appeared more detrimental to tree growth than broadleaf species. Tree training intensity was negatively related to canopy density, and incidence of pests and diseases. Reductions in fruit size and quality were more closely linked to weed competition, and earliness and degree of pest mite infestation than to crop load.
HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Biggs Anthony G. 
Published: February 2019

Australian horticultural research and development is now co-ordinated by an industry supported, federal government statutory body — the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation (HRDC). The Corporation, constituted in 1987, co-ordinated project funding to the value of just over $10 million in 1991/92. More than 300 projects are now supported, covering all sectors of horticulture.
Federal government funds are available to match industry contributions to a value of up to 0.5% gross value of product.
Traditional funding organisations are reducing commitments to research and development, thus placing increasing pressure on industries to help themselves on a user-pays basis.
Examples will be provided of completed projects which are proving of great value to Australian horticultural domestic and export opportunities.
SEARCH FOR THE FERTILE GARLIC CLONES AND THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN FERTILE CLONES
Authors: Oh Dae-Geun , Kim Ki Taek , Kim Hyeong-Do 
Published: February 2019

To find fertile garlic clones to be used in the cross breeding program, 213 accessions were subjected to cytological study at meiosis I. Most accessions (185 clones) showed abnormal chromosome configurations of ring of four, six or eight, which are ascribed to single or multiple translocations. Two clones showed asynaptic behavior forming 16 univalents from zygotene to metaphase I, and 26 clones revealed regular chromosome paring of 8 bivalents.
Only six of 26 clones showing normal meiosis produced viable pollen grains, while the rest were male sterile. From the segregation of crosses between male sterile and fertile clones, the male sterility is presumed to be governed by single recessive gene.
Hybrid plants between the fertile clones appeared, in general, intermediate of the parents in field performance.
PRE-STORAGE HYDRATING SOLUTION EFFECTS ON FLOWER LIFE OF ROSES AFTER DRY STORAGE
Authors: Durkin Dominic 
Published: February 2019

Freshly harvested Rosa hybrida, `Kardinal' flowers were used to evaluate vase performance after hydration and storage at 37°F. Flowers were placed in one of six solutions for 24 hours and in dry storage for 3 additional days. After storage, half of the roses were cut before placement in vase solution containing 1% dextrose and potassium salts but without an anti-microbial agent.
Roses hydrated in aluminum sulfate had the shortest life followed by roses hydrated in CHRYSAL RVB. Flowers hydrated in CHRYSAL RVB and cut lasted as well as roses hydrated in HYDRAFLOR-100, 60 ppm sodium hypochlorite (naocl), citric acid, or citric acid with Tween 20 for one hour followed by 60 ppm maocl solution. Roses stored in naocl solution performed as well without, as with, cutting before placement in the vase solution. Results will be discussed in terms of microbe and particulate blockage of hydration pathways.
ASYMBIOTIC GERMINATION OF CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS VAR. PARVIFLORUM (ORCHIDACEAE) IN VITRO.
Authors: Chu Chin-Chang , Mudge Kenneth W. 
Published: February 2019

Seeds from mature seed pods of Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum were germinated on 1/4 MSMO (Sigma) + 100ml/l coconut water + 1% sucrose +/- 8g/l agar (pH 6.0), and with or without prechilling at 5C for 8 weeks. Protocorm with apex (stage 3) was use as an index of germination. Seeds sown on agar medium withou chilling treatment resulted in a 40% germination rate in 120 days but the germination was very uneven. Seeds germinated on agar medium with prechilling developed more synchronously with 92% germination in 60 days (ie. about 120 days after sowing). Suspension culture of seeds without prechilling resulted in 85% germination after 90 days. The synchronization of seed germination in suspension culture was intermediate between that on agar with and without prechilling. Protocorms germinated in suspension culture appeared morphologically identical to those germinated on agar medium. All stage 3 protocorms developed further on the same agar medium in darkness.
Both agar and suspension culture in media containing coconut water provided reliable seed germination methods for this orchid species.
PRUNING VS. TREE REMOVAL OF CROWDED `HARTLEY' (JUGLANS REGIA) TREE
Authors: Reil Wilbur , Ramos David , Snyder Ronald 
Published: February 2019

Two management systems were initiated in a 10 year old Juglans regia cv. Hartley orchard planted 8 m. × 8 m. in 1977. Annual dormant selective pruning was practiced for the next 8 years on all trees within one treatment (pruning) compared to dormant severe pruning on alternate temporary trees with no pruning on adjacent permanent trees (thinning). Temporary trees were removed in the thinning treatment in 1985.
Yield, trunk cross sectional area, pruning weight and nut quality factors were evaluated each year from the 5 replicate, completely randomized trial.
Yield and nut quality factors did not differ between the two treatments during the 15 years.
In 1990 the pruned trial was again pruned causing a 20% drop in production (p=.06). With no additional pruning yield returned to slightly above the thinned treatment in 1991.
This trial demonstrates that Hartley walnut trees (terminal bearing habit) continue to produce satisfactory crops under crowded canopy management but a tree thinning program offers other advantages which also should be considered.
CROP LOAD AND LIMB GIRDLING AFFECT APPLE FRUIT SIZE, COLOR, AND QUALITY
Authors: Barden John A. 
Published: February 2019

In 1990, 15-yr-old `Smoothee Golden Delicious' trees on M.9, M.9/MM.111, and MM.111 were used. On each of 4 trees per rootstock, 3 branches (1.0-1.7 cm dia) were selected. On 7 June (45 DAFB), crop loads were adjusted to 3, 5, or 7 fruit per cm2 branch cross sectional area (BXSA), and each branch was girdled. On 6 Sept all fruit were harvested; fruit weight, ground color, percent blush, soluble solids, starch, and firmness were regressed against crop load. Each was negatively related to crop load, most strongly for soluble solids, ground color and blush. Rootstock influenced several factors and some interaction with crop load occurred.
In 1991, heavily cropping 10-yr-old trees of Empire/M.7A were used. One each of 7 trees, branches (1.2-2.0 cm dia) were thinned to 4, 8, or 12 fruit/cm2 BXSA on 5 June (40 DAFB). One branch per crop load per tree was girdled on 5 June. On 29 Sept fruit were harvested for evaluation. ANOVA indicated significant interactions between crop load and girdling for fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids and starch. Each showed a significant negative linear regression with crop load on girdled branches; on ungirdled branches none of the regressions were significant.
PINE BARK AND PEAT-BASED MEDIA INFLUENCE THE EFFECTS OF UNICONAZOLE DRENCH ON `GUTBIER V-14 GLORY' POINSETTIAS.
Authors: Newman Steven E. , Quarrels Jesse R. 
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the influences of 8 commercial media, 4 peat-based and 4 pine bark-based, on the effects of uniconazole applied as a media drench to `Gutbier V-14 Glory' poinsettias. The peat-based media were Baccto Grower's Mix, Baccto High Porosity Professional, Baccto High Porosity Professional with Bacctite, and Baccto Rockwool Mix. The pine bark-based media were Metro 300, 360, 500, and 700. Uniconazole was applied to plants grown in each media at 5 rates (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg · 15 cm por1).
Uniconazole effectively reduced plant height and width, bract dry weight, and bract number in all media. Plants grown in the Metro products, however, tended to be larger than those grown in the Baccto products. Bract size and number, plant weight, width and height were greatest in Metro 360. The rockwool mix produced the smallest plants. Plants grown in the peat-based media were more sensitive to uniconazole drenches. Plants grown in Metro 360 were the least sensitive to uniconazole drenches.
RESPONSE OF REPEATED 2,4-D SPRAYS ON THE NODE DIAMETER, INTERNODE LENGTH AND CARBOHYDRATES IN THE CANES AND COLD HARDINESS OF CONCORD GRAPE BUDS
Authors: Ahmedullah M. , Ogg Alex 
Published: February 2019

Field grown high and low vigor Vitis labruscana cv, Concord grapevines were sprayed with 2,4-D amine in concentrations of 0, 2.5, 10 and 25 ppmw at 1st leaf; 1st and 3rd leaf; 1st, 3rd and 5th leaf and 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th leaf stages of vine growth for two consecutive years. Cane and bud samples were collected for determining node diameter, internode length, carbohydrates in the canes, and T50 of buds. Data on yield and vegetable growth were also collected.
There were significant differences among treatments in the node diameter and cold hardiness of buds (T50) both in high and low vigor vines. Repeated applications of 2,4-D reduced the cane diameter significantly but the carbohydrates in the canes were not affected. When 2,4-D symptoms were severe in July, yields were reduced by as much as 85%, but there was slight or no reduction in yield when symptoms were not severe.
INFLUENCE OF SPECTRAL FILTERS ON LEAF PIGMENTS AND ANATOMY OF `SPEARS' CHRYSANTHEMUM
Authors: McMahon Margaret J. , Kelly John W. 
Published: February 2019

`Spears' chrysanthemums were grown in chambers fitted with double-walled exolite filled with spectral filtering solutions: a blue textile dye that absorbed red light, CuSO4·5H2O that absorbed far-red light, and H2O that was spectrally non-selective (control).
Leaves of `Spears' grown under CuSO4-filters had increased chlorophyll a (23%), chlorophyll b (26%), xanthophyll (22%), and β-carotene (24%) compared to plants grown under H2O or blue-dye filters. Ratios of total carotenoid: chlorophyll and chlorophyll a: chlorophyll b were not affected by filter.
Individual leaf area was reduced 25% under CuSO4 filters compared to other filters. Stomates per unit area were not affected by filters, however stomates per leaf were reduced 25% under CuSO4 filters because of leaf size reduction. Stomate length and width were not affected by filter. Leaves from plants grown under CuSO4-filters had an internal structure resembling that of sun-type leaves. Other filters induced a shade-type leaf.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CARBON GAIN IN ALSTROEMERIA
Authors: Leonardos E.D. , Tsujita M.J. , Grodzinski B. , Blom T.J. 
Published: February 2019

Leaf and whole plant gas exchange (net photosynthesis Pn, dark respiration Dr, transpiration Tr, and resistance R) of `Jacqueline' Alstroemeria, grown in pots inside a greenhouse, were measured under lab conditions using an openflow and a semi-closed system respectively.
Temperature responses of apical fully expanded leaves, on flowering and non-flowering shoots, showed an optimum range for net photosynthesis (Pn) from 15 to 20 °C. Above 25 °C Pn dropped considerably as temperature increased. Leaf transpiration rates over the same range of temperature showed a similar decrease, indicating that low leaf Pn rates at higher temperatures were due in part to increased stomatal resistance.
Whole plant photosynthetic response to temperature was similar to that of leaf gas exchange. The optimum temperature range for whole plant Pn was from 12 to 17 °C. These results show that moderately low temperatures are essential for carbon assimilation and efficient water use in Alstroemeria. Temperature interactions with other environmental factors will also be presented in models describing Pn rates as a function of irradiance, CO2 concentration, and temperature.
DIURNAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND STARCH DEPOSITION IN LEAVES OF FRUITING AND DEFLOWERED RED RASPBERRY CANES
Authors: Klauer Stephen F. , Chen Chuhe , Foote Paul W. , Cameron J. Scott 
Published: February 2019

On four dates during the 1991 growing season, gas exchange rates were measured on the same middle leaflets every 3 h from 7am-10pm from deflowered (DF) and fruiting (F) red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. cv. “Meeker”) canes. Concurrently, the adjacent side leaflets were sampled for anatomical starch determination. The dates corresponded to the late anthesis/early green fruit, early red fruit, late red fruit, and post fruit maturity stages of the growing season. For all dates, CO2 assimilation (A) was highest from 7-10am, lowest at 4pm, and increased at 7pm. Overall A peaked during fruit development. Leaves of F canes had greater A than leaves of DF canes during fruit development, but rates were similar after fruit maturity.
Starch accumulation in leaf cross-sections generally followed the diurnal pattern observed for A. Starch appeared heaviest from 7am-lpm and often showed an increase from 7-10pm. Leaves from DF canes generally had a greater accumulation of starch. Seasonally, leaf starch from F canes appeared greatest at late anthesis, decreased during fruit development and was very low post fruit maturity. Leaf starch in DF canes appeared greatest at the late anthesis and late red fruit stages.
DF leaves had greater dry weight accumulation than F leaves during the red fruit stages. A Western blot showed that Rubisco levels as a percentage of total soluble protein were higher during fruit development and decreased after fruit maturity.
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF ROSE (ROSA SPP) USING THE BIOLISTIC PROCESS.
Authors: Strefeler M. S. 
Published: February 2019

Genetic transformation of cut roses may greatly facilitate cultivar improvement programs by shortening the time required to introduce new genes into elite germplasm. The biolistic process offers a very promising method for the genetic transformation of roses.
The biolistic process uses high velocity mircoprojectiles (gold or tungsten) to carry foreign DNA into cells. This process has been shown to be useful for genetic transformation of many organisms. The first step in taking advantage of this process is to optimize the factors which affect transformation efficiency.
Several factors that have a significant affect on transformation efficiency were examined in an effort to optimize the biolistic process for gene transfer in roses. The factors examined were type of tissue (leaf segments, petioles, callus, etc), bombardment distance, the number of bombardments, DNA construct and microcarrier velocity.
The reporter gene, GUS, was used for determining transformation efficiency in this study. GUS was carried on several plasmid constructs which also contained antibiotic resistance (kanamycin or streptomycin. Efficiency of gene transfer was determined by calculating the number of transiently expressing GUS cells for each combination of factors.
Results of this study will be discussed and summarized.