bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Scalable Transfer Approach for Discrete III‐Nitride Devices Using Wafer‐Scale Patterned h‐BN/Sapphire Substrate for Pick‐and‐Place Applications
Authors: Ayari Taha , Sundaram Suresh , Bishop Chris , Mballo Adama , Vuong Phuong , Halfaya Yacine , Karrakchou Soufiane , Gautier Simon , Voss Paul L. , Salvestrini Jean Paul , Ougazzaden Abdallah 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe mechanical release of III‐nitride devices using h‐BN is a promising approach for heterogeneous integration. Upscaling this technology for industrial level requires solutions that allow a simple pick‐and‐place technique of selected devices for integration while preserving device performance. An advance that satisfies both of these requirements is demonstrated in this work. It is based on a lateral control of the h‐BN quality, using patterned sapphire with a SiO2 mask, to achieve localized van der Waals epitaxy of high‐quality GaN based device structures. After process fabrication, the devices can be individually picked and placed on a foreign substrate without the need for a dicing step. In addition, this approach could reduce delamination of h‐BN on large diameter substrates because each h‐BN region is smaller, with independent device structures. Discrete InGaN LEDs on h‐BN are grown and fabricated on 2 in. patterned sapphire using a SiO2 mask. A set of devices are selectively released and transferred to flexible aluminum tape. The transferred LEDs exhibit blue light emission around 435 nm. The approach presented here is scalable on any wafer size, can be applied to other types of nitride‐based devices, and can be compatible with commercial pick‐and‐place handlers for mass production.
Raft‐forming polysaccharides for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD): Systematic review
Authors: Yousaf Maria , Nirwan Jorabar Singh , Smith Alan M. , Timmins Peter , Conway Barbara R. , Ghori Muhammad Usman 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTGastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a common condition induced by unwarranted reflux of gastric and duodenal contents into the esophagus, and insufficient clearance of refluxate from it. Pharmaceutical formulations possessing raft‐forming capability offers an excellent alternative to conventional treatment options to treat uncomplicated GORD. These formulations typically contain a polymer, which performs distinctively upon contact with gastric acid and develops a foam‐like structure that can float on gastric contents. This review aims to feature research articles and patents that cover this topic. After undergoing a standardized literature search following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses guidelines, we have included 38 research articles and 18 patents describing the role of raft‐forming polymers in the treatment of GORD. This is a comprehensive review of formulation/testing of raft‐forming polymers. As expected, the majority of the studies focused on alginate; however, fewer studies have reported the use of pectin, xanthan gum, and raw psyllium fibers (husk). Moreover, it can be concluded from this comprehensive systematic review that a detailed characterization of raft‐forming formulations, type, and concentration of used active and inactive materials and different formulations factors are essential for the development of successful anti‐reflux raft‐forming formulations. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 48012.
Mechanistic Study on the Asymmetric Synthesis of the Wieland‐Miescher Ketone and Analogs
Authors: Liu Chunhui , Bradshaw Ben , Maseras Feliu , Bonjoch Josep , Besora Maria 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe organocatalyzed synthesis of the Wieland‐Miescher ketone (WMK) via N‐sulfonyl‐binamprolinamide catalysis was investigated using experimental and computational tools. A mechanistic proposal is presented describing the origin of the high enantioselectivity, which rivals that of aldolases. The computational study reveals that the role of the prolinamide catalyst is to lower the reaction barrier and determine the stereoselectivity of the product achieved, while the role of the carboxylic acid is to facilitate proton transfer steps. The effect of the acid co‐catalyst was confirmed by experiments. The role of the structure of the BINAM backbone and the effect of the sulfonamide group are uncovered experimentally and computationally. Calculations show that a rigid highly defined catalytic pocket due to covalent and steric interactions induces conformational changes in the triketone substrate to maximize interactions.
Nitroxyl Radical‐Mediated Oxidation of Alcohols in Continuous Microreactors
Authors: Deckers Christoph , Linden Martin , Löwe Holger 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPrimary and secondary alcohols are oxidized to corresponding aldehydes and ketones, respectively, with nitroxyl radicals. The stable radical 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) is used as a mediator for selective oxidation of anisyl alcohol to anisaldehyde. This reaction is operated in different continuous microreactors either in single‐phase or in multiphase applications like double emulsions. The latter are used for a simple separation of the hydrophilic coproduct 1‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO‐H) and the lipophilic product anisaldehyde. In addition, cyclic voltammetry is applied to determine conditions and parameters for electrochemical recycling of TEMPO‐H. TEMPO‐H is reactivated in a continuous electrolysis cell by anodic oxidation for reuse as mediator.
In Situ Hybridization for Detecting Mature MicroRNAs In Vivo at Single‐Cell Resolution
Authors: Minogue Amanda L. , Arur Swathi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of cell and tissue development. However, spatial resolution of miRNA heterogeneity and accumulation patterns in vivo remains uncharted. Next‐generation sequencing methods assay miRNA abundance in tissues, yet these analyses do not provide spatial resolution. A method to assay miRNA expression at single‐cell resolution in vivo should clarify the cell‐autonomous functions of miRNAs, their roles in influencing the cellular microenvironment, and their perdurance and turnover rate. We present an in situ hybridization protocol to map miRNA subcellular expression in single cells in vivo in four days. Using this protocol, we mapped distinct miRNAs that accumulate in the cytoplasm of one sibling oocyte but not another, dependent on the oocyte developmental stage. Thus, this method provides spatial and temporal resolution of the heterogeneity in expression of miRNAs during Caenorhabditis elegans oogenesis. This protocol can generally be adapted to any tissue amenable to dissection and fixation. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Architectural modification of shells by terrestrial hermit crabs alters social dynamics in later generations
Authors: Laidre Mark E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOrganisms architecturally modify environments and these modifications may persist across generations, potentially strongly shaping social behavior. However, few experiments have directly tested the impact of architectural modifications from earlier generations on social behavior in later generations. Here, I report experiments using extremely durable resources, shells, which endure for decades to centuries in stable form. Terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobita compressus) architecturally remodel shells and pass these modified shelters to subsequent generations, which reuse them long after the original architect's death. I conducted controlled field experiments in a population of these crabs in which shells have been individually marked and tracked for a decade. I examined the impact of architectural modifications by contrasting social behavior around introduced shells, either remodeled shells (whose internal architecture was modified by earlier generations) or unremodeled shells (whose architecture had never been modified). Remodeled shells generated radically different social dynamics than unremodeled shells, catalyzing vacancy chains in which shells were socially redistributed across the population. Social groups that formed around remodeled shells consisted of size‐ordered queues, with precise timing and social coordination required if individuals were to acquire superior shells. Interestingly, comparative experiments in two non‐architect species (Clibanarius albidigitus and Calcinus obscurus) failed to show any impact of architectural modifications on social behavior; such impacts were only found in the architect species (C. compressus). Broadly, architecture from earlier generations can thus play a major role in driving social dynamics among later generations.
Autophagy is essential for oligodendrocyte differentiation, survival, and proper myelination
Authors: Bankston Andrew N. , Forston Michael D. , Howard Russell M. , Andres Kariena R. , Smith Allison E. , Ohri Sujata Saraswat , Bates Margaret L. , Bunge Mary B. , Whittemore Scott R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDeficient myelination, the spiral wrapping of highly specialized membrane around axons, causes severe neurological disorders. Maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) to myelinating oligodendrocytes (OL), the sole providers of central nervous system (CNS) myelin, is tightly regulated and involves extensive morphological changes. Here, we present evidence that autophagy, the targeted isolation of cytoplasm and organelles by the double‐membrane autophagosome for lysosomal degradation, is essential for OPC/OL differentiation, survival, and proper myelin development. A marked increase in autophagic activity coincides with OL differentiation, with OL processes having the greatest increase in autophagic flux. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that autophagosomes form in developing myelin sheathes before trafficking from myelin to the OL soma. Mice with conditional OPC/OL‐specific deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg5 beginning on postnatal Day 5 develop a rapid tremor and die around postnatal Day 12. Further analysis revealed apoptotic death of OPCs, reduced differentiation, and reduced myelination. Surviving Atg5−/− OLs failed to produce proper myelin structure. In vitro, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy in OPC/dorsal root ganglion (DRG) co‐cultures blocked myelination, producing OLs surrounded by many short processes. Conversely, autophagy stimulation enhanced myelination. These results implicate autophagy as a key regulator of OPC survival, maturation, and proper myelination. Autophagy may provide an attractive target to promote both OL survival and subsequent myelin repair after injury.
Efficacy and toxicity of sorafenib in the treatment of advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vuong Huy Gia , Ho An Thi Nhat , Tran Thao T. K. , Capdevila Jaume , Benekli Mustafa , Nakazawa Tadao , Katoh Ryohei , Kondo Tetsuo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study is to investigate and summarize the treatment efficacy and adverse effects (AEs) of sorafenib in the treatment of metastatic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs).MethodsWe included studies reporting the treatment efficacy or drug toxicity of sorafenib as a single therapeutic agent in MTCs. Pooled incidence and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for complete response, partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and sorafenib‐related AEs were calculated using random‐effect model.ResultsEight trials with 101 metastatic MTCs were included for meta‐analyses. The overall PR and SD were 21% (95% CI = 9‐33) and 58% (95% CI = 41‐75), respectively. Hand‐foot syndrome, diarrhea, alopecia, mucositis, skin rash, fatigue, and hypertension were the most commonly observed AEs.ConclusionOur results show that sorafenib treatment has a modest effect and might be a candidate treatment in patients with metastatic MTCs who have failed other therapeutic regimens.
Efficacy of posttreatment radioiodine scanning in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Na'ara Shorook , Mahameed Kamel , Amit Moran , Cohen Jacob T. , Weiler‐Sagie Michal , Albitskiy Igor , Gil Ziv , Billan Salem 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundDifferentiated thyroid cancers often require radioiodine treatment followed by posttreatment scan. We aimed in this study to assess the utility of the posttreatment radioiodine scan in this population.MethodsAn analysis of patients who received radioiodine treatment at Rambam Campus, during 2006‐2013. Scans showing remnant normal thyroid tissue were considered as normal. Positive uptake was defined as uptake in the lateral neck or distant sites.ResultsA total of 455 patients were analyzed, 68% had T1‐T2 and 28% had positive lymph nodes. Positive uptake in the lateral neck was recorded in 52 (11.4%) and in distant sites in 41 (9%) patients. Tracheal invasion, esophageal invasion, nerve invasion, and N1b classification were associated with a positive scan (P < .05). A positive radioactive iodine scan was not related to poor prognosis.ConclusionsPosttreatment scans are positive in only 20% of patients. Locally invasive tumor and positive nodes are associated with positive scans.
Increased expression of long noncoding RNA GAS6‐AS2 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of melanoma cells via upregulating GAS6 expression
Authors: Wen Li , Zheng Yuanquan , Wen Xiaoyi , Zhang Yitian , Zeng Weihui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are frequently aberrantly expressed and involved in many cancers, including melanoma. GAS6‐AS2 was a recently identified cancer‐related lncRNA. However, the expression, roles, and functional mechanisms of GAS6‐AS2 in melanoma remain unknown. In this study, we found that lncRNA GAS6‐AS2 is significantly elevated in melanoma tissues and cells. Elevated expression of GAS6‐AS2 is positively correlated with advanced stages and poor prognosis in melanoma. Functional assays demonstrated that ectopic expression of GAS6‐AS2 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of melanoma cells. In contrast, knockdown of GAS6‐AS2 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of melanoma cells. Furthermore, in vivo functional assays showed that GAS6‐AS2 promotes melanoma xenograft growth. Mechanistically, we found that GAS6‐AS2 upregulates GAS6 expression, promotes GAS6 secretion, and activates AXL/AKT/ERK signals. The expression of GAS6 was positively correlated with that of GAS6‐AS2 in melanoma tissues. In addition, deficiency of GAS6 reverses the biological roles of GAS6‐AS2 overexpression in melanoma cell proliferation and apoptosis. Collectively, our data identified GAS6‐AS2 as an oncogenic lncRNA in melanoma via activation of GAS6/AXL/AKT/ERK signals. Our data suggested that GAS6‐AS2 may be a novel potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for melanoma.
Majorana vortex photons a form of entangled photons propagation through brain tissue
Authors: Mamani Sandra , Shi Lingyan , Nolan Daniel , Alfano Robert 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper extends the concept of entangled vector vortex beams as a form of Majorana‐like photons. Majorana photon quasi particles are introduced and attributed to a class of entangled vector beams and show higher transmission. These photons and the antiphotons are identical. A Majorana photon has within itself both right and left handed twists. These majorana beams travel at speeds other than speed of light, c in free space. Light transmission of Majorana photon vortex beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) are investigated in a mouse brain at different local regions showing enhanced transmission and properties of being entangled. This work is new interpretation of our past paper of mixed photon beam states. The transmission change observed with Majorana structured light other than linear polarization is attributed to the nonseparable and mixed nature of radial and azimuthal polarizations with OAM and the handedness of the light passing through chiral brain media. These mixed nonhomogeneous beams are entangled in OAM and polarization. Majorana photons may play an important role in the future for quantum and optical computing and sub and super luminal speeds due to its traversal wave vector, k.
High concentration magnesium inhibits extracellular matrix calcification and protects articular cartilage via Erk/autophagy pathway
Authors: Yue Jiaji , Jin Shanzi , Gu Shizhong , Sun Rui , Liang Qingwei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe significant cytopathological changes of osteoarthritis are chondrocyte hypertrophy, proteoglycan loss, extracellular matrix (ECM) calcification, and terminally, the replacement of cartilage by bone. Meanwhile, magnesium ion (Mg2+), as the second most abundant divalent cation in the human body, has been proved to inhibit the ECM calcification of hBMSCs (human bone marrow stromal cells), hVSMCs (Human vascular smooth muscle cells), and TDSCs (tendon‐derived stem cells) in vitro studies. The ATDC5 cell line, which holds chondrocyte characteristics, was used in this study as an in vitro subject. We found that Mg2+ can efficiently suppress the ECM calcification and downregulate both hypertrophy and matrix metalloproteinase‐related genes. Meanwhile, Mg2+ inhibits the formation of autophagy by inhibiting Erk phosphorylation signaling and lowers the expression of LC3, and eventually effectively reduces the formation of ECM calcification in vitro. In this study, we also used destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)‐induced osteoarthritis (OA) animal model to further confirm the protective effect of Mg2+ on articular cartilage. Compared with the control group (saline‐injected), continuous intra‐articular magnesium chloride (MgCl2) injection can significantly alleviate the severity of cartilage calcification in OA animal model. Immunofluorescence staining also revealed that saline‐injected DMM group had a higher positive rate of LC3 expression in cartilage chondrocytes, compared with MgCl2‐injected DMM group. In general, Mg2+ can significantly downregulate the hypertrophic gene Runx2, MMP13, and Col10α1, upregulate the chondrogenic genes Sox9 and Col1α1, inhibit the Erk phosphorylation signaling, reduce the expression of autophagy protein LC3, and effectively inhibit the ECM calcification of ATDC5. In vivo study also proved that intra‐articular injection of Mg2+ protected knee cartilage by inhibiting the autophagy formation.
Severe periodontitis may influence cementum and dental pulp through inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis
Authors: Li Xiangchun , Hu Liang , Ma Linsha , Chang Shimin , Wang Weili , Feng Yuanyong , Xu Yipu , Hu Jinchao , Zhang Chunmei , Wang Songlin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship between chronic periodontitis and pulpal/cemental changes is seldom reported. This study aimed to report on the microstructural changes of cementum and histopathological features of the dental pulp in teeth with severe chronic periodontitis.MethodsEighty molar teeth with severe chronic periodontitis and 50 extracted third molars (as normal controls) were collected. The microstructure of cementum was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and the pulp was stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Interleukin (IL)‐17 and IL‐1β levels were examined by immunohistochemistry/western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD 1) levels were also checked. Caspase 3 expression and terminal‐deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) staining were used as apoptotic indices, and LC3B and P62 were detected to demonstrate the level of autophagy.ResultsThe surface of cementum showed irregularities; the dental pulp was inflamed and under oxidative stress. IL‐17 and IL‐1β levels were increased in the pulp of teeth with periodontitis. ROS and apoptosis levels were higher than in normal dental pulp, while SOD 1 level was reduced. Intriguingly, autophagy markers LC3B and P62 were upregulated in the pulp obtained from teeth with periodontitis.ConclusionsSevere chronic periodontitis influenced the microstructure of both cementum and dental pulp. The dental pulp collected from teeth with periodontitis was inflamed, under oxidative stress, and presented increased levels of apoptosis and autophagy relative to normal dental pulp.
Apical stability of implants with progressive thread design in vitro, based on clinicians with different levels of experience
Authors: Romanos Georgios E. , Kuyunov Osnat , Sacks Danielle , Calvo‐Guirado Jose Luis , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe implant design and the surgical technique are important parameters that can be modified to improve the implant primary stability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the apical part of an implant on the implant stability of implants placed in Type II dense bone by novice and experienced clinicians.MethodsImplants with a progressive thread design (3.5 mm diameter, 11 mm length) were used. A total of 80 osteotomies were prepared in dense bone samples (quality Type II) by two clinicians with different levels of experience (novice and experienced) under the same surgical protocol. Two experimental groups were prepared. In the test group (apical stability), 40 implants were inserted with only 3 mm of the apical portion of the implant within the bone and without lateral contact between the residual implant length and the osteotomy walls. In the control group (full implant stability), 40 implants were inserted with full contact between the osteotomy walls and the implant surface. The stability of both groups (test and control) was evaluated using a resonance frequency analysis (RFA) (implant stability quotient [ISQ] values). Statistical comparisons between the groups were performed using the Kruskal‐Wallis test with Dunn post‐test for multiple comparisons.ResultsThe results did not show statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in terms of primary stability between implants placed by novice or experienced clinicians in dense bone. The control group showed significantly higher ISQ values compared with the test group (P < 0.001). The apical implant stability contributed to ≈ 30% and 43% of the entire implant stability for novice and experienced clinicians, respectively.ConclusionsThe apical portion of an implant plays a fundamental role in the entire implant stability and is independent on the clinician's experience. However, precise implant site preparation to guarantee apical implant anchorage is recommended.
Surfactants as Antimicrobials: A Brief Overview of Microbial Interfacial Chemistry and Surfactant Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Falk Nancy A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this brief overview of a large and complex subject, as presented at the 2018 Surfactants in Solution conference, the need for, and impact of, hard surface antimicrobial products is demonstrated. The composition of the interfaces of three common classes of pathological microbes, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, is discussed so that surfactant and cleaning product development scientists better understand their interfacial characteristics. Studies of antimicrobial efficacy from the four major classes of surfactants (cationic, anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic) are shown. The need for preservatives in surfactants is elucidated. The regulatory aspects of antimicrobials in cleaning products to make antimicrobial claims are stressed.