bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Bernays-Schönfinkel-Ramsey Class of Separation Logic on Arbitrary Domains
Authors: Echenim Mnacho , Iosif Radu , Peltier Nicolas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the satisfiability problem for Separation Logic with k record fields, with unrestricted nesting of separating conjunctions and implications, for prenex formulæ with quantifier prefix $$\exists ^*\forall ^*$$. In analogy with first-order logic, we call this fragment Bernays-Schönfinkel-Ramsey Separation Logic [$$\mathsf {BSR}(\mathsf {SL}^{\!\scriptstyle {k}})$$]. In contrast to existing work in Separation Logic, in which the universe of possible locations is assumed to be infinite, both finite and infinite universes are considered. We show that, unlike in first-order logic, the (in)finite satisfiability problem is undecidable for $$\mathsf {BSR}(\mathsf {SL}^{\!\scriptstyle {k}})$$. Then we define two non-trivial subsets thereof, that are decidable for finite and infinite satisfiability respectively, by controlling the occurrences of universally quantified variables within the scope of separating implications, as well as the polarity of the occurrences of the latter. Beside the theoretical interest, our work has natural applications in program verification, for checking that constraints on the shape of a data-structure are preserved by a sequence of transformations.
Causal Inference by String Diagram Surgery
Authors: Jacobs Bart , Kissinger Aleks , Zanasi Fabio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExtracting causal relationships from observed correlations is a growing area in probabilistic reasoning, originating with the seminal work of Pearl and others from the early 1990s. This paper develops a new, categorically oriented view based on a clear distinction between syntax (string diagrams) and semantics (stochastic matrices), connected via interpretations as structure-preserving functors.A key notion in the identification of causal effects is that of an intervention, whereby a variable is forcefully set to a particular value independent of any prior dependencies. We represent the effect of such an intervention as an endofunctor which performs ‘string diagram surgery’ within the syntactic category of string diagrams. This diagram surgery in turn yields a new, interventional distribution via the interpretation functor. While in general there is no way to compute interventional distributions purely from observed data, we show that this is possible in certain special cases using a calculational tool called comb disintegration.We showcase this technique on a well-known example, predicting the causal effect of smoking on cancer in the presence of a confounding common cause. We then conclude by showing that this technique provides simple sufficient conditions for computing interventions which apply to a wide variety of situations considered in the causal inference literature.
Strong Adequacy and Untyped Full-Abstraction for Probabilistic Coherence Spaces
Authors: Leventis Thomas , Pagani Michele 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe consider the probabilistic untyped lambda-calculus and prove a stronger form of the adequacy property for probabilistic coherence spaces (PCoh), showing how the denotation of a term statistically distributes over the denotations of its head-normal forms.We use this result to state a precise correspondence between PCoh and a notion of probabilistic Nakajima trees, recently introduced by Leventis in order to prove a separation theorem. As a consequence, we get full abstraction for PCoh. This latter result has already been mentioned as a corollary of Clairambault and Paquet’s full abstraction theorem for probabilistic concurrent games. Our approach allows to prove the property directly, without the need of a third model.
A Sound and Complete Logic for Algebraic Effects
Authors: Matache Cristina , Staton Sam 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis work investigates three notions of program equivalence for a higher-order functional language with recursion and general algebraic effects, in which programs are written in continuation-passing style. Our main contribution is the following: we define a logic whose formulas express program properties and show that, under certain conditions which we identify, the induced program equivalence coincides with a contextual equivalence. Moreover, we show that this logical equivalence also coincides with an applicative bisimilarity. We exemplify our general results with the nondeterminism, probabilistic choice, global store and I/O effects.
Equational Axiomatization of Algebras with Structure
Authors: Milius Stefan , Urbat Henning 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper proposes a new category theoretic account of equationally axiomatizable classes of algebras. Our approach is well-suited for the treatment of algebras equipped with additional computationally relevant structure, such as ordered algebras, continuous algebras, quantitative algebras, nominal algebras, or profinite algebras. Our main contributions are a generic HSP theorem and a sound and complete equational logic, which are shown to encompass numerous flavors of equational axiomizations studied in the literature.
Path Category for Free
Authors: Wißmann Thorsten , Dubut Jérémy , Katsumata Shin-ya , Hasuo Ichiro 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThere are different categorical approaches to variations of transition systems and their bisimulations. One is coalgebra for a functor G, where a bisimulation is defined as a span of G-coalgebra homomorphism. Another one is in terms of path categories and open morphisms, where a bisimulation is defined as a span of open morphisms. This similarity is no coincidence: given a functor G, fulfilling certain conditions, we derive a path-category for pointed G-coalgebras and lax homomorphisms, such that the open morphisms turn out to be precisely the G-coalgebra homomorphisms. The above construction provides path-categories and trace semantics for free for different flavours of transition systems: (1) non-deterministic tree automata (2) regular nondeterministic nominal automata (RNNA), an expressive automata notion living in nominal sets (3) multisorted transition systems. This last instance relates to Lasota’s construction, which is in the converse direction.
Identifiers in Registers
Authors: Bollig Benedikt , Bouyer Patricia , Reiter Fabian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe propose a formal model of distributed computing based on register automata that captures a broad class of synchronous network algorithms. The local memory of each process is represented by a finite-state controller and a fixed number of registers, each of which can store the unique identifier of some process in the network. To underline the naturalness of our model, we show that it has the same expressive power as a certain extension of first-order logic on graphs whose nodes are equipped with a total order. Said extension lets us define new functions on the set of nodes by means of a so-called partial fixpoint operator. In spirit, our result bears close resemblance to a classical theorem of descriptive complexity theory that characterizes the complexity class $$\textsc {pspace}$$ in terms of partial fixpoint logic (a proper superclass of the logic we consider here).
Causality in Linear Logic
Authors: Castellan Simon , Yoshida Nobuko 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCommuting conversions of Linear Logic induce a notion of dependency between rules inside a proof derivation: a rule depends on a previous rule when they cannot be permuted using the conversions. We propose a new interpretation of proofs of Linear Logic as causal invariants which captures exactly this dependency. We represent causal invariants using game semantics based on general event structures, carving out, inside the model of [6], a submodel of causal invariants. This submodel supports an interpretation of unit-free Multiplicative Additive Linear Logic with MIX (MALL$$^-$$) which is (1) fully complete: every element of the model is the denotation of a proof and (2) injective: equality in the model characterises exactly commuting conversions of MALL$$^-$$. This improves over the standard fully complete game semantics model of MALL$$^-$$.
Voltammetric study of conductive planar assemblies of Geobacter nanowire pilins unmasks their ability to bind and mineralize divalent cobalt
Authors: Cosert Krista M , Reguera Gemma 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Geobacter bacteria assemble a helical peptide of the Type IVa pilin subclass as conductive pili decorated with metal binding and reduction sites. We used recombinant techniques to synthesize thiolated pilin derivatives and self-assembled them on gold electrodes as a monolayer that concentrated the metal traps at the liquid interface. Cyclic and step potential voltammetry demonstrated the conductivity of the pilin films and their ability to bind and reductively precipitate divalent cobalt (Co2+) in a diffusion-controlled reaction characterized by fast binding kinetics, efficient charge transfer, and three-dimensional nanoparticle growth at discreet sites. Furthermore, cobalt oxidation at the pilin film was slower than on bare gold, consistent with a peptide optimized for metal immobilization. These properties make recombinant pilins attractive building blocks for the synthesis of novel biomaterials for the immobilization of toxic cationic metals that, like Co2+, are sparingly soluble and, thus, less mobile and bioavailable as reduced species.
Ultrathin Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Nanosheet-Wrapped NiSe2 Octahedral Crystal for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance and Synergetic Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Jiang Hanmei , Wang Zegao , Yang Qian , Tan Luxi , Dong Lichun , Dong Mingdong 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Metal selenides, such as NiSe2, have exhibited great potentials as multifunctional materials for energy storage and conversation. However, the utilization of pure NiSe2 as electrode materials is limited by its poor cycling stability, low electrical conductivity, and insufficient electrochemically active sites. To remedy these defects, herein, a novel NiSe2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid with strong interfacial interaction and electrical properties is fabricated, by wrapping NiSe2 octahedral crystal with ultrathin Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheet. The NiSe2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacitance of 531.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for supercapacitor, low overpotential of 200 mV at 10 mA g−1, and small Tafel slope of 37.7 mV dec−1 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Furthermore, greater cycling stabilities for NiSe2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid in both supercapacitor and HER have also been achieved. These significant improvements compared with unmodified NiSe2 should be owing to the strong interfacial interaction between NiSe2 octahedral crystal and Ti3C2Tx MXene, which provides enhanced conductivity, fast charge transfer as well as abundant active sites, and highlight the promising potentials in combinations of MXene with metal selenides for multifunctional applications such as energy storage and conversion.
Dexmedetomidine reduced sevoflurane‐induced neurodegeneration and long‐term memory deficits in neonatal rats
Authors: Goyagi Toru 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExposure to sevoflurane and other inhalational anesthetics can induce neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Although dexmedetomidine (DEX) has provided neuroprotection against hypoxic ischemic injury, relatively little is known about whether it has the neuroprotective effects against anesthetic‐induced neurodegeneration. This study examined whether DEX improves the long‐term cognitive dysfunction observed after exposure of neonatal rats to 3% sevoflurane. Seven‐day‐old rats received intraperitoneal saline (DEX 0) or DEX (6.6, 12.5, 25 μg/kg) 30 min before exposure to 3% sevoflurane with 21% oxygen for 4 h (n = 10 per group). The pups in the control group received only DEX 25 μg/kg without anesthesia. The escape latency in the Morris water maze was significantly increased in the DEX 0 group compared with the sham and control group, and the escape latency, but not the swimming path length, was significantly shorter at post‐natal day 47 in the DEX 25 than in the DEX 0 group. The percent time spent in the quadrant was significantly decreased in the DEX 0 group compared with the sham and control group, and the percent time spent in the quadrant was significantly increased in the DEX 25 group compared with the DEX 0 groups. The freezing times of the DEX 0 and 6.6 groups were significantly decreased compared with those in the sham, control and DEX 25 groups. The number of NeuN‐positive cells in the CA1 region was significantly decreased in the DEX 0 and 6.6 groups compared with the sham, control and DEX 25 groups. These findings indicate pre‐treatment with DEX may improve long‐term cognitive function and ameliorate the neuronal degeneration induced by sevoflurane exposure in neonatal rats.
Effect of Sex Hormones on Brain Connectivity Related to Sexual Function in Perimenopausal Women: A Resting-State fMRI Functional Connectivity Study
Authors: Lu Weizhao , Guo Wei , Cui Dong , Dong Kejiang , Qiu Jianfeng 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Perimenopause is associated with increased risk of depression, vasomotor symptoms, and sexual dysfunction.

Aims
To explore the effect of sex hormones on the functional connectivity (FC) of different brain regions related to sexual function in perimenopausal women.

Methods
32 premenopausal women (mean age, 47.75 ± 1.55 years) and 25 perimenopausal women (mean age, 51.60 ± 1.63 years) underwent sex hormone level measurements and resting-state fMRI.

Main Outcome Measures
Serum levels of sex hormones, including prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteotropic hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), free testosterone (free-T), and progesterone (P), were measured. 10 brain regions related to sexual function were selected according to a meta-analysis, and FCs of the selected regions of interest were calculated as Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Results
Compared with premenopausal women, perimenopausal women showed increased FC between the right area 13 (A13_r) and the right medial superior frontal gyrus (mSFG), between the left dorsal granular insula (dIg_L) and the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) (Gaussian random field-corrected at the voxel level, P &lt; .001, and cluster level, P &lt; .025). Furthermore, the PRL level was negatively correlated with the FC of A13_R with the right mSFG and the FC of dIg_L with the right SFG.

Clinical Translation
These findings may be applicable to assessing brain dysfunction with FC changes in women approaching menopause.

Strengths & Limitations
This study is the first to evaluate a direct relationship between sex hormone levels and brain FC changes in women approaching menopause. Sexual function was not assessed, which may weaken the conclusions related to sexual function.

Conclusions
The results show that women approaching menopause suffered from aberrant intrinsic FC in regions related to sexual function, and reveal a direct relationship between serum sex hormone levels and FC changes related to sexual function.
The Rise of the Neophallus: A Systematic Review of Penile Prosthetic Outcomes and Complications in Gender-Affirming Surgery
Authors: Rooker Steven A. , Vyas Krishna S. , DiFilippo Emma C. , Nolan Ian T. , Morrison Shane D. , Santucci Richard A. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Penile prostheses are commonly used to achieve erectile rigidity after phalloplasty in trans masculine patients. Implantation poses significant challenges because of the delicate nature of the neophallus and lack of native erectile tissue. Many groups have developed novel phalloplasty and prosthesis insertion techniques, but none have proven superior.

Aim
To analyze and aggregate reported characteristics and outcomes of penile prosthesis implantation in the trans masculine patient.

Methods
A comprehensive literature search of Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Registry databases was conducted for studies published through February 19, 2019, with multiple search terms related to penile prosthesis use in gender-affirming surgical procedures.

Outcomes
Studies were included and tabulated if they reported prosthesis outcomes in patients who received a neophallus as part of a gender-affirming procedure.

Results
23 journal articles met inclusion criteria from 434 references identified. All selected articles were either retrospective or case series/reports. A total of 1,056 patients underwent phalloplasty, and 792 received a penile prosthesis. Most (83.6%) of the prostheses were inflatable, whereas 16.4% were non-inflatable. The number of cylinders used for each prosthesis was 61.0% single-cylinder and 39.0% double-cylinder. The mean follow-up duration was 3.0 years. Of patients who received a prosthesis, 36.2% reported a prosthesis complication; at follow-up 60.0% of patients had their original implant present, and 83.9% reported achieving penetration.

Clinical Implications
Prosthesis implantation in gender-affirming operations poses significant risk of complication, but it is still a reasonable and useful method to achieve rigidity necessary for sexual intercourse.

Strength & Limitation
This is the first study to aggregate all reported penile prosthesis characteristics and outcomes in trans masculine patients. This study was significantly limited by inconsistent reporting of demographics, sensation, urinary health, patient satisfaction, and penetrative sex. The lack of comparative studies precluded any meaningful meta-analytical comparison.

Conclusions
There is a great need for a prosthesis designed to meet the specific needs of the trans masculine patient after phalloplasty. Standardized methods of reporting implant outcomes including sexual function, sensation, and patient satisfaction should be refined for future studies. This study can assist patients and surgeons about the risks and benefits of this procedure.
Virtual Reconstruction as Archaeological Observation: Embracing New Ways of Treating Sites, Places and Landscapes
Authors: Douglass Matthew J. , Day Zachary R. , Brunette Jeremy C. , Bleed Peter , Scott Douglas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractVirtual Reconstruction is a powerful tool broadly suited to a diverse array of archaeological heritage applications. In practice, however, reconstruction has largely focused on grand and monumental sites. Here we present two case studies–one from southern Oklahoma, the other from western Nebraska–to explore the use of this technology for more common heritage applications. The goal of this article is to advertise the dilemma we faced with communicating information on ephemeral sites and how we, as nonspecialists, solved the issue using affordable and accessible digital tools. Our workflow makes use of common tools (GIS) and open source software and online tutorials provide step by step instruction to support its replication. In presenting our experiences and the results of these efforts, we hope to spur similar applications in the use of Virtual Reconstruction to communicate information on archaeological heritage more broadly.
Experimental investigation of infrared signal characteristics in a micro-turbojet engine
Authors: Choi S. M. , Kim S. , Myong R. S. , Kim W. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTInfrared signal measurements from a micro-turbojet engine are conducted to understand the characteristics of the engine performance and the infrared signal by varying the exhaust nozzle configuration. A cone type nozzle and five rectangle type nozzles whose aspect ratios vary from one to five are used for this experimental work. As a result, it is confirmed that the thrust and the fuel consumption rate of the engine do not change greatly by varying the exhaust nozzle shape. In the case of the aspect ratio of 5, the specific fuel consumption of the engine is increased by about 3% compared to the reference cone nozzle, but the infrared signal can be reduced by up to 14%. As a result of measuring the temperature distribution of the plume gas, the correlation of infrared signal with plume gas temperature distribution can be understood. In the case of a cone shape, the distribution of plume gas formed to circular shape, and the high-temperature core region of plume gas continued to develop farther to the downstream. However, the temperature distribution was maintained in the rectangular shape as the aspect ratio increased, and the average temperature decreased sharply. As the aspect ratio increases, the plume spreads more widely.
Guidance and control of standoff air-to-surface carrier vehicle
Authors: Mir I. , Akhtar S. , Eisa S.A. , Maqsood A. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an open framework, through which, conventional general purpose aerial munitions can be converted into smart munitions. The retrofit consists of a smart adaptation kit (SAK) having a dedicated Guidance and Control Module (GCM). The adaptation kit along with the GCM ensures that the SAK glide optimally towards the designated target. To reduce cost, the number of control surfaces of the SAK has been kept to a bare minimum, which resulted in an under actuated system. The methodology proposed utilises the theory of gain-scheduled control and leads to an efficient procedure for the design of the controllers, which accurately track reference trajectories defined in an inertial reference frame. The paper illustrates the application of this procedure to the design of stabilisation and tracking controller for the SAK. The design phase is summarised, and the performance of the resulting controllers is assessed in simulation using dynamic model of the vehicle. Simulation results show that apart from improved circular error probable (CEP) of hitting the target, munition ballistic range has also significantly increased with the proposed modification.
An environmental scan of quality improvement and patient safety activities in emergency medicine in Canada
Authors: Kwok Edmund S.H. , Perry Jeffrey J. , Mondoux Shawn , Chartier Lucas B. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe conducted an environmental scan of quality improvement and patient safety (QIPS) infrastructure and activities in academic emergency medicine (EM) programs and departments across Canada.MethodsWe developed 2 electronic surveys through expert panel consensus to assess important themes identified by the CAEP QIPS Committee. “Survey 1” was sent by email to all 17 Canadian medical school affiliated EM department Chairs and Academic Hospitals department Chiefs; “Survey 2” to 12 identified QIPS leads in these hospitals. This was followed by 2 monthly email reminders to participate in the survey.Results22/70 (31.4%) Department Chairs/Chiefs completed Survey 1. Most (81.8%) reported formal positions dedicated to QIPS activities within their groups, with a mixed funding model. Less than half of these positions have dedicated logistical support. 11/12 (91.7%) local QIPS leads completed Survey 2. Two-thirds (63.6%) reported explicit QIPS topics within residency curricula, but only 9.1% described QIPS training for staff physicians. Many described successful academic scholarship output, with the total number of peer-reviewed QIPS-related publications per centre ranging from 1–10 over the past 5 years. Few respondents reported access to academic supports: methodologists (27.3%), administrative personnel (27.3%), and statisticians (9.1%).ConclusionThis environmental scan provides a snapshot of QIPS activities in EM across academic centres in Canada. We found significant local educational and academic efforts, although there is a discrepancy between the level of formal support/infrastructure and such activities. There remains opportunity to further advance QIPS efforts on a national level, as well as advocating and supporting local QIPS activities.