bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous high‐resolution cardiac T1 mapping and cine imaging using model‐based iterative image reconstruction
Authors: Becker Kirsten M. , Schulz‐Menger Jeanette , Schaeffter Tobias , Kolbitsch Christoph 
Published: September 2018

PurposeTo provide high‐resolution cardiac T1 mapping of various cardiac phases and cine imaging within a single breath‐hold using continuous golden ratio‐based radial acquisition and model‐based iterative image reconstruction.MethodsData acquisition was performed continuously using golden ratio‐based radial sampling and multiple inversion pulses were applied independent of the heart rate. Native T1 maps of diastole and systole were reconstructed with in‐plane resolution of 1.3 × 1.3 mm2 using model‐based iterative image reconstruction. Cine images with 30 cardiac phases were reconstructed from the same data using kt‐SENSE. The method was evaluated in a commercially available T1 phantom and 10 healthy subjects. In vivo T1 assessment was carried out segment‐wise.ResultsEvaluation in the phantom demonstrated accurate T1 times (R2 > 0.99) and insensitivity to the heart rate. In vivo T1 values did not differ between systole and diastole, and T1 times assessed by the proposed approach were longer than measured with a modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) sequence, except for lateral segments. Cine images had a consistent dark‐blood contrast and functional assessment was in agreement with assessment based on Cartesian cine scans (difference in ejection fraction: 0.26 ± 2.65%, P = 0.65).ConclusionThe proposed approach provides native T1 maps of diastole and systole with high spatial resolution and cine images simultaneously within 16 s, which could strongly improve the scan efficiency.
Dynamical comparison between myoglobin and hemoglobin
Authors: Aharoni Rotem , Tobi Dror 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMyoglobin and hemoglobin are globular hemeproteins, when the former is a monomer and the latter a heterotetramer. Despite the structural similarity of myoglobin to α and β subunits of hemoglobin, there is a functional difference between the two proteins, owing to the quaternary structure of hemoglobin. The effect of the quaternary structure of hemoglobin on the intrinsic dynamics of its subunits is explored by dynamical comparison of the two proteins. Anisotropic Network Model modes of motion were calculated for hemoglobin and myoglobin. Dynamical comparison between the proteins was performed using global and local Anisotropic Network Model mode alignment algorithms based on the algorithms of Smith‐Waterman and Needleman–Wunsch for sequence comparison. The results indicate that the quaternary structure of hemoglobin substantially alters the intrinsic dynamics of its subunits, an effect that may contribute to the functional difference between the two proteins. Local dynamics similarity between the proteins is still observed at the major exit route of the ligand.
Controlling Self‐Assembly in Gyroid Terpolymer Films By Solvent Vapor Annealing
Authors: Dolan James A. , Korzeb Karolina , Dehmel Raphael , Gödel Karl C. , Stefik Morgan , Wiesner Ulrich , Wilkinson Timothy D. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Wilts Bodo D. , Steiner Ullrich , Gunkel Ilja 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe efficacy with which solvent vapor annealing (SVA) can control block copolymer self‐assembly has so far been demonstrated primarily for the simplest class of copolymer, the linear diblock copolymer. Adding a third distinct block—thereby creating a triblock terpolymer—not only provides convenient access to complex continuous network morphologies, particularly the gyroid phases, but also opens up a route toward the fabrication of novel nanoscale devices such as optical metamaterials. Such applications, however, require the generation of well‐ordered 3D continuous networks, which in turn requires a detailed understanding of the SVA process in terpolymer network morphologies. Here, in situ grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) is employed to study the self‐assembly of a gyroid‐forming triblock terpolymer during SVA, revealing the effects of several key SVA parameters on the morphology, lateral order, and, in particular, its preservation in the dried film. The robustness of the terpolymer gyroid morphology is a key requirement for successful SVA, allowing the exploration of annealing parameters which may enable the generation of films with long‐range order, e.g., for optical metamaterial applications.
The substance of climate: Material approaches to nature under environmental change
Authors: O'Reilly Jessica 
Published: September 2018

Climate change is at once immediately tangible and embodied—in hurricanes, droughts, and the expansion of tick and mosquito habitats, for example—and almost unimaginable from a human scale. Climate encourages us to think expansively, in terms of millennia, geological epochs, systems and patterns earthly in scope. Climate, through material and cultural processes, connects people to weather and the environment, particularly in timescales beyond the human lifetime—though some changes occur rapidly, visibly, and spectacularly. This review seeks to understand how people mediate between climate change at once lived and unfathomable. I propose that people do this through interactions with nature as material objects and earthly processes. That is, there is a substance to climate that is sometimes erased from abstract models and political debates. This article considers the substance of climate through three analytical frames: (a) matter and substance, (b) lively nonhuman nature, and (c) experience and embodiment in science and policy. The materiality of climate allows us to consider the scientific and environmental impacts of climate change immediately alongside the power dynamics that enable and can solve this problem.This article is categorized under:

Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Humanities and the Creative Arts
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge
A recap of RNA recapping
Authors: Trotman Jackson B. , Schoenberg Daniel R. 
Published: September 2018

The N7‐methylguanosine cap is a hallmark of the 5′ end of eukaryotic mRNAs and is required for gene expression. Loss of the cap was believed to lead irreversibly to decay. However, nearly a decade ago, it was discovered that mammalian cells contain enzymes in the cytoplasm that are capable of restoring caps onto uncapped RNAs. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of cytoplasmic RNA recapping and discuss the biochemistry of this process and its impact on regulating and diversifying the transcriptome. Although most studies focus on mammalian RNA recapping, we also highlight new observations for recapping in disparate eukaryotic organisms, with the trypanosome recapping system appearing to be a fascinating example of convergent evolution. We conclude with emerging insights into the biological significance of RNA recapping and prospects for the future of this evolving area of study.This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Translation > Translation Regulation
RNA Processing > Capping and 5′ End Modifications
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Exact and approximate controllability of nonlinear dynamic systems in infinite time: The Green's function approach
Authors: Avetisyan Ara S. , Khurshudyan Asatur Zh. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA systematic method for establishment of exact and approximate controllability of dynamic systems with nonlinear state constraints within infinite time is developed. Using the recently developed Green's function approach, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for exact controllability, as well as sufficient conditions for approximate controllability. Conditions for null‐controllability and lack of controllability are established as well. Several possibilities of deriving explicit form for resolving controls are described. Possibilities of heuristic determination of resolving controls is studied in details. The advantages and drawbacks of the method are revealed on specific examples of nonlinear wave and diffusion equations in unbounded domains.
Fabrication and Oxidation Resistance of TiAl Matrix Coatings Reinforced with Silicide Precipitates Produced by Heat Treatment of Warm Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Sienkiewicz Judyta , Kuroda Seiji , Murakami Hideyuki , Araki Hiroshi , Giżyński Maciej , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Ti-Al-based intermetallics are promising candidates as coating materials for thermal protection systems in aerospace vehicles; they can operate just below the temperatures where ceramics are commonly used, and their main advantage is the fact that they are lighter than most other alloys, such as MCrAlY. Therefore, Ti-Al-Si alloy coatings with five compositions were manufactured by spraying pure Ti and Al-12 wt.% Si powders using warm spray process. Two-stage hot pressing at 600 and 1000 °C was applied to the deposits in order to obtain titanium aluminide intermetallic phases. The microstructure, chemical composition, and phase composition of the as-deposited and hot-pressed coatings were investigated using SEM, EDS, and XRD. Applying of hot pressing enabled the formation of dense coatings with porosity around 0.5% and hard Ti5(Si,Al)3 silicide precipitates. It was found that the Ti5(Si,Al)3 silicides existed in two types of morphologies, i.e., as large particles connected together and as small isolated particles dispersed in the matrix. Furthermore, the produced coatings exhibited good isothermal and cyclic oxidation resistance at a temperature of 750 °C for 100 h.
Electrical brain stimulation in different variants of primary progressive aphasia: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Tsapkini Kyrana , Webster Kimberly T. , Ficek Bronte N. , Desmond John E. , Onyike Chiadi U. , Rapp Brenda , Frangakis Constantine E. , Hillis Argye E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been recently shown to improve language outcomes in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) but most studies are small and the influence of PPA variant is unknown.MethodsThirty‐six patients with PPA participated in a randomized, sham‐controlled, double‐blind, within‐subject crossover design for 15 daily sessions of stimulation coupled with written naming/spelling therapy. Outcome measures were letter accuracy of treated and untreated words immediately after and at 2 weeks and 2 months posttreatment.ResultstDCS treatment was more effective than sham: gains for treated words were maintained 2 months posttreatment; gains from tDCS also generalized to untreated words and were sustained 2 months posttreatment. Different effects were obtained for each PPA variant, with no tDCS advantage for semantic variant PPA.DiscussionThe study supports using tDCS as an adjunct to written language interventions in individuals with logopenic or nonfluent/agrammatic PPA seeking compensatory treatments in clinical settings.
“THE WETLAND IS DISAPPEARING”: CONSERVATION AND CARE ON TURKEY'S KIZILIRMAK DELTA
Authors: Scaramelli Caterina 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article analyzes the transformation of the Kızılırmak Delta on the Black Sea coast of Turkey into a Turkish wetland. This production involved the transformation of international categories of wetlands into national imaginaries, as well as the material remaking of landscapes themselves. Population and agro-economic shifts concurrent to the formation of the Turkish nation-state transformed the delta into an agricultural landscape, and subsequently into a contested conservation area whose use is informed by changing Turkish and international notions of wetlands. I focus on the situated, local processes and practices through which wetlands are produced and become relevant to different social groups as subjects of scientific knowledge and environmental imaginations. These, I argue, have rendered the wetland an open-air laboratory and an object of care for environmental advocates, scientists, and residents.
AN UNCERTAIN CLIMATE IN RISKY TIMES: HOW OCCUPATION BECAME LIKE THE RAIN IN POST-OSLO PALESTINE
Authors: Stamatopoulou-Robbins Sophia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRecent Palestinian Authority (PA) initiatives to help Palestine adapt to climate change help shine light on the role that climate uncertainties play in how political futures can be represented. UN-led adaptation has occasioned opportunities for new networks of actors to make claims about Palestinian futures and to perform PA readiness for statehood. These actors weigh scientific uncertainties about climate against uncertainties over if and when settler colonialism in Palestine will end. How they do so matters because it is the foundation of requests for capital that could be translated into some of the most important institutions and infrastructures of Palestinian governance over the next several years, including those that provide Palestinians with access to water. It also matters because it constitutes the image with which PA officials represent what needs to be “fixed” in Palestine in important international forums such as the UN. Climate change adaptation is a new approach to the management of uncertain environmental futures. This analysis offers insight into how this approach shapes and is shaped by practices of statecraft in places marked by the volatilities of war, economic crisis, and occupation.
Clinical presentation and treatment of melioidosis in the head and neck region
Authors: Mahawerawat K , Kasemsiri P 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundAlthough melioidosis in the head and neck region is uncommon, it is a potentially life-threatening infection. Thus, early diagnosis and proper management are very important.ObjectivesTo report the clinical presentation and management of melioidosis in the head and neck.MethodA retrospective study was conducted from 1 January 2013 to 31 October 2016 in Mukdahan Hospital, Thailand. Case records of patients who had presented with culture-positive melioidosis were analysed.ResultsMedical records of 49 patients (23 males and 26 females) were analysed. Patients ranged in age from 1 to 75 years. Clinical presentations included 22 parotid abscesses, 16 neck abscesses and 11 suppurative lymphadenitis cases. Only 35 patients (71 per cent) had high indirect haemagglutination assay titres of ≥ 1:160 (95 per cent confidence interval = 45.35–88.28). Almost half of the patients received intravenous ceftazidime and subsequently oral co-trimoxazole. Oral antibiotic regimens were prescribed for mild localised melioidosis. Overall, 95.65 per cent of patients were in remission and no relapses were observed (95 per cent confidence interval = 85.47–98.80).ConclusionCareful clinical correlation and proper investigation are required to establish an early diagnosis of melioidosis and to initiate appropriate treatment.
Effects of CyberKnife therapy for vestibular schwannoma on hearing: a retrospective study
Authors: Çakır O , Berkiten G , Tutar B , Yılmazer A B , Kumral T L , Saltürk Z , Uyar Y 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of vestibular schwannoma on hearing, as evaluated by audiological tests.MethodsPatients with vestibular schwannoma were evaluated before and after CyberKnife radiosurgery. Evaluation included pure tone thresholds, speech discrimination scores, auditory brainstem responses and radiological signs.ResultsThe study comprised 26 patients diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma and subsequently treated with CyberKnife radiosurgery. The mean follow-up time was 16.4 months. The mean post-treatment hearing preservation rate was 69.23 per cent. There was no significant relationship between hearing loss after treatment and patient age, radiation dosage during treatment, or size of tumour. With regard to auditory brainstem responses, patients with hearing loss following treatment had a significantly higher inter-peak latency between waves I–III than patients with preserved hearing.ConclusionStereotactic CyberKnife radiosurgery is an excellent alternative treatment modality for patients with vestibular schwannoma, and results in acceptable preservation of hearing. Residual hearing following CyberKnife therapy is not significantly affected by factors such as age, size of tumour or dosage of treatment.
The role of sexual networks in studies of how BV and STIs increase the risk of subsequent reinfection
Authors: Kenyon C. , Buyze J. , Klebanoff M. , Brotman R. M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPrior studies have demonstrated that both bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are strong independent risk factors for subsequent STI. In observational studies of this biological enhancement (BE) hypothesis, it is important to adjust for the risk of STI exposure so that the independent effect of BE can be assessed. We sought to model if two markers of local sexual network (partner concurrency and cumulative number of STIs) represented residual confounding in the models of risk for subsequent infection in a study that screened 3620 women for STIs every 3 months for a year. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios for an incident diagnosis ofChlamydia trachomatis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Trichomonas vaginalisand BV following a diagnosis of any of these four at the prior visit, controlling for the cumulative number of STIs and partner concurrency variables. We found that partner concurrency and cumulative number of STIs were each associated with incident infection, and in general, controlling for these variables reduced the strength of the association between prior and incident infections. We conclude that the frequently found association between prior and incident STIs is associated with both BE and sexual network structure.
Detection of East/Central/South African genotype Chikungunya virus during an outbreak in a southeastern state of Brazil
Authors: Lessa-Aquino C. , Trinta K. S. , Pestana C. P. , Ribeiro M. O. , Sucupira M. V. F. , Boia M. N. , Baptista P. A. , Cunha R. V. , Medeiros M. A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that was first identified in Brazil in 2014. It causes a febrile illness characterised by severe arthralgia and rash. Our group investigated a suspected CHIKV outbreak in Governador Valadares, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil and from 25 acute-phase patients, 10 had qRT-PCR positive sera samples and had E1 partial sequence amplified and Sanger sequenced. Samples were identified as East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype by phylogenetic analysis and clustered with CHIKV sequences isolated in the neighbour state of Bahia. Our findings confirm previous predictions that ECSA genotype would spread through northeast and southeast of Brazil.
Mineral Weathering and the Permafrost Carbon‐Climate Feedback
Authors: Zolkos Scott , Tank Suzanne E. , Kokelj Steven V. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPermafrost thaw in the Arctic enables the biogeochemical transformation of vast stores of organic carbon into carbon dioxide (CO2). This CO2 release has significant implications for climate feedbacks, yet the potential counterbalance from CO2 fixation via chemical weathering of minerals exposed by thawing permafrost is entirely unstudied. We show that thermokarst in the western Canadian Arctic can enable rapid weathering of carbonate tills, driven by sulfuric acid from sulfide oxidation. Unlike carbonic acid‐driven weathering, this caused significant and previously undocumented CO2 production and outgassing in headwater streams. Increasing riverine solute fluxes correspond with long‐term intensification of thermokarst and reflect the regional predominance of sulfuric acid‐driven carbonate weathering. We conclude that thermokarst‐enhanced mineral weathering has potential to profoundly disrupt Arctic freshwater carbon cycling. While thermokarst and sulfuric acid‐driven carbonate weathering in the western Canadian Arctic amplify CO2 release, regional variation in sulfide oxidation will moderate the effects on the permafrost carbon‐climate feedback.
Orography Drives the Semistationary West Australian Summer Trough
Authors: Pepler Acacia S. , Hope Pandora 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDuring the summer months, there is a semipermanent trough in the low‐level easterlies over the west coast of Australia. This “West Coast Trough” plays an important role in summer severe weather in western Australia including thunderstorms and severe heat waves. The land‐sea contrast is believed to be the driver of the location of this trough. As land masses are warming more quickly than their surrounding oceans, it is timely to readdress the drivers of the location and intensity of this important climatological feature. Using a 20‐year regional climate modeling simulation, we show that Australian orography is critical to the accurate representation of the trough in climate models, in contrast to earlier low‐resolution studies.
Long-term metformin treatment in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance, results of an open label extension study
Authors: Lentferink Y. E. , van der Aa M. P. , van Mill E. G. A. H. , Knibbe C. A. J. , van der Vorst M. M. J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Background/Objectives
Off-label metformin is nowadays frequently used for the treatment of obesity in adolescents. However, studies on long-term metformin treatment in adolescents with obesity are scarce. Therefore, an 18 month open label extension study following an 18 months randomized placebo-controlled trial (RCT) on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of metformin in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance was performed.

Subjects/Methods
After completion of the RCT, metformin was offered to all participants with a body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-sds) > 2.3 and Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) ≥ 3.4. Endpoints were change in BMI and HOMA-IR.

Results
Overall, 31/42 participants completed the extension study (74% girls, median age 14.8 (11.6 – 17.9), BMI 31.2 (22.3 – 45.1), HOMA-IR 3.4 (0.2 – 8.8)). At start, 22/42 (52.4%) participants were eligible for metformin of which 13 (59.0%) agreed with treatment. In participants who continued metformin, an increase was observed in BMI (+2.2 (+0.2 to +9.0)) and HOMA-IR (+13.7 (+1.6 to +48.3)). In metformin naive participants, BMI stabilized after an initial decrease (+0.5 (−2.1 to +5.1)). For HOMA-IR, a decrease was observed (−1.1 (−4.6 to +1.4)).

Conclusion
While metformin treatment in metformin naive participants seems to result in an initial decrease in BMI and HOMA-IR, there is no evidence for sustained effect after prolonged use in adolescents. Limited compliance and/or insufficient dose may explain the differences in long-term effects between adolescents and adults.