bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nominalization and relativization in Tujia
Authors: Man Lu , Weijer Jeroen van de , Liu Zhengguang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a preliminary investigation of
nominalization and relativization in Tujia from a typological perspective. We
show that there are several nominalizers in Tujia, only two of which are
multifunctional: ɕi and ɲie. ɕi can function
as a nominalizer, a relativizer, a complementizer, a converbal clause marker or
a stance marker. ɲie can function as a genitive marker, a
nominalizer, a relative clause marker, a non-relative attributive marker or a
stance marker. Relative clauses in Tujia can be head internal and pre-nominal.
The head internal relative clauses are marked by ɕi, while the
pre-nominal relative clauses are marked by ɲie.1 We point out that ɲie
manifests typical genitive-relative-nominalization syncretism, whereas
ɕi manifests extended nominalization functions, both of
which are widely attested in other Tibeto-Burman languages. We argue that
ɕi originates from a general noun, of unknown etymology.
The nominalizer ɲie originates from a genitive marker. These
findings should prove useful to future typological or comparative research with
respect to nominalization in Tibeto-Burman languages.
Non-singular pronouns in Tibeto-Burman (Trans-Himalayan)
Authors: DeLancey Scott 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper surveys the forms of dual and plural pronouns across the Tibeto-Burman languages, and offers a reconstruction of the non-singular pronouns, and a general account of how various branches and languages have diverged from this original system. We can certainly reconstruct two, perhaps three, person-number portmanteaus: #i1pl, or perhaps 1pl.inc, #ni2pl, and, less certainly, #ka1pl.exc. We also reconstruct #tsidualwhich combined with singular pronouns to make dual forms. This construction was the model on which most daughter languages have innovated an analytic system of person and number marking, with distinct person and dual and/or plural morphemes combining to make the morphologically complex but semantically transparent compositional forms found in the majority of languages.
Oxytocin promotes heat stress tolerance via insulin signals in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Yasuda Kensuke , Sakamoto Kazuichi 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Oxytocin, has various physiological functions that have been well studied and many that remain unknown. Here, we aimed to determine new physiological functions of oxytocin using Caenorhabditis elegans. Oxytocin treatment promoted the restoration of movement after heat stress and enhanced the viability under heat stress. However, oxytocin had no effect on the life span and only little effect on the oxidative stress tolerance. In contrast, oxytocin treatment didn’t promote the restoration of movement or enhance the viability of deficient mutants of ntr-1/2, which is the gene encoding the oxytocin receptor. In addition, for mutants of daf-16, daf-2, tax-4, and some insulin-like peptides, the heat stress tolerance effect by oxytocin was canceled. Furthermore, oxytocin increased the expression levels of the DAF-16 target genes. Our results suggest that oxytocin treatment promoted the heat stress tolerance of C. elegans via the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway.
Basketball free‐throws performance depends on the integrity of binocular vision
Authors: Vera Jesús , Molina Ruben , Cárdenas David , Redondo Beatríz , Jiménez Raimundo 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTBackground: The deterioration of the integrity of binocular vision has a detrimental effect on fine visuomotor skills, however, its impact on sports performance remains unknown. We tested the influence of four viewing conditions (binocular viewing, monocular viewing, binocular viewing with monocular blur, and binocular viewing with binocular blur) on basketball free‐throws performance.Methods: Twenty‐three male basketball players (19.2 ± 3.4 years) performed 30 free‐throws in each viewing condition following a randomised order. Image degradation was induced by the use of Bangerter filters. Complementarily, perceived levels of task load and complexity, as well as visual function were assessed.Results: We found a worse basketball free‐throws performance (percentage of successful shots) in the monocular viewing (∼8%) and binocular viewing with monocular blur (∼9%) in comparison to the condition of binocular viewing (corrected p‐values = 0.003 and 0.006; and ds = 0.838 and 0.771). The analyses of subjective ratings and visual function allowed us to confirm a successful experimental manipulation.Conclusions: Basketball free‐throws performance is subject to the integrity of binocular vision, showing a worse accuracy when the sensory dominant eye was occluded or blurred in comparison to natural (binocular) viewing conditions. However, free‐throws performance remains stable when the visual acuity is binocularly degraded. Our findings reveal that an appropriate functioning of the binocular vision is needed for optimal sports performance, and highlight the importance of a comprehensive clinical assessment or management of binocular vision in sport contexts.
Reversal of Upward Trends in Mortality During the Great Recession by Employment Status at Baseline in a National Longitudinal Study
Authors: Regidor Enrique , Ronda Elena , Tapia Granados José A , Pulido José , de la Fuente Luis , Barrio Gregorio 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Because of the healthy worker effect, mortality rates increased in individuals who were employed and those who were unemployed, and decreased in those economically inactive at baseline in reported studies. To determine if such trends continue during economic recessions, we analyzed mortality rates in Spain before and during the Great Recession in these subgroups. We included 21,933,351 individuals who were employed, unemployed, or inactive in November 2001 and aged 30–64 years in each calendar-year of follow-up (2002–2011). Annual age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated in each group. The annual percentage change in mortality rates adjusted for age and educational level in employed and unemployed persons were also calculated for 2002–2007 and 2008–2011. In employed and unemployed men, mortality rates increased until 2007 and then declined, whereas in employed and unemployed women, mortality rates increased and then stabilized during 2008–2011. The mortality rate among inactive men and women decreased throughout the follow-up. In the employed and the unemployed, the annual percentage change was reversed during 2008–2011 compared with 2002–2007 (−1.2 vs. 3.2 in employed men; −0.3 vs. 4.1 in employed women; −0.8 vs. 2.9 in unemployed men; and −0.6 vs. 1.3 in unemployed women). The upward trends in mortality rates among individuals who were employed or unemployed in 2001 were reversed during the Great Recession (2008–2011).
Emerson Attuning: Issues in Attachment and Intersubjectivity
Authors: Davis Theo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis essay reads Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essays in light of attachment theory, in particular the work of Daniel Stern. After providing an overview of attachment theory, it focuses on Stern’s argument that infants begin life in a relational state, gradually organizing a sense of embodied selfhood out of experiences of attuned interactions with other people. This image of subjectivity is presented as a corrective to the dominant conception of subjectivity in critical theory. The essay then uses Stern to argue that Emerson’s work elucidates an experience of early attachment trauma, driving a charged search for intersubjective contact and embodied presence in his work. This search informs Emerson’s response to the nineteenth-century logic of race: he understands race as a term for infinite connection at the level of biology, and responds to it with articulations of a different form of connection found at the level of the individual experience of the body within intersubjective relation. Subjectively oriented and embodied interdependency, visible in both Stern and Emerson, constitute a mode of interconnection crucially different from that which is the focus of actor-network-theory and critical work influenced by it.
GTShark: genotype compression in large projects
Authors: Deorowicz Sebastian , Danek Agnieszka 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Summary
Nowadays large sequencing projects handle tens of thousands of individuals. The huge files summarizing the findings definitely require compression. We propose a tool able to compress large collections of genotypes almost 30% better than the best tool to date, i.e. squeezing human genotype to less than 62 KB. Moreover, it can also compress single samples in reference to the existing database achieving comparable results.

Availability and implementation
https://github.com/refresh-bio/GTShark.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
‘No One Learned’: Interpreting a Drugs Crackdown Operation and its Consequences Through The ‘Lens’ of Social Harm
Authors: Mason Will 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article seeks to extend studies of social harm by detailing the ways that harm is interpreted, identified and reflected upon by social actors in a specific empirical context: a drugs crackdown operation in a northern English city. Using a longitudinal ethnographic approach, unique insights are reported both from the time that the operation took place and a point in time five years afterwards. The data offer rich accounts of the immediate, short- and longer-term impacts as interpreted by youth workers and a group of mostly Somali young people (aged 13–19). Social harm, it is argued, offers a useful ‘lens’ through which to critically explore the culpability of well-meaning state interventions in the (re)production of structural inequalities.
Opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels causes migraine attacks: a new target for the treatment of migraine
Authors: Al-Karagholi Mohammad Al-Mahdi , Hansen Jakob Møller , Guo Song , Olesen Jes , Ashina Messoud 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMigraine is one of the most disabling and prevalent of all disorders. To improve understanding of migraine mechanisms and to suggest a new therapeutic target, we investigated whether opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) would cause migraine attacks. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 16 patients aged 18–49 years with one to five migraine attacks a month were randomly allocated to receive an infusion of 0.05 mg/min KATP channel opener levcromakalim and placebo on two different days (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03228355). The primary endpoints were the difference in incidence of migraine attacks, headaches and the difference in area under the curve (AUC) for headache intensity scores (0–12 h) and for middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (0–2 h) between levcromakalim and placebo. Between 24 May 2017 and 23 November 2017, 16 patients randomly received levcromakalim and placebo on two different days. Sixteen patients (100%) developed migraine attacks after levcromakalim compared with one patient (6%) after placebo (P = 0.0001); the difference of incidence is 94% [95% confidence interval (CI) 78–100%]. The incidence of headache over the 12 h observation period was higher but not significant after levcromakalim (n = 16) than after placebo (n = 7) (P = 0.016) (95% CI 16–71%). The AUC for headache intensity was significantly larger after levcromakalim compared to placebo (AUC0–12h, P < 0.0001). There was no change in mean middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity after levcromakalim compared to placebo (AUC0–2hP = 0.46). Opening of KATP channels caused migraine attacks in all patients. This suggests a crucial role of these channels in migraine pathophysiology and that KATP channel blockers could be potential targets for novel drugs for migraine.
Balance between Transmitter Availability and Dopamine D2 Receptors in Prefrontal Cortex Influences Memory Functioning
Authors: Papenberg Goran , Karalija Nina , Salami Alireza , Rieckmann Anna , Andersson Micael , Axelsson Jan , Riklund Katrine , Lindenberger Ulman , Lövdén Martin , Nyberg Lars , Bäckman Lars 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInsufficient or excessive dopaminergic tone impairs cognitive performance. We examine whether the balance between transmitter availability and dopamine (DA) D2 receptors (D2DRs) is important for successful memory performance in a large sample of adults (n = 175, 64–68 years). The Catechol-O-Methyltransferase polymorphism served as genetic proxy for endogenous prefrontal DA availability, and D2DRs in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) were measured with [11C]raclopride-PET. Individuals for whom D2DR status matched DA availability showed higher levels of episodic and working-memory performance than individuals with insufficient or excessive DA availability relative to the number of receptors. A similar pattern restricted to episodic memory was observed for D2DRs in caudate. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during working-memory performance confirmed the importance of a balanced DA system for load-dependent brain activity in dlPFC. Our data suggest that the inverted-U–shaped function relating DA signaling to cognition is modulated by a dynamic association between DA availability and receptor status.
Seeing the Unexpected: How Brains Read Communicative Intent through Kinematics
Authors: Trujillo James P , Simanova Irina , Özyürek Asli , Bekkering Harold 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Social interaction requires us to recognize subtle cues in behavior, such as kinematic differences in actions and gestures produced with different social intentions. Neuroscientific studies indicate that the putative mirror neuron system (pMNS) in the premotor cortex and mentalizing system (MS) in the medial prefrontal cortex support inferences about contextually unusual actions. However, little is known regarding the brain dynamics of these systems when viewing communicatively exaggerated kinematics. In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, 28 participants viewed stick-light videos of pantomime gestures, recorded in a previous study, which contained varying degrees of communicative exaggeration. Participants made either social or nonsocial classifications of the videos. Using participant responses and pantomime kinematics, we modeled the probability of each video being classified as communicative. Interregion connectivity and activity were modulated by kinematic exaggeration, depending on the task. In the Social Task, communicativeness of the gesture increased activation of several pMNS and MS regions and modulated top-down coupling from the MS to the pMNS, but engagement of the pMNS and MS was not found in the nonsocial task. Our results suggest that expectation violations can be a key cue for inferring communicative intention, extending previous findings from wholly unexpected actions to more subtle social signaling.
Skin and Soft Tissue Infection in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Large, Urban, Public Healthcare System in Houston, Texas, 2009–2014
Authors: Hemmige Vagish , Arias Cesar A , Pasalar Siavash , Giordano Thomas P 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) disproportionately impact patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recent declines in the incidence of SSTIs have been noted in the non-HIV population. We sought to study the epidemiology and microbiology of SSTIs in a population of 8597 patients followed for HIV primary care in a large, urban county system from January 2009 to December 2014.

Methods
SSTIs were identified from the electronic medical record by use of International Classification of Diseases-9 billing codes. Charts were reviewed to confirm each patient’s diagnosis of acute SSTI and abstract culture and susceptibility data. We calculated the yearly SSTI incidences using Poisson regression with clustering by patient.

Results
There were 2202 SSTIs identified. Of 503 (22.8%) cultured SSTIs, 332 (66.0%) recovered Staphylococcus aureus as a pathogen, of which 287/332 (86.4%) featured S. aureus as the sole isolated organism. Among the S. aureus isolates that exhibited antibiotic susceptibilities, 231/331 (69.8%) were methicillin resistant, and the proportion did not change by year. The observed incidence of SSTI was 78.0 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval 72.9–83.4) and declined from 96.0 infections per 1000 person-years in 2009 to 56.5 infections per 1000 person-years in 2014 (P &lt; .001). Other significant predictors of SSTI incidences in both univariate as well as multivariate analyses included a low CD4 count, high viral load, and not being a Spanish-speaking Hispanic.

Conclusions
SSTIs remain a significant problem in the outpatients living with HIV, although rates of SSTIs appear to have declined by approximately 40% between 2009 and 2014.
Safety and Clinical Outcomes of an Equine-derived Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin Treatment for Confirmed or Suspected Botulism in the United States
Authors: Richardson Jason S , Parrera Geraldine S , Astacio Hugo , Sahota Harpreet , Anderson Deborah M , Hall Christine , Babinchak Tim 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Botulism is a rare, life-threatening paralytic illness. Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (A,B,C,D,E,F,G)-(Equine) (BAT) manufactured by Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc is an equine-derived heptavalent botulinum antitoxin product indicated for the treatment of symptomatic botulism following documented or suspected exposure to botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A-G in adults and pediatric patients. BAT product was US-licensed in 2013.

Methods
In the United States, from October 2014 through July 2017, safety and clinical outcomes data were collected under a registry for patients treated with BAT product.

Results
Registry patients had a median age of 51 years (range, 32 days to 92 years). Among 162 patients, 7 (4.3%) experienced BAT product–related serious adverse events, including 1 (0.6%) report each of pneumonia, pneumonia aspiration, ventricular tachycardia, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, anaphylactic reaction, acute kidney injury, and acute myocardial infarction. Thirty-one (19.1%) patients had 41 BAT product–related adverse events. Six (3.7%) deaths were reported in the registry. All deaths were attributed to the underlying illness and were assessed as unlikely related to BAT product. Among 113 (69.8%) patients with a final diagnosis of botulism, those treated early (≤2 days) spent fewer days in the hospital (5 vs 15.5 days), in the intensive care unit (ICU) (4 vs 12 days), and on mechanical ventilation (6 vs 14.5 days) than those treated late (&gt;2 days), respectively.

Conclusions
BAT product was well tolerated in patients. Treatment with BAT product at ≤2 days of symptom onset was associated with shorter hospital and ICU stays, and shorter duration and need for mechanical ventilation, showing clinical benefit associated with early treatment.
Faecal Micro-RNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Verdier Julien , Breunig Irene Raphaela , Ohse Margarete Clara , Roubrocks Silvia , Kleinfeld Sandra , Roy Sanchari , Streetz Konrad , Trautwein Christian , Roderburg Christoph , Sellge Gernot 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Faecal biomarkers are used as indicators of disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD], which include Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]. Micro-RNAs [miRNAs] are small non-coding RNAs detectable in extracellular fluids and can be used as clinical biomarkers. The aim of this study was to determine if faecal miRNA composition is altered in IBD.

Methods
More than 800 different human faecal miRNAs were measured in stool samples from control individuals and patients with active CD by using NanoString technology. Selected miRNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR in faeces, serum and intestinal tissue of controls [n = 23] and patients with inactive or active CD [n = 22, n = 22] or UC [n = 11, n = 24] as well as patients with Clostridium difficile infection [CDI, n = 8].

Results
In total, 150 miRNAs were significantly detected in faeces from controls and patients, and multivariate analyses showed that CD patients with high disease activities had a distinct miRNA profile and that miR-223 and miR-1246 were distinct from other faecal miRNAs. In a larger cohort, active UC patients displayed significantly higher levels of miR-223 and miR-1246 than controls while patients with CDI had higher levels of faecal miR-1246 but not miR-223. No differences were noted in serum samples.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive screen of faecal miRNAs performed in IBD. Further investigation will aim to confirm these findings in a larger cohort and to understand the biological function and cellular sources of faecal miRNAs.
Alexander Grosart, ‘The First True Gentleman That Ever Breathed’, and the Independent Scholar
Authors: Cathcart Charles 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Presbyterian clergyman and amateur scholar Alexander Grosart borrowed a line from the Renaissance play, The Honest Whore, Part One, in his sermon for the opening of Blackburn’s new church in 1868. Christ ‒ says Grosart ‒ was ‘the first true gentleman that ever breathed’. Exploring the resonances of this unacknowledged use of secular drama and turning to the editorial work of Grosart himself allows the essay’s underlying concern to emerge. What does it mean to be an independent scholar? This is an issue with implications for all who value scholarly study within the humanities ‒ for the practice of academic research in literary studies is diminished if these studies are the preserve of salaried academics and if the discussions that they comprise rarely extend beyond universities. This subject, so it is argued – the place of scholarship undertaken on an unaffiliated or independent basis in the world of English studies – is a topic worthy of sustained attention. In this essay, I acknowledge the challenges of scope and tact that lie in the path of all who pursue this matter and I propose that one way of doing so is to celebrate the work of the amateur scholars of the past. The essay concludes by returning to Alexander Grosart and reflecting upon his reputation during the years since his death in 1899.