bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrous oxide from chemodenitrification: A possible missing link in the Proterozoic greenhouse and the evolution of aerobic respiration
Authors: Stanton Chloe L. , Reinhard Christopher T. , Kasting James F. , Ostrom Nathaniel E. , Haslun Joshua A. , Lyons Timothy W. , Glass Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) may have been an important constituent of Earth's atmosphere during Proterozoic (~2.5–0.5 Ga). Here, we tested the hypothesis that chemodenitrification, the rapid reduction of nitric oxide by ferrous iron, would have enhanced the flux of N2O from ferruginous Proterozoic seas. We empirically derived a rate law, , and measured an isotopic site preference of +16‰ for the reaction. Using this empirical rate law, and integrating across an oceanwide oxycline, we found that low nM NO and μM‐low mM Fe2+ concentrations could have sustained a sea‐air flux of 100–200 Tg N2O–N year−1, if N2 fixation rates were near‐modern and all fixed N2 was emitted as N2O. A 1D photochemical model was used to obtain steady‐state atmospheric N2O concentrations as a function of sea‐air N2O flux across the wide range of possible pO2 values (0.001–1 PAL). At 100–200 Tg N2O–N year−1 and >0.1 PAL O2, this model yielded low‐ppmv N2O, which would produce several degrees of greenhouse warming at 1.6 ppmv CH4 and 320 ppmv CO2. These results suggest that enhanced N2O production in ferruginous seawater via a previously unconsidered chemodenitrification pathway may have helped to fill a Proterozoic “greenhouse gap,” reconciling an ice‐free Mesoproterozoic Earth with a less luminous early Sun. A particularly notable result was that high N2O fluxes at intermediate O2 concentrations (0.01–0.1 PAL) would have enhanced ozone screening of solar UV radiation. Due to rapid photolysis in the absence of an ozone shield, N2O is unlikely to have been an important greenhouse gas if Mesoproterozoic O2 was 0.001 PAL. At low O2, N2O might have played a more important role as life's primary terminal electron acceptor during the transition from an anoxic to oxic surface Earth, and correspondingly, from anaerobic to aerobic metabolisms.
Niche partitioning in carabids: single‐tree admixtures matter
Authors: Wehnert Alexandra , Wagner Sven 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

The importance of tree mixtures to the faunal and floral biodiversity of forests has been documented on many occasions, but little is known about the relationships between single‐tree effects, such as litter distribution and carabid beetles.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of carabid beetles and the locations of admixed oak trees within a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand.

Individuals of four Carabus species were collected in dry pitfall traps in a pine forest with single admixed sessile oaks [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.]. The capture–mark–recapture technique was used to differentiate carabid beetles by species, gender (female, male), and development stage (imagines, larvae). Three zones of influence were defined according to the distribution of oak leaf litter. The beetle counts from trap data were transformed to a point pattern by means of a random‐field approach where it is assumed that the beetle count per trap is representative of a specified number of single points in the square surrounding the trap.

Spatial patterns specific to species, gender, and development stage were observed relative to the oak tree locations. Females and larvae of C. coriaceus and C. hortensis had a high affinity to the oaks, whereas C. violaceus revealed a negative association to the oak trees. No clear trend could be observed for C. arvensis.

It was concluded that single‐tree admixtures of oaks affect the spatial patterns of mobile organisms (e.g. Coleoptera) serving as ecological niches in pine forests.
Influence of size and taper of basic root canal preparation on root canal cleanliness: a scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Plotino G. , Özyürek T. , Grande N. M. , Gündoğar M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimTo investigate whether a minimally invasive basic root canal preparation technique has an influence on root canal cleanliness in extracted mandibular molar teeth.MethodologyA total of 80 root canals (40 mesio‐buccal and 40 mesio‐lingual) from 40 mandibular molars were included. The teeth were divided equally into four different experimental groups depending on the subsequently root canal preparation technique: Group 1: a basic preparation was performed up to size 20, .04 taper; Group 2: a basic preparation was performed up to size 2, .06 taper; Group 3: a basic preparation was performed up to size 25, .04 taper; and Group 4: a basic preparation was performed up to size 25, .06 taper. After the use of each instrument, each root canal was irrigated with 2.5 mL of 6% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s. Then, 1 mL NaOCl was activated for 20 s using an EDDY sonic tip. Final irrigation was performed using a total of 5 mL of 17% EDTA solution. The roots were then split longitudinally and all root canal thirds were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the presence of superficial debris and smear layer using a scoring system. Data were statistically analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Bonferroni tests with a level of significance set at P < 0.05.ResultsIn all groups, there was significantly more residual debris and smear layer in the apical third (P < 0.05), with no differences between the middle and coronal thirds (P > 0.05). For both the parameters analysed, there was no difference amongst the groups in the middle and coronal thirds (P > 0.05), whilst in the apical third significantly less debris and smear layer was found in specimens from groups 3 and 4 than for groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05).ConclusionAll basic root canal preparation techniques were associated with less debris and smear layer on the canal walls in the middle and coronal thirds, without differences among them. Even though debris and smear layer were always present in the apical third, an apical size of 25 resulted in significantly cleaner canals walls compared to a size 20.
Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature
Authors: Fertitta Laura , Monsel Gentiane , Torresi Joseph , Caumes Eric 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundMelioidosis is mainly observed in South‐East Asia, where Burkholderia pseudomallei is endemic. Cutaneous melioidosis (CM) has rarely been described and in contrast to systemic forms, there are no therapeutic recommendations to guide management.MethodsWe reviewed the literature published before January 2018, evaluating: dermatological presentation, natural history, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. We also distinguish between primary and secondary CM in which the infection first started in the skin or came from an extracutaneous localization, respectively, and chronic CM when duration exceeded 2 months. The recommended treatment for systemic forms included ceftazidime or meropenem, followed by oral maintenance therapy with cotrimoxazole or amoxicillin – clavulanic acid.ResultsForty‐three cases were published in 38 articles. Twenty‐nine patients (67.4%) were travelers, including 13 (44.8%) returning from Thailand. Thirty‐eight patients (88%) had primary CM, including nine (29.9%) with chronic infection. All cases of secondary CM first presented with acute infection. The median incubation time was 3 weeks. The most common presentation was cutaneous abscesses (58%). The recommended treatment was administered in 62.7% cases with 37.2% for maintenance therapy. Sixteen patients (37.2%) underwent surgery. Death was reported in less than 5%.ConclusionCM should be considered in travelers returning from or residents of endemic countries, particularly Thailand, presenting with cutaneous abscesses, cellulitis, or ulcerations. Surgery may be necessary in a substantial proportion of patients and follow‐up of at least 1 year is essential. Therapeutic recommendations need to be established.
Urinary biomarkers of prostate cancer
Authors: Fujita Kazutoshi , Nonomura Norio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe development of more specific biomarkers for prostate cancer and/or high‐risk prostate cancer is necessary, because the prostate‐specific antigen test lacks specificity for the detection of prostate cancer and can lead to unnecessary prostate biopsies. Urine is a promising source for the development of new biomarkers of prostate cancer. Biomarkers derived from prostate cancer cells are released into prostatic fluids and then into urine. Urine after manipulation of the prostate is enriched with prostate cancer biomarkers, which include prostate cancer cells, DNAs, RNAs, proteins and other small molecules. The urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 test is the first Food and Drug Administration‐approved RNA‐based urinary marker, and it helps in the detection of prostate cancer on repeat biopsy. The SelectMDx test is based on messenger RNA detection of DLX1 and HOXC6 in urine after prostate massage, and helps in the detection of high‐risk prostate cancer on prostate biopsy. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–200 nm that are secreted from various types of cells. Urinary prostate cancer‐derived exosomes also contain RNAs and proteins specific for prostate cancer (e.g. PCA3 and TMPRSS2‐ERG), and could be promising sources of novel biomarker discovery. The ExoDx Prostate test is a commercially available test based on the detection of three genes (PCA3, ERG and SPDEF) in urinary exosomes. Advancement of comprehensive analysis (microarray, mass spectrometry and next‐generation sequencing) has resulted in the discovery of several urinary biomarkers. Non‐invasive urinary markers can help in the decision to carry out prostate biopsy or in the design of a therapeutic strategy.
Lenvatinib in combination with everolimus in patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A phase 1 study
Authors: Matsubara Nobuaki , Naito Yoichi , Nakano Kenji , Fujiwara Yutaka , Ikezawa Hiroki , Yusa Wataru , Namiki Masayuki , Okude Takashi , Takahashi Shunji 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo assess the tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activities of lenvatinib, an oral inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, in combination with everolimus, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, in Japanese patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma after disease progression with vascular endothelial growth factor‐targeted therapy.MethodsLenvatinib 18 mg and everolimus 5 mg once daily were administered on 28‐day continuous cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Adverse events were evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03, and tumor response was assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor version 1.1. Pharmacokinetics sampling was carried out during the first cycle.ResultsSeven patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma received this combination treatment. Dose‐limiting toxicity was not observed. The most commonly observed adverse events were thrombocytopenia and decreased appetite (100%), followed by hypertriglyceridaemia and palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (86%). The most common grade 3 adverse event was lymphopenia (43%). No grade 4 or 5 adverse events occurred. The steady‐state mean areas under the concentration–time curves of lenvatinib and everolimus were 3220 and 401 ng·h/mL, respectively. Five patients (71%) had partial response, and one (14%) had stable disease.ConclusionsLenvatinib 18 mg and everolimus 5 mg once daily are well tolerated and manageable, and their combined administration has no significant effect on either drug's pharmacokinetics. Overall, this combination therapy shows encouraging antitumor activity in Japanese patients with renal cell carcinoma.
Social Accountability in Diaspora Organizations Aiding Syrian Migrants
Authors: Abdel‐Samad Mounah , Flanigan Shawn Teresa 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article presents data from a study of Syrian diaspora organizations providing assistance to conflict‐affected Syrians in Europe, the Middle East, and North America. Using interview data from leaders in four Syrian diaspora non‐profit organizations, this article examines the social mechanisms used to ensure accountability within the challenging environments where the organizations operate. We find that Syrian diaspora organizations benefit from informal social accountability mechanisms that derive from individuals’ social network ties. Personal, social forms of accountability are particularly valuable to these organizations because these mechanisms help circumvent uncertainty and challenges in the operational environment. These findings reflect an important theme in the extant literature on diaspora philanthropy: diaspora members may have an advantage over other actors because of dense personal networks that make them adept at identifying dependable partners and enforcing agreements even in places where banking and legal systems are fragile.
Similar outcomes for general medicine patients discharged on any day of the week
Authors: Au John , Horwood Chris , Hakendorf Paul , Thompson Campbell 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundHospital congestion is worsened by fewer patients being discharged on the weekend than on weekdays. Weekend admissions fare worse in hospital than weekday admissions. Understanding the fate of patients discharged on the weekend, or any particular weekday, may help optimise hospital discharge processes.AimTo determine the effects of weekend and specific weekday discharges on adverse outcomes (mortality and readmission to hospital).MethodsElectronic records were used to identify unplanned admissions to two large public hospitals across a 5‐year period. Day of week of discharge, the inpatient length of stay, unplanned readmissions and mortality rate were determined.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in discharges on the weekend (49%), particularly for patients who were older or with significant comorbidity (P < 0.001). Adjusting for these differences, there was no difference in readmission and mortality between weekday and weekend discharges within two (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.83–1.14; P < 0.76) or seven (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.82–1.01; P < 0.07) days of discharge. By 30 days, there were significantly fewer adverse outcomes for those discharged on the weekend (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.83–0.96; P < 0.001). There was no difference in adverse outcome rates for patients discharged on Mondays, Wednesdays or Fridays.ConclusionFewer patients are discharged on the weekend and these are typically younger, less complex patients. Patients discharged on the weekend fare similarly or better than those discharged on a weekday. Therefore, a push to discharge more patients on the weekend could improve hospital efficiency without compromising patient care.
High‐temperature stable inverse opal photonic crystals via mullite‐sol‐gel infiltration of direct photonic crystals
Authors: Bueno Priscila , Pagnan Furlan Kaline , Hotza Dachamir , Janssen Rolf 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThree‐dimensionally ordered macroporous materials for photonic or refractory applications have been developed by an innovative approach based on mullite sol‐gel infiltration of direct photonic crystals followed by burn‐out and calcination. Direct photonic crystals were obtained using polystyrene spheres templates either by vertical convective self‐assembly or by drop casting. The samples were then infiltrated by spin coating with mullite sol‐gels prepared with two different compositions (74 wt.% Al2O3, 26 wt.% SiO2and 80 wt.% Al2O3, 20 wt.% SiO2). The inverse opal photonic crystals prepared with both sol‐gels presented a highly ordered porosity and the high‐alumina composition showed stability up to 1500°C. After inversion of the structure (polymeric template burn‐out), the high‐alumina composition showed roundness of thePStemplated pores closer to an ideal sphere (Ø = 0.967) when compared to the low‐alumina composition (Ø = 0.954). Although the inverse opal photonic crystals did not present a photonic bandgap, they showed structural stability at high temperatures, which enable their application as refractory materials.
Structural and physical characteristics of Au2O3‐doped sodium antimonate glasses – Part I
Authors: Ashok Jujjavarapu , Kostrzewa Marek , Srinivasa Reddy Maddireddy , Ravi Kumar Vandana , Venkatramiah Nutalapati , Piasecki Michal , Veeraiah Nalluri 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNa2O‐Sb2O3 glasses doped with different concentrations of Au2O3 were prepared by melt quenching technique and later were heat treated at 800°C for 6 hours. Structural analysis by XRD, XPS, SEM, EDS, and DSC techniques indicated that the samples are embedded with multiple crystallites composed of Sb3+, Sb5+, Au3+ ions, and Au0 metallic particles. These studies have further demonstrated a gradual increasing fraction of Au0 metallic particles with increasing Au2O3 concentration. IR spectral studies suggested increasing the degree of polymerization of the glass network (due to increasing concentration of Sb5+ ions that participate in the glass network with SbVO4 structural units) with rise in the concentration of Au2O3. Optical absorption spectra of the titled samples have exhibited a broad absorption band at about 530 nm predicted due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and exhibited a spectral red shift with increasing intensity with increase in Au2O3 content. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the samples recorded (at λexc = corresponding SPR band position) exhibited an emission peak at about 580 nm (identified as being due to interband transition between sp and d bands of gold particles). Overall, the analysis of these results has confirmed increasing concentration of Au metallic particles with increase in Au2O3 content in the titled material. Finally, it is predicted that the presence of higher concentration of gold particles in the polymerized antimonate glass network makes the materials useful for designing different nano dimensional optoelectronic devices.
In situ study of electric‐field‐induced ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic domain switching in polycrystalline BiFeO3
Authors: Liu Lisha , Hinterstein Manuel , Rojac Tadej , Walker Julian , Makarovic Maja , Daniels John 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAntiferromagnetic domain switching induced by ferroelectric polarization switching has previously been observed in situ in both multiferroic BiFeO3 single crystals and thin films. Despite a number of reports on macroscopic magnetoelectric measurements on polycrystalline BiFeO3, direct in situ observation of electric‐field‐induced antiferromagnetic domain switching in this material has not been addressed due to the lack of high‐quality samples capable of electrical poling. Here, the electric field control of antiferromagnetic domain texture is identified in polycrystalline BiFeO3 using in situ neutron diffraction, showing the resultant magnetic domain reorientation induced by an electric field. An antiferromagnetic domain reorientation to a value of 2.2‐2.5 multiples of a random distribution (MRD) is found to be induced by an electric field that provides a non‐180° ferroelectric‐ferroelastic domain texture of 2.2‐2.5 MRD along the field direction. The current results show well‐controlled coupling of multiferroic domain texturing in single‐phase polycrystalline BiFeO3.
Influence of lifestyle choices on risks of CYP1B1 polymorphisms for prostate cancer
Authors: Kato Taku , Hashimoto Yutaka , Wong Ryan K. , Mitsui Yozo , Maekawa Shigekatsu , Chang Inik , Shahryari Varahram , Yamamura Soichiro , Majid Shahana , Saini Sharanjot , Tabatabai Z. Laura , Dahiya Rajvir , Deguchi Takashi , Tanaka Yuichiro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) converts xenobiotics to carcinogens and how lifestyle choices may interact with CYP1B1 polymorphisms and affect prostate cancer risk was assessed. Blood genomic DNA from a Caucasian population was analysed at polymorphic sites of the 5′ untranslated region of CYP1B1 using TaqMan genotyping assays. Overall, drinker status and minor alleles at rs2551188, rs2567206 and rs10175368 were associated with prostate cancer. Linkage was observed between rs2551188, rs2567206, rs2567207 and rs10175368, and the G‐C‐T‐G haplotype (major allele at respective sites) was decreased in cancer. Interestingly when classified by lifestyle factors, no associations of genotypes were found for non‐smokers and non‐drinkers, whereas on the contrary, minor type at rs2567206 and rs10175368 increased and major G‐C‐T‐G decreased risk for cancer among smokers and drinkers. Interestingly, rs2551188, rs2567206 and rs10175368 minor genotypes correlated with increased tissue CYP1B1 as determined by immunohistochemistry. Further, rs10175368 enhanced luciferase activity and mobility shift show stronger binding of nuclear factor for the minor allele. These results demonstrate smoking and alcohol consumption to modify the risks of CYP1B1 polymorphisms for prostate cancer which may be through rs10175368, and this is of importance in understanding their role in the pathogenesis and as a biomarker for this disease.
LINC01287 regulates tumorigenesis and invasion via miR‐298/MYB in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Mo Yichao , He Longguang , Lai Zeru , Wan Zhiheng , Chen Qinshou , Pan Sibo , Li Liangfu , Li Dasheng , Huang Junwei , Xue Fan , Che Siyao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecently, it was reported that long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participated in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) initiation and progression. Herein, we reported that the expression level of LINC01287 was elevated in HCC cell lines and tissues. LINC01287 down‐regulation inhibited HCC cells growth and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. LINC01287 exerted as a ceRNA and negatively regulated miR‐298 expression. MYB was identified as a downstream target of miR‐298. The miR‐298/MYB axis mediated LINC01287's effect on HCC. To the best of our knowledge, our findings provided the first evidence that LINC01287 functioned as an oncogene in HCC. LINC01287 may be a candidate prognostic biomarker and a target for new therapies in HCC patients.
Prognostic value of gastric cancer‐associated gene signatures: Evidence based on a meta‐analysis using integrated bioinformatics methods
Authors: Wang Jun , Gao Peng , Song Yongxi , Sun Jingxu , Chen Xiaowan , Yu Hong , Wang Yu , Wang Zhenning 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSelecting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on integrated bioinformatics analyses has been used in previous studies to explore potential biomarkers in gastric cancer (GC) with microarray and RNA sequencing data. However, the genes obtained may be inaccurate because of noisy data and errors, as well as insufficient clinical sample sizes. Thus, we aimed to find robust and strong DEGs with prognostic value for GC, where the robust rank aggregation method was employed to select significant DEGs from eight Gene Expression Omnibus data sets with a total of 140 up‐regulated and 206 down‐regulated genes. Network data mining was then used to screen hub genes, and 11 genes were filtered using Fisher's exact test. Based on these results, we built a prognostic signature with seven genes (FBN1, MMP1, PLAU, SPARC, COL1A2, COL2A1 and ATP4A) using stepwise multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression. According to the risk score for each patient, we found that high‐risk group patients had significantly worse survival results compared with those in the low‐risk group (log‐rank test P‐value < 0.001). This seven‐gene signature was then validated with an external data set. Thus, we established a signature based on seven DEGs with prognostic value for GC patients using multi‐steps bioinformatics methods, which may provide novel insights and potential biomarkers for prognosis, as well as possibly serving as new therapeutic targets in clinical applications.