bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing Responsible Research and Innovation for Care Robots through BS 8611
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI) has gained prominence in European research. It has been integrated into the EU’s Horizon 2020 research framework as well as a number of individual Member States’ research strategies. Elsewhere we have discussed how the idea of RRI can be applied to healthcare robots (Stahl and Coeckelbergh 2016) and we have speculated what such an implementation might look like in social reality (Stahl et al. 2014). In this paper I will explore how parallel developments reflect the reasoning in RRI. The focus of the paper will therefore be on the recently published standard on “Robots and robotic devices: Guide to the ethical design and application of robots and robotic systems” (BSI 2016). I will analyse the standard and discuss how it can be applied to care robots. The key question to be discussed is whether and to what degree this can be seen as an implementation of RRI in the area of care robotics.
Informationsmodell für intentionsbasierte Roboter-Mensch-Interaktion
Authors: Schilberg Daniel , Schmitz Sebastian 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungSichere roboterbasierte Systeme gewinnen in einer alternden Gesellschaft immer mehr an Bedeutung. Damit alle Mitglieder der Gesellschaft weiterhin am sozialen Leben, privat und auch beruflich, teilhaben können, müssen Roboter die Absichten von Menschen aus deren Verhalten ableiten können, und Roboter müssen in die Lage versetzt werden, ihre Absichten den Menschen, die mit ihnen interagieren, zu vermitteln. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Informationsmodell für die Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion vorgestellt. Das Informationsmodell ermöglicht ein Mapping zwischen den atomaren Fähigkeiten eines Roboters und komplexen Funktionen. Unter den atomaren Fähigkeiten sind Rotations- und Translationsbewegung oder das Setzen eines I/O-Signals zum Schließen eines Greifers zu verstehen. Eine komplexe Funktion, die sich daraus ergibt, kann das Greifen eines Objektes sein. Um dem Roboter ein „Bewusstsein“ dafür zu geben, dass er durch Setzen eines I/Os und Gelenkbewegungen zielgerichtet seine Umwelt manipulieren kann, müssen Fähigkeiten mit einem Anwendungskontext in Verbindung gebracht werden. Darüber hinaus muss die Abbildung der Fähigkeiten des Roboters für den menschlichen Benutzer transparent und nachvollziehbar sein, sodass aus einem realen Handhabungsvorgang tatsächlich Absichten abgeleitet werden können. Das Informationsmodell basiert auf den folgenden Schritten: 1) Systemdesign, 2) Erfassen, 3) Erkennen und Auswerten und 4) Agieren/Reagieren.
Robotik in der Pflege aus pflegewissenschaftlicher Perspektive
Authors: Hülsken-Giesler Manfred , Daxberger Sabine 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungVor dem Hintergrund aktueller Debatten um das Potenzial und die Risiken von Pflegerobotik in Deutschland arbeitet der Beitrag die spezifischen Charakteristika und Herausforderungen der professionellen Pflege als personenbezogene Dienstleistung heraus. Mit einem knappen Überblick zum Erkenntnisstand wird eine Diskussion um die bisherige Entwicklung vorbereitet. Es wird schließlich dafür votiert, die spezifischen Charakteristika der professionellen Pflege als wichtigen Ausgangspunkt für die weitere Entwicklung sowie für die Bewertung zukünftiger Systeme zu berücksichtigen.
Pflegeroboter: Analyse und Bewertung aus Sicht pflegerischen Handelns und ethischer Anforderungen
Authors: Remmers Hartmut 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungIn Zukunft ist ein wachsender Einsatz von Pflegerobotern zu erwarten, denen möglicherweise zwei Hauptfunktionen zugeschrieben werden können: Beitrag zur Verringerung einer sich ausweitenden Personallücke in der Pflege; Erleichterung der Pflege hinsichtlich physischer und psychischer Arbeitsbelastungen, teilweise auch durch Substitution originär pflegerischer Teilaufgaben im Bereich der Ernährung, Medikation, Aktivierung/Mobilisierung. Aus fachwissenschaftlicher Sicht stellen sich dabei Fragen, inwieweit und in welchem Ausmaße originär pflegerische Tätigkeiten wie die der persönlichen, vertrauensbildenden Beziehungsarbeit unterstützt/verbessert werden können oder (teil-)ersetzt werden sollen. Aus ethischer Perspektive stellen sich damit zusammenhängende Fragen, inwieweit durch den Einsatz von Robotern die Personalität des Menschen in verschiedenen Facetten seiner auch leiblich verstandenen Rezeptivität und seiner Spontaneität gegenseitigen Ausdruckshandelns und Ausdrucksverstehens gewahrt bleibt.
Procedure‐Specific Volume and Nurse‐to‐Patient Ratio: Implications for Failure to Rescue Patients Following Liver Surgery
Authors: Chen Qinyu , Olsen Griffin , Bagante Fabio , Merath Katiuscha , Idrees Jay J. , Akgul Ozgur , Cloyd Jordan , Dillhoff Mary , White Susan , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of various hospital characteristics on failure to rescue (FTR) after liver surgery has not been well examined. We sought to examine the relationship between hospital characteristics and FTR after liver surgery.MethodsThe 2013–2015 Medicare‐Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) database was used to identify Medicare beneficiaries who underwent liver surgery. The effect of various hospital characteristics on FTR was compared among the highest mortality hospitals (HMH) and the lowest mortality hospitals (LMH).ResultsAmong 4902 patients undergoing hepatectomy, patients treated at HMH had a higher risk of FTR (OR 3.08, 95% CI 2.03–4.66). Hospital factors such as total number of beds (OR 0.80, 95% 0.56–1.15), operating rooms (OR 0.81, 95% 0.57–1.14), and overall hospital surgical volume (OR 0.88, 95% 0.61–1.25) were not associated with FTR (all p > 0.05). In contrast, hospitals with a greater nurse‐to‐patient ratio had a markedly lower risk of FTR following a complication (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.91; p = 0.007) (Table 3). As volume of liver operations and nurse‐to‐patient ratio decreased the risk of FTR increased (p > 0.001). After risk‐adjusting for patient characteristics, both the effect of surgical volume (adjusted OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46–0.94; p = 0.022) and nurse‐to‐patient ratio (adjusted OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51–0.90; p = 0.008) remained strongly associated with FTR.ConclusionFTR rates varied considerably among hospital performing hepatectomy. Higher procedure‐specific hepatectomy volume, as well as a higher nurse‐to‐patient ratio, accounted for a reduction in the FTR rates. These data highlight the importance of not only procedure volume, but also adequate nurse staffing in reducing FTR and improving mortality following complex procedures such as hepatectomy.
Sensitivity to criticism and praise predicts schizotypy in the non-clinical population: The role of affect and perceived expressed emotion
Authors: Premkumar Preethi , Dunn Andrew K. , Onwumere Juliana , Kuipers Elizabeth 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackground:Schizotypy represents a cluster of personality traits consisting of magical beliefs, perceptual aberrations, disorganisation, and anhedonia. Schizotypy denotes a vulnerability for psychosis, one reason being psychosocial stress. High expressed emotion (EE), a rating of high criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement from a close relative, denotes psychosocial stress and vulnerability to psychosis, and is associated with schizotypy. This study aimed to decipher the relationship of schizotypy to perceived criticism and perceived praise in terms of affect and perceived EE.Methods:Ninety-eight healthy participants listened to short audio-clips containing criticism, praise, and neutral comments from a stranger, and evaluated them in terms of the comments’ arousal and personal relevance. Participants also answered self-report questionnaires of schizotypy, depression, mood, and perceived EE. Correlational analyses tested the relationship between schizotypy and the evaluations of criticism and praise. Mediation analyses then tested whether depression, positive mood, and perceived EE explained these relationships.Results:Greater relevance of standard criticism correlated with higher positive schizotypy. This association was fully mediated by high depression and perceived irritability from a close relative. Lower relevance of standard praise correlated with higher cognitive disorganisation (another schizotypal trait). This relationship was partially mediated by low positive mood and high perceived intrusiveness from a close relative.Conclusion:Greater perceived criticism and lower perceived praise predict schizotypy in the healthy population. Affect and interpersonal sensitivity towards a close relative explain these relationships, such that depression increases perceived criticism, and positive mood increases perceived praise. Perceived EE defines the interpersonal nature of schizotypy.
Turbulent structures in a statistically three-dimensional boundary layer
Authors: Kevin Kevin , Monty Jason , Hutchins Nicholas 
Published: November 2018

We investigate the behaviour of large-scale coherent structures in a spanwise-heterogeneous turbulent boundary layer, using particle image velocimetry on multiple orthogonal planes. The statistical three-dimensionality is imposed by a herringbone riblet surface, although the key results presented here will be common to many cases of wall turbulence with embedded secondary flows in the form of mean streamwise vortices. Instantaneous velocity fields in the logarithmic layer reveal elongated low-momentum streaks located over the upwash-flow region, where their spanwise spacing is forced by the$2\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$periodicity of the herringbone pattern. These streaks largely resemble the turbulence structures that occur naturally (and randomly located) in spanwise-homogeneous smooth-/rough-wall boundary layers, although here they are directly formed by the roughness pattern. In the far outer region, the large spanwise spacing permits the streaks to aggressively meander. The mean secondary flows are the time-averaged artefact of the unsteady and spanwise asymmetric large-scale roll modes that accompany these meandering streaks. Interestingly, this meandering, or instability, gives rise to a pronounced streamwise periodicity (i.e. an alternating coherent pattern) in the spatial statistics, at wavelengths of approximately 4.5$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$. Overall, the observed behaviours largely resemble the streak-instability model that has been proposed for the buffer region, only here at a much larger scale and at a forced spanwise spacing. This observation further confirms recent observations that such features may occur at an entire hierarchy of scales throughout the turbulent boundary layer.
The disappearance of the sacred Swedish Sámi drum and the protection of Sámi cultural heritage
Authors: Joy Francis 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOne of the last frontiers of the pre-Christian Sámi religion and cosmology from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries can be found recorded as embedded systems of knowledge on a range of noaidi-shaman drums kept in museums across Europe. Missionaries and clergymen as well as explorers who sought interest in the magical powers of the Sámi noaidi collected these artefacts during witchcraft trials and persecutions throughout Sápmi, the Sámi homeland areas. Insomuch as the drums being taken away from their owners and shipped from their homelands to other countries, their safeguarding, security and preservation as ancient sources of knowledge in museums is seldom discussed. As a consequence, the investigation presented here is a case study concerning the disappearance of a Sámi noaidi drum sent to a museum in France that has its origins in Swedish Sápmi, which I was informed about in 2017 prior to a visit to Paris for a seminar concerning the Sámi and their culture in Finland. The loss of the drum has only recently become known, and raises a series of important questions concerning responsibilities museums have with regard to the protection of property belonging to the Sámi as well as the repatriation and return of cultural heritage with regard to historical artefacts.
Effects of transportation on cattle health and production: a review
Authors: Van Engen N. K. , Coetzee J. F. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe goal of this review is to present a concise and critical assessment of the literature related to physiologic responses in cattle that are subjected to transportation. Over two-thirds of US cattle are transported. Understanding trends in circulating physiologic parameters is an important part of mitigating the negative effects of transportation. For the producer, linking these effects after transportation to morbidity outcomes within the first 45 days on feed (i.e. especially development of bovine respiratory disease) is critical. Physiologic parameters in circulation are of primary importance and may have value for prediction of bovine respiratory disease on arrival and for the understanding of disease pathogenesis. The results of our literature survey indicated that post-transportation immune function, increased acute phase proteins, glucocorticoids, and inflammation are a pivotal starting point for understanding disease. These potential biomarkers may have utility in identifying disease for targeted therapeutics so that traditional protocols that rely heavily on metaphylaxis can be avoided. Additional research is needed to develop strategies for physiological marker identification, treatment methods, or predictive behaviors to prevent respiratory disease before and after transport. This review examines the significant deleterious effects of transportation handling and stress, and current immune system translation and non-antimicrobial mitigation strategies.
A changing economic vote in Western Europe? Long-term vs. short-term forces
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth , Lewis-Beck Michael S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractConsiderable research shows the presence of an economic vote, with governments rewarded or punished by voters, depending on the state of the economy. But how stable is this economic vote? A current argument holds its effect has increased over time, because of weakening long-term social and political forces. Under these conditions, short-term forces, foremostly the economic issue, can come to the fore. A counter-argument, however, sees the economic vote effect in decline, due to globalization. Against these rival hypotheses rests the status-quo argument: the economic vote effect remains unchanged. To test these claims, we estimate carefully specified models of the incumbent vote, at both the individual and aggregate levels. Western European elections provide the data, with particular attention to Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Perhaps surprisingly, we find the economic vote to be stable over time, a ‘standing decision’ rule that voters follow in national elections.
Differential Response of Fall Panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) Populations in Florida Sugarcane to Asulam
Authors: Fernandez Jose V. , Odero D. Calvin , MacDonald Gregory E. , Ferrell Jason A. , Sellers Brent A. , Wilson P. Christopher 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSugarcane growers in Florida have been reporting reduced control of fall panicum with asulam, the main herbicide used for POST grass control. Therefore, outside container experiments were conducted to determine the response of four fall panicum populations from Florida to asulam applied alone and to evaluate whether tank-mix combination with trifloxysulfuron enhances control. Asulam was applied at 230 to 7,400 g ai ha−1, corresponding to 1/16 to 2X the maximum labeled rate for a single application in sugarcane, with or without combination with trifloxysulfuron at 16 g ai ha−1. Three fall panicum populations were collected from fields in which reduced control had been reported, while one population was from a field not used for sugarcane production but adjacent to a sugarcane field. The potency of asulam based on ED50values (the rate required to cause 50% dry weight reduction at 28 d after treatment) ranged from 2,249 to 5,412 g ha−1for tolerant populations with reported reduced fall panicum control compared with 1,808 g ha−1for the susceptible population from the field not used for sugarcane production, showing that the latter was most sensitive to asulam. Addition of trifloxysulfuron to asulam increased potency on fall panicum by 5- to 15-fold, indicating that the tank mix enhanced dry weight reduction for all populations. The probability of fall panicum survival (regrowth after aboveground biomass harvesting) at the labeled rate of asulam ranged from 2% to 47% compared with 0% to 6% when trifloxysulfuron was added to the tank mix. Our results show differential response of fall panicum populations in Florida to asulam, which can be overcome by tank mixing with trifloxysulfuron even for populations that are difficult to control in sugarcane, but no evolution of resistance to asulam.
Effects of Shape and Rotation of Sand Particles in Saltation
Authors: Dun Hongchao , Huang Ning , Zhang Jie , He Wei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEolian sand transport is a typical gas‐solid flow process, and saltating sand particles account for 75% of the total sand transported. Sand particles are considered as perfect spheres, and the forces acted on the particles are calculated using concise formulas in almost all wind‐sand movement models. In fact, most of sand particles in natural environment are nonspherical and usually rotating while they saltate in the air, and the complicated turbulent gas‐solid flow caused by irregular shape and rotation of particles cannot be predicted. In this paper, the microcosmic midair movements of rotating elliptical sand particles are simulated with dynamic grid method, and the interaction between airflow and sand particles is studied. The results show that the trajectory of a rotating elliptical particle is 18.8% higher and 31.8% longer than that of a spherical one and the drag force acted on a rotating elliptical sand particle fluctuates periodically over time. Separating, colliding, and tumbling behaviors are observed during the saltation process of coupled sand particles. Affected by strong interaction between rotating coupled elliptical particles and airflow, the trajectory is 8.4% lower than one particle system, and the rotation decreases the midair colliding behaviors. A parametric scheme for drag coefficient of sand particle is summarized to modified the macroscopical Eulerian‐Lagrangian wind‐sand simulation, in which the saltation transport rate varies for different shapes of sand particles. This work indicts that an accurate prediction of shape and rotation effects is required to describe the sand movement and saltation transport.
Magnetic Field Risetimes of Negative Lightning First Return Strokes Over Land and Ocean
Authors: Nag Amitabh , Cummins Kenneth L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe examined risetimes for negative first strokes occurring over land (3,427 strokes) and ocean (4,302 strokes) in Florida reported by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. The waveform characteristics were measured by a single National Lightning Detection Network sensor located less than 2 km from the coastline in Florida. All risetime measurements (10–50, 50–90, 10–90%, and threshold to peak) over both land and ocean exhibited statistically significant positive correlation with estimated peak current, but with small correlation coefficients. For a subset of 1,247 strokes selected to mitigate bias in our data, the median 10–50% magnetic field risetime was found to be 11% longer and the proportion of strokes having 10–50% risetimes in the range of 2.6 to 4.8 μs was 42% larger over ocean. We speculate that the slow‐front portion of radiation field waveforms for negative first strokes is affected by differences in surface properties over land versus over ocean that impact upward leader initiation.
Utilizing SMAP Soil Moisture Data to Constrain Irrigation in the Community Land Model
Authors: Felfelani Farshid , Pokhrel Yadu , Guan Kaiyu , Lawrence David M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIrrigation representation in land surface models has been advanced over the past decade, but the soil moisture (SM) data from SMAP satellite have not yet been utilized in large‐scale irrigation modeling. Here we investigate the potential of improving irrigation representation in the Community Land Model version‐4.5 (CLM4.5) by assimilating SMAP data. Simulations are conducted over the heavily irrigated central U.S. region. We find that constraining the target SM in CLM4.5 using SMAP data assimilation with 1‐D Kalman filter reduces the root‐mean‐square error of simulated irrigation water requirement by 50% on average (for Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas) and significantly improves irrigation simulations by reducing the bias in irrigation water requirement by up to 60%. An a priori bias correction of SMAP data further improves these results in some regions but incrementally. Data assimilation also enhances SM simulations in CLM4.5. These results could provide a basis for improved modeling of irrigation and land‐atmosphere interactions.
The 2017 Record Marine Heatwave in the Southwestern Atlantic Shelf
Authors: Manta G. , de Mello S. , Trinchin R. , Badagian J. , Barreiro M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMarine heatwaves (MHWs), considered as one when temperatures warmer than the 90th percentile based on a 30‐year historical baseline period are registered for five or more consecutive days, can have devastating ecosystem and socioeconomic consequences. MHWs were studied in the Southwestern Atlantic shelf (32–38°S) using daily sea surface temperatures between 1988 and 2017. More than half of the days with MHWs occurred since 2014. The most intense event happened in austral summer 2017, reaching temperatures of 26.8 °C, 1.7 °C above previous maximum. Regionally, an unprecedented combination of persistent extremely high air temperature and low wind speed probably led to an intense loop of heat gaining and stratification in the Rio de la Plata plume water's influence. At upper levels, the atmospheric circulation had a wavenumber of 3 pattern before the event and a blocking configuration during the event. Madden‐Julian Oscillation seems to have played a leading role in setting this planetary scale configuration.
The Role of Internal Variability in Twenty‐First‐Century Projections of the Seasonal Cycle of Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperature
Authors: Yettella Vineel , England Mark R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe seasonal cycle is fundamental to the Earth's climate system, accounting for the vast majority of temperature variance. Understanding how the seasonal cycle will change in the future, and by when, is a key question with important implications. Here a 40‐member initial condition climate model ensemble is used to investigate the influence of internal variability on the detection of changes in the amplitude and timing of the seasonal cycle of surface temperature over Northern Hemisphere land in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Internal variability renders the detection of these changes challenging; even by the mid‐twenty‐first century, small ensembles will be insufficient to separate the forced signals from internal variability over many continental regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Despite this, projected changes over Europe, North Africa, and Siberia are large and easily detectable, even in a single member. Specifically, amplitude increases over Europe and North Africa while it decreases over Siberia. On the other hand, the timing of the seasonal cycle is delayed over all three regions. It is found that these changes are remarkably robust across model ensembles from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 archive. To understand the mechanisms underlying these robust changes, a simple energy balance model is used to partition changes into contributions arising from changes in the physical parameters that control the seasonal cycle. It is found that future changes in the seasonal cycle over the three regions are most strongly controlled by changes in surface longwave and turbulent heat fluxes.