bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Occurrence and Risk Factors of Inappropriately Deep Tip Position of Microcuff Pediatric Endotracheal Tube During PICU Stay: A Retrospective Cohort Pilot Study*
Authors: Matsuoka Wakato , Ide Kentaro , Matsudo Takahiro , Kobayashi Tohru , Nishimura Nao , Nakagawa Satoshi 
Published: September 2019

Objectives:
Cuffed endotracheal tubes are being used increasingly for pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation. Appropriate placement of the tube tip for Microcuff (Kimberley-Clark, Roswell, GA) pediatric endotracheal tube is guided by the intubation depth mark on the device. However, inappropriately deep tip position is sometimes observed during PICU stay. The purpose of this study was to assess the occurrence and risk factors of inappropriately deep tip position of Microcuff pediatric endotracheal tube during PICU stay.

Design:
A retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
The PICU at the National Center for Child Health and Development, one of the largest tertiary pediatric hospitals in Japan.

Patients:
All patients on mechanical ventilation with Microcuff pediatric endotracheal tube admitted between February 1, 2015, and July 31, 2016, were enrolled.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary outcome was the occurrence of inappropriately deep tip position, defined as a position of the tube tip less than 5 mm above the carina on a chest radiograph. There were 179 cases (157 patients) requiring mechanical ventilation with Microcuff pediatric endotracheal tube during the study period. An inappropriately deep tip position was found in 42 cases (23.5%), including bronchial intubation in 13 cases (7.3%). In multivariate analysis, height in cm (odds ratio, 0.93; p < 0.001), history of abdominal disease or previous abdominal surgery (odds ratio, 4.38; p = 0.004), and oversized endotracheal tube (odds ratio, 2.93; p = 0.042) were found to be independent risk factors.

Conclusions:
The occurrence of inappropriately deep tip position of Microcuff pediatric endotracheal tube during PICU stay was 23.5%. The possibility of an inappropriately deep tip position should be considered whenever patients with the above risk factors, a history of abdominal disease or previous abdominal surgery, and small children are treated or when oversized endotracheal tubes are used.
HIV Risk and Prevention Outcomes in a Probability-Based Sample of Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States
Authors: Dodge Brian , Ford Jessie V. , Bo Na , Tu Wanzhu , Pachankis John , Herbenick Debby , Mayer Kenneth , Hatzenbuehler Mark L. 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Although gay and bisexual men (GBM) represent the largest group of HIV-infected individuals in the United States, nearly all evidence on their HIV risk and prevention outcomes derive from nonprobability samples.

Setting:
A probability-based cohort of GBM (N = 502) from 45 states and Washington, DC.

Methods:
Cross-sectional survey.

Results:
Among HIV-negative/unknown/untested GBM, only 6.7% reported using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the past 6 months. Two-thirds (63.3%) of PrEP users reported daily adherence in the past week. Over half (54.2%) of GBM reported not using a condom during anal sex with their most recent male partner; of these men, 93.8% were not on PrEP. Most GBM had been tested for HIV (80.7%) and other sexually transmitted infections (67.1%) in their lifetime, with 45.2% having tested for HIV during the past year. Among those ever tested, 14.1% reported being HIV infected, whereas an additional 8.9% reported testing positive for at least one other sexually transmitted infection after their most recent test. All HIV-positive GBM reported being currently on antiretroviral treatment, and 94.7% reported an undetectable viral load, but nearly one-third (30.4%) reported not taking their medication every day during the past month. A majority of HIV-negative/unknown/untested GBM (64.3%) reported that they had never discussed HIV prevention with their primary health care provider.

Conclusions:
Our findings present a decidedly mixed picture regarding the success of the US National HIV/AIDS Strategy in meeting its stated goals of addressing HIV risk among the general population of GBM.
Effects of a Mixed Reality-based Cognitive Training System Compared to a Conventional Computer-assisted Cognitive Training System on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study
Authors: Park Eunhee , Yun Byoung-Ju , Min Yu-Sun , Lee Yang-Soo , Moon Sung-Jun , Huh Jae-Won , Cha Hyunsil , Chang Yongmin , Jung Tae-Du 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Mixed reality (MR) technology, which combines the best features of augmented reality and virtual reality, has recently emerged as a promising tool in cognitive rehabilitation therapy.

Objective:
To investigate the effectiveness of an MR-based cognitive training system for individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods:
Twenty-one individuals aged 65 years and older who had been diagnosed with MCI were recruited for this study and were divided into two groups. Participants in the MR group (n=10, aged 70.5±4.2 years) received 30 minutes of training 3 times a week for 6 weeks using a newly developed MR-based cognitive training system. Participants in the control group (n=11, aged 72.6±5.3 years) received the same amount of training using a conventional computer-assisted cognitive training system. Both groups took the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD-K) both before and after intervention. To determine the effect of the intervention on cognitive function, we compared the difference in each group’s CERAD-K scores.

Results:
There was a statistically significant interaction between intervention (MR group vs control group) and time (before vs after intervention) as assessed by the Constructional Recall Test. The individuals with MCI who participated in the MR training showed significantly improved performance in visuospatial working memory compared with the individuals with MCI who participated in the conventional training.

Conclusion:
An MR-based cognitive training system can be used as a cognitive training tool to improve visuospatial working memory in individuals with MCI.
Relationship Between Cognitive-Behavioral Impairment and Clinical and Functional Parameters in ALS and Reliability of the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen to Assess ALS: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Díaz Jose Luis , Mondragón Helena , Sancho Jesús , Aguilar Eduardo J. , Servera Emilio 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Although it is widely recognized that a high percentage of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have cognitive and behavioral impairment, the associated clinical and functional parameters remain unknown. ALS is typically assessed via screening tests, such as the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS).

Objective:
To investigate the relationship between cognitive-behavioral impairment and other clinical and functional parameters and to compare the assessment results from a set of standardized neuropsychological tests with those from the ECAS.

Methods:
Forty individuals with ALS participated in the study. We assessed attention, memory and learning ability, and executive function using a set of standardized neuropsychological tests and the ECAS. Sociodemographic variables, time since onset of symptoms, time since diagnosis, and functional respiratory values were recorded.

Results:
No relationship was found between time since onset of symptoms and time since definitive diagnosis and either attention (P=0.206, 0.314, respectively), memory and learning ability (P=0.618, 0.692), or executive function (P=0.844, 0.583). The set of standardized neuropsychological tests identified an impairment in executive function in 29% of the participants, whereas the ECAS identified it in 89%.

Conclusions:
We found no relationship between cognitive-behavioral impairment and time since onset of symptoms nor time since ALS diagnosis. Because the ECAS does not correctly reflect the executive function of individuals with ALS, function-specific neuropsychological tests are preferred. Test selection must take into account individuals’ physical characteristics and their consequent ability to respond gesturally or orally.
Changes in Cognitive Performance With Age in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Baird Jessica F. , Cederberg Katie L.J. , Sikes E. Morghen , Jeng Brenda , Sasaki Jeffer E. , Sandroff Brian M. , Motl Robert W. 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Cognitive impairment is one of the most common consequences of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet there is a shortage of data regarding how cognition changes during the life span of individuals with MS. This information is of increasing importance given the growing proportion of older adults with MS.

Objective:
To study possible changes in cognitive function in correlation with increasing age in individuals with MS.

Methods:
Participants (N=129) were recruited and a priori allocated into one of three age groups (young, middle-aged, and older). All participants completed the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) during a single laboratory testing session. The BICAMS measures cognitive processing speed as well as verbal and visuospatial learning and memory.

Results:
A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that cognitive function significantly differed by age group, and these differences were not explained by amount of physical activity, years of education, years since diagnosis, or race. Older adults displayed significantly worse cognitive processing speed than young and middle-aged adults. The older and middle-aged adults also demonstrated significantly worse visuospatial learning and memory than the younger adults. Effect sizes indicated that cognitive processing speed and verbal learning and memory were more affected in late adulthood than early adulthood, whereas visuospatial learning and memory was affected similarly in early and late adulthood.

Conclusions:
Older adults with MS demonstrated significant impairments in cognitive function compared to young and middle-aged adults with MS. Future studies should determine the predictors of cognitive decline in this age cohort.
Dyspareunia in their own words: A comprehensive qualitative description of endometriosis-associated sexual pain
Authors: Wahl Kate J , Imtiaz Shermeen , Joseph KS , Smith Kelly B , Yong Paul J. , Cox Susan M. 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundDyspareunia is a classic symptom of endometriosis but is neglected in research and clinical contexts. This study explored the experience of this endometriosis-associated sexual pain.MethodsThis was a qualitative descriptive study that included people who had experienced endometriosis-associated dyspareunia alone or with a partner. Data collection involved semi- structured interviews with a female researcher that began with an open-ended question about dyspareunia and included interview prompts related to the nature of sexual pain. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed for themes.Results17 participants completed interviews. The mean participant age was 33.3 (SD=7.2) and most participants identified as white (82%), were college-educated (71%), identified as heterosexual (65%), and were partnered (59%). Location, onset, and character emerged as important, interrelated features of endometriosis-associated dyspareunia, as did severity and impact. Dyspareunia occurred at the vaginal opening (n=7) and in the abdomen/pelvis (n=13). Pain at the vaginal opening began with initial penetration and had pulling, burning and stinging qualities. Pain in the pelvis was typically experienced with deep penetration or in certain position and was described as sharp, stabbing and/or cramping. Dyspareunia ranged from mild to severe, and for some participants had a marked psychosocial impact.ConclusionsDyspareunia is a heterogeneous symptom of endometriosis that ranges in severity and impact. Disaggregating dyspareunia into superficial and deep types may better reflect the etiologies of this pain, thereby improving outcome measurement in intervention studies and clinical care.
DCT4- a new member of the dicarboxylate transporter family in C4grasses
Authors: Weissmann Sarit , Huang Pu , Furuyama Koki , Wiechert Madeline A. , Taniguchi Mitsutaka , Schnable James C. , Brutnell Thomas P. , Mockler Todd C. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTMalate transport shuttles atmospheric carbon into the Calvin-Benson cycle during NADP-ME C4photosynthesis. Previous characterizations of several plant dicarboxylate transporters (DCT) showed that they efficiently exchange malate across membranes. Here we identify and characterize a previously unknown member of theDCTfamily,DCT4, inSorghum bicolor. We show that SbDCT4 exchanges malate across membranes and its expression pattern is consistent with a role in malate transport during C4photosynthesis.SbDCT4is not syntenic to the characterized photosynthetic geneZmDCT2, and an ortholog is not detectable in the maize reference genome. We found that the expression patterns ofDCTfamily genes in the leaves ofZ. mays, andS. bicolorvaried by cell type. Our results suggest that sub-functionalization of members of theDCTfamily for the transport of malate into the bundle sheath (BS) plastids occurred during the process of independent recurrent evolution of C4photosynthesis in grasses of the PACMAD clade. This study confirms the value of using both syntenic information and gene expression profiles to assign orthology in evolutionarily related genomes.
Eye movements support behavioral pattern completion
Authors: Wynn Jordana S. , Ryan Jennifer D. , Buchsbaum Bradley R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe ability to recall a detailed event from a simple reminder is supported by pattern completion, a cognitive operation performed by the hippocampus wherein existing mnemonic representations are retrieved from incomplete input. In behavioral studies, pattern completion is often inferred through the false endorsement of lure (i.e., similar) items as old. However, evidence that such a response is due to the specific retrieval of a similar, previously encoded item is severely lacking. We used eye movement (EM) monitoring during a partial-cue recognition memory task to index reinstatement of lure images behaviorally via the recapitulation of encoding-related EMs or, gaze reinstatement. Participants reinstated encoding-related EMs following degraded retrieval cues and this reinstatement was negatively correlated with accuracy for lure images, suggesting that retrieval of existing representations (i.e., pattern completion) underlies lure false alarms. Our findings provide novel evidence linking gaze reinstatement and pattern completion and advance a functional role for EMs in memory retrieval.
A Conserved Mechanism of APOBEC3 Relocalization by Herpesviral Ribonucleotide Reductase Large Subunits
Authors: Cheng Adam Z. , de Moraes Sofia Nóbrega , Attarian Claire , Yockteng-Melgar Jaime , Jarvis Matthew C. , Biolatti Matteo , Galitska Ganna , Dell’Oste Valentina , Frappier Lori , Bierle Craig J. , Rice Stephen A. , Harris Reuben S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAn integral part of the antiviral innate immune response is the APOBEC3 family of single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminases, which inhibits virus replication through deamination-dependent and -independent activities. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract these enzymes such as HIV-1 Vif-mediated formation of a ubiquitin ligase to degrade virus-restrictive APOBEC3 enzymes. A new example is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ribonucleotide reductase (RNR)-mediated inhibition of cellular APOBEC3B (A3B). The large subunit of the viral RNR, BORF2, causes A3B relocalization from the nucleus to cytoplasmic bodies and thereby protects viral DNA during lytic replication. Here, we use co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent microscopy approaches to ask whether this mechanism is shared with the closely related γ-herpesvirus Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the more distantly related α-herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). The large RNR subunit of KSHV, ORF61, co-precipitated multiple APOBEC3s including A3B and APOBEC3A (A3A). KSHV ORF61 also caused relocalization of these two enzymes to perinuclear bodies (A3B) and to oblong cytoplasmic structures (A3A). The large RNR subunit of HSV-1, ICP6, also co-precipitated A3B and A3A and was sufficient to promote the relocalization of these enzymes from nuclear to cytoplasmic compartments. HSV-1 infection caused similar relocalization phenotypes that required ICP6. However, unlike the infectivity defects previously reported for BORF2-null EBV, ICP6 mutant HSV-1 showed normal growth rates and plaque phenotypes. These results combine to indicate that both γ- and α-herpesviruses use a conserved RNR-dependent mechanism to relocalize A3B and A3A and, further, suggest that HSV-1 possesses at least one additional mechanism to neutralize these antiviral enzymes.ImportanceThe APOBEC3 family of DNA cytosine deaminases constitutes a vital innate immune defense against a range of different viruses. A novel counter-restriction mechanism has recently been uncovered for the γ-herpesvirus EBV, in which a subunit of the viral protein known to produce DNA building blocks (ribonucleotide reductase) causes A3B to relocalize from the nucleus to the cytosol. Here, we extend these observations with A3B to include a closely related γ-herpesvirus, KSHV, and to a more distantly related α-herpesvirus, HSV-1. These different viral ribonucleotide reductases also caused relocalization of A3A, which is 92% identical to A3B. These studies are important because they suggest a conserved mechanism of APOBEC3 evasion by large double-stranded DNA herpesviruses. Strategies to block this host-pathogen interaction may be effective for treating infections caused by these herpesviruses.
A model Roseobacter employs a diffusible killing mechanism to eliminate competitors
Authors: Sharpe Garrett C. , Gifford Scott M. , Septer Alecia N. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe roseobacter clade is a group of α-proteobacteria that have diverse metabolic and regulatory capabilities. They are abundant in marine environments and have a substantial role in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. However, interactions between roseobacters and other bacterioplankton have not been extensively explored. In this study, we identify a killing mechanism in the model Roseobacter Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 by competing it against a group of phylogenetically diverse bacteria. The killing mechanism involves an unidentified antimicrobial compound that is produced when cells are grown on both surfaces and in suspension and is dependent on cell density. A screen of random transposon mutants revealed the killing phenotype, as well as resistance to the antimicrobial, require genes within an ~8 kb putative γ-butyrolactone synthesis gene cluster, which resembles similar pheromone-sensing systems in actinomycetes that regulate secondary metabolite production. Transcriptomics revealed the gene cluster is highly upregulated in wild-type DSS-3 compared to a non-killer mutant when grown in liquid coculture with a roseobacter target. Our findings show that R. pomeroyi has the capability to eliminate closely- and distantly-related competitors, providing a mechanism to alter the community structure and function in its native habitats.
Sensitive Detection of Protein Binding to the Plasma Membrane with Dual-Color Z-Scan Fluorescence
Authors: Angert I. , Karuka S.R. , Hennen J. , Chen Y. , Albanesi J.P. , Mansky L.M. , Mueller J.D. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTDelicate and transitory protein engagement at the plasma membrane (PM) is crucial to a broad range of cellular functions including cell motility, signal transduction, and virus replication. Here we describe a dual color (DC) extension of the fluorescence z-scan technique which has proven successful for quantification of peripheral membrane protein binding to the PM in living cells. We demonstrate that the co-expression of a second distinctly colored fluorescent protein provides a soluble reference species, which delineates the extent of the cell cytoplasm and lowers the detection threshold of z-scan PM binding measurements by an order of magnitude. DC z-scan generates an intensity profile for each detection channel that contains information on the axial distribution of the peripheral membrane and reference protein. Fit models for DC z-scan are developed and verified using simple model systems. Next, we apply the quantitative DC z-scan technique to investigate the binding of two peripheral membrane protein systems for which previous z-scan studies failed to detect binding: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) matrix (MA) protein and lipidation-deficient mutants of the fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α. Our findings show that these mutations severely disrupt PM association of fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α but do not eliminate it. We further detected binding of HIV-1 MA to the PM using DC z-scan. Interestingly, our data indicate that HIV-1 MA binds cooperatively to the PM with a dissociation coefficient ofKd~16 μM and Hill coefficient ofn~2.SIGNIFICANCEProtein binding to the plasma membrane of cells plays an important role in a multitude of cell functions and disease processes. Quantitative binding studies of protein/membrane interactions are almost exclusively limited to in vitro systems and may produce results that poorly mimic the authentic interactions in living cells. We report quantitative measurements of plasma membrane binding directly in living cells by using dual color z-scan fluorescence, which improves the detection threshold by an order of magnitude compared to our previous single color technique. This advance allowed us to examine the role of mutations on binding affinity and identify the presence of cooperative binding in protein systems with relevance to HIV/AIDS and cancer biology.
Susceptibility rhythm to bacterial endotoxin in myeloid clock-knockout mice
Authors: Lang Veronika , Ferencik Sebastian , Ananthasubramaniam Bharath , Kramer Achim , Maier Bert 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLocal circadian clocks are active in most cells of our body. However, their impact on circadian physiology is still under debate. Mortality by endotoxic (LPS) shock is highly time-of-day dependent and local circadian immune function such as the cytokine burst after LPS challenge has been assumed to be causal for the large differences in survival. Here, we investigate the roles of light and myeloid clocks on mortality by endotoxic shock. Strikingly, mice in constant darkness (DD) show a three-fold increased susceptibility to LPS as compared to mice in light-dark conditions. Mortality by endotoxic shock as a function of circadian time is independent of light-dark cycles as well as myeloid CLOCK or BMAL1 as demonstrated in conditional knockout mice. Unexpectedly, despite the lack of a myeloid clock these mice still show rhythmic patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, MCP-1, IL-18 and IL-10 in peripheral blood as well as time-of-day and site dependent traffic of myeloid cells. We speculate that systemic time-cues are sufficient to orchestrate innate immune response to LPS by driving immune functions such as cell trafficking and cytokine expression.