bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medieval Canon Law
Authors: Shoemaker Karl 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the historical development of medieval canon law. The term ‘canon law’ refers to the body of law developed by the Catholic Church to govern the body of Christ on earth. In time, canon law came to designate the totality of laws, legislation, judicial processes, and institutions promulgated by the Church and enforced by its officers upon Christians, and sometimes non-Christians. This chapter covers the successes of canonists in consolidating their text base and laying the ground for an increasing professionalization of their discipline; the professional competition between canonists and theologians, which emerged in part out of a divide between those who understood the Church as a pastoral institution and those that understood it as a rigorously hierarchical administrative entity; and the emergence of new legal practices.
Traditions
Authors: Dorsett Shaunnagh 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines legal encounters and legal relations between Indigenous peoples in both Australia and New Zealand and the British Empire. It looks at court decisions as a source of historical material in order to suggest two contact points between jurisdictions through which to think about indigenous laws and settler laws. It focuses on only two instances of contact: the colonial and the present. In many ways this choice reproduces ongoing gaps in tracing and thinking about legal encounters with Aboriginal law in Australia and, to a lesser extent, in New Zealand. Scholarship on legal encounter has tended to be centred on the colonial period to the detriment of the later nineteenth century and much of the twentieth century. The chapter looks at the ways in which colonial and modern law engaged/s with aboriginal law from the perspective of the colonizer, not the colonized.
Foundings
Authors: Lindseth Peter L. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the founding of European integration. Following two world wars, Western Europe sought to reconcile the increased functional demand for delegated regulatory power with their historical experiences and constitutional traditions. Each country’s solution followed the same basic pattern: the vast majority of rules of general application would no longer be in the form of traditional legislation passed by parliament but would take the form of regulations or other subordinate legislation produced within the executive and administrative spheres, adopted pursuant to ‘enabling legislation’ or ‘framework laws’. However, at almost the same historical moment, administrative governance also began to take on an additional supranational dimension. This new dimension involved the shift of regulatory power, both in terms of rulemaking and enforcement/adjudication, to institutions operating outside the confines of the nation-state.
Salvaging Breast Reconstruction: Profunda Artery Perforator Flaps Using Thoracodorsal Vessels
Authors: Teotia Sumeet S. , Cho Min-Jeong , Haddock Nicholas T. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Over the years, the choice of recipient vessels for free flap autologous breast reconstruction has shifted from the thoracodorsal to the internal mammary vessels due to ease of flap inset and predictability of anatomy. However, thoracodorsal vessels are still great recipient vessels, and can be useful, especially in the previously failed or staged autologous breast reconstruction. In this study, we present our experience using thoracodorsal or serratus vessels for profunda artery perforator flaps.

Methods:
Of the 792 autologous free flap breast reconstruction performed, we identified 12 patients (21 flaps) who underwent reconstruction using thoracodorsal or serratus vessels from 2012 to 2017. Flap, patient characteristics, and demographic data and perioperative details were collected.

Results:
Twenty-one flaps were used to reconstruct 14 breasts in 12 patients. The mean age of patients was 49.6 years old (range, 42–54), the mean flap weight was 354.7 g (range, 170–540 g), the mean body mass index was 28 (range, 23.2–34.4), and the average operative time was 496.1 minutes (266–680). Majority of these patients underwent additional staged free flap reconstruction (following previous deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps) for severe breast contour defects (58%) and for failed previous breast reconstruction (42%). The anastomosis was performed using thoracodorsal (43%), serratus (43%), and profunda artery perforator side branch (14%) vessels.

Conclusion:
Determining appropriate flap and recipient vessels in a previously failed or staged breast reconstruction is very challenging. Thoracodorsal and serratus vessels are excellent recipient vessels in patients who already have exhausted internal mammary vessels for previous breast reconstruction.
Novel Forehead Augmentation Strategy: Forehead Depression Categorization and Calcium-Hydroxyapatite Filler Delivery after Tumescent Injection
Authors: Kim Jongseo 
Published: September 2018

Background:
The minimally invasive delivery of soft-tissue calcium hydroxyapatite fillers can ameliorate the appearance of forehead depressions and wrinkles. Forehead augmentations using fillers lead to fewer adverse events and to a faster recovery time than those using surgical procedures. However, many physicians avoid using them due to the risk of pain, intravascular injections, and embolisms that can cause skin necrosis and blindness. Strategy to address these issues includes pain reduction through tumescent solution before filler injection considering the vascular pathway. In addition, the strategy is also safer from embolism.

Methods:
The author presents a forehead augmentation technique involving the injection of a tumescent solution for tissue hydrodissection. Not only does this create a pocket of space (TS) for filler placement, it also allows the physician to detect bleeding and prevent vessel compromise It is better to minimize the number of entry-points where no vessel exists. By minimizing the number of entry-points and physical proximity to vessels and nerves during injection, this technique reduces the risks of embolization and bleeding. For optimal, patient-customized results, the author also classifies forehead depressions in 5 different categories, depending on the severity, shape, contour, slope, and quantity of volume deficiency observed.

Results:
The author treated 218 patients using the author’s forehead augmentations (using one central entry-site after TS test injection). The method was easy to perform and safe from adverse effects such as vascular problem, irregularity, infection, and prolonged swelling.

Conclusion:
Using this simple technique, I demonstrate how calcium hydroxyapatite fillers can be injected with little force or dilution, thus preserving its original properties while increasing procedural safety, minimizing pain, restoring convexity, and creating ideal curvatures.
Submental Intubation
Authors: Luce Edward A. , Alvarez Sonia M. 
Published: September 2018

Summary:
Acquisition of a secure airway is an essential element of the operative management of maxillofacial trauma. Of the options available, submental intubation is an alternative to tracheostomy. The access should be accomplished via a midline approach rather than lateral through the mylohyoid, an armored endotracheal tube utilized to prevent kinking, and the passage facilitated by use of wound dilators obtained from a percutaneous tracheostomy set.
Individualized Fall Prevention Program in an Acute Care Setting
Authors: Spano-Szekely Lauraine , Winkler Anne , Waters Cathy , Dealmeida Susana , Brandt Kathy , Williamson Marsha , Blum Christina , Gasper Lori , Wright Fay 
Published: September 2018

Background:
A 245-bed community hospital established patient fall prevention as its patient safety priority.

Problem:
The hospital's fall prevention program was not consistently effective. The baseline fall rate was 3.21, higher than the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators' median of 2.91.

Approach:
An interprofessional fall prevention team evaluated the hospital's fall program using the evidence-based practice improvement model. A clinical practice guideline with 7 key practices guided the development of an individualized fall prevention program with interventions to address 4 fall risk categories and an algorithm to identify interventions. Interventions included nurse-driven mobility assessment, purposeful hourly rounding, and video monitoring for confused and impulsive fall-risk patients.

Outcomes:
The fall rate decreased to 1.14, with a 72% expense reduction based on decreased sitter usage.

Conclusions:
An interprofessional team successfully reduced falls with an evidence-based fall prevention program.
Developing an Intervention to Reduce Harm in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Schenk Elizabeth C. , Bryant Ruth A. , Van Son Catherine R. , Odom-Maryon Tamara 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Patient safety–focused research may be strengthened by the inclusion of patients and family members in research design; yet, published methodologies for doing so are scarce.

Purpose:
This study engaged patients and families in research design of an intervention to increase patient/family engagement, with reduction of harm in hospitalized patients.

Methods:
The study design team convened a Patient Safety Advisory Panel to explore potential testable interventions to increase patient/family engagement with safety. They explored the preferred intervention, Speak Up-My Advocate for Patient Safety (MAPS), through multistakeholder focus groups.

Results:
Participants emphasized the importance of including patient/family when designing interventions. Regarding the Speak Up-MAPS intervention, perceptions from stakeholders were mixed, including the value and potential complexity, role confusion, and cost of the proposed advocate role.

Conclusion:
Intentional inclusion of the patient/family in research is important and practical. Both strengths and challenges of the proposed intervention were identified, indicating the need for further study.
Impact of Nurse Peer Review on a Culture of Safety
Authors: Herrington Cynthia R. , Hand Mikel W. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Nursing peer review (NPR) is essential in evaluating nursing practice. A common theme throughout the literature is that NPR holds nurses accountable for their practice.

Problem:
The nursing profession has struggled to conduct peer review consistently due to lack of a standardized framework.

Approach:
A NPR program was developed, implemented, and evaluated in a 355-bed acute care hospital in the Midwestern United States.

Outcomes:
A pre- and postdesign using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture was used for evaluation. Paired t test results revealed statistically significant differences in group means for 2 questions: mistakes have led to positive changes here (P < .001, d = 1.31), and staff will freely speak up (P = .002, d = 0.67). Clinically significant differences in group means were noted for the remaining survey items.

Conclusions:
Implementation of an NPR program is a promising means to improve the culture of safety in health care institutions.
Parenting young people with complex regional pain syndrome: an analysis of the process of parental online communication
Authors: Navarro Kaedi , Wainwright Elaine , Rodham Karen , Jordan Abbie 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Parenting a young person with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is associated with high levels of parental distress and numerous emotional, informational, and practical challenges. To meet these challenges, parents seek others undergoing similar experiences, both in face to face and online forums.

Objectives:
The objective of this study was to conduct a qualitative analysis of online forum data to explore the process of parental forum communication regarding parenting a young person with CRPS in online spaces.

Methods:
A total of 107 forum posts relating to parenting a young person with CRPS were collected from 39 users across 2 public forums. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results:
Findings identified 2 themes: “the informal rules of exchanging and receiving network support” and “parents positioning themselves as experts.” The first theme highlighted the varied nature of support sought and provided by parents in addition to social rules associated with the negotiation of this support. The second theme represented an understanding of how parents presented themselves as experts in their young person's pain, both in relation to fellow parents and health care professionals.

Conclusion:
This study provided a novel insight into support and communicational exchanges between parents of young people with CRPS on online public forums. Findings identified the perceived usefulness of online spaces in terms of parents of young people with CRPS seeking and providing support. Further research can helpfully investigate how we might implement online peer mentoring to improve support further for parents.
Creating a safe space for First Nations youth to share their pain
Authors: Latimer Margot , Sylliboy John R. , MacLeod Emily , Rudderham Sharon , Francis Julie , Hutt-MacLeod Daphne , Harman Katherine , Finley Gordon Allen 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Indigenous children and youth may be quiet about the way they express their pain and hurt which is in contrast to how health professionals are trained to assess it.

Objectives:
The aim was to understand how youth from 4 First Nation communities express pain using narratives and art-based methods to inform culturally appropriate assessment and treatment.

Methods:
This qualitative investigation used a community-based participatory action methodology to recruit 42 youth between 8 and 17 years of age to share their perspectives of pain using ethnographic techniques including a Talking Circle followed by a painting workshop. Physical pain perspectives were prominent in circle conversations, but emotional pain, overlapping with physical, mental, and spiritual pain perspectives, was more evident through paintings. Art themes include causes of pain and coping strategies, providing a view into the pain and hurt youth may experience. Youth were more comfortable expressing emotional and mental pain through their artwork, not sharing verbally in conversation.

Results:
Circle sessions and artwork data were themed using the Indigenous Medicine Wheel. Content of the circle conversations centered on physical pain, whereas paintings depicted mainly emotional pain (eg, crying or loneliness; 74% n = 31) with some overlap with physical pain (eg, injuries; 54%), mental pain (eg, coping strategies; 31%), and spiritual pain (eg, cultural symbols; 30%). Common threads included hiding pain, resilience, tribal consciousness, persistent pain, and loneliness.

Conclusion:
Once a safe space was created for First Nation youth, they provided a complex, culturally based understanding of the pain and coping experience from both an individual and community perspective. These engaging, culturally sensitive research methods provide direction for health providers regarding the importance of creating a safe space for young people to share their perspectives.
Overlapping but asymmetrical relationships between schizophrenia and autism revealed by brain connectivity
Authors: Yoshihara Yujiro , Lisi Giuseppe , Yahata Noriaki , Fujino Junya , Matsumoto Yukiko , Miyata Jun , Sugihara Genichi , Urayama Shin-ichi , Kubota Manabu , Yamashita Masahiro , Hashimoto Ryuichiro , Ichikawa Naho , Cahn Weipke , van Haren Neeltje E. M. , Mori Susumu , Okamoto Yasumasa , Kasai Kiyoto , Kato Nobumasa , Imamizu Hiroshi , Kahn René S. , Sawa Akira , Kawato Mitsuo , Murai Toshiya , Morimoto Jun , Takahashi Hidehiko 
Published: September 2018

(Abstract included 248 words)Although the relationship between schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has long been debated, it has not yet been fully elucidated. To address this issue, we took advantage of dual (ASD and SSD) classifiers that discriminate patients from their controls based on resting state brain functional connectivity. An SSD classifier using sophisticated machine-learning algorithms that automatically selected SSD- specific functional connections was applied to Japanese datasets including adult patients with SSD in a chronic stage. We demonstrated good performance of the SSD classification for independent validation cohorts. The generalizability was tested by USA and European cohorts in a chronic stage, and one USA cohort including first episode schizophrenia. The specificity was tested by two adult Japanese cohorts of ASD and major depressive disorder, and one European cohort of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The weighted linear summation of the classifier’s functional connections constituted the biological dimensions representing neural liability to the disorders. Our previously developed robust ASD classifier constituted the ASD dimension. Distributions of individuals with SSD, ASD and healthy controls were examined on the SSD and ASD biological dimensions. The SSD and ASD populations exhibited overlapping but asymmetrical patterns on the two biological dimensions. That is, the SSD population showed increased liability on the ASD dimension, but not vice versa. Furthermore, the two dimensions were correlated within the ASD population but not the SSD population. Using the two biological dimensions based on resting-state functional connectivity enabled us to quantify and visualize the relationships between SSD and ASD.
Haplotype Analysis of the TRB Locus by TCRB Repertoire Sequencing
Authors: Looney Timothy J , Duose Dzifa Y , Lowman Geoffrey , Linch Elizabeth , Hajjar Joud , Topacio-Hall Denise , Xu Mingxuan , Zheng Jianping , Alshawa Anas , Tapia Coya , Stephen Bettzy , Wang Linghua , Meric-Bernstam Funda , Miller Lauren , Glavin Alexander , Lin Lifeng , Gong Jing , Conroy Jeffrey , Morrison Carl , Hyland Fiona , Naing Aung 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPolymorphism within the T cell receptor beta variable gene (TRBV) has been implicated in autoimmune disease and immuneCrelated adverse events (IRAEs) during immunotherapy. Previous efforts to evaluate TRBV polymorphism by whole genome sequencing (WGS) have been hampered by the repetitive nature of the TCRB locus. We present a novel longCamplicon TCRB repertoire sequencing approach to evaluate TRBV polymorphism from peripheral blood, which we use to identify TRBV allele haplotypes in 81 Caucasians.
A Humanized Monoclonal Antibody against the Enzymatic Subunit of Ricin Toxin Rescues Rhesus macaques from the Lethality of Aerosolized Ricin
Authors: Roy Chad J. , Ehrbar Dylan J. , Bohorova Natasha , Bohorov Ognian , Kim Do , Pauly Michael , Whaley Kevin , Rong Yinghui , Torres-Velez Fernando J , Vitetta Ellen S , Didier Peter J. , Doyle-Meyers Lara , Zeitlin Larry , Mantis Nicholas J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRicin toxin (RT) ranks at the top of the list of potential bioweapons of concern to civilian and military personnel alike due to its high potential for morbidity and mortality after inhalation. In non-human primates, aerosolized ricin triggers a severe acute respiratory distress characterized by perivascular and alveolar edema, neutrophilic infiltration, and severe necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolitis. There are currently no approved countermeasures for ricin intoxication. In this report, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of huPB10, a toxin-neutralizing humanized monoclonal antibody (MAb) against an immunodominant epitope on ricin’s enzymatic A chain (RTA). Five rhesus macaques that received intravenous huPB10 (10 mg/kg) four hours after lethal dose ricin aerosol exposure all survived the toxin challenge, as compared to control animals, which succumbed to ricin intoxication within 30 h. Antibody treatment at 12 h after ricin exposure resulted in the survival of only one of five monkeys, indicating that, in the majority of animals, ricin intoxication and local tissue damage had progressed beyond the point where huPB10 intervention was beneficial. Change in pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines levels in bronchial alveolar lavage fluids before and after toxin challenge successfully clustered monkeys based on survival, as well as treatment group. IL-6 was the most apparent marker of ricin intoxication. This study represents the first demonstration in nonhuman primates that the lethal effects of inhalational ricin exposure can be negated by a drug candidate and opens up a path forward for product development.
Applicability of Drug Response Metrics for Cancer Studies using Biomaterials
Authors: Brooks Elizabeth A. , Galarza Sualyneth , Gencoglu Maria F. , Cornelison R. Chase , Munson Jennifer M. , Peyton Shelly R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBioengineers have built increasingly sophisticated models of the tumor microenvironment in which to study cell-cell interactions, mechanisms of cancer growth and metastasis, and to test new potential therapies. These models allow researchers to culture cells in conditions that include features of thein vivotumor microenvironment (TME) implicated in regulating cancer progression, such as ECM stiffness, integrin binding to the ECM, immune and stromal cells, growth factor and cytokine depots, and a 3D geometry more representative of the TME than tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). These biomaterials could be particularly useful for drug screening applications to make better predictions of efficacy, offering better translation to preclinicalin vivomodels and clinical trials. However, it can be challenging to compare drug response reports across different platforms and conditions in the current literature. This is, in part, as a result of inconsistent reporting and use of drug response metrics, and vast differences in cell growth rates across a large variety of biomaterial design. This perspective paper attempts to clarify the definitions of drug response measurements used in the field, and presents examples in which these measurements can and cannot be applied. We suggest as best practice to include appropriate controls, always measure the growth rate of cells in the absence of drug, and follow our provided “decision tree” matrix when reporting drug response metrics.
Sustained hovering, head stabilization and vision through the water surface in the Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis)
Authors: Katzir Gadi , Berman Dotan , Nathan Moshe , Weihs Daniel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPied kingfishers (Ceryle rudis) capture fish by plunge diving from hovering that may last several minutes. Hovering is the most energy-consuming mode of flight and depends on active wing flapping and facing headwind. The power for hovering is mass dependent increasing as the cube of the size, while aerodynamic forces increase only quadratically with size. Consequently, birds above a certain body mass can hover only with headwind and for very short durations. Hummingbirds are referred to as the only birds capable of hovering without wind (sustained hovering) due to their small size (ca. 2-20 gr), high wing-beat frequency and unique anatomy.We studied the hovering characteristics of pied kingfishers in relation to wind and sun orientation, in 139 hovers. Furthermore, plunge diving necessitates the coping with the visual effects of light at the air/water interface. The kingfishers oriented their body axis towards the wind more than towards the sun. Hovering in little or no wind was common. With increased wind speed (a) orientation precision increased, (b) wing beat amplitude did not change, (c) wing beat frequency decreased and (d) body tilt became more horizontal. The head was highly stabilized and with orientations that indicated monocular viewing of prey.We conclude that pied kingfishers achieve sustained hovering. This is despite their being significantly heavier than the theoretical maximum and showing ordinary kinematics and morphology. Head stabilization is a means of aiding viewing of submerged prey across the interface.