bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector SFI5 requires association with calmodulin for PTI/MTI suppressing activity
Authors: Zheng Xiangzi , Wagener Nadine , McLellan Hazel , Boevink Petra C. , Hua Chenlei , Birch Paul R. J. , Brunner Frédéric 
Published: June 2018

Summary

Pathogens secrete effector proteins to interfere with plant innate immunity, in which Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) signalling plays key roles. Thus far, few effectors have been identified that directly interact with CaM for defence suppression. Here, we report that SFI5, an RXLR effector from Phytophthora infestans, suppresses microbe‐associated molecular pattern (MAMP)‐triggered immunity (MTI) by interacting with host CaMs.

We predicted the CaM‐binding site in SFI5 using in silico analysis. The interaction between SFI5 and CaM was tested by both in vitro and in vivo assays. MTI suppression by SFI5 and truncated variants were performed in a tomato protoplast system.

We found that both the predicted CaM‐binding site and the full‐length SFI5 protein interact with CaM in the presence of Ca2+. MTI responses, such as FRK1 upregulation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation were suppressed by truncated SFI5 proteins containing the C‐terminal CaM‐binding site but not by those without it. The plasma membrane localization of SFI5 and its ability to enhance infection were also perturbed by loss of the CaM‐binding site.

We conclude that CaM‐binding is required for localization and activity of SFI5. We propose that SFI5 suppresses plant immunity by interfering with immune signalling components after activation by CaMs.
EMR, a cytosolic‐abundant ring finger E3 ligase, mediates ER‐associated protein degradation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Park Joung Hun , Kang Chang Ho , Nawkar Ganesh M. , Lee Eun Seon , Paeng Seol Ki , Chae Ho Byoung , Chi Yong Hun , Kim Woe Yeon , Yun Dae‐Jin , Lee Sang Yeol 
Published: June 2018

Summary

Investigation of the endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD) system in plants led to the identification of ERAD‐mediating RING finger protein (EMR) as a plant‐specific ERAD E3 ligase from Arabidopsis. EMR was significantly up‐regulated under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions.

The EMR protein purified from bacteria displayed high E3 ligase activity, and tobacco leaf‐produced EMR mediated mildew resistance locus O‐12 (MLO12) degradation in a proteasome‐dependent manner.

Subcellular localization and coimmunoprecipitation analyses showed that EMR forms a complex with ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme 32 (UBC32) as a cytosolic interaction partner. Mutation of EMR and RNA interference (RNAi) increased the tolerance of plants to ER stress. EMR RNAi in the bri1‐5 background led to partial recovery of the brassinosteroid (BR)‐insensitive phenotypes as compared with the original mutant plants and increased ER stress tolerance.

The presented results suggest that EMR is involved in the plant ERAD system that affects BR signaling under ER stress conditions as a novel Arabidopsis ring finger E3 ligase mainly present in cytosol while the previously identified ERAD E3 components are typically membrane‐bound proteins.
Impact of high‐grade atrioventricular block and cumulative frequent pacing on atrial arrhythmias
Authors: Wali Eisha , Deshmukh Amrish , Bukari Abdallah , Broman Michael , Aziz Zaid , Beaser Andrew , Upadhyay Gaurav , Nayak Hemal M. , Tung Roderick , Ozcan Cevher 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship between high‐grade atrioventricular block (HGAVB) with cumulative frequent pacing and risk of atrial arrhythmias (AAs) has not been well characterized. We hypothesized HGAVB and pacing may have significant impact on incidence and prevalence of AAs by modulating atrial substrate.ObjectiveTo determine impact of HGAVB and pacing on AAs including atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), and atrial tachycardia (AT).MethodsAll consecutive patients who underwent dual‐chamber pacemaker implantation for HGAVB from 2005 to 2011 at the University of Chicago were included. AAs and percent of pacing were detected through device interrogation. Patients’ data were collected from electronic medical records and clinic visits.ResultsA total of 166 patients (mean age 71 ± 15 years; 54% female, 56% African American) were studied. AF was documented in 27% of patients before pacemaker implantation. During a mean 5.8 ± 2.2 years of follow‐up, 47% had device‐detected AF, 10% AFL, and 26% AT. New‐onset AF was documented in 40 of the 122 patients without prior AF (33%). Continuous (≥ 99%) right ventricular pacing was associated with significantly decreased AF prevalence (34% vs 59%, P = 0.005), and correlated with lower incidence (26% vs 41%, P = 0.22). Pacing suppressed AF in 14% of patients with baseline AF; those patients had lower atrial pacing (3.2% vs 45%, P < 0.0001). Left atrial dilation was the only independent predictor of AF with frequent pacing (P = 0.009).ConclusionsHGAVB is associated with high incidence and prevalence of AAs with and without pacing. Cumulative frequent (≥99%) ventricular pacing reduces risk of AF in patients with HGAVB.
First record of Cyanobacteria in Cambrian Orsten deposits of Sweden
Authors: Castellani Christopher , Maas Andreas , Eriksson Mats E. , Haug Joachim T. , Haug Carolin , Waloszek Dieter 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Swedish Cambrian ‘Orsten’‐type fossil sites have yielded diverse secondarily phosphatized three‐dimensionally preserved microfossils, mainly of arthropod affinities. Similar material has also been recorded from Canada, theUK, Poland, Siberia, China and Australia. Only one other non‐arthropod group, the Cycloneuralia, is commonly reported from any of these sites, leading to the general assumption that ‘Orsten’‐type preservation is largely restricted to animals with a chitin‐containing cuticle. We describe here secondarily phosphatized, originally unmineralized, thread‐shaped fossils etched out of Cambrian ‘Orsten’‐type deposits from theAgnostus pisiformisBiozone of the Alum Shale Formation in Sweden. These fossils strikingly resemble specimens previously described from Precambrian deposits, with at least two different morphotaxa identified (Siphonophycus kestronSchopf andOscillatoriopsis longaTimofeev & Hermann) as well as the modernOscillatoria. This leads us to interpret the new fossils as unbranched, uniseriate filamentous cyanobacteria. Our morphological investigations, combined with morphometrics, allow grouping the specimens assigned toO. longainto two size classes, suggesting an even higher diversity within the ‘Orsten’ assemblages. The lack of cyanobacterial material in any sample younger than theA. pisiformisBiozone indicates that rather drastic changes occurred in the environment, that is, substrate conditions on the Alum Shale seafloor. This coincided with a significant change in the composition of the trilobite communities and onset of the globally recognized Steptoean Positive Isotope Carbon Excursion (SPICE) in Scandinavia.
Atypical maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis showing a nevus spilus‐like lesion
Authors: Ahn Hye‐Jin , Park Hyoung‐Jin , Jeong Ki‐Heon , Park Yong‐Koo , Lee Mu‐Hyoung 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA 13‐year‐old Korean girl presented with a 7‐year history of a pruritic, light‐brown patch containing multiple 0.2‐ to 0.5‐cm brownish‐to‐reddish maculopapules on the left anterior chest. When her skin was rubbed, the lesion became itchy and red. Histopathologic evaluation demonstrated marked dense dermal infiltration of mast cells. We report a rare case of atypical maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis with clinical features similar to those of nevus spilus.
Divided or kissing nevus of the penis: A new case with dermoscopic findings
Authors: Armengot‐Carbó Miquel , Rodrigo‐Nicolás Beatriz , Botella‐Estrada Rafael 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe report on a child with a divided or kissing nevus of the penis with benign symmetric globular pattern on dermoscopic examination that evolved into a globular‐reticular pattern after 1 year of follow‐up. Divided nevus of the penis is exceedingly rare, with only four cases with dermoscopic findings reported to date. Dermoscopy seems to be useful when deciding on the most appropriate management of these cases.
Nutrition imbalance in Chinese chronic kidney disease children
Authors: Wang Ke , Jiang Yeping , Lai Yuting , Shen Ying 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundNutrition imbalance is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) children. This study evaluated the nutrition status of CKD children at different stages using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) compared with anthropometry.MethodsFifty‐five CKD children at stages III, IV, V and 19 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were recruited. Fat, protein and mineral composition on BIA were analyzed together with anthropometry for height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Biochemistry was also checked in CKD children.ResultsOf the CKD children, 23.6%, 10.9% and 56.3% were underweight, overweight/obese and stunted, respectively. On BIA, 52.7%, 70.9%, 14.5% and 40.0% of the CKD children had protein reduction, fat reduction, fat enhancement and mineral reduction, respectively. Growth retardation and nutrition reduction became remarkable at stages IV and V. Approximately 65% of healthy‐weight children had nutrition reduction. In the underweight and healthy‐weight groups, fat reduction rates were higher than protein reduction rate. In the overweight/obese group, fat enhancement was most notable. Mineral reduction was less remarkable.ConclusionsThe nutrition imbalance in CKD children on BIA correlated well with anthropometry and disease process, supporting BIA as an auxiliary diagnosis tool.
Influence of i.v. lipid emulsion on lipoprotein subclass in preterm infants
Authors: Suganuma Hiroki , Ikeda Naho , Ohkawa Natsuki , Shoji Hiromichi , Shimizu Toshiaki 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundLipid emulsions given i.v. are normally rapidly metabolized by apoprotein recruited from high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in the blood. Very low‐birthweight infants (VLBWI), however, have a low rate of lipid clearance from the blood, and therefore lipid emulsions must be given carefully to minimize the risk of hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of i.v. lipid emulsion on lipoprotein subclass profile in VLBWI during the early postnatal period.MethodsForty‐six VLBWI who had been given different doses of lipid emulsion in the first few days after birth were enrolled in the present study. Triglyceride and cholesterol content of each lipoprotein subclass was measured at 3 weeks after birth, and their correlation with the total dose of lipid emulsion was calculated.ResultsThere was no correlation between the total dose of lipid emulsion and the triglyceride and cholesterol content in any subclasses of very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL). There was a significant negative correlation between the total dose of lipid emulsion and the triglyceride content in very large (P < 0.05, r = −0.32), large (P < 0.01, r = −0.47) and medium HDL (P < 0.05, r = −0.34) particles; and the cholesterol content in large (P < 0.01, r = −0.47) and medium HDL (P < 0.01, r = −0.4) particles.ConclusionLipid emulsion influenced the triglyceride and cholesterol content of HDL particles in VLBWI, suggesting that lipid emulsion can affect lipid metabolism in this infant population in the early postnatal period.
Inter‐ and intra‐variability of seed germination traits of Carpobrotus edulis N.E.Br. and its hybrid C. affine acinaciformis
Authors: Podda L. , Santo A. , Mattana E. , Mayoral O. , Bacchetta G. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Invasions by alien Carpobrotus spp. have been recognised as one of the most severe threats to Mediterranean climate coastal ecosystems, and Carpobrotus is considered one of the most widespread invasive alien genera in the Mediterranean Basin. The aims of this study were to characterise seed germination of both C. edulis and its hybrid C. aff. acinaciformis, in terms of photoperiod, temperature and salinity.

Inter‐ and intra‐specific variability in the responses to photoperiod (12/12 h light and total darkness), constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 °C) and an alternating temperature regime (25/10 °C), salt stress (0, 125, 250, 500 mm NaCl) and the recovery of seed germination were evaluated for two seed lots of C. edulis and two of its hybrid C. aff. acinaciformis.

All the tested seed lots achieved higher germination percentages in the light, with respect to total darkness. In relation to temperature, the two C. edulis seed lots did not show a preference, while the two C. aff. acinaciformis seed lots differed in their germination response, one germinating more at the lowest temperatures (5 and 10 °C) and one at the highest (20 and 25 °C). For all seed lots, highest germination occurred without NaCl (0 mm) and germination decreased with increasing salinity. Different germination requirements in a saline substrate were not detected for C. edulis, while they were observed for C. aff. acinaciformis. Marked differences were detected in recovery responses between the two taxa.

C. edulis has the ability to germinate over a wide time window throughout the year. This study identified significant differences in seed production, seed mass, germination requirements (temperature) and salinity tolerance for both C. edulis and C. aff. acinaciformis. Our results indicate the extreme versatility of the hybrid forms to germinate in a wide range of natural conditions and habitats.
The growth and diversity of Latino Protestants in America
Authors: Ramos Aida I. , Martí Gerardo , Mulder Mark T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLatino Protestants in America are growing—fast. More and more Latinos identify as Protestant, Latino Protestant churches are spreading, and Latino Protestant parachurch organizations are broadening their representation and outreach. We synthesize the latest research on Latino Protestants in the United States in relation to history, sociodemographics, conversion, and race/ethnic identity formation. We argue that Latino Protestants are far from monolithic. In fact, Latino Protestant congregation express and experience diversity in their worship, liturgy, theology, identities, and resources. We argue againstethnoracial essentialization, that is, boiling down nuances of Latino Protestant identity in favor of idealized conclusions often in the form of racial/ethnic stereotypes. Recent empirical research does not support often‐cited assessments of Latino Protestants and their churches as “fiestas” with “spicy” worship. Instead, we urge scholars to avoid such front‐loaded, racialized assumptions and exercise their social scientific expertise in using better theory and more careful observation to achieve a more textured understanding of Latino Protestants and their churches.
Editors' Introduction: Abstract Concepts: Structure, Processing, and Modeling
Authors: Bolognesi Marianna , Steen Gerard 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOur ability to deal with abstract concepts is one of the most intriguing faculties of human cognition. Still, we know little about how such concepts are formed, processed, and represented in mind. For example, because abstract concepts do not designate referents that can be experienced through our body, the role of perceptual experiences in shaping their content remains controversial. Current theories suggest a variety of alternative explanations to the question of “how abstract concepts are represented in the human mind.” These views pinpoint specific streams of semantic information that would play a prominent role in shaping the content of abstract concepts, such as situation‐based information (e.g., Barsalou & Wiemer‐Hastings, ), affective information (Kousta, Vigliocco, Vinson, Andrews, & Del Campo, ), and linguistic information (Louwerse, ). Rarely, these theoretical views are directly compared. In this special issue, current views are presented in their most recent and advanced form, and directly compared and discussed in a debate, which is reported at the end of each article. As a result, new exciting questions and challenges arise. These questions and challenges, reported in this introductory article, can arguably pave the way to new empirical studies and theoretical developments on the nature of abstract concepts.
Three genomes differentially contribute to the seedling lateral root number in allohexaploid wheat: evidence from phenotype evolution and gene expression
Authors: Wang Huifang , Hu Zhaorong , Huang Ke , Han Yao , Zhao Aiju , Han Haiming , Song Long , Fan Chaofeng , Li Run , Xin Mingming , Peng Huiru , Yao Yingyin , Sun Qixin , Ni Zhongfu 
Published: June 2018

SummaryCommon wheat is an allohexaploid (BBAADD) that originated from the hybridization and polyploidization of the diploid Aegilops tauschii (DD) with the allotetraploid Triticum turgidum (BBAA). Phenotypic changes often arise with the formation and evolution of allopolyploid wheat, but little is known about the evolution of root traits in different wheat species with varying ploidy levels. Here, we reported that the lateral root number on the primary root (LRNPR) of synthetic and natural allohexaploid wheats (BBAADD) is significantly higher than that of their allotetraploid (BBAA) and diploid (AA and SS) progenitors, but is much lower than that of their diploid (DD) progenitors. The expression of the wheat gene TaLBD16, an ortholog of the Arabidopsis LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES‐DOMAIN16/ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2‐LIKE18 (LBD16), which is involved in lateral root development in Arabidopsis, was positively correlated with the LRNPR in diploid and allopolyploid wheats. In natural and synthetic allohexaploid wheats, the transcript of the TaLBD16 from the D genome (TaLBD16‐D) was relatively more abundant compared with TaLBD16‐A and TaLBD16‐B. Consistent with the observed variation in LRNPR, the divergence in the expression of TaLBD16 homoeologous genes occurred before the formation of polyploidy wheat. Collectively, our observations indicate that the D genome played a crucial role in the increased lateral root number of allohexaploid wheats compared with their allotetraploid progenitors, and that TaLBD16‐D was one of the key genes involved in the formation of lateral root number during wheat evolution.
Bronchoalveolar lavage affects computed tomographic and radiographic characteristics of the lungs in healthy dogs
Authors: Lim Sohee , Sung Suneui , Min Kyungjun , Jung Yechan , Cho Youngkwon , Lee Kichang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBronchoalveolar lavage is a common diagnostic test for dogs with suspected pulmonary disease, however there is no published information on whether this procedure could affect the imaging characteristics of the lungs. Aims of this prospective experimental study were to describe computed tomography (CT) and radiographic features of the lungs after bronchoalveolar lavage in a sample of healthy dogs. Thoracic CT and radiographic images of eight healthy Beagles were acquired at the following time points: before bronchoalveolar lavage, immediately following bronchoalveolar lavage, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h following bronchoalveolar lavage. Lung consolidation or interstitial patterns were seen in CT and radiographic images immediately after the procedure. Radiographic lung patterns resolved within 2 h and CT patterns resolved within 24 h. Resolution of the CT pulmonary patterns in the ventral areas of the lungs was delayed compared to the dorsal areas. Mean CT imaging scores differed over time (P < 0.001), while mean radiographic imaging scores did not differ over time. This study suggests that thoracic radiography and CT imaging assessments should precede bronchoalveolar lavage procedures if possible, or be performed at least 24 h afterward.
Porcine IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α regulate the expression of pro‐inflammatory‐related genes and tissue factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Gao Hanchao , Zhang Qing , Chen Jicheng , Cooper David K.C. , Hara Hidetaka , Chen Pengfei , Wei Ling , Zhao Yanli , Xu Jia , Li Zesong , Cai Zhiming , Luan Shaodong , Mou Lisha 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhether porcine cytokines are induced after pig‐to‐primate xenotransplantation and activate human cells remains unknown. First, we investigated the regulation of porcine IL‐6, IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α in xenotransplantation using an in vitro model in which porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) and porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with human serum. Downstream cytokines/chemokines were monitored. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IFN‐γ, and IL‐1β) and chemokines (IL‐8, MCP‐1, and CXCL2) were upregulated in the both cell types. TNF‐α was induced 10‐fold in PAECs, but not in PBMCs. Then, we assessed the role of porcine IL‐6, IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α in xenotransplantation using western blotting and real‐time PCR. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were selected as the target cells. Signaling pathways and downstream genes, such as those related to adhesion, inflammation, and coagulation, and chemokines were investigated. Porcine IL‐1β and TNF‐α significantly activated NF‐κB and P38, and STAT3 was activated by porcine IL‐6 in HUVECs. The adhesion genes (E‐selectin, VCAM‐1, and ICAM‐1), inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α), chemokines (MCP‐1 and IL‐8), and the pro‐coagulation gene (tissue factor) were upregulated by porcine IL‐1β and TNF‐α. Porcine IL‐6 increased the expression of ICAM‐1, IL‐6, MCP‐1, and tissue factor, but decreased IL‐8 expression slightly. Surprisingly, porcine IFN‐γ could not activate STAT1 or regulate the expression of any of the above genes in HUVECs. In conclusion, these findings suggest that porcine IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α activate HUVECs and regulate downstream genes expression, which may promote inflammation and coagulation response after xenotransplantation.