bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive Value of Thompson-Score for Long-Term Neurological and Cognitive Outcome in Term Newborns with Perinatal Asphyxia and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Undergoing Controlled Hypothermia Treatment
Authors: Mendler Marc R. , Mendler Ines , Hassan Mohammad A. , Mayer Benjamin , Bode Harald , Hummler Helmut D. 
Published: August 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The so-called Thompson-score (TS) for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was developed before the introduction of controlled hypothermia as clinical routine. Information on the predictive value of TS in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia to estimate long-term outcome is limited. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To determine the predictive value of TS to estimate long-term cognitive and neurological outcome in newborns with perinatal asphyxia treated with controlled hypothermia. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Thirty-six term newborns with HIE undergoing controlled hypothermia were followed using Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of intelligence III test and standardized neurological examination. The primary outcome was survival without cognitive impairment, defined as an IQ ≥85. Secondary outcomes were motor outcomes, survival without relevant neurological impairment, death and epilepsy. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Follow-up was done in 33 out of 36 (91.6%) infants at 53 ± 12 months (mean ± SD). For all investigated parameters, a statistically significant relationship with peak TS was demonstrated. A one-point increase in peak TS indicated an OR (95% CI) of 1.5 (1.1–2.0, <i>p</i> = 0.006) for death or cognitive impairment, an OR (95% CI) of 2.2 (1.3–3.8, <i>p</i> = 0.004) for death or relevant neurologic impairment, an OR (95% CI) of 2.1 (1.3–3.5, <i>p</i> = 0.005) for death or epilepsy and an OR (95% CI) of 1.5 (1.1–2.1, <i>p</i> = 0.02) for death. Although the TS for newborns with adverse outcome (death or cognitive impairment) compared to normal outcome tended to be higher (13 [4–16] vs. 9 [0–13], d1; 15 [5–19] vs. 9 [1–14], d2; 14 [5–21] vs. 8 [2–15], d3; median [range]), there was a considerable overlap during the first 3 days of life between both groups. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The TS seems to be a prognostic tool for predicting the long-term outcome in asphyxiated term newborns undergoing controlled hypothermia after the third day of life. A higher score appears to be significantly associated with an adverse outcome.
The Problem of Air Flow Over Mountains: A Summary of Theoretical Studies
Authors: Queney Paul 
Published: August 2018

The theoretical researches on the problem of the disturbance of an atmospheric current flowing over a mountain range, carried on during the last ten years, prove that most of the characteristic observed features can be explained, to a very large extent, by the hydrodynamical theory of internal, small adiabatic perturbations in a stratified rotating atmosphere.
In the case of a uniform current of velocity u, in which the coefficient of vertical stability is also uniform (θ is the potential temperature, g the gravity, z the elevation), the perturbation pattern corresponding to a smooth, low, gently-sloping mountain range varies widely according to the half-width a of this mountain range:i) If a is comparable to the critical value (Ls/2π) = (u/s) ≈ 1 km, there is a system of short stationary lee waves, or gravity waves, with the wave length Ls.ii) If a is comparable to (Lf/2π) = (u/f) ≈ 100 km, where f is the Coriolis parameter, there is a complex system of gravity-inertia lee waves, with the horizontal wave length Lf at ground level, and the vertical wave length Ls in the vertical plane of the crest.iii) In the case of a westerly wind, if a is comparable to the third critical value , where β is the latitudinal variation of f, there is a system of long geostrophic lee waves, of the type studied by Rossby, with the horizontal wave length Lβ at ground level.iv) In the other cases, there are no lee waves, and the wave system is either missing (cases a ≪ (u/s) and ≫ (u/f)) or restricted to the vicinity of the vertical plane of the crest, with the wave length Ls (case (u/s) ≪ a ≪ (u/f).
One of the effects of the tropopause, and of atmospheric discontinuities in general, is to produce eventually an additional system of waves on the upwind side of the mountain range, but these waves must be generally much smaller than the lee waves.
Similar results are obtained for a plateau with smooth sides, and in the case of a more complex mountain profile the perturbation can be computed by superimposing elementary solutions.
If the current is not uniform, if the ground deformation is steep, or if the perturbation is not adiabatic, the preceding results are not valid, and the solution of the theoretical problem has been obtained in only very special cases.
Tests and Adaptation of the Foxboro Dew-Point Recorder for Weather Observatory Use *
Authors: Conover John H. 
Published: August 2018

The new Foxboro dew-point recorder, “Dewcel,” which was built for air-conditioning control, has been adapted to meteorological use at Blue Hill Observatory and tested over a 21-month period. These tests indicate that a rugged recorder, having an accuracy within ± 3F° of that of an Assmann ventilated psychrometer in the natural wind (usually unstable conditions) is now available for station use. The moisture-sensitive element consists of two parallel electrical conductors with an A.C. potential of 25 volts between them, wound about a tube covered with wicking containing an excess of lithium chloride crystals. Dew point is indicated by the temperature of the cell as equilibrium between the ambient vapor pressure and lithium-chloride vapor pressure is maintained, rather than by the Diamond-Hinman principle of recording electrical resistance to maintain vapor-pressure equilibrium. A satisfactory shield for the sensitive element against wind, rain, snow and fog has been devised after considerable experiment. Other than re-doping the cell with a lithium-chloride solution every 90–100 days no servicing is required. Dry and wet thermocouple tests revealed rapid fluctuations of the dew point whenever the air is unstable; therefore, the lag of the instrument, 2 to 4 minutes to make 98% of the change to a sudden new value, is advantageous when dew points for synoptic purposes are required.
Of the three general types of dew-point recorders the Foxboro Dewcel appears to be best for routine synoptic weather reports.
The simpler mechanical type of thermal element and hair hygrometer linked has the disadvantages of several linkages and those inherent in the hair hygrometer. It is not readily adaptable to indicating or recording at a distance. Instruments maintaining a thermal element in a wetted condition fail during prolonged periods of freezing. The direct reading photoelectric type dew-point recorder operates over a wider range and with greater sensitivity although there is always an uncertainty between 15° and 32°F whether the dew or frost point is being measured. The photoelectric type requires special care and frequent attention during operation.
The Stratification of the Atmosphere1 (I)
Authors: Flohn H. , Penndorf R. 
Published: August 2018

A suitable nomenclature for atmospheric strata as well as a clear definition of the boundaries is proposed. The necessity of such a new classification is stressed. The atmosphere is divided into an inner and an outer atmosphere; from the latter particles may escape. The inner atmosphere is divided into three spheres—troposphere, stratosphere, and ionosphere—with each sphere in turn being subdivided into 3 or 4 layers. The new classification is based upon the thermal structure of the atmosphere.' Boundaries of each layer are fixed by a sudden change of lapse rate.
The bottom layer, the ground layer, the advection layer, and the tropopause layer are subdivisions of the troposphere. The advantages gained by defining a separate tropopause layer as part of the troposphere are discussed in detail. Its upper boundary is assumed to be situated at 12 km over temperate latitudes. The stratosphere, consisting of an isothermal layer, a warm layer, and an upper mixing layer, extends from 12 to 80 km. The atmosphere between 80 and 800 km is occupied by the ionosphere, the subdivisions of which are the E-layer, the Flayer and the atomic layer. Above that height the exosphere exists.
The Formation of Exhaust Condensation Trails by Jet Aircraft
Authors: Appleman H. 
Published: August 2018

This paper defines the meteorological state of the atmosphere which will give rise to the formation of condensation trails (contrails) as the exhaust from an aircraft engine mixes with and saturates the environment. Three basic assumptions were made with regard to the formation of visible contrails: (1) contrails are composed of ice crystals; (2) water vapor cannot be transformed into ice without first passing through the liquid phase, thus necessitating an intermediate state of saturation with respect to water; (3) a minimum visible water content of 0.004 gm/m3 is required for a faint trail and 0.01 gm/m3 for a distinct trail. This last requirement proved of no importance in determining whether or not a trail would form, but did affect its persistence.
Curves were constructed showing the critical temperature for the formation of a visible trail as a function of the pressure and relative humidity of the environment and the amount of air entrained into the exhaust. It is shown that these curves are applicable to any aircraft which has the same water to heat ratio in its exhaust as the case discussed in this report. In general this ratio is fairly constant regardless of the type of airplane, control settings, or fuel. The major exception occurs with aircraft powered by reciprocating engines in which case a considerable portion of the heat produced may be dissipated outside of the trail. A separate, but similar, study would be necessary for each aircraft with a significantly different proportion of such heat loss.
Analysis of Results of a Group of Cloud Seeding Projects in Pacific Slope Watershed Areas
Authors: Elliott Robert D. , Strickler Robert F. 
Published: August 2018

An analysis of a series of cloud seeding projects conducted in three different Pacific-slope watershed areas, each during several seasons, is presented. Seven separate project-seasons are involved in each of which identical seeding procedures were used. Silver iodide smoke generators were operated at ground level for a total of well over 10,000 generator-hours during these operations.
Snowpack and other official precipitation records are examined and target-to-control-area comparisons made in order to bring out the effects of the seeding and apply statistical tests thereto.
It is concluded that this evaluation procedure, as applied to the available data, is capable of discerning the effectiveness of cloud seeding in increasing precipitation over a period of several seasons, but is not capable of bringing into focus the many details of interest to the cloud seeder.
Route Equivalent Winds
Authors: Crutcher Harold L. 
Published: August 2018

Route equivalent winds are an important aid to long range planning by aviation interests. The recent publication of point wind statistics by the U. S. Navy, NAVAER 50-1C-526, provides a considerable amount of material which can be used to probe the use of one route against another. Where many routes are to be examined, then recourse to punched card data and electronic computing machines is desirable. Such cards and machines are available at the National Weather Records Center where the material for the Navy publication was prepared.
In many cases, though, one may wish to examine only a few routes. This paper shows how the point wind statistics as published in the NAVAER 50-1C-526 may be readily converted to route wind statistics.
Wind Variability as a Function of Time at Muroc, California
Authors: Singer Bernard M. 
Published: August 2018

Records of 226 sets of triple theodolite balloon observations taken at Muroc, California, to heights of 38,000 feet have been analyzed to determined magnitudes of horizontal vector wind changes over time intervals from thirty minutes to five hours. The medians of magnitudes of velocity change vary from 2.0 mph over a time interval of 30 minutes to 6.4 mph over a time interval of five hours.
The effect of altitude upon time variability of these winds has been studied. The height interval from the surface to 38,000 feet was separated into four altitude zones and it was found that wind variability is greater near the surface than in the zone above it. From the second zone upward, wind variability increased with height.
The Use of Large Scale Parameters in Small Scale Diffusion Studies
Authors: Tank William G. 
Published: August 2018

A method is set forth whereby gaseous diffusion in the low levels of the atmosphere can be calculated by Roberts' diffusion equation (modified to consider instantaneous volume sources) using only large scale synoptic parameters that are readily obtainable from the surface analysis and pibal reports. The three pertinent meteorological parameters utilized are: (1) the mean surface wind, (2) the angle between the surface wind vector and the surface isobars, and (3) the height of the gradient level.
Theoretical and observed dosage values are compared by means of dosage isopleth diagrams. Results show that the method yields quite satisfactory results, with regard to both dosage magnitude and distribution. The assumptions necessary for the application of the method and its limitations are mentioned and their relative importance discussed.
Mesometeorology—the Link between Macroscale Atmospheric Motions and Local Weather1
Authors: Tepper Morris 
Published: August 2018

Mesometeorology is the study of atmospheric motions of characteristic dimensions too small to make them readily identifiable on the macroscale synoptic maps in use today. Results of mesoanalysis reveal systems which have definite order, pattern, and chronological continuity, and with which most pertinent local weather seems to be associated. The role of mesometeorology in local weather forecasting is analyzed.
Nine senior meteorologists with considerable experience and stature in the field of forecasting participated in a forecasting experiment wherein three were given mesometeorological analyses and six were given the regular analyses available at a forecasting center. The results showed that the former group was able to identify and forecast the short-range significant variations in wind, temperature, and precipitation in time and place while the others in general could not.
Air-Pollution Levels Associated with a 49-Hr Inversion at Detroit-Windsor
Authors: Munn R. E. , Katz Morris 
Published: August 2018

During the period 27 to 29 December 1958, the Detroit-Windsor area experienced a prolonged inversion. Winds were light, visibility was poor, and air pollution levels were high. The circumstances surrounding the event are described on both the synoptic and the meso scales.
The broad features, a stationary ridge of high pressure and a light southeast gradient of stable air, fit the classical inversion picture. However, there are interesting small-scale details. In particular, a cooling at 300 ft on the morning of December 29th is described and is shown to be consistent with other available data including observations from a 100-ft tower at Lagoona Beach, Michigan.
Cloud Patterns as Seen from Altitudes of 250 to 850 Miles — Preliminary Results
Authors: Conover John H. , Sadler James C. 
Published: August 2018

Time-lapse films of the earth from high-flying ballistic missiles have provided the meteorologist with the first synoptic detailed coverage of cloud patterns over large areas. Analysis of the film obtained on 24 August 1959 shows the cloud patterns over an area corresponding to one-twentieth of the earth's total surface.
Comparison of the rectified cloud positions with, the high- and low-level synoptic charts shows large-scale cloud patterns directly associated with high-level vortices and troughs as well as patterns associated with a quasi-stationary front and the intertropical convergence zone. Details suggesting low-level vortices, frontal waves, and a squall line appear, but they cannot be verified due to sparse surface observations. Other details, such as the effects of large and small islands, coastlines and rivers upon the pattern of vertical motion are indicated by the clouds.
Streamline Neoprene Balloons
Authors: Sharenow M. 
Published: August 2018

The theory of the motion of streamline neoprene balloons is developed in a manner analogous to that of spherical balloons. Ideally, expansible streamline balloons will accelerate continuously to burst if they do not reach the critical Reynolds number. In the case of the balloons investigated, this is reached somewhere near 50,000 ft, with a sharp drop in ascent rate occurring. The ascent rate up to this altitude falls short of the theoretically computed rate because of balloon deformation and deviation from ideal shape.
Comparison is made between two types of balloons. The most recent one, fabricated by a new method known as the gel-adhered process, is lighter in weight and simpler to inflate and handle than the older type which is assembled by a cementing process. The two types provide approximately equivalent performance when inflated with the same volume of gas. In practice, a smaller volume of gas is used to inflate the newer type, with an accompanying increase in bursting altitude and decrease in ascent rate.
An Empirical Method of Forecasting Radiation Fog and Clear-Sky Minimum Temperatures at Vancouver, British Columbia
Authors: Belhouse H. C. 
Published: August 2018

Cases of night-time cooling under “clear sky” conditions are examined in particular at a seacoast location during the season of radiation fog. A prediction system is developed and incorporated into a working chart which has a twofold purpose as follows:to give the forecaster objective estimates of(a) the minimum temperature,(b) the mean pattern of temperature fall, and(c) the earliest and latest times of fog occurrence;to provide, by its use under all “clear sky” conditions, records of the expected and actual cooling curves at night along with hourly visibility, cloud cover and surface wind, in order that(a) the system itself may be further refined, and(b) the forecaster may have an hourly history of conditions on previous critical nights.
The approach is completely empirical and is based primarily on the sunset values, either forecast or actual, of both temperature and dewpoint. Other important factors such as surface wind and stability receive consideration only to the degree that their inhibiting effects are reflected by the basic data. As more case histories are accumulated, it should be possible to formulate correction factors for these effects.
Space heating operation of combination boilers in the UK: The case for addressing real-world boiler performance
Authors: Bennett George , Elwell Cliff , Oreszczyn Tadj 
Published: August 2018

Residential space and water heating account for 23% of UK final energy demand and combination gas boilers are the dominant technology. Performance gap issues in gas boiler systems have been reported, with previous studies unable to isolate or quantify root causes for performance issues, hampered by indirect and coarse measurement methods. Utilising high-frequency data, through state-of-the-art boiler diagnostics from 221 UK combination boilers, assumptions in efficiency standards are challenged. Total heating energy consumption and number of hot water tappings are in line with national expectations but the observed cycling behaviour of boilers gives cause for concern due to links with lower performance and higher emissions. Most combi-boilers appear oversized for space heating and despite available modulation are unable to prevent rapid on–off cycling. Per day, half of combi boilers studied average more than 50 starts and 70% of starts average less than 10 min during space heating operation. Cycling contradicts assumptions in efficiency testing standards, which assume steady state operation, weighted by full and part power measurements. Addressing oversizing and excessive boiler cycling provides an opportunity to quickly and significantly reduce emissions associated with heating, at low cost through the ongoing replacement of millions of boilers. Practical application: Lessons learned from this research regarding the detrimental performance issues seen in gas combi boilers are directly applicable to the topics of boiler specification for building service engineers and installers, such as guidelines in CIBSE Guide A, 1 CE54 Whole house boiler sizing method 2 and legislation set out in BoilerPlus from the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Plant size ratio, radiator hydraulic layout and controls can all contribute to the rapid cycling seen in the data and can all be influenced by building service professionals. Boiler modulation range is also crucial and manufacturers need to be aware of the benefits of extending modulation in new products.
Lidocaine/Phenylephrine Nasal Spray versus Nebulization Prior to Nasoendoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Goh Liang Chye , Arvin Balachandran , Zulkiflee Abu Bakar , Prepageran Narayanan 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo objectively compare the nasal decongestion potency of lidocaine/phenylephrine when delivered with a nasal nebulizer and a nasal spray before a rigid nasoendoscopic examination.Study DesignOpen‐label randomized controlled trial.SettingMulticenter study.MethodsThis prospective clinical trial involved 106 participants with untreated chronic rhinitis. Fifty‐three participants had 400 μL of lidocaine/phenylephrine administered into the right nostril with a nasal nebulizer, while the remaining 53 participants had 400 μL administered with a nasal spray. The control was the left nostril. Nasal resistance at 150‐Pa fixed pressure was evaluated with an active anterior rhinomanometry at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes postintervention. Pain score was assessed subjectively by applying pressure to the inferior turbinate 30 minutes after intervention.ResultsThere was an overall reduction in nasal resistance of the right nostril when lidocaine/phenylephrine was administered with the nasal nebulizer in comparison with the nasal spray. However, a statistically significant difference in nasal resistance was seen only at 5 minutes (P =. 047), 15 minutes (P =. 016), and 30 minutes (P =. 036). The examining endoscopist further supported the degree of nasal decongestion via subjective assessment of the nasal cavity (P =. 001). Pain scores obtained after the intervention showed a significant decrease in pain threshold when the nasal nebulizer was used instead of the nasal spray (P =. 040).ConclusionsThis study suggests that the delivery of lidocaine/phenylephrine to the nasal cavity by the nasal nebulizer provides better decongestive and analgesic potency as compared with the delivery by nasal sprays.