bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Climatic Elements on Formal Optimization for Educational Space (Evaluation of the reality of local school buildings in Baghdad)
Authors: Moffeq Maysaa , Abdulrehman Abdulla 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Educational Space is an important element of learning and providing an environment that is appropriate to the needs of students helps to increas the level of education, So good design helps improve learning outcomes. For this reason, the design process of the classroom needs appropriate attention taking into account the climatic elements such as Heat, Solar radiation, Wind, Humidity and affecting the student’s comfort and the effectiveness of education The present study defines the research problem as a reformulation of a scientific aspect to study of the relations between Climatic Elements and design of school buildings as specific, The aim of the research is to (Evaluate local school models in Baghdad using a program Grasshopper to reach the optimal form for the local environment, the research use a program to introduce climate elements For Baghdad, the research contains three axes: discussing the relation between the climatic elements and design of school buildings and discussing studies about school sustainable design secondly, then Formulation of the theoretical framework, thirdly, its application in practical study, And finally presenting the findings and recommendations..
The role of multi-story structural building systems on reducing embodied energy consumption and carbon emissions
Authors: Hassan Susan Abed , al Wahid Jassim Jamal Abed 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
During the last decades many structural building systems were implemented in multi-story buildings production. Each of these systems consumes energy and produce carbon emissions from the early stage from the extraction of materials to the construction of a building. The selection of structural building systems with low embodied energy and carbon emissions reduces the impact of buildings on the global environment. The purpose of this research is to make a comparison in embodied energy consumption and carbon emissions between the most conventional building structural systems for multi-story building in Iraq. Through examine different solutions for structural building systems. This research aims to identify the most efficient structural building systems and materials in embodied energy consumption and carbon emissions for multi-story buildings in Iraq. Results demonstrated that the building of reinforced concrete structure has provided better results and consumed less embodied the energy and carbon emissions, as compared to the pre-cast concrete and steel structural building systems.
Agro-Climatic Zones (ACZ) Using Climate Satellite Data in Iraq Republic
Authors: Alwan Imzahim A , Karim Hussein H , Aziz Nadia A 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAgro-climatology is highly worthy in the identification of agro-climates with the climate change conditions to introduce new agricultural crops. Agro-Climatic Zones permits recognizing areas with different potential products according to their climate change environmental conditions. This study aims to produce Agro-Climatic Zones map using satellite-based climate data in Iraq. Climate data based on satellite data were downloaded and processed with a spatial resolution of 0.25º, then interpolated using the spline method. The annual precipitation was downloaded from TRMM_3B43 v7 satellite data from 1998 to 2018 and the average annual air temperature for the period 2000 to 2018 was downloaded from the GLDAS Model (NOAH025_M v2.1). The GIS-based approach was implemented to create the necessary datasets and to develop an Agro-Climatic Zones map in the Iraq Republic. The results have mapped Iraq republic Agro-Climatic Zones into five zones, which are arid, cool winter, very warm summer (ACZ 1 represent about 48.8 % of the total area); arid, mild winter, very warm summer (ACZ 2 about 36.8 % of the total area); semi-arid, cool winter, very warm summer (ACZ 3 about 8.8 % of the total area); semi-humid to Mediterranean, cool winter, very warm summer (ACZ 4 about 4.2 % of the total area); and very humid to humid, cold to cool winter, warm summer (ACZ 5 about 1.4 % of the total area).
Practical analysis procedures of steel portal frames having different connections rigidities using modified stiffness matrix and end-fixity factor concept
Authors: Msabawy Ali , Mohammad Fouad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The real behaviour of connections in the steel buildings is often underestimated by designers at the structural analysis and design stages, despite their influences on the structural performance, deflection limits and a possibility of achieving a reduction in the material weights, which can significantly reduce the overall cost and amount of energy embodied. This paper, therefore, described systematic and simplified procedures to conduct a first-order elastic structural analysis of the semi-rigid steel portal frames in order to implement a design optimization using a Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm within Solver Add-in tool in Microsoft Excel. The written program used the robustness and efficiency of the Finite Element (FE) method with the versatility of a spreadsheet format in Excel. To simulate the semi-rigid response of the connections, the mathematical representation through End-Fixity Factor and the Modified Stiffness Matrix were used to incorporate such behaviour into structural analysis packages. To validate the written program, a computer-based analysis was conducted using Prokon® software and comparing analysis results with those obtained from the Excel spreadsheet. It demonstrates that Excel’s results were perfectly accurate. Consequently, the procedure of establishing spreadsheets as a finite element analysis software for a certain form of frames demonstrates its validity.
Eco-friendly Utilizing of Iron Filings in Production Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Alsaad Aymen J. , Radhi Mushtaq Sadiq , Taher Muntadher J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The goal of this study is to assess the opportunity of utilizing waste iron filings in altered fractions as a fine aggregate replacement to produce the reactive powder concrete. Four different fractions of waste iron filing were adopted to reactive powder concrete mixture to measure the difference, which may be achieved in the strengths of the reactive powder concrete. In order to accomplish the aim of the investigation, compressive strength, and direct tensile strength were executed to determine the effect of iron filings on the strength of reactive powder concrete. Consistent with the experimental results, it can be stated that higher fraction of waste iron filings is more effective than the other percentages in both compressive and direct tensile strength because it acquires the maximum strength properties in the shortest duration. The increasing of the compressive strength and the direct tensile strength at 28 days for 30 % of the irons filings was 30.3% and 31.8% correspondingly.
Utilization of Pulverized Local Wastes for Production Sustainable Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Radhi Mushtaq Sadiq , Abdul Rasoul Zainab M. R. , Ridha Mahmmod Laith Mohammed 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The aim of current experimental research is to examine the performance of the Reactive Powder Concrete modified by Pulverized Local Wastes materials. In this research, Reactive Powder Concrete was adapted by using local wastes (finely crushed ceramic tiles wastes) with Portland cement, silica fume, water, and chemical admixture through partially replacement of fine sand for sustainable practice in construction. This study exploited normal curing process at ambient temperatures as an alternative of higher temperatures steam curing for sustainability of construction works. To assess the behavior of the modified Sustainable Reactive Powder Concrete mixes, splitting and compressive strengths of Reactive Powder Concrete were inspected experimentally, and then associated with traditional Reactive Powder Concrete mix (the control mix). Furthermore, the hardened density of the modified Sustainable Reactive Powder Concrete was checked. The inquiry results directed that substituting the fine sand partially by Pulverized Local Wastes (finely crushed ceramic tiles wastes) is an adequate method for construction applications. Consequently, the compressive strength and spilling strength of modified Sustainable Reactive Powder were maintained by using 10 % of finely crushed ceramic tiles wastes. Results illustrate that Reactive Powder Concrete have an insignificant strength loss with 10 % sand replacement for compressive strength and splitting strength. The reduction percent in the compressive strength and splitting strength at 28 days are 12.37% and 8.55%, respectively, linked with related control mix.
Evaluation of sustainable metakaolin-geopolymer concrete with crushed waste clay brick
Authors: Khalil Wasan I. , Frayyeh Qais Jawad , Ahmed Mahmood F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the last decades, with the speed up of urban construction and infrastructure, the large amounts of new concrete and, at the same time a huge quantity of construction and demolition waste are generated every year. Therefore, the sustainability of concrete technology and building industry has taken priority with respect to, CO2 emission during cement manufacturing, natural resources depletion, environmental pollution and ecology unbalance. This study aims to assess the possibility of produce a more eco-friendly geopolymer concrete using Iraqi metakaolin (MK) and crushed waste clay brick (CWCB) as coarse aggregate, regarding the highest compressive strength and more sustainable curing method. The variations in the mechanical properties of MK-based geopolymer concrete with different contents (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) of waste clay brick as a replacement by volume of natural coarse aggregate were investigated. The fresh density and mechanical properties (compressive, splitting and flexural strengths), also the dry density was evaluated at age of 7 and 28 days. The results showed that all mixes with CWCB had lower fresh and dry densities. Geopolymer concrete mix with 30% CWCB showed a reduction in fresh and dry densities of 3.22%and 6.30 % respectively relative to the concrete mix without CWCB. Also, the compressive and splitting tensile strength reduce with the increase of CWCB content, the percentage reduction is 53.37% and 45.09% for 30% CWCB replacement level respectively relative to reference specimens (0% CWCB aggregate). On the other hand, specimens with 10% of CWCB showed a slight improvement in flexural strength, while with 20 and 30% CWCB there is a reduction in flexural strength. Generally, production of moderate strength MK-geopolymer concrete incorporates waste clay brick as coarse aggregate will improve the sustainability and lead to open wide areas for civil engineering applications.
Properties of Metakaolin Based Pervious Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Khalil Wasan I. , Frayyeh Qais J. , Abed Haider T. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Utilizing Geopolymer binder instead of Portland cement in pervious concrete or ordinary concrete is the one solution toward reducing emission of carbon dioxide in the environment. Metakaolin (MK) used as a binding material to produce Pervious Geopolymer Concrete (PGC) in this investigation. Different PGC mixes were prepared and their, density, void content and compressive strength were tested. The effects of different proportions of alkaline liquid to metakaolin ratio AL/MK (0.5, 0.55 and 0.6); metakaolin to coarse aggregate MK:CA ratio (1:5, 1:6 and 1:7); superplasticizer dosages (0, 1, 2 and 3% by weight of MK); and the effect of using a fine aggregate at levels of 5 and 10% by weight of coarse aggregate were investigated. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) having a concentration of 12 molarity with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to (NaOH) ratio of 2 are used as an alkaline activator to produce all PGC mixes. All PGC specimens cured at elevated temperature of 50°C for five hours after 24 hours of casting and tested after 7 days. The Results show that the optimum AL/MK ratio and superplasticizer dosage were 0.6 and 2% respectively. The compressive strength and oven-dry density were increased by about (19%, 20% and 32%) and (4.5%, 7.2% and 5.2%) for 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7 MK:CA ratio, respectively, while porosity was decreased up to 18% with the inclusion of 10% fine aggregate by weight of coarse aggregate.
A Review of Previous Studies on the Reinforced Concrete Corbels
Authors: Abdul-Razzaq K S , Dawood A A , Mohammed A H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Corbels are short-hunched cantilevers that project from inner face of columns to support heavy concentrated loads or beam reactions. They are very important structural elements for supporting precast beams, girders and any other form of precast structure systems. ACI 318-14 provisions allow the structural design of shear-controlled corbels through either an empirical design method such as the shear-friction method or the strut-and-tie modeling (STM). This paper reviews some previous research studies on reinforced concrete corbels. From this literature; it was concluded that the STM method provides a more accurate estimation of ultimate load capacity and behavior than the shear-friction method. The ultimate shear strength increases with increasing main reinforcement, compressive strength (f’c), the presence of fibers, while it decreases with the increase of shear span-to-effective depth ratio (a/d) and horizontal to vertical load ratio (Nu/Vu).
Performances of Steel-Concrete Composite Construction with Demountable Shear Connectors – Review
Authors: Al-Muslih Abdulhadi Th. , Al-Hadithy Laith Kh. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Composite steel-concrete constructions with demountable (bolted) have the prime privilege of the capability to be untied and taken to pieces, furthermore, they remain suitable for tying again to assemble efficient composite structures. Long-term behavior and durability issues may need replacement of concrete slabs or their parts through maintenance of composite bridge decks. It is a complicated procedure and requires a lot of time in case of the popular traditional welded head stud. Dismantling and replacement of concrete slabs can be effortless by using bolted shear connectors. It is also so important for the sustainability stand point owing to remove of the structure at its life time end easily. Construction by using demountable shear connectors permits the development of faster erection methods. During casting of the reinforced concrete slab bolts can be embedded in it. Then, on site, they are assembled to the predrilled top flange of the steel section of the composite member. For certain application, composite structures with demountable shear connectors can prove their competition economically for their faster erection and lower life cycle costs. The present paper provides a comprehensive overview of most recent published research on composite steel-concrete systems in which the two partial interaction components (slip and uplift resistances) are furnished by demountable shear connectors. It also describes, in detail, properties of the main types of shear connection demount abilities innovated so far.
Behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beams in previous studies
Authors: Abdul-Razzaq Khattab Saleem , Jalil Ali Mustafa , Jebur Sarah Farhan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper is a comprehensive study of the reinforced concrete simple deep beams based on previous experimental and theoretical studies. Forevermore, it is a review of the methods of analysis that recommended by ACI code or suggested by some researchers. The main parameters that were taken into considerations were: shear span to effective depth ratio (a/d), amount of flexural reinforcement (ρ), web shear reinforcement (ρh
and ρv
), steel fiber volumetric ratio (Vf), compressive strength of used concrete (f’c), existence of openings with different shapes and sizes in addition to strengthening them. Researchers found that increasing a/d ratio about 50-67% leads to decrease deep beam ultimate capacity by about 17-23%, respectively. Increasing ρ leads to decrease ductility. Increasing ρh
and ρv
or both, increases capacity by different ratios. Removing only ρv
leads to a decrease in ultimate capacity by about 19%, removing only ρh
leads to a decrease in ultimate capacity by about 10%, while removing both, leads to about 31% reduction in ultimate capacity. Using Vf = 0.4% causes increasing in cracking and ultimate capacity by about 33% and 11%, respectively, while using Vf = 0.8% causes increasing in cracking and ultimate capacity by about 64% and 33%, respectively. Increasing f’c about 50% leads to increase the ultimate capacity by about 39-52%. It was also found that opening existence decreases the ultimate capacity especially when they lie in the strut paths, more specifically, they decrease ultimate capacity by about 3-69%, while strengthening them by steel plates leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 9-27%.
Applications of GIS for Bridges Maintenance Service
Authors: Wattan S , Al-Bakri M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
AThe Bridge Maintenance Management System (BMMS) is an application system that uses existing data from a Bridge Management System database for monitoring and analysis of current bridges performance, as well as for estimating the current and future maintenance and rehabilitation needs of the bridges. In a transportation context, the maintenance management is described as a cost-effective process to operate, construct, and maintain physical money. This needs analytical tools to support the allocation of resources, materials, equipment, including personnel, and supplies. Therefore, Geographic Information System (GIS) can be considered as one tool to develop the road and bridge maintenance management system.
This research aims to use GIS to create a database for bridge maintenance system. Two study areas have been chosen: the old construction bridge (Al-Qadisiyah) and the newly constructed bridge (Barboty). Both of them are in Al-Muthanna city\Iraq. The creation of database was based on field surveying data. In order to monitor the damages and decline of the bridges, four periodically observations have been achieved. The first analysis of the observations was conducted by graphical analysis which gave the results between all the observations. The second part of analysis included the process of documenting the cracks observed in both study areas via hyperlink tool. This tool can display each of the bridge cracks in the form of window that contains full information for each crack such as, photo of the crack, station number of the crack, coordinates of the crack, type of crack, the crack description, and risk levels of the crack. This information may help to save cost, time and effort to decision makers in the relevant institutions.
Determine the factors that affecting on the applicability of Build Operate Transfer contracts for infrastructure in Iraq
Authors: Kaleel Tareq A. , Kareem Muntadher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The traditional project delivery systems in Iraq is unsubstantial, due to the delays and poor planning to manage these projects within the required quality and within the allocated budget by the public sector. Build Operate Transfer (BOT) approach, considered an option helps the governments to overcome the above problems. This research aims to determine the factors of applicability of BOT for infrastructure project in Iraq. The research initiates with reviewing the references about BOT and fieldwork process, which includes personal interviews and preparing closed questionnaire forms, the distribution of these forms to the sample members of the research to answer questions, collect these forms, and analyze the results statically. By discussing, the results found that the percentages of the factors affecting the applicability of the BOT are in three weights medium, good and very good. The percentage of medium Weight was about 9% and the good weight was about 19%. The very good weight was 72%. In addition to in this research, indicate the political and security stability among the decision factors as the most important, with 72.64% effect on the BOT applicability.
Effect of Ethic Discourse in the Sustainability of Architecture
Authors: Salman Abdullah Saadoon , Jasem Aseel Jafer , Hadi Nibras Mohammad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Ethics is related to human life in all its aspects, architecture is one of the most important fields of human life that affect and be affected, so studies must be exposed to the subject of the ethics of architecture in all its concepts and dimensions so that architecture can build its ethic constitution with a base of values and principles. After adopting unbalanced consumption pattern In dealing with available resource leaving environmental crises, people interested in humanitarian, environmental issues called for adopting a sustainable alternative development model that aims to achieve harmony between the developmental goals and sustainability of the environment, the sustainability concept of ethical values and importance of a discourse as a channel for communicating ideas and expressing them, made research adopting the concept of ethic discourse and its impact in the sustainability of architecture to show its importance. The problem of the research is that there is no clear cognitive perception about the role of the concept of ethic discourse in the sustainability of architecture and its elements, components. The aim of the research is to present a conceptual model for sustainable ethical discourse in architecture to produce a valuable architecture that will help build a society of human architecture with an ethic dimension.
The Role of Environmental Indicators in Improving the Quality of Urban Life in the City of Baghdad–A Comparative Study
Authors: Zumaya Jakleen Q , Motlak Jamal B 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The growing interest in concepts such as quality of life, environmental quality and indicators of urban life, has become a feature of contemporary urban communities. Quality of life is a concept that has multiple dimensions and components. Sustainable development ultimately aims at achieving a better quality of life, for present and future generations as a supreme goal. Therefore, enhancing the urban quality of life require the integration of the social, economic, physical and environmental domains in order to maintain a healthy and livable environment. Hence, the present research will focus on the role of the environmental indicators in improving the urban quality of life. The research aims at coming up with measuring the indicators-objective and subjective-to assess the level of the quality of urban life in Baghdad city via the indicators of the urban environmental quality. This has been carried out by identifying the contrasted spatial dimensions of the city for the purpose of making a comparison between the two urban models under investigation, namely, Al-Muthana district and Al-Sadr district. The research has required carrying out field surveys that are needed to collect data by adopting a proposed questionnaire for residents, using face-to-face interviews as well as collecting information from second sources. The research has adopted the descriptive analysis approach and comparative quantitative analysis depending on some appropriate methods and tools of statistical analysis. The research has concluded that the urban environmental quality indicators are substantially different in the two areas under study in favor of Al-Muthana district area, and they are associated with the perceived quality of urban life.