bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The polysemy of the words that children learn over time
Authors: Casas Bernardino , Català Neus , Ferrer-i-Cancho Ramon , Hernández-Fernández Antoni , Baixeries Jaume 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Here we study polysemy as a potential learning bias in vocabulary learning in children. Words of low polysemy
could be preferred as they reduce the disambiguation effort for the listener. However, such preference could be a side-effect of
another bias: the preference of children for nouns in combination with the lower polysemy of nouns with respect to other
part-of-speech categories.
Our results show that mean polysemy in children increases over time in two phases, i.e. a fast growth till the
31st month followed by a slower tendency towards adult speech. In contrast, this evolution is not found in adults interacting with
children. This suggests that children have a preference for non-polysemous words in their early stages of vocabulary acquisition.
Interestingly, the evolutionary pattern described above weakens when controlling for syntactic category (noun, verb, adjective or
adverb) but it does not disappear completely, suggesting that it could result from a combination of a standalone bias for low
polysemy and a preference for nouns.
Frustration in the face of the driver
Authors: Ihme Klas , Dömeland Christina , Freese Maria , Jipp Meike 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Frustration in traffic is one of the causes of aggressive driving. Knowledge whether a driver is frustrated may be
utilized by future advanced driver assistance systems to counteract this source of crashes. One possibility to achieve this is to
automatically recognize facial expressions of drivers. However, only little is known about the facial expressions of frustrated
drivers. Here, we report the results of a driving simulator study investigating the facial muscle activity that comes along with
frustration. Twenty-eight participants were video-taped during frustrated and non-frustrated driving situations. Their facial
muscle activity was manually coded according to the Facial Action Coding System. Participants showed significantly more facial
muscle activity in the mouth region. Thus, recording facial muscle behavior potentially provides traffic researchers and
assistance system developers with the possibility to recognize frustration while driving.
Communicative, cognitive and emotional issues in selective mutism
Authors: Capobianco Micaela , Cerniglia Luca 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Selective mutism (SM) is a developmental disorder characterized by a child’s inability to speak in certain
contexts and/or in the presence of unfamiliar interlocutors. This work proposes a critical discussion of the most recent studies
on SM, with respect to clinical and diagnostic features, as well as the etiology and treatment of this disorder. At present, all
research work supports the hypothesis that SM is a complex anxiety disorder with multifactorial etiology (interaction among
biological and environmental causes). The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5;
American Psychiatric Association, 2013) places SM mutism among “Anxiety Disorders”,
and no longer among “Other Childhood, Infant and Adolescent Disorders” (as in DSM-IV). Other important aspects relate to cognitive
biases and emotional states at the base of SM, which partly explain the disorder’s persistence and represent an important
objective of intervention work. No data in the literature point to a total remission of SM, but good results are achieved with
cognitive behavior intervention and multimodal therapy (MMT) involving a variety of child interaction contexts.
Quantifying the shifts and intensification in the annual cycles of diurnal temperature extremes for human comfort and crop production
Authors: Vinnarasi R , Dhanya C T 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAny significant change in climate is known to have a significant impact on crop production and human resources, which are generally difficult to quantify. In the present study, two indices are defined: (i) refined growing season (GS) characteristics and (ii) transition period, based on the annual cycles of diurnal temperature extremes, to unravel any possible impact on these productive elements. Multi-dimensional ensemble empirical mode decomposition, a nonlinear, non-stationary approach is used to extract the annual cycles of diurnal temperature extremes. Since the adverse impact is reportedly more critical over tropical regions, the Indian region is chosen as the study area, and 1° × 1° gridded daily minimum and daily maximum temperature data are used. Results reveal earlier onset and lengthening of GS, with notable spatial variations. Further, a drastic reduction in the transition (i.e. comfortable) period is observed over the warm humid regions, majorly due to the encroachment of summer days. On the contrary, over semi-arid regions, the transition period is found to be increasing, majorly due to the shortening of winter. The quantification of these changes may aid in implementing regional adaptation strategies related to the two productive elements.
Cardiac risk assessment for end-stage renal disease patients on the renal transplant waiting list
Authors: Tabriziani Hossein , Baron Pedro , Abudayyeh Islam , Lipkowitz Michael 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and is becoming more prevalent as the population ages and risk factors increase. This is most apparent in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient population. In part, this is due to cofactors such as diabetes and hypertension commonly predisposing to progressive renal disease, as well as being a direct consequence of having renal failure. Of all major organ failures, kidney failure is the most likely to be managed chronically using renal replacement therapy and, ultimately, transplant. However, lack of transplant organs and a large renal failure cohort means waiting lists are often quite long and may extend to 5–10 years. Due to the cardiac risk factors inherent in patients awaiting transplant, many succumb to cardiac issues while waiting and present an increased per-procedural cardiac risk that extends into the post-transplant period. We aim to review the epidemiology of coronary artery disease in this population and the etiology as it relates to ESRD and its associated co-factors. We also will review the current approaches, recommendations and evidence for management of these patients as it relates to transplant waiting lists before and after the surgery. Recommendations on how to best manage patients in this cohort revolve around the available evidence and are best customized to the institution and the structure of the program. It is not clear whether the revascularization of patients without symptoms and with a good functional status yields any improvement in outcomes. Therefore, each individual case should be considered based on the risk factors, symptoms and functional status, and approached as part of a multi-disciplinary assessment program.
Ileal Gene Expression Data from Crohn’s Disease Small Bowel Resections Indicate Distinct Clinical Subgroups
Authors: Potdar Alka A , Li Dalin , Haritunians Talin , VanDussen Kelli L , Fiorino Marie F , Liu Ta-Chiang , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S , Fleshner Phillip , Targan Stephan R , McGovern Dermot P B , Bilsborough Janine 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Heterogeneity in Crohn’s disease [CD] provides a challenge for the development of effective therapies. Our goal was to define a unique molecular signature for severe, refractory CD to enable precision therapy approaches to disease treatment and to facilitate earlier intervention in complicated disease.

Methods
We analysed clinical metadata, genetics, and transcriptomics from uninvolved ileal tissue from CD patients who underwent a single small bowel resection. We determined transcriptional risk scores, cellular signatures, and mechanistic pathways that define patient subsets in refractory CD.

Results
Within refractory CD, we found three CD patient subgroups [CD1, CD2, and CD3]. Compared with CD1, CD3 was enriched for subjects with increased disease recurrence after first surgery [OR = 6.78, p = 0.04], enhanced occurrence of second surgery [OR = 5.07, p = 0.016], and presence of perianal CD [OR = 3.61, p = 0.036]. The proportion of patients with recurrence-free survival was smaller in CD3 than in CD1 (p = 0.02, median survival time [months] in CD1 = 10 and CD3 = 6). Overlaying differential gene expression between CD1 and CD3 on CD subgroup-associated genetic polymorphisms identified 174 genes representing both genetic and biological differences between the CD subgroups. Pathway analyses using this unique gene signature indicated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 [eIF2] and cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP] signalling to be dominant pathways associated with CD3. Furthermore, the severe, refractory subset, CD3, was associated with a higher transcriptional risk score and enriched with eosinophil and natural killer T [NKT] cell gene signatures.

Conclusion
We characterized a subset of severe, refractory CD patients who may need more aggressive treatment after first resection and who are likely to benefit from targeted therapy based on their genotype and tissue gene expression signature.
Establishing the Link Between Lean Mass and Grip Strength Cut Points With Mobility Disability and Other Health Outcomes: Proceedings of the Sarcopenia Definition and Outcomes Consortium Conference
Authors: Cawthon Peggy M , Travison Thomas G , Manini Todd M , Patel Sheena , Pencina Karol M , Fielding Roger A , Magaziner Jay M , Newman Anne B , Brown Todd , Kiel Douglas P , Cummings Steve R , Shardell Michelle , Guralnik Jack M , Woodhouse Linda J , Pahor Marco , Binder Ellen , D’Agostino Ralph B , Quian-Li Xue , Orwoll Eric , Landi Francesco , Orwig Denise , Schaap Laura , Latham Nancy K , Hirani Vasant , Kwok Timothy , Pereira Suzette L , Rooks Daniel , Kashiwa Makoto , Torres-Gonzalez Moises , Menetski Joseph P , Correa-De-Araujo Rosaly , Bhasin Shalender 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Lack of consensus on how to diagnose sarcopenia has limited the ability to diagnose this condition and hindered drug development. The Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) was formed to develop evidence-based diagnostic cut points for lean mass and/or muscle strength that identify people at increased risk of mobility disability. We describe here the proceedings of a meeting of SDOC and other experts to discuss strategic considerations in the development of evidence-based sarcopenia definition.

Methods
Presentations and panel discussions reviewed the usefulness of sarcopenia as a biomarker, the analytical approach used by SDOC to establish cut points, and preliminary findings, and provided strategic direction to develop an evidence-based definition of sarcopenia.

Results
The SDOC assembled data from eight epidemiological cohorts consisting of 18,831 participants, clinical populations from 10 randomized trials and observational studies, and 2 nationally representative cohorts. In preliminary assessments, grip strength or grip strength divided by body mass index was identified as discriminators of risk for mobility disability (walking speed &lt;0.8 m/s), whereas dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived lean mass measures were not good discriminators of mobility disability. Candidate definitions based on grip strength variables were associated with increased risk of mortality, falls, mobility disability, and instrumental activities of daily living disability. The prevalence of low grip strength increased with age. The attendees recommended the establishment of an International Expert Panel to review a series of position statements on sarcopenia definition that are informed by the findings of the SDOC analyses and synthesis of literature.

Conclusions
International consensus on an evidence-based definition of sarcopenia is needed. Grip strength—absolute or adjusted for body mass index—is an important discriminator of mobility disability and other endpoints. Additional research is needed to develop a predictive risk model that takes into account sarcopenia components as well as age, sex, race, and comorbidities.
A Bayesian Analysis of Evidence in Support of the Null Hypothesis in Gerontological Psychology (or Lack Thereof)
Authors: Brydges Christopher R , Bielak Allison A M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Nonsignificant p values derived from null hypothesis significance testing do not distinguish between true null effects or cases where the data are insensitive in distinguishing the hypotheses. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Bayesian analyses in gerontological psychology, a statistical technique that can distinguish between conclusive and inconclusive nonsignificant results, by using Bayes factors (BFs) to reanalyze nonsignificant results from published gerontological research.

Methods
Nonsignificant results mentioned in abstracts of articles published in 2017 volumes of 10 top gerontological psychology journals were extracted (N = 409) and categorized based on whether Bayesian analyses were conducted. BFs were calculated from nonsignificant t-tests within this sample to determine how frequently the null hypothesis was strongly supported.

Results
Nonsignificant results were directly tested with BFs in 1.22% of studies. Bayesian reanalyses of 195 nonsignificant t-tests found that only 7.69% of the findings provided strong evidence in support of the null hypothesis.

Conclusions
Bayesian analyses are rarely used in gerontological research, and a large proportion of null findings were deemed inconclusive when reanalyzed with BFs. Researchers are encouraged to use BFs to test the validity of nonsignificant results and ensure that sufficient sample sizes are used so that the meaningfulness of null findings can be evaluated.
The Genetic Diversity of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China and Neighboring Countries: A Review From Published Studies
Authors: Garzón-Orduña Ivonne J , Geib Scott M , Barr Norman B 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
For more than a decade, various research groups have tracked the population genetics of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in China and neighboring countries using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA. Although most research has reported high levels of mtDNA variation, to date no efforts have been made to integrate and compare the results from these studies simultaneously. Here, we show that: 1) despite the fact that a large portion of the sampling effort has focused on the Yunnan province beginning in 2005, each subsequent study recovers only a small number of previously sampled haplotypes; 2) new haplotypes of B. dorsalis remain to be found, a projection of new haplotypes versus the number of individuals sampled suggest that sampling the species mtDNA diversity is far from reaching an asymptote; 3) it is unlikely that the observed genetic variation is the result of NUMTs (nuclear mitochondrial DNA), as most differences between haplotypes are silent substitutions; and 4) although all studies employed the 3′ end of COI, the length of COI fragment sequenced differs among studies, making comparisons challenging. Therefore, we offer these results with the caveat that mtDNA diversity might be underestimated in China.
Open Market Operations
Authors: Toporowski Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Open market operations are the buying and selling of securities by the central bank. Such operations differ from discount operations in that open market operations are undertaken at the initiative of the central bank rather than a commercial bank. Historically, such trading of securities has predated the setting of interest rates. The emergence of long-term finance and complex financial systems has extended the range of securities in which central banks may deal. Open market operations depend on the policy framework set by the central bank. But such operations are not necessary for the setting of interest rates. Such operations are often undertaken when the monetary transmission mechanism from interest rates appears to have failed, as in the case of recent quantitative easing operations. In general, open market operations have proved effective in times of banking or financial crisis.
Learning with Zeal
Authors: Fadde Peter J. , Jalaeian Mohammadreza 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent theories of expertise and expert performance emphasize effort over talent. Specifically, the amount of deliberate practice that performers accumulate has been strongly correlated with their level of expertise in domains including chess, music, and sports. Indeed, it is widely accepted that becoming an expert requires an average of 10,000 hours, or 10 years, of deliberate practice—that is, activities directed by an instructor or coach that are designed to improve specific aspects of performance in measureable ways that offer timely feedback and refinement of skills through repetition. While it is easy to envision deliberate practice by aspiring athletes and musicians, however, many domains of performance do not have established cultures of practice. In particular, consciously incorporating deliberate practice during college-based professional education and deliberate performance during the career work of professionals (who typically have little time to “practice”) can accelerate the development of professionals to expert levels.
The Iowa-Benton Approach to Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Anderson Steven W. , Tranel Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the history of the Iowa-Benton approach to neuropsychological assessment. Arthur Benton established the first neuropsychology laboratory in the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa in 1950, with a tripartite focus on teaching, research, and clinical care. Core features of Benton’s approach included a flexible, hypothesis-testing approach to each evaluation, and an emphasis on the development of standardized tests of specific cognitive functions. His data-driven approach to research and test development built on clinical observations and depended on detailed instructions for administration and scoring of tests, empirical selection of test items, collection of normative data, and test validation in groups of patients with known brain damage. Benton headed the laboratory at Iowa until 1978 and remained active in the field for many years after this. He trained several of the prominent figures in the next generation of neuropsychologists, and his tests remain in wide usage today. The Benton Laboratory of Neuropsychology at the University of Iowa Department of Neurology continues to carry on his legacy in teaching, research, and clinical care.
Music in the Margins
Authors: Colton Lisa 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the prominence of “queerness” in music-related images in devotional books of the period 1200–1500. Musical and sexualized images in the physical margins of medieval books blurred the divinely ordained categories of society, reveling in the queering of traditional hierarchies by music and the sounding sexual body. The chapter first considers notions of queerness in music in the Middle Ages, particularly as it pertains to music’s conception, representation, and performance. It then explores the concept of queerness and sexuality before 1500 by referencing Christian legal texts and musical behaviors and practices that might have been construed as acts of transgression, and the distinct overlap of discourses relating to musical and erotic pleasures. It concludes with a discussion of clerics’ sexual identity, showing that the increased focus on celibacy threatened the distinction between men and women, and sparking a crisis in clerical identity in which masculinity figured significantly.
The role of implementation science in improving distress assessment and management in oncology: a commentary on “Screening for psychosocial distress among patients with cancer: implications for clinical practice, healthcare policy, and dissemination to enhance cancer survivorship”
Authors: Jacobsen Paul B , Norton Wynne E 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Despite considerable evidence that psychosocial interventions can effectively relieve distress in patients with cancer, many individuals who could benefit from these interventions do not receive them. A proposed solution to this problem is the establishment of programs in oncology settings that routinely screen for distress and refer patients for appropriate psychosocial care. This commentary addresses a review by Ehlers et al. that describes policies and procedures related to distress screening, summarizes prior research on this topic, and identifies key areas for future research. Among their major conclusions is the need for research to fill the gap in knowledge about how best to implement new distress screening programs as well as optimize the use and efficiency of existing programs. This commentary focuses on how the types of study methods, designs, and outcomes that are commonplace in implementation science to facilitate the integration of research into practice can be applied to distress screening programs. Priorities identified include designing and conducting pragmatic clinical trials, evaluating multilevel interventions, and using hybrid designs to simultaneously evaluate clinical effectiveness and barriers and facilitators of implementation. Use of these approaches holds considerable potential for developing an evidence base that can promote more widespread adoption of effective distress screening programs and inform further development of standards and policies related to the psychosocial care of patients with cancer.
Speech Envelope Enhancement Instantaneously Effaces Atypical Speech Perception in Dyslexia
Authors: Van Hirtum Tilde , Moncada-Torres Arturo , Ghesquière Pol , Wouters Jan 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
Increasing evidence exists that poor speech perception abilities precede the phonological deficits typically observed in dyslexia, a developmental disorder in learning to read. Impaired processing of dynamic features of speech, such as slow amplitude fluctuations and transient acoustic cues, disrupts effortless tracking of the speech envelope and constrains the development of adequate phonological skills. In this study, a speech envelope enhancement (EE) strategy was implemented to reduce speech perception deficits by students with dyslexia. The EE emphasizes onset cues and reinforces the temporal structure of the speech envelope specifically.

Design:
Speech perception was assessed in 42 students with and without dyslexia using a sentence repetition task in a speech-weighted background noise. Both natural and vocoded speech were used to assess the contribution of the temporal envelope on the speech perception deficit. Their envelope-enhanced counterparts were added to each baseline condition to administer the effect of the EE algorithm. In addition to speech-in-noise perception, general cognitive abilities were assessed.

Results:
Results demonstrated that students with dyslexia not only benefit from EE but benefit more from it than typical readers. Hence, EE completely normalized speech reception thresholds for students with dyslexia under adverse listening conditions. In addition, a correlation between speech perception deficits and phonological processing was found for students with dyslexia, further supporting the relation between speech perception abilities and reading skills. Similar results and relations were found for conditions with natural and vocoded speech, providing evidence that speech perception deficits in dyslexia stem from difficulties in processing the temporal envelope.

Conclusions:
Using speech EE, speech perception skills in students with dyslexia were improved passively and instantaneously, without requiring any explicit learning. In addition, the observed positive relationship between speech processing and advanced phonological skills opens new avenues for specific intervention strategies that directly target the potential core deficit in dyslexia.