bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Placements in the Capital Markets Union
Authors: Graaf Frank GB 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter looks at recent initiatives in the context of the European Commission's flagship plans for a Capital Markets Union (CMU) designed to encourage a pan-European private placement market. In reality, private placements are mainly available as a funding tool for medium-sized and larger companies. Nonetheless, private placements are regarded by CMU's policymakers as an alternative source of long-term funding, which is simple enough for smaller corporates and small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), and with benefits that they might find attractive. The Commission's initial intention in the design of a CMU was to enable a greater use by SMEs of private placements.
Relief from Prudential Requirements to Support the Capital Markets Union
Authors: Joosen Bart , Lieverse Kitty 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the regulatory impediments to financing by European banks of corporate borrowers and the means to improve the financing capability of banks. In this context, it not only looks at banks, but also considers the position of another type of a highly regulated funder: European insurance companies. The working assumption is that capital requirements, and risk weights for credit risks in particular, have an impact on the capability of banks to lend. Quite simply, a higher risk weight of an exposure increases the capital a bank needs to maintain in connection with such exposure. As a result, increases in capital requirements will potentially constrain the lending capability of a bank.
Securitization in the Capital Markets Union
Authors: Kastelein Gerard 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
On 30 May 2017, the European Parliament, Council, and Commission reached a political agreement on the package of regulatory reforms of the European securitisation market. The package is aimed at facilitating the development of a securitisation market in Europe. The package represents the latest development of a negotiation process that started back in September 2015. The application date is expected to be 1 January 2019. Meanwhile, market participants have expressed uncertainties as to its effectiveness. This chapter considers the risk that the package will have a negative effect on the European securitisation market, resulting in further contraction. The primary focus of the chapter is on the rules on long-term securitisations as opposed to the short-term securitisations (asset-backed commercial paper).
A Global Perspective on Securitized Debt
Authors: Schwarcz Steven L 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Securitisation represents a significant worldwide source of capital market financing. European investors commonly invest in asset-backed securities issued in U.S. securitisation transactions, and vice versa One of the key goals of the European Commission's proposed Capital Markets Union (CMU) is to further facilitate securitisation as a source of capital market financing as a viable alternative to bank-based finance for companies operating in the EU. To that end, this chapter explains securitisation and attempts to put its rise, its decline after the global financial crisis, and its recent CMU-inspired revival into a global perspective. It examines not only securitisation's relationship to the financial crisis but also post-crisis comparative regulatory approaches in the EU and the United States.
Efferent Innervation to the Cochlea
Authors: Elgoyhen Ana Belén , Wedemeyer Carolina , Di Guilmi Mariano N. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The auditory system consists of ascending and descending neuronal pathways. The best studied is the ascending pathway, whereby sounds that are transduced in the cochlea into electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. Before reaching the auditory cortex, auditory ascending information has several central relays: the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex in the brainstem, the lateral lemniscal nuclei and inferior colliculus in the midbrain, and the medial geniculate body in the thalamus. The function(s) of the descending corticofugal pathway is less well understood. It plays important roles in shaping or even creating the response properties of central auditory neurons and in the plasticity of the auditory system, such as reorganizing cochleotopic and computational maps. Corticofugal projections are present at different relays of the auditory system. This review focuses on the physiology and plasticity of the medial efferent olivocochlear system.
Latino Public Policy Opinions
Authors: Sanchez Gabriel R. , Garcia F. Chris , Juárez Melina 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Latinos are playing a growing role in public policy debates not only surrounding immigration, but across several domestic policy domains. This has led to an increased interest in the attitudes of the Latino population toward public policy. This chapter focuses on four specific aspects related to Latino public opinion. First, we briefly discuss the vital role that public opinion plays in American politics today. We then examine Latino attitudes toward important policy areas. Next, we discuss issues involved in the accurate measuring of Latino public opinion. And finally, we suggest some future directions in the study of Latino public opinion.
Abductions and Disappearances in Bangladeshi Policing
Authors: Uddin Md. Kamal 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article is about policing practice in Bangladesh, with special focus on the involvement of the Bangladeshi law enforcement agencies in abductions and disappearances. Recently, Bangladeshi policing has been criticized for abductions and forced disappearances. The empirical analysis of this article focuses on the key factors and dynamics of abductions and disappearances in Bangladeshi policing. This article also investigates how and why the law enforcement agencies in Bangladesh are engaged in abductions and disappearances based on interviews of different stakeholders. The empirical parts of the article employ qualitative techniques of data analysis in order to process the body of evidence collected during the fieldwork. The key argument of this article is that the acute politicization of the law enforcement agencies and misuse of entrusted power implementing the political agenda of the ruling elite contribute to human rights violations in policing practice in Bangladesh.
Cognitive decline and alcohol consumption adjusting for functional status over a 3-year period in French speaking community living older adults
Authors: Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Payette Marie-Christine , Berbiche Djamal , Grenier Sébastien , Hudon Carol 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of alcohol consumption on cognitive decline is not clear. We aimed to study the association between alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning controlling for functional heath status.MethodsA total of 1610 older adults with a score ≥26 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were followed to assess the change in scores at the 3-year follow-up. Information on alcohol consumption as well as socio-demographic, lifestyle, psychosocial and clinical factors, as well as health service use were assessed at baseline and 3-year follow-up interviews. Linear mixed models with repeated measures were used stratifying by functional status.ResultsClose to 73% reported consuming alcohol in the past 6 months, of which 11% were heavy drinkers (≥11 and ≥16 drinks for women and men). A significant decrease in MMSE scores was observed in low functioning non-drinkers (−1.48; 95% CI: −2.06, −0.89) and light to moderate drinkers (−0.99; 95% CI: −1.54, −0.44) and high functioning non-drinkers (−0.51; 95% CI: −0.91, −0.10).ConclusionsAlcohol consumption did not contribute to cognitive decline. Cognitive decline was greater in individuals reporting low functional status. Research should focus on the interaction between changing patterns of alcohol consumption and social participation in individuals with low and high functioning status.
Effect of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Program on Opioid Use and Patient-Reported Outcomes
Authors: Meyer Larissa A. , Lasala Javier , Iniesta Maria D. , Nick Alpa M. , Munsell Mark F. , Shi Qiuling , Wang Xin Shelley , Cain Katherine E. , Lu Karen H. , Ramirez Pedro T. 
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effect of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program on perioperative outcomes with an emphasis on opioid consumption and patient-reported outcomes in the immediate and extended postoperative periods.

METHODS:
We initiated our ERAS program as part of a quality improvement initiative in November 2014. We compared clinical outcomes among a cohort of 607 women undergoing open gynecologic surgery before or after implementation of ERAS. For 293 patients, patient-reported outcomes were compared using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Ovarian Cancer.

RESULTS:
Median age was 58 years (range 18–85 years). Median length of stay decreased by 25% for patients in the ERAS pathway (P<.001). Overall, patients in the ERAS group had a 72% reduction in median opioid consumption and 16% were opioid-free during admission up to postoperative day 3 (P<.001). There was no difference in pain scores (P=.80). Patients on ERAS reported less fatigue (P=.01), interference with walking (P=.003), and total interference (composite score of physical and affective measures) during hospitalization (P=.008). After discharge, those on the ERAS pathway demonstrated a significantly shorter median time to return to no or mild fatigue (10 vs 30 days, P=.03), mild or no interference with walking (5 vs 13 days, P=.003), and mild to no total interference (3 vs 13 days, P=.02). There were no significant differences in complications, rates of readmission, or reoperation between the pre- and post-ERAS groups.

CONCLUSION:
Implementation of an ERAS program was associated with significantly decreased opioid use after surgery and improvement in key patient-reported outcomes associated with functional recovery after surgery without compromising pain scores.
Human Papillomavirus Genotypes From Vaginal and Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Females 15–26 Years of Age
Authors: Garland Suzanne M. , Joura Elmar A. , Ault Kevin A. , Bosch F. Xavier , Brown Darron R. , Castellsagué Xavier , Ferenczy Alex , Ferris Daron G. , Giuliano Anna R. , Hernandez-Avila Mauricio , Huh Warner K. , Iversen Ole-Erik , Kjaer Susanne K. , Kurman Robert J. , Luna Joaquin , Monsonego Joseph , Muñoz Nubia , Paavonen Jorma , Pitisuttihum Punnee , Ronnett Brigitte M. , Steben Marc , Stoler Mark H. , Wheeler Cosette M. , Wiley Dorothy J. , Perez Gonzalo , Saah Alfred J. , Luxembourg Alain , Li Se , DiNubile Mark J. , Wagner Monika , Velicer Christine 
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the proportion of vulvar and vaginal low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs and HSILs) in females 15–26 years of age attributable to 14 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59).

METHODS:
A post hoc analysis of prospectively diagnosed vulvar and vaginal LSILs and HSILs among females 15–26 years of age enrolled in the placebo arms of two phase 3, randomized HPV vaccine trials assessed 14 prespecified HPV genotypes associated with cervical cancers or anogenital warts using a type-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. The frequency of lesions associated with specific HPV genotypes was estimated by proportional and other attribution methods.

RESULTS:
During approximately 4 years of follow-up in 8,798 females, 40 vulvar LSILs and 46 vulvar HSILs were diagnosed in 68 females, and 118 vaginal LSILs and 33 vaginal HSILs were diagnosed in 107 females. Females developing vulvar (41.2%) or vaginal (49.5%) lesions also had cervical lesions, whereas 6.5% of females with cervical lesions had vaginal or vulvar lesions. At least 1 of the 14 HPV genotypes was detected in females with vulvar LSIL (72.5%), vulvar HSIL (91.3%), vaginal LSIL (61.9%), and vaginal HSIL (72.7%). Considering only HPV-positive lesions, the nine most common genotypes causing cervical cancer and anogenital warts (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) were found in 89.4% of vulvar LSILs, 100% of vulvar HSILs, 56.0% of vaginal LSILs, and 78.3% of vaginal HSILs.

CONCLUSION:
Most vulvar and vaginal lesions were attributable to at least 1 of the 14 HPV genotypes analyzed. Effective immunization programs could potentially prevent substantial numbers of HPV-related vulvar and vaginal LSILs and HSILs.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov,
NCT00092521 and NCT00092534.
C1q/TNF-Related Protein 9 Inhibits THP-1 Macrophage Foam Cell Formation by Enhancing Autophagy
Authors: Zhang Lu , Liu Qi , Zhang Hui , Wang Xue-Dong , Chen Shu-Yuan , Yang Yang , Lv Hang , Hou Jing-Bo , Yu Bo 
Published: July 2018

Abstract:
During the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis, lipid-loaded macrophages are involved in plaque development and progression. As a novel adipokine, C1q/tumor necrosis factor–related protein-9 (CTRP9) has beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease. However, previous reports have not studied whether the formation of macrophage foam cell induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is affected by CTRP9. According to our study, in ox-LDL–induced THP-1 macrophages, CTRP9 could reduce the quantity of lipid droplets, lower the level of cholesteryl ester (CE), promote cholesterol efflux, as well as increase the expression level of the cholesterol transport receptors ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1). In addition, the protein of LC3 II is elevated and that of p62 is decreased in CTRP9-treated foam cells by enhancing autophagy. However, using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) abolished the role of CTRP9 by inhibiting autophagy. Mechanistically, the autophagy-promoting effects of CTRP9 on foam cells was reversed by an AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, which inhibited the signaling pathway of adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These results show that CTRP9 protects against atherosclerosis by promoting cholesterol efflux to reduce the formation of foam cell in virtue of inducing autophagy in an AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway–dependent manner.
Physical activity and weight gain after smoking cessation in postmenopausal women
Authors: Luo Juhua , Manson JoAnn E. , Hendryx Michael , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Johnson Karen C. , Dinh Paul C. , Going Scott B. , Chlebowski Rowan , Stefanick Marcia L. , Margolis Karen L. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Objective:
Weight gain frequently occurs after smoking cessation. The objective of this study was to examine whether weight gain after smoking cessation was attenuated by physical activity (PA) in postmenopausal women.

Methods:
A total of 4,717 baseline smokers from the Women's Health Initiative were followed for 3 years. One thousand two hundred eighty-two women quit smoking, and 3,435 continued smoking. Weight was measured at baseline and at the year 3 visit. PA was assessed at both times by self-report, summarized as metabolic equivalent task-hours per week. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between PA and postcessation weight gain, adjusting for potential confounding factors.

Results:
Compared with continuing smokers, quitters gained an average of 3.5 kg (SD = 5.6) between the baseline and year 3 visit. Quitters with decreased PA had the highest amount of weight gain (3.88 kg, 95% CI: 3.22-4.54); quitters with increased PA (≥15 metabolic equivalent task-hours /week) had the lowest weight gain (2.55 kg, 95% CI: 1.59-3.52). Increased PA had a stronger beneficial association for postcessation weight gain for women with obesity compared to normal weight women. Quitters who had low PA at baseline and high PA at year 3 and were also enrolled in a dietary modification intervention had nonsignificant weight gain (1.88 kg, 95% CI: −0.21-3.96) compared with continuing smokers.

Conclusions:
Our data demonstrate that even a modest increase in PA (equivalent to current recommendations) can attenuate weight gain after quitting smoking among postmenopausal women, especially in combination with improved diet.
Physical Therapy Student Choices When Engaging With Traditional or Technological Teaching Resources
Authors: van Kessel Gisela , Gill Robyn , Milanese Steve 
Published: July 2018

Introduction.
Student engagement with both face-to-face and online sessions is becoming increasingly important as a metric of teaching success. Understanding engagement needs to move beyond positioning the student as a generic learner and explore the variations in person and context that will enable a transformative approach to blended learning arrangements. This article investigates physical therapy students' perceptions regarding resources they choose to engage with to support their learning.

Methods.
One hundred and fifteen (59% female); average age 21.7 years; 7.8% international students in the Bachelor of Physiotherapy and Master of Physiotherapy programs at the University of South Australia. A questionnaire with open-ended questions was administered in class and provided data on students' preferences and perceptions regarding resources that support their learning. Students' attendance, online resource usage, and grade point average were collected and used to explore themes emerging from the data.

Results.
Students with higher grades described their own behaviors that assisted their learning while students with lower grades focused on external barriers that limited their learning. Participants chose to attend class because this enabled them to ask questions, access explanations and demonstrations, increase concentration, pick up nonverbal communication, and access teacher support. Participants chose to use online activities because this supported them to work at their own pace, or at an optimal time, or concentrate more.

Discussion.
Participants reported making choices based on perceptions that a particular behavior would contribute to the immediate process of learning or assessment outcomes, rather than long-term goals such as being able to provide the best patient care. Classroom delivery is successful for students who attribute social interaction as a key aspect to their effective learning while online delivery formats meet the needs of students who engage better in private contexts.

Conclusion.
Engagement success may increase if face-to-face sessions have flexible access, while online activities include opportunities for interaction and support.
Current treatment paradigm and landscape for the management of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults: Focus on plecanatide
Authors: Martinez de Andino Nicole 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTBackground and purpose:Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) is a prevalent disorder affecting productivity, quality of life, and health care resource utilization. Nurse practitioners (NPs) play a critical function in managing patients presenting with CIC, with roles including evaluation, diagnosis, treatment decisions, and patient education. For adults with inadequate response or tolerability issues using over-the-counter treatments, three prescription agents (plecanatide, linaclotide, and lubiprostone) are available in the United States to treat CIC, of which plecanatide was mostly recently approved. This review provides NPs with a current overview and summary of plecanatide in the current treatment landscape for CIC.Methods:PubMed was searched for the literature regarding clinical practice guidelines and published trial data for lubiprostone, linaclotide, and plecanatide in CIC.Conclusions:Efficacy and safety comparisons between prescription agents are limited beacause of the differences in trial duration and primary end points (all different). Generally, plecanatide and linaclotide demonstrated similar efficacy, with plecanatide demonstrating lower rates of adverse events.Implications for practice:The success of CIC treatment can be affected by patient adherence to the regimen, which is dependent on the efficacy and tolerability of treatment. Plecanatide is a promising option for patients whose CIC symptoms are not adequately controlled using their current treatment approach.
Classic and Hypertrophic Vulvar Lichen Planus
Authors: Day Tania , Weigner Julie , Scurry James 
Published: July 2018

Objectives
Three types of lichen planus (LP) occur on the vulva: erosive, classic, and hypertrophic. The latter 2 occur on keratinized skin and little is known about their clinicopathologic appearance.

Materials and Methods
Vulvar biopsies of keratinized skin reported as LP or “lichenoid” between 2011 and 2017 were reviewed. Inclusion required age of older than 18 years, a lichenoid tissue reaction, and insufficient abnormal dermal collagen to diagnose lichen sclerosus. Clinical and histopathologic data were collected and cases were categorized as hypertrophic, classic, or nonspecific lichenoid dermatosis. Descriptive statistics were performed and groups were compared with the Fisher exact test.

Results
Sixty-three cases met criteria for inclusion. Twenty-nine (46%) cases were categorized as hypertrophic LP, 21 (33%) as classic LP, and 13 (21%) as nonspecific lichenoid dermatosis. There were no significant differences in age, primary symptom, biopsy location, or duration of disease between the 3 groups. When compared with classic and nonspecific disease, hypertrophic LP was less likely to have comorbid dermatoses and more likely to be red, diffuse, have scale crust, and contain plasma cells in the infiltrate. Nonspecific disease had similar clinical features to classic LP but was less likely than the other 2 categories to have a dense lymphocytic infiltrate and exocytosis.

Conclusions
Vulvar LP on keratinized skin has a diversity of appearances and presents a clinicopathologic challenge. Further research is required to understand the natural history of hypertrophic LP and the underlying diagnosis of nonspecific lichenoid cases.
Disease activity, steroid use and extraintestinal manifestation are associated with increased disability in patients with inflammatory bowel disease using the inflammatory bowel disease disability index: a cross-sectional multicentre cohort study
Authors: Lo Bobby , Julsgaard Mette , Vester-Andersen Marianne Kajbæk , Vind Ida , Burisch Johan 
Published: July 2018

Background
The inflammatory bowel disease disability index (IBD-DI) was developed recently. The aim was to translate the IBD-DI into Danish and validate it for future clinical studies and practice, and to assess the level of disability among IBD patients.

Patients and methods
The IBD-DI was translated using a transcultural adaptation method. Between January and December 2017, patients from three outpatient clinics in three different regions in Denmark were given the final version of the IBD-DI for self-completion. Validation was carried out according to guidelines. Disability level was assessed among the entire cohort and in various subgroups.

Results
A total of 200 patients were included in the study, including 112 Crohn’s disease (CD) and 88 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. The response rate was 90%. The IBD-DI showed excellent reliability and validity. CD patients showed worse disability levels than UC patients [mean (SD): CD: 37.3 (20.2) vs. UC: 21.7 (16.4); P=0.04]. In both CD and UC, significantly increased disability levels were found between patients with active disease, use of steroid and extraintestinal manifestation (P<0.05).

Conclusion
A valid and reliable version of the IBD-DI is now available in Danish for future studies. Several clinical factors are shown to affect the levels of disability among patients with CD and UC. The disability levels are significantly increased in patients with active disease, treated with systemic steroids, and extraintestinal manifestations are present in both CD and UC. Further testing of the Danish IBD-DI is needed to assess its responsiveness and interpretability.