bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential synergies of drop‐in biofuel production with further co‐processing at oil refineries
Authors: van Dyk Susan , Su Jianping , Mcmillan James D. , Saddler Jack (John) 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDrop‐in biofuels have been defined as functionally equivalent to petroleum‐based transportation fuels and are fully compatible with the existing petroleum infrastructure. They will be essential in sectors such as aviation if we are to achieve emission reduction and climate mitigation goals. Currently, ‘conventional’ drop‐in biofuels, which are primarily based on upgrading of lipids / oleochemicals, are the only significant source of commercial volumes of drop‐in biofuels. However, the necessary increased, future volumes will likely come from ‘advanced’ drop‐in biofuels based on biomass feedstocks such as forest and agriculture residues. Biocrudes / bio‐oils produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks using thermochemical technologies such as gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction need to be further upgraded to drop‐in biofuels. However, advanced drop‐in biofuels have been slow to reach commercial maturity due to significant technical challenges, high capital costs, and the challenge of generally lower oil prices. It is likely that the co‐processing of drop‐in biofuels with conventional petroleum refining could considerably reduce capital costs. Initially, co‐processing is likely to be established through the upgrading of conventional / oleochemical feedstocks (lipids). Lipids are readily available in large volumes (global production in 2017 was ~185 million metric tonnes) and can be more easily integrated into oil‐refinery processes. In contrast, lignocellulose‐derived biocrudes / bio‐oils are not yet available in significant volumes and are more complex to co‐process in a refinery. The likely strategies for co‐processing of oleochemicals (lipids) and bio‐oil and biocrude feedstocks based on different insertion points within the refinery infrastructure are discussed. © 2019 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The gap between medical and monetary choices under risk persists in decisions for others
Authors: Popovic Nathalie F. , Pachur Thorsten , Gaissmaier Wolfgang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDecisions under risk in the medical domain have been found to systematically diverge from decisions in the monetary domain. When making choices between monetary options, people commonly rely on a decision strategy that trades off outcomes with their probabilities; when making choices between medical options, people tend to neglect probability information. In two experimental studies, we tested to what extent differences between medical and monetary decisions also emerge when the decision outcomes affect another person. Using a risky choice paradigm for medical and monetary decisions, we compared hypothetical decisions that participants made for themselves to decisions for a socially distant other (Study 1) and to recommendations as financial advisor or doctor (Study 2). In addition, we examined people's information search in a condition in which information about payoff distributions had to be learned from experiential sampling. Formal modeling and analyses of search behavior revealed a similarly pronounced gap between medical and monetary decisions in decisions for others as in decisions for oneself. Our results suggest that when making medical decisions, people try to avoid the worst outcome while neglecting its probability—even when the outcomes affect others rather than themselves.
The decomposition of triphenylimidazole‐para‐acetate follows specific base catalysis and can be conveniently followed by fluorescence
Authors: Reis Roberta Albino , Boaro Andreia , Orfão Ronaldo Barros , Melo Diêgo Ulysses , Bartoloni Fernando Heering 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe kinetics of the decomposition reaction of 4‐(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl acetate (1) in basic alcoholic media was investigated, using a simple fluorescence (FL) spectrophotometric procedure. The process was conveniently studied using FL, since the triphenylimidazole‐derived ester 1 and its reaction products (the corresponding phenol 2 and phenolate 2−) are all highly fluorescent (ΦFL > 37%). By carefully selecting excitation and emission wavelengths, observed rate constants k1 in the order of 10−3 to 10−2 s−1 were obtained from either reactant consumption (λex = 300 nm, λem = 400 nm) or product formation (λex = 350 nm, λem = 475 nm); these were shown to be kinetically equivalent. Intensity‐decay time profiles also gave a residual FL intensity parameter, shown to be associated to the distribution of produced species 2 and 2−, according to the basicity of the medium. Studying the reaction in both methanol (MeOH) and isopropanol (iPrOH), upon addition of HO−, provided evidence that the solvent's conjugate base is the active nucleophilic species. When different bases were used (tBuO−, HO−, DBU and TEA), bimolecular rate constants kbim ranging from 4.5 to 6.5 L mol−1 s−1 were obtained, which proved to be non‐dependent on the base pKaH, suggesting specific base catalysis for the decomposition of 1 in alcoholic media.
Multicomponent quantitative analysis combined with antioxidant and alpha‐glucosidase inhibitory activities for the quality evaluation of Gastrodia elata from different regions
Authors: Gao Xiaoxiao , Miao Jing , Guo Xinhua , Song Yan , Lv Tingting , Huang Luqi , Gao Wenyuan , Li Xia 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGastrodia elata (G. elata), as a natural plant with nourishing and edible value, plays a vital role in food and pharmaceutical production. In the present study, a novel approach for the simultaneous determination of six components based on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array detection (PDA) was developed for the quality evaluation of G. elata from different regions. Meanwhile, antioxidant and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities were estimated and compared. The results indicated that the total contents of the six compounds in G. elata from Guizhou and Zhejiang provinces obtained by boiling were higher than those obtained by steaming in Anhui and Yunnan provinces. In addition, samples from Guizhou, Yunnan and Shanxi provinces contained more p‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol, and always possessed higher antioxidant activity, while samples collected from Anhui province showed the highest α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity with the highest gastrodin content. The results revealed that the quality of G. elata was affected by different regions and different initial processing technologies, which provided a reference for the selection and application of G. elata.
CIT in small municipalities: Officer‐level outcomes
Authors: Strassle Carla G. 
Published: February 2019

Research on the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) as a method to deal with mental illness in policing encounters has primarily focused on officers from large urban areas. The current study examined officer‐level outcomes in a non‐urban geographical setting using a pre/post‐CIT training design. The sample included 46 police officers from seven departments that would be considered rural and 13 that would be classified as suburban. Officers completed scales to gauge change in mental illness attitudes at the beginning and end of their one‐week CIT training. CIT training resulted in reductions in stigmatic attitudes with seven large effect sizes (ranging from η2 = .24 to .59) across the two measures. The findings from this research are a direct response to the call for greater diversity in the size of police settings in the CIT literature and serve to expand the empirical base for CIT in relation to officer‐level outcomes.
Short informative title: Towards a new tendency in embedded systems in mechatronics for the engineering curricula
Authors: Martínez‐Prado Miguel A. , Rodríguez‐Reséndiz Juvenal , Gómez‐Loenzo Roberto A. , Camarillo‐Gómez Karla A. , Herrera‐Ruiz Gilberto 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a robot motion controller for an undergraduate laboratory study program. It is designed to help the students learn and to assess specific learning outcomes proposed by ABET by solving a real‐life problem. The main objective of this project is to enable the engineering students to learn some core concepts about embedded systems and motion controllers for robotics by applying them in practice. Also, the proposal shows how to introduce the students to a new tendency in the embedded system market, namely, an All Programmable System on a Chip (SoC). This methodology incorporates interdisciplinary knowledge, technical and professional skills required for pursuing a successful career. In the present study, we surveyed the observations and interests of students towards the learning process, and the results indicate that the inclusion of the robot prototype has a significant impact on providing students with new learning outcomes.
Untersuchung der Phasendistribution in gepackten Kolonnen und Validierung eines Zellenmodells
Authors: van Holt Felix , Grünewald Marcus 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag werden experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Flüssigkeitsverteilung in gepackten Kolonnen und die Validierung des von van Holt et al. eingeführten Zellenmodells vorgestellt. Im Anschluss wird das neuartige Zellenmodell an die experimentellen Daten angepasst und in den Kolonnenabmessungen extrapoliert. Ein Vergleich zwischen Modellberechnung und Literaturdaten ermöglicht schließlich die Bewertung des Modellansatzes. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Spurenstoffaufgabe im Wandbereich als geeignete Datengrundlage zur Modellanpassung aufgezeigt.
Wärmeinduzierte Vorbehandlung lignocellulosehaltiger Biomassen – Prozesse, Verfahren und deren Einordnung
Authors: Scherzinger Marvin , Kulbeik Tim , Grumbrecht Ronja , Christ Daniel , Kaltschmitt Martin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIm Folgenden werden verschiedene Verfahren einer wärmeinduzierten Vorbehandlung lignocellulosehaltiger Biomassen zur Erzeugung von Festbrennstoffen beschrieben. Dabei wird auch auf die in der Biomasse auf molekularer Ebene ablaufenden Veränderungen eingegangen. Die beschriebenen Verfahren (Torrefizierung, hydrothermale Carbonisierung, vapothermale Carbonisierung und Autoklavierung) laufen bis zu einem Temperaturniveau von 300 °C ab. Abschließend erfolgt eine Einordnung dieser Verfahren zur Einschätzung der spezifischen Vor‐ und Nachteile.
Comparison of Myocardial Oxygen Consumption Indices in Man
Authors: BALLER D. , SCHENK H. , STRAUER B. E. , HELLIGE G. 
Published: February 2019

Hemodynamic indices of myocardial oxygen consumption (MV02) were examined in 13 patients with coronary heart disease. The specific aim of this study was to investigate whether clinical results agree with experimental findings in animals. During hemodynamic and respiratory steady‐state conditions at rest, the MV02 (7.6–14.2 ml/min/100 g) was measured directly by myocardial blood flow (argon method) and arterio‐coronary venous oxygen content difference. MV02 was compared with five indirect indices of MV02.A complex additive parameter consisting of five components of MV02 had the highest correlation with MV02 (r = 0.97), as was also demonstrated in a recent experimental study at maximum changes in hemodynamics and MV02. More easily measurable predictors of MV02 such as tension‐time index (r = 0.923), product of mean systolic aortic pressure and square root of heart rate (r = 0.928), pressure‐rate product (r = 0.915), and triple product (r = 0.941) were less closely correlated with MV02.The lower correlations of the readily obtainable indices of MV02 are probably related to their failure to incorporate factors such as contractility and ventricular dimensions, which are known to exert an important influence on MV02. The excellent correlation of the hemodynamic additive parametcr with MV02 supports the theoretical concept and the implications of the experimental study. The accurate prediction of MV02 is based on adequate measurement of MV02 for the velocity of tension development and maintenance of tension during systolic ejection period, both of which are integrated in the additive index.
On Deriving the Electrocardiogram from Vectorcardiographic Leads
Authors: DOWER G. E. , MACHADO H. B. , OSBORNE J. A. 
Published: February 2019

The issue of whether a traditional or scientifically based system for applying electrodes to the body for routine electrocardiography may be resolved by deriving the 12‐lead ECG from the Frank XYZ signals. The result, the ECGD, is sufficiently close to the ECG for serial comparisons to be. valid. Reducing data acquisition to the XYZ signals alone has several technical advantages. These have been realized with the introduction of a computer system employing the ECGD at a large general hospital.Plotting the lead vectors of the ECG Don Aitofrs projection of the sphere brings out important relationships between the leads, one to another, and to the spatial directions of the QRS and T vectors. Reversing the polarity of aVR enhances the sequential relationship between the limb leads; this is taken advantage of in an educational display generated by the computer.
Radiation therapy treatment facility and overall survival in the adjuvant setting for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lee Nicholas C. J. , Kelly Jacqueline R. , An Yi , Park Henry S. , Judson Benjamin L. , Burtness Barbara A. , Husain Zain A. 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundTreatment at high‐volume surgical facilities (HVSFs) provides a survival benefit for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs); however, it is unknown what role postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) plays in achieving the improved outcomes.MethodsFrom the National Cancer Database, 6844 patients with locally advanced invasive HNSCCs of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx who underwent definitive surgery with PORT between 2004 and 2013 were identified. HVSFs were those in the top percentile for annual case volume during this period.ResultsThe median follow‐up was 54 months. Compared with a lower volume surgical facility (LVSF), an HVSF improved 5‐year overall survival (OS; 57.7% at HVSFs vs 52.5% at LVSFs; P = .0003). Overall, 31.6% of the patients changed their radiation therapy (RT) facility after surgery, with this being more common at HVSFs (39.1% vs 28.9% at LVSFs; P < .001). Among those patients undergoing surgery at an HVSF, remaining at the same facility for RT improved 5‐year OS (63.1% vs 49.3% with a facility change; P < .0001). A propensity score–matched cohort of patients treated at HVSFs confirmed the improved 5‐year OS when patients remained at the treating HVSF for RT (59.2% vs 50.7% with a facility change; P = .005). In a multivariate analysis, treatment at an HVSF and remaining there for RT resulted in a reduced hazard of death (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.69‐0.94; P = .006).ConclusionsThe survival benefit associated with HVSFs persists only when patients remain at the facility for RT, and this suggests that facility specialization and/or high‐volume PORT may assist in driving the OS improvement.
RhoB is regulated by hypoxia and modulates metastasis in breast cancer
Authors: Ju Julia A. , Godet Inês , DiGiacomo Josh W. , Gilkes Daniele M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundRhoB is a Rho family GTPase that is highly homologous to RhoA and RhoC. RhoA and RhoC have been shown to promote tumor progression in many cancer types; however, a distinct role for RhoB in cancer has not been delineated. Additionally, several well‐characterized studies have shown that small GTPases such as RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 are induced in vitro under hypoxia, but whether and how hypoxia regulates RhoB in breast cancer remains elusive.AimsTo determine whether and how hypoxia regulates RhoB expression and to understand the role of RhoB in breast cancer metastasis.MethodsWe investigated the effects of hypoxia on the expression and activation of RhoB using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. We also examined the significance of both decreased and increased RhoB expression in breast cancer using CRISPR depletion of RhoB or a vector overexpressing RhoB in 3D in vitro migration models and in an in vivo mouse model.ResultsWe found that hypoxia significantly upregulated RhoB mRNA and protein expression resulting in increased levels of activated RhoB. Both loss of RhoB and gain of RhoB expression led to reduced migration in a 3D collagen matrix and invasion within a multicellular 3D spheroid. We showed that neither the reduction nor overexpression of RhoB affected tumor growth in vivo. While the loss of RhoB had no effect on metastasis, RhoB overexpression led to decreased metastasis to the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes of mice.ConclusionOur results suggest that RhoB may have an important role in suppressing breast cancer metastasis.
Effects of Food and Antacids on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lesinurad, a Selective Urate Reabsorption Inhibitor
Authors: Shen Zancong , Lee Caroline A. , Valdez Shakti , Yang Xiaojuan , Wilson David M. , Flanagan Talia , Gillen Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTwo clinical studies were performed in healthy volunteers to investigate food and antacid effects on lesinurad, a novel selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor approved for treatment of hyperuricemia associated with gout in combination with xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Study 1 evaluated a high‐fat, high‐calorie meal or high doses of antacids (3000 mg calcium carbonate or 1600 mg magnesium hydroxide/1600 mg aluminum hydroxide) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of 400 mg oral lesinurad. Study 2 evaluated low doses of antacids (1250 mg calcium carbonate or 800 mg magnesium hydroxide/800 mg aluminum hydroxide) on the PK and PD of 400 mg lesinurad. Food did not alter the plasma AUC of lesinurad and only reduced its Cmax by 18%. In the fasted conditions, high‐dose calcium carbonate reduced the Cmax and AUC of lesinurad by 54% and 38%, respectively, whereas high‐dose magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide reduced Cmax and AUC by 36% and 31%, respectively. Food enhanced the maximum serum urate (sUA)‐lowering effect of lesinurad by approximately 20% despite reducing the Cmax of lesinurad. High‐dose calcium carbonate decreased the urate‐lowering effect approximately 20% in the first 6 hours, whereas high‐dose magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide reduced the effect by 26%. Low‐dose calcium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide in the presence of food did not significantly affect plasma lesinurad Cmax and AUC or the sUA lowering and renal handling of uric acid. In summary, study results suggest food did not meaningfully alter lesinurad PK and PD. High doses of antacids reduced lesinurad AUC up to 40% and reduced the lesinurad uric acid‐lowering effect.
Packet‐based feedback control of electrical drive and its application to trajectory tracking of manipulator
Authors: Mochiyama Shiu , Hikihara Takashi 
Published: February 2019

SummaryIn systems disconnected from the external grid, such as mobile robots and vehicles, the effective use of renewables and energy harvesting techniques helps a longer operation with less weight and space for batteries. Power packet dispatching system is a promising measure to manage the complex power flow created by such distributed power sources of various profiles. In the system, power is transferred as a pulse, and information tag is attached to the pulse power in voltage waveforms. The physical integration of power and information realizes a smooth inclusion of sources and loads of different profiles and their decentralized operation. This paper discusses the application of the system to load control. We propose a decentralized packet‐based feedback control scheme. The successful operation of the proposed scheme is confirmed by an application to an electrical drive. In addition, the application to trajectory control of 2‐degree‐of‐freedom manipulator reveals the possibility of a peak‐power reduction based on a demand response operation of the proposed scheme. The results contribute to a realization of decentralized flow control of power packets based on the convenience of both the sources and the loads.
Simulating demography, genetics, and spatially explicit processes to inform reintroduction of a threatened char
Authors: Mims Meryl C. , Day Casey C. , Burkhart Jacob J. , Fuller Matthew R. , Hinkle Jameson , Bearlin Andrew , Dunham Jason B. , DeHaan Patrick W. , Holden Zachary A. , Landguth Erin E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe success of species reintroductions can depend on a combination of environmental, demographic, and genetic factors. Although the importance of these factors in the success of reintroductions is well‐accepted, they are typically evaluated independently, which can miss important interactions. For species that persist in metapopulations, movement through and interaction with the landscape is predicted to be a vital component of persistence. Simulation‐based approaches are a promising technique for evaluating the independent and combined effects of these factors on the outcome of various reintroduction and associated management actions. We report results from a simulation study of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) reintroduction to three watersheds of the Pend Oreille River system in northeastern Washington State, USA. We used an individual‐based, spatially explicit simulation model to evaluate how reintroduction strategies, life history variation, and riverscape structure (e.g., network topology) interact to influence the demographic and genetic characteristics of reintroduced bull trout populations in three watersheds. Simulation scenarios included a range of initial genetic stocks (informed by empirical bull trout genetic data), variation in migratory tendency and life history, and two landscape connectivity alternatives representing a connected network (isolation‐by‐distance) and a fragmented network (isolation‐by‐barrier, using the known existing barriers). A novel feature of these simulations was the ability to consider the interaction of both demographic and genetic (i.e., demogenetic) factors in riverscapes with implicit asymmetric movement probabilities across the barriers. We found that connectivity (presence or absence of barriers) had the largest effect on demographic and genetic outcomes over 200 yr, with a greater effect than both initial genetic diversity and life history variation. We also identified regions of the study system in which bull trout populations persisted across a wide range of demographic, life history, and environmental connectivity parameters. Finally, we found no evidence that initial neutral genetic diversity influenced genetic diversity and structure after 200 yr; instead, genetic drift due to stray rate and population isolation dominated and erased any initial differences in genetic diversity. Our results highlight the utility of spatially explicit demogenetic approaches in exploring and understanding population dynamics—and their implications for management strategies—in fresh waters.
Development of grid‐interconnection inverter with an islanding detection function by synchronized injection of harmonic active signal
Authors: Nunomura Naoto , Yoshida Yoshiaki , Suzuki Hirokazu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe propose the islanding detection method using harmonic current as active signal. The active signal can be injected in the suppressed direction of the harmonic voltage during grid interconnection. On the other hand, the active signal is injected in the synchronized direction of the harmonic voltage due to the loads during islanding operation. As the result, the harmonic voltage is increased and the islanding operation is detected within 0.2 seconds. We have developed the single phase inverter for grid‐interconnection of low voltage with these functions and performed the experimental verification.