bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Hermann Paul’s Linguistic Ideas after the First Publication of Principien der Sprachgeschichte (1880)
Authors: Chen Beijia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHermann Paul (1846–1921) and his seminal workPrincipien der Sprachgeschichte(1st edn 1880; 5th edn 1920) have played a significant part in the history of linguistic ideas. Historiographical studies on Paul and his work are mainly conducted in the light of the second edition ofPrincipien(1886) by revealing the divergent and convergent viewpoints between Paul and other prominent scholars. In order to expand the current knowledge of Paul’s role in the discourse of his time, this paper will trace the influence of Paul’s linguistic ideas shortly after the first edition ofPrincipienby analyzing the citations of his works in the publications of contemporary scholars (the so-called ‘citation network’). Furthermore, evidence from scholarly correspondence, which exerted great influence on the development of linguistic ideas at an informal level, will shed light on Paul’s role from a different perspective. Within these two aspects, namely the citation network and the scholarly correspondence, we will reassess the influence of Paul’s linguistic ideas, especially in connection with the first edition ofPrincipien.
A contribution to the systematics of the genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Brazil
Authors: KURINA OLAVI , HIPPA HEIKKI , AMORIM DALTON DE SOUZA 
Published: September 2018

A total of 286 male specimens of Manota from 38 different collecting sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest were analysed. They belong to 32 different species, including 20 described as new to science and 12 recognized as previously described species. The new species are M. abbreviata sp. n., M. atlantica sp. n., M. carioca sp. n., M. cavata sp. n., M. hirta sp. n., M. lamasi sp. n., M. lanei sp. n., M. nordestina sp. n., M. oliveirai sp. n., M. paniculata sp. n., M. papaveroi sp. n., M. periotoi sp. n., M. perparva sp. n., M. pseudoiota sp. n., M. rostrata sp. n., M. sanctavirginae sp. n., M. securiculata sp.n., M. silvai sp. n., M. tavaresi sp. n. and M. unispinata sp. n. The taxonomic context of the newly described species is discussed. Manota palpalis Lane, 1948, the type of which is considered lost, is redescribed and discussed, based on the original description, the original illustrations, and the type-locality. Our specimens of the previously described species belong to M. aligera Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017, M. anfracta Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. appendiculata Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. caribica Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005, M. diversiseta Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005, M. micula Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. panda Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. pustulosa Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017, M. quantula Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. serrulata Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017 and M. subaristata Kurina, Hippa & Amorim, 2017. Among the species dealt with here, ten have a wide distribution in South America or the Neotropics, six are known from only a single site, nine are widespread along the Atlantic Forest, and seven are known only from southern Brazil/northwestern Argentina. A discrepancy between the distribution patterns of Manota species and the general areas of endemism known for flies in the Atlantic Forest is discussed, and a non-destructive sequencing reverse workflow protocol for Manota specimens proposed. Including the species described here, the Neotropical region closely approaches the Oriental region in terms of the number of described species (92 and 102, respectively), while the genus now includes 300 species worldwide.
Foam Extrusion of PS Blown with a Mixture of HFC-134a and Isopropanol
Authors: Gendron Richard , Vachon Caroline , Champagne Michel F. , Delaviz Yadi 
Published: September 2018

Use of mixtures of blowing agents in foam extrusion has gained interest in the past few years. Reasons for blending physical foaming agents (PFA) are numerous. The incentives may be economical, environmental or technical. With respect to that latter factor, blending suitable PFAs is often regarded as providing a better control of processing conditions. For example, a specific PFA could be selected for its inflation performance and blended with other co-blowing agents chosen for their stabilizing role. Although considerable amount of work has been done in that area, very little information has been disclosed in open literature. 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) has been reported as an interesting candidate for polystyrene (PS) foaming, although low densities cannot be easily obtained and stable processing conditions are difficult to achieve. This work studies the effect of blending HFC-134a with isopropanol as a co-blowing agent for PS. Off-line solubility data, on-line rheology measurements and extrusion foaming performance of this mixture will be discussed. The function of each blowing agent during the process will be analyzed with respect to the plasticization, nucleation, expansion and stabilization phases. Attention will also be paid to interaction involving the two PFA components.
Evaluation of HFC-245fa as an Alternative Blowing Agent for Extruded Low-Density Polyethylene
Authors: Vachon Caroline 
Published: September 2018

HFC-245fa was investigated as a blowing agent in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Ultrasonic monitoring showed that this blowing agent has degassing pressures systematically lower in LDPE than those reported in polystyrene, in agreement with solubility measurements performed on other polymer-gas systems. Based on these results, HFC-245fa would have solubility properties similar to HCFC-22 both in polyolefins and in polystyrene.Foams were produced in extrusion using gas concentrations ranging from 3 to 7.7 wt.%. Extrusion profiles show that foam growth in LDPE is very slow and that adding a nucleating agent is required to trigger the expansion process. Using an optimal concentration of gas and talc, it was possible to produce foam samples below 100 kg/m3.
Finite Element Models for the Viscoelasticity of Open-Cell Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Mills N.J. 
Published: September 2018

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to model viscoelastic effects in the compression of polyurethane (PU) foam. Modelling of the impact compression of foam cubes predicted that a compressed region propagated through the sample, causing step increases in the stress traces. Modelling of head impacts on gymnastic ‘crash’ mats, made of PU chip foam, revealed that the majority, but not all, of the energy losses could be attributed to the polymer viscoelasticity. The Gibson-Ashby micromechanics model was used to show that the hysteresis in a viscoelastic foam could be higher than in the parent polymer. A wet Kelvin foam, with a better foam geometry, was then used for viscoelastic analysis. The lattice of uniform-sized cells, in a Body Centred Cubic array, were compressed in the [111] direction. With the PU treated as a linear viscoelastic material, the predicted hysteresis in the cyclic stress-strain curve was slightly smaller than that measured for a PU flexible foam.
Low Density Sub-Critical CO2-Blown Solid-State PLA Foams
Authors: Wang Xiaoxi , Kumar Vipin , Li Wei 
Published: September 2018

This paper presents a characterization of the PLA-CO2 system for solid-state foaming process with a particular goal of producing low density foams. The diffusivity of CO2 in PLA increases with increasing saturation pressures. The results show that low relatively density (lower than 10%) can be achieved in a wide processing window. The cell size can vary from tens of microns to several hundreds of microns depending on the solid-state foaming process parameters. There are significant differences in relative density and cell size for 2 and 3 MPa saturation cases, which are likely due to the much higher crystallinity at 3 MPa (26.4%) compared to 2 MPa (9.7%). Foams with cell size of around 300 μm and relative density of 3% were produced at 2 MPa saturation. It was observed that the higher the gas pressure, the higher the rate of gas-induced crystallization. Further, the gas-induced crystallization as well as the gas concentration in PLA during sorption reach their respective maximum values at approximately the same time for all gas pressures explored. For specimens saturated at 2 MPa, there is a substantial jump in crystallinity (from 5.2% to 23.4%) after foaming.
Analysis of the Mechanical Response of Rigid Thermoplastic Foams
Authors: Michaeli Walter , Sastre Laura Flórez , Cramer Axel 
Published: September 2018

Rigid thermoplastic foams, also known as structural foams, have been produced since decades to enhance specific properties, reduce material consumption and avoid shrinkage of thermoplastic injection molded parts. A good understanding of their behaviour is needed to properly design and predict their performance for a given set of functional requirements. While the variation of mechanical properties in dependence of the density reduction has been the traditional approach to characterise the mechanical performance of this type of materials, little attention has been paid to the variation of properties depending on the foam morphology. As the second part of a research where the effects of the injection molding parameters on the foam morphology are analyzed, mechanical tests were conducted to study the variation of the properties along an injection molded plate. The correlations between the foam morphology and the tensile and flexural modulus of elasticity are studied.
Properties of Polyurethane Foams Modified with Natural Oil-Based Polyols
Authors: Prociak Aleksander 
Published: September 2018

Polyols based on natural oils (NOPs) can be used in formulations of various polyurethane materials including foams with the cell structure and properties required for their typical applications. Vegetable oils such as rapeseed, soybean, sunflower and linseed oils may be applied as raw materials but first, they need to be transformed. The transformations of the double bonds of triglycerides to hydroxyls make such products capable for reaction with isocyanates. Taking into account that European countries have a vast potential regarding cultivation of oil plants, the investigations may result in a significant source of modern, sustainable, and more ecological polymers. In the presented work, the properties of various polyurethane foams modified with NOPs were investigated. The cellular materials with apparent densities ca. 27–43 kg/m3 were moulded. The influence of the type and amount of oil-based polyol on cell structure, mechanical and heat insulating properties of the foams is discussed.
Microcellular Polycarbonate with Improved Notched Impact Strength Produced by Injection Moulding with Physical Blowing Agent
Authors: Bledzki A.K. , Rohleder M. , Kirschling H. , Chate A. 
Published: September 2018

Polycarbonate has the reputation of having a tough breaking behaviour, but it is often unknown that this applies only to special conditions. The impact strength of polycarbonate depends on the temperature, the thickness (with a tough brittle transition at thickness increases), contribution of notch tip radius, impact speed, physical blowing agent, molecular weight of the polymer and the processing parameters. Research results indicated that microcellular foams produced by injection moulding with physical blowing agent (MuCell™ Technology by Trexel) shows significant higher notched impact strength than compact polycarbonate, if the compact material is brittle under the same test parameters. However, if the compact polycarbonate breaks toughly, the notched impact strength of the foamed material is always lower. Therefore, it is highly important to pay attention to the test parameters and conditions when comparing the toughness of the foamed with the compact material. The toughness of microcellular foams shows similar properties to PC/ABS and PC/PP blend systems, which provides the possibility to combine the higher impact strength with the advantages of microcellular foaming like weight reduction, lower shrinkage, shorter cycle times, lower clamp forces and reduced melt viscosity. In order to use technologies and conditions which are applied in the polymer industry, all materials were produced by an injection moulding process. Special processing technologies like gas counter pressure and precision mould opening were used in order to reach microcellular foam structures with cell diameters around 10 μm. These technologies yield exactly adjustable foam morphologies. Special morphologies are required to improve the notched impact strength of the foamed material. Two different equivalent models were extracted from the analyses, which indicate significant higher notched impact strength than the compact material under the same test conditions. The knowledge of the ideal foam morphologies enables the industry to produce foamed materials with improved mechanical properties.
Mechanical Behaviour at Low Strains of LDPE Foams with Cell Sizes in the Microcellular Range: Advantages of Using These Materials in Structural Elements
Authors: Rodriguez-Perez M.A. , Lobos J. , Perez-Muñoz C.A. , de Saja J.A. , Gonzalez L. , del Carpio B.M.A. 
Published: September 2018

This paper presents the production method and the compressive mechanical response at low strains for a collection of polyethylene foams with high densities and cell sizes in the microcellular range. The materials were produced using an improved compression moulding technique that allows and independent control of density and cell size.The materials had a relative density between 0.27 and 0.92, an homogeneous and multi-structured cellular structure with dense skin and foamed core and cell sizes in the range 30 to 100 microns. The Young's modulus decreased with density. For relative densities higher than 0.7, the reduced Young's modulus of the foams was higher than that of the solid. In addition, it has been proved that variations in the cell size at constant density did not influence the Young's modulus. The advantages of using these materials for the production of plastic pipes have been analysed. In comparison with a solid pipe a reduction of the weight of foamed pipes loaded in compression of up to 40% can be reached.
Matting of Silicone Sealants
Authors: Meyer J. , Scholz M. 
Published: September 2018

At present, the options for the matting of silicone sealants, which may be required for technical or fashionable reasons, are very unsatisfactory and associated with detrimental impacts on the rheological and/or technical properties of the sealants. This paper describes the use of a new type of matting agent for silicone sealants. In addition to the matting effects, it discusses the impacts on the rheological, mechanical and optical properties of matted silicone sealants of this type. Additional information is provided in the form of photographs and measurements of the surface roughness of matted sealants.
Silicone Rubbers in Medical Applications – Friction Reduction with LSR Top Coat
Authors: Ledig B. 
Published: September 2018

Silicone rubbers (also known as polydimethyl siloxanes) which are used in medical and pharmaceutical applications have to fulfil a multitude of requirements. They must be biocompatible, i.e. comply with USP Class VI and ISO 10993 standards, and they need to be chemically resistant to a variety of cleaning fluids (CIP fluids) and resistant to various sterilisation techniques. The Silopren 4020-4080 series of liquid silicones (LSR) from Momentive Performance Materials fulfils these requirements. They are prepared in a special filling process and delivered in batches with an EP 1.3.2 certificate. For some applications it is advantageous to reduce the coefficient of friction. This can be achieved with LSR Top Coat TP3719, which is also biocompatible and can be applied to all silicone products, i.e. room-temperature vulcanising (RTV), high consistency (HCR) and liquid silicone (LSR) products. It significantly reduces the friction of these products.
Processing Behaviour of High-cis Polybutadiene in Rubber Compounds
Authors: Kloppenburg H. , Hardy D. , Lucassen A. , Groß T. , Kroll J. , Lissy A. 
Published: September 2018

Compounding and extrusion are critical steps in the production of rubber compounds of a reliable quality within a given timeframe and hence at a reasonable cost. The materials used - including the rubber types -are varied in order to obtain improvements in product performance. One of the most important of the synthetic rubbers is neodymium polybutadiene (NdBR) which, because of its exceptional microstructure and macrostructure, offers outstanding properties. Through the use of high-cis NdBR, marked improvements have been obtained in end products in terms of dynamic performance and good fatigue and wear characteristics. At the same time, however, the processing behaviour of this type of rubber requires adjustments to be made at the compounding and extrusion stage. This can lead to problems in the handling of the milled sheet and profiles, resulting for example in severe surface roughness or die swell. In extreme cases the benefits of NdBR can be masked altogether if no adjustments are made to the processing stages. This paper presents countermeasures to improve the processability of NdBR by adapting the compounding and extrusion conditions to its specific requirements. The ratio of viscosity and elasticity is specific to each type of rubber and therefore requires individual adjustment of the processing conditions. We show that under appropriately adjusted conditions, even using NdBR grades with the highest molecular weights (e.g. Buna CB22), short compounding times and smooth milled sheets and extrusion profiles with a glossy surface can be obtained. Under these conditions neodymium polybutadiene rubbers provide a basis for an ideal combination of excellent material properties and improved processing behaviour. The positive characteristics of NdBR are retained when it is used in blended rubbers such as an SSBR/BR blend. The rules regarding the optimisation of process conditions for pure NdBR systems apply here too.
Trends in the Development of the Polyethylene Terephthalate Market Worldwide and in Russia
Authors: Genis A.V. 
Published: September 2018

In this review, features of the polyester (PETP) market are studied, the structure of PETP consumption worldwide is given, and the distribution of food-packaging PETP and polymer fibre production between the main regions of the world is reported. The preferential development of polyester bottle production in countries of Europe and North America is substantiated, and also the leading place taken by Asia in the production of polyester fibres and threads. A list is given of the main companies and the capacities of existing units producing polyester fibres and threads and food packaging in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The prospects for the development of the recycled PETP market are analysed, and the expediency of expanding its production is shown. The main areas of application are given. Features of the market for PETP and PETP-based products in countries of the CIS and in Russia are investigated. The geography of Russian imports and exports of PETP is given, and also a list of newly commissioned enterprises.
Cefotetan-Induced Hemolytic Anemia: Case Series and Review
Authors: Lim Kathlyn , Tran Hai , Hirai-Yang Angela , Vakil Niyati , Marks Gregory , Klapper Ellen 
Published: September 2018

Purpose: To raise awareness of cefotetan-induced hemolytic anemia, a known rare but serious side effect that occurred in 5 patients at our medical center. Summary: Five cases of cefotetan-induced hemolytic anemia, which presented over the period of a single year at our center, are described. In each case, hemolytic anemia was confirmed by testing for the presence of anti-cefotetan antibodies. Each case occurred approximately 1 to 2 weeks following exposure to the drug. All five patients survived. A brief review of drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is also discussed. Conclusion: DIIHA may be difficult to distinguish from other causes of hemolytic anemia, but should be included in the differential in patients exposed to medications associated with DIIHA. Once suspected, antibody testing should be performed, and once diagnosed, further exposure should be avoided.
Heat Stability and Degradation of Thermally Stable Prepolymers in a Controlled Atmosphere
Authors: Richer S. , Alamercery S. , Paisse O. , Raffin G. , Sanglar C. , Waton H. , Grenier-Loustalot M.F. 
Published: September 2018

The heat stability and thermal degradation of two acetylene-chromene terminated polymers, called polyA (polymer of 6,6′-isopropyl dichroman) and polyF (polymer of 6,6′-hexafluoroisopropyl dichroman) were investigated in controlled conditions. The environmental impact of their degradation was studied in order to predict their remediation and fate after use. Degradation of the polymers was followed by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Both polymers degraded starting at 350°C, according to a single mechanism for polyA and two distinct mechanisms for polyF. In addition, the isothermal TGA study of thermal ageing for 24 hours showed that both compounds were very stable at 250°C (losses of mass less than 3%) and that polyF was more stable than polyA when heated between 350 and 550°C. Degradation residues were analyzed by infrared-Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR). Volatile organic compounds (VOC) released by pyrolysis were analyzed by pyrolysis/thermal desorption cold trap/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. These methods enabled us to determine degradation mechanisms in the same temperature interval. The data showed that the major part of the degradation occurred in the cyclic ether, with breaks at cross-linking nodes and C–O bonds. Since the skeletons of the cross-linking nodes of both compounds were identical, the higher stability can be attributed to the presence of fluorine in its central hexafluorinated pivot, providing greater heat stability than the isopropyl pivot in polyA.
Effect of Kenaf Fibres on the Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
Authors: El-Sabbagh S.H. , El-Hariri D.M. , El-Ghaffar M.A. Abd 
Published: September 2018

The mechanical properties and swelling behaviour of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates loaded with kenaf fibres were studied using (hydrated silica, resorcinol and hexamethylene tetramine) as the adhesion system and compared with those of NR vulcanizates loaded with synthetic polyester short fibres (viscose). The effect of fibre content on the afore mentioned mechanical properties of NR vulcanizates was also studied before and after ageing. The kenaf fibres showed a higher reinforcing effect than that of synthetic polyester fibres and improved the rheological properties. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the surface texture of unreinforced and reinforced vulcanizates.