bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leveraging existing program data for routine efficiency measurement in Zambia
Authors: Homan Rick , Bratt John , Marchand Gregory , Kansembe Henry 
Published: November 2018

Rationale: As donor contributions for HIV/AIDS stagnate globally, national governments must seek ways to improve use of existing resources through interventions to drive efficiency at the facility level. But program managers lack routine information on unit expenditures at points of care, and higher-level planners are unable to assess resource use in the health system. Thus, managers cannot measure current levels of technical efficiency, and are unable to evaluate effectiveness of interventions to increase technical efficiency. Phased Implementation of REMS: FHI 360 developed the Routine Efficiency Monitoring System (REMS)-a relational database leveraging existing budget, expenditure and output data to produce quarterly site-level estimates of unit expenditure per service. Along with the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and implementation partner Avencion, we configured REMS to measure technical efficiency of Ministry of Health resources used to deliver HIV/AIDS services in 326 facilities in 17 high-priority districts in Copperbelt and Central Provinces. REMS allocation algorithms were developed through facility assessments, and key informant interviews with MoH staff. Existing IFMIS and DHIS-2 data streams provide recurring flows of expenditure and output data needed to estimate service-specific unit expenditures. Trained users access REMS output through user-friendly dashboards delivered through a web-based application. REMS as a Solution: District health managers use REMS to identify “outlier” facilities to test performance improvement interventions. Provincial and national planners are using REMS to seek savings and ensure that resources are directed to geographic and programmatic areas with highest need. REMS can support reimbursement for social health insurance and provide time-series data on facility-level costs for modeling. Conclusions and Next Steps: REMS gives managers and planners substantially-improved data on how programs transform resources into services. The GRZ is seeking funding to expand REMS nationally, covering all major disease areas. Improved technical efficiency supports the goal of a sustainable HIV/AIDS response.
НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ В БРИТАНСКОМ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ
Authors: Kaufova Inessa Betalovna , Kaufova Lola Aslanovna 
Published: November 2018

Цель. Авторы ставят целью выделить и проанализировать свойственные британскому политическому лидеру Терезе Мэй лексические средства реализации национальной идентичности, с помощью которых политиком решаются коммуникативные задачи.Метод и методология исследования. Основными методами исследования данной работы являются сопоставительный, лингвистический и описательный.Результаты. С лингвистической точки зрения британская национальная идентичность выражается скорее через лексику, подчеркивающую политические и этические ценностно-ориентированные качества, которые считаются традиционными для данной страны, чем через характерные национальные признаки.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в области политической лингвистики, культурологи и риторики.
Differences between Men and Women in Mortality and the Health Dimensions of the Morbidity Process
Authors: Crimmins Eileen M , Shim Hyunju , Zhang Yuan S , Kim Jung Ki 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Do men have worse health than women? This question is addressed by examining sex differences in mortality and the health dimensions of the morbidity process that characterize health change with age. We also discuss health differences across historical time and between countries.

CONTENT
Results from national-level surveys and data systems are used to identify male/female differences in mortality rates, prevalence of diseases, physical functioning, and indicators of physiological status. Male/female differences in health outcomes depend on epidemiological and social circumstances and behaviors, and many are not consistent across historical time and between countries. In all countries, male life expectancy is now lower than female life expectancy, but this was not true in the past. In most countries, women have more problems performing instrumental activities of daily living, and men do better in measured performance of functioning. Men tend to have more cardiovascular diseases; women, more inflammatory-related diseases. Sex differences in major cardiovascular risk factors vary between countries—men tend to have more hypertension; women, more raised lipids. Indicators of physiological dysregulation indicate greater inflammatory activity for women and generally higher cardiovascular risk for men, although women have higher or similar cardiovascular risk in some markers depending on the historical time and country.

SUMMARY
In some aspects of health, men do worse; in others, women do worse. The lack of consistency across historical times and between countries in sex differences in health points to the complexity and the substantial challenges in extrapolating future trends in sex differences.
Rabindranath Tagore: The Deep-Rooted Environmentalist and The Origins of Sustainability
Authors: Bruce Charles 
Published: November 2018

The opening years of the twentieth century witnessed rising public disquiet about evident environmental degradation and the ever more obvious loss of important habitats. In the United States, following the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, Congress passed an act in 1906 to establish a protected inventory of national parks and forests. A year later the UK Parliament passed an act to establish the National Trust. Following the well trailed campaigns of self-anointed environmentalists such as John Muir and Octavia Hill, the protection of vulnerable landscapes appeared for the first time on the public policy agenda.
Against this background of rising awareness of the unfettered consequences of economic growth, a similar concern can be detected for the plight of rural communities in the Indian state of Bengal, largely as a result of the personal involvement – in both word and deed – of Rabindranath Tagore. It can be argued further that Tagore’s innate empiricism as a result of this growing awareness, anticipated the discourse that would lead eventually to the World Conservation Strategy published by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in 1980. It was followed by the Brundtland Report (1987) Our Common Future.
Newly Identified Electrically Coupled Neurons Support Development of theDrosophilaGiant Fiber Model Circuit
Authors: Kennedy Tyler , Broadie Kendal 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTheDrosophilagiant fiber (GF) escape circuit is an extensively studied model for neuron connectivity and function. Researchers have long taken advantage of the simple linear neuronal pathway, which begins at peripheral sensory modalities, travels through the central GF interneuron (GFI) to motor neurons, and terminates on wing/leg muscles. This circuit is more complex than it seems, however, as there exists a complex web of coupled neurons connected to the GFI that widely innervates the thoracic ganglion. Here, we define four new neuron clusters dye coupled to the central GFI, which we name GF coupled (GFC) 1–4. We identify new transgenic Gal4 drivers that express specifically in these neurons, and map both neuronal architecture and synaptic polarity. GFC1–4 share a central site of GFI connectivity, the inframedial bridge, where the neurons each form electrical synapses. Targeted apoptotic ablation of GFC1 reveals a key role for the proper development of the GF circuit, including the maintenance of GFI connectivity with upstream and downstream synaptic partners. GFC1 ablation frequently results in the loss of one GFI, which is always compensated for by contralateral innervation from a branch of the persisting GFI axon. Overall, this work reveals extensively coupled interconnectivity within the GF circuit, and the requirement of coupled neurons for circuit development. Identification of this large population of electrically coupled neurons in this classic model, and the ability to genetically manipulate these electrically synapsed neurons, expands the GF system capabilities for the nuanced, sophisticated circuit dissection necessary for deeper investigations into brain formation.
Ipsilateral-Dominant Control of Limb Movements in Rodent Posterior Parietal Cortex
Authors: Soma Shogo , Yoshida Junichi , Kato Shigeki , Takahashi Yukari , Nonomura Satoshi , Sugimura Yae K. , Ríos Alain , Kawabata Masanori , Kobayashi Kazuto , Kato Fusao , Sakai Yutaka , Isomura Yoshikazu 
Published: November 2018

It is well known that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and frontal motor cortices in primates preferentially control voluntary movements of contralateral limbs. The PPC of rats has been defined based on patterns of thalamic and cortical connectivity. The anatomical characteristics of this area suggest that it may be homologous to the PPC of primates. However, its functional roles in voluntary forelimb movements have not been well understood, particularly in the lateralization of motor limb representation; that is, the limb-specific activity representations for right and left forelimb movements. We examined functional spike activity of the PPC and two motor cortices, the primary motor cortex (M1) and the secondary motor cortex (M2), when head-fixed male rats performed right or left unilateral movements. Unlike primates, PPC neurons in rodents were found to preferentially represent ipsilateral forelimb movements, in contrast to the contralateral preference of M1 and M2 neurons. Consistent with these observations, optogenetic activation of PPC and motor cortices, respectively, evoked ipsilaterally and contralaterally biased forelimb movements. Finally, we examined the effects of optogenetic manipulation on task performance. PPC or M1 inhibition by optogenetic GABA release shifted the behavioral limb preference contralaterally or ipsilaterally, respectively. In addition, weak optogenetic PPC activation, which was insufficient to evoke motor responses by itself, shifted the preference ipsilaterally; although similar M1 activation showed no effects on task performance. These paradoxical observations suggest that the PPC plays evolutionarily different roles in forelimb control between primates and rodents.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn rodents, the primary and secondary motor cortices (M1 and M2, respectively) are involved in voluntary movements with contralateral preference. However, it remains unclear whether and how the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) participates in controlling multiple limb movements. We recorded functional activity from these areas using a behavioral task to monitor movements of the right and left forelimbs separately. PPC neurons preferentially represented ipsilateral forelimb movements and optogenetic PPC activation evoked ipsilaterally biased forelimb movements. Optogenetic PPC inhibition via GABA release shifted the behavioral limb preference contralaterally during task performance, whereas weak optogenetic PPC activation, which was insufficient to evoke motor responses by itself, shifted the preference ipsilaterally. Our findings suggest rodent PPC contributes to ipsilaterally biased motor response and/or planning.
Locus Coeruleus Phasic, But Not Tonic, Activation Initiates Global Remapping in a Familiar Environment
Authors: Grella Stephanie L. , Neil Jonathan M. , Edison Hilary T. , Strong Vanessa D. , Odintsova Irina V. , Walling Susan G. , Martin Gerard M. , Marrone Diano F. , Harley Carolyn W. 
Published: November 2018

Locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, the source of hippocampal norepinephrine (NE), are activated by novelty and changes in environmental contingencies. Based on the role of monoamines in reconfiguring invertebrate networks, and data from mammalian systems, a network reset hypothesis for the effects of LC activation has been proposed. We used the cellular compartmental analysis of temporal FISH technique based on the cellular distribution of immediate early genes to examine the effect of LC activation and inactivation, on regional hippocampal maps in male rats, when LC activity was manipulated just before placement in a second familiar (A/A) and/or novel environment (A/B). We found that bilateral phasic, but not tonic, activation of LC reset hippocampal maps in the A/A condition, whereas silencing the LC with clonidine before placement in the A/B condition blocked map reset and a familiar map emerged in the dentate gyrus, proximal and distal CA1, and CA3c. However, CA3a and CA3b encoded the novel environment. These results support a role for phasic LC responses in generating novel hippocampal sequences during memory encoding and, potentially, memory updating. The silencing experiments suggest that novel environments may not be recognized as different by dentate gyrus and CA1 without LC input. The functional distinction between phasic and tonic LC activity argues that these parameters are critical for determining network changes. These data are consistent with the hippocampus activating internal network representations to encode novel experiential episodes and suggest LC input is critical for this role.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBurst activation of the broadly projecting novelty signaling system of the locus coeruleus initiates new network representations throughout the hippocampus despite unchanged external environments. Tonic activation does not alter network representations in the same condition. This suggests differences in the temporal parameters of neuromodulator network activation are critical for neuromodulator function. Silencing this novelty signaling system prevented the appearance of new network representations in a novel environment. Instead, familiar representations were expressed in a subset of hippocampal areas, with another subset encoding the novel environment. This “being in two places at once” argues for independent functional regions within the hippocampus. These experiments strengthen the view that internal states are major determinants of the brain's construction of environmental representations.
Dissociable Disruptions in Thalamic and Hippocampal Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Youth with 22q11.2 Deletions
Authors: Schleifer Charles , Lin Amy , Kushan Leila , Ji Jie Lisa , Yang Genevieve , Bearden Carrie E. , Anticevic Alan 
Published: November 2018

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a recurrent copy number variant with high penetrance for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Study of individuals with 22q11DS therefore may offer key insights into neural mechanisms underlying such complex illnesses. Resting-state functional connectivity MRI studies in idiopathic schizophrenia have consistently revealed disruption of thalamic and hippocampal circuitry. Here, we sought to test whether this circuitry is similarly disrupted in the context of this genetic high-risk condition. To this end, resting-state functional connectivity patterns were assessed in a sample of human youth with 22q11DS (n= 42; 59.5% female) and demographically matched healthy controls (n= 39; 53.8% female). Neuroimaging data were acquired via single-band protocols and analyzed in line with methods provided by the Human Connectome Project. We computed functional relationships between individual-specific anatomically defined thalamic and hippocampal seeds and all gray matter voxels in the brain. Whole-brain Type I error protection was achieved through nonparametric permutation-based methods. The 22q11DS patients displayed dissociable disruptions in thalamic and hippocampal functional connectivity relative to control subjects. Thalamocortical coupling was increased in somatomotor regions and reduced across associative networks. The opposite effect was observed for the hippocampus in regards to somatomotor and associative network connectivity. The thalamic and hippocampal dysconnectivity observed in 22q11DS suggests that high genetic risk for psychiatric illness is linked with disruptions in large-scale corticosubcortical networks underlying higher-order cognitive functions. These effects highlight the translational importance of large-effect copy number variants for informing mechanisms underlying neural disruptions observed in idiopathic developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTInvestigation of neuroimaging biomarkers in highly penetrant genetic syndromes represents a more biologically tractable approach to identify neural circuit disruptions underlying developmental neuropsychiatric conditions. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome confers particularly high risk for psychotic disorders and is thus an important translational model in which to investigate systems-level mechanisms implicated in idiopathic illness. Here, we show resting-state fMRI evidence of large-scale sensory and executive network disruptions in youth with 22q11DS. In particular, this study provides the first evidence that these networks are disrupted in a dissociable fashion with regard to the functional connectivity of the thalamus and hippocampus, suggesting circuit-level dysfunction.
Clinical Practice Guideline: Maintenance Intravenous Fluids in Children
Authors: Feld Leonard G. , Neuspiel Daniel R. , Foster Byron A. , Leu Michael G. , Garber Matthew D. , Austin Kelly , Basu Rajit K. , Conway Edward E. , Fehr James J. , Hawkins Clare , Kaplan Ron L. , Rowe Echo V. , Waseem Muhammad , Moritz Michael L. ,   SUBCOMMITTEE ON FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY
Published: November 2018

Maintenance intravenous fluids (IVFs) are used to provide critical supportive care for children who are acutely ill. IVFs are required if sufficient fluids cannot be provided by using enteral administration for reasons such as gastrointestinal illness, respiratory compromise, neurologic impairment, a perioperative state, or being moribund from an acute or chronic illness. Despite the common use of maintenance IVFs, there is high variability in fluid prescribing practices and a lack of guidelines for fluid composition administration and electrolyte monitoring. The administration of hypotonic IVFs has been the standard in pediatrics. Concerns have been raised that this approach results in a high incidence of hyponatremia and that isotonic IVFs could prevent the development of hyponatremia. Our goal in this guideline is to provide an evidence-based approach for choosing the tonicity of maintenance IVFs in most patients from 28 days to 18 years of age who require maintenance IVFs. This guideline applies to children in surgical (postoperative) and medical acute-care settings, including critical care and the general inpatient ward. Patients with neurosurgical disorders, congenital or acquired cardiac disease, hepatic disease, cancer, renal dysfunction, diabetes insipidus, voluminous watery diarrhea, or severe burns; neonates who are younger than 28 days old or in the NICU; and adolescents older than 18 years old are excluded. We specifically address the tonicity of maintenance IVFs in children.The Key Action Statement of the subcommittee is as follows:1A: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that patients 28 days to 18 years of age requiring maintenance IVFs should receive isotonic solutions with appropriate potassium chloride and dextrose because they significantly decrease the risk of developing hyponatremia (evidence quality: A; recommendation strength: strong)
Стан лісових ділянок Житомирського ОУЛМГ, пошкоджених внаслідок видобутку бурштину
Authors: Kovalevskii Sergii , Marchuk Yuri , Maevsky Konstantin , Kurdyuk Olexander , Kovalevskyi Sergii 
Published: November 2018

Оцінено стан лісових ділянок Житомирського ОУЛМГ, які зазнали пошкоджень внаслідок незаконного видобутку бурштину. За результатами аналізу встановлено найпоширеніші типи лісорослинних умов і типи лісу, які зазнали пошкоджень. З’ясовано, що внаслідок незаконного видобутку пошкоджено та знищено низку територій, що мають статус заказників місцевого та загальнодержавного значення. Наведено узагальнені дані про географію сучасного розміщення покладів бурштину на території Українського Полісся. Зазначено передумови виникнення проблеми незаконного видобутку бурштину. Наведено перелік територій, де активність самовільних старателів є найбільшою. Визначено основні екологічні, економічні та соціальні наслідки незаконного видобутку бурштину, описано специфіку ушкоджень. Встановлено, що питання рекультивації та, зокрема дендрорекультивації лісових земель, порушених унаслідок несанкціонованого видобутку бурштину на території Українського Полісся, є новим і не має аналогів у світі. Перші наукові публікації з цього питання почали з’являтися лише три роки тому, їхніми основними напрямами є супутниковий моніторинг порушених територій та оцінювання екологічних наслідків і економічних збитків, завданих несанкціонованим видобутком бурштину. Необхідними передумовами для ефективних заходів з рекультивації порушених територій є: об’єктивна оцінка масштабів та наслідків порушень; здійснення аналізу основних типів порушень ґрунту та лісових ценозів; встановлення особливостей та стимулювання природного відновлення рослинності на деградованих територіях; дослідження впливу абіотичних екологічних чинників на процеси поновлення рослинного покриву.
Influence of nanosilica on mechanical and durability properties of concrete
Authors: Kumar Suman , Kumar Arun , Kujur Jitu 
Published: November 2018

The results of an experimental study on the effect of the partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with nanosilica (NS) on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete are presented. Concrete mixes were made with varying NS contents at a constant water/binder ratio of 0·40. The test results demonstrated that the inclusion of 3% NS as a partial replacement of cement enhanced the mechanical properties and reduced the water penetration depth and water absorption of the concrete, resulting in overall improved performance. Compared with normal concrete, the water penetration depth and water absorption of the NS concrete was reduced by 42·85% and 36·84%, respectively. The carbonation depth was also reduced as a result of cement replacement with NS, leading to enhanced concrete durability. These enhancements in the mechanical and durability properties were mainly due to the high fineness and increased pozzolanic activity of the added NS.
The validity of canadian cervical spine rules and the NEXUS low risk criteria in trauma patients
Authors: KAYA Bora 
Published: November 2018

Background: The
first decision rule developed to identify clinically significant injuries in
blunt cervical trauma patients is National Emergency X-Radiography Utilisation Study (NEXUS). In the NEXUS study, the negative predictive value (NPV) has
been determined as 99.8%. Sensitivity of Canadian
Cervical
Spine Rules (CCR) was reported as
99.4%, specificity as 45.1% and NPV was reported as 100%. The
objective of this study is to determine the
reliability and utility of NEXUS and CCR for Turkish patient population that
has a risk of cervical injury. Methods:
This prospective observational study
included 225 patients, all stable,
conscious patients over 16 years of age who had acute
trauma and were brought to the hospital with ambulances or using their own
means and who had been injured by a mechanism that may cause cervical trauma, and without exclusion criteria. The patients included in
the study were then evaluated for NEXUS and CCR validity.Results:
When CCR was evaluated as a
whole, it was determined that all pathological cases were identified using
these rules. In terms of identifying the presence of pathological imaging
finding the sensitivity of CCR was 100% (95% CI %
56-100) and specificity was 3.2% (95% CI 1.4-6.7%). NEXUS's sensitivity was
calculated as 93% (95% CI 83-97) and specificity as 1.3%(95% CI 0.2-5.1).

Conclusion: CCR
and the NEXUS were determined to be useful in the emergency department for the exclusion of cervical pathologies. CCR were more reliable and useful when compared with the
NEXUS.