bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public, private or both? Analyzing factors influencing the labour supply of medical specialists
Authors: Cheng Terence C. , Kalb Guyonne , Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates the factors influencing the allocation of time between public and private sectors by medical specialists. A discrete choice structural labour supply model is estimated, where specialists choose from a set of job packages that are characterized by the number of working hours in the public and private sectors. The results show that medical specialists respond to changes in earnings by reallocating working hours to the sector with relatively increased earnings, while leaving total working hours unchanged. The magnitudes of the own‐sector and cross‐sector hours elasticities fall in the range of 0.16–0.51. The labour supply response varies by gender, doctor’s age and medical specialty. Family circumstances such as the presence of young dependent children reduce the hours worked by female specialists but not male specialists.RésuméPublic, privé ou les deux? Analyse des facteurs influençant l’offre de travail des médecins spécialistes. Ce mémoire étudie les facteurs influençant l’allocation du temps des médecins spécialistes entre le secteur privé et le secteur public. Un modèle structurel de choix discret d’offre de travail est calibré ans lequel les spécialistes choisissent entre des arrangements caractérisés par le nombre d’heures de travail dans le secteur public et le secteur privé. Les résultats montrent que les spécialistes répondent aux changements dans la nature des gains en réaménageant leurs heures de travail vers le secteur qui offre des gains relativement plus élevés, tout en gardant leurs heures totales de travail inchangées. Les magnitudes des élasticités de l’offre des heures à l’intérieur d’un secteur et entre secteurs se situent dans un intervalle entre 0.16‐0.51. La réponse de l’offre de travail varie selon le genre, l’âge et la spécialité. Le cadre familial, comme la présence de jeunes enfants à charge, tend à réduire les heures travaillées par les femmes mais pas pour les hommes.
Tumor‐infiltrating neutrophils predict prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapeutic benefit in patients with biliary cancer
Authors: Wang Jie , Bo Xiaobo , Suo Tao , Liu Han , Ni Xiaoling , Shen Sheng , Li Min , Xu Jiejie , Liu Houbao , Wang Yueqi 
Published: May 2018

Tumor‐infiltrating neutrophils (TIN) carry out quite significant but opposite functions in different cancers, and their function in biliary cancer has not been fully characterized. To investigate the prognostic significance of TIN in biliary cancer, a training set (n = 118) and a validation set (n = 127) were involved in this study. TIN were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of CD66b, and then defined as low (neutrophils <18/high‐power field [HPF]) vs high (neutrophils ≥18/HPF). Kaplan‐Meier curve, Cox proportional hazards models and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to assess the prognostic significance. TIN was identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in the training set (HR: 4.720; 95% CI: 2.623‐8.493; P < .001) which was confirmed in the validation set (HR: 4.993; 95% CI: 2.626‐9.492; P < .001). Notably, among patients with stage III and IV disease, those with low TIN could benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, with a reduced risk of compromised survival compared with those with high TIN (HR: 0.294; 95% CI: 0.099‐0.873; P = .047 in the training set; and HR: 0.100; 95% CI: 0.022‐0.462; P = .006 in the validation set). In addition, TIN were negatively related to biological pathways as regulation of activated T‐cell proliferation and lymphocyte‐mediated immunity, and showed a negative correlation with CD8 + T cells (r = −.324, P < .001). Taken together, our results implicate TIN as an independent marker of prognosis and indicator of patients who would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in biliary cancer.
Facilitation‐ vs. competition‐driven succession: the key role of resource‐ratio
Authors: Koffel Thomas , Boudsocq Simon , Loeuille Nicolas , Daufresne Tanguy 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSymbiotic nitrogen (N)‐fixing plants are abundant during primary succession, as typical bedrocks lack available N. In turn, fixed N accumulates in soils through biomass turnover and recycling, favouring more nitrophilous organisms. Yet, it is unclear how this facilitation mechanism interacts with competition for other limiting nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and how this affects succession. Here, we introduce a resource‐explicit, community assembly model of N‐fixing species and analyze successional trajectories along resource availability gradients using contemporary niche theory. We show that facilitation‐driven succession occurs under low N and high enough P availabilities, and is characterised by autogenic ecosystem development and relatively ordered trajectories. We show that late facilitation‐driven succession is sensitive to catastrophic shifts, highlighting the need to invoke other mechanisms to explain ecosystem stability near the climax. Put together with competition‐driven succession, these results lead to an enriched version of Tilman's resource‐ratio theory of succession.
Ecological and evolutionary drivers of the elevational gradient of diversity
Authors: Laiolo Paola , Pato Joaquina , Obeso José Ramón 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEcological, evolutionary, spatial and neutral theories make distinct predictions and provide distinct explanations for the mechanisms that control the relationship between diversity and the environment. Here, we test predictions of the elevational diversity gradient focusing on Iberian bumblebees, grasshoppers and birds. Processes mediated by local abundance and regional diversity concur in explaining local diversity patterns along elevation. Effects expressed through variation in abundance were similar among taxa and point to the overriding role of a physical factor, temperature. This determines how energy is distributed among individuals and ultimately how the resulting pattern of abundance affects species incidence. Effects expressed through variation in regional species pools depended instead on taxon‐specific evolutionary history, and lead to diverging responses under similar environmental pressures. Local filters and regional variation also explain functional diversity gradients, in line with results from species richness that indicate an (local) ecological and (regional) historical unfolding of diversity–elevation relationships.
Power, policy ideas and paternalism in non‐communicable disease prevention
Authors: Bartlett Oliver 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNon‐communicable disease prevention is shaped in large part by the ability of political actors to manipulate policy ideas. Actors that acquire sufficient policy‐making power – usually through building social legitimacy – can work to ensure that certain ideas become influential in the policy‐making process, thus making it more likely that their own interests are reflected in policy outcomes. This paper will argue that private actors, specifically multinational corporations, have been effective in achieving this to the extent that non‐communicable disease policy has become dominated by ideas that are likely to lead to ineffective outcomes, thus reflecting private interests. It is therefore argued that efforts are needed to shift the balance of policy‐making power back towards public interests. This would, it is argued, lead to an increase in regulation that could be accused of being paternalist – an eventually that can however be justified both ethically and legally.
Basal level of autophagy and MAP1LC3B‐II as potential biomarkers for DHA‐induced cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Samdal Helle , Sandmoe Malin A. , Olsen Lene C. , Jarallah Elaf A. H. , Høiem Therese S. , Schønberg Svanhild A. , Pettersen Caroline H. H. 
Published: May 2018

The omega‐3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known as an anticancer agent. Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells exhibit different sensitivity toward DHA, but the mechanisms involved are still unclear. Gene expression profiling of 10 CRC cell lines demonstrated a correlation between the level of DHA sensitivity and different biological stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and autophagy. The basal level of autophagy and MAP1LC3B‐II protein correlated with DHA sensitivity in the cell lines studied. DHA induced oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy in DHA‐sensitive DLD‐1 cells, while the less sensitive LS411N cells were affected to a much lesser extent. Co‐treatment with DHA and the autophagy inducer rapamycin reduced DHA sensitivity in DLD‐1 and HCT‐8 cells, while co‐treatment with DHA and the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine and 3‐methyladenine increased the DHA sensitivity in LS411N and LS513 cells. Differentially expressed genes correlating with DHA sensitivity and the level of autophagy demonstrated an overlap in biological pathways involved. Results indicate the basal level of autophagy and MAP1LC3B‐II protein as potential biomarkers for DHA sensitivity in CRC cells.DatabasesProtocol and data for gene expression experiments have been submitted to ArrayExpress with accession number E‐MTAB‐5750.
Predicting shifting sustainability trade‐offs in marine finfish aquaculture under climate change
Authors: Sarà Gianluca , Gouhier Tarik C. , Brigolin Daniele , Porporato Erika M. D. , Mangano Maria Cristina , Mirto Simone , Mazzola Antonio , Pastres Roberto 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDefining sustainability goals is a crucial but difficult task because it often involves the quantification of multiple interrelated and sometimes conflicting components. This complexity may be exacerbated by climate change, which will increase environmental vulnerability in aquaculture and potentially compromise the ability to meet the needs of a growing human population. Here, we developed an approach to inform sustainable aquaculture by quantifying spatio‐temporal shifts in critical trade‐offs between environmental costs and benefits using the time to reach the commercial size as a possible proxy of economic implications of aquaculture under climate change. Our results indicate that optimizing aquaculture practices by minimizing impact (this study considers as impact a benthic carbon deposition ≥ 1 g C m−2 day−1) will become increasingly difficult under climate change. Moreover, an increasing temperature will produce a poleward shift in sustainability trade‐offs. These findings suggest that future sustainable management strategies and plans will need to account for the effects of climate change across scales. Overall, our results highlight the importance of integrating environmental factors in order to sustainably manage critical natural resources under shifting climatic conditions.
Thermal Monitoring of Natural Source Zone Depletion
Authors: Karimi Askarani Kayvan , Stockwell Emily B. , Piontek Keith R. , Sale Tom C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNatural depletion of subsurface petroleum liquids releases energy in the form of heat. The rate of natural source zone depletion (NSZD) can be derived from subsurface temperature data. An energy balance is performed to resolve NSZD‐generated energy in terms of W/m2. Biodegradation rates are resolved by dividing the NSZD energy by the heat of reaction in joules/mol. Required temperature data are collected using data loggers, wireless connections, and automated data storage and analysis. Continuous thermal resolution of monthly NSZD rates at a field site indicates that apparent monthly NSZD rates vary through time, ranging from 10,000 to 77,000 L/ha/year. Temporal variations in observed apparent NSZD rates are attributed to processes governing the conversion of CH4 to CO2, as opposed to the actual rates of NSZD. Given a year or more of continuous NSZD rate data, it is anticipated that positive and negative biases in apparent NSZD rates will average out, and averaged apparent NSZD rates will converge to true NSZD rates. An 8.4% difference between average apparent NSZD rates over a 31‐month period using the thermal monitoring method and seven rounds of CO2 efflux measurements using CO2 traps supports the validity of both CO2 trap and thermal monitoring methods. A promising aspect of thermal monitoring methods is that continuous data provide a rigorous approach to resolving the true mean NSZD rates as compared to temporally sparse CO2 trap NSZD rate measurements. Overall, a vision is advanced of real‐time sensor‐based groundwater monitoring that can provide better data at lower costs and with greater safety, security, and sustainability.
Haemochromatosis: a clinical update for the practising physician
Authors: Radford‐Smith Daniel E. , Powell Elizabeth E. , Powell Lawrie W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHaemochromatosis is most commonly due to the autosomal recessive inheritance of a C282Y substitution in the HFE protein, whereby both alleles of the corresponding gene are affected. The disease is characterised by an inappropriate increase in intestinal iron absorption due to reduced expression of the iron regulatory protein, hepcidin. Progressive iron deposition in parenchymal tissues may ultimately lead to liver and other organ toxicity. The characteristic biochemical abnormalities are raised serum ferritin and transferrin saturation, which can be used in conjunction with genetic tests and emerging magnetic resonance imaging‐based techniques to diagnose patients with the disorder. Progressive iron overload can manifest clinically as advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Enigmatically, the penetrance of both raised iron indices and clinically significant disease is incomplete in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Regardless, advanced clinical presentations of the disease have become less common due to increased awareness and earlier diagnosis. On the other hand, obesity and alcohol have been identified as major risk factors that can compound the risk of liver injury in people with hereditary (HFE) haemochromatosis. The prospect of modifying genes that may contribute to the clinical expression of the disease is the subject of ongoing research. Treatment with phlebotomy remains the first‐line therapy, and if instigated early leads to a normal life expectancy. A healthy, well‐balanced diet is recommended to be incorporated as part of the ongoing management of the disease.
Differential T‐cell receptor signals for T helper cell programming
Authors: Morel Penelope A. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryUpon encounter with their cognate antigen, naive CD4 T cells become activated and are induced to differentiate into several possible T helper (Th) cell subsets. This differentiation depends on a number of factors including antigen‐presenting cells, cytokines and co‐stimulatory molecules. The strength of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) signal, related to the affinity of TCR for antigen and antigen dose, has emerged as a dominant factor in determining Th cell fate. Recent studies have revealed that TCR signals of high or low strength do not simply induce quantitatively different signals in the T cells, but rather qualitatively distinct pathways can be induced based on TCR signal strength. This review examines the recent literature in this area and highlights important new developments in our understanding of Th cell differentiation and TCR signal strength.
Some features of thermophysical properties of γ‐Gd2S3ceramics based on real structure
Authors: Bakovets Vladimir V. , Sotnikov Aleksandr V. , Agazhanov Alibek Sh. , Stankus Sergei V. , Korotaev Evgeniy V. , Pishchur Denis P. , Shkatulov Aleksandr I. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe heat capacityCp,thermal diffusivity χT, and lattice thermal conductivity κlattof ceramic solid solutions of sesquisulfides Gd3‐xVGd,xS4(0 <x< 0.33) in the temperature range 300‐700 K has been studied. Changing the real structure, namely the concentrations of vacancies (NV) and deformation (NDc) centers of polycrystals, significantly decreases κlatt. A deviation of composition from the stoichiometry 2:3 is accompanied by an increase in the specific area of the crystallite boundaries per unit volume, and, hence, the concentration of deformation centersDCincreases. This observation was confirmed by examining the short‐range order disturbance of the lattice and symmetry environment of the Gd3+and S2−environment by Raman spectroscopy and the magnetic susceptibility Faraday method. Therefore the thermal diffusivity of gadolinium sesquisulfide is reduced because of the mean free path of phonons decrease. As a result, the thermal conductivity of the polycrystalline samples is reduced by 10%.
Paramagnetic, NIR‐luminescent Nd3+‐ and Gd3+‐doped fluorapatite as contrast agent for multimodal biomedical imaging
Authors: Tesch Annemarie , Röder Robert , Zapf Maximilian , Ronning Carsten , Warncke Paul , Fischer Dagmar , Herrmann Karl‐Heinz , Reichenbach Jürgen R. , Müller Frank A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCombining near infrared (NIR) luminescence and magnetic resonance (MR) contrasts in a crystal host is highly desirable for contrast agents in biomedical imaging technology, as it will enable multimodal imaging processes. In the present work, biocompatible luminescent and paramagnetic fluorapatite (FAp) nanoparticles were prepared via doping with neodymium (Nd3+) and gadolinium (Gd3+), respectively. While Nd3+‐doped FAp (Nd:FAp) exhibits dopant concentration‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) in the NIR spectral region, Gd3+‐doped FAp (Gd:FAp) shows paramagnetic behavior and strong transverse relaxation effects resulting in MR contrastive properties. Remarkably, multimodal co‐doped FAp (Nd:Gd:FAp) nanoparticles combine both properties in 1 single crystal enabling luminescence as well as MR contrast.
Investigation of grain boundary diffusion and grain growth of lithium zinc ferrites with low activation energy
Authors: Xu Fang , Zhang Huaiwu , Xie Fei , Liao Yulong , Li Yuanxun , Li Jie , Jin Lichuan , Yang Yan , Gan Gongwen , Wang Gang , Zhao Qiang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractActivation energy and diffusion kinetics are important factors for grain growth and densification. Here, Bi2O3 was introduced into Li0.43Zn0.27Ti0.13Fe2.17O4 ferrite ceramics via a presintered process to lower the reaction activation energy and to achieve low temperature sintering. Interestingly, Bi3+ ions entered the lattice and substituted for Fe3+ in the B‐site (i.e., a pure LiZn spinel ferrite). Also, SEM image results show that Bi2O3‐substituted LiZn ferrite ceramics have low critical temperature for grain growth (920°C), which is very advantageous for LTCC technology. This indicates that Bi2O3 is an excellent dopant for ceramics. Furthermore, to promote normal grain growth of the ceramics at low temperatures, different volumes of V2O5 additive were added at the final sintering stage. Results indicate that an optimal volume of V2O5 additive promotes grain growth (with no abnormal grains) and enhances magnetic performances of the ceramics at low sintering temperature. Finally, adding the optimal volume of V2O5 additive resulted in a homogeneous and compact LiZnTiBi ferrite ceramic with larger grains (average size of ~8 μm), high 4πMs (~4100 gauss), and low ΔH (~190 Oe) obtained (at 900°C). Moreover, the doping method reported in this study also provides a reference for other low temperature sintered ceramics.
The 14th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP 14)
Authors: Cushion Melanie T. , Limper Andrew H. , Porollo Aleksey , Saper Vivian E. , Sinai Anthony P. , Weiss Louis M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe 14th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP‐14) was held August 10–12, 2017 in Cincinnati, OH, USA. The IWOP meetings focus on opportunistic protists (OIs); for example, free‐living amoebae, Pneumocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma, the Microsporidia, and kinetoplastid flagellates. The highlights of Pneumocystis spp. research included the reports of primary homothallism for mating; a potential requirement for sexual replication in its life cycle; a new antigen on the surface of small asci; roles for CLRs, Dectin‐1, and Mincle in host responses; and identification of MSG families and mechanisms used for surface variation. Studies of Cryptosporidia spp. included comparative genomics, a new cryopreservation method; the role of mucin in attachment and invasion, and epidemiological surveys illustrating species diversity in animals. One of the five identified proteins in the polar tube of Microsporidia, PTP4, was shown to play a role in host infection. Zebrafish were used as a low cost vertebrate animal model for an evaluation of potential anti‐toxoplasma drugs. Folk medicine compounds with anti‐toxoplasma activity were presented, and reports on the chronic toxoplasma infection provided evidence for increased tractability for the study of this difficult life cycle stage. Escape from the parasitophorus vacuole and cell cycle regulation were the topics of the study in the acute phase.
Reserve Requirements, Liquidity Risk, and Bank Lending Behavior
Authors: ALPER KORAY , BINICI MAHIR , DEMIRALP SELVA , KARA HAKAN , ÖZLÜ PINAR 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlthough reserve requirements (RR) have been used in emerging markets to smooth credit cycles, the transmission mechanism remains blurry. Using bank‐level data, we unveil the interaction of RR with bank lending. We identify a new channel that works through a decline in banks’ liquid assets and loan supply due to an increase in RR. “Quantitative tightening” through RR raises the short‐term funding needs of the banking system, which is met by collateralized central bank lending, thus depleting banks’ unencumbered liquid assets. Our results suggest that such a shift in bank liquidity is associated with a significant change in lending.
Development and Introduction of “Communication Passport” in an Adult Inpatient Psychiatric Unit for Persons With Intellectual Disabilities: A Brief Report from Singapore
Authors: Sajith Sreedharan Geetha , Teo Yafen , Ling Candice Sarah 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPersons with intellectual disabilities may present with multiple and complex needs including communication difficulties which may contribute to their challenging behaviors. Having a holistic account of each individual in terms of his or her needs, likes, and dislikes and behavioral issues may help to prevent communication breakdown between the persons with intellectual disabilities and caregivers which may in turn improve their quality of life and reduce their challenging behaviors. Communication passport is a practical and person‐centered document providing a special and efficient way of sorting and presenting important and complex information about the person into an accessible manner. We describe the development and introduction of communication passports in an acute inpatient unit for adults with intellectual disabilities at the Institute of Mental Health, a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Singapore. The study team developed a communication passport through literature review, focus group discussions and liaison with caregivers and patients with intellectual disabilities. After an initial pilot for 6 months, improvements were made in the content and presentation. It was designed in such a way that useful information about the patient's personal and communication needs as well as behavioral problems and interventions were easily passed on to the community caregivers at the point of patient's discharge from the hospital. The final format of the communication passport consisted of a 12‐page document encompassing multiple aspects including communication and behavioral profile. Our work may provide the necessary framework and directions in developing communication passports for services providers caring for people with intellectual disabilities.