bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foraging mode, relative prey size and diet breadth: A phylogenetically explicit analysis of snake feeding ecology
Authors: Glaudas Xavier , Glennon Kelsey L. , Martins Marcio , Luiselli Luca , Fearn Simon , Trembath Dane F. , Jelić Dušan , Alexander Graham J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Foraging modes (ambush vs. active foraging) are often correlated with a suite of morphological, physiological, behavioural and ecological traits known as the "adaptive syndrome" or "syndrome hypothesis." In snakes, an ecological correlate often reported in the literature is that ambush‐hunting snakes have a higher relative meal size compared to actively foraging snakes which feed on smaller prey items. This “large meal versus small meal” feeding hypothesis between ambush and active foragers has become a widely accepted paradigm of snake feeding ecology, despite the fact that no rigorous meta‐analysis has been conducted to support this generalization.

We conducted a phylogenetically explicit meta‐analysis, which included ca. 100 species, to test this paradigm of snake feeding ecology.

We gathered data on prey size by inducing regurgitation by palpation in free‐ranging snakes and by examining the stomach contents of preserved museum specimens. When we found prey, we recorded both snake and prey mass to estimate relative prey mass (prey mass/snake mass). We also reviewed published studies of snake feeding ecology to gather similar information for other species.

Ambush and active foragers did not differ in minimum or average meal size but the maximum meal sizes consumed by ambush‐foraging snakes were larger than the maximum meal sizes eaten by active foragers. This results in ambush‐foraging snakes consuming a significantly wider range of meal sizes, rather than being large meal specialists compared to active foragers. We argue that ambush foragers evolved to be more opportunistic predators because they encounter prey less frequently compared to active foragers. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that ambush foragers also exhibited marginally wider diet breadths, consuming a broader range of prey types in comparison with active foragers.

Our study challenges aspects of the foraging syndrome as it is currently conceived, and our results have important implications for our understanding of how foraging mode has shaped the behaviour and physiology of ambush‐foraging snakes.
Designing markets for biodiversity offsets: Lessons from tradable pollution permits
Authors: Needham Katherine , de Vries Frans P. , Armsworth Paul R. , Hanley Nick 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Globally, governments and regulators face an ongoing trade‐off between meeting economic development needs and conserving biodiversity. Markets for biodiversity offsets are one tool which could secure biodiversity protection at lower costs to society whilst allowing some economic development to still take place.

We provide a new perspective on biodiversity offset markets by focussing on what can be learnt from one of the best‐researched environmental markets: the market for tradable pollution permits. We argue there are four key design parameters in terms of how and what to trade. These design parameters likely determine the ecological effectiveness and economic efficiency of any market in biodiversity offsets.

Policy Implications. Applying lessons from tradable pollution permit markets will be important if the benefits of biodiversity offset markets are to be realized more fully in future. A well‐functioning market for biodiversity offsets dually minimizes the economic costs of preventing future losses in biodiversity due to development and provides an economic incentive for landowners to invest in biodiversity conservation. The most crucial aspect of the market is what to trade (the currency in the offset market), and this has significant implications on the other key aspects of market design; the trading ratio which governs the rate of exchange between offsets at different points in space and time; the scale of the market; and how the market is regulated. We argue that markets function best where the conservation priority is a well‐defined unit of biodiversity which can be readily measured and monitored. In situations where there are already strong regulations safeguarding biodiversity, the benefit of biodiversity offset markets is in reducing the aggregate costs of conservation. We believe biodiversity offset markets will offer the highest potential in developing countries with weaker environmental protection and a greater need to reconcile economic development needs with conservation under limited funding.
Urban Waterscapes: The Hydro‐Politics of Flooding in a Sinking City
Authors: Goh Kian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe threat of flooding in cities is often compounded by political and economic decisions made on watershed management, land development and water infrastructure and provisioning. It has also become a point of conflict between cities’ objectives for development and modernization, and the struggles of marginalized residents living in low‐lying coastal and riverine areas to remain in place. Flooding takes on different forms depending on one's point of view. It is a biophysical issue, involving geology, geography, meteorology and ecology. It is one of urban governance, involving planning and maintenance of infrastructure and land use. And it is sociopolitical, involving historical social and spatial marginalization and contestation. This article, based on mixed‐methods research in Jakarta, Indonesia, traces the conceptual and physical contours of urban waterscapes across these conflicting ideas and narratives. It brings into dialogue theories of urban political ecology, landscape ecology and environmental ethnography to explore the interrelationships between biophysical and sociopolitical factors behind urban flooding. In the article the focus is on the varying materialities and scales involved, including the ecological scales of the watershed, the infrastructural scales associated with flood protection, and the urban scales of planning, governance and social activism. The article concludes with a proposition for a multidimensional approach to thinking and acting on problems of urban ecological change.
Intensity of SLX predicts distance of tumor spread through alveolar spaces in stage I lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hara Kantaro , Mizuguchi Shinjiro , Okada Satoshi , Izumi Nobuhiro , Tsukioka Takuma , Komatsu Hiroaki , Ohsawa Masahiko , Inaba Mayumi , Shibata Toshihiko , Nishiyama Noritoshi 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundTumor spread through alveolar spaces (STAS) is a recently described invasive pattern associated with the prognosis and recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma. This study was performed to determine whether the presence and distance of STAS can be predicted by the immunohistochemical intensity of SLX, a well‐known cell adhesion protein.MethodsIn total, 245 patients with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma who underwent lobectomy with radical mediastinal lymph node dissection were identified from 1998 to 2012. Recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was compared between patients stratified by STAS and the immunohistochemical intensity of SLX in the main tumor. Patients were divided into three groups based on the intensity of SLX staining: high (n = 108), moderate (n = 48), and low (n = 89).ResultsSTAS was observed in 71 patients (29.0%). Patients with STAS had significantly poorer five‐year RFS (67.1%) than those without STAS (84.8%). Although no relationship was observed between the existence of STAS and SLX intensity, the distance between STAS cells and the main tumor was significantly shorter in the moderate group (median 0.9 mm, range: 0.2–1.2 mm) than in the other two groups (median 1.2 mm, range: 0.4–5.0 mm). The five‐year RFS rates in the high, moderate, and low groups were 80.0%, 96.0%, and 75.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that pathological stage, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and SLX intensity were independent predictors of recurrence.ConclusionSLX staining cannot predict the presence of STAS; however, it can predict the distance between STAS and the main tumor in stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
The Emergency Department Response to Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: Insights From Interviews With Clinicians in Australia
Authors: Dawson Angela J. , Rossiter Chris , Doab Anna , Romero Bernadine , Fitzpatrick Lesley , Fry Margaret 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesEmergency departments (EDs) are essential providers of compassionate, immediate treatment and referral for women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV, largely perpetrated by men against women, exerts a substantial burden on the health systems and economies of all nations. There is little known about how staff in Australian EDs respond to the challenges such violence generates. We therefore examined the clinical team response to women experiencing IPV in two large Australian metropolitan hospital EDs.MethodsWe undertook qualitative semistructured interviews and focus group discussions with 35 social workers, nurses, and doctors. Transcripts were recorded and transcribed verbatim. We analyzed the data thematically. We first undertook line‐by‐line coding and organized content into descriptive categories. Latent and manifest patterns were identified across the data and mapped to key themes in negotiation with all authors.ResultsRespondents emphasized challenges identifying IPV resulting from professional uncertainty or discomfort and women's fear of the ramifications of disclosure. Emergency clinicians routinely referred women to social workers after medical treatment and described effective collaboration across professions. Social workers outlined difficulties coordinating care with health and community agencies. Staff highlighted challenges maintaining nonjudgmental attitudes and managing their own feelings—especially clinicians who had personally experienced violence.ConclusionsEmergency departments can provide caring environments for women experiencing IPV. Effective interprofessional teamwork across nursing, medical, and social work professionals may mitigate the need for formal screening tools. Supportive workforce environments can improve staff understanding, reduce stigma, enhance appropriate treatment, and counsel health professionals experiencing violence. However, staff training and advocacy and referral relationships with local programs require strengthening. A connected multisystems‐level response is required to coordinate and resource services for all affected by violence.
Reasons for regular vaping and for its discontinuation among smokers and recent ex‐smokers: findings from the 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
Authors: Yong Hua‐Hie , Borland Ron , Cummings K. Michael , Gravely Shannon , Thrasher James F. , McNeill Ann , Hitchman Sara , Greenhalgh Elizabeth , Thompson Mary E. , Fong Geoffrey T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine current and ex‐smokers’ reasons for continuing or discontinuing regular use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs).Design and participantsCross‐sectional study of 2722 current daily/weekly, and 921 ex‐daily/weekly, adult vapers who were either current or ex‐cigarette smokers when surveyed.Setting2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping wave 1 (4CV1) surveys conducted in the United States (n = 1159), England (n = 1269), Canada (n = 964) and Australia (n = 251).MeasurementsCurrent vapers were asked about the following reasons for regular NVP use: less harmful to others, social acceptance, enjoyment, use in smoke‐free areas, affordability and managing smoking behaviour. Ex‐vapers were asked about the following reasons for discontinuing regular NVP use: addiction concerns, affordability, negative experiences, perceived social unacceptability, safety concerns, product dissatisfaction, inconvenience, unhelpfulness for quitting, unhelpfulness for managing cravings and not needed for smoking relapse prevention. Possible correlates of NVP use and discontinuation, including smoking status, smoking/vaping frequency, quit duration (ex‐smokers only), country, age and type of NVP device used, were examined using multivariate logistic regression models.FindingsFor current smokers, the top three reasons for current regular NVP use were: helpful for cutting down smoking (85.6%), less harmful to others (77.9%) and helpful for quitting smoking (77.4%). The top three reasons for discontinuing vaping were: not being satisfying (77.9%), unhelpfulness for cravings (63.2%), and unhelpfulness for quitting smoking (52.4%). For ex‐smokers, the top three reasons for current vaping were: enjoyment (90.6%), less harmful to others (90%) and affordability (89.5%); and for discontinuing were: not needed to stay quit (77.3%), not being satisfying (49.5%) and safety concerns (44%). Reported reasons varied by user characteristics, including age, country and NVP device type.ConclusionsRegular use of nicotine vaping products is mainly motivated by its perceived benefits, especially for reducing or quitting smoking, whereas its discontinuation is motivated by perceived lack of such benefits, with some variation by user characteristics.
Renal denervation attenuates pressure overload‐induced cardiac remodelling in rats with biphasic regulation of autophagy
Authors: Huo Jun‐Yu , Jiang Wan‐Ying , Geng Jie , Chen Chu , Zhu Lin , Chen Ran , Ge Tian‐Tian , Chang Qing , Jiang Zhi‐Xin , Shan Qi‐Jun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimThis study aimed to investigate effects of renal denervation (RDN) on pressure overload‐induced cardiac remodelling in rats and the related mechanisms.MethodsAdult male Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to generate cardiac remodelling. RDN was performed 1 week after TAC. The animals were divided into four groups: control group, TAC group, TAC+RDN group and control+RDN group. Rats in all groups were studied at 3 and 10 weeks after TAC respectively. Echocardiography and histology were used to evaluate cardiac function and pathological changes. TUNEL staining and western blotting were used to assess apoptosis. Western blotting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate autophagy.ResultsThree weeks after TAC, the TAC rats exhibited cardiac hypertrophy with normal cardiac function and no myocardial interstitial fibrosis or apoptosis, accompanied by a lower LC3 II level and fewer autophagic vacuoles in the left ventricles, both in the presence and absence of chloroquine (CQ), indicating suppressed autophagy at this stage. RDN ameliorated these pathological changes and attenuated the decrease in autophagy. Ten weeks after TAC, the TAC rats had decreased cardiac function, obvious cardiac interstitial fibrosis and apoptosis, with increased autophagy. RDN prevented these pathological changes, coincident with attenuation of increased autophagy.ConclusionAutophagy was suppressed at the early stage but activated at the late stage of TAC‐induced cardiac remodelling. RDN attenuated the pathological changes of TAC rats, accompanied by attenuation of the changes in autophagy. Thus, RDN ameliorated TAC‐induced cardiac remodelling partially associated with biphasic modulation of autophagy.
Review article: a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of Budd‐Chiari syndrome
Authors: Khan Faisal , Armstrong Matthew J. , Mehrzad Homoyon , Chen Frederick , Neil Desley , Brown Rachel , Cain Owen , Tripathi Dhiraj 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundBudd‐Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare but fatal disease caused by obstruction in the hepatic venous outflow tract.AimTo provide an update of the pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis, management and follow‐up of BCS.MethodsAnalysis of recent literature by using Medline, PubMed and EMBASE databases.ResultsPrimary BCS is usually caused by thrombosis and is further classified into “classical BCS” type where obstruction occurs within the hepatic vein and “hepatic vena cava BCS” which involves thrombosis of the intra/suprahepatic portion of the inferior vena cava (IVC). BCS patients often have a combination of prothrombotic risk factors. Aetiology and presentation differ between Western and certain Asian countries. Myeloproliferative neoplasms are present in 35%‐50% of European patients and are usually associated with the JAK2‐V617F mutation. Clinical presentation is diverse and BCS should be excluded in any patient with acute or chronic liver disease. Non‐invasive imaging (Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) usually provides the diagnosis. Liver biopsy should be obtained if small vessel BCS is suspected. Stepwise management strategy includes anticoagulation, treatment of identified prothrombotic risk factors, percutaneous revascularisation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt to re‐establish hepatic venous drainage, and liver transplantation in unresponsive patients. This strategy provides a 5‐year survival rate of nearly 90%. Long‐term outcome is influenced by any underlying haematological condition and development of hepatocellular carcinoma.ConclusionsWith the advent of newer treatment strategies and improved understanding of BCS, outcomes in this rare disease have improved over the last three decades. An underlying haematological disorder can be the major determinant of outcome.
TIPSS for variceal bleeding in patients with idiopathic non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension: comparison with patients who have cirrhosis
Authors: Lv Yong , Li Kai , He Chuangye , Luo Bohan , Zhang Bojing , Liu Haibo , Wang Zhengyu , Guo Wengang , Wang Qiuhe , Chen Hui , Bai Wei , Yuan Xulong , Yu Tianlei , Li Xiaomei , Yuan Jie , Han Na , Zhu Ying , Niu Jing , Xie Huahong , Wang Jianhong , Chen Ling , Yin Zhanxin , Fan Daiming , Li Zengshan , Han Guohong 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundIn patients with idiopathic non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension (INCPH), the usual recommended strategy for management of variceal bleeding is the same as that in cirrhosis. However, this policy has been challenged by the different natural history between INCPH and cirrhosis.AimTo compare outcomes after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) between INCPH and cirrhotic patients admitted for variceal bleeding.MethodsBetween March 2001 and September 2015, 76 consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven INCPH undergoing TIPSS for variceal bleeding in a tertiary‐care centre were included. 76 patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension receiving TIPSS for variceal bleeding, and matched for age, sex, Child‐Pugh class, stent type and index year of TIPSS creation served as controls.ResultsPatients with INCPH, compared to those with cirrhosis, had significantly lower mortality (11% vs 36% at 5 years, adjusted HR, 0.37; 95% CI 0.15‐0.87, P = 0.022), overt hepatic encephalopathy (16% vs 33% at 5 years, adjusted HR, 0.35; 95% CI 0.16‐0.75, P = 0.007) and hepatic impairment, despite similar rates of further bleeding (33% vs 32% at 5 years, adjusted HR, 0.72; 95% CI 0.36‐1.44, P = 0.358), and shunt dysfunction (35% vs 36% at 5 years, adjusted HR, 0.84; 95% CI 0.41‐1.72, P = 0.627). These findings were consistent across different relevant subgroups.ConclusionsPatients with INCPH treated with TIPSS for variceal bleeding had similar progression of portal hypertension (further bleeding and shunt dysfunction) but fewer complications of liver disease (overt hepatic encephalopathy and hepatic insufficiency) and lower mortality rate compared with cirrhotic patients with comparable liver function.
The specialised pro‐resolving lipid mediator maresin 1 reduces inflammatory pain with a long‐lasting analgesic effect
Authors: Fattori Victor , Pinho‐Ribeiro Felipe A. , Staurengo‐Ferrari Larissa , Borghi Sergio M. , Rossaneis Ana C. , Casagrande Rubia , Verri Waldiceu A. 
Published: March 2019

Background and PurposeMaresin 1 (MaR1) is a specialised pro‐resolving lipid mediator with anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activities. In this study, we addressed the modulation of peripheral and spinal cord cells by MaR1 in the context of inflammatory pain.Experimental ApproachMice were treated with MaR1 before intraplantar injection of carrageenan or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed using the electronic von Frey and thermal hyperalgesia using a hot plate. Spinal cytokine production and NF‐κB activation were determined by ELISA and astrocytes and microglia activation by RT‐qPCR and immunofluorescence. CGRP release by dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons was determined by EIA. Neutrophil and macrophage recruitment were determined by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and colorimetric methods. Trpv1 and Nav1.8 expression and calcium imaging of DRG neurons were determined by RT‐qPCR and Fluo‐4AM respectively.Key ResultsMaR1 reduced carrageenan‐ and CFA‐induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and neutrophil and macrophage recruitment proximal to CGRP+ fibres in the paw skin. Moreover, MaR1 reduced NF‐κB activation, IL‐1β and TNF‐α production, and spinal cord glial cells activation. In the DRG, MaR1 reduced CFA‐induced Nav1.8 and Trpv1 mRNA expression and calcium influx and capsaicin‐induced release of CGRP by DRG neurons.Conclusions and ImplicationsMaR1 reduced DRG neurons activation and CGRP release explaining, at least in part, its analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects. The enduring analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects and also post‐treatment activity of MaR1 suggest that specialised pro‐resolving lipid mediators have potential as a new class of drugs for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
The chemical surface evaluation of black and white porous titanium granules and different commercial dental implants with energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy analysis
Authors: Guler Berceste , Uraz Ahu , Çetiner Deniz 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe chemical surface structure of the porous titanium grafts has not been found to study in the literature on the similarity of chemical surfaces of different commercial dental implants.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and surface energies of white (WPTG) and black porous titanium granules (PTG) by energy dispersive x‐ray spectrometry (EDX) analysis to compare with different commercial dental implant surface.Materials and MethodsThe surface chemical compositions of six commercially available dental implants with different surface structures, PTG and WPTG were examined by EDX analysis. Surface analyzes were performed on the apical, middle, and coronal parts of each implant and on the top, flank, and valley regions on each side. Surface analyzes of dental implants were evaluated at ×200 and ×2000 magnifications. The EDX evaluation of PTG grafts were evaluated at ×250, ×2000, ×5000, and ×50 000 magnifications.ResultsPTG grafts showed elements of Na (8.88 ± 9.98%), Cl (2.44 ± 1.96%), and Al (0.99 ± 0.37%) as well as Ti (90.06 ± 11.34%) molecule at ×5000 magnification. In WPTG, Ti (%34.55 ± 6.41%) and O (%65.44 ± 6.42%) molecules were detected.ConclusionsIt has been found that PTG surface was not made of pure titanium, it has different chemical molecules at larger magnifications. Cell culture and experimental studies are needed to establish a relationship between the different commercial implants and the surface structure of the titanium granules.