bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Maternal Secretor Status and Human Milk Oligosaccharides With Milk Microbiota
Authors: Cabrera‐Rubio Raul , Kunz Clemens , Rudloff Silvia , García‐Mantrana Izaskun , Crehuá‐Gaudiza Elena , Martínez‐Costa Cecilia , Collado M. Carmen 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives:Breast milk contains several bioactive factors including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and microbes that shape the infant gut microbiota. HMO profile is determined by secretor status; however, their influence on milk microbiota is still uncovered. This study is aimed to determine the impact of the FUT2 genotype on the milk microbiota during the first month of lactation and the association with HMO.Methods:Milk microbiota from 25 healthy lactating women was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and 16S gene pyrosequencing. Secretor genotype was obtained by polymerase chain reaction‐random fragment length polymorphisms and by HMO identification and quantification.Results:The most abundant bacteria were Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, followed by Enterobacteriaceae‐related bacteria. The predominant HMO in secretor milk samples were 2'FL and lacto‐N‐fucopentaose I, whereas non‐secretor milk was characterized by lacto‐N‐fucopentaose II and lacto‐N‐difucohexaose II. Differences in microbiota composition and quantity were found depending on secretor/non‐secretor status. Lactobacillus spp, Enterococcus spp, and Streptococcus spp were lower in non‐secretor than in secretor samples. Bifidobacterium genus and species were less prevalent in non‐secretor samples. Despite no differences on diversity and richness, non‐secretor samples had lower Actinobacteria and higher relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Staphylococcaceae.Conclusions:Maternal secretor status is associated with the human milk microbiota composition and is maintained during the first 4 weeks. Specific associations between milk microbiota, HMO, and secretor status were observed, although the potential biological impact on the neonate remains elusive. Future studies are needed to reveal the early nutrition influence on the reduction of risk of disease.
Validation of Lipase and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome as Prognostic Indicators in Pediatric Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Nauka Peter C. , Weinstein Toba A. , Dolinger Michael T. , Miller Jonathan M. , Kohn Nina , Bitton Samuel , Rilo Horacio L. Rodriguez 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Acute pancreatitis (AP) is understudied in the pediatric population despite increasing incidence. Although many cases are mild and resolve with supportive care, severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of pediatric‐specific predictive tools to help stratify risk of SAP in children.Methods:A retrospective cohort study of patients with AP or recurrent AP at Cohen Children's Medical Center between 2011 and 2016 was performed. Lipase level and the presence of pediatric systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) on admission were examined as potential predictors of SAP and length of stay (LOS). A multivariate logistic regression or analysis of covariance was used to conduct the multivariate analysis.Results:Seventy‐nine pediatric patients met inclusion criteria. Approximately 37% (29/79) had SIRS on admission, 22% (17/79) developed SAP, and there were no mortalities. In both the univariate and multivariate models, SIRS was a predictor of SAP. Mean (SD) LOS for patients with SIRS compared with without SIRS was 9.6 ± 8.3 compared with 6.3 ± 6.9 days (P < 0.05). The mean LOS of patients with one or more comorbidity (48%, 38/79) was 10.0 ± 9.5 compared with 5.2 ± 4.0 days (P < 0.01) for those patients without any comorbidities. Only the presence of comorbidities predicted length of time spent nil per os (NPO; P = 0.0022). Patients with comorbidities stayed an average of 5.6 ± 7.6 days NPO, whereas those without comorbidities spent 2.8 ± 2.4 days NPO. Lipase was not predictive of SAP, LOS, or length of time spent NPO.Conclusions:These results support the use of SIRS as a simple screening tool on admission to identify children at risk for the development of SAP. The presence of any comorbidity was predictive of LOS and length of NPO in the multivariate model. This may reflect that comorbidities prolong pancreatitis or influence disposition planning.
Clinical Management of Pediatric Achalasia
Authors: van Lennep Marinde , van Wijk Michiel P. , Omari Taher I.M. , Salvatore Silvia , Benninga Marc A. , Singendonk Maartje M.J. ,   European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Motility Working Group
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTObjectives:Pediatric achalasia is a rare neurodegenerative disorder of the esophagus that requires treatment. Different diagnostic and treatment modalities are available, but there are no data that show how children can best be diagnosed and treated. We aimed to identify current practices regarding the diagnostic and therapeutic approach toward children with achalasia.Methods:Information on the current practice regarding the management of pediatric achalasia was collected by an online‐based survey sent to members of the European and North American Societies for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition involved in pediatric achalasia care.Results:The survey was completed by 38 centers from 24 countries. Within these centers, 108 children were diagnosed with achalasia in the last year (median 2, range 0–15). Achalasia was primarily managed by a pediatric gastroenterologist (76%) and involved a multidisciplinary team in 84% of centers, also including a surgeon (87%), radiologist (61%), dietician (37%), speech pathologist (8%), and psychologist (5%). Medical history taking and physical examination were considered most important to establish the diagnosis (50%), followed by (a combination of) manometry (45%) or contrast swallow (21%). Treatment of first choice was Heller myotomy (58%), followed by pneumatic dilation (46%) and peroral endoscopic myotomy (29%).Conclusion:This study shows a great heterogeneity in the management of pediatric achalasia amongst different centers worldwide. These findings stress the need for well‐designed intervention trials in children with achalasia. Given the rarity of this disease, we recommend that achalasia care should be managed in centers with access to appropriate diagnostic and treatment modalities.
Esophageal IgG4
Authors: Pope Amanda E. , Stanzione Nicholas , Naini Bita V. , Garcia‐Lloret Maria , Ghassemi Kevin A. , Marcus Elizabeth A. , Martin Martin G. , Wozniak Laura J. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTObjective:Recent studies show increased serum and esophageal IgG4 in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), suggesting a possible IgG4‐involved process. The role of IgG4 in pediatric EoE has not been extensively investigated. Our aim was to analyze IgG4 in esophageal tissue in children in parallel to that in adults with EoE.Methods:In a retrospective institutional review board–approved study, we performed immunohistochemical staining of IgG4 in esophageal biopsy specimens from 39 subjects: children with EoE (n = 16), adults with EoE (n = 15), children with reflux esophagitis (n = 4), and pediatric controls (n = 4). We assessed the relationships between IgG4 staining and clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic characteristics.Results:Patients with EoE were significantly more likely to stain positively for IgG4 than children with reflux esophagitis or controls (P = 0.015). Fifteen of 31 (48%) EoE cases stained positively for IgG4. None of the reflux esophagitis or control cases stained positively. IgG4 staining had 48% sensitivity and 100% specificity for EoE. There was a trend toward IgG4 staining being associated with foreign body/food impaction (P = 0.153). There was a strong association between distal IgG4 staining and basal zone hyperplasia (P = 0.003).Conclusions:Our study suggests IgG4 is not a consistent finding of EoE at disease diagnosis. Although IgG4 staining was specific for EoE, it had a poor sensitivity with positive staining in only 48% of EoE patients. Further studies are warranted to fully elucidate the role of IgG4 in EoE.
Miniplates Versus Reconstruction Plates in Vascularized Osteocutaneous Flap Reconstruction of the Mandible
Authors: Zhang Ze-Liang , Wang Shuai , Sun Chang-Fu , Xu Zhong-Fei 
Published: December 2018

Purpose:
The main aim of this article is to compare the complication rate associated with the use of miniplates versus reconstruction plates in vascularized osteocutaneous flap reconstruction of the mandible.

Patients and Methods:
The authors searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov up to September 2017 to identify studies that compared the complication rate of miniplates versus reconstruction plates in patients undergoing mandibular reconstruction. Two reviewers individually extracted the data and performed a quality assessment. Plate exposure, plate fracture/removal, infection, and overall complications were evaluated.

Results:
Five studies with 511 cases were included in our analysis. No significant difference was found between the groups. However, the reconstruction plate led to fewer overall complications and plate exposure postoperatively than did the miniplate.

Conclusion:
Our meta-analysis suggests that miniplates and reconstruction plates are suitable for mandibular reconstruction with a vascularized osteocutaneous flap.
Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Early Complications
Authors: Kantar Rami S. , Cammarata Michael J. , Rifkin William J. , Alfonso Allyson R. , DeMitchell-Rodriguez Evellyn M. , Noel Daphney Y. , Greenfield Jason A. , Levy-Lambert Dina , Rodriguez Eduardo D. 
Published: December 2018

Introduction:
Orthognathic surgery plays an important role in restoring aesthetic facial contour, correcting dental malocclusion, and the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. However, the rate of complications following bimaxillary as compared with single-jaw orthognathic surgery remains unclear. The authors therefore sought to evaluate complication rates following bimaxillary as compared with single-jaw orthognathic surgery

Materials and Methods:
The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to identify comparison groups. Preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes were compared between groups. The listed procedures have different operating times and characteristics with longer time expected in the bimaxillary osteotomies group. Regression analyses were performed to control for potential confounders.

Results:
The 3 groups of interest included patients who underwent mandibular osteotomies (n = 126), LeFort I osteotomy (n = 194), and bimaxillary osteotomies (n = 190). These procedures have different operating times, with a longer time expected with bimaxillary osteotomies. Patients undergoing bimaxillary osteotomies had significantly higher rates of early wound complications, overall complications, longer mean operative time, and mean hospital length of stay. Performing bimaxillary osteotomies in the outpatient setting was an independent risk factor for wound complications (OR = 12.58; 95% CI: 1.66–95.20; P = 0.01), while an ASA class of 3 or more was an independent risk factor for overall complications (OR = 3.61; 95% CI: 1.02–12.75; P = 0.04) and longer hospital length of stay (β = 4.96; 95% CI: 2.64 – 7.29; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Surgery in the outpatient setting as well as patient American Society of Anesthesiology physical status class 3 or higher were independent factors for postoperative adverse events in patients undergoing bimaxillary surgery. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors preoperatively and the need for closer postoperative monitoring in this patient population for optimal outcomes.
Application of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology for Improved Orbital-Maxillary-Zygomatic Reconstruction
Authors: Xue Runqi , Lai Qingguo , Sun Shaolong , Lai Lei , Tang Xiaopeng , Ci Jiangbo , Zhang Zhichao , Wang Yang 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The reconstruction of orbital-maxillary-zygomatic complex (OMZC) on patients suffering from trauma and space-occupying lesions is challenging due to the irregularity of craniomaxillofacial bones. To overcome the challenge in precise OMZC reconstruction, individual three-dimensional (3D) disease models and mirror-imaged 3D reconstruction models were printed on the basis of the computer tomography. Preoperative planning by rehearsing surgical procedures was made on the 3D disease models and the scaffolds including titanium and absorbable meshes or plates were anatomically premolded using the mirror-imaged 3D models as guide. Many benefits were achieved including more precise OMZC reconstruction, fluent and smooth procedures of surgeries, shorter operation time, less blood loss, and improved cosmetic outcomes of craniomaxillofacial shapes. There were no complications such as diplopia, infection, foreign body reaction, exophthalmos, enophthalmos, disordered occlusal relationship, and hematoma. And patients were satisfied with the functional and esthetic outcome during the following-up time. Therefore, OMZC reconstruction can be optimized and successful through preoperative planning and premolded scaffolds with 3D printing bone model by computer-aid design and manufacturing.
Standardization of Cranial Index Measurement in Sagittal Craniosynostosis
Authors: Al-Shaqsi Sultan Z. , Rai Ahsan , Forrest Christopher , Phillips John 
Published: December 2018

Cranial index is a widely used 2-dimensional measure of skull form. It has traditionally been calculated as a ratio of the maximal cranial width divided by the maximal skull length. Nevertheless, the points of maximal skull length change dramatically in sagittal craniosynostosis due to variable degrees of frontal and occipital bossing. Therefore, such anatomical changes influence the calculated cranial index.

Method:
This is a retrospective comparative study of 2 methods of measuring cranial index; the traditional method that measures the skull length from glabella to opithcranion versus a modified method that measures the maximal skull length from the most anterior point of the frontal bossing to opithcranion. Cranial indices for 115 patients of radiologically and clinically diagnosed nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis were calculated using both methods. Correlation and Agreements Limits were calculated for comparison between the 2 methods.

Results:
Males constituted 74.8% (n = 86) of the total sample size with the remaining 29 participants identified as female. The mean age of the study participants was 4.8 months (range 8 days–12 months). The 2 methods were strongly correlated (r = 0.94). The Agreement Limits were calculated to be between 4.02% and 0.18%.

Conclusion:
Typical anatomical changes such as variable degrees of frontal and occipital bossing influence the accuracy of cranial index measurement in sagittal craniosynostosis. Traditional method of cephalic index measurement could underestimate the severity of scaphocephaly.
The importance of neutral over niche processes in structuring Ediacaran early animal communities
Authors: Mitchell Emily G. , Harris Simon , Kenchington Charlotte G. , Vixseboxse Philip , Roberts Lucy , Clark Catherine , Dennis Alexandra , Liu Alexander G. , Wilby Philip R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe relative influence of niche versus neutral processes in ecosystem dynamics is a fundamental question in community ecology, but the extent to which they structured early animal communities is unknown. The oldest known metazoan-dominated paleocommunities occur in Ediacaran age (~565 million years old) strata in Newfoundland, Canada and Charnwood Forest, UK. These comprise large and diverse in-situ populations of sessile organisms that are amenable to spatial point process analyses, enabling inference of the most likely underlying niche or neutral processes governing their community structure. We conducted comprehensive spatial mapping of seven of the largest Ediacaran paleocommunities using LiDAR, photogrammetry and a laser-line probe. We find neutral processes to dominate these paleocommunities with limited influence of niche processes. Our results differ from the niche-dominated dynamics of modern marine ecosystems, revealing that the dynamics of environmental interactions prompted very different ecosystem structuring for these early animal communities.
Cell-to-cell variation in defective virus expression and effects on host responses during influenza virus infection
Authors: Wang Chang , Forst Christian V. , Chou Tsui-wen , Geber Adam , Wang Minghui , Hamou Wissam , Smith Melissa , Sebra Robert , Zhang Bin , Zhou Bin , Ghedin Elodie 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTVirus and host factors contribute to cell-to-cell variation in viral infections and determine the outcome of the overall infection. However, the extent of the variability at the single cell level and how it impacts virus-host interactions at a systems level are not well understood. To characterize the dynamics of viral transcription and host responses, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to quantify at multiple time points the host and viral transcriptomes of human A549 cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells infected with influenza A virus. We observed substantial variability of viral transcription between cells, including the accumulation of defective viral genomes (DVGs) that impact viral replication. We show a correlation between DVGs and viral-induced variation of the host transcriptional program and an association between differential induction of innate immune response genes and attenuated viral transcription in subpopulations of cells. These observations at the single cell level improve our understanding of the complex virus-host interplay during influenza infection.IMPORTANCEDefective influenza virus particles generated during viral replication carry incomplete viral genomes and can interfere with the replication of competent viruses. These defective genomes are thought to modulate disease severity and pathogenicity of the influenza infection. Different defective viral genomes also introduce another source of variation across a heterogeneous cell population. Evaluating the impact of defective virus genomes on host cell responses cannot be fully resolved at the population level, requiring single cell transcriptional profiling. Here we characterized virus and host transcriptomes in individual influenza-infected cells, including that of defective viruses that arise during influenza A virus infection. We established an association between defective virus transcription and host responses and validated interfering and immunostimulatory functions of identified dominant defective virus genome speciesin vitro. This study demonstrates the intricate effects of defective viral genomes on host transcriptional responses and highlights the importance of capturing host-virus interactions at the single-cell level.
Rapid screening of engineered microbial therapies in a 3-D multicellular model
Authors: Harimoto Tetsuhiro , Singer Zakary S. , Velazquez Oscar S. , Zhang Joanna , Castro Samuel , Hinchliffe Taylor E. , Mather William , Danino Tal 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSynthetic biology is transforming therapeutic paradigms by engineering living cells and microbes to intelligently sense and respond to diseases including inflammation1,2, infections3-5, metabolic disorders6,7, and cancer8,9. However, the ability to rapidly engineer new therapies far outpaces the throughput of animal-based testing regimes, creating a major bottleneck for clinical translation10,11. In vitro approaches to address this challenge have been limited in scalability and broad-applicability. Here, we present a bacteria-in-spheroid co-culture (BSCC) platform that simultaneously tests host species, therapeutic payloads and synthetic gene circuits of engineered bacteria within multicellular spheroids over a timescale of weeks. Long-term monitoring of bacterial dynamics and disease progression enables quantitative comparison of critical therapeutic parameters such as efficacy and biocontainment. Specifically, we screen S. typhimurium strains expressing and delivering a library of antitumor therapeutic molecules via several synthetic gene circuits. We identify novel candidates exhibiting significant tumor reduction and demonstrate high similarity in their efficacies using a syngeneic mouse model. Lastly, we show that our platform can be expanded to dynamically profile diverse microbial species including L. monocytogenes, P. mirabilis, and E. coli in various host cell types. This high-throughput framework may serve to accelerate synthetic biology for clinical applications and understanding the host-microbe interactions in disease sites.
A generic multi-level stochastic modelling framework in computational epidemiology
Authors: Picault Sébastien , Huang Yu-Lin , Sicard Vianney , Hoch Thierry , Vergu Elisabeta , Beaudeau François , Ezanno Pauline 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere is currently an overwhelming increased interest in predictive biology and computational modelling. The development of reliable, reproducible and revisable simulation models in computational life sciences is often pointed out as a challenging issue. Population dynamics, including epidemiology, has not yet developed a language to formalize complex models in a univocal and automatable way, hence hindering the capability to implement in short time reliable, revisable and expert-friendly models intended for realistic mechanistic simulations. In epidemiology specifically, models aim not only at understanding pathogen spread but also at assessing control measures at several scales. To achieve this goal efficiently, best software practices should be supported by Artificial Intelligence methods to handle experts’ knowledge. The framework EMULSION presented here intends to both tackle multiple modelling paradigms in epidemiology and facilitate the automation of model design. We therefore built both a domain-specific language (DSL) for the modular description of complex epidemiological models, and a generic simulation engine designed to embed existing modelling paradigms within a homogeneous architecture based on adaptive software agents. The diversity of concerns (biology, economics, human activities) involved in real pathosystems requires an explicit, comprehensive and intelligible way to describe epidemiological models, to involve experts without computer science skills throughout the modelling, simulation and output analysis steps. This approach was applied to compare hypotheses in modelling a zoonosis (Q fever), to study its transmission dynamics within and between cattle herds at a regional scale, and to assess the contribution of transmission pathways. Separating model description from the simulation engine allowed epidemiologists to be involved in assumption revision, while guaranteeing very few code modifications. We assessed the added value of EMULSION by applying the DSL and the simulation engine to a concrete disease. Future extensions of EMULSION towards a broader range of epidemiological concerns will reduce significantly the time required to design and assess models and control measures against endemic and epidemic diseases. Ultimately, we believe this effort is a major lever to increase scientists’ preparedness to face emerging threats for public health and provide rapid, reliable, and reasoned assessments of control measures.