bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Packaging optimization using the dynamic vector fields method
Authors: Carrick Christopher , Kim Il Yong 
Published: July 2019

SummaryIn this paper, a novel packaging optimization method for convex objects is presented. This method solves the packaging optimization problem through dynamic simulation of object positions and rotations over time. Object positions and orientations are determined by dynamic vector fields, which accelerate objects according to optimization objectives or physical effects between objects or their environment. Using these vector fields, any number of objectives or effects can be accounted for, and this scalability allows the method to potentially be employed to solve a wide variety of engineering packaging optimization problems. The current implementation, as presented in this paper, represents the foundation of the method that future improvements will build upon and is currently limited to the analysis of convex objects. Three basic vector fields are presented to solve packing density maximization problems: the first maximizes packing density, the second prevents collisions between objects, and the third optimally orients objects relative to each other. Collisions between objects are relaxed in this method, allowing objects to pass through each other, which provides the potential for reduced initial condition dependence and has shown promising results thus far. Several test problems are presented and solved, demonstrating the method and its ability to generate optimal solutions.
A static discrete element method with discontinuous deformation analysis
Authors: Meng Jingjing , Huang Jinsong , Lin Hang , Laue Jan , Li Kaihui 
Published: July 2019

SummaryFor discrete element methods (DEMs), integrating the equation of motion based on Newton's second law is an integral part of the computation. Accelerations and velocities are involved even for modeling static mechanics problems. As a consequence, the accuracy can be ruined and numerous calculation steps are required to converge. In this study, we propose a static DEM based on discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). The force of inertia is removed to develop a set of static equilibrium equations for distinct blocks. It inherits the advantages of DDA in dealing with distinct block system such as jointed rock structures. Furthermore, the critical numerical artifact in DDA, ie, artificial springs between contact blocks, is avoided. Accurate numerical solution can be achieved in mere one calculation step. Last but not the least, since the method is formulated in the framework of mathematical programming, the implementation can be easily conducted with standard and readily available solvers. Its accuracy and efficiency are verified against a series of benchmarks found in the literature.
Chromatin Regulation in the Response of Ethylene: Nuclear Events in Ethylene Signaling
Authors: Wang Likai , Zhang Fan , Qiao Hong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPlant hormones, produced in response to environmental stimuli, regulate almost all aspects of plant growth and development. Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that plays pleotropic roles in plant growth, plant development, fruit ripening, stress responses, and pathogen defenses. After decades of research, the key components of ethylene signaling have been identified and characterized. Although the molecular mechanisms of the sensing of ethylene signal and the transduction of ethylene signaling have been studied extensively, how chromatin influences ethylene signaling and ethylene response is a new area of research. This review describes the current understanding of how chromatin modifications, specifically histone acetylation, regulate ethylene signaling and the ethylene response.
Feasibility of INTACT (INcisionless TArgeted Core Tissue) biopsy procedure for perinatal autopsy
Authors: Shelmerdine S. C. , Hutchinson J. C. , Ward L. , Sekar T. , Ashworth M. T. , Levine S. , Sebire N. J. , Arthurs O. J. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine the feasibility and tissue yield of a perinatal incisionless ultrasound‐guided biopsy procedure, the INcisionless Targeted Core Tissue (INTACT) technique, in the context of minimally invasive autopsy.MethodsCases of perinatal death in which the parents consented for minimally invasive autopsy underwent postmortem magnetic resonance imaging and an INTACT biopsy procedure, defined as needle biopsy of organs via the umbilical cord, performed under ultrasound guidance. In each case, three cores of tissue were obtained from seven target organs (both lungs, both kidneys, heart, spleen and liver). Biopsy success was predefined as an adequate volume of the intended target organ for pathological analysis, as judged by a pathologist blinded to the case and biopsy procedure.ResultsThirty fetuses underwent organ sampling. Mean gestational age was 30 weeks (range, 18–40 weeks) and mean delivery‐to‐biopsy interval was 12 days (range, 6–22 days). The overall biopsy success rate was 153/201 (76.1%) samples, with the success rates in individual organs being highest for the heart and lungs (93% and 91%, respectively) and lowest for the spleen (11%). Excluding splenic samples, the biopsy success rate was 150/173 (86.7%). Histological abnormalities were found in 4/201 (2%) samples, all of which occurred in the lungs and kidneys of a fetus with pulmonary hypoplasia and multicystic kidney disease.ConclusionsIncisionless ultrasound‐guided organ biopsy using the INTACT procedure is feasible, with an overall biopsy success rate of over 75%. This novel technique offers the ideal combination of an imaging‐led autopsy with organ sampling for parents who decline the conventional invasive approach. © 2019 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Climate-Smart Potatoes
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFor a long time, Europe, North America and the former Soviet Union were the powerhouses of world potato growing. Since the 1960s, though, production in Asia, Africa and Latin America has more than quadrupled, and China and India between them now grow over one-third of the enormous 350 million tonne global potato harvest. Every tonne of raw chips has a carbon footprint of just under a tonne of greenhouse gas emissions. Each year in the UK, we discard some 320,000 tonnes that could have been eaten. This veritable mountain of dumped potatoes represents an annual climate penalty of well over 80,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions. Drought is a major risk for many growers, as few in the UK use irrigation, and the viable area of rain-fed potatoes could shrink to 5 per cent of its current extent as droughts intensify in twenty-first-century Britain. Diseases such as late blight also pose a big threat for growers around the world. A combination of disease and drought-resistant varieties, along with irrigation, soil management and greater farm nutrient efficiency can deliver much greater resilience and more secure yields, while driving down emissions.
Conclusion
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractJust one day’s food and drink has together travelled over 40,000 miles and encompassed a wide array of climate change risks and responses. Their carbon footprints also ranged widely, with milk, chicken and fried food standing out as the biggest overall, but with tea and coffee having very high emissions for each gram actually consumed. On-farm emissions and those from storage and cooking dominate life-cycle emissions for most foods. All face threats from climate change, with many smallholders around the world facing the prospect of losing their livelihoods altogether as impacts intensify. Every food and drink examined, however, has a raft of climate-smart responses available that could boost resilience and yields, and lower emissions. Engaging with stakeholders, especially the people who produce our food, and taking local contexts into account when designing and applying solutions for food in a changing climate is the fundamental take-home message.
Climate-Smart Orange Juice
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOur daily glass of orange juice has travelled a long way to the breakfast table. Travel is part of its carbon footprint, but growing the oranges in the first place dominates emissions. Each glass has a total footprint of around 200 grams. In the UK we waste approximately 50,000 tonnes of orange juice each year—reducing household waste and improving the efficiency of water and fertiliser use on farms stand out as ways to cut the carbon footprint of orange juice. Growers in Brazil and the US are battling citrus greening disease and those in Florida have been devastated by frost damage in the past. In the future, climate change is set to bring greater pest and disease risks alongside drought and heat-stress issues. Strategies such as irrigation, soil moisture management and biological pest control all emerge as potentially powerful climate-smart solutions, but for some orange farmers abandoning orange growing altogether may be the only long-term answer.
Climate-Smart Tea
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTea is second only to water as the world’s most popular drink. Total production has grown to around 5 million tonnes a year, with the industry as a whole valued at $20 billion. Its carbon footprint totals 25 grams of emissions per comforting cup, mainly the energy used to boil water. In the UK almost 60,000 tonnes is wasted each year simply because too much was made or it went cold before we could drink it. Tea plants face climate risks from flood, drought and heat, as well as from increases in disease and pest attack, such as the already highly damaging tea mosquito bug. The use of agroforestry, soil management and carefully planned drainage can all help increase resilience to severe weather impacts. New tea varieties also offer the chance to increase disease resistance. Moving cultivation to new areas is likely to be the only option in some areas as the climate envelop for tea shifts further in the coming decades
Climate-Smart Milk
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGlobal average milk consumption per person now tops 100 kilograms a year. In the US and across much of Europe we put away well over double this average. Some 700 million tonnes is produced worldwide annually with the UK being a net exporter of milk products and boasting a dairy herd numbering almost two million cows. Cows are a major source of the powerful greenhouse gas methane. Each litre of fresh milk we purchase is responsible for the equivalent of 3 kilograms of greenhouse emissions—over half a kilogram per standard glass. Milk is one of the most wasted foods in the UK at 290,000 tonnes each year. Reduced wastage by households is therefore central to reducing milks carbon footprint. On farms, improved animal health can provide major emissions benefits, as can alterations in feed. Higher temperatures pose a risk to yields and may increase milk spoilage. Fodder quality is also likely to be reduced in a future climate while some major diseases like Blue Tongue could benefit from warming and changing rainfall patterns.
Climate-Smart Chocolate
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGhana, Ivory Coast and Indonesia are the major cocoa producers, with smallholder farmers in West Africa being responsible for around 60 per cent of global supply. Each year in the UK alone we consume around 500,000 tonnes of chocolate as bars and drinks, in cakes and biscuits. The average 40-gram bar of milk chocolate will carry with it a carbon footprint of around 200 grams. In the UK an estimated 18,000 tonnes of chocolate and sweets are wasted each year, responsible for around 90,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions. High temperatures and drought can have severe impacts on cocoa yields, with Ghana likely to see suitable areas for cocoa pushed south as more northern areas become drier and hotter. Diseases like cocoa swollen shoot virus are already a major concern with around 300 million trees thought to be infected. Rehabilitation and renovation of existing cocoa plantations is at the heart of building resilience to climate change and securing the millions of livelihoods that depend on cocoa.
Climate-Smart Chicken
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the 1960s average yearly consumption of poultry meat stood at just over 3 kilograms per person on the planet. By the 1990s this had more than tripled, and by 2030 we are each predicted to be eating the equivalent of 17 kilograms of poultry meat a year (over 120 million tonnes worldwide). For every kilogram of chicken produced, up to 5 kilograms of greenhouse gas is emitted. Within this, producing the chicken feed is the main culprit at about three-quarters of the total. Each year in UK households, we waste 110,000 tonnes of chicken meat. In the developed world most chicken is produced under controlled conditions, so heat stress risks under a changing climate should be minimal. However, cooling capacities, transport systems and housing densities all need to be adapted as the risk of more extreme heat events increases. In the developing world chickens may be more exposed to severe weather impacts, but they also represent a useful way to enhance incomes and food security where resilient and higher-yielding varieties are made available.
Deep learning–based prediction model of occurrences of major adverse cardiac events during 1-year follow-up after hospital discharge in patients with AMI using knowledge mining
Authors: Kim Young Joong , Saqlian Muhammad , Lee Jong Yun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTraditional regression-based approaches do not provide good results in diagnosis and prediction of occurrences of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, the goal of this paper is to propose a deep learning–based prediction model of occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during the 1, 6, 12 month follow-up after hospital admission in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients using knowledge mining. We used the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) dataset, a cardiovascular disease database registered in 52 hospitals in Korea between 1 January, 2005, and 31 December, 2008. Among 14,885 AMI patients, 10,813 subjects in age from 20 to 100 years with the 1-year follow-up traceability without coding errors were finally selected. For our experiment, the training/validation/test dataset split is 60/20/20 by random sampling without replacement. The preliminary deep learning model was first built by applying training and validation datasets and then a new preliminary deep learning model was generated using the best hyperparameters obtained from random hyperparameter grid search. Lastly, the preliminary prediction model of MACE occurrences in AMI patients is evaluated by test dataset. Compared with conventional regression-based models, the performances of machine/deep learning–based prediction models of the MACE occurrence in patients with AMI, including deep neural network (DNN), gradient boosting machine (GBM), and generalized linear model (GLM), are also evaluated through a matrix with sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The prediction results of the MACE occurrence during the 1, 6, and 12-month follow-up in AMI patients were the AUC of DNN (1 M 0.97, 6 M 0.94, 12 M 0.96), GBM (0.96, 0.95, 0.96), and GLM (0.76, 0.67, 0.72) in machine learning–based models as well as GRACE (0.75, 0.72, 0.76) in regression model. Compared with previous models, our deep learning–based prediction models significantly had the accuracy of 95% or higher and outperformed all machine learning and regression-based prediction models. This paper was the first trial of deep learning–based prediction model of the MACE occurrence in AMI clinical data. We found that the proposed prediction model applied different risk factors except the attribute “age” by using knowledge mining and directly used the raw data as input.
Tensions Between Ethics and the Law: Examination of a Legal Case by Two Midwives Invoking a Conscientious Objection to Abortion in Scotland
Authors: Fleming Valerie , Frith Lucy , Ramsayer Beate 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper examines a legal case arising from a workplace grievance that progressed to being heard at the UK’s Supreme Court. The case of Doogan and Wood versus Greater Glasgow and Clyde Health Board concerned two senior midwives in Scotland, both practicing Roman Catholics, who exercised their perceived rights in accordance with section 4(1) of the Abortion Act not to participate in the treatment of women undergoing abortions. The key question raised by this case was: “Is Greater Glasgow and Clyde Health Board entitled to require the midwives to delegate, supervise and support staff in the treatment of patients undergoing termination of pregnancy?” The ethical issues concerning conscientious objection to abortion have been much debated although the academic literature is mainly concerned with the position of medical practitioners rather than what the World Health Organization terms “mid-level professionals” such as midwives. This paper examines the arguments put forward by the midwives to justify their refusal to carry out tasks they felt contravened their legal right to make a conscientious objection. We then consider professional codes, UK legislation and church legislation. While the former are given strong weighting the latter was been ignored in this case, although cases in other European countries have been prevented from escalating to such a high level by the intervention of prominent church figures. The paper concludes by stating that the question put to the courts remains as yet unanswered but offers some recommendations for future policy making and research.
Analysis of births, abortions and maternal mortality in adolescents in Ecuador from 2013 to 2016
Authors: García Mónica , Acurio María Luciana Armijos , Sotomayor Ruth Jimbo , Sanchez Xavier , Guijarro Susana 
Published: July 2019

Introduction:
Adolescent pregnancy is associated to school desertion, violence, termination of pregnancy under suboptimal conditions, obstetric complications and other consequences that can put the woman's quality of life at risk and of those that surround her. The purpose of this study is to describe the situation and tendencies of adolescent pregnancies, abortions and maternal deaths between 2013 and 2016 in Ecuador.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study uses secondary data from national Ecuadorian vital statistics reports of adolescents between 10 and 19 years old. The data sources used register all the births, deaths and hospital discharges in the country at both public and private health establishments. We performed a descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative variables.

Results:
Ecuador has approximately 1.5 million female adolescents that gave birth to 256,561 newborns between 2013 and 2016, resulting in an average annual birth rate in early adolescence of 13.9 live births per 1000 and in late adolescence of 86.6 per 1000 live births.
The number of registered abortions among adolescents between 2013 and 2016 was of 19,214. The estimated annual abortion rate in late stage adolescents is 6.3 abortions per 1000 women between 15 and 19. The estimated abortion ratio for this same age group is 72.9 per 1000 live births.
Of all the adolescents that gave birth, 84.9% self-identified as mestiza, while 71.9% of Ecuador's general population identifies as such. Only 7% of the general population in Ecuador self-identifies as indigenous, while 21.6% of pregnancies come from this population. Out of all adolescents that gave birth, 57.4% of those aged 17 and over; 43% of those between 14 and 16 and 96.7% of adolescents from 10 to 13, completed the level of education for their age. There were 81 maternal deaths among this group. The maternal mortality rate for late stage adolescents is of 7.72 per 100,000.
Characteristics and etiologies of short stature in children
Authors: Essaddam Leïla , Kallali Wafa , Cherifi Emna , Guedri Rahma , Mattoussi Nadia , Fitouri Zohra , Becher Saayda Ben 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Short stature is a common reason for referral to pediatric endocrinology clinics. It may be a manifestation of a pathological condition requiring early treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and etiologies of short stature among children referred to the pediatric endocrinology clinic of the main pediatric tertiary care center in Tunisia.

Methods:
Retrospective and descriptive study in the endocrinology unit of children referred for short stature between January 2012 and December 2016. Data on the patients' medical history, physical findings, laboratory tests, bone age and chromosomal analysis were collected.

Results:
470 children (266 males and 204 females) were referred during that period. 214 (45.5%) had normal height, and 80.8% of them were referred by general practitioners. The other 256 children (54.5%) had a confirmed short stature (mean age :7.2 years, mean height: -2.77 SDS). Endocrinological causes were the most common(43% GHD, 4% hypothyroidism) followed by intrauterine growth retardation IUGR (24%), genetic syndromes (8.4%), chronic pediatric diseases (7.8%), skeletal dysplasia (6.2%), normal variant of short stature (5%), and psychosocial deprivation (1.2%). Among non-endocrine causes, Turner syndrome was the most common genetic syndrome (4.4%), achondroplasia the main skeletal dysplasia (4%) and celiac disease the main chronic disease (3.4%).

Conclusions:
ST is largely overestimated in our country. Therefore, it is important to insist on adequate measurement and analysis of growth parameters to avoid unnecessary investigations. GHD and IUGR were the most common causes. Celiac disease, though frequent in Tunisia, is not a common cause of short stature.
When the Problem Became the Solution
Authors: Shemesh Ari , Al-Shafai Laila , Krings Timo , Margolin Edward 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT:We present a unique case where a young man developed subtle cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) due to underlying hypercoagulable state. He also had coexisting frontal lobe brain dural arteriovenous fistula (bdAVF). After CST developed, venous drainage from the optic nerve was redirected into the frontal lobe which was already under high venous pressure because of preexisting bdAVF. This caused backflow of venous blood into the optic nerve causing massive persistent optic nerve head swelling. Presumed acute venous hypertension event within bdAVF caused frontal mass effect presenting as seizure leading to thrombosis of bdAVF.
Incidental finding of mastoid opacification in computed tomography imaging of the asymptomatic paediatric population
Authors: Placanica T , Anderson S 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundAcute mastoiditis is a clinically diagnosed suppurative infection of the mastoid air cells and is the most common complication of acute otitis media. Opacification of the mastoid air cells is a commonly reported radiological finding and patients are often erroneously diagnosed with acute mastoiditis when this is present.ObjectivesThis study aimed to quantify incidental findings of mastoid opacification in the asymptomatic paediatric population and contribute to the epidemiological data.MethodA retrospective cohort study was conducted of all paediatric patients who underwent relevant computed tomography imaging for a non-otological indication.ResultsData were collected from 767 patients in total. Mastoid opacification was reported in 82 patients. The prevalence was highest in patients aged zero to one year (n = 25, prevalence = 20.3 per cent), followed by those aged two to three years (n = 17, prevalence = 19.5 per cent).ConclusionMastoid opacification is a common incidental finding in the asymptomatic paediatric population, with prevalence rates between 5 per cent and 20 per cent depending on age. The prevalence peaks in patients aged zero to four years (19–20 per cent) and is inversely correlated with increasing age.