bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Zylon” Aerogels
Authors: Chen Meiling , Wang Daolin , Yue Mingli , Lin Xiankun , Yang Ming , He Qiang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUltralight materials with challenging combinations of properties such as high mechanical stiffness at low density, high thermal and environmental stabilities, are hard to achieve. Here, poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) nanofibers derived from “super” fibers (Zylon) are assembled into a robust 3D porous structure, forming aerogels with integrated performance surpassing previously existing polymeric aerogels. “Zylon” aerogel has a specific compressive modulus of 72 MPa g−1 cm3 at a density as low as 32 mg cm−3, low thermal conductivity (0.045 W m−1 K−1) at 500 °C, and an intrinsic moisture resistance. PBO nanofibers also empower “Zylon” aerogels with high thermal stability up to 692 °C, a near‐zero thermal expansion coefficient, and a superior fire‐retardant capability. These attractive multiparameter properties make “Zylon” aerogels highly competitive lightweight construction structures. The use of polymeric assembly units with intrinsic demanding characteristics represents an essential pathway toward rationalizing the design of high‐performance aerogels.
Electrospun Mats: From White to Transparent with a Drop
Authors: Cimadoro Jonathan , Ribba Laura , Ledesma Silvia , Goyanes Silvia 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this article, the transparency of hydrophilic electrospun mats is studied. Results showing how transmittance varies under the action of water are presented. It is observed that swelling plays a crucial role in the transmittance of the material, changing it from opaque to transparent when it is wet. Atomic force microscope measurements show that the diameter distribution of nanofibers is modified during both the wetting and the drying of the mats. Using these distributions and modeling the change in the relative refractive index as a composite material, a qualitative explanation of the mat scattering behavior by using the Mie scattering theory for cylinders has been done. The obtained results indicate that changes on the optical response produced by water contact are different according to the mat thickness: samples with smaller thicknesses can act as a water sensor with a persistent response over time, while samples with thicknesses greater than 7 µm can act as sensors for drying time.
Which molecular targets do we need to focus on to improve lower urinary tract dysfunction? ICI‐RS 2017
Authors: Andersson Karl‐Erik , Fry Christopher , Panicker Jalesh , Rademakers Kevin 
Published: August 2018

AimsUpdate on some molecular targets for new drugs to improve lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction.MethodsUsing PubMed, a search for literature on molecular targets in the LUT was performed to identify relevant clinical and animal studies. Keywords were entered as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) or as text words. The Mesh terms were used in various combinations and usually included the terms lower urinary AND pharmacology. Other Mesh term included: bladder, urethra, CNS, physiology, afferent activity, ATP, prostanoids, cannabinoids, fibrosis. Search results were assessed for their overall relevance to this review.ResultsIn a normal bladder, ATP contributes little to detrusor contraction, but in a diseased bladder ATP may contribute to OAB. Selective decrease of ATP release via adenosine A1 receptor stimulation offers a potential treatment possibility. Candidates for relaxation of the smooth muscle of the urethra can be found among, for example, the receptor subtypes of PGE2, and PGD2. Drugs for relaxation of the striated sphincter can target the muscle directly or the spinal sphincter control. Fibrosis is a major problem in LUT dysfunction and agents with an inhibitory effect on the TGFβ pathway, for example relaxin and BMP7, may be promising avenues. Available drugs with a CNS site of action are often limited by low efficacy or adverse effects. Inhibitors of the glycine receptor Gly‐T2 or antagonists of the adenosine A2 receptor may be new alternatives.ConclusionNew molecular targets for drugs aiming at improvement of voiding function can be identified, but their translational impact remains to be established.
How can we develop a more clinically useful and robust algorithm for diagnosing and treating nocturia? ICI‐RS 2017
Authors: Everaert Karel , Hervé François , Bower Wendy , Djurhuus Jens C. , Dmochowski Roger , Fine Noam , Wein Alan , Wyndaele Michel , Weiss Jeffrey 
Published: August 2018

AimsNocturia, or waking up at night to void, is a highly prevalent and bothersome symptom. Currently, there is a lack of clear and consistent recommendations regarding evaluation and management of nocturia. The aim of this report is to discuss how to fill the gaps in our knowledge in order to develop a practical patient‐oriented diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for nocturia.MethodsThis paper is a report of the presentations and subsequent discussion of a Think Tank session at the annual International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society (ICI‐RS) in June 2017 in Bristol.Results and ConclusionFurther investigations are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of nocturia, to allow improvement in diagnosis, and to optimize treatment by increasing efficacy and reducing adverse events. Patient‐oriented practical guidelines on nocturia are needed to help clinicians from different disciplines diagnose and treat nocturia.
Do we understand voiding dysfunction in women? Current understanding and future perspectives: ICI‐RS 2017
Authors: Panicker Jalesh N. , Anding Ralf , Arlandis Salvador , Blok Bertil , Dorrepaal Caroline , Harding Chris , Marcelissen Tom , Rademakers Kevin , Abrams Paul , Apostolidis Apostolos 
Published: August 2018

AimsUrinary retention in women is poorly understood, compared to the equivalent condition in men, and was the subject of a dedicated session organized at the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society (ICI‐RS) in Bristol, United Kingdom, 2017.MethodsThe current understanding of the pathophysiological correlates of idiopathic voiding dysfunction in women, the role of urodynamics, neurophysiology, and non‐invasive tests in characterizing functional bladder outlet obstruction due to a non‐relaxing urethral sphincter, and poorly defined diagnosis of detrusor underactivity were reviewed.ResultsPutative factors underlying the pathogenesis of urinary retention following urinary tract infections were discussed. Further research is required to explore the association between bladder wall inflammation and alterations in detrusor contractile functions. The complex interrelationship between urinary retention and psychological co‐morbidities and sexual trauma were explored, and the overlap between these and psychological co‐morbidities and functional neurological problems with functional urological problems were recognized. Understanding the mechanism of action of sacral neuromodulation, often a successful treatment for urinary retention, would provide insight into the underlying factors that may be responsible for urinary retention. Specifically, there is a need to understand the role of the endogenous enkephalinergic system in the pathogenesis of urinary retention and to identify predictors of successful treatment with sacral neuromodulation. Based on current understanding and potential directions of research in the future, an algorithm for the evaluation of women with voiding dysfunction was proposed.ConclusionsIn the future, recommendations for research should lead to a better understanding of urinary retention in women and its treatment.
Masking by vaccines in pediatric drug safety signal detection in the EudraVigilance database
Authors: Dodd Caitlin , Pacurariu Alexandra , Osokogu Osemeke U. , Weibel Daniel , Ferrajolo Carmen , Vo Dang H. , Becker Benedikt , Kors Jan A. , Sturkenboom Miriam 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPurposePostmarketing drug safety surveillance relies upon measures of disproportionate reporting in spontaneous reporting systems. It has been hypothesized that products or events reported frequently may “mask” signals.MethodsWe analyzed the masking effect of vaccines in pediatrics in the EudraVigilance database by conducting disproportionality analysis in the full database (containing vaccine exposures) and in a restricted set (excluding vaccine exposures). We measured performance of the reporting odds ratio (ROR) in both data sets using a pediatric‐specific drug reference set and in the absence of a reference set. We assessed masking effects across age groups and conducted a classification tree (CART) analysis.ResultsRemoval of vaccines decreased the ROR values both in negative and positive controls. Exceptions were drug‐event combinations including outcomes frequent in vaccine reports. When restricted to positive control associations, removal of vaccine‐related events resulted in increased ROR values for events commonly reported following vaccination. For events rarely associated with vaccination, ROR values decreased for all age groups, especially infants. Analysis in the absence of a reference set showed decrease in ROR following vaccine removal and CART revealed that change in ROR with vaccine removal depended upon age and proportion of reports including a vaccine.ConclusionsRemoval of vaccines for signal detection in a pediatric population has an impact on ROR, dependent upon the reporting frequency of the event of interest in combination with vaccines. We recommend stratification by age and removal of vaccine exposures if the investigated adverse drug reactions include those typically reported in association with vaccines for the age strata.
The consequences of neglecting permutation symmetry in the description of many‐electrons systems
Authors: Nascimento Marco Antonio Chaer 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe consequences of neglecting the permutation symmetry of the Hamiltonian of many‐electrons system are examined. From the comparison of wave functions based on methods, which take (generalized valence bond [GVB]) and do not take (Hartree‐Fock) the permutation symmetry into account, it is shown that neglecting the permutation symmetry leads to false concepts, misinterpretations, and unjustifiable approximations when dealing with many‐electrons systems, atoms, and molecules. In particular, it is shown that how the double occupancy of atomic and molecular orbitals, the exchange integral, the correlation energy, and the so‐called “nondynamic” correlation energy are related to neglecting the permutation symmetry.
Influencing the Fate of Cardiac and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Using Small Molecule Inhibitors of ALK5
Authors: Zhong Qixing , Laco Filip , Liao Mei-Chih , Woo Tsung L. , Oh Steve K.W. , Chai Christina L.L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this study, 50 tri-substituted imidazoles (TIs), which are analogs of the small molecules TA-01 and SB203580, were synthesized and screened for cardiomyogenic activities. Several TIs displayed cardiomyogenic activities when applied during the differentiation from days 3–5. The TIs did not affect the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during cardiomyogenesis and the likely mechanism of action is through the inhibition of ALK5 of the TGFβ pathway. Interestingly, these TIs promoted the neural differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with a similar potency to that of the dual SMAD inhibitors SB431542/LDN-193189 when dosed from days 1 to 9. The neural induction activities of the TIs correlated with their ALK5 inhibitory activities. This study reports the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of ALK5, which can promote the differentiation of hPSCs into cardiomyocytes or neural cells depending on the time of dosing, showing potential for the production of clinical-grade cardiac/neural cells for regenerative therapy.
Using cooperative game theory to contribute to strategy research
Authors: Ross David Gaddis 
Published: August 2018

Research SummaryA growing literature uses cooperative game theory to develop formal strategy theories of value creation and value capture. In a recent review, Gans and Ryall () provide an introduction to this literature in which they emphasize the biform modeling framework of Brandenburger and Stuart (, ). The purpose of this article is to extend the work of Gans and Ryall () by (a) discussing the many ways that cooperative game theory and allied models can contribute to strategy research beyond the biform framework itself, and (b) offering recommendations for choosing among formal modeling options, both cooperative and noncooperative.Managerial SummaryGrowing numbers of strategy scholars are using cooperative game theory to study strategic interaction and develop practical tools for managers, because it offers the mathematical precision of traditional formal modeling techniques while imposing fewer constraints on the actions of firms and managers. Gans and Ryall () review cooperative game theory, with a particular focus on a version developed by Brandenburger and Stuart (, ). This article extends Gans and Ryall () by discussing the many additional ways that cooperative game theory can contribute to strategy research and how to choose between cooperative game theory and other formal modeling methods.
Demand variation, strategic flexibility and market entry: Evidence from the U.S. airline industry
Authors: Claussen Jörg , Essling Christian , Peukert Christian 
Published: August 2018

Research SummaryEntry into dynamic environments can be challenging for firms. We study if, and under which circumstances, firms can use strategic flexibility to enter markets with variable demand. In the airline industry, we find broad support for our hypotheses. We observe less entry with more demand variation, more entry of more flexible firms, and that more flexible firms are more likely to enter markets with greater variation in demand. Furthermore, we find that this relationship is especially strong when variation in demand is harder to predict, which suggests that strategic flexibility is most valuable in unpredictable turbulent environments.Managerial SummaryWe show that firms in the airline industry that choose strategic flexibility over operational efficiency are more likely to enter volatile markets. This finding is especially true when future demand is difficult to forecast using historical data. We conclude that strategic flexibility can be a useful complement to investments in business analytics.
The effect of wrist angle on ulnar nerve appearance at Guyon's canal in asymptomatic individuals utilising high‐resolution sonography
Authors: Mulholland Janet M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionFocal ulnar nerve compression neuropathy within Guyon's canal in the wrist is an infrequent but debilitating condition often termed Guyon's canal syndrome. Being difficult to diagnose, it has been linked to altered wrist postures, such as in cyclists. The research aim was to determine the effect of wrist angle on ulnar nerve appearance at Guyon's canal utilising high‐resolution sonography.MethodsFifty‐one asymptomatic volunteers underwent a sonographic examination of the ulnar nerve with the wrist held in neutral, 30° flexion and 30° extension. Parameters studied included cross‐sectional area, antero‐posterior diameter, transverse diameter and a flattening ratio of the ulnar nerve.ResultsThe antero‐posterior diameter of the ulnar nerve increases, whilst the transverse diameter decreases with changes in wrist posture from neutral to both flexion and extension. The cross‐sectional area is lower, and the flattening ratio is greater in the neutral compared to non‐neutral wrist positions.DiscussionThe non‐neutral wrist positions result in deformation of the ulnar nerve within Guyon's canal. The ulnar nerve forms a more cylindrical and less ovoid cross‐sectional shape with changes in wrist angle. Wrists containing accessory muscles overlying Guyon's canal behave in a similar manner.
Judicial Reasoning and Review in the Indonesian Supreme Court
Authors: BUTT Simon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article describes and critiques the judicial reasoning of Indonesia’s Supreme Court, through the lens of the Court’s reviews of subnational laws during 2011–17. The resulting picture is a negative one. Most of the Court’s decisions were critically flawed, with either very little or no reasoning, and inconsistencies with past decisions. Worse, the Court appears keen to avoid hearing important cases that raise difficult political issues, even though the law governing those issues is clear and easy to apply. These inadequacies are perpetuated by genuine uncertainty about the precise jurisdiction of the Court in judicial review cases. However, the Court has not sought to resolve this uncertainty. Indeed, these decisions appear to reflect a court paying little regard to judicial transparency and accountability, and unwilling or unable to act as an effective check on government power.
THE IMPACT OF NEW DRUG LAUNCHES ON LIFE-YEARS LOST IN 2015 FROM 19 TYPES OF CANCER IN 36 COUNTRIES
Authors: Lichtenberg Frank R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract:This study employs a two-way fixed effects research design to measure the mortality impact and cost-effectiveness of cancer drugs: It analyzes the correlation across 36 countries between the relative mortality from 19 types of cancer in 2015 and the relative number of drugs previously launched in that country to treat that type of cancer, controlling for relative incidence. The sample size (both in terms of number of observations and population covered) of this study is considerably larger than the sample sizes of previous studies; a new and improved method of analyzing the lag structure of the relationship between drug launches and life-years lost is used; and a larger set of measures of the burden of cancer is analyzed. The number of DALYs and life-years lost are unrelated to drug launches 0–4 years earlier. This is not surprising, since utilization of a drug tends to be quite low during the first few post-launch years. Moreover, there is likely to be a lag of several years between utilization of a drug and its impact on mortality. However, mortality is significantly inversely related to the number of drug launches at least 5 years earlier, especially to drug launches 5–9 years earlier. One additional drug for a cancer site launched during 2006–2010 is estimated to have reduced the number of 2015 DALYs due to cancer at that site by 5.8%;; one additional drug launched during 1982–2005 is estimated to have reduced the number of 2015 DALYs by about 2.6%. Lower quality (or effectiveness) of earlier vintage drugs may account for their smaller estimated effect. We estimate that drugs launched during the entire 1982–2010 period reduced the number of cancer DALYs in 2015 by about 23.0%, and that, in the absence of new drug launches during 1982–2010, there would have been 26.3 million additional DALYs in 2015. Also, the nine countries with the largest number of drug launches during 1982–2010 are estimated to have had 14% fewer cancer DALYs (controlling for incidence) in 2015 than the nine countries with the smallest number of drug launches during 1982–2010. Estimates of the cost per life-year gained in 2015 from drugs launched during 2006–2010 range between $1,635 (life-years gained at all ages) and $2,820 (life-years gained before age 65). These estimates are similar to those obtained in previous country-specific studies of Belgium, Canada, and Mexico, and are well below the estimate obtained in one study of Switzerland. Mortality in 2015 is strongly inversely related to the number of drug launches in 2006–2010. If the relationship between mortality in 2020 and the number of drug launches in 2011–2015 is similar, drug launches 5–9 years earlier will reduce mortality even more (by 9.9%) between 2015 and 2020 than they did (by 8.4%) between 2010 and 2015.
AN ANALYSIS OF FEMALE LABOR SUPPLY, HOME PRODUCTION, AND HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES
Authors: Forrester Kellie , Klein Jennifer 
Published: August 2018

Abstract:The United States saw a rapid transformation of its labor market when the female employment to population ratio nearly doubled from 1950 to 2000. As women shift their hours from the home sector to the market sector, goods that were previously produced in the home may be replaced by market services. This paper uses the Panel Study for Income Dynamics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, and the American Time Use Survey to analyze the extent to which households replace home production with purchased market services, and how the relationship between men’s and women’s labor supplies affects these decisions. We show that women who are employed spend less time on home production activities that have close market alternatives than women who are not employed. Additionally, expenditures on market services that can replace home production are higher for married households in which the woman is employed compared to those with nonworking women.
Don't Burn the Books, Read Them!
Authors: Watson Amanda 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWhy do we still have books? To answer this question with views based not on the market trend, nor on the popular feeling that print is outdated and irrelevant, but on the American Bar Association's stated mission of Law Libraries to provide resources that enable legal education,1 this article reviews the potential benefits and determents of different types of legal sources using both print and online formats and discusses whether external pressures should outweigh these factors dependent on the audience.
ABSTRACT ω-LIMIT SETS
Authors: BRIAN WILL 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe shift map σ on ω* is the continuous self-map of ω* induced by the function n ↦ n + 1 on ω. Given a compact Hausdorff space X and a continuous function f : X → X, we say that (X, f) is a quotient of (ω*, σ) whenever there is a continuous surjection Q : ω*→ X such that Q ○ σ = σ ○ f.Our main theorem states that if the weight of X is at most ℵ1, then (X, f) is a quotient of (ω*, σ), if and only if f is weakly incompressible (which means that no nontrivial open U ⊆ X has $f\left( {\bar{U}} \right) \subseteq U$). Under CH, this gives a complete characterization of the quotients of (ω*, σ) and implies, for example, that (ω*, σ−1) is a quotient of (ω*, σ).In the language of topological dynamics, our theorem states that a dynamical system of weight ℵ1 is an abstract ω-limit set if and only if it is weakly incompressible.We complement these results by proving (1) our main theorem remains true when ℵ1 is replaced by any κ < p, (2) consistently, the theorem becomes false if we replace ℵ1 by ℵ2, and (3) OCA + MA implies that (ω*, σ−1) is not a quotient of (ω*, σ).