bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of the number of tuberculin skin test reactors and infection confirmation on the risk of future bovine tuberculosis incidents; a Northern Ireland perspective
Authors: O'Hagan M. J. H. , Stegeman J. A. , Doyle L. P. , Stringer L. A. , Courcier E. A. , Menzies F. D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCurrently policies enabling cattle herds to regain Official Tuberculosis Free (OTF) status after a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) herd incident vary between individual parts of the British Isles from requiring only one negative single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT) herd test when bTB infection is not confirmed to needing two consecutively negative SCITT herd tests after disclosure of two or more reactors, irrespective of bTB confirmation. This study used Kaplan–Meier curves and univariable and multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard models to evaluate the effect of the number of SCITT reactors and bTB confirmation on the risk of future bTB herd incident utilising data extracted from the national animal health database in Northern Ireland. Based on multivariable analyses the risk of a future bTB herd incident was positively associated with the number of SCITT reactors identified during the incident period (hazard ratio = 1.861 in incidents >5 SCITT reactors compared to incidents with only one SCITT reactor; P < 0.001), but not with bTB confirmation. These findings suggest that the probability of residual bTB infection in a herd increases with an increasing number of SCITT reactors disclosed during a bTB herd incident. It was concluded that bTB herd incidents with multiple SCITT reactors should be subjected to stricter control measures irrespective of bTB infection confirmation status.
Is There Scientific Method In Creationism Madness?
Authors: Schwimmer David R. 
Published: July 2018

While no consensus exists among philosophers of science on a definition and paradigm for the “Scientific Method,” certain principles and methods of inquiry are nearly universal among working scientists and constitute a minimum framework for the concept. These include: the use of logic and Occam's Razor, objectivity, a positive approach to knowledge (i.e. that the universe is knowable and the knowledge should be obtained), and at least implicit application of the hypothesis/theory/law/fact hierarchy of generalization. Investigations of natural phenomena within these parameters may be termed “scientific” and, conversely, the circumvention of even one essential principle should remove the cachet of “Science.”A sample of “Creation Science” literature is examined to determine whether it adheres to the minimum “Scientific Method” described. Examination reveals that, indeed, all of the enumerated criteria are violated. Objectivity and the positive approach to knowledge are flouted overtly in several documents, whereas logical fallacies, violations of Occam's Razor, and misapplications of the heirarchy of generalization are rampant among (and intrinsic to) “Creationist” arguments, but typically must be ferreted out. Most distressful logical fallacies are non-factual statements, false assumptions, anachronisms, and a set of novel errors which may be termed “apparent scientism” (e.g. the citation of nonrefereed polemical writings, using conventional journal format). It is concluded that the methodological bankruptcy evidenced in materials examined removes the philosophy espoused from “Science” and leaves only the “Creationist” component.
Impacts of Development Pattern on Urban Groundwater Flow Regime
Authors: Barnes Michael L. , Welty Claire , Miller Andrew J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe compare the effects of urban development type and spatial pattern on the hydrology of six small headwater catchments near Baltimore, Maryland, utilizing a three‐dimensional coupled groundwater‐surface water‐land atmosphere model (ParFlow.CLM). The catchments range in size from 0.2 to 2 km2, across a spectrum of older heavily urbanized development to less developed exurban residential areas. The topography and land cover of each model domain are defined using high‐resolution LiDAR topography and orthoimagery. Simulations were conducted at an hourly time step for calendar years 2012–2015 using a 10‐m terrain‐following horizontal grid with variable dz (0.1 to 8 m). Differences in development type and pattern across catchments give rise to complex spatial and temporal trends in the water budget. Catchments with the lowest amounts of impervious cover show the greatest variability in total storage response to climatic variation, whereas those with the greatest amount of impervious cover show less variability in response of subsurface storage to annual and seasonal variability in precipitation input. The storage response among catchments tends to be pronounced during prolonged dry and wet periods, with the variability in response being less pronounced over short‐term events. A negative correlation is observed across catchments between impervious cover and net subsurface storage variability. Temporal variability in subsurface storage is most responsive to development pattern in near‐surface layers, but transitions to topographic control at depth. Spatially, the development footprint controls where recharge and evapotranspiration occur in the unsaturated zone. Infiltration in pervious areas flows laterally beneath impervious surfaces.
Comprehensive analysis of lung cancer pathology images to discover tumor shape and boundary features that predict survival outcome
Authors: Wang Shidan , Chen Alyssa , Yang Lin , Cai Ling , Xie Yang , Fujimoto Junya , Gazdar Adi , Xiao Guanghua 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPathology images capture tumor histomorphological details in high resolution. However, manual detection and characterization of tumor regions in pathology images is labor intensive and subjective. Using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN), we developed an automated tumor region recognition system for lung cancer pathology images. From the identified tumor regions, we extracted 22 well-defined shape and boundary features and found that 15 of them were significantly associated with patient survival outcome in lung adenocarcinoma patients from the National Lung Screening Trial. A tumor region shape-based prognostic model was developed and validated in an independent patient cohort (n = 389). The predicted high-risk group had significantly worse survival than the low-risk group (p value = 0.0029). Predicted risk group serves as an independent prognostic factor (high-risk vs. low-risk, hazard ratio = 2.25, 95% CI 1.34–3.77, p value = 0.0022) after adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, and stage. This study provides new insights into the relationship between tumor shape and patient prognosis.
The Co-operation of RUNX1 with LDB1, CDK9 and BRD4 Drives Transcription Factor Complex Relocation During Haematopoietic Specification
Authors: Gilmour Jane , Assi Salam A. , Noailles Laura , Lichtinger Monika , Obier Nadine , Bonifer Constanze 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHaematopoietic cells arise from endothelial cells within the dorsal aorta of the embryo via a process called the endothelial-haematopoietic transition (EHT). This process crucially depends on the transcription factor RUNX1 which rapidly activates the expression of genes essential for haematopoietic development. Using an inducible version of RUNX1 in a mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation model we showed that prior to the EHT, haematopoietic genes are primed by the binding of the transcription factor FLI1. Once expressed, RUNX1 relocates FLI1 towards its binding sites. However, the nature of the transcription factor assemblies recruited by RUNX1 to reshape the chromatin landscape and initiate mRNA synthesis are unclear. Here, we performed genome-wide analyses of RUNX1-dependent binding of factors associated with transcription elongation to address this question. We demonstrate that RUNX1 induction moves FLI1 from distal ETS/GATA sites to RUNX1/ETS sites and recruits the basal transcription factors CDK9, BRD4, the Mediator complex and the looping factor LDB1. Our study explains how the expression of a single transcription factor can drive rapid and replication independent transitions in cellular shape which are widely observed in development and disease.
Toxicological evaluation of convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neuronal networks using an MEA system
Authors: Odawara A. , Matsuda N. , Ishibashi Y. , Yokoi R. , Suzuki I. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFunctional evaluation assays using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons can predict the convulsion toxicity of new drugs and the neurological effects of antiepileptic drugs. However, differences in responsiveness depending on convulsant type and antiepileptic drugs, and an evaluation index capable of comparing in vitro responses with in vivo responses are not well known. We observed the difference in synchronized burst patterns in the epileptiform activities induced by pentylentetrazole (PTZ) and 4-aminopryridine (4-AP) with different action mechanisms using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs); we also observed that 100 µM of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin suppressed epileptiform activities induced by PTZ, but increased those induced by 4-AP. To compare in vitro results with in vivo convulsive responses, frequency analysis of below 250 Hz, excluding the spike component, was performed. The in vivo convulsive firing enhancement of the high γ wave and β wave component were observed remarkably in in vitro hiPSC-derived neurons with astrocytes in co-culture. MEA measurement of hiPSC-derived neurons in co-culture with astrocytes and our analysis methods, including frequency analysis, appear effective for predicting convulsion toxicity, side effects, and their mechanism of action as well as the comparison of convulsions induced in vivo.
A CEMP-no star in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Pisces II
Authors: Spite M. , Spite F. , François P. , Bonifacio P. , Caffau E. , Salvadori S. 
Published: July 2018

Aims. A probable carbon enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) star, Pisces II 10694, was discovered recently in the ultra-faint (UFD) galaxy Pisces II. This galaxy is supposed to be very old, suspected to include dark matter, and likely formed the bulk of its stars before the reionisation of the Universe.
Methods. New abundances have been obtained from observations of Pisces II 10694 at the Kueyen ESO VLT telescope, using the high-efficiency spectrograph: X-shooter.
Results. We found that Pisces II 10694 is a CEMP-no star with [Fe/H] = −2.60 dex. Careful measurements of the CH and C2 bands confirm the enhancement of the C abundance ([C/Fe] = +1.23). This cool giant has very probably undergone extra mixing and thus its original C abundance could be even higher. Nitrogen, O, Na, and Mg are also strongly enhanced, but from Ca to Ni the ratios [X/Fe] are similar to those observed in classical very metal-poor stars. With its low Ba abundance ([Ba/Fe] = −1.10 dex) Pisces II 10694 is a CEMP-no star. No variation in the radial velocity could be detected between 2015 and 2017. The pattern of the elements has a shape similar to the pattern found in galactic CEMP-no stars like CS 22949-037 ([Fe/H] = −4.0) or SDSS J1349+1407 ([Fe/H] = −3.6).
Conclusions. The existence of a CEMP-no star in the UFD galaxy Pisc II suggests that this small galaxy likely hosted zero-metallicity stars. This is consistent with theoretical predictions of cosmological models supporting the idea that UFD galaxies are the living fossils of the first star-forming systems.
Chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen: Leitsymptome und Diagnostik
Authors: Lissner Donata , Sonnenberg Elena , Siegmund Britta 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, often occur early in life. Therefore, they affect our patient’s individual path of life, their ability to work and the quality of life tremendously, which calls for close and comprehensive medical care. This article features 5 cardinal signs and their diagnostics.
Der Einsatz von Idarucizumab bei intrazerebraler Blutung – Ein Fallbericht
Authors: Hummel Björn , Senger Sebastian , Schleicher Christian , Eichler Hermann 
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese und klinischer Befund Aufnahme eines 82-jährigen Patienten mit Verdacht auf zerebrale Blutung nach häuslichem Sturz unter Dauerantikoagulation mit Dabigatran wegen Vorhofflimmern.
Untersuchungen Die kraniale Computertomografie zeigte beidseitige chronische Subduralhämatome mit frischen Blutanteilen eines ausgedehnten, linksseitigen Subduralhämatoms und Mittellinienverlagerung. Die Laboranalyse ergab eine nur mäßig hohe Dabigatran-Konzentration bei durchlaufender Thrombinzeit.
Diagnose Sturzbedingte intrazerebrale Blutung und chronisches Subduralhämatom unter Antikoagulation.
Therapie und Verlauf Präoperative Gabe von Idarucizumab zur Antagonisierung von Dabigatran und neurochirurgische Hämatom-Evakuation mit rückläufiger Mittellinienverlagerung. Heparinisierung und Wiederaufnahme der Dabigatran-Behandlung nach Rehabilitation in klinisch stabilem Verlauf bei neurologisch geringgradigen Residuen.
Length of stay overestimates severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis: Is it time to revise the consensus definition?
Authors: Faghih Mahya , Sinha Amitasha , Moran Robert , Afghani Elham , Patel Yuval , Storm Andrew , Kamal Ayesha , Akshintala Venkata , Zaheer Atif , Kalloo Anthony , Kumbhari Vivek , Khashab Mouen , Singh Vikesh 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Introduction Length of stay (LOS) is an important determinant of the severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in the consensus definition. The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare severity of PEP based on the revised Atlanta classification (RAC) and the consensus definition.
Patients and methods Between 1/2000 and 12/2011, all adult patients admitted with suspicion of PEP after outpatient ERCP were evaluated. PEP was defined using the RAC, but the severity of PEP was defined using both revised Atlanta and consensus definitions.
Results A total of 341 patients (mean age 49 years and 75 % females) were diagnosed with PEP. The consensus definition classified 57 %, 37 %, and 8 % of patients with mild, moderate, and severe PEP, respectively. The RAC diagnosed 94 %, 6 %, and 0 % with mild, moderate, and severe acute pancreatitis, respectively. Of the patients diagnosed with moderate-severe PEP by consensus definition, only 12.5 % had clinical parameters of pancreatitis severity, such as acute fluid collection(s), pancreatic necrosis, transient organ failure and/or required percutaneous or surgical drainage, while 87.5 % were classified only based on a LOS ≥ 4 days. The most common reason for increased LOS was persistent post-procedural abdominal pain in 47 % of patients, followed by other reasons not related to pancreatitis in 17 %.
Conclusion The consensus definition overestimates the rates of severe PEP when compared to the RAC. The majority of PEP patients classified as moderate-severe PEP have extended LOS, due to post-procedural abdominal pain rather than complications of PEP.
Die Implementierung medizinischer Einsatzteams als Beitrag zur Verbesserung der perioperativen Patientensicherheit. Wer? Wann? Wie?
Authors: Schewe Jens-Christian , Lenkeit Stefan , Ganser Janina , Heller Axel R. , Koch Thea 
Published: July 2018

ZusammenfassungIm Gegensatz zur präklinischen Notfallmedizin existieren in Deutschland bis heute keine vergleichbaren fest etablierten Strukturen oder gesetzliche Vorgaben zur Aufbau- und Ablauforganisation sowie Personalqualifikation und Ausstattung der innerklinischen Notfallversorgung. Bei perioperativen Patienten treten unerwartete Komplikationen auf Normalstation jedoch relativ häufig auf. Oft sind bereits Stunden vor einem möglichen kritischen Ereignis Warnzeichen für eine Verschlechterung zu erkennen, wobei diese zu oft unbemerkt bleiben und es im Verlauf zu vermeidbaren schwerwiegenden Komplikationen oder Herz-Kreislauf-Stillständen kommen kann. Zur Verbesserung der innerklinischen Versorgungsstruktur und zur Vermeidung von innerklinischen Herz-Kreislauf-Stillständen dient die Etablierung sog. medizinischer Einsatzteams (engl. medical emergency teams). Dieser werden im Sinne eines präventiven Therapieansatzes bei erkennbaren Abweichungen der Vitalparameter frühzeitig alarmiert.
Durch diesen präventiven Therapieansatz können innerklinische Kreislaufstillstände und ungeplante Aufnahmen auf eine Intensivstation vermieden und die perioperative Patientensicherheit erhöht werden.
Periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit: Wann ist ein PCSK9-Inhibitor sinnvoll?
Authors: Kröger Knut , Espinola-Klein Christine , Hoffmann Ulrich , Kalka Christoph , Lawall Holger , Weiss Norbert 
Published: July 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Leitlinie der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie empfiehlt bei Patienten mit manifester peripherer arterieller Verschlusskrankheit (PAVK) ebenso wie bei KHK oder zerebrovaskulärer Erkrankung einen LDL-C-Zielwert < 70 mg/dL oder eine Reduktion um 50 %, wenn der Ausgangswert zwischen 70 und 135 mg/dL liegt. Die Applikation eines PCSK9-Inhibitors ermöglicht die Zielwerterreichung für viele Patienten, die dies unter einer maximalen Statintherapie in Kombination mit Ezetemib nicht erreichen. In der Fourier-Studie konnte für Patienten mit PAVK, die bei Studieneinschluss weder einen Myokardinfarkt noch einen Apoplex erlitten hatten, eine deutliche Risikoreduktion (RR) sowohl der kardiovaskulären (RR = 0,67; 0,47 – 0,96; p = 0,0283) als auch der die Extremität betreffenden Endpunkte (RR = 0,43; 0,19 – 0,99; p = 0,042) erreicht werden. Diese Patienten werden insbesondere bei Fachärzten für Angiologie erkannt und diese Facharztgruppe ist im GBA-Beschluss als Verordner speziell genannt.
Enhancement of Spontaneous Fibrinolytic Activity in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Ostermann Helmut , Tschöpe Diethelm , Greber Wolfgang , Meyer-Rüsenberg Hans-Werner , van de Loo Jürgen 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe fibrinolytic system was studied in 96 patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Patients were grouped according to their degree of retinopathy; 38 patients with no evidence of retinopathy, 28 patients with background retinopathy and 30 patients with proliferative retinopathy. Thirty healthy individuals served as controls. The basal fibrinolytic activity as measured by clot lysis time and t-PA activity was increased in diabetic patients. This was associated with low levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor. Increased levels of D-dimer in diabetic patients further indicate enhanced in vivo fibrinolysis. The increase in fibrinolytic activity was highest in diabetics without retinopathy, and decreased with increasing retinopathy. Endothelial release of t-PA after venous occlusion was not different between controls and all diabetic groups. These findings suggest that in type I diabetics the fibrinolytic system is in an activated state. With worsening of retinopathy this increase in fibrinolytic activity diminishes.
The Production of a Factor X Activator by a Methylcholanthrene-Induced Rat Fibrosarcoma
Authors: Pangasnan Rosanna S , Devereux Dennis , DeCunzo Louis P , Karp George I 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe association between neoplasia and thrombosis has been well documented. We have studied the production of a procoagulant which is a factor X activator in a rat fibrosarcoma model. Extracts of excised tumor were assayed in a one stage clotting assay using normal and factor deficient human plasmas. The activity was not due to tissue factor, as acceleration of clotting was observed in FVII deficient plasma. No activity was noted in FX deficient plasma. The activator was capable of cleaving 125I-FX in the absence or presence of calcium. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) demonstrated a 5,100-fold increase in the levels of FX activation peptide after exposure to sarcoma extract. The FX activation occurs in the absence of calcium although the effect is greatly accelerated in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2. Using a two-stage amidolytic assay, functional activation of FX by the sarcoma was demonstrated. Inhibitor studies suggest that the sarcoma-derived procoagulant is a serine protease. The methylcholanthrene-induced rat sarcoma may serve as a useful model for investigating the regulation and effects of cancer procoagulants.
Two New Nonsense Mutations in Type Ia Antithrombin III Deficiency at Leu 140 and Arg 197
Authors: Tomonari Akira , Iwahana Hiroyuki , Yoshimoto Katsuhiko , Shigekiyo Toshio , Saito Shiro , Itakura Mitsuo 
Published: July 2018

SummaryUsing polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing, the molecular basis of hereditary type la antithrombin III (AT III) deficiency was disclosed in two families. One mutation was a change from T to A in the codon of TTA for Leu 140 forming a stop codon of TAA, which was confirmed by mutated primer-mediated PCR-HindIII digestion. The application of this method demonstrated that all four affected members had the mutant allele in a heterozygous state and that none of unaffected subjects had this mutation. Another mutation in the second family was a change from C to T in the codon of CGA for Arg 197 also forming a stop codon of TGA, which was confirmed by PCR-HaeIII digestion. Based on these, it was concluded that the two new nonsense mutations in the AT III gene in a heterozygous state are the molecular basis of hereditary type Ia AT III deficiency.
Fibrinolytic Potential and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Other Connective Tissue Disorders
Authors: Jurado M , Páramo J A , Gutierrez-Pimentel M , Rocha E 
Published: July 2018

SummaryWe studied the fibrinolytic response before and after venous occlusion (VO) in 30 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 25 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 25 with different connective tissue disorders. Results were compared in patients with and without antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) and a history of either thrombosis or abortions. Before occlusion plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen and its inhibitor (PAI-1) were significantly higher in the patient group (p <0.001). After occlusion, a low fibrinolytic activity on fibrin plates (p <0.005) was observed in the same group. t-PA capacity and t-PA release were similar in relation to controls. The plasma PAI-1 activity was significantly elevated in each group of patients (p <0.005) as compared to the control group. No significant differences with respect to t-PA and PAI-1 were observed in patients as to the presence or absence of thrombosis. There was also no correlation between the fibrinolytic changes and the presence of APA. It is concluded that an impairment of the fibrinolytic system, mainly related to increased PAI-1 levels, is present in most patients with connective tissue disorders, although these changes did not correlate with the presence of APA or the incidence of thrombosis.