bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where does the music come from? A comparison case-study of the compositional processes of a high school and a collegiate composer
Authors: Kennedy Mary A. 
Published: July 2002

This comparison case-study examines the compositional processes of a high school and a collegiate composer engaged in a similar task. Procedures included interviews with the composers, observations, and the collection of compositional sketches and ‘audio-journals’. Analysis involved the preparation of field-notes and interview transcripts, document analysis and study of the field note/interview text. Two professional composers and the researcher analysed the compositions to locate similarities and differences.Important similarities were the use of an exploratory phase at the piano and the acknowledgement of both inspiration and revision as components of the composition process. Differences were found in the uses of time and structure.
IMPLEMENTING THE FINDINGS OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Drummond Michael , Weatherly Helen 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To explore whether more could be done to increase the
implementation of health technology assessment (HTA) findings.Methods: A literature review was undertaken to identify the main
barriers to implementation, the mechanisms that influence the diffusion and
use of health technologies, and evidence of the successful implementation of
findings.Results: Numerous barriers to the implementation of HTA findings
exist at the public policy, health- care professional, and general public
levels. Several mechanisms for influencing the use of health technologies
exist, and there are some examples of findings being implemented through these
mechanisms. However, there are also concerns about the aggressive
implementation of findings. A balanced approach to the implementation of HTAs
is required.Conclusion: The main elements of a successful implementation
strategy are: a) defining a clear policy question; b) defining a clear
research question; c) making recommendations commensurate with the evidence;
d) identifying the implementation mechanism; e) paying attention to incentives
and disincentives; and f) clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the
various parties. Further research is also required into several aspects of
implementation.
Vertebral osteology and swimming style in living and fossil whales (Order: Cetacea)
Authors: Buchholtz Emily A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMorphological modification of the cetacean vertebral column for axial locomotion was one of many changes that occurred during and after the invasion of aquatic habitats by the ancestors of living whales. These modifications resulted in a column that can be divided into neck, chest, torso, and fluke structural and functional units. Variations in these units allow subdivision of living whales into three morphological groups that reflect differences in regional flexibility of the column and of locomotor style. Both odontocete and mysticete cetaceans exhibit trends toward reduction of relative centrum length in the neck and torso, restricting the flexibility of the column with increasing adaptation to aquatic lifestyles. Mysticetes and physeterid odontocetes retain the archaeocete pattern of constant vertebral shape along the torso, which acts as an undulatory unit. The location of secondary sites of reduced centrum length in non‐physeterid odontocetes subdivides them into subgroups, one with reduced posterior, and the other with reduced anterior, torso flexibility. The relationships between particular osteological patterns and swimming styles in living taxa are used to support predictions of swimming style in fossil species after adoption of a fluke in the late Eocene.
Effects of change in environmental temperature and natural shifts in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations on the lungs of captive naked mole‐rats (Heterocephalus glaber): a morphological and morphometric study
Authors: Maina J. N. , Gebreegziabher Y. , Woodley R. , Buffenstein R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe lungs of the naked mole‐rat Heterocephalus glaber were morphologically (qualitatively) and morphometrically (quantitatively) investigated in adult captive in‐burrow body‐temperature‐maintained (CBTMA) and captive cold‐exposed animals (CCEA). The observations were compared with those of field (burrow‐dwelling) animals (FA) examined in an earlier study. The lungs of the captive animals were morphologically (qualitatively) similar to those of the field mole‐rats. Conspicuous paedomorphic features, i.e. a preponderant double pulmonary capillary arrangement, incomplete differentiation of alveolar pneumocytes, and extension of a cuboidal epithelium to the immediate vicinity of the alveoli, were observed. The prevalent pulmonary underdevelopment was attributed to the relatively low metabolic rate of the poikilothermic naked mole‐rat, a species that has evolved in a thermally stable environment. Measurable differences and similarities were found between the lungs of the captive naked mole‐rats themselves (i.e. the CBTMA and the CCEA) and between the captive and the field ones. Genetic factors may help explain the conserved pulmonary structural features while environmental (gaseous) change from a hypoxic–hypercapneic (an oxygen deficient–high carbon dioxide concentration) to a normoxic–normocapnic atmosphere and the thermal shift respectively may have enforced pulmonary transformations between the CBTMA and the FA and between the CCEA and the CBTMA. Paradoxically, the CCEA had a significantly lower mass‐specific total morphometric pulmonary diffusing capacity of 0.024 compared with that of 0.102 mlO2.s−1.mbar−1.kg−1 in the CBTMA. The observed morphometric differences indicate that the lung of the naked mole‐rat, though morphologically unchanged, is intrinsically tractable to environmental shifts in its habitat. Studies on captive naked mole‐rats should not be indiscriminately taken to be representative of the species.
Morphology and flight manoeuvrability in New World leaf‐nosed bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Stockwell Elizabeth F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationship between wing morphology and ability to manoeuvre through an obstacle course was examined in five species of bats in the Neotropical family Phyllostomidae. These species represent a range of morphologies and feeding adaptations: Tonatia silvicola, a surface‐gleaning insectivore; Artibeus jamaicensis and A. literatus, canopy frugivores; and Carollia perspicillata and C. castanea, understory frugivores. Bats of known morphology were presented with three different obstacle arrangements chosen in random order. In order to control for wing span, spacing between obstacles was scaled to the wing span of the individual (1×, 0.75×, 0.5× the wing span of the bat). Performance was measured as the number of times a bat hit an obstacle hard enough to deflect it. Morphological variables were analysed using principal components analysis and were summarized by the first two principal components (PC): PC 1, ‘size’, with which size‐related variables were strongly, positively correlated; PC 2, ‘camber’, on which variables associated with maximum depth of wing camber weighted most heavily. Obstacle course performance was significantly correlated with both size and camber at all obstacle spacings: larger bats hit more obstacles, even though obstacle spacing was scaled to wing span, and bats with better ability to camber wings hit fewer obstacles. These results show that bat species that forage in more cluttered habitats are more likely to be small in size and/or have wings able to produce the high camber necessary to maintain lift at low flight speeds.
The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya
Authors: Moss Cynthia J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper presents basic demographic parameters of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) living in and around Amboseli National Park, Kenya. The study was conducted from 1972 to the present and results are based on the histories of 1778 individually known elephants. From 1972 to 1978, the Amboseli elephant population declined and then increased steadily from 1979 to the present. Births occurred throughout the year but over 80% occurred between November and May. Birth rate varied from year to year with a pattern of peaks and troughs at 4‐ to 5‐year intervals. The birth sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1. Mean age at first birth was 14.1 years, determined from a sample of 546 known‐age females. Mean birth interval (n= 732) was 4.5 years for 255 females. Fecundity and calf survival varied by age of the females. Mortality fluctuated from year to year. Sex‐specific mortality rates were consistently higher for males than females at all ages.
Cranial morphology of the anguilliform clariid Channallabes apus (Günther, 1873) (Teleostei: Siluriformes): are adaptations related to powerful biting?
Authors: Devaere Stijn , Adriaens Dominique , Verraes Walter , Teugels Guy T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWithin the clariids (air‐breathing catfish), a complete range of fusiform to anguilliform species can be observed. This study deals with the cranial morphology of Channallabes apus, an extreme anguilliform (eel‐like) species, compared to the anguilliform Gymnallabes typus and the more fusiform Clarias gariepinus. The overall morphology of the head of Channallabes apus shows a hypertrophied adductor mandibulae complex, with the corresponding substantial narrowing of the neurocranium, seen in the frontals, the sphenotics, the pterotics and the posttemporo‐supracleithra, as well as the reduction and displacement of the eyes and some canal bones, such as the infraorbitals and the suprapreopercles. The presence of a hypertrophied muscle complex possibly indicates that a more powerful bite may occur. This implies that adaptations can be expected in several parts of the skull. On the lower jaw of C. apus a higher coronoid process is found, and on the suspensorium, two sets of three processes are present on the hyomandibular bone, indicating a stronger connection to the neurocranium. Several of the observed features, such as the elongation of the body, the reduction of the eyes, the increase in vertebrae number, limblessness and the increasing rigidity of the skull, may also be related to a process of miniaturization.
Female dispersal and relatedness structure in common wombats (Vombatus ursinus)
Authors: Banks Sam C. , Skerratt Lee F. , Taylor Andrea C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDispersal patterns were investigated in the common wombat Vombatus ursinus using microsatellite genetic data collected from three study sites. Two of these were within large, high‐density populations in Victoria, south‐eastern Australia, while the third was a small, isolated population in South Australia. Genetic assignment tests revealed that in the continuous populations, females were more likely to be immigrants into the sampling areas than were males, who were more likely to have been born locally. No such difference between the sexes was detected for the isolated population. At all three sites, pairwise relatedness estimates for males were negatively correlated with geographic distance, suggesting related males were clustered. This pattern was not observed among females, other than in the isolated population, where pairs of females showed a weak decline of relatedness with increasing geographic distance over a large spatial scale. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that dispersal is predominantly by females. Furthermore, the observed spatial structure of relatedness suggests female breeding dispersal, a rare finding among mammalian species. Genetic variation within the isolated population was significantly reduced compared to the sites in Victoria. Our data are not sufficient to distinguish between two possible causes for this: (1) long‐term small size and isolation of populations at the edge of the species' range where resources may be more patchily distributed; (2) a genetic bottleneck effect of recent isolation resulting from agricultural development.
Coarsening in an integro-differential model of phase transitions
Authors: DUNCAN DUGALD B. , GRINFELD MICHAEL , STOLERIU IULIAN 
Published: July 2002

Coarsening of solutions of the integro-differential equationformula herewhere Ω ⊂ ℝn, J(·) [ges ] 0, ε > 0 and
f(u) = u3 − u (or similar bistable nonlinear term), is
examined, and compared with results for the Allen–Cahn partial differential equation. Both
equations are used as models of solid phase transitions. In particular, it is shown that when
ε is small enough, solutions of this integro-differential equation do not coarsen, in contrast
to those of the Allen–Cahn equation. The special case J(·) ≡ 1 is explored in detail, giving
insight into the behaviour in the more general case J(·) [ges ] 0. Also, a numerical approximation
method is outlined and used on tests in both one- and two-space dimensions to verify and
illustrate the main result.
Quantitative relationship betweenMeteosatWV data and positive potential vorticity anomalies: a case study over the Mediterranean
Authors: Georgiev Christo G 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe correlation between Meteosat water vapour (WV) data and positive anomalies of potential vorticity (PV) is investigated using a case study involving cyclogenesis in the Alpine region and a northwest African depression. Correlation analyses are performed at different isobaric surfaces in the middle and upper troposphere for two latitudinal belts (25–35°– ‘southern’, and 35–52.5°N – ‘northern’). A significant correlation is obtained at 500 hPa (correlation coefficient range: 0.58–0.64). Linear regression models are fitted to the samples from the northern and southern belts. On the basis of these results, the use of WV data as a tool for detection of errors in model‐derived PV fields is discussed. It is concluded that, though some of the discrepancies between PV fields and WV images could be due to errors in the model analysis or prognosis, some mismatches are possibly due to the variable sensitivity of the WV channel because of the changes in pressure over the commonly used PV fields. It is suggested that the comparison of WV data with the field of positive PV anomalies at 500 hPa might be another approach to help solve the problem of verifying and validating numerical output. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Cost-utility analysis of schistosomiasis intervention strategies in Kenya
Authors: KIRIGIA JOSES M. 
Published: July 2002

When decisions to intervene in different schistosomiasis severity states are taken in isolation, inefficiencies are unavoidable due to failure to take account of the synergy between community and facility level options. To date no studies have been conducted of the sequential nature of decision-making processes in schistosomiasis. The main aim of this study is to develop a methodology that could be used to compute the costs and health benefits of alternative strategies for ameliorating the burden of illness from schistosomiasis, with a view to determine that strategy which would produce the greatest excess of benefits over cost. In other words, the goal is to develop a conceptual framework that could be used to map out the most efficient path of options for intervention across a spectrum of schistosomiasis states - asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and very severe.A cost-utility decision analysis (CUDA) model was developed and applied to the population living within the schistosomiasis endemic region of Kenya covered by the Mwea Irrigation Scheme. Both primary and secondary level options were included in the analysis.The main findings are as follows. Strategies involving treatment at the community level were generally superior to non-treatment community strategies. The selective population praziquantel chemotherapy (SPCPS) was found to be the optimal strategy. Mollusciciding strategies are the most cost-effective among the non-treatment strategies. The results of the sensitivity analyses were, however, mixed. The inconclusive nature of the results indicates that firm policy conclusions cannot be made on the basis of current epidemiological information, and more research is urgently required to establish both the validity and reliability of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and the Delphi technique (DT) measurements used in the study.
The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals
Authors: Carbone C. , Christie S. , Conforti K. , Coulson T. , Franklin N. , Ginsberg J. R. , Griffiths M. , Holden J. , Kawanishi K. , Kinnaird M. , Laidlaw R. , Lynam A. , Macdonald D. W. , Martyr D. , McDougal C. , Nath L. , O'Brien T. , Seidensticker J. , Smith D. J. L. , Sunquist M. , Tilson R. , Wan Shahruddin W. N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe monitoring and management of species depends on reliable population estimates, and this can be both difficult and very costly for cryptic large vertebrates that live in forested habitats. Recently developed camera trapping techniques have already been shown to be an effective means of making mark‐recapture estimates of individually identifiable animals (e.g. tigers). Camera traps also provide a new method for surveying animal abundance. Through computer simulations, and an analysis of the rates of camera trap capture from 19 studies of tigers across the species' range, we show that the number of camera days/tiger photograph correlates with independent estimates of tiger density. This statistic does not rely on individual identity and is particularly useful for estimating the population density of species that are not individually identifiable. Finally, we used the comparison between observed trapping rates and the computer simulations to estimate the minimum effort required to determine that tigers, or other species, do not exist in an area, a measure that is critical for conservation planning.
The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of Scenedesmus obliquus Reflects an Intermediate Stage in the Evolution of the Green Algal Mitochondrial Genome
Authors: Nedelcu Aurora M. , Lee Robert W. , Lemieux Claude , Gray Michael W. , Burger Gertraud 
Published: July 2002

Two distinct mitochondrial genome types have been described among the green algal lineages investigated to date: a reduced–derived,Chlamydomonas-like type and an ancestral,Prototheca-like type. To determine if this unexpected dichotomy is real or is due to insufficient or biased sampling and to define trends in the evolution of the green algal mitochondrial genome, we sequenced and analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ofScenedesmus obliquus. This genome is 42,919 bp in size and encodes 42 conserved genes (i.e., large and small subunit rRNA genes, 27 tRNA and 13 respiratory protein-coding genes), four additional free-standing open reading frames with no known homologs, and an intronic reading frame with endonuclease/maturase similarity. No 5S rRNA or ribosomal protein-coding genes have been identified inScenedesmus mtDNA. The standard protein-coding genes feature a deviant genetic code characterized by the use of UAG (normally a stop codon) to specify leucine, and the unprecedented use of UCA (normally a serine codon) as a signal for termination of translation. The mitochondrial genome of Scenedesmus combines features of both green algal mitochondrial genome types: the presence of a more complex set of protein-coding and tRNA genes is shared with the ancestral type, whereas the lack of 5S rRNA and ribosomal protein-coding genes as well as the presence of fragmented and scrambled rRNA genes are shared with the reduced–derived type of mitochondrial genome organization. Furthermore, the gene content and the fragmentation pattern of the rRNA genes suggest that this genome represents an intermediate stage in the evolutionary process of mitochondrial genome streamlining in green algae.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession no. AF204057.]
Active Conservation of Noncoding Sequences Revealed by Three-Way Species Comparisons
Authors: Dubchak Inna , Brudno Michael , Loots Gabriela G. , Pachter Lior , Mayor Chris , Rubin Edward M. , Frazer Kelly A. 
Published: July 2002

Human and mouse genomic sequence comparisons are being increasingly used to search for evolutionarily conserved gene regulatory elements. Large-scale human–mouse DNA comparison studies have discovered numerous conserved noncoding sequences of which only a fraction has been functionally investigated A question therefore remains as to whether most of these noncoding sequences are conserved because of functional constraints or are the result of a lack of divergence time.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos. AF276990.]
An Oligonucleotide Fingerprint Normalized and Expressed Sequence Tag Characterized Zebrafish cDNA Library
Authors: Clark Matthew D. , Hennig Steffen , Herwig Ralf , Clifton Sandy W. , Marra Marco A. , Lehrach Hans , Johnson Stephen L. , Group the WU-GSC EST 
Published: July 2002

The zebrafish is a powerful system for understanding the vertebrate genome, allowing the combination of genetic, molecular, and embryological analysis. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) provide a rapid means of identifying an organism's genes for further analysis, but any EST project is limited by the availability of suitable libraries. Such cDNA libraries must be of high quality and provide a high rate of gene discovery. However, commonly used normalization and subtraction procedures tend to select for shorter, truncated, and internally primed inserts, seriously affecting library quality. An alternative procedure is to use oligonucleotide fingerprinting (OFP) to precluster clones before EST sequencing, thereby reducing the re-sequencing of common transcripts. Here, we describe the use of OFP to normalize and subtract 75,000 clones from two cDNA libraries, to a minimal set of 25,102 clones. We generated 25,788 ESTs (11,380 3′ and 14,408 5′) from over 16,000 of these clones. Clustering of 10,654 high-quality 3′ ESTs from this set identified 7232 clusters (likely genes), corresponding to a 68% gene diversity rate, comparable to what has been reported for the best normalized human cDNA libraries, and indicating that the complete set of 25,102 clones contains as many as 17,000 genes. Yet, the library quality remains high. The complete set of 25,102 clones is available for researchers as glycerol stocks, filters sets, and as individual EST clones. These resources have been used for radiation hybrid, genetic, and physical mapping of the zebrafish genome, as well as positional cloning and candidate gene identification, molecular marker, and microarray development.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the dbEST/GenBank data library under accession nos. AA497144–AA497369, AA542435–AA542678,AA545709–AA545724, AI384176–AI384205, AI384761–AI384796,AI396646–AI396663, AI396733–AI396777, AI396895–AI396938,AI397015–AI397130, AI397219–AI397252, AI397388–AI397484,AI415743–AI416403, AI436854–AI437493, AI444118–AI444540,AI461280–AI461395, AI476823–AI478024, AI496677–AI497576,AI522337–AI522810, AI544445–AI546083, AI558267–AI558995,AI584192–AI585023, AI585025–AI585238, AI588088–AI588836,AI601277–AI601868, AI626134–AI626875, AI629052–AI629398,AI641018–AI641780, AI657549–AI658347, AI666929–AI667197,AI667264–AI667414, AI667488–AI667567, AI721460–AI721747,AI721839–AI721978, and AI722283–AI722483.]