bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Crystal Packing and Aurophilic Interactions on the Luminescence Properties in Polymorphs and Solvate of Aroylacetylide–Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Głodek Marta , Pawlędzio Sylwia , Makal Anna , Plażuk Damian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe influence of the chemical substitution, crystal packing, and aurophilic interactions of the gold(I) acetylide complexes of the type (ArCOC≡C)nAuPEt3(n=1,2) on their luminescent properties were examined. All described complexes undergo ligand scrambling in solution, which results in the formation of stable, easily isolated crystals that contain [ArCO(C≡C)n]2Au−(Et3P)2Au+homoleptic species. In particular, we observed that the (benzoylacetylide)gold(I) complex yields three crystal forms with strikingly different luminescence properties. We monitored the conversion pathway for these forms: an orange luminescent form of homoleptic complex upon drying undergoes spontaneous transformation to bright green fluorescent form and finally to the weakly blue emissive one. In addition, we report a rare example of a helical arrangement of Au⋅Au⋅Au chains that are observed for the first time in acetylide gold(I) complexes in the case of heteroleptic (benzoylacetylide)gold(I) complex. This is a very rare case in which crystal structures and ensuing electronic properties of the heteroleptic and AuIcomplexes could be directly compared.
Direct Phenolysis Reactions of Unactivated Amides into Phenolic Esters Promoted by a Heterogeneous CeO2 Catalyst
Authors: Rashed Md. Nurnobi , Siddiki S. M. A. Hakim , Touchy Abeda Sultana , Jamil Md. A. R. , Poly Sharmin Sultana , Toyao Takashi , Maeno Zen , Shimizu Ken‐ichi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Ken‐ichi Shimizu at the Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University. The image depicts phenolysis of amides through C−N bond cleavage reaction catalyzed by CeO2. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201901446.
Remote C(sp3)−H Arylation and Vinylation of N‐Alkoxypyridinium Salts to δ‐Aryl and δ‐Vinyl Alcohols
Authors: Bao Xu , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe reaction of readily available and bench‐stable N‐alkoxypyridinium salts with arylboronic and vinylboronic acids afforded δ‐aryl and δ‐vinyl alcohols, respectively, in the presence of fac‐Ir(ppy)3 and Cu(OTf)2 dual catalysts. The reaction takes place through a domino process involving the reductive generation of alkoxyl radicals, 1,5‐hydrogen atom transfer (1,5‐HAT) and the copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of the resulting translocated carbon radicals with boronic acids. Complementary to the Minisci reaction, this method allows for the arylation of nucleophilic alkyl radicals with both electron‐rich and electron‐poor arenes under mild reaction conditions.
Tierarzneimittel: Rückstände in Lebensmitteln und Umwelt
Authors: Hamscher Gerd 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Belastung von tierischen Lebensmitteln durch Tierarzneimittelrückstände lag in den vergangenen Jahren auf einem sehr niedrigen Niveau, eine Gefährdung des Verbrauchers ist nicht zu erkennen. Tierarzneimittel und ihre Metaboliten findet man jedoch auch in sehr unterschiedlichen Umweltbereichen. Durch die Gülledüngung gelangen persistente Wirkstoffe in beachtlichen Mengen in landwirtschaftlich genutzte Böden, erreichen das Grundwasser und können auch in Pflanzen verlagert werden. Eine besondere Problematik stellen Antibiotika dar, deren unsachgemäße Verwendung die Zunahme antibiotikaresistenter Keime fördern kann. Dies ist mittlerweile in der Human‐ und Tiermedizin als ein gravierendes Gesundheitsproblem mit globaler Dimension erkannt worden. Umwelteinträge durch Tierarzneimittel können nur durch zahlreiche Maßnahmen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen reduziert werden. An erster Stelle ist ein verantwortungsvoller und sparsamer Einsatz pharmakologisch wirksamer Substanzen zu nennen, der durch Überwachungsmaßnahmen gemäß Arzneimittlegesetz flankiert wird. Technologische Maßnahmen zur Behandlung von Wirtschaftsdüngern können nach derzeitigem Erkenntnisstand nur sehr begrenzt zu einer Reduktion der Umwelteinträge beitragen. Eine besondere Herausforderung liegt in der Vermittlung des aktuellen Wissens u.a. an Tierärzte, Landwirte und Mandatsträger.
2‐Phenyloxazole‐4‐carboxamide as a Scaffold for Selective Inhibition of Human Monoamine Oxidase B
Authors: Di Paolo Maria L. , Christodoulou Michael S. , Calogero Alessandra M. , Pinzi Luca , Rastelli Giulio , Passarella Daniele , Cappelletti Graziella , Dalla Via Lisa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA series of 2‐phenyloxazoles bearing an amide group at position 4 were designed and synthesized for evaluation as potential inhibitors of human recombinant monoamine oxidases (hrMAOs). Results of kinetics experiments demonstrated that all compounds behave as competitive MAO inhibitors, with good selectivity toward the MAO‐B isoform. The most potent and selective derivatives are characterized by inhibition constant (Ki) values in the sub‐micromolar range and a good selectivity index (Ki MAO‐A/Ki MAO‐B>50). Some derivatives were also found to be able to inhibit MAO activity in nerve growth factor (NGF)‐differentiated PC12 cells, taken as a model of neuronal cells. In particular, 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐N‐phenyloxazole‐4‐carboxamide (compound 4 a) may be a promising new scaffold, exerting the highest selectivity and inhibitory effect toward MAOs in NGF‐differentiated PC12 cell lysates, without compromising cell viability. Molecular docking analysis allowed a rationalization of the experimentally observed binding affinity and selectivity.
Using Evans Blue Dye to Determine Blood‐Brain Barrier Integrity in Rodents
Authors: Goldim Mariana Pereira de Souza , Della Giustina Amanda , Petronilho Fabricia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is an active and selective barrier that shields the brain from endogenous and exogenous insults. Different stimuli may lead to the disruption of this barrier, including inflammation and trauma. Several methods are used to evaluate BBB disruption. The most widely used method is Evans blue (EB) dye extravasation. EB cannot normally pass through the BBB and thus its presence in brain tissue indicates alterations in permeability. This protocol details the steps of EB extravasation in rodents. Important aspects regarding critical steps and advantages are also provided. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High Capacitive Energy Storage of Nest‐Like Porous Graphene Microspheres Electrode with High Mass Loading
Authors: Wang Xuejie , Song Xinyu , Li Shengping , Yu Zhiqing , Zhao Lu , Xiao Zhihua , Zhang Mengxuan , Xu Chenggen , Qi Chuanlei , Ma Xinlong , Gao Jinsen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNest‐like porous graphene microspheres (NPGMs) are grown by using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method in a fluidized bed reactor from methane and basic magnesium carbonate microspheres (synthesized by a stirring‐induced crystallization approach) as carbon source and template, respectively. The CVD‐derived NPGMs have a few‐layer structure and high electrical conductivity, as well as a three‐dimensional individual macroarchitecture accompanied with well‐developed pore channels and great structural integrity. As the electrode for a symmetric supercapacitor, the effect of different mass loadings for NPGMs‐based electrodes on the capacitive energy‐storage performance is investigated. Superior electrochemical properties with respect to gravimetric, areal, and total capacitances, rate capability, and durability are shown by the NPGMs‐based symmetric supercapacitors, even at mass loadings up to 10 mg cm−2. Moreover, the electrochemical behavior of the NPGMs‐based electrode is much superior to those of two‐dimensional lamella‐like graphene and commercial activated carbon.
Ground plane impact on quadrifilar helix antenna performance with respect to deployment heights
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad , Khan Asim Ali , Amin Muhammad , Asif Hafiz M. , Baig Sobia 
Published: July 2019

SummaryQuadrifilar helix antenna (QHA) has its applications in satellite communications. This paper presents the performance optimisation of input and radiation characteristics of QHA in the presence of infinite and finite metallic ground planes. For the infinite ground plane, it has been observed that input parameters such as impedance and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) are stable, and the antenna has broader half power beamwidth (HPBW). Smaller metallic platforms that act as finite ground planes produce better 3‐dB axial ratio beamwidth and boresight axial ratio. Deployment of QHA on smaller metallic platforms such as nanosatellites and CubeSats enhances the circularly polarised beamwidth of the antenna with improved boresight axial ratio. However, on large low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, stable input characteristics and broader HPBW have been achieved at the cost of narrow circularly polarised beamwidth and degraded boresight axial ratio.
Leishmania donovani and Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) diagnosed on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in a liver transplant recipient with Cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Thakur Abha , Sarin Haimanti , Dhampalwar Swapnil , Saigal Sanjiv , Kakkar Sunita , Soin A. S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLiver transplant recipients are prone to several infections, including lung infections, which can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology is a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool to identify the etiologic agents. We report a rare case of a 24‐year‐old male, post Live donor liver transplantation for autoimmune chronic liver disease, who presented with cough, fever, weight loss, and cavitatory lesion in lung. BAL cytology revealed Leishmania donovani (LD) and Pneumocystis jirovecii/carinii (PCP). Cytomegalovirus deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (CMV DNA PCR) test showed markedly raised levels. Patient was put on treatment for these multiple infections and showed significant improvement. Thus, rapid diagnosis of infections through BAL cytology is crucial in transplant recipients to institute timely therapy and avoid undesirable empirical treatments. Moreover, this case highlights a rare finding of LD bodies along with PCP in BAL cytology.
Niche dimensionality and herbivory control stream algal biomass via shifts in guild composition, richness, and evenness
Authors: Passy Sophia I. , Larson Chad A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe developed a framework for the hierarchical pathways of bottom‐up (niche dimensionality) and top‐down control (herbivory) on biomass of stream algae via changes in guild composition (relative abundance of low profile, high profile, and motile guilds), species richness, and evenness. We further tested (1) the contrasting predictions of resource competition theory vs. the benthic model of coexistence on how the number of added nutrients constrains species richness, (2) the relationship between species richness and evenness, and (3) the biodiversity–ecosystem‐function paradigm. Implementing a combination of field and lab experiments that manipulated for the first time in benthic algae herbivory and/or niche dimensionality, i.e., the number of added nutrients (NAN), including nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and manganese, we made the following discoveries. First, important predictors of guild composition were herbivory (field) and NAN (lab); of richness, NAN (field) and NAN and guild composition (lab); of evenness, guild composition (field and lab) and herbivory (field); and of biomass, guild composition, NAN, and richness + evenness (field and lab). Herbivory increased the proportions of the low profile and motile guilds but decreased the proportion of the high profile guild. In the absence of grazing, greater proportions of the high profile guild resulted in elevated richness and biomass but diminished evenness, whereas in the presence of grazing, these relationships generally disappeared. Second, both experiments confirmed the prediction of the benthic model that species richness increases with NAN, a pattern inconsistent with resource competition theory. Third, supplementation with manganese and/or iron increased algal richness, indicating that micronutrients, which have generally been overlooked in stream ecology, added dimensions to the algal niche. Fourth, the richness–evenness relationship, observed only in the absence of herbivory, depended on the size of the species pool. It was positive at richness lower than 49 species (lab), implying complementarity and facilitation, while at higher richness (field and lab), this relationship was negative, consistent with negative interspecific interactions. Finally, the greater dependence of biomass production on guild composition and NAN than on richness and evenness suggests that more comprehensive, environmentally explicit, and trait‐based approaches are necessary for the study of the biodiversity–ecosystem‐function paradigm.
Measuring continuous compositional change using decline and decay in zeta diversity
Authors: McGeoch Melodie A. , Latombe Guillaume , Andrew Nigel R. , Nakagawa Shinichi , Nipperess David A. , Roigé Mariona , Marzinelli Ezequiel M. , Campbell Alexandra H. , Vergés Adriana , Thomas Torsten , Steinberg Peter D. , Selwood Katherine E. , Henriksen Marie V. , Hui Cang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIncidence, or compositional, matrices are generated for a broad range of research applications in biology. Zeta diversity provides a common currency and conceptual framework that links incidence‐based metrics with multiple patterns of interest in biology, ecology, and biodiversity science. It quantifies the variation in species (or OTU) composition of multiple assemblages (or cases) in space or time, to capture the contribution of the full suite of narrow, intermediate, and wide‐ranging species to biotic heterogeneity. Here we provide a conceptual framework for the application and interpretation of patterns of continuous change in compositional diversity using zeta diversity. This includes consideration of the survey design context, and the multiple ways in which zeta diversity decline and decay can be used to examine and test turnover in the identity of elements across space and time. We introduce the zeta ratio–based retention rate curve to quantify rates of compositional change. We illustrate these applications using 11 empirical data sets from a broad range of taxa, scales, and levels of biological organization—from DNA molecules and microbes to communities and interaction networks—including one of the original data sets used to express compositional change and distance decay in ecology. We show (1) how different sample selection schemes used during the calculation of compositional change are appropriate for different data types and questions, (2) how higher orders of zeta may in some cases better detect shifts and transitions, and (3) the relative roles of rare vs. common species in driving patterns of compositional change. By exploring the application of zeta diversity decline and decay, including the retention rate, across this broad range of contexts, we demonstrate its application for understanding continuous turnover in biological systems.
Breaking bad: When does polycentricity lead to maladaptation rather than adaptation?
Authors: Biddle Jennifer C. , Baehler Karen J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPolycentric governance structures are often touted as part of the solution to overuse and degradation of natural resources. In theory, when multiple, overlapping decision centers work independently and in coordination, they contribute more than either monocentric or atomized governance arrangements to ensuring robust, adaptive social‐ecological systems (SESs). However, the degraded state of many municipal drinking water systems demonstrate Vincent Ostrom's observation that multilevel governance structure alone does not guarantee increased functionality. Two U.S. case studies drawn from opposite ends of the SES performance continuum provide insights into the differences between structural and functional features of polycentricity and the cross‐cutting conditions under which these features lead to adaptation or maladaptation. New York City's water system has served as an international model of sustainable, collaborative governance for several decades, whereas Flint, Michigan's water system achieved notoriety for a tragic string of errors and a pattern of neglectful governance in the mid‐2010s. Through process tracing, this article analyzes the pathways that began from a shared governance structure of polycentric federalism to starkly different decisions and outcomes in the two cities. The results highlight the dynamic and interactive nature of polycentricity, including how it can be functionally disabled when key factors converge across levels and scales: these include norms of quiescent rule enforcement, incentives that favor blame avoidance over problem solving, persistent power imbalances, large wealth inequalities, and deficits of social capital and leadership.
A normative perspective on the linguistic intergroup bias: How intragroup approval of ingroup members who use the linguistic intergroup bias perpetuates explicit intergroup bias
Authors: Assilaméhou‐Kunz Yvette , Postmes Tom , Testé Benoit 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe present research examined from a normative perspective how intragroup normative processes regulate the consequences of the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB). Results of three studies supported our hypothesis that intragroup approval of an ingroup member who uses theLIBplays a key role in perpetuating pro‐ingroup bias. In Study 1, ingroup members who used pro‐ingroup (vs. pro‐outgroup)LIBelicited more intragroup approval and this effect was mediated by the perception of the speaker as being biased in favor of the ingroup. In Studies 2 and 3, intragroup approval (vs. disapproval) of an ingroup member who used theLIBenhanced the expression of pro‐ingroup bias. By providing the first demonstration of how theLIBrelates to intragroup normative processes, our studies highlight a new path by which theLIBhelps perpetuate intergroup bias.
Seismic loss and damage in light‐frame wood buildings from sequences of induced earthquakes
Authors: Chase Robert E. , Liel Abbie B. , Luco Nicolas , Baird Bridger W. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryActivities related to oil and gas production, especially deep disposal of wastewater, have led to sequences of induced earthquakes in the central United States. This study aims to quantify damage to and seismic losses for light‐frame wood buildings when subjected to sequences of induced, small to moderate magnitude, events. To conduct this investigation, one‐ and two‐story multifamily wood frame buildings are designed, and their seismic response dynamically simulated using three‐dimensional nonlinear models, subjected to ground motion sequences recorded in induced events. Damage is quantified through seismic losses, which are estimated using the FEMA P‐58 methodology. Results show that at levels of shaking experienced in recent earthquakes, minor damage, consisting of cracking of interior finishes and nonstructural damage to plumbing and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, is expected, which is consistent with observed damage in these events. The study also examines how expected losses and building fragility will accumulate and/or change over a sequence of earthquakes. Results indicate that damage quantified in terms of absorbed hysteretic energy tended to accumulate over the sequences; this damage corresponds to elongation or widening of cracks. However, fragility is not significantly altered by damage in a preceding event, meaning structures are not becoming more vulnerable due to existing damage. In addition, sequences of events do not change losses if the building is only repaired once at the end of the sequence, as the worsening of damage does not alter repair actions. If repairs are conducted after each event, though, total seismic losses can increase greatly from the sequence.
Challenges and approaches for production of a healthy and functional mayonnaise sauce
Authors: Mirzanajafi-Zanjani Mina , Yousefi Mohammad , Ehsani Ali 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMayonnaise is a semisolid oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion which is made through the careful blending of oil, vinegar, egg yolk, and spices (especially mustard). In addition, mayonnaise traditionally contains 70%–80% oil, and egg yolk is a key ingredient contributing to its stability. Despite concerns about high cholesterol level in egg yolk, it is yet the most widely utilized emulsifying agent owing to its high emulsifying capacity. Today, the public knowledge about diet and health has been incremented, compelling the people to consume foodstuffs containing functional features. Thus, consumers, aware of the considerable influence of the diet on their health, demand nutritious and healthier food. Mayonnaise is usually cited by health‐related issues due to its high cholesterol and fat content. Many researchers have tried to replace fat, as well as egg yolk completely or partially; however, low‐fat mayonnaises require extra ingredients to keep the stability. In other words, each ingredient plays a specific role in textural and oxidative stability, and using alternative emulsifiers and fat replacers may affect the sensorial, textural, and antioxidant features of mayonnaise. Furthermore, mayonnaise, like other high‐fat foodstuffs, is vulnerable to auto‐oxidation. In addition to using fat replacers, mayonnaise is accompanied with bioactive ingredients to produce a healthy system. Therefore in this review, we gathered a quick summary of the ideas, including lowering the cholesterol and fat and using natural antioxidants, prebiotics, and probiotics in order to produce a healthy and functional mayonnaise sauce.
Volcanic succession, petrology, and geochemistry of the Sujiagou komatiite from the North China Craton
Authors: Yang Lihui , Tian Wei , Hou Guiting , Liu Shuwen , Wang Bin , Li Jie , Chen Mimi 
Published: July 2019

The ~2.7‐Ga Taishan greenstone belt from the Eastern Block of the North China Craton has well‐exposed komatiite sections. The komatiite outcrops at Sujiagou have well‐preserved primary volcanic texture although they have experienced amphibolite‐facies metamorphism. Two komatiite lava flows are identified in the Sujiagou outcrops: “Flow Ι,” with a thickness of 55 m, is characterized by poly‐sutured crust at the top, spinifex texture in the middle, and olivine cumulates at the flow bottom. “Flow ΙΙ” consists of abundant pahoehoe lava lobes with no interstitial materials. These volcanic characteristics, as well as the interbedding with terrestrial sediments, suggest that the Sujiagou komatiite erupted in a subaerial continental environment. The olivine–chromite geothermometer gives peak metamorphic temperatures from 684°C to 764°C. Phase equilibria modelling suggests that the mineral proportions and mineral compositions are consistent with a retrograde temperature of ~488°C, at which the komatiite would have low olivine Fo (79–89) and high bulk‐rock Mg# (83–90). Linear mixing of the in situ trace element compositions of the metamorphic olivine, augite, tremolite, serpentine, and chlorite from Sujiagou komatiite samples can reproduce the trace elements of representative komatiite compositions, suggesting that later metamorphism and fluid–rock interactions played key roles in trace element variations in the bulk‐rock komatiite samples. These results also imply that the “arc signature” of the Sujiagou komatiite may be an overprint from posteruption fluid alteration rather than a primary subduction geochemical feature. Therefore, the Sujiagou komatiites may belong to a part of the global plume‐related greenstone belts at ~2.7 Ga.