bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
JUUL use and reasons for initiation among adult tobacco users
Authors: Patel Minal , Cuccia Alison , Willett Jeffrey , Zhou Yitong , Kierstead Elexis C , Czaplicki Lauren , Schillo Barbara , Hair Elizabeth C , Vallone Donna 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundThe electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) JUUL has quickly captured the ENDS market, representing 74.6% of the total dollar share for this category as of November 2018. Although JUUL is marketed as an alternative to cigarettes intended for current adult smokers, evidence suggests that a majority of ENDS users are concurrently current cigarette smokers. Little is known about the dual use of JUUL and cigarettes, as well as the reasons for trying JUUL among adult tobacco users.MethodsA survey fielded via web and phone of 1332 current cigarette, cigar, little cigar or cigarillo (CLCC), and ENDS users aged 18–54 years was conducted from March to May 2018. Weighted descriptive and bivariate analyses examined JUUL use and reasons for trying JUUL by demographics, combustible tobacco use, ENDS use and intention to quit.ResultsApproximately 81% of our sample reported current use of two or more tobacco products, including cigarettes, CLCCs or ENDS. Among current tobacco users, 15% ever used JUUL and 12% used JUUL in the past 30 days. Most individuals (74%) reporting ever JUUL use indicated using it for 5 days or fewer in the past 30 days. The most common reason for trying JUUL was trying to quit smoking cigarettes (37%), followed by family, friends or colleagues using the product (32%).ConclusionAlthough some tobacco users may be initiating JUUL to decrease combustible use, most were using the product infrequently and concurrently with other products. Findings have significant implications for cessation intervention efforts and policy development to help smokers quit.
On singleton kernel classes in the lattice of varieties of completely regular semigroups
Authors: Kad’ourek Jiří 
Published: June 2019

In this paper, it is shown that, for every non-trivial variety [Formula: see text] of groups, the variety [Formula: see text] of all completely regular semigroups all of whose subgroups belong to [Formula: see text] is minimal in its kernel class in the lattice [Formula: see text] of all varieties of completely regular semigroups, and hence it constitutes, in fact, a singleton kernel class in the lattice [Formula: see text]. Even more generally, it is shown that, for every variety [Formula: see text] of completely simple semigroups which does not consist entirely of rectangular groups, the variety [Formula: see text] of all completely regular semigroups all of whose completely simple subsemigroups belong to [Formula: see text] is minimal in its kernel class in the lattice [Formula: see text], and hence it likewise constitutes a singleton kernel class in the mentioned lattice [Formula: see text].
Electrochemical detection of SO2 in a hydroxyl functionalized and eutectic-based ionic liquid
Authors: Huang Qing , Hu Yang , Zhang Min , Yao Yong , Ke Meilu , Wu Tian 
Published: June 2019

Using ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolytes in developing electrochemical sensors for SO2 detection is of much interest. We compared the electrochemical behaviors of SO2 in choline chloride–ethylene glycol-based deep eutectic solvent (ChCl–EG-based DES), 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroboride ([C3OHmim]BF4), and [C3OHmim][Formula: see text]monoethanolamine (MEA) (6.2:1 in molar ratio). Addition of MEA into [C3OHmim]BF4 can significantly increase the SO2 absorption capacity and enhance the electrochemical response of SO2. However, as we use ChCl–EG-based DES, the reduction current is 10 times larger than in [C3OHmim]BF4 and 4 times larger than in [C3OHmim][Formula: see text]MEA (6.2:1 in molar ratio). And SO2 gas shows high diffusion coefficient value as in the ChCl–EG-based DES. A good linear relationship between the reduction current and the SO2 content was obtained in the tested SO2 gas content range from 200[Formula: see text]ppm to 1500[Formula: see text]ppm. Our findings provide new route for DESs as electrolytes for SO2 sensor designing with high sensitivity.
Kiyozawa Manshi and the Spirit of the Meiji
Authors: Curley Melissa Anne-Marie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSeishinshugi 精神主義, a term associated with the work of Meiji Buddhist reformer Kiyozawa Manshi 清沢満之 (1863–1903), is often read as exemplifying a spiritual turn in mid-Meiji Japan, centering an inner realm of private experience in a reaction against the rationalization of the early Meiji period. This paper considers the use of the term seishin in Kiyozawa’s early work. It finds him treating seishin in two distinct but connected contexts: as a psychological term, influenced particularly by his reading of English physician William Benjamin Carpenter (1813–1885), and as a philosophical term, in conversation with Hegel’s philosophy of spirit. It suggests that an understanding of seishin as developing progressively toward more and more complex forms of consciousness or self-awareness found in both Kiyozawa’s psychological and philosophical writing sheds new light on other aspects of Kiyozawa’s early career.
Impacts of Dust–Radiation versus Dust–Cloud Interactions on the Development of a Modeled Mesoscale Convective System over North Africa
Authors: Huang Chu-Chun , Chen Shu-Hua , Lin Yi-Chiu , Earl Kenneth , Matsui Toshihisa , Lee Hsiang-He , Tsai I-Chun , Chen Jen-Ping , Cheng Chao-Tzuen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study evaluates the impact of dust–radiation–cloud interactions on the development of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) by comparing numerical experiments run with and without dust–radiation and/or dust–cloud interactions. An MCS that developed over North Africa on 4–6 July 2010 is used as a case study. The CloudSat and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellites passed over the center of the MCS after it reached maturity, providing valuable profiles of aerosol backscatter and cloud information for model verification. The model best reproduces the MCS’s observed cloud structure and morphology when both dust–radiation and dust–cloud interactions are included. Our results indicate that the dust–radiation effect has a far greater influence on the MCS’s development than the dust-cloud effect. Results show that the dust-radiative effect, both with and without the dust–cloud interaction, briefly delays the MCS’s formation but ultimately produces a stronger storm with a more extensive anvil cloud. This is caused by dust–radiation-induced changes to the MCS’s environment. The impact of the dust–cloud effect on the MCS, on the other hand, is greatly affected by the presence of the dust–radiation interaction. The dust–cloud effect alone slows initial cloud development but enhances heterogeneous ice nucleation and extends cloud lifetime. When the dust–radiation interaction is added, increased transport of dust into the upper portions of the storm—due to a dust–radiation-driven increase in convective intensity—allows dust–cloud processes to more significantly enhance heterogeneous freezing activity earlier in the storm’s development, increasing updraft strength, hydrometeor growth (particularly for ice particles), and rainfall.
Management of Vocal Fold Paralysis and Dysphagia for Neurologic Malignancies in Children
Authors: Nagy Peter , Beckmann Nicholas , Cox Steven , Sheyn Anthony 
Published: June 2019

Objectives: To evaluate our experience with a significant number of brain malignancy–related vocal fold paralysis patients and their response to vocal cord–related therapies. Background: Vocal fold paralysis is a potentially devastating complication of various types of pediatric diseases and surgeries that can lead to significant vocal and swallowing difficulties. While there is significant data in the literature on outcomes of children treated for vocal fold paralysis following cardiac or thyroid surgery, there is a scarcity of such information on children following the treatment of neurologic malignancy. Methods: Records of 19 patients at a tertiary center who were treated for neurologic malignancies and developed either unilateral or bilateral vocal fold paralysis were reviewed for vocal fold pathology and vocal fold paralysis treatment-related variables, including initial diagnosis, management with observation or speech therapy, duration of therapy, pre- and postintervention swallow studies, and surgical intervention. Results: Bilateral vocal fold paralysis was noted in 26% (5/19) patients. Eighty-four percent (16/19) of patients had stable or improved ability to vocalize and swallow following therapy. There was no statistically significant difference in speech or swallowing improvement after speech therapy alone or speech therapy in combination with injection laryngoplasty ( P = .25). No complications were noted with surgical intervention. Conclusions: Patients with vocal fold paralysis secondary to neurologic malignancy can have an improvement in speech and swallowing after a variety of treatments, including speech therapy or early injection laryngoplasty. There was no statistically significant difference in improvement based on the type of intervention utilized. A larger sample size is needed to conclude whether surgical intervention combined with speech therapy leads to more rapid and significant functional improvement than speech therapy alone.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat as an orchestrator in global climate policymaking
Authors: Hickmann Thomas , Widerberg Oscar , Lederer Markus , Pattberg Philipp 
Published: June 2019

Scholars have recently devoted increasing attention to the role and function of international bureaucracies in global policymaking. Some of them contend that international public officials have gained significant political influence in various policy fields. Compared to other international bureaucracies, the political leeway of the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has been considered rather limited. Due to the specific problem structure of the policy domain of climate change, national governments endowed this intergovernmental treaty secretariat with a relatively narrow mandate. However, this article argues that in the past few years, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat has gradually loosened its straitjacket and expanded its original spectrum of activity by engaging different sub-national and non-state actors into a policy dialogue using facilitative orchestration as a mode of governance. The present article explores the recent evolution of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat and investigates the way in which it initiates, guides, broadens and strengthens sub-national and non-state climate actions to achieve progress in the international climate negotiations. Points for practitioners The Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has lately adopted new roles and functions in global climate policymaking. While previously seen as a rather technocratic body that, first and foremost, serves national governments, the Climate Secretariat increasingly interacts with sub-national governments, civil society organizations and private companies to push the global response to climate change forward. We contend that the Climate Secretariat can contribute to global climate policymaking by coordinating and steering the initiatives of non-nation-state actors towards coherence and good practice.
Histological analysis of failed submucosa patches in congenital cardiac surgery
Authors: Heinisch Paul Philipp , Banz Yara , Langhammer Bettina , Stocker Evelyn , Erdoes Gabor , Hutter Damian , Carrel Thierry , Kadner Alexander 
Published: June 2019

Objective Porcine small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix is a biological substitute used in cardiovascular surgery to correct congenital heart defects. Previous studies with this material have shown satisfactory results. In contrast, there are singular reports of patch-associated complications with CorMatrix small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix. We report the histopathological findings of explanted extracellular matrix patches that were removed because of early failure in patients with congenital heart defects. Methods Explanted patch materials from 4 patients (aged 9 months to 41 years), who underwent reoperation due to early patch failure, were analyzed. Initial surgery comprised one aortic valve reconstruction, one pulmonary valve reconstruction, one atrioventricular septal defect repair, and one aortic arch enlargement. The interval between operations ranged from 69 to 553 days. Results Residual extracellular matrix patch material was evident at explantation in all cases and presented as a structured eosinophilic and anucleate specimen. In two cases, a local focus of scarring and pseudocartilaginous transformation with evidence of calcification was found. There was no evidence of absorption of patch material in any case, nor repopulation by organized tissue formation. Conclusions Histologic examination of explanted extracellular matrix patches showed no evidence of resorption or relevant repopulation with resident cells nor formation of functional tissue structures. In contrast, a mixed chronic inflammatory infiltration, early signs of calcification, and scarring as well as focal pseudocartilaginous transformation were found. Considering recent reports, close follow-up of patients with extracellular matrix patches is recommended to evaluate the performance of this novel material and detect potential problems.
Anosognosia Is Associated With Greater Caregiver Burden and Poorer Executive Function in Huntington Disease
Authors: Wibawa P. , Zombor R. , Dragovic M. , Hayhow B. , Lee J. , Panegyres P. K. , Rock D. , Starkstein S. E. 
Published: June 2019

Background: Anosognosia, or unawareness of one’s deficits, is estimated to occur in 25% to 50% of Huntington disease (HD). The relationship between anosognosia and increased caregiver burden found in other dementias has not been determined in HD. Methods: Patient–caregiver dyads presenting to a statewide HD clinic were assessed using the Anosognosia Scale and grouped into “anosognosia” and “no anosognosia.” Caregiver burden, measured by Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), demographic data, and Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale, including Mini-Mental State Examination, Stroop, Trail Making, Verbal Fluency, and Symbol Digit Modalities Tests, were compared between groups. Results: Of the 38 patients recruited, 10 (26.3%) met criteria for anosognosia. Patients with anosognosia elicited higher caregiver burden ratings on both the ZBI (mean difference 16.4 [12.1], P < .001) and CBI (16.7 [15.0], P < .005) while also demonstrating poorer executive function. Except for CAG burden score, between-group characteristics did not differ significantly. Stroop Interference predicted both anosognosia and caregiver burden. Conclusions: In HD, anosognosia is associated with greater caregiver burden and executive deficits. Its occurrence should prompt further patient assessment and increased caregiver support.
Does Board Composition Matter to Institutional Investors?
Authors: Bansal Shashank , Thenmozhi M. 
Published: June 2019

This study examines the resource dependency and signalling role of independent directors from the perspective of institutional investor’s and also investigates if the presence of large blockholder moderates the signalling effect. This study uses the quasi-natural experiment to examine this relationship. The difference-in-difference (DiD) analysis of 5,298 firm observations covering 618 National Stock Exchange (NSE) listed Indian firms for the period 2001–2011 provides empirical evidence that board composition does matter to institutional investors. We find that non-compliant firms who adopted the board independence requirement experience a significant increase in institutional ownership relative to previously compliant firms. We also find that institutional investors have invested more in family-owned firms during post-mandate period compared to government-, private- and foreign-owned firms. Overall, this study contributes to the existing literature on resource dependency theory and signalling theory and shows that the board independence acts as a signal to institutional investors and decreases the agency cost and cost of monitoring. JEL Codes: G3, G11, G34, G38, G23
A New Competency-Based Instrument to Assess Resident Knowledge and Self-Efficacy in Primary Palliative Care
Authors: Moyer Kristen M. , Morrison Laura J. , Encandela John , Kennedy Catherine , Ellman Matthew S. 
Published: June 2019

Context: There is a need to improve both primary palliative care (PPC) education and its assessment in graduate medical education (GME). We developed an instrument based on published palliative care (PC) competencies to assess resident competency and educational interventions. Objectives: To describe the development and psychometric properties of a novel, competency-based instrument to measure resident knowledge and self-efficacy in PPC. Methods: We created a 2-part instrument comprised of a knowledge test (KT) and a self-efficacy inventory (SEI) addressing 18 consensus, core PC resident competencies across 5 domains: pain and symptom management; communication; psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural aspects of care; terminal care and bereavement; and PC principles and practice. The instrument was distributed to 341 internal medicine residents during academic years 2015 to 2016 and 2016 to 2017. A standard item analysis was performed on the KT. Internal consistency (Cronbach α) and variable relationships (factor analysis) were measured for the SEI. Results: One hundred forty-four residents completed the survey (42% response). For 15 KT items, difficulty ranged from 0.17 to 0.98, with 7 items ranging 0.20 to 0.80 (typical optimum difficulty); discrimination ranged from 0.03 to 0.60 with 10 items ≥0.27 (good to very good discrimination). Cronbach α was 0.954 for 35 SEI items. Factor analysis of combined 2015 to 2016 items yielded 4 factors explaining the majority of variance for the entire set of variables. Conclusion: Our instrument demonstrates promising psychometric properties and reliability in probing the constructs of PC and can be further utilized in PC GME research to assess learners and evaluate PPC educational interventions.
On the Frequency of Oronasal Fistulation After Primary Cleft Palate Repair
Authors: Tache Ana , Mommaerts Maurice Y. 
Published: June 2019

Objective: The aims of the study were to assess the postoperative oronasal fistula rate after 1-stage and 2-stage cleft palate repair and identify risk factors associated with its development. Design: Systematic review. Setting: Various primary cleft and craniofacial centers in the world. Patients, Participants: Syndromic and nonsyndromic cleft lip, alveolus, and palate patients who had undergone primary cleft palate surgery. Intervention: Assessment of oronasal fistula frequency and correlation with staging, timing, and technique of repair, gender, and Veau type. The results obtained in this systematic review were compared with those in previous reports. Outcome: The main outcome is represented by the occurrence of the oronasal fistula after 1-stage versus 2-stage palatoplasty. Results: The mean fistula percentage was 9.94%. In the Veau I, II, III, and IV groups, the respective fistula rates were 2%, 7.3%, 8.3%, and 12.5%. Oronasal fistula locations based on the Pittsburgh Fistula Classification System were soft palate (type II), 16.2%; soft palate–hard palate junction (type III), 29.3%; and hard palate (type IV), 37.3%. There were no statistically significant differences between 1-stage and 2-stage palatoplasty, syndromic and nonsyndromic, or male and female patients. Primary palatoplasty timing was not a significant predictor. Conclusion: Some disparities arose when comparing studies, mainly regarding location and types of clefting prone to oronasal fistulation. Interestingly, the fistula rate does not differ between 1- and 2-stage closure, and timing of the repair does not play a role.
Ibrutinib-associated sever skin toxicity: A case of multiple inflamed skin lesions and cellulitis in a 68-year-old male patient with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia – Case report and literature review
Authors: Ghasoub R , Albattah A , Elazzazy S , Alokka R , Nemir A , Alhijji I , Taha R 
Published: June 2019

Introduction Ibrutinib is an oral inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase that is used for a variety of B cell hematological malignancies. Skin and subcutaneous tissue manifestations have been reported and were witnessed in up to 32% of the patients on ibrutinib. The mechanism in which ibrutinib can cause skin toxicities has been thought due to the inhibition of epidermal growth factor; c-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor). Here, we report a case of an elderly chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient who developed multiple inflamed lesions and lower limb cellulitis in 100 days after initiating ibrutinib therapy. Case report A 68-year-old male patient with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia was started on ibrutinib 420 mg orally daily following multiple lines of therapy. Three months following ibrutinib, the patient developed multiple hyper pigmented lesions over both forearms then over both thighs; buttocks and lower limbs. The lesions were labeled as ecthyma and cellulitis that started as papules, which progressed to pustules. Management and outcomes The patient required admission in which he received prolonged course of antibiotics. Biopsy from the wound showed soft tissue fragment infiltrated by acute and chronic inflammatory cells with necrosis; rare foreign body giant cells and granulation tissue formation; suggestive of abscess. Subsequently, ibrutinib was stopped permanently. Discussion This is the first case description of an ibrutinib-associated sever skin toxicity in Qatar. The provided information regarding the clinical descriptions of toxicity profiles in general and skin-based in particular is valuable information for daily clinical practice, especially when selecting the optimum first-line treatment for the patient.
Use of real-time videoconferencing to deliver physical therapy services: A scoping review of published and emerging evidence
Authors: Horsley Stephanie , Schock Gunnar , Grona Stacey L , Montieth Kara , Mowat Bryttnee , Stasiuk Kiara , Boden Catherine , Bath Brenna 
Published: June 2019

Introduction Telehealth may be a viable means to deliver physical therapy services across a range of practice settings and health conditions; however, there is limited uptake of telehealth in clinical practice. The purpose of this study is to examine and describe trends, gaps and opportunities in published and emerging evidence regarding the use of real-time videoconferencing to deliver physical therapy services. Methods Four databases and three trial registries were searched using terms for physical therapy and telehealth. Inclusion criteria were primary studies, systematic reviews and published trial registries that had the following features: physical therapy assessment and/or treatment, real-time videoconferencing and English language. Title/abstract, full text screening and data extraction were completed by pairs of independent reviewers. Descriptive statistics stratified by published research and trial registry records were used to summarize study characteristics. Results A total of 100 studies (80 published and 20 trial registries) were included. Australia, Canada and the US have the highest proportion of published and emerging research (63%). The majority of conditions studied were musculoskeletal (42%). Computers were the most common videoconferencing technology used (31%) and only 14% of studies reported using a secure platform. The majority of studies examined health outcomes (64%) and process outcomes (65%), while only 32% reported system outcomes. Discussion Research in the field of telehealth and physical therapy is growing and becoming increasingly diverse with the advancements in technology.