bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skyscrapers
Authors: Wood Antony , Safarik Daniel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA skyscraper is a tall building with multiple floors. Originally developed to accommodate emerging corporations amid limited land space in late‐nineteenth‐century North America, skyscrapers are now found all over the world. Recently, a growing number of skyscrapers have been built in Asia, as the economies of nations such as China have grown in recent decades. As the world rapidly becomes more urban, skyscrapers will become an increasingly important building type. As their role deepens, the feats of innovation and engineering that have made skyscrapers ever taller and more spectacular may also be applied to evolve their contributions to urban vitality and environmental quality.
Southwest China
Authors: Ptak Thomas , Yu Yi , Su Xiaobo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry on southwest China offers a broad summary of the region's urban and regional characteristics, in addition to outlining core issues. It provides an overview of the historical context which is crucial to understanding southwest China's contemporary position. Major phases of industrialization in urban centers, the social mosaic, development strategies, and drivers of social and political instability are detailed. These components serve to deliver a broad understanding of the region while illustrating current and future challenges to be addressed.
Spatial Analysis
Authors: Hao Pu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Spatial analysis is a set of techniques for deriving new information and knowledge from spatial data. It is distinguished from other types of analysis because the results of spatial analysis are dependent on the locations of the objects being analyzed. Spatial analysis is useful for gaining an understanding of where geographic features and phenomena are located and the spatial relationship or spatial interactions between the features and phenomena. The recent development of geographic information technologies has facilitated the widespread application of spatial analysis, making it an increasingly important analytical tool for scientific research and decision‐making.
Spatial Fix
Authors: Herod Andrew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Developed largely by Marxist geographer David Harvey, the concept of the “spatial fix” has been central to efforts to theorize uneven development under capitalism. The term refers to how capitalists seek to make the economic geography of capitalism in certain ways, either to facilitate accumulation or to try to temporarily address crises of overaccumulation by spatially and/or temporally displacing these crises. Significantly, in recent years labor geographers have adopted and adapted the concept, arguing that workers also have a vested interest in ensuring that capitalism's economic landscapes are made in some ways and not in others.
Spectacle
Authors: Gotham Kevin Fox 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSpectacle is a major concept scholars use to theorize and analyze emergent forms of urban redevelopment, entertainment, and tourism events and activities. This essay reviews current scholarship on the different conceptualizations of spectacle and highlights the burgeoning scholarship on the sociospatial impacts and consequences of the proliferation of entertainment venues and tourism‐oriented spectacles. Against monolithic conceptions of spectacles as instruments of hegemony, this essay identifies the irrationalities, contradictions, and crisis tendencies associated with the proliferation of entertainment, tourism, and consumption. Because spectacles construct and mediate fundamental social controversies, they have contradictory effects, partly legitimating the system, and partly delegitimizing it. Importantly, tourism and related spectacles and mega‐events unleash conflicts between inclusion and exclusion, democracy and capitalism, domination and resistance, and, in doing so, create new openings for struggle, resistance, and transformation.
Squatters
Authors: Aguilera Thomas , Smart Alan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractImportant contributions have been made to our knowledge of squatters in sociology, anthropology, geography, political science, planning, and architecture. In addition, there is research led by international organizations, agencies, and NGOs. Squatting is the occupation of vacant land or buildings, without the consent of the owner. But squatting involves a wide range of activities, claims, goals, resources, locations, and relationships with authorities, and squatters can have many different profiles. A common response has been the creation of typologies. A central problem has been fragmentation of the approaches to the study of squatters. Interested in different dimensions, these literatures are separated by cleavages. Five main cleavages can be identified around which research is organized: North/South, urban/rural, survival tactics/social movements, buildings/lands, inhabitants/policies. Distinct approaches by scholars with different backgrounds and theoretical interests limit our ability to understand the phenomenon. This entry attempts to address the diversity of issues and debates around them.
Stop‐and‐Frisk Policing
Authors: Haldipur Jan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract“Stop‐and‐frisk policing” is a police strategy utilized by the New York Police Department (NYPD). While some directly attribute New York City's crime decline to the practice, it has been widely criticized for its overuse and selectivity – disproportionately affecting communities of color. In 2013, Federal Judge Scheindlin ruled that the rights of thousands of black and Latino New Yorkers had been violated by current “stop, question, and frisk” tactics, calling for an independent monitor to be appointed.
Subaltern Urbanism
Authors: Butola Balbir Singh 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe past 300 years have been obsessed with discourses centering on nation‐state and citizenship. The post‐World War II period witnessed a major paradigm shift toward the significance of global cities in creating a more humane world. Scholars from the Global South criticized these narratives for their developmentalism and Eurocentrism and advocated an alternative epistemology and methodology for analyzing urbanization in the Global South. The inspiration for an alternative came from what took place around the turn of the twenty‐first century, particularly the rise of subaltern historiography, the success of Danny Boyle's filmSlumdog MillionaireandLagos/Koolhaasby Dutch film director Bregtje van der Haak at Academy and BAFTA award ceremonies, and the publication of journalist Simon Crerar's report on the Mumbai Slum Tour. Ananya Roy, the protagonist of “subaltern urbanism,” opines that this particular concept is the most appropriate to analyze the people's economy‐centric urbanization in the Global South. But omission of historicity and counterhegemony, the core themes of Gramsci's subaltern approach, in her analysis has restricted the analytical rigor of her methodology. The concept of “carnival city” will be able to overcome most of the limitation of the subaltern urbanization.
Subsidized Affordable Housing (Homeownership)
Authors: Goytia Cynthia , Cristini Marcela 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Availability of and access to affordable housing are at the core of the housing policy in most countries. Over time, implementation of this policy has switched from direct public intervention (housing construction) and hidden subsidies to direct subsidies (interest rate subsidies, tax rebates). In developing countries, supply side and financing subsidies have been partially replaced by up‐front demand subsidies, with successful experiences in Latin America (Chile, Costa Rica). A further useful step to gain policy efficacy should include the rigorous evaluation of alternative housing policies through economic impact analysis. The redistributive effects of different type of subsidies on homeownership attainment and the implications from a welfare economic point of view still need to be better assessed in theory and policy.
Suburban Segregation
Authors: Mantiñán María José Piñeira 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSuburban segregation is the action and effect of separating the population in suburban spaces according to socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural criteria. Segregation can be different according to minorities, since it depends on the assimilation of the behavior of the minority community and external factors, such as the attitude of the reception groups, discrimination by institutions, and the cohesion of the group itself. Traditionally, segregated residential areas have been associated with separate neighborhoods through physical or psychological barriers, ghettos, violence, delinquency, and drugs. The Chicago School was the first to study these processes, which were much more intense in American cities than in European cities. However, since the mid‐twentieth century suburban segregation has also been associated with urban sprawl. The centrifugal movement of the population from the central sectors of the city to the metropolitan areas, in search of a better quality environment and better housing and services, has extended processes of impoverishment and increased social segregation in the consolidated neighborhoods.
Suburban Stories
Authors: Smith Nick R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Suburban stories serve as an index of the state of suburbia and its role in the larger culture. This entry discusses the stories of US suburbia, focusing on the evolving representation of suburbia in US television. In 1950s sitcoms, suburbia emerged as an idyllic landscape of domesticity and middle‐class affluence. In subsequent decades, this idealized image of suburbia has been adapted to reflect contemporary social and cultural sensibilities, including gender equity. In the past two decades, much US television, including shows such as
The Sopranos
,
Breaking Bad
, and
Mad Men
, has turned this image on its head, instead representing suburbs as rife with crime, venality, and deceit.
Sydney
Authors: Forrest James , Ruming Kristian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Modern Sydney is a world city by virtue of its global economic integration, corporate headquarters, and degree of global economic integration. It is Australia's largest receiver of immigrants, especially those from non‐English‐speaking backgrounds. It faces problems associated with change from a previously (pre‐mid‐1970s) manufacturing to a contemporary information and financial services base, and socially with its status as Australia's largest EthniCity. Attempts to control rapid post‐World War II growth have been largely unsuccessful, but, as Australia's now most expensive city, efforts aimed at residential consolidation and new approaches to provision of infrastructure are being developed to address the city's planning problems.
Temporary Uses of Spaces
Authors: Gribat Nina , Misselwitz Philipp 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry deals with the issue of temporary uses of spaces as a particular form of urban development based on use agreements that allow for the use of vacant land or buildings for a nominal – or no – rent. Such forms of land use have been developed in many European cities that underwent periods of urban restructuring or shrinkage. The entry distinguishes temporary use from squatting and examines the ways in which temporary use has become a particular planning strategy. In addition, the entry provides an overview of affirmative and critical academic discourses around temporary use.
Territoriality
Authors: Gold John R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Territoriality is an important part of the way in which individuals and groups bring the environment under their control. After an introduction that defines territoriality as the processes and mechanisms by which people establish, maintain, and exert control over bounded portions of the Earth's surface, this entry has four further sections. The first argues that the roots of territoriality stem from culture rather than instinct. The next considers instances of territoriality overlain by conflict and inequality. It examines use of territoriality by dominant groups in society to exert control over others and surveys cases of territorial behavior deployed by residents in defence of
their
neighborhoods. The third part deals with debates about the linkage of territoriality with defensible space and urban resilience. The final part argues that, once established, borders and boundaries are seldom challenged. As such, territoriality can become an intrinsically positive part of the reliable background to everyday urban life, endowing space with symbolic meaning, helping to promote belonging, and reinforcing identity.
Territory/Territoriality
Authors: Elden Stuart 
Published: April 2019

Abstract“Territory” and “territoriality” are widely used in urban research, but often in a general, nonspecific sense that effectively relies on the idea that a territory is a “bounded space,” or the understanding that territory is the outcome of territoriality. This entry disentangles these uses, looking at economic, political, legal, and strategic senses of the urban–territory relation. Finally it outlines the challenge of “methodological territorialism.” What is described as “methodological territorialism” is really a challenge to the bounded nature of territorial conceptions. Just as work on territory can learn from work reconceptualizing the urban, the same is true in reverse: breaking out of the bounded sense of territory is crucial.
Theory of Rent Gap
Authors: Orueta Fernando Diaz 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFormulated for the first time in the late 1970s, the theory of rent gap analyzes gentrification from the perspective of production. In rent gap theory gentrification is a structural result of the operation of land and housing markets and therefore priority is given to the study of the key players and especially the developers. This theory explores the historical evolution of the processes of gentrification and its presence in new geographies, emphasizing the need to take into account the global processes of urbanization and the study of territorial stigmatization and population displacement. Since its appearance an intense and rich academic debate has been fueled with interpretations of gentrification that give a central character to cultural aspects.
Tourist City
Authors: Spirou Costas , Judd Dennis R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTourism has emerged as a major driver of urban economic development, as cities focus on employing existing cultural assets and developing new ones. All this is set in motion for the purpose of improving their urban identity and translating that reconstituted image into opportunities for growth. Significant investments in an associated, physical infrastructure in sport, entertainment, recreation, and tourism are now part of the cultural planning strategies that are central to this new agenda. Museums, sports stadiums, and convention centers, along with upgraded public spaces and urban beautification initiatives, are key elements of this rapidly developing policy direction. Cities view this urban rebranding as a recruiting mechanism capable of attracting new economy entrepreneurs and workers. The making of the tourist city is taking place within complex social, political, and economic conditions.
Urban Ecology
Authors: Dooling Sarah 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUrban ecology emerged in Europe and North America from the natural sciences as ecologists became concerned about the impacts of rapid rates of urbanization on biota and biogeochemical processes. Broadly, the goals of urban ecological research include minimizing the science–policy gap, establishing cities as legitimate objects and sites for ecological research, and addressing real‐world problems through synthetic, interdisciplinary research. The evolution of urban ecology in North America includes an “ecology in the city” and “ecology of the city” approach. This entry concludes with four proposals to ensure the relevancy of urban ecology in a rapidly changing, increasingly inequitable, and novel world.
Urban Frontier
Authors: King Colby R. , Burt Samantha 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban frontier refers to spaces in or around a city in which (re)settlement and new forms of economic development are emerging, often as a result of incoming capital investment associated with an often racialized political struggle between long‐standing and newly settled residents. Turner and Wade were among the first to describe the urban frontier. Smith's examinations of gentrification revealed how the frontier terminology invokes images of manifest destiny and reveals patterns of change and social upheaval in which long‐standing inhabitants are often marginalized by the settlers of the frontier space through revanchism. The frontier term continues to be juxtaposed with urban spaces, and is invoked in descriptions of unincorporated or unregulated areas with a rapidly growing population, such as disused spaces in Berlin and Detroit and squatter settlements, where disinvestment has led to a lack of functional regulation and practices of DIY urbanism.
Urban Governance
Authors: Lukas Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this entry different notions of urban governance are presented, from the diagnosis of living in the era of new networked forms of governance, through normative usages of the term in the form of public policy recipes, to understandings of urban governance as a theoretical field and analytical toolbox. It is discussed how these different notions play out in dissimilar ways in the Global North and the Global South, in the former prevailing debates being about modes of governance in general and the role of urban neoliberalism in particular, while in the latter the focus of urban governance research is often on issues such as informality, poverty, and social movements. Finally, the principal critiques and frontiers of urban governance practice and research are discussed with regard to the relation between urban governance and democracy, the question of power relations, the overemphasis on neoliberalism as explanatory force, and the need to profoundly internationalize the debates on urban governance.
Urban Heritage
Authors: Roders Ana Pereira 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban heritage is a social construction, a selection of resources in urban contexts which communities hold in common and deem valuable and, therefore, are willing to conserve. Urban heritage can be designated under varied legal status, such as municipal, national, and world heritage. Urban heritage can refer to a variety of urban resources, such as tangible, intangible, movable, immovable, natural, cultural, digital, and analogue. Urban heritage is the product of a traditional model of resource consumption and production, whereby urban resources can be destroyed or forgotten, unless deemed valuable and/or listed as heritage. The exception is to conserve and reuse urban resources. Urban heritage is a notion at risk of extinction during the twenty‐first century with its expanding definition and the further enhancement and adoption of more sustainable models of resource consumption and production.
Urban Landscape/Urban Form
Authors: Bergamini Kay 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUrban form is the concrete manifestation of the physical expression of the city as a result of the transforming action of the human being, with a greater or lesser influence of physical and environmental variables, as well as the content or history that they present. Urban landscape highlights more patently the man–nature relationship that occurs in the territory in a permanent transformation, where its inhabitants' perception plays an important role in its comprehension. In this entry the history of approaches and studies on this issue is reviewed, including in particular a description from the perspectives of urban morphology, as an approach focused on the anthropic aspects that generate physical or visible manifestations.
Urban Liveability
Authors: Aliste Enrique 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban liveability must be understood as an interdisciplinary logic and practice. It can be seen as a perceived notion of well‐being and social cohesion among residents of an urban area, produced by the confluence of the material conditions of architecture and urban design, and access to goods and services (broadly speaking social services, property and public infrastructure, health services, environmental, and cultural services, among others) which support a healthy and sustainable lifestyle, and give residents this perceived notion of liveability.
Urban Metabolism
Authors: Saguin Kristian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban metabolism refers to the socioecological exchange processes and transformations in cities. Different fields deploy the concept in various ways, rooted in nineteenth‐century work in biology and Marxist theory. Using urban metabolism as a metaphor, a research paradigm, or a methodological tool, studies have ranged from industrial ecological accounting of material energy flows in cities to a focus on the historical production of socionatures in urban political ecology. The multiple meanings and broad scope of metabolism have initiated debates on the usefulness of the concept but have also created spaces for interdisciplinary dialogues that integrate methods and approaches in understanding urban environmental change.
Urban Migration
Authors: Guizardi Menara 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFrom the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth century the Industrial Revolution, triggered by the countries of Northern Europe, caused a series of transformations in socioterritorial organization and in population mobility worldwide. The relationship between the planet's rural and urban areas was inverted and cities began to appear as concentrated poles of political and economic power. This was mainly caused by urban migration which at that time was understood as the displacement of populations from the countryside to the city. The twentieth century witnessed this process gain strength: spreading across the world's continents until, at the turn into the twenty‐first century, globalization of the economy would make urban migration patterns flexible and diverse. This entry historically places the emergence of the conceptual juxtaposition between migration and cities, investigating at what point these issues became central to human beings' social organization.
Urban Morphology/Urban Form
Authors: Chiaradia Alain J. F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry provides a general overview of urban morphology, covering the contributions of the three pioneering schools: Italian, British, and French. An overview of the main theoretical traditions is followed by a discussion of the fundamental shift in focus that sees the linking of urban morphology to impacts and a corresponding change in methodology. Finally, the entry examines the main challenges faced by theoretical and empirical research.
Urban or Downtown Renaissance
Authors: Stoker Robert P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn urban renaissance revitalizes city space to attract businesses, residents, and visitors. Renaissance projects align city space with changing opportunities, tastes, and lifestyles. Downtown areas are often targeted for renaissance projects. The motivation to undertake renaissance projects is rooted in competition between cities to attract residents and investment capital. Local pro‐growth coalitions that seek to increase the market and tax value of urban land promote renaissance projects. Gentrification and aggressive policing methods used to control disadvantaged populations are key controversies related to urban renaissance projects.