bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altitudinal gradients in Magellanic sub-Antarctic lagoons: the effect of elevation on freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and distribution
Authors: Rendoll Cárcamo Javier , Contador Tamara , Gañán Melisa , Pérez Troncoso Carolina , Maldonado Márquez Alan , Convey Peter , Kennedy James , Rozzi Ricardo 
Published: July 2019

Background
The study of altitudinal gradients provides insights about species diversity, distribution patterns and related drivers. The Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion has a steep elevational gradient, peaking at around 1,000 m a.s.l., and marked changes in temperature and landscape composition can be observed over relatively short distances.

Methods
This study assessed freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity associated with lakes and ponds along the altitudinal gradient of a Magellanic sub-Antarctic watershed.

Results
A monotonic decline in species richness was observed with increasing elevation, with simpler and more even community composition at higher altitude. This pattern differs from the mid-peak trend found in streams of the same watershed. Functional feeding group structure also diminished with increasing elevation.

Discussion
The study provides a descriptive baseline of macroinvertebrate community structure associated with lentic freshwater ecosystems in the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion, and confirms that elevation has substantial effects on community structure, function and environmental features, even in these relatively low elevation mountain ranges. The harsh environmental conditions of this ecoregion increase freshwater macroinvertebrate development time, as well as decreasing habitat availability and food supply, supporting simple but well adapted communities. In conjunction with previous research, this study provides a watershed-scale platform of information underpinning future long-term research in the region.
The Use of Biostimulants in High-density Olive Growing: Quality and Production
Authors: Hernández-Hernandez Gilberto , Salazar Domingo M. , Martínez-Tomé Juan , López-Cortés Isabel 
Published: July 2019

Due to the increase of high-density holdings, especially of olive trees, the nutritional requirements of the plants are higher per unit area, which implies that a greater contribution of fertilizers to the soil is needed. Opting for fertilizers of inorganic origin will produce an increase in the pollution of the soil.
In the face of this possible soil contamination, our aim is to analyze the effect of biostimulants as an alternative to chemical fertilizers, to steadily produce and maintain high quality standards during the life of the crop. Our objective is using more environmentally friendly products in order to satisfy one of the most important demands from both consumers and the authorities.
In this study, we carried out five different treatments in addition to a control treatment with a supply of NPK, from inorganic products, which are used to control fertilization with a solution obtained from seaweed extracts. These treatments were applied in two crop cycles for two of the most important varieties in the current olive tree growing scenario: Arbequina and Koroneiki.
This study was developed in the farm Pozohondo, which is located in a crop zone by the Palancia river (Castellón, Valencia, Spain), in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, where the olive trees were established in a high-density system with a planting framework of 4 x 1.5 m. We ensured an exhaustive control of the nutritional needs of the holding by using a fertigation system.
We could notice differences in the productions of each applied treatment, avoiding any possible biases through the additional control of 100 randomly selected olives from each of the samples. There is an improvement in the set of physical characteristics of the olives with the treatment that provides amino acids and extra potassium based on amni acids. We analyzed the quality of the olive oil obtained from the production of each treatment by measuring the fatty acids, tocopherols and polyphenols contents. We also carried out an organoleptic tasting analysis following the rules of the International Olive Committee (IOC).
We observed an improvement with regard to the rest of treatments in the pomological parameters of the olives when applying the potassium and amino acid biostimulant, while the quality of the oils was not affected by the type of fertilization applied in each treatment.
Determination of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Loads of Commonly Consumed Food Items of Cassava and Sweet Potato of Bench Maji Zone, South West Ethiopia 2017
Authors: Abiche Mathewos Geneto , Teferi Melkamu Beyene , Olbamo Selass Kebede 
Published: July 2019

Introduction: Glycemic index is an important parameter designed to quantify the relative blood glucose response of foods in comparison with reference glucose. Determination of glycemic index and loads of carbohydrate- rich foods play as tools of nutritional guidelines for glycemic control and to reduce the risk of diabetic complications. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine glycemic index and glycemic loads of cassava and sweet potato of commonly consumed food items of Bench-Maji, south west Ethiopia.
Materials and Methods: The 23 healthy subjects were participated in the study from Ethiopia; the mean age was 27 ± 2 years. The matured cassava and sweet potato food items were processed by washed, peeled and cooked in water (gentle boiling at 90 Co) for 20 minutes. Participants were informed to consume 50 g of carbohydrate portions of tested and reference foods. Blood sample were collected at 0 (fasting), 30, 60 and 120 minutes after ingestion of tested and reference foods. Glycemic index value of foods was calculated from the ratio of incremental area under the glucose curves of the foods. Glycemic loads for each food was determined from its glycemic index value and carbohydrate content. Data were statistically analysed by ANOVA and differences between means identified by the student t-test.
Results: The cassava and sweet potato had a medium glycemic indices (GI: 60), in spite of they generated a high glycemic loads of 26 and 24 respectively. The cassava and sweet potato had significantly lower (p<0.0001) blood glucose response was noticed as compared to white bread. There was no difference of GI and GL of tested foods within the participants and statistically not significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that the cassava and sweet potato foods had a medium glycemic index and high glycemic loads. The tested foods had significantly lower blood glucose response as compared to reference food of white bread. The resulted GI and GL data of tested foods could be help as guide of food choices to control glycemic level and to reduce the risk of diabetic complications.
Association of Malaria Parasitaemia with ABO/Rhesus Blood Group among Out-patients of Township Clinic Gwagwalada Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Balarabe-Musa Binta , Muhammad H. R. , Momo H. , Nnadike F. A. 
Published: July 2019

Aim: This study was carried out to determine association of malaria parasitaemia with ABO/Rhesus blood group.
Methodology: A total of 150 blood samples were randomly selected and examined for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum using microscopy, blood group was determined using agglutination technique.
Results: A total 92 (61.3%) were found to be infected with P. falciparum, the prevalence was highest among under five (0-10) than older groups, and higher among males 55 (63.2%) than female 37 (58.7%). Majority of the patients were rhesus positive 90(64.3%) while 2(20.0%) were rhesus negative. High percentage of blood group O, 70 (46.7%) was observed, followed by A 39(26.0%), B 34 (22.7%) and AB 7 (4.6%). All ABO blood groups showed varied presence of P. falciparum 51(72.8%), 22(56.4%), 17(50.0%) and 2(28.5%) for O, A, B and AB, respectively. Parasite density was also higher in blood group O 70 (41.69%), followed by B 34 (30.67%), and A 39 (28.09%) then AB 7 (16.84%).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that malaria parasitaemia is higher in males than female and in the younger ages than the older ones. Also Blood groups O are the most susceptible to malaria infection and AB are the least infected. However further investigation is needed to clearly establish the association ABO/Rhesus blood groups and P. falciparum infection and the need for intensified control methodology of the disease and education of the populace on the effect of rhesus negative cannot be over emphasized.
Effects of Alcohol on the Developing Brain: The Adolescent at Risk
Authors: Ciampo Luiz Antonio Del , Ciampo Ieda Regina Lopes Del 
Published: July 2019

Adolescence is a phase of great physical, emotional and social transformations that put individuals in vulnerability and with risks of aggravations that can be definitive. Among the various characteristics of the adolescent, the experimentation of new sensations and challenges is one of the most outstanding, being responsible for several common problems in this phase of life. Among the several factors that can adversely affect adolescents, alcohol is one of the most prevalent, offering serious immediate and late risks. This article presents some characteristics of alcohol consumption among adolescents and the effects on the development of the central nervous system, highlighting the main damages that can be caused in the brain in formation (reduced white matter volume and cortices, neuronal apoptosis, demyelination). In view of the relevance of the effects of alcohol on the developing brain all efforts should be directed towards avoiding or minimizing the risks to which adolescents are subject. It also presents some measures that can be with the aim of preventing the consumption of alcohol among adolescents.
Sarcoidosis
Authors: Spagnolo Paolo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disorder of unknown cause with worldwide prevalence. Although the lung is the most common organ affected, virtually any organ system may be involved with the disease and physicians of various specialities may come across patients with sarcoidosis in their practice. Owing to the lack of a diagnostic gold standard, the diagnosis is one of exclusion and requires compatible clinical‐radiological features supported by the presence of noncaseating granulomatous in biopsy specimen after exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous inflammation. The majority of patients experience resolution within 2–5 years, but in a sizeable minority, the disease runs a chronic progressive course and may be refractory to conventional corticosteroid therapy. The scarcity of effective therapies and the lack of reliable predictors of clinical course greatly contribute to making sarcoidosis such a challenging disease to manage.

Key Concepts

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown origin that affects almost invariably the lung.

Sarcoidosis is thought to result from a complex interplay between infectious/environmental and host/genetic factors leading to an aberrant immune response.

Sarcoidosis is more common and severe in African Americans.

The diagnosis of sarcoidosis requires the combination of compatible clinical and radiological features, detection of noncaseating granulomas in affected organs and exclusion of other diseases that may present similarly.

In asymptomatic patients, the finding of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest radiography is virtually diagnostic of sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is generally benign and the majority of patients do not require treatment; however, approximately one‐third of the patients develop chronic disease and may need long‐term treatment.

Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment despite the paucity of adequate supportive data.

Extrapulmonary manifestations of the disease are a major cause of morbidity.

Patients with refractory or life/organ‐threatening disease should be referred to expert centres.
D
esulfarculus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

De.sulf.ar'cu.lus
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; N.L. masc. n.
arculus
a small bow; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfarculus
a bow‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfarcalia / Desulfarculales / Desulfarculaceae / Desulfarculus

Vibrio‐shaped cells, 0.5–0.7 × 1.5–4 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. The type species is motile. Strict anaerobe with respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph, using formate, butyrate, and higher fatty acids as electron donors and carbon sources; these compounds are oxidized to

CO
2

via the anaerobic

C
1

pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [
CODH
] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway) as indicated by carbon monoxide and formate dehydrogenase activities and genome data. Growth on acetate and propionate is very slow. Sulfate and other oxidized sulfur compounds serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to

H
2
S

. Sulfur, fumarate, and nitrate are not used as terminal electron acceptors. Growth does not usually occur in the absence of an external electron acceptor. Mesophilic. Optimal temperature for growth, 35–39°C. Neutrophilic. Optimal pH for growth, 7.3. Anoxic media (with sulfide as a reductant) are necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required.
Desulfarculus
species are widespread in freshwater habitats, but might occur in brackish or marine sediments as well.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 65.7 (genome data).

Type species
:
Desulfarculus baarsii
(Widdel 1981) Kuever, Rainey and Widdel 2006, 2
VP
(Effective publication Kuever Rainey and Widdel 2005a, 1005; basonym:
Desulfovibrio baarsii
Widdel 1981, 382).
Benign tumors in myotonic dystrophy type I target disease‐related cancer sites
Authors: Alsaggaf Rotana , St. George Diane Marie M. , Zhan Min , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Wang Youjin , Anderson Lesley A. , Liu Zhiwei , Koshiol Jill , Bauer Andrew J. , Wagner Kathryn R. , Greene Mark H. , Amr Sania , Gadalla Shahinaz M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesRecent evidence showed that myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1) patients are at increased risk of certain cancers, but the risk of benign tumors is unknown. We compared the risk of benign tumors in DM1 patients with matched DM1‐free individuals and assessed the association between benign tumors and subsequent cancers.MethodsWe identified 927 DM1 patients and 13,085 DM1‐free individuals matched on gender, birth‐year, clinic, and clinic‐registration year from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a primary care records database. We used Cox regression models for statistical analyses.ResultsDM1 patients had elevated risks of thyroid nodules (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 10.4; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 3.91–27.52; P < 0.001), benign tumors of the brain or nervous system (HR = 8.4; 95% CI = 2.48–28.47; P < 0.001), colorectal polyps (HR = 4.3; 95% CI = 1.76–10.41; P = 0.001), and possibly uterine fibroids (HR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.22–5.88; P = 0.01). Pilomatricomas and salivary gland adenomas occurred almost exclusively in DM1 patients (Fisher's exact P < 0.001). The HR for colorectal polyps was elevated in DM1 males but not in females (HR = 8.2 vs. 1.3, respectively; P‐heterogeneity < 0.001), whereas endocrine and brain tumors occurred exclusively in females. The data suggested an association between benign tumors and subsequent cancer in classic DM1 patients (HR = 2.7; 95% CI = 0.93–7.59; P = 0.07).InterpretationOur study showed a similar site‐specific benign tumor profile to that previously reported for DM1‐associated cancers. The possible association between benign tumors and subsequent cancer in classic DM1 patients warrants further investigation as it may guide identifying patients at elevated risk of cancer. Our findings underscore the importance of following population‐based screening recommendations in DM1 patients, for example, for colorectal cancer.
Fiber/Fabric‐Based Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Flexible/Stretchable and Wearable Electronics and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Dong Kai , Peng Xiao , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntegration of advanced nanogenerator technology with conventional textile processes fosters the emergence of textile‐based nanogenerators (NGs), which will inevitably promote the rapid development and widespread applications of next‐generation wearable electronics and multifaceted artificial intelligence systems. NGs endow smart textiles with mechanical energy harvesting and multifunctional self‐powered sensing capabilities, while textiles provide a versatile flexible design carrier and extensive wearable application platform for their development. However, due to the lack of an effective interactive platform and communication channel between researchers specializing in NGs and those good at textiles, it is rather difficult to achieve fiber/fabric‐based NGs with both excellent electrical output properties and outstanding textile‐related performances. To this end, a critical review is presented on the current state of the arts of wearable fiber/fabric‐based piezoelectric nanogenerators and triboelectric nanogenerators with respect to basic classifications, material selections, fabrication techniques, structural designs, and working principles, as well as potential applications. Furthermore, the potential difficulties and tough challenges that can impede their large‐scale commercial applications are summarized and discussed. It is hoped that this review will not only deepen the ties between smart textiles and wearable NGs, but also push forward further research and applications of future wearable fiber/fabric‐based NGs.
Janus‐Type Hybrid Paper Membranes
Authors: Nau Maximilian , Herzog Nicole , Schmidt Johannes , Meckel Tobias , Andrieu‐Brunsen Annette , Biesalski Markus 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFunctional paper‐based materials and devices have been increasingly attractive to scientists in the recent past. In particular, the possibility to functionalize the surface of paper fibers with tailor‐made coatings has broadened a possible scope of emerging application considerably. This work introduces novel functional paper membranes with adjustable gradient and Janus‐type wettability based on gradient and Janus‐type silica coating distribution along the paper cross‐section. Correlation of CLSM (distribution), thermogravimetric analysis (silica amount), and Kr‐BET (surface area; BET: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) reveals an extremely low coating thickness, in the range of just a few nanometers, being sufficient to fully inverse paper wettability from hydrophilic to very hydrophobic excluding water. This asymmetric wettability, originating from an asymmetric silica distribution along the paper cross‐section, is established by synchronizing silane hydrolysis and condensation reaction rates with silane transport rates in paper within a simple and scalable one‐step drying process after having immersed a paper sheet into a tetraethoxysilane‐containing precursor solution. As silica by itself, like paper, is a hydrophilic material, the observed hydrophobicity is related to a reduction in cellulose fiber nanoscale porosity controlling water imbibition. While being relevant in manifold applications, these ultrathin, Janus‐type hybrid paper membranes are demonstrated to show directed gating and selective oil–water separation.
Construction of Carbocycles from Methylenecyclopropanes
Authors: Cao Hongen , Chen Fenglin , Su Chenliang , Yu Lei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent continuing studies on the reactive small molecules of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) type and their derivatives have led to the rapid development of a variety of efficient synthetic methods based on novel reactions. These new transformations have proved to be very powerful tools to access otherwise difficult‐to‐obtain molecules. Although there have been some nice reviews on the applications of MCPs, there is still none focusing on MCPs‐based construction of carbocycles, which are a class of important skeletons in synthetic organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, natural product synthesis, biochemistry, and agrichemicals. Thus, this review is an attempt to summarize the reports published since 2002 on the construction of carbocyclic compounds starting from the versatile MCPs, hoping that it may fill the gaps in the field.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Four‐Component Synthesis of β‐Cyano‐α,β‐unsaturated Ketones Using Calcium Carbide as an Acetylene Source and Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II) as an Eco‐Friendly Cyanide Source
Authors: Lu Hao , Li Zheng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed one‐pot four‐component synthesis of β‐cyano‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones by the reactions of aryl halides, calcium carbide, potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) and aroyl chlorides is described. The salient features of this protocol are the direct use of easy‐to‐handle acetylene source and eco‐friendly cyanide source, wide scope of substrates with good functional group tolerance, and simple work‐up procedure.magnified image
High Energy Density Polymer Dielectrics Interlayered by Assembled Boron Nitride Nanosheets
Authors: Zhu Yingke , Zhu Yujie , Huang Xingyi , Chen Jin , Li Qi , He Jinliang , Jiang Pingkai 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPolymer dielectrics such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have drawn tremendous attention in high energy density capacitors because of their high dielectric constant and ease of processing. However, the discharged energy density attained with these materials is restrained by the inferior breakdown strength and electric resistivity. Herein, PVDF composite films with a nanosized interlayer of assembled boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) that is aligned along the in‐plane direction are prepared through a simple layer‐by‐layer solution‐casting process. Compared to the pristine PVDF, the composite films show remarkably suppressed leakage current, resulting in a high breakdown strength and a superior energy density which are 136% and 275%, respectively, that of the pristine PVDF. The experimental results and computational simulations reveal that the compact and successive interlayer of assembled BNNSs can largely mitigate the local field distortion and block the propagation of electrical treeing, which is advantageous over the conventional dielectric polymer nanocomposites. Notably, unlike the previous dielectric polymer nanocomposites that are usually incorporated with a high volume fraction of nanofillers, i.e., 5–10 vol%, the present composites contain only an extremely low content of nanfillers, e.g., 0.16 vol%. These findings offer a novel paradigm for fabricating high energy density and high efficiency polymer dielectrics.
Study of Burn‐In Loss in Green Solvent‐Processed Ternary Blended Organic Photovoltaics Derived from UV‐Crosslinkable Semiconducting Polymers and Nonfullerene Acceptors
Authors: Lee Junwoo , Kim Jae Won , Park Sang Ah , Son Sung Yun , Choi Kyoungwon , Lee Woojin , Kim Minjun , Kim Jin Young , Park Taiho 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis work deals with the investigation of burn‐in loss in ternary blended organic photovoltaics (OPVs) prepared from a UV‐crosslinkable semiconducting polymer (P2FBTT‐Br) and a nonfullerene acceptor (IEICO‐4F) via a green solvent process. The synthesized P2FBTT‐Br can be crosslinked by UV irradiation for 150 s and dissolved in 2‐methylanisole due to its asymmetric structure. In OPV performance and burn‐in loss tests performed at 75 °C or AM 1.5G Sun illumination for 90 h, UV‐crosslinked devices with PC71BM show 9.2% power conversion efficiency (PCE) and better stability against burn‐in loss than pristine devices. The frozen morphology resulting from the crosslinking prevents lateral crystallization and aggregation related to morphological degradation. When IEICO‐4F is introduced in place of a fullerene‐based acceptor, the burn‐in loss due to thermal aging and light soaking is dramatically suppressed because of the frozen morphology and high miscibility of the nonfullerene acceptor (18.7% → 90.8% after 90 h at 75 °C and 37.9% → 77.5% after 90 h at AM 1.5G). The resulting crosslinked device shows 9.4% PCE (9.8% in chlorobenzene), which is the highest value reported to date for crosslinked active materials, in the first green processing approach.