bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visceral visions: art, pedagogy and politics in Revolutionary France
Authors: Johnson Dorothy 
Published: January 2019

In late eighteenth-century France, at the seeming height of neoclassicism in the arts with its goal of idealized form al’antica in the depiction of the human figure, an intensified fascination with the visual experience of viscera emerged. Picturing viscera became increasingly common in visual culture. These developments occurred during a period of intense political and cultural upheaval and concomitant violence and bloodshed in France. Graphic anatomical plates, prints, and caricatures as well as wax models of viscera cast from the body parts of corpses, were used for pedagogical instruction as were écorché figures, either sculpted or cast from cadavers. Paintings were made that engaged the subject of death and disembowelment. We also see the actual participation in dissection by artists as well as anatomists. Artists, anatomists, and amateurs (sometimes working in concert) produced compelling images of what lies beneath the skin for a variety of purposes and functions.
Effects of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection on egg production and the immune response of the laying duck Anas platyrhynchos
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Yang , Gu Tiantian , Xu Qi , Zhu Guoqiang , Chen Guohong 
Published: January 2019

Persistent colonization of the avian reproductive tract by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) negatively affects egg production and contaminates the egg. The immune function of the ovary and oviduct is essential for protection from infection and for the production of wholesome eggs. However, the immune response of laying ducks during SE infection is not well-understood. In this study, ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were infected with SE and were systematically monitored for fecal shedding during a 13-week period. We also assessed bacterial distribution in the reproductive tract and classified infected ducks as resistant or susceptible based on the presence of tissue lesions and on SE isolation from fecal samples. We found that infected animals had persistent, but intermittent, bacterial shedding that resulted in the induction of carrier ducks. Laying rate and egg quality were also decreased after SE infection (P < 0.05). SE readily colonized the stroma, small follicle, isthmus, and vagina in the reproductive tracts of susceptible ducks. Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) levels were higher in susceptible ducks compared with resistant birds (P < 0.05); T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) displayed the opposite trend. qRT-PCR analysis was used to examine expression profiles of immune response genes in the reproductive tract of infected ducks. The analysis revealed that immune genes, including toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4-5, TLR15, TLR21), NOD-like receptors (NOD1, NLRX1, NLRP12), avian β-defensins (AvβD4-5, AvβD7, AvβD12), cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ), and MyD88 were markedly upregulated in the reproductive tracts of SE-infected ducks (all P < 0.05); TLR3, TLR7, NLRC3, NLRC5, and TNF-α were significantly downregulated. These results revealed that SE infection promoted lower egg production and quality, and altered the expression of TLRs, NLRs, AvβDs, and cytokine family genes. These findings provide a basis for further investigation of the physiological and immune mechanisms of SE infection in laying ducks.
Effects of ventilation openings in industrial safety helmets on evaporative heat dissipation
Authors: Ueno Satoru , Sawada Shin-ichi 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the effects of ventilation openings in commercial industrial safety helmets (ISHs) on evaporative heat dissipation.

Methods
Seven models of commercial ISH were examined quantitatively by a sweating thermal head manikin (SHM) with six separate zones. To simulate summer outdoor conditions, the measurements were done in a climate chamber, with the room temperature and relative humidity set at 34.0°C and 50%, respectively. The shell temperature of SHM was set at 34.0°C. Wind was blown from the front or left side at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 m/s. The necessary heat flux to keep the manikin skin temperature at 34.0°C was counted as evaporative heat dissipation in each zone.

Results
Openings at the front and back, and openings between the body and brim of the helmet played a significant role in increasing the heat flux in Forehead zone, but in all zones as a total, the effects were not significant. Heat flux for ISH with openings on both the right and left sides was not significantly different from that without openings.

Conclusions
Our study utilizing SHM showed that ventilation openings on both the right and left sides or front and back sides of commercial ISHs were not significantly effective in increasing total evaporative heat dissipation under an equivalent temperature of ambience and manikin shell. Further improvements on ISH are needed to increase evaporative heat dissipation.
Customized double‐shell immobilization device combined with VMAT radiation treatment of basosquamous cell carcinoma of the scalp
Authors: Mail Noor , Al‐Ghamdi Suliman M. , Chantel Carelse , Sedhu Farid , Rana Atique , Saoudi Abdelhamid 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMalignancies with a superficial involvement of the scalp/skull present technical challenges for radiation‐treatment‐planning, such as achieving skin coverage with the prescribed dose and with the desirable conformity, homogeneity, and lower brain dose. We report a radiotherapy treatment technique for a patient diagnosed with diffuse basosquamous cell carcinoma of the scalp and adjacent skull‐bone. This study presents the plan's quality parameters, patient's dosimetry, and patient's outcome. The patient was treated using volume‐modulated‐arc therapy (VMAT) and a double‐shell‐bolus full‐head device (DSBFD) designed for patient immobilization and better skin coverage. A VMAT plan was generated using an Eclipse treatment‐planning system for a prescribed dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions. The treatment plan was analyzed to determine the conformity index (CI), the homogeneity index (HI), the target‐coverage, and the dose to the organs‐at‐risk (OARs). Skin‐doses were measured using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters. Clinical follow‐up was performed by the radiation oncologist during and after the course of radiotherapy. With regard to planning target volume (PTV) coverage, the V95 was 99%. The measured and calculated dose to the skin was in the range 100–108% of the prescribed dose. The mean brain‐PTV dose was 711 cGy. The CI and HI were 1.09 and 1.08, respectively. The mean positioning accuracy for the patient over the course of treatment was within 2 mm. The measured accumulated skin dose and planning dose was agreed within 2%. Clinical examination of the patient 6 months after radiotherapy showed good response to the treatment and a 90% reduction in scarring. The DSBFD technique combined with RapidArc treatment was useful in terms of the target dose distribution and coverage. Daily patient alignment was found very precise, reproducible and less time‐consuming.
American College of Rheumatology Provisional Criteria for Clinically Relevant Improvement in Children and Adolescents With Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Brunner Hermine I. , Holland Michael J. , Beresford Michael W. , Ardoin Stacy P. , Appenzeller Simone , Silva Clovis A. , Flores Francisco , Goilav Beatrice , Avar Aydin Pinar Ozge , Wenderfer Scott E. , Levy Deborah M. , Ravelli Angelo , Khubchandani Raju , Avcin Tadej , Klein‐Gitelman Marisa S. , Ruperto Nicolino , Feldman Brian M. , Ying Jun ,   the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trial Organisation and Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveTo develop a Childhood Lupus Improvement Index (CHILI) as a tool to measure response to therapy in childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE), with a focus on clinically relevant improvement (CRIcSLE).MethodsPediatric nephrology and rheumatology subspecialists (n = 213) experienced incSLEmanagement were invited to defineCRIcSLEand rate a total of 433 unique patient profiles for the presence/absence ofCRIcSLE. Patient profiles included the followingcSLEcore response variables (CRVs): global assessment of patient well‐being (patient‐global), physician assessment ofcSLEactivity (MD‐global), disease activity index score (here, we used the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index), urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio, and Child Health Questionnaire physical summary score. Percentage and absolute changes in thesecSLE‐CRVs (baseline versus follow‐up) were considered in order to develop candidate algorithms and validate their performance (sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]; range 0–1).ResultsDuring an international consensus conference, unanimous agreement on a definition ofCRIcSLEwas achieved;cSLEexperts (n = 13) concurred (100%) that the preferredCHILIalgorithm considers absolute changes in thecSLE‐CRVs. After transformation to a range of 0–100, aCHILIscore of ≥54 had outstanding accuracy for identifyingCRIcSLE(AUC0.93, sensitivity 81.1%, and specificity 84.2%).CHILIscores also reflect minor, moderate, and major improvement for values exceeding 15, 68, and 92, respectively (allAUC≥0.92, sensitivity ≥93.1%, and specificity ≥73.4%).ConclusionTheCHILIis a new, seemingly highly accurate index for measuringCRIincSLEover time. This index is useful to categorize the degree of response to therapy in children and adolescents withcSLE.
Association Between Symptom Duration and Patient‐Reported Outcomes Before and After Hip Replacement Surgery
Authors: Lau Yiu‐Shing , Harrison Mark , Sutton Matt 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivePatients experience discomfort and compromised quality of life while waiting for hip replacement. Symptom duration may affect quality of life attained following surgery. We undertook this study to investigate the impact of symptom duration on patient‐reported postsurgical outcomes from hip replacement surgery.MethodsNational observational data collected before and after hip replacement surgery in England between 2009 and 2016 were used to investigate determinants of symptom duration prior to surgery and the relationship between symptom duration and presurgical and postsurgical patient‐reported outcomes. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate associations between patient‐reported outcomes and symptom duration, controlling for a range of covariates.ResultsThe sample included 209,192 patients; most (69%) experienced symptoms for 1–5 years. A few patients (14%) experienced symptoms for <1 year, for longer than 5 years (6–10 years [11%]), or for >10 years (5%). Symptom duration decreased overall over the studied time period and was shorter among patients who were male, older, and from areas of lesser deprivation. Patients with a symptom duration <1 year had better postsurgical pain and function outcomes (Oxford Hip Score [OHS] 0.875 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.777, 0.973]) than those with 1–5 years symptom duration in an adjusted model. Conversely, those with symptom duration >5 years had increasingly poorer postsurgical outcomes (OHS –0.730 [95% CI –0.847, –0.613] for those with disease duration 6–10 years and OHS –1.112 [95% CI –1.278, –0.946] for those with disease duration >10 years).ConclusionSymptom duration prior to hip replacement has become more standardized in England over time. However, increasing duration remains a significant predictor of poorer outcomes after surgery.
Tunable Volatility of Ge2Sb2Te5 in Integrated Photonics
Authors: Youngblood Nathan , Ríos Carlos , Gemo Emanuele , Feldmann Johannes , Cheng Zengguang , Baldycheva Anna , Pernice Wolfram HP , Wright C. David , Bhaskaran Harish 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe operation of a single class of optical materials in both a volatile and nonvolatile manner is becoming increasingly important in many applications. This is particularly true in the newly emerging field of photonic neuromorphic computing, where it is desirable to have both volatile (short‐term transient) and nonvolatile (long‐term static) memory operation, for instance, to mimic the behavior of biological neurons and synapses. The search for such materials thus far have focused on phase change materials where typically two different types are required for the two different operational regimes. In this paper, a tunable volatile/nonvolatile response is demonstrated in a photonic phase‐change memory cell based on the commonly employed nonvolatile material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST). A time‐dependent, multiphysics simulation framework is developed to corroborate the experimental results, allowing us to spatially resolve the recrystallization dynamics within the memory cell. It is then demonstrated that this unique approach to photonic memory enables both data storage with tunable volatility and detection of coincident events between two pulse trains on an integrated chip. Finally, improved efficiency and all‐optical routing with controlled volatility are demonstrated in a ring resonator. These crucial results show that volatility is intrinsically tunable in normally nonvolatile GST which can be used in both regimes interchangeably.
Performance Optimization of Parallel‐Like Ternary Organic Solar Cells through Simultaneous Improvement in Charge Generation and Transport
Authors: Hadmojo Wisnu Tantyo , Wibowo Febrian Tri Adhi , Lee Wooseop , Jang Hye‐Kyung , Kim Yeongsik , Sinaga Septy , Park Minsuk , Ju Sang‐Yong , Ryu Du Yeol , Jung In Hwan , Jang Sung‐Yeon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTernary organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices with multiple light‐absorbing active materials have emerged as an efficient strategy for realizing further improvements in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) without building complex multijunction structures. However, the third component often acts as recombination centers and, hence, the optimization of ternary blend morphology poses a major challenge to improving the PCE of these devices. In this work, the performance of OPVs is enhanced through the morphological modification of nonfullerene acceptor (NFA)‐containing binary active layers. This modification is achieved by incorporating fullerenes into the layers. The uniformly dispersed fullerenes are sufficiently continuous and successfully mediate the ordering of NFA without charge or energy transfer. Owing to the simultaneous improvement in the charge generation and extraction, the PCE (12.1%) of these parallel‐linked ternary devices is considerably higher than those of the corresponding binary devices (9.95% and 7.78%). Moreover, the additional energy loss of the ternary device is minimized, compared with that of the NFA‐based binary device, due to the judicious control of the effective donor:acceptor composition of the ternary blends.
Bio‐Inspired, Self‐Toughening Polymers Enabled by Plasticizer‐Releasing Microcapsules
Authors: Meesorn Worarin , Calvino Céline , Natterodt Jens C. , Zoppe Justin O. , Weder Christoph 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA new concept for the design of self‐toughening thermoplastic polymers is presented. The approach involves the incorporation of plasticizer‐filled microcapsules (MCs) in an intrinsically rigid and brittle matrix polymer. The intriguing adaptability that this simple tactic enables is demonstrated with composites composed of a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix and 5–20% w/w poly(urea‐formaldehyde) (PUF) MCs that contained hexyl acetate as plasticizer. At low strain (<1.5%), the glassy PLA/MC composites remain rigid, although the intact MCs reduce the Young's modulus and tensile strength by up to 50%. While the neat PLA shows brittle failure at a strain of around 2.5%, the composites yield in this regime, because the MCs rupture and release their plasticizing cargo. This effect leads up to 25‐fold increase of the elongation at break and 20‐fold increase of the toughness vis‐à‐vis the neat PLA, while the impact on modulus and ultimate stress is much smaller. Ballistic impact tests show that the self‐toughening mechanism also works at much higher strain rates than applied in tensile tests and the operating mechanism is corroborated through systematic thermomechanical studies that involved dynamic mechanical testing and thermal analysis.
Chiral Photonic Cellulose Films Enabling Mechano/Chemo Responsive Selective Reflection of Circularly Polarized Light
Authors: Qu Dan , Zheng Hongzhi , Jiang Haijing , Xu Yan , Tang Zhiyong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractStimuli‐responsive selective reflection of circularly polarized light in a broad wavelength range is of significance from scientific and technological viewpoints. Herein, chiral photonic cellulose films are fabricated which exhibit selective reflection of circularly polarized light responsive to mechanical and chemical stimuli. The chiral photonic cellulose films are highly deformable with the strain‐at‐break up to 40.8%, which is the highest among reported chiral photonic cellulose films. Selective reflection of left‐handed circularly polarized light responsive to bending and uniaxial tensioning across the entire visible spectrum is demonstrated, as well as reversible response to water vapor (10–100% relative humidity) from the visible to the near‐infrared region with Δλmax = 492 nm. The stimuli response is realized by alterable helical organization based on supramolecular chemistry. The current work provides a general strategy for rational design of multistimuli‐responsive selective reflection of circularly polarized light, and a soft material platform for scalable camouflaging and security materials.
Digital Metasurface with Phase Code and Reflection–Transmission Amplitude Code for Flexible Full‐Space Electromagnetic Manipulations
Authors: Wu Rui Yuan , Zhang Lei , Bao Lei , Wu Liang Wei , Ma Qian , Bai Guo Dong , Wu Hao Tian , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDigital coding metasurfaces have been introduced to describe the properties of metasurfaces digitally and provide a new approach to link the physical world and information science. However, most of the current digital metasurfaces are focused on phase code, limiting their functions and applications. Here, the concept of reflection–transmission (R–T) amplitude code is established, and novel digital metasurfaces for full‐space electromagnetic (EM) manipulations are proposed, in which the digital states of the R–T amplitude code “0” and “1” represent the total reflection and transmission, respectively. The introduction of the R–T amplitude code enables a full‐space communication system and larger information capacity by associating with phase codes. For this purpose, first a novel polarization‐dependent R–T amplitude code is proposed, which is distinguished by the polarization of the incidence. Further positive–intrinsic–negative (PIN) diodes are adopted to realize dynamic R–T amplitude code, resulting in real‐time controls of far‐field radiation characteristics. Good agreements between simulations and experiments demonstrate the powerful ability to manipulate the EM waves by combining the R–T amplitude and phase codes, indicating great potentials in new digital metasurface‐based information, radar, and imaging systems.
Tuning of the Optical Properties of the Transparent Conducting Oxide SrVO3 by Electronic Correlations
Authors: Boileau Alexis , Cheikh Aïmane , Fouchet Arnaud , David Adrian , Labbé Christophe , Marie Philippe , Gourbilleau Fabrice , Lüders Ulrike 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe vanadate SrVO3 is a transparent conductor perovskite with optical and electrical properties competing with those of the most‐used indium tin oxide material. Although its charge density is comparable to that of metals, SrVO3 shows a plasma frequency below the visible range due to strong electronic correlations characterizing the electronic transport in this material and enhancing the effective mass. Therefore, the well‐known interplay between the structure and the electronic properties of strongly correlated systems can be used in such transparent conductor to tune the optical properties, as the plasma frequency also depends on the effective mass. In this study, SrVO3 films are grown by pulsed laser deposition onto different lattice mismatched perovskite substrates such as SrTiO3, LaAlO3, and (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2TaAlO6)0.7 at different growth temperatures. The structural, electronic, and optical properties are analyzed, illustrating the influence of the strain on the structure of the films and on a shift of the plasma frequency. The electronic correlations in this new group of transparent conducting oxides can be therefore used as a supplementary lever for the tuning of the functional properties.
Cascade‐Microphase‐Separation‐Induced Hierarchical Photonic Structures in Supramolecular Organogel for Deformation‐Insensitive Structural Colors
Authors: Han Peng , He Xueying , Zhang Yingxue , Zhou Haiyan , Liu Meijin , Wu Na , Jiang Jieke , Wei Yu , Yao Xi , Zhou Jinming , Song Yanlin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhotonic materials with tunable structural colors in response to various stimuli have enabled diverse sensing and displaying applications. However, the changeable colors caused by mechanical deformations may severely confuse the optical readouts for the upcoming wearable photonics. Herein, an extremely stretchable supramolecular organogel is demonstrated with deformation‐insensitive structural colors through an unconventional cascade‐microphase‐separation process among the silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), silicone oils, and hydrogen‐bonded polymer gel. The resultant sparse and abundant microscale SiO2 NP aggregates with proper sizes, shapes, and random distributions in the gel matrix serve as rigid structural color domains and secure invariant colors to the whole soft sample under extreme mechanical deformations. Moreover, the dynamic hydrogen bonding of the organogel matrix offers the nanocomposites shear‐thinning and easy‐molding property, making them ideal for color paints in versatile coating applications. The deformable organogel nanocomposites have great potentials in various fields requiring stable colors and open up a new avenue for the development of wearable photonic devices.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of o‐Bromobenzaldehydes with N‐Sulfonylhydrazones: An Efficient Approach to the Naphthalene Skeleton
Authors: Zhang Heng , Yu Yinghua , Huang Shenlin , Huang Xueliang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA new strategy for the construction of the naphthalene backbone is described. The reaction essentially starts from two simple aldehydes. The key step is enabled by a palladium‐carbene migratory insertion. After that, a sequence of reversible allylic alkylation and intramolecular condensation takes place to give the substituted naphthalene derivatives. Additional manipulations on the sulfonyl group in the product via palladium‐catalyzed Kumada coupling were also investigated.magnified image