bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetik der Alzheimer-Krankheit
Authors: Bajaj Thomas , Ramirez Alfredo , Wagner-Thelen Holger 
Published: July 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Alzheimer-Erkrankung („Alzheimer’s disease“, AD) ist die häufigste Ursache der neurodegenerativen Demenzen. Im Gegensatz zu monogenen und meist frühmanifesten Formen der AD, welche auf hochpenetrante Mutationen in den GenenAPP, PSEN1undPSEN2zurückzuführen sind, wird die Suszeptibilität für die sporadische, oft spätmanifeste Form der AD durch eine komplexe Wechselwirkung zwischen genetischen und epigenetischen Faktoren wie auch umwelt- und lebensstilbedingten Faktoren bestimmt. ObgleichAPOE ε4der stärkste genetische Risikofaktor für die AD ist, macht der Effekt desAPOE ε4lediglich 27,3 % der geschätzten Heritabilität von 58–79 % aus. Durch den kontinuierlichen technischen Fortschritt von GWAS (genomweite Assoziationsstudien) und automatisierten Sequenziermethoden der nächsten Generation gelingt es Wissenschaftlern in groß angelegten Kollaborationen sukzessive die fehlende Heritabilität aufzudecken. Wichtige Erkenntnisse aus GWAS und Signalweganalysen suggerieren, dass Mikroglia, die residenten Immunzellen des ZNS, eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Pathogenese der AD spielen. Eine beachtliche Anzahl der in genetischen Studien identifizierten Risikogene weisen immunsystembezogene Funktionen auf und werden in höchstem Maße von Mikroglia exprimiert. Durch die Beschreibung von Risikovarianten inCR1, CLU, SPI1, CD33, MS4A, ABCA7, EPHA1, HLA-DRB5/1, INPP5D, TYROBP, TREM2, PLCG2undABI3nimmt die Mikroglia vermittelte Immunantwort bei der Pathogenese der AD eine zentrale Rolle ein. Von besonderer Bedeutung könnte sein, dass die PLCγ2-Variante p.P522R einen protektiven Effekt auf die LOAD („late-onset“ AD; spätmanifeste Form der AD) ausübt und als Enzym ein klassisches Ziel für eine therapeutische Modulation von komplexen Formen der AD darstellt.
On learning in the clinical environment
Authors: Liljedahl Matilda 
Published: July 2018

Introduction The clinical environment has been increasingly acknowledged as an important setting for learning within healthcare professional education. In particular, researchers have highlighted the need to advance the knowledge on the social nature of learning in the workplace setting. The aim of the thesis was to explore workplace learning among undergraduate medical and nursing students.
Method The thesis adopted a socio-cultural perspective on learning and employed a qualitative approach embedded in an interpretative tradition of inquiry. Four consecutive studies were included in the thesis, the first one designed according to qualitative description whereas the other three had an ethnographic approach. Data were collected through individual interviews and field observations. Content analysis and thematic analysis were employed.
Results For the medical students, workplace learning entailed access to a variety of activities in the role of a marginal member of the healthcare team. Medical students demonstrated an adaptive approach to workplace learning. For the nursing students, workplace learning involved being entrusted to hold responsibility for patient care and the need to negotiate their basic values with those of the workplaces. Nursing students showed a hesitant approach to workplace learning.
Discussion Workplace learning was built upon varying theoretical perspectives of learning in the medical and nursing contexts respectively. The main message in the thesis argued for an upgrading of students as a powerful and active stakeholder in workplace learning, so as not to view students as passive consumers of clinical education.
Case‐finding in clinical practice: An appropriate strategy for dementia identification?
Authors: Ranson Janice M. , Kuźma Elżbieta , Hamilton William , Lang Iain , Llewellyn David J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEarlier diagnosis of dementia is increasingly being recognized as a public health priority. As screening is not generally recommended, case‐finding in clinical practice is encouraged as an alternative dementia identification strategy. The approaches of screening and case‐finding are often confused, with uncertainty about what case‐finding should involve and under what circumstances it is appropriate. We propose a formal definition of dementia case‐finding with a clear distinction from screening. We critically examine case‐finding policy and practice and propose evidence requirements for implementation in clinical practice. Finally, we present a case‐finding pathway and discuss the available evidence for best practice at each stage, with recommendations for research and practice. In conclusion, dementia case‐finding is a promising strategy but currently not appropriate due to the substantial gaps in the evidence base for several components of this approach.
The My Active and Healthy Aging (My‐AHA) ICT platform to detect and prevent frailty in older adults: Randomized control trial design and protocol
Authors: Summers Mathew J. , Rainero Innocenzo , Vercelli Alessandro E. , Aumayr Georg , de Rosario Helios , Mönter Michaela , Kawashima Ryuta ,   My‐AHA Consortium, Vercelli A.E. , Rainero I. , Caglio M. , Carbone C. , Rubino E. , Sousa I. , Vasconcelos M.J.M. , Madureira P. , Ribeiro J. , Cardoso N. , Giannouli E. , Zijlstra W. , Alonso S. , Mönter M. , Schnieder S. , Roelen S.D. , Kächele L. , Krajewski J. , de Rosario H. , Laparra J. , Serrano J.F. , Medina E. , López A. , Pedrero J.F. , Martínez Ú. , Bazzani M. , Cogerino C. , Toso G.M. , Tommasone G. , Frisello A. , Aumayr G. , Haider G. , Bleier D. , Sturm N. , Kaartinen N. , Kern A. , Bandelow S. , Niederstrasser N.G. , Vaziri D. , Tabatabaei A. , Gouverneur P. , Lagodzinski P. , Wieching R. , Grzegorek M. , Shariat Yazdi H. , Shirahama K. , Wulf V. , Cho Y. , Kawashima R. , Burin D. , Nouchi R. , Summers M.J. , Ciferri L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionFrailty increases the risk of poor health outcomes, disability, hospitalization, and death in older adults and affects 7%–12% of the aging population. Secondary impacts of frailty on psychological health and socialization are significant negative contributors to poor outcomes for frail older adults.MethodThe My Active and Healthy Aging (My‐AHA) consortium has developed an information and communications technology–based platform to support active and healthy aging through early detection of prefrailty and provision of individually tailored interventions, targeting multidomain risks for frailty across physical activity, cognitive activity, diet and nutrition, sleep, and psychosocial activities. Six hundred adults aged 60 years and older will be recruited to participate in a multinational, multisite 18‐month randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the My‐AHA platform to detect prefrailty and the efficacy of individually tailored interventions to prevent development of clinical frailty in this cohort. A total of 10 centers from Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden, Japan, South Korea, and Australia will participate in the randomized controlled trial.ResultsPilot testing (Alpha Wave) of the My‐AHA platform and all ancillary systems has been completed with a small group of older adults in Europe with the full randomized controlled trial scheduled to commence in 2018.DiscussionThe My‐AHA study will expand the understanding of antecedent risk factors for clinical frailty so as to deliver targeted interventions to adults with prefrailty. Through the use of an information and communications technology platform that can connect with multiple devices within the older adult's own home, the My‐AHA platform is designed to measure an individual's risk factors for frailty across multiple domains and then deliver personalized domain‐specific interventions to the individual. The My‐AHA platform is technology‐agnostic, enabling the integration of new devices and sensor platforms as they emerge.
Rebalancing the central-local relationship: achieving a bottom-up approach to localism in England
Authors: Stanton John 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRecent governments have introduced a plethora of reforms seeking to decentralise power to local government in England. Invariably, however, these have fallen short of stated objectives, leaving councils at the mercy of central supervision and with insufficient local autonomy. This paper explores the reasons underpinning this concern. It identifies a top-down approach to localism and considers the culture of centralism that persists as a consequence. It then discusses how a bottom-up approach might be achieved, exploring how political and legal mechanisms can protect councils from centralised interference in the future.
Dietary patterns and risk of self-reported activity limitation in older adults from the Three-City Bordeaux Study
Authors: Pilleron Sophie , Pérès Karine , Jutand Marthe-Aline , Helmer Catherine , Dartigues Jean-François , Samieri Cécilia , Féart Catherine 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFew studies have been interested in the relationship between dietary patterns and activity limitation in older adults yet. We analysed the association between dietary patterns and the risk of self-reported activity limitation – that is mobility restriction, limitation in instrumental activities in daily living (IADL) and in activities in daily living (ADL) – in community-dwellers aged 67+ years initially free of activity limitation in 2001–2002 and re-examined at least once over 10 years – that is 583 participants for mobility restriction, 1114 for IADL limitation and 1267 for ADL limitation. At baseline, five sex-specific dietary clusters were derived by hybrid clustering method from weekly frequency of intake of twenty food and beverage items. Self-reported mobility restriction, limitations in IADL and in ADL were assessed using the Rosow–Breslau, the Lawton–Brody and the Katz scales, respectively. Associations between dietary clusters and the risk of each activity limitation were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. In models adjusted for socio-demographic and health-related covariates, compared with the ‘Healthy’ cluster the ‘Biscuits and snacking’ cluster was associated with a higher risk of mobility restriction (hazard ratio (HR)=3·0; 95 % CI 1·6, 5·8) and limitation in IADL (HR=2·1; 95 % CI 1·1, 4·2) in men and limitation in ADL in women (HR=2·3; 95 % CI 1·3, 4·0). In this French cohort of community-dwellers aged 67+ years, some unhealthy dietary patterns may increase the risk of activity limitation all along the disablement process in older adults.
Thiamine status, metabolism and application in dairy cows: a review
Authors: Pan Xiaohua , Nan Xuemei , Yang Liang , Jiang Linshu , Xiong Benhai 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAs the co-enzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase andα-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, thiamine plays a critical role in carbohydrate metabolism in dairy cows. Apart from feedstuff, microbial thiamine synthesis in the rumen is the main source for dairy cows. However, the amount of ruminal thiamine synthesis, which is influenced by dietary N levels and forage to concentrate ratio, varies greatly. Notably, when dairy cows are overfed high-grain diets, subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) occurs and results in thiamine deficiency. Thiamine deficiency is characterised by decreased ruminal and blood thiamine concentrations and an increased blood thiamine pyrophosphate effect to >45 %. Thiamine deficiency caused by SARA is mainly related to the increased thiamine requirement during high grain feeding, decreased bacterial thiamine synthesis in the rumen, increased thiamine degradation by thiaminase, and decreased thiamine absorption by transporters. Interestingly, thiamine deficiency can be reversed by exogenous thiamine supplementation in the diet. Besides, thiamine supplementation has beneficial effects in dairy cows, such as increased milk and component production and attenuated SARA by improving rumen fermentation, balancing bacterial community and alleviating inflammatory response in the ruminal epithelium. However, there is no conclusive dietary thiamine recommendation for dairy cows, and the impacts of thiamine supplementation on protozoa, solid-attached bacteria, rumen wall-adherent bacteria and nutrient metabolism in dairy cows are still unclear. This knowledge is critical to understand thiamine status and function in dairy cows. Overall, the present review described the current state of knowledge on thiamine nutrition in dairy cows and the major problems that must be addressed in future research.
Preconception Hb concentration and risk of preterm birth in over 2·7 million Chinese women aged 20–49 years: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Zhang Xiuli , Xu Qin , Yang Ying , Wang Long , Liu Fangchao , Li Qian , Ji Mengmeng , He Yuan , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Ya , Zhang Hongguang , Peng Zuoqi , Ma Xu , Yu Zengli 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEvidence on the association between maternal Hb concentration and preterm birth (PTB) risk is inconclusive. This paper aimed to explore whether women with anaemia or high Hb level before pregnancy would be at higher risk of PTB. We conducted a population-based cohort study with 2 722 274 women aged 20–49 years, who participated in National Free Pre-Pregnancy Checkups Project between 2013 and 2015 and delivered a singleton before 2016 in rural China. Logistic models were used to estimate OR and 95 % CI after adjusting for confounding variables. Restricted cubic spline models were applied to evaluate the dose–response relationships. A total of 192 819 (7·08 %) women had preterm deliveries. Compared with women with Hb of 110–149 g/l, the multivariable-adjusted OR for PTB was 1·19 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·44) for women with Hb<70 g/l, 1·01 (95 % CI 0·97, 1·03) for 70–99 g/l, 0·96 (95 % CI 0·95, 0·98) for 100–109 g/l, 1·04 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·06) for 150–159 g/l, 1·11 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·17) for 160–169 g/l and 1·19 (95 % CI 1·11, 1·27) for ≥170 g/l, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted OR for very PTB (VPTB) was 1·07 (95 % CI 1·03, 1·12) and 1·06 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·12) for women with Hb <110 and ≥150 g/l, compared with those with Hb of 110–149 g/l, respectively. Our study identified a U-shaped relationship between maternal preconception Hb concentration and PTB risk. Both preconception anaemia and high Hb level can significantly increase VPTB risk. Appropriate intervention for women with abnormal Hb levels before pregnancy is very necessary.
LEGUME–MAIZE ROTATION OR RELAY? OPTIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION OF SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN THE GUINEA SAVANNA OF NORTHERN GHANA
Authors: KERMAH M. , FRANKE A. C. , AHIABOR B. D. K. , ADJEI-NSIAH S. , ABAIDOO R. C. , GILLER K. E. 
Published: July 2018

SUMMARYSoil nutrient constraints coupled with erratic rainfall have led to poor crop yields and occasionally to crop failure in sole cropping in the Guinea savanna of West Africa. We explored different maize-grain legume diversification and intensification options that can contribute to mitigating risks of crop failure, increase crop productivity under different soil fertility levels, while improving soil fertility due to biological N2-fixation by the legume. There were four relay patterns with cowpea sown first and maize sown at least 2 weeks after sowing (WAS) cowpea; two relay patterns with maize sown first and cowpea sown at least 3 WAS maize in different spatial arrangements. These were compared with groundnut-maize, soybean–maize, fallow-maize and continuous maize rotations in fields high, medium and poor in fertility at a site each in the southern (SGS) and northern (NGS) Guinea savanna of northern Ghana. Legumes grown in the poorly fertile fields relied more on N2-fixation for growth leading to generally larger net N inputs to the soil. Crop yields declined with decreasing soil fertility and were larger in the SGS than in the NGS due to more favourable rainfall and soil fertility. Spatial arrangements of relay intercrops did not have any significant impact on maize and legume grain yields. Sowing maize first followed by a cowpea relay resulted in 0.18–0.26 t ha−1 reduction in cowpea grain yield relative to cowpea sown from the onset. Relaying maize into cowpea led to a 0.29–0.64 t ha−1 reduction in maize grain yield relative to maize sown from the onset in the SGS. In the NGS, a decline of 0.66 and 0.82 t ha−1 in maize grain yield relative to maize sown from the onset was observed due to less rainfall received by the relay maize. Groundnut and soybean induced 0.38–1.01 t ha−1 more grain yield of a subsequent maize relative to continuous maize, and 1.17–1.71 t ha−1 more yield relative to relay maize across both sites. Accumulated crop yields over both years suggest that sowing maize first followed by cowpea relay is a promising ecological intensification option besides the more common legume–maize rotation in the Guinea savanna, as it was comparable with soybean–maize rotation and more productive than the other treatments.
Germination vigour difference of superior and inferior rice grains revealed by physiological and gene expression studies
Authors: Zhao Y. F. , Sun H. Z. , Wen H. L. , Du Y. X. , Zhang J. , Li J. Z. , Peng T. , Zhao Q. Z. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSuperior and inferior rice grains have different weights and are located on the upper primary branch and lower secondary branches of the panicle, respectively. To study differences in germination vigour of these two types of grain, a number of factors were investigated from 0 to 48 h of germination. The present study demonstrated that in inferior grains the starch granule structure was looser at 0 h, with full water absorption at 48 h, while in superior grains the structure was tight and dense. Relative water content increased, and dry matter decreased, more rapidly in inferior grains than in superior ones. Abscisic acid and gibberellin levels, as well as α-amylase activity, also changed more rapidly in inferior grains, while soluble sugar content and amylase coding gene expression increased more rapidly in inferior than superior grains during early germination. The expression of OsGAMYB was higher in inferior grains at 24 h but higher in superior grains at 48 h. The phenotypic index of seedlings was higher in seedlings from superior grains at the two-leaf stage. However, the thousand-grain weight and yield per plant in superior and inferior plants showed no significant difference at harvest. The present study indicates that inferior grains germinate faster than superior ones in the early germination stage. Although inferior grains produced weaker seedlings, it is worthwhile using them in rice production due to their comparative yield potential over that of superior grains.
Morphological and molecular confirmation of the validity of Trichuris rhinopiptheroxella in the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Authors: Wang H.B. , Zhang H.J. , Song L.L. , Zhu L. , Chen M. , Ren G.J. , Liu G.H. , Zhao G.H. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an endangered species endemic to China. Relatively little is known about the taxonomic status of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in these monkeys. Trichuris spp. (syn. Trichocephalus) are among the most important STHs, causing significant socio-economic losses and public health concerns. To date, five Trichuris species have been reported in golden monkeys, including a novel species, T. rhinopiptheroxella, based on morphology. In the present study, molecular and morphological analysis was conducted on adult Trichuris worms obtained from a dead golden snub-nosed monkey, to better understand their taxonomic status. Morphology indicated that the adult Trichuris worms were similar to T. rhinopiptheroxella. To further ascertain their phylogenetic position, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of these worms was sequenced and characterized. The mt genome of T. rhinopiptheroxella is 14,186 bp, encoding 37 genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated amino acids of 12 protein-coding genes (with the exception of atp8) indicated that T. rhinopiptheroxella was genetically distinct and exhibited 27.5–27.8% genetic distance between T. rhinopiptheroxella and other Trichuris spp. Our results support T. rhinopiptheroxella as a valid Trichuris species and suggest that mt DNA could serve as a marker for future studies on the classification, evolution and molecular epidemiology of Trichuris spp. from golden snub-nosed monkeys.
A new landscape of host–protozoa interactions involving the extracellular vesicles world
Authors: Gavinho Bruno , Rossi Izadora Volpato , Evans-Osses Ingrid , Inal Jameel , Ramirez Marcel I. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by a wide number of cells including blood cells, immune system cells, tumour cells, adult and embryonic stem cells. EVs are a heterogeneous group of vesicles (~30–1000 nm) including microvesicles and exosomes. The physiological release of EVs represents a normal state of the cell, raising a metabolic equilibrium between catabolic and anabolic processes. Moreover, when the cells are submitted to stress with different inducers or in pathological situations (malignancies, chronic diseases, infectious diseases.), they respond with an intense and dynamic release of EVs. The EVs released from stimulated cellsvsthose that are released constitutively may themselves differ, both physically and in their cargo. EVs contain protein, lipids, nucleic acids and biomolecules that can alter cell phenotypes or modulate neighbouring cells. In this review, we have summarized findings involving EVs in certain protozoan diseases. We have commented on strategies to study the communicative roles of EVs during host–pathogen interaction and hypothesized on the use of EVs for diagnostic, preventative and therapeutic purposes in infectious diseases. This kind of communication could modulate the innate immune system and reformulate concepts in parasitism. Moreover, the information provided within EVs could produce alternatives in translational medicine.
Natural evil: the simulation solution
Authors: DAINTON BARRY 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThat natural evils are plentiful in our world is impossible (plausibly) to deny. Why would a benevolent and all-powerful God allow such an obviously imperfect world to be created? I argue that the problem of evil in this form only seems serious and intractable because our science and technology are currently at comparatively primitive levels. Civilizations whose technological capabilities are significantly more advanced than our own will be able to create artificial worlds of their own in a variety of different ways. Given the very real possibility of world-makers who are non-divine, the problem posed by natural evil is very much diminished.