bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of airborne measurement in Nepal – Part 1: Vertical profile of aerosol size, number, spectral absorption, and meteorology
Authors: Singh Ashish , Mahata Khadak S. , Rupakheti Maheswar , Junkermann Wolfgang , Panday Arnico K. , Lawrence Mark G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The paper provides an overview of an airborne measurement
campaign with a microlight aircraft over the Pokhara Valley region, Nepal, a
metropolitan region in the central Himalayan foothills. This is the first
aerial measurement in the central Himalayan foothill region, one of the
polluted but relatively poorly sampled regions of the world. Conducted in two
phases (in May 2016 and December 2016–January 2017), the goal of the overall
campaign was to quantify the vertical distribution of aerosols over a
polluted mountain valley in the Himalayan foothills, as well as to
investigate the extent of regional transport of emissions into the Himalayas.
This paper summarizes results from the first phase where test flights were
conducted in May 2016 (pre-monsoon), with the objective of demonstrating the
potential of airborne measurements in the region using a portable instrument
package (size with housing case:
0.45 m × 0.25 m × 0.25 m, 15 kg) onboard an ultralight
aircraft (IKARUS-C42). A total of five sampling test flights were conducted
(each lasting for 1–1.5 h) in the Pokhara Valley to characterize vertical
profiles of aerosol properties such as aerosol number and size distribution
(0.3–2 µm), total particle concentration (>14 nm), aerosol
absorption (370–950 nm), black carbon (BC), and meteorological variables.
Although some interesting observations were made during the test flight, the
study is limited to a few days (and only a few hours of flight in total) and
thus the analysis presented may not represent the entire
pollution–meteorology interaction found in the Pokhara Valley. The vertical profiles of aerosol species showed decreasing concentrations
with altitude (815 to 4500 m a.s.l.); a steep concentration gradient below
2000 m a.s.l. in the morning; and mixed profiles (up to ca.
4000 m a.s.l.) in the afternoon. The near-surface (<1000 m a.s.l.) BC
concentrations observed in the Pokhara Valley were much lower than
pre-monsoon BC concentrations in the Kathmandu Valley, and similar in range
to Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) sites such as Kanpur in India. The sampling test
flight also detected an elevated polluted aerosol layer (around
3000 m a.s.l.) over the Pokhara Valley, which could be associated with the
regional transport. The total aerosol and black carbon concentration in the
polluted layer was comparable with the near-surface values. The elevated polluted layer was also characterized by a
high aerosol extinction coefficient (at 550 nm) and was identified as smoke
and a polluted dust layer. The observed shift in the westerlies (at
20–30∘ N) entering Nepal during the test flight period could be an
important factor for the presence of elevated polluted layers in the Pokhara
Valley.
Direct Determination of Glyphosate and its Metabolite AMPA in Soil Using Mixed-Mode Solid-Phase Purification and LC-MS/MS Determination on a Hypercarb Column
Authors: Zhang Pei , Rose Mick , Van Zwieten Lukas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background: Although glyphosate is widely used in agriculture, information on its residue level in soils remains scarce partly because of the difficulty in its analysis. Objective: Develop and validate a method to directly analyze glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in soil. Method: Soils were extracted with 0.6 M KOH solution, and coextracted interferences were removed using a mixed-mode Bond Elut Plexa PAX®. The extracts were analyzed by LC-tandem MS fitted with a Hypercarb column and isotope-labeled (13C,15N) glyphosate and AMPA were used as internal standards. Results: LOQs were 0.05 mg/kg for both glyphosate and AMPA in soils. Correlation coefficients were ≥0.99, residuals were below 20%, and calibrations were linear in the range 0.02–1.0 μg/mL. The method was validated on five contrasting soils (Vertosol, Calcarosol, Chromosol, Sodosol, and Tenosol) commonly used for grain production in Australia. The recoveries for glyphosate and AMPA in the soils were 96–121 and 91–118%, respectively, with RSD in the range of 3–16%. Conclusions: This paper presents using the validated method in analysis glyphosate and AMPA in soils collected from crop production paddocks in Australia. The survey data showed that glyphosate and AMPA were detected in all collected soils, with concentrations ranging between 0.05 and 1.2 mg/kg. Highlights: The study demonstrates that the mixed-mode solid-phase extraction is effective in removing interferences and validates the use of Hypercarb as an alternative stationary phase for glyphosate and AMPA analysis from soils.
« Why Couldn’t You Just Keep Your Knees Together? » L’obligation déontologique des juges face aux victimes de violences sexuelles
Authors: Lessard Michaël 
Published: January 2019

L’actualité des dernières années a mis en lumière le comportement problématique de plusieurs juges envers des victimes de violences sexuelles, minant leur confiance et celle du public envers le système judiciaire. Parmi certains des cas plus médiatisés, on compte celui du juge Robin Camp qui avait demandé à une victime : « why couldn’t you just keep your knees together? ». Voilà qui a eu pour effet de mettre le projecteur sur une frange de la magistrature qui croit encore au mythe de la « bonne victime » (ou la « victime parfaite »).
Dans ce texte, je soutiendrai qu’un ou une juge commet une faute déontologique lorsqu’il ou elle tient un propos (1) prompt à entretenir le mythe de la bonne victime, (2) qui participe d’un des quatre stéréotypes afférents condamnés en droit et (3) qui n’est pas justifié par sa pertinence et sa nécessité pour le raisonnement juridique.
L’article se divise en trois parties. Dans la Partie 1, je détaille d’abord brièvement les stéréotypes visés par ma proposition. Celle-ci se limite aux quatre stéréotypes fondant le mythe de la bonne victime qui ont été condamnés en droit, c’est-à-dire qui constitueraient une erreur de droit s’ils fondaient un raisonnement juridique. Selon ces quatre stéréotypes, (i) une femme sexuellement active est plus encline à consentir et serait moins crédible; (ii) une femme qui ne dénonce pas son agresseur immédiatement après l’agression est peu crédible; (iii) une femme qui ne résiste pas à l’agression y avait sûrement consenti; et (iv) une femme en thérapie est plus susceptible de mentir. Dans la Partie 2, j’aborde les fondements juridiques de l’obligation déontologique de ne pas entretenir ces stéréotypes tout en identifiant deux limites à cette obligation. Le commentaire n’est fautif que s’il entretient un stéréotype condamné en droit et que s’il n’est pas pertinent et nécessaire au raisonnement juridique. Dans la Partie 3, enfin, j’illustrerai ma proposition en décortiquant les motifs du juge William B. Horkins dans R. v. Ghomeshi.
Trabajo Interprofesional en los Centros Escolares: Cambiando Trayectorias de Vulnerabilidad a la Deserción en Estudiantes Secundarios
Authors: Montecinos Carmen , Castro Gabriela , Díaz Rocío , Manríquez, Lizette Manríquez, Lizette , Edwards Anne 
Published: January 2019

Prevenir la deserción escolar requiere de un trabajo interprofesional que aborde de manera coordinada los múltiples factores individuales, escolares y estructurales que llevan a un joven a dejar la escolarización formal. Este estudio examina la configuración del trabajo interprofesional que se diseña e implementa en dos Departamentos Municipales de Educación en Chile para abordar la inasistencia y deserción de estudiantes en la educación secundaria creciendo en situación de vulnerabilidad social. Los datos fueron producidos a través de entrevistas en profundidad con la participación de 63 personas, incluyendo a profesionales, apoderados y estudiantes. El modelo del primer caso está orientado a ofrecer apoyo psicosocial para que los adolescentes puedan desarrollar su proyecto de vida; los profesionales psicólogos, trabajadores sociales y profesores, bajo el liderazgo de la coordinadora comunal y dirección escolar, despliegan agencia relacional y experticia relacional para desarrollar conocimiento común; y los estudiantes sienten que sus necesidades son abordadas. El modelo del municipio Cerro está centrado en la prevención de la inasistencia y deserción; la experticia que aportan psicólogos y trabajadores sociales no logra expandir las prácticas de los profesores, ni vice versa; y los estudiantes señalan que la intervención psicosocial se constituye más bien en una barrera. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de considerar la voz de los estudiantes en el diseño del apoyo psicosocial y la necesidad de preparar a los profesionales para el trabajo inter profesional coordinado que alinea motivaciones para un trabajo conjunto
Another choice for measuring tree photosynthesisin vitro
Authors: Meng Changjun , Liu Xiao , Chai Yongfu , Xu Jinshi , Yue Ming 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundIn the case of tall trees in the field or in rugged terrain where an instrument cannot be placed operationally, beveling is a popular method used to measurein vitrophotosynthesis. However, some studies and our own research have shown that net photosynthesis values measuredin vitroare generally significantly lower than values measuredin situ.MethodsTo develop a more accurate and applicable method forin vitrodetermination of photosynthesis, we evaluated five different methods for preparing detached tree branches to measure photosynthesis and gas exchangein vitro(beveling, cracking, splitting, girdling, and immersion in salicylic acid solution). Ten common tree-species were used.ResultsBy comparing light response curves and water-status data, we found that (1) it is possible, to some extent, to substitutein vitromeasurement of photosynthetic characteristics of tree species forin situmeasurement, provided a suitable treatment is employed; (2) the beveling method is likely to underestimate photosynthetic potential of some trees; (3) after cracking application, most detached branches effectively continued to absorb water; and (4) measurements obtained using detached tree-branches processed by the cracking method were closer to those obtainedin situin intact trees; (5) some tree species (Diospyros kaki, Eriobotrya japonica) appeared to be particularly sensitive to the cracking method, and theirin-vitromaximum net photosynthesis rate (Pmax) was significantly less than thein-situvalue (P< 0.05).DiscussionOur findings provide a methodological support for comprehensive and accurate measurement of plant functional traits. The use of the cracking method contributes to feasibility and reliability of the measurement of photosynthetic parameters in tall trees, thus providing more accurate photosynthetic parameters for the analysis of trade-off strategies at the leaf level.
Direct and indirect parental exposure to endocrine disruptors and elevated temperature influences gene expression across generations in a euryhaline model fish
Authors: DeCourten Bethany M. , Connon Richard E. , Brander Susanne M. 
Published: January 2019

Aquatic organisms inhabiting polluted waterways face numerous adverse effects, including physiological disruption by endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Little is known about how the temperatures associated with global climate change may influence the response of organisms exposed to EDCs, and the effects that these combined stressors may have on molecular endpoints such as gene expression. We exposed Menidia beryllina (inland silversides) to environmentally relevant concentrations (1 ng/L) of two estrogenic EDCs (bifenthrin and 17α-ethinylestradiol; EE2) at 22 °C and 28 °C. We conducted this experiment over multiple generations to better understand the potential effects to chronically exposed populations in the wild. We exposed adult parental fish (F0) for 14 days prior to spawning of the next generation. F1 larvae were then exposed from fertilization until 21 days post hatch (dph) before being transferred to clean water tanks. F1 larvae were reared to adulthood, then spawned in clean water to test for further effects of parental exposure on offspring (F2 generation). Gene expression was quantified by performing qPCR on F0 and F1 gonads, as well as F1 and F2 larvae. We did not detect any significant differences in the expression of genes measured in the parental or F1 adult gonads. We found that the 28 °C EE2 treatment significantly decreased the expression of nearly all genes measured in the F1 larvae. This pattern was transferred to the F2 generation for expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene. Expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) revealed changes not measured in the previous generation. Effects of the bifenthrin treatments were not observed until the F2 generation, which were exposed to the chemicals indirectly as germ cells. Our results indicate that effects of EDCs and their interactions with abiotic factors, may not be adequately represented by singular generation testing. These findings will contribute to the determination of the risk of EDC contamination to organisms inhabiting contaminated waterways under changing temperature regimes.
Fullerene Polymer Complex Inducing Dipole Electric Field for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Congcong , Wang Kai , Yan Yongke , Yang Dong , Jiang Yuanyuan , Chi Bo , Liu Jianzhao , Esker Alan R. , Rowe Jennifer , Morris Amanda J. , Sanghadasa Mohan , Priya Shashank 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated great potential for realizing low‐cost and easily fabricated photovoltaics. At this juncture, power conversion efficiency and long‐term stability are two important factors limiting their transition. PSCs exhibit rapid environmental degradation since the perovskite layer is very sensitive to factors such as humidity, temperature, and ultraviolet light. Here, a novel successful approach is demonstrated that simultaneously improves the efficiency and stability of PSCs. This approach relies on incorporation of a dual‐functional polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)–fullerene complex into the perovskite layer. The fullerene within perovskite layer forms a localized dipole‐like electric field that favors electron–hole separation, resulting in significant improvement in current density and fill factor with conversion efficiency reaching 18.4%. The molecular‐scale coating of hydrophobic PMMA on the perovskite grain boundary effectively blocks moisture penetration into the perovskite, thereby, significantly improving the stability against moisture, heat, and light. The PSCs with PMMA–fullerene complex showed no photovoltaic performance degradation for 250 d and exhibited 60 times higher stability compared to the state‐of‐the‐art devices under continuous 1 sun illumination in ambient air.
Anisotropic Nanoscale Presentation of Cell Adhesion Ligand Enhances the Recruitment of Diverse Integrins in Adhesion Structures and Mechanosensing‐Dependent Differentiation of Stem Cells
Authors: Wong Siu Hong Dexter , Yin Bohan , Yang Boguang , Lin Sien , Li Rui , Feng Qian , Yang Hongrong , Zhang Lei , Yang Zhengmeng , Li Gang , Choi Chung Hang Jonathan , Bian Liming 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe nanoscale anisotropic patterns of bioactive ligands in the extracellular matrix regulate cell adhesion behaviors. However, the mechanisms of such regulation remain unclear. Here, RGD‐bearing gold nanorods (AuNRs) are conjugated with different aspect ratios (ARs, from 1 to 7) on cell culture substrates to decouple the effect of nanoscale anisotropic presentation of cell adhesive RGD peptides on cell adhesion. Compared with AuNRs with small ARs, AuNRs with large ARs significantly promote cell spreading, the alignment of the basal cytoskeletal structure, and nanopodia attachment. Furthermore, both ‐β3 and ‐β1 class integrins are recruited to AuNRs with large ARs, thereby promoting the development of focal adhesion toward fibrillar adhesion, whereas the recruitment of diverse integrins and the development of cell adhesion structures are hindered by small ARs AuNRs. The anisotropic presentation of ligands by large AR AuNRs better activates mechanotransduction signaling molecules. These findings are confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Hence the enhanced mechanotransduction promotes osteogenic differentiation in stem cells. These findings demonstrate the potential use of well‐controlled synthetic nanoplatforms to unravel the fundamental mechanisms of cell adhesion and associated signaling at the molecular level and to provide valuable guidance for the rational design of biomaterials with tailored bioactive functions.
A Photoresponsive Rutile TiO2 Heterojunction with Enhanced Electron–Hole Separation for High‐Performance Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Gao Chaomin , Wei Tao , Zhang Yanyan , Song Xiaohan , Huan Yu , Liu Hong , Zhao Mingwen , Yu Jinghua , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a promising photocatalyst due to its high thermodynamic stability and few intragrain defects. However, it has not yet achieved photocatalytic activity comparable to that of anatase TiO2 owing to its higher recombination rate of electron–hole pairs. To effectively separate the electron–hole pairs in rutile TiO2, a facet heterojunction (FH) structure to prolong the lifetime of the photogenerated electrons is proposed. Ultrathin TiO2 nanosheets with different facets are coated in situ onto TiO2 nanorod (NR) substrates, where FHs are built among the nanosheets as well as between the nanosheets and NR substrates. The as‐prepared rutile TiO2, with an FH structure (FH‐TiO2), serves as an effective photocatalyst for water splitting. More than 45 and 18 times higher photogenerated current density and H2 production rate, respectively, are obtained compared to those of pure rutile TiO2 NRs. Moreover, FH‐TiO2 delivers a 0.566 mmol g−1 h−1 H2 production rate even in pure water. This study offers important insights into the rational design of rutile TiO2 structures for highly efficient photocatalytic reactions.
Access to Disparate Soft Matter Materials by Curing with Two Colors of Light
Authors: Bialas Sabrina , Michalek Lukas , Marschner David E. , Krappitz Tim , Wegener Martin , Blinco James , Blasco Eva , Frisch Hendrik , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA platform technology for multimaterial photoresists that can be orthogonally cured by disparate colors of light is introduced. The resist's photochemistry is designed such that one wavelength selectively activates the crosslinking of one set of macromolecules, while a different wavelength initiates network formation of a different set of chains. Each wavelength is thus highly selective towards a specific photoligation reaction within the resist. Critically, the shorter wavelength does not induce ligation of the longer wavelength selective species within the same resist mixture, defined as “wavelength orthogonality.” Uniquely, this dual‐color addressable resist system allows generating spatially resolved soft matter materials by simply selecting the curing wavelength, thus constituting a wavelength‐orthogonal multimaterial resist with applications ranging from coatings to 3D additive manufacturing of multimaterial architectures.
Cancer mortality and exposure to nickel and chromium compounds in a cohort of Italian electroplaters
Authors: Sciannameo Veronica , Ricceri Fulvio , Soldati Simona , Scarnato Corrado , Gerosa Alberto , Giacomozzi Giuseppe , d'Errico Angelo 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundNickel and chromium‐VI compounds are carcinogens for lung cancer, although it is still debated if there is an increased risk at low levels of exposure and for other cancers.MethodsIn a cohort of 2991 Italian electroplaters, a proportion of whom were exposed to low levels of nickel and/or chromium, cumulative exposure to their compounds was obtained by multiplying average concentrations of the metals in each electroplating tank by duration of employment in the company. The association of exposure to compounds with mortality was assessed by multivariable Cox models.ResultsNo cancer site was associated with chromium exposure controlling for nickel, whereas exposure to nickel significantly increased mortality from lung, rectal, and kidney cancers, even after adjusting for exposure to chromium.ConclusionsStudy results suggest that exposure to nickel compounds may increase the risk of lung cancer even below its occupational exposure limit and indicate possible associations with other cancer sites.
Ni‐Catalyzed Deacylative Oxosulfonamidation of Vinyl Acetate
Authors: Panda Niranjan , Arpitabala Yadav Sushree 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA simple and efficient method for the synthesis of benzoxazolidines from the reaction of sulfonamidoalcohol and vinyl acetate was reported. The Ni‐catalyzed deacylation of vinyl acetate results in O‐alkenylated intermediate, which subsequently undergoes intramolecular annulation to afford C2‐alkylated benzoxazolidines. Scope of this method was also extended for the synthesis of other heterocycles of this class such as oxazolidine, benzoxazinolidine and benzimidazolidine. Halofunctionalization was also performed in‐situ in a sequential fashion in the presence of a halogen source. Most importantly, this reaction operates under ligand‐free conditions by using a bench‐top catalyst and does not require any inert atmosphere or dry solvent or any expensive terminal oxidant.
Unraveling the Composition of Rembrandt's Impasto through the Identification of Unusual Plumbonacrite by Multimodal X‐ray Diffraction Analysis
Authors: Gonzalez Victor , Cotte Marine , Wallez Gilles , van Loon Annelies , de Nolf Wout , Eveno Myriam , Keune Katrien , Noble Petria , Dik Joris 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRembrandt (1606–1669) is renowned for his impasto technique, involving his use of lead white paint with outstanding rheological properties. This paint was obtained by combining lead white pigment (a mixture of cerussite PbCO3 and hydrocerussite Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2) with an organic binding medium, but the exact formulation used by Rembrandt remains a mystery. A powerful combination of high‐angle and high‐lateral resolution x‐ray diffraction was used to investigate several microscopic paint samples from four Rembrandt masterpieces. A rare lead compound, plumbonacrite (Pb5(CO3)3O(OH)2), was detected in areas of impasto. This can be considered a fingerprint of Rembrandt's recipe and is evidence of the use of an alkaline binding medium, which sheds a new light on Rembrandt's pictorial technique.
Mikhail Kucherov: “The Experiment Confirmed my Hypothesis”
Authors: Rulev Alexander Yu. , Ponomarev Dmitry A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNamed reactions are key points in the development of chemistry. Any competent chemist easily identifies the reaction named after Wittig, or Grignard, Diels–Alder, or Friedel–Crafts, Michael, or Favorsky. But how much do we can say about scientist who discovered it? This Essay is devoted to the transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydration of acetylenic hydrocarbons discovered by Russian chemist Mikhail Kucherov. This reaction is one of the most straightforward methods for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds. With it, in industry for a long time acetaldehyde was essentially manufactured from accessible unsaturated raw material—acetylene. This reaction is one of the first steps in the establishment of homogenous metal complex catalysis in organic synthesis. Herein, we described the history of this discovery and the role of many scientists in the development of research in this field. We would also like to show the life of Russian scientists in the latter half of the 19th century.