bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hibernation in bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) did not evolve through positive selection of leptin
Authors: Lazzeroni Margaret E. , Burbrink Frank T. , Simmons Nancy B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTemperature regulation is an indispensable physiological activity critical for animal survival. However, relatively little is known about the origin of thermoregulatory regimes in a phylogenetic context, or the genetic mechanisms driving the evolution of these regimes. Using bats as a study system, we examined the evolution of three thermoregulatory regimes (hibernation, daily heterothermy, and homeothermy) in relation to the evolution of leptin, a protein implicated in regulation of torpor bouts in mammals, including bats. A threshold model was used to test for a correlation between lineages with positively selected lep, the gene encoding leptin, and the thermoregulatory regimes of those lineages. Although evidence for episodic positive selection of lep was found, positive selection was not correlated with lineages of heterothermic bats, a finding that contradicts results from previous studies. Evidence from our ancestral state reconstructions suggests that the most recent common ancestor of bats used daily heterothermy and that the presence of hibernation is highly unlikely at this node. Hibernation likely evolved independently at least four times in bats—once in the common ancestor of Vespertilionidae and Molossidae, once in the clade containing Rhinolophidae and Rhinopomatidae, and again independently in the lineages leading to Taphozous melanopogon and Mystacina tuberculata. Our reconstructions revealed that thermoregulatory regimes never transitioned directly from hibernation to homeothermy, or the reverse, in the evolutionary history of bats. This, in addition to recent evidence that heterothermy is best described along a continuum, suggests that thermoregulatory regimes in mammals are best represented as an ordered continuous trait (homeothermy ← → daily torpor ← → hibernation) rather than as the three discrete regimes that evolve in an unordered fashion. These results have important implications for methodological approaches in future physiological and evolutionary research.
Lutein is Four Times More Stable in Sunflower Oil than Olive Oil at 40 °C
Authors: Sattar Zohreh , Iranshahy Milad , Iranshahi Mehrdad 
Published: November 2018

The thermal degradation of lutein is investigated in refined sunflower and olive oils at a selected temperature (40 °C) for 3 months. All experiments are performed with lutein (6 mg ml−1) that is obtained from marigold flowers. Samples of the pigment in oil are incubated at 40 °C for up to 3 months and each month, the amount of lutein is monitored by a spectrophotometric method. A kinetic analysis of the data shows that thermal degradation is in accordance with the first‐order kinetics. Thekvalues of lutein degradation in sunflower oil and olive oil are estimated to be 44 × 10−4and 186 × 10−4, respectively. In the presence of vitamin E (15 mg ml−1), thekvalues are decreased and reach 24 × 10−4and 72 × 10−4in sunflower and olive oils, respectively. These results suggest that lutein is approximately four times more stable in sunflower oil than olive oil.Practical Applications: The obtained degradation kinetics of lutein in olive oil and sunflower oil under different thermal conditions can be used for designing pharmaceutical formulations with high stability and bioavailability in the future.In order to assess the degradation behavior of the lutein in oily media, a treatmentis performed at 40 °C for 3 months and UV‐visible spectroscopy is performed for qualitative analysis.
Simple Strategy for Selective Determination of Levamisole in Seized Cocaine and Pharmaceutical Samples Using Disposable Screen‐printed Electrodes
Authors: Rocha Raquel G. , Stefano Jéssica S. , Arantes Iana V. S. , Ribeiro Michelle M. A. C. , Santana Mario H. P. , Richter Eduardo M. , Munoz Rodrigo A. A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLevamisole is the most common adulterant found in cocaine samples and its electrochemical determination in cocaine seized samples is a challenge due to peak overlapping with cocaine. Herein, we propose a deconvolution procedure for levamisole determination in seized cocaine samples using screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPE). Square‐wave voltammetry in 0.04 mol L−1 Britton Robinson buffered solution (pH 8.0) was selected in combination with optimized SWV parameters (f=8 s−1, a=10 mV and ΔEs=1 mV) to result in the best peak resolution to apply the deconvolution procedure. Deconvoluted responses of levamisole in the presence of cocaine were similar to untreated signals of standard levamisole solutions in absence of cocaine. A linear response was obtained in the range of 20–100 μmol L−1 (r=0.995). The results obtained for the analysis of a seized cocaine sample was statistically similar to that obtained by gas chromatography. Other adulterants found in cocaine street samples (paracetamol, glucose, phenacetin, caffeine, boric acid and lidocaine) did not affect the treated of voltammetric responses of levamisole. A pharmaceutical sample containing levamisole was also analyzed on SPEs and a recovery of 93±2 % was obtained (no deconvolution required for this sample), showing great applicability of SPEs for forensic and pharmaceutical analyses.
Innovative zein extraction from distillers' grains with solubles: Process development and product characterization studies
Authors: Gupta Jhinuk , Vadlani Praveen V. , Lau Ching‐Shuan , Madl Ronald L. , Shi Yong C. 
Published: November 2018

Zein is a promising bioplastic for replacing polyethylene, a widely used industrial polymer. However, current processes of zein production are associated with high production costs. Replacing corn with abundantly available, underutilized, corn co‐products such as dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), in addition to using a binary solvent mixture, may help to reduce the cost. Strongly alkaline and acidic extraction media are known to enhance zein yield. However, use of such corrosive conditions may shorten the life of equipment and substantially deter scalability to the industrial level. Here, we propose an innovative high‐yielding protocol that isolates zein from DDGS at milder pH and lower ethanol concentrations without significant compromise on purity. Response surface methodology was used for optimizing the extraction parameters. Purity of the extracted zein was tested using proximate analysis, gel electrophoresis, and infrared spectroscopy. Use of aqueous ethanol (63%, v/v, pH 5) at 77 °C, followed by cryoprecipitation at −20 °C, resulted in a zein product of 84% protein purity at 11.64% yield (based on DDGS dry mass). The process was scaled up to 7 L scale without significant change in yield and purity. Results of this study are important as they offer an easily scalable protocol for affordable zein production other than efficient valorization of DDGS.Novelty or Significance: Although strongly alkaline and acidic solvents help to enhance zein yield from DDGS, their use is not preferred by industry. Here, we report an innovative, environmentally friendly, zein extraction protocol, which gives higher yield at a milder pH without losing purity. Moreover, lower ethanol requirements, as compared to earlier reports, and use of inexpensive and easily scalable techniques such as precipitation, filtration, and ambient temperature air‐drying, help to reduce zein production costs and makes the protocol industrially adoptable. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2018 © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13093, 2019
The experience of the multidisciplinary team in epilepsy management from a resource‐limited country
Authors: Li Wei , Hao Nanya , Liu Wenyu , An Dongmei , Yan Bo , Li Jinmei , Liu Ling , Luo Rong , Zhang Heng , Lei Ding , Zhou Dong 
Published: November 2018

SummaryObjectiveThe use of multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) is a global trend in disease management, while China is still at the exploratory stage MDTs. We aimed to summarize our experience and assess the impact of MDT use in managing patients with epilepsy and optimizing their seizure outcomes.MethodsOur MDT is staffed with skilled epileptologists, electroencephalography experts, neurosurgeons, child neurologists, radiologists, and psychiatrists. The MDT discussion has been carried out once or twice a week since 2013. We reviewed our consecutive patients discussed at our MDT from March 2013 to December 2017. The detailed clinical characteristics, suggestions, and follow‐up data were collected and analyzed.ResultsA total of 1088 patients (604 male, 484 female) were included in this study. The median age at MDT discussion was 21 years (range 10 months to 79 years). Three hundred eighty‐seven patients (35.6%) were younger than18 years of age. The median age at seizure onset was 12 years (range 2 days to 77 years). Most patients (80.4%) had at least one seizure per month and most (77%) took 2 or more antiepileptic drugs. A total of 70.6% of patients reached the standard of drug‐resistant epilepsy and 74.2% of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies detected positive findings. After detailed MDT discussion, 18 patients were diagnosed as having nonepileptic diseases, including psychogenic nonepileptic seizure, syncope, sleep disorder, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, withdrawal symptom, and cerebral palsy. Three hundred eighty‐two patients (35.1%) were suitable for resective surgery. Among the postoperative patients successfully followed up for more than 1 year, 72.7% (136/187) received favorable outcomes (Engel class I). The seizure‐free rate was 78.6% after temporal lobe surgery and 58.9% after extratemporal surgery.SignificanceEpilepsy management can be optimized through MDT discussion to attain accurate diagnosis and favorable seizure outcomes. There is still room for MDT improvement in resource‐limited countries.
Adsorption characteristics of clay‐organic complexes and their role in shale gas resource evaluation
Authors: Mao Ruiyong , Zhang Jie , Pei Peng , Xie Zhi , Zhou Xin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAdsorbed gas can share a significant portion of total gas content in shale reservoirs. At the same time, the adsorption characteristics of clay‐organic complexes which commonly exist in reservoir formations differ from other lithologies. To better understand the effect of adsorption characteristics of clay‐organic complexes on shale gas storage mechanism and estimation of resources, clay‐organic complexes were extracted from original core samples obtained from shales of Niutitang (NTT) and Longmaxi (LMX) formations in the northern Guizhou region, China. Petrophysical and adsorption experiments were performed and results show that the adsorbability of the clay‐organic complexes is obviously higher than regular shales in the reservoir. Therefore, the gas contents calculated based on the adsorbability of clay‐organic complexes are higher by 30%‐70% than that based on regular shales. Combined with other measured petrophysical properties, the NTT and LMX shales display a promising potential for further exploration and development. The clay‐organic complexes may accumulate in certain areas in the reservoir, and these accumulated areas could form the “sweet spots” for shale gas development. Methodologies and results presented in this study are beneficial in more accurately understanding gas storage mechanism, estimating gas resources and identifying sweet spots in shale reservoirs.
Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology of the Permian strata in the Turpan–Hami Basin in North Xinjiang, NW China: Depositional age, provenance, and tectonic implications
Authors: Zhang Shaohua , Wang Jianqiang , Liu Chiyang , Bai Jianke , Peng Heng , Huang Hexin , Guan Yuzhao 
Published: November 2018

The Permian sedimentary rocks in the Turpan–Hami Basin are key records of the tectonic evolution in the Eastern Tianshan area, although their depositional ages and provenances remain relatively less studied. Here, we conducted detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology on subsurface samples collected from Well LN1 in the Turpan–Hami Basin to understand the depositional ages and provenances of the Permian rocks. In this study, detrital zircon U–Pb ages from the Late Carboniferous Sumuke Formation yielded a notable Permian age population with the youngest single‐grain age at 282.6 Ma. Compiling this result with a published dataset from the surrounding regions of the Turpan–Hami Basin, it shows that the Sumuke Formation was actually deposited in the Early Permian and the Late Carboniferous palynological assemblages within it are of recycled origin. The detrital zircon age spectra of the three Early–Middle Permian samples from Well LN1 define similar unimodal distribution, with prominent late Carboniferous age peaks and scarce Precambrian ages, further indicating that the zircon grains in these three samples should be ultimately sourced from the Jueluotag, the southern branch of the North Tianshan. Regionally, the Bogda, the northern branch of the North Tianshan, as catchment areas recorded interaction between southern and northern sources, and thus, there was a single greater Junggar–Turpan Basin during the Early–Middle Permian. During the latest Middle Permian to Late Permian, provenance shifts occurred at the Jueluotag and the southern piedmont of the Bogda, reflecting the uplift of the Central Tianshan and the Bogda and the isolation of the Junggar Basin and Turpan–Hami Basin. Integrating regional geological studies and provenance evolution trends, we suggest that the Turpan–Hami Basin and its surrounding regions were in a rift setting controlled by post‐collision extension during Early–Middle Permian. By contrast, tectonic contraction and inversion occurred during the latest Middle Permian to Late Permian as a part of the intraplate orogenic process in the Tianshan, which responded to the convergence between the Songpan–Ganzi terrane and palaeo‐Eurasian Plate.
An overall experimental analysis: Effects of synthetic parameters on the degree of order of mesochannels in nano‐sized Al‐MCM‐41
Authors: Roohollahi Hossein , Halladj Rouein , Ebrahimi Hadis , Askari Sima 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn an experimental and statistical study, the effects of five synthesis parameters on the degree of order of nano‐sized Al‐MCM‐41 were basically investigated. In a series of designed experiments, hydrothermal conditions (temperature and time), Si/Al, NaOH/Si, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/Si molar ratios were studied each at three levels. Degree of order of mesoporous channels was evaluated using small angle XRD. Nitrogen adsorption‐desorption technique, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM‐TEM), and field‐emission SEM were also applied to detect the textural properties and the morphology of prepared nanoparticles. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and mapping (EDS‐Map), inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy, and small angle X‐ray scattering were provided as complementary analyses. An accurate reduced quadratic equation was proposed as a function of effective terms in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the analysis of variance, the amount of aluminum incorporated, sodium hydroxide, and the hydrothermal treatment duration was found to possess more dramatic effects on the degree of order than the other factors. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of a well‐ordered Al‐MCM‐41 were also obtained with the lowest template and the minimum hydrothermal duration verified by two validation tests.
Self‐assembly of sulfur‐containing heterocyclic compounds constructed by thianthrene units and their sulfonium salts
Authors: Hirabayashi Kazunori , Ebine Kenki , Kawabata Youhei , Yoshida Yoshihiro , Shimizu Toshio 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe self‐assembly of sulfur‐containing heterocyclic compounds, 5,6,11,12,17,18‐hexathia‐5,6,11,12,17,18‐hexahydrotrinaphthylene and 5,7,12,14‐tetrathiapentacene having octyloxy groups 1 and 2, was examined. Sulfides 1 and 2 self‐assembled to form fibrous materials. The methylation reactions of 1 and 2 proceeded to give monomethylated sulfonium salts 3 and 4, and the self‐assembly of 3 and 4 was also studied. Fibrous materials of sulfonium salts 3 and 4 were formed in hexane/CHCl3 solution. The structure of the fibrous material of 3 might be similar to that of the fibrous material of 1. The aggregation behavior of 1 and 3 in cyclohexane‐d12 was studied by VT 1H NMR measurements at various concentrations. VT 1H NMR measurements revealed that the stacking structure of 1 was different from that of 3.
Effect of GAD1 genotype status on auditory attention and acute nicotine administration in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hadjis Efthymios , Hyde Molly , Choueiry Joelle , Jaworska Natalia , Nelson Renee , de la Salle Sara , Smith Dylan , Aidelbaum Rob , Knott Verner 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe effects of GABA modulating drugs and nicotine, the prototypical nicotinic cholinergic agonist, on attention have been investigated using subcomponents of the P300 event‐related potentials (ERP), which index involuntary (P3a) and voluntary attention (P3b). However, investigations into how such pharmacologic effects interact with genetic features in the GABA system remain unclear. This study examined the moderating effects of a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs7557793) in the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD1) gene, which is implicated in the conversion of glutamate to GABA, on P300‐indices of auditory attentional processing; the influence of nicotine administration was also assessed.MethodsThe effects of GAD1 genotype (TT/CC/CT) were examined on the P3a/b in response to an auditory selective attention task in healthy, nonsmoking male volunteers (N = 126; 18–40 years). Participants responded to rare target stimuli (P3b‐eliciting) and ignored frequent nontarget stimuli as well as rare distractor stimuli (P3a‐eliciting). In a subsample (N = 59), P3a/b profiles to acute nicotine (vs. placebo) administration were examined as a function of GAD1 genotype. As a secondary aim, earlier sensory processes were assessed with N200 ERP subcomponents elicited by novel (N2a) and target (N2b) auditory stimuli.ResultsGAD1 allelic variation moderated early sensory processes, enhancing N2a amplitudes in CT versus TT carriers. Further, TT homozygotes exhibited larger P3b amplitudes than CC homozygotes in the placebo versus nicotine condition. Regardless of genotype, nicotine versus placebo moderated the N200 ERP.ConclusionThese findings expand our knowledge regarding the attentional effects of GAD1 genetic variants in relation to nicotine.
Bone Matrix Mineralization in Patients With Gain-of-Function Calcium-Sensing Receptor Mutations Is Distinctly Different From that in Postsurgical Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Ovejero Diana , Misof Barbara M , Gafni Rachel I , Dempster David , Zhou Hua , Klaushofer Klaus , Collins Michael T , Roschger Paul 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT

The role of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) as a regulator of parathyroid hormone secretion is well established, but its function in bone is less well defined. In an effort to elucidate the CaSR's skeletal role, bone tissue and material characteristics from patients with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH), a genetic form of primary hypoparathyroidism caused by CASR gain-of-function mutations, were compared to patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism (PSH). Bone structure and formation/resorption indices and mineralization density distribution (BMDD), were examined in transiliac biopsy samples from PSH (n = 13) and ADH (n = 6) patients by histomorphometry and quantitative backscatter electron imaging, respectively. Bone mineral density (BMD by DXA) and biochemical characteristics were measured at the time of the biopsy. Because both study groups comprised children and adults, all measured biopsy parameters and BMD outcomes were converted to Z-scores for comparison. Histomorphometric indices were normal and not different between ADH and PSH, with the exception of mineral apposition rate Z-score, which was higher in the ADH group. Similarly, average BMD Z-scores were normal and not different between ADH and PSH. Significant differences were observed for the BMDD: average Z-scores of mean and typical degree of mineralization (CaMean, CaPeak, respectively) were lower (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively), whereas the heterogeneity of mineralization (CaWidth) and percentage of lower mineralized areas (CaLow) were increased in ADH versus PSH (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively). The BMDD outcomes point toward a direct, PTH-independent role of the CaSR in the regulation of bone mineralization. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Projective spaces over
Authors: Thas Koen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this essay, we study various notions of projective space (and other schemes) over , with denoting the field with one element. Our leading motivation is the “Hidden Points Principle,” which shows a huge deviation between the set of rational points as closed points defined over and the set of rational points defined as morphisms . We also introduce, in the same vein as Kurokawa [Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. A Math. Sci. 81 (2005), pp. 180–184], schemes of ‐type and consider their zeta functions.
A method to construct 1‐rotational factorizations of complete graphs and solutions to the oberwolfach problem
Authors: McGinnis Daniel , Poimenidou Eirini 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe concept of a 1‐rotational factorization of a complete graph under a finite groupwas studied in detail by Buratti and Rinaldi. They found that ifadmits a 1‐rotational 2‐factorization, then the involutions ofare pairwise conjugate. We extend their result by showing that if a finite groupadmits a 1‐rotational‐factorization witheven andodd, thenhas at mostconjugacy classes containing involutions. Also, we show that ifhas exactlyconjugacy classes containing involutions, then the product of a central involution with an involution in one conjugacy class yields an involution in a different conjugacy class. We then demonstrate a method of constructing a 1‐rotational‐factorization undergiven a 1‐rotational 2‐factorization under a finite group. This construction, given a 1‐rotational solution to the Oberwolfach problem, allows us to find a solution towhen the’s are even (), andwhenis an odd prime, with no restrictions on the’s.