bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical agreements
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the application of Article 101 TFEU and the Chapter I prohibition in the UK Competition Act 1998 to vertical agreements. The chapter begins by briefly describing the distribution chain, followed by sections on how the law applies to vertical integration and agency agreements. It discusses the competition policy considerations raised by vertical agreements, including the challenges presented by the emergence of online commerce. It explains the application of Article 101 to various vertical agreements while considering the case law of the EU Courts and the position of the Commission in its Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. The chapter goes on to discuss the provisions of Regulation 330/2010, the block exemption for vertical agreements; and the application of Article 101(3) to vertical agreements. The chapter then contains sections on Regulation 461/2010 on motor vehicle distribution and on sub-contracting agreements. Finally, it looks at the position in UK law.
Abuse of dominance (2): pricing practices
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers abusive pricing practices under Article 102 TFEU and the Chapter II prohibition in the Competition Act 1998. It discusses cost concepts used in determining whether a price is abusive and deals with excessive pricing; conditional rebates; bundling; predatory pricing; margin squeeze; price discrimination; and practices harmful to the single market. Price discrimination may be both exploitative and exclusionary and an excessively high price may be a way of preventing parallel imports or excluding a competitor from the market; but the division may provide helpful insights into the way in which the law is applied in practice. In each section the application of Article 102 by the European Commission and the EU Courts is considered, followed by cases in the UK. Where appropriate, reference is made to the Commission’s Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article [102 TFEU] to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings.
Collaborative Simulation Training: Strategies Used to Teach Root Cause Analysis Leadership Competencies
Authors: Junious DeMonica Latrice 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Considered the norm in multiple academic settings, simulation provided a low-risk, transformational clinical learning environment across programs at a college of nursing. Undergraduate nursing students received feedback from practicing nurses, whereas graduate nursing students honed skills in evaluative feedback and communication. This intraprofessional learning opportunity cultivated a rich learning environment. Feedback revealed that the learning milieu was permeated with opportunities needed for skills, competencies, and leadership development. Focusing on the concept of root cause analysis, this experience provided nurse administration students with hands-on exposure that would ultimately lead to developing competencies needed for roles in nursing leadership.
Alcohol and Drug Overdose and the Influence of Pain Conditions in an Addiction Treatment Sample
Authors: Fernandez Anne C. , Bush Christopher , Bonar Erin E. , Blow Frederic C. , Walton Maureen A. , Bohnert Amy S.B. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
Overdose from alcohol and/or drugs kills tens of thousands of Americans annually, with a large number of deaths attributed to opioid pain medications. Addiction treatment patients are known to be at high risk for overdose; however, the relationship between pain and overdose history within this group is understudied, especially in relation to alcohol overdoses. In the present study, we evaluated whether nonfatal overdose history was more likely among addiction treatment patients with pain, and examined the characteristics of overdoses among those with and without pain.

Methods:
We analyzed cross-sectional data from 739 patients at a large residential addiction treatment center (median age 37, 25.7% female). We used 2-stepped binary regression models to evaluate whether demographics, pain type (chronic, acute, or both), depression symptoms, and opioid misuse were associated with lifetime history of nonfatal (1) alcohol and (2) drug overdose (lifetime yes/no), and conducted follow-up analyses examining overdose characteristics.

Results:
In adjusted analyses, history of chronic pain (odds ratio [OR] 2.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59, 4.27) and illicit drug use (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.07, 3.68) were associated with an increased likelihood of nonfatal alcohol overdose. Opioid misuse (OR 3.11, 95% CI 2.51, 3.86), depression symptoms (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.14, 1.55), and younger age (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94, 0.97) were associated with increased likelihood of drug overdose. Those with pain reported a higher number of lifetime alcohol overdoses and were more likely to combine numerous drugs with alcohol before overdose.

Conclusions:
Pain conditions may play an under-recognized role in the overdose epidemic, particularly alcohol-related overdose. Addiction treatment and overdose prevention interventions should incorporate appropriate assessment and treatment of pain including education about the risks of polysubstance use, particularly combining alcohol with sedatives and prescription pain relievers.
Complementary Medicine & Spirituality
Authors: Joseph Rachel , Fernandes Samantha , Derstine Sarah , McSpadden Micaela 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT:
Over 3 million India-born immigrants live in the United States, yet their health-seeking behaviors are little understood. Information on health and access to care was collected from 20 adult Indian immigrants living in the United States. Participants preferred complementary and alternative medicine home remedies to address their health needs, although they accessed health services more quickly for their children. They also reported barriers in using insurance and accessing healthcare.
A Population Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacogenetic Model of Lamotrigine in Chinese Children With Epilepsy
Authors: Chen Yanan , Xu Shansen , Wang Zhanyou , Zhao Mingming , Wang Huanxin , Lu Tong , Zhao Limei 
Published: August 2018

Background:
The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine (LTG) is complex and varies significantly among individuals, especially among children. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of LTG in Chinese children with epilepsy and to comprehensively evaluate the effects of genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and a transcriptional regulator on LTG pharmacokinetics.

Methods:
Three hundred eighty-five steady-state plasma concentrations were obtained from 179 children (age 10.72 ± 3.05 years and body weight 46.23 ± 17.77 kg) with epilepsy during therapeutic drug monitoring. These patients were divided into the PPK-model group (n = 121) and the PPK-validation group (n = 58) and were genotyped for UGT1A4, UGT2B7, ABCB1, ABCG2, SLC22A1, and HNF4α. PPK analysis was performed by nonlinear mixed effects modeling.

Results:
In the final model, apparent clearance (CL/F) of LTG was estimated to be 1.48 L/h; 500 mg valproic acid, oxcarbazepine, and UGT2B7-161TT genotype changed the CL/F by −46.2, +31.1, and −21.8%, respectively. Body weight was also identified as a significant covariate affecting LTG CL/F.

Conclusions:
A PPK–pharmacogenetic model of LTG in Chinese children with epilepsy was successfully established with nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Genotyping for UGT2B7-161C>T may be useful in titrating the optimal LTG dose.
Antenatal treatment options for primary cytomegalovirus infections
Authors: Kagan Karl Oliver , Sonek Jiri , Hamprecht Klaus 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is by far the most common fetal viral infection. It carries a risk of long-term sequelae for the neonate; though the severity depends on the gestational age at the time of infection. Improvement in primary prevention of a CMV infection during pregnancy can be achieved by providing information regarding hygiene to the mother. Once a maternal infection occurs, treatment options include prevention of maternal-fetal transmission and, once transmission occurs, attempts to reduce the severity of its effect on the fetus.

Recent findings
Several recent studies have shown that providing detailed information regarding the effects of CMV on the fetus and providing common sense hygiene advice reduced new primary infections by more than 75%. In cases with a documented maternal primary CMV infection, treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins have been tried to reduce maternal fetal transmission with a variable degree of success. In the randomized controlled study of Revello et al., immunoglobulins did not reduce the transmission rate. In a recent study, immunoglobulins were given only to women with very recent first trimester infections. In this study, the transmission rate was 2.5%, which is significantly less than expected. Leruez-Ville et al. treated mothers with known transmission of CMV to the fetus with 8 g of valaciclovir daily. They observed a significant reduction in the number of neonatal symptoms in the treated cases.

Summary
Protocols are available to prevent primary CMV infections during pregnancy and, in cases where an infection does occur, steps can be taken to reduce its effect on the fetus thereby reducing the chance of long-term sequelae.
Cognitive Communication Impairments in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review
Authors: Cermak Carly A. , Scratch Shannon E. , Reed Nick P. , Bradley Kim , Quinn de Launay Keelia L. , Beal Deryk S. 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
This scoping review synthesizes the scholarly literature on cognitive communication impairments in traumatic brain injury (TBI) sustained during childhood to identify gaps in research, and make recommendations that will further the field of cognitive communication in pediatric TBI.

Methods:
MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and EMBASE were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies that examined cognitive communication impairments in children who sustained a TBI between 3 months to 18 years of age.

Results:
Twenty-eight studies met inclusion criteria with 3 main categories identified in relation to cognitive communication: (1) impairments according to TBI severity, (2) impairments according to age at injury, and (3) trends in recovery according to TBI severity.

Conclusions:
The results of this scoping review suggest that (1) TBI severity is not the sole predictor of performance; other factors contribute to cognitive communication outcome and recovery; (2) developing skills at time of injury are most susceptible to impairment; and (3) standard, norm-referenced language assessments are not sensitive in detecting language impairments that are secondary to cognitive impairments found in TBI. Directions for future research and suggestions for clinical practice are proposed.
EFFICACY OF ADJUVANT TOPICAL DORZOLAMIDE–TIMOLOL IN PATIENTS WITH NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION REFRACTORY TO ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR THERAPY
Authors: Lee Ji Hwan , Lee Sung Chul , Byeon Suk Ho , Koh Hyoung Jun , Kim Sung Soo , Lee Christopher Seungkyu 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant topical dorzolamide–timolol in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration unresponsive to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

Methods:
This retrospective, interventional study included 15 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration refractory to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor. Patients used topical dorzolamide–timolol twice daily in the neovascular age-related macular degeneration eye and received anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy at each visit, with the same fixed interval and agent as before the addition of dorzolamide–timolol. Central macular thickness, maximal subretinal fluid height, and maximal pigment epithelial detachment height were measured at baseline and every visit.

Results:
The mean follow-up period was 17.2 ± 5.5 weeks. The mean central macular thickness decreased from 383.5 μm at baseline to 298.3 μm at the final visit (P = 0.041). The mean maximal subretinal fluid height decreased from 105.0 μm at baseline to 58.3 μm at the final visit (P = 0.021). Complete resolution of subretinal fluid was observed in 3 of 11 subretinal fluid–type eyes. There was no significant change in the maximal pigment epithelial detachment height. The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity decreased from 0.61 (20/81 Snellen) at baseline to 0.66 (20/91 Snellen) at final visit, which was not significant (P = 0.314). The mean intraocular pressure decreased significantly from 14.9 mmHg at baseline to 12.3 mmHg at the final visit (P = 0.005).

Conclusion:
The use of adjuvant topical dorzolamide–timolol was effective in decreasing central macular thickness and subretinal fluid in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration refractory to continual fixed-interval intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, but did not result in functional improvement in this short-term study.
SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY TO DETERMINE THE RECOVERY OF RETINAL LAYERS AFTER INVERTED INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FLAP TECHNIQUE FOR MACULAR HOLE
Authors: Morawski Krzysztof , Jędrychowska-Jamborska Justyna , Kubicka-Trząska Agnieszka , Romanowska-Dixon Bożena 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
To analyze the recovery of retinal lines using swept-source optical coherence tomography after inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique to treat full-thickness macular hole, and the relationship between best-corrected visual acuity and retinal line repair.

Methods:
Thirty-eight eyes were evaluated for recovery of the external limiting membrane, photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment junction line, and cone outer segment tips (COST) line. Correlation between the recovery of retinal lines and best-corrected visual acuity improvement was analyzed 6 months after surgery.

Results:
The closure rate of full-thickness macular hole was 97%. The best recovery rates were associated with external limiting membrane line recovery (25 eyes, 65.8%), followed by inner segment/outer segment line recovery (22 eyes, 57.9%), and less frequently, COST line recovery (9 eyes, 23.7%); moreover, recovery of the COST line was apparent only in eyes with recovered external limiting membrane and inner segment/outer segment lines. Mean postoperative visual acuity in the COST line recovery group (COST+) was 20/42 (0.48, 0.33 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution), compared with 20/95 (0.21, 0.68 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) without COST line recovery (COST−). Final visual acuity was significantly better in the COST+ group compared with the COST− group (P = 0.002).

Conclusion:
Cone outer segment tips line recovery is correlated with best-corrected visual acuity improvement for eyes treated with inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for full-thickness macular hole.
TWELVE-MONTH OUTCOMES OF INTRAVITREAL AFLIBERCEPT FOR NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Veritti Daniele , Sarao Valentina , Missiroli Filippo , Ricci Federico , Lanzetta Paolo 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
To compare the clinical outcomes of aflibercept used with a fixed schedule with a pro-re-nata (PRN) retreatment regimen in patients affected by neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Methods:
This is a prospective multicenter, noninferiority, propensity score–matched study evaluating the 12-month outcomes of aflibercept given either according to labeling or following a PRN regimen. Patients included in the latter group received one initial injection, followed by monthly visits and as-needed retreatment.

Results:
One-to-one matching resulted in fixed and PRN arms containing 92 eyes each. Visual acuity improved from baseline to 12 months in both the study groups. At Month 4, the fixed regimen was equivalent to the PRN regimen (mean difference: 1.75 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, 95% confidence interval: −1.42 to +4.92). The pro-re-nata regimen failed to show noninferiority compared with the fixed regimen at both Month 8 (mean difference: 3.43 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, 95% confidence interval: +0.25 to +6.22) and Month 12 (mean difference: 4.83 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, 95% confidence interval: +1.37 to +8.29). All patients in the fixed group received seven injections. Patients included in the PRN arm received a mean of 5.5 ± 1.6 treatments.

Conclusions:
Aflibercept given with a fixed treatment regimen produces better visual acuity outcomes than an individualized regimen.
Impact of Iontophoresis and PACK-CXL Corneal Concentrations of Antifungals in an In Vivo Model
Authors: Kalkanci Ayse , Yesilirmak Nilufer , Ozdemir Hüseyin Baran , Unal Elif Ayca , Erdoğan Merve , Seker Tamay , Tum Atakan Emre , Karakus Ahmet Kamil , Hizel Kenan , Bilgihan Kamil 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
To investigate voriconazole (VRZ) penetration and fungal load in the cornea after applying VRZ therapy with various treatment combinations in a fungal keratitis model.

Methods:
Fifty-four eyes of 27 young albino rabbits were provided for this experimental study. Twelve corneas were inoculated with Candida albicans, 12 corneas were inoculated with Fusarium solani, and 6 eyes were selected as controls. Infected corneas received various treatment combinations including VRZ 1% drop therapy alone, VRZ 1% plus amphotericin B 1% drop combination therapy, iontophoretic VRZ therapy, and VRZ 1% drop therapy after corneal cross-linking. Fungal load was measured by log reduction, and VRZ levels were quantified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

Results:
Iontophoresis-assisted VRZ application showed the highest antifungal activity against F. solani keratitis (4-log reduction) and C. albicans keratitis (5-log reduction) compared with other treatment applications. VRZ levels were also found to be the highest in corneas that received iontophoretic VRZ treatment (3.6313 ± 0.0990 ppb for F.solani keratitis and 1.7001 ± 0.0065 ppb for C. albicans keratitis) compared with other treatment applications.

Conclusions:
Iontophoresis seems to provide the highest VRZ concentration and highest antifungal activity in the cornea compared with other treatment applications for C. albicans and F. solani keratitis.
Corneal Configurations and High-order Aberrations in Primary Congenital Glaucoma
Authors: Hu Yin , Fang Lei , Guo Xinxing , Yang Xiao , Chen Weiyin , Ding Xiaohu , Liu Xing , He Mingguang 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
Corneal changes are prevalent in eyes with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). This study aimed to describe corneal irregularity and high-order aberrations (HOAs) in PCG eyes.

Materials and Methods:
The study consecutively enrolled 61 PCG eyes (of 39 participants with PCG) and 61 age-matched control eyes (of 61 healthy participants). Participants underwent corneal topography, best spectacle–corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), and fundus photography. Corneal irregularity and HOAs were derived from topographic data and evaluated over central 4 and 6 mm diameter zones. Variables were compared between PCG and control eyes. Percentages of PCG eyes with abnormal corneal irregularity and HOAs were calculated.

Results:
The median ages of PCG and control participants were 8.8 and 8.6 years, respectively. Irregularity and total HOAs across both 4 and 6 mm zones were greater in PCG than in control eyes. The median irregularity of PCG eyes was 2 to 5 times that of the controls, whereas, their median total HOAs were approximately twice those of the controls. Thirty-nine (64%), 53 (87%), and 40 (66%) PCG eyes had abnormal (either 4 or 6 mm zone) anterior irregularity, posterior irregularity, and total HOAs. Similar percentages were observed among eyes with a cup-to-disc ratio <0.6 (n=28). Among 13 eyes with cup-to-disc ratio <0.6 but abnormal 4 mm total corneal HOAs, 9 (69%) had BSCVA<20/25, whereas only 1 of 7 (14%) had BSCVA<20/25 among eyes with normal HOAs.

Conclusions:
Abnormal corneal irregularity and HOAs are common in PCG eyes, even in those with limited optic nerve damage. These abnormalities relate to compromised visual outcomes.
Prospective administration of anti–nerve growth factor treatment effectively suppresses functional connectivity alterations after cancer-induced bone pain in mice
Authors: Buehlmann David , Ielacqua Giovanna Diletta , Xandry Jael , Rudin Markus 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain is abundant among advanced-stage cancer patients and arises from a primary tumor in the bone or skeletal metastasis of common cancer types such as breast, lung, or prostate cancer. Recently, antibodies targeting nerve growth factor (NGF) have been shown to effectively relieve neuropathic and inflammatory pain states in mice and in humans. Although efficacy has been shown in mice on a behavioral level, effectiveness in preventing pain-induced functional rearrangements in the central nervous system has not been shown. Therefore, we assessed longitudinal whole-brain functional connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in a mouse model of cancer-induced bone pain. We found functional connectivity between major hubs of ascending and descending pain pathways such as the periaqueductal gray, amygdala, thalamus, and cortical somatosensory regions to be affected by a developing cancer pain state. These changes could be successfully prevented through prospective administration of a monoclonal anti-NGF antibody (mAb911). This indicates efficacy of anti-NGF treatment to prevent pain-induced adaptations in brain functional networks after persistent nociceptive input from cancer-induced bone pain. In addition, it highlights the suitability of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging readouts as an indicator of treatment response on the basis of longitudinal functional network changes.
Analysis of 4 Years of Injury in Professional Rodeo
Authors: Sinclair Elder Amanda J. , Nilson Collin J. , Elder Craig L. 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
To analyze injury frequency, density, location, type, mechanism of injury (MOI), activity phase of injury, and injury risk in professional rodeo.

Design:
Retrospective epidemiological review.

Setting:
Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association sanctioned rodeos from 2011 to 2014.

Participants:
Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association competitors competing in bull riding, bareback riding, saddle bronc riding, team roping, tie-down roping, and steer wrestling.

Main Outcome Measures:
Injury reports were documented by sports medicine personnel. Variables assessed include event, frequency, density, location, type, MOI, activity phase of injury, and injury density.

Results:
A total of 2305 injuries from 139,098 competitor exposures (CEs) were reported, demonstrating overall injury density of 16.6 injuries per 1000 CEs (95% confidence interval, 0.016-0.017) and overall risk of injury of 1.69%. Rough stock riders accounted for 88.7% of all injuries. Bull riders, bareback riders, and saddle bronc riders demonstrated injury densities of 48.2, 41.1, and 23.2 injuries per 1000 CEs, respectively. Most injuries (62.9%) were sustained by collisions with the ground or animal, or being stomped on by the animal. Contusions, sprains, and concussions were the most frequent injury types (23.1%, 13.6%, and 11.6%, respectively). Neurological components, knees, and shoulders were the most injured body parts (13.4%, 11.1%, and 11.0%, respectively). Most injuries (36.8%) occurred during or immediately after the dismount.

Conclusions:
Rough stock events have the greatest risk of injury in professional rodeo, whereas steer wrestling has the greatest risk of injury for timed event athletes. Medical professionals should use these findings to implement prevention programming where possible.