bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Bribery is Considered an Economic Necessity: Facilitation Payments, Norm Translation, and the Role of Cognitive Beliefs
Authors: Girard Tyler 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSince the 1990s, when a global anti-corruption norm emerged which in part targeted the use of bribery in international business activities, international support has been growing for a related norm against the use of facilitation (or “grease”) payments. Despite ambiguous language in the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and despite the lack of material enforcement mechanisms, many OECD convention signatories have explicitly banned facilitation payments. Among the few remaining holdouts, Canada and New Zealand recently addressed this omission in their anti-corruption legislation; only Canada opted to eliminate its legal exception for facilitation payments. Building on recent models on norm translation, this article foregrounds the differential roles of normative and cognitive beliefs to explain the different outcomes in these similar cases. Drawing on elite interviews and primary documents, this article argues that select Canadian business representatives helped shape the cognitive beliefs of policymakers through institutionalized consultations in the legislative process, thus facilitating the adoption of the new norm.
A Scoping Review on the Long-Term Outcomes in Persons with Adult-Acquired Burn Injuries
Authors: Cimino Stephanie R , Rios Jorge N , Godleski Matthew , Hitzig Sander L 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Adult-acquired burn injuries are a life-altering event that can lead to debilitating functional or psychological impairments. With advancements in health care resulting in decreased mortality rates, survivors of burn injuries can expect to live longer. This warrants a shift in focus to better understand what happens to adults once they are discharged from the hospital into the community. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature regarding the long-term outcomes of community-dwelling adult-acquired burn survivors. A computer-assisted literature search was conducted on literature from January 1, 2000 to August 31, 2018 utilizing four large databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, and PsycINFO). Articles were included if they had a minimum of five individuals with a burn injury as a result of an accidental injury who were at least 18 years of age at the time of injury. Fifty-four articles were found suitable for inclusion in this review. The majority of studies were conducted in the United States and were longitudinal in design. Four themes were apparent from the articles: postburn complications, psychosocial outcomes, quality of life, and community participation. Data are lacking with respect to outcomes more than 5 years postburn as well as qualitative research. Furthermore, more literature is needed to understand the impact of postburn complications, coping strategies, and posttraumatic growth as well as barriers to community participation. Overall, there is an emerging body of literature that describes the long-term outcomes of adult-acquired burn survivors up to 5 years postburn.
Use of Tailored Feedback Improves Accuracy of Delirium Documentation in the Burn ICU: Results of a Performance Improvement Initiative
Authors: Gloger Amy N , Nakonezny Paul A , Phelan Herb A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One of the most widely used tools for delirium assessment in burn intensive care units is the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit delirium assessment tool. However, some nurses struggle with inaccurate delirium documentation. This performance improvement project was undertaken to assess the impact that routine chart audits with tailored feedback would have on documentation accuracy. An a priori goal of at least 90% documentation accuracy was set by burn leadership at our academic, American Burn Association-verified burn center. For the precorrectional feedback time period, nursing delirium documentation was reviewed for accuracy by the nurse educator. In the postcorrectional feedback time period, an intervention was started, in which the educator sent tailored feedback to nurses with inaccurate delirium documentation. A Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to compare the proportions of correct delirium documentation for the precorrectional feedback and postcorrectional feedback time periods. The overall rates of correct delirium documentation in the precorrectional feedback time period were 49.15% (SD = 31.86), 95% CI: 36.43 to 66.31. A significant increase was seen in the rates of correct delirium documentation for the postcorrectional feedback time period (91.47% [SD = 8.28], 95% CI: 87.45 to 95.67), P = .0001. In the 4 months prior to starting corrective feedback, zero out of five (0%) audits reached the 90% goal of accurate delirium documentation. In the 8 months in which corrective feedback was being given, 9 out of 15 (60%) audits reached the compliance goal set by leadership. Using corrective feedback improves the accuracy of nursing delirium documentation.
Bad Mothers and Dirty Lousers: Representing Abortionists in Postindependence Ireland
Authors: Delay Cara , Liger Annika 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article investigates how the criminal courts and popular press depicted abortionists across key decades of political, economic, and cultural transformations in postindependence Ireland (1922–1950). It demonstrates how and why the legal system and the media highlighted those abortion-related crimes in which bad mothers, ambitious parvenus, and ethnic “others” subverted society, religion, motherhood, and, in Ireland’s case, national values. At stake in depictions of abortionists was not only morality and criminality but also Irishness itself. Courts and newspapers presented abortion defendants as “others” in terms of gender, sexuality, class, race, and religion. Doing so branded abortionists as dangerous outsiders in, and even traitors to, a fragile Irish nation still working to define itself.
Kinematics with Gaia DR2: the force of a dwarf
Authors: Carrillo I , Minchev I , Steinmetz M , Monari G , Laporte C F P , Anders F , Queiroz A B A , Chiappini C , Khalatyan A , Martig M , McMillan P J , Santiago B X , Youakim K 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We use Gaia DR2 astrometric and line-of-sight velocity information combined with two sets of distances obtained with a Bayesian inference method to study the 3D velocity distribution in the Milky Way disc. We search for variations in all Galactocentric cylindrical velocity components (Vϕ, VR, and Vz) with Galactic radius, azimuth, and distance from the disc mid-plane. We confirm recent work showing that bulk vertical motions in the R–z plane are consistent with a combination of breathing and bending modes. In the x–y plane, we show that, although the amplitudes change, the structure produced by these modes is mostly invariant as a function of distance from the plane. Comparing to two different Galactic disc models, we demonstrate that the observed patterns can drastically change in short time intervals, showing the complexity of understanding the origin of vertical perturbations. A strong radial VR gradient was identified in the inner disc, transitioning smoothly from 16 km s−1 kpc−1 at an azimuth of 30° < ϕ < 45° ahead of the Sun-Galactic centre line to −16 km s−1 kpc−1 at an azimuth of −45° < ϕ < −30° lagging the solar azimuth. We use a simulation with no significant recent mergers to show that exactly the opposite trend is expected from a barred potential, but overestimated distances can flip this trend to match the data. Alternatively, using an N-body simulation of the Sagittarius dwarf–Milky Way interaction, we demonstrate that a major recent perturbation is necessary to reproduce the observations. Such an impact may have strongly perturbed the existing bar or even triggered its formation in the last 1–2 Gyr.
The Impact of Gradual and Immediate Nicotine Reduction on Subjective Cigarette Ratings
Authors: Smith Tracy T , Donny Eric C , Luo Xianghua , Allen Alicia M , Carroll Dana M , Denlinger-Apte Rachel L , Dermody Sarah S , Koopmeiners Joseph S , McClernon F Joseph , Pacek Lauren R , Vandrey Ryan , Hatsukami Dorothy K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
A recent clinical trial showed that an immediate transition to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, compared with a gradual transition, produced greater reductions in smoking behavior, smoke exposure, and dependence. However, there was less compliance with the instruction to smoke only VLNC cigarettes in the immediate versus gradual reduction condition. The goal of this study was to test whether nicotine reduction method alters subjective ratings of VLNC cigarettes, and whether subjective ratings mediate effects of nicotine reduction method on smoking behavior, smoke exposure, dependence, and compliance.

Methods
This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial conducted across 10 sites in the United States. Smokers (n = 1250) were randomized to either a control condition, or to have the nicotine content of their cigarettes reduced immediately or gradually to 0.04 mg nicotine/g of tobacco during a 20-week study period. Participants completed the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ).

Results
After Week 20, the immediate reduction group scored significantly lower than the gradual reduction group on multiple subscales of the mCEQ (ps &lt; .001). The Satisfaction subscale of the mCEQ mediated the impact of nicotine reduction method on smoke exposure, smoking behavior, dependence, compliance, and abstinence. Other subscales also mediated a subset of these outcomes.

Conclusions
An immediate reduction in nicotine content resulted in lower product satisfaction than a gradual reduction, suggesting that immediate reduction further reduces cigarette reward value. This study will provide the Food and Drug Administration with information about the impact of nicotine reduction method on cigarette reward value.

Implications
These data suggest that an immediate reduction in nicotine content will result in greater reductions in cigarette satisfaction than a gradual reduction, and this reduction in satisfaction is related to changes in smoking behavior and dependence.
Quantifiable Bleeding in Children Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Outcome
Authors: Nellis Marianne E. , Dalton Heidi , Karam Oliver 
Published: August 2019

Objectives:
To evaluate the association between bleeding from chest tubes and clinical outcomes in children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Design:
Secondary analysis of a large observational cohort study.

Setting:
Eight pediatric institutions within the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’s Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network.

Patients:
Critically ill children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Daily chest tube bleeding, results from hemostatic assays, transfusion volumes, 90-day PICU-free days, and mortality were collected prospectively by trained bedside extracorporeal membrane oxygenation specialists and research coordinators. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was employed in the care of 514 consecutive patients. Sixty percent of patients had at least one episode of chest tube bleeding (median chest tube blood volume over the entire extracorporeal membrane oxygenation course was 123 mL/kg [interquartile range, 47–319 mL/kg]). Twenty-six percent had at least 1 day of bleeding from the chest tube greater than 100 mL/kg/d. The number of days with chest tube bleeding greater than 60 mL/kg/d was independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.05–1.97; p = 0.02) and decreased PICU-free days (beta coefficient, –4.2; 95% CI, –7.7 to –0.6; p = 0.02). The total amount of bleeding from chest tube were independently associated with increased mortality (per mL/kg/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run; adjusted odds ratio, 1.002; 95% CI, 1.000–1.003; p = 0.04). Fibrinogen, weight, indication for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and need for hemodialysis were independently associated with chest tube bleeding, whereas platelet count, coagulation tests, heparin dose, and thrombotic events were not.

Conclusions:
In children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, chest tube bleeding above 60 mL/kg/d was independently associated with worse clinical outcome. Low fibrinogen was independently associated with chest tube bleeding, whereas platelet count and hemostatic tests were not. Further research is needed to evaluate if interventions to prevent or stop chest tube bleeding influence the clinical outcome.
Measurement of Patients' Perceptions of the Quality of Acute Stroke Services: Development and Validation of the STROKE Perception Report
Authors: Alexandrov Anne W. , Brewer Barbara B. , Moore Kari , Grau Charlene , Beenstock Dana J. , Cudlip Fern , Murphy Deborah A. , Klassman Lynn , Korsnack Andrea M. , Johnson Brenda , Parliament Connie F. , Lane Patricia C. , Walsh Tina , Gottbrath Deidra , Wojner Alexis J. , DiBiase Stephen E. , Alexandrov Andrei V. 
Published: August 2019

INTRODUCTION
Patients' perceptions of healthcare quality have become an important part of quality measurement. We explored patients' and family's lived experiences during acute stroke hospitalization to develop a quantitative instrument.

METHODS
Focus groups were conducted using open-ended scripted questions. Interview data were coded and analyzed using an inductive approach to thematic analysis. Symmetric patient and family instruments were developed based on qualitative domains and serially refined to a set of 30 survey items, 12 stroke knowledge test items, and 5 subject demographic fields. Scales were evaluated for internal consistency reliability using Cronbach α; construct validity with exploratory factor analysis using principal components with varimax rotation was performed to determine the extent to which items in a scale measure the same underlying factor. Feasibility of an electronic cloud-based survey was also tested.

RESULTS
Three main themes emerged: fast action to diagnose and treat stroke, genuine caring, and education to prevent and respond to stroke. A total of 1029 subjects completed the final instrument with no differences in perception found by race, ethnicity, or length of stay. Scales showed satisfactory internal consistency reliability (Cronbach α scores, .89–.94); factor loadings across each scale ranged from 0.55 to 0.87. Data entry by electronic pad was perceived by 77% to be more confidential than paper surveys; median score for difficulty was 4 (“easy to use”).

CONCLUSION
The STROKE Perception Report enables understanding of patients' and family's beliefs about the quality of acute stroke care in essential new domains never explored before.
Through Thick and Thin
Authors: Koo Jenny K. , Narvasa Averyl , Bode Lars , Kim Jae H. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTBackground:Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common problem in neonates, and current modalities for thickening human milk produce inconsistent outcomes. The objective of this in vitro study is to measure the viscosity effect of different thickening strategies.Methods:We thickened donor human milk (DHM) and formula using various thickeners: starch‐based thickeners (SBT; Thick It, rice cereal), and gum‐based thickeners (GBT; xanthan gum: Simply Thick, Thicken Up Clear; carob gum: GelMix). We also assessed formula with added starches marketed for reflux, including Similac Spit Up (SSU) and Enfamil AR (EAR). The viscosity of each sample was measured over time using a rotary viscometer. Additional variables, including acidity, temperature, and the addition of human milk fortifier, were tested.Results:Formula can be effectively thickened with all tested thickeners, but the viscosities of thickened formula increase over time. On the other hand, DHM does not effectively thicken with SBT. Autoclaving DHM inactivates digestive enzymes, thus allowing SBT to successfully thicken autoclaved DHM. GBT effectively thickened both DHM and formula but reached higher viscosities than intended based on manufacturer recommendations. Adding acid to xanthan‐gum thickened DHM resulted in phase separation and formation of solid precipitant.Conclusions:Current thickening strategies of preterm infant feeding produces highly variable results in final feed viscosity. The unpredictable properties of gum‐based thickeners raise questions about their safety profile. Objective measures of liquid viscosity and careful consideration of acidity and time are recommended for adequate comparisons of thickening regimens. Human milk continues to be the most challenging feed type to thicken.
Relationships Between Early Neonatal Nutrition and Neurodevelopment at School Age in Children Born Very Preterm
Authors: Tottman Anna C. , Alsweiler Jane M. , Bloomfield Frank H. , Gamble Greg D. , Jiang Yannan , Leung Myra , Poppe Tanya , Thompson Benjamin , Wouldes Trecia A. , Harding Jane E. ,   PIANO study group
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether a new nutrition protocol designed to increase early protein intakes while reducing fluid volume in infants born very preterm was associated with altered neurodevelopment and growth in childhood.Methods:A retrospective, observational cohort study of children born <30 weeks’ gestation or <1500 g and admitted to the neonatal unit, National Women's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand, before and after a change in nutrition protocol. The primary outcome was neurodevelopmental impairment at 7 years (any of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children full scale IQ < 85, Movement Assessment Battery for Children‐2 total score ⩽5th centile, cerebral palsy, blind, or deaf requiring aids). Outcomes were compared between groups and for the overall cohort using generalized linear regression, adjusted for sex and birth weight z score.Results:Of 201 eligible children, 128 (64%) were assessed (55/89 [62%] exposed to the old nutrition protocol, 73 of 112 [65%] to the new protocol). Children who experienced the new protocol received more protein, less energy, and less carbohydrate in postnatal days 1 to 7. Neurodevelopmental impairment was similar at 7 years (30/73 [41%] vs 25/55 [45%], adjusted odds ratio [AOR] [95% confidence interval] 0.78 [0.35–1.70], P = 0.55), as was the incidence of cerebral palsy (AOR 7.36 [0.88–61.40], P = 0.07). Growth and body composition were also similar between groups. An extra 1 g/kg parenteral protein intake in postnatal days 1 to 7 was associated with a 27% increased odds of cerebral palsy (AOR 1.27 [1.03–1.57], P = 0.006).Conclusions:Higher early protein intakes do not change overall rates of neurodevelopmental impairment or growth at 7 years. Further research is needed to determine the effects of higher early parenteral protein intake on motor development.
Resurgence of Vaccine-Preventable Disease
Authors: Dreisinger Naomi , Lim Czer Anthoney 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After a decades-long reduction in vaccine-preventable illnesses worldwide, there has been a reappearance of childhood illnesses once thought to be eradicated. This resurgence in illnesses such as polio and measles is a consequence of multifactorial events leading to decreased vaccination rates. A lack of resources in poor and war-torn countries, coupled with increasing global travel, and decisions to delay or defer vaccinations because of inaccurate studies further emphasized by media have combined to result in current state of frequent local and widespread epidemics, specifically the current outbreak of measles. As providers in the pediatric emergency department, we are often the first to encounter children manifesting these diseases. It is imperative that we understand the circumstances leading to these encounters, so that we can have engaged conversations with families, gain an understanding of their motivations, dispel any misinformed beliefs, and encourage positive health behaviors for their children.
A Comparison of the Aesthetics Outcomes and Respiratory Side Effects of the Use of Spreader Flap and Spreader Graft Techniques in Open Rhinoplasty
Authors: Shafaeei Yousef , Zare Narges Jafari 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Considering the fact that both spreader flap and spreader graft techniques cause respiratory complications and yield different aesthetics results in patients undergoing open rhinoplasty, this study was aimed at comparing these 2 techniques in terms of aesthetics and respiratory side effects.

Methods:
The study was conducted on patients undergoing open rhinoplasty in Ardabil, Iran, during 2016 to 2017. During the Study, a questionnaire containing 7 items related to respiratory complications and 7 items related to aesthetics side effects was completed for each of the patients. After that, the patients were photographed from 6 standard views by the researchers and then the aesthetics side effects were assessed. Finally, the obtained data were all fed into SPSS Software Version 16 and the needed statistical analyses were conducted.

Results:
One hundred thirty patients were investigated in this study the majority of whom were female. Rhinoplasty in 69 of them was done with spreader graft technique and in 61 of them with spreader flap technique. The analysis of the side effects in these 2 groups of patients indicated that the use of spreader graft technique increases the incidence of nasal hump while the use of spreader flap technique results in an increase in the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea. As regards the other respiratory and aesthetics side effects, the 2 techniques did not yield significantly different results.

Conclusion:
The findings of the present research indicated that there is no significant difference between the use of spreader graft and spreader flap techniques. Therefore, considering the clinical conditions of patients, either of the 2 techniques can be used effectively in rhinoplasties.
Semi-Automated Three-Dimensional Condylar Reconstruction
Authors: Méndez-Manjón Irene , Haas Orion Luiz , Guijarro-Martínez Raquel , Belle de Oliveira Rogério , Valls-Ontañón Adaia , Hernández-Alfaro Federico 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The objective was to validate a semi-automated segmentation method for 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the mandibular condyle from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data and illustrate its application in volumetric analysis of the condyle.
Ten CBCT datasets were used to validate the proposed semi-automatic method for 3D rendering of mandibular condyles. First, a standardized orientation protocol of the skull was applied. After defining the volume of interest, a grey-scale cut-off value was selected to allow an automatic reconstruction of the condyle's surface. Subsequently, condylar contour was optimized manually. The whole process was repeated twice by 2 independent investigators. Volumetric measurements of the condyle were used as a measure of conformity between both investigators. The reproducibility of condylar volume reconstruction was excellent for intra-examiner measurements (CV = 3.65%, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.97) and good for inter-examiner measurements (CV = 7.15%, ICC = 0.89). The overall mean time required for the segmentation process was 6.31 + 2.78 minutes. The proposed protocol provides an accurate and reproducible tool for 3D reconstruction of the mandibular condyle using CBCT data. Its implementation will enable adequate follow-up of morphological changes in bone tissue with a Hounsfield unit-based imaging segmentation method.