bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF PLASMINOGEN IN HYPERCOAGULABLE PATIENTS
Authors: Lottenberg R , Hall J A 
Published: August 2018

Sixty seven patients with spontaneous or recurrent thrombosis without obvious underlying disorders were evaluated for plasminogen abnormalities. The mean age was 33.5 years. Fifty seven had venous thrombosis, five had arterial thrombosis and five had both venous and arterial events. Seventeen patients had family members with a history of similar thrombotic events. The plasminogen antigen concentration, by Laurell immunoelectrophoresis, for the patient group was 104± 19% (62-156) compared to 102±11% (83-122) for normal controls (n=24). By amidolytic assay of plasminogen-streptokinase complexes, the activity was proportionate to the antigenic concentration for each individual. Two patients had plasminogen levels (62%, 67%) lower than 2 standard deviations of the mean. Functional alpha2-antiplasmin levels were the same for the patients (102±11%) and the controls (101±16%). Plasminogen activation in undiluted plasma was assessed by a coupled amidolytic assay using urokinase (60 IU/ml) and H-D-val-leu-lys-pNA. The mean substrate hydrolysis rate for the patient group was 1.35±0.52 10−3 absorbance units/min/min (0.56−2.75) compared to 1.32±0.27 10−3 absorbance units/min/min (0.84-−1.99) for the controls (n=34). Three patients with normal plasminogen levels had consistently low activation rates (0.56, 0.57, 0.65). Inhibition of urokinase and plasmin activity was not increased. Histidine-rich glycoprotein levels were not elevated. Electrophoretic, chromatographic and kinetic analysis of the isolated plasminogens revealed no abnormalities. To assess the high affinity lysine binding site, 40 uM epsilon aminocaproic acid was added to plasma while the change in the plasminogen activation rate relative to baseline was observed; no abnormalities were disclosed in either the patient or control populations.In summary, two patients had significantly reduced levels of normally functioning plasminogen. Dysfunctional plasminogen was not identified in this population. We conclude that plasminogen abnormalities infrequently explain hypercoagulability. These studies also suggest that plasminogen status can be adequately evaluated by determining the antigenic concentration and functional activity of plasminogen-streptokinase complexes.
EFFECTS OF EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION AND SHED MEDIASTINAL BLOOD ON FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM
Authors: Spannagl M , Dietrich W , Richter J A , Lill H , Schram W 
Published: August 2018

There is a remarkable increase in fibrinolytic activity during extracorporeal circulation. This activity is due to the release of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) (Stibbe, Kluft e. a. 1982). A reduction of blood substitution requirements can be achieved^by retransfusion of shed mediastinal blood after open heart surgery. However thereby is an additional effect on fibrinolysis. We measured following parameters of the fibrinolytic system in 20 cardiac surgical patients before operation (A), after ECC (B) before retransfusion (C), in the drainage (D) and 20 minutes after retransfusion (E):The distance between end of ECC and retransfusion was 4 to 5 hours. The t-PA activity measurements after ECC (B) were disturbed by high heparin levels. In the shed blood (D) a highly significant increase of t-PA and D-dimer was noted, whereas no inhibitor activity was measurable at this instance, indicating consumption of the inhibitor. The high inhibitor levels found before and after retransfusion are due to the longer half-live. The D-dimer concentration increases significantly after compared to before retransfusion. However following retransfusion no significant variation in plasminogen and antiplasmin and no increased bleeding tendency could be observed.
CHANGES IN FIBRINOLYTIC PARAMETERS AFTER DELIVERY
Authors: Kirch-heimer J C , Kölbl H , Christ G , Tatra G 
Published: August 2018

Recent studies by Astedt et al. have shown increasing levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor during pregnancy, but the origin of the inhibitor is unknown. Levels of fibrinolytic parameters were determined in plasma collected from 18 females (age 22.7 ± 3.2, mean ± SD) after a normal medically controlled pregnancy at the time of delivery and on the following 5 days. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen was measured by enzyme immunoassay, urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) antigen by a radioimmunoassay and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI ) by a functional assay. The results are summarized in the following table:Postpartal changes in tPA antigen and PAI have been found to be significant, both decreasing after delivery and reaching normal control values for tPA on day 2 and for PAI on day 1 while uPA antigen remained normal. Since tPA levels before delivery have been found to be normal, increased levels at delivery might be caused by a release or by hormonal changes, while the decrease in PAI might again be caused by hormonal changes or by removal of the placenta.
ACQUIRED HAEMOPHILIA DUE TO FACTOR VIII INHIBITOR WITH SEVERE HAEMORRHAGES IN A 46-YEAR-OLD WOMAN SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH CYCLOSPORIN A
Authors: Boda Z , Hársfalvi J , Pecze K , Rak K 
Published: August 2018

A formerly healthy 46-year-old woman suffering from acquired haemophilia caused by factor VIII antibodies was admitted in an unconscious state following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Treatment with prothrombin complex concentrates (taken as a whole 100 000 U of PCC, home made and 10 OOOUofFEIBA, Immuno) , steroid (Prednison 50 mg/day) and cyclophosphamide (100 mg/day) was only partially successful: neurological state improved but the haemorrhagic tendency remained. Significant haematuria, and skin and mucosal bleeding characterized her clinical picture. In the meantime, signs of non-A non-B hepatitis were observed. After recovery treatment with Cyclosporin A (Sandimmun, Sandoz) was started (250 mg/day per os) together with small dose of Prednison (15 mg/day). No PCC was applied since that time and the partial thromboplastin times (PTT) became gradually shorter. Level of factor VIII inhibitor was 160 Bethesda unit prior and 9 unit after treatment, the duration of that was 60 days till now. Factor VIII coagulant activity (VIIIC) increased from value of less than 1 percent to 13.7 percent.Treatment of acquired haemophilia caused by factor VIII antibodies, particularly in cases with central nervous system bleeding, may be very difficult. History of our patient may indicate that patients resistent to substitution therapy, steroid and cytostatics may response well to Cyclosporin A. Therefore, its use is recommended.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF A F-IX CONCENTRATE TREATED WITH TRI-(N-BUTYL) PHOSPHATE (TNBP) AND TWEEN-80
Authors: Aperador R , Navarro R , Navio G , Acosta J 
Published: August 2018

This paper describes a method of preparation of F-IX concentrate, which uses 0,3% TNBP and 1% Tween-80,6 h, treatment to reduce the risk of transmitting viruses. The treated material was batch wise adsorbed on DEAE-Sephadex, washed and the F-IX concentrate was eluted with buffer on higher ionic strenghtWe have tested the effect of TNBP/Tween 80 treatment on the activity of coagulation factors as well as on trombogenicity, molecular filtration, and immunological assays
INFLUENCE OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR (PAI) ON THE TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (tPA) ASSAY IN EUGLOBULIN FRACTIONS AND IN PLASMA
Authors: Contant G , Martinoli J L , Thirion C 
Published: August 2018

Current liquid-phase methods for thedetermination of tPA in plasma involve inactivation of both tPA and plasmin inhibitors by either plasma acidificationor euglobulin fractionation. In a firststep, our liquid-phase assay was performed in euglobulin fractions (EF) and the inactivation of PAI was monitored.In a second step, we studied the influenceof PAI onthe tPA assay in plasma.When EF were used (1:10 dilution, pH 5.9), the reference curve was done with tPA (0 to 1 IU/ml) diluted in buffer.The diluted samples (tPA or EF) were incubated with fibrinogen fragments as Stimulator (0.5 mg/ml), an excess of plasminogen (0.15 pM/ml) and chromogenic substrate CBS 30.41 (3.75 pM/ml).The tPA level of EF obtained after venous stasis was found tobe2.7 IU/ml, whatever the dilution was (1:4 to 1:64). For EF obtained at rest, a paradoxical increase in tPA activity was found from 1:4 to 1:16 until a plateau was reached (usually ar dilution 1:16 to 1:32).This is due to the partial dissociation of tPA/PAI complexes which increases with the dilution as demonstrated by adding tPA to highly diluted (1:64) EF : noinhibition occurred. To avoid the influence of PAI and to measure the total tPA activity, a sufficient dilution was needed.When the tPA assay was performed in plasma, ∝ 2 antiplasmin (∝ 2AP) was shown to be mainly responsiblefor a gradual loss of tPA and for inhibition of plasmin generation (using anti ∝2AP IgG). To maintain the concentration of ∝2AP constant in samples, they were 1:10 diluted in a tPA/PAI depleted plasma (plasmin inhibitors were brought in excess by the depleted plasma). The reference curve was done with tPA (0 to2 IU/ml) diluted in the depleted plasma instead of buffer. TPA activities were shown in plasma obtained after venous stasis, when low PAI values (0 to 2.5 IU/ml) were associated. No tPA activity was found in plasma obtained at rest, associated with normal PAI values. It can be concluded that a tPA activity is displayed only when PAI is saturated by released tPA.A free tPA activity can be detected in plasma, while in the EF, the tPA measured is dissociated from tPA/PAI complexes.
EFFECTS OF PENTOSAN POLYSULPHATE (EXMLRON) ON FIBRINOLYSIS
Authors: Haglund O , Wibell L , Saldeen T 
Published: August 2018

Decreased fibrinolytic capacity is thought to be an important ccnponent in the pathqgenesis of different thrombotic states. There is a need for agents improving the fibrinolytic capacity, especially perorally (p.o.) active drugs. Since long the semi-synthetic heparinoid Pentosan Polysulphate (PPS) has been shown to have a stimulating effect on fibrinlysis when given parenterally. Alsop.o. administered drug has been claimedto improve fibrinolysis. However, the degree of gastrointestinal resorption has not been thoroughly assessed and the mechanism behind the effect of PPS cn fibrinolysis is not known.8 healthy male volcnteers and 14 patients with a history of venous thrombosis were studied. Before and after administration of PPS blood samples were taken and plasminogen activator activity (tPA-act), antigen (tPA-ag) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) were determined. The volonteers were given 50 ng PPS i.v. and blood was sanpled before and after 30 minutes. In a second experiment they received 400 rrg PPS p.o. follwed by blood sarrpling after 2 hours. They also received 400 ng of PPS daily p.o. for 25 days. The patient group were given 500 ng PPS p.o. 8 a.m. and blood was collected 6 hours later. To exclude influence of diumal variation blood was also taken 2 p.m. the day before. The plasma level of PPS after p.o. administration was determined by a sensitive modified radioassay for heparin.30 minutes after i.v. injection of PPS PAI was essentially unchanged, tPA-ac-tivity was slightly increased but tPA-ag showed a strongly significant decrease. 400 ng PPS p.o. resulted in an increase in tPA-ag after 2 hours. 400 ng PPS durirg 25 days resulted in a significant decrease of PAI with no charges in tPA-act and tPA-ag. 500 ng FEB given as a single dose in the morning did not cause greater charges of PAI than expected from the diumal variation. The uptake of PPS following p.o. administration is lav with a bioavailability of only 0,5 − 1 %.The low bioavailability of p.o. adninistrered PPS suggest that some of the ad-vantagous effects of PPS on fibrinolysis migjnt be caused through local effects in the intestine. The strong decrease of tPA-ag without significant changes in the other parameters may reflect an accelerated elimination of tPA-PAI-ccnplex. The mechanism of the inproved fibrinlysis following adninistration of PPS is still unsettled but our resluts may indicate that PPS initially facilitates the elimination of the tPA-PAI complex with a secondary increase of the tPA-ag. The tPA-ag may bind to PAI with a secondary decrease of the active component of this inhibitor. However, a more direct effect of PPS cn PAI cannot be excluded.
PARTICULATE CONTAMINATION OF DRUGS: THEIR EFFECT ON PLATELET KINETICS AND THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Authors: Backhouse C M , Galvin D AJ , Harper R A , Meek A C , McCollum C N 
Published: August 2018

More than 107 particulate contaminants >2um and many more <2um are infused daily in parenteral medications to intensive care patients. They may form emboli with aggregated platelets and damage pulmonary vasculature [1], perhaps contributing to alveolar fibrosis in very premature babies. We studied this possibility in neonatal pigs.Nineteen newborn pigs were randomised to either daily 0.2um filtered salineas controls, or infusions of particles similar to drug contaminants at 10x greater than the patient equivalent dose/kg given via subcutaneous injection portals with tunnelled central venous catheters. Four weeks later, autologous platelets were labelled with llllndium and arterial and Swann Ganz catheters inserted under general anaesthesia. Before particle or filtered saline infusion and at 5 and 20 minutes later platelet count, lung platelet uptake, mean arterial pressure (BP), pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary shunt and alveolar-arterial P02 difference were measured.Initially, there were no significant differences between the groups indicating no measureable effect from chronic particle dosing over 4 weeks. Within 30 sec of bolus particle injection BP fell from a mean ( ± sem) of 68.9+2.1mmHg to 61.0±2.1 (p<0.01, paired t-test) but returned to normal within 5 minutes. This was not seen with controls or particle injections given over 5 minutes. Platelet counts fell in the particle group from 660±43 (x109/L) to 584±46 at 20 minutes (p<0.01) but lung platelet accumulation was insignificant.Transient fall in blood pressure due to contaminating particles can be avoided by slow injection or 0.2um in-line filters. Particles stimulate a loss of circulating platelets but with insignificant pulmonary accumulation and no impairment of pulmonary function after 4 weeks of daily particle injection at considerably higher doses than patients receive.1. Chia C, Cattell V. The role of platelets in mesangial localisation: carbon uptake in thrombocytopaenic rats. BrJ Exp Path 1985; 66: 465-474.
DIFFERENT INTEGRITIES OF GP Ilb/Ilia COMPLEX ARE REQUIRED FOR ADP- OR THROMBIN-INDUCED AGGREGATIONS
Authors: Tanoue K , Yamazaki H 
Published: August 2018

A relation between the integrity of platelet GP IIb/IIIa complex and aggregability by ADP or thrombin was studied on intact platelets with EDTA-induced irreversibly dissociated GP IIb/IIIa complex. Human platelets were washed once and suspended in Ca-, Mg-free HEPES-Tyrode's solution (pH 7d). Aliquots of the suspensions were incubated with 2mM EDTA at 37°C for 2 to 60 min. Control platelets were incubated at 22°C. Then, kwM CaCl2 were added to the samples, which were incubated for another 30 min at 37°C. The platelets were washed twice with HEPES-Tyrode1s solution (pH 6.7). For the measurement of amounts of GP IIb/IIIa complex, the platelets were solubilized with 1% Triton X-100 to 1+ X 10 /yl, five yl of which were subjected to crossed immunoelectrophoresis using constant volumes of anti-platelet antibody. The areas under the immunbprecipitates of GP IIb/IIIa complexes were measured as the amounts of GP Ilb/IIIa complex. For the aggregation studies, the platelets were suspended in HEPES- Tyrode's solution (pH 7d). ADP-aggregations were measured in the presence of added 1mg/ml fibrinogen and 2mM Ca. Platelets incubated with EDTA or CaCl2 at 22°C showed the same amounts of GP IIb/IIIa complex.ADP-aggregability declined more rapidly than the decrease GP Ilb/IIIa complex. In contrast, thrombin-aggregation were much better maintained than ADP-Aggregation during the incubation with 2mM EDTA. These results suggest either that the integrity of GP Ilb/IIIa complex required for ADP-aggregation is more strict than for	thrombin-aggregation, or that thrombin-aggreagtion can be
caused by an alternative mechanism which does not require the integrity of GP Ilb/IIIa complex.
ENDOTHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE PROTEOGLYCAN (PG) ALTERATIONS IN DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE (DOCA)-NaCl -INDUCED HYPERTENSIVE RAT MESENTERIC ARTERIES
Authors: Richardson M , Lee R M K W 
Published: August 2018

Hypertension is associated with increased endothelial permeability. This has been previously associated with endothelial desquamation or alterations in junctional architecture.To determine if this increase in endothelial permeability was associated with changes in the basement membrane, especially the heperan sulphate (HS) PG, ruthenium red-stained sections of the superior mesenteric arteries of DOCA-NaCl treated rats were examined by transmission electron microscopy. After 3 weeks of treatment, some rats were hypertensive (DOCA-H), but some remained normotensive(DOCA-N). The intimal PG distribution was compared between DOCA-H, DOCA-N, and untreated normotensive controls. Compared to untreated controls, in DOCA-H arteries there was a reduction in basement membrane, including HS, and a small increase in other PGs. In DOCA-N arteries there was a much smaller change in PGdisribution. In the DOCA-H rats, there was evidence of increased endothelial permeability as shown by sub-endothelial oedema, and an increase in the wet/dryweight ratio of the kidneys.It is therefore possible that hypertension induces changes in endothelial cell metabolism which affect the production or maintenance of the basement membrane. Since the changes were not observed in the DOCA-Narteries they are not a result of the treatment. HS is generally accepted to be involved in the control of endothelial permeability, thus the observed loss of HS from hypertensive arteries may result in the increased endothelial permeability.Supported by The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario.
Pulmonary embolism four days after interruption of therapy with rivaroxaban
Authors: Göndör Gabor , Stöllberger Claudia 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThrombosis after cessation of anticoagulation, also named rebound thrombosis, is a matter of concern and controversy. There are only few published data about occurrence of rebound thrombosis associated with non-vitamin K-antagonist oral anticoagulant drugs (NOACs). We report on a 58-year-old male with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) with a CHA2DS2VASC score of 4 who developed central pulmonary embolism four days after interruption of rivaroxaban because of parotid surgery. He had received 40 mg enoxaparin/d. The parotid gland was partially resected within 6 hours without blood loss. Pulmonary embolism and AF occurred on the first postoperative day. He recovered with low-molecular-weight heparin in therapeutic dosages and amiodarone and was discharged with phenprocoumon.The relevance of a rivaroxaban rebound phenomenon, manifesting as arterial embolism, stroke or venous thromboembolism should be clarified. It should be assessed if rebound-phenomena also exist for the NOACs dabigatran, apixaban and edoxaban. Thus, the randomized trials and registries investigating patients with AF or venous thromboembolism should be re-analysed and, based on these data, recommendations should be developed for situations in which NOAC-therapy has to be interrupted or ceased.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided entero-enterostomy for the treatment of afferent loop syndrome: a multicenter experience
Authors: Brewer Gutierrez Olaya , Irani Shayan , Ngamruengphong Saowanee , Aridi Hanaa , Kunda Rastislav , Siddiqui Ali , Dollhopf Markus , Nieto Jose , Chen Yen-I , Sahar Nadav , Bukhari Majidah , Sanaei Omid , Canto Marcia , Singh Vikesh , Kozarek Richard , Khashab Mouen 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Background Afferent loop syndrome (ALS) is traditionally managed surgically and, more recently, endoscopically. The role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided entero-enterostomy (EUS-EE) has not been well described. The aim of this study was to assess the technical and clinical success and safety of EUS-EE.
Methods This was a multicenter, retrospective series at six centers in patients with ALS treated by EUS-EE. Data on patients treated with enteroscopy-assisted luminal stenting (EALS) at a single center were also collected.
Results 18 patients (mean age 64.2 years, 72 % post-pancreaticoduodenectomy, 10 female) underwent EUS-EE. The most common symptoms were vomiting (27.8 %) and jaundice (33.3 %). Clinical success included resolution of symptoms in 88.9 % and improvement to allow hospital discharge in 11.1 %. Technical success was achieved in 100 % of cases, with a mean procedure time of 29.7 minutes. The most common procedure was a gastro-jejunostomy (72.2 %). Three adverse events (16.7 %) occurred (two mild, one moderate). When compared with data on EALS, patients treated with EUS-EE needed fewer re-interventions (16.6 % vs. 76.5 %; P < 0.001).
Conclusion EUS-EE seems to be safe and effective in the treatment of ALS. Indirect comparison with EALS suggested that EUS-EE is associated with a reduced need for re-intervention.
Remoteness promotes biological invasions on islands worldwide
Authors: Moser Dietmar , Lenzner Bernd , Weigelt Patrick , Dawson Wayne , Kreft Holger , Pergl Jan , Pyšek Petr , van Kleunen Mark , Winter Marten , Capinha César , Cassey Phillip , Dullinger Stefan , Economo Evan P. , García-Díaz Pablo , Guénard Benoit , Hofhansl Florian , Mang Thomas , Seebens Hanno , Essl Franz 
Published: August 2018

SignificanceIslands are hotspots of alien species invasions, and their distinct biodiversity is particularly vulnerable to invading species. While isolation has shaped natural colonization of islands for millions of years, globalization in trade and transport has led to a breakdown of biogeographical barriers and subsequent colonization of islands by alien species. Using a large dataset of 257 subtropical and tropical islands, we show that alien richness increases with increasing isolation of islands. This pattern is consistent for plants, ants, mammals, and reptiles, and it cannot simply be explained by island economics and trade alone. Geographical isolation does not protect islands from alien species, and island species richness may reach a new dynamic equilibrium at some point, likely at the expense of many endemic species.
Designing anticipatory policies through the use of ICTs
Authors: Capano Giliberto , Pavan Elena 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper seeks to achieve a better understanding of how and under what conditions current digital communication technologies can become an asset to the design of effective policies. In order to do so, we bridge two strands of reflection that have hitherto developed quite independently – i.e. policy design studies and researches on the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to reform the public sector. We start from the assumption that different governmental political and technical capacities shape different spaces for action and thus different types of policy design in which policy-makers can involve citizens via ICTs in three modes: co-design; design fine-tuning; crowdsourced policy design. According to this framework, we analyse three different ‘revelatory case studies’ in which ICTs have been employed by governments while designing policies: Iceland’s recent experiment to redraft collectively its constitution; La Buona Scuola, the latest Italian public education law; and the Finnish Avoin Misteriö, a platform for crowdsourced legislation. By exploring the different modes in which ICTs have been integrated in the formulation of these three policies, we show that it is possible to disentangle different and more or less effective ways of exploiting ICTs’ networking and communicative potential for designing successful public policies.