bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who benefits from ex ante societal impact evaluation in the European funding arena? A cross-country comparison of societal impact capacity in the social sciences and humanities
Authors: de Jong Stefan P L , Muhonen Reetta 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIncreasingly, research funders include societal impact as a criterion in evaluation procedures. The European Commission is no exception to this trend. Societal impact determines one-third of a project’s success in receiving funding from the Societal Challenges in Horizon 2020 (H2020). Yet, there are large differences in terms of science and technology performance between countries that participate in the programme. In this article, we (1) compare societal impact practices in the social sciences and humanities in high-performing countries (HPCs) and low-performing countries (LPCs) to the evaluation of societal impact in funding procedures at the European level and (2) reflect upon consequences for the competition for research funding in the European funding arena. To this end, we introduce the concept of ‘societal impact capacity’ as well as a framework to analyse it. The analysis of 60 case studies from 16 countries across Europe shows that (1) researchers from HPCs have a higher impact capacity than those from LPCs and (2) researchers from HPCs report more details about impact than those from LPCs. This suggests that researchers from HPCs are better equipped to score well on the impact criterion when applying for funding than researchers from LPCs. We conclude with policy recommendations for the organization and evaluation of societal impact.
Risk of tuberculosis in patients with immune-mediated diseases on biological therapies: a population-based study in a tuberculosis endemic region
Authors: Wang Xing , Wong Sunny H , Wang Xian-Song , Tang Whitney , Liu Chang-Qin , Niamul Gani , Wu Bin , Tam Lai-Shan , Wu Justin C Y , Chan Francis K L , Sung Joseph J Y , Ng Siew C 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objective
Real-world epidemiological data on the risk of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with immune-mediated diseases treated with biologics are scarce in TB endemic areas. We investigated the incidence of TB in a population-based setting and stratified the risk of TB among different biological therapies.

Methods
We collected medical data from a territory-wide computerized database in Hong Kong. We reported the incidence of TB in patients treated with various classes of biologics, and calculated standardized incidence ratio by comparing with the general population. Subgroup analyses were performed based on disease subtypes and biological drugs.

Results
Among 2485 subjects with immune-mediated diseases (82.5% rheumatology diseases; 10.6% IBD; 6.9% dermatology diseases), 54 subjects developed active TB during 6921 person-years of follow-up. The mean age (±s.d.) was 43 (14) years, and the median follow-up duration was 24.9 months (interquartile range 4.9–45.0). The overall standardized incidence ratio of TB was 10.91 (95% CI 8.00–13.82), and patients treated with infliximab had a nearly 26 times increased risk of TB compared with the general population (standardized incidence ratio 25.95; 95% CI 17.23–34.67). The risk of TB with TNF inhibitor was higher than with a non-TNF biologic (hazard ratio 4.34; 95% CI 1.31–14.39), while the risk of infliximab was higher than etanercept and adalimumab (hazard ratio: 4.10 and 2.08, respectively).

Conclusion
The risk of TB is much higher in patients with immune-mediated diseases on biological therapy compared with the general population, and infliximab is associated with the highest risk of TB among the biologics analysed.
Ambiguity in the Definition: The Need for Caution in Prosecuting Persons Under the Anti-pornography Act
Authors: Doya Nanima Robert 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The purpose of Parliamentary scrutiny and debates in drafting a law is to avoid ambiguity, vagueness and definitional deficiencies. The penal provisions in the criminal laws should be clear on the acts that constitute the offence, and the intention of the accused person. A look at the drafting history of a law may aid one to ascertain the intention of Parliament. It is argued that there are challenges to the implementation of the Anti-pornography Act from an interpretational perspective. This contribution critiques the role of Parliament in defining pornography in the process of enacting the Anti-pornography Act. The possible challenges to prosecution that arise from this role are identified. Recommendations on the drafting process follow.
A Decision Analysis for Rectal-Sparing Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Total Colectomy With Ileorectal Anastomosis Versus Proctocolectomy With IPAA
Authors: Melnitchouk Nelya , Saadat Lily Victoria , Bleday Ronald , Goldberg Joel E. 
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND:
There are different approaches for the surgical management of rectal-sparing familial adenomatous polyposis with variable impacts on both quality of life and survival.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to quantify the trade-offs between total proctocolectomy with IPAA versus total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis using decision analysis.

DESIGN:
We created a disease simulation Markov model to simulate the clinical events after IPAA and ileorectal anastomosis for rectal-sparing familial adenomatous polyposis in a cohort of individuals at the age 30 years. We used available literature to obtain different transition probabilities and health-states utilities. The output parameters were quality-adjusted life-years and life-years. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

SETTINGS:
A decision analysis using a Markov model was conducted at a single center.

PATIENTS:
Patients with rectal-sparing familial adenomatous polyposis at age 30 years were included. Rectal-sparing familial adenomatous polyposis is defined as the presence of 0 to 20 polyps that can be removed endoscopically.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Quality-adjusted life-years were measured.

RESULTS:
Our model showed that the mean quality-adjusted life-years for IPAA was 25.12 and for ileorectal anastomosis was 27.12 in base-case analysis. Mean life-years for IPAA were 28.81 and 28.28 for ileorectal anastomosis. A 1-way sensitivity analysis was performed for all of the parameters in the model. None of the deterministic sensitivity analyses changed the model results across the range of plausible values. Probabilistic analysis identified that, in 86.9% of scenarios, ileorectal anastomosis had improved quality-adjusted life-years compared with IPAA.

LIMITATIONS:
The study was limited by characteristics inherent to modeling studies.

CONCLUSIONS:
Ileorectal anastomosis was found to be preferable for patients with rectal-sparing familial adenomatous polyposis when quality of life is taken into consideration. This model was robust based on both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. These data should be taken into consideration when counseling patients regarding a surgical approach in rectal-sparing familial adenomatous polyposis. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A715.
Evaluation of the Repeatability and Reproducibility of Corneal Epithelial Thickness Mapping for a 9-mm Zone Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Ma Jack X. , Wang Li , Weikert Mitchell P. , Montes de Oca Ildamaris , Koch Douglas D. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the repeatability and between-machine/operator reproducibility of optical coherence tomography (RTVue-XR) for mapping corneal epithelial thickness (ET) and corneal thickness (CT) over a 9-mm zone.

Methods:
In 5 groups of eyes (normal, contact lens, dry eye, post-LASIK/PRK, and keratoconus), corneal ET and CT were evaluated in 25 areas in the following 4 regions: 1) 1 central zone within 0 to 2.0 mm diameter, 2) 8 paracentral zones from 2.0 to 5.0 mm diameter, 3) 8 midperipheral zones from 5.0 to 7.0 mm diameter, and 4) 8 peripheral zones from 7.0 to 9.0 mm diameter. Three devices with designated operators were used to obtain 3 scans per device for each eye. The repeatability, reproducibility, and coefficient of variation were calculated.

Results:
For all areas up to 9 mm diameter, in normal eyes, contact lens eyes, dry eyes, post- LASIK/PRK eyes, and keratoconic eyes, repeatability and reproducibility ranged from 0.7 to 1.5, 1.0 to 2.6, 0.9 to 2.0, 0.7 to 2.5, and 1.1 to 2.3 μm for ET and 1.5 to 8.3, 2.3 to 12.1, 1.7 to 14.2, 1.4 to 13.7, and 6.9 to 18.9 μm for CT, respectively. The ranges of coefficient of variation values were 1.2% to 3.0%, 1.9% to 5.5%, 1.8% to 4.3%, 1.3% to 5.2%, and 2.2% to 4.5% for ET and 0.3% to 1.2%, 0.4% to 1.8%, 0.4% to 2.1%, 0.3% to 2.0%, and 1.2% to 3.0% for CT, respectively.

Conclusions:
Optical coherence tomography produced excellent repeatability and reproducibility for corneal ET and CT measurements up to a 9-mm zone in normal eyes and eyes with different corneal conditions. The CT measurements in keratoconic eyes were more variable than those in eyes with other corneal conditions.
Catastrophic Return to Play in Rugby After Double Cervical Arthrodesis
Authors: Brauge David , Sol Jean C. , Djidjeli Imène , Roux Franck E. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:
For high-level athletes, most experts consider that 1-level arthrodesis in cervical spine surgery does not prevent return to play. Nevertheless, return remains controversial in cases of 2-level fusions. We report the case of a 27-year-old professional rugby player. He had had a double cervical fusion C5C6 and C6C7 for cervical hernia and was allowed to continue rugby activities afterward. Four years after this surgery, his neck was forced in hyperflexion during a match and complete tetraplegia occurred. A computed tomography scan showed a C3C4 unilateral facet dislocation. The patient was rapidly operated on. At follow-up, 2 years after the accident, the patient remained tetraplegic with no neurologic improvement. If no definitive conclusion can be established on this first observation, many precautions must be taken before a return-to-play decision, especially in contact sports.
A National Survey on Interhospital Transport of Children in Cardiac Arrest*
Authors: Noje Corina , Bembea Melania M. , Nelson McMillan Kristen L. , Brunetti Marissa A. , Bernier Meghan L. , Costabile Philomena M. , Klein Bruce L. , Duval-Arnould Jordan , Hunt Elizabeth A. , Shaffner Donald H. 
Published: November 2018

Objectives:
To describe the U.S. experience with interhospital transport of children in cardiac arrest undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Design:
Self-administered electronic survey.

Setting:
Pediatric transport teams listed with the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Transport Medicine.

Subjects:
Leaders of U.S. pediatric transport teams.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Sixty of the 88 teams surveyed (68%) responded. Nineteen teams (32%) from 13 states transport children undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation between hospitals. The most common reasons for transfer of children in cardiac arrest are higher level-of-care (70%), extracorporeal life support (60%), and advanced trauma resuscitation (35%). Eligibility is typically decided on a case-by-case basis (85%) and sometimes involves a short interhospital distance (35%), or prompt institution of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (20%). Of the 19 teams that transport with ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 42% report no special staff safety features, 42% have guidelines or protocols, 37% train staff on resuscitation during transport, 11% brace with another provider, and 5% use mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices for patients less than 18 years. In the past 5 years, 18 teams report having done such cardiopulmonary resuscitation transports: 22% did greater than five transports, 44% did two to five transports, 6% did one transport, and the remaining 28% did not recall the number of transports. Seventy-eight percent recall having transported by ambulance, 44% by helicopter, and 22% by fixed-wing. Although patient outcomes were varied, eight teams (44%) reported survivors to ICU and/or hospital discharge.

Conclusions:
A minority of U.S. teams perform interhospital transport of children in cardiac arrest undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eligibility criteria, transport logistics, and patient outcomes are heterogeneous. Importantly, there is a paucity of established safety protocols for the staff performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in transport.
The Role of Education in Developing a Culture of Safety Through the Perceptions of Undergraduate Nursing Students: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Bedgood Amie L. , Mellott Susan 
Published: November 2018

Objective
This integrative literature review seeks to examine research-based knowledge about the role of education in developing a culture of safety through the perspectives of undergraduate nursing students.

Methods
An integrative literature review of nursing and health databases was conducted and literature from 2009 to 2018 were reviewed. Studies focusing on patient safety education in undergraduate nursing students were analyzed to identify the current state of safety education in academia. The results and findings from the articles reviewed were included in the final synthesis of the literature.

Results
A total of 336 articles were identified from the onset and 14 were selected for inclusion in the review. There were 3 qualitative studies, 8 quantitative studies, and 3 mixed-methods research studies included. Four themes emerged: students perceive patient safety education is important, safety education in the curriculum is important, students are afraid to speak up, and students perceive a lack of knowledge and support for speaking up.

Conclusions
The results of this integrative literature review demonstrate that nursing education plays an integral role in creating a culture of safety among nursing students. Nursing students lack a strong understanding of their role in patient safety. This translates into a need for dedicated patient safety curriculum to establish a culture of safety in nursing education.
Widespread Suppression of High-Order Visual Cortex During Blinks and External Predictable Visual Interruptions
Authors: Golan Tal , Grossman Shany , Deouell Leon Y , Malach Rafael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSpontaneous eye blinks generate frequent potent interruptions to the retinal input and yet go unnoticed. As such, they provide an attractive approach to the study of the neural correlates of visual awareness. Here, we tested the potential role of predictability in generating blink-related effects using fMRI. While participants attentively watched still images of faces and houses, we monitored naturally occurring spontaneous blinks and introduced three kinds of matched visual interruptions: cued voluntary blinks, self-initiated (and hence, predictable) external darkenings, and physically similar but unpredictable external darkenings. These events’ impact was inspected using fMRI across the visual hierarchy. In early visual cortex, both spontaneous and voluntary blinks, as well as predictable and unpredictable external darkenings, led to largely similar positive responses in peripheral representations. In mid- and high-level visual cortex, all predictable conditions (spontaneous blinks, voluntary blinks, and self-initiated external darkenings) were associated with signal decreases. In contrast, unpredictable darkenings were associated with signal increases. These findings suggest that general-purpose prediction-related mechanisms are involved in producing a small but widespread suppression of mid- and high-order visual regions during blinks. Such suppression may down-regulate responses to predictable transients in the human visual hierarchy.
New Insights into the Nature of Symbiotic Associations in Aphids: Initial Steps Involved in Aphid Gut Infection bySerratia symbioticaBacteria
Authors: Inès Pons , François Renoz , Christine Noël , Thierry Hance 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSymbiotic microorganisms are widespread in nature and can play a major role in the ecology and evolution of animals. Theaphid-Serratia symbioticabacterium interaction provides a valuable model to study mechanisms behind these symbiotic associations. The recent discovery of cultivableS. symbioticastrains having the possibility of free-living lifestyle allowed us to simulate their environmental acquisition by aphids to examine the mechanisms involved in this infection pathway. Here, after oral ingestion, we analyzed the infection dynamic of cultivableS. symbioticastrains during the host’s lifetime using qPCR and fluorescence techniques and determined the immediate fitness consequences of these bacteria on their new host. We further examined the transmission behavior and phylogenetic position of cultivable strains. Usually,S. symbioticaare considered as maternally-transmitted bacteria living within aphid body cavity and bringing some benefits to their hosts despite their costs. Otherwise, our study revealed that cultivableS. symbioticaare predisposed to establish a symbiotic association with new aphid host, settling in its gut. We showed that cultivableS. symbioticacolonized the entire aphid digestive tract following infection, after which the bacterium multiplied exponentially during aphid development. Our results further revealed that gut colonization by the bacteria induce a fitness cost to their hosts. Nevertheless, it appeared that they also offer an immediate protection against parasitoids. Interestingly, cultivableS. symbioticaseem to be extracellularly transmitted, possibly through the honeydew. These findings provide new insights into the nature of symbiosis in aphids and the mechanisms underpinning these interactions.ImportanceFor the first time, our study provides experimental data that highlight a new kind of symbiotic associations in aphids. By successfully isolating microbial symbiont from aphids and by cultivating itin vitroin our laboratory, we established artificial association by simulating new bacterial acquisitions involved in aphid gut infection. Our results showed the early stages involved in this route of infection. Until now,Serratia symbioticais considered as a maternally-transmitted aphid endosymbiont. Nevertheless, here, we showed that our cultivable strains having an intermediate status between a strict free-living bacterium and a facultative endosymbiont, occupy and replicate in aphid gut and seem to be transmitted over generations through an environmental transmission mechanism. Moreover, they are both parasites and mutualists given the context, as many of the endosymbionts in aphids. Our findings give new perception of associations involved in aphids’ symbiosis.
Structuring Time in Human Lateral Entorhinal Cortex
Authors: Bellmund Jacob L.S. , Deuker Lorena , Doeller Christian F. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRemembering event sequences is central to episodic memory and thought to be supported by the hippocampal-entorhinal region. We previously demonstrated that the hippocampus maps spatial and temporal distances between events encountered along a fixed route through a virtual city (Deuker et al., 2016), but the content of entorhinal mnemonic representations remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that, after learning, multi-voxel representations in the anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex (alEC) specifically reflect the temporal event structure. Holistic representations of the temporal structure related to memory recall and the temporal event structure could be reconstructed from entorhinal multi-voxel patterns. Our findings demonstrate representations of temporal structure in the alEC in line with temporal information carried by population signals in the lateral entorhinal cortex of navigating rodents and activations of its human homologue during temporal memory retrieval. Our results provide novel evidence for the role of the human alEC in representing time for episodic memory.
Neural auditory contrast enhancement in humans
Authors: Mehta Anahita H. , Feng Lei , Oxenham Andrew J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe perception of sensory events can be suppressed or enhanced by the surrounding spatial and temporal context in ways that help in detecting novel objects and establishing perceptual constancy. In the auditory system, the phenomenon known as auditory enhancement reflects a general principle of contrast enhancement, where a target sound embedded within a background sound becomes perceptually more salient if the background is presented first by itself. This effect is highly robust, producing an effective enhancement of the target of between 5 and 25 dB (more than two orders of magnitude in intensity), depending on the task. Despite their ubiquity in vision, neural correlates of auditory contrast enhancement have yet to be identified in humans. Here we used the auditory steady-state response to probe the neural response to a target sound under conditions of enhancement. The probe was simultaneously modulated in amplitude with two modulation frequencies, to distinguish cortical from subcortical contributions to this phenomenon. We found robust auditory cortical, but not subcortical, enhancement that correlates with behavior and is consistent with an early theoretical model that postulates neural adaptation of inhibition. Our findings provide empirical support for a previously unverified theory of auditory enhancement and point to new approaches for improving sensory prostheses for hearing loss, such as hearing aids and cochlear implants.Significance StatementA target sound embedded within a background sound becomes perceptually more salient if the background is presented first by itself. This phenomenon, where the target “pops out”, is known as auditory enhancement. It reflects a general principle of contrast enhancement, and helps in the detection of new acoustic events in the environment and in establishing the perceptual constancy of speech and other biologically relevant sounds under varying acoustic conditions. We use EEG in humans to reveal a cortical correlate of this perceptual phenomenon that provides empirical support for a longstanding but previously unverified theoretical account.