bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photorefractive Keratectomy With Mitomycin C Versus LASIK in Custom Surgeries for Myopia: A Bilateral Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Wallau Anelise Dutra , Campos Mauro 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To compare photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with prophylactic use of mitomycin C (MMC) and LASIK in custom surgeries for myopic astigmatism.

Methods:
Eighty-eight eyes of 44 patients with a minimum estimated ablation depth of 50 µm were randomized to receive PRK with MMC 0.002% for 1 minute in one eye and LASIK in the fellow eye. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), cycloplegic refraction, slit-lamp microscopy, contrast sensitivity, specular microscopy, aberrometry, and a subjective questionnaire were evaluated. Forty-two patients completed 6-month follow-up.

Results:

Mean spherical equivalent refraction error before surgery and mean ablation depth were −3.99±1.20 diopters (D) and 73.09±14.55 µm in LASIK eyes, and −3.85±1.12 D and 70.7±14.07 µm in PRK with MMC eyes, respectively. Uncorrected visual acuity was significantly better in PRK with MMC eyes 3 months (
P
=.04) and 6 months (
P
=.01) after surgery. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and spherical equivalent refraction did not differ significantly in the groups during follow-up (
P
>.05). Significant haze was not observed in any PRK with MMC eye. Mean higher order aberration was lower in PRK with MMC eyes postoperatively compared with LASIK eyes (
P
=.01). Better contrast sensitivity was observed in PRK with MMC eyes than LASIK eyes (
P
<.05). The endothelial cell count did not differ significantly between groups (
P
=.65). In terms of visual satisfaction, PRK with MMC eyes were better rated.

Conclusions:

Photorefractive keratectomy with MMC appears to be more effective than LASIK in custom surgery for moderate myopia. During 6-month follow-up, no toxic effects of MMC were evident. Long-term follow-up is necessary to attest its safety. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:326–336.]
Cyclosporine 0.05% Ophthalmic Preparation to Aid Recovery From Loss of Corneal Sensitivity After LASIK
Authors: Peyman Gholam A. , Sanders Donald R. , Batlle Juan F. , Féliz Rafael , Cabrera Ginny 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To determine whether cyclosporine (0.05%) can safely and effectively accelerate corneal nerve regeneration after LASIK, thereby facilitating faster recovery of corneal sensitivity.

Methods:
This prospective, randomized, single-center clinical study comprised 44 eyes of 22 patients scheduled to undergo bilateral LASIK. One eye was randomly assigned to receive cyclosporine drops twice daily for 3 months in addition to standard postoperative LASIK medication. Corneal sensitivity was measured using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer in four areas outside and five areas inside the LASIK flap preoperatively and at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Safety parameters of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and the incidence of adverse events were also collected.

Results:

For all four points outside the LASIK flap, normal corneal sensitivity was maintained throughout the study. In addition, no significant difference was found between the cyclosporine-treated eyes and the control eyes at these points. All points within the LASIK flap except the point closest to the hinge demonstrated profound corneal hypoesthesia at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively with no differences noted between the control and cyclosporine-treated eyes. These same points had statistically significantly greater corneal sensitivity in the cyclosporine group relative to the control group (
P
⩽.011) at 3 months postoperatively.

Conclusions:

Cyclosporine was shown to significantly improve corneal sensitivity at 3 months after LASIK, which suggests that topical cyclosporine promotes enhanced corneal nerve regeneration. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:337–343.]
Pseudoaccommodation and Visual Acuity With Technovision PresbyLASIK and a Theoretical Simulated Array
®
Multifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Illueca Carlos , Alió Jorge L. , Mas David , Ortiz Dolores , Pérez Jorge , Espinosa J. , Sala Esperanza 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To compare the visual results of presbyLASIK patients to the best theoretical pseudoaccommodation that could be achieved using a multifocal refractive intraocular lens (IOL) model based on the optical structure of a simulated AMO Array multifocal IOL.

Methods:
The study included 10 hyperopic eyes that underwent central presbyLASIK surgery using a Technovision excimer laser platform. Mean patient age was 57 years, and mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was 1.28±0.87 diopters. The optical quality was evaluated by objective distance and near decimal visual acuities calculated using a Fresnel propagation algorithm based on a realistic eye model. Results of the presbyLASIK technique were compared with the theoretical results obtained for the same eye with an ideal, best-fit multifocal IOL (simulated Array multifocal IOL) substituted for the crystalline lens.

Results:
For near objective visual acuity (from 25 cm to 1 m), the ideal, theoretical Array-like lens provided values of visual acuity above 0.5 for all object distances, whereas presbyLASIK also provided good visual responses for distances beyond 45 cm. For distance vision (from 1.5 to 6 m), both the IOL and presbyLASIK visual acuities were over 0.5, but the optical performance of the ideal Array-like lens was slightly worse than with presbyLASIK.

Conclusions:

Overall near to distance visual acuity obtained with the presbyLASIK technique is comparable to the best visual acuity that could be achieved with a simulated Array multifocal IOL. Near visual acuity with presbyLASIK falls off from the ideal. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:344–349.]
Phakic Refractive Lens (Medennium) for Correction of +4.00 to +6.00 Diopters: 1-year Follow-Up
Authors: Gil-Cazorla Raquel , Teus Miguel A. , Arranz-Marquez Esther , Marina-Verde Celeste 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To study the efficacy and safety of phakic refractive lens (PRL) implantation to correct high hyperopia.

Methods:
Inclusion criteria for this prospective, observer-masked, interventional study were spherical equivalent ⩾+4.00 diopters (D) of cycloplegic hyperopia, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) ⩾0.5, anterior chamber depth ⩾3 mm, and mesopic pupil size ⩽6 mm. Lenses were implanted in all cases under regional anesthesia using forceps.

Results:
Sixteen eyes of nine patients were included in the study. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was +5.65±1.41 D (range: +3.25 to +5.75 D). Mean 1-year postoperative spherical equivalent refraction was +0.07±0.43 D (range: −0.50 to 0.75 D). Fifteen (93.75%) eyes were within ±0.50 D of emmetropia, and 16 (100%) eyes were within ±1.00 D of emmetropia. Safety and efficacy indexes were 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. Eight (50%) eyes needed LASIK to correct residual astigmatism. Five (31.25%) eyes lost one line of BSCVA; no eye lost two or more lines of BSCVA. The BSCVA did not increase in any eye. No significant intraocular complications developed.

Conclusions:

Phakic refractive lens implantation to correct high hyperopia seems to be a safe and accurate procedure. A mild but significant loss in BSCVA can be anticipated. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:350–354.]
Central Corneal Thickness Measurements by Ultrasound, Orbscan II, and Visante OCT After LASIK for Myopia
Authors: Cheng Arthur C.K. , Rao Srinivas K. , Lau Silvania , Leung Chris K.S. , Lam Dennis S.C. 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To compare central corneal thickness measurements obtained with Orbscan II scanning slit topography, Visante optical coherence tomography (OCT), and ultrasound pachymetry in myopic eyes after LASIK.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 34 consecutive patients (68 eyes) who underwent LASIK for the correction of myopia. Six months after surgery, central corneal thickness measurements were obtained using ultrasound pachymetry, Orbscan scanning slit topography, and Visante OCT. Data were analyzed using paired sample
t
test, Bland and Altman plot, and linear regression.

Results:

Average postoperative central corneal thickness was 436.65±43.82 µm for ultrasound pachymetry, 422.84±51.04 µm for Orbscan (0.89 acoustic equivalent correction factor), and 422.26±42.46 µm for Visante. Compared to the ultrasound measurement, Orbscan and Visante measurements significantly underestimated the corneal thickness by 13.81±17.34 µm (
P
<.01) and 14.38±10.13 µm (
P
<.01), respectively.

Conclusions:

Both Orbscan and Visante OCT underestimated central corneal thickness compared to ultrasound pachymetry 6 months after LASIK, although measurements obtained with Visante OCT had better agreement and correlation with ultrasound pachymetry than with Orbscan. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:361–365.]
Measurement of Intraocular Pressure in LASIK and LASEK Patients Using the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer and Goldmann Applanation Tonometry
Authors: Kirwan Caitriona , O'Keefe Michael 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To determine the efficacy of the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) following corneal laser refractive surgery.

Methods:
Intraocular pressure was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry preoperatively and 3 months following LASIK and LASEK for all levels of myopia and low levels of hyperopia. In LASIK eyes, 120-µm flaps were cut using the Hansatome XP. The ORA was used to measure Goldmann correlated IOP and corneal compensated IOP 3 months postoperatively. Postoperative central corneal thickness, hysteresis, and corneal curvature were assessed to determine their relationship with postoperative change in Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP. Efficacy of ORA IOP measurement was analyzed by comparing Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP with Goldmann correlated IOP.

Results:

LASEK was performed on 35 eyes, and LASIK was performed on 90 eyes. In the LASIK group, mean Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP decreased 3.7±2.3 mmHg postoperatively (
P
=.00). Postoperative Goldmann applanation tonometry did not differ significantly (
P
=.06) from postoperative ORA Goldmann correlated IOP (10.2±2.1 mmHg). In the LASEK group, mean Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP decreased 3.9±2.3 mmHg (
P
=.00). Postoperative Goldmann applanation tonometry did not differ significantly (
P
=.6) from postoperative ORA Goldmann correlated IOP (10.7±2.5 mmHg). Postoperative decrease in Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP did not correlate with age, ablation depth, pre- and postoperative central corneal thickness or corneal hysteresis, or postoperative decrease in corneal curvature.

Conclusions:

Intraocular pressure measurements were similar using both the ORA Goldmann correlated IOP and Goldmann applanation tonometry following keratorefractive surgery. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:366–370.]
Ablation Centration After Active Eye Tracker-assisted LASIK and Comparison of Flying-spot and Broad-beam Laser
Authors: Lin Jane-Ming , Chen Wen-Lu , Chiang Chun-Chi , Tsai Yi-Yu 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate ablation centration of flying-spot LASIK, investigate the effect of patient- and surgeon-related factors on centration, and compare flying-spot and broad-beam laser results.

Methods:
This retrospective study comprised 173 eyes of 94 patients who underwent LASIK with the Alcon LADARVision4000 with an active eye-tracking system. The effective tracking rate of the system is 100 Hz. The amount of decentration was analyzed by corneal topography. Patient- (low, high, and extreme myopia; effect of learning) and surgeon-related (learning curve) factors influencing centration were identified. Centration was compared to the SCHWIND Multiscan broad-beam laser with a 50-Hz tracker from a previous study.

Results:
Mean decentration was 0.36±0.18 mm (range: 0 to 0.9 mm). Centration did not differ in low, high, and extreme myopia or in patients' first and second eyes. There were no significant differences in centration between the first 50 LASIK procedures and the last 50 procedures. Comparing flying-spot and broad-beam laser results, there were no differences in centration in low myopia. However, the LADARVision4000 yielded better centration results in high and extreme myopia.

Conclusions:

The Alcon LADARVision4000 active eye tracking system provides good centration for all levels of myopic correction and better centration than the Schwind broad-beam Multiscan in eyes with high and extreme myopia. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:371–376.]
Effects of Topical Nepafenac on Corneal Epithelial Healing Time and Postoperative Pain After PRK: A Bilateral, Prospective, Randomized, Masked Trial
Authors: Caldwell Matthew , Reilly Charles 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To assess the effects of nepafenac on corneal epithelial healing time and pain control compared to placebo in patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery.

Methods:
This randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, single-site study included 66 adults (132 eyes) undergoing bilateral PRK surgery. Patients received 1 drop three times daily of nepafenac 0.1% in one eye and balanced salt solution in the contralateral eye until the corneal epithelium healed. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated daily for the progression of epithelial healing until complete closure was observed. Patients also were asked daily to assess the level of pain in each eye using a visual analog scale of 0 to 10.

Results:

There was no statistical difference between treatments in time to epithelial healing. All patients healed by postoperative day 4. Patients receiving nepafenac reported significantly less pain on postoperative days 1 (0.76 versus 1.68) and 2 (1.26 versus 2.23) compared to placebo (
P
<.0005). A greater percentage of patients also reported superior pain relief in the nepafenac-treated eye compared to the placebo eye during the first 3 days following surgery.

Conclusions:

Treatment with nepafenac 0.1% significantly reduced postoperative pain immediately following surgery and had no significant adverse effect on time to reepithelialization compared to placebo. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:377–382.]
Management of Irregular Astigmatism Following Rotationally Disoriented Free Cap After LASIK
Authors: Utz Virginia Miraldi , Krueger Ronald R. 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To illustrate the challenges associated with a misaligned free flap (cap) and to report the outcome of applying wavefront-guided customized photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) followed by conventional PRK ablation to correct residual refractive error and aberrations after LASIK free cap complications.

Methods:
The clinical course and surgical interventions of two patients with free cap complications from LASIK surgery were reviewed. The first patient underwent a total of six interventions after the initial LASIK procedure, and the second patient underwent a total of five interventions. Interventions included cap lift, cap rotation, custom PRK, and conventional PRK enhancement with prophylactic topical mitomycin C (MMC).

Results:
Customized PRK treatment and subsequent enhancements with prophylactic topical MMC led to the recovery of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), neutralization of higher and lower order aberrations, and astigmatic neutrality. Symptoms related to higher order aberrations resolved in both patients.

Conclusions:

Wavefront-guided custom PRK for higher order aberrations followed by conventional PRK enhancement for residual lower order aberrations, both with topical MMC application, represents an efficacious strategy for treating patients with loss of BSCVA and visual symptoms due to LASIK free cap complications. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:383–391.]
Comparison of Corneal Deposits After LASIK and PRK in Eyes With Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type II
Authors: Kim Tae-im , Kim Terry , Kim Sun Woong , Kim Eung Kweon 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To compare the characteristics of corneal deposits in eyes with granular corneal dystrophy type II (Avellino corneal dystrophy) after LASIK and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

Methods:
Patients with heterozygous granular corneal dystrophy type II were examined with slit-lamp microscopy for recurrence of granular corneal dystrophy type II after uneventful LASIK and PRK surgery. One particular case involved bilateral incomplete flaps after LASIK, resulting in excimer laser ablation under the flap in one area and surface ablation in another area of both eyes. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing analysis in all patients confirmed the heterozygous status of granular corneal dystrophy type II.

Results:
An abundance of coarse, white opacities consistent with granular corneal dystrophy type II were observed along the interface in all of the LASIK cases. In comparison, only a mild increase in opacities was noted in the PRK cases. In the LASIK case with bilateral incomplete flaps, abundant opacities were present in both corneas along the interface of the LASIK flap, and a minimal increase of stromal opacities was noted where no LASIK flap was present.

Conclusions:

Exacerbation of granular corneal dystrophy type II deposits occurred in the corneal stroma to a much greater degree after LASIK compared to surface ablation surgery. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:392–395.]
Emerging Trends for Procedure Selection in Contemporary Refractive Surgery: Consecutive Review of 200 Cases From a Single Center
Authors: Waring George O. , Durrie Daniel S. 
Published: February 2019

Purpose
To quantify emerging refractive surgery trends in a single refractive surgery practice.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was performed of 200 consecutive candidates (377 eyes) for refractive surgery from July 20, 2007 to October 31, 2007. Patient age, manifest refraction spherical equivalent, pachymetry at the thinnest location (CCT), topographic symmetry patterns, and corneal apex location were analyzed. Patients were recommended sub-Bowman's keratomileusis (SBK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), conductive keratoplasty (CK), phakic intraocular lens implants (PIOL) or refractive lens exchange (RLE). Corneal excimer procedures were either wavefront-optimized or wavefront-guided ablations.

Results
Mean patient age for refractive surgery was 44±12 years (range: 18 to 68 years). The mean MRSE was −2.78±3.37 diopters (D) (range: −12.75 to +6.25 D). Of the 200 patients, 75% (n=151, 288 eyes) were recommended corneal excimer procedures. Of these, the mean CCT was 548±36 µm (range: 466 to 628 µm). Symmetric topographic patterns were observed in 54% (n=155) of eyes, whereas 32% (n=92) were borderline and 14% (n=41) were asymmetric. The corneal apex was centered in 79% (n=226) of eyes, whereas 18% (n=51) were borderline and 3% (n=10) were decentered (>2.5 mm from the center). Overall, 69% (n=139) of patients were recommended SBK, 16% (n=32) RLE, 6% (n=12) PRK, 5% (n=9) CK, and 4% (n=8) PIOL. Of the corneal excimer group, 88% (n=132) were scheduled for wavefront-optimized ablations and 12% (n=18) for wavefront-guided ablations.

Conclusions

Sub-Bowman's keratomileusis was the predominant refractive surgical procedure offered in this practice, followed by RLE, PRK, CK, and finally PIOL. Of the corneal excimer procedures recommended, the majority of patients were scheduled for a wavefront-optimized ablation. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:S419–S423.]
Wavefront-optimized Versus Wavefront-guided LASIK for Myopic Astigmatism With the ALLEGRETTO WAVE: Three-month Results of a Prospective FDA Trial
Authors: Stonecipher Karl G. , Kezirian Guy M. 
Published: February 2019

Purpose
To compare visual outcomes using the Wave-Light ALLEGRETTO WAVE to administer either wavefrontoptimized (standard LASIK) or wavefront-guided (custom LASIK) treatments in myopic eyes.

Methods
In this prospective, open-label, multicenter study conducted in the United States, 374 eyes were randomized by alternating enrollment to receive either wavefront-optimized or wavefront-guided LASIK treatments with this laser platform. Bilateral treatments were administered, with both eyes of each patient receiving the same treatment. Corneal flaps were created using the IntraLase femtosecond laser.

Results
In this FDA clinical trial, results at 3 months postoperatively revealed that 93% of eyes in both cohorts receiving either wavefront-optimized or wavefront-guided treatments attained an uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better. Seventy-six percent of eyes with the wavefront-optimized treatment and 64% of eyes with the wavefront-guided treatment achieved UCVA of 20/16 or better. None of the eyes that received either treatment lost two lines or more of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA). In addition, 58% of eyes with wavefront-optimized treatment and 62% of eyes with wavefront-guided treatment gained one line or more of BSCVA. None of the eyes in either treatment group underwent retreatment.

Conclusions

In the majority of eyes, no statistically significant differences were found between either treatment group in regard to visual acuity and refractive outcomes. Wavefront-guided treatments are not required in most cases with this laser, but may be considered if the magnitude of preoperative root-mean-square (RMS) higher order aberrations is >0.35 µm. In this study population, 83% of eyes had preoperative RMS higher order aberrations of <0.3 µm. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24: S424–S430.]
Emoties door onware proposities
Authors: Van de Mosselaer Nele 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Emotions Caused by Untrue Propositions: A Broader View of the Paradox of Fiction

Ever since Colin Radford wrote his article ‘How Can We Be Moved by the Fate of Anna Karenina?’ in 1975, philosophers have tried to solve the so-called paradox of fiction, or the question how we can be moved by objects of which we know they don’t really exist. What is striking about discussions on the paradox of fiction is that they often present fictional works as collections of untrue statements and focus on the content of these works, without regard for their form or mode of presentation. In this paper, I argue for a re-examination of the paradox of fiction, in which the work of fiction is treated as a complex of form and content. In this regard, I propose to expand Peter Lamarque’s thought theory, which he explicitly formulated to solve the paradox of fiction, with his later developed concept of opacity, which states that the content of the imaginings we form when reading fiction are fundamentally connected to the specific descriptions within the fictional work.
Herkansing voor infinitesimalen?
Authors: Wenmackers Sylvia 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

A New Chance for Infinitesimals?

This article discusses the connection between the Zenonian paradox of magnitude and probability on infinite sample spaces. Two important premises in the Zenonian argument are: the Archimedean axiom, which excludes infinitesimal magnitudes, and perfect additivity. Standard probability theory uses real numbers that satisfy the Archimedean axiom, but it rejects perfect additivity. The additivity requirement for real-valued probabilities is limited to countably infinite collections of mutually incompatible events. A consequence of this is that there exists no standard probability function that describes a fair lottery on the natural numbers. If we reject the Archimedean axiom, allowing infinitesimal probability values, we can retain perfect additivity and describe a fair, countable infinite lottery. The article gives a historical overview to understand how the first option has become the current standard, whereas the latter remains ‘non-standard’.