bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orchid seed sensitivity to nitrate reflects habitat preferences and soil nitrate content
Authors: Figura T. , Weiser M. , Ponert J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Orchids are distributed around the world, however, the factors shaping their specific distribution and habitat preferences are largely unknown. Moreover, many orchids are at risk of becoming threatened as landscapes change, sometimes declining without apparent reason. One important factor affecting plant distribution is nutrient levels in the environment. Nitrates can inhibit not only orchid growth and persistence, but also seed germination.

We used in vitro axenic cultures to exactly determine the germination sensitivity of seven orchid species to nitrates and correlated this with soil properties of the natural sites and with the species’ habitat preferences.

We found high variation in response to nitrate between species. Orchids from oligotrophic habitats were highly sensitive, while orchids from more eutrophic habitats were almost insensitive. Sensitivity to nitrate was also associated with soil parameters that indicated a higher nitrification rate.

Our results indicate that nitrate can affect orchid distribution via direct inhibition of seed germination. Nitrate levels in soils are increasing rapidly due to intensification of agricultural processes and concurrent soil pollution, and we propose this increase could cause a decline in some orchid species.
Differences in Life‐Saving Obstetric Hemorrhage Treatments for Women with Abortion Versus Nonabortion Etiologies in Tanzania
Authors: Smith Lauren , Therrien Michelle Skaer , Harley Kim G. , Mbuyita Selemani , Mtema Zacharia , Kinyonge Iddajovana , Tillya Robert , Mbaruku Godfrey , Miller Suellen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractComplications from unsafe abortion are among the major causes of preventable maternal morbidity and mortality, which may be compounded by delays and disparities in treatment. We conducted a secondary analysis of women with symptoms of hypovolemic shock secondary to severe obstetric hemorrhage in Tanzania. We compared receipt of three lifesaving interventions among women with abortions versus other maternal hemorrhage etiologies. Interventions included: non‐pneumatic anti‐shock garment (NASG) (N = 393), blood transfusion (N = 249), and referral to a higher‐capacity facility (N = 131). After controlling for severity of disease and other confounders, women with abortion‐related hemorrhage and shock had 78 percent decreased odds of receiving NASG (p < 0.001) and 77 percent decreased odds of receiving a blood transfusion (p < 0.001) compared to women with hemorrhage and shock from other etiologies. Our findings suggest that, in Tanzania, women with abortion‐related hemorrhage received lower quality of care than women with other hemorrhage etiologies.
Experimental models for cutaneous hypertrophic scar research
Authors: Li Jialun , Wang Jiecong , Wang Zhenxing , Xia Yun , Zhou Muran , Zhong Aimei , Sun Jiaming 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTHuman skin wound repair may result in various outcomes with most of them leading to scar formation. Commonly seen in many cutaneous wound healing cases, hypertrophic scars are considered as phenotypes of abnormal wound repair. To prevent the formation of hypertrophic scars, efforts have been made to understand the mechanism of scarring following wound closure. Numerous in vivo and in vitro models have been created to facilitate investigations into cutaneous scarring and the development of antiscarring treatments. To select the best model for a specific study, background knowledge of the current models of hypertrophic scars is necessary. In this review, we describe in vivo and in vitro models for studying hypertrophic scars, as well as the distinct characteristics of these models. The choice of models for a specific study should be based on the characteristics of the model and the goal of the study. In general, in vivo animal models are often used in phenotypical scar formation analysis, development of antiscarring treatment, and functional analyses of individual genes. In contrast, in vitro models are chosen to pathway identification during scar formation as well as in high‐throughput analysis in drug development. Besides helping investigators choose the best scarring model for their research, the goal of this review is to provide knowledge for improving the existing models and development of new models. These will contribute to the progress of scarring studies.
Fish skin grafts compared to human amnion/chorion membrane allografts: A double‐blind, prospective, randomized clinical trial of acute wound healing
Authors: Kirsner Robert S. , Margolis David J. , Baldursson Baldur T. , Petursdottir Kristin , Davidsson Olafur B. , Weir Dot , Lantis John C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChronic, nonhealing wounds consume a great deal of healthcare resources and are a major public health problem, associated with high morbidity and significant economic costs. Skin grafts are commonly used to facilitate wound closure. The grafts can come from the patient's own skin (autograft), a human donor (allograft), or from a different species (xenograft). A fish skin xenograft from cold‐water fish (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua) is a relatively recent option that shows promising preclinical and clinical results in wound healing. Chronic wounds vary greatly in etiology and nature, requiring large cohorts for effective comparison between therapeutic alternatives. In this study, we attempted to imitate the status of a freshly debrided chronic wound by creating acute full‐thickness wounds, 4 mm in diameter, on healthy volunteers to compare two materials frequently used to treat chronic wounds: fish skin and dHACM. The purpose is to give an indication of the efficacy of the two therapeutic alternatives in the treatment of chronic wounds in a simple, standardized, randomized, controlled, double‐blind study. All volunteers were given two identical punch biopsy wounds, one of which was treated with a fish skin graft and the other with dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft (dHACM). In the study, 170 wounds were treated (85 wounds per group). The primary endpoint was defined as time to heal (full epithelialization) by blinded assessment at days 14, 18, 21, 25, and 28. The superiority hypothesis was that the fish skin grafts would heal the wounds faster than the dHACM. To evaluate the superiority hypothesis, a mixed Cox proportional hazard model was used. Wounds treated with fish skin healed significantly faster (hazard ratio 2.37; 95% confidence interval: (1.75–3.22; p = 0.0014) compared with wounds treated with dHACM. The results show that acute biopsy wounds treated with fish skin grafts heal faster than wounds treated with dHACM.
Effect of Tool Pin Profile on the Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Friction Stir Processed Al-20 wt% Mg2Si Composite
Authors: Moharrami A. , Razaghian A. , Emamy M. , Taghiabadi R. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This study was undertaken with the aim of modifying the microstructure and improving the tribological properties of in situ Al-20Mg2Si composite. For this purpose, friction stir processing (FSP) was applied on the composite at constant travel and rotation speeds of 110 mm/min and 1500 rpm, respectively, using three different tool pin profiles: threaded tapered cylindrical, triangular tapered, and triangular threaded tapered. The sliding wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc apparatus under the applied load of 30 N and sliding distance of 1000 m at room temperature. The results showed that FSP substantially improved tribological properties of the as-cast composite. The best result was observed in the sample processed by the threaded triangular tapered tool, where compared with the as-cast composite, its wear rate and average friction coefficient decreased by almost 40% and 18%, respectively. This improvement can be attributed to the significant refinement and uniform redistribution of Mg2Si intermetallics, especially the coarse irregular-shaped primary crystals, the formation of ultrafine grains, and elimination of casting defects from the substrate microstructure of the processed sample, which improves its hardness and increased its potential in supporting the oxide tribolayer on the composite surface.
Risk factors for further sick leave among Japanese workers returning to work after an episode of major depressive disorder: a prospective follow-up study over 1 year
Authors: Hori Hikaru , Katsuki Asuka , Atake Kiyokazu , Yoshimura Reiji , Nakamura Jun , Baune Bernhard T 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the risk factors for further sick leave episodes among Japanese workers returning to work after time off with a major depressive disorder.DesignA prospective study with 1 year of follow-up.ParticipantsWe recruited 103 workers who had returned to work after taking sick leave with a major depressive disorder. Adjusted HRs with 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models to examine the risk of further sick leave.ResultsIn the adjusted analysis, we show that Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale scores (HR 0.95; p=0.019), 3-back correct response rate (N-back test) (HR 0.97; p<0.001) and benzodiazepine dosage (diazepam equivalent) (HR1.07; p=0.014) were associated with further episodes of sick leave.ConclusionsPoorer social and cognitive functioning, together with higher diazepam dosages, were associated with an increased likelihood of additional sick leave.
Diagnosis and management of bile acid diarrhoea: a survey of UK expert opinion and practice
Authors: Walters Julian R F , Arasaradnam Ramesh , Andreyev H Jervoise N ,   for the UK Bile Acid Related Diarrhoea Network
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveBile acid diarrhoea (BAD), which includes bile acid malabsorption, causes a variety of digestive symptoms. Diagnostic rates and management vary considerably. We conducted a survey of current practice to review expert opinion and provide guidance on diagnosis and management.Design/methodAn online survey was conducted of clinical members of the UK Bile Acid Related Diarrhoea Network, who had all published research on BAD (n=21). Most were National Health Service consultants who had diagnosed over 50 patients with the condition.ResultsThe preferred terminology was to use BAD, with primary and secondary to classify causes. A wide range of presenting symptoms and associated conditions were recognised. SeHCAT (tauroselcholic acid) was the preferred diagnostic test, and 50% of respondents thought general practitioners should have access to this. Patients who met the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for functional diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with predominant diarrhoea or postcholecystectomy diarrhoea were usually investigated by SeHCAT, which was used sometimes in other types of IBS. Treatment with a bile acid sequestrant was offered to patients with low SeHCAT values, with expected response rates >70% in the most severe. Colestyramine was the usual sequestrant, starting between 2 g and 8 g daily; colesevelam was an alternative. In patients who had an incomplete response, increasing the dose, changing to an alternative sequestrant, use of loperamide and a low fat diet were suggested. Recommendations for follow-up and to improve the overall patient experience were made.ConclusionThis expert survey indicates current best practice in the diagnosis and management of BAD.
Multimodal stimuli modulate rapid visual responses during reaching
Authors: Glover Isabel S. , Baker Stuart N. 
Published: September 2019

The reticulospinal tract plays an important role in primate upper limb function, but methods for assessing its activity are limited. One promising approach is to measure rapid visual responses (RVRs) in arm muscle activity during a visually cued reaching task; these may arise from a tecto-reticulospinal pathway. We investigated whether changes in reticulospinal excitability can be assessed noninvasively using RVRs, by pairing the visual stimuli of the reaching task with electrical stimulation of the median nerve, galvanic vestibular stimulation, or loud sounds, all of which are known to activate the reticular formation. Surface electromyogram (EMG) recordings were made from the right deltoid of healthy human subjects as they performed fast reaching movements toward visual targets. Stimuli were delivered up to 200 ms before target appearance, and RVR was quantified as the EMG amplitude in a window 75–125 ms after visual target onset. Median nerve, vestibular, and auditory stimuli all consistently facilitated the RVRs, as well as reducing the latency of responses. We propose that this facilitation reflects modulation of tecto-reticulospinal excitability, which is consistent with the idea that the amplitude of RVRs can be used to assess changes in brain stem excitability noninvasively in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-latency responses in arm muscles evoked during a visually driven reaching task have previously been proposed to be tecto-reticulospinal in origin. We demonstrate that these responses can be facilitated by pairing the appearance of a visual target with stimuli that activate the reticular formation: median nerve, vestibular, and auditory stimuli. We propose that this reflects noninvasive measurement and modulation of reticulospinal excitability.
Voluntary and tremorogenic inputs to motor neuron pools of agonist/antagonist muscles in essential tremor patients
Authors: Puttaraksa Gonthicha , Muceli Silvia , Gallego Juan Álvaro , Holobar Ales , Charles Steven K. , Pons Jose L. , Farina Dario 
Published: September 2019

Pathological tremor is an oscillation of body parts at 3–10 Hz, determined by the output of spinal motor neurons (MNs), which receive synaptic inputs from supraspinal centers and muscle afferents. The behavior of spinal MNs during tremor is not well understood, especially in relation to the activation of the multiple muscles involved. Recent studies on patients with essential tremor have shown that antagonist MN pools receive shared input at the tremor frequency. In this study, we investigated the synaptic inputs related to tremor and voluntary movement, and their coordination across antagonist muscles. We analyzed the spike trains of motor units (MUs) identified from high-density surface electromyography from the forearm extensor and flexor muscles in 15 patients with essential tremor during postural tremor. The shared synaptic input was quantified by coherence and phase difference analysis of the spike trains. All pairs of spike trains in each muscle showed coherence peaks at the voluntary drive frequency (1–3 Hz, 0.2 ± 0.2, mean ± SD) and tremor frequency (3–10 Hz, 0.6 ± 0.3) and were synchronized with small phase differences (3.3 ± 25.2° and 3.9 ± 22.0° for the voluntary drive and tremor frequencies, respectively). The coherence between MN spike trains of antagonist muscle groups at the tremor frequency was significantly smaller than intramuscular coherence. We predominantly observed in-phase activation of MUs between agonist/antagonist muscles at the voluntary frequency band (0.6 ± 48.8°) and out-of-phase activation at the tremor frequency band (126.9 ± 75.6°). Thus MNs innervating agonist/antagonist muscles concurrently receive synaptic inputs with different phase shifts in the voluntary and tremor frequency bands. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although the mechanical characteristics of tremor have been widely studied, the activation of the affected muscles is still poorly understood. We analyzed the behavior of motor units of pairs of antagonistic wrist muscle groups in patients with essential tremor and studied their activity at voluntary movement- and tremor-related frequencies. We found that the phase relation between inputs to antagonistic muscles is different at the voluntary and tremor frequency bands.
Mutated RAS: Targeting the “Untargetable” with T Cells
Authors: Chatani Praveen D. , Yang James C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The RAS family of proteins is at the apex of several pathways implicated in a multitude of epithelial cancers but has remained stubbornly resistant to the wave of targeted small molecules and antibodies that have revolutionized clinical oncology. KRAS, the most commonly mutated of the isoforms, represents an attractive target for treatment, given its ubiquity, central role as a driver mutation, and association with poor prognosis. This review is a comprehensive summary of the existing approaches to targeting KRAS spanning small-molecule inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and with a focus on trials in adoptive cell therapy. Here we explain how the limitations of existing drugs and nonspecific immune-based therapies are circumvented with techniques in modern immunotherapy. The successes outlined represent the most promising path to finally targeting the prototypical “undruggable” RAS oncogene family.
O Rio de Janeiro à mesa
Authors: Karls Thaina Schwan 
Published: September 2019

O Brasil, em toda a sua história e de diferentes maneiras, foi local de convergência de distintas relações étnicas que destacaram sua contribuição na formação do país. O Rio de Janeiro, sua cidade mais importante no século XIX, era também um emaranhado de sabores, cheiros, culturas e gente de todos os tipos. A capital do Império traduzia, nos seus estabelecimentos de alimentação, a complexidade e variedade do seu significado para o país. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as produções comercializadas nos restaurantes e confeitarias da Corte no século XIX – especificamente entre 1854-1890 – procurando apontar aspectos acerca das influências e referências culturais, assim como as adaptações e acomodações utilizadas na alimentação desenvolvida por ambos os espaços no Rio de Janeiro.
Levantamento Arquitetônico: experiência didática integrada na FAUUSP
Authors: Kühl Beatriz Mugayar , Salvo Simona 
Published: September 2019

Este texto aborda as atividades didáticas desenvolvidas na Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo em julho de 2018 relacionadas ao restauro e ao levantamento métrico. As ações articularam, no âmbito dos acordos de cooperação internacional com a Sapienza Università di Roma, disciplina de graduação, disciplina de pós-graduação e evento aberto a um público mais amplo. O curso apresentou a noção do restauro na atualidade, debatendo questões de método e evidenciando as necessárias interrelações do restauro – entendido como campo disciplinar que tem autonomia, mas não é isolado, pois necessita da articulação de várioscampos do saber – com outras áreas do conhecimento e com o projeto arquitetônico. As discussões foram aprofundadas em torno de um eixo específico, centrado em questões de método e na interface entre História – Levantamento – Restauro (projeto), tomando comoobjeto de estudo e tema de exercício, para ampliar o conhecimento e para oferecer a possibilidade de experimentar na prática alguns dos procedimentos, o edifício da FAU-Maranhão.
Effects of an Equine-Assisted Therapy Program for Military Veterans with Self-Reported PTSD
Authors: Monroe Mänette , Whitworth James D. , Wharton Tracy , Turner Joanne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the use of an 8-week Equine Assisted Activities and Therapy (EAAT) program for trauma-impacted veterans. There were 48 participants. EAAT programs have emerged as one alternative intervention for veterans who may have declined or dropped out of more traditional research-supported approaches. The EAAT program examined here incorporates CPT techniques in conjunction with guided interactions with horses. Program completers reported decreased PTSD symptoms and reduced signs of depression. Participants’ assessment of their quality of life improved significantly after the EAAT program. They also described a significantly increased ability to depend on others when needing help that was accompanied with a significant sense of relationship anxiety. The results provide evidence that EAAT may be effective for veterans with trauma-related mood, anxiety, and functioning difficulties. They also show that trauma-impacted veterans are more willing to initiate and continue to participate in EAAT programs in contrast to traditional trauma interventions.
Exploring First Graders’ Social and Emotional Development through Situated Learning Experiences with Classroom Companion Animal
Authors: Pearce Nicole , Lake Vickie 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Previous studies have shown teaching children empathy for nonhuman animals through lessons and story books can transfer to humans. Following the National Institutes of Health’s call for further research exploring the contributions of human-animal interactions to development, the purpose of the present qualitative research study was to explore first graders’ social and emotional development through situated learning experiences with a nonhuman animal in a classroom. The classroom companion animal became a catalyst for integrating humane education into academic content areas through situated learning experiences promoting social and emotional development. The findings indicate the first graders’ social and emotional skills practiced with the classroom companion animal became observable when children were interacting with each other.
The Praise of Folly and the Limits of Satiric Licence
Authors: Blumberg F.L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this essay, I reconsider the proposition that Erasmus’ The Praise of Folly is a satire—an attribution of genre that has long been treated as a truism. I argue that greater attention to several key sources can adjust our understanding of both the text and its kind. The article examines the early reception of Folly’s speech; a pivotal passage in the text itself; crucial translation choices; and Erasmus’ reflections on both his creation and the nature of satire. I investigate the idea of the Praise as a satire not to quibble about generic designations but to bring into relief Erasmus’ contribution to questions of creative licence during the Renaissance; in particular, the permissible scope of social critique, or how to approach the darker side of epideixis.
Development of a Pressure–Precipitation Transmitter
Authors: Inatsu Masaru , Suematsu Tamaki , Tamaki Yuta , Nakano Naoto , Mizushima Kao , Shinohara Mizuki 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA novel method is proposed to create very long term daily precipitation data for the extreme statistics by computing very long term daily sea level pressure (SLP) with the SLP emulator (a statistical multilevel regression model) and then converting the SLP into precipitation by combining statistical downscaling methods of the analog ensemble and singular value decomposition (SVD). After a review of the SLP emulator, we present a multilevel regression model constructed for each month that is based on a time series of 1000 principal components of SLPs on global reanalysis data. Simple integration of the SLP emulator provides 100-yr daily SLP data, which are temporally interpolated into a 6-h interval. Next, the pressure–precipitation transmitter (PPT) is developed to convert 6-hourly SLP to daily precipitation. The PPT makes its first-guess estimate from a composite of time frames with analogous SLP transition patterns in the learning period. The departure of SLPs from the analog ensemble is then corrected with an SVD relationship between SLPs and precipitation. The final product showed a fairly realistic precipitation pattern, displaying temporal and spatial continuity. The annual-maximum precipitation of the estimated 100-yr data extended the tail of probability distribution of the 8-yr learning data.