bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benomyl Applied to Roots Improves Second-Year Survival and Growth of Shortleaf Pine
Authors: Hallgren S. W. , Ferris D. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Benomyl added to a clay-slurry root dip at a low concentration (0.5 % a.i.) increased second-year survival and growth of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings. The increase was greatest for stored seedlings lifted before December and after January, but results indicated that unstored seedlings and those lifted at the optimum time can benefit from benomyl. Planting seedlings in partially frozen soil did not seriously reduce performance. Seedlings that showed very low root growth potential due to root damage caused by lifting from frozen soil performed well when planted under favorable field conditions. Further study is needed to determine whether the beneficial effect of benomyl is due to: (1) suppression of pathogenic fungi in storage, (2) encouragement of mycorrhizae fungi, or (3) a cytokinin-like effect. Knowledge of the mode of action of benomyl will provide for development of techniques to insure the maximum benefit by using it appropriately. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):36-41.
Tolerance of Loblolly Pines to Fusiform Rust
Authors: Walkinshaw Charles H. , Barnett James P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) that were 8 to 17 yr old tolerated one to three fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shiraif sp. fusiforme) galls in their stems. Families with four or more galls in their stems lost 25% or more of the trees by age 17. In living trees with less than four stem galls, diameter growth was comparable to that of trees with no galls. Tolerance was indicated by the ability of loblolly pines to maintain the rust fungus in stems that had dbh's similarto asymptomatic trees on the same site. In plantations, the number of galls in the stem was generally one to two per infected tree. This was also true for mature trees (12 to 38 in. dbh) along the Natchez Trace Parkway. These trees have been infected with fusiform rust for nearly 100 yr. On the other hand, the presence of four or more stem galls seems to be a reliable indicator of mortality rather than tolerance. South. J. Applied For. 19 (2): 60-64.
Assessing the Feasibility and Profitability of Cable Logging in Southern Upland Hardwood Forests
Authors: LeDoux Chris B. , May Dennis M. , Johnson Tony , Widmann Richard H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Procedures developed to assess available timber supplies from upland hardwood forest statistics reported by the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis unit were modified to assess the feasibility and profitability of cable logging in southern upland hardwood forests. Depending on the harvest system and yarding distance used, cable logging can be profitable in as much as 14% of the area of upland hardwood forests on slopes that are 30% or greater. These slopes contain up to one-quarter of the board-foot volume in the 14-state area that was considered. The majority of the reported inventory that is profitable to log is on private and forest-industry land and would best be harvested by a medium-size yarder such as the Ecologger I. As the average slope yarding distance and yarder size increase, the available inventory that is profitable to log decreases. To achieve profitability with medium-size yarders at an average slope yarding distance of 500 ft, loggers must harvest trees that average at least 13.4 in. in dbh with a volume of at least 9200 bd ft/ac(2,300 ft3/ac). South J. Appl. For. 19(2):97-102.
Effect of Streamside Management Zone Width on Avifauna Communities
Authors: Thurmond Dagmar P. , Miller Karl V. , Harris Thomas G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We analyzed 2 yr of bird population data in streamside management zones (SMZs) of three widths (50 ft, 100 ft, and 164 ft), adjoining ≤5 yr old pine plantations, and mature riparian areas in the Georgia Upper Coastal Plain. We evaluated relationships between SMZ width and bird abundance and density. Breeding and wintering avifaunal abundance were greater in SMZs than in the surrounding pine plantation. Breeding forest interior birds and forest interior neotropical migrant species were abundant in the mature forest control, but were essentially absent in SMZs and pine plantations. However, SMZs did provide habitat for an abundant avifauna community including several interior-edge and edge species not found in the pine plantations. Avian abundance was similar among SMZ widths, although densities were highest in the narrow SMZs. Forest managers should regard SMZs as important for maintaining avifauna abundance and diversity across pine dominated landscapes. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):166-169.
Bifenox: A Promising New Herbicide for Southern Pine Nurseries
Authors: South David B. , Gjerstad Dean H. , Crowley R. Hugh 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Preemergence tests over a three-year period at 11 forest nurseries indicate that bifenox at 1.5, 3, or 6 pounds active ingredient per acre provides good weed control without causing injury to loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). The lower rates did not harm eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), but the 6 pound per acre rate reduced seedling density. At most locations bifenox at 3 pounds per acre provided longer lasting weed control than diphenamid at 4 pounds per acre. Postemergence applications of bifenox at 2 or 4 pounds per acre controlled small succulent weeds at eight forest nurseries without injuring 3- to 10-week old seedlings of loblolly, slash, and eastern white pine.¹
The Need for Intensive Forest Management to Reduce Southern Pine Beetle Activity in East Texas
Authors: Hedden R. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since 1955 commercial forest land in east Texas has declined 6 percent while growing stock volume per acre has almost doubled. At the same time, the southern pine beetle population has increased tenfold. It is postulated that increasing numbers of high-density pine stands susceptible to southern pine beetle attack have become available for infestation. This trend will continue for at least 20 to 30 years. At present, the only method available to land managers to reduce the risk of timber loss to the southern pine beetle is to practice intensive forest management.
Harvesting Effects on Soil and Water in the Eastern Hardwood Forest
Authors: Patric J. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For the eastern United States, there is overwhelming evidence that neither the productivity of forest soil nor the quality of forest water are substantially lessened during or after responsibly managed harvest of wood products. Carelessness, however, damages both resources. The key is forest roads; they cause little adverse effect on soil or water given proper location, drainage, traffic control, and maintenance. The public must better understand that it bears much of the cost for these measures.
Ice Storm Damage to Thinned Loblolly Pine Plantations in Northern Louisiana
Authors: Shepard Robert K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A single ice storm caused heavy damage to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands row-thinned during the preceding year, but more than 200 undamaged trees per acre were left in all stands. A second ice storm the following year virtually destroyed half of the stands and left only a marginal number of trees in those remaining. A stand thinned from below suffered only light damage.
Pine Plantations on the Cross Timbers Area of Oklahoma
Authors: Osterhaus Cary A. , Lantz Clark W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five pine species were planted on the "Cross Timbers" area of Oklahoma to determine the possibility of species conversion on these low-quality hardwood areas. Site preparation was accomplished by aerial spraying and prescribed burning. Early results indicate that during years of adequate moisture loblolly (Pinus taeda), shortleaf (Pinus echinata), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) will survive and grow well on these areas. Pinus brutia and Pinus pinaster did not survive well.
Nine Years of Growth Following Fertilizer Application to A 9-Year-Old Slash Pine Plantation
Authors: Brister G. H. , Pienaar L. V. , Broerman F. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1964 a fertilizer experiment using three levels of nitrogen (0, 40 and 120 lbs./acre N) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 18 and 53 lbs./acre P) was laid out as a randomized block experiment in a 9-year-old slash pine plantation. Three separate covariance analyses on individual tree measurements are presented, with d.b.h., height, and merchantable volume as the response variables, and with the initial (1964) value for each as the covariate. The effect of N or P alone on the 9-year growth of each response variable was insignificant compared to the response obtained with N and P combined at the highest level of each. At this level there were 50-percent, 12-percent and 18-percent increases in average tree volume, average tree height, and average tree d.b.h., respectively. Percent increase in average tree size leveled off about five years after application, but the absolute difference continued to increase throughout the 9-year measurement period. This increase is estimated to result in $198/acre additional revenue over an 11-year period following application.
Hurricane-Tornado Damage, Mortality, and Insect Infestations of Slash Pine
Authors: Wilkinson Robert C. , Britt Robert W. , Spence Elwyn A. , Seiber Stephen M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Following Hurricane Eloise (September 1975), severed and downed trees died and were infested by insects in a 25-year-old, thinned, slash pine plantation in west Florida. Most severe damage resulted from a "hurricane-tornado". Vertical and free-leaning trees were not infested by insects from September through the following May, a period characterized by above-normal precipitation.
Shearing is a Necessary Cultural Practice for Virginia Pine Christmas Tree Production
Authors: Hu Shih-Chang , Brewer Conrad W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The proper timing and methodology for shearing Virginia pine Christmas trees have been studied since 1967 at Louisiana State University. Results indicate two shearings per growing season are needed from the third growing season in order to produce a large number of high-quality Christmas trees. Should the grower not be able to shear the trees twice a year, a single shearing in April is the best alternative for maximizing the number of salable trees.
Thinning Shortleaf Pine Plantations in Northern Mississippi
Authors: Williston Hamlin L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Residual basal areas did not have a significant effect on cubic volume growth over a 20-year period in a thinning study established in 23-year-old shortleaf pine plantations. Basal area at age 38 did have a highly significant effect on board-foot volume growth during the ensuing five-year period. Total production at age 43 averaged 12,334 board feet per acre on site 80. The results suggest that for saw timber an 8 × 8 foot spacing would have been superior to the 6 × 6 foot spacing employed in establishing these plantations.
Composite Estimation for Forest Inventories Using Multiple Value Groups and Strata
Authors: Williams Michael S. , Cormier Ken A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Due to economic and political pressures placed on timber production, information from timber inventories needs to be broken down into information on particular value groups, which are groupings based on individual tree characteristics. Thus estimates of totals and variances need to be computed for individual value groups, all value groups combined, and any collection of value groups. A method for reporting these estimates using a variance-covariance matrix is given. This is followed by two examples of the estimation of totals and variances for value groups applied to a population comprising two strata. Poisson (3P) and sample-tree sampling are used in the first and second strata, respectively. These examples are included to highlight important estimation considerations. A worked example based on an artificial population is also given. The population for the worked example is divided into two strata, with three value groups in each stratum. 3P and sample-tree sampling are used in the first and second strata. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):103-109.
Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Irregular Shelterwood Stand Development and Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Management—A Case Study
Authors: Gresham Charles A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The overstory and midstory of a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) irregular shelterwood stand in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina were inventoried 17 yr after a sawtimber and pulpwood harvest and again 12 yr later. At the time of the first inventory, a dense (2482 stems ha-1), small (7.3 cm average dbh, 7.9 m average height) midstory pine population had developed underneath a relatively sparse (10.4 m² ha-1), tall (24 m)pine overstory. Although 38% of the midstory stems and 9% of the overstory stems died during the 12 yr study period, the stand was too dense to have any value as a red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) colony site even though the overstory pines survived in sufficient numbers and were large enough to provide potential cavity trees. The stand had ample basal area and stocking of pines greater than 25 cm dbh to be acceptable foraging habitat. Extrapolating the 1987 diameter distribution 12 growing seasons indicated that the midstory would continue self-thinning to 100 stems ha-1, and the overstory would grow to about 10 stems ha-1 in all dbh classes. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):90-93.
Thinning Improves Growth of Crop Trees in Natural Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Wittwer R.F. , Lynch T.B. , Huebschmann M.M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dense, previously unthinned, 24- to 28-yr-old natural shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands in the Ouachita Mountains of eastern Oklahoma showed good growth responses during the first 5 yr after thinning to three stocking levels̶30, 50 and 70% of full stocking. Residual trees in stands thinned to minimum full stocking (60%) or less appeared to rapidly utilize the additional growing space. Net periodic annual basal area growth averaged 6.7, 7.9, and 8.5 ft2/ac/yr, respectively, for plots thinned to 30, 50, and 70% stocking (PS), but only 4.5 ft2/ac/yr on the unthinned controls due to mortality. Periodic annual diameter growth for trees comprising a dominant stand component averaged 0.42, 0.35, and 0.29 in. on the 30, 50, and 70 PS plots, respectively, and 0.24 in. on the unthinned controls. Periodic annual merchantable volume (3 in. top dob) growth of trees larger than 3.5 in. dbh was not significantly different among the 50 PS, 70 PS, and unthinned control plots, and ranged from 183 to 213 ft3/ac/yr. The excellent growth rates observed during the 5 yr study period exceeded expectations for these sites (SI50= 57) and stand ages, and might be due to the above-normal precipitation received during 4 of the 5 yr. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):182-187.
A Tree Quality Scoring System for Immature Loblolly Pine
Authors: Belli Keith L. , Land Samuel B. , Duzan Howard W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A tree quality scoring system was developed for immature loblolly pines to simulate the subjective quality tree grades determined by experienced industrial foresters. The system was designed to be used either in the office via a computer algorithm, or in the field via a dichotomous key. Results showed that both computer and field key performed well in terms of precision, although the key was susceptible to a higher degree of user bias. Both methods produced consistent, or repeatable, results. The scoring system should be useful for precommercial thinning decisions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):24-27.
In the Mainstream: Environmental Attitudes of Mid-South Forest Owners
Authors: Bliss John C. , Nepal Sunil K. , Brooks Robert T. , Larsen Max D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 1992 telephone survey of households in seven mid-South states provided data for comparing the opinions of NIPF owners with those of the general public. Topics explored included traditional forest management practices, governmental regulation of tree cutting to protect environmental values, and trade-offs between environmental protection, private property rights, and economic development. In each of these areas the views of NIPF owners were found not to differ significantly from those of the general public. A widespread desire for environmental protection tempers views toward forest practices, forest-based economic development, and private property rights. The relationships between NIPF owners' demographic characteristics, ownership activities, and opinions were explored. Study results challenged common assumptions about NIPF owners, questioned the effectiveness of existing forestry education efforts, and argue for a stronger, more explicitly environmental orientation in all forestry activities. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):37-43.
Estimating Crown Height for Unthinned Planted Pines in East Texas
Authors: Lee Young-Jin , Lenhart J. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand-level models were derived to predict crown height or the distance from ground to the first live branch of unthinned planted loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine trees in East Texas. Average height of the tallest trees was the principal predictor in the models. In addition, the influence of number of planted trees per acre, nonplanted basal area and fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) was considered. The models quantify the plantation ages when the butt log and successive lower stem logs are clear of live branches. This information may assist with merchandising the planted pines. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):130-133.
Growth Response of Young Yellow-Poplar to Release and Fertilization
Authors: Johnson James E. , Bollig John J. , Rathfon Ronald A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Release and fertilization treatments were applied to two 10-yr-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) stands of natural origin in southwest Virginia. Seven growing seasons after the first treatment, the released trees had an absolute dbh growth response of 47.4%. Fertilization did not affect any of the growth variables studied, but resulted in a significant interaction with the release treatment for absolute height growth, which was significantly increased. Initially, height growth was slower with the released trees, but they increased their growth in the later years and had significantly greater live crown ratios than the unreleased trees, 53% compared to 46%. The released trees had 311% absolute response in crown volume, significant at the 0.001 level. Release treatments like this may be advantageous in maintaining yellow-poplar on intermediate sites, which may become an important landowner objective, since a component of gypsy moth-immune yellow-poplar can reduce overall stand vulnerability. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):175-179.
Basis for Technology Transfer of Inhibitor-Based Suppression Tactics for the Southern Pine Beetle
Authors: Salom S.M. , Billings R.F. , Berisford C.W. , Clarke S.R. , McClellan Q.C. , Dalusky M.J. , Robinson T.J. , Johnson J.E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Operational procedures for a new inhibitor-based suppression tactic for southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) are nearly ready. A critical component for the acceptance and successful use of this tactic by foresters is a carefully designed technology transfer program. To achieve this goal we developed a questionnaire and sent it to foresters in the southern United States. The questionnaire was designed to develop a profile of foresters based on their experience with SPB, their goals for managing the pest, their knowledge of the insect's biology and control options, their interest in learning a new tactic, and the methods by which they prefer to be trained in the use of the tactic. Of the 3,426 questionnaires sent to foresters in 10 states, 1,028 were returned, 995 (29%) of which were used. Experience with SPB differed among states and appeared related to the frequency of SPB outbreaks. However, experience did not affect the level of knowledge foresters had of SPB biology and control. Among responding foresters, 73% correctly related crown color to brood development in trees, 91% knew that SPB uses semiochemicals as cues for aggregating on hosts, 97% and 79% knew that stands with high basal area and older trees, respectively, are more susceptible to SPB than stands with lower basal area and younger trees. Ninety percent picked a buffer strip width that is roughly equivalent to the width presently recommended for use in direct suppression tactics. Less success was reported for differentiating between Ips and SPB infestations. Methods used for evaluating infestations favored revisiting sites and counting the number of green infested trees. Few foresters examined brood galleries, a method we believe is best. Although foresters tend to prefer 100% suppression after one treatment as a minimum acceptable level, most were willing to accept a lower level suppression effectiveness. Most respondents (92%) said they would like to learn about the inhibitor-based suppression tactic and would recommend its use if the tactic was shown to work and be cost effective. The preferred choice for learning the new tactic would be to combine an in-class workshop with field activities. Use of videos as a teaching and review tool also would be well received. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):24-34.
Rehabilitation of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands—IV. Natural and Planted Seedling/Sapling Stands
Authors: Baker James B. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 3- to 6-yr-old naturally regenerated even-aged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand and a 5-yr-old loblolly pine plantation on good sites (SILob = 85 to 90 ft at 50 yr) were cut to density levels of 50, 90, 180, 270, and 360 seedlings and/or saplings/ac. Two pine release treatments (none and individual tree release with a herbicide) were applied to the natural stand, but were not imposed in the plantation because site preparation treatments were applied before planting. At 2, 5, and 10 yr after installation, plots were inventoried to determine: (1) the lowest threshold of seedling/sapling density that was feasible to manage, (2) the time required for poorly stocked seedling/sapling stands to reach an acceptable stocking level, and (3) whether release treatments would improve survival and growth of understocked, natural seedling/sapling stands.
Results indicated that loblolly pine plantations on good sites having at least 180 trees/ac (30% stocking) reached an acceptable stocking level of 60% by age 10 and produced up to 1,500 ft³/ac (19 cd/ac) of merchantable volume by age 15. By this age, trees in plantations with 270 and 360 trees/ac displayed good form, but at densities of 180, 90, and 50 trees/ac the trees still retained large branches nearly to the ground.
Natural stands having at least 180 trees/ac that were released from overtopping by hardwood at age 5 reached 60% stocking by age 15 but produced only 627 ft³/ac (8 cd/ac) of merchantable volume. When pines in the natural stand were not released, only plots with 360 trees/ac reached an acceptable 60% stocking level by age 15 but only produced 539 ft³/ac (7 cd/ac) of merchantable volume. The observed differences in recovery rates in the understocked pine stands principally reflected the levels of competing hardwoods.
Results suggest that understocked, natural stands or plantations of pine seedlings/saplings with fewer than 180 trees/ac (less than 30% stocking), at age 5, should probably be liquidated and a new stand established unless the landowner is willing to sacrifice significant reductions in early volume production. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1)53-59.