bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing the culture of social care in Scotland: Has a shift to personalization brought about transformative change?
Authors: Pearson Charlotte , Watson Nicholas , Manji Kainde 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn April 2014, the Social Care (Self‐directed Support) (Scotland) Act 2013 (SDS Act) was implemented in Scotland. This marked a major shift in how social care is delivered and organized for both users and professionals across the country. Whilst it emerged through the personalization agenda—which has dominated international social care systems over recent years—self‐directed support (SDS) represented a significant shift in thinking for service provision in Scotland. In this article, we review the initial stages of policy implementation. Drawing on two Freedom of Information requests from 2015 and 2016 and a series of interviews with local authority practitioners, we argue that, to date, SDS has yet to produce radical transformative change. We explore the reasons behind this through four key themes. First, we highlight the challenges of promoting the principles of co‐production in policy and suggest that, in reality, this has been compromised through SDS implementation. Second, we suggest that SDS has been caught up in a policy overload and ultimately overshadowed by new legislation for health and social care integration. In looking at the impact of this relationship, our third theme questions the role of new partnership working. Lastly, we argue that the timing of SDS in a period of acute austerity in social care has resulted in disabled people being offered limited choice rather than increased opportunities for independent living.
Child Development Accounts and Saving for College: Mediated by Parental Educational Expectations?*
Authors: Kim Youngmi , Huang Jin , Sherraden Michael , Clancy Margaret 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveChild Development Accounts (CDAs) are universal and progressive savings accounts that facilitate saving for long‐term developmental goals, including postsecondary education. We examine whether parents’ educational expectations for their children motivate them to increase saving for children's education and whether parents’ expectations mediate the positive effect of CDAs on parental saving.MethodsWe use logistic regressions to analyze data from SEED for Oklahoma Kids (SEED OK), a randomized policy experiment implemented in Oklahoma (N = 2,161).ResultsOur study shows that the likelihood of holding a 529 college savings account is greater among treatment mothers than among control‐group counterparts and greater for mothers with higher expectations. Yet, we find no evidence that parents’ expectations play a mediating role in the SEED OK intervention's relationship with 529 account holding.ConclusionsInstitutional supports from CDAs and enabling parents to maintain positive parental expectations would make substantial differences in parents’ financial investment for their child's education.
Tellurium, selenium and cobalt enrichment in Neoproterozoic black shales, Gwna Group, UK: Deep marine trace element enrichment during the Second Great Oxygenation Event
Authors: Armstrong Joseph G. T. , Parnell John , Bullock Liam A. , Perez Magali , Boyce Adrian J. , Feldmann Jorg 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBlack shales of the late Neoproterozoic Gwna Group (570–580 Ma), UK, contain enrichments of tellurium (Te), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) relative to average shale compositions. The Te and Co enrichments bear comparison with those of ferromanganese crusts in the modern deep ocean. Gwna Group deposition coincides with the Second Great Oxidation Event, which had a significant effect on trace element fixation globally. Selenium and Te concentrations within these black shales indicate increased continental weathering rates, high biological productivity and corresponding increases in atmospheric O2 concentrations. Cobalt, nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) enrichments in this succession are secondary mineralisation phases. Demand for many of the trace elements found enriched in the Gwna Group black shales make their mechanisms of accumulation, and variations through the geological record, important to understand, and suggests that new resources may be sought based on black shale protoliths from this period.
Stewardship opportunities in viral pneumonia: Why not the immunocompromised?
Authors: Mercuro Nicholas J. , Kenney Rachel M. , Samuel Linoj , Tibbetts Robert J. , Alangaden George J. , Davis Susan L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAntimicrobial management of viral pneumonia has proven to be a challenge in hospitalized immunocompromised patients. A host of factors contribute to the dilemma, such as diagnostic uncertainty, lack of organism identification, and clinical status of the patient. Respiratory virus panel (RVP) use was compared between 131 immunocompromised patients who received send‐out (n = 56) vs in‐house (n = 75) testing. Antimicrobial optimization interventions consisted of antiviral addition/discontinuation, antibiotic discontinuation/de‐escalation, or modification of immunosuppressive regimen. After implementation of an in‐house test with audit and feedback, turnaround time of the RVP was reduced from 46.7 to 5.5 hours (P < .001) and time to intervention was reduced from 52.1 to 13.9 hours (P < .001), yet the frequency of antimicrobial optimization interventions was unchanged (30.7% vs 35.7%). Differences were not observed in duration of empiric antibiotic therapy or length of stay. The overall discontinuation rate for patients tested with a RVP was low (4.6%), and those with positive RVP (n = 43) had antibiotics stopped in 14% of cases. Bacterial pneumonia coinfection was confirmed in 2 patients. Further systematic efforts should be taken to reduce antibiotic use in viral pneumonia and identify the major barriers in the immunocompromised population.
Total andToxocara canislarval excretory/secretory antigen‐ and allergen‐specific IgE in atopic and non‐atopic dogs
Authors: Zwickl Lena L. M. N. , Joekel Deborah E. , Fischer Nina M. , Rostaher Ana , Thamsborg Kristian , Deplazes Peter , Favrot Claude 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundTotal IgE concentrations are higher in dogs than in humans. PersistentToxocara canislarval infection is prevalent in dogs and is associated with substantial specific antibody reactions. A correlation, however, between total IgE andT. canis‐specific antibody levels in dogs has not been evaluated.ObjectivesTo determine the relationship between total IgE,T. canis‐specific IgG and IgE, and allergen‐specific IgE levels in atopic and non‐atopic dogs, and to evaluate possible confounding factors.AnimalsSera of 30 atopic and 30 non‐atopic client‐owned dogs.MethodsTotal IgE,T. canis‐specific antibody and allergen‐specific IgE levels were evaluated byELISA.ResultsTotal IgE,T. canis‐specific antibody and allergen‐specific IgE levels were significantly higher in non‐atopic compared to atopic dogs. A positive correlation was demonstrated betweenT. canis‐specific IgG andT. canis‐specific IgE;T. canis‐specific IgG and total IgE;T. canis‐specific IgE and total IgE; and allergen‐specific IgE and total IgE. No differences were detected on the basis of age, gender, vaccination status; deworming or season between atopic and non‐atopic dogs. Previous immunomodulatory treatment and cause of atopy did not influence antibody levels of atopic dogs.ConclusionsToxocara canis‐specific IgE appears to be a major component of total IgE in dogs. Total andT. canis‐specific IgE levels are higher in non‐atopic compared to atopic dogs. It is speculated thatT. canisinfection may have a protective effect against the development of canine atopic dermatitis and/or that elevations in total serum IgE level are often not associated with atopic dermatitis.
In vitro and in vivo investigation of a novel amniotic‐based chitosan dressing for wound healing
Authors: Momeni Maryam , Zarehaghighi Mohammad , Hajimiri Mirhamed , Khorasani Ghasemali , Dinarvand Rassoul , Nekookar Abdolhossein , Sodeifi Niloofar , Khosravani Pardis , Shayanasl Niloofar , Ebrahimi Marzieh 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIt is more than a decade that amniotic membrane has been used as a wound dressing because of its anti‐inflammatory, anti‐microbial, anti‐fibrotic, anti‐scarring properties, as well as its pain relieving and epithelialization promoting features. However, amniotic membrane had limited applications because it needs to suture in surgery, is highly fragile, firmly adhere to the wound and may cause bleeding and pain when changing the bandage. This study investigated the possibility of development of a novel amniotic‐based chitosan gel dressing as a potential wound repair substrate with marked efficacy. In this experiment, amniotic gel prepared based on chitosan/PVP gel containing human amniotic membrane extract (AME‐Gel) was investigated in terms of wound‐healing efficacy and scar preventive effects in a rat burn model. The levels of re‐epithelialization and dermal regeneration were examined by histological assessment using H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. Also, we clarified the mechanism of healing and cytokine‐releasing activities of AME as well as its effect on epithelization, angiogenesis, and fibroblast growth and migration. Our results revealed that AME‐Gel induces epidermal and dermal regeneration at a shorter time through formation of granulation tissue, enhancement of fibroblast proliferation, and improvement of blood capillary formation concomitant with developing collagen bundles. Therefore, AME‐Gel could be considered a simple and easy to be used as a biological dressing for any type of superficial burn wounds, without any adverse effects.
Social work perceptions and identity: How social workers perceive public and professional attitudes towards their vocation and discipline
Authors: Hobbs Elizabeth Kathryn , Evans Nikki 
Published: February 2018

INTRODUCTION: A century after Abraham Flexner’s (1915/2001) infamous speech conveyed his “dismissive attitude toward social work’s professionalism,” Gelman and González (2016) reflected that social work is again at a critical juncture. The fight for recognition of social work’s professional status has been influenced by multiple factors including negative public perceptions of the occupation. In Aotearoa New Zealand, professionalisation campaigns have been far from unifying, with diverse ideas about practice standards and accountability polarising opinions. At a time that the country is grappling with mandatory registration of social workers, this research considers the ways in which social workers perceive themselves, and the profession that they identify with.METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with 83 social workers in Aotearoa New Zealand were conducted. Participants were required to be eligible for social work registration. Interview transcripts were thematically analysed.FINDINGS: Several identity themes emerged during the analysis of the 83 interviews. The first theme relates to the ways in which statutory child protection social work has impacted on identity. The second, and perhaps predictable theme, is that many social workers in this study experienced significant professional marginalisation from their colleagues. The third theme emerged from participants’ views about the likelihood of mandatory registration of social workers impacting on their identity and the professional standing of social work.CONCLUSION: Most participants in the current study believed that mandatory social worker registration may positively influence the public’s view of social workers, other professionals, and also social workers themselves. However, many participants seemed to experience levels of self-stigma – and potentially believe they are viewed more negatively by the public than they actually are. Social workers’ perceptions of their role and profession is an area that warrants further investigation.
Five years in the news: A media analysis of Child, Youth and Family in two daily newspapers (2008–2012)
Authors: Staniforth Barbara , Beddoe Elizabeth 
Published: February 2018

INTRODUCTION: This article describes a subset of data relating to the term “Child Youth and Family” from a media analysis of two major Aotearoa New Zealand newspapers from 2008 to 2012 and reports on the major themes emerging from a qualitative analysis of these articles.METHODS: A search was conducted within the online versions of the New Zealand Herald and the Otago Daily Times for the years 2008 to 2012 on the search terms: “social work,” “social worker” and “child youth and family.” A qualitative thematic analysis of 1,512 articles within the data set “child youth and family” was conducted.FINDINGS: Child Youth and Family (CYF) content overwhelmingly made up the largest sub-set of the data and within that subset, the reporting was principally related to crime and abuse. Social workers were seen mainly as receivers of referrals and of removing children and placing them in “care.” There was little mention of intervention or treatment. There were many reports of the ways things went badly in the process, and at those times social workers were reportedly at the forefront. CONCLUSION: The CYF content presents a limited view of social work, with potential implications for the scope of social work practice being limited to removal of children, and a reduction in the acknowledgement of the wider scope of treatment and intervention. There is also an emphasis on criticism of social workers when children are the victims of violence that occurs within a wider socio-political context.
Pharmacodynamics of Voriconazole for Invasive Pulmonary Scedosporiosis
Authors: Box Helen , Negri Clara , Livermore Joanne , Whalley Sarah , Johnson Adam , McEntee Laura , Alastruey-Izquierdo Ana , Meis Jacques F. , Thornton Christopher , Hope William 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Scedosporium apiospermum
is a medically important fungal pathogen that causes a wide range of infections in humans. There are relatively few antifungal agents that are active against
Scedosporium
spp. Little is known about the pharmacodynamics of voriconazole against
Scedosporium
. Both static and dynamic
in vitro
models of invasive scedosporiosis were developed. Monoclonal antibodies that target a soluble cell wall antigen secreted by
Scedosporium apiospermum
were used to describe the pharmacodynamics of voriconazole. Mathematical pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models were fitted to the data to estimate the drug exposure required to suppress the release of fungal antigen. The experimental results were bridged to humans using Monte Carlo simulation. All 3 strains of
S. apiospermum
tested invaded through the cellular bilayer of the
in vitro
models and liberated antigen. There was a concentration-dependent decline in the amount of antigen, with near maximal antifungal activity against all 3 strains being achieved with voriconazole at 10 mg/liter. Similarly, there was a drug exposure-dependent decline in the amount of circulating antigen in the dynamic model and complete suppression of antigen, with an area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of approximately 80 mg · h/liter. A regression of the AUC/MIC versus the area under the antigen-time curve showed that a near maximal effect was obtained with an AUC/MIC of approximately 100. Monte Carlo simulation suggested that only isolates with an MIC of 0.5 mg/liter enabled pharmacodynamic targets to be achieved with a standard regimen of voriconazole. Isolates with higher MICs may need drug exposure targets higher than those currently recommended for other fungi.
Display of Recombinant Proteins on Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles by Using Protein Ligation
Authors: van den Berg van Saparoea H. Bart , Houben Diane , de Jonge Marien I. , Jong Wouter S. P. , Luirink Joen 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

The
Escherichia coli
virulence factor hemoglobin protease (Hbp) has been engineered into a surface display system that can be expressed to high density on live
E. coli
and
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium cells or derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Multiple antigenic sequences can be genetically fused into the Hbp core structure for optimal exposure to the immune system. Although the Hbp display platform is relatively tolerant, increasing the number, size, and complexity of integrated sequences generally lowers the expression of the fused constructs and limits the density of display. This is due to the intricate mechanism of Hbp secretion across the outer membrane and the efficient quality control of translocation-incompetent chimeric Hbp molecules in the periplasm. To address this shortcoming, we explored the coupling of purified proteins to the Hbp carrier after its translocation across the outer membrane using the recently developed SpyTag/SpyCatcher protein ligation system. As expected, fusion of the small SpyTag to Hbp did not hamper display on OMVs. Subsequent addition of purified proteins fused to the SpyCatcher domain resulted in efficient covalent coupling to Hbp-SpyTag. Using in addition the orthogonal SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher system, multiple antigen modules could be coupled to Hbp in a sequential ligation strategy. Not only antigens proved suitable for Spy-mediated ligation but also nanobodies. Addition of this functionality to the platform might allow the targeting of live bacterial or OMV vaccines to certain tissues or immune cells to tailor immune responses.

IMPORTANCE
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from Gram-negative bacteria attract increasing interest in the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents. We aim to construct a semisynthetic OMV platform for recombinant antigen presentation on OMVs derived from attenuated
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium cells displaying an adapted
Escherichia coli
autotransporter, Hbp, at the surface. Although this autotransporter accepts substantial modifications, its capacity with respect to the number, size, and structural complexity of the antigens genetically fused to the Hbp carrier is restricted. Here we describe the application of SpyCatcher/SpyTag protein ligation technology to enzymatically link antigens to Hbp present at high density in OMVs. Protein ligation was apparently unobstructed by the membrane environment and allowed a high surface density of coupled antigens, a property we have shown to be important for vaccine efficacy. The OMV coupling procedure appears versatile and robust, allowing fast production of experimental vaccines and therapeutic agents through a modular plug-and-display procedure.
Cost analysis of the CTLB Study, a multitherapy antenatal education programme to reduce routine interventions in labour
Authors: Levett Kate M , Dahlen Hannah G , Smith Caroline A , Finlayson Kenneth William , Downe Soo , Girosi Federico 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveTo assess whether the multitherapy antenatal education ‘CTLB’ (Complementary Therapies for Labour and Birth) Study programme leads to net cost savings.DesignCost analysis of the CTLB Study, using analysis of outcomes and hospital funding data.MethodsWe take a payer perspective and use Australian Refined Diagnosis-Related Group (AR-DRG) cost data to estimate the potential savings per woman to the payer (government or private insurer). We consider scenarios in which the intervention cost is either borne by the woman or by the payer. Savings are computed as the difference in total cost between the control group and the study group.ResultsIf the cost of the intervention is not borne by the payer, the average saving to the payer was calculated to be $A808 per woman. If the payer covers the cost of the programme, this figure reduces to $A659 since the average cost of delivering the programme was $A149 per woman. All these findings are significant at the 95% confidence level. Significantly more women in the study group experienced a normal vaginal birth, and significantly fewer women in the study group experienced a caesarean section. The main cost saving resulted from the reduced rate of caesarean section in the study group.ConclusionThe CTLB antenatal education programme leads to significant savings to payers that come from reduced use of hospital resources. Depending on which perspective is considered, and who is responsible for covering the cost of the programme, the net savings vary from $A659 to $A808 per woman. Compared with the average cost of birth in the control group, we conclude that the programme could lead to a reduction in birth-related healthcare costs of approximately 9%.Trial registration numberACTRN12611001126909.
Community group membership and multidimensional subjective well-being in older age
Authors: Fancourt Daisy , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundIt has been highlighted as a public health priority to identify ways of supporting well-being in older age to allow people to lead healthy and integrated lifestyles. This study explored whether membership in eight different sorts of community groups was associated with enhanced experienced, evaluative and eudemonic well-being among older adults.MethodsWe analysed data from 2548 adults aged 55+ drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. We used multivariate logistic and linear regression models to compare change in well-being between baseline and follow-up 10 years later in relation to membership of different community groups while controlling for potential confounding variables.ResultsMembership in two types of community groups was associated with enhanced well-being: attending education, arts or music classes was longitudinally associated with lower negative affect (OR 0.73, CI 0.57 to 0.92) and life satisfaction (β 0.55, CI 0.02 to 1.08) while church or religious group membership was longitudinally associated with lower negative affect (OR 0.79, CI 0.65 to 0.98) and higher positive affect (OR 1.54, CI 1.25 to 1.90). There was no evidence of reverse causality through cross-lagged analyses. However, just 17.4% and 24.6% of older adults were found to engage in these two types of community groups, respectively, and several demographic factors were identified as barriers to participation.ConclusionsOverall, this study suggests that education, arts or music classes and church or religious groups may support well-being in older age. Programmes to encourage engagement could be designed for older adults who may not normally access these community resources.