bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraarticular measurement of forces acting on the canine medial meniscus during motion
Authors: Schmökel H. , Schawalder P. , Messmer M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMeniscal injuries are currently under much clinical investigation. With regard to tissue engineering strategies for meniscal repair or replacement, the direct measurement of forces applied on the meniscus, during range of motion, could provide important information. This in vitro study using canine cadaver limbs evaluated the possibility of measuring the tibial reaction force, at the medial meniscal level, with film pressure sensors.The sensors were placed between the medial meniscus and the tibial plateau. With different preloads of the stifle, in proportion to the dog’s total body weight measurements were taken under constant motion with intact and artificially transected cranial cruciate ligament. With an intact cranial cruciate ligament the force peak, under the cranial horn, was found in extension, and under the caudal horn in flexion. Transection of the cranial cruciate ligament led to a rise in mean force under both of the horns. The rise in mean force was higher under the caudal horn compared to the cranial horn. Transection of the cranial cruciate ligament resulted in an altered curve pattern under the caudal medial meniscal horn, which was most apparent with the highest preloads. The sensors were easy to apply, the results substantiated commonly accepted biomechanical predictions and the experimental set-up was found to be a useful tool for the investigation of forces acting on the menisci.A thin film pressure sensor was implanted under the cranial and caudal medial meniscal horn in 18 canine cadaver stifles and the forces recorded during a constant range of motion with intact and artificially transected cranial cruciate ligaments. The results reflected biomechanical predictions, and the experimental set-up was found to be a useful tool in the investigation of forces acting on the menisci.
An ovine model of cranial cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Adachi N. , Ochi M. , Field J. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryUnilateral cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) reconstruction was performed in forty-eight sheep, to evaluate an absorbable tibial fixation device (Gunze Ltd. Japan/Zimmer Japan). Forty-four (91.6%) were available for end-point evaluation. A medial subpatellar arthrotomy was utilized with graft placement accomplished using the Acufex Graftmaster system (Acufex, Mansfield, MA). A prosthesis was implanted consisting of looped superficial flexor tendon autograft joined to a Leeds- Keio ligament (LK-15). Femoral fixation was accomplished with an endobutton and tibial fixation with staples. Individuals were required to weight-bear immediately following recovery from anaesthesia and in so doing mimic the early mobilization practices currently in vogue in humans following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.An analgesia protocol involving intraarticular sensory blockade and intravenous agents was utilized and appeared effective in the provision of adequate levels of comfort post- operatively. The model has allowed a significant amount of relevant data to be obtained prior to clinical trials in humans.Cruciate ligament reconstruction in human patients is often with a view to returning the patient to strenuous athletic endeavour. This paper is presented, not only as a means of displaying what technologies are currently in use in the human patient, but also as a means of suggesting to colleagues, in both the medical and veterinary professions, how research into cruciate reconstruction, using animal models, might be performed with peri-operative care of the animal being of paramount importance.
A method for visualizing the dorsal acetabular rim and the coverage of the femoral head
Authors: Hoskinson J. , Renberg W. C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe authors describe a new technique to visualize the dorsal acetabular rim and the coverage of the femoral head in the nonsedated dog. The technique involves using an overhead beam, directed at an angle tangential to the dorsal rim of the acetabulum, with a film positioned caudal to the standing dog. Anatomical landmarks that can routinely be identified include: the ilial crest, ilial shaft, ischial tuberosity, acetabulum, acetabular rim (particularly the dorsocaudal component), femoral head, greater trochanter, femoral neck, femoral shaft, rectum and the tail. Because the animal is standing and is not sedated, the technique may have additional value as a means of evaluating subluxation of the hip joint. It maintains a posture as close as possible to that experienced by the animal in normal activity. If the technique has prognostic value in that regard, more investigation is needed, but it is useful in itself as a technique to visualize the area of the acetabulum.A new radiographic technique to evaluate the canine hip joint is described. The view involves tangential projection of the acetabulum in the standing, awake dog. Nineteen dogs have been radiographed to develop the technique and the method has been found to be technically simple and consistent. It allows examination of the dorsal acetabular rim and may help examine the amount of subluxation of the hip as well as the presence of any degenerative joint disease. The authors advocate additional study to determine the technique’s prognostic value in predicting degenerative change associated with hip dysplasia.
In vitro comparison of the holding power of 1.2 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2.0 mm orthopaedic screws in canine radii
Authors: Fitch R. B. , Pluhar G. E. , Salman M. D. , Kudnig S. T. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe holding power of miniscrews in canine bone has not been investigated. This report compares the holding power of four different miniscrew types. The screw types tested were: 1.2 mm self-tapping screws, 1.5 mm tapped screws, 2.0 mm self-tapping screws and 2.0 mm tapped screws. They were randomly allocated to canine radius screw sites and screw pull-out strength was determined using a Mechanical Testing System (MIS) machine. The 1.2 mm self-tapping screw had a significantly weaker holding power than the other three screw types. Based upon these findings, the use of the 1.2 mm self-tapping screw cannot be recommended for use in thick cortical bone. There were not any significant differences in holding power of the other three screw types. The performance of the 1.5 mm tapped screws, versus the 2.0 mm tapped screws, was comparable and suggests that the 1.5 mm tapped screw can provide adequate holding power in miniscrew applications. The results were consistent with a linear relationship between the external thread diameter and the holding power.The hypothesis of this study is that these are not any significant differences in the holding power of different miniscrews. We hypothesized that the effects of tapping prior to screw insertion, or using miniscrews of greater external thread diameter, would not provide any increase in the holding power of the screw.
Post-traumatic para-ureteral urinoma (uriniferous pseudocyst) in a cat
Authors: Anderson D. M. , Baines E. A. , White R. A. S. , Bacon N. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA para-ureteral urinoma was diagnosed in a one year old domestic longhaired cat presented with signs of lethargy and abdominal distension three weeks after a road traffic accident. The urinoma was caused by chronic low-grade extravasation of urine from the left ureter into the retroperitoneal space, resulting in cellulitis producing a thick fibrous capsule around the urine. Left sided ureteronephrectomy with capsular resection and omentalisation was curative.
Treatment of mechanically failed triple pelvic osteotomies in four dogs - part 2
Authors: Kerwin S. , Hosgood G. , Marquis R. D. , Pluhar E. , Kudnig S. T. , Fitch R. B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFour dogs treated with triple pelvic osteotomies (TPOs) with loss of fixation secondary to screw loosening are reported. Two of the patients were revised with an additional ventral plate with successful outcomes. Revision TPO, with additional ventral plate fixation, was highly effective as a salvage technique for failed TPOs.
Initial experience with extracorporeal shock wave therapy in six dogs – part I
Authors: Laverty P. H. , McClure S. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryExtracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) may be an effective treatment modality for delayed or chronic non-union fractures. ESWT is a non-invasive technique that avoids the potential morbidity and mortality associated with traditional surgical procedures, and its use does not preclude subsequent surgical treatment. This case series demonstrates the feasibility, versatility and safety of treating dogs with ESWT.
Initial experiences with extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of bone spavin in horses – part II
Authors: McCarroll G. D. , McClure S. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryExtracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has grown from the original use of treating urinary calculi into a mechanism to treat some specific orthopaedic diseases of humans and animals. This paper describes a group of horses with bone spavin treated with ESWT. Horses were treated with a high energy focused shock wave machine. Horses were examined for lameness pre-treatment and 12 weeks post-treatment. There was a decrease in the lameness of 80% (59/74) of the horses treated. ESWT provides a viable noninvasive mechanism of treating refractory bone spavin in the horse.
Geometric analysis evaluating the effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy position on postoperative tibial plateau slope
Authors: McCarthy R. J. , Kowaleski M. P. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe tibial plateau leveling osteotomy procedure is designed to neutralize cranial tibial thrust by precisely reducing tibial plateau slope. Despite accurate intraoperative measurement and proximal tibial plateau segment rotation, postoperative assessment of tibial plateau slope frequently reveals a measured angle differing from the expected postoperative angle of 5.0 degrees. The effect of osteotomy placement on postoperative tibial plateau slope was evaluated by analysing its effect on the points utilized in tibial plateau slope measurement. Four osteotomy placements, encompassing the point dividing the intercondylar tubercles and an osteotomy centred on this point, were evaluated. The effect of centreing the osteotomy distal to the intercondylar tubercles was more closely evaluated. Formulae to determine the distance the intercondylar tubercles move, the angular shift of the tibial long axis after proximal tibial plateau segment rotation, and the relation of the final and intended tibial plateau slope were derived. Osteotomy placement centred on the proximal tibial long axis point results in a lack of movement or angular shift of the tibial long axis, after proximal tibial plateau segment rotation. Other osteotomy placements result in movement of the intercondylar tubercles, tibial long axis shift, and deviation from the expected postoperative tibial plateau slope. Centreing the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy on the proximal tibial long axis point is the mathematically correct position.
Accessory caudal glenoid ossification centre as possible cause of lameness in nine dogs
Authors: Piras A. , Marcellin-Little D. J. , Borghetti P. , Vezzoni A. , Olivieri M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAn accessory centre of ossification was identified on the caudal aspect of the glenoid (ACGOC) in nine dogs. In three of the dogs, concomitant lesions were found in the same shoulder joint. When they appeared to be loose, the fragments were removed using arthroscopy in eight dogs. Upon histological examination in four dogs, the presence of articular cartilage on these ACGOC confirmed the fact that they represented a portion of the glenoid. The resolution of the clinical signs in six cases with isolated ACGOC after fragment excision and without concomitant lesions suggests that ACGOC was the cause of lameness in these affected dogs.
Torque recoil following screw insertion
Authors: Field J. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryOur ability to apply screws in a uniformly reproducible manner using “human torque control” has been shown to be very inconsistent. As a means of reducing this variability, torque-limiting devices are being utilized in select trauma and spinal applications. Cortical, cancellous and pedicle screws are now applied to a set, predetermined level of torque. It has been shown that extraction torque can be a little as 10% at the torque level at the time of application at plate removal 10 weeks after application. Using cadaveric specimens, the current study has evaluated the extraction torque immediately after application to a predetermined level. Regardless of the specimen, or location within the specimen, a significant difference was observed between the set application torque (1.5 Nm) and that obtained at the time of extraction (0.9 Nm). Some values were as low as 33% of the insertion value. This work suggests that in order to standardize interfragmentary compression, or bone plate fixation, we can not rely upon screw torque as the means of defining screw behaviour. Displacement control would appear to be the key to enable adaptation to the differing mechanical and biological nature of the bone and to overcome the recoil observed.
Inflammatory response in dogs with spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Ekman S. , Andersson M. , Danielsson F. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe inflammatory response in 73 dogs with spontaneous rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament was studied. Collagen I and II antibodies (CI, CII), antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in synovial fluid (SF) and serum were analysed, as well as serum thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (fT4). The type and degree of synovitis did not affect the concentration of antibodies to CI&II. The histological findings of the synovial membranes in 47 dogs were graded as mild non-specific synovitis in 21%, moderate nonspecific synovitis in 32%, moderate lymphoplasmacytic synovitis in 36% and nodular lymphoplasmacytic synovitis in 11% of the dogs. Of 45 dogs four had lower than normal concentration of T4 and fT4. There was not any evidence of a primary autoimmune response.
Morphological measurements for arthrosis risk in elbow dysplasia: a new method?
Authors: Schwencke M. , van den Brom W. E. , Hazewinkel A. W. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryElbow dysplasia refers to malformations of the elbow joint, which predominantly occurs in young dogs of large breeds. Labradors are especially affected with fragmented coronoid process and osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow joint that often leads to secondary osteoarthrosis (OA). Mues (16) developed an angle measurement method, presuming that these measurements describe functional aspects of the elbow joints, suitable to characterize the risk of developing OA. The aim of the present studies was to examine whether the morphology of the elbow joint, or the size of the osteophytes in the elbow, is reflected by the measurements. From this study it can be concluded that, in 163 Labradors, the size of the osteophytes, rather then the morphology of the elbow joint, determines the outcome of the angle measurements and thus does not replace the OA-grading system as has been defined by the International Elbow Working Group that is widely in use.
Mandibular fracture repair in dogs and cats using epoxy resin and acrylic external skeletal fixation
Authors: Hobbs S. J. , Moores A. P. , Bennett D. , Carmichael S. , Owen M. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMandibular fractures in 17 dogs and in eight cats were managed using external skeletal fixation (ESF) with acrylic or epoxy resin connecting bars. In order to maintain dental occlusion during fracture repair pha- ryngostomy or tracheostomy was performed in 12 dogs and in six cats to permit inhalational anaesthesia during surgery. All of the fractures healed with the exception of fractures in two dogs. Mandibular external skeletal fixation was well tolerated and there was not any evidence of iatrogenic damage to teeth nor to neurovascular structures within the mandible. Implant loosening was commonly observed at the time of fixator removal, but it did not affect the outcome.
The measurement of ground reaction force in dogs trotting on a treadmill
Authors: Valette J.-P. , Sanaa M. , Grandjean D. , Fanchon L. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryWe studied the time necessary to obtain reliable kinetic data from healthy dogs trotting on a treadmill. Ten adult male Malinois Belgian Shepherd dogs were made to trot on an instrumented treadmill to record the ground reaction force for the entire body and to determine the vertical force variables (peak [PFz], impulse [IFz], stride time [Str], peak time [Tz] and contact time [Ct]). Data were collected from each dog, during three sequences per day, on three consecutive days. In order to determine the contribution of the ‘sequence’, ‘day of measurement’, and ‘dog’ factors and the percentage of variance attributable to dogs, data were analyzed with a linear mixed model. The curve shapes were similar to those obtained with a floor-mounted force platform. Intra-dog coefficients of variation were between 1.57 and 3.46%. Inter-dog coefficients of variation were between 4.18 and 7.82%. A sequence effect was not noted. Each day had a significant effect on all of the data. All variables differed significantly from the first day compared to the other days. However there was not any difference between days 2 and 3. The percentage of the total variance attributable to dogs ranged from 37 to 88%. The coefficients of variation were lower than those obtained with common protocols. The treadmill locomotion remained consistent during a single session. Even if interday variation needs to be accounted for, reliable data can still be obtained after a single training session. The majority of the variation was attributable to the dog. An instrumented treadmill may be used for kinetic analysis.
Beta-tricalcium phosphate as a synthetic cancellous bone graft in veterinary orthopaedics
Authors: Díaz-Bertrana C. , Lafuente P. , Fontecha P. , Durall I. , Franch J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe clinical use of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) as a synthetic cancellous bone graft in veterinary orthopaedics is herein reported. The retrospective study was based on 13 clinical cases belonging to 11 dogs and one cat. The weights of the dogs ranged from 3.4 to 48 kg. One female cat weighing 3.5 kg completed the study. The clinical cases were six arthrodeses (four carpal, two tarsal), one hypertrophic non-union (femur), one atrophic non-union (metacarpal bones) and five long-bone fractures (two femurs, one tibia, two radii) possessing subcritical-sized bone defects. The β-TCP used in this study was presented as irregular interconnected-porous granules and was placed in the bone defects after mixing it with fresh blood. Bone healing was achieved at between eight and 12 weeks in all clinical cases except for the case of the chronic atrophic nonunion in which only one of the four metacarpal bones healed. In the 12 successful cases, the bone defect grafted with β-TCP showed a radiological bone ingrowth of 100% (10 cases), 90% (one case) and 75% (one case). The complete lack of tissue adverse effects in our series, and the good defect healing, allows us to hypothesise that β-TCP can be successfully used as a synthetic bone graft in bone defects with good local biological conditions and where osteoconduction is especially needed for assuring a structural scaffold for newbone ingrowth. When, in addition to osteoconduction, osteoinduction and osteogenesis are necessary for defect healing, the fresh cancellous bone graft remains the gold standard in veterinary orthopaedics.
The effects of wire diameter and an additional lateral wire on pin and tension-band fixation subjected to cyclic loads
Authors: Kowaleski M. P. , Litsky A. S. , Boudrieau R. J. , Neat B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryDespite reports of frequent complications, pin and tension-band wire remains the most common repair of simple olecranon fractures and osteotomies (1–5). A recent mechanical study found wire diameter to be the key determinant of pin and tension-band construct strength; models with 1.25-mm wire were much stronger than those with standard 1.0-mm wire exposed to single loads to failure (6). Additionally, fixation strength was also increased when a lateral wire was used in combination with a standard figure-ofeight wire. The purpose of the present study was to assess any advantages provided by 1.25-mm wire or an additional lateral wire over 1.0-mm wire for pin and tension-band fixation subjected to cyclic loading. Pin and tension-band fixation was applied to plastic olecranon osteotomy models with three wire configurations: 1.0-mm figure-of-eight, 1.25-mm figure-of-eight, and combined 1.0-mm figure-of-eight and lateral. Cyclic load was applied while caudal osteotomy displacement was measured with an extensometer. The three groups were compared in terms of cycles to failure, mean minimum displacement, mean maximum displacement, and mean displacement per cycle. Models with an additional lateral wire survived significantly more cycles than those with a solitary 1.0-mm figure-of-eight wire, although caudal osteotomy displacements were not significantly different. Conversely, models with 1.25-mm wire allowed significantly smaller minimum and maximum displacements than those with 1.0-mm wire, but did not survive significantly more cycles. It therefore appears that clinical use of 1.25-mm wire may improve stability, while use of an additional lateral wire may improve durability.
Morphological and functional evaluation of a dog with dimelia
Authors: Blevins W. E. , Breur G. J. , Kim J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryWeight bearing patterns were investigated on a young Cocker Spaniel with dimelia (mirror hand) of the left forelimb, using a pressure sensing walkway (PS walkway). The dog had two left forelimb paws, both originating from the carpus, with symmetrical duplication of metacarpal bones and phalanges. In addition, the left radial head was subluxated and asynchronous growth of the left radius and ulna was noted. The PS walkway demonstrated minimal weight-bearing of the extra (medial) paw and longer metacarpal pad contact of the affected limb. The radiographic changes and the weight-bearing pattern during gait suggested that more weight was loaded on the lateral paw of the affected limb. Treatment was not recommended because of the relatively good limb function and the absence of overt pain. This is the first reported case of canine dimelia and foot pressure patterns in a canine congenital musculoskeletal deformity.