bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
362 Effects of organic versus conventional diets on dam and kid weight in Nubian caprine
Authors: Panetta Isabella V , Armentrout-Shoaf Bailey , Soyland Matthew J , Rocco Christina , Williams Toree 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Recently, agriculture has trended towards the utilization of organic products, due to the belief of superior outcomes, reporting healthier animals with better weight gains, and higher quality products among consumers. However, previous research regarding organic feedstuffs has reported conflicting results, supporting the need for continuing research. Reproductive success throughout and post gestation of caprine dams is closely related to the nutritional intake of the animal, which could be impacted by consumption of organic products. The objective of the current study was to observe caprine kid birth weight, kid ADG, and dam weight throughout pregnancy comparing organic and conventional feedstuffs. Eight pregnant Nubian dams (n = 4) between 1 and 5 yr of age with initial BW between 45.4 and 68.5 kg were separated into groups based on initial BW and BCS. The organic group received a certified organic concentrate, certified organic mineral supplement, and a certified organic molasses while the conventional group received a conventional concentrate, conventional mineral supplement, and conventional molasses. Both groups had ad-libitum access to hay and water. Dams were fed 0.907kg/d/45.4kg of BW of concentrate and mineral supplement at 0.012kg/d/45.4kg of BW in individual feeding stocks at 0630 and 1730 for the last six wk of gestation and three wk post-parturition. Dams were individually weighted and observed weekly for BCS using the American Daily Goat Association’s BCS 1 to 5 scale. After parturition, kid birth weight was measured using a hanging sling scale and daily kid weight gain was recorded for three wk post parturition. Differences in kid birth weight, kid ADG, and dam weight were analyzed by two-tailed T-Test at P > 0.05. No differences between kid ADG (P = 0.759), kid birth weight (P = 0.405), or for dam weekly weight (P = 0.457) were observed. Thus, the increase in cost to raise certified organic livestock, such as caprine, is not financially justifiable.
372 Effect of rumen fluid collection methodology on extent and variance of in vitro dry matter disappearance and interaction with substrate and incubation time
Authors: Rients Emma L , Tondini Sara M , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the interaction of rumen fluid collection methodology, substrate, and incubation time on the extent and variance of in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). A 4×2×2 factorial design was used to test the interaction between rumen fluid collection methodology, substrates (hay and silage), and incubation time-points (24 and 48 h). Four methods of rumen fluid collection were evaluated: stomach tube (TUBE), suction strainer through rumen cannula (STRN), ruminal contents collected through cannula and squeezed through cheesecloth (SQZ), and ruminal contents blended for 1 minute and squeezed through cheesecloth (BSQZ). Four replications of each treatment were used and repeated in three periods. A methodology by substrate interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for pH; hay had a greater pH than silage and the magnitude of this difference was greatest for STRN. A tendency for a methodology by substrate interaction (P = 0.06) was observed for ammonia. For TUBE ammonia was greater (P < 0.01) with hay while substrate did not affect ammonia for BSQZ, SQZ and STRN. A methodology by time interaction was observed (P < 0.01) for ammonia; TUBE was least at 24 h, but TUBE and BSQZ were lesser (P ≤ 0.01) than STRN and SQZ at 48 h. A tendency for a methodology by substrate interaction (P = 0.08) was observed in IVDMD; silage had greater IVDMD than hay and the magnitude of this difference was greatest for TUBE. Collection methodology affected (P < 0.01) IVDMD. The greatest IVDMD was observed for STRN (64.7%), with BSQZ (59.1%) and SQZ (57.7%) being intermediate and TUBE (54.3%) being the least. A tendency for a methodology by substrate interaction (P = 0.11) was observed for variation in IVDMD; silage had greater variation than hay for TUBE. Rumen fluid collection methodology affects IVDMD and may depend on substrate.
PSI-3 Heat stress mitigation strategies used by Midwestern cattle feeders
Authors: Rusche Warren C , Blom Ethan J , Gentry Wesley W , Pritchard Robbi H , VanDerWal Allison , DiCostanzo Alfredo , Winders Thomas M , Howard Larry , Erickson Galen E , Cassady Joseph P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) can be a significant source of risk for Midwestern cattle feeders. Feedlot managers (n = 46) from South Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska were surveyed regarding facilities, HS mitigation strategies, perceived success or failure, and strategies they would like to employ. Open yards (OY) were the most common system (62.5%), followed by total confinement (TC; 23.4%) and partial confinement (PC; 14.1%) with 15 respondents (32.6%) reporting multiple systems. Adjusting feed deliveries and introducing feed additives to mitigate HS were utilized by 32.6% and 34.8% of respondents, respectively. Environmental modifications were made to all OY (90% water application, 55% shades, and 25% bedding). Among respondents managing TC or PC facilities, in addition to the shade provided by buildings themselves 12.5% applied water during emergencies and 8.3% utilized fans. Cattle handling during heat events was scheduled to minimize HS by 100% of surveyed feedlots. During HS events, 67.4% adjusted shipping schedules and 32.6% provided additional water supply. Initiation of mitigation strategies were triggered by observed weather conditions (56.5%), indicators of cattle stress (39.1%), HS alerts (26.1%), and the calendar (6.5%). Shade-providing structures (TC, PC, or OY shades) were perceived as the most successful environmental modification (60.9%) followed by water application (50%), extra water supply (32.6%), and bedding (23.9%). Strategies perceived as less successful included water application (23.9%), feed additives (21.7%), and bedding (17.4%). Increased mud was specifically cited by 63.6% of respondents dissatisfied with water application. Respondents indicated providing more shade structures (63%) and confinement buildings (17.4%) for HS mitigation would be beneficial, but primary barriers were cost, time, and not a yet critical need (71.7, 21.7, and 10.9%, respectively). Midwest cattle feeders use many strategies specific to their needs to mitigate HS with those reducing solar load perceived as the most successful.
PSI-1 Management and Risk of Nitrate Toxicity in Annual Forages: Results of a Beef Cattle Producer Survey
Authors: Lenz Mary E , Farney Jaymelynn K , Drewnoski Mary E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
When utilizing annual forages, one challenge beef cattle producers may face is nitrate toxicity. To understand how often producers cope with and test for high nitrates in annual forages, an online survey was distributed through the “UNL Beefwatch” newsletter and participants of extension meetings in Kansas and Nebraska were encouraged to fill out the survey. Most respondents were from the Midwest (n = 107/115; 93%) and indicated that the issue of nitrate toxicity when feeding annual forages is important to them (70%). The majority of the respondents (85%) indicated that they utilize annual forages in three or more years out of five. Producers were more (P = 0.02) likely to test annual forages fed as hay (53%) than grazed (38%). However, there was a tendency (P = 0.09) for more producers to respond that they have had toxicity issues with annual forage pasture (34%) than with hay (24%). Producers were not more likely to test annual forage pasture (P = 0.28) or hay (P = 0.94) if they previously experienced a nitrate toxicity issue. A producer’s past experience with toxicity also did not impact the likelihood that they would graze (P = 0.31) or feed hay (P = 0.28) that tested high in nitrate in the future. The majority of producers responded that they “rarely” or “almost never” used the forage if a pasture (14%) or hay (36%) tested high. Though producers indicate concern about nitrate toxicity in annual forages, most have not experienced issues (62%) and those that have do not appear to make different management decisions based on that experience.
PSIII-11 Semen quality effect on conception rate among three purebred swine lines
Authors: Kruse Giselle , Bruns Cailtyn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between semen quality and conception rate. There were 30985 Duroc, 15888 Landrace, and 18198 Yorkshire single sire, purebred mating observations with 880 Duroc, 508 Landrace, and 492 Yorkshire boars represented from March 2011 to July 2018. Data from each breed was analyzed using a logistic regression model with fixed effects of sow parity at time of mating, the number of breeding attempts for the sow, days rest of the boar, and days from collection to insemination, covariates of age at collection, motility, percent abnormal tails, and random effects of contemporary group, boar, and evaluator. For Duroc, increased percent abnormal tails decreased conception rate (odds ratio=0.99, P < 0.05), and more than 9 days rest resulted in lower conception rates compared to less than 5 days rest (odds ratio=0.85, P < 0.05). For all three breeds, inseminations occurring 2 days post-collection tended to result in lower conception rate compared to 1 day post-collection (Duroc, odds ratio=0.94, P < 0.1, Yorkshire, odds ratio=0.87, P < 0.1, Landrace, odds ratio=0.91,P < 0.05); however, for Landrace, inseminations occurring 4 days post collection resulted in higher conception rates compared to 1 day post-collection (odds ratio=1.16, P < 0.05). For Yorkshire, increased motility was associated with higher conception rates (odds ratio=1.02, P < 0.001). The effect of age at collection on conception rate was small, but significant for both Landrace and Duroc resulting in ~1% increase per year of age (P < 0.05). Boar and semen quality effects on conception rate were inconsistent across breeds, suggesting that optimizing conception rates across breeds could be difficult.
PSIII-10 Effect of WUR genotype on resilience to a polymicrobial natural disease challenge in pigs
Authors: Jeon Ryan L , Putz Austin M , Dyck Michael , Harding John C S , Fortin Frederic , Plastow Graham S , Kemp Bob , Dekkers Jack C M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is caused by a virus that poses a threat to the global swine industry, costing the U.S. industry over 664 million dollars annually. Vaccination has limited effectiveness due to the virus’ antigenic and genetic shifts. Leveraging genetics to develop more resilient swine can, however, mitigate the effects of PRRS. Previous studies identified a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) near the GBP5 gene (WUR) that was associated with resistance and resilience to PRRS, with the G allele being favorable over A. The objective of this study was to determine whether the WUR SNP is also associated with resilience to a polymicrobial natural disease challenge. Using a continuous flow system, a new batch of 60-75 naïve Yorkshire x Landrace nursery piglets was introduced every three weeks into a natural challenge facility that was initially seeded with multiple diseases, including PRRS. Traits recorded were growth rate, feed intake, backfat, loin depth, veterinary treatments, and mortality. Pigs were genotyped using a 600K SNP chip. Data from 2133 pigs were analyzed using a univariate linear mixed model that included, pen, litter, and animal genetics as random effects and WUR genotype as a fixed effect. Frequencies were 0.85, 0.14, and 0.01 for AA, AG, and GG. The G allele was favorable for most traits, with the contrast of AA vs AG significant for average daily gain in the nursery (0.339 vs 0.365 kg/d, p = 0.013) and number of treatments (2.48 vs 2.16 over 180 days, p = 0.072). Mortality rate was 26.0% for AA and 23.8% for AG (not significantly different). In conclusion, the G allele at the WUR SNP is potentially also associated with resilience to multi-factorial disease. Funded by Genome Canada, Genome Alberta, Genome Prairie, PigGen Canada, and USDA-NIFA.
PSIII-15 Genetic diversity and population structure in nine beef cattle sub-populations using whole genome SNP markers
Authors: Bhowmik Nayan , Ringwall Kris A , Dahlen Carl R , Swanson Kendall C , Hulsman Hanna Lauren L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Commercial beef cattle populations are rarely purebred. Understanding genetic diversity and population structure of crossbreds is important for future genetic improvement programs. Currently, an admixed beef cattle population comprised of British, Continental and Australian origin is being used for long-term research goals in understanding longevity, efficiency (reproductive and nutritional), and their interaction. This experiment aimed to assess the levels of genetic diversity and population structure among purebred (n = 6) and admixed (n = 3) sub-populations. A total of 727 animals were genotyped using the GeneSeek Genomic Profiler 150K. After quality checking, expected heterozygosity (HE) and polymorphism were calculated using 108,249 markers by sub-population. After LD-pruning, the remaining 19,316 SNP were used for pairwise fixation index (FST), analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and principle component analysis. The call rate for each sub-population ranged from 0.9866 ± 0.0351 to 0.9994 ± 0.0006. The lowest proportion (0.8527) of polymorphism was in the American Aberdeen (AA) and the highest proportion (1) was in the admixed populations. By sub-population, HE ranged from 0.3490 ± 0.1482 in AA to 0.3935 ± 0.1315 in Angus. The average nucleotide diversity over loci varied from 0.2976 ± 0.1444 in AA to 0.3872 ± 0.1879 in unknown parentage sub-population. The highest genetic differentiation was observed between AA and Continental breeds (Gelbvieh and Simmental) as FST estimates ranged from 0.1757 to 0.1789, respectively. Differences within individuals explained 98.15% of the total variance, whereas only -2.33% was due to differences among individuals within sub-populations. The first and second principal components (PC) explained 37.77% and 24.29% of the total variance, respectively. These PC show that admixed individuals clustered with animals of their primary breed. Therefore, this study suggests that clustering individuals according to their primary breed will assist in future genetic studies with this population and potentially future commercial genetic improvement programs.
PSII-24 Performance, carcass and meat quality of castrated and intact Dorper lambs slaughtered at different body condition scores
Authors: Ribeiro Edson Luis de A , Fernandes Jr Francisco , Constantino Camila , Grandis Fernando Augusto , Koritiaki Natália Albieri , Castro Filipe Alexandre B , Giotto Francine Mezzomo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the performance, carcass and meat characteristics of castrated and intact Dorper male lambs slaughtered at three different body condition scores. Thirty-five lambs, approximately 3 months old, 21.6 ± 4.0 kg of body weight and 3.1 ± 0.5 of body condition score (BCS), were used. The BCS scale used varied from 1.0 (very thin) to 5.0 (very fat). Four weeks prior to the experiment, 17 lambs were castrated. Lambs were further divided into three groups, according to the criteria for slaughter: BCS of 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5. All animals received the same diet. BCS were achieved after 27, 84 and 130 days in feedlot, respectively. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between sexual conditions and slaughter criteria. Average daily gain of weight (ADG) was different (P < 0.05) for the three BCS (average of 0.263). However, final body weight (28.6 ± 1.7; 42.7 ± 1.8 and 56.8 ± 1.7 kg) and back fat thickness (0.5 ± 0.5; 4.2 ± 0.5 and 7.3 ± 0.5 mm) were different (P < 0.05) among BCS criteria, panelists found that meats from lambs slaughtered with greater fat content were less (P < 0.05) desirable. We can conclude by the performance and meat results that it is better to slaughter Dorper lambs with BCS with no more than 4.0, or 4.2 mm of back fat cover, and for the best acceptability of the meat the lambs should be castrated.
PSIII-2 Optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible total sulfur amino acid to lysine for 5 to 22 kg pigs under antibiotic-free regime
Authors: Ren Ping , Orlando Uislei , Goncalves Marcio , Lawrence Bradley , Ma Yulin , Vazquez-Anon Mercedes 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible (SID) total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) to Lys for growth performance in 5 to 22 kg pigs under antibiotic-free regime. Experimental diets were formulated to ensure that lysine was the second limiting AA throughout the experiments. A total of 990 weaning piglets (PIC 337 × 1050, Hendersonville, TN; 5.08 ± 0.86 kg), blocked by initial BW and gender, were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments, with 9 pens per treatment and 22 piglets per pen. Dietary treatments consisted of SID TSAA to Lys ratios of 51%, 58%, 65%, 72% and 79%, with 1.31%, 1.28% and 1.20% SID Lys in phases 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The source of TSAA used in this study was the dry calcium salt of D, L-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (84% Met, MHA®, Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, MO). Data was analyzed using general linear mixed models accounting for heterogeneous residual variances. Competing heteroskedastic models included broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic (BLQ), and quadratic polynomial (QP). For each response, the best-fitting model was selected using Bayesian information criterion. Results showed that increasing ratios of SID TSAA to Lys linearly (P = 0.01) increased ADG during the entire nursery period. Increasing SID TSAA to Lys ratios tended to increase (P = 0.09) overall ADFI in a quadratic manner. The best-fitting model for overall ADG is BLL in which the maximum ADG was estimated at 60% SID TSAA to Lys ratio, with 95% confidence interval (CI) between 55% and 65%. In conclusion, the optimal ratio of SID TSAA to Lys was 60% for maximum ADG. These results indicate that the NRC (2012) recommendation may underestimate the SID TSAA to Lys requirement for nursery pigs raised under antibiotic-free regime.
PSIII-19 Supplementation of mint oil and yeast cell in lactation diets on performance of offspring during the early-post weaning period
Authors: Hernandez Lily P , Dunn James L , Wenninghoff Joel , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Social and dietary stress at weaning can increase oxidative stress in piglets and impact performance during the early post-wean period. A study was conducted to assess yeast cell and mint oil supplementation during suckling and post-wean periods on offspring growth performance. A total of 481 piglets (6.25 ± 3.35 kg BW) from 45 sows were randomly allotted to pens balanced by weight and litter (6-8 pigs/pen) within maternal diet. Pens of pigs received the same dietary treatment as the sow during the suckling phase: control diet (CON), control + yeast cell at 0.2% (YC), control + mint oil at 10 ppm (MO), and control + yeast cell and mint oil (YCMO) for 35 d post-wean in a 4-phase feeding regimen (phase 1, d0-6; phase 2, d7-13; phase 3, d14-19; phase 4, d20-35). Performance was analyzed as randomized complete block with pen as experimental unit and Tukey’s adjustment as means separation test. Piglets from YC sows were heavier (P < 0.05) than CON with MO and YCMO intermediate at weaning (6.9, 6.5, 6.7 and 6.6 ± 0.2 kg, respectively) and day 6 post-wean (7.12, 6.68, 7.01, and 6.75 ± 0.09 kg, respectively) and no difference among groups at day 13 (9.1 ± 0.16 kg), 19 (11.3 ± 0.19 kg) and 35 (19.7 ± 0.35 kg). Overall, daily gain was greater (P < 0.05) CON-fed pigs than YCMO pigs (0.40, 0.39, 0.38, 0.37 ± 0.01 g/d in CON, YC, MO, and YCMO, respectively). Overall feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) for YCMO than MO resulting in lower (P < 0.05) gain:feed in YCMO-fed pigs vs CON and MO with YC-fed pigs intermediate (0.538 vs 0.617, 0.621, and 0.585, respectively). Exposure to yeast cell or mint oil during the suckling and early post-wean periods provided some benefit to offspring performance.
PSIV-10 Effect of a yeast product supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and cytokines mRNA expression in weanling piglets reared under low sanitary environment
Authors: de Laguna Ortega Fernando Bravo , Bertaud Bruno , Kim In Ho , Kim Yong Min 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of the trial was to evaluate the effect of a novel multi-strains yeast fractions product (MsYF) on performance, digestibility, and gene expression of several cytokines in weanling piglets reared under low sanitary environment (uncleaned). In total, 160 piglets weaned at 24 days (7.21 ± 1.05kg) were distributed in 2 treatments according to body weight and sex: control (CON), and MsYF (CON+2kg/ton of yeast product in the first 14 days post weaning; CON+400g/ton of product between days 14 and 42). Individual body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were measured on days 1, 14 and 42. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was estimated at the end of the experiment using chromium oxide as indigestible marker. On days 7, 14 and 42, 6 piglets per treatment were slaughtered and sampled from the mid-jejunum to measure cytokines mRNA gene expression: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), interleukin 1 receptor 1 (IL-1-R1), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 12 (IL-12), interferon gamma (INF- γ), and (GATA3). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the T-test procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, US) with treatment as main effect. Piglets fed MsYF had greater (P < 0.05) final BW and greater (P < 0.01) ADG compared to piglets fed CON. Piglets fed MsYF tended to have greater (P < 0.1) ATTD of DM than piglets fed CON. Supplementation of MsYF down-regulated the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and TLR2 on days 7 and 14 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.1 for TNF-α, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 for IL-6, and P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001 for TLR2) while a reduced (P < 0.01) INF-γ expression occurred in piglets fed MsYF at day 14. In conclusion, supplementation with yeast improved performance, DM digestibility, and may modulate intestinal mucosa inflammation of weanling piglets under low sanitary environment.