bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sand–mud couplets deposited by spontaneous remobilization of subaqueous transitional flows
Authors: Koo Woong Mo , Mohrig David , Buttles James , Sturmer Daniel , Pontén Anna , Hess Thomas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractClean basal and capping argillaceous sandstone couplets in deep water settings have been previously interpreted as the result of spatially segregated turbidity currents and debris flows or spatio‐temporal transitioning of a turbulent flow to a transitional/laminar state. However, this paper presents three‐dimensional laboratory experiments demonstrating that a single sediment‐gravity flow can develop sand–mud couplets by autogenic remobilization of sediments that are still in the process of being deposited. This remobilization appears common to flows composed of mixtures of sand and mud with viscosities and strengths measurably greater than water, but not so high as to fully suppress the settling of sand through the depositional current. Dewatering in the early sand deposit acts to lubricate the basal portion of the increasingly muddy upper division of the flow, causing it to accelerate downslope, triggering a secondary flow with a sediment composition distinct from the original mixture. Sediment deposition and remobilization processes in a single sediment‐gravity flow and their resultant deposit were imaged acoustically and cored at representative locations within the deposit. The acoustic data and cores show sand–mud couplets that are qualitatively similar to interpreted turbidite–debrite‐like couplets in natural systems.
Current challenges and opportunities for bacillus Calmette‐Guérin replacement vaccine candidates
Authors: Méndez‐Samperio Patricia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) remains the only licensed vaccine against human tuberculosis (TB). BCG is a live‐attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, with limitations in efficacy against respiratory TB, the most common form of the disease responsible for transmission. However, continues to be used in the immunization programmes of different countries in the absence of another alternative. In order to improve BCG efficacy against pulmonary TB, in the current clinical TB vaccine pipeline, there are live‐attenuated TB vaccines to replace BCG. This review discusses the current status of the development of live vaccine candidates designed to replace BCG from the rational strategies and immunological challenges to its clinical trial and identify key areas in the next years considered essential to confer improved safety and efficacy over BCG.
Fitness, physical activity, working memory, and neuroelectric activity in children with overweight/obesity
Authors: Mora‐Gonzalez Jose , Esteban‐Cornejo Irene , Cadenas‐Sanchez Cristina , Migueles Jairo H. , Rodriguez‐Ayllon Maria , Molina‐García Pablo , Hillman Charles H. , Catena Andrés , Pontifex Matthew B. , Ortega Francisco B. 
Published: May 2019

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of physical fitness, sedentary time, and physical activity (PA) with working memory and neuroelectric activity in children with overweight/obesity. Seventy‐nine children with overweight/obesity (10.2 ± 1.1 years old) participated in this cross‐sectional study. We assessed physical fitness components (ie, muscular strength, speed agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness) using the ALPHA battery. Sedentary time and PA were assessed by GT3X+accelerometers (ActiGraph). Working memory was assessed using the delayed non‐matched‐to‐sample task; mean reaction time (RT) and response accuracy were registered. Neuroelectric activity (ie, P3 amplitude and latency) was registered using the ActiveTwo System of BioSemi electroencephalogram. Higher upper‐limb absolute strength was associated with lower response accuracy (P = 0.023), while higher lower‐limb relative‐to‐weight strength was associated with larger P3 amplitude (P < 0.05). Higher speed agility and cardiorespiratory fitness levels were associated with shorter mean RT and larger P3 amplitude, and speed agility was also associated with shorter P3 latency (allP < 0.05). Vigorous PA was associated with larger P3 amplitude (P < 0.05). No associations were found for sedentary time or the rest of PA intensities (P ≥ 0.05). In addition to cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and speed agility are also associated with working memory and neuroelectric activity in children with overweight/obesity. The association between PA and working memory is intensity‐dependent, as significant findings were only observed for vigorous PA. Randomized controlled trials in this population would help to better understand whether improvements in different components of fitness and PA lead to better working memory and underlying brain function.
Sequential delivery of long‐pulsed 755‐nm alexandrite laser and long‐pulsed 1,064‐nm neodymium:yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser treatment for pigmented disorders
Authors: Cho Sung Bin , Ahn Keun Jae , Oh Doojin , Kim Heesu , Yoo Kwang Ho 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundLong‐pulsed (LP) lasers at pulse durations of 1‐300 ms have been used to destroy nests of nevi cells by selectively targeting pigment chromophores.ObjectiveTo evaluate dual‐wavelength LP laser‐induced tissue reactions.MethodsThe patterns of LP 755‐nm alexandrite (Alex) and/or 1064‐nm neodymium (Nd):yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (YAG) laser‐induced tissue reactions were macroscopically evaluated using a tattoo‐embedded phantom. Additionally, a pilot in vivo human study was performed for common acquired melanocytic nevus, of which dermoscopic images and high‐speed cinematographs were obtained.ResultsCombinations of Nd:YAG and Alex laser treatments at interpulse intervals of 10 or 20 ms generated round to oval zones of photothermal and photoacoustic injury in two distinctive areas containing disintegrated tattoo particles. Treatment at interpulse intervals of 10 or 20 ms between Alex and Nd:YAG pulses elicited lesser degrees of thermal damage to surrounding tissues, compared to treatment at 100 or 200 ms. Immediately after combined LP laser treatment of human nevus lesions in vivo, Nd:YAG‐Alex treatment at a 20‐ms interpulse interval exhibited more remarkable crusting and erosive appearances than Alex‐Nd:YAG treatment.ConclusionFor treating pigmented disorders, sequential delivery of LP Nd:YAG and Alex pulses at short interpulse intervals of 10‐20 ms can effectively destroy nests of pigment chromophores.
One Model Does Not Fit All: Group Consciousness and the Political Participation and Attitudes of American Indians
Authors: Herrick Rebekah , Mendez Jeanette Morehouse 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveAlthough group consciousness of minority groups is believed to increase their rates of political participation and help shape their attitudes, no research has examined group consciousness of American Indians. Therefore, our objective is to help fill this void by estimating the effects of American Indians' group consciousness on their political interests, voting rates, and support for co‐ethnic candidates.MethodsWe use a unique data set based on an opt‐in panel survey of American Indians.ResultsWe find that similar to most Americans, American Indians who have higher levels of group consciousness are more likely to support co‐ethnic candidates. However, unlike African Americans and Hispanics, group consciousness has little effect on American Indians' political participation and interest.ConclusionsWe believe that the unique findings may be related to the small number of American Indians in the United States, or their unique place in the U.S. political fabric. Nevertheless, the findings warn against assuming that theories designed for one minority group will automatically transfer to another.
Do All Evangelicals Think Alike? An Examination of Religious Affiliation and the Partisan Identification of Latinxs
Authors: Reyes‐Barriéntez Alicia M. 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to examine the role of religious identification in shaping the partisan affiliation of Latinxs.MethodsUsing the 2006 Latino National Survey and the 2012 Pew National Survey of Latinos, I conduct an ordinary least squares regression of partisan affiliation among Latinxs by religious affiliation, logistic regressions of presidential voting among Latinxs, and I estimate the predicted probabilities of presidential voting among Latinxs by religious affiliation.ResultsLatinx evangelical Protestants are less likely than Latinx evangelical Catholics to self‐identify as Democratic and to vote for a Democratic presidential candidate.ConclusionAmong Latinx Catholics, the growth of the evangelical community signals greater support for the Democratic Party.
Infectious complications of bronchial stenosis in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Fallis Rebecca J. , Jablonski Lindsay , Moss Sean , Axelrod Peter , Clauss Heather 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundBronchial stenosis is a known complication of lung transplantation, but there are limited data regarding whether transplant recipients with bronchial stenosis develop more infectious complications than those without bronchial stenosis.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective single‐center observational cohort study between January 1, 2011 and September 29, 2016 of 35 lung transplant recipients diagnosed with bronchial stenosis and a random sample of 35 lung transplant recipients without bronchial stenosis. Data collected included donor/recipient demographic and anatomic information, respiratory cultures, episodes of respiratory infections diagnosed using CDC‐NNIS criteria, hospitalizations, and 1‐year all‐cause mortality. Patients were followed up to 1 year after transplant.ResultsBronchial stenosis occurred at a median of 54 days post‐transplant (range 5‐365 days). Bronchial stenosis patients spent more time in the hospital (87.4 vs 46.8 days, P = 0.011) and had more total hospitalizations (4.54 vs 2.37, P < 0.01) than their counterparts. The relative risk of pneumonia among cases vs controls was 4.0 (95% CI 2.2‐7.3, P < 0.01); for purulent tracheobronchitis the relative risk was 3.1 (95% CI 1.6‐6.1, P < 0.01). Patients with bronchial stenosis were significantly more likely to have respiratory cultures growing Staphylococcus aureus (RR 5.0; P = 0.001) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (RR 2.1, P = 0.026). Mortality within the first year following transplant was equal in both the groups (14.3% vs 14.3%).ConclusionsThere was no significant increase in 1‐year mortality for lung transplant patients who developed bronchial stenosis. However, bronchial stenosis patients had significantly higher risks of pneumonia and tracheobronchitis, and spent more days in the hospital than those without bronchial stenosis.
Can we transfuse wisely in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia or autologous stem cell transplantation?
Authors: Lamarche Michelle C. , Hammond Danielle E. , Hopman Wilma M. , Sirosky‐Yanyk Angela , Shepherd Lois , Bhella Sita D. 
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUNDTransfusion of 2 units of red blood cells (RBCs) for Hb ≤80 g/L is the prevailing liberal practice for patients undergoing intensive treatment for acute leukemia or hematopoietic transplant across North America. There is little evidence regarding optimal transfusion targets in these highly transfusion‐dependent patient populations.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThis was a retrospective pre‐post cohort study of consecutive patients admitted to Kingston Health Sciences Center between April through December 2016 (pre) and April through December 2017 (post) for acute leukemia induction chemotherapy or high dose chemotherapy (HDCT) for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). The pre‐cohort was transfused using a liberal threshold (2 units of RBCs for Hb ≤80 g/L) and the post‐cohort using a more restrictive threshold (1 unit RBCs for Hb ≤70 g/L), implemented with a computerized physician order entry form. Primary outcome was number of RBC units transfused per inpatient day. Secondary outcomes included inpatient mortality and select morbidity measures.RESULTS124 patients underwent 134 treatment courses: 62 courses of induction chemotherapy (pre = 26, post = 36) and 72 courses of HDCT for ASCT (pre = 39, post = 33). There was a significant decrease in median RBC utilization per admission in both patient populations: 10.5 versus 6.7 in the leukemia group (p = 0.01) and 2.0 versus 1.0 in the ASCT group (p = 0.04). This reduction was seen without a difference in inpatient mortality, length of stay, falls, serious bleeds, requirement for ICU, or time to engraftment post ASCT.CONCLUSIONSA restrictive transfusion strategy in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia or ASCT decreased inpatient RBC usage without increasing adverse inpatient events.
Alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone increases the activity of melanocortin‐3 receptor‐expressing neurons in the ventral tegmental area
Authors: West Katherine Stuhrman , Lu Chunxia , Olson David P. , Roseberry Aaron G. 
Published: May 2019

Key points
Alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) is an anorexigenic peptide. Injection of the α‐MSH analog MTII into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) decreases food and sucrose intake and food reward.
Melanocortin‐3 receptors (MC3R) are highly expressed in the VTA, suggesting that the effects of intra‐VTA α‐MSH may be mediated by α‐MSH changing the activity of MC3R‐expressing VTA neurons.
α‐MSH increased the firing rate of MC3R VTA neurons in acute brain slices from mice, although it did not affect the firing rate of non‐MC3R VTA neurons.
The α‐MSH induced increase in MC3R neuron firing rate is probably activity‐dependent, and was independent of fast synaptic transmission and intracellular Ca2+ levels.
These results help us to better understand how α‐MSH acts in the VTA to affect feeding and other dopamine‐dependent behaviours.
AbstractThe mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, the brain's reward system, regulates multiple behaviours, including food intake and food reward. There is substantial evidence that the melanocortin system of the hypothalamus, an important neural circuit controlling feeding and body weight, interacts with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system to affect feeding, food reward and body weight. For example, melanocortin‐3 receptors (MC3Rs) are expressed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and our laboratory previously showed that intra‐VTA injection of the MC3R agonist, MTII, decreases home‐cage food intake and operant responding for sucrose pellets. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of intra‐VTA alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) on feeding and food reward are unknown. To determine how α‐MSH acts in the VTA to affect feeding, we performed electrophysiological recordings in acute brain slices from mice expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein in MC3R neurons to test how α‐MSH affects the activity of VTA MC3R neurons. α‐MSH significantly increased the firing rate of VTA MC3R neurons without altering the activity of non‐MC3R expressing VTA neurons. In addition, the α‐MSH‐induced increase in MC3R neuron activity was independent of fast synaptic transmission and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Finally, we show that the effect of α‐MSH on MC3R neuron firing rate is probably activity‐dependent. Overall, these studies provide an important advancement in the understanding of how α‐MSH acts in the VTA to affect feeding and food reward.
Head and Neck Response of an Active Human Body Model and Finite Element Anthropometric Test Device During a Linear Impactor Helmet Test
Authors: Bruneau David A. , Cronin Duane S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
It has been proposed that neck muscle activation may play a role in head response resulting from impacts in American Football. The importance of neck stiffness and active musculature in the standard linear impactor helmet test was assessed using a detailed head and neck finite element (FE) model from a current human body model (HBM) compared to a validated hybrid III head and neck FE model. The models were assessed for bare-head and helmeted impacts at three speeds (5.5, 7.4, and 9.3 m/s) and three impact orientations. The HBM head and neck was assessed without muscle activation and with a high level of muscle activation representing a braced condition. The HBM and hybrid III had an average cross-correlation rating of 0.89 for acceleration in the primary impact direction, indicating excellent correspondence regardless of muscle activation. Differences were identified in the axial head acceleration, attributed to axial neck stiffness (correlation rating of 0.45), but these differences did not have a large effect on the overall head response using existing head response metrics (head injury criteria, brain injury criteria, and head impact power). Although responses that develop over longer durations following the impact differed slightly, such as the moment at the base of the neck, this occurred later in time, and therefore, did not considerably affect the short-term head kinematics in the primary impact direction. Though muscle activation did not play a strong role in the head response for the test configurations considered, muscle activation may play a role in longer duration events.
Evolving a Psycho-Physical Distance Metric for Generative Design Exploration of Diverse Shapes
Authors: Khan Shahroz , Gunpinar Erkan , Moriguchi Masaki , Suzuki Hiromasa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a generative design approach is proposed that involves the users’ psychological aspect in the design space exploration stage to create distinct design alternatives. Users’ perceptual judgment about designs is extracted as a psycho-physical distance metric, which is then integrated into the design exploration step to generate design alternatives for the parametric computer-aided design (CAD) shapes. To do this, a CAD model is first parametrized by defining geometric parameters and determining ranges of these parameters. Initial design alternatives for the CAD model are generated using Euclidean distance-based sampling teaching–learning-based optimization (S-TLBO), which is recently proposed and can sample N space-filling design alternatives in the design space. Similar designs are then clustered, and a user study is conducted to capture the subjects’ perceptual response for the dissimilarities between the cluster pairs. In addition, a furthest-point-sorting technique is introduced to equalize the number of designs in the clusters, which are being compared by the subjects in the user study. Afterward, nonlinear regression analyses are carried out to construct a mathematical correlation between the subjects’ perceptual response and geometric parameters in the form of a psycho-physical distance metric. Finally, a psycho-physical distance metric obtained is utilized to explore distinct design alternatives for the CAD model. Another user study is designed to compare the diversification between the designs when the Euclidean and the suggested psycho-physical distance metrics are utilized. According to the user study, designs generated with the latter metric are more distinct.
Design of Conformal Porous Structures for the Cooling System of an Injection Mold Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing Process
Authors: Tang Yunlong , Gao Zhengyang , Zhao Yaoyao Fiona 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The cooling system of plastic injection mold plays a critical role during the injection molding process. It not only affects part quality but also its cycle time. Traditionally, due to the limitations of conventional drilling methods, the cooling system of the injection mold usually consists of simple paralleled straight channels. It seriously limits the mobility of cooling fluid, which leads to the low cooling efficiency for the parts with complex free-form surfaces. In this research, an innovative design method for the cooling system of an injection mold is proposed by using conformal porous structures. The size and shape of each cell in the conformal porous structure are varied according to the shape of an injection molded part. Design cases are provided at the end of this paper to further illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Compared with those existing design methods for the uniform porous structures, the proposed method can further reduce the nonuniformity of the mold surface temperature distribution and decrease the pressure drop of the cooling system.
Modeling and Mechanical Analysis of Snake Robots on Cylinders
Authors: Tang Chaoquan , Li Peng , Zhou Gongbo , Meng Deyuan , Shu Xin , Guo Shuai , Li Zhixiong 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The narrow and redundant body of the snake robot makes it suitable for the inspection of complex bar structures, such as truss or tree structures. One of the key issues affecting the efficient motion of snake robots in complex bar structures is the development of mechanical models of snake robots on cylinders. In other words, the relationship between the payload and structural and performance parameters of the snake robot is still difficult to clarify. In this paper, the problem is approached with the Newton–Euler equations and the convex optimal method. Firstly, from the kinematic point of view, the optimal attitude of the snake robot wrapped around the cylinder is found. Next, the snake robot is modeled on the cylinder and transformed into a convex optimization problem. Then, the relationship between the payload of the snake robot on the cylinder and the geometric and attitude parameters of the body of snake robots is analyzed. Finally, the discussion for the optimal winding attitude and some advices for the design of the snake robot are proposed. This study is helpful toward the optimal design of snake robots, including geometry parameters and motor determination.
Hispanic representation in diabetes cardiovascular outcomes trials
Authors: Kelley A. Taylor , Mizokami-Stout Kara , O'Brien Matthew J. , Bowen Michael E. , Sussman Jeremy 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo examine Hispanic/Latino representation in diabetes cardiovascular outcomes trials for novel antidiabetic drugs.Research design and methodsWe compared Hispanic/Latino representation, age, gender and body mass index in diabetes cardiovascular outcomes trials published from January 2008 to October 2018 to Hispanic adults with diabetes in the National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey over the same time period.ResultsHispanics/Latinos comprised 18.5 % of trial subjects, which was similar to the proportion of US adults with diabetes who identify as Hispanic. Trial subjects were significantly younger, more likely to be female, and more obese than US Hispanics/Latinos. At least 10 different Latin American countries and territories were represented across the 10 trials.ConclusionsUS Hispanics/Latinos differ from subjects in diabetes cardiovascular outcomes trials, which may limit generalizability of trial results.