bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Daily Weather on Aedes Genus (Culicidae: Diptera) Arthropod Mosquito Vectors Profusion and Dengue Epidemics Transmission: A Systematic Review
Authors: Masimalai Palaniyandi 
Published: October 2024

Dengue is a vector borne flavivirus usually caused by DENV1 virus, and a quantity of cases reported with DENV2, DENV3, and DENV4 viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera) day biting female vector mosquitoes, belongs to Culicidae family. The symptoms of dengue were first clinically confirmed in Japan during 1943, and later, it was recorded simultaneously in the Asia, Africa, and North America during the 1980. Dengue epidemics situation was reported in the 142 countries across the world Dengue and severe dengue, (Global Strategy for dengue prevention and control, (2012–2020), 2020) and the epidemics had been changed to endemic situation in many of the countries for the past 2 decades, and the people who have been living in the epidemic countries estimated at risk about 450 million. The occurrence of dengue outbreaks and it’s extend have been reported in the tropical and sub-tropical countries across the globe largely in metropolitan, small towns, and semi-urban settlements. The climate variables viz. temperature, relative humidity, saturation deficiency, and rainfall, are fuelled for conducing environment for the vector longevity, survival and also for dengue virus incubations in mosquitoes. Temperature ranges between > 21 and < 34, and relative humidity >70% and <90% has influence on the impact of variations on the vector survival, fecundity, fertility and longevity of female Aedes aegypti and flying capacity is reduced with temperature < 10 0C, and laying egg is reduced with increase of mean temperature >35 0C. Dengue epidemics clusters are directly correlated with abundance of Aedes species mosquitoes which are controlled by the annual average precipitation 300 mm to 1200 mm. The longitudinal dengue epidemics transmissions are mainly associated with monsoon and tend to have seasonal patterns, particularly, during and after the monsoon. Climatic factors are playing important role in the increase or decrease of vector mosquitoes as well as dengue epidemics. Therefore, the present study is addressed on the echelon of daily weather and seasonal change in climate condition and its control on the incidence of dengue outbreaks.
Distillation
Authors: Fair* James R. , Kister Henry Z. 
Published: April 2018

Distillation is the most widely used industrial method for separating liquid mixtures into their constituents that is based on the difference in composition between a liquid mixture and the vapor formed from it. In chemical plants and petroleum refineries, distillations are normally carried out in vertical columns (also referred to as towers) containing devices for bringing the flowing liquid mixture into intimate contact with a flowing vapor mixture that is generated by partial vaporization of the liquid.The article covers the fundamental physical and mathematical relationships that are needed for the design and analysis of distillation columns, distillation processes and equipment, and economic considerations.
LC‐NMR: An Overview of A Hyphenated Technique
Authors: Sharma Kamna , Kumar Kapil , Rawal Ravindra K. , Singh Virender 
Published: April 2018

LC‐NMR, a hyphenated system of liquid chromatography (LC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), is an efficient technique used in various fields such as metabolites analysis, drug impurity profiling, structure elucidation, identification of volatile oils, analysis of pesticides, and other natural products. The technique provides quantitative information on chemical compositions, including the structure and type of functional groups. The major drawback ofLC‐NMRis its low sensitivity that can be overcome by using cryogenic probes and higher magnetic field strength.In this article, theLC‐NMRinstrumentation, modes of operation, and sample preparation are introduced. Applications, advancement in the field, and performance ofLC‐NMRcompared with other analytical techniques are also discussed.
Two‐ and Three‐Phase Chemical Reactors
Authors: Pangarkar Vishwas Govind 
Published: April 2018

This article presents a discussion on three major types of two/three‐phase reactors: bubble column or two/three‐phase sparged reactor, stirred reactor, and venturi loop reactor. The aim is to provide appropriate process design philosophy. The basics of mass transfer accompanied by a chemical reaction are initially presented followed by experimental methods used for discerning reaction kinetics of a multiphase reaction. Metrics for reactor selection have been outlined. A simplified design philosophy that is based on identification of the rate‐controlling step and the associated rate equation has been presented. The intrinsic reaction kinetics do not vary with the type/size of the reactors used. Therefore, the problem reduces to prediction of reactor type and size‐dependent mass transfer coefficients.Subsequent discussion deals with individual reactors with respect to (i) advantages/drawbacks, (ii) areas of application, (iii) hydrodynamic regimes, (iv) gas‐phase holdup, (v) gas–liquid and solid–liquid mass transfer coefficients,kLaandKSL, respectively. The focus is on presenting reliable correlations forkLaandKSLthat allow estimation of the rates of corresponding mass transfer steps. Comparison of these with the intrinsic reaction rate yields the rate‐controlling step and associated rate expression for reactor design. The article concludes with a comparison of the performance of the three types chosen for discussion. For the specific reaction chosen, it is concluded that the venturi loop system yields superior performance.
Spatially Explicit, Regional‐Scale Simulation of Lake Carbon Fluxes
Authors: Zwart J. A. , Hanson Z. J. , Vanderwall J. , Bolster D. , Hamlet A. , Jones S. E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLakes are areas of intense biogeochemical processing in the landscape, contributing significantly to the global carbon cycle despite their small areal coverage. However, current large‐scale estimates of lake biogeochemical fluxes are all generated by multiplying a mean observed areal rate by regional or global lake surface area, which ignores important heterogeneous spatial and temporal processes that regulate lake carbon cycling. We have developed a process‐based model that integrates core scientific knowledge in hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology that is specifically designed to be applied over large geographic regions to hindcast or forecast regional lake carbon fluxes. We used our model to simulate daily carbon fluxes and pools for 3,675 lakes in the Northern Highlands Lake District from 1980–2010 and produced spatial and seasonal patterns consistent with observations. Variabilities in lake carbon fluxes were well predicted by relatively simple hydrologic metrics, such as the fraction of hydrologic export as evaporation (FHEE). Overall, lakes with a high FHEE processed a greater percentage of carbon inputs in the simulations than lakes with a low FHEE, but low‐FHEE lakes ultimately processed more total carbon because of greater carbon inputs. Large lakes with low FHEE and high external loading of dissolved inorganic carbon contributed most to total CO2 emissions for the Northern Highlands Lake District, and our model estimated that 78% of total CO2 emissions from lakes to the atmosphere originated from external loads of dissolved inorganic carbon. By better characterizing the unique biogeochemical processes for each individual lake, regional estimates of carbon fluxes are more accurately determined.
Probabilistic Hazard From Pyroclastic Density Currents in the Neapolitan Area (Southern Italy)
Authors: Sandri Laura , Tierz Pablo , Costa Antonio , Marzocchi Warner 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe metropolitan area of Napoli (∼3 M inhabitants) in southern Italy is located in between two explosive active volcanoes: Somma‐Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei. Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) from these volcanoes may reach the city center, as witnessed by the Late Quaternary stratigraphic record. Here we compute a novel multivolcano Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment of PDCs, in the next 50 years, by combining the probability of PDC invasion from each volcano (assuming that they erupt independently) over the city of Napoli and its surroundings. We model PDC invasion with the energy cone model accounting for flows of very different (but realistic) mobility and use the Bayesian Event Tree for Volcanic Hazard to incorporate other volcano‐specific information such as the probability of eruption or the spatial variability in vent opening probability. Worthy of note, the method provides a complete description of Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment, that is, it yields percentile maps displaying the epistemic uncertainty associated with our best (aleatory) hazard estimation. Since the probability density functions of the model parameters of the energy cone are unknown, we propose an ensemble of different hazard assessments based on different assumptions on such probability density functions. The ensemble merges two plausible distributions for the collapse height, reflecting a source of epistemic (specifically, parametric) uncertainty. We also apply a novel quantification for a spatially varying epistemic uncertainty associated to PDC simulations.
Lagrangian Modeling of Arctic Ocean Circulation Pathways: Impact of Advection on Spread of Pollutants
Authors: Kelly S. , Popova E. , Aksenov Y. , Marsh R. , Yool A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSea‐ice‐free summers are projected to become a prominent feature of the Arctic environment in the coming decades. From a shipping perspective, this means larger areas of open water in the summer, thinner and less compact ice all year round, and longer operating seasons. Therefore, the possibility for easier navigation along trans‐Arctic shipping routes arises. The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is one trans‐Arctic route, and it offers a potential 10 day shortcut between Western Europe and the Far East. More ships transiting the NSR means an increased risk of an accident, and associated oil spill, occurring. Previous research suggests that current infrastructure is insufficient for increased shipping. Therefore, should an oil spill occur, the window for a successful clean‐up will be short. In the event of a failed recovery, the long‐term fate of the unrecovered pollutants must be considered, at least until the next melt season when it could become accessible again. Here we investigate the role of oceanic advection in determining the long‐term fate of Arctic pollutants using a high‐resolution ocean model along with Lagrangian particle‐tracking to simulate the spread of pollutants. The resulting “advective footprints” of pollutants are proposed as an informative metric for analyzing such experiments. We characterize the circulation along different parts of the NSR, defining three main regions in the Eurasian Arctic, and relate the distinctive circulation pathways of each to the long‐term fate of spilled oil. We conclude that a detailed understanding of ocean circulation is critical for determining the long‐term fate of Arctic pollutants.
Observed Characteristics and Vertical Structure of Mesoscale Eddies in the Southwest Tropical Pacific
Authors: Keppler Lydia , Cravatte Sophie , Chaigneau Alexis , Pegliasco Cori , Gourdeau Lionel , Singh Awnesh 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the Southwest Pacific Ocean, waters transit from the subtropical gyre before being redistributed equatorward and poleward. While the mean pathways are known, the contribution to the mixing and transport of the water from mesoscale eddies has not been comprehensively investigated. In this research, satellite altimetry data, combined with an eddy detection and tracking algorithm is used to investigate the distribution and surface characteristics of mesoscale eddies in this region of complex bathymetry (10°S–30°S, 140°E–190°E). Detected eddies are then colocalized with in situ data from Argo floats to determine their vertical structure and the effect of eddies on the water masses. The numerous islands affect the eddy behavior as most eddies are formed in the lee of islands, propagate westward and decay when encountering shallow bathymetry. Eddies are sparse and short‐lived in the tropical area north of Fiji, impacting only the top 200 meters of water. They do not appear to be able to trap and transport waters in this region. In the Coral Sea, a region of lateral shear between currents transporting waters of different origins, eddies are more numerous and energetic. They affect the water properties down to at least 500 m depth, and anticyclonic eddies trap water to ∼200 m, contributing to the upper thermocline waters mixing and transport. South of New Caledonia, mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous, with typical lifetimes longer than 5 months. They affect the temperature, salinity, and velocities down to ∼1,000 m depth, and weakly contribute to the mixing of lower thermocline waters.
Langley Calibration Analysis of Solar Spectroradiometric Measurements: Spectral Aerosol Optical Thickness Retrievals
Authors: Jeong Ukkyo , Tsay Si‐Chee , Pantina Peter , Butler James J. , Loftus Adrian M. , Abuhassan Nader , Herman Jay R. , Dimov Alexander , Holben Brent N. , Swap Robert J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAerosol optical thickness (τaer) is a fundamental parameter for analyzing aerosol loading and associated radiative effects. The τaer can constrain many inversion algorithms using passive/active sensor measurements to retrieve other aerosol properties and/or the abundance of trace gases. In the next wave of spectroradiometric observations from geostationary platforms, we envision that a strategically distributed network of robust, well‐calibrated ground‐based spectroradiometers will comprehensively complement spaceborne measurements in spectral and temporal domains. Spectral τaer can be accurately obtained from direct‐Sun measurements based on the Langley calibration method, which allows for the analysis of distinct spectral features of the calibration results. In this study, we present a spectral τaer retrieval algorithm for an in‐house developed, field deployable spectroradiometer instrument covering wavelengths from ultraviolet to near‐infrared (UV‐Vis‐NIR). The spectral total optical thickness obtained from the Langley calibration method is partitioned into molecular and particulate components by utilizing a least squares method. The resulting high temporal‐resolution τaer and Ångström Exponent can be used effectively for cloud screening. The new algorithm was applied to month‐long measurements acquired from the rooftop at National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center's Building 33. The retrieved τaer demonstrated excellent agreement with those from well‐calibrated Aerosol Robotic Network Sun photometers at all overlapping wavelengths (correlation coefficients higher than 0.98). In addition, empirical stray light corrections considerably improved τaer retrievals at short wavelengths in the UV. The continuous spectrum of τaer from UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroradiometers is expected to provide more informative constraints for retrieval of additional aerosol properties such as refractive indices, size, and bulk vertical distribution.
A Classification of Clay‐Rich Subaqueous Density Flow Structures
Authors: Hermidas Navid , Eggenhuisen Joris T. , Jacinto Ricardo Silva , Luthi Stefan M. , Toth Ferenc , Pohl Florian 
Published: April 2018

This study presents a classification for subaqueous clay‐laden sediment gravity flows. A series of laboratory flume experiments were performed using 9%, 15%, and 21% sediment mixture concentrations composed of sand, silt, clay, and tap water, on varying bed slopes of 6°, 8°, and 9.5°, and with discharge rates of 10 and 15 m3/hr. In addition to the characteristics of the boundary and plug layers, which have been previously used for the classification of open‐channel clay‐laden flows, the newly presented classification also incorporates the treatment of the free shear layer. The flow states within the boundary and free shear layers were established using calculation of the inner variable, self‐similarity considerations, and the magnitude of the apparent viscosity. Based on the experimental observations four flow types were recognized: (1) a clay‐rich plug flow with a laminar free shear layer, a plug layer, and a laminar boundary layer, (2) a top transitional plug flow containing a turbulent free shear layer, a plug layer, and a laminar boundary layer, (3) a transitional turbidity current with a turbulent free shear layer, no plug layer, and a laminar boundary layer, and (4) a fully turbulent turbidity current. A connection between the emplaced deposits and the relevant flow types is drawn and it is shown that a Froude number, two Reynolds numbers, and a dimensionless yield stress parameter are sufficient to associate an experimental flow type with a natural large‐scale density flow.
Importance of Considered Organic Versus Inorganic Source of Carbon to Lakes for Calculating Net Effect on Landscape C Budgets
Authors: Lu Weiqi , Wang Shilu , Yeager Kevin M. , Liu Fang , Huang Qiangsheng , Yang Yuxue , Xiang Peng , Lü Yingchun , Liu Cong‐qiang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLakes and reservoirs transform, emit, and bury carbon that is exported from land and are thus significant components of terrestrial carbon budgets. Their significance is often assessed by integrating these water bodies into terrestrial primary production. However, the transfer of inorganic carbon (IC) is likely a sticking point for these integrations because IC is not part of net ecosystem production. Here we integrated carbon evasion and organic carbon (OC) burial in a lake in the context of inorganic and OC cycling in a karst catchment from a system perspective. The lake emitted carbon dioxide (CO2) and buried OC at rates of 1.0 ± 0.2 and 0.9 ± 0.2 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, approximately equaling 13% and 11% of catchment net ecosystem production, respectively. These proportions represent significant influences on terrestrial carbon budgets, given an organic origin. However, catchment carbon export is dominated by IC that is derived from carbonates dissolved by soil CO2. Lake CO2 evasion accounts for less than 0.1% of soil CO2 efflux, suggesting little potential in significantly altering terrestrial carbon budgets. This comparison indicates the significance of aquatic CO2 evasion, requiring an adjustment of terrestrial carbon budgets to recognize their dependence on carbon origins. The significance may be overstated if inorganic origin is ignored. Our study suggests that a careful reassessment of the significance of CO2 evasion and OC burial in freshwater ecosystems to local and global carbon budgets, with full consideration of their sources, is necessary and pressing.
Aeromagnetic Investigation of the Central Apennine Seismogenic Zone (Italy): From Basins to Faults
Authors: Minelli Liliana , Speranza Fabio , Nicolosi Iacopo , D'Ajello Caracciolo Francesca , Carluccio Roberto , Chiappini Stefano , Messina Alfio , Chiappini Massimo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe report on a high‐resolution, low‐altitude aeromagnetic investigation of the central Apennine extensional seismogenic zone, hit by destructive historical earthquakes including the 2009 L'Aquila seismic sequence. Central Apennines are predominantly made by thick (>4 and possibly up to 12 km) packages of shelf and deep marine limestones and dolomites of Mesozoic age, unconformably covered by upper Pliocene‐Holocene continental sediments lying on (often active) normal fault hanging walls. Seismogenic faults cut the carbonates down to 10‐ to 12‐km depth, where the brittle‐ductile transition occurs. Aeromagnetic data were collected during June 2014 with a cesium magnetometer, along 200‐m‐spaced flight lines. Apart from a regional 80‐nT anomaly that we modeled at 30‐ to 40‐km depths in the lower crust of the Adria plate, weak magnetic residuals are observed. As expected, normal faults cutting the diamagnetic carbonates lack any magnetic fingerprint. However, shallow continental basins yield clear anomalies of 2‐ to 8‐nT intensity, as they contain both residual soils and tephra erupted after 0.7 Ma by volcanoes from the Tyrrhenian margin of Italy. Basin margins imaged by aeromagnetism mirror the geometry of their causative normal faults. Thus, aeromagnetic residuals document many of the central Apennine normal faults that were active during the last ~3 Ma. Most prominent anomalies reflect basins formed after 0.7 Ma, as their magnetization is significantly higher than that of older continental basins. We conclude that rectilinear boundaries of most prominent anomalies reflect faults formed after 0.7 Ma, thus probably seismogenic.
Formation of Plasma Around a Small Meteoroid: Simulation and Theory
Authors: Sugar G. , Oppenheim M. M. , Dimant Y. S. , Close S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHigh‐power large‐aperture radars detect meteors by reflecting radio waves off dense plasma that surrounds a hypersonic meteoroid as it ablates in the Earth's atmosphere. If the plasma density profile around the meteoroid is known, the plasma's radar cross section can be used to estimate meteoroid properties such as mass, density, and composition. This paper presents head echo plasma density distributions obtained via two numerical simulations of a small ablating meteoroid and compares the results to an analytical solution found in Dimant and Oppenheim (2017a, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023960, 2017b, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023963). The first simulation allows ablated meteoroid particles to experience only a single collision to match an assumption in the analytical solution, while the second is a more realistic simulation by allowing multiple collisions. The simulation and analytical results exhibit similar plasma density distributions. At distances much less than λT, the average distance an ablated particle travels from the meteoroid before a collision with an atmospheric particle, the plasma density falls off as 1/R, where R is the distance from the meteoroid center. At distances substantially greater than λT, the plasma density profile has an angular dependence, falling off as 1/R2 directly behind the meteoroid, 1/R3 in a plane perpendicular to the meteoroid's path that contains the meteoroid center, and
in front of the meteoroid. When used for calculating meteoroid masses, this new plasma density model can give masses that are orders of magnitude different than masses calculated from a spherically symmetric Gaussian distribution, which has been used to calculate masses in the past.