bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tytuł profesora w Polsce w latach 1920–1990. Część 1. Warunki przyznawania tytułu profesora w prawie szkół wyższych
Authors: Wojtczak Krystyna 
Published: September 2018

The Polish law on schools of higher education of the past years did not provide a uniformed deﬁ nition of the institution of the title of professor. Diff erences in its treatment generally corresponded to the legal and factual conditions in which the institutions of higher education were operating in interwar Poland in the ﬁ rst years of the Polish People’s Republic. This was not a period of simple change. The ﬁ rst establishments of higher education operating after 1918, and also after the end of World War II, were struggling not only with the acquisition of professors. Later years, despite the opening of new schools of higher education, did not manage to solve the problem of professorship shortages. What was more, a new threat emerged that was ideologisation of universities and scientiﬁ c research. Gradually ideological assumptions had become the criteria of professorship selection. This state of aff airs changed only as a result of the political transformation after 1989. In the interwar Poland and the ﬁ rst years of the Polish People’s Republic, the law provided for two titles of professor: extraordinary and ordinary. A special position was also given to honorary professors, and the award of other professorships was not an isolated act. The shortage of professorship staff was compensated by awarding titles of titular professor, contract professor and deputy professor. This solution continued to prevail in the early years of the Polish People’s Republic and changed only in 1952 when the Act of 1951 came into force. It provided for two scientiﬁ c titles: the extraordinary professor and the ordinary professor. The Act of 1958 Act extended their number by including the titles of contract professor and deputy professor and speciﬁ ed other conditions for awarding these titles. The article presents legal solutions of the past years not only in the scope in which they served the selection of professors’ staff and the conditions of scientiﬁ c advancement set for them in particular years, as well as the conditions in which these advancements were possible.
Prawo do nauki. Prawa dziecka-ucznia
Authors: Grzejdziak-Przybyłowicz Agnieszka 
Published: September 2018

The subject matter of this article was the right to education with a particular regard to the rights of the child being a pupil and his/her right to personal treatment in the teaching and the whole educational process, the right to the open and motivated assessment of the progress in learning, the right to impact the school life via local government activities, as well as the right to the freedom of conscience and religion, and the right to recognise and preserve the national identity in the teaching process. The issue of pupil’s responsibilities, and in particular compulsory schooling and compulsory education, have also been raised. The article deﬁ ned the right to education and placed it among other acts of international law – the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, as well as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, known as the World Constitution of the Rights of the Child. In addition to the nature of the right to education, the subject matter of the consideration was also the principles and guarantees of its implementation, contained in the Basic Law. Their analysis led to the conclusion about the limited nature of the right of parents to bring up the child according to their own convictions, the implementation of which should be compatible with the welfare of the child and the constitutionally guaranteed right to receive education. An analysis of the regulations applicable in the prescribed scope statutory, and in particular in terms of universal and equal access to education have also been discussed. The reﬂ ections presented in the article have been enriched with case law examples and judgments delivered by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, the Supreme Court, and the Common Courts. The analysis of the existing legal references, the doctrine, and the case law has allowed to reach a conclusion on the fundamental nature of the right to education, the implementation of which conditions the development of an individual and the full use of its rights.
Karta Polaka w systemie instytucjonalnym prawa o cudzoziemcach
Authors: Narożniak Agnieszka 
Published: September 2018

In recent years, there have been legislative cha nges as a result of which the role of the Pole’s Card in the Polish legal system has been increasing. The growing importance of the Pole’s Card requires reﬂ ection on its place in the system of Polish law on foreigners and its relation to other institutions of this law. According to the original concept, the Pole’s Card was to be an offi cial conﬁ rmation of the holder’s belonging to the Polish Nation and a way of granting a number of rights in order to make the foreigner’s stay in Poland easier. Today, it is justiﬁ ed to say that the Pole’s Card has acquired a new, “stay-in” function. Although the Card on its own does not give the right to reside in Poland, it allows its holder to apply for a permanent residence permit without having to meet standard migration requirements. The changes have also made it legitimate to talk about a “repatriation” function of the Pole’s Card. It does not grant Polish citizenship, nevertheless it lets to avoid many diffi culties connected to standard procedures. As far as leaving the country is concerned, the Pole’s Card does not constitute an obstacle to the imposition on its holder of an obligation to leave Poland. However, it should be noted that while fulﬁ lling its functions, the Card signiﬁ cantly reduces the likelihood of addressing a decision containing such an obligation. The attractiveness of the Pole’s Card holder status is demonstrated in practice by the growing interest in applying for this document. In the system of the law on foreigners, however, there remain some details that show that the whole concept is somehow incomplete. In practice, problems arise with the assessment of the connection to Polish culture and there are questions about the eff ects of unfair practices when applying for the Pole’s Card. Doubts are also raised by the lack of uniﬁ cation of the Card holder status, irrespective of the possession of another privileged status: the one of a citizen of the European Union or a member of her or his family. It leads to a conclusion that legislative corrections seem necessary at some points. At the same time it is claimed that apart from the above, the quality of the application of the existing law should be improved.
Powództwo przeciw dyskryminacji w Ustawie z dnia 3 grudnia 2010 r. o wdrożeniu niektórych przepisów Unii Europejskiej w zakresie równego traktowania
Authors: Śmiałek Paweł 
Published: September 2018

Discrimination is a phenomenon that has been existing in our society for many years. The main cause of increased legislative activity in European countries is the action of the European Union, which has issued a number of directives dealing with the problem of discrimination. Poland, as a member of the European Union, was obliged to implement anti-discrimination directives. The legislator did this by enacting the Act of 3 December 2010 on the implementation of certain European Union regulations on equal treatment (hereafter: the equality statute). The equality statue was a good step towards combating discrimination in areas such as the provision of services or capital ﬂ ow. The legislator has also pointed to discriminatory features, including race, age, disability, sex, or sexual orientation. These features cannot serve as a basis for diff erentiating the legal position of legal entities. In carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the subject matter, the study presented in this article covered: the normative grounds of an anti-discrimination lawsuit, the right to compensation, which deviates signiﬁ cantly from the deﬁ nition set out in Article 361 of the Civ il Code, the substantive and legal grounds for action, the principles and the procedure for claiming compensation. The article also deals with the eff ectiveness of the application of the measure in the jurisprudence. To that end, the study examined the case law of common courts dealing with the facts related to the equality law. The Ombudsman and other anti-discrimination aut horities have also been contacted for information on the use of this measure. The paper identiﬁ es as well, the potential solutions aimed at increasing the eff ectiveness and frequency of the use of anti-discrimination lawsuits before Polish common courts.
Reform of the budget of the European Union as a process of strengthening the European identity. Are Europeans ready for it?
Authors: Nieborak Tomasz 
Published: September 2018

Stan ﬁnansów Unii Europejskiej stanowi od wielu lat przedmiot ożywionej debaty publicznej. Dotyczy to kilku elementów, z których obecnie za najważniejsze należy uznać: kryzys ﬁnansowy, sytuację w streﬁe euro, kryzys migracyjny, a w ostatnim czasie wyzwania, przed jakimi stanie Unia Europejska w sytuacji opuszczenia jej przez Wielką Brytanię. Wszystkie wymienione elementy to jedynie część aktualnych problemów mogących zadecydować o przyszłości Zjednoczonej Europy – Europy, której proces jednoczenia, mimo niewątpliwych błędów popełnionych po drodze, uznać można za zakończony sukcesem. Wydaje się wszakże, iż w pewnym momencie ideologia jednoczenia przysłoniła istotę budowania efektywnych struktur europejskich. Zaczęły bowiem dominować interesy indywidualne poszczególnych państw, a wartości przyświecające ojcom założycielom Unii Europejskiej zostały zmarginalizowane. Dowodem na to jest sytuacja budżetu ogólnego Unii Europejskiej, który w swej istocie stanowić miał instrument realizacji idei i wartości unijnych. Niestety, poprzez wprowadzanie kolejnych wyjątków od zasad nim rządzących, wyrażających się między innymi w uprzywilejowaniu poszczególnych państw, doprowadzono do tego, że w dyskusji na jego temat zaczęła dominować retoryka zamykająca się w zdaniu: „kto dał więcej, a kto mniej”. W związku z tym zatracono sens realizacji zasady solidarności, tj. faktycznego wyrównywania szans pomiędzy państwami czy też regionami, a także wartości dodanej tworzonej przez poszczególne wydatki budżetowe. Należy stwierdzić, że wzrost nastrojów antyeuropejskich w połączeniu z powolnym odchodzeniem od fundamentalnych wartości, na których historycznie budowana była Europa, godzi w kształtowanie tożsamości europejskiej. Nie wszystko jednak stracone. Konieczne jest wprowadzenie zmian, które przywrócą Europie jej europejskość i pozwolą utrzymać pozycję we współczesnym świecie. Z całą pewnością jednym z instrumentów prowadzących do tego celu powinien być budżet ogólny Unii Europejskiej, którego struktura oraz mechanizmy funkcjonowania, podobnie jak instytucje unijne, muszą być wszakże poddane reformie.
Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
Authors: Arabacı Aliye 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe compositions Ce0.80Sm0.2-xPrxO2-δ (x=0-0.12) were prepared through the citrate-nitrate method. The synthesized Pr3+ and Sm3+ co-doped ceria powders with different compositions were calcined at 600°C for 3 h. Phase structure of the calcined powders was characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.All the calcined samples were found to be ceria based solid solutions of fluorite type structures. The morphology examinations were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Relative density of more than 91% of the theoretical can be achieved by sintering the Ce0.80Sm0.2-xPrxO2-δ pellets at 1400°C for 6 h. The two-probe a.c. impedance spectroscopy was used to study the ionic conductivity of the doped ceria samples. The Ce0.80Sm0.80Pr0.12O1.90 composition showed the highest total ionic conductivity value which is 2.39 × 10−2 S/cm at 600°C.
Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
Authors: Zhou Lvshan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe resource utilization of phosphogypsum is confronted with great challenge. Of all the different methods for phosphogypsum resource utilization, using phosphocypsum to fabricate calcium fluoride (CaF2) is an effective resource utilization method. In this work, high-quality nano-calcium fluoride was successfully prepared in aqueous solution using calcined phosphogypsum by direct precipitation method. A series of orthogonal experiments were carried out in study. Here, the calcined phosphogypsum powder was mixed with NH4F to react at 40°C for 70 min according to the optimum molar ratio (Ca/ F=0.4). Meanwhile, the residue obtained by separating the mixture reacted was dried at 120°C for 90min. After preparation, the nano-calcium fluoride was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, results found that the average particle diameter of calcium fluoride was around 70 nm. This work could increase the industrial chain of phosphogypsum application and apply a method to solve the fluorite resource shortage.
Representation of Real-World Event Schemas during Narrative Perception
Authors: Baldassano Christopher , Hasson Uri , Norman Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2018

Understanding movies and stories requires maintaining a high-level situation model that abstracts away from perceptual details to describe the location, characters, actions, and causal relationships of the currently unfolding event. These models are built not only from information present in the current narrative, but also from prior knowledge about schematic event scripts, which describe typical event sequences encountered throughout a lifetime. We analyzed fMRI data from 44 human subjects (male and female) presented with 16 three-minute stories, consisting of four schematic events drawn from two different scripts (eating at a restaurant or going through the airport). Aside from this shared script structure, the stories varied widely in terms of their characters and storylines, and were presented in two highly dissimilar formats (audiovisual clips or spoken narration). One group was presented with the stories in an intact temporal sequence, while a separate control group was presented with the same events in scrambled order. Regions including the posterior medial cortex, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and superior frontal gyrus exhibited schematic event patterns that generalized across stories, subjects, and modalities. Patterns in mPFC were also sensitive to overall script structure, with temporally scrambled events evoking weaker schematic representations. Using a Hidden Markov Model, patterns in these regions predicted the script (restaurant vs airport) of unlabeled data with high accuracy and were used to temporally align multiple stories with a shared script. These results extend work on the perception of controlled, artificial schemas in human and animal experiments to naturalistic perception of complex narratives.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn almost all situations we encounter in our daily lives, we are able to draw on our schematic knowledge about what typically happens in the world to better perceive and mentally represent our ongoing experiences. In contrast to previous studies that investigated schematic cognition using simple, artificial associations, we measured brain activity from subjects watching movies and listening to stories depicting restaurant or airport experiences. Our results reveal a network of brain regions that is sensitive to the shared temporal structure of these naturalistic situations. These regions abstract away from the particular details of each story, activating a representation of the general type of situation being perceived.
A Druggable Genome Screen Identifies Modifiers of α-Synuclein Levels via a Tiered Cross-Species Validation Approach
Authors: Rousseaux Maxime W.C. , Vázquez-Vélez Gabriel E. , Al-Ramahi Ismael , Jeong Hyun-Hwan , Bajić Aleksandar , Revelli Jean-Pierre , Ye Hui , Phan Emily T. , Deger Jennifer M. , Perez Alma M. , Kim Ji-Yoen , Lavery Laura A. , Xu Qikia , Li Mamie Z. , Kang Hyojin , Kim Jean J. , Shulman Joshua M. , Westbrook Thomas F. , Elledge Stephen J. , Liu Zhandong , Botas Juan , Zoghbi Huda Y. 
Published: September 2018

Accumulation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) causes Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as other synucleopathies. α-Syn is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the proteinaceous aggregates that are a hallmark of sporadic PD. In familial forms of PD, mutations or copy number variations inSNCA(the α-Syn gene) result in a net increase of its protein levels. Furthermore, common risk variants tied to PD are associated with small increases ofwild-typeα-Syn levels. These findings are further bolstered by animal studies which show that overexpression of α-Syn is sufficient to cause PD-like features. Thus, increased α-Syn levels are intrinsically tied to PD pathogenesis and underscore the importance of identifying the factors that regulate its levels. In this study, we establish a pooled RNAi screening approach and validation pipeline to probe the druggable genome for modifiers of α-Syn levels and identify 60 promising targets. Using a cross-species, tiered validation approach, we validate six strong candidates that modulate α-Syn levels and toxicity in cell lines,Drosophila, human neurons, and mouse brain of both sexes. More broadly, this genetic strategy and validation pipeline can be applied for the identification of therapeutic targets for disorders driven by dosage-sensitive proteins.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe present a research strategy for the systematic identification and validation of genes modulating the levels of α-Synuclein, a protein involved in Parkinson's disease. A cell-based screen of the druggable genome (>7,500 genes that are potential therapeutic targets) yielded many modulators of α-Synuclein that were subsequently confirmed and validated inDrosophila, human neurons, and mouse brain. This approach has broad applicability to the multitude of neurological diseases that are caused by mutations in genes whose dosage is critical for brain function.
Childhood Seizures After Phototherapy
Authors: Newman Thomas B. , Wu Yvonne W. , Kuzniewicz Michael W. , Grimes Barbara A. , McCulloch Charles E. 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
In a recent Danish study, researchers found an increased risk of childhood epilepsy after phototherapy but only in boys. We investigated this association in a Kaiser Permanente Northern California cohort.

METHODS:
From 499 642 infants born at ≥35 weeks’ gestation in 1995–2011 followed for ≥60 days, we excluded 1773 that exceeded exchange transfusion thresholds and 1237 with seizure diagnoses at &lt;60 days. We ascertained phototherapy, covariates, and outcomes from electronic records and existing databases. Our primary outcome was ≥1 encounter with a seizure diagnosis plus ≥1 prescription for an antiepileptic drug. We used Cox and Poisson models to adjust for bilirubin levels and other confounding variables.

RESULTS:
A total of 37 683 (7.6%) infants received any phototherapy. The mean (SD) follow-up time was 8.1 (5.2) years. The crude incidence rate per 1000 person-years of the primary outcome was 1.24 among phototherapy-exposed children and 0.76 among those unexposed (rate ratio: 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44 to 1.85). The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 1.22 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.42; P = .009). Boys were at higher risk of seizures overall (aHR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.27) and had a higher aHR for phototherapy (1.33; 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.61) than girls (1.07; 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.37), although effect modification by sex was not statistically significant (P = .17). The adjusted 10-year excess risks per 1000 were 2.4 (95% CI: 0.6 to 4.1) overall, 3.7 (95% CI: 1.2 to 6.1) in boys, and 0.8 (95% CI: −1.7 to 3.2) in girls.

CONCLUSIONS:
Phototherapy in newborns is associated with a small increased risk of childhood seizures, even after adjusting for bilirubin values, and the risk is more significant in boys.
Calcium-phosphate bions do specifically induce hypertrophy of damaged intima in rats
Authors: Shishkova D. K. , Velikanova E. A. , Krivkina E. O. , Mironov A. V. , Kudryavtseva Yu. A. , Kutikhin А. G. 
Published: September 2018

Aim. To evaluate specificity of endothelial toxicity of calcium-phosphate bions (CPB) in vivo.Material and methods. Toxicity of calcium-phosphate bions and magnesiumphosphate bions (MPB) in relation to intima of abdominal aorta of the Wistar rats, was assessed by single intravenous injection after balloon angioplastics with further explanting of aortas in five weeks. Bioptates were analyzed: 1) with classical histological methods (hematoxilin-eosine, alizarin red, van Gison, Russell-Movat) with light microscopy; 2) immune fluorescence coloring of cryoslices (combinational coloring for marker of mature endothelial cells CD31 and marker of progenitory CD34, for CD31 and marker of vascular smooth muscle cells α-smoothmuscle actin (α-SMA), for vimentin and α-SMA, for extracellular matrix marker collagen type IV and α-SMA, after all colorings there was additional nuclear 4’,6-diamidine-2-phenylindol color) with further confocal microscopy. In all animals the blood was collected with serum extraction for systemic inflammation molecules analysis, as chemoattractant protein (МСР-1/CCL2) and ceruloplasmin via the immune enzyme analysis.Results. With the difference from CPB, MPB did not lead to intimal hypertrophy in abdominal aorta in rats. Shaping of neointima in aorta is related with CPB-induced endothelium damage that induces a phenotype shift in mesenchymal cells (smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts) from contractile (for smooth muscle) and non-active (for fibroblasts) towards synthetizing.Conclusion. Intravenous load of MPB did not lead to intimal hypertrophy that witness on specificity of endothelial toxicity of CPB, with phenotypical shift of the mesenchymal cells in neointima.
High sympathetic tone in development of the left ventricle hypertrophy and beta-blockers for regression
Authors: Ostroumova О. D. , Kochetkov A. I. , Lopukhina M. V. , Pavleeva E. Е. 
Published: September 2018

The review is focused on clinical significance of the left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) — presentation of heart lesion as a target organ for systemic hypertension (SH). Various LVH development mechanisms are presented, and special attention is paid to sympathic nervous system and β-adrenoreceptors in pathogenesis. Fundamental methods of diagnostics are described for LVH, in comparison. The pathology is classified from the perspective of recent guidelines on echocardiographic diagnostics. Epidemiology provided. Taken current evidence, the prognostic role of LVH is described as a factor increasing the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal complications in SH patients. Trials data presented that points on LVH regression with highly selective β1-blocker bisoprolol treatment. Pathophysiology of LVH regression is discussed for β1-blocker treatment.