bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eccentricity and Fluting in Young—Growth Western Hemlock in Oregon
Authors: Singleton Ryan , DeBell Dean S. , Marshall David D. , Gartner Barbara L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem irregularities can influence estimates of tree and stand attributes, efficiency of manufacturing processes, and quality of wood products. Eccentricity and fluting were characterized in young, managed western hemlock stands in the Oregon Coast Range. Sixty-one trees were selected from pure western hemlock stands across a range of age, site, and densities. The trees were felled and disks were removed from breast height, base of live crown, and various percentage-of-height locations along the bole. Indices of out-of roundness (OOR), pith-off-center (POC), and fluting severity (fluting index) were computed, flutes were counted, and depth of deepest flute was measured on each disk. These variables were related to relative tree height, tree diameter, and several stand- and tree-level attributes. The lower portions of stems tended to be more out-of-round and have a higher degree of off-centered piths than upper stem heights. Basal and breast-height disks had a higher number of flutes, deeper flutes, and higher fluting severity compared to disks from upper stem positions. Tree size (diameter at 4.5 ft) was only weakly correlated with OOR and uncorrelated with POC, but strongly correlated with more flutes, deeper flutes, and higher fluting severity. OOR and POC were not significantly correlated with any other tree or stand attributes. The fluting variables were positively correlated with stand age and overall tree growth rate and negatively correlated with trees/ac. Thus, silvicultural practices that result in more rapid growth, wider spacing, and longer rotations are likely to result in more extensive fluting but will have little or no effect on stem eccentricity. West. J. Appl. For.18(4):221–228.
Hybrid Poplar Genotype Affects Attack Incidence by the Poplar-and-Willow Borer (Cryptorhynchus lapathi)
Authors: Johnson J.D. , Johnson K.R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increasing incidence of the poplar-and-willow borer (Cryptorhynchus lapathi) in Pacific Northwest hybrid poplar plantations has resulted in reduced wood quality and stem breakage. Three replicated, 5-yr-old clone trials established in the vicinity of Pullman, WA were rated for host attack preference. Attacks by C. lapathi were found to be significant for plantation, clone, and the clone by plantation interaction. Attack rating among clones was affected by genotype. Those clones possessing P. nigra parentage, including Lombardy poplar, OP-367, and PC-6, showed significantly lower attacks across all plantations. Within the P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides (TD) hybrids, both 58-280 and 50-194 consistently exhibited lower attacks compared to the remaining four TD hybrids. Plantation, clone, and the plantation by clone interaction affected tree growth parameters significantly. Mean clone stem volume across sites from largest to smallest was: 49-177, OP-367, 50-197, 52-225, PC-6, 50-194, 58-280, 15-29, and Lombardy poplar. Attempts to correlate attack rating with any parameter of tree size were unsuccessful. Combining growth data and attack rating, OP-367 would be recommended for planting in arid regions east of the Cascade Mountains, followed by PC-6, 50-194 and 58-280. Future hybrid poplar breeding for this region should consider P. nigra as a parent. West. J. Appl. For. 18(4):276–280.
Foliar Nutrient Characteristics of Four Conifer Species in the Interior Northwest United States
Authors: Moore James A. , Mika Peter G. , Shaw Terry M. , Garrison-Johnston Mariann I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article provides foliar nutrient concentration distributions and sample size calculations for Douglas-fir, grand fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Managers can obtain foliar nutrient values from their own lands and use this information to make judgments on the relative nutrient status of forest stands. Foliage was collected from unfertilized trees at 160 different research sites of the Intermountain Forest Tree Nutrition Cooperative spanning a 16 yr period from 1982 to 1997. Douglas-fir showed the lowest variation in foliar nutrient concentrations, while grand fir was the most variable of the species sampled. Nitrogen was the least variable and Mn and Mo generally the most variable elements for all species. Grand fir had much higher foliar concentrations of K and Ca than the other species. Ponderosa pine had the highest foliar N concentrations. The pines generally have lower nutrient concentrations than the firs, with the exception of Zn. Western hemlock habitat types showed lower Douglas-fir foliar Ca, Mg, and B concentrations, but higher K concentrations than other habitat type series. Douglas-fir growing on soils derived from meta-sedimentary rocks generally had lower foliar nutrient concentrations than those growing on other rock types. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):13–24.
Early Thinning in Mixed-Species Plantations of Douglas-Fir, Hemlock, and True Fir Affected by Armillaria Root Disease in Westcentral Oregon and Washington: 20 Year Results
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Ganio Lisa M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four 10- to 20-yr-old plantations were treated to determine the effects of precommercial thinning on tree growth and mortality caused by Armillaria root disease in the Cascade Range of western Oregon and Washington. One plantation was Douglas-fir and noble fir, one Douglas-fir and western hemlock, one Douglas-fir alone, and one Shasta red fir and mountain hemlock. After 20 yr, differences in crop tree mortality between thinned and unthinned plots were not significant (P = 0.9768). Quadratic mean diameter growth of crop trees, however, was significantly (P = 0.0053) greater in thinned than in unthinned plots. Crop tree basal area/ac growth was significantly (P = 0.0008) greater in thinned plots. There were no significant (P = 0.6647) differences in basal area/ac growth of all trees between thinned and unthinned plots. Apparently, from a root-disease perspective, precommercial thinning does not affect incidence of crop-tree mortality after 20 yr, but individual and per acre tree growth of crop trees increase significantly. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):25–33.
A Comparison of Rating Systems for Dwarf Mistletoe-Induced Witches' Brooms in Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Parker Thomas J. , Mathiasen Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We compared four methods of assessing dwarf mistletoe infection and estimating volume of dwarf mistletoe-induced witches' brooms in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Witches' brooms can provide important wildlife habitat and can influence fire behavior. We used Hawksworth's dwarf mistletoe rating system (DMR), Tinnin's broom volume rating system (BVR), an estimate of the percentage of live crown occupied by witches' brooms (PCB), and a new system, total broom volume (TBV). We rated 12,536 trees for southwestern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum) infection and broom volume. Using Hawksworth's DMR and Tinnin's BVR systems, we were not able to distinguish trees with different witches' broom volumes at all sample sizes. At all sample sizes, TBV ratings accurately and precisely identified amount of witches' broom volume. We recommend that TBV be used to quantify witches' broom volume in ponderosa pine where wildlife habitat and fire ecology are primary concerns. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):54–59.
A Case Study on the Economics of Thinning in the Wildland Urban Interface
Authors: Larson Debra S. , Mirth Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This is a case study, supplemented by an economic model, of one 85 ac ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) dominated stand, called Unit 16, that was treated during the summer of 2001. Unit 16 is located in the Greater Flagstaff Forests Partnership's Fort Valley project area of the Coconino National Forest and is part of the Flagstaff, AZ wildland urban interface. The silvicultural prescription was a full restoration prescription anchored to the presettlement condition and was limited by a 16 in. dbh cutting cap. The operational strategy for the merchantable material was hand felling, limbing, topping, bucking in the forest, and forwarding of logs to the landing for loading on waiting trucks. The nonmerchantable trees were cut and rough piled, along with limbs and tops. The economic model estimated the logging contractor's costs to total $124,117. His total revenue stream during the summer of 2001 was detrimentally impacted by two unforeseen changes in his market. His normal purchaser of wood from small trees <8.0 in. dbh was unable to purchase this wood and his other market reduced its purchase price by 11%. As a result, his projected income went from providing a small profit of $7,857 to a loss of $3,284. Costs to the Forest Service to prepare the unit and to conduct postthinning activities were estimated to total $31,9160. Net costs to the Greater Flagstaff Forests Partnership in the form of a service contract with the logger totaled $17,000. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):60–65.
Douglas-Fir Growth and Yield: Research 1909–1960
Authors: Curtis Robert O. , Marshall David D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Systematic research on growth and yield of Douglas-fir began in 1909. This line of early research evolved over time and culminated in publication of USDA Bulletin 201, The Yield of Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest. B201 had an enormous influence on development of Douglas-fir forestry and was arguably the most influential single research publication ever produced in the Pacific Northwest. We review the evolution of this research and some associated topics, and the role of the major personalities involved. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):66–68.
Integrating Knowledge for Simulating Vegetation Change at Landscape Scales
Authors: Chew Jimmie D. , Stalling Christine , Moeller Kirk 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Managers of public lands are increasingly faced with making planning decisions for dynamic landscapes with conflicting objectives. A modeling system has been designed to serve as a decision support system to help managers and resource specialists integrate the available knowledge of vegetation change and disturbance processes, and quantify concepts that are often difficult to interpret for specific landscapes. The system is named SIMPPLLE, an acronym taken from “<bi>SIM</bi>ulating vegetation <bi>P</bi>atterns and <bi>P</bi>rocesses at Landscape scaLEs.” SIMPPLLE can be used to help define and evaluate future conditions at landscape scales, to identify areas that are more prone to disturbances over a given time frame, to identify the options for influencing these disturbance processes, and to help design and evaluate different strategies for achieving desired future conditions. The emphasis in this article is to give an overview of the design of the system, the types of knowledge integrated, and the type of output produced. The initial validation work discussed indicates that the approach used for capturing and integrating process knowledge in SIMPPLLE does predict realistic results at landscape scales. SIMPPLLE provides managers a tool to integrate and interpret concepts of desired future conditions, range of variability, and the interaction between vegetation patterns and disturbance processes. SIMPPLLE provides a way to help evaluate proposed management scenarios within a future that includes stochastic processes. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2):102–108.
Sensitivity of a Riparian Large Woody Debris Recruitment Model to the Number of Contributing Banks and Tree Fall Pattern
Authors: Bragg Don C. , Kershner Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Riparian large woody debris (LWD) recruitment simulations have traditionally applied a random angle of tree fall from two well-forested stream banks. We used a riparian LWD recruitment model (CWD, version 1.4) to test the validity of these assumptions. Both the number of contributing forest banks and predominant tree fall direction significantly influenced simulated riparian LWD delivery, but there was no apparent interaction between these factors. Pooled across all treatments, the average predicted 300-year cumulative LWD recruitment was 77.1 m3/100 m reach with both banks forested compared to 49.3 m3/100 m reach when only one side was timbered. Total recruitment within bank cover categories (one versus both forested) depended on the directionality of the falling stem. When only one bank was forested, the CWD model predicted the same riparian LWD recruitment for the random and CWD default tree fall patterns (∼39 m3/100 m reach), the pattern biased toward the channel yielded twice this volume, a pattern quartering toward the channel produced 64% more LWD, and the pattern paralleling the channel contributed almost 30% less than random. With both banks forested, the random, default, and quartering simulations resulted in similar delivery (about 78 m3/100 m reach), the pattern biased toward the channel contributed almost 14% more LWD, and the parallel pattern yielded 26% less. Because CWD is similar in design and operation to other riparian LWD recruitment models, it follows that any simulation of wood delivery to streams should be checked for their consistency with local forest cover and tree failure patterns. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2):117–122.
Arboreal Squirrel Response to Silvicultural Treatments for Dwarf Mistletoe Control in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Bull Evelyn L. , Heater Thad W. , Youngblood Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Various silvicultural treatments are commonly used to sanitize stands by removing trees infected with dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.), yet witches' brooms in trees infected with dwarf mistletoe often provide structures used by many wildlife species. We compared relative abundance, habitat use, and area of use of red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) before and after two different treatments designed to remove a range of dwarf mistletoe-caused witches' brooms in northeastern Oregon in 1998–2002. Dwarf mistletoe sanitation treatments included: (1) an island treatment, with retention of up to 0.5 ha groups of trees containing witches' brooms in evenly distributed uncut islands, and all harvest activity confined to thinning from below outside these islands to eliminate trees containing witches' brooms; and (2) a total removal treatment, which consisted of removing all trees that contained a witches' broom estimated to be >25 cm in diameter. Before treatment, over half of the red squirrels and northern flying squirrels in the treatment area occupied summer rest sites in witches' brooms on large Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Live trapping indicated a pretreatment abundance of 1.0 per 100 trap/nights for red squirrels and 0.4 per 100 trap/nights for northern flying squirrels, and a posttreatment abundance of 2.1 per 100 trap/nights for red squirrels and 0.2 per 100 trap/nights for northern flying squirrels. Type of rest site and amount of red squirrel reuse did not change after the island treatment, although the number of red squirrels located in rest sites increased with the island treatment. Most of the red squirrel locations occurred within the islands. Area of use by red squirrels did not change with island treatment. Type of rest site used by red squirrels and northern flying squirrels shifted after the total removal treatment from mostly witches' brooms to predominantly tree cavities. Area of use by red squirrels increased from 1.8 to 7.6 ha after the total removal treatment. Results suggest that retention of trees containing witches' brooms in small groups or islands offers an opportunity to retain rest site habitat, although northern flying abundance declined with both treatments. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2): 133–141.
Early Career Development of Foresters, Range Conservationists, and Wildlife/Fisheries Biologists in Two Western Forest Service Regions
Authors: Kennedy James J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper examines how newly hired foresters are adapting to their profession and a career in the Forest Service in comparison to their range conservationist and wildlife/fisheries biologist colleagues. The sample consisted of 44 foresters, 27 range conservationists, and 38 biologists with 1-3 years permanent Forest Service employment in the Intermountain and Pacific Northwest regions, as well as 35 of their immediate supervisors. About half the sample were women. Most young recruits have found satisfying careers both in their profession and within the Forest Service. Foresters and range conservationists seemed to more readily accept organizational values and develop a long-term commitment to the Forest Service than did their biologist colleagues. Some women had difficulty adapting to their professions and to the Forest Service. The professional and sexual diversity of these new types of recruits has implications for their integration into the Forest Service, acceptance of their values and loyalties, and the evolution of a natural resources agency traditionally dominated by male foresters. West. J. Appl. For. 2:10-14, January 1987
Elk Hiding and Thermal Cover Guidelines in the Context of Lodgepole Pine Stand Density
Authors: Smith Frederick W. , Long James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present a technique to evaluate how ungulate hiding and thermal cover guidelines affect density management of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands. Modification of a lodgepole pine density management diagram results in a graphical tool useful to forest managers interested in wildlife habitat evaluation. This technique can be used to determine the amounts of cover provided by silvicultural prescriptions and to evaluate cover status of existing stands. Stand structures that meet the guidelines were determined by simulation modeling and field sampling. Current hiding cover requirements were met when summed dbh was above about 5,000 in./ac or when summed crown diameters were greater than 630 ft/ac. The thermal cover requirement was determined to be the most restrictive element of the guidelines. West. J. Appl. For. 2:6-10, January 1987.
Simulating Succession of Riparian Spruce Forests and White-Tailed Deer Carrying Capacity in Northwestern Montana
Authors: Jenkins Kurt J. , Wright R. Gerald 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Rates of succession were determined during the period 1945-80 in six floodplain plant communities along the North Fork of the Flathead River, Montana. A succession model was developed to forecast the long-range effects of land-use change on the carrying capacity of white-tailed deer winter range. The areas occupied by mature spruce (Picea englemannii x glauca hybrid) and spruce-black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) forests on the floodplain were relatively constant between 1945-1980. Early seral types were more variable due to short-term variations in river flow. Successional modelling demonstrated the effects of two timber harvesting strategies on white-tailed deer populations. Simulated populations declined following two timber harvesting schedules, but recovered after cessation of harvest. An additional application of the model showed the potential effects of increased erosion rates on deer populations and demonstrated the versatility of land succession models for resource monitoring. West. J. Appl. For. 2(3):80-83, July 1987
Old-Growth Douglas-Fir and Western Hemlock: A 36-Year Record of Growth and Mortality
Authors: DeBell Dean S. , Franklin Jerry F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth and mortality were measured at 6-year intervals in a 1,180-acre old-growth stand in southwestern Washington. Principal tree species were Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and western white pine (Pinus monticola). They composed 59, 27, 6, 6, and 1%, respectively, of the total cubic volume (13,290 ft³) in 1947. Gross volume growth averaged 94 ft³ per acre per year, and mortality averaged 86 ft³ per acre per year. Net growth was therefore minimal, and total stand volume remained nearly constant for 36 years. Douglas-fir, which accounted for only one-third of the gross growth and nearly one-half of the mortality, is losing dominance to western hemlock, which provided nearly one-half the gross growth and only 28% of the mortality. Pacific silver fir increased in importance in the lower canopy and composed 60% of the in-growth. Thus, although net gain in timber volume was nil, substantial changes occurred in stand characteristics during the 1947-1983 period. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):111-114, October 1987.
Correlations Between Overtopping Vegetation and Development of Douglas-Fir Saplings in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Chan Samuel S. , Walstad John D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) saplings to overtopping vegetation on three northeast-facing sites in the Oregon Coast Range was studied for two years. As amount of overtopping brush increased, sapling growth (as indicated by size) generally decreased. Basal stem diameter growth was most reduced, but similar reductions in growth occurred for tree height and other morphological features. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):117-119, October 1987.
Growth and Foliar Nutrition of Douglas-Fir Seedlings Provided with Supplemental Polymer-Coated Fertilizer
Authors: Jacobs Douglass F. , Haase Diane L. , Rose Robin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Polymer-coated fertilizer (PCF) provides a potential means to optimize nutrient delivery for plant uptake, while minimizing leaching. Coating technology varies by manufacturer, which may alter patterns of nutrient release over time among comparable products. Three months following sowing, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were transplanted into containers with Osmocote Plus (OS) (15-9-12) and Apex (AP) (16-5-9) PCF (each with 5–6 month longevity) applied at four rates (0, 600, 1200, and 1800 mg total N per seedling) as a supplement to periodic addition of conventional water-soluble fertilizer. Seedlings fertilized with OS had 11% greater stem diameter growth during the first 4 months after transplant than those fertilized with AP, but differences were negligible after 9 months. After 4 months, foliar concentrations were 11% higher for N and 10% higher for P in seedlings fertilized with AP, although contents were the same. These results suggest that different PCF types have variable temporal patterns of nutrient release, which may affect seedling development over time. Differences among products must be understood by growers to help formulate fertilizer prescriptions that optimize plant response. Seedling response varied marginally among PCF rates, suggesting little benefit to PCF when used in conjunction with water-soluble fertilizer. West. J. Appl. For. 20(1):58–63.
Top Height Estimation in Lodgepole Pine Sample Plots
Authors: García Oscar , Batho Adrian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Top height definitions are often based on the heights of a certain number of the largest trees per unit area, such as the largest 100/ha. Recognizing that results vary with the extent of the reference area, this area is specified in the British Columbia definition, basing top height on the largest tree in a 0.01-ha plot. The problem is how to estimate top height when data is available for larger plots, without the information needed to subdivide them into 0.01-ha subplots. The usual largest 100/ha overestimates the correct value, and we find that the bias can be substantial. We evaluate two alternatives for natural lodgepole pine stands, using data from 0.04- and 0.08-ha sample plots. The improved estimators considerably reduce bias, although some bias due to spatial size autocorrelations remains. Autocorrelation was found to be predominantly positive, and some implications for growth and yield prediction are mentioned. West. J. Appl. For. 20(1):64–68.