bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Trust in Self-Driving Vehicles Through Text Analysis
Authors: Lee John D. , Kolodge Kristin 
Published: September 2019

Objective This study examined attitudes toward self-driving vehicles and the factors motivating those attitudes. Background Self-driving vehicles represent potentially transformative technology, but achieving this potential depends on consumers’ attitudes. Ratings from surveys estimate these attitudes, and open-ended comments provide an opportunity to understand their basis. Method A nationally representative sample of 7,947 drivers in 2016 and 8,517 drivers in 2017 completed the J.D. Power U.S. Tech Choice StudySM, which included a rating for level of trust with self-driving vehicles and associated open-ended comments. These open-ended comments are qualitative data that can be analyzed quantitatively using structural topic modeling. Structural topic modeling identifies common themes, extracts prototypical comments for each theme, and assesses how the survey year and rating affect the prevalence of these themes. Results Structural topic modeling identified 13 topics, such as “Tested for a long time,” which was strongly associated with positive ratings, and “Hacking & glitches,” which was strongly associated with negative ratings. The topics of “Self-driving accidents” and “Trust when mature” were more prominent in 2017 compared with 2016. Conclusion Structural topic modeling reveals reasons underlying consumer attitudes toward vehicle automation. These reasons align with elements typically associated with trust in automation, as well as elements that mediate perceived risk, such as the desire for control as well as societal, relational, and experiential bases of trust. Application The analysis informs the debate concerning how safe is safe enough for automated vehicles and provides initial indicators of what makes such vehicles feel safe and trusted.
The Citation Practices of the High Court of Australia, 1905–2015
Authors: Smyth Russell , Nielsen Ingrid 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe provide an empirical study of the High Court’s citation to case law and secondary sources at decade intervals between 1905 and 2015. We document trends in the number and type of citations over time, both for the Court as a whole and for the individual Justices. We find that in each of the sample years between 1905 and 1975, the Court cited relatively few authorities and for most of this period the majority of citations were to the Court’s own previous decisions or to decisions of the English courts. However, over the last four sample years—1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015—the Court cited more authority. The Court cited an increasing proportion of its own previous decisions over this period as well as a higher proportion of authority from a more diverse range of sources, including secondary sources, largely at the expense of citations to English cases. We conclude that this reflects the emergence of a distinct Australian common law with the High Court as its final arbitrator.
Cerebrovascular effects of endothelin-1 investigated using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hougaard Anders , Younis Samaira , Iljazi Afrim , Haanes Kristian A , Lindberg Ulrich , Vestergaard Mark B , Amin Faisal M , Sugimoto Kazutaka , Kruse Lars S , Ayata Cenk , Ashina Messoud 
Published: September 2019

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a highly potent vasoconstrictor peptide released from vascular endothelium. ET-1 plays a major role in cerebrovascular disorders and likely worsens the outcome of acute ischaemic stroke and aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage through vasoconstriction and cerebral blood flow (CBF) reduction. Disorders that increase the risk of stroke, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction, are associated with increased plasma levels of ET-1. The in vivo human cerebrovascular effects of systemic ET-1 infusion have not previously been investigated. In a two-way crossover, randomized, double-blind design, we used advanced 3 tesla MRI methods to investigate the effects of high-dose intravenous ET-1 on intra- and extracranial artery circumferences, global and regional CBF, and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in 14 healthy volunteers. Following ET-1 infusion, we observed a 14% increase of mean arterial blood pressure, a 5% decrease of middle cerebral artery (MCA) circumference, but no effects on extracerebral arteries and no effects on CBF or CMRO2. Collectively, the findings indicate MCA constriction secondarily to blood pressure increase and not due to a direct vasoconstrictor effect of ET-1. We suggest that, as opposed to ET-1 in the subarachnoid space, intravascular ET-1 does not exert direct cerebrovascular effects in humans.
A phase II trial of cabazitaxel as second line chemotherapy in relapsed locally advanced and/or metastatic carcinoma of the penis
Authors: Challapalli Amarnath , Pearson Sylvia , Mitra Anita V. , Coe Marc , Thomson Alastair , Elliott Tony , Kirkbride Peter , Pickering Lisa , Kirk Hannah , Foulstone Emily , Evans Heidi , Bravo Alicia , Bahl Amit K. 
Published: September 2019

Objectives To assess the efficacy and tolerability of cabazitaxel in relapsed penile cancer. Methods This Phase II single-arm trial was designed to recruit 17 patients with relapsed penile cancer. The primary endpoint was objective (complete + partial) response rate (ORR; Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours [RECIST] v1.1). Treatment comprised six 21-day cycles of cabazitaxel with restaging after cycles 2 and 4. The planned interim analysis was based upon the premise that if none of the first nine patients achieved ORR, trial would be stopped (α = 0.05, Simon’s 2-stage design). Results Nine patients were recruited from four UK centres between December 2014 and August 2016. The median age was 61 (range, 27–73.6) years, and seven patients had metastases. Patients received a median of two chemotherapy cycles (range, 2–5). None of the nine patients achieved ORR and the trial was stopped. Cabazitaxel was well tolerated with no dose reductions or delays. Three patients had grade 3/4 adverse events (anaemia, vomiting, or neutropenic sepsis). The median progression-free and overall survival were 1.3 and 5.6 months, respectively. Conclusions The trial did not reach the threshold for further continuation of single-agent cabazitaxel. However, the observed tolerability profile supports its further investigation in combination with other agents to improve patient outcomes.
Nonalcoholic Wernicke’s encephalopathy: a retrospective study of 17 cases
Authors: Yin Hongzhen , Xu Qiancheng , Cao Yingya , Qi Yupeng , Yu Tao , Lu Weihua 
Published: September 2019

Objective Nonalcoholic Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) is a devastating neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency. Although many case reports on WE have been published, more studies are required to guide the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic WE. Methods We retrospectively studied patients who were diagnosed with WE in our hospital. Data on demographics, possible causes, phenomenology, and diagnostic and treatment delays were abstracted from medical records by chart reviews. Results Seventeen patients were diagnosed with nonalcoholic WE. Nonalcoholic WE had many causes, such as gastrointestinal surgery, gastrointestinal tract diseases, vomiting, and psychiatric diseases. Most patients presented with abnormal mental symptoms, including those in a coma. Conclusion In summary, we recommend using operational criteria to diagnose and treat nonalcoholic WE as early as possible to avoid misdiagnosis and treatment delays. Nonalcoholic WE remains a clinical diagnosis, and certain examinations are helpful for this diagnosis, such as measuring serum thiamine concentrations. We should focus on patients who present with abnormal mental symptoms, even those in a coma, and administer parenteral thiamine before any carbohydrate to reduce the high frequency of residual morbidity.
Outcomes of Revision Hip Arthroscopic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: O’Connor Michaela , Steinl Gabrielle K. , Padaki Ajay S. , Duchman Kyle R. , Westermann Robert W. , Lynch T. Sean 
Published: September 2019

Background: While the indications for primary hip arthroscopic surgery in treating femoroacetabular abnormalities continue to be defined, the indications and outcomes for revision hip arthroscopic surgery remain ambiguous. However, revision hip arthroscopic surgery is performed in 5% to 14% of patients after their index procedure. While patient-reported outcomes (PROs) generally improve after revision procedures, the extent of their improvement is not well defined. Purpose: To determine the outcomes and efficacy of revision hip arthroscopic surgery in patients who remain symptomatic after their index procedure. Study Design: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Methods: The terms “hip arthroscopy,”“revisions,”“outcomes,” and “femoroacetabular impingement” were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. After screening, 15 studies were included for review. In addition to hip-specific metrics, functional outcome measures were included. Pooled estimates and 95% CIs were calculated using inverse variance methods. Results: A total of 4765 hips in 4316 patients were identified. The most common indication for revision surgery was inadequate bony resection during the index procedure. Meta-analysis showed that all PROs improved significantly from baseline to final follow-up after revision hip arthroscopic surgery. Notably, the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) increased a mean of 17.20 points after revision hip arthroscopic surgery, the Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL) improved by 13.98, and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain decreased by 3.16. However, when compared with primary hip arthroscopic surgery, the mean PRO scores after revision hip arthroscopic surgery were lower. After revision hip arthroscopic surgery, the rates of conversion to total hip arthroplasty ranged from 0% to 14.3%, and the rates of further arthroscopic revision ranged from 2% to 14%. Conclusion: Inadequate bony resection represents the most common indication for revision hip arthroscopic surgery. PROs improve significantly after revision hip arthroscopic surgery but remain lower than those of patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopic surgery.
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Accelerates the Healing of a Meniscal Tear in the Avascular Region in a Rat Model
Authors: Hashimoto Shogo , Ichinose Tsuyoshi , Ohsawa Takashi , Koibuchi Noriyuki , Chikuda Hirotaka 
Published: September 2019

Background: The treatment of meniscal tears in the avascular region remains a clinical challenge. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a minimally invasive, safe, and effective therapy for various orthopaedic disorders. However, the therapeutic effect of ESWT on meniscal tears has not been reported. Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of ESWT in the treatment of meniscal tears. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twelve-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (normal, ESWT–, and ESWT+). The authors made a full-thickness 2-mm longitudinal tear in the avascular region of the anterior horn in the latter 2 groups. At 1 week after surgery, the ESWT+ group received 800 impulses of shockwave at 0.22-mJ/mm2 energy flux density in a single session. The authors performed a histological examination to evaluate meniscal healing (n = 10 for each group) and immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; n = 5 for each group) and CCN family member 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF; n = 5 for each group) at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after ESWT. The mRNA levels of CCN2, SOX 9, VEGF-a, aggrecan, Col1a2, and Col2a1 at the site of the meniscal tear at 4 weeks after ESWT were quantitatively evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (n = 5 for each group). Results: The meniscus healing scores in the ESWT+ group were significantly higher than those in the ESWT– group at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The ratio of BrdU-positive cells was the highest in the ESWT+ group at all observation periods. The ratio of CCN2-positive cells was highest in the ESWT+ group at 4 and 8 weeks. In the ESWT+ group, real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the levels of CCN2, SOX9, aggrecan, and Col2a1 were upregulated (All significant data were P < .05). Conclusion: ESWT promoted the healing of meniscal tears in the avascular area. ESWT stimulated proliferation of meniscal cells and the upregulation of cartilage-repairing factors such as CCN2, with the upregulation of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix expression. Clinical Relevance: ESWT may be an effective therapeutic option that promotes meniscal healing in the avascular region.
Donor Site Evaluation After Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation for Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans
Authors: Matsuura Takeshi , Hashimoto Yusuke , Kinoshita Takuya , Nishino Kazuya , Nishida Yohei , Takigami Junsei , Katsuda Hiroshi , Shimada Nagakazu 
Published: September 2019

Background: Osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) requires harvesting of tissue from the asymptomatic knee joint. However, donor site morbidity (DSM) in such cases remains unclear. Purpose: To evaluate DSM and postoperative radiographic findings in patients undergoing OAT for advanced capitellar OCD. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Eighty-six juvenile athletes underwent OAT for advanced capitellar OCD. The 2000 International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score, rate of return to sports, and symptoms in the donor knee were assessed at a mean follow-up of 86 months (range, 28-185 months). Additionally, 49 of the 86 patients were assessed by radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the knee donor site. DSM was defined according to the usual criterion (persistent symptoms for >1 year or the need for subsequent intervention) and a stricter criterion (the presence of any symptoms, such as effusion, patellofemoral complaints, crepitation, unspecified disturbance, stiffness, pain/instability during activities, and osteoarthritic change). The stricter criterion was also used to allocate patients into a DSM group and a no-DSM group. Results: Two and 11 patients were determined to have DSM according to the usual and stricter criteria, respectively. All patients returned to the competitive level of their sports. The mean International Knee Documentation Committee score was 99.0. MRI findings showed abnormal signal intensity in 17 patients (35%) and hypertrophic changes in 11 patients (22%) at the donor harvest sites. The MOCART (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue) score was higher in the no-DSM group (mean, 68.2) than in the DSM group (mean, 52.9) ( P = .027). Conclusion: OAT for juvenile athletes with advanced capitellar OCD provided good clinical outcomes. The DSM rate was relatively low (2.3%) with the usual criterion but high (12.8%) with the stricter criterion. MRI showed an abnormal signal intensity and hypertrophy in some cases.
Does coercion matter? Supporting young next-of-kin in mental health care
Authors: Martinsen Elin Håkonsen , Weimand Bente , Norvoll Reidun 
Published: September 2019

Background Coercion can cause harm to both the patient and the patient’s family. Few studies have examined how the coercive treatment of a close relative might affect young next-of-kin. Research questions We aimed to investigate the views and experiences of health professionals being responsible for supporting young next-of-kin to patients in mental health care (children-responsible staff) in relation to the needs of these young next-of-kin in coercive situations and to identify ethical challenges. Research design We conducted a qualitative study based on semistructured, focus group interviews and an individual interview. Participants and research context We held three focus group interviews with six to seven children-responsible staff in each group (a total of 20 participants) and one individual interview with a family therapist. The participants were recruited from three hospital trusts in the eastern part of Norway. Ethical considerations The study was approved by the National Data Protection Official for Research and based on informed consent and confidentiality. Findings Coercion was not a theme among the participants in relation to their work with young next-of-kin, and there was much uncertainty related to whether these young people need special support to deal with the coercive treatment of their close relative. Despite the uncertainty, the study indicated a need for more information and emotional support among the youth. Discussion Few studies have addressed the potential impact of coercive treatment of a close family member on young next-of-kin. The findings were consistent with existing research but highlighted disagreement and uncertainty among the children-responsible staff about to what extent the young next-of-kin should visit and whether they should enter the ward unit or not. We identified ethical challenges for the children-responsible staff related to the principle of not inflicting harm ( nonmaleficence). Conclusion From the perspective of children-responsible staff, it appears that the coercive treatment of a close family member entails a need for extra support of young relatives both in relation to information and the facilitation of visits, but more systematic knowledge about these issues is needed.
Detection of RAS mutations in circulating tumor DNA: a new weapon in an old war against colorectal cancer. A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis
Authors: Galvano Antonio , Taverna Simona , Badalamenti Giuseppe , Incorvaia Lorena , Castiglia Marta , Barraco Nadia , Passiglia Francesco , Fulfaro Fabio , Beretta Giordano , Duro Giovanni , Vincenzi Bruno , Tagliaferri Pierosandro , Bazan Viviana , Russo Antonio 
Published: September 2019

Background: Tissue evaluation for RAS (KRAS or NRAS) gene status in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients represent the standard of care to establish the optimal therapeutic strategy. Unfortunately, tissue biopsy is hampered by several critical limitations due to its invasiveness, difficulty to access to disease site, patient’s compliance and, more recently, neoplastic tissue spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Methods: The authors performed a systematic literature review to identify available trials with paired matched tissue and ctDNA RAS gene status evaluation. The authors searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane, www.ClinicalTrials.gov , and abstracts from international meetings. In total, 19 trials comparing standard tissue RAS mutational status matched paired ctDNA evaluated through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next generation sequencing (NGS) or beads, emulsions, amplification and magnetics (BEAMing) were identified. Results: The pooled sensitivity and specificity of ctDNA were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80–0.85) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89–0.93) respectively. The pooled positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the ctDNA were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81–0.92) and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82–0.92), respectively. Positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 8.20 (95% CI: 5.16–13.02) and the negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was 0.22 (95% CI: 0.16–0.30). The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 50.86 (95% CI: 26.15–98.76), and the area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operational characteristics (sROC) curve was 0.94. Conclusion: The authors’ meta-analysis produced a complete and updated overview of ctDNA diagnostic accuracy to test RAS mutation in mCRC. Results provide a strong rationale to include the RAS ctDNA test into randomized clinical trials to validate it prospectively.
Relevance of body weight effects for the population development of common voles and its significance in regulatory risk assessment of pesticides in the European Union
Authors: Wang Magnus , Ebeling Markus , Hahne Jörg 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
The common vole (Microtus arvalis) is typically the wild mammal species driving regulatory pesticide risk assessment (RA) in Europe. The risk assessment endpoint for wild mammals is taken from the studies conducted mainly with rodents for the toxicological part of the dossier. Body weight effects in these studies are often driving the selection of the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) used for wildlife risk assessment. Thus, assessing body weight effects in voles very frequently constitutes a key scenario in the RA. Although many studies on ecology, reproductive biology, population genetics, and other aspects of common voles are available, the relevance of body weight for their survival and reproduction has not yet been specifically analysed. There is also little guidance on how to quantitatively deal with body weight effects in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides.

Results
We evaluated the population relevance of body weight effects on voles by analysis of a dataset from a multi-annual study with repeated life-trapping and genotyping, and have correlated body weight with reproductive success, taking account of the seasonality of body weight. Body weight and growth were similar between reproducing and non-reproducing females. The number of confirmed offspring indicated no correlation with parental body weight. Reproductive success of the voles was mainly influenced by the date of birth, i.e., animals born in spring have a higher chance to reproduce. Body weight did not correlate with life span during most of the year, except for autumn. Animals weighing < 15 g in October did not survive winter.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate no detectable influence of common vole body weight on reproductive success and survival during most times of the year. The results of this study suggest that, additional to the hazard information from toxicity studies, ecological information on voles as a typical species of concern should be considered in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides.