bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein Intake and Functional Integrity in Aging: The Framingham Heart Study Offspring
Authors: Hruby Adela , Sahni Shivani , Bolster Douglas , Jacques Paul F 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Higher protein intake is linked to maintenance of muscle mass and strength, but few studies have related protein to physical function and disability in aging.

Methods
In participants of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring, we examined associations between protein intake (g/d), estimated from food frequency questionnaires, and maintenance of functional integrity, as a functional integrity score based on responses to 17 questions from Katz Activities of Daily Living, Nagi, and Rosow-Breslau questionnaires, repeated up to five times (1991/1995–2011/2014) over 23 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risk of incident loss of functional integrity (functional integrity score ≤ 15th percentile).

Results
In 2,917 participants (age 54.5 [9.8] years), baseline protein intake was 77.2 (15.6) g/d. The functional integrity score (baseline, mean 98.9, range 82.4–100.0) was associated with objective performance (gait speed, grip strength) and lower odds of falls, fractures, and frailty. Across follow-up, there were 731 incident cases of loss of functional integrity. In fully adjusted models, participants in the highest category of protein intake (median 92.2 g/d) had 30% lower risk of loss of functional integrity (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.70 [0.52, 0.95], p trend = .03), versus those with the lowest intake (median 64.4 g/d). However, sex-stratified analyses indicated the association was driven by the association in women alone (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.49 [0.32, 0.74], p trend = .002) and was nonsignificant in men (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.14 [0.70, 1.86], p trend = .59).

Conclusions
Higher protein intake was beneficially associated with maintenance of physical function in middle-aged, high-functioning U.S. adults over the span of two decades. This association was particularly evident in women.
Two Decades of the Impact of Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease
Authors: Woods Gregory M , Fox Samantha , Flies Andrew S , Tovar Cesar D , Jones Menna , Hamede Rodrigo , Pemberton David , Lyons A Bruce , Bettiol Silvana S 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Tasmanian devil, a marsupial carnivore, has been restricted to the island state of Tasmania since its extinction on the Australian mainland about 3000 years ago. In the past two decades, this species has experienced severe population decline due to the emergence of devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), a transmissible cancer. During these 20 years, scientists have puzzled over the immunological and evolutionary responses by the Tasmanian devil to this transmissible cancer. Targeted strategies in population management and disease control have been developed as well as comparative processes to identify variation in tumor and host genetics. A multi-disciplinary approach with multi-institutional teams has produced considerable advances over the last decade. This has led to a greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and genomic classification of this cancer. New and promising developments in the Tasmanian devil’s story include evidence that most immunized, and some wild devils, can produce an immune response to DFTD. Furthermore, epidemiology combined with genomic studies suggest a rapid evolution to the disease and that DFTD will become an endemic disease. Since 1998 there have been more than 350 publications, distributed over 37 Web of Science categories. A unique endemic island species has become an international curiosity that is in the spotlight of integrative and comparative biology research.
Using genetics to understand the causal influence of higher BMI on depression
Authors: Tyrrell Jessica , Mulugeta Anwar , Wood Andrew R , Zhou Ang , Beaumont Robin N , Tuke Marcus A , Jones Samuel E , Ruth Katherine S , Yaghootkar Hanieh , Sharp Seth , Thompson William D , Ji Yingjie , Harrison Jamie , Freathy Rachel M , Murray Anna , Weedon Michael N , Lewis Cathryn , Frayling Timothy M , Hyppönen Elina 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Depression is more common in obese than non-obese individuals, especially in women, but the causal relationship between obesity and depression is complex and uncertain. Previous studies have used genetic variants associated with BMI to provide evidence that higher body mass index (BMI) causes depression, but have not tested whether this relationship is driven by the metabolic consequences of BMI nor for differences between men and women.

Methods
We performed a Mendelian randomization study using 48 791 individuals with depression and 291 995 controls in the UK Biobank, to test for causal effects of higher BMI on depression (defined using self-report and Hospital Episode data). We used two genetic instruments, both representing higher BMI, but one with and one without its adverse metabolic consequences, in an attempt to ‘uncouple’ the psychological component of obesity from the metabolic consequences. We further tested causal relationships in men and women separately, and using subsets of BMI variants from known physiological pathways.

Results
Higher BMI was strongly associated with higher odds of depression, especially in women. Mendelian randomization provided evidence that higher BMI partly causes depression. Using a 73-variant BMI genetic risk score, a genetically determined one standard deviation (1 SD) higher BMI (4.9 kg/m2) was associated with higher odds of depression in all individuals [odds ratio (OR): 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.28, P = 0.00007) and women only (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.39, P = 0.0001). Meta-analysis with 45 591 depression cases and 97 647 controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) strengthened the statistical confidence of the findings in all individuals. Similar effect size estimates were obtained using different Mendelian randomization methods, although not all reached P < 0.05. Using a metabolically favourable adiposity genetic risk score, and meta-analysing data from the UK biobank and PGC, a genetically determined 1 SD higher BMI (4.9 kg/m2) was associated with higher odds of depression in all individuals (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.50], P = 0.010), but with weaker statistical confidence.

Conclusions
Higher BMI, with and without its adverse metabolic consequences, is likely to have a causal role in determining the likelihood of an individual developing depression.
A multi-level mixed element scheme of the two-dimensional Helmholtz transmission eigenvalue problem
Authors: Xi Yingxia , Ji Xia , Zhang Shuo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we present a multi-level mixed element scheme for the Helmholtz transmission eigenvalue problem on polygonal domains that are not necessarily able to be covered by rectangular grids. We first construct an equivalent linear mixed formulation of the transmission eigenvalue problem and then discretize it with Lagrangian finite elements of low regularities. The proposed scheme admits a natural nested discretization, based on which we construct a multi-level scheme. Optimal convergence rate and optimal computational cost can be obtained with the scheme.
A single synonymous mutation determines the phosphorylation and stability of the nascent protein
Authors: Karakostis Konstantinos , Vadivel Gnanasundram Sivakumar , López Ignacio , Thermou Aikaterini , Wang Lixiao , Nylander Karin , Olivares-Illana Vanesa , Fåhraeus Robin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
p53 is an intrinsically disordered protein with a large number of post-translational modifications and interacting partners. The hierarchical order and subcellular location of these events are still poorly understood. The activation of p53 during the DNA damage response (DDR) requires a switch in the activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 from a negative to a positive regulator of p53. This is mediated by the ATM kinase that regulates the binding of MDM2 to the p53 mRNA facilitating an increase in p53 synthesis. Here we show that the binding of MDM2 to the p53 mRNA brings ATM to the p53 polysome where it phosphorylates the nascent p53 at serine 15 and prevents MDM2-mediated degradation of p53. A single synonymous mutation in p53 codon 22 (L22L) prevents the phosphorylation of the nascent p53 protein and the stabilization of p53 following genotoxic stress. The ATM trafficking from the nucleus to the p53 polysome is mediated by MDM2, which requires its interaction with the ribosomal proteins RPL5 and RPL11. These results show how the ATM kinase phosphorylates the p53 protein while it is being synthesized and offer a novel mechanism whereby a single synonymous mutation controls the stability and activity of the encoded protein.
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Immunocompromised Children Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in the United States, 2011–2015
Authors: Collins Jennifer P , Campbell Angela P , Openo Kyle , Farley Monica M , Cummings Charisse Nitura , Kirley Pam Daily , Herlihy Rachel , Yousey-Hindes Kimberly , Monroe Maya L , Ladisky Macey , Lynfield Ruth , Baumbach Joan , Spina Nancy , Bennett Nancy , Billing Laurie , Thomas Ann , Schaffner William , Price Andrea , Garg Shikha , Anderson Evan J 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Existing data on the clinical features and outcomes of immunocompromised children with influenza are limited.

Methods
Data from the 2011–2012 through 2014–2015 influenza seasons were collected as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET). We compared clinical features and outcomes between immunocompromised and nonimmunocompromised children (&lt;18 years old) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed community-acquired influenza. Immunocompromised children were defined as those for whom ≥1 of the following applies: human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, stem cell or solid organ transplantation, nonsteroidal immunosuppressive therapy, immunoglobulin deficiency, complement deficiency, asplenia, and/or another rare condition. The primary outcomes were intensive care admission, duration of hospitalization, and in-hospital death.

Results
Among 5262 hospitalized children, 242 (4.6%) were immunocompromised; receipt of nonsteroidal immunosuppressive therapy (60%), cancer (39%), and solid organ transplantation (14%) were most common. Immunocompromised children were older than the nonimmunocompromised children (median, 8.8 vs 2.8 years, respectively; P &lt; .001), more likely to have another comorbidity (58% vs 49%, respectively; P = .007), and more likely to have received an influenza vaccination (58% vs 39%, respectively; P &lt; .001) and early antiviral treatment (35% vs 27%, respectively; P = .013). In multivariable analyses, immunocompromised children were less likely to receive intensive care (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.31 [0.20–0.49]) and had a slightly longer duration of hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio of hospital discharge [95% confidence interval], 0.89 [0.80–0.99]). Death was uncommon in both groups.

Conclusions
Immunocompromised children hospitalized with influenza received intensive care less frequently but had a longer hospitalization duration than nonimmunocompromised children. Vaccination and early antiviral use could be improved substantially. Data are needed to determine whether immunocompromised children are more commonly admitted with milder influenza severity than are nonimmunocompromised children.
‘I Am a New Zealand Citizen Now—This Is My Home’: Refugee Citizenship and Belonging in a Post-colonizing Country
Authors: Kale Amber , Kindon Sara , Stupples Polly 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In this article, we explore how a collaborative painting project with former refugee and host-society participants highlighted tensions regarding legal versus everyday citizenship in New Zealand, while also providing opportunities for strengthened social bridging and enhanced senses of belonging. Through a series of five painting workshops, participants explored how concepts of home, belonging and public visibility were imagined, normalized and contested within everyday practices of inclusion and exclusion. This process enabled individuals to connect through common emotions and experiences, and extend their social networks, generating a sincere sense of welcome and support within the group. Fostering such empathy was a key step towards enhancing integration for newcomers. Yet, participants also acknowledged that refugee resettlement does not occur in a space free from history and power and that, to develop a more inclusive understanding of everyday citizenship in New Zealand, post-colonial and current immigration conversations ought to be pursued simultaneously.
Israel and the Jewish Diaspora
Authors: Sucharov Mira 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The Israel-Diaspora relationship is characterized by mutual identity construction. Israel depends on the Diaspora for material and ideational support; some corners of the Diaspora draw on Israel to underwrite its ongoing project of identity construction and maintenance, while others see the State of Israel as a safe haven in the face of anti-Semitism. Twenty-first-century Diaspora Jewish politics is animated by increasingly intense debates over Zionism, the relationship between Israel and the Palestinians, the question of evolving attachment to Israel (and the meaning of the concept of attachment itself), and the place of Israel in collective Jewish consciousness through donor-supported programs such as Birthright. The Israel lobby, particularly in the United States, provides a stark institutional manifestation of many of these dynamics, with respective foreign policies toward Israel serving as flashpoints for various Jewish electoral and identity debates.
The Military in Israeli Politics
Authors: Peri Yoram 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Fifty years of occupation of the Palestinian territories, changes in the nature of warfare, demographic developments, and transformation of the civilian value system have all resulted in deepening the gap between civilian society and the military in Israel over the past two decades. The military is well aware of the impact of these factors and of the Israel Defense Forces’ (IDF’s) deteriorating status in society. Indeed, the chief of the general staff has even portrayed these issues as more serious than the external threats posed by Israel’s enemies. Thus, the military has implemented a series of mechanisms aimed at reducing the gap, dealing with the expectations of civilian groups, reconstructing the military structure and normative code, and even introducing a new model of conscription, all in order to renew its contract with civilian society. What will be the repercussions of these steps, and what are the various scenarios for future developments in civil-military relations in Israel?
Civil Society and Israeli Democracy
Authors: Yishai Yael 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The underlying question addressed by this chapter is about the role of civil society in Israel in promoting or inhibiting democratic consolidation. The answer is based on three parameters: (a) mobilization, meaning the volume and substance of public participation; (b) integration, relating to civil society’s contribution to bridging social rifts; and (c) confrontation, regarding the antagonistic role of civil society. The reflection of these parameters in contemporary Israeli politics reveals a modest contribution to democracy. Mobilization is broad, but it is more ritualistic than real. Civil society does not play a significant role in enhancing tolerance and mutual respect. Challenging of the authorities is limited. It is the “bad” civil society, allied with the government coalition and mainstream ideology, that gains visibility, significance, and influence in public life.
The Urbanization of Capital and the Production of Capitalist Natures
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In the corpus of Marxist thought as well as in mainstream socialist strategies and politics, the theoretical and politically strategic position and role of space, nature, and the urbanization process in the expanded production and reproduction of capitalism, and in the transformation to socialism, remains—with a few notable exceptions—largely marginal and residual. Nonetheless, cities are hotbeds of anti-capitalist struggles and socio-ecological conflict, offer experimental spaces for emancipatory socio-ecological transformation and action, and remain pivotal for the organization and management of the creative destruction that animates a continuously revolutionizing capital circulation process. This chapter explores how emancipatory-egalitarian political movements, in conjunction with urban political-economic and political-ecological transformation, demonstrate the vital role of space, urbanization, and socio-ecological processes both in sustaining the expanded reproduction of capitalism and in choreographing the dynamics and configuration of class struggle.
Asia and the Shift in Marx’s Conception of Revolution and History
Authors: Chun Lin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Through a revisit of the evolution of Marx’s ideas about Oriental society and the village community, this chapter explores the methodological meaning of Asia for the Marxist conception of history and demonstrates its contemporary relevance. Following Marx’s original cases of India, China, and Russia, the chapter traces how eventually in his analysis national liberation and class struggle became mutually indispensable and why the oldest forms of social organization could be transformed into the newest as the communist project. This textual study of a remarkable intellectual trajectory begins with a critical examination of Marx’s Asiatic mode of production and then looks into the major twists and leaps in his later reflections, and concludes with a tentative appraisal of the significance of his eastward turn. Marx’s non-deterministic history with a strong agential as well as ecological consciousness is shown to be an indispensable source for contemporary Marxist rethinking of historical and global transformations.
Marx’s Concept of Socialism
Authors: Hudis Peter 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
One of the most important theoretical challenges facing us is developing a viable alternative to capitalism. Achieving this requires rethinking basic premises of social theory and practice, given the difficulties of freeing humanity from such problems as alienation, class domination, and the capitalist law of value. Taking off from Marx’s Concept of the Alternative to Capitalism, this article explores how Marx’s critique of capital, value production, and abstract universal labor time is grounded in an emancipatory vision of a post-capitalist society—a vision that has been largely overlooked. While Marx never wrote “blueprints of the future,” the full breadth of his work as revealed in the Marx-Engels Gesaumtausgabe indicates that his vision of a post-capitalist society went further than specifying the need to abolish private property and “anarchic” exchange relations. This chapter seeks to show how Marx’s writings on this issue provide important theoretical ground for envisioning a non-capitalist future in the twenty-first century.
The Diversified Form and Function of Cochlear Afferents
Authors: Fuchs Paul Albert 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Cochlear afferents differ in form and function. The great majority are type I, large diameter, myelinated neurons that contact a single inner hair cell to transmit acoustic information. Each inner hair cell is presynaptic to a pool of 10–30 type I afferents, among which spontaneous activity and acoustic threshold vary widely. Variation in the number, voltage-gating, and density of L-type calcium channels at each presynaptic active zone (ribbon) may dictate this functional diversity. Despite contacting large numbers of outer hair cells, the scarce, unmyelinated type II afferents are acoustically insensitive, and only weakly depolarized by outer hair cell transmitter release. However, type II afferents respond strongly to adenosine triphosphate released by cochlear tissue damage, providing a biological basis for painful hearing (noxacusis).
Love and Animals
Authors: Milligan Tony 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis chapter presents a defense of the depth and appropriateness of love for and by nonhuman animals in the face of attempts to marginalize both. Objections to the very idea of animal love generally appeal to the dangers of anthropomorphism when the dangers of anthropocentrism are at least as great. Or they appeal to the dangers of sentimentality but, in doing so, require love for or by animals to meet standards that our love for one another often fails to meet. The capacity of animals for grief is offered as a decisive, and well-evidenced, consideration that entails the capacity for love. Creatures who grieve must also be capable of love for that which has been lost.
Modernization on the Northern Fringe of Europe
Authors: Herva Vesa-Pekka , Naum Magdalena , Nordin Jonas M. , Ojala Carl-Gösta 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Atlantic world looms large in discussions of how the modern world emerged, and what modernization was about; but there have been calls to engage with these topics from the perspective of ‘margins’. Covering large areas of Fennoscandia, the seventeenth-century Kingdom of Sweden represented a northern end of urban Europe, but also encompassed the mythical Lapland, homeland of the Sámi and of natural and supernatural wonders—a contested borderland between the European ‘western’ and Russian ‘eastern’ worlds. This northern fringe of early modern Europe saw dynamic arenas of interaction where new cultural forms were generated. These localized transformations and the transmutations of modernity are the subjects of this chapter. Studying early modern processes of modernization from the perspective of the northern peripheries can provide new insights and challenges, not only into the understanding of the early modern history of the Swedish kingdom, but into the general perception of these processes.
Archaeological Research in St Petersburg, Russia
Authors: Sorokin Petr 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
St Petersburg, founded in 1703 and now the second largest city in Russia, has always been considered as a ‘new city’. However, it was not founded on a barren site. The land in the mouth of the Neva has been inhabited since the Neolithic era. In the middle ages, it was home to Ingrian and Russian settlements. Constant military conflicts over this territory both in the Middle Ages and in post-medieval times have left their traces—the remnants of the demolished Swedish fortresses, Landskrona (fourteenth century) and Nyenschantz (seventeenth century). During the 300-year history of St Petersburg, many fortifications, engineering structures, and architectural sites have been lost, and their history and remnants are becoming a target for thorough architectural research.