bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Reduced Striatal NMDA Excitotoxicity in Type I Nitric Oxide Synthase Knock-Out Mice
Authors: Ayata Cenk , Ayata Gamze , Hara Hideaki , Matthews Russel T. , Beal M. Flint , Ferrante Robert J. , Endres Matthias , Kim Albert , Christie Richard H. , Waeber Christian , Huang Paul L. , Hyman Bradley T. , Moskowitz Michael A. 
Published: April 2018

We investigated the role of neuronal (type I) nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in wild-type (SV129 and C57BL/6J) and type I NOS knock-out (nNOS−/−) mice and examined its relationship to apoptosis. Excitotoxic lesions were produced by intrastriatal stereotactic NMDA microinjections (10–20 nmol). Lesion size was dose- and time-dependent, completely blocked by MK-801 pretreatment, and smaller in nNOS knock-out mice compared with wild-type littermates (nNOS+/+, 11.7 ± 1.7 mm3;n= 8; nNOS−/−, 6.4 ± 1.8 mm3;n= 7). The density and distribution of striatal NMDA binding sites, determined by NMDA receptor autoradiography, did not differ between strains. Pharmacological inhibition of nNOS by 7-nitroindazole (50 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased NMDA lesion size by 32% in wild-type mice (n= 7). Neurochemical and immunohistochemical measurements of brain nitrotyrosine, a product of peroxynitrite formation, were increased markedly in wild-type but not in the nNOS−/−mice. Moreover, elevations in 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid levels were significantly reduced in the mutant striatum, as a measure of hydroxyl radical production.The importance of apoptosis to NMDA receptor-mediated toxicity was evaluated by DNA laddering and by quantitative histochemistry [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate–biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining]. DNA laddering was first detected within lesioned tissue after 12–24 hr. TUNEL-positive cells were first observed at 12 hr, increased in number at 48 hr and 7 d, and were located predominantly in proximity to the lesion border. The density was significantly lower in nNOS−/−mice. Hence, oligonucleosomal DNA breakdown suggesting apoptosis develops as a late consequence of NMDA microinjection and is reduced in nNOS mutants. The mechanism of protection in nNOS−/−mice may relate to decreased oxygen free radical production and related NO reaction products and, in part, involves mechanisms of neuronal death associated with the delayed appearance of apoptosis.
A Polysynaptic Feedback Circuit in Rat Visual Cortex
Authors: Johnson Randall R. , Burkhalter Andreas 
Published: April 2018

Feedback connections from extrastriate cortex to primary visual cortex (V1) in the primate may provide “top-down” information that plays a role in visual attention and object recognition. Our work in a rodent model of corticocortical circuitry demonstrates that feedback pathways synapse preferentially with pyramidal cells in V1 (Johnson and Burkhalter, 1996) and favor excitation over inhibition in cortical microcircuits (Shao and Burkhalter, 1996).To investigate the polysynaptic circuits activated by feedback inputs, we studied chains of neurons postsynaptic to feedback connections using a combination of axonal tract tracing and anterograde degeneration. This approach enabled independent labeling of local collaterals of forward-projecting neurons in V1 and feedback connections from extrastriate lateromedial (LM) visual area to V1. Postsynaptic targets were identified in the electron microscope after retrograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to identify dendrites of forward-projecting neurons (i.e., from V1 to LM) and postembedding immunogold labeling to identify GABAergic interneurons.The results show that feedback connections provide strong monosynaptic input to forward-projecting neurons in V1. These neurons in turn make local connections that preferentially form synapses with other pyramidal cells (∼97%), many of which were identified as forward-projecting neurons. This indicates that feedback pathways provide input directly to neurons which make the reciprocal forward connection, and that feedback-recipient forward-projecting neurons are strongly interconnected. The function of these excitatory networks within V1 may be to amplify feedback activity and provide a circuit for modulation of striate cortical activity by top-down influences.
Modified Origins of Cortical Projections to the Superior Colliculus in the Deaf: Dispersion of Auditory Efferents
Authors: Butler Blake E. , Sunstrum Julia K. , Lomber Stephen G. 
Published: April 2018

Following the loss of a sensory modality, such as deafness or blindness, crossmodal plasticity is commonly identified in regions of the cerebrum that normally process the deprived modality. It has been hypothesized that significant changes in the patterns of cortical afferent and efferent projections may underlie these functional crossmodal changes. However, studies of thalamocortical and corticocortical connections have refuted this hypothesis, instead revealing a profound resilience of cortical afferent projections following deafness and blindness. This report is the first study of cortical outputs following sensory deprivation, characterizing cortical projections to the superior colliculus in mature cats (N= 5, 3 female) with perinatal-onset deafness. The superior colliculus was exposed to a retrograde pathway tracer, and subsequently labeled cells throughout the cerebrum were identified and quantified. Overall, the percentage of cortical projections arising from auditory cortex was substantially increased, not decreased, in early-deaf cats compared with intact animals. Furthermore, the distribution of labeled cortical neurons was no longer localized to a particular cortical subregion of auditory cortex but dispersed across auditory cortical regions. Collectively, these results demonstrate that, although patterns of cortical afferents are stable following perinatal deafness, the patterns of cortical efferents to the superior colliculus are highly mutable.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhen a sense is lost, the remaining senses are functionally enhanced through compensatory crossmodal plasticity. In deafness, brain regions that normally process sound contribute to enhanced visual and somatosensory perception. We demonstrate that hearing loss alters connectivity between sensory cortex and the superior colliculus, a midbrain region that integrates sensory representations to guide orientation behavior. Contrasting expectation, the proportion of projections from auditory cortex increased in deaf animals compared with normal hearing, with a broad distribution across auditory fields. This is the first description of changes in cortical efferents following sensory loss and provides support for models predicting an inability to form a coherent, multisensory percept of the environment following periods of abnormal development.
Understanding Parental Preferences for Participants in Medical Decision-making for Their Hospitalized Children
Authors: Dadlez Nina M. , Bisono Gabriela M. , Williams Camille Y. , Rosenthal Susan L. , Hametz Patricia A. 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVES:
Family-centered care promotes parental engagement in medical decision-making for hospitalized children. Little is understood about parental preferences and factors influencing the desire to involve extended family in decision-making. We explored parent and family member interest in participation in medical decision-making.

METHODS:
Parents of hospitalized children ≤7 years old admitted to the inpatient service were interviewed regarding preferences for self-, other parent, and extended family involvement in decision-making. Scores were calculated for each potential participant on a scale of 1 to 5 (5 indicating that parents strongly agreed with participation). Associations of decision-making preferences with parental age, education, language, and health; the involvement of a child with chronic illness; and the level of clinical acuity were assessed with χ2 tests, Wilcoxon rank tests, and the Spearman correlation.

RESULTS:
There were 116 participants. Parents’ median level of interest in participation in decision-making was as follows: self (4.3; interquartile range [IQR]: 4–4.6); other parent (3.6; IQR: 2.7–4), and family (2.0; IQR: 1.7–2.7). Parents with better physical health (P &lt; .001) and those in a relationship with the other parent (P &lt; .001) were more likely to desire involvement of the other parent in medical decision-making. This was also true for those who faced higher acuity scenarios. Parents &lt;35 years old (P &lt; .01) and those who were interviewed in Spanish (P = .03) were more likely to desire participation of extended family members.

CONCLUSIONS:
Parents of hospitalized children want to participate in medical decision-making. Desire for the involvement of other family members is complex; therefore, discussions regarding parental preferences are necessary.
Acceptance of Routine HIV Testing by Hospitalized Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Bhalakia Avni M. , Talib Hina J. , Choi Jaeun , Watnick Dana , Bochner Risa , Futterman Donna , Gross Elissa 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Youth carry a disproportionate burden of new HIV infections. With our study, we aimed to characterize HIV testing experiences among adolescents and young adults admitted to a children’s hospital that is located in a high HIV-prevalent community and implemented routine HIV testing for all patients ≥13 years of age.

METHODS:
A total of 120 patients aged 13 to 24 years old who were admitted to our hospital and had a documented offer of routine HIV testing on admission were invited to complete a self-administered survey that asked about sex, race and/or ethnicity, HIV risk behaviors, and attitudes toward routine HIV testing in the hospital. Date of birth, admission diagnosis, and verification of HIV testing and results were collected by chart review.

RESULTS:
Study participants (N = 99) were 17.4 ± 2.3 years old, 52% female, 47% Hispanic, and 29% African American. Additional characteristics include the following: 65% had previous sexual activity, 11% had a history of sexually transmitted infections, and 12% were worried about their risk for HIV. Forty-seven percent of participants accepted HIV testing, with older patients (P &lt; .01) and those reporting previous sexual activity (P &lt; .01) and a previous HIV test (P &lt; .01) being more likely to accept testing. A total of 96% of participants agreed that the hospital is a good place to offer HIV testing.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings support offering routine HIV testing to youth admitted to children’s hospital. Given the high incidence of new and undiagnosed HIV infections among youth, additional venues for HIV testing are essential.
The Effect of Malnutrition on the Risk of Unplanned 7-Day Readmission in Pediatrics
Authors: Ehwerhemuepha Louis , Bendig Donald , Steele Caroline , Rakovski Cyril , Feaster William 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND:Malnutrition is known to be associated with higher morbidity and a risk factor of readmissions in the adult population. In this study, we explore the effect of malnutrition in pediatrics because it may differ from the adult population.METHODS:Data for all inpatient encounters at a tertiary children’s hospital within a 2-year period corresponding to 19 702 visits were obtained. The data included demographics, socioeconomic status, registered dietitian diagnosis of malnutrition, and variables of the LACE readmission model. We excluded all neonates and patients older than 21 years. A multivariable logistic model was obtained by implementing best subset regression on these variables, controlling for demographics and socioeconomic status, and considering all possible 2-way statistical interactions between malnutrition and the variables for demographics and socioeconomic status.RESULTS:We discovered a statistical interaction effect between a patient’s age and malnutrition status (P value = .002) with respect to odds of unplanned 7-day readmission. It is indicated in this interaction term that patients who were malnourished had higher odds of readmission than patients who were not malnourished. Furthermore, younger patients who were malnourished were at increased odds of readmission than their older peers, whereas among patients who were not malnourished, younger patients were at reduced odds of readmission.CONCLUSIONS:The statistical interaction effect revealed that a patient’s risk of readmission is jointly modified by the patient’s age and malnutrition status. This finding advances our understanding of the complex picture of the simultaneous risk factor of unplanned 7-day readmissions in pediatrics.
Family Characteristics and Children’s Receipt of Autism Services in Low-Resourced Families
Authors: Karp Elizabeth A. , Dudovitz Rebecca , Nelson Bergen B. , Shih Wendy , Gulsrud Amanda , Orlich Felice , Colombi Costanza , Kuo Alice A. 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVES:
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face competing demands when caring for their child and fulfilling family commitments. It remains unknown whether family obligations and parental stress might decrease the use of intervention services for young children with ASD.

METHODS:
The current study is a secondary analysis of baseline date from a published randomized control trial with 147 low-resourced caregiver-child dyads. Demographic information, data on service use, maternal employment, parent’s perception of their child’s development, and parental stress were collected for primary caregivers of 2- to 5-year-old children with ASD from 5 sites. Multiple logistic regressions of accessing any intervention services or more than 1 services on familial characteristics were performed, controlling for demographic and contextual variables.

RESULTS:
Twenty-five percent of children were receiving no intervention service; 26% were receiving 1 service; and 49% were receiving 2 or more services. Perceived developmental delay and not having a sibling in the home were associated with higher odds of receiving intervention services. Children were more likely to receive more than 1 service if their parents had at least a college education and low levels of stress.

CONCLUSIONS:
Factors including perceived developmental level, parental stress, and caring for siblings may play a role in accessing services for children with ASD. Results reveal that competing family needs may be barriers to service use. Mothers of children with ASD with multiple children in the home, low levels of education, and high levels of stress may need additional supports or alternative service delivery models.
A Health Care Transition Curriculum for Primary Care Residents: Identifying Goals and Objectives
Authors: Kuo Alice A. , Ciccarelli Mary R. , Sharma Niraj , Lotstein Debra S. 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
The transition from pediatric to adult health care is a vulnerable period for youth with special health care needs. Although successful transitions are recognized as critical for improving adult outcomes and reducing health care utilization and cost, an educational gap in health care transitions for physicians persists. Our aim with this project was to develop a national health care transition residency curriculum for primary care physicians, using an expert-based, consensus-building process.

METHODS:
Medical professionals with expertise in health care transition were recruited to participate in a survey to assist in the development of a health care transition curriculum for primary care physicians. By using a modified Delphi process, curricular goals and objectives were drafted, and participants rated the importance of each objective, feasibility of developing activities for objectives, and appropriateness of objectives for specified learners. Mean and SDs for each response and percent rating for the appropriateness of each objective were calculated.

RESULTS:
Fifty-six of 246 possible respondents participated in round 1 of ratings and 36 (64%) participated in the second round. Five goals with 32 associated objectives were identified. Twenty-five of the 32 objectives (78%) were rated as being appropriate for “proficient” learners, with 7 objectives rated as “expert.” Three objectives were added to map onto the Got Transition guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS:
The identified goals and objectives provide the foundation and structure for future curriculum development, facilitating the sharing of curricular activities and evaluation tools across programs by faculty with a range of expertise.
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Influenza Vaccine: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Dunkle Lisa M. , Izikson Ruvim , Patriarca Peter A. , Goldenthal Karen L. , Cox Manon , Treanor John J. 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVES:
The recombinant influenza vaccine is well established in adults ≥18 years of age for preventing seasonal influenza disease. In this randomized controlled trial, we compared the safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent, recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4) versus the inactivated influenza vaccine in children and adolescents 6 to 17 years of age.

METHODS:
Two age cohorts were enrolled sequentially: 159 subjects aged 9 to 17 years and, after reviewing for safety, 60 children aged 6 to 8 years. Enrollment of the younger children was halted prematurely at the onset of the influenza season. Subjects in each cohort were randomly assigned 1:1 to the RIV4 or inactivated vaccine. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were obtained before and 28 days after vaccination. Tolerability and safety were monitored for 7 days and 6 months after vaccination, respectively.

RESULTS:
Both vaccines were well tolerated in both age groups, and long-term follow-up revealed no vaccine-related adverse events. Overall, immunogenicity (geometric mean titers and seroconversion rate differences) provided comparable antibody responses to most antigens in both vaccines in the older subjects. Low responses to the influenza B Victoria lineage in both vaccines made interpretation difficult. Immunogenicity in younger children was similar, but the truncated sample size was insufficient to support noninferiority comparisons.

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite low responses to influenza B lineages in both vaccines, the RIV4 provided safety and immunogenicity that were comparable to those of the licensed inactivated vaccine in pediatric subjects, which was most convincing in those aged 9 to 17 years. Future confirmatory clinical efficacy trials may be used to support the recombinant influenza vaccine as an alternative for the pediatric age group of ≥6 years.
Divinización del mercado, teodicea liberal. Una respuesta no eurocéntrica
Authors: Polo Blanco Jorge 
Published: April 2018

Se examinan los supuestos del liberalismo económico (en sus versiones más puras y extremas), a través de los cuales este divinizó el mercado y lo convirtió en una instanciatotalizadora exenta de toda crítica. El neoliberalismo ha hecho del mercado un locus donde el ser y el deber ser se reconcilian en perfecta unidad. De esta manera, el mercado deviene en el único y verdadero sujeto del razonar: solo él piensa y todos sus movimientos son contenidos de lo racional. Al comparar la obra de Friedrich von Hayek con la de Hegel y Leibniz, se ve que estos autores comparten una misma estructura de pensamiento que, en última instancia, nos remite al ámbito de la teodicea.
La exhortación de las cualidades sensibles Una descripción existencial del mundo inmediato a partir del pensamiento de Heidegger
Authors: Johnson Felipe 
Published: April 2018

Se discute la posibilidad de comprender la presencia sensible del mundo y de una caracterización existencial de las cualidades sensibles según las cuales este comparecedesde el punto de vista de los análisis heideggerianos del existir humano o Dasein. Pese a las ocasionales referencias a dicho problema en el pensamiento de Heidegger, se enfatiza que la relación fáctica del existir con el ente inmediato radica en un hallarse concernido del propio Dasein. Se analiza el papel de las cualidades sensibles como una exhortación a establecer tratos fácticos con lo ente que permiten al existirconcreto vivir en una confrontación con las cosas de su entorno, entendiendo que el ente intramundano solo es tal en el interior de una totalidad remitiva. Se advierte que el problema de lo sensible en términos existenciales puede ser descrito desde la manera de ser del Dasein, como quien es exhortado por las cosas entre las cuales vive.
DAYA DUKUNG SPASIAL KAWASAN PERTAMBAKAN MELALUI INTERPRETASI CITRA SATELIT ALOS AVNIR-2 STUDI KASUS KABUPATEN MAROS SULAWESI SELATAN
Authors: Amri Syahrial Nur , Arifin Taslim 
Published: April 2018

Calculation of carrying capacity of aquaculture area is important to optimize the coastal area utilization. The calculations of the spatial carrying capacity require the availability of accurate spatial data, and one of the best spatial data providers today is through the use of satellite imagery. This study aims to determine the ability of the pond land in support of the coastal community activities and regional development. This research covers two stages: 1) spatially identifies the pond area through the interpretation of ALOS AVNIR-2 satellite imagery with the masking technique; 2) Calculating the value of Carrying Capacity Ratio (CCR) to know the ability of land to coastal community activities. The results show that the pond areas in Maros District identified as 9.621,60 hectares, and the CCR analysis shows a value of 2,79 or > 1. The value indicates the ability of pond land which is still relatively able to meet the needs of community activities. Bontoa sub-district is the region with the lowest CCR value (1,73), which means that the available of pond land is almost unable to fully support the community's activities. Management strategies are needed in the form of increased productivity through the intensification patterns, and / or suppressing the population growth.
Pengelolaan Kondisi Ekosistem Mangrove dan Daya Dukung Lingkungan Kawasan Wisata Bahari Mangrove Di Karangsong Indramayu
Authors: Prihadi Donny Juliandri , Riyantini Indah Riyantini , Ismail Mochamad Rudyansyah 
Published: April 2018

Riset ini dilakukan pada bulan April sampai September 2017. Lokasi riset ini di kawasan mangrove Karangsong, Kecamatan Indramayu, Kabupaten Indramayu, Propinsi Jawa Barat. Tujuan riset ini adalah untuk memperoleh data keanekaragaman dan kerapatan mangrove, mendapatkan status biofisik ekosistem mangrove di Karangsong Indramayu, mengevaluasi daya dukung lingkungan kawasan wisata bahari di Karang Song Indramayu, dan mengevaluasi status pengelolaan kawasan wisata bahari mangrove di Karang Song Indramayu. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey dan wawancara. Metode ini untuk mengetahui data keanekaragaman, kerapatan mangrove dan biofisik kawasan wisata mangrove. Hasil yang ditemukan adalah ditemukannya 3 jenis mangrove yaitu Avicennia marina, Rhizophora stylosa, dan Rhizophora mucronata. Dalam kawasan mangrove ditemukan Kepiting Uca (Uca sp), Kepiting bakau (Scyalla serata) yang berlimpah, sehingga bisa dimanfaatkan untuk masyarakat sekitar. Kerapatan mangrovenya yaitu berkisar dari 380 – 1040 individu/Ha. Adapun daya dukung lingkungan kawasan mangrove sebesar 643 orang/hari yang bisa ditampung secara efisien agar kawasan tersebut tetap terjaga lestari. Evaluasi status pengelolaan oleh kelompok masyarakat Pantai Lestari adalah dengan mempertahankan dan memajukan wisata bahari sebagai program unggulannya. Penambahan luasan kawasan oleh kelompok Pantai Lestari adalah dengan menjadikan arboretum dan silvofishery dengan apik dan rapih kelompok masyarakat Pantai Lestari menjaga dan mengembangkannya, walaupun kawasannya berada berbeda di sebrangnya kawasan ekowisata mangrove Karangsong Indramayu. Sesuai wawancara dengan kelompok masyarakat Pantai Lestari akan mengajak masyarakat yang mempunyai tambak dan akan bisa menambah luasan kawasan ekowisata mangrove.