bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. nasal colonization among doctors of podiatric medicine and associated risk factors in Spain
Authors: de Benito Sheila , Alou Luis , Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo Ricardo , Losa-Iglesias Marta Elena , Gómez-Lus María Luisa , Collado Luis , Sevillano David 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) nasopharyngeal carriage among Doctors of Podiatric Medicine (Podiatrists) and to determine the potential risk factors.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016–2017 among 239 podiatrists in Spain. The presence of MSSA, MRSA, and MRSE was determined by microbiological analysis of nasal exudate and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. Each podiatrist completed a questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised various parameters such as sex, age, podiatry experience duration, underlying diseases, prior antibiotic treatment, hospitalization during the last year, and use of a protective mask, an aspiration system, or gloves.

Results
The prevalence of MSSA, MRSA, and MRSE was 23.0%, 1.3%, and 23.8%, respectively. The MSSA prevalence was higher among podiatrists who did not use an aspiration system (32.3%) compared to those who did (19.3%; p = 0.0305), and among podiatrists with respiratory diseases (36.8%) compared to those without (20.8%; p = 0.0272). The MRSE prevalence was higher among men (33.7%) compared to women (8.6%; p = 0.0089), podiatrists aged ≥50 (38.5%) compared to ≤35 (17.8%; p = 0.0101), and podiatrists with ≥15 (39.3%) compared to ≤5 years of podiatry experience (12.5%; p = 0.0015). Among the S. aureus strains, 84.5% were resistant to penicillin, 22.4% to erythromycin, 20.7% to clindamycin, and 12.7% to mupirocin. The MRSE strains were resistant to penicillin (93.0%), erythromycin (78.9%), and mupirocin (73.7%).

Conclusions
The prevalence of S. aureus and S. epidermidis nasal carriage is low among Spanish podiatrists compared to other health professionals.
Nutritional risk in outpatients of a geriatric neuropsychiatry clinic
Authors: Fernandez-Filha Amparo Hurtado , Silva Gisele Wendeborn M. , Cipolli Gabriela , Ribeiro Sandra Maria Lima 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background
There are few published studies investigating the nutritional status of elderly individuals with psychiatric disorders. This study aims to describe the nutritional status of elderly patients from a neuropsychiatry outpatient clinic, investigating their nutritional status according to the type of psychiatric diagnostic, specifically Alzheimer’s disease (AD), depression (DEP), and other types of dementia (OTD).

Methods
Elderly individuals from two outpatient clinics (n = 217) were evaluated for nutritional risk (using a validated tool) and for some anthropometric and biochemical measurements.

Results
We found a high prevalence of nutritional risk in the sample (about 60%). The major dietary problems found were low daily meal frequency and the low daily intake of water. Biochemical analyses indicated blood glucose and total cholesterol to be above the reference values, while hemoglobin and vitamin D were below the reference values. Anthropometric measurements did not differ between the groups with different psychiatric diagnostics, except for calf circumference, which showed to be lower in the OTD group (p = 0.006).

Conclusions
Although we found a high prevalence of nutritional risk, the differences between the diagnostic groups were very subtle. The nutritional risk is certainly associated with inadequate eating habits. It is necessary to seek strategies to improve the diet and other lifestyle factors in geriatric neuropsychiatry, in order to mitigate the negative outcomes brought about by the diseases.
H3K9 demethylase KDM4E is an epigenetic regulator for bovine embryonic development and a defective factor for nuclear reprogramming
Authors: Liu Xin , Wang Yizhi , Gao Yuanpeng , Su Jianmin , Zhang Jingcheng , Xing Xupeng , Zhou Chuan , Yao Kezhen , An Quanli , Zhang Yong 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming often results in developmental defects in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos during embryonic genome activation (EGA). Bovine eight-cell SCNT embryos exhibit global hypermethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 tri- and di-methylation (H3K9me3/2), but the intrinsic reason for this remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that two H3K9 demethylase genes, lysine-specific demethylase 4D (KDM4D) and 4E (KDM4E), are related to active H3K9me3/2 demethylation in in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos and are deficiently expressed in cloned embryos at the time of EGA. Moreover, KDM4E plays a more crucial role in IVF and SCNT embryonic development, and overexpression of KDM4E can restore the global transcriptome, improve blastocyst formation and increase the cloning efficiency of SCNT embryos. Our results thereby indicate that KDM4E can function as a crucial epigenetic regulator of EGA and as an internal defective factor responsible for persistent H3K9me3/2 barriers to SCNT-mediated reprogramming. Furthermore, we show that interactions between RNA and KDM4E are essential for H3K9 demethylation during EGA. These observations advance the understanding of incomplete nuclear reprogramming and are of great importance for transgenic cattle procreation.
POST-OPERATIVE STUDY OF VITALLIUM MOULD ARTHROPLASTY OF THE HIP JOINT
Authors: Law W. Alexander 
Published: February 2018

1. In this series of 150 cases of arthritis of the hip joint treated by vitallium mould arthroplasty (182 arthroplasties), 80 per cent. of late results are satisfactory to both patient and surgeon. 2. Striking features are the relative painlessness, smooth hip joint movement, progressive improvement in function, and reformation of the joint lines as seen radiographically in the post-operative period. 3. Function after arthroplasty for traumatic and degenerative arthritis approaches the normal hip joint much more closely than in cases of infective and rheumatoid arthritis. 4. There is a complete absence of low back symptoms or postural difficulties, and there is no difficulty in preventing stiffness of the knee joint. 5. Different technical procedures are indicated according to the degree of absorption of the femoral head or neck, and the stability of the mould in the acetabulum. 6. The operative mortality rate in this series was nil, and during the six-year follow-up period only one case died as the result of a complication of the arthroplasty. 7. In addition to meticulous operative technique and the use of special instruments, the importance of careful and prolonged after-treatment must be stressed. 8. It must also be emphasised that secondary operative revisions are often necessary, particularly in cases of infective and rheumatoid arthritis.
PLANTAR DIGITAL NEURITIS Morton's Metatarsalgia
Authors: Nissen K. I. 
Published: February 2018

1. A series of cases of Morton's metatarsalgia is reported in which twenty-seven selected patients have had thirty-five operations on the sole of the foot. 2. At operation, degeneration of the plantar digital artery to the cleft between the third and fourth toes has now been found to precede the fibrous thickening of the nerve described by Betts in 1940. Similar changes rarely occur in neighbouring clefts. 3. Local resection of the nerve almost always gives complete relief from pain, and the plantar scar gives rise to no trouble. 4. Histological findings show that the nerve lesion is ischaemic in nature. 5. Acute pain arising as a new event in cases of the deformity of "anterior flat foot" may prove to be due to this condition. 6. Morton's metatarsalgia is a distinct clinical and pathological entity which can best be described as a plantar digital neuritis.
ISCHAEMIC NECROSIS OF THE ANTERIOR TIBIAL MUSCLES DUE TO FATIGUE
Authors: Hughes J. Rowland 
Published: February 2018

1. Three cases are reported of ischaemic necrosis of the anterior tibial muscles which were not due to injury. In two, ischaemia was the result of strenuous or unaccustomed exercise in young adults; in the third it was an incident in a systemic disturbance. All three cases were probably the result of spasm of a large segment of the anterior tibial artery. 2. The clinical features during the first few hours resemble those of tenosynovitis of the tibialis anterior; and after twelve to twenty-four hours those of cellulitis of the leg. Later there is "drop foot" due to muscle weakness, contracture limiting plantar-flexion movement, and woody hardness of the muscles in the middle third. 3. The morbid histology is similar to that of Volkmann's ischaemic contracture. 4. The possible explanationsâprimary arterial disease, arterial occlusion by pressure of the interosseous membrane, occlusion by tension within the fascial space, intraluminary occlusion by embolism or thrombosis, and fatigue arterial spasm, are discussed. 5. The vascular pattern of the anterior tibial muscles has been studied by experimental injections in cadavers. 6. It is concluded that the most likely cause is spasm of the anterior tibial artery due to muscle fatigue, aggravated by increased tension within the anterior fascial compartment due to reaction after strenuous exercise. 7. Treatment is outlined. Exploration of the anterior tibial artery within the first twelve hours is warranted, but late exploration may be dangerous. 8. Although not previously recognised, evidence is shown that regeneration of necrotic muscle is possible in the human being.
THE TREATMENT OF TROCHANTERIC FRACTURES OF THE FEMUR
Authors: Evans E. Mervyn 
Published: February 2018

1. Trochanteric fractures are classified, with special emphasis on the stability or instability of the fracture. The importance of the cortical buttress of bone on the inner side of the femoral neck and shaft is stressed. 2. Three series of cases are presented: a) one hundred and one cases treated conservatively in hospital; b) twenty-five cases sent home by reason of lack of hospital beds; c) twenty-two cases treated by fixation with a Capener-Neufeld nail-plate. 3. From consideration of these three series, and from study of similar series of cases reported in the literature, it is suggested that routine operative treatment of trochanteric fractures has the advantages of greater comfort and mobility of the patient, lowered mortality, and economy of hospital beds. 4. Certain features of the operation of internal fixation by the Capener-Neufeld nail-plate are discussed. A director, for more efficient insertion of the nail-plate, is described. 5. The importance of early mobility after operation is emphasized. Only a small proportion of Patients can be allowed early weight-bearing but almost all can be got up in a chair, and most can be taught to get about with crutches, without weight-bearing on the fractured limb, within a few days of operation.
ATLANTO-AXIAL FRACTURE-DISLOCATION
Authors: Colsen Kurt 
Published: February 2018

1. A case of fracture-dislocation of the atlas on the axis is presented in which the neck had been manipulated under anaesthesia for "rheumatism." 2. Despite marked displacement there were no important neurological complications. 3. One-stage reduction by traction was carried out very slowly and with radiographic control. It is believed that this is less distressing to the patient, and safer, than gradual reduction by prolonged traction. 4. Because of the instability of the atlanto-axial joint after reduction surgical fusion of the upper cervical spine to the occipital bone is advisable. 5. In the case now reported recovery was complete.
ANOMALOUS INNERVATION OF THE HAND MUSCLES
Authors: Rowntree Tom 
Published: February 2018

1 . Voluntary activity of any given muscle in the hand is not an absolute indication of the state of the nerve which usually supplies it. 2. Significant variations in the standard pattern of innervation have been found in 20 per cent of 226 cases studied. 3. The pattern of innervation described in standard text-books occurred in only 33 per cent. of cases. 4. A striking variation is the supply of every thenar muscle by the ulnar nerve. In other cases the first dorsal interosseous muscle may be supplied by the median nerve. 5. In order to arrive at an accurate diagnosis when anomalous innervation is suspected, nerve blocks at appropriate levels are required. 6. Great care must be taken during operations to avoid damage to connections between the ulnar and the median nerves, especially in patients with anomalous innervation of the hand muscles.
PROTRUSIONS OF THE LUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
Authors: O'Connell John E. A. 
Published: February 2018

1. Excision of a lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion is required in only a small proportion of patients with this lesion. 2. A careful clinical and radiological examination of cases of lumbago and pain in the lower limb provides good evidence not only of the presence of a lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion but also of its anatomical level, size and relationships. Such examination is essential for the selection of the patients requiring surgical treatment. 3. In most of these selected cases, a carefully performed operation designed to relieve the affected nerve fibres from forces which stretch and compress them will give satisfying relief of symptoms. In the series reported, 92 per cent of patients were either completely free from symptoms or very greatly improved after operation. 4. The spinal and tension signs present before operation largely disappeared after it. Persistence of a pre-operative neurological deficit after operation is, however, relatively frequent, though seldom disabling. 5. The incidence of post-operative recurrence of symptoms of such severity as to indicate re-operation in the series was 2 per cent.
SOLITARY TUMOURS OF PERIPHERAL NERVE TRUNKS
Authors: Jenkins S. Aubrey 
Published: February 2018

1. Three solitary tumours of the peripheral nerve trunks are reported. None of the patients showed evidence of von Recklinghausen's disease. 2. The origin of these tumours is discussed; the evidence suggests that they develop from the Schwann cells of the nerve sheaths, and they should therefore be called neurilemmomas. 3. A solitary tumour of a peripheral nerve trunk is usually a neurilemmoma and not a neurofibroma. 4. These tumours are often mistaken for neurofibromas, from which they are wholly distinct. They are uncommon, but probably occur more often than is generally appreciated. 5. A neurilemmoma is a benign tumour which can be distinguished from a neurofibroma on clinical and operative grounds. It must be enucleated with preservation of its parent nerve. There is negligible risk of recurrence and no risk of malignant change after operation. 6. Neurilemmomas are liable to cystic degeneration, especially in situations where they are subjected to pressure or injury. This cystic change may later destroy the usual cellular structure of the tumour and convert it into a simple cyst.
POSTERIOR DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER
Authors: Taylor R. G. , Wright P. R. 
Published: February 2018

1. Six cases of posterior dislocation of the shoulder are described. 2. In four cases the diagnosis was made on clinical grounds. 3. The important clinical signs are the adducted and medially rotated position of the arm, a hard mass posteriorly below the acromion representing the displaced humeral head, and limitation of movement, especially abduction and lateral rotation. 4. In two cases the dislocation was not recognised at the first examination. This confirms the statement of previous authors that posterior dislocation is easily missed. 5. The value of the vertical projection in the radiography of suspected posterior dislocation is emphasised. 6. Reduction was accomplished without difficulty in five cases and the subsequent progress of these was uneventful. In the remaining case reduction was difficult and unstable, and the final recovery incomplete. It is considered that this patient would have been better treated by early open reduction.
FAMILIAL HYPERPLASTIC CALLUS FORMATION
Authors: Hilton Gwen 
Published: February 2018

In osteogenesis imperfecta the formation of callus is usually plentiful and sometimes rather excessive but the excess is absorbed in the normal way as consolidation occurs. In hyperplastic callus formation the amount of callus formed is large, or even enormous; and, once its limits are defined and ossification has occurred, some part of the original swelling remains as a thickening of the bone. "Callus" may form with or without injury and with or without fracture. The interest of the present case lies partly in the fact that there is no history of multiple fractures to indicate classical osteogenesis imperfecta, and partly in the familial incidence which has also been noted in other records. It is important to recognise the true nature of the condition in order to avoid the tragedy of unnecessary amputation. In one of Brailsford's cases the lesion is said to have become malignant but there is no other evidence in the literature that the condition has any relationship to malignancy. The clinical appearance can easily give rise to the suspicion of malignancy, and on histological examination the highly cellular and rapidly growing callus can be confused with a malignant condition. In fact, for the short time in which the bone formation runs riot the behaviour of a malignant neoplasm is closely simulated. It is thought that the present account may be of interest because of the invariable relief of pain after x-ray treatment of each new lesion, the length of time over which the case has been followed and the resemblance between the radiographic appearances in the patient now and those of her aunt taken twenty years ago.
THE USE OF CANCELLOUS BONE GRAFTS IN THE TREATMENT OF SUBACUTE AND CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
Authors: Hazlett J. W. 
Published: February 2018

1. One hundred and one cases of cancellous chip bone grafting operations for filling of infected bone defects are reviewed. 2. Short-term follow-up showed primary or delayed primary healing in 87 per cent of the cases. 3. Observation after five years revealed a recurrence rate of 20 per cent. The recurrences were successfully overcome by minor procedures except in five patients, who suffer from repeated flare-ups of infection. 4. At the present time, 91 per cent of the lesions are satisfactorily healed with a partial or complete bone graft intact. There have been ten failures. 5. The criteria for successful cancellous chip bone grafting of osteomyelitic cavities are discussed.
MALIGNANT TUMOUR AT SITE OF BONE PLATING
Authors: McDougall A. 
Published: February 2018

1. A case is described in which a malignant tumour developed in the soft tissues at the site of a bone-plating operation performed thirty years before. 2. The plate and screws were found to be composed of dissimilar metals and a difference of potential existed between them. 3. A careful consideration of the history and clinical course indicates that the tumour arose because of the presence of the metals.
THE PREHENSILE MOVEMENTS OF THE HUMAN HAND
Authors: Napier J. R. 
Published: February 2018

1. The prehensile movements of the hand as a whole are analysed from both an anatomical anda functional viewpoint. 2. It is shown that movements of the hand consist of two basic patterns of movements which are termed precision grip and power grip. 3. In precision grip the object is pinched between the flexor aspects of the fingers and that of the opposing thumb. 4. In power grip the object is held as in a clamp between the flexed fingers and the palm, counter pressure being applied by the thumb lying more or less in the plane of the palm. 5. These two patterns appear to cover the whole range of prehensile activity of the human hand.
FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
Authors: Durbin F. C. 
Published: February 2018

1. Seventy-five injuries of the cervical spine are reported. Fifty-three were dislocations and fracture-dislocations involving the third to the seventh segments. 2. The importance of careful examination in all neck injuries is stressed. 3. The injuries are divided into stable and unstable types and the causation of the instability is discussed. 4. Plaster immobilisation for more than six months failed in some patients to prevent recurrence of dislocation. 5. Operative treatment was advised in all cases of dislocation, the spine being wired and grafted with iliac bone. This prevents recurrence and shortens the period of convalescence.
STUDIES OF THE VASCULARISATION OF BONE GRAFTS
Authors: Stringa Gabriele 
Published: February 2018

1. The rates of vascularisation in 119 autogenous, homogenous and heterogenous bone grafts, placed in the femoral medullary cavity and under the renal capsule of rabbits, were studied. 2. Substantial differences have been found in the speed of vascular penetration and arrangement among autografts, homografts and heterografts : penetration of the heterogenous implant was six or more times slower. Moreover, large areas of the homografts and heterografts were often totally excluded from the circulation for as long as the research was continued (up to three months). Revascularisation of the cortical bone was slower and less profuse than in cancellous bone, keeping always the same respective proportion between the three types of bone we have described. The results on the kidney were much less constant, and I attribute this to the vascular peculiarities of the bed. 3. Vascular patterns peculiar to the time of implantation and type of graft are described. 4. Suggestive, even if not totally convincing, evidence was found of recanalisation of old vessels inside the graft by advancing vessels from the bed. 5. There is striking correlation between the rate of vascular penetration of the bone implants and their ultimate "take" or incorporation in the bed.
THE EFFECT OF BONE BANK PRESERVATION ON THE CALCIFYING MECHANISM
Authors: Lavine Leroy S. , Burger Martin , Sobel Albert E. 
Published: February 2018

1. The influence of various methods of preserving bone on the calcifying mechanism of the tibial epiphysial cartilage of rachitic rats was studied. An in vitro calcification technique was employed. 2. Preservation by deep freezing, aqueous merthiolate, boiling, or acetone inactivated the calcifying mechanism. 3. The inactivation was reversed with calcium ions, most readily in the deep-frozen bones, less readily in the merthiolate treated bones, still less readily in the acetone stored bones, and least in boiled bones. 4. Exposure to calcium ions before preservation in the deep-freeze chest prevented inactivation. 5. The inactivation, reactivation and survival of the calcifying mechanism were confirmed by metachromasia studies. 6. The theory of the mode of action of calcium chloride on reactivation and survival of the calcifying mechanism is presented.