bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
62 Program Evaluation of the Georgia Young Cattlemen’s Short Course
Authors: Segers Jacob R , Loughridge Sarah E , Jackson Emelia D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A day-long short course was developed to fill a need for extension programming targeted at producers between the ages of 18 and 40. Faculty from land grant institutions and allied industry personnel were invited to Rocking W Angus Farm in Jefferson, GA, to present and give demonstrations on five topics relevant to young cattlemen. A program evaluation was conducted to 1) Assess demographic characteristics of participants; 2) Evaluate the participant’s experience; 3) Understand the motivation of the participants to get involved in industry activities. The complete evaluation was distributed to course participants at the end of the day. Participants were 47.1% male (n = 16) and 52.9% female (n = 18) with an average age of 22.85 years (range 18–41). Participants were from 19 Georgia counties and 2 South Carolina counties. Twenty-five (74%) were full-time college students while the remainder (26%) represented 11 different professions. Twenty-five participants (75.8%) were current members of Georgia Cattlemen’s Association while 8 (24.2%) were non-members. Fourteen attendees (41%) did not own cattle, but had an interest in owning cattle in the future, and thirteen (38.2) owned cattle at the time of the course. The six (18%) remaining participants identified as interested consumers. A Likerttype scale (1 = “Strongly Disagree” to 5 = “Strongly Agree”) was used to evaluate the experience of short course attendees. The maximum mean from the Likerttype questions was 4.83 and the minimum mean was 3.96. The results suggest a need for more open and frequent communication with the target audience outside of the college student demographic. Also, expansion of communication to young cattlemen outside of North Georgia. The suggestion was made to develop a Young Cattlemen’s email listserv and to rotate the location of the short course each year.
142 Providing an experiential learning opportunity through an Extension animal science internship
Authors: Kimbrough Chelsey A , Looper Michael , Gadberry Shane , Russell Mark R , Ward Heidi M , Jennings John , Simon Kenny 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Summer is a busy time for Extension programs and includes several activities, such as 4-H youth programs and producer meetings. Three years ago, the Arkansas Extension Animal Science Department started offering an internship opportunity for students. The internship occurs for 12 weeks with salary compensation and housing (if needed). Monies for the internship are provided by both the department and Extension ANR Associate Director. Applications are accepted in the spring (resume, cover letter, and 3 references), interviews are held for the top 3–5 applicants, and then an intern is selected. Year 1 and 2 yielded 11 applicants each year and year 3 generated 22. Interns spend the summer assisting faculty with youth programs, adult programs, and research projects. They are not assigned to one particular faculty member, but have the opportunity to gain experiences from all faculty members.Mid-way through the internship and at the end of the internship, an evaluation is sent to both the intern and faculty members to assess the mid- and overall performance of the intern. Some notable results from the intern evaluations include: 75% had moderate or large improvement in written and oral communication skills and 100% had a large improvement in general knowledge of Extension. All interns indicated that tasks assigned were challenging, but attainable; they believe the internship was excellent and would definitely recommend to others; they are more interested to work for Extension as a result of the internship; and believe the internship is a very valuable educational experience. From the faculty perspective, having an intern is very valuable. An intern allows for more things to get done in a timely manner. Suggestions for improvement are for more interns to be hired. Internships are a great way to expose students to Extension and what the Animal Science Department offers.
14 Effect of fermentation temperature on in vitro digestibility of a finishing diet
Authors: Stotz Miranda K , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Osorio Andrea M , Espinoza Nadira , Urso Philip M , Kondratovich Lucas , Carvalho Luis , Douglas Micheal , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren D , Crossland Whitney 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) has been indicated to increase ruminal temperature, increase digestibility, and reduce ruminal pH of steers fed high concentrate diets. However, it is unclear if this effect is the result of greater fermentation rate, slower passage rate or a combination. The effect of ruminal incubation temperature on substrate digestibility and rate of fermentation were evaluated. Four cannulated British-crossbreed steers (BW = 520 kg ± 30 kg) consuming an 87% (DM) concentrate diet were utilized as rumen fluid donors in a randomized complete block design with two incubation treatments (CON=39°C and HS=42°C). Within block, duplicate 125 mL serum bottles containing 200 mg of dietary substrate were inoculated with a 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid mixture and incubated for 24 h to measure total gas production, fermentation rate, fermentation lag, pH, and ammonia-N concentration. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was measured separately in 100 mL centrifuge tubes. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of rumen fluid donor (block). There was no treatment effect on total gas production (P = 0.92) or fermentation rate (P = 0.11); however, HS began fermenting substrate sooner than CON (P < 0.005). There was a significant effect of treatment on IVOMD where HS was greater compared to CON (79.3 vs. 70.4%; P = 0.05). Final pH and relative pH change were not different (P ≥ 0.25) likely due to buffering capacity of the in vitro technique Ammonia-N concentration was greater for HS than CON (7.92 vs. 5.33 mM; P < 0.05) and may indicate a temperature effect on ruminal nitrogen availability.In conclusion, it does not appear that incubating at a greater temperature affected the fermentation rate but likely induced a change in fermentation kinetics, which may have contributed to the greater overall IVOMD
7 Supplementing an immunomodulatory feed ingredient to modulate thermoregulation and performance in finishing beef cattle under heat stress conditions
Authors: Colombo Eduardo , Cooke Reinaldo F , Schubach Kelsey , Rett Bruna , Brandão Alice 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This experiment compared body temperature and productive parameters in finishing cattle managed under heat stress conditions, and supplemented or not with a supplement based on yeast and B-complex vitamins (Omnigen-AF; OMN; Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ). Bos taurus × B. indicus cattle (64 heifers and 64 steers) were ranked by initial body weight (BW; 440 ± 3 kg) and sex, and allocated to 1 of 16 pens (8 heifers or steers/pen). Pens within sex were randomly assigned to receive (n = 8) or not (CON; n = 8) OMN at 56 g/cow daily (as-fed basis). Cattle received a total-mixed ration (d 0 to 106), and OMN was offered daily as a top-dress. Cattle were shipped on d 107 to a commercial packing facility (Friona, TX) for slaughter. Cattle BW was recorded on d 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 96, and 106. Feed intake was evaluated by measuring offer and refusals biweekly from each pen. Feed efficiency was calculated from each pen according to total feed intake and BW gain. From d 0 to 7, 28 to 42, and 84 to 98, heifer intravaginal temperature was recorded hourly (iButton temperature loggers DS1922L, Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA). Environmental temperature humidity index (THI) was also recorded hourly throughout the experiment, and averaged 79.8 ± 0.6. Heifers receiving OMN had less (P ≤ 0.05) vaginal temperature from 1500 to 1900h across sampling days (39.05 vs. 39.19 °C, respectively; SEM = 0.04), when THI ranged from 85.3 to 90.1. However, no treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.20) for BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and carcass traits upon slaughter (P ≥ 0.22). Collectively, results from this experiment suggest that OMN ameliorated hyperthermia in finishing cattle exposed to heat stress conditions, but such benefit was not sufficient to improve productive and carcass parameters.
6 The effect of competition for an automated supplement feeder on supplement intake behavior of stocker steers
Authors: Husz Taylor C , Goad Carla , Reuter Ryan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Interest in automated, precision feeding equipment is increasing, and users need information about how to effectively use this new approach. Our objective was to determine the effect of competition for a feeding space at an automated supplement feeder on supplement intake behavior. Mixed breed beef steers (n = 128, initial BW = 257 ± 29.2 kg) were randomly assigned to 8 paddocks. One paddock (16 steers) was selected to have continuous access to the feeder for the duration of the 16-wk trial; this paddock was designated the “tester” paddock. The automated feeder consisted of a large bin that dispensed supplement into 4 feeding stations. Supplement dispense was triggered by the presence of an eligible animal’s RFID tag; each steer was limited to 0.50 kg supplement/d by the electronics of the feeder. Weekly, additional paddocks were commingled with the tester paddock to increase competition for the feeder, resulting in a stocking density from 4 to 32 steers per feeding station in various weeks. Approximately 30% of the steers did not voluntarily use the feeder; therefore, effective competition was less than the study design. Supplement intake and GPS location were recorded for steers in the tester paddock, and averaged for each wk; week was the experimental unit (n = 16). Weekly mean supplement intake and time spent near the feeder were regressed on feeder stocking density. Tester steers consumed an average of 0.36 kg supplement/d. Competition for a feeder space numerically reduced (P = 0.15) supplement intake by 0.002 kg/d per steer of competition. Steers spent 6% of the time within 15 m of the feeder regardless of competition (P = 0.82). These data illustrate that in scenarios similar to these experimental conditions, the feeder can be stocked with at least 80 animals with minimal effects on supplement intake.
3 Administration of a DNA immunostimulant does not mitigate bovine herpesvirus-1 recrudescence in dexamethasone challenged beef cattle
Authors: Seiver Hannah A , Samuelson Kendall L , Posey Richard D , Tomczak Dexter J , Smock Taylor M , Richeson John T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The study objective was to determine the effect of a DNA immunostimulant on recrudescence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) after dexamethasone challenge in beef cattle. It was hypothesized that the DNA immunostimulant would mitigate stress-induced immunosuppression; thereby, reducing the incidence of BHV-1 recrudescence. Steers (n = 10) and heifers (n = 10; initial BW = 489 kg ± 57 kg) were stratified by pre-existing BHV-1 antibody titer, sex and initial BW and randomly assigned to treatment (n = 4 pens/treatment; 2 or 3 animals/pen). All calves were administered 40 mg of dexamethasone i.v. at 0600 h from d 0 to 2, 166-d subsequent to BHV-1 challenge with 1.0 × 108 plaque-forming units per nostril. On d 1, calves were administered treatments consisting of 2 mL i.m. of DNA immunostimulant (Zelnate; ZEL) or sterile saline (CON). Once daily (0600) from d 0 to 12, a whole blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture for complete blood count (CBC) analysis and nasal swabs were collected to determine BHV-1 prevalence via virus isolation testing. A repeated measures mixed model was used to test the effect of treatment, day and their interaction for CBC variables. There was a treatment × day interaction for eosinophils (P = 0.02) and percent eosinophils (P = 0.03). Eosinophils were greater (P < 0.01) for ZEL on d 3 and 6 post-dexamethasone challenge. On d 11 and 12, eosinophils for CON rebounded such that their concentration was greater than ZEL (P < 0.01). Lymphocytes, neutrophil and monocyte concentration did not differ (P ≥ 0.44); however, a day effect (P ≤ 0.01) existed such that each variable increased transiently after dexamethasone challenge. All cattle had BHV-1 present in a nasal swab sample on at least one sample day, with prevalence of BHV-1 in nasal swab samples being greatest on d 5 (80% positive; P = 0.01). However, no treatment differences were detected for BHV-1 prevalence in this study. The DNA immunostimulant altered eosinophil concentrations but did not mitigate BHV-1 recrudesce after dexamethasone challenge
22 Puberty induction protocol, but not supplement amount, overcomes the negative impacts of reduced frequency of supplementation on reproduction of beef heifers
Authors: Ranches Juliana , Vedovatto Marcelo , Palmer Elizabeth , Miranda Miguel , Arthington John , Vendramini João , Moriel Philipe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers submitted to a puberty induction protocol and offered two supplementation amounts and delivery frequencies. Sixty-four Brangus crossbred heifers were stratified by BW and age (244 ± 4 kg; 311 ± 18 d) and assigned into 1 of 16 bahiagrass pastures on d 0. Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures in a 2 × 2 factorial design (4 pastures/treatment) and consisted of soyhulls-based supplementation at 1.25% or 1.75% of BW (DM basis) offered daily or 3 times weekly for 168 d. The puberty induction protocol consisted of CIDR insert on d 56 and removal on d 70, 5-mL PGF2a injection on d 86, 2-mL GnRH injection and timed-AI on d 89. Heifers were exposed to Angus bulls from d 89 to 167 (1 bull/pasture). Pregnancy diagnosis was assessed on d 212. Frequency × rate effects were not detected (P ≥ 0.19) for any variable. Reducing the supplementation frequency from daily to 3X weekly tended (P = 0.07) to decrease overall ADG and puberty attainment on d 56 (53 vs. 41 ± 6%), but not puberty attainment on d 89 (P = 0.45; 84 vs. 78 ± 6%) and pregnancy percentage on d 212 (P = 0.97; 69 vs. 69 ± 7%). Increasing the supplement amount from 1.25% to 1.75% of BW increased (P = 0.04) overall ADG, tended (P = 0.09) to hasten puberty attainment on d 56 (40 vs. 54 ± 6%) and d 89 (74 vs. 88 ± 6%), and enhanced (P = 0.03) pregnancy percentage on d 212 (53 vs. 80 ± 7%). Therefore, the inclusion of a puberty induction protocol, but not increasing the supplement amount, enabled a reduced frequency of supplementation (3 vs. 7 times weekly) without detrimental impacts on percentage of pregnant yearling beef heifers.
23 Timing of concentrate supplementation during late gestation impacts calf pre-weaning growth, but not reproductive performance of Bos indicus-influenced cows
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth , Vedovatto Marcelo , Ranches Juliana , Miranda Miguel , Gouvêa Vinícius , Arthington John , Vendramini João , Moriel Philipe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of timing of dried distillers grains (DDG) supplementation during late-gestation on performance of Bos indicus-influenced cow-calf pairs. At about 84 d before calving (d 0), 84 mature Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (422 ±42 kg; BCS = 5.0 ± 0.14) and assigned randomly to bahiagrass pastures (14 cows/pasture). Treatments were assigned randomly to pastures (2 pastures/treatment) and consisted of no prepartum supplementation (CON), 1 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 84 (LATE84; 84 kg of DM/cow); or 2 kg/d of DDG from d 0 to 42 (LATE42; 84 kg of DM/cow). The respective weekly supplement amount was divided and offered into 3 feeding events (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Cow BCS were assessed on d 0, 45, 84 (calving), 140 and 224 (start and end of breeding season, respectively). Calf BW was collected at birth and weaning (d 346). Growth and reproductive data were analyzed using SAS MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures, respectively. Cow BCS from d 45 to 224 did not differ between LATE84 and LATE42 cows (P ≥ 0.20) but was always the least (P ≤ 0.05) for CON cows. Calving date, calf birth BW, and percentage of pregnant cows on d 283 did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) among treatments. Calf pre-weaning ADG and BW at weaning did not differ (P ≥ 0.58) between LATE42 and CON calves, but LATE84 calves tended to have the greatest pre-weaning ADG (P = 0.10; 0.88, 0.83, and 0.82 ± 0.02 kg/d, respectively) and BW at weaning (P = 0.10; 263, 254, and 252 ± 4.4 kg, respectively). Therefore, timing of prepartum DDG supplementation did not impact cow reproductive performance. However, calf pre-weaning growth tended to be enhanced when cows received longer vs. shorter or no periods of prepartum DDG supplementation
28 Three-year evaluation of yield and nutritive value of tifton-85 bermudagrass and tifton-85 bermudagrass-alfalfa mixtures produced as baleage in the southeast
Authors: Hendricks Taylor J , Tucker Jennifer J , Hancock Dennis W , Stewart Lawton , Segers Jacob R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Interseeding a legume, such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) for baleage production can improve forage quality, reduce supplementation needs, and minimize production losses. The objective of this research was to compare the nutritive value and yield of bermudagrass with and without interseeded alfalfa when produced as baleage. This study was conducted at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA, on an established field of ‘Tifton 85’ (T85) bermudagrass. Ten 0.2-ha plots were randomly assigned to either T85+N or T85 interseeded with ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa (T85+Alf). T85+N received N fertilization (84 kg N/ ha) four times each growing season. Plots were harvested at early bloom stage every 28 to 35 days from 2016 to 2018, baled at 40–60% moisture, and individually wrapped. At each harvest, plots were evaluated for botanical composition and forage yield, and bales were sampled prior to wrapping for nutritive value analysis. Plots were also evaluated for botanical composition using the point-transect method 10 days post-harvest. Data were analyzed using mixed models and least significant differences at α = 0.05. Although seasonal yields were greater in the T85+N during year 1, alfalfa-bermudagrass plots produced at least one additional harvest each season of the study, and on average 8 cuttings per season each year following establishment. Ultimately this contributed to greater (P < 0.0001) cumulative yield in the alfalfa-bermudagrass treatment (34,783 vs. 25,608 kg/ha, respectively). Analyses of nutritive value through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) show that CP and in-vitro true digestibility (IVTD) were greater (P = 0.005 and P = 0.034, respectively) in the alfalfa-bermudagrass treatment than the bermudagrass-only treatment (14.0 vs 11.4% CP and 66.7 vs. 60.2% IVTD, respectively). Improvements in seasonal yield and nutritive value makes bermudagrass interseeded with alfalfa a viable option for baleage producers in the Southeast.
31 Characterization of feeding-behavior patterns and application of chemometrics to predict residual feed intake based on feeding-behavior traits in growing Holstein heifers
Authors: Johnson Jocelyn R , Parsons Ira L , Carstens Gordon E , Tedeschi Luis Orlindo , Heuer Claas , Deeb Nader 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Objectives of this study were to characterize feeding-behavior (FB) patterns in growing dairy heifers with divergent RFI phenotypes (±0.50 SD) and to evaluate the accuracy of partial least squares regression (PLSR) models to predict RFI based on FB traits. Performance, DMI, and FB traits were measured for 70 to 100 d in 15 trials with Holstein heifers (n = 611) fed a corn-silage based ration. Seventeen FB traits were evaluated: frequency and duration of bunk visit (BV) and meal events, head-down duration (HDD), meal length, maximum non-feeding interval, corresponding day-today variation (SD) of these traits, and ratios of HDD per BV duration and meal duration, HDD per meal duration, and BV events per meal event. Data was analyzed using a mixed model that included RFI group and trial. The PLSR model for RFI was developed using cross-validation procedures (Leave-One-Out) in JMP (SAS), with FB traits as independent variables. LowRFI heifers consumed 24% less (P < 0.01) DMI and had lower (P < 0.01) day-to-day DMI variation than high-RFI heifers. Distinct differences were observed in FB patterns between low- and high-RFI heifers (Table 1). Eight of 17 FB traits were included [selected based on variable of importance (VIP) score > 0.80] in the PLSR model that explained 33% of the variation in RFI. Head-down duration had the highest VIP score; accordingly, low-RFI animals had 44% lower HDD and 30 and 40% lower ratios of HDD per BV duration and meal duration, respectively. Additionally, low-RFI animals had 20 and 18% fewer BV and meal events per day, spent 21% less time eating during BV events, and had reduced day-to-day variation in HDD and meal frequency. For this study, distinctive differences were observed in the FB patterns of Holstein heifers with divergent RFI, which explained 33% of the between-animal variation in RFI.
75 Historical view of stocker health and performance of Southeast origin cattle
Authors: Carroll Jeffery A , Broadway Paul R , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole , Nichols Wade 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Anecdotal evidence suggests that weaning/stocker weights, ADG, and carcass weights have increased for Southeast cattle over the last 30 years. Simultaneously, morbidity and mortality have not improved, and according to some reports, have significantly increased. Albeit, over the last 30 years, there have been several new vaccines and antibiotics introduced into the beef cattle market. Ceteris paribus, there appears to be a discrepancy related to prevailing theories that placing heavier cattle into stocker and feedlot operations reduces the incidence of morbidity and mortality. But, has there truly been an increase in weaning weights or placement weights of stocker/feedlot calves over the last 30 years? Perhaps, even with greater genetic selection by cow/calf producers for improved weaning weights and pre-weaning ADG, the genetic potential of these animals is not being realized until the stocker/feedlot sector. Indeed, Engler et al. (2014) reported that hot carcass weight (HCW) increased 4.9 lbs per year from 2001 to 2013 while others have reported no actual increase in weaning weights during this period. Undoubtedly HCW have increased, but the contributing factors are multifaceted including genetic selection for increased lean deposition, better nutritional programs, and the expanded variety of growth promoting implants, ionophores, and beta agonists. Likewise, morbidity and mortality are multifaceted manifestations affected by a variety of inputs including genetics, nutrition, environmental stressors, immunocompetence, and the prevalence and genetic diversity of pathogens. Therefore, while genetic selection for increased pre-weaning performance may be more prevalent, cow/calf producers may not be reaping the full potential of their calves due to management practices that do not capitalize on the genetic potential of the pre-weaned calf. Placing more emphasis on genetic selection for pre-weaning growth may have inadvertently resulted in calves that are less resistant to the stresses and strains associated with post-weaning production systems.