bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripherally delivered hepatopreferential insulin analog insulin‐406 mimics the hypoglycaemia‐sparing effect of portal vein human insulin infusion in dogs
Authors: Gregory Justin M. , Kraft Guillaume , Scott Melanie F. , Neal Doss W. , Farmer Ben , Smith Marta S. , Hastings Jon R. , Madsen Peter , Kjeldsen Thomas B. , Hostrup Susanne , Brand Christian L. , Fledelius Christian , Nishimura Erica , Cherrington Alan D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimsWe previously quantified the hypoglycaemia‐sparing effect of portal vs peripheral human insulin delivery. The current investigation aimed to determine whether a bioequivalent peripheral vein infusion of a hepatopreferential insulin analog, insulin‐406, could similarly protect against hypoglycaemia.Materials and methodsDogs received human insulin infusions into either the hepatic portal vein (PoHI, n = 7) or a peripheral vein (PeHI, n = 7) for 180 minutes at four‐fold the basal secretion rate (6.6 pmol/kg/min) in a previous study. Insulin‐406 (Pe406, n = 7) was peripherally infused at 6.0 pmol/kg/min, a rate determined to decrease plasma glucose by the same amount as with PoHI infusion during the first 60 minutes. Glucagon was fixed at basal concentrations, mimicking the diminished α‐cell response seen in type 1 diabetes.ResultsGlucose dropped quickly with PeHI infusion, reaching 41 ± 3 mg/dL at 60 minutes, but more slowly with PoHI and Pe406 infusion (67 ± 2 and 72 ± 4 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.01 vs PeHI for both). The hypoglycaemic nadir (c. 40 mg/dL) occurred at 60 minutes with PeHI infusion vs 120 minutes with PoHI and Pe406 infusion. ΔAUCepinephrine during the 180‐minute insulin infusion period was two‐fold higher with PeHI infusion compared with PoHI and Pe406 infusion. Glucose production (mg/kg/min) was least suppressed with PeHI infusion (Δ = 0.79 ± 0.33) and equally suppressed with PoHI and Pe406 infusion (Δ = 1.16 ± 0.21 and 1.18 ± 0.17, respectively; P = NS). Peak glucose utilization (mg/kg/min) was highest with PeHI infusion (4.94 ± 0.17) and less with PoHI and Pe406 infusion (3.58 ± 0.58 and 3.26 ± 0.08, respectively; P < 0.05 vs Pe for both).ConclusionsPeripheral infusion of hepatopreferential insulin can achieve a metabolic profile that closely mimics portal insulin delivery, which reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia compared with peripheral insulin infusion.
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter inhibitors, their role in type 1 diabetes treatment and a risk mitigation strategy for preventing diabetic ketoacidosis: The STOP DKA Protocol
Authors: Goldenberg Ronald M. , Gilbert Jeremy D. , Hramiak Irene M. , Woo Vincent C. , Zinman Bernard 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRecent phase 3 clinical trials have evaluated the impact of adding sodium‐glucose co‐transporter (SGLT) inhibitors to the type 1 diabetes armamentarium. These trials studied SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin and empagliflozin) and a dual SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitor (sotagliflozin), and demonstrated that these oral non‐insulin antihyperglycaemic medications are able not only to improve glycaemic control, but also to reduce body weight and extend time in range without increasing rates of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a feature of type 1 diabetes and the risk is increased when SGLT inhibitors are used in type 1 diabetes. To minimize the risk of DKA and still gain the multiple benefits, we developed the “STOP DKA Protocol “, an easily accessible and practical tool, that provides a risk mitigation strategy for reducing DKA in patients with type 1 diabetes being treated with SGLT inhibitors.
Fruit‐breeding drosophilids (Diptera) in the Neotropics: playing the field and specialising in generalism?
Authors: Valadão Henrique , Proença Carolyn E.B. , Kuhlmann Marcelo P. , Harris Stephen A. , Tidon Rosana 
Published: June 2019

1. Species of Drosophilidae are frequently used as model organisms, but their relationships with the environment, particularly in immature stages, remain poorly known.2. This is the most comprehensive survey to date of fruit‐breeding drosophilids and their hosts in the Neotropics. Drosophilid host‐utilisation patterns were analysed as to geographic origin (native versus exotic) and level of specialisation.3. The 180 species of plants recorded as drosophilid hosts are distributed across the main Angiosperm lineages and fleshy‐fruited orders; plant families that hosted the greatest number of drosophilid species were Arecaceae, Moraceae, and Myrtaceae. The 100 nominal drosophilid species recorded breeding in fruits belong to just over one‐third of Neotropical genera; most species (91) belong toDrosophila. Drosophilid species with the greatest resource breadth wereDrosophila simulans,Drosophila nebulosa, andZaprionus indianus.4. Exotic drosophilids breed in more plant species than Neotropical drosophilids and use exotic hosts more frequently, possibly because they are generalists that have survived the trial of introduction and establishment in the Neotropics. Native drosophilids are more variable in resource breadth and sometimes adopt exotic hosts.5. Amongst the 49 drosophilids with enough records for analysis (> 4), 48 were categorised as generalists. One possible explanation for such overwhelming generalism is the high diversity of Neotropical habitat or hosts. A second, non‐exclusive explanation, suggested by recent studies and empirically supported by the absence of host specialisation found in this study, is that drosophilids could be selective of the dominant yeasts and bacteria in host tissue, and not of the hosts themselves.
Virtual reality assessment of functional capacity in the early course of schizophrenia: Associations with cognitive performance and daily functioning
Authors: Ventura Joseph , Welikson Tamara , Ered Arielle , Subotnik Kenneth L. , Keefe Richard S. E. , Hellemann Gerhard S. , Nuechterlein Keith H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimComputer‐based virtual reality assessments of functional capacity have shown promise as a reliable and valid way to assess individuals with multi‐episode schizophrenia. However, there has been little research utilizing this innovative approach with young patients who are in the early phase of schizophrenia.MethodsOutpatients in the early course of schizophrenia (n = 42) were compared to controls (n = 13) at cross‐sectional study points. Patients were within 2 years of their first psychotic episode, were an average of 22.2 years old and had an average of 12.3 years of education. We used the Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) and the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Performance‐Based Skills Assessment‐2 (UPSA‐2) to assess functional capacity. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI) were the measures of cognitive functioning. The Global Functioning Scale: Role (GFS‐R) and Social (GFS‐S), and the Role Functioning Scale (RFS) were the measures of daily functioning.ResultsEarly course patients vs controls were slower (patient M = 830.41 seconds vs control M = 716.84 seconds; t = 3.0, P < .01) and committed more errors (patient M = 3.2 vs control M = 1.7 seconds, t = 2.9, P < .01) on the VRFCAT. Total time was significantly correlated with the UPSA (r = −0.66, P < .01), MCCB (r = −0.70, P < .01), CAI (r = −0.51, P < .01), and GFS role (r = −0.52, P <. 01) and social functioning (r = −0.43, P = .03).ConclusionsWe extend previous findings to patients with first‐episode schizophrenia. Virtual‐reality–based performance was correlated with a standard test of functional capacity, indicating VRFCAT validity. Furthermore, correlations with cognitive functioning and occupational/school and social functioning indicate promise as a co‐primary measure to track changes in response to treatment.
Perceptions of Migration and Diversity by Local Public Administrators
Authors: Malatinec Tomáš , Urbančíková Nataša , Hudec Oto 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article contributes to the recent debate on the perception of migration and diversity; it empirically examines whether public decision‐makers and public administrators perceive migration and diversity as related or if they distinguish between them. It also seeks to identify the most important characteristics of respondents with positive attitudes to migration and diversity. The sample of the respondents covers Turkey, Greece, Hungary and Slovakia; those located on the “Balkan migration route” into Europe. Due to different experiences, respondents from countries with large‐scale migration perceive migration and diversity differently from those in countries directly threatened by migration or countries without any direct impact of migration. Gender appears to be a statistically significant predictor in the need for high managerial skills to manage migration and diversity. Some size categories of municipalities where a respondent works appear to be statistically significant when ranking the local impacts and local economic benefits of migration.
You Have to Start from Scratch and You Need Someone by Your Side”: Perspectives of Parents and Teachers on Immigrant Students’ Adaptation to School
Authors: Binhas Adi , Yaknich Liat 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article analyses the issue of immigrant students’ adaptation in Israeli schools, as perceived by their parents and teachers. The study integrates data from two qualitative, phenomenological studies: one explored immigrant parents’ perceptions of Israeli education and their children’s adaptation in school, while the other studied teachers’ perceptions of immigrant students’ education and their practices in the field. The data was gathered from in‐depth interviews with 17 parents and 20 teachers. The analysis yielded a list of themes related to parents’ and teachers’ views of the children’s adjustment, and their own roles in this process: their personal experiences in the field, the challenges and difficulties in interpersonal interactions between parents and teachers, and policy issues related to the educational integration of immigrant students. Findings emphasize the vital importance of parent‐teacher collaboration, clarification and better implementation of existing policy, and teachers’ qualifications for the successful educational integration of immigrant students.
Singaporean nursing students' perceptions of a career in community nursing
Authors: Ng P.Y. , Lau S.T. , Ong S.F. , S.Y Liaw 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundThe ageing population and the changing disease profile have been driving the demand for community nurses. However, few nursing students in Singapore aspire to have a career in community nursing following graduation.ObjectivesTo explore undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of a career in community nursing and to identify strategies to promote community nursing among nursing students.MethodsAn exploratory qualitative design was used. Four focus group discussions were conducted with a purposive sample of 24 undergraduate nursing students from a university. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsFour key themes emerged as follows: ‘mid‐life career’, ‘limited career progression’, ‘a difficult transition’ and ‘international nurses‐dominated workforce’.DiscussionWhile most participants rejected a career in community nursing immediately after graduation, they planned to join it at the later stages of their lives to accommodate changing life priorities. Limited career progression and increased difficulty in career transition from community nursing to acute care nursing were identified as deterrent factors in the participants' choices of community nursing as a career. Feelings of marginalization and a lack of role models in community nursing were perceived to be the result of the international nurses‐dominated community workforce.ConclusionCommunity nursing remains an underrated career. There is a need to foster an optimistic career outlook and mobility in community nursing to entice nursing students into this career track.Implications for nursing policyStrategies to enhance community nursing recruitment should focus on providing more quality and diverse community placement opportunities in various community care settings, implementing a clearly defined career developmental plan to elucidate the role of community nurses, and improving community care and cultural competencies to develop a skilled and diverse community nursing workforce.
W.F. Sheppard's Smoothing Method: A Precursor to Local Polynomial Regression
Authors: Murray Lori , Bellhouse David 
Published: June 2019

SummaryW.F. Sheppard has been much overlooked in the history of statistics although his work produced significant contributions. He developed a polynomial smoothing method and corrections of moment estimates for grouped data as well as extensive normal probability tables that have been widely used since the 20th century. Sheppard presented his smoothing method for actuaries in a series of publications during the early 20th century. Population data consist of irregularities, and some adjustment or smoothing of the data is often necessary. Simple techniques, such as Spencer's summation formulae involving arithmetic operations and moving averages, were commonly practised by actuaries to smooth out equally spaced data. Sheppard's method, however, is a polynomial smoothing method based on central differences. We will show how Sheppard's smoothing method was a significant milestone in the development of smoothing techniques and a precursor to local polynomial regression.
Sublytic C5b‐9 induces proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells via ERK5/MZF1/RGC‐32 axis activated by FBXO28‐TRAF6 complex
Authors: Yu Tianyi , Wang Lulu , Zhao Chenhui , Qian Baomei , Yao Chunlei , He Fengxia , Zhu Yufeng , Cai Mengyuan , Li Mei , Zhao Dan , Zhang Jing , Wang Yingwei , Qiu Wen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) is characterized by the proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), followed by glomerulosclerosis and renal failure of patients. Although our previous studies have demonstrated that sublytic C5b‐9 complex formed on the GMC membrane could trigger GMC proliferation and ECM expansion of rat Thy‐1 nephritis (Thy‐1N) as an animal model of MsPGN, their mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. In the present studies, we found that the levels of response gene to complement 32 (RGC‐32), myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1), phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 5 (phosphorylated ERK5, p‐ERK5), F‐box only protein 28 (FBXO28) and TNF receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were all markedly up‐regulated both in the renal tissues of rats with Thy‐1N (in vivo) and in the GMCs upon sublytic C5b‐9 stimulation (in vitro). Further in vitro experiments revealed that up‐regulated FBXO28 and TRAF6 could form protein complex binding to ERK5 and enhance ERK5 K63‐ubiquitination and subsequent phosphorylation. Subsequently, ERK5 activation contributed to MZF1 expression and MZF1‐dependent RGC‐32 up‐regulation, finally resulting in GMC proliferative response. Furthermore, the MZF1‐binding element within RGC‐32 promoter and the functions of FBXO28 domains were identified. Additionally, knockdown of renal FBXO28, TRAF6, ERK5, MZF1 and RGC‐32 genes respectively markedly reduced GMC proliferation and ECM production in Thy‐1N rats. Together, these findings indicate that sublytic C5b‐9 induces GMC proliferative changes in rat Thy‐1N through ERK5/MZF1/RGC‐32 axis activated by the FBXO28‐TRAF6 complex, which might provide a new insight into MsPGN pathogenesis.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants: Practice, knowledge and needs of Australian pharmacists
Authors: Hinds Rupert , Loveridge Nik , Lemberg Daniel A , Ludwig Thomas , Catto‐Smith Anthony 
Published: June 2019

AimTo determine the nature and extent of interactions between retail pharmacists and families of infants concerned about functional gastrointestinal disorders.MethodsA 15‐question online survey was developed that could be completed by retail pharmacists in approximately 5 min. This survey aimed to obtain information relating to the frequency of interactions with parents of infants seeking advice and/or information about colic, gastro‐oesophageal reflux (GOR) or constipation in pharmacies; what recommendations and/or advice was given by the pharmacists; from where the pharmacists obtained their information and what guidelines/recommendations they would value; and demographic information.ResultsA total of 362 pharmacists from every state and territory within Australia completed the survey. Conversations with parents/carers about constipation at least once a week were reported by 85% of pharmacists, with the equivalent percentages for GOR and colic both being 76%. In the case of constipation, medication was recommended in 70% of cases, and a nutritional approach was recommended in 67% of cases. Medication was recommended in 81% of cases of suspected colic, significantly greater than nutritional advice at 50%. For possible GOR, recommendations were similar, with medication being suggested in 66% and nutritional advice in 68%. GOR guidelines were the most sought after, with 42% of pharmacists placing such guidelines as their number one need.ConclusionsThis survey indicates the need for greater emphasis to be given to reassurance by health‐care professionals involved in the management of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infancy, as well as consideration of the construction of easily accessible, evidence‐based national guidelines.
PORE SYSTEM QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION IN VOLCANIC ROCKS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS SERRA GERAL GROUP, PARANÁ BASIN, SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: Becker M. , Lima E. F. , Waichel B. L. , Mantovani I. F. 
Published: June 2019

Studies of pore systems in volcanic rocks are of increasing importance due to these rocks' potential as reservoirs for hydrocarbons. For this paper, samples of basaltic pahoehoe, rubbly pahoehoe and acidic lava from the Lower Cretaceous Serra Geral Group (Paraná Basin, southern Brazil) were analysed in order to quantify and characterize the constituent pore systems. The Serra Geral Group volcanics were erupted as part of the Paraná‐Etendeka Igneous Province in the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian – Hauterivian). Analyses included experimental measurements by permo‐porosimeter integrated with X‐ray microtomography (μ‐CT) image analysis of vertical and horizontal sample plugs. In addition petrographic analyses were carried out to characterize pore types in thin section. The experimental porosity values ranged from 0.11 to 13.08% and most permeability values were generally lower than 0.0004 mD. Values varied as much within flow zones as they did between them.Porosity and permeability values were not sufficient for the Serra Geral Group volcanics to be considered as a potential reservoir analogue. However the wide range in values was attributed to the processes which controlled the origin and development of the pore system. Primary pores observed included intracrystalline sieve, vesicular and interflow laminar types; secondary porosity, such as spongy, interclast and intra‐matrix pore types, was related to dissolution and the precipitation of secondary minerals. The porosity values obtained by μ‐CT (between <0.01 and 3.37%) were lower than those experimentally measured by permo‐porosimeter. This was attributed to the presence of multi‐scale pores in the volcanic rocks sampled, and also to limitations with image resolution. Even so, the use of μ‐CT allowed the visualization of porosity variations and was useful in characterizing the pore system.The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the volcanic rocks in the Serra Geral Group have a heterogeneous pore system, similar to that in carbonate rocks.
Extruded urea could reduce true protein source in beef cattle diets
Authors: de Moraes Gabriella J. , Ítavo Luís Carlos V. , Ítavo Camila Celeste B. F. , Dias Alexandre M. , Niwa Marcus Vinicius G. , Leal Eduardo S. , Kozerski Noemila Debora , da Costa Marlova Cristina Mioto , da Mata Debora Gabriela , Inada Aline C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRumen micro‐organisms are capable of producing microbial protein from ammonia and carbon skeleton, and non‐protein nitrogen (NPN) may be one of the sources of ammonia. Alternative source of NPN is the slow release of ammonia sources in which the product is the extrusion of starch with urea. This work aimed to determine the effects on nutrient intake, ingestive behaviour, digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and blood parameters with increased levels of extruded urea (50, 60, 70 and 80 g/100 kg of body weight [BW]) in beef cattle diet. Four rumen cannulated crossbred steers with initial mean weight of 336 ± 47 kg in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were distributed. Diets were formulated with 400:600 g/kg roughage:concentrate ratio on dry matter based and provided once per day, being used whole corn silage as roughage. There were no effects on nutrient intake (kg/day), ingestive behaviour, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and blood parameters in extruded urea treatment groups. Similar results were observed on time spent on feeding, rumination and idleness. There were positive linear effects (p = 0.022) on rumen pH in the time of 8 hr after feeding and also on plasma concentration of the extruded urea levels (p = 0.039); whereas a linear negative effect (p = 0.030) was observed on ammonia nitrogen for the collection time of 2 hr after feeding. Increased levels of extruded urea could maintain nutrient intake, digestibility, ingestive behaviour, rumen pH and blood parameters in normal conditions. In conclusion, we recommend the extruded urea use with values up to 80 g/100 kg BW in confined beef cattle that receive balanced diets with 140 g/kg of crude protein.
Investigation of pharmacokinetic interaction between ivermectin and praziquantel after oral administration in healthy dogs
Authors: Ozdemir Zeynep , Faki Hatice Eser , Uney Kamil , Tras Bunyamin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction between ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg) and praziquantel (10 mg/kg) administered either alone or co‐administered to dogs after oral treatment. Twelve healthy cross‐bred dogs (weighing 18–21 kg, aged 1–3 years) were allocated randomly into two groups of six dogs (four females, two males) each. In first group, the tablet forms of praziquantel and ivermectin were administered using a crossover design with a 15‐day washout period, respectively. Second group received tablet form of ivermectin plus praziquantel. The plasma concentrations of ivermectin and praziquantel were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence and ultraviolet detector, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin following oral alone‐administration were as follows: elimination half‐life (t1/2λz) 110 ± 11.06 hr, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) 7,805 ± 1,768 hr.ng/ml, maximum concentration (Cmax) 137 ± 48.09 ng/ml, and time to reachCmax(Tmax) 14.0 ± 4.90 hr. The pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel following oral alone‐administration were as follows:t1/2λz7.39 ± 3.86 hr,AUC0–∞4,301 ± 1,253 hr.ng/ml,Cmax897 ± 245 ng/ml, andTmax5.33 ± 0.82 hr. The pharmacokinetics of ivermectin and praziquantel were not changed, exceptTmaxof praziquantel in the combined group. In conclusion, the combined formulation of ivermectin and praziquantel can be preferred in the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by susceptible parasites in dogs because no pharmacokinetic interaction was determined between them.