bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AGILE Detection of Gamma-Ray Sources Coincident with Cosmic Neutrino Events
Authors: Lucarelli F. , Tavani M. , Piano G. , Bulgarelli A. , Donnarumma I. , Verrecchia F. , Pittori C. , Antonelli L. A. , Argan A. , Barbiellini G. , Caraveo P. , Cardillo M. , Cattaneo P. W. , Chen A. , Colafrancesco S. , Costa E. , Monte E. Del , Cocco G. Di , Ferrari A. , Fioretti V. , Galli M. , Giommi P. , Giuliani A. , Lipari P. , Longo F. , Mereghetti S. , Morselli A. , Paoletti F. , Parmiggiani N. , Pellizzoni A. , Picozza P. , Pilia M. , Rappoldi A. , Trois A. , Ursi A. , Vercellone S. , Vittorini V. ,   (The AGILE Team)
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The origin of cosmic neutrinos is still largely unknown. Using data obtained by the gamma-ray imager on board the Astro-rivelatore Gamma a Immagini Leggero (AGILE) satellite, we systematically searched for transient gamma-ray sources above 100 MeV that are temporally and spatially coincident with 10 recent high-energy neutrino IceCube events. We found three AGILE candidate sources that can be considered possible counterparts to neutrino events. Detecting three gamma-ray/neutrino associations out of 10 IceCube events is shown to be unlikely due to a chance coincidence. One of the sources is related to the BL Lac source TXS 0506+056. For the other two AGILE gamma-ray sources there are no obvious known counterparts, and both Galactic and extragalactic origin should be considered.
Scales for measuring UAV micro-motor static thrust
Authors: Zabunov Svetoslav , Mardirossian Garo 
Published: January 2019

With the advent of micro-sized unmanned helicopters and airplanes weighing under 250 g certain needs for measurement instruments and setups are emerging. The authors have identified the lack of micro-motor measurement instruments and more specifically a static thrust gauge device. For this reason, scales to measure static motor thrust was advised and further developed as a laboratory setup.
The motors that are subject to testing with the described instrument are the brushed micro-sized coreless electric motors, well suited for micro-drones with total weight under 250 g. The scale is fitting different sizes of micro-motors and appropriate control of the input voltage is provided. The instrument is measuring simultaneously the applied voltage to the motor and the current it consumes, along with the static thrust the motor generates. The scale is versatile – it measures both pusher and tractor propeller configurations. Pusher propellers in micro-drones are gaining significant attention lately due to their better efficiency characteristics.
Argon Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty in the Management of Phacomorphic Glaucoma
Authors: Yip Pian P W , Leung Wai-yee , Hon Ching-yu , Ho Chi-kin 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To document the efficacy and safety of argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) as a temporizing measure in the treatment of phacomorphic glaucoma and to evaluate the mid-term visual outcomes.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The clinical records of all patients with phacomorphic glaucoma treated with ALPI from December 1999 to December 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome measure was the rate of successful control of intraocular pressure. Successful cases with at least 12 months of follow-up were further analyzed regarding their outcomes after cataract surgery, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and angle status.
* RESULTS: ALPI was performed as an initial step in the management of phacomorphic glaucoma in 21 eyes of 21 patients. IOP was successfully controlled in 17 eyes (80.75%), with a statistically significant decrease at 2 and 24 hours postoperatively (P < .0001). Elective cataract surgery was performed in 16 of the 17 successful cases and 12 of these patients completed at least 12 months of follow-up. After a mean follow-up period of 25.58 months, IOP was normal without medications in 1 1 eyes and only 1 patient required antiglaucoma eye drops to control IOP. All patients achieved a visual acuity of at least 1/60 and 8 (66.67%) of them achieved a visual acuity of 6/21 or better. All patients maintained an open angle without further surgical intervention. No complication was noted direcdy attributable to ALPI.
* CONCLUSION: ALPI is a safe and efficacious measure for the initial management of phacomorphic glaucoma, simultaneously obviating the need to operate in highly inflamed eyes in an emergency setting and achieving satisfactory mid-term visual outcome.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005,36:286291.1]
Outcomes of Surgery for Idiopathic Macular Hole: A Case-Control Study Comparing Silicone Oil With Gas Tamponade
Authors: Couvillion Stephen S , Smiddy William E , Flynn Harry W , Eifrig Charles W G , Gregori Giovanni 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of macular hole surgery using silicone oil with C
3
F
8
gas tamponade.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective case-control study of patients who underwent macular hole surgery for stage 2, 3, or 4 macular holes.
* RESULTS: Forty-six eyes of 44 patients underwent macular hole surgery involving injection of silicone oil (23 cases) or gas tamponade (23 controls). Anatomic closure occurred in 19 (82.6%) cases and 20 (86.9%) controls. Visual acuity improved to 20/70 or better in 4 (17.3%) of the cases and in 17 (73%) of the controls.
* CONCLUSION: In the current study of macular hole surgery, outcomes were better among patients with gas tamponade.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:365-371.]
Preparation of Donor Lamellar Tissue for Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty Using a Microkeratome and Artificial Anterior Chamber System: Endothelial Cell Loss and Predictability of Lamellar Thickness
Authors: Kang Paul C , McEntire Marshall W , Thompson Clinton J , Moshirfar Majid 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To measure endothelial cell loss and predictability of lamellar thickness after preparing donor tissue for deep keratoplasty with an artificial anterior chamber and microkeratome.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: A microkeratome set at a depth of 350 µm and a diameter of 9 mm was used to obtain ten lamellar lenticules from corneoscleral rims mounted in an artificial chamber. A punch trephine then was used to cut the donor tissue 7 mm in diameter. Specular microscopy was performed to evaluate endothelial cell density before the procedure, after cutting with the microkeratome, and after trephination. Pachymetry was performed to determine the predictability of lenticule thickness, before the procedure and after microkeratome incision.

* RESULTS: Mean post-microkeratome endothelial cell loss was 79 ± 88 cells/mm
p 2
and post-punch trephination was 85 ± 94 cells/mm
p 2
. This represented a mean percentage loss of 3.2% and 3.5% for the respective steps of this procedure. Nine of the ten lenticules were cut within ± 75 µm of the intended 350-µm thickness.

* CONCLUSIONS: Preparing donor lenticules for deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty with a microkeratome with artificial chamber system caused a relatively small loss of endothelial cells (6.7% of the total) and a reproducible thickness. This may have advantages over manual preparation techniques.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:381-385.]
Optical Coherence Tomography in Group 2A Idiopathic Juxtafoveolar Telangiectasis
Authors: Gupta Vishali , Gupta Amod , Dogra Mangat R , Agarwal Anita 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To describe the optical coherence tomographic features in patients with group 2A idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasis.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty eyes of 20 consecutive patients with idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasis seen between August 2002 and January 2004 were included in the study. All of the patients underwent color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. The main outcome measure was optical coherence tomography findings.
* RESULTS: The most consistent finding between stages 2 through 5 of group 2A idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasis seen in 35 (87.5%) eyes on optical coherence tomography was the presence of hypo reflective intraretinal spaces in the absence of retinal thickening. Other findings included the presence of hyperreflectivity in the middle or inner retinal layers, suggesting retinal pigment epithelium proliferation and migration corresponding to the stellate foci of pigmentation in stage 4 and features of choroidal or subretinal neovascular membrane in stage 5.
* CONCLUSION: The optical coherence tomography findings in group 2A idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasis were characteristic and may be helpful in making the diagnosis and defining, as far as possible, the anatomical staging.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:482-486.]
Aligning Strategic Interests in an Academic Medical Center: A Framework for Evaluating GME Expansion Requests
Authors: Varaklis Kalli , Parker Mark G. , Peck Jordan S. , Bing-You Robert G. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
In 2017, the Maine Medical Center Graduate Medical Education Committee received an unprecedented number of requests (n = 18) to start new graduate medical education (GME) programs or expand existing programs. There was no process by which multiple programs could be prioritized to compete for scarce GME resources.

Objective
We developed a framework to strategically assess and prioritize GME program expansion requests to yield the greatest benefits for patients, learners, and the institution as well as to meet regional and societal priorities.

Methods
A systems engineering methodology called tradespace exploration was applied to a 6-step process to identify relevant categories and metrics. Programs' final scores were peer evaluated, and prioritization recommendations were made. Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relevance of each category to final scores. Stakeholder feedback was solicited for process refinement.

Results
Five categories relevant to GME expansion were identified: institutional priorities, health care system priorities, regional and societal needs, program quality, and financial considerations. All categories, except program quality, correlated well with final scores (R2 range 0.413–0.662). Three of 18 requested programs were recommended for funding. A stakeholder survey revealed that almost half of respondents (48%, 14 of 29) agreed that the process was unbiased and inclusive. Focus group feedback noted that the process had been rigorous and deliberate, although communication could have been improved.

Conclusions
Applying a systems engineering approach to develop institution-specific metrics for assessing GME expansion requests provided a reproducible framework, allowing consideration of institutional, health care system, and regional societal needs, as well as program quality and funding considerations.
Characterization of VOCs and their related atmospheric processes in a central Chinese city during severe ozone pollution periods
Authors: Li Bowei , Ho Steven Sai Hang , Gong Sunling , Ni Jingwei , Li Huairui , Han Liyan , Yang Yi , Qi Yijin , Zhao Dongxu 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A 5-month campaign (from May to September 2017) was conducted to
characterize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the first time at four
sites in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, where ground level ozone
(O3) concentration has shown an increasing trend in recent years. Canister
samples were collected for the measurement of 57 VOCs, which, along with
reactive nitrogen oxides (NOx), are the most important O3 precursors.
During the same period, O3 and its precursor gases were monitored online
simultaneously. The results indicated that the average mixing ratio of total
quantified VOCs (ΣVOCs=28.8±22.1 ppbv) in Zhengzhou
was lower than that in the other Chinese megacities, while alkyne comprised a
higher proportion of ΣVOCs. The abundances, compositions and ratios
of typical VOCs showed clear spatial and temporal variations. Cluster
analysis indicates that air masses from the south of Zhengzhou were cleaner than
from other directions. The molar ratio of VOCs to NOx indicated that,
in general, O3 formation was more sensitive to VOCs than NOx
formation in Zhengzhou. The source apportionment was conducted with positive
matrix factorization (PMF), and it was found that vehicle exhaust, coal and
biomass burning and solvent usage were the major sources for ambient VOCs at
all four sites. From potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis,
the strong emissions from coal + biomass burning and solvent usage were
concentrated in the southwest of Shanxi and Henan provinces. This
study gathers scientific evidence on the pollution sources for Zhengzhou, benefiting the government to establish efficient environmental control
measures, particularly for O3 pollution.
Global atmospheric CO2 inverse models converging on neutral tropical land exchange, but disagreeing on fossil fuel and atmospheric growth rate
Authors: Gaubert Benjamin , Stephens Britton B. , Basu Sourish , Chevallier Frédéric , Deng Feng , Kort Eric A. , Patra Prabir K. , Peters Wouter , Rödenbeck Christian , Saeki Tazu , Schimel David , Van der Laan-Luijkx Ingrid , Wofsy Steven , Yin Yi 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. We have compared a suite of recent global CO2 atmospheric inversion
results to independent airborne observations and to each other, to assess
their dependence on differences in northern extratropical (NET) vertical transport
and to identify some of the drivers of model spread. We evaluate posterior
CO2 concentration profiles against observations from the
High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research
(HIAPER) Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) aircraft campaigns over the mid-Pacific in 2009–2011. Although the models differ in inverse approaches,
assimilated observations, prior fluxes, and transport models, their broad
latitudinal separation of land fluxes has converged significantly since the
Atmospheric Carbon Cycle Inversion Intercomparison (TransCom 3) and the
REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) projects, with model
spread reduced by 80 % since TransCom 3 and 70 % since RECCAP. Most modeled
CO2 fields agree reasonably well with the HIPPO observations,
specifically for the annual mean vertical gradients in the Northern
Hemisphere. Northern Hemisphere vertical mixing no longer appears to be a
dominant driver of northern versus tropical (T) annual flux differences. Our
newer suite of models still gives northern extratropical land uptake that is
modest relative to previous estimates (Gurney et al., 2002; Peylin et al., 2013) and
near-neutral tropical land uptake for 2009–2011. Given estimates of emissions
from deforestation, this implies a continued uptake in intact tropical
forests that is strong relative to historical estimates (Gurney et al., 2002; Peylin et al., 2013). The results from these models for other time periods (2004–2014,
2001–2004, 1992–1996) and re-evaluation of the TransCom 3 Level 2 and RECCAP
results confirm that tropical land carbon fluxes including deforestation
have been near neutral for several decades. However, models still have large
disagreements on ocean–land partitioning. The fossil fuel (FF) and the atmospheric
growth rate terms have been thought to be the best-known terms in the global
carbon budget, but we show that they currently limit our ability to assess
regional-scale terrestrial fluxes and ocean–land partitioning from the model
ensemble.
Algal Cell Walls
Authors: Domozych David 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAlgae represent a diverse group of mostly photosynthetic eukaryotes that are profoundly important to Earth's ecosystems and human economy. These organisms possess a variety of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that are critical for multiple life functions. The most well‐studied ECMs are cell walls that are common to the green algae, red algae and brown algae. The typical cell wall consists of crystalline fibrillar polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose) that interact with a surrounding matrix of polysaccharides and proteoglycans. The matrix polysaccharides may be sulfated or acidic and some can complex various cations to form hard surfaces. Other distinct cell wall‐like coverings are found in algae including glycoprotein walls of volvocalean flagellates and silica‐complexed frustules of diatoms. Other noncell wall ECM types of algae include the amphiesma or dinoflagellates and the coccosphere of haptophytes.Key ConceptsAlgae possess a variety of extracellular matrices including cell walls.Most green, red and brown algae have cell walls consisting of a composite of a fibrillar polysaccharide framework associated with a polysaccharide/protein matrix.Unique cell walls are found in some algal groups including crystalline glycoprotein cell walls of volvocalean green algae and silica‐complexed cells walls of diatoms.Many algae do not have cell walls but have coverings made of complex scales and plates.The cell wall is synthesised and deposited externally through the coordinated action of the endomembrane and cytoskeletal systems.
Termination ofDNAReplication in Prokaryotes
Authors: Rudolph Christian J , Corocher Tayla‐Ann , Grainge Ian , Duggin Iain G 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMost bacteria and archaea have circular chromosomes, in which DNA replication begins at a site known as an origin of replication. Double‐stranded DNA unwound at the origin creates two replication forks that are engaged by DNA polymerase complexes (replisomes) that advance each fork and proceed in opposite directions away from the origin, copying the original strands. Termination of DNA replication occurs when the two forks meet and fuse, creating two separate double‐stranded DNA molecules. In the well‐studied bacteriaEscherichia coliandBacillus subtilis, this occurs in the terminus region, which is situated diametrically opposite the origin. Failure to terminate chromosome replication correctly can lead to problems with genome function and stability, including DNA over‐replication. In contrast, some archaea have multi‐origin chromosomes and do not appear to specifically regulate the location of termination.Key ConceptsTermination of DNA replication occurs when two oppositely orientated replication forks meet and fuse, to create two separate and complete double‐stranded DNA molecules.In circular bacterial chromosomes, termination is restricted to a region called the terminus region, located approximately opposite the origin of replication.A replication fork trap is an opposing arrangement of unidirectional replication terminator (Ter) sites in a region of DNA, which allows replication forks to enter the trap from either direction, but not exit it.Failure to terminate bacterial chromosome replication correctly results in chromosome over‐replication and genome instability.Terminator proteins bind to asymmetric DNATersites to arrest a replication fork approaching the non‐permissive side but allow fork passage from permissive side.
Psychoses
Authors: Moises Hans W 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Psychoses are serious psychiatric disorders characterised by the inability to differentiate reality from unreality. Major symptoms are disorganised thoughts, delusions, hallucinations and persistent profound sadness or euphoric mood without apparent reason. They are split into a group of known organic and a group of unknown causes. The latter are termed major psychoses and affect approximately 2% of the human population. The subdivision of major psychoses into schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is a matter of debate. In search of the aetiology of these disorders, different models have been applied, mainly medical, Darwinian, Mendelian, psychogenic and genomic paradigms. These approaches, their results and hypotheses of schizophrenia are summarised in this article. More details can be found in other articles in this encyclopedia, references and in a list for further reading.

Key Concepts

Psychoses are caused by known or postulated brain disorders.

The classification of psychoses is based on aetiology and course.

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder I (manic‐depressive illness) are two major psychoses of postulated but unknown organic origin.

Bipolar II is not a psychosis per se but assumed to be a mild form of bipolar I and has been found to overlap in part with borderline personality disorders.

Major psychoses are polygenic disorders with heritability estimates of approximately 80%.

Genome research has identified several genes associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder which are, in part, identical.

Brain imaging revealed partly overlapping volume reductions in schizophrenia as well as in bipolar disorder.

Genes associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder play a role in neurodevelopment, synaptic and vascular regulation.

Dopamine hyperactivity, neurodevelopment, inflammation, neurodegeneration, mild ischaemia and synaptic dysregulation have been implicated in the aetiology of major psychoses.
Recently Mobilised Transposons in the Human Genome
Authors: Saha Partha S , An Wenfeng 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Transposable elements make up approximately half of the human genome. Apart from an evolutionary role in altering the genomic landscape and gene expression, recent discoveries have brought into focus the scale and impact of active movement by non‐LTR retrotransposons, both in the germline and in somatic niches. Heritable insertions that originate from either early embryonic or germ cell development have contributed to over 100 cases of human genetic diseases. Alu, L1 and SVA contribute to 60%, 25% and 10% of disease‐causing germline insertions, respectively. In contrast, L1 retrotransposition is responsible for the majority of nonheritable (or somatic) insertions found in the brain and many types of cancers. A multidisciplinary effort is required to fully understand the role of active retrotransposition in human physiology and pathophysiology.

Key Concepts

Recently mobilised transposons in the human genome are confined to three types of non‐LTR retrotransposons: L1, Alu and SVA.

Ongoing retrotransposition in the germline has contributed to over 100 cases of tumour and nontumour human genetic diseases, including 21 cases of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).

Early embryonic development is a critical window for retrotransposition and may harbour excessive insertional activities.

Elevated L1 retrotransposition in germ cells is expected in individuals with partially compromised piRNA pathway.

Human brain is a hub for somatic retrotransposition during neuronal development. Its implication on neuronal function or dysfunction (friend or foe) remains to be elucidated.

Human cancers can be categorised into very‐high, high, medium, low and very‐low insertional activity groups. Some insertions are cancer drivers but the majority are likely passenger events.