bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Adjustment of First Year Gymnasium Students Depending on Gender
Authors: Klizas Šarūnas , Klizienė Irina , Linonis Vitas , Miliauskienė Daina 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The data of students’ national academic achievements confirmed that high achievements were related to good well-being at school. Most attention should be paid to first year gymnasium students because especially great differences were established in the academic achievements of those who evaluated school microclimate favorably and unfavorably. We hypothesized that the level of psychosocial adjustment of female first year gymnasium students would be higher than that of male students.Research aim. The aim of the present study was to establish psychosocial adjustment of first year gymnasium students depending on their gender.Research methods. The sample included 362 first year gymnasium students, girls (n = 198) and boys (n = 164). They were 14–16 years of age. The Rogers and Dymond’s questionnaire was chosen for the evaluation of psychosocial adjustment (Rogers, Dymond, 1954). It was translated into the Lithuanian language and adapted for the Lithuanian population (Klizas, 2009). Besides the psychosocial adjustment subscale, we analyzed other subscales (self-esteem, evaluation of others, emotional comfort, integrity, domination, avoidance of problem) as well which helped reveal the person’s psychosocial adjustment.Research results. Analyzing the level of gymnasium students psychosocial adjustment in the aspect of gender, we established statistically significant difference in the avoidance of problems (t = –3.19; p < 0.05). We established that the level of negative evaluation of others for boys and girls was statistically significant (χ 2 = 10.71; df = 2; p < 0.05). The evaluation of the level of emotional discomfort for boys and girls revealed a statistically significant difference in the aspect of gender (χ 2 = 12.49; df = 2; p < 0.05).Discussion and conclusions. We established that psychosocial adjustment of first year gymnasium students was of low level. Such components of psychosocial adjustment as adjustment, evaluation of others, emotional comfort, integrity, domination and avoidance of problems were of low level, and only self-esteem was moderate. In the aspect of gender, we revealed a statistically significant difference in the avoidance of problems (p < 0.05). The avoidance level of girls in the first year of the gymnasium was higher than that of boys. But for boys, the levels of adjustment, evaluation of others, emotional comfort, integrity, domination were higher than those of girls. Self-esteem for girls was higher than that of boys; however, no statistically significant difference was found.Keywords: school (adjustment) microclimate, emotional comfort, avoidance of problems.
Physical Training of Candidates to Professional Military Service in Lithuanian Armed Forces
Authors: Savonis Aurelijus , Čepulėnas Algirdas 
Published: May 2019

Research back ground and hypothesis. There is a basic military training course (BMT) carried out in the Lithuanian Armed Forces. The aim of this course is to train soldiers for military service that they were able to perform individual tasks and acquire basic military preparation. There is a lack of research dealing with the effect of physical training programmes in military training courses on the changes in soldiers’ physical fitness. We hypothesize that in the course of military training physical fitness of would-be soldiers improves.Research aim was to analyse the structure and content of the BMT programme and the effect of its implementation on the changes in physical fitness for would-be soldiers.Research methods: literature review, analysis of military physical training programmes, physical fitness testing.Research results. During the first testing only 26.8% of would-be soldiers achieved the standards of physical fitness complex test, and during the second testing the standards of the complex test of physical fitness were achieved by 89.5% of service people. In the period of the course VO 2 max and Roufier index improved (p < 0.001). Indices of physical fitness and functional capacity improved more in the first half of the course. At the end of the course the results of adapted military physical fitness of service people were worse compared to the results of their general physical fitness.Discussion and conclusions. The program of general physical training was effective, but more attention should be paid to the improvement of adapted military physical fitness programme aiming at better results. During the basic military training course physical fitness and functional capacity of candidates improved and at the end of the course it reached the normative level of physical fitness.Keywords: physical fitness, adapted military physical fitness, basic military course, testing.
Laboratory Assessments and Field Tests in Predicting Competitive Performance of Swimmers
Authors: Zuozienė Ilona Judita , Poderys Jonas 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The assessments of functional fitness of swimmers includes the analyses of the physical, physiological and biomechanical indices for scientific purposes. The hypothesis is that dynamical parameters registered while performing field testing tasks could be more informative than laboratory assessments in predicting the performance abilities. The aim of the study was to compare the informativeness of field tests and laboratory assessments in predicting the possible performance of athletes in the 50 m distance.Research methods. Twelve professional swimmers took part in three testing procedures. First, each participant performed a test in water to establish the traction force parameters and indices of muscle power and anaerobic capacity. Second, the subjects performed a control 50 m freestyle swim the best they could. Third, the indices of relative muscle power during jumping tasks, anaerobic capacity, and functional indices of cardiovascular system were assessed during laboratory testing.Research results. Significant correlation was found between the results in 50 m swimming and traction forces while performing testing tasks in water or out of water with arms or arms and legs together. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between the results in swimming and the height of vertical jump. Still there exists significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the speed and force components as well as fatigability index and the competition result (r = –0.47; r = 0.56 and r = 0.67, respectively).Discussion and conclusions. Dynamical parameters measured in the swimming pool while performing field tests are more suitable than the data of laboratory research for predicting the results of swimmers in the 50m freestyle swim. The vertical high jump tests and indices of ECG allow distinguishing the factors limiting the working capacity of athletes.Keywords: swimming, functional fitness, field test.
Lithuanian Olympic Basketball Players’ Nutrition during the Training Mezzo-Cycles Designed for Strength Training
Authors: Baranauskas Marius , Tubelis Linas , Stukas Rimantas , Švedas Edmundas , Samsonienė Laimutė , Karanauskienė Diana 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Unbalanced nutritional status, incorrect qualitative and quantitative content of nutritional and bioactive substances (nutrition value) for athletes in strength and speed sports can have a negative impact on acid-base homeostasis and physical working performance. Hypothesis – there is a dietary acid-base balance in the Lithuanian Olympic basketball team players’ food rations. Research aim was to assess dietary acid-base balance in Lithuanian high-performance basketball players during the training mezzo-cycles designed for strength training.Research methods. In the general preparation period, Lithuanian Olympic Team basketball players (n = 52), aged 18.0 ± 1.9 years, training 197.9 ± 58.7 min a day, 6 days a week on average, were tested. Body composition analysis of athletes was performed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. Applying the survey method we investigated and assessed the nutritional status of basketball players, possible effect of their dietary intake on potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP).Research results. The dietary PRAL of more than half (67.3%) of subjects was positive (8.5 ± 49.0 mEq/day). Basketball players’ protein intake was positively related to dietary PRAL (r = 0.408, p = 0.003). Protein intake of 20.5% of male basketball players on average was 2.6 ± 0.7 g/kg body weight, and their dietary PRAL was 75.5 ± 22.8 mEq/day, NEAP – 128.5 ± 23.7 mEq/day. Discussion and conclusions. If high-protein diet (protein intake meets 1.8–2.0 g/kg BW) is followed, basketball players’ nutritional habits should be changed. Athletes are recommended to consume significantly more fresh fruits and vegetables and/or enrich the normal diet by sodium bicarbonate and/or beta-alanine dietary supplements.Keywords: basketball, acid-base balance, renal acid overload.
Influence of Passive Foot Flection Movements Applied after Exertion Isometric Workouts on Muscular Blood Flow
Authors: Grūnovas Albinas , Poderys Jonas , Trinkūnas Eugenijus , Šilinskas Viktoras 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Blood flow intensity plays an important role in the recovery after exercising. Research aim was to compare the effect of passive rest and passive foot movement on calf muscle blood flow applying dosed static physical loads. Research methods. Eighteen adult males were divided into two sub-groups. Participants of the study performed two isometric 30-s workouts at 75% of MVC with 20 minutes interval for the recovery between the workouts. During the first stage one sub-group performed workout and a passive recovery was applied while the subjects of the second sub-group performed passive foot flexion movements. During the second stage the form of recovery was changed. Arterial blood flow intensity was registered during venous occlusion plethysmography and passive foot flexion movements were performed by special mechanical equipment.Research results. The results obtained during the study showed that maximal increase of blood flow registered at 21 second after the workout was (52.0 ± 2.9 ml/min/100 ml), while the application of passive movements before the workout decreased the blood flow intensity (45.0 ± 2.6 ml/min/100 ml). It was significantly (p < 0.05) lower compared to passive rest. Discussion and conclusions. These effects can be explained by reduced venous filling and increased venous vascular reserve capacity in the calves. The results obtained during this research allow concluding that passive foot flexion manoeuvre applied before the isometric workload faster decreases the blood flow intensity during the recovery.Keywords: arterial blood ﬂow recovery, isometric physical workout, passive foot movement, passive rest.
Sport Performance Profile in Men`s European Modern Handball: Discriminant Analysis between Winners and Losers
Authors: Skarbalius Antanas , Pukėnas Kazimieras , Vidūnaitė Gabija 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Europeans have won Olympic and world gold medals since modern indoor men’s handball became an international sport (1938) and an Olympic sport (1972) (www. ihf.com). Nevertheless, no research has been carried out in order to find out the tendencies in European modern men’s handball. Research aim of this study was to illustrate discriminant indicators of sport performance between winners and losers in European men’s modern handball match activities. Research methods. Data sets were gathered from the European Handball Federation (EHF) website (http://www.eurohandball.com) covering the five European Men’s Handball Championships (EMHC): 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010 (n = 239 matches). Each match was classified as successful and non-successful for each team, and then the number of analysed matches doubled to 478. We examined 28 variables of sport performance, but only 15 key indicators where significant discriminant between winners and losers at least in one EMHC was shown. Research results. Winners scored more goals (p < 0.01, p < 0.001), were better in total attack (p < 0.001) and positional attack (p < 0.01, p < 0.001), performed more efficiently in shooting total (p < 0.001) and shooting from long distance (p < 0.01, p < 0.05), and goalkeepers saved more throws (p < 0.05, p < 0.001).Discussion and conclusions. Winning and losing teams played in the same pattern (p > 0.05). In many cases the separate match-play was determined by using temporal model of playing style. The phenomenon is that teams scored more goals in the second half than in the first one despite the fact that players’ activities decreased in the second half. Sport performance profile in European modern handball can generate a useful database.Keywords: sports games, performance analysis, elite athletes.
Nutritional Status and Physical Development of High-Performance Combat Athletes in Lithuania
Authors: Baranauskas Marius , Tubelis Linas , Stukas Rimantas , Švedas Edmundas , Samsonienė Laimutė , Karanauskienė Diana 
Published: May 2019

Background. Adequate nutrition is inseparable from athletes’ optimal physical development and achieved sports performance. Preparing for the Olympic Games athletes’ nutrition must meet certain requirements. Only under appropriate nutrition conditions athletes are enabled to maximize their adaptation to physical loads. Hypothesis: nutrition of Lithuanian high performance athletes in combat sports is adequate. Research aim was to assess nutrition profile and physical development of Lithuanian high performance athletes in combat sports. Methods. During the competition preparation period of 2012, the actual diets of Lithuanian elite boxers (n = 14), and the Greco-Roman wrestlers (n = 29) were tested and evaluated. Body composition parameters and physical development of combat athletes were assessed using BIA tetra - polar electrode method. Athletes’ actual diets were established using the actual dietary survey method. Results. Muscle and fat mass indexes of boxers and Greco-Roman wrestlers, 7.5 ± 3.8 and 5.4 ± 2.0 respectively, show that effective complex preparation measures ensure optimal body condition status of athletes. Nevertheless, the diets of combat sport athletes do not meet the requirements: irrational use of proteins, not enough carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins D, B 1 , PP, minerals, manganese, zinc, calcium and copper, too much intake of fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Conclusion. The existing diets of Lithuanian elite combat sports athletes cannot ensure their maximal adaptation to physical loads and must be optimized, individualized and adjusted, adding dietary supplements with extra carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and in exceptional cases, nutritional supplements with essential amino acids.Keywords: high sports performance, combat sports, boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling, athlete nutrition, nutrition profle.
The Shift of Students Attitudes Towards the Teacher of Physical Education
Authors: Čepelionienė Jurgita , Ivaškienė Vida 
Published: May 2019

Background. The aim of the research was to identify the shift of the attitude of students towards the physical education teacher. Hypothesis of the research: Students attending compulsory physical education classes view physical education teacher worse than those who have a possibility of physical education as an optional subject at the university. Methods. The first study was conducted in the spring semester of 2009 and the second study was conducted after four years (in the spring semester of 2013). First year students took part in the research, 362 females participated in the first study and 343 females in the second study. The total number of male participants in the first study was 129, in the second study – 169. Research participants were students selected from several universities using convenience sampling strategy. The data were analysed using the statistical data software package SPSS 21.0 for Windows. Results. The analysis of the research data about the most appealing traits of physical education teacher revealed that male students appreciated the teacher’s ability to be calm, interested in each student, to be creative and be able to apply innovations.Conclusions. For students the most appealing traits of physical education teachers are good knowledge of the subject and friendliness. The female students also emphasized the importance of good appearance of the teacher of physical education as well as good interaction with the group, the male students appreciated a good sense of humour and possibility of easy communication with the teacher. In four years’ time students’ attitudes towards the teacher of physical education improved.Keywords: students’ attitudes, physical education teacher, university physical education.
Empowerment for Education of Students with Special Education Needs
Authors: Dumčienė Audronė , Šukys Saulius 
Published: May 2019

Background. Teachers who are in favour of education of students with special needs (SEN) together with their peers (inclusive education) appreciate the role of parents in the education process of students. However, Čiuladienė and Paužienė (2012) indicate that the majority of Lithuanian general education schools are not sufficiently prepared for inclusive education.Methods. The sample consisted of 170 parents of students with SEN in grades 5–10. The scale of Parental Involvement in School was used to establish parental involvement in children’s education process. Results. The parent involvement levels in children’s education process were established using three five-point scales: Parent Involvement with Teacher/School – 1.60 points; Teacher Involvement with Parent – 2.22 points; Parent Involvement with Child’s Schoolwork – 3.03 points.More educated parents compared to parents with lower education indicated that communicating with teachers they really felt equal partners (χ 2 = 20.37, p < .001).Parents admit that better collaboration between parents and teachers can more encourage open and honest communication between them (63.5%). A little less than three-quarters of parents often or very often received information from teachers about their children’s learning and behaviour. Parents who claimed to have sufficient knowledge of educating their children sometimes indicated that they needed teachers and other professionals to help them with their children’s development problems (χ 2 = 14.11, p < .001).Conclusions. Most parents were involved in the education of pupils with SEN at home but they were little involved in their children’s educational process at school and other school activities.Keywords: student, special education needs, parent, teacher.
Kariūnų rankų psichomotorinių savybių tyrimas naudojant DPA-1 analizatorių
Authors: Zuozienė Ilona Judita , Skurvydas Albertas , Mickevičienė Dalia , Vasiliauskas Rytis , Krasauskas Arūnas , Kudirkaitė Jūratė 
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti reakcijos laiko ir judesių greičio ypatumus atliekant judesius dešine ir kaire ranka bei kaip jie priklauso nuo judesio sudėtingumo. Tyrimo metu siekta atsakyti į šiuos klausimus: 1) ar skiriasi reak-cijos laikas bei judesių greitis atliekant judesį dešine ir kaire ranka; 2) ar priklauso reakcijos laikas ir judesio greitis nuo judesio sudėtingumo; 3) kokie tiriamų parametrų variacijos rodikliai atliekant judesius dešine ir kaire ranka; 4) ar užduoties sudėtingumas turi įtakos tiriamų parametrų rezultatų sklaidai? Tyrimai buvo atlikti LKKA Žmogaus motorikos laboratorijoje naudojant LKKA mokslininkų ir UAB „Katra“ specialistų sukurtą naują originalų prietaisą — žmogaus rankų bei kojų judesių dinaminių parametrų analizatorių DPA-1. Buvo tiriama 50 sveikų Lietuvos karo akademijos pirmo kurso studentų, kurių amžius — 19,1 ± 0,11 m., ūgis — 182,3 ± 1,06 cm, kūno masė — 76,9 ± 1,13 kg. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad atliekant judesius dešine ir kaire ranka reakcijos laiko rodikliai nesiskyrė (p < 0,05), taip pat šio rodiklio nepaveikė ir užduoties sudėtingumas. Analizuojant judesių greičio rodiklių priklausomybę nuo užduoties sudėtingumo aptikta, kad greitą ir tikslų judesį tiriamieji atliko lėčiau nei paprastą greitą. Reakcijos laiko rodiklių sklaida buvo mažesnė (V A% svyravo nuo 4,0 iki 12,8%) nei judesių greičio (V A% — nuo 12,3 iki 46,6%). Užduoties sudėtingumas labiau paveikė judesių greičio nei reakcijos laiko rezultatų sklaidą.Raktažodžiai: reakcijos laikas, judesių greitis, užduoties sudėtingumas.
Koncentrinių pratimų poveikis raumenų nuovargiui ir pažeidai priklausomai nuo raumenų temperatūros ir tiriamojo lyties
Authors: Ramanauskienė Irina , Skurvydas Albertas , Sipavičienė Saulė , Mickevičienė Dalia , Daniusevičiūtė Laura , Linonis Vitas 
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti koncentrinių pratimų poveikį raumenų nuovargiui ir pažeidai priklausomai nuo raumenų temperatūros ir tiriamojo lyties. Tiriamųjų kontingentą sudarė 19—23 metų moterys (n = 10) (ūgis — 166,4 ± 5,6 cm; kūno svoris — 56,2 ± 6,1 kg; riebalų masė — 17% (10,7 rieb. masė / kg) ir vyrai (n = 10) (ūgis — 177,8 ± 5,8 cm; kūno svoris — 78,2 ± 6,1 kg; riebalų masė — 7,5% (5,6 rieb. masė / kg), atrinkti atsitiktinės atrankos metodu. Ti-riamieji testuoti izokinetiniu dinamometru „Biodex Medical System PRO 3“. Registruotas maksimaliosios jėgos momentas (MJM). Buvo atliekami kontroliniai matavimai (3 kartus tiesiant ir lenkiant koją per kelio sąnarį ﬁ ksuotu 180 o / s greičiu) prieš krūvį, praėjus 10, 30, 60 min ir 24 h po jo. Koncentrinis krūvis — 50 blauzdos tiesimų ir lenkimų 180º / s greičiu, kai raumenys įprastinės temperatūros (ĮTR), pašildyti (tiriamieji 45 min kojas laikė šiltoje vonioje, kurios vandens temperatūra — 44 ± 1ºC (Sargeant, 1987) ir pašaldyti (tiriamieji du kartus po 15 min (darydami 10 min pertrauką) panardindavo kojas į šaltą vonią, kurios vandens temperatūra — 15 ± 1ºC (Eston, Peters, 1999). Tarp tyrimų buvo daroma ne mažesnė kaip mėnesio pertrauka. Vidinė raumenų temperatūra (pradinė ir iš karto po raumenų pašildymo bei pašaldymo, po koncentrinio krūvio) buvo matuojama adatiniu termometru. Kreatinkinazės (CK) aktyvumas kraujo serume nustatytas prieš krūvį ir praėjus 24 h po jo. Raumenų skausmas subjektyviai verti-namas balais po krūvio praėjus 24 h.Kreatinkinazės (CK) aktyvumas kraujo serume, praėjus 24 h po koncentrinio krūvio, reikšmingai padidėjo ir vyrų, ir moterų, palyginti su kontroline reikšme (p < 0,05), kai raumuo buvo įprastinės temperatūros, pašildytas ir pašaldytas. Nustatyta, kad moterų CK aktyvumas kraujo serume reikšmingai skiriasi, kai raumuo ĮTR ir pašaldytas, vyrų — ĮTR ir pašildytas (p < 0,05). Lyginant vyrų ir moterų CK aktyvumo kraujo serume įprastinės temperatūros raumenų reikšmes, praėjus 24 h po krūvio, nustatytas statistiškai reikšmingas skirtumas (p < 0,05).Tiek šildymas, tiek šaldymas prieš koncentrinį krūvį sumažino netiesioginį raumenų pažeidos simptomą — kreatin-kinazės kiekį kraujyje praėjus 24 h po krūvio, tačiau raumenų skausmo temperatūra nepakeitė. Pasyvus šildymas ir šaldymas nepakeitė nei vyrų, nei moterų raumenų nuovargio, atliekant koncentrinius pratimus vidutiniu greičiu.Raktažodžiai: blauzdos tiesiamieji ir lenkiamieji raumenys, raumenų pasyvus šildymas ir šaldymas, lytis.