bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contact rates in wild boar populations: Implications for disease transmission
Authors: Podgórski Tomasz , Apollonio Marco , Keuling Oliver 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTInter‐individual contacts in wildlife populations are usually highly heterogeneous. This variation translates into differential disease transmission rates between individuals, which have vital consequences for the spread, persistence, and control of infectious diseases. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is an abundant game species across Europe that poses serious health threats to wildlife, livestock, and humans. However, factors shaping contact rates and structure in wild boar populations, key parameters in disease ecology, remain poorly studied. We quantified dyadic association rates, as a proxy of contacts, and individual‐based network centrality measures using telemetry data from 3 wild boar populations across Europe. Next, we examined the effect of sex, age, group membership, and space use on association rates and individual centrality. Contact rates depended strongly on the distance between individual home ranges; the most frequent associations occurred at distances of 0–1 km (mostly within groups), less frequent at 1–3 km (mostly between groups), and sporadic at >4 km. Association rates were an order of magnitude higher within social groups than between them. Between‐group association rates were only dependent on the distance between groups, with no apparent effect of animal sex or age. At the social network level, young animals (0.5–2 yr) showed greater between‐group connectivity and a more central position in the network than adults. Our results highlight substantial contact heterogeneities in wild boar populations, which should be considered in epidemiological modeling and disease control actions. First, wild boar contact rates are strongly constrained socially and spatially. Hence, management measures reducing these constraints, such as supplementary feeding and intensive hunting, may lead to increased disease transmission rates. Second, young wild boars show exceptional connectivity within the population, highlighting their high capacity for disease transmission. Therefore, targeted removal of yearlings should be considered to optimize disease control efforts. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Cultivated oasis evolution in the Heihe River Basin over the past 2,000 years
Authors: Tang Xia , Zhao Yan , Zhang Zhiqiang , Feng Qi , Wei Yongping 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCultivated oases play an important role in supporting human civilization in arid regions. Few quantitative analyses have been conducted on the influence of natural disturbances and human interventions on this fragile system over a long timescale. This paper presents an empirical study to investigate the quantitative relationship between cultivated oasis evolution and a set of natural and human factors in Heihe River Basin (HRB) over a timeframe of approximately 2,000 years (206 BC–1949 AD). Multiple data sources, including documentary records, historical atlas reconstruction data, and published papers, were used. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was adopted to quantify any significant contributions of the selected variables. The results showed that cultivated oasis in the HRB had experienced substantial fluctuations. Population size, agricultural policies, military clashes, and grain yield per unit area were 4 major human related factors determining historical cultivated oasis development, while flood was the only significant natural factor. In combination of similar studies in recent decades, this study shows that the dynamics of oasis development and its transition is important for determination of the sustainable size of a cultivated oasis in the HRB.
Maternal Metabolomic Profile and Fetal Programming of Offspring Adiposity: Identification of Potentially Protective Lipid Metabolites
Authors: Hellmuth Christian , Lindsay Karen L. , Uhl Olaf , Buss Claudia , Wadhwa Pathik D. , Koletzko Berthold , Entringer Sonja 
Published: May 2018

ScopeThe fetal programming paradigm posits that the origins of obesity can be traced, in part, to the intrauterine period of life. However, the mechanisms underlying fetal programming are not well understood, and few studies have measured offspring adiposity in the neonatal period. The aim of this study is to identify maternal metabolites, and their determinants, that are associated with neonatal adiposity.Methods and resultsA targeted metabolomics approach is applied to analyze plasma samples collected across gestation from a well‐characterized cohort of 253 pregnant women participating in a prospective study at the University of California, Irvine. Whole‐body dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) imaging of body composition is obtained inN= 121 newborns. Statistical models are adjusted for potential confounders and multiple testing. The authors identify six alkyl‐linked phosphatidylcholines (PCae), containing fatty acid 20:4, that are significantly and negatively associated with neonatal body fat percentage. Factors indicating higher socioeconomic status, non‐Hispanic ethnicity, and higher nonesterified fatty acid percentages are positively associated with these PCae.ConclusionsThe polyunsaturated fatty acid 20:4 contained in PCae may exert a beneficial effect with respect to future propensity for obesity development. Prepregnancy and early pregnancy factors are determinants of these PCae, highlighting the importance of addressing preconceptional conditions for fetal programming of newborn adiposity.
Health‐Related Quality of Life After Surgery for Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumours
Authors: Milanetto Anna Caterina , Nordenström Erik , Sundlöv Anna , Almquist Martin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundOverall survival for patients with small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (siNETs) is long, even with metastatic disease, making quality of life issues relevant. The impact of surgery on quality of life is not known. We investigated determinants of health‐related quality of life in patients who had undergone surgery for a siNET.MethodsPatients operated for a siNET between 1998 and 2016 at Skåne University Hospital (Lund, Sweden), who were alive in February 2017, were sent two questionnaires constructed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ‐C30, EORTC QLQ‐GINET21). Global quality of life, physical function, disease‐related worries, diarrhoea and endocrine symptoms were evaluated with linear and logistic regression in relation to patient‐, tumour‐ and treatment‐related factors. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 11®.ResultsOne hundred patients (84%) completed the questionnaires. Women had worse global quality of life (p = 0.019), more disease‐related worries (p < 0.001) and endocrine symptoms (p = 0.017) than men. Older age was associated with more disease‐related worries (p = 0.007), but fewer endocrine symptoms (p = 0.034). Non‐symptomatic tumour versus symptomatic tumour (p = 0.002), and treatment with somatostatin analogues versus no treatment (p = 0.040) were associated with less diarrhoea. Small versus large bowel resection was associated with better global quality of life (p = 0.036) and physical function (p = 0.035).ConclusionsMale gender, younger age, treatment with somatostatin analogues, non‐symptomatic tumour, and small intestinal surgery rather than large bowel surgery were associated with better quality of life.
COMPACT METRIZABLE STRUCTURES AND CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS
Authors: ROSENDAL CHRISTIAN , ZIELINSKI JOSEPH 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe introduce and study the framework of compact metric structures and their associated notions of isomorphisms such as homeomorphic and bi-Lipschitz isomorphism. This is subsequently applied to model various classification problems in analysis such as isomorphism ofC*-algebras and affine homeomorphism of Choquet simplices, where among other things we provide a simple proof of the completeness of the isomorphism relation of separable, simple, nuclearC*-algebras recently established by M. Sabok.
HIERARCHIES OF FORCING AXIOMS, THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS AND SQUARE PRINCIPLES
Authors: FUCHS GUNTER 
Published: May 2018

AbstractI analyze the hierarchies of the bounded and the weak bounded forcing axioms, with a focus on their versions for the class of subcomplete forcings, in terms of implications and consistency strengths. For the weak hierarchy, I provide level-by-level equiconsistencies with an appropriate hierarchy of partially remarkable cardinals. I also show that the subcomplete forcing axiom implies Larson’s ordinal reflection principle atω2, and that its effect on the failure of weak squares is very similar to that of Martin’s Maximum.
THERE ARE NO INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES BETWEEN THE GROUP OF INTEGERS AND PRESBURGER ARITHMETIC
Authors: CONANT GABRIEL 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe show that if a first-order structure${\cal M}$, with universe ℤ, is an expansion of (ℤ,+,0) and a reduct of (ℤ,+,<,0), then${\cal M}$must be interdefinable with (ℤ ,+,0) or (ℤ ,+,<,0).
THE EIGHTFOLD WAY
Authors: CUMMINGS JAMES , FRIEDMAN SY-DAVID , MAGIDOR MENACHEM , RINOT ASSAF , SINAPOVA DIMA 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThree central combinatorial properties in set theory are the tree property, the approachability property and stationary reflection. We prove the mutual independence of these properties by showing that any of their eight Boolean combinations can be forced to hold at${\kappa ^{ + + }}$, assuming that$\kappa = {\kappa ^{ < \kappa }}$and there is a weakly compact cardinal aboveκ.If in additionκis supercompact then we can forceκto be${\aleph _\omega }$in the extension. The proofs combine the techniques of adding and then destroying a nonreflecting stationary set or a${\kappa ^{ + + }}$-Souslin tree, variants of Mitchell’s forcing to obtain the tree property, together with the Prikry-collapse poset for turning a large cardinal into${\aleph _\omega }$.
WEAKLY 2-RANDOMS AND 1-GENERICS IN SCOTT SETS
Authors: WESTRICK LINDA BROWN 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLet ${\cal S}$ be a Scott set, or even an ω-model of WWKL. Then for each A ε S, either there is X ε S that is weakly 2-random relative to A, or there is X ε S that is 1-generic relative to A. It follows that if A1,…,An ε S are noncomputable, there is X ε S such that each Ai is Turing incomparable with X, answering a question of Kučera and Slaman. More generally, any ∀∃ sentence in the language of partial orders that holds in ${\cal D}$ also holds in ${{\cal D}^{\cal S}}$, where ${{\cal D}^{\cal S}}$ is the partial order of Turing degrees of elements of ${\cal S}$.
ZFC PROVES THAT THE CLASS OF ORDINALS IS NOT WEAKLY COMPACT FOR DEFINABLE CLASSES
Authors: ENAYAT ALI , HAMKINS JOEL DAVID 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn ZFC, the class Ord of ordinals is easily seen to satisfy the definable version of strong inaccessibility. Here we explore deeper ZFC-verifiable combinatorial properties of Ord, as indicated in Theorems A & B below. Note that Theorem A shows the unexpected result that Ord is never definably weakly compact in any model of ZFC.Theorem A. Let${\cal M}$be any model of ZFC.(1)The definable tree property fails in${\cal M}$: There is an${\cal M}$-definable Ord-tree with no${\cal M}$-definable cofinal branch.(2)The definable partition property fails in${\cal M}$: There is an${\cal M}$-definable 2-coloring$f:{[X]^2} \to 2$for some${\cal M}$-definable proper class X such that no${\cal M}$-definable proper classs is monochromatic for f.(3)The definable compactness property for${{\cal L}_{\infty ,\omega }}$fails in${\cal M}$: There is a definable theory${\rm{\Gamma }}$in the logic${{\cal L}_{\infty ,\omega }}$(in the sense of${\cal M}$) of size Ord such that every set-sized subtheory of${\rm{\Gamma }}$is satisfiable in${\cal M}$, but there is no${\cal M}$-definable model of${\rm{\Gamma }}$.Theorem B. The definable ⋄Ordprinciple holds in a model${\cal M}$of ZFC iff${\cal M}$carries an${\cal M}$-definable global well-ordering.Theorems A and B above can be recast as theorem schemes in ZFC, or as asserting that a single statement in the language of class theory holds in all ‘spartan’ models of GB (Gödel-Bernays class theory); where a spartan model of GB is any structure of the form $\left( {{\cal M},{D_{\cal M}}} \right)$, where ${\cal M} \models {\rm{ZF}}$ and ${D_{\cal M}}$ is the family of${\cal M}$-definable classes. Theorem C gauges the complexity of the collection GBspa of (Gödel-numbers of) sentences that hold in all spartan models of GB.Theorem C. GBspais${\rm{\Pi }}_1^1$-complete.
Direct Measurements of Momentum Flux and Dissipative Heating in the Surface Layer of Tropical Cyclones During Landfalls
Authors: Ming Jie , Zhang Jun A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study analyzes high‐frequency wind data collected by research towers in the surface layer of Typhoons Hagupit (2008) and Chanthu (2010) to investigate the characteristics of the momentum flux, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), drag coefficient, and dissipative heating (DH) during landfalls. It is found that the momentum flux TKE and DH increase with the wind speed up to the maximum observed wind speed (~40 m/s), in agreement with previous studies that presented eddy correlation flux data in a similar condition but with lower maximum observed wind speed. However, the momentum flux, TKE, drag coefficient, and DH are found to be substantially larger in Typhoon Chanthu (2010) than those in Typhoon Hagupit (2008) at a given wind speed, likely due to much rougher surface conditions surrounding the tower deployed in Typhoon Chanthu (2010). Furthermore, the DH is calculated using two different methods: (1) based on surface‐layer theory and (2) based on the standard turbulent spectra method. It is found that the first method tends to overestimate the value of DH compared to the second method, and the overestimation of the DH by the first method is much smaller over rougher underlying surface than over the smoother underlying surface. Our analysis shows that the magnitude of the DH over land is as large as the sensible heat flux (~100 W/m2) previously observed over the ocean, which should not be neglected in numerical models simulating tropical cyclones during landfalls.
Large Hydrological Processes Changes in the Transboundary Rivers of Central Asia
Authors: Chen Yaning , Li Zhi , Fang Gonghuan , Li Weihong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCentral Asia, which is one of the most complex regions in the world, is crisscrossed with transboundary rivers shared by several countries. This paper analyzes the effects of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes and water resources in these transboundary rivers over the past half century. The results show that the average temperature in the Tienshan Mountains experienced “sharp” increases in 1998, with the average temperature after 1998 being 1.0°C higher than that during 1960–1998. This rapid warming has accelerated glacier shrinkage and decreases in snow cover. These changes influenced the hydrological processes, causing an earlier runoff peak and aggravated extreme hydrological events. Changes in mountainous hydrological processes affected regional water availability and intensified future water crisis in Central Asia. The mismatched spatial distributions of water and land resources, along with the intense human activities (e.g., overexploitation of water resources), have ultimately led to the present water crisis in Central Asia's river basins. This is the main reason for ongoing water conflicts in the region's transboundary rivers and the ecological disaster of the Aral Sea.
Biogeochemical Responses to Holocene Catchment‐Lake Dynamics in the Tasmanian World Heritage Area, Australia
Authors: Mariani Michela , Beck Kristen K. , Fletcher Michael‐Shawn , Gell Peter , Saunders Krystyna M. , Gadd Patricia , Chisari Robert 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEnvironmental changes such as climate, land use, and fire activity affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at multiple scales of space and time. Due to the nature of the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic dynamics, an integrated study using multiple proxies is critical for a better understanding of climate‐ and fire‐driven impacts on environmental change. Here we present a synthesis of biological and geochemical data (pollen, spores, diatoms, micro X‐ray fluorescence scanning, CN content, and stable isotopes) from Dove Lake, Tasmania, allowing us to disentangle long‐term terrestrial‐aquatic dynamics through the last 12 kyear. We found that aquatic dynamics at Dove Lake are tightly linked to vegetation shifts dictated by regional hydroclimatic variability in western Tasmania. A major shift in the diatom composition was detected at ca. 6 ka, and it was likely mediated by changes in regional terrestrial vegetation, charcoal, and iron accumulation. High rainforest abundance prior ca. 6 ka is linked to increased terrestrially derived organic matter delivery into the lake, higher dystrophy, anoxic bottom conditions, and lower light penetration depths. The shift to a landscape with a higher proportion of sclerophyll species following the intensification of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation since ca. 6 ka corresponds to a decline in terrestrial organic matter input into Dove Lake, lower dystrophy levels, higher oxygen availability, and higher light availability for algae and littoral macrophytes. This record provides new insights on terrestrial‐aquatic dynamics that could contribute to the conservation management plans in the Tasmanian World Heritage Area and in temperate high‐altitude dystrophic systems elsewhere.
Accelerated Nutrient Cycling and Increased Light Competition Will Lead to 21st Century Shrub Expansion in North American Arctic Tundra
Authors: Mekonnen Zelalem A. , Riley William J. , Grant Robert F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRecent changes in species composition, and increases in shrub abundance in particular, have been reported as a result of warming in Arctic tundra. Despite these changes, the driving factors that control shrubification and its future trajectory remain uncertain. Here we used an ecosystem model, ecosys, to mechanistically represent the processes controlling recent and 21st century changes in plant functional type using RCP8.5 climate forcing across North American Arctic tundra. Recent and projected warming was modeled to deepen the active layer (spatially averaged by ~0.35 m by 2100) and thereby increase nutrient availability. Shrub productivity was modeled to increase across much of the tundra, particularly in Alaska and tundra‐boreal ecotones. Deciduous and evergreen shrubs increased from ~45% of total tundra ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP) in recent decades to ~70% by 2100. The increased canopy cover of shrubs reduced incoming shortwave radiation for low‐lying plants, causing declines in graminoids NPP from a current 35% of tundra NPP to 18%, and declines in nonvascular plants from 20% to 12%. The faster‐growing deciduous shrubs modeled with less efficient nutrient conservation dominated much of the low Arctic by 2100 where nutrient cycling became more rapid, while the slower‐growing evergreen shrubs modeled with more efficient nutrient conservation dominated a wider latitudinal range that extended to the high Arctic where nutrient cycling remained slower. We conclude that high‐latitude vegetation dynamics over the 21st century will depend strongly on soil nutrient dynamics, diversity in plant traits controlling nutrient uptake and conservation, and light competition.
Nonlinear Meridional Moisture Advection and the ENSO‐Southern China Rainfall Teleconnection
Authors: Wang Qiang , Cai Wenju , Zeng Lili , Wang Dongxiao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn the boreal cooler months of 2015, southern China (SC) experienced the largest rainfall since 1950, exceeding 4 times the standard deviation of SC rainfall. Although an El Niño typically induces a positive SC rainfall anomaly during these months, the unprecedented rainfall increase cannot be explained by the strong El Niño of 2015/2016, and the dynamics is unclear. Here we show that a nonlinear meridional moisture advection contributes substantially to the unprecedented rainfall increase. During cooler months of 2015, the meridional flow anomaly over the South China Sea region, which acts on an El Niño‐induced anomalous meridional moisture gradient, is particularly large and is supported by an anomalous zonal sea surface temperature gradient over the northwestern Pacific, which recorded its largest value in 2015 since 1950. Our study highlights, for the first time, the importance of the nonlinear process associated with the combined impact of a regional sea surface temperature gradient and large‐scale El Niño anomalies in forcing El Niño rainfall teleconnection.
Regional Intensification of the Tropical Hydrological Cycle During ENSO
Authors: Stephens Graeme L. , Hakuba Maria Z. , Webb Mark J. , Lebsock Matthew , Yue Qing , Kahn Brian H. , Hristova‐Veleva Svetla , Rapp Anita D. , Stubenrauch Claudia J. , Elsaesser Gregory S. , Slingo Julia 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study provides observational evidence for feedbacks that amplify the short‐term hydrological response associated with the warm phase of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. Our analyses make use of a comprehensive set of independent satellite observations collected over decades to show that much larger local changes to cloud (~50%/K) and precipitation (~60%/K) occur than would be expected from the guidance of Clausius‐Clapeyron theory (~7%/K). This amplification comes from atmospheric feedbacks involving shifts in the patterns of latent and radiative heating that mutually act on the dynamics enhancing changes to the hydrological cycle. We also confirm the existence of an opposing negative flux feedback at the ocean surface, driven largely by solar radiation changes, that opposes the surface warming. Estimates of the strength of this and other feedback factors associated with warming in the Niño3 region are provided from observations. These observations are also used to examine comparative processes and feedbacks in model experiments from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project.
Source Complexity of an Injection Induced Event: The 2016Mw5.1 Fairview, Oklahoma Earthquake
Authors: López‐Comino J. A. , Cesca S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractComplex rupture processes are occasionally resolved for weak earthquakes and can reveal a dominant direction of the rupture propagation and the presence and geometry of main slip patches. Finding and characterizing such properties could be important for understanding the nucleation and growth of induced earthquakes. One of the largest earthquakes linked to wastewater injection, the 2016 Mw5.1 Fairview, Oklahoma earthquake, is analyzed using empirical Green's function techniques to reveal its source complexity. Two subevents are clearly identified and located using a new approach based on relative hypocenter‐centroid location. The first subevent has a magnitude of Mw5.0 and shows the main rupture propagated toward the NE, in the direction of higher pore pressure perturbations due to wastewater injection. The second subevent appears as an early aftershock with lower magnitude, Mw4.7. It is located SW of the mainshock in a region of increased Coulomb stress, where most aftershocks relocated.