bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors contributing to a striking shift in human–wildlife dynamics in Hemis National Park, India: 22 years of reported snow leopard depredation
Authors: Jamwal Pushpinder S. , Takpa Jigmet , Parsons Michael H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHemis National Park of the Trans-Himalayas is home to a large population of the snow leopard Panthera uncia and increasing numbers of agro-pastoralists. To persist in this harsh terrain, farmers have to either farm livestock or hunt free-ranging, native ungulates. The availability of more livestock and fewer natural prey created a dynamic whereby snow leopards depredated livestock, followed by retaliatory killing of snow leopards. In 1992, to assist farmers and wildlife, the government enacted a cost-compensation scheme. Following a decade with marginally fewer depredation events, in 2002, two additional strategies were implemented: predator-proof holding pens and the Himalayan Homestay Programme. We assessed 22 years (1992–2013) of depredation data, comparing the periods before and after the additional initiatives. Government records showed that during 1992–2013, 1,624 livestock were depredated from 339 sites, with c. USD 15,000 paid as compensation. There were significantly more kills annually before (a mean of 41) than after (3.5) the initiatives, and mass killings (≥ 5 animals killed per attack) were significantly reduced from 5.5 to 0.5 events per year. Goats and sheep (57%) and horses (13%) comprised the majority of losses. The marked reduction in depredation occurred whilst regulations against hunting were being enforced, probably resulting in an increase in the number of wild prey as alternative food. We conclude that together, cost-compensation, tighter hunting regulations, improved holding pens and the Homestay Programme helped support the well-being of the community while aiding conservation efforts.
A comparative network analysis of eating disorder psychopathology and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms before and after treatment
Authors: Smith Kathryn E. , Mason Tyler B. , Crosby Ross D. , Cao Li , Leonard Rachel C. , Wetterneck Chad T. , Smith Brad E. R. , Farrell Nicholas R. , Riemann Bradley C. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Moessner Markus 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundNetwork analysis is an emerging approach in the study of psychopathology, yet few applications have been seen in eating disorders (EDs). Furthermore, little research exists regarding changes in network strength after interventions. Therefore the present study examined the network structures of ED and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms before and after treatment for EDs.MethodParticipants from residential or partial hospital ED treatment programs (N= 446) completed assessments upon admission and discharge. Networks were estimated using regularized Graphical Gaussian Models using 38 items from the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.ResultsED symptoms with high centrality indices included a desire to lose weight, guilt about eating, shape overvaluation, and wanting an empty stomach, while restlessness, self-esteem, lack of energy, and feeling overwhelmed bridged ED to depression and anxiety symptoms. Comparisons between admission and discharge networks indicated the global network strength did not change significantly, though symptom severity decreased. Participants with denser networks at admission evidenced less change in ED symptomatology during treatment.ConclusionsFindings suggest that symptoms related to shape and weight concerns and guilt are central ED symptoms, while physical symptoms, self-esteem, and feeling overwhelmed are links that may underlie comorbidities in EDs. Results provided some support for the validity of network approaches, in that admission networks conveyed prognostic information. However, the lack of correspondence between symptom reduction and change in network strength indicates that future research is needed to examine network dynamics in the context of intervention and relapse prevention.
Association between traumatic stress load, psychopathology, and cognition in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort
Authors: Barzilay Ran , Calkins Monica E. , Moore Tyler M. , Wolf Daniel H. , Satterthwaite Theodore D. , Cobb Scott J. , Jones Jason D. , Benton Tami D. , Gur Ruben C. , Gur Raquel E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundTraumatic stressors during childhood and adolescence are associated with psychopathology, mostly studied in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We investigated broader associations of traumatic stress exposure with psychopathology and cognition in a youth community sample.MethodsThe Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N = 9498) is an investigation of clinical and neurobehavioral phenotypes in a diverse (56% Caucasian, 33% African American, 11% other) US youth community population (aged 8–21). Participants were ascertained through children's hospital pediatric (not psychiatric) healthcare network in 2009–2011. Structured psychiatric evaluation included screening for lifetime exposure to traumatic stressors, and a neurocognitive battery was administered.ResultsExposure rate to traumatic stressful events was high (none, N = 5204; one, N = 2182; two, N = 1092; three or more, N = 830). Higher stress load was associated with increased psychopathology across all clinical domains evaluated: mood/anxiety (standardized β = .378); psychosis spectrum (β = .360); externalizing behaviors (β = .311); and fear (β = .256) (controlling for covariates, all p < 0.001). Associations remained significant controlling for lifetime PTSD and depression. Exposure to high-stress load was robustly associated with suicidal ideation and cannabis use (odds ratio compared with non-exposed 5.3 and 3.2, respectively, both p < 0.001). Among youths who experienced traumatic stress (N = 4104), history of assaultive trauma was associated with greater psychopathology and, in males, vulnerability to psychosis and externalizing symptoms. Stress load was negatively associated with performance on executive functioning, complex reasoning, and social cognition.ConclusionsTraumatic stress exposure in community non-psychiatric help-seeking youth is substantial, and is associated with more severe psychopathology and neurocognitive deficits across domains, beyond PTSD and depression.
Soft Hands, Hard Power: Sponging Off the Empire of Leisure (Virgil,Georgics4)
Authors: Geue Tom 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article seeks to jumpstart the politico-historicist scholarship on Virgil'sGeorgicsin the direction of Marxist criticism. I argue that theGeorgicsshould be understood less as a battle site for intra-elite power struggles or civil strife, more as an ideological stomping ground to work out, and dig in, the particular relationships of slavery and imperialism disfiguring the Roman world in 29b.c.e. After a brief analysis of the dynamics oflaborin Books 1–3, I train on a close reading of Book 4, which sees the bees (et al.) as crucial to the new dominant logic of compelling others (whether slaves or provincial subjects) to produce and give up the fruits of their labour — all for the leisured enjoyment of the upper crust.
Multi-robot coverage path planning using hexagonal segmentation for geophysical surveys
Authors: Azpúrua Héctor , Freitas Gustavo M. , Macharet Douglas G. , Campos Mario F. M. 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARYThe field of robotics has received significant attention in our society due to the extensive use of robotic manipulators; however, recent advances in the research on autonomous vehicles have demonstrated a broader range of applications, such as exploration, surveillance, and environmental monitoring. In this sense, the problem of efficiently building a model of the environment using cooperative mobile robots is critical. Finding routes that are either length or time-optimized is essential for real-world applications of small autonomous robots. This paper addresses the problem of multi-robot area coverage path planning for geophysical surveys. Such surveys have many applications in mineral exploration, geology, archeology, and oceanography, among other fields. We propose a methodology that segments the environment into hexagonal cells and allocates groups of robots to different clusters of non-obstructed cells to acquire data. Cells can be covered by lawnmower, square or centroid patterns with specific configurations to address the constraints of magneto-metric surveys. Several trials were executed in a simulated environment, and a statistical investigation of the results is provided. We also report the results of experiments that were performed with real Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in an outdoor setting.
Relational time series forecasting
Authors: Rossi Ryan A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNetworks encode dependencies between entities (people, computers, proteins) and allow us to study phenomena across social, technological, and biological domains. These networks naturally evolve over time by the addition, deletion, and changing of links, nodes, and attributes. Despite the importance of modeling these dynamics, existing work in relational machine learning has ignored relational time series data. Relational time series learning lies at the intersection of traditional time series analysis and statistical relational learning, and bridges the gap between these two fundamentally important problems. This paper formulates the relational time series learning problem, and a general framework and taxonomy for representation discovery tasks of both nodes and links including predicting their existence, label, and weight (importance), as well as systematically constructing features. We also reinterpret the prediction task leading to the proposal of two important relational time series forecasting tasks consisting of (i) relational time series classification (predicts a future class or label of an entity), and (ii) relational time series regression (predicts a future real-valued attribute or weight). Relational time series models are designed to leverage both relational and temporal dependencies to minimize forecasting error for both relational time series classification and regression. Finally, we discuss challenges and open problems that remain to be addressed.
Self-reported parental vocabulary input frequency for young children
Authors: BLESES Dorthe , VACH Werner , DALE Philip S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractVocabulary input frequency influences age of acquisition, and is also an essential control for investigating the influence of other factors. We propose a new method of frequency estimation, self-report. 918 Danish-speaking parents of 12–36-month-old children estimated their frequency of use of 725 words. Self-report was substantially correlated with both language sample based frequencies (0.67) and frequencies of a large written corpus of Danish (0.58). Correlations within vocabulary categories between frequency and age of acquisition, restricted to words occurring in the language samples, were comparable for the two estimates. Overall, self-report based frequency estimates appear to have a promising degree of validity, which reflects their greatest strength, independence of the situation.
Nonlinear Dirac equations with Coulomb-type potentials and nonlinearities resonating at essential spectrums
Authors: Chen Shaowei , Jiang Shuai 
Published: April 2018

We consider the nonlinear Dirac equationThe potential function V satisfies the conditions that the essential spectrum of the Dirac operator is and this Dirac operator has infinitely many eigenvalues in (−1, 1) accumulating at 1. This potential function V may change sign in ℝ3 and contains the classical Coulomb potential V (x) = −γ/|x| with γ > 0 as a special case. The nonlinearity F satisfies the resonance-type condition lim. Under some additional conditions on V and F, we prove that this equation has infinitely many solutions.
Risk factors for influenza-related complications in children during the 2009/10 pandemic: a UK primary care cohort study using linked routinely collected data
Authors: Lee J. J. , Bankhead C. , Smith M. , Kousoulis A. A. , Butler C. C. , Wang K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPrimary care clinicians have a central role in managing influenza/influenza-like illness (ILI) during influenza pandemics. This study identifies risk factors for influenza-related complications in children presenting with influenza/ILI in primary care. We conducted a cohort study using routinely collected linked data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink on children aged 17 years and younger who presented with influenza/ILI during the 2009/10 pandemic. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for potential risk factors in relation to influenza-related complications, complications requiring intervention, pneumonia, all-cause hospitalisation and hospitalisation due to influenza-related complications within 30 days of presentation. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders including age, vaccination and socio-economic deprivation. Asthma was a risk factor for influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–1.80, P < 0.001), complications requiring intervention (adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11–1.88; P = 0.007), pneumonia (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.07–2.51, P = 0.024) and hospitalisation due to influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.09–5.56, P = 0.031). Neurological conditions were risk factors for all-cause hospitalisation (adjusted OR 4.25, 95% CI 1.50–12.07, P = 0.007) but not influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.83–2.56, P = 0.189). Community-based early interventions to prevent influenza-related clinical deterioration should therefore be primarily targeted at children with asthma and neurological conditions.
Pertussis epidemiology in Argentina: TRENDS after the introduction of maternal immunisation
Authors: Fabricius G. , Martin Aispuro P. , Bergero P. , Bottero D. , Gabrielli M. , Hozbor D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractData on the impact of the recently recommended maternal pertussis vaccination are promising, but still insufficient to universalise this approach. We thus compared the epidemiological data prior to the implementation of this vaccination strategy in Argentina (2012) with the figures reported after 2012. During that 2010–2016 period, two outbreaks occurred, one in 2011 and another in 2016. In the former, the incidence was 6.9/100 000 inhabitants and the case-fatality rate 2.6%. Thereafter, a decline in incidence was detected until 2014. During 2015 and 2016 an increase in the incidence transpired, but this rise was fortunately not accompanied by one in the case fatality ratio. Indeed, in 2016 the case fatality ratio was the lowest (0.6%). Moreover, during the 2016 outbreak, the incidence (3.9/100 000 inhabitants) and the case severity detected in the most vulnerable population (infants 0–2 months) were both lower than those in 2011. Consistent with this pattern, in 2016, in the most populated province of Argentina (Buenos Aires), the case percentage with laboratory-positive results indicating a high number of symptoms (59.1% of the total cases) diminished compared with that detected in the 2011 outbreak without maternal immunisation (71.9%). Using the mathematical model of pertussis transmission we previously designed, we assessed the effect of vaccination during pregnancy on infant incidence. From comparisons between the epidemiological data made through calculations, emerged the possibility that vaccinating women during pregnancy would benefit the infants beyond age 2 months, specifically in the 2–12-month cohort.
Incidence and prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review
Authors: Snow Kathryn J. , Nelson Lisa J. , Sismanidis Charalambos , Sawyer Susan M. , Graham Stephen M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe burden of tuberculosis (TB) among adolescents and young adults in endemic settings is poorly characterised. This study aimed to review published and unpublished estimates of the incidence and prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed TB among young people aged 10–24 years. We searched PubMed and World Health Organization archives for publications and unpublished data from population-based epidemiologic studies reporting confirmed pulmonary TB among young people, conducted from January 2000 onwards. We identified 27 publications and unpublished data from two national surveys, representing a total of 26 studies in 19 countries. The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed TB ranged from 45 to 799 per 100 000 in the Asia-Pacific region and from 160 to 462 per 100 000 in African settings. We did not identify any epidemiologic studies of confirmed TB among adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many studies were excluded due to absent or inadequately reported age-specific data. Adolescents and young adults living in many endemic settings appear to be at substantial risk of developing active TB. There is a pressing need to improve the routine reporting of age in epidemiologic studies of TB, and to generate high-quality epidemiologic data regarding TB among adolescents living with HIV.
HIV prevention strategies and risk of infection: a model-based analysis
Authors: Hahn A. , Hinz R. , Meyer T. , Loderstädt U. , Herchenröder O. , Meyer C. G. , Schwarz N. G. , Frickmann H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRisk populations for HIV infections tend to neglect condom use, making alternative preventive approaches necessary. Accordingly, we modelled the risk of sexual HIV transmission for condom usevs.use of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) systems with subsequent exclusion of potential sexual partners with a correctly or falsely positive test from unprotected sex with and without the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in a bio-statistical approach. We combined a previously described model of transmission risk for HIV-exposed individuals with a newly suggested model of risk of HIV exposure for sexually active HIV-negative individuals. The model was adapted for several stages of infection and different strategies of HIV infection prevention.HIV prevention with RDTs can reduce the transmission risk by up to 97% compared with having sex without any prevention and up to 80% compared with condom use. Nevertheless, RDT-based prevention strategies demonstrate a lack of protection in several stages of infection; in particular, RNA-based RDT systems may fail under treatment. RDT-based pre-screening of potential sex partners prior to unprotected sexual contacts substantially reduces HIV transmission risk. Combination of different prevention strategies is advisable for high-risk groups.
Hospitalisations due to bacterial gastroenteritis: A comparison of surveillance and hospital discharge data
Authors: Scallan E. , Griffin P. M. , McLean H. Q. , Mahon B. E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStudies estimating the human health impact of the foodborne disease often include estimates of the number of gastroenteritis hospitalisations. The aims of this study were to examine the degree to which hospital discharge data underreport hospitalisations due to bacterial gastroenteritis and to estimate the frequency of stool sample submission among patients presenting with gastroenteritis. Using linked laboratory and hospital discharge data from a healthcare organisation and its affiliated hospital, we examined the International Classification of Disease (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes assigned to hospitalised adults with culture-confirmedCampylobacter,Salmonella, orEscherichia coliO157 infections and determined the frequency of stool sample submission. Among 138 hospitalised patients with culture-confirmed infections, 43% ofCampylobacterpatients, 56% ofSalmonellapatients and 35% ofE. coliO157 patients had that pathogen-specific code listed on the discharge record. Among patients without their infection listed as a diagnosis, 65% were assigned a nonspecific gastroenteritis code. Submitting a specimen for culture ⩾3 days before discharge was significantly associated with having the pathogen-specific diagnosis listed. Of 6181 patients assigned a nonspecific gastroenteritis code, 69% had submitted a stool sample for bacterial culture. This study can be used to understand differences and adjust for the underreporting and underdiagnosed ofCampylobacter, SalmonellaandE. coliO157 in hospital discharge and surveillance data, respectively.
Weather correlates ofCampylobacterprevalence in broilers at slaughter under tropical conditions in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kalupahana R. S. , Mughini-Gras L. , Kottawatta S. A. , Somarathne S. , Gamage C. , Wagenaar J. A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCampylobacteris the primary agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In contrast to temperate zones, weather effects onCampylobacterprevalence in broilers under tropical conditions are under-researched. We examined the association between weather andCampylobacterprevalence in slaughtered broilers in Sri Lanka, a tropical country with weather variations led by monsoons. Each month (October 2009–July 2011), 20–30 broiler batches referring to two semi-automated slaughterhouses from five Sri Lankan provinces were tested forCampylobactercontamination and analysed in relation to temperature, humidity and rainfall. Overall prevalence was 63.8% (95% CI 59.6–67.9%,n= 542), peaking in September–November. Each 1 °C increase in monthly mean temperature up to 26 °C increasedCampylobacter-positive batches by 16.4% (95% CI 0.4–35.1%). For each 10 mm increase in monthly total rainfall up to 300 mm,Campylobacter-positive batches increased significantly by 0.8% (0.1–1.5%) at 1-month lag. For each 1% increase in relative humidity up to 80% at 1- and 2-month lags,Campylobacter-positive batches increased of respectively 4.2% (1.9–6.7%) and 4.0% (1.5–6.5), and decreased by 3.6% (2.6–4.6%) and 4.0% (2.6–5.4%) for unit increases above 80%. These results suggest that even in tropical countries without marked seasons, there are weather effects possibly reflectingCampylobacterpotential to colonise its preferred host and/or survive in the environment.
Long-term epidemiological dynamics of dengue in Barbados – one of the English-speaking Caribbean countries
Authors: Kumar A. , Gittens-St Hilaire M. , Nielsen A. L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUsing the dengue surveillance program, we prospectively collected data on all the suspected and confirmed cases of dengue in Barbados from 2006 to 2015. Data were analysed for demographic, seasonal and temporal dynamics of this disease in this country. The overall mean annual incidence rate of suspected and confirmed dengue over the study period was 0.49% (range 0.15%–0.99%) and 0.16% (range 0.05%−0.48%), respectively. There was a significant correlation between the mean monthly number of confirmed cases, the mean monthly rainfall and the mean monthly relative humidity percentage. Dengue in this population is predominantly an infection affecting children and young adults. The median age of the patients with both, suspected and confirmed dengue was 25 years and the highest proportion of cases was seen in the age group 0–15 years. The annual incidence rates of both the suspected and the confirmed cases showed an upward trend during the study period and this upward trend was more pronounced among children.