bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing the Incidence of Leukemia: Special Consideration of the Role of Ionizing Radiation
Authors: SCHWARTZ E. E. , UPTON A. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The recorded incidence of leukemia and lymphomas has markedly increased during the past 30 years. During the same interval the amount of ionizing radiation in the environment has been steadily increased by man-made additions to the natural background.
The possibility that radiation may account in part for an increasing incidence of leukemia is suggested by the more frequent development of the disease in those exposed to large amounts of radiation.
Although the extent of increase in the risk of leukemia cannot be determined accurately from the recorded rates and the relation between leukemia incidence and radiation dose cannot be estimated precisely, it appears probable that radiation is only one of many environmental agents influencing the occurrence of the disease.
Other factors associated with the changing standard of living, such as the increasing use of marrow-depressing drugs and the growing contamination of the atmosphere with chemical pollutants, deserve further investigation as leukemogenic influences.
On the Interaction of Dead Leukocytic Nuclei, L.E. Factor and Living Leukocytes in the L. E. Cell Phenomenon
Authors: NATHAN DANIEL J. , SNAPPER I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Isolated leukocyte nuclei quantitatively adsorb lupus factor from serum. In the presence of viable leukocytes such nuclei which have adsorbed the lupus factor become transformed into typical L.E. cells.
2. Leukocytes with an intact cytoplasm fail to adsorb L.E. factor.
3. These studies suggest that the living leukocytes, apart from simple phagocytosis, serve other functions in the L.E. phenomenon:
(a) the disruption of the integrity of the cytoplasmic envelope of dead leukocytes so as to allow for the adsorption of L.E. factor to the cell nucleus.
(b) the transformation of the nuclei, to which L.E. factor has been adsorbed, into swollen homogenous lupus bodies.
Absence of functional messenger RNA activity for beta globin chain synthesis in beta 0-thalassemia
Authors: Benz EJ Jr , Swerdlow PS , Forget BG 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Functional human globin messenger RNA was isolated from reticulocytes of two patients with homozygous beta 0-thalassemia, three patients with sickle cell beta 0-thalassemia, andone patient doubly heterozygous for beta 0-thalassemia and hemoglobin Lepore. When incubated in the Krebs type II mouse ascites tumor-cell-free system, messenger RNA from these patients actively directed the synthesis of human beta s and/or alpha- and gamma-globin chains but failed to stimulate the synthesis of any beta A-chains, even though nonthalassemic human globin mRNA preparations consistently stimulated two to four times as much beta A- or beta S-globin chain synthesis as alpha-chain synthesis when incubated in the same system under the same conditions. These results strongly suggest that functional beta A-chain-specific globin mRNA is absent in beta 0-thalassemia.
The response of red cell hexose monophosphate shunt after sulfhydryl inhibition
Authors: Sagone AL Jr , Balcerzak SP , Metz EN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this investigation, we studied the importance of cellular glutathione (GSH) in the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity of unstimulated human erythrocytes and the mechanism by which pyruvate stimulates the HMPS. The rate of HMPS activity was measured by the production of radioactive CO2 from 14C-1-glucose or 14C-1-ribose using a vibrating reed electrometer and ionization chamber. HMPS activity was not significantly impaired by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in concentrations which bound all red cell GSH. Red cells incubated under carbon monoxide (CO), an experimental condition which eliminates peroxide production, still had HMPS activity which was 44% of the value under air. Pyruvate stimulation of the HMPS was unaffected by doses of NEM which bound all cellular GSH or by incubation under CO. These data indicated that pyruvate stimulation of the HMPS occurs by pathways which do not involve peroxide formation, GSH, or oxygen. This study indicates that sulfhydrylblockade of GSH does not necessarily inhibit HMPS activity and that HMPS activity in red cells may respond to reactions not linked directly to glutathione reduction.
Studies on the mechanism of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation
Authors: Kattlove HE , Gomez MH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Adenine nucleotide metabolism and the release reaction were studied during ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Decreasing platelet ATP by incubation with metabolic poisons did not decrease ristocetin- induced aggregation. ADP and ATP were released from platelets during ristocetin-induced aggregation, and ATP was converted to hypoxanthine. However, these occurred after aggregation was almost complete. Aggregation was inhibited by p-choromercuribenzoic acid. By studying platelet suspensions, we were able to determine that this effect was on platelets and not on the plasma cofactor needed for aggregation. We postulate that ristocetin and its cofactor aggregate platelets by binding platelet membranes and that the platelet plays a passive role in this reaction.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: confirmation of diagnosis with in vitro methods
Authors: Fratantoni JC , Pollet R , Gralnick HR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Profound thrombocytopenia developed in a patient during treatment with heparin for venous thrombosis. The platelet count increased toward normal when heparin administration was stopped, but fell abruptly when the drug was again given. Platelet aggregation occurred when heparin was added to the patient's platelet-rich plasma, or to normal platelets plus the patient's serum. This serum also effected release of 3H- serotonin from normal platelets. This pattern of aggregation was clearly different from that occasionally caused by heparin in a control population. The data is consistent with an effect of heparin on platelets, possibly mediated by on immune mechanism.
The role of granulocytes in the activation of intravascular coagulation and the precipitation of soluble fibrin by endotoxin
Authors: Muller-Berghaus G , Eckhardt T 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study examines the role of neutrophils (PMN) in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced microclot formation. It is intended to clarify whether granulocytes are involved in endotoxin-induced activation of intravascular coagulation (generation of soluble fibrin) and/or in endotoxin-induced precipitation of soluble fibrin. Precipitation of soluble fibrin was achieved by injection of endotoxin into ancrod- infused rabbits with circulating soluble fibrin (first model). Activation of intravascular coagulation was elicited by two intravenous injections of endotoxin into rabbits (second model). Seventy-two and ninety-six hours after injection of nitrogen mustard, leukopenic rabbits had PMN counts between 0 and 50 cells per mul. Neutropenia did not prevent the occurrence of glomerular microclots after infusion of ancrod and injection of endotoxin (first model). Neutropenia influenced neither the decrease in mean fibrinogen concentrations nor the drop in mean platelet counts after ancrod and endotoxin administration. In contrast to the first model, neutropenia prevented the occurrence of glomerular microclots and of circulating soluble fibrin after two injections of endotoxin (second model). It did not, however, protect rabbits from the decrease in mean platelet counts after endotoxin administration. These data indicate that granulocytes are involved in endotoxin-induced activation of intravascular coagulation and the production of soluble fibrin but are not essential to endotoxin-induced precipitation of soluble fibrin.
Platelet migration inhibition: a new method for detection of platelet antibodies
Authors: Duquesnoy RJ , Lorentsen DF , Aster RH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A test for platelet antibodies based on the inhibition of migration of platelets from a capillary tube is described. The technique is simple and is capable of detecting antibodies directed against HL-A antigens and the platelet-specific antigen, Pl-A1. Inhibitory activity was detected in sera from two of seven patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The platelet migration inhibition test was as sensitive as platelet lysis and more sensitive than complement fixation, aggregometry, and platelet factor-3 release for detection of the antibodies studied.
Stimulation of neutrophil oxidative metabolism by the alternate pathway of complement activation: a mechanism for the spontaneous NBT test
Authors: Strauss RG , Mauer AM , Asbrock T , Spitzer RE , Stitzel AE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium dye by human neutrophils was measured in the presence of serum in which the complement system had been activated through the alternate pathway by interaction with inulin. Neutrophils incubated with serum inulin supernatants reduced the dye and showed a general increase in oxidative metabolism. The oxidation of glucose-1–14-C by supernatant prepared from selectively depleted sera indicated that the neutrophil-stimulating factor(s) was generated through the alternate pathway of complement activation. The possibility that inulun had been ingested as a particle was ruled out by light microscopy and radiolabeling studies. The failure of neutrophils stimulated by the serum-inulun supernatants to migrate after exposure to a chemotactic agent suggested that the site of neutrophil-complement interaction was on the cell membrane. It is concluded from these results that biologically active fragments generated through the alternative pathway of complement activation can stimulate neutrophil metabolism in the absence of phagocytosis. Interaction of such fragments with circulating neutrophils in vivo and the subsequent metabolic activation of these cells is one explanation for the spontaneous reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium dye in vitro by neutrophils from patients with certain infections and inflammatory disorders.
Gamma heavy chain disease: rapid, sustained response to cyclophosphamide and prednisone
Authors: Lyons RM , Chaplin H , Tillack TW , Majerus PW 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A patient, CAL, with gamma heavy chain disease is presented who has had a complete remission lasting over 2 yr with combination chemotherapy consisting of pulsatile cyclophosphamide and prednisone. The patient exhibited many features of an atuoimmune process including a vasculitis, low serum complement levels, a positive antiglobulin (Coombs) test, Raynaud's phenomenon, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The CAL paraprotein was found to have several previously undescribed characteristics. It reacted with antisera to Fd, Fab, and Fab', suggesting that most of the Fd portion of the molecule was intace. CAL protein consists of two polypeptide chains of molecular weight 49,000 covalently linked to form a dimer of 95,000 molecular weight. The covalent linkage suggests that the hinge region of this gamma heavy chain is intact.
Hydroxyurea in the management of the hematologic complications of chronic granulocytic leukemia
Authors: Schwartz JH , Cannellos GP 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of hydroxyurea in 35 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), who either had entered an accelerated phase of the disease or had experienced excessive myelosuppression following alkylating agents, was studied. By either intravenous or oral administration, the drug was successful in reducing peripheral leukocyte and blast counts in all cases and in reducing splenomegaly in 13 of 17 patients. The median duration of disease control was 75 days in myeloproliferative acceleration and 27 days in frank blastic transformation. Mild nausea and vomiting were experienced by most patients, but reversible bone marrow suppression occured in only three patients. The drug proved useful in 19 patients who demonstrated myeloproliferative acceleration, especially in controlling excessive leukocytosis and/or thrombocytosis. Rapid reduction of an elevated blast cell count was achieved in nine patients who presented in blastic crisis, in an attempt to eliminate the associated risk of cerebral vascular leukostasis. Five patients who required treatment for their disease following splenectomy in the chronic phase were also well controlled. Hydroxyurea appears to have a definite role in the management of these hematologic complications of CGL.
Modulation of murine granulocyte proliferation in diffusion chamber cultures
Authors: Marmor JB , Russell JL , Miller AM , Robinson SH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Normal mouse marrow cells were cultured in Millipore diffusion chambers for long periods of time and at a variety of cell concentrations. All cultures showed a pattern of granulocyte proliferation characterized by logarithmic growth followed by prolonged stabilization of cell number starting a 7 days thereafter. The height of this “plateau” varied in relationship to the level of cell input and characteristically was far lower than the maximum cell density that can be maintained in this culture system. Additional studies showed that the plateau represented a steady state of granulocyte turnover and was not due to alterations in the diffusion chambers or the host mice. Regulatory mechanisms intrinsic to the cultured cell population appeared to play a primary role in maintaining this stable plateau. Modulation of granulocyte proliferation was partly due to increasing cell density; particularly with high input concentrations. In addition, differential cell counts suggested that critical changes in the relationship between immature and mature granulocytes partially accounted for this apparent autoregulation of cell growth. The plateau period in diffusion chamber cultures in many ways resembles granulocyte proliferation in normal mouse bone marrow and is a useful model for the study of regulatory functions in granulocytopoiesis.
The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the kinetics of monocytes and macrophages during the normal steady state and an acute inflammatory reaction
Authors: Gassmann AE , van Furth R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of azathioprine on the kinetics of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was studied in normal mice and in mice in which an inflammatory reaction was provoked. Two dosage levels were used: a high dose of 200mg/kg which is the maximum tolerated daily dose in mice, and low dose of 3 mg/kg which is about equivalent to a nontoxic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory dose in man. The number of peripheral blood monocytes decreases gradually during azathioprine treatment of normal mice, the extent and duration being dependent on the dose and duration of administered over a period of 9 days gives an almost complete reduction, and a low dose (3 mg/kg) given for the same period results in a reduction of about 50%. This effect seems to be reversible, because when treatment is stopped the number of monocytes starts to increase 24–48 hr later. The number of peritoneal macrophages is only affected when a high dose (200 mg/kg) is given over a long period; a low dose has virtually no effect. In mice in which an inflammatory reaction was prevoked in the peritoneal cavity, the normally occurring increase in the numbers of both peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was suppressed, the extent being dependent on the dose of azathioprine administered. Labeling studies with 3H-thymidine indicated that the reduction of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages in the inflammatory exudate is due to a diminished monocyte production.
Basophil counting with a new staining method using alcian blue
Authors: Gilbert HS , Ornstein L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Difficulties in obtaining reproducible and accurate enumeration of circulating basophils with existing techniques have hampered investigation of this infrequent cell population. A new basophil staining method is described that employs alcian blue dye for staining of heparin within basophils at low pH and in the presence of lanthanum ions. Basophil recognition is facilitated by reducing nonspecific nuclear staining. This objective is achieved because of the differences in stability of alcian blue-heparin, alcian blue-nucleic acid, lanthanum-heparin, and lanthanum-mucliec acid complexes. Reduction of pH after staining also favors solubilization of leukocyte cytoplasmic proteins, providing greater contrast between stained and unstained cells by reducing light scattering of the unstained leukocytes . The alcian blue staining method is suitable both for chamber basophil counting and automated basophil counting using continuous-flow sampling and electro-optical detection. The new staining method was evaluated by comparing it with the chamber counting method using toluidine blue in a triple-blind study in which the results of basophil counting by the alcian blue chamber method, alcian blue automated instrument method, and the toluidine blue chamber method were analyzed for reproducibility and compared with an indirect basophil count obtained from a 1000-cell leukocyte differential and a total leukocyte count. Both alcian blue staining methods gave greater reporducibility that toluidine blue and were more accurate, as evidinced by a significantly higher correlation with the indirect basophil count. The improved reproducibility, accuracy, and convenience of this method over existing methods should facilitate the collection of more meaningful information about circulating basophil levels in health and disease.
Erythrocyte volume distribution in normal and abnormal subjects
Authors: Bessman JD , Johnson RK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Size-frequency distribution curves of erythrocytes were generated with the Coulter Counter in 73 normal subjects and patients. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) determined by routine calculation and MCV determined by size-frequency distribution were similar in all normal subjects and in patients with a single population of erythrocytes. Some patients with iron-deficiency anemia, folate deficiency, and vitamin B12 deficiency had two discrete erythrocyte populations. Some patients with microcytic anemia were shown to have a population of normocytes in addition to the predominant microcytic population. Reticulocytes and normocytes were identified in two patients recovering from macrocytic anemia. Transfused blood was identified as a separate population in a patient with microcytic anemia. In cases with two erythrocyte populations, the MCV of the principal population, as determined from size-distribution curves, differed from the MCV of the entire erythrocyte pool, as was determined by routine methods. Analysis of sequential erythrocyte size distributions in patients under treatment demonstrated the dynamics of erythrocyte subpopulations. Anisocytosis was quantified and shown to be associated frequently with hospitalized patients.
Immunoglobulins on the surface of blast cells in human acute leukemia
Authors: Samoilova RS , Bulicheva TI , Skurkovich SV 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
By means of the direct fluorescent antibody technique it was shown that malignant cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia do not, as a rule, bear immunoglobulins on the cell surgace (43 of 45 cases). During complete remission the number of Ig-positive cells corresponds to the number of Ig-positive cells in normal lymphocyte populations. During incomplete remission as well as during incomplete remission as well as during intensive chemotherapy, the lymphocyte-like cells are evidently malignant, since they do not contain a normal number of Ig-positive lymphocytes. In acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and acute myelomonoblastic leukemia (AMML), lymphocytes distribute normally according to the number of Ig-positive and Ig-negative in 34 of 38 cases. AMML blast cells were Ig-positive in nine of ten cases. The data are discussed in the light of current concepts about the presence of a common precursor cell of granulocytes and monocytes.
A new hematologic syndrome with a distinct karyotype: the 5 q-- chromosome
Authors: Sokal G , Michaux JL , Van Den Berghe H , Cordier A , Rodhain J , Ferrant A , Moriau M , De Bruyere M , Sonnet J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Five patients, four women and one man, age 32–8- yr, all whites, had refractory anemia with the same abnormal bone marrow karyotype, i.e., a partial deletion of the long arm of the No. 5 chromosome. The hematologic syndrome was practically the same in these five cases. Examination of the blood revealed a moderate to severe, generally macrocytic anemia with slight leukopenia but normal or elevated platelet count. The bone marrow showed a depressed erythroid series and some abnormalities of the granulocytic series with an occasional excess of myeloblasts. Most of the megakaryocytes had a nonlobulated nucleus. These features, as well as cytogenetic, electron microscopic, isotopic, platelet function, and immunologic studies, are described in detail. The relationship of this newly established syndrome to other hematologic diseases is discussed. The syndrome constitutes another example of the association between a specific abnormal chromosome and a distinct hematologic disorder.
G-banding analysis of complex aneuploidy in multiple myeloma bone marrow cells
Authors: Philip P , Drivsholm A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chromosome studies with the banding technique have been performed in a considerable number of cases of myeloproliferative diseases, but technical difficulties have so far prevented detailed studies of chromosomal abnormalities in multiple myeloma. The karyotypes of bone marrow cells from two patients with multiple myeloma have been analyzed by a trypsin-Giemsa banding technique. Evidence is given for clonal evolution which in one patient has probably occurred by cell fusion and subsequent chromosome loss. Eight different marker chromosomes are characterized. Nonrandom chromosomal participation in the translocations and the existence of specific vulnerable points on chromosomes 1, 3, and 16 are suggested.
Deficiency of kappa- or lambda-type immunoglobulins
Authors: Barandun S , Morell A , Skvaril F , Oberdorfer A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A marked imbalance of the two light chain types of immunoglobulins was observed in two young male adults suffering from primary hypogammaglobulinemia and intrinsic factor-deficient pernicious anemia. In one patient, the kappa/lambda light chain ratio of serum immunoglobulins was 0.01; in the other, it was approximately 6 (normal value, 1.8 +/- 0.3). This light chain imbalance was found within each of the three main immunoglobulin classes. The number of mature immunoglobulin-producing cells in the bone marrow and in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The relative frequency of kappa- and lambda-producing cells in these tissues corresponded to the kappa/lambda ratio of serum immunoglobulins. However, the number of peripheral lymphocytes with membrane-associated immunoglobulins as well as the percentage distribution of blood lymphocytes with kappa- or lambda-type immunoglobulins on the membrane were within normal limits in both cases. The results suggested a hitherto unknown defect in the maturation of B-cells leading to an abnormal ratio of kappa- and lambda- type immunoglobulin-secreting cells.