bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource use of great hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna mokarran) off eastern Australia
Authors: Raoult Vincent , Broadhurst Matt K. , Peddemors Vic M. , Williamson Jane E. , Gaston Troy F. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGreat hammerhead sharks Sphyrna mokarran are the largest member of Sphyrnidae, yet the roles of these large sharks in the food webs of coastal ecosystems are still poorly understood. Here we obtained samples of muscle, liver and vertebrae from large S. mokarran (234–383 cm total length; LT) caught as by‐catch off eastern Australia and used stable‐isotope analyses of δ15N, δ13C and δ34S to infer their resource use and any associated ontogenetic patterns. The results indicated large S. mokarran are apex predators primarily relying on other sharks and rays for their diet, with a preference for benthic resources such as Australian cownose rays Rhinoperon neglecta during the austral summer. Teleosts, cephalopods and crustaceans were not significant components of S. mokarran diets, though some conspecifics appeared to rely on more diverse resources over the austral summer. Ontogenetic shifts in resource use were detected but trajectories of the increases in trophic level varied among individuals. Most S. mokarran had non‐linear trajectories in ontogenetic resource‐use shifts implying size was not the main explanatory factor. Stable isotope values of δ13C and δ34S in muscle suggest S. mokarran span coastal, pelagic and benthic food webs in eastern Australia.
Impacts of biogas production on nitrogen flows on Dutch dairy system: Multiple level assessment of nitrogen indicators within the biogas production chain
Authors: Hoang Dieu Linh , Davis Chris , Moll Henri C. , Nonhebel Sanderine 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBiogas production on dairy farms is promoted as a climate change measure since it captures methane, a greenhouse gas emitted by manure, and produces renewable energy. Digestate is a by‐product of biogas production and is often used for nutrient recycling in a similar way as traditional manure. Despite having similar functions, manure and digestate have different behaviors related to nitrogen recycling and nitrogen emissions which are significant agricultural and environmental concerns of manure. This paper provides an insight into the impact of biogas production on nitrogen emissions and nitrogen recycling issues of the current dairy farming practice. Using the Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) approach, we analyzed the changes on three levels: manure handling, dairy farm, and the whole chain. Four biogas production options on a Dutch dairy farm related to types and sources of feedstocks were considered. We quantified biogas output, nitrogen fertilizer replacement percentage (%) and consequential nitrogen emissions (kgN/year; kgN/m3 biogas produced) of these productions in comparison with the baseline of current dairy farming without biogas. We conclude that biogas production options with additional feedstocks will cause profound changes in the nitrogen recycling on dairy farms and the nitrogen emissions at the chain level. Besides, the results show that determining the optimal biogas production option can be challenging as the evaluation is highly dependent on the used nitrogen indicator and the included level of analysis. Our findings show how SFA and a multilevel perspective can give a broader understanding of environmental trade‐offs.
Undergraduate students' perspectives on pursuing a career in mental health nursing following practicum experience
Authors: Slemon Allie , Jenkins Emily , Bungay Vicky , Brown Helen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore how undergraduate students perceive and make decisions regarding mental health nursing as a career following completion of an inpatient mental health practicum.BackgroundAmong nursing students, mental health is consistently perceived as the least desirable nursing career path. However, evidence to explain why this is the case remains limited, with a lack of research exploring students' experiences of mental health settings and how these experiences influence their perceptions of a mental health nursing career. This knowledge gap limits strategies to support nurses' selection of mental health nursing as a career path, contributing to a global shortage of mental health nurses.DesignThis study used a qualitative narrative inquiry design.MethodsIn‐depth interviews (N = 15) were conducted with undergraduate nursing students to explore their experiences of mental health practicums. Participants had all completed a 6‐week practicum in inpatient mental health settings in urban hospitals. Reporting follows COREQ guidelines.ResultsNursing students' decisions to not choose a career in mental health nursing were influenced by negative practicum experiences, including the institutional environments of the inpatient mental health settings and witnessing of harmful nursing practices. These factors were identified as barriers to pursuing a career in mental health nursing. However, students expressed desire to continue to work with clients with mental health challenges and aimed to pursue nursing careers that preserve this opportunity in different healthcare settings.ConclusionsThese findings expand upon existing literature that frequently positions nursing students as “uninterested” in mental health nursing and offers insights that can contribute to addressing global mental health nursing shortages.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study highlights the need for mental health nurses, nursing leaders, and educators to recognise and respond to students' difficult experiences in the inpatient mental health setting during practicums.
The value of bronchoalveolar lavage for discrimination between healthy and diseased individuals
Authors: Frye B. C. , Schupp J. C. , Rothe M. E. , Köhler T. C. , Prasse A. , Zissel G. , Vach W. , Müller‐Quernheim J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is standard diagnostic procedure. Procedural recommendations have been made by pneumological societies including normal values for interpretation of BAL cytology. These normal values derive from small studies in healthy volunteers and have never been analysed for their sensitivity and specificity.ObjectivesThis study aims to analyse sensitivity and specificity of these normal values by assessing lavage cell composition in healthy and diseased individuals.MethodsMore than 6000 BAL were retrospectively analysed for their cellular distribution including BALs of 250 healthy individuals. All BALs were obtained under similar conditions.ResultsBronchoalveolar lavage cytology of healthy individuals mirrors data from previous studies with smoking being the most important manipulator of BAL cytology. Analyses of proposed normal values demonstrate specificity between 80% and 95%, whereas sensitivity ranges between 35% and 65%. Using different mathematical models, a value summing up the differences to ATS‐proposed normal values of the cytological pattern was found to best discriminate between healthy and diseased individuals with a sensitivity of nearly 60% with a predefined specificity of 95%.ConclusionIn summary, our analysis confirmed prior results for healthy volunteers and enlarged these findings by analysing sensitivity and specificity of lavage results in an independent validation cohort of diseased individuals. Thereby, the study may influence the acceptance of BAL in the diagnostic workup of individuals with pulmonary diseases. Additionally, the study proposes a novel value that facilitates lavage interpretation and may therefore be useful in further studies.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Childhood Disability Prevalence by Sex in the Mississippi Delta and Appalachian Regions
Authors: McDaniel Justin T. , Davis Tammy , Yahaya Musa , Nuhu Kaamel 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDEvidence suggests a rise in childhood disability rates across the United States with males and those with lower socioeconomic status bearing greater burden. We investigated childhood disability rates in the Mississippi Delta (MDR) and Appalachian regions (AR) in comparison to other parts of the country.METHODSUsing data from the US Census Bureau, we calculated childhood disability rates by type and sex at national, regional, and subregional levels. We used risk ratios (RR) to compare childhood disability rates by sex, type, and region. We generated choropleth maps to represent the geographic distribution of disability.RESULTSChildhood disability was more prevalent, at the national level, among boys (6.64%) than girls (4.08%). Children in the MDR (boys = 8.60%; girls = 5.08%) and AR (boys = 7.81%; girls = 4.83%) had greater risk of disability than those elsewhere in the country (boys = 6.47%; girls = 3.98%), with rates generally higher in rural compared to urban areas in said regions.CONCLUSIONSChildhood disability affects rural areas of the country more extensively, with the MDR and AR affected to an even greater extent. School‐based health centers, in particular, which are disproportionately located in urban areas, could benefit disabled children living in the MDR and AR.
Defining Food Education Standards through Consensus: The Pilot Light Food Education Summit
Authors: Sutter Carolyn , Metcalfe Jessica Jarick , Tucker Lynn , Lohrmann David K. , Koch Pamela A. , Allegrante John P. , DeSorbo‐Quinn Alexandra 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDConsistent with the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Approach, food education encompasses nutritional status, culture, community, environment, and society. Unifying standards are needed to support food education integration in K‐12 curricula. Pilot Light, a Chicago‐based nonprofit, sought to generate such standards. This study reports a formative evaluation research process that led to the development of Food Education Standards (FES).METHODSNine FES were drafted within the context of the National Health Education Standards. The 2‐day Pilot Light Food Education Summit convened 26 experts and community members to review draft FES. A facilitated, consensus‐building process generated refined FES and K‐12 competencies. Drawing on Summit outcomes and expert feedback, a team of teachers subsequently drafted final FES. Summit participants completed pre‐ and post‐Summit surveys to assess changes in food education priorities.RESULTSThe initial 9 FES were refined to 7. Comparison data indicated shifts in endorsed priorities for food education, moving from prioritizing specific knowledge, such as “categorizing food into food groups,” toward “students having a conscious decision‐making process around food.”CONCLUSIONSDeveloped with input from experts across multidisciplinary fields, the evidence‐based Pilot Light FES can be feasibly implemented in multiple subjects across all school types and community socio‐demographic levels.
Management of inflammatory bowel disease in children: It is time for an individualised approach
Authors: Grover Zubin , Alex George 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPaediatric‐onset inflammatory bowel disease (PO‐IBD) is associated with greater morbidity compared to adult‐onset IBD. However, as not all children with PO‐IBD will have poor outcome and the best management decisions involve weighing risks versus benefit and wishes of patient's and family, we review risk factors of IBD progression in children and summarise rapidly expanding treatment choices, potential drug‐related adverse events and risk minimisation strategies, ending with new treatment paradigms focusing on long‐term goal of intestinal healing. For the purpose of this article, we have outlined the conventional approach, including medications currently licenced and available for use in Australia for paediatric IBD through the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme and briefly discuss other promising therapies that are shown to be effective in adults but are undergoing paediatric clinical trials.
Futility in adolescent anorexia nervosa and the question of withdrawal of care
Authors: Forbes David A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAnorexia nervosa is a chronic disorder of children, adolescents and young people typically characterised by self‐starvation and resistance to interventions. Staff dealing with these young people frequently question patient motivations and the ethics of interventions that may be applied against the wishes of patients. The question of withdrawal of care in a subgroup of these patients has been raised. Futility is not an appropriate response to adolescent anorexia nervosa, and treatment withdrawal is not appropriate for a disorder in which most patients can be expected to recover, in which opposition to treatment is a characteristic of the disorder and in which brain dysfunction is precipitated by severe malnutrition.
Myocardial hypertrophy is improved with berberine treatment via long non-coding RNA MIAT-mediated autophagy
Authors: Zeng Zhicong , Pan Yan , Wu Wei , Li Liang , Wu Zijun , Zhang Yuangui , Deng Bin , Wei Shanyan , Zhang Weiwei , Lin Fengxia , Song Yinzhi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate berberine (BBR) effects on myocardial hypertrophy (MH) and associated mechanisms.

Methods
BBR effects on MH were evaluated in rats with constriction of abdominal aorta (CAA). qRT-PCR assay was used to measure MH-related genes, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and autophagy-related genes expressions. Western blot was performed to detect autophagy markers expression. Filamentous actin and phalloidin expressions were detected using immunofluorescence assay.

Key findings
BBR significantly attenuated CAA-induced MH and cardiomyocyte enlargement. CAA upregulated β myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic peptide expressions in heart tissues, which was attenuated by BBR. BBR suppressed myocardial infarction associated transcript (MIAT) expression in rats with CAA. p62 mRNA expression was upregulated and beclin1 and autophagy related 5 were downregulated in CAA versus control groups. The effects were abolished by BBR. In vitro studies showed that BBR ameliorated angiotensin II-induced MH and attenuated Ang II-induced MIAT expression in H9C2 cells. Expressions of phosphorylated mTOR, phosphorylated AMPK and LC3 were upregulated in H9C2 cells after Ang II stimulation, and the effects were abolished by BBR.

Conclusions
BBR exerted beneficial effects on MH induced by CCA, and the mechanisms were associated with decreased MIAT expression and enhanced autophagy.
Liver fibrosis by FibroScan® independently of established cardiovascular risk parameters associates with macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lombardi Rosa , Airaghi Lorena , Targher Giovanni , Serviddio Gaetano , Maffi Gabriele , Mantovani Alessandro , Maffeis Claudio , Colecchia Antonio , Villani Rosanna , Rinaldi Luca , Orsi Emanuela , Pisano Giuseppina , Adinolfi Luigi E. , Fargion Silvia , Fracanzani Anna L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are closely associated, and liver fibrosis has been related to macrovascular complications. We examined whether liver fibrosis, diagnosed by FibroScan®, correlates with chronic vascular complications in a cohort of T2DM.MethodsWe recruited 394 outpatients with T2DM attending five Italian diabetes centres who underwent liver ultrasonography (US), FibroScan® and extensive evaluation of macrovascular and microvascular diabetic complications.ResultsSteatosis by US was present in 89%. Almost all patients (96%) were on hypoglycaemic drugs, 58% had at least one chronic vascular complication, 19% a macrovascular complication (prior myocardial infarction and/or ischaemic stroke) and 33% a microvascular one (26% chronic kidney disease [CKD]; 16% retinopathy; 6% neuropathy). In all, 171 (72%) patients had CAP ≥ 248dB/m (ie hepatic steatosis), whereas 83 (21%) patients had LSM ≥ 7.0/6.2 kPa (M/XL probes) (significant liver fibrosis). CAP was not associated with any macro/microvascular complications, whereas LSM ≥ 7.0/6.2 kPa was independently associated with prior cardiovascular disease (adjusted OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.2‐8.8; P = .02) and presence of microvascular complications (adjusted OR 4.2, 95%CI 1.5‐11.4; P = .005), mainly CKD (adjusted OR 3.6, 95%CI 1.3‐10.1; P = .01) and retinopathy (adjusted OR 3.7, CI 95% 1.2‐11.9; P = .02). Neither diabetes duration nor haemoglobin A1c differed according to CAP or LSM values.ConclusionSignificant fibrosis, detected by FibroScan®, is independently associated with increased prevalence of macrovascular and microvascular complications, thus opening a new scenario in the use of this tool for a comprehensive evaluation of hepatic and vascular complications in patients with T2DM.
Greater genetic and regulatory plasticity of retained duplicates in Epichloë endophytic fungi
Authors: Wu Baojun , Cox Murray P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGene duplicates can act as a source of genetic material from which new functions arise. Most duplicated genes revert to single copy genes and only a small proportion are retained. However, it remains unclear why some duplicate genes persist in the genome for an extended time. We investigate this question by analysing retained gene duplicates in the fungal genus Epichloë, ascomycete fungi that form close endophytic symbioses with their host grasses. Retained duplicates within this genus have two independent origins, but both long pre‐date the origin and diversification of the genus Epichloë. We find that loss of retained duplicates within the genus is frequent and often associated with speciation. Retained duplicates have faster evolutionary rates (Ka) and show relaxed selection (Ka/Ks) compared to single copy genes. Both features are time‐dependent. Through comparison of conspecific strains, we find greater evolutionary rates in coding regions and sequence divergence in regulatory regions of retained duplicates than single copy genes, with this pattern more pronounced for strains adapted to different grass host species. Consistent with this sequence divergence in regulatory regions, transcriptome analyses show greater expression variation of retained duplicates than single copy genes. This suggest that cis‐regulatory changes make important contributions to the expression patterns of retained duplicates. Coupled with supporting observations from the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these data suggest that genetic robustness and regulatory plasticity are common drivers behind the retention of duplicated genes in fungi.
Lack of statistical power as a major limitation in understanding MHC‐mediated immunocompetence in wild vertebrate populations
Authors: Gaigher Arnaud , Burri Reto , San‐Jose Luis M. , Roulin Alexandre , Fumagalli Luca 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDisentangling the sources of variation in developing an effective immune response against pathogens is of major interest to immunoecology and evolutionary biology. To date, the link between immunocompetence and genetic variation at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has received little attention in wild animals, despite the key role of MHC genes in activating the adaptive immune system. Although several studies point to a link between MHC and immunocompetence, negative findings have also been reported. Such disparate findings suggest that limited statistical power might be affecting studies on this topic, owing to insufficient sample sizes and/or a generally small effect of MHC on the immunocompetence of wild vertebrates. To clarify this issue, we investigated the link between MHC variation and seven immunocompetence proxies in a large sample of barn owls and estimated the effect sizes and statistical power of this and published studies on this topic. We found that MHC poorly explained variation in immunocompetence of barn owls, with small‐to‐moderate associations between MHC and immunocompetence in owls (effect size: .1 ≥ r ≤ .3) similar to other vertebrates studied to date. Such small‐to‐moderate effects were largely associated with insufficient power, which was only sufficient (>0.8) to detect moderate‐to‐large effect sizes (r ≥ .3). Thus, studies linking MHC variation with immunocompetence in wild populations are underpowered to detect MHC effects, which are likely to be of generally small magnitude. Larger sample sizes (>200) will be required to achieve sufficient power in future studies aiming to robustly test for a link between MHC variation and immunocompetence.
Conflict Resolution: Lessons from the Dayton Peace Process
Authors: Hartwell Leon 
Published: October 2019

The Bosnian War (1992–1995) was one of the most brutal conflicts in Europe since the end of World War II. Thirty‐four cease‐fires failed to produce peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina until the late American diplomat, Richard Holbrooke, brokered one that set the stage for a series of negotiations—starting in the Balkans and ending in Dayton, Ohio. The Dayton peace process finally terminated the Bosnian War. The interplay of military intervention by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and diplomacy by the United States was remarkable. This article highlights thirteen conflict resolution lessons or “Holbrookeisms” that can be learned from the Dayton peace process. Some aspects of Holbrooke's approach toward the peace process helped him to successfully mediate an end to the Bosnian War, while others contributed toward some of the existing cleavages in today's Bosnian society.
Robustness of Optimal Investment Decisions in Mixed Insurance/Investment Cyber Risk Management
Authors: Mazzoccoli Alessandro , Naldi Maurizio 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn integrated risk management strategy, combining insurance and security investments, where the latter contribute to reduce the insurance premium, is investigated to assess whether it can lead to reduced overall security expenses. The optimal investment for this mixed strategy is derived under three insurance policies, covering, respectively, all the losses (total coverage), just those below the limit of maximum liability (partial coverage), and those above a threshold but below the maximum liability (partial coverage with deductibles). Under certain conditions (e.g., low potential loss, or either very low or very high vulnerability), the mixed strategy reverts however to insurance alone, because investments do not provide an additional benefit. When the mixed strategy is the best choice, the dominant component in the overall security expenses is the insurance premium in most cases. Optimal investment decisions require an accurate estimate of the vulnerability, whereas larger estimation errors may be tolerated for the investment‐effectiveness coefficient.