bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prior precision modulates the minimisation of prediction error in human auditory cortex
Authors: Hsu Yi-Fang , Waszak Florian , Hämäläinen Jarmo A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe predictive coding model of perception proposes that successful representation of the perceptual world depends upon cancelling out the discrepancy between prediction and sensory input (i.e., prediction error). Recent studies further suggest a distinction between prediction error associated with non-predicted stimuli of different prior precision (i.e., inverse variance). However, it is not fully understood how prediction error from different precision levels is minimised in the predictive process. The current research used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine whether prior precision modulates the cortical dynamics of the making of perceptual inferences. We presented participants with cycles of repeated tone quartets which consisted of three prime tones and one probe tone. Within each cycle, the three prime tones remained identical while the probe tones changed at some random point (e.g., from repetition of 123X to repetition of 123Y). Therefore, the repetition of probe tones can reveal the development of perceptual inferences in low and high precision contexts depending on its position within the cycle. We found that the two conditions resemble each other in terms of N1m modulation (as both were associated with N1m suppression) but differ in terms of N2m modulation. While repeated probe tones in low precision context did not exhibit any modulatory effect, repeated probe tones in high precision context elicited a suppression and rebound of the N2m source power. The differentiation suggested that the minimisation of prediction error in low and high precision contexts likely involves distinct mechanisms.
Biophysical mechanisms in the mammalian respiratory oscillator re-examined with a new data-driven computational model
Authors: Phillips Ryan S. , John Tibin T. , Koizumi Hidehiko , Molkov Yaroslav I. , Smith Jeffrey C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn autorhythmic population of excitatory neurons in the brainstem pre-Bötzinger complex is a critical component of the mammalian respiratory oscillator. Two intrinsic neuronal biophysical mechanisms—a persistent sodium current (INaP) and a calcium-activated non-selective cationic current (ICAN)—were proposed to individually or in combination generate cellular-and circuit-level oscillations, but their roles are debated without resolution. We re-examined these roles with a new computational model of an excitatory population with randomly distributed INaP and ICAN conductances and synaptic connections. This model robustly reproduces experimental data showing contrary to previous hypotheses, rhythm generation is independent of ICAN activation, which instead determines population activity amplitude. The novel insight is that this occurs when ICAN is primarily activated by neuronal calcium fluxes driven by synaptic mechanisms. Rhythm depends critically on INaP in a subpopulation forming the rhythmogenic kernel. The model explains how the rhythm and amplitude of respiratory oscillations involve distinct biophysical mechanisms.
Disease networks and their contribution to disease understanding and drug repurposing: Evolution of the concept, techniques and data sources
Authors: García del Valle Eduardo P. , García Gerardo Lagunes , Santamaría Lucía Prieto , Zanin Massimiliano , Ruiz Ernestina Menasalvas , Rodríguez-González Alejandro 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOver a decade ago, a new discipline called network medicine emerged as an approach to understand human diseases from a network theory point-of-view. Disease networks proved to be an intuitive and powerful way to reveal hidden connections among apparently unconnected biomedical entities such as diseases, physiological processes, signaling pathways, and genes. One of the fields that has benefited most from this improvement is the identification of new opportunities for the use of old drugs, known as drug repurposing. The importance of drug repurposing lies in the high costs and the prolonged time from target selection to regulatory approval of traditional drug development. In this document we analyze the evolution of disease network concept during the last decade and apply a data science pipeline approach to evaluate their functional units. As a result of this analysis, we obtain a list of the most commonly used functional units and the challenges that remain to be solved. This information can be very valuable for the generation of new prediction models based on disease networks.
Reconciling high-throughput gene essentiality data with metabolic network reconstructions
Authors: Blazier Anna S. , Papin Jason A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe identification of genes essential for bacterial growth and survival represents a promising strategy for the discovery of antimicrobial targets. Essential genes can be identified on a genome-scale using transposon mutagenesis approaches; however, variability between screens and challenges with interpretation of essentiality data hinder the identification of both condition-independent and condition-dependent essential genes. To illustrate the scope of these challenges, we perform a large-scale comparison of multiple published Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene essentiality datasets, revealing substantial differences between the screens. We then contextualize essentiality using genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions and demonstrate the utility of this approach in providing functional explanations for essentiality and reconciling differences between screens. Genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions also enable a high-throughput, quantitative analysis to assess the impact of media conditions on the identification of condition-independent essential genes. Our computational model-driven analysis provides mechanistic insight into essentiality and contributes novel insights for design of future gene essentiality screens and the identification of core metabolic processes.Author SummaryWith the rise of antibiotic resistance, there is a growing need to discover new therapeutic targets to treat bacterial infections. One attractive strategy is to target genes that are essential for growth and survival. Essential genes can be identified with transposon mutagenesis approaches; however, variability between screens and challenges with interpretation of essentiality data hinder the identification and analysis of essential genes. We performed a large-scale comparison of multiple gene essentiality screens of the microbial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We implemented a computational model-driven approach to provide functional explanations for essentiality and reconcile differences between screens. The integration of computational modeling with high-throughput experimental screens may enable the identification of drug targets with high-confidence and provide greater understanding for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Quantification of Structural Brain Connectivity via a Conductance Model
Authors: Frau-Pascual Aina , Fogarty Morgan , Fischl Bruce , Yendiki Anastasia , Aganj Iman ,   †for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiativey
Published: September 2018

AbstaractConnectomics has proved promising in quantifying and understanding the effects of development, aging and an array of diseases on the brain. In this work, we propose a new structural connectivity measure from diffusion MRI that allows us to incorporate direct brain connections, as well as indirect ones that would not be otherwise accounted for by standard techniques and that may be key for the better understanding of function from structure. From our experiments on the Human Connectome Project dataset, we find that our measure of structural connectivity better correlates with functional connectivity than streamline tractography does, meaning that it provides new structural information related to function. Through additional experiments on the ADNI-2 dataset, we demonstrate the ability of this new measure to better discriminate different stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Our findings suggest that this measure is useful in the study of the normal brain structure, and for quantifying the effects of disease on the brain structure.
Social insect colony size is correlated with rates of substitution and DNA repair gene evolution
Authors: Rubin Benjamin E. R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLarger numbers of germline cell divisions can increase the number of mutations inherited by offspring. Therefore, in systems where the number of offspring is dependent on the number of germline cell divisions, a higher overall rate of molecular evolution may be expected. Here I examine whether colony size in social insects, which varies from tens to millions, influences molecular evolutionary rates by analyzing several recently collected datasets. First, I find that colony size is negatively correlated with GC-content across 115 ant genera, indicative of a positive relationship between substitution rate and colony size. Second, genome-wide rates of molecular evolution are positively correlated with colony size in three clades of social insects including eight species in the ant genusPseudomyrmex, seven fungus-growing ants, and 11 bee species. The additional germline cell divisions necessary to maintain large colony sizes might lead to mutation accumulation in the germlines of queens of these species, a process similar to that which occurs in aging human males. I also find intensified constraint on DNA repair genes in species with large colonies, suggesting that the additional mutations that occur in these taxa increase selective pressure for improved replication fidelity. Colony size, a fundamental facet of eusociality, plays a previously unappreciated role in genome evolution.
Plantarflexor fiber length and tendon slack length are the strongest determinates of simulated single-leg heel raise function
Authors: Baxter Josh R. , Hast Daniel C. , Hast Michael W. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:Achilles tendon ruptures lead to reduced ankle function and often limits recreational activity. Single-leg heel raises are often used clinically to characterize patient function. However, it is unclear how the structure of the Achilles tendon and plantarflexor muscles affects single-leg heel raise function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a musculoskeletal model in order to simulate the effects of muscle-tendon unit (MTU) parameters on peak plantarflexion during this clinically-relevant task. The ankle joint was plantarflexed by two MTUs that represented the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. The optimal fiber length, maximal muscle force, muscle pennation, tendon stiffness, and resting ankle angle – a surrogate measure of tendon slack length – were iteratively adjusted to test the combined effects of each of these MTU parameters. Single-leg heel raises were simulated by maximally exciting the two plantarflexor MTUs for each model configuration (N = 161,051 simulations). Optimal muscle fiber and tendon slack lengths had the greatest effect on peak plantarflexion during simulated single-leg heel raises. Simulations that were unable to produce at least 30 degrees of plantarflexion had muscle fibers that were shorter than healthy muscle and longer tendon slack lengths. These findings highlight the importance of preserving muscle fascicle and tendon length following Achilles tendon injuries.Fundingno funding has been provided for this researchAcknowledgementsthe Authors have no acknowledgementsConflict of interestthe Authors have no conflicts of interest that are relevant to this work
Environmental design and awareness impact on organization image
Authors: Bangwal Deepak , Tiwari Prakash 
Published: September 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how environmental design features of a green building contribute to the formation of employees’ organization image (OIM) through better environmental awareness (EAW) within employees.Design/methodology/approachBased on a comprehensive literature review on environmental design features of a building, a theoretical model was proposed for investigation. Three putative paths linking workspace (WSP) to EAW, departmental space (DSP) to EAW and EAW to OIM were then tested relying on a survey data of 362 employees collected from three Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certified buildings by using structural equation modeling methodology as prescribed by Hairet al.FindingsSignificant evidence was found in support of all three purposed paths. Further, the study found that workspace and the DSP together explained around 46 percent of the variance in employee’s EAW, which then explained around 54 percent of the variance in the formation of the employees’ OIM.Research limitations/implicationsThe study drew data only from green certified organizations. Future research should involve other green organizations or a larger sample of green buildings. The size and character of the sample were restricted by organizational constraints.Practical implicationsThe organizations need to be extremely cautious of green concerns during the design phase in order to capitalize on the yields of better employees’ OIM. It also motivates the other organizational group toward the green building concept to increase the employees’ EAW and to enhance organizational values and image.Originality/valueWhile the green concept has been a significant research topic for more than decades, barely any research has been conducted that focuses specifically on environmental design features of a green building on employees’ EAW and OIM. This study tries to make a link between green building design features with employees’ EAW and OIM. These links are rare in Indian perspective.
Discovering lived experiences through descriptive phenomenology
Authors: Jackson Caroline , Vaughan David Roger , Brown Lorraine 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the reasons why descriptive phenomenology (DP) can provide an improved understanding of hospitality, tourism and event experiences. This is achieved through two objectives: first, by revealing the complexities and philosophical depths of DP; second, by providing a practical, stepped method that offers rigour and transparency.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is based upon a study that explored the lived experience of the popular music festival-goer. It generally discusses the phenomenological philosophies of Husserl (1965 [1911]) and the descriptive phenomenological method in psychology of Giorgi (2009). It identifies not only some of the challenges and criticisms of DP but also the strengths of using a scientific approach to phenomenological research.

Findings
The philosophical strengths underlying DP afford a deeper understanding of the phenomenon being studied. The lived experience music festival study illustrates that the method of data collection and analysis highlights the intricacy of the philosophical debate and research findings. Although the bracketing, or epoché, method of DP has been criticised, the actual application is far more complex than trying to blank out prior knowledge. The aim is to ensure that it is the participants’ experiences that are used to identify the structure that is the phenomenon rather than the personal interpretation of the researcher.

Originality/value
It is recognised that researching the lifeworld affords a greater depth of understanding of experiences in people’s lives. One of the disappointments has been that one branch of phenomenological research, DP, has been underutilised and at times misunderstood in hospitality, tourism and event research. This paper aims to demonstrate and illustrate why and how DP should be considered in the future research of such experiences.
Assessing adherence and patient satisfaction with medication
Authors: Alam Md. Moddassir , Sikdar Pallab , Kumar Amresh , Mittal Arun 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
The study considers a four-construct model for validating the factors of overall patient satisfaction with medication. This paper aims to study the satisfaction of patients with their medication. Patient satisfaction with medication influences treatment-related behaviors, such as their possibility of continuing to use their medication, to take their medication correctly and to adhere with medication regimens.

Design/methodology/approach
treatment satisfaction questionnaire for medication (TSQM) version 1.4 patient satisfaction model has been tested for reliability and validity through confirmatory factor analysis. A structured questionnaire, incorporating variables identified from original TSQM version 1.4 (Atkinson et al., 2005), has been used as a survey instrument for the study. Final respondent sample size was 380 patients who were on medication for a minimum duration of 10 days.

Findings
In total, 75 per cent of the willingly participating patients were found to adhere to medication regimen as advised by their physician. Effectiveness, side effects, convenience and global satisfaction were found to be reliable and valid factors for assessing satisfaction with medication among patients in emerging market settings.

Originality/value
The existing studies on measuring patient satisfaction have been majorly confined to developed economies. There is lack of focused research on patient satisfaction and its underlying determinants in the emerging market settings. The present study is an attempt to fill the existing research gap.
An investigation into the records management profession in the public service of Namibia
Authors: Ipinge Annastasia , Nengomasha Cathrine Tambudzai 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the recognition of record management profession in the Namibian Public Service. The objectives of the study are to determine appreciation of the importance of records record management; establish policies that support records management; find out the promotion of the records management function in the public service; establish training and job opportunities available for the record management professionals; and come up with recommendations on how the recognition of the record management profession could be enhanced in the public service of Namibia.

Design/methodology/approach
This case study used qualitative data collection methods, namely, focus group discussions and interviews. The two ministries and records keeping staff who took part in the focus group discussions were conveniently selected, whereas the two government offices where one key informant each was interviewed were purposively selected.

Findings
This study revealed that the records management profession was not well recognised in the public service of Namibia. The hiring of staff with low educational qualifications and the hiring of records keeping staff with some Diploma qualifications into the same positions as those without qualifications were all evidence of this. In addition to these was the failure to re-grade the records keeping staff through the establishment of a records management cadre.

Practical implications
The study recommends the creation of record management units in all offices, ministries and agencies headed by qualified record managers supported by qualified records management staff, finalisation and implementation of the records management policy, as well as the creation of a records management cadre.

Originality/value
The findings of the study on which this paper is based could inform policy for decision makers, and for the records management keeping staff, a strategy for advocating for recognition of their profession was planned.
Outsourcing: reap the fruit; contain the “bad apple”
Authors: Ndubisi Nelson Oly , Umar Setiadi 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to show how outsourcing partners can maximise the benefits of outsourcing while containing the negative effect of destructive conflict (the “bad apple”) on trust and commitment.

Design/methodology/approach
The study reviewed existing literature on the benefits and limitations of outsourcing from the principal’s (outsourcer) and the agent’s (service provider) perspectives. The study further draws on empirical evidence from studies conducted across ten industries in three countries within the Asia–Pacific Rim and the Middle-East, namely, Australia, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia.

Findings
Long-term orientation and ethical norms are robust ex-ante (i.e. before the destructive conflict) handling strategies, whereas integrative conflict handling style and (to a lesser degree) accommodating and compromising conflict handling styles are effective ex-post (i.e. after the destructive conflict) handling strategies. Forcing and avoidance conflict handling styles can escalate destructive conflict and should be completely avoided by outsourcing partners at all times.

Practical implications
The benefits of outsourcing outweigh its challenges. Trust and commitment are positively affected by ex-ante and ex-post (destructive conflict) strategies. Destructive conflicts (or the bad apple effect) can be contained through these strategies. Firms should leverage the upsides of outsourcing relationships and contain the downsides by integrating long-term orientation and ethical norms that can help to pre-empt and forestall destructive conflict. They should adopt an integrative conflict handling strategy in the event of a manifest conflict. Other strategies that can be applied to manifest conflict (albeit more sparingly) are accommodating and compromising strategies. Each has the potential to increase trust and commitment in the relationship.

Originality/value
The authors unveil before and after (the destructive conflict) handling strategies that do not depend on contextual factors or industry/sectoral differences.
The changed paradigm of business progress: a moral step forward for humanity
Authors: Marques Joan 
Published: September 2018

Purpose
Through an overview of the perceptional evolution of progress over the past two centuries, this paper aims to review a changed, yet constructive paradigm that has emerged in business leadership.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is a general review-based deliberation presenting standards of the twentieth century, the need for a shift in paradigms and the shift as it unfolds in the twenty-first century.

Findings
Focusing on optimal stakeholder inclusion, yet not disregarding the concept of progress in a competitive environment, this paper presents a set of interrelated leadership skills and characteristics, including a discussion about their applicability and ways to develop them.

Research limitations/implications
While globally applicable, the views in this paper are primarily based on the American performance environment.

Practical implications
Management practices would not have evolved to today’s level if we did not have the past experiences to learn from. The deliberations and insights shared in this article should be seen as a way of evaluating the path that led us to our current, multi-tiered leadership paradigm.

Social implications
The model presented in this article should be seen as a useful, yet incomplete set of skills and characteristics to be considered by today’s and future leaders to ensure greater stakeholder inclusion.

Originality/value
Within the framework of focusing on the management horizon, this paper places the driving motives of two centuries that influenced our current society alongside each other and contemplates on the necessary shifts needed to move forward.