bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stormwater Related Chlorophenol Releases from Seven Wood Protection Facilities in British Columbia
Authors: Krahn Peter K. , Shrimpton Julie A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Stormwater run-off at five sawmills and two lumber export terminals was collected and analyzed for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol. Leaching from treated lumber began after 1.0 to 1.5 mm of continuous rainfall. Dip treated lumber leached up to 158,000 micrograms per litre (ug/L) and generated runoff with up to 6,600 ug/L total Chlorophenols. Low pressure sprayed lumber leached up to 576,000 ug/L total Chlorophenols and generated runoff with up to 27,000 ug/L. High pressure sprayed lumber leached up to 9,800 ug/L and generated average yard runoff up to 1,968 ug/L total Chlorophenols.
Biconcentration of Chlorophenols by Leeches and Their Use as In Situ Biological Monitors
Authors: Hall K. J. , Jacob C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Leeches were used as in situ monitors of the biological availability of Chlorophenols to estimate the degree of contamination in the North Arm of the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia, where several forest industry operations use Chlorophenols as wood preservatives. A large spatial and temporal variation was observed in the concentration of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (&lt;0.01-15.20 μg·lࢤ1) and pentachlorophenol (&lt;0.01-2.80 μg·lࢤ1) in a series of grab and composite water samples. This demonstrated the sporadic nature of releases and the need for an integrative assessment method. Leeches readily concentrated the Chlorophenols and had a slow depuration rate. In seven days leeches bioconcentrated Chlorophenols to μg·gࢤ1 levels (28-2946 μg TTCP·fgࢤ1 wet wt and 29-846 μg PCP·gࢤ1 wet wt). Based on laboratory bioconcentration studies, leeches provided an estimate of average exposure concentrations from &lt;0.1 to 10 μg·lࢤ1 in the river over the bioassay periods. Laboratory experiments demonstrated a higher bioconcentration potential and a longer equilibration time at higher temperatures. At lower pH there was higher bioconcentration of Chlorophenols indicating that the un-ionized molecule was adsorbed more readily. Uptake of the un-ionized chlorophenol correlated well with the partition coefficient (Ko/W) of the compound.
Mathematical Modelling of the Fraser River Plume
Authors: Stronach J. A. , Crean P.B. , Murty T.S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Fraser River forms a well-defined layer of brackish water in the Strait of Georgia, with associated strong surface currents and salinity contrasts between it and the much deeper underlying waters. The numerical solution of a rotating, non-linear, reduced gravity, vertically integrated, upper layer model to describe the motion of this large river plume is described. Results from extensive field observations including tracking of surface drifters and CTD surveys are used to adjust and verify the model. Comparisons of observed and computed velocity and salinity fields show that the model simulates well the dominant flow patterns of the plume. A hindcast of two time periods in June and November 1986 is presented. Both hindcasts were characterized by periods of calm winds as well as the passage of reasonably intense storms, so that the response of the plume to wind forcing, as distinct from the wind-free situation, was quite well delineated.
Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods: Part 1: A Review of Potential Biological Leachate Treatment Methods
Authors: Forgie D.J.L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a review of North American and European literature concerning the physical and chemical characteristics of leachate and the biological treatment methods that have been used or could be used to treat leachate. Leachate characteristics of particular interest include five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) , chemical oxygen demand (COD), the BOD5/COD ratio, molecular weight and or size of the organics, volatile fatty acids (VFA’s), ammonia and metals. It is demonstrated that biological leachate treatment is most appropriate when the BOD5/COD ratio is high (i.e. &gt; 0.4) and the molecular weight of the majority of the organics is less than 500 g/mole. Tables summarizing the various biological leachate treatment process loading rates are presented.
This paper serves as the basis for two companion papers: ”Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods, PART 2 : A Review of Recirculation, Irrigation and Potential Physical-Chemical Treatment Methods” and “Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods, PART 3: A Decision Model for Treatment Train Selection”.
Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods: Part 2: A Review of Recirculation, Irrigation and Potential Physical-chemical Treatment Methods
Authors: Forgie D.J.L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper reviews potential leachate treatment methods that are non-biological from the traditional wastewater treatment viewpoint.
The use and role of recirculation and irrigation in leachate management are reviewed. It is shown that, although recirculation cannot be used as a means of final leachate disposal, it does have a role in decreasing the strength of high strength, acidic phase leachates. Irrigation is shown to be a potential means of final disposal of treated leachate.
Physical-chemical treatment (PCT) of leachate using chemical precipitation, coagulation and/or oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, air-stripping, pH adjustment, ion exchange and membrane separation are reviewed. It is shown that PCT is appropriate for leachate treatment when the leachate is low in volatile, degradable organics, i.e. the BOD5/COD ratio is less than 0.1, and/or the molecular weight of most of the organics is greater than 500 g/mole. As a result, it is shown that PCT is best used as a polishing step following biological treatment or treating a leachate from a mature landfill.
Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods: Part 3: A Decision Model for the Treatment Train Selection
Authors: Forgie D.J.L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper outlines development of a procedure for the selection of the most appropriate leachate treatment method(s) for a given leachate. The performance of aerobic biological, anaerobic biological and physical-chemical leachate treatment are discussed, based on the BOD5/COD ratio and the molecular weight of the organics in the leachate. An initial level of treatment selection screening, which is based on the BOD5/COD ratio, the molecular weight of the organics, and the volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia and metal concentrations is presented. Subsequent, separate decision models for anaerobic biological, aerobic biological and physical chemical treatment are also presented. It is shown that there is no one solution to leachate treatment but that a combination of anaerobic biological, aerobic biological and physical chemical treatment will be needed.
Annual Loadings of Toxic Contaminants in Urban Runoff from the Canadian Great Lakes Basin
Authors: Marsalek Jiri , Schroeter Harold 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Frequencies of detection, concentrations and annual loadings of 50 selected toxic chemicals have been studied in urban runoff from the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. The mean concentrations of these chemicals in stormwater and street sediment were determined in a field program conducted in 12 urban centres in the study area. Using these mean concentrations and the computed runoff volumes and sediment yields, annual loadings of toxic chemicals in urban runoff from the study area were estimated within an order of magnitude. The highest basin loadings were computed for zinc (300 t/yr), lead (100 t/yr), and some other inorganics. Among organic substances, the highest individual loadings were computed for several poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., fluoranthene - 200 kg/yr), followed by PCBs (80 kg/yr), some chlorinated benzenes (1,2-dichlorobenzene - 30 kg/yr), and organochlorine pesticides (alpha-BHC - 12 kg/yr). Such loadings do not include possible contributions from combined sewer overflows or illicit point source discharges into storm sewers.
Multicomponent Kinetic Analysis of Trace Metal Binding Sites on Iron Hydrous Oxide Colloids
Authors: Gutzman Donald W. , Langford Cooper H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The adsorption of copper(II) on a hydrous oxide colloid of iron formed by base hydrolysis in the presence of the adsorbate metal has been studied in two ways. Filtration-AAS of equilibrated solutions yielded data which fit well to a single variant adsorption isotherm even at high adsorbate metal concentration thus precluding the need for multivariant fitting. These same colloidal species were kinetically analyzed by reaction of copper with the chromophore reagent EHTTT (a = 13700 Mࢤ1 cmࢤ1 at 434 nm) which revealed the presence of three components, other than the very labile “free” species. Kinetic differentiation of thermodynamically similar sites may result from diffusion control of metal ion release.
Effects of Algae on the Aquatic Persistence of Fenitrothion
Authors: Caunter Terrence , Weinberger Pearl 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The persistence of the photolytically degradable pesticide fenitrothion (O,O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) in aquatic systems was examined to determine whether its t½ could be modulated by the algae Chlamydomonas segnis (Ettl). Sorption of 14C ring labelled fenitrothion into live and freeze-killed algae was monitored under lighted and darkened conditions.
In living algae held under natural sunlight (800 wmࢤ2), an optimal uptake of 9.4 ug 14C ring label mgࢤ1 algae was obtained following 3.75 hours compared to 0.7 µg 14C ring label mgࢤ1 uptake by algae maintained in the dark. Live algae maintained under Vita Lite high intensity fluorescent lamps (Dura Test, 40 wmࢤ2, 290-700 nm) sorbed fenitrothion more slowly. Optimal uptake of 16.6 µg 14C ring label mgࢤ1 algae was obtained after 24 hours compared to 0.8 µg 14C ring label mgࢤ1 algae in sets in the dark. The same phenomenon was observed with freeze-killed cells, where uptake in natural sunlight and Vita Lite® lamps was significantly enhanced (15.7 and 28.8 μg 14C ring label mgࢤ1 algae, respectively) compared to cells maintained in the dark (1.6 and 2.3 µg 14C ring label mgࢤ1 algae, respectively).
The t½ of fenitrothion in the aquatic media without algae was 30.7 hours whereas with live algae in the media the t½ decreased to 15.8 hours.
Photolytic degradation and sorption of fenitrothion were both augmented in the light exposed sets containing algae, thus significantly affecting the t½ of the fenitrothion in the water compartment.
National Water Quality Index Network Options to Consider
Authors: Kwiatkowski Roy E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Canada’s federal water quality program is aimed at providing information for the management of Canada’s water resources to maximize social and economic benefits of these resources for Canadians while ensuring an adequate level of water quality. Adequate being defined as non-impairment of the most sensitive use. The extent of pollution from anthropogenically developed chemicals has become readily apparent over the last decade. As a result in recent years public anxiety about the environment particularly about water quality has increased dramatically. Water pollution issues are no longer solely restricted to the local or regional level. Issues are now discussed at the national, international and global level. As a result, the Water Quality Branch (WQB), Inland Waters Directorate, Department of the Environment, is establishing a National Water Quality Index Network, to provide scientific information and advice to water managers on water quality issues on a national scale. This paper outlines WQB’s present activities and the process used to develop the WQB’s National Water Quality Index Network.
Temporal Variability of Phosphorus Levels in the Flathead River at the International Border
Authors: MacDonald D.D. , Valiela D. , Brown S.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A three year study of water quality in the boundary reach of the Flathead River was undertaken to determine the temporal variability of total phosphorus (TP) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) levels. This investigation, designed to provide information for the development of a compliance monitoring program. Involved intensive sampling of TP and TDP over the spring freshet period and intermittently over the low flow period. In addition, three 24 hour studies were undertaken to assess short-term variability. TP and TDP concentrations ranged from &lt;0.002 to 0.48 mg/l and from &lt;0.002 to 0.035 mg/l, respectively, with the highest levels recorded at the peak of freshet. Over the low flow period the concentrations of both variables were consistently near the detection limit (0.002 mg/1). Fluctuations in the levels of both TP and TDP were positively correlated with changes in streamflow, and reflect increases in suspended sediment concentrations. These results indicate that monitoring programs designed to assess compliance with water quality objectives must take into account the natural variability of phosphorus levels.
Distribution of Organic Contaminants in Water and Suspended Solids of the Rainy River
Authors: Merriman John C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Water and suspended solid samples were collected in 1986 at three stations on the Rainy River and from the final effluents of two bleached kraft pulp and paper mills discharging into the river. A wide range of organic contaminants were analysed, including organochlorine pesticides (OCs), total PCBs, chlorobenzenes (CBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorophenols (CPs). Suspended solids were also analysed for dioxins and furans. Analysis of the data indicated that for the most part, compounds were below the detection limit at the upstream end of the river. High levels of PCBs, dioxins, furans, CPs and PAHs were found in mill effluents, which resulted in some elevated concentrations in the Rainy River downstream of the mills. At the downstream end of the river, there was no impact evident for the compounds analysed.
Accumulation of Trace Metals in Three Species of Fish from Lakes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Canada): Influence of pH and Other Chemical Parameters
Authors: Peterson R. H. , Sreedharan A. , Ray S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from headwater lakes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Canada) were analyzed for whole body concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn. Fish from western New Brunswick generally had lowest concentrations of metals. Mercury concentrations were highest in fish from lakes close to urban centers on the leeward side. Only trout were collected from lakes in Cape Breton Island, and these were characterized by high Cd and Zn concentrations. The only consistently strong correlation between metal concentration and any lake chemistry parameter was a negative correlation between Pb concentration and lake pH. Copper and Zn were consistently positively correlated for all three species, perhaps due to their common existence in mineral deposits.
Mixing Characteristics of the Niagara River Plume in Lake Ontario
Authors: Murthy C. R. , Miners K. C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Data collected between 1982 and 1985 from Lagrangian drifter experiments in which about ten drifters were tracked for ten to twelve hours from their release across the Niagara River mouth, and from concurrently taken ship-based temperature soundings at fixed grid stations off the river mouth, are used to develop a conceptual model of the mixing characteristics of the Niagara River in Lake Ontario. The data obtained suggest a three-stage mixing process. In the initial stage, the river inflow momentum dominates and the plume is well mixed vertically. In the intermediate stage, the interaction of the well mixed, buoyant river plume with colder water from deeper depths of the lake generates a sharp thermal front. In the final stage, the river plume responds to the prevailing winds and the general circulation of the lake. The correlation between these observed plume characteristics and the distribution of toxic contaminants such as mercury and mirex in Lake Ontario sediments attributed to Niagara River outflow is illustrated.
The Application of Chemically Modified Fused Silica Fibers in the Extraction of Organics from Water Matrix Samples and their Rapid Transfer to Capillary Columns
Authors: Belardi Robert P. , Pawliszyn Janusz B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A technique for water sample analysis is presented which uses chemically modified fused silica optical fibers as micro solid phase extractors. The small size of the fibers (100 µm o. d. ) allows for direct introduction into the on column injector port of a high resolution gas chromatograph (GC), where the analytes are thermally desorbed. This eliminates the need for solvents and syringes which are used in liquid-liquid or solid phase extraction techniques. Thus, this method lowers cost and analysis time per sample, as well as eliminates possible sources of error. Results show that the efficiency and selectivity of this technique are dependent upon the thickness and polarity of the stationary phase. Initial results indicate that the limit of detection for 2-naphthol and FID detection is approximately 5 ng/g with a linear response range of 5 orders of magnitude.
Treatment of a Petrochemical Wastewater in an Anaerobic Packed Bed Reactor
Authors: Parker W. , Farquhar G. J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Wastewater from a used oil rerefinery was tested in laboratory scale anaerobic packed bed reactors for TOC removal, gas production and control of volatile organic emissions. The raw wastewater had a TOC ranging from 3,250 to 5,800 mg/L of which 40 to 45% consisted of total phenolics, acetone, methanol, ethanol and volatile fatty acids. The remaining TOC was not analyzed but was expected to contain potentially harmful constituents. Treatment of the undiluted wastewater achieved acidogenisis but methane production appeared to have been inhibited. A 1:2 dilution of the wastewater produced reasonably good treatment with 52 to 67% TOC reduction, over 75% removal of acetone and total phenolics and vigorous methane production. Operational parameters were characterized by an organic loading of 1.4 kg COD/m3.d and HRT of 3.0 days. Implications for full-scale operation and airborne contaminant control are discussed
An Economic Analysis of Conservation Tillage as a Sediment Control Strategy on Southwestern Ontario Cropland
Authors: Fox Glenn , Dickson Ed 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study compares the costs and benefits of conservation tillage as a means of reducing sediment loading in the Thames River watershed. Conservation tillage systems were found to reduce the wealth of farmers in that the present value of net returns to land under conservation tillage were always found to be less than the present value of net returns using conventional tillage systems based on fall moldboard ploughing. Costs to farmers were more than offset, however, by the reduction of off-farm damages from sediment.
Costs and Consequences of Uncontrolled Toxic Waste Sites Along The Niagara River
Authors: Sudar Anne , Muir Tom 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Three basic options are considered for dealing with the four largest toxic waste sites along the Niagara River, Hyde Park, Love Canal, 102nd Street, and S-Area. The options are: 1) status quo; 2) containment; and 3) removal and destruction. The costs and consequences of each option are discussed, and looked at from the viewpoint of long and short time horizons as well as the viewpoint of who pays and who benefits.
The Application of Ecological Modelling to Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Stress
Authors: Halfon Efraim 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This review analyzes the application of ecological modelling to problems concerning toxic contaminants and ecosystem stress and explains the purpose and methods of the systems ecology approach, which could be useful to individuals involved in data gathering activities. The review provides operational definitions of ecosystem stress, gives a description of methods of the systems approach and analyzes several topics of interest such as the application of expert system methods in the environmental field and methods of ranking. Recommendations are given to managers in charge of monitoring activities can benefit by interacting with systems ecologists. Four topics are analyzed in detail:
1) Ecosystem stress. To assess the impact that toxic contaminants have on ecosystems we must give an operational definition of ecosystem stress and how to observe it.
2) The purpose and methods of the systems ecology approach.
3) The application of artificial intelligent methods in the environmental field.
4) Methods of ranking.
Developments in Legislation Related to Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Effluents: A U.S. Overview
Authors: Laffly Genevieve 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Regulatory requirements in the United States controlling wastewater pollutants and toxicity resulting from point sources, such as refineries, emanated from passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1972 and its subsequent amendments, collectively referred to as the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act empowers in the federal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and states to issue effluents limitation guidelines and water quality standards to point sources that discharge pollutants directly to surface waters. These guidelines and standards are contained in permits issued under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. The current regulatory emphasis on toxics probably will lead to more stringent pretreatment standards and reduced refinery wastewater flow.
Optimization and Control Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Systems — Status, Trends and Needs
Authors: Nutt Stephen G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Based on discussions in workshop sessions, several recurring themes became evident with respect to the optimization and control of petroleum refinery wastewater treatment systems to achieve effective removal of toxic contaminants. It was apparent that statistical process control (SPC) techniques are finding more widespread use and have been found to be effective. However, the implementation of real-time process control strategies in petroleum refinery wastewater treatment systems is in its infancy. Considerable effort will need to be expended to demonstrate the practicality of on-line sensors, and the utility of automated process control in petroleum refinery wastewater treatment systems. This paper provides a summary of the discussions held at the workshop.