bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etiologies of Bloody Diarrhea in Children Presenting With Acute Gastroenteritis to US Emergency Departments
Authors: Fonseca-Romero Paola , Brintz Ben J , Vierkant D Matthew , Dien Bard Jennifer , Cohen Daniel M , Festekjian Ara , Leber Amy L , Jackson Jami T , Kanwar Neena , Larsen Chari , Selvarangan Rangaraj , Chapin Kimberle C , Pavia Andrew T , Ahmed Sharia M , Leung Daniel T ,   the IMPACT study investigators, Pavia Andrew T , Cohen Daniel M , Leber Amy L , Daly Judy A , Jackson Jami T , Selvarangan Rangaraj , Kanwar Neena , Bender Jeffrey M , Bard Jennifer Dien , Festekjian Ara , Duffy Susan , Larsen Chari , Holmberg Kristen M , Bardsley Tyler , Haaland Benjamin , Bourzac Kevin M , Stockmann Christopher , Chapin Kimberle C , Leung Daniel T 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We used molecular testing to examine the causes of bloody diarrhea in a multicenter study of pediatric gastroenteritis. Pathogens typically associated with bloody diarrhea were detected in less than half of cases, and inappropriate antibiotic use was common, supporting the use of stool testing in patients with bloody diarrhea.
Trajectories and Decline of Serum Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Predict Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Hsu Wei-Fan , Chen Chuen-Fei , Lai Hsueh-Chou , Su Wen-Pang , Wang Hung-Wei , Chen Sheng-Hung , Huang Guan-Tarn , Peng Cheng-Yuan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
The kinetics of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels during long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy remains unclear. We delineated the kinetics of HBsAg and analyzed its association with long-term treatment outcomes.

Methods
We enrolled 912 treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who had received NA therapy for &gt;12 months and analyzed the kinetic patterns through group-based trajectory models (GBTMs).

Results
The median treatment duration for the entire cohort was 60.3 months. GBTMs revealed 4 patterns in patients achieving HBsAg loss (groups 1–4) in the study population and in patients achieving HBsAg &lt;100 IU/mL among those with HBeAg-negative CHB with baseline HBsAg ≥100 IU/mL (groups A–D). Patients in groups 1 and A had the highest rates of HBsAg loss (22.2%, 6/27) and of achieving HBsAg &lt;100 IU/mL (47.5%, 56/118), respectively. HBsAg &lt;40 IU/mL and &lt;400 IU/mL at 12 months of treatment predicted group 1 and group A membership among all patients and those with HBeAg-negative CHB, respectively. Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified HBsAg trajectory group (group 1 vs groups 3 and 4: hazard ratio [HR], 179.46; P &lt; .001; group 2 vs groups 3 and 4: HR, 24.34; P &lt; .001) and HBsAg decline (HR, 82.14; P &lt; .001) as independent predictors of both HBsAg loss and achieving HBsAg &lt;100 IU/mL.

Conclusions
Serum HBsAg trajectories and decline can predict HBsAg loss and the achievement of HBsAg &lt;100 IU/mL in patients with CHB receiving long-term NA therapy.
Burden of Hospitalization for Coccidioidal Meningitis: An Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample, 2019–2021
Authors: Coleman Craig I , Donovan Fariba , Miriyapalli Lahar , Shan Ryan , Lovelace Belinda 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Coccidioidal meningitis (CM) requires lifelong aggressive management, often necessitating hospitalization. In the National Inpatient Sample (2019–2021), CM hospitalizations (N = 2305) were associated with frequent CM-related procedures (63.6% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 59.3%–67.6%]), long stays (mean, 13.0 days [95% CI, 11.3–14.6 days]), substantial costs per stay (mean, $48 155 [95% CI, $42 382–$53 929]), and a 7.6% (95% CI, 5.6%–10.3%) mortality incidence. CM inflicts a substantial burden on hospital resources.
Exosomes of stem cells: a potential frontier in the treatment of osteoarthritis
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Xu Lei , Wu Zhimin , Lou Linbing , Xia Cunyi , Miao Haixiang , Dai Jihang , Fei Wenyong , Wang Jingcheng 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The aging population has led to a global issue of osteoarthritis (OA), which not only impacts the quality of life for patients but also poses a significant economic burden on society. While biotherapy offers hope for OA treatment, currently available treatments are unable to delay or prevent the onset or progression of OA. Recent studies have shown that as nanoscale bioactive substances that mediate cell communication, exosomes from stem cell sources have led to some breakthroughs in the treatment of OA and have important clinical significance. This paper summarizes the mechanism and function of stem cell exosomes in delaying OA and looks forward to the development prospects and challenges of exosomes.
Nothing really matters: evaluating demand-side moderators of age discrimination in hiring
Authors: Dalle Axana , Lippens Louis , Baert Stijn 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As age discrimination hampers the OECD’s ambition to extend the working population, an efficient anti-discrimination policy targeted at the right employers is critical. Therefore, the context in which age discrimination is most prevalent must be identified. In this study, we thoroughly review the current theoretical arguments and empirical findings regarding moderators of age discrimination in different demand-side domains (i.e. decision-maker, vacancy, occupation, organization and sector). Our review demonstrates that the current literature is highly fragmented and often lacks field-experimental evidence, raising concerns about its internal and external validity. To address this gap, we conducted a correspondence experiment and systematically linked the resulting data to external data sources. In so doing, we were able to study the priorly determined demand-side moderators within a single multi-level analysis and simultaneously control multiple correlations between potential moderators and discrimination estimates. Having done so, we found no empirical support for any of these moderators.
Power and inequality: determinants of income inequality in rich capitalist democracies, 1960 to 2019
Authors: Rosenblum Jordan , Kenworthy Lane , Nygård Mikael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We explore the link between the distribution of power and income inequality in rich capitalist democracies since 1960. We advance understanding of the impact of government ideology, a key indicator of the distribution of power, in two ways. First, previous research has tended to focus on government ideology at the country level. We make use of party manifesto data to introduce a novel global ideology measure that captures a global shift rightward since 1980, often referred to as the rise of neoliberalism. Second, for country-level party ideology, we use party manifesto data to capture changes over time. We find that this time-varying operationalization of party ideology is more strongly linked to income inequality than the standard expert-survey operationalization that assumes party ideology remains constant. In line with theoretical expectations derived from prior research, our findings show that a more rightward distribution of power at both the country and the global level is associated with increased income inequality within countries.
Global web trends analysis of sex toys
Authors: Değer Müslim Doğan , Akgul Burak 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Individuals from all over the world are increasingly using the internet to purchase sex toys and gadgets to enhance their sexual experience and provide variety and excitement to their sexual encounters.

Aim
This study examined the trends about the most popular preferred sex toys by nation/region from 2009 using data from Google Trends (GT).

Methods
GT was used to generate a “line-graph” that displays how interest in a topic in certain places has risen or diminished over time. Search terms were generated for vibrator, dildo, anal plug, strap-on, and masturbator. The data were included “globally” from January 1, 2009 to June 30, 2023.

Outcomes
The search values for certain terms were indexed using the relative search volume (RSV), which is shown on a scale of 0–100.

Results
In the linear regression analysis, the trends by strength were sorted as follows: dildo, vibrator, strap-on, anal plug, and masturbator. In 2018, vibrator surpassed strap-on and came in second, while the regression analysis showed a positive trend for dildo between 2009 and 2016 (P = .014). It had a negative trend after 2016. Strap-on was the only one to have a downward trend (P = .029). Regression analysis revealed positive trends for vibrator and masturbator (P = .030, P = .045). The upward trends have continued uninterruptedly since 2009.

Clinical implications
According to our research, interest in online trends relating to sex toys has increased along with advancements in technology and clinical applications. This rise is linked to the worldwide sex toy industry’s development in response to consumer demand and ease of accessibility.

Strengths and limitations
This is the first research of this sort, looking into the interests of internet users about sex toys by country over time using GT. GT data is anonymous, and analysis of subpopulation groups is not possible.

Conclusion
Individual preferences for sex toys have different trends on different continents around the world. The compatibility of sex toys with technology over time, their clinical use, and sex toy-related injuries play an important role in the selection process. Web trends seem appropriate to reflect how the demand for sex toys has changed over time.
Women’s experiences of female ejaculation and/or squirting: a Swedish cross-sectional study
Authors: Påfs Jessica , Wahlberg Anna , Fugl-Meyer Kerstin S , Ziaei Shirin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Women’s experiences of the expulsion of fluids during sexual stimulation, commonly referred to as female ejaculation/squirting, are not well comprehended in the existing literature.

Aim
To investigate women’s knowledge about and experiences of female ejaculation/squirting.

Methods
Data from 1568 women (aged 18 to 69) were collected using a cross-sectional online-based questionnaire (in Swedish).

Outcomes
The study focused on descriptive features of knowledge about, reactions to, occurrence of, and sensations around female ejaculation/squirting.

Results
Among the participants, 58% had experienced ejaculation/squirting (significantly more often among non-heterosexuals). Among women without such experience, only one-third would like it to happen. Among women with such experience, ejaculation/squirting occurred consistently during sexual practice for a small percentage (7%) and on a few occasions for about half (52%). Despite most (77%) rating it as primarily a positive sensation, many reacted with shock/shame (28%) or thought they had urinated (26%) the first time it occurred. Many (61%) reported orgasm occurring close to, or simultaneously, with ejaculation/squirting, and these women were more likely to report it as a positive sensation (P &lt; .001). Despite overall positive aspects, 58% had wanted to avoid it at some point, mainly because it got too wet or due to insecurities about the content of the fluid. Having wanted to avoid it at some point was more likely among those who sensed the fluid as being expelled from the urethra (P &lt; .001) or whose partner reacted negatively to it (P &lt; .001).

Clinical Translation
This study contributes with a nuanced understanding of women’s experiences of ejaculation/squirting and related challenges.

Strengths and Limitations
This study is the first to explore women’s desire for ejaculation/squirting, their initial reactions, and reasons for avoidance. There are limitations due to the nature of the data collection, such as missing data and potential overrepresentation of women who are informed and open-minded about ejaculation/squirting.

Conclusion
Ejaculation/squirting is a common occurrence among women and, despite being perceived predominantly positively, particularly when linked with an orgasm, initial reactions, and avoidance underscore complexities related to excessive wetness and insecurities about the fluid’s content.
Giant cell arteritis: update on pathogenesis and clinical implications
Authors: Ibrahim Hafeez E. , De Bari Cosimo 
Published: November 2024

Purpose of review
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an age-related autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis that involves several pathogenic mechanisms. This review provides recent critical insights into novel aspects of GCA pathogenesis.

Recent findings
The use of novel approaches, including multiomic techniques, has uncovered notable findings that broaden the understanding of GCA pathogenesis. TCF1hiCD4+ T cells have been identified as stem-like T cells residing in tertiary lymphoid structures in the adventitia of GCA aortic tissues, which likely supply the pathogenic effector T cells present in vasculitic lesions. Studies have demonstrated that fibroblasts present in GCA-inflamed arteries are not innocent bystanders, but they contribute to arterial inflammation via maintenance of Th1 and Th17 polarisation, cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-1B, IL-12, and IL-23) and antigen presentation. Additionally, deregulated cellular senescence programs are present in GCA as an accumulation of IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase 9-producing senescent cells have been identified in vasculitic lesions.

Summary
Recent studies have unravelled interesting findings with potentially significant clinical relevance. Stem-like T cells are likely key contributors to vascular disease persistence, and targeted depletion or modulation of these cells holds promise in GCA management. Fibroblast-targeting therapies and senotherapeutics are also exciting prospects in the treatment of GCA.
Benefit of Expedited Time to Hip Fracture Surgery Differs Based on Patient Risk Profile
Authors: Ganta Abhishek , Merrell Lauren A. , Herbosa Carolyn , Egol Kenneth A. , Konda Sanjit R. 
Published: November 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To identify which hip fracture patients benefit the most from operative repair within 24 hours of Emergency Department presentation based on patient risk stratification.

METHODS:

Design:
Retrospective Cohort.

Setting:
Academic Medical Center.

Patient Selection Criteria:
Patients operatively treated for an AO/OTA 31 A, 31 B, or 32 A hip fracture.

Outcome Measures and Comparisons:
Each patient was placed into an “individualized risk quartile” (Individual Risk Quartile) using a validated risk stratification tool (The Score for Trauma Triage in the Geriatric and Middle-Aged [Score for Trauma Triage and Geriatric Middle Aged], a tool proven to predict inpatient mortality in trauma patients). Patients were risk stratified into minimal-, low-, moderate-, and high-risk IRQs. In each cohort, patients were separated into 3 groups based on their time from Emergency Department arrival to surgery (<24 hours, >24 hours and <48 hours, and >48 hours). Each of these 12 groups was analyzed for complications (minor inpatient complications included acute kidney injury, urinary tract infection, decubitus ulcer, and acute blood loss anemia, while major inpatient complications included sepsis or septic shock, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism), mortality rates, and hospital quality measures (length of stay and readmission rates). The results were compared across cohorts.

RESULTS:
A total of 2472 patients were identified: the mean age of the cohort was 80.6 ± 10.3 and was predominantly female (69%) and white (71%). The data demonstrated improved outcomes (complications, mortality rates, hospital quality measures) across all patients (nonrisk stratified) for surgery within 24 hours compared with surgery between 24 hours and 48 hours and surgery greater than 48 hours (all outcomes P < 0.050). However, these effects were not evenly distributed among the IRQs. In the IRQ4 cohort, major complication rates progressed from 20% to 25% to 34% as a function of time to surgery (P = 0.007). IRQ1 did not demonstrate similar results (P = 0.756), with the rates essentially static across surgery time points (3%–2% to 4%). A similar trend was seen when analyzing mortality at 1 year for highest risk patients, with similar 1-year mortality rates across operating room windows of IRQs 1–3 (IRQ1: P = 0.061, IRQ2: P = 0.259, IRQ3: P = 0.524) but increased in IRQ4 with increasing time to surgery (21% vs. 33% vs. 33%, P = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS:
This study demonstrates a differential impact of expedited time to surgery on patients when stratified by the risk profile. The lowest risk hip fracture patients do not fare worse if operated on within 48 hours as compared to 24 hours.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Prospective Study on Gait Impairment in Patients With Symptomatic Lumbar Canal Stenosis and Impact of Surgical Intervention on Gait Function
Authors: Verma Aman , Kandwal Pankaj , Gowda Aditya K.S , Yadav Rajkumar 
Published: November 2024

Study Design:
Prospective observational cohort study.

Objective:
To analyze the effect of decompression surgery on gait characteristics in patients with stenosis. Also, to test the hypothesis that patient-reported functional outcomes and gait parameters (spatiotemporal, kinetic, and kinematic measures) will improve postoperatively and achieve normal values when compared with matched healthy controls.

Summary of Background Data:
Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the leading causes of disability among elderly population. Gait impairment is one of the primary symptoms of degenerative conditions involving lumbar spine. Research suggests that decompressive surgery can positively influence gait parameters in patients with spinal stenosis. Studies have shown improvements in walking speed, stride length, and balance post-surgery.

Methods:
Thirty-two patients with single-level lumbar stenosis and 32 healthy volunteers were prospectively recruited. All patients underwent gait analysis preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively as per standard protocol. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were analyzed. Stepwise linear regression models were used to detect significant relationships between changes in functional score (Visual Analogue Scale/Oswestry Disability Index) and gait parameters.

Results:
Significant improvement was noted in functional scores(P<0.05) 6 months post-surgery. Spatiotemporal (swing phase, mean velocity, cadence, stride length, step length, and step width) and kinetic parameters (hip, knee, and ankle power) were significantly better after surgery, reaching normal levels. Kinematic parameters significantly improved after surgery but did not reach normal levels when compared with controls. A significant correlation was found between changes in functional scores with changes in certain kinematic parameters (knee-power, ankle plantarflexion, swing time, peak ankle dorsiflexion in swing, peak-hip, and knee flexor moment).

Conclusion:
Decompression surgery in lumbar stenosis produces improvement in gait parameters, pain scores, and functional outcomes that significantly improve gait posture and speed.
Electret Production and Applications with Special Regard to Health Physics Dosimetry: A Review
Authors: Sohrabi Mehdi , Rabiee Sahel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An electret detector is a piece of dielectric material film charged or polarized by a specific charging method to induce a quasi-permanent electric field. Electret films perform unique characteristics for production and applications in many areas of science and technology, especially in health physics dosimetry. A charged electret detector, when placed in an ionized environment, collects negative or positive ions depending on its original charging state, which reduces its original charge. The number of charges reduced in the ionized field is usually proportional to the absorbed radiation dose. In this paper, the state-of-the-art information on the type of electrets, production methods, some applications in particular in health physics dosimetry, and relevant concepts are reviewed.
Effects of Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Cognitive and Executive Functions in Men With Substance Use Disorder Under Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Authors: Khezrian Kiamars , Zanjani Zahra , Rasouli Azad Morad 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Substance use disorder is a major public health problem, and its treatment is one of the most challenging issues facing clinical professionals. This clinical trial study investigated the effects of the dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on cognitive and executive functions in patients under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Participants included 50 people under MMT who referred to addiction treatment clinics in Kashan in 2018. They were randomly assigned to intervention (DBT + MMT) and control (MMT) groups. Participants in the intervention group received twelve 90-minute sessions of the DBT skills. The used assessments included Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Axis I Disorders, Iowa Gambling Task, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and Tower of London Task. The results showed that DBT improved cognitive and executive function. Risky decision making (F = 4.1, p = 0.04), attention (F = 18.2, p = 0.001), cognitive flexibility (F = 18.5, p = 0.001), problem-solving (F = 18.5, p = 0.001), and planning (F = 14.10, p = 0.003) showed improvement in the intervention group following DBT. Therefore, it can be said that DBT alongside the MMT can be useful for patients under MMT.
Characterizing Risk Factors Associated With Recurrent Pleural Effusions in the Lung Transplant Recipients
Authors: Krumm Ilana Roberts , Malcolm Katherine , Vella Maya , Oates Aris , Hays Steve , Kukreja Jasleen , Gesthalter Yaron B. 
Published: November 2024

Background:
Pleural effusions remain a common postoperative complication following lung transplantation, occurring in 10% to 26% of cases. We aimed to explore potential clinical or radiographic features associated with clinically significant post-lung transplant pleural effusions requiring repeat interventions for their management.

Methods:
Lung transplantation recipients who underwent thoracentesis at our institution between June 2012 and October 2022 were reviewed. In total, 77 patients were included. Data were collected via the electronic health record and adjudicated through direct chart review. Patients were stratified by the need for a single thoracentesis (control group) or additional interventions, including serial thoracentesis, pigtail placement, and surgery (composite group). The computed tomography (CT) of the chest before the first thoracentesis was reviewed by a thoracic radiologist who was blinded to patient outcome.

Results:
Single thoracentesis was used to manage 25 (32.5%) patients, 4 (5.2%) required multiple thoracenteses, 42 (54.5%) required a pigtail catheter, and 6 (7.8%) required decortication for definitive management. In the composite group compared with the control group, who were managed by a single thoracentesis, there was an increased incidence of loculations (36.8% vs. 8%, P=0.01), rounded atelectasis (22.8% vs. 4%, P=0.05), and larger effusion size (P=0.01). The composite group had higher pleural fluid eosinophils (0.33% vs. 0% in control, P = <0.01) and monocytes (14.8% vs. 7.3%, P=0.04) levels.

Conclusion:
Baseline imaging, such as larger effusion size, loculations and rounded atelectasis, and pleural fluid cell profile with increased eosinophils and monocytes, can potentially identify clinically significant and refractory pleural effusions.