bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pretreatment of evaporated condensate generated during metal cutting process by Fe-C micro-electrolysis
Authors: Lin Weiteng , Li Ji , Zhang Xiaolei , Dong Wenyi 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Fe-C micro-electrolysis was employed to the pretreatment of evaporated condensate generated during metal cutting process. The effect of the reaction conditions on the contaminant removal and degradation mechanism were studied. Through single-factor experiments, the effects of solid–liquid ratio, gas–liquid ratio and reaction time on the treatment of wastewater were preliminarily determined. The optimal reaction condition obtained was: 500 g/L solid–liquid ratio, 30:1 gas–liquid ratio with 4 h reaction time. Under the optimal condition, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of micro-electrolysis could reach around 25%, and the biodegradability of wastewater increased from 0.12 to 0.32. According to the analysis results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) qualitative analysis, it was observed that the most organic contaminants in the influent were degraded or converted into simple structures under Fe-C micro-electrolysis, indicates that Fe-C micro-electrolysis pretreatment could improve the biodegradability of the evaporated condensate generated during metal cutting process and achieve certain degree removal of COD.
Decomplexation of electroplating wastewater by ozone-based advanced oxidation process
Authors: Wang Zhuoyue , Li Ji , Song Wei , Zhang Xiaolei , Song Jiangyu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHeavy metal contamination from electroplating wastewater is a serious risk to terrestrial life and public health. The complexed metal cannot be effectively removed by traditional precipitation without decomplexing. In this work, four ozone-based advanced oxidation processes, O3, O3/H2O2, O3/UV and O3/H2O2/UV to decomplex electroplating wastewater were investigated and their performance compared. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid are the most common components of electroplating wastewater. They were used as representatives to study the decomplexation and mineralization of complexes in the ozone-based advanced oxidation processes. Among all, the highest degradation and mineralization efficiency of EDTA occurred in O3/UV and was 65% and 53% in 60 min, respectively. For citric acid, the highest degradation (77%) and mineralization (56%) efficiency was observed in the O3/H2O2/UV process. This indicates that selection of the advanced oxidation process is determined by the target contaminant.
Laboratory study on response of underwater cohesive sediment to columnar vibration source
Authors: Zhao Peng , Chen Feier , Yu Guoliang 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper investigates the responses of cohesive sediment to mechanical vibration by experimental observation, containing: (1) the dynamic soil pressure, dynamic pore water pressure and dynamic acceleration to the vibration source; (2) the soil pressure distribution in the near field centered in an artificial columnar vibration source. Under the mechanical vibration with a frequency of 200 Hz and an amplitude of 1.15 mm, the dynamic soil pressure, dynamic pore water pressure and dynamic acceleration of underwater viscous sediment were measured in the sediment of four different depositing conditions. Results of the dynamic soil pressure, dynamic pore water pressure and dynamic acceleration of underwater viscous sediment in the near field responding to artificial vibration source are exhibited and discussed. It is found that, excited by the sinusoidal vibrator, the soil pressure presents a response of statistical sinusoidal fluctuation with the same frequency to the vibration source. In the sediment of lower initial yield stresses, the soil pressure distribution distinctly tends to firstly increase and then decrease with distance. The amplitude of the soil pressure is attenuated exponentially with distance.
Assessment of atmospheric conditions over the Hong Thai Binh river watershed by means of dynamically downscaled ERA-20C reanalysis data
Authors: Ho C. , Nguyen A. , Ercan A. , Kavvas M. L. , Nguyen V. , Nguyen T. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Long-term, high spatial and temporal resolution of atmospheric data is crucial for the purpose of reducing the effects of hydro-meteorological risks on human society in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner. However, such information usually is limited in transboundary regions due to different governmental policies, and to conflicts in the sharing of data. In this study, high spatial and temporal resolution atmospheric data were reconstructed by means of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model-WRF with input provided from the global atmospheric reanalysis of the 20th century (ERA-20C) over the Hong-Thai Binh River watershed (H-TBRW). The WRF model was implemented over the physical boundaries of the study region based on ERA-20C reanalysis data and was configured based on existing ground observation data in Vietnam's territories, and the global Aphrodite precipitation data. With the validated WRF model for H-TBRW, the reconstructed atmospheric data were first reconstructed for 1950–2010, and then were evaluated by time series and spatial analysis methods. The results of this study suggest no significant trend in the annual accumulated precipitation depth, while there were upward trends in annual temperature at both the point and watershed scale. Furthermore, the results confirm that topographic conditions have significant effects on the climatic system such as on precipitation and temperature.
Enterococci as a key parameter for water quality index: Purires River, Costa Rica
Authors: Chacón Luz , Arias Víctor , Barrantes Kenia , Beita-Sandí Wilson , Reyes Liliana , Achí Rosario 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This study used the Canadian Water Quality Index (CWI) to characterize water sampled at three points within the Purires River micro basin, Costa Rica. The first sampling point is located in a high zone with domestic agricultural activities, the second point around the mid-point of the flow of the river, and the third point at the lowest zone with extensive agricultural activities mainly centered on the production of fresh vegetables. Eleven physicochemical parameters (As, Cd, Cr, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+, NO3−, Pb, pH, percent saturation of dissolved oxygen (PSO), and total suspended solids (TSS)) and two microbiological parameters (fecal coliforms and enterococci) were evaluated. We evaluated three different Canadian Water Quality Indexes (CWIs): CWI-1 included only physicochemical parameters, CWI-2 included CWI-1 parameters plus fecal coliforms, and CWI-3 included CWI-2 in addition to enterococci. Statistical analysis of individual parameters showed significant differences between sampling sites. CWI-1 was unable to discriminate between the three sampling points, and characterized the water quality as ‘fair’. CWI-2 was only able to discriminate when the water contained high levels of chemical and microbiological contaminants, while CWI-3 adequately discriminated water quality at each of the sampling points. The evaluation of enterococci together with more traditional water quality parameters enabled better categorization of surface water quality.
Interaction between typical sulfonamides and bacterial diversity in drinking water
Authors: Wu Qing , Li Shuqun , Zhao Xiaofei , Zhao Xinhua 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The abuse of antibiotics is becoming more serious as antibiotic use has increased. The sulfa antibiotics, sulfamerazine (SM1) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), are frequently detected in a wide range of environments. The interaction between SM1/SMZ and bacterial diversity in drinking water was investigated in this study. The results showed that after treatment with SM1 or SMZ at four different concentrations, the microbial community structure of the drinking water changed statistically significantly compared to the blank sample. At the genus level, the proportions of the different bacteria in drinking water may affect the degradation of the SM1/SMZ. The growth of bacteria in drinking water can be inhibited after the addition of SM1/SMZ, and bacterial community diversity in drinking water declined in this study. Furthermore, the resistance gene sul2 was induced by SM1 in the drinking water.
Chlorine inactivation of coxsackievirus B5 in recycled water destined for non-potable reuse
Authors: Wati Satiya , Robinson Bret S. , Mieog John , Blackbeard Judy , Keegan Alexandra R. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Currently guidelines for disinfection of water with free chlorine, while primarily developed for potable water, are often used for virus disinfection of nitrified recycled water of &gt;1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit). More information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of free chlorine for viruses in waters of varying turbidity and pH due to significant reuse of treated wastewater of varying quality. In this study, disinfection efficacy in nitrified/denitrified activated sludge treated wastewater was investigated for coxsackievirus B5 (CB5), an enterovirus known to be highly resistant to free chlorine. The required chlorine contact times (CT) values (mg.min/L) for inactivation of CB5 were established in treated wastewater at 10 °C and of varying turbidity (0.2, 2, 5 and 20 NTU) and pH (7, 8 and 9). CTs were calculated to achieve 1 to 4 log10 inactivation. Robust data is presented in support of the chlorine CT values required to inactivate a chlorine-resistant virus in a range of turbidities and pHs in treated wastewaters. The testing method used a conservative approach and the data presented have been used to develop the free chlorine virus inactivation guildelines for recycled water in Victoria and South Australia, Australia.
Group multicriteria model for allocating resources to combat drought in the Brazilian semi-arid region
Authors: Gonçalo Thomas Edson Espíndola , Morais Danielle Costa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe world is facing a growing water scarcity problem in the most diverse regions. The Rio Grande do Norte (RN), a Brazilian semi-arid region, is facing its severest drought in the last 100 years. Given this context, managing water resources and combating the effects of the drought have become even more important. Decisions made in this context may involve multiple criteria established by more than one decision-maker. To tackle this issue, a multicriteria model for group decisions is proposed in order to rank the municipalities of the region and thus guide the public administration's efforts in tackling the drought and mitigating its effects. The applicability of the model is exemplified by studying the Apodi-Mossoró river basin, for which the PROMETHEE GDSS method was selected and the preferences of three decision-makers were calculated.
Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?
Authors: Foster Stephen , Bousquet Anne , Furey Sean 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A regional scoping study has reviewed the limited data on groundwater use for 10 cities in Tropical Africa. In those cities where the water utility has been able to develop groundwater rationally, the public water-supply usually offers a better service at lower cost by enabling phased investment and avoiding advanced treatment, and offers greater water-source security in drought and from pollution. Urban dwellers obtain water from multiple sources, according to availability and affordability. Among the more affluent, private water-supply boreholes are increasingly used to improve security and reduce cost but in the absence of international charity finance groundwater access is beyond the financial reach of the urban poor, except where the water table is shallow allowing the use of low-cost dugwells. The way forward must be to integrate more effectively utility and private investments, and piped and non-piped solutions, for urban water-supply provision, and for water utilities to establish low-income (‘pro-poor’) policy and technical units to pursue ways of supporting alternative water-supply provision, including advisory services and regulatory functions (where appropriate) for private borehole and dugwell use. To facilitate this, water utilities will need to partner with resource regulators and knowledge centres, which may require modifications to their mandate.
Flood maps and their potential role in local spatial planning: a case study from Slovakia
Authors: Vojtek Matej , Vojteková Jana 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The article is focused on the creation of flood maps for ungauged basins (i.e. local spatial scale areas), using a hydrologic-hydraulic approach, geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques, and their role in local spatial planning. The case study is represented by the Turniansky potok catchment which was not mapped in the preliminary flood risk assessment (EU Floods Directive) as an area with existing potential risk. The design discharges were estimated by applying the regional formula. The design discharge with 100-year return period was chosen for hydraulic modeling using the one-dimensional HEC-RAS model. The basis for creating the flood vulnerability map for the selected hydraulic domain was the current land use. Each land use category was assigned a category of acceptable risk (low, medium, high). Furthermore, the vulnerability was defined by digitizing buildings within the hydraulic domain. The role of the created flood maps, as regulatory tools in local spatial planning (i.e. local development plan of municipality), was highlighted and discussed. The importance of flood maps is primarily seen in limiting the irresponsible expansion and densification of construction in the areas near the watercourse which were assigned the low acceptable risk.
Quality standards and monitoring as water management tools: the case of nitrogen in rivers in France and Brittany
Authors: Carré Catherine , Boccarossa Alexandra , Hellier Emmanuelle , Dupont Nadia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWater quality standards (QS) and river monitoring are widely accepted as preventive management strategies for the preservation of watercourses and at the same time they are criticized for imposing universal threshold values, leading to regulatory rather than voluntary action. Based on the example of nitrate, the article explains how QS applications are the result of national or regional negotiations, with no direct link to the scientific foundations underlying the development of these tools. These conflicting perceptions and how these tools are actually used are illustrated by the situation in Brittany. Here, the monitoring network and actions to prevent increasing nitrate concentrations in rivers form part of regional programs set up jointly by all the main stakeholders. However, while QS can act as an alarm signal, their effectiveness depends on local political support, which depends on the extent to which river quality is recognized as a key factor in regional development.
Supporting capacity and structural optimization of water resources in the oasis city of Urumqi, China
Authors: Yin Qi , Tang Hong , Ran Ruiping , Sun Zhanli 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Water scarcity has been the main restraint factor for the development of oasis cities around the world. Urumqi, a typical oasis city in arid northwestern China, is facing an increasing water shortage with rapid development over the past decades. In this paper, we use a system dynamics method and multi-scenario simulation to predict the water-resource demand and the supporting capacity of water resources for the urban development of Urumqi under different scenarios. The results show that existing water resources can hardly meet the needs of urban development. Even if water transfer and saving projects are adopted, in the medium and high-speed development scenarios, there will still be a large water deficit in Urumqi in 2030. Also, to relieve the constraint of water resources on urban development, both water-use structure and industrial structure should be optimized. It is suggested that the demands of ecological water and domestic water are given a primary guarantee; that the proportion of industrial water should significantly increase while drastically decreasing the proportion of agricultural water; that the development of secondary industry should be strengthened while reducing the proportion of primary industry; and, finally, restriction placed on high-water-consuming industry while encouraging low- and medium-water-consuming industries.
River rehabilitation in urban areas – restrictions, possibilities and positive results
Authors: Weyand Michael , Rullich Ludgerus 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Reaching the goal of good ecological status stipulated by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is generally difficult in German rivers. Appropriate habitat conditions for multiple and abundant incidence of flora and fauna are still missing. Existing water bodies, particularly in urban areas, are extremely affected by anthropogenic-induced pressures, resulting in reinforced river bottoms and river banks. In such regions, river rehabilitation is a challenging task and often requires a step by step approach to alter the given conditions. Nevertheless, work must be done and may create successful results as in the case of the Sprockhoevel creek. Over recent years this 11-km-long river in the western and industrialised part of the Ruhr River basin has partly been changed in shape to better resemble nature. Such change implies the widening of the river bed, the improvement of the river bottom by inserting natural gravel substrate, the removal of drop structures and the construction of a new river bed. Presently, this part of the river has again become a valuable habitat for aquatic life. Moreover, the area surrounding the rehabilitated Sprockhoevel creek is now also attractive for the neighbourhood community. Rehabilitation projects have the additional effects of reconnecting people to nature, encouraging public interest in near-natural aquatic systems, and catalysing further investments in similar projects.
Efficient removal of arsenic from water by dielectrophoresis-assisted adsorption
Authors: Jin Q. H. , Cui C. Y. , Chen H. Y. , Wang Y. , Geng J. F. , Wu Y. H. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Adsorption (ADS) and dielectrophoresis (DEP) techniques were combined (ADS/DEP) to efficiently remove As(V) in industrial wastewater. Fly ash, activated carbon, corncob and plant ash were tested to determine the best adsorbent by their adsorption capacity. Plant ash showed the highest adsorption capacity compared with the others. Different parameters such as solution pH and adsorbent dose were explored. The maximum As(V) removal efficiency was 91.4% at the optimized conditions (pH 9.0, adsorbent dose 5 g/L) when the initial concentration of As(V) was 15 mg/L. With the ADS/DEP technique, the plant ash particles with adsorbed As(V) were trapped on the electrodes in a DEP device. The ADS/DEP process could increase the removal efficiency of As(V) to 94.7% at 14 V even when the initial concentration of As(V) was 15 mg/L. And the residual concentration of As(V) decreased to 0.34 mg/L after two series of the ADS/DEP process. The adsorbents before and after DEP were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. After the DEP process, the weight percentage of As(V) on the adsorbent surface increased to 0.96% from 0.5%. The ADS/DEP process could be a new efficient way to remove arsenic pollutant at high concentrations.
Nitrate removal from water using complex of activated carbon with Fe3+
Authors: Azhdarpoor Abooalfazl , Khosrozadeh Leila , Shirdarreh Mohammadreza 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Pollution of surface and ground waters with nitrate is a serious issue in many regions of the world. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the extent of nitrate removal from aqueous solutions using a new complex of activated carbon. The effects of operating parameters such as pH of solution (3 to 9), adsorbent dosage (0.4 to 5 g in 50 mL), contact time (5 to 300 min) and initial concentration of nitrate (50 to 300 mg L−1) were studied. The highest efficiency of nitrate removal (95.4%) was related to application of modified activated carbon to a solution with pH of 7 and 100 mg L−1 nitrate concentration. Increasing the amount of modified activated carbon from 0.5 to 1 g in 50 mL promoted removal of nitrate from 82.6% to 94.1%. Furthermore, increasing contact time from 5 to 30 min improved removal efficiency from 76.6% to 92.3%. The obtained experimental data were compatible with the Langmuir isotherm model. In general, the results demonstrated that employing Fe3+-modified activated carbon can be considered as a new method of nitrate removal from aqueous solutions due its convenience, safety and high efficiency.
Upflow packed bed Anammox reactor used in two-stage deammonification of sludge digester effluent
Authors: Çelen-Erdem İ. , Kurt E. S. , Bozçelik B. , Çallı B. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The sludge digester effluent taken from a full scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Istanbul, Turkey, was successfully deammonified using a laboratory scale two-stage partial nitritation (PN)/Anammox (A) process and a maximum nitrogen removal rate of 1.02 kg N/m3/d was achieved. In the PN reactor, 56.8 ± 4% of the influent NH4-N was oxidized to NO2-N and the effluent nitrate concentration was kept below 1 mg/L with 0.5–0.7 mg/L of dissolved oxygen and pH of 7.12 ± 12 at 24 ± 4°C. The effluent of the PN reactor was fed to an upflow packed bed Anammox reactor where high removal efficiency was achieved with NO2-N:NH4-N and NO3-N:NH4-N ratios of 1.32 ± 0.19:1 and 0.22 ± 0.10:1, respectively. The results show that NH4-N removal efficiency up to 98.7 ± 2.4% and total nitrogen removal of 87.7 ± 6.5% were achieved.
Fault signatures and bias progression in dissolved oxygen sensors
Authors: Samuelsson Oscar , Björk Anders , Zambrano Jesús , Carlsson Bengt 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Biofilm fouling is known to impact the data quality of sensors, but little is known about the exact effects. We studied the effects of artificial and real biofilm fouling on dissolved oxygen (DO) sensors in full-scale water resource recovery facilities, and how this can automatically be detected. Biofilm fouling resulted in different drift direction and bias magnitudes for optical (OPT) and electrochemical (MEC) DO sensors. The OPT-sensor was more affected by biofilm fouling compared to the MEC-sensor, especially during summer conditions. A bias of 1 mg/L was detected by analysing the impulse response (IR) of the automatic air cleaning system in the DO sensor. The IR is an effect of a temporal increase in DO concentration during the automatic air cleaning. The IRs received distinct pattern changes that were matched with faults including: biofilm fouling, disturbances in the air supply to the cleaning system, and damaged sensor membrane, which can be used for fault diagnosis. The results highlight the importance of a condition-based sensor maintenance schedule in contrast to fixed cleaning intervals. Further, the results stress the importance of understanding and detecting bias due to biofilm fouling, in order to maintain a robust and resource-efficient process control.