bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing an experimental necrotic enteritis model in turkeys - the impact of Clostridium perfringens, Eimeria meleagrimitis and host age on frequency of severe intestinal lesions
Authors: Hardy Simon P. , Benestad Sylvie L. , Hamnes Inger Sofie , Moldal Torfinn , David Bruce , Barta John R. , Reperant Jean-Michel , Kaldhusdal Magne 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Little information exists concerning the pathogenesis, immunity, microbiota or experimental reproduction of turkey necrotic enteritis. Necrotic enteritis in turkeys and chickens differ with regard to important aspects. The objective of this study was to contribute to the development of in vivo experimental models of necrotic enteritis in turkeys.
Results: A four tier (0-3) scoring system with clearly defined degrees of severity of macroscopic intestinal lesions was developed, based on 2312 photographic images of opened intestines from 810 B.U.T. 10 or B.U.T. Premium turkeys examined in nine experiments. Loss of macroscopically recognizable villi in the anterior small intestine was established as the defining lesion qualifying for a score 3 (severe intestinal lesions). The developed scoring system was used to identify important factors in promoting high frequencies of turkeys with severe lesions: a combined Eimeria meleagrimitis and Clostridium perfringens challenge, challenge at five rather than three weeks of age, the use of an Eimeria meleagrimitis dose level of at least 5 000 oocysts per bird and finally, examination of the intestines of 5-week-old turkeys at 125 to 145 hours after Eimeria meleagrimitis inoculation. Numbers of oocysts excreted were not influenced by Clostridium perfringens inoculation or turkey age. Three different outcome variables (median lesion score, frequency of severe lesions and frequency of mucosal pseudomembranes/ulcers/depressions) were compared regarding ability to differentiate statistically between effects of dissimilar combinations of Clostridium perfringens inoculation and turkey age at challenge. Frequency of severe lesions was the superior outcome variable in this comparison.
Conclusions: This study represents a first and major step forward in the development of in vivo experimental models of necrotic enteritis in turkeys.
Urinary stone composition analysis of 3684 patients in the eastern Shandong region of China
Authors: Zhang Xuebao , Ma Jiajia , Wang Ning , Lin Chunhua 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Objective

To explore the composition of urinary stones in the eastern Shandong region of China and discuss its clinical significance.

Methods

A total of 3684 specimens of urinary calculi from the eastern Shandong region were collected in our study. Compositions of stones were analyzed by Automatic Infrared Spectrum Analysis System (type LIIR-20). The results were verified through manual analysis of the spectrogram which is accompanied by polarizing microscopy and chemical analysis if necessary.

Results

Among the 3684 specimens, there were 1767 single-component stones and 1917 mixed-component stones. According to the difference of the main components of the stones, the stones can be divided into the following types: calcium oxalate monohydrate stones (1779, 48.29%), anhydrous uric acid stones (1105, 29.99%), carbonate apatite stones (590, 16.02%), ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate stones (143, 3.88%), calcium oxalate dehydrate stones (36, 0.98%), and cystine stones (31, 0.84%).

Conclusion

There are relatively many uric acid stones in the eastern Shandong region of China. The automatic infrared spectrum analysis system for calculus has the advantages of accuracy and convenience.
Inappropriate child feeding practice and primary health care as major correlates of stunting and underweight among infants and young children 6-23months of age in food insecure households of Amhara and Oromia Regions, Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study
Authors: Wondimagegne Zelalem Tafese , Alemayehu Fekadu Reta , Adole Anchamo Anato , Yimam Kaleab Baye , Berhan Yifru , Stoecker Barbara J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Child undernutrition is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Even though the highest levels of stunting are found in food insecure areas, insufficient evidence limits effective intervention to improve the situation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess undernutrition and associated factors among infants and young children aged 6–23 mo in food insecure households of Amhara and Oromia Regions, Ethiopia.
Method: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in productive safety net targeted rural households of Amhara and Oromia Regions from April 25 to June 15, 2018.A total of 464 mother-child dyads were included in the study. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with stunting, wasting and underweight separately.
Results: The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight among children 6-23mo was 42.6%, 12.4% and 27.3% respectively. Age of the child 12-23vs 6-12mo(AOR = 4.21 95% CI: 2.52, 7.05), female (AOR = 1.84 [1.23, 2.75]), higher number of births (AOR = 1.72[1.10, 2.70]), lack of zinc supplement (AOR = 2.41[1.33, 4.38]), inadequate diet diversity (AOR=1.69[1.02, 2.81]) and lack of iodized salt in complementary food (AOR=1.55[1.03, 2.32]) were significantly associated with stunting. Similarly, age of child 12-23 mo (AOR=1.92[1.14, 3.24]), female gender (AOR = 1.88[1.22, 2.90]), higher number of births (AOR= 1.67[1.05, 2.66]), lack of zinc supplement (AOR=2.29[1.14, 4.61]), lower maternal income (AOR= 2.34[1.18, 4.65]), and inadequate diet diversity (AOR= 2.34[1.27, 4.33]) showed significant association with underweight.

Conclusion: The magnitude of child undernutrition was found to be very high in the study areas. Child nutrition intervention strategies should take into account nutrition education on appropriate child feeding and iodized salt utilization. In addition, improving zinc supplementation and economic empowerment of women are important to address the high prevalence child undernutrition in the study area.

Key words: Stunting, zinc, iodized salt, diet diversity, maternal income, food insecurity
Multicenter investigation of pediatric alimentary tract magnets ingestion in China
Authors: Wang Kai , Zhang Dan , Li Xianling , Wang Zengmeng , Hou Guangjun , Jia Xinjian , Niu Huizhong , Qi Shiqin , Deng Qingqiang , Jiang Bin , Bian Hongqiang , Yang Heying , Chen Yajun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Purpose: To describe the incidence and management of alimentary tract Buckyball ingestion in Chinese pediatric patients, and discuss the precautionary measures through multicenter investigation.
Methods: Medical records of 74 pediatric patients from 9 large Chinese hospitals were included in this study. Questionnaires were distributed online, and medical records were reviewed. Follow-up was through telephone and outpatient service.
Results: Among the 74 cases were 50 boys (68%) and 24 girls (32%). The age was 36.00 (21.75, 77.00) months, range from 7 months to 11 years old, and it showed two peaks, between one and three years old, and from six to eleven years old. The annual case number showed sharp increase, and the total case number in the last 2 years of 2017 and 2018 showed a 9.25 folds increase than the first 2 years of 2013 and 2014. Only 3 of them had exact reasons for the swallowing, the rest 71 patients had no intension for the ingestion. From onset to the emergency time was 2.00 (1.00, 5.25) days, varied from 4 hours to 40 days. Twenty-one patients had no symptoms, and the rest cases had abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, abdominal distension, fiercely crying, melena, and flatus and defecation stopped. Gastroscope, coloscope, laparoscopic operation, and laparotomy operation were adopted according to the algorithm. Gastrointestinal mucosa erosion, ischemia and necrosis, perforation, and abdominal abscess, ileus, fistula was found in the patients. The numbers of Buckyball ingested was 4 (2, 8), with a range from 1 to 39. During the follow-up period of 6 (1, 15) months, three patients had ileus, and one suffered a second operation. The remaining 71 patients were uneventful. None of the 74 patients reported a second swallowing of foreign bodies.
Conclusions: The incidence of pediatric alimentary tract magnets ingestion in China is still increasing. Management of such patients should follow the algorithm. Precautionary measures toward the issue should be taken from three levels.
Keywords: Pediatric, Alimentary tract, Magnetic foreign body, Buckball
Determinants Of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods Utilization Among Married Women Of Reproductive Age Group In Ambo Town, Oromia Region, West Ethiopia, 2016: A Case Control Study
Authors: Soboka Dawit Regassa , Tessema Fasil , Nigatu Mamo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background

Long-acting reversible contraceptive methods are highly effective, safe, convenient and cost-effective. The prevalence of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods utilization among married women in the study area was only 10%, which is comparatively low compared to the regional and national targets.

Objective

To identify determinants of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods utilization among married women of the reproductive age group in Ambo town, 2016

Methods

Community based unmatched case-control study was conducted in Ambo town among married women of reproductive age group. 140 cases and 280 controls were randomly included. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify candidate variables and independent predictor variables respectively. Adjusted odds ratios together with their corresponding 95% CI were calculated to assess the strength of association and statistical significance.

Result

139 cases and 279 controls were interviewed giving a response rate of 99%. Moderate level of knowledge on long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (AOR= 8.73, 95%CI: 3.08 - 24.77), Good level of knowledge (AOR=13.99, 95%CI:4.93-39.71), spousal discussion on long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (AOR=2.88, 95%CI:1.3-6.36), attitude toward long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (AOR=7.07, 95% CI: 3.77-13.24), intention to give birth in the future (AOR=0.085, 95%CI: 0.36-0.20), Women from households in the poorest wealth quintile (AOR= 6.83, 95%CI: 2.68-17.38), Women from households in the medium wealth quintile (AOR=5.83, 95%CI: (2.23- 15.23) and woman’s expectation of restriction to methods use (AOR=0.34, 95%CI:0.22-0.53) were significant determinants of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods utilization.

Conclusion & Recommendation

Good knowledge, moderate knowledge, good attitude, wealth index, spousal discussion, intention to give birth in the future and woman’s expectation of restriction to method use were determinants of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods utilization.
Knowledge of Complications of Diabetes Mellitus and its Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Visiting Addis Zemen District Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Belsti Yitayeh , Akalu Yonas , Fekadu Haileab , Animut Yaregal 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Objectives: To reduce Diabetes mellitus related morbidity and mortality, knowledge about its complications is necessary. However, there is no information about knowledge of diabetic patients on diabetes mellitus complications in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge on diabetes complications and its associated factors among Type 2 diabetic patients at Addis Zemen District Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, 2019. Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 402 type 2 adult diabetes patients at Addis Zemen District Hospital by using interviewer administered structured questionnaires.
Results: In this study, less than half (48.5%) with 95%CI (43.3, 52.7) of participants had a good knowledge regarding diabetes complications. Being: male (AOR: 4.67, 95% CI (2.53, 8.61), in the age of 31-45years (AOR: 7.30, 95% CI (3.10, 17.17)) educational level of high school and above (AOR: 7.46, 95%CI (3.02, 18.44)), having monthly income of ≥ 2500 Ethiopian birr (AOR: 7.18, 95%CI (1.70, 30.28)) were significantly associated with good knowledge. This must get the attention of health institutions, the government, and all concerned stakeholders in the health sector to design strategies on increasing diabetes complications knowledge among diabetes patients to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with the complications.
IMAGE BEYOND THE FORM. REPRESENTING PERCEPTION OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: BAGNOLO Vincenzo , MANCA Andrea 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Perception, awareness and appreciation of the built environment are essential skills in urban representation and design. Among the different perceptual dimensions, the visual, or more precisely the visual-aesthetic dimension is the field that better expresses its potential in representation. The study, in an analytical-applicative perspective, addresses the reading of the relationship between forms and uses, symbols and meanings of an urban public space characterized by a recent transformation. The architectural stratifications and practices of use lead to the definition of space, in its tangible and intangible components. In this regard the analysis of the historical drifts, traced back through images and drawings, help us to make visible the mutations and the processes helpful to understand and describe its actual order. The aim of the research is to investigate the visual dimension of an urban space, both in its material and immaterial connotations, and its relationship with the stratified or new uses, explored by multiple and diversified tools of urban representation
SpliVert: A Protein Multiple Sequence Alignment Refinement Method Based on Splitting-Splicing Vertically
Authors: Zhan Qing , Fu Yilei , Jiang Qinghua , Liu Bo , Peng Jiajie , Wang Yadong 
Published: August 2019

Background:Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) is a fundamental task in bioinformatics and is required for many biological analysis tasks. The more accurate the alignments are, the more credible the downstream analyses. Most protein MSA algorithms realign an alignment to refine it by dividing it into two groups horizontally and then realign the two groups. However, this strategy does not consider that different regions of the sequences have different conservation; this property may lead to incorrect residue-residue or residue-gap pairs, which cannot be corrected by this strategy.Objective:In this article, our motivation is to develop a novel refinement method based on splitting- splicing vertically.Method:Here, we present a novel refinement method based on splitting-splicing vertically, called SpliVert. For an alignment, we split it vertically into 3 parts, remove the gap characters in the middle, realign the middle part alone, and splice the realigned middle parts with the other two initial pieces to obtain a refined alignment. In the realign procedure of our method, the aligner will only focus on a certain part, ignoring the disturbance of the other parts, which could help fix the incorrect pairs.Results:We tested our refinement strategy for 2 leading MSA tools on 3 standard benchmarks, according to the commonly used average SP (and TC) score. The results show that given appropriate proportions to split the initial alignment, the average scores are increased comparably or slightly after using our method. We also compared the alignments refined by our method with alignments directly refined by the original alignment tools. The results suggest that using our SpliVert method to refine alignments can also outperform direct use of the original alignment tools.Conclusion:The results reveal that splitting vertically and realigning part of the alignment is a good strategy for the refinement of protein multiple sequence alignments.
Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Markers in Male Smokers
Authors: Ahmadi-Motamayel Fatemeh , Falsafi Parisa , Abolsamadi Hamidreza , Goodarzi Mohammad T. , Poorolajal Jalal 
Published: August 2019

Background:Cigarette smoke free radicals can cause cellular damage and different diseases. All the body fluids have antioxidants which protect against free radicals.Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary total antioxidant capacity and peroxidase, uric acid and malondialdehyde levels in smokers and a nonsmoking control group.Methods:Unstimulated saliva was collected from 510 males. A total of 259 subjects were current smokers and 251 were non-smokers. The levels of salivary total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, peroxidase and malondialdehyde were measured using standard procedures. Data were analyzed with t test and ANOVA.Results:The smokers were younger and dental hygiene index was higher than healthy nonsmoking controls. The mean total antioxidant capacity in smokers and nonsmokers was 0.13±0.07 and 0.21±011, respectively (P=0.001). Smokers had significantly lower peroxidase and uric acid levels than healthy controls. In addition, the mean malondialdehyde levels in the smokers and nonsmokers were 4.55 ±2.61 and 2.79 ±2.21, respectively (P=0.001).Conclusion:Cigarette smoke produces free radical and oxidative stress, causing many side effects. Salivary antioxidant levels decreased and malondialdehyde levels increased in smokers, indicating the high oxidative stress among smokers compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smoke had deleterious effects on main salivary antioxidants levels.
Methotrexate overdose in clinical practice
Authors: Pannu Ashok Kumar 
Published: August 2019

Background:
A folic-acid antagonist, methotrexate, is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs with
its expanding use in clinical practice. The drug requires regular monitoring given its wide range of adverse effects
including bone marrow suppression, hepatic or renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal distress, mucocutaneous damage,
and neurotoxicity. The toxicity usually occurs rapidly and leads to severe neutropenia, sepsis, and advanced renal
failure that are difficult to manage.

Methods:
This review is an update for the clinicians to understand the pharmacology, clinical features, laboratory
evaluation, and treatment of patients with methotrexate overdose. High-quality literature of the past six decades was
collected and reviewed in this article. Several landmark articles were reviewed using PubMed, EMBASE Ovid, and
the Cochrane Library, that have important implications in current clinical practice.

Results:
Methotrexate overdose has complex toxicokinetic and produces myriad clinical features mimicking conditions
of lesser severity. Organ dysfunction related to bone marrow, kidney or central nervous system is lifethreatening.
The management should focus on high-quality supportive care, antidotal therapy (folinic acid and carboxypeptidase-
G2) and plasma alkalization.

Conclusion:
In accordance with the dictum “prevention is better than cure”, the author emphasizes on the role of
patient education, regular clinical observation, and laboratory monitoring for prompt recognition and diagnosis of
methotrexate overdosing at the earliest stage.
Association Between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 Genotypes and Cyclosporine's Blood Levels and Doses among Jordanian Kidney Transplanted Patients
Authors: El-Shair Sahar , Al Shhab Mohammad , Zayed Khaled , Alsmady Moaath , Zihlif Malek 
Published: August 2019

Background:Cyclosporine is used as an immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplantation. It has a narrow therapeutic window. Cyclosporine is predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The most common Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting cyclosporine metabolism (CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*1G, CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3) were investigated among Jordanian kidney transplanted patients to find out the genotypes and allele frequencies of these SNPs. Additionally, this study investigated whether genotypes of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 affect C2 blood levels, dosing of cyclosporine and the prevalence of acute rejection.Methods:Blood samples of 109 adult patients taking cyclosporine as their primary immunosuppressant for kidney transplantation were collected from the Prince Hamzah Hospital, Amman, Jordan. Patients’ first C2 blood levels and their first two given doses were collected. Patients were genotyped for the four SNPs using Polymerase Chain Reaction- restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay method.Results:Allele frequencies among Jordanian patients for CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*1G, CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 were 0.037, 0.399, 0.037 and 0.271, respectively. There was a significant association between CYP3A4*22 and mean difference in the second and first given doses (P=0.034). There was a big difference between CYP3A4*22 and the mean of the first C2 blood levels (P=0.063).Conclusion:There was a strong association between CYP3A4*22 and the mean difference between the second and first given doses. There was a trend of significant difference between the mean of the first C2 blood levels among heterozygous CYP3A4*22 patients. Pharmacogenomics may hold promise in assisting the prediction of the best cyclosporine dose and C2 blood level among Jordanian kidney transplant patients.
Nanoantibiotics: A Novel Rational Approach to Antibiotic Resistant Infections
Authors: Engin Ayse Basak , Engin Atilla 
Published: August 2019

Background:The main drawbacks for using conventional antimicrobial agents are the development of multiple drug resistance due to the use of high concentrations of antibiotics for extended periods. This vicious cycle often generates complications of persistent infections, and intolerable antibiotic toxicity. The problem is that while all new discovered antimicrobials are effective and promising, they remain as only short-term solutions to the overall challenge of drug-resistant bacteria.Objective:Recently, nanoantibiotics (nAbts) have been of tremendous interest in overcoming the drug resistance developed by several pathogenic microorganisms against most of the commonly used antibiotics. Compared with free antibiotic at the same concentration, drug delivered via a nanoparticle carrier has a much more prominent inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, and drug toxicity, along with prolonged drug release. Additionally, multiple drugs or antimicrobials can be packaged within the same smart polymer which can be designed with stimuli-responsive linkers. These stimuli-responsive nAbts open up the possibility of creating multipurpose and targeted antimicrobials. Biofilm formation still remains the leading cause of conventional antibiotic treatment failure. In contrast to conventional antibiotics nAbts easily penetrate into the biofilm, and selectively target biofilm matrix constituents through the introduction of bacteria specific ligands. In this context, various nanoparticles can be stabilized and functionalized with conventional antibiotics. These composites have a largely enhanced bactericidal efficiency compared to the free antibiotic.Conclusion:Nanoparticle-based carriers deliver antibiotics with better biofilm penetration and lower toxicity, thus combating bacterial resistance. However, the successful adaptation of nanoformulations to clinical practice involves a detailed assessment of their safety profiles and potential immunotoxicity.