bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shifts in phenological distributions reshape interaction potential in natural communities
Authors: Carter Shannon K. , Saenz Daniel , Rudolf Volker H. W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractClimate change has changed the phenologies of species worldwide, but it remains unclear how these phenological changes will affect species interactions and the structure of natural communities. Using a novel approach to analyse long‐term data of 66 amphibian species pairs across eight communities, we demonstrate that phenological shifts can significantly alter the interaction potential of coexisting competitors. Importantly, these changes in interaction potential were mediated by non‐uniform, species‐specific shifts in entire phenological distributions and consequently could not be captured by metrics traditionally used to quantify phenological shifts. Ultimately, these non‐uniform shifts in phenological distributions increased the interaction potential for 25% of species pairs (and did not reduce interaction potential for any species pair), altering temporal community structure and potentially increasing interspecific competition. These results demonstrate the potential of phenological shifts to reshape temporal structure of natural communities, emphasising the importance of considering entire phenological distributions of natural populations.
A general method for estimating seed dormancy and colonisation in annual plants from the observation of existing flora
Authors: Pluntz Matthieu , Coz Sebastian Le , Peyrard Nathalie , Pradel Roger , Choquet Rémi , Cheptou Pierre‐Olivier 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn plant ecology, characterising colonisation and extinction in plant metapopulations is challenging due to the non‐detectable seed bank that allows plants to emerge after several years of absence. In this study, we used a Hidden Markov Model to characterise seed dormancy, colonisation and germination solely from the presence–absence of standing flora. Applying the model to data from a long‐term survey of 38 annual weeds across France, we identified three homogeneous functional groups: (1) species persisting preferentially through spatial colonisation, (2) species persisting preferentially through seed dormancy and (3) a mix of both strategies. These groups are consistent with existing ecological knowledge, demonstrating that ecologically meaningful parameters can be estimated from simple presence–absence observations. These results indicate that such studies could contribute to the design of weed management strategies. They also open the possibility of testing life‐history theories such as the dormancy/colonisation trade‐offin natura.
Parenting styles in white‐rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa) show a trade‐off between nest defense and chick feeding
Authors: Wischhoff Uschi , Marques‐Santos Fernando , Manica Lilian T. , Roper James J. , Rodrigues Marcos 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStudies about personalities in wild animals usually focus on five categories of behavioral traits that do not easily accommodate all aspects of parental care, a class of behaviors with direct consequence to reproductive success. Parental care can vary consistently between individuals and constitute parenting styles. Here we investigate the consistency of four behaviors of parental care across two breeding seasons of white‐rumped swallows Tachycineta leucorrhoa in southern Brazil. These behaviors are a prospection of potential nest‐sites, nest defense against predators or conspecifics, and chick feeding. If these first three behaviors are consistent, they can be classified according to the standard categories of personality as exploration, boldness, and aggressiveness, respectively. We find that all behaviors, except exploration, are consistent between individuals in the long term. We also show that, besides individual identity, couple identity is an important component explaining variation in behavior. This pattern can arise if behavior influences pair formation or if behavior is a consequence of a common environment affecting the couple. We show that, depending on the parental task, males or females are more consistent, suggesting that sexes are adopting different strategies of parental care allocation. We then investigate if there is a trade‐off between nest defense and chick feeding. We find that birds that defend more also feed the brood less often and suggest that testosterone might be the mechanism modulating this trade‐off. Lastly, we discuss the implications of our results to mate choice and highlight the need for studies linking parenting styles to fitness in swallow species.
Community pharmacist-led interventions and their impact on patients’ medication adherence and other health outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Milosavljevic Aleksandra , Aspden Trudi , Harrison Jeff 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Medication adherence can be defined as the extent to which one’s medication-taking behaviour follows that mutually agreed upon by the prescribing physician. Optimal medication adherence is often deemed crucial for the success of a patient's treatment, as suboptimal adherence may lead to treatment failure and unnecessary medical expenditure. Increasing evidence has highlighted the positive contribution community pharmacist-led interventions can have on improving patients’ adherence and health outcomes.

Objectives
To provide an overview of the published literature on community pharmacist-led interventions and their effectiveness in improving patients’ adherence and health outcomes.

Methods
A search strategy was developed, aiming to retrieve published reports of community pharmacy interventions worldwide. Medline, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Google Scholar and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses databases were searched. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were collated, relevant data extracted, and a risk of bias assessment undertaken.

Key Findings
Twenty-two studies were included in the analysis, and their outcomes were reported in 26 peer-reviewed journal articles. Community pharmacist-led interventions have been shown to improve patients’ adherence and contribute to better blood pressure control, cholesterol management, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma control. Studies in this review, however, did not report statistically significant effects of interventions on diabetes or depression control.

Conclusion
Community pharmacist-led interventions have been shown to contribute to improved adherence and better disease control. Future research should attempt to better understand which particular intervention components make the greatest contribution towards improving adherence and health outcomes, for patients with different medical conditions.
Growth patterns for three generations of an intercross between red junglefowl and chickens selected for low body weight
Authors: Sutherland Dez‐Ann Antoinette Therese , Honaker Christa Ferst , Dorshorst Ben , Andersson Leif , Brisbin I. Lehr , Siegel Paul B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGrowth is a complex and dynamic process that may be measured at a specific point or over a period of time. Compared was the growth of male and female chickens over a three‐generation period. Involved were red junglefowl (RJF; Gallus gallus), a line of White Plymouth Rock chickens (LWS; Gallus gallus domesticus) selected for low body weight, and their reciprocal F1 and F2 crosses. In both sexes, Gompertz's description of growth showed that RJF had significantly lower asymptotes, earlier inflection points, and faster growth rates than LWS. Heterosis for these measures was positive for asymptote and negative for growth rate and inflection point. The RJF commenced egg production at a significantly younger age and lower body weight than LWS. Although F1 and F2 reciprocal crosses were similar for body weight and for age at first egg, the F1 reciprocal crosses began lay at significantly younger ages than the F2 crosses and parental lines. When viewed on a physiological basis where age and body weight were simultaneously standardized, both parental lines and reciprocal F1 and F2 crosses had differing rapid and lag growth phases. Overall, sexual dimorphism increased in all populations from hatch to sexual maturity. The LWS males had a longer growth period consistent with their female counterparts who became sexually mature at older ages. Comprehensively, these results indicate additive and nonadditive genetic variation for distinct growth patterns and changes in resource allocation strategies over time.
Peri‐implant mucositis
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J.A. , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis narrative review was prepared for the 2017 World Workshop of the American Academy of Periodontology and European Federation of Periodontology to address key questions related to the clinical condition of peri‐implant mucositis, including: 1) the definition of peri‐implant mucositis, 2) conversion of peri‐implant health to the biofilm‐induced peri‐implant mucositis lesion, 3) reversibility of peri‐implant mucositis, 4) the long‐standing peri‐implant mucositis lesion, 5) similarities and differences between peri‐implant mucositis at implants and gingivitis at teeth, and 6) risk indicators/factors for peri‐implant mucositis.MethodsA literature search of MEDLINE (PubMed) and The Cochrane Library up to and including July 31, 2016, was carried out using the search strategy (peri‐implant[All Fields] AND (“mucositis”[MeSH Terms] OR “mucositis”[All Fields])) OR (periimplant[All Fields] AND mucosits[All Fields]). Prospective, retrospective, and cross‐sectional studies and review papers that focused on risk factors/indicators for peri‐implant mucositis as well as experimental peri‐implant mucositis studies in animals and humans were included.FindingsPeri‐implant mucositis is an inflammatory lesion of the soft tissues surrounding an endosseous implant in the absence of loss of supporting bone or continuing marginal bone loss. A cause‐and‐effect relationship between experimental accumulation of bacterial biofilms around titanium dental implants and the development of an inflammatory response has been demonstrated. The experimental peri‐implant mucositis lesion is characterized by an inflammatory cell infiltrate present within the connective tissue lateral to the barrier epithelium. In long‐standing peri‐implant mucositis, the inflammatory cell infiltrate is larger in size than in the early (3‐week) experimental peri‐implant mucositis lesion. Biofilm‐induced peri‐implant mucositis is reversible at the host biomarker level once biofilm control is reinstituted. Reversal of the clinical signs of inflammation may take longer than 3 weeks. Factors identified as risk indicators for peri‐implant mucositis include biofilm accumulation, smoking, and radiation. Further evidence is required for potential risk factors, including diabetes, lack of keratinized mucosa, and presence of excess luting cement.ConclusionsPeri‐implant mucositis is caused by biofilm accumulation which disrupts the host–microbe homeostasis at the implant–mucosa interface, resulting in an inflammatory lesion. Peri‐implant mucositis is a reversible condition at the host biomarker level. Therefore, the clinical implication is that optimal biofilm removal is a prerequisite for the prevention and management of peri‐implant mucositis. An understanding of peri‐implant mucositis is important because it is considered a precursor for peri‐implantitis.
The etiology of hard‐ and soft‐tissue deficiencies at dental implants: A narrative review
Authors: Hämmerle Christoph H.F. , Tarnow Dennis 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the present paper was to review factors and conditions that are associated with hard and soft‐tissue deficiencies at implant sites.ImportanceHard‐ and soft‐tissue deficiencies at dental implants are common clinical findings. They can lead to complications and compromise implant survival and, hence, may require therapeutic interventions. It is, therefore, important to understand the etiology of hard and soft‐tissue deficiencies. Based on this understanding, strategies should be developed to correct hard and soft‐tissue deficiencies with the aim of improving clinical outcomes of implant therapy.FindingsA large number of etiological factors have been identified that may lead to hard and soft‐tissue deficiencies. These factors include: 1) systemic diseases and conditions of the patients; 2) systemic medications; 3) processes of tissue healing; 4) tissue turnover and tissue response to clinical interventions; 5) trauma to orofacial structures; 6) local diseases affecting the teeth, the periodontium, the bone and the mucosa; 7) biomechanical factors; 8) tissue morphology and tissue phenotype; and 9) iatrogenic factors. These factors may appear as an isolated cause of hard and soft‐tissue defects or may appear in conjunction with other factors.ConclusionsHard‐ and soft‐tissue deficiencies at implant sites may result from a multitude of factors. They encompass natural resorption processes following tooth extraction, trauma, infectious diseases such as periodontitis, peri‐implantitis, endodontic infections, growth and development, expansion of the sinus floor, anatomical preconditions, mechanical overload, thin soft tissues, lack of keratinized mucosa, malpositioning of implants, migration of teeth, lifelong growth, and systemic diseases. When more than one factor leading to hard and/or soft‐tissue deficiencies appear together, the severity of the resulting condition may increase. Efforts should be made to better identify the relative importance of these etiological factors, and to develop strategies to counteract their negative effects on our patient's wellbeing.
QT correction across the heart rate spectrum, in atrial fibrillation and ventricular conduction defects
Authors: Vandenberk Bert , Vandael Eline , Robyns Tomas , Vandenberghe Joris , Garweg Christophe , Foulon Veerle , Ector Joris , Willems Rik 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundIncorporation of QTc in clinical decision support systems requires accurate QT‐interval correction, also during common electrocardiogram abnormalities as ventricular conduction defects (VCD). We compared the performance and predictive value of QT correction formulas to design a patient‐specific QT correction algorithm (QTcA).MethodsThe first ECG in adult patients with sinus rhythm (SR), atrial fibrillation (AF), and ventricular pacing (VP) was collected retrospectively. QT correction was performed with Bazett (QTcB), Fridericia (QTcFri), Framingham, Hodges, and Rautaharju (QTcR) formulas. Correction formulas were compared using QTc/RR linear regression. Adjusted Cox regression was performed to predict 1‐year all‐cause mortality.ResultsA total of 49,737 patients were included (70.0% SR, 24.1% AF, 5.9% VP, 11.1% VCD). Overall 1‐year all‐cause mortality rate was 11.8%.In patients without VCD or VP, QTcFri showed significantly better heart rate correction, both overall (P < 0.001) and in subgroups by heart rate (bradycardia P ≤ 0.001, normal P ≤ 0.050, tachycardia P ≤ 0.010). Furthermore, QTcFri improved mortality prediction significantly when compared to QTcB (P < 0.001). Patients with VCD or VP QTcR, including correction for QRS duration, had a significant better heart rate correction than QTcB (P ≤ 0.010) and improved mortality prediction significantly compared to all other formulas (P < 0.001). Implementing QTcA, designed based on QTcFri and QTcR depending on the presence of VCD or VP, reduced the patients considered to be at risk by 61.1% when compared to QTcB.ConclusionsA patient‐specific QT correction algorithm would combine accurate heart rate correction, improved predictive value of mortality, and a reduction of patients considered to be at risk.
Development and validation of the 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25)
Authors: Teo Alan R. , Chen Jason I. , Kubo Hiroaki , Katsuki Ryoko , Sato‐Kasai Mina , Shimokawa Norihiro , Hayakawa Kohei , Umene‐Nakano Wakako , Aikens James E. , Kanba Shigenobu , Kato Takahiro A. 
Published: June 2018

Aim
Hikikomori, a form of severe social withdrawal, is an emerging issue in mental health, for which validated measurement tools are lacking. The object was to develop a self‐report scale of hikikomori, and assess its psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy.MethodsA sample of 399 participants from clinical and community settings completed measures. Psychometric properties were assessed with factor analysis; diagnostic accuracy was compared against a semi‐structured diagnostic interview.ResultsThe Hikikomori Questionnaire contained 25 items across three subscales representing socialization, isolation, and emotional support. Internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity were all satisfactory. The area under the curve was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.92). A cut‐off score of 42 (out of 100) was associated with a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 61%, and positive predictive value of 17%.ConclusionThe 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25) possesses robust psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy in an initial sample of Japanese adults. Additional research on its psychometric properties and ability to support clinical assessment of hikikomori is warranted.
Wolbachia affects survival to different oxidative stressors dependent upon the genetic background in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Capobianco Florian , Nandkumar Seanmichael , Parker Joel D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIt is well known that the rate of ageing varies among individuals dependent on the genetic background. In the present study, we explore how Wolbachia infection (a common insect endosymbiont bacterium) and oxidative stress interact in ageing with respect to two different genetic backgrounds of Drosophila melanogaster. Naturally infected and cured lines of Drosophila are challenged with either paraquat or l‐arginine to generate two different types of oxidative stress. We first observe that removing Wolbachia infection shortens the lifespan in one genetic background but not in the other. Wolbachia infection only makes one of the genetic lines more sensitive to paraquat. However, only the line unaffected by Wolbachia in the paraquat treatment is protected by Wolbachia from l‐arginine induced stress. Hence, Wolbachia is modifying free radical defence via two different mechanisms dependent on the genetic background. This supports the idea that factors that can govern ageing (infection and oxidative stress) are not universal, but are specific to the genetic make‐up of an individual.
Serum albumin, inflammation, and nutrition in end‐stage renal disease: C‐reactive protein is needed for optimal assessment
Authors: Mukai Hideyuki , Villafuerte Hilda , Qureshi Abdul Rashid , Lindholm Bengt , Stenvinkel Peter 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLow serum albumin (S‐Alb) is a frequent feature of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) that independently predicts mortality. Serum albumin has mainly been considered a biomarker of visceral protein and immunocompetence status, fundamental to nutritional assessment. However, low S‐albumin level is associated with persistent systemic inflammation and many bodies of evidence show that S‐Alb has a limited role as a marker of nutritional status. We reported that a low S‐Alb concentration was an independent risk factor for poor outcome in ESRD only in the presence of systemic inflammation. Moreover, the relationships between inflammatory biomarkers and outcome are confounded also by alterations in body composition (such as obese sarcopenia) and oxidative stress. Taken together, S‐Alb alone should not be used as a proxy of the nutritional status in a dialysis patient. Its association with dietary intake is poor and low S‐Alb values are most often non‐nutritional in origin. When analyzing S‐Alb to predict mortality risk in ESRD, it should always be combined with measurement of hsCRP.
The oncostatin M‐stromal cell axis in health and disease
Authors: West Nathaniel R. , Owens Benjamin M. J. , Hegazy Ahmed N. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe field of stromal immunology has risen to prominence in the last decade, fuelled by accumulating evidence that nonhaematopoietic mesenchymal cells are not simply involved in modulating tissue structure, but actively contribute to immune processes. In addition to regulating tissue integrity during homoeostasis, stromal cells are sensitive sensors of inflammatory stimuli produced downstream of tissue injury or infection, and respond by producing a wide variety of chemokines, cytokines and adhesion factors that contribute to immunity and tissue repair. When not appropriately regulated, these same processes can result in inflammatory pathology and organ dysfunction. In this review, we provide a brief overview of stromal immunology, followed by a comprehensive discussion of how the IL‐6 family cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) coordinates stromal cell activity in diverse physiological and pathological contexts. We conclude by providing a perspective on the potential clinical value of the OSM‐stromal cell axis and how this pathway might be exploited therapeutically.
Relative Importance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Predicting Risk of Suicide among a Cohort of Vietnam Veterans
Authors: Bullman Tim , Schneiderman Aaron , Gradus Jaimie L. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveResearch has demonstrated that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Vietnam veterans is associated with increased risk of suicide. It is also widely reported that suicide is related to depression. This study examined the effect of PTSD and depression on risk of suicide among a cohort of Vietnam veterans.MethodAll study subjects were selected from the Department of Veterans Affairs Agent Orange Registry. Suicide risk associated with PTSD was first assessed by comparing the number of suicides among a cohort of 2,874 veterans with PTSD to that of 8,537 veterans not diagnosed with PTSD. Risk of suicide was approximated by hazard ratios (HRs), generated by Cox proportional hazard models, including a model that utilized competing risk analyses.ResultsThe risk of suicide associated with PTSD and depression when examined separately was similar, HR = 7.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.9, 10.3) and HR = 7.2 (95% CI: 4.8–10.8), respectively. Competing risk analysis indicated that veterans with both PTSD and depression compared to veterans with neither diagnosis had the highest risk of suicide, HR = 15.22.ConclusionsThis study suggests that depression as well as PTSD should be monitored as a way of reducing suicides among Vietnam veterans.
The Electoral Supporter Base of the Alternative for Germany
Authors: Goerres Achim , Spies Dennis C. , Kumlin Staffan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractUsing data from a recent nationwide survey, we provide the first analysis of the supporter base of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) since the party's split and ideological re‐orientation in mid‐2015. Hypotheses are derived from the literature on Populist Radical Right Parties (PRRPs) in Western Europe. Our findings indicate that AfD support—despite the party's euro crisis origins and rapid organizational and ideational changes—is by now due to largely the same set of socio‐economic, attitudinal and contextual factors proven important for PRRP parties elsewhere. Right‐wing political attitudes concerning immigration, political distrust, fears of personal economic decline, as well as gender and socialisation effects are the most relevant explanatory variables. However, some of our findings – the importance of right‐wing economic policy preferences, the strong support by certain immigrant groups, and the role of the long‐term regional political context – stand out and distinguish the AfD from other Western European PRRPs.