bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trajetória profissional dos egressos do curso de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA): análise do período de 2014 a 2023
Authors: Souza Adriel Arik da Cruz , Santos Luciano Balbino dos , Santos Luiza de Marilac dos , Sousa Paulo Roberto Pires de 
Published: December 2024

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo sobre a trajetória profissional dos egressos do curso de Ciências Econômicas, da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas[1], mais precisamente, dos formados entre os anos de 2014 a 2023. O objetivo é verificar o percurso profissional desses economistas e fornecer indicadores para ajustes nas políticas de ensino da instituição, alinhando-se às diretrizes do Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior. A metodologia adotada é de caráter exploratório, bibliográfico e descritivo, e busca captar tanto os desafios enfrentados pelos egressos atuando como profissionais, quanto o alinhamento entre o currículo acadêmico e as exigências contemporâneas. Um questionário com 26 perguntas é elaborado e aplicado, alcançando 72,4% dos diplomados. Esses resultados, além de mapearem a situação dos profissionais formados pela instituição, oferecem subsídios para a contínua melhoria do curso, com foco na adaptação às demandas do mercado de trabalho e no fortalecimento da atuação profissional dos futuros economistas.

[1] A Universidade do Estado do Amazonas é uma instituição pública e autônoma em sua política educacional. Iniciou suas atividades acadêmicas em 2001 e, atualmente, conta com mais de 23 mil estudantes matriculados em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação, com atuação nos 62 municípios do Estado.
Clinical Outcomes of Bilateral Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Bindi Victoria E. , Hao Kevin A. , Turnbull Lacie M. , Wright Jonathan O. , Wright Thomas W. , Farmer Kevin W. , Vasilopoulos Terrie , Struk Aimee M. , Schoch Bradley S. , King Joseph J. 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes in patients who underwent bilateral total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) at a single institution. Secondarily, we evaluated the influence of the time interval between successive TSAs on clinical outcomes of the second TSA.

Methods:
A single-institution shoulder arthroplasty database was reviewed for patients undergoing bilateral primary anatomic TSA (aTSA) or reverse TSA (rTSA) between 2000 and 2022. Clinical outcomes, including outcome scores, range of motion, and shoulder strength, were assessed in patients with minimum 2-year follow-up. Postoperative complications and achievement of the minimal clinical important difference, substantial clinical benefit (SCB), and patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) were evaluated. Statistical comparisons were made between first and second TSAs, between TSA variations, and based on time between TSAs (<1, 1 to 5, >5 years).

Results:
We identified 180 bilateral TSA patients (68 aTSA/aTSA, 29 aTSA/rTSA, three rTSA/aTSA, 80 rTSA/rTSA). When evaluating side-to-side differences, the second rTSA in the aTSA/rTSA group had more favorable postoperative Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (P = 0.032) and forward elevation strength (P = 0.028) compared with the first aTSA. No other side-to-side comparisons were statistically significant or exceeded the minimal clinical important difference, SCB, or PASS. Patients undergoing second aTSA after first aTSA or undergoing first rTSA had superior SCB and PASS for active external rotation (P = 0.009 and P = 0.005, respectively). Complications were similar between strata, but revision rates were lowest after first rTSA in rTSA/rTSA patients. The time interval between successive TSAs did not influence the clinical outcome.

Conclusion:
All bilateral TSA combinations demonstrated excellent outcomes with most patients achieving clinically relevant benchmarks, with no influence of timing between arthroplasties.

Level of Evidence:
III, retrospective comparative cohort study
Do manual ao digital: avaliação da implantação de um software para controle financeiro em um pet shop de pequeno porte
Authors: Brolini Danielly Pia , Pires Ana Fernanda Portella , Oliveira Eva Josiane de , Machado Rafael Freitas 
Published: December 2024

Esse estudo analisou e avaliou a implantação de um software em um pet shop de pequeno porte, para abordar problemas relacionados com a gestão financeira da empresa, como por exemplo a utilização de métodos financeiros básicos. Diante desta análise, o presente estudo idealizou a aplicação do sistema PetControl na organização, com intuito de trazer melhorias nos lançamentos financeiros, e propor maior controle sobre as entradas e saídas, fluxo de caixa, agendamentos dentre outras disponibilidades do sistema. Com objetivo de solucionar alguns problemas de gestão na empresa e trazer maior praticidade no controle e monitoramento empresarial. Para a realização da presente pesquisa foram elaborados formulários e análise situacional de SWOT, cujo fundamento foi viabilizar a aplicação de um novo software na organização, esse sistema proporcionou maior agilidade e praticidade na gestão e controle financeiro, tornando-se uma ferramenta essencial para a empresa. Esta pesquisa reforça a importância de investimentos em tecnologia para o fortalecimento das operações financeiras e administrativas.
Introduction to Generative Artificial Intelligence: Contextualizing the Future
Authors: Singh Rajendra , Kim Ji Yeon , Glassy Eric F. , Dash Rajesh C. , Brodsky Victor , Seheult Jansen , de Baca M. E. , Gu Qiangqiang , Hoekstra Shannon , Pritt Bobbi S. 
Published: December 2024

Context.—
Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) is a promising new technology with the potential to transform communication and workflows in health care and pathology. Although new technologies offer advantages, they also come with risks that users, particularly early adopters, must recognize. Given the fast pace of GAI developments, pathologists may find it challenging to stay current with the terminology, technical underpinnings, and latest advancements. Building this knowledge base will enable pathologists to grasp the potential risks and impacts that GAI may have on the future practice of pathology.

Objective.—
To present key elements of GAI development, evaluation, and implementation in a way that is accessible to pathologists and relevant to laboratory applications.

Data Sources.—
Information was gathered from recent studies and reviews from PubMed and arXiv.

Conclusions.—
GAI offers many potential benefits for practicing pathologists. However, the use of GAI in clinical practice requires rigorous oversight and continuous refinement to fully realize its potential and mitigate inherent risks. The performance of GAI is highly dependent on the quality and diversity of the training and fine-tuning data, which can also propagate biases if not carefully managed. Ethical concerns, particularly regarding patient privacy and autonomy, must be addressed to ensure responsible use. By harnessing these emergent technologies, pathologists will be well placed to continue forward as leaders in diagnostic medicine.
The Impact of Food Safety Management System According to ISO 22000:2018 on Competitive Advantage at Arwa Mineral Water Company in Sana'a, Yemen
Authors: Shujaa Aldeen Mohmmed Ahmed , Alarbi Mustafa Ameen Ahmed 
Published: December 2024

The study aimed to identify the impact of food safety management system (FSMS) according to ISO 22000:2018 by its dimensions (prerequisite programs, hazard analysis and critical control points, training, and continual improvement) on competitive advantage by its dimensions (cost, quality, and customer satisfy). To achieve the study objectives and to test its hypotheses, the descriptive analytical approach was used, and a questionnaire was developed for collecting data from the study population (800) at Arwa Mineral Water Company in Sana'a. The study sample of (259) individuals was selected following a simple random sampling method. The data was processed statistically using SPSS. The study revealed a significant positive impact of all FSMS dimensions based on the ISO 22000:2018 standard on competitive advantage at the surveyed company, where the continual improvement has the most impact, and the training has the least impact on competitive advantage. The study recommends that the surveyed company should pay more attention to continual improvement and training programs in FSMS aiming to reach the efficiency and effectiveness required for FSMS to achieve a highly competitive advantage.
การจัดการเรียนรู้โดยใช้การสร้างภาพเคลื่อนที่แบบหยุด (Stop Motion) เป็นฐานเพื่อส่งเสริมทักษะในศตวรรษที่ 21 สำหรับนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาตอนต้นในจังหวัดลำพูน
Authors: แก้วกงพาน ดวงจันทร์ , บุญเทพ กัญจนพร , ตุ่นเครือ ปภาวี , ชูทอง ชิสาพัชร์ , คฤหานนท์ วีรนุช , ไทยสุชาติ หฤทัย 
Published: December 2024

ภูมิหลังและวัตถุประสงค์: สื่อที่ใช้เทคโนโลยีสมัยใหม่เป็นเครื่องมือที่มีประโยชน์ช่วยผู้สอนในการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนการสอน งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) ศึกษาผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนวิชาวิทยาศาสตร์ของนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาตอนต้น 2) ศึกษาทักษะในศตวรรษที่ 21 สำหรับนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาตอนต้นที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้โดยใช้การสร้างภาพการเคลื่อนที่แบบหยุด (Stop Motion) และ 3) ศึกษาเจตคติต่อวิทยาศาสตร์สำหรับนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาตอนต้นที่ได้รับการจัดการเรียนรู้โดยใช้การสร้างภาพการเคลื่อนที่แบบหยุด(Stop Motion)
ระเบียบวิธีการวิจัย: กลุ่มตัวอย่างที่ใช้ในการวิจัยได้แก่ นักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 3 โรงเรียนแห่งหนึ่งในจังหวัดลำพูน จำนวน 29 คน โดยวิธีการเลือกแบบเจาะจง เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัย ได้แก่ 1) แผนการจัดการเรียนรู้ 2) แบบทดสอบผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนวิชาวิทยาศาสตร์ 3) แบบประเมินทักษะศตวรรษที่ 21 และ 4) แบบประเมินเจตคติต่อวิทยาศาสตร์ เก็บและวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเชิงปริมาณ โดยใช้สถิติเชิงพรรณนาได้แก่ ค่าเฉลี่ย และค่าส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน
ผลการวิจัย: ผลการศึกษาค้นคว้า พบว่า 1) ผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนรายวิชาวิทยาศาสตร์ของนักเรียนโดยใช้การสร้างภาพเคลื่อนที่แบบหยุด (Stop Motion) หลังเรียนสูงกว่าก่อนเรียนแตกต่างกันอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ .05 2) ผลการประเมินทักษะในศตวรรษที่ 21 มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 3.91 (0.09) อยู่ในระดับมาก และ 3) ผลการประเมินเจตคติต่อวิทยาศาสตร์ มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 3.99 (0.08) อยู่ในระดับมาก
สรุปผล: การใช้สื่อเทคโนโลยีการสร้างภาพเคลื่อนที่แบบหยุด (Stop Motion) ส่งผลให้ผู้เรียนมีผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนรายวิชาวิทยาศาสตร์หลังเรียนสูงกว่าก่อนเรียน อีกทั้งยังส่งเสริมให้ผู้เรียนเกิดทักษะในศตวรรษที่ 21 และมีแรงจูงใจมีเจตคติที่ดีต่อวิชาวิทยาศาสตร์
The role of propensity to moral disengagement in the prediction of non-ethics outcomes at work
Authors: Ramos-Villagrasa Pedro J. , Fernández-del-Río Elena , Reig-Botella Adela , Clemente Miguel 
Published: December 2024

There is a strong evidence supporting the influence of propensity to moral disengagement (PMD) on ethical outcomes at work. Complementing previous research, this study analyzes the relationship of PMD with Big Five and Dark Tetrad personality traits, and if PMD predicts outcomes that have no ethical basis but are relevant to organizational success (i.e., task performance, adaptive performance, and work engagement). The design was cross-sectional. A total of 405 employees from different organizations being involved in the study, filling a questionnaire with the variables of interest. All workers voluntarily agreed to participate and were informed about the study, their role as participants, and the confidentiality of their responses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations analysis and hierarchical regression analyses. The results show that: (1) Big Five and the Dark Tetrad are determinants of PMD; (2) PDM predicts task performance, adaptive performance, and work engagement; and (3) if the 'Big Five' and the Dark Tetrad are taken into account in predicting non-ethics outcomes, PDM continues to play a role in explaining task performance and work engagement. However, more research is needed to verify these findings.
Existe una evidencia considerable favorable a la influencia de la disposición a la desconexión moral (DDM) sobre los resultados en el trabajo de carácter ético. Complementando la investigación previa, el presente estudio analiza la relación entre la DDM con la personalidad (“Cinco Grandes” y “Tétrada Oscura”), y si la DDM pronostica los resultados que no tienen una base ética, como son el desempeño de tarea, el desempeño adaptativo y el engagement laboral. El diseño fue transversal, participando un total de 405 empleados de diferentes organizaciones. Todos los trabajadores fueron informados acerca de los propósitos del estudio y participaron rellenando un cuestionario con las variables de interés. Dichos cuestionarios fueron analizados empleando estadísticos descriptivos, correlaciones y modelos de regresión jerárquica. Los resultados muestran que: (1) los “Cinco Grandes” y la Tétrada Oscura son determinantes de la DDM; (2) la DDM es capaz de pronosticar los resultados no-éticos analizados; y (3) si se tiene en consideración los “Cinco Grandes” y la Tétrada Oscura en la predicción de los resultados no-éticos, la DDM continúa jugando un papel en la explicación del desempeño de tarea y el engagement laboral, aunque modesto. Es necesaria más investigación sobre la relación entre DDM y los resultados no-éticos.
Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga Dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Pre Operasi Bedah Mayor Elektif di Ruang Nyi Ageng Serang Rsud Sekarwangi
Authors: Alfarisi Wildan 
Published: December 2024

Tindakan operasi merupakan tindakan yang dapat meningkatkan reaksi stress fisiologi dan psikologis. Salah satu dampak operasi adalah cemas. Data WHO (2012) melaporkan 50% pasien di dunia mengalami kecemasan, 5-25% berusia 5-20 tahun dan 50% berusia 55 tahun. Tingkat kecemasan pasien Pre Operatif mencapai 534 juta jiwa. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi kecemasan diantaranya dukungan keluarga. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan tingkat kecemasan pasien pre operasi bedah mayor elektif di Ruang Nyi Ageng Serang RSUD Sekarwangi. Pre operasi adalah tahap ketika ada keputusan untuk intervensi bedah dan diakhiri ketika klien dikirim ke meja operasi. Kecemasan adalah kekhawatiran tidak jelas, berkaitan dengan perasaan tidak pasti dan tidak berdaya. Dukungan keluarga adalah keadaan yang bermanfaat bagi individu dari orang lain yang dipercaya. Jenis penelitian korelasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan aksidental sampling sebanyak 47 orang. Seluruh instrumen dinyatakan valid (nilai p-value <0,05), reliabilitas sebesar 0,967, pengambilan data menggunakan kuisioner dan analisis statistik menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar responden mendapat dukungan keluarga sebanyak 24 orang (51,1%), sebagian besar responden memiliki kecemasan ringan dan tidak memiliki kecemasan sebanyak 19 orang (40,4%). Terdapat hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan kecemasan pasien pre operasi bedah mayor elektif di Ruang Nyi Ageng Serang RSUD Sekarwangi (p-value 0,020). Kesimpulan, terdapat hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan kecemasan pasien pre operasi bedah mayor elektif di Ruang Nyi Ageng Serang RSUD Sekarwangi. Penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai sumber acuan dalam asuhan keperawatan dan sebagai data dasar untuk melakukan penelitian dengan jenis metode penelitian yang berbeda.
¿Qué hacer?
Authors: Rosé Alberto Martín 
Published: December 2024

Resumen:El texto explora las consecuencias sociales, políticas y económicas del gobierno de Javier Milei en Argentina y se describe cómo el país ha alcanzado una “ucronía distópica”, un escenario de ficción contrafactual que parecía imposible. Argentina ha sido transformada en un “laboratorio social” donde políticas de austeridad extrema y un discurso libertario agresivo han exacerbado la pobreza (52.9%) y la indigencia (18.1%), según datos de 2024. Milei, visto inicialmente como una figura excéntrica, ha consolidado su poder y su retórica polarizante ha incrementado la tensión social y el malestar económico. Se subraya cómo los procesos de desindustrialización y la reducción de derechos sociales son promovidos por la administración actual, mientras los sectores industriales y financieros se benefician. Se conecta estas políticas con la “Doctrina del Shock” de Naomi Klein, donde las crisis actuales han sido aprovechadas para implementar medidas de corte neoliberal. Se concluye con un llamado a la resistencia y la organización frente a este gobierno.Palabras clave: Ucronía distópica - Estado - Doctrina del Schock. SummaryThe text explores the social, political and economic consequences of Javier Milei’s government in Argentina and describes how the country has reached a “dystopian uchrony”, a counterfactual fictional scenario that seemed impossible. Argentina has been transformed into a “social laboratory” where extreme austerity policies and aggressive libertarian discourse have exacerbated poverty (52.9%) and homelessness (18.1%), according to data from 2024. Milei, initially seen as an eccentric figure, has consolidated his power and his polarizing rhetoric has increased social tension and economic unrest. It highlights how the processes of deindustrialization and the reduction of social rights are promoted by the current administration, while the industrial and financial sectors benefit. These policies are connected to Naomi Klein’s “Shock Doctrine”, where current crises have been exploited to implement neoliberal measures. It concludes with a call for resistance and organization against this government.Key words: Dystopian uchrony - State - Doctrine of the Shock.
Envejecer como acto de rebeldía. Mujeres travesti-trans y nuevas trayectorias de vejez.
Authors: Wood Sofìa , Jacob Cristian 
Published: December 2024

Resumen:El presente artículo tiene como objetivo aportar reflexiones en torno a la heterogeneidad, diversidad y desigualdad en la vejez. Estas reflexiones surgen a partir del diálogo entre dos investigaciones en el campo gerontológico, que abordando diversos interrogantes, se inscriben en un enfoque de la vejez multidimensional, de derecho y decolonial (Torres Brassar y Jacob, 2024; Wood, 2023). Ambos estudios, a partir de las voces de las propias vejeces, concluyen en la construcción colectiva de espacios grupales como espacios sociales y políticos, comprendiendo tanto espacios de vinculación social como espacios que abren nuevas formas de habitar y alojar la vejez diversa. Abordamos las aproximaciones que arrojan las reflexiones en torno a las nuevas trayectorias de vejez de mujeres travesti-trans a partir de la experiencia ‘La Rosa Naranja’ en la construcción de espacios colectivos de vinculación social como resistencias frente a las desigualdades. Experiencias y sentidos en torno a los procesos de envejecimiento en contexto de desigualdad, donde la vejez como construcción diversa y situada adquiere especial relevancia en los escenarios actuales que tensionan los derechos de las vejeces, el derecho a la vejez de las mujeres travesti-trans y sus devenires. Se propone visibilizar el envejecimiento como acto de rebeldía, así como las conquistas de derechos del colectivo travesti-trans.Palabras clave: Vejez - Mujeres Travesti-Trans - Desigualdad. SummaryThe objective of this article is to provide reflections on heterogeneity, diversity and inequality in old age. These reflections arise from the dialogue between two investigations in the gerontological field, which, addressing various questions, are part of a multidimensional, legal and decolonial approach to old age (Torres Brassar and Jacob, 2024; Wood, 2023). Both studies, based on the voices of the elderly themselves, conclude in the collective construction of group spaces as social and political spaces, comprising both spaces of social connection and spaces that open new ways of inhabiting and housing diverse old age. We address the approaches offered by the reflections on the new trajectories of old age of transvestite-trans women based on the experience ‘La Rosa Naranja’ in the construction of collective spaces of social connection as resistance against inequalities. Experiences and meanings around the aging processes in a context of inequality, where old age as a diverse and situated construction acquires special relevance in current scenarios that stress the rights of old age, the right to old age of transvestite-trans women and their futures. It aims to make aging visible as an act of rebellion, as well as the rights conquests of the transvestite-trans collective.Key words: Old Age, Transvestite Trans Women, Inequality.
Analisis Potensi Ekowisata pada Obyek Wisata Air Terjun Kanto Lampo sebagai Upaya Konservasi Alam dan Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal di Desa Beng, Gianyar - Bali
Authors: Budiasih Ni Gusti Ayu Nyoman , Anggreni Ni Wayan , Sutrisnawati Ni Ketut , Saskara I Ketut , Purwahita AAA Ribeka Martha 
Published: December 2024

Obyek Wisata Air Terjun Kanto Lampo merupakan salah satu destinasi wisata alam yang berada di Desa Beng, Kecamatan Gianyar, Kabupaten Gianyar, Bali. Obyek wisata ini memiliki potensi ekowisata yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat sekitar dan melestarikan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi ekowisata pada obyek wisata tersebut dan memberikan arahan pengembangan ekowisata yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip konservasi alam dan pengembangan ekonomi lokal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori 1) Teori Ekowisata dan 2) Teori Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa obyek wisata Air Terjun Kanto Lampo memiliki potensi ekowisata yang tinggi, ditunjukkan oleh adanya daya tarik alam, budaya, dan sosial yang beragam dan menarik, serta dukungan aksesibilitas, fasilitas, dan pelayanan yang memadai. Namun, terdapat beberapa permasalahan yang menghambat pengembangan ekowisata, seperti rendahnya kualitas sumber daya manusia, dan belum optimalnya pengelolaan dan kerja sama antara pihak-pihak terkait. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan beberapa arahan pengembangan ekowisata, antara lain: meningkatkan kapasitas dan keterlibatan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan ekowisata, melakukan upaya konservasi lingkungan secara berkelanjutan, mengembangkan produk dan paket wisata yang berbasis pada kearifan lokal, memperkuat promosi dan pemasaran ekowisata, dan membangun jejaring dan kemitraan yang sinergis antara pemerintah, swasta, akademisi, dan masyarakat.
اللغة العربية وإشكالات تعليمها بين واقع الأزمة ورهانات التغيير
Authors: إبرير بشير 
Published: December 2024

تتناول هذه الدراسة جملة من القضايا المتعلّقة بتعليم اللغة العربية بصورة عامة من حيث الأسس المعرفية والمحتويات ومنهجيات التبليغ والوسائل المعنية وأساليب التقويم. وسنحاول تحديد مفهوم مصطلح" أزمة"، ذلك أنّ المسالة التربوية بصفة عامة وتعليم الالغة العربية بصفة خاصة قد أصبحت تطرح عندنا عدّة إشكالات تبعا للجدل الفكري متعدّدة البعاد والمرجعيات؛ ممّا يجعلها مكّونا أساسيا في المسألة الاجتماعية ككل.إن التفكير المنهجي وما ينتج عنه من تحليل في إطار البحث العلمي يعد مسألة بالغة الصعوبة لون المنهج الوسيلة الأساسية لتنمية التفكير العلمي الموضوعي وتوجه بما يكسب الباحث أو المتعلم الملكات الوظيفية التي تؤهله للتكيف مع المواقف المختلفة التي يجد نفسه في خضمها، ثن إن البحث العلمي صار في عصرنا هذا جزءا مهما من الحياة الثقففية وسلاحا قويا يقتحم به الباحث ماضي أمنة ويحلل به واقعه ويستشرف به استراتجيياته ويساهم في إيجاد الحلول للإشكالا المطروحة امامه.
الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي و معجمه " العين"
Authors: منقور عبد الجليل 
Published: December 2024

لقد وضع الخليل معجمه على نحو بديع وصناعة فريدة، فالأساس الصوتي الذي وضعت من خلاله الترتيبات في معجم العين كان استثمارا لمعارف الخليل الرّياضية والموسيقيّة،فقد حدد المخرج الصوتي بعزل الحرف عن بنيته ثم تبيّن صفة نطقه، ولم يصنف الحروف وفقا لمخارجها فقط وإنما وفقا للحيّز الذي يشغله الصوت في الحلق والفم.وقد ميّز بين المستعمل والمهمل من الكلمات من خلال معيار الذّلاقة، والأصيل والدّخيل منها، عبر نظام التقليبات، وهو نظام ذو بعد رياضيّ إحصائيّ، قائم على مبدأ الاحتمالات لبنّظريّة ومبدأ التّوزيع الفونيمي. وقد اعتمد طريقة الشرح بالضد والكلمة الواحدة والشرح بالتلازم والسياق والسؤال وغيرها...وقد أثرت طريقته في وضع المعاجم في الصناعة المعجميّة بعده.