bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Embolic Events by Capnography and Trans-oesophageal Echocardiography during Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Matis U. , Reindl S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTrans-oesophageal echocardiography and continuous monitoring of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at end expiration (PETCO2) were performed in 63 dogs during total hip replacement and in three dogs during femoral stem revision. The PET CO2 usually did not change during insertion of the acetabular prosthesis, but in 17.5% of the cases, it decreased by more than 10 mmHg after insertion of the femoral prosthesis. In all of the cases, transoesophageal echocardiography revealed echogenic structures in the right side of the heart, immediately after insertion of the acetabular and of the femoral prostheses. These appeared as either numerous pinpoint echoes, which passed through the right side of the heart in a “snow flurry” like fashion, or more echogenic particles. The embolaemia, seen ultrasonographically, was categorized into one of six grades of severity. Statistical analysis showed significant positive correlations between the severity of the embolaemia and the extent of the decrease in PETCO2 (rs = 0.405; P = 0.001; n = 60), and between the severity of the embolaemia and the duration of the decrease in PETCO2 before it returned to baseline values (rs = 0.345; P = 0.007; n = 60).Trans-oesophageal echocardiography demonstrated that embolaemia was induced during cemented prosthesis insertion. It was proposed that an increase in intramedullary pressure, during insertion, forces bone marrow into the venous circulation. Bone marrow itself can constitute an embolus, but also it may activate intravascular coagulation, thus leading to thromboembolism, in addition to bone marrow embolism. Elongated particulate emboli, up to several centimetres in length, were seen on ultrasonogrammes and were thought to be, at least in part, products of intravascular coagulation. A significant decrease in the platelet concentration in peripheral venous blood, after insertion of the femoral prosthesis, was also indicative of intravascular coagulation. The extent of the impairment of gas exchange was documented by means of capnography. The significant positive correlation between the embolaemia, seen via ultrasonography, and the decrease in PETCO2 strongly suggest a causal relationship between the two variables. The rapid recovery, that occurred in most patients, is attributed to the enormous lytic ability of pulmonary tissue. Prophylactic measures include the maintenance of normovolaemia during the operations, thorough lavage of the intramedullary cavity before prosthesis insertion and steps to prevent an increase in intramedullary pressure during implantation.Using trans-oesophageal echocardiography, embolaemia in the right side of the heart was consistently detected immediately after insertion of cemented acetabular as well as cemented femoral prostheses in dogs. There was a significant correlation between the severity of the embolaemia and the decrease in carbon dioxide at end expiration (PETCO2) after femoral prosthesis insertion.
Bending properties of stainless steel dynamic compression plates and limited contact dynamic compression plates
Authors: Hill C. M. , Kageyama T. , Conzemius M. G. , Smith G. K. , Little F. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe equivalent bending stiffness and bending strength of the stainless steel DCP and stainless steel LC-DCP were compared. Three plates, of each size, were tested destructively in ‘four point bending’. All of the LC-DCP were significantly less stiff and less strong than the comparable size DCP, with the exception of the 4.5 mm narrow LC-DCP which was significantly stronger and more stiff than the 4.5 mm narrow DCP (p <.01). The design advantages of the LC-DCP are ease and versatility of plate application and improved cortical blood flow which one assumes promotes fracture healing. Also, the lower recorded stiffness of the LC-DCP may be advantageous in that it decreases the stress protection of the plated bone. Since optimal strength and stiffness of bone plates are currently unknown, the clinical relevance of the decreased strength and stiffness of the LC-DCP has yet to be determined.Stainless steel LC-DCP and DCP of various sizes were tested in four point bending to ascertain equivalent bending stiffness and bending strength of each type of plate. The LC-DCP were consistently less stiff and strong than their DCP counterparts (p <.01) with the exception of the 4.5 mm Narrow LC-DCP which was stronger and more stiff than the 4.5 mm Narrow DCP. In general, as plate size increased. the difference between the two plate designs decreased. If it can be shown that there is not any detrimental effect on fracture healing, the design features of the LC-DCP make it a desirable choice for most fracture applications.
Management of sternebral osteomyelitis in a horse
Authors: Neuwirth L. , Gull T. , Pack L. A. , Rhoads W. S. 
Published: March 2018

SummarySternal osteomyelitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for horses with chronic swelling and drainage from the ventral thorax. Other differentials should include foreign body, fungal infection or neoplasia. The sternum can become infected from direct trauma or penetrating wounds, or secondary to extension of a distant site of infection, including septic jugular thrombophlebitis. Radiographs can be obtained of the caudal sternum in the standing horse. Partial sternebrectomy can be effective for the treatment of sternal infections in horses.Sternebral osteomyelitis is uncommon in animals. The case reported describes the pathogenesis and treatment of sternebral osteomyelitis that developed in a horse following abdominal surgery. Partial sternebrectomy, local, and systemic antimicrobial therapy were effective in resolving the infection and returning the horse to its previous use.
Simple and multiple fractures of the radius treated with an external fixator
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Toombs J. P. , Schaeffer D. J. , Laverty P. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe medical records of 56 dogs with diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna treated with Type lb or Type II external skeletal fixation were reviewed. The patients were referred to the College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois or the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine during the period from 1983 to 1999. There were thirty-two “simple” fractures and twenty-four multiple fractures. Twenty-four Type II frames and eight Type lb frames were used to treat the “simple” fractures. Twenty Type II frames and four Type lb frames were used to treat the multiple fractures. Eight of the thirty-two dogs with “simple” fractures and twelve of the twenty-four dogs with multiple fractures were admitted with open fractures. Open fractures were associated with a significantly longer time to fracture “bridging” Open reduction was used more frequently for the treatment of dogs with “simple” fractures. Open reduction resulted in greater bone contact at the fracture site. Contact at the fracture site resulted in a shorter time to removal of the external fixation. Clinical union was achieved in fifty of fifty-six fractures, with a mean time to removal of the fixation of 14.2 weeks. Significant difference, in the mean time to fracture “bridging” or the mean time to fixator removal, were not found between the “simple” and multiple fracture groups. Complications occurred in 25% (14/56) of fractures. Complications of fracture healing occurred in 18% (9/56) of fracture repairs, and fracture related complications occurred in 9%. The complications occurred more frequently in dogs weighing under 5 kg. There was not any difference between the “simple” and multiple fracture groups, with respect to the type or frequency of complications experienced. The results of this study indicate that stabilization, with an External Fixator, is an appropriate treatment for both “simple” and multiple diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna.
The unilateral external fixator and acrylic connecting bar, combined with I.M pin, for the treatment of tibial fractures
Authors: Shani J. , Shahar R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA unilateral external skeletal fixator (ESF) system with an acrylic connecting bar, combined with an intramedullary (I.M) pin, was used to treat simple, comminuted and open fractures of the tibia in 12 clinical cases occurring in large and small dogs, and in cats. A minimal surgical approach was used in all cases. The I.M pin was placed first, in the normograde fashion, to align the tibial fragments. Transfixation pins were then inserted from the medial side, using previously published guidelines for safe corridors in the tibia (30), thus minimizing the potential for soft tissue trauma. An acrylic connecting bar was used in all of the cases, enabling connection of pins that were not in the same plane. All of the fractures healed uneventfully. This report shows that unilateral ESF with an acrylic connecting bar, combined with an I.M pin, is an effective method for the repair of a wide variety of tibial fractures.
Ventral fixation of cervical vertebral fractures in two red kangaroos using screws and polymethylmethacrylate
Authors: Dyce J. , Ivany J. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFractures of the cervical vertebrae in two tetraparetic juvenile red kangaroos were stabilized using a modified ventral screws and polymethylmethacrylate technique. One kangaroo developed terminal ventilatory complications during anaesthesia. The second recovered normal mobility.
Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle as the cause of lameness in dogs
Authors: Heinen V. , Fehr M. , Nolte I. , Meyer-Lindenberg A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn a retrospective and prospective trial over six years, 17 joints from 13 dogs presented with incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC) were included. All dogs showed lameness of the forelimb but no humeral condylar fractures. One dog showed a fracture of the olecranon. Four of the bilaterally affected dogs showed only unilateral lameness. 53.8% of the dogs (7/13) were younger than one year. With regard to breed distribution, the German Wachtel was most frequently represented with three dogs. In 12 dogs the diagnosis was made by radiography in a craniocaudal view, and seven dogs could be further investigated by computed tomography. In one dog the diagnosis was only made during arthroscopy. Two joints showed an additional fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna and another two an osteochondrosis dissecans of the medial humeral condyle. During arthroscopy, all joints showed a clearly visible fissure line in the joint cartilage between the humeral condyles. In ten joints the I0HC was treated with a transcondylar lag screw under arthroscopic control. Three of the four bilaterally affected dogs were treated only unilaterally because of a lack of lameness on the other side. In the dog with the olecranon fracture, only the fracture was treated. The patients were rechecked clinically and radiologically (n = 10) or by means of a questionnaire (n = 1) at an average of 26 months post operation. Seven cases, six of them treated by lag screw fixation, did not show any lameness. Three joints (one dog with olecranon fracture, two unilaterally affected dogs with lag screw fixation) showed some degree of lameness after heavy strain and one dog showed a continuous slight lameness. The four bilaterally affected and only unilaterally treated dogs showed no lameness on the untreated joint. With regard to development of arthrosis, six radiographically examined joints showed no increase in arthroses. In five joints the increase was mild and in two joints moderate. In six joints with lag screw fixation, the IOHC was radiographically unified and was confirmed by computed tomography in three cases.
Validation of canine cancellous and cortical polyurethane foam bone models
Authors: Kennedy S. C. , Johnson A. L. , Pijanowski G. J. , Ehrhart N. , Schaeffer D. , Silbernagel J. T. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to develop standard canine cortical and cancellous polyurethane foam (PUF) bone models. Canine cancellous and cortical bone mineral densities were determined with dual-energy-x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Polyurethane foam was cast in two densities, corresponding to the predetermined canine cancellous and cortical bone mineral densities for use as synthetic bone models. Cancellous bone screws (4.0 mm and 6.5 mm) were extracted from both canine cancellous bone segments and blocks of cancellous density PUF. Cortex bone screws (3.5 mm and 4.5 mm) were extracted from both canine cortical bone segments and blocks of cortical density PUF. There was not any difference in the cancellous screw pull-out forces between cancellous density PUF and canine cancellous bone. Cortex screw pull-out forces were significantly less for cortical density PUF than for canine cortical bone. Cancellous density PUF makes an excellent cancellous bone model for use in implant testing.
Cadaveric evaluation of canine arthroscopic bicipital tenotomy
Authors: Schulz K. S. , Ingel K. , Holsworth I. G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purposes of this study were to determine the optimal portal location, limb position and instrumentation for arthroscopic assisted biceps tenotomy as an alternative to open tendon transection and humeral tenodesis and to evaluate anatomical location and support of the tendon following transection.Eight canine cadaver shoulder joints underwent arthroscopic visualization of bicipital tendon length via cranio-lateral and caudo-lateral camera portals in a variety of thoracic limb positions to determine maximal tendon length visualization by anatomical marking. Comparison of tenotomy time and ease was compared between radio frequency microscalpel, blade and arthroscopic shaver. Gross anatomical dissection was performed post-tenotomy to record tendon lengths, locations and supporting structures.The cranio-lateral camera port in conjunction with combined moderate shoulder and elbow flexion optimized tendon visualization, accessible length, and instrumentation ease. Visualized tendon length varied from 39-76% of total tendon length. Tenotomy times were lowest via blade and were unable to be performed with the shaver. After tenotomy the distal tendon segment remained loosely tethered within the in- tertubercular groove at the level of the intertubercular ligament by tendon sheath and capsular attachments.Biceps tenotomy is readily performed with standard arthroscopic equipment. Appropriate limb positioning and modification of previously described portals allows maximal access. Immediately posttenotomy the distal tendon is loosely maintained within the bicipital groove by tendon sheath and capsular attachments.
Management of comminuted supracondylar fractures of the humerus with closed reduction and a hybrid type Ml external fixator
Authors: Eaton-Wells R. D. , Mitchell R. A. S. , Fearnside S. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryClosed reduction and a hybrid type I-II external skeletal fixator (ESF) were utilised for the repair of comminuted supracondylar humeral fractures in seven dogs and two cats. The modified design of the ESF afforded significant flexibility in the management of these fractures, with closed reduction allowing the principles of biological osteosynthesis to be applied. Successful bone healing was achieved in eight cases. During implant removal, refracture occurred in one case. In comminuted supracondylar fractures of the humerus, where accurate fragment reduction is not feasible or where reconstruction may lead to further soft tissue damage and compromised blood supply to the bony fragments, the construct appeared to offer advantages, both mechanically and biologically, over other external fixator designs or bone plating. The design was used successfully in both large and small dog breeds and cats. The aim of this study is to report on the management and outcomes of comminuted supracondylar fractures managed using closed reduction and a hybrid type I-II ESF.
Kinematics of the elbow and stifle joints in greyhounds during treadmill trotting An investigation of familiarisation
Authors: Richards J. , Clements D. N. , Drew S. T. , Bennett D. , Carmichael S. , Owen M. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryWe studied the familiarisation time required to obtain reliable sagittal plane kinematics for the elbow and stifle joints in eleven treadmill-naïve greyhounds trotting on a treadmill. Motion analysis software was used to measure sagittal elbow and stifle joint movements and to calculate joint angular velocities. After a twominute walking initiation period, the dogs trotted for two and a half minutes. Three trials of three seconds (27 to 30, 72 to 75 and 117 to 120 seconds) trotting, each comprising four complete strides, were analysed. The angle versus time and angular velocity versus time graphs were plotted. For each stride, angular velocity and angular velocity data at key points during the gait cycle were recorded. These angles corresponded with the flexion and extension angles and the peak angular velocities of the elbow and stifle joints during stance and swing phase. Reliable elbow and stifle joint kinematics were obtained within 30 seconds of trotting, which did not differ significantly over the twominute test period indicating that the dogs had familiarised to the treadmill.
Tibial plateau angles with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Howard J. , Rytz U. , Spreng D. , Schawalder P. , Doherr M. , Schmökel H. , Venzin C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe tibial plateau angles (TPA) of dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) injuries were evaluated and further compared to the TPAs of dogs from a previous population and of wolves. Similar TPA measurements were found in all groups, suggesting that any possible changes in breeding practises, breed preferences, nutrition or other factors have not significantly influenced the TPA over time. Moreover, a difference was not found in the TPA between any group and the group affected with CrCL injury, suggesting that the TPA is not a clinically relevant predisposing factor in the development of canine CrCL rupture.
Villonodular synovitis in the dog
Authors: Sjöström L. , Åkerblom S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFour cases of villonodular synovitis were diagnosed by histopathology. All four dogs were treated medically with either carprophen or a combination of carprophen and glucosamine complex (Cosequin®). In three of the dogs the condition improved significantly, and these dogs returned to normal workload.
Digital radiography
Authors: Mattoon J. S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryDigital radiography has been used in human medical imaging since the 1980's with recent and rapid acceptance into the veterinary profession. Using advanced image capture and computer technology, radiographic images are viewed on a computer monitor. This is advantageous because radiographic images can be adjusted using dedicated computer software to maximize diagnostic image quality. Digital images can be accessed at computer workstations throughout the hospital, instantly retrieved from computer archives, and transmitted via the internet for consultation or case referral. Digital radiographic data can also be incorporated into a hospital information system, making record keeping an entirely paperless process. Digital image acquisition is faster when compared to conventional screen-film radiography, improving workflow and patient throughput. Digital radiography greatly reduces the need for “retake” radiographs because of wide latitude in exposure factors. Also eliminated are costs associated with radiographic film and x-ray film development. Computed radiography, charged coupled devices, and flat panel detectors are types of digital radiography systems currently available.
Osteoinductive properties of the bone marrow Myth or reality
Authors: van Bree H. , Tshamala M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe osteogenic potential of red bone marrow was first reported more than 100 years ago. Since then, studies have reported controversial results that do not confirm nor disprove the capacity of fresh red bone marrow to produce bone. Researches have been focused on techniques that improve the efficiency of the bone marrow, including: the increase of the concentration of the mesenchymal stem cells in the aspirated bone marrow, the combination with a ‘carrier’ that helps to maintain the mesenchymal stem cells and guides and supports the vascular ingrowth in the defect, or the combination with bone growth factors that stimulate the marrow stromal cells to differentiate into bone forming cells. Each of these techniques has its drawbacks and increases the expenses of an operation. On the other hand, the synergistic effect observed with these combinations does not resolve the problem of the osteogenic capacity of pure bone marrow, which still remains questionable.
Complications and radiographic findings following cemented total hip replacement
Authors: Gilley R. S. , Shofer F. S. , Kapatkin A. S. , Bergh M. S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryCemented total hip replacement (cTHR) is commonly performed to treat intractable coxofemoral pain in dogs. While owners generally perceive a good outcome after the procedure, the longevity of the implant may be limited by complications such as infection and aseptic loosening. The objective of this retrospective study was to identify the prevalence of complications and radiographic changes following cTHR, and to identify factors that may predispose to a need for revision surgery. Medical records and radiographs from 97 dogs that underwent cTHR were evaluated for signalment, preoperative degree of osteoarthritis, technical errors, intra-operative culture results, and the post-operative radiographic appearance of the implant. The complications occurring in the intra-operative and short-term (<eight week) periods, and the radiographic appearance of the implant in the long-term (>eight week) time period were recorded. Mean (±SD) follow-up time was 1.1 ± 1.6 years (range: 0–7.7 years). Seven dogs had a short-term complication and a revision surgery was performed in eleven dogs. Osseous or cement changes were radiographically detectable in the majority of cTHR. Eccentric positioning of the femoral stem and the presence of radiolucent lines at the femoral cement-bone interface were positively associated with the occurrence of revision surgery. The clinical significance of the periprosthetic radiographic changes is unclear and further investigation is warranted.
Surgical repair of a tibial fracture in a Belgian Landrace pig
Authors: Martens A. , Declercq J. , Schauvliege S. , Weiland L. , Gasthuys F. , Vertenten G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis paper reports the surgical treatment of a tibial fracture in a castrated adult male Belgian Landrace pig of 180 kg. The fracture was repaired using an intramedullary Steinmann pin, combined with cerclage wire and external transfixation. In contrast to other animal species, the fracture repair in the pig was hindered by the short and curved bones, the thick subcutaneous fat layer and the pronounced musculature. Postoperatively, the pig developed an osteomyelitis of the tibia due to pin tract contamination. Despite this complication, the fracture healed acceptably when all fixation material was removed two months after surgery. The infection resolved quickly and a satisfactory clinical result was obtained.