bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hunting disturbance and the timing of autumn migration in Anas species
Authors: Väänänen Veli‐Matti 
Published: May 2018

In Europe, waterfowl hunting is a popular recreational activity, especially in waterfowl staging and wintering areas, but also in breeding areas such as Finland. This paper gives an account of hunting disturbance, timing of autumn migration and refuge use in Anas species in eutrophic wetlands in central Finland (63°N, 27°E) during 1995–1999. Based on the timing of migration, duck species may be divided into early and late migrants. In two lakes (total area 2.2 km2) which were monitored on a weekly basis during 1995–1998, numbers of late migrants, i.e. mallard Anas platyrhynchos, teal Anas crecca and wigeon Anas penelope, increased towards the opening of hunting season on 20 August, whereas shoveler Anas clypeata, pintail Anas acuta and garganey Anas querquedula migrated early, and peak numbers of these species occurred already in the beginning of August. Consequently, in Finland's inland lake area, hunting disturbance relates differently to early and late migrating species. Immediately after the opening of the season the numbers of dabbling ducks collapsed and the average numbers in the wetlands were only 9.3% of the numbers present at the end of the protection period in 1995–1998. A corresponding decrease in numbers occurred in 13 lakes (total area 8.5 km2) in the Finnish inland lake district in 1999. After the beginning of the open season numbers of wigeon, teal and mallard decreased in unprotected areas, but increased in a refuge area. In Finland, refuge areas with high‐quality foraging and moulting habitats for waterfowl are few, so a network of waterfowl reserves could mitigate the effects of hunting disturbance.
Monitoring feeding behaviour of brent geese Branta bernicla using position‐sensitive radio transmitters
Authors: Hassall Mark , Lane Simon J. , Stock Martin , Percival Steve M. , Pohl Barbara 
Published: May 2018

Though the occurrence of night time feeding has been demonstrated in numerous species of wildfowl, accurately quantifying this behaviour visually is inherently difficult and so alternative techniques are required. During the course of two distinct projects on the ecology of brent geese Branta bernicla in England (Studies A and B) and another in Germany (Study C) we used position‐sensitive radio transmitters, attached to thin leather neck collars, to monitor feeding behaviour remotely. In this paper, we present a collective account of the method. Transmitter units emitted pulses at two different intervals depending on the orientation of a built‐in tilt switch; generally shorter intervals (ca 1.1 seconds) when a bird lowered its neck to feed and longer intervals (ca 1.4 seconds) when in upright positions, though in some units this was reversed. Daytime observations of each radio‐marked goose were required to produce predictive equations which described the proportion of time feeding in terms of mean pulse interval (Study B), number of long intervals between pulses (Study C) or the proportion of time in which pulses were received at short (or in some cases long) intervals (Study A). Coefficients of determination ranged within 0.13–0.95. These equations could be used to interpret data that was received and stored at regular intervals (30 or 60 seconds) during night time by a data logging system. Each study also assessed whether the collars affected the behaviour of the geese. No significant behavioural differences were observed for free‐ranging birds wearing collars compared to nearby birds without. This technique is a realistic option for ecological studies of wildfowl requiring construction of feeding time budgets through the night as well as the day.
Sustainable exploitation: a review of principles and methods
Authors: Sutherland William J. 
Published: May 2018

Although the main theoretical framework determining how to exploit populations was derived almost 50 years ago, overexploitation is common. I review 10 major concepts underlying the regulation of exploitation: population increase can be exploited; density dependence is essential; quantifying density dependence is exceedingly difficult; sustainable exploitation involves reducing population size; population growth rate is usually mismeasured; sustainability has many conflicting definitions and the choice depends upon the objectives; it is better to monitor the population than the harvest; quotas are unstable; increasing effort is simple, reducing it is painful; exploit conservatively. I then give a brief account of each of the nine main methods that are used to determine sustainable exploitation and the uses, advantages and limitations of each. The nine techniques are: surplus production models, yield per recruit models, Robinson and Redford model, linking yield to recruitment and mortality, adjusting to population changes, comparing demography across sites, reducing to a fixed fraction of unexploited population size, full population models and adaptive management.
MooseAlces alceshunting in Finland ‐ an ecological risk analysis
Authors: Luoma Anne , Ranta Esa , Kaitala Veijo 
Published: May 2018

The mooseAlces alcespopulation in Finland has been managed for sustained harvest since 1970 by regulating annual hunting quotas. However, against all expectations the population size declined in the 1990s. An ecological risk analysis approach was used to build a growth model with annual harvest for the moose population. In the model there is stochasticity in the parameters representing population dynamics. We shall address: 1) whether the population decline could be due to a mismatch between harvest and anticipated population growth rate, and 2) to what extent hunting the moose population down to a much lower target size succeeds. A central element in this is the assumption that the estimate of the pre‐hunting population size errs. First, the probability of a population decline due to hunting increases from values close to 0% up to 100% in a very narrow range (15–25%) of harvest rates. Even with high birth rates the risk of a population decline was substantial when the hunting rate exceeded 25% for cows and 37.5% for calves and bulls. The 1974–1994 moose harvest rate was, on average, ca 45% of the population size in autumn. The high rate suggests that the harvest might have been too intense in that period to keep the population stable. Second, we set the target to reduce the moose population drastically (to say 50% of the existing population size). Assuming that the estimates of the population size may err, our analysis shows that the achieved population size after the severe harvest is far below the size we aimed at.
Characteristics of hazel grouse Bonasa bonasia distribution in southern Korea
Authors: Rhim Shin‐Jae , Lee Woo‐Shin 
Published: May 2018

During October 1998 ‐ May 1999, we studied the distribution of hazel grouse Bonasa bonasia and the structure of their habitats in southern Korea. Hazel grouse were censused from the responses to calls imitated using a Scandinavian metal hunter's whistle in winter and spring along line transects. Hazel grouse were distributed in most of the high mountain forest areas in southern Korea. The frequency of occurrence varied with altitude within the range of 300–1,200 m a.s.l., with the highest density at 600–900 m a.s.l. Altitudinal distribution differed between seasons, however, and hazel grouse were observed at lower altitudes more often in winter than in spring. They occurred in mixed, deciduous and coniferous forest areas, but the use of forest types varied by season. Particularly many individuals were observed in planted Japanese larch Larix leptolepis forests. The coverage and density of understory vegetation was more developed where hazel grouse were observed, but coverage more than 2 m above ground did not seem to be important in explaining hazel grouse presence. The occurrence of hazel grouse was related to the development of understory vegetation more than to forest type. Seasonal use of forest types may have been related to the combined availability of food and cover in understory vegetation.
Age determination in leverets of European hareLepus europaeusbased on body measurements
Authors: Bray Yves , Champely Stephane , Soyez Dominique 
Published: May 2018

The objective of our work was to provide allometric relationships between different body measurements and age of young leverets of European hareLepus europaeus(less than two months old) for use in live‐trapping studies. Five morphometric variables were measured to predict the age of leverets: body mass, skull length, skull width, hind foot length and ear length. The hares came from two rearing centres near Paris (France) and were handled in 1995 and 1996. Measurement repeatability of each variable was compared in a pilot study (N = 51 leverets) and the effect of rearing centre on the growth curve was tested for the first 30 days after birth. We used a complementary sample (N = 168 leverets) to establish a model of age determination using I‐splines regression. The skull length was the best candidate variable based on measurement repeatability, comparability between the two rearing centres and goodness of fit. I‐spline modelling has minimal underlying statistical assumptions. In addition, it provides easy‐to‐use and powerful plots of the relation between age and measurements, including confidence limits estimated by a bootstrap procedure.
Temporal variation in feeding tactics: exploring the role of competition and predators in wintering dabbling ducks
Authors: Guillemain Matthieu , Fritz Hervé 
Published: May 2018

To evaluate the effects of competition and predation on foraging by wintering granivorous dabbling ducks, we collected data on long‐term changes in foraging methods used during winter in the marshes of western France. Teal Anas crecca, mallard A. platyrhynchos and pintail A. acuta start feeding in shallow areas, and later switch to deeper feeding methods. We show experimentally that the food intake rate is 1.5 times higher in shallow (5 cm) than in deep (35 cm) areas, which may explain why shallow feeding is the principal method used early in the winter season. In the field, the switch between foraging methods was neither related to the frequency of fly‐overs by raptors nor to the density of competitors at a foraging site, although birds foraged deeper sooner at sites frequented more often. Thus, the potential role of interference competition remained unclear. Conversely, at each site, the proportion of deep foragers increased with increasing cumulative numbers of foragers, used as a measure of food depletion. We therefore have no evidence that disturbance by predators has an important effect on the foraging methods used, whereas competition through food depletion may play a major role.
Dispersal, survival and causes of mortality in black grouse Tetrao tetrix in northern England
Authors: Warren Philip K. , Baines David 
Published: May 2018

Between autumn 1998 and spring 2000, 70 black grouse Tetrao tetrix (48 poults and 22 adults) were equipped with radio transmitters in the North Pennines, England. We recorded timing and distances of dispersal, survival rates and causes of death. First‐year survival rates differed between years, but in each year were highest in late autumn prior to dispersal, when predation by stoats Mustela erminea and raptors accounted for three‐quarters of deaths. First‐year grouse survival was lower than that of adult birds owing to predation in the autumn and winter by raptors and stoats. The annual adult survival rate of 0.72 was higher than those found in most other European studies. By contrast, breeding success was low. Dispersal was confined to first‐year hens, with distinct dispersal periods in late autumn (mean 10.3 km) and again in early spring (mean 5.8 km). Natal dispersal resulted in none of the first‐year hens breeding within the study area. Adults of either sex and first‐year cocks showed high site fidelity. This has practical repercussions when considering prescriptive management to aid species recovery and range expansion in relation to habitat fragmentation at both the local and regional levels.
Upland habitat use by Pyrenean grey partridges Perdix perdix hispaniensis during the breeding season
Authors: Novoa Claude , Aebischer Nicholas J. , Landry Philippe 
Published: May 2018

Whereas in most of Europe the decline of the grey partridge Perdix perdix is due primarily to agricultural intensification, the Pyrenean grey partridge P. p. hispaniensis is believed to suffer from the opposite effect, namely the abandonment of agricultural practices which allows the encroachment of dense shrublands. We investigated habitat use by the Pyrenean grey partridge during the breeding season and its relationship with reproductive success and survival. The study was based on 22 radio‐tagged grey partridges in a 5,800‐ha upland area of the eastern Pyrenees. Habitat use was non‐random, and shrubland with a shrub canopy cover higher than 40% was the most important requirement during the breeding season. In the spring, pairs that successfully reared a brood used shrublands (20–60% cover) twice as frequently as unsuccessful breeders, then in the summer halved their use of open habitats (montane grassland and shrubland with <40% cover), whereas failed breeders increased it sevenfold. Consequently, a good mixture of different cover types in the spring and summer is likely to provide the most suitable breeding habitat. There was no evidence linking the spring/summer survival of adult partridges to a particular habitat use. Current grazing practices, especially with the use of controlled burning to clear shrubby vegetation, reduce the amount of mature shrublands used by Pyrenean grey partridges. However, grazing management also delays the natural vegetation succession and hence contributes to the long‐term persistence of partridge habitat. Grazing practices that prevent reafforestation and maintain a mosaic of dense and open shrublands should be encouraged in the Pyrenean uplands.
Significance of lynx Lynx lynx predation for roe deer Capreolus capreolus and chamois Rupicapra rupicapra mortality in the Swiss Jura Mountains
Authors: Molinari‐Jobin Anja , Molinari Paolo , Breitenmoser‐Würsten Christine , Breitenmoser Urs 
Published: May 2018

Prey class selection and kill rates by lynx Lynx lynx were studied in the Swiss Jura Mountains from March 1988 until May 1998 to evaluate the significance of lynx predation for roe deer Capreolus capreolus and chamois Rupicapra rupicapra. We found clear differences in the kill rates and prey class selection between lynx of different age, sex and breeding status. Male lynx killed more chamois than female lynx, and chamois was never found in kill series of subadult lynx. Family groups had the highest kill rate. They killed an ungulate every 5.0 days, compared to an average of 6.2–6.6 days for single lynx. During our 10‐year study, the density of independent lynx was rather stable, ranging within 0.94–1.01 individuals/100 km2. Based on the observed kill rates and the estimated lynx population structure we calculated that lynx killed 354 ± 13 roe deer and 87 ±13 chamois annually in the 710 km2 study area. The magnitude of lynx predation on roe deer and chamois was primarily shaped by the lynx population structure. A decline in the number of resident male lynx reduced the number of chamois killed in the study area by ¼ of the previous number due to the difference in prey selection of male and female lynx. There was a difference in the most frequently killed age and sex classes between roe deer and chamois: lynx killed more male chamois (39%) than females or fawns, whereas in roe deer, does (38%) were most often killed. By altering adult survival, lynx predation has a significant impact on prey population dynamics. Lynx killed a maximum of 9% of the roe deer and 11 % of the chamois spring population. Considering the differences in the recruitment potential of the two prey species, lynx has a greater impact on chamois than on roe deer.
Site fidelity of wintering cormorantsPhalacrocorax carbo sinensisin Europe
Authors: Frederiksen Morten , Bregnballe Thomas , van Eerden Mennobart R. , van Rijn Stef , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique 
Published: May 2018

The breeding population of cormorantsPhalacrocorax carbo sinensishas expanded more than twenty‐fold in continental Europe since 1970, and these large piscivorous birds cause conflicts with human fishery interests in large parts of Europe, including areas outside their breeding range. Culling aimed at reducing local population size takes place in some wintering areas, particularly in France and Switzerland. The effectiveness of such management actions is unknown and depends on how high cormorant site fidelity is. We use winter resightings from the period 1980–2000 of 24,000 cormorants colour‐ringed in Denmark and The Netherlands to estimate site fidelity. Year‐to‐year fidelity to single sites (typically lakes) was 85–90%. For cormorants that changed site mean distances moved from year to year were typically between 10 and 50 km, depending on geographical location. However, long‐distance movements (maximum observed was 1,891 km) also occurred regularly. For larger parts of the winter range, exemplified by France, about 3% of all birds left the area from year to year. A mathematical model showed that the observed levels of movement among wintering areas were sufficiently high to sustain a wintering population in France at levels of culling which would drive it to extinction in the absence of immigration. Although cormorants are not nomadic outside the breeding season, as previously believed, site fidelity is sufficiently low and movement among wintering areas sufficiently high that it must be taken into account in management programmes.
Efek Motivasi Dan Disiplin Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Di KJKS BMT Mandiri Sejahtera Karang Cangkring Jawa TImur
Authors: Khoir Misbahul 
Published: May 2018

High employee performance can be achieved if all the elements that exist within the agency or organization well integrated, and it therefore requires the support of motivation and discipline in order to improve the employee's performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the effect of motivation and discipline to employee performance. This study aimed to examine the effect of motivation and discipline to employee performance either partially or simultaneously on KJKS Bmt Mandiri Sejahtera Karangcangkring East Java. The method used is quantitative method with a sample of 36 respondents. Data were collected by using questionnaires and data analysis used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed regression equation as follows: Y = 1,757 + 0.497X1 + 0.434X2 where variable Performance (Y), variable motivation (X1), variable working Discipline (X2). Hypothesis testing using the t test showed a significant independent variable partial effect on the dependent variable. Then known calculated F value of 44 275> 3:28 with a significance of 0.000 <0.05, meaning that the two independent variables studied simultaneously affect the performance of the variable that is equal to 72.9%. While the remaining 27.1% is influenced by other variables not included in this study.
Konsep Orang Tua Yang Durhaka Dalam Perspektif Islam
Authors: Aslamiyah Siti Suwaibatul 
Published: May 2018

Many are peeling many of wich explore the child’s ungodly behavior to parents, but few who explore the opposite phenomenon of the ungodly behavior of parents against their children. Children is a grace from God of Allah swt to his parents to be grateful, educated and fostered to be a good person, strong personality and ethical Islamic. While, the development of religion in children is largely determined by the education and their experience, especially during the pre-election period of expectant mothers and fathers and the first growth period from 0 to 12 years. For that, the author is moved to explore and examine (about) the concept of elderly parents in the perspective of Islam. This is the author thoroughly to know who exactly the child in his existence according to Islam? What is the rule and rule of education in family and family roles in children’s education? What are the preparations (actions) that are classified as the ungodly behavior of parens against the child? In this study shows there is an effect (impact) between the family environment (parents) on the formation of islamic character and ethics in children from an early age mainly from the factors of prospective fathers and prospective mothers so the authors get the correlation that the failure of good personality planting in early childhood will turn out to form a problematic person in his adulthood (his grow up). While the success of parents guiding their children will determine the formation of character and their morals so that the family environment conditions are crucial for the success of children in social life in their adult life later (after grow up). In this study resulted in the conclusion that there are some things that make the parents become ungodly against their children and it has been conceptualized in the holy book of the Qur’an which at least in this study collected there are 14 components of eldery behavior of the lawless to their children.
COMMUNICATIVE LEARNING IN THE CLASSROOM INTERACTION (A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS IN MAN 3 TULUNGAGUNG IN THE 2016/2017 ACADEMIC YEAR)
Authors: Azimah Anis 
Published: May 2018

This research aims at observing how the process of communicative learning occurred in the classroom interaction and identifying the types of interaction in the classroom. To meet the purposes of the research, this research raised the questions related to the principal features of Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching (COLT) scheme proposed by Nunan (1992). MAN 3 Tulungagung was taken as the setting of the research. The interaction between English teacher and students of Acceleration (X-10) class in the 2016/2017 academic year were recorded as the subject of the analysis. To examine the learning process and interaction, this research used qualitative approach in the form of descriptive method. In collecting the data, the researcher employed video recording. The data obtained through the observation was in the form of transcribed interaction. It was also found that the types of interaction occurred in the classroom are Teacher-Class (T - C), Teacher-Group (T-G), Teacher-Student(s) (T-S), and Student-Student (S-S) interactions. Each of this interaction is influential in the classroom. Regarding the findings of the research, the researcher concludes that these communicative analysis can be used as self-monitoring for English teacher to create communicative classroom. Therefore, this study is useful to introspect teacher’s and learner’s performance in the classroom. Key words: communicative Learning, Classroom Interaction.
PERANAN BADAN NARKOTIKA NASIONAL (BNN) KABUPATEN BLITAR DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA PADA RUANG LINGKUP SEKOLAH DI KABUPATEN BLITAR
Authors: Wibawa Brian Yuda 
Published: May 2018

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peranan dan kendala-kendala Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN) Kabupaten Blitar dalam upaya pencegahan penyalahgunaan narkoba pada ruang lingkup sekolah. Penelitian yuridis empiris di Kecamatan Wlingi Kabupaten Blitar ini menunjukkan bahwa peranan BNN Kabupaten Blitar dalam upaya pencegahan penyalahgunaan narkoba di lingkup sekolah sudah baik karena tugas pokok dan fungsinya sebagian besar sudah terealisasi. Kendala-kendala yang dihadapi BNN Kabupaten Blitar berasal dari faktor internal hukum, faktor sarana dan prasarana, serta pihak sekolah. Kata Kunci: Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN), Pencegahan, Ruang Lingkup Sekolah