bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use—evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
Authors: Cheng Kai‐Wen , Chaloupka Frank J. , Shang Ce , Ngo Anh , Fong Geoffrey T. , Borland Ron , Heckman Bryan W. , Levy David T. , Cummings K. Michael 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimsTo determine if there are associations between changes in the explicit (i.e. price) and implicit (i.e. use restrictions in public places) costs of cigarettes and nicotine vaping products (NVPs) and their use patterns in the United States.MethodsData came from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (ITC US 4CV1) and Nielsen Scanner Track database. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to estimate the likelihoods of NVP use (vaping at least monthly), cigarette/NVP concurrent use (vaping and smoking at least monthly) and switch from cigarettes to NVPs (had quit smoking < 24 months and currently vape) among ever smokers, conditioning upon cigarette/NVP prices, use restrictions and socio‐demographics.ResultsLiving in places where vaping is allowed in smoke‐free areas was significantly associated with an increase in the likelihood of vaping [marginal effect (ME) = 0.17; P < 0.05] and the concurrent use of cigarettes and NVPs (ME = 0.11; P < 0.05). Higher NVP prices were associated with decreased likelihood of NVP use, concurrent use, and complete switch (P > 0.05). Higher cigarette prices were associated with greater likelihood of cigarette and NVP concurrent use (P > 0.05). Working in places where vaping is banned is associated with lower likelihood of vaping and NVP and cigarette concurrent use (P > 0.05).ConclusionsHigher prices for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) and vaping restrictions in public places are associated with less NVP use and less concurrent use of vaping and smoking. Public policies that increase prices for vaping devices and supplies (i.e. regulations, taxes) and restrict where vaping is allowed are likely to suppress vaping.
Forecasting the 2021 local burden of population alcohol‐related harms using Bayesian structural time–series
Authors: McQuire Cheryl , Tilling Kate , Hickman Matthew , de Vocht Frank 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackground and aimsHarmful alcohol use places a significant burden on health services. Sophisticated nowcasting and forecasting methods could support service planning, but their use in public health has been limited. We aimed to use a novel analysis framework, combined with routine public health data, to improve now‐ and forecasting of alcohol‐related harms.DesignWe used Bayesian structural time–series models to forecast alcohol‐related hospital admissions for 2020/21 (from 2015 to 2016).SettingEngland.ParticipantsWe developed separate models for each English lower‐tier local authority.MeasurementsOur primary outcome was alcohol‐related hospital admissions. Model covariates were population size and age‐structure.FindingsNowcasting validation indicated adequate accuracy, with 5‐year nowcasts underestimating admissions by 2.2% nationally and 3.3% locally, on average. Forecasts indicated a 3.3% increase in national admissions in 2020/21, corresponding to a 0.2% reduction in the crude rate of new admissions, due to population size changes. Locally, the largest increases were forecast in urban, industrial and coastal areas and the largest decreases in university towns and ethnically diverse areas.ConclusionsIn 2020/21, alcohol‐related hospital admissions are expected to increase in urban and coastal areas and decrease in areas associated with inward migration of younger people, including university towns and areas with greater ethnic diversity. Bayesian structural time–series models enable investigation of the future impacts of alcohol‐related harms in population subgroups and could improve service planning and the evaluation of natural experiments on the impact of interventions to reduce the societal impacts of alcohol.
Objectively measured mobility of rural community‐dwelling people aged 80 and over is strongly associated with greater use of services for community integration and social support: An observational study
Authors: Lester David , Tiedemann Anne , Sherrington Catherine 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the objectively measured mobility status of rural community‐dwelling older people and their use of formal and informal services.DesignObservational cross‐sectional study.SettingCommunity volunteers, rural New South Wales, Australia.ParticipantsSeventy community‐dwelling people aged 80 years or older.Main outcome measuresThe sum of formal and informal services used, expressed as both total hours per month and the risk of using five hours (the median) or more per month. Predictor variables were usual gait speed, Four Square Step Test, short physical performance battery and de Morton Mobility Index.ResultsEach predictor variable was significantly associated with service use as a continuous or dichotomous variable. The strongest associations were with gait speed and the short physical performance battery continuous scoring. These relationships remained significant after adjusting for likely confounders, including age, sex, nutritional risk status, cognition and negative affect.ConclusionThis study provides strong evidence that the worse an older person's objectively measured mobility scores, the greater their use of community services to remain living in their rural community. Every measure of mobility proved to be strongly associated with the hours of service use. This objective evidence enhances previous knowledge based on self‐report measures. The impact on service use of strategies that enhance older people's mobility warrants investigation.
Diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes in youth in North Queensland and the Northern Territory: A health professional survey
Authors: Haigh Kate , McDermott Robyn , Sinha Ashim , McLean Anna 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe clinician practice regarding diagnosis, management and perceived barriers to the optimal management of youth‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in North Queensland and the Northern Territory and to compare self‐reported practice to guideline recommendations.DesignA mailed questionnaire distributed between July and October 2017.SettingClinicians practising in three tertiary hospitals and two primary care organisations in North Queensland and the Northern Territory.ParticipantsOf the 72 participants, 42 (58%) who responded were endocrinologists, diabetes educators, GPs and paediatricians.ResultsOf the 42 clinicians, 23 referred to the guidelines. A diabetes educator, GP, endocrinologist and dietitian were the most commonly included clinicians in the multidisciplinary team. Half of the clinicians’ screen the children if additional risk factors are present. The HbA1c is the most common test used for screening and diagnosis. At diagnosis, the clinicians' recommended lifestyle change in 86% of the patients, treatment with metformin in 48%, and, when indicated, treatment with insulin in up to 45%. All clinicians believe that non‐adherence is a major factor limiting optimal care. Most commonly cited barriers to optimal care were poor patient or family health literacy and limited patient or family understanding of the condition.ConclusionThis study demonstrates several aspects of diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth that deviate from the guidelines. Patients need improved access to social workers, psychologists and Indigenous health workers. Other key areas to address are evaluation of risk‐based screening, supporting appropriate and early use of insulin and the management of youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus inclusive of their family through contextualised health care delivery.
Factors associated with successful chronic disease treatment plans for older Australians: Implications for rural and Indigenous Australians
Authors: Holdsworth Stuart , Corscadden Lisa , Levesque Jean‐Frederic , Russell Grant 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo identify factors associated with having a successful treatment plan for managing chronic conditions.DesignSecondary analysis of the Commonwealth Fund's 2014 International Health Policy Survey.SettingAustralia 2014.ParticipantsA total of 3310 Australian adults over 55 years old.Main outcome measuresWhether respondents: (i) had a treatment plan for their chronic condition; and (ii) believed that the plan was helpful in managing their condition.MethodsWe used multiple logistic regressions to assess the association between individual factors (age, income, remoteness, Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander status) and patient reports of the outcomes of interest.ResultsMost respondents reported having a treatment plan for their chronic condition(s); the majority reported that it was helpful in managing their health. Treatment plan provision was associated with age over 75 years, above‐average income, Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander status and multiple chronic conditions. Plans were less likely for residents of outer regional and remote areas. Indigenous respondents were far less likely than non‐Indigenous respondents to report that their treatment plan helped a lot. Respondents with providers who ‘always’ explained things were far more likely to say that a treatment plan helped.ConclusionWhile the patient–provider relationship influenced the perceived success of treatment plans, inequities in treatment plan provision seemed linked with rurality and income. The higher frequency of treatment plans for Indigenous respondents might reflect access to Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander health checks, while the plan's perceived lack of efficacy suggests a gap in cultural acceptability.
Service providers’ experience of methamphetamine and the portrayal of the ‘ice epidemic’ in remote Australia
Authors: Cartwright Kimberly , Tait Robert J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo contrast service providers’ perceptions about crystalline methamphetamine (henceforth, ice) use and harm with information communicated in media reports and politicians’ statements.DesignIn‐depth semi structured interviews with service providers about the nature and extent of ice use in the local community and its impact on individual services, clients and town life. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, manually analysed and coded around key themes, interpreted and independently cross‐checked for context and accuracy.SettingTwo remote towns located in different states and territories operating as service hubs to very remote communities.ParticipantsTwenty‐seven key service providers representing local organisations that engage with ice users and/or their families.ResultsFirst, compared with alcohol, ice use and ice‐related harm were insignificant at the two sites. Ice users were primarily high‐earning and ‐functioning non‐Australian Aboriginal tradesmen, and to a lesser extent, professionals and secondary school students. There were few Australian Aboriginal users. Ice was used to ‘party’, keep alert, and escape psychological distress. Second, the ‘Ice Destroys Lives’ campaign and references to an ‘ice epidemic’ amplified public anxiety about ice and ice‐related harm in the surveyed communities. Third, the attention on ice distracted from the more extensive harm arising from alcohol use in their communities.ConclusionThe respondents questioned the notion of an ‘ice epidemic’ and the use of federal funding for ice‐related initiatives in remote communities, especially while general alcohol and other drug services were under‐resourced.
Home to health care to hospital: Evaluation of a cancer care team based in Australian Aboriginal primary care
Authors: Ivers Rowena , Jackson Brad , Levett Trish , Wallace Kyla , Winch Scott 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the acceptability of a cancer care team based at an Australian Aboriginal medical service in supporting patients’ cancer journeys and to assess improvements in access to cancer care.DesignThe cancer care team consisted of an Australian Aboriginal health worker, counsellor and enrolled nurse employed for 2 days a week, supported by a general practitioner. The cancer care team supported patients from prediagnosis while investigations were being undertaken, at diagnosis and through treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and follow‐up, including to palliative care and grief support where these were required. They coordinated preventive programs, such as cervical smear and mammogram recall registers, and coordinated health promotion activities to promote prevention and early detection of other cancers, such as bowel cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer and prostate cancer. The program was evaluated qualitatively using semistructured interviews with current clients of the cancer care team and stakeholders, using grounded theory to analyse emerging themes.SettingAn Australian Aboriginal community‐controlled health service in New South Wales.ParticipantsThe cancer care team provided care for 79 clients.Main outcome measuresAcceptability and accessibility of cancer care services.ResultsThe evaluation involved recruitment of eight Australian Aboriginal clients of the cancer care team and eight stakeholders. The main themes to emerge included improved accessibility of cancer care services, including availability of home visits, transport and accompaniment to tertiary settings. The service was viewed as being culturally safe.ConclusionA primary care‐based cancer care team in an Australian Aboriginal medical service provided a culturally safe and accessible service for clients.
Potential metabolic markers in glaucoma and their regulation in response to hypoxia
Authors: Vohra Rupali , Dalgaard Line Marie , Vibæk Jeppe , Langbøl Mia Aggergaard , Bergersen Linda Hildegaard , Olsen Niels Vidiendal , Hassel Bjørnar , Chaudhry Farrukh Abbas , Kolko Miriam 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurposeTo assess novel differences in serum levels of glucose, lactate and amino acids in patients with normal‐tension glaucoma (NTG) compared to age‐matched controls, at baseline and in response to universal hypoxia.MethodsTwelve patients diagnosed with NTG and eleven control subjects underwent normobaric hypoxia for 2 hr. Peripheral venous blood samples were taken at baseline, during hypoxia and in the recovery phase. Serum glucose and lactate levels were measured by a blood gas analyser. Amino acids were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsBaseline levels of lactate and total amino acids were significantly lower in patients with NTG compared to healthy controls. No differences were seen in blood glucose levels between the two groups. Lactate levels remained unchanged during hypoxia in the control group, but increased in patients with NTG. In the recovery phase, total amino acid levels were reduced in the control group, whereas no changes were found in patients with NTG.ConclusionReduced serum levels of lactate and total amino acids were identified as potential markers for NTG. Moreover, significant differential regulatory patterns of certain amino acids were found in patients with NTG compared to control subjects. Overall, our results suggest a link between systemic energy metabolites and NTG and support a novel understanding of glaucoma as an inner retinal manifestation of a systemic condition.
Effects of different stocking densities on growth performance, antioxidant ability, and immunity of finishing broilers
Authors: Cai Chen Hao , Zhao Ruo Xi , Wang Peng , Wang Jiang Shui , Li Kai Xuan , Zhan Xiu An , Wang Kai Ying 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of broilers. One thousand four hundred and forty 22‐day‐old Lingnan Yellow broilers were randomly allotted to five different stocking density groups (8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 birds per m2). Each group consisted of three replicates. The results showed that 8 and 10 birds/m2 groups had higher average daily feed intake (ADFI) than the others (p < 0.05). Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the group of 16 birds/m2 had the highest levels (p < 0.05). The group of 16 birds/m2 had the lowest total antioxidant capability (T‐AOC) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activities in blood serum (p < 0.05), and significantly increased interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) concentration compared to the groups of 8 and 10 birds/m2 (p < 0.05). In liver, the group of eight birds/m2 had higher T‐AOC levels than that of 12, 14, and 16 birds/m2 (p < 0.05) and also higher catalase (CAT) activities than that of 14 and 16 birds/m2 (p < 0.05); the group of 10 birds/m2 had the highest T‐SOD activities among all groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the above results suggest that stocking density of broilers up to 8 or 10 birds/m2 can prevent the negative effects on growth performance and welfare parameters in broilers.
Lymphoma in Australian Border Collies: survey results and pedigree analyses
Authors: Cheng KY , Soh PXY , Bennett PF , Williamson P 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to (1) describe the results of a survey on the clinical features of lymphoma in Australian Border Collies and (2) investigate familial clustering of lymphoma‐affected dogs by means of pedigree analyses.MethodsClinical and pedigree information was collected from surveys completed by owners or breeders of Australian Border Collies. Relationships between dogs were derived from pedigree data and kinship was analysed by network and cluster‐based algorithms.ResultsA total of 246 respondents completed the survey and 57 lymphoma‐affected Australian Border Collies were identified. The mean age of diagnosis was 9.16 (SD ± 3.43) years and the median was 9.7 years (range 2–15 years). The odds of female dogs affected with lymphoma were twice those of males in the reported data (OR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.13–3.73; P = 0.02). Multicentric, high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma was the most common form in these dogs. Pedigree analyses identified 21 affected dogs that descended from two sires and 28 cases with a common female ancestor. Average inbreeding between both affected and unaffected dogs was similar (0.16, SD ± 0.06 and 0.15, SD ± 0.06, respectively).ConclusionThe survey confirmed the presence of a relatively large number of cases of lymphoma in Australian Border Collies, consistent with our previous report of increased risk in this breed. Some dogs were diagnosed at a very young age, but the age ranged over the normal lifespan. Pedigree analyses identified multiple cases within family groups, suggesting a heritable component of the disease in this breed.
Chemical capture of wild swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in tropical northern Australia using thiafentanil, etorphine and azaperone combinations
Authors: Bryant B , Pittard S , Jordan NR , McMahon CR 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundStudying wild animals in situ is fundamental to collecting baseline information, but generally they need to be immobilised for examination, sampling, marking and/or equipping with tracking apparatus. Capturing wild animals is inherently risky and there is a need for immobilisation methods that are safe for both the animals and researchers.MethodsA total of 16 free‐ranging swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) were chemically captured by dart for the application of satellite tracking collars in tropical northern Australia; 7 animals were anesthetised with a thiafentanil–etorphine–azaperone (TEA) combination and 9 animals with a thiafentanil–azaperone (TA) combination. Anaesthesia was reversed with intravenous naltrexone. Mean dosages of etorphine and thiafentanil for animals in the TEA group were 0.01 mg/kg of each drug and mean dosage of thiafentanil for animals in the TA group was 0.02 mg/kg. Total dose per animal of azaperone and naltrexone was 80 mg and 150 mg, respectively. Anaesthetic monitoring was by physical observation of physiological variables, pulse oximetry and capnography. Blood laboratory parameters including creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST), serum bicarbonate and anion gap were measured.ResultsAll subject animals recovered well from anaesthesia despite the occurrence of subclinical acidosis in some patients. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups. Conversely, chase time had an adverse effect on body temperature, irrespective of the anaesthetic combination used.ConclusionsThiafentanil and azaperone, with or without etorphine, delivered rapid safe, effective, reversible field anaesthesia in healthy swamp buffalo.
Short‐course vs long‐course antibiotic treatment for community‐acquired pneumonia: A literature review
Authors: Møller Gundersen Kamilla , Nygaard Jensen Jette , Bjerrum Lars , Hansen Malene Plejdrup 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundIt is well known that antibiotic use is the main driver for the increasing problems with resistant bacteria. Consequently, some countries have recommended shortening the duration of antibiotic treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the effectiveness of a short‐course antibiotic is comparable to a longer course of antibiotics in adults with CAP and to assess whether the duration of an antibiotic course influences the development of resistant bacteria.MethodsA literature search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE. We included randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) comparing clinical success, microbiological efficacy, patient safety and antibiotic resistance in a short‐course (5 days) vs a long‐course antibiotic treatment (7+ days) for CAP.ResultsSix RCTs were included. Clinical success rates were 87%‐95% in patients treated with short‐course antibiotics and 88%‐94% in patients treated with a longer course. Eradication of pathogenic bacteria was found to be 100% and 95%‐100% in patients treated with short‐course and long‐course antibiotics, respectively.No significant differences in adverse events were reported. However, none of the trials reported on the impact on the development of resistant bacteria.ConclusionOnly few trials were included in this review and more RCTs are highly needed to be able to provide solid evidence for optimal treatment durations for patients diagnosed with CAP. Importantly, fluoroquinolones were often the drug of choice, and trials testing beta‐lactam antibiotics, which are the type of antibiotics most often used in many European countries, should be aimed for in near future.