bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Red Pine for Multiple Benefits Using Prescribed Fire
Authors: Dickmann Donald I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An aspect of the silviculture of mature stands of red pine heretofore neglected by forestland managers in northeastern North America is prescribed burning (underburning). This paper presents a technical discussion of prescribed burning and its application to red pine managed for timber, wildlife habitat, aesthetics, or other purposes. The author draws on relevant conifer literature, as well as his own experience with burning under red pine. Topics addressed include the effects of prescribed fire on (1)overstory tree growth, (2) understory plants and pine regeneration, (3) soil properties, (4) soil organisms, pests and diseases, and (5) wildlife habitat. Also considered are the environmental impacts of prescribed underburning and its use in wildfire hazard reduction. Elements of the practical application of prescribed burning also are discussed, including proper weather and fuel conditions for burning. Burning under mature red pine stands can provide many benefits with little risk of overstory mortality, wildfire escape, or environmental damage. This paper should encourage managers to include prescribed underburning in the silvicultural palate of this important forest species. North. J. Appl. For. 10(2):53-62.
Effect of Seedling Age and Taproot Length on Performance of Oak
Authors: Chaney William R. , Byrnes William R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
White oak and northern red oak seedlings were planted in an old field site in Indiana and evaluated for 9 yr to determine if seedling age and initial taproot length affected growth performance. Both 1-0 and 2-0 seedlings were produced in specially designed containerized seedbeds that provided for root pruning to lengths of 23 and 30 cm through control of the level of water saturation in the rooting medium. Survival of both species was high, 95%-100%. Northern red oak growth was not significantly influenced by initial seedling age or taproot length. White oak, however, performed the best when seedlings were 2 yr old and had a 30 cm long taproot. Seedling age was the more important factor affecting growth. North. J. Appl. For. 10(4):175-178.
Pre-Outbreak Management Recommendation for 60-Year-Old Declining Oak Stands in the Ozarks
Authors: Dwyer John P. , Kurtz William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A pre-outbreak management strategy was developed for 60-yr-old declining natural stands of scarlet and black oak. The series of management alternatives which maximized the net present worth of these stands growing on a moderate-quality site specifies individual-tree selective thinnings at ages 40 and 50, shelterwood cut at age 60, and final harvest at age 63. This strategy yielded the highest NPW of $331.77/ac, 8.3 mbf of sawlogs, and approximately 15 cords of pulpwood while reducing tree mortality by 20% over unmanaged stands. Recommendations for forest managers include as first priority the removal of oaks with 30% or greater crown dieback, and secondly, the removal of smaller diameter, overtopped scarlet and black oaks. North. J. Appl. For. 11(3):98-101.
Control of White Pine Weevil in Young Jack Pine Plantations with Permethrin and Methoxychlor
Authors: de Groot Peter , Helson Blair V. , Zylstra Bert F. , McFarlane John W. , Comba Dave R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The efficacy of mistblower applications of permethrin at 70 g and 140 g active ingredient (ai)/ha and methoxychlor at 1.1 kg ai/ha was evaluated for the control of white pine weevil in young jack pine plantations. The results from 2 yr of testing indicate that 1-3% of the leaders were weevil-damaged after insecticide treatment compared to 9-13% in untreated plantations. Generally, all three insecticide treatments were similarly effective in reducing weevil damage. Additional field trials with permethrin at 70 g ai/ha showed that effective applications can be made as late as 2 wk after the first weevils have emerged in the spring from the soil. Mistblower applications of permethrin and methoxychlor can be an effective method to control the weevil in high value jack pine plantations such as seed orchards and genetic test sites where silvicultural and cultural control techniques are impractical. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1):19-22.
Ten-Year Results of an Eastern Redcedar and Rocky Mountain Juniper Provenance Test in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Schaefer Peter R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One hundred eighteen sources of eastern redcedar and 26 sources of Rocky Mountain juniper were established as a provenance test near Brookings, SD, in 1980. Height, crown width, survival, branch angle, foliage density, number of terminal leaders, sex, flowering, and the incidence of three diseases were recorded after 10 yr. ANOVA, Chi-square, simple and rank correlation, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. Eastern redcedar exhibited better overall performance for windbreak purposes than Rocky Mountain juniper. Eastern redcedar originating in central Nebraska exhibited the best combination of height, survival and crown characteristics. Much of the eastern redcedar planted in the Great Plains 30 or more years ago appears to have been grown from seed collected in central Nebraska. Selection for fast growing sources may begin 2 or 3 yr after field planting, while the ability to select fast growing individuals within sources was only moderate after 5 yr. Correlations among traits after 10 yr were generally weak. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1):30-35.
Selection and Processing of Serotinous Pitch Pine Cones
Authors: Fimbel Robert A. , Fimbel Cheryl C. , Kuser John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined phenotypic characteristics of serotinous pitch pine cones from the dwarfed pine-oak forests of the New Jersey Pine Barren Plains, and three heat-application techniques to release their seeds, to evaluate the influence of these factors on seed germination and seedling development. One- and two-year-old mature cones averaged twice the number of germinating seeds/cone as green cones collected in late summer, and larger cones yielded higher quantities of viable seeds compared to smaller ones. Treating serotinous cones in boiling water or a convection oven yielded higher germination rates than using a microwave oven, especially with green cones. Thirty-two months following germination, cone characteristics and opening techniques did not predict seedling performance in the field. Parent tree influenced seedling height. We present recommendations to maximize the number of viable propagules collected during the selection and processing of serotinous, dwarfed pitch pine cones. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):64-58.
Regeneration Patterns in Low-Site Oak and Oak-Pine Stands After Gypsy Moth Defoliation and Salvage Cutting
Authors: Sewall Edgar K. , Brown James H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regeneration patterns were studied in low-site oak and oak-pine stands in southeastern New England after gypsy moth defoliations in 1981-1982. Three oak and three oak-pine stands where tree mortality was high (HM) and two oak and two oak-pine stands where tree mortality was low (LM) were used. Salvage logging had occurred in the three HM oak stands. Despite average basal area losses of 68% in HM oak and 46% in HM oak-pine stands, oaks dominated overstories in 5 of the 6 HM stands. Oaks dominated overstories in all LM oak and oak-pine stands. Combined totals of oak saplings and more vigorous forms of regeneration (stump sprouts and seedling sprouts) indicated numbers sufficient to regenerate oaks in all stands. White pine seedling and sapling totals (561/ac) in HM oak-pine and 858/ac in LM oak-pine stands should ensure the continued strong presence of pine in the oak-pine stands. Results of regeneration surveys suggest that the future composition of the oak and oak-pine stands studied is unlikely to change. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):109-114.
Characteristics of Trees with Excavated Cavities Used by Birds in Rhode Island
Authors: Kowal Daniel M. , Husband Thomas P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Our study examined the specific characteristics of 58 trees with excavated cavities used by birds in Rhode Island. Forty-five percent of cavity trees used by cavity-nesting birds were red maple and American elm. Forty-one percent of cavity trees had ≥ 2 cavities. Most cavities were ≤0.9 m from a decay entry point such as a broken top or branch. The characteristics of trees most often used by cavity-nesting birds included: dead; broken tops; > 80% of bark cover; and low resistance to heartwood decay and ice damage. Trees with these characteristics pose little competition to crop trees and should be left standing. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):16-18.
Growth and Survival Functions for Three Planted Species in Northern Ontario
Authors: Payandeh Bijan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As a prelude to modeling forest regeneration in Ontario, growth and survival equations were developed for black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine. Large data sets from 18 operational outplanting and 23 plantation assessments in northern Ontario were used to construct predictive equations. These regression equations were derived by first identifying the factors affecting plantation performance via stepwise regression analysis, and then developing nonlinear regression models expressing plantation growth and survival as a function of silvicultural practices, management options, site productivity, and age. Management options included the choice of species, stock type, and planting site, while silvicultural practices consisted of site preparation, season of planting, and release operations. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):19-23.
Effects of Eutypella Canker and Sugar Maple Borer on Merchantable Volume Loss in Sugar Maple
Authors: Sendak Paul E. , Bove James R. , Bergdahl Dale R. , Tobi Donald R. , Huyler Neil K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eutypella canker, caused by Eutypella parasitica and sugar maple borer, Glycobius speciosus, affect sugar maple throughout its range. This study examines the effectiveness of visual inspection for assessing timber volume loss attributable to these two agents, estimates the value of that loss on a property in north central Vermont, and discusses how land managers can include control of E. parasitica and sugar maple borer in their management planning. Visual inspection alone does not appear to be reliable for estimating volume loss. The study site had an estimated loss of 3.4% of merchantable sugar maple sawtimber volume valued at $2000. This loss was not large enough to justify an intensive control program. However, a low-cost method for controlling these two agents consists of the removal of trees with Eutypella cankers and sugar maple borer scars whenever a stand is entered for silvicultural practices. North. J. Appl. For. 14(1):26-31.
Yarding Cost for the Koller K300 Cable Yarder: Results from Field Trials and Simulations
Authors: Huyler Neil K. , LeDoux Chris B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper describes results from field studies and simulation that can be used to estimate the yarding cost for the Koller K300 cable yarder. Yarding costs can be estimated for clearcuts and light and heavy thinnings in eastern hardwoods. Yarding costs can be estimated with a handheld calculator, or the data can be incorporated into stump-to-mill desktop PC and mainframe computer programs. The results can be a valuable tool for loggers, managers, and planners considering the use of small-to medium-size cable yarders to extract timber from eastern hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):5-9.
Helping Nonindustrial Forestland Owners Save Taxes on Timber Sale Income: The Role of the Basis
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Taxpayers who want to minimize income taxes on the proceeds from a timber sale should take all deductions to which they are entitled, including deducting the "allowable basis for recovery" (or basis) in the timber being sold. A model and method are presented for providing a rough estimate of the value of state and federal taxes that might be saved as a result of taking this deduction under different tax circumstances. If the original cost basis in the timber was not established at the time of acquisition, the method can also be used to estimate how much the landowner can afford to pay someone to try to reconstruct the basis. While the method does have limitations, it can provide foresters with a useful tool for assisting forest landowners with their tax management decisions. North. J. Appl. For. 14 (2):84-89.
Overstory Density Affects Field Performance of Underplanted Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Ontario
Authors: Dey Daniel C. , Parker William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Red oak seedlings were underplanted in a closed-canopy mature northern hardwood stand and an adjacent shelterwood in central Ontario. Overstory density effects on seedling survival and growth were assessed 2 yr after planting. After 2 yr, seedling survival was 90% in the uncut stand and over 99% in the shelterwood. Seedlings in the uncut stand experienced negligible or negative annual increments in stem diameter and height. Seedlings in the shelterwood were about 2 mm larger in diameter and nearly twice as tall as those in the uncut stand after 2 yr. Second-year stem diameter and height distributions of planted oak were significantly different in the shelterwood and the uncut stand. Root volume, area, and dry mass were substantially larger for seedlings grown in the shelterwood than those in the uncut stand. Loss of vigor, growth declines, and increased mortality of planted oak were largely a result of extremely low understory light levels in the uncut stand. Results of this study suggest that red oak underplanted in an uncut stand 2 or more years before a shelterwood harvest will be at a competitive disadvantage once they are released. Establishment and performance of underplanted red oak is promoted by shelterwoods that provide adequate light at the forest floor and should exhibit a strong positive growth response following final overstory removal. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):120-125
The Accuracy of Differential Monorestitution Relative to Conventional Data Transfer Methods for Aerial Photographs
Authors: Bilodeau Jean-Marie , Lowell Kim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest maps are still today being constructed predominantly by transferring information from aerial photographs to maps using relatively imprecise manual tools such as a Sketchmaster. (Another name for this or a similar apparatus is a Zoom Transfer Scope.) Such devices correct for as much photographic distortion as possible using relatively crude manual methods. New geomatics¹ technologies like differential monorestitution (DM) coupled with modern computing power provide an efficient alternative for this data transfer which has the potential to improve the quality of the final forest maps. But the question remains: what is the magnitude of the locational improvement possible with DM and how is it affected by different topography? A study was undertaken to answer this question. Comparisons between DM and conventional data transfer/mapping methods were conducted for forest maps on which three different types of topography were present. The results from each method were also compared to GPS points recorded along a road. Results suggest that DM provides a considerable improvement in accuracy over conventional methods for transferring information from aerial photographs to orthographic maps in forestry. Moreover, DM requires a comparable amount of operator time as conventional methods to obtain this improvement. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):183-188.
Logging Residue Yield Equations from West Virginia Timber Harvests
Authors: Grushecky Shawn T. , Hassler Curt C. , Fajvan Mary Ann 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Line intersect and fixed plot sampling methodologies were used to measure both logging residues and overstory structural characteristics on 101 harvested stands in West Virginia. Equations were developed for predicting total and species-specific postharvest residue volume based on two independent variables, average dbh, and basal area of harvested trees. Finally, yield tables were developed that present expected postharvest residue volumes. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):14-16.
Ecosystem Management: Opportunities for Private Landowners in the Central Hardwood Region
Authors: Roberts Scott D. , Parker George R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ecosystem-based forest management approaches are being considered by forest managers and landowners throughout the United States. Being dominated by nonindustrial private forestland, the Central Hardwood Region poses some unique challenges to implementation of ecosystem management approaches. Patterns of ownership and land use make it difficult to incorporate many of the landscape-scale features of ecosystem management. In addition, the lack of institutional leadership among private landowners may hamper adoption of ecosystem-based management over any substantial portion of the region. Despite these challenges, there are factors favoring the use of ecosystem management in the region. Foremost among them is that private landowner objectives are often compatible with the goals of ecosystem management. The forests of the region are naturally quite diverse and possess the ability to recover from past management to provide many of the benefits of undisturbed forests. As more technical information becomes available concerning how to make ecosystem management approaches work, the prospect for adoption by some portion of private landowner community is encouraging. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):43-48.
Inputs and Trade Flows for Michigan Solid Wood Manufacturers
Authors: Stevens James , Gregson J. Craig 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Michigan sawmills, pallet mills, and component part manufacturers were surveyed to determine the source and volume of inputs, the volume and destination of outputs, and the channels of distribution of both. All of these manufacturers purchase the majority of their solid wood inputs from within the state. The principal out-of-state input is grade lumber. Sawmills in Michigan sell 53% of the high quality grade lumber out-of-state, pallet mills primarily sell to in-state markets, and component manufacturers sell 65% of their output out-of-state. Fifty percent of grade lumber purchased by component manufacturers was from outside Michigan. Due to increased direct sales, brokers' and wholesalers' assistance in facilitating sales is less important than in the past for all three industries. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):86-89.
Soil-Site Relations for Trembling Aspen in Northwest Ontario
Authors: Carmean Willard H. , Li Janjun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Past harvesting in Northwest Ontario has produced increased regeneration and increased forest areas supporting trembling aspen stands, resulting in greatly increased utilization of aspen. Thus there is a critical need to accurately estimate site quality and growth and yield for trembling aspen and for identifying productive sites where more intensive aspen forest management can be practiced.
Soil-site relations were studied using 95 plots located in mature, fully stocked, evenaged, undisturbed trembling aspen stands. On each plot site index (SIBH50) estimation was based on stem analysis of three to five dominant and codominant trees. Each plot also had soil profile descriptions and soil analyses for four major soil horizons (A, B, BC, C). Plots were located on morainal soils, glaciofluvial soils, and lacustrine soils. Multiple regression analyses showed: (a) for morainal soils site index was correlated (adj R² = 0.63) to depth to a root restricting layer, silt plus clay content of the A horizon, and coarse fragment content of the C horizon; (b) for glaciofluvial soils site index was correlated (adj R² = 0.64) to depth to a root restricting layer and to drainage class: and (c) for lacustrine soils site index was correlated (adj R² = 0.65) to depth to mottles and to clay content of the C horizon.
Results are applicable only to medium and good sites where mature, fully stocked, merchantable trembling aspen stands commonly occur. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3):146-153.
Armillaria Root Disease Inoculum Remaining in Young Ontario Conifer Plantations Following Root Raking or Madge Rotoclearing
Authors: Bruhn Johann N. , Mihail Jeanne D. , Meyer Timothy R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Armillaria ostoyae causes a destructive root disease in northern conifers. Most infections result from root invasions by rhizomorphs growing through the soil from previously colonized stump and woody root debris. Armillaria longevity in woody debris is related to the colonized volume. Stump and root removal by root raking alone often does not satisfactorily reduce subsequent root disease mortality. This investigation characterized residual woody debris volumes in three conifer seed orchards in northern Ontario. Site preparation for stump and root removal in two of the orchards consisted of root raking alone, vs. Madge Rotoclear™ treatment ("rotoclearing") in the third orchard. Fallow periods between site preparation and planting were 1, 5, and 8 yr in the three orchards, respectively. Mortality related to colonized residual woody debris is continuing in the raked orchards, but appears to have ended in the rotocleared orchard. Root systems of 32 orchard trees recently killed by Armillaria root disease and 9 apparently healthy (otherwise comparable) trees were excavated. Regardless of site preparation method, Armillaria-killed trees were associated with greater total volumes of residual woody debris (comprising larger pieces on average) than were healthy trees. Also, healthy trees in the rotocleared orchard were associated with smaller debris pieces on average than were healthy trees in the root-raked orchard. Size of individual woody debris pieces which contained viable A. ostoyae was highly variable. Even small pieces of colonized debris close to a root crown were apparently capable of causing lethal infection. Nevertheless, compared to root raking, rotoclearing apparently breaks A. ostoyae-colonized woody debris into smaller pieces resulting in more rapid displacement of A. ostoyae. We conclude that rotoclearing followed by a fallow period of 8 yr before planting merits consideration as an inoculum reduction treatment for site preparation. A 10 yr fallow period might have prevented nearly all root disease mortality under the conditions of this study. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):191-196.