bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical studies of premixed methane‐hydrogen/air mixtures flame propagation in closed duct
Authors: Rao Guoning , Zhang Yun , Cao Weiguo , Zhao Mengke , Gao Wei , Liang Hao , Tan Yinxing 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn order to reveal flame propagation behaviour and the mechanism of premixed methane‐hydrogen/air mixtures (PMHAM), a pressure recording device was used for testing explosion pressure with different volume fractions of methane‐hydrogen in a closed duct. Results showed that the explosion pressure and pressure rise rate increased with volume fraction up to an optimum fraction of 10 % for a maximum explosion pressure (Pmax) of 0.60 MPa and a pressure rise rate ((dP/dt)max) of 54.93 MPa/s. Meanwhile, a high‐speed video camera was used for testing flame propagation behaviour with the optimum fraction. Results showed that the flame propagation process consisted four dynamic stages—spherical flame, finger‐shape flame, flame touching sidewalls, and tulip flame. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results showed reasonable qualitative and quantitative agreement. Additionally, the numerical simulation was used for addressing technical difficulties of understanding the mechanism of flame propagation. The simulated results confirmed the existence of two large‐scale vortices nearby sidewalls generated by the gas‐flow reflection and back‐streaming; these increased vortices made speed of the flame front touching sidewalls exceed that of the middle, which ultimately resulted in reversal of flame front. This meant that the interactions of gas‐flow reflection, back‐streaming, and vortex motions were the immediate reason of tulip flame.
Optimizing point‐to‐point communication between adaptive MPI endpoints in shared memory
Authors: White Sam , Kale Laxmikant V. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAdaptive MPI is an implementation of the MPI standard that supports the virtualization of ranks as user‐level threads, rather than OS processes. In this work, we optimize the communication performance of AMPI based on the locality of the endpoints communicating within a cluster of SMP nodes. We differentiate between point‐to‐point messages with both endpoints co‐located on the same execution unit and point‐to‐point messages with both endpoints residing in the same process but not on the same execution unit. We demonstrate how the messaging semantics of Charm++ enable and hinder AMPI's implementation in different ways, and we motivate extensions to Charm++ to address the limitations. Using the OSU micro‐benchmark suite, we show that our locality‐aware design offers lower latency, higher bandwidth, and reduced memory footprint for applications.
Effect of particle size and heterogeneity on sediment biofilm metabolism and nutrient uptake scaled using two approaches
Authors: Parker Samuel P. , Bowden William B. , Flinn Michael B. , Giles Courtney D. , Arndt Kyle A. , Beneš Joshua P. , Jent Derrick G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNumerous studies have examined the effect of sediment particle size and distribution on community structure, but few have focused explicitly on how physical habitat characteristics influence biogeochemical functions of freshwater biofilms. In this study, we evaluated the effect of particle size and heterogeneity on rates of biofilm metabolism and nutrient uptake in colonized and native sediments normalized using two different scaling approaches. Coarse, pebble‐ to cobble‐sized sediments were sorted into four homogeneous particle size treatments plus one heterogeneous treatment. Each treatment was deployed, in replicate, within one riffle and one run habitat feature in three different high‐latitude stream reaches with contrasting hydrological and physicochemical characteristics. A treatment of native, homogeneous sediment was also evaluated at each deployment location. After incubating for approximately five weeks, metabolism and nutrient uptake of biofilms in all treatments (n = 69) were measured in recirculating microcosm chambers. For each treatment, functional rates were normalized by projected surface area and sediment surface area scaling approaches, which account for the surface area in plan view (looking top‐down) and the total surface area of all sediment particles, respectively. This comparison was designed to determine whether treatment effects were independent of increased surface area associated with smaller particle sizes or heterogeneous sediments. Community respiration and uptake of ammonium‐nitrogen and phosphate‐phosphorus by biofilms decreased significantly as the particle size of homogeneous treatments increased when normalized by projected surface area, but significantly increased with increasing particle size when normalized by sediment surface area. Sediment particle size had a limited influence on production rates evaluated across treatments. Heterogeneous and homogeneous treatments with similar median particle sizes did not differ significantly from one another for most biogeochemical functions measured. Our findings indicate that rates of biogeochemical function in heterogeneous habitats were directly related to the total sediment surface area available for biofilm colonization. The significant interactions between sediment surface area and rates of respiration and nutrient uptake suggest that information about the size and distribution of sediment particles could substantially improve our ability to predict and scale measurements of important biogeochemical functions in streams.
Development of DC‐1 MV Ultrahigh Voltage Generator for ITER
Authors: TAKAHASHI AKESHI , TANAKA TOSHIAKI , YAMAGUCHI KOHEI , FUJITA HIROYUKI , HIRANUMA YUKI , ICHIMURA SATOSHI , WATANABE KAZUHIRO , KASHIWAGI MIEKO , MAEJIMA TETSUYA 
Published: March 2018

SUMMARYThis paper presents development results of a five‐stage DC‐1MV Ultrahigh Voltage Generator for ITER. Each generator outputs −200 kV, and the total five generators are connected in series and outputs −1 MV. In order to realize the DC‐1MV output and 1‐h continuous operation, a feasibility of both gas insulation and gas cooling for semiconductor devices was validated. A simplified structure with stud‐type diodes and heatsinks resulted in the compatibility of enough insulation distance and wide cooling surface. Withstand voltage tests and a temperature rise test were performed for the actual equipment of the rectifier and the step‐up transformer. These test results verified the validity of the proposed design.
Seasonality of dipteran-mediated methylmercury flux from ponds
Authors: Chumchal Matthew M. , Drenner Ray W. , Hall MacGregor N. , Polk D. Kirkland , Williams Edward B. , Ortega-Rodriguez Celeste L. , Kennedy James H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an aquatic contaminant that can be transferred to terrestrial predators by emergent aquatic insects. We assessed the effects of month and pond permanence on dipteran-mediated MeHg flux (calculated as emergent dipteran biomass × dipteran MeHg concentration) in 10 experimental ponds. Emergent dipterans were collected weekly from permanent ponds with bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus; n = 5) and semipermanent ponds without fish (n = 5) over a 7-mo period (February–August, 2015). We detected a significant effect of month on MeHg flux from 6 dipteran taxa and aggregate MeHg flux, with the highest MeHg flux from herbivorous/detritivorous chironomid midges and predatory midges in March; biting midges, phantom midges and herbivorous/detritivorous orthoclad midges in April; and mosquitoes in August. Aggregate dipteran-mediated MeHg flux peaked in April and then declined throughout the remainder of the summer. We did not detect a significant main effect of pond permanence or a significant month × pond permanence interaction effect on MeHg flux for any of the taxa examined in the present study or for aggregate MeHg flux. Given their ubiquity in aquatic systems and their importance in food webs at the land–water interface, dipterans are important taxa that should not be overlooked as a part of the Hg cycle. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1846–1851. © 2018 SETAC
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an aquatic contaminant that can be transferred to terrestrial predators by emergent aquatic insects, such as midges (i.e., dipterans). In the present study, dipteran-mediated MeHg flux was strongly regulated by season but not pond permanence and the presence of fish.
Chiral MoS2 Quantum Dots: Dual‐Mode Detection Approaches for Avian Influenza Viruses
Authors: Ahmed Syed Rahin , Neethirajan Suresh 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a type of transition metal dichalcogenide material, has emerged as an important class among 2D systems. When 2D MoS2 materials are reduced to 0D quantum dots (QDs), they introduce new optical properties that point to several potential technological advantages in electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. In this study, a simple way to produce chiral MoS2 QDs from MoS2 nanopowder is presented using l(+)‐ascorbic acid as a reducing agent. The calculated quantum yield of QDs is 11.06%. Experimental results reveal that the size of QDs is uniformly monodispersed (2–3 nm) and have a blue emissive fluorescence peak and circular dichroism (CD) peak located at 420 and 330 nm, respectively. Furthermore, a dual‐mode detection system based on fluorescence and chirality is performed using as‐synthesized MoS2 QDs, where QDs are conjugated with anti‐hemagglutinin antibodies of avian influenza virus and made into an immunobridge in the presence of target virus and anti‐neuraminidase antibodies conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The photoluminescence and CD spectra of unconjugated QDs after separated magnetochirofluorescent (MNPs‐QDs) nanohybrids by external magnets enables influenza virus A (H5N1) detection with the limit of detection value of 7.35 and 80.92 pg mL−1, respectively.
Distribution trends of Indonesia's health care resources in the decentralization era
Authors: Paramita Sekar Ayu , Yamazaki Chiho , Setiawati Elsa Pudji , Koyama Hiroshi 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIndonesia has been decentralized since 2001, and we evaluated the distribution trends of physicians, puskesmas (community health centers), hospitals, and hospital beds in 34 provinces in Indonesia for 2000 to 2014. Inequality index of Gini showed improvement of the distribution of physicians and decreased from 0.38 to 0.29. The indices in distributions of hospitals and hospital beds also decreased from 0.26 to 0.17 and from 0.25 to 0.18, respectively. However, the index in the distribution of puskesmas increased from 0.19 to 0.28. We also investigated the legislative transitions of the laws concerning health resources and found the strong affects of compulsory work laws for physicians and the increment of health budget. In the decentralization era, the local governments have some political autonomy for the development of health resources; however, the national government should monitor the nationwide distribution of health resources and advice necessary recommendations to the local governments.
Rainfall, run‐off, and sediment transport dynamics in a humid mountain badland area: Long‐term results from a small catchment
Authors: Nadal‐Romero Estela , Peña‐Angulo Dhais , Regüés David 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study, we investigated rainfall, run‐off, and sediment transport dynamics (414 run‐off events and 231 events with sediment information) of a humid mountain badland area—the Araguás catchment (Central Pyrenees, Spain)—from October 2005 to September 2016. Use of this long‐term database allows characterization of the hydrological response, which consist of low‐magnitude/high‐frequency events and high‐magnitude/low‐frequency events, and identification of seasonal dynamics and rainfall‐run‐off thresholds. Our results indicate that the Araguás catchment, similarly to other humid badlands, had high hydrological responsiveness (mean annual run‐off coefficient: 0.52), a non‐linear relationship of rainfall with run‐off (common in Mediterranean environments), and seasonal hydrological and sedimentological dynamics. We created and validated a multivariate regression model to characterize the hydrological variables (stormflow and peak discharge) and sedimentological variables (mean and maximum suspended sediment concentrations and total suspended sediment load). In summer and at the beginning of autumn, the response was mainly related to rainfall intensity, suggesting a predomination of Hortonian flows. In contrast, in spring and winter, the responses were mainly related to the antecedent conditions (previous rainfall and baseflow), suggesting the occurrence of saturated excess flow processes, and the contribution of neighbouring vegetated areas. The multivariate analysis also showed that total sediment load is better predicted by a multivariate regression model that integrates pre‐event, rainfall, and run‐off variables. In general, our models provided more accurate predictions of small‐magnitude/high‐frequency events than high‐magnitude/low‐frequency events. This study highlights the high inter‐ and intra‐annual variability response in humid badland areas and that long‐term records are needed to reduce the uncertainty of hydrological and sedimentological responses in Mediterranean badland areas.
Comparison between Clément's First Formula and Other Statistical Distributions in A Real Irrigation Network
Authors: Pérez‐Sánchez Modesto , Carrero Lina María , Sánchez‐Romero Francisco Javier , Amparo López‐Jiménez P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhen irrigation pressurized systems are designed on demand, the flow determination in each line is crucial. To do so, Clément's First Formula is the most used methodology worldwide. Nevertheless, sometimes the use of this methodology can promote the oversizing of networks. This research verifies, by a proposed methodology, whether the normal flow distribution hypothesis corresponds to a real flow distribution in the network. In order to achieve this objective, statistical comparative analyses (visual and numerical) were performed between a theoretical and a real flow distribution that were registered in an irrigation network in Spanish Mediterranean region. When the normal distribution was not verified, other distribution functions were proposed by Matlab's functions. When the methodology was applied throughout the year in the case study, particularly for this irrigation network, the generalized extreme value function was found to be one of the better fit options to represent the distribution flow in 11 of the 12 months. The corroboration of this function in other networks could contribute to the design of more sustainable and optimized networks. If the flow distributions are more realistic when irrigation networks are designed, efficiency will increase, reducing the energy footprint in the distribution and, therefore, the exploitation costs. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Costs of Confronting Osteoporosis: Cost Study of an Australian Fracture Liaison Service
Authors: Major Gabor , Ling Rod , Searles Andrew , Niddrie Fiona , Kelly Ayano , Holliday Elizabeth , Attia John , Bogduk Nikolai 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTFracture liaison services (FLS) are an accepted approach to lowering rates of osteoporotic refractures. However, resource allocations to FLS are open to challenge, as most relevant cost analyses are based on anticipated, rather than observed, benefits. To support informed decision making, we have estimated the cost of operating an FLS, from the perspective of the Australian health system, with real life costs. On the basis of hospital records, we compared total costs of two cohorts of patients presenting with minimal trauma fractures (MTFs) at two hospital emergency departments (EDs) across a 6‐month period (July to December 2010). The treatment cohort (FLS Cohort, n = 515) attended an ED at a hospital offering FLS post‐fracture care; the Usual Care Cohort (n = 416) attended an ED at a hospital without an FLS. Hospital records were reviewed for further attendance of both groups at their respective hospitals’ EDs with refractures for the subsequent 3 years. Costs were constructed from “bottom up” with a “microcosting” approach. Total costs for both cohorts included any FLS and the costs of refractures. Cohort costs were estimated for every 1000 patients over the 3 observed years. Compared with the Usual Care Cohort, the FLS Cohort had 62 fewer fractures per 1000 patients and $617,275 lower costs over 3 years. In a sensitivity analysis, where 20% of the Usual Care Cohort received FLS preventative treatment, FLS Cohort costs were lower by $880,154. As both hospitals consistently process around 2000 patients per year, the estimated annual saving is $1.2 million to $1.8 million (Australian dollars). From the perspective of the Australian public health system, investment in FLS can be a financially effective way of reducing the cost of osteoporotic fracture management. © 2018 The Authors JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Bisphosphonate Drug Holiday and Fracture Risk: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Adams Annette L , Adams John L , Raebel Marsha A , Tang Beth T , Kuntz Jennifer L , Vijayadeva Vinutha , McGlynn Elizabeth A , Gozansky Wendolyn S 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Holidays from bisphosphonates (BPs) may help to prevent rare adverse events such as atypical femoral fractures, but may be appropriate only if risk of osteoporosis-related fractures does not increase. Our objective was to compare the incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures among women who had a BP holiday to those who continued to use BPs. This retrospective cohort study, conducted within four Kaiser Permanente integrated health system regions, included 39,502 women aged ≥45 years with ≥3 years exposure to BP. Participants with a BP holiday (≥12 months with no use) were compared to persistent (use with ≥50% adherence) and nonpersistent (use with &lt;50% adherence) users for incident osteoporosis-related fractures. The BP holiday (n = 11,497), nonpersistent user (n = 10,882), and persistent user groups (n = 17,123) were observed for 156,657 person-years. A total of 5199 osteoporosis-related fractures (including 1515 hip fractures and 2147 vertebral fractures) were observed. Compared to the persistent use group, there was a slight difference in overall osteoporosis-related fracture risk (HR 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.99)and no difference in hip fracture risk (HR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.10) for the BP holiday group. A slight reduction in risk of vertebral fracture was observed (HR 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.95). Compared to the nonpersistent user group, the BP holiday group was at decreased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures (HR 0.71; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.79), vertebral fractures (HR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.78), and hip fractures (HR 0.59; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.70). Women who undertake a BP holiday from BP of ≥12 months duration for any reason after ≥3 years of BP use do not appear to be at greater risk of osteoporosis-related fragility fracture, hip, or vertebral fractures compared to ongoing BP users. In our cohort, BP holiday remains a viable strategy for balancing the benefits and potential harms associated with long-term BP use. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of Trimersurus malabaricus snake venom
Authors: Gowda Raghavendra , Rajaiah Rajesh , Angaswamy Nataraj , Krishna Sharath , Bannikuppe Sannanayak Vishwanath 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTrimeresurus malabaricus is a venomous pit viper species endemic to southwestern part of India. In earlier reports, we have shown that envenomation by T. malabaricus venom leading to strong local tissue damage but the mechanism of action is not clearly revealed. Local tissue damage affected by T. malabaricus venom is of great importance since the poison has serious systemic effects including death in the case of multiple attacks. The present study details the major manifestations of T. malabaricus venom and the induction of local tissue damage, which suggests that most toxins are present in the form of hydrolytic enzymes. Hydrolytic activity of the enzymes was measured and the data indicated that protease and phospholipase A2 activity was high which is responsible for local tissue damage. Furthermore, the role of hydrolytic enzymes in the induction of pathological events such as hemorrhage, edema, myotoxicity, and blood coagulation examination were assessed through animal models.
Appraising reappraisal: Exploring its role in the context of behavioral exposure for contamination fears
Authors: Wilson Anne C. , Aldao Amelia , Cheavens Jennifer 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesA large body of work suggests that cognitive reappraisal is an effective strategy for modifying emotional intensity. In addition, its habitual use has been linked to adaptive psychological functioning, operationalized as low levels of symptoms of psychopathology. However, little is known about the impact of cognitive reappraisal on behavioral aspects of mental disorders. For example, the experience of fear is often accompanied by the behavioral urge to avoid the feared stimuli. Although there is evidence to suggest that cognitive reappraisal reduces fear in the moment, there is less information about the impact on behavioral correlates.MethodTo that end, we recruited 90 participants who experienced substantial contamination concerns (i.e., obsessive‐compulsive disorder symptoms) and asked them to participate in exposure tasks that consisted of gradually coming into contact with contaminated objects (i.e., approach behavior). We randomly assigned participants to one of three conditions: (1) reappraise the emotion‐eliciting stimulus, (2) reappraise their emotional response, or (3) no specific emotion regulation instructions.ResultsReappraising the stimulus, but not reappraising the emotional response, led to significantly greater behavioral approach (p = .02) than the no‐instruction condition during exposure. There were no significant differences in subjective state anxiety between any of the conditions.ConclusionThese findings suggest that certain types of reappraisal may lead to greater approach behavior during exposure even in the absence of subjective emotional changes. More broadly, they underscore the importance of examining the role of emotion regulation strategies (including different types of reappraisal) on the behavioral aspects of mental disorders.
Community income inequality and adolescent emotional problems: A population‐based study
Authors: Vilhjalmsdottir Arndis , Bernburg Jon Gunnar , Gardarsdottir Ragna B. , Sigfusdottir Inga Dora 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study contributes to the limited knowledge on the association between community income inequality and adolescent emotional problems, and explores whether these associations are contingent on national income inequality and personal deprivation. We obtained multilevel data from 10,223 adolescents (aged 15–16 years) nested within 82 communities in Iceland, at two time points: (a) in 2006 when income inequality was high and (b) in 2014 when income inequality had decreased. The associations are contingent on time period. Community income inequality was related to (a) an increase in anxiety in 2006 (b = 0.337,p≤ 0.05), but not in 2014, and (b) a decrease in depression in 2014 (−0.958,p≤ 0.05), but not in 2006. In 2006, community income inequality was more harmful to adolescents in deprived households. The results support the notion that the detrimental link between income inequality and adolescents’ emotional problems may be shaped by the level of income inequality in the larger societal context.