bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐Dimensional Ultrasound and Shear Wave Elastography in Infants With Late‐Referral Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Authors: Zhang Chen , Ban Wenrui , Jiang Jue , Zhou Qi , Li Jingyuan , Li Miao 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate the feasibility of using 2‐dimensional ultrasound (US) and shear wave elastography (SWE) to evaluate infants with late‐referral congenital muscular torticollis (CMT).MethodsA total of 46 infants with late‐referral CMT were enrolled and divided into 4 groups according to the degree of the passive range of motion (PROM) deficit in neck rotation. We introduced 6 metrics to represent the US features of the sternocleidomastoid muscle detected by 2‐dimensional US and SWE studies.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the age at referral, sex, weight, or side of involvement between the 4 groups (P > .05). The thickness and shear modulus of the involved sternocleidomastoid muscle were positively correlated with the degree of the PROM deficit in neck rotation in late‐referral infants with CMT (r = 0.71 and 0.82, respectively; P < .01). However, the difference in the shear modulus between adjacent PROM‐limited groups of late‐referral infants was not as significant as that of early‐referral infants.ConclusionsThe shear modulus ratio may be one of the best diagnostic indicators of CMT available. However, more effective differential diagnostic SWE indicators late‐referral infants with CMT need to be further explored.
Total Glossectomy With Free Flap Reconstruction: Twenty‐Year Experience at a Tertiary Medical Center
Authors: Han Albert Y. , Kuan Edward C. , Mallen‐St. Clair Jon , Badran Karam W. , Palma Diaz Miguel F. , Blackwell Keith E. , St. John Maie A. 
Published: January 2019

Objectives/HypothesisTo characterize the demographics, clinicopathologic characteristics, and treatment and reconstructive outcomes of patients who underwent total glossectomyStudy DesignRetrospective chart review at an academic tertiary‐care medical center.MethodsAll patients who had undergone total glossectomy (as an individual procedure or as part of a more extensive resection) between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2014 were included in the analysis. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes were reviewed.ResultsForty‐eight patients underwent total glossectomy for oral tongue and base of tongue cancer. The mean age of the patients was 56 (range, 29–92 years). History of tobacco and heavy alcohol use was found in 76% and 11% of patients, respectively. The majority of patients had advanced cancer (91.7% at stage IV), and 60.4% had salvage therapy for recurrent disease. T4 disease comprised 81% of patients. Sixty percent had clinical or radiographic evidence of nodal metastasis. Reconstruction of the defect was performed with free flaps from the rectus abdominus (40%), fibula (25%), anterolateral thigh (23%), and other donor tissues. One‐ and 5‐year survival rates were 42% and 26%, with locoregional and distant recurrence reported at 36% and 25%, respectively.ConclusionsTotal glossectomy for oncologic control is most commonly performed in patients who have stage IV cancers. Despite high reconstructive success rates, the likelihood of locoregional and distance recurrence was high. Most patients can communicate intelligibly and achieve decannulation, but swallowing outcomes remain guarded, especially considering previous irradiation and resection of the base of tongue.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 129:1087–1092, 2019
Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Otolaryngologic Manifestations: An Analysis of Hospital Admissions From 1997 to 2012
Authors: Govindan Aparna , Zhu Yan , Azmy Monica C. , Lee Yung‐Jae , Kalyoussef Evelyne 
Published: January 2019

Objectives/HypothesisMany human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected pediatric patients develop otolaryngologic disease. We aimed to characterize their otolaryngologic manifestations by type and demographic variation, and model temporal trends.Study DesignRetrospective cohort review.MethodsA retrospective review utilizing the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) was conducted. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for HIV and otolaryngologic diagnoses were used to query data from the triennially published KID files from 1997 to 2012. A subset analysis of infectious versus non‐infectious admitting otolaryngologic diagnoses was conducted.ResultsA total of 11,150 cases met the inclusion criteria. Of these cases, 21.8% were admitted for otolaryngologic manifestations, with 18.0% presenting with infectious symptomatology, 4.8% with noninfectious disease, and 1.0% with both. On average, patients presenting with infectious disease were younger (8.17 years vs. 9.65 years, P < .001). Patients in the South were significantly more likely to be admitted for infection (54.8% vs. 42.0%, P < .001), with non‐infectious predominance in the Northeast and West. HIV‐infected children in 1997 were more likely to present with infectious otolaryngologic disease (56.3% vs. 45.8%, P < .001); however, there has been a decrease in the prevalence of infectious head and neck presentations (46.5%, 19.9%, 11.5%, 6.7%, 3.7%, and 1.9% from 1997 to 2012), and a gradual shift toward noninfectious manifestation with notable differences in 2000 and 2012 (19.9% vs. 25.2%; P = .017; and 1.9% vs. 4.8%, P < .001, respectively).ConclusionsOtolaryngologic disease accounts for nearly one‐fifth of hospitalizations in HIV‐infected children; however, rates of hospitalization as well as otolaryngologic manifestations have progressively decreased over time. HIV‐infected children nowadays are more likely to present with noninfectious rather than infectious disease.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 129:E377–E382, 2019
Photocatalyzed thiol–alkene coupling: Mechanistic study and polymer synthesis
Authors: Allegrezza Michael L. , Thompson Adam M. , Kloster Alex J. , Konkolewicz Dominik 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTDue to the “click” chemistry characteristics of the thiol–ene reaction, these transformations have been gaining an increasing amount of attention in current chemical research. The high efficiency and selectivity of these transformations have been useful for many areas of study, from small molecule organic synthesis, to polymer synthesis and functionalization, to bio‐conjugation reactions. In this work, a study of a novel method of photochemical thiol–ene reactions using alkyl halides and an tris[2‐phenylpyridinato‐C2,N]iridium(III) (Ir(ppy)3) photocatalyst is investigated. This process is shown to progress rapidly and has the benefit of low catalyst and initiator concentrations relative to reagents as well as mild conditions associated with photochemical processes. To understand the mechanism of this process, catalyst and initiator concentrations and other reaction conditions are varied. To demonstrate the utility of this process, a step‐growth thiol–ene polymer is synthesized using dithiol and diene monomers and a crosslinked polymer network is synthesized as well. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1931–1937
Diameter dependence of hybrid shish‐kebab structure in polyethylene/carbon material fiber composites
Authors: Xia Xiaochao , Zhang Xi , Xie Dandan , Huang Yanhao , Li Youbing , Yang Mingbo 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTPE chains can proceed template crystal growth on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) surface and develop into hybrid shish‐kebab (HSK) abiding by the “soft epitaxy” mechanism. For large‐diameter carbon nanofiber (CNF), the lattice matching and epitaxy are the main mechanism for hybrid structure formation under the static state. This study provided a new understanding of HSK formation, wherein PE underlay on the surface of carbon material fiber played an important role. The shear flow induced PE chains to orient along the CNF surface and formed PE underlayer. Subsequently, ordered subglobules were periodically formed along the CNF axis and finally evolved to typical HSK structures with well‐aligned arraying PE lamellae rather than random one. As the diameter increased to 7000 nm, even though the graphite (002) planes in carbon fibers (CFs) was similar to that in CNFs, the attractive van der Waals interactions between CFs and PE chains were too weak to drive enough PE chains to absorb on the CFs surface and form PE underlay even under the shear flow, leading to the absence of PE lamellae on the CF surface. Based on that, the “soft epitaxy” could be the main formation mechanism of HSK structures for carbon material fibers regardless of their diameters. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 297–303
Obscurin is a semi‐flexible molecule in solution
Authors: Whitley Jacob A. , Ex‐Willey Aidan M. , Marzolf Daniel R. , Ackermann Maegen A. , Tongen Anthony L. , Kokhan Oleksandr , Wright Nathan T. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObscurin, a giant modular cytoskeletal protein, is comprised mostly of tandem immunoglobulin‐like (Ig‐like) domains. This architecture allows obscurin to connect distal targets within the cell. The linkers connecting the Ig domains are usually short (3–4 residues). The physical effect arising from these short linkers is not known; such linkers may lead to a stiff elongated molecule or, conversely, may lead to a more compact and dynamic structure. In an effort to better understand how linkers affect obscurin flexibility, and to better understand the physical underpinnings of this flexibility, here we study the structure and dynamics of four representative sets of dual obscurin Ig domains using experimental and computational techniques. We find in all cases tested that tandem obscurin Ig domains interact at the poles of each domain and tend to stay relatively extended in solution. NMR, SAXS, and MD simulations reveal that while tandem domains are elongated, they also bend and flex significantly. By applying this behavior to a simplified model, it becomes apparent obscurin can link targets more than 200 nm away. However, as targets get further apart, obscurin begins acting as a spring and requires progressively more energy to further elongate.
Disability, special educational needs, class, capitals, and segregation in schools: A population geography perspective
Authors: Holt Louise , Bowlby Sophie , Lea Jennifer 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the spatially variable schooling of young people with special educational needs and disability (SEND) and interconnections with class and capitals, using analysis of the School Census and interviews with 64 educational professionals and parents in three areas in Southeast England. Three key original findings emerge. First, high proportions of young people with SEND come from poor backgrounds; however, most young people with SEND labels are not poor. Second, social class, capitals, and SEND intersect in ways that relatively advantage young people from more affluent and educated families, who gain access to specific labels and what is locally considered the “best” education. Third, we conceptualise school spaces as differently “bounded” or “connected,” providing different opportunities to develop meaningful relationships and qualifications, or social and cultural capital, rather than focus on the type of school (“special,” separate schools for students with SEND; or “mainstream” local schools). What are locally considered to be “the best” school spaces are connected and porous, providing opportunities to develop social and cultural capital. Other school spaces are containers of both SEND and poverty, with limited opportunities to acquire social and cultural capitals. Overall, we suggest that the intersecting experience of SEND, class, and capitals can (re)produce socio‐economic inequalities through school spaces.
Classification of knotted tori
Authors: Skopenkov A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFor a smooth manifold N denote by Em(N) the set of smooth isotopy classes of smooth embeddings N → ℝm. A description of the set Em(Sp × Sq) was known only for p = q = 0 or for p = 0, m ≠ q + 2 or for 2m ⩾ 2(p + q) + max{p, q} + 4. (The description was given in terms of homotopy groups of spheres and of Stiefel manifolds.) For m ⩾ 2p + q + 3 we introduce an abelian group structure on Em(Sp × Sq) and describe this group ‘up to an extension problem’. This result has corollaries which, under stronger dimension restrictions, more explicitly describe Em(Sp × Sq). The proof is based on relations between sets Em(N) for different N and m, in particular, on a recent exact sequence of M. Skopenkov.
Ionospheric Detection of Explosive Events
Authors: Huang C. Y. , Helmboldt J. F. , Park J. , Pedersen T. R. , Willemann R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe ionospheric response to explosions which occur at or below the Earth's surface has been noted since the first detonations of nuclear devices during the early period of aboveground testing. Acoustic gravity waves and traveling ionospheric disturbances were detected in association with test explosions carried out by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in Novaya Zemlya in 1961. While research in this area has continued, the standards accepted by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty for detection and confirmation of nuclear explosions have been based on (1) seismic, (2) hydroacoustic, (3) infrasound, and (4) radionuclide monitoring from ground detectors. We suggest that ionospheric sensing offers a complementary methodology that may allow for robust confirmation of explosive events. One method of ionospheric monitoring of explosive events is analysis of total electron content (TEC), available by processing data from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers distributed globally on land masses. Traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by their signature in TEC have been used to detect and confirm mine collapses, mine blasts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite strikes as well as underground nuclear tests. While an integrated measurement like TEC is not as sensitive to small‐amplitude density perturbations as other methods, the existence of large networks of continuously operating GNSS stations makes this an intriguing new monitoring asset. We report on the current capabilities for detection of explosions via the ionosphere, the outstanding challenges, and prospects for future developments that have potential to augment the current standards for detection and confirmation of nuclear detonations. By leveraging the worldwide network of GNSS receivers, robust confirmation of impulsive events is possible. This methodology complements existing technologies approved by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. The article outlines background theory, new approaches to monitoring of explosions, and challenges that remain to be addressed.
Assessment of fear and anxiety associated behaviors, physiology and neural circuits in rats with reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) levels
Authors: Johnson Philip L. , Molosh Andrei I. , Federici Lauren M. , Bernabe Cristian , Haggerty David , Fitz Stephanie D. , Nalivaiko Eugene , Truitt William , Shekhar Anantha 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGenetic variation in serotonin transporter (SERT) that reduces transcriptional efficiency is associated with higher anxiety and fear traits and a greater incidence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although previous studies have shown that rats with no expression of SERT (SERT−/−) have increased baseline anxiety behaviors, SERT+/− rats with low SERT expression (and more relevant to the clinical condition with low SERT expression) do not. Yet, no systematic studies of fear acquisition/extinction or their underlying neural mechanisms have been conducted in this preclinical genetic SERT+/− model. Here we sought to determine if SERT+/− or SERT−/−, compared to wildtype, rats would show exacerbated panic responses and/or persistent conditioned fear responses that may be associated with PTSD or phobia vulnerability. Results: Only SERT−/− rats showed increased baseline anxiety-like behaviors with heightened panic respiratory responses. However SERT+/− (also SERT-/-) rats showed enhanced acquisition of fear and delayed extinction of fear that was associated with changes in serotonergic-related genes (e.g., reduced 5-HT1A receptor) and disrupted inhibition within the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, the disrupted fear responses in SERT+/− rats were normalized with 5HT1A antagonist infusions into the BLA. Enhanced acquisition and failure to extinguish fear memories displayed by both SERT−/− and SERT+/− rats are cardinal symptoms of disabling anxiety disorders such as phobias and PTSD. The data here support the hypothesis that reduced SERT function is a genetic risk that disrupts select gene expression and network properties in the amygdala that could result in vulnerability to these syndromes.
The journey to CAR T cell therapy: the pediatric and young adult experience with relapsed or refractory B-ALL
Authors: Hucks George , Rheingold Susan R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOutcomes of pediatric and young adult patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved significantly in the past few decades. Treatment advances have provided 5-year survival rates ranging from 78 to 91% depending on the age at diagnosis. However, approximately 2–3% of patients will present with refractory disease that is unresponsive to chemotherapy, and 10–15% of patients will relapse. Outcomes post-relapse show significantly reduced 5-year survival rates that continue to decrease with each subsequent relapse. Despite our increased understanding of risk factors and disease predictors, treatment strategies for patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) disease, including variations of chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, remain ineffective for many patients. To improve outcomes of patients with r/r disease, immunotherapies targeting specific B cell antigens are being developed. Tisagenlecleucel is an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with refractory leukemia or those with second or later relapse. In this treatment strategy, a patient’s own T cells are transduced to express an anti-CD19 CAR that, when reintroduced into the patient, directs specific binding and killing of CD19+ B cells. In a phase 2, single-arm, multicenter, global study, tisagenlecleucel resulted in a remission rate of 81% in pediatric and adolescent patients with r/r B cell ALL. This review article summarizes four typical cases of pediatric and adolescent r/r B-cell ALL, focusing on the patient’s journey from initial diagnosis to treatment with CAR T cell therapy.
Eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (eIF5B) provides a critical cell survival switch to glioblastoma cells via regulation of apoptosis
Authors: Ross Joseph A. , Dungen Keiran Vanden , Bressler Kamiko R. , Fredriksen Mikayla , Khandige Sharma Divya , Balasingam Nirujah , Thakor Nehal 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhysiological stress conditions attenuate global mRNA translation via modifications of key eukaryotic initiation factors. However, non-canonical translation initiation mechanisms allow cap-independent translation of certain mRNAs. We have previously demonstrated that eIF5B promotes cap-independent translation of the mRNA encoding the antiapoptotic factor, XIAP, during cellular stress. Here, we show that depletion of eIF5B sensitizes glioblastoma multiforme cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a pathway involving caspases-8, −9, and −7, with no significant effect on cell cycle progression. eIF5B promotes evasion of apoptosis by promoting the translation of several IRES-containing mRNAs, encoding the antiapoptotic proteins XIAP, Bcl-xL, cIAP1, and c-FLIPS. We also show that eIF5B promotes translation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and suggest that reactive oxygen species contribute to increased apoptosis under conditions of eIF5B depletion. Finally, eIF5B depletion leads to decreased activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that eIF5B represents a regulatory node, allowing cancer cells to evade apoptosis by promoting the translation of pro-survival proteins from IRES-containing mRNAs.
A skin-over-liquid platform with compliant microbumps actuated by pyro-EHD pressure
Authors: Gennari O. , Rega R. , Mugnano M. , Oleandro E. , Mecozzi L. , Pagliarulo V. , Mazzon E. , Bramanti A. , Vettoliere A. , Granata C. , Ferraro P. , Grilli S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe unique deformability and the compliance ability of thin sheets on soft substrates attract much interest for studying the phenomena related to elastic instabilities as well as for sensing very weak forces such as those generated by live cells in vitro. However, the techniques used currently for producing such platforms are affected by a high degree of complexity and poor repeatability. Moreover, their deformability is usually used as a passive response to the action of an external force. Herein we propose a novel concept for a reliable and dynamic skin-over-liquid system made of a periodic array of highly compliant microbumps actuated through electrode-free electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pressure. We demonstrate that these structures are highly repeatable and capable of swelling and deflating easily under a simple thermal stimulation driven by the pyroelectric effect, thus providing a challenging platform that can be actively controlled at the microscale. Furthermore, we show the proof of principle by swelling these microbumps for mechanically stimulating live cells in vitro, thus opening the route to more reliable and easy to accomplish assays in the field of mechanobiology.
Structural consequence of the most frequently recurring cancer-associated substitution in DNA polymerase ε
Authors: Parkash Vimal , Kulkarni Yashraj , ter Beek Josy , Shcherbakova Polina V. , Kamerlin Shina Caroline Lynn , Johansson Erik 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe most frequently recurring cancer-associated DNA polymerase ε (Pol ε) mutation is a P286R substitution in the exonuclease domain. While originally proposed to increase genome instability by disrupting exonucleolytic proofreading, the P286R variant was later found to be significantly more pathogenic than Pol ε proofreading deficiency per se. The mechanisms underlying its stronger impact remained unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of the yeast orthologue, Pol ε−P301R, complexed with DNA and an incoming dNTP. Structural changes in the protein are confined to the exonuclease domain, with R301 pointing towards the exonuclease site. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that R301 interferes with DNA binding to the exonuclease site, an outcome not observed with the exonuclease-inactive Pol ε−D290A,E292A variant lacking the catalytic residues. These results reveal a distinct mechanism of exonuclease inactivation by the P301R substitution and a likely basis for its dramatically higher mutagenic and tumorigenic effects.