bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compaction characteristics of lime-treated tropical soil
Authors: Azril Hezmi Muhammad , Ahmad Kamarudin , Mohd Yunus Nor Zurairahetty , Anuar Kassim Khairul , Rashid Ahmad Safuan A. , Abdul Hassan Norhidayah 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Like soils of other regions in the world, some tropical soils are also associated with problems of low strength. To improve engineering characteristics of soils, several methods have been employed worldwide which are categorized as mechanical, chemical, thermal and electrical. The aim of this research is to compare the compaction characteristics of untreated and lime-treated soils. Soil samples obtained from three different points within a project site in Klang, Selangor were utilized in this study. Each sample was subjected to Eades and Grimm’s test in accordance with ASTM D6276-99a to determine the appropriate lime dosage for soil stabilization. The required lime dosage was found between 1.3% and 3.4%. Then each untreated soil and soil sample mixed with 5% lime, higher than that obtained from Eades and Grimm’s tests were compacted in accordance with BS 1377:1990. Generally, each soil sample achieved lower values of maximum dry density after treated with 5% lime than those of the untreated soils. Such observations were in good agreement with those obtained by previous researchers working on lime-treated soils. Nonetheless, the optimum moisture content of the lime-treated sample from Points 1 was slightly higher than that of the untreated sample. This finding was different from those obtained by previous researchers. Such contradicting observation might be due to the type and quantity of mineralogical contents of the soils studied.
Empirical equations for predicting pile/soil setup effect
Authors: Min Lee Lee , Sze Ming Jasmine Wong , Sien Ti Kok , Teck Leong Lau , Tuck Wai Yeong 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Pile/soil setup effect is a natural phenomenon where pile load capacity increases over time as the results of dissipation of pore-water pressure and soil aging. The magnitude of pile/soil setup is governed by three main factors, i.e. pile slenderness ratio, elapsed time and type of surrounding soil. In this study, empirical correlations were established based on data compiled from previous case studies. Two forms of empirical equations were proposed to predict the pile/soil setup effect subjected to different slenderness ratios and elapsed times. The proposed equations were subsequently verified by actual field data collected from two sites in Malaysia. Results showed that 80% of the pile capacities increased by 1.150-1.875 times per log time cycle. Piles in fine-grained soils generally exhibited a greater pile/soil setup effect than coarse-grained soils.
An overview of traditional and non traditional stabilizer for soft soil
Authors: Md Zahri Azura , Zainorabidin Adnan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Soft soil always deal with high compressibility, high water content, low shear strength and low permeability. All these challenges lead to soil failure such as excessive settlement, failure of sub structure which is lead to superstructure damage and many others failure. Hence, soil stabilization is one of the option in ground improvement technique by adding other stabilization agent either natural basis or chemical basis. This paper critically reviewed about advantages and disadvantages of chemical stabilizer namely traditional and non traditional. Also closely reviewed on polymer and lignosulfonate as soil stabilization agent in various type of soil. Reviewed and analysing of some references revealed that using non traditional stabilizer have more advantages than traditional stabilizer in term of engineering properties as well as chemical composition. Polymer and lignosulfonate also have their on specialties in order to corporate with various type of soil.
Estimation of Soil Water Characteristic Curves (SWCC) of mining sand using soil suction modelling
Authors: Azmi M , Ramli M. H , Hezmi M. A , Mohd Yusoff S.A.N , Alel M. N. A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSoil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is widely known as the relationship between matric suction and water content. It is used as a tool to determine the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils and to predict soil water storage. Direct measurement is difficult and time-consuming. Many empirical models have been developed to represent SWCC. The objective of this study is to validate the Van Genuchten and Fredlund and Xing models. The SWCC was obtained from pressure plate tests for different soil gradations of mining tailing sand samples taken from Kuala Trong, Taiping, Perak, Malaysia. The results presented include moisture content and degree of saturation versus matric suction. The constructed SWCCs were fitted using the Van Genuchten and Fredlund and Xing equations, and the behaviour of the parameters analysed and discussed. The study found that this method is good for the SWCC for mining tailing sand, and that SWCC is greatly affected by initial water content and the grain size of the sample.
Soil anisotropic stress-strain prediction using Normalised Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework (NRMYSF) for compacted tropical residual sandy soils
Authors: Alias A , Noor M J Md. , Mohamed Jais I B 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework (RMYSF) is an anisotropic soil volume change model developed to integrate shear strength in characterising the soil volume change behaviour from the standpoint of the stress-strain response. The anisotropic soil volume change behaviour is described from the interaction between applied stress represented by the Mohr-Coulomb circle and shear strength in terms of curved-surface mobilized shear strength envelope. This research work is to enhance the current method of RMYSF using normalisation of axial strain to predict stress-strain behaviour. A series of triaxial tests has been conducted on Malaysian sedimentary sandy residual soil grade VI. The stress-strain curves and volume change behaviours were analysed using this enhanced method. Subsequently, the enhance method is apply to predict the soil stress strain respond and make comparison with the actual laboratory stress-strain curve. Essentially the normalised method of RMYSF has improved the accuracy of the prediction as presented in the paper.
Risk assessment at open dumping area using Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Mohd Pauzi N I , Razali Z Che 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Open dumping area has a potential hazard such as the settlement of the dumping sites, the release of hazardous gas and pollution of the groundwater to the environment. The risk assessment are conducted on the open dumping area in order to evaluate the potential risk that occur at the open dumping area. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the bearing capacity of the waste soil at the open dumping area. The risk assessment on the bearing capacity at the open dumping area are simulate using the Monte Carlo Simulations. The methodology starts from collecting the soil samples, conducting experiments such as sieve analysis test, specific gravity test and direct shear box test, and finally the analysis using Monte Carlo Simulation. Monte Carlo Simulation was used to decide or to make conclusion on the best probabilities for the bearing capacity at the open dumping area.
Effects of cementation reagent on the precipitation of calcium carbonate induced by Bacillus Megaterium
Authors: Muhammed A S , Zango M U , Kassim K A , Ahmad K , Umar M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of cementation reagent that will produce the maximal amount of calcium carbonate induced by Bacillus Megaterium. The optimum condition for calcium carbonate precipitation was evaluated for its application in improving the geotechnical properties of soil. The process was studied using the test-tube experiment and evaluating the amount of calcium carbonate precipitated and subsequently verified using X-ray diffraction test. Five different concentrations of cementation reagent (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5M) were used in the study. Results showed calcium carbonate was higher with increase in concentration of cementation reagent irrespective of the curing period. Furthermore, the XRD scan confirmed the precipitate formed was calcium carbonate. Calcite formed acts ad bio-cement which is responsible for improving the geotechnical properties of various soil.
Influence of Blended Lime-GGBS Slag on the strength of Laterite
Authors: Md Nayan Khairulnisa’ bt. , N. L. Ling Felix , Abu Talib Zaihasra bt. , Irwan P. Harahap M. , Ho S. C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Residual soils are referred to soils that formed through process of physical and chemical weathering of in-situ rocks. Reactions of various physical and chemical weathering agents had resulted in physical and chemical variability of residual soil and site dependent. The structure and minerals of in-situ rock were degraded physically and chemically and thus making its less resistance to load compared to un-weathered parent rock. Hence, it is important to stabilize the residual soil. Different ratios of blended hydrated lime and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) namely 10:0, 9:1, 8:2 and 5:5 were utilized in this study. The percentage of admixtures was set at 10% with respect to its dry mass of soil. Unconfined compressive strength of treated soil specimens were determined after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of humid curing. The water contents of the specimens were found to decrease slightly with an increment of curing periods while the strengths of the stabilized specimens were increased with curing periods. The highest unconfined shear strength at 28 days was recorded as 321.74 kPa with 8.18% axial strain. Thus, it showed that the use of blended lime and slag can improve the strength of residual soil. However, the treated samples failed to achieve the minimum strength increment of 345 kPa to be considered as an effective stabilization as stated in ASTM D4609. Some other factors namely curing temperature and Initial Consumption of Lime (ICL) should be considered to optimize the strength of the stabilized materials.
Monitoring strain development of soil slope using distributed optical fibre sensor
Authors: Awang Ismail Dayangku Salma bt , Kassim Azman , bin Mohamad Hisham , A Rashid Ahmad Safuan , Bunawan Aliff Ridzuan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRainfall infiltration is well-known as one of the important factors that lead to slope failure in tropical areas such Malaysia because it’s significant fluctuation of pore water pressure due to monsoon seasons. In this paper, a distributed sensing optical fibre system named Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) is used to monitor the strain development of a laboratory soil slope model. The aim of study is to determine the plane failure of a residual soil slope under rainfall infiltration and subsequent loading impact using BOTDA technology. A soil slope model was constructed from Malaysian residual soil slope and tested under various rainfall infiltration patterns and sequential loadings. A continuous ribbon optical fibre has been directly embedded in the soil slope to measure the soil strain. The paper only presented on soil strain response due to rainfall infiltration and relations to the pore pressure development within the finite slope. From the experiments, it has been observed that the optical fibre has been able to capture soil strain during infiltration which proven the sensitivity of optical fibre to measure soil strain. The maximum strain observed was about 850 microstrain (µε) which occurred at the third layer of slope height (L1) at 8-hour of infiltration. After 24-hours of infiltration, the strain was observed to be constant for all layers; Layer 1 (L1) = 302 µε, Layer 2 = 210 µε and Layer 3 (L3) = 190 µε in which the whole sample was clearly seen in a fully saturated condition and the negative pore pressure has remained constant throughout the depth.
Strain and temperature calibration of Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) sensing system
Authors: Ismail Awang , binti Siat @ Sirat Qurratu Aini , Kassim Azman bin , Mohamad Hisham bin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Instrumentation plays an important role in monitoring the performance of the geotechnical structures especially slope as it can be an effective approach for many unstable or potentially unstable. In the recent study, BOTDA interrogator is used to monitor the strain development on a laboratory soil slope model in order to assess the failure mechanism of residual soil slope under rainfall infiltration and surcharge loading. By understanding the concept of BOTDA technology which based on the Brillouin frequency shift (Δv

b
), it possible to monitor changes in soil movement. Thus, the aim of the paper is to evaluate the parameter configuration of the BOTDA interrogator by determining both strain and temperature coefficients associated with the signal differences. The methodology presented as for acquiring the coefficients by calibrating the signal difference in terms of strain and thermal characteristics only for 12 ribbon Fujikura optical fibre sensor. As a result, the coefficient over a Brillouin signal for Fujikura optical fibre is 20 µε and 1°C for strain and temperature respectively. Therefore, the raw data obtained by the interrogator which in Megahertz unit can be evaluated in term of strain and temperature with respect to the coefficients.
Deformable unsaturated laterite soil under vibration impact with dissimilar moisture content
Authors: Abd Rashid MF. , Alias N. , Ahmad K. , Sa’ari R. , Ramli MZ. , Ibrahim Z. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVibrations from vehicle traffic, machinery and operations from construction activities such as blasting are examples of some natural and man-made vibration phenomenon’s that can cause dynamic stress when imposed onto soils. In order to ensure sustainability of the geo-environment, the impacts caused by these vibrations as well as the changes in moisture content needs to be addressed. To achieve this, the behaviour of vibrated deformable double-porosity under dissimilar moisture content in non-repeated vibration was assessed and characterized through laboratory experiments. Investigation of deformable unsaturated laterite soil by aggregating laterite soil using 29%, 30%, 32% and 34% moisture content was carried out and presented in this paper. An acrylic soil column, accelerometer and vibrating table were used to conduct the experiments. The acrylic columns were filled with each aggregated soil and the soil was then compressed to a height of 10 cm, which had been pre-determined beforehand. Accelerometers were installed to a vibrating table where each soil column was tested to measure the time histories of high-frequency acceleration on the surfaces of both the laterite soil and vibrating table. Acceleration was observed at two points, namely; (1) the surface of the soil sample and (2) the surface of the vibrating table. The amplitude of the vibrating table was increased in order to test for repeated vibration. Maximum amplitudes were recorded by collecting the acceleration time histories and the amplitude of displacement was increased in order to carry out the tests. The outcome of the tests demonstrated that there was an increase of the acceleration response in non-repeated vibration when moisture contents were also increased. For the vibrated samples that were used, it was found that there was a rearrangement of the soils structure and as expected, the porosity characteristics that were identified had influenced the liquid penetrations’ speed.
Infiltration type slope stability method using non-linear shear strength behaviour
Authors: Md Noor M J , Muda M A , Ramle M M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Shallow slope failure in hilly area triggered by rainfall infiltration is very common in the tropics and this is very difficult to quantify using the conventional slope stability methods. Those methods assess the failure by elevating the groundwater table (GWT) and apply the Terzaghi’s linear shear strength envelope with cohesion intercept. This is despite knowing that the location of the GWT is far below to have any influence on the failure at the slope face and the true soil shear strength behaviour is perhaps non-linear at the low stress levels with zero cohesion intercept. As a result such failure cannot be pre-detected and this pose risk to the public safety if the slope is close to human activity. In order to replicate the true mechanics of failure an Infiltration Type Slope Stability Method using the non-linear failure envelope with zero cohesion intercept has been applied to assess a slope failure in Bandar Baru Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia. Consolidated Undrained Triaxial tests have been conducted on undisturbed soil specimens to substantiate that the failure envelope is perhaps non-linear at low stress range and has zero cohesion intercept. The slope stability analyses back calculate the failure by considering various depths of infiltration. This approach managed to prove that the factor of safety (FOS) is less than unity when the wetting front reached the depth of the actual slip failure surface.
3-D numerical model of jack force interaction to segmental tunnel lining in soft soil
Authors: Mohamed El-Sayed Osama , Norafida Jusoh Siti , Asnida Adbullah Rini , Abang Hasbollah Dayang Zulaikha 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The construction process of a bored tunnel is a complicated process. During tunnelling, loads were acting on tunnel and tunnel lining were installed to support excavation. Simultaneously, soil redistribution induced by tunnel excavation leads to lining to deform. One of the parameters that affect global soil-tunnel behaviour is the jack forces. Jack force is exerted during the tunnel advancement to install the lining and the same time to enhance tunnel face stability. The complexity of jack force application to ensure the overall tunnel stability is not fully studied yet. Hence, the impact of jacking force on segmental tunnel lining and surrounding soil during the tunnel advance is still unclear. This paper presents a numerical simulation by using ABAQUS/Standard 3D FE software to determine and investigate the lining deformations/jacking force relationship. The behaviour of different tunnel lining thickness applied with a variation of jack forces in the tunnel-boring machine (TBM) were examined. The result based on the numerical model explained that the jacking force required to advance is related to the cross section area of segments. Finally, a relation has been established between the segment’s thickness and the jacking force t hat required advancing through a certain soil block with specific loads cases. The findings showed that the complex geological features and loads case applied to cause great stress on the tunnel face which have to be encountered by a certain thrust magnitude to advance the tunnel. The model analyses the contact reaction and radial reaction to the segment as a result of the axial force that is exerted by jack thrust and bending moment due to strata load, respectively. However, a proposed model that suggests a certain step to investigate and analyse the magnitude of jack forces is required.
Dam break test for scaled down slab beam and flat slab Dom-ino house structural system
Authors: Hanafi Roslan Muhammad , Kadir Marsono Abdul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Tsunami is a succession of waves travelling throughout water body which is resulted by the sudden displacement of a substantial volume of water on the ocean. This disastrous event typically generated due to seismic activity occurs on the seabed or any kind of disturbance that happen either naturally or man-made, below or above the ocean. The hydrostatic pressure produced during this catastrophic event might cause significant damage to many common structures should that they are not being built to resist such imposed load by the tsunami. Tsunami field survey observations also indicate that the structural failure would be escalated more in the presence of water borne debris such as wooden logs, vehicles, containers or other heavy objects. Through this paper, the outcomes of the experimental study are obtainable for the quantification of the hydrodynamic pressure force on the structures. The structure used for the experiment is a scaled down 1:10 model by utilizing the flat slab structural system, a typical structural system that being used in most building worldwide other than the slab beam structural system, thus resembling the exact behaviour of failure to the real structure when it imposed with the tsunami pressure.
Geomechanical strength of carbonate rock in Kinta Valley, Perak, Malaysia
Authors: Goh T L , Ailie S S , Amanina M Nur , Ainul M M R , Abdul Ghani R , Norbert S , Lee K E 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The geomechanical strength of rock materials plays a significant role in influencing the stability of both cut rock slopes and underground openings. The strength characteristics are influenced by both material characteristics and the condition of weathering. This paper presents a systematic approach to quantify the rock material strength characteristics for material failure and material & discontinuities failure by using uniaxial compressive strength, point load strength index and Brazilian tensile strength for carbonate rocks. The mean value of compressive strength, point load strength index and Brazilian tensile strength for with material failure and material & discontinuities failure were 76.8±4.5 and 41.2±4.1 MPa respectively. The Point load strength index for material failure and material & discontinuities failure were 3.1 ± 0.2 MPa and 1.8 ± 0.3 MPa respectively. The Brazilian tensile strength with material failure and material & discontinuities failure were7.1 ± 0.3 MPa and 4.1 ± 0.3 MPa respectively. The results of this research revealed that the geomechanical strengths of rock material of carbonate rocks for material & discontinuities failure deteriorates approximately ½ from material failure.
Monitoring subsurface ground movement using fibre optic inclinometer sensor
Authors: Ghazali M.F , Mohamad H 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The monitoring of subsurface ground movement is important for the prevention and control of geological disaster including land subsidence, ground fissure, surface collapse, and landslides. Inclinometer and extensometer are examples of the conventional geotechnical instruments for monitoring the subsurface ground movement. However, most conventional geotechnical instruments for subsurface monitoring are limited to discrete sensing, high cost, and susceptible to various reading errors. This paper presents the advancement of technology mechanism to monitor horizontal ground movements as well as the data processing technique involved. Distributed optical fibre inclinometer is developed through laboratory pipe bending tests whereas the data is corroborated with conventional instruments. This system was installed on site, measuring the performance of the sensors as well as to monitor the associated ground movements. A simple cost comparative study between fibre optic inclinometer and conventional geotechnical instrumentation indicates the new technology is cost-effective for applications in ground monitoring particularly when monitoring a large number of borehole points and measurement arrays.