bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Law of Confusion: An Examination of Misunderstanding, Mistake, and Ignorance in Contract Law
Authors: STOCKMEYER NORMAN OTTO 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTCourts have distinguished between several forms of confusion on the part of parties to a contract. This article examines the leading cases defining these related states of mind and their differing legal effects. It offers a fresh look at old chestnuts familiar to generations of law students: cases involving two sailing ships, a pregnant cow, and an uncut diamond. And it shares revealing backstories rarely mentioned in law school.
Atypical Presentation of Intestinal Intussusception Caused by Insidious Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Bowel Wall
Authors: Dong Shuo , Xie Xiaoying , Zhao Linsheng , Pei Guanghua 
Published: December 2018

Introduction:
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare but real tumor, which is histologically characterized by myofibroblastic spindle cells proliferation with inflammatory infiltrate. The lung is the most common affected organ, and extrapulmonary IMTs are less common. However, IMT seldom presents in the gastrointestinal tract, and intussusception is a rare complication of this tumor.

Case presentation:
We documented this rare case of a 12-year-old Chinese girl presenting with abdominal pain. The clinical and radiologic impression was bowel intussusception and bowel obstruction. No sign of abdominal mass was found before surgery, neither physical examination nor radiologic images. Operative findings revealed intestinal intussusception secondary to a little mass. Histopathlogic evaluation of this mass revealed IMT.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, IMT may present with bowel intussusception. However, at the intestinal location, the tumor may be found as an abdominal mass or may be insidious; hence, detailed history, physical examination, and imaging studies are necessary for early recognition and diagnosis.
Boosting Direct X‐Ray Detection in Organic Thin Films by Small Molecules Tailoring
Authors: Ciavatti Andrea , Basiricò Laura , Fratelli Ilaria , Lai Stefano , Cosseddu Piero , Bonfiglio Annalisa , Anthony John E. , Fraboni Beatrice 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe attention focused on the application of organic electronics for the detection of ionizing radiation is rapidly growing among the international scientific community, due to the great potential of organic technology to enable large‐area conformable sensor panels. However, high‐energy photon absorption is challenging as organic materials are constituted of atoms with low atomic numbers. Here it is reported how, by synthesizing new solution‐processable organic molecules derived from 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS‐pentacene) and 2,8‐difluoro‐5,11‐bis(triethylsilylethynyl)anthradithiophene, with Ge‐substitution in place of the Si atoms to increase the material atomic number, it is possible to boost the X‐ray detection performance of organic thin films on flexible plastic substrates. Bis(triisopropylgermylethynyl)‐pentacene based flexible organic thin film transistors show high electrical performance with higher mobility (0.4 cm2 V−1 s−1) and enhanced X‐ray sensitivity, up to 9.0 × 105 µC Gy−1 cm−3, with respect to TIPS‐pentacene‐based detectors. Moreover, similar results are obtained for 5,11‐bis(triethylgermylethynyl)anthradithiophene devices, confirming that the proposed strategy, that is, increasing the atomic number of organic molecules by chemical tailoring to improve X‐ray sensitivity, can be generalized to organic thin film detectors, combining high X‐ray absorption, mechanical flexibility, and large‐area processing.
Tracing the Origin of Visible Light Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Cai Chao , Han Shaobo , Caiyang Weinan , Zhong Ruyi , Tang Yongliang , Lawrence Matthew J. , Wang Qi , Huang Limin , Liang Yongye , Gu Meng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHybrid nanostructures with a plasmonic core and catalytic shell often show significantly enhanced catalytic efficiency under illumination of specific frequency. Excitation of localized surface plasmonic resonance on plasmonic metals under illumination can generate hot electrons that assist in the catalytic reaction. However, the correlation between the microstructural geometry, dielectric environment, internal energy flow in the hybrid structure, and the chemical reaction rate is so far not clear. Here, a composite with a plasmonic Au metal yolk and a nearly transparent Ni3S2 shell is designed to maximize the absorption of incident light by forming strong localized surface plasmonic resonance at the yolk as predicted by 3D finite element method. The incoming photoenergy is dominantly dissipated on the shell by forming electron–hole pairs, leading to higher energy flow rate for oxygen evolution reaction. The overpotential is 252 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and the catalytic activity of Au@Ni3S2 achieves ca. 85‐fold that of pure Ni3S2 under illumination and surpasses the commercial IrO2 catalyst. The study opens the door of exploration of highly effective hybrid composite catalysts for energy applications.
Shape‐Deformable Self‐Healing Electroluminescence Displays
Authors: Cho Sung Hwan , Lee Seung Won , Hwang Ihn , Kim Jong Sung , Jeong Beomjin , Kang Han Sol , Kim Eui Hyuk , Kim Kang Lib , Park Chanho , Park Cheolmin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSelf‐healing electronic materials can substantially enhance the lifetime of a device as they can self‐repair mechanical damages, thereby recovering their initial electronic performance similar to human skin. Despite the development of various self‐healing electronic components such as electrodes and semiconducting carrier transport layers, self‐healing electroluminescence (EL) layers suitable for deformable displays, which require both high stretchability and self‐recovery function, have been rarely demonstrated. Herein, shape‐deformable and self‐healing EL displays (SSELDs) are presented. Light‐emitting materials are fabricated by adding a certain amount of a plasticizer, Triton X‐100, to elastomeric poly(urethane) containing light‐emitting Cu‐doped ZnS microparticles to obtain a viscoelastic composite that undergoes facile shape‐deformation and recovery. A capacitive SSELD exhibits frequency‐dependent field‐induced light emission under alternating current (AC). Color mixing and tuning of EL is conveniently achieved by mechanically mixing two or more Cu‐doped ZnS microparticles with different EL characteristics. More importantly, an SSELD self‐recovers its EL within few minutes of electrical failure. Further, the AC EL device endures more than 100 cycles of failure‐recovery operations. By combining with a shape‐deformable ionic liquid, a novel fiber display that exhibits excellent shape‐deformable and self‐healing EL performance is demonstrated.
Catalytic effect of zeolite LTA on thermal degradation of polysulfone and kinetic analysis
Authors: Huang Zhen , Wang Xiao‐jie , Lu Tao , Nong Dan‐dan , Gao Xin‐yang , Zhao Jun‐xu , Wei Meng‐yu , Teng Li‐jun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThermal stability of polysulfone (PSF) and its zeolite LTA hybrids with two different zeolite contents has been investigated by using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis measurements, and the thermal experiments in air were conducted at a constant heating rate in the span of 5–30 K/min. The thermal characteristics were evaluated based on TG and DTA results. Two‐stage thermal decomposition is seen to mainly occur in the range of 700–970 K and the zeolite LTA added has considerably influenced the thermal behavior of PSF. Two isoconversional model‐free Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Coats–Redfern methods are employed to perform kinetic analysis of the mass loss versus temperature data, resulting in activation energy and pre exponential factor values. The activation energies obtained over the whole conversion range for two zeolite composites are considerably lower than those of pure PSF, possibly related to the catalytic effect of zeolite LTA added. The materials conversion functions D5 and D3 are found to more appropriately describe thermal degradation of PSF and its zeolite LTA hybrids. Using the kinetic parameters and conversion functions, the temperature‐dependent thermal conversion curves under different heating rates have been successfully recast, leading to excellent calculation results.
Self‐Assembled 2D Perovskite Layers for Efficient Printable Solar Cells
Authors: Zuo Chuantian , Scully Andrew D. , Vak Doojin , Tan Wenliang , Jiao Xuechen , McNeill Christopher R. , Angmo Dechan , Ding Liming , Gao Mei 
Published: December 2018

Abstract2D organic–inorganic hybrid Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites have emerged recently as candidates for the light‐absorbing layer in solar cell technology due largely to their impressive operational stability compared with their 3D‐perovskite counterparts. The methods reported to date for the preparation of efficient 2D perovksite layers for solar cells involve a nonscalable spin‐coating step. In this work, a facile, spin‐coating‐free, directly scalable drop‐cast method is reported for depositing precursor solutions that self‐assemble into highly oriented, uniform 2D‐perovskite films in air, yielding perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of up to 14.9% (certified PCE of 14.33% ± 0.34 at 0.078 cm2). This is the highest PCE to date for a solar cell with 2D‐perovskite layers fabricated by nonspin‐coating method. The PCEs of the cells display no evidence of degradation after storage in a nitrogen glovebox for more than 5 months. 2D‐perovskite layer deposition using a slot‐die process is also investigated for the first time. Perovskite solar cells fabricated using batch slot‐die coating on a glass substrate or R2R slot‐die coating on a flexible substrate produced PCEs of 12.5% and 8.0%, respectively.
Emergency Ultrasound Training Program in Guyana: Systematic Credentialing Process in a Resource‐limited Setting
Authors: Rupp Jordan D. , Jagjit Sri Devi , Ferre Robinson M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUltrasound has become an important skill for emergency physicians. Ultrasound is more crucial in resource‐limited settings where diagnostic testing may not be as timely or available at all. In 2015, an emergency medicine ultrasound curriculum was implemented at Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation in Georgetown, Guyana. Implementing an ultrasound‐training curriculum in Guyana had four main challenges: limited ultrasound equipment, lack of informational technology infrastructure to record and review ultrasound examinations, availability of local emergency ultrasound expertise, and competing educational needs within the curriculum. These challenges were met with creative solutions and the formation of a formalized curriculum and credentialing process. The experience of creating the program is described along with the curriculum, credentialing process, and plan for sustainability. Since implementation, every graduating resident has displayed competency on final assessment.
Analyzing determinants of US distillers dried grains with solubles exports
Authors: De Matteis Maria C. , Yu T. Edward , Boyer Christopher N. , DeLong Karen L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe exports of US distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a coproduct of corn ethanol, have grown more than five‐fold over the last decade. However, there is limited knowledge of what factors drive US. DDGS exports and how those factors could impact future US DDGS exports. This study aimed to identify the determinants of US DDGS exports and estimate the growth of DDGS exports to major international buyers. A commodity‐specific gravity model was estimated using the pseudo‐Poisson maximum likelihood method for US DDGS exports to 29 countries over 2000–2013. Results suggest that the importing country’s meat production, technical barriers to trade, tariffs, and US ethanol production influence US DDGS exports. A baseline outlook for US DDGS exports to the six major importing countries through 2020 generated from the estimated gravity model shows China’s commodity and trade policy could have a vital impact on US DDGS exports. Variations in DDGS exports under the scenarios of high and low meat production in those importing countries were also derived.
Three‐dimensional modelling of large archaeological sites using images obtained from masts. Application to Qubbet el‐Hawa site (Aswan, Egypt)
Authors: Pérez‐García José Luis , Mozas‐Calvache Antonio Tomás , Gómez‐López José Miguel , Jiménez‐Serrano Alejandro 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) modelling of archaeological sites has recently undergone a great development due to the implementation of new acquisition devices and techniques and new processing algorithms. One of the most noteworthy of these is the use of unmanned aerial systems for lifting acquisition devices such as digital cameras to model sites based on photogrammetric techniques. Despite the development and wide use of these systems there are some situations where they are not allowed to fly. In this context we propose a method based on masts which elevate the camera in order to perform photogrammetric surveys of large archeological sites. In this study we analysed the photograph acquisition parameters and the surveying procedure in order to balance in‐field the efficiency and the complete coverage of photographs in the study zone, taking into account the requirements of the photogrammetric processing technique to be implemented. The proposed method has been applied to a large and complex archaeological site located in Aswan (Egypt). The results obtained (photogrammetric products and the 3D model) have demonstrated the viability of the method in these cases and the possible implementation of these types of studies for documentation, planning, virtual visualization, etc.
Controllable Synthesis of Inverse Opal TiO2‐x Photonic Crystals and Their Photoelectric Properties
Authors: Liu Shuming , Zhou Liang , Zhang Jinlong , Lei Juying 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this study, inverse opal TiO2‐x photonic crystals (IO‐TiO2‐x) have been successfully synthesized by a two‐step calcination. The whole synthesis is safe and feasible. Additionly, the reduction degree and the structure of IO‐TiO2‐x can be precisely controlled. A series of IO‐TiO2‐x samples with different reduction degree were prepared and characterized. The TEM images show that the obtained samples possess a 3D‐ordered macroporous inverse opal structure. The reduced Ti atoms/oxygen vacancies were confirmed by Raman and XPS spectroscopy. All IO‐TiO2‐x samples showed better photoelectric properties than those of common TiO2 which indicates their great potential to be applied to photoelectric fields. The improvement of photoelectric properties is attributed to the efficient electron‐hole separation efficiency induced by moderately reduced Ti atoms/oxygen vacancies. Meanwhile, the 3D‐ordered macroporous inverse opal structure and the band gap are regulated to “capture” more solar energy. This new approach is proven to be a meaningful method to synthesize high‐performance TiO2 materials.
An Aggregation‐induced Emission Probe Based on Host–Guest Inclusion Composed of the Tetraphenylethylene Motif and γ‐Cyclodextrin for the Detection of α‐Amylase
Authors: Shi Jie , Deng Qianchun , Li Ya , Chai Zhaofei , Wan Chuyun , Shangguan Huijuan , Li Lu , Tang Bo 
Published: December 2018

Abstractα‐Amylase, an essential biomarker in pancreas related diseases and perform a major role in carbohydrates metabolism. Hence, monitoring the dynamic changes of α‐amylase is crucial for better clinical diagnosis of diseases. However, the existing methods are suffered from low sensitivity, time consumption and indirect assay with aid of tool enzyme or inhibitor of competitive substrates, the rapid and non‐destructive sensing of α‐amylase in biological samples was highly desired. In this work, a very simple tetraphenylethylene motif and γ‐cyclodextrin based supramolecular fluometric sensing system was firstly established. This system has no emission signal in aqueous media for the freely rotation of phenyl rings in the cavity of γ‐cyclodextrin, but the AIE residues can be released in to water after the α‐amylase hydrolysing γ‐cyclodextrin, then turn on the fluorescence. In this system, the detection limit is calculated to be 0.007 U mL−1 in MES buffer with a linear range of 0–0.35 U mL−1, having excellent selectivity to α‐amylase compared to other proteins. At last, our probe can be applied to the quantitative analysis of α‐amylase in human serum, showing potential in point of care testing.
Edaravone acts as a potential therapeutic drug against pentylenetetrazole‐induced epilepsy in male albino rats by downregulating cyclooxygenase‐II
Authors: Liu Liang‐min , Wang Ning , Lu Yan , Wang Wei‐ping 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe effects of edaravone against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced epilepsy in male albino rats were investigated. Edaravone is a well‐known commercial drug used in the treatment of strokes and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of edaravone have been reported in patients with ALS.MethodsIn this study, the experimental groups were as follows: sham, control, 5 mg/kg edaravone, and 10 mg/kg edaravone. Behavioral assessment, determination of biochemical markers, apoptosis, nitric oxide (NO), and mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase‐II (COX‐II) were carried out. Seizure incidence, including generalized tonic–clonic seizure (GTCS) and minimal clonic seizure (MCS), was directly associated with PTZ administration in rats.ResultsEdaravone supplementation substantially increased MCS and GTCS latency in rats, and biochemical markers were significantly altered in the brain tissue of PTZ‐treated rats. Edaravone treatment normalized altered biochemical markers compared with the untreated control. Apoptosis and NO levels were significantly reduced by more than 50% compared to their respective controls. COX‐II mRNA was increased by 130% in PTZ‐treated rats, while edaravone supplementation reduced mRNA and protein expression of COX‐II by more than 20% and 40%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry indicated that COX‐II protein expression was reduced by 13.2% and 33.7% following supplementation with 5 and 10 mg/kg edaravone, respectively.ConclusionTaken together, our results suggest that edaravone functions by downregulating the levels of COX‐II and NO and is a potential candidate for the treatment of PTZ‐induced epilepsy.
Food Pantries as a Gateway for Academic Enhancement and Basic Needs Support
Authors: Gupton Jarrett T. , Trost Jennifer L. , Collins Kelly 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWhile homeless and highly mobile students experience multiple forms of marginality, trauma, and economic hardship, an increasing number of community colleges are providing support services tailored for this population. This qualitative study examined campus food pantries as a vital service that furthers the completion agenda.
Switching the Electron‐Donating Ability of Phosphines through Proton‐Responsive Imidazolin‐2‐ylidenamino Substituents
Authors: Mehlmann Paul , Dielmann Fabian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStimuli‐responsive ancillary ligands are valuable tools to control the activity and selectivity of transition‐metal catalysts. The synthesis and characterization of a series of metal complexes containing phosphines with proton‐responsive imidazolin‐2‐ylidenamino substituents are reported. Determination of the ligand‐donor properties revealed that protonation of each substituent increases the Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) of the phosphine by 22 cm−1, hence allowing for switching of the electron‐donor power of phosphine 2 within an unprecedented range (ΔTEP=43.4 cm−1).
Dehydrative Allylation between Aldehydes and Allylic Alcohols through Synergistic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Haruki Hiroki , Yasuda Shigeo , Nagao Kazunori , Ohmiya Hirohisa 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDehydrative allylation between widely available aldehydes and allylic alcohols to afford β,γ‐unsaturated ketones was enabled by a synergistic merger of a thiazolium N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyst and a palladium‐bisphosphine catalyst.
IoT‐based wireless body area networks for disaster cases
Authors: Cicioğlu Murtaza , Çalhan Ali 
Published: December 2018

SummaryWireless networks have many advantages for emergency situations especially disaster cases. A disaster might happen because of various reasons such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and tornadoes. In these emergency situations, wireless communication technologies are very important for the rescue of human life. Wireless technologies, especially body area networks, might monitor, collect, and send data about human in trouble to rescue unit. In this paper, Internet of things‐based wireless body area network is proposed for disaster cases. The proposed architecture guarantees lifesavings by using wireless technologies for location determination, vital signs transmission, and SOS calls. Also, a gateway selection algorithm based on fuzzy logic is developed for selecting more appropriate wireless technology.
Flying between raindrops: Strong seasonal turnover of several Lepidoptera groups in lowland rainforests of Mount Cameroon
Authors: Maicher Vincent , Sáfián Szabolcs , Murkwe Mercy , Przybyłowicz Łukasz , Janeček Štěpán , Fokam Eric B. , Pyrcz Tomasz , Tropek Robert 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAlthough seasonality in the tropics is often less pronounced than in temperate areas, tropical ecosystems show seasonal dynamics as well. Nevertheless, individual tropical insects’ phenological patterns are still poorly understood, especially in the Afrotropics. To fill this gap, we investigated biodiversity patterns of Lepidoptera communities at three rainforest localities in the foothills of Mount Cameroon, West Africa, one of the wettest places in the world. Our multitaxa approach covered six lepidopteran groups (fruit‐feeding butterflies and moths, the families Sphingidae, Saturniidae, and Eupterotidae, and the subfamily Arctiinae of Erebidae) with diverse life strategies. We sampled adults of the focal groups in three distinct seasons. Our sampling included standardized bait trapping (80 traps exposed for 10 days per locality and season) and attraction by light (six full nights per locality and season). Altogether, our dataset comprised 20,576 specimens belonging to 559 (morpho)species of the focal groups. The biodiversity of Lepidoptera generally increased in the high‐dry season, and either increased (fruit‐feeding moths, Arctiinae, Saturniidae) or decreased (butterflies, Sphingidae) in the transition to the wet season in particular groups. Simultaneously, we revealed a strong species turnover of fruit‐feeding Lepidoptera and Arctiinae among the seasons, indicating relatively high specialization of these communities for particular seasons. Such temporal specialization can make the local communities of butterflies and moths especially sensitive to the expected seasonal perturbations caused by the global change. Because of the key role of Lepidoptera across trophic levels, such changes in their communities could strengthen this impact on entire tropical ecosystems.