bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AlCl3‐Promoted Stereospecific Cloke‐Wilson Rearrangement of Spirocyclopropyl Barbiturates for the Synthesis of Substituted Dihydrofuro[2,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Zhu Yuanyuan , Zhang Minli , Li Tong , Song Xixi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe AlCl3 promoted stereospecific Cloke‐Wilson rearrangement of spirocyclopropyl barbiturates has been developed. The reactions were carried out efficiently at room temperature to afford substituted 5,6‐dihydrofuro[2,3‐d]pyrimidines in good to excellent yields from 69% to 98% with retention of anti‐configuration. The tandem ring‐opening/cyclization mechanism was proposed to explain the stereoselectivity.
A Complete Fisheries Inventory of the Chulitna River Basin, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska: Example of a Minimally Disturbed Basin
Authors: Hughes Robert M. , Boxall George , Herlihy Alan T. , Adams Jason , Young Daniel B. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBecause of mineral mining threats in the headwaters that drain into Lake Clark National Park, we implemented a baseline ecological survey of the Chulitna River basin through the use of a probability study design. A total of 49 wadeable stream and raftable river sites were sampled for fish assemblages, multiple physical habitat structure variables, and multimeter chemistry (dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, and water temperature) by the using standard methods that are employed in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) National Rivers and Streams Assessment. We recorded moderate levels of canopy density, low levels of riparian woody vegetation cover, and the absence of large wood in the Chulitna River basin streams. The extremely low levels of channel incision, the absence of riparian anthropogenic disturbance, and high levels of water quality indicate insignificant anthropogenic landscape alteration in these streams and rivers. Fish were not observed at seven sites, representing 27% of the calculated 2,220 km of the target stream length in the study population. Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus, Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma, and Northern Pike Esox lucius were present in 10% (227 km), 38% (847 km), and 8% (181 km) of the calculated target stream/river length, respectively. The most commonly occurring and abundant species, Slimy Sculpin Cottus cognatus (now Uranidea cognata), was present in 56% (1,244 km) of the calculated stream/river length. The lack of anadromous salmon detections was associated with salmonid life histories, naturally high levels of substrate fines and embeddedness, and the presence of Northern Pike. The quality of physical habitat and water quality, as well as the occurrences of Arctic Grayling and Dolly Varden, are representative of the unimpaired waters in Alaska, compared with those in the conterminous USA. We concluded that statistically and ecologically rigorous stream and river sampling can be implemented across a roadless region at reasonable cost and with sufficient planning.
Changing Veterinary Knowledge
Authors: Cassidy Angela 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores in detail the world and work of the first epistemic community (knowledge network) to engage with bTB—that of animal health, comprising veterinarians, farmers, policymakers and politicians. It will recount the origins of animal health as a core aspect of agricultural governance in the UK since the late nineteenth century, and the role of Mycobacterium bovis in positioning veterinary expertise in government. This chapter will analyse caring practices in animal health, explaining how it must weigh up the best interests of animal populations and human societies against animal suffering and life. It charts the engagement of animal health with the new problem of badger/bTB, including the causes and outcomes of the first ‘independent expert review’ on the topic—delivered to government by Lord Zuckerman in 1980.
Pest Control and Ecology
Authors: Cassidy Angela 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter will recount how badgers came to play a surprisingly important role in the professionalisation of ecology in British academic and government science during the late twentieth century. It will explore the world and work of a second epistemic community clustering around disease ecology, alongside its adoption of the caring practices of naturalists and the newly developing field of animal welfare science. It discusses the developing connections between applied ecologists and the UK state under the aegis of pest control, including their engagement with previous episodes of wildlife disease and ‘badger conflict’ long before connections were made with bovine TB. The chapter then investigates how MAFF’s applied ecologists researched the new problem of badger/bTB, making major contributions to field biology along the way.
The Badgers Have Moved the Goalposts!
Authors: Cassidy Angela 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn my Conclusion, I will draw together the various stories traced throughout the book and provide some answers to how the UK got into the tangled mess that is badger/bTB—and how we might get out again. I will discuss changes in knowledge about badgers, mycobacteria, ecosystems, animal health, farming and the connections between them. I will summarise my findings in terms of TB in humans and other animals; the Great British Badger Debate; care as a driver of controversy; and repeating cycles of building (and breaking) expectations. I will end by outlining what we need to know next and making some suggestions for those involved in the debate. However, these cannot become properly useful or useable policy recommendations without their input and as such I invite their thoughts.
Extreme Value Theory
Authors: Jacob Maria , Neves Cláudia , Vukadinović Greetham Danica 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFrom travel disruptions to natural disasters, extreme events have long captured the public’s imagination and attention. Due to their rarity and often associated calamity, they make waves in the news (Fig. 3.1) and stir discussion in the public realm: is it a freak event? Events of this sort may be shrouded in mystery for the general public, but a particular branch of probability theory, notably Extreme Value Theory (EVT), offers insight to their inherent scarcity and stark magnitude. EVT is a wonderfully rich and versatile theory which has already been adopted by a wide variety of disciplines in a plentiful way. From its humble beginnings in reliability engineering and hydrology, it has now expanded much further; it can be used to model the occurrences of records (say for example in athletic events) or quantify the probability of floods with magnitude greater than what has been observed in the past, i.e it allows us extrapolate beyond the range of available data!
Analyzing thermoregulation processes in early school-age girls and boys through thermography
Authors: Dębiec-Bąk Agnieszka , Kuligowski Tomasz , Skrzek Anna 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe research assessed thermoregulation processes in early school-age children. Thermal maps of the subjects’ bodies were compared before and after general physical exercise and after post-exercise restitution to establish differences between the sexes. The research involved 40 students aged 7, including 20 boys. The subjects participated in interval training which maintained the pulse at 60–80% HRmax. Measurements of body surface temperatures were taken in 12 fields with ThermoVision FLIR SYSTEM T335 camera before exercise, immediately after exercise and after 15 min of restitution. Statistical analysis was based on the Shapiro–Wilk test to verify the normality of variables, multivariate analysis of variance, Student’sttest for independent samples and Duncan’s post hoc test. The level of statistical significance was established atp < 0.05. Analysis of the results showed a difference in the distribution of surface body temperatures in boys and girls depending on the studied area. The highest values were recorded in the trunk area, and the lowest in the lower-limb area. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in both groups there was a statistically significant decrease in post-exercise temperatures. The results revealed greater efficiency of thermoregulation processes during restitution in girls, because the values obtained in all measurement fields in Test 3 were higher than the pre-exercise values. In Tests 2 and 3, differences between the sexes were reported mainly in the upper-limb area.
High aluminum concentration and initial establishment of Handroanthus impetiginosus: clues about an Al non-resistant species in Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Mendonça Ane Marcela das Chagas , Lira Jean Marcel Sousa , Vilela Ana Luiza de Oliveira , Vieira Daniel Amorim , de Melo Nayara Cristina , Barbosa João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Cerrado soils are acidic and nutrient-poor, with high content of solubilized Al3+. Plants growing in these conditions may display adaptations to cope with high aluminum concentrations especially during early developmental stages. We investigated leaf nutritional status, and photosynthetic and growth characteristics during the initial establishment of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. Ex Dc.) Mattos, a secondary tree species distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado. Our goal was to understand leaf-level traits related to different aluminum concentrations. H. impetiginosus plants were cultivated in four different aluminum sulfate concentrations: 0, 1, 2, and 4 mM Al, for 40 days. We performed analyses of growth, leaf gas exchange, chloroplast pigment content, and leaf mineral nutrients. We observed a linear increase of Al leaf content as a function of Al concentration in the nutrient solution. Plants grown in 1 mM Al showed a remarkable increase of K leaf content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, while in 4 mM Al there were reductions of N, P, and K contents, gas exchange characteristics, and height. H. impetiginosus did not have mechanisms of avoidance, compartmentalization, or resistance to high Al concentrations. Indeed, this species showed a hormetic response, with low Al concentrations stimulating and high Al concentrations inhibiting plant responses.
Two-dimensional modulation instability of wind waves
Authors: Grimshaw Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
It is widely known that deep-water waves are modulationally unstable and that this can be modelled by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In this paper, we extend the previous studies of the effect of wind forcing on this instability to water waves in finite depth and in two horizontal space dimensions. The principal finding is that the instability is enhanced and becomes super-exponential and that the domain of instability in the modulation wavenumber space is enlarged. Since the outcome of modulation instability is expected to be the generation of rogue waves, represented within the framework of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation as a Peregrine breather, we also examine the effect of wind forcing on a Peregrine breather. We find that the breather amplitude will grow at twice the rate of a linear instability.
PARLIAMENT AND THE CROWN JEWELS IN THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION, 1641–1644
Authors: DAVID SARGEANT JACK 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article argues that parliamentary debates over the access to and control of the crown jewels from 1641 to 1644 were intrinsic to the emergence and proliferation of revolutionary ideas about political sovereignty in the earliest stages of the English Civil Wars. In combining the methodologies of parliamentary history with theoretical scholarship on the material foundations of power, it demonstrates that shifting attitudes toward the royal regalia were indicative of more general developments in parliamentary thinking on the origins and limits of monarchical authority. In so doing, it contributes to recent scholarship on the problem of ‘ideological escalation’ at Westminster, demonstrating how quickly an initially radical proposal for access to the crown jewels became sufficiently popular in the House of Commons to authorize the melting down of the royal regalia only a year later. By emphasizing the centrality of the crown jewels to ongoing debates over the ‘ancient constitution’, it suggests that their destruction was understood as a step towards the abolition of monarchy per se.
Characteristics of hospitalised patients with influenza in 2015–2016 in northern Israel: three circulating strains and continued fear of 2009 A/H1N1
Authors: Kalish Tomer , Miron Dan , Azrad Maya , Rechnitzer Hagai , Ben-Amram Hila , Glikman Daniel , Peretz Avi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to characterise children and adults diagnosed with influenza who were admitted to three medical centres in northern Israel in the winter of 2015–2016, a unique season due to infection with three types of influenza strains: A/H1N1, A/non-H1N1 and B. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Influenza A/H1N1 infected mainly adults (61%vs.16% in children,P< 0.001) while influenza B was the common type in children (54%vs.28% in adults,P< 0.001). Adults (36%vs.5% in children,P< 0.001) and patients infected with A/H1N1 had higher rates of pneumonia (34%vs.16% and 14% in influenza B and A/non-H1N1, respectively,P= 0.002). Treatment with oseltamivir was prescribed to 90% of patients; adults had higher rates of treatment (96%vs.84% in children,P= 0.002) as well as patients infected with A/H1N1 (96%vs.86% in influenza B and A/non-H1N1, respectively,P= 0.04). Oseltamivir was given after a mean of 3.6 days of symptoms. Preferential infection of adults by A/H1N1 was evident in Israel in 2015–2016; pneumonia rates were higher in adults and in A/H1N1-infected patients. Oseltamivir was prescribed to most patients but especially to those infected with A/H1N1, and was given relatively late in the course of the disease.
Controlled release of hydrogen isotope compounds and tunneling effect in the heterogeneously-catalyzed formic acid dehydrogenation
Authors: Mori Kohsuke , Futamura Yuya , Masuda Shinya , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Yamashita Hiromi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe hydrogen isotope deuterium is widely used in the synthesis of isotopically-labeled compounds and in the fabrication of semiconductors and optical fibers. However, the facile production of deuterium gas (D2) and hydrogen deuteride (HD) in a controlled manner is a challenging task, and rational heterogeneously-catalyzed protocols are still lacking. Herein, we demonstrate the selective production of hydrogen isotope compounds from a combination of formic acid and D2O, through cooperative action by a PdAg nanocatalyst on a silica substrate whose surface is modified with amine groups. In this process, D2 is predominantly evolved by the assist of weakly basic amine moieties, while nanocatalyst particles in the vicinity of strongly basic amine groups promote the preferential formation of HD. Kinetic data and calculations based on semi-classically corrected transition state theory coupled with density functional theory suggest that quantum tunneling dominates the hydrogen/deuterium exchange reaction over the metallic PdAg surfaces.
Inequality of household consumption and air pollution-related deaths in China
Authors: Zhao Hongyan , Geng Guannan , Zhang Qiang , Davis Steven J. , Li Xin , Liu Yang , Peng Liqun , Li Meng , Zheng Bo , Huo Hong , Zhang Lin , Henze Daven K. , Mi Zhifu , Liu Zhu , Guan Dabo , He Kebin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSubstantial quantities of air pollution and related health impacts are ultimately attributable to household consumption. However, how consumption pattern affects air pollution impacts remains unclear. Here we show, of the 1.08 (0.74–1.42) million premature deaths due to anthropogenic PM2.5 exposure in China in 2012, 20% are related to household direct emissions through fuel use and 24% are related to household indirect emissions embodied in consumption of goods and services. Income is strongly associated with air pollution-related deaths for urban residents in which health impacts are dominated by indirect emissions. Despite a larger and wealthier urban population, the number of deaths related to rural consumption is higher than that related to urban consumption, largely due to direct emissions from solid fuel combustion in rural China. Our results provide quantitative insight to consumption-based accounting of air pollution and related deaths and may inform more effective and equitable clean air policies in China.
Maximizing sinusoidal channels of HZSM-5 for high shape-selectivity to p-xylene
Authors: Wang Chuanfu , Zhang Lei , Huang Xin , Zhu Yufei , Li Gang , Gu Qinfen , Chen Jingyun , Ma Linge , Li Xiujie , He Qihua , Xu Junbo , Sun Qi , Song Chuqiao , Peng Mi , Sun Junliang , Ma Ding 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe shape-selective catalysis enabled by zeolite micropore’s molecular-sized sieving is an efficient way to reduce the cost of chemical separation in the chemical industry. Although well studied since its discovery, HZSM-5′s shape-selective capability has never been fully exploited due to the co-existence of its different-sized straight channels and sinusoidal channels, which makes the shape-selective p-xylene production from toluene alkylation with the least m-xylene and o-xylene continue to be one of the few industrial challenges in the chemical industry. Rather than modifications which promote zeolite shape-selectivity at the cost of stability and reactivity loss, here inverse Al zoned HZSM-5 with sinusoidal channels predominantly opened to their external surfaces is constructed to maximize the shape-selectivity of HZSM-5 sinusoidal channels and reach > 99 % p-xylene selectivity, while keeping a very high activity and good stability ( > 220 h) in toluene methylation reactions. The strategy shows good prospects for shape-selective control of molecules with tiny differences in size.
Carbon dioxide capture and efficient fixation in a dynamic porous coordination polymer
Authors: Wu Pengyan , Li Yang , Zheng Jia-Jia , Hosono Nobuhiko , Otake Ken-ichi , Wang Jian , Liu Yanhong , Xia Lingling , Jiang Min , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDirect structural information of confined CO2 in a micropore is important for elucidating its specific binding or activation mechanism. However, weak gas-binding ability and/or poor sample crystallinity after guest exchange hindered the development of efficient materials for CO2 incorporation, activation and conversion. Here, we present a dynamic porous coordination polymer (PCP) material with local flexibility, in which the propeller-like ligands rotate to permit CO2 trapping. This process can be characterized by X-ray structural analysis. Owing to its high affinity towards CO2 and the confinement effect, the PCP exhibits high catalytic activity, rapid transformation dynamics, even high size selectivity to different substrates. Together with an excellent stability with turnover numbers (TON) of up to 39,000 per Zn1.5 cluster of catalyst after 10 cycles for CO2 cycloaddition to form value-added cyclic carbonates, these results demonstrate that such distinctive structure is responsible for visual CO2 capture and size-selective conversion.
Temporary dense seismic network during the 2016 Central Italy seismic emergency for microzonation studies
Authors: Cara Fabrizio , Cultrera Giovanna , Riccio Gaetano , Amoroso Sara , Bordoni Paola , Bucci Augusto , D’Alema Ezio , D’Amico Maria , Cantore Luciana , Carannante Simona , Cogliano Rocco , Di Giulio Giuseppe , Di Naccio Deborah , Famiani Daniela , Felicetta Chiara , Fodarella Antonio , Franceschina Gianlorenzo , Lanzano Giovanni , Lovati Sara , Luzi Lucia , Mascandola Claudia , Massa Marco , Mercuri Alessia , Milana Giuliano , Pacor Francesca , Piccarreda Davide , Pischiutta Marta , Pucillo Stefania , Puglia Rodolfo , Vassallo Maurizio , Boniolo Graziano , Caielli Grazia , Corsi Adelmo , de Franco Roberto , Tento Alberto , Bongiovanni Giovanni , Hailemikael Salomon , Martini Guido , Paciello Antonella , Peloso Alessandro , Poggi Fabrizio , Verrubbi Vladimiro , Gallipoli Maria Rosaria , Stabile Tony Alfredo , Mancini Marco 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn August 2016, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Central Italy, starting a devastating seismic sequence, aggravated by other two events of magnitude 5.9 and 6.5, respectively. After the first mainshock, four Italian institutions installed a dense temporary network of 50 seismic stations in an area of 260 km2. The network was registered in the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks with the code 3A and quoted with a Digital Object Identifier (https://doi.org/10.13127/SD/ku7Xm12Yy9). Raw data were converted into the standard binary miniSEED format, and organized in a structured archive. Then, data quality and completeness were checked, and all the relevant information was used for creating the metadata volumes. Finally, the 99 Gb of continuous seismic data and metadata were uploaded into the INGV node of the European Integrated Data Archive repository. Their use was regulated by a Memorandum of Understanding between the institutions. After an embargo period, the data are now available for many different seismological studies.
Optimization of Quantum Dot Thin Films using Electrohydrodynamic Jet Spraying for Solution-Processed Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Nguyen Tuan Canh , Can Thi Thu Thuy , Choi Woon-Seop 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet spraying process is a good method for making quantum dot (QD) layers in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, controlling the morphology and large-scale fabrication of the QD layers are critical for realizing all-solution-processed QD-LEDs with high performance. Three spraying techniques were used with the EHD jet spraying technique: a big circular film method, a spiral-line method, and a straight-line method. These techniques were used to obtain QD films with good uniformity. The straight-line spray showed the most promise to obtain a uniform QD layer with large area, and QD-LEDs made with this method showed better performance with a low turn-on voltage of 3.0 V, a luminance of 7801 cd/m2, and a maximum current efficiency of 2.93 cd/A.
Electrochemical live monitoring of tumor cell migration out of micro-tumors on an innovative multiwell high-dense microelectrode array
Authors: Jahnke Heinz-Georg , Mewes Agneta , Zitzmann Franziska D. , Schmidt Sabine , Azendorf Ronny , Robitzki Andrea A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUnderstanding of cell migration and spreading out of tumor tissue is of great interest concerning the mechanism and causes of tumor malignancy and metastases. Although there are methods available for studying cell migration on monolayer cell cultures like transwell assays, novel techniques for monitoring cell spreading out of 3D organoids or tumor tissue samples are highly required. In this context, we developed an innovative high-dense microelectrode array for impedimetric monitoring of cell migration from 3D tumor cultures. For a proof of concept, a strongly migrating breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and two malignant melanoma cell lines (T30.6.9, T12.8.10ZII) were used for generating viable micro-tumor models. The migration propensity was determined by impedimetric monitoring over 144 hours, correlated by microscopy and validated by transwell assays. The impedimetric analysis of covered electrodes and the relative impedance maximum values revealed extended information regarding the contribution of proliferative effects. More strikingly, using reference populations of mitomycin C treated spheroids where proliferation was suppressed, distinction of proliferation and migration was possible. Therefore, our high-dense microelectrode array based impedimetric migration monitoring has the capability for an automated quantitative analysis system that can be easily scaled up as well as integrated in lab on chip devices.