bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistence in incarcerations: global comparative evidence
Authors: Asongu Simplice 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess how incarcerations persist across the world. The focus is on 163 countries for the period 2010-2015.

Design/methodology/approach
The empirical evidence is based on generalized method of moments. In order to increase room for policy implications, the data set is decomposed into sub-samples based on income levels, religious domination, openness to the sea, regional proximity and legal origins.

Findings
The following main findings are established. Incarcerations are more persistent in low income, Christian-protestant and Latin American countries while comparative evidence is not feasible on the basis of landlockedness and legal origins owing to unfavorable post-estimation diagnostic tests. Justifications for the comparative advantages and relevance of findings to theory building in public economics are discussed.

Practical implications
First, income levels matter in the persistence of incarcerations because low-income nations vis-à-vis their high-income counterparts have less financial resources with which to prevent and deal with events like terrorism, political instability and violence that lead to incarcerations. Second, the intuition for religious domination builds on the fact that liberal societies can be more associated with incarcerations compared to conservative societies. The main theoretical contribution of this study to the literature is that the authors have built on empirical validity to provide theoretical justification as to why categorizing countries on the basis of selected fundamental characteristics determine cross-country variations in incarcerations. Such evidence is important for theory building in public economics.

Originality/value
It is important for policy makers to understand the persistence of incarcerations across nations because resources could be allocated to regions and countries, contingent on the relative importance of future incarceration tendencies.
Authenticity-based strategizing: moving business schools beyond accreditations and rankings
Authors: Guillotin Bertrand , Mangematin Vincent 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
Massive open online courses (MOOCs), Millennials, a major financial crisis, and legitimacy issues in a mature sector, ridden by mass imitation, have plunged many business schools into an unprecedented turmoil. Most deans are struggling to address it. In such a mature sector, differentiation is a strategic option to protect profit margins. While accreditations and rankings have reinforced imitation, the purpose of this paper is to propose authenticity as a strategic differentiation mechanism to turn this turmoil into a renaissance of purposeful, credible, and successful business schools.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use an inductive, qualitative approach based on the multiple case studies analysis of six American and European business schools.

Findings
Accreditation-based reputation alone is no longer a competitive advantage. It is based on credibility and reputation. Authenticity can be used to regain credibility. The authors propose to define authenticity as the specificity of the education and the local embeddedness of a business school. Authenticity emphasizes the student experience’s idiosyncratic nature. Building on idiosyncrasy allows business schools to differentiate themselves, maintain credibility, enhance reputation, and regain market share in a mature market, ridden by imitation.

Research limitations/implications
The paper is based on a limited number of cases in three developed countries. Emerging markets are not considered.

Practical implications
The paper opens new strategic perspectives for deans.

Originality/value
The paper promotes the concept of authenticity-based strategizing, used successfully in the wine industry, for business schools to cope with their turmoil and to maintain high margins as their market matures. It emphasizes the idiosyncratic dimension of education and its strategic value.
Emotion display and suppression among Arab and Jewish assistant principals in Israel
Authors: Arar Khalid , Oplatka Izhar 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
It is widely accepted that educational leaders and teachers need to manage and regulate their emotions continually, mainly because schooling and teaching processes expose many emotions. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to trace the ways Israeli assistant principals, both Arab and Jewish, manage their emotions at work.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on semi-structured interviews with 15 assistant principals, it was found that they are required to manage their emotions in accordance with entrenched emotion rules in the culture and society.

Findings
Most of the Jewish female APs tend to display warmth and empathy toward teachers in order to better understand their personal needs and professional performances. In contrast, Arab APs suppressed or fabricated emotional expression in their discourse with teachers and parents, in order to maintain a professional façade and retain the internal cohesion of the school. Both groups of APs believed their emotion regulation results in higher level of harmony in the school. Empirical and practical suggestions are put forward.

Originality/value
The paper is original and contributes to the theoretical and practical knowledge.
Towards adaptive tourism areas: using fitness landscapes for managing and futureproofing tourism area development
Authors: Hartman Stefan 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
Tourism areas are challenged to become adaptive areas in the context of a dynamic networked society and globalizing economy. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an enhanced understanding and conceptualization of adaptive tourism areas by drawing attention to “fitness landscapes,” a metaphor that is used in complexity theories to visualize development trajectories of adaptive systems.

Design/methodology/approach
Fitness landscapes, and its underlying theories, are useful to conceptualize tourism area development as a stepwise movement through a dynamic landscape with peaks and valleys. Doing so allows us to highlight why adaptation is a crucial property for tourism areas that are embedded in dynamic contexts and offers a frame of thought for how tourism areas can be managed.

Findings
The article raises awareness about and draws attention to a set of factors and conditions that support tourism planners and managers in enhancing the capacity of tourism areas to adaptively respond to changing circumstances.

Originality/value
Introducing fitness landscapes contribute to the discussion on adaptive capacity building – a topic that contributes to managing uncertain futures and is likely to gain importance in the dynamic society. Moreover, it helps as well as stimulates tourism scholars to further develop this topic. Finally, it helps tourism planners to build adaptive capacity in practice.
Purchase intention in social commerce
Authors: Chen Chia-Chen , Hsiao Kuo-Lun , Wu Shan-Jung 
Published: June 2018

PurposeWith the advent of the digital era, the internet has gradually become an essential factor in people’s lives. Its increasing popularity has also caused e-commerce to thrive, and has increased the power of online marketing. In recent years, social commerce has emerged as a new mode of operation which can be distinguished from traditional e-commerce. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe main purpose of this study is to determine which factors influence a consumer’s behavioral intention in the context of social commerce websites, and to explore overall purchase intentions based on the consumer’s cognitive evaluation. The examination reveals that consumers’ multidimensional perceptions influence both their perceptions of value and their purchase intentions. Other related social awareness factors explored by this study are also shown to influence customers’ purchase intentions.FindingsIn summary, the results show that perceived value and social awareness factors influence customers’ purchasing decisions and behavioral intentions for different gender. These findings have significant theoretical and managerial implications.Originality/valueSocial commerce is a subset of e-commerce brought about by the development of social networking. Activities conducted on social networking websites can be considered as a form of social commerce. In Taiwan, social commerce is still in the early stages of development.
(How) Does 360-degree feedback benefit the field of entrepreneurship?
Authors: Miao Chao , Humphrey Ronald H. , Qian Shanshan , Oh In-Sue 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
Most of the studies in entrepreneurship depend on single-source rating methods to collect data on both predictors and criteria. The threat to effect sizes as a result of using single-source ratings is particularly relevant to psychology-based entrepreneurship research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the prospects of applying 360-degree feedback to the field of entrepreneurship and to discuss a set of cases regarding how 360-degree feedback may boost effect sizes in entrepreneurship research.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative review of current literature was performed.

Findings
The review indicated that the effect sizes in psychology-based entrepreneurship research are mostly small and the use of single-source ratings is prevalent; some preliminary findings supported the utility of 360-degree feedback in entrepreneurship research; entrepreneurial orientation (EO) research may benefit from 360-degree feedback; and members of top management teams, employees from research and product development, sales agents, retail buying agents, store sales clerks, and consumers are all valid informants to provide ratings of EO.

Originality/value
The present study provided theoretical explanations and used empirical evidence to elucidate how 360-degree feedback may benefit the field of entrepreneurship. In addition, recommendations for future research using 360-degree feedback in entrepreneurship research were offered and discussed. A sample research study on EO using 360-degree feedback was delineated.
Seasonal shifts in the insect gut microbiome are concurrent with changes in cold tolerance and immunity
Authors: Ferguson Laura V. , Dhakal Pranav , Lebenzon Jacqueline E. , Heinrichs David E. , Bucking Carol , Sinclair Brent J. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Seasonal changes in the environment, such as varying temperature, have the potential to change the functional relationship between ectothermic animals, such as insects, and their microbiomes. Our objectives were to determine: (a) whether seasonal changes in temperature shift the composition of the insect gut microbiome, and (b) whether changes in the microbiome are concomitant with changes in the physiology of the host, including the immune system and response to cold.

We exposed laboratory populations of the spring field cricket, Gryllus veletis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), to simulated overwintering conditions in both a laboratory microcosm and a field‐like microcosm containing soil and leaves. In summer, autumn, winter and spring, we extracted and sequenced 16S bacterial genomic DNA from cricket guts, to capture seasonal variation in the composition of the microbiome.

The composition of the gut microbiome was similar between microcosms, and overall highly anaerobic. In both microcosms, we captured similar seasonal variation in the composition of the microbiome, where overwintering resulted in permanent changes to these microbial communities. In particular, the abundance of Pseudomonas spp. decreased, and that of Wolbachia spp. increased, during overwintering.

Concurrent with overwintering changes in the gut microbiome, G. veletis acquire freeze tolerance and immune function shifts temporarily, returning to summer levels of activity in the spring. In a specific manner, haemocyte concentrations increase but survival of fungal infection decreases in the winter, whereas the ability to clear bacteria from the haemolymph remains unchanged.

Overall, we demonstrate that the gut microbiome does shift seasonally, and in concert with other physiological changes. We hypothesize that these changes may be linked, and suggest that it will next be important to determine whether these changes in the microbiome contribute to host overwintering success.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Trait plasticity is more important than genetic variation in determining species richness of associated communities
Authors: Barbour Matthew A. , Erlandson Sonya , Peay Kabir , Locke Brendan , Jules Erik S. , Crutsinger Gregory M. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Intraspecific variation can be an important driver of ecological interactions in species‐rich communities. Predicting the effects of intraspecific variation in different environments, however, remains a major challenge. This is because we often do not quantify both the effects of functional traits on associated communities and the extent to which trait variation is due to genetics (genotype effects) vs. plasticity (environment effects). As a consequence, the relative importance of trait plasticity vs. genetic variation in structuring associated communities remains unclear.

We sought to fill this gap by conducting common garden experiments with the plant Salix hookeriana across biotic (ant–aphid interactions) and abiotic (wind exposure) environmental gradients in a coastal dune ecosystem. In each experiment, we simultaneously measured plant traits and species richness of associated above‐ and below‐ground communities. We then used statistical models to quantify the relative importance of trait plasticity vs. genetic variation in structuring communities.

Our major finding was that trait plasticity was more important than genetic variation in determining the number of species in associated communities. This result was consistent across different environmental contexts (experimental manipulations of ant–aphid interactions and wind exposure), multiple years, and for above‐ground arthropods and root microbes. This occurred because the traits that had the largest effect on species richness were also the most plastic.

Synthesis. These results indicate that trait plasticity can be a dominant driver of above‐ and below‐ground biodiversity.
Of ‘Strong’ Leadership, Crisis Communication, and Pooper Scoopers: Change in the Queensland Public Service Under Newman
Authors: Grant‐Smith Deanna Chantal Cristina , Colley Linda Katurah 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGovernments have historically offered their workforce a public service bargain founded on stable pay and conditions and job security. However, while the Westminster system aims for public service employment to be protected from the whims of government, public servants are nonetheless affected by the political environment in which they operate and changes to this bargain can occur with a new government. This paper focuses on a Queensland public service change process that resulted in large‐scale forced redundancies, non‐renewal of temporary contracts, and legislative changes that nullified the provisions in job security, organisational change, and redundancy policies. Using communication as a lens through which to understand leadership, it examines how the government communicated with the public service about this organisational change, immediately before and after the 2012 election. In particular, through analysis of public and media commentary, speeches and Hansard records, it examines Premier Newman's change leadership and communication by contrasting pre‐election messages to the public service with post‐election messages about the public service and the justifications for change during this period of downsizing. This analysis is used to reflect on political leadership, communication, fair treatment, and trust in public service change.
Negotiating the Problem of Airport Noise: Comparative Lessons from the Australian Experience
Authors: Freestone Robert , Baker Douglas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper critically examines recent responses by and interactions between stakeholders in negotiating the acceptability of aircraft noise standards in Australia in order to help inform debate in Britain. It investigates the interplay of the politics of noise with the broader land use planning context focusing on the role of government, airports, community interests, and the development sector. Different local environments inevitably frame diverse contexts, but the pervasive challenge is in securing the acceptable trade‐off between the economic dividends promised by airports and local quality of life. Discussion is structured around four main issues: an introduction to the Australian politics of airport noise, an historical timeline of key contextual events, identification of the major actors in the noise governance framework, and a focus on an issue of increasing political significance, namely the different positions of airports and developers in the increasing intensification of urban development.
Review article: Utility of troponin after syncope: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Stark Claire B , Smit De Villiers , Mitra Biswadev 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe role of serum troponin testing in patients presenting to the ED after syncope is unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the practice and utility of troponin testing among patients presenting to the ED after syncope. We conducted a search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus databases from 1990 to February 2017 using keyword and subject headings for syncope and troponin testing. Design and results of the included studies are extracted. Studies were assessed for heterogeneity and the pooled proportion of measured troponin and positive troponin result described. There were nine studies included for analysis. Significant statistical heterogeneity among studies was observed (P < 0.001). Using the random effects model, the pooled proportion of patients presenting to the ED after syncope who had troponin measured was 0.64 (95% CI 0.46–0.82). Among patients who had been troponin tested, the pooled proportion who had a positive result was 0.19 (95% CI 0.13–0.26). Variability among reported outcomes prevented further meta‐analysis. Troponin testing was commonly performed for the assessment of patients with syncope with a substantial proportion returning positive results. The correlation between raised troponin and patient outcomes was not adequately reported. It is possible that an elevated troponin may indicate serious illness, rather than myocardial damage alone.
Development of internal COI primers to improve and extend barcoding of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini)
Authors: Krosch Matt N. , Strutt Francesca , Blacket Mark J. , Batovska Jana , Starkie Melissa , Clarke Anthony R. , Cameron Stephen L. , Schutze Mark K. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAccurate species‐level identifications underpin many aspects of basic and applied biology; however, identifications can be hampered by a lack of discriminating morphological characters, taxonomic expertise or time. Molecular approaches, such as DNA “barcoding” of the cytochrome c oxidase (COI) gene, are argued to overcome these issues. However, nuclear encoding of mitochondrial genes (numts) and poor amplification success of suboptimally preserved specimens can lead to erroneous identifications. One insect group for which these molecular and morphological problems are significant are the dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini). We addressed these issues associated with COI barcoding in the dacines by first assessing several “universal” COI primers against public mitochondrial genome and numt sequences for dacine taxa. We then modified a set of four primers that more closely matched true dacine COI sequence and amplified two overlapping portions of the COI barcode region. Our new primers were tested alongside universal primers on a selection of dacine species, including both fresh preserved and decades‐old dry specimens. Additionally, Bactrocera tryoni mitochondrial and nuclear genomes were compared to identify putative numts. Four numt clades were identified, three of which were amplified using existing universal primers. In contrast, our new primers preferentially amplified the “true” mitochondrial COI barcode in all dacine species tested. The new primers also successfully amplified partial barcodes from dry specimens for which full length barcodes were unobtainable. Thus we recommend these new primers be incorporated into the suites of primers used by diagnosticians and quarantine labs for the accurate identification of dacine species.
Wrapped in the Flag: Food Choice and Country of Origin Labelling
Authors: Fraser Iain , Balcombe Kelvin 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe growth in country of origin (COO) food labelling is part of the ongoing proliferation of information provided to consumers. However, the implementation of COO labelling means that consumers can sometimes end up more confused than informed. This concern raises questions regarding how COO information should be provided, along with what information needs to be given to consumers. We begin by discussing what COO actually indicates. This is followed by a review of the evidence on consumer use of COO information. Then turning to current policy issues, we draw attention to how COO information can be used to promote consumer ethnocentrism as well as inadvertently causing trade tensions both between trading countries and within the EU single market. We then consider how developments in information technology like blockchains or smart labels might change how COO information is collated and used. In particular, we observe that any increase in the use of this technology will depend on whether or not consumers trust these new digital sources of information. Potentially, the convenience with which COO information could be verified by consumers using information technology is a logical development given consumer demands for convenience in general.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of biodegradable polymer versus durable polymer drug‐eluting stents incorporating real‐world evidence
Authors: Teng Monica , Zhao Ying Jiao , Khoo Ai Leng , Ananthakrishna Rajiv , Yeo Tiong Cheng , Lim Boon Peng , Chan Mark Y. , Loh Joshua P. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryAimCompared with second‐generation durable polymer drug‐eluting stents (DP‐DES), the cost‐effectiveness of biodegradable polymer drug‐eluting stents (BP‐DES) remains unclear in the real‐world setting. We assessed the cost‐effectiveness of BP‐DES in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsWe developed a decision‐analytic model to compare the cost‐effectiveness of BP‐DES to DP‐DES over 1 year and 5 years from healthcare payer perspective. Relative treatment effects during the first year post‐PCI were obtained from a real‐world population analysis while clinical event risks in the subsequent 4 years were derived from a meta‐analysis of published studies.ResultsAt 1 year, based on the clinical data analysis of 497 propensity‐score matched pairs of patients, BP‐DES were associated with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of USD20 503 per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) gained. At 5 years, BP‐DES yielded an ICER of USD4062 per QALY gained. At the willingness‐to‐pay threshold of USD50 400 (one gross domestic product per capita in Singapore in 2015), BP‐DES were cost‐effective. Sensitivity analysis showed that the cost of stents had a significant impact on the cost‐effectiveness of BP‐DES. Threshold analysis demonstrated that if the cost difference between BP‐DES and DP‐DES exceeded USD493, BP‐DES would not be cost‐effective in patients with 1 year of follow‐up.ConclusionsBiodegradable polymer drug‐eluting stents were cost‐effective compared with DP‐DES in patients with coronary artery disease at 1 year and 5 years after PCI. It is worth noting that the cost of stents had a significant impact on the findings.