bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An update on sarcocystosis in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Saeed Muhammad A. , Vaughan Jane L. , Jabbar Abdul 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSarcocystis spp. are intracellular coccidian parasites which infect domestic and wild animals and birds, resulting in considerable economic losses in production animals, and public health concerns worldwide. Sarcocystis spp. have an indirect life cycle where wild and/or domestic canine species primarily serve as definitive hosts and several domestic and wild animals (such as camels) act as intermediate hosts. In Northern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and China, camel meat is preferred due to cultural and religious traditions as well as its lower cholesterol/fat content than other red meat. However, camel meat quality could be downgraded by the presence of sarcocysts. To date, two Sarcocystis spp. have been reported from camels, including Sarcocystis ippeni (forms microscopic sarcocysts) and Sarcocystis cameli (forms both macroscopic and microscopic sarcocysts). Sarcocystosis is usually asymptomatic, though significant pathogenic effects have also been reported in camels. Despite the high occurrence of sarcocystosis in camels, little is known about various aspects of the disease in these animals. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the existing knowledge on the taxonomy, pathogenesis, epidemiology and diagnosis of Sarcocystis spp. infecting camels and it also highlights areas for further research that could enhance our understanding about sarcocystosis in camels.
Pytheas, Tacitus and Thule
Authors: Breeze David J. , Wilkins Alan 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThe ancient sources for the location of Thule are reviewed.1 It is suggested that the identification of the Shetland Isles as Thule was an error by Agricola. The identification was then accepted by Ptolemy, who moved Thule from the more northerly location implied by Pytheas’ account to the site of the Shetland Isles. This would account for his description of Thule/Shetland as one island. The coincident location of Ptolemy's Thule with Shetland suggests that the Roman fleet did see the islands. The emendations of Wolfson relating to Thule are examined and rejected. There is no evidence that Agricola's fleet landed in Shetland.
Creature Comforts at Vindolanda: Two Unique Wool Mats with Knotted Pile
Authors: Wild John Peter , Walton Rogers Penelope 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTFragments of two robust wool textiles with an unusual knotted blue pile were recovered from a Period I (late Flavian) fort ditch at Vindolanda. Their knotted structure — unknown hitherto in the western Roman provinces and only partially paralleled in the eastern — is discussed, together with questions about their possible production centre and actual function. The Supplementary Material available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X18000259) contains technical details of the textiles, an investigation of the raw materials and a comparison of the wools used.
Seedsvsfungi: an enzymatic battle in the soil seedbank
Authors: Pollard Anne T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDepleting the soil weed seedbank is an important integrated weed management strategy that has the potential to foster lasting weed control. Long-term dormancy and decay resistance of weed seeds pose a challenge to weed eradication efforts. Select soil fungi have been shown to cause significant decay of weed seeds. The physical and chemical mechanisms by which seeds in the seedbank defend themselves against pathogens have been well researched. However, very few studies have purposefully investigated the biochemical defence response of seeds. Enzyme-based biochemical seed defences have been detected in dormant and non-dormant seeds, and research supports their function in pathogen defence. This review summarizes current knowledge of the seed defence enzymes polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, chitinase and oxalate oxidase. The fungal enzymes chitinase, protease and xylanase that function in pathogenesis of seeds in the soil seedbank are also reviewed. Progress in the development and standardization ofin situenzyme analyses fosters our understanding of actual enzyme activity present in soils, while high-throughput microplate techniques promote efficiency and enable greater scope. Application of genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic techniques to glean a deeper and more holistic understanding of the enzymatic interactions of weed seeds and soil fungi in the soil seedbank will support the development of improved integrated weed management strategies.
Mineralogical Characterization of Hispano-Moresque Glazes: A µ-Raman and Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) Study
Authors: Coentro Susana , da Silva Rui C. , Relvas Cátia , Ferreira Teresa , Mirão José , Pleguezuelo Alfonso , Trindade Rui , Muralha Vânia S. F. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis work explores the combination of µ-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) for the study of the glazes in 15th–16th century Hispano-Moresque architectural tiles. These are high lead glazes that can be tin-opacified or transparent, and present five colors: tin-white, cobalt-blue, copper-green, iron-amber, and manganese-brown. They are generally homogenous and mineral inclusions are mostly concentrated in the glaze-ceramic interface. Through SEM-EDS, these inclusions were observed and chemically analyzed, whereas µ-Raman allowed their identification on a molecular level. K-feldspars, wollastonite and diopside were the most common compounds, as well as cassiterite agglomerates that render the glaze opaque. Malayaite was identified in green glazes, and andradite and magnesioferrite in amber glazes. Co–Ni–ferrites were identified in blue glazes, as well as Ni–Fe–olivines. Manganese-brown is the color where most compounds were identified: bustamite, jacobsite, hausmannite, braunite, and kentrolite. Through the µ-Raman analysis of different areas in large inclusions previously observed by SEM, it was possible to identify intermediate phases that illustrate the reaction process that occurs between the color-conferring compounds and the surrounding lead glaze. Furthermore, the obtained results allowed inference of the raw materials and firing temperatures used on the manufacture of these tiles.
The Influence of Environmental Factors on Germination of Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus) Seeds: Implications for Range Expansion and Management
Authors: Önen Huseyin , Farooq Shahid , Tad Sonnur , Özaslan Cumali , Gunal Hikmet , Chauhan Bhagirath S 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBurcucumber (Sicyos angulatusL.) is a highly invasive vine that has become naturalized in the humid Black Sea region of Turkey, but previous to this study there was no information on the germination biology of this weed. The germination biology of three naturalized populations ofS. angulatusfrom the Black Sea region was studied in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The germination of nondormant seeds was observed under different photoperiods, constant temperatures, and varying levels of pH, salinity, and osmotic potential. Furthermore, seedling emergence from various soil depths was investigated. The seeds of all populations proved nonphotoblastic (82% to 90%, 55% to 66%, and 48% to 56% germination under 12-, 24-, and 0-h photoperiod, respectively) and germinated over a wide range of temperatures (5 to 40 C). Seedlings emerged from all seed burial depths (0 to 15 cm); however, germination was drastically reduced (>90% reduction) beyond 6 to 8 cm. Seed germination was 30% to 38% for seeds placed on the surface and increased to 78% to 88% for seeds buried 2 cm deep, while germination was severely reduced for seeds buried 10 and 15 cm deep (8 to 12% and 0 to 6%, respectively). Seeds of all populations were found to be sensitive to osmotic and salinity stress and to highly acidic and alkaline pH levels. All populations had similar requirements for germination that are directly related to their area of naturalization. These results indicate that the species has limited potential for range expansion to arid, semiarid (nonirrigated), and relatively saline areas. However, humid, salinity-free, and frequently irrigated areas of the country are at high risk of invasion. In arable lands, deep tillage followed by shallow tillage and effective management of emerging seedlings could deplete the soil seedbank in the long run. However, there is an urgent need for effective strategies to manage the species in other nonarable areas.
Crustal Formation on a Spreading Ridge Above a Mantle Plume: Receiver Function Imaging of the Icelandic Crust
Authors: Jenkins J. , Maclennan J. , Green R. G. , Cottaar S. , Deuss A. F. , White R. S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIceland sits astride a mid‐ocean ridge underlain by a mantle hot spot. The interplay of these two geological processes has the potential to generate a complex and laterally variable crustal structure. The thickness of the Icelandic crust is a long running and controversial debate, with estimates ranging from a thin 20‐km crust to a thick 40‐km crust. We present new images of the first‐order seismic discontinuity structure of the Icelandic crust based on a joint inversion of receiver function and ambient noise‐derived surface wave dispersion data. Inversion results are validated through comparison to receiver functions multiphase common conversion point stacks across the densely instrumented Northern Volcanic Zone. We find a multilayered crustal structure consisting of a 6‐ to 10‐km‐thick upper crust underlain by either one or two discontinuities. The shallower discontinuity is found at depths of ≈20 km throughout Iceland. The deeper discontinuity is only present in some regions, defining the base of a lens‐like lower layer with maximum depths of 44 km above the center of the mantle plume. Either of these two discontinuities could be interpreted as the seismic Moho, providing an explanation why previous estimates of crustal thickness have diverged. Such structure may form via underplating of a preexisting oceanic crust as has been hypothesized in other ocean island plume settings. However, we demonstrate with a simple petrological model that variability in seismic discontinuity structure can also be understood as a consequence of compositional variation in melts generated with distance from the plume center.
P Wave Arrival Picking and First‐Motion Polarity Determination With Deep Learning
Authors: Ross Zachary E. , Meier Men‐Andrin , Hauksson Egill 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDetermining earthquake hypocenters and focal mechanisms requires precisely measured P wave arrival times and first‐motion polarities. Automated algorithms for estimating these quantities have been less accurate than estimates by human experts, which are problematic for processing large data volumes. Here we train convolutional neural networks to measure both quantities, which learn directly from seismograms without the need for feature extraction. The networks are trained on 18.2 million manually picked seismograms for the Southern California region. Through cross validation on 1.2 million independent seismograms, the differences between the automated and manual picks have a standard deviation of 0.023 s. The polarities determined by the classifier have a precision of 95% when compared with analyst‐determined polarities. We show that the classifier picks more polarities overall than the analysts, without sacrificing quality, resulting in almost double the number of focal mechanisms. The remarkable precision of the trained networks indicates that they can perform as well, or better, than expert seismologists.
Along‐Arc Heterogeneity of the Seismic Structure Around a Large Coseismic Shallow Slip Area of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake: 2‐D Vp Structural Estimation Through an Air Gun‐Ocean Bottom Seismometer Experiment in the Japan Trench Subduction Zone
Authors: Azuma R. , Hino R. , Ohta Y. , Ito Y. , Mochizuki K. , Uehira K. , Murai Y. , Sato T. , Takanami T. , Shinohara M. , Kanazawa T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake occurred with a rupture length of 500 km along the Japan Trench, causing a large slip (>30 m) at the shallowest portion of the plate boundary fault south of 39°N off Miyagi and a smaller slip (~10 m) north of 39°N off Sanriku, the northern part of the source area. We estimated the P wave velocity (Vp) structure around the shallowest portion of the plate boundary along the trench to investigate the spatial correlation between the structural variation and coseismic shallow slip distribution of the 2011 earthquake. For this purpose, we analyzed data from an air gun‐ocean bottom seismometer survey on an along‐arc line on the lower part of the landward slope of the Japan Trench. We detected a high Vp zone in the hanging wall of the plate interface off Miyagi, which corresponds to the Cretaceous backstop. The Vp model also showed the absence of the high Vp zone off Sanriku. This suggests that the low‐Vp deformed prism is wider off Sanriku than off Miyagi. Therefore, the backstop is close to the trench particularly off Miyagi. We suggest a correlation between this along‐arc variation of the hanging wall side structure and the extent of the coseismic shallow slip in the trench axial region; the large slip reached the trench off Miyagi but not off Sanriku.
Chinese Provinces' CO2 Emissions Embodied in Imports and Exports
Authors: Wu Sanmang , Wu Yanrui , Lei Yalin , Li Shantong , Li Li 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this study, we use input‐output analysis to measure CO2 emissions (CEs) embodied in Chinese provinces' exports and imports and explore the interprovincial spillover of CEs induced by exports through the domestic supply chains. The findings of this paper are as follows: Eastern provinces were the main production locations of CO2 emissions embodied in exports (EEE) and the major demand locations of CO2 emissions embodied in imports (EEI) in China. The sum of the Eastern provinces' EEE accounted for approximately 60% of the national EEE, and the sum of the Eastern provinces' EEI accounted for approximately 80% of the national EEI in 2012. However, the central and western provinces were the primary source locations of China's balance of CO2 emissions embodied in international trade (BEET). In 2012, the proportion of the central and western provinces' BEET in the national BEET was more than 90%. The exports of eastern provinces have an important spillover effect on CEs in the central and western provinces. The proportion of CEs of central provinces caused by eastern provinces' exports in central provinces' EEE was 70.21%, and the corresponding proportion in western provinces was 69.65% in 2012. The reason for this is that the central and western provinces were the primary providers of highly energy‐intensive intermediate products for eastern provinces' exports, and the central and western provinces' large amounts of CEs were caused by the eastern provinces' exports through the domestic supply chains. According to the empirical results of the study, some policy recommendations are given.
Highly Oblique Lower‐Band Chorus Statistics: Dependencies of Wave Power on Refractive Index and Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Shi R. , Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. , Li W. , Ma Q. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe use 3 years of Van Allen Probes observations of highly oblique lower‐band chorus waves at low latitudes over L = 4–6 to provide a comprehensive statistics of the distribution of their magnetic and electric powers and full energy density as a function of wave refractive index N, L shell, and geomagnetic activity AE. We use the refractive index calculated either in the cold plasma approximation or in the quasi‐electrostatic (hot plasma) approximation and either observed wave electric fields or corrected wave electric fields accounting for the formation of a plasma sheath around antenna probes in a low‐density plasma. Approximate fits to the maximum refractive index and to the magnetic wave power profile of highly oblique waves are provided as a function of AE and L. Such fits should be useful for simulations of quasi‐linear electron diffusion induced by very oblique chorus waves. The magnetic wave power of these oblique waves remains elevated and roughly constant up to higher N values at lower L < 5 and during less disturbed periods AE∗<200 nT, likely due to the corresponding lower temperature of hot electrons injected from the plasma sheet, which leads to weaker thermal effects and Landau damping of these very oblique waves. The average energy density of lower‐band chorus waves is mainly distributed from N = 30–50 up to N = 150–300, mostly corresponding to highly oblique waves even at low magnetic latitudes.
Complex Near‐Surface Rheology Inferred From the Response of Greater Tokyo to Strong Ground Motions
Authors: Viens Loïc , Denolle Marine A. , Hirata Naoshi , Nakagawa Shigeki 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStrong ground motion can induce dynamic strains large enough for the Earth's subsurface to respond nonlinearly and to cause permanent, or plastic, damage. The 2011Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, Japan, generated exceptional and well‐recorded ground motions in the greater Tokyo area. We use continuous records from 234 stations of the dense MeSO‐net seismic network to monitor the temporal evolution of the material properties of the shallow subsurface (upper ∼100 m). We apply the single‐station cross‐correlation method to reconstruct the near‐surface reflectivity response through time. We find that the strong ground motions from the mainshock caused large perturbations in the near‐surface structure, with significant drops in seismic velocities up to 11%. For most sites, we observe a logarithmic and complete recovery of the seismic wave speed, suggesting a relaxation process that can be explained by a viscoelastic rheology. Some sites exhibit an instantaneous and permanent change, which suggests a plastic rheology. Finally, dense seismic measurements allow for statistical inference between seismic velocity drops, recovery time scales, and permanent perturbations and ground motion strength and site conditions. This study highlights the potential for seismic interferometry to assess near‐surface rheology with dense seismic arrays.
The Regional Impact of Urban Heat Mitigation Strategies on Planetary Boundary Layer Dynamics Over a Semiarid City
Authors: Song Jiyun , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Wang Chenghao 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe rapid urbanization and associated landscape changes strongly modulate heat and moisture transfer processes on the urban surface as well as in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) via urban land‐atmosphere interactions. In this study, we employed the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with realistic urban dynamics to assess the effects of two urban landscaping strategies for urban heat mitigation (viz., green roofs and white roofs) on the PBL dynamics for hot summer periods over a semiarid city, Phoenix of Arizona. Our results show that the effects of green roofs and white roofs on PBL dynamics are markedly different at daytime and nighttime. At daytime, both roofing systems reduce the sensible heat flux significantly by ~150 W/m2, lower the PBL height by ~700 m, and decrease the maximum convective available potential energy (CAPE) by ~40 J/kg over the built terrain. At nighttime, both sensible and latent heat fluxes increase with green roofs by ~4 and ~6 W/m2, respectively. In contrast, with white roofs, a marginal reduction of sensible heat flux by ~4 W/m2 was observed, owing to the remnant effect of daytime cooling. In addition, both roofing systems reduce the CAPE over the urban core but increase the CAPE over the rural surrounding, implying that the use of green or white roofs may potentially enhance the probability of precipitation toward the outskirt of the city.
Room-temperature continuous-wave electrically pumped InGaN/GaN quantum well blue laser diode directly grown on Si
Authors: Sun Yi , Zhou Kun , Feng Meixin , Li Zengcheng , Zhou Yu , Sun Qian , Liu Jianping , Zhang Liqun , Li Deyao , Sun Xiaojuan , Li Dabing , Zhang Shuming , Ikeda Masao , Yang Hui 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCurrent laser-based display and lighting applications are invariably using blue laser diodes (LDs) grown on free-standing GaN substrates, which are costly and smaller in size compared with other substrate materials.1–3 Utilizing less expensive and large-diameter Si substrates for hetero-epitaxial growth of indium gallium nitride/gallium nitride (InGaN/GaN) multiple quantum well (MQW) structure can substantially reduce the cost of blue LDs and boost their applications. To obtain a high crystalline quality crack-free GaN thin film on Si for the subsequent growth of a blue laser structure, a hand-shaking structure was formed by inserting Al-composition step down-graded AlN/AlxGa1−xN buffer layers between GaN and Si substrate. Thermal degradation in InGaN/GaN blue MQWs was successfully suppressed with indium-rich clusters eliminated by introducing hydrogen during the growth of GaN quantum barriers (QBs) and lowering the growth temperature for the p-type AlGaN/GaN superlattice optical cladding layer. A continuous-wave (CW) electrically pumped InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) blue (450 nm) LD grown on Si was successfully demonstrated at room temperature (RT) with a threshold current density of 7.8 kA/cm2.
Top-down feedback controls spatial summation and response amplitude in primate visual cortex
Authors: Nurminen Lauri , Merlin Sam , Bijanzadeh Maryam , Federer Frederick , Angelucci Alessandra 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSensory information travels along feedforward connections through a hierarchy of cortical areas, which, in turn, send feedback connections to lower-order areas. Feedback has been implicated in attention, expectation, and sensory context, but the mechanisms underlying these diverse feedback functions are unknown. Using specific optogenetic inactivation of feedback connections from the secondary visual area (V2), we show how feedback affects neural responses in the primate primary visual cortex (V1). Reducing feedback activity increases V1 cells’ receptive field (RF) size, decreases their responses to stimuli confined to the RF, and increases their responses to stimuli extending into the proximal surround, therefore reducing surround suppression. Moreover, stronger reduction of V2 feedback activity leads to progressive increase in RF size and decrease in response amplitude, an effect predicted by a recurrent network model. Our results indicate that feedback modulates RF size, surround suppression and response amplitude, similar to the modulatory effects of visual spatial attention.
Expansion of a superconducting vortex core into a diffusive metal
Authors: Stolyarov Vasily S. , Cren Tristan , Brun Christophe , Golovchanskiy Igor A. , Skryabina Olga V. , Kasatonov Daniil I. , Khapaev Mikhail M. , Kupriyanov Mikhail Yu. , Golubov Alexander A. , Roditchev Dimitri 
Published: June 2018

AbstractVortices in quantum condensates exist owing to a macroscopic phase coherence. Here we show, both experimentally and theoretically, that a quantum vortex with a well-defined core can exist in a rather thick normal metal, proximized with a superconductor. Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy we reveal a proximity vortex lattice at the surface of 50 nm—thick Cu-layer deposited on Nb. We demonstrate that these vortices have regular round cores in the centers of which the proximity minigap vanishes. The cores are found to be significantly larger than the Abrikosov vortex cores in Nb, which is related to the effective coherence length in the proximity region. We develop a theoretical approach that provides a fully self-consistent picture of the evolution of the vortex with the distance from Cu/Nb interface, the interface impedance, applied magnetic field, and temperature. Our work opens a way for the accurate tuning of the superconducting properties of quantum hybrids.