bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐17–producing T cells and interleukin‐17 mRNA expression in periodontitis and long‐standing gingivitis lesions
Authors: Thorbert‐Mros Sara , Larsson Lena , Kalm Josephine , Berglundh Tord 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundT helper17 cells (Th17) are key targets in the evaluation of differences between “destructive” and “non‐destructive” periodontal lesions. The aim of the present study was to analyze the density of interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) producing T cells and IL‐17 mRNA expression in lesions representing severe periodontitis and longstanding gingivitis.MethodsTwo groups of patients were recruited. The gingivitis group consisted of 28 patients, 41–70 years old, with evident signs of gingival inflammation but no attachment loss. The periodontitis group consisted of 36 patients, 33–67 years of age. A gingival biopsy was obtained from one selected diseased site from each patient and prepared for immunohistochemical and reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) analysis.ResultsAlthough the density of CD3 positive cells (T cells) did not differ between the two types of lesions, the total number and density of cells positive for CD3+CD161 (IL‐17‐producing T‐cells) were larger in periodontitis than in long‐standing gingivitis lesions. About 30% of CD3‐cells in periodontitis lesions were also positive for CD161. The corresponding figure for gingivitis samples was 15%. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analysis revealed that differences between periodontitis and gingivitis samples remained after adjusting for smoking, age, and gender. In addition, males had larger proportions of IL‐17 producing T cells than females in both groups. The IL‐17 mRNA expression was higher in periodontitis than in gingivitis samples.ConclusionIt is suggested that IL‐17 producing T cells represent a significant feature in the detection of differences between destructive and non‐destructive lesions.
Comparative assessment of electromagnetic simulation tools for use in microstrip antenna design: Experimental demonstrations
Authors: Bilgin Gulsima , Yilmaz Vadi Su , Kara Ali , Aydin Elif 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a better understanding of the use of finite integration techniques (FIT) and finite element method (FEM) in different types of microstrip antennas in order to determine which numerical method gives relatively more accurate results. Although the theoretical formulation based on Maxwell's equations of both FEM and FIT are approached from different aspects in the literature, there is still a lack of comparison of the same antenna type using different numerical methods employing FEM and FIT. Therefore, in this study, FEM and FIT were applied to two different types of microstrip antennas, and their simulation and experimental results was compared. For the first antenna demonstration, a multilayer structure was chosen to achieve one of the significant parameters. Then, a microstrip antenna with a compact structure was used in the second demonstration. Using these two antennas, the accuracy of FEM and FIT in different structures were compared and all simulated return loss and gain results were verified by the measured results. The experimental demonstrations show that FEM performs better for both types of microstrip antennas while FIT provides an adequate result for two‐layer microstrip antennas.
Microfluidics for producing polylactide nanoparticles and microparticles and their drug delivery application
Authors: Brzeziński Marek , Socka Marta , Kost Bartłomiej 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis review presents use of the microfluidics technique for the preparation of polylactide (PLA) based particles for developing novel drug delivery systems. Droplet‐based microfluidics allow uniform single, double and higher order emulsions to be generated that yield highly uniform microspheres, microcapsules and polymersomes. Typically, the building blocks of these complex microparticle systems are PLA macromolecules, their copolymers with different comonomers and recently stereocomplexes composed of an equimolar mixture of poly(l‐lactide) and poly(d‐lactide). In addition, the technique offers several advantages over conventional emulsion methods and the highly uniform droplets obtained allow for encapsulation of small drug molecules in polymer network meshes or within their hollow interior. The novel approach in this area is to use the microfluidics technique to produce nanoparticles in the microfluidics channel by micromixing/nanoprecipitation in glass capillary devices. Therefore, this review is divided into three main sections in which we discuss the formation of microspheres from single emulsion droplets, microcapsules and polymersomes from higher order emulsion droplets, and nanoparticles from nanosuspensions in a microfluidic channel. Finally, we compare the drug release from these different particles, focusing mainly on those formed from sensitive or supramolecular networks. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A density functional theory study on mechanism and substituent effects of a base‐free and catalyst‐free synthesis of functionalized dihydrobenzoxazoles
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Bai Huining , Guo Yuen , Wei Donghui , Chen Hui , Zhu Yanyan , Zhang Wenjing 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe reaction mechanism and the substituent effects of a base‐free and catalyst‐free synthesis of functionalized dihydrobenzoxazole have been investigated in detail by using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The calculated results reveal that the whole reaction should occur through three processes, and the initial intramolecular nucleophilic attack reaction is the rate‐determining step. The possibility to afford crossover reaction products has been carefully excluded based on the extremely high barrier, which is well‐consistent with the experimental results that the crossover products cannot be observed. The substituent effects have been studied through exploring the correlation of the experimental yields and the theoretically predicted barriers, which proves that the more electron‐donating substituents of the imine should be more beneficial to the occurrence of the reaction.
Theoretical Density Functional Theory insights into the nature of chalcogen bonding between CX2 (X = S, Se, Te) and diazine from monomer to supramolecular complexes
Authors: Ben Aissa Mohamed Ali , Hassen Sabri , Arfaoui Youssef 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChalcogen bonding is a noncovalent interaction, highly similar to halogen and hydrogen bonding, occurring between a chalcogen atom and a nucleophilic region. Two density functional theory (DFT) approaches B3LY‐D3 and B97‐D3 were performed on a series of complexes formed between CX2 (X = S, Se, Te) and diazine (pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine). Chalcogen atoms prefer interacting with the lone pair of a nitrogen atom rather than with the π‐cloud of an aromatic ring. CTe2 and CSe2 form a stronger chalcogen bond than CS2. The electrostatic potential of CX2 (X = S, Se and Te) reveals the presence of two equivalent σ‐holes, one on each chalcogen atom. These CX2 molecules interact with diazine giving rise to supramolecular interactions. Wiberg bond index and second‐order perturbation theory analysis in NBO were performed to better understand the nature of the chalcogen bond interaction.
Cell Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: Regenerative Basal Cell Amplification
Authors: Hayes Don , Kopp Benjamin T. , Hill Cynthia L. , Lallier Scott W. , Schwartz Cynthia M. , Tadesse Mahelet , Alsudayri Alfahdah , Reynolds Susan D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The human airway epithelium is regenerated by basal cells. Thus, basal cell therapy has the potential to cure cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. We previously reported that the human basal cells repopulated the mouse airway epithelium after transplantation, and we estimated that 60 million cells would be needed to treat a human patient. To further develop cell therapy, we compared the proliferation potential of non-CF and CF tissue-derived bronchial basal cells. Three methods were used: regenerative cell frequency, burst size, and cell division frequency. Second, we used a serial passage strategy to determine if CF basal cells could be amplified to the estimated therapeutic dose. These studies evaluated that tissue-derived bronchial basal cells and the basal cells that were recovered by brushing bronchial airways or the nasal respiratory epithelium. Finally, we used the limiting dilution method to isolate non-CF and CF basal cell clones. The proliferation assays and the air-liquid-interface differentiation method were used to determine if cell amplification altered the proliferation and/or differentiation potential of clonal isolates. We demonstrate that: (a) non-CF and CF basal cell proliferation is similar, (b) CF basal cells can be amplified to a therapeutic cell dose, and (c) amplified non-CF and CF basal cell clones differentiate normally. Despite these encouraging findings, we also find that the cell amplification process depletes the regenerative basal cell pool. Analysis of basal cell clones indicates that serial passage selects for long-lived basal cells and raise the possibility that prospective isolation of these stem-like cells will improve the efficacy of cell replacement therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:225&235
Micrometer‐Sized Porous Fe2N/C Bulk for High‐Areal‐Capacity and Stable Lithium Storage
Authors: Liu Dongna , Xu Xiaoming , Tan Jian , Zhu Jiexin , Li Qi , Luo Yanzhu , Wu Peijie , Zhang Xiao , Han Chunhua , Mai Liqiang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHigh‐capacity anodes of lithium‐ion batteries generally suffer from poor electrical conductivity, large volume variation, and low tap density caused by prepared nanostructures, which make it an obstacle to achieve both high‐areal capacity and stable cycling performance for practical applications. Herein, micrometer‐sized porous Fe2N/C bulk is prepared to tackle the aforementioned issues, and thus realize both high‐areal capacity and stable cycling performance at high mass loading. The porous structure in Fe2N/C bulk is beneficial to alleviate the volumetric change. In addition, the N‐doped carbon conducting networks with high electrical conductivity provide a fast charge transfer pathway. Meanwhile, the micrometer‐sized Fe2N/C bulk exhibits a higher tap density than that of commercial graphite powder (1.03 g cm−3), which facilitates the preparation of thinner electrode at high mass loadings. As a result, a high‐areal capacity of above 4.2 mA h cm−2 at 0.45 mA cm−2 is obtained at a high mass loading of 7.0 mg cm−2 for LIBs, which still maintains at 2.59 mA h cm−2 after 200 cycles with a capacity retention of 98.8% at 0.89 mA cm−2.
Promoting Economic Prosperity in Cyberspace
Authors: Weitzner Daniel J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUnique among major communications media, the Internet has delivered vast public benefit while being designed, developed, and deployed largely through private initiative and nongovernmental funding. At the same time, key public policy decisions were made early on that established the legal and regulatory foundations necessary for economic innovation and free expression to flourish. Those foundations include strong free speech protections, liability limits on Internet platforms, protections against excessive government surveillance, open technical standards, individual privacy protection, and some form of net neutrality. Those foundations were laid when the Internet was young. As part of a roundtable on “Competing Visions for Cyberspace,” this essay argues that as the business, social, and technical impact of the Internet has become clearer globally, some of these principles require adjustment, but all will remain important if we are to preserve the economic potential of the Internet environment going forward.
Toward a Human-Centric Approach to Cybersecurity
Authors: Deibert Ronald J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA “national security–centric” approach currently dominates cybersecurity policies and practices. Derived from a realist theory of world politics in which states compete with each other for survival and relative advantage, the principal cybersecurity threats are conceived as those affecting sovereign states, such as damage to critical infrastructure within their territorial jurisdictions. As part of a roundtable on “Competing Visions for Cyberspace,” this essay presents an alternative approach to cybersecurity that is derived from the tradition of “human security.” Rather than prioritizing territorial sovereignty, this approach prioritizes the individual, and views networks as part of the essential foundation for the modern exercise of human rights, such as access to information, freedom of thought, and freedom of association. The foundational elements of a human-centric approach to cybersecurity are outlined and contrasted with the prevailing trends around national security–centric practices. A human-centric approach strives for indivisible network security on a planetary scale for the widest possible scope of human experience, and seeks to ensure that such principles are vigorously monitored and defended by multiple and overlapping forms of independent oversight and review.
Thinking About the Joneses?
Authors: Weber Silvana , Hagmayer York 
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Social comparison and rumination are associated with lower levels of subjective well-being. We expected that an intervention to change the appraisal of social comparison situations would improve well-being among young adults (n = 74). A 9-week online training program was designed, combining elements of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and positive psychology. A pre-post assessment of subjective well-being, affect, social comparison orientation, rumination, and an appraisal of personal negatively perceived social situations served as dependent variables. Results indicate that the training led to an increase in subjective well-being and positive affect, and a decrease in negative affect and rumination. Initially unhappier individuals benefited slightly more from the training. The negative affective response toward personal social situations decreased, while positive affect increased. The overall level of social comparison orientation remained stable. Change in rumination was the strongest predictor of increased well-being, indicating that not social comparison per se, but ruminating about social comparison affects well-being.
Estimating Regional Ground‐Level PM2.5 Directly From Satellite Top‐Of‐Atmosphere Reflectance Using Deep Belief Networks
Authors: Shen Huanfeng , Li Tongwen , Yuan Qiangqiang , Zhang Liangpei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAlmost all remote sensing atmospheric PM2.5 estimation methods need satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) products, which are often retrieved from top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) reflectance via an atmospheric radiative transfer model. Then, is it possible to estimate ground‐level PM2.5 directly from satellite TOA reflectance without a physical model? In this study, this challenging work was achieved based on a machine learning model. Specifically, we established the relationship between PM2.5, satellite TOA reflectance, observation angles, and meteorological factors in a deep learning architecture (denoted as Ref‐PM modeling). This relationship was trained with station PM2.5 measurements, and then the PM2.5 values of those locations without stations could be retrieved. Taking the Wuhan Urban Agglomeration as a case study, the results demonstrate that, compared with AOD‐PM modeling, the Ref‐PM modeling obtains a competitive performance, with sample‐based cross‐validated R2 and root‐mean‐square error values of 0.87 and 9.89 μg/m3, respectively. Also, the TOA‐reflectance‐derived PM2.5 has a finer resolution and a larger spatial coverage than the AOD‐derived PM2.5. This work provides an alternative technique to estimate ground‐level PM2.5, and may have the potential to promote the application in atmospheric environmental monitoring.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Fog in North China Plain
Authors: Jia Xingcan , Quan Jiannong , Zheng Ziyan , Liu Xiange , Liu Quan , He Hui , Liu Yangang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFog poses a severe environmental problem in the North China Plain, China, which has been witnessing increases in anthropogenic emission since the early 1980s. This work first uses the WRF/Chem model coupled with the local anthropogenic emissions to simulate and evaluate a severe fog event occurring in North China Plain. Comparison of the simulations against observations shows that WRF/Chem well reproduces the general features of temporal evolution of PM2.5 mass concentration, fog spatial distribution, visibility, and vertical profiles of temperature, water vapor content, and relative humidity in the planetary boundary layer throughout the whole period of the fog event. Sensitivity studies are then performed with five different levels of anthropogenic emission as model inputs to systematically examine the comprehensive impacts of aerosols on fog microphysical, macrophysical, radiative, and dynamical properties. The results show that as aerosol concentration increases, fog droplet number concentration and liquid water content all increase nonlinearly; but effective radius decreases. Macrophysical properties (fog fraction, fog duration, fog height, and liquid water path) also increase nonlinearly with increasing aerosol concentration, with rates of changes smaller than microphysical properties. Further analysis reveals distinct aerosol effects on thermodynamic and dynamical conditions during different stages of fog evolution: increasing aerosols invigorate fog formation and development by enhancing longwave‐induced instability, fog droplet condensation accompanying latent heat release, and thus turbulence, but delay fog dissipation by reducing surface solar radiation, surface sensible, and latent heat fluxes, and thus suppressing turbulence during the dissipation stage.
Lunar Cryptomare: New Insights Into the Balmer‐Kapteyn Region
Authors: Wang Xianmin , Qiu Denggao 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCryptomaria record the early mare volcanisms and put important constraints on the lunar thermal and volcanic history and on the early partial melting of the mantle. This work focuses on the representative cryptomare region of Balmer‐Kapteyn and employs multisource exploration data including Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Wide Angle Camera, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle Camera, Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter Digital Elevation Model (DEM), GLD 100, Chang'E‐1 Interference Imaging Spectrometer, Moon Mineralogy Mapper, Clementine, and Lunar Prospector Gamma‐Ray and Neutron Spectrometers data to provide new insights into the distribution, geometry, buried depth, space weathering, chemical compositions, lithology, and mineralogy of the cryptomare in the Balmer‐Kapteyn region. Some viewpoints are primarily as follows. (1) Cryptomare may widely occur in the Balmer‐Kapteyn region with various small and separate exposure areas. The lithology in this region has an obvious north‐south dichotomy. Alkali suite may dominate the northern region, responsible for the local Th enhancement, whereas ferroan anorthosite suite and magnesian suite may spread over the southern part. Cryptomare may occur in both the north and the south, with most exposures within the craters dominated by alkali suite or ferroan anorthosite suite. (2) The buried depths of the cryptomare may fall into the range from at least ~33 m to at least ~1,849 m. Thus, the buried thickness may be more than ~1.8 km. (3) The buried mare basalts in this region are member of the high‐alumina type and a previously unsampled new type of high‐alumina mare basalts may be revealed. (4) At least two periods of mare volcanisms or at least an intrusion of basaltic lava may have happened in this region. The erupted or intruded mare basalts in the later period are more abundant in Al but relatively poor in Fe, Ti, Ca, and Mg, and some of them were buried or intruded much shallowly (~33 m) under the surface ejecta.
WDR81 regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis through endosomal SARA-TGFβ signaling
Authors: Wang Min , Tang Changyong , Xing Ruxiao , Liu Xuezhao , Han Xiu , Liu Yinghao , Wang Lei , Yang Chonglin , Guo Weixiang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAdult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process considered important for hippocampal function, is regulated at multiple molecular levels. Mutations in the gene encoding the WD40 repeat-containing protein WDR81 are associated with neurological disorders, including cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, quadrupedal locomotion syndrome (CAMRQ2), and microcephaly. In this study, we show that ablation of WDR81 in adult neural progenitor cells (aNPCs) markedly reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired hippocampus-dependent learning. WDR81 suppresses endosomal PtdIns3P synthesis, likely by inhibiting the assembly of the PI3K-III complex. In the absence of WDR81, endosomal PtdIns3P levels are greatly elevated, leading to endosomal persistence of the PtdIns3P-binding protein SARA and consequently hyperactivation of SARA-dependent TGFβ signaling. Inhibition of PI3K-III activity or suppression of SARA-dependent TGFβ signaling markedly ameliorated the defective adult neurogenesis in WDR81-deficient mice. Taken together, these findings not only uncover the requirement for the WDR81–SARA–TGFβ axis in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but also suggest that defective adult hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to the etiology of WDR81-related neurological diseases.
Tissue engineering of human hair follicles using a biomimetic developmental approach
Authors: Abaci Hasan Erbil , Coffman Abigail , Doucet Yanne , Chen James , Jacków Joanna , Wang Etienne , Guo Zongyou , Shin Jung U. , Jahoda Colin A. , Christiano Angela M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHuman skin constructs (HSCs) have the potential to provide an effective therapy for patients with significant skin injuries and to enable human-relevant drug screening for skin diseases; however, the incorporation of engineered skin appendages, such as hair follicles (HFs), into HSCs remains a major challenge. Here, we demonstrate a biomimetic approach for generation of human HFs within HSCs by recapitulating the physiological 3D organization of cells in the HF microenvironment using 3D-printed molds. Overexpression of Lef-1 in dermal papilla cells (DPC) restores the intact DPC transcriptional signature and significantly enhances the efficiency of HF differentiation in HSCs. Furthermore, vascularization of hair-bearing HSCs prior to engraftment allows for efficient human hair growth in immunodeficient mice. The ability to regenerate an entire HF from cultured human cells will have a transformative impact on the medical management of different types of alopecia, as well as chronic wounds, which represent major unmet medical needs.