bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Two Months
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the first 2 months of pregnancy following conception, including the development of the zygote as it travels down the fallopian tube, cell migration and differentiation, and a discussion of stem cells. As the author starts to experience pregnancy for the very first time, she describes common symptoms of pregnancy, including morning sickness, headaches, breast tenderness, increased hunger, frequent urination, and fatigue. She also discusses the high incidence of miscarriages—which are common of 10–20% of known pregnancies—and their frequency in the first trimester. Finally, she describes a mother’s very first sonogram, or internal ultrasound.
The Fourth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the fourth month of pregnancy. As the author learns the sex of her own baby, she explores a discussion of gender and sex throughout development. Specifically, she addresses the development of sex organs prenatally and how biological sex should be differentiated from the construct of gender using examples from the animal literature to illustrate how sometimes even biological sex can be determined by environmental circumstances. The chapter also includes a lengthy discussion of the development of gender concept and gender identity in children and how parents’ expectations might affect the development of gender-stereotyped behavior.
The Ninth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the ninth month of pregnancy. As the author gets close to delivering, she discusses the stages of labor and the task of creating a birth plan. Specifically, she discusses the benefits of choosing a natural birth versus a planned C-section, and the option of using pain-reducing interventions (e.g., epidural) and their potential effects on labor and delivery on the fetus. She also includes a brief discussion of the role that doulas and midwives can play in births in the United States.
The Fourth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the infant in the fourth month of life. As her baby begins to coo and communicate for the first time, the author discusses the development of language, from these first sounds to an infant’s first words. She provides an in-depth discussion of how babies break through the speech stream, identifying words in their native language for the first time. She goes on to describe why children might be particularly adept language-learners when compared to adults, including the topics of second-language acquisition and bilingualism.
Authenticity, Digital Media, and Person Identity Verification
Authors: Davis Jenny L. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Identity theory models authenticity as the outcome of person identity verification. In a parallel literature from digital media studies, the concept of authenticity has emerged as a central concern. Through interviews with American adults, I examine authenticity in relation to social media, using an identity theory frame. I show the specific tactics people use to present “true” versions of themselves, and how they censure those who fail to do so. Through participants’ narratives, I distill two principles of authenticity in a digital age: curation and triangulation. These refer to selective practices of sharing and cultivating a consistent image of self across digital platforms and face-to-face interactions. Those who fail to adhere to these principles may be subject to various forms of disconnection—“un-friending,” “un-following,” and/or general social exclusion. Disconnection minimizes interaction opportunities, making it difficult to verify person identity meanings.
Intersectional Identities and Stigma Recovery
Authors: Ramos Maria C. , Smith-Lovin Lynn , Young Bethany 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Unethical behaviors (e.g., stealing) are viewed more positively when they benefit someone other than the unethical actor. Scholars argue actors can use this “prosociality” effect to restore their identities after they engage in deviant actions. We investigate whether this interactional resource is more available to some categories of people than others. We use the intersectionality literature to discuss how combinations of race and gender might influence whether a prosocial unethical behavior is defined in negative or positive terms. We use affect control theory to generate hypotheses about when the intersectional identities will lead to more negative or positive evaluations and labeling of the actor and behavior. In an online experiment, we find that the evaluation and labeling of an actor are less affected by prosociality when he is a white male. Women of both races and men of color can restore their identities, but only by behaving in a completely prosocial way.
Racial Exclusion and Queer Identity
Authors: Miller Shaeleya 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social movement communities, members with varied sexual and gender identities work to pursue shared goals. While gender and sexual marginalization serve as common rallying points for members, intersectionality theory recognizes that each person has multiple, intersecting identities, which influence their experiences of oppression and empowerment (Crenshaw 1989). As a result, it is important to understand how LGBTQ activists navigate multiple identities and investments, while still maintaining group solidarity. Using 53 interviews with non-heterosexuals, I examine how multiple sexual, gender, and racial identities were subsumed within a broader "queer community" group engaged in identity-verification among their peers. Based on the findings, I suggest that inclusive ideologies, when deployed in diverse social movement communities, can reproduce inequalities from within. Furthermore, I argue that these inequalities are made visible through the processes by which members of social groups engage in struggles to verify group membership.
Controlled, Verified, and Understood
Authors: Novoselova Olga A. , Lynn Freda B. , Miller Graham N. S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Organizations, like individuals, are faced with the task of constructing an identity. To attract investors and consumers, a firm needs to develop a sense of “who we are” and “what we do.” Yet audiences may come to see the firm differently from how it desires to be seen. We address this alignment problem with a case study of the U.S. market for higher education. Identity verification is core to the research on individuals but peripheral in the literature on organizational identity, which instead focuses more on strategic identity construction. We use a network approach to capture both how schools view themselves (e.g., Yale nominates Princeton as a peer) and how the market responds (e.g., many schools view Yale and Princeton as peers). Results show that prestigious schools are more likely to (1) construct tightly controlled identities, (2) experience reciprocated nominations, and (3) define themselves in a manner consistent with the market’s response.
The Nature of the Ballet and Hip-Hop Dancer Identity
Authors: Kushida Melanie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study examines how the environment and the socialization that ensues shape individuals’ attitudes and meanings in the situation of being a dancer. In turn, these attitudes and meanings in the situation may influence the “tightness” of the dancer identity, or how hard people seek to match situational meanings, including how they think other people see them, with how they see themselves as a dancer. Data were collected through field observations and semi-structured interviews. Findings suggest that how the environment is structured and the socialization that accompanies it may influence dancer identity meanings that are more tightly controlled for a ballet dancer compared to meanings that are more loosely controlled for a hip-hop dancer.
The Role of Significant Others in Shaping Fathers’ Identities and Behavior
Authors: Collett Jessica L. , Vercel Kelcie , Pierce Kayla D. R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Identities are composed of sets of meanings that people apply to themselves. These meanings vary in both content and quality, with important implications for individuals’ actions, emotions, and commitment to their identities. In this research, we reveal how men’s significant others serve as important sources of identity meanings and are key to how men interpret and enact their identities as fathers. Using data from in-depth interviews with low-income fathers, we demonstrate that fathers whose significant others offer positive examples of parenting, articulate concrete expectations, and provide explicit evaluations of men’s performances have more nuanced ideas of who they want to be as fathers and can more effectively translate those ideas into clear lines of action and engaged parenting behavior.
Identity and the Self in Elderly Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Francis Linda , Adams Richard E. , König Alexandra , Hoey Jesse 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the gradual loss of memory, ultimately progressing to forgetting who one is and has been. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the progression of this disease raises the question of what happens to the “self” as part of an interactive social process with others. Our exploratory study of elders with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s indicates that, while identities grounded in memories and roles will fade as a person loses their ability to remember people and events, habitual and behavioral aspects of identity that reflect one’s personhood may persist longer. Thirty-two elders in Canada and the United States, plus 20 of their caregivers, participated in a qualitative interview. Results indicated that even people with very impaired memory still reacted to situations in ways congruent with their past identities, although they often did not remember the identities themselves. Viewing this phenomenon sociologically informs our understanding of the formation and disintegration of self.
The Local Structure of Power
Authors: Nelson William E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Stuart kings, Charles I and James I, had sought to rationalize and centralize power in England’s colonial empire, but the Glorious Revolution put an end to their efforts. The new monarch, William III, had a different objective—to protect Protestantism and defeat the ambitions of France’s king, Louis XIV. As long as colonies supported that objective, William was willing to allow them substantial self-government. As a result, power became localized as juries in some colonies and local judges in others were given control over the law. Pennsylvania was the only colony in which a central court exercised power over a broad geographic area.
The Well-Functioning Empire of the Mid-Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nelson William E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter claims that in large part, the government and legal system of the mid- eighteenth-century British empire functioned well in the interests both of the governing classes of Great Britain and of the residents of the colonies. Effective functioning was a result of constant compromise in which Britain and its colonies, although both had divergent and often conflicting interests, never pushed those interests to their limits but instead routinely compromised out of concern for each other’s needs and concerns. The chapter proceeds by examining successful governing practices in several of the colonies and then turns to two locales—northern New York and North Carolina—where government was ineffective.
Testing the Bonds of Empire
Authors: Nelson William E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on three British actions—the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act, and the Declaratory Act—that led to the maturation and refinement of American constitutional theory and the articulation of the doctrine of judicial review: the doctrine that courts have power to invalidate legislation that is inconsistent with constitutional norms. The main focus of the chapter is on the Stamp Act and on a series of cases and other judicial actions, which are analyzed colony by colony, declaring the Stamp Act unconstitutional.
Behold Sargon
Authors: Eppihimer Melissa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus’ discovery and restoration of an image of the Akkadian king Sargon. Nabonidus’ responses to the ancient royal image highlight the contributions of images to ancient memories of the Akkadian kings. The chapter next previews the remainder of the book, beginning with chapter 2’s historical and theoretical foundations for an analysis of the Akkadian kings’ visual legacy. The following three chapters each address one category of Akkadian art that provided post-Akkadian rulers with a visual model of Akkadian kingship: steles, statues, and cylinder seals. Chapter 3 discusses the stele of Naram-Sin, which has often been regarded as a model for later victory monuments. Chapter 4 shifts to Akkadian royal statues, noting that they have garnered less attention than the stele of Naram-Sin because of their poor preservation. Chapter 5 examines the legacy of Akkadian cylinder seals that feature the mythological contest scene.
Curly-Haired Heroes and the Legacy of Akkadian Seals
Authors: Eppihimer Melissa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cylinder seals potentially played a key role in the visual legacy of Akkadian kingship, but the post-Akkadian history of one Akkadian seal motif, the contest scene, suggests that cylinder seals were not major instruments of image-based responses to and recollections of Akkadian kingship. Instead, the seals’ abundance and accessibility prevented a strict monopolization of their imagery by kings and other agents of cultural memory. Foremost, the colossal lion-wielding heroes from the Neo-Assyrian palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad do not use imagery from Akkadian seals to allude to the historical Akkadian kings, but instead represent a timeless cosmos at home in the Assyrian visual tradition. The tendency to view the Khorsabad heroes as royal figures derives in part from nineteenth-century associations with a legendary king, Gilgamesh.
Allusions and Illusions
Authors: Eppihimer Melissa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The visual legacy of Akkadian kingship in Mesopotamia was the product of a series of individual engagements with Akkadian images and memories that collectively suggest a shift over time from direct engagement with Akkadian models to mediated access to Akkadian models. Beyond consolidating the ideas presented in earlier chapters, chapter 6 opens up further lines of inquiry into the relationship between cultural memory and images in the ancient Near East. First, memories of the Akkadians in Hittite Anatolia raise the possibility of a visual legacy in Hittite art. Second, the Akkadian legacy is compared to the legacy of the Ur III kings. In the latter, a set of late Neo-Assyrian “basket-bearer” steles display interpictorial links to Ur III foundation figures.
A Legal History of Intimate Deception
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter places modern law in historical context. Over the course of the twentieth century, some legal remedies for intimate deception disappeared or became much less valuable. First, starting in 1935, a wave of state “anti-heart balm” laws abolished causes of action for seduction and breach of promise to marry that some women had been using to sue intimates who deceived them. Courts then interpreted anti-heart balm statutes expansively, relying on the laws to block a wide array of claims against deceptive intimates. Second, changing norms about race and gender left judges unwilling to grant redress for some types of intimate deception that they had once been willing to remediate. Third—and most significant in diminishing the volume of litigation—the advent and swift spread of no-fault divorce starting in 1970 meant that securing an annulment or fault-based divorce because of intimate deception became a much less valuable remedy.
Modern Law’s Sharp Divide Between Deception Within and Outside Intimacy
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the judiciary’s routine refusal to allow deceived intimates to access the remedies that are available for deception in other contexts. The persistently differentiated treatment of intimate deception has heightened consequences because courts often define intimacy broadly to include relationships that were not developed or long-lasting. One woman did not even meet the person who targeted her for a relentless campaign of deceit until close to the time when her deceiver was unmasked, but lost her suit because the court concluded that she was deceived within a “personal relationship.” Judges frequently stress their overarching commitment to shielding intimate deceivers even when ruling for the occasional plaintiff. For example, a court will make clear that it is allowing a particular deceived intimate to pursue her suit only because the litigation advances other public policy goals, such as the public health interest in deterring the spread of sexually transmitted disease.
Intimate Deception Outside of Romantic, Sexual, or Marital Relationships
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores deceit between family members who are not connected to each other as spouses, sexual partners, or romantic interests. The premise that the law should protect intimate deceivers still appears here, but is almost exclusively confined to cases considering parents who have deceived their children—including their adult children. Judges are often unwilling to penalize deceptive parents and quick to blame children for having been duped. When the parties are reversed, however, courts are frequently eager to grant remedies to parents suing deceitful adult children and willing to empower parents to inflict their own penalties on deceptive children below the age of majority. Moreover, when courts move beyond marital and parental relationships to consider deception by other relatives, they routinely presume that the judiciary should treat these family members—deceitful siblings, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and the like—as if they were unrelated to the people they deceived.
Signaling with Secrets
Authors: Green Brendan Rittenhouse , Long Austin G. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
How do you credibly communicate a threat that you cannot reveal? This problem is endemic for modern space and cyberspace capabilities, but the challenge of secrecy constraints in cross-domain deterrence is not a new phenomenon. During the late Cold War, nuclear forces deterred conventional attack, theater nuclear forces deterred strategic nuclear escalation, and conventional threats to nuclear capabilities deterred conventional attack. Some of these capabilities, particularly intelligence collection and electronic datalinks, depended on sensitive tactics and technologies that could not be revealed lest the enemy develop effective countermeasures. Secrecy created uncertainty about the true balance of power, which should have made conflict more likely, according to rationalist theory. This chapter shows, however, that the United States was able to use several mechanisms to communicate its capabilities to the Soviet Union without thoroughly compromising the ability to use them. Leveraging historical evidence from senior Soviet leadership, the chapter argues that U.S. nuclear counterforce strategy, which leveraged clandestine capabilities in many domains, nevertheless was effective in shaping Soviet perceptions and influencing Soviet policy.
Linkage Politics
Authors: Shifrinson Joshua R. Itzkowitz 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Most discussions of cross-domain deterrence focus on variation in the means of coercion, but variation in political ends can be just as consequential. Cross-domain deterrence in the context of linkage politics, in which disparate political interests are tied together to create incentives for favorable outcomes, gives potential adversaries the opportunity to avoid confrontational meeting engagements by playing for time to clarify interests and choosing the means most suited to achieving new goals. A broader diplomatic conception of cross-domain deterrence can also highlight the potential of using financial, institutional, or other nonmilitary actions that render the threat or use of force less attractive. This chapter draws on newly available archival evidence to examine issue linkage politics in the context of changing strategic interests in the case of U.S. efforts to deter Soviet repression in Poland and East Germany at the end of the Cold War. In both cases, U.S. policymakers used diplomatic reassurance and threats of isolation to shape Soviet policy as the United States pressed its new-found political interests in Eastern Europe rather than its traditional preoccupation with military affairs.
Beyond Military Deterrence
Authors: Huang Chin-Hao , Kang David C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
States interact in a multiplicity of domains, and most of them are not military in nature. Situating the security domain alongside economic and social domains of interaction among countries is important for creating a full analysis of a state’s priorities in a particular region, or with any particular other state. Failure to appreciate the nonmilitary dimensions of international relations in Asia in particular can lead one to misdiagnose the prospects of conflict and cooperation, potentially leading to tragic spirals. Data on East Asian defense spending over twenty-five years appears to present a puzzle: by many measures, East Asian military expenditures have declined significantly over the past quarter century. This finding appears starkly at odds with the conventional wisdom that Chinese bellicosity, its expenditure on anti-access/area-denial capabilities, and the United States’ reallocation of forces are increasing tensions in the region. Any policy of cross-domain deterrence that fails to appreciate interactions across the full multiplicity of domains of international intercourse risks courting deterrence failure.
Paris, Poets, and Poverty
Authors: Curtis Cathy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Freelance income and frugality allowed Nell to embark on her first trip abroad in 1950. In Paris, she felt as though she had stepped into an Impressionist landscape. Bowled over by Chartres Cathedral and the museums, she also visited two of her art idols, Jean Hélion and Fernand Léger. She became involved with a German woman with whom she traveled to Florence and Rome. Back in New York, while living with Midi Garth, she enjoyed hanging out with several of the poets later known as the New York School: Frank O’Hara, John Ashbery, and Kenneth Koch. Bebop records played at her boisterous parties, which often included marathon games of poker. In her painting, she had embarked on a period of experimentation with figurative imagery. Midi and Brook evokes a pastoral scene in Vermont, where the women vacationed. Meanwhile, her freelance work included serving as designer of the Village Voice.