bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aims, claims, and the bargaining model of war
Authors: Schultz Kenneth A. , Goemans Henk E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough in principle states can bargain over the entire extent of their combined territory, we observe historically that states bargain within far more limited confines defined by well-bounded claims. We argue that this observation stems from the fact that states generally have limited territorial aims due either to limited benefits of obtaining additional territory and/or the costs of absorbing and controlling new territories and their inhabitants. Using a formal model, we show that introducing states with limited aims over territory has strategic implications for bargaining that have not been appreciated in canonical models that do not consider heterogeneity in state preferences. Whereas traditional models generally imply that small demands undermine the credibility of a challenger's threat, the existence of states with limited territorial aims makes limited demands credible, effective, and stable in the face of shocks to relative power. We then employ geospatial data on the geographic extent of territorial disputes in the period 1947–2000 to establish two results: the size of claims is weakly related to the relative power of disputants and unaffected by dramatic changes in power, and smaller claims are associated with a higher probability that the challenger will receive any concession.
Empirical Modeling of the Geomagnetosphere for SIR and CME‐Driven Magnetic Storms
Authors: Andreeva V. A. , Tsyganenko N. A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDuring geomagnetic disturbances, the solar wind arrives in the form of characteristic sequences lasting from tens of hours to days. The most important magnetic storm drivers are the coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and the slow‐fast stream interaction regions (SIRs). Previous data‐based magnetic field models did not distinguish between these types of the solar wind driving. In the present work we retained the basic structure of the Tsyganenko and Andreeva (2015) model but fitted it to data samples corresponding to (1) SIR‐driven storms, (2) CME‐driven storms preceded with a shock ahead of the CME, and (3) CME‐driven storms without such shocks. The storm time dynamics of the model current systems has been represented using the parametrization method developed by Tsyganenko and Sitnov (2005), based on dynamical variables Wi, calculated from concurrent solar wind characteristics and their previous history. The database included observations of THEMIS, Polar, Cluster, Geotail, and Van Allen Probes missions during 155 storms in 1997–2016. The model current systems drastically differ from each other with respect to decay rate and total current magnitudes. During SIR‐induced storms, all current systems saturate, while during CME‐induced disturbances, the saturation occurs only for the symmetric ring current and the tail current. The partial ring current parameters are drastically different between SIR‐ and CME‐induced storm sets. In the case of SIR‐driven storms, the total partial ring current is comparable with symmetric ring current, whereas for all CME‐induced events it is nearly twice higher. The results are compared with GOES 15 magnetometer observations.
Mantle‐Derived Fluids in the East Java Sedimentary Basin, Indonesia
Authors: Zaputlyaeva Alexandra , Mazzini Adriano , Caracausi Antonio , Sciarra Alessandra 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Tertiary back‐arc sedimentary basin in East Java (Indonesia) hosts a large variety of piercement structures and hydrocarbon fields. Some of the latter (Wunut, Tanggulangin, Carat, Watudakon) are located a few kilometers away from the Arjuno‐Welirang volcanic complex and neighboring Lusi, the largest active sediment‐hosted hydrothermal system on Earth. In order to investigate interactions between volcanic and sedimentary settings, we performed gas sampling on these four shallow (200‐ to 1,000‐m depth) petroleum fields. The fields around Lusi are dominated by thermogenic gas that was altered during biodegradation processes. The helium isotope ratios (3He/4He) are as high as 6.7 RA, which is remarkably similar to those measured at the fumaroles of the adjacent volcanic complex (R = 7.3 RA) and at the Lusi site (up to 6.5 RA). This highlights the pervasive outgassing of mantle‐derived fluids in the sedimentary basin. Despite these two systems sharing the same mantle‐derived helium source, their hydrocarbons have two different genetic histories: Lusi hydrocarbon gas has been more recently generated and is less molecularly and isotopically fractionated, while the gas trapped in the reservoirs is older and more altered. Unlike Lusi, the hydrocarbon fields contain small amounts of CO2 resulting from biodegradation processes. The Watukosek fault system, originating from the Arjuno‐Welirang volcanic complex and extending toward the northeast of Java, intersects Lusi and the hydrocarbon fields. This network of faults controls the migration of mantle‐derived fluids within the sedimentary basin, feeding the focused venting at the Lusi site and promoting the slower and pervasive migration in the reservoirs.
Analysis of Changes in Reference Evapotranspiration, Pan Evaporation, and Actual Evapotranspiration and Their Influencing Factors in the North China Plain During 1998–2005
Authors: Liu Y. J. , Chen J. , Pan T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEvapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in both energy and water balances. Determining changes in the different types of ET and their influencing factors under climate change is crucial to fully understand the mechanisms controlling ET and regional water cycles. Based on ET and meteorological data measured during 1998–2005 at the Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the variation of reference ET (ET0), pan evaporation (Epan), and lysimeter ET (the actual ET, Elys) were estimated. Together with a Mann‐Kendall trend test, correlation and sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the effects of climatic factors, crop coefficients (Kc), and leaf area index (LAI) on different types of ET. During 1998–2005, precipitation presented an upward trend at all time scales, and average temperature (Ta), minimum temperature (Tmin), relative humidity, Epan, and ET0 exhibited downward trends. Elys displayed a downward trend at the daily scale and an upward trend at monthly and annual scales. The correlation analysis indicated that Epan and Elys were significantly positively correlated with all climatic factors except precipitation and relative humidity. The sensitivity analysis revealed that except for relative humidity, the influence of the other climatic factors on ET0 was positive. The highest sensitivity was found for relative humidity, followed by Ta, maximum temperature (Tmax), and Tmin. An analysis of the influence of Kc and LAI on the actual ET indicated that with an increase of Kc and LAI, the actual water demand of crops also displayed an upward trend.
Climate Change Increases the Potential for Extreme Wildfires
Authors: Di Virgilio Giovanni , Evans Jason P. , Blake Stephanie A. P. , Armstrong Matthew , Dowdy Andrew J. , Sharples Jason , McRae Rick 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) wildfires cause devastation in many regions globally. Given that fire‐atmosphere coupling is associated with pyroCbs, future changes in coincident high index values of atmospheric instability and dryness (C‐Haines) and near‐surface fire weather are assessed for southeastern Australia using a regional climate projection ensemble. We show that observed pyroCb events occur predominantly on forested, rugged landscapes during extreme C‐Haines conditions, but over a wide range of surface fire weather conditions. Statistically significant increases in the number of days where both C‐Haines and near‐surface fire weather values are conducive to pyroCb development are projected across southeastern Australia, predominantly for November (spring), and less strongly for December (summer) in 2060‐2079 versus 1990‐2009, with future C‐Haines increases linked to increased 850‐hPa dewpoint depression. The increased future occurrence of conditions conducive to pyroCb development and their extension into spring have implications for mitigating these dangerous wildfires and urbanizing fire‐prone landscapes.
Variability of the Proton Radiation Belt
Authors: Selesnick R. S. , Albert J. M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSignificant steady but slow variability of radiation belt proton intensity, in the energy range ∼19–200 MeV and for L<2.4, has been observed in an empirical model derived from data taken by Van Allen Probes during 2013–2019. It is compared to predictions of a theoretical model based on measured initial and boundary conditions. Two aspects of the variability are considered in detail and require adjustments to model parameters. Observed inward transport of proton intensity maxima near L=1.9 and associated increasing intensity are caused in the model by inward radial diffusion from an external source while conserving the first two adiabatic invariants. The diffusion coefficient is constrained by these observations and is required to have increased near the start of 2015 by a factor ∼2. Observed decay of proton intensity at L<1.6 can be caused only in part by energy loss to free and bound electrons in the local plasma and neutral atmosphere. Another, unknown loss mechanism is required to match observed proton decay rates as a function of energy. Accounting for the expected influence of slow radial diffusion at low L, the additional loss should have a mean lifetime near 22 years, independent of L and energy in the range ∼19–70 MeV. Several candidate loss mechanisms are considered—added plasma or neutral density, elastic Coulomb scattering, plasma wave scattering, field‐line curvature scattering, and collision with orbital debris—but none are found viable.
Weakening Mechanisms of Alpine Fault Gouge in High‐Velocity Shear Experiments
Authors: Chen Xiaofeng , Morgan Chance B. , Carpenter Brett M. , Reches Ze'ev 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Alpine Fault, New Zealand, is a large plate boundary fault with history of major seismic events that frequently ruptured to the surface. To better understand earthquake slip at shallow depth, we analyzed the frictional properties of gouge samples collected at three field exposures distributed along 40 km of the fault trace. The samples are rich in phyllosilicates (30–55%) and quartz/feldspar (41–64%), with small amounts of calcite (4–12%). The gouge samples were sheared in a confined rotary cell under room conditions at a normal stress of 2–3 MPa, under alternating slip velocity steps from 0.002 to 1.47 m/s. We found initial friction coefficients of 0.6–0.8 and gentle velocity strengthening during early slip with short displacement and low velocity. A drastic weakening of more than 50% reduction of the frictional strength occurred after displacements of 2–5 m as slip velocity exceeds ~0.2 m/s, and there was no strength recovery even when slip velocity reduced back to low levels. This weakening was associated with marked temperature rise and intense CO2 and H2O emissions. Based on continuous monitoring of gas pressure, CO2, and H2O concentrations within the gouge chamber, our analysis revealed that the dynamic weakening was triggered by gouge‐zone pressurization, which was driven by thermal decomposition of calcite and dehydration of absorbed water. The pressurization process was enhanced by slip localization and establishment of a low‐permeability shear zone. We further envision that the gouge zone pressurization is likely to cause local overpressure and internal fluidization within of the fine‐grain gouge layer that leads to dynamic weakening.
Shear Velocity Structure From Ambient Noise and Teleseismic Surface Wave Tomography in the Cascades Around Mount St. Helens
Authors: Crosbie Kayla J. , Abers Geoffrey A. , Mann Michael Everett , Janiszewski Helen A. , Creager Kenneth C. , Ulberg Carl W. , Moran Seth C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMount St. Helens (MSH) lies in the forearc of the Cascades where conditions should be too cold for volcanism. To better understand thermal conditions and magma pathways beneath MSH, data from a dense broadband array are used to produce high‐resolution tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle. Rayleigh‐wave phase‐velocity maps and three‐dimensional images of shear velocity (Vs), generated from ambient noise and earthquake surface waves, show that west of MSH the middle‐lower crust is anomalously fast (3.95 ± 0.1 km/s), overlying an anomalously slow uppermost mantle (4.0–4.2 km/s). This combination renders the forearc Moho weak to invisible, with crustal velocity variations being a primary cause; fast crust is necessary to explain the absent Moho. Comparison with predicted rock velocities indicates that the fast crust likely consists of gabbros and basalts of the Siletzia terrane, an accreted oceanic plateau. East of MSH where magmatism is abundant, middle‐lower crust Vs is low (3.45–3.6 km/s), consistent with hot and potentially partly molten crust of more intermediate to felsic composition. This crust overlies mantle with more typical wave speeds, producing a strong Moho. The sharp boundary in crust and mantle Vs within a few kilometers of the MSH edifice correlates with a sharp boundary from low heat flow in the forearc to high arc heat flow and demonstrates that the crustal terrane boundary here couples with thermal structure to focus lateral melt transport from the lower crust westward to arc volcanoes.
Development and Evaluation of an Ensemble‐Based Data Assimilation System for Regional Reanalysis Over the Tibetan Plateau and Surrounding Regions
Authors: He Jie , Zhang Fuqing , Chen Xingchao , Bao Xinghua , Chen Deliang , Kim Hyun Mee , Lai Hui‐Wen , Leung L. Ruby , Ma Xulin , Meng Zhiyong , Ou Tinghai , Xiao Ziniu , Yang Eun‐Gyeong , Yang Kun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau is regarded as the Earth's Third Pole, which is the source region of several major rivers that impact more 20% the world population. This high‐altitude region is reported to have been undergoing much greater rate of weather changes under global warming, but the existing reanalysis products are inadequate for depicting the state of the atmosphere, particularly with regard to the amount of precipitation and its diurnal cycle. An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation system based on the limited‐area Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was evaluated for use in developing a regional reanalysis over the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding regions. A 3‐month prototype reanalysis over the summer months (June−August) of 2015 using WRF‐EnKF at a 30‐km grid spacing to assimilate nonradiance observations from the Global Telecommunications System was developed and evaluated against independent sounding and satellite observations in comparison to the ERA‐Interim and fifth European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA5) global reanalysis. Results showed that both the posterior analysis and the subsequent 6‐ to 12‐hr WRF forecasts of the prototype regional reanalysis compared favorably with independent sounding observations, satellite‐based precipitation versus those from ERA‐Interim and ERA5 during the same period. In particular, the prototype regional reanalysis had clear advantages over the global reanalyses of ERA‐Interim and ERA5 in the analysis accuracy of atmospheric humidity, as well as in the subsequent downscale‐simulated precipitation intensity, spatial distribution, diurnal evolution, and extreme occurrence.
Field Comparison of DNA‐Labeled Nanoparticle and Solute Tracer Transport in a Fractured Crystalline Rock
Authors: Kittilä A. , Jalali M. R. , Evans K. F. , Willmann M. , Saar M. O. , Kong X.‐Z. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractField tracer experiments were conducted to examine tracer transport properties in a fracture‐dominated crystalline rock mass at the Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland. In the experiments reported here, both the DNA nanotracers and solute dye tracers were simultaneously injected. We compare the transport of DNA nanotracers to solute dye tracers by performing temporal moment analysis on the recorded tracer breakthrough curves and estimate the swept volumes and flow geometries. The DNA nanotracers, approximately 166 nm in diameter, are observed to travel at a higher average velocity than the solutes but with lower mass recoveries, lower swept volumes, and less dispersion. Moreover, size exclusion and potentially, particle density effects are observed during the transport of the DNA nanotracers. Compared to solute tracers, the greatest strength of DNA nanotracers is the demonstrated zero signal interference of background noise during repeat or multitracer tests. This work provides encouraging results in advancing the use of DNA nanotracers in hydrogeological applications, for example, during contaminant transport investigations or geothermal reservoir characterization.
Phytochemical Approach and Bioanalytical Strategy to Develop Chaperone-Based Medications
Authors: Kastenholz Bernd 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCurrently, no pharmaceuticals for the etiological treatment of degenerative protein-misfolding diseases (e.g., ALS, Alzheimer’s or prion diseases) are commercially available. Therefore, in this technical note theoretical considerations and practical approaches concerning the development of chaperone-based medications from medicinal plants (e.g., Ginkgo biloba) are reviewed and discussed in detail. Phytochaperones and other agents isolated from medicinal plants are proposed to serve as the general basis of drug development in protein-misfolding diseases.
COX inhibition: Catalepsy and Striatum Dopaminergic-GABAergic-Glutamatergic Neurotransmission
Authors: Fathi-Moghaddam Hadi , Shafiee Ardestani Mehdi , Shafiee Ardestani Meysam , Barzegar-Pourshuraki Davood , Gravand Amin , Navidpour Latifeh , Ebrahiminik Hojat , Shafiee Abbas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSelective COX-2 and COX-1 inhibitors were administered (i.p. acutely) to normal and parkinsonian rats, followed by the analysis of the striatal dopamine, GABA and glutamate concentrations using the microdialysis technique, simultaneously, the catalepsy of animals was evaluated. Selective COX-2 inhibition showed improving effects on the catalepsy followed by decreasing the striatum glutamatergic-GABAergic and enhancing the dopaminergic neurotransmission. Nonetheless COX inhibition had no significant improving effects on damaged Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNc) neurons.
Did nature also choose arsenic?
Authors: Wolfe-Simon Felisa , Davies Paul , Anbar Ariel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAll known life requires phosphorus (P) in the form of inorganic phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> or P<sub>i</sub>) and phosphate-containing organic molecules. P<sub>i</sub> serves as the backbone of the nucleic acids that constitute genetic material and as the major repository of chemical energy for metabolism in polyphosphate bonds. Arsenic (As) lies directly below P on the periodic table and so the two elements share many chemical properties, although their chemistries are sufficiently dissimilar that As cannot directly replace P in modern biochemistry. Arsenic is toxic precisely because As and P are similar enough that organisms attempt this substitution. We hypothesize that ancient biochemical systems, analogous to but distinct from those known today, could have utilized arsenate in the equivalent biological role of phosphate. Organisms utilizing such "weird life" biochemical pathways may have supported a "shadow biosphere" at the time of the origin and early evolution of life on Earth or on other planets. Such organisms may even persist on Earth today, undetected, in unusual niches.
Markedly enhanced intratumoral spread and antitumor effect of oncolytic adenovirus expressing decorin
Authors: Yun Chae-Ok , Kim Joo-Hang , Choi Il-Kyu , Lee Young-Sook , Yoo Ji Young , Yoon A-Rum , Kim Hoguen , Seidler Daniela 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWith the aim of improving viral distribution and tumor penetration, we have engineered decorin expressing replication-incompetent (dl-LacZ-DCNG) and -competent (Ad-[DELTA]E1B-DCNG) adenoviruses. In both tumor spheroids and established solid tumors in vivo, administration of dl-LacZ-DCNG resulted in greater transduction efficiency and viral spread throughout the tumor mass. Ad-[DELTA]E1B-DCNG also enhanced viral distribution and tumor spread, leading to an increased anti-tumor effect and survival advantage. Upon histological analysis, Ad-[DELTA]E1B-DCNG also elicited greater percentage of apoptotic cells and extensive necrosis compared to those from untreated or control virus-treated tumors. Furthermore, Ad-[DELTA]E1B-DCNG substantially decreased extracellular matrix components within the tumor tissue, while normal tissue adjacent to the tumor was not affected. Finally, intratumoral administration of Ad-[DELTA]E1B-DCNG did not enhance but inhibited the formation of pulmonary metastases of B16BL6 melanoma cells in mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate the utility of decorin as a dispersion agent and suggest its utility and potential in improving the efficacy of replicating adenovirus-mediated cancer gene therapy.
Siberian flood basalt magmatism and Mongolia-Okhotsk slab dehydration
Authors: Ivanov Alexei , Litasov Konstantin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractExperimental data combined with numerical calculations suggest that fast subducting slabs are cold enough to carry into the deep mantle a significant portion of the water in antigorite, which transforms with increasing depth to phase A and then to phase E and/or wadsleyite by solid-solid phase transition. Clathrate hydrates and ice VII are also stable at PT conditions of cold slabs and represent other potential phases for water transport into the deep mantle. Some cold slabs are expected to deflect while crossing the 410 km and stagnate in transition zone being unable to penetrate through 660 km discontinuity. In this way slabs can move a long way beneath continents after long-lived subduction. With time, the stagnant slabs are heated to the temperature of the ambient transition zone and release free H~2~O-bearing fluid. Combining with transition zone water filter model this may cause voluminous melting of overlying upper mantle rocks. If such process operates in nature, magmas geochemically similar to island-arc magmas are expected to appear in places relatively remote from active arcs at the time of their emplacement. Dolerites of the south-eastern margin of the Siberian flood basalt province, located about 700 km from suggested trench, were probably associated with fast subduction of the Mongolia-Okhotsk slab and originated by dehydration of the stagnant slab in the transition zone. We show that influence of the subduction-related deep water cycle on Siberian flood basalt magmatism gradually reduced with increasing distance from the subduction zone.