bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Dutch Approach to the European Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control: Using Life‐Cycle Assessment for the Integrated Assessment of Technologies
Authors: Breedveld Leo 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn light of the European Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC Directive), traditional environmental regulation can be improved using the framework of industrial ecology. The objective of the IPPC Directive is to achieve a high level of protection of the environment as a whole (Article 1) by applying the best available techniques (BAT). In essence, the IPPC Directive obliges member states of the European Union to include considerations such as resources, energy, waste, and multimedia emissions when permitting industrial installations. This is a marked contrast to traditional environmental regulation that focuses on individual media of an individual site. In order to take all considerations into account, an integrated assessment of technologies is needed, for which a standard method is currently lacking.In this article, a systematic approach is introduced for the integrated assessment of IPPC technologies using life‐cycle assessment (LCA), a form of environmental assessment that can be broadened to an overall assessment of environmental, economic, and social aspects. This systematic approach has proven to be successful for the environmental assessment of the described cases. It is suggested here that weighting can be omitted for the evaluation of IPPC technologies. Leaving the weighting step to competent authorities of member states and allowing them to consider local issues provides maximum opportunity for the subsidiarity and flexibility principles of the IPPC Directive.
Matrimonial Gifts In Early Islamic Egypt
Authors: Rapoport Yossef 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mahr or sadāq is the only marriage gift required under Islamic law. But Islamic law did not necessarily determine actual marriage settlements, even in early Muslim societies. In this essay, I compare the early Islamic legal literature with the pattern of matrimonial gifts recorded in marriage contracts and divorce deeds preserved from early Islamic Egypt. In marriage settlements recorded in the papyri, the groom gave a sadāq that was divided into advance and deferred portions, and brides brought to the marriage a counterpart dowry (jihāz or shiwār). These marriage settlements, which were common to Muslims, Copts and Jews, resembled the Egyptian marriage settlements of late antiquity. The Islamic legal literature preserves the objections of contemporary jurists, including Mālik, to these Egyptian practices, which they initially regarded as an objectionable innovation. Eventually, the local traditions were incorporated, albeit with modifications, into the legal discourse.
BEHAVIORAL SAMPLING IN THE FIELD: CONTINUOUS FOCAL VERSUS FOCAL INTERVAL SAMPLING
Authors: Rose Lisa 
Published: July 2002

AbstractI compared data collection rates for continuous and interval focal samples during a two-year, single-observer field study of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. I also compared the basic activity budgets generated by the two sampling methods, estimates of numbers in proximity, and rates at which additional ad libitum observations could be recorded. I collected 1238 hours of focal data (620 hr continuous, 618 hr interval). I found focal interval sampling to be 25% more time efficient, despite higher rate of sample loss, partly because interval samples are easier to obtain in difficult conditions. I found no evidence that interval sampling provided better opportunities for ad libitum observation than continuous sampling. Overall, the two methods yielded similar estimates of activity budgets. However, continuous sampling resulted in somewhat higher estimates of time spent eating, while interval data gave somewhat lower estimates of time spent foraging (looking for or handling food items) and moving, resulting in lower estimates of foraging success. Interval sampling also yielded slightly lower estimates of time spent vigilant. I attribute these patterns to two major effects: (1) errors of omission (missing rare behaviors of short duration) during interval samples and (2) a greater tendency toward conditional sampling bias (under-representing behaviors due to difficult sampling conditions such as rapid travel) under a continuous sampling regime.
CHEMICAL PREDATOR INSPECTION AND ATTACK CONE AVOIDANCE IN A CHARACIN FISH: THE EFFECTS OF PREDATOR DIET
Authors: Brown Grant , Schwarzbauer Erica 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany prey organisms will approach (inspect) a potential predator, primarily to assess local risk of predation. It has been argued that by avoiding the head region of predators during inspections, prey can reduce the risks associated with such behaviour (attack cone avoidance). Prior experiments, however, have not incorporated the combined chemical and visual predator cues. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the effects of combined predator dietary (chemical) and visual cues on the form and location of predator inspection visits by glowlight tetras (Hemigrammus erythrozonus). Tetras were exposed to a live cichlid predator (Cichlasoma octofasciatum) which had been fed tetras (with alarm pheromone), swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri; lacking Ostariophysan alarm pheromones) or food deprived. There was no significant difference in the overall rate of predator inspection by tetras to tetra-fed, swordtail-fed or food deprived cichlids. There was, however, a significant effect of predator diet on the size of inspection shoals and the location of inspections. Tetras inspected a tetrafed predator in significantly smaller groups, more often as singletons and directed a greater proportion of their inspections towards the tail of the predator. Tetras exposed to swordtail-fed or food deprived cichlids inspected in larger groups and directed more inspections towards the head of the predator. When the predator dietary cue contained tetra alarm pheromone, there was a significant increase in the attack latency by predators. Taken together, these data suggest that tetras use both chemical and visual predator cues during inspection visits and will modify their behaviour based on the presence or absence of conspecific alarm pheromone in the diet of a potential predator.
Hirschmanniella caribbeana sp. n. and new records of Pratylenchus spp. (Pratylenchidae: Nematoda) from Guadeloupe, French West Indies
Authors: Berg Esther Van Den , Quénéhervé Patrick 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Hirschmanniella caribbeana sp. n. is described and figured from mangrove
vegetation from Guadeloupe. Females are characterised by the tail terminus
having two lateral peg-like projections with a smaller, irregular
intermediate projection, a low, rounded lip region with five to six annuli,
a 17-20 μm long stylet, areolated lateral fields, intestine not overlapping
the rectum and phasmids situated at midtail. Males numerous, similar to
females except for sexual characters. Juvenile tail ends in a single, thin,
pointed mucro. Notes, morphometrics, descriptions and figures are given for
Pratylenchus flakkensis, P. jordanensis, P. teres and P. loosi all new
records for this region. Hirschmanniella caribbeana sp. n. provenant de
mangrove de Guadeloupe est décrit et illustré. Les femelles sont
caractérisées par l’extrémité de la queue munie de deux projections
latérales digitées encadrant une autre projection plus petite et
irrégulière, une région céphalique basse, arrondie, comportant cinq à six
anneaux, un stylet long de 17-20 μm, des champs latéraux aréolés, l’intestin
ne recouvrant pas le rectum et les phasmides situées au milieu de la queue.
Les mâles, nombreux, sont semblables aux femelles à l’exception des
caractères sexuels. L’extrémité de la queue des juvéniles porte un mucron
simple, pointu et fin. Des notes, des mensurations, des descriptions et
illustrations sont données pour Pratylenchus flakkensis, P. jordanensis, P.
teres et P. loosi, toutes espèces signalées pour la première fois dans cette
région.
Transovarial transmission of symbionts in Xiphinema brevicollum (Nematoda: Longidoridae)
Authors: Coomans August , Claeys Myriam , Vandekerckhove Tom T.M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTransovarial transmission of bacterial symbionts in Xiphinema brevicollum was examined by means of electron microscopical- and fluorescence microscopical observations of intra-uterine and freshly laid non-embryonated eggs, as well as of embryonated eggs. The symbionts are mainly aggregated near one of the egg poles and this is observed in non-embryonated as well as in embryonated eggs. The bacteria are present in intestinal cells of first stage juveniles that are still enclosed by the egg-shell. In subsequent juvenile developmental stages their number increases and the intestinal cells are filled with the symbionts. Bacteria were not present in the genital primordium. It is hypothesised that the aggregated symbionts at one of the egg poles become enclosed in the E founder cell during embryogenesis and subsequently are distributed to the endodermal daughter cells. The bacteria become enclosed in the ovarial wall through an unknown mechanism only during the later stages of gonad development. Transmission transovarienne des symbiontes de Xiphinema brevicollum (Nematoda: Longidoridae) - La transmission transovarienne des symbiontes bactériens de Xiphinema brevicollum a été étudiée par observations en microscopie électronique et à fluorescence d'œufs non embryonnés, encore contenus dans l'utérus ou fraichement pondus, et d'œufs embryonnés. Les symbiontes sont en majorité agrégés à l'un des pôles de l'œuf, que celui-ci soit embryonné ou non. Les bactéries sont présentes dans les cellules intestinales du premier stade juvénile encore contenu à l'intérieur de la coque de l'œuf. Chez les stades juvéniles ultérieurs leur nombre croît et les cellules intestinales sont remplies de symbiontes. Ces bactéries sont absentes du primordium génital. L'hypothèse est avancée que les symbiontes agrégés à l'un des pôles de l'œuf se retrouvent, au cours de l'embryogenèse, dans la cellule fondatrice E et sont par la suite répartis dans les cellules endodermiques filles. Les bactéries ne se retrouvent dans la paroi ovarienne que lors des derniers stades du développement de la gonade par un mécanisme encore inconnu.
Molecular characterisation of Heterorhabditis indica isolates from India, Kenya, Indonesia and Cuba
Authors: Stack Colin , Easwaramoorthy Subbana , Metha Usha , Downes Martin , Griffin Christine , Burnell Ann 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Isolates of Heterorhabditis were identified as H. indica using the following
molecular diagnostic features: hybridisation to a H. indica specific
satellite DNA probe; AluI and MboI restriction profiles of the rDNA ITS PCR
product and the AluI profile of the rDNA IGS PCR product. The Kenyan
isolates represent a distinct subgroup of H. indica. These isolates lacked
one of the two HinfI restriction sites which are present in the rDNA ITS
product of all the other isolates tested and they also differed from other
H. indica isolates in their rDNA IGS HaeIII restriction profile. The Indian
isolates are interfertile. The Kenyan isolates are interfertile but only one
Kenyan isolate, Ki3, produced viable progeny when crossed with H. indica
LN2. The four Indonesian isolates are interfertile, but only one Indonesian
isolate (INA H1) produced viable hybrids when crossed with H. indica LN2.
INA H1 was also interfertile with the Kenyan isolate Ki3. Caractérisation
moléculaire d'isolats d'Heterorhabditis indica provenant d'Inde, du Kenya,
d'Indonésie et de Cuba - Des isolats d'Heterorhabditis ont été identifiés
comme H. indica par l'utilisation des techniques de caractérisation
moléculaire suivantes: hybridation avec une sonde spécifique du DNA
satellite de H. indica, produits des profils de restriction par PCR de l'ITS
du rDNA par AluI et MboI et produit de PCR de l'IGS du rDNA par AluI. Les
isolats keniyans constituent un sous-groupe distinct d'H. indica. Un des
deux sites de restriction de HinfI, présent dans les produits de l'ITS du
rDNA de tous les autres isolats étudiés, est absent dans ces isolats qui
différaient également dans leurs profils de restriction de l'IGS du rDNA par
HaeIII. Les isolats d'Inde sont interfertiles. Les isolats kenyans sont
inter-fertiles mais un seul de ces isolats, Ki3, a produit une descendance
viable après croisement avec H. indica LN2. Les quatre isolats indonésiens
sont interfertiles, mais un seul d'entre eux (INA H1) a produit des hybrides
viables après croisement avec H. indica LN2. INA H1 a été également
interfertile avec l'isolat kenyan Ki3.
Hydromechanical effects: (II) on the water-Na-smectite system
Authors: Al-mukhtar M. , Qi Y. , Alcover J . -F. , Conard J . , Bergaya F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe localization and number of the different types of water in two Na-smectites (Laponite and hectorite) were studied as a function of the hydromechanical stresses applied. Water volume variation was obtained by macroscopic oedometric tests. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to study water-smectite interactions. The TGA results show that the bulk water content decreases while the adsorbed water content remains practically constant with increasing mechanical stress; hectorite adsorbs less water than Laponite at low hydraulic stress. The proportion of adsorbed water obtained by NMR confirms the TGA data. The interlamellar space and the equivalent water layers decrease with increasing mechanical stress and is always lower in hectorite than in Laponite. Hydromechanical effects on the water-Na-smectite system are in agreement with microtexture changes measured by porosimetry. Differences in the properties of the two clays can be attributed to the higher extension of the layers in hectorite compared with Laponite.
Weathering of smectite and illite- smectite under temperate climatic conditions
Authors: Šucha V. , Środoń J. , Clauer N. , Elsass F. , Eberl D. D. , Kraus I. , Madejová J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWeathering profiles developed on the top surface of a bentonite (containing Al-Mg montmorillonite) and a K-bentonite (containing mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S)) under Central European temperate conditions were studied by XRD, HRTEM, FTIR, K-Ar and chemical analyses. Weathering of montmorillonite results in the decrease of cation exchange capacity (CEC), total surface area and Mg content. The process is interpreted as montmorillonite dissolution and precipitation of amorphous SiO2. Weathering of I-S produces an increase in CEC and total surface area. The XRD data suggest dissolution of I-S and appearance of smectite as a separate phase at intermediate depths. The fixation of ammonium is documented in the topmost sample. In both profiles, abundant aeolian contaminants, including mica, were identified and their migration was traced using K-Ar dating.
Thermal conductivity of selected claystones and mudstones from England
Authors: Midttømme K. , Roaldset E. , Aagaard P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe claystones and mudstones investigated are London Clay, Fullers Earth, Oxford Clay and Kimmeridge Clay. The thermal conductivities were measured using a divided bar apparatus and the values measured perpendicular to layering ranged from 0.68 to 0.97 W/mK. Comparative measurements of thermal conductivities were carried out by the needle probe method and Middleton's method. Deviations of up to 50% were obtained between the needle probe and the divided bar method. The thermal conductivities estimated from the geometric mean model based on mineralogy and water content ranged from 0.87 to 2.01 W/mK, considerably higher than the measured values. A correlation was found between the grain size distributions of the samples and the measured thermal conductivities. This textural effect on the thermal conductivity is assumed to be the main reason for the low measured values and the lack of correlation between the measured and the calculated values.
Partial dehydration of laumontite: thermodynamic constraints and petrogenetic implications
Authors: Neuhoff P. S. , Bird D. K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLaumontite is a common zeolite mineral indicative of low-grade metamorphism of lavas and volcaniclastic sediments. Stoichiometric laumontite (CaAl2Si4O12·4.5H2O) dehydrates in air at 298.15 K, 1 bar to leonhardite (CaAl2Si4O12·3.5H2O) via loss of water from the W1 crystallographic site. Consideration of reported X-ray diffraction and calorimetric data indicates that the standard molal volume and entropy for dehydration of laumontite to leonhardite + liquid water are ∼13 cc/mol and ∼8 cal/molK, respectively, at 298.15 K, 1 bar. Equilibrium between laumontite and leonhardite occurs at 70 to 80% relative humidity at 298.15 K, 1 bar, corresponding to a standard molal Gibbs energy and enthalpy of reaction of ∼170±40 and ∼2630±100 cal/mol, respectively. Calculated univariant equilibrium for this reaction is nearly linear from 46±3°C at 1 bar to 235±3°C at 5000 bar. Comparison of geological observations with these results suggests that laumontite forms as ‘leonhardite’ during metamorphism and diagenesis. Consideration of ‘leonhardite’, instead of laumontite, in low-grade metamorphic phase relations facilitates prediction of the relative stabilities of zeolites in natural and geologic systems, where calculated entropies of reaction incorrectly predict that assemblages bearing fully hydrated laumontite are stable at lower temperatures than the zeolites heulandite and stilbite.
Mineral chemistry of a peralkaline combeite-lamprophyllite nephelinite from Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania
Authors: Dawson J. B. , Hill P. G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA peralkaline nephelinite lava ([Na+K]/Al 2.15) from the active carbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, contains combeite, Ba lamprophyllite, a phase with affinities to delhayelite, CeSrNb perovskite, a CaNa phosphate high in Sr, Ba and K, and peralkaline glass; in addition to Fe-rich nepheline, aegirine-rich clinopyroxene and FeK-rich sodalite. The high alkali concentrations relative to alumina in the bulk rock could not have been achieved by fractionational crystallisation of the known Al-rich phenocryst phases (nepheline and sodalite) and some other process must be invoked.
Two morphologies of pyrophanite in Mn-rich assemblages, Gangpur Group, India
Authors: Nayak B. R. , Mohapatra B. K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPyrophanite is widely distributed in metamorphic Mn-rich rock assemblages of the Gangpur Group, India. It occurs in two distinct habits: as an independent phase, and as an exsolved phase within hematite. The well developed large sized crystals coexist with spessartine in Mn-silicate facies rocks. In contrast, the exsolved crystals occur as fine needle/bleb-like crystallites intergrown with hematite in Mn-silicate-oxide facies rocks. Compositionally the exsolved crystals are enriched in iron, present in both the ferric and ferrous states. The two morphologies of pyrophanite attest to their formation under different environmental conditions. The independent pyrophanite is formed from a Mn-Ti rich precursor under low oxygen fugacity conditions while the hematite-pyrophanite intergrowth evolved from an Fe-Mn-Ti rich precursor under higherfO2conditions.
Composition of tetrahedrite-tennantite and ‘schwazite’ in the Schwaz silver mines, North Tyrol, Austria
Authors: Arlt T. , Diamond L. W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe hydrothermal fahlore deposits of the Schwaz-Brixlegg district have been mined for silver and copper over many centuries and are famous as the type locality of the mercurian fahlore variety ‘schwazite’. The ore is dominantly monomineralic fahlore and occurs as stratabound, discordant vein, and breccia bodies over a 20 km belt hosted mostly by the Devonian Schwaz Dolomite. The structural style of the mineralization is similar to that of Mississippi Valley type deposits.This study presents the first electron microprobe analyses of the ores and reveals wide variations in fahlore compositions, from 35 to 100 wt.% tetrahedrite end-member in the solid solution series with tennantite. Sb and Zn contents vary between 12.1–28.0 wt.% and 0.1–7.6 wt.%, respectively. Silver contents average 0.5 wt.% and range up to 2.0 wt.%. In the breccia-hosted ores these variations clearly result from a temporal evolution in the ore-forming hydrothermal system: main-stage tetrahedrite is replaced by assemblages of Sb-, Fe-, and Ag-enriched tetrahedrite + enargite, with minor sphalerite ± stibnite ± cuprian pyrite (≤ 25 wt.% Cu). These reactions are deduced to result from either increases in aqueous sulphur activity or falling temperature. Earlier workers recognized strong geographic zonation of fahlore compositions, but our microprobe analyses refute these contentions.The 1167 new microprobe analyses of 51 fahlore samples collected underground or obtained from museum collections yield an average Hg content of 1.8 wt.%, and a maximum of 9.4 wt.%. According to modern nomenclature, not even the highest Hg value qualifies as ‘schwazite’. Moreover, it appears that the original and only analysis of ‘schwazite’, reporting 15.6 wt.% Hg (Weidenbusch, 1849), was erroneously performed on a polymineralic aggregate, rather than on a monomineralic fahlore. We conclude that the Schwaz-Brixlegg fahlores are in fact not unusually rich in mercury, and that in all probability there is not, and never has been, any ‘schwazite’ at Schwaz.
A scanning electron microscope study of post-depositional changes in the
northeast Niğde ignimbrites, South Central Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Yurtmen S. , Rowbotham G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The ignimbrites of the northeast Niğde area, which are subdivided into the
Lower, Middle and Upper ignimbrites on the basis of their compositional and
stratigraphical characteristics, display textural variations from the base to the
top. A large proportion of these ignimbrites have been altered and recrystallized
by the processes of compaction, welding and devitrification, and as a result of
volatile movement. The alteration and recrystallization processes include four
stages: hydration, glassy and spherulitic stages accompanied by vapour-phase
crystallisation. In the early phases of devitrification, detailed shard shapes are
easily recognisable with the scanning electron microscope, but as alteration
proceeds clarity of detail disappears because compaction results in collapse of
the structure of the rock. Spherulitic and vapour-phase crystallisation usually
involves the growth of alkali feldspar and cristobalite. These later stages are
more common in the Upper Ignimbrite than the Middle and Lower
ignimbrites.