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Lohodann: A Comparative Analysis of an African Variant of Roland’s Birth and Youth
Authors: Dewulf Jeroen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Little is known about the dissemination of Carolingian literature outside of Europe. This article focuses on an intriguing example from the African island of Annobón, where a new variant of the story of Roland’s birth and youth developed. It analyzes the Annobonese story from a comparative perspective that identifies parallels with other known variants of this tale and highlights the unique characteristics of Lohodann, the African Roland.
Cytotoxic compounds from Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai
Authors: Wen Bo , Pan Juan , Meng Xin , Hao Zhi-Chao , Guan Wei , Kuang Hai-Xue , Chen Qing-Shan , Zhang Li-li , Liu Yan , Yang Bing-You 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Two new compounds (1–2) and a new artificial product (3) together with fifteen known compounds (4–18) were isolated from Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai. Their structures were established by analysis of their spectroscopic data including MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and comparison with existing literature. All the compounds were assessed for their cytotoxic activity against 4T1 and LN229 cells (with cisplatin as the positive control), and the anti-LN229 cytotoxicity of compounds 3, 4 and 5 were greater than that of 4T1 cells.
Temporal airy pulses efficiency in thin glass dicing
Authors: Radu Madalin-Stefan , Sarpe Cristian , Ciobotea Elena Ramela , Zielinski Bastian , Constantinescu Radu , Baumert Thomas , Florian Camilo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ultrashort pulse laser sources are useful tools for micro- and nano-processing large band gap dielectric materials. One of the biggest advantages of these pulses is the possibility to reach high intensity peaks that promote absorption even in materials transparent to the laser wavelength. In addition, if the pulse temporal distribution is modified, energy absorption enables the ablation of small diameter holes with large depths. In this work, we present preliminary results that implement three types of pulses as precursors for glass dicing: Bandwidth-limited (30 fs at 785 nm), positively, and negatively dispersed Temporal Airy Pulses (TAP). The material of choice was 170 μm thick soda-lime glass, inscribed at 1 kHz repetition rate in tight (50× objective) and loose (20× objective) focusing conditions for different laser energies and scanning speeds. After laser processing, the glass was diced by mechanical stress, with a home built four-point bending stage. We analyzed the quality of the scribed lines at the surface and in cross-section after breaking, as well as the necessary breaking force for all three types of laser pulses. We report that positive TAP produced a neat, flat-cut edge on the glass samples compared with the other implemented pulses.
Multiparticulate Drug Delivery of Losartan Potassium via Extrusion-Spheronization: Formulation and Dissolution Comparisons
Authors: Yadav Vishal D. , Salunkhe Dipali S. , Lokhande Vasant Y. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background: Losartan potassium, an antihypertensive medication, has high solubility and a short half-life that result in potential adverse effects and rapid drug clearance. Multiparticulate drug delivery systems enhance the drug’s bioavailability, decrease patient-to-patient variability, and optimize drug distribution. Herein, losartan potassium pellets for sustained drug release were developed and characterized.

Methods: The formulation process involved varying the concentrations of Eudragit RSPO (200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg) and Eudragit L100 (200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg) across nine pellet batches, and adjusting the triethyl citrate concentrations accordingly. The pellets’ bulk density, tapped density, flow properties (Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and angle of repose), drug content, particle size distribution, and in vitro drug release were evaluated. Interactions between losartan potassium and the excipients were analyzed with FTIR and DSC.

Results: FTIR spectra indicated physical interactions without major chemical alterations, whereas DSC thermograms revealed changes in thermal behavior due to excipient interactions. In vitro drug release studies indicated that formulations with higher concentrations of Eudragit RSPO and triethyl citrate achieved controlled, prolonged drug release. The optimized batch (F7) demonstrated balanced characteristics including favorable bulk and tapped density, good flow properties, and a sustained release profile. Varying the polymer and plasticizer concentrations significantly influenced pellet performance, and F7 was found to be the most promising formulation for sustained-release applications.

Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of polymer selection and formulation optimization in developing effective sustained-release drug delivery systems, and has potential implications for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in clinical practice.
ДОПОЛНЕНИЯ К ЧУЖЕРОДНОЙ ФЛОРЕ НОВОСИБИРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
Authors: Е.Ю. ЗЫКОВА , Т.А. ШЕМЕТОВА 
Published: November 2024

Сообщается о новых местонахождениях редко встречающихся в Новосибирской области чужеродных видов: Acer tataricum L. subsp. ginnala(Maxim.) Wesm., Amelanchier ovalis Medik., Bromus tectorum L., Cornus alba L. f. argenteo-marginata (Rehd.) Schelle, Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv., Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L., Iris × hybrida hort., Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L., Prunus fruticosa Pall., Rubus odoratus L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Sisymbrium volgense M. Bieb. ex E. Fourn., Symphytum caucasicum M. Bieb., Tilia cordata Mill., Veronica filiformis Sm., Viola tricolor L. Отмечено расселение 14 видов, инвазионных или потенциально инвазионных на территории Новосибирской области. Большая часть обсуждаемых видов является эргазиофитами - ушедшими из культуры видами.
New localities of alien species rarely found in the Novosibirsk Region are reported: Acer tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm., Amelanchier ovalis Medik., Bromus tectorum L., Cornus alba L. f. argenteo-marginata (Rehd.) Schelle, Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv., Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L., Iris × hybrida hort., Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L., Prunus fruticosa Pall., Rubus odoratus L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Sisymbrium volgense M. Bieb. ex E. Fourn., Symphytum caucasicum M. Bieb., Tilia cordata Mill., Veronica filiformis Sm., Viola tricolor L. Dispersal of 14 species, predominantly invasive or potentially invasive, was recorded in the Novosibirsk Region. Most of the discussed species are ergasiophytes - species that have left the culture.
Técnicas sociocríticas de investigación acción participativa: herramientas para la transformación y emancipación comunitaria
Authors: Coronado Martínez Ever , Saleme Negrete Yadith 
Published: November 2024

El presente artículo elucida y reflexiona los fundamentos filosóficos y epistemológicos del pensamiento y las teorías críticas, inmerso en la I.A.P, y cómo estos principios la sustentan como una metodología orientada a la transformación y emancipación de comunidades, mostrando la superación de las dinámicas hegemónicas en la investigación clásica, abriéndose hacia una visión participativa de quienes dejan de ser sujetos investigados y se convierten en coinvestigadores de sus propias realidades, contribuyendo a una comprensión profunda de las dinámicas sociales y sus movilidades desde los estados de conciencia. Desde una metodología interpretativa, la publicación se fundamenta en una revisión teórica y reflexiva de las técnicas utilizadas en los procesos de transformación y emancipación de la I.A.P, de esta forma, se desarrolló: 1. Una deconstrucción epistémica de la teoría y pensamiento sociocrítico, su historia, naturaleza e intencionalidad para identificar los fundamentos epistemológicos y filosóficos de la I.A.P; 2. Análisis reflexivo y caracterización de algunas de las técnicas para la participación e interpretación de la emancipación; 3. Explicación de la superación de las contradicciones metodológicas y paradigmática que posibilitan la integración de otras técnicas de recolección de datos, siempre y cuando estas complemente y no deslegitime la interpretaciones subjetivas e intersubjetivas de la participación en las investigaciones sociales. Las conclusiones del artículo destacan cómo la I.A.P ha desarrollado una identidad propia que facilita la participación y transformación de las comunidades, promoviendo la desalienación y una conciencia crítica. Esta metodología, flexible pero rigurosa, permite a los grupos base participar activamente en la reflexión sobre sus necesidades y problemáticas, legitimando tanto el conocimiento popular como el científico. La originalidad del estudio radica en el análisis profundo de la I.A.P como una metodología dialógica y participativa que integra la teoría y la praxis, permitiendo a las comunidades ser coinvestigadoras activas y legitimadoras del conocimiento colectivo, superando las contradicciones de las metodologías tradicionales.
Pengaruh Penambahan Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Dan Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum verum) Serta Lama Fermentasi Terhadap Mutu Minuman Probiotik Water Kefir
Authors: Bangun Inesta Rosani , Karo-Karo Terip , Suhaidi Ismed 
Published: November 2024

Abstrak. Andaliman dan kayu manis merupakan rempah asli Indonesia yang mengandung senyawa antioksidan sehingga mampu meningkatkan mutu water kefir sebagai minuman probiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan andaliman dan kayu manis serta lama fermentasi terhadap mutu minuman probiotik water kefir. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap faktorial dengan dua faktor, yaitu penambahan andaliman dan kayu manis (A): (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) serta lama fermentasi (P): (1 hari, 2 hari, 3 hari, 4 hari). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin banyak penambahan andaliman dan kayu manis maka semakin meningkatkan total padatan terlarut, viskositas, pH, total gula, total flavonoid, dan skor warna serta menurunkan indeks warna, aktivitas antioksidan IC50, total bakteri asam laktat, total khamir, total asam, kadar alkohol, skor aroma, rasa, dan nilai hedonik penerimaan umum. Semakin lama fermentasi maka semakin meningkatkan total asam, total padatan terlarut, viskositas, total flavonoid, dan skor warna serta menurunkan indeks warna, aktivitas antioksidan IC50, pH, total gula, skor rasa, dan aroma. Total bakteri asam laktat dan kadar alkohol meningkat pada perlakuan P3 dan menurun pada P4. Total khamir mengalami peningkatan pada perlakuan P2 dan menurun pada P3. Perlakuan terbaik A2P3 yaitu penambahan andaliman dan kayu manis sebesar 10% serta lama fermentasi selama 3 hari. The Effect of Addition of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Fermentation Time on the Quality of Water Kefir Probiotic DrinkAbstract. Andaliman and cinnamon are native Indonesian spices that contain antioxidant compounds. This research was conducted to determine the effect of the addition of andaliman and cinnamon and fermentation time on the quality of water kefir probiotic drink. This study used a factorial completely randomized design with two factors, the addition of andaliman and cinnamon (A): (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and fermentation time (P): (1 day, 2 days, 3 day, 4 days). The results showed that the more andaliman and cinnamon were added, can increase the total dissolved solids, viscosity, pH, total sugars, total flavonoids, color scores, and reduce the color index, IC50 antioxidant activity, total lactic acid bacteria, total yeast, total acid, alcohol, aroma score, taste, and general acceptance hedonic value. The longer the fermentation time can increase the total acid, total dissolved solids, viscosity, total flavonoids, color score, and can decrease the color index, IC50 antioxidant activity, pH, total sugar, taste score, and aroma. Total lactic acid bacteria and alcohol content increased in treatment P3 and decreased in treatment P4. Total yeasts increased in treatment P2 and decreased in treatment P3. The best treatment was A2P3 the addition of 10% andaliman and cinnamon with fermentation time of 3 days.
Stychomytia w oczach scholiastów. Charakterystyka i analiza komentarzy do wersów 414-420 eurypidesowego "Orestesa"
Authors: Czerwińska Jadwiga , Chiżyńska Katarzyna 
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this article is to compile and discuss the scholia for a specific form of dialogue used in ancient drama, which is the stichomytia. The paper will use the example of the stichomytia from Euripides’ Orestes to discuss the nature of this type of dialogue and the issues the scholiasts raised in this context. The authors present translations of the scholia and discuss the nature of the scholiasts’ commentaries, many of which are paraphrases of the text of the drama.
Nominativo latino y tema en español
Authors: Jiménez Juliá Tomás 
Published: November 2024

In Latin, the nominative case is usually described as Subject case, but this role is a later derivation of its function as a Theme marker. The Theme expressed by the Indo-European nominative is the syntactic Theme, not to be confused with the Theme of the FSP first described by the Prague Circle. The syntactic Theme belongs to a different and broader syntactic axis than the transitive axis. While the thematic axis divides the sentence into two parts, Theme and Predicate, the transitive axis organizes the constituents of the predicate. The syntactic Theme has several semantic features that can be found in the Theme of the so-called thematic languages. The loss of the inflectional cases in Romance languages and, therefore, of the nominative case as such, brought about the need to express the Theme analytically. This paper briefly describes the behaviour of the thematic Theme in Spanish, its relation to the transitive axis and its contrast with languages in which the thematic axis is not in force, such as English.
An English Placement Test at Three Different Periods: The Implementation and the Test Administrators’ Views
Authors: Basori Basori , Mubarok Harir , Rohmana Wahyu Indah Mala , Bisriyah Maslihatul , Jayanti Septia Dwi , Maharany Elva Riezky 
Published: November 2024

<p>This paper aims to explore the practice of an English placement test at one of the English education programs during three different testing periods (before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the pandemic, and after the pandemic). Further, the study sought to investigate the views of the test administrators, mainly focusing on the challenges they faced administering the test during the period mentioned. Using a qualitative case study approach, the researchers gathered the data from the results of observations and final reflections of the test administrators. The findings revealed that the placement test in three different periods applied similar three consecutive stages: the pre-testing stage, the testing day, and the post-testing stage. The goal of the test is also similar to that it is used to gauge the newly intake students entering TBIP. Rather than grouping students for specific classes, the placement test was conducted as a part of need analysis strategies to understand students’ English proficiency levels. While the placement tests before and after the pandemic have similarities, especially in preparation activities, the test format, and the test delivery, the placement test during COVID-19 differs. Despite those issues, the placement test administrators believed the test brought additional benefits. In addition to gauging the newly intake students’ English proficiency, the placement test was a way to start building positive relationships with students before meeting in an actual class. Hence, the test administrators have mixed feelings upon administering the placement test. Some final thoughts conclude the papers. </p>
Interactivity and Interpersonality Elements Produced by College Students in Spoken Discourse
Authors: Rokhayani Atik , Wijayanti Dina Novita , Tardaguila Pauline Joy Gelacio , Shofiyuddin Muh 
Published: November 2024

Speaking tends to be a difficult skill for Indonesian students. To overcome the problem, one can use discourse markers (interactivity and interpersonality elements) for a conversation. The purposes of the study are to explain the kinds of interactivity and interpersonality elements and the implementation of interactivity and interpersonality elements of spoken discourse produced by college students. The study belongs to qualitative research. The data are the elements of interactivity and interpersonality, while the data source is transcripts of job interviews. The instrument of this study is documentation. Based on the findings, all interactivity and interpersonality elements are found in the data source. Based on the findings of the study, all kinds of interactivity and interpersonality elements are found in the data source. The students dominantly use discourse markers as first rank to fill the gap between previous and next utterances and maintain the stability of the conversation. In contrast, their application in the spoken discourse of college students is still low because only one element out of four is used dominantly (more than 50%). In order to address the issue, students must enhance their self-confidence in speaking English. Also, consistent practice leads to improvement.
Shale Fracture Static Stability Evaluation Method Based on 3D Discrete Fracture Model: A Case Study on the Luzhou Area in Southern Sichuan Basin, SW China
Authors: Zhang Ruhua , Yin Cheng , Huang Jianping 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The stress interference in deep shale may lead to shale fracturing and instability and consequently results in engineering risks such as casing deformation in horizontal wells. Therefore, in the early stages of shale gas exploration and development, it is of great significance to evaluate the stability of shale fractures in advance. The stability evaluation of shale reservoir faults can be mainly divided into two categories at present: quantitative evaluation of single faults and qualitative evaluation of wide-range faults. The quantitative evaluation of single faults primarily relies on numerical simulation techniques, while the qualitative evaluation of wide-range faults primarily employs geophysical methods. Both methods are difficult to meet the needs of shale gas exploration and development. The shale fracture stability evaluation method based on 3D discrete fracture model which is developed in this article can quantitatively evaluate the static stability of wide-range shale fractures in the early stage of exploration and development. In this article, seismic geometric attributes were calculated, and fracture seismic facies was established by means of the Bayesian probabilistic cluster analysis method. Then, 3D discrete fracture modeling under the constraint of fracture seismic facies was performed to establish a discrete fracture model. Finally, according to the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, the shear stress and effective normal stress of discrete fracture were calculated by using the formation pressure data in other exploration and development results and the regional in situ stress obtained through seismic prestack inversion. And thus, the stability evaluation of the fractures in shale reservoirs was eventually completed. In addition, this method was verified by using the casing deformation points in some actual shale-gas horizontal wells, the actual small fault points, and microseismic data. It indicates that the method has higher accuracy and is better applicable to the early shale gas exploration and development.
The threat of extreme heat to football players and match officials at the 2026 FIFA World Cup
Authors: Mullan Donal , Barr Iestyn , Brannigan Neil , Flood Nuala , Gibson Oliver R. , Hambly Catherine , Kennedy-Asser Alan T. , Kielt Aimée C. , Matthews Tom , Orr Madeleine 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Climate change is making extreme heat events more frequent and intense. This negatively impacts many aspects of society, including organised sport. As the world’s most watched sporting event, the FIFA World Cup commands particular attention around the threat of extreme heat. The 2022 tournament in Qatar was moved from summer to winter in response to this threat, and now attention turns to the 2026 tournament in North America with extreme heat risk across many of the 16 host locations. We examine this risk by modelling wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) – a widely used measure of heat stress – for the host locations using hourly meteorological data for the period 2003–2022. Our results show that 14 out of 16 host locations exceed WBGTs of 28°C, with four (nine) exceeding this threshold more than half the time during afternoons across the mean (hottest year) of the 20 year record. This threshold is important as the level beyond which some football governing bodies recommend match delay or postponement. A climatically sound argument is therefore presented to reschedule kick-off times outside the hottest afternoon hours for the host locations with highest heat risk at which no indoor air conditioned environment exists – primarily Miami and Monterrey, but also Philadelphia, Kansas City, Boston and New York. This study highlights the need to carefully assess heat risk ahead of major sporting events to protect the safety of players and match officials, and to maintain the quality of the game in a warming climate.
SCSO: Snake optimization with sine-cosine algorithm for parameter extraction of solar photovoltaic models
Authors: Li Qingrui , Zhou Yongquan , Luo Qifang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Solar power generation is a clean power generation method. To ensure the efficient operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, it is crucial to develop an accurate equivalent model of the PV cell and precisely determine its unknown module parameters. This paper proposed a hybrid snake optimization with sine-cosine algorithm (SCSO) to address the PV system parameter extraction problem. The proposed SCSO algorithm enhanced exploration ability and improves population diversity through the lens imaging reverse learning strategy, making it more effective at escaping local optima. The SCSO algorithm's accuracy and effectiveness are validated using three PV modules and two commercial models, TFST 40 and MCSM 55. Furthermore, the SCSO is compared with several other metaheuristic algorithms used for photovoltaic parameter extraction, and the results show that SCSO demonstrates higher precision and faster convergence speed.
Research on the Disaster Mechanism of High-Pressure Hydrogen Jet-like Leakage and Diffusion
Authors: Dou Wenhuan , Cong Lixin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Hydrogen refueling stations are the eco-friendly service points of the hydrogen energy era. However, hydrogen gas is prone to leakage, diffusion, and explosion due to its hazardous properties, which can lead to severe safety incidents such as explosions and poisoning during storage, compression, and transportation. This paper, set against the backdrop of hydrogen refueling stations, employs the SIMPLE algorithm and Python programming to investigate the characteristics and patterns of high-pressure hydrogen leakage and diffusion. The study completes numerical simulations of hydrogen leakage and diffusion under eight scenarios, including different release source positions and nearby obstacle sizes, at atmospheric, sub-critical, and supercritical high pressures, analyzing the diffusion patterns. The research findings indicate that factors such as pressure, release source location, and the height of nearby obstacles significantly affect the leakage and diffusion of hydrogen gas. The findings of this study hold significant implications for the storage of high-pressure hydrogen and the early warning of leakage and diffusion.