bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incident Co-Morbidities in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Initially with a CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 0 (Males) or 1 (Females): Implications for Reassessment of Stroke Risk in Initially ‘Low-Risk’ Patients
Authors: Chao Tze-Fan , Liao Jo-Nan , Tuan Ta-Chuan , Lin Yenn-Jiang , Chang Shih-Lin , Lo Li-Wei , Hu Yu-Feng , Chung Fa-Po , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Chen Shih-Ann 
Published: March 2019

Background Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are not recommended for ‘low-risk’ patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated the incidences of new risk factors developing, and the temporal trends in the CHA2DS2-VASc score in initially ‘low-risk’ AF patients. Second, we propose a reasonable timing interval at which stroke risk should be reassessed for such AF patients.
Methods We studied 14,606 AF patients who did not receive anti-platelet agents or OACs with a baseline CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 (males) or 1 (females). The CHA2DS2-VASc scores of patients were followed up and updated until the occurrence of ischaemic stroke or mortality or 31 December 2011. The associations between the prescription of warfarin and risk of adverse events once patients' scores changed were analysed. Decile values of durations to incident co-morbidities and from the acquirement of new co-morbidities to ischaemic stroke were studied.
Results During a mean follow-up of 4 years, 7,079 (48.5%) patients acquired at least one new stroke risk factor component(s) with annual risks of 6.35% for hypertension, 3.68% for age ≥ 65 years, 2.77% for heart failure, 1.99% for diabetes mellitus and 0.33% for vascular diseases. The incidence for CHA2DS2-VASc score increments was 12.1%/year. Initiation of warfarin was associated with a lower risk of adverse events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.530; 95% confidence interval, 0.371–0.755). Among 6,188 patients who acquired new risk factors, 80% would acquire these co-morbidities after 4.2 months of AF diagnosis. The duration from the acquirement of incident co-morbidities to the occurrence of ischaemic stroke was longer than 4.4 months for 90% of the patients.
Conclusion The CHA2DS2-VASc score increases in approximately 12% of initially ‘low-risk’ AF patients each year, and the initiation of warfarin once the score changed was associated with a better prognosis. Three to four months may be a reasonable timing interval at which stroke risk should be reassessed so that OACs could be prescribed in a timely manner for stroke prevention.
Improving agricultural microinsurance by applying universal kriging and generalised additive models for interpolation of mean daily temperature
Authors: Roznik Mitchell , Brock Porth C. , Porth Lysa , Boyd Milton , Roznik Katerina 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAgricultural microinsurance has the potential to protect farmers against crop loss caused by extreme adverse weather conditions. Microinsurance policies for smallholder farmers are often designed on the basis of weather indices, whereby weather insurance variables are measured at ground weather stations and then interpolated to the location of the farm. However, a low density of weather stations causes interpolation error, which contributes to basis risk. The objective of this paper is to investigate whether agricultural microinsurance can be improved by reducing interpolation error through advanced interpolation methods, including universal kriging (UK) and generalised additive models (GAM) used with land surface temperature, elevation, and other covariates. Results indicate that for areas with a lower density of weather stations, UK with elevation substantially improves air temperature interpolation accuracy. The approach developed in this paper may help to improve interpolation and could therefore reduce basis risk for agricultural microinsurance in regions with a low density of weather stations, such as in developing countries.
Reviewing reform
Authors: de Caux Basil Cahusac 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe transformation of the contemporary Japanese writing system stemmed from the simultaneous political and cultural problematizing of so-calledkokugo(national language) andkokuji(national script). Debates surrounding the structure and function of the written form of Japanese played an ongoing role in Japanese language reform proposals and policy planning initiated between the mid-1860s and early 1990s. Despite the long history of the debates and the large body of literature treating them, a comprehensive review of the scholarship dealing with the various dimensions of Japanese script reform is currently unavailable. This article provides a detailed overview and analysis of studies of the Japanese script reform debates that utilise contemporary works describing the origins and development of language problems and language rights issues. The article subsequently considers the possibilities for future inquiries involving transnational and post-national aspects of script reform, whilst reflecting on the conspicuously gendered and ethnic dimensions of contemporary Japanese language policy-formulation itself.
The relative effects of metalinguistic explanation and direct written corrective feedback on children’s grammatical accuracy in new writing
Authors: Gorman Mary , Ellis Rod 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThere has been little research investigating the effects of form-focused instruction (FFI) on the second language acquisition of children. This article reports a quasi-experimental study of integrated form-focused instruction for 33 children aged 9–12 years. They completed four dictogloss tasks designed to elicit the use of the Present Perfect Tense and received instruction consisting of either explicit metalinguistic explanation (group 1), direct written correction (group 2) or no form-focused instruction (the comparison group) between performing the tasks. Accuracy in the production of the target structure across the four tasks was variable and showed no improvement from the first to the last. Nor were there any statistically significant differences in accuracy among the three groups. The results support some earlier studies of young children (e.g.Fazio, 2001) that have failed to show that FFI benefits young children. This may be because children fail to make use of their metalinguistic knowledge of grammatical features when undertaking meaning-focused writing tasks.
Patterns of interaction and young ESL learners
Authors: Oliver Rhonda , Azkarai Agurtzane 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Previous research carried out from a socio-cultural perspective has explored the way adult learners interact when
undertaking tasks. Following the type of analysis initiated by Storch (2002) we
examined the patterns of interaction of young ESL learners (ages 9–12) of different English proficiency levels, high-intermediate
(H) and low-intermediate (L) as they worked with native speakers (NS) (i.e., H/NS and L/NS pairs) to carry out a one-way and a
two-way task. Once the patterns of interaction were determined, we then explored the relationship between these patterns, the
learners’ proficiency levels and the task type. Our findings reveal that, regardless of proficiency, these child ESL learners
engaged with the tasks and with each other, most often collaboratively, but also using other patterns interaction. However, the
findings also suggest that task type and learner proficiency influenced the pattern of interactions that occurred.
Impersonal reference in Russian Sign Language (RSL)
Authors: Kimmelman Vadim 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper contains the first description of impersonal reference in Russian Sign Language (RSL). Impersonal reference has been investigated using a variety of elicitation techniques. It has been found that RSL uses a variety of strategies, namely pro-drop, an indefinite pronounsomeone,a plural pronounixpl, and probably a second-person pronounix2in impersonal contexts. The impersonal strategies in RSL follow the general typological tendencies previously identified for spoken languages (Gast & Van der Auwera 2013), and do not show obvious modality effects (such as described byBarberà & Quer 2013). Some impersonal strategies show evidence of influence of spoken/written Russian in the form of borrowing and/or code-switching.
Impersonal human reference in French Sign Language (LSF)
Authors: Garcia Brigitte , Sallandre Marie-Anne , L’Huillier Marie-Thérèse 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe present paper offers a first systematic approach to the expression of impersonal human reference in French Sign Language (LSF). It extends and deepens a prior study carried out by the authors on the basis of a large scale discourse corpus. The description proposed here is based primarily on data elicited through a specialised questionnaire on impersonal human reference (Barberà & Cabredo Hofherr, this volume), initially developed for spoken languages and adapted for sign languages. The strategies revealed are compared with those discussed in our prior study. We begin with a brief review of the literature on impersonal human reference in spoken and sign languages, and a presentation of our theoretical framework for the analysis of LSF. We then elaborate on our methodology and the issues raised by the elicitation protocol adopted, from initial stages of its preparation to the representation of our data. We finally present and discuss the main strategies we highlighted for the expression of impersonal reference in LSF.
Agent-backgrounding in Catalan Sign Language (LSC)
Authors: Barberà Gemma , Hofherr Patricia Cabredo , Quer Josep 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper examines backgrounding strategies for human agents in Catalan Sign Language, that is, constructions
featuring human agents that are non-referential. We identify and analyze four types of agent-backgrounding strategies: subjectless
constructions, indefinite pronouns, the impersonal axis, and general nouns. Extending on previous work, we offer a description and
a semantico-pragmatic analysis of each construction.
Cross-linguistic variation in space-based distance for size depiction in the lexicons of six sign
languages
Authors: Nyst Victoria 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a semiotic study of the distribution of a type of size depiction in lexical signs in six sign
languages. Recently, a growing number of studies are focusing on the distribution of two representation techniques, i.e. the use
of entity handshapes and handling handshapes for the depiction of hand-held tools (e.g. Ortega
et al. 2014). Padden et al. (2013) find that there is cross-linguistic
variation in the use of this pair of representation techniques. This study looks at variation in a representation technique that
has not been systematically studied before, i.e. the delimitation of a stretch of space to depict the size of a referent, or
space-based distance for size depiction. It considers the question whether the cross-linguistic variation in
the use of this representation technique is governed by language-specific patterning as well (cf. Padden et al. 2013).
This study quantifies and compares the occurrence of space-based distance for size depiction in
the lexicons of six sign languages, three of Western European origin, and three of West African origin. It finds that sign
languages differ significantly from each other in their frequency of use of this depiction type. This result thus corroborates
that the selection and distribution of representation techniques does not solely depend on features of the depicted image, but
also on language-specific patterning in the distribution of representation techniques, and it adds another dimension of iconic
depiction in which sign languages may vary from each other (in addition to the entity/handling handshape distinction). Moreover,
the results appear to be areally defined, with the three European languages using this representation technique significantly more
often than the three African languages.
Immunosuppressive effect of a non-proteinogenic amino acid from Streptomyces through inhibiting allogeneic T cell proliferation
Authors: Yashiro Takuya , Sakata Fumiya , Sekimoto Takahiro , Shirai Tomohiro , Hasebe Fumihito , Matsuda Kenichi , Kurosawa Sumire , Suzuki Shodai , Nagata Kazuki , Kasakura Kazumi , Nishiyama Makoto , Nishiyama Chiharu 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
The immunosuppressive activity of myriocin (ISP-1), a lead compound of fingolimod (FTY720), is derived from its 2-amino-1,3-propandiol structure. A non-proteinogenic amino acid, (2S,6R)-diamino-(5R,7)-dihydroxy-heptanoic acid (DADH), that contains this structure, was recently identified as a biosynthetic intermediate of a dipeptide secondary metabolite, vazabitide A, in Streptmyces sp. SANK 60404; however its effect on adaptive immunity has not yet been examined. In this study, we examined whether DADH suppresses mixed lymphocyte reaction using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and allogeneic splenic T cells. Although T cell proliferation induced by cross-linking CD3 and CD28 were not suppressed by DADH unlike ISP-1, the pre-incubation of BMDCs with DADH but not ISP-1 significantly decreased allogeneic CD8+ T cell expansion. Based on these results, we concluded that DADH suppresses DC-mediated T cell activation by targeting DCs.
Heat-killed Lactobacillus helveticus strain MCC1848 confers resilience to anxiety or depression-like symptoms caused by subchronic social defeat stress in mice
Authors: Maehata Hazuki , Kobayashi Yodai , Mitsuyama Eri , Kawase Takahiro , Kuhara Tetsuya , Xiao Jin-Zhong , Tsukahara Takamitsu , Toyoda Atsushi 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
The gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders. Probiotics can benefit the central nervous system via the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which raises the possibility that probiotics are effective in managing depression. In the present study, we examined the effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus helveticus strain MCC1848 in subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS) model mice (a widely used animal model of depression). MCC1848 supplementation significantly enhanced the interaction time in the social interaction test and sucrose preference ratio in the sucrose preference test, suggesting that MCC1848 improved anxiety- or depressive-like behaviors in sCSDS mice. The gene expression profile analysis of the nucleus accumbens, which plays an important role in stress resilience, indicated that MCC1848 ameliorated sCSDS-induced gene expression alterations in signal transduction or nervous system development. These findings suggest that MCC1848 supplementation is useful as a preventive strategy for chronic-stress-induced depression.
Nonlinear excitation of a geodesic acoustic mode by toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes and the impact on plasma performance
Authors: Qiu Zhiyong , Chen Liu , Zonca Fulvio , Chen Wei 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Spontaneous nonlinear excitation of a geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) by a toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) is investigated using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory. It is found that the nonlinear decay process depends on the thermal ion

value. Here,

is the plasma thermal to magnetic pressure ratio. In the low-

limit, a TAE decays into a GAM and a lower TAE sideband in the toroidicity induced shear Alfvén wave continuous spectrum gap; while in the high-

limit, a TAE decays into a GAM and a propagating kinetic TAE in the continuum. Both cases are investigated for the spontaneous decay conditions. The nonlinear saturation levels of both the GAM and daughter wave are derived. The corresponding power balance and wave particle power transfer to thermal plasma are computed. Implications for thermal plasma heating are also discussed.
Reaffirming the Value of the Autopsy
Authors: Sathirareuangchai Sakda , Shimizu David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To determine characteristic features of myocardial infarction (MI) diagnosed at autopsy and establish the incidence of discrepancy.

Methods
Autopsy cases at a tertiary hospital with a pathologic diagnosis of acute MI were evaluated for clinicopathologic features. Modified Goldman’s classification was used to classify discrepant cases.

Results
Of 529 autopsy cases, 19 (3.6%) demonstrated acute/subacute MI as a pathologic diagnosis. Thrombosis was identified in a minority of cases (3/19, 15.8%). Major clinicopathologic discrepancies were identified in four (21.1%) cases.

Conclusions
Although acute MI is an uncommon diagnosis rendered at hospital autopsy, a notable subset of cases demonstrates diagnostic discrepancy between the clinical impression and ultimate pathologic diagnosis. Interestingly, most MI cases in this series are not related to plaque disruption and thus best classified as a type 2 MI, which is associated with imbalance between oxygen demand and supply.
Restriction of Pharmacoepidemiologic Cohorts to Initiators of Medications in Unrelated Preventive Drug Classes to Reduce Confounding by Frailty in Older Adults
Authors: Zhang Henry T , McGrath Leah J , Ellis Alan R , Wyss Richard , Lund Jennifer L , Stürmer Til 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Nonexperimental studies of the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in older adults have found 40%–60% reductions in all-cause mortality associated with vaccination, potentially due to confounding by frailty. We restricted our cohort to initiators of medications in preventive drug classes (statins, antiglaucoma drugs, and β blockers) as an approach to reducing confounding by frailty by excluding frail older adults who would not initiate use of these drugs. Using a random 20% sample of US Medicare beneficiaries, we framed our study as a series of nonrandomized “trials” comparing vaccinated beneficiaries with unvaccinated beneficiaries who had an outpatient health-care visit during the 5 influenza seasons occurring in 2010–2015. We pooled data across trials and used standardized-mortality-ratio–weighted Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between influenza vaccination and all-cause mortality before influenza season, expecting a null association. Weighted hazard ratios among preventive drug initiators were generally closer to the null than those in the nonrestricted cohort. Restriction of the study population to statin initiators with an uncensored approach resulted in a weighted hazard ratio of 1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.84, 1.19), and several other hazard ratios were above 0.95. Restricting the cohort to initiators of medications in preventive drug classes can reduce confounding by frailty in this setting, but further work is required to determine the most appropriate criteria to use.
Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Regression-Based Normative Data and Clinical Utility
Authors: Fellows Robert P , Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to provide regression-based normative data for the written, oral, and incidental recall trials of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT).

Method
Regression-based normative equations for the written and oral trials were derived from 536 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 91. Normative equations for the incidental recall trial are provided for a subset of the normative sample (age range = 60–91). The clinical utility of the newly developed norms was examined by comparing mean performance and rates of impaired scores for participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Within-group analyses were used to compare the new norms to the original published norms.

Results
Age, education, and sex were all significant predictors of written trial performance, age and education were significant predictors of oral trial performance, and only age predicted incidental recall trial performance. As expected, the TBI group demonstrated the highest rates of impaired performance on both written and oral trials. Participants with dementia showed the highest rate of impaired scores on the incidental recall trial, followed by participants with amnestic MCI. Compared to traditional norming methods, the regression-based norms classified more clinical participants as impaired on both the written and oral trials.

Conclusions
Comprehensive regression-based normative equations with demonstrated clinical utility are provided to improve the detection of cerebral dysfunction using the SDMT. A calculator with the normative equations is provided so that raw scores can be easily converted to demographically-corrected standardized scores.
Impact of Glabellar Paralysis on Facial Expression of Emotion
Authors: Wyffels Mitchell L , Ray Belinda B , Laurita Jason T , Zbib Natalia , Bachour Kinan , Glass Graeme E , Stotland Mitchell A 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Many prospective patients remain wary of the effects that glabellar muscle paralysis may have on their ability to normally communicate emotion with their face.

Objective
We undertook a direct empirical test of the effects of glabellar onabotulinum toxin type A injections on the ability to convey 6 universally recognized facial expressions of emotion.

Methods
Fifty-two female subjects (“expressors”) were recorded on hidden camera while viewing video clips intended as a mood induction procedure that stimulates the 6 cardinal emotions (amusement, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise). The subjects were then injected with 25 units of onabotulinum toxin A in the glabellar region. The subjects returned 1 month later and were again recorded while being spontaneously induced to express emotion. All video clips from both time periods from the 10 maximal expressors were extracted and shown to a group of 31 “perceivers” who rated the facial expressions for intensity (Likert 1–7) and identity of emotion (percent correct emotion identified).

Results
Glabellar paralysis significantly diminished mean perceived intensity of anger (50.4% relative reduction, P &lt; 0.001) and surprise (20.6% relative reduction, P &lt; 0.001). The mean intensity of disgust increased (39.0%, P &lt; 0.001). Importantly, however, glabellar paralysis did not result in a significant change in observers’ ability to discern provoked cardinal emotions.

Conclusions
We believe these findings provide a measure of reassurance to patients and their providers that the use of onabotulinum toxin A to paralyze the glabellar musculature for aesthetic purposes may not pose a meaningful risk to the overall ability to express emotion during social interaction.

Level of Evidence: 4