bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expectations in the workplace: a qualitative study among Australian and South African academic pharmacists
Authors: Kairuz Therése , Krehula Damir , Truter Ilse 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe education of future pharmacists is the responsibility of a relatively small sector of the pharmacy workforce, and pharmacy academics (faculty) are essential for the continued viability of our profession; many also contribute to research within the profession. However, little is known about the ‘work’ of employees in this sector of pharmacy. The aim of this study was to investigate expectations associated with the working environment of academic pharmacists.MethodsThe inductive approach of qualitative research was selected and interviews were conducted among purposive samples in pharmacy programmes at two universities in the Southern Hemisphere, in Australia and in South Africa. Thematic analysis of raw data identified codes; those with mutual properties were grouped into categories which were assimilated under overarching themes.Key findingsThree themes emerged around perceived expectations in academia: level of motivation, degree of satisfaction and adversity. Challenges in the workplace promoted hardship and adversity and impacted perceived performance. Degree of satisfaction was affected by workplace attributes (e.g. leadership, curriculum) which are modifiable or potentially modifiable, while individual intrinsic (personal) qualities could drive the level of motivation and impact positively on performance. Despite adversity, academic pharmacists demonstrated commitment to their roles as educators.ConclusionsLevel of motivation, degree of satisfaction and adversity impacted perceived performance of academic pharmacists. Addressing factors that contribute to adversity, and modifying workplace factors to improve satisfaction, may lead to enhanced motivation and perceived performance among academic pharmacists; ultimately, this may have a positive influence on this sector of the pharmacy workforce.
In vivo validity of proximal caries detection in primary teeth, with histological validation
Authors: Subka Samiya , Rodd Helen , Nugent Zoann , Deery Chris 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundDetection and diagnosis of proximal caries in primary molars are challenging.AimThe aim of this in vivo study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of four methods of proximal caries detection in primary molar teeth.DesignEighty‐two children (5‐10 years) were recruited. Initially, 1030 proximal surfaces were examined using meticulous visual examination (ICDAS) (VE1), bitewing radiographs (RE), and a laser fluorescence pen device (LF1). Temporary tooth separation (TTS) was achieved for 447 surfaces, and these were re‐examined visually (VE2) and using the LF pen (LF2). Three hundred and fifty‐six teeth (542 surfaces) were subsequently extracted and provided histological validation.ResultsAt D1 (enamel and dentine caries) diagnostic threshold, the sensitivity of VE1, RE, VE2, LF1, and LF2 examination was 0.52, 0.14, 0.75, 0.58, and 0.60 and the specificity values were 0.89, 0.97, 0.88, 0.85, and 0.77, respectively. At D3 (dentine caries) threshold, the sensitivity values were 0.42, 0.71, 0.49, 0.63, and 0.65, respectively, whereas specificity was 0.93 for VE1 and VE2, and 0.98, 0.87, and 0.88 for RE, LF1, and LF2 examinations, respectively. ROC analysis showed radiographic examination to be superior at D3.ConclusionMeticulous caries diagnosis (ICDAS) should be supported by radiographs for detection of dentinal proximal caries in primary molars.
Introducing a model for emotional distress in respiratory disease: A systematic review and synthesis of symptom management models
Authors: Schmid‐Mohler Gabriela , Caress Ann‐Louise , Spirig Rebecca , Yorke Janelle 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimTo undertake a theoretical systematic review to develop a conceptual model of illness‐related emotional distress in the context of symptom management in chronic respiratory disease.DesignWe performed a systematic search to identify conceptual models.Data sourcesElectronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched and papers included from inception of the search term until June 2017.Review methodsThe review was conducted following Pound and Campbell's and Turner's theory synthesis. Conceptual models were appraised using Kaplan's criteria. Models were excluded if they referred to a specific condition and/or lacked clarity.ResultsThis synthesis, which includes five models and additional evidence, yielded a new conceptual model describing the processes of regulation and symptom self‐management in chronic respiratory disease. Identified sources of illness‐related emotional distress are new or increased symptoms, additional treatment, new restrictions in performance of daily life roles and increased unpredictability. People goals and self‐efficacy were identified as further drivers of symptom self‐management. The regulation process is embedded in contextual factors.ConclusionTheory synthesis provided transparent guidance in developing a model to understand of the factors driving self‐management decisions. Therefore, the model has the potential to guide development of interventions that support symptom self‐management in chronic respiratory disease.ImpactThis newly presented conceptual model of illness‐related emotional distress provides an understanding of the factors that drive self‐management decisions when peoples experience new or increased symptoms. Such understanding is critical for nursing practice to developing appropriate interventions, especially in support of people decision‐making.
Circulating RNAs as predictive markers for the progression of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ghai Vikas , Baxter David , Wu Xiaogang , Kim Taek‐Kyun , Kuusisto Johanna , Laakso Markku , Connolly Tom , Li Yong , Andrade‐Gordon Patricia , Wang Kai 
Published: February 2019

AbstractType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent form of diabetes in the USA, thus, the identification of biomarkers that could be used to predict the progression from prediabetes to T2DM would be greatly beneficial. Recently, circulating RNA including microRNAs (miRNAs) present in various body fluids have emerged as potential biomarkers for various health conditions, including T2DM. Whereas studies that examine the changes of miRNA spectra between healthy controls and T2DM individuals have been reported, the goal of this study is to conduct a baseline comparison of prediabetic individuals who either progress to T2DM, or remain prediabetic. Using an advanced small RNA sequencing library construction method that improves the detection of miRNA species, we identified 57 miRNAs that showed significant concentration differences between progressors (progress from prediabetes to T2DM) and non‐progressors. Among them, 26 have been previously reported to be associated with T2DM in either body fluids or tissue samples. Some of the miRNAs identified were also affected by obesity. Furthermore, we identified miRNA panels that are able to discriminate progressors from non‐progressors. These results suggest that upon further validation these miRNAs may be useful to predict the risk of conversion to T2DM from prediabetes.
Histone deacetylase inhibitor LMK235 attenuates vascular constriction and aortic remodelling in hypertension
Authors: Choi Sin Young , Kee Hae Jin , Sun Simei , Seok Young Mi , Ryu Yuhee , Kim Gwi Ran , Kee Seung‐Jung , Pflieger Marc , Kurz Thomas , Kassack Matthias U. , Jeong Myung Ho 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHere, we report that LMK235, a class I and histone deacetylase (HDAC6)‐preferential HDAC inhibitor, reduces hypertension via inhibition of vascular contraction and vessel hypertrophy. Angiotensin II‐infusion mice and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used to test the anti‐hypertensive effect of LMK235. Daily injection of LMK235 lowered angiotensin II‐induced systolic blood pressure (BP). A reduction in systolic BP in SHRs was observed on the second day when SHRs were treated with 3 mg/kg LMK235 every 3 days. However, LMK235 treatment did not affect angiotensin‐converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II receptor mRNA expression in either hypertensive model. LMK235, acting via the nitric oxide pathway, facilitated the relaxing of vascular contractions induced by a thromboxane A2 agonist in the rat aortic and mesenteric artery ring test. In addition, LMK235 increased nitric oxide production in HUVECs and inhibited the increasing of aortic wall thickness in both animal hypertensive models. LMK235 decreased the enhanced cell cycle‐related genes cyclin D1 and E2F3 in angiotensin II‐infusion mice and restored the decreased p21 expression. In addition, LMK235 suppressed calcium calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) α, which is related to vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Inhibition or knockdown of HDAC5 blocked the CaMKIIα‐induced cell cycle gene expression. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that class I HDACs were involved in the inhibition of CaMKII α‐induced HDAC4/5 by LMK235. We suggest that LMK235 should be further investigated for its use in the development of new therapeutic options to treat hypertension via reducing vascular hyperplasia or vasoconstriction.
Comparison between multiresponse‐robust process design and numerical optimization: A case study on baking of fermented chickpea flour‐based wheat bread
Authors: Chakraborty Snehasis , Shrivastava Chandrima 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe baking conditions (relative humidity, baking time, and temperature) for a fermented chickpea flour‐based wheat bread were optimized considering multiple responses: crumb hardness, specific loaf volume, color change in crust and crumb. Rotatable central composite design was applied within the baking domain of 175–225 °C/13–22 min/45–95% RH. An intelligent and robust technique based on Taguchi factor‐effect approach, principal component analysis, gray relational analysis, artificial neural networks, and genetic algorithms was employed for this purpose. Response surface methodology (RSM) with numerical optimization was also applied and the results were compared with the intelligent system‐multiresponse‐robust process design (IS‐MR‐RPD). The optimized conditions suggested by RSM and IS‐MR‐RPD were 195 °C/15 min/85% RH and 201.5 °C/15 min/85% RH, respectively. The ability to predict by RSM toward inferring the relative importance of factors is commendable; however, IS‐MR‐RPD predicted a more accurate data compared to the largely deviated data obtained from RSM.Practical applicationsIn the case of a staple food like bread, optimizing the baking condition to produce a cost‐effective, attractive, and nutritive product is the real need for the bakery industry. To fulfill both the consumer and manufacturer demands, different intercorrelated responses like texture, color appearance, and loaf volume are considered prior to process optimization. This study showed the efficacy of optimization between two different techniques for the baking of fermented chickpea flour‐based wheat bread. The two techniques are response surface modeling and multiresponse‐robust process design. The outcome of this study will help the industry to apply the robust process design for any food process optimization.
Environmental analysis of producing biochar and energy recovery from pulp and paper mill biosludge
Authors: Mohammadi Ali , Sandberg Maria , Venkatesh G. , Eskandari Samieh , Dalgaard Tommy , Joseph Stephen , Granström Karin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSweden is one of the largest exporters of pulp and paper products in the world. It follows that huge quantities of sludge rich in carbonaceous organic material and containing heavy metals are generated. This paper carried out a comparative environmental analysis of three different technologies, which can be adopted to produce biochar and recover energy from the biosludge, using landfilling as the reference case. These three thermochemical biosludge management systems—using incineration, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)—were modeled using life cycle assessment (LCA). Heat generated in the incineration process (System A) was considered to be for captive consumption within the kraft pulp mills. It was assumed that the biochars—pyrochar and hydrochar—produced from pyrolysis (System B) and HTC (System C), respectively, were added to the forest soils. The LCA results show that all the alternative systems considerably improve the environmental performance of biosludge management, relative to landfilling. For all systems, there are net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (–0.89, –1.43, and –1.13 tonnes CO2‐equivalent per tonne dry matter biosludge in Systems A, B, and C, respectively). System B resulted in the lowest potential eutrophication and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts, whereas System C had the least acidification potential. The results of this analysis show that, from an environmental point of view, biochar soil amendment as an alternative method for handling pulp and paper mill biosludge is preferable to energy recovery. However, an optimal biochar system needs to factor in the social and economic contexts as well.
Exploring the approximate number system in Sotos syndrome: insights from a dot comparison task
Authors: Lane C. , Van Herwegen J. , Freeth M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundSotos syndrome is a congenital overgrowth condition associated with intellectual disability and an uneven cognitive profile. Previous research has established that individuals with Sotos syndrome have relatively poor mathematical ability, but domain‐specific numeracy skills have not been explored within this population. This study investigated the approximate number system (ANS) in Sotos syndrome.MethodA dot comparison task was administered to 20 participants with Sotos syndrome (mean age in years = 18.43, SD = 9.29). Performance was compared to a chronological agematched typically developing control group (n = 25) and a mental age‐matched Williams syndrome group (n = 24).ResultsThe Sotos group did not display an ANS deficit overall when compared to chronological agematched control participants. However, for trials where the size of the individual dots and the envelope area were negatively correlated with the total number of dots (incongruent trials), the Sotos group were less accurate than the typically developing group but more accurate than the Williams syndrome group, suggesting an inhibitory control deficit. Better accuracy on incongruent trials, but not congruent trials, was associated with higher quantitative reasoning ability for participants with Sotos syndrome.ConclusionOverall, the findings suggest that ANS acuity is not impaired in Sotos syndrome but that numerical difficulties may be associated with an inhibitory control deficit for individuals with Sotos syndrome.
Candida albicans‐associated sepsis in a pre‐term neonatal rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Pecoraro Heidi L. , Berg Melissa R. , Dozier Brandy L. , Martin Lauren Drew , McEvoy Cindy T. , Davies Michael H. , Ducore Rebecca 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInvasive Candida infections (ICI) have been associated with neurodevelopmental impairment or death in human pre‐term neonates. Candidiasis in nonhuman primates is seen mostly in immunosuppressed animals, and ICI is not commonly reported. Here, we report a case of Candida albicans‐associated ICI in a pre‐term neonatal rhesus macaque.
Chicken embryos share mammalian patterns of apoptosis in the posterior placodal area
Authors: Washausen Stefan , Knabe Wolfgang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn the posterior placodal area (PPA) of C57BL/6N mice and primate‐related Tupaia belangeri (Scandentia), apoptosis helps to establish morphologically separated otic and epibranchial placodes. Here, we demonstrate that basically identical patterns of apoptosis pass rostrocaudally through the Pax2+ PPA of chicken embryos. Interplacodal apoptosis eliminates unneeded cells either between the otic anlage and the epibranchial placodes 1, 2 and/or 3, respectively (type A), or between neighbouring epibranchial placodes (type B). These observations support the idea that in chicken embryos, as in mammals, interplacodal apoptosis serves to remove vestigial lateral line placodes (Washausen & Knabe, 2018, Biol Open 7, bio031815). A special case represents the recently discovered Pax2−/Sox2+ paratympanic organ (PTO) placode that has been postulated to be molecularly distinct from and developmentally independent of the ventrally adjacent first epibranchial (or ‘geniculate’) placode (O'Neill et al. 2012, Nat Commun 3, 1041). We show that Sox2+ (PTO placodal) cells seem to segregate from the Pax2+ geniculate placode, and that absence of Pax2 in the mature PTO placode is due to secondary loss. We further report that, between Hamburger–Hamilton (HH) stages HH14 and HH26, apoptosis in the combined anlage of the first epibranchial and PTO placodes is almost exclusively found within and/or immediately adjacent to the dorsally located PTO placode. Hence, apoptosis appears to support decision‐making processes among precursor cells of the early developing PTO placode and, later, regression of the epibranchial placodes 2 and 3.
Change in gray matter volume and cerebral blood flow in patients with burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Lee Young Chan , Jahng Geon‐Ho , Ryu Chang‐Woo , Byun Jae Yong 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate alterations in gray matter volume (GMV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) using structural MRI and arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI, respectively, in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patientsMethodsWe prospectively enrolled 12 patients with BMS and 14 healthy controls. Volumetric T1‐weighted magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo imaging and pseudo‐continuous ASL were performed to obtain GMV and CBF, respectively. We analyzed differences in the GMV and CBF between the two groups, and their correlations with clinical parameters.ResultsThe GMV was smaller in the left thalamus and left middle temporal gyrus in the BMS group when compared to controls. Regional CBF in the BMS group was significantly decreased in the left middle temporal gyrus, left insula, right middle temporal gyrus, and right insula compared with controls. In BMS patients, there was a significant correlation between GMV and pain severity in the left middle temporal gyrus.ConclusionThe reduced GMV seen in the thalami of BMS patients is consistent with the pattern observed in those with chronic pain disease, which implies that the pathogenesis of BMS may be associated with atrophy of the brain structures associated with thalamocortical processing. In addition, changes in CBF in the insula and middle temporal gyrus were also observed.
The Psychology of Neoliberalism and the Neoliberalism of Psychology
Authors: Adams Glenn , Estrada‐Villalta Sara , Sullivan Daniel , Markus Hazel Rose 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this article, we approach the relationship between neoliberalism and psychological science from the theoretical perspective of cultural psychology. In the first section, we trace how engagement with neoliberal systems results in characteristic tendencies—including a radical abstraction of self from social and material context, an entrepreneurial understanding of self as an ongoing development project, an imperative for personal growth and fulfillment, and an emphasis on affect management for self‐regulation—that increasingly constitute the knowledge base of mainstream psychological science. However, as we consider in the second section, psychological science is not just an observer of neoliberalism and its impact on psychological experience. Instead, by studying psychological processes independent of cultural–ecological or historical context and by championing individual growth and affective regulation as the key to optimal well‐being, psychological scientists reproduce and reinforce the influence and authority of neoliberal systems. Rather than a disinterested bystander, hegemonic forms of psychological science are thoroughly implicated in the neoliberal project.
Set them (almost) free: Discretion in electoral campaigns under incomplete information
Authors: Baghdasaryan Vardan , Manzoni Elena 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe paper analyzes a model of electoral campaigning as a problem of competitive delegation. We consider an environment characterized by two sources of uncertainty: uncertainty on the nature of the optimal policy and uncertainty on the candidates’ biases. Although voters know whether the candidate is left‐ or right‐wing, they do not know the extent of the bias. In this environment, discretion may benefit voters as it allows the elected politician to adjust his policies to the state of the world. The paper shows that the optimal set of promises must be a closed interval, whose size is decreasing in the expected bias of the candidate. An example where the set of types is finite shows that an increase in the variability of candidates’ types may either increase or decrease the voters’ willingness to grant discretion to politicians.
Qualitative and quantitative differences in the subgingival microbiome of the restored and unrestored teeth
Authors: Rademacher Steven W. H. , Zaura Egija , Kleverlaan Cornelis J. , Buijs Mark J. , Crielaard Wim , Loos Bruno G. , Laine Marja L. 
Published: February 2019

Background and ObjectiveMetal‐based dental restorations with a subgingival outline may enhance plaque accumulation and bacterial colonization. This study aimed to investigate whether metal‐based restorations influence the composition of subgingival microbiome.Material and MethodsPer subject one site with a metal‐based restoration and one contra‐lateral site without a restoration were selected on basis of radiographic bone loss ≤2 mm, restoration outline at sulcus level/subgingivally, pocket depth ≤4 mm, and no root canal treatments. Subgingival samples were collected with sterile paper‐points, and microbial profiles were obtained by 16SrRNAgene amplicon sequencing. Restorations were sampled with an Arkansas‐stone and the metal composition was determined using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy.ResultsA total of 22 sites from 11 subjects were included. No significant differences for the clinical parameters were found between the restored and unrestored sites. The average age of the restorations was 14.9 ± 7.1 years.Firmicuteswas the most prevalent phylum at the restored sites (32% vs 20% of the reads of the unrestored sites,P = 0.016), andActinobacteriaat the unrestored sites (33% vs 18% of the reads of the restored sites,P = 0.01). Overall, sequences clustered into 573 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Species richness of the restored sites was significantly higher than species richness of the unrestored sites (117 ± 32 and 96 ± 20OTUs, respectively,P = 0.013). No associations between the metal composition and bacterial profiles were found.ConclusionThis study shows that metal‐based restorations may enhance colonization ofFirmicutesand the neighboring pocket may harbor more diverse microbial communities.
Relationships among Special Education Teachers' Knowledge, Instructional Practice and Students' Performance in Reading Fluency
Authors: Park Yujeong , Kiely Mary Theresa , Brownell Mary T. , Benedict Amber 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among (1) special education teachers’ knowledge for teaching reading fluency, (2) the specific instructional practices they used in fluency instruction, and (3) gains of students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) on a performance measure of oral reading fluency (ORF). Analyses based on multilevel linear modeling and analysis of covariance indicated that for 42 special education teachers teaching third, fourth, and fifth graders with SLD in intensive reading groups, teachers’ knowledge for teaching reading fluency predicted student gains on ORF measures, but did not predict their instructional practice. Furthermore, teacher practice did not predict student gains on ORF. Practical implications and future research are discussed.