bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling fracture cascades through twisting and quenching
Authors: Heisser Ronald H. , Patil Vishal P. , Stoop Norbert , Villermaux Emmanuel , Dunkel Jörn 
Published: August 2018

SignificanceFracture processes are ubiquitous in nature, from earthquakes to broken trees and bones. Understanding and controlling fracture dynamics remain one of the foremost theoretical and practical challenges in material science and physics. A well-known problem with direct implications for the fracture behavior of elongated brittle objects, such as vaulting poles or long fibers, goes back to the famous physicist Richard Feynman who observed that dry spaghetti almost always breaks into three or more pieces when exposed to large bending stresses. While bending-induced fracture is fairly well understood nowadays, much less is known about the effects of twist. Our experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that twisting enables remarkable fracture control by using the different propagation speeds of twist and bending waves.
Maintaining trust when agents can engage in self-deception
Authors: Babino Andrés , Makse Hernán A. , DiTella Rafael , Sigman Mariano 
Published: August 2018

Significance
“He who wants to kill his dog accuses it of having rabies,” the French proverb says. The fact that we alter our beliefs about others to act selfishly and, at the same time, keep a positive self-view has been widely studied by behavioral sciences. Here, we propose a mathematical description of two of these mechanisms of altering beliefs and study a simulation of a society of agents provided with these biases. We find that there are sets of parameters that make societies propagate defection actions and others that protect them from spreading malicious behavior.
Chromatin structure and its chemical modifications regulate the ubiquitin ligase substrate selectivity of UHRF1
Authors: Vaughan Robert M. , Dickson Bradley M. , Whelihan Matthew F. , Johnstone Andrea L. , Cornett Evan M. , Cheek Marcus A. , Ausherman Christine A. , Cowles Martis W. , Sun Zu-Wen , Rothbart Scott B. 
Published: August 2018

Significance
DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications are key epigenetic marks that contribute to the fine-tuned regulation of gene expression and other chromatin-templated biological processes. Here, we build artificial chromatin templates and reveal key chromatin structural features and epigenetic marks that coordinately regulate the binding and enzymatic activity of the DNA methylation regulator UHRF1. Studying activities of epigenetic regulators in the context of defined chromatin templates, particularly for multidomain histone and DNA binding proteins such as UHRF1, is critical for understanding molecular mechanisms of epigenetic crosstalk and mechanics regulating epigenetic signaling, and for determining how epigenetic dysregulation contributes to human disease.
Thioredoxin-like2/2-Cys peroxiredoxin redox cascade supports oxidative thiol modulation in chloroplasts
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke , Hara Ayaka , Sugiura Kazunori , Fukaya Yuki , Hisabori Toru 
Published: August 2018

Significance
To ensure efficient photosynthetic carbon gain, plant chloroplasts have to adjust their own physiology toward changes in light environments. Specific chloroplast proteins are reversibly activated–inactivated during light–dark cycles by switching the reduction–oxidation states of their Cys residues, which is termed redox regulation. A long-standing issue in plant biology is the manner in which redox-regulated proteins are reoxidized upon the interruption of light exposure. In this study, we identified the thioredoxin-like2 (TrxL2)/2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2CP) redox cascade as a molecular basis for oxidative thiol modulation in chloroplasts. This finding dissects the “dark side” of chloroplast redox regulation, providing an insight into how plants rest their photosynthetic activity at night.
Perfectionism and training performance: The mediating role of other‐approach goals
Authors: Madigan Daniel J. , Stoeber Joachim , Culley Troy , Passfield Louis , Hill Andrew P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecent research found perfectionistic strivings to predict performance in a novel basketball task among novice basketball players. The current study builds on this research by examining whether this is also the case for performance in a familiar basketball training task among experienced basketball players, and whether achievement goals mediated any observed relationships. Perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and 3 × 2 achievement goals were assessed prior to basketball training performance in 90 basketball players (mean age 20.9 years). Regression analyses showed that perfectionistic strivings predicted better performance. Furthermore, mediation analyses showed that other‐approach goals (e.g. beliefs that one should and can outperform others) accounted for this relationship. The findings suggest that perfectionistic strivings may predict better performance in both novel and familiar athletic contexts. In addition, beliefs about the importance and ability to outperform others may explain this relationship.
Caregiving Status and Health of Heterosexual, Sexual Minority, and Transgender Adults: Results From Select U.S. Regions in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2015 and 2016
Authors: Boehmer Ulrike , Clark Melissa A , Lord Emily M , Fredman Lisa 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Insufficient research attention has been paid to the diversity of informal caregivers, including sexual and gender minority caregivers. This study examined health effects of caregiving separately from sexual orientation or gender identity status, while stratifying by gender among cisgender adults. We hypothesized that compared with heterosexual cisgender noncaregivers, heterosexual caregivers and lesbian/gay/bisexual (LGB), and transgender (T) noncaregivers would report poorer health outcomes (i.e., self-reported health, and poor mental health days and poor physical health days), and LGBT caregivers would report the worst health outcomes.

Research Design and Methods
This is a secondary data analysis of the 2015 and 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 19 U.S. states.

Results
After adjusting for covariates and stratifying by gender among the cisgender sample, heterosexual caregivers, LGB noncaregivers and LGB caregivers had significantly higher odds of self-reported fair or poor health (adjusted odds ratios [aORs] 1.3–2.0 for women and 1.2 for men), poor physical health days (aORs 1.2–2.8 for women and 1.3–2.8 for men), and poor mental health days (aORs 1.4–4.7 for women and 1.5–5.6 for men) compared with heterosexual noncaregivers (reference group). By contrast, transgender caregivers did not have significantly poorer health than cisgender noncaregivers.

Discussion and Implications
LGB caregivers reported the worst health compared with other groups on multiple measures, signifying they are an at-risk population. These results suggest the necessity to develop LGB appropriate services and programs to prevent poor health in LGB caregivers. Existing policies should also be inclusive of LGBT individuals who are caregivers.
The Feminization of Forced Migration during Conflict: The Complex Experiences of Algerian Women Who Fled in the ‘Black Decade’
Authors: Narriman Guémar Latefa 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The rise of fundamentalism and terrorism, and the violent acts committed against women, during the Algerian conflict of the 1990s (the ‘Black Decade’, also referred to as the Algerian ‘Dark Decade’) undoubtedly had a catalytic effect on the mass feminization of Algerian migration. However, they arguably served to amplify an existing migratory movement of women. This article argues that, during times of war or internal conflict, violence and a climate of fear may be the main reason why women flee, but it is not the only one. Women’s forced migration is complex and is often related to specific, gender-based oppression, which is exacerbated by conflict. This research, conducted amongst highly skilled women who left Algeria during and after the Black Decade, reveals that their decisions to leave were also greatly influenced by their position as women: the violence specifically targeted at educated or high-profile women, women’s legal situation and the oppression they experienced in family and society. Yet, despite the UNHCR’s gender guidelines, the complex experiences of women fleeing gender-based violence often remain unacknowledged by national asylum regimes.
Self-Locating Belief and Updating on Learning
Authors: Bradley Darren 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Self-locating beliefs cause a problem for conditionalization. Miriam Schoenfield (2016) offers a solution: that on learning E, agents should update on the fact that they learned E. However, Schoenfield is not explicit about whether the fact that they learned E is self-locating. I will argue that if the fact that they learned E is self-locating then the original problem has not been addressed, and if the fact that they learned E is not self-locating then the theory generates implausible verdicts which Schoenfield explicitly rejects.
High Cervical Ependymoma Resection: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Dekker Simone E , Glenn Chad A , Ostergard Thomas A , Rothstein Brian D , Bambakidis Nicholas C 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This operative video illustrates resection of a cervical ependymoma in a 40-yr-old female with numbness of upper and lower extremities and ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an enhancing intramedullary intradural spinal mass at C2-3. The patient underwent a posterior cervical laminoplasty for tumor resection. This video highlights the natural history of this disease, treatment options, surgical procedure, potential risks and complications, and postoperative management of ependymomas. A posterior midline skin incision was made from the inion to the level of C4 which exposed the posterolateral elements of C1-3. C2 and C3 lamina were removed as a single piece using the high-speed drill. A C1 laminectomy was then also performed to provide adequate superior exposure. The dura was opened widely in the midline. Careful midline myelotomy was then performed overlying the tumor. The tumor is noted to be densely adherent to the surrounding spinal cord. Gross total resection was completed using ultrasonic aspiration and microdissection. The dura was closed in a watertight fashion followed by a synthetic dural sealant. The bony elements of C2, C3 were then reconstructed using osteoplastic laminoplasty, titanium miniplates, and screws at C2-3. The wound was closed in multiple layers using sutures. Specimens were sent for frozen and permanent pathological analysis, eventually demonstrating WHO grade II ependymoma. There were no complications. Postoperative MRI demonstrated gross total resection. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course. The strength was at baseline at long term follow-up, with small sensory deficit.
Loss of HDAC6 alters gut microbiota and worsens obesity
Authors: Lieber Arnon D. , Beier Ulf H. , Xiao Haiyan , Wilkins Benjamin J. , Jiao Jing , Li Xinmin S. , Schugar Rebecca C. , Strauch Christopher M. , Wang Zeneng , Brown J. Mark , Hazen Stanley L. , Bokulich Nicholas A. , Ruggles Kelly V. , Akimova Tatiana , Hancock Wayne W. , Blaser Martin J. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTAlterations in gut microbiota are known to affect intestinal inflammation and obesity. Antibiotic treatment can affect weight gain by elimination of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor‐producing microbes, which are anti‐inflammatory by augmenting regulatory T (Treg) cells. We asked whether mice that lack HDAC6 and have potent suppressive Treg cells are protected from microbiota‐induced accelerated weight gain. We crossed wild‐type and HDAC6‐deficient mice and subjected the offspring to perinatal penicillin, inducing weight gain via microbiota disturbance. We observed that male HDAC6‐deficient mice were not protected and developed profoundly accelerated weight gain. The antibiotic‐exposed HDAC6‐deficient mice showed a mixed immune phenotype with increased CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell activation yet maintained the enhanced Treg cell–suppressive function phenotype characteristic of HDAC6‐deficient mice. 16S rRNA sequencing of mouse fecal samples reveals that their microbiota diverged with time, with HDAC6 deletion altering microbiome composition. On a high‐fat diet, HDAC6‐deficient mice were depleted in representatives of the S24‐7 family and Lactobacillus but enriched with Bacteroides and Parabacteroides; these changes are associated with obesity. Our findings further our understanding of the influence of HDACs on microbiome composition and are important for the development of HDAC6 inhibitors in the treatment of human diseases.—Lieber, A. D., Beier, U. H., Xiao, H., Wilkins, B. J., Jiao, J., Li, X. S., Schugar, R. C., Strauch, C. M., Wang, Z., Brown, J. M., Hazen, S. L., Bokulich, N. A., Ruggles, K. V., Akimova, T., Hancock, W. W., Blaser, M. J. Loss of HDAC6 alters gut microbiota and worsens obesity. FASEB J. 33, 1098–1109 (2019). www.fasebj.org
How does cognition shape social relationships?
Authors: Wascher Claudia A. F. , Kulahci Ipek G. , Langley Ellis J. G. , Shaw Rachael C. 
Published: August 2018

The requirements of living in social groups, and forming and maintaining social relationships are hypothesized to be one of the major drivers behind the evolution of cognitive abilities. Most empirical studies investigating the relationships between sociality and cognition compare cognitive performance between species living in systems that differ in social complexity. In this review, we ask whether and how individuals benefit from cognitive skills in their social interactions. Cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, and inhibitory control, aid in forming and maintaining social relationships. We investigate whether there is evidence that individual variation in these abilities influences individual variation in social relationships. We then consider the evolutionary consequences of the interaction between sociality and cognitive ability to address whether bi-directional relationships exist between the two, such that cognition can both shape and be shaped by social interactions and the social environment. In doing so, we suggest that social network analysis is emerging as a powerful tool that can be used to test for directional causal relationships between sociality and cognition. Overall, our review highlights the importance of investigating individual variation in cognition to understand how it shapes the patterns of social relationships.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.
Cancer In The News: Bias And Quality In Media Reporting Of Cancer Research
Authors: Amberg Amanda , Saunders Darren N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCancer research in the news is often associated with sensationalising and inaccurate reporting, giving rise to false hopes and expectations. The role of study selection for cancer-related news stories is an important but less commonly acknowledged issue, as the outcomes of primary research are generally less reliable than those of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Few studies have investigated the quality of research that makes the news and no previous analyses of the proportions of primary and secondary research in the news have been found in the literature. The main aim of this study was to investigate the nature and quality of cancer research covered in online news reports by four major news sources from USA, UK and Australia. We measured significant variation in reporting quality, and observed biases in many aspects of cancer research reporting, including the types of study selected for coverage, and in the spectrum of cancer types, gender of scientists, and geographical source of research represented. We discuss the implications of these finding for guiding accurate, contextual reporting of cancer research, which is critical in helping the public understand complex science and appreciate the outcomes of publicly funded research, avoid undermining trust in science, and assist informed decision-making.
Identification of deleterious and regulatory genomic variations in known asthma loci
Authors: Neville Matthew D. C. , Choi Jihoon , Lieberman Jonathan , Duan Qing Ling 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundCandidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of asthma risk loci. The majority of associated variants, however, are not known to have any biological function and are believed to represent markers rather than true causative mutations. We hypothesized that many of these associated markers are in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the elusive causative variants.MethodsWe compiled a comprehensive list of 447 asthma-associated variants previously reported in candidate gene and genome-wide association studies. Next, we identified all sequence variants located within the 304 unique genes using whole-genome sequencing data from the 1000 Genomes Project. Then, we calculated the LD between known asthma variants and the sequence variants within each gene. LD variants identified were then annotated to determine those that are potentially deleterious and/or functional (i.e. coding or regulatory effects on the encoded transcript or protein).ResultsWe identified 10,048 variants in LD (r2 > 0.6) with known asthma variants. Annotations of these LD variants revealed that several have potentially deleterious effects including frameshift, alternate splice site, stop-lost, and missense. Moreover, 24 of the LD variants have been reported to regulate gene expression as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs).ConclusionsThis study is proof of concept that many of the genetic loci previously associated with complex diseases such as asthma are not causative but represent markers of disease, which are in LD with the elusive causative variants. We hereby report a number of potentially deleterious and regulatory variants that are in LD with the reported asthma loci. These reported LD variants could account for the original association signals with asthma and represent the true causative mutations at these loci.
Improvement in Patient-Reported Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes Participants Receiving a Continuous Care Intervention with Nutritional Ketosis
Authors: Siegmann Morgan J. , Athinarayanan Shaminie J , Hallberg Sarah J , McKenzie Amy L. , Bhanpuri Nasir H. , Campbell Wayne W. , McCarter James P. , Phinney Stephen D. , Volek Jeff S. , Van Dort Christa J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveSleep disruption is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hyperglycemia. We recently reported the effectiveness of a continuous care intervention (CCI) emphasizing nutritional ketosis for improving HbA1c, body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in T2D patients. The present study assessed the effect of this CCI approach on sleep quality using a subjective patient-reported sleep questionnaire.MethodsA non-randomized, controlled longitudinal study; 262 T2D and 116 prediabetes patientsenrolled in the CCI and 87 separately recruited T2D patients continued usual care (UC) treatment. Patients completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. A PSQI score of >5 (scale 0 to 21) was used to identify poor sleepers.ResultsGlobal sleep quality improved in the CCI T2D (p<0.001) and prediabetes (p<0.001) patients after one year of intervention. Subjective sleep quality (component 1), sleep disturbance (component 5) and daytime dysfunction (component 7), also showed improvements in the CCI T2D (p<0.01 for sleep quality and sleep disturbance; and p<0.001 for daytime dysfunction) and prediabetes patients (p<0.001 for all three components); compared to the UC T2D group after one year. The proportion of patients with poor sleep quality was significantly reduced after one year of CCI (T2D; from 68.3% at baseline to 56.5% at one year, p=0.001 and prediabetes; from 77.9% at baseline to 48.7% at one year, p<0.001).ConclusionThis study demonstrates improved sleep quality as assessed by PSQI in patients with T2D and prediabetes undergoing CCI including nutritional ketosis but not in T2D patients receiving UC. The dietary intervention benefited both sleep quality and the severity of T2D symptoms suggesting that nutritional ketosis improves overall health via multiple mechanisms.
Nutritional and Meiotic Induction of Heritable Stress Resistant States in Budding Yeast
Authors: Gutierrez Heldder , Taghizada Bakhtiyar , Meneghini Marc D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTransient exposures to environmental stresses induce altered physiological states in exposed cells that persist after the stresses have been removed. These states, referred to as cellular memory, can even be passed on to daughter cells and may thus be thought of as embodying a form of epigenetic inheritance. We find that meiotically produced spores in the budding yeastS. cerevisiaepossess a state of heightened stress resistance that, following their germination, persists for numerous mitotic generations. As yeast meiotic development is essentially a starvation response that a/alpha diploid cells engage, we sought to model this phenomenon by subjecting haploid cells to starvation conditions. We find also that haploid cells exposed to glucose withdrawal acquire a state of elevated stress resistance that persists after the reintroduction of these cells to glucose-replete media. Following release from lengthy durations of glucose starvation, we confirm that this physiological state of enhanced stress resistance is propagated in descendants of the exposed cells through two mitotic divisions before fading from the population. In both haploid starved cells and diploid produced meiotic spores we show that their cellular memories are not attributable to trehalose, a widely regarded stress protectant that accumulates in these cell types. Moreover, the heritable stress resistant state induced by glucose starvation in haploid cells is independent of the Msn2/4 transcription factors, which are known to program cellular memory induced by exposure of cells to NaCl. Our findings identify new developmentally and nutritionally induced states of cellular memory that exhibit striking degrees of perdurance and mitotic heritability.
γδ T cells do not contribute to peripheral inflammatory pain
Authors: Petrović Jelena , Silva Jaqueline Raymondi , Segal Julia P. , Marshall Abigail S. , Haird Cortney M. , Gilron Ian , Ghasemlou Nader 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCirculating immune cells, which are recruited to the site of injury/disease, secrete various inflammatory mediators that are critical to nociception and pain. The role of tissue-resident immune cells, however, remains poorly characterized. One of the first cells to be activated in peripheral tissues following injury are γδ T cells, which serve important roles in infection and disease. Using a transgenic mouse line lacking these cells, we sought to identify their contribution to inflammatory pain. Three distinct models of inflammatory pain were used: intraplantar injection of formalin and incisional wound (as models of acute inflammatory pain) and intraplantar injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (as a model of chronic inflammatory pain). Our results show that absence of these cells does not alter baseline sensitivity, nor does it result in changes to mechanical or thermal hypersensitivity after tissue injury. These results were consistent in both male and female mice, suggesting that there are no sex differences in these outcomes. This comprehensive characterization suggests that γδ T cells do not contribute to basal sensitivity or the development and maintenance of inflammatory pain.