bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2016 HIV diagnosis and care cascade in New South Wales, Australia: meeting the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets
Authors: Keen Phillip , Gray Richard T , Telfer Barbara , Guy Rebecca , Schmidt Heather‐Marie , Whittaker Bill , Holden Jo , Holt Martin , Kelleher Anthony , Wilson David , Callander Denton , Cooper David A , Prestage Garrett , Selvey Christine , Grulich Andrew E ,   the NSW HIV Prevention Partnership Project
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe HIV Strategy in New South Wales (NSW) Australia aims to virtually eliminate HIV transmission by 2020. We estimated the 2016 HIV diagnosis and care cascade for the state of NSW, with a focus on introducing population‐based data to improve data quality and assess progress towards the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets.MethodsTo estimate the number of people living with diagnosed HIV (PLDHIV) we used NSW data from the Australian National HIV Registry, enhanced by surveillance among people recently diagnosed with HIV to improve migration estimates. The number of undiagnosed PLHIV was estimated using back‐projection modelling by CD4 count at diagnosis. De‐duplicated prescription claims data were obtained from the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), and were combined with an estimate for those ineligible, to determine the number of PLDHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Data from a clinic network with 87% coverage of PLDHIV in NSW enabled the estimation of the number on ART who had HIV suppression.Results and discussionWe estimated that 10,110 PLHIV resided in NSW in 2016 (range 8400 to 11,720), among whom 9230 (91.3%) were diagnosed, and 8490 (92.0% of those diagnosed) were receiving ART. Among PLDHIV receiving ART, 8020 (94.5%) had suppressed viral load (<200 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL). Overall, 79.3% of all PLHIV had HIV virological suppression.ConclusionNSW has met each of the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets. The enhanced surveillance methods and data collection systems improved data quality. Measuring and meeting the 90‐90‐90 targets is feasible and could be achieved in comparable parts of the world.
Regulate the coupling reaction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene by organic alkali
Authors: Ma Caiqing , Liu Yu , Wang Jing , Wu Shiwei , Zhang Qian , Song Peng , Xia Lixin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe coupling reaction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene was investigated by surface enhancement Raman scattering method. The reaction was found to be controlled by the compatibility of organic alkalis and silver nanoparticles. The effect of hot electron–hole pairs on the reaction was evaluated. Furthermore, the mechanism of organic alkalis affecting hot electron–hole pairs to achieve regulation of the coupling reaction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene was studied. A comprehensive analysis of the different surface enhancement Raman scattering signals collected was conducted. The forward‐looking view of capturing holes through the hydrolysis of organic alkalis to ensure the integrity of the substrate was also presented.
Control efficacy of Ca‐containing foliar fertilizers on bitter pit in bagged ‘Fuji’ apple and effects on the Ca and N contents of apple fruits and leaves
Authors: Yu Xian‐Mei , Wang Jin‐Zheng , Nie Pei‐Xian , Xue Xiao-Min , Wang Gui‐Ping , An Miao 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe preharvest application of Ca‐containing foliar fertilizers can reduce the incidence of bitter pit (BP) in apples and improve fruit quality by increasing the Ca content and decreasing both the N content and the N/Ca ratio in fruits. In this study, we aimed to investigate the control efficacy of Ca‐containing fertilizers on the incidence of BP and their effects on the Ca and N contents in bagged ‘Fuji’ apples by spraying foliar fertilizer containing calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] or calcium formate [Ca(HCOO)2] at an early stage, five days after full bloom (DAFB) and 40 DAFB, and at a late stage, 80 DAFB and 125 DAFB.RESULTSThe incidences of BP were reduced significantly by 43.2–73.0%, and the efficacy of spraying at an early stage was significantly higher than that of spraying at a late stage. The Ca content of bagged apple fruits increased whereas the N content and N/Ca ratio decreased after spraying Ca‐containing foliar fertilizers; however, the Ca content, N content and N/Ca ratio of apple leaves were differentially influenced.CONCLUSIONFoliar fertilizer containing CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2 or Ca(HCOO)2 can be used at an early stage to control BP in apple and improve the quality of bagged apple fruits. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
SonoGames: Effect of an Innovative Competitive Game on the Education, Perception, and Use of Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound
Authors: Liteplo Andrew S. , Carmody Kristin , Fields Matt J. , Liu Rachel B. , Lewiss Resa E. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesGamification is a powerful tool in medical education. SonoGames is a competitive games‐based event designed to educate and inspire emergency medicine (EM) residents about point‐of‐care ultrasound. We sought to describe: (1) the perceived effectiveness of a competitive event on both immediate learning and long‐term education; and (2) the resultant attitudes of participants and program directors regarding ultrasound training.MethodsThe SonoGames Organizational Committee designed 2 surveys: 1 for SonoGames V EM resident participants and a second for EM program directors. Survey questions used a 5‐point Likert scale to assess overall perceptions and attitudes about ultrasound, changes in self‐reported content knowledge and competency, effects on clinical use, and perceived impacts of a competitive game format on education.ResultsSeventy‐three resident participants and 42 program directors responded to the survey. Ninety‐four percent of participants thought that the competitive gaming format of SonoGames was effective in making the event an educational experience. Participants reported that their ultrasound knowledge increased (81%), their enthusiasm for ultrasound increased (87%), and their clinical use of ultrasound increased (61%). Residency program directors reported similar increases to a lesser degree. Greater advancement through the event was associated with more positive responses. Residencies that participated in the event saw greater increases in the use of ultrasound by residents than those that did not.ConclusionsA competitive games‐based educational event focused on point‐of‐care ultrasound is an effective educational tool. SonoGames increases EM residents' knowledge, enthusiasm, and clinical use of ultrasound both during and after the event.
The sheep in wolf's clothing? Recognizing threats for land degradation in Iceland using state‐and‐transition models
Authors: Barrio Isabel C. , Hik David S. , Thórsson Jóhann , Svavarsdóttir Kristín , Marteinsdóttir Bryndís , Jónsdóttir Ingibjörg Svala 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLand degradation and extensive soil erosion are serious environmental concerns in Iceland. Natural processes associated with a harsh climate and frequent volcanic activity have shaped Icelandic landscapes. However, following human settlement and the introduction of livestock in the ninth century, the extent of soil erosion rapidly escalated. Despite increased restoration and afforestation efforts and a considerable reduction in sheep numbers during the late 20th century, many Icelandic rangelands remain in poor condition. A deeper understanding of the ecology of these dynamic landscapes is needed, and state‐and‐transition models (STMs) can provide a useful conceptual framework. STMs have been developed for ecosystems worldwide to guide research, monitoring, and management but have been used at relatively small spatial scales and have not been extensively applied to high‐latitude rangelands. Integrating the best available knowledge, we develop STMs for rangelands in Iceland, where sheep grazing is often regarded as a main driver of degradation. We use STMs at a countrywide scale for 3 time periods with different historical human influence, from presettlement to present days. We also apply our general STM to a case‐study in the central highlands of Iceland to illustrate the potential application of these models at scales relevant to management. Our STMs identify the set of possible states, transitions and thresholds in these ecosystems, and their changes over time and suggest increasing complexity in recent times. This approach can help identify important knowledge gaps and inform management efforts and monitoring programmes, by identifying realistic and achievable conservation and restoration goals.
Iron storage capacities and associated ferritin gene expression among marine diatoms
Authors: Cohen Natalie R. , Mann Elizabeth , Stemple Brooke , Moreno Carly M. , Rauschenberg Sara , Jacquot Jeremy E. , Sunda William G. , Twining Benjamin S. , Marchetti Adrian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn large regions of the ocean, low iron availability regulates diatom growth and species composition. Diatom species often vary in their physiological response to iron enrichment, with natural and artificial iron additions in iron‐limited regions of the ocean resulting in large blooms of primarily pennate diatoms. The ability of pennate diatoms to proliferate following pulse iron additions has been partly attributed to their ability to acquire and store excess intracellular iron in the iron storage protein ferritin. Recent transcriptome sequencing of diatoms indicate that some centric diatoms also possess ferritin. Using a combination of physiological and molecular techniques, we examined the iron storage capacities and associated ferritin gene expression in phylogenetically diverse centric and pennate diatoms grown under high and low iron concentrations. There were no systematic differences among ferritin‐containing and non‐containing diatom lineages in their ability to store iron in excess of that needed to support maximum growth rates. An exception, however, was the ferritin‐containing pennate diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia granii, native to iron‐limited waters of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. This species exhibited an exceptionally large luxury iron storage capacity and increased ferritin gene expression at high iron concentrations, supporting a role in long‐term iron storage. By contrast, two other diatoms species that exhibited minimal iron storage capacities contained two distinct ferritin genes where one ferritin gene increased in expression under iron limitation while the second showed no variation with cellular iron status. We conclude that ferritin may serve multiple functional roles that are independent of diatom phylogeny.
Structural and metabolic brain correlates of apathy in Huntington's disease
Authors: Martínez‐Horta Saul , Perez‐Perez Jesús , Sampedro Frederic , Pagonabarraga Javier , Horta‐Barba Andrea , Carceller‐Sindreu Mar , Gomez‐Anson Beatriz , Lozano‐Martinez Gloria Andrea , Lopez‐Mora Diego Alfonso , Camacho Valle , Fernández‐León Alejandro , Carrió Ignasi , Kulisevsky Jaime 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundApathy is the most prevalent and characteristic neuropsychiatric feature of Huntington's disease. Congruent with the main early pathological changes, apathy is primarily associated with subcortical damage in frontal‐striatal circuits. However, little is known about its precise subserving mechanisms and the contribution of regions other than the basal ganglia.ObjectivesWe aimed to define the neural correlates of apathy in Huntington's disease based on gray matter volume and PET/CT of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism.MethodsWe rated the severity of apathy in 40 mild Huntington's disease participants using the Problem Behaviors Assessment for Huntington's disease. Voxelwise regression analysis was performed, controlling for effects of potential confounders, and PET/CT results were corrected for the effects of gray matter atrophy.ResultsApathy was strongly associated with decreased gray matter within a spatially distributed cortico‐subcortical network, with major compromise of the bilateral amygdala and temporal cortex. PET metabolism was significantly decreased in frontotemporal and parietal regions. Metabolic uptake and gray matter values in the identified clusters showed significant correlations with multiple clinical measures.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that apathy in Huntington's disease is not exclusively a consequence of basal ganglia and related frontal‐executive alterations. It is subserved by a complex cortico‐subcortical network where critical reward and emotional‐related prefrontal, temporal, and limbic nodes contribute strongly to its severity. This highlights the contribution of damage in regions other than the basal ganglia to the clinical expression of Huntington's disease. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
An unsupervised automatic segmentation algorithm for breast tissue classification of dedicated breast computed tomography images
Authors: Caballo Marco , Boone John M. , Mann Ritse , Sechopoulos Ioannis 
Published: April 2018

PurposeTo develop and evaluate a new automatic classification algorithm to identify voxels containing skin, vasculature, adipose, and fibroglandular tissue in dedicated breast CT images.MethodsThe proposed algorithm combines intensity‐ and region‐based segmentation methods with energy minimizing splines and unsupervised data mining approaches for classifying and segmenting the different tissue types. Breast skin segmentation is achieved by a region‐growing method which uses constraints from the previously extracted skin centerline to add robustness to the model and to reduce the false positive rate. An energy minimizing active contour model is then used to classify adipose tissue voxels by including gradient flow and region‐based features. Finally, blood vessels are separated from fibroglandular tissue by a k‐means clustering algorithm based on automatically extracted shape‐based features. To evaluate the accuracy of the algorithm, two sets of 15 different patient breast CT scans, each acquired with different breast CT systems and acquisition settings were obtained. Three slices from each scan were manually segmented under the supervision of an experienced breast radiologist and considered the gold standard. Comparisons with manual segmentation were quantified using five similarity metrics: Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), sensitivity, conformity coefficient, and two Hausdorff distance measures. To evaluate the robustness to image noise, the segmentation was repeated after separately adding Gaussian noise with increasing standard deviation (in four steps, from 0.01 to 0.04) to an additional 15 slices from the first dataset. In addition, to evaluate vasculature classification, three different pre‐ and postcontrast injection patient breast CT images were classified and compared. Finally, DSC was also used for quantitative comparisons with previously proposed approaches for breast CT tissue classification using 10 images from the first dataset.ResultsThe algorithm showed a high accuracy in classifying the different tissue types for both breast CT systems, with an average DSC of 95% and 90% for the first and second image dataset, respectively. Furthermore, it demonstrated to be robust to image noise with a robustness to image noise of 85%, 83%, 79%, and 71% for the images corrupted with the four increasing noise levels. Previous methods for breast tissues classification resulted, for the tested dataset, in an average global DSC of 87%, while our approach resulted in a global average DSC of 94.5%.ConclusionsThe proposed algorithm resulted in accurate and robust breast tissue classification, with no prior training or threshold setting. Potential applications include breast density quantification and tissue pattern characterization (both biomarkers of cancer development), simulation‐based radiation dose analysis, and patient data‐based phantom design, which could be used for further breast imaging research.
Evaluation of machine log files/MC‐based treatment planning and delivery QA as compared to ArcCHECK QA
Authors: Stanhope Carl W. , Drake Douglas G. , Liang Jian , Alber Markus , Söhn Matthias , Habib Charbel , Willcut Virgil , Yan Di 
Published: April 2018

PurposeA treatment planning/delivery QA tool using linac log files (LF) and Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation is investigated as a standalone alternative to phantom‐based patient‐specific QA (ArcCHECK (AC)).MethodsDelivering a variety of fields onto MapCHECK2 and ArcCHECK, diode sensitivity dependence on dose rate (in‐field) and energy (primarily out‐of‐field) was quantified. AC and LF QAs were analyzed with respect to delivery complexity by delivering 12 × 12 cm static fields/arcs comprised of varying numbers of abutting sub‐fields onto ArcCHECK. About 11 clinical dual‐arc VMAT patients planned using Pinnacle's convolution–superposition (CS) were delivered on ArcCHECK and log file dose (LF‐CS and LF‐MC) calculated. To minimize calculation time, reduced LF‐CS sampling (1/2/3/4° control point spacing) was investigated. Planned (“Plan”) and LF‐reconstructed CS and MC doses were compared with each other and AC measurement via statistical [mean ± StdDev(σ)] and gamma analyses to isolate dosimetric uncertainties and quantify the relative accuracies of AC QA and MC‐based LF QA.ResultsCalculation and ArcCHECK measurement differed by up to 1.5% in‐field due to variation in dose rate and up to 5% out‐of‐field. For the experimental segment‐varying plans, despite CS calculation deviating by as much as 13% from measurement, Plan‐MC and LF‐MC doses generally matched AC measurement within 3%. Utilizing 1° control point spacing, 2%/2 mm LF‐CS vs AC pass rates (97%) were slightly lower than Plan‐CS vs AC pass rates (97.5%). Utilizing all log file samples, 2%/2 mm LF‐MC vs AC pass rates (97.3%) were higher than Plan‐MC vs AC (96.5%). Phantom‐dependent, calculation algorithm‐dependent (MC vs CS), and delivery error‐dependent dose uncertainties were 0.8 ± 1.2%, 0.2 ± 1.1%, and 0.1 ± 0.9% respectively.ConclusionReconstructing every log file sample with no increase in computational cost, MC‐based LF QA is faster and more accurate than CS‐based LF QA. Offering similar dosimetric accuracy compared to AC measurement, MC‐based log files can be used for treatment planning QA.
Polynomial coefficients. Application to spin–spin splitting by N equivalent nuclei of spin I > 1/2
Authors: Perrin Charles L. 
Published: April 2018

The NMR intensity pattern of a nucleus split by N identical nuclei of spin 1/2 is given by the binomial coefficients. These are conveniently obtained from Pascal's triangle, equivalent to the chemist's branching diagram. Much less well‐known is the pattern from splitting by N identical nuclei of spin I > 1/2. This was originally presented in terms of multinomial coefficients, but polynomial coefficients are more convenient. These describe the number of ways that N objects can be distributed to 2I + 1 numbered boxes. They arise in the polynomial expansion and are conveniently obtained from generalizations of Pascal's triangle. Examples and predictions are given.
Relationship of anxiety with joint pain and its management: A population survey
Authors: Barnett Lauren A. , Pritchard Mark G. , Edwards John J. , Afolabi Ebenezer K. , Jordan Kelvin P. , Healey Emma L. , Finney Andrew G. , Chew‐Graham Carolyn A. , Mallen Christian D. , Dziedzic Krysia S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of the present study was to examine the associations between the severity of pain and anxiety in a community population reporting joint pain, and to investigate the management of joint pain in the presence of comorbid anxiety.MethodsA population survey was carried out of people aged ≥45 years, registered with eight general practices in Cheshire, Shropshire and Staffordshire, UK. Respondents were asked to report pain intensity in their hands, hips, knees and feet (on a numerical rating scale), anxiety symptoms (Generalized Anxiety Disorder seven‐item [GAD‐7] scale) and guideline‐recommended treatments used to manage pain. Clinical anxiety was defined by a GAD‐7 score of 10 or more.ResultsA total of 11,222 respondents with joint pain were included in the analysis, with 1,802 (16.1%) reporting clinical anxiety. Respondents reporting more severe pain were more likely to report clinical anxiety (severe versus mild pain, odds ratio [OR] 5.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.56 to 6.31). The number of pain sites was also positively associated with clinical anxiety (four versus one site; OR 3.64, 95% CI 3.09 to 4.30). Those with clinical anxiety were less likely to undertake general fitness exercises (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.70), but more likely to diet (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.69), use walking aids (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.77) and assistive devices (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.49), and more likely to use opioids (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.18 to1.52).ConclusionsAnxiety is common among patients presenting to primary care with joint pain. Patients with anxiety are likely to manage their joint pain differently to those without. Case‐finding to identify and treat anxiety would be appropriate in this population, with caution about opioid prescribing and consideration of exercise as an intervention.
Development and psychometric evaluation of ICIQ‐PadPROM: A quality of life questionnaire to assess the treatment effect of absorbent continence products
Authors: Yearwood Martin Charlotte , Murphy Catherine , Cotterill Nikki , Williams Sarah , Cottenden Alan , Fader Mandy 
Published: April 2018

AimTo describe the development and evaluation of the ICIQ‐PadPROM, the first self‐reported quality of life questionnaire to assess the treatment effect of absorbent continence products, a new addition to the set of ICIQ modules providing international standardized assessment of lower pelvic dysfunction.MethodsDeveloped in four phases, question items semi‐structured interviews were conducted with pad using men (n = 19), women (n = 6), with secondary analysis undertaken on transcripts (n = 15 women) from a previous study. Validity of a draft 67 item questionnaire was tested through cognitive debriefing interviews (n = 34) and postal survey (n = 239). Reliability was evaluated by 65 users with a 3 week interval between completions. Expert opinion and factor analysis were used to reduce the final questionnaire to 17 scored and 3 unscored items.ResultsThe questionnaire comprises four scored domains: Pad design and Physical Effects (seven items), Psychological Effects (four items), Social Effects and Pad Leakage (three items) and Burden of Pad Use (three items), plus three unscored items. Levels of missing data ranged from 0 to 7.6%, with fair‐to‐moderate agreement. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all question items was 0.91 and factor analysis was undertaken to reduce redundancy.ConclusionExisting incontinence‐related outcome tools measure change in symptoms and quality of life impact. The ICIQ PadPROM questionnaire is the first to measure the impact of absorbent continence products on quality of life in the absence of any change in symptoms and will help policy‐makers, clinicians, industry, and researchers to evaluate different products designs and materials for different patient populations.
Effect of prenatal diagnosis on hospital costs in complete transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Gupta Dipankar , Mowitz Meredith E. , Lopez‐Colon Dalia , Nixon Connie S. , Vyas Himesh V. , Co‐Vu Jennifer G. 
Published: April 2018

What's already known about this topic?

Congenital heart disease continues to be a resource‐intense field.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease is associated with improved clinical outcomes
Its financial implications are not well known.
What does this study add?

We performed the first ever direct inpatient hospital cost comparison in infants with and without a prenatal diagnosis of complete transposition of the great arteries.
Transportation costs contributed significantly to the difference in total hospital cost.