bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of digital and optical refractometers for the diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity in neonatal foals
Authors: Elsohaby I. , Riley C. B. , McClure J. T. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackgroundNeonatal foals with failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Successful treatment ofFTPIis time‐dependent, thus rapid and accurate measurement of serum IgG concentration is important for the management and care of neonatal foals.ObjectivesTo validate the use of digital and optical refractometers for assessingFTPIin neonatal foals and compare the diagnostic performance and level of agreement of the two refractometers to the reference standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay.Study designA retrospective validation study.MethodsSerum samples (n = 253) were collected from 230 foals admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Ambulatory Equine Service between 2012 and 2017. The serum IgG concentrations were measured by the referenceRIDassay, digital Brix and optical refractometers. The correlation between results of two refractometers andRIDassay was assessed. A receiver operating characteristic curve was created and used to identify the optimal cut‐offs for evaluating sensitivity and specificity of the two refractometers to detect foals with complete and partialFTPI.ResultsTheRID‐IgG concentrations were positively correlated with the Brix scores obtained from a digital refractometer (r = 0.73, P = 0.001) and serum total protein obtained from an optical refractometer (r = 0.72, P = 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the digital Brix refractometer at optimal cut‐off (≤7.8% Brix) were 88.1 (95%CI: 74.4–96.0) and 67.7% (95%CI: 60.6–74.3) to detectRID‐IgG<4 g/L and 79.0 (95%CI: 68.5–87.3) and 77.3% (95%CI: 69.8–83.8) to detectRID‐IgG≤8 g/L, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the optical refractometer at optimal cut‐off (≤42 g/L) were 86.1 (95%CI: 72.1–94.7) and 70.9% (95%CI: 63.9–77.3) to detectRID‐IgG<4 g/L and at cut‐off (≤44 g/L) were 82.9 (95%CI: 73.0–90.3) and 72.7% (95%CI: 64.8–79.6) to detectRID‐IgG≤8 g/L, respectively.Main limitationsThe number of diseased foals was small to investigate the validity of the selected cut‐off values for assessingFTPIin sick foals.ConclusionsThe two refractometers exhibit utility as rapid, inexpensive screening tests and have a good sensitivity for assessingFTPIin neonatal foals.
IL‐36 receptor antagonistic antibodies inhibit inflammatory responses in preclinical models of psoriasiform dermatitis
Authors: Su Zhi , Paulsboe Stephanie , Wetter Joseph , Salte Katherine , Kannan Arun , Mathew Sheeba , Horowitz Amanda , Gerstein Clare , Namovic Marian , Todorović Viktor , Seagal Jane , Edelmayer Rebecca M. , Viner Michelle , Rinaldi Lisa , Zhou Li , Leys Laura , Huang Susan , Wang Leyu , Sadhukhan Ramkrishna , Honore Prisca , McGaraughty Steve , Scott Victoria E. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPsoriasis vulgaris (PV) results from activation of IL‐23/Th17 immune pathway and is further amplified by cytokines/chemokines from skin cells. Among skin‐derived pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐36 family members are highly upregulated in PV patients and play a critical role in general pustular psoriasis. However, there is limited data showing crosstalk between the IL‐23 and IL‐36 pathways in PV. Herein, potential attenuation of skin inflammation in the IL‐23‐induced mouse model of psoriasiform dermatitis by functional inhibition of IL‐36 receptor (IL‐36R) was interrogated. Anti‐mouse IL‐36R monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated and validated in vitro by inhibiting IL‐36α‐induced secretion of CXCL1 from NIH 3T3 cells. Antibody target engagement was demonstrated by inhibition of CXCL1 production in a novel acute model of IL‐36α systemic injection in mice. In addition, anti‐IL‐36R mAbs inhibited tissue inflammation and inflammatory gene expression in an IL‐36α ear injection model of psoriasiform dermatitis demonstrating engagement of the target in the ear skin. To elucidate the possible role of IL‐36 signalling in IL‐23/Th17 pathway, the ability of anti‐IL‐36R mAbs to inhibit skin inflammation in an IL‐23 ear injection model was assessed. Inhibiting the IL‐36 pathway resulted in significant attenuation of skin thickening and psoriasis‐relevant gene expression. Taken together, these data suggest a role for IL‐36 signalling in the IL‐23/Th17 signalling axis in PV.
Nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation and life prediction of metals: A comparative study
Authors: Zhu Shun‐Peng , Hao Yong‐Zhen , de Oliveira Correia José A.F. , Lesiuk Grzegorz , de Jesus Abílio M.P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFatigue damage modelling and life prediction of engineering components under variable amplitude loadings are critical for ensuring their operational reliability and structural integrity. In this paper, five typical nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation models are evaluated and compared by considering the influence of load sequence and interaction on fatigue life of P355NL1 steels. Moreover, a new nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation model is proposed to account for these two effects. Experimental datasets of pressure vessel steel P355NL1 and four other materials under two‐block loadings are used for model comparative study. Results indicate that the proposed model yields more accurate fatigue life predictions for the five materials than the other models.
The influence of low‐plasticity burnishing process on the fatigue life of friction‐stir‐processed Al 7075‐T6 samples
Authors: Hassanifard Soran , Mousavi Hojjat , Varvani‐Farahani Ahmad 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe effects of low‐plasticity burnishing (LPB) on the fatigue life of friction‐stir‐processed (FSP) Al 7075‐T6 plates were examined experimentally and numerically. Aluminum samples were taken from plates to test fatigue response in the presence of heat‐affected zone (HAZ) at different loading magnitudes. Finite element method was employed to numerically evaluate fatigue life of FSPed samples by means of the Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) model. Through numerical analysis, the FSP and its cooling procedure were modelled on the basis of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian technique, and then, the effect of the LPB to assess fatigue response of samples was examined. Aluminum samples undergoing friction‐stir process presented lower‐fatigue life as stresses were highly concentrated within FSP regions. Involvement of LPB regained fatigue durability through compressive residual stress induced on the aluminum samples. The higher applied force over the LPB promoted compressive residual stress on the sample surface and improved fatigue life of samples. The predicted life results were found twice more in magnitude than those of experimentally obtained.
Post‐release predation mortality of age‐0 hatchery‐reared Chinook salmon from non‐native smallmouth bass in the Snake River
Authors: Erhardt John M. , Tiffan Kenneth F. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRelease of age‐0 hatchery‐reared fall Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Snake River resulted in up to 30‐fold increases in salmon consumption by non‐native smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepѐde. In an upper river reach, smallmouth bass fed intensively during a release in May, but Chinook salmon consumption returned to pre‐release levels within 1–2 days as hatchery‐reared fish quickly emigrated downstream. The predation response during a June release located farther downstream was dissimilar. Chinook salmon consumption increased to a lesser extent (11‐fold), lasted several days (~4) and no changes in feeding intensity were evident. Estimated numbers of age‐0 hatchery‐reared Chinook salmon lost to short‐term predation varied by year and study reach and ranged from 12,007 (6.03% of those released) to 210,580 (14.6% of those released) fish. Short‐term, intense feeding by smallmouth bass can contribute significantly to mortality of hatchery‐reared fish and should be considered when supplementing populations with hatchery juveniles.
Whole‐river manipulation of olfactory cues affects upstream migration of sockeye salmon
Authors: Drenner S. Matthew , Harrower William L. , Casselman Matt T. , Bett Nolan N. , Bass Aurthor L. , Middleton Collin T. , Hinch Scott G. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study experimentally manipulated olfactory cues in a river by adjusting hydropower operation and monitored behavioural responses of 193 adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), using radio telemetry. Experimental dilution of olfactory cues in a tributary to 72% natal water relative to non‐natal water was associated with 80% reduced odds of fish entering the tributary from a river mainstem and increased migration times by an average of 12.2 hr, with females taking 4.6 hr longer than males to enter the tributary. Additionally, males delayed 2.7 hr longer than females at a diversion outlet in the river mainstem that discharged a natal water source during experimentally diluted olfactory conditions. Increased migration time associated with dilute olfactory cues would decrease energy available for reproduction and potentially reduce fitness. Hydropower managers should continue to regulate natal water conditions in the Seton River during sockeye salmon migrations to avoid negative impacts on migration timing and success.
Development and application of environmental DNA surveillance for the threatened crucian carp (Carassius carassius)
Authors: Harper Lynsey R. , Griffiths Nathan P. , Lawson Handley Lori , Sayer Carl D. , Read Daniel S. , Harper Kirsten J. , Blackman Rosetta C. , Li Jianlong , Hänfling Bernd 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is one of few fish species associated with small ponds in the UK. These populations contain genetic diversity not found in Europe and are important to conservation efforts for the species which has declined across its range in Europe. Detection and monitoring of extant crucian carp populations are crucial for conservation success. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis could be very useful in this respect as a rapid, cost‐efficient monitoring tool.

We developed a species‐specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for eDNA surveillance of crucian carp to enable non‐invasive, large‐scale distribution monitoring. We compared fyke netting and eDNA analysis at ponds with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) crucian carp for presence–absence detection. We examined biotic (crucian carp density represented by catch‐per‐unit‐effort [CPUE] estimate) and abiotic influences on eDNA detection probability using a hierarchical occupancy model, and eDNA quantification using a mixed‐effects model.

eDNA analysis achieved 90% detection for crucian carp (n = 10), failing in only one pond where presence was known. CPUE estimate and conductivity had positive and negative influences on eDNA detection probability in qPCR replicates respectively. Similarly, conductivity had a negative effect on DNA copy number, whereas copy number increased with CPUE estimate.

Our results demonstrate that eDNA analysis could enable detection of crucian carp populations in ponds and benefit ongoing conservation efforts, but imperfect species detection in relation to biotic and abiotic factors and eDNA workflow requires further investigation. Nonetheless, we have established an eDNA framework for the crucian carp as well as sources of imperfect detection which future investigations can build upon.
Mutualism or parasitism: Partner abundance affects host fitness in a fish reproductive interaction
Authors: Silknetter Samuel , Kanno Yoichiro , Kanapeckas Métris Kimberly L. , Cushman Elizabeth , Darden Tanya L. , Peoples Brandon K. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Mutualisms are ubiquitous in nature but are understudied in freshwater ecosystems. Mutualisms can be unstable, shifting to commensal or even negative outcomes with context. Quantifying context dependency in mutualisms is critical for understanding how biotic interactions will shift along disturbance gradients in freshwater systems.

A common reproductive interaction among stream fishes, nest association occurs when individuals of one species spawn in nests constructed by a host fish. Hosts benefit from a dilution effect: high proportions of associate eggs decrease the odds of host brood predation. Thus, partner abundance can be an important source of biotic context influencing the outcome of an association.

We conducted a large in situ experiment manipulating abundance of partner yellowfin shiner (Leuciscidae: Notropis lutipinnis) (absent, low, high) at constant abundance of host bluehead chub (Leuciscidae: Nocomis leptocephalus), and quantified chub reproductive success using genetic tools.

Evidence suggests that the nest association switched from mutualistic to parasitic outcomes as shiner abundance decreased. Chub reproductive success was highest at high shiner abundances. However, chub reproductive success was actually higher in the complete absence of shiners than at low shiner densities.

This study shows that outcomes of biotic interactions in freshwater systems are context‐dependent, and that partner abundance can be a key source of context‐dependency in nest associations. We encourage future studies on freshwater mutualisms, which are thus far largely overlooked, relative to competition and predation.
Reduced carbon use efficiency and increased microbial turnover with soil warming
Authors: Li Jianwei , Wang Gangsheng , Mayes Melanie A. , Allison Steven D. , Frey Serita D. , Shi Zheng , Hu Xiao‐Ming , Luo Yiqi , Melillo Jerry M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGlobal soil carbon (C) stocks are expected to decline with warming, and changes in microbial processes are key to this projection. However, warming responses of critical microbial parameters such as carbon use efficiency (CUE) and biomass turnover (rB) are not well understood. Here, we determine these parameters using a probabilistic inversion approach that integrates a microbial‐enzyme model with 22 years of carbon cycling measurements at Harvard Forest. We find that increasing temperature reduces CUE but increases rB, and that two decades of soil warming increases the temperature sensitivities of CUE and rB. These temperature sensitivities, which are derived from decades‐long field observations, contrast with values obtained from short‐term laboratory experiments. We also show that long‐term soil C flux and pool changes in response to warming are more dependent on the temperature sensitivity of CUE than that of rB. Using the inversion‐derived parameters, we project that chronic soil warming at Harvard Forest over six decades will result in soil C gain of <1.0% on average (1st and 3rd quartiles: 3.0% loss and 10.5% gain) in the surface mineral horizon. Our results demonstrate that estimates of temperature sensitivity of microbial CUE and rB can be obtained and evaluated rigorously by integrating multidecadal datasets. This approach can potentially be applied in broader spatiotemporal scales to improve long‐term projections of soil C feedbacks to climate warming.
Microalgae for integrated food and fuel production
Authors: Rösch Christine , Roßmann Max , Weickert Sebastian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMicroalgae have a great potential for the sustainable production of food and fuel for a growing world population with increasing demands and changing habits. Since they are cultivated in technical systems, they do not contribute to land use competition, loss of biodiversity, and environmental pollution like other food and energy crops. Despite these advantages, the commercialization of algae technology is still in an infant stage. Algae fuel production has so far failed due to low oil prices and lack of economic viability. However, integrated food and fuel production is considered promising because the food market is more diversified and open to new and innovative products than the energy market. Integrated food and fuel production from microalgae can not only achieve higher returns on investment but also greater acceptance than fuel production alone. From the sociotechnical point of view, it is however crucial that the integrated algae production system will fulfill the promises of health and sustainability. To achieve this, a codesign approach is used, considering public perception and the views, knowledge and values of citizens and stakeholders already at an early stage in the research and innovation process.
A pilot randomized controlled trial examining the impact of a sleep intervention targeting home routines on young children's (3–6 years) physical activity
Authors: Yoong S. L. , Grady A. , Stacey F. , Polimeni M. , Clayton O. , Jones J. , Nathan N. , Wyse R. , Wolfenden L. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackgroundGiven evidence suggesting that sleep impacts on metabolic processes, interventions targeting sleep may improve child physical activity (PA).ObjectivesTo describe the potential effect of an intervention to increase sleep on young children's (3–6 years) moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and total PA. To determine adherence to the intervention, impact on sleep duration as well as feasibility, uptake and acceptability was also assessed.MethodsPilot randomized controlled trial with 76 parent–child dyads randomly allocated to an intervention (n = 38) or control group (n = 38). Parents in the intervention group received a 3‐month theory‐informed intervention consisting of an online video, a telephone call and two text messages. Child PA was assessed using accelerometers at baseline and approximately 3 months. Parents also completed a sleep log and a telephone interview.ResultsThe consent rate was 41% (76/186). Estimated effect size for the intervention relative to control was 10.8 min/day for MVPA, 2.7 min/day for PA and 0.9 h for sleep. Sixteen (44%) parents accessed the video, and 18 (50%) received the telephone call. Over 40% of parents found the video and telephone call useful/very useful.ConclusionsThis study reports promising effects that an intervention targeting sleep may improve child MVPA and sleep duration. Some modifications to data collection methods and intervention delivery are needed.
Functions of adipose‐resident immune subsets and the impact on metabolic syndrome
Authors: Altmann Daniel M. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryThere is a growing appreciation of the role in the aetiology of metabolic syndrome that is played by the interplay of diet, microbiota and the interactions of immune cells and adipose cells in visceral adipose tissue. Recent studies have highlighted the programmes, properties and roles of the specialized, resident immune subsets that are abundant in adipose tissue, which may be considered a newly identified lymphoid compartment for immunology research. The findings indicate important roles for resident T effector and regulatory cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and macrophages, among others. Immunologists are at the very beginning of trying to narrate a story of complex interactions, with the need to unravel cause from effect. The enterprise will require studies in humans as well as mice, and needs to bring together the collaborative efforts of scientists and clinicians from diverse spheres including metabolic disease, diet and microbiology.
Pricing Defaultable Bonds Using a Lévy Jump‐Diffusion Model
Authors: Chiang Shu L. , Tsai Ming S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper uses a reduced‐form approach to derive a closed‐form pricing formula for defaultable bonds. The authors specify the default hazard rate as an affine function of multiple variables which follow the Lévy jump‐diffusion processes. Because such specification allows greater flexibility in the generation of a valid probability of default, their pricing model should be more accurate than the valuation models in traditional studies, which ignore the jump effects. This paper also proposes a new method for estimating the parameters in a Lévy Jump‐diffusion process. The real data from the Taiwanese bond market are used to illustrate how their model can be applied in practical situations. The authors compare the pricing results for the influential variables with no jump effects, with jump magnitudes following the normal distribution, and with jump magnitudes following the gamma distribution. The results reveal that the predictive ability is the best for the model with the jump components. The valuation model shown in this paper should help portfolio managers more accurately price defaultable bonds and more effectively hedge their portfolio holdings.
Physiology of growth in typical and transversus echinopluteus larvae
Authors: Rendleman Annie Jean , Pace Douglas A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMarine invertebrate larvae are diverse in size and shape. Understanding the functional differences among these larvae and their ecological consequences is critical for understanding the evolution of larval forms and predicting responses to varying environmental conditions. This study compared the growth physiology of two morphologically distinct feeding larvae of echinoid echinoderms: the typical echinopluteus of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and the less well‐known echinopluteus transversus larva of Centrostephanus coronatus. Larvae of both types were reared at 16°C with 20,000 algal cells/ml of food. Despite striking differences in morphology (with late larvae of the two species bearing eight or two arms, respectively), ciliary band length grew at similar rates in both types of larvae. Significant differences between larval types were observed in growth in midline body length and stomach size. Physiologically, the typical echinopluteus larvae of S. purpuratus exhibited higher rates of protein growth, daily ingestion of algae, and aerobic respiration than did the echinopluteus transversus larvae of C. coronatus. The relationships between ingestion rate and ciliary band length or stomach size differed as well, with ingestion rate in larvae of S. purpuratus increasing much more rapidly than that of larvae in C. coronatus in relation to both morphological features. The higher physiological rates in S. purpuratus were not at the expense of increased physiological efficiency: larvae of S. purpuratus had digestive and growth efficiencies that were up to threefold higher than those in larvae of C. coronatus. Taken together, these results demonstrate fundamental differences in performance that go beyond the readily observable differences in morphology of these two larval forms. The reduced physiological capacity and growth efficiency of transversus larvae of C. coronatus provide a physiological basis for their long planktonic duration and possible teleplanktonic dispersal capabilities. The high physiological capacity and efficiency of the typical larvae of S. purpuratus may be adaptive for growing in areas of high seasonal algal abundance.