bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descriptive sensory analysis of heat‐resistant milk chocolates
Authors: Dicolla Carolina B. , Evans Janet L. , Hainly Larry L. , Celtruda Sheri L. , Brown B. Douglas , Anantheswaran Ramaswamy C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSensory attributes of six heat‐resistant chocolates were compared with the standard chocolate using a trained sensory panel who were trained using the Sensory Spectrum method. The panel evaluated the chocolates using three tactile and ten oral attributes at 24, 29, and 38°C. The panel demonstrated consistent rating of the various samples. ANOVA showed that all of the 13 sensory attributes (Firmness to touch, Stickiness to fingers, Snap, Abrasiveness, Hardness with incisors, Fracturability, Cohesiveness of mass, Time to melt, Firmness with tongue, Adhesiveness to teeth, Number of particles, Oily mouthcoating, and Chocolate messiness) were significantly different across the samples. A higher degree of heat resistance was identified by the panelists for the low‐fat gelatin and polyol samples at 38°C. Principal component analysis revealed two principal components; the first pricipal component described the variability due to temperature, and the second principal component described the variability brought about by the various technologies.
Effect of population stratification on SNP‐by‐environment interaction
Authors: An Jaehoon , Won Sungho , Lutz Sharon M. , Hecker Julian , Lange Christoph 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProportions of false‐positive rates in genome‐wide association analysis are affected by population stratification, and if it is not correctly adjusted, the statistical analysis can produce the large false‐negative finding. Therefore various approaches have been proposed to adjust such problems in genome‐wide association studies. However, in spite of its importance, a few studies have been conducted in genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐by‐environment interaction studies. In this report, we illustrate in which scenarios can lead to the false‐positive rates in association mapping and approach to maintaining the overall type‐1 error rate.
Potentiation of cannabinoid signaling in microglia by adenosine A2A receptor antagonists
Authors: Franco Rafael , Reyes‐Resina Irene , Aguinaga David , Lillo Alejandro , Jiménez Jasmina , Raïch Iu , Borroto‐Escuela Dasiel O. , Ferreiro‐Vera Carlos , Canela Enric I. , Sánchez de Medina Verónica , del Ser‐Badia Anna , Fuxe Kjell , Saura Carlos A. , Navarro Gemma 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNeuroprotective M2‐skewed microglia appear as promising to alter the course of neurodegenerative diseases and G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are potential targets to achieve such microglial polarization. A common feature of adenosine A2A (A2AR) and cannabinoid CB2 (CB2R) GPCRs in microglia is that their expression is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the one hand, CB2R seems a target for neuroprotection, delaying neurodegenerative processes like those associated to AD or Parkinson's diseases. A2AR antagonists reduce amyloid burden and improve cognitive performance and memory in AD animal models. We here show a close interrelationship between these two receptors in microglia; they are able to physically interact and affect the signaling of each other, likely due to conformational changes within the A2A‐CB2 receptor heteromer (A2A‐CB2Het). Particularly relevant is the upregulation of A2A‐CB2Het expression in samples from the APPSw,Ind AD transgenic mice model. The most relevant finding, confirmed in both heterologous cells and in primary cultures of microglia, was that blockade of A2A receptors results in increased CB2R‐mediated signaling. This heteromer‐specific feature suggests that A2AR antagonists would potentiate, via microglia, the neuroprotective action of endocannabinoids with implications for AD therapy.
Activation of G protein‐coupled receptor 30 protects neurons by regulating autophagy in astrocytes
Authors: Wang Xin‐Shang , Yue Jiao , Hu Li‐Ning , Tian Zhen , Zhang Kun , Yang Le , Zhang Hui‐Nan , Guo Yan‐Yan , Feng Bin , Liu Hai‐Yan , Wu Yu‐Mei , Zhao Ming‐Gao , Liu Shui‐Bing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIschemic stroke leads to neuronal damage induced by excitotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Astrocytes play diverse roles in stroke and ischemia‐induced inflammation, and autophagy is critical for maintaining astrocytic functions. Our previous studies showed that the activation of G protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), an estrogen membrane receptor, protected neurons from excitotoxicity. However, the role of astrocytic GPR30 in maintaining autophagy and neuroprotection remained unclear. In this study, we found that the neuroprotection induced by G1 (GPR30 agonist) in wild‐type mice after a middle cerebral artery occlusion was completely blocked in GPR30 conventional knockout (KO) mice but partially attenuated in astrocytic or neuronal GPR30 KO mice. In cultured primary astrocytes, glutamate exposure induced astrocyte proliferation and decreased astrocyte autophagy by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibiting p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. G1 treatment restored autophagy to its basal level by regulating the p38 pathway but not the mTOR and JNK signaling pathways. Our findings revealed a key role of GPR30 in neuroprotection via the regulation of astrocyte autophagy and support astrocytic GPR30 as a potential drug target against ischemic brain damage.
A Last Gift
Authors: Solomon Mildred Z. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHere at the Center, we had the privilege of seeing how Dan Callahan lived out his last days and weeks. True to his nature, Dan never stopped thinking or writing. Indeed, his wife Sidney told me that he finished his last essay one day before his death, on July 16th, insisting that she help him get to the computer so he could discuss it with a colleague. “It's my last one,” he told her with his characteristic self‐awareness. Dan also chose the last topic he would focus on: climate change. At a December 2018 board meeting, Dan presented his desire to develop a workshop to explore the ways in which bioethics in general, and The Hastings Center in particular, might be able to make a valuable contribution to addressing the problem of global warming.
The Tyranny of Hope
Authors: Geller Gail 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBiomedical science is usually framed for the public in terms of its “promise.” When a breakthrough results from scientific inquiry, that promise is translated into a hope for a cure. The “promise” of such advances in biomedical research can have a paradoxical effect. In the case of pediatric neuromuscular disease, rather than reducing suffering, the expectation of cure can be a burden—both physically and emotionally—for affected children and their families. If a family expects a cure, it is likely to do everything possible to help the child live as long as possible, in the hope that the child will eventually receive it. I am not arguing that the appropriate response to the paradox of promise is to impede scientific progress. What is needed, however, is a broader conception of hope—one that values hope for a good day, a good quality of life, good relationships, or even a good death—alongside the hope for a cure.
Homeless, Ill, and Psychiatrically Complex: The Grueling Carousel of Cassandra Lee
Authors: Guidry‐Grimes Laura 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAsk any clinical ethics consultant, and they can tell you about their transformative cases. Some stick with us because all roads led nowhere. Cassandra Lee had a history of pulling out lines and tubes and a distaste of warming blankets. Her admission marked her thirtieth over the past year. Many of the challenges facing the hospital caring for her were not unique: significant psychiatric issues, prolonged nonadherence to medical advice, and end‐of‐life decision‐making combined to create an ethically dense and vexing situation. Ms. Lee, like so many patients, was suffering because of system failures.
Ostriches and Obligations: Ethical Challenges Facing Research on Usual Care
Authors: Morain Stephanie R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn recent years, a robust body of scholarship has emerged that examines ethical challenges facing the learning health organization model. In “Bystander Ethics and Good Samaritanism,” James Sabin and colleagues make a valuable addition to this scholarship, identifying and exploring the important question of what researchers' obligations are to patients receiving “usual care” if “that care is seen as suboptimal.” The central issue that Sabin et al. faced was whether it would be acceptable for researchers to identify patients with untreated atrial fibrillation but then assign them to a control group that would not receive education about the importance of oral anticoagulation. The authors present this challenge as an issue of “bystander ethics.” To avoid being “bystanders” to identified instances of suboptimal care, the research team decided to instead identify a “delayed intervention” group for which they would not determine the members' anticoagulation status, thereby preventing them from knowing that specific patients met the criteria for oral anticoagulants but were not using them. This “workaround” approach strikes me as disingenuous.
Neural correlates of top‐down modulation of haptic shape versus roughness perception
Authors: Mueller Stefanie , de Haas Benjamin , Metzger Anna , Drewing Knut , Fiehler Katja 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExploring an object's shape by touch also renders information about its surface roughness. It has been suggested that shape and roughness are processed distinctly in the brain, a result based on comparing brain activation when exploring objects that differed in one of these features. To investigate the neural mechanisms of top‐down control on haptic perception of shape and roughness, we presented the same multidimensional objects but varied the relevance of each feature. Specifically, participants explored two objects that varied in shape (oblongness of cuboids) and surface roughness. They either had to compare the shape or the roughness in an alternative‐forced‐choice‐task. Moreover, we examined whether the activation strength of the identified brain regions as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can predict the behavioral performance in the haptic discrimination task. We observed a widespread network of activation for shape and roughness perception comprising bilateral precentral and postcentral gyrus, cerebellum, and insula. Task‐relevance of the object's shape increased activation in the right supramarginal gyrus (SMG/BA 40) and the right precentral gyrus (PreCG/BA 44) suggesting that activation in these areas does not merely reflect stimulus‐driven processes, such as exploring shape, but also entails top‐down controlled processes driven by task‐relevance. Moreover, the strength of the SMG/PreCG activation predicted individual performance in the shape but not in the roughness discrimination task. No activation was found for the reversed contrast (roughness > shape). We conclude that macrogeometric properties, such as shape, can be modulated by top‐down mechanisms whereas roughness, a microgeometric feature, seems to be processed automatically.
Widespread higher fractional anisotropy associates to better cognitive functions in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis
Authors: Kristensen Tina D. , Mandl René C. W. , Raghava Jayachandra M. , Jessen Kasper , Jepsen Jens Richardt M. , Fagerlund Birgitte , Glenthøj Louise B. , Wenneberg Christina , Krakauer Kristine , Pantelis Christos , Nordentoft Merete , Glenthøj Birte Y. , Ebdrup Bjørn H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn schizophrenia patients, cognitive functions appear linked to widespread alterations in cerebral white matter microstructure. Here we examine patterns of associations between regional white matter and cognitive functions in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis. One hundred and sixteen individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis and 49 matched healthy controls underwent 3 T magnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted imaging and cognitive assessments. Group differences on fractional anisotropy were tested using tract‐based spatial statistics. Group differences in cognitive functions, voxel‐wise as well as regional fractional anisotropy were tested using univariate general linear modeling. Multivariate partial least squares correlation analyses tested for associations between patterns of regional fractional anisotropy and cognitive functions. Univariate analyses revealed significant impairments on cognitive functions and lower fractional anisotropy in superior longitudinal fasciculus and cingulate gyrus in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis. Partial least squares correlation analysis revealed different associations between patterns of regional fractional anisotropy and cognitive functions in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis compared to healthy controls. Widespread higher fractional anisotropy was associated with better cognitive functioning for individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis, but not for the healthy controls. Furthermore, patterns of cognitive functions were associated with an interaction‐effect on regional fractional anisotropy in fornix, medial lemniscus, uncinate fasciculus, and superior cerebellar peduncle. Aberrant associations between patterns of cognitive functions to white matter may be explained by dysmyelination.
Vaccine hesitancy and (fake) news: Quasi‐experimental evidence from Italy
Authors: Carrieri Vincenzo , Madio Leonardo , Principe Francesco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe spread of fake news and misinformation on social media is blamed as a primary cause of vaccine hesitancy, which is one of the major threats to global health, according to the World Health Organization. This paper studies the effect of the diffusion of misinformation on immunization rates in Italy by exploiting a quasi‐experiment that occurred in 2012, when the Court of Rimini officially recognized a causal link between the measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine and autism and awarded injury compensation. To this end, we exploit the virality of misinformation following the 2012 Italian court's ruling, along with the intensity of exposure to nontraditional media driven by regional infrastructural differences in Internet broadband coverage. Using a Difference‐in‐Differences regression on regional panel data, we show that the spread of this news resulted in a decrease in child immunization rates for all types of vaccines.
Patterns of local recurrence after curative resection and reconstruction for oropharyngeal and oral cancers: Implications for postoperative radiotherapy target volumes
Authors: Cho Yeona , Yoon Hong In , Lee Ik Jae , Kim Jun Won , Lee Chang Geol , Choi Eun Chang , Kim Se‐Heon , Keum Ki Chang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to determine the patterns of local recurrence after curative resection and reconstruction for oropharyngeal and oral cancers.MethodsOne hundred‐fourteen patients with oropharyngeal and oral cancers underwent resection and reconstruction. The local recurrences were classified as “intra‐flap” (the recurrent tumor was located in the flap tissue), “marginal” (≤5 mm from the flap anastomosis), and “outside” (in the original tissue and >5 mm from the anastomosis) recurrences.ResultsTwenty‐seven patients (23.7%) experienced local recurrence, while 32 (28.1%) experienced regional, and nine (7.9%) recurred distantly. Among those who showed local recurrence, one developed “outside” recurrence and the remaining 26 developed “marginal” recurrences. Age >60 years and lymph node metastasis were associated with poor disease‐free survival and overall survival (OS), while the perineural invasion was related to poor locoregional failure‐free survival and OS.ConclusionMost recurrences developed at the anastomosis marginal site, while none developed in the flap tissue.
Functional redundancy in leaf‐litter‐associated aquatic hyphomycetes: Fine sediment alters community composition but hardly decomposer activity
Authors: Martínez Aingeru , Lírio Ana V. , Febra Isabel , Rosa João , Gonçalves Ana L. , Canhoto Cristina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe increase in the flow of fine sediments to the aquatic ecosystems (AH), as a consequence of human activities, is a widespread stressor that may alter the structure of biological communities and ecosystem processes. In this study, the effects of sediments (Ø < 2 mm) on the structure (biomass and composition) and activity (decomposer activity and sporulation rate) of litter‐associated microorganisms (mainly AH) were investigated. For this, leaf discs of in‐stream preconditioned Quercus robur were incubated in microcosms for 30 days under the influence of four different grain‐size (<2, 1–0.5, 0.5–0.063, and <0.063 mm) sediments kept in motion. Fine sediments barely altered microbial decomposer activity and did not affect fungal biomass. Meanwhile, the sporulation rate was enhanced by sediments’ presence, the results being grain‐size‐dependent, and the fungal community composition was affected by the presence of sediments, independently of grain size. These findings evidence the functional redundancy of microbial assemblages involved in leaf litter decomposition in freshwaters.
A new approach to the production of a biovital skin graft based on human acellular dermal matrix produced in‐house, in vitro revitalized internally by human fibroblasts and keratinocytes on the surface
Authors: Łabuś Wojciech , Kitala Diana , Klama‐Baryła Agnieszka , Szapski Michał , Smętek Wojciech , Kraut Małgorzata , Poloczek Ryszard , Glik Justyna , Pielesz Anna , Biniaś Dorota , Sarna Ewa , Grzybowska‐Pietras Joanna , Kucharzewski Marek 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPatients with extensive and deep burns who do not have enough donor sites for autologous skin grafts require alternative treatment methods. Tissue engineering is a useful tool to solve this problem. The aim of this study was to find the optimal method for the production of a biovital skin substitute based on acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and in vitro cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes. In this work, nine methods of ADM production were assessed. The proposed methods are based on the use of the following enzymes: Dispase II, collagenase I/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), collagenase II/EDTA, and mechanical perforation using DermaRoller and mesh dermatome. The obtained ADMs were examined (both on the side of the basement membrane and on the “cut‐off” side) by means of scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry tests and strength tests. ADM was revitalized with human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The ability of in‐depth revitalization of cultured fibroblasts and their ability to secrete collagen IV was examined. The obtained results indicate that the optimal method of production of live skin substitutes is the colonization of autologous fibroblasts and keratinocytes on the scaffold obtained using two‐step incubation method: Trypsin/EDTA and dispase II.
The effect of platelet‐rich fibrin exudate addition to porous poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) scaffold in bone healing: An in vivo study
Authors: Witek Lukasz , Tian Han , Tovar Nick , Torroni Andrea , Neiva Rodrigo , Gil Luiz F. , Coelho Paulo G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBone grafting procedures have been widely utilized as the current state‐of‐the‐art for bone regeneration, with autogenous bone graft being the gold‐standard bone reconstructive option. However, the use of autografts may be limited by secondary donor‐site comorbidities, a finite amount of donor supply, increased operating time, and healthcare cost impact. Synthetic materials, or alloplasts, such as the polymeric material, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) has previously been utilized as a transient scaffold to support healing of bone defects with the potential to locally delivery osteogenic additives. In this study a novel procedure was adopted to incorporate both the dissolved contents and mechanical components of leukocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) into an PLGA scaffold through a two‐step method: (a) extraction of the L‐PRF membrane transudate with subsequent immersion of the PLGA scaffold in transudate followed by (b) delivering a fibrin gel as a low‐viscosity component that subsequently polymerizes into a highly viscous, gel‐like biological material within the pores of the PLGA scaffold. Two, ~0.40 cm3, submandibular defects (n = 24) were created per side using rotary instrumentation under continuous irrigation in six sheep. Each site received a PLGA scaffold (Intra‐Lock R&D, Boca Raton, FL), with one positive control (without L‐PRF exudate addition [nL‐PRF]), and one experimental (augmented with PLGA/L‐PRF Blocks [L‐PRF]). Animals were euthanized 6 weeks postoperatively and mandibles retrieved, en bloc, for histological analysis. Histomorphometric evaluation for bone regeneration was evaluated as bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) within the region of interest of the cortical bone (with specific image analysis software) and data presented as mean values with the corresponding 95% confidence interval values. Qualitative evaluation of nondecalcified histologic sections revealed extensive bone formation for both groups, with substantially more bone regeneration for the L‐PRF induced group relative nL‐PRF group. Quantitative BAFO within the defect as function of the effect of L‐PRF exudate on bone regeneration, demonstrated significantly (p = .018) higher values for the L‐PRF group (38.26% ± 8.5%) relative to the nL‐PRF group (~28% ± 4.0%). This in vivo study indicated that L‐PRF exudate has an impact on the regeneration of bone when incorporated with the PLGA scaffold in a large translational model. Further studies are warranted in order to evaluate the L‐PRF exudate added, as well as exploring the preparation methods, in order to facilitate bone regeneration.