bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Point-of-care ultrasound to diagnose appendicitis in a Canadian emergency department
Authors: Sharif Sameer , Skitch Steven , Vlahaki Dean , Healey Andrew 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTObjectivesAppendicitis is a common surgical condition that frequently requires diagnostic imaging. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for diagnosing appendicitis. Ultrasound offers a radiation-free modality; however, its availability outside business hours is limited in many emergency departments (EDs). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the test characteristics of emergency physician-performed point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to diagnose appendicitis in a Canadian ED.MethodsA health records review was performed on all ED patients who underwent POCUS to diagnose appendicitis from December 1, 2010 to December 4, 2015. The sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated. The gold standard used for diagnosis was pathology, laparoscopy, CT scans, and a radiologist-performed ultrasound.ResultsNinety patients were included in the study, and 24 were diagnosed with appendicitis on POCUS. Ultimately, 18 were confirmed to have appendicitis through radiologist-performed imaging, laparoscopy, and pathology. The sensitivity and specificity of POCUS to diagnose appendicitis were 69.2% (95% CI, 48.1%-84.9%) and 90.6% (95% CI, 80.0%-96.1%), respectively.ConclusionPOCUS has a high specificity for diagnosing acute appendicitis and has very similar characteristics to those of a radiologist-performed ultrasound. These findings are consistent with the current literature and have the potential to decrease patient morbidity, diagnostic delays, ED length of stay, and need for additional imaging.
Changing Epidemiology of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in Cancer Patients
Authors: Chaftari Anne Marie , Hachem Ray , Jiang Ying , Shah Pankil , Hussain Alawami , Hamal Zainab Al , Yousif Ammar , Jordan Mary , Michael Majd , Raad Issam 
Published: May 2018

We compared the etiologic organisms of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in cancer patients with central venous catheters (CVCs) between 2 cohorts separated by more than a decade.Gram-negative organisms have become the predominant etiologic organisms of BSIs (52%); they now contribute to 41% of catheter-related BSIs (CRBSIs).Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:727–729
Body composition during early infancy and developmental progression from 1 to 5 years of age: the Infant Anthropometry and Body Composition (iABC) cohort study among Ethiopian children
Authors: Abera Mubarek , Tesfaye Markos , Admassu Bitiya , Hanlon Charlotte , Ritz Christian , Wibaek Rasmus , Michaelsen Kim F. , Friis Henrik , Wells Jonathan C. , Andersen Gregers S. , Girma Tsinuel , Kæstel Pernille 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEarly nutrition and growth have been found to be important early exposures for later development. Studies of crude growth in terms of weight and length/height, however, cannot elucidate how body composition (BC) might mediate associations between nutrition and later development. In this study, we aimed to examine the relation between fat mass (FM) or fat-free mass (FFM) tissues at birth and their accretion during early infancy, and later developmental progression. In a birth cohort from Ethiopia, 455 children who have BC measurement at birth and 416 who have standardised rate of BC growth during infancy were followed up for outcome variable, and were included in the statistical analysis. The study sample was restricted to mothers living in Jimma town who gave birth to a term baby with a birth weight ≥1500 g and no evident congenital anomalies. The relationship between the exposure and outcome variables was examined using linear-mixed regression model. The finding revealed that FFM at birth was positively associated with global developmental progression from 1 to 5 years (β=1·75; 95 % CI 0·11, 3·39) and from 4 to 5 years (β=1·34; 95 % CI 0·23, 2·44) in the adjusted model. Furthermore, the rate of postnatal FFM tissue accretion was positively associated with development at 1 year of age (β=0·50; 95 % CI 0·01, 0·99). Neither fetal nor postnatal FM showed a significant association. In conclusion, fetal, rather than postnatal, FFM tissue accretion was associated with developmental progression. Intervention studies are needed to assess whether nutrition interventions increasing FFM also increase cognitive development.
Morphological and molecular characterization of an enigmatic clinostomid trematode (Digenea: Clinostomidae) parasitic as metacercariae in the body cavity of freshwater fishes (Cichlidae) across Middle America
Authors: Briosio-Aguilar R. , García-Varela M. , Hernández-Mena D.I , Rubio-Godoy M. , Pérez-Ponce de León G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe family Clinostomidae Lühe, 1901 contains 29 species allocated to seven genera, of whichClinostomumLeidy, 1856 is the most diverse, withc.14 valid species. The diversity ofClinostomumhas been assessed, combining morphological and molecular data. The genetic library for species in this genus has increased steadily, although there is little or no information for the other genera included in the family. Molecular phylogenetic relationships among the genera of clinostomids have not been assessed, and their classification is still based on morphological traits. The monotypicIthyoclinostomumwas described from a fish-eating bird in Brazil, and its metacercariae have been found in several locations in South America, parasitizing erythrinid freshwater fishes. We collected unusually large metacercariae from the body cavity of cichlids in several locations across Middle America. These metacercariae exhibited some resemblance toIthyoclinostomum, although several differences prevent their inclusion inIthyoclinostomum dimorphum, casting doubt on their taxonomic identification. The main objective of this paper was to characterize the metacercariae collected in cichlids using both morphology and molecular data from three molecular markers, and to assess the molecular phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Clinostomidae to establish the position of the newly generated sequences. We took a conservative position and tentatively placed the metacercariae as belonging toIthyoclinostomum.
Moral externalization and normativity: The errors of our ways
Authors: Stanford P. Kyle 
Published: May 2018

AbstractI respond to the many thoughtful suggestions and concerns of my commentators on a wide variety of questions. These include whether moral norms form a unified category, whether they have a distinctive phenomenology, and/or whether moral normativity is a cultural construct; whether moral externalization is necessary for correlated interaction or human prosociality; precisely how such externalization generates correlated interactions among prosocial agents; and whether there are any convincing alternative explanations for it.
Moral cues from ordinary behaviour
Authors: Allidina Suraiya , Cunningham William A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPeople want to form impressions of others based on their moral behaviours, but the most diagnostic behaviours are rarely seen. Therefore, societies develop symbolic forms of moral behaviour such as conventional rituals and games, which are used to predict how others are likely to act in more serious moral situations. This framework helps explain why everyday behaviours are often moralized.
The brighter the light, the deeper the shadow: Morality also fuels aggression, conflict, and violence
Authors: Böhm Robert , Thielmann Isabel , Hilbig Benjamin E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe argue that, in addition to the positive effects and functionality of morality for interactions among in-group members as outlined in the target article, morality may also fuel aggression and conflict in interactions between morality-based out-groups. We summarize empirical evidence showing that negative cognitions, emotions, and behaviors are particularly likely to appear between out-groups with opposing moral convictions.
Moral externalisation fails to scale
Authors: Brusse Carl Joseph , Sterelny Kim 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe argue that Stanford's picture of the evolution of externalised norms is plausible mostly because of the idealisations implicit in his defence of it. Once we take into account plausible amounts of normative disagreement, plausible amounts of error and misunderstanding, and the knock-on consequences of shunning, it is plausible that Stanford under-counts the costs of externalisation.
How does moral objectification lead to correlated interactions?
Authors: Goodwin Geoffrey P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe objectification of moral norms is purported to occur because it enables correlated interactions between individuals who share the same cooperative norms. But how does this process take place? I suggest two mechanisms beyond those Stanford identifies. I also ask whether there is predictable variation in which moral norms engender the strongest coupling between objectification and discomfort with disagreement.
Green beards and signaling: Why morality is not indispensable
Authors: Handfield Toby , Thrasher John , García Julian 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe argue that although objectivist moral attitudes may facilitate cooperation, they are not necessary for the high levels of cooperation in humans. This is implied by evolutionary models that articulate a mechanism underlying Stanford's account, and is also suggested by the ability of merely conventional social norms to explain extreme human behaviors.
Moral demands truly are externally imposed
Authors: van Prooijen Jan-Willem 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMost moral demands indeed are externally imposed, as violations are subject to social condemnation. While in modern society objectified moral demands may serve as a cue for desirable interaction partners, human morality evolved in small tribes that offered little choice regarding with whom to cooperate. Instead, it was adaptive to objectify moral demands to avoid the costs of social exclusion.
SWEATSHOPS AND CONSUMER CHOICES
Authors: Ferguson Benjamin , Ostmann Florian 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:We consider a case where consumers are faced with a choice between sweatshop-produced clothing and identical clothing produced in high-income countries. We argue that it is morally better for consumers to purchase clothing produced in sweatshops and then to compensate sweatshop workers for the difference between their actual wage and a fair wage than it is for them either to purchase the sweatshop clothing without this compensatory transfer or to purchase clothing produced in high-income countries.
Cross-border outbreak of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis linked to a university in Romania
Authors: Popovici O. , Monk Ph. , Chemtob D. , Chiotan D. , Freidlin P.J. , Groenheit R. , Haanperä M. , Homorodean D. , Mansjö M. , Robinson E. , Rorman E. , Smith G. , Soini H. , Van Der Werf M. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractExtensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) poses a threat to public health due to its complicated, expensive and often unsuccessful treatment. A cluster of three XDR TB cases was detected among foreign medical students of a Romanian university. The contact investigations included tuberculin skin testing or interferon gamma release assay, chest X-ray, sputum smear microscopy, culture, drug susceptibility testing, genotyping and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and were addressed to students, personnel of the university, family members or other close contacts of the cases. These investigations increased the total number of cases to seven. All confirmed cases shared a very similar WGS profile. Two more cases were epidemiologically linked, but no laboratory confirmation exists. Despite all the efforts done, the source of the outbreak was not identified, but the transmission was controlled. The investigation was conducted by a team including epidemiologists and microbiologists from five countries (Finland, Israel, Romania, Sweden and the UK) and from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Our report shows how countries can collaborate to control the spread of XDR TB by exchanging information about cases and their contacts to enable identification of additional cases and transmission and to perform the source investigation.
Adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 levels and function are increased in a mouse model of developmental obesity induced by maternal exposure to high-fat diet
Authors: Bytautiene Prewit E. , Porter C. , La Rosa M. , Bhattarai N. , Yin H. , Gamble P. , Kechichian T. , Sidossis L. S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWith brown adipose tissue (BAT) becoming a possible therapeutic target to counteract obesity, the prenatal environment could represent a critical window to modify BAT function and browning of white AT. We investigated if levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and UCP1-mediated thermogenesis are altered in offspring exposed to prenatal obesity. Female CD-1 mice were fed a high-fat (HF) or standard-fat (SF) diet for 3 months before breeding. After weaning, all pups were placed on SF. UCP1 mRNA and protein levels were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively, in brown (BAT), subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues at 6 months of age. Total and UCP1-dependent mitochondrial respiration were determined by high-resolution respirometry. A Student’st-test and Mann–Whitney test were used (significance:P<0.05). UCP1 mRNA levels were not different between the HF and SF offspring. UCP1 protein levels, total mitochondrial respiration and UCP1-dependent respiration were significantly higher in BAT from HF males (P=0.02,P=0.04,P=0.005, respectively) and females (P=0.01,P=0.04,P=0.02, respectively). In SAT, the UCP1 protein was significantly lower in HF females (P=0.03), and the UCP1-dependent thermogenesis was significantly lower from HF males (P=0.04). In VAT, UCP1 protein levels and UCP1-dependent respiration were significantly lower only in HF females (P=0.03,P=0.04, respectively). There were no differences in total respiration in SAT and VAT. Prenatal exposure to maternal obesity leads to significant increases in UCP1 levels and function in BAT in offspring with little impact on UCP1 levels and function in SAT and VAT.
Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review
Authors: de Zwart P. L. , Jeronimus B. F. , de Jonge P. 
Published: May 2018

Aims.For the past quarter of a century, Franket al.’s (1991) consensus-based definitions of major depressive disorder (MDD) episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence have been the paramount driving forces for consistency in MDD research as well as in clinical practice. This study aims to review the evidence for the empirical validation of Franket al.’s proposed concept definitions and to discuss evidence-based modifications.Methods.A literature search of Web of Science and PubMed from 1/1/1991 to 08/30/2017 identified all publications which referenced Franket al.’s request for definition validation. Publications with data relevant for validation were included and checked for referencing other studies providing such data.Results.A total of 56 studies involving 39 315 subjects were included, mainly presenting data to validate the severity and duration thresholds for defining remission and recovery. Most studies indicated that the severity threshold for defining remission should decrease. Additionally, specific duration thresholds to separate remission from recovery did not add any predictive value to the notion that increased remission duration alleviates the risk of reoccurrence of depressive symptoms. Only limited data were available to validate the severity and duration criteria for defining a depressive episode.Conclusions.Remission can best be defined as a less symptomatic state than previously assumed (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 17-item version (HAMD-17) ⩽4 instead of ⩽7), without applying a duration criterion. Duration thresholds to separate remission from recovery are not meaningful. The minimal duration of depressive symptoms to define a depressive episode should be longer than 2 weeks, although further studies are required to recommend an exact duration threshold. These results are relevant for researchers and clinicians aiming to use evidence-based depression outcomes.
Fostering Career Awareness in Elementary Schools: Evaluation of an Intervention Proposal
Authors: Carvalho Renato Gomes , Pocinho Margarida , Fernandes Débora 
Published: May 2018

AbstractResearch literature has been increasingly focusing on children’s career development, especially when school contexts are considered. In the present study, we evaluate the efficacy of a short-term intervention program designed to foster career awareness in elementary school. The sample consisted of 155 Portuguese fifth- and sixth-grade students, aged nine to fifteen years old (M= 11,SD= 1). With a quasi-experimental design, the sample was divided into two groups, namely, the participants in the program and the controls. We used the Career Awareness Scale for Children and a sociodemographic survey. Analyses of covariance indicated a moderate effect of the participation in the program in students’ career awareness (ηp2= .06,p= .003). The results are discussed considering the school as a key context for career education aiming at promoting students’ adaptability and involvement in the construction of their life pathways.
The Interplay Between the Eruption and Weathering of Large Igneous Provinces and the Deep‐Time Carbon Cycle
Authors: Johansson Louis , Zahirovic Sabin , Müller R. Dietmar 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlthough many sources of atmospheric CO2 have been estimated, the major sinks are poorly understood in a deep‐time context. Here we combine plate reconstructions, the eruption ages and outlines of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), and the atmospheric CO2 proxy record to investigate how their eruptions and weathering within the equatorial humid zone impacted global atmospheric CO2 since 400 Ma. Wavelet analysis reveals significant correlations between the eruption of the Emeishan LIP (259 Ma), the Siberian Traps (251 Ma), the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (201 Ma), the second pulse of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (55 Ma), the High Arctic LIP (130 Ma), and the Deccan Traps (65 Ma) and perturbations in atmospheric CO2. Our analysis also reveals a clear relationship between the weathering of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (~200–100 Ma), the Deccan Traps (50–35 Ma), and the Afar Arabian LIP (30–0 Ma) and a significant atmospheric CO2 drawdown. Our results illustrate the significant role of subaerial LIP emplacement and weathering in modulating atmospheric CO2 and Earth's surface environments.
Silicon-oriented regio- and enantioselective rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation
Authors: You Cai , Li Xiuxiu , Yang Yuhong , Yang Yu-Sheng , Tan Xuefeng , Li Shuailong , Wei Biao , Lv Hui , Chung Lung-Wa , Zhang Xumu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHydroformylation of 1,2-disubstituted alkenes usually occurs at the α position of the directing heteroatom such as oxygen atom and nitrogen atom. By contrast, to achieve hydroformylation on the β position of the heteroatom is a tough task. Herein, we report the asymmetric rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1,2-disubstituted alkenylsilanes with excellent regioselectivity at the β position (relative to the silicon heteroatom) and enantioselectivity. In a synthetic sense, we achieve the asymmetric hydroformylation on the β position of the oxygen atom indirectly by using the silicon group as a surrogate for the hydroxyl. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out to examine energetics of the whole reaction path for Rh/YanPhos-catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylation and understand its regioselectivity and enantioselectivity. Our computational study suggests that the silicon group can activate the substrate and is critical for the regioselectivity.
Probing the pathways of free charge generation in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Kurpiers Jona , Ferron Thomas , Roland Steffen , Jakoby Marius , Thiede Tobias , Jaiser Frank , Albrecht Steve , Janietz Silvia , Collins Brian A. , Howard Ian A. , Neher Dieter 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe fact that organic solar cells perform efficiently despite the low dielectric constant of most photoactive blends initiated a long-standing debate regarding the dominant pathways of free charge formation. Here, we address this issue through the accurate measurement of the activation energy for free charge photogeneration over a wide range of photon energy, using the method of time-delayed collection field. For our prototypical low bandgap polymer:fullerene blends, we find that neither the temperature nor the field dependence of free charge generation depend on the excitation energy, ruling out an appreciable contribution to free charge generation though hot carrier pathways. On the other hand, activation energies are on the order of the room temperature thermal energy for all studied blends. We conclude that charge generation in such devices proceeds through thermalized charge transfer states, and that thermal energy is sufficient to separate most of these states into free charges.
Trait paranoia shapes inter-subject synchrony in brain activity during an ambiguous social narrative
Authors: Finn Emily S. , Corlett Philip R. , Chen Gang , Bandettini Peter A. , Constable R. Todd 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIndividuals often interpret the same event in different ways. How do personality traits modulate brain activity evoked by a complex stimulus? Here we report results from a naturalistic paradigm designed to draw out both neural and behavioral variation along a specific dimension of interest, namely paranoia. Participants listen to a narrative during functional MRI describing an ambiguous social scenario, written such that some individuals would find it highly suspicious, while others less so. Using inter-subject correlation analysis, we identify several brain areas that are differentially synchronized during listening between participants with high and low trait-level paranoia, including theory-of-mind regions. Follow-up analyses indicate that these regions are more active to mentalizing events in high-paranoia individuals. Analyzing participants’ speech as they freely recall the narrative reveals semantic and syntactic features that also scale with paranoia. Results indicate that a personality trait can act as an intrinsic “prime,” yielding different neural and behavioral responses to the same stimulus across individuals.
Probing the gating mechanism of the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 with the small molecule Yoda1
Authors: Lacroix Jerome J. , Botello-Smith Wesley M. , Luo Yun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPiezo proteins are transmembrane ion channels which transduce many forms of mechanical stimuli into electrochemical signals. Their pore, formed by the assembly of three identical subunits, opens by an unknown mechanism. Here, to probe this mechanism, we investigate the interaction of Piezo1 with the small molecule agonist Yoda1. By engineering chimeras between mouse Piezo1 and its Yoda1-insensitive paralog Piezo2, we first identify a minimal protein region required for Yoda1 sensitivity. We next study the effect of Yoda1 on heterotrimeric Piezo1 channels harboring wild type subunits and Yoda1-insensitive mutant subunits. Using calcium imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology, we show that hybrid channels harboring as few as one Yoda1-sensitive subunit exhibit Yoda1 sensitivity undistinguishable from homotrimeric wild type channels. Our results show that the Piezo1 pore remains fully open if only one subunit remains activated. This study sheds light on the gating and pharmacological mechanisms of a member of the Piezo channel family.