bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar partitioning and source–sink interaction are key determinants of leaf senescence in maize
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Bishop Eugene , Bridges William C. , Tharayil Nishanth , Sekhon Rajandeep S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSource–sink communication is one of the key regulators of senescence; however, the mechanisms underlying such regulation are largely unknown. We analysed senescence induced by the lack of grain sink in maize, termed source–sink regulated senescence (SSRS), and compared the associated physiological and metabolic changes with those accompanying natural senescence. Phenotypic characterization of 31 diverse field‐grown inbreds revealed substantial variation for both SSRS and natural senescence. Partitioning of excess carbohydrates to alternative sinks, mainly internodes and husks, emerged as a critical mechanism underlying both SSRS and stay‐green. Time‐course analyses of SSRS sensitive (B73) and resistant (PHG35) inbreds confirmed the role of sugar partitioning in SSRS and stay‐green. Elevated hemicellulose content in PHG35 internodes highlighted the role of the cell wall as a significant alternative sink. Sugar signalling emerged as an important regulator of SSRS as evident from an increased accumulation of trehalose‐6‐phosphate and decreased transcript levels of snf1‐related protein kinase1, two signalling components associated with senescence, in B73. These findings demonstrate a crucial role of sugar partitioning, signalling, and utilization in SSRS. Available genetic variation for SSRS and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms would help modify sugar partitioning and senescence to enhance the productivity of maize and related grasses.
Relationship work among young adult couples: Romantic, social, and physiological considerations
Authors: Jensen Jakob , Fish Matthew , Dinkins Quianna , Rappleyea Damon , Didericksen Katharine W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe examined romantic, social, and physiological variables associated with partners discussing romantic challenges together and with friends, a process known as relationship work (RW). Actor‐partner interdependence models examining 71 heterosexual, young adult couples and their friends suggested social network approval, friendship quality, and partners' perspective taking were each associated with partners' RW patterns. Skin conductance activity readings revealed males universally experienced greater physiological arousal when discussing romantic problems than females. Unexpectedly, both males and females experienced greater skin conductance activity when discussing romantic challenges with friends than with partners. Males were more likely to discuss romantic challenges with friends when their female partners experienced greater baseline skin conductance activity. Findings inform researchers regarding links between romantic, social, and physiological functioning.
School education to increase organ donation and awareness of issues in transplantation in the UK
Authors: Byrne Matthew , Stainer Benjamin , Symington Matthew , Leighton Jess , Jackson Helen , Singhal Nidhi , Patel Sanya , Shiel‐Rankin Susan , Mayes Jonathan , Mogg Jasper , Bonham Timothy , Smit Amy , Deutsch Elizabeth , Thompson Emily , Wilson Colin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundOver 6000 people are on the United Kingdom organ transplant waiting list, and approximately three people die each day due to a lack of donors. Social deprivation status has been shown to affect registration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of school level education at increasing awareness of the issues surrounding organ donation and organ donor registration, and the effect of socioeconomic deprivation and age has on these outcomes.MethodsA 15‐minute presentation about organ donation and the issues in transplantation was given to secondary school students from the United Kingdom. An optional questionnaire was then distributed.Results1155 paper questionnaires were completed from nine schools. The average age was 15.5 (SD = 0.5) years. Before the presentation, 10% of students were on the ODR. Following the presentation, the number of students who were on the ODR or planned to join significantly increased to 56%, independent of age (P < 0.0001). Similarly, there was a significant increase in Likert scores for awareness of the issues in transplantation, independent of age (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThis early educational presentation significantly increased awareness of the issues in transplantation and planned organ donor registration, independent of age and deprivation.
Offshoring Brains? Evidence on the Complementarity between Manufacturing and R&D in Danish Firms*
Authors: Andersen Svend Greniman 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBy employing a firm‐level linked employer–employee dataset for Danish manufacturing firms, this paper investigates whether offshoring is complementary to, or a substitute for, research and development (R&D) activities. Offshoring is instrumented with world export supply to circumvent the inherent endogenous nature of the firm's decision to offshore. Results suggest that firms with increased offshoring do in fact tend to engage in further R&D activities at home. Moreover, they also tend to reallocate R&D resources toward product R&D, possibly at the expense of process R&D.
Distributed phenomics with the unPAK project reveals the effects of mutations
Authors: Rutter Matthew T. , Murren Courtney J. , Callahan Hilary S. , Bisner April M. , Leebens‐Mack Jim , Wolyniak Michael J. , Strand Allan E. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryDetermining how genes are associated with traits in plants and other organisms is a major challenge in modern biology. The unPAK project – undergraduates phenotyping Arabidopsis knockouts – has generated phenotype data for thousands of non‐lethal insertion mutation lines within a single Arabidopsis thaliana genomic background. The focal phenotypes examined by unPAK are complex macroscopic fitness‐related traits, which have ecological, evolutionary and agricultural importance. These phenotypes are placed in the context of the wild‐type and also natural accessions (phytometers), and standardized for environmental differences between assays. Data from the unPAK project are used to describe broad patterns in the phenotypic consequences of insertion mutation, and to identify individual mutant lines with distinct phenotypes as candidates for further study. Inclusion of undergraduate researchers is at the core of unPAK activities, and an important broader impact of the project is providing students an opportunity to obtain research experience.
Intraarticular injection of a Tin‐117 m radiosynoviorthesis agent in normal canine elbows causes no adverse effects
Authors: Lattimer Jimmy C. , Selting Kimberly A. , Lunceford Joni M. , Holland James R. , Simon Jaime , Stevenson Nigel R. , Doerr Cynthia A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis longitudinal prospective exploratory study used serial measurements in five dogs to evaluate safety and retention of a tin‐117 m (117mSn) colloid after intra‐articular injection in normal elbow joints. Each dog was deemed healthy based on physical examination, laboratory results, and radiographic evaluation of both elbows. While anesthetized, each received an MRI of both elbows, followed by fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans of both elbow joints and associated lymph nodes. Joint fluid (0.5‐1.0 mL) was withdrawn aseptically from the left elbow joint, followed by intra‐articular injection of 117mSn colloid (92.5 MBq; 1‐1.5 ml). Post‐injection assessments included blood counts, serum chemistry panels, urinalyses, radiographs, joint fluid analyses, MRI/positron emission tomography scans, scintigraphy, and biodistribution scans. On day 45‐47, each dog was euthanized and a complete postmortem examination was performed. Tissue samples were submitted for histopathology and radioisotope retention studies. Left elbow joints were decalcified and sectioned for future autoradiography. Scintigraphy, 1 day after injection, indicated slight radioisotope escape from the joint to regional lymph nodes. Serial blood, urine, feces, and organ counts indicated >99.1% of the 117mSn activity was retained in the joint for 45‐47 days. Radiation output levels were below patient release levels the day following injection. Maximum standard uptake value for the injected joint decreased. Joint fluid cytology was unchanged. No dog exhibited lameness during the study. Absence of joint damage and lack of systemic effects after injection of the 117mSn colloid in normal canine elbow joints indicate that this agent may be safely used for radiosynoviorthesis in dogs with osteoarthritis.
CT measures of lumbosacral paraspinal muscle size are not correlated with CT measures of lumbosacral stability in military working Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Kimmett Krystina L. , Sharp Julia L. , Sanders Samantha R. , Wilmoth Tiffany A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractManagement of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in military working dogs more frequently utilizes core conditioning exercise programs. Future research on the effectiveness of these programs may benefit from an improved understanding of relationships between paraspinal muscle size and lumbosacral stability. The aim of this retrospective, secondary analysis, cross‐sectional study was to test the following hypotheses related to CT measures: (a) transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios differ between hip flexion and extension, (b) lumbosacral angle and lumbosacral range of motion differ by lumbosacral angle measurement technique, and (c) transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios are correlated with CT measures of lumbosacral stability (parasagittal and parasagittal oblique foraminal area changes) regardless of hip position and with lumbosacral range of motion within each hip position. Lumbosacral CT scans in hip flexion and extension were retrieved from a previous prospective study of military working Labrador Retrievers. A single observer performed triplicate measurements of transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios, parasagittal foraminal area, and parasagittal oblique foraminal area for each hip position and another observer independently performed triplicate measurements of lumbosacral angle and lumbosacral range of motion at L7‐S1 using two published techniques. Thirty‐nine dogs were analyzed and significant differences were identified between hip flexion and extension for all mean transverse paraspinal muscle area ratio values (P ≤ .05). Mean lumbosacral angles also significantly differed between the published techniques in both hip flexion and extension. When comparing mean lumbosacral range of motion values, one of the published techniques produced significantly smaller values. No significant correlation was found between transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios and parasagittal foraminal area changes, parasagittal oblique foraminal area changes, or lumbosacral range of motion. These results should be considered when designing studies using these CT measures in military working dogs.
Stimulation of subchondral bone cyst healing by placement of a transcondylar screw in the equine medial femoral condyle
Authors: Frazer Lance L. , Santschi Elizabeth M. , Fischer Kenneth J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo predict the bone formation stimulus of a transcondylar screw across an equine subchondral bone cyst (SBC) in an equine medial femoral condyle (MFC).Study designFinite element modeling (FEM) of an equine MFC with a 2 cm3SBC under several transcondylar screw conditions.Sample populationThe right stifle of a yearling thoroughbred without stifle disease that had been euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study and donated to the University.MethodsThe FEM was derived from computed tomography of a yearling thoroughbred and analyzed in ABAQUS v6.14. The transcondylar screw was modeled as a 4.5‐mm stainless steel cylinder. The region of interest was the centrodistal MFC, and bone stimulus was calculated. The stimulus threshold for bone formation (BFT) was >60 MPa and is presented as the percentage of total bone surface area (BFA) and frontal plane maps. Principal compressive stress vectors were also determined. Tested variables were daily cycles, load, and screw compression and position.ResultsAt 750 cycles and 900‐N load, <3% of the BFA exceeded the BFT. Increases in BFA > BFT occurred proportionally with load, screw compression, and daily cycles (steps). Compressive stress was oriented vertically on the SBC surface without a screw but aligned with the long axis of well‐placed lag screws. Screw placement through the void also increased the number and magnitude of compressive vectors.ConclusionThis model predicted that a transcondylar lag screw across an MFC SBC increased surface BFA stimulation and reoriented the compression vector. Increasing screw compression, load, and steps per day increased the bone formation stimulus.Clinical significanceThis study provides evidence that supports the use of a lag screw thorough an MFC SBC to promote bone formation.
Indian English in political discussions
Authors: Gargesh Ravinder , Sharma Anamika 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe present paper on ‘verbal disputes’ is a tribute to Professor Braj B. Kachru, who himself had a keen interest in the politics of language. This paper draws its data from three types of political discussions in India: a debate, an interview, and an altercation between the moderator and a guest on three different televised programme. This article analyses various aspects of political argumentation in the Indian context, including such macrolinguistic features as the setting of discussions, the socio‐cultural and political context, and the argumentation of participants, as well as the microlinguistic features of the texts generated in political discussions. Such features include patterns of code‐mixing and code‐switching, lexis, phonology, rhetoric, syntax, and the use of tag questions.
Implementing Evidence‐Based Guidelines for Falls Prevention: Observations of Nursing Activities During the Care of Older People With Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Grealish Laurie , Real Belinda , Todd Jo‐Anne , Darch Jacob , Soltau Dawn , Phelan Maggie , Lunn Matthew , Brandis Susan , Cooke Marie , Chaboyer Wendy 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundEvidence‐based guidelines assist clinicians in practice, but how the guidelines are implemented is less established.AimTo describe the nurses’ implementation of activities recommended in evidence‐based guidelines for falls prevention and care of older people with cognitive impairment.MethodsStructured observation with a categorical checklist was used. Nursing personnel were recruited from one subacute and two acute wards in two hospitals in one tertiary‐level health service in south‐eastern Queensland, Australia. The data collection instrument identified 31 activities drawn directly from the evidence‐based guidelines, which were categorized into six domains of nursing practice: clinical care, comfort, elimination, mobility, nutrition and hydration, and social engagement. Four‐hour observation periods, timed to occur across the morning and evening shifts, were conducted over 2 months.ResultsNineteen registered nurses, six enrolled nurses, and 16 assistants in nursing (N = 41) were observed for 155 hr of observation. There was variability in adherence with specific activities, ranging from 21% to 100% adherence. Three categories with the highest adherence were nutrition and hydration, mobilization safety, and social engagement. The clinical care, comfort, and elimination categories had lower adherence, with lowest adherence in activities of education provision about falls risk, pain assessment, using a clock or calendar to reorient to time and place, and bowel care.Linking Evidence to ActionNursing care is delivered within an interdisciplinary team. Therefore, responsibility for the everyday fundamental care activities known to prevent falls in older people with cognitive impairment requires localized negotiation. A practical guide for preventing in‐hospital falls in older people with cognitive impairment addressing the interdisciplinary context of practice is required. Interdisciplinary teams should develop strategies to enhance the implementation of pain assessment and prevention of constipation in the context of regularly implemented hydration, nutrition, and mobilization care strategies.
Rapsyn facilitates recovery from desensitization in fetal and adult acetylcholine receptors expressed in a muscle cell line
Authors: Cetin Hakan , Liu Wei , Cheung Jonathan , Cossins Judith , Vanhaesebrouck An , Maxwell Susan , Vincent Angela , Beeson David , Webster Richard 
Published: June 2019

Key points
The physiological significance of the developmental switch from fetal to adult acetylcholine receptors in muscle (AChRs) and the functional impact of AChR clustering by rapsyn are not well studied.
Using patch clamp experiments, we show that recovery from desensitization is faster in the adult AChR isoform.
Recovery from desensitization is determined by the AChR isoform‐specific cytoplasmic M3–M4 domain.
The co‐expression of rapsyn in muscle cells induced AChR clustering and facilitated recovery from desensitization in both fetal and adult AChRs. In fetal AChRs, facilitation of recovery kinetics by rapsyn was independent of AChR clustering.
These effects could be crucial adaptations to motor neuron firing rates, which, in rodents, have been shown to increase around the time of birth when AChRs cluster at the developing neuromuscular junctions.
AbstractThe neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the site of a number of autoimmune and genetic disorders, many involving the muscle‐type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR), although there are aspects of normal NMJ development and function that need to be better understood. In particular, there are still questions regarding the implications of the developmental switch from fetal to adult AChRs, as well as how their functions might be modified by rapsyn that clusters the AChRs. Desensitization of human muscle AChRs was investigated using the patch clamp technique to measure whole‐cell currents in muscle‐type (TE671/CN21) and non‐muscle (HEK293) cell lines expressing either fetal or adult AChRs. Desensitization time constants were similar with both AChR isoforms but recovery time constants were shorter in cells expressing adult compared to fetal AChRs (P < 0.0001). Chimeric experiments showed that recovery from desensitization was determined by the M3–M4 cytoplasmic loops of the γ‐ and ε‐subunits. Expression of rapsyn in TE671/CN21 cells induced AChR aggregation and also, surprisingly, shortened recovery time constants in both fetal and adult AChRs. However, this was not dependent on clustering because rapsyn also facilitated recovery from desensitization in HEK293 cells expressing a δ‐R375H AChR mutant that did not form clusters in C2C12 myotubes. Thus, rapsyn interactions with AChRs lead not only to clustering, but also to a clustering independent faster recovery from desensitization. Both effects of rapsyn could be a necessary adjustment to the motor neuron firing rates that increase around the time of birth.
Bayesian Optimal Design of Experiments for Inferring the Statistical Expectation of Expensive Black-Box Functions
Authors: Pandita Piyush , Bilionis Ilias , Panchal Jitesh 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Bayesian optimal design of experiments (BODEs) have been successful in acquiring information about a quantity of interest (QoI) which depends on a black-box function. BODE is characterized by sequentially querying the function at specific designs selected by an infill-sampling criterion. However, most current BODE methods operate in specific contexts like optimization, or learning a universal representation of the black-box function. The objective of this paper is to design a BODE for estimating the statistical expectation of a physical response surface. This QoI is omnipresent in uncertainty propagation and design under uncertainty problems. Our hypothesis is that an optimal BODE should be maximizing the expected information gain in the QoI. We represent the information gain from a hypothetical experiment as the Kullback–Liebler (KL) divergence between the prior and the posterior probability distributions of the QoI. The prior distribution of the QoI is conditioned on the observed data, and the posterior distribution of the QoI is conditioned on the observed data and a hypothetical experiment. The main contribution of this paper is the derivation of a semi-analytic mathematical formula for the expected information gain about the statistical expectation of a physical response. The developed BODE is validated on synthetic functions with varying number of input-dimensions. We demonstrate the performance of the methodology on a steel wire manufacturing problem.
Exploring Stereotypes of Athletes With a Disability: A Behaviors From Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map Comparison
Authors: Stone Rachael C. , Sweet Shane N. , Perrier Marie-Josée , MacDonald Tara , Martin Ginis Kathleen A. , Latimer-Cheung Amy E. 
Published: June 2019

Identifying as a regular exerciser has been found to effectively alter stereotypes related to warmth and competence for adults with a physical disability; however, it remains unclear how sport participation can influence this trend. Therefore, this study aimed to examine warmth and competence perceptions of adults with a physical disability portrayed as elite and nonelite athletes relative to other athletic and nonathletic subgroups of adults with and without a physical disability in the context of the stereotype content model. Using survey data from able-bodied participants (N = 302), cluster analyses were applied to a behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes map for displaying the intersection of warmth and competence perceptions. The results demonstrated that adults with a physical disability who are described as elite athletes (i.e., Paralympians) are clustered with high warmth and high competence, similar to their able-bodied athletic counterparts (i.e., Olympians). The findings suggest that perceiving athletic and elite sport statuses for adults with a physical disability may counter the stereotypes commonly applied to this group.
Australian mental health caregiver burden: a smallest space analysis
Authors: Morrison Paul , Stomski Norman Jay 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesTo explore Australian mental health carers’ prioritisation of key elements of caregiving and establish the extent to which particular issues contribute to carer burden.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingAll Australian States and Territories.ParticipantsResponses were received from 231 Australian mental health caregivers.Main outcome measuresThe Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire was used to assess caregiver burden.ResultsSmallest space analysis identified three distinct regions, which we conceptualise as: 1) promoting the safety and health of mental health consumers; 2) impact of caring on caregivers’ personal lives and 3) enabling daily living functional recovery of mental health consumers. The analysis demonstrates that carers are most concerned with enabling daily living functional recovery, for which the mean value was considerably higher than the personal impact and promoting safety and health regions. In terms of the individual questionnaire items, the issues of most importance are assisting with self-care, worrying about consumers’ future, finances and general health, encouraging consumer involvement in activities and concerns over the treatment consumers are receiving.ConclusionCaregiving often came at significant personal cost. The burden that results from caring for mental health consumers could perhaps be alleviated through the expansion of psychiatric disability services, increasing government financial support and providing tailored psychosocial interventions that meet the needs of families.