bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Care and Use of Microwave Oven for Diagnostic Pathology
Authors: Hayat MA 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is well known that biopsy, surgical and postmortem tissues fixed in formaiin and embedded in paraffin require antigen retrieval for diagnostic pathology. Various methods, including heating, enzymatic digestion, ultrasonication, and detergents, are in use for achieving antigen retrieval. A combination of these methods is also employed. However, the most effective methodology for antigen retrieval in a wide variety of tissues involves heating at high temperature using a microwave oven, an autoclave, a pressure cooker, or a hot plate. Among these treatments, heating the tissue sections (4 urn thick) in 0.01 M sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) in a microwave oven is the most widely used technique for antigen retrieval. To obtain efficient and reproducible antigen retrieval, the microwave oven must be used carefully and optimally. The following steps are recommended to achieve these goals (Hayat, 2000 a, b).
The causes of most hazards encountered in using a microwave oven are straight forward and can be avoided by taking necessary precautions. Higher power settings and longer durations of heating than optimal for a given study should be avoided. Because overheating is not uncommon, the time setting should be checked.
Quantification of Contaminant Removal by Evactron Cleaning Using Quartz Crystal Thickness Monitors
Authors: Morgan Christopher G , Gleason Mark M , Vane Ronald 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Hydrocarbon (HC) contamination is a persistent problem for users of electron microscopes (EMs), often leading to image distortion and interference with nanoprobing. The Evactron De-Contaminator (D-C) has been available for HC contamination removal in EMs since 1999. The Evactron D-C uses low power radio frequency (RF) generated plasma in order to produce oxygen radicals that clean the EM. The Oxygen Radical Source (ORS) is attached to the EM chamber, and a controlled leak of oxygen containing gas such as room air is passed through the plasma in order to produce oxygen radicals. The oxygen radicals chemically react with the HCs to form volatile oxidation products such as H2O, CO and CO2. These volatile compounds are pumped out of the EM chamber.
Specimen Preparation for Condoms
Authors: Fang Gan Phay 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Specimen preparation techniques for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging of condoms as reported by Rosenzweig et al revealed a variety of artifacts. The artifacts were classified as ridging, cracking and melting. The purpose of this article is to introduce a simple specimen preparation technique for condoms to be evaluated via SEM without any surface artifacts. This technique involves the use of two chrome washers to sandwich the condom. The sandwiched condom specimen is then subjected to coating before mounting on an aluminium stub. The execution of this technique requires patience and practice so as not to damage the condom. The method may be applied to any similar polymer material.
HMDS and Specimen Drying for SEM:
Authors: Oshel Philip 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Hexamethyltiisilizane (HMDS) is an excellent method of chemical drying of hydrated specimens. There are several variables involved in its use, the most easily controlled being the number of transitional steps from 100% eihanol (EtOH) to 100% HMDS and the drying temperature.
Fixation and dehydration are the same for both HMDS and CPD. Once thespecimenisinthefinal 100% ethanol, it must then be transferred to 100% HMDS through a graded series of ethanol-HMDS mixtures.
Establishing the Initial Embryonic Axis
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W , Schoenwolf Gary C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the mammalian embryo, the first axis to appear is at the time of the fifth cell division when the inner cell mass (ICM) becomes visible. The localization of the ICM on one side of a cavity formed within the cluster of dividing cells marks the embryonic-abembryonic (E-Ab) axis. This name derives from the fact the most of the embryo will develop from the ICM, whereas other tissues (the placenta, etc.) will develop from the other cells. There has been a long-standing controversy as to what determines the mammalian E-Ab axis; is the information inherently in the zygote, or is it determined after several cell divisions? In an elegant series of studies whereby dividing cells were labeled using new molecular genetic tools and then carefully followed during development, Yoko Kurotaki, Kohei Hatta, Kazuki Nakao, Yo-ichi Nabeshima, and Toshihiko Fujimori have provided an answer in a mouse model.
Applications of the Helium Ion Microscope
Authors: Scipioni Larry , Stern Lewis , Notte John 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The need for more precise image information of samples coming from fields such as materials analysis, semiconductor processing, and life sciences have pushed the boundaries of charged particle microscopy. A key limitation for the microscope maker in rising to these challenges lies in the relative technical maturity of source technology. Very few changes in sources have occurred in the last generations of tools available to the microscopist, while extensive efforts have been put into reducing aberrations that blur the probe—with their concomitant complexity and cost. Such efforts, representing incremental extensions of these technologies, cannot on their own address many of the emerging needs in nanotechnology. In addition, there are many challenges in the imaging of materials such as polymers and biological specimens that cannot be solved through resolution improvements but rather require different beam sample interaction dynamics. The helium ion microscope (HIM) is a breakthrough technology suited to such challenges.
TEM of Bacteriophages Found in Marine Sources
Authors: Fejeran Adella , Polanco Jesus , Lander Gabriel , Ajero Teddy , Carragher Bridget , Potter Clinton S 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We describe here a project to illustrate the diversity and abundance of marine bacteriophages undertaken by two high school students participating in The Scripps Research Institute's High School Student Research Education Program. The students were interns in the Automated Molecular Imaging group over the summer of 2007, during which time they acquired high magnification transmission electron microscopy images of bacteriophage filtered from samples collected from nearby marine waters. The basic protocols for sample collection, grid preparation, and electron microscopy imaging are described in this manuscript along with some of the images of the bacteriophages.
Table Top SEM Utilization in a High School Nanotechnology Course
Authors: Leonard DN 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A Duke University Talent Identification Program (TIP) nanotechnology course curriculum integrated a Hitachi TM-1000 table top scanning electron microscope (SEM) into the classroom to excite and educate gifted and talented high school students interested in this emerging field of research. Students learned about synthesis, characterization and applications of nanotechnologies to encourage them to begin thinking about why and how properties of matter change at the nanoscale. The syllabus was created to introduce fundamental concepts like introductory quantum mechanics, atomic bonding, allotropes of carbon and applications including nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, nano-textiles, bionanotechnology and nanometals. The classroom environment allowed students to take intellectual risks and the course content was presented through a variety of methods to utilize the Kolb learning model and encompass intellectual, personal, social and practical learning methods. The teaching approaches employed traditional principle based lectures, but also included guest speakers, experiential learning activities and both project or problem based learning laboratories.
Down the Resolution Road: Freeze-Fracture Revisited?
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It must have seemed rather fantastic back in the fifties, when Russell Steere froze chunks of plant viruses (tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco nngspot virus, and squash mosaic virus) in drops of water, planed them freehand with a scalpel blade, made a replica of the surface, and examined the replica in a transmission electron microscope. But that was the birth of freeze-fracture and freeze-etch methodology that yielded enormous amounts of information about the morphology of membranes.
Near-Field Plasmon-Resonance Scanning Microscopy
Authors: Schultz Sheldon 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the past few years the field of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has developed rapidly with applications spanning all the physical sciences. A key goal of this form of microscopy is to obtain resolution at levels well beyond those possible with the usual far-field optics. In contrast to far-field optics, which is bounded by the well known limits imposed by diffraction, near-field optics has no “in principle” fundamental lower limit in lateral size, at least down to atomic dimensions, although in practice, signal-to-noise considerations may restrict the application of NSOM to a few nanometers.
Poor Man's Faraday Cup
Authors: Walck Scott D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Frequently, the need arises for the measurement of the beam current in an electron microscope. For good quantitative analysis with either energy dispersive or wavelength dispersive spectrometers, the beam current is essential. The value of the beam current is used in quantitative microanalysis programs to equilibrate the production of X-ray generation between an unknown sample and a known calibration sample, i.e., a standard. Measurement of the beam current over time can also be quite helpful in determining problems with instrument stability. The following is a description of two very inexpensive methods for making a Faraday cup for measuring beam current in an SEM. It assumes that the microscope has a specimen current meter.
Environmental SEMs: A New Way to Look at Samples
Authors: Chernoff Don , Mujallid Mohammad Salim 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A new class of SEM has evolved over the past few years which provides some startling capabilities never before available to electron microscopists. These instruments, typically referred to as environmental SEMs or variable pressure SEMs. have opened up a host of new applications that are difficult or impossible with a standard SEM. Many of the constraints of sample preparation and handling that exist with a conventional SEM do not apply to environmental SEMs.
An environmental SEM functions like a conventional SEM except that you can introduce air or any other gas into the chamber and raise the chamber pressure above the normal high vacuum range of 10-5 or 10-6 Torr. Inmost instruments the vacuum can be raised to as much as 1 Torr. This represents a 6 order of magnitude increase in chamber pressure. Environmental SEMs can achieve this high chamber pressure without damage to the electron source by using differential pumping apertures in the column.
New Light On An Old Problem
Authors: Revel Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Like many other people I find myself not having the time to do all the things that I would like to do in a day. I have always wished I could emulate the young lady in Prof. Arthur Bullers (1874-1944) limerick which was published in the December 19,1933 issue of that reputed journal, Punch:
“There was a young lady named Bright Whose speed was faster than light. She set out one day, In a relative way, And returned home the previous night.”
Well, up to now I have not succeeded in my attempts to gain time in this way, but there is hope, there is hope as I will try to make clear in a minute.
First of course, as we all know, the speed of light is finite. This was first demonstrated by Roemer in 1676, He measured the interval between successive eclipses of the intermost satellite of Jupiter (that would be lo, with its sulfur spewing volcanoes), at a time when Jupiter was close to Earth.
Are We Reduced To Using Scraps Of Cut Film?
Authors: Newberry Sterling 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Kent Christensen documents the values of glass photographic plates1 and also their demise. As a former user of glass plates for microscopy, radiography, autoradiographyandspectroscopy, I sympathize with Kent. Today there are substitute sheet and or roll films for most of the glass plate applications. For example, [ have found Kodak's "Trnax" films as sensitive as lantern plates for soft X-rays and nearly as good for resolution. Tmax is also a good general purpose emulsion for the laboratory, with the possibility of reversal development for slides and availability in a range of formats including 120 and four by five. Perhaps we should recognize the passing of the glass plate as part of current times and inscribe "RIP" over our hallowed collection of glass negatives. After all, many predict that electronic photography will eventually replace all forms of chemical photography.
Leonardo DaVinci: The First Photographer?
Authors: Compton Bob 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Some 350 years before the invention of photography, Leonardo DaVinci may very well have produced the first photograph - the Shroud of Turin. This extraordinary hypothesis attracted shroud experts Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince, and their efforts to prove or disprove this theory resulted in their recent book Turin Shroud. During their shroud investigations, the authors delved deeply into historical lore, piecing together diverse facts and opinions including those of such figures as the Knights of Templar, alchemists, secret societies, and even Pope innocent VIII. The authors provided convincing evidence that the shroud could have been produced using photograph i c -like techniques that were within the identified capabilities of DaVinci. Most importantly, the authors were able to recreate shroud "look-alike" images with materials and techniques believed to be available to, or devised by, Leonardo DaVinci in the creation of the Turin Shroud.
Automatic Particle Picking From Electron Micrographs
Authors: Ramani Lata K , Penczek P , Frank J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The present-day interactive manual selection of biological molecules from digitized micrographs for single particle averaging and reconstruction requires substantial effort and time. Thus a computer algorithm capable of recognition of structural content and selection of particles would be desirable. A few approaches have been proposed in the past. The method by Frank and Wagenknecht is based on the principle of correlation search. Van Heel's method is based on the computation of the local variance over a small area around each point of the image field. The method by Harauz and Fong- Lochovsky is based on edge-detection.
The Annular Cutting of Important Samples for Microscopy
Authors: Hazeldine T A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A precision sectioning method is described in which the diamond blade used is specifically mounted at high tension, with the sample being fed into the blade at its inner annulus. The sawing action which results is characterized by low kerf losses, the possibility for thin slices, good surface finish, high straightness, high reproducibility and low damage. Applications which benefit from the method are mentioned, namely in the sample preparation of semiconductor, geological, composite, hard tissue and polymeric samples, as well as most non-biological samples for many areas of microscopy.
An Improved Clamp for Gluing TEM Cross Section Samples
Authors: Li Hao , Salamanca-Riba L 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is crucial to get a thin glue line when making TEM cross section samples, so normally a clamp is used to press the samples together during curing. Several types of clamps are available commercially, however almost all of them have a big disadvantage: the pressure cannot be adjusted. Basically there are two types of clamps. Type 1 is a small vise that uses a screw to press the samples together. There are two problems associated with type 1. The first one is that usually the viscosity of the glue decreases during the initial stage of curing, so even if you had tightened the screw hard, the sample could still get loose because the glue becomes thinner as its viscosity reduces. To get a thin glue line with this type of clamp, one has to keep retightening trje screw when the clamp and sample is being heated.
"Chip Wars" Heat Up On The Digital Imaging Front
Authors: Chiovetti Bob 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Although the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) imaging chip is the standard in today's video and digital cameras, things may change during the coming year. The CCD chip is being challenged by a competing device, the CMOS ("C-moss") chip.
CMOS is the most widely used type of integrated circuit for memory and digital processing, virtually everything in computers is CMOS based. The economies of scale and production of CMOS devices are the main reasons why computer prices have continued to drop during the past few years. If a device or an instrument has a microprocessor in it, chances are it includes CMOS technology..
False Engagements in AFM
Authors: Dandavate Chetan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In scanning microscopes, like the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), used in contact mode, scanning begins with engaging the tip with the sample at some contact force, which can be adjusted by the setpoint* (this is common to Digital Instruments' AFMs). It may differ for other brands. For a system that detects the motion of the cantilever with a laser beam, the setpoint basically gives an idea of the voltage difference between the top and bottom photo detectors, When the tip comes into contact, the feedback circuit adjusts the tip deflection according to the required contact force, This is the method commonly followed for the constant deflection method.
How to Slam a Cell
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many important discoveries in cell biology have been made by introducing specific compounds into a certain cell and observing the effect. Several methods have been used for the introduction of the compounds. For example, permeabilizing the cell by electroporation (an electric shock that has been demonstrated to poke holes in the plasma membrane), the use of biologic molecules (such as streptolysin 0) to create channels in the plasma membrane, or detergents to dissolve hoies in the plasma membrane. Several laboratories have shown these methods to be effective, but one questions the physiologic state of a holey cell. Liposomes or similar vehicles can be packed with compounds and fused with the cells of interest, but this method of introduction has drawbacks as well.
Web Site Development at a Museum Microscopy Laboratory
Authors: Reddy David P , Klaus Angela V , Recker Renée , Barnett William K 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Interdepartmental Laboratories (IDL) is the core microscopy and scientific visualization research facility for the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Its purpose is to operate and maintain facilities that have broad application within the Museum and would be either too costly for the individual research departments to maintain or which would be underused in a typical department setting, The IDL currently maintains two state-of-the-art analytical/imaging microscopes, as well as resources for visualization, webaccessible databases, and networked image scanning, archiving, and printing. The IDL is overseen by Bill Barnett, the IDL Director, and staffed by Angela Klaus, the Laboratory Manager, and David Reddy, the Scientific Visualization and Informatics Manager.
Scientist Uncovers Chipmakers' Micro-Art
Authors: Yeager Melanie 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Tallahassee, Fla. - Dan Zuras admits he never thought he'd be alive when a scientist discovered the microscopic Road Runner image he engraved on a computer chip 16 years ago.
But then again, at the time, who knew the minute circuitry of microprocessors would grace the pages of wall calendars in the 1990s?
Wee pictures of everything from animals to license plates have become the signatures of chip creators, But knowledge of this practive generally stayed within industry circles - until Florida State University researcher Michael Davidson discovered the imprints left by engineers under his highpower microscope.
Imaging with the Photon Scanning-Tunneling Microscope
Authors: Ferrell Thomas L , Meriaudeau Fabrice , Passian Ali , Goudonnet Jean-Pierre , Wig Andrew 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The use of traditional optics in microscopy has a well-known resolution barrier first presented by Lord Rayleigh. This is the "Rayleigh diffraction limit." In the usual textbook example, the overlapping diffraction rings from two small objects are set so that the central maximum of one pattern falls on the first minimum of the second, The barrier limits the resolution of conventional microscopes to a significant fraction of the wavelength of light.
In the past decade two methods were discovered for surpassing the Rayleigh diffraction barrier. The first was actually an independent rediscovery by D. Pohl er al. of a concept originally proposed by Synge (in a 1928 paper reviewed by Albert Einstein),
Imaging Mechanisms in Dynamic Force Microscopy of Polymers
Authors: Haugstad Greg D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Applications of scanning force microscopy (SFM) in polymer studies have flourished in this decade, reflecting (a) sensitivity to both structure and properties on the nanometer scale, and (b) ease of operation in ambient environments without sample pretreatment. One drawback in SFM of soft materials has been damage incurred during the imaging process. The problem was alleviated by the development of dynamic force microscopy (DFM) in which the probe spends little or no time in contact with the polymer surface and shear forces are minimized. This mode of operation has been dubbed "tapping", "intermittent contact", "non-contact", "near-contact", etc. As studies proliferated, it became apparent that different researchers were using different terms to refer to the same apparent imaging mechanism, or the same term to refer to different imaging mechanisms.
Integrity of Scientific Imagery: Photoshop v.4 versus v.5
Authors: Shaffer Michael 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Having installed Photoshop 5 after using version 4 for some time, I think that all scientists who believe that the integrity of their imagery is important, understand what Photoshop 5 brings with it: the issue of "color space" or color profiles". Whereas users could rely on the integrity of their image being retained with Photoshop 4, this changes with version 5, and in some cases rather severely. For example, a image bitmap which might represent elemental spatial distribution data should be considered to have a gamma of unity. Photoshop 4 would represent this data for editing via the display monitor's gamma compensation only. That is, the integrity of the pixel values would remain and visual compensation happens between data and display. Photoshop 5, on the other hand, will modify pixel values in accordance with either a desired "working" color space or an anticipated "target" color space.