bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of thyroid thermographic images for detection of thyroid tumor: An experimental‐numerical study
Authors: Bahramian Farshad , Mojra Afsaneh 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThermography is a developing and noninvasive medical imaging technique that can be used for diagnosis of body disorders based on temperature deviation from normal body temperature. This research investigates the feasibility of thermography method in conjunction with artificial neural networks (ANNs) for detection of thyroid tumors. For this purpose, first, a 3‐D model of the healthy human neck is constructed based on patient‐specific computed tomography (CT) images. This model is used for analyzing bio‐heat transfer in the human neck. The healthy thyroid gland is considered as a heat source and generates heat according to its temporal temperature. Finite element results verify the thermography potential for detection of thyroid gland location and estimation of its butterfly shape on the neck thermogram. The numerical analysis is carried out on 35 models with varying thermo‐physical parameters of the healthy thyroid gland, including heat generation and blood perfusion. The acquired thermograms are used to develop an ANN for correlating the thermo‐physical parameters of the gland and temperature profile on the neck surface. In the next stage, dynamic thermal images are captured from 10 healthy and three cancerous human cases. The experimental thermal images are analyzed by the developed ANN and the corresponding thermo‐physical parameters are obtained. Results show that the estimated heat generation values for the healthy cases are about 3000
while it increases to more than 12 000
for the cases with tumors. This significant variation confirms the potential of dynamic thermography in diagnosis of thyroid tumors.
Continuous and Scalable Synthesis of Pt Multipods with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Chen Ruhui , Cao Zhenming , Lyu Zhiheng , Xie Minghao , Shi Yifeng , Xia Younan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPlatinum multipods are attractive for catalytic and electrocatalytic applications owing to their highly open, branched structure and thus high specific surface area. A number of methods have been reported for the synthesis of Pt multipods, but they are all limited in terms of throughput due to the use of batch reactors. Here we report the use of a fluidic device for the continuous and scalable synthesis of Pt multipods with sizes controlled in the ranges of 3–5 nm and 2–3 nm for the length and width, respectively, of the branched arms. The facile protocol involves the use of
as a precursor to Pt and oleylamine as a solvent, surfactant, and temperature‐dependent reductant. When a solution of these two components is pumped into the polytetrafluoroethylene tube immersed in an oil bath and held at 180 °C, Pt multipods are formed through fast autocatalytic surface growth and small particles attachment. Compared with the batch‐based synthesis, the throughput of the production in the flow system can readily be increased to 17 mg of Pt per hour while retaining a tight control over the quality of the products. When supported on carbon, the Pt multipods exhibit enhanced activity toward oxygen reduction relative to the commercial Pt/C catalyst.
Crystallization‐Induced Emission Enhancement of Nanoclusters and One‐Step Conversion of “Nanoclusters to Nanoparticles” as the Basis for Intracellular Logic Operations
Authors: Gayen Chirantan , Goswami Upashi , Gogoi Kasturi , Basu Srestha , Paul Anumita 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHerein, we report the construction of intracellular logic operations using luminescent histidine stabilized gold nanoclusters (His Au NCs). The luminescence intensity of His Au NCs was found to be significantly enhanced following interaction with zinc ions, owing to “Crystallization induced emission enhancement”. Further, the luminescence intensity of His Au NCs was found to be effectively quenched in presence of sulphide ions, owing to transformation of emissive His Au NCs to non‐emissive gold nanoparticles. Thus, the collective and individual effects of zinc ions and sulphide ions causing significant variation in the luminescence intensity of His Au NCs, were used as input parameters for construction of intracellular logic operations such as Tri state buffer, “on‐off” switch and INHIBIT gate within mammalian cells.
Use of Isotope Tracers to Assess Lipid Absorption in Conscious Lymph Fistula Mice
Authors: Ko Chih‐Wei , Qu Jie , Liu Min , Black Dennis D. , Tso Patrick 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis protocol provides a comprehensive reference for the evolution of the lymph fistula model, the mechanism of lipid absorption, the detailed procedure for studying lipid absorption using the lymph fistula model, the interpretation of the results, and consideration of the experimental design. The lymph fistula model is an approach to assess the concentration and rate of a range of molecules transported by the lymph by cannulating lymph duct in animals. In this protocol, mice first undergo surgery with the implantation of cannulae in the duodenum and mesenteric lymph duct and are allowed to recover overnight in Bollman restraining cages housed in a temperature‐regulated environment. To study in vivo lipid absorption, a lipid emulsion is prepared with labeled tracers, including [3H]‐triolein and [14C]‐cholesterol. On the day of the experiment, mice are continuously infused with lipid emulsion via the duodenum for 6 hr, and lymph is usually collected hourly. At the end of the study, gastrointestinal segments and their luminal contents are collected separately for determination of the digestion, uptake, and transport of exogenous lipids. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preclinical Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance and Translational Validity
Authors: Mullane Kevin , Williams Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA antagonist memantine. Apart from these drugs, which have minimal to no clinical benefit, the 40‐year search for effective therapeutics to treat AD has resulted in a clinical failure rate of 100% not only for compounds that prevent brain amyloid deposition or remove existing amyloid plaques but also those acting by a variety of other putative disease‐associated mechanisms. This indicates that the preclinical data generated from current AD targets to support the selection, optimization, and translation of new chemical entities (NCEs) and biologics to clinical trials is seriously compromised. While many of these failures reflect flawed hypotheses or a lack of adequate characterization of the preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) properties of lead NCEs—including their bioavailability and toxicity—the conceptualization, validation, and interrogation of the current animal models of AD represent key limitations. The overwhelming majority of these AD models are transgenic, based on aspects of the amyloid hypothesis and the genetics of the familial form of the disease. As a result, these generally lack construct and predictive validity for the sporadic form of the human disease. The 170 or so transgenic models, perhaps the largest number ever focused on a single disease, use rodents, mainly mice, and in addition to amyloid also address aspects of tau causality with more complex multigene models including other presumed causative factors together with amyloid. This overview discusses the current animal models of AD in the context of both the controversies surrounding the causative role of amyloid in the disease and the need to develop validated models of cognitive function/dysfunction that more appropriately reflect the phenotype(s) of human aged‐related dementias. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Statin Use and the Risk of Prostate Cancer in Ischemic Heart Disease Patients in Taiwan
Authors: Ho Wei , Choo Dan‐Wei , Wu Yi‐Jung , Chan Ting‐Fang , Lin Zhen‐Fang 
Published: February 2019

Patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) are more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer. Statins, which are widely used in such patients, are shown to modify the risk of prostate cancer. To clarify the association between statin use and the risk of prostate cancer among patients with higher risk of developing prostate cancer in Taiwan, a cohort of 26,628 men with IHD and aged between 55 and 100 were acquired from the National Health Insurance Research Database and followed over a period of 8 years. The risk of prostate cancer was calculated by time‐dependent Cox regression model. Statin use was associated with significantly lower risk of both total and advanced prostate cancer (adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.719, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.570–0.908; adjusted HR: 0.718, 95% CI: 0.530–0.972 respectively). In Taiwan IHD population, the reduction in risk of prostate cancer was observed in statin users as compared with nonusers.
Platinum Cocatalyst Loaded on Calcium Titanate Photocatalyst for Water Splitting in a Flow of Water Vapor
Authors: Yoshida Hisao , Yamada Ryoko , Yoshida Tomoko 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn water splitting by using heterogeneous photocatalysts, the use of a suitable cocatalyst has been recognized as one of the key factors in enhancing the photocatalytic activity. Although platinum is a representative cocatalyst for many heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions, it has not been used for photocatalytic water splitting, owing to its high catalytic activity for the reverse reaction of water splitting. In the present study, platinum nanoparticles were loaded as a cocatalyst on a calcium titanate photocatalyst by a conventional impregnation method and a photodeposition method and examined for photocatalytic water splitting in a flow of water vapor. Platinum nanoparticles loaded by the impregnation method were found to retain the oxidized form on the calcium titanate photocatalyst, even under photoirradiation, and promoted hydrogen and oxygen production by photocatalytic water vapor splitting without promoting the reverse reaction.
Temperature Impact on Perovskite Solar Cells Under Operation
Authors: Mesquita Isabel , Andrade Luísa , Mendes Adélio 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSC) have emerged as a promising substitute for conventional silicon panels, showing the fastest power conversion efficiency evolution within the photovoltaic field, going from 3.8 % to 23.7 % in a few years. However, PSC thermal stability is still an obstacle to their commercialization. In this study, the temperature effect on mesoporous triple‐cation perovskite solar cells with two different hole extraction materials—2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) and poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA)—is assessed. The cells are exposed to thermal stress between −5 °C and 80 °C and their photovoltaic performance is monitored in situ to reproduce real operating conditions. At low temperatures, the devices present very stable values (average loss <5 %), but as the temperature increases significant decreases in the open circuit potential and short‐circuit current are observed. X‐ray diffraction shows no change in the perovskite crystal structure with temperature. However, electron scanning microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that temperature has a great impact on the hole extraction layer. The cell performance loss is attributed to the evaporation of additives added to the hole extraction layer to enhance its conductivity. Although the decrease in power conversion efficiency at 80 °C is slightly higher for PTAA cells, spiro‐OMeTAD cells present a higher irreversible loss of (21.6±2.3) % after thermal stress tests, whereas PTAA devices showed only a loss of (8.2±1.6) %.
Progress in Nonmetal‐Doped Graphene Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Shao Yanqiu , Jiang Zhenshuang , Zhang Qiaoqiao , Guan Jingqi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOwing to energy shortages and environmental pollution, green energy sources such as polymer electrolyte fuel cells and metal–air batteries play a more and more important role, whereby the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the rate‐determining step. Development of high‐efficiency and stable catalysts to facilitate the ORR is of importance. Graphene is a new type of material with two‐dimensional structure and high surface area, which has wide‐ranging applications in many fields. However, graphene with zero band gap shows low electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR. Introduction of nonmetal atoms can change the electronic arrangement, generate active sites, and further improve the catalytic activity of graphene. Some nonmetal‐doping strategies (e.g., N, S, and P doping) can promote ORR activity. Herein, the recent development of nonmetal‐doped graphene catalysts for ORR is reviewed. Some common synthetic methods for nonmetal‐doped graphene materials are summarized, and the active sites and possible reaction mechanisms for ORR on various nonmetal‐doped graphene catalysts are discussed.
From E‐Waste to Nb‐Pb Co‐Doped and Pd‐Loaded TiO2/BaTiO3 Heterostructure: Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Niu Bo , Xu Zhenming 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA new and sustainable process was reported for the in situ synthesis of Nb‐Pb co‐doped and Pd‐loaded TiO2/BaTiO3 nanometer heterostructures from waste multilayer ceramic capacitors through a simple chlorination–leaching route. The particle size of the Nb‐Pb co‐doped heterostructure and the Pd loading were 20–50 nm and less than 5 nm, respectively. The bandgaps of the prepared samples were in the range 2.81–2.92 eV. The optimal simulated‐sunlight photocatalytic H2 production rate and Rhodamine B degradation rate of the prepared heterostructure could reach 576.8 μmol g−1 h−1 and 0.29911 min−1, respectively, which were approximately 11.3 and 19.1 times higher than those of commercial TiO2, and 5.96 and 8.91 times higher than those of bare TiO2/BaTiO3. The recycled heterostructure exhibited excellent photostability and reusability. Such superior photocatalytic performance of the sample was attributed to the formation of the heterostructure, the Nb‐Pb co‐doping, and the Pd loading, which enhanced the visible light absorption and charge separation efficiency. Furthermore, DFT calculations were applied to explore the enhanced mechanism. This study demonstrates a sustainable process for the conversion of e‐waste to a high‐value‐added and highefficiency photocatalyst, which has the advantages of waste utilization, low‐cost preparation, and environmental protection.
The Potential of Biogas; the Solution to Energy Storage
Authors: Villadsen Sebastian N. B. , Fosbøl Philip L. , Angelidaki Irini , Woodley John M. , Nielsen Lars P. , Møller Per 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEnergy storage will be essential for balancing the renewable energy systems of tomorrow, especially if excess electricity from wind and solar power requires immediate utilization. The use of biogas as a carbon source can generate carbon dioxide‐neutral carbon‐based energy carriers, such as methane or methanol. The utilization of biogas today is limited to the generation of heat/power or biomethane (first‐generation upgrading); both processes disregard the potential of the coproduced carbon dioxide during the fermentation process. By using renewable energy, biogas upgrading systems can convert carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon‐based high‐energy‐density fuels, which can replace fossil‐based fuels for applications in which they are hard to decarbonize. The possibilities for the future utilization of biogas are discussed, and the terminology for “second‐generation upgrading” is introduced to help research and development within this field. It is believed that second‐generation upgrading of biogas will have a huge potential for dynamic energy storage.
Divergent Multistep Continuous Synthetic Transformations of Allylic Alcohol Enabled by Catalysts Immobilized in Ionic Liquid Phases.
Authors: Peris Edgar , Porcar Raúl , García‐Álvarez Joaquín , Burguete María Isabel , García‐Verdugo Eduardo , Luis Santiago V. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTwo individual catalytic platforms (metal‐ and organo‐catalyzed) based on the use of an ionic liquid phase were successfully integrated for the synthesis of α‐cyano‐amine and cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers from allylic alcohol. The right combination of continuous flow processes enabled access to the divergent preparation of two alternative and interesting intermediate compounds from the same starting material.
The Effects of Trace Yb Doping on the Electrochemical Performance of Li‐Rich Layered Oxides
Authors: Bao Liying , Yang Zeliang , Chen Lai , Su Yuefeng , Lu Yun , Li Weikang , Yuan Feiyu , Dong Jinyang , Fang Youyou , Ji Zhe , Shi Chen , Feng Wu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLayered lithium‐rich cathode materials are one of the most promising cathode materials owing to their higher mass energy density than the commercial counterparts. A series of trace Yb‐doped lithium‐rich cathode materials Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13−xYbxO2 (0≤x≤0.050) were synthesized and the effects were investigated by XRD, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high‐resolution TEM. The participation of Yb ions in electrochemical reactions and the larger binding energy of Yb−O than M−O (M=Mn, Ni, Co), which expands the lithium layer spacing and stabilizes the oxygen stacking, resulted in excellent performance of materials doped with a limited Yb content (x≤0.005). However, higher doping amounts (x>0.005) significantly increased the charge‐transfer impedance and led to a sharp deterioration in electrochemical performance. The reason lies in the large difference in ionic radius between the transition metals (Mn, Co, and Ni) and Yb. There is an upper limit to the amount of Yb ions in the lattice. If the amount of Yb is higher than the limit, excess Yb ions enter the Li layers instead of staying in the transition‐metal layers or even segregate on the surface and form electrochemically inert oxides.
A Practical Aryliodine(I/III) Catalysis for the Vicinal Diamination of Styrenes
Authors: Cots Eric , Flores Andrea , Romero R. Martín , Muñiz Kilian 
Published: February 2019

Abstract2,6‐Disubstituted iodoarenes bearing amide‐functionalized side arms are reported as new structures in redox‐active iodine(I/III) catalysis. In combination with bis‐sulfonimides as nitrogen sources and 3‐chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) as benign terminal oxidant they catalyze the vicinal diamination of styrenes. The obtained reactivity and selectivity outperform other iodoarene catalyst candidates. This protocol provides a sustainable alternative to previous related protocols for diamination that are based on stoichiometric iodine(III) reagents.
Flavinium and Alkali‐Metal Assembly on Sulfated Chitin: A Heterogeneous Supramolecular Catalyst for H2O2‐Mediated Oxidation
Authors: Sakai Takuya , Watanabe Mirai , Ohkado Ryoma , Arakawa Yukihiro , Imada Yasushi , Iida Hiroki 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHeterogeneous multiple‐catalyst assemblies were developed in which the flavinium cation and Na or Li cations were easily immobilized on a chitin‐derived anionic polymeric scaffold through noncovalent ionic interactions. The supramolecular flavinium catalysts were successfully employed in the environmentally friendly heterogeneous Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and sulfoxidation by H2O2. Owing to the cooperative catalytic effect of flavinium, alkali metal, and sulfated chitin, the supramolecular flavinium assembly showed higher catalytic activity for the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones than the corresponding homogeneous flavinium catalyst. Because the ionic assembly was stable under the reaction conditions, the catalyst could be readily recovered by simple filtration and reused.
Immunophenotypic Features of Myeloid Neoplasms Associated with Chromosome 7 Abnormalities
Authors: Chen Xueyan , Wood Brent L. , Cherian Sindhu 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundAbnormalities involving chromosome 7 are one of the most frequent chromosomal aberrations in myeloid neoplasms including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with an adverse prognosis. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry provides data that can assist in the diagnosis and classification of myeloid neoplasms. The immunophenotypic features of myeloid neoplasms with monosomy 7 or del(7q) have not been previously described in a comprehensive fashion.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed flow cytometric data of myeloid neoplasms with monosomy 7 or del(7q) and summarized associated immunophenotypic features.ResultsMyeloid neoplasms with monosomy 7 typically demonstrate multiple immunophenotypic abnormalities on myeloid blasts and maturing myelomonocytic cells. Increased CD14 expression on maturing granulocytic cells was characteristically seen in myeloid neoplasms with monosomy 7. This abnormality was significantly more frequent in myeloid neoplasms with monosomy 7 than in those with del(7q) (92.9% vs. 8.2%,P < 0.0001). The presence of increased CD14 expression on maturing granulocytic cells could be seen in cases with monosomy 7 in the setting of a normal blast percentage and when minimal (<3) other immunophenotypic abnormalities were seen on myeloid populations.ConclusionsIncreased CD14 expression on maturing granulocytic cells can be helpful in identifying patients with myeloid neoplasms who have monosomy 7. © 2019 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Prevalence of epithelial abnormalities and high‐risk human papilloma virus in cervicovaginal Pap smears of population subgroups as a guide toward evidence‐based best practice
Authors: Siddiqi Anwer , Webb Fern , Smotherman Carmen , Shuja Sania , Mubeen Aysha , Lai Kent 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThe 2012 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Consensus Guidelines provide information for managing abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. According to these guidelines for Pap smear diagnosis of Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, reflex high risk (HR) human papilloma virus (HPV) genotyping is required among women 21 years of age or older. Whereas, in women of 30 to 65 years of age, HR‐HPV can be ordered by the clinicians as part of co‐testing with any diagnosis and every 5 years with a negative Cervico‐Vaginal Pap test (CVPT).MethodsA retrospective review of the CoPath database of the Pathology Department at the University of Florida, College of Medicine Jacksonville, FL, was performed to identify North Florida (NF) women who underwent CVPT and HR‐HPV testing between 2006 and 2014. The women were stratified by race and age, respectively.ResultsThe study included 19,933 CVPTs. Significant differences in the outcomes' distributions were found among age and race groups, respectively. Highest prevalence of HPV positivity was found in African American women, and in 14‐ to 20‐year‐old women, respectively. Twenty‐ to 30‐year‐old women had the highest percentage (59%) of epithelial abnormality. The most common HR‐HPV genotypic distribution was other HR‐HPV.ConclusionsThis study underscores the importance of using both HR‐HPV and CVPT for screening for cervical cancer, and confirms the need for special focus on managing high‐risk populations subgroups, such as African American women, and women of ages 14 to 20 years especially in high‐risk populations.