bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diastema closures: A novel technique to ensure dental proportion
Authors: Kabbach William , Sampaio Camila S. , Hirata Ronaldo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a novel technique that helps the clinician on promoting a midline diastema closure with appropriate width proportions based on previous wax up, avoiding excesses of the resin material on the gingival area, which could lead to possible inflammation.Materials and MethodsTwo different silicone indexes were made over a wax up to perform a diastema closure.ResultsThe use of a silicone index made with putty polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) material and another index made with putty and light PVS materials performed over a modified wax up, helped on achieving esthetically pleasant diastema closure with appropriate proportional widths, respecting the gingival tissue.ConclusionsThe use of a novel silicone index technique allowed for ensuring the same width for both upper central incisors in a midline diastema closure, improving gingival tissue's health.Clinical SignificanceThe main difficulties regarding diastema closure are related to reaching an appropriate width proportion of the central incisors and avoiding a ledge at the gingival aspect of the contact area, which could become a plaque and food trap. This article describes, step‐by‐step, how to avoid such diastema closure issues, ensuring the width proportions of the upper central incisors.
Genomic Literacy of Registered Nurses and Midwives in Australia: A Cross‐Sectional Survey
Authors: Wright Helen , Zhao Lin , Birks Melanie , Mills Jane 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurposeRegistered nurses and midwives require a degree of genomic literacy if they are to adequately communicate with other healthcare professionals and provide optimal care to patients, their families, and the community. Several studies have been conducted internationally to assess the genomic literacy of nurses; however, the genomic literacy of Australian registered nurses and midwives has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to measure the genomic literacy of Australian registered nurses and midwives through assessing participants’ understandings of genomic concepts most critical to nursing and midwifery practice, as well as their perceived knowledge and attitude towards genomics in nursing and midwifery practice.DesignCross‐sectional survey of Australian registered nurses and midwives using the Genomic Nursing Concept Inventory (GNCI©), a 31 multiple‐choice question survey instrument. Participants were recruited via two key Australian nursing and midwifery organizations over an 8‐month period in 2016.MethodsDescriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to calculate the total GNCI© score and scores on individual subcategories, as well as relationships between demographic variables and GNCI© scores.FindingsMost respondents worked as clinicians (71.4%) in a hospital or hospital‐based setting (61.8%). Most registered nurses (80.5%) and midwives (97.2%) reported that genetics was relevant to clinical practice; however, over 80% of registered nurses and midwives believed their knowledge of genetics was poor or average. Genomic knowledge was assessed using the GNCI©. Scores ranged from 3 to 29 (out of a possible 31), with a mean score of 13.3 (SD 4.559) based on 253 (N = 253) respondents, indicating that genomic literacy is low. There was a significant difference between genomic knowledge scores and education and training level (p = .036).ConclusionsThe genomic literacy of registered nurses and midwives in Australia is low. More must be done to ensure Australian registered nurses and midwives have an adequate level of genomic literacy to provide optimal care to patients, their families, and the community.Clinical RelevanceModern medicine requires a healthcare workforce that is literate in genomics. Findings from this study may serve as the catalyst to improve the genomic literacy of the Australian nursing and midwifery workforce, allowing for improved health outcomes for individuals and the wider Australian public.
Reproduction and morphology of Central American and Tres Marias spinner dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific
Authors: Chivers Susan J. , Perryman Wayne L. , Lynn Morgan S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFour geographic forms of spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) occur in the eastern tropical Pacific. Two of the forms are pelagic: the eastern and whitebelly, and two are coastal: the Central American and Tres Marias spinner dolphins. Of these, only the Tres Marias form lacks recognition appropriate for developing management and conservation plans. Vertical aerial photographs of 57 spinner dolphin schools taken between 1988 and 2006 were used to examine the range of coastal forms and to characterize their calving seasons. On the basis of adult body length, spinner dolphins photographed off Guerrero, Mexico, were identified as those of the Central American form, which is north of their known range, and those photographed farther north, approximately 112 km off Nayarit, Mexico, were identified as the Tres Marias form. Calving peaked from October through March, and there was evidence that calving seasons differed among geographic forms with coastal forms calving later than pelagic forms. We present the first life history parameter estimates for the coastal forms of spinner dolphins, provide additional support for recognition of the Tres Marias form, and the first evidence of the Central American form occurring north of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico.
Whales from space: Four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery
Authors: Cubaynes Hannah C. , Fretwell Peter T. , Bamford Connor , Gerrish Laura , Jackson Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLarge‐bodied animals such as baleen whales can now be detected with very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery, allowing for scientific studies of whales in remote and inaccessible areas where traditional survey methods are limited or impractical. Here we present the first study of baleen whales using the WorldView‐3 satellite, which has a maximum spatial resolution of 31 cm in the panchromatic band, the highest currently available to nonmilitary professionals. We manually detected, described, and counted four different mysticete species: fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ligurian Sea, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off Hawaii, southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) off Península Valdés, and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in Laguna San Ignacio. Visual and spectral analyses were conducted for each species, their surrounding waters, and nonwhale objects (e.g., boats). We found that behavioral and morphological differences made some species more distinguishable than others. Fin and gray whales were the easiest to discern due to their contrasting body coloration with surrounding water, and their prone body position, which is proximal to the sea surface (i.e., body parallel to the sea surface). These results demonstrate the feasibility of using VHR satellite technology for monitoring the great whales.
Perspectives on misidentification of Trichophyton interdigitale/Trichophyton mentagrophytes using internal transcribed spacer region sequencing: Urgent need to update the sequence database
Authors: Chowdhary Anuradha , Singh Ashutosh , Singh Pradeep K. , Khurana Ananta , Meis Jacques F. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe taxonomy of the dermatophytes has been revisited using a novel multilocus phylogenetic approach, and several neotypes and reference strains have been assigned for Trichophyton species. Single gene sequencing, that is the ITS region, for identification of highly related species T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale, warrant reassessment. The sequence database (Westerdijk and NCBI) needs to be updated as several incorrect/obsolete entries of reference and neotype strains of T. interdigitale/T. mentagrophytes hampers correct identification of this complex.
DC‐SIGN and VDR polymorphisms are associated with chronic form of paracoccidioidomycosis with oral manifestations
Authors: Alves Pereira Neto Tertuliano , Costa Pereira Alessandro Antônio , Costa Hanemann João Adolfo , Coelho Luiz Felipe Leomil , Malaquias Luiz Cosme Cotta 
Published: October 2018

SummaryParacoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a granulomatous disease caused by fungi of the species complex of the Paracoccidioides genus. One of the main clinical manifestations of PCM is the presence of oral lesions with the presence of epithelioid granulomas. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of SNPs in the TNF‐α, JAK1, VDR, DC‐SIGN and FcγRIIa genes in patients with chronic PCM and verify possible association of these SNPs with the organisation pattern of the granulomas in the oral lesions. A total of 66 samples of DNA were obtained from oral lesions biopsies and 106 DNA samples were obtained from healthy individuals. The individuals were genotyped for SNPs in DC‐SIGN (rs4804803), FcγRIIa (rs1801274), JAK1 (rs11208534), TNF‐α (rs1800629) and VDR (rs7975232) by real‐time PCR and allele discrimination method. Granulomas were classified as loose or dense according to the histological pattern. In the VDR (rs7975232), the CC genotype (P < 0.001, OR = 5.94, 95% CI = 2.07‐17.05), and the C allele (P = 0.027, OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.07‐6.86), as well as the GG genotype in DC‐SIGN (rs4804803) (P = 0.032, OR: 3.76, 95%, I = 1.06‐13.38) are associated with an increased risk of oral PCM. Our data indicate that VDR and DC‐SIGN genetics variations are related to the susceptibility of oral PCM in the group of patients analysed.
Turnover of southern cypresses in the post‐Gondwanan world: extinction, transoceanic dispersal, adaptation and rediversification
Authors: Crisp Michael D. , Cook Lyn G. , Bowman David M. J. S. , Cosgrove Meredith , Isagi Yuji , Sakaguchi Shota 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Cupressaceae subfamily Callitroideae has been an important exemplar for vicariance biogeography, but its history is more than just disjunctions resulting from continental drift. We combine fossil and molecular data to better assess its extinction and, sometimes, rediversification after past global change.

Key fossils were reassessed and their phylogenetic placement for calibration was determined using trait mapping and Bayes Factors. Five vicariance hypotheses were tested by comparing molecular divergence times with the timing of tectonic rifting. The role of adaptation to fire (serotiny) in its spread across a drying Australia was tested for Callitris.

Our findings suggest that three transoceanic disjunctions within the Callitroideae probably arose from long‐distance dispersal. A signature of extinction, centred on the end‐Eocene global climatic chilling and drying, is evident in lineages‐through‐time plots and in the fossil record. Callitris, the most diverse extant callitroid genus, suffered extinctions but surviving lineages adapted and re‐radiated into dry, fire‐prone biomes that expanded in the Neogene. Serotiny, a key adaptation to fire, likely evolved in Callitris coincident with the biome shift.

Both extinction and adaptive shifts have probably played major roles in this chronicle of turnover and renewal, but better understanding of biogeographical history requires improved taxonomy of fossils.
Rapid and repeated local adaptation to climate in an invasive plant
Authors: van Boheemen Lotte A. , Atwater Daniel Z. , Hodgins Kathryn A. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBiological invasions provide opportunities to study evolutionary processes occurring over contemporary timescales. To explore the speed and repeatability of adaptation, we examined the divergence of life‐history traits to climate, using latitude as a proxy, in the native North American and introduced European and Australian ranges of the annual plantAmbrosia artemisiifolia.We explored niche changes following introductions using climate niche dynamic models. In a common garden, we examined trait divergence by growing seeds collected across three ranges with highly distinct demographic histories. Heterozygosity–fitness associations were used to explore the effect of invasion history on potential success. We accounted for nonadaptive population differentiation using 11 598 single nucleotide polymorphisms.We revealed a centroid shift to warmer, wetter climates in the introduced ranges. We identified repeated latitudinal divergence in life‐history traits, with European and Australian populations positioned at either end of the native clines.Our data indicate rapid and repeated adaptation to local climates despite the recent introductions and a bottleneck limiting genetic variation in Australia. Centroid shifts in the introduced ranges suggest adaptation to more productive environments, potentially contributing to trait divergence between the ranges.
Barrier use during oro‐genital sex and oral Human Papillomavirus prevalence: Analysis of NHANES 2009–2014
Authors: Gupta Avni , Perkins Rebecca B. , Ortega Gezzer , Feldman Sarah , Villa Alessandro 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas is increasing. Oral HPV infection is acquired through oro‐genital contact. We examined the association between barrier use during oro‐genital sex and oral HPV 16/18 prevalence in HPV unvaccinated individuals.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of individuals aged 18–59 years with a history of oro‐genital sex was conducted using National Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey (NHANES) from 2009 to 2014. Multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for gender, total number of oro‐genital sex partners, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Using NHANES sample weights, analysis was weighted for national representation.ResultsSample of 4,357 individuals represented 68,680,333 individuals nationally. 6.6% reported always or usually using a barrier during oro‐genital sex, and 1.3% were positive for oral HPV 16/18 infection. In the adjusted analysis, barrier users were less likely to be oral HPV 16/18 positive, as compared to those who did not report using a barrier (RR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.04–0.97; p < 0.05).ConclusionUsing barrier during oro‐genital sex might help to reduce oral HPV 16/18 prevalence. Hence, the use of a barrier should be promoted not only during vaginal but also during oro‐genital sex. This finding is particularly important among HPV unvaccinated individuals.
Complement activation by human red blood cell antibodies: hemolytic potential of antibodies and efficacy of complement inhibitors assessed by a sensitive flow cytometric assay
Authors: Anliker Markus , Schmidt Christoph Q. , Harder Markus J. , Ganchev Georgi , von Zabern Inge , Höchsmann Britta , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Weinstock Christof 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUNDTherapeutic intervention strategies in complement‐mediated hemolytic diseases are still inappropriate, and lethal events cannot be reliably prevented. As an in vitro model of intravascular hemolysis, a sensitive flow cytometric assay was designed using red blood cells (RBCs) of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) as target cells. Complement activation by human allo‐ and autoantibodies directed against RBC antigens and the effect of different complement inhibitors were studied.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRBCs of patients with a PNH III RBC clone of more than 20% were coated with different human allo‐ or autoantibodies. Hemolysis was initiated with pooled normal human AB serum with or without the addition of complement inhibitors. Loss of PNH III RBCs was estimated by flow cytometry.RESULTSRBC antibodies of 174 different patients representing 37 different specificities were tested for their potency to activate complement. In correlation with blood group specificities roughly three different patterns were observed: 1) strong and regular, 2) sporadic, and 3) weak or absent complement activation. Remarkably strong complement activators were among antibodies directed against high‐prevalence blood group antigens. The C5 inhibitor eculizumab abrogated mild but not strong complement activation, even in presence of excess inhibitor. However, this residual complement activity could be further depressed by combining eculizumab with other inhibitors.CONCLUSIONThe PNH hemolysis assay offers a sensitive tool for in vitro analyses of classical pathway‐mediated complement activation. The recognition of additive effects of complement inhibitors may guide novel intervention strategies against unwanted complement damage.
Complications associated with closed castration using the Henderson equine castration instrument in 300 standing equids
Authors: Racine Julien , Vidondo Beatriz , Ramseyer Alessandra , Koch Christoph 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a closed castration technique in standing equids, report associated complications, and identify potential risk factors.Study designProspective cohort study of 300 standing equids that were castrated with the Henderson Equine Castrating Instrument.MethodsThirteen participating veterinarians recorded intraoperative difficulties and postoperative complications. Descriptive statistics, univariate analyses with Fisher's exact tests, and logistic regressions were used to evaluate intraoperative difficulties and postoperative complications and to assess risk factors for postoperative complications.ResultsData were collected on 300 equids (269 horses, 23 ponies, and 8 donkeys). Intraoperative difficulties were experienced in 39 of 300 (13%) procedures. Postoperative complications were reported in 69 of 300 (23%) equids, including excessive swelling (29, 9.67%), surgical site infection (SSI; 27, 9%), severe hemorrhage (3, 1%), and prolapse of the omentum (2, 0.64%). Donkeys were at increased risk of severe hemorrhage (2/8, 25%, P = .0019). Equids that were castrated in a hospital setting (83/300, 27.66%) more frequently developed excessive swelling (P = .0034, odds ratio [OR] = 3.20) and SSI (P = .0047, OR = 3.18) compared with equids that were castrated in a field setting (217/300, 72.33%). Prolonging antimicrobial prophylaxis or age of the equid at the time of castration had no effect on the prevalence of excessive swelling or SSI.ConclusionThe method of castration evaluated here resulted in a similar prevalence of postoperative complications to that previously reported for castrations in standing horses but fewer SSI.Clinical significanceThe described method provides a viable option for castrating horses and ponies, but is not recommended in donkeys.
Comparison of methohexital and propofol as induction agents for evaluation of laryngeal function in healthy dogs
Authors: Brown Mikala B. , Dugat Danielle R. , Lyon Shane D. , Nafe Laura A. , Payton Mark E. , Peakheart Sarah K. , Salazar Rebecca S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of propofol or methohexital, with and without doxapram, on the examination of laryngeal function in dogs.Study designExperimental study.AnimalsForty healthy dogs randomly assigned to 4 groups: propofol with saline (n = 10), propofol with doxapram (n = 10), methohexital with saline (n = 10), or methohexital with doxapram (n = 10).MethodsPropofol and methohexital were administered to effect. Investigators examined laryngeal function (initial) simultaneously with video laryngoscopy. Doxapram or saline was administered, and laryngeal function was reevaluated (second). Laryngeal motion, quality of laryngeal exposure, and the degree of swallowing, laryngospasm, and jaw tone were scored at each evaluation. Adverse events were recorded. Initial and second videos were evaluated by a masked observer, and still images obtained from both evaluations were evaluated for change in rima glottidis size by 2 masked observers.ResultsAdministration of doxapram and saline was delayed with propofol (P = .001). Laryngeal function did not differ between dogs receiving propofol or methohexital, irrespective of doxapram administration. Doxapram improved breathing scores in both groups (P < .001). Jaw tone increased with propofol during the second evaluation (P = .049). Swallowing was more prevalent at initial examination (P = .020). Methohexital resulted in an increased heart rate (P < .001) compared with propofol. Twenty‐five percent of dogs receiving methohexital developed seizure‐like activity (n = 5/20).ConclusionEvaluation of laryngeal function did not differ between healthy dogs anesthetized with propofol or methohexital. Methohexital provided shorter examination times with less jaw tone but was associated with adverse events.Clinical significanceThis study provides evidence to recommend propofol over methohexital as an induction agent for laryngeal function examination.
Simultaneous monitoring of Ca2+ responses and salivary secretion in live animals reveals a threshold intracellular Ca2+ concentration for salivation
Authors: Nezu Akihiro , Morita Takao , Nagai Takeharu , Tanimura Akihiko 
Published: October 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The effects of Ca2+ responses on salivary fluid secretion have been studied indirectly by monitoring ion channel activities and other indices. Therefore, Ca2+ responses during salivary secretion remain poorly understood.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Herein, we developed a simultaneous monitoring system for Ca2+ responses and salivary secretion in live animals using a YC‐Nano50‐expressing submandibular gland and a fibre‐optic pressure sensor. This new approach revealed a clear time lag between the onset of Ca2+ responses and salivary secretion. We also estimated the [Ca2+]i and provided direct evidence for the regulation of salivary secretion by small increases in [Ca2+]i in submandibular gland acinar cells.

AbstractWe monitored changes in [Ca2+]i during salivary secretion in the rat submandibular gland in live animals using a combination of intravital Ca2+ imaging with the ultrasensitive Ca2+ indicator YC‐Nano50 and a fibre‐optic pressure sensor. Intravenous infusion of ACh (10–720 nmol min−1) increased [Ca2+]i and salivary flow rate in a dose‐dependent manner. Repetitive stimulation with ACh induced equivalent Ca2+ responses and salivary secretion in the same individual animals. The accurate ACh stimulation experiments revealed a clear time lag between the onset of the increase in [Ca2+]i and salivary secretion. The time lag with the lowest dose of ACh (30 nmol min−1) was 106 s, which shortened to 19 s with the dose used for maximal salivary secretion (360 nmol min−1). This time lag might reflect the time required for [Ca2+]i to reach the level required to activate molecules for fluid secretion. The resting [Ca2+]i in submandibular gland was 37 nm, and [Ca2+]i at the onset of salivary secretion was 45–57 nm, irrespective of ACh dose. These results indicate that low [Ca2+]i is sufficient to trigger fluid secretion in the rat submandibular gland in vivo.
Mechanotransduction caused by a point force in the extracellular space
Authors: Roth Bradley John 
Published: October 2018

The mechanical bidomain model is a mathematicalВ description of biological tissue that focuses onВ mechanotransduction. The modelвЂ™s fundamental hypothesisВ is that differences in the intracellular and extracellularВ displacements activate integrins, causing a cascade ofВ biological effects. This paper presents analytical solutionsВ of the bidomain equations for an extracellular point force.В The intra- and extracellular spaces are incompressible,В isotropic, and coupled. The expressions for the intra- andВ extracellular displacements each contain three terms: aВ monodomain term that is identical in the two spaces, andВ two bidomain terms, one of which decays exponentially.В Near the origin the intracellular displacement remainsВ finite and the extracellular displacement diverges. FarВ from the origin the monodomain displacement decays inВ inverse proportion to the distance, the strain decays as theВ distance squared, and the difference between the intra- andВ extracellular displacements decays as the distance cubed.В These predictions could be tested by applying a force toВ a magnetic nanoparticle embedded in the extracellularВ matrix and recording the mechanotransduction response.