bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“ Ten Years' Testing of Model Seaplanes ”
Authors: Baker G. S. 
Published: June 2019

An Ordinary General Meeting- of the Society was held at the Royal Society of Arts, on Thursday, February ist, 1923, Professor L. Bairstow in the chair.The Chairman, in opening- the proceedings, said that Mr. G. S. Baker, O.B.E., of the National Physical Laboratory, would deal with flying boats and seaplanes. He would deal with the hull and its design, that part of the seaplane which differentiates it from the aeroplane. That subject had been touched on very lightly by Major Rennie at the previous meeting of the Society, in view of the present paper by Mr. Baker.Mr. Baker had begun work in 1912 on the problems of hull design, at a time when nothing of a definite nature was known; a few individual experiments had been carried out, but there was no systematised knowledge at all at that time. From that state of ignorance a great deal of experimental work had now rescued us. He did not know how far Mr. Baker would stress the point, but it was quite clear, from the investigation of certain accidents to seacraft, that there were fundamental differences in the behaviour of seaplane hulls on the water, differences which had a great deal of effect on the risk of flying-. For instance, if one type of hull was such that when the plane rose in the air it stalled, then all the aerodynamical consequences of stalling- followed, and there was difficulty. On the other hand, it appeared that we had a type of flying- boat which did not make the plane stall on getting into the air, and consequently if it came back to the water it was still controlled. For this type of development, which he believed really dated back to the C.E.i, we were mainly indebted to Mr. Baker and his associates at the National Physical Laboratory, and to the generosity of Sir Alfred Yarrow in placing such a magnificent piece of apparatus as the experimental tank at the disposal of the nation.Mr. Baker then read his paper on “ Ten Years’ Testing of Model Seaplanes.”
Airscrew Vibration and Gear Stripping
Authors: Morris J. 
Published: June 2019

Mr. J. D. Siddeley in a paper on the reliability of aircraft engines in the Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society for March, 1925, says under the heading Reduction Gears: “ The inclusion of this component has been responsible for limiting seriously the degree of reliability of the power unit. Considerable progress has been made, but the difficulties have by no means been solved. A stage existed when this component controlled the period between inspection and overhauls on the power unit. Improvements in the method of manufacture, particularly as affecting tooth form, have been responsible for a very considerable increase in the degree of reliability, but it is suggested that it represents one of the chief factors controlling the standard of reliability of the power unit as a whole.”This statement is sufficiently serious ; coming from so great an authority on aircraft engines it compels attention and investigation.
The Relationship of Physics to Aeronautical Research
Authors: Wimperis H. E. 
Published: June 2019

Aeronautics is a youthful study—a mere Cinderella of the Sciences, distinguished from her sisters by her tender years, by her guileless and impetuous disregard of the pinch of the financial shoe, and by her beauty.That it is Applied Physics is to me the most inspiring definition of engineering; and if this be true for engineering in general, as I think it is, especially true is it of aeronautics. To illustrate the close association of these new studies with the work of physicists, I shall select a few of the more striking results of recent research.Aviation is now entering upon a new and intensely interesting phase—one which will call for every scientific resource at our command. The materials of -construction are changing : wood is giving place to metal. The engine proves ito have most unexpected possibilities ahead of it through the increase of intake pressure; whilst the very lifting structure itself promises to change, for some purposes at least, from linear motion to rotary.
On the Pressure Distribution Round Certain Aerofoils of High Aspect Ratio
Authors: Wrinch D. M. 
Published: June 2019

The development of aerodynamical research into the usefulness of wing profiles of various types for aerofoils of high aspect ratio lends special interest to new results in two-dimensional hydrodynamics relating to the motion of a perfect fluid in the presence of a cylindrical body, especially in the case when the curve of cross-section of the body possesses only a smali amount of camber and is cusped at one end and rounded at the other.The possibility of formulating a theory which represents with reasonable accuracy the actual motions of aerofoils of high aspect ratio in a stream of air, when the air it taken to be inviscid, depends, of course, essentially in the first place on finding motions in which there is a force on the body at right angles to the direction of streaming. No theory which omits to produce this lifting force can give an account of the actual motions of aerofoils which is even approximately satisfactory.
Finding of bands of higher molecular weight than expected in three proteins in bovine preimplantation embryos
Authors: Kinterova Veronika , Petruskova Veronika , Kanka Jiri , Toralova Tereza 
Published: June 2019

SummaryWe report here the existence of bands of higher molecular weight after western blot analysis in three proteins – Skp1, p27 and IκBα in bovine preimplantation embryos. This finding is specific to preimplantation embryos (from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage) and not differentiated fibroblast cells in which these bands were of expected molecular weight. We suggest that these bands of higher molecular weight represent a complex of proteins that are characteristic of preimplantation embryos.
On the Arithmometer of M. Thomas (de Colmar), and its application to the Construction of Life Contingency Tables. (Continued from Vol. xvii page 266.)
Authors: Gray Peter 
Published: June 2019

Problem V.—To construct a complete table of the Values of Temporary Annuities; that is, a table which shall comprise all ages and all durations.This benefit, being a function of the ages at commencement and cessation, say x and w (to the former of which ages also its value is referred), it will be here for convenience denoted, in accordance with the usual functional notation, by ϕ(x, w); and its duration, consequently, will be w–x=n
On some Formulas for Approximate Summation
Authors: Hardy G. F. 
Published: June 2019

Before proceeding to a description of the formulas which form the main subject of this paper, it will be worth while to notice some points in connection with the celebrated “Summation Formula” of Maclaurin, the application of which to life contingencies we owe to Mr. Woolhouse. As Mr. Sutton has shown (J.I.A. xv, p. 307), the formula in question may be very simply established by symbolical methods. Thus, putting D for , we haveIf we transpose the quantities ∑Ux and ∫uxdx, we get an expression for the value of the integral in terms of the sum of the function; and inserting the limits of integration, we obtainAssuming, as in life calculations, that everything vanishes at the upper limit, we haveThis important formula, which in practice is very powerful, is usually, at first, rapidly convergent, but ultimately becomes divergent. It has been shown, however, that the convergent portion will always give approximate numerical results. The main reason for reproducing the above demonstration, which will be familiar to most readers, is to show how, by a similar method, we may arrive at another summation formula, slightly more convergent than (1).
On a Formula for returning to the Assured their Contributions to the Surplus, compared by Numerical Examples with the Results shown by some of the Methods in use
Authors: Harvey Charles James 
Published: June 2019

Some interesting statistics, based on the returns of 77 offices, and showing the sources from which profit is derived, are given by Mr. Archibald Hewat, in a paper read before the Actuarial Society of Edinburgh, entitled, Bonuses—how Earned and how Distributed, an abridged reprint of which appears in the Institute Journal, vol. xxii, pp. 286–292. Therein it is stated that £2,285,000 of hard cash is on the average annually divided among the policyholders by way of bonuses, such sum being made up fromThese statistics afford a practical demonstration of the important
bearing which interest—or, perhaps, more appropriately speaking, the surplus interest,—has on the profits earned. We see that no less than 45·50 per-cent of the profits of each year, or, if the profit on investments be included, that fully one-half of the surplus proceeds from this source; the remainder being principally contributed by the loading.
Fire Insurance: A Theory of Statistics
Authors: Miller Thomas 
Published: June 2019

A Number of suggestions made at various times by different persons for subjecting Fire Insurance Statistics to systematic treatment were reviewed by Mr. Cornelius Walford some time since in an Article “On the scientific application of Data to the purpose of deducing Rates of Premium for Fire Insurance”, which is published in the April 1878 number of the Assurance Magazine. The present paper is an attempt to lead the investigation into another course, and its purpose is to enunciate a Theory of Statistics in dependence on which algebraic formulae may be constructed and arithmetical calculations made of the values of risks. The particular line it will take is that of averaging quantities, but it could be developed in other directions if that were desirable.Proceeding, without further preface, to the consideration of the subject, we observe :—That the readiness with which materials can be ignited by any particular agency varies—1. In consequence of their constituents being different, as Wool contrasted with Cotton.2. From the same kinds of substance being in different forms, as timber in logs, deals, shavings, sawdust, or splinters.3. From substances existing in different states, as flax lying loose in repose, and flax tossed about and being cleaned in a heckling-house.
Notes on the Practical Applications of Mr. Makeham’s Formula to the Graduation of Mortality Tables
Authors: King George , Hardy George F. 
Published: June 2019

This paper had its origin a year or two ago in an investigation entered upon with an object which has since fallen into abeyance. At that time, it being desired to obtain a thoroughly well-graduated table of mortality giving a favourable view of human life, attention was directed to the Carlisle Table, and sundry attempts were made to remove its irregularities.Many of the experiments then tried would not now be of any public interest, but the effort to use Mr. Makeham's formula brought out a few facts which it is perhaps worth while to record; and, at any rate, whatever may be thought of the present notes, the authors do not consider themselves to be guilty of any impropriety in bringing forward for discussion once more the practical employment of Mr. Makeham's expression for the law of human mortality.They are the more emboldened to suggest this subject for debate, in that Mr. Walford, at a late meeting, announced that the formula was found in America to give perfectly satisfactory results when applied to a table formed from the experience of assured lives on that continent.The first step in the original investigation was to graduate the Carlisle Table (as published by Mr. Milne) by means of Mr. Woolhouse's formula; and as the resulting curve was not entirely free from roughness, the process was repeated. The changes introduced by the second graduation were insignificant, but the table produced was one of very great smoothness, although there was a wave-like form observable in the succession of the values of some of the functions.
On the Mortality observed amongst the various Classes of Bonus Policies in the British Empire Mutual Assurance Company
Authors: Hardy George F. 
Published: June 2019

The object of the present paper is simply to bring to the notice of the members of the Institute the results of an investigation into the mortality prevailing amongst the different classes of bonus policyholders in the above-named Company, and to point out what appears to be the practical bearing of these results. There are also one or two points in connection with the collecting of the experience which may be worth mentioning.In the company in question (in common, I believe, with many societies) an option is given to the policyholders, on the occasion of the first division of profits in which they are to participate, of receiving the value of their bonus in one of three ways:—I. Cash.II. Reversionary Additions.III. Reduction of future Premiums (either for life or for three years).The selection has usually been understood to be made once for all, but, as a matter of fact, the option has been occasionally allowed at subsequent distributions.There appeared to be some reason for anticipating a difference in the relative mortality of these three classes of policyholders in consequence of the exercise of this option. This seemed at least a point worth testing by an appeal to actual experience; and it was mainly with the view of instituting such a test that the investigation referred to was commenced.
On the Rates of Fatal Accidents in various Occupations
Authors: Whittall William J. H. 
Published: June 2019

The rapid growth of Accident Assurance, the passing of the Employers' Liability Act, and the periodically recurring discussions respecting schemes for a National Accident Fund, have created a demand for statistics on the subject of accidents, which cannot be said to have been satisfied.The Tables given in this paper are believed to be unique as regards this country. The object of their compilation was to show the Rates of Fatal Accidents in various occupations. They are based upon a comparison of the male population in each occupation in England and Wales, as enumerated at the Census of 1871, with the average of the number of the violent deaths occurring to male persons following that occupation in England and Wales during the three years, 1870, 1871 and 1872. For the extraction of the particulars relating to these deaths from the records of the General Register Office, special permission was obtained by Dr. Farr; and it is with his cordial approval that the facts are now laid before the members of the Institute.The Census of 1871 was taken on the 3rd April of that year. The population enumerated was therefore slightly in excess of the mean population to which the average of the deaths for the years 1870, 1871 and 1872 would have reference. The difference would, however, be slight; and for the present purpose it was thought that the population as enumerated might be considered suitable.
On the Rates of Mortality in Victoria, and on the Construction of Mortality Tables from Census Returns by the Graphical Method of Graduation
Authors: Burridge Arthur Fras. 
Published: June 2019

The records of the Colony of Victoria afford a field for scientific enquiry in many directions, and questions of interest to the physician, the economist, or the actuary, are to be found therein. Its separate existence is but of thirty years' duration, as it was on 1 July 1851 that the Queen's proclamation was issued erecting it into a separate colony, to be called after her Majesty's name.Many social and economic questions concerning the colony have already been considered; and no longer ago than 1879, the present Government Statist, Mr. Henry Heylyn Hayter, read an exhaustive paper before the Statistical Society. The object of the present enquiry, however, has, so far as I am aware, not received previous attention; and as it is one of strictly professional and scientific interest, it is hoped that it may be appropriately considered by the members of this Institute.That object is to deduce from the registered vital statistics of the colony a mortality table exhibiting the actual rate of mortality which has been experienced ; and to compare that table with other standard tables, in order to note the effect of the different conditions of life prevalent in Victoria. For it is to be expected that a colony, whose geographical extent is only slightly inferior to that of Great Britain, whose difference of temperature between summer and winter varies less than that of Lisbon or the favoured Riviera, and whose population is far greater than any other Australasian colony, would possess special characteristics calculated to mark their effect on the rate of mortality of the people.
Statistical Study of Electron Bunching in Auroral Langmuir Waves
Authors: Dombrowski Micah P. , LaBelle Jim , Kletzing Craig A. , Bounds Scott R. , Cairns Iver H. , Kaeppler Stephen R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLangmuir waves are a fundamental consequence of electron beam‐plasma interactions in space physics. Wave‐particle correlator experiments have proven to be an effective way to probe the physics of Langmuir wave growth, damping, and particle trapping, but previous experiments were limited mainly to special cases. The CHARM‐II rocket flown into active nighttime aurora included a correlator and encountered Langmuir waves along much of its trajectory. Careful consideration of the data yields 57 events in which significant correlations were detected between electrons and Langmuir wave phases. The majority of the selected correlations indicated energy exchange slightly dominant over particle trapping. Examination of the component of the correlation resulting from energy exchange reveals a striking relationship between electron beam dynamics and the nature of the wave‐particle correlation: Whenever the beam flux at the measured electron energy was increasing with time, the phase of the resistive component of the electron bunching implied energy transfer from the beam particles to the wave field, and when the electron beam flux was decreasing, the reverse occurred. Two possible explanations for this effect are the time variation in the interaction of a given energy with the waves in a beam, which is time‐varying due to dispersion effects, and short‐term enhancements in wave growth or damping on a time‐varying beam due to time‐of‐flight effects on the particle distribution. The latter mechanism is investigated and found plausible using a numerical test‐particle simulation.
Statistical Analysis on Plasmatrough Exohiss Waves From the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Zhu Hui , Gu Wenyao , Chen Lunjin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this study using Van Allen Probe wave observations we investigate the statistical properties of exohiss waves, which are structureless whistler mode waves observed outside the plasmapause. The exohiss waves are identified based on the cold electron number density, frequency distribution, ellipticity, and wave normal angle. The statistical analysis on exohiss wave properties shows that exohiss waves prefer to occur over 3<L<6 from dawnside to noon and duskside during geomagnetic quiet times, and their wave power is larger at smaller values of L shell. The frequency of exohiss mainly ranges from 200 to 300 Hz and is almost independent of L shell. The median values of ellipticity and electromagnetic planarity of exohiss waves are 0.91 and 0.54, respectively. Furthermore, the equatorward Poynting flux is comparable to the poleward Poynting flux at the equator and it becomes dominant at the absolute value of the magnetic latitude |λ|∼20°. Our observation results reveal the statistical features of exohiss waves for the first time and support the exohiss formation mechanism that exohiss originates from plasmaspheric hiss leakage. The results demonstrate exohiss as an important energy dissipation route for plasmaspheric hiss and significantly improve the understanding of plasmaspheric hiss evolution in the radiation belt region.
Numerical Modeling of the Generation of Tertiary Gravity Waves in the Mesosphere and Thermosphere During Strong Mountain Wave Events Over the Southern Andes
Authors: Vadas Sharon L. , Becker Erich 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe investigate the effects on the mesosphere and thermosphere from a strong mountain wave (MW) event over the wintertime Southern Andes using a gravity wave (GW)‐resolving global circulation model. During this event, MWs break and attenuate at z∼50–80 km, thereby creating local body forces that generate large‐scale secondary GWs having concentric ring structure with horizontal wavelengths λH=500–2,000 km, horizontal phase speeds cH=70–100 m/s, and periods τr∼3–10 hr. These secondary GWs dissipate in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere, thereby creating local body forces. These forces have horizontal sizes of 180–800 km, depending on the constructive/destructive interference between wave packets and the overall sizes of the wave packets. The largest body force is at z=80–130 km, has an amplitude of ∼2,400 m/s/day, and is located ∼1,000 km east of the Southern Andes. This force excites medium‐ and large‐scale “tertiary GWs” having concentric ring structure, with λH increasing with radius from the centers of the rings. Near the Southern Andes, these tertiary GWs have cH=120–160 m/s, λH=350–2,000 km, and τr∼4–9 hr. Some of the larger‐λH tertiary GWs propagate to the west coast of Africa with very large phase speeds of cH≃420 m/s. The GW potential energy density increases exponentially at z∼95–115 km, decreases at z∼115–125 km where most of the secondary GWs dissipate, and increases again at z>125 km from the tertiary GWs. Thus, strong MW events result in the generation of medium‐ to large‐scale fast tertiary GWs in the mesosphere and thermosphere via this multistep vertical coupling mechanism.
SuperDARN Observations During Geomagnetic Storms, Geomagnetically Active Times, and Enhanced Solar Wind Driving
Authors: Walach M.‐T. , Grocott A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) was built to study ionospheric convection at Earth and has in recent years been expanded to lower latitudes to observe ionospheric flows over a larger latitude range. This enables us to study extreme space weather events, such as geomagnetic storms, which are a global phenomenon, on a large scale (from the pole to magnetic latitudes of 40°). We study the backscatter observations from the SuperDARN radars during all geomagnetic storm phases from the most recent solar cycle and compare them to other active times to understand radar backscatter and ionospheric convection characteristics during extreme conditions and to discern differences specific to geomagnetic storms and other geomagnetically active times. We show that there are clear differences in the number of measurements the radars make, the maximum flow speeds observed, and the locations where they are observed during the initial, main, and recovery phase. We show that these differences are linked to different levels of solar wind driving. We also show that when studying ionospheric convection during geomagnetically active times, it is crucial to consider data at midlatitudes, as we find that during 19% of storm time the equatorward boundary of the convection is located below 50° of magnetic latitude.