bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGARUHPERENDAMAN AIR JERUK NIPIS TERHADAP KADAR FORMALIN DALAM IKAN ASIN TERI NASI
Authors: Burhan Amelia Handayani , Rini Yuli Puspito , Nurhaeni Farisya 
Published: February 2019

Background:The use of formalin as a preservative in salted fish is potentially harmful to the human body,for example in the salted anchovy. They are very popular for customers in Traditional Market of Yogyakarta.The acidic compound, like lime water, can reduce theconcentration of formalin.Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of immersion of lime water on formalin concentration insalted anchovy fish.Methods:A total of 25 samples from five traditional markets of Yogyakarta city were tested using formalin kittest. Positive samples were treated with immersion of lime water with some concentration; 20, 40, 60, 80,and 100% (v/v). Determination of formalin concentration was done by acidimetric method using 0.955Nhydrochloride and methyl red indicator.Results:Concentration of formalin before treatment is 1,397%. The content of Formalin after the immersiontreatment of lime water with concentration 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% (v/v) for 60 minutes was 1.094; 1,015;0.712; 0.426 and 0.283% (w/w).Conclusion:Based on the statistical test can be concluded that there is the influence of the concentration ofimmersion of lime water to formalin concentration in salted anchovy fish. The higher concentration of limewater can decrease formalin until 79.71%.
Keywords:Acidimetric formalin,anchovy salted fish,lemon water,traditional market of Yogyakarta
STRATEGI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM SWASTA DI PURWOKERTO DALAM MENGHADAPI AKREDITASI
Authors: Noviati Bernadetta Eka 
Published: February 2019

Background: Accreditation is an obligation that must be done by every hospital in Indonesia. Purwokerto is the capital of Banyumas district, Central Java, Indonesia. Health services in Purwokerto are facilitated by 10 Public Hospitals and 7 are private public hospitals. Based on the preliminary study, of the seven general hospitals, get one hospital that has been accredited. How is the strategy of public private hospitals facing accreditation, becoming an interesting topic to learn.Objective: The purpose of this research is private hospital strategy in Purwokerto to face hospital accreditation.
Methods: The research method used is qualitative with phenomenology approach. Analysis the data research by using IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis).
Results: Based on the analysis of 5 informants, the theme of accreditation strategy for private hospitals that are human resources control, owner and management commitment, programmatic procedures, time management, process strategy, and building a comfortable working environment.
Conclutions: To be able of accreditation of public private hospitals need the ability to build human resources, and other resources both physical, facilities, environment and time management. Further research is expected to be implemented in all hospitals whether public hospitals, specialty, or clinics.

Keywords: Accreditation, hospital, strategy
SPIRITUAL PASIEN PALIATIF DI RUMAH SAKIT, YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Afifah Milatul , Arianti Arianti 
Published: February 2019

Background: Palliative care goal is to improve the quality of life of the patient. Spiritual is believed can improve the quality of life in palliative patients.
Objective: The purpose of this research is to identify the spiritual status of palliative patients in PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Yogyakarta Hospital.
Methods: This study is a non-experiment research. It used descriptive survey research method with 100 subjects which used total sampling technique. FACIT-Sp is choosen based on this validity(r=0,5) dan realibity (r=0,768) to get the spiritual status of the sample.
Results: The result of univariate analysis showed that the spiritual level of palliative patients in PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital with the mean values of 36,79 (0-48) and the spiritual component consisted of mean is 12,26 (0-16), faith is 12,85 (0-16) and peace 68 (0-16).
Conclusion: The spiritual status of palliative patients at Muhammadiyah Gamping Yogyakarta Hospital in the categories of meaning, faith, peace and spiritual level most have passed the cut of point, it showed that the palliative patient is headed to the good spiritual.

Keyword : Palliative care, spiritual, mean, faith, peace
DINAMIKA GURU/PENDIDIK PAUD DI SURABAYA
Authors: Arifin Bustomi 
Published: February 2019

Education for early childhood children is an essential factor in regard to children development since this factor influences ability, way of thinking, social interaction and other children developments. Teacher is one of numerous tools that need to be prepared in order to achieve the main goals of education for children. The present study aims to elaborate the importance of qualification standards for early childhood children that are enacted by the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Education and Culture. The present study concludes that Surabaya is having great development concerning educational organization which focus on early childhood children. Unfortunately, this significant development does not followed by qualified teacher based on the regulation that is enacted by the government through the Ministry of Education and Culture.
Keywords: Early Childhood Teacher, Children Development, Qualification Standard
Factors Affecting Academic Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Fajar Shaheen , Hussain M. , Sarwar Hajra , Afzal M. , Gilani Syed Amir 
Published: February 2019

Background: The performance of student play important role to quality education which produce quality graduates .So they took part in development of the country and become leader of that county, They are the backbone of their country (Feenberg, 2012). Most of the students do not make themselves attentive in subject duo to same reason like, school related issues, un-confident and unskilled teachers, insufficient services, and non-availability of instructional materials. Non-school issues involve poverty, low instructive fulfillment and lack of education of guardians and weakness and nutrition (Farooq, Chaudhry, Shafiq, & Berhanu, 2011).
Objective: To determine the factors that affects the academic performance of students of Lahore school of Nursing, The University of Lahore, Pakistan.
Methodology: A descriptive Cross-sectional Study Students of Lahore School of Nursing, the University of Lahore. Convenient sampling Technique was use for data collection. Participants who are enrolled in BSN (Generic and Post RN), Age was 18 years to 45years, Both Male and Female, married and unmarried students was including. except BSN (Post-RN) and BSN (Generic) was exclude for data collection
Result: Gender of the participant has negative association with Education of participant as sig value is .000 and -.397. Gender of the participant has association with Marital status and has weak correlation as sig is .159 and r value is .123. Gender of the participant has association with student related factor and has negative correlation as sig is .397 and r value is -.074.
Conclusion: In this study conclude that, most of the common contribution factors that affect academic performance of nursing students were related to teacher factor, student factor, home factor, school factors, significantly affect the academic performance of the nursing students.
Patterns of Cancer Occurrence in Nepal
Authors: Dhungana A , Ghimire HP 
Published: February 2019

Background: Cancer is a public health problem throughout the world and Nepal is not an exception. Actual information on pattern of cancer morbidity and mortality is possible only from population-based registry, which unfortunately is lacking in Nepal.
Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the pattern of cancer occurrence in Nepal with respect to different pertinent variables.
Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was done among 198 admitted patients from Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital using semi-structured interview schedule. Data entry and analysis was done on IBM SPSS V20. Descriptive statistical measures were employed.
Results: This study showed that cancer was seen in advanced age group with no sex wise variations. Majority was married, literate, from rural area, of upper caste and upper lower socioeconomic status. Cancer of lung, rectum and bile duct were more frequent in males in contrary to that of breast, ovary and cervix in females. Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs in males and that of female genital organs in females were the commonest to occur according to ICD-10 classification.
Conclusions: Cancer is rapidly emerging non-communicable disease throughout the world. Despite lack of population based disease registry, patterns of disease from this hospital study emphasize prioritizing the health promotive activities against cancer in the general population.
Etiological Profile and Management of Epistaxis in Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Sigdel B , Nepali R , KC Neeraj , Dubey T , Neupane B , Sigdel D 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Epistaxis is a common otolaryngological emergency condition. It occurs due to local and systemic cause. Local cause lies within the nose bleeding either anterior or posterior. Commonest site of bleeding anterior epistaxis is kiesselbach’s plexus. In posterior epistaxis, it is difficult to locate bleeding site. Epistaxis is controlled by simply pinching of nose, decongested nasal drop and abgel packing. Some cases become more challenging required nasal packing and arterial ligation.
Objectives: To study the epidemiological pattern and management of epistaxis.
Methods: This was a retrospective study on pattern of epistaxis man­aged at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital over a period from April 2015 to April 2016. Information regarding demographic profile, presentation and management of epistaxis was obtained from the Hospital records, ENT Outpatient clinic, Emergency Department, ENT ward and operation theatre.
Results: A total of 78 cases were managed during study period. There was a significant male preponderance with male to female ratio 1.78:1. Patients’ age varied from eight to 80 years with mean age 40.7 years. The peak age of incidence was 21 - 30 years group. Idiopathic nasal bleeding 27 (34.6%) was commonest followed by nasal trauma 23 (29.5%) cases and hypertension 16 (20.5%) cases. Seventeen (21.8%) cases managed in day care basis with decongested nasal drop, chemi­cal cautery and abgel packing. Remaining cases required nasal packing and bipolar cautery and other specific form of treatment. Five (6.4%) cases required sphenopalatine artery ligation with no recurrence of bleeding.
Conclusions: Epistaxis is common ENT emergency. Most common causes are idiopathic followed by nasal trauma and hypertension. Prompt management is instituted according to cases. Most of the cas­es are managed by non-surgical method.
Histopathological Analysis of Endometrial Biopsy in Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Parajuli B , Pun G , Ranabhat S , Poudel S 
Published: February 2019

Objective: To study the spectrum of histopathological diagnosis of endometrial lesions and their distribution according to age.
Methods: All the endometrium samples obtained by the procedure of dilatation and curettage and hysterectomy sent for histopathological examination at Pathology Department of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. The study duration was total 12 months ranging from July 2016 to June 2017. All the endometrial samples were processed, sectioned at 4 - 6 μm and stained with routine H & E stain. Patient’s data including age, sex, procedure of the biopsy taken and histopathological diagnosis were noted. A pathologist, using Olympus microscope, reported the slides. Cases were reviewed by a second pathologist whenever necessary.
Results: A total of 128 cases were studied. The most common histopathological diagnosis was proliferative endometrium (28.9%) followed by disorder proliferative endometrium (15.65%). Most of the patients were in age group 36 - 45 years comprising 32.03%. Hydatidiform mole comprised of 7.03% and among Hydatidiform mole, partial mole was more common. Dilatation and curettage (82.8%) was the common procedure in compare to hysterectomy for the evaluation of endometrial lesions.
Conclusions: In this study, we observed a variety of endometrial lesions. Most of them are benign; among benign, proliferative endometrium was the common histopathological diagnosis followed by disorder proliferative endometrium. Most common presenting age group was found to be at 36 - 45 years. In evaluation of hydatidiform mole, partial mole was more frequent in compare to complete mole. Conventional dilatation and curettage is the preferred method in developing countries with limited resource to screen endometrial lesion and therefore biopsy should be sent for histopathological examination. Thus histopathological examination of routinely stained hematoxylin and eosin is readily available and widely accepted standard technique for evaluation of the endometrial lesions.
Mapping and Size Estimation of Key Populations on HIV Surveillance in Nepal
Authors: Poudel T , Gupta S , Bhattarai Rajan , Rawal BB 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: The HIV epidemic in Nepal is mainly concentrated among key populations, including people who inject drugs, gay men and other men who have sex with men, transgender people, female sex workers, and male labor migrants and their spouses. In countries with this type of concentrated HIV epidemic, the size of the key population estimation is important to address the national epidemic.
Objectives: The study has been designed to estimate the district and national level size of key populations at risk of HIV infection and providing a foundation for policy and programing and to guide the national response to address HIV epidemic.
Methods: This is a prospective mapping exercise study done in 44 districts of Nepal. Semi-structured interview were carried out among key populations members as well as non-key population key informants who were familiar with the local situation in and around the high prevalence areas. The study was conducted from August until November 2016. The collected data has been complied on Census and Survey Processing System and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science software package 16 version.
Results: The national estimates of key populations were FSW around 54,207, MSM/MSW/TG around 112,150 of which men having sex with men were 67,292. The PWID individuals range around 34,487.
Conclusion: To fast track the response to achieve global 90-90-90 targets for the continuum of prevention to care, the country is updating its understanding of key population sizes and risk behaviors in different geographical area.
District Health Service Management
Authors: Poudel SK , Subedi S , Khadka S , Timilsina S , Sharma S , Roy SK , Gaire S , Poudel S , Shrestha S , Jha V , Yadav V , Thapa Y 
Published: February 2019

District Health System Management is a comprehensive study of the health system of the district as a unit of national health system. The report of District Health System Management has been prepared as per the MBBS 4th year (Third phase) curriculum of Tribhuvan University (TU), Institute of Medicine (IOM), Nepal after the field placement of our group in Gorkha and Kaski districts.
We prepared regional health directorate profile, regional tuberculosis center profile, district profile, district health profile of Kaski, hospital profile of Western Regional Hospital, Kaski, and critical analysis on human resources of the Aampipal hospital. We prepared five year plan on ICU services of Gorkha District Hospital and conducted epidemiological study on COPD in WRH, Pokhara.
The techniques used in this study were observation, interviews, interactions, participation, secondary data retrieval, analysis and presentation using specific tools and guidelines devised for the same.
The field practice proved to be a milestone in enabling the students to develop aptitude in the fields of management, administration and communication in different health set-ups of the country. It is in fact once-in-a lifetime opportunity for the medical students to imbibe the practicality of management skills at various levels.
Quality Analysis of Milk in Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Parajuli Astha , Rimal Prasiddhi , Maharjan Rujisha , Chaudhary Richa , Chaturwedi Shashi Bhusan 
Published: February 2019

Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate physiochemical, adulteration and microbial quality of milk sold in Kathmandu Valley.
Methods: The study was carried out in Microbiology Laboratory of DAV College. The total of 20 milk samples randomly collected from different places of the valley including 10 pasteurized milk sample and 10 were raw milk sample, were processed for Physiochemical and Microbiological analysis.
Result: The laboratory analysis revealed that the pasteurized samples has less mesophilic count as well as coliform count than raw milk samples. About 55% milk samples showed neutralizer test positive and 10% of milk samples were found to be positive for sugar test. However, none of the samples were found to contain starch as an adulterant. The average fat content of milk samples of Kathmandu Valley was 3%. Fat percent was significantly different among different sources of sampling points. The highest milk fat content value was recorded at Pulchowk (3.7%). The average SNF of Kathmandu Valley was 7% in which the pasteurized sample had the highest average SNF (7.3%) and the raw milk had lowest average SNF (6.8%).
Conclusion: The significant variation in the physiochemical properties and microbial properties of the milk samples showed that people should be conscious about the consumption of market milk.
In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Organic Extracts of Aloe barbadensis against Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Wound Specimens
Authors: Adhikari Mamata , Sah Anil Kumar , Joshi Dev Raj 
Published: February 2019

Objectives: In order to investigate alternate therapeutic option, this study was carried out to assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of gel extract of Aloe barbadensis against multiple antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound specimens.
Methods: A total of 180 different wound specimens collected in a hospital, were subjected to isolate and identify P. aeruginosa by cultural methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method to screen multidrug resistant isolates. A. barbadensis extracts were prepared using aqueous and organic solvents and their in vitro inhibitory action was evaluated by agar well diffusion methods.
Results: Out of total, 38 (21.1%) of the wound specimens showed the occurrence of P. aeruginosa, among which 15 (39%) isolates were multi-drug resistant. Organic extracts of various concentrations (0.2 - 0.8 v/v %) inhibited 66.7% of MDR and all non-MDR (n = 23) P. aeruginosa with zone of inhibition ranging from 9.5 ±1.0 to 21.3 ± 2.2 mm but not by aqueous extract. A positive Pearson’s correlation (r=0.983) was found between antibacterial effect and concentrations of the extracts. The antibacterial activity of organic extracts was statistically associated with antibiotic resistance profile of the organism (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Organic extracts of A. barbadensis revealed variable in vitro inhibitory action against both MDR and non-MDR P. aeruginosa isolated from wound specimens. Although further confirmation is needed, aloe gel extract may be applied as an alternate treatment option.
Teaching Tip: Virtual Oncology Clinic
Authors: Nolan Michael W. , Balogh Marton , Waltman Suzanne Shelly 
Published: February 2019

Due to limitations in traditional approaches to didactic and clinical learning, professional veterinary medical students face challenges in developing skills and competencies related to clinical practice. The Veterinary Information Network’s (VIN) Virtual Clinic (VVC) aims to support learning by using gaming techniques to simulate clinical case management in a low-risk setting. The VVC lets students explore medical scenarios inside a virtual hospital. The purpose of this article is to describe the development and implementation of a learning approach that blends classroom instructor-directed learning with online simulation-based learning, using the VVC. We share challenges and successes of this approach. The case vignettes in the specific example described herein are for canine multicentric lymphoma. However, the lessons learned through the implementation of this oncology clinic module are expected to apply to a wide range of clinical disciplines.
Salmon migration and fertility in East Germany – An analysis of birth dynamics around German reunification
Authors: Kreyenfeld Michaela , Vatterrott Anja 
Published: February 2019

This paper uses rich administrative data from the Deutsche Rentenversicherung (German Pension Fund) to describe changes in the timing and the spacing of births that occurred in the period following German reunification. We examine differences in the birth dynamics of East Germans, West Germans, and women who migrated between the two parts of Germany in these years. As the pension registers provide monthly records on whether a person is living in East or West Germany, they also allow us to examine the role of regional mobility in birth behaviour. In particular, we test the “salmon hypothesis”, which suggests that migrants are likely to postpone having a child until after or around the time they return to their region of origin. Our investigation shows that a large fraction of the cohorts born in 1965-74 migrated to West Germany after reunification, but that around 50% of these migrants returned to East Germany before reaching age 40. The first birth risks of those who returned were elevated, which suggests that the salmon hypothesis explains the behaviour of a significant fraction of the East German population in the period following German reunification.
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag werden die Registerdaten der deutschen Rentenversicherung verwendet, um die Übergänge zum ersten Kind und das „Spacing“ weiterer Kinder in der Zeit nach der Wiedervereinigung zu beschreiben. Wir untersuchen dabei das Geburtenverhalten von ostdeutschen und westdeutschen sowie jenen Frauen, die zwischen den beiden Landesteilen migriert sind. Da in den Rentenregistern monatsgenaue Angaben zum Wohnort enthalten sind, erlauben sie es den Zusammenhang von räumlicher Mobilität und Geburtenverhalten zu analysieren. Insbesondere untersuchen wir die „Salmon Hypothesis“ (Lachshypothese), der zufolge Geburten bis zur Rückkehr der Migrantinnen in ihre Herkunftsregion aufgeschoben werden. Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass ein erheblicher Teil der ostdeutschen Frauen der Geburtsjahrgänge 1965-74 nach Westdeutschland migrierte, jedoch bis zum Alter 40 etwa 50% von ihnen nach Ostdeutschland zurückgekehrt sind. Die Erstgeburtenraten der Rückkehrerinnen sind erhöht, was darauf hinweist, dass die „Salmon Hypothesis“ das Verhalten eines großen Teils der Ost-West-Migrantinnen beschreiben kann.