bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A concepção de mulher no currículo da Escola Doméstica de Natal (1914 – 1944)
Authors: Tavares Marianna Carla Costa , Stmatto Maria Inês Sucupira 
Published: September 2018

O presente trabalho apresenta uma discussão sobre a concepção de mulher no modelo curricular presente na Escola Doméstica de Natal(ED), localizada em Natal/RN, no período de 1914 a 1944. Tem como objetivo identificar a formação pensada para o público feminino nesta instituição. A metodologia adotada parte um estudo analítico, fazendo comparações entre as informações coletadas no arquivo da escola e os estudos teóricos. Na ED tivemos acesso ao acervo da instituição, no qual foi possível levantar fontes como documentos, boletins e fotos. O currículo foi construído com base nesses documentos, nos dados encontrados no jornal A República e a partir dos estudos de Andrea Gabriel Francelino Rodrigues (2007). Além disso, os estudos teóricos permitiram encontrar discursos proferidos por Henrique Castriciano, pela Liga de Ensino do RN (LERN) e a partir dos estudos de Marques Neto (2015). Por meio do programa curricular apresentado percebemos que a visão de educação feminina nesse período era voltada ao lar. As reflexões permitem perceber que a mulher, para a Escola Doméstica, era concebida como o pilar das mudanças sociais, levando em consideração seu papel na família. A Liga de Ensino do RN defendeu os mesmos preceitos em que a educação feminina deveria ser aquela onde a mulher soubesse guiar-se nos caminhos da vida no lar ou fora dele. No decorrer da pesquisa percebemos quem era essa mulher do início do século XX e quais as contribuições da Escola Doméstica para a construção desse ideário feminino.
The Investigation of the Effects of Chlorpyrifos and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Application on Bovine Liver Catalase Activity
Authors: Karadağ Hasan 
Published: September 2018

In
this study, it was investigated whether different concentrations of
organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and systemic herbicide
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
on bovine liver catalase (CAT) activity cause any inhibitions or
activations. For this purpose, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ppm concentrations of
CPF and 2,4-D were used. Following the applications of all tested
concentrations of the both pesticides, the CAT activity elevated. Under the
exposure of 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ppm concentrations, % CAT activity
increases were calculated as 10.0; 6.2; 4.6; 6.9 and 6.0 in CPF apllications,
while these increases were calculated as 13.1; 10.3; 17.0; 24.4 and 18.8 in
2,4-D applications, respectively. The present research indicated the elevations
in CAT activity with 2,4-D were higher compared to CPF. This means that 2,4-D
may have increased hydrogen peroxide production more than CPF.
The Common Agricultural Policy and the EU budget: stasis or change?
Authors: Greer Alan 
Published: September 2018

After highlighting the budgetary context and the historical trends on the funding of the CAP, this paper considers contemporary debates about its reform in the context of two ‘historic firsts’. Negotiations about the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2014-20 for the first time took place in tandem with a proposed CAP reform, within the broader context set by the financial crisis after 2008. Second, the CAP reform debates took place within the new institutional arrangements introduced in the Lisbon Treaty, which by extending the co-decision mechanism to the CAP potentially has increased the influence of the European Parliament (EP). Indeed the CAP reform dossiers were the first real test of these new arrangements and provide an insight into how the new institutional structure will work in practice. In both cases the paper highlights a continuing cleavage among member states and stakeholder interests - that maps partly onto a broader budgetary gainers/losers division - between advocates of radical reform (e.g. the UK, Sweden) and those who favour the retention of the traditional CAP (such as France, Spain and Ireland).
TÜRKİYE’DE 6360 SAYILI BÜYÜKŞEHİR YASASI KAPSAMINDA BÜYÜKŞEHİRLER/ BÜTÜNŞEHİRLER: YÖNETSEL YAPI, MALİ/İKTİSADİ BOYUT ve GELECEK VİZYONU ÜZERİNE BİR TARTIŞMA
Authors: KALAĞAN Gökhan 
Published: September 2018

Büyükşehir kavramı, tarihte ilk kez Eski Yunan’da, metropolis (ana) ve polis (kent) kelimelerinin birleşiminden oluşan metropol (anaşehir) olarak, modern çağda ise Avrupa’da göç ve endüstrileşme ile nüfusu hızla büyüyen Londra, Paris, Roma gibi kentler için kullanılmıştır. Yeni Türkiye Cumhuriyeti yönetim şeklini Fransa’dan etkilenerek merkeziyetçilik esasında şekillendirmiştir. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında kentli nüfus düşük ve nüfusun büyük oranı kırsal alanda yaşadığı için, 1924 yılında çıkarılmış olan 442 sayılı Köy kanunu yeterli görülmüştür. 1960’lı yıllardan itibaren kentlerdeki yaşam ve iş imkanlarının gelişmesiyle kırdan kente göç hızlanarak kentlerin nüfusu artmıştır. Bu dönemde, artık kent belediyelerinin, yeni bir yönetim anlayışı ve yasal altyapıyla yönetilmesi gerektiği düşünülmüş, sırasıyla 1930 yılında 1580 sayılı Belediye Kanunu, 2004 yılında 5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu, 2005 yılında 5302 sayılı İl Özel İdaresi ve 5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu, ve son olarak, 2012 yılında Bazı Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun çerçevesinde çıkarılan 6360 Sayılı Kanun çıkarılmıştır. 6360 sayılı kanun belediyeleri; büyükşehir ve ilçe belediyeleri arasındaki görev, yetki ve sorumluluk paylaşımı, kentsel ve kırsal alan yönetimi, imar ve planlama, personel sistemi, belediyelerin ticari şirket ve iştirakleri konusunda yeniden dizayn etmiştir. 6360 sayılı kanun ile birlikte 30 şehrimiz büyükşehir olmuştur. 2019 yerel seçimleri öncesi büyükşehir olma şartları yeniden düzenlenerek, “bütünşehir” olarak nitelendirilen yönetim modeliyle, 51 ilin daha bütünşehir olması planlanmaktadır. Çalışmanın kapsamında, 2012 yılından beri uygulanan ve olumlu görüşlerin yanısıra, özellikle uygulayıcı olan belediye başkanları tarafından zaman zaman eleştirilen ve yeniden düzenlenmesi gerektiği düşünülen “bütünşehir yönetim” modelinin geleceği konusunda bir tartışmaya yer verilmiştir. Çalışmada; İlgili literatür taraması yapılarak, yasal düzenlemelerin yanısıra, yasa koyucu ve uygulamacıların güncel görüş ve önerilerine değinilmiştir.
Investigating The Effect of Exposure-Control Strategies on Item Selection Methods in MCAT
Authors: MAO Xiuzhen , OZDEMIR Burhanettin , WANG Yating , XIN Tao 
Published: September 2018

This study aims to investigate the
effect of different item exposure controlling strategies on item selection
methods in the context of multidimensional computerized adaptive testing
(MCAT). Additionally, this study aims to
examine to what extend the restrictive threshold (RT) and the restrictive
progressive (RPG) exposure methods suppress the item exposure rates and
increase the exposure rates of underexposed items without losing psychometric
precision in MCAT. For this purpose, the
performance of four item selection methods with and without exposure controls
are evaluated and compared so as to determine how results differ when item
exposure controlling strategies are applied with Monte-Carlo simulation method.
The four item selection methods employed in this study are D-optimality,
Kullback–Leibler information (KLP), the minimized error variance of linear
combination score with equal weight (V1), the composite score with optimized
weight (V2). On the other hand, the maximum priority index (MPI) method proposed
for unidimensional CAT and two other item exposure control methods, that are RT
and RPG methods proposed for cognitive diagnostic CAT, are adopted. The results
show that: (1) KLP, D-optimality, and V1 performed better in recovering domain
scores, and all outperformed V2 with respect to precision; (2) although V1 and
V2 offer improved item bank usage rates,
KLP, D-optimality, V1, and V2 produced an unbalanced distribution of
item exposure rates; (3) all exposure control strategies improve the exposure
uniformity greatly and with very little loss in psychometric precision; (4) RPG
and MPI perform similarly in exposure control, and outperformed RT exposure
control method.
The Role of Arthroscopic Simulation in Teaching Surgical Skills
Authors: Rashed Sami , Ahrens Philip Michael , Maruthainar Nimalan , Garlick Nicholas , Saeed Muhammad Zahid 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Following the introduction of worktime regulations across the world along with existing concerns over the nonuniform nature of the traditional apprenticeship model, an alternative method for teaching surgical skills is being sought. Simulation training offers a safe and standardized environment to develop and improve surgical skills. The purpose of the present study was to review the existing and most recent research into the utility of arthroscopic simulators in training and the teaching of surgical skills.

Methods:
A systematic review of the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for English-language articles published between 2014 and November 2017 was conducted. Search terms included arthroscopy or arthroscopic with simulation or simulator.

Results:
We identified a total of 27 relevant studies involving simulated ankle, knee, shoulder, hip, and simple box arthroscopic environments. The majority of these studies demonstrated construct validity, while a few demonstrated transfer, face, and content validity.

Conclusions:
Our review suggests that there is a considerable evidence base regarding the use of arthroscopic simulators for training purposes. Further work should focus on the development of a standardized simulator training course that can be contrasted against current intraoperative training in large-scale multicenter trials with long-term follow-up.
Access to Orthopaedic Care
Authors: Markovitz Michael A. , Labrum Joseph T. , Patel Shyam A. , Rihn Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2018

* As the U.S. health-care system continues to undergo considerable change, most recently as a result of the enactment of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), orthopaedic practices are being challenged with increased demand for services while dealing with changes in reimbursement rates and rising costs of operating a practice.* Medicaid reform has been largely ineffectual in alleviating the access-to-care burden experienced by the orthopaedic Medicaid patient and, in states forgoing Medicaid expansion, may have exacerbated preexisting inequalities in accessing orthopaedic care.* Although the majority of Medicare beneficiaries currently receive adequate access to orthopaedic care, rapidly increasing demand and rising costs for orthopaedic procedures coupled with decreasing reimbursement rates will likely result in adverse reductions in that access in the near future.* The history and evolution of private insurance in the United States are complex and are constantly changing. Private insurance covers the majority of Americans either through employers or other means and therefore indirectly affects multiple aspects of access to orthopaedic care. Although patients with private insurance have greater access to subspecialty care than those with other types of insurance, they are currently limited in where and when they can obtain care based on their specific coverage.* Health policy plays a substantial role in influencing orthopaedic surgeons’ patient-payer selection criteria, which, in conjunction with the supply and demand of orthopaedic services, determine access to care for the orthopaedic patient. Although further research is needed to quantify access to care for orthopaedic patients, especially in light of the drastic changes to the PPACA that have been proposed by the current presidential administration, current literature indicates the presence of a pervasive inequality in access to orthopaedic care based on health insurance status.
Quantitative Structure- Property Relationship (QSPR) Investigation of Camptothecin Drugs Derivatives
Authors: Ahmadinejad Neda , Shafiei Fatemeh , Isfahani Tahereh Momeni 
Published: September 2018

Aim and Objective:
Quantitative Structure- Property Relationship (QSPR) has been
widely developed to derive a correlation between chemical structures of molecules to their known
properties. In this study, QSPR models have been developed for modeling and predicting
thermodynamic properties of 76 camptothecin derivatives using molecular descriptors.

Materials and Methods:
Thermodynamic properties of camptothecin such as the thermal energy,
entropy and heat capacity were calculated at Hartree–Fock level of theory and 3-21G basis sets by
Gaussian 09.

Results:
The appropriate descriptors for the studied properties are computed and optimized by the
genetic algorithms (GA) and multiple linear regressions (MLR) method among the descriptors
derived from the Dragon software. Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV) is used to evaluate
predictive models by partitioning the total sample into training and test sets.

Conclusion:
The predictive ability of the models was found to be satisfactory and could be used for
predicting thermodynamic properties of camptothecin derivatives.
Safety and Efficacy of Rifaximin in Prophylaxis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Menshawy Amr , Mattar Omar , Barssoum Kirolos , AboEl-Naga Ammar M. , Salim Haitham Mohamed , Mohamed Ahmed Mesbah Fahmy , Elgebaly Ahmed , Abd-Elsalam Sherief 
Published: September 2018

Aim:
The role of rifaximin in the prevention of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) is
not well studied. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the role of rifaximin in the prevention
of SBP.

Methods:
A computerized literature search for relevant clinical trials was conducted during August
2017. Data on Frequency of SBP, the success rate of prevention of SBP, mortality rate, hepatorenal
syndrome, septic shock, hepatic encephalopathy, and GIT bleeding were extracted and pooled as Risk
Ratio (RR) with their 95% Confidence Interval (CI) in a meta-analysis model. Heterogeneity was assessed
by Chi-square test.

Results:
Six studies involving 973 patients were included in the final analysis. The pooled effect estimate
showed that the rifaximin plus norfloxacin group had less incidence of SBP (RR 0.58, 95%
CI[0.37, 0.92], P=0.02) and hepatic encephalopathy (RR 0.38, 95% CI[0.17, 0.84], P=0.02) than the
norfloxacin-based regimen group. No significant difference between rifaximin and norfloxacin in
terms of frequency of SBP and success rate of primary prevention of SBP (RR 0.49, 95% CI [0.24,
1.01], P=0.05; RR1.21, 95% CI [0.95, 1.55], P=0.13, respectively).

Conclusion:
Based on our analysis, Rifaximin is a promising drug and appears to be a good alternative
to norfloxacin in the prevention of SBP.
Improved In vivo Effect of Chrysin as an Absorption Enhancer Via the Preparation of Ternary Solid Dispersion with Brij&#174;L4 and Aminoclay
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Lee Yeo-song , Song Jae Geun , Han Hyo-Kyung 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Chrysin is a strong inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) but it
is practically insoluble in water. Effective solubilization of chrysin is critical for its pharmaceutical
application as an absorption enhancer via inhibition of BCRP-mediated drug efflux.

Objective:
This study aimed to develop an effective oral formulation of chrysin to improve its in vivo
effect as an absorption enhancer.

Method:
Solid dispersions (SDs) of chrysin were prepared with hydrophilic carriers having surface
acting properties and a pH modulator. In vitro and in vivo characterizations were performed to select
the optimal SDs of chrysin.

Results:
SDs with Brij&®L4 and aminoclay was most effective in increasing the solubility of chrysin by
13-53 fold at varying drug-carrier ratios. Furthermore, SDs significantly improved the dissolution rate
and extent of drug release. SDs (chrysin: Brij&®L4: aminoclay=1:3:5) achieved approximately 60% and
83% drug release within 1 h and 8 h, respectively, in aqueous medium, while the dissolution of the
untreated chrysin was less than 13%. XRD patterns indicated the amorphous state of chrysin in SDs.
The SD formulation was effective in improving the bioavailability of topotecan, a BCRP substrate in
rats. Following oral administration of topotecan with the SDs of chrysin, the Cmax and AUC of topotecan
was enhanced by approximately 2.6- and 2-fold, respectively, while the untreated chrysin had no
effect.

Conclusion:
The SD formulation of chrysin with Brij&®L4 and aminoclay appeared to be promising in
improving the dissolution of chrysin and enhancing its in vivo effect as an absorption enhancer.
Development of Biodegradable Injectable In situ Forming Implants for Sustained Release of Lornoxicam
Authors: Christian Ruby , Thakkar Vaishali , Patel Tushar , Gohel Mukesh , Baldaniya Lalji , Shah Purvi , Pandya Tosha , Gandhi Tejal 
Published: September 2018

Objective:
The focus of this study was to develop in situ injectable implants of Lornoxicam
which could provide sustained drug release.

Methods:
Biodegradable in situ injectable implants were prepared by polymer precipitation method
using polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA). An optimized formulation was obtained on the basis of drug
entrapment efficiency, gelling behavior and in vitro drug release. The compatibility of the formulation
ingredients were tested by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning
colorimetry (DSC). SEM study was performed to characterize in vivo behavior of in situ implant.
Pharmacokinetic study and in vivo gelling study of the optimized formulation were performed on
Sprague-Dawley rats. Stability testing of optimized formulation was also performed.

Results:
The drug entrapment efficiency increased and burst release decreased with an increase in the
polymer concentration. Sustained drug release was obtained up to five days. SEM photomicrographs
indicated uniform gel formation. Chemical interaction between the components of the formulation was
not observed by FT-IR and DSC study. Pharmacokinetic studies of the optimized formulation revealed
that the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to achieve Cmax (Tmax) and area under plasma
concentration curve (AUC) were significantly higher than the marketed intramuscular injection of lornoxicam.
Stability study of optimized batch showed no change in physical and chemical characteristics.

Conclusion:
Lornoxicam can be successfully formulated as in situ injectable implant that provides
long-term management of inflammatory disorders with improved patient compliance.
Formulation and in-vivo Evaluation of Novel Topical Gel of Lopinavir for Targeting HIV
Authors: Ansari Huda , Singh Prabha 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Lopinavir is a specific reversible inhibitor of the enzyme HIV protease with
mean oral bioavailability of less than 20 % due to extensive hepatic metabolism by cytochrome
P450 3A4. The reported half-life of Lopinavir is 5-6 hours and the maximum recommended daily
dose is 400 mg/day. All the marketed tablet and capsule formulations of lopinavir are generally
combined with Ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4, to minimize presystemic metabolism
of lopinavir. Hence, to overcome limitations associated with oral administration of lopinavir
and to promote single drug administration, utilization of vesicular nanocarriers through topical
route could prove to be effective, as the approach combines the inherent advantages of topical route
and the drug-carrying potential of vesicular nanocarriers across the tough and otherwise impervious
skin barrier layer, i.e., stratum corneum.

Objective:
The objective was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of lopinavir and formulate a
topical gel for improved systemic bioavailability of lopinavir.

Method:
SLNs were prepared using high-pressure homogenization technique and optimized. The
nanoparticles were characterized by SEM to confirm their spherical shape. Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC) analysis was carried out to ensure the entrapment of drug inside the SLNs. A
comparative evaluation was done between SLN based gel and plain gel of drug by performing exvivo
skin permeation studies using Franz diffusion cell. To explore the potential of topical route, invivo
bioavailability study was conducted in male Wistar rats.

Results:
The optimized formulation composed of Compritol 888ATO (0.5 %) as a lipid, Poloxamer
407 (0.25 %) as a surfactant and Labrasol (0.25 %) as a co-surfactant gave the maximum entrapment
of 69.78 % with mean particle size of 48.86nm. The plain gel of the drug gave a release of 98.406 &#177;
0.007 % at the end of 4hours whereas SLN based gel gave a more sustained release of 71.197
&#177;0.006 % at the end of 12hours ex-vivo. As observed from the results of in-vivo studies, highest
Cmax was found with SLN based gel (20.3127 &#177; 0.6056) &#181;g/ml as compared to plain gel (8.0655 &#177;
1.6369) &#181;g/ml and oral suspension (4.2550 &#177; 16.380) &#181;g/ml of the drug. Also, the AUC was higher
in the case of SLN based gel indicating good bioavailability as compared to oral suspension and
plain gel of drug.

Conclusion:
Lopinavir SLN based gel was found to have modified drug release pattern providing
sustained release as compared to plain drug gel. This indicates that Lopinavir when given topically
has a good potential to target the HIV as compared to when given orally.
Assessing the Impact of Rice Sector Policy Reforms on the Income Mobility of Rural Households in Nigeria
Authors: Okodua Henry 
Published: September 2018

Introduction:The Nigerian government recently introduced a number of policy initiatives under its Agricultural Transformation Agenda to address the issue of over-dependency of the economy on imported rice and achieve the government’s goal of rice self-sufficiency. This paper provides an empirical assessment of the potential impact of the rice policy reforms on income mobility of households in Nigeria.Statement of the problem:Nigeria’s rice production has been primarily undertaken by small-scale farmers and is characterized by low productivity owing to inefficient production systems and the country’s aging farming population. The study probes into the potential of the new policy on rice production to produce considerable employment gains for rural households in Nigeria given that local rice production will displace imported rice.Methodology:The study employed a static Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) framework to investigate the potential additional income benefits or losses for Nigerian households stemming from the government’s current initiative of increased domestic rice production.Results:The findings reveal that the implementation of the new policy on domestic rice production will produce considerable employment gains for all households and for most sectors of the economy. The policy will also result in an overall income gain for both rural and urban households, although these gains will be larger for rural households.Conclusion:The study adds to the literature by quantifying on sectoral basis, the potential income and employment gains or losses that will stem from the implementation of the rice policy reforms.