bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced motivation of cognitive control in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Timmer Monique H.M. , Aarts Esther , Esselink Rianne A.J. , Cools Roshan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMotor and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been argued to reflect motivational deficits. In prior work, however, we have shown that motivation of cognitive control is paradoxically potentiated rather than impaired in Parkinson's disease. This is particularly surprising given the fact that Parkinson's disease is often accompanied by depression, a prototypical disorder of motivation. To replicate our previous finding and assess the effects of depression, we investigated performance of PD patients with (n = 22) and without depression (history) (n = 23) and age‐matched healthy controls (n = 23) on a task specifically designed to measure the effect of reward motivation on task‐switching. We replicated previous findings by showing contrasting effects of reward motivation on task‐switching in PD patients and age‐matched healthy controls. While the promise of high versus low reward improved task‐switching in PD, it tended to impair task‐switching in age‐matched healthy controls. There were no effects of a depression (history) diagnosis in PD patients. These findings reinforce prior observations that Parkinson's disease is accompanied by enhanced incentive motivation of cognitive control and highlight the potential of incentive motivational strategies for overcoming cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease.
Incentivising fire management in Pindan (Acacia shrubland): A proposed fuel type for Australia's Savanna burning greenhouse gas emissions abatement methodology
Authors: Lynch Dominique , Russell‐Smith Jeremy , Edwards Andrew C. , Evans Jay , Yates Cameron 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe Australian Government has sanctioned development of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) abatement methodologies to meet international emissions reduction obligations. Savanna burning emissions abatement methodologies have been available since 2012, and there are currently 72 registered projects covering approximately 32 million ha. Abatement to date has exceeded 4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2‐e) principally through the application of low intensity early dry season fire management to reduce the amount of biomass combusted in higher intensity late dry season (LDS) fires. Savanna burning projects can only be conducted on areas with eligible fire‐prone vegetation fuel types where implementing the improved fire management regime is considered ecologically appropriate. This study assesses the suitability of including tall Acacia shrublands (‘Pindan’) as a new eligible fuel type. These shrublands make up 12% (~2 million ha) of the Kimberley region, Western Australia, where, on average, 32% is fire affected annually, mostly in the LDS. A standard assessment protocol was applied to describe vegetation fuel type structural and pyrolysis characteristics. We show that Pindan (i) can be identified and mapped as a unique tall Acacia shrubland vegetation fuel type, (ii) characterised by a significantly greater shrubby fuel load biomass, and (iii) the conservation status of which would benefit from imposition of strategic prescribed burning programme. Savanna burning projects in the Pindan fuel type could potentially abate up to 24.43 t.CO2‐e/km2 per year, generating significant income and employment opportunities for predominantly Indigenous land managers in the region.
Intravenous ketamine in status epilepticus
Authors: Höfler Julia , Trinka Eugen 
Published: August 2018

SummaryStatus epilepticus (SE) is among the most common neurological emergencies. In refractory SE, due to subcellular maladaptive changes, γ‐aminobutyric acidergic drugs are no longer effective, and there is an increase in synaptic N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Ketamine (KET) is a noncompetitive N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonist that could be of value in the treatment of refractory SE. The aim was to analyze all published studies on KET in the treatment of SE. A systematic search (PubMed) of the literature identified 25 studies (from December 1996 to March 2017); with the exception of two prospective studies, all studies were retrospective in nature and published as a full paper. To date, PubMed lists a total number of 244 episodes of SE treated with KET (13 case reports and five case series in adults; four case reports and three case series in children); the overall success rate was 74% (153/207) in adults and 73% (27/37) in children. Adverse events were rare. Current evidence on the use of KET in acute seizures and SE is mostly restricted to retrospective case reports and case series, except for two prospective case series without control (class IV). Further prospective studies to inform clinicians are necessary.
Transient microstructural brain anomalies and epileptiform discharges in mice defective for epilepsy and language‐related NMDA receptor subunit gene Grin2a
Authors: Salmi Manal , Bolbos Radu , Bauer Sylvian , Minlebaev Marat , Burnashev Nail , Szepetowski Pierre 
Published: August 2018

SummaryObjectiveThe epilepsy‐aphasia spectrum (EAS) is a heterogeneous group of age‐dependent childhood disorders characterized by sleep‐activated discharges associated with infrequent seizures and language, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Defects in the GRIN2A gene, encoding a subunit of glutamate‐gated N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, represent the most important cause of EAS identified so far. Neocortical or thalamic lesions were detected in a subset of severe EAS disorders, and more subtle anomalies were reported in patients with so‐called “benign” phenotypes. However, whether brain structural alterations exist in the context of GRIN2A defects is unknown.MethodsMagnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MR‐DTI) was used to perform longitudinal analysis of the brain at 3 developmental timepoints in living mice genetically knocked out (KO) for Grin2a. In addition, electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded using multisite extracellular electrodes to characterize the neocortical activity in vivo.ResultsMicrostructural alterations were detected in the neocortex, the corpus callosum, the hippocampus, and the thalamus of Grin2a KO mice. Most MR‐DTI alterations were detected at a specific developmental stage when mice were aged 30 days, but not at earlier (15 days) or later (2 months) ages. EEG analysis detected epileptiform discharges in Grin2a KO mice in the third postnatal week.SignificanceGrin2a KO mice replicated several anomalies found in patients with EAS disorders. Transient structural alterations detected by MR‐DTI recalled the age‐dependent course of EAS disorders, which in humans start during childhood and show variable outcome at the onset of adolescence. Together with the epileptiform discharges detected in young Grin2a KO mice, our data suggested the existence of early anomalies in the maturation of the neocortical and thalamocortical systems. Whereas the possible relationship of those anomalies with sleep warrants further investigations, our data suggest that Grin2a KO mice may serve as an animal model to study the neuronal mechanisms of EAS disorders and to design new therapeutic strategies.
Detection of intraocular Leptospira spp. by real‐time polymerase chain reaction in horses with recurrent uveitis in Belgium
Authors: Sauvage A. C. , Monclin S. J. , Elansary M. , Hansen P. , Grauwels M. F. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundEquine recurrent uveitis (ERU) has been associated with Leptospira spp. infection. No information exists concerning the prevalence of Leptospira‐associated ERU in Belgium and about the sensitivity of detection of Leptospira in different ocular media.ObjectivesTo establish the prevalence of intraocular Leptospira spp. in ERU‐affected and healthy eyes of horses examined at the Equine Clinic of the University of Liège by real‐time PCR and to compare the results of the aqueous and vitreous humour of the same eye.Study designCross‐sectional.MethodsSixty‐six eyes from 59 client‐owned horses with a diagnosis of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU‐group) were studied from May 2015 to December 2017. Fifty healthy eyes from 28 euthanised horses for unrelated reasons examined during the same period were included in the control group. Intraocular fluids (aqueous and/or vitreous humours) from ERU‐affected eyes were sampled and analysed by real‐time PCR for Leptospira spp. Aqueous and vitreous humours from the control group were processed in the same way.ResultsBoth groups were comparable regarding age, sex, eye sampled (OS/OD), humours sampled (aqueous/vitreous humour) but not regarding breeds, with an over‐representation of Warmbloods and Appaloosas in the ERU‐group. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. was 30.3% (20/66 eyes) in the ERU‐group. Leptospira spp. DNA was identified in 11 aqueous and 17 vitreous humours with eight horses testing positive in both humours, nine horses testing positive for vitreous humour alone and third horses for aqueous humour alone. The phi‐correlation between aqueous and vitreous humour Leptospira‐PCR results is 0.47 suggesting a low association. All the control eyes were negative.Main limitationsThe diagnostic method selected for this study (lipL32 qPCR) did not allow identification of the serovars.ConclusionsLeptospirosis is a potential cause of ERU in Belgium. Testing both intraocular media is advised whenever possible.
The Summary is available in Spanish – see Supporting Information
Piperazine derivatives with central pharmacological activity used as therapeutic tools
Authors: Brito Adriane F. , Moreira Lorrane K. S. , Menegatti Ricardo , Costa Elson A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMedicinal chemistry is a science applied to the search and discovery of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, promising structures have been identified; one of these structures is the piperazine moiety, a cyclic molecule containing two nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4 as well as four carbon atoms. Many piperazine derivatives have central pharmacological activity that mainly involves the activation of the monoamine pathway. Thus, piperazine derivatives have been the subject of research for many central therapeutic applications, including antipsychotic, antidepressant and anxiolytic applications. Benzylpiperazine is the prototype of piperazine derivatives; this substance is the main component of recreational drugs, partly due to its stimulant and euphoric effects. This paper describes some piperazine derivatives used therapeutically as antipsychotic (clozapine), antidepressant (vortioxetine) and anxiolytic (buspirone) drugs.
High‐frequency greenhouse gas flux measurement system detects winter storm surge effects on salt marsh
Authors: Diefenderfer Heida L. , Cullinan Valerie I. , Borde Amy B. , Gunn Cailene M. , Thom Ronald M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe physical controlling factors on coastal plant communities are among the most dynamic of known ecosystems, but climate change alters coastal surface and subsurface hydrologic regimes, which makes rapid measurement of greenhouse gas fluxes critical. Greenhouse gas exchange rates in these terrestrial–aquatic ecosystems are highly variable worldwide with climate, soil type, plant community, and weather. Therefore, increasing data collection and availability should be a priority. Here, we demonstrate and validate physical and analytical modifications to automated soil‐flux chamber measurement methods for unattended use in tidally driven wetlands, allowing the high‐frequency capture of storm surge and day/night dynamics. Winter CO2 flux from Sarcocornia perennis marsh to the atmosphere was significantly greater during the day (2.8 mmol m−2 hr−1) than the night (2.2 mmol m−2 hr−1; p < 0.001), while CH4 was significantly greater during the night (0.16 μmol m−2 hr−1) than the day (−0.13 μmol m−2 hr−1; p = 0.04). The magnitude of CO2 flux during the day and the frequency of CH4 flux were reduced during a surge (p < 0.001). Surge did not significantly affect N2O flux, which without non‐detects was normally distributed around −24.2 nmol m−2 hr−1. Analysis with sustained‐flux global potentials and increased storm surge frequency scenarios, 2020 to 2100, suggested that the marsh in winter remains an atmospheric CO2 source. The modeled results showed an increased flux of CO2 to the atmosphere, while in soil, the uptake of CH4 increased and N2O uptake decreased. We present analytical routines to correctly capture gas flux curves in dynamic overland flooding conditions and to flag data that are below detection limits or from unobserved chamber‐malfunction situations. Storm surge is an important phenomenon globally, but event‐driven, episodic factors can be poorly estimated by infrequent sampling. Wider deployment of this system would permit inclusion of surge events in greenhouse gas estimates.
Review of Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla cells asin vitroscreening model for hair growth
Authors: Madaan Alka , Verma Ritu , Singh Anu T. , Jaggi Manu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHair disorders such as hair loss (alopecia) and androgen dependent, excessive hair growth (hirsutism, hypertrichosis) may impact the social and psychological well‐being of an individual. Recent advances in understanding the biology of hair have accelerated the research and development of novel therapeutic and cosmetic hair growth agents. Preclinical models aid in dermocosmetic efficacy testing and claim substantiation of hair growth modulators. Thein vitromodels to investigate hair growth utilize the hair follicle Dermal Papilla cells (DPCs), specialized mesenchymal cells located at the base of hair follicle that play essential roles in hair follicular morphogenesis and postnatal hair growth cycles. In this review, we have compiled and discussed the extensively reported literature citingDPCs asin vitromodel to study hair growth promoting and inhibitory effects. A variety of agents such as herbal and natural extracts, growth factors and cytokines, platelet‐rich plasma, placental extract, stem cells and conditioned medium, peptides, hormones, lipid‐nanocarrier, light, electrical and electromagnetic field stimulation, androgens and their analogs, stress‐serum and chemotherapeutic agents etc. have been examined for their hair growth modulating effects inDPCs. Effects onDPCs’ activity were determined from untreated (basal) or stress induced levels. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and secretion of growth factors were included as primary end‐point markers. Effects on a wide range of biomolecules and mechanistic pathways that play key role in the biology of hair growth were also investigated. This consolidated and comprehensive review summarizes the up‐to‐date information and understanding regardingDPCs based screening models for hair growth and may be helpful for researchers to select the appropriate assay system and biomarkers. This review highlights the pivotal role ofDPCs in the forefront of hair research as screening platforms by providing insights into mechanistic action at cellular level, which may further direct the development of novel hair growth modulators.
Proof‐of‐concept study to establish an in situ method to determine the nature and depth of collagen changes in dentine using Fourier Transform Infra‐Red spectroscopy after sodium hypochlorite irrigation
Authors: Morgan A. D. , Ng Y.‐L. , Odlyha M. , Gulabivala K. , Bozec L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimTo establish a method using Fourier Transform Infra‐Red spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize the nature and depth of changes in dentinal collagen following exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) during root canal irrigation in an ex vivo model.MethodologyFourier Transform Infra‐Red spectroscopy was used to assess the changes in dentinal collagen when the root canal was exposed to NaOCl. The changes in dentinal collagen caused by NaOCl irrigation of root canals in transverse sections of roots, at 0.5 mm from the canal wall and 0.5 mm from the external root surface, were assessed by FTIR. The data were analysed using paired t‐test with 5% significance level.ResultsFourier Transform Infra‐Red spectroscopy confirmed that NaOCl exposure caused alterations in the chemistry and structure of collagen in dentine. FTIR spectra obtained from dentine surfaces and dentine adjacent to root canals exposed to NaOCl, all consistently showed degradation and conformational change of the collagen structure. FTIR data from the ex vivo model showed that the depth of effect of NaOCl extended to at least 0.5 mm from the canal wall.ConclusionIn extracted human teeth, NaOCl caused changes in dentinal collagen that were measurable by FTIR. In an ex vivo model, the depth of effect into dentine extended at least 0.5 mm from the canal wall.
ST‐elevation myocardial infarction in a migrant population: a registry‐based study of patient treatment and outcomes
Authors: Rye Eleanor , Lee Andrea , Mukhtar Hadia , Narayan Arun , Robert Denniss A. , Chow Clara , Kovoor Pramesh , Sivagangabalan Gopal 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundInternationally, a growing number of studies has identified race‐related disparities in the presentation, treatment and outcomes of patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). With a large migrant population, Australia presents a unique microcosm in which to study the impact of migrant status and ethnicity in STEMI patients.AimTo investigate if first‐generation migrants differed in presentation, treatment or outcomes following STEMI compared with the Australian‐born population.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study using data from a clinician‐initiated registry. The study involved 2154 patients who presented to 12 hospitals between 2004 and 2012. Our main outcome measures included time to reperfusion, 30‐day mortality and complications.ResultsMigrants (n = 1035, 48.8%) were more likely to be older (61 vs 58 years, P < 0.001), diabetic (29.3 vs 21.5%, P < 0.001) and have a prolonged symptom to door time (102 vs 91 min, P = 0.04). Despite lower rates of previous known ischaemic heart disease (22.5 vs 26.6%, P = 0.03), migrants had more diffuse disease (triple vessel or left main (3VD/LM): 29.8 vs 22.0%, P < 0.001) and higher troponin values (3.77 vs 3.22 μg/L, P = 0.01). We found no significant differences in hospital treatment times, intervention types or rates. Multivariate regression identified age, diabetes, female gender and multi‐vessel disease as predictors of complications and death at 30 days.ConclusionsMigrants had longer pre‐hospital delays and exhibited different cardiovascular risk profiles than Australian‐born patients but received comparable treatment in the acute hospital setting. Higher rates of diabetes and multi‐vessel coronary artery disease were seen among migrant patients, indicating a relatively higher risk population.
Hypothyroidism associated with therapy for multi‐drug‐resistant tuberculosis in Australia
Authors: Cheung Yee‐Ming M. , Van Karen , Lan Lan , Barmanray Rahul , Qian Sarah Y. , Shi William Y. , Wong Jennifer L. A. , Hamblin Peter S. , Colman Peter G. , Topliss Duncan J. , Denholm Justin T. , Grossmann Mathis 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundReports from resource‐poor countries have associated thionamide‐ and para‐aminosalicylate sodium (PAS)‐based treatment of multi‐drug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) with the development of hypothyroidism.AimTo identify predictors and assess the cumulative proportions of hypothyroidism in patients treated for MDR‐TB with these agents in Australia.MethodsRetrospective multicentre study of MDR‐TB patients from five academic centres covering tuberculosis (TB) services in Victoria, Australia. Patients were identified using each centre's pharmacy department and cross checked with the Victorian Tuberculosis Program. Hypothyroidism was categorised as subclinical if the thyroid‐stimulating hormone was elevated and as overt if free thyroxine (fT4) was additionally reduced on two separate occasions. Our main outcome measured was the cumulative proportion of hypothyroidism (at 5 years from treatment initiation).ResultsOf the 29 cases available for analysis, the cumulative proportion of hypothyroidism at 5 years was 37% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0–57.8%). Eight of the nine affected cases developed hypothyroidism within the first 12 months of treatment. Hypothyroidism was marginally (P = 0.06) associated with higher prothionamide/PAS dosing and was reversible with cessation of the anti‐tuberculosis medication.ConclusionsProthionamide/PAS treatment‐associated hypothyroidism is common in MDR‐TB patients in Australia, emphasising the importance of regular thyroid function monitoring during this treatment. Thyroid hormone replacement, if initiated, may not need to be continued after MDR‐TB treatment is completed.
Providing physical health care for people accessing mental health services: Clinicians’ perceptions of their role
Authors: Clancy Richard , Lewin Terry J. , Bowman Jenny A. , Kelly Brian J. , Mullen Antony D. , Flanagan Karen , Hazelton Michael J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe prevalence of health risk behaviours and associated poor physical health is high in people with severe mental illness. Mental health service guidelines and policies stipulate that mental health services should address physical health of people who access services. This study reports results from a large, interdisciplinary, cross‐sectional study exploring mental health clinicians’ (n = 385) views of role legitimacy in physical health service provision. All disciplines reported that mental health clinicians have a role to play in addressing the physical health of consumers. Among mental health clinicians, psychiatrists and mental health nurses received higher endorsement than allied health clinicians in relation to the provision of physical health care, with primary care providers including general practitioners also ranking highly. As community mental health services routinely appoint allied health staff to case management roles, a challenge for services and a challenge for clinicians are to ensure that physical health and the effects of medication are monitored appropriately and systematically. Online and telephone support services received relatively lower endorsement. As the availability of nonface to face services increases, there is a need to explore their utility in this population and where appropriate promote their uptake.
‘The right thing to do’: Fostering social inclusion for mental health service users through acts of citizenship
Authors: Hamer Helen Paris , Rowe Michael , Seymour Carol Ann 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe theoretical framework of citizenship is increasingly being used in mental health settings to inform practice. This exploratory qualitative study describes in more detail the acts of citizenship embedded in the everyday practices of mental health workers that promote the social inclusion of people in their care. Acts make a claim for justice when one's rights and responsibilities of citizenship are denied. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 participants, seven mental health clinicians and five peer support workers, recruited from a mental health facility in Connecticut, USA. Two themes are presented, breaking the rules and the right thing to do, a rights‐based practice that fosters inclusion for service users. Results suggest that staff undertake hidden acts of citizenship to promote inclusion and rights of service users by responsibly subverting the rules and norms of the organization. Changes to organizational practices to make visible such inclusionary acts are required. Implications for practice and considerations of organizational change through the development of a citizenship framework to underpin practice are recommended.