bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mining and Planetary Health: A GeoHealth‐Led Special Collection
Authors: Hudson‐Edwards Karen A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMining is a vital part of the global economy, but unmanaged releases of mine wastes can affect the health of humans, ecosystems, water, soil and Earth surface environments (e.g., rivers and estuaries). New technological developments and multidisciplinary collaborations are leading to new insights into the relationship between mining and the health of the Earth. In recognition of the importance of this topic, GeoHealth is leading in the creation of a special collection of papers on the theme of Mining and Planetary Health, to summarize the current state of knowledge, outline topics for urgent action and further research, and highlight positive efforts in environmental and health protection. Submissions are invited from researchers investigating the impacts of mining at the intersection of the Earth and environmental sciences and human, ecosystem, and planetary health.
Electron Density Distributions in Saturn's Ionosphere
Authors: Persoon A. M. , Kurth W. S. , Gurnett D. A. , Groene J. B. , Sulaiman A. H. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Morooka M. W. , Hadid L. Z. , Nagy A. F. , Waite J. H. , Cravens T. E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBetween 26 April and 15 September 2017, Cassini executed 23 highly inclined Grand Finale orbits through a new frontier for space exploration, the narrow region between Saturn and the D Ring, providing the first opportunity for obtaining in situ ionospheric measurements. During the Grand Finale orbits, the Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument observed broadband whistler mode emissions and narrowband upper hybrid frequency emissions. Using known wave propagation characteristics of these two plasma wave modes, the electron density is derived over a broad range of ionospheric latitudes and altitudes. A two‐part exponential scale height model is fitted to the electron density measurements. The model yields a double‐layered ionosphere with plasma scale heights of 545/575 km for the northern/southern hemispheres below 4,500 km and plasma scale heights of 4,780/2,360 km for the northern/southern hemispheres above 4,500 km. The interpretation of these layers involves the interaction between the rings and the ionosphere.
On the Causative Strokes of Halos Observed by ISUAL in the Vicinity of North America
Authors: Lu Gaopeng , Yu Bingkun , Cummer Steven A. , Peng Kang‐Ming , Chen Alfred B. , Lyu Fanchao , Xue Xianghui , Liu Fei , Hsu Rue‐Ron , Su Han‐Tzong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe analysis of impulse charge moment change (iCMC) for the parent lightning strokes of 497 halos observed by the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning near North America in 2004–2015 indicates that the majority were produced by negative cloud‐to‐ground strokes predominantly produced in oceanic and coastal thunderstorms. Positive halos are almost always accompanied by sprites, and negative sprites are usually associated with halos. There are limited observations of positive pure halos with supercritical iCMCs (> +320 C km), but there are many negative pure halos with supercritical iCMCs (> −500 C km), suggesting a critical role of impulse charge transfer duration in the formation of streamers. The halo‐producing threshold of lightning strength does not considerably depend on the polarity. Due to the dependence on the timescale of impulse charge transfer for streamer development, many negative cloud‐to‐ground strokes with iCMCs exceeding the threshold for sprite production actually produce halos instead.
Convectively Generated Gravity Waves in High Resolution Models of Tropical Dynamics
Authors: Müller Sebastian K. , Manzini Elisa , Giorgetta Marco , Sato Kaoru , Nasuno Tomoe 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe investigate numerical models that display the transition of global climate modeling from coarse grids, at which convection and gravity waves are still parameterized, toward finer resolutions, where both are treated explicitly. Gravity waves generated by deep, tropical convection are examined by means of spectral analysis. We make use of the models' different setups to discuss the impacts of spatial resolution, the treatment of moist convection and the degree of model complexity, on convectively generated gravity waves. We find that substantially more gravity wave momentum flux is resolved by models with fine horizontal grid spacing, as the spectral slope is almost flat in zonal wave number space (∼k−1), until scales at which numerical diffusion sets in. However, we also find that, when well‐organized tropical storm systems of large scale are simulated with convection‐permitting resolution, the gravity wave variance may be enhanced at small scales and the spectral slope may flatten. We propose an explanation for this in the dynamical overshooting of convective updrafts that is expected to mechanically generate gravity waves. Further, we find that a parameterization of convection drastically reduces gravity wave momentum flux associated with tropical convection, as deep modes of latent heating and gravity waves are underestimated. Thus, its application is expected to have consequences for wave mean‐flow interaction in the middle atmosphere. The universal properties of the gravity wave spectrum that were found in observations and confirmed in analytical gravity wave models are successfully reproduced in our numerical simulations of tropical dynamics.
Response of Atmospheric pCO2 to Glacial Changes in the Southern Ocean Amplified by Carbonate Compensation
Authors: Kobayashi Hidetaka , Oka Akira 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAtmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (pCO2) varies by about 100ppm during glacial‐interglacial cycles. Previous studies suggest that the strongly stratified Southern Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum increases the oceanic storage of carbon, but the glacial reduction of atmospheric pCO2 simulated by ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) does not reach 100ppm. One candidate for the underestimation is that carbonate compensation is not explicitly incorporated in the previous OGCM simulations. Therefore, we quantitatively evaluate the impact of carbonate compensation on the glacial atmospheric pCO2 by using an OGCM coupled with an ocean sediment model. As suggested by previous box model studies, our OGCM simulations show that the enhanced Southern Ocean stratification amplifies the decrease in atmospheric pCO2 due to carbonate compensation. Considering the enhanced stratification in the Southern Ocean, we obtain a 26‐ppm drawdown of atmospheric pCO2 by carbonate compensation, and the full reduction from our pre‐industrial simulation reaches 73ppm. Both the increase in ventilation ages in the deep Atlantic and Southern Oceans and the growth of export production in the subantarctic region reduce the bottom‐water carbonate ion and promote deposited carbonate dissolution. Consequently, a greater imbalance between the river inflow and burial loss of carbonate rises ocean alkalinity, lowering atmospheric pCO2. We suggest that the reproducibility of the Southern Ocean process is essential for controlling the magnitude of atmospheric pCO2 decline due to carbonate compensation.
Current Full‐Waveform Inversion of the Return Stroke Channel Based on Single‐Station Electric Field Observations
Authors: Wang Caixia , Sun Zhuling , Tian Yangmeng , Liu Mingyuan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBecause it is difficult to directly measure lightning currents, the waveform inversion of currents using easily measured electromagnetic field data is important and useful. In this paper, existing transmission models for return stroke currents are used through simulation research and comparative analyses, which results in a mixed model of transmission line model and modified‐transmission line linear model. This model is combined with mathematical expressions proposed by Heidler to represent the typical waveform of a return stroke current using an electric field calculation theory, which is generated by lightning discharge and is based on Maxwell equations; through a constraint nonlinear optimization using the Matlab software, a new method for the inversion of base current waveforms in the return stroke channel with single‐station electric field data for the return stroke is proposed. The inversion results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The inversion results show that the inversion method and the algorithm are feasible; the proposed mixed model of the transmission line and the modified‐transmission line linear may be reasonable, and the current in the channel may be divided into two parts: one part does not change with height and the other part linearly attenuates with height during the return stroke.
Ionospheric Response to the X9.3 Flare on 6 September 2017 and Its Implication for Navigation Services Over Europe
Authors: Berdermann J. , Kriegel M. , Banyś D. , Heymann F. , Hoque M. M. , Wilken V. , Borries C. , Heßelbarth A. , Jakowski N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOn 6 September 2017, an X‐class flare of the magnitude 9.3 occurred around noon UT, being the strongest flare event in a decade. The flare itself was the highlight of a quite interesting phase of solar‐terrestrial interactions caused by the active region known as the Catania sunspot group 46 or active region number 2673 on the NOAA catalog. From 3 to 13 September 2017 strong flare activities occurred, accompanied by a number of radio bursts and earthward‐directed coronal mass ejections. Solar wind influences at Earth were modest during the flare activity and limited to the polar regions (Linty et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001940). But, the strong X9.3 flare itself had impacts on the dayside ionosphere causing some problems in navigation services as we present within this paper. The event data observed and analyzed give us the opportunity to improve our understanding of strong and extreme space weather events and allow us to distinguish between the influence of the different event classes on our technological infrastructure within periods of strong solar activity. Here we will discuss our observations with special focus on the X9.3 flare event and provide examples how the flare itself influenced services in the domains of aviation and maritime navigation in the European sector.
Kinematics and Age of Syn‐Intrusive Detachment Faulting in the Southern Alps: Evidence for Early Permian Crustal Extension and Implications for the Pangea A Versus B Controversy
Authors: Pohl Florian , Froitzheim Nikolaus , Obermüller Gerrit , Tomaschek Frank , Schröder Oliver , Nagel Thorsten J. , Sciunnach Dario , Heuser Alexander 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPermian basin formation and magmatism in the Southern Alps of Italy have been interpreted as expressions of a WSW‐ENE‐trending, dextral megashear zone transforming Early Permian Pangea B into Late Permian Pangea A between ~285 and 265 Ma. In an alternative model, basin formation and magmatism resulted from N‐S crustal extension. To characterize Permian tectonics, we studied the Grassi Detachment Fault, a low‐angle extensional fault in the central Southern Alps. The footwall forms a metamorphic core complex affected by upward‐increasing, top‐to‐the‐southeast mylonitization. Two granitoid intrusions occur in the core complex, the synmylonitic Val Biandino Quartz Diorite and the postmylonitic Valle San Biagio Granite. U‐Pb zircon dating yielded crystallization ages of 289.1 ± 4.5 Ma for the former and 286.8 ± 4.9 Ma for the latter. Consequently, detachment‐related mylonitic shearing took place during the Early Permian and ended at ~288 Ma, but kinematically coherent brittle faulting continued. Considering 30° anticlockwise rotation of the Southern Alps since Early Permian, the extension direction of the Grassi Detachment Fault was originally ~N‐S. Even though a dextral continental wrench system has long been regarded as a viable model at regional scale, the local kinematic evidence is inconsistent with this and, rather, supports N‐S extensional tectonics. Based on a compilation of >200 U‐Pb zircon ages, we discuss the evolution and tectonic framework of Late Carboniferous to Permian magmatism in the Alps.
Improving Denitrification Models by Including Bacterial and Periphytic Biofilm in a Shallow Water‐Sediment System
Authors: Xia Yongqiu , She Dongli , Zhang Wenjuan , Liu Zhipeng , Wu Yonghong , Yan Xiaoyuan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDenitrification is one of the most challenging nitrogen (N)‐cycling processes to quantify due to complex interactions among influencing factors. In shallow water‐sediment systems, ubiquitous periphytic biofilms consisting of a consortium of algae, bacteria, and nutrients account for additional interactions. The challenge in improving denitrification models is to determine how each factor directly affects denitrification and how those factors indirectly impact denitrification via interactions with other factors. We combined incubation experiments and structural equation modeling to reveal the interaction networks of biotic and abiotic factors and their roles in net denitrification. The N species in the sediment exerted much greater control over net denitrification than that exerted by the N species in the water column. In addition, the relative abundances of denitrifier and nitrifier genes in the sediment showed a dominant control over net denitrification that was similar to the control by N species but was affected by abiotic factors. Periphytic biofilm increased net denitrification both directly and indirectly by altering the pH and the dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, and N concentrations in the water column and sediment. The overall contribution of periphytic biofilm to net denitrification was less than that of the sediment but greater than that of the water column. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating bacterial denitrifier and nitrifier genes and periphytic biofilm characteristics during model construction when predicting denitrification in a shallow and stagnant water‐sediment system.
Abscisic and Jasmonic Acids Contribute to Soybean Tolerance to the Soybean Aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura)
Authors: Chapman Kaitlin M. , Marchi-Werle Lia , Hunt Thomas E. , Heng-Moss Tiffany M. , Louis Joe 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPlant resistance can provide effective, economical, and sustainable pest control. Tolerance to the soybean aphid has been identified and confirmed in the soybean KS4202. Although its resistance mechanisms are not fully understood, evidence suggests that enhanced detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an active system under high aphid infestation. We further explored tolerance by evaluating the differences in constitutive and aphid-induced defenses in KS4202 through the expression of selected defense-related transcripts and the levels of the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile), cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), and salicylic acid (SA) over several time points. Higher constitutive levels of ABA and JA, and basal expression of ABA- and JA-related transcripts were found in the tolerant genotype. Conversely, aphid-induced defenses in KS4202 were expressed as an upregulation of peroxidases under prolonged aphid infestation (>7 days). Our results point at the importance of phytohormones in constitutive defense in KS4202 tolerance to the soybean aphid. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of tolerance will assist breeding for soybean with these traits, and perhaps help extend the durability of Rag (Resistance to Aphis glycines)-mediated resistance genes.
Circulating miR-1254 predicts ventricular remodeling in patients with ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study
Authors: de Gonzalo-Calvo David , Cediel Germán , Bär Christian , Núñez Julio , Revuelta-Lopez Elena , Gavara Josep , Ríos-Navarro César , Llorente-Cortes Vicenta , Bodí Vicente , Thum Thomas , Bayes-Genis Antoni 
Published: October 2018

AbstractReliable noninvasive prognostic biomarkers for left ventricular (LV) remodeling in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are needed. This study aimed to evaluate a panel of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers of LV remodeling using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). We prospectively evaluated patients with a first STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention who underwent CMR imaging at 1 week and 6 months after STEMI (n = 70). miRNAs were measured using PCR-based technologies in plasma samples collected at admission. The associations between miRNAs and LV diastolic and systolic volumes, and ejection fraction at 6-months were estimated in adjusted models. Median age was 60 years, 71.4% were male. miR-1254 was significantly associated in univariate analyses. Patients in the highest tertile of miR-1254 exhibited lower values of LVEDVI and LVESVI and higher values of LVEF at 1 week. After comprehensive multivariate adjustment including clinical, CMR variables, hs-troponin-T and NT-proBNP, miRNA-1254 was associated with decreasing LVESVI (P = 0.006), and borderline negative associated with LVEDVI (P = 0.063) at 6-months. miR-1254 also exhibited a significant positive association with increasing LVEF during follow-up (P < 0.001). Plasma miRNA-1254 predicted changes in LV volumes and LVEF at 6 months after STEMI. The value of miR-1254 to inform tailored treatment selection and monitor ongoing efficacy deserves further investigation.
Factors Associated With Self-Reported Hearing Aid Management Skills and Knowledge
Authors: Bennett Rebecca J. , Meyer Carly J. , Eikelboom Robert H. , Atlas Julian D. , Atlas Marcus D. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
Hearing aid management describes the skills and knowledge required for the handling, use, care, and maintenance of the hearing aid. The importance of hearing aid management skills and knowledge is evidenced by their association with hearing aid outcomes. However, the nature of this association and the influence of participant factors on this association are unknown. Accordingly, the aims of the current study were to (a) investigate participant factors that influence hearing aid management skills and knowledge and (b) investigate the impact of hearing aid management skills and knowledge on hearing aid outcomes.

Method

Factors associated with hearing aid management skills and knowledge were investigated through an e-mail– and paper-based self-report survey, including the Hearing Aid Skills and Knowledge Inventory (Bennett, Meyer, Eikelboom, & Atlas, 2018b) and the International Outcomes Inventory for Hearing Aids (Cox & Alexander, 2002). The study sample included 518 adult hearing aid owners, ranging in age from 18 to 97 years (
M
= 71 years,
SD
= 14 years), 61% male and 39% female, recruited from seven hearing clinics across Australia.

Results
Participant factors found to be associated with hearing aid skills and knowledge included participants' age, gender, style of hearing aid, age of current hearing aid, and total years of hearing aid ownership. Higher levels of hearing aid management skills and knowledge were found to be associated with better hearing aid outcomes, specifically higher self-reported satisfaction with hearing aids, perceived benefit from hearing aids, and overall outcome of the hearing aid fitting as evaluated by the International Outcomes Inventory for Hearing Aids.

Conclusions
Hearing aid management difficulties were greatest for older people, women, and owners of behind-the-ear style of hearing aids, suggesting that clinicians need to be cognizant of the additional needs for these three groups. The positive association between hearing aid outcomes and hearing aid skills and knowledge emphasizes the importance of education and training on hearing aid management for successful aural rehabilitation.
Hypervelocity stars in the Gaia era
Authors: Irrgang A. , Kreuzer S. , Heber U. 
Published: October 2018

Context. Young massive stars in the halo are assumed to be runaway stars from the Galactic disk. Possible ejection scenarios are binary supernova ejections (BSE) or dynamical ejections from star clusters (DE). Hypervelocity stars (HVSs) are extreme runaway stars that are potentially unbound from the Galaxy. Powerful acceleration mechanisms such as the tidal disruption of a binary system by a supermassive black hole (SMBH) are required to produce them. Therefore, HVSs are believed to originate in the Galactic center (GC), the only place known to host an SMBH.
Aims. The second Gaia data release (DR2) offers the opportunity of studying HVSs in an unprecedented manner. We revisit some of the most interesting high-velocity stars, that is, 15 stars (11 candidate HVSs and 4 radial velocity outliers) for which proper motions with the Hubble Space Telescope. were obtained in the pre-Gaia era, to unravel their origin.
Methods. By carrying out kinematic analyses based on revised spectrophotometric distances and proper motions from Gaia DR2, kinematic properties were obtained that help constrain the spatial origins of these stars.
Results. Stars that were previously considered (un)bound remain (un)bound in Galactic potentials favored by Gaia DR2 astrometry. For nine stars (five candidate HVSs plus all four radial velocity outliers), the GC can be ruled out as spatial origin at least at 2σ confidence level, suggesting that a large portion of the known HVSs are disk runaway stars launched close to or beyond Galactic escape velocities. The fastest star in the sample, HVS 3, is confirmed to originate in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Conclusions. Because the ejection velocities of five of our non-GC stars are close to or above the upper limits predicted for BSE and DE, another powerful dynamical ejection mechanism (e.g., involving massive perturbers such as intermediate-mass black holes) is likely to operate in addition to the three classical scenarios mentioned above.
Multi-criteria mathematical model of the pilot training process
Authors: Woch Marta , Żurek Józef , Tomaszewska Justyna 
Published: October 2018

In most NATO countries, helicopter pilots are prepared in accordance with a modern system of threestage training: selection, basic and advanced. The training in the air is performed according to the parallelism of the training. The scheduling of pilot training process based on parallel model, which includes the technological relationships between the individual exercises, whereby for each air exercise, the exercises are specified, which must be done beforehand. The purpose of this contribution is to propose a multi-criteria mathematical model which would enable the selection of exercises for each pilot, the appropriate selection of the aircraft and the moment of beginning of each exercise, so that all required exercises will be carried out in the shortest possible time and the number of trained, in a state of readiness pilots, should be as high as possible. Additionally, in this paper the sketch of a multi-criteria solution is presented. A crucial feature of this work is the model application to optimize pilot training.
Sonnenschutz bei Säuglingen
Authors: Garcia Bartels Natalie 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Haut von Säuglingen und Kleinkindern reagiert besonders empfindlich auf Sonnenexposition. Ein umfassender Sonnenschutz baut auf drei Säulen auf – dem
mechanischen, physikalischen und chemischen Sonnenschutz. Die Autorin fasst aktuelle Studienergebnisse zusammen und gibt Tipps für die praktische Umsetzung im
Familienalltag.