Abstract LB-096: Chromatin alterations in human prostate cancer
Authors: Tuominen Joonas I. , Afyounian Ebrahim , Tabaro Francesco , Häkkinen Tomi , Shcherban Anastasia , Annala Matti , Kivinummi Kati , Tammela Teuvo , Kesseli Juha , Latonen Leena , Granberg Kirsi , Visakorpi Tapio , Nykter Matti 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Whole human genome is packed into chromatin, which is dynamically remodeled. Chromatin structure has been extensively studied with cell lines, but information about chromatin structure in tissue context is lacking. We present genome-wide chromatin accessibility analysis of clinical tissue samples using transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq). Our sample cohort consist 11 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 16 primary prostate cancer (PC), and 11 castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) samples. We identified 23,307 to 136,104 regions of accessible chromatin per sample using MACS2 peak calling. Utilizing a peak unification method resulted in a unified set of 178,333 high confidence peaks across sample set. To find out which loci are differentially accessible during disease progression, we further compared normalized ATAC-seq signal between sample groups across the genome. We identified 4747 and 9445 differentially accessible regions (DARs) for BPH to PC and PC to CRPC comparison, respectively. Out of these, in 2961 and 6652 chromatin was opening and in 1786 and 2793 chromatin was closing in respective comparison. Using DARs, we observe clear separation of the sample groups. Earlier, we have characterized this cohort using DNA, RNA and DNA methylation sequencing as well as SWATH proteomics. Using these data and the same analysis approach as with DARs, we identified 2061 and 2723 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in BPH to PC and PC to CRPC comparisons, respectively. We compared locations of DARs and DMRs and found out that these occur in different loci overlapping only in 27 and 35 loci in respective comparisons. When integrated with gene expression data, the chromatin accessibility correlated (|coefficient| &gt0.5) with the expression of at least one gene located in the same topologically associating domain (TAD) in altogether 2713 DARs. Next, we examined which transcription factors (TFs) are binding to DARs and thus putatively regulating gene-expression. Using HOMER database, we found several TFs with binding motif enrichment in our DARs. In BPH to PC comparison, opening DARs contain binding sites e.g. for AR and FOXA1 and, in PC to CRPC comparison, opening DARs contain binding sites e.g. for HOXB13, as expected. Interestingly, in PC to CRPC comparison closing DARs contain binding sites for AR and FOXA1 indicating that these TFs have smaller role or alternative regulatory programs when disease progresses. We utilized publicly available CHIP-seq datasets to study this more closely in DARs where ATAC-seq signal correlates with gene-expression within a TAD. Here, while the total number of AR binding sites doubles, the number of AR binding sites in closing DARs is ten times higher in CRPC to PC comparison than in PC to BPH comparison. These results suggest that chromatin accessibility is an important regulator of prostate cancer progression and changes occur in specific loci to where several relevant prostate cancer TFs can bind.
Citation Format: Joonas I. Tuominen, Ebrahim Afyounian, Francesco Tabaro, Tomi Häkkinen, Anastasia Shcherban, Matti Annala, Kati Kivinummi, Teuvo Tammela, Juha Kesseli, Leena Latonen, Kirsi Granberg, Tapio Visakorpi, Matti Nykter. Chromatin alterations in human prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-096.