bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Some Aspects of the Stratigraphy, Depositional Environment and its Bearing on Uranium Mineralisation in Parts of the Singhbhum Shear Zone, Bihar
Authors: Virnave S. N. , Mukhopadhyay T. K. , Krishnabadri N. S. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A review of the geology and controls of uranium mineralisation in the Singhbhum Shear Zone between Narwapahar (Lat. 22°44'N; Long. 86°15'E) in the west, to Ghatsila (Lat. 22°25'N; Long. 86°20'E) in the southeast and up to Dalmas in the north is presented in the light of new data based on facies analysis and palaeo-current studies of the conglomerate and associated meta-sediments in the area.
Synthesis and integration of geologic data have led to the following.conclusions:
a) The facies variation and its distribution pattern in the area demonstrate fluviatile conditions of deposition with upwatd fining and thinning sequences.
b) The sedimentary sequence shows progressive younging towards north without any obvious break, or juxta-position of the older over the younger.
c) The nature of Jaduguda sedimentary facies assemblage is indicative of a fluvial fan with conglomerate gray-wacke-arenite assemblage representing proximal fan facies. On the basis of facies model, the area north of Subarnarekha river represents a meandering fluvial pattern.
d) Uranium mineralisation is distinctly stratabound with characteristic facies association.
Finite Strain from Orientational Fluctuation of Ellipsoidal Particulate Axes: Combination of Sine and Cosine Functions
Authors: Katpatal Yashwant B. , Roday Prakash P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Under large finite tectonic deformation and under a condition of low viscosity contrast, the axial orientational fluctuation method based on sine functions alone underestimates the values of a and b measured in the field. It is found that a better estimate of a and b and therefore of Rs could be obtained by using both sine and cosine functions. The parameters l, m and n introduced never equalise a, b and k respectively except when k = n = 0 (I = 1, m = a, k = n = 1 (1 = m but both greater than unity) and k = n = a (1 = a, m = 1). Usage of this method enhances the latitude of the ratios based exclusively on sine functions, thereby giving higher values of a and b despite small degree of orientational fluctuation of axes of ellipsoidal particles.
Uplifted Late Quaternary Debris Fan in the Upper Spiti Valley (H.P.) and its Environmental Significance
Authors: Kumar R. , Bagati T. N. , Mazari R. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Sediment build up, structure and geomorphic setting of alluvial fans can serve as good clues for the reconstruction of Quaternary events in a region where they are located. Alluvial fans assume greater importance especially in young orogenic belts like the Himalaya where there has been an interplay of rapid uplift and global climatic change during the Pleistocene. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the genesis of a small relict debris fan in the upper Spiti valley in the Tet hys Himalaya (H.P.) and to elucidate its sedimentational style in local climatic and tectonic set up. The fan has been essentially constructed by debris flows and subordinate stream deposits during seasonal melting and episodic events of the late Quaternary. While climate remained much the same local tectonic activity leading to upliftment of the fan and diversion of the feeder channel ceased further accretion of the fan beyond its present size. Minor warmer climatic oscillations within the main cool phase are observed.
Fluids and Heat along the Himalayan Plate Boundary and their Plausible Expulsion into the Subcontinent
Authors: Raval U. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The subduction/collision processes and consequent great Himalayan uplift are studied in the light of the plausibility that large amount of aqueous fluids may accumulate at the boundary due to (a) compaction of oceanic and marginal basin sediments, (b) various metamorphic episodes and (c) meteoric water facilitated by high topography. This would imply that during the major phase transitions in the dynamics of the plate margin, transient reservoirs of fluids and attendant heat would develop along the orogenic belt. Manifestations of related tectonomagmatic and metamorphic processes along the Himalayan arc are therefore assessed. It is noticed that epicenters of the large earthquakes, and major river-sources and morphogenic peaks seem to occur over certain nodal zones along the collision boundary as also the leucogranitic plutons. We also examine the possibility of fluid expulsion from the topographic/collision front into the foredeep basins and continental interior. It is seen that linear trends of relatively 'large' activity seem to exist over the Indian platform which nearly coincide with its basement heterogeneities (BHs) which in tum form part of the mobile belts. These BHs appear to extend upto the Himalayan arc and would thus act as subterranean links between the boundary processes and intraplate region. In particular large distance migration of fluids and thermal energy may take place through focussing offlow along these BHs because during at least the major tectonic episodes the in situ hydraulic conductivity and/or permeability along the BHs could be sufficiently raised. The plausibility of the BHs acting as hot fluid channels, is quite crucial since it may play a controlling role in the development (or remobilization) of (i) ore-deposits and hydrocarbon fields, and (ii) many geophysical features of the continental crust such as brittle-ductile transition, low velocity layer (LVL), anomalously high conductive layer (HCL), deep seismic reflectors, hydrothermal circulation, high heat flow, seismicity, etc. It is shown that indeed some of these features have been inferred along the BHs. From this possibility a tectonothermal framework emerges which may be able to integrate a number of physicochemical processes and geophysical signatures having basic as well as applied significance.
Fluorite Mineralization in the Kalpatta Granite: A Fluid Inclusion Study
Authors: Satish Kumar M. , Santosh M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The granite pluton at Kalpatta in northern Kerala is a member of the Late Precambrian magmatic suite emplaced proximal to transcrustal faults in southern India In this study. we report the find of fluorite mineralization within late pegmatite phase associated with the granite. Both purple and colourless fluorites are associated, with X-ray diffraction pattern indicating perfect crystalline nature. Wet chemical analyses show CaF2 contents of 92 and 96 % for purple and transparent fluorites respectively. Primary fluid inclusions in both fluorite categories belong to aqueous bi-phase type, with Th between 150-180° C, and salinity in the range of 3 to 9 wt. per cent NaCl equivalent. Qurtz associated with fluorite contains CO2-H2O inclusions with Th(C02) between 8 to 15° C (density 0.85-0.90 g/cm3). The nature of mineralizing fluids suggests that fluorite crystallization occured from low temperature hydrothermal solutions derived as end-products of the frctionation of volatile- and alkli-enriched felsic magma. The mineralization is regarded as a finger-print of the alkaline affinity of Pan-African magmatism in Kerala.
Quaternary Geology and Morphotectonic Evolution of the Lower Sind Basin, Marginal Gangetic Plains, M.P. and U.P.
Authors: Mishra M. N. , Shrivastava R. N. , Upadhyaya M. C. , Shrivastava M. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The lower reaches of the Sind River, a tributory of the Yamuna, exhibits a thick accumulation of Quaternary alluvium deposited by the ancient river system of the Ganga and the present Sind River. The alluvial sequence comprises the Older Alluvium and the Younger Alluvium which are divisible into three lithostratigraphic units, viz., the Gohad-Mau-Mihona Formation, the Bera (Sijroli) Formation, and the Sind Formation. Six geomorphic units, namely, the Denudational Hill, the Jaswantnagar Surface, the Gohad-Mau-Mihona Surface, the Bera (Sijroli) Surface, the Sind Surface, and the Ravinous Tract are identified in the study area between 270 m and 100 m above MSL. The alluvial surfaces, constituting the fluvial terraces and the recent floodplains, reflect a complex process of aggradation and down cutting by the rivers during the morphotectonic evolution of the basin in Late-Quaternary and Recent period. Evidences of two episodes of neotectonism, which could be genetically related to the Himalayan orogenic movements of Late Pleistocene-Holocene period, are identified in the area of study.
Systematics and Significance of Microbialite (Stromatolite) Stratifera undata from Mussoorie Syncline, Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Sharma Mukund , Mathur V. K. , Srivastava M. C. , Shukla Manoj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A microbialite morphospecies Stratifera undata has been recorded in the Blaini Formation of Mussoorie Syncline and is systematically described. It is inferred that this mat complex was deposited in an upper intertidal region in subtropical climate. The age of this microbialite morphospecies is suggested to be Upper Riphean/Lower Vendian.
Geology of the Contact between the Eastern Ghats Belt and North Orissa Craton, India
Authors: Mahalik N. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The contact region of tile Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB) with the North Orissa Craton (NOC) in Orissa State was studied and certain new observations have been made. The contact is represented by a wide zone affected by several east-west running faults with fault fragments of both blocks interfingcred with each other. Portions of the fault zone have later given rise to Gondwana graben in which coal-bearing sediments were deposited covering the contacts. The stratigraphic relation between the two crustal blocks was difficult of interpretation because of intermingling of the fault slices and concealment of the contacts by granitic intrusion, Gondwana sedimentation and lateritic cover.
The Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB) is made up of granulite facies rocks consisting principally of khondalites, leptynites, quartzites, gamet-biotite schists, basic granulites, charnockites and gneisses, all migmatized to different degrees. They could be distinguished into two different assemblages: the Rengali assemblage, forming the northernmost fringe of the EGB and the Angul assemblage lying to the south of the Gondwana graben. Both differ in their lithologic characteristics. The North Orissa craton, on the other hand, consists of several sequences of low-grade supracrustals with or without Banded Iron Formation (BIF) associated with granitic intrusion of more than one generation. At places within the fault zone between the two blocks there are typical intrusions of nepheline syenite and chromite-bearing ultrabasics.
A tentative geological account around the contact of the two major crustal blocks has been presented. It is believed that the Eastern Ghats granulite rocks formed earlier to the BIF-bearing supracrustals and associated granite intrusives. Migmatization, charnockitization and alkali plutonism etc. were late Proterozoic events in the EGB (1.0 Ga-0.8 Ga) related to deep seated fault tectonics along the contact.
Na-Poor Ferro-Augites and Ferro-Hedenbergites from Ferrosilite-Bearing Ferrosyenites of the Prakasam District in Andhra Pradesh, India: Further Evidences for a Tholeiitic Parentage
Authors: Leelanandam C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The clinopyroxenes from the ferrosyenites in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh are characterized by their subcalcic nature, enrichment in Fe with concomitant impoverishment in Mg, and low amounts of (calculated) Fe3+, Na, Al and Ti - features which specifically typify their subalkaline (tholeiitic) parentage. The acmite component is insignificantly low in the analyzed clino-pyroxenes (Na3.60-5.74 Mg10.01-27.09 Fe67.17-85.16) and bears no relationship whatsoever either with the hedenbergite component or with the calculated Fe3+ content. The results of the Fe3+ calculations were suspect, especially when the mineral analyses show low SiO2, low totals, Si+Al&lt;2, and total cations more than 4 per formula unit of 6 oxygens. These strongly coloured green clinopyroxenes, commonly mistaken as sodium-rich acmitic pyroxenes, are indeed sodium-poorferro-augites and ferro-hedenbergites. The high Fe/Mg ratios in the clinopyroxenes (2.4-8.2; Ca43.3-45.6Mg5.8-16.0Fe39.6-50.5), coupled with the extremely high Fe/Mg ratios in the coexisting olivines (35.5-61.8; Fa97.3-98.5) and orthopyroxenes (3.6-11.8; FS78.2-91.3) are an indication of the very highly fractionated nature of the magma. Clinopyroxenes of comparable chemical characteristics are reported from ferrosyenitic rocks elsewhere in the world, which in contrast to these of the Prakasam district, are not cospatial with (feldspathoidal) alkaline rocks. The occurrence of ferrosyenites, containing Fe-rich orthopyroxene (eulite-ferrosilite) and inverted pigeonite, in the vicinity of alkaline rocks in the Prakasam district, is interpreted as purely fortuitous and merely coincidental, not having any genetic or causative relationship.
Application of Inversion Techniques on Marine Magnetic Data - Andaman Shelf
Authors: Sarma K. V. L. N. S. , Ramana M. V. , Murty G. P. S. , Subrahmanyam V. , Krishna K. S. , Chaubey A. K. , Malleswara Rao M. M. , Narayana S. L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Analysis of the total intensity magnetic data over the western Andaman shelf has been carried out for determination of depth to magnetic basement using the Analytical signal and Werner Deconvolution methods. The basement depths are refined with optimisation procedure of iteration modelling. The depths Derived from these methods match well with the acoustic basement mapped by the seismic reflection survey across the Andaman shelf. The interpretation by these methods demonstrates the rapid utility in virgin areas forderiving the first order basement configurationquickly. The gradual slope of the basement from west to east on the western Andaman shelf may be attributed to the ongoing process of the subduction of the older crust in the Sunda Trough.
Geochemistry of Early Proterozoic Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks of Jharol Group, Rajasthan, Northwestern India
Authors: Abu-Hamatteh Z. S. H. , Raza M. , Ahmad T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The deep water Jharol sediments of Aravalli Supergroup host sporadic bodies of mafic-ultramafic. rocks. Field evidence suggests that at least some of these rocks are extrusive in nature. Low to medium grade metamorphism and intense deformation has obliterated the original mineralogy and texture of these rocks. The ultramafic rocks are relatively more altered (serpentinized) with highly disturbed geochemical composition which cannot be used for petrogenetic interpretations. On the other hand, the mafic rocks are relatively less altered with some relict plagioclase feldpars. Geochemically, these mafic volcanics are Mgand Fe- rich tholeiites.
These tholeiites have nearly flat to slightly enriched REE patterns (about 30 to 40x % chondrite La and 20 to 25x % Chondrite Yb), with (LalYb)N ratio ranging between 1.29 and 1.54 and (GdIYb)N ratio ranging between 0.97 and 1.07. All samples show slight to strong positive Eu anomaly. Immobile incompatible-element geochemical patterns and other binary plots suggest that these tholeiites have enriched chemistry and that grobably they have been derived from enriched source(s) and resemble closely with within plate and initial rift tholeiites.
Trace elements, including REE based petrogenetic modelling indicate that (a) the source had about 3x% chondoritic REE abundances with nearly flat to slightly depleted pattern and (b) that these rocks were generated by about 8 to 12% partial melting of the modelled source followed by some olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation. Field as well as trace element characteristics indicate rift related (lithospheric extension) generation of these basalts with some influence of asthenosphere (deep mantle) on the lithospheric source(s) as indicated by positive Nb and Sr anomalies.
Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Genesis of Clay Deposits in Belgaum, Dharwad and Chitradurga Districts, Karnataka
Authors: Devaraju T. C. , Khoshroo Ali , UGARKAR A. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A dozen clay deposits occurring in the districts of Belgaum, Dharwad and Chitradurga of Karnataka State have been studied. ln Dharwad district, while the clay deposits derived from greywackes/phyllites are dominated by kaolinite, those derived from the acid metavolcanics contain illite as the sole clay mineral. In Belgaum and Chitradurgadistricts the deposits are kaolinitic, characterised by poor crystallinity and near absence of illite.
Chemically, the clay deposits studied have relatively high silica and low titania. The transformation of precursor rocks to clay deposits which was brought about by insitu chemical weathering and subsequent reworking of the weathered products under tropical climatic conditions was accompanied by enrichment of Al, Zr and Cr and removal of Sit Fe. Ni, Cu and Zn. Presence of relicts of nearly all the major and accessory minerals native to the precursor rocks, in all the litho-units of clay profiles is in agreement with such an interpretation.
Sedimentological and Clay Mineral Studies of Kumbla-Shiriya Estuary, West Coast of India
Authors: Narayana A. C. , Suresh Kumar K. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Four sediment facies viz., sand, clayey sand, sandy clay and silty clay occur in Kumbla-Shiriya (K-S) estuary. Sediments have formed from bottom suspension and graded and uniform suspension as a result of variable hydraulic conditions in different parts of the estuary. Kaolinite+chlorite is the dominant clay mineral followed by montmorillonite and illite. Gibbsite, goethite and quartz also occur in minor quantities. It appears that the abundance and distribution of clay minerals in the estuary are controlled by the geology of the source area and the water circulation pattern within the estuary.
Spectral Mapping of Siwalik Sediments of a Part of Jammu Foothills
Authors: Dey B. K. , Mitra D. S. , Agarwal R. P. , Dotiwala S. F. , Prasad D. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The satellite and ground based spectral data corresponding to the six reflected radiance bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) are analysed to determine their utility in mapping the possible lithologic variations wihtin the Siwalik sediments of J&K foothills. The satellite reflectance values plotted along a selected image profile identified subunits within the Lower Siwalik, Pammdal and Nagrota, which were not identified by conventional field mapping. The field reflectance studies also confirmed their presence. The variation may reflect a possible lithofacies change wihtin the units. The technique developed may provide a rapid reconnaissance tool for preparing lithofacies map.
Morphometric Appraisal of Slope Instability of Chilla Landslide, Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: Mehrotra G. S. , Dharmaraju R. , Prakash S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A major landslide occurred in January 1990 on the left bank of Tal river, near Chilla in Hardwar district which raised a part of the river bed by 6-8 m. It has emerged as successive rotational slide forming numerous radial and longitudinal cracks with tension cracks on the slopes near the escarpment. The present paper highlights the geological, geomorphological and morphometric parameters to identify the factors responsible for instability of slope. A detailed morphometric assessment of the slide area has also been carried out with a view to prepare a zonation map of slide area in terms of instability. The study has been found very useful to understand the mechanism of the slide area and also to suggest suitable recommendations for control measures at proper locations in the slide area. The future behaviour of the slide area can also be assessed.
Gemstone Mineralization in Southern Kerala, India
Authors: Menon Radhi D. , Santosh M. , Yoshida M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Within the gem field in southern Kerala and adjacent Tamil Nadu region, extending over an area of 70 X 35 sq km, a variety of precious and semi-precious stones occur such as chrysoberyl (cymophane or "eat's eye", and alexandrite varieties), ruby, sapphire, emerald, topaz, zircon, and amethyst. The primary mineralization occurs within zoned, complex pegmatites of Pan-African age, emplaced within granulite facies metapelites (khonda1ites), and variably weathered and lateritised. Gemstone deposits of secondary type are associated with stream gravels and placers.
Preliminary fluid inclusion results provide evidence for the involvement of CO2-enriched felsic melts which interacted with the aluminous supracrustals in the formation of the pegmatite-hosted gem mineralization. Thennal decrepitation offluid inclusions under high vacuum, extraction and quantification of the fluids from inclusions indicate the presence of variable amounts of CO2 in quartz (72.7 ppm), garnet (141.2 ppm) and chrysoberyl (51.6 ppm). The carbon isotopic composition of CO2 in quartz indicates a 'Juvenile" magmatic nature, with d13C va1ue of -8 per mil. The gem-bearing pegmatites may therefore represent cryptic pathways through which large volumes of felsic melts migrated, a process which can be correlated to deep-seated extension in the Gondwana crustal fragments during the PanAfrican.
Gem recovery in Kerala, despite vast untapped potential, is largely done through illegal means. We emphasize the need for a gem industry in the State, and the requirement to bring the local prospectors under the fold of artisans so as to make use of their experience and expertise, in gem prospecting.
Specific Yield Evaluation: Barind Area, Bangaladesh
Authors: Jahan Chowdhury Sarwar , Mazumder Quamrul Hasan , Ghose Shyamal Kumar , Asaduzzaman M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Proper planning of groundwater exploitation policy in Barind area, Bangaladesh needs the knowledge about the specific yield of the aquifer, whose computed values vary from 8 to 32% with a general decreasing trend from north towards central portion but the southern portion has better specific yield value than the central portion. On the basis of specific yield variation the area is divided into: Zone-I: includes Dhamoirhat, Patnitola, Mohadevpur, Manda, eastern side of Tanore, southern side of Godagari and Nawabganj, Shibganj and Bholahat thanas (specific yield values &gt; 15%); Zone-II: covers the area of Niamatpur thana and the rest part of Nawabganj thana (specific yield valle 10-15%) and Zone-III: includes Nachole thana and the rest of Gomastapur thana (specific yield values &lt;10%).
Porphyroblasts-Matrix Microstructural Relationships from the Crystalline Thrust Sheets of Satluj Valley, Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Gururajan N. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The crystalline thrust sheets of the Lesser and Higher Himalayan region of the Satluj valley, Himachal Pradesh, contain porphyroblasts of gamet, chloritoid, staurolite, kyanite and albite. The inclusion trails in the prophroblasts indicate that the porphyroblasts overgrew during various stages of S2 crenulation cleavage development related to D2 deformation. The sites for nucleation and growth of porphyroblasts are provided by deformation partitioning. The dissolution of porphyroblast margins is not common as suggested by other workers. Metamorphism during D1 was low grade.
Geological and Structural Features of Gulabgarh Area, Kashmir Himalaya with a Brief Note on the Study of Associated Granitoids
Authors: Koul A. K. , Fotedar B. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Gulabgarh region of Kashmir Himalaya presents an interesting area in providing the complete geological section from Salkhalas to Tertiaries which are traversed by two tectonic planes viz., the Murree Thrust in the south and the Panjal Thrust in the north. An attempt has been made in this paper to present pragmatic classificatory models of granites after comparing the tectonic groups of the present area with the classic areas elsewhere in the world.