bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Profiles of Tropospheric Ozone From MAX‐DOAS Measurements During the CINDI‐2 Campaign: Part 1—Development of a New Retrieval Algorithm
Authors: Wang Yang , Puķīte Janis , Wagner Thomas , Donner Sebastian , Beirle Steffen , Hilboll Andreas , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Richter Andreas , Apituley Arnoud , Piters Ankie , Allaart Marc , Eskes Henk , Frumau Arnoud , Van Roozendael Michel , Lampel Johannes , Platt Ulrich , Schmitt Stefan , Swart Daan , Vonk Jan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGround‐based measurements of tropospheric ozone (O3) are valuable for studies of atmospheric chemistry, air pollution, climate change, and for satellite validation. The Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX‐DOAS) technique has been widely used to derive vertical profiles of trace gases and aerosols in the troposphere. However, tropospheric O3 has not yet been satisfactorily derived from MAX‐DOAS measurements due to the influence of stratospheric O3 absorption. In this study, we developed two new retrieval approaches for tropospheric O3 from MAX‐DOAS measurements. In method 1, stratospheric O3 profiles from external data sources are considered in the retrieval. In method 2, stratospheric and tropospheric O3 are separated based on the temperature‐dependent differences between tropospheric and stratospheric O3 absorption structures in the UV spectral range. The feasibility of both methods is first verified by applying them to synthetic spectra. Then they are applied to real MAX‐DOAS measurements recorded during the CINDI‐2 campaign in Cabauw, the Netherlands (September 2016). The obtained results are compared with independent O3 measurements and global chemical transport model simulations. Good agreement of the near‐surface O3 concentrations with the independent data sets is found for both methods. However, tropospheric O3 profiles are only reasonably derived using method 1, while they are significantly overestimated at altitudes above 1 km using method 2, probably due to the approximation of the ring spectra used to correct the rotational Raman scattering structures in the DOAS fit. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed and improvement directions are suggested for further studies.
Parameterization of In‐Cloud Aerosol Scavenging Due to Atmospheric Ionization: Part 3. Effects of Varying Droplet Radius
Authors: Zhang Liang , Tinsley Brian A. , Zhou Limin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA new set of simulations of collision rate coefficients for aerosol particles with droplets (in‐cloud scavenging) extends to a droplet radius of 15 μm, with short‐range effects on collisions treated as an increment of droplet effective collision radius (ECR). The simulations are made with our Monte Carlo trajectory model for midtropospheric (~5 km) conditions. The use of ECR allows the results to be expressed as a modified analytic solution (MAS) for the rate coefficients, incorporating both long‐range and short‐range effects. For smaller particles with radius less than 0.2 μm, the increment of ECR is only caused by the particle charge inducing a short‐range image electric force, and results of the MAS match quite well that of our trajectory model. For larger particles, the short‐range effects become complex, including particle size effects (weight, intercept, and flow around the particle), with image forces induced by both droplet and particle charges. An ECR based on these factors gives average errors between the MAS and the trajectory model of less than 10%, with smaller errors for larger droplets. We have now completed the parameterizations of rate coefficients for midtropospheric conditions that can be applied to cloud models. One application would be to test whether electrically induced changes in scavenging rates, which have been proposed to significantly affect cloud processes dependent on condensation nucleus concentration and contact ice nucleation, can explain observed cloud responses to changes in current flow in the global electric circuit.
Mercury Hollows as Remnants of Original Bedrock Materials and Devolatilization Processes: A Spectral Clustering and Geomorphological Analysis
Authors: Lucchetti A. , Pajola M. , Galluzzi V. , Giacomini L. , Carli C. , Cremonese G. , Marzo G. A. , Ferrari S. , Massironi M. , Palumbo P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe perform a detailed geomorphological and compositional analysis on three craters hosting hollows located in the Victoria and Kuiper Quadrangles of Mercury. Based on Mercury Dual Imaging System data, high‐resolution detailed geomorphological mapping is provided in order to fully characterize the geological framework where hollows formed. In addition, we apply an unsupervised spectral clustering, based on a K‐mean algorithm, to separate in clusters our data sets. The comparison between the spectral and the well‐defined geomorphological units reveals a spatially coherent distribution. In particular, all hollows are uniquely identified by a well‐defined spectrum showing a wide absorption band between 0.558 and 0.828, with a possible hint of absorption toward 1 μm. Our analysis suggests that the composition of hollows may be characterized by a mixture of different minerals contributing to the absorptions found in our spectra. Indeed, sulfides alone (CaS, MnS, and MgS) cannot explain the spectrum behavior of hollows, even if the mechanism forming hollows likely involves the loss of volatiles from the surface. Hence, we have to consider bedrock‐forming material as partial responsible of the absorptions. For the studied hollows we suggest that the bedrock‐forming minerals are pyroxenes presenting transitional elements, like Cr, Ti, and Ni in substitution of Mg and/or Fe. Therefore, we suggest that the spectral characteristics of hollows are related to both remnant material produced by devolatilization process and to bedrock in which the hollows formed.
Convergence of evidence from a methylome-wide CpG-SNP association study and GWAS of major depressive disorder
Authors: Aberg Karolina A. , Shabalin Andrey A. , Chan Robin F. , Zhao Min , Kumar Gaurav , van Grootheest Gerard , Clark Shaunna L. , Xie Lin Y. , Milaneschi Yuri , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. , van den Oord Edwin J. C. G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that provides stability and diversity to the cellular phenotype. It is influenced by both genetic sequence variation and environmental factors, and can therefore potentially account for variation of heritable phenotypes and disorders. Therefore, methylome-wide association studies (MWAS) are promising complements to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of genetic variants. Of particular interest are methylation sites (CpGs) that are created or destroyed by the alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as these so-called CpG-SNPs may show variation in methylation levels on top of what can be explained by the sequence variation. Using sequencing-based data from 1132 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and controls, we performed a MWAS of 970,414 common CpG-SNPs. The analysis identified 27 suggestively significant (P < 1.00 × 10−5) CpG-SNPs associations. Furthermore, the MWAS results were over-represented (odds ratios ranging 1.36–5.00; P ranging 4.9 × 10−3–8.1 × 10−2) among findings from three recent GWAS for MDD-related phenotypes. Overlapping loci included, e.g., ROBO2, ASIC2, and DCC. As the CpG-SNP analysis accounts for the number of alleles that creates CpGs, the methylation differences could not be explained by differences in allele frequencies. Thus, the results show that the MWAS and GWASs provide independent lines of evidence for the involvement of these loci in MDD. In conclusion, our methylation study of MDD contributes novel information about loci of relevance that complements previous findings and generates new hypothesis about MDD etiology, such as that the functional effects of genetic association may be partly mediated and/or enhanced by the methylation status in these loci.
The biological significance of histone modifiers in multiple myeloma: clinical applications
Authors: Ohguchi Hiroto , Hideshima Teru , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell disorder that is characterized by a variety of genetic alterations. Recent studies have highlighted not only the importance of these genetic events but also epigenetic aberrations including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in the biology of MM. Post-translational modifications of histone, such as methylation and acetylation, contribute to chromatin dynamics, and are modulated by histone modifying enzymes, and dysregulation of these enzymes is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancers, including MM. Histone modifiers also have non-histone substrates and enzymatically independent roles, which are also involved in tumorigenesis. Here we review and provide comprehensive insight into the biologic significance of histone methyl- and acetyl-modifiers in MM, and further provide an overview of the clinical applications of histone modifier inhibitors, especially histone deacetylase inhibitors. These findings underline the emerging roles of histone modifiers in the pathogenesis of MM, and further highlight the possibility of novel epigenetic therapies in MM.
Self-decoupled radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yan Xinqiang , Gore John C. , Grissom William A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractArrays of radiofrequency coils are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging to achieve high signal-to-noise ratios and flexible volume coverage, to accelerate scans using parallel reception, and to mitigate field non-uniformity using parallel transmission. However, conventional coil arrays require complex decoupling technologies to reduce electromagnetic coupling between coil elements, which would otherwise amplify noise and limit transmitted power. Here we report a novel self-decoupled RF coil design with a simple structure that requires only an intentional redistribution of electrical impedances around the length of the coil loop. We show that self-decoupled coils achieve high inter-coil isolation between adjacent and non-adjacent elements of loop arrays and mixed arrays of loops and dipoles. Self-decoupled coils are also robust to coil separation, making them attractive for size-adjustable and flexible coil arrays.
Author Correction: Scalable high-precision tuning of photonic resonators by resonant cavity-enhanced photoelectrochemical etching
Authors: Gil-Santos Eduardo , Baker Christopher , Lemaître Aristide , Ducci Sara , Gomez Carmen , Leo Giuseppe , Favero Ivan 
Published: August 2018

The original version of this Article omitted the fourth author, Sara Ducci from Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France. This mistake has been corrected in both the HTML and PDF versions of the Article.
Psychophysical reverse correlation reflects both sensory and decision-making processes
Authors: Okazawa Gouki , Sha Long , Purcell Braden A. , Kiani Roozbeh 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGoal-directed behavior depends on both sensory mechanisms that gather information from the outside world and decision-making mechanisms that select appropriate behavior based on that sensory information. Psychophysical reverse correlation is commonly used to quantify how fluctuations of sensory stimuli influence behavior and is generally believed to uncover the spatiotemporal weighting functions of sensory processes. Here we show that reverse correlations also reflect decision-making processes and can deviate significantly from the true sensory filters. Specifically, changes of decision bound and mechanisms of evidence integration systematically alter psychophysical reverse correlations. Similarly, trial-to-trial variability of sensory and motor delays and decision times causes systematic distortions in psychophysical kernels that should not be attributed to sensory mechanisms. We show that ignoring details of the decision-making process results in misinterpretation of reverse correlations, but proper use of these details turns reverse correlation into a powerful method for studying both sensory and decision-making mechanisms.
Lower-crustal earthquakes in southern Tibet are linked to eclogitization of dry metastable granulite
Authors: Shi Feng , Wang Yanbin , Yu Tony , Zhu Lupei , Zhang Junfeng , Wen Jianguo , Gasc Julien , Incel Sarah , Schubnel Alexandre , Li Ziyu , Chen Tao , Liu Wenlong , Prakapenka Vitali , Jin Zhenmin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSouthern Tibet is the most active orogenic region on Earth where the Indian Plate thrusts under Eurasia, pushing the seismic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle to an unusual depth of ~80 km. Numerous earthquakes occur in the lower portion of this thickened continental crust, but the triggering mechanisms remain enigmatic. Here we show that dry granulite rocks, the dominant constituent of the subducted Indian crust, become brittle when deformed under conditions corresponding to the eclogite stability field. Microfractures propagate dynamically, producing acoustic emission, a laboratory analog of earthquakes, leading to macroscopic faults. Failed specimens are characterized by weak reaction bands consisting of nanometric products of the metamorphic reaction. Assisted by brittle intra-granular ruptures, the reaction bands develop into shear bands which self-organize to form macroscopic Riedel-like fault zones. These results provide a viable mechanism for deep seismicity with additional constraints on orogenic processes in Tibet.
Investigation of Novel Regulation of N-myristoyltransferase by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Jacquier Marine , Kuriakose Shiby , Bhardwaj Apurva , Zhang Yang , Shrivastav Anuraag , Portet Stéphanie , Varma Shrivastav Shailly 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Hormone receptor breast cancers are the most common ones and, about 2 out of every 3 cases of breast cancer are estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Selective ER modulators, such as tamoxifen, are the first line of endocrine treatment of breast cancer. Despite the expression of hormone receptors some patients develop tamoxifen resistance and 50% present de novo tamoxifen resistance. Recently, we have demonstrated that activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is positively associated with overall survival and recurrence free survival in ER positive breast cancer patients who were later treated with tamoxifen. Since altered expression of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt in breast cancer cells affect N-myristoyltransferase 1 (NMT1) expression and activity, we investigated whether mTOR, a downstream target of PKB/Akt, regulates NMT1 in ER positive breast cancer cells (MCF7 cells). We inhibited mTOR by treating MCF7 cells with rapamycin and observed that the expression of NMT1 increased with rapamycin treatment over the period of time with a concomitant decrease in mTOR phosphorylation. We further employed mathematical modelling to investigate hitherto not known relationship of mTOR with NMT1. We report here for the first time a collection of models and data validating regulation of NMT1 by mTOR.
Integrating optical coherence tomography with gravimetric and video analysis (OCT-Gravimetry-Video method) for studying the drying process of polystyrene latex system
Authors: Huang Hao , Huang Yongyang , Lau Willie , Ou-Yang H. Daniel , Zhou Chao , El-Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLatex, an aqueous dispersion of sub-micron polymer particles, is widely used as polymer binder in waterborne coatings and adhesives. Drying of a latex is inhomogeneous, during which the spatial distribution of particles is non-uniform and changes with time, usually resulting in a compromise of the integrity of a dried film. To study drying inhomogeneity of latex, we developed a system integrating optical coherence tomography (OCT) with gravimetric and video analysis (OCT-Gravimetry-Video method) to non-destructively monitor the drying process of non-film-forming latexes consisting of hard polystyrene spheres over time. OCT structural and speckle images of the latex’s internal structure show the packing process of particles, the detachment of latex and the formation of apparent shear bands in cross-sectional views. Video recordings show the formation of cracks and the propagation of the drying boundary in the horizontal direction. The drying curve, measured by gravimetry, shows the drying rate and the water content of the latex at each drying stage. Furthermore, we find that the particle size affects packing and cracking phenomena remarkably. The OCT-Gravimetry-Video method serves as a general and robust approach to investigate the drying process of waterborne latex system. This method can be employed for fundamental studies of colloids and for evaluations of industrial latex products.
Corneal myofibroblasts inhibit regenerating nerves during wound healing
Authors: Jeon Kye-Im , Hindman Holly B. , Bubel Tracy , McDaniel Thurma , DeMagistris Margaret , Callan Christine , Huxlin Krystel R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAbnormal nerve regeneration often follows corneal injury, predisposing patients to pain, dry eye and vision loss. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of this process. A key event in corneal wounds is the differentiation of keratocytes into fibroblasts and scar-forming myofibroblasts. Here, we show for the first time that regenerating nerves avoid corneal regions populated by myofibroblasts in vivo. Recreating this interaction in vitro, we find neurite outgrowth delayed when myofibroblasts but not fibroblasts, are co-cultured with sensory neurons. After neurites elongated sufficiently, contact inhibition was observed with myofibroblasts, but not fibroblasts. Reduced neurite outgrowth in vitro appeared mediated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) secreted by myofibroblasts, which increased phosphorylation of collapsin response mediating protein 2 (CRMP2) in neurons. The significance of this mechanism was further tested by applying Mitomycin C after photorefractive keratectomy to decrease myofibroblast differentiation. This generated earlier repopulation of the ablation zone by intra-epithelial and sub-basal nerves. Our findings suggest that attaining proper, rapid corneal nerve regeneration after injury may require blocking myofibroblast differentiation and/or TGF-β during wound healing. They also highlight hitherto undefined myofibroblast-neuron signaling processes capable of restricting neurite outgrowth in the cornea and other tissues where scars and nerves co-exist.
Bony pseudoteeth of extinct pelagic birds (Aves, Odontopterygiformes) formed through a response of bone cells to tooth-specific epithelial signals under unique conditions
Authors: Louchart Antoine , Buffrénil Vivian de , Bourdon Estelle , Dumont Maïtena , Viriot Laurent , Sire Jean-Yves 
Published: August 2018

AbstractModern birds (crown group birds, called Neornithes) are toothless; however, the extinct neornithine Odontopterygiformes possessed bone excrescences (pseudoteeth) which resembled teeth, distributed sequentially by size along jaws. The origin of pseudoteeth is enigmatic, but based on recent evidence, including microanatomical and histological analyses, we propose that conserved odontogenetic pathways most probably regulated the development of pseudodentition. The delayed pseudoteeth growth and epithelium keratinization allowed for the existence of a temporal window during which competent osteoblasts could respond to oral epithelial signaling, in place of the no longer present odontoblasts; thus, bony pseudoteeth developed instead of true teeth. Dynamic morphogenetic fields can explain the particular, sequential size distribution of pseudoteeth along the jaws of these birds. Hence, this appears as a new kind of deep homology, by which ancient odontogenetic developmental processes would have controlled the evolution of pseudodentition, structurally different from a true dentition, but morphologically and functionally similar.
Creating Linkage Permutations to Prevent Self-Intersection and Enable Deployable Networks of Thick-Origami
Authors: Yellowhorse Alden , Lang Robert J. , Tolman Kyler , Howell Larry L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOrigami concepts show promise for creating complex deployable systems. However, translating origami to thick (non-paper) materials introduces challenges, including that thick panels do not flex to facilitate folding and the chances for self-intersection of components increase. This work introduces methods for creating permutations of linkage-based, origami-inspired mechanisms that retain desired kinematics but avoid self-intersection and enable their connection into deployable networks. Methods for reconfiguring overconstrained linkages and implementing them as modified origami-inspired mechanisms are proved and demonstrated for multiple linkage examples. Equations are derived describing the folding behavior of these implementations. An approach for designing networks of linkage-based origami vertices is demonstrated and applications for tessellations are described. The results offer the opportunity to exploit origami principles to create deployable systems not previously feasible.
Surveillance of Antimalarial Resistance Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13 Polymorphisms in African Plasmodium falciparum imported to Shandong Province, China
Authors: Xu Chao , Wei Qingkuan , Yin Kun , Sun Hui , Li Jin , Xiao Ting , Kong Xiangli , Wang Yongbin , Zhao Guihua , Zhu Song , Kou Jingxuan , Yan Ge , Huang Bingcheng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAntimalarial drug resistance is a major public health problem in China. From 2012 to 2015, more than 75% of malaria cases in Shandong Province were P. falciparum returned from Africa. However, molecular marker polymorphisms of drug resistance in imported P. falciparum cases have not been evaluated. In this study, we analyzed polymorphisms of the Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13 genes in 282 P. falciparum cases returned from Africa to Shandong between 2012 and 2015. Among the isolates, polymorphisms were detected in codons 74–76 of Pfcrt and 86, 184, 1246 of Pfmdr1, among which K76T (36.6%) and Y184F (60.7%) were the most prevalent, respectively. Six Pfcrt haplotypes and 11 Pfmdr1 haplotypes were identified and a comparison was made on the prevalence of haplotypes among East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa and South Africa. One synonymous and 9 nonsynonymous mutations in Pfkelch13 were detected in the isolates (4.6%), among which a candidate artemisinin (ART) resistance mutation P553L was observed. The study establishes fundamental data for detection of chloroquine resistance (CQR) and ART resistance with molecular markers of the imported P. falciparum in China, and it also enriches the genetic data of antimalarial resistance for the malaria endemic countries in Africa.