bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of local aerosol deposition in a real scale T-junction of a ventilation network
Authors: Ploix R. , Gehin E. , Malet J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Local particle deposition measurements in a T-junction of a real scale ventilation network are studied and interpreted using RANS CFD simulations. To assess the validity of the simulation, an analysis of the flow at different scales is proposed. The experimental results show a particle deposition tendency to be higher downstream the T-junction and particularly on the outer side of the T-junction. This tendency appears to be linked to a separation downstream the T-junction, with the main flow on the outer side of the junction and secondary flow on the inner side. This separation seems to have an impact on the aerosol repartition in the bulk, which can be linked to aerosol concentrations gradient downstream the T-junction.
Anisotropic turbulence in marine cumulus clouds
Authors: Król Stanisław , Malinowski Szymon 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Clouds are complex phenomena present in the atmospheric flows, with different physical processes influencing them at various scales. Among these processes is turbulent mixing, one of the main contributors to the transport of physical quantities. Turbulence is often, for simplicity, assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic, however numerous observations indicate that it is not always the case. This motivates the studies of deviations from Kolmogorov theory of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. In this work, time series of air velocity fluctuations collected by airborne measurements of marine cumulus clouds are studied using anisotropy invariant maps. The results show that turbulence in such conditions is often anisotropic, and there are some differences in anisotropy inside clouds and at their edges.
Analysis and actuation design of a novel at-scale 3-DOF biomimetic flapping-wing mechanism inspired by flying insects
Authors: Wang Liang , Zhang Hongzhi , Zhang Longlong , Song Bifeng , Sun Zhongchao , Zhang Wenming 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Insects’ flight is imbued with endless mysteries, offering valuable inspiration to the flapping-wing robots. Particularly, the multi-mode wingbeat motion such as flapping, sweeping and twisting in coordination presents advantages in promoting unsteady aerodynamics and enhancing lift force. To achieve the flapping-twisting-sweeping motion capability, this paper proposes an at-scale three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) mechanism driven by three piezoelectric actuators, which consists of three four-bar mechanisms and a parallel spherical mechanism. Compliant hinges are utilized as rotating joints for power transmission. The DOF and the kinematics analysis are performed. The aerodynamic model of the wing and the mechanical model of the compliant hinges are considered to investigate the required driving force response of the mechanism with wing loads. By employing nonlinear programming techniques, the geometric parameters of three piezoelectric actuators are reverse-designed to match the dynamic response of the mechanism in two flapping conditions. The significance of this work lies in proposing a novel concept of an at-scale multi-DOF wingbeat mechanism, demonstrating the feasibility of this mechanism to mimic the flexible and multi-mode wingbeat movement of insects, and providing an initial mechanism-drive solution.
Genetic algorithm-based optimal design for fluidic artificial muscle (FAM) bundles
Authors: Duan Emily , Bryant Matthew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we present a design optimization framework for a fluidic artificial muscle (FAM) bundle subject to geometric constraints. The architecture of natural skeletal muscles allows for compact actuation packaging by distributing a substantial number of actuation elements or muscle fiber motor units, which are to be arranged, oriented, and sized in various formations. Many researchers have drawn inspiration from these natural muscle architectures to assist in designing soft robotic systems safe for human-robot interaction. Although there are known tradeoffs identified between different muscle architectures, this optimization framework offers a method to map these architectural tradeoffs to soft actuator designs. The actuation elements selected for this study are FAMs or McKibben muscles due to their inherent compliance, cheap construction, high force-to-weight ratio, and muscle-like force-contraction behavior. Preceding studies analytically modeled the behavior of arranging FAMs in parallel, asymmetrical unipennate, and symmetrical bipennate topologies inspired by the fiber architectures found in human muscle tissues. A more recent study examined the implications of spatial constraints on bipennate FAM bundle actuation and found that by careful design, a bipennate FAM bundle can produce more force, contraction, stiffness, and work output than that of a parallel FAM bundle under equivalent spatial bounds. This multi-objective genetic algorithm-based optimization framework is used to realize desirable topological properties of a FAM bundle for maximum force and stroke for a given spatial envelope. The results help identify tradeoffs to inform design decisions based on the force and stroke demand from the desired operating task. This study further demonstrates how the desirable topological properties of the optimized FAM bundle change with different spatial bounds.
Exploring conditions for just lithium mining in South America. The case of the EU responsible sourcing strategy
Authors: Murguía Diego I , Obaya Martín 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
To advance its climate neutrality and electromobility goals, the European Union (EU) depends on a reliable supply of lithium. The “lithium triangle”, comprising Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia, contains 53% of the world’s lithium resources and supplies 85% of the EU’s lithium imports. In 2023, the EU and Latin America launched a new cooperation agenda under which the EU signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with Chile and Argentina aimed at jointly developing sustainable value chains for critical raw materials. That same year, the EU adopted the European Batteries Regulation (EBR), which mandates due diligence to address social and environmental risks in the mining of battery minerals. The EBR and MoUs form the foundation of the EU’s responsible sourcing strategy for lithium from South America. This study, using the energy justice framework and results from a Delphi survey, investigates whether the EBR and MoUs align with the conditions for a just lithium battery value chain for the lithium triangle. Our findings indicate that the EU-South America agenda reflects cumulative learning by addressing mutual interests, such as local industrialization. However, the current EU responsible sourcing approach overlooks critical local-level justice considerations —distributive, procedural, and recognition justice— that are highly relevant to the lithium triangle. We argue that for the EU to ensure a just lithium supply from South America, additional issues must be prioritized, including the equitable participation of local communities in the economic benefits of lithium mining, institutional strengthening, and the proper implementation of free, prior, and informed consultation with Indigenous peoples.
How the Russian–Ukrainian war reshapes the climate policy context
Authors: Harmsen Mathijs , Fragkiadakis Dimitris , Fragkos Panagiotis , Vu An , Fazekas Dora , de Boer Harmen-Sytze , Dafnomilis Ioannis , den Elzen Michel , Hartvig Áron , Bui Ha , Hooijschuur Elena , van Vuuren Detlef 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Russian military aggression against Ukraine has had significant global impacts on energy security, economy and geopolitics. The 2022 global energy crisis raises questions about how the war affects the energy transition and global climate policy. However, there are limited studies that incorporate its effects into self-consistent projections of alternative scenarios. This scenario study uses two leading macro-economic models and one integrated assessment model to assess how the war in Ukraine and its direct implications—trade restrictions and rising energy prices—affect economies, energy supply and demand trends, emissions and the feasibility of climate policies. The models consistently project that the disruptive responses to the war lead to a shift from fossil fuels (notably natural gas) to renewable energy and a consequent CO2 emission reduction of about 1%–5%, in the period up to 2050, both for the European Union and globally. However, projections differ across models in terms of sectoral and regional contributions to emission reductions. The results are found to be highly sensitive to the expected, yet uncertain persistence of higher fossil energy prices due to the war, which depends on the duration of the conflict, the disruption of global energy supplies and the response of other major fossil fuel exporters.
Locally unitary quantum state evolution is local
Authors: Heikkilä Matias 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We study the localization properties of bipartite channels, whose action on a subsystem yields a unitary channel. In particular we show that, under such channel, the subsystem must evolve independent of its environment. This point of view is another way to verify certain well-known conservation laws of quantum information in a generalized way. A no-go theorem for non classical conditional semantics in quantum computation is obtained as an intermediate result.
Taylor’s Law from Gaussian diffusions
Authors: Eliazar Iddo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Taylor’s Law, also known as fluctuation scaling, manifests a power relation between the means and the variances of statistical distributions. The class of Gaussian-selfsimilar stochastic motions offers a plethora of macroscopic diffusion models, regular and anomalous alike. This class includes Brownian motion, scaled Brownian motion, fractional Brownian motion, and more. Within this class, power Brownian motion (PBM) is the sub-class of motions that are also Markovian. Considering conditional distributions of motion positions, this paper establishes that: the Gaussian-selfsimilar class universally generates Taylor’s Law, doing so with both positive and negative Taylor exponents. The paper also unveils a profound interplay between PBM and the universal generation of Taylor’s Law from the Gaussian-selfsimilar class.
Differential sensing approaches for scattering-based holographic encryption
Authors: Taghavi Mohammadrasoul , Marengo Edwin A 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We develop a new scattering-based framework for the holographic encryption of analog and digital signals. The proposed methodology, termed ‘differential sensing’, involves encryption of a wavefield image by means of two hard-to-guess, complex and random scattering media, namely, a background and a total (background plus scatterer) medium. Unlike prior developments in this area, not one but two scattering media are adopted for scrambling of the probing wavefields (as encoded, e.g. in a suitable ciphertext hologram) and, consequently, this method offers enhanced security. In addition, while prior works have addressed methods based on physical imaging in the encryption phase followed by computational imaging in the decryption stage, we examine the complementary modality wherein encryption is done computationally while decryption is done analogically, i.e. via the materialization of the required physical imaging system comprising the ciphertext hologram and the two unique (background and total) media. The practical feasibility of the proposed differential sensing approach is examined with the help of computer simulations incorporating multiple scattering. The advantages of this method relative to the conventional single-medium approach are discussed for both analog and digital signals. The paper also develops algorithms for the required in situ holography as well as a new wavefield-nulling-based approach for scattering-based encryption with envisioned applications in real-time customer validation and secure communication.
What were they growing?
Authors: Davies Wendy 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys all currently available macrobotanical data on specific cultivated plants from northern Iberia from the late Roman period to the eleventh century. Cereals, legumes, forage, flax, fruits, nuts, and herbs are standard throughout, but there is some regional variation, with a greater range of cultivated plants in Catalonia and Portugal—extending to include mulberries, almonds, peaches, and olives, and herbs like celery, black mustard, parsley, and verbena. Macrobotanical results are supported by some pollen data. Determining how much of this product was grown in gardens is not straightforward but the indications combine to suggest that legumes and fruit were standard horticultural products, with an additional patch of flax or cereals or alfalfa or vines always possible.
Questions remaining
Authors: Davies Wendy 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Comparison with western Europe and al-Andalus suggests that garden product was more varied there than in northern Iberia in the early middle ages and gardens in northern Spain and Portugal do not seem to have matched the idealized monastic picture. However, northern Iberia was not a homogeneous zone, having strong cultural as well as geographic variations; there were therefore complex patterns of difference between its constituent regions with regard to garden practice. The reasons for these regional differences are explored in this chapter, involving investigation of socio-economic structures, ecclesiastical proprietorship, commercial enterprise, and relationships with al-Andalus. Supply of urban communities and urban visitors was important, through local networks, including supply of cloth and clothing. Gardens were essential for textile fibres and dye plants.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Low-Level Viremia Predicts Viral Failure in Participants on Antiretroviral Therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Lanz Caroline , Meier Jan , Stöckle Marcel , Furrer Hansjakob , Calmy Alexandra , Cavassini Matthias , Bernasconi Enos , Schmid Patrick , Braun Dominique L , Kouyos Roger D , Loosli Tom , Kusejko Katharina , Günthard Huldrych F ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Abela I , Aebi-Popp K , Anagnostopoulos A , Battegay M , Bernasconi E , Braun D L , Bucher H C , Calmy A , Cavassini M , Ciuffi A , Dollenmaier G , Egger M , Elzi L , Fehr J , Fellay J , Furrer H , Fux C A , Günthard H F , Hachfeld A , Haerry D , Hasse B , Hirsch H H , Hoffmann M , Hösli I , Huber M , Jackson-Perry D , Kahlert C R , Keiser O , Klimkait T , Kouyos R D , Kovari H , Kusejko K , Labhardt N , Leuzinger K , Martinez de Tejada B , Marzolini C , Metzner K J , Müller N , Nemeth J , Nicca D , Notter J , Paioni P , Pantaleo G , Perreau M , Rauch A , Salazar-Vizcaya L P , Schmid P , Segeral O , Speck R , Stöckle M , Tarr P , Trkola A , Wandeler G , Weisser M , Yerly S 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Most individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) plasma viral loads below the limit of detection. However, episodes of low-level viremia (LLV) are observed in subsets of individuals, the risk factors and clinical significance of which remain debated.

Methods
We included participants enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, starting ART between July 1999 and April 2023, with HIV RNA values &lt;200 copies/mL 6 months after ART initiation. Using longitudinally collected data, we applied a time-updated Cox proportional hazards model to determine the association of LLV with the risk of subsequent viral failure, defined as ≥200 copies/mL. LLV was quantified by the time-updated area under the curve (AUC) of HIV RNA values, categorized as undetectable or, based on AUC tertiles, low, intermediate, or high.

Results
We included 8132 participants with a total of 49 579 person-years of follow-up. The median follow-up time was 4.7 years, and the median number of HIV RNA measurements was 16. Participants had a median age of 38 years, 75.9% were male, 74.4% were white, and 45.9% had HIV-1 subtype B. LLV was associated with an increased risk of subsequent viral failure, with the highest LLV category showing the strongest association (hazard ratio, 3.3 [for comparison with undetectable viral load]) among all included variables, including race/ethnicity, age, and ART.

Conclusions
LLV was strongly associated with risk of subsequent viral failure, even after adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics, including adherence and treatment regimen. The detection of LLV should prompt appropriate measures to decrease the risk of subsequent viral failure.
Impact of HLADQA1*05 and HLADQA1*03 on Safety and Loss of Response to Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: López De-La-Cruz Julia , Gomollón Fernando , Louro Javier , López Pérez Juan , Nocito Colon María Mercedes , Gallego Llera Beatriz , García-Mateo Sandra , Martínez-Domínguez Samuel J , Aso Gonzalvo María Concepción , Gargallo-Puyuelo Carla J 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
HLADQA1*05 is recently associated with heightened immunogenicity to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNFα). We aimed to determine whether HLADQ1*05 is a risk factor for primary non-response, loss of response (LOR), or adverse events (AE) to first-line anti-TNFα in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods
We performed a retrospective observational study enrolling biologic naïve patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis who initiated adalimumab or infliximab from 2000 to 2021. HLA-DQA1 genotype was determined in all patients and immunogenicity in 98 patients.

Results
We enrolled 408 patients who started first-line infliximab (n = 211) and adalimumab (n = 197), with a mean follow-up of 7.6 years. Primary response at Week 24 occurred in 347 (85.0%), LOR in 133 (38.3%), and AE in 93 (22.8%). The HLADQA1*05 was identified in 185 (43.3%) patients. In multivariate analyses, no risk factors were identified for primary response. HLADQA1*05 was an independent risk factor for LOR (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.21-2.67) and immunogenicity (aOR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.12-11.92). HLADQA1*03 was a protective factor against LOR (aHR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.20-0.88). Stratified analysis by anti-TNF type showed that HLADQA1*05 increased the risk of LOR to infliximab but not to adalimumab and HLADQA1*03 decreased the risk of LOR to adalimumab but not to infliximab. Female sex, infliximab, and the co-presentation of at least one allele of the HLADQA1*03 and HLADQA1*05 were risk factors for AE.

Conclusions
HLADQA1*05 is associated with a higher risk of LOR and immunogenicity, particularly to infliximab. HLADQA1*03 seems to play a protective role against LOR, particularly adalimumab. Female sex and infliximab are risk factors for AE.
Temporal control of Staphylococcus aureus intracellular pH by sodium and potassium
Authors: Hilliard Julia K , Gries Casey M 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Adaptation to environmental change during both colonization and infection is essential to the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus. Like other bacterial pathogens that require potassium to fulfill nutritional and chemiosmotic requirements, S. aureus has been shown to utilize potassium transport to modulate virulence gene expression, antimicrobial resistance, and osmotic tolerance. Recent studies examining the role for potassium uptake in mediating S. aureus physiology have also described its contribution in mediating carbon flux within central metabolism and generation of a proton motive force. Here, we utilize a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein to examine the temporal regulation of S. aureus intracellular pH by potassium and sodium under various environmental conditions, including extracellular pH and antibiotic stress. Our results distinguish unique conditions and transport mechanisms that utilize these ions to modulate cytoplasmic pH homeostasis, and they identify these processes as a novel mechanism of intrinsic ampicillin resistance in S. aureus.
Spatiotemporal forecast of extreme events in a chaotic model of slow slip events
Authors: Kaveh Hojjat , Avouac Jean Philippe , Stuart Andrew M 
Published: November 2024

SUMMARY
Seismic and aseismic slip events result from episodic slips on faults and are often chaotic due to stress heterogeneity. Their predictability in nature is a widely open question. In this study, we forecast extreme events in a numerical model. The model, which consists of a single fault governed by rate-and-state friction, produces realistic sequences of slow events with a wide range of magnitudes and interevent times. The complex dynamics of this system arise from partial ruptures. As the system self-organizes, the state of the system is confined to a chaotic attractor of a relatively small dimension. We identify the instability regions within this attractor where large events initiate. These regions correspond to the particular stress distributions that are favourable for near complete ruptures of the fault. We show that large events can be forecasted in time and space based on the determination of these instability regions in a low-dimensional space and the knowledge of the current slip rate on the fault.
Addressing the commercial determinants of menstrual health: a call to regulate menstrual product manufacturers
Authors: Brassart Olsen Céline 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Over the last two decades, menstrual health and hygiene have become increasingly common on the global health agenda. While governments and international organizations are adopting measures to make menstrual products more accessible, corporate actors producing them have only been subject to limited scrutiny. Yet, their products and commercial practices raise environmental, health, equity and societal issues, which warrant attention and regulation. As such, commercial disposable menstrual products are largely made up of plastic, sometimes as much as 90%. Menstrual pads and tampons also contain some chemicals, the health impact of which is still unclear. In addition, these products are often sold with high-profit margins, and marketing campaigns to sell such products tend to reinforce shame and secrecy. So far, no global standards exist to regulate menstrual products and manufacturers, and evidence in the field of menstrual health and hygiene is lagging behind. To fill this gap, countries have started to regulate menstrual products and the International Standards Organization is in the process of developing global standards to better regulate the content and labeling of menstrual products. To support the emergence of regulation in this area, this article conceptualizes for the first time a comprehensive framework for the regulation of menstrual product manufacturers. This framework encompasses five complementary measures to regulate the content; labeling; production and waste management; pricing; advertising and marketing of menstrual products. The article also calls for more research to produce evidence and for increased governmental and inter-governmental attention to menstrual product manufacturers.