bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning and natural language processing on the patent corpus: Data, tools, and new measures
Authors: Balsmeier Benjamin , Assaf Mohamad , Chesebro Tyler , Fierro Gabe , Johnson Kevin , Johnson Scott , Li Guan‐Cheng , Lück Sonja , O'Reagan Doug , Yeh Bill , Zang Guangzheng , Fleming Lee 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDrawing upon recent advances in machine learning and natural language processing, we introduce new tools that automatically ingest, parse, disambiguate, and build an updated database using U.S. patent data. The tools identify unique inventor, assignee, and location entities mentioned on each granted U.S. patent from 1976 to 2016. We describe data flow, algorithms, user interfaces, descriptive statistics, and a novelty measure based on the first appearance of a word in the patent corpus. We illustrate an automated coinventor network mapping tool and visualize trends in patenting over the last 40 years. Data and documentation can be found at https://console.cloud.google.com/launcher/partners/patents-public-data.
Business dynamics of innovating firms: Linking U.S. patents with administrative data on workers and firms
Authors: Graham Stuart J.H. , Grim Cheryl , Islam Tariqul , Marco Alan C. , Miranda Javier 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses the construction of a new longitudinal database tracking inventors and patent‐owning firms over time. We match granted patents between 2000 and 2011 to administrative databases of firms and workers housed at the U.S. Census Bureau. We use inventor information in addition to the patent assignee firm name to improve on previous efforts linking patents to firms. The triangulated database allows us to maximize match rates and provide validation for a large fraction of matches. In this paper, we describe the construction of the database and explore basic features of the data. We find patenting firms, particularly young patenting firms, disproportionally contribute jobs to the U.S. economy. We find that patenting is a relatively rare event among small firms but that most patenting firms are nevertheless small, and that patenting is not as rare an event for the youngest firms compared to the oldest firms. Although manufacturing firms are more likely to patent than firms in other sectors, we find that most patenting firms are in the services and wholesale sectors. These new data are a product of collaboration within the U.S. Department of Commerce, between the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Monetizing marks: Insights from the USPTO Trademark Assignment Dataset
Authors: Graham Stuart J. H. , Marco Alan C. , Myers Amanda F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAttention to the asset value of intellectual property (IP) has traditionally concentrated on high‐value patent sales and licenses. This narrow focus neglects nonpatent assets held by a broader set of economic agents, such as trademarks, and overlooks the evolving ways owners are employing and monetizing their intangible assets. To help remedy this deficiency, the Office of Chief Economist of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is releasing a series of datasets in formats convenient for researchers. This article describes the USPTO Trademark Assignment Dataset, a database of over 785,000 transactions recorded during 1952–2013 affecting almost 4.2 million trademark registrations and applications. We provide a comprehensive description and present key trends, showing that among registrations issued during 1978–2013, more than 31% were affected by some transaction during their lives, 21% were transferred to different parties, and 12% were involved in at least one security interest agreement. Examining transaction rates by registration cohort, we find evidence that registered U.S. trademarks may be more likely to be traded than are U.S. patents. Other trends and findings are discussed. Despite limitations, these data open new avenues for research, particularly with respect to trademark collateralization and the market for brands.
The USPTO Patent Examination Research Dataset: A window on patent processing
Authors: Graham Stuart J.H. , Marco Alan C. , Miller Richard 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article describes the “USPTO Patent Examination Research Dataset” (PatEx) and explores possible selection issues and the representativeness of the nearly 9.2 million US patent application records it contains. We find that data are sparse for years before 1981, and that serious selection issues affect records on applications filed prior to 2001 due to nonpublication in the United States. Following implementation of a policy change in November 2000, both coverage and representativeness of the PatEx data improve substantially. We uncover specific areas that are prone to selectivity issues, by generating statistical evidence across application characteristics such as application type, age, ownership type, domestic or foreign origin, patent family status, and technology class among others. Although our exploration suggests to researchers several categories of specific concern, our findings overall show that the PatEx data are generally representative of the population of patent applications filed in the United States after November 2000 across observable characteristics.
Mental disorder as a puzzle for constitutivism
Authors: Heney Diana B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn theNicomachean Ethics, Aristotle argues that the performance called for by being human is rational flourishing and a life that falls short of flourishing will fail to constitute a life lived in accordance with the norms governing human kind in virtue of its function. Against this constitutivist story, a puzzle arises: On Aristotle's criteria, it looks impossible for a person with a mental disorder to flourish. I consider whether this puzzle can be satisfactorily addressed without abandoning Aristotelian constitutivism. I regard this as a puzzle worthy of serious engagement because there is a tension between the adoption of Aristotelian virtue ethics as a normative backbone for applied ethics and the possibility that the theory would consign many, many people to being incapable of virtue or flourishing. I first set out the basic commitments of a constitutivist Aristotelian account and show how it generates the hypothesis that a person with mental disorder could never flourish. I then present two contemporary concepts of mental disorder—one from the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association'sDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disordersand one from philosopher George Graham'sThe Disordered Mind. I show that Graham's treatment of mental disorder supplies the basis for a compelling response to the puzzle for constitutivism. That response is rooted in his conceptualization of disorder as involvingtruncatedrather than absent rationality. I suggest that Aristotle's discussion of death can be construed as supporting a second response. Finally, I discuss possible clinical implications under the auspices ofcaring constitutivism, which treats Aristotle's account of the human function as a basis from which ideals of rationality and recovery can be empathetically developed.
An approach to select Lactobacillus isolates as protective cultures for food fermentations
Authors: Inglin Raffael C. , Delbrück Alessia I. , Fässler Benjamin , Siebenmann Katharina E. , Lacroix Christophe , Stevens Marc J. A. , Meile Leo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFood waste reduction can be achieved by applying protective cultures to avoid spoilage of fermented food products. In this study, we present an approach to screen large numbers of strains for potential use as protective cultures in food. A phenotypic screening of 504 Lactobacillus strains for 27 food‐relevant growth conditions revealed variations and physiological limits for the genus. Previously, the strains were tested for their antibacterial activity in a high‐throughput assay. Here, the activity of 22 positive strains from that screening was assessed in more detail, mainly against Listeria, Enterococcus, Rhodotorula, and Candida species. The proteinaceous nature of the inhibiting substances was confirmed by protease digestion. Twenty‐two antibacterial and 42 antifungal strains were detected. In a co‐culture competition‐assay, 1–2 cfu/ml of Lactobacillus plantarum RI‐162 were able to inhibit the outgrowth of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa LME and reduce the cell number below the detection limit of 50 cfu/ml within 48 hr.Practical applicationsTo translate the result to industrial application, the potential protective culture Lactobacillus sakei RI‐409 reduced the initial Listeria ivanovii DSM 12491T concentration in an industrial‐scale salami fermentation by 1.4 log within 5 days. In a small‐scale salami fermentation, one L. sakei strain and five Lactobacillus plantarum strains were tested as protective cultures. Four strains reduced the spiked counts of L ivanovii DSM 12491T from an initial concentration of 105 cfu/g at the start of fermentation to below the detection limit of 100 cfu/g within two days. In a 1,000‐L small‐scale raw milk soft cheese fermentation, the potential protective culture L. plantarum RI‐271 reduced the endogenous enterococci concentration with 1.5 log compared to untreated raw milk. In conclusion, we have developed an approach to select tailor‐made antimicrobial protective cultures for biopreservation in fermented food products.
Obtaining protein isolate of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its application as coating in fresh‐cut melons
Authors: Chevalier Raquel Costa , Pizato Sandriane , de Lara Jorge Antonio Ferreira , Cortez‐Vega William Renzo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe present work thus aimed to evaluate the effects of the acidic and basic protein isolates as edible coatings on the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of fresh‐cut melons. Three treatments were used: (T1) control (melon without coating); (T2) 1.5% acidic protein isolates (API), 1.5% Clove essential oil (CEO); (T3) 1.5% basic protein isolates (BPI), and 1.5% CEO. The results were analyzed statistically by the analysis of variance. The API had the highest percentage of protein (93.05%), when compared to the BPI that obtained 92.77%. Tilapia protein isolate coatings T2 and T3 presented the least growth of psychrotrophs, molds, and yeasts. All treatments showed the absence of Salmonella and thermotolerant coliforms in 25g of sample. It was concluded that treatment T3 showed lower mass loss (7.54%), lower microbial growth, lower decrease in firmness, greater acceptability in the sensorial analysis, presenting the best results on the coating of fresh‐cut melons.Practical applicationsFresh‐cut melons are appreciated worldwide for their flavor and nutritional composition. However, their shelf life is limited by changes in color, texture, appearance, and microbial growth. An alternative to minimize the losses and increase the shelf life of this product is the use of edible coatings which can maintain the quality parameters of fresh fruit. Protein isolate of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) obtained by acid and basic processes could be used as a carrier of preservative solution This can also be used together with clove essential oil as edible coating in fresh‐cut melons. It can be considered useful to the minimal processing industry and also used as an alternative to fast food and other ready‐to‐eat products, attending the demand for healthy and convenient foodstuffs.
Food residuals on the food‐contacting surfaces of stainless steel and polypropylene influence the efficacy of ultraviolet light in killing foodborne pathogens
Authors: Yoon Jae‐Hyun , Hyun Jeong‐Eun , Song Hana , Kim Ji‐Yeon , Kim Ju‐Hee , Lee Sun‐Young 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study was conducted to examine effects of food residues on the survivals of pathogens on stainless steel (SSS) and polypropylene (PPP) after ultraviolet‐radiation (UVR) surface decontamination. Cultures of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes were inoculated on coupons containing deionized water, tryptic soy broth, pork, chicken, cabbage, and milk, respectively. The surface coupons were incubated at 100% relative humidity (RH) and 25°C for 24 hr to produce their own biofilms. UVR (=254 nm) surface decontamination for 120 min resulted in bacterial reductions in the levels of ≥2.5 log10 cfu/coupon. Populations of S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes within biofilms declined on SSS harboring chicken juice after UVR for 120 min, showing by <1.5 log10‐reductions. The presence of food residues on the food‐contacting surfaces would facilitate the strong adhesion of these organisms, indicating that bacteria enclosed in biofilms were more resistant to UVR sanitization.Practical applicationsIn this study, it seemed to indicate that the incidence of varying food residues such as deionized water, tryptic soy broth, pork, chicken, cabbage, and milk could affect bacterial adhesion–attachment to the food‐contacting surfaces significantly. At least, some food residues such as pork, chicken, and milk would be supposed to provide a favorable environment where major foodborne pathogens are able to grow and produce their biofilms strongly. Especially, it was determined that the gram‐negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium showed the higher sensitivity on coupons against ultraviolet‐radiation surface decontamination.
The expansion of intensive marine aquaculture in Turkey: The next‐to‐last commodity frontier?
Authors: Ertör Irmak , Ortega‐Cerdà Miquel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAquaculture is one of the fastest growing food‐producing sectors, and its share in global seafood production is rising significantly compared with capture fisheries. This transforms seafood production practices while allowing capital to expand to new marine commodity frontiers. Building on the conceptualization of aquaculture as a new frontier for capture fisheries, the article aims to uncover how commodity frontiers expand within the intensive marine aquaculture sector and shape the transformation of seafood production by focusing on its recent growth in Turkey. It analyses this transformation based on 22 in‐depth interviews with key social actors in Turkey, as well as a review of sector and state reports and the relevant legislations of Turkey and the European Union, and argues that the three‐pronged horizontal, vertical, and taxonomic expansion already observed in industrial capture fisheries has similarly taken place in intensive marine aquaculture through the commodity widening, deepening, and marketing strategies employed by aquaculture firms.
Contribution of Quantitative Amygdalar MR FLAIR Signal Analysis for Lateralization of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Jafari‐Khouzani Kourosh , Elisevich Kost , Wasade Vibhangini S. , Soltanian‐Zadeh Hamid 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThis study evaluates the contribution of an automated amygdalar fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal analysis for the lateralization of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE).METHODSSixty‐nine patients (27 M, 42 F) who had undergone surgery and achieved an Engel class Ia postoperative outcome were identified as a pure cohort of mTLE cases. Forty‐six nonepileptic subjects comprised the control group. The amygdala was segmented in T1‐weighted images using an atlas‐based segmentation. The right/left ratios of amygdalar FLAIR mean and standard deviation were calculated for each subject. A linear classifier (ie, discriminator line) was designed for lateralization using the FLAIR features and a boundary domain, within which lateralization was assumed to be less definitive, was established using the same features from control subjects. Hippocampal FLAIR and volume analysis was performed for comparison.RESULTSWith the boundary domain in place, lateralization accuracy was found to be 70% with hippocampal FLAIR and 67% with hippocampal volume. Taking amygdalar analysis into account, 22% of cases that were found to have uncertain lateralization by hippocampal FLAIR analysis were confidently lateralized by amygdalar FLAIR. No misclassified case was found outside the amygdalar FLAIR boundary domain.CONCLUSIONSAmygdalar FLAIR analysis provides an additional metric by which to establish mTLE in those cases where hippocampal FLAIR and volume analysis have failed to provide lateralizing information.
Toxic‐Metabolic Neurologic Disorders in Children: A Neuroimaging Review
Authors: Kontzialis Marinos , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThere are multiple causes of neurotoxicity in children including medications, extrinsic toxins and insults, illicit drugs, built up of toxic metabolites due to genetic or acquired disorders, and metabolic abnormalities. The review is centered on causes of neurotoxicity affecting the pediatric brain and producing typical and easily recognized imaging manifestations. Early identification of common and less common imaging findings may point toward the correct direction, and may facilitate early diagnosis and institution of appropriate treatment to reverse or at least limit the injury to the developing brain. Two common imaging patterns of neurotoxicity in children are the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and acute toxic leukoencephalopathy that are usually related to chemotherapy and immunosuppression for common pediatric malignancies. Another well‐described imaging pattern of injury in children involves reversible splenial lesions with or without associated white matter abnormalities. Multiple additional extrinsic causes of neurotoxicity are presented including radiation and chemoradiation, various medications and treatment regimens, poisoning, illicit drug use or accidental exposure, and the respective characteristic neuroimaging findings are highlighted. Intrinsic neurotoxicity may occur in the setting of inborn errors of metabolism or acquired progressive organ failure leading to build up of toxic metabolites. Additional intrinsic causes of neurotoxicity include metabolic derangements and characteristic imaging findings in all instances are reviewed. The goal of the article is to enhance familiarity of neurologists and neuroradiologists with the imaging appearance of common and less common toxic insults to the pediatric brain.
Nephrology nurses' perceptions of discussing sexual health issues with patients who have end‐stage kidney disease
Authors: Yodchai Kantaporn , Hutchinson Alison M. , Oumtanee Areewan 
Published: August 2018

SUMMARYBackgroundDespite sexual dysfunction (SD) being common among, and affecting quality of life in people with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving dialysis, sexuality is not a subject that patients and nephrology nurses usually discuss.ObjectiveTo explore Thai nephrology nurses’ perceptions about discussing sexual health issues with patients receiving dialysis.Material and MethodsA phenomenological approach was applied and data were collected using semi‐structured individual interviews. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 20 participants from four Southern regional hospitals in Thailand between April and June 2016. Recruitment continued until data saturation was reached. Data were analysed using Colaizzi's method.FindingsParticipants were aged between 27 and 53 years: mean 42.95 (±7.62 SD). Nineteen were female and sixteen were married. Five themes emerged: (1) improving knowledge in order to enhance confidence before discussing sexuality with patients; (2) gaining patients’ trust before discussing sexuality; (3) finding an appropriate time to discuss sexuality; (4) organising a suitable setting in which to discuss sexuality and (5) feelings of appreciation for helping patients and their partners overcome their sexual health issues.ConclusionThese findings provide an understanding of Thai nurses’ perceptions about the challenges in communicating with patients experiencing ESKD regarding sexual health problems and concerns. The findings suggest that sexual health education and training would enhance the confidence of Thai nephrology nurses in initiating sexuality‐related discussions with their patients.
Spaces of the Religious Economy: Negotiating the Regulation of Religious Space in Singapore
Authors: Woods Orlando 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOver the past three decades, the theory of religious economy has been established, applied, debated, developed, and rejected. It has proven to be as divisive as any "general theory" of religion should be, and yet its core tenets continue to engage and unite scholars around the world. In response to broader shifts within the sociology of religion, this article reframes religious economy by advancing a spatial approach to its theorization. A spatial approach can help develop new perspectives on the regulation of religion, and the resistant agency of religious groups. With a focus on the "secular monopoly" of Singapore, it demonstrates how the restricted supply of land for religious purposes increases competition between religious groups. To overcome restrictions, religious groups pursue strategies of spatial and organizational boundary crossing. This has led to the closer regulation of space, and highlights the recursive interplay between the regulation and praxis of religion in Singapore.
Impactites of the Mistastin Lake impact structure: Insights into impact ejecta emplacement
Authors: Mader Marianne M. , Osinski Gordon R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Mistastin Lake impact structure is an intermediate‐size (~28 km apparent crater diameter), complex crater formed ~36 Myr. The original crater has been differentially eroded; however, a subdued terraced rim and distinct central uplift are still observed and impactites are well exposed in three dimensions. The inner portion of the structure is covered by Mistastin Lake and the surrounding area is locally covered by soil/glacial deposits and vegetation. The crystalline target rocks of the Mistastin Lake region are dominated by anorthosite, granodiorite, and quartz monzonite. Previous studies of the Mistastin Lake impactites have primarily focussed on the impact melt rocks. This study further evaluates the entire suite of impactite rocks in terms of their location within the crater structure and emplacement mechanisms. Locally, allochthonous impactite units including impact melt and various types of breccias are distributed around the lake in the terraced rim and are interpreted as proximal ejecta deposits. A multistage model for the origin and emplacement of impact melt rocks and the formation of impact ejecta is proposed for the Mistastin Lake impact structure based on a synthesis of the field and petrographic observations. This model involves the generation of a continuous ballistic ejecta blanket during the excavation stage, followed by the emplacement of melt‐rich, ground‐hugging flows during the terminal stages of crater excavation and the modification stage of crater formation. Impact melt‐bearing breccias—also termed “suevite” at other sites—are present in several distinct settings within the Mistastin Lake structure and likely have more than one formation mechanism.