bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broad spectrum insect resistance and metabolites in close relatives of the cultivated tomato
Authors: Vosman Ben , van’t Westende Wendy P. C. , Henken Betty , van Eekelen Henriëtte D. L. M. , de Vos Ric C. H. , Voorrips Roeland E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWild relatives of tomato possess effective means to deal with several pests, among which are a variety of insects. Here we studied the presence of resistance components againstTrialeurodes vaporariorum, Myzus persicae, Frankliniella occidentalis,andSpodoptera exiguain the Lycopersicon group ofSolanumsectionLycopersiconby means of bioassays and comprehensive metabolite profiling. Broad spectrum resistance was found inSolanum galapagenseand a few accessions ofS. pimpinellifolium. Resistance to the sap sucking insects may be based on the same mechanism, but different from the caterpillar resistance. Large and highly significant differences in the leaf metabolomes were found betweenS. galapagense,containing type IV trichomes, and its closest relativeS. cheesmaniae,which lacks type IV trichomes. The most evident differences were the relatively high levels of different methylated forms of the flavonoid myricetin and many acyl sucrose structures inS. galapagense. Possible candidate genes regulating the production of these compounds were identified in theWf-1QTL region ofS. galapagense, which was previously shown to confer resistance to the whiteflyB. tabaci.The broad spectrum insect resistance identified inS. galapagensewill be very useful to increase resistance in cultivated tomato.
Understanding and mitigating hydrogen embrittlement of steels: a review of experimental, modelling and design progress from atomistic to continuum
Authors: Barrera O. , Bombac D. , Chen Y. , Daff T. D. , Galindo-Nava E. , Gong P. , Haley D. , Horton R. , Katzarov I. , Kermode J. R. , Liverani C. , Stopher M. , Sweeney F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHydrogen embrittlement is a complex phenomenon, involving several length- and timescales, that affects a large class of metals. It can significantly reduce the ductility and load-bearing capacity and cause cracking and catastrophic brittle failures at stresses below the yield stress of susceptible materials. Despite a large research effort in attempting to understand the mechanisms of failure and in developing potential mitigating solutions, hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms are still not completely understood. There are controversial opinions in the literature regarding the underlying mechanisms and related experimental evidence supporting each of these theories. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed review up to the current state of the art on the effect of hydrogen on the degradation of metals, with a particular focus on steels. Here, we describe the effect of hydrogen in steels from the atomistic to the continuum scale by reporting theoretical evidence supported by quantum calculation and modern experimental characterisation methods, macroscopic effects that influence the mechanical properties of steels and established damaging mechanisms for the embrittlement of steels. Furthermore, we give an insight into current approaches and new mitigation strategies used to design new steels resistant to hydrogen embrittlement.
A dynamically reconfigurable logic cell: from artificial neural networks to quantum-dot cellular automata
Authors: Naqvi Syed Rameez , Akram Tallha , Iqbal Saba , Haider Sajjad Ali , Kamran Muhammad , Muhammad Nazeer 
Published: February 2018

AbstractConsidering the lack of optimization support for Quantum-dot Cellular Automata, we propose a dynamically reconfigurable logic cell capable of implementing various logic operations by means of artificial neural networks. The cell can be reconfigured to any 2-input combinational logic gate by altering the strength of connections, called weights and biases. We demonstrate how these cells may appositely be organized to perform multi-bit arithmetic and logic operations. The proposed work is important in that it gives a standard implementation of an 8-bit arithmetic and logic unit for quantum-dot cellular automata with minimal area and latency overhead. We also compare the proposed design with a few existing arithmetic and logic units, and show that it is more area efficient than any equivalent available in literature. Furthermore, the design is adaptable to 16, 32, and 64 bit architectures.
Natural biological control ofChrysodeixis includens
Authors: Pereira R.R. , Neves D.V.C. , Campos J.N. , Santana Júnior P.A. , Hunt T.E. , Picanço M.C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA wide variety of abiotic and biotic factors act on insect pests to regulate their populations. Knowledge of the time and magnitude of these factors is fundamental to understanding population dynamics and developing efficient pest management systems. We investigate the natural mortality factors, critical pest stages, and key mortality factors that regulateChrysodeixis includenspopulations via ecological life tables. The total mortality caused by natural factors was 99.99%. Natural enemies were the most important mortality factors in all pest stages. The critical stages ofC. includensmortality were second and fourth instars. The key mortality factors were predation by ants in the second instar and predation by Vespidae in the fourth instar. The elimination of these factors can cause an increase of 77.52 and 85.17% ofC. includenspopulation, respectively. This study elucidates the importance of natural enemies and other natural mortality factors inC. includenspopulation regulation. These factors should be considered in developing and implementingC. includensmanagement strategies and tactics in order to achieve effective and sustainable pest control.
Isolation and Expansion of Multipotent Progenitors from Human Trabecular Meshwork
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Cai Subo , Tseng Scheffer C. G. , Zhu Ying-Ting 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTo expand multi-potent progenitors from human trabecular meshwork (TM), we have created a new optimized method on two-dimensional (2D) followed by three–dimensional (3D) Matrigel in modified embryonic stem cell medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (MESCM + 5% FBS). The expanded TM cells were small cuboidal cells expressing TM markers such as AQP1, MGP, CHI3L1, and AnkG, embryonic stem cell (ESC) markers such as Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and ABCG2, and neural crest (NC) markers such as p75NTR, FOXD3, Sox9, Sox10, and MSX1. Although expanded cells lost expression of these markers after passage, the cells regained the markers when Passage 2 cells were seeded on 3D Matrigel through activation of canonical BMP signaling. Such restored progenitors could differentiate into corneal endothelial cells, adipocytes, and chondrocytes but not keratocytes or osteocytes. Therefore, we have concluded that human TM harbors multipotent progenitors that can be effectively isolated and expanded using 2D Matrigel in MESCM + 5% FBS. This unique in vitro model system can be used to understand how TM is altered in glaucoma and whether such TM progenitor cells might one day be used for treating glaucoma or corneal endothelial dysfunction.
Circulating exosomal microRNAs reveal the mechanism of Fructus Meliae Toosendan-induced liver injury in mice
Authors: Zheng Jie , Yu Lingqi , Chen Wen , Lu Xiaoyan , Fan Xiaohui 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe toxicological mechanisms of liver injury caused by most traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain largely unknown. Due to the unique features, exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are currently attracting major interests to provide further insights into toxicological mechanisms. Thus, taking Fructus Meliae Toosendan as an example of hepatoxic TCM, this study aimed to elucidate its hepatotoxicity mechanisms through profiling miRNAs in circulating exosomes of Fructus Meliae Toosendan water extract (FMT)-exposed mice. Biological pathway analysis of the 64 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs (DEMs) showed that hepatic dysfunction induced by FMT likely related to apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell cycle dysregulation. Integrated analysis of serum exosomal DEMs and hepatic differentially expressed mRNAs further enriched oxidative stress and apoptosis related pathways. In vitro validation studies for omics results suggested that FMT-induced DNA damage was mediated by generating intracellular reactive oxygen species, leading to cell apoptosis through p53-dependent mitochondrial damage and S-phase arrest. Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response was activated to protect liver cells. Moreover, serum exosomal miR-370-3p, the most down-regulated miRNA involving in these pathways, might be the momentous event in aggravating cytotoxic effect of FMT by elevating p21 and Cyclin E. In conclusion, circulating exosomal miRNAs profiling could contribute to deepen the understanding of TCM-induced hepatotoxicity.
Host-guest complexes of imazalil with cucurbit[8]uril and β-cyclodextrin and their effect on plant pathogenic fungi
Authors: Al-Dubaili Naji , El-Tarabily Khaled , Saleh Na’il 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe report the control of imazalil (IMZ) antifungal activity utilizing its non-covalent assembly with β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) and cucurbit[8]uril (CB8) macrocycles, as well as its stimuli-responsive disassembly with cadaverine. The NMR results are consistent with inclusion of a single IMZ molecule inside the cavities of either CB8 from its aromatic site or β-CD from its aliphatic end. Efficient complex formation with both host molecules and controlled released upon the addition of cadaverine is supported by NMR measurements. The stimuli-responsiveness of the same host-guest assemblies with cadaverine was validated against seven economically important plant pathogenic fungi which cause agriculturally important plant diseases across the globe. While loading the drug into macrocycles cavities suppressed its activity, subsequent adding of cadaverine efficiently restored it up. The results in the present paper enable researchers working in the area of mycology and plant pathology to inhibit or reduce the fungal growth on demand in order to control these economically important plant pathogenic fungi.
Streptomyces sp metabolite(s) promotes Bax mediated intrinsic apoptosis and autophagy involving inhibition of mTOR pathway in cervical cancer cell lines
Authors: Dan Vipin Mohan , Muralikrishnan Balaji , Sanawar Rahul , J. S. Vinodh , Burkul Bhushan Bapusaheb , Srinivas Kalanghad Puthankalam , Lekshmi Asha , Pradeep N. S. , Dastager Syed G. , Santhakumari B. , Santhoshkumar Thankayyan R. , Kumar R. Ajay , Pillai Madhavan Radhakrishna 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn cervical cancer, the association between HPV infection and dysregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway) places mTOR as an attractive therapeutic target. The failure of current treatment modalities in advanced stages of this cancer and drawbacks of already available mTOR inhibitors demand for novel drug candidates. In the present study we identified the presence of a mTOR inhibitor in an active fraction of the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp OA293. The metabolites(s) in the active fraction completely inhibited mTORC1 and thereby suppressed activation of both of its downstream targets, 4E-BP1 and P70S6k, in cervical cancer cells. In addition, it also stalled Akt activation via inhibition of mTORC2. The mechanism of mTOR inhibition detailed in our study overcomes significant drawbacks of well known mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin and rapalogs. The active fraction induced autophagy and Bax mediated apoptosis suggesting that mTOR inhibition resulted in programmed cell death of cancer cells. The molecular weight determination of the components in active fraction confirmed the absence of any previously known natural mTOR inhibitor. This is the first report of complete mTOR complex inhibition by a product derived from microbial source.
Characterization of Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Phenotypes Caused by Sustained Intracranial Pressure Elevation in Mice
Authors: Shen Guofu , Link Schuyler , Kumar Sandeep , Nusbaum Derek M. , Tse Dennis Y. , Fu Yingbin , Wu Samuel M. , Frankfort Benjamin J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractElevated intracranial pressure (ICP) can result in multiple neurologic sequelae including vision loss. Inducible models of ICP elevation are lacking in model organisms, which limits our understanding of the mechanism by which increased ICP impacts the visual system. We adapted a mouse model for the sustained elevation of ICP and tested the hypothesis that elevated ICP impacts the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). ICP was elevated and maintained for 2 weeks, and resulted in multiple anatomic changes that are consistent with human disease including papilledema, loss of physiologic cupping, and engorgement of the optic nerve head. Elevated ICP caused a loss of RGC somas in the retina and RGC axons within the optic nerve, as well as a reduction in both RGC electrical function and contrast sensitivity. Elevated ICP also caused increased hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha expression in the ganglion cell layer. These experiments confirm that sustained ICP elevation can be achieved in mice and causes phenotypes that preferentially impact RGCs and are similar to those seen in human disease. With this model, it is possible to model human diseases of elevated ICP such as Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome.
Genome-wide investigation of pentatricopeptide repeat gene family in poplar and their expression analysis in response to biotic and abiotic stresses
Authors: Xing Haitao , Fu Xiaokang , Yang Chen , Tang Xiaofeng , Guo Li , Li Chaofeng , Xu Changzheng , Luo Keming 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, which are characterized by tandem 30–40 amino acid sequence motifs, constitute of a large gene family in plants. Some PPR proteins have been identified to play important roles in organellar RNA metabolism and organ development in Arabidopsis and rice. However, functions of PPR genes in woody species remain largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized a total of 626 PPR genes containing PPR motifs in the Populus trichocarpa genome. A comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the poplar PPR gene family was performed, including chromosomal location, phylogenetic relationships and gene duplication. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis showed that 154 of the PtrPPR genes were induced by biotic and abiotic treatments, including Marssonina brunnea, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), mechanical wounding, cold and salinity stress. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis further investigated the expression profiles of 11 PtrPPR genes under different stresses. Our results contribute to a comprehensive understanding the roles of PPR proteins and provided an insight for improving the stress tolerance in poplar.
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor-associated Protein Inhibits Angiotensin II-induced Insulin Resistance with Suppression of Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Authors: Ohki Kohji , Wakui Hiromichi , Kishio Nozomu , Azushima Kengo , Uneda Kazushi , Haku Sona , Kobayashi Ryu , Haruhara Kotaro , Kinguchi Sho , Yamaji Takahiro , Yamada Takayuki , Minegishi Shintaro , Ishigami Tomoaki , Toya Yoshiyuki , Yamashita Akio , Imajo Kento , Nakajima Atsushi , Kato Ikuma , Ohashi Kenichi , Tamura Kouichi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEnhancement of AT1 receptor-associated protein (ATRAP) in adipose tissue improves high fat diet (HFD)-induced visceral obesity and insulin resistance, and suppresses adipose oxidative stress. However, HFD loading is not a direct stimulatory factor for AT1 receptor. In the present study, we investigated the effect of chronic, low-dose angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice and functional role of ATRAP. ATRAP expression was higher in adipose tissue (5–10-fold) and skeletal muscle tissue (approximately 1.6-fold) in ATRAP transgenic (TG) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. After Ang II infusion, insulin sensitivity was impaired in WT mice, but this response was suppressed in TG mice. Unexpectedly, Ang II infusion did not affect the adipose tissue profile in WT or TG mice. However, in skeletal muscle tissue, Ang II stimulus caused an increase in oxidative stress and activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in a decrease in glucose transporter type 4 expression in WT mice. These responses were suppressed in TG mice. Our study suggests that Ang II-induced insulin resistance is suppressed by increased ATRAP expression in skeletal muscle tissue. Hyperactivity of AT1 receptor could be related to formation of insulin resistance related to metabolic syndrome.
Adaptable surfactant-mediated method for the preparation of anisotropic metal chalcogenide nanomaterials
Authors: McCarthy S. A. , Ratkic R. , Purcell-Milton F. , Perova T. S. , Gun’ko Y. K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe hot injection synthesis of nanomaterials is a highly diverse and fundamental field of chemical research, which has shown much success in the bottom up approach to nanomaterial design. Here we report a synthetic strategy for the production of anisotropic metal chalcogenide nanomaterials of different compositions and shapes, using an optimised hot injection approach. Its unique advantage compared to other hot injection routes is that it employs one chemical to act as many agents: high boiling point, viscous solvent, reducing agent, and surface coordinating ligand. It has been employed to produce a range of nanomaterials, such as CuS, Bi2S3, Cu2-xSe, FeSe2, and Bi4Se3, among others, with various structures including nanoplates and nanosheets. Overall, this article will highlight the excellent versatility of the method, which can be tuned to produce many different materials and shapes. In addition, due to the nature of the synthesis, 2D nanomaterial products are produced as monolayers without the need for exfoliation; a significant achievement towards future development of these materials.
Analysis of the coupling effects on main feeder in more electrical aircraft
Authors: Lu Zhang 
Published: February 2018

Isolation distance is an important consideration in aircraft wiring for coupling effect. according to electrical wiring interconnect system (EWIS) isolation requirements specified in SAE 50881D and airworthiness regulations CCAR 25.1707, explicit isolation distances are not specified. Aircraft wiring is complex or diverse. In order to evaluate coupling effects between the main feeder and signal wire, the three‐phase‐seven‐wire main feeder with 230 VAC, 250 kVA was chosen as the simulation object. The impedance model of three‐phase feeder is given with which the coupling effects can be analysed in theory at first. The coupling voltage amplitude is the main evaluation index. In the simulation process, the following cases are chosen: different distances between signal wire and main feeder; signal wire lies in the different phase of the main feeder; isolation distance analysis with types of loads; there exits arc faults on main feeder. Based on the analysis of the simulation results, proposed methods to reduce the coupling effects between wires are given. Through the work in this study, it has some guiding significance for wire or cable laying.
Hydrodynamics with gas–grain chemistry and radiative transfer: comparing dynamical and static models
Authors: Sipilä O. , Caselli P. 
Published: February 2018

Context. We study the evolution of chemical-abundance gradients using dynamical and static models of starless cores.
Aims. We aim to quantify if the chemical abundance gradients given by a dynamical model of core collapse, which includes time-dependent changes in density and temperature, differ greatly from abundances derived from static models where the density and temperature structures of the core are kept fixed as the chemistry evolves.
Methods. We developed a new one-dimensional spherically symmetric hydrodynamics code that couples the hydrodynamics equations with a comprehensive time-dependent gas–grain chemical model, including deuterium and spin-state chemistry, and radiative transfer calculations to derive self-consistent time-dependent chemical-abundance gradients. We apply the code to model the collapse of a starless core up to the point when the infall flow becomes supersonic.
Results. The abundances predicted by the dynamical and static models are almost identical at early times during the quiescent phase of core evolution. After the onset of core collapse, the results from the two models begin to diverge: at late times the static model generally underestimates abundances in the high-density regions near the core center, and overestimates them in the outer parts of the core. Deuterated species are clearly overproduced by the static model near the center of the model core. On the other hand, simulated lines of NH3 and N2H+ are brighter in the dynamical model because they originate in the central part of the core where the dynamical model predicts higher abundances than the static model. The reason for these differences is that the static model ignores the history of the density and temperature profiles which has a large impact on the abundances, and therefore on the molecular lines. Our results also indicate that the use of a very limited chemical network in hydrodynamical simulations may lead to an overestimate of the collapse timescale, and in some cases may prevent the collapse altogether. Limiting the set of molecular coolants has a similar effect. In our model, most of the line cooling near the center of the core is due to HCN, CO, and NO.
Conclusions. Our results show that the use of a static physical model is not a reliable method of simulating chemical abundances in starless cores after the onset of gravitational collapse. The abundance differences between the dynamical and static models translate to large differences in line emission profiles, showing that the difference between the models is at the observable level. The adoption of complex chemistry and a comprehensive set of cooling molecules is necessary to model the collapse adequately.
Extensor Mechanism Injury in the Pediatric Population—A Clinical Review
Authors: Sessions William , Herring Matthew , Truong Walter 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe extensor mechanism of the knee—consisting of the four muscles of the quadriceps, the quadriceps tendon, the patella, and the patellar ligament—is essential for lower extremity function during both standing and ambulation. The presence of articular cartilage and growing physes in the pediatric knee, coupled with the generation of significant tensile force, creates an opportunity for pathology unique to the pediatric population.Tibial tubercle fractures and patella injuries are quite rare, and even pediatric-trained orthopaedic surgeons may not be exposed to these injuries on a regular basis. It is the intent of this article to discuss the current literature regarding the mechanism of injury, diagnostic workup, classification, indications for surgical versus non-surgical management, and techniques for operative management for both tibial tubercle and patella (transverse and sleeve) fractures.