bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of desert dust and carbonaceous aerosol emissions over Africa from POLDER/PARASOL products generated by the GRASP algorithm
Authors: Chen Cheng , Dubovik Oleg , Henze Daven K. , Lapyonak Tatyana , Chin Mian , Ducos Fabrice , Litvinov Pavel , Huang Xin , Li Lei 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Understanding the role atmospheric aerosols play in the Earth–atmosphere
system is limited by uncertainties in the knowledge of their distribution,
composition and sources. In this paper, we use the GEOS-Chem based inverse
modelling framework for retrieving desert dust (DD), black carbon (BC) and
organic carbon (OC) aerosol emissions simultaneously. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) retrieved from the
multi-angular and polarimetric POLDER/PARASOL measurements generated by the
GRASP algorithm (hereafter PARASOL/GRASP) have been assimilated. First, the
inversion framework is validated in a series of numerical tests conducted
with synthetic PARASOL-like data. These tests show that the framework allows
for retrieval of the distribution and strength of aerosol emissions. The
uncertainty of retrieved daily emissions in error free conditions is below
25.8 % for DD, 5.9 % for BC and 26.9 % for OC. In addition, the BC
emission retrieval is sensitive to BC refractive index, which could produce
an additional factor of 1.8 differences for total BC emissions. The approach
is then applied to 1 year (December 2007 to November 2008) of data over the
African and Arabian Peninsula region using PARASOL/GRASP spectral AOD and
AAOD at six wavelengths (443, 490, 565, 670, 865 and 1020 nm). Analysis of
the resulting retrieved emissions indicates 1.8 times overestimation of the
prior DD online mobilization and entrainment model. For total BC and OC, the
retrieved emissions show a significant increase of 209.9 %–271.8 % in comparison to the prior carbonaceous aerosol emissions. The
model posterior simulation with retrieved emissions shows good agreement with both
the AOD and AAOD PARASOL/GRASP products used in the inversion. The
fidelity of the results is evaluated by comparison of posterior simulations
with measurements from AERONET that are completely independent measurements
and more temporally frequent than PARASOL observations. To further test the
robustness of our posterior emissions constrained using PARASOL/GRASP, the
posterior emissions are implemented in the GEOS-5/GOCART model and the
consistency of simulated AOD and AAOD with other independent measurements
(MODIS and OMI) demonstrates promise in applying this database for modelling
studies.
The point of no return for climate action: effects of climate uncertainty and risk tolerance
Authors: Aengenheyster Matthias , Feng Qing Yi , van der Ploeg Frederick , Dijkstra Henk A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. If
the Paris Agreement targets are to be met, there may be very few years left
for policy makers to start cutting emissions. Here we calculate by what year,
at the latest, one has to take action to keep global warming below the 2 K
target (relative to
pre-industrial levels) at the year 2100 with a 67 % probability; we call
this the point of no return (PNR). Using a novel, stochastic model of
CO2 concentration and global mean surface temperature derived from
the CMIP5 ensemble simulations, we find that cumulative CO2 emissions
from 2015 onwards may not exceed 424 GtC and that the PNR is 2035 for the
policy scenario where the share of renewable energy rises by
2 % year−1. Pushing this increase to 5 % year−1 delays the
PNR until 2045. For the 1.5 K target, the carbon budget is only 198 GtC
and there is no time left before starting to increase the renewable share by
2 % year−1. If the risk tolerance is tightened to 5 %, the PNR is
brought forward to 2022 for the 2 K target and has been passed already for
the
1.5 K target. Including substantial negative emissions towards the end of the century
delays the PNR from 2035 to 2042 for the 2 K target and to 2026 for the 1.5 K
target. We thus show how the PNR is impacted not only by the
temperature target and the speed by which emissions are cut but also by risk
tolerance, climate uncertainties and the potential for negative emissions.
Sensitivity studies show that the PNR is robust with uncertainties of at most
a few years.
Reconstructing lateral migration rates in meandering systems – a novel Bayesian approach combining optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and historical maps
Authors: Quik Cindy , Wallinga Jakob 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Identifying lateral migration rates of meandering rivers is
relevant both for fluvial geomorphology and to support river management.
Lateral migration rates for contemporary meandering systems are often
reconstructed based on sequential remote-sensing images or historical maps;
however, the time frame for which these sources are available is limited and
hence likely to represent fluvial systems subjected to human influence. Here,
we propose to use scroll bar sequences as an archive to look further back in
time using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sand-sized
quartz grains. We develop a modelling procedure for the joint Bayesian
analysis of (OSL) dating results and historical map data. The procedure is
applied to two meanders from the Overijsselse Vecht, a medium-sized sand-bed
river in the Netherlands. We obtained nine samples for OSL dating from scroll
bars and combined OSL dating results with historical map data for the period
1720–1901 CE (Common Era). The procedure we propose here incorporates the
strengths of both data types for reconstructing fluvial morphodynamics over
longer time frames. Using an iterative modelling approach, we translate
spatial uncertainty of historical maps into temporal uncertainty of channel
position required for Bayesian deposition modelling. Our results indicate
that meander formation in the Overijsselse Vecht system started around 1400
CE, and lateral migration rates were on average 2.6 and
0.9 m yr−1 for the two investigated
bends, until river channelization around 1900 CE.
George Eliot and Spinoza: Toward a Theory of the Affects
Authors: Frazer Sophie Alexandra 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This article argues that in The Lifted Veil George Eliot conducts a fictional experiment to test the limits of seventeenth-century philosopher Benedict de Spinoza's metaphysics. Eliot's Gothic novella, a significant generic departure from the realist fiction that established her fame, can arguably be read as a response to Spinoza's theory of the imagination, with its nursery of illusions and fears. Despite Eliot's years of studying and translating Spinoza's two major works, and the influence his philosophy exerted over both herself and George Henry Lewes, there has been a curious tendency to overlook this fundamental intellectual relationship. In The Lifted Veil Eliot does not merely give fictional form to Spinoza's ideas; rather, she contests and reshapes his affective philosophy, setting his intensely optical, phenomenal notion of the subject's enslavement to the vividness of imagination in an incendiary allegory of mid-century Victorian visual culture. The various epistemological crises of the mid-century moment find expression in Eliot's horrifying first-person account of delimited, inescapable sensory experience. What ensues is a destabilizing of the bluntly rational terms upon which Spinoza grounded his vision of the affective imagination, through which Eliot explores her own specular phenomenology of loss in a period when the very act of seeing was radically evolving.
Pharmacist and Pediatrician Knowledge of Codeine Use in Children
Authors: He Ting , Lardieri Allison B. , Morgan Jill A. 
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES In 2011, approximately 1.7 million pediatric patients had a codeine-containing prescription filled at a US retail pharmacy. Numerous cases involving serious adverse effects or fatalities have been reported in children who have been prescribed codeine. In 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration added a boxed warning to avoid codeine in children after a tonsillectomy. The purpose of this study is to determine pharmacists' and pediatricians' knowledge of the boxed warning for codeine in children.
METHODS Two separate surveys were administered to community pharmacists in Maryland, pediatricians, and pediatric residents at a single institution in Maryland. Both surveys consisted of questions regarding knowledge of the boxed warning for codeine in children.
RESULTS There was no difference in the awareness of the boxed warning between pharmacists (48.9%, n = 43) and pediatricians (51.3%, n = 41, p = 0.88). More pharmacists knew that ultrarapid metabolizers have the risk for increased adverse events from codeine (39.5% pharmacists vs. 20% pediatricians, p = 0.01). In addition, 36% of pharmacists and 33% of pediatricians noted that it was never appropriate to use codeine in a child (p = 0.73).
CONCLUSIONS Only half of pharmacists and pediatricians surveyed were aware of the boxed warning for codeine. One third of pharmacists and pediatricians in this study would never use codeine in a child. Therefore, more education is needed for pharmacists and pediatricians regarding the dangers of using codeine in children.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin in Pediatric Patients With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support
Authors: Zylbersztajn Brenda L. , Izquierdo Giannina , Santana Roxana C. , Fajardo Christian , Torres Juan P. , Cordero Jaime , Valverde Cristián 
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES Determine pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and optimal dosage of vancomycin for children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
METHODS Retrospective PK study of vancomycin in pediatric patients on ECMO who received IV vancomycin 40 to 60 mg/kg/day every 6 hours. Patients were analyzed according to the presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT).
RESULTS Data from 40 children, with a median age of 2.7 years of age (1 month to 14 years) were evaluated. Thirty-two patients (80%) received vancomycin. Vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring was performed in 29 patients. The subgroup without AKI or RRT were 15. With initial doses, vancomycin trough levels were within therapeutic range in 53% of patients. After dose change, 93% of patients achieved therapeutic levels. The adjusted dose was 40 (34–60) mg/kg/day every 6 hours. Estimated PK parameters were clearance (CL) 1.67 (1–1.67) mL/kg/min; volume of distribution (Vd) 0.73 (0.7–0.9) L/kg; and half-life (t½) 6.2 (4.9–8.06) hours. In the AKI subgroup, 11 patients, the initial median dose was 40 (30–45) mg/kg/day every 8 (6–12) hours. Trough concentrations of vancomycin were within therapeutic range in 27% of patients. After dose modifications, 63% of patients achieved target trough concentration. The final adjusted dose was 20 mg/kg/day (15–30) every 12 (12–24) hours. Estimated PK parameters were Vd 1.16 (0.68–1.6) L/kg; CL 0.83 (0.38–1) mL/kg/min; and a t½ of 23.6 (16.2–31) hours.
CONCLUSIONS In patients without AKI or RRT, Vd of vancomycin was similar and CL was lower compared to pediatric critically ill patients without ECMO. Treatment could be started at 40 mg/kg/day every 6 hours. In patients with AKI, the use of lower doses should be used.
Impact of Two Educational Modules on Practitioner Knowledge of Pediatric Delirium
Authors: Gabbard Allyson D. , Patatanian Leslie K. 
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of education modules in preparing staff before the implementation of a pediatric delirium screening protocol.
METHODS After consenting participants began phase 1 of the study, which covered general information on pediatric delirium. It comprised a 21-question assessment administered as a pretest followed by an education module and then the same 21-question assessment administered as a posttest. After completing phase 1, participants proceeded to phase 2, which focused on use of the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) tool. It comprised an education module and a 14-question postassessment. Participants completed these phases at their convenience via provided instruction documents. Assessments were delivered through the online service SurveyMonkey. Education modules were available online as invisible YouTube videos.
RESULTS A total of 50 nurses and pharmacists gave consent, and 37 of these participants initiated phase 1. All 37 participants completed the phase 1 preassessment, averaging a score of 46% (range, 29%–71%). A total of 27 participants completed the phase 1 postassessment, with an average score of approximately 76% (range, 48%–95%). A total of 20 participants, with no prior training on the CAPD, completed the phase 2 postassessment, averaging a score of 88% (range, 43%–100%).
CONCLUSIONS Both the pediatric delirium general education module and the CAPD use education module resulted in participant learning, as evidenced by the assessment score averages.
Intravenous Ribavirin for Parainfluenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in an Infant Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Sargel Cheryl L. , Aboud Mohammed , Forster Aimee , Langman Loralie J. , Tansmore Jessica , Mueller Bruce A. , Smoyer William E. , Auletta Jeffery J. 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND Viral bronchiolitis remains a significant cause of hospitalization as well as morbidity and mortality during the first year of life, with treatment options beyond supportive care being limited. In cases of severe illness, ribavirin may offer therapeutic benefit.OBJECTIVE We report the use of intravenous (IV) ribavirin in an infant requiring concomitant venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV) coinfection.PATIENTS AND METHODS A 5-week-old male former 33-week preterm infant was admitted with respiratory failure and subsequently tested positive for RSV and PIV-type 1 infection. Progressive clinical deterioration subsequently required the initiation of both VV-ECMO and CVVH. Although the patient received combined VV-ECMO and CVVH, IV ribavirin was administered, and serial plasma and ultrafiltrate samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analyses after the first dose (collection period 1) and again after an estimated 5 half-lives (collection period 2).RESULTS Pharmacokinetics for collection period 1 demonstrated a calculated Cmax of 11.99 mg/L, an AUC0–24 of 43.32 mg·hr/L, ke 0.26 hr−1, t½ 2.69 hr, Vd 10.04 L (2.92 L/kg, using patient's dosing weight 3.43 kg), CLT 43.47 mL/min, and CLCVVH 6.75 mL/min. Pharmacokinetics for collection period 2 demonstrated a calculated Cmax of 10.31 mg/L, AUC0–6 of 52.55 mg· hr/L, ke 0.06 hr−1, t½ 10.69 hr, Vd 17.5 L (5.1 L/kg), and CLT 17.44 mL/min. The sieving coefficient during collection period 1 was 1.17 (range, 1.07–1.37). The percent decline between prefilter and postfilter oxygenator was 19.1%.CONCLUSION Our patient demonstrated therapeutic concentrations of ribavirin, despite drug removal via CVVH and the ECMO oxygenator. Standard ribavirin dosing used and resultant concentrations achieved were associated with viral clearance and clinical improvement.
A Strategic Plan for Increasing Scholarly Activity Among Medical Students, Residents, and Faculty
Authors: Wolfe Jesse , Wolfe Jenna , Smith Kevin , Yoho Robert , Vardaxis Vassilios 
Published: August 2018

Background:Scholarly activity among students, residents, and faculty provides the foundation for medical education. However, a decline in the number of physician-scientists has been acknowledged during the past few decades. As a result, institutions have attempted to increase research activity among students and residents through a variety of means. This study describes a replicative model for medical institutions to increase their research enterprises among medical students, residents, and faculty.Methods:Des Moines University College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery (DMU-CPMS) developed a Strategic Research Plan (SRP) to increase scholarly activity in the college. The SRP outlined an innovative model to increase research activity, including creating a Director of Research position, modifying the existing curriculum toward an evidence-based focus, increasing extracurricular research opportunities, and fostering collaborative research efforts among students, residents, and faculty.Results:After SRP implementation, an increase in scholarly activity was observed. In the 6 years before implementing the SRP, DMU-CPMS published 11 manuscripts. In the 6 years after initiating the SRP, manuscript publications increased to 50. During this same period, podium presentations at scientific meetings increased from 6 to 40, and students listed as lead author increased from 0 to 16.Conclusions:The SRP provides a replicative model for medical institutions seeking to increase their research enterprises through collaboration among students, residents, and faculty. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a research plan aimed at increasing scholarly activity among a comprehensive scope of individuals in medical education.
Morphological and Physiological Colour Changes in the Animal Kingdom
Authors: Figon Florent , Casas Jérôme 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Colour change is the ability of an organism to modify its colouration in response to specific stimuli. Several biological functions have been proposed to explain colour changes, including ultraviolet (UV) protection, thermoregulation, crypsis, inter‐ and intraspecific communication. Changes in body colouration are mainly performed through two types of mechanisms referred to as morphological and physiological. Mechanistically, these two types of colour changes differ in their speed and the way coloured structures are altered. The proximal causes of these colour changes are identified in a handful number of species and demonstrate that common physiological, cellular and molecular actors are at play. However, the reasons why both colour‐change types are widespread in the animal kingdom and how they have evolved are still unknown. This is partly due to a lack of knowledge about the fitness implications of colour changes, particularly their energetic costs.

Key Concepts

Morphological and physiological colour changes are widespread in the animal kingdom.

It has been suggested that both types of colour changes have the same biological functions, which are UV protection, thermoregulation, crypsis, inter‐ and intraspecific communication.

Despite differences in speed and mechanisms, similar cellular and molecular actors are at play for both types of colour changes.

Colour changes are triggered by environmental stimuli, mainly light, and are regulated by the neuronal and hormonal systems.

The evolution of colour‐changing abilities is still poorly understood because the consequences of colour changes on individual fitness remain to be investigated.
N, P‐doped CoS2 Embedded in TiO2 Nanoporous Films for Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Guo Limin , Deng Jinan , Wang Guanzhi , Hao Yanan , Bi Ke , Wang Xiaohui , Yang Yang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe search for efficient and cost‐effective catalysts for bifunctional oxygen reduction and evolution reaction (ORR and OER) is highly demanded because of the sluggish four‐electron transfer involved redox reactions in Zn–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, (N, P) codoped CoS2 nanoclusters embedded inside TiO2 nanoporous films (denoted as N, P/CoS2@TiO2 NPFs) are synthesized as novel bifunctional ORR/OER catalysts for ZABs. The catalytic activity and stability are promoted by the (N, P)‐dopants due to the enhanced conductivity, increased active surface area, and facilitated reaction kinetics. The N, P/CoS2@TiO2 NPFs exhibit exceptional onset potentials of 0.91 and 1.41 V for ORR and OER, respectively. When used as cathodes in ZABs, the N, P/CoS2@TiO2 NPFs exhibit a reduced charge–discharge gap of 0.8 V at 10 mA cm−2 and a stable cycling performance over 130 h, surpassing the conventional Pt/C+IrO2 catalysts. Moreover, the assembled ZABs delivering a specific capacity of 610 mAh g−1 can be used for flexible devices. This work provides a path for the rational design of bifunctional electrocatalyst for ZABs.
Searching for a Stable High‐Performance Magnetorheological Suspension
Authors: Seo Youngwook P. , Han Sangsok , Choi Junsok , Takahara Atsushi , Choi Hyoung Jin , Seo Yongsok 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMagnetorheological (MR) fluids are a type of smart material with rheological properties that may be controlled through mesostructural transformations. MR fluids form solid‐like fibril structures along the magnetic field direction upon application of a magnetic field due to magnetopolarization of soft‐magnetic particles when suspended in an inert medium. A reverse structural transition occurs upon removal of the applied field. The structural changes are very fast on the order of milliseconds. The rheological properties of MR fluids vary with the application of a magnetic field, resulting in non‐Newtonian viscoplastic flow behaviors. Recent applications have increased the demand for MR materials with better performance and good long‐term stability. A variety of industrial MR materials have been developed and tested in numerous experimental and theoretical studies. Because modeling and analysis are essential to optimize material design, a new macroscale structural model has been developed to distinguish between static yield stress and dynamic yield stress and describe the flow behavior over a wide range of shear rates. Herein, this recent progress in the search for advanced MR fluid materials with good stability is described, along with new approaches to MR flow behavior analysis. Several ways to improve the stability and efficiency of the MR fluids are also summarized.
Enzymology of Anthraquinone‐γ‐Pyrone Ring Formation in Complex Aromatic Polyketide Biosynthesis
Authors: Hou Xian‐Feng , Song Yu‐Jiao , Zhang Mei , Lan Wenxian , Meng Song , Wang Chunxi , Pan Hai‐Xue , Cao Chunyang , Tang Gong‐Li 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAromatic‐fused γ‐pyrones are structural features of many bioactive natural products and valid scaffolds for medicinal chemistry. However, the enzymology of their formation has not been completely established. Now it is demonstrated that TxnO9, a CalC‐like protein belonging to a START family, functions as an unexpected anthraquinone‐γ‐pyrone synthase involved in the biosynthesis of antitumor antibiotic trioxacarcin A (TXN‐A). Structural analysis by NMR identified a likely substrate/product‐binding mode and putative key active sites of TxnO9, which allowed an enzymatic mechanism to be proposed. Moreover, a subset of uncharacterized homologous proteins bearing an unexamined Lys‐Thr dyad exhibit the same function. Therefore, the functional assignment and mechanistic investigation of this γ‐pyrone synthase elucidated an undescribed step in TXN‐A biosynthesis, and the discovery of this new branch of polyketide heterocyclases expands the functions of the START superfamily.