bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory complications after adenotonsillectomy in high‐risk children with obstructive sleep apnea: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ekstein Margaret , Zac Lilach , Schvartz Reut , Goren Or , Weiniger Carolyn F. , DeRowe Ari , Fishman Gad 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs in 1%‐4% of children; adenotonsillectomy is an effective treatment. Mortality/severe brain injury occurs among 0.6/10 000 adenotonsillectomies; in children, 60% are secondary to airway/respiratory events. Earlier studies identified that children aged <2 years, extremes of weight, with co‐morbidities of craniofacial, neuromuscular, cardiac/respiratory disease, or severe OSA are at high risk for adverse post‐operative respiratory events (AE).We aimed to: Firstly, investigate which risk factors were associated with AEs either in the post‐anesthesia care unit (PACU), pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), or both in this population. Secondly, we investigated factors associated with post‐operative PICU AE despite no event in the PACU in order to predict need of post‐operative PICU after their PACU stay.MethodsRetrospective study of children admitted to the PICU after adenotonsillectomy between 08/2006‐09/2015. Demographics, risk factors, and occurrence of AE (oxygen saturation <92, stridor, bronchospasm, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, re‐intubation) were recorded.ResultsDuring the studied time period 4029 tonsil/adenoid procedures were performed in 3997 children. 179, admitted to the PICU post‐operatively, met criteria for analysis. PICU AEs occurred in 59%: 44%‐83% in any particular risk category. PACU AEs occurred in 42%. Of those with PACU events: 92% suffered AEs in the PICU; however, 35% of those without a PACU AE still suffered a PICU AE.ConclusionsAmong high‐risk children undergoing TA, absence of adverse events in PACU during a 2‐hour observation period does not predict absence of subsequent AEs in the PICU.
Environmental, social, and governance practices and perceived tail risk
Authors: Shafer Michael , Szado Edward 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsing the implied volatility smirk on individual equity securities to measure perceived tail risk, we find that better environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices significantly reduce ex‐ante expectations of a left‐tail event. Our findings are robust to using multiple model specifications and to adjusting for potential endogeneity concerns. We also show that, while practices in each ESG pillar are important in reducing perceived tail risk, the environmental pillar plays the most important role. Our results indicate that investors consider strong ESG practices to be insurance against left‐tail events rather than wasteful investment borne out of managers’ own values or self‐interest.
Induction of IgG2 and IgG4 B‐cell memory following sublingual immunotherapy for ryegrass pollen allergy
Authors: Heeringa Jorn J. , McKenzie Craig I. , Varese Nirupama , Hew Mark , Bakx Amy T. C. M. , Aui Pei M. , Rolland Jennifer M. , O’Hehir Robyn E. , van Zelm Menno C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundWhile treatment for atopic rhinitis is aimed mostly to relieve symptoms, only allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT) is targeted to modify the natural history of allergic diseases. This results in sustained clinical tolerance, even when treatment has stopped. The immunomodulatory effects of AIT are attributed mainly to increased regulatory T‐cell function and increased allergen‐specific IgG4, yet little is known about the effect on the memory B‐cell compartment.ObjectiveWe aimed to examine the effects of AIT on the IgE‐ and IgG subclass‐expressing memory B cells.MethodsWe recruited 29 patients with atopic seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis and performed a longitudinal analysis of the peripheral immune compartment before, during, and after sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for allergy to temperate grass pollen, predominantly to ryegrass pollen (RGP; Lolium perenne). Using flow cytometry on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum immunoassays, we analyzed the effects of a 4 months preseasonal treatment regimen comprising two or three courses in consecutive years on circulating IgE+ and IgG+ memory B cells and allergen‐specific Ig levels.ResultsSLIT increased RGP‐specific serum IgG2 and IgG4, as well as the frequencies of IgG2+ and IgG4+ memory B cells, whereas no effect was observed on the IgE+ memory B‐cell compartment. Furthermore, SLIT enhanced proportions of regulatory T cells specific to RGP. These changes were associated with clinical improvement.ConclusionOur data provide evidence for immunological effects of SLIT on B‐cell memory. Skewing responses toward IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses might be a mechanism to suppress IgE‐mediated allergic responses.
Fragmented QRS as a candidate marker for left ventricular nonrecovery in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tekin Tak Bahar , Cay Serkan , Ekizler Firdevs Aysenur , Ozcan Cetin Elif Hande , Pamukcu Hilal Erken , Kafes Habibe , Ulvan Nedret , Ozeke Ozcan , Ozcan Firat , Topaloglu Serkan , Aras Dursun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundFragmented QRS (fQRS) complex, with various morphology, has been recently described as a diagnostic criterion of several cardiac diseases. However, there are little data regarding the prognostic role of fQRS in peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of fQRS on predicting left ventricular (LV) nonrecovery in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM).MethodsNinety patients (mean age: 34.7 ± 6.5 years) with the diagnosis of PPCM were analyzed retrospectively. The median follow‐up period of was 67.0 (12.0–192.0) months. Fragmented QRS was defined as the presence of various RSR’ patterns (QRS duration < 120 ms) with or without Q wave, which include an additional R wave (R’ prime) or notching of the R wave or S wave, or the presence of more than one R' (fragmentation) without typical bundle branch block. Recovery of LV function was defined as the presence of LV ejection fraction (EF) >45%.ResultsOf the patients, 54 (60%) did not recover LV function at the last follow‐up visit (nonrecovery group), while 36 of the patients (40%) exhibited LV recovery (recovery group). LV ejection fraction (EF) and fQRS were identified as independent predictors of LV nonrecovery in patients with PPCM (odds ratio OR: 5.546, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.792–0.979, p = .019 and OR: 5.986, 95% CI: 1.313–11.787, p = .014, respectively).ConclusionOur data firstly indicated that presence of fQRS was a significant predictor of LV nonrecovery in patients with PPCM. The fQRS might assist in identifying high‐risk patients.
Intravitreal therapy for retinal diseases in Norway 2011–2015
Authors: Kristiansen Ivar Sønbø , Haugli Bråten Ragnhild , Jørstad Øystein Kalsnes , Moe Morten Carstens , Sæther Erik Magnus 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeDuring the past decade, intravitreally administered biologic drugs have advanced the treatment of retinal diseases, such as wet age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular oedema and retinal venous occlusions. The drugs as well as the necessary disease management imply considerable economic burden on healthcare systems. This Norwegian study documents the rates of use of intravitreal therapies and intercounty variation over a 5‐year period.MethodsWe collected data from the Norwegian Patient Register for all episodes of care encompassing intravitreal therapy during the period 2011–2015. For each episode, we received information on patient age, sex, county of residence, diagnosis and name of drug injected.ResultsDuring the study period, 21 277 patients had in total 236 857 episodes of care. The number of intravitreal injections doubled from 2011 to 2015, reaching 63 601 injections in 2015, of which 77% were for diagnosed wet AMD. In 2015, the age‐adjusted number of episodes varied from 19 to 55 per 1000 population aged 50+ across Norway's 19 counties. The age‐adjusted number of patients treated per 1000 population aged 50+ varied from 5.22 to 8.35.ConclusionThe use of intravitreal injections increased rapidly with wet AMD as the most frequent diagnosis and with varying utilization across Norway's 19 counties. The causes of the varying use of intravitreal therapies could not be established but may reflect variation in disease prevalence, treatment capacity, travel distance to the nearest ophthalmic service and lack of national treatment guidelines. The geographic variation in utilization may challenge policy goals of equitable care and warrants further studies.
CoPSE: A methodological intervention towards gentle more‐than‐human relations
Authors: Hocknell Suzanne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOne meaning of “gentle” is consideration for others. However, as Derrida has illustrated, it is impossible for one individual to consider all such others. Here I demonstrate that this impasse arises from the reproduction of self–other binaries. In the case of food, framing eating as consumption co‐produces eater and eaten as different kinds of things. Within this framing, even as the eater endeavours to be considerate to eaten others, there are limits to their hospitality. Yet pertinent to this is a second connotation of gentle, that of being easily controlled. Relating and caring with and for others are always negotiated with and in the trajectories we have become implicated in. Recreating otherwise necessitates shifts in the ways in which others are encountered in the here and now. To this end, in this paper I introduce the methodological intervention of “CoPSE.” CoPSE draws on three principles: Collective doings, Playful practices, and prefigurative Strange Encounters, and on Spinoza's concept of the composite individual. Here, I outline how CoPSE was used to gently disrupt situated norms, momentarily making space for embodied investigations of the world‐making of self–other relations. I demonstrate that such practices are micro‐resistances to social norms that in reproducing self–other binaries co‐create hierarchies of care. I argue that through rehearsal, through repetition and difference, such micro‐resistances have the chance to become generative micro‐refrains that prefigure embodied relations of more‐than‐human subjectivities and outlive the moment in ways that might just take hold.
Developmental changes in executive functions during adolescence: A study of inhibition, shifting, and working memory
Authors: Theodoraki Thalia E. , McGeown Sarah P. , Rhodes Sinead M. , MacPherson Sarah E. 
Published: October 2019

The development of executive functions (EFs) has primarily been studied among younger children, despite research suggesting that particular aspects of EFs continue to develop throughout adolescence and into adulthood. This study investigated whether EFs continue to develop during the later stages of adolescence: three related, yet separable EF components – inhibition, shifting, and working memory – were examined in a cross‐sectional sample of 347 adolescents (aged 14–18 years). After adjusting for covariates, age was found to be a significant predictor of pupils’ performance on the inhibition but not the shifting or working memory tasks, suggesting different developmental trajectories for the three EF components. Controlling for non‐executive processes implicated in performing the inhibition and working memory tasks had the most pronounced effect on the relationship between performance on those tasks and age. Finally, socioeconomic status was a significant predictor of performance on all tasks. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Brain regions associated with EFs continue to mature throughout adolescence, implying ongoing development of EFs.

Behavioural studies demonstrate that certain EFs have not yet reached their adult levels in early adolescence.

What the present study adds

Changes in inhibition, but not shifting or working memory task performance, are evident among older adolescents.

Lower‐order processes tapped by EF tasks act as confounds in the relationship between age and task performance.

Socioeconomic status is a significant predictor of adolescents’ performance on EF tasks.
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells and Vδ2+ γδ T cells in community acquired pneumonia: association of abundance in sputum with clinical severity and outcome
Authors: Hannaway R F , Wang X , Schneider M , Slow S , Cowan J , Brockway B , Schofield M R , Morgan X C , Murdoch D R , Ussher J E 
Published: October 2019

SummaryMucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and Vδ2+ γδ T cells are anti-bacterial innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs) that are enriched in blood and mucosa. ILLs have been implicated in control of infection. However, the role of ILLs in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is unknown. Using sputum samples from a well-characterized CAP cohort, MAIT cell and Vδ2+ T cell abundance was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cytokine and chemokine concentrations in sputum were measured. The capacity of bacteria in sputum to produce activating ligands for MAIT cells and Vδ2+ T cells was inferred by 16S rRNA sequencing. MAIT cell abundance in sputum was higher in patients with less severe pneumonia; duration of hospital admission was inversely correlated with both MAIT and Vδ2+ T cell abundance. The abundance of both ILLs was higher in patients with a confirmed bacterial aetiology; however, there was no correlation with total bacterial load or the predicted capacity of bacteria to produce activating ligands. Sputum MAIT cell abundance was associated with interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and sputum neutrophil abundance, while Vδ2+ T cell abundance was associated with CXCL11 and IFN-γ. Therefore, MAIT and Vδ2+ T cells can be detected in sputum in CAP, where they may contribute to improved clinical outcome.
Metastatic pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma to the scalp: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Salari Behzad , Sheinbein David M. , Rosman Ilana S. , Dehner Louis P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMetastatic carcinoma to the skin occurs in only a minority of patients with a visceral or internal malignancy, with breast, lung, and colorectum accounting for the majority of cases. We present the case of a 66‐year‐old man with a recent violaceous nodule of the left scalp (1.2 × 1.0 × 0.2 cm) that was a metastatic pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma, representing a seemingly rare event. Two months prior, after complaining of right hip pain, an image revealed a right femoral lesion. A biopsy of that lesion showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Subsequent imaging showed a mass in the pancreatic tail and also markedly elevated serum tumor markers, CA 19‐9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (5325 and 111.5 U/mL, respectively). Before the appearance of the scalp nodule, the patient received radiotherapy and was started on chemotherapy, which was continued after diagnosis and resection of the nodule. Subsequent metastases developed in the liver, lung and additional cutaneous lesions. He died 11 months after initial presentation with right hip pain. As this case shows, cutaneous metastases confer a poor prognosis, often with less than a year survival following their appearance.
Degenerative mitral valve stenosis: Diagnosis and management
Authors: Al‐Taweel Ahmad , Almahmoud Mohamed Faher , Khairandish Yasmine , Ahmad Masood 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMitral stenosis (MS) is a common valvular disease characterized by narrowing of the mitral valve orifice and a reduction in mitral valve area (MVA). While rheumatic MS (RMS) is frequently encountered in young individuals in developing countries, degenerative MS (DMS) is seen in the elderly in developed countries and its prevalence is increasing. DMS is usually a late presentation of mitral annular calcification (MAC). Accurate assessment of MVA in patients with MAC is challenging due to the alterations in the atrial and valvular structures as well as the presence of other comorbidities in this aging population. We will review the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic assessment, and management of DMS and compare the findings with RMS. The latest therapeutic approaches, including medical, surgical, and transcatheter valvular interventions, will be discussed.
A near‐infrared fluorescent pH sensing film for wound milieu pH monitoring
Authors: Li Shuxin , Vu Hong , Senkowsky Jon , Hu Wenjing , Tang Liping 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStudies have shown that wound pH is a potentially influential factor in the healing process. Due to the flaws of traditional pH measurement approaches, wound pH measurement has not become part of current standard of care. A near‐infrared pH‐sensitive ratiometric film was created and characterized for measuring wound pH. This film was fabricated by physically absorbing poly (N‐isopropyl Acrylamide) nanoparticles conjugated with pH‐sensitive (CypHer5E) and pH‐insensitive (Cy7) fluorescent dyes into 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogel film. The pH pattern on wounds can be indirectly measured by pressing freshly discarded wound dressing on top of the pH‐sensitive film and imaging it. In vitro tests show that the film can accurately and rapidly detect a wide range of pH (from pH 4 to 8) in wound milieu. Further, patient studies showed that, by measuring pH on wound contact side of discarded wound gauze, the pH and its non‐homogeneous distribution on wounds can be indirectly determined. By comparing patients with different wound conditions, we find that near‐infrared pH sensing film can be used to measure wound exudate pH with high accuracy and efficiency. In addition, wound pH determination can provide an accurate assessment of wound healing activity in real time.
Snapshots of PLP‐substrate and PLP‐product external aldimines as intermediates in two types of cysteine desulfurase enzymes
Authors: Nakamura Ryosuke , Hikita Masahide , Ogawa Shoko , Takahashi Yasuhiro , Fujishiro Takashi 
Published: October 2019

Cysteine desulfurase enzymes catalyze sulfur mobilization from l‐cysteine to sulfur‐containing biomolecules such as iron‐sulfur (Fe‐S) clusters and thio‐tRNAs. The enzymes utilize the cofactor pyridoxal‐5'‐phosphate (PLP), which forms the external substrate‐ and product‐aldimines and ketimines during catalysis and are grouped into two types (I and II) based on their different catalytic loops. To clarify the structure‐based catalytic mechanisms for each group, we determined the structures of the external substrate‐ and product‐aldimines as catalytic intermediates of NifS (type I) and SufS (type II) that are involved in Fe‐S cluster biosynthesis using X‐ray crystallographic snapshot analysis. As a common intermediate structure, the thiol group of the PLP‐l‐cysteine external aldimine is stabilized by the conserved histidine adjacent to PLP through a polar interaction. This interaction makes the thiol group orientated for subsequent nucleophilic attack by a conserved cysteine residue on the catalytic loop in the state of PLP‐l‐cysteine ketimine, which is formed from the PLP‐l‐cysteine aldimine. Unlike the intermediates, structural changes of the loops were different between the type I and II enzymes. In the type I enzyme, conformational and topological change of the loop is necessary for nucleophilic attack by the cysteine. In contrast, the loop in type II cysteine desulfurase enzymes showed no large conformational change; rather, it might possibly orient the thiol group of the catalytic cysteine for nucleophilic attack toward PLP‐l‐cysteine. The present structures allow a revision of the catalytic mechanism and may provide a clue for consideration of enzyme function, structural diversity, and evolution of cysteine desulfurase enzymes.DatabaseStructural data are available in PDB database under the accession numbers 5WT2, 5WT4, 5ZSP, 5ZST, 5ZS9, 5ZSK, 5ZSO, 6KFZ, 6KG0, and 6KG1.
Altered ignition catchments threaten a hyperdiverse fire‐dependent ecosystem
Authors: Slingsby Jasper A. , Moncrieff Glenn R. , Rogers Annabelle J. , February Edmund C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHuman activities affect fire in many ways, often unintentionally or with considerable time‐lags before they manifest themselves. Anticipating these changes is critical, so that insidious impacts on ecosystems, their biodiversity and associated goods and services can be avoided, mitigated or managed. Here we explore the impact of anthropogenic land cover change on fire and biodiversity in adjacent ecosystems on the hyperdiverse Cape Peninsula, South Africa. We develop a conceptual framework based on the notion of an ignition catchment, or the spatial extent and temporal range where an ignition is likely to result in a site burning. We apply this concept using fire models to estimate spatial changes in burn probability between historical and current land cover. This change layer was used to predict the observed record of fires and forest encroachment into fire‐dependent Fynbos ecosystems in Table Mountain National Park. Urban expansion has created anthropogenic fire shadows that are modifying fire return intervals, facilitating a state shift to low‐diversity, non‐flammable forest at the expense of hyperdiverse, flammable Fynbos ecosystems. Despite occurring in a conservation area, these ecosystems are undergoing a hidden collapse and desperately require management intervention. Anthropogenic fire shadows can be caused by many human activities and are likely to be a universal phenomenon, not only contributing to the observed global decline in fire activity but also causing extreme fires in ecosystems where there is no shift to a less flammable state and flammable fuels accumulate. The ignition catchment framework is highly flexible and allows detection or prediction of changes in the fire regime, the threat this poses for ecosystems or fire risk and areas where management interventions and/or monitoring are required. Identifying anthropogenic impacts on ignition catchments is key for both understanding global impacts of humans on fire and guiding management of human‐altered landscapes for desirable outcomes.
An analysis of the trends of undergraduates' academic achievement based on their admissions type in Korea
Authors: Lee Hyeon Woo , Lee Hye Yeon , Kim Eun Jin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the establishment and benefits of the comprehensive admissions type recently introduced into Korean universities. We analyse undergraduate students' academic achievement and career readiness across three different admissions types in a medium‐sized university: rolling, comprehensive and regular. First, a series of mixed ANOVAs examined longitudinal changes for academic achievement and a set of ANOVAs found differences for academic achievement, within each semester. Specifically, students admitted via comprehensive admissions were found to have grade point averages (GPAs) similar to students admitted via regular admissions. Second, two‐way MANOVA examined students' career readiness by admissions type and academic standing. Students admitted through comprehensive admissions were found to exhibit a higher level of career readiness across academic years. The implications for admissions types in Higher Education are discussed.