bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-22 The effects of cyanidin supplementation during oocyte maturation on the in vitro production of pig embryos
Authors: Hicks Emma , Mentler Miranda , Whitaker Brian D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Oxidative stress has a negative effect on embryonic development during the in vitro production of pig embryos. The imbalance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants impact oocyte maturation. Berries from the elder plant (Sambucus sp.) have been identified as containing high levels of a broad spectrum of antioxidants. One of the predominant antioxidant classes of compounds found in elderberry extract is anthocyanin, which includes the antioxidant cyanidin. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of cyanidin supplementation to the media during oocyte maturation. Oocytes (n = 815, r=3) were supplemented with 100 or 200 μM cyanidin during 40–44 h of maturation and then evaluated at the end of maturation for the formation of reactive oxygen species, fertilization characteristics, and rates of embryonic cleavage and blastocyst development at 48 h and 144 h after IVF, respectively. There were no significant differences between no cyanidin supplementation and 200 μM cyanidin supplementation when comparing reactive oxygen species generation at the end of oocyte maturation. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin significantly decreased (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen species generation in oocytes compared to the other groups. There were no significant differences between no cyanidin supplementation and 200 μM cyanidin supplementation when comparing penetration and polyspermic penetration rates and male pronuclear formation. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin significantly decreased (P < 0.05) polyspermic penetration rates and significantly increased (P < 0.05) male pronuclear formation rates compared to the other groups. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups when comparing the percentage of cleaved embryos by 48 h after IVF. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin significantly increased (P < 0.05) the blastocyst formation rates by 144 h after IVF compared to all other treatment groups. These results indicate that supplementing 100 μM cyanidin to the media during oocyte maturation reduces reactive oxygen species formation and improves in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development in pigs.
PSI-6 Performance, carcass characteristics, and biological parameters by sheep offered diets with and without Actifor® Power
Authors: Jacquin Rebecca , Shanks Bruce C , Caldwell James D , Adams Kevin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Consumers have become increasingly concerned over the use of antibiotics in the animal industry. However, using all-natural phytogenics could be a solution. Our objective was to determine if using Actifor® Power (POWER) could improve lamb performance, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters. On July 23rd, 2018, a total of 20 (24 ± 4.45 kg BW) Katahdin ram lambs were stratified by BW and allocated randomly to 1 of 2 groups representing 2 treatments: 1) C (no POWER added; n = 10) and 2) POWER (at 0.05% added to the diet; n = 10). During the 91-d study, each lamb was housed individually within 1.5 m2 pens and offered a 16% CP diet. All lambs had ad libitum access to feed and water. Lambs were weighed at the start, d 28, d 61, and at the end of the study. Blood was collected at the start and end of the study for CBCs. Following the last weight and blood collection, all lambs were transported to a commercial abattoir for harvest. Data were analyzed using either Proc Mixed or Chi Square of SAS. Start, d 28, d 61, final BW, d 28 ADG, d 61 ADG, d 28 gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, HCW, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and yield grade did not differ (P ≥ 0.20) between treatments. However, final ADG, final gain, loin eye area, and quality grade tended (P ≤ 0.16) to be greater from POWER compared with C. End red blood cell, end hemoglobin, red blood cell change from start to end, and hemoglobin change from start to end were greater (P < 0.05) from POWER compared with C. Therefore, feeding Actifor® Power may improve body weight gain, some carcass attributes, and positively impact some blood parameters.
PSI-8 Impact of protein or chloride source on Boer goat carcass characteristics
Authors: Neufeld Madeline , Sorensen Rachel , Lattimer James , Crane Alison , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
With a growing goat population in the United States comes a greater emphasis on understanding the role of inexpensive or alternative ingredients in goat diets. However limited data is available on how these ingredients impact goat carcass composition. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of protein or chloride source on Boer goat carcass characteristics. Growing goats were fed 1 of 5 isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets for 42 d prior to slaughter in a completely randomized design. Diets included the following as their protein and primary chloride source: 1) soybean meal (SBM) with ammonium chloride (AmCl); 2) dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) with AmCl; 3) SoyPlus (Dairy Nutrition Plus, Ames, IA) with AmCl; 4) SBM with SoyChlor (Dairy Nutrition Plus, Ames, IA); and 5) SoyPlus with SoyChlor. Fifty goats (10 per treatment) were slaughtered in a USDA-inspected facility (Paradise Locker Meats, Trimble, MO), with carcass data collected initially (HCW) or after a 24-h chill. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure on SAS, with goat as the experimental unit. Differences in final body weight were not detected among dietary treatments (P = 0.284), nor were there differences in hot carcass weight or carcass yield (P > 0.05). Goats fed diets with SBM, regardless of chloride source, had greater (P < 0.05) loin eye area than those fed diets with SoyPlus and SoyChlor. There was no detected impact (P > 0.05) of dietary treatment on goat backfat depth or body wall thickness. In summary, the ingredients tested had limited impact on yield or fat proportion in goats when calorie and crude protein levels were held constant. However, goats fed SBM-based diets had greater loin eye area than those fed SoyPlus and SoyChlor.
PSI-9 Validation of environmental swabbing to detect Senecavirus A in feed
Authors: Sardella Clayton A , Petrovan Vlad , Davis Shania K , Stewart Savannah C , Niederwerder Megan C , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve , Rowland Robert , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging virus impacting the U.S. swine herd. Environmental swabbing can help better detect the probability of feed contamination than product testing, but the detection of SVA by swabs has not yet been validated. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to validate standardized swabbing techniques for detection of SVA. A secondary objective was to determine if a freeze/thaw cycle impacted detectable RNA. This experiment was a 3×4×2 factorial, with 3 forms (inoculum, feed, or swab), 4 doses (0, 10^3, 10^5, or 10^7 TCID50/mL SVA), and 2 storage methods (analyzed initially vs. after a freeze/thaw cycle). One mL SVA was added to 16 g of swine feed. One g reserved, and remaining 15 g spread over a 10 cm×10 cm stainless steel coupon and incubated for 15 minutes. Feed was removed, but residual feed dust remained. Next, surfaces were swabbed, swabs vortexed, and supernatants collected. Samples were split, with one set analyzed initially, and another frozen at -20°C for 7 days, then thawed and analyzed. Results are expressed as threshold cycle (Ct) from qRT-PCR analysis. There were 4 replicates per treatment. There was a sample type×SVA dose interaction (P < 0.0001; Table 1). Feed samples were approximately 8 Ct higher than the inoculum, and swab samples were approximately 4 Ct higher than feed. As expected, SVA level impacted (P < 0.0001) detectable SVA RNA. Finally, a freeze/thaw cycle did not impact (P = 0.846) detectable SVA RNA compared to samples that were analyzed immediately. In summary, this research validated that an environmental swab can be used to detect SVA in feed, however with approximately 4 Ct lower than analyzing feed samples directly. Furthermore, the limit of detection of SVA in environmental swabs appears to be near 10^3 TCID50/mL. Finally, samples can be frozen prior to analysis without impacting detectable SVA RNA.
PSI-10 Impact of protein or chloride source on Boer goat growth performance
Authors: Royce Ashley L , Sorensen Rachel , Lattimer James , Crane Alison , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Limited research for least cost goat diets is available for meat goat producers. The objective of this project was to evaluate the impact of protein source or chloride source on Boer goat growth performance. Because diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, it was hypothesized that the replacement of soybean meal (SBM) and ammonium choloride (AmCl) with alternative protein and Cl sources would reduce diet costs without impacting growth performance. To test this hypothesis, 75 Boer-influenced goats (23.5 ± 2.9 kg BW; approximately 75 d of age) were allocated to 5 treatments in a completely random design in a climate-controlled facility of the Kansas State University Sheep and Meat Goat Center. Goats were stratified by BW into 25 pens (5 pens/treatment; 3 goats/pen) for a 42 d finishing study. Diets included: 1) SBM with AmCl; 2) dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) with AmCl; 3) SoyPlus with AmCl; 4) SBM with SoyChlor; and 5) SoyPlus with SoyChlor. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no detectable differences of dietary treatment on ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.05). Using a pre-planned contrast statement, it was revealed goats fed diets with AmCl had lower ADG than goats fed diets with SoyChlor (P = 0.013; 125 vs. 165 g/d, respectively). While growth performance was relatively similar, the ingredient costs varied, leading to differences in feed cost per goat (P < 0.0001; $19.60, $16.07, $18.03, $25.82, $23.14 for diets containing SBM with AmCl, DDGS with AmCl, SoyPlus with AmCl, SBM with SoyChlor, SoyPlus with SoyChlor, respectively). These results confirm the hypothesis that goats can have similar growth responses with lower feed costs, leaving producers with options for optimizing growth performance on a least cost basis.
PSI-13 Amino acid profile of GuarPro F-81, a potential protein source for swine and other agricultural animals in the United States
Authors: McCafferty Alexandra G , Humphrey Rebecca M , Shamimul Hasan M , Crenshaw Mark A , Brett James , Rude Brian J , Liao Shengfa F 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Feed is the most expensive component in raising agricultural animals such as pigs in the United States Guar meal is the main by-product from the guar gum production from guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba) seed. Although said to be unpalatable and possibly toxic, the recently improved products possess promise to be alternative protein-providing feedstuffs for animal industries, primarily because they contain great amounts of protein and are inexpensive. This study was conducted to mainly evaluate the amino acid profile of GuarPro F-81, a newly developed guar meal product in India. Three samples were randomly collected from a production company in India and aliquoted to multiple sub-samples (20 to 200 g/sub-sample), after received, for nutrient evaluation in 2 to 7 laboratories. Results showed that GuarPro F-81 contained (as-fed basis, ±SD) 97.1 ± 1.92% dry matter (n = 7), 57.9 ± 1.29% crude protein (n = 7), 7.17 ± 0.38% crude fat (n = 5), 3.24 ± 1.06% crude fiber (n = 4), 4,440 ± 622 kcal/kg gross energy (n = 2), and 5.40 ± 0.43% ash (n = 5). The amino acid contents (as-fed basis, ±SD, n = 3) were 2.30 ± 0.102% lysine, 0.61 ± 0.032% methionine, 0.68 ± 0.029% cysteine, 1.57 ± 0.009% threonine, 0.80 ± 0.048% tryptophan, 7.43 ± 0.149% arginine, 3.10 ± 0.064% leucine, 1.70 ± 0.095% isoleucine, 1.99 ± 0.073% valine, 1.42 ± 0.075% histidine, 2.14 ± 0.030% phenylalanine, 1.53 ± 0.352% tyrosine, 2.79 ± 0.027% glycine, 2.40 ± 0.190% serine, 1.85 ± 0.108% proline, 2.04 ± 0.015% alanine, 11.14 ± 0.268% glutamic acid, and 5.53 ± 0.096% aspartic acid. While the contents of alanine, cysteine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, isoleucine, lysine, and proline were approximately 0.9 to 27% less than that in soybean meal (a dehulled, solvent extracted product), the contents of serine, aspartic acid, histidine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, glycine, and arginine were approximately 1.8 to 115% higher than those in soybean meal, and so was the crude protein content which was approximately 21.3% higher. While the crude fiber content was approximately 17% less, the crude fat and gross energy contents were approximately 372% and 4% higher than that in soybean meal, respectively.
PSI-14 Relationships of neonatal beef calf vigor with metabolic status
Authors: Wichman Lindsey G , Bronkhorst Claiborn M , Wook Ronna J , Stephenson Emma L , Meyer Allison M , Radunz Amy E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships of neonatal beef calf behavior with calf serum metabolites. Angus, Hereford and crossbred beef females (n = 36; age = 4.0 ± 1.74; BCS = 6.5 ± 1.04; primiparous =5, multiparous = 31; calving date = April 4, 2018) and their calves were monitored continuously from 0 to 4 h post-parturition using a digital video recording system from March to May 2018. Jugular blood samples were obtained from calves at 24 (24.4 ± 1.73) and 48 to 72 (54.7 ± 9.08) h postnatal to determine serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and total protein (TP). Video was analyzed for behavior latencies calculated from time of birth to time when calf shakes head, kneels, attempts to stand, stands, and suckles. Time to stand had a weak positive correlation (P = 0.03) with time to suckle. Time to shake head had a moderate positive correlation (P ≤ 0.04) with both time to attempt to stand and time to stand, but did not correlate (P = 0.99) with time to suckle. Dam parity (multiparous or primiparous) did not affect (P ≥ 0.20) calf vigor measures. Time to suckle had a moderate negative correlation (P ≤ 0.05) with both serum glucose and total protein at 24 and 72 h, however did not correlate (P ≥ 0.31) with BUN or NEFA serum concentrations. In conclusion, the initial calf vigor measures were poor predictors of time to suckle; however, time to stand may be a viable vigor measure used to predict calf suckling. Further analysis of immunoglobulin G concentrations in calf serum will be used to determine if these vigor measures have a relationship with passive immune transfer in beef calves.
PSI-15 Factors affecting circulating metabolites and postnatal growth in spring-born neonatal beef calves
Authors: Bronkhorst Claiborn M , Wichman Lindsey G , Wook Ronna J , Stephenson Emma L , Meyer Allison M , Radunz Amy E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate relationships of dam parity and calf suckling within 4 h postnatal with neonatal circulating metabolite concentrations, neonatal environment, and postnatal growth. For the experiment, 36 Angus, Hereford, and crossbred dams (age = 4.0 ± 1.74; multiparous (n = 5) and primiparous (n = 31); BCS = 6.5 ± 1.04; average calving date = April 4, 2018) were used. Calves were observed using a digital video recording system for 4 h after birth to determine suckling success [S = suckled (n = 27) or NS = did not suckle (n = 5) ≤ 4 h]. Jugular blood samples were obtained from calves at 24 (24.4 ± 1.73) and 48 to 72 (54.7 ± 9.08) h of age to determine serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and total protein (TP). Postnatal growth measures were collected at 50.4 ± 13.6 d and 162 ± 19.7 d of age. Calf BW was greater (P ≤ 0.02) at 50 and 162 d of age and ADG (0 to 162 d) was greater (P = 0.04) for S than NS calves, however birth BW was not different (P = 0.69). Ambient temperature at parturition was colder (P = 0.03) for NS calves than S calves. Serum glucose at 24 and 72 h was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in S calves than NS calves, however NEFA, BUN, and TP were not affected (P ≥ 0.09) by suckling success at either sampling time. Dam parity had no effect (P ≥ 0.12) on calf circulating metabolites at 24 and 72 h postnatal. In conclusion, the success of beef calves to suckle within 4 h of birth is associated with greater circulating glucose, warmer ambient temperature at birth, and greater postnatal BW and ADG.
PSI-17 A 16S rDNA reference database of the deep-nasopharynx in steers for bacterial community analysis of cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex
Authors: Henniger Madison T , Myer Phillip R , Smith Timothy P L , McDaneld Tara G , Kuehn Larry A , Keele John W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is caused by a variety of complex factors that involves host elements, environmental elements, inadequate management and housing, as well as viral and bacterial pathogens, such as Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis. The objective of the study was to develop and evaluate a deep-nasopharyngeal bacterial community database to provide greater assignment of taxa within the bovine nasopharynx and as a site-specific tool for examining microbiome dysbioses involved in BRDC. A total of 180 cattle with an overall BW ranging from 164-269 kg were obtained from Athens, Tennessee (n = 60), Maryville, Missouri (n = 60), and Richmond, Kentucky (n = 60). Cattle were transported to a feeding facility in Kansas and housed in open air, dirt floor, group housing pens. At the first diagnosis of BRD, deep nasopharyngeal samples were collected. DNA library preparation of the bacterial 16S rRNA V1–V8 hypervariable regions was performed and sequenced on the Pacific Biosciences RSII instrument. Database construction and all sequencing data were curated using mothur (v1.39.5). For validation analyses using, a subset of cattle was sampled as described above, and three samples sequenced using the V1–V3 hypervariable 16SrRNA regions and the Illumina MiSeq. In the database, Mycoplasma accounted for over 57% of the reads and Mannheimia was present at 0.7%. When validating the database using short-reads, unassigned taxa in the Greengenes analysis was 4.22% contrasted to the 0.91% of the closed reference database analysis. The two taxonomic compositions were not correlated and the correlation was statistically significant (r = -0127; P = 0.001). All alpha diversity indices between the two analysis methods differed (P < 0.05). Development of this reference database provides researchers a tool with considerable improvements in performance for the analysis of bacterial communities in the nasopharynx relating to cattle diagnosed with BRDC.
Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and protein supplementation on stocker steers: I. Growth performance and hemodynamic responses
Authors: Poole Rebecca K , Womble Carrisa M , Poore Matthew H , Poole Daniel H , Pickworth Carrie L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome common in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue and is detrimental to growth and performance. Recent research has shown that supplementing protein has the potential to enhance growth performance in weaned steers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplemental CP on physiological parameters in stocker steers experiencing fescue toxicosis. Thirty-six weaned Angus steers (6 mo of age) stratified by weight (196.1 ± 3.6 kg) were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for 56 d: endophyte-free (EF) seed and 14% CP (EF-14; n = 9), EF seed and 18% CP (EF-18; n = 9), endophyte-infected (EI) seed and 14% CP (EI-14; n = 9), and EI seed and 18% CP (EI-18; n = 9). Steer growth and hemodynamic responses were collected weekly during ergot alkaloid exposure. On day 14 of the trial, iButton temperature data loggers were subcutaneously inserted in the lateral neck region to record hourly body temperature for 42 d. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. No differences were observed in DMI, BW, ADG, F:G, or BCS during the treatment period (P > 0.05). Hair shedding scores, rectal temperatures, surface temperatures, and respiration rates were greater in EI steers compared to EF steers regardless of supplemental CP (P < 0.05). However, subcutaneous body temperature was greater in EI-14 steers (37.94 °C) compared to other steer groups (37.60, 37.68, 37.72 ± 0.04 °C for EF-14, EF-18, and EI-18, respectively; P < 0.05). Prolactin concentrations tended to be greater in EF steers when compared to EI steers (P = 0.07). Heart rate and hematocrit were reduced for EI-18 steers compared to other steer groups (P < 0.05). Caudal artery diameter was reduced in EI-18 steers compared to EI-14 steers (2.60 vs. 2.75 ± 0.05 mm, respectively; P < 0.05) and caudal vein diameter was reduced in EI-18 steers (3.20 mm) compared to all other steer groups (3.36, 3.39, 3.50 mm for EF-14, EF-18, and EI-14, respectively; P < 0.05). However, there was no difference observed in systolic or diastolic blood pressure during the treatment period (P > 0.05). Based on the data, exposure to low to moderate levels of ergot alkaloids during the stocker phase had a negative impact on hemodynamic responses and supplemental CP had minimal impact to alleviate symptoms. Therefore, feeding additional protein above established requirements is not expected to help alleviate fescue toxicosis.
A New System for Detecting Initial Colonization by Invasive Pests and Their Locations
Authors: Ikegawa Yusuke , Honma Atsushi , Himuro Chihiro , Matsuyama Takashi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractQuarantine pests in plants can be a serious agricultural problem; many eradication programs using area-wide control measures have been implemented worldwide to combat this threat. Surveillance measures using sex pheromone (in general, male-attractant) traps are also widely implemented for rapid control and eradication of invasive pests. If initial pest colonization can be determined based on temporal count data of trapped insects (i.e., males), and countermeasures are applied only during colonization, costs incurred by these countermeasures would be dramatically reduced, especially in areas with frequent invasions. In this study, we developed a system to detect initial pest colonization, and to narrow down colonized regions using estimated temporal count data of the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Tsuken Island, Okinawa, Japan. We verified the system by comparing our estimates to actual colonization data obtained via regular host plant surveys. Results indicated that our system was able to successfully detect pest colonization and estimate colonized regions. In this study, we discuss the conditions (i.e., pest biology, environment, etc.) that are optimal for application of our system.
Think of the Children: Liability for Non-Disclosure of Information Post-Montgomery
Authors: Cave Emma , Purshouse Craig 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In 2015, the Supreme Court in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board handed down a landmark decision on informed consent to medical treatment, heralding a legal shift to a more patient-centred approach. Montgomery, and the extensive commentary that has followed, focuses on ‘adult persons of sound mind’. Cave and Purshouse consider the potential claims that may flow from a failure to adequately inform children. They argue that the relevance of the best interests test blurs the boundaries between negligence and battery. Limitations on children’s rights to make treatment decisions for themselves impact on their potential to claim in negligence for non-disclosure and, conversely, enhance the potential relevance of the tort of battery. In paediatric cases, Montgomery raises expectations that the law is currently ill-equipped to satisfy. Tort law provides a legal incentive to disclose relevant information to children but limits the availability of a remedy.