bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 9-Year Epidemiologic Study (2007–2015) on Race-Day Jockey Fall and Injury Incidence in Amateur Irish Horse Racing
Authors: O'Connor Siobhán , Warrington Giles , MB Adrian McGoldrick , Cullen SarahJane 
Published: October 2018

Context
Point-to-point racing may place jockeys at risk of serious injuries due to the high incidence of falls as previously reported. Despite many advances in health and safety strategies, the incidence of falls and injuries in point-to-point racing has not been reported since 2006.

Objectives
To provide a longitudinal analysis of the fall and injury incidence in point-to-point horse racing jockeys in Ireland from 2007 to 2015 and compare these findings with the previous literature.

Design
Descriptive epidemiologic study.

Setting
All injuries that occurred due to a fall at every official point-to-point race meeting from 2007 to 2015 were recorded by a medical doctor using a standardized injury report form.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Falls and injury rates and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs), 95% confidence intervals and percentage change were compared between point-to-point and professional racing, between previous data and the current results, and from 2007 to 2015.

Results
An average of 67.40 injuries/1000 falls and 9.08 injuries/1000 rides occurred in point-to-point racing, and this was reduced compared with the previous analysis. Amateur jockeys sustained an overall mean of 134.77 falls/1000 rides and the yearly means decreased over the 9 years of the study. Amateur jockeys sustained a higher fall rate than professional jockeys (flat: IRR = 35.47 [31.03, 40.54]; jump: IRR = 2.72 [2.63, 2.82]); however, their injuries/1000 falls rate was lower (flat: IRR = 0.19 [0.15, 0.24]; jump: IRR = 0.33 [0.30, 0.63]). Soft tissue injuries were predominant (43.09%), with 26.06 fractures and 9.98 concussions/1000 falls occurring.

Conclusions
Although injuries have been reduced since the previous analysis, more serious injuries such as fractures and concussions were more common in point-to-point racing than professional racing, possibly due to their higher fall risk. Thus, identifying strategies to reduce the fall risk in point-to-point racing should be a priority.
Presenting Race: Institutional Contexts and Critiques
Authors: Tyquiengco Marina 
Published: October 2018

This special issue was inspired by the inaugural Consortium Workshop, Race-ing the Museum, funded by the A.W. Mellon Foundation. The contributions are mostly drawn from the participants of the workshop and their collaborators and students on projects begun after the workshop. Coming from anthropology, art, communication, education, and theatre arts, the articles in this edition are extremely diverse, taking a broad understanding of institutions. Like the workshop, this issue seeks to contribute to dialogues between fields surrounding issues of race, representation, and institutions.
Desejo, renúncia, ascese e salvação em Schopenhauer
Authors: Bittencourt Renato Nunes 
Published: October 2018

O artigo aborda o caráter filosoficamente revolucionário do pensamento de Schopenhauer acerca do processo ontológico da negação da Vontade, representado materialmente na era moderna pela ruptura com a ordem materialista da sociedade de consumo, produtora de ilusões de satisfação e gozo para seus sectários. Tal circunstância faz de Schopenhauer uma voz dissonante aos apelos do materialismo vulgar do regime capitalista por dissecar filosoficamente as bases psicológicas que o sustentam, a exaltação dos desejos jamais realizados convenientemente.
Schopenhauer como educador: o esboço de misantropia filosófica de Nietzsche
Authors: Salviano Jarlee 
Published: October 2018

Em 1874 Nietzsche publicou sua terceira Consideração Extemporânea – Schopenhauer como educador. Trata-se de mais um importante episódio desta complicada relação entre os dois filósofos. A filosofia schopenhaueriana, pela sua extemporaneidade, sua crítica severa e solitária à cultura da época e à filosofia universitária, serve ao jovem Nietzsche na construção do modelo ideal da nova cultura dos homens superiores, no seio da qual seria possível o engendramento do autêntico filósofo e do gênio na arte. Trata-se então de verificar os detalhes desta luta que o autor das Extemporâneas trava consigo mesmo nesta tentativa de conciliar sua veneração por Schopenhauer e sua negação de princípios metafísicos da tradição, na qual será incluída posteriormente a filosofia de Schopenhauer.
Hundreds of Unrecognized Halogenated Contaminants Discovered in Polar Bear Serum
Authors: Liu Yanna , Richardson Evan S. , Derocher Andrew E. , Lunn Nicholas J. , Lehmler Hans‐Joachim , Li Xueshu , Zhang Yifeng , Cui Julia Yue , Cheng Lihua , Martin Jonathan W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractExposure of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) to persistent organic pollutants was discovered in the 1970s, but recent evidence suggests the presence of unknown toxic chemicals in their blood. Protein and phospholipid depleted serum was stirred with polyethersulfone capillaries to extract a broad range of analytes, and nontarget mass spectrometry with “fragmentation flagging” was used for detection. Hundreds of analytes were discovered belonging to 13 classes, including novel polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites and many fluorinated or chlorinated substances not previously detected. All analytes were detected in the oldest (mid‐1980s) archived polar bear serum from Hudson Bay and Beaufort Sea, and all fluorinated classes showed increasing trends. A mouse experiment confirmed the novel PCB metabolites, suggesting that these could be widespread in mammals. Historical exposure and toxic risk has been underestimated, and these halogenated contaminants pose uncertain risks to this threatened species.
Bromine‐Substituted Fluorene: Molecular Structure, Br–Br Interactions, Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence, and Tricolor Triboluminescence
Authors: Wang Jiaqiang , Wang Can , Gong Yanbin , Liao Qiuyan , Han Mengmeng , Jiang Tianjiao , Dang Qianxi , Li Yaqin , Li Qianqian , Li Zhen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOrganic tribophosphorescence materials are rarely reported and the introduction of Br atoms may be a practical way to design such materials. Here four bromine‐substituted fluorene‐based derivatives are presented and BrFlu−CBr, having fluorescence‐phosphorescence dual‐emission induced not only by UV light but also by mechanical stimulus, manifests the highest phosphorescence efficiency of 4.56 % upon photoirradiation. During the grinding process, three different triboluminescent spectra were identified. Upon introduction of a mechanical stimulus, the triboluminescence emission is cyan, whereas after an extended period it changed to blue. After removing the mechanical stimulus, green‐white phosphorescent emission was observed. Careful research on single‐crystal structures and theoretical calculations demonstrate that strong Br⋅⋅⋅Br interactions are vital to facilitate spin‐orbit coupling and promote intersystem crossing, thus generating the unique properties.
Self‐healing waterborne polyurethane coating by pH‐dependent triggered‐release mechanism
Authors: Mirmohseni Abdolreza , Akbari Morteza , Najjar Reza , Hosseini Mirghasem 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, effect of high‐loaded silica capsules with corrosion inhibitor on thermal degradation and self‐healing properties of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was investigated. Silica capsules were synthesized using an oil in water (O/W) microemulsion and WPU was prepared via the prepolymer method. Assembled capsules demonstrated pH dependent release of their core. Incorporating silica capsule as an inorganic component resulted to improve thermal and barrier properties of WPU coatings. WPU coating with 1% silica capsules demonstrated better barrier quality in corrosive media and adding more than that resulted a rapid deterioration in barrier properties. Furthermore, such coatings possess an excellent adhesive strength with steel substrate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used in corrosion monitoring and healing procedure. Moreover, capsule morphology and thermal degradation of the WPU coating has been investigated separately by scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47082.
Effect of crosslinking on the surface free energy and surface reorganization of waterborne fluorinated polyurethane
Authors: Yang Wei , Du Xiaosheng , Du Zongliang , Wang Haibo , Cheng Xu 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTTo endow waterborne fluorinated polyurethanes (WFPUs), films with stable lower surface free energy and lower surface reorganization after the films contacted with water, a series of crosslinked WFPUs (CWFPUs) emulsions were prepared by adjusting the content of aziridine (AZ). The effect of crosslinking on the surface free energy, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), water absorption, and surface composition of dry/hydrated WFPUs and CWFPUs films were studied by CAs test, dynamic mechanical analysis, water absorption measurements, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. When the fluorine content was 0.5%, the surface free energy of the CWFPUs films modified by 0.4% AZ content (CWFPU‐6‐0.5‐CK0.4) reached to the lowest value of 15.76 mN m−1which almost equaled to the surface free energy (15.45 mN m−1) of the dry uncrosslinked films (WFPU‐6‐0.5). With the increasing of AZ content, theTg, hardof hard segments of the CWFPUs films increased and the water absorption of the CWFPUs films decreased, which suggested the formation of the crosslinked network structures. The studies of the surface elements and groups composition of dry/hydrated WFPUs and CWFPUs both confirmed that the surface reorganization and the migration of fluorinated side chains were restricted by the crosslinked network structures. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47167.
Structural, topographical, and mechanical characteristics of purified polyhydroxyoctanoate polymer
Authors: Sofińska Kamila , Barbasz Jakub , Witko Tomasz , Dryzek Jerzy , Haraźna Katarzyna , Witko Małgorzata , Kryściak‐Czerwenka Joanna , Guzik Maciej 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTInsight into the topographic and mechanical properties of biomaterials allows for efficient selection of a material for a specific application. Here, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and force spectroscopy were exploited to reveal the topographic and mechanical characteristics of charcoal‐purified, solvent‐cast polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO) film. The root mean square surface roughness of a PHO surface derived from ethyl acetate, acetone, or chloroform solution was 13.2, 11.5, or 30.9 nm, respectively, for 100 μm2 AFM images. The distribution of the local Young's modulus had a maximum of 25.4, 14.1, and 12.6 MPa for PHO films obtained from ethyl acetate, acetone, and chloroform solution, respectively. The positron annihilation spectroscopy measurements allowed us to determine the free volume in the polymer film structure (9.38%). Moreover, a number of additional techniques (X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy) were used to reveal PHO features. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47192.
Flame retardancy mechanisms of melamine cyanurate in combination with aluminum diethylphosphinate in epoxy resin
Authors: Chen Wenhua , Liu Pengju , Cheng Yanbo , Liu Yuan , Wang Qi , Duan Wenfeng 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTA novel flame‐retardant (FR) epoxy (EP) composite based on melamine cyanurate (MCA) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) was successfully prepared and its flame retardancy was systematically investigated. Firstly, the facile surface modification was adopted to effectively solve the aggregation of FRs in EP matrix during the curing process. The influence of modified MCA/AlPi on the fire behavior and thermal degradation of EP were studied by using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL94) tests, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS). The experimental results showed that EP/MCA/AlPi composite achieved UL‐94V0 rating and LOI value of 33.0% at the optimum mass fraction of MCA/AlPi of 2/1. The chemical composition and structure of residue were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. MCA mainly acted in gaseous phase during the initial combustion stage, and therefore to provide enough time for the formation of carbon layer in condenses phase. As a result, the synergistic effect of MCA and AlPi can effectively promote the formation of the char layer and the FR efficiency. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47223.
Dampening of CD8+ T Cell Response by B Cell Depletion Therapy in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Néel Antoine , Bucchia Marie , Néel Mélanie , Tilly Gaelle , Caristan Aurélie , Yap Michele , Rimbert Marie , Bruneau Sarah , Cadoux Marion , Agard Christian , Hourmant Maryvonne , Godmer Pascal , Brouard Sophie , Bressollette Céline , Hamidou Mohamed , Josien Regis , Fakhouri Fadi , Degauque Nicolas 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of rituximab (RTX) and conventional immunosuppressants (CIs) on CD4+ T cells, Treg cells, and CD8+ T cells in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis (AAV).MethodsA thorough immunophenotype analysis of CD4+, Treg, and CD8+ cells from 51 patients with AAV was performed. The production of cytokines and chemokines by CD8+ T cells stimulated in vitro was assessed using a multiplex immunoassay. The impact of AAV B cells on CD8+ T cell response was assessed using autologous and heterologous cocultures.ResultsCD4+ and Treg cell subsets were comparable among RTX‐treated and CI‐treated patients. In contrast, within the CD8+ T cell compartment, RTX, but not CIS, reduced CD45RA+CCR7– (TEMRA) cell frequency (from a median of 39% before RTX treatment to 10% after RTX treatment [P < 0.01]) and efficiently dampened cytokine/chemokine production (e.g., the median macrophage inflammatory protein 1α level was 815 pg/ml in patients treated with RTX versus 985 pg/ml in patients treated with CIs versus 970 pg/ml in those with active untreated AAV [P < 0.01]). CD8+ T cell subsets cocultured with autologous B cells produced more proinflammatory cytokines in AAV patients than in controls (e.g., for tumor necrosis factor–producing effector memory CD8+ T cells: 14% in AAV patients versus 9.2% in controls [P < 0.05]). In vitro disruption of AAV B cell–CD8+ T cell cross‐talk reduced CD8+ T cell cytokine production, mirroring the reduced CD8+ response observed ex vivo after RTX treatment.ConclusionThe disruption of a pathogenic B cell/CD8+ T cell axis may contribute to the efficacy of RTX in AAV. Further studies are needed to determine the value of CD8+ T cell immunomonitoring in B cell–targeted therapies.
Novel MPC‐Based Fault Tolerant Tracking Control Against Sensor Faults
Authors: Li Jun , Zhang Dengfeng , Wang Zhiquan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe problem of active fault‐tolerant tracking control with control input and system output constraints is studied for a class of discrete‐time systems subject to sensor faults. A time‐varying fault‐tolerant observer is first developed to estimate the real system state from the faulty sensor output and control input signals. Then by using the estimated state at each time step, a model predictive control (MPC)‐based fault‐tolerant tracking control scheme is presented to guarantee the desired tracking performance and the given input and output constraints on the faulty system. In comparison with many existing fault‐tolerant MPC methods, its main contribution is that the proposed state estimator is designed by the simple and online numerical computation to tolerate the possible sensor faults, so that the regular MPC algorithm without fault information can be adopted for the online calculation of fault‐tolerant control signal. The potential recursive infeasibility and computational complexity due to the faults are avoided in the scheme. Additionally, the closed‐loop stability of the post‐fault system is discussed. Simulative results of an electric throttle control system verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Thermal Sugar Bubbling Preparation of N‐Doped Porous Carbon for High‐Performance Solid‐State Zn‐Air Batteries
Authors: Chen Si , Chen Song , Zhang Jintao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe rational design of metal‐free carbon‐based bifunctional electrocatalysts for lowering the energy barrier of oxygen reactions in metal‐air batteries has a propelling effect on improving their overall performance. Herein, we reported the preparation of N‐doped porous carbon materials with a large specific surface area of over 1900 m2 g−1 via thermal bubbling of glucose in the presence of cyanuric acid and ammonia chloride. When used as electrocatalysts, the porous carbon exhibited excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for both, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The potential gap (ΔE=EOER j=10‐EORR 1/2) between two reactions at the NPC‐1000 catalyst is 0.72 V, which is even lower than that of the commercial electrocatalyst (e. g., Pt+RuO2, ∼0.80 V). The good bifunctional catalytic activities render the fabrication of high‐performance rechargeable Zn‐air batteries. Specifically, the flexible all‐solid‐state Zn‐air battery assembled with NPC‐1000 as the air cathode exhibited good charge‐discharge stability and the voltage efficiency could be maintained about 58.6 % even after cycling for 50 h. Furthermore, no obvious voltage decay was observed under various bending, showing the good mechanical flexibility.
Group moral discount: Diffusing blame when judging group members
Authors: Vainapel Sigal , Weisel Ori , Zultan Ro'i , Shalvi Shaul 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPeople lie more when they work as a group rather than alone. However, do people suspect and morally evaluate groups and individuals differently when they are suspiciously successful? In four experiments, we examine whether (a) suspiciously successful individuals and groups are judged and punished differently and (b) individual group members are judged differently from the group as one unit. Results suggest that people suspect successful groups and individuals to the same extent. However, group members are less likely to be suspected, judged negatively, punished, and reported on, when they are judged as separate individuals compared with as a group. The findings demonstrate a bias in judgment of group members, stemming from the method of evaluation—holistic or separate. We suggest that in order to minimize bias when judging misconduct by a group, the moral evaluation and punishment of all group members should be considered simultaneously.
Stereodivergent Synthesis of Carveol and Dihydrocarveol through Ketoreductases/Ene‐Reductases Catalyzed Asymmetric Reduction
Authors: Guo Jiyang , Zhang Rui , Ouyang Jingping , Zhang Feiting , Qin Fengyu , Liu Guigao , Zhang Wenhe , Li Hengyu , Ji Xiaohong , Jia Xian , Qin Bin , You Song 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChiral carveol and dihydrocarveol are important additives in the flavor industry and building blocks in the synthesis of natural products. Despite the remarkable progress in asymmetric catalysis, convenient access to all possible stereoisomers of carveol and dihydrocarveol remains a challenge. Here, we present the stereodivergent synthesis of carveol and dihydrocarveol through ketoreductases/ene‐reductases catalyzed asymmetric reduction. By directly asymmetric reduction of (R)‐ and (S)‐carvone using ketoreductases, which have Prelog or anti‐Prelog stereopreference, all four possible stereoisomers of carveol with medium to high diastereomeric excesses (up to >99 %) were first observed. Then four stereoisomers of dihydrocarvone were prepared through ene‐reductases catalyzed diastereoselective synthesis. Asymmetric reduction of obtained dihydrocarvone isomers by ketoreductases further provide access to all eight stereoisomeric dihydrocarveol with up to 95 % de values. In addition, the absolute configurations of dihydrocarveol stereoisomers were determined by using modified Mosher's method.
Bidentate Phosphanyl‐ and Arsanylboranes
Authors: Hegen Oliver , Braese Jens , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Scheer Manfred 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA new class of neutral bidentate ligands with pnictogenyl‐functional sites has been obtained. The reaction of tmeda⋅(BH2I)2 (1, tmeda=tetramethylethylendiamine) with different phosphanides yields the corresponding bidentate phosphanylboranes tmeda⋅(BH2PH2)2 (2 a), tmeda⋅(BH2PPh2)2 (2 b), and tmeda⋅(BH2tBuPH)2 (2 c). This reaction strategy could be further extended to synthesize the first bidentate arsanylborane tmeda⋅(BH2AsPh2)2 (3). Depending on the substituents on the phosphorus, these compounds form different AuI complexes, to build either polymeric tmeda⋅(BH2PH2AuCl)2 (4 a), or monomeric tmeda⋅(BH2PPh2AuCl)2 (4 b) products. These compounds form also neutral oligomeric group 13/15 chain‐like molecules by coordination to a boron moiety such as tmeda⋅(BH2PH2BH3)2 (5 a) and tmeda⋅(BH2AsPh2BH3)2 (5 b). DFT calculations provide insight into the differences between the syntheses of mono‐ and bidentate pnictogenylboranes.
Online monitoring and mass transfer modelling of the growth of Ni‐B nanoparticles in a reverse micelle system
Authors: Bahmanyar Amir , Pazuki Gholamreza , Nikazar Manouchehr 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe growth of Ni‐B nanoparticles by chemical reduction of nickel acetate tetrahydrate (0.3M) using sodium borohydride (B/Ni = 2.5 molar ratio) in CTAB/n‐hexanol/water ternary reverse micelles was investigated. SEM studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles within the reverse micelle range are more favourable in terms of microstructure and morphology. Nanoparticle growth has been controlled in the range of 0.83–5.59 nm · h−1 by the precise adjustment of mass fraction of surfactant in the oil phase (0.22–0.47 wt%) and the overall mass fraction of the aqueous phase (0.1–0.3 wt%) values. Particle growth was measured in situ using time resolved UV‐vis absorbance spectroscopy. In addition, a new correlation based on characteristic absorbance peaks of Ni‐B nanoparticles at wavelengths of 285 and 230 nm has been derived for this purpose. An accuracy of about 9 % on the nanoparticle average sizes with respect to sizes measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was found (R2 = 0.98). A diffusion controlled growth model involving effective diffusivity of reverse micelles (Deff − RM = 9.60 × 10−11 − 1.17 × 10−8 m2 · s−1) andripening parameter (K = 4.57 × 10−21 − 1.54 × 10−20 m2 · s−1) was developed to describe the growth behaviour of the nanoparticles. The experimental results were very close to the experimental results with slight errors (7–10 %). Finally, TEM micrographs of Ni‐B nanoparticles showed that particle growth as well as agglomeration can be effectively controlled by precise adjustment of each component in the reverse micelle technique.
Development of a concept of a seminar focusing on reading strategies developed following adapted model of participatory action research
Authors: Tolsdorf Yannik , Markic Silvija 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDas Modell der Partizipativen Aktionsforschung zeigte Erfolge in der Entwicklung von Unterrichtsmaterialien und in der Professionalisierung von Lehrkräften. Ausgehend von den Anforderungen der Chemielehramtsausbildung mit den Fokussen auf Heterogenität, Diversität, Diagnostik und Förderung im Chemieunterricht wurde das Modell der Partizipativen Fachdidaktischen Aktionsforschung adaptiert und für die universitäre Ebene weiterentwickelt. Bei dem adaptierten Modell steht die Bildung eines Einwicklungsteams im Fokus, das in einem kommunikativen Austausch eine universitäre Lehrveranstaltung der Chemiedidaktik weiterentwickelt. In diesem Artikel wird das weiterentwickelte Modell vorgestellt und an einem Beispiel beschrieben.