bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Amide Derivatives as Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors; In-vitro, In-vivo Antimelanogenic Activity and Computational Studies
Authors: Ali Anser , Ashraf Zaman , Rafiq Muhammad , Kumar Ajeet , Jabeen Farukh , Lee Goon Joon , Nazir Fahad , Ahmed Mushtaq , Rhee Myungchull , Choi Eun Ha 
Published: March 2019

Background:Tyrosinase is involved in the melanin biosynthesis and the abnormal accumulation of melanin pigments leading to hyperpigmentation disorders. Controlling the melanogenesis could be an important strategy for treating abnormal pigmentation.Methods:In the present study, a series of amide derivatives (3a-e and 5a-e) were synthesized aiming to inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin production. All derivatives were screened for tyrosinase inhibition in a cell-free system. The possible interactions of amide derivatives with tyrosinase enzyme and effect of these interactions on tyrosinase structure were checked by molecular docking in silico and by Circular Dichroism (CD) studies, respectively. The most potent amide derivative (5c) based on cell-free experiments, was further tested for cellular ROS inhibition and for tyrosinase activity using mouse skin melanoma (B16F10) cells.Results:The tyrosinase inhibitory concentration (IC50) for tested compounds was observed between the range of 68 to 0.0029 µg/ml with a lowest IC50 value of compound 5c which outperforms the reference arbutin and kojic acid. The cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin quantification assay demonstrate that 15µg/ml of 5c attenuates 36% tyrosinase, 24% melanin content of B16F10 cells without significant cell toxicity. Moreover, the zebrafish in vivo assay reveals that 5c effectively reduces melanogenesis without perceptible toxicity. Furthermore, the molecular docking demonstrates that compound 5c interacts with copper ions and multiple amino acids in the active site of tyrosinase with best glide score (-5.387 kcal/mol), essential for mushroom tyrosinase inhibition and the ability to diminish the melanin synthesis in-vitro and in-vivo.Conclusion:Thus, we propose compound 5c as a potential candidate to control tyrosinase rooted hyperpigmentation in the future.
Spectroscopic Characterization and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis of Bioactive Copper 2-Amino 6-Methyl Benzothiazole Complexes Derived from Various Oils
Authors: Joram Anju , Sharma Rashmi , Sharma Arun Kumar 
Published: March 2019

Background:Surfactants most characteristic phenomenon of micellization in the bulk phase, as well as their ability to be accumulated at an interface are of immense theoretical, applied and biological interests as indicated by large number of publication of papers and reviews in last three decades. Particulars information about Copper (II) soaps derived from natural oils, play a vital role in its selection in specific phenomena such as foaming, wetting, detergency, emulsification etc. and also in their use as herbicides, fungicides, pesticides and insecticides etc. The tendency of Copper soaps have complex formation with compounds containing donor atoms like N, S, O, Br, etc. as benzothiazole and other related compounds play significant role in biological activities due to the presence of nitrogen and sulphur atoms, which are responsible for their pharmacological activities.Objective:The copper surfactants derived from various edible (Groundnut and Sesame oils) and non-edible oils (Neem and Karanj oils) and their complexes with nitrogen and sulphur containing ligands such as 2-amino-6-methyl-benzothiazole have been synthesized and studied for their structural aspects, which were confirmed using various techniques like IR, NMR and ESR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of complexes which is derived from already synthesized copper (II) soaps with 2-amino-6-methyl benzothiazole was done to confirm the thermal decomposition.Methods:Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) has been used to study the thermal decomposition of copper surfactants complexes to evaluate their energy of activation and various thermodynamic parameters i.e. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy have been calculated. Copper surfactants and their benzothiazole complexes were studied to test the validity of various equations namely Freeman Carroll, Coats - Redfern, Horowitz - Metzger, Broido, and Piloyan-Novikova related to thermal degradation.Results:The degradation occurs in three steps and the value of activation energy is highest for third step and smallest for the first steps. CNB and CKB need higher energy to degrade than CGB and CSB. The all copper surfactants molecules have negative entropy, which indicates that the decomposition reactions proceed with a lower rate.Conclusion:Thermogravimetric degradation analysis will also provide significant information about the removal of the natural soap segment from the environment. The studies will be very important for pollution controlling and in the field of Green Chemistry.
Defining Theoretical Foundations to Unified Metamodel For Model Reusability
Authors: Thangaraj Jagadeeswaran , Ulaganathan Senthilkumaran 
Published: March 2019

Background:
In model-driven development, model transformation transforms one model
to another between different phases of software engineering. In model transformation, metamodel
plays a vital role which defines the abstract syntax of models and the interrelationship between their
elements. A unified metamodel defines an abstract syntax for both source and target models when
they share core elements. Theoretical approaches define language and platform independent representation
of models in software engineering. This paper investigates the theoretical foundation to
this unified meta-modelling for their consistent transformation.

Objective:
This paper aims to define the formal foundations to the unified metamodel for generating
implementation from design specifications and model reusability.

Method:
In this paper, the study considers transformation from design to implementation and vice
versa using theoretical foundations to build a verified software system.

Results:
The related tools provide a formal representation of the design phase for verification purpose.
Our approach provides a set-theoretical foundation to the unified metamodel for model transformation
from USE (UML/OCL) to Spec#. In other words, our approach defines the formal foundation
to define a model which consists of all the required properties for verification at the design
and implementation phase.

Conclusion:
This paper introduced a new set of the theoretical framework which acts as an interface
between the design and implementation to generate verified software systems.
The Impact of Addiction on Family Members Mental Health Status
Authors: Shamsaei Farshid , Baanavi Mohammad , Hassanian Zahra Marzieh , Cheraghi Fatemeh 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Effects of substance abuse frequently expand beyond the nuclear family.
Extended family members can experience feelings of abandonment, anxiety, fear, anger, concern,
embarrassment, or guilt. Thus, they may wish to ignore or cut ties with the person involved in substance
abuse. The aim of this study was to compare the mental health status of families with and
without substance abusers.

Methods:
This cross sectional study was conducted among 114 family members with substance
abusers (case group) and 114 without substance abusers (control group) in Hamadan city of Iran, in
a time period from October to December 2016. Data collection tools included demographic and
SCL-90-R questionnaires. Data were analyzed by t- test using SPSS software version 16. The significance
level was considered less than 0.05.

Results:
The mean age of participants in the case and control groups was 33±4.7 and 35±5.2 years.
There was a significant difference in the mean of subscales which included somatization,
interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety and phobia in families with and without substance
abusers (p< 0.001). In other words, the mental health status of family members with a substance
abuser was lower than in the control group. Overall, 29.4% of family members with substance abusers
and 16% without substance abusers were suspected to have mental disorders.

Conclusion:
Substance abuse is a disorder that can impact families in countless ways. Therefore, it
is recommended that more attention should be given to this group toward planning mental health
programs. Also, families should be screened by health professionals in regard to psychological
needs and improvement of their mental health conditions.
Sickle cell disease and readmissions rates after lower extremity arthroplasty: a multistate analysis 2007–2014
Authors: Chen Yuefan , White Robert S , Tangel Virginia , Noori Selaiman A , Gaber-Baylis Licia K , Mehta Neel D , Pryor Kane O 
Published: March 2019

Aim:To compare readmission rates between patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and non-sickle cell disease undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA).Methods:Identified adult patients who underwent THA or TKA from 2007 to 2014 in California, Florida, New York, Maryland and Kentucky using a multistate database. Outcomes were 30- and 90-day readmission rates, mortality, complications, length of stay and hospital charges. Logistic regression models were used for analysis.Results:Compared with non-sickle cell disease patients following TKA and THA, SCD patients had higher odds of 30- (odds ratio [OR]: 3.79) and 90-day readmissions (OR: 4.15), mortality (OR: 6.54), more complications, longer length of stay, and higher total charges.Conclusion:Following TKA and THA, SCD is associated with higher readmissions and worse outcomes.
PLASMA FERRITIN AND HEPCIDIN LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: AL-Adhami Ikram Ayad Anwar , Al-Shamahy Hassan A. , Al-Meeril Ali M. 
Published: March 2019

Iron disorder and abnormal expression of hepcidin play important roles in many diseases, but it is still unclear in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to assess iron, ferritin and hepcidin levels in plasma of with or without T2DM and evaluated increased body iron stores as risk factor for developing T2DM. Plasma samples were collected from 88 participants, who were categorized into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of T2DM. Demographics and general health parameters were recorded. Chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect iron, ferritin and hepcidin concentrations. The geometric mean±SD of the plasma level of hepcidin, ferritin, iron and insulin among T2DM comparing with that of healthy controls were evaluated. Plasma ferritin and hepcidin levels in T2DM group were higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). The geometric mean ± SD of hepcidin and ferritin for T2DM were 41.1±23.3 μg/L and 227.2±156.1 ŋg/L respectively; higher than the 15.2±2.3 μg/L and 114.4±60.4 ŋg/L of controls respectively. There was a significant associated between high level of plasma hepcidin (OR=2.75) and ferritin (OR=2.24); with T2 DM. In conclusion: the regulation of body iron, an essential but also toxic element is strictly controlled by a small peptide hormone hepcidin. The present data demonstrated that the higher hepcidin level in diabetic patients may be due to that higher ferritin, the elevated hepcidin might have adaptive value through down-regulated iron absorb and play an important role in pathogenesis of T2 DM.
Mediation of the Effect of Glycemia on the Risk of CVD Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes: The DCCT/EDIC Study
Authors: Bebu Ionut , Braffett Barbara H. , Orchard Trevor J. , Lorenzi Gayle M. , Lachin John M. ,   the DCCT/EDIC Research Group
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVE
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study has demonstrated the major role of hyperglycemia as a risk factor for clinical cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We assessed whether and to what extent the effect of glycemia is mediated by other established cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In the DCCT, 1,441 participants were randomized to receive either intensive or conventional diabetes therapy. The EDIC observational follow-up study enrolled 96% of the surviving DCCT cohort with 94% of the survivors still actively participating after more than 27 years of follow-up. Mediation of the effect of glycemia, as captured by HbA1c, on the subsequent CVD risk was quantified using the relative change in the CVD risk associated with HbA1c between models without and with the potential mediator.

RESULTS
Adjusted for age, only a few factors (e.g., pulse, triglycerides, albumin excretion rate) explained more than 10% of the effect of glycemia on CVD risk when considered individually. In multivariable models, these traditional risk factors together mediated up to ∼50% of the effect of glycemia on the risk of CVD. However, the association between HbA1c and the risk of CVD remained highly significant even after adjustment for these risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS
While HbA1c is associated with many traditional CVD risk factors, its association with these factors alone cannot explain its effects on risk of CVD. Consequently, aggressive management of traditional nonglycemic CVD risk factors, coupled with aggressive glycemic management, is indicated for individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Tiedekirjat sähköiseen aikaan II
Authors: Heikkilä Harri 
Published: March 2019

Hankkeen ensimmäisessä osassa 2017 selvitettiin, kuinka Tieteellisten seurain valtuuskunta (TSV) voisi edesauttaa tiedekirjojen siirtymistä sähköiseen aikaan. Selvitys kokosi ja tuotti uutta tietoa sähkökirjan mahdollisuuksista ja ongelmista, kartoitti nykytilannetta ja selvitti sähkökirjojen myyntiä Tiedekirja-kirjakaupassa, sekä käsitteli tekijänoikeus- ja verotuskysymyksiä. Tässä jatko-osassa päivitettiin edellisen hankkeen selvitystä TSV:n Tiedejulkaisemisen päivänä 7.9.2018. Sen yhteydessä pidettiin myös ”julkaisutohtorin vastaanotto”, jossa pohdittiin tilaisuuteen vastaanotolle ilmoittautuneiden organisatioden julkaisuhankkeita ja räätälöitiin jokaiselle oma tukihanke. Mukana olivat Kela, TSV, Tutkijaliitto ja SLS.
Tässä raportissa selvitetään aluksi sähköisen julkaisemisen kehitystä Ajankohtaista julkaisemisessa -päivän jälkeen ja lopuksi selostetaan julkaisutohtorin apua hakeneiden organisaatioiden hankkeet.
Kalle Päätalon Iijoki-sarja kielielämäkertana
Authors: Keskimaa Sari 
Published: March 2019

Sari Keskimaan suomen kielen alaan kuuluva väitöskirja tarkastettiin Oulun yliopistossa 13. lokakuuta 2018. Vastaväittäjänä toimi dosentti Hanna Lappalainen Helsingin yliopistosta ja kustoksena professori Harri Mantila.
Sari Keskimaa: Kalle Päätalon Iijoki-sarja kielielämäkertana. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. Series B Humaniora 165. Oulun yliopisto 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526220536.
ASSESSMENT AND COLLABORATION IN ONLINE LEARNING
Authors: Swan Karen , Shen Jia , Hiltz Starr Roxanne 
Published: March 2019

Assessment can be seen as the engine that drives student course activity, online or off. It is particularly important in encouraging and shaping collaborative activity online. This paper discusses three sorts of online collaborative activity—collaborative discussion, small group collaboration, and collaborative exams. In each of these areas, it provides both theoretical grounding and practical advice for assessing, and so encouraging, collaboration in online courses.
ONLINE K–12 EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLLABORATION WITH HIGHER-EDUCATION
Authors: Thompson Melody M. 
Published: March 2019

It is common practice for researchers and developers of innovative programs, as well as for the foundations and agencies that provide support for such research and programming, to target their efforts on specific segments of the educational system: K–12 or higher education, for example. However, the growing acceptance of the idea that society as a whole will benefit from a move toward a seamless “K–16” system suggests that such compartmentalization is no longer appropriate, whether for traditional or online education. This paper addresses issues of how and in what ways those in K–12 and higher education can fruitfully collaborate in three growing areas of online practice: dual (or concurrent) enrollment programs for high-school students, alternative routes for teacher certification for mid-career changers, and professional development for practicing teachers.
BUILDING UNDERSTANDING IN ASYCHRONOUS DISCUSSIONS: EXAMINING TYPES OF ONLINE DISCOURSE
Authors: Han Seungyeon , Hill Janette R. 
Published: March 2019

This article describes a study exploring how students’ learning is reflected in asynchronous online discussion. The study examined how online discourse contributes to the learning process. In examining online group discussions using discourse analysis, five different types of discourse were identified: goal setting, reflection, connection, original reformulation, and re-direction. With the different types of discourse, we explained how each message or a threaded message facilitated the discussion, particularly in terms of collaborative efforts to achieve the goal(s). The nature of each type of discourse was illustrated, including how different strategies were identified in the data and how different results of discussion were demonstrated in the data. We also describe the methodological issues related to the analysis of online discourse and discuss implications for research and practice.
THE CHANGING ROLE OF FACULTY AND ONLINE EDUCATION
Authors: Turoff Murray 
Published: March 2019

Environmental forces influencing the future of higher education in the U.S. threaten to undermine the desirable role of faculty as arbiters of academic quality. For online learning to live up to its potential, institutional policies can return academic authority to faculty over degree programs in all modes and support the importance of education in promotion and tenure processes. Accreditation agencies traditionally have been a service to the institutions and the administration at higher education institutions; they will also have to become an equal service to the consumer of higher education. Consumerism will force all those concerned with the quality and utility of a higher education to focus on the quality and effectiveness of the instructors.
Libraries Address The Challenges Of Asynchronous Learning
Authors: Eustis Joanne , McMillan Gail 
Published: March 2019

As asynchronous learning becomes the norm throughout academia, changes are taking place in campus information systems. Academic libraries, as the entity responsible for serving the information needs of the university, have little choice but to change dramatically. In fact, academic libraries have a history of being aggressive in adapting state-of-the-art technologies. One can point to decades-long involvement with the development of online catalogs and the use of shared cataloging utilities. Libraries continue to serve academic teaching and learning by taking on new roles, revising traditional services, and time and space constraints.Libraries have, however, been slower to adjust organizational structures and processes to leverage the potential of technology. Replies to a recent survey of Association of Research Libraries (ARL) indicate that change in the responding libraries at this time is incremental rather than dramatic. Patterns are emerging, however, relative to resource reallocation and the formation of partnerships with other university units that reflect new priorities.This article describes two examples of innovative information delivery initiatives. VIVA, the Virtual Library of Virginia, was proposed by the state’s Library Advisory Council in 1993 to encourage collaboration among the Commonwealth’s institutions of higher education and to support the electronic dissemination of information. Academic libraries are also leading the way by providing new and unique sources of online information such as Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs), by developing electronic submissions, online archiving, and Web access, as well as bringing to the forefront discussions about issues such as copyright and publishers’ control of academic publications. Network-based access to information resources such as these is changing higher education, and the opportunities offered by asynchronous learning networks are challenging libraries to adjust their policies, processes, and services.
Using ALNs to Support a Complete Educational Experience
Authors: Thompson Melody M. , McGrath Jean W. 
Published: March 2019

The most obvious factor influencing students’ satisfaction with distance learning is convenience of access. While ALNs clearly can provide convenient access to educational content, how do they measure up in terms of access to the broader range of elements that make up a “complete” educational experience?Within traditional education, a complete education has been viewed as inseparable from the resident experience, with its access to instructional as well as co-curricular activities and support services. ALN programs that hope to meet the educational— rather than merely informational—needs of distant students must find ways to offer comparable opportunities and services.Penn State’s World Campus is working to realize the potential of ALNs by using innovative strategies for meeting several specific objectives. These objectives include access to high-quality course content; interactions between faculty members and students beyond those in direct instruction; interaction among students at the program level; broad access to information and instructional resources; flexible access to appropriate support services; and developing students’ feeling of “belonging” to the institution.This paper provides specific examples of online strategies for meeting these objectives and reports preliminary evaluation results relating to student satisfaction in courses offered during the first two semesters of World Campus programming.
Early Patterns of Faculty Compensation for Developing and Teaching Distance Learning Courses
Authors: Berg Gary A. 
Published: March 2019

This paper is an investigation into compensation practices for faculty developing and teaching distance learning courses. The research divides itself into two basic lines of inquiry: direct and indirect compensation (including royalties, training, and professional recognition). Also, economic models for distance learning are examined with a view towards understanding faculty compensation within attempts to reduce labor costs. The primary questions this research attempts to answer are: What are the current policies and practices in higher education for compensating faculty who develop and teach distance learning format courses? Will the increased use of distance learning format courses alter overall labor conditions for American faculty? If so, how? Although information is limited, it is found that faculty work in both developing and teaching distance learning format courses tends thus far in this early stage to be seen as work-for-hire under regular load with little additional indirect compensation or royalty arrangements.