bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of gelation on statically and dynamically freeze‐cast structures
Authors: Christiansen Cathrine D. , Nielsen Kaspar K. , Bordia Rajendra K. , Bjørk Rasmus 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFreeze‐casting is a technique used to produce structures with anisotropic porosity in the form of well‐defined microchannels throughout a sample. Here, this technique is used on the magnetocaloric ceramic La0.66Ca0.26Sr0.07 Mn1.05O3. We show that a dynamic freezing profile, where the temperature is decreased continuously at −10 K/min, results in homogeneous, lamellar channels with widths of ∼15 µm, while static freezing, where the temperature is kept constant at 177 K, results in channels of increasing size away from the initial ice crystal nucleation site. The effect of gelation before freeze‐casting is also investigated. Gelation inhibits ice crystal growth, which significantly changes the morphology by making channel cross sections less elongated, while additionally introducing more dendrites and ceramic bridges in the structure. The latter significantly dominates the flow path through the gelated structures, affecting the calculated tortuosity, which increases to τ ≈ 4 when compared to non‐gelated samples where calculated tortuosities are in the range of ∼1.3 to ∼3. Finally, we present a systematic and automatic approach for evaluating channel and wall sizes and calculating tortuosities. This is based on analysis of images obtained by scanning electron microscopy using a continuous particle size distribution method and the TauFactor application in MATLAB®.
Thermally stable high strain and piezoelectric characteristics of (Li, Na, K)(Nb, Sb)O3‐CaZrO3 ceramics for piezo actuators
Authors: Lee Ku‐Tak , Lee Tae‐Gon , Kim Sun‐Woo , Chae Seok‐June , Kim Eun‐Ji , Kim Jeong‐Seog , Choi Ji‐Won , Nahm Sahn 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe 0.97(Na0.5K0.5)(Nb1−xSbx)O3‐0.03CaZrO3 ceramic with x = 0.09 exhibits a high d33 of 518 pC/N and a strain of 0.13% at 4.0 kV/mm owing to its orthorhombic‐pseudocubic polymorphic phase boundary (PPB) structure. However, these values decreased considerably above 90°C owing to its low Curie temperature (TC), indicating that its thermal stability is not sufficient for practical applications. Li2O was added to the specimen with x = 0.11 to improve its thermal stability of the strain and d33 by increasing the TC without degrading the actual d33 and strain values. The 0.97(Li0.04Na0.46K0.5)(Nb0.89Sb0.11)O3‐0.03CaZrO3 ceramic, having an orthorhombic‐tetragonal PPB structure, exhibits a d33 of 502 pC/N and a strain of 0.16%. This large strain was maintained up to 150°C and the d33 slightly decreased to 475 pC/N at 130°C. Therefore, this lead‐free ceramic displays excellent piezoelectric characteristics with improved thermal stability, indicating that it can be applied to piezoelectric actuators.
Densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of ZrC–SiC ceramics
Authors: Feng Lun , Fahrenholtz William G. , Hilmas Gregory E. , Watts Jeremy , Zhou Yue 
Published: April 2019

AbstractZrC–SiC ceramics were fabricated by high‐energy ball milling and reactive hot pressing of ZrH2, carbon black, and varying amounts of SiC. The ceramics were composed of nominally pure ZrC containing 0 to 30 vol% SiC particles. The relative density increased as SiC content increased, from 96.8% for nominally pure ZrC to 99.3% for ZrC‐30 vol% SiC. As SiC content increased from 0 to 30 vol%, Young's modulus increased from 404 ± 11 to 420 ± 9 GPa and Vickers hardness increased from 18.5 ± 0.7 to 23.0 ± 0.5 GPa due to a combination of the higher relative density of ceramics with higher SiC content and the higher Young's modulus and hardness of SiC compared to ZrC. Flexure strength was 308 ± 11 MPa for pure ZrC, but increased to 576 ± 49 MPa for a SiC content of 30 vol%. Fracture toughness was 2.3 ± 0.2 MPa·m1/2 for pure ZrC and increased to about 3.0 ± 0.1 MPa·m1/2 for compositions containing SiC additions. The combination of high‐energy ball milling and reactive hot pressing was able to produce ZrC–SiC ceramics with sub‐micron grain sizes and high relative densities with higher strengths than previously reported for similar materials.
Ferric citrate, nitrate, saponin and their combinations affect in vitro ruminal fermentation, production of sulphide and methane and abundance of select microbial populations
Authors: Wu H. , Meng Q. , Zhou Z. , Yu Z. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Aims
This study investigated the effects of ferric citrate, nitrate and saponin, both individually and in combination, on sulphidogenesis, methanogenesis, rumen fermentation and abundances of select microbial populations using in vitro rumen cultures.

Methods and Results
Ferric citrate (50 mg l−1), Quillaja saponin (0·6 g l−1) and sodium nitrate (5 mmol l−1) were used in in vitro ruminal fermentation. Ferric citrate alone, its combination with saponin and/or nitrate lowered the aqueous sulphide concentration and total sulphide production. Methane production was suppressed by nitrate alone (by up to 32·92%), its combination with saponin (25·04%) and with both saponins with nitrate (25·92%). None of the treatments adversely affected feed digestion or rumen fermentation. The population of sulphate-reducing bacteria was increased by nitrate and saponin individually, while that of total Archaea was decreased by nitrate alone and the combination of the three inhibitors.

Conclusions
Nitrate and its combination with saponin or both ferric citrate and saponin substantially decreased methane production. Most importantly, the decreased methane production was not at the expense of feed digestion or fermentation. Sulphidogenesis from the sulphate present in the high-sulphur diets can be suppressed competitively by ferric citrate, although it was elevated by saponin and nitrate.

Significance and Impact of the Study
The results of this study demonstrated that combinations of certain methane inhibitors, which have different mechanisms of antimethanogenic actions or inhibit different guilds of microbes involved in methane production and sulphate reduction, can be more effective and practical than individual inhibitors, not only in mitigating enteric methane emission but also in lowering the risk of sulphur-associated polioencephalomalacia in feedlot cattle fed high sulphur diets.
Dermatoscopy in leprosy and its correlation with clinical spectrum and histopathology: a prospective observational study
Authors: Vinay K. , Kamat D. , Chatterjee D. , Narang T. , Dogra S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundLeprosy, a chronic granulomatous infection has varied clinical presentations spanning across different spectrums. The scope of dermatoscopy is vast and has been studied for other granulomatous disorders like sarcoidosis.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to describe the dermatoscopic features of the entire spectrum of leprosy and to correlate with clinical and histopathological findings.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study of treatment naïve leprosy patients over a period of 1 year. The study patients were categorized as per Ridley‐Jopling classification based on clinical, slit skin smear and histopathological findings. Most representative lesions were photographed, evaluated by dermatoscopy and were biopsied.ResultsA total of 30 patients (21 males and 9 females) were recruited; 2 cases of tuberculoid leprosy, 12 cases of borderline tuberculoid (3 with type 1 reaction), 8 cases of borderline lepromatous, 6 cases of lepromatous leprosy (3 with type 2 reaction) and 2 cases of Histoid leprosy. The dermatoscopic featues consistently seen were yellowish orange areas and vascular structures like linear branching vessels and crown vessels correlating with the presence of dermal granulomas and dilated vessels. Broken pigment network, white chrysalis like areas were seen in addition. Tuberculoid spectrum also had absence of or diminished hair follicles and eccrine duct openings correlating with presence of peri‐appendageal granuloma and appendageal destruction. Scaling and follicular plugs were other features in lesions of type 1 reaction.ConclusionYellowish‐orange areas and vascular structures are the common dermatoscopic features of leprosy. Broken pigment network and paucity of appendageal structures are additional specific features.
Evolutionary transition between bee pollination and hummingbird pollination inSalvia: Comparing means, variances and covariances of corolla traits
Authors: Benitez‐Vieyra Santiago , Pérez‐Alquicira Jessica , Sazatornil Federico D. , Domínguez César A. , Boege Karina , Pérez‐Ishiwara Rubén , Fornoni Juan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCovariation among traits can modify the evolutionary trajectory of complex structures. This process is thought to operate at a microevolutionary scale, but its long‐term effects remain controversial because trait covariation can itself evolve. Flower morphology, and particularly floral trait (co)variation, has been envisioned as the product of pollinator‐mediated selection. Available evidence suggests that major changes in pollinator assemblages may affect the joint expression of floral traits and their phenotypic integration. We expect species within a monophyletic lineage sharing the same pollinator type will show not only similarity in trait means but also similar phenotypic variance‐covariance structures. Here, we tested this expectation using eighteenSalviaspecies pollinated either by bees or by hummingbirds. Our findings indicated a nonsignificant multivariate phylogenetic signal and a decoupling between means and variance‐covariance phenotypic matrices of floral traits during the evolution to hummingbird pollination. Mean trait value analyses revealed significant differences between bee‐ and hummingbird‐pollinatedSalviaspecies although fewer differences were detected in the covariance structure between groups. Variance‐covariance matrices were much more similar among bee‐ than hummingbird‐pollinated species. This pattern is consistent with the expectation that, unlike hummingbirds, bees physically manipulate the flower, presumably exerting stronger selection pressures favouring morphological convergence among species. Overall, we conclude that the evolution of hummingbird pollination proceeded through different independent transitions. Thus, although the evolution of hummingbird pollination led to a new phenotypic optimum, the process involved the diversification of the covariance structure.
In vitro models of synucleinopathies: informing on molecular mechanisms and protective strategies
Authors: Marvian Amir Tayaranian , Koss David J. , Aliakbari Farhang , Morshedi Dina , Outeiro Tiago Fleming 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlpha‐synuclein (α‐Syn) is a central player in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as synucleinopathies. The protein was first associated with PD just over 20 years ago, when it was found to (i) be a major component of Lewy bodies and (ii) to be also associated with familial forms of PD. The characterization of α‐Syn pathology has been achieved through postmortem studies of human brains. However, the identification of toxic mechanisms associated with α‐Syn was only achieved through the use of experimental models. In vitro models are highly accessible, enable relatively rapid studies, and have been extensively employed to address α‐Syn‐associated neurodegeneration. Given the diversity of models used and the outcomes of the studies, a cumulative and comprehensive perspective emerges as indispensable to pave the way for further investigations. Here, we subdivided in vitro models of α‐Syn pathology into three major types: (i) models simulating α‐Syn fibrillization and the formation of different aggregated structures in vitro, (ii) models based on the intracellular expression of α‐Syn, reporting on pathogenic conditions and cellular dysfunctions induced, and (iii) models using extracellular treatment with α‐Syn aggregated species, reporting on sites of interaction and their downstream consequences. In summary, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms discovered and categorize protective strategies, in order to pave the way for future studies and the identification of effective therapeutic strategies.
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This article is part of the Special Issue “Synuclein”.
Qualitative analysis of the vocabulary used in work logs of a preventive programme for elderly oral function and nutrition
Authors: Ito Kayoko , Edahiro Ayako , Watanabe Yoshihiko , Ohara Yuki , Motohashi Yoshiko , Morishita Shiho , Motokawa Keiko , Watanabe Yutaka , Hirano Hirohiko , Inoue Makoto 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn Japan, day care services for elders include programmes aimed at improving nutrition and oral and motor functions. Few studies have qualitatively assessed these interventions.ObjectiveTo qualitatively search for the characteristic words used in the work logs of a preventive programme on oral function and nutrition for elders by intervention period and intervention type．MethodsWe included 83 participants (81.3 ± 8.2 years) from four day care services in Japan and divided them into the following groups randomly: those who received oral function intervention only, nutritional intervention only and those who received combined oral function plus nutritional intervention. The interventions were conducted twice per month for 24 months. Data from handwritten work logs were entered into a computer as text files. Monitoring of frequently appearing words, co‐occurrence analysis and cross‐tabulation by intervention period and intervention types was conducted using text mining analysis.ResultsCorrespondence analysis revealed that the words used during 1‐6 months and 7‐12 months were similar in participants’ subjective content, and those used in objective content in 13‐18 months and 19‐24 months were similar. These results indicate that subjective improvements increased after 13 months, and it was maintained within 24 months. The combined intervention type is ideal for oral and nutrition problems.ConclusionBecause this text mining approach revealed the changes in the words used and could be used to monitor any subjective improvement, this approach may help evaluate the effects of preventive care.
Discursive shifts associated with coming out: A corpus‐based analysis of news reports about Ricky Martin
Authors: Motschenbacher Heiko 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study seeks to shed light on the discursive effects of a public sexual identity declaration as they surface in the language used to construct the social actor in question. Subscribing to queer linguistically informed critical discourse studies, it builds on and advances the theoretical discussion of coming out in language and sexuality studies. The investigation analyses a corpus of news reports about Ricky Martin, comparing two sub‐corpora, one with texts published before and another with texts from after Martin's public coming out as a gay man in 2010. A keyword analysis is performed to identify linguistic traces of central discourses manifesting in the two corpora. The quantitative analysis is complemented by an in‐depth qualitative analysis of the discursive construction of ethnicity and sexuality in two sample texts. The findings are discussed in the light of discursive shifts between pre‐ and post‐coming‐out phases and clashes between coming‐out stereotypes and the coming‐out experiences of Latino gay men.
Evaluation of the foal survival score in a Danish‐Swedish population of neonatal foals upon hospital admission
Authors: Bohlin Anna , Saegerman Claude , Hoeberg Emma , Sånge Alexandra , Nostell Katarina , Durie Inge , Husted Louise , Öhman Anna , van Galen Gaby 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundIt is highly desirable to assess the probability of survival in sick neonatal foals upon admission. The foal survival score (FSS) is a published scoring system used to estimate the probability of survival in hospitalized neonatal foals <4 days old.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate the ability of the FSS to predict survival in older foals from a geographically different area compared to the original study.AnimalsFive‐hundred ninety hospitalized neonatal foals ≤14 days of age.MethodsRetrospective Danish‐Swedish multicenter study that included details of signalment, history, clinical examination, laboratory results, necropsy findings, and outcome. Scores and score variables were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors using logistic regression. The optimal cutoff and its test parameters were calculated using a receiver operator characteristic curve.ResultsPrematurity, cold extremities, ≥2 infectious or inflammatory sites, blood glucose concentration, and total white blood cell counts were significantly associated with nonsurvival (P ≤ .02). The optimal cutoff to predict survival was ≥6, resulting in sensitivity 78%, specificity 58%, 92% positive predictive value, and 31% negative predictive value. The test performed equally well in foals <4 days old compared to those 4‐14 days old.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceUsing the suggested optimal cutoff of ≥6, the FSS performed moderately well and may aid in early determination of prognosis for survival. However, the FSS did perform differently in another population and therefore should be assessed under local conditions so that its diagnostic potential is not overestimated.
Successful management of 3 dogs with colonic pythiosis using itraconzaole, terbinafine, and prednisone
Authors: Reagan Krystle L. , Marks Stanley L. , Pesavento Patricia A. , Della Maggiore Ann , Zhu Bing Y. , Grooters Amy M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGastrointestinal (GI) pythiosis is a severe and often fatal disease in dogs that traditionally has been poorly responsive to medical treatment. Although aggressive surgical resection with wide margins is the most consistently effective treatment, lesion location and extent often preclude complete resection. Recently, it has been suggested that the addition of anti‐inflammatory doses of corticosteroids may improve outcome in dogs with nonresectable GI pythiosis. This report describes 3 dogs with colonic pythiosis in which complete resolution of clinical signs, regression of colonic masses, and progressive decreases in serological titers were observed after treatment with itraconazole, terbinafine, and corticosteroids. This treatment protocol represents a promising treatment for dogs with GI pythiosis in which surgical intervention is not feasible.
Invasive annuals respond more negatively to drought than native species
Authors: Valliere Justin M. , Escobedo Evelin B. , Bucciarelli Gary M. , Sharifi M. Rasoul , Rundel Philip W. 
Published: April 2019

Summary

In his foundational list of ‘ideal weed’ characteristics, Baker (1965) proposed that weedy plants maximize reproductive output under high resource availability. Since then, the idea that invasive plant species are more responsive to fluctuating resources compared with native or noninvasive species has gained considerable traction, although few studies extend this hypothesis to include reproductive output. We revisit Baker's hypothesis in the context of invasion and drought in California grasslands, exploring whether invasives show greater growth and reproductive responses to water availability compared with the native wildflowers they displace.

In an outdoor potted study, we grew eight native and eight invasive species of annuals commonly found in southern California grasslands to reproductive maturity under both well‐watered and drought conditions.

While drought negatively impacted plant performance overall, invasives showed more negative responses for growth and reproductive traits. Invasives also grew larger than native species, especially under well‐watered conditions, and produced seed with higher rates of germination.

Invasives may be more negatively impacted by drought compared with natives, but they are also able to capitalize on high resource conditions and greatly increase reproductive output. Such opportunistic responses exhibited by invasives might explain previously observed fluctuations in their abundance under variable precipitation.
S‐ICD is effective in preventing sudden death in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy athletes during exercise
Authors: Catto Valentina , Dessanai Maria Antonietta , Sommariva Elena , Tondo Claudio , Dello Russo Antonio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHere, we describe the cases of two elite athletes, with a diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), in which a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) has been implanted. Both patients experienced a ventricular tachycardia during exercise and received effective S‐ICD shocks that interrupted arrhythmias. This report reveals for the first time that the S‐ICD is effective in reverting arrhythmias in ACM patients, even during exercise. Moreover, these cases may confirm that competition/physical activity is associated with ICD shocks.
A systematic review of measures of therapist competence in psychodynamic, interpersonal, and/or relational models
Authors: Barlow Isobel , Brown Richard J. 
Published: April 2019

PurposeAssessment of psychotherapeutic competence is increasingly regarded as important in the delivery of psychological services and training programmes. This article reviews tools designed to assess clinical competence in psychodynamic, interpersonal, and relational models of therapy.MethodsPsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science online databases were reviewed using terms relating to competence, psychotherapy, and measurement. Titles and abstracts of all articles were screened, and full texts of remaining articles were read. Reference lists of included articles were also screened. Papers that described a measure of psychotherapeutic competence in a psychodynamic, interpersonal, or relational model, and reported at least one assessment of the reliability and/or validity of the measure, were included. The quality of the studies was evaluated, and the quality of individual measures was summarized.ResultsFourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, examining 13 competence measures for 12 specific models of therapy. Competence measures were not found for several NICE‐recommended models of therapy. Some measures demonstrated strengths in certain areas of reliability and validity; however, there were a number of quality issues in development and psychometric properties that suggest none of the measures are currently proven for widespread use.ConclusionsFurther research is required to refine currently existing measures and develop new measures for key NICE‐recommended models of therapy.Practitioner points

Assessment and improvement of therapist competence is key to provision of high‐quality psychotherapeutic interventions.

This review shows there are few measures of competence in relational therapy models and several NICE‐recommended models do not have corresponding competence measures.

Measures that do exist are mixed in terms of their validity and reliability and should therefore be used with caution.