bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burgers and KdV–Burgers Equations – Regularized Shock Waves
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we focus on the so-called viscous Burgers and Korteweg-de Vries Burgers (KdVB) equations, discuss some of their important properties, as well as present their shock wave solutions. To present these models, we start from the more general KdVB equation, which can be regarded as a variant of the KdV equation, but also contains the Burgers equation as well as other important models. The KdVB equation is a prototypical example where the majority of important effects that arise in wave physics are present: nonlinearity, dispersion, as well as a certain form of damping, namely diffusion. It is therefore not surprising to note that the KdVB equation finds many physical applications, describing, e.g., the propagation of undular bores (also known as "dispersive shock waves") in shallow water, the flow of liquids containing gas bubbles, nonlinear waves in plasmas, and so on.
Spectral Methods
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we give a brief introduction to the numerical integration of nonlinear waves using spectral methods. By no means do we intend for this chapter to be comprehensive; rather, it is designed to give you a flavor of what is at the core of spectral methods. The avid reader is very much encouraged to read the beautiful book by Nick Trefethen [Lloyd N. Trefethen Spectral Methods in Matlab, (SIAM, Philadelphia, 2000)] which includes succinct Matlab codes for the different covered topics.
Direct Perturbation Theory for Solitons*
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we study the behavior of solitons and traveling waves under the action of weak perturbations. We consider the case of transverse perturbations occurring in higher-dimensional settings. Our prototypical example will be the perturbed KdV equation. In particular, we will present the cases of (i) a KdV incorporating weak linear losses and (ii) a Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, which is the suitable generalization of the KdV to study the transverse dynamics of 2D line solitons. We show how direct perturbation theory can be applied to problems involving dynamics of solitons and, in general, traveling waves under perturbations.
Another Class of Models: Nonlinear Klein–Gordon Equations
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a new class of models, namely nonlinear Klein-Gordon PDEs and some of their prototypical solitary wave representatives such as kinks and breathers. We start by motivating such models from the realm of applications such as coupled torsional pendula and associated experimental observations. Along the way, we learn how to construct the corresponding heteroclinic and homoclinic solutions and how to boost them to finite speed. We discuss not only such linear transformations, but also nonlinear ones that yield unexpected periodic solutions and bring us back to our familiar territory of cnoidal waves. Lastly, we leverage the opportunity of exploring the corresponding linearization (stability) problem to not only connect to some interesting Schrödinger problems from quantum mechanics (such as the Pöschl-Teller potential), but also to introduce some new and widely used stability tools such as, e.g., the Evans function methodology.
Applications of Conservation Laws – Adiabatic Perturbation Method
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss applications of the invariances and conserved quantities of the NLS, with the ultimate scope to introduce the adiabatic perturbation method for solitons. In particular, we start by showing that the scaling and Galilean invariances provide soliton solutions bearing a number of parameters, which remain constant in the unperturbed NLS. However, as is common in many problems, the NLS also incorporates perturbations (most notably loss terms), and hence a question is how the latter affect the soliton dynamics. To answer this question, we introduce the adiabatic perturbation method, both for bright and dark solitons, according to which the soliton functional shape does not change, while the soliton parameters (amplitude, width, position, phase, etc) become to-be-determined functions of time. Then, the perturbation-induced change of the conserved quantities leads to ODEs describing the evolution of the soliton parameters.
The Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) Equation
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the next few chapters we cover some further techniques based on NLS-type equations by focusing on a particularly attractive application in atomic physics: Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). The mean-field dynamics of BECs can be modeled by the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation which is a generalization of the NLS equation that includes an external potential. In this chapter we introduce BECs and some basic properties of the GP equation. In particular, we show how the external potential may render the, originally 3D, BEC into an effective 1D or 2D system. We also describe the large mass (Thomas-Fermi) limit and the low mass (linear) limit.
Stability Analysis in 1D
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we leverage perturbation theory (occasionally in its degenerate form) in order to understand the stability analysis of the 1D Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation problem and its solutions. We employ the understanding of the linear limit of the relevant problem, namely the quantum harmonic oscillator with its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. We observe how nonlinear states emerge from linear eigenstates, but also additionally provide a quantitative estimate on the stability analysis of such eigenstates, corroborating the results by means of direct numerical computations of the spectral problem of the linearization. Importantly, we often find that higher excited states may be unstable via complex eigenvalue quartets in the vicinity of the relevant linear limit.
Transverse Instability of Dark Stripes – Adiabatic Invariant Approach
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we present a complementary perspective to the multiple scale transverse instability descriptions of the previous chapter. We explore in particular the Hamiltonian of the NLS model as an adiabatic invariant that can initially be used to describe the motion of 1D dark solitons in the presence of an external potential. We then extend this approach to reduce the dynamics of (2+1)D dark soliton stripes and derive an effective (1+1)D PDE describing the transverse dynamics of the stripe. We also present the ring variant of the dark soliton, where azimuthal modulations become responsible for the emergence of a transverse instability, breaking up the ring pattern into multiple pairs of vortices.
Judgments and Orders
Authors: Sorabji John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This Part consolidates rules concerning court judgments and orders. It initially makes provision for their formal and substantive content of judgments and orders. It directs how they are to be issued and, particularly, how they are to be published to give effect to the publicity principle. Rules concerning the perfection, recall, and clarification of judgments and orders are also codified. This Part also makes provision for default and summary judgment. Further rules are provided concerning the nature and effect of judgments by consent, the settlement of proceedings, and judgments in multi-party proceedings. The court’s power to issue judgment after settlement is codified.
Enforcement
Authors: Sorabji John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Access to justice includes the ability to secure the effective enforcement of any judgment. This Part simplifies and consolidates the approach to enforcement provided by statute and given effect via the CPR. As with this Code as a whole it is predicated on the primary use of digital procedures. It, initially, simplifies the process by designating the successor to the County Court, as provided for in Part 2 of this Code, as the single court for enforcing judgments and orders. It thereafter articulates the various statutory enforcement methods while also making provision for the use of any authorised digital enforcement method. It provides a uniform process for commencing enforcement and introduces, for the first time, the use of settlement measures during the enforcement process. The latter innovation brings English and Welsh procedure in line with international standards. Rules also make provision for enforcement within and outside the jurisdiction.
Appeals
Authors: Sorabji John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The final Part of the Code concerns appeal procedure. Unlike the CPR, this Code identifies the right to appeal as a procedural principle that forms part of the right of access to justice. This Part gives effect to that right. It does so consistently with the CPR’s approach to rationing access to appellate procedure. It thus makes provision for the restatement of the CPR’s test for permission to appeal both in terms of first and second appeals. It does, however, modify and rationalise the second appeal test. It also makes further provision for appeals to the UK Supreme Court.
Marion Milner
Authors: Russell David 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to, and a reading of, the work of the twentieth-century essayist, artist and psychoanalyst, Marion Milner. It explains her life’s project in seeking a ‘life of one’s own,’ and a way of living that Milner felt really to be hers and not handed to her or forced upon her by others. The project traces Milner’s own response to the challenge of creatively relating to the world around her, as she experimented with diary writing, drawing and painting, and in psychotherapy. It is structured in three sections: Reading, Drawing and Getting Better, and it models a way of reading inspired by Milner’s experiment. The central claim of the book is that Milner offers two major propositions about the creative life. The first of these is about attention, and the way it is practised creatively. The second is about mediation, which means the way we shape, and are shaped by, the forms and materials of our lives. The book analyses how Milner’s own techniques of writing and drawing make room for creative experience, as well as the ways she fostered that experience in her clinical work with patients. Finally, the book positions Milner in relation to her important contexts in the histories of literature, art, and philosophy, and in relation to major psychoanalytic thinkers in Britain, like Melanie Klein and Donald Woods Winnicott.
“I” and Self-Consciousness
Authors: Longuenesse Béatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Elizabeth Anscombe argues that “I”-thoughts are “unmediated agent-or-patient conceptions of states, actions, motions, etc. …in this object here.” This characterization of “I”-thoughts bears striking similarities to Jean-Paul Sartre’s account of non-thetic or non-positional self-consciousness and its relation to our use of “I.” Of course, the methods are very different: phenomenological description for Sartre, semantic analysis for Anscombe. Those differences notwithstanding, Sartre’s account of our use of “I” in expressions of non-thetic (self)-consciousness foreshadows Anscombe’s view in significant respects. At the same time, Sartre’s phenomenological approach allows him to provide a unified account of self-consciousness as consciousness of mental states and actions, on the one hand; and as consciousness of bodily states and actions, on the other: a unified account which, Anscombe acknowledges, is somewhat elusive in the context of the analysis she proposes. Finally, Sartre’s and Anscombe’s accounts both amend and complete each other. Calling on Anscombe’s semantic unwrapping of the use of “I” brings a sobering new light on some of the more grandiose metaphysical formulations Sartre offers, including the statement that for non-thetic self-consciousness, “existence precedes essence.” Conversely, calling on Sartre’s phenomenological description of consciousness and self-consciousness usefully complements Anscombe’s semantic analysis even while providing support for rejecting her conclusion that “I” is not a referring expression and that “I am Elizabeth Anscombe” is not an identity proposition.
The Phonology of Turkish
Authors: Özçelik Öner 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Phonology of Turkish offers a comprehensive overview and analysis of the phonological structure of modern Turkish. While phenomena at both segmental and suprasegmental levels are discussed, the emphasis is on the latter, analyzing phonological processes extending over a number of different domains. Couched within a primarily constraint-based framework, lower-level prosodic constituents, including syllables, feet, and prosodic words, are incorporated into a general theory with higher-level constituents, the Phonological Phrase and the Intonational Phrase, assuming that phonological structure is hierarchical in nature and that phonological representations consist of more than a single linear sequence of segments. The approach employed here, thus, uses tools from both Prosodic Phonology and Autosegmental Phonology (theories of representation), as well as Optimality Theory (OT) (a theory of computation). More specifically, with regard to the representation of the internal structure of segments, Autosegmental Phonology, and in some cases a more refined variant, Feature Geometry, is used, while Prosodic Phonology is employed for levels of the Prosodic Hierarchy beyond the segment, such as feet, prosodic words and phonological phrases. The book strives to achieve two things; it provides a critical synthesis of research in Turkish phonology, as well as offering new analyses and data in a theoretically oriented approach. One repetitive and overarching theme emerging in every chapter throughout the book is that not only regular but also exceptional phonological forms demonstrate a systematic pattern, despite conveniently being referred to as “exceptional,” and can be captured by the same grammar as regular forms, be it a segmental process (Chapter 2), a syllable repair process (Chapter 3), vowel harmony (Chapter 4), word stress (Chapter 5), or phrasal prominence (Chapter 6). I maintain that exceptional information in phonology should be captured via prespecification, but of a special type that puts minimal information in underlying forms. Prespecification of the type defended here does not place language-specific restrictions on inputs/underlying representations; rather, inputs can have any shape, and all possible inputs are accounted for by the same grammar/phonology. Phonology on this view essentially acts as a filter to only give surface representations that are actually utterable by speakers of the Turkish language.
Electrifying Ethiopia, Consolidating Power
Authors: Lavers Tom , Gebresenbet Fana 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front’s (EPRDF’s) dam building was part of a national development strategy tasked not only with socioeconomic development but also with securing the political position of the ruling party. Hydroelectric dams were expected to support industrial employment creation, deliver mass electricity access, and boost foreign exchange earnings. To do so required not just expanding generation capacity but also ensuring that hydroelectricity reached key users. This chapter examines the extent to which the EPRDF succeeded in realizing its political-economic goals for the sector. Despite expanding the grid to nearly 60 per cent of the country, the chapter concludes that the EPRDF ultimately failed to realize any of its key objectives. Indeed, progress was undermined by poor planning and political influence on decision making, with household connections remaining very low, while limited provision to new industrial parks undermined efforts to promote foreign investment. Moreover, hopes of large-scale electricity exports remain unrealized.
‘Cum magna solicitudine’
Authors: Butterfield Ardis 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
John Grimestone’s notebook seems to offer the tantalizing perspective of a friar in mid-thought. It is a holograph, with a colophon of 1372. At first sight, it consists of a rather unprepossessing collection of preaching topics, but what makes it unusual is the sheer number of English items: 246. This is far higher than any other comparable collection. These verses in English range from short distinctiones resembling cues in note form or compressed couplets, to much longer poems: stanzaic lullabies and dialogue poems, poems in long lines, and others in short quatrains. The book is remarkable for almost concealing its purpose as a sermon resource under the guise of lyric anthology (or is it the other way round?). This essay will provide a close study of sections of the manuscript, and consider not ‘are these lyrics?’, but other more oblique things—what expectations and uses are made of verse in these works? What happens when we try to read this book? The very unlikeliness of the context—the embeddedness of the verse in a preaching matrix—has the potential to help us see what kinds of formal, structural, exegetical, and devotional distinctions were important to a notion of English verse in the period, and especially for this friar.
Mediating Shakespeare
Authors: Erne Lukas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Editorial mediation is easily missed by readers, in particular by readers who have no expertise in editing themselves. The purchaser of a modern edition of what they simply take to be, say, Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost, will expect to get access to the results of Shakespeare’s authorial labour, not the results of Henry Woudhuysen’s editorial labour. Lack of awareness of the difficulty, nature, and repercussions of editing translates not only into naïve engagement with the editorially mediated text, but also into perverse institutional practices: the recognition bestowed on editions is rarely commensurate with the labour and expertise required from the editor. This chapter tries to make visible the often transparent editorial mediation of Shakespeare by distinguishing between and exploring the repercussions of thirteen different kinds of editorial intervention, including introductions, commentaries, act-and-scene divisions, modernization, and emendation. Collectively, these editorial interventions require a good deal of expertise and judgement from an editor and have a massive impact on a play’s legacy.
Editing Boswell’s Life of Johnson
Authors: Ashton Rosemary 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In July 1831 John Wilson Croker, MP, published his most ambitious work, a five-volume edition of Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson, with Boswell and Johnson’s Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides. The work excited great interest, but unfortunately for Croker, a determined opponent of reform, the first in the field to review his work was the young reformist Thomas Babington Macaulay. In his lengthy review Macaulay took ample and apt revenge on his political opponent, chiding Croker for not knowing things that ‘every school-girl’ and every ‘forward boy at any school in England’ knows. To make matters worse for Croker, Thomas Carlyle also reviewed the new edition, and like Macaulay’s his review was devastating. Like Macaulay’s, it is long and in places sprawling, but it is a rhetorical tour de force and an astute dissertation on the challenges of writing and editing biography: his review repays closer study than Macaulay’s. This chapter discusses those questions which Carlyle raises and which still beset those of us who undertake to write history and biography, and to prepare editions of the work of others in the hope that they will not be accused, as Croker was by Carlyle, of failing to elucidate what needs elucidating to a later generation of readers, while ‘punctually explain[ing] what is already sun-clear’.
Adaptive Memory Distortions
Authors: Sanders D. Merika W. , Schacter Daniel L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Psychologists and neuroscientists have provided abundant evidence of an imperfect memory system. Memories can lack sufficient detail or include incorrect information, resulting in a variety of well-documented errors in laboratory paradigms as well as in everyday life. Although such memory errors can have severe negative consequences in some everyday settings (e.g. eyewitness misidentifications), and thus appear to be critical flaws in the architecture of memory, an alternative perspective argues that memory distortions are byproducts of useful cognitive processes and may even promote adaptive functions. Here we review emerging cognitive and fMRI research that supports an adaptive perspective on memory distortions resulting from schema-based, gist-based, and associative processes; post-event misinformation; future imagining, creativity, and problem solving; and processes that support associative inference. We argue that the converging evidence for an adaptive perspective on these memory errors from cognitive psychology and neuroscience provides important clues concerning the nature and function of human memory.
Useful and New
Authors: Avery Mary C. , Altarriba Jeanette 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Though creativity is often thought of as a grand, genius-level attribute known only to the likes of Renaissance painters and famous musicians, at its core the ability to solve problems in new and dynamic ways has served humanity well in the current day and in our ancestral past. From this perspective, creativity can be thought of as a useful and adaptive skill. How exactly does creativity interact with and support memory, if at all? In what ways does creativity ultimately contribute to our continued survival, and what might be its trade-off? This chapter seeks to explore the relationship between creative processes and adaptive functioning by first reviewing and evaluating relevant literature, particularly as it relates to survival processing in memory. Creativity will also be examined as a possible evolutionary advantage, both in support of memory and problem solving more generally. Finally, based on an assessment of the field, key future directions will be identified to develop this field of research, with an eye toward new and emerging methodologies. As part of these aims, survival processing and cognition are discussed extensively, but interdisciplinary perspectives are also offered here as a critical next step in understanding the nature of creativity and its role in survival.