bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Constituents From the Aerial Roots of Ficus benghalensis L., Leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and Roots of Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. et Hook. f.
Authors: Shahnaz Sultana  , Mohammed Ali  , Showkat Rassol Mir  
Published: February 2019

Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) is a native to tropical Asia. Its aerial roots are styptic and taken to alleviate biliousness, dysentery, liver inflammation, jaundice, spermatorrhoea, syphilis and obstinate vomiting. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae) is distributed in the eastern Asia including India, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand and Indonesia. Its leaves are used to treat acidity, asthma, bronchitis, cough, dyspepsia, fevers, hypertension, malaria, menstrual cramps, piles, rheumatism, sciatica, snake bites , strangury and to expel intestinal worms. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. et Hook. f. (Asteraceae) is a native to southeastern North America and one of the most common weeds in northern India after the rainy season. Its roots are used to cure bladder inflammation and also as a blood purifier. The air-dried plant parts were exhaustively extracted with methanol individually in a Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated methanol extracts were adsorbed on silica gel for column and chromatographed over silica gel column separately. The columns were eluted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol successively to isolate the phytoconstituents. Phytochemical investigation of the aerial roots of F. benghalensis afforded n-tritriacontan-10-one (1), 30-lauryloxy- urs-12-en-3β-olyl butyrate (30-lauryloxy-α-amyrin 3-butyrate, 2) and urs-12-en-23,6α-olide 3β-olyl palmitate (3-palmityl α-amyrin-23,6α-olide, 3). The leaves of N. arbor-tristis furnished two vanillyl glycosidic disters characterized as oleiyl-O-α-D-xylopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-α-D-xylopyranosyl-2b-vanillyl-4b-caproate (oleiyl-O- α-D-dixylosyl vanillyl caproate, 4) and oleiyl-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl--(2b→1c)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl--(2c→1d)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl-2d-vanillyl-4d-caproate (oleiyl-O- α-D-tetra-arabinosyl vanillyl caproate, 5). The roots of V. encelioides produced tetracosan-1-oyl 1-tetradecanoate (lignoceryl myristate, 6), β-amyrin palmitate (7), urs-12-en-3β-olyl oleate (β-amyrin oleate, 8) and β-amyrin stearate (9). The structures of these phytoconstituents have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
O RELÓGIO DE OURO, DE MACHADO DE ASSIS:
Authors: Celestino Emanuely Monteiro , Vieira Precília Achermann , De Lima Braga Penha Gisela Maria 
Published: February 2019

O presente trabalho propõe a leitura do conto O relógio de ouro, de Machado de Assis a alunos do 8º e 9º ano do ensino fundamental com o objetivo principal de apontar caminhos diferenciados de trabalho com o texto literário. Para tanto, utilizamos, como aporte teórico fundamental, o livro AULA (2013), de Roland Barthes e sua concepção de forças libertárias: a Mimeses, a Mathesis e a Semiosis, respectivamente: a representação do real, os diferentes saberes e jogo de palavras estabelecido no/pelo texto literário. Para a abordagem e aprofundamento desse trabalho, foram utilizados, também: Barbosa (1996), Barthes (2013), Cândido (2006), Cosson (2016), Soares (2007), dentre outros.

Palavras-chaves: literatura; forças da literatura; leitura literária; sala de aula.
O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE HABILIDADES LEITORAS A PARTIR DO GÊNERO MULTIMODAL TIRINHA
Authors: Santos de Souza Maria Genilda , Souto Sales Laurênia 
Published: February 2019

Tornar-se proficiente na linguagem multimodal é essencial para que os alunos compreendam os vários gêneros que circulam socialmente. Assim, o trabalho com tirinhas pode ser considerado um caminho para o desenvolvimento de habilidades leitoras. O estudo pauta-se em Koch e Elias (2013) e Solé (1998), sobre leitura; Dionísio (2011), sobre multimodalidade e letramentos; Vergueiro (2014) e Ramos (2016), sobre quadrinhos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação de caráter intervencionista, na qual foram realizadas oficinas de leitura. Como resultados, os alunos consolidaram habilidades leitoras já adquiridas e avançaram em outras, como inferir informação implícita e interpretar texto com auxílio de material gráfico diverso.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE OS TEXTOS LITERÁRIOS “A RESISTÍVEL ASCENSÃO DE ARTURO UI”, DE BERTOLD BRECHT (1941) E “A RESISTÍVEL ASCENSÃO DO BOTO TUCUXI”, DE MÁRCIO SOUZA (1982)
Authors: Da Silva Jocilene D Avila , Silva Verônica Diniz da , Ribeiro João Carlos de Souza 
Published: February 2019

No plano conteudístico, o presente trabalho - análise comparativa - tentará mostraromo a narratividade do texto de Márcio Souza, A resistível ascensão do Boto Tucuxi, faz uso da obra de Bertolt Brecht, A resistível ascensão de Arturo Ui, e se apropria do título e dos principais elementos da trama para fazer uma leitura do comportamento político populista amazonense. A obra de Márcio Souza, portanto, liga-se à de Brecht pela veia da política e da ideologia em que ambos realizam uma mordaz crítica aos interesses dominantes na sociedade; tratam-se de paródias que transmitem a forma pela qual o povo percebe e compreende os donos do poder.
INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DATE AND HARVEST TIME ON ARTEMISIA ANNUA L.
Authors: Cebert Ernst , Charles Denys J. , Simon James E. 
Published: February 2019

Artemisia annua L. is an aromatic and medicinal plant of importance for its volatile essential oils, and the non-volatile artemisinin used in the treatment of malaria. To determine the optimum time of planting for growth and the accumulation of essential oils, seedlings of A. annua (Purdue accession 012) were transplanted into the field in Central Indiana in a RBD with 3 replications on April 25, May 24, June 24, and July 25, 1988. Plant samples were harvested every 2 weeks until first frost.The April and May transplanting dates produced the tallest plants (>180 cm) while the May transplants accumulated the greatest fresh and dry weights. The average increase in plant height was greatest for the June 24 planting date at 9.8 cm per week. Regardless of planting date, all plants began to flower by early August and growth rate began to decrease by late August. Accumulation of essential oil (as rel. % dry wt.) was similar for all planting dates. Essential oil increased until floral initiation, then decreased for 2 weeks after which there was a rapid increase in oil accumulation. Maximum oil accumulation from all planting dates was reached on Sept. 28 after which growth continued to increase.
ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR APPLYING ZINC TO APPLE TREES
Authors: Stiles Warren C. 
Published: February 2019

Zinc deficiency is prevalent in apple orchards throughout the Northeast. Zinc contained in various fungicides is partially effective in meeting zinc requirements of apple trees.
Foliar application of EDTA-zinc chelates in two or more post-bloom cover sprays are effective in supplying zinc under most conditions. Alternative materials for such applications are also being studied.
Post-harvest or pre-bloom plus post-harvest applications of alternative sources of zinc did not produce consistent improvement of growth, yield, fruit size or color, or subsequent season zinc levels in leaf samples. Application of chelated zinc through trickle irrigation systems has provided significant improvements in leaf-zinc levels and is considered to be an effective means of supplying this element.
DECLINE AND RECOVERY OF HEDGEROW WALNUTS FROM SUSTAINED DEFICIT IRRIGATION
Authors: Goldhamer David A. , Beede Robert , Sibbett Steve , Ramos Dave 
Published: February 2019

Mature hedgerow walnut trees (Juglans regia L. cv. Chico) were irrigated at rates of 33, 67, and 100% of potential orchard ETc (about 350, 700, and 1050 mm/season, respectively) for three years. All trees were then returned to 100% ETc for the subsequent three year period.
Deficit irrigation reduced vegetative growth as measured by shaded area of the orchard floor and trunk growth. Yield reductions, which were minimal after one season, were significantly greater in years two and three. However, the relationships between crop yield and applied water were linear for all deficit irrigation seasons. Upon a return to full irrigation, trunk (and presumably shoot) growth of the previously stressed trees accelerated to levels greater than the control. The subsequent increase in fruiting positions resulted in a return to full production after two years. This suggests that hedgerow walnuts have the potential to recover rapidly from drought-induced production losses if no secondary effects of tree water stress, such as disease or pests, occur.
THE EDUCATIONAL BENEFIT OF TWO DEMONSTRATION XERISCAPE GARDENS
Authors: Mottern Bobby , Hague Mary , Caldwell Judy 
Published: February 2019

Two xeriscape gardens have been designed for the purpose of educating the public about the importance of water conservation through xeriscaping. One was designed and implemented for a temporary exhibit at the South Carolina State Fair in October of 1991. The exhibit was cosponsored by the Clemson University Extension Service and Master Gardener programs.
The second garden has been designed for the Clemson University Botanical Garden. This will be a permanant addition to the botanical garden soley for display purposes. It is designed to be a model for students, professors, and the general public to observe and study principles associated with water conservation in the landscape.
AN EDUCATIONAL BOOKLET FOR HIGHWAY LANDSCAP DESIGNS
Authors: Lee Tracy K. , Hague Mary , Caldwell Judy 
Published: February 2019

A program called “Writing Across the Curriculum” has been initiated in many universities across the nation. In response to this initiative, the Horticulture Department at Clemson University is promoting writing in all areas of study. As part of this effort, an independent study was conducted to produce an educational booklet providing an account of a major landscape project. The project involved a tree inventory, landscape designs, and tree plantings along Highway 123. This interdisciplinary effort was completed by the City of Clemson and Clemson University's Horticulture 308 Landscape Design class with funding from America the Beautiful.
Included in the booklet are student articles, concepts, and designs, as well as an account of the process they followed. Layout was completed on the Macintosh IIsi with Pagemaker software.
The South Carolina Forestry Commission is publishing the booklet, which will be used by local officials as they implement future phases of the project. It will also be distributed to communities throughout the South to be used as an educational tool, showing the process our city followed in enhancing our urban tree cover.
A COMPARISON OF LEAF AND WHOLE PLANT NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALSTROEMERIA
Authors: Leonardos E.D. , Tsujita M.J. , Grodzinski B. , Blom T.J. 
Published: February 2019

Gas exchange (net photosynthesis Pn, dark respiration, transpiration, and stomatal resistance) of `Jaqueline' Alstroemeria, grown in pots in a greenhouse, were measured. Measurements were made under laboratory conditions using an open-flow infrared gas analysis system for leaf studies, and a semi-closed computer controlled whole plant photosynthesis system for whole plant studies.
Apical fully expanded leaves on non-flowering and flowering (at two stages) shoots had similar photosynthetic responses in respect to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and to CO2 concentration. Light saturation occurred at 600 umol/m2/s PAR with maximum leaf Pn rates ranging from 9 to 11 umol CO2/m2/s. CO2 saturation was estimated at approximately 1100 to 1200 ppm with maximum leaf Pn rates from 17 to 22 umol CO2/m2/s.
Whole plant Pn rates increased with increased PAR. Maximum rates 4 to 5 umol CO2/m2/s (half that of individual leaves) occurred at approximately 1000 to 1100 umol/m2/s PAR. CO2 saturation was estimated at 1100 to 1200 ppm, with maximum whole plant Pn rates ranging from 7 to 8 umol CO2/m2/s. These data will be discussed in relation to respiration and mutual shading at the leaf canopy.
POSTPRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF `FREEDOM' POINSETTIA AS AFFECTED BY PRODUCTION AND POSTPRODUCTION CONDITIONS
Authors: Nell Terril A. , Leonard Ria T. , Barrett James E. 
Published: February 2019

Postproduction characteristics of the new poinsettia cultivar `Freedom', as influenced by production and postproduction treatments, were evaluated. In one study, plants were grown under three production irradiance levels consisting of 450, 675 or 900 μmol s-1m-2 at 18/24C or 22/28C night/day temperatures and moved at anthesis to postproduction conditions (10 μmol s-1m-2 for 12 hr/day, 21±2C). Anthesis was delayed, plant height and diameter decreased, and a reduction in the number and development of cyathia occurred when maintained at low production temperature and irradiance. Leaf drop, which was minimal after 30 days postproduction (< 25%), was unaffected by production treatments, while cyathia drop was accelerated by low production irradiance and temperature, but not reduced after 30 days.
Leaf retention and quality in postproduction conditions are excellent. Cyathia drop averages 40 to 50% after 2 weeks in postproduction conditions. Bracts and leaves maintain their color well, with only slight fading after 30 days. Plants exhibit slight epinasty after shipping, but recover within a couple of days. These characteristics of `Freedom' make it a promising variety for the future.
INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN TOMATO PACKINGHOUSE WASTEWATER
Authors: Rushing James W. , Cook Wilton P. , Schumann Stanley 
Published: February 2019

Water analyses from all commercial tomato packinghouse dump tanks in South Carolina in 1989 revealed that heavy metals and pesticides accumulate in the dump tank water throughout the course of daily operation. The amount that accumulated varied widely as follows: esfenvalerate, 0.6 to 13.8 ppb; chlorothalonil, 0.1 to 2.85 ppm; copper, 2.0 to 7.3 ppm; manganese, 0.3 to 2.4 ppm. Contamination was lowest when growers were implementing integrated pest management (IPM) practices during production.
In 1990, tomatoes were grown under the following pest management practices: IPM protocol; modified IPM with more frequent spray; or weekly pesticide application regardless of pest pressure. In a small scale dump tank study the water used for tomatoes on the weekly spray schedule had from 2 to 10 times the amount of pesticide and metal residues found in water used for tomatoes grown under IPM. These results confirm that IPM programs can be effective in reducing residues in tomato packinghouse wastewater.
EFFECT OF ALLYLISOTHIOCYANATE ON ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF SHREDDED CABBAGE
Authors: Nagata Masayasu , Yamashita Ichiji 
Published: February 2019

Allylisothiocyanate (ATTC) is known as a main pungent compound in cabbage, which indicates several biological activities. Our previous studies have suggested that AITC acts as a natural regulator which inhibits browning and ethylene evolution of shredded cabbage. It was found that AITC mainly inhibits de novo protein synthesis and in some case, it partially inhibits enzymatic reactions directly. This time we investigated the changes in ascorbic acid (AsA) content and AsA oxidase activity of shredded cabbage, treated with various amounts of AITC.
AsA content of shredded cabbage was initially 16.9 mg/100g fresh wt. After 24 h incubation at 10°C, it was reached to 26.3 mg/100g fresh wt. This increase was suppressed by AITC and also by cycloheximide, well known inhibitor of protein synthesis. It was suggested that the increase in AsA was a result of wounding reaction that took place in shredded cabbage. AsA oxidase activity increased during incubation, which was suppressed by AITC, too.
From these results, AITC was thought to be a natural regulator of wounding reactions in cabbage.
MOLECULAR CLONING OF cDNA-ENCODING SORBITOL-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE FROM APPLE
Authors: Kanayama Yoshinori , Mori Hitoshi , Imaseki Hidemasa , Yamaki Shohei 
Published: February 2019

Sorbitol plays a important role in the translocation of photosynthate in apple. Sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH, is the key enzyme regulating sorbitol biosynthesis. The cloning of functional gene like S6PDH provides the potential to elucidate the mechanism of production and translocation of sugar in the Rosaceae family and to manipulate endogenous sorbitol production in horticultural crops.
Poly(A)+RNA was prepared from apple seedlings and cDNA library constructed in an expression vector was screened by the loquat-S6PDH antibody prepared by Hirai (Natl. Res. Inst. Veg. Ornam. Plants & Tea, Japan). The cloned cDNA contained an open reading frame of 930 base pairs encoding a sequence of 310 amino acids. Identification of the cDNA was accomplished by expression of active enzyme in Escherichia coli harboring the cDNA and by the presence of a partial amino acid sequence identical to that found in the purified enzyme. Northern blot analysis showed the expression of S6PDH gene in apple seedlings.
ETHIDIUM BROMIDE INHIBITION OF NAA-INDUCED ROOTING IN MUNG BEAN CUTTINGS
Authors: Witham Francis H. , Heuser Charles W. , Chen Jun 
Published: February 2019

Ethidium bromide (EB), at 10-5 to 10-4 M, progressively inhibits NAA-induced rooting of mung bean cuttings. Cycloheximide (CH), 6-methylpurine (6-MP) and kinetin (KIN) also inhibited rooting at the same concentrations, although CH and 6-MP were more effective.
At 70 and up to 130 hours of incubation, after cuttings received a 1-ml pulse of NAA (10-4 M), they exhibited a progressive increase in the number of observed adventitious roots. The addition of one of the inhibitors, 6-MP, EB or KIN to cuttings, pulsed 48 hours earlier with NAA, showed an initial slight inhibition with increased inhibition over time. CH, however, inhibited rooting immediately after addition. From these and other similar kinetic studies, it appears that 6-MP, EB and KIN operate at the transcriptional level and that CH inhibits translation.
Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis of NAA-induced rooting inhibition showed that EB may act as a competitive inhibitor of NAA. Since EB is a known intercalating agent and competitively inhibits NAA-induced rooting, NAA may influence gene expression by ultimately binding to DNA. Studies with space-filling and computer-generated models show that both NAA and EB can bind to certain dinucleotides by an intercalation mechanism.
WATER IMBIBITION AND RADICLE GROWTH OF GERMINATING PEA, CORN, AND SOYBEAN SEEDS ORIENTED TO THE EAST, SOUTH, WEST, AND NORTH IN SIX DIFFERENT MAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: Liang Benjamin , Brown John M. 
Published: February 2019

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is currently considered as a nondestructive and noninvasive method for observing the distribution, concentration, and status of water in biological materials. However, effects of static magnetic fields of MRI systems on plant growth and development remain controversial. This study was conducted to investigate the water imbibition and radicle growth of Pisum sativum (cv. Little Marvel), Zea mays (cv. Pioneer 3379), and Glycine max (cv. Forrest) seeds oriented to four directions and exposed to six different magnetic field strengths commonly used in MRI systems.
Seeds were embedded in a water saturated synthetic foam medium, and were oriented, with respect to their hilum or embryo, to the east, south, west, or north. Seeds were then exposed to either 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 15 kilogauss static magnetic fields for 48 hours (water imbibition) or 54 hours (radicle growth).
The orientation of seeds and the magnetic field strengths had no effect on water imbibition or radicle growth of seeds tested. However, long term exposure retarded pea radicle growth in 2 KG treatment, enhanced soybean radicle growth in 10 KG treatment, but had no effect on corn radicle growth.
MEASURING MOTIVATION AND WORK CHARACTER PROFILE OF INMATE/PROBATIONERS IN A HORTICULTURAL COMMUNITY SERVICE WORK DETAIL PROGRAM
Authors: Shoemaker Candice A. , Breault John Paul 
Published: February 2019

A community service work detail program has been established at a state regional hospital to assist the Horticultural Therapy Program. The program provides a stimulating environment, job training, and a work setting for the inmate/probationer. The primary goal of the program is to reduce the number of repeat offenders reentering the criminal justice system.
Evaluation at entry into the program and after every 200 hours was conducted to define a work character profile and prioritize motivational drives. Interest and motivation in the program increased the first 600 to 800 hours and then decreased. To be effective, community service hours in a horticultural work detail program should be no more than 800 hours. The inmate/probationers were prepared and ready to reenter the community work force at this time.
MONSOON PLANTING OF POTATOES: A NEW CROPPING PATTERN FOR THE ARID HIGH HILLS OF WESTERN NEPAL
Authors: Khatri Bhim B. , Shakya Janak D. , Lorenzen James H. 
Published: February 2019

Potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) is a major food crop for farmers of higher elevations (> 2000 m) in Nepal. Farmers plant potatoes in early spring after snow melt, utilizing residual winter moisture and occasional pre-monsoon rains for crop growth. The growing season is usually ended by late blight (LB, Phytophthora infestans) after the onset of the monsoon. However, drier areas of the interior of W. Nepal regularly experience drought and impaired plant growth before the monsoon, and the lesser duration and intensity of the monsoon there should result in lower LB pressure with a June/July planting.
Planting just prior to the monsoon in highland areas with annual rainfall < 1000 mm has given outstanding yields with cvs Achirrana Inta and I-1124. On-station and farmers' field trials have produced over 40 and 30 T ha-1, respectively, more than 4x the national average yield and nearly 2x the equivalent yield for a normal season planting in the same site. The LB resistant cultivars and the new cropping pattern may be extended to similar sites. (Supported by Swiss Devel. Assistance & Humanitarian Aid, Bern, Switzerland)
021 RESPONSE OF BEGONIA AND CHRYSANTHEMUM TOPACLOBUTRAZOL RESIDUES ON SURFACES IN SUBIRRIGATION
Authors: Al-Badawy Ahmed A. , Barrett James E. , Nell Terril A. 
Published: February 2019

To evaluate importance of paclobutrazol residues on surfaces, begonia (Begonia semperflorens) cv. Whisky and chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) cv. Coral Davis plants were grown in flats sprayed with paclobutrazol at 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm.
For begonia, the plant heights at 2 and 4 weeks after treatments were decreased by 39 to 49% and by 55-69%, respectively. The overall change in height ranged from 2.1 to 4.9 cm compared to 15.3 cm for the control plants.
For chrysanthemum, a reduction in plant height was observed and the overall change in height ranged from 2.9 to 5.6 cm compared to 28.8 cm for the control plants.
Based on these results, there is a potential for paclobutrazol to affect non-target plants when subirrigation is used.
028 SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN QUERCUS SPECIES
Authors: Vyapari Sudeep , Khatamian Houchang 
Published: February 2019

Somatic embryogenesis was successfully achieved in chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.) and pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) when surface disinfested zygotic embryo explants were cultured on MS or WPM containing BA or kinetin (1.0 or 2.0 mg 1-1) plus IBA (1.0 mg 1-1). Immature embryos resulted in greater callus induction than the mature ones. Two weeks of dark, proved to be superior to 4 weeks or no dark in callus induction. Somatic embryos of pin oak distinctly showed globular, heart and cotyledonary stages.
Maturation and germination of pin oak somatic embryos was done in growth regulator free WPM by increasing levels of agar (7 - 15 g 1-1). Somatic embryos cultured at various levels of agar were then maintained in incubator under standard conditions, desiccated by air-drying or subjected to chilling temperature for 4 weeks to enhance germination of somatic embryos. Root or shoot formation was observed in some cultures, and medium with 9 g 1-1 agar induced plantlet production in 7% of the cultures.