bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Microwave Devices
Authors: How Hoton 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMagnetic microwave devices discussed in this article include ferrite junction devices, lumped‐element circulators, nonreciprocal resonators, YIG film and MSW devices, magnetooptic devices, absorbing/antireflection layers, and nonlinear magnetic devices. A general theoretical background underlying the physics for the operation of a ferrite microwave device is first reviewed. Discussions include the derivation of the Polder permeability tensor, the effective fields associated with electron spin motion, the general dispersion spectrum and plane‐wave solutions for electromagnetic wave propagation in a bulk magnetic medium, MSW (magnetostatic waves) admitted by the geometry of a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film, and the nonlinear instabilities for spin waves occurring at high power, including their routes to chaos. Ferrite junction devices including circulators and isolators are discussed in terms of their bandwidth operation, size reduction, power handling, and other novel issues such as intermodulation noise. The operation of lumped‐element circulators is introduced and the interport impedances outlined. The effective field associated with a magnetic easy plane is defined from an operation point of view. A ferrite nonreciprocal resonator can be used as a phase shifter whose operation is independent of the derived phase shift angles. YIG film devices incorporating magnetostatic waves are introduced, including delay lines, filters, directional couplers, and resonators. Nonlinear magnetic devices are discussed, including frequency‐selective power limiters, signal‐to‐noise enhancers, amplitude correctors, and ferrimagnetic echoing devices. Magnetic solitons include Bloch domain wall solitions and microwave magnetic envelope solitons. Finally, magnetooptic Kerr and Faraday effects and the operation of magnetooptic Bragg diffraction devices are discussed, and the design of microwave absorbing layers and antireflection layers is briefly introduced.
Bandstop Filters
Authors: Choi Chiu H. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

An approach to designing a circuit (a bandstop filter)with a frequency response that satisfies the bandstop requirements is described below. It consists of two steps: the approximation of the requirements by a transfer function and the synthesis of the transfer function. A bandstop filter (also known as
band-reject
,
band-elimination
, or
notch filter
) suppresses a band of frequencies of a signal, leaving intact the low‐ and high‐frequency bands.
Coplanar Stripline (CPS) Components
Authors: Suh Young-Ho 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCoplanar stripline (CPS) is a balanced uniplanar transmission line, consisting of two metallic conductor strips separated by a certain gap width, on a substrate. Conventional CPS does not provide bottom metallization of the substrate for ground; instead, one of the conductor strips provides electric ground of the other signal strip.This article investigates (1) CPS transmission‐line characteristics for practical circuit design and analysis using closed‐form equations; (2) CPS circuit components such as resonators, filters, and “tee” junctions; and (3) applications to antennas and wireless power transmission.Various new CPS resonators are modeled and designed and their performance investigated in terms ofQfactor or bandwidth. As applications of the proposed CPS resonators, new CPS bandpass filters are demonstrated. The design methods of bandpass filters and their lumped‐element equivalent circuits are presented. A simple CPS lowpass filter is developed using interdigital capacitors and a CPS transmission line.For CPS component measurements, two types of broadband CPS‐to‐microstrip transition are introduced. Printed dipole antenna feeding can also be easily implemented using this transition.A novel CPS tee junction using coupled CPS (CCPS) is introduced. As an application of CPS tee junction, a twin‐dipole antenna fed by microstrip‐to‐CPS tee junction is presented at Ka band. A 1×8 printed dipole phased array is developed with the twin‐dipole antenna.Finally, as a circuit application of CPS, a dual‐frequency rectenna is developed at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz. For dual‐frequency rectenna components, a dual‐frequency antenna, CPS lowpass filter, and CPS bandstop filters are developed. To achieve high RF ‐to‐DC conversion efficiencies at both frequencies, diode analyses are performed for frequency‐insensitive high conversion efficiency.
Directional Couplers
Authors: Rozzi Tullio , Morini Antonio 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The directional coupler (DC) is the most useful four‐port microwave device. Substantially, it consists of a four‐port device, where a wave entering any port excites two other ports with prescribed amplitudes, whereas the remaining port is isolated. This property makes the DC an essential component when dealing with microwave devices, as it allows to distinguish reflected waves from incident ones. After a definition of the ideal DC, the typical parameters and the electrical characteristics of actual devices are illustrated, then, the main applications are considered and, finally, some common realizations of DC are shown, particularly focusing the attention on different coupling mechanisms and technologies.
Finlines
Authors: Hoefer Wolfgang J. R. , Vahldieck Ruediger 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFinlines are guiding structures for electromagnetic waves that consist of one or several metallic fins suspended in theEplane of a waveguide enclosure. They are the basic transmission media for the so‐called integratedE‐plane circuit technology.Finlines are applied predominantly in the frequency range between 10 and 100 GHz; but some applications at frequencies up to 170GHz have been realized. Having losses of typically 0.1 dB per wavelength, finlines are not suitable for long‐distance transmission. However, they excel as a circuit medium for millimeter‐wave components and systems due to their low manufacturing cost, wide single‐mode bandwidth, compatibility with discrete active and passive devices, and suitability for integration with other hybrid circuit techniques as well as with standard rectangular waveguides.
Microwave Parametric Amplifiers
Authors: Faber Marek T. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAn outline of the development of microwave parametric amplifiers (paramps) is presented as an introduction. The principle of their operation is explained leading to the classification of parametric amplifiers and frequency converters. (Photoparametric amplification is also referenced.) Varactor diodes are briefly presented in order to discuss in greater detail the operation of the most significant type of paramp—the nondegenerate parametric amplifier—including gain, noise, bandwidth, and stability. Degenerate, multiple‐idler and traveling‐wave parametric amplifiers are also discussed. Then the construction of a 3.25‐GHz nondegenerate parametric amplifier is presented as a representative example.
Microwave Solid‐State Devices
Authors: Schreurs Dominique M. M.-P. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article presents an overview of the solid‐state devices that are now being used in telecommunication systems. We discuss several families of microwave and millimeter‐wave diodes and transistors. For each device type, we briefly describe the physical operation, discuss the properties and frequency limitations, and outline the main application areas.
Transmission Lines and Parameters
Authors: Chen Ji , Chen Richard L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Transmission lines are defined as waveguiding structures that can support transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves or quasi‐TEM waves. This article concentrates on five commonly used transmission‐line structures. The transmission‐line parameters are first introduced in the derivation of the telegrapher's equations by dividing the transmission line into electrically small segments that can be described by the lumped‐element circuit theory. The transmission‐line parameters are then derived from rigorous electromagnetic field analysis. Five commonly used transmission lines—parallel‐plate waveguides, coaxial cables, two‐wire lines, striplines, and microstrip lines—are presented, and the techniques used to extract their corresponding transmission‐line parameters are given. A common integrated circuit (IC)‐level transmission‐line structure is presented, and the challenges in parameter extraction for future micro‐ and nanoscale transmission lines are also discussed.
Waveguide Junctions
Authors: Levy Ralph 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe properties ofn‐port waveguide junctions are described in fundamental terms, with methods for finding impedance and admittance representations from the scattering matrix, leading to equivalent‐circuit representations. Some of the general properties ofnports are treated, with most examples dealing with three‐ and four‐port junctions. Three‐port networks includeE‐ andH‐plane T junctions andE‐plane bifurcations, and the discussion of four ports includes magic‐Ts and ring hybrids. Emphasis is placed on fundamental properties, the understanding of which is important for future research.
Target Tracking
Authors: Drummond Oliver E. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTarget tracking design and development is challenging if the measurement density is not sparse. Close targets, clutter , or false signal can cause conditions of dense measurements. The tracking algorithms used for a system need to be selected based on the specifics of the application. This article addresses alternative algorithms for both single and multiple target tracking; tracking using either a single sensor or data from multiple sensors (sensor data fusion); and discusses trade‐offs considerations for selecting appropriate algorithms for a system.
Radiometry
Authors: Glover Ian A. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRadiometry is concerned with the measurement, analysis, and interpretation of radiant electromagnetic energy. The simplest and most common measurement, made using an instrument called aradiometer, is of received electromagnetic power in a given frequency band. Some instruments, however, analyze the received energys spectral distribution (spectroradiometers), its polarization (polarimeters), or its angular distribution in space (imaging radiometers). The usual objective of radiometric measurements is the inference from them of the physical and/or chemical state of the material from, or through which, the received electromagnetic energy has been emitted, reflected, or transmitted. Radiometry is therefore a branch of remote sensing and could be considered to include radar.
Accelerated Polysulfide Conversion by Rationally Designed NiS2‐CoS2 Heterostructure in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ye Xing , Wu Fang , Xue Zhiyu , Yuan Haowei , Mei Shijie , Wang Jiacheng , Yang Ruizhe , Wu Xiaomeng , Zhao Xiaoli , Pan Hong , Zhang Qinyong , Xiang Yong , Huang Ming , Li Fei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as potential candidates for future‐oriented energy storage systems. However, their practical deployment is hampered by the shuttle effect and the sluggish reaction kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). A key strategy to mitigate these challenges is to develop efficient heterojunction catalysts to enhance reaction kinetics and suppress the shuttle effect. In this study, a NiS2‐CoS2 heterojunction is introduced to address these challenges with density functional theory (DFT) calculations employed to determine the optimal combination from 5  ×  5 crystal plane configurations. The identified NiS2(210)‐CoS2(200) combination demonstrates excellent anchoring effects and catalytic properties for LiPSs, significantly enhancing rate performance (839.9 mAh g−1 at 2 C and 730.8 mAh g−1 at 3 C) and cycling stability. Furthermore, in situ Raman and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses reveal that the NiS2‐CoS2 heterojunction rapidly catalyzes the conversion of LiPSs, reducing their migration toward the lithium anode and thereby suppressing the shuttle effect. The design strategy for transition metal sulfide heterojunctions offers an efficient approach to accelerating polysulfide conversion kinetics, effectively addressing the limitations of Li–S batteries.
Triboelectric Pulse Promotes Self‐Cleaning, Catalysis of Nano‐Confined Domain Lamellar Membranes for Effective Water Decontamination
Authors: Zhao Changrong , Liu Bin , Chang Haiqing , Xie Fazhi , Wu Ruoxi , Zhou Shiqing , Zhu Xuewu , Liang Heng , Zhu Junyong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators are promising green electrocatalytic alternative energy sources; however, their low current density renders practical applications challenging. Herein, a self‐generating electricity mode based on a droplet friction strategy that significantly mitigates membrane fouling while facilitating the contact of oxidizing substances and sulfamethoxazole within the nanoconfined spaces of 2D conductive catalytic membranes is proposed, which are elaborately designed via the co‐assembly of CoFeMoOOH and MXene laminates. In the confined domain space of the membrane, triboelectric pulses resulted in a 267% (1800 to 4800 min−1) enhancement of the degradation rate constant of sulfamethoxazole, which is significantly higher than the 17% (0.35 to 0.41 min−1) for the suspension system. In situ filtration and kinetic modeling revealed that the pulsed electrical signal generated by the permeate promoted molecular polarization and longitudinal mass transfer within the confined domain space. The alteration in the adsorption‐desorption behavior of solvent/solute molecules between the confined domain layers leads to the migration of water molecules and pollutants in opposite directions, facilitating positive catalytic reactions and fouling inhibition. The proposed self‐generating pulsed electricity‐assisted nanoconfined catalysis offers a powerful tool for efficiently harnessing environmental micro‐energy for the green upgrading of water treatment processes.
Synergistic Electroconversion of CO2‐to‐n‐Propanol Over Atomically Dispersed Lewis Acid Zr‐Doped Cuδ+ Catalysts
Authors: Zhou Linjiao , Huang Zichao , Guan Chaoqun , Zhang Yingbing , Bai Suxin , Kuang Min , Yang Jianping 
Published: November 2024

AbstractElectrochemical carbon dioxide reduction to n‐propanol, a high‐energy‐density C3 chemical, presents a promising method for the long‐term storage of renewable electricity. However, the C1‐C2 coupling step, crucial for C3 conversion, suffers from low selectivity and sluggish conversion rate. In this study, a strategy is proposed to regulate the adsorption of C2 active species on Cu by introducing an atomically dispersed Zr, which can effectively enhance the electroreduction of CO2 to n‐propanol. In situ infrared spectroscopy and theoretical studies unveil that the introduce of atomically dispersed Zr modulates the adsorption configuration of *C2 intermediates and strengtnens the binding with *C2 intermediates, thus lowing the energy barrier of the C1–C2 coupling process and accelerating the conversion efficiency. This novel catalyst achieves a n‐propanol Faradaic efficiency of 14.4 ± 0.3% and a high production rate of 70.0 ± 1.0 mA cm−2, comparable to the best reported values of the CO2‐to‐propanol electroconversion. This study highlights the effectiveness of designing synergistic electrocatalysts to boost the production of high‐value energy products, providing a promising path toward achieving carbon neutrality.
Plasma Treatment Induced Charge Transfer for Realization of Negative Differential Transconductance in Van Der Waals Single‐Channel
Authors: Han Kyu Hyun , Kim Seung‐Hwan , Kim Jong‐Hyun , Yu Hyun‐Yong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFor upcoming AI computing era, the multi‐valued logic (MVL) is promising for processing multiple information with high‐density device. Particularly, the negative differential transconductance (NDT) devices as element of MVL have been needed to overcome complicated heterostructures with multiple stacking process. Herein, the single‐channel device is developed with NDT phenomenon through plasma treatment in van der Waals (vdW) transistor. The O2 plasma treatment formed amorphous oxidation layer capable of charge transfer on vdW materials. Through O2 plasma treatment on single‐channel, the NDT phenomenon is implemented by forming the multiple VTH in single‐channel electrical curve due to charge transfer p‐doping effect. The peak‐to‐valley current ratio (PVCR) of NDT phenomenon is achieved to 102. Furthermore, ternary inverter is demonstrated in single‐channel combined with NDT and load device. Finally, by implementing NDT peak in single‐channel transistor, the complexity and size of MVL circuit is reduced, moving away multiple heterostructure.
U‐Shaped Dimeric Acceptors for Balancing Efficiency and Stability in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Ding Pengfei , Chen Zhenyu , Yang Daobin , Yu Xueliang , Shi Jingyu , Chen Yiyu , Zhu Jintao , Wu Jie , Cao Xinyue , Xie Lin , Chen Fei , Ge Ziyi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDespite significant improvements in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs), achieving excellent stability remains a great challenge to their commercial feasibility. Here, U‐shaped dimeric acceptors (5‐IDT and 6‐IDT) with different molecular lengths are introduced into the binary OSCs as a third component, respectively. The introduction of the third component effectively reduces the energetic disorder and non‐radiative voltage losses and improves the exciton dissociation and charge transport of the devices. Consequently, the PCEs of the 6‐IDT‐ and 5‐IDT‐treated OSCs are significantly improved to 19.32% and 19.96%, respectively, which is the highest PCE for oligomeric acceptors‐based ternary OSCs to date. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of the treated devices is dramatically improved, with the initial efficiency retention of the 6‐IDT‐ and 5‐IDT‐treated devices increasing from 18% to 32% and 75%, respectively, after 1000 h of thermal stress. This is mainly attributed to the ability of the smaller molecular length of 5‐IDT to stabilize the phase‐separated morphology of the polymeric donor and small molecular acceptor, rather than the high glass transition temperature and low diffusion coefficient.
Carbon Quantum Dots in Biomedical Applications: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Authors: Pechnikova Nadezhda A. , Domvri Kalliopi , Porpodis Konstantinos , Istomina Maria S. , Iaremenko Aleksandra V. , Yaremenko Alexey V. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTCarbon quantum dots (CQDs) represent a rapidly emerging class of nanomaterials with significant potential in biomedical applications due to their tunable fluorescence, high biocompatibility, and versatile functionalization. This review focuses on the recent progress in utilizing CQDs for drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and cancer therapy. With their unique optical properties, such as tunable fluorescence, high quantum yield, and photostability, CQDs enable precise bioimaging and sensitive biosensing. Their small size, biocompatibility, and ease of surface functionalization allow for the development of targeted drug delivery systems, enhancing therapeutic precision and minimizing side effects. In cancer therapy, CQDs have shown potential in photodynamic and photothermal treatments by generating reactive oxygen species under light exposure, selectively targeting cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. Furthermore, CQDs’ ability to penetrate biological barriers including the blood–brain barrier opens new possibilities for delivering therapeutic agents to hard‐to‐reach areas, such as tumors or diseased tissues. However, challenges such as optimizing synthesis, ensuring long‐term stability, and addressing safety concerns in biological environments remain critical hurdles. This review discusses current efforts to overcome these barriers and improve CQD performance in clinical settings, including scalable production methods and enhanced biocompatibility. As research progresses, CQDs are expected to play an important role in improving healthcare by offering more targeted treatment options and contributing to advancements in personalized medicine.
Model Selection for Ordinary Differential Equations: A Statistical Testing Approach
Authors: Dattner Itai , Gugushvili Shota , Laskorunskyi Oleksandr 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTOrdinary differential equations (ODEs) are foundational tools in modeling intricate dynamics across a gamut of scientific disciplines. Yet, a possibility to represent a single phenomenon through multiple ODE models, driven by different understandings of nuances in internal mechanisms or abstraction levels, presents a model selection challenge. This study introduces a testing‐based approach for ODE model selection amidst statistical noise. Rooted in the model misspecification framework, we adapt classical statistical paradigms (Vuong and Hotelling) to the ODE context, allowing for the comparison and ranking of diverse causal explanations without the constraints of nested models. Our simulation studies numerically investigate the statistical properties of the test, demonstrating its attainment of the nominal size and power across various settings. Real‐world data examples further underscore the algorithm's applicability in practice. To foster accessibility and encourage real‐world applications, we provide a user‐friendly Python implementation of our model selection algorithm, bridging theoretical advancements with hands‐on tools for the scientific community.
Improved Effectiveness of Combined Screening for Multiple Cancers: A Government‐Organized Population‐Based Study in China
Authors: Lu Qian , Liang Di , Shi Jin , Wu Siqi , Du Xinyu , He Yutong 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) in Hebei Province, 2016–2023.MethodsA questionnaire for risk factors of lung, breast, upper gastrointestinal, liver, and colorectal cancers was administered to urban residents aged 40–74 years in five cities to assess their cancer risk. High‐risk participants were invited for screening and classified into five groups on the basis of the number of cancer types that were assessed to be high risk. The participation and positive outcome rates were analyzed. The incidence and the mortality of five types of cancer and all‐cause mortality of the screened and nonscreened participants were calculated via inverse probability weighting.ResultsA total of 237,975 eligible participants were enrolled in our study and 118,339 participants (49.94%) were assessed to be at high risk for one or more of the five cancer types. The number of screenings performed was 103,824, with a screening participation rate of 40.49%. Among the 57,315 screening participants, 9077 (15.84%) had positive cancer diagnoses and 871 (1.52%) were diagnosed with suspected cancer. Compared with the participants at high risk for a single cancer type, the participation and positive outcome rate increased by 45% and 71.5% in the participants at high risk for multiple cancer types. Compared with the non‐screened participants, the screened participants had a 27.0% decrease in mortality due to the five types of cancer and a 45.8% decrease in all‐cause mortality.ConclusionA combined screening program for multiple cancers could increase participation and positive outcome rates. It could also decrease the five types of cancer mortality and all‐cause mortality. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of combined screening for multiple cancers with limited health care resources, and may provide foundational evidence for the feasibility of conducting combined screening programs.