bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental health financing challenges, opportunities and strategies in low- and middle-income countries: findings from the Emerald project
Authors: Chisholm Dan , Docrat Sumaiyah , Abdulmalik Jibril , Alem Atalay , Gureje Oye , Gurung Dristy , Hanlon Charlotte , Jordans Mark J. D. , Kangere Sheila , Kigozi Fred , Mugisha James , Muke Shital , Olayiwola Saheed , Shidhaye Rahul , Thornicroft Graham , Lund Crick 
Published: August 2019

Background
Current coverage of mental healthcare in low- and middle-income countries is very limited, not only in terms of access to services but also in terms of financial protection of individuals in need of care and treatment.

Aims
To identify the challenges, opportunities and strategies for more equitable and sustainable mental health financing in six sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries, namely Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda.

Method
In the context of a mental health systems research project (Emerald), a multi-methods approach was implemented consisting of three steps: a quantitative and narrative assessment of each country's disease burden profile, health system and macro-fiscal situation; in-depth interviews with expert stakeholders; and a policy analysis of sustainable financing options.

Results
Key challenges identified for sustainable mental health financing include the low level of funding accorded to mental health services, widespread inequalities in access and poverty, although opportunities exist in the form of new political interest in mental health and ongoing reforms to national insurance schemes. Inclusion of mental health within planned or nascent national health insurance schemes was identified as a key strategy for moving towards more equitable and sustainable mental health financing in all six countries.

Conclusions
Including mental health in ongoing national health insurance reforms represent the most important strategic opportunity in the six participating countries to secure enhanced service provision and financial protection for individuals and households affected by mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities.

Declaration of interest
D.C. is a staff member of the World Health Organization.
Health system strengthening for mental health in low- and middle-income countries: introduction to the Emerald programme
Authors: Thornicroft Graham , Semrau Maya 
Published: August 2019

Summary
This paper gives an overview of the Emerald (Emerging mental health systems in low- and middle-income countries) programme and introduces the subsequent seven papers in this BJPsych Open thematic series. The aims of the Emerald research programme were to improve mental health outcomes in six low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), namely Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda, by building capacity and by generating evidence to enhance health system strengthening in these six countries. The longer-term aim is to improve mental healthcare, and so contribute to a reduction in the large treatment gap that exists for mental disorders. This series includes papers describing the following components of the Emerald programme: (a) capacity building; (b) mental health financing; (c) integrated care (d) mental health information systems; and (e) knowledge transfer. We also include a cross-cutting paper with recommendations from the Emerald programme as a whole. The inclusion of clear mental-health-related targets and indicators within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals now intensifies the need for strong evidence about both how to provide effective treatments, and how to deliver these treatments within robust health systems.
27-Hydroxycholesterol Promotes Adiposity and Mimics Adipogenic Diet-Induced Inflammatory Signaling
Authors: Asghari Arvand , Ishikawa Tomonori , Hiramitsu Shiro , Lee Wan-Ru , Umetani Junko , Bui Linh , Korach Kenneth S , Umetani Michihisa 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC) is an abundant cholesterol metabolite and has detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, whereas its impact on adiposity is not well known. In this study, we found that elevations in 27HC cause increased body weight gain in mice fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet in an estrogen receptor α–dependent manner. Regardless of diet type, body fat mass was increased by 27HC without changes in food intake or fat absorption. 27HC did not alter energy expenditure in mice fed a normal chow diet and increased visceral white adipose mass by inducing hyperplasia but not hypertrophy. Although 27HC did not augment adipocyte terminal differentiation, it increased the adipose cell population that differentiates to mature adipocytes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 27HC treatment of mice fed a normal chow diet induces inflammatory gene sets similar to those seen after high-fat/high-cholesterol diet feeding, whereas there was no overlap in inflammatory gene expression among any other 27HC administration/diet change combination. Histological analysis showed that 27HC treatment increased the number of total and M1-type macrophages in white adipose tissues. Thus, 27HC promotes adiposity by directly affecting white adipose tissues and by increasing adipose inflammatory responses. Lowering serum 27HC levels may lead to an approach targeting cholesterol to prevent diet-induced obesity.
MRI examination of resected malignant bone tumor can be an option for assessment of the osseous surgical margin
Authors: Sakamoto Akio , Okamoto Takeshi , Ikeguchi Ryosuke , Matsuda Shuichi 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
Confirming the surgical osseous margin of a resected malignant bone tumor macroscopically before reconstruction with a prosthesis is ideal. However, making the cut-surface of the femur specimen during surgery is difficult because of the hard bone tissue. In order to resolve this problem, the possibility of intraoperative MRI was considered.

Methods:
MRI was performed at the surgical unit for five malignant femoral bone tumors that included two osteosarcomas and one undifferentiated high-grade sarcoma, and two metastatic tumors immediately after the tumor resection. The specimens were prepared in plastic containers with saline.

Results:
The osseous surgical margins were confirmed to be those planned pre-operatively in all cases without metal-induced artifacts. The T 1 weighted image (WI) was useful for evaluation of the osseous surgical margin, whereas the T 2WI was useful for confirmation of extraosseous soft-tissue.

Conclusion:
The MRI was performed post-operatively as a preliminary evaluation of the technique. However, a limited sequence (i.e. coronal T 1WI) with short examination time could be performed during surgery for the sole purpose of assessing the osseous margin.

Advances in knowledge:
MRI examination of a resected malignant bone tumor specimen has not been reported, and can be an option for assessment of the osseous surgical margin.
The maxillary sinus: physiology, development and imaging anatomy
Authors: Whyte Andrew , Boeddinghaus Rudolf 
Published: August 2019

Objectives:The maxillary sinus is of paramount importance for otolaryngologists, rhinologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, head and neck and dental and maxillofacial radiologists. A comprehensive review article concerning the physiology, development and imaging anatomy was undertaken.Methods:Relevant literature pertaining to the physiology of the sinonasal cavity, development of the paranasal sinuses and imaging anatomy of the maxilla and maxillary sinus from 2000 to 2019 was reviewed. Emphasis was placed on literature from the last 5 years.Results:Extensive recent research using imaging has provided new insights into the development of the maxillary sinus, the other paranasal sinuses and the midface. The fundamental physiological concept of mucociliary clearance and its role in sinus health is emphasized. The paranasal sinuses are an integral part of a common mucosal organ formed by the upper and lower airway. An in-depth understanding of the soft-tissue and neurovascular relationships of the maxillary sinus to the deep fascial spaces and branches of the trigeminal nerve and external carotid artery respectively is required to evaluate and report imaging involving the maxillary sinus. Sinusitis of rhinogenic, rather than odontogenic origin, originates from nasal inflammation followed by anterior ethmoid disease and secondary obstruction of the ostiomeatal unit. The role of anatomical variants that predispose to this pattern of disease is discussed in detail with illustrative examples. The maxillary sinus is intimately related to the roots of the posterior maxillary teeth; the high frequency of mucosal disease and sinusitis of odontogenic aetiology is now well recognized. In addition, an understanding of the anatomy of the alveolar process, morphology of the alveolar recess of the maxillary sinus and neurovascular supply are essential both for deliberate surgical intervention of the sinus and complications related to oral surgical procedures.Conclusions:An understanding of the fundamental principles of the development, physiology, anatomy and relationships of the maxillary sinus as depicted by multi-modality imaging is essential for radiologists reporting imaging involving the paranasal sinuses and midface.
What Makes Geeks Tick? A Study of Stack Overflow Careers
Authors: Xu Lei , Nian Tingting , Cabral Luís 
Published: August 2019

Many online platforms rely on users to voluntarily provide content. What motivates users to contribute content for free, however, is not well understood. In this paper, we use a revealed-preference approach to show that career concerns play an important role in user contributions to Stack Overflow, the largest online question-and-answer community. We investigate how activities that can enhance a user’s reputation vary before and after the user finds a new job. We contrast this reputation-generating activity with activities that do not improve a user’s reputation. After finding a new job, users contribute 23.7% less in reputation-generating activity; by contrast, they reduce their non–reputation-generating activity by only 7.4%. These findings suggest that users contribute to Stack Overflow in part because they perceive such contributions as a way to improve future employment prospects. We provide direct evidence against alternative explanations such as integer constraints, skills mismatch, and dynamic selection effects. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
Evaluation of Rheological and Moisture Damage Properties of Crumb Rubber–Modified Asphalt Binder
Authors: Singh Dharamveer , Mishra Vinamra , Girimath Shashi Bhushan , Das Aditya Kumar , Rajan Bharat 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study investigates the influence of crumb rubber (CR) particles on the rheological and moisture damage properties of asphalt binder. A control neat asphalt binder (AC-10) and 30# CR are chosen for the preparation of CR-modified asphalt (CRMA) binder. A total of four different CR dosages (0, 5, 10, and 15 % by weight of binder) was selected for the preparation of four combinations of CRMA binder. The rheological performance of CRMA binders was investigated based on Superpave rutting parameter, multiple stress creep recovery, Superpave fatigue parameter, and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test using dynamic shear rheometer. Moisture damage response of CRMA binder was evaluated using surface free energy and bitumen bond strength test. CR particles significantly enhanced rut resistance of neat asphalt binder at high temperatures with improved stiffness properties and elastic response. Superpave fatigue factor and LAS test results showed that CRMA binder containing a CR dosage up to 10 % has improved fatigue life and is less susceptible to strain amplitude at an intermediate temperature. CRMA binder with 5 % CR predominantly shows better resistance to moisture damage with good interfacial energy and compatibility ratio at the aggregate interface. However, BBS test results imply that the contribution of high dosages of CR (5 to 15 %) is significant in improving the bond strength and moisture damage resistance of CRMA binder.
Weld Metal Toughness of Autogenous Laser-Welded Joints of High-Strength Steel Domex 960
Authors: Kurc-Lisiecka Agnieszka , Lisiecki Aleksander 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The results of investigations on autogenous laser welding of 5.0-mm-thick high-strength steel Domex 960 are presented in this article. The experimental plates delivered directly from the steel manufacturer were used for butt joint welding. The disk laser with maximum output power (maximum capacity of the laser generator) of 3.3 kW, emitting at 1.03 μm, and with the beam spot diameter of 200 μm was used for the trails of welding. Initially, the bead-on-plate welding tests were carried out, and then the test butt joints were laser welded. The influences of basic technological welding parameters, especially the energy input of laser welding on the shape of the fusion zone, the microstructure of weld metal and heat affected zone, and the impact toughness were analyzed. Laser welding trials were conducted in a wide range of energy input from 100 to 400 J/mm. Despite the low energy input of the laser welding process and also the short cooling times t8/5, tendency to cold crack was found neither in the weld metal nor in the heat affected zone. The carbon equivalent (CET), determined by the chemical analysis of the experimental melt, was just 0.341, indicating moderate tendency to increase hardness after welding because of martensitic transformation. It was found that the energy input has a clear influence on the microstructure and the impact toughness of the weld metal. The weld metal of the test butt joint welded at the energy input of 198 J/mm showed the average impact toughness at approximately 80 % of the base metal, whereas the weld metal of the test butt joint welded at a lower energy input of 132 J/mm showed the average impact toughness at the level of just 60 % of the base metal of Domex 960 steel.
The recognition and modelling of a backbone and its deformity
Authors: Markauskas Ramūnas , Juozapavičius Algimantas , Saniukas Kęstutis , Bernotavičius Giedrius 
Published: August 2019

In this article the authors present a method for the backbone recognition and modelling. The process of recognition combines some classical techniques (Hough transformation, GVF snakes) with some new (authors present a method for initial curvature detection, which they call the Falling Ball method). The result enables us to identify high-quality features of the spine and to detect the major deformities of backbone: the intercrestal line, centre sacral vertical line, C7 plumbline; as well as angles: proximal thoracic curve, main thoracic curve, thoracolumbar/lumbar. These features are used for measure in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, especially in the case of treatment. Input data are just radiographic images, meet in everyday practice.
Stability and bifurcation in a ratio-dependent Holling-III system with diffusion and delay
Authors: Zuo Wenjie , Wei Junjie 
Published: August 2019

A diffusive ratio-dependent predator-prey system with Holling-III functional response and delay effects is considered. Global stability of the boundary equilibrium and the stability of the unique positive steady state and the existence of spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous periodic solutions are investigated in detail, by the maximum principle and the characteristic equations. Ratio-dependent functional response exhibits rich spatiotemporal patterns. It is found that, the system without delay is dissipative and uniformly permanent under certain conditions, the delay can destabilize the positive constant equilibrium and spatial Hopf bifurcations occur as the delay crosses through some critical values. Then, the direction and the stability of Hopf bifurcations are determined by applying the center manifold reduction and the normal form theory for partial functional differential equations. Some numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the theoretical results.
Pattern formation in three species food web model in spatiotemporal domain with Beddington–DeAngelis functional response
Authors: Baghel Randhir Singh Singh , Dhar Joydip 
Published: August 2019

A mathematical model is proposed to study a three species food web model of preypredator system in spatiotemporal domain. In this model, we have included three state variables, namely, one prey and two first order predators population with Beddington-DeAngelis predation functional response. We have obtained the local stability conditions for interior equilibrium and the existence of Hopf-bifurcation with respect to the mutual interference of predator as bifurcation parameter for the temporal system. We mainly focus on spatiotemporal system and provided an analytical and numerical explanation for understanding the diffusion driven instability condition. The different types of spatial patterns with respect to different time steps and diffusion coefficients are obtained. Furthermore, the higher-order stability analysis of the spatiotemporal domain is explored.
Fixed point theorems for alpha-contractive mappings of Meir–Keeler type and applications
Authors: Berzig Maher , Rus Mircea-Dan 
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we introduce the notion of α-contractive mapping of Meir–Keeler type in complete metric spaces and prove new theorems which assure the existence, uniqueness and iterative approximation of the fixed point for this type of contraction. The presented theorems extend, generalize and improve several existing results in literature. To validate our results, we establish the existence and uniqueness of solution to a class of third order two point boundary value problems.
Compactons and topological solitons of the Drinfel'd–Sokolov system
Authors: Inc Mustafa , Fendoglu Eda , Triki Houria , Biswas Anjan 
Published: August 2019

This paper presents the Drinfel’d–Sokolov system (shortly D(m, n)) in a detailed fashion. The Jacobi’s elliptic function method is employed to extract the cnoidal and snoidal wave solutions. The compacton and solitary pattern solutions are also retrieved. The ansatz method is applied to extract the topological 1-soliton solutions of the D(m, n) with generalized evolution. There are a couple of constraint conditions that will fall out in order to exist the topological soliton solutions.
Karol Brzozowski’s Poem about “Our Land”
Authors: Ożóg-Winiarska Zofia 
Published: August 2019

This paper endeavours to renew the scientific description of Karol Brzozowski’s poem entitled Noc strzelców w Anatolii (The Night of Shooters in Anatolia) (1856), which was unjustly forgotten by literary critics, editors, and literary canons. The poem was inspired by the literary masterpieces of Polish romanticism, such as Adam Mickiewicz’s Pan Tadeusz (Mr. Tadeusz)(1834) and Wincenty Pol’s Pieśń o ziemi naszej (A Song of Our Land) (1843). This article reveals the aesthetic, poetic, and narrative qualities of the poem, the elements that constitute its beauty and novelty, particularly with regard to a poetic tale and description where it is possible to discern the elements of romantic improvisation, visual and linguistic disharmonies of expressionist character. The Brzozowski’s poem presents a symbolic expanse of the homeland, which consists of the full lushness of the flora, fauna, natural phenomena, the images of home, fields and forests as well as the landscapes of historical regions of Poland around Warsaw and the borderlands of Southwest Lithuania. This expanse is filled with inner landscapes of an archetype character, remembered and recorded through the senses and emotions in the subconscious of the author and the characters of the poem. These artistic and ideological features are seen as a presage of the future neo-romanticism.
The Clitics in Standard Lithuanian
Authors: Kazlauskienė Asta 
Published: August 2019

A Lithuanian word is quite an autonomous prosodic unit. Nevertheless, in some cases a word loses stress, connects to an adjacent word, and becomes a part of a succeeding or preceding word. The aim of this research is to establish and describe the prosodic autonomy of the Lithuanian language word and its determinants.The database for this analysis consists of some audio recordings of novels, which were used in this study (11 h 20 min, 22 speakers). A computational programme was designed by Prof. Dr. G. Raškinis.The empirical data showed that the words with clitics comprise about ¼ of all the words. The data analysis suggests that the word autonomy depends on many factors: phonetic structure (monosyllabic words often lose their stress), morphological features (uninflected parts of speech, especially prepositions, often do not have a stress), the structure of a sentence (a potential clitic can get a stress in an elliptic sentence), pragmatic intentions (a word with a phrase stress will get a lexical stress), and the pressure of the rhythm (a potential clitic can keep stress due to the succeeding unstressed syllable). The latter factor is important for the rhythm of the speech for two reasons. First, a clitic can eliminate a stress clash, which might be formed if both words had stresses. Second, if clitic is connected to the word with a first stressed syllable, the second syllable would become stressed. Such word is articulated easier than the word which begins with a stressed syllable. However, the rhythm does not have a major impact on the word autonomy in the Lithuanian language. The phonetic structure and morphological features have the most significant influence on the prosodic autonomy of a word.
“Spiritual Delicacies or Games Useful to Men Banished from the Earthly Paradise to the Heavenly Paradise” by Alberyk Kościński. Concerning the Spiritual Thought of the 17th Century
Authors: Kaczor-Scheitler Katarzyna 
Published: August 2019

The article is one of the first attempts to present the works of Alberyk Kościński whose Spiritual Delicacies or Games Useful to Men Banished from the Earthly Paradise to the Heavenly Paradise (Poznań 1695) was aimed at helping nuns or potential recipients to perfect their inner self. The article discusses the three goals of meditation mentioned by Kościński (“elimination of imperfections, the acquisition of holy virtues and unison with God”) which relate to the three stages of spiritual life (purging, enlightenment, and unison). Thus, the article adds to the picture of the views presented by other authors.However, the innovation lies in the motif of “game” as an inner activity stimulating the spiritual sphere and encouraging spiritual transformation, as described in Kościński's work. The article focuses on the role of the metaphorical images used by the clergyman to describe the meditative act: the internal transformation, the experience of closeness to and unity with God. Thus, the article emphasizes the need for meditative practice discussed by Kościński, i.e., the titular “spiritual delicacies” which can help one achieve eternal life.