bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolizable energy values of corn and wheat middlings in broiler chickens
Authors: Dunaway Andrew , Adedokun Sunday A. 
Published: July 2019

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate adaptation length (AL) and composition of reference diets on nitrogen (N)-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) in 22-d-old broilers. Birds were allocated to nine treatments (n = 6) consisting of wheat – soybean meal (SBM) (reference diet), corn–wheat–SBM, and wheat middlings (WM)–wheat–SBM (exp. 1), or oats–SBM (reference diet), corn–oats–SBM, and WM–oats–SBM (exp. 2) in conjunction with three AL (12, 8, and 4 d) in a factorial arrangement of treatments (3 × 3). Dry matter (DM), N, energy (En) utilization, and AMEn of corn and WM were determined using the difference method. In exp. 1, birds on the WM–wheat–SBM-based diet had the lowest (P < 0.05) DM, N, and En utilization, as well as AMEn compared with the other two diets. Additionally, AMEn for corn was higher (P < 0.05) compared with that of WM. In exp. 2, N utilization in birds on the corn–oats–SBM-based diet was lower (P < 0.05) compared with birds on the oats–SBM-based diet; however, AMEn of corn and WM was not different. In both experiments, AL was not significantly different. Based on these results, the composition of the reference diet could influence AMEn values of corn and WM in 22-d-old broilers.
Current status of international medical education in China: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Chu Yu-Xia , Gao Ming , Gao Hai-Feng , Liu Ye , Cheng Xun-Jia , Qian Rui-Zhe , Zhou Xiang-Feng , Feng Yi 
Published: July 2019

Objective: This study aims to understand the current learning state, curriculum evaluation, and career planning of international Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students in China in order to support educators and policy makers in developing interventions to support international MBBS students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at Fudan University from March 2017 to May 2018. A self-administered questionnaire regarding medical teaching and evaluation methods and recommendations was used to collect the data from international MBBS students ([Formula: see text]) and native Chinese medical students ([Formula: see text]) currently at the school as well as teachers directly involved in teaching activities with these students ([Formula: see text]). Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6, and all results are presented as frequencies (percentages). Results: Most of the international MBBS students had never studied at a university before (76%). The first and second most common reasons for choosing the MBBS program were an interest in medical science (79%) and relieving patients’ sufferings and realizing self-value (61%). The learning motivation of international MBBS students came mainly from the interests in medicine (90%). A total of 74% of international MBBS students considered the course setting to be appropriate or neutral. The top biggest problem in clinical practice reported by international MBBS students was communication barriers caused by the lack of language proficiency. The first choice of future work after graduation for international MBBS students was studying or working abroad. The top two recommendations among teachers for improving academic achievement were providing textbooks in students’ native languages (64%) and reading more medical books (47%). Conclusions: International MBBS students generally thought that the course setting was rational, and were mostly satisfied with the international MBBS program. The use of textbooks in the international MBBS students’ native languages was reported to be helpful for improving these students’ academic achievements.
Rheb (Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain 1) Deficiency in Mature Macrophages Prevents Atherosclerosis by Repressing Macrophage Proliferation, Inflammation, and Lipid Uptake
Authors: Zhang Qinghai , Hu Jie , Wu Yan , Luo Hairong , Meng Wen , Xiao Bo , Xiao Xianzhong , Zhou Zhiguang , Liu Feng 
Published: July 2019

Objective:
Macrophage foam cell formation is an important process in atherosclerotic plaque development. The small GTPase Rheb (Ras homolog enriched in brain 1) regulates endocytic trafficking that is critical for foam cell formation. However, it is unclear whether and how macrophage Rheb regulates atherogenesis, which are the focuses of the current study.

Approach and Results:

Immunofluorescence study confirmed the colocalization of Rheb in F4/80 and Mac-2 (galectin-3)–labeled lesional macrophages. Western blot and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed that Rheb expression was significantly increased in atherosclerotic lesions of atherosclerosis-prone (apoE
−/−
[apolipoprotein E deficient]) mice fed with Western diet. Increased Rheb expression was also observed in oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein)–treated macrophages. To investigate the in vivo role of macrophage Rheb, we established mature Rheb
mKO
(macrophage-specific Rheb knockout) mice by crossing the Rheb floxed mice with
F4/80-cre
mice. Macrophage-specific knockout of Rheb in mice reduced Western diet–induced atherosclerotic lesion by 32%, accompanied with a decrease in macrophage content in plaque. Mechanistically, loss of Rheb in macrophages repressed oxidized LDL–induced lipid uptake, inflammation, and macrophage proliferation. On the contrary, lentivirus-mediated overexpression of Rheb in macrophages increased oxidized LDL–induced lipid uptake and inflammation, and the stimulatory effect of Rheb was suppressed by the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin or the PKA (protein kinase A) activator forskolin.

Conclusions:
Macrophage Rheb plays important role in Western diet–induced atherosclerosis by promoting macrophage proliferation, inflammation, and lipid uptake. Inhibition of expression and function of Rheb in macrophages is beneficial to prevent diet-induced atherosclerosis.
Weibel-Palade Bodies Orchestrate Pericytes During Angiogenesis
Authors: Cossutta Mélissande , Darche Marie , Carpentier Gilles , Houppe Claire , Ponzo Matteo , Raineri Fabio , Vallée Benoit , Gilles Maud-Emmanuelle , Villain Delphine , Picard Emilie , Casari Caterina , Denis Cécile , Paques Michel , Courty José , Cascone Ilaria 
Published: July 2019

Objective
Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) are endothelial cell (EC)-specific organelles formed by vWF (von Willebrand factor) polymerization and that contain the proangiogenic factor Ang-2 (angiopoietin-2). WPB exocytosis has been shown to be implicated for vascular repair and inflammatory responses. Here, we investigate the role of WPBs during angiogenesis and vessel stabilization.

Approach and Results
WPB density in ECs decreased at the angiogenic front of retinal vascular network during development and neovascularization compared with stable vessels. In vitro, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) induced a VEGFR-2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2)-dependent exocytosis of WPBs that contain Ang-2 and consequently the secretion of vWF and Ang-2. Blocking VEGF-dependant WPB exocytosis and Ang-2 secretion promoted pericyte migration toward ECs. Pericyte migration was inhibited by adding recombinant Ang-2 or by silencing Ang-1 (angiopoietin-1) or Tie2 (angiopoietin-1 receptor) in pericytes. Consistently, in vivo anti-VEGF treatment induced accumulation of WPBs in retinal vessels because of the inhibition of WPB exocytosis and promoted the increase of pericyte coverage of retinal vessels during angiogenesis. In tumor angiogenesis, depletion of WPBs in vWF knockout tumor-bearing mice promoted an increase of tumor angiogenesis and a decrease of pericyte coverage of tumor vessels. By another approach, normalized tumor vessels had higher WPB density.

Conclusions
We demonstrate that WPB exocytosis and Ang-2 secretion are regulated during angiogenesis to limit pericyte coverage of remodeling vessels by disrupting Ang-1/Tie2 autocrine signaling in pericytes.
Free-living nematode assemblages in the rhizosphere of watermelon plants in Nigeria: a baseline study
Authors: Bello Tesleem T. , Coyne Danny L. , Fourie Hendrika 
Published: July 2019

Summary
Watermelon is increasingly produced and consumed in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa. However, limited information exists regarding nematode pests and beneficial/free-living nematodes associated with the crop. The present study recorded the abundance and diversity of free-living nematodes from 50 watermelon fields across south-west Nigeria during 2016/2017. Of the 30 genera identified from soil samples, Cephalobus, followed by Rhabditis, Aphelenchus and Aporcelaimus, were predominant. Variation in nematode community structures across the 50 fields was apparent for mean maturity indices, metabolic footprints, feeding-type composition and coloniser-persister (c-p) structure. Faunal analyses characterised 52% of the fields as having stable and enriched soil food webs, which is beneficial for crop production. Significant correlations were apparent between some nematode genera and selected soil properties, and rainfall. This study provides the first information of free-living nematodes associated with watermelon from sub-Saharan Africa, offering novel and baseline information on their abundance and diversity in south-west Nigeria.
Herbiphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 and Labullinyphia van Helsdingen, 1985 (Araneae, Linyphiidae), two newly recorded spider genera from the Gaoligong Mountains in China with the description of two new species
Authors: IRFAN MUHAMMAD , PENG XIANJIN 
Published: July 2019

Herbiphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 and Labullinyphia van Helsdingen, 1985 are two genera for the first time in China. Two new species, Herbiphantes acutalis n. sp. (male, female) and Labullinyphia furcata n. sp. (male, female), are described from Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan. Detailed morphological description of both new species, habitus photos, copulatory organs, line drawings of copulatory organs, as well as the locality map are provided.
Global Ocean Extreme Wave Heights from Spatial Ensemble Data
Authors: Takbash Alicia , Young Ian R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A novel approach to estimation of extreme value ocean significant wave height is investigated, in which data from adjacent regions are pooled to form a spatial ensemble. The equivalent duration of this ensemble region is the sum of the durations of the data pooled to form the ensemble. To create such a spatial ensemble, data from regions to be pooled must be independent and identically distributed. ERA-Interim reanalysis data are used to investigate the requirement of independent and identically distributed data on a global basis. As a result, typical spatial ensembles are defined for a number of regions of the world and the 100-yr return period significant wave height is calculated for these regions. It is shown that the method can result in a reduction in the confidence interval for such extreme value estimates of between 30% and 60%. The method is demonstrated both with ERA-Interim data and altimeter data.
Geochemical characteristics of fluorine in coal within Xiangning mining area, China, and associated mitigation countermeasures
Authors: Guohua Lin , Qiyan Feng , Xiaoli Deng , Yahong Cui , Wenbo Li , Hui Wang , Bo Gao , Lai Zhou , Xin Wang 
Published: July 2019

The geochemical characteristics of fluorine in coal obtained from 534 borehole exploration data and mining test data from the Xiangning mining area were studied, and fluorine emissions were calculated. Results reveal that the fluorine content in Carboniferous-Permian coal in the mining area ranges from 2.00 to 911.00 mg/kg, and the Carboniferous coal seam contents are generally higher than those of the Permian system. The calculated average fluorine contents in Nos. 5 and 12 coal seams of the Carboniferous system are 203.42 and 308.00 mg/kg, respectively, and therefore, both are high-fluorine coal. In addition, the calculated mean fluorine contents of Nos. 2 and 10 coal seams are 168.58 and 187.02 mg/kg, respectively, which are higher than average value of Chinese and global coal values. The highest fluorine content of 896.00 mg/kg is found in medium- to high-fluorine coal. Fluorine in coal mainly exists in an inorganic bound state in forms such as fluorapatite and calcium fluoride. The Xiangning Coal Mine predominantly produces coal for coking and power, and the release of fluorine during coal combustion is harmful to the environment. According to the information obtained in relation to coal resource reserves and development planning, the amount of fluorine released from combustion is estimated at 2258.1 t/year and is estimated to reach 4862.9 t/year by 2020. Coal washing is an effective way of reducing fluorine emissions, and flotation experiments have shown that this can reduce the amount of fluorine by up to 30–47%. Different engineering measures, such as denitrification and desulfurization, can also significantly reduce the amount of fluorine released during coal combustion and can thus be employed to reduce the associated environmental impacts.
Assessing the Collective Impact of Community Health Programs Funded by Food and Beverage Companies: A New Community-Focused Methodology
Authors: Barata-Cavalcanti Olivia , Leung May May , Costa Sergio , Mateo Katrina F. , Guillermin Michelle , Palmedo P. C. , Crossley Rachel , Huang Terry T.-K. 
Published: July 2019

Aims We developed and pilot-tested a new methodology to evaluate the collective impact (CI) of food and beverage company-funded community-based programs aimed at improving nutrition and physical activity. Methods The Collective Impact Community Assessment Scale assesses programs across 14 dimensions. Five community programs funded by five companies participated in the testing of this tool. Qualitative data were collected through in-person key informant interviews, focus groups, and direct observations of program activities. Eight interviews/focus groups (representing program management, delivery staff, participants, and community champions) were selected in each program for review and analysis using a scoring system with preestablished anchors and algorithms. Raw scores ranged on a scale from 0 to 8 for each dimension and were standardized as percentages. Dimension scores were averaged to generate a total composite score. Results Total composite scores of CI for programs ranged from 63% to 89%. The CI dimensions that scored the highest were backbone infrastructure (median = 94%, range = 88%–100%) and common agenda (median = 91%, range = 59%–97%). All programs scored lower on dimensions related to their ability to impact funding flows (median = 47%, range = 34%–94%), cultural norms (median = 69%, range = 34%–88%), and advocacy and public policy (median = 56%, range = 25%–69%). Conclusion Variability in CI approach scores demonstrates the tool’s ability to differentiate the impact of a wide range of programs across multiple dimensions. The CI Community Assessment Scale provides a common metric platform to compare different community-based initiatives.
Minimally invasive treatment of calcaneal fracture
Authors: Zhang Guangming , Ding Shenglong , Ruan Zhiyong 
Published: July 2019

Objective This study was performed to analyze the outcomes of calcaneal fractures using a minimally invasive internal fixation method with a thin plate and bone grafting. Methods This retrospective analysis included 21 patients treated using our minimally invasive approach. The outcome measures were the change in the Bohler and Gissane angles and the calcaneus width after fixation. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by the Maryland foot scoring system and assessment of soft tissue complications. Results The follow-up time was 12 to 18 months. The Bohler angle, Gissane angle, and width of the calcaneus were significantly different between the preoperative and postoperative periods. The rate of excellent and good outcomes was 85.7% according to the Maryland foot scoring system. The incidence of soft tissue complications was 14.3%. Conclusion Treatment of calcaneal fractures using a minimally invasive internal fixation method with a plate and bone grafting provides good to excellent clinical outcomes with few soft tissue complications.
Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy in Sarcoma Liver Metastases: A Report of 6 Cases
Authors: Melichar Bohuslav , Vobořil Zbyněk , Nožička Jan , Cerman Jaroslav , Melicharová Karolina , Mergancová Jindřiška , Filip Stanislav , Krajina Antonín , Vobořil René , Jandík Pavel 
Published: July 2019

Aims and background Liver metastases in patients with sarcoma are rare and associated with a poor prognosis. The experience with liver-directed therapies, eg hepatic arterial infusion, in these patients is limited. Methods Six patients with sarcoma metastatic to the liver (4 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and 2 patients with leiomyosarcoma) were treated by hepatic arterial infusion in our center over a 12-year period. Since the experience was limited, a pooled analysis of reports with data on survival of 22 individual patients was performed. Results None of the 5 assessable patients responded to the therapy, and liver metastases progressed in all patients. The median survival was 20 months. In the pooled analysis, partial response was observed in 10 of 21 assessable patients (48%) and median survival was 20 months. The survival was significantly longer in responding patients compared to nonresponders (35 vs 14 months; logrank test, P= 0.009). Conclusions Hepatic arterial infusion has little efficacy in the treatment of sarcoma metastatic to the liver. More promising results have been reported for chemoembolization. The survival of responding patients seems to be better compared to non-responders.
False Negative Bone Scintigraphy in a Patient with Primary Breast Cancer: A Possible Transient Phenomenon of Bisphosphonate (Alendronate) Treatment
Authors: Demirkan Binnaz , Başkan Zuhal , Alacacıoğlu Ahmet , Görken İknur Bilkay , Bekiş Recep , Ada Emel , Osma Emine , Alakavuklar Mehmet 
Published: July 2019

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in developed countries. Bone is a frequent site of metastatic disease with a stage-dependent incidence. Most women with breast cancer are at risk of osteoporosis due to their age or their breast cancer treatment. Scintigraphy enables imaging of the entire skeleton with high sensitivity but limited specificity. The false positive rate varies from 1.6% to as high as 22%, while the false negative rate varies from 0.96% to 13%. We observed a 70-year-old woman with a diagnosis of breast cancer and a false negative bone scan despite extensive bone metastases. She was under alendronate treatment for osteoporosis at the time. The false negative finding might be due to a transient phenomenon of alendronate, a bisphosphonate cleared from the plasma by uptake into bone and by renal excretion. 99mTc-MDP is eliminated via the same pathways, and therefore competition may occur between the two substances. Another possible explanation for the false negative bone scan could be that bone metastases, indicating hematogenous tumor spread, are detected earlier by CT scan or MRI than by bone scan. Breast cancer patients under bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis must be carefully evaluated for bone metastasis during radionuclide studies with 99mTc-MDP.
What is the Optimal Number of Lymph Nodes to be Dissected in Colorectal Cancer Surgery?
Authors: Gumus Mahmut , Yumuk Perran Fulden , Atalay Gul , Aliustaoglu Mehmet , Macunluoglu Beyza , Dane Faysal , Caglar Hale , Sengoz Meric , Turhal Serdar 
Published: July 2019

Background Regional lymph node (LN) involvement in colorectal cancer (CRC) identifies the stage and the subset of patients who would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. We performed a retrospective analysis to determine if the number of recovered LNs was associated with long-term outcome in patients operated on for stage II and III CRC. Patients and methods Hospital records of 179 patients with CRC followed in our unit from 1997 to April 2003 were reviewed. Results On average 11.68 ± 7.3 LNs were sampled per surgical specimen. Sampling of at least nine LNs appeared to be the minimum number required for accurately predicting LN involvement ( P = 0.002). Three-year rates of disease-free survival (DFS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS) were lower in patients with fewer than nine LNs sampled ( P = 0.032, P = 0.006 and P = 0.04, respectively). However, this had no impact on the three-year distant metastasis-free survival rate (DMFS) ( P = 0.472). In stage II disease, patients with nine or more LNs dissected had significantly higher three year DFS and LRFS rates than the subgroup with fewer than nine LNs dissected ( P = 0.024 and P = 0.015, respectively), but this did not have any effect on DMFS or OS ( P = 0.406 and P = 0.353, respectively). Conclusion Current protocols provide adjuvant treatment in stage III patients; the problem is to correctly determine stage by recovering as many LNs as possible.
Analysis of Metastatic Involvement of Interpectoral (Rotter's) Lymph Nodes Related to Tumor Location, Size, Grade and Hormone Receptor Status in Breast Cancer
Authors: Vrdoljak Danko Velimir , Ramljak Vesna , Mužina Dubravka , Šarčeviç Božena , Knežević Fabijan , Juzbašić Stjepan 
Published: July 2019

Aims and background This study was aimed at analyzing metastatic involvement in interpectoral (Rotter's) lymph nodes in relation to tumor location, size, grade and hormone receptor status in primary breast cancer. Methods The study included 172 female patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer at the University Hospital for Tumors, Zagreb, Croatia from November 2001 to August 2003. In addition to the standard surgical procedure, interpectoral (Rotter's) lymph nodes were removed in all of the patients. Serum levels of the tumor marker CA 15-3 were determined before surgery and hormone receptor status after surgery. Results Rotter's lymph nodes were identified in 67% of the patients, with metastatic involvement being found in 20% of the Rotter's nodes. Metastatic involvement of Rotter's nodes in patients with negative and positive axillary lymph nodes was 4% and 35%, respectively. When we looked at the location of the tumor in patients with metastatic involvement of Rotter's nodes, we found that tumors located in the upper quadrants were more prone to metastasis to Rotter's nodes; there was a significant positive correlation between tumor location and positive Rotter's nodes (r = 0.953, P = 0.012). As regards tumor size, Rotter's nodes were identified in 15%, 20% and 30% of stage T1 (<2 cm), T2 (2-5 cm) and T3 (>5 cm) tumors, respectively. Hormone receptor status showed no statistically significant difference in the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors between patients with and those without positive Rotter's nodes. Of 35 Rotter's node-positive patients, 31.4% had elevated serum levels of CA 15-3; the level was significantly higher in Rotter's-positive patients compared to those with negative (or absent) Rotter's nodes. Conclusions The results show that one-fifth of breast cancer patients, or even one-third of those with positive axillary lymph nodes, are discharged with positive interpectoral lymph nodes that remain undiagnosed. As the nodes can be surgically removed without additional mutilation, exploration of Rotter's lymph nodes should be introduced into routine clinical practice.