bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinction between rhinovirus‐induced acute asthma and asthma‐augmented influenza infection
Authors: Guibas G. V. , Tsolia M. , Christodoulou I. , Stripeli F. , Sakkou Z. , Papadopoulos N. G. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryBackgroundRhinovirus (RV) is an established trigger of asthma attacks, whereas such a link is less consistent for influenza virus (IFV).ObjectiveIn the context of precision medicine, we hypothesized that IFV infection may cause a condition essentially different from RV, and we investigated this by evaluating clinical characteristics of RV/IFV‐positive and ‐negative children with respiratory symptoms and/or fever.MethodsOne thousand two hundred and seven children, 6 months to 13 years old, hospitalized for flu‐like illness were recruited in this cross‐sectional study. Collected information included demographics, medical history, symptoms/physical findings/diagnosis at presentation and treatment. Nasal secretions were PCR‐tested for IFV/RV. Associations were evaluated with adjusted logistic regression models.ResultsRhinovirus positivity was associated with an asthma‐like presentation, including increased wheeze/effort of breathing/diagnosis of acute asthma, and decreased fever/vomiting. Conversely, IFV+ children presented with less wheeze/effort of breathing/diagnosis of acute asthma, while they were more frequently febrile. In those with previous asthma history, both viruses induced wheeze; however, IFV was uniquely associated with a more generalised and severe presentation including fever, rales, intercostal muscle retractions and lymphadenopathy. These symptoms were not seen in RV+ asthmatics, who had fewer systemic signs and more cough.Conclusions and Clinical relevanceIn children with respiratory symptoms and/or fever, RV but not IFV is associated with wheeze and an asthma‐like presentation. In those with an asthma history, IFV causes more generalised and severe disease that may be better described as “asthma‐augmented influenza” rather than an “asthma attack.” Differences in the acute conditions caused by these viruses should be considered in the design of epidemiological studies.
Does training people to administer take‐home naloxone increase their knowledge? Evidence from Australian programs
Authors: Dietze Paul M. , Draper Bridget , Olsen Anna , Chronister Karen J. , van Beek Ingrid , Lintzeris Nicholas , Dwyer Robyn , Nelson Marina , Lenton Simon 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTake‐home naloxone (THN) programs have been operating in Australia since 2012 in a variety of settings. We examine whether THN programs were effective in increasing knowledge about opioid overdose and appropriate responses in program participants.Design and MethodsData were obtained from pre‐ and post‐training questionnaires administered as part of the early evaluations of THN naloxone programs operated in Sydney (n = 67), Melbourne (n = 280), Perth (n = 153) and Canberra (n = 183). Pooled data from comparable items, analysed in the domains specified in previously‐developed evaluation scales, were compared using repeated‐measures analysis of variance and random effects logistic regression. Results pre‐ and post‐training were compared as well as results across sites.ResultsHigh levels of knowledge about overdose risks and signs and appropriate actions to take were observed at baseline and this generally improved over time. No substantial differences were identified across cities. Knowledge also increased with participant age but the improvements over time were similar in each age group. There were small differences by participant gender with knowledge generally higher among females.Discussion and ConclusionsTHN programs are effective in improving knowledge related to overdose response. Major improvements in knowledge were limited to overdose recognition and effect of naloxone suggesting that education may best be focused on overdose signs and the use of naloxone among populations accessed through these programs. A focus on younger people also appears warranted. Further work is needed to understand the impact of training and knowledge on actual behaviours around overdose events.
Predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movement for later cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Kwong Amanda K L , Fitzgerald Tara L , Doyle Lex W , Cheong Jeanie L Y , Spittle Alicia J 
Published: February 2018

AimTo systematically review the predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movements for later cerebral palsy (CP).MethodCohort studies with published data to calculate predictive validity of early spontaneous movements for laterCPwere searched in four electronic databases:CINAHL, Embase,MEDLINE, and PsycINFO.ResultsForty‐seven studies met inclusion criteria. The Prechtl General Movements Assessment (GMA) during the fidgety period (10–20wks corrected age) had the strongest sensitivity: 97 per cent (95% confidence interval [CI] 93–99) and specificity: 89% (95%CI83–93). The sensitivity and specificity of the PrechtlGMAduring the writhing period (birth–6wks) was 93% (95%CI86–96) and 59% (95%CI45–71) respectively. Cramped‐synchronized movements in the writhing period according to Prechtl had the best specificity (sensitivity: 70% [95%CI54–82]; specificity: 97% [95%CI74–100]). Hadders‐Algra's method of assessing general movements had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 89% (95%CI66–97) and 81% (95%CI64–91) respectively. Presence of asymmetric postures and movement quality/quantity were reported under the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination, and Movement Assessment of Infants but had weak associations with laterCP.InterpretationFidgety movements assessed by the PrechtlGMAhave the strongest predictive validity for laterCP, but cannot be considered in isolation because of the presence of false positive results.What this paper addsFidgety general movements (Prechtl) are most predictive for later cerebral palsy compared with other spontaneous movements.False positive results are high among all spontaneous movement assessments.
Extralegal payments to state officials in Russia, 1750s–1830s: assessing the burden of corruption
Authors: Korchmina Elena , Fedyukin Igor 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article uses the records of expenditures from a set of estates that belonged to the Golitsyn family to assess the level of ‘routine corruption’ in Imperial Russia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The data from these books allow us to identify individual cases of unofficial facilitation payments made by the estates and by peasant communes to district‐level officials; to delimit key types of payment situations; and to calculate the sums expended for payments by a given estate in a given year. The resulting numbers are compared to the overall volume of obligations borne by the serfs to the state and to their landlords. Our conclusion is that while the facilitation payments were ubiquitous and accompanied any interaction with the state, the volume of these ‘routine’ payments (as opposed to other forms of extraction) was quite low and they did not put a significant burden on the peasants, while at the same time securing hefty extra incomes for top district officials. Rather, by the last decades of the eighteenth century Russian Imperial officials at the district level might have switched from a tribute‐like extortion from the population at large to acquiring vast sums by collecting unofficial payments in more targeted ways.
Direct and indirect pathways for choosing objects and actions
Authors: Hikosaka Okihide , Kim Hyoung F. , Amita Hidetoshi , Yasuda Masaharu , Isoda Masaki , Tachibana Yoshihisa , Yoshida Atsushi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA prominent target of the basal ganglia is the superior colliculus (SC) which controls gaze orientation (saccadic eye movement in primates) to an important object. This ‘object choice’ is crucial for choosing an action on the object. SC is innervated by the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) which is controlled mainly by the caudate nucleus (CD). This CD‐SNr‐SC circuit is sensitive to the values of individual objects and facilitates saccades to good objects. The object values are processed differently in two parallel circuits: flexibly by the caudate head (CDh) and stably by the caudate tail (CDt). To choose good objects, we need to reject bad objects. In fact, these contrasting functions are accomplished by the circuit originating from CDt: The direct pathway focuses on good objects and facilitates saccades to them; the indirect pathway focuses on bad objects and suppresses saccades to them. Inactivation of CDt deteriorated the object choice, because saccades to bad objects were no longer suppressed. This suggests that the indirect pathway is important for object choice. However, the direct and indirect pathways for ‘object choice’, which aim at the same action (i.e., saccade), may not work for ‘action choice’. One possibility is that circuits controlling different actions are connected through the indirect pathway. Additional connections of the indirect pathway with brain areas outside the basal ganglia may also provide a wider range of behavioral choice. In conclusion, basal ganglia circuits are composed of the basic direct/indirect pathways and additional connections and thus have acquired multiple functions.
Latitudinal patterns of herbivore pressure in a temperate herb support the biotic interactions hypothesis
Authors: Baskett Carina A. , Schemske Douglas W. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe longstanding biotic interactions hypothesis predicts that herbivore pressure declines with latitude, but the evidence is mixed. To address gaps in previous studies, we measured herbivory and defence in the same system, quantified defence with bioassays, and considered effects of leaf age. We quantified herbivory and defence of young and mature leaves along a continental gradient in eastern North America in the native herb Phytolacca americana L. Herbivory in the field declined with latitude and was strongly correlated with lepidopteran abundance. Laboratory bioassays revealed that leaf palatability was positively correlated with latitude of origin. Young leaves were more damaged than mature leaves at lower latitudes in the field, but less palatable in bioassays. Both defence and palatability displayed non‐linear latitudinal patterns, suggesting potential mechanisms based on biological or climatic thresholds. In sum, observational and experimental studies find patterns consistent with high herbivore pressure and stronger plant defences at lower latitudes.
Ant communities andSolidagoplant invasion: Environmental properties and food sources
Authors: Trigos‐Peral Gema , Casacci Luca P. , ŚlipiŃski Piotr , GrzeŚ Irena M. , MoroŃ Dawid , Babik Hanna , Witek Magdalena 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe invasion ofSolidagois one of the main threats to the biodiversity of natural meadows, leading to changes in animal and plant communities, as well as soil features. We compared effects of soil microclimatic conditions (temperature and moisture) and the availability of potential protein sources (dry mass of epigean invertebrates) on ants between meadows invaded bySolidago altissimaandS. canadensisand those uninvaded. Our results showed that the ant communities were different between the uninvaded and invaded meadows, with reduction of ant abundance and species richness in the latter.Myrmicaspp. were abundant in the uninvaded meadows, whereasLasius nigerwas the dominant species in the invaded ones. We found that the lower moisture negatively influenced the abundance ofMyrmicaspecies in theSolidago‐invaded meadows. Moreover, the epigean invertebrate dry mass, as an estimation of the availability of protein sources, varied between the two types of meadows, with a higher abundance in the uninvaded ones. The abundance ofMyrmicaants with narrower ecological requirements showed a positive correlation with the invertebrate biomass in the invaded meadows. In contrast, the abundance ofL. nigerwith broad ecological requirements was negatively correlated with the invertebrate biomass in the invaded meadows, possibly as a strategy to reduce interspecific competition. Our study showed that the invasion ofSolidagoplants caused changes in the abundance and species composition of ant communities through modification in microhabitat conditions, that is, decreasing soil moisture, reducing biomass and changing distribution of prey invertebrates.
Prey‐mediated changes in the selectivity of the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Maselou Dionyssia A. , Perdikis Dionyssios Ch. , Fantinou Argyro A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWhen foraging in communities with mixed prey, generalist predators may be confronted with prey species that differ in quality, size and mobility and interact with one another. To examine prey selection, predation by Macrolophus pygmaeus (Heteroptera: Miridae) was recorded by providing a diet of either one or two prey species of Myzus persicae (third‐instar nymphs), Aphis gossypii (fourth‐instar nymphs), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (third‐instar nymphs) and Ephestia kuehniella (eggs). In the experiments, prey mobility, prey quality and prey biomass were considered. The biomass consumed by the predator was dependent on the combination of prey species and the quantity of biomass offered. In choice experiments with diets mixed of two prey species at equal densities, the predation to A. gossypii was significantly reduced in the presence of E. kuehniella but the rate of consumption of M. persicae, T. vaporariorum and E.kuehniella was not significantly affected by the coexistence of any other species in the mixed prey diet. When equal amounts of biomass from two prey species were provided in combination, the total consumed biomass was significantly reduced in the mixed prey diets composed of E. kuehniella eggs and aphid nymphs. Thus, under the mixed‐prey situation, prey selection by predators may be affected by interactions among prey species differing in traits such as quality, mobility and size.
Formation of p62‐positive inclusion body is associated with macrophage polarization in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Fukushima Hirofumi , Yamashina Shunhei , Arakawa Atsushi , Taniguchi Gentaro , Aoyama Tomonori , Uchiyama Akira , Kon Kazuyoshi , Ikejima Kenichi , Watanabe Sumio 
Published: February 2018

AimHepatic inclusion composed of autophagy‐specific substrate p62 is one of the histological features of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and can be a precursor to hepatic carcinogenesis. The expression of p62 was enhanced by not only autophagic dysfunction but also oxidative stress and inflammation. M1/M2 phenotypic balance of macrophages plays a pivotal role in the progression of NAFLD. We evaluated the correlation between macrophage polarization and the formation of p62 aggregation in NAFLD.MethodsLiver biopsy specimens from NAFLD patients were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for M1 macrophage marker CD11c, M2 macrophage marker CD163, and p62/SQSTM1 (p62). The histological severity of NAFLD is assessed by a NAFLD activity score (NAS). The number of autophagic vesicles in hepatocytes was visualized and counted by using transmission electron microscopy.ResultsThe aggregation of p62 was undetectable in control, whereas hepatocytes with p62 aggregation were observed in approximately 88% of NAFLD specimens. The number of hepatocytes with p62 aggregation was positively correlated with the number of autophagic vesicles, serum alanine aminotransferase, NAS, fibrosis, and the number of CD11c‐positive cells, but not CD163‐positive cells. Assembly of CD11c‐positive cells was observed around hepatocytes with p62 aggregation. The ratio of CD11c/CD163‐positive macrophages was significantly associated with the formation of p62 aggregation.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that chronic inflammation by M1‐polarization of macrophages contributes to the disease progression from simple steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in concert with autophagic dysfunction.
Developing and testing a brief clinic‐based lung cancer screening decision aid for primary care settings
Authors: McDonnell Karen Kane , Strayer Scott M. , Sercy Erica , Campbell Callie , Friedman Daniela B. , Cartmell Kathleen B. , Eberth Jan M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundCancer screening‐related decisions require patients to evaluate complex medical information in short time frames, often with primary care providers (PCPs) they do not know. PCPs play an essential role in facilitating comprehensive shared decision making (SDM).ObjectiveTo develop and test a decision aid (DA) and SDM strategy for PCPs and high‐risk patients.DesignThe DA was tested with 20 dyads. Each dyad consisted of one PCP and one patient eligible for screening. A prospective, one‐group, mixed‐method study design measured fidelity, patient values, screening intention, acceptability and satisfaction.ResultsFour PCPs and 20 patients were recruited from an urban academic medical centre. Most patients were female (n = 14, 70%), most had completed high school (n = 15, 75%), and their average age was 65 years old. Half were African American. Patients and PCPs rated the DA as helpful, easy to read and use and acceptable in terms of time frame (observed t = 11.6 minutes, SD 2.7). Most patients (n = 16, 80%) indicated their intent to be screened. PCPs recommended screening for most patients (n = 17, 85%).ConclusionsEvidence supports the value of lung cancer screening with LDCT for select high‐risk patients. Guidelines endorse engaging patients and their PCPs in SDM discussions. Our findings suggest that using a brief, interactive, plain‐language, culturally sensitive, theory‐based DA and SDM strategy is feasible, acceptable and may be essential to effectively translate and sustain the adoption of LDCT screening recommendations into the clinic setting.
Anthropogenic cause of range shifts and gene flow between two grasshopper species revealed by environmental modelling, geometric morphometrics and population genetics
Authors: Sivyer Louisa , Morgan‐Richards Mary , Koot Emily , Trewick Steven A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

The range of a species is controlled by biotic and abiotic factors; both could have changed recently due to human activity.

We used environmental modelling, morphometric and genetic data to interpret ecological responses at the species boundary of a pair of New Zealand grasshoppers with very different ranges; one widespread (Phaulacridium marginale) and one restricted to semi‐arid central/southern South Island (Phaulacridium otagoense).

Climate‐ and habitat‐based distribution models for grasshoppers in the past (last glacial maximum), present and future (2070), in concert with modelling of vegetation patterns imply range and demographic expansion of P. marginale and stability of P. otagoense.

mtDNA sequence revealed four main lineages with pronounced differences in genetic diversity and geographical range. The widespread lineage associated with P. marginale revealed a signature of range expansion but regionally restricted lineages were geographically structured at a fine scale. Within the narrow geographical range of P. otagoense, three mtDNA lineages resulted in high diversity, more typical of large stable populations.

Geometric analysis of pronotum shape identified individuals from a region of sympatry with mixed characteristics. Mismatch of phenotype, mtDNA lineage and nuclear DNA sequence indicates introgression between grasshopper species now in contact. This appears to be accompanied by P. otagoense range reduction through ecological competition.

Deforestation by people starting ∼800 years ago best explains range change and resulting hybridisation of these grasshoppers. Anthropogenic habitat modification can have indirect consequences on insect biodiversity and conservation by enabling introgression between formerly separate populations and species.
Effectiveness of oral chlorhexidine for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia and ventilator‐associated pneumonia in intensive care units: Overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Rabello F , Araújo VE , Magalhães SMS 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize evidence regarding the effectiveness of using chlorhexidine for oral healthcare on patients in the intensive care unit for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia and ventilator‐associated pneumonia.MethodsThis overview of systematic reviews was developed using articles found inPUBMED, Cochrane Library,LILACS,CRD,CINHAL, manual search and grey literature.ResultsOf the total 16 systematic reviews, 14 included meta‐analysis. Most of them were classified with high methodological quality. In seven systematic reviews, chlorhexidine was effective for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia and ventilator‐associated pneumonia in adult population in cardiothoracic intensive care unit. The effectiveness was contradictory with other population patients in intensive care units.ConclusionChlorhexidine has proven to be effective for the prevention ofNPamong adult populations in cardiothoracicICU. InICUs with patients who have varied clinical‐surgical conditions, the effectiveness of chlorhexidine for the prevention ofPNandVAPwas inconclusive.
Spanish version of the modifiedAdvanced Practice Role Delineationtool, adaptation and psychometric properties
Authors: Sevilla Guerra Sonia , Risco Vilarasau Ester , Galisteo Giménez Maria , Zabalegui Adelaida 
Published: February 2018

SUMMARY STATEMENTWhat is already known about this topic?Professional nursing practice has been expanded to adapt to new health and social requirements.Internationally, there are instruments that describe and measure specific nursing activities and domains covered by advanced practice nurses. The modified Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool has been shown to be a valid, reliable instrument for predicting the extent of advanced practices across different organizations in contemporary society.At a time when advanced practice nursing roles are emerging in Spain, clarification of roles and delineation of functions is required using well‐adapted, precise tools to avoid confusion and role ambiguity.What this paper adds?Results of this study support the adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Spanish version of the modified Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool.Results confirm the reliability of the tool, which was estimated through internal consistency and test‐retest stability. The tool showed evidence of acceptable psychometric properties for use in a nursing and midwifery population in the Spanish context.The results provide a framework for delineating and measuring the extent of advanced nursing domains and activities in the study context.The implications of this paper:The findings should be used to explore and develop emerging advanced nursing practices in Spain. The tool will be useful to measure the extent of advanced nursing practice and activities within the study population and to influence role delineation.The tool could help to overcome role ambiguity and false expectations that could benefit future practice, professional development, and policy regarding advanced nursing practice.It will also allow comparison of advanced practice roles with those in other international contexts.