bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Christian Teaching Is Really Outrageous
Authors: Glanzer Perry L. , Alleman Nathan F. , Marsden George 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This conclusion returns to answer the question: Is Christian teaching really that outrageous? As the range of examples cited in this book illustrate, Christian teaching is multifaceted and complex. After all, Christian teaching is not simply a vital form of self-expression or something that can and should be easily privatized. The calling to love and teach students requires that Christians respect the dignity of the student and the agreed upon purposes of the academic context in which one teaches. At this point, Christian teaching must become outrageous not only for individuals and for groups opposed to Christianity, but also to the powers in authority. While those teaching in the pluralistic academy must respect its customs, this chapter summarizes a Christian response to oppression that provides a way to resist oppression that will help them to model a markedly different kind of pedagogy for their students.
The Importance of Who We Are
Authors: Lindemann Hilde 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains why personal identities are important and why feminist ethicists care about them. The concept of a personal identity is analyzed as a social construction. The chapter points out that identities are always multiple and relational, and often unchosen. This is followed by a discussion of the narrative constitution of identities and what that implies. Then comes an explanation of how gender damages identities and what can be done about it by means of counterstories. The chapter ends with a meditation on why it’s so difficult for counterstories to get the social uptake they need if they are to repair the identity.
Bioethics
Authors: Lindemann Hilde 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter begins with a definition of bioethics and explains why it is so important. This is followed by an overview of the standard, nonfeminist ways of doing bioethics and why they are unsatisfactory from a feminist point of view. Feminist analyses of four topics in bioethics are offered that demonstrate the usefulness of a feminist approach to bioethics: the doctor-patient relationship, physician-assisted suicide, abortion, and allocation of healthcare resources.
Violence
Authors: Lindemann Hilde 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter opens with an explanation of why violence is such an important topic for feminist ethics. It then addresses three forms of violence: rape and sexual harassment, rape as a weapon of war, and domestic violence. Rape is explained in terms of property theories, consent theories, and abusive group relations theories, followed by a discussion of the #MeToo movement. The feminist analysis of war includes not only rape as a weapon but also enslaving women and girls for sexual services. Finally, domestic violence is argued to be an expression of the socially structured power system called gender, kept in place by repeated iterations of itself.
Globalization and Cross-Cultural Judgments
Authors: Lindemann Hilde 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter opens with an explanation of why feminists need to pay attention to global issues. It begins with a description of the Southern “debt” and offers a critical explanation of neoliberalism’s four doctrines: free trade, opposition to government regulation, refusal of responsibility for social welfare, and privatization of resources. This is followed by a look at three kinds of work that have been globalized and primarily involve women: domestic work, nursing, and sex work. The chapter concludes with a discussion of cross-cultural judgments.
The Rise of the Christian Right in the South and Its Impact on National Politics
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The rise of the largely Evangelical-led Christian Right movement profoundly altered the Southern political landscape and eventually the national one as well. The “Solid South,” long a predominantly white Protestant and Democratic Party dominated region, has become largely Republican and anchored by white Protestants. As the South has become increasingly diverse and somewhat less distinctive, coalitions of minority groups, including religious minorities, are the backbone of the Democratic Party in the region. Since the 1980s, white Evangelicals have remained firmly committed to the GOP. What began in the South as a marginalized social movement focused on a narrow agenda eventually reconfigured the national party coalitions and played a major role on the election of Donald J. Trump as president.
What Is Bribery?
Authors: Davis Kevin E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
How should bribery be defined for the purposes of transnational bribery law? This chapter begins with a motivating example from Haiti, a paradigmatic case of transnational bribery. After reducing the transaction to its essential elements and explaining the justifications for prohibiting similar transactions, we turn to the tremendous variety of ways in which the scope of prohibitions on transnational bribery can be expanded or narrowed by defining, or redefining, each of the elements of a paradigmatic bribe. Topics covered include: the physical elements of the offense, defenses, whether bribery of public officials merits distinct legal treatment, and whether bribe payers and recipients ought to be treated differently.
How Should Responsibility for Regulation Be Allocated?
Authors: Davis Kevin E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The OECD paradigm’s expansive approach to jurisdiction has advantages in terms of effectiveness and legitimacy, but, by inviting multiple enforcement agencies to intervene in individual cases, it creates space for disagreement, conflict, and redundancy. Previous chapters have shown that reasonable people can disagree about which conduct or actors to target and what sanctions to impose. There also is a risk that collective action problems will compromise effectiveness or efficiency. Some of these dangers can be avoided by assigning enforcement authority to an international organization such as a multilateral development bank, or even a new international anti-corruption agency, but the problems of legitimacy are likely to remain. When hard cases arise, the views of people who will be most greatly affected by the decision, namely, the inhabitants of the country governed by corrupt officials, ought to be given significant weight.
Conclusion
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the study’s findings regarding how U.S.-born Mexican American respondents negotiate the ethnic and American aspects of their identities, as well as the Spanish language, and their attitudes on immigration. Almost without exception, the American identity of the respondents remained constant, whereas the strength and meaningfulness of their ethnic background varied by individual and context. The chapter then expounds on the concept of the ethnic core as necessary for understanding the experiences of Mexican Americans, as well as other groups, and why it fills explanatory gaps left by theories of assimilation and race. Finally, it assesses the likelihood that ethnicity will remain durable for Mexican Americans in the future based on a variety of factors.
“To Read the Round of Eternity”
Authors: Brown Samuel Morris 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Book of Mormon is concerned with, among other things, the nature of language. Participating in ancient debates about the relative strengths and weaknesses of oral versus written language, The Book of Mormon points toward a hybrid model of scripture in which oral—brimming with power but limited in space and time—and written—unlimited by space or time but dead and susceptible to multiple interpretations—languages are both necessary to constitute scripture. The Book of Mormon models this behavior extensively, even obsessively, starting with its front matter and extending through multiple narrative threads. Throughout its primary and multiple secondary narrative arcs, The Book of Mormon models a hybrid scripture that depends on both written and oral language. In its narrative of Jaredites—a people protected from the curse of Babel whose sacred history is locked in gold plates until a supernaturally gifted seer can be found—The Book of Mormon provides a key to understanding the entire scriptural text. The Jaredite prophet has powerful oral language and also a written scripture stored in gold plates, liberated by the living voice of the seer. Both a scripture and a seeric figure are required for the Jaredites as well as for the Lehites. This scriptural hybridity is perhaps most striking in two encounters between Christ and the New World worshippers whose story The Book of Mormon tells—in both cases, Christ employs both his own divine speech and written scriptural texts to communicate sacred truths. This scriptural hybridity that appears central to The Book of Mormon argues strongly for the necessity of both ancient and modern voices in this foundational Latter-day Saint scripture.
“The Writing of the Fruit of Thy Loins”
Authors: Scales Laura Thiemann 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although it has frequently been acknowledged that first-person narration is a crucial component of The Book of Mormon’s structure, no critic has fully analyzed the nature of narrative voice in The Book of Mormon or placed its prophetic voice in historical context. This essay shows how the centrality of first-person prophet–narrators in The Book of Mormon fundamentally changed the standard narrative practice of scripture. The piece situates the text’s prophetic voice in the context of early nineteenth-century religious culture: a world of evangelical preachers, self-proclaimed prophets, historicist biblical scholars, literary Transcendentalism, and popular spiritualist mediumship—all of which produce texts that collapse narrative categories and transform the relationship between human and divine. In doing so, it moves beyond the commonplace that personal revelation is the primary distinction of LDS and Second Great Awakening–era scriptural and spiritual practice; instead, its key characteristic is the always-mediated nature of that revelation.
“Arise From the Dust, My Sons, and Be Men”
Authors: Easton-Flake Amy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Book of Mormon joined a conversation of American manhood in flux. While American literature gave rise to a new model of manhood, the American Adam, self-help literature offered male passions freer rein, heralding self-reliance, self-interest, and self-improvement. Within popular print, autonomy and individualism were becoming the bedrock of American masculinity. Into this print culture came The Book of Mormon, a text intended, at least in part, to instruct its readers how God-fearing men should behave. This essay argues that the performance of masculinity supported by the text can best be understood within the context not only of ideals for men, but also of prescribed ideals for women and their religious concerns. While The Book of Mormon’s narrative shored up the importance of fatherhood and patriarchal authority, it simultaneously emphasized the centrality of female concerns and traits.
Introduction
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Qursawi’s reformism is conventionally described as rejecting Islamic tradition and ulama authority in favor of secular “enlightenment,” a view that is irretrievably flawed. Addressing this historiography, which connects Qursawi to Jadidism, this chapter argues that it is based on unfounded and anachronistic premises that skew his historical memory and obscure his contributions. Instead, Qursawi must be viewed from within Islamic tradition, and accordingly his thought is approached from the perspective of Islamic intellectual history. This chapter connects research into Qursawi with the literature on contemporary reformism in the 18th-century Islamic world, and it establishes the present study’s theoretical perspective on the Islamic scholarly tradition, viewing it as a discursive tradition operating through institutions, which are shaped by historical circumstances and therefore shape Islamic discourse in turn.
The Transformation of the Religious Environment
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The religious and intellectual landscape of the Volga-Ural region changed significantly over the course of the 19th century. This chapter addresses those changes, focusing on three main historical phenomena: the adoption of European approaches and subjects in Islamic education and pedagogy, the introduction of Arabic-script printing and periodical publishing, and the fragmentation of Islamic religious authority. These phenomena all contributed to a new religious and intellectual landscape that arises following the 1905 Revolution, which is marked by debates over the ulama’s stature as foremost religious interpreters and non-ulama elites speaking for Islam and for Muslims alongside scholars. Characterized by conflicts over the continued validity of the Islamic scholarly tradition and the role of ulama, the discourse of this period included new debates and movements, including Jadidism, which emerges out of the broad changes taking place.
Conclusion
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The significant differences between the premises and goals of Jadidism and Qursawi’s reformism call into question the movement’s connection with him. This chapter explores the points of divergence between the two and, addressing the historiography that presents him as a Jadidist pioneer, shows that Qursawi has no place within the genealogy of Jadidism, and also that Shihab al-Din Marjani cannot serve as the necessary link between them. Instead, Qursawi’s thought must be understood within the contexts of postclassical Islamic thought and the religious environment in the Russian Empire in the early 19th century, separate from posthumous developments transforming that environment and leading to Jadidism as a distinct movement.
Retributivist Perspectives on an Offender’s Criminal or Crime-Free Past
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Proponents of retribution (Just Deserts) as a punishment rationale sharply disagree about whether repeat offenders are more culpable for a new offense, in comparison to offenders with little or no prior record. Some retributivists assert that prior convictions should have no bearing on the offender’s culpability and deserved punishment for his latest offense. Other retributivists argue that first offenders are less culpable and deserve sentence mitigation; some of these writers would extend a lesser degree of mitigation to offenders with only a minor record. A third group of retributivists views prior crimes as an aggravating factor, justifying steady increases in punishment severity as offenders acquire more convictions. This chapter critiques each of these three approaches. It argues that first offenders deserve substantial mitigation, that sentence severity should rise only modestly with additional convictions, and that such enhancements must be “capped” to preserve proportionality to the crime being sentenced.
Are Record-Based Enhancements a Cost-Effective and Fair Way to Reduce Crime?
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Even if a guidelines criminal history score, other prior record formula, or some combination of record and non-record factors accurately reflects the offender’s recidivism risk, sentence enhancements based on that formula are not justified unless the increased penalty will prevent further offending in a cost-effective, fair, and legal manner. This chapter summarizes the voluminous literature on the relationship between punishment severity and crime. That literature shows that increased penalty severity has at best a modest deterrent effect on offending rates, and is as likely to cause more crime as it is to prevent crime by means of general and specific (individual) deterrence and/or incapacitation. The chapter also discusses whether such enhancements—particularly when based on non-record factors such as age and gender—are unfair to offenders, and whether non-record, risk-based enhancements are consistent with constitutional requirements of proof beyond reasonable doubt and jury trial under the Blakely v. Washington doctrine.
Disproportionate Impacts on Minority Offenders
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. , Hester Rhys 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sentencing enhancements based on the offender’s prior conviction record are a major contributor to racial disproportionalities in prison populations, since racial minorities tend to have more extensive criminal records. After briefly reviewing the larger problem of disproportionate minority confinement in the United States, and the serious negative consequences of such disparities, this chapter examines data from several states on the ways in which racial differences in prior conviction records and other factors cause disproportionate minority confinement. The chapter focuses on black-to-white disparities, since blacks are the largest nonwhite group in most states and there is more detailed criminal justice data on them than for most other nonwhite groups. But the available data on Hispanics and Native Americans reveals disparities that are sometimes as great as for blacks. The chapter concludes with proposals for revising criminal history enhancement rules that have the largest and least defensible disparate impacts on nonwhite offenders.
The Long Arm of the Law
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of whether and when prior convictions from many years past should no longer be considered at sentencing. The chapter first surveys the varying “look-back” and crime-free “gap” rules found in American guidelines systems, noting that many jurisdictions have no look-back limits for some or all offenders. This discussion also examines the question of when the look-back “clock” starts to run, in applying each of the existing rules—that date could be as early as the date of the prior sentencing, or as late as discharge from probation or parole. The chapter then considers the ways in which different approaches to look-back relate to the punishment rationales—offender risk and culpability—that are thought to justify criminal history enhancements. It also presents a summary of recent research surveying public opinion about the desirability and formulation of look-back limits. The chapter concludes with proposals to limit look-back.
Rehearsal
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter discusses the characteristics of effective orchestra rehearsing that involve instructing students how to feel, hear, and see concepts so that efficient and purposeful practice can successfully occur. The process of designing motivating rehearsal environments, classroom structure, and skill sets is examined. Several rehearsal strategies are analyzed and demonstrated via score samples and videos that help students to develop better intonation, rhythmic alignment, tone quality, finger coordination, and consistency. The chapter explains that the director has the responsibility of ensuring that rehearsals inspire and develop musicianship among the students. Finally, the author demonstrates how a director’s deeper-level questioning can assist students in overcoming performance obstacles without director guidance.
Intermediate-Advanced Level
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter provides several exercises that aim to refine left-hand technique in the intermediate-advanced levels of string playing. These techniques include building better pitch accuracy, tuning double stops, executing trills, producing both natural and false harmonics, shifting, perfecting vibrato, and performing glissando. Right-hand bowing techniques that develop phrasing as well as various sound colors and advanced bowing styles are discussed. The author explains how incorporating western music history and theory concepts in rehearsals help students gain a deeper understanding about a piece’s purpose, musical form, harmonic structure, and rhythmic principles so that students can convey a powerful and emotional performance.
The State
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Philippine state is a key mediator in the global labor market for voice. Colonization by Spain and the United States generated what the scholar Walden Bello calls an “anti-development state.” Catholic ideology limits women’s’ reproductive choices, while a migrant labor policy sends the country’s best and brightest abroad to work and remit money back home. For ordinary Filipinos who finish college, the result is a bifurcated choice: leave the country to find prosperity or stay at home and live in poverty. The megacity of Manila is where so many Filipinos find themselves negotiating this difficult fork in the road.
Funerals, Faces, and Hellenistic Philosophers
Authors: Brouwer René 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this chapter two phases of the origins and development of the concept of person in ancient Rome are discussed. In a prephilosophical phase, the origins of the word can be traced back to the Etruscans and the Greeks, respectively. The Latin word persona is most likely of Etruscan origin. At first the Romans used this word as a religious term. At the end of the second century bce it came to be applied in the context of the Greek theatre, too. Panaetius, in his “Romanized” version of Stoicism, as preserved and developed by Cicero, reinterpreted the Greek and Etruscan understanding of person in the sense of the general and particular roles that human beings take on in life. Seneca, but more especially Epictetus and Boethius, developed these interpretations further, each with a different emphasis: Epictetus discussed person from an internal point of view, whereas Boethius formulated his influential definition of person in the debate on the nature of Christ.
Medieval Mystics on Persons
Authors: Van Dyke Christina 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The thirteenth to fifteenth centuries were witness to lively and broad-ranging debates about the nature of persons. In logical and grammatical discussions, “person” indicated individuality. In the legal-political realm, “person” separated subjects from objects. In theological contexts, “person” appears most often in Trinitarian and Christological debates: God was three persons in one Being, and Christ was one person with two natures (human and divine). This chapter looks at how these uses of “person” overlap in the works of contemplatives in the Latin West such as Hadewijch, Marguerite Porete, Meister Eckhart, and Catherine of Siena. I argue that the key concepts of individuality, dignity, and rationality combine with the contemplative use of first and second person perspectives, personification, and introspection to yield a concept of “person” that both prefigures Locke’s classic seventeenth-century definition and deeply influences the development of personalism.
Ghosts in Their Shells
Authors: Chong Sylvia Shin Huey 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Science fiction has often been a site for interrogating the possibilities and limits of the human, through such stock inventions as robots, cyborgs, and artificial intelligence. This reflection focuses on three versions of a single science fiction story, Ghost in the Shell, all involving a different medium of expression: comic book, animation, and live-action film. Not only does this story, about a cyborg military agent battling a disembodied artificial intelligence villain, raise the usual questions about humanness as embodiment, memory, self-consciousness, and political rights, but the three different versions reveal the various ways that representational form also imbues its characters with humanness, through movement, dialogue, psychological depth, historical background, and visual richness.