bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescents’ perceptions of tobacco accessibility and smoking norms and attitudes in response to the tobacco point-of-sale display ban in Scotland: results from the DISPLAY Study
Authors: Kuipers Mirte AG , Best Catherine , Wilson Michael , Currie Dorothy , Ozakinci Gozde , MacKintosh Anne-Marie , Stead Martine , Eadie Douglas , MacGregor Andy , Pearce Jamie , Amos Amanda , Haw Sally 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundScotland implemented a ban on open display of tobacco products in supermarkets in April 2013, and small shops in April 2015. This study aimed to quantify changes in perceived tobacco accessibility, smoking norms and smoking attitudes among adolescents in Scotland, following the implementation of partial and comprehensive point-of-sale (POS) tobacco display bans.MethodsFrom the Determining the Impact of Smoking Point of Sale Legislation Among Youth (DISPLAY) Study’s 2013–2017 annual surveys we retrieved data comprising 6202 observations on 4836 12–17-year-old adolescents from four schools. Applying generalised estimating equations, associations between time (postban: 2016–2017 vs preban:2013) and three outcomes were estimated. Outcomes were perceived commercial access to tobacco, perceived positive smoking norm (friends think it’s OK to smoke) and positive smoking attitude (you think it’s OK to smoke). Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographics, smoking status, family smoking, friend smoking and e-cigarette use.ResultsCrude trends showed an increase over time in perceived accessibility, norms and attitudes. However, after adjustment for confounders, mainly e-cigarette use, we found significant declines in perceived access (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.90) and in positive smoking attitude (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.91), but no change in perceived positive smoking norm (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.29). Current/past occasional or regular e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of perceived access (OR = 3.12, 95% CI 2.32 to 4.21), positive norm (OR = 2.94, 95% CI 2.16 to 4.02) and positive attitude (OR = 3.38, 95% CI 2.35 to 4.87).ConclusionOnly when taking into account that the use of e-cigarettes increased in 2013–2017 did we find that the POS tobacco display ban in supermarkets and small shops in Scotland was followed by reductions in adolescents’ perceived accessibility of tobacco and positive attitudes towards smoking.
Impact of nations meeting the MPOWER targets between 2014 and 2016: an update
Authors: Levy David T , Li Yameng , Yuan Zhe 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveSince the WHO released the Monitoring tobacco use and tobacco control policies; Protecting from the dangers of tobacco smoke; Offering help to quit tobacco; Warning the public about the dangers; Enforcing bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and Raising tobacco taxes (MPOWER) policy package to assist nations with implementing the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), 88 countries have adopted at least one MPOWER policy at the highest level as of 2014. Building on previous evaluations, we estimated the reduction in smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) from all policies newly adopted at the highest level between 2014 and 2016.MethodsFor each nation that implemented highest level policies, the difference in policy effect sizes from previously validated SimSmoke models for the policies in effect in 2014 and 2016 were multiplied by the number of smokers in that nation to derive the reduction in the number of smokers. Based on research that half of all smokers die from smoking, we derived SADs averted.FindingsIn total, 43 nations adopted at least one highest-level MPOWER policy between 2014 and 2016, resulting in 14.6 million fewer SADs. The largest number of SADs averted were due to stronger health warnings (13.3 million), followed by raising taxes (0.6 million), increased marketing bans (0.4 million), smoke-free air laws (0.3 million) and cessation interventions (2500).ConclusionThese findings demonstrate the continuing public health impact of tobacco control policies adopted globally since the FCTC, and highlight the importance of more countries adopting MPOWER policies at the highest level to reduce the global burden of tobacco use.
Increased BUN and glucose in a group of San Cristóbal galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis chathamensis)
Authors: Cerreta Anthony J. , Vaden Shelly L. , Lewbart Gregory A. , Muñoz‐Pérez Juan Pablo , Páez‐Rosas Diego 
Published: May 2019

Veterinary health examinations were performed on 19 captive tortoises in seminatural conditions at the ‘Galapaguera of Cerro Colorado’ and at the ‘Otoy Ranch’ on San Cristóbal Island, Galápagos. No abnormalities were found during physical examination, but there were significant increases in glucose and blood urea nitrogen concentrations in the tortoises sampled at the Otoy Ranch (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The glucose concentration in tortoises at the Otoy Ranch was also increased compared with health assessments conducted 1 year previously. It is suspected that diet is responsible for these differences, due to the fact that in the wild, Galapagos tortoises consume large quantities of low energy forage and previous studies have correlated a captive diet with excess dietary protein to a shortened life expectancy. These peripheral blood chemistry abnormalities constitute a need for future research in the nutrition of the Galapagos tortoise to help ensure the health and survival of these species.
Exactness of Lepage 2-forms and globally variational differential equations
Authors: Urban Zbyněk , Volná Jana 
Published: May 2019

The exactness equation for Lepage [Formula: see text]-forms, associated with variational systems of ordinary differential equations on smooth manifolds, is analyzed with the aim to construct a concrete global variational principle. It is shown that locally variational systems defined by homogeneous functions of degree [Formula: see text] are automatically globally variational. A new constructive method of finding a global Lagrangian is described for these systems, which include for instance the geodesic equations in Riemann and Finsler geometry.
Repeated S–I–A-type granite trilogy in the Lachlan Orogen and geochemical contrasts with A-type granites in Nigeria: implications for petrogenesis and tectonic discrimination
Authors: Collins William J. , Huang Hui-Qing , Bowden Peter , Kemp A. I. S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The classical S–I–A-type granites from the Lachlan Orogen, SE Australia, formed as a tectonic end-member of the accretionary orogenic spectrum, the Paleozoic Tasmanides. The sequence of S- to I- to A-type granite is repeated at least three times. All the granites are syn-extensional, formed in a dominantly back-arc setting behind a single, stepwise-retreating arc system between 530 and 230 Ma. Peralkaline granites are rare. Systematic S–I–A progressions indicate the progressive dilution of an old crustal component as magmatism evolved from arc (S-type) to proximal back-arc (I-type) to distal back-arc (A-type) magmatism. The alkaline and peralkaline A-type Younger granites of Nigeria were generally hotter and drier than the Lachlan A-type granites and were emplaced into an anhydrous Precambrian basement during intermittent intracontinental rifting. This geodynamic environment contrasts with the distal back-arc setting of the Lachlan A-type granites, where magmatism migrated rapidly across the orogen. Tectonic discrimination diagrams are inappropriate for the Lachlan granites, placing them in the wrong settings. Only the peralkaline Narraburra suite of the Lachlan Orogen fits the genuine ‘within-plate’ setting of the Nigerian A-type granites. Such discrimination diagrams require re-evaluation in the light of an improved modern understanding of tectonic processes, particularly the role of extensional tectonism and its geodynamic drivers.
A2bR-dependent signaling alters immune cell composition and enhances IL-6 formation in the ischemic heart
Authors: Alter Christina , Ding Zhaoping , Flögel Ulrich , Scheller Jürgen , Schrader Jürgen 
Published: May 2019

Although the cardioprotective effect of adenosine is undisputed, the role of the adenosine A2breceptor (A2bR) in ischemic cardiac remodeling is not defined. In this study we aimed to unravel the role A2bR plays in modulating the immune response and the healing mechanisms after myocardial infarction. Genetic and pharmacological (PSB603) inactivation of A2bR as well as activation of A2bR with BAY60-6583 does not alter cardiac remodeling of the infarcted (50-min left anterior descending artery occlusion/reperfusion) murine heart. Flow cytometry of immune cell subsets identified a significant increase in B cells, NK cells, CD8 and CD4 T cells, as well as FoxP3-expressing regulatory T cells in the injured heart in A2bR-deficient mice. Analysis of T-cell function revealed that expression and secretion of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α by T cells is under A2bR control. In addition, we found substantial cellular heterogeneity in the response of immune cells and cardiomyocytes to A2bR deficiency: while in the absence of A2bR, expression of IL-6 was greatly reduced in cardiomyocytes and immune cells except T cells, and expression of IL-1β was strongly reduced in cardiomyocytes, granulocytes, and B cells as determined by quantitative PCR. Our findings indicate that A2bR signaling in the ischemic heart triggers substantial changes in cardiac immune cell composition of the lymphoid lineage and induces a profound cell type-specific downregulation of IL-6 and IL-1β. This suggests the presence of a targetable adenosine–A2bR–IL-6-axis triggered by adenosine formed by the ischemic heart.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Genetic deletion and pharmacological inactivation/activation of A2bR does not alter cardiac remodeling after MI but is associated by compensatory upregulation of various pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cell subsets (B cells, NK cells, CD8 and CD4 T cells, regulatory T cells). In the inflamed heart, A2bR modulates the expression of IL-2, IFNγ, TNFα in T cells and of IL-6 in cardiomyocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and B cells. This suggests an important adenosine–IL-6 axis, which is controlled by A2bR via local adenosine.
Lifetime Occurrence of Brain Metastases Arising from Lung, Breast, and Skin Cancers in the Elderly: A SEER-Medicare Study
Authors: Ascha Mustafa S. , Ostrom Quinn T. , Wright James , Kumthekar Priya , Bordeaux Jeremy S. , Sloan Andrew E. , Schumacher Fredrick R. , Kruchko Carol , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background:
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program recently released data on brain metastases (BM) diagnosed during primary cancer staging workup (“synchronous” BM, or SBM); this study examines the incidence of SBM compared with that of lifetime BM (LBM) identified using Medicare claims for patients diagnosed with lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma.

Methods:
Incidence proportions (IP) and age-adjusted rates for each of SEER SBM and Medicare LBM are presented along with measures of concordance between the two sources of data, where Medicare LBM were defined by several combinations of diagnosis and putative diagnostic imaging procedure codes.

Results:
The SBM IP in lung, breast, and melanoma cancers were 9.6%, 0.3%, and 1.1%, respectively; the corresponding LBM IP were 13.5%, 1.8%, and 3.6%. The greatest SBM IP among patients with lung cancer was 13.4% for non–small cell lung cancer, and among patients with breast cancer was 0.7% for triple-negative breast cancer. The greatest LBM IP among lung cancers was 23.1% in small-cell lung cancer, and among breast cancers was 4.2% for cases of the triple negative subtype.

Conclusions:
Using a large dataset that is representative of the elderly population in the United States, these analyses estimate synchronous and lifetime incidence of BM in lung cancers, breast cancers, and melanomas.

Impact:
These and other population-based estimates may be used to guide development of BM screening policy and evaluation of real-world data sources.
Isolating the Observed Influence of Vegetation Variability on the Climate of La Plata River Basin
Authors: Chug Divyansh , Dominguez Francina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis work aims to isolate and quantify the local and remote biogeophysical influences of slowly varying vegetation variability on the climate of La Plata basin (LPB) in the austral spring season (September–November) using observational records. Past studies have shown strong land–atmosphere coupling in LPB during this season. The analysis uses a 34-yr record (1981–2014) of the modified enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) from the NASA Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) Vegetation Index and Phenology dataset and the third-generation normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies. The dominant patterns of vegetation index variability in space and time are assessed using empirical orthogonal function/principal component analysis over the LPB. The dominant mode in the austral spring is a vegetation dipole, with greening (browning) or positive (negative) vegetation index anomalies in the northeastern (southwestern) part of the basin. Using the stepwise generalized equilibrium feedback assessment (SGEFA), the effect of the vegetation variability on the atmosphere is then isolated. The dominant mode of LPB vegetation variability in austral spring is related to warmer temperatures in the southwest LPB and enhanced precipitation over the central and southern parts of the basin. A mechanism is proposed for the increase in latent heat flux and cooler temperatures in the northeastern LPB due to greening, and the increase in sensible heat flux, warmer temperatures, and decrease in surface pressure in southwestern LPB due to browning. The geostrophic response to this induced pressure gradient leads to anomalous northerly enhancement of moisture-laden winds, deeper penetration of moisture into LPB, and increased precipitation over the central and southern parts of the basin.
Should Interpolation of Radar Reflectivity be Performed in Z or dBZ?
Authors: Warren Robert A. , Protat Alain 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInterpolation of ground-based radar measurements is required when mapping data from their native spherical coordinates to a Cartesian grid. For reflectivity the question arises as to whether this processing should be performed in units ofZ(mm6m−3) or dBZ. This study addresses this question using one year of data from three radars, operating in diverse climates across Australia. For each radar, a subset of 800 volume scans is processed to identify “triads”—groups of three consecutive gates with valid data—in each of the three coordinate directions: range, azimuth, and elevation. For every triad, the reflectivity at the central gate is estimated by linearly interpolating between the outer two gates in bothZand dBZ. The resulting values are then compared with the true reflectivity at the central gate to quantify the interpolation errors. For all three sites and in all three coordinate directions, we find that interpolation inZis more accurate on average, especially in regions of high reflectivity and strong reflectivity gradient (i.e., convective cores). However, interpolation in dBZis better in regions of low and monotonically increasing/decreasing reflectivity. It is therefore recommended that reflectivities be converted from dBZtoZprior to interpolation except when identifying echo-top height or other low-reflectivity boundaries.
A Regime-Based Evaluation of Southern and Northern Great Plains Warm-Season Precipitation Events in WRF
Authors: Wang Jingyu , Dong Xiquan , Kennedy Aaron , Hagenhoff Brooke , Xi Baike 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A competitive neural network known as the self-organizing map (SOM) is used to objectively identify synoptic patterns in the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) for warm-season (April–September) precipitation events over the Southern and Northern Great Plains (SGP/NGP) from 2007 to 2014. Classifications for both regions demonstrate contrast in dominant synoptic patterns ranging from extratropical cyclones to subtropical ridges, all of which have preferred months of occurrence. Precipitation from deterministic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations run by the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) are evaluated against National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Stage IV observations. The SGP features larger observed precipitation amount, intensity, and coverage, as well as better model performance than the NGP. Both regions’ simulated convective rain intensity and coverage have good agreement with observations, whereas the stratiform rain (SR) is more problematic with weaker intensity and larger coverage. Further evaluation based on SOM regimes shows that WRF bias varies with the type of meteorological forcing, which can be traced to differences in the diurnal cycle and properties of stratiform and convective rain. The higher performance scores are generally associated with the extratropical cyclone condition than the subtropical ridge. Of the six SOM classes over both regions, the largest precipitation oversimulation is found for SR dominated classes, whereas a nocturnal negative precipitation bias exists for classes featuring upscale growth of convection.
Event-Related Electrodermal Response to Stress: Results From a Realistic Driving Simulator Scenario
Authors: Daviaux Yannick , Bonhomme Emilien , Ivers Hans , de Sevin Étienne , Micoulaud-Franchi Jean-Arthur , Bioulac Stéphanie , Morin Charles M. , Philip Pierre , Altena Ellemarije 
Published: May 2019

Objective: The study goal was to test whether induced stress during driving could be measured at the event level through electrodermal activity responses. Background: Stress measured in simulation scenarios could thus far show an overall change in the stress state, but not be well attributed to acute stressful events. Driving simulator scenarios that induce stress measurable at the event level in realistic situations are thus warranted. As such, acute stress reactions can be measured in the context of changing situational factors such as fatigue, substance abuse, or medical conditions. Method: Twelve healthy female participants drove the same route numerous times in a driving simulator, each time with different random traffic events occurring throughout. During one of the scenarios, unknown to the participants, 10 programmed neutral traffic events occurred, whereas in another scenario, at the same location, 10 stressful events occurred. Results: Electrodermal response results showed both effects of scenario type and of events. The amplitude of the electrodermal response was significantly correlated with subjective stress experience. Conclusion: We conclude that our developed ecological driving simulation scenarios can be used to induce and measure stress at the event level. Application: The developed simulator scenarios enable us to measure stress reactions in driving situations at the time when the event actually happens. With these scenarios, we can measure how situational factors, such as fatigue or substance abuse, can change immediate stress reactions when driving. We can further measure more specifically how induced driving stress can affect physical and mental functioning afterward.
Interpretations of Brazil and Global Capitalism
Authors: Lage Victor Coutinho 
Published: May 2019

Certain interpretations of Brazil may be read as texts providing theorizations of global capitalism. Study of a set of these texts focusing on Florestan Fernandes’s A revolução burguesa no Brasil exposes the connections between the internal and the external and the articulations of past, present, and future in the production of inequality within and among countries. Renewed attention to them is likely to be fruitful for debates on global capitalism that are not of exclusive interest to the Brazilian case and to challenge a certain global division of intellectual labor. Certas interpretações do Brasil podem ser lidas como textos que fornecem teorizações do capitalismo global. O estudo de um conjunto de textos com foco no A revolução burguesa no Brasil, de Florestan Fernandes, expõe as conexões entre o interno e o externo e as articulações de passado, presente e futuro na produção da desigualdade dentro e entre os países. Uma atenção renovada para eles provavelmente é proveitosa para debates sobre o capitalismo global que não são de interesse exclusivo do caso brasileiro e para desafiar certa divisão global do trabalho intelectual.
Lula, Dilma, and Temer: The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Foreign Policy
Authors: Reis da Silva André Luiz , Pérez José O. 
Published: May 2019

The rapid rise and fall of Brazilian foreign policy initiatives and capacities across the Lula (2003–2010), Dilma (2011–2016), and Temer (2016–2018) governments cannot be attributed solely to any of these presidential administrations but was also affected by domestic variables, international events, and economic factors. Furthermore, identity, corporations, the media, corruption scandals, and other variables influenced each president’s ability to conduct foreign policy. Process tracing of these three governments reveals the way policies and programs such as the BRICS and IBSA can be understood in this context. In short, analyses of Brazilian foreign policy must be balanced between agent and structure. A rápida ascensão e queda das iniciativas e capacidades da política externa brasileira nos governos Lula (2003-2010), Dilma (2011-2016) e Temer (2016-2018) não pode ser atribuída somente a qualquer uma dessas administrações presidenciais, mas também foi afetada por variáveis domésticas, eventos internacionais e fatores econômicos. Além disso, identidade, corporações, mídia, escândalos de corrupção e outras variáveis influenciaram a capacidade de cada presidente de conduzir a política externa. O rastreamento de processos desses três governos revela a maneira pela qual políticas e programas como o BRICS e o IBSA podem ser compreendidos nesse contexto. Em suma, as análises da política externa brasileira devem ser equilibradas entre agentes e estruturas.
Brazilians in London: Ideology, Social Class, and Motivations for Migration, Settlement, and Return
Authors: Robins Daniel 
Published: May 2019

The United Kingdom now boasts the largest Brazilian population in Europe, but so far the processes behind this relatively new migration stream remain undertheorized. An examination of Brazilian migration to London suggests that, although increased access to economic capital certainly plays a role in it, what migrants do with this capital may vary significantly and, further, that these differences are related to social class and ideology. The likelihood that they will settle or return is also linked to the degree to which they identify with the dominant ideology of the destination society. O Reino Unido agora possui a maior população brasileira da Europa, mas até agora os processos por trás desse fluxo de migração relativamente novo permanecem pouco teorizados. Uma examinação da migração brasileira para Londres sugere que, embora o maior acesso ao capital econômico certamente desempenhe um papel importante, o que os migrantes fazem com esse capital pode variar significativamente e, além disso, essas diferenças estão relacionadas à classe social e à ideologia. A probabilidade de eles se estabelecerem ou retornarem também está ligado ao grau no qual se identificam com a ideologia dominante da sociedade de destino.