bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐management after hospitalisation
Authors: Geryk Tamra , Jacelon Cynthia S. , LeBlanc Raeann , Choi Jeungok 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesThe aim of this research was to explore the processes used by older individuals to self‐manage their health during the first 30 days after being discharged from the hospital. The underlying philosophy for this research was symbolic interactionism. From this perspective, individuals make meaning out of their experiences and act on the basis of those meanings.BackgroundLittle is known about the processes older adults use to adjust to and self‐manage their evolved health status after returning home from the hospital. Few studies have explored this period from the perspective of the older individual living in the situation.MethodsWe used case study method to develop a collective, instrumental case to explain the phenomena of older individuals self‐managing their health after hospitalisation. Data included interviews, participant diaries and researcher field notes.ResultsThe sample included three women who were at least 75 years old, had been hospitalised for at least 24 hr and had been discharged within the week prior to the first interview. Data from the participants were used to create a composite case, Mrs. C. She managed her autonomy, activity, attitude, health and relationships across three phases of posthospitalisation, returning home, adjusting and the evolved normal.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into the experience of older individuals during the first 30 days after a stay in a healthcare facility and supports previous research findings regarding hospitalisation and self‐management of chronic health problems.Implications for practiceThe findings provide evidence that returning home is a process that usually takes about a month to get into a new routine. Nurses can use this case study to describe some people’s experience after discharge, and to help the older individual to identify friends and family who can provide physical and emotional support during the time immediately after discharge.
Evaluation of “Stop the Bleed” training among K‐12 faculty and staff in Alabama
Authors: Jones Allison R. , Brown Michelle R. , Esslinger Amanda , Strickland Virginia S. , Kerby Jeffrey D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate “Stop the Bleed” (STB) training among/K12 personnel in an Alabama school system, and to assess participants’ perceived readiness to train peers in STB methods.Design and SampleWe performed a cross‐sectional observational study with a convenience, nonprobability sample of 466 full‐time personnel who received STB training. Data were collected using an anonymous online survey.MeasurementsWe asked participants to recall feelings related to STB both prior to and after completing training using a 5‐point Likert scale (5 = “Strongly Disagree”, 1 = “Strongly Agree”). We used logistic regression to evaluate the association among posttraining feelings and perceived preparedness to train others in STB.ResultsParticipants were primarily female (78%), aged 41 ± 10 years, who held faculty positions (94%). Results revealed increased knowledge of (4 [IQR 2–4] vs. 2 [1–2], p < .001) and comfort with (4 [2–5] vs. 2 [1–2], p < .001) STB skills. Participants felt more empowered to organize STB training (4 [3–5] vs. 3 [2–4], p < .001); those who felt empowered to organize STB training were eight times more likely to feel capable of teaching STB.ConclusionsAfter STB training, K‐12 personnel felt empowered to organize additional STB trainings and capable of teaching STB methods to others.
Measuring the Disaster Resilience of an Urban Community Using ANP‐FCE Method from the Perspective of Capitals
Authors: Cui Peng , Li Dezhi 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveFacing increasingly frequent disasters, the resilience concept can make up the limitations of traditional community disaster management. This article evaluated the disaster resilience in an urban community from the perspective of capital, and provides measurements for stakeholders to enhance the community resilience.MethodsOn the basis of selected capital indicators using systematic literature review, the urban community resilience framework is established based on analytic network process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Finally, the results are analyzed using the importance–performance analysis.ResultsFirst, 12 indicators within three dimensions of community capitals are identified. Then, the weights of social, economic, and natural capital are calculated as 33, 41, and 26 percent, respectively. Afterward, taking a waterlogging disaster as an example, an aged community acquired a 46.57 score of resilience. The importance–performance quadrant shows the priority of factors to be improved.ConclusionRelationship, norms, demographic characteristics, voluntary activity, physical facilities, communication system, general property, dedicated assets, resources, energy, ecological environment, and artificial environment are considered as key capitals of community resilience. In addition, a general framework to calculate and evaluate the resilience in a community is established that provides a benchmark for rating the resilience of urban communities.
Invasion by activated macrophages requires delivery of nascent membrane‐type‐1 matrix metalloproteinase through late endosomes/lysosomes to the cell surface
Authors: Röhl Joan , West Zoe E. , Rudolph Maren , Zaharia Andreea , Van Lonkhuyzen Derek , Hickey Danica K. , Semmler Annalese B. T. , Murray Rachael Z. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMacrophage migration into injured or infected tissue is a key aspect in the pathophysiology of many diseases where inflammation is a driving factor. Membrane‐type‐1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) cleaves extracellular matrix components to facilitate invasion. Here we show that, unlike the constitutive MT1‐MMP surface recycling seen in cancer cells, unactivated macrophages express low levels of MT1‐MMP. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation, MT1‐MMP synthesis dramatically increases 10‐fold at the surface by 15 hours. MT1‐MMP is trafficked from the Golgi complex to the surface via late endosomes/lysosomes in a pathway regulated by the late endosome/lysosome R‐SNAREs VAMP7 and VAMP8. These form two separate complexes with the surface Q‐SNARE complex Stx4/SNAP23 to regulate MT1‐MMP delivery to the plasma membrane. Loss of either one of these SNAREs leads to a reduction in surface MT1‐MMP, gelatinase activity and reduced invasion. Thus, inhibiting MT1‐MMP transport through this pathway could reduce macrophage migration and the resulting inflammation.
Using a motivator and deterrent questionnaire to predict actual donation return behavior among first‐time African‐origin blood donors
Authors: Swanevelder Ronél , Reddy Ravi , Chowdhury Dhuly , Olmsted Murrey , Brambilla Don , Jentsch Ute , Murphy Edward L. ,   for the REDS‐III South Africa Investigators
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUNDIn South Africa, success in recruiting first‐time African‐origin blood donors at low risk for HIV infection has been tempered by lower‐than‐anticipated return rates. We studied whether self‐reported motivators and deterrents could predict actual donor return among first‐time donors.METHODSWe administered a questionnaire on blood donation motivators and deterrents within 2 months after donation to a cohort of first‐time African‐origin blood donors in 2014 and followed their return behavior for 1 year. Survey responses associated with return within 1 year were assessed using separate multivariate logistic regression models for motivators and deterrents.RESULTSA total of 2902 first‐time African origin donors with median age of 23 years and female predominance (59%) were included. Within 1 year 1574 (54% of donors) attempted at least one additional donation. Donors were more likely to return if they strongly agreed with the statement “Blood donation is an easy way to make a difference” (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3‐2.9) and “I donated in response to advertisements on the radio, TV or newspaper” (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2‐2.1). English language preference and nonstudent employment status were also associated with donor return. Poor customer service (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28‐0.71), geographic region, and nonstudent employment status were associated with donor return in the deterrent model.CONCLUSIONSProsocial motivators and marketing communications predicted return, while poor customer experience predicted nonreturn. This novel design allowed us to study the link between donation motivators and deterrents and actual return for donation in the African context.
Progenitor cells expressing nestin, a neural crest stem cell marker, differentiate into outer root sheath keratinocytes
Authors: Onishi Saki , Baba Yuta , Yokoi Fumika , Ide Kaori , Ohyama Manabu , Nishifuji Koji 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundNestin, which was originally described as a neural crest stem cell marker, is known to be expressed in bulge follicle cells of human, canine and murine anagen hairs. However, the capacity of nestin‐expressing cells to differentiate into the components of the hair follicle or the epidermis has been insufficiently investigated.Hypothesis/objectivesTo determine whether nestin‐expressing cells are capable of differentiating into keratinocytes.Animals/materialsA double‐transgenic mouse line Nes‐Cre/CAG‐CAT‐EGFP, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is expressed upon Cre‐based recombination driven by the nestin promoter.Methods and materialsThe tissue distribution of EGFP+ and nestin+ cells in the skin of the mouse line was analysed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses.ResultsEGFP+ cells were recognized in the outer epithelial cell layers of anagen and telogen hair follicles, but rarely seen in the interfollicular epidermis. The EGFP+ cells in the outer layers of the hair follicles coexpressed keratin 14, a marker of the outer root sheath (ORS) keratinocytes, but not trichohyalin granules, an inner root sheath keratinocyte cell marker. Immunostaining for nestin failed to detect its expression in the majority of hair follicle epithelial cells, suggesting that the EGFP+ cells in the ORS were derived from nestin‐expressing progenitor cells that had become further committed along the epithelial cell lineage, where nestin is no longer expressed.Conclusions and clinical importanceThese results suggest that progenitor cells that differentiate into ORS keratinocytes are distinct from those for other hair follicle or epidermal components and provide implications for regenerative medicine and the molecular classification of hair follicle tumours.
Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure
Authors: Morton Robert W. , Sonne Michael W. , Farias Zuniga Amanda , Mohammad Ibrahim Y.Z. , Jones Amanda , McGlory Chris , Keir Peter J. , Potvin Jim R. , Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: July 2019

Key points
Performing resistance exercise with heavier loads is often proposed to be necessary for the recruitment of larger motor units and activation of type II muscle fibres, leading to type II fibre hypertrophy. Indirect measures [surface electromyography (EMG)] have been used to support this thesis, although we propose that lighter loads lifted to task failure (i.e. volitional fatigue) result in the similar activation of type II fibres.
In the present study, participants performed resistance exercise to task failure with heavier and lighter loads with both a normal and longer repetition duration (i.e. time under tension).
Type I and type II muscle fibre glycogen depletion was determined by neither load, nor repetition duration during resistance exercise performed to task failure.
Surface EMG amplitude was not related to muscle fibre glycogen depletion or anabolic signalling; however, muscle fibre glycogen depletion and anabolic signalling were related.
Performing resistance exercise to task failure, regardless of load lifted or repetition duration, necessitates the activation of type II muscle fibres.
AbstractHeavier loads (>60% of maximal strength) are considered to be necessary during resistance exercise (RE) to activate and stimulate hypertrophy of type II fibres. Support for this proposition comes from observation of higher surface electromyography (EMG) amplitudes during RE when lifting heavier vs. lighter loads. We aimed to determine the effect of RE, to task failure, with heavier vs. lighter loads and shorter or longer repetition durations on: EMG‐derived variables, muscle fibre activation, and anabolic signalling. Ten recreationally‐trained young men performed four unilateral RE conditions randomly on two occasions (two conditions, one per leg per visit). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and one hour after RE. Broadly, total time under load, number of repetitions, exercise volume, EMG amplitude (at the beginning and end of each set) and total EMG activity were significantly different between conditions (P < 0.05); however, neither glycogen depletion (in both type I and type II fibres), nor phosphorylation of relevant signalling proteins showed any difference between conditions. We conclude that muscle fibre activation and subsequent anabolic signalling are independent of load, repetition duration and surface EMG amplitude when RE is performed to task failure. The results of the present study provide evidence indicating that type I and type II fibres are activated when heavier and lighter loads are lifted to task failure. We propose that our results explain why RE training with higher or lower loads, when loads are lifted to task failure, leads to equivalent muscle hypertrophy and occurs in both type I and type II fibres.
Commissioning of a Combined Hot-Streak and Swirl Profile Generator in a Transonic Turbine Test Facility
Authors: Adams Maxwell G. , Povey Thomas , Hall Benjamin F. , Cardwell David N. , Chana Kam S. , Beard Paul F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBy enhancing the premixing of fuel and air prior to combustion, recently developed lean-burn combustor systems have led to reduced NOx and particulate emissions in gas turbines. Lean-burn combustor exit flows are typically characterized by nonuniformities in total temperature, or so-called hot-streaks, swirling velocity profiles, and high turbulence intensity. While these systems improve combustor performance, the exiting flow-field presents significant challenges to the aerothermal performance of the downstream turbine. This paper presents the commissioning of a new fully annular lean-burn combustor simulator for use in the Oxford Turbine Research Facility (OTRF), a transonic rotating facility capable of matching nondimensional engine conditions. The combustor simulator can deliver engine-representative turbine inlet conditions featuring swirl and hot-streaks either separately or simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, this simulator is the first of its kind to be implemented in a rotating turbine test facility.The combustor simulator was experimentally commissioned in two stages. The first stage of commissioning experiments was conducted using a bespoke facility exhausting to atmospheric conditions (Hall and Povey, 2015, “Experimental Study of Non-Reacting Low NOx Combustor Simulator for Scaled Turbine Experiments,” ASME Paper No. GT2015-43530.) and included area surveys of the generated temperature and swirl profiles. The survey data confirmed that the simulator performed as designed, reproducing the key features of a lean-burn combustor. However, due to the hot and cold air mixing process occurring at lower Reynolds number in the facility, there was uncertainty concerning the degree to which the measured temperature profile represented that in OTRF. The second stage of commissioning experiments was conducted with the simulator installed in the OTRF. Measurements of the total temperature field at turbine inlet and of the high-pressure (HP) nozzle guide vane (NGV) loading distributions were obtained and compared to measurements with uniform inlet conditions. The experimental survey results were compared to unsteady numerical predictions of the simulator at both atmospheric and OTRF conditions. A high level of agreement was demonstrated, indicating that the Reynolds number effects associated with the change to OTRF conditions were small. Finally, data from the atmospheric test facility and the OTRF were combined with the numerical predictions to provide an inlet boundary condition for numerical simulation of the test turbine stage. The NGV loading measurements show good agreement with the numerical predictions, providing validation of the stage inlet boundary condition imposed. The successful commissioning of the simulator in the OTRF will enable future experimental studies of lean-burn combustor–turbine interaction.
Short-term rate of milk synthesis and expression interval of preterm mothers
Authors: Lai Ching Tat , Rea Alethea , Mitoulas Leon R , Kent Jacqueline C , Simmer Karen , Hartmann Peter Edwin , Geddes Donna 
Published: July 2019

AimTo determine the impact of the pumping regimes of women with preterm infants on the daily milk production, and on the short-term rate of milk synthesis during early lactation to support evidence-based recommendations for optimising milk production.MethodsMothers of preterm infants (n=25) recorded start time, finish time and expression volumes from every breast expression on days 10, 15–20 postpartum.ResultsExpressing more often than five times per day did not result in a significant increase in daily milk production. Milk volume per expression per breast increased for intervals between expressions of between 2and6 hours then reached a plateau when the interval between expression was 7 hours or longer. The short-term rate of milk synthesis decreased as the interval between expressions increased until about 7.5 hours at which point it begun to increase (p value associated with interval between expressions^2<0.001).ConclusionThe strong inverse association between the short-term rate of milk synthesis and the interval between expressions for intervals up to 7 hours suggest that the maximum interval between expressions should be 7 hours. Data suggest that, on average, the mothers should express at least five times a day to maximise daily milk production. Considering inter-individual variation, determination of an individual mother’s maximum interval between expressions that does not compromise the short-term rate of milk synthesis will help to optimise daily milk production while minimising the demands on the mother’s time.
Effect of intrapartum antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota of infants: a systematic review
Authors: Zimmermann Petra , Curtis Nigel 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionThe use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) has become common practice in obstetric medicine and is used in up to 40% of deliveries. Despite its benefits, the risks associated with exposing large numbers of infants to antibiotics, especially long-term effects on health through changes in the microbiota, remain unclear. This systematic review summarises studies that have investigated the effect of IAP on the intestinal microbiota of infants.MethodsA systematic search in Ovid MEDLINE was used to identify original studies that investigated the effect of IAP on the intestinal microbiota in infants. Studies were excluded if: they included preterm infants, the antibiotic regimen was not specified, antibiotics were used for indications other than prophylaxis, probiotics were given to mothers or infants, or antibiotics were given to infants.ResultsWe identified six studies, which investigated a total of 272 infants and included 502 stool samples collected up to 3 months of age. In all the studies, IAP was given for group B streptococcus (GBS) colonisation. Infants who were exposed to GBS IAP had a lower bacterial diversity, a lower relative abundance of Actinobacteria, especiallyBifidobacteriaceae, and a larger relative abundance of Proteobacteria in their intestinal microbiota compared with non-exposed infants. Conflicting results were reported for the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.ConclusionsGBS IAP has profound effects on the intestinal microbiota of infants by diminishing beneficial commensals. Such changes during the early-life ‘critical window’ during which the intestinal microbiota and the immune response develop concurrently may have an important influence on immune development. The potential long-term adverse consequences of this on the health of children warrant further investigation.
Cancer incidence among workers with blood lead measurements in two countries
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Barry Vaughn , Anttila Ahti , Sallmen Markku , Mueller William , Ritchie Peter , McElvenny Damien Martin , Straif Kurt 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveStudy carcinogenicity of inorganic lead, classified as ‘probably carcinogenic’ to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (brain, lung, kidney and stomach).MethodsWe conducted internal and external analyses for cancer incidence in two cohorts of 29 874 lead-exposed workers with past blood lead data (Finland, n=20 752, Great Britain=9122), with 6790 incident cancers. Exposure was maximum measured blood lead.ResultsThe combined cohort had a median maximum blood lead of 29 μg/dL, a mean first blood lead test of 1977, and was 87% male. Significant (p<0.05) positive trends, using the log of maximum blood lead, were found for brain cancer (malignant), Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lung cancer and rectal cancer, while a significant negative trend was found for melanoma. Borderline significant positive trends (0.05≤p≤0.10) were found for oesophageal cancer, meningioma and combined malignant/benign brain cancer. Categorical analyses reflected these trends. Significant interactions by country were found for lung, brain and oesophageal cancer, with Finland showing strong positive trends, and Great Britain showing modest or no trends. Larynx cancer in Finland also showed a positive trend (p=0.05). External analyses for high exposure workers (maximum blood lead >40 μg/dL) showed a significant excess for lung cancer in both countries combined, and significant excesses in Finland for brain and lung cancer. The Great Britain data were limited by small numbers for some cancers, and limited variation in exposure.ConclusionsWe found strong positive incidence trends with increasing blood lead level, for several outcomes in internal analysis. Two of these, lung and brain cancer, were sites of a priori interest.
The Swansea 6D model: a diagnostic and conversational framework for supervisors, mentors and doctors in training
Authors: McKimm Judy , Vogan Claire L , Roberts Chris , Nash Eleanor , Hothersall Eleanor , Jones Paul Kneath 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDoctors in training are particularly vulnerable to stress and burnout, with the transition into the early parts of training being a period of acute anxiety. Supervisors and mentors have a key role to play in helping trainees make the transition from medical student to practising doctor. This often involves professional conversations, ranging from the relatively routine to difficult issues. The Swansea 6D model has been designed as a guidance tool which provides a simple, memorable framework around which conversations can be structured in terms of identifying meaningful expectations, providing explanations and reframing situations.