bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Central American Court of Justice (1907-1918): Rethinking the Word’s First Court
Authors: Ripley Charles 
Published: February 2018

The Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) (1907-1918) was created with the goal of minimizing conflict between the five republics: El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras. The CACJ, however, has attracted scant scholarly attention. Nonetheless, the Court is academically significant and historically relevant. The CACJ was not only the world’s first supranational body to which states would suspend their sovereignty and submit all complaints, but also evidence that international organizations could facilitate state cooperation and create peace. Addressing the gap in the literature through extensive archival research, this study finds the following. First, the Court played an instrumental role in mediating regional peace and averting war between the republics. Second, it addressed controversial issues concerning state relations such as non-intervention, the law of the sea, and international treaty obligations. Third, due to the Court’s profound legal work, it still continues to have the potential to contribute to international law and institutions. Finally, although Washington played a significant role in the Court’s rise and demise, the Court demonstrates the ability of Latin American countries to address their own regional issues. As a result, the CACJ is a valuable underexplored subject that merits historical consideration.
Assessing the microbial communities inhabiting drinking water networks and nitrifying enrichments with special respect on nitrifying microorganisms
Authors: Nagymáté Zsuzsanna , Nemes-Barnás Katalin , Krett Gergely , Márialigeti Károly 
Published: February 2018

This study provides a comprehensive microbiological survey of three drinking water networks applying different water treatment processes. Variability of microbial communities was assessed by cultivation-based [nitrifying, denitrifying most probable number (MPN) heterotrophic plate count] and sequence-aided terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. The effect of microbial community composition on nitrifying MPN values was revealed. The non-treated well water samples showed remarkable differences to their corresponding distribution systems regarding low plate count, nitrifying MPN, and the composition of microbial communities, which increased and changed, respectively, in distribution systems. Environmental factors, such as pH, total inorganic nitrogen content (ammonium and nitrite concentration), and chlorine dioxide treatment had effect on microbial community compositions. The revealed heterogeneous nitrifying population achieved remarkable nitrification, which occurred at low ammonium concentration (14–51 μM) and slightly alkaline pH 7.7–7.9 in chlorine dioxide disinfected water networks. No change was observed in nitrification-generated nitrate concentration, although nitrate-reducing (and denitrifying) bacteria were present with low MPN and characterized by sequence-aided T-RFLP. The community structures of water samples partially changed in nitrifying enrichments and had influence on the generated nitrifying, especially nitrite-oxidizing MPN regarding the facilitated growth of nitrate-reducing bacteria and even methanogenic archaea beside ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.
Locus Studii: Spatial Concepts In The First Iberian Universities (XIII-XIV cc.)
Authors: Rusanov Aleksandr Vitalievich 
Published: February 2018

In this article I study medieval concepts of locus studii: how they were constructed, proclaimed and discussed by social actors before producing any real university space in the first Iberian higher schools. I mark out three general types of university spatial concepts in early juridical documents from the universities of Palencia, Salamanca, Lisbon-Coimbra and Lleida. The first group is connected to the universal locale of the studium: “light of science” and scholars’ privileges should extend over the whole Christian world. In political rhetoric “universal” locus studii (that was based on the authorities of the Pope or the Emperor) was imitated by temporal sovereigns. The second type of loci studii is a city. Such conceptions (including civitas regia) considered urban space as integrated and homogeneous place of university activity leaving municipal law out of account. The third group described locus limitadus, a special university quarter. In the last part of my article I observe the use of spatial concepts in social and legal practices of Iberian medieval university corporations. En mi articulo estudio conceptos medievales de locus studii, como se construyeron, se proclamaron y se discutieron por los actores sociales antes de ser producido algún espacio universitario real en las primeras escuelas superiores Ibéricas. Destaco tres tipos generales de los conceptos espaciales en primeros documentos jurídicos de las Universidades de Palencia, Salamanca, Coimbra y Lleida. El primer tipo se vincula con el sitio ‘universal’ del studium: “la luz de ciencia” y los privilegios de escolares tenían que extenderse por todo el mundo cristiano. En la retórica política el locus universal (que se basó en las autoridades del Papa y del Emperador) fue imitado por soberanos temporales. El segundo tipo del locus studii es una ciudad. Tales concepciones (incluyendo civitas regia) estimaron espacio urbano como un lugar integrado y homogéneo para actividad universitaria sin tener en cuenta fuero municipal. El tercer grupo describió locus limitadus, un barrio académico especial. En la última parte de mi articulo analizo el uso de los conceptos espaciales en las prácticas sociales y legales de las corporaciones universitarias Ibéricas.
Acute febrile encephalopathy and its outcome among children in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: C. H. Anusha Deepthi , Vasundhara Arigela , P. Sourika , G. S. Sravya 
Published: February 2018

Background: Acute febrile encephalopathy (AFE) is a common condition leading to hospitalization of children in India. Majority of the studies revealed etiology of AFE, but very few studies emphasized on predictors of mortality. This study was conducted to observe the outcome in relation to etiology and Glasgow coma score at admission.Methods: This prospective study was carried out on 84 children between 2 months to 14 years, with fever duration of <14 days, GCS ≤12 at the time of admission and altered sensorium in the pediatric intensive care unit over a period of 18 months (December 2011 to June 2013). Patients were evaluated daily till discharge/death. Outcome was evaluated in terms of complete recovery, morbidity and mortality.Results: In this study, AFE was higher among the age group of 6-14 years (54.7%) with most common cause being viral encephalitis (38%). Higher mortality rates were observed in CNS infections. Persistent seizures and hemiparesis were the most common causes of morbidity. GCS at initial presentation <7 was significantly associated with mortality, p value being 0.036.Conclusions: CNS infections are the leading cause of febrile encephalopathy and also associated with high mortality. Persistent seizures and hemiparesis being most common causes of morbidity. Low GCS at the time of admission and longer duration of coma are associated with higher risk of morality. Most of the morbidities were observed in CNS infections and as most of them were curable, early institution of appropriate treatment will decrease morbidity.
Comparative study of hearing level pre and post ossiculoplasty in Aseer Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Assiri Abdullah , Al-Qannass Ali M. , Khurayzi Tawfiq A. , Alardi Talat E. 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Achieving successful hearing outcomes following ossiculoplasty in patients with middle ear diseases depend on several factors. Unfortunately, the literature is confusing concerning the middle ear factors and types of pathologic process that are most important in predicting hearing outcome. The objective of the study was to investigate the improvement or deterioration of hearing after ossiculoplasty and identify the possible prognostic factors.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Between January, 2012 and December, 2014, 30 ossiculoplasties were performed and followed up by the first author with the help of other authors in Otolaryngology department, Aseer Ceneral hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The patients were followed up at 6 months, 9 months after the operation and then on a yearly basis. Postoperative hearing outcomes were considered successful if the postoperative air-bone gap was within 20 dB while it was considered not successful if it exceeds 20 dB. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study included 30patients. Their age ranged between 18 and 61 years with a mean of 37.4±10.7 years. Sixty percent of them (n=18) were females and forty percent (n=12) were males. Pre-operative PTA was 37.83±8.97 dB and it decreased to 23.0±12.57 dB postoperatively. This difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001) with an average change in ABG of 150 dB across the 30 patients. The successful rate was 50%. the only factor proved to be significantly associated with successful ossiculoplasty was the male gender as 75% of makes compared to 33.3% of females patients reported postoperative air-bone gap within 20 dB, p=0.030. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Successful rate of ossiculoplasty in Asser central hospital is within the globally reported rates. However, further larger prospective study is recommended for better understanding of predictive factors for hearing improvement after ossiculoplasty that may contribute to the surgeon’s judgment and the information given to patients.</span></p>
Bacteriological profile of suppurative cervico-facial cellulitis of dental origin at the Lomé-CHU campus
Authors: Agoda Palakina P. , Adam Saliou , Sama Hamza D. , Bissa Harétfetéguina , Guiguimde Windpouiré  P. , Hemou Pidem , Betenora Bina , Amana Bathokedeou , Kpemissi Eyawelohn 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Cervico facial cellulitis is mainly complications of oral infections. A better knowledge of the main germs involved and their susceptibility to antibiotics is necessary for their treatment. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Three-year prospective study, carried out in the odontostomatology department of the CHU-Campus of Lome, fifty-five patients were included. The pus was taken by suction in a sterile single-use syringe and then directly seeded on agar. The incubation was carried out for 48 h. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The sample consisted of 28 men and 27 women. Fifty-four point fifty percent of patients were between 14 and 40 years of age. Forty-four cultures (80%) were positive. The main germs isolated were <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Streptococci</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>. The study showed good susceptibility of staphylococcus to quinolones, from <em>streptococcus </em>to<em> </em>aminoglycosides, quinolones, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid,<em> </em>and <em>Enterobacteria </em>to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and quinolones. <span lang="EN-IN">In the same way, the total resistance of all these germs to tetracyclines was proved. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The resistance of <em>Staphylococci</em> and <em>Streptococcus</em> to betalactamins is a real public health problem.</span></p>
Pure tone hearing threshold of patients with cleft palate anomaly in Kaduna, Nigeria
Authors: Musa Emmanuel , Kodiya Aliyu Mohammed , Kirfi Abdullahi Musa , Nwaorgu Onyekwere George B. 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Hearing loss is common in people with isolated cleft palate (ICP) or cleft lip and palate (CLP). There is renewed hope for surgical repair for people with cleft deformity in Nigeria today due to serious commitment in offering them free surgeries by Smile Train and other non-governmental organizations. While effort at corrective surgery is very commendable, the need for proper diagnosis and management of hearing loss among the cleft population cannot be overemphasized. The aim of this study was to assess the pure tone hearing threshold of patients with cleft palate anomaly at Smile Train Centre Kaduna, Nigeria. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">This was a prospective cross-sectional case controlled study to assess the pure tone hearing threshold of consecutive adults and children not less than 5 years of age with repaired or unrepaired cleft lip and cleft palate attending Etomie Smile Train Centre in Kaduna, Nigeria compared with a control group of non-cleft volunteers matched for age and sex. Ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained. History, ear examination and pure tone audiometry were performed. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Simple statistical parameters, Chi - Square and paired-samples T-test were used as appropriate. The level of statistical significance was set at p&lt;­­0.05. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The prevalence of hearing loss was 59.4% in patients with CLP and ICP and 12% among the control group. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">There is high prevalence of conductive hearing loss among patients with cleft palate anomaly at Etomie Smile Train Centre Kaduna.</span></p>
Clinicopathological, microbiological and radiological evaluation of deep neck spaces infections
Authors: Santhosh Reddy M. , Vijay Bharath Reddy C. R. 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">More and more use of antibiotics and development of new antibiotics have helped in reducing the morbidity associated with “deep neck infections”, but still their incidence is found in the general populations. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment are key. The objective of the study was to study deep neck infections regarding etiological factors, micro-biological features.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">A total of 24 patients were identified and diagnosed at S.V.S Medical College and Hospital Mahabubnagar over a period of 3 years, among them 12 patients were picked up at random basis for detailed study. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">It has been observed that the incidence of deep neck space infection was 3% till June 2010 and then it reduced to 1.76% by June 2011 and remained constant till October 2011. Sub-mandibular abscess was the most common in 58.3% of the cases. The most common source of infection of deep neck space infections was odontogenic in 45.8% of the cases. Airway obstruction was seen in 29% of the cases and mediastinitis was seen in only two patients. The most commonly observed organism involved in the deep neck space infections was streptococcus pyogenes in 75% of the cases. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Deep neck space infections though rare, are associated with complications and most importantly antimicrobial resistance. Hence it is very important that these must not be neglected.</span></p>
Incidence of accessory ostia in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis
Authors: Ghosh Puja , Kumarasekaran Pragadeeswaran , Sriraman Gurumani 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Chronic maxillary sinusitisis is one of the most frequent diseases presenting in ENT out patient department seeking medical attention<sup>.</sup><strong> </strong>Defects in the fontanelle region of the lateral nasal wall have been described as accessory ostia. The presence of AMO in both pre and post operated cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis can cause recirculation of mucus leading to recurrences. In the present study we will investigate the incidence of accessory ostia in patients with clinical and radiological signs of chronic maxillary sinusitis. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study included 100 patients visiting the out patient department of Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute selected according to inclusion criteria with a clinical diagnosis of chronic rhino sinusitis which was confirmed by high resolution CT scan and those patients were subjected to diagnostic nasal endoscopy under local anesthesia. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study group consisted of total 100 patients among whom 56 were male patients and 44 were female patients. Accessory maxillary ostia were detected in 23% of the cases and in rest of the 77% cases it was absent. Among the 23 cases in 35% cases accessory ostia were found to be bilateral and in 65% cases it was found to be unilateral. Among the cases where accessory ostia were seen, in 39% cases only accessory ostia were found. Where as in 17.39% cases it was associated with concha bullosa, in 65.2% cases there was deviated nasal septum and in 8.7% cases paradoxical middle turbinate were found to be present. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">To conclude, the present study revealed close association of accessory ostia with chronic maxillary rhino sinusitis. It was also found that majority of the cases accessory ostia were found to be unilateral and were frequently found in the posterior fontanelle region.</span></p>
Phantom ringing syndrome: an Indian perspective
Authors: Khilnani Ajeet Kumar , Thaddanee Rekha , Khilnani Gurudas 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Use of smart phone, which has become an integral activity of daily life now, has begun to show subtle untoward effects on health. Various health related problems associated with electronic devices, especially smart phones, use are being studied. Phantom ringing syndrome (PRS) is one such adverse effect, which is an auditory hallucination seen in mobile phone users when they feel that their phone is ringing when it is actually not. To the best of our knowledge and literature search, we could not find any Indian study on PRS. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of PRS and to find the factors associated with it.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">This was a prospective, cross-sectional online questionnaire based study, conducted in western Gujarat from July 2017 to October 2017. A 7-item validated questionnaire was sent to 800 participants, through e-mail or WhatsApp, and the responses received were analyzed using MS excel. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Out of 319 respondents, 181 (67%) were males and 89 (33%) females. The mean age of males was 31.65 (9.65) years and females was 29.96 (11.19) years. PRS was present in 54.4% of respondents. There was no significant association between presence of PRS and age of participants (p=0.855), sex of participants (p=0.5232), profession (medical vs. non-medical) (p=0.498), physical location of mobile phone (p=0.829), mode of using mobile phone (p=0.718) and duration of mobile phone use (p=0.748). </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The prevalence rate of PRS in our study was 54.4%. PRS occurs irrespective of gender, age, profession, and physical location, duration and mode of phone use. It would be interesting to find exact site of involvement, in auditory circuit, by BERA studies.</span></p>
Analysis of type of tympanograms across different age groups in a tertiary care hospital: a retrospective study
Authors: M. Hanumantha Prasad , D. Ravi , N. K. Balaji , T. R. Sowmya , Puttaraju Sahana , Jagadish Nirmala 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Tympanometry is a non-invasive test clinical test for the assessment of middle ear status/functioning. Several studies over the past few years have produced conflicting results regarding changes in the middle ear function with advancing age. Hence, the present study is aimed to give evidences on distributions of type of tympanograms in males and females under various age groups.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study followed retrospective design, where data collected from January 2017 to October 2017 were used. A total of 2,292 tympanograms of the 1146 patients were analysed. Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon’s signed rank test were used. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered as significant. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> It was documented that higher occurrence of ‘B’ type and ‘A<sub>d</sub>’ type of tympanogram in paediatric group and geriatric group respectively. As it is expected, ‘A’ type of tympanogram is predominant in adult and older adult group. Also, there was no gender difference seen in type of tympanograms.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Higher occurrence of ‘B’ type of tympanogram in paediatric group warrants medical line of treatment and educating on ear-hygiene in them.</p>
Comparative study between result of temporalis muscle fascia and tragal cartilage perichondrium as a graft material in type 1 tympanoplasty
Authors: Kumar Abhay , Narayan Prabhu , Narain Prem , Singh Jaypal , Porwal Prateek Kumar , Sharma Sanjay , Shankar Daya 
Published: February 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Leading cause of deafness in India is chronic suppurative otitis media. Most common cause of TM perforation is chronic suppurative otitis media. With this background this study was to compare hearing results, as well as graft takes for commonly preferred reconstruction techniques of the TM (i.e., temporalis fascia vs. cartilage) in tympanoplasty.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study consists of 60 cases of C.S.O.M (TTD) which was divided into two groups with 30 cases in each group. In first group type1 tympanoplasty was done by Temporalis fascia technique. In second group type 1 tympanoplasty done by tragal cartilage with perichondrium technique. History and otoscopic examination along with pure tone audiometry was performed preoperatively. Postoperative hearing results and graft uptake were compared between two groups, all surgeries were performed through the post aural approach. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Graft uptake results are better with tragal cartilage with perichondrium technique. Hearing improved significantly in both groups. Though this was slightly better in TFT, but not significant statistically.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Graft uptake rates are better with the tragal cartilage with perichondrium technique in comparison of TFT and hearing results are almost equivalent with both techniques.</p>
Pill in the left bronchus-pediatric foreign body aspiration: a case report
Authors: Sekar Raghul , Ramasamy Karthikeyan , Jyotirmay Hegde , Alexander Arun , Saxena Sunil Kumar 
Published: February 2018

<p>Pediatric population is more prone for accidents such as foreign body aspiration. It is an important and preventable cause of mortality and morbidity in children<strong>.</strong> Pill aspiration is one of the rare causes foreign body aspiration in both children and adults. History is crucial and can guide treatment in case of foreign body aspiration. We present a 5 year old child who had history and examination suggestive of pneumonia which turned out to be a foreign body in left bronchus on computed tomography. The foreign body was a half broken tablet of Co-trimoxazole removed by rigid bronchoscopy without any complication. The child’s symptoms improved satisfactorily following removal. </p>