bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The author uses the theory of parsimony to explain Afong Moy’s final years. The epilogue relays the changes occurring in the later nineteenth-century marketing, public perception, and use of “oriental” goods with the opening of Japan in 1854. The author considers the lives of other Asian immigrants such as Chang and Eng Bunker (called the Siamese Twins) and several known Chinese women who came after Afong Moy. The epilogue addresses the position of the Chinese immigrant in the nineteenth century with the passage of the 1884 Chinese Exclusion Act. A comparison of the “Made in China” goods of the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries with those of the earlier trade provides an understanding of China’s place in the golden chain of global commerce.
The Epistemology of Space inThe Tale of Genji
Authors: Denecke Wiebke 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough The Tale of Genji is today the quintessentially Japanese national classic, its engagement with China shapes the tale on virtually every page. This essay argues that Murasaki Shikibu was keenly interested in philosophical questions of how humans experience space and that China played a pivotal role in formulating and engaging these questions. As a Heian woman she had no access to the world of Chinese-style poetry composition or the Confucian Academy, but she deploys China as a marker of spatial or temporal difference that inspires her probing of fundamental questions: How can spaces convey moods and structure human experience? How can a woman narrate inaccessible male spaces? This essay shows how philosophical questions about the experience and description of space drive the tale’s plot and character portrayal and how this “epistemology of space” is predicated on the manifold presences of China at the heart of the Genji’s brilliant narrative art and psychological depth.
Calligraphy, Aesthetics, and Character inThe Tale of Genji
Authors: Sakomura Tomoko 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUntil the late nineteenth century, when the Western, or Renaissance, conception of art—painting, sculpture, and architecture—was introduced to Japan, calligraphy reigned supreme as cultural practice and artifact. Calligraphy, alongside poetry and music, was fundamental to a proper education at the imperial court, the setting of The Tale of Genji. Marks produced with a pliable brush and ink function practically as records of thought and intent but also perform aesthetically. Genji includes hundreds of mentions of calligraphy, demonstrating its centrality in interactions between characters. From Genji, we learn how calligraphy revealed a sense of self and of others, how calligraphy was an object of aesthetic and moral judgment, and what role it served in intersubjective relations.
Extended Affectivity, Reconsidered
Authors: Maiese Michelle 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
According to Andy Clark’s Extended Mind Thesis, the operations that realize certain forms of human cognition do not do not stay neatly in the brain, but instead span brain, body, and world. While this thesis is best known as the hypothesis of extended cognition, Clark himself has wondered whether it also might be applied to affective states. What Colombetti and Roberts call the Hypothesis of Extended Affectivity says that a variety of occurrent and dispositional affective phenomena can extend. However, there are important reasons to reject this hypothesis. First, extended functionalism is in tension with the claim that affective states are essentially embodied. Second, these authors’ examples do not make a convincing case for extended affectivity. Third, their componential approach to occurrent emotions falls short given that they fail to establish that each of the components of emotion is not merely environmentally embedded, but also can extend.
Quick’n’Lean or Slow and Rich?
Authors: Hohwy Jakob 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Andy Clark’s exciting work on predictive processing provides the umbrella under which his hugely influential previous work on embodied and extended cognition seeks a unified home. This chapter argues that in fact predictive processing harbours internalist, inferentialist and epistemic tenets that cannot leave embodied and extended cognition unchanged. Predictive processing cannot do the work Clark requires of it without relying on rich, preconstructive internal representations of the world, nor without engaging in paradigmatically rational integration of prior knowledge and new sensory input. Hence, next to Clark’s image of fluid “uncertainty surfing” is an equally valid image of more emaciated and plodding world-modelling. Rather than underpinning orthodox embodied and extended approches, predictive processing therefore presents an opportunity for a potentially fruitful new synthesis of cognitivist and embodied approaches to cognition.
Ways of Mindmaking
Authors: Prinz Jesse 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Andy Clark has been an agenda-setting figure since the dawn of his career, and, in book after book, he has laid out grand theories that invite his readers to see the human mind in new ways. With each book, Clark delivers a new and exciting vision of how the mind works. His fans can hardly keep up, and each is left wondering which of Clark’s theories to sign up for. Are they progressive stages in one grand narrative? A protracted plea for pluralism? Or a succession of new paradigms that displace their predecessors? Some noted philosophers have early, late, and even middle periods. With Clark, one might ask if each book is a metamorphosis. If so, how do we decide which Clark to follow? This chapter is about that question, and about the broader issue, which it begs: What is a theory of mind?
The Minds of Insects
Authors: Webb Barbara 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Insect systems can provide useful “edge cases” against which to test the generality of Clark’s views on the nature of perception, cognition, and action. Insect brains emerged from an independent evolutionary pathway to the mammalian brain but show a comparable capacity in some key areas, such as prediction (internal emulation?), cue integration for spatial memory (Bayesian?), and exploiting structures in the world to extend their behavioural repertoire (extended minds?). Have they converged on the same solutions? Or are there different principles for cognition that they exploit? Reviewing some of the relevant current evidence about behavioural and brain function in insects suggests there is some remaining tension between Clark’s endorsement of the predictive processing principle and his account of the embodied mind.
The American Wars in Vietnam and Iraq at a Memorial, Cemetery, and a Traveling Tribute to Veterans
Authors: Sylvester Christine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the American wars in Vietnam and Iraq as remembered and curated at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC, and its traveling Wall That Heals, plus Section 60 of Arlington National Cemetery. Of interest are memory-bearing objects communities of loss curate that show dead soldiers as ordinary people who lived civilian lives before and during their associations with the military and one of its two failed wars. In Arlington Cemetery, some ordinary curators have insisted on exhibiting their memories of killed family members and friends in violation of cemetery rules. A different, heroic framing of military loss is curated at the mobile Wall That Heals. All of these memory exhibits undertaken by “ordinary curators” re-curate aspects of the American wars in Vietnam and Iraq through civilian displays of the war they experienced.
Bodies of War Curate the American Wars in Vietnam and Iraq
Authors: Sylvester Christine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers selected literary works on the American wars in Vietnam and Iraq that throw light on an array of people living in war and navigating its aftermaths. Novels and memoirs curate through stories that miniaturize and narrow war to a few featured characters and experiential moments of larger conflicts. Importantly, literary sites of war knowledge bring to the fore dark essentials of war, including torture, rape and the abject corpses that war museum exhibitions and official memorials to war veterans avoid showing. The novels and memoirs featured here are classics by Americans, Iraqis and Vietnamese, soldiers and civilians, among them works by Bao Ninh, Sinan Antoon, Kevin Powers, Helen Benedict, and Riverbend.
The Fops, the Favorites, and Other Reformers of the Service Schools, 1740s–1760s
Authors: Fedyukin Igor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The evolution of schools in the 1740s–1750s, just as in earlier periods, was driven primarily by the ambitions and political agendas of enterprising officials, rather than by any abstract “state policy.” This chapter focuses on the transformation of the Naval Academy and the Navigation School, amalgamated in the early 1750s into a Naval Cadet Corps, and on the attempts to reforms the technical schools. The latter are set in the context of the projecting efforts of the Shuvalov cousins: Ivan, the favorite of Empress Elizabeth, and Petr, the head of the artillery and one of the leaders of the government in the 1750s.
Rational Animals
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
There are no good reasons for denying that animals are rational, and many good reasons for thinking that they are. Many animals have displayed impressive capacities for causal reasoning. And some animals have displayed the ability to engage in logical reasoning operations such as modus tollendo ponens. The common reasons that have been used to deny logical reasoning capacities to animals rest on a series of clear confusions concerning the nature of logical inference and what it is to engage in such inference. It is likely that many animals execute logical inferences in the way humans would if they had not developed external formal structures to scaffold the reasoning processes.
Self-Awareness and Persons
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Since there are two forms of self-awareness, there is question concerning which is relevant, or most relevant, in the formation of the person. The relevance of self-awareness in the formation of the person consists in the role it plays in underwriting the unity of a mental life. Intentional self-awareness is incapable of doing this. Appeal to the apparatus of intentional act and object presupposes the unity of a mental life and, therefore, cannot explain it. Pre-intentional self-awareness is much more promising as a candidate for underwriting the unity of a mental life. The identity of the person is imprinted on the content of each mental act of which he is pre-intentionally aware. Thus, to whom the act belongs is part of the content of the mental act. This can explain the unity of a mental life.
Debussy's Critics
Authors: Kieffer Alexandra 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Around the turn of the twentieth century, the work of Claude Debussy spurred a reimagining of music and musical listening in which Parisian musicians and intellectuals, informed by recent scientific discourse on affect, perception, and cognition, attempted to articulate a music aesthetics appropriate to the fully embodied, material self of psychological modernism. Important themes in debussyste music criticism are prefigured in the Symbolist wagnérisme of the late 1880s, which elaborated a model of affect and cognition drawn from the empirical psychology of Théodule Ribot. Following the premiere of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902, Debussy’s supporters, attempting to explain the opera’s novelty, turned away from a music aesthetics that gave primacy to inner emotion and toward an aesthetics oriented instead toward listening, sensation, and the materiality of sound. Over the following decade, critics Jean Marnold and Louis Laloy, drawing from a wide swath of early-twentieth-century intellectual culture that included empirical psychology and post-Helmholtzian acoustics, were particularly influential as defenders of the ostensibly scientifically valid nature of Debussy’s innovations as well as his historical importance. After 1910, however, the cultural relevance of debussysme quickly declined as standards of aesthetic value shifted toward the abstract and universal (as opposed to the fleeting ephemerality of sensation) and as the deepening divide between scientific methods and humanistic ones made the intellectual culture of debussysme untenable.
A Simian View of the Oldowan
Authors: McGrew William C. , Falótico Tiago , Gumert Michael D. , Ottoni Eduardo B. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Findings from field primatology show that three living primate genera—ape (Pan), Old World monkey (Macaca), and New World monkey (Sapajus)—use elementary lithic technology to obtain and process food in nature. All three taxa use stone tools, producing enduring artifacts with distinctive archaeological signatures. In a comparison we show that each taxon has its own suite of tools, both organic and inorganic. All use percussion, but there are differences in the number and type of other tools in each taxon. Our assessment also allows for point-by-point comparisons with the early toolkits of extinct hominins, and here we compare to the Oldowan. This broader comparison shows that modeling the evolutionary origins of human material culture continues to advance. Wynn’s “ape adaptive grade” must now be expanded to a more inclusive “simian adaptive grade,” as monkeys too show convergent features with percussive stone technology.
The Origin of Cumulative Culture
Authors: Haidle Miriam Noël 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cumulative culture is widely seen as a uniquely human characteristic involving distinct cognitive and behavioral performances. In searching for its origin, different factors have been suggested as crucial, based on comparative studies, and dates proposed as to when cumulative culture may have emerged in human evolution. This chapter reviews possible factors, suggesting that several are necessary, not only in the social sphere but also in the individual and environmental spheres. These interdependent factors have developed in three developmental dimensions (evolutionary-biological, ontogenetic-individual, and historical-social) in interaction with the specific environment. The interplay of basic factors and developmental dimensions shows a slow and gradual development of cumulative culture from its basis to simple and advanced donated culture. The onset of cumulative culture is concluded not to have been a single-trait event that occurred in a relatively short time but rather, the result of multifactorial and gradual processes that unfolded over millions of years.
Hominin Evolution and Stone Tool Scavenging and Reuse in the Lower Paleolithic
Authors: Brumm Adam , Pope Matt , Leroyer Mathieu , Emery Kate 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines evidence for what may be a key stage in the evolution of human cognition: the scavenging and reuse of stone artifacts by Lower Paleolithic hominins, as demonstrated by differential weathering of flake scars, indicating two or more temporally discrete phases of reduction. Such artifacts tend to be uncommon in Lower Paleolithic assemblages; however, an examination of the circumstances under which repatination occurs suggests that the rarity of these objects may underestimate the true scale of tool scavenging and reuse in the remote past. In the chapter the implications are examined, considering a view in which the ability to “read” intent from older stone tools that were still visible in the environment was an integral part of human beings’ evolutionary story.
Testing Models of Handedness in Stone Tools
Authors: Uomini Natalie , Ruck Lana 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
When, why, and how did humans develop the extreme right-handedness found in this species? As reviewed in this chapter, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the distribution of handedness in humans. The social learning hypothesis posits that similarity in hand configuration between demonstrator and learner facilitates learning; the fighting hypothesis states that a left-hander minority is maintained by an advantage in close combat; and the task complexity hypothesis proposes that task complexity increases hand preference. The three hypotheses are compared in terms of how they might be detected in the stone tool record. The power of the archaeological record is carefully considered to address hand preference and handedness at the level of individuals and groups, and how stone tools can help to test the predictions of the various hypotheses for the evolution of right-handedness in our species.
Materiality and the Prehistory of Number
Authors: Overmann Karenleigh A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Modern humans produce number systems with striking cross-cultural similarities. Understanding prehistoric numerical cognition, however, addressed in this chapter, requires looking at when cognitive prerequisites emerged—morphological factors like parietal encephalization; abilities like quantity perception, language, concept formation and manipulation, categorization, and ordinality; and demographic factors suggesting societal motivations for numerical development. These establish the “probably not before” timeline for numerical emergence. The question is then approached from the earliest emergence of unambiguous numbers in Mesopotamia, clay tokens used in the late fourth millennium, and subsequent numerical notations. With tokens and notations, the archaeological and textual evidence of precursor technologies such as tallies and fingers forms a sequence capable of elaborating the innate perceptual experience of quantity into simple counting sequences and complex mathematics. Along with the cognitive prerequisites, the sequence of material forms also provides insight into potential archaeological evidence (material forms and demographic factors) that might indicate numerical emergence in prehistoric times.
On the Minds of Bow Hunters
Authors: Lombard Marlize 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Bow-and-arrow technology is arguably one of the key inventions in the human story. This chapter explores how some of the associated techno-behaviors helped shape the human mind, contributing to humans becoming masters of flexible thinking. Such cognitive plasticity is represented in our ability to learn, teach, innovate, and respond flexibly to new or complex situations. Evidence for bow hunting has been pushed back to more than 60,000 years ago in southern Africa, with some suggesting an even older age. The chapter also touches on potential neurological underpinnings for understanding the cognition of archery. It is suggested that by exploring the techno-behaviors and cognition associated with Stone Age bow hunting and neurological studies conducted in the context of modern archery, we can add to our understanding of the evolution of the sapient mind.
Debt Securities
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Debt instruments obligate an issuer to make interest payments and repay principal to the buyer according to the terms of an agreement between the lender and the borrower. The yield, or market price of these debt securities is related to the yield on U.S. Treasury securities. Treasuries remain the benchmark for risk-free credit investing, and other yields are related to the risk-free return Treasuries offer. Also known as bonds, debt instruments are attractive to investors because they can provide a reliable stream of cash flows in the form of interest payments and also might provide for the repayment of principal upon maturity. This chapter discusses the features of bonds, types of bonds, bond-rating agencies, special types of debt instruments, and the Securities Act.
Labor, Capital, and Human Rights
Authors: Moran Beverly 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the US tax code—like many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country tax codes—favors capital over labor, and thereby is at odds with fundamental tenets of human rights and policy principles regarding equity. This bias in favor of capital may not only be counterproductive in terms of its impacts on revenue generation and tax administration. It also entrenches inequalities and disregards the ways in which the human body, with its labor capacity, is the most essential “asset” on which most people rely. Therefore, labor should enjoy the preferences, such as the realization principle and depreciation, from which capital currently benefits. The chapter then outlines a course of investigation for further study including contrasting Social Security old-age pension and disability benefits, and exploring the consequences of shifting property to accrual accounting while providing the human body with generous depreciation deductions and tax deferral through realization.
Migration
Authors: Hermosilla Sabrina , Rebello Tahilia J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The rapid growth of cities is attributable, in part, to substantial migration to cities from non-urban areas. As the economic potential of cities has grown, more and more people are drawn to urban environments, thus contributing to growing city size and to dynamic urban environments. And yet migration to urban areas is associated with its own challenges. Immigrant populations often face exclusion and challenges integrating in urban environments. In cities where a large influx of immigrants has changed the environment in a short period of time, social cohesion has been challenged, with attendant social divides. Migration results in population displacement and gentrification, each bringing its own challenges to health. This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges that migration presents to the health of urban residents.
Multilevel Perspectives on Urban Health
Authors: Duncan Dustin T. , Al-Ajlouni Yazan A. , Hisirci Ilgaz , Chaix Basile 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The production of health in cities is driven by a range of features of the urban environment, including characteristics of interpersonal interactions, of neighborhoods, and of entire cities themselves as well as citywide policies. This rests directly on multilevel causal frameworks that aim to understand how forces at different levels of influence and produce health. This approach, now firmly embedded in many quantitative social sciences, provides a conceptual and analytical framework through which we can understand the production of health in cities. This chapter introduces a multilevel approach and its attendant methods to the end of understanding core questions in urban health.
CityHealth
Authors: Castrucci Brian C. , Corcoran Elizabeth A. , Hearne Shelley L. , Keith Katie , Voyles Elizabeth , Patterson Catherine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The De Beaumont Foundation CityHealth project aims to provide city leaders in the United States with both an assessment of their communities and with a package of policy solutions that they can use to improve the health of populations in their cities. In so doing, CityHealth serves as a model for efforts to harness science for action toward improving health in cities. With three out of every five Americans living in cities, policy change in the nation’s most populous urban areas has the most tangible opportunity to impact people’s daily lives and health outcomes. This chapter discusses the goals of the CityHealth project and its successes and challenges, and identifies models that can improve urban health worldwide.