bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle motion
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe movement of colloidal particles in simple and complex fluids and viscoelastic solids is central to the microrheology endeavor. All microrheology experiments measure the resistance of a probe particle forced to move within a material, whether that probe is forced externally or simply allowed to fluctuate thermally. This chapter lays a foundation of the fundamental mechanics of micrometer-dimension particles in fluids and soft solids. In an active microrheology experiment, a colloid of radius a is driven externally with a specifed force F (e.g.magnetic, optical, or gravitational), and moves with a velocity V that is measured. Of particular importance is the role of the Correspondence Principle, but other key concepts, including mobility and resistance, hydrodynamic interactions, and both fluid and particle inertia, are discussed. In passive microrheology experiments, on the other hand, the position of a thermally-uctuating probe is tracked and analyzed to determine its diffusivity.
Passive microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe underlying theory of passive microrheology is introduced as an in-depth examination of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER) from the starting point of the Langevin equation. The chapter includes a careful treatment of the assumptions that must be made for the technique to work, and what happens when these assumptions are violated. Methods of interpreting passive microrheology experiments and the general limits of operation are highlighted. The Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER) is the principal defining equation of passive microrheology. It is a physical relation between the thermal motion of probe particles and the material rheology. Specifically, it relates the observable displacement of the probe particles to the surrounding material’s rheological response.
Light scattering microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe fundamentals and best practices of passive microrheology using dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy are discussed. The principles of light scattering are introduced and applied in both the single and multiple scattering regimes, including derivations of the light and field autocorrelation functions. Applications to high-frequency microrheology and polymer dynamics are presented, including inertial corrections. Methods to treat gels and other non-ergodic samples, including multi-speckle and optical mixing designs are discussed. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a well established method for measuring the motion of colloids, proteins and macromolecules. Light scattering has several advantages for microrheology, especially given the availability of commercial instruments, the relatively large sample volumes that average over many probes, and the sensitivity of the measurement to small particle displacements, which can extend the range of length and timescales probed beyond those typically accessed by the methods of multiple particle tracking and bulk rheology.
Active microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractActive microrheology uses external forces (most typically magnetic or optical) to force microrheological probes into motion. These techniques short-circuit the Einstein component of passive microrheology. Active microrheology provides an additional handle to probe material properties, and has been used both to extend the range of materials amenable to microrheological analysis, and to examine material properties that are inaccessible to passive microrheology. Three main topics are presented: the use of active microrheology to extend the range of passive microrheology, while maintaining many of the advantages (small sample size, wide frequency range, etc.); its use to complement passive microrheology in active systems, which convert chemical fuel to mechanical work, in order to elucidate the power provided by molecular motors, for instance; and its application (and potential limitations) to investigate the non-linear response properties of materials, including shear thinning and yielding.
Suppression of the IgM Response by Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Human Primary B Cells Involves Impairment of Immunoglobulin Secretory Processes
Authors: Zhou Jiajun , Henriquez Joseph , Crawford Robert , Kaminski Norbert 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is well established at suppressing humoral immunity. Previous studies in mouse B cells revealed that decreased IgM production was due to a significant suppression in the mRNA levels of the immunoglobulin M components (IgH, IgJ, and Igκ chains) and subsequent decrease in IgM synthesis. In contrast, the current study shows that activation of AHR in human B cells also results in a significant suppression of the number of IgM-secreting cells, but this is not due to a decrease in the transcription or translation of IgH, IgJ, and Igκ chains. Instead, the reduced humoral response is due to the impairment of IgM secretion. This is further evidenced by an accumulation of intracellular IgM in human B cells, which indicates that activation of AHR alters distinct regulatory pathways in human and mouse B cells leading to the suppressed primary IgM response. Collectively, these results demonstrate that although AHR activation mediates suppression of humoral immune responses across many different animal species, the mechanism of action is not necessarily conserved across species.
Norepinephrine Intermittent Intravenous Boluses to Prevent Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Sequential Allocation Dose-Finding Study
Authors: Onwochei D.N. , Ngan Kee W.D. , Fung L. , Downey K. , Ye X.Y. , Carvalho J.C.A. 
Published: February 2018

(Anesth Analg. 2017;125(1):212–218)
Phenylephrine, which is easy to titrate, is the current first-choice vasopressor for prevention and treatment of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD). However, it has a propensity to increase afterload and reduce maternal heart rate and cardiac output. Norepinephrine has been suggested as an alternative, with a proposed potency ratio for norepinephrine to phenylephrine of 16:1, although its administration as a bolus during CD has not been established. The authors of the present study thus determined the effective norepinephrine dose (ED90), when given as intermittent intravenous boluses, to prevent post-spinal hypotension in women undergoing elective CD.
Evidence-based Bundles and Cesarean Delivery Surgical Site Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Carter E.B. , Temming L.A. , Fowler S. , Eppes C. , Gross G. , Srinivas S.K. , Macones G.A. , Colditz G.A. , Tuuli M.G. 
Published: February 2018

(Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(4):735–746)
Cesarean delivery surgical site infections can result in significant maternal morbidity, including increased length of stay, readmission, cost, and emotional burden. Identified interventions that may reduce risk are antibiotic prophylaxis before incision, extended-spectrum prophylaxis, chlorhexidine-alcohol skin preparation, placental removal via gentle traction, subcutaneous closure, and use of sutures instead of staples. In this study, the authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate whether bundles (combinations of 3 or more of these evidence-based interventions) were associated with an even greater reduction in risk.
Risk Perception Regarding Drug Use in Pregnancy: A Clinical Opinion
Authors: Widnes S.F. , Schjøtt J. 
Published: February 2018

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(4):375–378)
Both expectant mothers and their doctors have misperceptions about the risks of taking drugs during pregnancy, thinking that every drug represents a dire risk to their unborn child even though maternal drug use accounts for only 1% of birth defects. Sometimes there are important reasons to take a medication during pregnancy for the mother’s health and to avoid an adverse effect on the fetus from her untreated condition. The risks of taking a drug must be balanced by the benefits that it provides.
Anesthetic Management for Percutaneous Minimally Invasive Fetoscopic Surgery of Spina Bifida Aperta: A Retrospective, Descriptive Report of Clinical Experience
Authors: Arens C. , Koch C. , Veit M. , Greenberg R.S. , Lichtenstern C. , Weigand M.A. , Khaleeva A. , Schuerg R. , Kohl T. 
Published: February 2018

(Anesth Analg. 2017;125(1):219-222)
Liberal administration of tocolytic drugs (e.g. indomethacin) and intravenous fluids along with high concentrations of volatile anesthetic gases during fetal surgery are thought to contribute to the development of maternal pulmonary edema. Consequently, during the introduction of the Minimally Invasive Fetoscopic Approach (MIFA) for the closure of fetal spina bifida aperta (SBA), Hering and Kohl identified a general anesthetic technique that reduced concentrations of volatile anesthetic and thus minimized adverse side effects of deep anesthesia (hemodynamic depression, pulmonary edema, and need for vasopressor support). In this retrospective case series, the authors described their own clinical experiences with a modified Hering-Kohl-Protocol in patients undergoing MIFA for SBA. In this modified protocol, vasopressor management is guided by pulse contour analysis (PiCCO) alone and atosiban is the first-line agent for perioperative tocolysis instead of indomethacin.
Effect of Prophylactic Placement of Internal Iliac Artery Balloon Catheters on Outcomes of Women With Placenta Accreta: An Impact Study
Authors: Feng S. , Liao Z. , Huang H. 
Published: February 2018

(Anaesthesia. 2017;72:853–858)
Effective prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging has aided in the development of multidisciplinary management strategies for these patients, with the goal of obtaining the best outcomes for both the mother and neonate. Although cesarean hysterectomy is the predominant management technique chosen by obstetricians for abnormal placentation, massive hemorrhage is still relatively common and can lead to increased maternal morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of prophylactic placement of internal iliac artery balloon catheters for reducing hemorrhage and transfusion requirements in women with placenta accreta undergoing cesarean section.
The Efficacy and Safety of External Cephalic Version After a Previous Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Weill Y. , Pollack R.N. 
Published: February 2018

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;57(3):323–326)
Between 10% and 15% of all primary cesarean deliveries performed before the onset of labor are caused by malpresentation, and up to 4% of term pregnancies are complicated by fetal malpresentation, and by breech presentation in particular. Although it has been demonstrated that performing an external cephalic version (ECV) before labor onset is the optimal way to decrease breech presentation at term, the role of ECV in reducing breech presentation in patients with a prior cesarean delivery has not been well established, and ECV may even be contraindicated in this setting. These authors undertook a case-control study in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ECV among parturients who have undergone a previous cesarean delivery.
Thrombolysis With Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator During Early Postpartum Period: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Akazawa M. , Nishida M. 
Published: February 2018

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96(5):529–535)
In this review of publications in the Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE) and MEDLINE databases from 1946 to October of 2016, only 13 could be found which discussed thrombolysis performed on women in the first 48 hours after delivery. Thromboembolic events account for almost 15% of maternal deaths in developed countries, making them one of the leading causes of postpartum death for mothers. The risks of thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) during the postpartum period are not known. It was hoped that gathering these cases together could yield information to provide safe and effective treatment in the early postpartum period.
Heart Rate Variability as a Predictor of Hypotension Following Spinal for Elective Caesarean Section: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Bishop D.G. , Cairns C. , Grobbelaar M. , Rodseth R.N. 
Published: February 2018

(Anaesthesia. 2017;72(5):603–608)
Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery is a significant complication that can adversely affect both the mother and her unborn child. In fact, in South Africa a majority of anesthesia-related maternal deaths occur in women receiving spinal anesthesia with >50% associated with spinal-induced hypotension. Therefore, a method to predict preoperatively which patients will experience this complication would be highly desirable, with the potential to alter patient management and improve outcomes. Previous studies have found that heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, which serves as a measure of autonomic function, can predict spinal-induced hypotension in parturients. In this prospective observational study from South Africa, HRV was evaluated in comparison to other potential predictors of hypotension [baseline heart rate and body mass index (BMI)] in women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 2 Years for Preterm Children Born at 22 to 34 Weeks’ Gestation in France in 2011: EPIPAGE-2 Cohort Study
Authors: Pierrat V. , Marchand-Martin L. , Arnaud C. , Kaminski M. , Resche-Rigon M. , Lebeaux C. , Bodeau-Livinec F. , Morgan A.S. , Goffinet F. , Marret S. , Ancel P.Y. 
Published: February 2018

(BMJ. 2017;358:j3448)
Although survival of preterm babies has increased worldwide along with a decrease in severe neonatal morbidity, the risk of neurodevelopmental and behavioral disabilities continues to be high in these children. In fact, developmental delay has replaced survival as the major concern for children born preterm. Early identification of risk factors for neurodevelopmental delay could lead to improved access to formal evaluation and subsequent intervention, potentially resulting in better long-term outcomes for the children. The EPIPAGE-2 study is a population-based cohort study from France that is evaluating infants born between 22 and 34 weeks gestation. Previously published reports from the EPIPAGE study have analyzed survival data as well as severe neonatal morbidity over a 15-year time period. In the current study, the cohort was analyzed to determine neuromotor, sensory, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years corrected age for children born alive from 22 to 34 weeks’ gestation. Children from the cohort enrolled in 2011 were compared with the cohort from 1997.
Revisiting the Diagnostic Criteria of Clinical Chorioamnionitis in Preterm Birth
Authors: Sung J.H. , Choi S.J. , Oh S.Y. , Roh C.R. , Kim J.H. 
Published: February 2018

(BJOG. 2017;124(5):775–783)
Although maternal fever has long been considered a distinguishing feature in the clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, studies have indicated that maternal fever does not have high sensitivity in the prediction of neonatal infectious morbidities, such as early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS). Because undiagnosed clinical chorioamnionitis can cause serious adverse neonatal outcomes, including neonatal sepsis and perinatal death, it is crucial to be able to predict early-onset neonatal infection as accurately as possible. Several recent studies have attempted to determine sensitive markers of infection. However, there has been little research on the differential effects of fever as a criterion for the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) or preterm labor (PTL), a subgroup of patients who have typically received antibiotics as part of their usual management.
Epidural Analgesia During the Second Stage of Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Shen X. , Li Y. , Xu S. , Wang N. , Fan S. , Qin X. , Zhou C. , Hess P.E. 
Published: February 2018

(Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(5):1097–1103)
Although epidural analgesia provides effective labor pain relief, studies have found an association with a prolonged duration of second stage labor, and thus, increased risk of adverse outcomes. Subsequently, many obstetric care providers request termination of epidural infusions for the second stage of labor. In the present study, the authors evaluated the use of low-concentration epidural local anesthetics and hypothesized that this management technique would have minimal effect on second stage labor.
Cricoid Pressure Controversies: A Narrative Review
Authors: Salem M.R. , Khorasani A. , Zeidan A. , Crystal G.J. 
Published: February 2018

(Anesthesiology. 2017;126(4):738–752)
Since its introduction by Sellick in 1961, the use of cricoid pressure (CP) during the induction of general anesthesia to avoid aspiration has generated controversy. It has been 20 years since a scientific review of its use has been undertaken. A search of PubMed articles from January 1961 to March 2016 found 550 articles relating to CP which were screened by the authors for inclusion in this article.
Why Not Induce Everyone at 39 Weeks?
Authors: Glantz J.C. 
Published: February 2018

(Birth. 2017;44(2):97–100)
This article addresses a recent panel at the 2016 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) annual meeting titled “If No Elective Inductions Before 39 Weeks, Why Not Induce Everyone at 39 Weeks.” The 2 panelists, Dr Charles Lockwood and Dr Errol Norwich, both took the position in favor of universal delivery at 39 weeks’ gestation.
Endothelin Signaling Contributes to Modulation of Nociception in Early-stage Tongue Cancer in Rats
Authors: Furukawa Akihiko , Shinoda Masamichi , Kubo Asako , Honda Kuniya , Akasaka Ryuta , Yonehara Yoshiyuki , Iwata Koichi 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Background
Patients with early stage tongue cancer do not frequently complain of tongue pain. Endothelin-1 signaling is upregulated in the cancerous tongue at the early stage. We tested the hypothesis that endothelin-1 signaling contributes to the modulation of tongue nociception.

Methods
Squamous cell carcinoma cells were inoculated into the tongue under general anesthesia. Lingual mechanical sensitivity under light anesthesia using forceps from days 1 to 21 (n = 8) and the amounts of endothelin-1 and β-endorphin in the tongue on days 6, 14, and 21 (n = 5 to 7) were examined after the inoculation. The effect of endothelin-A or µ-opioid receptor antagonism on the mechanical sensitivity was examined (n = 5 to 7).

Results
Lingual mechanical sensitivity did not change at the early stage (days 5 to 6) but increased at the late stage (days 13 to 14). The amount of endothelin-1 increased (25.4 ± 4.8 pg/ml vs. 15.0 ± 5.2 pg/ml; P = 0.008), and endothelin-A receptor antagonism in the tongue induced mechanical hypersensitivity at the early stage (51 ± 9 g vs. 81 ± 6 g; P = 0.0001). The µ-opioid receptor antagonism enhanced mechanical hypersensitivity (39 ± 7 g vs. 81 ± 6 g; P < 0.0001), and the amount of β-endorphin increased at the early stage.

Conclusions
β-Endorphin released from the cancer cells via endothelin-1 signaling is involved in analgesic action in mechanical hypersensitivity at the early stage.
Self-assessment of Goal Achievements Within a Gynecological Cancer Rehabilitation Counseling
Authors: Adellund Holt Kamila , Hansen Dorte G. , Mogensen Ole , Jensen Pernille T. 
Published: February 2018

Background
There is an increasing focus on patient involvement in cancer rehabilitation. Goal assessment may improve the patient’s self-management of life after cancer.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether (1) nurse-led supported goal setting and assessment of goal achievement were feasible in a clinical setting and (2) there was a positive association between women’s goal achievement and their self-assessed global health status (GHS).

Methods
Women surgically treated for gynecological cancer were offered rehabilitation counseling consisting of 2 face-to-face sessions and 2 phone calls carried out by a nurse. The Goal Attainment Scale evaluated goal achievement, whereas GHS was assessed with a quality-of-life questionnaire (European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30).

Results
One hundred fifty-one women consented to participate; 70% of the women at the first phone call and 72% at the second phone call achieved their goals as “expected” or “more or much more than expected.” Endometrial cancer patients more often achieved their goals than ovarian or cervical cancer patients. Approximately 32% of ovarian and 40% of cervical cancer patients scored their goal achievement “below expected.” The patients’ GHS was not associated with goal attainment measured at each phone call.

Conclusion
Goal measurement is feasible in cancer rehabilitation, in both goal setting and goal achievement. Goal achievement less than expected levels in women recovering from ovarian or cervical cancer suggests a need for additional support.

Implications for Practice
This study supports goal setting and goal achievement as a feasible approach to improve cancer rehabilitation and that nursing professionals can facilitate individualized rehabilitation efforts.
Coronary Artery Abnormalities as the Cause of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Pawlowicz Bernard , Fernandes John , Nair Vidhya 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In this case series, we delve into the database of medicolegal cases of the Forensic Pathology Department at Hamilton Health Sciences in Hamilton Ontario from the last 20 years (1996–2017), and review cases of sudden cardiac death due to coronary artery abnormalities. We found 17 cases that fit the criteria, which gave us an incidence of 1.34 per 1000 cases. These cases were further audited for age, sex, type of coronary artery abnormality, symptoms before demise, circumstances of death, presence of significant atherosclerotic disease, and toxicology. Two more recent cases underwent postmortem genetic testing, and we reported on the result of one of these molecular studies. In our case series, the most commonly affected coronary artery was the right coronary artery, with the most common anomaly being abnormal origin from the left sinus of Valsalva. Although the literature maintains that left coronary artery from the opposite sinus is associated with higher incidence of SCD, our study shows that RCAs from the opposite aortic sinus, including those deemed to be low risk by classification, can be causes of SCD.