bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat Treating of High-Speed Tool Steels
Authors: Mesquita Rafael Agnelli , Schneider Reinhold , Gonçalves Cristiane Sales 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on various heat treatment practices recommended for different types of high-speed tool steels. Commonly used methods include annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, carburizing, and nitriding. The article describes hardening for various types of cutting tools, namely, broaches, chasers, milling cutters, drills, taps, reamers, form tools, and hobs, and for thread rolling dies, threading dies, and bearings.
Transfer of Heat and Mass to the Base Metal in Gas-Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Smartt Herschel B. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides information on heat and mass transfer from the arc to the base metal in the gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) process. It discusses the development of welding procedures and the general operation of the process. The issues described in this article include the: total heat transferred to the base metal; partitioning of heat transfer between the arc and the molten electrode droplets; transfer modes of the droplets; role of the arc in droplet transfer; and simple model for welding procedure development based on an understanding of heat and mass transfer to the base metal.
Arc Physics of Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding
Authors: Key J.F. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process is performed using a welding arc between a nonconsumable tungsten-base electrode and the workpieces to be joined. The arc discharge requires a flow of electrons from the cathode through the arc column to the anode. This article discusses two cases of electron discharge at the cathode: thermionic emission and nonthermionic emission, also called cold cathode, or field emission. It schematically illustrates relative heat transfer contributions to workpiece in the GTAW process. The article provides information on the effects of cathode tip shape and shielding gas composition in the GTAW process.
Introduction to Brazing and Soldering
Authors: Schwartz Mel M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article presents an introduction to brazing, including information on its mechanics, advantages, and limitations. It reviews soldering with emphasis on chronology, solder metals, and flux technology. The article also provides useful information on mass, wave, and drag soldering. It presents a table which contains information on the comparison of soldering, brazing, and welding.
Fundamentals of Soldering
Authors: Schwartz Mel M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Soldering is defined as a joining process by which two substrates are bonded together using a filler metal with a liquidus temperature. This article provides an overview of fundamentals of soldering and presents guidelines for flux selection. Types of fluxes, including rosin-base fluxes, organic fluxes, inorganic fluxes, and synthetically activated fluxes, are reviewed. The article describes the joint design and precleaning and surface preparation for soldering. It addresses some general considerations in the soldering of electronic devices. Soldering process parameters, affecting wetting and spreading phenomena, such as temperature, time, vapor pressure, metallurgical and chemical nature of the surfaces, and surface geometry, are discussed. The article also describes the applications of furnace soldering, resistance soldering, infrared soldering, and ultrasonic soldering. It contains a table that lists tests commonly used to evaluate the solderability properties of selected soldered components.
Fundamentals of Metal and Metal-to-Ceramic Adhesion
Authors: Dixon Ray , Chen S.P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article reviews quantifying adhesion, bonding, and interfacial characterization and strength in a solid-state welding process. It discusses metal-metal configurations and provides information on experimental work carried out in measuring the mechanical properties of interfaces based on theoretical analysis. A discussion on the properties affecting adhesion is also provided.
Fundamentals of Diffusion Bonding
Authors: Mahoney Murray W. , Bampton Cliff C. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Diffusion bonding is only one of many solid-state joining processes wherein joining is accomplished without the need for a liquid interface (brazing) or the creation of a cast product via melting and resolidification. This article offers a qualitative summary of the theory of diffusion bonding. It discusses factors that affect the relative difficulty of diffusion bonding oxide-bearing surfaces. These include surface roughness prior to welding, mechanical properties of the oxide, relative hardness of the metal and its oxide film, and prestraining or work hardening of the material. The article describes the mechanism of diffusion bonding in terms of microasperity deformation, diffusion-controlled mass transport, and interface migration. It concludes with a discussion on diffusion bonding with interface aids.
Plasma Arc Welding
Authors: Harris Ian D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Plasma arc welding (PAW) can be defined as a gas-shielded arc welding process where the coalescence of metals is achieved via the heat transferred by an arc that is created between a tungsten electrode and a workpiece. This article discusses the melt-in mode and the keyhole mode of the PAW process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages. It describes the components of a basic PAW system, namely the power source, plasma control console, water cooler, welding torch, and gas supply system for the plasma and shielding gases. The article provides information on the applications of the PAW process and discusses the typical components and joints used. It concludes with information on personnel requirements and safety issues.
Submerged Arc Welding
Authors: Ogborn Jonathan S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Submerged arc welding (SAW) is an arc welding process in which the arc is concealed by a blanket of granular and fusible flux. This article provides a schematic illustration of a typical setup for automatic SAW and discusses the advantages and limitations and the process applications of SAW. The article discusses flux classification relative to production method, relative to effect on alloy content of weld deposit, and relative to basicity index. It describes the procedural variations and the effect of weld current, weld voltage, electrical stickout, travel speed, and flux layer depth on weld bead characteristics. The article concludes with information on weld defects, such as lack of fusion, slag entrapment, solidification cracking, hydrogen cracking, or porosity.
Resistance Spot Welding
Authors: Williams Neville T. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Resistance spot welding (RSW) is a process in which faying surfaces are joined in one or more spots by the heat generated by resistance to the flow of electric current through workpieces that are held together under force by electrodes. This article discusses the major advantages of spot welding and the three principal elements, such as electrical circuit, control circuit, and mechanical system, of RSW machines. It reviews the three basic types of RSW machines: pedestal-type welding machines, portable welding guns, and multiple spot welding machines. The article provides information on weldabilily of uncoated steels and zinc-coated steels, as well as aluminum alloys.
Flash Welding
Authors: Latimer H.J. , Matteson R.B. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Flash welding (FW) is a resistance welding process in which a butt joint weld is produced by a flashing action and by the application of pressure. Flash welding is used to join metallic parts that have similar cross sections in terms of size and shape. This article discusses flash-welding applications, including chain links, transmission bands, automotive flywheel ring gears, aircraft landing gear, band-saw blades, and crankshaft counter weights. It describes the components of a typical flash-welding machine. The article provides information on the electrical controls of flash-welding equipment. These include programmable controllers, welding current controllers, and either motor or servo-valve controllers.
Induction Brazing
Authors: Libsch J.F. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the principle of induction brazing and addresses applications, advantages, and limitations of the process. It provides information on the induction brazing equipment and solid-state induction generators that are used in induction brazing. The article illustrates several basic joint designs for induction brazing as well as typical coils and some frequent applications and lists joint parameters for parts which are to be brazed by induction heating. It concludes with a discussion on the effect of thermal expansion on stress in the joint.
Furnace and Infrared Soldering
Authors: Zarrow Phil 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Furnace soldering (FS) encompasses a group of reflow soldering techniques in which the parts to be joined and preplaced filler metal are put in a furnace and then heated to the soldering temperature. This article describes three reflow soldering techniques in surface-mount technology, namely, vapor-phase reflow, area conduction, and infrared heating. These three techniques are considered as mass reflow techniques, because all of the solderable interconnections on the surface of a printed wiring board (PWB) assembly are brought through the reflow heating cycle simultaneously. The article explains four regions of reflow profile, namely, preheat (prebake), preflow (soak), reflow, and cooldown. It concludes with a description on the bare copper assembly process, which is carried out in the inert atmosphere.
Hot Gas Soldering
Authors: Frederickson Michael D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Hot gas soldering is a process that is commonly used in applications where the workpiece thermal mass is small and the melting temperature of the solder is relatively low. This article describes the characteristics of hot gas heating that are critical to its effectiveness in soldering. These characteristics include the focus of gas flow, gas flow rates (velocity and volume), gas temperature, and typical gas media. The article explains the thermal profile of a component being soldered and the temperature across adjacent components, which helps to understand time-temperature relationship. It concludes with a discussion on reliability concerns and processing concerns when using hot gas soldering in electronics assembly.
Wave Soldering
Authors: Vianco Paul T. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the design considerations and process parameters critical to the successful implantation of wave soldering on printed circuit boards. The design considerations include the through-hole technology and the surface-mount technology. The article presents information on process parameters, which can be divided into three groups: the fluxing operation, solder wave properties, and process schedule. It provides information on various solder defects.
Influence of Welding on Steel Weldment Properties
Authors: Chen C.C. , Pollack Abe 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the fundamental and specific factors that control the properties of steel weldments in both the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of carbon and low-alloy steels. It provides information on steel types and their weldability. The article also explains the influence of welding procedure factors on the weldment properties. These procedure factors include preheat temperature, interpass temperature, postweld heat treatment, and heat input.
Selection of Cast Stainless Steels
Authors: Cieslak Michael J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses two categories of stainless steel casting alloys and their nomenclature. It provides information on two situations in which welding of stainless steel castings is required. These situations are based on casting defects and selection of welding processes. The article presents compositions and typical microstructures of corrosion-resistant stainless steel casting alloys in tabular form. It presents special considerations for the welding of martensitic stainless steel castings. The article reviews the two most serious problems encountered in the welding of stainless steel castings, namely, solidification hot cracking and heat-affected zone hot cracking. It concludes with a discussion on the some useful considerations for welding corrosion-resistant alloys to avoid defects.
Selection and Weldability of Conventional Titanium Alloys
Authors: Baeslack W.A. , Davis J.R. , Cross C.E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article emphasizes the physical metallurgy of titanium and titanium alloys along with their microstructural response to fusion welding condition. The titanium alloys are classified into unalloyed or commercially pure titanium, alpha and near-alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and metastable beta alloys. The article further discusses the weld microstructure for alpha-beta and metastable beta alloys and describes welding defects observed in titanium alloys. The influence of macro- and microstructural characteristics of titanium weldment on mechanical properties is also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the different welding processes used in the welding of titanium and titanium alloys.
Selection and Weldability of Dispersion-Strengthened Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Sampath K. , Baeslack III W.A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Conventional high-strength aluminum alloys produced via powder metallurgy (P/M) technologies, namely, rapid solidification (RS) and mechanical alloying (mechanical attrition) have high strength at room temperature and elevated temperature. This article focuses on the metallurgy and weldability of dispersion-strengthened aluminum alloys based on the aluminum-iron system that are produced using various RS-P/M processing techniques. It describes weldability issues related to weld solidification behavior, the formation of hydrogen-induced porosity in the weld zone, and the high-temperature deformation behavior of these alloys, which affect the selection and application of fusion and solid-state welding processes. The article provides specific examples of material responses to welding conditions and highlights the microstructural development in the weld zone.
Welding Metallurgy of Nonferrous High-Temperature Materials
Authors: Thompson R.G. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the physical metallurgy of nonferrous high-temperature materials that affects weldability on the precipitates used for age hardening (strain-age cracking). Those precipitates associated with solidification and solidification segregation, primarily Laves and carbides (heat-affected zone grain boundaries cracking), are also discussed. The article examines the parameters that affect heat-affected zone liquation cracking and presents a solution for each problem.
Special Metallurgical Welding Considerations for Nickel and Cobalt Alloys and Superalloys
Authors: Kiser S.D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The process of making assemblies of solid-solution and precipitation hardening groups of alloys and superalloys often requires welding of dissimilar metals, welding of diffusion-bonded materials, and sometimes weld overlay cladding and even thermal spraying that in turn requires special knowledge and treatments developed specifically for each material. This article emphasizes the special metallurgical welding considerations for welding solid-solution and precipitation hardening nickel alloys, cobalt alloys, and superalloys.
Welding of Cast Irons
Authors: Bushey Roger A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Cast iron can be described as an alloy of predominantly iron, carbon, and silicon. This article discusses the classification of cast irons, such as gray cast iron, white cast iron, malleable cast iron, ductile cast iron, and compacted graphite iron. It reviews the various special techniques, such as groove face grooving, studding, joint design modifications, and peening, for improving the strength of a weld or its fitness for service. The article discusses the need for postweld heat treatment that depends on the condition of the casting, possible distortion during subsequent machining, the desired finish of the machined surfaces, and prior heat treatment. It describes various welding process for welding cast irons, including oxyfuel welding, braze welding, shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding.
Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Dickerson Paul B. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Aluminum and its alloys can be joined by as many or more methods than any other metal. This article discusses the properties of aluminum, namely hydrogen solubility, electrical conductivity, and thermal characteristics. It analyses the primary factors commonly considered when selecting a welding filler alloy. These include ease of welding or freedom from cracking, tensile or shear strength of the weld, weld ductility, service temperature, corrosion resistance, and color match between the weld and base alloy after anodizing. The article provides a detailed description of gas-shielded arc welding processes for welding of aluminum alloys and also reviews other welding processes such as oxyfuel gas welding and laser-beam welding.
Welding of Copper Alloys
Authors: Rogers M. Ned 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Copper and copper alloys offer a unique combination of material properties that makes them advantageous for many manufacturing environments. This article begins with a discussion on common metals that are alloyed with copper to produce the various copper alloys. It then reviews the factors that affect the weldability of copper alloys, including thermal conductivity of the alloy being welded, shielding gas, type of current used during welding, joint design, welding position, and surface condition. The article provides information on arc welding processes such as gas-metal arc welding, shielded metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, plasma arc welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding. It concludes with a discussion on safe welding practices.
Welding of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Webster R. Terrence 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Zirconium and its alloys are available in two general categories: commercial grade and reactor grade. This article discusses the welding processes that can be used for welding any of the zirconium alloys. These include gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), plasma arc welding (PAW), electron-beam welding (EBW), laser-beam welding (LBW), friction welding (FRW), resistance welding (RW), resistance spot welding (RSW), and resistance seam welding (RSEW). The article reviews the selection of shielding gases and filler metals for welding zirconium alloys. It concludes with a discussion on process procedures for welding zirconium alloys.
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Inertia and Direct-Drive Friction Welding
Authors: Stotler Tim 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Friction welding (FRW) is a solid-state welding process that uses the compressive force of the workpieces that are rotating or moving relative to one another, producing heat and plastically displacing material from the faying surfaces to create a weld. This article reviews practice considerations for the two most common variations: inertia welding and direct-drive friction welding. Direct-drive friction welding differs from inertia welding, primarily in how the energy is delivered to the joint. The article discusses the parameter calculations for inertia welding and direct-drive friction welding. It provides information on friction welding of carbon steels, stainless steels, aluminum-base alloys, and copper-, nickel-, and cobalt-base materials.
Brazing of Stainless Steels
Authors: Lucas Matthew J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The quality of brazed stainless steel joints depends on the selection of the brazing process, process temperature, filler metal, and the type of protective atmosphere or flux. This article provides a detailed discussion on the applicability and brazeability of stainless steel and lays an emphasis on the selection of suitable filler metal, brazing processes, and its corresponding furnace atmosphere for brazing different grades of stainless steel. The types of brazing processes include torch brazing, furnace brazing in different atmospheres (dissociated ammonia, dry hydrogen, and vacuum atmosphere), dip brazing in salt bath, and high-energy-beam brazing. A complete list of the typical compositions and properties of standard brazing filler metals for brazing stainless steel is also provided.
Soldering in Electronic Applications
Authors: Vianco Paul T. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Soldering represents the primary method of attaching electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, or packaged integrated circuits, to either printed wiring board whose defects is minimized by consideration of proper PWB design, device packages, and board assembly. This article discusses the categories that are most important to successful electronic soldering, namely, solders and fluxes selection, nature of base materials and finishes, solder joint design, and solderability testing.
Joining of Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened Materials
Authors: O'Donnell David 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Oxide - dispersion - strengthened (ODS) materials utilize extremely fine oxide dispersion for strengthening, such as nickel-base alloys or alumina. The processing techniques employed in the production of ODS alloys produce some entrapped gases, which tend to create porosity during welding that can be rectified by suitable designing considerations. This article discusses certain successful design strategies employed in joining ODS alloys in consideration with the grain structure. It further provides a brief discussion on different welding processes involved in joining ODS materials, namely, gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, electron-beam and laser-beam welding, resistance welding, furnace brazing, friction welding, and explosion welding.
Welding of Plastics
Authors: North Thomas H. , Ramarathnam Geetha 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Polymeric materials that possess similar solubility parameters can be joined using a variety of polymer joining techniques. This article describes commonly available fusion-welding techniques such as joining methods, key joining parameters, and the application areas of each joining method. The techniques are hot-tool, hot-gas, extrusion, focused infrared, laser, friction, vibration, spin, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic welding techniques (resistance, induction, dielectric, and microwave welding). The article concludes with a discussion on welding evaluation methods.
Corrosion of Weldments
Authors: Wahid A. , Olson D.L. , Matlock D.K. , Cross C.E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Weldments exhibit special microstructural features that need to be recognized and understood in order to predict acceptable corrosion service life of welded structures. This article describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. It emphasizes the role of macrocompositional and microcompositional variations to bring out differences that need to be realized in comparing corrosion of weldments to that of wrought materials. The article concludes with a discussion on important welding practices used to minimize corrosion in weldments.