bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retention of a chromosomal inversion from an anadromous ancestor provides the genetic basis for alternative freshwater ecotypes in rainbow trout
Authors: Arostegui Martin C. , Quinn Thomas P. , Seeb Lisa W. , Seeb James E. , McKinney Garrett J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMigratory behaviour patterns in animals are controlled by a complex genetic architecture. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a salmonid fish that spawns in streams but exhibits three primary life history pathways: stream‐resident (fluvial), lake‐migrant (adfluvial) and ocean‐migrant (anadromous). Previous studies examining fluvial and anadromousO. mykisshave identified several genes associated with life history divergence including the presence of an inversion complex within chromosome 5 (Omy05) that appears to maintain a suite of linked genes controlling migratory behaviour. However, adfluvial trout are migratory without being anadromous, and the genetic basis for this life history has not been investigated from evolutionary perspectives. We sampled wild, native nonanadromous rainbow trout occupying connected stream and lake habitats in a southwest Alaskan watershed to determine whether these fish exhibit genetic divergence between fluvial and adfluvial ecotypes, and whether that divergence parallels that documented in fluvial and anadromousO. mykiss. Data from restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing revealed an association between frequencies of both the Omy05 inversion complex and other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with habitat type (stream or lake), supporting the genetic divergence of fluvial and adfluvial individuals in sympatry. The presence of a genetic basis for migration into lakes, analogous to that documented for anadromy, indicates that the adfluvial ecotype must be recognized separately from the fluvial form ofO. mykisseven though neither is anadromous. These results highlight the genetic architecture underlying migration and the importance of chromosomal inversions in promoting and sustaining intraspecific diversity.
Age of Menarche, Adolescent Sexual Intercourse and Schooling Attainment of Women
Authors: Huang Jian , Groot Wim , Sessions John G. , Tseng Yinyen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe use data from the 1970 British Cohort Study to measure the effect of adolescent sexual intercourse on female schooling attainment. We emphasize the appropriate use of menarcheal age as an instrumental variable (IV) for early intercourse. Our analysis suggests that developmental trajectories vary with menarcheal age and, therefore, capturing variations in individual cognitive capacities induced by pubertal timing is crucial for the validity of the IV identification strategy. Our empirical results indicate that adolescent sexuality reduces full‐time education by approximately one year. Given that 37 percent of females in our data exited virginity in adolescence, the aggregate loss of human capital as measured by average years of female schooling could be up to one‐third of a year.
External Fixator‐assisted Ulnar Osteotomy: A Novel Technique to Treat Missed Monteggia Fracture in Children
Authors: Wang Qiang , Du Meng‐meng , Pei Xin‐jian , Luo Jun‐zhong , Li Ya‐zhou , Liu Yu‐chang , Wang Xuan , Cao Jin‐chao , Han Jiu‐hui 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveThe treatment of missed Monteggia fracture remains a challenge, despite the various surgical methods described. The purpose of this study was to explore a new surgical technique utilizing external fixator‐assisted ulnar osteotomy and to assess the surgical results in a case series.MethodsThirteen patients with missed Monteggia fractures were treated at our institution using this new surgical technique from August 2012 to January 2016. Our series included 11 boys and 2 girls. The left elbow was involved in 6 patients and the right elbow was involved in 7 patients. According to the Bado classification, 10 fractures were classified as Bado type I with anterior radial head dislocation and 3 were classified as Bado type III with anterolateral dislocation. The average age at the time of surgery was 5 years 8 months (range, 2 years 2 months–10 years). The mean trauma‐to‐surgery interval was 12 months (range, 2–36 months). All patients underwent ulnar osteotomy with angulation and lengthening using a temporary external fixator, plate fixation of the osteotomy, and open reduction of the radial head dislocation without annular ligament reconstruction.ResultsThe average follow‐up was 27 months (range, 16–44 months). The average operation time was 175 min (range, 140–215 min). The average length of distraction was 0.7 cm (range, 0.5–1.2 cm) and the average angulation was 28° (range, 20°–30°) at the ulnar osteotomy site intraoperatively. The elbow performance score (Kim's) was excellent in 10 cases and good in 3 cases. No neurovascular complications, compartment syndrome or implant breakage occurred. No pain in the distal radioulnar joint or limited range of motion of the wrist occurred in any patient. The radial head remained reduced in all patients with no subluxation or redislocation. However, delayed ulnar union occurred in 3 cases, all of which were successfully treated with plaster cast immobilization within approximately 6 months postoperatively. One patient presented with cubitus valgus postoperatively with a carrying angle of 30°, which was 10° greater than the contralateral carrying angle.ConclusionsExternal fixator‐assisted ulnar osteotomy offers substantial flexibility for achieving the optimal positioning of the transected ulna to reduce the radial head prior to the final ulnar osteotomy fixation with a plate, thereby facilitating an effective operative performance. Our procedure is a safe and effective method to treat missed pediatric Monteggia fractures.
De novo leukocyte chemotactic factor 2 amyloidosis in a pediatric renal allograft, 15 years post‐transplant
Authors: Shamir Eliah R. , Lee Marsha M. , Walavalkar Vighnesh 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLeukocyte chemotactic factor 2 amyloidosis (ALECT2) is a recently described form of systemic amyloidosis, which most commonly affects the kidney and liver. The LECT2 protein is produced during inflammatory processes, but its precise function in renal diseases in unclear. ALECT2, however, is known to be a relatively common form of renal amyloidosis, after amyloid light chain and serum amyloid A types and is most often seen in patients of Hispanic ethnicity. ALECT2 can occur de novo or as recurrent disease in kidney transplants. We present the first case, to our knowledge, of de novo ALECT2 in a pediatric kidney transplant patient, 15 years post‐transplant.
Objectivist conditions for defeat and evolutionary debunking arguments
Authors: Klenk Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractI make a case for distinguishing clearly between subjective and objective accounts of undercutting defeat and for rejecting a hybrid view that takes both subjective and objective elements to be relevant for whether or not a belief is defeated. Moderate subjectivists claim that taking a belief to be defeated is sufficient for the belief to be defeated; subjectivist idealists add that if an idealised agent takes a belief to be defeated then the belief is defeated. Subjectivist idealism evades some of the objections levelled against moderate subjectivism but can be shown to yield inconsistent results in some cases. Both subjectivisms should be rejected. We should be objectivists regarding undercutting defeat. This requirement, however, is likely to be problematic for a popular interpretation of evolutionary debunking arguments in metaethics as it can be shown that existing objectivist accounts of defeat do not support such arguments. I end by discussing the constraints of developing such an account.
Alterations in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs exposed to ionizing radiation during induced androgenesis
Authors: Polonis Marcin , Jagiełło Krzysztof , Dobosz Stefan , Rożyński Rafał , Kondraciuk Paulina , Gurgul Artur , Szmatoła Tomasz , Ocalewicz Konrad 
Published: February 2019

ContentsIonizing radiation (IR) is applied to inactivate nuclear genome in the salmonid eggs to induce androgenetic development. However, it has been considered that doses of IR used to damage maternal chromosomes may also affect morphology of the eggs and decrease their developmental potential. Thus, the main goal of the present research was to assess alterations in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs caused by the high dose of IR administered during androgenesis. In the present research, rainbow trout eggs were irradiated with 350 Gy of X‐rays, inseminated and exposed to the high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) shock to develop as androgenetic doubled haploids (DHs). The distribution of lipid droplets in the irradiated and non‐irradiated rainbow trout eggs, survival rates and morphology of larvae from androgenetic and control groups were compared. It has been observed that non‐irradiated and irradiated eggs exhibited altered distribution of lipid droplets. Most of the eggs before IR treatment displayed rather equal distribution of the oil droplets. In turn, majority of eggs studied after irradiation had coalesced lipid droplets, a pattern found in eggs with reduced quality. Incidences of abnormally developed larvae were more frequently observed among fish that hatched from the irradiated eggs. Observed changes suggest X‐rays applied for the genetic inactivation of rainbow trout eggs may lead to decrease of their developmental competence.
Contour current imprints and contourite drifts in the Bahamian archipelago
Authors: Mulder Thierry , Ducassou Emmanuelle , Hanquiez Vincent , Principaud Mélanie , Fauquembergue Kelly , Tournadour Elsa , Chabaud Ludivine , Reijmer John , Recouvreur Audrey , Gillet Hervé , Borgomano Jean , Schmitt Anais , Moal Paul 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNew data collected along the slopes of Little and Great Bahama Bank and the abyssal plain of the Bahama Escarpment provides new insights about contour current‐related erosive structures and associated deposits. The Bahamian slope shows abundant evidence of bottom current activity such as furrows, comet‐like structures, sediment waves and drifts. At a seismic scale, large erosion surfaces and main periods of drift growth resulted from current acceleration related to plate tectonic processes and progressive opening and closure of gateways and long‐term palaeoclimate evolution. At present‐day, erosion features and contourite drifts are either related to relatively shallow currents (<1000 m water depth) or to deep currents (>2500 m water depth). It appears that the carbonate nature of the drifts does not impact the drift morphology at the resolution addressed in the present study. Classical drift morphologies defined in siliciclastic environments are found, such as mounded, plastered and separated drifts. In core, contourite sequences show a bi‐gradational trend that resembles classical contourite sequences in siliciclastic deposits showing a direct relationship with a change in current velocity at the sea floor. However, in a carbonate system the peak in grain size is associated with increased winnowing rather than increased sediment supply as in siliciclastic environments. In addition, the carbonate contourite sequence is usually thinner than in siliciclastics because of lower sediment supply rates. Little Bahama Bank and Great Bahama Bank contourites contain open‐ocean input and slope‐derived debris from glacial episodes. Inner platform, platform edge and open ocean pelagic input characterize the classical periplatform ooze during interglacials. In all studied examples, the drift composition depends on the sea floor topography surrounding the drift location and the type of sediment supply. Carbonate particles are derived from either the slope or the platform in slope and toe of slope drifts, very deep contourites have distant siliciclastic sources of sediment supply. The recent discovery of the importance of a large downslope gravitary system along Bahamian slopes suggests frequent interactions between downslope and along‐slope (contour currents) processes. The interlayering of mass flow deposits and contourites at a seismic scale or the presence of surface structures associated with both contour currents and mass flow processes shows that both processes act at the same location. Finally, contour currents have an important impact on the repartition of deep‐water coral mounds. Currents can actively interact with mounds as a nutrient and oxygen supplier or have a passive interaction, with mounds solely being obstacles orienting erosion and deposition.
The impact of gender and disability on the economic well‐being of disabled women in the United Kingdom: A longitudinal study between 2009 and 2014
Authors: Kim Eun Jung , Parish Susan L. , Skinner Tina 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe present study examined the economic well‐being of disabled and nondisabled men and women in the United Kingdom. Using the 2009–2014 Life Opportunities Survey (N = 6,159 adults), the study is the first longitudinal study to empirically compare the economic well‐being of disabled women in contrast to disabled men and nondisabled men and women. Hierarchical linear modelling and hierarchical linear logistic modelling were used to estimate the longitudinal changes. Findings indicate that, overall, disabled women's economic well‐being improved significantly between 2009 and 2014 even after controlling for other demographic characteristics. However, the improvements were not substantial enough to significantly narrow the economic disparities between disabled women and disabled men and nondisabled men and women. Disabled women remained worse off than disabled men and nondisabled men and women in 2014 as they did in 2009. The findings indicate that intersectional discrimination against disabled women exist in the United Kingdom. Findings from this study provide empirical evidence to support policies that enhance the economic security of disabled women.
Politically Alienated Through Low‐Wage Work? Evidence from Panel Data
Authors: Schraff Dominik 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDoes low‐wage work lead to political alienation? Even though low‐wage sectors have grown in the advanced industrialized world, empirical evidence so far is sparse. This paper uses household panel data to investigate the effect of low‐wage work spells on political alienation. We argue that repeated low‐wage work spells lead to preference divergence between a low‐income and the median‐income earner, leading to withdrawal from democratic politics among low‐wage earners. Using Swiss household panel data and fixed‐effects regressions, we show that the accumulation of low‐wage work spells decreases systemic trust. In a second step, we demonstrate that an interaction of eroding systemic trust with low‐wage work is associated with increased individual abstention probabilities. These results highlight the threat of a systematic under‐representation of low‐wage workers in the political sphere.
Measurements of Adhesion Force Between a Single Silver Particle Interacting With Hastelloy X and Inconel 617
Authors: Mokgalapa Naphtali M. , Ghosh Tushar K. , Tompson Robert V. , Loyalka Sudarshan K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Silver is generated in the reactor core during normal operation of very high temperature reactors (VHTRs). It may be transported as aerosols in the reactor circuit and plates out at different points in the reactor including the intermitted heat exchanger. The resuspension of particles in high temperature reactors is closely associated with source term analysis including the environment safety assessment. Adhesion force is important in determining resuspension rate used in resuspension calculations. In this work, the atomic force microscope was used to measure the adhesive force between a spherical silver particle and VHTRs structural materials of Hastelloy X and Inconel 617. These forces were also predicted through the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theoretical model. The theoretically calculated values (when the particle size of 15.1 μm diameter was used) are higher than the measured results by a factor of a 1000. However, when surface roughness was taken into account, an improved comparison between the theoretically predicted values and the measured values was observed. In fact, the comparisons between the theoretically predicted values and the measured results show a deviation that ranges from 0.155 to 0.422 in the case of Hastelloy X and from 0.243 to 0.503 in the case of Inconel 617. The data generated provide insight into the significant influence that surface roughness has on the adhesion force. This adhesion force data may be important in understanding the adhesion of silver particles to Hastelloy X and Inconel 617, and may contribute to particle resuspension calculations.
Kinetic and Cross-Sectional Studies on the Genesis of Hypoargininemia in Severe Pediatric
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria
Authors: Rubach Matthew P. , Zhang Haoyue , Florence Salvatore M. , Mukemba Jackson P. , Kalingonji Ayam R. , Anstey Nicholas M. , Yeo Tsin W. , Lopansri Bert K. , Thompson J. Will , Mwaikambo Esther D. , Young Sarah , Millington David S. , Weinberg J. Brice , Granger Donald L. 
Published: February 2019

The low bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and its precursor, arginine, contributes to the microvascular pathophysiology of severe falciparum malaria. To better characterize the mechanisms underlying hypoargininemia in severe malaria, we measured the plasma concentrations of amino acids involved in
de novo
arginine synthesis in children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria (UM;
n
= 61), children with cerebral falciparum malaria (CM;
n
= 45), and healthy children (HC;
n
= 109).
Knowledge and practice of health workers about control and prevention of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in referral hospitals, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Alene Kefyalew Addis , Adane Akilew Awoke , Yifiru Sisay , Bitew Bikes Destaw , Adane Aynishet , Koye Digsu Negese 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of health workers about multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) prevention and control.Study design and settingsA cross-sectional study was conducted at Gondar University Referral Hospital and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital.ParticipantsRandomly selected health workers (ie, medical doctor, nurse, health officer, pharmacy, medical laboratory and midwifery) were the study participants.Outcome measuresThe main outcomes were knowledge and self-reported practice of health workers about MDR-TB.ResultsA total of 377 health workers (with a response rate of 93.7%) participated in the study. The majority of respondents were nurses (52.5%, n=198) and medical doctors (15.6%, n=59). The mean knowledge score was seven out of 10; 149 (39.5%) of respondents scored seven or more which was considered as good knowledge. MDR-TB knowledge of health workers was significantly associated with having a postgraduate degree (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=5.78; 95% CI 2.33 to 14.33), taking infection prevention training (AOR=1.79; 95% CI 1.00, to 3.17) and having a history of tuberculosis (TB) (AOR=1.85; 95% CI 1.12, to 3.03). The mean self-reported practice score was four out of seven; one-fifth (19.6%) of respondents scored four or more which was considered as good practice. Self-reported practice of health workers was significantly associated with working at internal medicine (AOR=4.64; 95% CI 1.99, to 10.81) and paediatrics (AOR=3.85; 95% CI 1.11, to 13.34) wards, being in the age groups of 26–30 years (AOR=2.70; 95% CI 1.27, to 5.76), and 30 years and above (AOR=4.42; 95% CI 1.77, to 11.00).ConclusionsThis study found low knowledge and self-reported practice score among health workers. MDR-TB knowledge of health workers was significantly associated with educational status, infection prevention training and previous history of TB. This finding highlights the potential of providing MDR-TB training for health workers to increase their knowledge about MDR-TB.
Implementation of an individual patient prospective database of hospital births in Sri Lanka and its use for improving quality of care
Authors: Lazzerini Marzia , Senanayake Hematha , Mohamed Rishard , Kaluarachchi Athula , Fernando Roshini , Sakalasuriya Anshumalie , Ihsan Fathima Reshma , Saravanabhava Namasivayam , Gamaathige Nalin , Jayawardane Madura , Gamage Ruwan Vidana , Covi Benedetta , Wanzira Humphrey , Businelli Caterina , Piccoli Monica 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesThis study was aimed at piloting a prospective individual patient database on hospital deliveries in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and at exploring its use for developing recommendations for improving quality of care (QoC).DesignObservational study.SettingDe Soysa Maternity Hospital, the largest referral hospital for maternity care in Sri Lanka.Data collection and analysisFrom July 2015 to June 2017, 150 variables were collected for each delivery using a standardised form and entered into a database. Data were analysed every 8 months, and the results made available to local staff. Outcomes of the study included: technical problems; data completeness; data accuracy; key database findings; and use of data.Results7504 deliveries were recorded. No technical problem was reported. Data completeness exceeded that of other existing hospital recording systems. Less than 1% data were missing for maternal variables and less than 3% for newborn variables. Mistakes in data collection and entry occurred in 0.01% and 0.09% of maternal and newborn data, respectively. Key QoC indicators identified in comparison with international standards were: relatively low maternal mortality (0.053%); relatively high maternal near-miss cases (3.4%); high rate of induction of labour (24.6%), caesarean section (30.0%) and episiotomy (56.1%); relatively high rate of preterm births (9.4%); low birthweight rate (16.5%); stillbirth (0.97%); and of total deaths in newborn (1.98%). Based on key indicators identified, a list of recommendations was developed, including the use checklists to standardise case management, training, clinical audits and more information for patients. A list of lessons learnt with the implementation of the data collection system was also drawn.ConclusionsThe study shows that the implemented system of data collection can produce a large quantity of reliable information. Most importantly, this experience provides an example on how database findings can be used for discussing hospital practices, identifying gaps and to agree on recommendations for improving QoC.