bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐decadal variations in spawning ground use in Northeast Arctic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)
Authors: Langangen Øystein , Stige Leif Christian , Kvile Kristina Ø. , Yaragina Natalia A. , Skjæraasen Jon Egil , Vikebø Frode B. , Ottersen Geir 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDespite the importance both in an ecological and management context, much uncertainty remains about the underlying factors controlling spawning ground use in marine fish. Here, we investigate how spawning ground use of Northeast Arctic (NEA) haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) has changed over time. By combining data from a Soviet‐Russian egg survey conducted over a 35 year period (1959–1993) with a biophysical drift model, we estimate annual median spawning latitudes of NEA haddock. Furthermore, we test for statistical association between the median latitude of spawning and covariates that are candidates for shaping the spawning distribution of haddock. The results indicate no association with temperature, as measured at the Kola transect, or demographic structure, as measured by the mean weight of spawners. However, we find a positive and significant association between spawning latitude and spawning stock biomass, indicating that density‐dependence may be more important in shaping spawning location than other factors such as temperature and demographic structure. A potential mechanism for the reported effect of spawning stock biomass may act through the distribution at the feeding grounds, which is reported to expand north‐ and eastwards at high population density.
Which species, how many, and from where: Integrating habitat suitability, population genomics, and abundance estimates into species reintroduction planning
Authors: Malone Eric W. , Perkin Joshuah S. , Leckie Brian M. , Kulp Matthew A. , Hurt Carla R. , Walker Donald M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractExtirpated organisms are reintroduced into their former ranges worldwide to combat species declines and biodiversity losses. The growing field of reintroduction biology provides guiding principles for reestablishing populations, though criticisms remain regarding limited integration of initial planning, modeling frameworks, interdisciplinary collaborations, and multispecies approaches. We used an interdisciplinary, multispecies, quantitative framework to plan reintroductions of three fish species into Abrams Creek, Great Smoky Mountains National Park,USA. We first assessed the appropriateness of habitat at reintroduction sites for banded sculpin (Cottus carolinae), greenside darter (Etheostoma blennioides), and mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) using species distribution modeling. Next, we evaluated the relative suitability of nine potential source stock sites using population genomics, abundance estimates, and multiple‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) based on known correlates of reintroduction success. Species distribution modeling identified mottled sculpin as a poor candidate, but banded sculpin and greenside darter as suitable candidates for reintroduction based on species‐habitat relationships and habitats available in Abrams Creek. Genotyping by sequencing revealed acceptable levels of genetic diversity at all candidate source stock sites, identified population clusters, and allowed for estimating the number of fish that should be included in translocations. Finally,MCDAhighlighted priorities among candidate source stock sites that were most likely to yield successful reintroductions based on differential weightings of habitat assessment, population genomics, and the number of fish available for translocation. Our integrative approach represents a unification of multiple recent advancements in the field of reintroduction biology and highlights the benefit of shifting away from simply choosing nearby populations for translocation to an information‐based science with strong a priori planning coupled with several suggestedposteriorimonitoring objectives. Our framework can be applied to optimize reintroduction successes for a multitude of organisms and advances in the science of reintroduction biology by simultaneously addressing a variety of past criticisms of the field.
Predicting the cumulative effect of multiple disturbances on seagrass connectivity
Authors: Grech Alana , Hanert Emmanuel , McKenzie Len , Rasheed Michael , Thomas Christopher , Tol Samantha , Wang Mingzhu , Waycott Michelle , Wolter Jolan , Coles Rob 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe rate of exchange, or connectivity, among populations effects their ability to recover after disturbance events. However, there is limited information on the extent to which populations are connected or how multiple disturbances affect connectivity, especially in coastal and marine ecosystems. We used network analysis and the outputs of a biophysical model to measure potential functional connectivity and predict the impact of multiple disturbances on seagrasses in the central Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA), Australia. The seagrass networks were densely connected, indicating that seagrasses are resilient to the random loss of meadows. Our analysis identified discrete meadows that are important sources of seagrass propagules and that serve as stepping stones connecting various different parts of the network. Several of these meadows were close to urban areas or ports and likely to be at risk from coastal development. Deep water meadows were highly connected to coastal meadows and may function as a refuge, but only for non‐foundation species. We evaluated changes to the structure and functioning of the seagrass networks when one or more discrete meadows were removed due to multiple disturbance events. The scale of disturbance required to disconnect the seagrass networks into two or more components was on average >245 km, about half the length of the metapopulation. The densely connected seagrass meadows of the central GBRWHA are not limited by the supply of propagules; therefore, management should focus on improving environmental conditions that support natural seagrass recruitment and recovery processes. Our study provides a new framework for assessing the impact of global change on the connectivity and persistence of coastal and marine ecosystems. Without this knowledge, management actions, including coastal restoration, may prove unnecessary and be unsuccessful.
Mountain roads and non‐native species modify elevational patterns of plant diversity
Authors: Haider Sylvia , Kueffer Christoph , Bruelheide Helge , Seipel Tim , Alexander Jake M. , Rew Lisa J. , Arévalo José Ramón , Cavieres Lohengrin A. , McDougall Keith L. , Milbau Ann , Naylor Bridgett J. , Speziale Karina , Pauchard Aníbal 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimWe investigated patterns of species richness and community dissimilarity along elevation gradients using globally replicated, standardized surveys of vascular plants. We asked how these patterns of diversity are influenced by anthropogenic pressures (road construction and non‐native species).LocationGlobal.Time period2008–2015.Major taxa studiedVascular plants.MethodsNative and non‐native vascular plant species were recorded in 943 plots along 25 elevation gradients, in nine mountain regions, on four continents. Sampling took place in plots along and away from roads. We analysed the effects of elevation and distance from road on species richness patterns and community dissimilarity (beta‐diversity), and assessed how non‐native species modified such elevational diversity patterns.ResultsGlobally, native and total species richness showed a unimodal relationship with elevation that peaked at lower‐mid elevations, but these patterns were altered along roads and due to non‐native species. Differences in elevational species richness patterns between regions disappeared along roadsides, and non‐native species changed the patterns’ character in all study regions. Community dissimilarity was reduced along roadsides and through non‐native species. We also found a significant elevational decay of beta‐diversity, which however was not affected by roads or non‐native species.Main conclusionsIdiosyncratic native species richness patterns in plots away from roads implicate region‐specific mechanisms underlying these patterns. However, along roadsides a clearer elevational signal emerged and species richness mostly peaked at mid‐elevations. We conclude that both roads and non‐native species lead to a homogenization of species richness patterns and plant communities in mountains.
Uncoupled Aspiration Adaptation Dynamics Into the Core
Authors: Nax Heinrich H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Dynamics for play of transferable-utility cooperative games are proposed that require information regarding own payoff experiences and other players’ past actions, but not regarding other players’ payoffs. The proposed dynamics provide an evolutionary interpretation of the proto-dynamic ‘blocking argument’ (Edgeworth, 1881) based on the behavioral principles of ‘aspiration adaptation’ (Sauermann and Selten, 1962) instead of best response. If the game has a non-empty core, the dynamics are absorbed into the core in finite time with probability one. If the core is empty, the dynamics cycle infinitely through all coalitions.
Emergency medicine in the extreme geriatric era: A retrospective analysis of patients aged in their mid 90s and older in the emergency department
Authors: Müller Martin , Ricklin Meret E , Weiler Stefan , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K , Arampatzis Spyridon 
Published: March 2018

AimIn the coming years, older individuals will comprise an increasing share of emergency department (ED) admissions, due to the unprecedented and continuing demographic changes. The primary aim of the present study was to identify causes and risk factors for ED admission and hospitalizations in the oldest old.MethodsWe analyzed data of consecutive patients aged in their mid 90s and older (aged ≥94 years) admitted to the ED department of the University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, between 2000 and 2010. Using multivariate logistic regression, we explored relevant demographic and clinical characteristics of patients visiting the ED, in association with hospitalization and fractures.ResultsA total of 352 ED admissions occurred during the study period. The majority of patients (85%) were admitted from home, and most (63%) admissions resulted in hospitalization. Hospital admissions were frequently related to injuries from falls (42%). Risk factors for hospitalization were fractures, the number of comorbidities (measured by the Charlson Comorbidity Index) and hypertension. Major risk factors for fractures were female sex, benzodiazepine use and the diagnosis of dementia.ConclusionsMost ED visits of older adults aged in their mid 90s and older were due to falls and fractures, and resulted in hospitalization. The present findings clearly emphasize the need for further investigations of drug prescription patterns and fracture prevention in such patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 415–420.
Immune tolerance induction: What have we learned over time?
Authors: Brackmann H.‐H. , White G.C. , Berntorp E. , Andersen T. , Escuriola‐Ettingshausen C. 
Published: March 2018

Development of inhibitory antibodies to infused factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates continues to be the most serious complication of haemophilia A management. Induction of immune tolerance by administering high doses of FVIII concentrate (antigen) and prothrombin complex concentrates to control bleeding was originated in the 1970s in Bonn, Germany, by Dr Hans‐Hermann Brackmann, and became known as the Bonn protocol. ITI transformed the life of the index patient, who was 19 years of age when he began treatment, and dramatically improved the medical landscape for all patients with haemophilia and inhibitors. Over the past 40 years, variations to the Bonn protocol have been proposed. All protocols are effective although some are better suited than others for use in certain situations. The specific molecular defect in FVIII and the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) type of an individual with haemophilia are major codependent determinants to inhibitor development. Given the range of potential molecular defects and the staggering number of potential HLA types, it is likely that treatment arms of randomized studies in haemophilia represent highly diverse populations, which reduces the power of a study to demonstrate differences between treatments. Although available clinical guidelines and consensus recommendations for ITI therapy are not always in complete agreement, collectively the guidelines provide a reasonable level of guidance for administering ITI therapy under different clinical scenarios. Several studies of ITI therapy are ongoing with the aim of clarifying unresolved issues in haemophilia management including the role of von Willebrand factor in inhibitor eradication.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Alaskans: Factors associated with infection and comparison of urea breath test and anti‐Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies
Authors: Miernyk Karen M. , Bulkow Lisa R. , Gold Benjamin D. , Bruce Michael G. , Hurlburt Debby H. , Griffin Patricia M. , Swerdlow David L. , Cook Kim , Hennessy Thomas W. , Parkinson Alan J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori is one of the most common human infections in the world, and studies in Alaska Native people, as well as other Indigenous peoples, have shown a high prevalence of this gastric infection. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection by urea breath test (UBT) and anti‐ H. pylori IgG among Alaskans living in four regions of the state and to identify factors associated with infection.MethodsA convenience sample of persons > 6 months old living in five rural and one urban Alaskan community were recruited from 1996 to 1997. Participants were asked about factors possibly associated with infection. Sera were collected and tested for anti‐ H. pylori IgG antibodies; a UBT was administered to participants > 5 years old.ResultsWe recruited 710 people of whom 571 (80%) were Alaska Native and 467 (66%) were from rural communities. Rural residents were more likely to be Alaska Native compared with urban residents (P < .001). Of the 710 people, 699 (98%) had a serum sample analyzed, and 634 (97%) persons > 5 years old had a UBT performed. H. pylori prevalence was 69% by UBT and 68% by anti‐ H. pylori IgG. Among those with a result for both tests, there was 94% concordance. Factors associated with H. pylori positivity were Alaska Native racial status, age ≥ 20 years, rural region of residence, living in a crowded home, and drinking water that was not piped or delivered.ConclusionsHelicobacter pylori prevalence is high in Alaska, especially in Alaska Native persons and rural residents. Concordance between UBT and serology was also high in this group. Two socioeconomic factors, crowding and drinking water that was not piped or delivered, were found to be associated with H. pylori positivity.
Cultural animation in health research: An innovative methodology for patient and public involvement and engagement
Authors: Kelemen Mihaela , Surman Emma , Dikomitis Lisa 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundA significant challenge in Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) in health research is to include a wide range of opinions and experiences, including from those who repeatedly find themselves at the margins of society.ObjectiveTo contribute to the debate around PPIE by introducing a bottom‐up methodology: cultural animation (CA). Cultural Animation is an arts‐based methodology of knowledge co‐production and community engagement which employs a variety of creative and participatory exercises to help build trusting relationships between diverse participants (expert and non‐experts) and democratize the process of research.DesignThree CA full‐day workshops for the research project “A Picture of Health.”ParticipantsEach workshop was attended by 20‐25 participants including 4 academics, 5 retired health professionals who volunteered in the local community and 15 community members. Participants ranged in age from 25 to 75 years, and 80% of the participants were women over the age of 60.ResultsThe CA workshops unearthed a diversity of hidden assets, increased human connectivity, led to rethinking of and co‐creating new health indicators and enabled participants to think of community health in a positive way and to consider what can be developed.DiscussionCultural animation encourages participants to imagine and create ideal pictures of health by experimenting with new ways of working together.ConclusionWe conclude by highlighting the main advantages to PPIE as follows: CA provides a route to co‐produce research agendas, empowers the public to engage actively with health professionals and make a positive contribution to their community.
Investigation of the status of the enigmatic White‐chested TinkerbirdPogoniulus makawaiusing molecular analysis of the type specimen
Authors: Kirschel Alexander N. G. , Nwankwo Emmanuel C. , Gonzalez Juan Carlos T. 
Published: March 2018

Following the discovery of a uniquely plumagedPogoniulustinkerbird inCryptosepalumforest in northwest Zambia in 1964 and its subsequent description in 1965 as a distinct species, White‐chested TinkerbirdPogoniulus makawai, there has long raged a debate regarding its taxonomic status. The failure to find further individuals in spite of numerous attempts has led several taxonomists to question its status as a distinct species. UsingDNAfrom theP. makawaitype specimen we performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis including samples from other tinkerbird species and, in particular, several subspecies of Yellow‐rumped TinkerbirdPogoniulus bilineatus, of which several observers considered theP. makawaispecimen an aberrant individual. Phylogenetic analyses of both mitochondrial and nuclearDNArecoveredP. makawaias being nested within a clade of Yellow‐rumped Tinkerbirds. Our results suggest that White‐chested Tinkerbird is not a distinct species but either a distinct subspecies or an aberrant form of Yellow‐rumped Tinkerbird; in either case a genetic basis for plumage differences cannot be ruled out. At present our limited nuclearDNAdata do not suggest hybridization with another tinkerbird species. Finally, we suggest that further surveys are needed to determine the extent to which loci that may underpin the ‘makawai phenotype’ may persist in the region, as well as to ascertain the extent to which theP. makawaiform itself, or the entire regional population of Yellow‐rumped Tinkerbirds, warrants subspecific status.
Explorative study on mucosal and major salivary secretion rates, caries and plaque microflora in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Almståhl A , Finizia C , Carlén A , Fagerberg‐Mohlin B , Alstad T 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse mucosal and major salivary secretion rates, caries and plaque microflora in connection with treatment for cancer in the head and neck region.MethodsThirty‐three patients were included and the number of teeth, filled surfaces and caries lesions registered. The labial and buccal gland secretion and stimulated whole salivary secretion rates were determined. Supragingival plaque microflora was analysed using cultivation technique. Data were collected pretreatment, during treatment and 6 months, 1 year and 2 years post‐treatment.ResultsTwo years post‐treatment, 36% had new caries lesions, which had been restored. The labial secretion was comparable with pretreatment, while the buccal secretion was lower (P < .001). The stimulated secretion rate was lower compared with pretreatment (P < .001) and was ≤0.7 mL/minute for 50%. Growth of lactobacilli increased during treatment (P < .001) and remained increased (P < .001), while growth of mutans streptococci was decreased (P < .01) 2 years post‐treatment. Growth of Candida increased over time and was higher 2 years post‐treatment compared with pretreatment (P < .001) while growth of Prevotella was lower (P < .01).ConclusionsTwo years post‐treatment, the stimulated salivary secretion rate was substantially decreased, acid‐tolerant lactobacilli and Candida increased, acid‐sensitive microorganisms decreased, and the caries prevalence was low.
Effects of ultrasonic instrumentation on enamel surfaces with various defects
Authors: Kim S‐Y , Kang M‐K , Kang S‐M , Kim H‐E 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyse the enamel damage caused by ultrasonic scaling of teeth with various enamel conditions that are difficult to identify by visual inspection, such as enamel cracks, early caries and resin restorations.MethodsIn total, 120 tooth surfaces were divided into 4 experimental groups using a quantitative light‐induced fluorescence‐digital system: sound enamel group, enamel cracks group, early caries group and resin restoration group. A skilled dental hygienist performed ultrasonic scaling under a standardized set of conditions: a ≤ 15° angle between the scaler tip and tooth surface and 40‐80 g of lateral pressure at the rate of 12 times/10 s. Following scaling, the depth of enamel damage was measured using a surface profilometer and observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsThe damage depth was the greatest in the enamel cracks group (37.63 ± 34.42 μm), followed by the early caries group (26.81 ± 8.67 μm), resin restoration group (19.63 ± 6.73 μm) and the sound enamel group (17.00 ± 5.66 μm). The damage depth was significantly deeper in the enamel cracks and early caries groups than in the sound enamel group (P < .05). SEM clearly revealed enamel loss in the enamel cracks, early caries and resin restoration groups.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that ultrasonic scaling can cause further damage to teeth with enamel cracks, early caries and resin restorations. Therefore, accurate identification of tooth conditions and calculus before the initiation of ultrasonic scaling is necessary to minimize damage.
Origin of molecular oxygen formation in irradiated borosilicate glasses studied by molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Yuan Wei , Peng Hai‐bo , Du Xin , Lv Peng , Sun Meng‐li , Chen Liang , Wang Tie‐shan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFormation of molecular oxygen was observed in borosilicate glasses irradiated with energetic ions and electrons, which has significant effects on mechanical properties of glasses and evaluation of High Level nuclear Waste (HLW) immobilization. Though O2 was considered from the broken of X‐O‐Na (X is Si or B) in borosilicate glass, what was X species remained unclear. To find out the original source of molecular oxygen O2 in irradiated borosilicate glasses, several oxygen atoms were artificial randomly removed from the pristine glasses by molecular dynamics simulation (MD). The simulation results suggested that the formation of O2 firstly came from [BO4] units by the conversion of [BO4] to [BO3] units. When the conversion reached saturation, the [SiO4] units acted as the secondary source. Sodium phase separation was also derived after oxygen atoms reduced, which was well‐agreed with electron irradiated glasses. After the oxygen was removed, average Si‐O‐Si angle decreased and the small size rings increased. These simulation results were in good agreement with experiments.