bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cannabis Use on Sedation Requirements for Endoscopic Procedures
Authors: Twardowski Mark A. , Link Margaret M. , Twardowski Nicole M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Context
Cannabis (or marijuana) became legal for recreational use in Colorado in 2012, and this legislation change has created both challenges and opportunities in medicine. More patients are using cannabis, and more patients are now willing to admit cannabis use than in the past, which increases the likelihood that they will be forthcoming about use during medical questioning. Cannabis use may have implications during medical care, including procedural sedation.

Objective
To determine whether regular cannabis use had any effect on the dose of medication needed for sedation during endoscopic procedures.

Methods
A total of 250 medical records were reviewed from 1 endoscopy center and 1 endoscopist to minimize the variability in sedation technique for the study purposes. The cohort was reviewed with regard to age and gender to determine whether differences were present among different groups as to the relative amount of sedation medication required in cannabis users vs nonusers.

Results
Medical records from 250 patients were reviewed, and researchers found that compared with people who did not regularly use cannabis, people who regularly used cannabis required an amount of sedation for endoscopic procedures that was significantly higher (P=.05). The statistical significance persisted when adjusted for age, sex, and use of alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opiates.

Conclusion
Determining cannabis use before procedural sedation can be an important tool for planning patient care and assessing both medication needs and possible risks related to increased dosage requirements during endoscopic procedures.
Operation of thin-film thermoelectric generator of Ge-rich poly-Ge1-xSnx on SiO2 fabricated by a low thermal budget process
Authors: Takahashi Kouta , Ikenoue Hiroshi , Sakashita Mitsuo , Nakatsuka Osamu , Zaima Shigeaki , Kurosawa Masashi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A thin-film thermoelectric generator composed of p- and n-type poly-Ge1−x
Sn
x
(x ∼ 0.02) on a Si(001) covered with SiO2 has been successfully fabricated by low thermal budget processes (under 300 °C) and demonstrated for the first time. Both the crystallization and dopant activation were simultaneously performed using pulsed UV laser irradiation in flowing water. A recorded activation ratio of Sb in the poly-Ge1−x
Sn
x
enabled a relatively high power factor (9.2 μ Wcm−1 K−2 at RT), which is comparable to the counterparts of n-type Ge1−x
Sn
x
layers epitaxially grown on InP(001).
Too trivial to test? An inverse view on defect prediction to identify methods with low fault risk
Authors: Niedermayr Rainer , Röhm Tobias , Wagner Stefan 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundTest resources are usually limited and therefore it is often not possible to completely test an application before a release. To cope with the problem of scarce resources, development teams can apply defect prediction to identify fault-prone code regions. However, defect prediction tends to low precision in cross-project prediction scenarios.AimsWe take an inverse view on defect prediction and aim to identify methods that can be deferred when testing because they contain hardly any faults due to their code being “trivial”. We expect that characteristics of such methods might be project-independent, so that our approach could improve cross-project predictions.MethodWe compute code metrics and apply association rule mining to create rules for identifying methods with low fault risk (LFR). We conduct an empirical study to assess our approach with six Java open-source projects containing precise fault data at the method level.ResultsOur results show that inverse defect prediction can identify approx. 32–44% of the methods of a project to have a LFR; on average, they are about six times less likely to contain a fault than other methods. In cross-project predictions with larger, more diversified training sets, identified methods are even 11 times less likely to contain a fault.ConclusionsInverse defect prediction supports the efficient allocation of test resources by identifying methods that can be treated with less priority in testing activities and is well applicable in cross-project prediction scenarios.
Informing the management of acute malnutrition in infants aged under 6 months (MAMI): risk factor analysis using nationally-representative demographic & health survey secondary data
Authors: Kerac Marko , Frison Severine , Connell Nichola , Page Bethan , McGrath Marie 
Published: April 2019

Background
Tackling malnutrition is a global health priority, helping children both survive and thrive. Acute malnutrition (wasting) in infants aged under 6 months (u6m) is often neglected. Worldwide, some 8.5 million infants u6m are affected yet recent World Health Organization malnutrition guidelines highlight numerous evidence gaps on how to best manage them. To inform future research, policy and programming, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with infant u6m wasting.

Methods
We did secondary data analysis of nationally representative, cross sectional Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in the last 10 years. We compared wasted infants u6m (weight-for-length <−2 z-scores) vs. non-wasted (weight-for-length ≥−2 z-score). We used simple and adjusted (for infant age, sex, socio-economic status) logistic regression to calculate odds of wasting associated with risk factors spanning three broad categories: household-related; maternal-related; infant-related.

Results
We analysed 16,123 infants u6m from 20 countries. Multiple risk factors were statistically associated with wasting. These included: poverty (Odds ratio, OR 1.22 (95% CI [1.01–1.48], p = 0.04)); low maternal body mass index (adjusted OR 1.53(1.29–1.80, p < 0.001); small infant size at birth (aOR 1.32(1.10–1.58, p < 0.01)); delayed start of breastfeeding (aOR 1.31(1.13–1.51, p < 0.001)); prelacteal feed (aOR 1.34(1.18–1.53, p < 0.001)); recent history of diarrhoea (aOR 1.37(1.12–1.67, p < 0.01)); mother disempowered (experiences violence; does not make decisions about health issues; does not engage with health services such as antenatal care, does not give birth in a health facility). ‘Protective’ factors associated with significantly decreased odds of infant u6m wasting included: educated mother (OR 0.64(0.54–0.76, p < 0.001)); mother in work (OR 0.82(0.72–0.94, p < 0.01)); currently breastfed (aOR 0.62(0.42–0.91, p = 0.02)), exclusively breastfed (aOR 0.84(0.73–0.97, p = 0.02).

Discussion
Infant u6m wasting is a complex, multifactorial problem associated with many risk factors; knowing them will help shape international and national management strategies. Whilst our observational study cannot prove causation, many factors identified are biologically plausible and/or socially important. They should be considered when assessing and managing infants u6m. Although supporting breastfeeding is core to future interventions, this alone is unlikely to be sufficient; strategies should involve multiple sectors, beyond just health and nutrition. By noting our results, future intervention studies could focus resources and maximise chances of achieving impact.
Head louse egg and nit remover—a modern “Quest for the Holy Grail”
Authors: Brunton Elizabeth R. , Whelan Ian P. , French Rebecca , Burgess Mark N. , Burgess Ian F. 
Published: April 2019

Background
The eggs of head lice are fixed to the hair of their hosts by means of a persistent glue-like fixative that is not chemically bound to the substrate. Eggshells stuck to hairs after successfully treating the infestation are a cosmetic issue and a source of misunderstanding about whether the infestation is eliminated. Hitherto, no effective treatment to loosen louse eggs and nits has been found.

Methods
An extensive screening of surface active compounds, oils, esters, and other cosmetic lubricants used a slip-peel device to measure the forces required to release the grip of the fixative. Promisingly effective compounds were formulated into suitable carriers for further testing. The most effective combination formulation was tested, as a commercial product (Hedrin Stubborn Egg Loosening Lotion), in a usage study of 15 children with nits, in which one half of the head was combed only on damp hair and the other half combed after a 10 min treatment using the product.

Results
Laboratory tests of the forces required to remove nits found that pelagonic acid derivatives, particularly isononyl isononanoate, in the presence of a polymeric gelling agent and water, were most effective to reduce the initial grip of the fixative as well as reducing friction as the eggshell is drawn along the hair shaft and that the final product was significantly (p < 0.05) more effective than several other marketed materials. In the usage study significantly (p = 0.01046) more louse eggs and nits were removed after treatment with the gel.

Discussion
The product developed through this study is the first with a demonstrable efficacy for loosening the grip of the louse egg fixative from hair. Consequently, until now, and despite the availability of effective pediculicidal treatments, dealing with the eggshells persisting after an infestation has been an onerous task for most households. This type of product can enable families to deal more easily with persistent eggshells and improve self-esteem in affected children.
Evaluation of the Disintegration Properties of Khaya senegalensis Gum Using Paracetamol Tablets
Authors: Kuevi D. N. O. , Ayertey E. , Bartels D. A. , Owusu F. W. A. 
Published: April 2019

Background: Disintegrants are essential in the formulation of solid dosage forms such as tablets because they aid in the release of the active drug for therapeutic action. Disintegrating agents such as starch are currently posing challenges such as tablet softening and slow disintegration. In the quest for alternatives that are cheaper, readily available and possessing same or better disintegrating property, Khaya senegalensis gum was considered. Currently, there is no available literature pertaining to its disintegrating property.
Objective: To investigate the disintegrating properties of Khaya senegalensis gum using paracetamol tablets.
Methods: K. senegalensis gum was obtained by making an incision on the stem bark of the mahogany tree. The dried purified K. senegalensis gum was employed in the formulation of granule I whiles Tragacanth gum was used in formulating granule II using the wet granulation technique. The flow properties of both granules were subsequently determined and compared. Paracetamol tablets were then produced with the formulated granules I and II. Friability, hardness, weight uniformity and disintegration testing were performed on the paracetamol tablets formulated with both granules.
Results: The results showed granule I had a better flowability with angle of repose 31.63°C, Hausner’s ratio 1.24 and Carr’s index 19.57 as compared to granule II with angle of repose 34.72°C, Hausner’s ratio 1.31 and Carr’s index 23.84. The study also revealed, paracetamol tablets formulated with granule I (K. senegalensis gum) passed the hardness test (6.57 Kg.f), disintegration time (2.44 min), weight uniformity test (2.2% standard deviation) and friability test (0.69%). Paracetamol tablets formulated with granule II (Tragacanth gum) also passed the hardness test (8.20 Kg.f), disintegration time (7.69 min), weight uniformity test (1.6% standard deviation) and friability test (0.86%).
Conclusion: Khaya senegalensis gum can therefore be explored as an alternative disintegrant in the formulation of paracetamol tablets for improved bioavailability.
Athens Charter (
CIAM
), 1933
Authors: Gold John R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Historians of town planning routinely emphasize the importance of the Athens Charter, a document said to have emerged from the Fourth Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) held in 1933. Supposedly based on functional analyses of cities compiled by CIAM's national member groups, the Athens Charter was purported to be a consensual statement of how modern architects thought about the task of designing the future city. After discussing the origins of CIAM, this entry examines the history of documents that stemmed from CIAM IV and questions whether any of them represents an authentic statement of the organization's shared views about urbanism.
Bangalore
Authors: Ramachandra T. V. , Aithal Bharath H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Bangalore is the cultural, logistical, and technological center for southern India. It has undergone major political, economic, and urban restructuring over the past three decades that has resulted in massive urban population growth including a large migrant population from rural areas. This entry discusses recent challenges to the city and strategies to mitigate their impact on humans and the environment. Decision‐makers in the city planning and management process have had to face many serious challenges such as the effects of climate change, enhanced greenhouse gas emissions, lack of appropriate infrastructure, traffic congestion, and lack of basic amenities (electricity, water, and sanitation) in many localities.
Barrio
Authors: Sassone Susana María 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAbarriois a sociospatial formation, part of the internal division of a city. It is also an area of social identity. Studies on thebarriohave examined different perspectives such as attributes, types, and effects of neighborhood. Abarriois always accompanied by spatial, historical, functional, and sociocultural attributes, and the types of neighborhoods speak of stages in the lives of the residents, the social classes, and the residents' origins; in this sense, it is possible to distinguish traditional, popular, migrant, or private urbanization neighborhoods by the different ways in which they appear. The effects of neighborhoods are expressed in terms of opportunities and limitations, and here urban policies play an essential role.
Border Cities
Authors: Prokkola Eeva‐Kaisa 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Border cities have traditionally been understood to have specific problems because of the proximity of a border and their often peripheral location within a country. They have come to be regarded as “laboratories” where the policy effects of economic integration and cross‐border cooperation can be evaluated. Alongside trade agreements, the question of border securitization has veered onto political agendas. Border cities function as gateways to migration flows and as testing grounds for new border security methods. In future, an important question will be how different border cities and communities face and take advantage of regional transition, migration, and securitization efforts.
Business Improvement District
Authors: Lee Wonhyung 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Business improvement districts (BIDs) are self‐help organizations that collect resources to manage and improve commercial areas. As local governments have cut back on the delivery of services, local stakeholders such as property owners and business owners have initiated new roles in providing private services to their surroundings. The emergence of BIDs represents a shift in the main actors that contribute to district management and local revitalization. Given the dramatic rise and continuing growth of BIDs, it is critical to understand the implications of BIDs for downtown areas and other communities marginalized from urban governance and development.
Climate Change and Cities
Authors: Barton Jonathan R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Climate change is defined in Article 1 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change as “a change of climate attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.” Since the global scenarios for climate change during the current century indicate that, in most locations, warming will increase, precipitation will decrease and extreme events will be more likely, climate change must be considered one of the leading urban challenges. Processes of mitigation of and adaptation to these changes are now essential components of contemporary urban policy and planning, as efforts are made to reduce mortality, morbidity, and loss of assets, and consequently to increase resilience and reduce vulnerability. However, for many years international climate change analysis was weak at identifying the specific local generation of the greenhouse gases involved and the geographies of impacts. It is only over the past decade that the emphasis on the role of urban areas in climate change has strengthened considerably in the academic literature and in the policy realm. Most important, however, is that these concerns are now being translated into specific urban climate change plans.
Community Policing
Authors: Cossyleon Jennifer E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Community policing is a philosophy and practice that treats police–community interaction and communication as a main basis for reductions in crime and fear of crime. Community policing efforts include the hiring and training of police officers to prevent crime and “solve” community problems instead of solely responding after crimes have occurred. Although spending on community policing has considerably decreased in the past decade, there are new calls to revisit this crime prevention strategy. Recent investigations of excessive use of force by police have urged police departments to reinvigorate their community policing strategies. If these strategies are to help reinstate trust and communication among communities and police officers, it is important for research to discover how to implement these practices without further marginalizing communities of color.
Concentrated Poverty
Authors: Herring Chris 
Published: April 2019

AbstractConcentrated povertyrefers to a spatial density of socioeconomic deprivation. The concept and term are primarily utilized in US policy and scholarship to refer to areas of “extreme” or “high” poverty defined as areas with “40 percent of the tract population living below the federal poverty threshold.” Concentrated poverty has taken on multiple conceptual formations, being used as an analytic measure, a designation of territory, and a causal variable in explaining social, health, and economic outcomes. While initial scholarship on the topic focused on the causes of concentrated poverty, most contemporary urban research focuses on measuring and explaining its effects.
Consumption and Gender
Authors: Griffin Penny 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough the development of consumption in post‐Fordist, postindustrial societies is relatively new, there had until recently been little systematic examination of the historical foundations of the relationship between consumption and gender. Gender scholars have sought to remedy this absence, investigating the gendered social relations that prescribe where, how, and why consumption takes place and highlighting the gendered ways in which people acquire, possess, process, and respond to commodities.
Creative Class
Authors: Ibert Oliver 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
According to the American economist and urbanist Richard Florida, the “creative class” form a new elite. Creative class members show a strong entrepreneurial capability. They are able to create their own jobs, if necessary. In the age of the creative class people no longer follow jobs; jobs follow people. Cities increasingly compete to attract and retain the creative class. Creative class members value diversity, tolerance, and inspiration and thus show a strong affinity for culturally diverse and open‐minded urban environments. This has given rise to creative urban policies that seek to make the city more attractive for the purposes and preferences of the creative class.
Cultural Landscapes
Authors: Kilper Heiderose , Gailing Ludger 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Cultural landscapes are regarded as an expression of landscape change, as individual regions, and as the result of the interaction of humans with their physical and material environment. For decades, the notion of the landscape shaped the discipline of geography. Insights within the field of social sciences on the social construction and on the processual character of (cultural) landscapes have led to new discourses here. More recent studies analyze cultural landscapes as regional action spaces for stakeholders who come from different institutional systems. The issue under consideration here is the effect these institutional systems have on the construction of cultural landscapes.
Cyber‐Urban Space
Authors: Lim Merlyna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Rejecting spatial dualism that separates the electronic and virtual realm of cyberspace from geographical space, the term
cyber‐urban spaces
recognizes the integration of the digital and material spaces and acknowledges our hybrid existence in this integrated realm. Cyber‐urban space reflects “where” contemporary urban people live much of the time, juggling multiple identities that transcend online and offline spheres.
Fear and the City
Authors: Micha Irini , Koutrolikou Penny 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe city has become a principal reference in the debates about fear, while its depiction as a place where diversity is experienced and appreciated is increasingly under threat. Today a dominant discourse sees difference as overwhelming and dangerous, to be excluded or segregated where possible – indeed, something to be afraid of. The debates around fear and the city are mostly shaped around three axes: objects and causes of fear; discourses and politics of fear; geographies of fear and urban practices that deal with it.
Feminist Interventions: Southern Europe/Mediterranean
Authors: Baylina Mireia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece, the feminist perspective in geography appeared in the early 1980s as a result of the rise of the feminist movement and contact between the researchers and the production of knowledge in Europe and the United States. Since then, the production has been concentrated in specific research groups and universities working mainly on the experiences of women's daily life and gendered spaces in cities from a critical perspective. The cultural turn in social sciences has contributed to the increased scientific production and to diversifying the topics of analysis. Conscious of their peripheral position in the production of knowledge, feminist geography researchers have created a space for feminism in their contexts, though not without much internal resistance. Internationalization has been essential to legitimate gender and geography studies in Southern European academia.
Garden Cities
Authors: Bigon Liora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Ebenezer Howard, in contrast to other early‐nineteenth‐century planners of ideal societies, proposed a garden city that did not remain just a theoretical vision. Howard's concept became a widely disseminated practical contribution to twentieth‐century urban planning and represents one of the most influential ideas in the profession. His ideas, in one version or another, spread quickly throughout Britain, giving rise to actual social and physical experiments. Howard's concepts also influenced other European countries and the United States. Although garden city historiography is highly Eurocentric, the extra‐European history of garden city developments is treated in this entry too, with a balance between the well‐researched histories of the Global Northwest and their less researched Global Southeastern counterparts.