bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochar application as a tool to decrease soil nitrogen losses (NH3 volatilization, N2O emissions, and N leaching) from croplands: Options and mitigation strength in a global perspective
Authors: Liu Qi , Liu Benjuan , Zhang Yanhui , Hu Tianlong , Lin Zhibin , Liu Gang , Wang Xiaojie , Ma Jing , Wang Hui , Jin Haiyang , Ambus Per , Amonette James E. , Xie Zubin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBiochar application to croplands has been proposed as a potential strategy to decrease losses of soil‐reactive nitrogen (N) to the air and water. However, the extent and spatial variability of biochar function at the global level are still unclear. Using Random Forest regression modelling of machine learning based on data compiled from the literature, we mapped the impacts of different biochar types (derived from wood, straw, or manure), and their interactions with biochar application rates, soil properties, and environmental factors, on soil N losses (NH3 volatilization, N2O emissions, and N leaching) and crop productivity. The results show that a suitable distribution of biochar across global croplands (i.e., one application of <40 t ha−1 wood biochar for poorly buffered soils, such as those characterized by soil pH<5, organic carbon<1%, or clay>30%; and one application of <80 t ha−1 wood biochar, <40 t ha−1 straw biochar, or <10 t ha−1 manure biochar for other soils) could achieve an increase in global crop yields by 222–766 Tg yr−1 (4%–16% increase), a mitigation of cropland N2O emissions by 0.19–0.88 Tg N yr−1 (6%–30% decrease), a decline of cropland N leaching by 3.9–9.2 Tg N yr−1 (12%–29% decrease), but also a fluctuation of cropland NH3 volatilization by −1.9–4.7 Tg N yr−1 (−12%–31% change). The decreased sum of the three major reactive N losses amount to 1.7–9.4 Tg N yr−1, which corresponds to 3%–14% of the global cropland total N loss. Biochar generally has a larger potential for decreasing soil N losses but with less benefits to crop production in temperate regions than in tropical regions.
Diverse diversities—Open innovation in small towns and rural areas
Authors: Meili Rahel , Shearmur Richard 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIt is generally accepted that cities and other forms of geographic agglomerations are conducive to innovation because their density and variety of firms, sectors and individuals create a diverse environment. However, a growing body of work shows that innovation also occurs in peripheral regions and small towns. Furthermore, work on rural social networks shows that diversity is multidimensional, and that along certain dimensions networks developed in rural areas are more diverse than those observed in cities. In this paper, we develop these arguments, then report our observations of seven successful firms in Swiss small towns. These firms benefit from at least three types of diversity: internal diversity; multiplexed interactions between workers at different hierarchical levels; and external diversity as firms reach beyond the region. We conclude that diversity conducive to firm‐level innovation is not a specifically urban attribute: at least some of its dimensions are present in small towns and more peripheral areas.
Micropapillary variant of mucinous carcinoma of the breast shows genetic alterations intermediate between those of mucinous carcinoma and micropapillary carcinoma
Authors: Pareja Fresia , Selenica Pier , Brown David N , Sebastiao Ana P M , da Silva Edaise M , Da Cruz Paula Arnaud , Del Angela , Fu Li , Weigelt Britta , Brogi Edi , Reis‐Filho Jorge S , Wen Hannah Y 
Published: March 2019

AimsMicropapillary variant of mucinous carcinoma of the breast (MPMC) is a rare histological form of oestrogen receptor (ER)‐positive invasive carcinoma that is characterised by micropapillary clusters of tumour cells in lakes of extracellular mucin. The aims of this study were to determine the genetic alterations underpinning MPMCs, and to determine whether they overlap with those of mucinous carcinomas and/or invasive micropapillary carcinomas.Methods and resultsDNA from five MPMCs was subjected to whole‐exome sequencing. Somatic mutations, copy number alterations and mutational signatures were determined with state‐of‐the‐art bioinformatics methods. No mutations in genes significantly mutated in breast cancer, including TP53, PIK3CA, GATA3, and MAP3K1, were detected. We identified copy number alterations that have been reported in invasive micropapillary carcinomas, such as recurrent gains in 1q, 6p, 8q, and 10q, and recurrent losses in 16q, 11q, and 13q, as well as a recurrent 8p12–8p11.2 amplification encompassing FGFR1. Like mucinous carcinomas, three of the five MPMCs analysed lacked PIK3CA mutations, 1q gains, and 16q losses, which are the hallmark genetic alterations of ER‐positive breast cancers, whereas two MPMCs harboured 16q losses and/or a complex pattern of copy number alterations similar to those found in breast‐invasive micropapillary carcinomas.ConclusionsMPMCs are heterogeneous at the genetic level; some tumours show a pattern of somatic genetic alterations similar to those of mucinous carcinomas, whereas others resemble invasive micropapillary carcinomas at the genetic level. These findings suggest that MPMCs may not constitute one histological subtype, but rather a convergent phenotype that can stem from mucinous carcinomas or invasive micropapillary carcinomas.
Female Immigrant Entrepreneurs: More Than a Family Strategy
Authors: De Luca Deborah , Ambrosini Maurizio 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article explores the issue of immigrant women entrepreneurship. It focuses on the emergence of new points of view on self‐employed migrant women and in particular their search for independence. With the support of qualitative research carried on in Italy, it will set out a typology of motivations and strategies to become self‐employed in which, besides a “family strategy” and an “independency strategy”, a “mixed network strategy” also emerges. This last focuses on the role of mixed networks (with other foreigners and/or natives) not only in business management but also in the promotion of transnational social activities. Policies that support associations, creating opportunities for gathering and exchanging with local residents and improving the presence of immigrant women in local institutions, could have the side‐effect of increasing participation by immigrant women in self‐employment, not for lack of alternatives but as a path towards self‐fulfilment and empowerment.
HPCAL1 promotes glioblastoma proliferation via activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Dongming , Liu Xidong , Xu Xuebin , Xu Jianmeng , Yi Zhongjun , Shan Baochang , Liu Bing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent primary malignancy of the central nervous system with obvious aggressiveness, and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Studies have indicated that calcium ion (Ca2+) can positively regulate the initiation of malignancy with regard to GBM by modulating quiescence, proliferation, migration and maintenance. Hippocalcin like‐1 protein (HPCAL1) serves as a sensor of Ca2+. However, the understanding of HPCAL1 activity in GBM is limited. The present study revealed that the gene HPCAL1 was up‐regulated by Ca2+ in the tissues and cells of GBM. Ectopic expression of HPCAL1 promoted proliferation of cells. Exhaustion of HPCAL1 inhibited cell growth not only in vivo, but also in vitro. In addition, HPCAL1 enhanced the Wnt pathway by stimulating β‐catenin accumulation and nuclear translocation in GBM cells, while β‐catenin silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation and growth of the GBM cells. Our results showed that Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK3β was significantly decreased after HPCAL1 knockdown in GBM cells, and knockdown of the gene GSK3β in GBM cells enhanced cell proliferation and promoted transcription of the genes CCND1 and c‐Myc. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK was decreased in the cells with HPCAL1 knockdown, while it was promoted via overexpression of HPCAL1. The suppression or depletion of the gene ERK decreased proliferation triggered by overexpression of HPCAL1 and impaired transcription of the genes c‐Myc and CCND1. These studies elucidate the tumour‐promoting activity of HPCAL1. They also offer an innovative therapeutic strategy focusing on the HPCAL1‐Wnt/β‐catenin axis to regulate proliferation and development of GBM.
Annual Research Review: Does late‐onset attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder exist?
Authors: Asherson Philip , Agnew‐Blais Jessica 
Published: March 2019

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is conceptualized as an early onset childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. Prevalence in adults is around two‐thirds that in childhood, yet longitudinal outcome studies of children with ADHD found a minority continue to meet full criteria in adulthood. This suggests that not all adult cases meet ADHD criteria as children, a conclusion supported by earlier studies relying on retrospective recall in adolescent and adult samples. More recently prospective follow‐up of population and control samples suggest that adolescent and young adult ADHD is not always a continuation of childhood ADHD. Here, we review the literature on age of onset, to explore whether late‐onset ADHD exists, and if so, examine the evidence for whether this should be considered the same or a different disorder as childhood onset ADHD. We conclude that current evidence supports the view that a significant proportion of young adults meeting criteria for ADHD would not have met full diagnostic criteria for ADHD as children. However, many in the late‐onset group show some ADHD symptoms in childhood, or an externalizing disorder such as oppositional defiant disorder. Furthermore, the current studies suggest that most (but not all) cases of late‐onset ADHD develop the disorder between the ages of 12–16 and can therefore be considered adolescent or early adult onset ADHD. There is a relative lack of data spanning young to older adulthood to address the question of adult‐onset. Currently, there is insufficient data to clarify the extent to which early and late onset ADHD reflect a different balance of genetic and environmental risks or share the same underlying neural mechanisms. Clinicians should be aware that significantly impairing forms of ADHD can emerge beyond the age of 12 years, although perhaps rarely in the context of a complete absence of precursors. The current evidence on treatment responses is limited.
Implementing accurate identification and measurement of dyskinesia in cerebral palsy into clinical practice: A knowledge translation study
Authors: Stewart Kirsty , de Vries Tessa , Harvey Adrienne 
Published: March 2019

AimThe application of current, best evidence into clinical practice is problematic. This article describes a knowledge translation (KT) project aimed at improving clinician identification, classification and measurement of dyskinesia in children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodA 2‐year KT fellowship investigated clinicians' understanding of dyskinetic CP, identified knowledge gaps, determined educational needs and implemented a multifaceted KT strategy and dissemination framework to address those needs.ResultsAustralian and New Zealand medical and allied health clinicians identified significant gaps in their clinical knowledge regarding dyskinetic CP, particularly confidence in identifying and measuring dyskinesia and poor knowledge of available identification and measurement tools. Following a targeted implementation strategy, there was a definite shift towards increased awareness of dyskinetic CP, a significant improvement in identification and measurement confidence (mean change from 47 to 66% confidence, P < 0.0001), and the embedding of the knowledge and skills into everyday clinical practice.ConclusionsThis targeted and well‐resourced KT project in dyskinetic CP improved clinician knowledge and led to meaningful change in clinical practice. The strategy utilised would be appropriate across a range of health‐care settings.
Revolution and Intervention
Authors: Renzo Massimo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractProvided that traditional jus ad bellum principles are fulfilled, military humanitarian intervention to stop large scale violations of human rights (such as genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes) is widely regarded as morally permissible. In cases of “supreme humanitarian emergency”, not only are the victims morally permitted to rebel, but other states are also permitted to militarily intervene. Things are different if the human rights violations in question fall short of supreme humanitarian emergency. Because of the importance of respecting political self‐determination, in cases of “ordinary oppression”, we normally think that rebellion might be permissible, but not military humanitarian intervention. Thus, according to the received view, the conditions for the permissibility of intervention coincide with the conditions for the permissibility of revolution in cases of supreme humanitarian emergency, but not in cases of ordinary oppression. In cases of ordinary oppression there is an asymmetry between the conditions for the permissibility of revolution and intervention (call this the Asymmetry View). Should we accept the Asymmetry View? I answer this question by outlining an account of political self‐determination and by illustrating the complex role that this notion should play in discussing the morality of revolution and intervention.
Multitrait genome‐wide association analysis of Populus trichocarpa identifies key polymorphisms controlling morphological and physiological traits
Authors: Chhetri Hari B. , Macaya‐Sanz David , Kainer David , Biswal Ajaya K. , Evans Luke M. , Chen Jin‐Gui , Collins Cassandra , Hunt Kimberly , Mohanty Sushree S. , Rosenstiel Todd , Ryno David , Winkeler Kim , Yang Xiaohan , Jacobson Daniel , Mohnen Debra , Muchero Wellington , Strauss Steven H. , Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Tuskan Gerald A. , DiFazio Stephen P. 
Published: March 2019

Summary

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have great promise for identifying the loci that contribute to adaptive variation, but the complex genetic architecture of many quantitative traits presents a substantial challenge.

We measured 14 morphological and physiological traits and identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐phenotype associations in a Populus trichocarpa population distributed from California, USA to British Columbia, Canada. We used whole‐genome resequencing data of 882 trees with more than 6.78 million SNPs, coupled with multitrait association to detect polymorphisms with potentially pleiotropic effects. Candidate genes were validated with functional data.

Broad‐sense heritability (H2) ranged from 0.30 to 0.56 for morphological traits and 0.08 to 0.36 for physiological traits. In total, 4 and 20 gene models were detected using the single‐trait and multitrait association methods, respectively. Several of these associations were corroborated by additional lines of evidence, including co‐expression networks, metabolite analyses, and direct confirmation of gene function through RNAi.

Multitrait association identified many more significant associations than single‐trait association, potentially revealing pleiotropic effects of individual genes. This approach can be particularly useful for challenging physiological traits such as water‐use efficiency or complex traits such as leaf morphology, for which we were able to identify credible candidate genes by combining multitrait association with gene co‐expression and co‐methylation data.
Promiscuous terpene synthases from Prunella vulgaris highlight the importance of substrate and compartment switching in terpene synthase evolution
Authors: Johnson Sean R. , Bhat Wajid Waheed , Sadre Radin , Miller Garret P. , Garcia Alekzander Sky , Hamberger Björn 
Published: March 2019

Summary

The mint family (Lamiaceae) is well documented as a rich source of terpene natural products. More than 200 diterpene skeletons have been reported from mints, but biosynthetic pathways are known for just a few of these.

We crossreferenced chemotaxonomic data with publicly available transcriptomes to select common selfheal (Prunella vulgaris) and its highly unusual vulgarisin diterpenoids as a case study for exploring the origins of diterpene skeletal diversity in Lamiaceae. Four terpene synthases (TPS) from the TPS‐a subfamily, including two localised to the plastid, were cloned and functionally characterised. Previous examples of TPS‐a enzymes from Lamiaceae were cytosolic and reported to act on the 15‐carbon farnesyl diphosphate. Plastidial TPS‐a enzymes using the 20‐carbon geranylgeranyl diphosphate are known from other plant families, having apparently arisen independently in each family.

All four new enzymes were found to be active on multiple prenyl‐diphosphate substrates with different chain lengths and stereochemistries. One of the new enzymes catalysed the cyclisation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate into 11‐hydroxy vulgarisane, the likely biosynthetic precursor of the vulgarisins.

We uncovered the pathway to a rare diterpene skeleton. Our results support an emerging paradigm of substrate and compartment switching as important aspects of TPS evolution and diversification.
Terrestrial insects and climate change: adaptive responses in key traits
Authors: Kellermann Vanessa , van Heerwaarden Belinda 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUnderstanding and predicting how adaptation will contribute to species' resilience to climate change will be paramount to successfully managing biodiversity for conservation, agriculture, and human health‐related purposes. Making predictions that capture how species will respond to climate change requires an understanding of how key traits and environmental drivers interact to shape fitness in a changing world. Current trait‐based models suggest that low‐ to mid‐latitude populations will be most at risk, although these models focus on upper thermal limits, which may not be the most important trait driving species' distributions and fitness under climate change. In this review, we discuss how different traits (stress, fitness and phenology) might contribute and interact to shape insect responses to climate change. We examine the potential for adaptive genetic and plastic responses in these key traits and show that, although there is evidence of range shifts and trait changes, explicit consideration of what underpins these changes, be that genetic or plastic responses, is largely missing. Despite little empirical evidence for adaptive shifts, incorporating adaptation into models of climate change resilience is essential for predicting how species will respond under climate change. We are making some headway, although more data are needed, especially from taxonomic groups outside of Drosophila, and across diverse geographical regions. Climate change responses are likely to be complex, and such complexity will be difficult to capture in laboratory experiments. Moving towards well designed field experiments would allow us to not only capture this complexity, but also study more diverse species.
Detecting Imbalances in House Prices: What Goes Up Must Come Down?*
Authors: Anundsen André K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractI suggest a toolkit of four bubble‐detection methods that can be used to monitor developments in house prices. These methods are applied to US, Finnish, and Norwegian data. For the United States, all measures unanimously suggest a bubble in the early to mid‐2000s, whereas current US house prices are found to be aligned with economic fundamentals. One of the measures indicates imbalances in Finland, while there are no signs of a bubble in Norway. I find that large parts of the US house price bubble can be explained by the sharp increase in capital inflows and the extension of loans to the subprime mortgage market.
Effect of pH and temperature on calcium carbonate precipitation by CO2 removal from iron‐rich water
Authors: Korchef Atef , Touaibi Meriam 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the present work, the effect of temperature and solution pH on calcium carbonate precipitation from iron‐rich waters was investigated. Calcium carbonate was precipitated by CO2 removal. The increase in the temperature or the solution pH leads to the acceleration of calcium carbonate nucleation and crystal growth. Iron addition retards the formation of calcium carbonate crystals and enhanced the precipitation in the bulk solution. At high supersaturations, the inhibition effectiveness of iron is small and it could be improved by lowering the solution pH. The results of the present work show that it is possible to reduce or completely prevent scale formation in different water treatment processes by controlling the operating parameters which favourably affects the water treatment costs, increases the equipment life and allows increased product water recovery.
Development and performance evaluation of the Medicines Optimisation Assessment Tool (MOAT): a prognostic model to target hospital pharmacists’ input to prevent medication-related problems
Authors: Geeson Cathy , Wei Li , Franklin Bryony Dean 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundMedicines optimisation is a key role for hospital pharmacists, but with ever-increasing demands on services, there is a need to increase efficiency while maintaining patient safety.ObjectiveTo develop a prediction tool, the Medicines Optimisation Assessment Tool (MOAT), to target patients most in need of pharmacists’ input in hospital.MethodsPatients from adult medical wards at two UK hospitals were prospectively included into this cohort study. Data on medication-related problems (MRPs) were collected by pharmacists at the study sites as part of their routine daily clinical assessments. Data on potential risk factors, such as number of comorbidities and use of ‘high-risk’ medicines, were collected retrospectively. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to determine the relationship between risk factors and the study outcome: preventable MRPs that were at least moderate in severity. The model was internally validated and a simplified electronic scoring system developed.ResultsAmong 1503 eligible admissions, 610 (40.6%) experienced the study outcome. Eighteen risk factors were preselected for MOAT development, with 11 variables retained in the final model. The MOAT demonstrated fair predictive performance (concordance index 0.66) and good calibration. Two clinically relevant decision thresholds (ie, the minimum predicted risk probabilities to justify pharmacists’ input) were selected, with sensitivities of 90% and 66% (specificity 30% and 61%); these equate to positive predictive values of 47% and 54%, respectively. Decision curve analysis suggests that the MOAT has potential value in clinical practice in guiding decision-making.ConclusionThe MOAT has potential to predict those patients most at risk of moderate or severe preventable MRPs, experienced by 41% of admissions. External validation is now required to establish predictive accuracy in a new group of patients.