bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light Lanthanide Metallocenium Cations Exhibiting Weak Equatorial Anion Interactions
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Reta Daniel , Cleghorn Jake A. , Yeoh Yu Xuan , Ortu Fabrizio , Goodwin Conrad A. P. , Chilton Nicholas F. , Mills David P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAs the dysprosocenium complex [Dy(Cpttt)2][B(C6F5)4] (Cpttt=C5H2tBu3‐1,2,4, 1‐Dy) exhibits magnetic hysteresis at 60 K, similar lanthanide (Ln) complexes have been targeted to provide insights into this remarkable property. We recently reported homologous [Ln(Cpttt)2][B(C6F5)4] (1‐Ln) for all the heavier Ln from Gd–Lu; herein, we extend this motif to the early Ln. We find, for the largest LnIII cations, that contact ion pairs [Ln(Cpttt)2{(C6F5‐κ1‐F)B(C6F5)3}] (1‐Ln; La–Nd) are isolated from reactions of parent [Ln(Cpttt)2(Cl)] (2‐Ln) with [H(SiEt3)2][B(C6F5)4], where the anion binds weakly to the equatorial sites of [Ln(Cpttt)2]+ through a single fluorine atom in the solid state. For smaller SmIII, [Sm(Cpttt)2][B(C6F5)4] (1‐Sm) is isolated, which like heavier 1‐Ln does not exhibit equatorial anion interactions, but the EuIII analogue 1‐Eu could not be synthesised due to the facile reduction of EuIII precursors to EuII products. Thus with the exception of Eu and radioactive Pm this work constitutes a structurally similar family of Ln metallocenium complexes, over 50 years after the [M(Cp)2]+ series was isolated for the 3d metals.
Identification of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Mouse Lung, Liver, Small Intestine, Bone Marrow, and Mediastinal and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes
Authors: Romera‐Hernández Mónica , Mathä Laura , Steer Catherine A. , Ghaedi Maryam , Takei Fumio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous family of lymphocytes that populate barrier and non‐barrier tissues. ILCs regulate immune responses to pathogens and commensals but also sustain metabolic homeostasis, tissue remodeling after injury and establish dialogue with the nervous system. ILCs rapidly become activated in the absence of adaptive antigen receptors by responding to signaling molecules provided by hematopoietic or non‐hematopoietic cells. Here we provide protocols designed for processing the lung, liver, small intestine, bone marrow, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes in order to obtain a purified leukocyte fraction of cells, in which ILC2 enrichment is optimized. In addition, we describe in detail the methodologies used to activate ILC2s and the assays necessary for the detection of their effector cytokines. We highlight the differences in ILC2 characterization within distinct tissues that we have recently identified. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonglucuronidated Ezetimibe Disrupts CD13‐ and CD64‐Coassembly in Membrane Microdomains and Decreases Cellular Cholesterol Content in Human Monocytes/Macrophages
Authors: Orsó Evelyn , Robenek Horst , Boettcher Alfred , Wolf Zsuzsanna , Liebisch Gerhard , Kramer Werner , Schmitz Gerd 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEzetimibe (EZE) and glucuronidated EZE (EZE‐Glu) differentially target Niemann‐Pick C1‐like 1 (NPC1L1) and CD13 (aminopeptidase‐N) to inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption and cholesterol processing in other cells, although the precise molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Cellular effects of EZE, EZE‐Glu, and the low‐absorbable EZE‐analogue S6130 were investigated on human monocyte‐derived macrophages upon loading with atherogenic lipoproteins. EZE and S6130, but not EZE‐Glu disturbed the colocalization of CD13 and its coreceptor CD64 (Fcγ receptor I) in membrane microdomains, and decreased the presence of both receptors in detergent‐resistant membrane fractions. Biotinylated cholesterol absorption inhibitor C‐5 (i.e., derivative of EZE) was rapidly internalized to perinuclear tubular structures of cells, resembling endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but CD13 was detected on extracellular sites of the plasma membrane and endolysosomal vesicles. Administration of EZE, but not of EZE‐Glu or S6130, was associated with decreased cellular cholesteryl ester content, indicating the sterol‐O acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1)‐inhibition by EZE. Furthermore, EZE decreased the expression of molecules involved in cholesterol uptake and synthesis, in parallel with increased apolipoprotein A–I‐mediated cholesterol efflux and upregulation of efflux‐effectors. However, NPC1L1 the other claimed molecular target of EZE, was not detected in macrophages, thereby excluding this protein as target for EZE in macrophages. Thus, EZE is very likely a CD13‐linked microdomain‐disruptor and SOAT1‐inhibitor in macrophages leading to in vitro anti‐atherosclerotic effects through a decrease of net cellular cholesterol content. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Identification of phenobarbital and other barbiturates in forensic drug screening using positive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography−high resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Høj Lars Jakobsen , Mollerup Christian Brinch , Rasmussen Brian Schou , Johansen Sys Stybe , Linnet Kristian , Dalsgaard Petur Weihe 
Published: April 2019

AbstractComprehensive drug‐screening performed by liquid chromatography−high resolution mass spectrometry (LC−HRMS) enables identification of hundreds to thousands of drug compounds in a single analysis. Forensic drug screening is generally performed with positive electrospray ionization (ESI+), targeting basic drugs; however, a few toxicologically important drugs such as barbiturates, may require analysis by negative ESI. In this work, screening targets for barbiturates were determined using our LC−HRMS screening with ESI+. For several years, our forensic whole blood samples have been analyzed using the LC−HRMS−ESI+ screening in parallel with a multi‐target LC–MS/MS−ESI− method. From 2014 to 2018, 23 samples were positive for phenobarbital (0.5−81 mg/kg). Retrospective data analysis of 4816 blood samples (15 positive) revealed several potential screening targets for phenobarbital. The targets were tentatively identified by exact mass and isotopic pattern as uncommon adducts of phenobarbital and as a decomposition product of phenobarbital N‐glucoside (C17H24N2O7). Analysis of a test set containing eight positive (0.5–65 mg/kg phenobarbital) and 31 negative samples supported the use of the observed target m/z 323.0614 at 5.14 minutes, corresponding to the [M + HCOONa+Na]+ adduct of phenobarbital. The [M + HCOONa+Na]+ adduct was confirmed as a screening target for common barbiturates, by analysis of barbiturate reference standards in ESI+/ESI−. The [M + HCOONa+Na]+ adduct allowed retrospective analysis with 91% sensitivity (n = 23) and 100% specificity (n = 4855) for phenobarbital in our existing LC−HRMS−ESI+ screening. The two negative results were the two whole‐blood samples with the lowest phenobarbital concentration (<1.8 mg/kg). Thus, a specialized screening is not necessary and use of this adduct likely enables screening for other barbiturates.
It takes two: Seasonal variation in sexually dimorphic weaponry results from divergent changes in males and females
Authors: Heuring Whitney L. , Hughes Melissa 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSexually dimorphic weaponry often results from intrasexual selection, and weapon size can vary seasonally when costs of bearing the weapon exceed the benefits outside of the reproductive season. Weapons can also be favored in competition over nonreproductive resources such as food or shelter, and if such nonreproductive competition occurs year‐round, weapons may be less likely to vary seasonally. In snapping shrimp (Alpheus angulosus), both sexes have an enlarged snapping claw (a potentially deadly weapon), and males of many species have larger claws than females, although females are more aggressive. This contrasting sexual dimorphism (larger weaponry in males, higher aggression in females) raises the question of whether weaponry and aggression are favored by the same mechanisms in males and females. We used field data to determine whether either sex shows seasonal variation in claw size such as described above. We found sexual dimorphism increased during the reproductive season due to opposing changes in both male and female claw size. Males had larger claws during the reproductive season than during the nonreproductive season, a pattern consistent with sexual selection. Females, however, had larger claws during the nonreproductive season than during the reproductive season—a previously unknown pattern of variation in weapon size. The observed changes in female weapon size suggest a trade‐off between claw growth and reproduction in the reproductive season, with investment in claw growth primarily in the nonreproductive season. Sexually dimorphic weaponry in snapping shrimp, then, varies seasonally due to sex differences in seasonal patterns of investment in claw growth, suggesting claws may be advantageous for both sexes but in different contexts. Thus, understanding sexual dimorphisms through the lens of one sex yields an incomplete understanding of the factors favoring their evolution.
Relationship between stem diameter and transpiration for Japanese cypress trees: Implications for estimating canopy transpiration
Authors: Tsuruta Kenji , Komatsu Hikaru , Kume Tomonori , Otsuki Kyoichi , Kosugi Yoshiko , Kosugi Ken'ichiro 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPrevious studies reported relationships between stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and whole‐tree transpiration (Qt) across a variety of species and locations. It might be possible to develop a relationship between DBH and Qt with smaller variations when we focused on a single species. We attempted to develop such a relationship for Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), which is one of the major plantation species in Japan. We collated Qt for 51 Japanese cypress trees from nine different‐sized and different‐aged stands using the sap flux method. We found a strong linear correlation between DBH and the reference value of Qt at a vapour pressure deficit of 1 kPa (R = .883). This was a consequence of a strong correlation between DBH and sapwood area (AS_tree; R = .973) and the absence of a correlation between DBH and sap flux density (R = −.043). We confirmed that using the relationship between DBH and AS_tree, while assuming typical responses of sap flux density to meteorological factors, provides reasonable Qt estimates. This study also demonstrated how the DBH–Qt relationship can be applied to estimate changes in EC with changing forest management.
Identifying a low‐flow phenotype in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a secondary analysis of the RELAX trial
Authors: Patel Kershaw V. , Mauricio Rina , Grodin Justin L. , Ayers Colby , Fonarow Gregg C. , Berry Jarett D. , Pandey Ambarish 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimsThe relationship between resting stroke volume (SV) and prognostic markers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is not well established. We evaluated the association of SV index (SVI) at rest with exercise capacity and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) in stable patients with HFpEF.Methods and resultsParticipants enrolled in the Phosphodiesterase‐5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status and Exercise Capacity in Diastolic Heart Failure (RELAX) trial with available data on SVI by the Doppler method were included in this analysis (n = 185). A low‐flow state defined by resting SVI < 35 mL/m2 was present in 37% of study participants. Multivariable adjusted linear regression analysis suggested that higher resting heart rate, higher body weight, prevalent atrial fibrillation, and smaller left ventricular (LV) end‐diastolic dimension were each independently associated with lower SVI. Patients with low‐flow HFpEF had lower systolic blood pressure and smaller LV end‐diastolic dimension. In multivariable adjusted linear regression models, lower SVI was significantly associated with lower peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) and higher NT‐proBNP levels at baseline, and greater decline in peak VO2 at 6 month follow‐up independent of other confounders. Resting LV ejection fraction was not associated with peak VO2 and NT‐proBNP levels.ConclusionsThere is heterogeneity in the resting SVI distribution among patients with stable HFpEF, with more than one‐third of patients identified with the low‐flow HFpEF phenotype (SVI < 35 mL/m2). Lower SVI was independently associated with lower peak VO2, higher NT‐proBNP levels, and greater decline in peak VO2. These findings highlight the potential prognostic utility of SVI assessment in the management of patients with HFpEF.
Experimental investigation on power consumption of an industrial fan with different flow control methods
Authors: Jena Madhab C. , Mishra Sarat K. , Moharana Himanshu S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBasically, fans and pumps are designed to be capable of meeting the maximum demand of the system in which they are installed. However, quite often the actual demand could vary and be much less than the designed capacity. Therefore, to operate the pumps and fans in lower capacity several methods of flow control systems have been used by industries nowadays. In this research, a study has been carried out to verify the power consumption of an industrial fan of a cement plant in different flow control systems. It is observed that the flow control system with variable speed drive (VSD) is the best among all the flow control system used in the industries nowadays. Also, the energy saving band is constructed by putting the results in software which depicts the range of operational speed with the corresponding power consumption to compass the idea for selecting a suitable method of speed control according to the specific flow rate requirements. It is also observed that the highest internal rate of return (IRR) is coming in VSD flow control method which is around 55% and the lowest IRR is coming in outlet damper flow control method which is around 21%. Noise level is also the lowest in VSD controlled method that is 65 dB and the highest in outlet damper control method that is 80 dB. Similar results are also found in carbon footprint study for 1 year (240 days) of operation of the industrial fan that is the lowest in VSD controlled method and the estimated value is 208.08 tons CO2 (tCO2) per year whereas the highest carbon footprint is estimated in outlet damper control method that is 381.48 tCO2 per year. Hence, we can conclude that by using an efficient flow control method like VSD system we can save energy as well as save our environment.
Investigation on horizontal and deviated wellbore cleanout by hole cleaning device using CFD approach
Authors: Yan Tie , Qu Jingyu , Sun Xiaofeng , Li Zijian , Li Wei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe application of the hole cleaning device in downhole is a new technology for removing cuttings bed, and it can increase the efficiency of cuttings transport. This paper mainly studies the effects of the helical angle and the rotational speed of the blade of the hole cleaning device on the swirl strength of decaying swirl flow and drilled cuttings deposition behavior. A three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is established using the Eulerian‐Eulerian two‐fluid model, Realizable k‐ε turbulence model, and Sliding Mesh technique for simulating the two‐phase fluid flow. The results have been compared with available data in the literature, and a good agreement is found. In order to understand the decay behavior of the swirl flow along the flow direction, the initial swirl strength, the swirl number, and the decay rate of swirl are analyzed in detail in single phase. The effects of the swirl flow induced by the blade on the deposition behavior of drilled cuttings under different rotational speed and helical angle are studied. A new deposition index is used to evaluate the effective distance and hole cleaning efficiency of the swirl flow under various parameters. It has been observed that using the hole cleaning device can improve the hole cleaning performance. The research results of this paper is instructive to the design of the hole cleaning device using in the drilling engineering.
Revisiting the morphological method in two‐dimensions to quantify bed‐material transport in braided rivers
Authors: Antoniazza Gilles , Bakker Maarten , Lane Stuart N. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractResearch in the 1990s showed that bed‐material transport rates could be estimated at the reach scale in both one‐dimension and, over small spatial scales (10s of m), in two‐dimensions. The limit on the latter was the spatial scale over which it was possible to obtain distributed data on morphological change. Here, we revisit the morphological method given progress in both topographical data acquisition and hydraulic modelling. The bed‐material transport needed to conserve mass is calculated in both one and two dimensions for a 1600 m × 300 m Alpine braided river “laboratory”. High‐resolution topographical data were acquired by laser scanning to quantify Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and morphological changes caused by the flushing of the water intake were derived from repeated surveys. Based on DEMs of differences, 1D bed‐material transport rates were calculated using the morphological method. Then, a 2D hydraulic model was combined with a topographic correction to route sediment through the network of braided channels and to obtain a spatially variable estimate of transport in both downstream and cross‐stream directions. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the routing model parameters, allowing identification of the most probable parameter values needed to minimize negative transport. The results show that within‐section spatial compensation of erosion and deposition using the 1D treatment leads to substantial local errors in transport rate estimates, to a degree related to braiding intensity. Even though the 2D application showed that a large proportion of the total transport was actually concentrated into one main channel during the studied low flow event, the proportion of transport in secondary anabranches is substantial when the river starts braiding. Investigations of the effects of DEM resolution, competent flow duration and survey frequency related to ‘travelling bedload’ and sequential erosion‐deposition emphasized the critical importance of careful data collection in the application of the morphological method. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SSDs Revisited: Part I—A Framework for Sample Size Guidance on Species Sensitivity Distribution Analysis
Authors: Carr G.J. , Belanger S.E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We propose a framework on sample size for species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analyses, with perspectives on Bayesian, frequentist, and even nonparametric approaches to estimation. The intent of a statistical sample size analysis is to ensure that the implementation of a statistical model will satisfy a minimum performance standard when relevant conditions are met. It requires that a statistical model be fully specified and that the means of measuring its performance as a function of sample size be detailed. Defining the model conditions under which sample size is calculated is often the most difficult, and important, aspect of sample size analysis because if the model is not representative, then the sample size analysis will provide incorrect guidance. Definitive guidance on sample size requires general agreement on representative models and their performance from stakeholders in important domains such as chemical safety assessments involving government regulators and industry; the present study provides an initial framework that could be used to this end in the future. In addition, our analysis provides immediate value for understanding how well current SSD analyses perform under a few basic models, sample sizes, and quantitative performance criteria. The results confirm that many analyses are adequately sized to estimate hazardous concentration percentile values (typically the 5th percentile for chemical hazard assessments). However, on the low end of sizes seen in common practice, hazardous concentration estimates can be more than 1 order of magnitude greater than the model-defined value. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1514–1525. © 2019 SETAC
Chiral Aggregates of Triphenylamine‐Based Dyes for Depleting the Production of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Photochemical Water‐Splitting Process
Authors: Adelizzi Beatrice , Rösch Andreas T. , van Rijen Daan J. , Martire R. Simone , Esiner Serkan , Lutz Martin , Palmans Anja R. A. , Meijer E. W. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRecent studies on water‐splitting photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) have demonstrated the intriguing possibility of controlling the spin state in this chemical reaction to form H2 and O2 by exploiting the chirality of organic π‐conjugated supramolecular polymers. Although this fascinating phenomenon has been disclosed, the chiral supramolecular materials reported thus far are not optimized for acting as efficient photosensitizer for dye‐sensitized PECs. In this work we report on the design, synthesis, and characterization of chiral supramolecular aggregates based on C3‐symmetric triphenylamine‐based dyes that are able to both absorb visible light and control the spin state of the process. Variable temperature‐dependent spectroscopic measurements reveal the assembly process of the dyes and confirm the formation of chiral aggregates, both in solution as well as on solid supports. Photoelectrochemical measurements on TiO2‐based anodes validate the advantage of using chiral supramolecular aggregates as photosensitizer displaying higher photocurrent compared to achiral analogues. Moreover, fluorimetric tests for the quantification of the hydrogen peroxide produced, confirm the possibility of controlling the spin of the reaction exerting spin‐selection with chiral supramolecular polymers. These results represent a further step towards the next‐generation of organic‐based water‐splitting solar cells.
Application of environmental isotopes to identify recharge source, age, and renewability of phreatic water in Yinchuan Basin
Authors: Zhong Chenghao , Yang Qingchun , Ma Hongyun , Bian Jianmin , Zhang Sihong , Lu Xiaoguang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe accurate understanding of groundwater circulation pattern and its renewable capacity is vital for groundwater resource assessment and the rational exploitation and utilization of groundwater. Estimation of groundwater recharge is difficult in arid or semiarid area due to the low amount and variability of recharge. A combination of isotope investigation with hybrid model allows a direct calculation of renewability of the aquifer. In this paper, the phreatic water circulation pattern and its renewable capacity of phreatic water in Yinchuan Basin, a semiarid area located at the northwest China, are investigated by the application of environmental isotope method, which mainly focusses on the isotope characteristics of different water bodies, phreatic water isotope age, phreatic water circulation pattern, and phreatic water renewal rate. The results demonstrate that the two dominant recharge sources of groundwater in Yinchuan Basin, local atmospheric precipitation and Yellow River, account for 13% and 87%, respectively. The average residence time of phreatic water in Yinchuan Basin is about 48 years, and the average renewal rate is 3.38%/a. The results indicate that the phreatic water has a strong renewable capacity and the regeneration rate distribution is consistent with that indicated by isotope age.