bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss and gain of sexual reproduction in the same stick insect
Authors: Morgan‐Richards Mary , Langton‐Myers Shelley S. , Trewick Steven A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe outcome of competition between different reproductive strategies within a single species can be used to infer selective advantage of the winning strategy. Where multiple populations have independently lost or gained sexual reproduction it is possible to investigate whether the advantage is contingent on local conditions. In the New Zealand stick insect Clitarchus hookeri, three populations are distinguished by recent change in reproductive strategy and we determine their likely origins. One parthenogenetic population has established in the United Kingdom and we provide evidence that sexual reproduction has been lost in this population. We identify the sexual population from which the parthenogenetic population was derived, but show that the UK females have a post‐mating barrier to fertilisation. We also demonstrate that two sexual populations have recently arisen in New Zealand within the natural range of the mtDNA lineage that otherwise characterizes parthenogenesis in this species. We infer independent origins of males at these two locations using microsatellite genotypes. In one population, a mixture of local and nonlocal alleles suggested males were the result of invasion. Males in another population were most probably the result of loss of an X chromosome that produced a male phenotype in situ. Two successful switches in reproductive strategy suggest local competitive advantage for outcrossing over parthenogenetic reproduction. Clitarchus hookeri provides remarkable evidence of repeated and rapid changes in reproductive strategy, with competitive outcomes dependent on local conditions.
Expression of microRNA‐like RNA‐2 (Fgmil‐2) and bioH1 from a single transcript in Fusarium graminearum are inversely correlated to regulate biotin synthesis during vegetative growth and host infection
Authors: Guo Mao‐Wei , Yang Peng , Zhang Jing‐Bo , Liu Gang , Yuan Qing‐Song , He Wei‐Jie , Nian Jun‐Na , Yi Shu‐Yuan , Huang Tao , Liao Yu‐Cai 
Published: August 2019

SummaryMicroRNA‐like RNAs (milRNAs) post‐transcriptionally down‐regulate target genes. We investigated Fusarium graminearum (Fg) milRNA expression during fungal vegetative growth and infection of wheat. Small RNA sequencing identified 36 milRNAs from Fg, one of which, Fgmil‐2, had >100 transcripts per million in conidia, mycelia and infected wheat, with the highest expression in conidia and the lowest expression in colonized wheat tissue. Fgmil‐2 displays perfect homology to the 3ʹ‐untranslated region (3ʹ‐UTR) of an FgbioH1 messenger RNA that is involved in biotin biosynthesis. Poly(A) polymerase‐mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends combined with sequencing analysis demonstrated that cleavage at a specific site by FgDicer2 in the 3ʹ‐UTR of FgbioH1 transcripts generated the Fgmil‐2 precursor with a typical hairpin structure. Deletion of FgbioH1 or FgDicer2 genes abolished Fgmil‐2 biogenesis. FgbioH1 had an inversely correlated pattern of expression to that of Fgmil‐2 and FgDicer2. Deletion of FgbioH1 also showed that it is required for mycelial growth, virulence, mycotoxin biosynthesis and expression of biotin‐dependent carboxylase genes. This study reveals in Fg a novel mode of inversely correlated post‐transcriptional regulation in which Fgmil‐2 originates from its own target transcript, FgbioH, to govern biotin biosynthesis.
Ghrelin ameliorates the phenotype of newborn rats induced with mild necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Meister Alissa L. , Burkholder Cameron R. , Doheny Kim K. , Travagli R. Alberto 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe have shown previously that an attenuated rodent model of mild necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) increases intestinal histopathological severity grade, prevents typical developmental increases in the high‐frequency spectrum of heart rate variability (HF‐HRV), alters the nitrergic myenteric phenotype, and increases IL‐6 and IL‐1β when combined with anterior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. The aims of the present study were to test the hypotheses that in mild NEC‐induced pups, administration of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin (a) reduces the histopathological score, (b) increases the HF‐HRV power, (c) improves the altered myenteric phenotype, and (d) subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevents the effects of ghrelin.MethodsNewborn Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to seven days of brief periods of cold stress and hypoxia to induce mild NEC with or without anterior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. HRV was measured at postnatal days one, five, and ten; intraperitoneal ghrelin (0.05 mg kg−1) was administered postnatal days five through ten b.i.d. Pups were sacrificed at day 12, and whole brains, gastrointestinal tissues, and blood were collected for immunohistochemical, corticosterone, and cytokine analysis.Key ResultsGhrelin treatment reduced the intestinal histopathological score, increased the HF‐HRV power, improved the altered intestinal myenteric phenotype, and subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevented the effects of ghrelin. There were no differences in serum cytokines or corticosterone between groups.Conclusions and InferencesOur data suggest that ghrelin administration is able to recover the mild NEC‐induced changes to the histology, HF‐HRV, and myenteric phenotype in a vagally dependent manner.
Multiparametric real‐time sensing of cytosolic physiology links hypoxia responses to mitochondrial electron transport
Authors: Wagner Stephan , Steinbeck Janina , Fuchs Philippe , Lichtenauer Sophie , Elsässer Marlene , Schippers Jos H. M. , Nietzel Thomas , Ruberti Cristina , Van Aken Olivier , Meyer Andreas J. , Van Dongen Joost T. , Schmidt Romy R. , Schwarzländer Markus 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Hypoxia regularly occurs during plant development and can be induced by the environment through, for example, flooding.

To understand how plant tissue physiology responds to progressing oxygen restriction, we aimed to monitor subcellular physiology in real time and in vivo. We establish a fluorescent protein sensor‐based system for multiparametric monitoring of dynamic changes in subcellular physiology of living Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and exemplify its applicability for hypoxia stress.

By monitoring cytosolic dynamics of magnesium adenosine 5'‐triphosphate, free calcium ion concentration, pH, NAD redox status, and glutathione redox status in parallel, linked to transcriptional and metabolic responses, we generate an integrated picture of the physiological response to progressing hypoxia. We show that the physiological changes are surprisingly robust, even when plant carbon status is modified, as achieved by sucrose feeding or extended night. Inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain causes dynamics of cytosolic physiology that are remarkably similar to those under oxygen depletion, highlighting mitochondrial electron transport as a key determinant of the cellular consequences of hypoxia beyond the organelle.

A broadly applicable system for parallel in vivo sensing of plant stress physiology is established to map out the physiological context under which both mitochondrial retrograde signalling and low oxygen signalling occur, indicating shared upstream stimuli.
Simultaneous Diagnostic Testing for Nonlinear Time Series Models with An Application to the U.S. Federal Fund Rate
Authors: Li Shuo , Guo Bin , Tu Yundong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper proposes a simultaneous test for the specification of the conditional mean and conditional variance functions as well as the error distribution in nonlinear time series models. Constructed by comparing two density estimators for the response variable, the proposed test has a Gumbel‐limiting distribution under the null hypothesis and is consistent against a general class of alternative hypotheses. A parametric bootstrap procedure is proposed for practical implementation, and is shown to perform well in extensive simulations. The application to the continuous time diffusion model is illustrated via an analysis on the U.S. Federal fund rate data.
Prognostic Factors for the Outcome of Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children
Authors: Wendling‐Keim Danielle S , Binder Marion , Dietz Hans‐Georg , Lehner Markus 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveTo detect the influence of the type of osteosynthesis, the timing of surgery, and the experience of the surgeon on the outcome of supracondylar humeral fractures in children.MethodsIn this study we included 97 patients aged 0 to 18 years with displaced supracondylar humeral fractures that required osteosynthesis within a time period of 5 years. In detail, unstable type II as well as type III and type IV fractures were registered. Fractures were treated with Kirschner wire fixation or with elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN). A C‐arm was used to control the position of the fragments. Immobilization, if indicated after the operation, was achieved through the fitting of long‐arm plaster, or fiberglass splints. The study was carried out retrospectively. The time period to surgery, the duration of the surgery, the type of osteosynthesis, and the experience of the surgeon were determined and correlated to the incidence of complication intraoperatively, postoperatively, and during the long‐term follow‐up. The hospital's electronic archive, including all charts and radiological studies, was analyzed. Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of 0.05.ResultsOf the 97 supracondylar fractures in this study, 55 (56.7%) occurred in boys and 42 (43.3%) in girls; the average age was 5.8 years. The outcome of the operation was independent of the time interval between the trauma and the operation as well as the mode of transportation (P > 0.05) because the complication rate did not differ significantly between patients who had surgery on the same day and between patients who waited for up to 2 days for surgery. Furthermore, the duration of surgery and the experience of the performing surgeon did not influence the occurrence of any complications. However, the complication rate increased after operations performed during the night shift. During the shift between 10 pm and 2 am, the incidence of paresthesia was significantly increased (P = 0.01) compared to the shift from 7:30 am to 4:30 pm. However, no difference was detected between business and non‐business days regarding any complications. In addition, ESIN and closed reductions resulted in lower complication rates than Kirschner wire fixation and open reductions in this study population.ConclusionIn our study population, patients undergoing surgery during the night shift, Kirschner wire fixation and open reduction were associated with an increased rate of complications in comparison to operations during the day, closed reduction, and ESIN. Notably, the timing of surgery and the experience of the surgeon did not have any impact on the outcome after supracondylar humeral fracture.
Max Weber in the tropics: How global climate politics facilitates the bureaucratization of forestry in Indonesia
Authors: Lederer Markus , Höhne Chris 
Published: August 2019

AbstractReducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is one of the most advanced global climate governance arrangements and we show that it contributes to the buildup of autonomous capacities and reliable procedures in areas of rather limited statehood. These partially unintended effects can be conceptualized as an increasing rational–legal bureaucratization, which has been initiated through both external and domestic actors as we illuminate in the case of Indonesia's forestry sector in the period from 2007 until 2017. Our finding is that a bureaucratization of a new kind is increasingly strengthened in Indonesia's forest despite enduring patterns of neopatrimonialism, emerging signs of new public management approaches, and the strengthening of functional equivalents such as community‐based forest management. We thus claim that Max Weber's perspective on the prospects and problems of rational–legal bureaucratization is still valuable, even when travelling to the tropics.
Blood eosinophil count as a predictor of hospital length of stay in COPD exacerbations
Authors: Ko Fanny W.S. , Chan Ka Pang , Ngai Jenny , Ng So‐Shan , Yip Wing Ho , Ip April , Chan Tat‐On , Hui David S.C. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveAirway inflammation accompanying exacerbations varies among individuals with some having neutrophilic, while others showing eosinophilic inflammation. This study assessed the cut‐off values of blood eosinophil count for identifying subjects with longer hospital length of stay (LOS) with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).MethodsPatients were recruited at presentation to the hospital with an AECOPD. Complete blood picture with differential count was taken on admission. Patients were treated with a standard course of systemic corticosteroid and antibiotic and evaluated at 8 weeks post‐exacerbation for lung function measurement and 6‐min walk. They were followed up in 1 year for any readmissions or mortality. Cut‐off values of eosinophils for assessment of longer LOS were calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsA total of 346 patients with admission eosinophil count were included in the analysis (333 (96.2%) were males; mean ± SD age: 74.9 ± 7.8 years; mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): 43.4 ± 16.3% predicted). The median (interquartile range (IQR)) of the absolute peripheral eosinophil count, percent eosinophil count and LOS were 0.11 (0.25) × 109/L, 1 (3) % and 5 (7) days, respectively. Using the median LOS of ≥5 days as the cut‐off, ROC analysis of the cut‐off value of eosinophil count associated with longer LOS was at <2% (area under the curve (AUC): 0.666, P < 0.001) while absolute eosinophil count was at <0.144 × 109/L (AUC: 0.645, P < 0.001). These eosinophil cut‐off values could predict longer LOS independent of age, lung function and previous hospital admissions, but had no association with readmissions for AECOPD and mortality at 12 months.ConclusionAn eosinophil value of <0.144 × 109/L on admission or <2% was associated with longer hospital LOS for AECOPD.
Nasal high flow does not improve exercise tolerance in COPD patients recovering from acute exacerbation: A randomized crossover study
Authors: Prieur Guillaume , Medrinal Clement , Combret Yann , Dupuis Lozeron Elise , Bonnevie Tristan , Gravier Francis‐Edouard , Quieffin Jean , Lamia Bouchra , Borel Jean‐Christian , Reychler Gregory 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveWe hypothesized that by reducing respiratory work and improving gas exchange, nasal high flow (NHF) would improve exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) following respiratory exacerbation.MethodsThis was a monocentric, randomized, controlled crossover study. Patients with severe to very severe COPD carried out two high‐intensity constant work‐rate exercise tests (CWRET) with and without NHF on two consecutive days. The primary outcome was the mean difference in endurance time between both conditions. The secondary aims included vastus lateralis oxygenation (StO2), dyspnoea, leg discomfort, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), transcutaneous CO2 pressure (PtcCO2), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and pulsed O2 saturation (SpO2), as well as the patients' opinions of the device.ResultsA total of 19 patients were included (mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 28.7 ± 10.8%, age = 62.1 ± 9.1 years). No significant differences in endurance time during the CWRET were found between the two test conditions (−66.58 (95% CI: −155.9 to 22.7) s, P = 0.12). StO2, PtCO2 and HR were reduced at the end of the exercise with NHF (−2.1% (95% CI: −4.3 to −0.0); −1.3 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.5 to −0.2); −2.7 bpm (95% CI: −5.0 to −0.5), respectively, P ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were found for any of the other secondary outcomes. Half of the patients evaluated the device as being moderately to very uncomfortable.ConclusionNHF during exercise did not increase endurance time in patients with COPD following exacerbation.Clinical trial registrationNCT03058081 at clinicaltrials.gov
Long‐term clinical course and outcome of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
Authors: Kim Ho Cheol , Lee Joo Hee , Chae Eun Jin , Song Joon Seon , Song Jin Woo 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveIdiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) with autoimmune features that does not fulfil connective tissue disease (CTD) criteria has been recently defined as interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). However, its long‐term clinical course and outcome are poorly understood.MethodsWe included consecutive patients diagnosed with IIP (n = 586) or CTD‐related interstitial lung disease (CTD‐ILD, n = 149). Some patients with IIP were reclassified as IPAF based on recent guidelines.ResultsThe median follow‐up period was 45 months. Among the IIP patients, 109 (18.6%) were reclassified as IPAF. Compared to the non‐IPAF‐IIP group, the IPAF group had slower diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and total lung capacity declines, and more frequent CTD development during follow‐up periods. The prognosis of the IPAF was better than that of the non‐IPAF‐IIP and similar to that of the CTD‐ILD. IPAF was associated with better prognosis in the IIP cohort on univariate but not on multivariate analysis. Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern, old age and low DLCO independently predicted mortality in the IPAF group.ConclusionCompared to the non‐IPAF‐IIP group, the IPAF group had slower lung function declines and more frequent CTD development during follow‐up. Although the prognosis of IPAF group was better than that of non‐IPAF‐IIP group and similar to that of CTD‐ILD group, it showed poor prognosis in patients with old age, UIP pattern, and low DLCO.
Stalls in Fertility Transitions in sub‐Saharan Africa: Revisiting the Evidence
Authors: Schoumaker Bruno 
Published: August 2019

AbstractStalls in fertility decline were first identified in Ghana and Kenya in the early 2000s, and since then as many as 20 African countries have been classified in the “stall” category at some point. The countries and time periods in which they occurred are not well established, however, and whether stalls in sub‐Saharan Africa are pervasive or not remains an open question. This article identifies where and when fertility stalls have occurred in sub‐Saharan Africa. I combine a variety of data sources and methods to identify cases of fertility stalls strongly supported by the data. I find unambiguous support for stalls in two countries (Namibia and Zimbabwe), very strong support in three additional countries (Congo, Kenya, and Zambia), and fairly strong support in Cameroon, in the early 2000s. Stalls are possible in seven cases in six other countries (Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, and Tanzania), where evidence is moderate. Fertility stalls in sub‐Saharan Africa are thus not widespread, but they are not exceptional either. Further research on the causes of these stalls is key to a better understanding of the future paths of fertility in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Racialized im/migration and autonomy of migration perspectives: New directions and opportunities
Authors: Olmos Daniel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGiven the surge of nativist politics in the United States today, scholars are increasingly recognizing the importance of the intersections of race and im/migration. Moving beyond the colorblind assimilation and neo‐assimilation theories that dominated the social sciences, critical sociologists have opened up new lines of inquiry that highlight the underlying racialized power and inequalities that structure im/migration incorporation. This article provides an overview of the growing body of literature on racialized im/migration and explores the importance of understanding the racial order through relational racialization and racialized illegality. The article then introduces newly developed autonomy of migration (AoM) theories and their contributions to the materialist study of im/migration and racialized subordination. The article concludes by suggesting that future research attempt to bridge racialized im/migration and autonomy of migration perspectives.
Transgender health education for medical students
Authors: Click Ivy A , Mann Abbey K , Buda Morgan , Rahimi‐Saber Anahita , Schultz Abby , Shelton K Maureen , Johnson Leigh 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBackgroundTransgender individuals face numerous health disparities and report negative experiences with health care providers related to their gender identity. Significant gaps in medical education regarding transgender health persist despite calls for increased sexual and gender minority content. The purpose of this student‐led study was to assess the effectiveness of a half‐day educational intervention on first‐ and second‐year medical students’ attitudes and knowledge of transgender health.MethodsStudents and faculty members collaborated to develop an educational session on transgender health. This content was presented to first‐ and second‐year medical students at Integrated Grand Rounds, a pedagogical method in which basic science and clinical faculty members co‐present didactic content interspersed between live patient interviews and student‐led small group discussions. Student participants (n = 138) completed voluntary 9‐item pre‐ and post‐session surveys assessing comfort with and knowledge of transgender medicine.ResultsStudents’ comfort with and perceived knowledge about transgender patients increased significantly between pre‐ and post‐test. Students’ knowledge of transgender medicine standards of care also improved, though not all items reached significance.DiscussionA half‐day educational intervention improved many facets of medical students’ attitudes and knowledge about transgender patients. The significant disparities in physical health, mental health and access to care currently experienced by transgender persons in the United States warrants the continued testing and refinement of educational interventions for future and practising providers.Students’ comfort with transgender patients increased significantly between pre‐ and post‐test
Reflections on Conversations and Memory
Authors: Cyr Travis G. , Hirst William 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe study of memory and remembering has traditionally either stripped meaning away from acts of remembering to reveal the “raw material of memory” or explored how meaning guides the reconstruction of the past. In reflecting on the contributions to this topic, there appears to be an emerging “third‐way,” which holds that there is an inextricable relation between conversations and remembering. The articles in this volume exemplify how conversing is often an act of remembering and represent approaches to memory that might not otherwise be taken if one were to study memory as a within‐individual phenomenon. The implications of this approach are far‐ranging and present the opportunity to pose new questions about the nature of remembering as it unfolds in conversation. The contributing articles have expanded the scope of what memory researchers can study by adopting a relatively straightforward assumption about the sociality of remembering and the role of the conversation in the social process.