bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refuges and risks: Evaluating the benefits of an expanded MPA network for mobile apex predators
Authors: Daly Ryan , Smale Malcolm J. , Singh Sarika , Anders Darrell , Shivji Mahmood , K. Daly Clare A. , Lea James S. E. , Sousa Lara L. , Wetherbee Bradley M. , Fitzpatrick Richard , Clarke Christopher R. , Sheaves Marcus , Barnett Adam 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimConcurrently, assessing the effectiveness of marine protected areas and evaluating the degree of risk from humans to key species provide valuable information that can be integrated into conservation management planning. Tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) are a wide‐ranging ecologically important species subject to various threats. The aim of this study was to identify “hotspots” of tiger shark habitat use in relation to protected areas and potential risks from fishing.LocationSouthwest Indian Ocean, east coast of South Africa and Mozambique.MethodsSatellite tags were fitted to 26 tiger sharks. A subset of 19 sharks with an average period at liberty of 197 (SD = 110) days were analysed using hotspot analysis to identify areas of core habitat use. The spatial and temporal overlap of significant hotspots with current and planned marine protected areas as well as risks from fishing and culling was then calculated.ResultsThere was a 5.97% spatial overlap between tiger shark hotspots and marine protected areas, which would increase significantly (p < .05) to 24.36% with the expansion of planned protected areas in South Africa and could be as high as 41.43% if Mozambique similarly expanded neighbouring protected area boundaries. Tiger sharks remained largely coastal, but only showed a spatial overlap of 5.12% with shark culling nets in South Africa. Only three sharks undertook open ocean migrations during which they were more likely to interact with longline fisheries in the region.Main conclusionsThis study demonstrates how spatial information can be used to assess the overlap between marine protected areas and the core habitats of top marine predators and highlights how congruent transnational conservation management can improve the effectiveness of protected areas. Core habitat use of marine apex predators may also be indicative of productive habitats, and therefore, predators such as tiger sharks could act as surrogate species for identifying key habitats to prioritize for conservation planning.
Comparative effectiveness of hand scaling by undergraduate dental students following a two‐week pre‐clinical training course
Authors: Gartenmann S. J. , Hofer D. , Wiedemeier D. , Sahrmann P. , Attin T. , Schmidlin P. R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe Bologna reform resulted in a drastic restructuring of pre‐clinical training courses at the University of Zurich. The aim of this study was to assess student pre‐clinical scaling/root planning skills after just 8.5 hours of manual training.Material and MethodsThree consecutive classes of dental students (n = 41; n = 34; n = 48) were tasked with removing lacquer concrement from the maxillary left canine on a typodont using Gracey and universal (Deppeler M23A) curettes. At baseline (prior to instruction), a timed five‐minute session of scaling/root planning was undertaken. The second scaling/root planning session was held immediately following training. Eight experienced dental hygienists and eight lay people served as positive and negative controls, using the same instruments and time limit, respectively. Instrumented teeth were collected, scanned and planimetrically analysed for the percentage of tooth surface cleaned. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the dental students’ improvement after the training (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test) and to compare it to that of laypeople and dental hygienists (Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test followed by Conover's post hoc test).ResultsAt baseline, the dental students’ mean scaling scores of the cleaned surfaces were not significantly different than those of laypeople (29.8%, 31.0%, 42% vs 27.9%). However, after 8.5 hours of manual training, the students’ ability to clean the maxillary tooth improved significantly and they achieved mean removal values of 61.7%, 79.5% and 76% compared to the 67.4% (P < .001) of the experienced dental hygienists (Tables Tables and). There were no statistically significant differences between the scores achieved by students after training and those achieved by experienced dental hygienists.ConclusionA shortened pre‐clinical training time was sufficient for students to acquire the basic scaling/root planning skills needed in preparation for clinical training. Further research is needed to identify ways to help students consistently reach highest skill levels.
Sameness and selfhood: The efficiency of constitutional identities in EU law
Authors: Sterck Julien 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article enquires into the formal dimension of constitutional identity by focusing not on what it consists of but on how it is expressed in the different discursive practices developed by constitutional courts. Contrasting constitutional identity as sameness and constitutional identity as selfhood shows that domestic courts can favour either a substantive determination of core constitutional features or a performative approach where the reflexive ability to define oneself prevails. Such a choice conditions the judicial strategies developed in the interactions with the Court of Justice, and their effectiveness. From this perspective, the accommodation in EU law, in light of the respect for Member States' national identity affirmed in Article 4(2) TEU, of these domestic identity claims rooted in the supremacy of the Constitution, depends less on what is asked for than on how it is asked for.
Toward understanding the contribution of waterbodies to the methane emissions of a permafrost landscape on a regional scale—A case study from the Mackenzie Delta, Canada
Authors: Kohnert Katrin , Juhls Bennet , Muster Sina , Antonova Sofia , Serafimovich Andrei , Metzger Stefan , Hartmann Jörg , Sachs Torsten 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWaterbodies in the arctic permafrost zone are considered a major source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) in addition to CH4 emissions from arctic wetlands. However, the spatio‐temporal variability of CH4 fluxes from waterbodies complicates spatial extrapolation of CH4 measurements from single waterbodies. Therefore, their contribution to the CH4 budget of the arctic permafrost zone is not yet well understood. Using the example of two study areas of 1,000 km² each in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada, we approach this issue (i) by analyzing correlations on the landscape scale between numerous waterbodies and CH4 fluxes and (ii) by analyzing the influence of the spatial resolution of CH4 flux data on the detected relationships. A CH4 flux map with a resolution of 100 m was derived from two aircraft eddy‐covariance campaigns in the summers of 2012 and 2013. We combined the CH4 flux map with high spatial resolution (2.5 m) waterbody maps from the Permafrost Region Pond and Lake Database and classified the waterbody depth based on Sentinel‐1 SAR backscatter data. Subsequently, we reduced the resolution of the CH4 flux map to analyze if different spatial resolutions of CH4 flux data affected the detectability of relationships between waterbody coverage, number, depth, or size and the CH4 flux. We did not find consistent correlations between waterbody characteristics and the CH4 flux in the two study areas across the different resolutions. Our results indicate that waterbodies in permafrost landscapes, even if they seem to be emission hot spots on an individual basis or contain zones of above average emissions, do currently not necessarily translate into significant CH4 emission hot spots on a regional scale, but their role might change in a warmer climate.
Association between pancreatic fat and incidence of metabolic syndrome: a 5‐year Japanese cohort study
Authors: Yamazaki Hajime , Tauchi Shinichi , Kimachi Miho , Dohke Mitsuru , Hanawa Nagisa , Kodama Yoshihisa , Katanuma Akio , Yamamoto Yosuke , Fukuma Shingo , Fukuhara Shunichi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground and AimPrevious cross‐sectional studies showed that pancreatic fat was associated with metabolic syndrome. However, no longitudinal study has evaluated whether people with high pancreatic fat are likely to develop future metabolic syndrome. This study investigated the association between baseline pancreatic fat and metabolic syndrome incidence.MethodsIn 2008–2009, 320 participants without metabolic syndrome underwent health checks, which included unenhanced computed tomography, and were followed up annually for 4–5 years. Baseline pancreatic fat amounts were evaluated using a histologically validated method that measured differences between pancreas and spleen attenuations on computed tomography. The participants were divided into low (reference), intermediate, and high pancreatic fat groups based on pancreas and spleen attenuation tertiles. Metabolic syndrome incidence was evaluated annually over a median follow‐up period of 4.99 (interquartile range, 4.88–5.05) years, in accordance with the 2009 harmonized criteria. Risk ratios (RRs) for the association between baseline pancreatic fat amounts and metabolic syndrome incidence were estimated using Poisson regression models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, liver fat, pre‐metabolic syndrome, cigarette use, alcohol use, and physical activity.ResultsMetabolic syndrome incidence was 30.6% (98/320). Pancreatic fat was associated with an increased incidence of metabolic syndrome, based on a univariate analysis (RRs [95% confidence interval], 3.14 [1.74–5.67] and 3.96 [2.23–7.03] in the intermediate and high pancreatic fat groups, respectively). The association remained statistically significant in the multivariate analysis (RR [95% confidence interval], 2.04 [1.14–3.64] and 2.30 [1.28–4.14] for the same groups, respectively).ConclusionsPancreatic fat predicts the future risk of metabolic syndrome.
Integration of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic for dose optimization of doxycycline againstHaemophilus parasuisin pigs
Authors: Zhang L. , Li Y. , Wang Y. , Sajid A. , Ahmed S. , Li X. 
Published: April 2018

The aims of this study were to establish optimal doses of doxycycline (dox) againstHaemophilus parasuison the basis of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) integration modeling. The infected model was established by intranasal inoculation of organism in pigs and confirmed by clinical signs, blood biochemistry, and microscopic examinations. The recommended dose (20 mg/kg b.w.) was administered in pigs through intramuscular routes forPKstudies. The area under the concentration 0‐ to 24‐hr curve (AUC0–24), elimination half‐life (T½ke), and mean residence time (MRT) of dox in healthy andH. parasuis‐infected pigs were 55.51 ± 5.72 versus 57.10 ± 4.89 μg·hr/ml, 8.28 ± 0.91 versus 9.80 ± 2.38 hr, and 8.43 ± 0.27 versus 8.79 ± 0.18 hr, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of dox against 40H. parasuisisolates was conducted through broth microdilution method, the correspondingMIC50andMIC90were 0.25 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. The Ex vivo growth inhibition data suggested that dox exhibited a concentration‐dependent killing mechanism. Based on the observedAUC24 hr/MICvalues by modelingPK‐PDdata inH. parasuis‐infected pigs, the doses predicted to obtain bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination effects forH. parasuisover 24 hr were 5.25, 8.55, and 10.37 mg/kg for the 50% target attainment rate (TAR), and 7.26, 13.82, and 18.17 mg/kg for 90%TAR, respectively. This study provided a more optimized alternative for clinical use and demonstrated that the dosage 20 mg/kg of dox by intramuscular administration could have an effective bactericidal activity againstH. parasuis.
Use of cast antlers to assess antler size variation in red deer populations: effects of mast seeding, climate and population features in Mediterranean environments
Authors: Peláez M. , Perea R. , Díaz M. , San Miguel A. , Rodríguez‐Vigal C. , Côté S. D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFundamental understanding of the factors influencing cervid antler size, development and investment has been traditionally drawn from harvest data. However, depending on the hunting tactic, harvest data may not represent a random sample of the population leading to possible inferential biases. Cast antlers may represent an alternative, cost‐effective and non‐invasive method. We used 4756 red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) cast antlers collected during a 10‐year period to evaluate the relationship between annual antler gross score and three key environmental components that determine habitat quality and resource availability in Mediterranean systems: (1) population traits (density and male age structure), (2) acorn yield and (3) a proxy of plant productivity [Real Bioclimatic Index(RBI)]. Population traits and acorn yield were measured before antler formation (autumn/winter) whereasRBIwas calculated before (autumn/winter) and during (spring) antler formation. Population traits explained the highest amount of variance in antler score, followed by acorn yield and springRBI, while no effect was found for autumn/winterRBI. Antler gross score was negatively related to population density but positively associated with acorn yield, springRBIand male age structure. Interestingly, a significant interaction between population traits and acorn yield suggests a disproportional effect of population traits on antler size during non‐mast years (poor acorn crops), whereas no significant population effect was observed during mast years. Similarly, we found a positive effect of springRBIon antlers when density was medium or low and/or age structure was balanced or older. These findings have important ecological implications in environments with high inter‐annual resources variability where high population densities lead to strong intraspecific competition during years of low food availability (e.g. during non‐mast years or drier springs), producing large antler size variation. Finally, although cast antlers reflect changes in environmental conditions we do not recommend their use unless reliable data on age structure is available.
Efficacy and safety of mirabegron, a β3‐adrenoceptor agonist, in patients with detrusor hyperactivity and impaired contractility
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Ling , Kuo Hann‐Chorng 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveWe examined the efficacy and safety of mirabegron in elderly patients with urodynamic detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractility (DHIC).MethodsPatients diagnosed with DHIC received daily dose of mirabegron (25mg). Subjective symptom scores, uroflowmetry data, and adverse events (AEs) were recorded for all patients at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months treatment. Comparisons were made for each patient individually and between patients with detrusor overactivity (DO).ResultsOf the 65 patients enrolled in the study, 25 had DHIC and 40 had DO (mean [± SD] age 79.3 ± 9.6 and 75.6 ± 10.7 years, respectively). At the 6‐month follow‐up, significant (P < .05) improvement was seen compared with baseline in both the DHIC and DO groups in terms of OAB symptom scores (4.72 ± 3.05 vs. 6.88 ± 4.06 and 4.50 ± 2.99 vs. 6.70 ± 3.60, respectively), urgency severity score (1.90 ± 2.00 vs. 3.35 ± 1.13 and 1.58 ± 1.93 vs. 3.00 ± 1.65, respectively), and global response assessment (1.80 ± 1.41 and 1.73 ± 1.34, respectively). In the DHIC group, post‐void residual (PVR) volume decreased from 153 ± 52.7 mL at baseline to 85.8 ± 90.1 mL at 6th month (P < .05) and voiding efficiency improved from 40.0 ± 20.7% to 62.6 ± 28.3% (P < .05). Common AEs included dry mouth and dizziness, yet 16% of DHIC patients developed PVR >180 mL.ConclusionMirabegron was an effective treatment option in elderly patients with urodynamic DO and DHIC in the present study. The AEs reported were mild and infrequent.
Zinc isotope fractionation during grain filling of wheat and a comparison of zinc and cadmium isotope ratios in identical soil–plant systems
Authors: Wiggenhauser Matthias , Bigalke Moritz , Imseng Martin , Keller Armin , Archer Corey , Wilcke Wolfgang , Frossard Emmanuel 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Remobilization of zinc (Zn) from shoot to grain contributes significantly to Zn grain concentrations and thereby to food quality. On the other hand, strong accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in grain is detrimental for food quality.

Zinc concentrations and isotope ratios were measured in wheat shoots (Triticum aestivum) at different growth stages to elucidate Zn pathways and processes in the shoot during grain filling.

Zinc mass significantly decreased while heavy Zn isotopes accumulated in straw during grain filling (Δ66Znfull maturity–flowering = 0.21–0.31‰). Three quarters of the Zn mass in the shoot moved to the grains, which were enriched in light Zn isotopes relative to the straw (Δ66Zngrain–straw −0.21 to −0.31‰).

Light Zn isotopes accumulated in phloem sinks while heavy isotopes were retained in phloem sources likely because of apoplastic retention and compartmentalization. Unlike for Zn, an accumulation of heavy Cd isotopes in grains has previously been shown. The opposing isotope fractionation of Zn and Cd might be caused by distinct affinities of Zn and Cd to oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur ligands. Thus, combined Zn and Cd isotope analysis provides a novel tool to study biochemical processes that separate these elements in plants.
Unity in diversity: structural and functional insights into the ancient partnerships between plants and fungi
Authors: Field Katie J. , Pressel Silvia 
Published: April 2018

ContentsSummary996I.Introduction996II.An ancient, and diverse, symbiosis998III.Structural diversity in ancient plant–fungal partnerships1000IV.Mycorrhizal unity in host plant nutrition1002V.Plant‐to‐fungus carbon transfer1003VI.From individuals to networks1003VII.Diverse responses of mycorrhizal functioning to dynamic environments1006VIII.Summary of future research direction1007Acknowledgements1006References1006SummaryMycorrhizal symbiosis is an ancient and widespread mutualism between plants and fungi that facilitated plant terrestrialisation > 500 million years ago, with key roles in ecosystem functioning at multiple scales. Central to the symbiosis is the bidirectional exchange of plant‐fixed carbon for fungal‐acquired nutrients. Within this unifying role of mycorrhizas, considerable diversity in structure and function reflects the diversity of the partners involved. Early diverging plants form mutualisms not only with arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomeromycotina fungi, but also with poorly characterised Mucoromycotina, which may also colonise the roots of ‘higher’ plants as fine root endophytes. Functional diversity in these symbioses depends on both fungal and plant life histories and is influenced by the environment. Recent studies have highlighted the roles of lipids/fatty acids in plant‐to‐fungus carbon transport and potential contributions of Glomeromycotina fungi to plant nitrogen nutrition. Together with emerging appreciation of mycorrhizal networks as multi‐species resource‐sharing systems, these insights are broadening our views on mycorrhizas and their roles in nutrient cycling. It is crucial that the diverse array of biotic and abiotic factors that together shape the dynamics of carbon‐for‐nutrient exchange between plants and fungi are integrated, in addition to embracing the unfolding and potentially key role of Mucoromycotina fungi in these processes.
Sequence variation in the bolting time regulator BTC1 changes the life cycle regime in sugar beet
Authors: Höft Nadine , Dally Nadine , Jung Christian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn beet production, flowering is an undesirable trait which drastically reduces yield. BOLTING TIME CONTROL 1 (BTC1) and BvBBX19 are major floral regulators in beet. Their proteins have been suggested to interact to jointly regulate their downstream targets BvFT1 and BvFT2. Annual and biennial BTC1 haplotypes differ by six non‐synonymous SNPs and a large insertion in the promoter of the biennial btc1 allele. We describe a new BTC1 allele which displays three nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding sequence and an 8‐bp insertion in the promoter region compared to the annual BTC1d allele. The protein lacks a low‐complexity region, which likely alters its suggested ability to bind BvBBX19. Our findings demonstrate that little sequence variation in BTC1 is sufficient to turn an annual into a biennial genotype. Our results shed new light on the evolution of cultivated beets, and the identified btc1l allele offers new possibilities to breed winter beets.
Temperature related instability of a naturally induced cytoplasmic male sterility in industrial chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)
Authors: Van der Veken Jeroen , Vandermoere Stany , Maudoux Olivier , Notté Christine , Eeckhaut Tom , Baert Joost , Werbrouck Stefaan , Van Huylenbroeck Johan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNatural alloplasmic cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) clones of industrial chicory were obtained after crossing wild chicory with selected breeding lines. We investigated the CMS stability of 10 clones in various environmental growing conditions. CMS was stable under cool growing conditions in most of them. Fertility restoration, based on pollen production scores, was observed in all clones after a period of hot temperatures. The early flower bud stage was sensitive, resulting in fertile flowers 12–17 days after exposure to high temperatures. Experiments under controlled growing conditions at 15°C demonstrated that a heat shock of 2 days at 25 or 30°C was sufficient to restore fertility. Sterile flowers were formed when plants were again grown at lower temperatures. Significant differences between individual clones were observed, indicating the potential of genetic selection to obtain stable CMS parent lines.
The rate of sedimentation from turbulent suspension: An experimental model with application to pyroclastic density currents and discussion on the grain‐size dependence of flow runout
Authors: Dellino Pierfrancesco , Dioguardi Fabio , Doronzo Domenico M. , Mele Daniela 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLarge‐scale experiments generating ground‐hugging multiphase flows were carried out with the aim of modelling the rate of sedimentation, of pyroclastic density currents. The current was initiated by the impact on the ground of a dense gas‐particle fountain issuing from a vertical conduit. On impact, a thick massive deposit was formed. The grain size of the massive deposit was almost identical to that of the mixture feeding the fountain, suggesting that similar layers formed at the impact of a natural volcanic fountain should be representative of the parent grain‐size distribution of the eruption. The flow evolved laterally into a turbulent suspension current that sedimented a thin, tractive layer. A good correlation was found between the ratio of transported/sedimented load and the normalized Rouse number of the turbulent current. A model of the sedimentation rate was developed, which shows a relationship between grain size and flow runout. A current fed with coarser particles has a higher sedimentation rate, a larger grain‐size selectivity and runs shorter than a current fed with finer particles. Application of the model to pyroclastic deposits of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei of Southern Italy resulted in sedimentation rates falling inside the range of experiments and allowed definition of the duration of pyroclastic density currents which add important information on the hazard of such dangerous flows. The model could possibly be extended, in the future, to other geological density currents as, for example, turbidity currents.