bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Philosophical Session in a Tannaite Academy
Authors: Goldin Judah 
Published: June 2019

Commenting on the verse which reports the devastation of Jerusalem by Nabuzaradan, that ‘he burnt the house of the Lord, and the king's house; and all the houses of Jerusalem, even every great man's house,’the Midrash makes the following remark:And to what does the clauseevery great man's houserefer? That's the academy (bet midrash) of Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai. And why is it calledbet gadol[literally, the house of the great one]? Because there theshebah(shevah) of the Holy One, blessed be He, was rehearsed, related, recited— the verb used isteni,which means not only to recite but to study and to teach. To translateshebahby the neutral word ‘praise’, is to miss the real intent of the statement.Shebahin the present sentence, as in a great many others in talmudic-midrashic literature, is clearlyδόξα; and one of the traditional commentators on our midrashic passage has already correctly explained it: in Johanan ben Zakkai's academy they were engaged in the Creation and Merkabah (Chariot) speculations. The parallel passage in the Palestinian Talmud bears him out.
Near-infrared spectroscopy for prediction of extubation success after neonatal cardiac surgery
Authors: Gradidge Eleanor A. , Grimaldi Lisa M. , Cashen Katherine , Gowda Keshava M. N. , Piggott Kurt D. , Wilhelm Michael , Costello John M. , Mastropietro Christopher W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Reliable predictors of extubation readiness are needed and may reduce morbidity related to extubation failure. We aimed to examine the relationship between changes in pre-extubation near-infrared spectroscopy measurements from baseline and extubation outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery.Materials and Methods:In this retrospective cross-sectional multi-centre study, a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from neonates who underwent cardiac surgery at seven tertiary-care children’s hospitals in 2015 was performed. Extubation failure was defined as need for re-intubation within 72 hours of the first planned extubation attempt. Near-infrared spectroscopy measurements obtained before surgery and before extubation in patients who failed extubation were compared to those of patients who extubated successfully using t-tests.Results:Near-infrared spectroscopy measurements were available for 159 neonates, including 52 with single ventricle physiology. Median age at surgery was 6 days (range: 1–29 days). A total of 15 patients (9.4 %) failed extubation. Baseline cerebral and renal near-infrared spectroscopy measurements were not statistically different between those who were successfully extubated and those who failed, but pre-extubation cerebral and renal values were significantly higher in neonates who extubated successfully. An increase from baseline to time of extubation values in cerebral oximetry saturation by ≥ 5 % had a positive predictive value for extubation success of 98.6 % (95%CI: 91.1–99.8 %).Conclusion:Pre-extubation cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy measurements, when compared to baseline, were significantly associated with extubation outcomes. These findings demonstrate the potential of this tool as a valuable adjunct in assessing extubation readiness after paediatric cardiac surgery and warrant further evaluation in a larger prospective study.
An update on the epidemiology, length of stay, and cost of Kawasaki disease hospitalisation in the United States
Authors: Ghimire Laxmi V. , Chou Fu-Sheng , Mahotra Narayan B. , Sharma Sharan P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground:Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in the developed countries.Methods:Data from hospital discharge records were obtained from the National Kids Inpatient Database for years 2009 and 2012. Hospitalisations by months, hospital regions, timing of admission, insurance types, and ethnicity were analysed. Length of stay and total charges were also analysed.Results:There were 10,486 cases of Kawasaki disease from 12,678,005 children hospitalisation. Kawasaki disease was more common between 0 and 5 years old, in male, and in Asian. The January–March quarter had the highest rate compared to the lowest in the July–September quarter (OR=1.62, p < 0.001). Admissions on the weekend had longer length of stay [4.1 days (95 % CI: 3.97–4.31)] as compared to admissions on a weekday [3.72 days (95 % CI: 3.64–3.80), p < 0.001]. Blacks had the longest length of stay and whites had the shortest [4.33 days (95 % CI: 4.12–4.54 days) versus 3.60 days (95 % CI: 3.48–3.72 days), p < 0.001]. Coronary artery aneurysm was identified in 2.7 % of all patients with Kawasaki disease. Children with coronary artery aneurysm were hospitalised longer and had higher hospital charge. Age, admission during weekend, and the presence of coronary artery aneurysm had significant effect on the length of stay.Conclusions:This report provides the most updated epidemiological information on Kawasaki disease hospitalisation. Age, admissions during weekend, and the presence of coronary artery aneurysm are significant contributors to the length of stay.
Calyx plate homologies and early evolutionary history of the Crinoidea
Authors: Ausich William I. 
Published: June 2019

New, competing ideas on crinoid plate circlet homologies and the desire for a phylogenetically-based classification have led to a reexamination of the Crinoidea. The most primitive crinoids had four plate circlets, from bottom to top: lintels, infrabasals, basals, and radials. Dicyclic camerates, cladids, flexibles, and dicyclic articulates are composed of infrabasals, basals, and radials. Monocyclic camerates and monocyclic articulates are composed of basals and radials. These all follow traditional ideas on homologies. In contrast, disparids with “compound radials” are composed of lintels, infrabasals, and radials, rather than “basals,” “inferradials,” and “superradials;” and disparids without “compound radials” have lintels and infrabasals rather than “basals” and “radials.”Parsimony-based phylogenetic interpretation of Ordovician crinoids with rhombiferans as the outgroup shows that crinoids are divisible into six clades, two paraphyletic and four monophyletic, including four-circlet crinoids, cladids, disparids, camerates, flexibles, and articulates.
Diatoms and Forensic Science
Authors: Horton Benjamin P. 
Published: June 2019

The application of diatom analysis in determining whether drowning was the cause of death has proved to be a valuable tool in forensic science. The basic principal of the “diatom test” in drowning is based on inference that diatoms are present in the medium where the possible drowning took place and that the inhalation of water causes penetration of diatoms into the alveolar system and blood stream, and thus, their deposition into the brain, kidneys, and other organs.I provide an informal assessment of “reliability” of the “diatom test” through correlations between control samples and samples from organs and clothing in two case studies. In studies, all organ and clothing samples except one had matching analogues in the modern diatom dataset from the body recovery sites, reinforcing drowning as the cause of death. The analogue matching provides further information on the precise site of drowning, in particular differentiating between drowning in a bathtub versus a naturally occurring body of water.
Brute-Force Biochronology: Sequencing Paleobiologic First- and Last-Appearance Events by Trial-and-Error
Authors: Sadler Peter M. 
Published: June 2019

Computers excel at applying simple, logical rules to prodigious amounts of information. Such is the nature of biochronology. Range charts of first- and last-occurrences of fossil species must be combined from many locations to compensate for local incompleteness of the fossil record. Enlarging the geographic scope adds the complications of faunal migration and provinciality – for which the remedy is yet more information. Expert biostratigraphers have managed to divide Phanerozoic time into hundreds of biozones by limiting the amount of information they consider. A set of biozones specifies the sequence of only a fraction of available species, typically from a single clade in a particular province across a limited time interval. Once the human expertise applied to this task is rendered into logical algorithms, computers can extend the exercise to huge data sets of otherwise unmanageable scope.Two factors make this computer-assisted sequencing of first- and last-appearance events easy to understand and implement: the biostratigraphers' ground rules are straightforward and the computations, although tediously repetitive, proceed by simply analogy rather than esoteric mathematics. Two other factors force the outcome to be a set of time lines that fit the field data equally well: there is rarely enough information to identify a unique best-fit solution and there is more than one set of expert ground-rules for measuring the fitness of paleobiologic time-lines. A set of equally well-fit time lines serves as an appropriate statement of uncertainty in the order of events. Mapping the local ranges back into a best-fit composite range can reveal biogeographic and taxonomic complications; quality control and interpretation advance together.
Sexual Morphology, Reproduction and the Evolution of Bioluminescence in Ostracoda
Authors: Cohen Anne C. , Morin James G. 
Published: June 2019

A broad array of the highly variable morphological characters available in Ostracoda were used (1) to construct a new tabular key to the families of the subclass Myodocopa (and to differentiate the Myodocopa from the Podocopa), and (2) to explore the evolution of bioluminescence in the myodocopid family Cypridinidae. Results of a cladistic analysis of the Cypridinidae strongly support a single origin of bioluminescence within the family; a single clade contains at least 64 species known to luminesce (not all described). Furthermore, within that large clade, complex bioluminescent mating displays were confined by the analysis to a single clade of exclusively Caribbean cypridinids, though that result was unresolved by bootstrap analysis.Chemically different bioluminescence occurs convergently in two ostracode groups; it is produced within carapace glands of certain Halocypridina, but it is produced and extruded from the upper lips of many cypridinid Myodocopida and serves as an antipredatory behavior in both groups. Additionally at least 60 cypridinid species also produce spectacular and complex species-specific male mating displays nightly in the Caribbean Sea. The cladistic analysis using 58 morphological characters of 44 taxonomic units (24 described genera of Cypridinidae, 11 individual species assigned to the genus Vargula, six groups of bioluminescent signalling Caribbean species (many undescribed), the Cylindroleberididae, and the Philomedidae) was performed using PAUP with the parsimony criterion. Twenty-five of the characters were previously underutilized characters of the complex upper lip and large male copulatory limbs discovered through dissection and SEM. These proved especially valuable, but characters of all other limbs were also included.The Cypridinidae was confirmed as a monophyletic taxon with several well-supported subclades in addition to the large bioluminescent one. Skogsbergia, which apparently uses an antennular fan of iridescent blue filaments in courtship (Parker, 1997) belongs to a clade with five other cypridinid genera, including the four that have a similar fan. The genus Vargula was determined to be a polyphyletic assemblage. New genera will be established for former Vargula species including: “V.” tubulata, “V.” hilgendorfii, “V.” tsujii and all bioluminescent signaling species. Similar problems may exist for other large cypridinid genera, and clearer resolution of generic definitions might possibly reveal more significant patterns of geographic distribution within the family.Most characters of the carapace were found to be too convergent to be useful. Though carapace characters are diagnostic for some ostracode taxa, most should not be used by themselves to identify ostracodes with certainty. General aspects of reproduction are also reviewed.
Morphometric Methods for Applied Ostracodology: Tools for Outline Analysis of Nonmarine Ostracodes
Authors: Baltanás Angel , Brauneis Wolfgang , Danielopol Dan L. , Linhart Johann 
Published: June 2019

Morphometric techniques for the analysis of shape change in organisms have experienced a noteworthy development in the last decade. But despite the significant contributions that ostracodologists made to the field, their use in standard ostracode research is far from common. This contribution stresses the usefulness of morphometric methods to describe ostracode valve outlines and to summarize shape changes cued by environmental factors. Focus is on nonmarine ostracodes which are generally poorly ornamented so that their carapaces offer few landmarks for characterization of morphological change. Out of several alternatives three techniques for shape analysis are applied here: the B-splines method for approximative description of ostracode contours, Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) and a Generalized (Resistant Fit) Procrustes Analysis. B-splines method is presented here for the first time within a biological framework and both its mathematical basis and practical usage are discussed. Additionally a computer program,Morphomatica, developed for performing B-splines analyses of ostracod outlines is briefly documented.Three case studies exemplify here how morphometric analysis might help either to detect environmental influences in ostracode shape or to show how morphological diversity of ostracode valve reflects environmental change. First, morphological variability within a clonal lineage ofHeterocypris barbara(Gauthier and Brehm) is shown to be related to environmental variables (mainly temperature) when raised under controlled conditions in the lab. Second, carapace variability at the population level is explored in a widely distributed species (Limnocythere inopinataBaird) sampled from distant localities. Morphometric analyses illustrate how such variability is not related to geographic distance but to environmental conditions. Finally, patterns of temporal change in morphological diversity of a widely distributed ostracode group, the Candoninae, are elucidated by using the B-splines method combined with multivariate statistical analysis.It is concluded that morphometric methods deserve to be included in the methodological toolbox of practicing ostracodologists as they can provide useful information in ecological and paleoecological research.
Cenozoic Diversification and Extinction Patterns in Caribbean Reef Corals: A Review
Authors: Budd Ann F. , Klaus James S. , Johnson Kenneth G. 
Published: June 2019

Statistical analyses of occurrence data based on collections made from scattered Caribbean sections over the past 20 years indicate that turnover occurred in the Caribbean reef coral fauna between the late Miocene and early Pleistocene. The collections have been identified using standardized procedures, and age-dates assigned using high-resolution chronostratigraphic methods. During turnover, ~80% of the > 100 species and 17 of the 41 genera that were living in the Caribbean during the early Pliocene became extinct, and > 60% of the species now living in the Caribbean originated. Turnover involved increased speciation beginning in the late Miocene and ended with a pulse of extinction in Plio-Pleistocene time. Turnover was preceded by faunal collapse during the late Oligocene to early Miocene, and it was followed by stasis during the late Pleistocene to Recent. During these preceding and succeeding intervals, reef development was at a maximum, although reef coral diversity was relatively low. As a consequence of origination preceding extinction during turnover, most modern Caribbean reef coral species originated before the Plio-Pleistocene peak of extinction, under quite different ecological conditions from those in which they have lived over the past million years. The unusual relationship between origination and extinction may have been caused by changes in productivity associated with emergence of the Central American Isthmus, followed by the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation.During turnover, faunal change was stepwise or gradual. Local assemblages consisted of a mix of extinct and living species, which varied in composition but not in richness. Important reef dominants such as Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis arose in the southern Caribbean and appear to have migrated northward. Faunal change took place in shallow exposed environments, before it occurred in deep protected environments that served as refuges. Plio-Pleistocene extinction was selective for corals with small colonies, and resulted in a faunal shift to the large, fast-growing species that dominate Caribbean reefs today.
Intention as Faith
Authors: Langton Rae 
Published: June 2019

What, if anything, has faith to do with intention? By ‘faith’ I have in mind the attitude described by William James:Suppose … that I am climbing in the Alps, and have had the illluck to work myself into a position from which the only escape is by a terrible leap. Being without similar experience, I have no evidence of my ability to perform it successfully; but hope and confidence in myself make me sure I shall not miss my aim, and nerve my feet to execute what without those subjective emotions would perhaps have been impossible. But suppose that, on the contrary, the emotions of fear and mistrust preponderate; or suppose that…I feel it would be sinful to act upon an assumption unverified by previous experience,—why, then I shall hesitate so long that at last, exhausted and trembling, and launching myself in a moment of despair, I miss my foothold and roll into the abyss.…There are then cases where faith creates its own verification. Believe, and you shall be right, for you shall save yourself; doubt, and you shall again be right, for you shall perish.
An Idea we Cannot do Without: What difference will it make (eg. to moral, political and environmental philosophy) to recognize and put to use a substantial conception of need?
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: June 2019

1. Conferences on the subject of need are lamentably rare. All themore honour then for this one to the Royal Institute of Philosophy(an organisation long dedicated to saving philosophy's better selffrom its worse), to the Philosophy Department at Durham, and toSoran Reader, the organizer and editor.2. Someone asked me recently what first made me think it wasimportant for philosophy to secure for itself a substantial andserious idea of needing and of thing vitally needed. What made itseem imperative to safeguard these categorizations from conceptualand rhetorical degradation? What suggested that there was aproblem here?
Rights and Human Rights
Authors: Hanfling Oswald 
Published: June 2019

The concept of rights, as has often been noted, became prominent at a particular time in our history. It is associated especially with seventeenth and eighteenth century political ideas about the rights of individuals versus those of governments, and with such notable events as the American Declaration of Independence. It was at this time, too, that debates about rights of property and liberty became prominent. What was the role of this concept in earlier times? Has it always existed? Does it have a permanent place in our moral thinking? According to H.L.A. Hart,the concept of a right, legal or moral, is not to be found in the work of the Greek philosophers, and certainly there is no noun or noun phrase in Plato or Aristotle which is the equivalent of our expression ‘a right’, as distinct from ‘right action’ or ‘the right thing to do’.
High Culture, Low Politics
Authors: Grant Robert 
Published: June 2019

My theme at its most general is the relation between culture and power; at its most specific, the relation between a particular type of culture, so-called high culture, and two types of power, namely governmental power, and the related but more diffuse power prevailing in society at large.So-called ‘high’ politics are often (and better) called statesmanship, and are typically, though not invariably, international in scope. By the ‘low’ politics of my title I mean, not democracy specifically, but what politicians engage in at the domestic level, where popularity matters most. Democratic or not, most politics are perforce pretty low, and are justified only because they are preferable to despotism, which in its pure form signifies the absence of politics. Yet most real-life despotisms concede something to the political spirit, since they profit from their subjects' consent, endeavour to cultivate it, and are foolish if they think to dispense with it entirely. In politics proper, however, consent (like consensus) must be sought; in fact, wherever avowed and conflicting interests prefer to resolve matters through negotiation and agreement rather than through force, there we have something like politics. The conditions for consent will usually be ascertained through representative institutions. Their business is to transmit public opinion to the rulers, if those are separate from the representatives, or to act on it, where the representatives are themselves the rulers.
Dose accumulation with deformable image registration method using helical tomotherapy images for prostate cancer
Authors: Thongsuk Warit , Chitapanarux Imjai , Wanwilairat Somsak , Nobnop Wannapha 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate changes of accumulated doses from an initial plan in each fraction by deformable image registration (DIR) with daily megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) images from helical tomotherapy for prostate cancer patients.Materials and methods:The MVCT images of five prostate cancer patients were acquired by using a helical tomotherapy unit before the daily treatment fraction began. All images data were exported to DIR procedures by MIM software, in which the planned kilovoltage computed tomography (kVCT) images were acting as the source images with the daily MVCT acquired as the target images for registration. The automatic deformed structure was used to access the volume variation and daily dose accumulation to each structure. All dose-volume parameters were compared to the initial planned dose.Results:The actual median doses of the planning target volume (PTV) received 70 Gy and 50.4 Gy were decreased at the end of the treatment with an average 1·0 ± 0·67% and 2·1 ± 1·54%, respectively. As regards organs at risk (OARs), the bladder and rectum dose-volume parameters tended to increase from the initial plan. The high-dose regions of the bladder and rectum, however, were decreased from the initial plan at the end of the treatment.Conclusions:The daily actual dose differs from the initial planned dose. The accumulated dose of target tends to be lower than the initial plan, but tends to be higher than the initial plan for the OARs. Therefore, inter-fractional anatomic changes should be considered by the DIR methods, which would be useful as clinically informative and beneficial for adaptive treatment strategies.
Effect of inoculum from suckling rabbits of different ages on fermentation parameters obtained with the in vitro gas production technique
Authors: Gazaneo M.P. , Bovera F. , Di Meo C. , Piccolo G , Nizza A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe in vitro gas production technique was used to observe the fermentation characteristics of three feedstuffs (barley, dried alfalfa meal, and dried beet pulp). Inocculum was provided from the caecal contents of suckling rabbits (23, 26, 31 and 35d old) which had access to their dams’ food. Mean OM degradation increased progressively with the age of the rabbits (P<0.01) from 67.4 to 70.8% with inocculum from 23 and 35d kits, and gas production from 302 to 357 ml/g OM incubated (P<0.01). It was confirmed that the in vitro gas production technique is a valid tool for the study the development of caecal microbial activity in rabbits.