bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Longitudinal Synthetic Cohorts for Studying the Life Course Drivers of Health Outcomes and Inequalities in Older Age
Authors: Kezios Katrina L. , Glymour M. Maria , Zeki Al Hazzouri Adina 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Recent Findings
Research on the drivers of health across the life course would ideally be based in diverse longitudinal cohorts that repeatedly collect detailed assessments of risk factors over the full life span. However, few extant data sources in the US possess these ideal features. A “longitudinal synthetic cohort”—a dataset created by stacking or linking multiple individual cohorts spanning different but overlapping periods of the life course—can overcome some of these challenges, leveraging the strengths of each component study. This type of synthetic cohort is especially useful for aging research; it enables description of the long-term natural history of disease and novel investigations of earlier-life factors and mechanisms shaping health outcomes that typically manifest in older age, such as Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD).

Purpose of Review
We review current understanding of synthetic cohorts for life course research. We first discuss chief advantages of longitudinal synthetic cohorts, focusing on their utility for aging/ADRD research to concretize the discussion. We then summarize the conditions needed for valid inference in a synthetic cohort, depending on research goals. We end by highlighting key challenges to creating longitudinal synthetic cohorts and conducting life course research within them.

Summary
The idea of combining multiple data sources to investigate research questions that are not feasible to answer using a single cohort is gaining popularity in epidemiology. The use of longitudinal synthetic cohorts in applied research—and especially in ADRD research—has been limited, however, likely due to methodologic complexity. In particular, little guidance and few examples exist for the creation of a longitudinal synthetic cohort for causal research goals. While building synthetic cohorts requires much thought and care, it offers tremendous opportunity to address novel and critical scientific questions that could not be examined in a single study.
Bounds on the acyclic disconnection of a digraph
Authors: Balbuena Camino , González-Moreno Diego , Olsen Mika 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe acyclic disconnection$$\overrightarrow{\omega }(D)$$

ω
→

(
D
)

of a digraph D is the maximum possible number of (weakly) connected components of a digraph obtained from D by deleting an acyclic set of arcs. In this paper, we provide new lower and upper bounds in terms of properties such as the degree, the directed girth, and the existence of certain subdigraphs and bounds for bipartite digraphs, p-cycles, and some circulant digraphs. Finally, as a consequence of our bounds, we prove the Conjecture of Caccetta and Häggkvist for a particular class of digraphs.
English Workshops with Simulated Patients and Peers Reduce Medical Students’ Apprehension About Speaking in English
Authors: Codron Philippe , Autret Erwan , Fisbach Martine , O’Sullivan Kayleigh , Riveau Helene , Annweiler Cédric , Lerolle Nicolas , Biere Loïc 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated workshops with simulated patients and peers to improve English-speaking confidence among medical students. Results showed reduced apprehension when interviewing patients, high course satisfaction, perceived progress in English proficiency, and increased confidence in future interactions with patients, supporting simulation-based methods in medical English education.
Economic perspectives on redefining public service media in the digital era: broadcasting to media platform
Authors: Rauch Maxi-Josephine , Rösch Jürgen , Kuchinke Björn A. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis paper examines the currently debated platform models of public service media (PSM) in Germany. As global platforms such as Meta, Netflix, and YouTube dominate the media landscape, PSM is shifting from linear broadcasting to digital platform strategies. This study analyzes 21 platform proposals and categorizes them into five archetypes using a taxonomy-based method and hierarchical clustering. The findings reveal a range of approaches, from pure public media platforms to hybrid models that include both public and private media organizations. However, despite the innovative character of these proposals, significant challenges remain, particularly in funding, governance, and aligning platform economics with public service media objectives. This research highlights the need to integrate a platform perspective further into the development of PSM strategies and address operational policy and market issues to ensure the successful transformation of PSM in the digital era.
Stability for Coalition Structures in Terms of the Proportional Partitional Shapley Value
Authors: Carreras Francesc , Magaña Antonio 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMany coalitional values have been introduced in the literature on cooperative games over the last decades, and especially since 2000. The multiplicity of options suggests the convenience of testing the existence of stable coalition structures, in the sense of Hart and Kurz (1983, Econometrica), when payments are made using some of these values. We recall their concept of $$\gamma$$
γ
–stability and give results for the proportional partitional Shapley value, introduced by Alonso–Meijide et al (2015, Discrete Appl. Math.), which shares the utility of any coalition proportionally to the Shapley value of the involved players in the original game.
Unveiling the complexity of G protein-coupled receptor heteromers: advances in live cell imaging technologies and biochemical methods
Authors: Kim Hyunbin , Lee Huimin , Seong Jihye 
Published: November 2024

AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), crucial for diverse physiological responses, have traditionally been investigated in their monomeric form. However, some GPCRs can form heteromers, revealing complexity in their functional characteristics such as ligand binding properties, downstream signaling pathways, and trafficking. Understanding GPCR heteromers is crucial in both physiological contexts and drug development. Here, we review the methodologies for investigating physical interactions in GPCR heteromers, including co-immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assays, interfering peptide approaches, and live cell imaging techniques based on resonance energy transfer and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. In addition, we discuss recent advances in live cell imaging techniques for exploring functional features of GPCR heteromers, for example, circularly permuted fluorescent protein-based GPCR biosensors, TRUPATH, and nanobody-based GPCR biosensors. These advanced biosensors and live cell imaging technologies promise a deeper understanding of GPCR heteromers, urging a reassessment of their physiological importance and pharmacological relevance.
Graphical Abstract
Visual cognition-based optimised design of primary flight displays in cockpits
Authors: Zeng Z. , Sun Y. , Liu X. , Jie Y. , Zeng Y. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different cockpit primary flight display (PFD) interface designs on pilot cognitive efficiency and cognitive load. This study designed five optimised PFD interfaces and conducted interface cognition experiments to assess cognitive responses across six different PFD interface designs, including the original design. It compared various subjective and objective metrics across different interface designs and evaluated the impact of each design factor on cognitive task performance. The experimental results show that the PFD interface in the original interface design performs better under different flight symbol designs, and the interface with 50% increase in font size performs better among interface designs with different font sizes with relatively lower cognitive load. This study provides experimental support and optimization suggestions for the optimal design of cockpit PFD interface, which can help improve pilots’ perception and operational capabilities, and thus enhance task performance efficiency and flight safety. Future research can investigate the effects of various design factors on the cognitive effects of the interface to enhance the ongoing improvement and optimisation of interface design.
U-net with ResNet-34 backbone for dual-polarized C-band baltic sea-ice SAR segmentation
Authors: Karvonen Juha 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this study, the U-net with ResNet-34, i.e. a residual neural network with 34 layers, backbone semantic segmentation network is applied to C-band sea-ice SAR imagery over the Baltic Sea. Sentinel-1 Extra Wide Swath mode HH/HV-polarized SAR data acquired during the winter season 2018–2019, and corresponding segments derived from the daily Baltic Sea ice charts were used for training the segmentation algorithm. C-band SAR image mosaics of the winter season 2020–2021 were then used to evaluate the segmentation. The major objective was to study the suitability of semantic segmentation of SAR imagery for automated SAR segmentation and also to find a potential replacement for the outdated iterated conditional modes (ICM) algorithm currently in operational use. The results compared to the daily Baltic Sea ice charts and the operational ICM segmentation and visual interpretation were encouraging from the operational point of view. Open water areas were located very well and the oversegmentation produced by ICM was significantly reduced. The correspondence between the ice chart polygons and the segmentation results was also reasonably good. Based on the results, the studied method is a potential candidate to replace the operational ICM SAR segmentation used in the Copernicus Marine Service automated sea-ice products at Finnish Meteorological Institute.
Template-based piecewise affine regression
Authors: Berger Guillaume O. , Sankaranarayanan Sriram 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We study the problem of fitting a piecewise affine (PWA) function to input–output data. Our algorithm divides the input domain into finitely many regions whose shapes are specified by a user-provided template and such that the input–output data in each region are fit by an affine function within a user-provided error tolerance. We first prove that this problem is NP-hard. Then, we present a top-down algorithmic approach for solving the problem. The algorithm considers subsets of the data points in a systematic manner, trying to fit an affine function for each subset using linear regression. If regression fails on a subset, the algorithm extracts a minimal set of points from the subset (an unsatisfiable core) that is responsible for the failure. The identified core is then used to split the current subset into smaller ones. By combining this top-down scheme with a set-covering algorithm, we derive an overall approach that provides optimal PWA models for a given error tolerance, where optimality refers to minimizing the number of pieces of the PWA model. We demonstrate our approach on three numerical examples that include PWA approximations of a widely used nonlinear insulin–glucose regulation model and a double inverted pendulum with soft contacts.
Mod p points on shimura varieties of parahoric level
Authors: van Hoften Pol 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We study the

$\overline {\mathbb {F}}_{p}$

-points of the Kisin–Pappas integral models of Shimura varieties of Hodge type with parahoric level. We show that if the group is quasi-split, then every isogeny class contains the reduction of a CM point, proving a conjecture of Kisin–Madapusi–Shin. We, furthermore, show that the mod p isogeny classes are of the form predicted by the Langlands–Rapoport conjecture (cf. Conjecture 9.2 of [Rap05]) if either the Shimura variety is proper or if the group at p is unramified. The main ingredient in our work is a global argument that allows us to reduce the conjecture to the case of very special parahoric level. This case is dealt with in the Appendix by Zhou. As a corollary to our arguments, we determine the connected components of Ekedahl–Oort strata.
Gender-based provisions in mental health legislation: a review of English language jurisdictions
Authors: Hoare Fiona , Murphy Niamh , O’Donoghue Ann , Allen Siobhan , Duffy Richard M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objectives:
Legislation is a powerful tool for facilitating mental healthcare. Gender is an important social determinant of physical and mental health. Many jurisdictions are in the process of revising their mental health law, to align with human rights commitments. Consideration of gender in these revisions could enhance the mental healthcare received by women, transgender and non-binary individuals.

Aim:
This paper examines gender-based provisions in mental health law published in English.

Methods:
Countries that use English as an official language were identified. Jurisdictions in these countries with stand-alone mental health laws were included. Legislation was reviewed for gender-specific provisions.

Results:
Seventy-five countries were evaluated; 71 jurisdictions were included. Thirty-eight jurisdictions had 88 gender-specific provisions. These addressed ten key areas, including: general gender-based protections, female representation on boards and review panels, protections during searching and restraint, gender separated facilities, protections in relation to parenting, fertility, sterilisation and termination. Fiji, Ghana, India, and the Australian jurisdictions had the highest number of gender-specific laws. However, gender-specific provisions are highly heterogeneous and are drafted from a cisnormative perspective and fail to adequately address the specific needs of individuals outside of that framework.

Conclusion:
Gender-specific provisions can enhance the protections afforded by mental health law. However, as legislation can be a blunt instrument, careful consideration must be given to potential unintended consequences. During revisions of mental health law consideration should be given to gender-specific provisions and legislation must be inclusive of individuals identifying as transgender, non-binary and other genders.
Expansion of supraglacial lake area, volume and extent on the Greenland ice sheet from 1985 to 2023
Authors: Fan Yubin , Ke Chang-Qing , Luo Lanhua , Shen Xiaoyi , Livingstone Stephen John , Lea James M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Supraglacial lakes (SGLs) are widespread across the Greenland ice sheet and cause transient changes in ice flow. Here, we produce the first annual ice-sheet wide database of maximum summer SGL extents spanning 1985 to 2023 using all July and August Landsat images. Lake visibility percentages were calculated to estimate the uncertainty induced by variable image data coverage. SGLs were mainly distributed between 1000 and 1600 m elevation, with large lake area observed in northwestern, northeastern and southwestern basins. Lake area increased at a rate of 50.5 km2 a−1 across the entire Greenland, and lakes advanced to higher elevations at an average rate of 10.2 m a−1 during 1985–2023. We leveraged spatiotemporally matched ICESat-2 and Landsat 8 reflectance data to develop a deep learning model for lake depth inversion for the period 2014–23. This model demonstrates the highest accuracy among all image-based methods, albeit with an underestimation of ~15% when compared to ICESat-2 data. A significant positive correlation between lake volume and area is used to up-scale the approach to the entire time period, indicating a lake volume increase of 221.9 ± 63.6 × 106 m3 a−1. Increasing air/land surface temperature, surface pressure and decreasing snowfall were the most important contributing factors in driving lake variability.
Essential oils as a strategy to improve gut histomorphometry and performance of broilers: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rocha Roberto Felipe , Fidelis Pedro Henrique da Silva , Massuquetto Andreia , Sobrane Filho Sérgio Turra , de Araújo Marcelle Santana , Silva Camilla Mendonça , Lopes Cláudia da Costa , de Medeiros Elias Silva , Moreira Rennan Herculano Rufino 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe interest in the search for alternatives to antibiotics in poultry production has been increasing, especially with the focus on essential oils due to their remarkable bioactive properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of essential oils on the performance and gut morphometry of broilers, by using an approach of systematic review and meta-analysis. In the conduction of the systematic review, three electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct and Scielo) were consulted in January 2023. Out of an initial amount of 162 papers, only 27 met the requisites to be included in the database. Furthermore, after the use of established criteria for the meta-analysis, only 16 papers were qualified for the evaluation of the aimed parameters. In the meta-analysis, it was observed that the supplementation had significant impact (P < 0.05) of 2.88% in weight gain, in comparison to the basal diet. In addition, the supplementation of essential oils significantly improved (P < 0.05) gut morphometry parameters such as villus height in the ileum (15.66% higher), and 8.26% increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum compared to the basal diet. Dietary essential oils improve the growth performance and gut histomorphometry of broilers, even when combined with antibiotics as growth promoters.
Six activities of Observers in the Arctic Council
Authors: Chater Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
There has been great popular and scholarly interest in the activities of non-Arctic actors in the Arctic region, and in the Arctic Council specifically. We find controversy around the activities of Observers in the Council, with some seeing challenges to Arctic states and others seeing positive co-operation. The Arctic Council is the preeminent governance forum for the Arctic region, consisting of the Arctic states (as of 2023, minus Russia) and six Indigenous peoples’ organisations. Non-Arctic states, intergovernmental organisations and non-governmental organisations can be Observers in the institution. Existing literature has examined the significance, interest and powers of these actors; this paper answers the research question, what do Observers actually do in the Arctic Council? To answer this question, this paper presents the results of content analysis of official Arctic Council Observer reviews and reports, which catalogue their activities. The answer may seem obvious: Observers observe. However, Arctic Council Observers do more than this simple function. This paper proposes that all of the activities of Observers fit into a typology of six types of activity. The ultimate finding is that Observers in the Arctic Council work with Arctic states to enhance institutional work around climate change and sustainable development; we see examples of positive co-operation that enhances regional governance. It is another example of peaceful international relations in the Arctic.
Older Adults and Gentrification: The Positive Role of Social Policy
Authors: Weil Joyce , Rooks Ronica N. , Leonard Emily E. , Evans Emily 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Supportive public policies are suggested as ways to lessen gentrification’s impact for older adults. While explicit policies designed to help older adults with gentrification are rare, literature on age-friendly cities is a close proxy. We utilized three North American cases undergoing gentrification: New York City, NY, and Denver, CO, in the United States and Hamilton, in Ontario, Canada, to present existing neighbourhood-based policies as social determinants of health in housing, resource access, healthcare, transportation, and communal places. Age-friendly policy application gap examples and COVID-19’s impact were included. Using a qualitative comparative case study method, we found policies were not specifically designed to address older adults’ gentrification needs. With the call for age-friendly designations, the role of gentrification in neighbourhoods with older populations must be included. We call for gentrification-specific policies for older adults to provide greater safeguards especially when events such as COVID-19 compete for existing, over-stretched resources.
The Unsettled Governance of the Dual-Use Items under Article XXI(b)(ii) GATT: A New Battleground for WTO Security Exceptions
Authors: Svetlicinii Alexandr , Su Xueji 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn an era marked by the ‘technologization’ of modern warfare and the privatization of military supply chains, numerous items possess dual-use potential, capable of serving both civilian and military ends. Concurrently, governments increasingly view the acquisition of specific goods, materials, services, and technologies by rival states as a threat to their security. As a result, economic restrictions imposed on dual-use items, including export controls, have proliferated in recent years. These measures have elicited concerns regarding disguised protectionism and potential non-compliance with trade agreements. Central to the debate is the difficulty to strike a balance between addressing legitimate security imperatives and preventing economic protectionism. This article delves into the intersection of trade and security in the regulation of dual-use goods. It offers a focused examination of Article XXI(b)(ii) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) concerning trade restrictions on products destined for military use. The paper first reveals limitations of this provision in governing the regulation of dual-use items. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of a ‘purpose test’ provided by the provision as a safeguard against abusive invocation. Lastly, it sheds light on the challenge posed by the standard of proof issue, which complicates the review and mitigation of bad-faith invocations of security exceptions.
Effect of skin thickness on electromagnetic dosimetry analysis of a human body model up to 100 GHz
Authors: Kaburcuk Fatih 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The accuracy of electromagnetic (EM) exposure assessments depends mainly on the resolution of a voxel human body model. The resolution of the conventional human body model is limited to a few millimeters. In the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, EM waves are absorbed by the superficial tissues in the human body. Therefore, resolution and skin thickness of the human body model are important for accuracy of the EM wave exposure metrics recommended by international human safety guidelines. Realistic thickness modeling of the skin tissue on the human body may provide greater accuracy in the EM exposure assessment, especially at mmWave frequency range. In this paper, effects of the skin thickness on the EM exposure metrics in one-dimensional multi-layered models obtained from different regions of the body model are investigated using the dispersive algorithm based on the finite-difference time-domain method over the frequency range from 1 to 100 GHz. Furthermore, effects of eyelid tissue in a human eye on the EM exposure metrics are studied over the frequency range. The EM exposure metrics such as absorbed power density, heating factor, and power transmission coefficient are calculated up to 100 GHz to evaluate the limits of EM wave exposure.