bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment as prevention for hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: mathematical modelling projections
Authors: Ayoub Houssein H , Abu-Raddad Laith J 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveDirect-acting antivirals have opened an opportunity for controlling hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Pakistan, where 10% of the global infection burden is found. We aimed to evaluate the implications of five treatment programme scenarios for HCV treatment as prevention (HCV-TasP) in Pakistan.DesignAn age-structured mathematical model was used to evaluate programme impact using epidemiological and programme indicators.SettingTotal Pakistan population.ParticipantsTotal Pakistan HCV-infected population.InterventionsHCV treatment programme scenarios from 2018 up to 2030.ResultsBy 2030 across the five HCV-TasP scenarios, 0.6–7.3 million treatments were administered, treatment coverage reached between 3.7% and 98.7%, prevalence of chronic infection reached 2.4%–0.03%, incidence reduction ranged between 41% and 99%, program-attributed reduction in incidence rate ranged between 7.2% and 98.5% and number of averted infections ranged between 126 221 and 750 547. Annual incidence rate reduction in the first decade of the programme was around 6%–18%. Number of treatments needed to prevent one new infection ranged between 4.7–9.8, at a drug cost of about US$900. Cost of the programme by 2030, in the most ambitious elimination scenario, reached US$708 million. Stipulated WHO target for 2030 cannot be accomplished without scaling up treatment to 490 000 per year, and maintaining it for a decade.ConclusionHCV-TasP is a highly impactful and potent approach to control Pakistan’s HCV epidemic and achieve elimination by 2030.
Scanning the horizon: a systematic literature review of methodologies
Authors: Hines Philip , Hiu Yu Li , Guy Richard H , Brand Angela , Papaluca-Amati Marisa 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesSociety is confronted with the rapid emergence of innovation in science and technology. To manage this, horizon scanning is being adopted globally to identify, assess and prioritise innovations and trends at an early stage of their development. This enables decision-makers to be better informed and to prepare for change. The aim of this paper is to systematically identify and evaluate horizon scanning methodologies employed in the healthcare and biomedical fields.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed using PubMed and Embase and was supplemented with grey literature searches (2008–2018). The principal methodologies used in horizon scanning were extracted.ResultsApproximately 100 articles were summarised in a literature map. The search revealed many examples of horizon scanning across disciplines. Challenges, such as the need to refine prioritisation criteria, manage uncertainty inherent in the findings and improve the dissemination of identified issues, have been highlighted.ConclusionHorizon scanning, when performed appropriately, is a flexible and potentially reliable tool, with a wide variety of methods. Horizon scanning can inform and influence decision-making, through identifying opportunities and challenges, from an organisational to an international level. Further research to identify the most effective methodologies available would add depth to this landscape and enable the evolution of best practice to most efficiently anticipate novel developments and innovations.
AlxGa1−xN GROWTH BY Si/N TREATMENT OF SAPPHIRE SUBSTRATE: COMPARISON WITH OTHERS GROWTH TECHNIQUES
Authors: HALIDOU I. , TOURÉ A. , EL JANI B. 
Published: May 2019

AlxGa[Formula: see text]N films were grown on Si/N-treated sapphire substrate by atmospheric pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (AP-MOVPE) in a home-made vertical reactor. This process can be considered as randomly in situ epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) technology. The growth firstly begins by three-dimensional (3D) mode and is completed in two-dimensional (2D) growth mode as shown by real time in situ laser [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm[Formula: see text] reflectometry measurements and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements evidence Al composition pulling effect in the AlxGa[Formula: see text]N layer. The Si/N treatment technique is compared to conventional AlxGa[Formula: see text]N growth techniques. The results of high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), photoluminescence (PL) measurements and SEM images agree well on the fact that the Si/N treatment produces AlxGa[Formula: see text]N layers with comparable qualities of AlxGa[Formula: see text]N layers grown on high temperature GaN template but with much higher qualities than AlxGa[Formula: see text]N layers grown on low temperature AlN nucleation layer. Moreover, the Si/N treatment technique permits the growth of high quality AlxGa[Formula: see text]N layers with appreciable thicknesses with respect to the others techniques.
Global and Globalizing Cities from the Global South: Multiple Realities and Pathways to Form a New Order
Authors: Arbab Parsa 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The global city order has been changed and reconstructed during the past two decades by the rising of global or globalizing cities in developing and emerging economies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This transition has been dominated by the current global city label with reference to the prime and paradigmatic cases and hegemonic and monopolistic measures from the North. However, achieving a general set of uniform and convergent results is a barren probability, and has led to the underestimation of the local contexts, implications and probabilities. So, it will be challenging to explore the evidence of the globalization of cities in developing countries, and to explain the concepts and meanings of the global positions and functions for their vision and development. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the neglected realities and pathways for reconceptualizing the global city theory by shift from the Global North to the Global South.
Sennacherib’s Successor: Titus and Anti-Roman Rhetoric in TgJon to Isa. 10:32
Authors: Boyd Samuel L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As recent research in the study of manuscripts has demonstrated, variations in the phrasing of a text not only reveal scribal error or play but also indicate how changes to a given passage in different manuscripts convey important interpretive traditions. In this article, I explore one such case in TgJon to Isa. 10:32. First, I examine how key features (or the lack thereof) in the biblical text of Isa. 10:32 led to certain lines of rabbinic interpretation as found in b. Sanh. 95b, which contains a midrashic story based on the biblical text. Second, I analyse a parallel account of this story as found in TgJon to Isa. 10:32, and I argue that a particular manuscript of this Targum (B. M. 2211) contains added layers of anti-Roman rhetoric through an allusion to Abraham and Nimrod. In this fashion, the variation in wording in this manuscript is indicative of a distinct interpretation from that found in the Talmud.
On the Standards of Conceptual Change
Authors: Kaukua Jari , Lähteenmäki Vili 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
It is a necessary condition for recognising change that there is a yardstick against which the change can be perceived. The same applies to changes that philosophical concepts undergo. This paper delineates standards for recognising conceptual change that meet the requirements of conscientious history of philosophy. More particularly, we want to argue for the need of what we will call non-textual standards. These are features of the world of experience that must be assumed to be shared between us and the historical authors we study. While they must be used in tandem with the recognised contextual standards of conceptual change, we will argue that without recourse to at least some non-textual standards, important kinds of conceptual change will remain inexplicable.
Faith-based Diplomacy and Interfaith Dialogue
Authors: Blakemore Scott 
Published: May 2019

AbstractScholars are seeking to identify how to integrate faith into diplomacy constructively. Proponents of faith-based diplomacy recognise that incorporating faith into peacemaking activities assists in alleviating identity-based conflict and religiously motivated violence in the contemporary international system. A promising strategy within the scope of faith-based diplomacy is interfaith dialogue. The study and practice of interfaith dialogue have been reinvigorated since the advent of 9/11, and yet the link between interfaith dialogue and diplomacy remains underdeveloped. The cases of Indonesia and the United States show that states can effectively use interfaith dialogue to achieve policy objectives, and yet some policies are detrimental to achieving goals. Faith-based diplomacy and interfaith dialogue can be innovative diplomatic perspectives useful in addressing contemporary global issues.
Bīdil’s Portrait
Authors: Keshavmurthy Prashant 
Published: May 2019

In 1704 the Indo-Persian Sufi and poet Mirzā ʿAbdul Qādir ʿBīdil’ completed an autobiography entitled The Four Elements (Chahār ʿunṣur). Into the fourth “Element” of this text he set an account of a portrait of himself painted around 1677 by Anūp Chhatr, a painter famous for his portraits in the imperial Mughal ateliers of the time. Initially refusing his painter-acquaintance permission to paint him, Bīdil finally yields and is astonished at how the resulting portrait duplicates him like a mirror. After marveling at it for a decade, he falls ill. His friends visit him in his sickbed and one of them, leafing through his anthology of texts, comes upon the painting. He exclaims at how faded it is. Bīdil himself can barely make it out on the page. When he recovers his health, he opens the anthology to examine the faded portrait and is astonished and shocked, as his friends are, to see that it has recovered its brilliant colors. He tears the painting up.This essay reads this ekphrastic account of self-transformation as an autobiographical and iconoclastic interpretation, playing on philosophical, literary and painterly traditions of visuality, in particular Ibn ʿArabi’s (d. 1240, Andalusia) theory of the imagination. Among the questions that will be pursued are: what understandings of self and self-transformation did Bīdil renew by this interpretation? How is this episode a focusing of concerns that pervade all of The Four Elements? What kind of reader and reading practices did this autobiography assume? And, finally, does an understanding of Bīdil’s iconoclastic self-transformation—turning on this episode—prepare us to better understand his works in other genres?
Maritime Provinces Carabidae (Coleoptera): a correction
Authors: MAJKA CHRISTOPHER G. , BOUSQUET YVES 
Published: May 2019

Majka et al. (2007) surveyed the Carabidae of the Maritime Provinces of Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island). They reported 21 new provincial records, 6 from New Brunswick and 15 from Nova Scotia. They also checked prior records of the 329 species of Carabidae reported from the region and consequently removed Dyschirius larochellei Bousquet, Dyschirius setosus LeConte, Bembidion basicorne Notman, Myas cyanescens Dejean, and Amara lacustris LeConte from the faunal list of Nova Scotia. Voucher specimens could not be located nor were published records of these species for the province found. As a result they reported 282 species of Carabidae from Nova Scotia.
Depression in migrant workers and nationals of Qatar: An exploratory cross-cultural study
Authors: Khaled Salma M , Gray Richard 
Published: May 2019

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of depressive symptoms among migrants and non-migrants living in Qatar and identify variables associated with depressive symptomology in these groups, including culture of origin, time living in country and perceived quality of life. In addition, we tested if the latter two variables moderated the effect of culture of origin on depressive symptomology in the migrant groups. Subject and Methods: A telephone survey of a probability-based sample of 2,520 participants was conducted in February 2016. The sample was divided into three groups based on nationality and income: labour migrants (LMs), white-collar migrants (WCMs) and non-migrants or Qatari nationals (QNs). Participants completed the Whooley two-question test for depression. Results: The odds of depression were significantly increased in LMs (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 2.36–4.65) and WCMs (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.04–1.90) compared with non-migrants. Among LMs, having a problem with current employer in the last 3 months was also associated with depressive symptoms (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.14–3.84). Culture of origin was significantly associated with depressive symptoms including South Asians (OR = 3.12, p < .001), East Asians (OR = 0.52, p = .013) and Westerners (OR = 0.45, p = .044) relative to Arabs. LM status remained strongly associated with depressive symptoms independent of culture of origin (OR = 2.02, p < .001). Conclusion: Perceived quality of life, but not length of stay, appears to be an important variable in explaining differences in symptoms between some cultural groups. Findings from this study highlight the importance of the context of migration and culture of origin as potential determinants of depressive symptomology in the host country.
The Prevalence and Forecast Prevalence of Overactive Bladder in the Medicare Population
Authors: Puckrein Gary , Walker David , Xu Liou , Congdon Peter , Gooch Katherine 
Published: May 2019

Objectives: To determine current and future prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries in the United States. Methods: Prevalence of OAB in US adults ⩾ 65 years was determined using the 2013 Medicare Beneficiary Part B Carrier Claims File, Part D Drug Event File, and Medicare Beneficiary Annual Summary File. Prevalence for 2027 was forecasted with US Census population projections. Regional projections were based on applying national OAB rates by age, sex, and race/ethnicity to zip code tabulation area beneficiary populations. Results: In the 2013 dataset, the prevalence of OAB was 7.2% (male: 7.7%; female: 6.7%). Across demographic categories, prevalence was the highest among those aged more than 74 years (9.3%), identifying as White (7.4%), and residing in urban areas (7.5%). By 2027, OAB is projected to increase by 48.1%. Discussion: OAB affects a substantial proportion of the US fee-for-service beneficiary population, with the prevalent population projected to rise substantially by 2027.
Structural factors affecting the crystal-chemical variability in Al-rich K-dioctahedral 2M1 micas
Authors: Zviagina Bella B. , Drits Victor A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo reveal the factors that determine the different ranges of compositional variations in high- and low-temperature Al-rich K-dioctahedral micas, relationships between structural parameters and cation composition were analysed for: (1) a series of synthetic 2M1 muscovite–phengite–aluminoceladonite samples; and (2) Al-rich, K-dioctahedral 2M1 micas with previously published refined structural data. The dependences of the unit-cell parameters on cation composition and the variations in tetrahedral and octahedral lateral dimensions and sheet thicknesses, interlayer distances and tetrahedral rotation angles were analysed and compared with those found previously for the series 1M trans-vacant (tv) illite–1M aluminoceladonite. The similarities in the variations of unit-cell parameters with cation composition observed in 2M1 and 1M natural and synthetic K-dioctahedral micas imply that these variations are controlled by similar – albeit not identical – structural factors. A major structural factor is the readjustment of the differently sized tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, which is realized in a different manner in micas formed under different pressure and temperature conditions.
NMR structure determination of Ixolaris and factor X(a) interaction reveals a noncanonical mechanism of Kunitz inhibition
Authors: De Paula Viviane S. , Sgourakis Nikolaos G. , Francischetti Ivo M. B. , Almeida Fabio C. L. , Monteiro Robson Q. , Valente Ana Paula 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Ixolaris is a potent tick salivary anticoagulant that binds coagulation factor Xa (FXa) and zymogen FX, with formation of a quaternary tissue factor (TF)/FVIIa/ FX(a)/Ixolaris inhibitory complex. Ixolaris blocks TF-induced coagulation and PAR2 signaling and prevents thrombosis, tumor growth, and immune activation. We present a high-resolution structure and dynamics of Ixolaris and describe the structural basis for recognition of FX. Ixolaris consists of 2 Kunitz domains (K1 and K2) in which K2 is strikingly dynamic and encompasses several residues involved in FX binding. This indicates that the backbone plasticity of K2 is critical for Ixolaris biological activity. Notably, a nuclear magnetic resonance–derived model reveals a mechanism for an electrostatically guided, high-affinity interaction between Ixolaris and FX heparin-binding (pro)exosite, resulting in an allosteric switch in the catalytic site. This is the first report revealing the structure-function relationship of an anticoagulant targeting a zymogen serving as a scaffold for TF inhibition.
Can evolutionary thinking shed light on gender diversity?
Authors: Wren Bernadette , Launer John , Reiss Michael J. , Swanepoel Annie , Music Graham 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYIssues of sexual reproduction lie at the core of evolutionary thinking, which often places an emphasis on how individuals attempt to maximise the number of successful offspring that they can produce. At first sight, it may therefore appear that individuals who opt for gender-affirming medical interventions are acting in ways that are evolutionarily disadvantageous. However, there are persuasive hypotheses that might make sense of such choices in evolutionary terms and we explore these here. It is premature to claim knowledge of the extent to which evolutionary arguments can usefully be applied to issues of gender identity, although worth reflecting on the extent to which nature tends towards diversity in matters of sex and gender. The importance of acknowledging and respecting different views in this domain, as well as recognising both the uncertainty and likely multiplicity of causal pathways, has implications for clinicians. We make some suggestions about how clinicians might best respond when faced with requests from patients in this area.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this article you will be able to:•understand evolutionary arguments about diversity in human gender identity•identify strengths and weaknesses in evolutionary arguments applied to transgender issues•appreciate the range and diversity of gender experience and gender expression among people who present to specialist gender services, as well as the likely complexities of their reasons for requesting medical intervention.
Psychiatric Out-patients in a Geographically Delimited Area
Authors: Kastrup Marianne 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA three-month long study was undertaken of the utilization of the local psychiatric out-patient clinic by the geographically delimited population of Århus, Denmark.Of the 307 males and 580 females contacting the clinics, 107 males and 148 females were new referrals, corresponding to 1·25 males and 1·48 females per 1,000 inhabitants 15 years or more, respectively. The ratio of treated females to males increased from 0·87 in the 15–24–year age group to 2·22 for patients 55 years or above.Manic-depressive psychosis accounted for 43 per cent, followed by schizophrenia and other functional psychoses in males, and neuroses and other functional psychoses in females. The clinics collaborated closely with the in-patient facilities. Thus about 75 per cent were referrals from the in-patient clinics and 70 per cent of the discharged out-patients admitted.
The Patient and the First Psychiatric Interview
Authors: Michaels Ruth M. , Sevitt Michael A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThis paper presents work that formed the basis of a fourth-year project at Southampton University Medical School. Thirty patients were seen prior to their first psychiatric consultation and asked about their hopes, fears and expectations. Twenty-five were seen subsequently.The study, which is largely descriptive, shows that many patients have unrealistic expectations about various aspects of the interview, and afterwards many are dissatisfied with its outcome. The paper discusses these findings and makes some tentative recommendations.
AAML 1421, a phase I/II study of CPX-351 followed by fludarabine, cytarabine, and G-CSF (FLAG) for children with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML): A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group.
Authors: Cooper Todd Michael , Absalon Michael , Alonzo Todd Allen , Gerbing Robert B , Leger Kasey Joanne , Hirsch Betsy A , Pollard Jessica Anne , Razzouk Bassem I. , Aplenc Richard , Kolb E. Anders 
Published: May 2019

10003 Background: Effective regimens with favorable toxicity profiles are needed for heavily pre-treated children with relapsed AML. AAML1421 is a Phase I/II study of CPX-351, a liposomal preparation of cytarabine and daunorubicin demonstrating efficacy in adults. AAML1421 sought to determine the recommended Phase 2 Dose (RPD2) of CPX-351 and the response rate (complete response (CR) + complete response without platelet recovery (CRp)) after up to 2 cycles of therapy. Methods: Children > 1 and ≤ 21 years of age with relapsed/refractory AML were eligible for dose finding, and those in first relapse were eligible for efficacy. A modified rolling six design was used for dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) assessment which occurred in Cycle 1. Dose level 1 (DL1) was 135 units/m2 on days 1, 3, and 5 with a single dose de-escalation to 100 units/m2 if DL1 was intolerable. The Efficacy Phase used a Simon-two stage design. The response rate was determined after up to 2 cycles of therapy (Cycle 1: CPX-351; Cycle 2: FLAG). The Overall Response Rate (ORR) was defined as CR+CRp+CRi (CRi = CR with incomplete hematologic recovery). Results: Thirty-eight patients (pts) enrolled: 6 in dose-finding and 32 in the efficacy phase. DLT occurred in 1/6 patients and was a grade 3 decrease in ejection fraction(EF). This was the only Grade 3 cardiac toxicity. Therefore, 135 units/m2 on days 1, 3, 5 was the RP2D. All dose finding pts were eligible for efficacy determination. One pt in the efficacy phase was unevaluable. The most common ≥ Grade 3 toxicities in Cycle 1 included fever/neutropenia (45%), infection (47%), and rash (40%). There was no toxic mortality. Best responses included 20 CR (54%), 5 CRp (14%), and 5 CRi (14%). Seventy percent achieved best response after cycle 1. Twenty-one of 25 patients with CR/CRp had no detectable residual disease (RD) (84%) by flow cytometry. HSCT was used as consolidation in 23/29 responders (79%); 18 of 23 (78%) had no detectable RD prior to HSCT. Conclusions: The RP2D of CPX-351 is 135 units/m2/dose on days 1, 3, 5. CPX-351 was well tolerated and protocol therapy was effective with CR+CRp rates of 68.3% (90% CI 52.9% to 78.0%) and ORR (CR+CRp+CRi) of 81.1% (90% CI 67.4% to 88.8%). AAML1421 response rates are superior to any published North American cooperative group clinical trial for children with AML in first relapse. Clinical trial information: NCT02642965.