bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Stream‐Aquifer Interactions Under Seasonal Groundwater Pumping and Managed Aquifer Recharge
Authors: Lee Hyeonju , Koo Min‐Ho , Oh Sebong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn South Korea, a significant amount of groundwater is used for the heating of water‐curtain insulated greenhouses during the winter dry season, which had led to problems of groundwater depletion. A managed aquifer recharge (MAR) project is currently underway with the goal of preventing such groundwater depletion in a typical cultivation area, located on an alluvial aquifer near the Nam River. In the present study, FEFLOW, a three‐dimensional finite element model, was used to evaluate different strategies for MAR of the cultivation areas. A conceptual model was developed to simulate the stream‐aquifer dynamics under the influence of seasonal groundwater pumping and MAR. The optimal rates and duration of MAR were assessed by analyzing the recovery of the groundwater levels and the change in the groundwater temperature. The simulation results indicate that a MAR rate of 8000 m3/d effectively restores the groundwater level when the injection wells are located inside the groundwater depletion area. It is also demonstrated that starting the MAR before the beginning of the seasonal pumping is more effective. Riverbank filtration is preferable for securing the injection water owing to plentiful source of induced recharge from the river. Locating the pumping wells adjacent to the river where there are thick permeable layers could be a good strategy for minimizing decreases in the groundwater level and temperature.
Groundwater Level Analysis Using Regional Kendall Test for Trend with Spatial Autocorrelation
Authors: Fang Chuanglin , Sun Siao , Jia Shaofeng , Li Yuanyuan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAssessment of historical evolution of groundwater levels is essential for understanding the anthropogenic impact on groundwater exploitation and developing response policies. In this study, regional groundwater level trend was addressed based on the regional Kendall test with correlated spatial data. With a limited number of data at one location, an exponential relation was proposed to be used to approximate covariances of a variable as a function of distances between locations. The effectiveness of the method was demonstrated using synthetic data experiments. The regional Kendall method was applied to assess evolution of groundwater levels and their annual decline rates in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei in China based on county‐level data in 1959, 1984, 2005, and 2013. Results indicated that a continuing declining regional trend was shown in groundwater levels, revealing generally higher groundwater recharge rates than withdrawal rates in the study region. The annual groundwater decline rates presented a firstly increasing then decreasing regional trend, which is consistent with the environmental Kuznets curve. The earlier accelerating groundwater decline rate was attributed to supply‐driven water resources management, whereas the reversed trend in accelerating groundwater decline rate in the latter period was due to many measures implemented to relieve local water stresses.
Functional characterization of CYP4G11—a highly conserved enzyme in the western honey bee Apis mellifera
Authors: Calla B. , MacLean M. , Liao L.‐H. , Dhanjal I. , Tittiger C. , Blomquist G.J. , Berenbaum M.R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDetermining the functionality of CYP4G11, the only CYP4G in the genome of the western honey bee Apis mellifera, can provide insight into its reduced CYP4 inventory. Toward this objective, CYP4G11 transcripts were quantified, and CYP4G11 was expressed as a fusion protein with housefly CPR in Sf9 cells. Transcript levels varied with age, task, and tissue type in a manner consistent with the need for cuticular hydrocarbon production to prevent desiccation or with comb wax production. Young larvae, with minimal need for desiccation protection, expressed CYP4G11 at very low levels. Higher levels were observed in nurses, and even higher levels in wax producers and foragers, the latter of which risk desiccation upon leaving the hive. Recombinant CYP4G11 readily converted octadecanal to n‐heptadecane in a time‐dependent manner, demonstrating its functions as an oxidative decarbonylase. CYP4G11 expression levels are high in antennae; heterologously expressed CYP4G11 converted tetradecanal to n‐tridecane, demonstrating that it metabolizes shorter‐chain aldehydes. Together, these findings confirm the involvement of CYP4G11 in cuticular hydrocarbon production and suggest a possible role in clearing pheromonal and phytochemical compounds from antennae. This possible dual functionality of CYP4G11, i.e., cuticular hydrocarbon and comb wax production and antennal odorant clearance, may explain how honey bees function with a reduced CYP4G inventory.
Adherence to medication, glycaemic control and hospital attendance in young adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kunasegaran Shalini , Beig Junaid , Khanolkar Manish , Cundy Tim 
Published: June 2018

AbstractType 2 diabetes is becoming common among people in their 20s and 30s. Glycaemic control is suboptimal in this group and is associated with poor medication adherence. We studied medication adherence over a 24‐month period in all diabetes clinic registrants (n = 266) between the ages of 18 and 39 years. We reviewed their glycaemic control using mean HbA1c over the study period and examined hospital records to determine the number of hospital attendances during this time. We found that less than half the group (47%) had good adherence (>90%) and 21% of the group had very poor adherence (<50%). Mean adherence was slightly poorer in women compared to men (73% vs 76%, P = 0.04). There was a marked inverse relationship between adherence and glycaemic control. Mean HbA1c is 70 mmol/mol among those with good adherence and mean HbA1c is 97 mmol/mol among those with very poor adherence (P < 0.05). Fifty‐seven per cent of the study group had at least one hospital attendance during this time. Eighty‐eight hospital attendances were due to a medical cause. Study of trend showed more medical admissions among those with very poor adherence (P = 0.03). Mean HbA1c was higher in those who required medical admissions (87 mmol/mol vs 75 mmol/mol) when compared to those with no hospital attendance. Our study shows that poor adherence is common and significantly related to glycaemic control as well as unplanned hospital attendances for medical conditions. Despite limitations, our study provides valuable information on medication adherence and its impact on glycaemic control and morbidity among young people with type 2 diabetes.
Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: diagnosis and treatment with a view to the future
Authors: Pokorny Adrian M. J. , Chin Venessa T. , Nagrial Adnan M. , Yip Desmond , Chantrill Lorraine A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMetastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) is a lethal disease with a poor 5‐year survival. Systemic treatments can be used to control symptoms and prolong life. Cytotoxic chemotherapies are commonly administered, with combination treatments, such as fluorouracil, folinic acid, irinotecan and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) or nab‐paclitaxel and gemcitabine showing the largest clinical benefits. Newer genomic classifications of PDAC may provide a rationale for targeted therapies or immunotherapies, although at present these remain largely experimental. This review discusses the evidence behind the currently used regimens, while introducing the potential future of pancreatic cancer care.
Is β‐diversity of Amazonian ant and dung beetles communities elevated at rainforest edges?
Authors: Marsh Charles J. , Feitosa Rodrigo M. , Louzada Julio , Ewers Robert M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimThousands of kilometres of rainforest edges are created every year through forest fragmentation, but we have little knowledge of the impacts of edges on spatial patterns of species turnover and nestedness components of β‐diversity.LocationA quasi‐experimental landscape in the north‐east Brazilian Amazon.MethodsWe sampled dung beetles and ants using a sampling design based on a fractal series of equilateral triangles that naturally allows examination at multiple spatial scales. We sampled two edge types (primary‐secondary and primary‐Eucalyptus forest) and three control sites immersed in primary, secondary and Eucalyptus forest. We measured β‐diversity between communities across the primary forest‐matrix edge and within communities at up to 1 km from the forest edge. We examined β‐diversity at multiple scales by partitioning the dissimilarity matrix into fractal orders representing inter‐point distances of ~32, ~100, ~316 and ~1,000 m and into turnover and nestedness components.ResultsTurnover but not nestedness was greater across the primary‐Eucalyptus forest than primary‐secondary forest edge. There was spillover of species across edges in both directions. Across edges and within controls, turnover was the main driver of β‐diversity. Within community, β‐diversity was increased for dung beetles at large scales (~300–1,000 m) at both edge types. This increase, however, was driven by elevated nestedness. Levels of β‐diversity were affected even ~300 m into habitat interiors, but appeared to be at control levels by 1 km.Main conclusionsThe effects of edges on the spatial dynamics of community composition penetrated far beyond the typical distances at which forest structure and microclimate are altered. This indicates that for a significant proportion of Amazonian communities, the underlying processes determining diversity may be impacted by deforestation.
Prevalence of Frailty in Older Community‐Dwelling Tanzanians According to Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
Authors: Lewis Emma G. , Wood Greta , Howorth Kate , Shah Bhavini , Mulligan Louise , Kissima John , Dotchin Catherine , Gray William , Urasa Sarah , Walker Richard 
Published: June 2018

ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of frailty using a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) in older community‐dwelling adults living in rural northern Tanzania.DesignCross‐sectional survey.SettingFive randomly selected villages in Hai District, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.ParticipantsAll adults aged 60 and older living in the selected villages were eligible to participate, including older adults with cognitive impairment provided a close relative was able to assent on their behalf. All participants were community dwelling because institutionalization is very rare.MeasurementsParticipants were screened using a short frailty screening tool, the Brief Frailty Instrument for Tanzania (B‐FIT), comprising an abbreviated test of cognitive function and the Barthel Index, which assesses functional independence. Based on B‐FIT score, a frailty‐weighted, stratified sample was selected for in‐depth assessment using CGA and characterized as frail or not frail.ResultsTwo hundred thirty‐six CGAs were performed in 1,207 people screened, 91 of whom were deemed frail. After adjusting for stratification, the prevalence of frailty was 19.1% (95% confidence interval=15.2–23.1).ConclusionThis is the first study in sub‐Saharan Africa to report the prevalence of frailty in community‐dwelling older adults according to a CGA. The strengths of reporting frailty according to a CGA include the ability to consider likely medical diagnoses based on clinical assessment and to assess individuals' social circumstances and environment.
A Painting Technique Using Ceramic Pigments for the Artificial Iris of an Ocular Prosthesis Guided by Applying Newton's Color Wheel
Authors: Alfenas Elizabeth Rodrigues , da Silva Jéssica Genoveva Boline Passarelli Capaz Pinto , Silveira Maria Elizabeth Sousa , Fonseca Maria Fernanda Lopes , de Arruda José Alcides Almeida , Moreno Amália 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article describes a simple method for painting an artificial iris for the manufacturing of an ocular prosthesis with dark and light tones, both with excellent esthetic results. The challenge of choosing colors around the pupil and medium zone during painting is aided by the application of Newton's color wheel theory. This technique provides a safer choice of color during the painting procedure by using a mixture of ceramic pigments.
A Comparison of the Flexural and Impact Strengths and Flexural Modulus of CAD/CAM and Conventional Heat‐Cured Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
Authors: Al‐Dwairi Ziad N. , Tahboub Kawkab Y. , Baba Nadim Z. , Goodacre Charles J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPurposeThe introduction of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology to the field of removable prosthodontics has recently made it possible to fabricate complete dentures of prepolymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blocks, which are claimed to be of better mechanical properties; however, no published reports that have evaluated mechanical properties of CAD/CAM PMMA. The purpose of this study was to compare flexural strength, impact strength, and flexural modulus of two brands of CAD/CAM PMMA and a conventional heat‐cured PMMA.Materials and Methods45 rectangular specimens (65 mm × 10 mm × 3 mm) were fabricated (15 CAD/CAM AvaDent PMMA specimens from AvaDent, 15 CAD/CAM Tizian PMMA specimens from Shütz Dental, 15 conventional Meliodent PMMA specimens from Heraeus Kulzer) and stored in distilled water at (37 ± 1°C) for 7 days. Specimens (N = 15) in each group were subjected to the three‐point bending test and impact strength test, employing the Charpy configuration on unnotched specimens. The morphology of the fractured specimens was studied under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey pairwise multiple comparisons with 95% confidence interval.ResultsThe Schütz Dental specimens showed the highest mean flexural strength (130.67 MPa) and impact strength (29.56 kg/m2). The highest mean flexural modulus was recorded in the AvaDent group (2519.6 MPa). The conventional heat‐cured group showed the lowest mean flexural strength (93.33 MPa), impact strength (14.756 kg/m2), and flexural modulus (2117.2 MPa). Differences in means of flexural properties between AvaDent and Schütz Dental specimens were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).ConclusionsAs CAD/CAM PMMA specimens exhibited improved flexural strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength in comparison to the conventional heat‐cured groups, CAD/CAM dentures are expected to be more durable. Different brands of CAD/CAM PMMA may have inherent variations in mechanical properties.
In vitro oral processing of raw tomato: Novel insights into the role of endogenous fruit enzymes
Authors: Rabiti Davide , Orfila Caroline , Holmes Melvin , Bordoni Alessandra , Sarkar Anwesha 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDuring consumption of fruits, the breakdown of the fruit tissue due to oral processing (chewing, mixing with saliva) may activate or increase the rate of endogenous enzyme activities via the disruption of the cell wall, cellular decompartmentalization, and particle size reduction allowing the enzymes to reach their substrates. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of one such endogenous fruit enzyme (pectin methylesterase [PME] [E.C. 3.1.1.11]) during in vitro oral processing of raw tomatoes and associated changes in viscosity and microstructure. Oral processing of tomatoes purees was examined in the presence of artificial saliva (AS) at 37°C. in vitro oral processing was followed using immunofluorescence microscopy, apparent viscosity measurements, spectrophotometric, and titrimetric techniques. The results demonstrated that PME had slight but significant activity in the tomato fruit during in vitro oral processing generating methanol as a function of oral processing time, which was further evidenced using immunolabeling techniques to detect methylated pectin epitopes. A significant shear‐thinning behavior of the tomato puree was observed due to dilution and/or endogenous fruit enzyme activity. These results suggest that activity of other fruit enzymes, such as polygalacturonase, which catalyzed the depolymerization of unmethylated pectin chains, might have resulted in a decrease in viscosity, which compensated for the increased potential for gel formation (if any) caused by PME. These interesting insights into the role of endogenous fruit enzymes might pave the way to the understanding of fruit viscosity modification occurring in the mouth and help in rational design of new fruit‐based products.
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, risk factors and the type of oral manifestations in patients referred to a University Hospital in Tabriz, Iran 2007‐2017
Authors: Nezafati Saeed , Kazemi Abdolhassan , Asgari Kasra , Bahrami Amir , Naghili Behrooz , Yazdani Javad 
Published: June 2018

SummaryInadequate data are available on the global epidemiology of mucormycosis, mainly derived from the evaluation of specific population groups. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an invading and fatal mycosis, particularly among diabetic patients. In the present study, patients hospitalised in Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz, from 2007 to 2017, were evaluated. The hospital information system (HIS) was used to collect the records of the patients. A total of 42 patients with a diagnosis of mucormycosis were included in the study, 40 cases (95%) of which had a diagnosis of the rhinocerebral form. Of these 40 patients, 21 (52.5%) and 19 (47.5%) were male and female, respectively. Seven cases (17.5%) of rhinocerebral mucormycosis were due to dental procedures. The most predisposing factor in the patients was diabetes with 36 (90%) cases. In our study, the role of tooth extraction in patients with uncontrolled diabetes was identified as an important factor. It may show the important role of dentists in preventing of the disease in diabetic patients.
Real‐world geographic variations in the use of cardiac implantable electronic devices—The PANORAMA 2 observational cohort study
Authors: Bastian Dirk , Ebrahim Iftikhar O. , Chen Ju‐Yi , Chen Mien‐Cheng , Huang Dejia , Huang Jin‐Long , Kuznetsov Vadim A. , Maus Bärbel , Naik Ajay M. , Verhees Koen J.P. , Fagih Ahmed R. Al ,   on behalf of the PANORAMA 2 investigators
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, several geographies around the world remain underrepresented in medical device trials. The PANORAMA 2 study was designed to assess contemporary region‐specific differences in clinical practice patterns of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs).MethodsIn this prospective, multicenter, observational, multinational study, baseline and implant data of 4,706 patients receiving Medtronic CIEDs (Medtronic plc, Minneapolis, MN, USA; either de novo device implants, replacements, or upgrades) were analyzed, consisting of: 54% implantable pulse generators (IPGs), 20.3% implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs), 15% cardiac resynchronization therapy ‐defibrillators, and 5.1% cardiac resynchronization therapy ‐pacemakers, from 117 hospitals in 23 countries across four geographical regions between 2012 and 2016.ResultsFor all device types, in all regions, there were fewer females than males enrolled, and women were less likely to have ischemic cardiomyopathy. Implant procedure duration differed significantly across the geographies for all device types. Subjects from emerging countries, women, and older patients were less likely to receive a magnetic resonance imaging‐compatible device. Defibrillation testing differed significantly between the regions. European patients had the highest rates of atrial fibrillation (AF), and the lowest number of implanted single‐chamber IPGs. Evaluation of stroke history suggested that the general embolic risk is more strongly associated with stroke than AF.ConclusionsWe provide comprehensive descriptive data on patients receiving Medtronic CIEDs from several geographies, some of which are understudied in randomized controlled trials. We found significant variations in patient characteristics. Several medical decisions appear to be affected by socioeconomic factors. Long‐term follow‐up data will help evaluate if these variations require adjustments to outcome expectations.
Laying Down Hume's Law
Authors: Qu Hsueh 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMost interpretations of Hume's is/ought passage (THN 3.1.1.27) can be broadly divided into two camps: those thinking Hume to rule out logical inferences from is to ought, and those thinking Hume to only raise surmountable difficulties for inferences from is to ought. I undermine the positive support for both these interpretations, and argue, by drawing parallels with Hume's argument on induction, that Hume's Law instead rules outallforms of inference from is to ought.
Deployment of cold tolerance loci from Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica cv. ‘Nipponbare’ in a high‐yielding Indica rice cultivar ‘93‐11’
Authors: Li Lanying , Mao Donghai 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCold tolerance is a complex trait, and QTL pyramiding is required for rice breeding. In this study, a total of seven QTLs for cold tolerance in the Japonica rice variety ‘Nipponbare’ were identified in an F2:3 population. A stably inherited major QTL, called qCTS11, was detected in the region adjacent to the centromere of chromosome 11. In a near‐isogenic line population, the QTL was further dissected into two linked loci, qCTS11.1 and qCTS11.2. Both of the homozygous alleles of qCTS11.1 and qCTS11.2 from ‘Nipponbare’ showed major positive effects on cold tolerance. Through pyramiding the linked QTLs in the cold‐sensitive Indica rice cultivar ‘93‐11’, we have developed a new elite, high‐yielding Indica variety with cold tolerance.
Polymer Dots as Effective Phototheranostic Agents
Authors: Guo Liang , Ge Jiechao , Wang Pengfei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractConjugated polymer dots (Pdots, also named polymer nanoparticles, PNPs), which consist of π‐conjugated organic polymers, are novel organic nanomaterials with size in the range of 1–100 nm. Compared with traditional organic small molecules, semiconductor quantum dots and inorganic nanomaterials, the Pdots exhibit significant potential applications in biological imaging, sensing and detection, drug delivery and theranostics, due to their advantages of special optical properties, diverse structure, easy surface modification and good biocompatibility. In this short review, we present a brief summary of the current development in Pdots as phototheranostic agents, including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. Current challenges in Pdot research and future directions in the field are proposed.