bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When conservation becomes dangerous: Human‐Crocodile conflict in Timor‐Leste
Authors: Brackhane Sebastian , Webb Grahame , Xavier Flaminio M.E. , Gusmao Marcal , Pechacek Peter 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTIn northern Australia and nearby Timor‐Leste, saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) populations were seriously depleted historically but recovered rapidly after protection: 1969–1974 in northern Australia, and 2000–2005 in Timor‐Leste. In both places, recovery caused increased rates of human‐crocodile conflict (HCC). Within northern Australia, the crocodile recovery and HCC have been documented over time. In contrast, this has not been the situation in Timor‐Leste, where we investigated HCC based on 130 attack records (1996–2014; 52% fatal). In 1996–2006, 0.55 attacks/year were reported in Timor‐Leste. By 2007–2014, 9 years later, a 23‐fold increase had occurred (13 attacks/year). Traditional subsistence fishing (82.5% of all attack records) is the highest risk activity, followed by bathing (7.5%) and water collecting (4.2%). Although the human population was correlated with crocodile attacks in Timor‐Leste, it likely does not explain the dramatic increase in crocodile attacks. Alternatively, crocodile numbers may have increased, either in the remnant resident crocodile population, or via migrants from elsewhere. Permanent crocodile habitat is limited, and limited breeding does not explain the high number of large crocodiles, and consequent increase in attacks in such a short time. A plausible explanation, consistent with traditional knowledge in Timor‐Leste, is that the influx of large crocodiles attacking people are migrants from Australia. We examined this possibility from available sources. Within Australia crocodiles have recovered since protection and they regularly invade adjacent habitats, such as Darwin harbor, where they are removed to prevent attacks on people. Saltwater crocodiles have been sighted at oil rigs, in the open ocean, moving between northern Australia and the south coast of Timor‐Leste. The likelihood of crocodiles migrating from Australia to Timor‐Leste raises obvious conservation, moral, and ethical dilemmas when conserving a large dangerous predator in one country to increase abundance results in dispersal to another country, where the predator attacks and kills people. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Dual Electrospun Supramolecular Polymer Systems for Selective Cell Migration
Authors: Thakkar Shraddha H. , Di Luca Andrea , Zaccaria Sabrina , Baaijens Frank P. T. , Bouten Carlijn V. C. , Dankers Patricia Y. W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDual electrospinning can be used to make multifunctional scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications. Here, two supramolecular polymers with different material properties are electrospun simultaneously to create a multifibrous mesh. Bisurea (BU)‐based polycaprolactone, an elastomer providing strength to the mesh, and ureido‐pyrimidinone (UPy) modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a hydrogelator, introducing the capacity to deliver compounds upon swelling. The dual spun scaffolds are modularly tuned by mixing UPyPEG hydrogelators with different polymer lengths, to control swelling of the hydrogel fiber, while maintaining the mechanical properties of the scaffold. Stromal cell derived factor 1 alpha (SDF1α) peptides are embedded in the UPyPEG fibers. The swelling and erosion of UPyPEG increase void spaces and released the SDF1α peptide. The functionalized scaffolds demonstrate preferential lymphocyte recruitment proposed to be created by a gradient formed by the released SDF1α peptide. This delivery approach offers the potential to develop multifibrous scaffolds with various functions.
A Review on Layered Mineral Nanosheets Intercalated with Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Polymers and Their Applications
Authors: Sangian Danial , Naficy Sina , Dehghani Fariba , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMaterials with layered structures at the nanoscale have lately drawn significant attention from engineers and scientists in the fields of physics, chemistry, and mathematics, due to the unique characteristics that originate from their hierarchical structure. The nanosized free space between each two adjacent layers, so‐called the interlayer space, is an attractive place that can be manipulated by incorporating different molecular species to generate novel physical and mechanical behaviors. This review highlights the latest studies and new important developments on possible methods of intercalating popular species such as hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers into the interlayer spaces of layered materials. It also provides a description of intercalation processes as well as final applications for better understanding, as it is believed to be an effective factor in utilizing these materials in research and industry. Finally, this review gives perspectives on the future applicants of inorganic layered materials filled with polymers with different hydrophilicity properties.
First online real‐time evaluation of motion‐induced 4D dose errors during radiotherapy delivery
Authors: Ravkilde Thomas , Skouboe Simon , Hansen Rune , Worm Esben , Poulsen Per R. 
Published: June 2018

PurposeIn radiotherapy, dose deficits caused by tumor motion often far outweigh the discrepancies typically allowed in plan‐specific quality assurance (QA). Yet, tumor motion is not usually included in present QA. We here present a novel method for online treatment verification by real‐time motion‐including four‐dimensional (4D) dose reconstruction and dose evaluation and demonstrate its use during stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) delivery with and without MLC tracking.MethodsFive volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were delivered with and without MLC tracking to a motion stage carrying a Delta4 dosimeter. The VMAT plans have previously been used for (nontracking) liver SBRT with intratreatment tumor motion recorded by kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring (KIM). The motion stage reproduced the KIM‐measured tumor motions in three dimensions (3D) while optical monitoring guided the MLC tracking. Linac parameters and the target position were streamed to an in‐house developed software program (DoseTracker) that performed real‐time 4D dose reconstructions and 3%/3 mm γ‐evaluations of the reconstructed cumulative dose using a concurrently reconstructed planned dose without target motion as reference. Offline, the real‐time reconstructed doses and γ‐evaluations were validated against 4D dosimeter measurements performed during the experiments.ResultsIn total, 181,120 dose reconstructions and 5,237 γ‐evaluations were performed online and in real time with median computation times of 30 ms and 1.2 s, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) difference between reconstructed and measured doses was −1.2% (4.9%) for transient doses and −1.5% (3.9%) for cumulative doses. The root‐mean‐square deviation between reconstructed and measured motion‐induced γ‐fail rates was 2.0%‐point. The mean (standard deviation) sensitivity and specificity of DoseTracker to predict γ‐fail rates above a given threshold was 96.8% (3.5%) and 99.2% (0.4%), respectively, for clinically relevant thresholds between 1% and 30% γ‐fail rate.ConclusionsReal‐time delivery‐specific QA during radiotherapy of moving targets was demonstrated for the first time. It allows supervision of treatment accuracy and action on treatment discrepancy within 2 s with high sensitivity and specificity.
Dietary Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs) and Gastrointestinal Disease
Authors: Vakil Nimish 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFODMAP is an acronym for fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols. Dietary modification of FODMAPs has been shown to have significant effects on the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and improves symptoms of abdominal pain, distention, and bloating in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Structured withdrawal and reintroduction of FODMAPs supervised by a dietitian is the optimal practice for dietary FODMAP modification in irritable bowel syndrome. FODMAPs are present in enteral feeding formulas and may have a role in diarrhea and bloating in tube‐fed patients. Emerging areas of research include the effects of dietary modification of FODMAPs on the microbiome, micronutrient absorption, and caloric intake. FODMAP dietary modification is an emerging area in other gastrointestinal disorders and is of relevance to all practicing dietitians.
Association Between Standardized Phase Angle, Nutrition Status, and Clinical Outcomes in Surgical Cancer Patients
Authors: Pena Natália F. , Mauricio Sílvia F. , Rodrigues Ana M.S. , Carmo Ariene S. , Coury Nayara C. , Correia Maria I.T.D. , Generoso Simone V. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundDifferent nutrition assessment tools in surgical cancer patients are used in clinical practice, which results in different prevalence rates of malnutrition. This may impact the interpretation of the association between nutrition status and clinical outcomes. Reduced standardized phase angle (SPA) values are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with cancer. Thus, it is important to assess the association of SPA with nutrition status and relate it to postoperative clinical outcomes.MethodsThis prospective observational study included 121 surgical cancer patients. Bioelectrical impedance analysis, subjective global assessment (SGA), anthropometric measurements, and assessment of muscle strength were used to provide nutrition diagnosis 1 day before surgery. The patients were followed for infectious and noninfectious postoperative complications from the first day after the operation until discharge or death.ResultsThe prevalence of malnutrition was higher according to SGA (63.6%). Patients with an SPA < −1.65 had a greater chance of being diagnosed as malnourished according to the SGA (3.66 [1.35–9.90]), midarm circumference (OR 4.24; CI95%; 1.72–10.43), midarm muscle area (OR 4.38; CI95%; 1.68–11.42), and low handgrip strength (3.84 [1.31–11.25]). Patients with an SPA < −1.65 presented with more infectious complications (OR 4.19; CI95%; 1.52–11.53), but there was no association between SPA and other outcomes or death. SPA was the only significant predictor of infectious complications (AUC, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.51–0.71).ConclusionSPA was associated with different nutrition status parameters, and it was able to predict postoperative infectious complications.
An implicit discontinuous Galerkin finite element framework for modeling fracture failure of ductile materials undergoing finite plastic deformation
Authors: Liu Ruijie , Liu Zhijun 
Published: June 2018

SummaryIt is a challenge to achieve a complete simulation of fracture failure in ductile materials undergoing large plastic deformation within implicit finite element frameworks due to instability issues. Currently, traditional nodal force or crack surface traction release methods target the direct release of tractions on cracked surfaces within the current time/load step. An abrupt change from a system without cracks to another system with cracks may contribute to the instability issues. Specifically, because of broken meshes, discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods have an advantage over traditional continuous elements in naturally accommodating crack openings along DG interfaces across elements. To improve the convergence in nonlinear iterations during crack openings, we propose a relaxation scheme for DG formulations to gradually recover the traction‐free condition on cracked surfaces. Furthermore, this DG‐based relaxation scheme for crack openings in finite plastic media has been consistently formulated within the incomplete interior penalty DG framework. Finally, we have demonstrated a good performance of the proposed implicit DG formulation along with the DG relaxation scheme by successfully solving a nuclear fuel rod structural failure problem with multiple hydride crack openings and the Sandia Fracture Challenge benchmark.
Cleaving paraoxon with hydroxylamine: Ammonium oxide isomer favors a Frontside attack mechanism
Authors: Lima Marcelo F. , da Cruz Priscilla Amanda Urbano , Fernandes Maria Eduarda Camilo , Polaquini Carlos , Miguel Elizabeth L. M. , Pliego Josefredo R. , Scorsin Leandro , Oliveira Bruno Surdi , Nome Faruk 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA detailed molecular understanding of the mechanisms of the dephosphorylation of phosphate triesters due to nucleophilic attack can be very useful for the design of nucleophiles that are more efficient. In this work, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the reaction of hydroxylamine with paraoxon. The profile of the reaction rate according to pH was determined, and it was found that protonated hydroxylamine was unreactive, while the neutral form reacted via the zwitterion tautomer, with an overall free energy barrier of 23.0 kcal mol‐1. The anionic form was the most reactive, with a free energy barrier of 18.1 kcal mol‐1. Computational calculations revealed 2 mechanisms for the nucleophilic attack of the zwitterion form: the usual backside attack and a new frontside attack mechanism. The former proceeded according to a 2‐step associative mechanism, while the latter was a concerted single‐step mechanism involving attack of the hydroxylamine oxygen on the phosphorus center and interaction of the NH3+ group with the oxygen of the P═O group. The calculations indicated that the free energy barrier for the frontside attack was more favorable than the backside attack by 3 kcal mol‐1, supporting the notion that the observed reaction occurs by frontside attack. The reaction with the anionic hydroxylamine form occurred according to a single‐step concerted ANDN mechanism.
Can inflammatory markers in induced sputum be used to detect phenotypes and endotypes of pediatric severe therapy‐resistant asthma?
Authors: Eller Miriam C. N. , Vergani Karina P. , Saraiva‐Romanholo Beatriz M. , Antonangelo Leila , Leone Claudio , Rodrigues Joaquim C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe phenotypes and endotypes of severe therapy‐resistant asthma (STRA) have not been fully elucidated in children. The aim of the present study was to investigate inflammatory markers in the induced sputum of children with STRA and to compare them with those present in a group of children who achieved control.MethodsA prospective cohort of children (6‐18 years of age) diagnosed with severe asthma (GINA criteria) who had undergone treatment for at least 6 months was comprehensively followed for 3 months. Inhalation technique, adherence to treatment, ACT score, and main comorbidities were assessed. Induced sputum samples were collected for cytology analysis and quantitative assessment of cytokines; the participants also underwent spirometry, plethysmography, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement.ResultsForty patients were included (average age 12.8 years; 62.5% male); of these, 13 (32.5%) were classified as STRA at the end of follow‐up. There were no significant differences between the STRA and control groups in demographic data, functional test results, or FeNO levels. The eosinophilic inflammatory pattern predominated in both groups; however, the STRA group showed a proportionally higher percentage of sputum neutrophils (P < 0.05). The median sputum levels of the cytokines IL‐10, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α were significantly higher in the STRA group (P < 0.05). GM‐CSF and TNF‐α levels showed inverse correlations with ACT scores.ConclusionThe presence of neutrophils, the cytokines IL‐10, and IFN‐γ and, more particularly, TNF‐α, and GM‐CSF in the sputum may play an important role in the pathophysiological mechanism of STRA in children and adolescents. Specific antagonists for these cytokines may represent a future therapeutic strategy.
Turning strategic network resources into performance: The mediating role of network identity of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Partanen Jukka , Kauppila Olli‐Pekka , Sepulveda Fabian , Gabrielsson Mika 
Published: June 2018

Research Summary: This article examines the relationship between strategic network resources; the network identity (i.e., the self‐perceived attractiveness as a partner based on the firm's existing and prior relationships); and firm performance among established small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We test our hypotheses within the sample of 199 internationalized SMEs in Finland. We contribute to the discussion on the performance effects of network resources among small firms by demonstrating that: (a) networks can become a source of strategic resources for SMEs, which enhance firm performance; and (b) such concrete strategic resource exchange builds evidence‐based identity, which helps entice and convince customers and other partners to invest in the collaboration so that strategic resources can be transferred to sustain firm performance beyond the early stages.
Managerial Summary: The purpose of this article is to investigate how an SME's strategic collaboration and its attractiveness as a partner enhance firm performance. The key message for practitioners is twofold. First, the conventional view suggests that strategic resources should be kept in‐house and that too much dependency on partners may lead to a vulnerable power position. Yet, we demonstrate that SMEs can also enhance their performance by acquiring strategic resources from their partners. Second, while weak affiliations with prestigious partners may help build credibility in the early stages of firm development, it is the strategic collaboration and concrete resource exchange that seem to attract other customers and business partners to commit to, and invest in, the collaboration which, in turn, enhances performance beyond the early stages.
Flexible and Free‐standing PtNLs‐MoS2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Paper: A High‐Performance Rolled Paper Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Topçu Ezgi , Kıranşan Kader Dağcı 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA flexible Platinum Nanoleaves (PtNLs) deposited molybdenum disulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite paper was successfully prepared for catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Synthesis of composite paper was achieved through vacuum filtration of homogeneous dispersions, consisting of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphene oxide (GO). After chemical reduction of MoS2/GO paper with HI, it transformed to MoS2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper and used as the working electrode in a three‐electrode cell to deposit PtNLs by electroreduction method. The as‐prepared PtNLs‐MoS2/rGO paper was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. When PtNLs‐MoS2/rGO paper rolled up, it can be used directly as a catalyst with the enhanced surface area in a small space and exhibit high‐performance HER activity with a small onset overpotential of 62 mV and a low Tafel slope of 60 mV/dec as well as excellent electrocatalytic stability. The present work provides a potential way to design catalyst for HER through controlling the shape.
Iodotriflamdation vs. Electrophilic Aromatic Iodination in the Reaction of N‐Phenyltriflamide with Alkenes
Authors: Astakhova Vera V. , Moskalik Mikhail Yu. , Ganin Anton S. , Sterkhova Irina V. , Shainyan Bagrat A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractReaction of N‐phenyltriflamide with styrene, p‐chlorostyrene, vinylcyclohexane and α‐methylstyrene in oxidative system (t‐BuOCl + NaI) gives three types of products: (i) of aromatic iodination of the reagent – N‐(4‐iodophenyl)triflamide and N‐(2,4‐diiodophenyl)triflamide; (ii) of oxidative addition of the iodinated reagent to the substrate with different regioselectivity – N‐[2‐iodo‐1‐(aryl)ethyl]‐N‐(4‐iodophenyl)triflamides or N‐(2‐cyclohexyl‐2‐iodoethyl)‐N‐(4‐iodophenyl)triflamide; (iii) of chloro(oxy)iodination of the substrate – 2‐iodo‐1‐phenylethanol, 1‐chloro‐4‐(1‐chloro‐2‐iodoethyl)benzene, 1‐cyclohexyl‐2‐iodoethanol and 1‐iodo‐2‐phenylpropan‐2‐ol. Different regioselectivity of iodosulfonamidation for different alkenes and the competition between electrophilic aromatic iodination and iodotriflamidation are explained and the mechanism is proposed based on the results of quantum chemical calculations and the NBO analysis.
Liberated $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 supergravity
Authors: Farakos Fotis , Kehagias Alex , Riotto Antonio 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe discuss a new interaction for chiral models in four-dimensional$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 1 supergavity. It contains a new arbitrary function in addition to the Kähler potential and superpotential. Its features include linearly realized off-shell supersymmetry, Kähler-Weyl invariance and broken supersymmetry. The corresponding scalar potential is augmented by the arbitrary function which allows freedom in constructing low-energy phenomenological models and inflationary models rooted in supergravity.
The merger of geophysical vortices at finite Rossby and Froude number
Authors: Reinaud Jean N. , Dritschel David G. 
Published: June 2018

We investigate the merger of two co-rotating geophysical vortices at finite Rossby and Froude number. The initial conditions consist of two uniform potential vorticity vortices in near-equilibrium and in a nearly ‘balanced’ state (i.e. with negligible emission of inertia–gravity wave radiation). We determine the critical merger distance between the two vortices. This distance is found to increase with the magnitude of the Rossby number: intense cyclones or intense anticyclones are able to merge from further apart compared to weaker cyclones and anticyclones. Note that the Froude number is proportional to the Rossby number for the near-equilibrium initial conditions considered. The critical merging distance also depends on the sign of the potential vorticity anomaly, which is positive for ‘cyclones’ and negative for ‘anticyclones’. We show that ageostrophic motions occurring at finite Rossby number tend to draw cyclones together but draw anticyclones apart. On the other hand, we show that anticyclones tend to deform more, in particular when subject to vertical shear (as when the vortices are vertically offset). These two effects compete. Overall, nearly aligned cyclones tend to merge from further apart than their anticyclonic counterparts, while vertically offset anticyclones merge from further apart than cyclones.
Global and Regional Emissions of Radiocarbon from Nuclear Power Plants from 1972 to 2016
Authors: Zazzeri G , Acuña Yeomans E , Graven H D 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTCH4 and CO2 emissions from geologic sources, which are devoid of radiocarbon (14C), dilute the atmospheric 14C/C ratio. Observations of 14C/C can be used to estimate fossil fuel-derived CH4 and CO2. However, the atmospheric 14C/C ratio is perturbed by emissions of 14C from nuclear power plants (NPPs) and fuel reprocessing sites, which may affect such 14C/C-based estimation if they are not correctly quantified. We calculate NPP 14C emissions for CO2 and CH4 from 1972–2016 using standard emission factors (14C emitted per unit of power produced) and analyze trends in global and regional emissions. We use available observations of 14C emissions and power generation in Europe to assess emission factors for different reactor types, as well as potential differences related to the age or manufacturer of the NPPs. Globally, nuclear 14C emissions increase until 2005 and then decrease, mostly because of the closure of gas-cooled reactors in the United Kindom and the shutdown of light water reactors after the Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011. Observed emission factors in Europe show strong variability, spanning values from 0.003 to 2.521 TBq/GWa for PWR and from 0.007 to 1.732 TBq/GWa for BWR reactors, suggesting more information and more sophisticated models are needed to improve estimates of 14C emissions.