bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testosterone measured from amniotic fluid and maternal plasma shows no significant association with directional asymmetry in newborn digit ratio (2D:4D)
Authors: Richards G. , Gomes M. , Ventura T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFoetal sex hormones can have powerful and far-reaching effects on later phenotype. However, obtaining accurate measurements is difficult for ethical reasons, and researchers often employ proxy variables to examine their effects. The relative length of the second and fourth fingers (digit ratio or 2D:4D) is frequently used for this purpose, as it is hypothesized to index variance in prenatal androgen and oestrogen exposure. Most studies employing this method examine digit ratio for the right hand (R2D:4D) and/or left hand (L2D:4D), though the mean value (M2D:4D) (i.e., the average of R2D:4D and L2D:4D) and directional asymmetry (D[R–L]) (i.e., R2D:4D minus L2D:4D) are also commonly used. As no published studies have examined M2D:4D or D[R-L] in relation to testosterone measured from amniotic fluid, we conducted a secondary analysis of data published by Ventura et al. The sample comprises 106 mothers from Portugal who underwent amniocentesis during the second trimester and their neonates. Newborn M2D:4D was negatively correlated with amniotic testosterone in females (P<0.05) but not in males; no significant association was observed between amniotic testosterone and D[R–L] in either sex. In addition, we examined testosterone measured from maternal circulation during the second trimester, and found that it was not a significant predictor of M2D:4D or D[R–L] in male or female infants. Further research should aim to measure the ratio of testosterone to oestradiol present in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma, to examine whether either is a predictor of digit ratio variables at different stages of postnatal development.
Birth size is not associated with depressive symptoms from adolescence to middle-age: results from the Northern Swedish Cohort study
Authors: Rajaleid K. , Janlert U. , Hjern A. , Westerlund H. , Hammarström A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLow birth weight has been shown to be related to increased risk of depression later in life – but the evidence is not conclusive. We examined the association of size at birth with repeatedly measured depressive symptoms in 947 individuals from the Northern Swedish Cohort, a community-based age-homogeneous cohort born in 1965, and followed with questionnaires between ages 16 and 43 (participation rate above 90% in all the surveys). Information on birth size was retrieved from archived birth records. Length of gestation was known for a subsample of 512 individuals (54%). We studied the association of birth weight and ponderal index with self-reported depressive symptoms at ages 16, 21, 30 and 43; with the life-course average of depressive symptoms score and with longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms retrieved by latent class growth analysis. Socioeconomic background, mental illness or alcohol problems of a parent, exposure to social adversities in adolescence and prematurity were accounted for in the analyses. We did not find any relationship between weight or ponderal index at birth and our measure of depressive symptoms between ages 16 and 43 in a series of different analyses. Adjustment for length of gestation did not alter the results. We conclude that size at birth is not associated with later-life depressive symptoms score in this cohort born in the mid-1960s in Sweden. The time and context need to be taken into consideration in future studies.
Deglacial Heat Uptake by the Southern Ocean and Rapid Northward Redistribution Via Antarctic Intermediate Water
Authors: Poggemann D.‐W. , Nürnberg D. , Hathorne E. C. , Frank M. , Rath W. , Reißig S. , Bahr A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAntarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is an important conduit for nutrients to reach the nutrient‐poor low‐latitude ocean areas. In the Atlantic, it forms part of the return path of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Despite the importance of AAIW, little is known about variations in its composition and signature during the prominent AMOC and climate changes of the last deglaciation. Here we reconstruct benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca‐based intermediate water temperatures (IWTMg/Ca) and intermediate water neodymium (Nd) isotope compositions at submillennial resolution from unique sediment cores located at the northern tip of modern AAIW extent in the tropical W‐Atlantic (850‐ and 1018‐m water depth). Our data indicate a pronounced warming of AAIW in the tropical W‐Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas. We argue that these warming events were induced by major AMOC perturbations resulting in the pronounced accumulation of heat in the surface Southern Ocean. Combined with published results, our data suggest the subsequent uptake of Southern Ocean heat by AAIW and its rapid northward transfer to the tropical W‐Atlantic. Hence, the rapid deglacial northern climate perturbations directly controlled the AAIW heat budget in the tropical W‐Atlantic after a detour via the Southern Ocean. We speculate that the ocean heat redistribution via AAIW effectively dampened Southern Hemisphere warming during the deglaciation and may therefore have been a crucial player in the climate seesaw mechanisms between the two hemispheres.
Science Directions in a Post COP21 World of Transient Climate Change: Enabling Regional to Local Predictions in Support of Reliable Climate Information
Authors: Stammer D. , Bracco A. , Braconnot P. , Brasseur G. P. , Griffies S. M. , Hawkins E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring recent decades, through theoretical considerations and analyses of observations and model simulations, the scientific community has fundamentally advanced our understanding of the coupled climate system, thereby establishing that humans affect the Earth's climate. Resulting from this remarkable accomplishment, the COP21 agreement marks a historic turning point for climate research by calling for actionable regional climate change information on time scales from seasonal to centuries for the benefit of humanity, as well as living and nonliving elements of the Earth environment. Out of the underlying United National Framework Convention on climate Change process, improving seamless regional climate forecast capabilities emerges as a key challenge for the international research community. Addressing it requires a multiscale approach to climate predictions. Here we offer a vision that emphasizes enhanced scientific understanding of regional to local climate processes as the foundation for progress. The scientific challenge is extreme due to the rich complexity of interactions and feedbacks between regional and global processes, each of which affects the global climate trajectory. To gain the necessary scientific insight and to turn it into actionable climate information require technical development, international coordination, and a close interaction between the science and stakeholder communities.
Magnetosheath Reconnection Before Magnetopause Reconnection Driven by Interplanetary Tangential Discontinuity: A Three‐Dimensional Global Hybrid Simulation With Oblique Interplanetary Magnetic Field
Authors: Guo Zhifang , Lin Yu , Wang Xueyi , Du Aimin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTerrestrial dayside dynamics associated with a southward turning, oblique interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) carried by an interplanetary tangential discontinuity (TD) is investigated by performing a three‐dimensional global‐scale hybrid simulation systematically for cases in which the incoming solar wind TD possesses various magnetic field rotation angles ΔΦ = 90° to 180° and half widths w = 2di0 to w = 30di0, where di0 is the ion inertial length in the solar wind. Overall, the TD is compressed while being transmitted into the magnetosheath, with different compression processes downstream of the quasi‐parallel (Q‐||) and quasi‐perpendicular (Q‐⊥) shocks. It is found that magnetosheath reconnection may take place downstream of both the Q‐|| and Q‐⊥ shocks due to interaction of the directional TD with the bow shock and magnetopause, but the existence of magnetosheath reconnection depends on w and ΔΦ. Magnetosheath flux ropes are formed through three‐dimensional patchy reconnection in the thinned current sheet, with a longer rope lengths under a larger ΔΦ. There exists a dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the spatial extent of the flux ropes, which becomes more significant as ΔΦ decreases. When ΔΦ decreases to 90°, no reconnection flux ropes are found. Magnetopause reconnection is initiated when the magnetic fluxes with a southward turning IMF (on the sunward side) reach the magnetopause, and the magnetopause flux ropes can be mixed with the magnetosheath ones. Our simulation demonstrates that the effects of a southward turning of the IMF may not be a simple field direction change that leads to reconnection only at the magnetopause.
Models of the Formation of the 29 February 2016 New Spatter Cone Inside Mount Nyiragongo
Authors: Burgi P.‐Y. , Minissale S. , Melluso L. , Mahinda C. K. , Cuoco E. , Tedesco D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA new and unusual eruptive event occurred on 29 February 2016 within the summit crater of the Mount Nyiragongo volcano. Based on field campaigns performed between July 2015 and September 2017, and building on a previously published buoyancy‐driven bidirectional magma flow model explaining the progression of Mount Nyiragongo lava lake level, we provide the first quantitative estimations of volumes of erupted lava outpouring from the new spatter cone. Besides matching field data of the lava lake level covering the period December 2002 to September 2017, numerical solutions of the model reveal that the most probable dike path is one originating from the shallow magma reservoir, and not from the lava lake or branching from its feeding conduit. According to these simulations, the reservoir and erupted lava volumes are respectively estimated to the order of 10 km3 and 20 M m3. Magma overpressure at the level of the shallow reservoir is estimated in the range 12 to 16 MPa, high enough to potentially initiate new erupting events.
Shallow Temporal Changes in S Wave Velocity and Polarization Anisotropy Associated With the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence, Japan
Authors: Sawazaki Kaoru , Saito Tatsuhiko , Shiomi Katsuhiko 
Published: October 2018

AbstractApplying deconvolution interferometry technique to surface‐borehole (down to 300 m) seismogram pairs of KiK‐net, we retrieved temporal changes in S wave velocities and polarization anisotropies associated with the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, Japan. The average S wave velocity decreased after the largest foreshock (Mw 6.2) and again after the Mw 7.0 mainshock, in the latter case, by as much as 6.4%. The seismic velocity susceptibility (SVS), defined as the ratio of the relative S wave velocity change to the maximum dynamic strain, ranged from −170 to −13. The absolute value of the SVS was larger at the sites near the ocean or covered by an embankment. Systematic changes were not observed for SVSs obtained after the largest foreshock and mainshock. At most sites, the average S wave velocity continued to recover for at least 1 year, proportional to the logarithm of the lapse time after the mainshock. The speed of the log‐time recovery (m‐value) appears to be independent of the maximum dynamic strain of the mainshock. Large m values were observed at the sites of large absolute SVS values, indicating that a more susceptible medium is more resilient. The strength of the S wave polarization anisotropy (anisotropy coefficient) increased by up to 0.8% after the mainshock, which was much smaller than the relative change in the average S wave velocity and was below the background change due to phenomena other than earthquakes. These observations can be explained qualitatively by considering fracture theory in a medium that contains many vertical cracks with randomly oriented polarizations.
Sizing of Ambient Particles From a Single‐Particle Soot Photometer Measurement to Retrieve Mixing State of Black Carbon at a Regional Site of the North China Plain
Authors: Zhang Yuxuan , Su Hang , Ma Nan , Li Guo , Kecorius Simonas , Wang Zhibin , Hu Min , Zhu Tong , He Kebin , Wiedensohler Alfred , Zhang Qiang , Cheng Yafang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe measured the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) particles using a single‐particle soot photometer (SP2) on 11–27 July 2013 at a polluted regional site (~60 km to the south of Beijing) of the North China Plain. To improve retrieval of rBC mixing state, we validate and optimize the optical size (Dopt,p) of ambient particles derived from SP2 and Mie calculation. By matching the retrieved Dopt,p with the measured mobility diameter, we retrieve the densities (~0.3–0.6 g/cm3) and refractive indices (from 1.21–0.21i to 1.42–0.42i) of rBC core for thinly coated BC particles at mobility size of 200–350 nm; the refractive index of non‐BC (or coating) materials is estimated as 1.42–0i. It is found that the leading‐edge‐only‐fit method of SP2 calculation can be used to retrieve Dopt,p at least up to ~600 nm for ambient BC‐containing particles, and it can successfully provide Dopt,p of ambient non‐BC particles only up to ~500 nm. During the measurement campaign, the aging rate from thinly coated (or bare) BC to thickly coated BC can reach up to ~21%/hr around noontime, indicating the fast coating of BC. The average coating thickness (CT) of BC‐containing particles (200–350 nm) is ~41–71 nm, with ~13–16 nm CT for thinly coated (or bare) BC particles and ~75–114 nm CT for thickly coated BC particles. The mixing state of rBC obtained in this study indicates fast aging process and strong light‐absorbing capacity of BC particles under the polluted conditions in the North China Plain.
A Numerical Study of Convective‐Scale Structures in the Outer Cores of Sheared Tropical Cyclones: 1. Updraft Traits in Different Vertical Wind Shear Magnitudes
Authors: Li Qingqing , Fang Qiaoxian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the outer‐core convective‐scale updraft features of numerically simulated tropical cyclones under vertical wind shear of different magnitudes. Updrafts in the outer core were weighted in favor of downshear formation, and the increase in the shear value led to more short‐lived updrafts. The tops of detected updrafts tended to cluster at either 4‐ to 6‐km or 12‐ to 14‐km height. Downshear‐left updrafts mostly moved radially inward, and updrafts on the left side of the shear vector moved more rapidly azimuthally. Longer‐lived updrafts gained greater vertical mass fluxes during their life cycles, with those in strongly sheared tropical cyclones having larger vertical mass fluxes for the same updraft life span. The height of stronger vertical velocity in convective bursts decreased as shear increased, whereas larger vertical velocity within nonconvective‐burst cells held between 3 and 4 km. The values of several environmental parameters (such as the supercell composite parameter and the energy‐helicity index) associated with updrafts in the downshear‐left quadrant were larger than those in the downshear‐right quadrant for the weakly sheared tropical cyclone, whereas they became much larger in the downshear‐right quadrant for highly sheared vortices. There were no relationships between the parameters and updraft mean mass fluxes, so the use of these parameters for predicting the likelihood of updraft strength in tropical cyclones requires caution.
Biomass Burning Plumes in the Vicinity of the California Coast: Airborne Characterization of Physicochemical Properties, Heating Rates, and Spatiotemporal Features
Authors: Mardi Ali Hossein , Dadashazar Hossein , MacDonald Alexander B. , Braun Rachel A. , Crosbie Ewan , Xian Peng , Thorsen Tyler J. , Coggon Matthew M. , Fenn Marta A. , Ferrare Richard A. , Hair Johnathan W. , Woods Roy K. , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H. , Sorooshian Armin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study characterizes in situ airborne properties associated with biomass burning (BB) plumes in the vicinity of the California coast. Out of 231 total aircraft soundings in July–August 2013 and 2016, 81 were impacted by BB layers. A number of vertical characteristics of BB layers are summarized in this work (altitude, location relative to cloud top height, thickness, number of vertically adjacent layers, interlayer distances) in addition to differences in vertical aerosol concentration profiles due to either surface type (e.g., land or ocean) or time of day. Significant BB layer stratification occurred, especially over ocean versus land, with the majority of layers in the free troposphere and within 100 m of the boundary layer top. Heating rate profiles demonstrated the combined effect of cloud and BB layers and their mutual interactions, with enhanced heating in BB layers with clouds present underneath. Aerosol size distribution data are summarized below and above the boundary layer, with a notable finding being enhanced concentrations of supermicrometer particles in BB conditions. A plume aging case study revealed the dominance of organics in the free troposphere, with secondary production of inorganic and organic species and coagulation as a function of distance from fire source up to 450 km. Rather than higher horizontal and vertical resolution, a new smoke injection height method was the source of improved agreement for the vertical distribution of BB aerosol in the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System model when compared to airborne data.
Glacial Erosion Driven by Variations in Meltwater Drainage
Authors: Ugelvig S. V. , Egholm D. L. , Anderson R. S. , Iverson N. R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe subglacial processes of abrasion and quarrying are thought to be primarily responsible for bedrock erosion by glaciers. While theory points to sliding speed as the dominant control on abrasion, rates of quarrying are likely scaled by a more complex combination of sliding speed, effective pressure, bed roughness, and short‐term water‐pressure fluctuations. Here we pair a model for quarrying based on statistical characterization of bedrock strength with a model for subglacial hydrology that describes the temporal evolution of cavities under the influence of variations in sliding speed and effective pressure. Using a finite element model, we simulate the evolution of the hydrological system at the base of a glacier and compute rates of abrasion and quarrying. Cavity lengths and channel cross sections evolve through time, causing temporal shifts in ice‐bed contact area, which in turn govern the differential stress that influences erosion over the course of a year. Our results demonstrate how variations in meltwater production amplify rates of subglacial erosion relative to the case of steady meltwater generation. The level of amplification depends on how the variations control the ice‐bed contact area. Seasonal variations are most effective in boosting mean rates of basal sliding and hence subglacial abrasion, whereas shorter‐term variations (monthly‐weekly) most strongly influence rates of subglacial quarrying through temporal amplification of differential bedrock stress around cavities. This influence of transient hydrology on subglacial erosion processes may explain why glaciers in temperate climates with strong variations in temperature and precipitation erode faster than similar‐type glaciers in polar environments.
MicroRNA-139-3p regulates osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis by targeting ELK1 and interacting with long noncoding RNA ODSM
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Wang Ke , Hu Zebing , Zhou Hua , Zhang Lijun , Wang Han , Li Gaozhi , Zhang Shu , Cao Xinsheng , Shi Fei 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRecent studies have confirmed that microRNAs and lncRNAs can affect bone cell differentiation and bone formation. In this study, miR-139-3p was upregulated in the femurs of hindlimb unloading mice and MC3T3-E1 cells under simulated microgravity; this effect was related to osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis. Silencing miR-139-3p attenuated the suppression of differentiation and the promotion of MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity. ELK1 is a target of miR-139-3p and is essential for miR-139-3p to regulate osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis. An osteoblast differentiation-related lncRNA that could interact with miR-139-3p (lncRNA ODSM) was identified in MC3T3-E1 cells under simulated microgravity. Further investigations demonstrated that lncRNA ODSM could promote MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Therefore, this research was the first to reveal the critical role of the lncRNA ODSM/miR-139-3p/ELK1 pathway in osteoblasts, and these findings suggest the potential value of miR-139-3p in osteoporosis diagnosis and therapy.
Dynamic laminar rerouting of inter-areal mnemonic signal by cognitive operations in primate temporal cortex
Authors: Takeda Masaki , Hirabayashi Toshiyuki , Adachi Yusuke , Miyashita Yasushi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractExecution of cognitive functions is orchestrated by a brain-wide network comprising multiple regions. However, it remains elusive whether the cortical laminar pattern of inter-areal interactions exhibits dynamic routings, depending on cognitive operations. We address this issue by simultaneously recording neuronal activities from area 36 and area TE of the temporal cortex while monkeys performed a visual cued-recall task. We identify dynamic laminar routing of the inter-areal interaction: during visual processing of a presented cue, spiking activities of area 36 neurons are preferentially coherent with local field potentials at the supragranular layer of area TE, while the signal from the same neurons switches to target the infragranular layer of area TE during memory retrieval. This layer-dependent signal represents the to-be-recalled object, and has an impact on the local processing at the supragranular layer in both cognitive operations. Thus, cortical layers form a key structural basis for dynamic switching of cognitive operations.
A low-gluten diet induces changes in the intestinal microbiome of healthy Danish adults
Authors: Hansen Lea B. S. , Roager Henrik M. , Søndertoft Nadja B. , Gøbel Rikke J. , Kristensen Mette , Vallès-Colomer Mireia , Vieira-Silva Sara , Ibrügger Sabine , Lind Mads V. , Mærkedahl Rasmus B. , Bahl Martin I. , Madsen Mia L. , Havelund Jesper , Falony Gwen , Tetens Inge , Nielsen Trine , Allin Kristine H. , Frandsen Henrik L. , Hartmann Bolette , Holst Jens Juul , Sparholt Morten H. , Holck Jesper , Blennow Andreas , Moll Janne Marie , Meyer Anne S. , Hoppe Camilla , Poulsen Jørgen H. , Carvalho Vera , Sagnelli Domenico , Dalgaard Marlene D. , Christensen Anders F. , Lydolph Magnus Christian , Ross Alastair B. , Villas-Bôas Silas , Brix Susanne , Sicheritz-Pontén Thomas , Buschard Karsten , Linneberg Allan , Rumessen Jüri J. , Ekstrøm Claus T. , Ritz Christian , Kristiansen Karsten , Nielsen H. Bjørn , Vestergaard Henrik , Færgeman Nils J. , Raes Jeroen , Frøkiær Hanne , Hansen Torben , Lauritzen Lotte , Gupta Ramneek , Licht Tine Rask , Pedersen Oluf 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAdherence to a low-gluten diet has become increasingly common in parts of the general population. However, the effects of reducing gluten-rich food items including wheat, barley and rye cereals in healthy adults are unclear. Here, we undertook a randomised, controlled, cross-over trial involving 60 middle-aged Danish adults without known disorders with two 8-week interventions comparing a low-gluten diet (2 g gluten per day) and a high-gluten diet (18 g gluten per day), separated by a washout period of at least six weeks with habitual diet (12 g gluten per day). We find that, in comparison with a high-gluten diet, a low-gluten diet induces moderate changes in the intestinal microbiome, reduces fasting and postprandial hydrogen exhalation, and leads to improvements in self-reported bloating. These observations suggest that most of the effects of a low-gluten diet in non-coeliac adults may be driven by qualitative changes in dietary fibres.