bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ten Years of Operation of Rio De Janeiro'S Ipanema Submarine Outfall
Authors: Britto E. R. , Jordão E. P. , Semeraro J. , Castro W. M. 
Published: May 2018

Monitoring and surveys of the Ipanema Submarine Outfall of the city of Rio de Janeiro have been practiced during the 10 years of the outfall operation. The outfall is a 2.4m diameter prestressed concrete pipeline, 4.3 km long, extending 3.3 km seaward to a depth of 27m. It discharges presently 6 m3/s average raw sewage flow, through a 450m long diffuser.
A planned survey program was established in order to verify pipe conditions through periodical deep sea inspection, monitored by radio and video recording; this paper discusses the preventive and corrective maintenance of the outfall, especially the failures that occurred in 5 accidents.
It discusses also the water quality monitoring program established one year before the outfall began its operation in 1975. A program had been prepared which established beneficial water uses, water quality standards required for protection of the uses,and a monitoring system which provides the input data for verifying compliance with the standards.
Pre-discharge studies were conducted for one year prior to operation, to provide background data on the various parameters, and over 70 000 analyses were made during the 10 years of the outfall operation.
This paper evaluates the results of grease, coliforms, and hydrobiological indicators, as the most representative parameters of water quality in the sea.
It shows that a marked improvement has occurred in the water quality. It also shows that the beaches receive a great amount of pollution through the canals of Visconde de Albuquerque Avenue and Jardim de Alá (Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon), due to sewage overflows from the sewer network and the storm-water networks.
The importance of giving special attention to the sewer network in systems involving submarine outfalls is stressed.
Procedure for Determining Potential Gas Quantities in an Existing Sanitary Landfill
Authors: Laquidara M. J. , Leuschner A. P. , Wise D. L. 
Published: May 2018

The objectives of this paper are: 1) to develop a procedure for determining potential gas quantities in existing landfills, 2) to present a case study based on the developed procedure, and 3) to verify the case study results with field testing.
Over the last five years Dynatech R/D Company has been involved in performing feasibility studies to determine potential gas quantities in existing landfills. The data collected during this period has been reduced and plotted. Using the reduced data base, a systematic procedure for determining the extent of decomposition and decay rate coefficients is presented. Finally, the entire procedure for determining gas potential in an existing landfill is performed for a case study. The case study results are verified using field drawdown tests.
Some Recent Developments in the Characterization of Estuarine Particulates
Authors: Martin J. M. , Mouchel J. M. , Nirel P. 
Published: May 2018

Estuaries and coastal zones are characterised by very varied chemical and physical environments. As a result, heterogenous reactions predominate between dissolved and mineral phases, and with the biota. These reactions primarily affect elements and compounds located at the particulate surface. Thus the determination of surface properties of particles is an important key to understanding interactions of trace elements and organic compounds between particulate and dissolved phases in estuarine and coastal systems.
Specific surface area (SSA), cationic exchange capacity (CEC) and heat of immersion (∆H) have been measured on native untreated suspended sediment and after oxidation with 15% H2O2. SSA and ∆H have also been measured on samples Leached with NaOH and Na-dithionite in order to remove amorphous aluminosilicates. Results indicated that SSA is controlled by amorphous oxides and is related to the Al content of samples and their granulometry, suggesting an almost uniform coating of the detrital core by amorphous oxides. On the other hand, CEC and ∆H, which appear to be highly correlated, are controlled by both organic matter and amorphous oxides. Studies on electrophoretic mobility have provided additional data on the excess of charge at the interface between suspended matter and electrolytic medium.
Particles in suspension in fresh, sea, and estuarine waters appear ubiquitously to exhibit a small range of negative surface charge. This uniformity is attributed to the presence of organic surface coatings on the particles (Loder and Liss, 1985).
Finally, the significance of organic and oxide coatings as carriers of trace metal pollutants is discussed. It is shown that their importance in terms of flux is usually Low despite their major role in controlling solid-liquid interactions.
Distribution of Mercury in the Sediments and Fishes of the Lagoon of Aveiro, Portugal
Authors: Lucas M. F. , Caldeira M. T. , Hall A. , Duarte A. C. , Lima C. 
Published: May 2018

Dry and wet sieving were compared on their suitability for the size fractionation of bottom sediment samples, collected from a brackish water, coastal lagoon, prior to flameless atomic absorption analysis of the sediment concentration of total mercury. The work aimed at identifying the most important point sources of mercury to the lagoon waters and at assessing the distribution, throughout the ecosystem, of the mercury discharged. The results reported in this paper refer to the lagoon sediments and fishes. Ongoing work is extending the survey to the other inland ecological niches and to the coastal waters and sediments.
A chlor-alkali plant proved to be the most important source of mercury but its contribution has not yet been disentangled from those originating at a pyrite roasting facility and a PVC factory operating in the same industrial park. Sewage discharges from the bankside communities are the other significant point sources of Hg.
Concentrations of Hg in the superficial sediments ranged from 850 mgkg−1, near the chlor-alkali sewer outlet, to 0.05 mgkg−1 in the intertidal sands of the coastal beaches. Sewage-affected sediments have concentrations of Hg in the range of 1 to 2 mgkg−1. The concentrations observed in the water samples and superficial sediments suggest that some of the Hg historically discharged into the lagoon may have been exported to the Atlantic Ocean coastal waters.
Bioaccumulation of Hg in fish tissues shows the usual dependence on species, territoriality, feeding habits and size. Concentrations as high as 25 mgkg−1 fresh weight have been observed but the average values do not exceed the EEC quality objective of 0.3 mgkg−1 (EEC, 1982).
State-of-the-Art Utilization of Aquatic Plants in Water Pollution Control
Authors: Reddy K. R. , DeBusk T. A. 
Published: May 2018

Research, pilot-scale and operational studies conducted within the past 15 years have shown that aquatic macrophyte-based treatment systems offer a promising, low-cost method for removing contaminants from wastewaters and polluted natural waters. The vascular plants cultured in such treatment systems perform several functions, including assimilating and storing contaminants, transporting O2 to the root zone, and providing a substrate for microbial activity. Among the various types of aquatic treatment systems, pond systems containing floating macrophytes such as the water hyacinth are most commonly utilized for wastewater treatment in tropical and sub-tropical regions, whereas in temperate regions, emergent plants cultured in artificial wetlands (e.g., root zone method, nutrient film techniques) appear to be more appropriate. However, due to concerns about system management and reliability, aquatic plant treatment systems are currently used only on a limited basis throughout the world.
This review discusses the general performance, contaminant removal processes and criteria for plant selection in aquatic macrophyte wastewater treatment systems. Case studies on the use of floating plants for domestic wastewater treatment and the renovation of eutrophic lake water are presented, and future research needs for aquatic macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems are discussed.
The Fight against Eutrophication in the Inlet of “Odense Fjord” by Reaping of Sea Lettuce (Ulva Lactuca)
Authors: Frederiksen Ole Toft 
Published: May 2018

Odense, which is the third largest city in Denmark, is situated at the head of the inlet of “Odense Fjord” - a shallow inlet area of 54 sq km. Including the discharge of industrial wastewater the total wastewater load corresponds to approx. 400,000 p.e. which is treated in a mechanical/biological treatment plant.
There is today a considerable plant production in the inlet, especially of macrophytes, for instance Ulvalactuca, and at the moment the Municipality of Odense is extending its wastewater treatment to include the removal of nutrient salts, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Calculations of the total discharge to the inlet show that 80 per cent of the nitrogen and 20 per cent of the phosphorus load are derived from the catchment area which has an intensive agricultural production.
In an attempt to reduce this discharge, tests have been made over a number of years with reaping of Ulvalactuca in the inlet, and calculations of the effects of the reaping have been carried out.
Experience shows that there is a need both for an increased knowledge of how to optimize the growth of Ulvalactuca and for development of a second generation of reaping machines.
Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactors
Authors: Li Chun T. , Shieh Wen K. , Wu Chun S. , Huang Ju S. 
Published: May 2018

The oxygenic fluidized bed biofilm reactor(FBBR) was evaluated in a laboratory investigation for treatment of pig slaughtering wastewater (slaughterhouse wastewater). Because the slaughterhouse wastewater contains a high concentration of grease, chemical coagulation/flocculation was adopted as the pretreatment step prior to FBBR treatment.
The performance of the FBBR was evaluated at BOD loadings of between 8.5 to 98.5 kg/m3-day, hydraulic retention times of between 8.8 to 30.8 minutes, recirculation ratios of between 1 to 6, and feed BOD concentrations of between 305 to 602 mg/L. Under these operating conditions, removal efficiencies of BOD, grease, and NH3-N were in the range of 71 to 94%, 29 to 84%, and 20 to 73%, respectively. Both BOD and grease of the slaughterhouse wastewater used could be lowered to 40 and 10 mg/L, respectively, at a BOD loading of 20 kg/m3-day in order to meet effluent requirements to be enforced in Taiwan in 1990. Because the maximum amount of oxygen that could be dissolved in the oxygenation device used in this investigation was 40 mg/L, the FBBR would become anaerobic when the BOD loading applied exceeded 50 kg/m3-day.
Relatively constant biomass holdups (10,000 mg TVS/L) could be maintained in FBBRs over the BOD loadings applied via the practice of regular biofilm separation and biomass wasting.
The combined chemical coagulation/flocculation-FBBR process provides a feasible and cost-effective alternative for treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater.
Evaluation of Heavy Metal Leachability from Solid Wastes
Authors: Bridle T. R. , Côté P. L. , Constable T. W. , Fraser J. L. 
Published: May 2018

Future management options for residual inorganic solid wastes are likely to include land disposal. While the environmental ramifications of this option are now better understood, additional data is required to permit a thorough assessment of contaminant leachability from solid wastes. As part of this data gathering exercise, Environment Canada's Wastewater Technology Centre has been actively researching and developing test methods designed to measure intrinsic waste properties that affect contaminant leachability, such as metal solubilities and speciation. Based on this approach the leachability of heavy metals from sewage sludge, char and ash, municipal solid waste ashes, hazardous waste incinerator fly ashes, power plant ashes and a solidified synthetic waste were assessed.
The results indicate that incineration of sewage sludge produces a benign ash with most of the metals speciated as insoluble oxides or silicates. By contrast, incineration of municipal solid waste or hazardous wastes produces fly ashes exhibiting significant metal leachability. Environmentally sensitive metals such as Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu in these fly ashes were readily leachable and probably speciated as water soluble chloride salts. The intrinsic properties approach appears to be an effective method of assessing waste leachability.
The Development of Waste Water Treatment in the Finnish Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Luonsi A. , Junna J. , Nevalainen I. 
Published: May 2018

The recent development of Finnish pulp and paper industry external wastewater treatment has created positive results by reducing the oxygen consuming load (BOD7) of the recipients. This is due to the thirteen activated sludge plants and one anaerobic reactor which have been constructed during the last four years. The target values set in the form of suspended solids (SS) and BOD7 for 1985 (400 t BOD7/d) are expected to be achieved during 1987.
Activated sludge plants have also created negative effects in the form of large amounts of surplus biological sludge and increased nutrient discharges, especially phosphorus which with reduced acute toxicity will increase the eutrophication of discharge areas. The share of activated sludge plants for the increased phosphorus discharges remains to be studied. The rapid increase started before the activated sludge plants started operation. In well operated activated sludge plant nutrient discharge is not increased.
Although the specific water consumption and specific organic loads continuously decrease in pulp and paper production the increased production and more stringent requirements for pollution control prerequisite investments for external treatment. Therefore it is the time for efficient biological treatment plant construction and before 1995 a good number of mainly activated sludge plants will be constructed, for which time target values and some alternative guidelines to pollution control have been planned but not yet officially issued.
Also requirements for CODCr, and total organic chlorine (TOCl) will be among the effluent quality criteria in the near future.
When further requirements are issued the basis must be in the requirements of the biota which it is desired to live in the discharge areas.
Much research is needed to find out how many of these requirements can be satisfied by modifications of present treatment processes. Thereafter the possibility of removing specific pollutants from the low volume fractions must be identified. The results of these studies must then be compared with the tertiary processes which can be added after the biological treatment plants which process the combined mill effluent.
The problem must be regarded as a complex one because any substance removed from the wastewater will be found either in the sludge or in the air. The harmful compounds should be returned to normal ecological circulation or to the least harmful form and location in the most suitable waste stream.
Biological Treatment of Groundwater in Basins with Floating Filters–II. The Role of Microorganisms in Floating Filters
Authors: Seppänen Harri 
Published: May 2018

The role of certain types of bacteria is quite decisive in the formation of iron and manganese precipitates. Bacteria and other organisms participate in the precipitation of soluble iron and manganese in many different ways. The production of hydrogen peroxide seems to be an important phase in the formation of the precipitates. Bacteria produce hydrogen peroxide as an intermediate or an end product of metabolic processes (Gorlenko etal., 1983).
Iron and manganese bacteria are typical gradient organisms, growing in a sharp gradient between oxidized and reduced environments. Iron precipitating types are oligotrophic and manganese precipitating types need higher concentrations of organic compounds. Manganese precipitating bacteria are eutrophic.
Iron bacteria are sessile, and grow attached to the solid surfaces of filter media. Typical iron and manganese precipitating bacteria in groundwaters are Gallionella, Leptothrix, and Metallogenium.
Activated Sludge Treatment of Wastewater from a Nylon 6 Manufacturing Plant
Authors: Kageyama Masao , Tomita Kosuke 
Published: May 2018

The activated sludge treatment of wastewater containing ɛ-caprolactam from a Nylon 6 manufacturing plant was investigated by basic studies and operation of a full-scale treatment plant. Activated sludges were obtained from several municipal and industrial wastewater sources, or were prepared by mixing ɛ-caprolactam-utilizing bacteria (Bacillus sp. and Achromobacter sp.) with a municipal activated sludge. However, bulking phenomena were soon observed in the acclimatization of ordinary activated sludges, even when started from a very low concentration of ɛ-caprolactam. On the other hand, the activated sludge synthesized from ɛ-caprolactam-utilizing bacteria showed better results as regards sludge volume index (SVI), BOD removal, and transparency of treated water.
Wastewater from the Nylon 6 manufacturing plant, which contained ɛ-caprolactam, was treated by this synthesized activated sludge in a bench-scale apparatus consisting of a 4 m3 aeration basin and a 1.4 m3 sedimentation basin. The optimum BOD loading was estimated to be 0.35-0.40 kg BOD/kg MLSS/day for this wastewater. Production of excess activated sludge was 10% of the BOD loaded. In 1974, based on this preliminary experiment, a wastewater treatment facility consisting of a 2,500 m3 aeration basin and a 1,250 m3 sedimentation basin was constructed near the Uji Nylon 6 manufacturing plant (Unitika Ltd), to treat 5,000 m3 of wastewater (BOD 300-400 mg/l) per day. The treatment plant operates successfully, producing treated water with a BOD below 10 mg/l.
SITEL: A Successful Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment System
Authors: Goettems Ellen M. P. , Simon Zeno , Baldasso Mario L. , Ferreira Edson S. 
Published: May 2018

SITEL, Integrated Wastewater Treatment System of South Petrochemical Complex, has been processing liquid wastes from this industrial area since November 1982. The Complex consists of an olefins plant and some second-generation plants that produce mainly thermoplastic resins. In this paper a comprehensive appraisal is presented of the operation of SITEL during the years 1985-1986. Data on the raw effluents produced by the individual contributors are presented, together with information on removal efficiencies of all parameters monitored throughout the different units and phases of treatment. A comparison between design characteristics and actual operational data of the system is also provided.
Attention is drawn to results of bioassays and other peculiar methods of ecological and biological monitoring adopted at SITEL. This special monitoring routine shows that the tertiary treatment phase (consisting of eight waste stabilization ponds) accomplishes reduction of sublethal effects from the effluent that are not detected by conventional physico-chemical analyses. Data on priority pollutants are also presented, showing a reduction of the contents of most of these contaminants by the secondary (activated sludge) phase of treatment.
Since the final effluent is applied on land, data on quality of underground water are also presented together with data on the quality of the nearest river. These are not appreciably altered by the final effluent from SITEL, except for certain parameters associated with dissolved ions that are mobile in soil, i.e., Na, Cl−, SO4−− and TDS.
Comments on interesting cases of negative removal efficiencies are presented. Most of them can be ascribed to unique characteristics of the treatment system. Comparisons between operating costs of SITEL and data provided by other authors are also made. It is concluded that these costs are not high and can be reduced if more industries are installed in the South Petrochemical Complex and connected to SITEL. As a whole, the plant has been operating successfully with a high benefit/cost relationship.
Design, Testing and Operation of Grit Chambers with Hydraulic Roll
Authors: Gruber Y. , Farchill D. , Goldstein M. 
Published: May 2018

The Soreq biological treatment plant has been recently brought into operation, after a comprehensive start-up and testing program. The plant's preliminary treatment facilities include four grit chambers 40 m long, equipped for both grit removal and scum skimming.
The variable energy input required to control the deposition of the grit and the floating of the scum, is provided by a hydraulic jet system, using pumped recycled wastewater to generate the necessary motive power. The basic concept in designing grit chambers equipped with a hydraulic jet system, instead of a bubble aeration system, is to avoid the release of noxious odours and corrosive gases which are often associated with the conventional aerated grit chambers.
Experiments were conducted on a hydraulic model of the grit chamber to develop the necessary design criteria for the full scale jet system. During the initial start-up program of the Soreq plant, the grit chambers and the related equipment were tested with clear water, and the actual transversal velocities were measured through a range of simulated operating conditions.
This paper summarizes the hydraulic model test results, the upscaling approach used for design of the prototype system, and the on-site full-scale tests with clear water. A follow-up program under actual operating conditions is now in progress to establish the variable parameters for optimal operation of the hydraulically powered grit chambers with wastewater.
Davyhulme Sewage Treatment Works Effective Energy Utilisation
Authors: Jones A. P. , Counsell N. 
Published: May 2018

The paper offers a brief description of Davyhulme Sewage Treatment Works, which serves the City of Manchester.
The Works, the largest in North West Water area, is regionally of strategic importance. It influences Authority policy in sludge disposal and has a significant environmental impact on the Mersey Estuary.
During the period 1983/1985 a new anaerobic digestion plant was constructed at the works. In conjunction with this scheme, an energy saving project was designed to fully utilise all the gas produced and generate electricity. The plant uses spark ignition engines with the provision of waste heat utilisation, and operates in parallel with existing dual fuel engines.
The paper describes this plant and details operating experiences over the first year and a half, exploring how energy has been saved to the point where the works can be almost self sufficient in electricity production.
It is now intended to extend the scheme further, so that the works becomes a nett exporter of electricity, and the paper outlines the design of this second stage.
Total power savings of some ₤700,000 pa have already been achieved and it is hoped to increase this to over ₤1,000,000 pa on completion of the second stage.