bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guideline‐directed statin intensification in patients with new or worsening symptoms of peripheral artery disease
Authors: Khariton Yevgeniy , Patel Krishna K. , Chan Paul S. , Pokharel Yashashwi , Wang Jingyan , Spertus John A. , Safley David M. , Hiatt William R. , Smolderen Kim G. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundThe ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines recommend patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) be treated with a moderate to high‐intensity statin. The extent to which patients with new or worsening PAD symptoms are offered guideline therapy is unknown.HypothesisThere is significant variability in rate of guideline‐directed statin intensification across clinical practices.MethodsIn the PORTRAIT registry, patterns of statin therapy were assessed in 1144 patients at 16 PAD specialty clinics between June 2011 and December 2015 before and after an evaluation for new or worsening claudication symptoms. We documented whether patients were treated with a guideline statin as well as the incidence of statin intensification. Statin intensification was defined as transitioning from no statin or low‐intensity statin to moderate or high‐intensity statin treatment. Patient factors associated with intensification were examined. Site and provider‐level variation in intensification was summarized using an adjusted median odds ratio (aMOR).ResultsAmong 1144 patients, 810 (70.8%) were initially on guideline therapy compared to 334 (29.2%) that were not. In the latter, 103 (30.8%) received intensification following evaluation. Patients with typical symptoms displayed greater odds of intensification (OR 3.74; 95% CI: 1.23‐11.41) while older patients had lower odds of intensification (OR 0.60/decade; 95% CI: 0.41‐0.88). Site variability for statin intensification was observed across sites (aMOR = 3.15; 95% CI 1.22‐9.60, [P = 0.02]) but not providers (aMOR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.00‐3.90, [P = 0.14]).ConclusionsMost patients evaluated at a PAD specialty clinic for new or worsening claudication symptoms arrived on guideline statin therapy. Only 31% not receiving appropriate therapy underwent statin intensification. These findings highlight an important opportunity to optimize medical therapy for patients with PAD.
Impact of atrial fibrillation on patients hospitalized for acute myocarditis: Insights from a nationally‐representative United States cohort
Authors: Subahi Ahmed , Akintoye Emmanuel , Yassin Ahmed S. , Abubakar Hossam , Adegbala Oluwole , Mishra Tushar , Abdelrahman Mohamed , Shokr Mohamed , Afonso Luis 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased all‐cause mortality in the general population. However, the impact of AF on the in‐hospital outcomes of acute myocarditis (AM) patients is not well characterized.MethodsPatients (age ≥ 18 years) with a primary diagnosis of AM in the National Inpatient Sample from 2007 to 2014 were included, using the ICD‐9‐CM diagnostic codes. We compared the in‐hospital outcomes between the AF group and propensity score‐matched control group without AF.ResultsAF was reported in 602 (9%) of the AM patients. Compared to those without AF, AM patients with AF experienced higher in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1‐2.7, P = 0.02). AF was associated with higher risk of cardiogenic shock (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3‐2.8, P < 0.001), cardiac tamponade (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.2‐25.3, P = 0.002) and acute kidney injury (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1‐2.1, P = 0.02). Furthermore, patients with AF were more likely to have non‐routine hospital discharge (31.6% vs 38.4% P = 0.02), longer length of stay and higher cost of hospitalization.ConclusionsAF was associated with increased risk of in‐hospital mortality and complications in patients admitted to the hospital with acute myocarditis.
Organization of the catecholaminergic systems in two basal actinopterygian fishes, Polypterus senegalus and Erpetoichthys calabaricus (Actinopterygii: Cladistia)
Authors: López Jesús M. , Lozano Daniel , Morona Ruth , González Agustín 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCladistians are a group of basal nonteleost actinopterygian fishes that represent an interesting group for the study of primitive brain features, most likely present in the ancestral Osteichthyes. We have investigated the catecholaminergic (CA) systems in the brain of two representative cladistian species, the bichir Polypterus senegalus and the reedfish Erpetoichthys calabaricus, by means of antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; the first enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines) and dopamine (DA). Double immunohistofluorescence was performed for simultaneous detection of TH with nitric oxide synthase, choline acetyltransferase, calbindin, calretinin, and serotonin, aiming to accurately establish the localization of the CA neurons and to assess possible interactions between these neuroactive substances. All forebrain CA groups of cladistians are dopaminergic, whereas noradrenergic cells are located within the rhombencephalon. Distinct groups of DA immunoreactive (DA‐ir) cells were observed in the olfactory bulb, subpallium, and preoptic area of the telencephalon. Hypothalamic groups were detected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, retrotuberal and retromamillary areas and, in particular, the paraventricular organ showed immunoreactivity to dopamine but not to TH. Diencephalic DA‐ir groups were detected in the prethalamus, posterior tubercle, and pretectum. A small DA‐ir cell population was observed in the midbrain tegmentum only in Polypterus. CA cell groups were also located in the locus coeruleus, solitary tract nucleus, and area postrema within the rhombencephalon, the spinal cord, and the retina. The comparison of these results with other vertebrates, using a neuromeric analysis, shows highly conserved traits in all vertebrates studied but also evidences particular characteristics of actinopterygian fishes.
Preference and harmony of neutral colours in 50‐year apart
Authors: Nemcsics Antal , Takacs Jeno 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWithin the framework of this article the results of two experiments are compared, on the preference and harmony content of neutral colours, carried out 50‐year apart, in 1967 and 2017. The experimental conditions and sample boards, shown to the experimental subjects were identical in both occasions. Result shows that in 2017 the very light and very dark colours have been preferred over other colours, against the findings in1967. At the same time, the experimental subjects found the colour pairs, formed of colours with higher contrast, more harmonic in 2017 than 50‐year earlier in 1967.
Propagation and Purification of Ectromelia Virus
Authors: Chaudhri Geeta , Kaladimou Georgina , Pandey Pratikshya , Karupiah Gunasegaran 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEctromelia virus (ECTV) is an orthopoxvirus that causes mousepox in mice. Members of the genus orthopoxvirus are closely related and include variola (the causative agent of smallpox in humans), monkeypox, and vaccinia. Common features of variola virus and ECTV further include a restricted host range and similar disease progression in their respective hosts. Mousepox makes an excellent small animal model for smallpox to investigate pathogenesis, vaccine and antiviral agent testing, host‐virus interactions, and immune and inflammatory responses. The availability of a wide variety of inbred, congenic, and gene‐knockout mice allows detailed analyses of the host response. ECTV mutant viruses lacking one or more genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins are being used in numerous studies in conjunction with wild‐type or gene‐knockout mice to study the functions of these genes in host‐virus interactions. The methods used for propagation of ECTV in cell culture, purification, and quantification of infectious particles through viral plaque assay are described. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ni‐Catalyzed α‐Alkylation of Unactivated Amides and Esters with Alcohols by Hydrogen Auto‐Transfer Strategy
Authors: Midya Siba P. , Rana Jagannath , Pitchaimani Jayaraman , Nandakumar Avanashiappan , Madhu Vedichi , Balaraman Ekambaram 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA transition‐metal‐catalyzed borrowing hydrogen/hydrogen auto‐transfer strategy allows the utilization of feedstock alcohols as an alkylating partner, which avoids the formation of stoichiometric salt waste and enables a direct and benign approach for the construction of C‐N and C−C bonds. In this study, a nickel‐catalyzed α‐alkylation of unactivated amides and ester (tert‐butyl acetate) is carried out by using primary alcohols under mild conditions. This C−C bond‐forming reaction is catalyzed by a new, molecularly defined nickel(II) NNN‐pincer complex (0.1–1 mol %) and proceeds through hydrogen auto‐transfer, thereby releasing water as the sole byproduct. In addition, N‐alkylation of cyclic amides under Ni‐catalytic conditions is demonstrated.
Compromising Between Phase Stability and Electrical Performance: SrVO3–SrTiO3 Solid Solutions as Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Components
Authors: Macías Javier , Yaremchenko Aleksey A. , Rodríguez‐Castellón Enrique , Starykevich Maksim , Frade Jorge R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe applicability of perovskite‐type SrVO3−δ in high‐temperature electrochemical energy conversion technology is hampered by the limited stability domain of the perovskite phase. The aim of the present work was to find a compromise between the phase stability and electrical performance by designing solid solutions in the SrVO3–SrTiO3 system. Increasing titanium content in SrV1−yTiyO3−δ (y=0–0.9) perovskites is demonstrated to result in a gradual shift of the upper‐p(O2) phase stability boundary toward oxidizing conditions: from ≈10−15 bar at 900 °C for undoped SrVO3−δ to ≈10−11–10−5 bar for y=0.3–0.5. Although the improvement in the phase stability is accompanied by a decrease in electrical conductivity, the conductivities of SrV0.7Ti0.3O3−δ and SrV0.5Ti0.5O3−δ at 900 °C remain as high as 80 and 20 S cm−1, respectively, and is essentially independent of p(O2) within the phase‐stability domain. Combined XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, and electrical studies revealed very sluggish kinetics of oxidation of SrV0.5Ti0.5O3−δ ceramics under inert gas conditions and a nearly reversible behavior after exposure to an inert atmosphere at elevated temperatures. Substitution by titanium in the SrV1−yTiyO3−δ system results also in a decrease of oxygen deficiency in perovskite lattice and a favorable suppression of thermochemical expansion. Variations of oxygen nonstoichiometry and electrical properties in the SrV1−yTiyO3−δ series are discussed in combination with the simulated defect chemistry of solid solutions.
A new code‐based designated verifier signature scheme
Authors: Thanalakshmi Perumal , Anitha Ramalingam 
Published: October 2018

SummaryDesignated verifier signature (DVS) scheme allows the verifier to verify the signature of a message but prevents from transferring the conviction to any third party. This scheme is useful in circumstances where authenticity, signer ambiguity, and signer's privacy are simultaneously needed in various applications such as electronic voting, call for tenders, etc. Most of the existing DVS schemes are based on the hard problems in number theory such as integer factorization or the discrete log problem. The construction of a large‐scale quantum computer would break those schemes. So, the National Institute of Standards and Technology Internal Report recommends to develop cryptographic systems that are secure against both the quantum and the classical computers. One such promising alternative to number theoretic cryptography is code‐based cryptography. This paper analyzes the code‐based strong designated verifier schemes proposed in 2016 by Ren et al and Koochak Shooshtari et al and shows that these schemes do not have non‐transferability which is the essential feature of a DVS scheme. Further, the paper proposed a DVS scheme built on syndrome decoding, a hard problem in coding theory, and proves its security properties such as unforgeability and non‐transferability in the random oracle model.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology of phyllodes tumour and fibroadenoma: A cytomorphological study of 104 cases
Authors: Wang Xue Yu , Mahajan Hema , Dickinson Nicole , Cox Carol , Byth Karen , Bayly Angela , Cahill Michael A. , Pathmanathan Nirmala 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundThe cytomorphological features in the distinction between phyllodes tumour (PT) and fibroadenoma (FA) on fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) remains challenging because of the biphasic nature of these lesions and the rarity of PT.MethodsFNAB smears of histologically confirmed PT (N = 26) and FA (N = 78) cases were retrieved from a retrospective database interrogation from the Department of Cytology/Tissue Pathology, ICPMR Pathology West (Cerner Millennium) in Westmead Hospital. For each case, two smears were selected, de‐identified and independently reviewed by four observers comprising two cytologists and two cytopathologists. Cytological parameters examined included detailed evaluation of smear cellularity, epithelial and stromal components as well as the smear background.ResultsThe cytological features of moderate to marked stromal cellularity and stromal nuclear atypia were more evident in PT than in FA, identified by three out of four observers. The epithelial characteristics, presence of macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and blood vessels showed no statistically significant differences in the distinction between the two lesions.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that in all of the cytological features assessed for PT and FA, no single cytological feature was found to be statistically significant in identifying PT across all observers. This reflects the overlap of cytological features seen in these lesions. FNAB cytology cannot reliably distinguish FA and PT.
Effects of using lubricant during the speculum examination for Pap smear collection
Authors: Nunes Rodrigo Dias , Cascaes Maisa , Schneider Ione Jayce Ceola , Traebert Jefferson 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of using lubricant during speculum examination for Pap smear collection.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted involving 83 patients attending a medical school clinic. Participants were allocated into two groups: Group 1—Lubricant using; Group 2—No lubricant using. All patients were submitted to two successive collections and after were asked about their level of discomfort. Differences between groups regarding quality, artifacts, cytology, and level of discomfort were observed through chi‐squared test. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were also estimated. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.ResultsNo significant differences between groups regarding quality, presence of artifacts, and cytological results were observed. Significant lower discomfort level in Group 1 (lubricant using).ConclusionThe use of vaginal lubricant did not affect the results of cytology and could be a useful tool to reduce the discomfort during Pap smear collection.
Immunohistochemical analysis of OTP and NKX6.1 in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung and pancreas
Authors: Yoxtheimer Lorene M. , Heymann Jonas J. , Cohen Cynthia , Rao Rema A. , Goyal Abha , Siddiqui Momin T. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundHomeobox transcription factors have demonstrated utility in diagnosing neuroendocrine tumors. Orthopedia homeobox protein (OTP) has a well‐defined role in embryonic neurodevelopment and has also been described as a prognostic marker in lung neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Additionally, NK6 homeobox‐1 (NKX6.1) has been described to be necessary for the development of neuroendocrine cells in the pancreas. We evaluated immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of OTP and NKX6.1 to determine their utility in the diagnosis of NETs from lung and pancreas fine‐needle aspirations (FNA).MethodsOur study examined 50 FNA specimens, including 30 primary pulmonary NETs (8 carcinoid tumors (CT), 6 atypical carcinoids (AC), 11 small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (SCNEC), 5 large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC)) and 20 primary pancreatic NETs (17 well‐differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) and 3 poorly differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PanNEC)). IHC expression of OTP, NKX6.1, and Ki‐67 was evaluated on FNA cell blocks.ResultsHalf of the pulmonary TC tumors expressed OTP, while only 17% of AC and 20% of LCNEC expressed OTP. Neither SCNECs nor any pancreatic NET expressed OTP. In contrast, intermediate and high‐grade tumors expressed NKX6.1 (LCNEC‐80%, SCNEC‐82%, and AC‐83%) more often than low‐grade tumors (TC‐63%, PanNET‐71%). All three PanNECs expressed NKX6.1.ConclusionsOTP may be useful in diagnosing well‐differentiated NETs of pulmonary origin. NKX6.1 may have utility in segregating high from low‐grade NETs of both pulmonary and pancreatic origin, although other methods will be required to determine site of origin.
Determination of permeability, plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Withanolide A in rats: A neuroprotective steroidal lactone
Authors: Singh Sandeep K. , Valicherla Guru R. , Joshi Pankaj , Shahi Sudhir , Syed Anees A. , Gupta Anand P. , Hossain Zakir , Italiya Kishan , Makadia Vishal , Singh Shio K. , Wahajuddin Mohammad , Gayen Jiaur R. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Preclinical Research & Development

Withanolide A (WA), a steroidal lactone is a major bioactive constituent of Withania somnifera (L.) with remarkable neuropharmacological activity. In this study, we investigated the permeability, plasma protein binding (PPB), blood partitioning, intravenous (i.v.), and oral pharmacokinetics as well as i.v. tissue distribution (TD) of pure WA in a rat model. The PPB, RBCs partitioning, and permeability of WA were determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) method. However, the pharmacokinetics and TD of WA were evaluated by validated and sensitive liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS) method. The PPB and permeability of WA were determined by equilibrium dialysis and parallel artificial membrane permeability assay method, respectively. The results demonstrated that WA has high PPB and passive permeability. Furthermore, WA was found to have fast equilibration between RBCs and plasma. Following i.v. (2 mg/kg) and per‐oral (25 mg/kg) administration of WA, the max concentration (Cmax) in plasma was found as 85.53 ± 6.54 and 48.04 ±5.78 ng/mL, respectively. The TD study results indicated that WA has a rapid and wide TD. The maximum concentration in various tissues was found in following order: Clung > Cliver > Ckidney ≈ Cspleen > Cheart > Cbrain. The preclinical in vitro, as well as pharmacokinetics and TD results, are anticipated to support the future preclinical and clinical application of WA.
High‐throughput doping control analysis of 28 amphetamine‐type stimulants in equine plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: You Youwen , Guan Fuyu , D'Ippolito Robert , Li Xiaoqing , Soma Lawrence R. , Robinson Mary A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method (HILIC–MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 28 amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATSs) in equine plasma for doping control analysis. In this method, stimulants were recovered from equine plasma by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) at pH 9.5 using methyl tert‐butyl ether and detected on a Thermo Finnigan triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in positive‐ion mode electrospray ionization. All stimulants were eluted within 7 minutes and baseline separation was achieved for isomeric and isobaric compounds using HILIC chromatography. Extraction efficiency was greater than 80% and matrix effect was acceptable for most stimulants. The limit of detection (LOD) was in the range of 10–50 pg/mL and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was in the range of 50–100 pg/mL. Quadratic regression was employed for quantification and the dynamic range of quantification was 50–10000 pg/mL. Confirmatory analysis criteria were established using product ion ratios and retention time. The limit of confirmation (LOC) was in the range of 20–100 pg/mL. Stability study results indicated that some stimulants were unstable in equine plasma at room temperature and 4°C. However, all the stimulants studied were stable at −20°C and − 80°C for the 6 month study period.
Ecological change alters the evolutionary response to harvest in a freshwater fish
Authors: Gobin Jenilee , Lester Nigel P. , Fox Michael G. , Dunlop Erin S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHarvesting can induce rapid evolution in animal populations, yet the role of ecological change in buffering or enhancing that response is poorly understood. Here, we developed an eco‐genetic model to examine how ecological changes brought about by two notorious invasive species, zebra and quagga mussels, influence harvest‐induced evolution and resilience in a freshwater fish. Our study focused on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, where the species supports valuable commercial and subsistence fisheries, and where the invasion of dreissenid (zebra and quagga) mussels caused drastic shifts in ecosystem productivity. Using our model system, we predicted faster rates of evolution of maturation reaction norms in lake whitefish under pre‐invasion ecosystem conditions when growth and recruitment of young to the population were high. Slower growth rates that occurred under post‐invasion conditions delayed when fish became vulnerable to the fishery, thus decreasing selection pressure and lessening the evolutionary response to harvest. Fishing with gill nets and traps nets generally selected for early maturation at small sizes, except when fishing at low levels with small mesh gill nets under pre‐invasion conditions; in this latter case, evolution of delayed maturation was predicted. Overall, the invasion of dreissenid mussels lessened the evolutionary response to harvest, while also reducing the productivity and commercial yield potential of the stock. These results demonstrate how ecological conditions shape evolutionary outcomes and how invasive species can have a direct effect on evolutionary responses to harvest and sustainability.