bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Historical Factors that Block the Quest for Educational Equity in Canadian Schools
Authors: Sensoy Özlem 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Remedying school inequities in Canada requires actively confronting the challenges connected to Canada's national identity and history. These challenges uphold historically rooted, ongoing inequities that are tied together by three themes: the legacy of colonialism and the displacement and resource acquisition that provided (and continues to provide) wealth for the ruling elite; enslaved and under/unpaid racialized/ migrant labor that built and continues to uphold the infrastructure of the nationstate; and the discourses of Canadian identity centered on the perceived “nice and polite” Canadian and the peaceful multicultural mosaic of its vast land. Any effort to fully understand and address educational projects for change in Canada must engage with these three themes central to Canada's identity.
Whole-brain responses to visual and auditory stimuli in anesthetized and minimally restrained awake mice using quiet zero echo time fMRI
Authors: Dvořáková Lenka , Stenroos Petteri , Salo Raimo A. , Paasonen Ekaterina , Tanila Heikki , Michaeli Shalom , Mangia Silvia , Zehnder Tamara , Mueggler Thomas , Künnecke Basil , Paasonen Jaakko , Gröhn Olli 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) is a flexible tool for sensory perception studies in animal models. However, animal fMRI studies are generally performed under anesthesia. Unfortunately, anesthesia affects brain function and sensory processing, complicating the interpretation of the findings. Since there is a growing need for fMRI protocols applicable for awake animals, we optimized a zero echo time Multi-Band Sweep Imaging with a Fourier Transformation (MB-SWIFT) fMRI approach for imaging awake mice. We implemented a 14-day habituation protocol that resulted in merely moderate motion of the mice while being head-fixed with the animals’ body and limbs being free to move. The sensory responsiveness between different states of consciousness was compared by imaging mice with visual and auditory stimulation schemes in the awake state and under ketamine–xylazine anesthesia. In awake mice, we observed a robust whole-brain activation of the ascending auditory and visual pathways, as well as higher sensory processing areas. Under ketamine–xylazine anesthesia, auditory responses were suppressed, and the temporal shapes of fMRI responses were different from those obtained in awake mice. Our results suggest that the quiet and motion-tolerant zero echo time MB-SWIFT approach allows complex behavioral fMRI designs in the awake state that promise to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of perception.
Action observation reveals a network with divergent temporal and parietal cortex engagement in dogs compared with humans
Authors: Boch Magdalena , Karl Sabrina , Wagner Isabella C. , Lengersdorff Lukas L. , Huber Ludwig , Lamm Claus 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Action observation is a fundamental pillar of social cognition. Neuroimaging research has revealed a human and non-human primate action observation network (AON) encompassing frontotemporoparietal areas with links to the species’ imitation tendencies and relative lobe expansion. Dogs (Canis familiaris) have good action perception and imitation skills and a less expanded parietal than temporal cortex, but their AON remains unexplored. We conducted a functional MRI study with 28 dogs and 40 humans and found functionally analogous involvement of somatosensory and temporal brain areas of both species’ AONs and responses to transitive and intransitive action observation in line with their imitative skills. Employing a functional localizer, we also identified functionally analogous agent-responsive areas within both species’ AONs. However, activation and task-based functional connectivity measures suggested significantly less parietal cortex involvement in dogs than in humans. These findings advance our understanding of the neural bases of action understanding and the convergent evolution of social cognition, with analogies and differences resulting from similar social environments and divergent brain expansion, respectively.
Variability of multidimensional diffusion–relaxation MRI estimates in the human brain
Authors: Manninen Eppu , Bao Shunxing , Landman Bennett A. , Yang Yihong , Topgaard Daniel , Benjamini Dan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Diffusion–relaxation correlation multidimensional MRI (MD-MRI) replaces voxel-averaged diffusion tensor quantities and R1 and R2 relaxation rates with their multidimensional distributions, enabling the selective extraction and mapping of specific diffusion–relaxation spectral ranges that correspond to different cellular features. This approach has the potential of achieving high sensitivity and specificity in detecting subtle changes that would otherwise be averaged out. Here, the whole brain characterization of MD-MRI distributions and derived parameters is presented and the intrascanner test–retest reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility are evaluated to promote the further development of these quantities as neuroimaging biomarkers. We compared white matter tracts and cortical and subcortical gray matter regions, revealing notable variations in their diffusion–relaxation profiles, indicative of unique microscopic morphological characteristics. We found that the reliability and repeatability of MD-MRI-derived diffusion and relaxation mean parameters were comparable with values expected in conventional diffusion tensor imaging and relaxometry studies. Importantly, the estimated signal fractions of intravoxel spectral components in the MD-MRI distribution, corresponding to white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid, were found to be reproducible. This underscores the viability of employing a spectral analysis approach to MD-MRI data. Our results show that a clinically feasible MD-MRI protocol can reliably deliver information of the rich structural and chemical variety that exists within each imaging voxel, creating potential for new MRI biomarkers with enhanced sensitivity and specificity.
Multimodal MRI accurately identifies amyloid status in unbalanced cohorts in Alzheimer’s disease continuum
Authors: Dolci Giorgio , Ellis Charles A. , Cruciani Federica , Brusini Lorenza , Abrol Anees , Galazzo Ilaria Boscolo , Menegaz Gloria , Calhoun Vince D. ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in conjunction with hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in the form of neurofibrillary tangles are the two neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. It is well-known that the identification of individuals with Aβ positivity could enable early diagnosis. In this work, we aim at capturing the Aβ positivity status in an unbalanced cohort enclosing subjects at different disease stages, exploiting the underlying structural and connectivity disease-induced modulations as revealed by structural, functional, and diffusion MRI. Of note, due to the unbalanced cohort, the outcomes may be guided by those factors rather than amyloid accumulation. The partial views provided by each modality are integrated in the model, allowing to take full advantage of their complementarity in encoding the effects of the Aβ accumulation, leading to an accuracy of 0.762 ± 0.04. The specificity of the information brought by each modality is assessed by post hoc explainability analysis (guided backpropagation), highlighting the underlying structural and functional changes. Noteworthy, well-established biomarker key regions related to Aβ deposition could be identified by all modalities, including the hippocampus, thalamus, precuneus, and cingulate gyrus, witnessing in favor of the reliability of the method as well as its potential in shedding light on modality-specific possibly unknown Aβ deposition signatures.
First observations of water provisioning to wild altricial nestlings: pied crow (Corvus albus) parents resolve a sticky situation in The Gambia
Authors: Lahti David C. , Barlow Clive R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Nestlings of altricial birds are not typically provisioned water. For the first time in a wild altricial bird we provide annotated video documentation of adult pied crows (Corvus albus) gathering water with their bills and provisioning it to their nestlings in a similar manner as food is delivered. The circumstances of this provisioning suggest that the function is to dislodge anthropogenic food (mainly boiled rice, which has a sticky consistency) from the parent’s bill, flush it into the mouth of the nestling, and facilitate swallowing. The means by which the adults gather the water without swallowing and transport it is also unusual. Water provisioning by pied crows is a previously undescribed example of corvid ingenuity, likely in an effort to handle novel food in a human-altered environment.
Labour Migrations
Authors: Eze Okonkwo C. , Nwamuo Bright E. , Eke Jude Uwakwe , Echara Echara Ambrose , Ngwu Elias C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study examined how labour migrations, which provide a veritable platform for nation-building, has been thwarted in Nigeria by the political elite through the politics of indigene-settler phenomenon. Though extant studies had examined the indigene-settler syndrome, the prospects of labour migration for nation-building in the country, which this entails, has been understudied. This paper, therefore, provides an insightful investigation into how the intricate web of politics of inclusion, exclusion, and deprivations between the indigenes and labour migrants or settlers in various states has tended to thwart nation-building efforts in the country. The study argues that the indigene-settler phenomenon undermines the facilitative capacity of labour migration for the actualization of the nation’s productive potentials and the construction of a common nationhood. It found that the indigene-settler syndrome is an elite construct to advance and protect their economic and political interests within the polity. It further contends that the elite’s coincidence of interests over scarce resources leads to inter-elite competition in which the indigeneity card is deployed as a potent politico-economic tool to gain advantage over contending elites. The study advocates for inclusive politics as the route to true nationhood devoid of mistrust, fears of marginalization and acrimonious competition for power.
A Resumption of Canonization after Centuries-Long Hiatus
Authors: Khachatryan Shushan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
On April 23, 2015, a long-expected canonization ceremony was held at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin in Armenia. This ceremony marked the collective canonization of the martyrs of the Armenian Genocide on the open-air altar of St. Trdat III the Great. A specially revived formula was used, not mentioning any number of martyrs. The ceremony included the Lord’s Prayer, a procession, scriptural readings, and testimonies of martyrdom. April 24 was set as the Commemoration Day.
The article traces the 100-year journey from 1915 to 2015, exploring the relationship between historical memory, theological reflection, and martyrdom in Armenian consciousness. The revived model revisits the framework of how canonizations could have taken place with a dynamic connection between ecclesiastical authority and community in the holistic Christian model. The martyrs of the Armenian Genocide are one specific cluster of neo-martyrdom in Christian theology, and the present research stresses this aspect as well.
Retracing the History of Women Thinkers in Colonial Bengal: A Critical Study of Bamasundari Devi and Her Works in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Chakraborty Sanchayita Paul 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
When women thinkers present their critical worldview, how do they conceive their social and cultural spaces? What alternative ideas came up when women writers began to question gender relations and social discrimination? Can critical thinking by women intellectuals from marginalised locations offer us a different understanding of intellectual and cultural history? This article attempts to reread the forgotten pages of the intellectual history of women thinkers in the nineteenth century in colonial Bengal through a critical study of the essays of Bamasundari Devi. In the late nineteenth century, Bamasundari reclaimed the intellectual space which was conventionally denied to women. Through her argumentative prose, she proposes non-discriminatory social practices and challenges the dominant norms of Hindu brahminic patriarchy. This article will explore the contribution of Bamasundari Devi and her works in order to retrace the intellectual tradition of women thinkers in colonial Bengal.
Stochastic Remembering and Distributed Mnemonic Agency
Authors: Smit Rik , Smits Thomas , Merrill Samuel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of stochastic remembering and uses two prompt engineering techniques to critically examine the text generated by ai chatbots. These techniques – step-by-step prompting and chain of thought reasoning – are then experimentally applied to understand how ChatGPT, the most commonly used ai chatbot, shapes how we remember historical activists. This experiment suggests that hegemonic forms of memory influence the data on which these chatbots are trained and underlines how stochastic patterns affect how humans and ai systems collectively remember the past. Humans and ai systems prompt each other to remember. In conclusion, the paper argues that ai chatbots are a new kind of mnemonic actor that, in interaction with users, renders a probabilistic past. Methodologically, the paper introduces, in an explorative way, an experimental method that can reveal the dynamics of stochastic remembering.
Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2022
Authors: Muller Joanne , Mooney Kaylee , Bowen Steven G. , Klotzbach Philip J. , Martin Tynisha , Philp Tom J. , Dhruvkumar Bhatt , Dixon Richard S. , Girimurugan Senthil B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Since 1900, landfalling hurricanes have been the costliest of all weather-related disasters to afflict the contiguous United States. To provide a present-day (2022) reevaluation of this risk, this study employs an improved normalization approach to better understand potential economic event losses in the context of contemporary societal conditions. The updated methodology identifies impacted coastal counties using the newly available radius of maximum winds at landfall. Hurricane Katrina is the most expensive hurricane since 1900, with a likely 2022 normalized cost of $234 billion. Combined losses from the 50 most expensive hurricane events are ∼ $2.9 trillion in normalized economic losses. The study also explores some “analog storms” where comparisons can be made between two historic storms with similar landfall locations. For example, category 5 Andrew (1992) has lower 2022 normalized losses than category 4 Great Miami (1926), at $125 billion versus $178 billion, most likely due to the significantly different radius of maximum wind size (10 vs 20 n mi; 1 n mi = 1.852 km). As with previous studies, we conclude that increases in inflation, coastal population, regional wealth, and higher replacement costs remain the primary drivers of observed increases in hurricane-related damage. These upsurges are especially impactful for some coastal regions along the U.S. Gulf and Southeast Coasts that have seen exceptionally high rates of population/housing growth in comparison to countrywide growth. Exposure growth trends are likely to continue in the future and, independent of any influence of climate change on tropical cyclone behavior, are expected to result in greater hurricane-related damage costs than have been previously observed.
Fragmentation in Collisions of Snow with Graupel/Hail: New Formulation from Field Observations
Authors: Gautam Martanda , Waman Deepak , Patade Sachin , Deshmukh Akash , Phillips Vaughan , Jackowicz-Korczynski Marcin , Paul Freddy Pazhambilly , Smith Paul , Bansemer Aaron 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Secondary ice production (SIP) has been attributed to the generation of most ice particles observed in precipitating clouds with cloud tops warmer than −36°C, from various aircraft- and ground-based field observations across the globe. One of the known SIP mechanisms is fragmentation during collisions among ice particles. It has been studied with our theoretical formulation, which has been applied in microphysical schemes of atmospheric models in a few studies. These have predicted an extensive impact on cloud glaciation and radiative properties. However, there has been a lack of experimental field studies, especially involving naturally falling snowflakes, to better understand this particular mechanism of SIP. This study reports the first field measurements with modern technology for fragmentation during collisions between naturally falling snowflakes and graupel/hail particles. This was observed with an innovatively designed portable chamber that was deployed outdoors in northern Sweden. Applying the observations from this field-based study, we optimized the existing formulation for predicting numbers of fragments from collisions of snow with graupel/hail. The observations show the average numbers of fragments per collision for dendritic (3–12 mm) and nondendritic (1–3 mm) snow were about 12 and 1, respectively. This represents a boost of predicted fragment numbers relative to our original formulation published in 2017. The updated formulation for breakup in ice–ice collisions can be implemented in the microphysical schemes of atmospheric models.
Gravity Wave–Induced Instability of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex Edge
Authors: Coy Lawrence , Newman Paul A. , Putman William M. , Pawson Steven , Alexander M. Joan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We report on a previously undocumented process capable of mixing the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter Ertel potential vorticity (EPV)—instabilities introduced along the stratospheric polar vortex edge by breaking gravity waves (GWs). As horizontal resolution has increased, global-scale atmospheric models and data assimilation systems (DASs) are now able to capture some aspects of GW generation, propagation, and dissipation, as well as mesoscale EPV disturbances. This work examines resolved GWs, their breaking, and their interaction with the stratospheric polar vortex as seen in the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office DAS during the 2021–22 NH winter. This analysis shows that tropospheric-generated GWs, breaking in the stratosphere over a substantial area, created a significant disruption of the polar vortex EPV, in turn triggering baroclinic instabilities near the edge of the polar vortex. The instabilities take the form of mesoscale vortices propagating on the edge of the stratospheric polar vortex. This work reveals two new features in the EPV analysis: high and low fluctuations at the smallest model scale created by resolved GW breaking and high values associated with mesoscale vortices along the edge of the polar vortex.

Significance Statement
The Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter stratospheric polar vortex is typically disturbed by global-scale waves that displace, distort, and weaken the vortex; however, as the resolution of global models has increased, the role played by smaller-scale waves in disturbing the stratospheric vortex can now be evaluated. As one example, the NH winter of 2022 had unusually weak global-scale waves along with strong smaller-scale waves generated by flow over mountains, providing an ideal case for evaluating the effects brought about by the smaller-scale waves. Our examination of the 2022 NH winter reveals that the waves generated by flow over mountains, located under the stratospheric vortex, propagated up to the middle stratosphere where they broke down, interfering significantly with the vortex flow. This distortion of the vortex flow created an unstable region that led to the formation of “mesoscale vortices,” relatively small eddies on the edge of the polar vortex, that then propagated coherently around the stratospheric vortex. The importance of these small-scale wave-generated, mesoscale vortices may lie in their potential to mix trace gases across the stratospheric vortex boundary.
Interannual Variability of the South Equatorial Current in the Southeast Indian Ocean Associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Authors: Mao Xingpeng , Zheng Shaojun , Feng Ming , Liang Peng , Xie Lingling , Yang Lina , Yan Li 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Interannual variability of the South Equatorial Current (SEC) in the southeast Indian Ocean is investigated using Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data (AVISO) and Global Ocean Reanalysis and Simulations (GLORYS) data from January 1993 to December 2022 and a 1.5-layer reduced-gravity model. Interannual variability of the SEC averaged over the upper 200 m in the southeast Indian Ocean is influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The SEC has a significant positive correlation with the Niño-3.4 index and lags the Niño-3.4 index by 12–15 months, with the SEC weakening significantly during the decaying years of El Niño events and vice versa for La Niña events. Mechanistic studies suggest that during the developing years of El Niño events, the northward sea level anomaly (SLA) pressure gradient between the negative SLA off Sumatra–Java coast and the positive SLA of SEC region (90°–115°E, 9°–13°S) strengthens the SEC under geostrophic equilibrium. During the decaying years of El Niño events, the negative SLA in the tropical western Pacific Ocean propagates through the Maritime Continent to the SEC region. The SLA pressure gradient between the Sumatra–Java coast and the SEC region reverses to southward. This induces an eastward geostrophic current anomaly under geostrophic equilibrium, significantly weakening the SEC. The converse holds for La Niña events. Local wind in the southeast Indian Ocean has a suppressive effect on the SLA propagated to this area. The results of the 1.5-layer reduced-gravity model verify these phenomena, and the westward-propagating SLA from the Maritime Continent induced by the Pacific wind plays a dominant role in the SLA variation in the SEC region from model experiment. This study can improve the understanding of the effects of ENSO processes on ocean circulation in the southeast Indian Ocean.
Sea Level Variations in Shelf Waters off the Coast of British Columbia: From Subsynoptic to Interannual Time Scales
Authors: Lu Youyu , Zhai Li , Hu Xianmin , Horwitz Rachel , Paquin Jean-Philippe , Hannah Charles , Crawford William 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Sea level variations beyond monthly time scales in the northeast Pacific are analyzed using simulation results of a high-resolution regional model, tide gauge and altimeter observations, and surface winds. Along a zonal section extending westward from the Tofino tide gauge on Vancouver Island, sea level variations are mostly accounted for by steric height. On the shelf, the sea level variations are dominated by salinity in the lower half of the water column, with the seasonal maxima occurring in winter caused by the wind-driven downwelling. In the deep ocean, the variations are dominated by temperature in the upper layer up to 50–60-m depth, with a maximum in the summer. In between, the sea levels show a minimum seasonal amplitude over the continental slope because this is the inflection point between the out-of-the-phase variations on the shelf and in the deep ocean. The deseasonalized anomalies of the halosteric and thermosteric heights at Tofino are coherent at time scales of less than 20 months. At time scales less than 5 months, both are correlated with winds over a midlatitude zone extending from the coast to offshore, and at time scale of 5–20 months, both are correlated with the winds in the same midlatitude band and with winds in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.