bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jazz Vocal
Authors: Gale Catherine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Vocal techniques in classical and jazz have much in common; however, even experienced vocalists need to learn the aspects of jazz singing that make it unique. This chapter aims to dispel the myth that jazz singing is completely different from classical singing while pointing out the subtle differences between them. Similarly, aspiring jazz singers need to study all the things that instrumental jazz musicians do and then incorporate words. Topics covered in this chapter include (a) teaching the differences in timbre and vibrato that create the unique jazz vocal sound; (b) centering jazz vocal intonation; (c) avoiding some of the most common pitfalls of jazz diction; and (d) a progressive discussion of types of vocal improvisation, from strategic variation in rhythms and melodies to scat singing. The chapter concludes with a list of important classic jazz standards that have lyrics, including suggestions for teaching those standards according to age and experience.
Jazz Trombone
Authors: Buckholz Christopher 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Regardless of the genre, there are numerous shared aspects of trombone playing: beautiful, stylistic sound quality; technical solidity; accurate, flexible intonation; and the ability to demonstrate sound musical judgment. Listening and imitation are especially crucial for young trombonists because the trombone is a technically difficult instrument to master, and that cannot be done without good models. The embouchure is relatively easy to form and develop, but the slide takes far more work to play in tune and without glissando. More than any other wind instrument, the trombone requires a player with an excellent ear. This chapter deals with the parts of the big band trombone section and its functions as a unit, followed by a discussion of trombone technical challenges in jazz (particularly with articulation), equipment, and important recordings.
Postbop Jazz in the 1960s
Authors: Waters Keith 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Innovations in postbop jazz compositions of the 1960s occurred in several dimensions, including harmony, form, and melody. Postbop jazz composers such as Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, along with others (Booker Little, Joe Henderson, Woody Shaw) broke with earlier tonal jazz traditions. Their compositions marked a departure from the techniques of jazz standards and original compositions that defined small-group repertory through the 1950s: single-key orientation, schematic 32-bar frameworks (in AABA or ABAC forms), and tonal harmonic progressions. The book develops analytical pathways through a number of compositions, including “El Gaucho,” “Penelope,” “Pinocchio,” “Face of the Deep” (Shorter); “King Cobra,” “Dolphin Dance,” “Jessica” (Hancock); “Windows,” “Inner Space,” “Song of the Wind” (Corea); as well as “We Speak” (Little); “Punjab” (Henderson); and “Beyond All Limits” (Shaw). These case studies offer ways to understand the works’ harmonic syntax, melodic and formal designs, and general principles of harmonic substitution. By locating points of contact among these postbop techniques—and by describing their evolution from previous tonal jazz practices—the book illustrates the syntactic changes that emerged during the 1960s.
Passion for Work
Authors: Vallerand Robert J. , Houlfort Nathalie , Bourdeau Sarah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the prevalent model of passion, namely the dualistic model of passion. This model defines passion as a strong inclination toward an activity that people love, value, engage in on a regular basis and is part of identity. Further, the dualistic model of passion posits the existence of two distinct types of passion leading to opposite outcomes. One is harmonious passion, resulting from an autonomous internalization and where people feel in control of their passion. The second is obsessive passion which results from a controlled internalization and is associated with the experience of a loss of control with regards to the beloved activity. Although being passionate about work at face value should have important and positive outcomes, the dualistic model of passion posits that this should mainly take place for harmonious passion. Research reviewed in this chapter provides support for this assumption. In addition, research is also reviewed on the determinants of passion. The research methods and measures used in the area are also presented. Finally, implications for future research and some applications are also formulated.
Lay Theories of How Passion for Work Is Achieved
Authors: Chen Patricia , Ellsworth Phoebe C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce a lay theory approach to study how work passion is attained, as a complement to the scientific theory–driven approach. We provide insight into the lay person’s everyday experience of passion for work, and their beliefs about how passion is achieved, to enhance understanding about what gives rise to passionate workers.
Locke on Knowledge and Reality
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This book is essentially a commentary on John Locke’s masterwork, his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which is the foundational work of classical Empiricism. It aims to be accessible to students who are reading Locke for the first time, to be a useful research tool for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, and to make a contribution to Locke scholarship. It is designed to be read alongside the Essay, but does not presuppose familiarity with it. It expounds and critically discusses the main theses and arguments of each of the Essay’s four books, on the innatism that Locke opposes, the origin and classification of ideas, language and meaning, and knowledge, respectively. It analyzes Locke’s influential explorations of related topics, including primary and secondary qualities, substance, identity, personal identity, free will, nominal and real essence, and external-world skepticism, among others. It is written in an analytical style that strives for clarity and that offers step-by-step reconstructions of Locke’s arguments. It references and engages with relevant work of other major philosophers and Locke commentators, including, among others, Descartes, Leibniz, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Thomas Reid, John Yolton, James Gibson, R. M. Chisholm, Michael Ayers, John Perry, John Mackie, Roger Woolhouse, Saul Kripke, Jonathan Bennett, E. J. Lowe, Vere Chappell, Samuel Rickless, Galen Strawson, Gideon Yaffe, and Matthew Stuart.
Freedom and the determination of the will
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Locke’s complex account of human motivation, volition, and freedom. It explains Locke’s Hobbesian definition of freedom as the ability to do or to refrain from doing as one wills, and his arguments for holding that the will itself cannot sensibly be called “free.” It argues that although Locke’s refusal to call the will free and his talk of “determining the will” have led readers to see him as a “soft determinist,” he should not be seen as a determinist (whether “hard” or “soft”) because there is no good reason to think he holds volitions to be causally necessitated. It discusses his view that our volitions and the actions they produce stem from our desire for happiness, the obstacle to which is any “uneasiness,” which intelligent beings, provided they temporarily suspend their wills, can see may need to be endured now in order to avoid worse uneasiness later. It argues that although Locke does not directly address the problem of freedom and determinism in its contemporary form, he is best interpreted as a libertarian.
Introduction
Authors: Yates David C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction situates the thesis within current scholarship and explores its broader implications, particularly with regard to Herodotus, panhellenism, and the influence of Philip and Alexander the Great on the later Persian-War tradition. Yates also provides a brief introduction to memory theory through a review of five key concepts: the definition of collective memory, the relationship between power and memory, the nature of memorial communities, memory as narrative, and the transmission of memory over time. This review is not exhaustive, however, and is intended merely as a primer for concepts that appear throughout the book. The Introduction then turns to a discussion of the methodological challenges of applying memory theory to the ancient world and ends with an outline of the chapters.
Time and Space
Authors: Yates David C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the extent of the differences that emerged between various state memories of the Persian War, focusing here on the basic framing questions of when the war occurred and where. Despite drawing on the same chronicle of events, the Greeks developed various answers. Yates begins by examining four extended narratives that address these questions of periodization and spatialization directly: Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato’s Menexenus, and Diodorus Siculus. He then reviews the speeches in Herodotus and Thucydides and ends with a detailed survey of the evidence from Athens. These various chronological and spatial frames for the Persian War do not fit a clear evolutionary model. Rather, they seem to have been roughly contemporary reactions to the war. Individual commemorations would, therefore, have been dedicated with a local master narrative of the war in mind, but quite likely judged by others against a different set of assumptions.
Research Methods
Authors: He Jia , van de Vijver Fons J. R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The authors present an overview of methodological issues in comparative studies, which have their intellectual roots in experimental psychology. This is followed by an introduction of the key concepts of bias (unintended sources of score differences, such as differential social desirability) and equivalence (implications of bias for the comparability of scores across cultures). Crucial to the chapter, a taxonomy of bias (constructs, methods, and items as sources of bias) and equivalence (construct/configural, metric, and scalar equivalence) is described. The most frequently employed statistical procedures to address bias and equivalence are presented. In the past few decades, the focus in the preparation of instruments for cross-cultural studies has shifted from translations (with an emphasis on linguistic considerations) to adaptations (which set out to integrate linguistic and psychological considerations). Types of adaptations are described. Finally, possible future developments are presented, such as the integration of emic and etic procedures.
Culture, Context, and Development
Authors: Gardiner Harry W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cross-cultural psychology and human development are currently experiencing an exciting period of growth. Segall, Lonner, and Berry have noted that when all psychology finally takes into account the effects of culture on human behavior (and vice versa), terms like cross-cultural and cultural psychology will become unnecessary. At that point, all psychology will be truly cultural. In this chapter, the author defines cross-cultural human development; theoretical perspectives and models; emerging themes, such as contextual influences; applications to social issues; and future directions. As the author has earlier stated, tremendous challenges and opportunities lie ahead and speculating about the future path of cross-cultural psychology is difficult.
Gender and Culture
Authors: Best Deborah L. , Puzio Angelica R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Culture and gender are closely intertwined with biological factors creating predispositions for sex and gender development. However, sociocultural factors are critical determinants leading to gender differences in roles and behaviors that may be modest but culturally important. Culture has profound effects on gender-related behavior, values, identity, roles, and how these are regarded in various social contexts. Culture governs the socialization of children, the tasks children are taught, the roles adult men and women adopt, and the expectations that govern women’s and men’s attitudes and behaviors. Culture provides the context in which gender roles, identity, and stereotypes unfold as well as parameters regarding sexual behavior. Culture affects variation in gender-related behaviors between individuals within a cultural group as well as variation between cultures. Culture can maximize, minimize, or even eliminate gender differences in social behaviors and cognitions. Indeed, it is impossible to separate gender and culture.
Culture and Moral Development
Authors: Miller Joan G. , Wice Matthew , Goyal Namrata 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical overview of theory and research on culture and morality. The authors address both classic and contemporary models of morality, with consideration given to empirical findings that support the claims of these models as well as to how the claims of the models are supported or challenged by cultural approaches. The authors examine models of justice morality, including the classic cognitive developmental framework of Kohlberg and the contemporary distinct domain perspective of Turiel, work on moralities of caring, and moral ethics frameworks that dominate current work on morality in social psychology. They identify valuable directions for future research, including studies of culture and morality that go beyond taxonomic approaches to moral content and that examine such concerns as intergroup relations and prejudice, power dynamics in school and family relations, and cultural influences on the course, outcomes, and processes of moral socialization.
Interpreting Unfamiliar Languages
Authors: Palmer Lindsay 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the labor of interpreting unfamiliar languages. Fixers place great emphasis on their role as translators, but they echo much of the recent scholarship on translation by indicating that the task of translating and interpreting is not a passive process. The very act of standing at the crossroads between two (or more) languages places news fixers in the role of cultural mediator, demanding that they live simultaneously within more than one linguistic expression of culture. Though some news fixers certainly conceptualize translation and interpreting as the process of building a bridge, they also suggest that the act of translation is fraught with moments of disconnection and miscommunication. Sometimes, the fixer might choose to translate a journalist’s question rather differently than the journalist intended, for instance, in order to assuage the anxiety of a source or an authority figure. Sometimes the fixer might leave some of the source’s response out of the translation, or paraphrase instead of translating word for word. Throughout the entire process of interpreting unfamiliar languages, the news fixer makes active decisions about what to say and how to say it. These decisions are typically guided by the fixer’s own understanding of both the source’s cultural identification, and the journalist’s. From news fixers’ perspectives, interpreting is much more than translating words—it is also a process of actively and creatively interpreting “culture,” however complex culture may be.
Conclusion
Authors: Palmer Lindsay 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The conclusion to this book examines the labor of relinquishing the story. Despite their active role in conceptualizing the story at its beginning and assisting with the construction of the story at every turn, fixers say that they are denied ownership of the final product in any significant sense. Sometimes, the journalist or news organization will invoke the very fact that the fixer is getting paid in order to justify the separation of the fixer from the final product of his or her labor. Some of my interviewees suggest that this especially seems to happen when a fixer takes issue with the journalist’s interpretation of what is “true” or what is most newsworthy. Once the story is finished, news fixers rarely receive substantial credit for their role in reporting the story. Some of my interviewees say that this does not bother them, while others assert that the inability to get a byline hurts their chances for upward mobility in the international reporting industries. Still, very few news fixers appear to feel comfortable with actively contesting this problem. Thus, the conclusion of this book argues that the labor of relinquishing the story is also the moment in which the fixer—sometimes willingly and sometimes unwillingly—acquiesces to his or her own erasure from the practice of international news reporting.
Class, Control, and Classical Music
Authors: Bull Anna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThrough an ethnographic study of young people playing and singing in classical music ensembles in the south of England, this book analyses why classical music in England is predominantly practiced by white middle-class people. It describes four ‘articulations’ or associations between the middle classes and classical music. Firstly, its repertoire requires formal modes of social organization that can be contrasted with the anti-pretentious, informal, dialogic modes of participation found in many forms of working-class culture. Secondly, its modes of embodiment reproduce classed values such as female respectability. Thirdly, an imaginative dimension of bourgeois selfhood can be read from classical music’s practices. Finally, its aesthetic of detail, precision, and ‘getting it right’ requires a long-term investment that is more possible, and makes more sense, for middle- and upper-class families. Through these arguments, the book reframes existing debates on gender and classical music participation in light of the classed gender identities that the study revealed. Overall, the book suggests that inequalities in cultural production can be understood through examining the practices that are used to create a particular aesthetic. It argues that the ideology of the ‘autonomy’ of classical music from social concerns needs to be examined in historical context as part of the classed legacy of classical music’s past. It describes how the aesthetic of classical music is a mechanism through which the middle classes carry out boundary-drawing around their protected spaces, and within these spaces, young people’s participation in classical music education cultivates a socially valued form of self-hood.
‘Everyone Here Is Going to Have Bright Futures’
Authors: Bull Anna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the contrasting ideas of musical standards of ability revealed by this study to explore how classical music is used to draw boundaries around social groups. Using close ethnographic description, it shows how musical ability is produced and recognized in and between musicians. This reveals a tension between the accepted idea among classical musicians that somebody’s musical standard varies according to who they play or sing with, and a firm belief in hierarchies of ability, which could reinforce social hierarchies such as gender. The chapter goes on to describe how musical standard was part of the rationale behind an exodus from a state-run music education programme by two of the groups in this study, following a wider trend of middle-class ‘exit’ from public services. Finally, it outlines a typology of three groups that shows how class and gender were highly formative in determining these young people’s pathways.
Heaven, Ghosts and Spirits, and Ritual
Authors: Tillman Hoyt Cleveland 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter concerns Zhu Xi’s views of Heaven, ghosts, spirits, and rituals. He tended to identify Heaven with pattern-principle, thereby contributing to its gradual transformation into a more secular philosophical concept. But Zhu’s conception of Heaven was more complex and nuanced; although Heaven was not a person, it possessed consciousness that was faithful to pattern-principles. Similarly, many of Zhu’s claims about ghosts and spirits reduce both to different modes or phases of qi in the functioning of all things. Nevertheless, he taught that sincere offerings of food and wine refreshed the vitality of an ancestor’s qi, and thus he offers a philosophical justification for rites to venerate the dead. In addition, he believed that hungry ghosts arose when a person’s qi was strong or enraged by violent death. Zhu followed and further developed Cheng Yi’s idea that ritual is synonymous with pattern-principle. Nevertheless, he refused to reduce ritual to pattern-principle.
9 Months In, 9 Months Out
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
9 Months In, 9 Months Out is a month-to-month real-time account of pregnancy and first-time parenthood that integrates the science of infant and child development with the personal journey involved in becoming a parent. Expertise can explain the science of what’s happening to a fetus or a baby throughout development, but all the science in the world can’t tell you what it feels like to have a baby: the pang of morning sickness, the pain of labor, the excitement of birth, and the joy that comes from seeing your baby’s first smile. This book is about pregnancy and first-time parenthood and what we experience in the 9 months of pregnancy and the 9 months that follow. As a professor of infant and child development, the author had certain expectations about how pregnancy and motherhood would go. Experiencing it was a totally different story. As she learned, the first few months of parenthood are much harder than anyone tells you. As she describes her personal journey through first-time parenthood, the author also takes a researcher’s lens to issues that are top of mind for new parents: breastfeeding, the sleep training controversy, gender development, the science (or lack thereof) behind the link between vaccinations and autism, the debate over screen time, and many more.
Perceived Similarity in Identity Meanings, Identity Verification, and Positive Emotions
Authors: Grindal Matthew , Trettevik Ryan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Past research suggests that perceived similarity promotes good feelings and positive relationships between partners (Byrne, 1971). Current research in identity theory offers a theoretical framework for understanding part of this process. According to identity theory, when people experience identity verification, they feel good, which can generate social bonds. In this study, we examine the role of perceived similarity in identity meanings, and how this may be associated with identity verification, and in turn, positive feelings. Using survey data examining the student identity among a sample of college students, we find that students who perceive similarities between their own views of themselves as students and their close friends’ views of themselves as students are more likely to experience positive emotions. This effect is partially mediated by heightened identity verification. The theoretical implications for incorporating the concept of perceived similarity into identity theory are discussed, along with the applications of these findings to at-risk college students who are most vulnerable to dropping out.