bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid‐Controlled Synthesis of Carboxylate‐Stabilized Ti44‐Oxo Clusters: Scaling up Preparation, Exchangeable Protecting Ligands, and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Gao Mei‐Yan , Zhang Lei , Zhang Jian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA range of polyoxotitanium clusters (PTCs) was constructed by tuning the type of acid (inorganic and organic) in alcoholic solvents, from Ti4, Ti6, Ti9, Ti11, to Ti16. After removing the tBuOH solvent, giant carboxylate‐stabilized Ti44‐oxo clusters in which propionic acid serves as both ligand and solvent were ultimately obtained. The four labile sites in the Ti44 cluster core can be occupied by two formate and two propionate anions (PTC‐165) or a pair of glutarate (PTC‐166) or 3‐methylglutarate anions (PTC‐167). According to the synthesis of PTC‐155 to PTC‐167, the propionic acid solvent plays a crucial role in the construction of giant Ti oxo clusters. Their one‐pot yields, which readily reached up to 8.75 g for PTC‐165 and 9.96 g for PTC‐166, proved the feasibility of large‐scale preparation. More interestingly, the obtained Ti44‐oxo clusters are almost completely surrounded by carboxylate ligands, which allow them to retain crystalline stability in air for about three weeks and in either acidic or basic aqueous solution over a wide pH range for at least 6 h. In addition, PTC‐165 and PTC‐166 exhibit excellent UV photocurrent response and reversible photochromic effect. This work provides a systematic approach for constructing high‐nuclearity and stable PTCs on a large scale, which is significant for future applications of PTC‐based photochemical devices.
The PROK2/PROKR2 signaling pathway is required for the migration of most olfactory bulb interneurons
Authors: Wen Yan , Zhang Zhuangzhi , Li Zhenmeiyu , Liu Guoping , Tao Guangxu , Song Xiaolei , Xu Zhejun , Shang Zicong , Guo Teng , Su Zihao , Chen Haotian , You Yan , Li Jiada , Yang Zhengang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNeural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle generate new interneurons, which migrate tangentially through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb (OB). The PROK2 (prokineticin 2) and PROKR2 (prokineticin receptor 2) signaling pathway has been identified to cause human Kallmann syndrome, a developmental disease that associates hypogonadism with anosmia (OB developmental defects). However, the identities and properties of PROK2+ and PROKR2+ cells in the SVZ‐RMS‐OB remain largely unknown. Here we examine the expression patterns of Prok2 and Prokr2 in the SVZ‐RMS‐OB using Prok2EGFP transgenic and Prokr2LacZ/+ knockin mice. Our results show that Prokr2 is expressed in postmitotic immature interneurons in the SVZ‐RMS‐OB. Prok2 is not expressed in the SVZ, but a few PROK2+ cells are found in the medial part of the RMS; they are not neural progenitors or migrating neuroblasts. In the OB, Prok2 is expressed in a subset of granule cells and tufted cells, but no coexpression of Prok2 and Prokr2 in the OB cells is observed. In Prok2 and Prokr2 mutant mice, severe tangential and radial migration defects of neuroblasts in the SVZ‐RMS‐OB result in loss of ~75% of GABAergic interneurons in the OB. These analyses demonstrate that PROK2/PROKR2 signaling is crucial for the tangential and radial migration of OB interneurons.
Adaptive Polymersome Nanoreactors
Authors: Che Hailong , van Hest Jan C. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAdaptive polymersome systems have gained much interest in a wide variety of research fields, ranging from cell mimics to nanomedicine, because of their high stability, tunable shape and size. Furthermore, polymersomes can be effectively transformed into nanoreactors via the incorporation of catalytic species. By employing polymersomes which are adaptive in structure and function the features of polymersome nanoreactors can be even further extended. In this review, we focus on recent impressive developments of smart polymersomes as functional nanoreactors with an emphasis on the type of adaptivity that is installed, which includes intrinsic permeability, stimuli‐responsiveness and self‐adaptivity. Moreover, particular attention is given to the utility of polymersome nanoreactors in vitro and in vivo, which paves the next step forward towards the engineering of artificial organelles as therapeutic materials.
Supramolecular Gelation of Europium and Calcium Cholates through the Nucleation‐Elongation Growth Mechanism
Authors: Laishram Raju , Maitra Uday 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA detailed understanding of gelation mechanism can enable the properties of gels to be tuned for various applications, and may possibly help in understanding the aggregation of different biomolecules. We report a detailed study of the morphological and physio‐chemical changes, dynamics (of a probe), and kinetics during the gelation of europium and calcium cholate hydrogels, leading to the development of a growth model. AFM images showed the transition of aggregated particles (100–150 nm) in the sol phase growing to a fibrous network in the gel through the entanglement of fibres, and not by dendritic growth (height analysis). The dynamic changes during this phase transformation were studied using a fluorescence probe (change in intensity and lifetime). We have been able to delineate the growth mechanism by using a combination of Eu(III) luminescence and a polarity sensitive fluorescence probe. The growth was found to follow the nucleation–elongation model, and these two phases responded in distinctly different fashions in rheological and luminescence measurements.
One‐ and Two‐Photon‐Induced Photochemistry of Iron Pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)5]: Insights from Coupled Cluster Response Theory
Authors: Malcomson Thomas , McKinlay Russell G. , Paterson Martin J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present herein the first comprehensive study of the one‐ and two‐photon absorption of Fe(CO)5 utilising a hierarchy of linear‐ and quadratic‐response coupled cluster (LR‐ and QR‐CC) methodologies to provide an in‐depth characterisation, as well as potential energy curves for axial and equatorial bond dissociations, highlighting the state crossings leading from the bright 1A2′′ state through to the dissociative 1E′ state. We have characterised a range of metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and ligand field (LF) states that are in agreement with both previous studies and experiment, including the identification of a series of E′ states that present Rydberg character in the 5.9–7.2 eV region. Due to the rapid excited state dissociation of Fe(CO)5 through the low lying 1E′ and 2E′′ ligand‐field states, we have also included an LR‐CCSD analysis of the major dissociative product, Fe(CO)4. Analysis of the C2v geometry of Fe(CO)4 reveals four accessible ligand field states at 1.085, 1.684, 1.958, and 2.504 eV respectively, reinforcing the highly unstable nature of Fe(CO)4 along with a strong MLCT band between 4.300 and 5.573 eV. This band overlaps with one in the spectra of Fe(CO)5 suggesting that full fragmentation could proceed by two paths: two‐photon excitation leading to dissociation, or through sequential one‐photon absorption events, the first causing dissociation to and the second initiating further fragmentation of the complex.
Setting out across the sea of monsters: Bringing learning design into mediator training
Authors: Walsh Sabine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs online education increases its foothold in higher and professional education, educators must face the challenge of bringing experiential learning activities such as role‐play into online settings. Mediation courses rely heavily on role‐play, but are increasingly moving online. This literature review will ascertain to what extent online mediation training is being considered, and how experiential learning can be brought into the online classroom. Suggestions will be made as to how such courses can be informed by the theory and practice of effective learning design so as to improve the experience of, and outcomes for online students of mediation.
Robust QCA full‐adders using an efficient fault‐tolerant five‐input majority gate
Authors: Ahmadpour Seyed‐Sajad , Mosleh Mohammad , Rasouli Heikalabad Saeed 
Published: May 2019

SummaryQuantum‐dot cellular automata (QCA) is considered as a top candidate for nanoscale technologies with unique features such as very low occupancy and ultralow power consumption. Despite the potential benefits of QCA technology over CMOS technology, QCA circuits are highly prone to defects. Therefore, a demand has risen in designing fault‐tolerant circuits. In this research, a novel fault‐tolerant five‐input majority gate is first suggested, and then it is evaluated by implementing a variety of faults such as cell omission, cell displacement, and extra‐cell deposition. The evaluation results reveal that the proposed structure is 100%, 51.85%, and 18.8% fault‐tolerant under extra‐cell deposition, single‐cell omission, and double‐cell omission, respectively. Moreover, two single‐layer and coplanar fault‐tolerant QCA full‐adders are offered using the suggested fault‐tolerant structure. The stability of the presented single‐layer full‐adder has also been investigated under single and double cell omission defects. The evaluation outcomes show that the suggested fault‐tolerant single‐layer full‐adder has a high stability in Sum and Cout outputs compared with other full‐adders. In order to validate the functionality of the suggested fault‐tolerant five‐input majority gate, a number of physical investigations are given. The QCADesigner 2.0.3 software has been used to evaluate the simulation results.
An experimental test of how parasites of predators can influence trophic cascades and ecosystem functioning
Authors: Anaya‐Rojas Jaime M. , Best Rebecca J. , Brunner Franziska S. , Eizaguirre Christophe , Leal Miguel Costa , Melián Carlos J. , Seehausen Ole , Matthews Blake 
Published: May 2019

AbstractParasites can shape the structure and function of ecosystems by influencing both the density and traits of their hosts. Such changes in ecosystems are particularly likely when the host is a predator that mediates the dynamics of trophic cascades. Here, we experimentally tested how parasite load of a small predatory fish, the threespine stickleback, can affect the occurrence and strength of trophic cascades and ecosystem functioning. In a factorial mesocosm experiment, we manipulated the density of stickleback (low vs. high), and the level of parasite load (natural vs. reduced). In addition, we used two stickleback populations from different lineages: an eastern European lineage with a more pelagic phenotype (Lake Constance) and a western European lineage with a more benthic phenotype (Lake Geneva). We found that stickleback caused trophic cascades in the pelagic but not the benthic food chain. Evidence for pelagic trophic cascades was stronger in treatments where parasite load of stickleback was reduced with an antihelmintic medication, and where fish originated from Lake Constance (i.e., the more pelagic lineage). A structural equation model revealed that differences in stickleback lineage and parasite load were most likely to impact trophic cascades via changes in the composition, rather than overall biomass, of zooplankton communities. Overall, our results provide experimental evidence that parasites of predators can influence the cascading effects of fish on lower trophic levels with consequences on ecosystem functioning.
The role of fatigue in functional outcomes for youth with chronic pain
Authors: Yoon Isabel Angela , Sturgeon John Andrew , Feinstein Amanda Beth , Bhandari Rashmi Parekh 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundAs a complex multidimensional construct, fatigue may play an important role in the physical and psychosocial functioning of youth with chronic pain. Based on a model previously tested in adults, the current study similarly utilized patient‐reported outcomes measurement system (PROMIS) to examine how fatigue contributes to functional outcomes for youth with chronic pain. The model tested self‐reported ratings of pain intensity, depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance as predictors of outcomes (mobility, pain‐related interference and school functioning) as mediated by ratings of fatigue.MethodsTwo hundred and eighty‐five youth with chronic pain ages 8–17 years and their caregivers, completed surveys as part of their initial clinical evaluation at a tertiary paediatric pain clinic. Study measures included: paediatric PROMIS domains (mobility, pain interference, sleep disturbance, fatigue and depressive symptoms), Paediatric Quality of Life school functioning and pain intensity. All mediated effects were calculated via a 1,000‐draw bootstrap estimation method in Mplus.ResultsFatigue was found to be a statistically significant mediator of the effects of pain intensity, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms on outcomes of pain interference, mobility and school functioning. While pain intensity was found to independently contribute to mobility and pain interference, depressive symptoms did not show significant effects on any outcome beyond its association with fatigue. Sleep disturbance predicted pain interference while fatigue predicted school functioning.ConclusionsFindings suggest that fatigue is an important intervening factor for functional outcomes among youth with chronic pain. Targeting fatigue may be effective in optimizing school functioning and reducing the deleterious effects of depressive symptoms.SignificanceThis cross‐sectional study highlights fatigue as a potential clinical target by applying a path analytic model to understand its possible significance and distinction from overlapping constructs such as pain intensity, depression and sleep disturbance. Further study of fatigue may be important in understanding its importance in treatment of paediatric chronic pain.
Highly Sensitive AdSV Method for Fe(III) Determination in Presence of Solochrome Violet RS on Renewable Amalgam Film Electrode
Authors: Górska Anna , Paczosa‐Bator Beata , Piech Robert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe new DP AdSV method for high sensitive Fe(III) determination in the presence of Solochrome Violet RS was developed. The use of an innovative renewable amalgam film electrode Hg(Ag)FE allowed to obtain high sensitivity and significantly minimize the mercury consumption. The best results were obtained for surface area of Hg(Ag)FE equal to 11.8 mm2. Instrumental parameters were optimized. The optimal results were obtained using differential pulse technique for the following values: sampling and waiting time ts=tw=10 ms, step potential Es=5 mV, pulse amplitude ΔE=50 mV. Measurements were conducted in 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 5.6), the concentration of SVRS was equal to 5 μM. Deposition step was carried out at the potential −400 mV for 20 s. Calculated detection limit for 40 s preconcentration time was equal to 1.4 nM (78 ng L−1). The influence of the common in environment, organic and inorganic interferences was studied. The developed method for Fe(III) determination was successfully applied and validated by investigation of certified reference material SPS‐SW2 Batch 118 and recovery of Fe(III) from various spiked samples as snow, tap water and bottom sediments. The repeatability (for 50 nM of Fe(III)) of the developed method expressed as CV was equal 3.1 % (n=5).
Suitable business models for innovation in different levels of the smart grid energy industry
Authors: Chen Silu , Chen Hsing Hung , Shen Tao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn intelligent grid system makes the combination of various renewable energy technologies and changes in power supply and demand become more possible. Technology and innovation are considered the primary drivers of the next stage of economic growth in China, and smart grid (SG) energy management has developed as an emerging industry with the goal of lowering greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy efficiency to attain sustainability. In this study, high‐level, middle‐level, and low‐level managers from 102 successful grid companies in China completed questionnaires. The particular characteristics of four business models for innovation (novelty, lock‐in, complementarities, and efficiency) are discussed, three distinct levels of SG (power supply side, grid side, and customer demand side) are considered (addressing process and elements), and effects of each business model for innovation are identified. Our findings yield important considerations for companies in the SG energy industry on how to successfully adapt their business models for innovation.
Recycling cassava stem to bioethanol by inoculating a novel xylose–glucose fermenting yeast at high initial concentration
Authors: Pham Phan , Tuyet‐Le Doan , ThuHuong Le , Trong‐Anh Nguyen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractConverting cassava stem (CS) to bioethanol instead of burning or allowing them to decay on open fields can contribute to efforts on reducing CO2 emission and fossil fuel use. New xylose‐glucose fermenting yeast Blastobotrys adeninivorans XE1 was inoculated on non‐detoxified acid hydrolysate of CS to produce ethanol. Experimentally, at low furfural concentrations (0.24 ± 0.05 g/L) in non‐detoxified acid hydrolysate of 100 g CS/L, B adeninivorans XE1 (~107 CFU/mL initial concentration) degraded furfural fast and then converted both glucose and xylose to ethanol. However, at higher furfural concentration (0.51 ± 0.11 g/L) in non‐detoxified acid hydrolysate of 150 g CS/L, B adeninivorans XE1 (around 107 CFU/mL) was unable to degrade all furfural, ethanol production by B adeninivorans XE1 was reduced. Increasing initial concentration of B adeninivorans XE1 to around 108 CFU/mL surpassed furfural inhibition and produced 17.4 ± 0.8 g/L ethanol on medium of non‐detoxified acid hydrolysate of 150 g CS/L after 60 hr.
Process optimization of microwave‐assisted alkali pretreatment for enhanced delignification of Prosopis juliflora biomass
Authors: Alexander Ronaldo Anuf , Innasimuthu Ganesh Moorthy , Rajaram Shyam Kumar , Jeganathan Prakash Maran , Chellam Somasundarar Shivamathi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study reports on the delignification of Prosopis juliflora biomass using microwave‐assisted alkaline pretreatment. Response surface methodology was employed to analyze the effect of process variables on delignification. Four independent process variables such as microwave irradiation power (270–450 W), microwave irradiation time (3–5 min), alkali concentration (0.75–1.25% wt/vol) and liquid to solid ratio (LSR; 10–20 mL/g) were analyzed. A second‐order nonlinear equation was developed to validate the model. The experimental results suggested that all the variables exhibited a similar response. The developed model was statistically valuated using analysis of variance. The optimum conditions determined from the study were as follows: microwave power of 360 W, irradiation time of 4.40 min, alkali concentration of 1.24% wt/vol and LSR of 13.16 mL/g. Maximum delignification of 75.12% was obtained using microwave‐assisted alkali pretreatment method. The delignified Prosopis juliflora biomass was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. It was confirmed that microwave‐assisted alkali pretreatment for a short duration facilitated maximum removal of lignin from biomass. The present study, therefore, helps in developing a suitable strategy both for satisfying the energy need and management of the exotic weed.
A comprehensive review of emulsion and its field application for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Zhou Yazhou , Yin Daiyin , Chen Wenlin , Liu Bin , Zhang Xiaoran 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEmulsification plays an important role in enhancing oil recovery. Experiments and field applications of alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding indicated that the amount of oil recovery in liquids with emulsions is 5% higher than that in liquids with no emulsions. Therefore, it is of great significance to study emulsion and its field application for enhanced oil recovery. This paper discusses the current status of emulsion for enhanced oil recovery, including the formation mechanism of emulsions in chemical flooding, rheological properties, stability, seepage characteristics, emulsion improving sweep volume, and displacement efficiency, along with future development plans of emulsion for enhanced oil recovery, especially surfactants for chemical flooding. In addition, the Pickering emulsion for application in enhanced oil recovery is also discussed. The development effects of emulsion flooding have been discussed for the Midway‐Sunset Oilfield, the emulsification characteristics of ASP flooding have been analyzed in Xing‐V and Xing‐II of the Daqing Oilfield, and the experiences regarding emulsion for enhanced oil recovery have been summarized. The key research directions of emulsion for enhanced oil recovery are indicated.
Response of soil erosion and sediment sorting to the transport mechanism on a steep rocky slope
Authors: Han Zhen , Wang Xiaoyan , Song Dandan , Li Xinxin , Huang Ping , Ma Maohua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA deeper understanding of the sediment characteristics associated with rock fragment content can improve our knowledge of the erosional processes and transport mechanisms of sediments on steep rocky slopes. This research used simulated rainfall experiments lasting for 1 h at a rate of 90 mm h−1 and employed 5 × 1 × 0.4 m parallel troughs filled with purple soils with different rock fragment volumetric contents (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) on a 15° slope gradient. For each simulated event, runoff and sediment were sampled at 1‐ and 3‐min intervals, respectively, to study, in detail, the temporal changes in the size distributions of the eroded sediments. The results show that sediment concentrations, soil erosion rates and soil loss ratios significantly decreased as rock fragment content increased for rock fragment contents from 0 to 40% in purple soils. During the transportation process, clay particles often formed aggregates and were then transported as larger particles. Silt particles were more likely to be transported as primary particles with a low degree of sediment aggregation. Sand‐sized particles, which constituted a greater proportion of the original soil than the eroded sediments, were formed from other fine particles and transported as aggregates rather than as primary particles. Suspension‐saltation, which mainly transports fine particles of 0.02–0.05 mm and coarse particles larger than 0.5 mm in size, was the most important transport mechanism on steep rocky slopes. The results of this study can help to explain the inherent laws of erosional processes on steep rocky slopes and can provide a foundation for improving physical models of soil erosion. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical interface reconstruction algorithms in the PLIC‐VOF method for 3D polyhedral unstructured meshes
Authors: Dai Dezhi , Tong Albert Y. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryPiecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC) schemes have been extensively employed in the volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) method for interface capturing in numerical simulations of multiphase flows. Polyhedral unstructured meshes are often adopted due to their geometric flexibility and superiority in gradient calculation. Four analytical interface reconstruction algorithms in the PLIC‐VOF method for arbitrary convex polyhedral cells have been proposed in this study. The plane interface at a given orientation within a polyhedral cell is located by four different analytical techniques. They have been tested successfully for six different geometric shapes that are common in polyhedral meshes. The computational efficiencies of the algorithms have been compared with two other published schemes in the literature. The proposed algorithms have been shown to yield smaller truncation errors with reduction in computational complexity. A numerical simulation of a 3D dam‐breaking problem has been successfully performed using the proposed interface reconstruction scheme on a polyhedral mesh. The percentage of the overall computational time consumed has been assessed to justify its optimization in a real multiphase flow simulation.