bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fern, Dicranopteris linearis, derived phytoliths in soil: Morphotypes, solubility and content in relation to soil properties
Authors: Nguyen Minh N. , Meharg Andy A. , Carey Manus , Dultz Stefan , Marone Federica , Cichy Sarah B. , Tran Chinh T. , Le Giang H. , Mai Nga T. , Nguyen Thinh T.H. 
Published: November 2018

Ferns are among the most popular groups of plants in the tropics and subtropics, and their role as carbon sequestrators has been widely recognized. However, there is little understanding of the silicaceous structures (phytoliths) of ferns, rate of phytolith turnover, the consequences for organic matter sequestered in phytoliths and consequences for other soil properties. In the study reported here, high‐resolution X‐ray tomographic microscopy and chemical characterization were applied to examine the traits of phytoliths of the fern Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. (D. linearis), with a focus on their dissolution properties and accumulation in northern Vietnamese soils in relation to soil properties. Tomographic images revealed an inter‐embedding structure of silica and organic matter, especially in leaf‐derived material. We propose that organic matter and silica can preserve each other against decomposition. In batch experiments, there was a relatively small rate of dissolution of phytoliths with dry ashing and subsequent H2O2 treatment. Silicon (Si) dissolution for D. linearis phytolith samples was much less than that for rice phytoliths. Despite the fact that the aluminum (Al) content was large in D. linearis leaves, batch dissolution data did not confirm a relation between Al and the slow rate of phytolith dissolution. The soil phytolith content varied from 0.9 to 7.5 g kg−1 in the topsoil across the mountainous areas in northern Vietnam, whereas it tended to be smaller in the subsoil. The data indicate a relation between phytolith and soil organic matter, clay content, oxalate‐soluble Al and electrical conductivity, suggesting that these soil properties are among the important factors affecting the size of the soil phytolith Si pool.Highlights
Si tends to accumulate in leaves rather than stems of the fern D. linearis.

D. linearis phytoliths showed little dissolution, suggesting their strong stability.
OC, EC, clay content and Alox appear as factors ‘feeding’ D. linearis phytoliths.
In contrast, Feox and pH did not correlate with D. linearis phytolith content.
Soil properties and distribution in the riparian zone: the effects of fluctuations in water and anthropogenic disturbances
Authors: Ye Fei , Ma Mao H. , Wu Sheng J. , Jiang Yi , Zhu Gui B. , Zhang Hong , Wang Yu 
Published: November 2018

China's Three Gorges Dam has generated a large riparian zone around the reservoir that has changed the natural fluctuation in water level (FWL) and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance (AD, i.e. human activities triggering pollutant input). Knowledge about how riparian soil properties respond to such changes remains limited. The aims of this study were to identify the distribution of soil properties in the riparian zone and to determine which types of factors, local‐scale FWL or regional‐scale AD, have a larger effect on the soil properties. A total of 144 composite soil samples, collected from two riparian areas in four sampling surveys, were investigated. Multivariate regression tree analysis indicated that the variation in soil properties was mainly controlled by FWL (40.1%) compared with the minor role of AD (2.1%). Soil total carbon, total nitrogen and organic matter were mainly affected by AD, whereas FWL had a major influence on soil pH, ammonium and nitrate. Along the elevation gradient (150–175 m), the soil properties were determined mainly by the sampling elevation, accounting for 67.6% of the variation, followed by short‐term (5.6%) and long‐term flooding (3.3%). The 167.5‐m elevation was proposed to be the threshold that divides the riparian zone into two different response zones. Soil below 167.5 m was mainly affected by local‐scale FWL, whereas that above 167.5 m was largely affected by regional‐scale AD. This proposed threshold suggests that riparian soil management around the Three Gorges Reservoir should consider both local‐ and regional‐scale factors and that different approaches and strategies for ecological restoration need to be applied along an elevation gradient.Highlights
We studied how soil properties respond to fluctuation in water level (FWL) and anthropogenic disturbance (AD).
The relative importance of local‐scale FWL and regional‐scale AD was evaluated quantitatively.
The 167.5‐m elevation divides the riparian zone into two areas that respond differently to local and regional factors.
The variation in riparian soil properties was mainly controlled by local FWL (40.1%) rather than regional AD (2.1%).
Migraine Treatment in Pregnant Women Presenting to Acute Care: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Hamilton Katherine T. , Robbins Matthew S. 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the acute treatment of pregnant women presenting to a hospital with migraine.BackgroundMigraine is a common problem in pregnancy; however, migraine treatment is challenging in pregnant women for fears of medication teratogenicity and lack of data in this population. To date, no study has directly explored physician practices for treatment of acute migraine in pregnant women.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of medication administration for pregnant women who presented to an acute care setting with a migraine attack and received neurology consultation between 2009 and 2014.ResultsWe identified 72 pregnant women with migraine who were treated with pain medications. Fifty‐one percent (37/72) were in the third trimester of pregnancy, 39% (28/72) in the second trimester, and 10% (7/72) in the first trimester. Thirty‐two percent (23/72) had not tried any acute medications at home before coming to the hospital, and 47% (34/72) presented in status migrainosus. Patients received treatment in the hospital for a median of 23 hours (interquartile range = 5–45 hours). The most common medications prescribed were metoclopramide in 74% (53/72) of patients (95% confidence interval [CI] 62–82%) and acetaminophen in 69% (50/72) of patients (95% CI 58–79%). Metoclopramide was administered along with diphenhydramine in 81% (44/53) of patients (95% CI 71–91%). Acetaminophen was the most frequent medicine administered first (53%, 38/72). Patients were often treated with butalbital (35%, 25/72) or opioids (30%, 22/72), which were used as second‐ or third‐line treatments in 29% of patients (20/72). Thirty‐eight percent (27/72) received an intravenous (IV) fluid bolus, 24% received IV magnesium (17/72), and 6% (4/72) had peripheral nerve blocks performed.ConclusionsWhile the majority of pregnant women with acute migraine received medications considered relatively safe in pregnancy, there was variation in treatment choice and sequence. Some acute medications considered potentially hazardous for fetal health and less effective for migraine (opioids and butalbital) were used frequently, whereas other treatments that may have low teratogenic risk (nerve blocks, IV fluid boluses, and triptans) were used less or not at all. These results indicate a need for developing guidelines and protocols to standardize acute treatment of migraine in pregnancy.
Nishinoshima volcano in the Ogasawara Arc: New continent from the ocean?
Authors: Tamura Yoshihiko , Ishizuka Osamu , Sato Tomoki , Nichols Alexander R. L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNishinoshima, a submarine volcano in the Ogasawara Arc, approximately 1 000 km south of Tokyo, Japan, suddenly erupted in November 2013, after 40 years of dormancy. Olivine‐bearing phenocryst‐poor andesites found in older submarine lavas from the flanks of the volcano have been used to develop a model for the genesis of andesitic lavas from Nishinoshima. In this model, primary andesite magmas originate directly from the mantle as a result of shallow and hydrous melting of plagioclase peridotites. Thus, it only operates beneath Nishinoshima and submarine volcanoes in the Ogasawara Arc and other oceanic arcs, where the crust is thin. The primary magma compositions have changed from basalt, produced at considerable depth, to andesite, produced beneath the existing thinner crust at this location in the arc. This reflects the thermal and mechanical evolution of the mantle wedge and the overlying lithosphere. It is suggested that continental crust‐like andesitic magma builds up beneath submarine volcanoes on thin arc lithosphere today, and has built up beneath such volcanoes in the past. Andesites produced by this shallow and hydrous melting of the mantle could accumulate through collisions of plates to generate continental crust.
Pre‐Pottery Clay Innovation in the Zagros Foothills
Authors: Richardson Amy 
Published: November 2018

SummaryNeolithic material engagements transformed the ways in which communities interacted with the physical world and one another. Based on evidence from the flanks of the Zagros Mountains, in western Iran and north‐eastern Iraq, Robert Braidwood initially proposed his ‘Hilly Flanks’ hypothesis for the origins of agriculture and sedentism. The evidence for multi‐centred developments in domestication has demonstrated that elements of these practices spanned south‐west Asia in the Early Neolithic. The Zagros Mountains (and the eastern branch of the Fertile Crescent as a whole) constituted an area of vibrant engagement with new ideas, materials, experimentation and innovation, participating in the networks of interaction and exchange that facilitated the spread of alternative lifeways. This research examines how engagements with clay influenced the development and spread of new ways of thinking about the physical world, highlighting the role of clay as a transformational material through sites in the Central Zagros.
A histological assessment of the infection strategy of Exserohilum turcicum in maize
Authors: Kotze R. G. , van der Merwe C. F. , Crampton B. G. , Kritzinger Q. 
Published: November 2018

Northern leaf blight is a lethal foliar disease of maize caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum. The aim of this study was to elucidate the infection strategy of the fungus in maize leaves using modern microscopy techniques and to understand better the hemibiotrophic lifestyle of E. turcicum. Leaf samples were collected from inoculated B73 maize plants at 1, 4, 9, 11, 14 and 18 days post‐inoculation (dpi). Samples were prepared according to standard microscopy procedures and analysed using light microscopy as well as scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microscopic observations were preceded by macroscopic observations for each time point. The fungus penetrated the leaf epidermal cells at 1 dpi and the disease was characterized by chlorotic leaf flecks. At 4 dpi the chlorotic flecks enlarged to form spots, and at 9 dpi hyphae were seen in the epidermal cells surrounding the infection site. At 11 dpi lesions started to form on the leaves and SEM revealed the presence of hyphae in the vascular bundles. At 14 dpi the xylem was almost completely blocked by hyphal growth. Hyphae spread into the adjacent bundle sheath cells causing cellular damage, characterized by plasmolysis, at 18 dpi and conidiophores formed through the stomata. Morphologically, lesions started to enlarge and coalesce leading to wilting of leaves. This study provides an updated, detailed view of the infection strategy of E. turcicum in maize and supports previous findings that E. turcicum follows a hemibiotrophic lifestyle.
Only When We Agree!How Value Congruence Moderates the Impact of Goal‐Oriented Leadership on Public Service Motivation
Authors: Jensen Ulrich Thy , Andersen Lotte Bøgh , Jacobsen Christian Bøtcher 
Published: November 2018

AbstractQuestions of how and when managers can motivate the workforce of public organizations are fundamental for scholars and practitioners alike. A dominant assertion is that goal‐oriented leadership strategies, such as transformational leadership, foster public service motivation (PSM). However, existing studies rely on designs that are vulnerable to endogeneity and rarely investigate the scope conditions of the leadership‐PSM relationship. Combining a field experiment with 364 managers and surveys of their 3,470 employees, the authors show that transformational leadership and transactional leadership, when induced experimentally, do not have the claimed positive effect on PSM. In fact, the results indicate that goal‐oriented leadership can have demotivating effects when employee and organizational values are incongruent. Public managers should therefore carefully assess existing levels of value (in)congruence before implementing goal‐oriented leadership strategies, and—in case of value conflicts—seek to align perceptions of the desirable among members of the organization.
Non‐invasive ventilation or high‐flow oxygen therapy: When to choose one over the other?
Authors: Frat Jean‐Pierre , Coudroy Rémi , Thille Arnaud W. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTIt has been found that high‐flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) can reduce mortality of patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) for de novo acute respiratory failure (ARF) as compared to non‐invasive ventilation (NIV). HFOT might therefore be considered as a first‐line strategy of oxygenation in these patients. The beneficial effects of HFOT may be explained by its good tolerance and by physiological characteristics including delivery of high FiO2, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) effect and continuous dead space washout contributing to decreased work of breathing. In contrast, NIV should be used cautiously in patients with de novo ARF due to high tidal volumes promoted by pressure support and that may potentially worsen pre‐existing lung injury. Although recent studies have reported no benefit and even deleterious effects of NIV in immunocompromised patients with ARF, the experts have recommended its use as a first‐line strategy.In patients with acute‐on‐chronic respiratory failure and respiratory acidosis, it has been clearly shown that NIV is the best strategy of oxygenation. However, HFOT seems able to reverse respiratory acidosis and further studies are needed to evaluate whether HFOT could represent an alternative to standard oxygen.Although NIV is recommended to treat ARF in post‐operative patients or to prevent post‐extubation respiratory failure in ICU, recent large‐scale randomized studies suggest that HFOT could be equivalent to NIV. While recent recommendations have been established from studies comparing NIV with standard oxygen, new studies are needed to compare NIV versus HFOT in order to better define the appropriate indications for both treatments.
Evidence for plunging river plume deposits in the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation, Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Stack Kathryn M. , Grotzinger John P. , Lamb Michael P. , Gupta Sanjeev , Rubin David M. , Kah Linda C. , Edgar Lauren A. , Fey Deirdra M. , Hurowitz Joel A. , McBride Marie , Rivera‐Hernández Frances , Sumner Dawn Y. , Van Beek Jason K. , Williams Rebecca M. E. , Aileen Yingst Robin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRecent robotic missions to Mars have offered new insights into the extent, diversity and habitability of the Martian sedimentary rock record. Since the Curiosity rover landed in Gale crater in August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory Science Team has explored the origins and habitability of ancient fluvial, deltaic, lacustrine and aeolian deposits preserved within the crater. This study describes the sedimentology of a ca 13 m thick succession named the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation, the first thick fine‐grained deposit discovered in situ on Mars. This work evaluates the depositional processes responsible for its formation and reconstructs its palaeoenvironmental setting. The Pahrump Hills succession can be sub‐divided into four distinct sedimentary facies: (i) thinly laminated mudstone; (ii) low‐angle cross‐stratified mudstone; (iii) cross‐stratified sandstone; and (iv) thickly laminated mudstone–sandstone. The very fine grain size of the mudstone facies and abundant millimetre‐scale and sub‐millimetre‐scale laminations exhibiting quasi‐uniform thickness throughout the Pahrump Hills succession are most consistent with lacustrine deposition. Low‐angle geometric discordances in the mudstone facies are interpreted as ‘scour and drape’ structures and suggest the action of currents, such as those associated with hyperpycnal river‐generated plumes plunging into a lake. Observation of an overall upward coarsening in grain size and thickening of laminae throughout the Pahrump Hills succession is consistent with deposition from basinward progradation of a fluvial‐deltaic system derived from the northern crater rim into the Gale crater lake. Palaeohydraulic modelling constrains the salinity of the ancient lake in Gale crater: assuming river sediment concentrations typical of floods on Earth, plunging river plumes and sedimentary structures like those observed at Pahrump Hills would have required lake densities near freshwater to form. The depositional model for the Pahrump Hills member presented here implies the presence of an ancient sustained, habitable freshwater lake in Gale crater for at least ca 103 to 107 Earth years.
The Arabidopsis RRM domain protein EDM3 mediates race‐specific disease resistance by controlling H3K9me2‐dependent alternative polyadenylation of RPP7 immune receptor transcripts
Authors: Lai Yan , Cuzick Alayne , Lu Xueqing M. , Wang Jianqiang , Katiyar Neerja , Tsuchiya Tokuji , Le Roch Karine , McDowell John M. , Holub Eric , Eulgem Thomas 
Published: November 2018

SummaryThe NLR‐receptor RPP7 mediates race‐specific immunity in Arabidopsis. Previous screens for enhanced downy mildew (edm) mutants identified the co‐chaperone SGT1b (EDM1) and the PHD‐finger protein EDM2 as critical regulators of RPP7. Here, we describe a third edm mutant compromised in RPP7 immunity, edm3. EDM3 encodes a nuclear‐localized protein featuring an RNA‐recognition motif. Like EDM2, EDM3 promotes histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) at RPP7. Global profiling of H3K9me2 showed EDM3 to affect this silencing mark at a large set of loci. Importantly, both EDM3 and EDM2 co‐associate in vivo with H3K9me2‐marked chromatin and transcripts at a critical proximal polyadenylation site of RPP7, where they suppress proximal transcript polyadeylation/termination. Our results highlight the complexity of plant NLR gene regulation, and establish a functional and physical link between a histone mark and NLR‐transcript processing.
CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in Volvox carteri
Authors: Ortega‐Escalante José A. , Jasper Robyn , Miller Stephen M. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryVolvox carteri and other volvocine green algae comprise an excellent model for investigating developmental complexity and its origins. Here we describe a method for targeted mutagenesis in V. carteri using CRISPR/Cas9 components expressed from transgenes. We used V. carteri nitrate reductase gene (nitA) regulatory sequences to conditionally express Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9, and V. carteri U6 RNA gene regulatory sequences to constitutively express single‐guide RNA (sgRNA) transcripts. Volvox carteri was bombarded with both Cas9 vector and one of several sgRNA vectors programmed to target different test genes (glsA, regA and invA), and transformants were selected for expression of a hygromycin‐resistance marker present on the sgRNA vector. Hygromycin‐resistant transformants grown with nitrate as sole nitrogen source (inducing for nitA) were tested for Cas9 and sgRNA expression, and for the ability to generate progeny with expected mutant phenotypes. Some transformants of a somatic regenerator (Reg) mutant strain receiving sgRNA plasmid with glsA protospacer sequence yielded progeny (at a rate of ~0.01%) with a gonidialess (Gls) phenotype similar to that observed for previously described glsA mutants, and sequencing of the glsA gene in independent mutants revealed short deletions within the targeted region of glsA, indicative of Cas9‐directed non‐homologous end joining. Similarly, bombardment of a morphologically wild‐type strain with the Cas9 plasmid and sgRNA plasmids targeting regA or invA yielded regA and invA mutant transformants/progeny, respectively (at rates of 0.1–100%). The capacity to make precisely directed frameshift mutations should greatly accelerate the molecular genetic analysis of development in V. carteri, and of developmental novelty in the volvocine algae.
Applying the latest advances in genomics and phenomics for trait discovery in polyploid wheat
Authors: Borrill Philippa , Harrington Sophie A. , Uauy Cristobal 
Published: November 2018

SummaryImproving traits in wheat has historically been challenging due to its large and polyploid genome, limited genetic diversity and in‐field phenotyping constraints. However, within recent years many of these barriers have been lowered. The availability of a chromosome‐level assembly of the wheat genome now facilitates a step‐change in wheat genetics and provides a common platform for resources, including variation data, gene expression data and genetic markers. The development of sequenced mutant populations and gene‐editing techniques now enables the rapid assessment of gene function in wheat directly. The ability to alter gene function in a targeted manner will unmask the effects of homoeolog redundancy and allow the hidden potential of this polyploid genome to be discovered. New techniques to identify and exploit the genetic diversity within wheat wild relatives now enable wheat breeders to take advantage of these additional sources of variation to address challenges facing food production. Finally, advances in phenomics have unlocked rapid screening of populations for many traits of interest both in greenhouses and in the field. Looking forwards, integrating diverse data types, including genomic, epigenetic and phenomics data, will take advantage of big data approaches including machine learning to understand trait biology in wheat in unprecedented detail.
Pembiayaan Perumahan Berasaskan Komoditi Murabahah: Kajian Kes di CIMB Islamic Bank
Authors: Mohamad Mohammad Taqiuddin , Aminuddin Mohd Najdi , Hasbulah Muhamad Husni 
Published: November 2018

Commodity of Murabahah and Tawarruq are the concept that was applied in the products of home financing (Flexi Home Financing-i) at CIMB Islamic Bank. This product is one of products which is offered by CIMB Islamic Bank. Before of this, there are several concepts such as Bay’ Bithamanil Ajil (BBA) and Bay’ Inah have been applied in the products of home financing by Islamic Banks where it causes some controversies. The using of BBA and Inah as a contract in home financing’s product have been criticized by some of the Islamic scholars especially from the Middle East Islamic scholars. Through the descriptive analysis, a case studies were conducted by collecting the data through an interviews. The study was found that a scheme of home financing through product called Flexi Home Financing-i offered by CIMB Islamic Bank is one form of innovative products in order to make the financing products offered to customers free from the elements of Riba. Additionally, it was alternative from using al-Inah which is controversies among the scholars. This study also found that this product is line up with the Shariah compliance and ability to stand up with the value of moral and ethics which is compliance with principles of Shariah.