bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities for 2D Material Based Photodetectors
Authors: Long Mingsheng , Wang Peng , Fang Hehai , Hu Weida 
Published: September 2018

Abstract2D material based photodetectors have attracted many research projects due to their unique structures and excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties. These 2D materials, including semimetallic graphene, semiconducting black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides, insulating hexagonal boron nitride, and their various heterostructures, show a wide distribution in bandgap values. To date, hundreds of photodetectors based on 2D materials have been reported. Here, a review of photodetectors based on 2D materials covering the detection spectrum from ultraviolet to infrared is presented. First, a brief insight into the detection mechanisms of 2D material photodetectors as well as introducing the figure‐of‐merits which are key factors for a reasonable comparison between different photodetectors is provided. Then, the recent progress on 2D material based photodetectors is reviewed. Particularly, the excellent performances such as broadband spectrum detection, ultrahigh photoresponsivity and sensitivity, fast response speed and high bandwidth, polarization‐sensitive detection are pointed out on the basis of the state‐of‐the‐art 2D photodetectors. Initial applications based on 2D material photodetectors are mentioned. Finally, an outlook is delivered, the challenges and future directions are discussed, and general advice for designing and realizing novel high‐performance photodetectors is given to provide a guideline for the future development of this fast‐developing field.
Architectural Effects of Star‐Shaped “Structurally Nanoengineered Antimicrobial Peptide Polymers” (SNAPPs) on Their Biological Activity
Authors: Shirbin Steven J. , Insua Ignacio , Holden James A. , Lenzo Jason C. , Reynolds Eric C. , O'Brien‐Simpson Neil M. , Qiao Greg G. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this work, the effect of two key structural parameters, number of arms and arm length, of star‐shaped “structurally nanoengineered antimicrobial peptide polymers” (SNAPPs) on their antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility, is investigated. A library of star‐shaped SNAPPs is prepared, containing varying arm numbers and arm lengths. Antimicrobial assays are then performed to assess the capacity of the SNAPPs to disrupt the membrane, inhibit the growth, and kill pathogenic bacteria. A major finding of the study is that increasing arm number and length of SNAPPs enhanced antimicrobial activity, which can be respectively attributed to the higher local concentrations of polypeptide arms and increased α‐helical content. SNAPP architecture is shown to affect the bacteria membrane state and therefore mechanism of killing. Two more potent structures with up to twice the antimicrobial activity of the previously reported SNAPP are discovered in this process. Toxicities of the SNAPPs also increase with arm number and arm length, however therapeutic index calculations identified a 16‐arm SNAPP and an easier to prepare 4‐arm SNAPP as the best therapeutic agents. The biocompatibility of the SNAPP with the best biological activity is also evaluated in vivo, showing no markers of systemic damage in mice.
Micro Lasers by Scalable Lithography of Metal‐Halide Perovskites
Authors: Bar‐On Ofer , Brenner Philipp , Lemmer Uli , Scheuer Jacob 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA complete lithographic scheme for thin metal halide perovskite films is demonstrated and utilized for the realization of perovskite micro lasers. The process consists of nanoimprint lithography followed by ion beam milling. It is simple, fast, scalable, and exhibits sub‐micrometer resolution. The optical properties of the perovskite films are obtained by employing analytical tools as well as by characterizing distributed feedback laser fabricated from these films. It is shown that the material properties are not impaired by the lithographic process. Using this approach, on chip, micro lasers are fabricated. The experimental characterization of these lasers shows that they exhibit low threshold levels and single‐mode lasing. As far as it is known, this is the first demonstration of complete, high‐resolution lithography of perovskites films exhibiting the smallest perovskite features realized using a top‐down lithography technique. This process offers an important tool toward integrated perovskite photonics and is highly applicable also for the fields of photovoltaics, metasurfaces, electronics, and other promising applications.
Ultrafast Pulsed Laser Induced Nanocrystal Transformation in Colloidal Plasmonic Vesicles
Authors: Karim Mohammad Rezaul , Li Xiuying , Kang Peiyuan , Randrianalisoa Jaona , Ranathunga Dineli , Nielsen Steven , Qin Zhenpeng , Qian Dong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPlasmonic vesicle consists of multiple gold nanocrystals within a polymer coating or around a phospholipid core. As a multifunctional nanostructure, it has unique advantages of assembling small nanoparticles (<5 nm) for rapid renal clearance, strong plasmonic coupling for ultrasensitive biosensing and imaging, and near‐infrared light absorption for drug release. Thus, understanding the interaction of plasmonic vesicles with light is critically important for a wide range of applications. In this paper, a combined experimental and computational study is presented on the nanocrystal transformation in colloidal plasmonic vesicles induced by the ultrafast picosecond pulsed laser. Experimentally observed merging and transformation of small nanocrystals into larger nanoparticles when treated by laser pulses is first reported. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the experimental observations are investigated with a multiphysics computational approach featuring coupled electromagnetic/molecular dynamics simulation. This study reveals for the first time that combined nanoparticle heating and laser‐enhanced Brownian motion is responsible for the observed nanocrystal merging. Correspondingly, laser fluence, interparticle distance, and presence of water are identified as the most important factors governing the nanocrystal transformation. The guidelines established from this study can be employed to design a host of biomedical and nanomanufacturing applications involving laser interaction with plasmonic nanoparticles.
Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Energy Density through Synergistic Design of Electrodes
Authors: Peng Huanan , Qian Guiju , Li Ning , Yao Yao , Lv Tian , Cao Shaokui , Chen Tao 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDespite being among the most researched energy storage devices, supercapacitors have often suffered from their relatively low operating voltage and energy density, which greatly limit their practical applications. In this work, asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) are developed by synergistically designing carbon nanotube composite electrodes with 3D porous structures. The resultant ASC devices exhibit an extended operating voltage of 1.8 V, much higher than that of symmetric supercapacitors (≤1.0 V). Significantly, the obtained ASC devices deliver ultrahigh volumetric energy density as high as 19.8 mWh cm−3 (corresponding to an areal energy density of 198 µWh cm−2), which is the highest value among reported ASC devices. In addition, the ASC devices not only possess outstanding cycling stability and long self‐discharging time, but also exhibit excellent mechanical flexibility under any bending states, even over 5000 bending cycles. The demonstrated flexible ASC devices with high performance are promising to be used as power sources for next‐generation portable and wearable electronics.
Hybrids of Fullerenes and 2D Nanomaterials
Authors: Chen Muqing , Guan Runnan , Yang Shangfeng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFullerene has a definite 0D closed‐cage molecular structure composed of merely sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms, enabling it to serve as an important building block that is useful for constructing supramolecular assemblies and micro/nanofunctional materials. Conversely, graphene has a 2D layered structure, possessing an exceptionally large specific surface area and high carrier mobility. Likewise, other emerging graphene‐analogous 2D nanomaterials, such as graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), and black phosphorus (BP), show unique electronic, physical, and chemical properties, which, however, exist only in the form of a monolayer and are typically anisotropic, limiting their applications. Upon hybridization with fullerenes, noncovalently or covalently, the physical/chemical properties of 2D nanomaterials can be tailored and, in most cases, improved, significantly extending their functionalities and applications. Here, an exhaustive review of all types of hybrids of fullerenes and 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, g‐C3N4, TMDs, h‐BN, and BP, including their preparations, structures, properties, and applications, is presented. Finally, the prospects of fullerene‐2D nanomaterial hybrids, especially the opportunity of creating unknown functional materials by means of hybridization, are envisioned.
Surface and Subsurface Reactions of Lithium Transition Metal Oxide Cathode Materials: An Overview of the Fundamental Origins and Remedying Approaches
Authors: Xiao Biwei , Sun Xueliang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have become one of the most prevailing techniques for rechargeable batteries. Lithium transition metal oxides are prevalent cathode materials currently, but they face great challenges due to unsatisfactory energy density, chemical/electrochemical instability, and elemental scarcity concerns. Surface/subsurface is the interface where lithium ions cross between the electrolyte and the cathode materials. Its properties and complicated nature are unambiguously regarded as a crucial controlling factor for the overall performance. Tremendous efforts have been made in the exploration of surface modification methods with remarkable progress hitherto. The purpose of this work is to review these surface behaviors in order to understand their fundamental origins and provide a summary of various surface modification methods that can be used to address impeding issues. Finally, a rational method of surface modification is proposed for use in cathode materials.
Elastic‐Beam Triboelectric Nanogenerator for High‐Performance Multifunctional Applications: Sensitive Scale, Acceleration/Force/Vibration Sensor, and Intelligent Keyboard
Authors: Chen Yuliang , Wang Yi‐Cheng , Zhang Ying , Zou Haiyang , Lin Zhiming , Zhang Guobin , Zou Chongwen , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractExploiting novel devices for either collecting energy or self‐powered sensors is vital for Internet of Things, sensor networks, and big data. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been proved as an effective solution for both energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing. The traditional triboelectric nanogenerators are usually based on four modes: contact‐separation mode, lateral sliding mode, single‐electrode mode, and freestanding triboelectric‐layer mode. Since the reciprocating displacement/force is necessary for all working modes, developing efficient elastic TENG is going to be important and urgent. Here, a kind of elastic‐beam TENG with arc‐stainless steel foil is developed, whose structure is quite simple, and its working states depend on the contact area and separating distance as proved by experiments and theoretical calculations. This structure is different from traditional structures, e.g., direct sliding or contact‐separation structures, whose working states mainly depend on contact area or separating distance. This triboelectric nanogenerator shows advanced mechanical and electrical performance, such as high sensitivity, elasticity, and ultrahigh frequency response, which encourage applications as a force sensor, sensitivity scale, acceleration sensor, vibration sensor, and intelligent keyboard.
Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Supported Ionic Liquid Phases as Multifunctional Catalysts for the Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Aromatic Substrates
Authors: Offner‐Marko Lisa , Bordet Alexis , Moos Gilles , Tricard Simon , Rengshausen Simon , Chaudret Bruno , Luska Kylie L. , Leitner Walter 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBimetallic iron–ruthenium nanoparticles embedded in an acidic supported ionic liquid phase (FeRu@SILP+IL‐SO3H) act as multifunctional catalysts for the selective hydrodeoxygenation of carbonyl groups in aromatic substrates. The catalyst material is assembled systematically from molecular components to combine the acid and metal sites that allow hydrogenolysis of the C=O bonds without hydrogenation of the aromatic ring. The resulting materials possess high activity and stability for the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of C=O groups to CH2 units in a variety of substituted aromatic ketones and, hence, provide an effective and benign alternative to traditional Clemmensen and Wolff–Kishner reductions, which require stoichiometric reagents. The molecular design of the FeRu@SILP+IL‐SO3H materials opens a general approach to multifunctional catalytic systems (MM′@SILP+IL‐func).
Air‐Stable Blue Phosphorescent Tetradentate Platinum(II) Complexes as Strong Photo‐Reductant
Authors: Li Kai , Wan Qingyun , Yang Chen , Chang Xiao‐Yong , Low Kam‐Hung , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStrong photo‐reductants have applications in photo‐redox organic synthesis involving reductive activation of C−X(halide) and C=O bonds. We report herein air‐stable PtII complexes supported by tetradentate bis(phenolate‐NHC) ligands having peripheral electron‐donating N‐carbazolyl groups. Photo‐physical, electrochemical, and computational studies reveal that the presence of N‐carbazolyl groups enhances the light absorption and redox reversibility because of its involvement into the frontier MOs in both ground and excited states, making the complexes robust strong photo‐reductant with E([Pt]+/*) over −2.6 V vs. Cp2Fe+/0. The one‐electron reduced [Pt]− species are stronger reductants with EPC([Pt]0/−) up to −3.1 V vs. Cp2Fe+/0. By virtue of the strong reducing nature of these species generated upon light excitation, they can be used in light‐driven reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds and reductive debromination of a wide range of unactivated aryl bromides.
Polyoxometallat‐ionische Flüssigkeiten (POM‐ILs) als Antikorrosions‐ und antibakterielle Beschichtung für Natursteine
Authors: Misra Archismita , Franco Castillo Isabel , Müller Daniel P. , González Carolina , Eyssautier‐Chuine Stéphanie , Ziegler Andreas , de la Fuente Jesús M. , Mitchell Scott G. , Streb Carsten 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDie Korrosion von Steinen durch sauren Regen oder Biofilmbildung verursacht weltweit Schäden an Industrie‐ und Wohngebäuden sowie an kulturhistorischen Artefakten wie Statuen. Hier zeigen wir, wie typische Bausteine vor Korrosion (Verwitterung) sowie Biofilmbildung (biologischer Verfall) durch dünne Polyoxometallat‐ionische Flüssigkeitsfilme (POM‐ILs) geschützt werden. Steinproben, die mit wasserabweisenden, säureresistenten, antimikrobiellen POM‐ILs beschichtet wurden, widerstehen dem Angriff von simuliertem saurem Regen, wohingegen unbeschichtete Proben starke Korrosion zeigen. Zudem verhindern die bioziden Eigenschaften der POM‐ILs effektiv die Bildung von Biofilmen auf den beschichteten Steinen. Eine neue Klasse modularer molekularer Materialien für den Schutz von Steinen kann nun entwickelt werden. Mögliche Einsatzgebiete sind das Bauwesen, der Umweltschutz sowie der Kulturgutschutz.
XLSY: Extra‐Large NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Pustovalova Yulia , Mayzel Maxim , Orekhov Vladislav Yu. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNMR studies of intrinsically disordered proteins and other complex biomolecular systems require spectra with the highest resolution and dimensionality. An efficient approach, extra‐large NMR spectroscopy, is presented for experimental data collection, reconstruction, and handling of very large NMR spectra by a combination of the radial and non‐uniform sampling, a new processing algorithm, and rigorous statistical validation. We demonstrate the first high‐quality reconstruction of a full seven‐dimensional HNCOCACONH and two five‐dimensional HACACONH and HN(CA)CONH experiments for a representative intrinsically disordered protein α‐synuclein. XLSY will significantly enhance the NMR toolbox in challenging biomolecular studies.
Modeling, Reachability and Controllability of Bounded Petri Nets Based on Semi‐Tensor Product of Matrices
Authors: Han Xiaoguang , Chen Zengqiang , Zhang Kuize , Liu Zhongxin , Zhang Qing 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we present a comprehensive modeling technique for bounded Petri net systems (BPNSs) in the framework of the semi‐tensor product (STP) of matrices. The two dynamic properties of BPNSs, namely, reachability and controllability, are investigated systematacially. First, the dynamics of a bounded Petri net system (BPNS), by resorting to the STP of matrices, are expressed in the form of a discrete‐time bilinear equation, which is called the marking evolution equation (MEE) of BPNSs. Second, controllability and transition‐marking adjacency matrix (TMAM) of BPNSs are defined, respectively. Further, several necessary and sufficient conditions for reachability and controllability of BPNSs are given in terms of the MEE and TMAM. Third, an efficient algorithm to verify reachability property of BPNSs, in this paper, is provided, as well as its computational complexity. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the theoretical results in this paper. The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of a precise mathematical model for BPNSs. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that not only it can be applied to verify whether or not any given marking is reachable from the other in state space, but also it is very convenient to find all firing sequences between any two reachable markings.
Survival trends among non‐small‐cell lung cancer patients over a decade: impact of initial therapy at academic centers
Authors: Lou Yanyan , Dholaria Bhagirathbhai , Soyano Aixa , Hodge David , Cochuyt Jordan , Manochakian Rami , Ko Stephen J. , Thomas Mathew , Johnson Margaret M. , Patel Neal M. , Miller Robert C. , Adjei Alex A. , Ailawadhi Sikander 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been rapidly advancing over the last decade. Academic centers are considered equipped with better expertise. NSCLC outcome trends in novel therapeutic era and impact of initial treatment at academic centers have not been reported.MethodsThe National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify NSCLC incident cases from 2004 to 2013. Overall survival (OS) was plotted by year of diagnosis and type of initial treatment center, accounting for several factors available in NCDB.ResultsA total of 1 150 722 NSCLC patients were included and separated by initial treatment center type (academic: 31.5%; nonacademic: 68.5%). Median follow‐up and OS for all patients were 11.8 months (range: 0‐133.6 months) and 13.1 months (95% CI: 13.08‐13.17), respectively. Median OS improved significantly for those diagnosed in 2010‐2013 (14.8 months [95% CI: 14.7‐14.9]) as compared to 2004‐2009 (12.4 months [95% CI: 12.3‐12.5]) (P < 0.001). Treatment at academic centers was associated with improved OS (multivariate HR for OS = 0.929 [95% CI: 0.92‐0.94], P < 0.0010). Four‐year OS for academic and nonacademic cohorts was 28.5%% and 22.1%, respectively (P < 0.001), and the difference was more pronounced in stage I to III NSCLC.ConclusionIn this largest analysis, thus far, NSCLC survival has improved over time, and type of initial treatment center significantly influences survival. Identifying and removing barriers to obtaining initial treatment of NSCLC at academic medical centers could improve OS.
Trends and patterns of incidence of diffuse glioma in adults in the United States, 1973‐2014
Authors: Li Kai , Lu Dan , Guo Yazhou , Wang Changwei , Liu Xiao , Liu Yu , Liu Dezhong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of the study was to identify trends in incidence of adult diffuse gliomas in the United States and evaluate the contribution of age, period, and cohort effects to the trends.MethodsUsing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 9 database, primary diffuse glioma patients (≥20 years old) diagnosed from 1973 to 2014 were identified. Incidence trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression and age‐period‐cohort modeling.ResultsOverall, the incidence for adult glioma decreased slowly from 1985 to 2014 (annual percent change [APC] = 0.5%, 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.3%‐0.6%). In histology subtype‐stratified analysis, glioblastoma and nonglioblastoma exhibited opposite trends. The incidence for glioblastoma increased from 1978 to 2014 (APC for year 1978‐1992 = 2.7%, 95% CI, 1.8%‐3.6%; APC for 1992‐2014 = 0.3%, 95% CI, 0%‐0.6%), while the incidence for nonglioblastoma decreased significantly from 1982 to 2014 (APC = 2.2%, 95% CI, 2.0%‐2.5%). Age‐period‐cohort modeling revealed significant period and cohort effects, with the patterns for glioblastoma and nonglioblastoma distinctive from each other. Compared with adults born 1890s, those born 1920s had approximately 4‐fold the risk of glioblastoma after adjustment of age and period effects, while the risk of nonglioblastoma was reduced by half in individuals in the 1939 cohort as compared with those in the 1909 cohort.ConclusionsThe results support the hypothesis of etiological heterogeneity of diffuse gliomas by histology subtypes. The established risk factors cannot fully explain the distinct patterns by histology subtypes, which necessitate further epidemiological studies.
Presentation of Localized Aggressive Periodontitis in Monozygotic Twins: Case Report
Authors: Phamduong Sharon , Kim Clara S. 
Published: September 2018

IntroductionLocalized aggressive periodontal disease is an uncommon finding observed in adolescents and children. Studies have been conducted to elucidate the etiology, contributing factors, and genetic roles in the phenomena. In particular, twin studies have shown genetic makeup to be a substantial risk factor for periodontitis. This case is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first to be presented in literature of a same dwelling, set of monozygotic twins, displaying similar presentation of localized aggressive periodontitis, however with different microbial profiles.Case PresentationA set of 17‐year‐old black male monozygotic twins were referred for a full‐mouth periodontal evaluation and any necessary periodontal treatment on July 7, 2007. A full‐mouth radiographic series, periodontal charting, and intraoral photographs were performed on each individual. A family history was obtained through the biological mother, which yielded no known history of early tooth loss or treatment of severe periodontal disease. The father was not involved in the rearing of the children and his periodontal history was unavailable. An initial and surgical treatment plan was developed. Microbial analysis of subgingival plaque samples was collected on the affected sites. Initial treatment with scaling and root planing, subgingival irrigation, with administration of systemic antibiotics, and oral hygiene instruction, were rendered on both individuals.ConclusionWithin limitations of this report, it is demonstrated that different microbial pattern exists on aggressive periodontitis even in genetically identical individuals with the same environmental exposure.