bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex‐specific reference ranges of cerebroplacental and umbilicocerebral ratios: longitudinal study
Authors: Acharya G. , Ebbing C. , Karlsen H. O. , Kiserud T. , Rasmussen S. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesObservational studies have shown that low cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) values predict an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome. The inverse ratio, i.e. the umbilicocerebral ratio (UCR), has been suggested to be a better predictor as it rises with increasing degree of fetal compromise. However, longitudinal reference ranges for UCR have not been established, and whether gestational‐age‐dependent changes in CPR or UCR differ between male and female fetuses has not been studied. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate sex‐specific, gestational‐age‐associated serial changes in CPR and UCR during the second half of pregnancy and to establish longitudinal reference ranges.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from a dual‐center longitudinal observational cohort study of low‐risk singleton pregnancies. Doppler blood‐flow velocity waveforms were obtained serially from the umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) from 19–41 weeks' gestation, and pulsatility indices (PIs) were determined. CPR and UCR were calculated as the ratios MCA‐PI/UA‐PI and UA‐PI/MCA‐PI, respectively. The course and outcome of pregnancies were recorded, and the sex of the fetus was determined after delivery. Reference intervals for CPR and UCR were constructed using multilevel modeling, and gestational‐age‐specific Z‐scores in male and female fetuses were compared.ResultsOf a total of 299 pregnancies enrolled, 284 (148 male and 136 female fetuses) were included in the final analysis, and 979 paired measurements of UA‐PI and MCA‐PI were used to construct sex‐specific longitudinal reference intervals. The relationship of both CPR and UCR with gestational age was U‐shaped, but in opposite directions. There was a small but significant difference in Z‐scores of CPR and UCR between male and female fetuses throughout the second half of pregnancy (P = 0.007).ConclusionsWe have established longitudinal reference ranges for CPR and UCR suitable for serial monitoring, with the possibility of refining assessment by using fetal sex‐specific ranges and conditioning by a previous measurement. The clinical significance of such refinements needs further evaluation. © 2019 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Syllable as a unit of information transfer in linguistic communication: The entropy syllable parsing model
Authors: Malaia Evie A. , Wilbur Ronnie B. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTo understand human language—both spoken and signed—the listener or viewer has to parse the continuous external signal into components. The question of what those components are (e.g., phrases, words, sounds, phonemes?) has been a subject of long‐standing debate. We re‐frame this question to ask: What properties of the incoming visual or auditory signal are indispensable to eliciting language comprehension? In this review, we assess the phenomenon of language parsing from modality‐independent viewpoint. We show that the interplay between dynamic changes in the entropy of the signal and between neural entrainment to the signal at syllable level (4–5 Hz range) is causally related to language comprehension in both speech and sign language. This modality‐independent Entropy Syllable Parsing model for the linguistic signal offers insight into the mechanisms of language processing, suggesting common neurocomputational bases for syllables in speech and sign language.This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
Linguistics > Computational Models of Language
Psychology > Language
The Notch pathway in CNS homeostasis and neurodegeneration
Authors: Ho Diana M. , Artavanis‐Tsakonas Spyros , Louvi Angeliki 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe role of the Notch signaling pathway in neural development has been well established over many years. More recent studies, however, have demonstrated that Notch continues to be expressed and active throughout adulthood in many areas of the central nervous system. Notch signals have been implicated in adult neurogenesis, memory formation, and synaptic plasticity in the adult organism, as well as linked to acute brain trauma and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. NOTCH3 mutations are responsible for the most common form of hereditary stroke, the progressive disorder cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Notch has also been associated with several progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although numerous studies link Notch activity with CNS homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases, the data thus far are primarily correlative, rather than functional. Nevertheless, the evidence for Notch pathway activity in specific neural cellular contexts is strong, and certainly intriguing, and points to the possibility that the pathway carries therapeutic promise.This article is categorized under:
Nervous System Development > Flies
Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling
Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
Wind turbine reliability data review and impacts on levelised cost of energy
Authors: Dao Cuong , Kazemtabrizi Behzad , Crabtree Christopher 
Published: September 2019

AbstractReliability is critical to the design, operation, maintenance, and performance assessment and improvement of wind turbines (WTs). This paper systematically reviews publicly available reliability data for both onshore and offshore WTs and investigates the impacts of reliability on the cost of energy. WT failure rates and downtimes, broken down by subassembly, are collated from 18 publicly available databases including over 18 000 WTs, corresponding to over 90 000 turbine‐years. The data are classified based on the types of data collected (failure rate and stop rate) and by onshore and offshore populations. A comprehensive analysis is performed to investigate WT subassembly reliability data variations, identify critical subassemblies, compare onshore and offshore WT reliability, and understand possible sources of uncertainty. Large variations in both failure rates and downtimes are observed, and the skew in failure rate distribution implies that large databases with low failure rates, despite their diverse populations, are less uncertain than more targeted surveys, which are easily skewed by WT type failures. A model is presented to evaluate the levelised cost of energy as a function of WT failure rates and downtimes. A numerical study proves a strong and nonlinear relationship between WT reliability and operation and maintenance expenditure as well as annual energy production. Together with the cost analysis model, the findings can help WT operators identify the optimal degree of reliability improvement to minimise the levelised cost of energy.
The future of forecasting for renewable energy
Authors: Sweeney Conor , Bessa Ricardo J. , Browell Jethro , Pinson Pierre 
Published: September 2019

AbstractForecasting for wind and solar renewable energy is becoming more important as the amount of energy generated from these sources increases. Forecast skill is improving, but so too is the way forecasts are being used. In this paper, we present a brief overview of the state‐of‐the‐art of forecasting wind and solar energy. We describe approaches in statistical and physical modeling for time scales from minutes to days ahead, for both deterministic and probabilistic forecasting. Our focus changes then to consider the future of forecasting for renewable energy. We discuss recent advances which show potential for great improvement in forecast skill. Beyond the forecast itself, we consider new products which will be required to aid decision making subject to risk constraints. Future forecast products will need to include probabilistic information, but deliver it in a way tailored to the end user and their specific decision making problems. Businesses operating in this sector may see a change in business models as more people compete in this space, with different combinations of skills, data and modeling being required for different products. The transaction of data itself may change with the adoption of blockchain technology, which could allow providers and end users to interact in a trusted, yet decentralized way. Finally, we discuss new industry requirements and challenges for scenarios with high amounts of renewable energy. New forecasting products have the potential to model the impact of renewables on the power system, and aid dispatch tools in guaranteeing system security.This article is categorized under:
Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Photovoltaics > Systems and Infrastructure
Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens
Authors: Motlagh Amir M. , Yang Zhengjian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis review paper focuses on detection and quantification techniques of indicator organisms that can be used for water quality assessment. The environmental pathogens that are critical to understand and better evaluate water quality are also discussed in this paper. Several recent studies using culture‐independent methods such as microbial source tracking, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA, and next generation sequencing to assess various environmental samples and water bodies have been reviewed.Practitioner points

Various waterborne pathogens and cases of outbreak occurances due to presence of pathogens are studied in this review paper.

Recent studies for detecting major indicator organisms to evaluate the presence of pathogens in water bodies are reviewed.

Culture‐independent techniques as robust tools to detect and quantify waterborne pathogens are discussed in this review paper.
Broadening conservation funding
Authors: Echols Alex , Front Alan , Cummins James 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTFunding for natural resource conservation has been largely static or declining over the past 30 years. Environmental challenges are increasing in number and intensity, requiring improvements in efficiency of conservation delivery and broadening of the base of financial support to address these challenges. The conservation community would benefit from de‐siloing environmental foci and movement to more of a systems approach to intensify conservation. There are new partnerships and opportunities to increase the base and variety of sources of funding. To protect and possibly enhance funding for conservation, key innovations in finance and establishing additional funding sources are required. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Red oak acorn yields in green‐tree reservoirs and nonimpounded forests in Mississippi
Authors: Straub Jacob N. , Leach Alan G. , Kaminski Richard M. , Ezell Andrew W. , Leininger Theodor D. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTAlthough bottomland hardwood forests in southeastern United States are among the most productive ecosystems in North America, indigenous flora, wildlife, and system dynamics have been altered and affected by natural and anthropogenic effects. Historic spatio‐temporal dynamic flooding in hardwood bottomlands caused managers to create green‐tree reservoirs (GTR; i.e., impounded forested tracts) to enhance predictability of seasonal inundation chiefly for waterfowl habitat and hunting. Bottomland red oaks (Quercus spp.) are valuable trees for wildlife that consume acorns they produce. There was inconsistent evidence in the scientific literature, so we tested the null hypotheses of no differences in annual yield, percentage of sound acorns, and proportion of ‘high‐yielding’ red oaks in GTRs and nonimpounded naturally flooded forests (NFF) in western and east‐central Mississippi, USA, during autumn–winter, 2008–2012. Mean annual yields of sound acorns from GTRs and NFFs at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge and Delta National Forest had overlapping confidence intervals in all years of our study; however, percentages of sound acorns were greater in GTRs in 3 of 8 site‐year comparisons. We also found conflicting results between study sites regarding which flood regime had the greatest proportion of high‐yielding oaks. Our results demonstrate differences in total acorn yield by red oaks may be neither statistically nor biologically different between GTRs and NFFs in Mississippi; however, the proportion of sound acorns may be greater in GTRs relative to NFFs in some years. Future research may determine whether these phenomena are related to surviving trees producing increased seed propagules in response to long‐term flooding stress in GTRs or residual trees possessing traits for increased acorn production in some years. Nonetheless, deleterious effects from persistent or prolonged within‐ and among‐year flooding of GTRs are well‐documented, suggesting managers should consider these possible consequences in sustaining and regenerating lowland red oak populations. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Evaluation Machinery, Qualocrats, and the Seemingly Inevitable Problem of Expansion
Authors: Lindgren Joakim , Rönnberg Linda , Hult Agneta , Segerholm Christina 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this chapter, we revisit our observations on Swedish higher education from the previous chapters. We initially discuss the relation between governing, evaluation, and knowledge. Then, we go back to the ideal typical notion of increasingly institutionalised evaluation machinery and locate the important work of what we label as qualocrats and what may be termed the burden of judgements within this overall frame. We finally discuss the expansion and the increasing complexity of evaluation and quality assurance work in higher education and point to some possible implications and problems.
Appendix
Authors: Segerholm Christina 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis appendix serves the purpose of informing readers about the design, the overall theoretical approach and methodology, and the different sub-studies, methods and materials in the research project that is reported in the book: Governing by evaluation in higher education in Sweden, 2013–2018. Two particular issues concerning our research process are also included: the redirection of one sub-study due to unforeseen policy developments, and the problem of denied access. Both, we believe, may be concerns for researchers in the social sciences in general, that can open possibilities or restrict the knowledge generation process so vital for democratic societies.
Supersymmetry anomalies in new minimal supergravity
Authors: Papadimitriou Ioannis 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe determine the general structure of quantum anomalies for theR-multiplet of four dimensional$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 1 supersymmetric quantum field theories in the presence of background fields for an arbitrary number of Abelian flavor multiplets. By solving the Wess-Zumino consistency conditions for off-shell new minimal supergravity in four dimensions with an arbitrary number of Abelian vector multiplets, we compute the anomaly in the conservation of the supercurrent to leading non trivial order in the gravitino and vector multiplet fermions. We find that bothR-symmetry and flavor anomalies necessarily lead to a supersymmetry anomaly, thus generalizing our earlier results to non superconformal theories with Abelian flavor symmetries. The anomaly in the conservation of the supercurrent leads to an anomalous transformation for the supercurrent under rigid supersymmetry on bosonic backgrounds that admit new minimal Killing spinors. The resulting deformation of the supersymmetry algebra has implications for supersymmetric localization computations on such backgrounds.
Changes in neurovascular coupling during cycling exercise measured by multi-distance fNIRS: a comparison between endurance athletes and physically active controls
Authors: Seidel Oliver , Carius Daniel , Roediger Julia , Rumpf Sebastian , Ragert Patrick 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
It is well known that endurance exercise modulates the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal system. However, knowledge about its effects on brain function and structure is rather sparse. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate exercise-dependent adaptations in neurovascular coupling to different intensity levels in motor-related brain regions. Moreover, expertise effects between trained endurance athletes (EA) and active control participants (ACP) during a cycling test were investigated using multi-distance functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Initially, participants performed an incremental cycling test (ICT) to assess peak values of power output (PPO) and cardiorespiratory parameters such as oxygen consumption volume (VO2max) and heart rate (HRmax). In a second session, participants cycled individual intensity levels of 20, 40, and 60% of PPO while measuring cardiorespiratory responses and neurovascular coupling. Our results revealed exercise-induced decreases of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), indicating an increased activation in motor-related brain areas such as primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor cortex (PMC). However, we could not find any differential effects in brain activation between EA and ACP. Future studies should extend this approach using whole-brain configurations and systemic physiological augmented fNIRS measurements, which seems to be of pivotal interest in studies aiming to assess neural activation in a sports-related context.
The Financial Burden of Road Traffic Injuries in Mozambique: A Hospital‐Related Cost‐of‐Illness Study of Maputo Central Hospital
Authors: Prakash Ipshita , Neves Otilia , Cumbe Eduardo , Hamadani Fadi , Razek Tarek , Fata Paola , Beckett Andrew , Khwaja Kosar , Grushka Jeremy , Wong Evan G. , Jacobe Mario , de Costa Assis , Deckelbaum Dan L. , Yohannan Prem 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundRoad traffic injuries (RTIs) are increasingly being recognized for their significant economic impact. Mozambique, like other low‐income countries, suffers staggering rates of road traffic collisions. To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate direct hospital costs of RTIs using a bottom‐up, micro‐costing approach in the Mozambican context. This study aims to calculate the direct, inpatient costs of RTIs in Mozambique and compare it to the financial capacity of the Mozambican public health care system.MethodsThis was a retrospective, single‐centre study. Charts of all patients with RTIs admitted to Maputo Central Hospital over a period of 2 months were reviewed. The costs were recorded and analysed based on direct costs, human resource costs, and overhead costs. Costs were calculated using a micro‐costing approach.ResultsIn total, 114 patients were admitted and treated for RTIs at Maputo Central Hospital during June–July 2015. On average, the hospital cost per patient was US$ 604.28 (IQR 1033.58). Of this, 44% was related to procedural costs, 23% to diagnostic imaging costs, 17% to length‐of‐stay costs, 9% to medication costs, and 7% to laboratory test costs. The average annual inpatient cost of RTIs in Mozambique was almost US$ 116 million (0.8% of GDP).ConclusionThe financial burden of RTIs in Mozambique represents approximately 40% of the annual public health care budget. These results help highlight the economic impact of trauma in Mozambique and the importance of an organized trauma system to reduce such costs.
Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy versus isolated upper abdominal perfusion for advanced pancreatic cancer: a retrospective cohort study on 454 patients
Authors: Aigner Karl R. , Gailhofer Sabine , Selak Emir , Aigner Kornelia 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Purpose
The treatment of pancreatic carcinoma remains a challenge as prognosis is poor, even if confined to a single anatomical region. A regional treatment of pancreatic cancer with high drug concentrations at the tumor site may increase response behaviour. Intra-arterial administration of drugs generates homogenous drug distribution throughout the entire tumor volume.

Methods
We report on treatment outcome of 454 patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma (WHO stage III: 174 patients, WHO stage IV: 280 patients). Patients have been separated to two different treatment protocols. The first group (n = 233 patients) has been treated via angiographically placed celiac axis catheters. The second group (n = 221 patients) had upper abdominal perfusion (UAP) with stopflow balloon catheters in aorta and vena cava. Both groups have been treated with a combination of cisplatin, adriamycin and mitomycin.

Results
For stage III pancreatic cancer, median survival rates of 8 and 12 months were reached with IA and UAP treatment, respectively. For stage IV pancreatic cancer, median survival rates of 7 and 8.5 months were reached with IA and UAP treatment, respectively. Resolution of ascites has been reached in all cases by UAP treatment. Toxicity was generally mild, WHO grade I or II, toxicity grade III or IV was only noted in patients with severe systemic pretreatment. The techniques, survival data and detailed results are demonstrated.

Conclusions
Responsiveness of pancreatic cancer to regional chemotherapy is drug exposure dependent. The isolated perfusion procedure is superior to intra-arterial infusion in survival times.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Different Forms of Bullying Perpetration, Bullying Victimization, and Their Co-occurrence
Authors: Veldkamp Sabine A. M. , Boomsma Dorret I. , de Zeeuw Eveline L. , van Beijsterveldt Catharina E. M. , Bartels Meike , Dolan Conor V. , van Bergen Elsje 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBullying comes in different forms, yet most previous genetically-sensitive studies have not distinguished between them. Given the serious consequences and the high prevalence of bullying, it is remarkable that the aetiology of bullying and its different forms has been under-researched. We present the first study to investigate the genetic architecture of bullying perpetration, bullying victimization, and their co-occurrence for verbal, physical and relational bullying. Primary-school teachers rated 8215 twin children on bullying perpetration and bullying victimization. For each form of bullying, we investigated, through genetic structural equation modelling, the genetic and environmental influences on being a bully, a victim or both. 34% of the children were involved as bully, victim, or both. The correlation between being a bully and being a victim varied from 0.59 (relational) to 0.85 (physical). Heritability was ~ 70% for perpetration and ~ 65% for victimization, similar in girls and boys, yet both were somewhat lower for the relational form. Shared environmental influences were modest and more pronounced among girls. The correlation between being a bully and being a victim was explained mostly by genetic factors for verbal (~ 71%) and especially physical (~ 77%) and mostly by environmental factors for relational perpetration and victimization (~ 60%). Genes play a large role in explaining which children are at high risk of being a victim, bully, or both. For victimization this suggests an evocative gene-environment correlation: some children are at risk of being exposed to bullying, partly due to genetically influenced traits. So, genetic influences make some children more vulnerable to become a bully, victim or both.