bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VTC J095517.5 + 690813: A radio transient from the accretion-induced collapse of a white dwarf?
Authors: Moriya Takashi J 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
I investigate the possibility that a recently reported radio transient in M81, VTC J095517.5 + 690813, was caused by the accretion-induced collapse of a white dwarf. It became bright in the radio, but no associated optical transient was discovered. An accretion-induced collapse is predicted to be radio-bright but optically faint, satisfying the observed properties. I compare the predicted radio emission from an accretion-induced collapse with that of VTC J095517.5 + 690813 and show that this object can be reasonably explained by an accretion-induced collapse. Although it is difficult to firmly conclude that VTC J095517.5 + 690813 is an accretion-induced collapse, my results show that radio-bright transients without an optical counterpart could be related to stellar deaths.
DNA polymerases in the risk and prognosis of colorectal and pancreatic cancers
Authors: Silvestri Roberto , Landi Stefano 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHuman cancers arise from the alteration of genes involved in important pathways that mainly affect cell growth and proliferation. DNA replication and DNA damages recognition and repair are among these pathways and DNA polymerases that take part in these processes are frequently involved in cancer onset and progression. For example, damaging alterations within the proofreading domain of replicative polymerases, often reported in patients affected by colorectal cancer (CRC), are considered risk factors and drivers of carcinogenesis as they can lead to the accumulation of several mutations throughout the genome. Thus, replicative polymerases can be involved in cancer when losses of their physiological functions occur. On the contrary, reparative polymerases are often involved in cancer precisely because of their physiological role. In fact, their ability to repair and bypass DNA damages, which confers genome stability, can also counteract the effect of most anticancer drugs. In addition, the altered expression can characterise some type of cancers, which exacerbates this aspect. For example, all of the DNA polymerases involved a damage bypass mechanism, known as translesion synthesis, with the only exception of polymerase theta, are downregulated in CRC. Conversely, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), most of these polymerase result upregulated. This suggests that different types of cancer can rely on different reparative polymerases to acquire drug resistance. Here we will examine all of the aspects that link DNA polymerases with CRC and PDAC.
Synthetic metabolic computation in a bioluminescence-sensing system
Authors: Barger Natalia , Litovco Phyana , Li Ximing , Habib Mouna , Daniel Ramez 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBioluminescence is visible light produced and emitted by living cells using various biological systems (e.g. luxCDABE cassette). Today, this phenomenon is widely exploited in biological research, biotechnology and medical applications as a quantitative technique for the detection of biological signals. However, this technique has mostly been used to detect a single input only. In this work, we re-engineered the complex genetic structure of luxCDABE cassette to build a biological unit that can detect multi-inputs, process the cellular information and report the computation results. We first split the luxCDABE operon into several parts to create a genetic circuit that can compute a soft minimum in living cells. Then, we used the new design to implement an AND logic function with better performance as compared to AND logic functions based on protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, by controlling the reverse reaction of the luxCDABE cassette independently from the forward reaction, we built a comparator with a programmable detection threshold. Finally, we applied the redesigned cassette to build an incoherent feedforward loop that reduced the unwanted crosstalk between stress-responsive promoters (recA, katG). This work demonstrates the construction of genetic circuits that combine regulations of gene expression with metabolic pathways, for sensing and computing in living cells.
Single-molecule visualization of human BLM helicase as it acts upon double- and single-stranded DNA substrates
Authors: Xue Chaoyou , Daley James M , Xue Xiaoyu , Steinfeld Justin , Kwon Youngho , Sung Patrick , Greene Eric C 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Bloom helicase (BLM) and its orthologs are essential for the maintenance of genome integrity. BLM defects represent the underlying cause of Bloom Syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that is marked by strong cancer predisposition. BLM deficient cells accumulate extensive chromosomal aberrations stemming from dysfunctions in homologous recombination (HR). BLM participates in several HR stages and helps dismantle potentially harmful HR intermediates. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of these BLM-mediated regulatory effects. Here, we use DNA curtains to directly visualize the activity of BLM helicase on single molecules of DNA. Our data show that BLM is a robust helicase capable of rapidly (∼70–80 base pairs per second) unwinding extensive tracts (∼8–10 kilobases) of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Importantly, we find no evidence for BLM activity on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that is bound by replication protein A (RPA). Likewise, our results show that BLM can neither associate with nor translocate on ssDNA that is bound by the recombinase protein RAD51. Moreover, our data reveal that the presence of RAD51 also blocks BLM translocation on dsDNA substrates. We discuss our findings within the context of potential regulator roles for BLM helicase during DNA replication and repair.
Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing in kidney research
Authors: Iwakura Takamasa , Marschner Julian A , Zhao Zhi Bo , Świderska Monika Katarzyna , Anders Hans-Joachim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a quantitative, label-free, non-invasive analytical method allowing continuous monitoring of the behaviour of adherent cells by online recording of transcellular impedance. ECIS offers a wide range of practical applications to study cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, toxicity and monolayer barrier integrity. All of these applications are relevant for basic kidney research, e.g. on endothelial cells, tubular and glomerular epithelial cells. This review gives an overview on the fundamental principles of the ECIS technology. We name strengths and remaining hurdles for practical applications, present an ECIS array reuse protocol, and review its past, present and potential future contributions to preclinical kidney research.
Hyperkalemia: pathophysiology, risk factors and consequences
Authors: Hunter Robert W , Bailey Matthew A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
There have been significant recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain potassium homoeostasis and the clinical consequences of hyperkalemia. In this article we discuss these advances within a concise review of the pathophysiology, risk factors and consequences of hyperkalemia. We highlight aspects that are of particular relevance for clinical practice. Hyperkalemia occurs when renal potassium excretion is limited by reductions in glomerular filtration rate, tubular flow, distal sodium delivery or the expression of aldosterone-sensitive ion transporters in the distal nephron. Accordingly, the major risk factors for hyperkalemia are renal failure, diabetes mellitus, adrenal disease and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers or potassium-sparing diuretics. Hyperkalemia is associated with an increased risk of death, and this is only in part explicable by hyperkalemia-induced cardiac arrhythmia. In addition to its well-established effects on cardiac excitability, hyperkalemia could also contribute to peripheral neuropathy and cause renal tubular acidosis. Hyperkalemia—or the fear of hyperkalemia—contributes to the underprescription of potentially beneficial medications, particularly in heart failure. The newer potassium binders could play a role in attempts to minimize reduced prescribing of renin–angiotensin inhibitors and mineraolocorticoid antagonists in this context.
The Obligation Dilemma
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This book argues for the prima facie plausibility of the surprising and paradoxical conclusion that there are no moral obligations regardless of whether determinism is true. In the form of a dilemma, the primary argument for this skeptical conclusion presupposes that obligation requires freedom. A minimal number of credible principles entail that this is the freedom both to do, and to refrain from doing, what is obligatory. On the deterministic horn of the dilemma, since determinism eliminates freedom to do otherwise, it imperils moral obligation. On the indeterministic horn, pertinent actions are too luck-infected to qualify as obligations. Hence, there are no moral obligations. The book’s principal goal is to develop the obligation dilemma as powerfully and clearly as possible to inspire sustained philosophical work to solve it (assuming that it can be solved). In many respects, the obligation dilemma mirrors the venerable responsibility dilemma: regardless of whether determinism is true, no one is morally responsible for anything. The book shows that various prevalent moves in favor of, or in response to, the responsibility dilemma are, when suitably amended, not promising as supportive of, or retorts to, the obligation dilemma. Exposing the obligation dilemma’s implications for responsibility, and its ramifications for forgiveness (something central to salutary interpersonal relationships), underscores its urgency.
Unfreedom for All
Authors: Donahue Thomas J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
It is often said that we live in global systems of injustice. But if so, what are they, and what are their moral consequences? This book offers a theory of global injustice—“Unfreedom for All.” The theory explores and defends the old adage that “No one is free while others are oppressed” by putting five questions: Why and when ought we to combat injustices done to distant others, and does this require joining in solidarity against them? Do we live under global systems of injustice? What counts as systematic injustice or oppression? Who if anyone is made unfree by such injustices? What harms do they do? Unfreedom for All shows that the “No one is free” creed either answers or results from each of these questions. It defends that creed by considering how systematic injustices—such as global severe poverty, male supremacy, or racial oppression—are perpetuated. The book argues that where your society does such an injustice, it systematically suppresses anyone’s resistance to the injustice—including yours. It uses authoritarian tactics against everyone, so you too are subject to arbitrary power. Hence you too are unfree. This holds just as true of systematic injustices done by global society, and this should be the main reason for joining in solidarity against injustice.
The Diagnostics of Injustice
Authors: Donahue-Ochoa Thomas J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that careful diagnosis of injustices is central to understanding what to do about them. This requires differential diagnosis: the comparative assessment of different diagnoses of injustice. Yet present-day political theory treats such diagnostics as only a marginal task, even though past political theory considered it central. Chapter 1 undermines this marginalization, by tracing it to the tradition begun by John Rawls and its faulty practice of non-ideal theory. It argues that by the tradition’s own principles, non-ideal theory cannot succeed without such diagnostics. The chapter then recuperates such diagnostics by describing the leading theories of systematic injustice. These theories constitute the closest thing we have to a nosology (the classification of diseases) and pathology (the study of disease in general) of systematic injustice. If we wish to see political theory once again take seriously the differential diagnosis of injustices, then it will have to take these theories seriously.
Against the Received View
Authors: Donahue-Ochoa Thomas J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the view that prevails among the world’s liberal elites on the book’s questions. Specifically, it examines this received view’s theories of the nature of systematic injustice, whether there are global systematic injustices, and the duty to challenge injustice. The received view argues that oppression or systematic injustice is mainly a form of political subjugation of a group, done chiefly by the state. It argues that there are no global systematic injustices, because a systematic injustice can implicate only those people over whom some agency claims political authority, and no agency claims political authority over the whole globe. And it argues that when groups have duties to challenge injustice, this does not imply that their individual members do, and vice versa. As a result, the view has nothing to say about when individuals should join in solidarity against injustice. Ironically, the view thereby sets groups free: rather than Leviathans composed of atomistic individuals jealous of their liberties, groups become Gullivers released from the Lilliputians’ bonds. The chapter then argues that this results in dangerously unchecked groups and a shortfall of responsible agents.
Lies, Fairytales, and Fallacies
Authors: Carter Niambi Michele 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key ideas animating the text. The twin issues of race and nationhood remain a significant part of the conversation regarding black political incorporation and are rendered most visible in the domain of immigration. Blacks have a different perspective of America that is grounded in their peculiar history and experiences with the country and its institutions. The chapter begins by putting forward the major theoretical underpinnings of existing works in black public opinion. In particular, it focuses on the work on interminority relations and lays out the critical interventions of this text. Chapter outlines and a roadmap to the rest of the text are provided.
The Responsibility of States
Authors: Powers Madison 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the rationale for the special responsibility of nation-states to secure human rights and structural justice. It explains what makes states unique moral agents, in particular their responsibility to address structurally unjust conditions that give rise to human rights violations within their borders. However, it rejects prominent arguments for the conclusion that states have only a preventive and remedial role in the presence of domestic structural unfairness and human rights violations. The chapter defends the Principle of Interstate Reciprocity, which sets moral limits on the pursuit of national benefit, global advantage, and the exercise of power over others, and it concludes with an account of four unfair forms of control exercised by various supranational institutions, often in combination with powerful states and other non-state institutional agents.
The Central Asian States
Authors: Graney Katherine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that with the partial exception of Kazakhstan, by mutual agreement, both European gatekeepers and actors in the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union have decided that these states are not in any meaningful way part of Europe, and that no aspect of Europeanization (political, security, or cultural-civilizational) is appropriate for them. Kazakhstan has made some effort to position itself as a “truly Eurasian” state that is a bridge between Europe and Asia but is firmly tied to Russia’s Euro-alternative institutions. None of the other Central Asian states has shown any interest in identifying as European in any way. The chapter explores the various forms of political authoritarianism, security strategy, and national identity that the five Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) have pursued instead of a policy of Europeanization. In the absence of a real European presence, Russia’s and China’s roles and ambitions in the region are also discussed.
The Harmonic Hero’s Journey
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses harmony, the musical element that gives color to a melody but can also form a melody of its own when laid out in a chord progression. Certain progressions are so effective that they become evergreen, as is the case with the four-chord cycle that undergirds “We Are Young” by Fun. Known as “ice cream changes” it has been a staple of pop music since the 1920s. Almost a century on, its power remains undiminished, each chord sounding another step on an epic harmonic journey, a quality perfect for Fun’s anthem of youthful nostalgia.
Northern Kenya
Authors: Cox Fletcher D. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 presents a critical microlevel case study of civil action in an underanalyzed conflict in Northern Kenya—the Samburu-Turkana Range War. Evidence from the case indicates that civil and uncivil actions co-evolve and coexist. Community-based organizations (CBOs) and traditional authorities effectively use civic action to interrupt violence escalation. At the same time, civic action does not fully eliminate violence, but rather changes the qualities of it. Civil action provides platforms for the coordination of inter- and intragroup relationships, which helps to dampen the frequency of violence and the speed of escalation but also raises the cost of violence. It allows local armed groups to become better armed, better organized, and more capable of accessing detailed, covert information through local relational networks. Violence occurs less often and escalates less rapidly, but when it does occur, it is deadlier. Under conditions of state fragility, civil action plays an unintentional role in increasing militia mobilization and prolonging protracted conflict.
Civil Action against ETA Terrorism in Basque Country
Authors: Argomaniz Javier 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This study presented in this chapter explores how local and regional authorities, peace organizations, civic groups, and victims’ associations challenged and ultimately delegitimized political violence in Basque country since the 1980s. The chapter demonstrates that civil action, though it was not the only factor in the demise of the armed separatist organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), was an engine for political transformation and helped to precipitate an end to the violence by undermining the support for ETA in Basque society. The Basque case holds a number of relevant insights that could be applied to other contexts, including the importance of discursive and normative changes in public attitudes and collective action against terrorism in democratic societies.
The Colombian Private Sector in Colombia’s Transition to Peace
Authors: Rettberg Angelika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
During the Colombian civil war, businesses undertook both civil and uncivil actions, but the civil action of a “pro-peace coalition” was among the many factors moving the conflict toward its (uneasy) settlement in 2016. This chapter documents the civil action efforts of a pro-peace coalition, explores how support for these efforts changed over time—particularly in the last two attempts to negotiate peace, in Caguán (1998–2002) and in Havana, Cuba (2012–2016), and focuses on the motivations behind them. Contrary to simplistic analyses, it demonstrates that the profit motive alone cannot explain business strategies in contexts of conflict and peacebuilding. Contextual factors, the type of organization, and access to politics are important in understanding how business factions respond to armed conflict, including those participating in civil action within the “pro-peace coalition” and those aligning themselves with armed actors. The explanation of Colombian business strategies to address armed conflict holds lessons for understanding business-led civil action in other countries.
Conclusion
Authors: Avant Deborah , Chenoweth Erica , Epstein Rachel , Hendrix Cullen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes what we have learned from our case studies about civil action and how it intersects with various ongoing concerns in the field. It begins by offering a series of propositions and questions to prompt further research on civil action, its causes, and its effects. It then turns to examine how the book’s analysis intersects with ongoing debates. The final section ponders the relevance of civil action in less violent situations, how the growing importance of connections through social media might shape its likelihood and effect, and whether civil action can be a tool for advancing exclusionary goals.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Scrupulosity dates back millennia and is widely reported in Catholic and Protestant traditions over the last half-century. This chapter looks more generally at obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is characterized by obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent, intrusive and unwanted, unjustified, and anxiety-evoking. Also, OCD needs to be distinguished from a different condition with a similar name: obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Whereas OCD is an anxiety disorder, OCPD is a personality disorder, that is, a disorder in those stable traits that make up one’s personality. The chapter addresses difficulties in determining whether obsessions are beliefs: normal tests of beliefs fail in the case of OCD and Scrupulosity. It next considers compulsions, repetitive behaviors performed in response to obsessions that aim to prevent or reduce anxiety or distress.
Treatment
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We are sometimes justified in encouraging, pressuring, or requiring those with Scrupulosity to seek treatment, even if they object on moral grounds. The justification for treating OCD does not apply to Scrupulosity. Possible justifications for treatment over moral objection are harm to self or others, distress, future gratitude, community treatment standards, and internal incoherence of one’s beliefs due to arbitrariness, conflation, or fixation. All of these justifications avoid explicit appeals to the therapist’s own moral standards. Some forms of treatment raise no distinctive moral issues, but some raise ethical issues because they require the person to do things the person considers immoral. This can be alleviated in part by good communication with the therapist about the point of such treatment.
Epilogue
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Philosophical reflections on Scrupulosity have revealed several important complexities about morality, religion, sainthood, character, mental illness, responsibility, and rationality. In particular, they have shown how mental illness is much more complicated than just the absence of rationality, that moral actions, character traits, and moral judgments cannot be evaluated in isolation but must be considered in context. This larger context is conveyed in therapy. The goal here was not to resolve these complexities but to illustrate how these issues are illuminated by reflecting about real psychiatric cases. These cases and reflections are instructive about how hard and sometimes subtle it is to draw a clear line between this disorder and ordinary, rational moral life.