bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Transformation of Annuities and Annuity-Values payable Yearly, into the like when payable in Fractional Intervals of a Year, by means of Constant Factors; with Specimens of Tables computed for this purpose, and Examples of their application
Authors: McKenzie D. J. McG. 
Published: June 2019

It is not to be expected, at this period of time, that anything new remains to be discovered in the Doctrine of Annuities, especially by one not conversant with analysis; yet a useful application may occasionally be found of the results of former investigations, the more so should such have remained in comparative neglect.The announcement of the relation which subsists between an annuity payable yearly, and when it is payable half-yearly, quarterly, monthly, &c., the rate of interest continuing the same, is due to the illustrious De Moivre, and was made by him in the second edition of his treatise of Annuities on Lives, published in 1743. It was reproduced in the subsequent editions of the same work, and is to be found, with some errors of the press corrected, in that appended to the third edition of his Doctrine of Chances, 1756.Although I have not strictly followed De Moivre, having computed my factors before I found they were described in his work, I here transcribe his rules with the demonstration of them, remarking that, the notation he employs being at variance with that to which we are now accustomed, and likely, therefore, to cause embarrassment to the student, I have substituted the modern notation throughout.
On the Valuation of Policies subject to Half-yearly and Quarterly Premiums
Authors: Sprague Thos. B. , King George 
Published: June 2019

We will now state, with the necessary technical detail, our reasons for the opinion we have already expressed, that it is not permissible to add to the assets, or otherwise bring into the valuation as a credit, the present value of the extra charge made upon half-yearly and quarterly premiums in excess of the aliquot part of an annual premium. This extra charge is made for three different purposes, (1) to cover the cost and trouble of collecting premiums at frequent intervals; (2) to make good the loss of interest on the portion of the premium which is not paid at the beginning of the year; and (3) when the half-yearly or quarterly payments are really premiums, and not instalments of yearly premiums, to compensate for the loss of premium which will occur in some cases through the life assured dying before the full year's premium for the current policy-year has been paid. The proper amount of the extra to be charged for (2) and (3) is easily determined. Since the value of an annuity payable in advance is 1 + a, ¾ + a, or ⅝ + a, according as it is payable yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly, the total yearly net premium for the age x isaccording as it is payable yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly.
History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom
Authors: Walford Cornelius 
Published: June 2019

Life assurance is the compound growth, first, of our commercial necessities, aided largely by a love of speculation, and later, of our progressive civilization. For the former, rough and ready means of estimation were resorted to; for the latter, a long and elaborate course of progressive investigation was needed.The development of the business has extended over some three or four centuries, perhaps more. It has passed through three distinct phases, as (1). The Experimental Period; (2). The Speculative or Transitional Period; (3). The Period of Scientific Exactitude. These periods, of course, more or less overlap each other, but they each possess very marked distinctions.
History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom (Continued)
Authors: Walford Cornelius 
Published: June 2019

The second life assurance project in 1710 to be noticed is the following.2. This day (16th December 1710) are published from the Office, at the Wheat Sheaf, over against Tom's Coffee-House in Russell Street, Covent Garden, proposals for the benefit of the Clergy and Widows of Clergymen, by a Joint Contribution, whereby a Clergyman by a Contribution of 10s. (as in the proposals is at large expressed) may be entitled to the sum of £750 on his being instituted and inducted into a Rectory or Vicarage in England or Ireland, or sent as a Missionary by the Corporation of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign parts; or by a Contribution of 5s. may be entitled to the sum of £375, or by a Contribution of 2s. 6d. to the sum of £187.10s., in the cases aforesaid, with other advantages for the Widows and Children of the Contributors.
On Average Rates of Mortality as affected by the Grouping of the Numbers exposed to Risk at different Ages
Authors: Gray William Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Most persons who have dealt with mortality experiences have, no doubt, observed the variation in the average rates deduced according to the grouping of the exposures, but a few observations thereon, for the benefit of students of life contingencies, may, perhaps, be acceptable.The first process in the investigation of the rate of mortality among lives assured in an office, or a special class, as annuitants, is to obtain the number exposed to risk of mortality, and the deaths which have actually occurred, at each age, during a certain period of time, as, say, the past five years, or since the company was established. The method to be used for deducing the numbers exposed to risk will depend on the special circumstances of the experience under observation, and need not here be discussed; but, assuming the exposures and deaths to have been ascertained, the mortality experience of the company is deduced by dividing the number of deaths at each age by the corresponding exposures.
Recent Decadal Change in the North Atlantic Subtropical Underwater Associated With the Poleward Expansion of the Surface Salinity Maximum
Authors: Liu Hao , Yu Lisan , Lin Xiaopei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractYu et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075772) reported that the annual mean sea surface salinity maximum (SSS‐max) in the North Atlantic expanded northward by 0.35 ± 0.11° per decade over the 34‐year data record (1979–2012). The expansion shifted and expanded the ventilation zone northward and increased the production of the Subtropical Underwater (STUW). As a result, the STUW became deeper, thicker, and saltier. In this study, the seasonal characteristics of the poleward expansion of the North Atlantic SSS‐max and their effects on the STUW are examined. The results show that the SSS‐max expansion occurred primarily during boreal spring (April, May, and June) and expanded northward by 0.43 ± 0.21° per decade over the 34‐year period. The annual volume of the STUW increased by 0.21 ± 0.09 1014 m3 per decade over the same period, and the spring (April, May, and June) volume increased by 0.31 ± 0.02 1014 m3 per decade (a relative increase of 48 ± 1%). The characteristics of the decadal changes in STUW were attributable to the increased subduction rate associated with the northward expansion of the SSS‐max. The annual subduction rate increased by 0.29 ± 0.07 Sv per decade over the 34 years, and the greatest increase of 1.73 ± 0.61 Sv per decade occurred in April. The change in subduction associated with the expansion of the SSS‐max appeared to be consistent with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.
Landscape and Tectonic Evolution of Bayin River Watershed, Northeastern Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the Role of River Morphology in Source Analysis and Low‐Temperature Thermochronology
Authors: Yu Xiangjiang , Guo Zhaojie , Guan Shuwei , Du Wei , Wang Zhendong , Bian Qing , Li Linlin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Bayin River, the largest river in the northeastern Qaidam basin, plays an important role in the source‐to‐sink system and landscape evolution at the basin‐mountain boundary between the Qilian Mountains and the Qaidam basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we conduct field observation, topographic analysis, zircon U–Pb dating, and apatite (U–Th)/He dating to constrain the landscape and tectonic evolution of the Bayin River watershed. Bedrock zircon U–Pb dating indicates the age group of 420–450 Ma for far‐source sediments and the age group of >1,700 Ma for near‐source sediments in the Bayin River watershed. Detrital zircon U–Pb dating results from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in the Bayin River watershed reveal that the most important source transition occurred during the Cretaceous. The Zongwulong Mountains gradually uplifted throughout the Cenozoic, along with decreasing far source and increasing near source based on detrital zircon U–Pb dating. Rapid uplift occurred across the Qilian Mountains during the late Cenozoic, leading to high normalized steepness indices, young apatite (U–Th)/He ages, and deep incised valleys at the basin‐mountain transition zone. The knickpoints caused by the latest headward erosion just reach an elevation of ~3,800 m on the river longitudinal profiles, indicating that the latest uplift magnitude is ~300–400 m relative to the basin surface of the Qaidam basin. Elevation distribution and apatite (U–Th)/He ages reveal that river incision leads to high relief in the Zongwulong Mountains and influences its tectonic evolution.
Stream Gauge Calibration of a Cave Stream Using Water Temperature Variability as a Tracer
Authors: Lüthi M. P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCalibration of stream gauging stations involves water velocity measurements at various water levels to obtain discharge and to determine the rating curve. This process is laborious, often logistically challenging, or even impossible for streams that are only accessible at low flow. Here, we present an alternative method to obtain mean stream velocity by matching temperature variation patterns measured at two positions in the stream. Such water temperature variations are caused by snow melt or rainfall events and serve as natural tracers. The method is successfully applied to a karst cave stream that is only accessible at lowest flow. The installed high‐precision data loggers provide sufficient data to obtain a relationship between water depth and mean velocity. The approximate rating curve, based on reach mean channel width, agrees well with results from dye tracer experiments. This cave stream shows the typical features of a steep step‐pool stream such as a power law relation between mean velocity and discharge.
Year‐Round Transpiration Dynamics Linked With Deep Soil Moisture in a Warm Desert Shrubland
Authors: Szutu D. J. , Papuga S. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEcohydrological processes in semiarid shrublands and other dryland ecosystems are sensitive to discrete pulses of precipitation. Anticipated changes in the frequency and magnitude of precipitation events are expected to impact the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture in these drylands, thereby impacting their ecohydrological processes. Recent field studies have shown that in dryland ecosystems, transpiration dynamics and plant productivity are largely a function of deep soil moisture available after large precipitation events, regardless of where the majority of plant roots occur. However, the strength of this relationship and how and why it varies throughout the year remains unclear. We present eddy covariance, soil moisture, and sap flow measurements taken over an 18‐month period in conjunction with an analysis of biweekly precipitation, shallow soil, deep soil, and stem stable water isotope samples from a creosotebush‐dominated shrubland ecosystem at the Santa Rita Experimental Range in southern Arizona. Within the context of a hydrologically defined two‐layer conceptual framework, our results support that transpiration is associated with the availability of deep soil moisture and that the source of this moisture varies seasonally. Therefore, changes in precipitation pulses that alter the timing and magnitude of the availability of deep soil moisture are expected to have major consequences for dryland ecosystems. Our findings offer insights that can improve the representation of drylands within regional and global models of land surface atmosphere exchange and their linkages to the hydrologic cycle.
Recent Increases in Water Column Denitrification in the Seasonally Suboxic Bottom Waters of the Santa Barbara Basin
Authors: White Margot E. , Rafter Patrick A. , Stephens Brandon M. , Wankel Scott D. , Aluwihare Lihini I. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDenitrification in the anoxic sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin has been well documented in the historic and modern record, but the regulation of and frequency with which denitrification occurs in the overlying water column are less understood. Since 2004, the magnitude and speciation of redox active nitrogen species in bottom waters have changed markedly. Most notable are periods of decreased nitrate and increased nitrite concentrations. Here we examine these changes in nitrogen cycling as recorded by the stable isotopes of dissolved nitrate from 2010–2016. When compared to previous studies, our data identify an increase in water column denitrification in the bottom waters of the basin. Observations from inside the basin as well as data from the wider California Current Ecosystem implicate a long‐term trend of decreasing oxygen concentrations as the driver for these observed changes, with ramifications for local benthic communities and regional nitrogen loss.
Introduction to Science and Exploration of the Moon, Near‐Earth Asteroids, and Moons of Mars
Authors: Glotch Timothy D. , Schmidt Gregory , Pendleton Yvonne 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis special collection, sponsored by National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute, includes contributions relevant to the science and exploration of Moon, near‐Earth asteroids, and the moons of Mars. Contributions appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research—Planets, Earth and Space Science, and GeoHealth. Major topics covered by the contributions include, but are not limited to, space weathering, geologic analysis of potential lunar landing sites, field analog investigations, and infrared spectroscopic measurements applied to airless bodies in the solar system.
Inter-partner specificity limits the acquisition of thermotolerant symbionts in a model cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis
Authors: Gabay Yasmin , Parkinson John Everett , Wilkinson Shaun P , Weis Virginia M , Davy Simon K 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The ability of corals and other cnidarians to survive climate change depends partly on the composition of their endosymbiont communities. The dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae is genetically and physiologically diverse, and one proposed mechanism for cnidarians to acclimate to rising temperatures is to acquire more thermally tolerant symbionts. However, cnidarian-dinoflagellate associations vary in their degree of specificity, which may limit their capacity to alter symbiont communities. Here, we inoculated symbiont-free polyps of the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (commonly referred to as ‘Aiptasia’), a model system for the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, with simultaneous or sequential mixtures of thermally tolerant and thermally sensitive species of Symbiodiniaceae. We then monitored symbiont success (relative proportional abundance) at normal and elevated temperatures across two to four weeks. All anemones showed signs of bleaching at high temperature. During simultaneous inoculations, the native, thermally sensitive Breviolum minutum colonized polyps most successfully regardless of temperature when paired against the non-native but more thermally tolerant Symbiodinium microadriaticum or Durusdinium trenchii. Furthermore, anemones initially colonized with B. minutum and subsequently exposed to S. microadriaticum failed to acquire the new symbiont. These results highlight how partner specificity may place strong limitations on the ability of certain cnidarians to acquire more thermally tolerant symbionts, and hence their adaptive potential under climate change.
A novel member of Prame family, Gm12794c, counteracts retinoic acid differentiation through the methyltransferase activity of PRC2
Authors: Napolitano Giuliana , Tagliaferri Daniela , Fusco Salvatore , Cirillo Carmine , De Martino Ilaria , Addeo Martina , Mazzone Pellegrino , Russo Nicola Antonino , Natale Francesco , Cardoso Maria Cristina , De Luca Luciana , Lamorte Daniela , La Rocca Francesco , De Felice Mario , Falco Geppino 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) fluctuate among different levels of pluripotency defined as metastates. Sporadically, metastable cellular populations convert to a highly pluripotent metastate that resembles the preimplantation two-cell embryos stage (defined as 2C stage) in terms of transcriptome, DNA methylation, and chromatin structure. Recently, we found that the retinoic acid (RA) signaling leads to a robust increase of cells specifically expressing 2C genes, such as members of the Prame family. Here, we show that Gm12794c, one of the most highly upregulated Prame members, and previously identified as a key player for the maintenance of pluripotency, has a functional role in conferring ESCs resistance to RA signaling. In particular, RA-dependent expression of Gm12794c induces a ground state-like metastate, as evaluated by activation of 2C-specific genes, global DNA hypomethylation and rearrangement of chromatin similar to that observed in naive totipotent preimplantation epiblast cells and 2C-like cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Gm12794c inhibits Cdkn1A gene expression through the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) histone methyltransferase activity. Collectively, our data highlight a molecular mechanism employed by ESCs to counteract retinoic acid differentiation stimuli and contribute to shed light on the molecular mechanisms at grounds of ESCs naive pluripotency-state maintenance.
Hawks steer attacks using a guidance system tuned for close
pursuit of erratically manoeuvring targets
Authors: Brighton Caroline H. , Taylor Graham K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAerial predators adopt a variety of different hunting styles, with
divergent flight morphologies typically adapted either to high-speed interception or
manoeuvring through clutter, but how are their sensorimotor systems tuned in
relation to habitat structure and prey behavior? Falcons intercept prey at
high-speed using the same proportional navigation guidance law as homing missiles.
This classical guidance law works well in the open, but performs sub-optimally
against highly-manoeuvrable targets, and may not produce a feasible path through the
cluttered environments frequented by hawks and other raptors. Here we identify the
guidance law of n = 5 Harris’ Hawks Parabuteo unicinctus chasing erratically manoeuvring
artificial targets. Harris’ Hawks use a mixed guidance law, coupling low-gain
proportional navigation with a low-gain proportional pursuit element. This guidance
law promotes tail-chasing and is not thrown off by erratic manoeuvres, making it
well suited to the hawks’ natural hunting style, involving close pursuit of agile
prey through clutter.
Tumor-associated reactive astrocytes aid the evolution of immunosuppressive environment in glioblastoma
Authors: Henrik Heiland Dieter , Ravi Vidhya M. , Behringer Simon P. , Frenking Jan Hendrik , Wurm Julian , Joseph Kevin , Garrelfs Nicklas W. C. , Strähle Jakob , Heynckes Sabrina , Grauvogel Jürgen , Franco Pamela , Mader Irina , Schneider Matthias , Potthoff Anna-Laura , Delev Daniel , Hofmann Ulrich G. , Fung Christian , Beck Jürgen , Sankowski Roman , Prinz Marco , Schnell Oliver 
Published: June 2019

AbstractReactive astrocytes evolve after brain injury, inflammatory and degenerative diseases, whereby they undergo transcriptomic re-programming. In malignant brain tumors, their function and crosstalk to other components of the environment is poorly understood. Here we report a distinct transcriptional phenotype of reactive astrocytes from glioblastoma linked to JAK/STAT pathway activation. Subsequently, we investigate the origin of astrocytic transformation by a microglia loss-of-function model in a human organotypic slice model with injected tumor cells. RNA-seq based gene expression analysis of astrocytes reveals a distinct astrocytic phenotype caused by the coexistence of microglia and astrocytes in the tumor environment, which leads to a large release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ, IL10 and G-CSF. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway shifts the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines towards a pro-inflammatory environment. The complex interaction of astrocytes and microglia cells promotes an immunosuppressive environment, suggesting that tumor-associated astrocytes contribute to anti-inflammatory responses.
Two HEPN domains dictate CRISPR RNA maturation and target cleavage in Cas13d
Authors: Zhang Bo , Ye Yangmiao , Ye Weiwei , Perčulija Vanja , Jiang Han , Chen Yiyang , Li Yu , Chen Jing , Lin Jinying , Wang Siqi , Chen Qi , Han Yu-San , Ouyang Songying 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCas13d, the type VI-D CRISPR-Cas effector, is an RNA-guided ribonuclease that has been repurposed to edit RNA in a programmable manner. Here we report the detailed structural and functional analysis of the uncultured Ruminococcus sp. Cas13d (UrCas13d)-crRNA complex. Two hydrated Mg2+ ions aid in stabilizing the conformation of the crRNA repeat region. Sequestration of divalent metal ions does not alter pre-crRNA processing, but abolishes target cleavage by UrCas13d. Notably, the pre-crRNA processing is executed by the HEPN-2 domain. Furthermore, both the structure and sequence of the nucleotides U(-8)-C(-1) within the repeat region are indispensable for target cleavage, and are specifically recognized by UrCas13d. Moreover, correct base pairings within two separate spacer regions (an internal and a 3′-end region) are essential for target cleavage. These findings provide a framework for the development of Cas13d into a tool for a wide range of applications.
Reproducibility of Brain Responses: High for Speech Perception, Low for Reading Difficulties
Authors: Leppänen Paavo H. T. , Tóth Dénes , Honbolygó Ferenc , Lohvansuu Kaisa , Hämäläinen Jarmo A. ,   NEURODYS WP7 group, Bartling Jürgen , Bruder Jennifer , Chaix Yves , Iannuzzi Stephanie , Nenert Rodolphe , Neuhoff Nina , Streiftau Silke , Tanskanen Annika , Tuomainen Jyrki , Demonet Jean-Francois , Schulte-Körne Gerd , Csépe Valéria 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNeuroscience findings have recently received critique on the lack of replications. To examine the reproducibility of brain indices of speech sound discrimination and their role in dyslexia, a specific reading difficulty, brain event-related potentials using EEG were measured using the same cross-linguistic passive oddball paradigm in about 200 dyslexics and 200 typically reading 8–12-year-old children from four countries with different native languages. Brain responses indexing speech and non-speech sound discrimination were extremely reproducible, supporting the validity and reliability of cognitive neuroscience methods. Significant differences between typical and dyslexic readers were found when examined separately in different country and language samples. However, reading group differences occurred at different time windows and for different stimulus types between the four countries. This finding draws attention to the limited generalizability of atypical brain response findings in children with dyslexia across language environments and raises questions about a common neurobiological factor for dyslexia. Our results thus show the robustness of neuroscience methods in general while highlighting the need for multi-sample studies in the brain research of language disorders.