bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passionately motivated reasoning: Biased processing of passion‐threatening messages
Authors: Schellenberg Benjamin J. I. , Bailis Daniel S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveWhen facing setbacks and obstacles, the dualistic model of passion outlines that obsessive passion, and not harmonious passion, will predict greater levels of defensiveness. Our aim was to determine whether these passion dimensions predicted defensiveness in the same way when confronted with threatening messages targeting the decision to pursue a passion.MethodAcross four studies with passionate Facebook users, hockey fans, and runners (total N = 763), participants viewed messages giving reasons why their favorite activity should not be pursued. Participants either reported their desire to read the messages (Studies 1 and 2) or evaluated the messages after reading them (Studies 3 and 4).ResultsHarmonious passion consistently predicted higher levels of avoidance or negative evaluations of the messages. These responses were attenuated for participants who had previously affirmed an important value (Study 1), or who were told that they do not control the passions they pursue (Study 4).ConclusionsHarmonious passion entails a sense of autonomy and control over activity engagement, which usually leads to nondefensive behavior. However, this sense of control may elicit more defensive responses from more harmoniously passionate individuals when the decision itself to pursue an activity is under attack.
Response of host–bacterial colonization in shrimp to developmental stage, environment and disease
Authors: Xiong Jinbo , Dai Wenfang , Qiu Qiongfen , Zhu Jinyong , Yang Wen , Li Chenghua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe host‐associated microbiota is increasingly recognized to facilitate host fitness, but the understanding of the underlying ecological processes that govern the host–bacterial colonization over development and, particularly, under disease remains scarce. Here, we tracked the gut microbiota of shrimp over developmental stages and in response to disease. The stage‐specific gut microbiotas contributed parallel changes to the predicted functions, while shrimp disease decoupled this intimate association. After ruling out the age‐discriminatory taxa, we identified key features indicative of shrimp health status. Structural equation modelling revealed that variations in rearing water led to significant changes in bacterioplankton communities, which subsequently affected the shrimp gut microbiota. However, shrimp gut microbiotas are not directly mirrored by the changes in rearing bacterioplankton communities. A neutral model analysis showed that the stochastic processes that govern gut microbiota tended to become more important as healthy shrimp aged, with 37.5% stochasticity in larvae linearly increasing to 60.4% in adults. However, this defined trend was skewed when disease occurred. This departure was attributed to the uncontrolled growth of two candidate pathogens (over‐represented taxa). The co‐occurrence patterns provided novel clues on how the gut commensals interact with candidate pathogens in sustaining shrimp health. Collectively, these findings offer updated insight into the ecological processes that govern the host–bacterial colonization in shrimp and provide a pathological understanding of polymicrobial infections.
Assessment, feedback and the alchemy of learning
Authors: Watling Christopher J , Ginsburg Shiphra 
Published: August 2018

ContextModels of sound assessment practices increasingly emphasise assessment's formative role. As a result, assessment must not only support sound judgements about learner competence, but also generate meaningful feedback to guide learning. Reconciling the tension between assessment's focus on judgement and decision making and feedback's focus on growth and development represents a critical challenge for researchers and educators.MethodsWe synthesise the literature related to this tension, framed around four trends in education research: (i) shifting perspectives on assessment; (ii) shifting perspectives on feedback; (iii) increasing attention on learners’ perceptions of assessment and feedback, and (iv) increasing attention on the influence of culture on assessment and feedback. We describe factors that produce and sustain this tension.ResultsThe lines between assessment and feedback frequently blur in medical education. Models of programmatic assessment deliberately use the same data for both purposes: low‐stakes individual data points are used formatively, but then are added together to support summative judgements. However, the translation of theory to practice is not straightforward. Efforts to embed meaningful feedback in programmes of learning face a multitude of threats. Learners may perceive assessment with formative intent as summative, restricting their engagement with it as feedback, and thus diminishing its learning value. A learning culture focused on assessment may limit learners’ sense of safety to explore, to experiment, and sometimes to fail.ConclusionsSuccessfully blending assessment and feedback demands clarity of purpose, support for learners, and a system and organisational commitment to a culture of improvement rather than a culture of performance.
Autonomous control mechanism of stator assembly in the bacterial flagellar motor in response to changes in the environment
Authors: Minamino Tohru , Terahara Naoya , Kojima Seiji , Namba Keiichi 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe bacterial flagellar motor is composed of a rotor and a transmembrane ion channel complex that acts as a stator unit. The ion channel complex consists of at least three structural parts: a cytoplasmic domain responsible for the interaction with the rotor, a transmembrane ion channel that forms a pathway for the transit of ions across the cytoplasmic membrane, and a peptidoglycan‐binding (PGB) domain that anchors the stator unit to the peptidoglycan (PG) layer. A flexible linker connecting the ion channel and the PGB domain not only coordinates stator assembly with its ion channel activity but also controls the assembly of stator units to the motor in response to changes in the environment. When the ion channel complex encounters the rotor, the N‐terminal portion of the PGB domain adopts a partially stretched conformation, allowing the PGB domain to reach and bind to the PG layer. The binding affinity of the PGB domain for the PG layer is affected by the force applied to its anchoring point and to the type of ionic energy source. In this review article, we will present current understanding of autonomous control mechanism of stator assembly in the bacterial flagellar motor.
In silico discovery of small molecules that inhibit RfaH recruitment to RNA polymerase
Authors: Svetlov Dmitri , Shi Da , Twentyman Joy , Nedialkov Yuri , Rosen David A. , Abagyan Ruben , Artsimovitch Irina 
Published: August 2018

SummaryRfaH is required for virulence in several Gram‐negative pathogens including Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Through direct interactions with RNA polymerase (RNAP) and ribosome, RfaH activates the expression of capsule, cell wall and pilus biosynthesis operons by reducing transcription termination and activating translation. While E. coli RfaH has been extensively studied using structural and biochemical approaches, limited data are available for other RfaH homologs. Here we set out to identify small molecule inhibitors of E. coli and K. pneumoniae RfaHs. Results of biochemical and functional assays show that these proteins act similarly, with a notable difference between their interactions with the RNAP β subunit gate loop. We focused on high‐affinity RfaH interactions with the RNAP β’ subunit clamp helices as a shared target for inhibition. Among the top 10 leads identified by in silico docking using ZINC database, 3 ligands were able to inhibit E. coli RfaH recruitment in vitro. The most potent lead was active against both E. coli and K. pneumoniae RfaHs in vitro. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of identifying RfaH inhibitors using in silico docking and pave the way for rational design of antivirulence therapeutics against antibiotic‐resistant pathogens.
I. INTRODUCTION
Authors: Dahl Audun , Gingo Matthew , Uttich Kevin , Turiel Elliot 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe value of human life is a significant moral value for most people. Yet, past research has devoted little attention to the development of moral reasoning about the value of life. The present studies investigated how adolescents and adults reason about the value of life in the context of so‐called trolley car situations. These situations, adopted from philosophy, involve the option of sacrificing the life of one person to save five others. Based on past developmental research, we expected that individuals would reason about distinct and sometimes conflicting considerations regarding the value of life. This approach contrasted with past research on adults’ responses to trolley car situations, which has been taken to show that most moral evaluations are based not on reasoning but on affective, automatic reactions. In Study 1, 288 adolescents and adults were interviewed about trolley car situations designed to examine considerations like the value of human life and the relationship of those at risk with the actors. In Study 2, 144 college students were interviewed to further examine the roles of those involved. Participants’ justifications referred not only to the number of lives saved, but also to other considerations, such as intrinsic rights and personal responsibility for events. Moreover, responses indicated frequent conflicts about standard trolley car situations, counter to the argument that people's evaluations are automatic or based solely on a counting of lives saved. The present findings indicate that adolescents and adults reason about, and seek to coordinate, distinct moral considerations regarding the value of life.
Expression of RAD21 immunoreactivity in myenteric neurons of the human and mouse small intestine
Authors: Bianco F. , Eisenman S. T. , Colmenares Aguilar M. G. , Bonora E. , Clavenzani P. , Linden D. R. , De Giorgio R. , Farrugia G. , Gibbons S. J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundRAD21 is a double‐strand‐break repair protein and component of the cohesin complex with key roles in cellular functions. A RAD21 loss‐of‐function mutation was found in cases of chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (CIPO) with associated enteric neuronal loss. Analysis of RAD21 expression in the enteric nervous system is lacking, thus we aimed to characterize RAD21 immunoreactivity (IR) in myenteric ganglia.MethodsDouble labeling immunofluorescence in mouse and human jejunum was used to determine colocalization of RAD21 with HuC/D, PGP9.5, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), neuropeptide Y (NPY), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), Kit, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α (PDGFRα), and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) IRs.ResultsA subset of PGP9.5‐ and HuC/D‐IR neuronal cell bodies and nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus of human and mouse small intestine also displayed cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR Cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR was found in 43% of HuC/D‐IR neurons in adult and neonatal mice but did not colocalize with nNOS. A subset of ChAT‐positive neurons had cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR Punctate RAD21‐IR was restricted to the nucleus in most cell types consistent with labeling of the cohesin complex. Cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR was not detected in interstitial cells of Cajal, fibroblast‐like cells or glia. Subsets of neurons in primary culture exhibited cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR Suppression of RAD21 expression by shRNA knockdown abolished RAD21‐IR in cultured neurons.ConclusionsOur data showing cytoplasmic RAD21 expression in enteric neurons provide a basis toward understanding how mutations of this gene may contribute to altered neuronal function/survival thus leading to gut‐motor abnormalities.
Sustained pain hypersensitivity in the stressed colon: Role of mast cell‐derived nerve growth factor‐mediated enteric synaptic plasticity
Authors: Zhang L. , Song J. , Bai T. , Wang R. , Hou X. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundSustained pain hypersensitivity is the hallmark of stressed colon which could be partially explained by central sensitization with synaptic plasticity, the key mechanism of memory. We previously identified that synaptic plasticity of enteric nerve system (ENS) contributed to peripheral pain maintaining in the gut. However, the mechanisms of enteric “memory” formation remain elusive.MethodsIn this study, rats were exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS) or sham stress (SS), with cromolyn sodium or physiological saline injected intraperitoneally 30 minutes before stress every day. The abdominal withdrawal reflex scores, mesenteric afferent nerve activity, enteric neural c‐fos expression, and enteric synaptic plasticity were assessed, and mast cell infiltration and degranulation. Furthermore, colonic mucosal mediators‐induced enteric synaptic plasticity and the role of mast cell‐derived nerve growth factor (NGF), tryptase, and histamine were investigated via ex vivo longitudinal muscle‐myenteric plexus (LMMP) organotypic culture.Key ResultsIt is shown that mast cell stabilizing inhibited WAS‐induced visceral hypersensitivity through enhancing visceral pain threshold, decreasing spontaneous and distention‐induced mesenteric afferent firing, and downregulating enteric neural activation (c‐fos). Importantly, WAS led to evident enteric synaptic plasticity, but decreased by cromolyn. Water avoidance stress‐derived mucosal supernatants markedly enhanced the c‐fos expression and enteric synaptic plasticity in LMMP tissues, which could be eliminated by mast cell inhibition or NGF neutralization, but not tryptase or histamine blocking.Conclusions & InferencesIn conclusion, mast cells/NGF pathway may be the key regulator of synaptic plasticity of ENS and participate in the formation of chronic stress‐induced sustained visceral hypersensitivity.
Pre‐ and perinatal stress and irritable bowel syndrome in young adults – A nationwide register‐based cohort study
Authors: Olén Ola , Stephansson Olof , Backman Ann‐Sofie , Törnblom Hans , Simrén Magnus , Altman Maria 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe etiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood. Animal and human data suggest that early life stress may induce long‐term changes in the nociceptive circuitry, but conclusive studies are lacking.MethodsWe identified all Swedish children born between 1973 and 1992 in the Swedish Medical Birth Register. We had access to all diagnostic codes for specialized (nonprimary care) outpatient visits 2001‐2009 (the National Patient Register) and identified individuals who were diagnosed with IBS (ICD‐10 code: K58) after 18 years of age. We compared incidence of IBS in individuals with and without pre‐ and perinatal stress using multivariable logistic regression.Key Results2 056 430 children were included in the study. After turning 18 years, 14 382 of them were diagnosed with IBS in specialized outpatient care. Neither high, nor low birth weight was a risk factor for IBS in young adults. Preterm birth was associated with lower occurrence of IBS (adjusted OR 0.82 [0.75‐0.90]) and vaginal instrumental delivery and Cesarean delivery were associated with slightly increased odds of IBS (adjusted OR 1.14 [1.06‐1.24] and 1.09 [1.03‐1.16] respectively). Neonatal distress and respiratory distress were not associated with future IBS. Female gender was by far the strongest risk factor for IBS in young adults (adjusted OR 3.48 [3.34‐3.63]).Conclusions & InferencesIn this large population‐based study, we found that mode of delivery was associated with an increased risk for IBS in young adulthood, while other proxies for pre‐ and perinatal stress were not. Female gender remains the most important risk factor for IBS.
Abdominal distension in health and irritable bowel syndrome: The effect of bladder filling
Authors: Issa Basma , Morris Julie , Whorwell Peter J 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsAbdominal distension is a common feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which is difficult to treat and can have the appearance of late pregnancy. It results from an abnormality of the normal accommodation reflex which keeps abdominal girth constant despite changes in gastrointestinal volume resulting from food ingestion or gas accumulation. We speculated that bladder filling might also trigger this abnormal reflex in IBS and this study tested this hypothesis.MethodsEight females with IBS (aged 21‐43, mean 34) were compared with seven female controls (aged 19‐56, mean 31) at the same time in the menstrual cycle. Abdominal girth in response to maximum tolerated bladder filling following ingestion of 1500 mls of water was measured using abdominal inductance plethysmography. Symptoms, girth change after bladder emptying, and urine volumes were also recorded.Key ResultsBaseline girth of patients and controls was 84.8 and 79.9 cm respectively. After reaching maximum tolerated bladder filling, girth increased by a mean of 6.4 (Standard deviation (SD) 2.1) cm in patients compared with 3.5 (1.1) in controls (P = 0.006), with patients having symptoms of bladder hypersensitivity. After voiding urine, girth reduced by 5.3 (3.1) and 1.9 (1.2) in patients vs controls (P = 0.018), despite passing similar mean urine volumes, 789 (364) mls vs 671(286) (P = 0.50).Conclusions & InferencesBladder filling contributes to abdominal distension in IBS and is unrelated to urine volume suggesting that bladder stretch or hypersensitivity might trigger this response. Frequent bladder emptying may help control this intrusive problem which is very challenging to manage.
Mechanical contribution of secondary phloem to postural control in trees: the bark side of the force
Authors: Clair Bruno , Ghislain Barbara , Prunier Jonathan , Lehnebach Romain , Beauchêne Jacques , Alméras Tancrède 
Published: August 2018

Summary

To grow straight, plants need a motor system that controls posture by generating forces to offset gravity. This motor function in trees was long thought to be only controlled by internal forces induced in wood. Here we provide evidence that bark is involved in the generation of mechanical stresses in several tree species.

Saplings of nine tropical species were grown tilted and staked in a shadehouse and the change in curvature of the stem was measured after releasing from the pole and after removing the bark. This first experiment evidenced the contribution of bark in the up‐righting movement of tree stems.

Combined mechanical measurements of released strains on adult trees and microstructural observations in both transverse and longitudinal/tangential plane enabled us to identify the mechanism responsible for the development of asymmetric mechanical stress in the bark of stems of these species.

This mechanism does not result from cell wall maturation like in wood, or from the direct action of turgor pressure like in unlignified organs, but is the consequence of the interaction between wood radial pressure and a smartly organized trellis structure in the inner bark.
Host investment into symbiosis varies among genotypes of the legume Acmispon strigosus, but host sanctions are uniform
Authors: Wendlandt Camille E. , Regus John U. , Gano‐Cohen Kelsey A. , Hollowell Amanda C. , Quides Kenjiro W. , Lyu Jonathan Y. , Adinata Eunice S. , Sachs Joel L. 
Published: August 2018

Summary

Efficient host control predicts the extirpation of ineffective symbionts, but they are nonetheless widespread in nature. We tested three hypotheses for the maintenance of symbiotic variation in rhizobia that associate with a native legume: partner mismatch between host and symbiont, such that symbiont effectiveness varies with host genotype; resource satiation, whereby extrinsic sources of nutrients relax host control; and variation in host control among host genotypes.

We inoculated Acmispon strigosus from six populations with three Bradyrhizobium strains that vary in symbiotic effectiveness on sympatric hosts. We measured proxies of host and symbiont fitness in single‐ and co‐inoculations under fertilization treatments of zero added nitrogen (N) and near‐growth‐saturating N. We examined two components of host control: ‘host investment’ into nodule size during single‐ and co‐inoculations, and ‘host sanctions’ against less effective strains during co‐inoculations.

The Bradyrhizobium strains displayed conserved growth effects on hosts, and host control did not decline under experimental fertilization. Host sanctions were robust in all hosts, but host lines from different populations varied significantly in measures of host investment in both single‐ and co‐inoculation experiments.

Variation in host investment could promote variation in symbiotic effectiveness and prevent the extinction of ineffective Bradyrhizobium from natural populations.
Effects of creativity on social and behavioral adjustment in 7‐ to 11‐year‐old children
Authors: Fancourt Daisy , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study sought to explore whether creativity in undertaking activities such as free writing, telling a story, crafts, painting, drawing, or drama at age 7 is associated with a lower risk of social and behavioral maladjustment in children at the onset of adolescence. Data from 7558 7‐year‐olds who were socially and behaviorally “stable” at baseline were analyzed from the nationally representative National Child Development Study. Multinomial regression analyses showed associations between teacher‐rated creativity at age 7 and a lower relative risk of social and behavioral instability and maladjustment at age 11. Specifically, the associations were found between moderate and marked creativity and a lower risk of symptoms of internalizing behaviors (including depression and withdrawal), externalizing behaviors (such as restlessness) as well as a lower risk of various nervous symptoms of social and behavioral instability and maladjustment. Associations were independent of social, demographic, educational, parental, academic, and personality covariates, and robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. These results suggest that facilitating engagement with creative activities could be explored further as a way of reducing levels of instability and maladjustment at the onset of adolescence.
The present and future use of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Pinti Paola , Tachtsidis Ilias , Hamilton Antonia , Hirsch Joy , Aichelburg Clarisse , Gilbert Sam , Burgess Paul W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe past few decades have seen a rapid increase in the use of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in cognitive neuroscience. This fast growth is due to the several advances that fNIRS offers over the other neuroimaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography. In particular, fNIRS is harmless, tolerant to bodily movements, and highly portable, being suitable for all possible participant populations, from newborns to the elderly and experimental settings, both inside and outside the laboratory. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive and state‐of‐the‐art review of fNIRS basics, technical developments, and applications. In particular, we discuss some of the open challenges and the potential of fNIRS for cognitive neuroscience research, with a particular focus on neuroimaging in naturalistic environments and social cognitive neuroscience.