bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do some animals mate with one partner rather than many?Areview of causes and consequences of monogamy
Authors: Kvarnemo Charlotta 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTWhy do some animals mate with one partner rather than many? Here, I investigate factors related to (i) spatial constraints (habitat limitation, mate availability), (ii) time constraints (breeding synchrony, length of breeding season), (iii) need for parental care, and (iv) genetic compatibility, to see what support can be found in different taxa regarding the importance of these factors in explaining the occurrence of monogamy, whether shown by one sex (monogyny or monandry) or by both sexes (mutual monogamy). Focusing on reproductive rather than social monogamy whenever possible, I review the empirical literature for birds, mammals and fishes, with occasional examples from other taxa. Each of these factors can explain mating patterns in some taxa, but not in all. In general, there is mixed support for how well the factors listed above predict monogamy. The factor that shows greatest support across taxa is habitat limitation. By contrast, while a need for parental care might explain monogamy in freshwater fishes and birds, there is clear evidence that this is not the case in marine fishes and mammals. Hence, reproductive monogamy does not appear to have a single overriding explanation, but is more taxon specific. Genetic compatibility is a promising avenue for future work likely to improve our understanding of monogamy and other mating patterns. I also discuss eight important consequences of reproductive monogamy: (i) parentage, (ii) parental care, (iii) eusociality and altruism, (iv) infanticide, (v) effective population size, (vi) mate choice before mating, (vii) sexual selection, and (viii) sexual conflict. Of these, eusociality and infanticide have been subject to debate, briefly summarised herein. A common expectation is that monogamy leads to little sexual conflict and no or little sexual selection. However, as reviewed here, sexual selection can be substantial under mutual monogamy, and both sexes can be subject to such selection. Under long‐term mutual monogamy, mate quality is obviously more important than mate numbers, which in turn affects the need for pre‐mating mate choice. Overall, I conclude that, despite much research on genetic mating patterns, reproductive monogamy is still surprisingly poorly understood and further experimental and comparative work is needed. This review identifies several areas in need of more data and also proposes new hypotheses to test.
Unique challenges of cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes
Authors: Bridges N. , Rowe R. , Holt R. I. G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIndividuals with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency have a gradual decline in insulin secretion over time, which results in an increase in the prevalence of diabetes with age; up to 50% of adults with cystic fibrosis aged over 35 years have diabetes. Cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes differs from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in several ways; there is a pattern of insulin deficiency with reduced and delayed insulin response to carbohydrates but a sparing of basal insulin that results in glucose abnormalities, which are frequently characterized by normal fasting glucose and postprandial hyperglycaemia. Insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia, even at levels which do not reach the threshold for a diagnosis of diabetes, have an adverse impact on lung function and clinical status in people with cystic fibrosis. Although the risk of microvascular complications occurs as in other forms of diabetes, the main reason for treatment is to prevent deterioration in lung function and weight loss; treatment may therefore be required at an earlier stage than for other types of diabetes. Treatment is usually with insulin, but management needs to take into account all the other medical issues that arise in cystic fibrosis.
Pharmaceutical industry in a global context elective course: implementation and preliminary outcomes
Authors: Shcherbakova Natalia 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Objective
To describe the implementation of ‘Pharmaceutical Industry in a Global Context’ elective in a 4-year US pharmacy programme.

Methods
An anonymous questionnaire regarding student experiences with the course content and intention to pursue pharmaceutical industry summer internships and/or postgraduation fellowships was distributed to students at the end of the course.

Key findings
Fifty per cent of the students (n = 13) reported intention to apply for a pharmaceutical industry summer internships and/or industry fellowship postgraduation.

Conclusion
The described industry course may be adopted by other educators to encourage pharmacy students’ exploration into industry careers.
The Influence of Maternal Socialization on Infants’ Social Evaluation in Two Cultures
Authors: Shimizu Yuki , Senzaki Sawa , Uleman James S. 
Published: April 2018

Although a growing body of research has explored the early development of social evaluation, no research has directly compared social evaluations of infants between different cultures. In addition, there has been little understanding regarding socialization's effects on this ability. The goal of this study was to expand on earlier findings on social evaluation in infants by investigating a broader sample from two cultures, and to explore the influence of maternal socialization on infants’ social evaluation. Using the violation of expectations and the preferential reaching paradigm, four groups aged 6‐, 9‐, 12‐, and 15–18 months and their mothers from Japan and the United States (159 dyads) were compared in terms of spontaneous social evaluations. Japanese and European American infants showed similar performance in dishabituation to the inconsistent behavior and in their reaching preference for prosocial over antisocial agents, indicating that the emergence of spontaneous social evaluation is not culture‐specific. Furthermore, our study provides a novel finding regarding the relationship between mothers’ socially evaluative speech and infants’ preference for prosocial over antisocial agents. These results suggest that the development of sociomoral understanding results from complicated interactions among evolutionary, cognitive, and social factors.
Infants Use Category Label Knowledge to Interpret Absent Reference
Authors: Osina Maria A. , Saylor Megan M. , Ganea Patricia A. 
Published: April 2018

This research investigated infants’ (16 and 20 months) use of category information in responding to references to absent objects. Infants were asked to find an object in the box (e.g., “Find an apple!”). When allowed to search, they found either an object from the mentioned category (a plastic apple) or a different object. Infants in both age groups searched again in the box trying to find another object more often on nonreferent than on referent trials (Experiment 1). However, when nonreferents were categorically related to referents, only older infants detected a mismatch and searched again (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that infants use category knowledge when processing references to absent objects.
Mortgage finance and culture
Authors: Rodríguez‐Planas Núria 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUsing a nationally representative sample of 12,344 immigrants from 41 different countries of ancestry living in Spain in 2007, we find that the higher the housing‐loan penetration in the country of ancestry, the higher the likelihood of having a mortgage in Spain. Similarly, the higher the mortgage depth in the country of ancestry, the higher the present value of the monthly mortgage payments. Our results suggest that social norms regarding mortgage finance in the country of ancestry matter in determining immigrants’ mortgage finance in the host country. More specifically, the effect of social norms on the decision to have a mortgage (the extensive margin) and the amount of the mortgage payments (the intensive margin) is about one third and tenth the size of the effect of having a college degree on mortgage debt, respectively. Evidence of strong persistence of culture among those with longer tenure in the host country, those who immigrated as children or young adults, and second‐generation immigrants suggests that vertical transmission of beliefs (from parents to children) is a plausible channel of transmission. Perhaps most importantly, we find that cultural attitudes regarding property rights are most relevant when explaining individuals’ decision to get a mortgage, but those regarding credit information matter most when explaining the amount of the mortgage debt.
Assessment of economic diversification in Saudi Arabia through nine development plans
Authors: Banafea Waheed , Ibnrubbian Abdullah 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper aims to assess the efforts of the Saudi government in diversifying its economy. A descriptive analysis was used to evaluate the efforts the Saudi government exerted to enhance economic diversification through nine development plans covering 45 years (from 1970 to 2014). Two measures of economic diversification were applied, instability of private gross domestic product (GDP) and its relation to oil price instability, and relative contribution of private and public sectors to GDP. The research concludes that Saudi government has succeeded in moving towards economic diversification in the last two development plans compared to the previous seven development plans, although the economic diversification was a slow‐paced process. The performance of the private sector is still low which calls for a prompt intervention from the Saudi government to improve the legislative environment, competition, and attracting big international companies to enter Saudi market and raise the level of efficiency of the private sector and achieve its main goal of being less dependent on oil sector and its revenue.
The physical market and the WTI/Brent price spread
Authors: Liu Pan , Stevens Reid B. , Vedenov Dmitry 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWest Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent Crude are primary benchmarks in oil pricing. Although produced in different locations,WTIand Brent are of similar quality and are used for similar purposes. Under the oil market globalisation assumption (Weiner, 1991), prices of crude oils with the same quality should move closely together at all times. However, empirical evidence shows that notable variations exist in theWTI/Brent spread, particularly after 2010, creating risks as well as potential arbitrage opportunities for oil market participants. The paper analyses the dynamics ofWTI/Brent price spread for the period between January 1994 and December 2016. A test for structural breaks in theWTI/Brent price spread indicates a change from a stationary to a non‐stationary time series in December 2010, which is also confirmed by the unit root and cointegration tests. The impact of physical market fundamentals on the dynamics ofWTI/Brent price spread is then analysed using the Structural Vector Autoregression Model for each sub‐sample period separated by the structural break. Impulse response functions show that theWTI/Brent spread is mainly driven by US production shocks.
On Discourse Features Inheritance in thevPInformation Structure: Evidence from Depictive Secondary Predication in Standard Arabic
Authors: Abu Helal Abdel‐Rahman 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper, I present an argument based on empirical data from depictive secondary predication in Standard Arabic (SA) for the assumption that the light v is merged with discourse features that V inherits at some point of derivation (Miyagawa 2010; Jimenez Fernandez & Spyropoulos 2013). The depictive structure inSAexhibits different word order permutations that correspond to the discourse properties of the structure. As such,SAmanifests itself as a discourse‐agreement language with discourse and phi‐agreement features on the phase head (e.g., C or v) being transferred into relevant heads of phase complements (e.g., T or V). Such an environment triggers the different rearrangements of the depictive phrase within thevPunder Last Resort. To enable movement out of the non‐subcategorized structure of the adjunct small clause, I employ a sideward movement strategy (Nunes 1995, 2001, 2004) to derive the pattern in question.1
False‐negative compatible antiglobulin crossmatches in samples with alloantibodies to cognate red blood cell antigens
Authors: Nixon Christian P. , Krohto Stephanie L. , Sweeney Joseph D. 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUNDPatient samples showing a positive indirect antiglobulin test are further tested to identify alloantibody specificity using a panel of phenotypically characterized group O reagent red blood cells (RBCs). Donor RBCs phenotypically negative for the antibody specificity are then serologically crossmatched using an antiglobulin reagent. This latter test is performed to identify any incompatibility due to the presence of undetected minor blood group antibodies and considered an important step in patient safety.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSSamples with well‐characterized alloantibodies were intentionally crossmatched against donor RBCs expressing the cognate antigen. In a separate set of specimens, the alloantibody was titered and crossmatched against both heterozygous and homozygous cells.RESULTSThirty‐five samples containing 10 common alloantibodies crossmatched against 240 ABO‐compatible donor cells phenotypically positive for the cognate antigen showed compatible crossmatches in 89 of 240 (37%). Antibody titering of 12 alloantibodies showed that a titer of 2 or more was required for incompatibility of all homozygous cells and a titer of 8 or more for incompatibility of all heterozygous cells.CONCLUSIONThe antiglobulin crossmatch has a high failure rate (false‐negatives) related to antibody titer and donor cell zygosity and is not reliable in interdicting incompatibility due to minor blood group antibodies.
Canine, feline, and equine corneal vascular neoplasia: A retrospective study (2007‐2015)
Authors: Shank Alba Maria M. , Teixeria Leandro B. C. , Dubielzig Richard R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCorneal vascular neoplasms (hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma) are rare in all species. Reported cases are single case reports in a single species. Archived cases of corneal hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma from dogs, cats, and horses were obtained from the Comparative Ocular Pathology Lab of Wisconsin (COPLOW, Madison,WI), tabulated, and examined. This retrospective study describes the breeds, ages, tumor types, and characteristics of vascular neoplasms that appeared to be primarily corneal in location, in feline, canine, and equine patients, with gross and histologic images. There is a discussion of predisposing factors and speculated association with chronic ocular surface disease.
Comparison of 3 corneal cytology collection methods for evaluating equine ulcerative keratitis: Cytobrush, kimura platinum spatula, and handle edge of scalpel blade
Authors: Proietto Laura , Beatty Sarah S. , Plummer Caryn E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeTo compare corneal cytology samples from three common sampling techniques: cytobrush (CB), Kimura platinum spatula (KS), and the handle edge of a scalpel blade (SB).MethodsEquine patients presenting to the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine with ulcerative keratitis were included. Following diagnosis of corneal ulcer and sampling for microbial culture, two cytology samples per technique were collected with sterileCB,KS, andSBin a randomized order. Cytologic evaluation was performed by two observers masked to collection method. Objective measures of sample cellularity, quality, distribution, and identification of infectious organisms were recorded per 10 monolayer cell populations using 50× magnification with oil immersion which were compared to culture results. Variables were compared usingANOVAwith Student'sttest when appropriate and Cohen's kappa (k) to evaluate inter‐ and intra‐observer agreement (IOA) between observers and techniques.ResultsTwenty equine patients (120 samples) were included. TheIOAbetween observers was substantial (k= 0.75 ± 0.06) for cytological parameters.SBprovided the most cellular samples (P< .01). There was a trend toward agreement (k= 0.12 ± 0.16) in technique for sample quality (P= .08).CBandSBhad significantly poorer cell distribution thanKS(P< .05). Infection was confirmed in 12 of 20 patients withSBandCBtechniques having a significantly higher diagnostic yield thanKS(P< .05) and was most consistent with infection confirmed on culture.ConclusionsTheSBprovided the most diagnostic samples but all three techniques are clinically useful in evaluating equine ulcerative keratitis.
Monitoring Players’ Readiness Using Predicted Heart-Rate Responses to Soccer Drills
Authors: Lacome Mathieu , Simpson Ben , Broad Nick , Buchheit Martin 
Published: April 2018

Purpose: To examine the ability of multivariate models to predict the heart-rate (HR) responses to some specific training drills from various global positioning system (GPS) variables and to examine the usefulness of the difference in predicted vs actual HR responses as an index of fitness or readiness to perform. Method: All data were collected during 1 season (2016–17) with players’ soccer activity recorded using 5-Hz GPS and internal load monitored using HR. GPS and HR data were analyzed during typical small-sided games and a 4-min standardized submaximal run (12 km·h−1). A multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to identify which combinations of GPS variables showed the largest correlations with HR responses at the individual level (HRACT, 149 [46] GPS/HR pairs per player) and was further used to predict HR during individual drills (HRPRED). Then, HR predicted was compared with actual HR to compute an index of fitness or readiness to perform (HRΔ, %). The validity of HRΔ was examined while comparing changes in HRΔ with the changes in HR responses to a submaximal run (HRRUN, fitness criterion) and as a function of the different phases of the season (with fitness being expected to increase after the preseason). Results: HRPRED was very largely correlated with HRACT (r = .78 [.04]). Within-player changes in HRΔ were largely correlated with within-player changes in HRRUN (r = .66, .50–.82). HRΔ very likely decreased from July (3.1% [2.0%]) to August (0.8% [2.2%]) and most likely decreased further in September (−1.5% [2.1%]). Conclusions: HRΔ is a valid variable to monitor elite soccer players’ fitness and allows fitness monitoring on a daily basis during normal practice, decreasing the need for formal testing.
Predictors of Attack Performance in High-Level Male Volleyball Players
Authors: Challoumas Dimitrios , Artemiou Andreas 
Published: April 2018

Purpose:In volleyball, teams win the majority of points through attacks (spikes), and therefore attack effectiveness (AE) is one of the most important predictors of victory. Traditionally, greater vertical jump heights (VJH) and higher spike speeds (SS) have been thought to increase AE; however, relevant research is limited. The authors’ aim was to assess the relationship of VJH and SS with AE, as well as identifying possible associations of demographic and anthropometric factors, including common volleyball injuries, with VJH, SS, and AE.Methods:A total of 22 male volleyball players from 2 teams in the top division of the Cypriot championship were included in the study. VJH was measured with the jump-and-reach test, SS was tested with a sports speed radar, and AE was calculated from performance reports of 4 matches between the 2 teams.Results:Statistically significant results included positive correlations between VJH and SS, percentage lean mass and SS, body-bone percentage and SS, frequency of volleyball practice and SS, and frequency of resistance training and SS. AE was found to increase with increasing age, while SS over 90 km·h−1appeared to have a negative effect on AE. History of pain in the dominant shoulder and in the ankles/knees was associated with lower SS and higher VJH, respectively.Conclusions:Based on the findings and the existing literature, volleyball players and coaches are advised to focus on maximization of VJH and optimization of attack technique; recommendations to improve attack success are provided.
Three Substrains of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 Display Divergence in Genomic Sequences and
hetC
Function
Authors: Wang Yali , Gao Yuan , Li Chao , Gao Hong , Zhang Cheng-Cai , Xu Xudong 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Anabaena
sp. strain PCC 7120 is a model strain for molecular studies of cell differentiation and patterning in heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria. Subtle differences in heterocyst development have been noticed in different laboratories working on the same organism. In this study, 360 mutations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small insertion/deletions (indels; 1 to 3 bp), fragment deletions, and transpositions, were identified in the genomes of three substrains. Heterogeneous/heterozygous bases were also identified due to the polyploidy nature of the genome and the multicellular morphology but could be completely segregated when plated after filament fragmentation by sonication.
hetC
is a gene upregulated in developing cells during heterocyst formation in
Anabaena
sp. strain PCC 7120 and found in approximately half of other heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria. Inactivation of
hetC
in 3 substrains of
Anabaena
sp. PCC 7120 led to different phenotypes: the formation of heterocysts, differentiating cells that keep dividing, or the presence of both heterocysts and dividing differentiating cells. The expression of P

hetZ

-
gfp
in these
hetC
mutants also showed different patterns of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence. Thus, the function of
hetC
is influenced by the genomic background and epistasis and constitutes an example of evolution under way.

IMPORTANCE
Our knowledge about the molecular genetics of heterocyst formation, an important cell differentiation process for global N
2
fixation, is mostly based on studies with
Anabaena
sp. strain PCC 7120. Here, we show that rapid microevolution is under way in this strain, leading to phenotypic variations for certain genes related to heterocyst development, such as
hetC
. This study provides an example for ongoing microevolution, marked by multiple heterogeneous/heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in a multicellular multicopy-genome microorganism.