bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perseveration and Strategy in a Novel Spatial Self-Ordered Sequencing Task for Nonhuman Primates: Effects of Excitotoxic Lesions and Dopamine Depletions of the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Collins P. , Roberts A. C. , Dias R. , Everitt B. J. , Robbins T. W. 
Published: July 2002

Damage to the prefrontal cortex disrupts the performance of self-ordered sequencing tasks, although the precise mechanisms by which this effect occurs is unclear. Active working memory, inhibitory control, and the ability to generate and perform a sequence of responses are all putative cognitive abilities that may be responsible for the impaired performance that results from disruption of prefrontal processing. In addition, the neurochemical substrates underlying prefrontal cognitive function are not well understood, although active working memory appears to depend upon an intact mesocortical dopamine system. The present experiments were therefore designed to evaluate explicitly the contribution of each of these abilities to successful performance of a novel spatial self-ordered sequencing task and to examine the contribution of the prefrontal cortex and its dopamine innervation to each ability in turn. Excitotoxic lesions of the prefrontal cortex of the common marmoset profoundly impaired the performance of the self-ordered sequencing task and induced robust perseverative responding. Task manipulations that precluded perseveration ameliorated the effect of this lesion and revealed that the ability to generate and perform sequences of responses was unaffected by excitotoxic damage to prefrontal cortex. In contrast, large dopamine and noradrenaline depletions within the same areas of prefrontal cortex had no effect on any aspect of the self-ordered task but did impair the acquisition of an active working memory task, spatial delayed response, to the same degree as the excitotoxic lesion. These results demonstrate that a lesion of the ascending monoamine projections to the pre-frontal cortex is not always synonymous with a lesion of the prefrontal cortex itself and thereby challenge existing concepts concerning the neuromodulation of prefrontal cognitive function.
THE BITCH HAD IT COMING TO HER: Rhetoric and Interpretation in Ezekiel 16
Authors: Day Peggy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEzek. 16:35-43 describes the punishment invoked upon personified Jerusalem for breach of covenant. Virtually all modern scholars maintain that the description is modelled on real life punishments for adultery in ancient Israel. This paper argues that the role played by Jerusalem's metaphoric lovers, who participate in the punishment rather than, as adulterers themselves, being subject to it, proves that the dominant interpretation of the passage is untenable. The paper proposes that the rhetorical dynamics of the passage have been a powerful influence in leading scholars to maintain this demonstrably false position. This proposal is illustrated by examining how scholars focus their ire solely on personified Jerusalem as adulteress, while at the same time exonerating the male lovers. Interpreting the punishment in this fashion conforms to the passage's rhetorical strategy of creating a unified, male-identified subject position that uses sexual difference to focus the reader's fury solely on the woman. The text accuses personified Jerusalem of the covenant infractions of apostasy and im68 proper foreign alliances, and invokes punishments that are standard for these crimes. The commentators, on the other hand, deleteriously influenced by the rhetorical dynamics of the passage, put personified Jerusalem to death for the enormity of her sexual offenses. This inappropriate literalizing of the sexual language of the vehicle of the metaphor has resulted in an erroneous interpretation of the passage.
The Status of Animals in Biblical and Christian Thought: A Study in Colliding Values
Authors: Preece Rod , Fraser David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA common contemporary view is that the Bible and subsequent Christian thought authorize humans to exploit animals purely as means to human ends. This paper argues that Biblical and Christian thought have given rise to a more complex ethic of animal use informed by its pastoralist origins, Biblical pronouncements that permit different interpretations, and competing ideas and doctrines that arose during its development, and influenced by the rich and often contradictory features of ancient Hebrew and Greco-Roman traditions. The result is not a uniform ethic but a tradition of unresolved debate. Differing interpretations of the Great Chain of Being and the conflict over animal experimentation demonstrate the colliding values inherent in the complex history of Biblical and Christian thought on animals.
A Union of Christianity, Humanity, and Philanthropy: The Christian Tradition and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Nineteenth-Century England.
Authors: Li Chien-Hui 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper offers an historical perspective to the discussion of the relationship between Christianity and nonhuman-human animal relationships by examining the animal protection movement in English society as it first took root in the nineteenth century. The paper argues that the Christian beliefs of many in the movement, especially the evangelical outlook of their faith, in a considerable way affected the character as well as the aims and scope of the emergent British animal welfare movement - although the church authorities did not take an active part in the discussion and betterment of the conditions of animals. An explicitly Christian discourse, important in creating and sustaining the important philanthropic tradition in Britain, mobilized the movement. The paper also traces the gradual decrease of the centrality of the movement's Christian elements later in the century when evolutionary ideas as well as other developments in society shed alternative light on the relationship between human and nonhuman animals and brought about different trends in the movement. This paper sees Christianity not as a static and defining source of influence but as a rich tradition containing diverse elements that people drew upon and used to create meanings for them. The paper implicitly suggests that both a religion's doctrines in theory and the outcome of a complex interaction with the changing society in which the religion is practiced determine its potential to influence animal-human relationships.
Language, Power and the Social Construction of Animals
Authors: Stibbe Arran 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper describes how language contributes to the oppression and exploitation of animals by animal product industries. Critical Discourse Analysis, a framework usually applied in countering racism and sexism, is applied to a corpus of texts taken from animal industry sources. The mass confinement and slaughter of animals in intensive farms depend on the implicit consent of the population, signaled by its willingness to buy animal products produced in this way. Ideological assumptions embedded in everyday discourse and that of the animal industries manufacture and maintain this consent. Through analysis of texts, this paper attempts to expose these assumptions and discusses implications for countering the domination and exploitation of animals.
Subfossil records of Rana cf. lessonae, Rana arvalis and Rana cf. dalmatina from Middle Saxon (c. 600-950 AD) deposits in eastern England: evidence for native status
Authors: Gleed-Owen C.P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOwing to debate over the possible native status of Rana lessonae in England, a zooarchaeological survey was aimed at finding remains of R. lessonae older than known introductions. One ilium of R. cf. lessonae has been identified from a Middle Saxon site in Lincolnshire (c. 600-950 AD), and ilia of R. arvalis and R. cf. dalmatina show that these species were also present in England during Saxon times.
Nematode infection patterns in four sympatric lizards from a restinga habitat (Jurubatiba) in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Van Sluys Monique , Hatano Fábio , Vicente Joaquim , Galdino Conrado A.C. , Cunha-Barros Mônica , Vrcibradic Davor , Rocha Carlos Frederico 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSpecimens of the four most abundant diurnal lizards (Tropidurus torquatus, Cnemidophorus littoralis, Mabuya macrorhyncha and M. agilis) inhabiting the restinga of Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil were examined for nematodes. Eight species of nematodes were found. Tropidurus torquatus had the richest (8 species) and most diverse nematode fauna, whereas that of C. littoralis was the poorest (2 species) and less diverse. Tropidurus torquatus also had the highest overall prevalence (92%) and mean infection intensity (37.2; standard deviation 82.0; range 2-549). Similarities in nematode faunal composition between host species was generally low, except between the two Mabuya species.
Microhabitat, activity, and density of a dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus parvus) on Anguilla, West Indies
Authors: Powell Robert , Henderson Robert , Lindsay Cory , Nava Saul 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSphaerodactylus parvus is a dwarf gecko endemic to the Anguilla Bank in the Lesser Antilles, West Indies. Aspects of S. parvus ecology were studied at six sites on Anguilla. Geckos were encountered most frequently in association with rock spills, and gecko population densities (0-5.2/m2) were correlated positively with rock densities. A disproportionate number of rocks which harbored S. parvus were on complex substrates of smaller rocks, leaf litter, and small sticks. Geckos became active in the late afternoon and early evening (after air temperature dropped below under-rock temperature). Activity peaked between 1900 h and 2100 h, but S. parvus was active in leaf litter until at least shortly past midnight. Potential problems associated with field studies of these diminutive gekkonids are discussed.
TEMPORAL STABILITY IN THE INDIVIDUAL FEATURES IN THE CALLS OF EAGLE OWLS (BUBO BUBO)
Authors: Lengagne Thierry 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMost studies dealing with individual pattern in acoustic signals are based on recordings made within a few hours or a few days. However, in long-lived animals, individual signatures are likely to be involved in social contact and pairing over several years. Variability of calls and more particularly of individual specific pattern over years has been poorly investigated. This study examines calls produced by a nocturnal long-lived raptor, eagle owls (Bubo bubo) in order (1) to determine which call structures are individually specific and (2) to examine variability of these individual structures over 2 years. A computerised sound analysis and subsequent data were submitted to univariate and multivariate statistics to determine individual specific cues of the call. A first analysis conducted on 116 calls emitted by 9 wild males recorded on a short time period enables to identify each emitter without any mistake. Analysis conducted on 70 calls emitted by 5 captive birds recorded during two different years emphasised a weak variation of all call parameters. Discriminant analysis correctly classified 100% of the individual eagle owls and thus, it is possible to reliably assign a call to the individual caller based on the acoustic properties of the vocalisation. We therefore conclude that territorial calls emitted by eagle owls may constitute an individual pattern over several years. The possible biological role of individual signatures and their use for monitoring population purpose are discussed.
THE ROLE OF AN ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT FOR REGENERATION OF CLAWS IN THE AMERICAN LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS H. MILNE EDWARDS, 1837 (DECAPODA)
Authors: Maynard Donald , Wade Elmer , Landsburg Wade , Moriyasu Mikio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe life history of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, has been studied in the Bideford River estuary, Malpeque Bay, on the northern shore of Prince Edward Island, Canada. Lobsters migrate into the bay in early summer and two distinct moultings take place in May-June and in September. Lobsters with missing claws moult in both seasons, while uninjured individuals mainly moult in May-June. Neither uninjured lobsters nor individuals with missing claws larger than 43 mm CL moult twice a year in the estuary. A high percentage (30-40%) of individuals has missing claws in summer and the percentage of animals with regenerated small claws increases towards October-November. After the regeneration of missing claws, lobsters appear to emigrate to deeper water outside the bay. The estuarine environment might be used as a moulting and regenerating area for injured animals in spring-fall. Conversely, this environment does not appear to sustain high reproductive activities, because a low prevalence of mature females is observed throughout the year in this environment. These findings reveal the diversity of habitats used by different stages and groups of lobsters, especially the importance of an estuarine environment for moulting of claw regenerating lobsters. Le cycle de vie du homard americain, Homarus americanus, a ete etudie dans l'estuaire de la riviere Bideford, Baie de Malpeque, au nord de l'Ile du Prince Edouard, Canada. Les homards migrent vers la baie au debut de l'ete et deux mues distinctes ont lieu en mai-juin et en septembre. Les homards depourvus de pinces muent aux deux saisons, tandis que les individus intacts muent principalement en mai-juin. Aucun homard intact, comme aucun individu sans pinces, de taille superieure a 43 mm (CL) ne mue deux fois l'an dans l'estuaire. Un pourcentage eleve (30-40%) d'individus ont des pinces manquantes en ete et le pourcentage d'animaux avec des petites pinces regenerees a augmente vers octobre-novembre. Apres la regeneration des pinces, les homards semblent emigrer en eau plus profonde en dehors de la baie. L'environnement estuarien pourrait etre utilise comme une aire de mue et de regeneration pour les animaux blesses entre le printemps et l'automne. En revanche, cet environnement ne semble pas soutenir une activite elevee de reproduction en raison d'une faible prevalence de femelles a maturite tout au long de l'annee. Ces resultats revelent la diversite des habitats utilises par les differents stades et groupes de homards, en particulier l'importance de l'environnement estuarien pour la mue et la regeneration des pinces.
Nematode specific gravity profiles and applications to flotation extraction and taxonomy
Authors: Carta Lynn , Carta David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA technique is described that refines the standard sugar flotation procedure used to isolate nematodes from their surroundings. By centrifuging nematodes in a number of increasing specific gravity solutions and plotting the fraction floating, the cumulative probability distribution of the population’s specific gravity is generated. By assuming normality, the population mean, μ, and standard deviation, σ, are found by a nonlinear least squares procedure. These density parameters along with their error covariance matrix may be used as a taxonomic physical character. A chi-squared test is derived for comparing populations. Mean and standard deviation pairs (μ, σ) were found for the specific gravities of the adult stage of the plant parasites Pratylenchus agilis (1.068, 0.017), P. scribneri (1.073, 0.028), P. penetrans (1.058, 0.008) and the bacterial-feeder Caenorhabditis elegans (1.091, 0.016). La technique exposée affine le procédure standard par flottation au sucre utilisée pour séparer les nématodes de leur milieu. La centrifugation des nématodes dans une série de solutions de densités spécifiques et la mise en diagramme de la valeur de la fraction surnageante permettent de connaître le répartition de la probabilité cumulée de la densité spécifique de la population en cause. La normalité étant supposée, la moyenne de la population, μ, et la déviation standard, σ, sont calculées par la méthode des moindres carrés non linéaires. Ces paramètres relatifs à la densité ainsi que leur matrice de co-variance d’erreur peuvent être utilisés en taxinomie comme caractère physique. Un test chi2 en est dérivé pour comparer les populations entre elles. Des données en paires — moyenne (μ) et écart-type (σ) — ont été définies pour les densités des adultes des espèces phytoparasites Pratylenchus agilis (1,068; 0,017), P. scribneri (1,073; 0,028), P. penetrans (1,058; 0,008), ainsi que pour l’espèce bactérivore Caenorhabditis elegans (1,091; 0,016).
Nematodes from Rajasthan, India. 1. Six new species of Dorylaimida
Authors: Baqri Qaiser , Bohra Padma 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSix new species of the order Dorylaimida are described from Rajasthan, India: Mesodorylaimus kauli sp. n., 1.00-1.14 mm long, odontostyle 11-13 μm, female tail convex-conoid with elongated dorsally bent tip, male with 40-42 μm long spicules and ten to 11 regularly spaced ventromedian supplements; Mesodorylaimus bhansalii sp. n., 1.07-1.33 mm long, odontostyle 11-14 μm, female tail 5.3-5.4 anal body diam. long, male with 35-37 μm long spicules and 14-15 contiguous ventromedian supplements; Kochinema farodai sp. n., 0.96-1.18 mm long, well set off lip region, amphidial apertures prominent, odontostyle 17-19 μm, guiding ring one lip region diam. (LRD) from anterior end, tail 28-32 μm long, convex-conoid with rounded terminus; Kochinema caudatum sp. n., 0.81-0.95 mm long, well set off lip region, odontostyle 35-38 μm, odontophore 36-38 μm, guiding ring 2.1 LRD from anterior end and convex conoid tail with rounded tip; Tylencholaimus nagauriensis sp. n., 0.64-0.74 mm long, characterised by having perioral region disc-like, odontostyle 8-9 μm, monoprodelphic female reproductive system and anteriorly directed vagina; Tylencholaimus annulatus sp. n., distinct from all the known species of the genus in having coarsely striated inner cuticle giving an appearance like the species of Tylenchida, characterised by L = 0.50-0.59 mm, odontostyle 10-12 μm, odontophore 13-15 μm, amphidelphic female reproductive system and convex-conoid tail with rounded tip.
Optimising the Whitehead and Hemming tray method to extract plant parasitic and other nematodes from two soils under pasture
Authors: Bell Nigel , Watson Richard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThree variations of the Whitehead and Hemming tray method for extracting vermiform nematodes from soil samples, and the decant and sieve method, were compared using a silt loam and a clay loam soil under long-term pasture. Comparisons showed that greatest nematode recovery was achieved when 50 g of soil was placed in a tray lined with two-ply paper tissue and extracted for 48 h with 500 ml water. Recovery of the total nematode fauna and of plant parasitic nematodes from the tray extract was significantly better (P ≤ 0.001) after allowing nematodes to sediment in a 1 l straight-sided beaker than in a 15 cm diam. filter funnel. After 48 h extraction on trays, this method recovered 77% of the total numbers of all nematodes (72.5% of the plant parasites) extracted over 144 h with daily collection from the trays. The optimum extraction duration was different for Paratylenchus nanus compared to Pratylenchus sp., apparently related to differences in their mode of parasitism, with root-dwelling stages of Pratylenchus being recovered at longer times. There was a significant treatment × soil interaction for Meloidogyne sp., recovery of which was improved by beaker sedimentation in silt loam but not clay loam soil, compared to funnel sedimentation. A significant treatment × soil interaction was also observed for H. trifolii, the beaker method being better at recovering this nematode in clay loam than silt loam soil, compared to the decant and sieve method.
Effect of time and inoculum density on the reproductive fitness of Pratylenchus coffeae and Radopholus similis populations on carrot disks
Authors: Stoffelen Ruth , Jimenez Maria Isabel , Dierckxsens Christophe , Tam Vu Thi Thanh , Swennen Rony , Waele Dirk De 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The reproductive fitness of three Pratylenchus coffeae populations (Honduras,
Ghana and Vietnam) and three Radopholus similis populations (Costa Rica,
Cuba and Ghana) on carrot disks was studied as a function of time and
inoculum densities. In the first study, the reproductive fitness of the
isolates was followed during 11 weeks for P. coffeae and during 7 weeks for
R. similis. All the populations increased with time. No distinction could be
found in the maximum growth rate of the Pratylenchus populations. The R.
similis population from Cuba had a higher maximum growth rate than those
from Ghana and Costa Rica. All the Radopholus populations showed a faster
multiplication than P. coffeae. In the second study, the influence of the
inoculum density on the reproductive fitness was determined for the six
populations. The differences in reproduction ratios confirmed the results of
the first study. Effetde la duree et du taux d'inoculum sur la reproduction
de trois populations de Pratylenchus coffeae et de Radopholus similis eleves
sur rondelles de carottes - La reproduction de trois populations de
Pratylenchus coffeae (Honduras, Ghana et Vietnam) et de trois populations de
Radopholus similis (Costa Rica, Cuba et Ghana) a ete etudiee en elevages sur
rondelles de carottes. Dans une premiere etude, la multiplication du P.
coffeae a ete etudiee pendant 11 semaines et celle du R. similis pendant 7
semaines. Toutes les populations se sont accrues avec le temps. Aucune
difference dans la vitesse de croissance maximale n'a ete observee entre les
differentes populations de Pratylenchus. La population de R. similis
provenant de Cuba a montre une vitesse de croissance plus elevee par rapport
aux autres populations. Tous les isolats du R. similis ont montre une
multiplication plus rapide que celle des isolats du P. coffeae. Dans la
deuxieme etude, l'effet du taux d'inoculum sur la reproduction a ete
determine. Les differences dans les taux de reproduction observees ont
confirme les resultats obtenus dans la premiere etude.
AUTONOMOUS CAREER CHANGE AMONG PROFESSIONALS: AN EMPIRICAL PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Gomes William , Teixeira Marco 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeven informants (4 women and 3 men), aged between 32 and 42, who had experienced at least one career change in their lives were interviewed about the history of their career trajectories. The interviews were analyzed according to the systematic and systemic reflexivity proposed by the phenomenological tradition: description, reduction and interpretation. The findings point to the need for professional guidance practice giving attention not only to professional information but also to a reflection of individual and work-related values. This would help both young people and adults to see their own objectives more clearly and to be capable of formulating their own career plans and following them through.
Experimental constraints on illite crystal morphology
Authors: Bauer A. , Velde B. , Gaupp R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObservations of natural minerals and experimental run products show that I-S (illitesmectite mixed-layer minerals) with a high illite content as well as pure mica-illite crystallites can have a lath shape (aspect ratio >3). This shape is common to the I-S minerals under a variety of conditions of formation. The experiments presented indicate that the occurrence of lath-shaped micaillite is due to a slow growth rate from supersaturated solutions. This lath-shaped crystallite is metastable as the ultimate stable shape is hexagonal. A longer period of crystal growth will replace the mica-illite laths with crystallites of a hexagonal form. Thus the presence of lath-shaped micaillite indicates the existence of a metastable crystal form for this mineral.