bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earth system model simulations show different feedback strengths of the terrestrial carbon cycle under glacial and interglacial conditions
Authors: Adloff Markus , Reick Christian H. , Claussen Martin 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In simulations with the MPI Earth System Model, we study the feedback between
the terrestrial carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 concentrations under
ice age and interglacial conditions. We find different sensitivities of
terrestrial carbon storage to rising CO2 concentrations in the two
settings. This result is obtained by comparing the transient response of the
terrestrial carbon cycle to a fast and strong atmospheric CO2
concentration increase (roughly 900 ppm) in Coupled Climate Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP)-type simulations
starting from climates representing the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and
pre-industrial times (PI). In this set-up we disentangle terrestrial
contributions to the feedback from the carbon-concentration effect, acting
biogeochemically via enhanced photosynthetic productivity when CO2
concentrations increase, and the carbon–climate effect, which affects the
carbon cycle via greenhouse warming. We find that the carbon-concentration
effect is larger under LGM than PI conditions because photosynthetic
productivity is more sensitive when starting from the lower, glacial
CO2 concentration and CO2 fertilization saturates later. This
leads to a larger productivity increase in the LGM experiment. Concerning the
carbon–climate effect, it is the PI experiment in which land carbon responds
more sensitively to the warming under rising CO2 because at the
already initially higher temperatures, tropical plant productivity
deteriorates more strongly and extratropical carbon is respired more
effectively. Consequently, land carbon losses increase faster in the PI than
in the LGM case. Separating the carbon–climate and carbon-concentration
effects, we find that they are almost additive for our model set-up; i.e. their synergy is small in the global sum of carbon changes. Together,
the two effects result in an overall strength of the terrestrial carbon cycle
feedback that is almost twice as large in the LGM experiment as in the PI
experiment. For PI, ocean and land contributions to the total feedback are of
similar size, while in the LGM case the terrestrial feedback is dominant.
Women in the Cinema of Nuri Bilge Ceylan
Authors: Masdar Kara Funda , Eşitti Şakir 
Published: April 2018

This study in general examines the representation of women in Turkish cinema with a retrospective evaluation and tries to understand the present condition, specifically it examines the ways in which women were treated in the films of Nuri Bilge Ceylan, one of the most important directors of Turkish cinema in the recent period. The study focuses on Climate, Three Monkeys, Once Upon A Time in Anatolia and Winter Sleep named movies of Ceylan, and these movies were analysed with the qualitative content analysis method. According to the findings of the study, in his films Ceylan generally picks men as the main characters. In his own words, he finds men's world more complicated and fragmented and women are the secondary characters who are suppressed under patriarchal structure and male domination.
Sarcopenia-A baby boomers dilemma for nurse practitioners to discover, diagnose, and treat
Authors: Jackson Kelley L. , Hunt Dennis , Chapa Deborah , Gropper Sareen S. 
Published: April 2018

Objective: Sarcopenia is a disease of low skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. It is most commonly seen in individuals aged 50 years and over. Nurse practitioners can take a proactive approach to the understanding and screening of this disease in attempts to prolong its onset or to treat the condition before it leads to additional adverse consequences. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature, including evidence-based literature from peer-reviewed articles, including randomized controlled trials, was conducted.Results: This review of the literature indicated patients can benefit greatly from nurse practitioner’s awareness and intervention by screening for sarcopenia as well as offering appropriate education and treatment to their patients. Once a diagnosis is reached, the nurse practitioner can then collaborate with other disciplines such as nutrition, medicine, exercise physiology and/or physical therapy to develop an intervention strategy that can treat or prevent this condition before it leads to decreased independence, early onset disability and decreased quality of life, among other adverse health outcomes.Conclusions: There is a call to action on the part of nurse practitioners in efforts to prevent and/or slow the onset of age-related sarcopenia and its adverse consequences.
Innovation and Perception of Selected New Food Products
and Unusual Marketing Solutions in the Food Market
Authors: Białoskurski Sebastian , Janulewicz Paweł 
Published: April 2018

This article concerns issues of innovation management, especially product
innovations (new products) and marketing innovations in context of shaping
a positive image of the offer and in that way achieving a competitive advantage.
The purpose of this article is to determine the effect of the degree of innovation
of food products on their perception. Furthermore, in this article there were
verified opinions of respondents about perception of new products and marketing
innovations (unusual promotion and distribution solutions) used in the food
market which are the result of the creative technique of combination.
Cultural Diversity and Its Implications in Human Resources Management Practice
Authors: Gadomska-Lila Katarzyna 
Published: April 2018

The article concerns the problem of human resources management in organizations diversified by national culture. It presents advantages and disadvantages of multicultural organizations, main problems connected with cultural differences as well as strategies for solving them. It points out the important role of the human resources department and of managers of every level in the process of cultural diversity management. The main thesis is presented by describing cases related to a multinational company where the national culture strongly influences human resources practices.
Third Mission of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Poland in the Context of Their Role in Regional Development
Authors: Piotrowska‑Piątek Agnieszka 
Published: April 2018

The article concerns the role of HEIs in regional development, with particular emphasis on the concept of the third mission. The aim of the article is to answer the question whether HEIs, while formulating and carrying out their missions and strategies, are oriented to support the process of regional development. The research problem was analyzed in accordance with the principle of methodological triangulation, based on literature review and the results of the author’s own study: the content analysis of the missions and strategies of HEIs, and a survey conducted among rectors of HEIs. The article discusses the concept of the third mission of HEIs as the view reflecting the growing importance of their activities for the benefit of regional communities. The analysis of HEIs` missions and strategies shows that regional orientation in these documents is articulated in a positive way. The results of the content analysis correspond to the survey results, which show that the activities in the field of third mission are distinctive in the management concepts at the level of HEIs’ missions and development strategies.
Intergenerational Diversity Management – Terminal and Instrumental Values in the Opinion of Future Employees of Generation Y Entering the European Labour Market
Authors: Łużniak‑Piecha Magdalena , Kaczkowska‑Serafińska Magdalena 
Published: April 2018

The presented article is an analysis of the study on the structure of terminal and instrumental values in the opinion of future employees of Generation Y who in the next few years will enter the European labour market. The presented results show the impact of cultural differences (Poland, Italy, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus) on the above mentioned issues. The results of the research were compared with the results of the research conducted by the authors in previous years, and hence, has shown the optimum direction to shape the intergenerational diversity management system. The aim of the analysis was to identify strategies for managing employees of Generation Y coming from different European countries.
Antinomian Diversity of Organizational Behavior – Selected Aspects of Primary Identity in Empirical Researches
Authors: Januszkiewicz Katarzyna , Bednarska‑Wnuk Izabela 
Published: April 2018

The aim of the article in the theoretical layer based on the analysis of the literature on the subject is a description of the concept of diversity and identification of the main indicators of behavioral differentiation in selected aspects of primary identity (gender and age). On the other hand, the empirical goal, the explanation of the gender and age, differentiates the character of the employee‑organization relationship (in four distinct components: location of responsibility for tasks, location of sources of knowledge, location of development responsibility and localization of identification). The article presents the results of empirical research in 2015, on a sample, randomly selected population of 2,274 employees from 40 Polish companies.
Provided Leadership and Selected Outcomes of Trainings in Public Organizations
Authors: Strużyna Janusz , Marzec Izabela 
Published: April 2018

Trainings as well as their impact on employability and employees’ performance have been the subject of interest of theoreticians and practitioners of management for a long time. However, according to the literature study, the outcomes of employees’ trainings also depend on the applied style of leadership as well as on the quality of relationships between supervisors and subordinates. This paper tries to answer the question: what are the relationships between transformational leadership, the quality of supervisors’ relationships with subordinates, employees’ trainings and employability, employees’ quality and effort of work in public organizations? This aim will be achieved by presenting the results of literature study and empirical research carried out in public organizations. <font size="2"><sup>1</sup>The research project has been financed with the funds of the National Centre for Science granted under the Decision No. DEC‑2013/11/B/HS4/00561.</font>
Viscosity and surface tension in the biological microparticle filtration process
Authors: Górka Andrzej 
Published: April 2018

The paper uses a simple model to present the effects of viscosity and surface tension on the basic parameters of the biological microparticle filtration process. A single filtration membrane with a uniform transmission structure in 2D space was used for the purposes of this analysis. The filtration system relations are described for the threshold filtration force, maximum and minimum height of the filtered liquid to guarantee stable filtration in a gravity field, and the duration of the process and forces affecting the microparticles during filtration. Based on these relations, the summary shows sample calculations for the base model of negative filtration of biological particles. Keywords: microparticle filtration, filtration screens, biological particle filtration, filtration membranes, sedimentation, kinematic viscosity, dynamic viscosity, liquid surface tension
Low cost GNSS receivers in time synchronization systems
Authors: Czopik Grzegorz , Kraszewski Tomasz 
Published: April 2018

The GNSS (GNSS — Global Navigation Satellite Systems) receivers can be utilized to obtain accurate time markers. The preliminary results of the cheap GNSS receivers’ tests are presented
in the paper. The one receiver’s price (including antenna) does not exceed 30 $. The studies on the use of receivers in the time synchronization systems were executed. Three identical models of receiver modules were used. The 1PPS (1PPS — 1 Pulse Per Second) signals available on the receiver’s output were used. The 1PPS’s main time characteristics were described. Delay times between different receivers 1PPS signals were measured. Measurements were taken using 1 GHz oscilloscope and precise time/frequency counter T3200U.
Keywords: time synchronization, 1PPS, GNSS, GPS time
Stability analysis of steel compression members under shock loads
Authors: Brzuzy Aneta , Bąk Grzegorz 
Published: April 2018

This paper presents the results of a numerical analysis of the elastic-plastic behaviour of steel compression members subjected to compression with a permanent pre-deformation in the longitudinal axis by a longitudinal indispensable shock load. A differential load intensity was considered up to the loss of stability. A finite difference method was applied, with an explicit integration schema for the time of the dynamic stability equations. It was assumed that the precursor to the unstable behaviour of a steel compression member was a continuous deformation of the rod axis, which was defined according to current industry-standard design procedures. Cases of flexible and stiff rods, varying in slenderness, were considered. It was demonstrated that a significant load on the performance of the steel compression members and their buckling mechanisms is attributable to longitudinal wave effects. These longitudinal wave effects cause high-frequency changes in the axial forces with a significant stress concentration due to the effect of reflection from a pinned support. This is critical for the dissipation of internal energy by plastic deformation. The applied research method facilitated an estimation of the dynamic critical forces and their relationships with static values.
Keywords: steel rods with pre-deformation of axis, elastic-plastic behaviour, dynamic stability of rods, differential approximation, effects of axial wave response
A Retrospective Review of Infants Receiving Sildenafil
Authors: De Aliva , Shah Payal , Szmuszkovicz Jacqueline , Bhombal Shazia , Azen Stanley , Kato Roberta M. 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to assess mortality in an infant population receiving sildenafil.
METHODS A retrospective review of hospitalized infants at Children's Hospital Los Angeles who received sildenafil between 2008 and 2012 was conducted. Patient characteristics, comorbidities, and treatment characteristics were analyzed. Primary outcome was mortality at discharge. Sildenafil dosage ranges were based on the Sildenafil in Treatment-Naïve Children, Aged 1–17 Years, With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension trial and were categorized as small (&lt;1.5 mg/kg/day), medium (1.5–3.75 mg/kg/day), large (3.76–7.5 mg/kg/day), and very large (&gt;7.5 mg/kg/day).
RESULTS A total of 147 infants were studied. A total of 82% of patients had severe pulmonary hypertension. Our data revealed 29% mortality at discharge. Mortality increased with increasing sildenafil dosage: 14% (small), 19% (medium), 49% (large), and 90% (very large). On multivariate analysis of sildenafil dosage, other pulmonary hypertension therapies, presence of persistent cardiac shunts, and duration of sildenafil, odds of dying were significantly higher with combined high and very high sildenafil dosage groups compared with combined low and medium dosage groups (OR, 13.2; CI, 4.4–39.5; p &lt; 0.0001).
CONCLUSION Sildenafil was given to critically ill infants with multiple risk factors for mortality. Although higher doses cannot be causally related to mortality, there appears to be no added benefit by escalating the sildenafil dose.
Resource Use Evaluation of Tobramycin Formulations in a State Medicaid Program
Authors: Keast Shellie L. 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) often suffer from chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For patients with CF, 6 years of age and older, with P aeruginosa persistently present in cultures of the airways, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation recommends the chronic use of inhaled tobramycin to reduce exacerbations. To ease treatment burden, a new dry powder formulation was developed. The objective of this research was to compare resource utilization between tobramycin inhaled solution (TIS) and a new tobramycin dry powder (TIP) formulation in a state Medicaid program.
METHODS Members that switched from TIS to TIP were matched to TIS-only beneficiaries via propensity score based on age, sex, race, and residence location. The outcomes (tobramycin reimbursement, inpatient hospital reimbursement, additional antibiotic therapy reimbursement, length of inpatient stays, odds of adherence, odds of inpatient hospital stay, and additional mean days of antibiotic therapy) were assessed by using multivariable regression and included baseline clinical surrogates.
RESULTS No difference was found between 54 matched members for tobramycin reimbursement, length of inpatient stays, odds of adherence, or odds of hospital stay. Cost of additional antibiotic therapy was higher for TIP (+$518, p &lt; 0.001) and inpatient reimbursement was higher for TIS (+$503, p = 0.031). Additional mean days of antibiotic therapy were lower for TIP (8.6 vs. 10.1, p = 0.374), but was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS In patients that switched from TIS to TIP, an increase in cost of additional antibiotic therapy was observed, while inpatient costs were lower. Research should be considered in larger populations to fully determine the impact of the new dry powder formulation on overall resource use and outcomes.
Comparison of the Pharmacoeconomics of Calfactant and Poractant Alfa in Surfactant Replacement Therapy
Authors: Zayek Michael M. , Eyal Fabien G. , Smith Robert C. 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE To compare the pharmacy costs of calfactant (Infasurf, ONY, Inc.) and poractant alfa (Curosurf, Chiesi USA, Inc., Cary, NC).
METHODS The University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital switched from calfactant to poractant alfa in 2013 and back to calfactant in 2015. Retrospectively, we used deidentified data from pharmacy records that provided type of surfactant administered, gestational age, birth weight, and number of doses on each patient. We examined differences in the number of doses by gestational ages and the differences in costs by birth weight cohorts because cost per dose is based on weight.
RESULTS There were 762 patients who received calfactant and 432 patients who received poractant alfa. The average number of doses required per patient was 1.6 administrations for calfactant-treated patients and 1.7 administrations for poractant alfa-treated patients, p = 0.03. A higher percentage of calfactant patients needed only 1 dose (53%) than poractant alfa patients (47%). The distribution of the number of doses for calfactant-treated patients was significantly lower than for the poractant alfa-patients, p &lt; 0.001. Gestational age had no consistent effect on the number of doses required for either calfactant or poractant alfa. Per patient cost was higher for poractant alfa than for calfactant in all birth weight cohorts. Average per patient cost was $1160.62 for poractant alfa, 38% higher than the average per patient cost for calfactant ($838.34). Using poractant alfa for 22 months is estimated to have cost $202,732.75 more than it would have cost if the hospital had continued using calfactant.
CONCLUSION Our experience showed a strong pharmacoeconomic advantage for the use of calfactant compared to the use of poractant alfa because of similar average dosing and lower per patient drug costs.
Sedation and Analgesia Using Medications Delivered via the Extravascular Route in Children Undergoing Laceration Repair
Authors: Miller Jamie L. , Capino Amanda C. , Thomas Amber , Couloures Kevin , Johnson Peter N. 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVES To describe the method of delivery, dosage regimens, and outcomes of sedatives and analgesics administered via the extravascular route for laceration repair in children
METHODS Medline, Embase, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched using the keywords “child,” “midazolam,” “ketamine,” dexmedetomidine,” “fentanyl,” “nitrous oxide” (N2O), and “laceration repair.” Articles evaluating the use of extravascular sedation in children for laceration repair published in the English language between 1946 and June 2017 were included. Two authors independently screened each article for inclusion. Reports were excluded if they did not contain sufficient details on dosage regimen and outcomes.
RESULTS A total of 16 reports representing 953 children receiving sedatives and analgesics via the extravascular route were included for analyses. A statistical analysis was not performed because of heterogeneity in dosing and types of analyses conducted. Midazolam and N2O were the most common agents, with oral (PO) midazolam being the most common agent. Other agents that have supporting data were intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine, IN ketamine, IN midazolam, PO diazepam, PO ketamine, transmucosal (TM) midazolam, and TM fentanyl.
CONCLUSIONS Most of the agents administered through the extravascular route were efficacious. Selection of the agents should be based on perceived need for analgesia versus sedation, patient accessibility, and adverse drug events. Future research is needed to determine the optimal agent and route for laceration repair.
Implementation and Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program at a Non-freestanding Children's Hospital
Authors: Klatte J. Michael , Kopcza Kathleen , Knee Alexander , Horton Evan R. , Housman Erica , Fisher Donna J. 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVES Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) have been associated with improvements in antibiotic utilization and patient outcomes; however, ASP studies originating from non-freestanding children's hospitals are lacking. In this study, we present the implementation and impact of a multidisciplinary ASP that employs a collaborative physician and pharmacist driven thrice-weekly prospective audit-with-feedback approach at a non-freestanding children's hospital.METHODS Implementation was assessed via descriptive design. Pediatric inpatients maintained on predefined targeted antibiotics of interest for 48 to 72 hours preceding ASP review were eligible for inclusion. Outcomes evaluated included ASP recommendation and provider acceptance rates (overall and by antibiotic and provider specialty). Impact was examined using an interrupted time series design (with a preimplementation period of August 1, 2013, to July 31, 2014 and postimplementation period of December 1, 2014 to May 31, 2016). Eligibility included all targeted antibiotic usage among pediatric inpatients, with a control group comprising those who received antibiotics requiring preauthorization. Outcomes analyzed included days of antibiotic therapy per 1000 patient days (DOT/1000 PD) and 30-day hospital readmission rates over time.RESULTS Postimplementation, 882 antibiotic reviews were performed on 637 patients, with 327 recommendations generated. Reviews of patients maintained on vancomycin and clindamycin, and of those under care of intensivist and hospitalist physicians, were most likely to prompt recommendations. A mean targeted antibiotic usage decrease of 24.8 DOT/1000 PD (95% confidence interval, −62 to 14) was observed postimplementation, with no change in 30-day readmissions (0.64% during both periods).CONCLUSIONS ASP implementation at a non-freestanding children's hospital was feasible and allowed for identification of areas for targeted quality improvement, while demonstrating modest antibiotic use reduction without adversely impacting patient care.