bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Option to Discharge Industrial or Sewage Effluent to the Marine Environment
Authors: Botes W. A. M. , Russell K. S. 
Published: May 2018

The utilisation of the ocean for the disposal of domestic or industrial waste is a controversial subject with different views and perceptions by the public, the scientific community and developers. With extensive developments, increased stresses are exerted on the coastal zone areas. Disposal of wastes will have effect on the environment (land, atmosphere or ocean) and it is the responsibility of the scientific community and the authorities to minimise detrimental effects to the environment.
The ocean as a disposal medium is an inappropriate medium to dispose of persistent toxic materials, however, the assimilative capacity of the sea is enormous for certain substances providing:Impact assessments to determine the influence of disposal to the marine environment should be compared to similar assessments of the environment to be influenced by alternative disposal options.Social and economic considerations should also form an integral part of such an assessment.Water quality criteria should be clearly defined and scientifically sound to provide the basis for the design of outfalls as well as for monitoring the short and long-term impacts.Authorised control and effective legislation should be available to enforce quality requirements and remedial actions to be taken.
Drinking Water Off-Flavour Caused by 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole
Authors: Nyström A. , Grimvall A. , Krantz-Rüilcker C. , Sävenhed R. , Åkerstrand K. 
Published: May 2018

Combined chemical and sensory methods were used for the source identification of musty off-flavours in water; the methods were based on stripping enrichment, gas chromatography (GC) with both instrumental and sensory detection, and preparative GC. Two case studies of drinking water derived from groundwater (one chlorinated and one non-chlorinated) showed that 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) was the major odorous compound. Furthermore, the concentration of TCA increased significantly in the distribution system. Studies of surface waters showed that TCA is widespread in Sweden, and in one small forest lake, it was found that TCA made a significant contribution to the total odour of the water.
The formation of TCA during distribution was probably caused by microbial methylation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). TCP is formed during chlorine disinfection of drinking water and has recently also been identified as a natural halogenation product. In the present study, fungi (of the genera Phialophora, Acremonium and Penicillium) and actinomycetes isolated from drinking water were capable of producing TCA by methylating added TCP.
Toxicity Identification and Reduction Evaluation in Petrochemical Effluents – SITEL Case
Authors: Brandelli A. , Baldasso M. L. , Goettems E. P. 
Published: May 2018

SITEL, Integrated Wastewater Treatment System of South Petrochemical Complex,has been processing liquid waste from this industrial area since November, 1982. The complex consists of an olefins plant and some second-generation plants that produce mainly thermoplastic resins. The raw industrial effluent is segregated in the plants in two main streams: organic and inorganic. The organic treatment consists of water-oil separator, equalization basin and dissolved air flotation (primary treatment), activated sludge and multi-media filters (secondary treatment) and stabilization ponds (tertiary treatment). The final effluent is applied on land by perforated PVC pipelines and sprinklers. In 1986, an aquatic toxicity test laboratory was implemented. It uses fish (Pimephales promelas) and crustaceans (Daphnia similis), according to methodology reported by EPA.
A three-step protocol has been developed to characterize the whole effluent toxicity reduction in a, treatment system as well as to identify the sources of toxicity in industrial plants. The first step consists of toxicity identification and characterization of effluents at several monitoring points of SITEL. After analysing the results of the first step, it is possible to evaluate the toxicity reduction obtained by the treatment system and environmental toxicity evaluation. The second step consists of identification of the sources of toxicity in industrial plants through comparative study of organic and inorganic effluents of the complex, prioritizing the most toxic effluents. The last step consists of a toxic fraction identification, based on sequential physico/chemical fractionations of the effluent with associated toxicity testing using aquatic organisms. This paper presents the results that have been obtained so far and a previous evaluation of the main contributors for the toxicity of the effluents.
Leachate Minimization by Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Bilstad T. , Madland M. V. 
Published: May 2018

Leachates from chemical and domestic landfills are defined as hazardous wastewater. Quantitative and qualitative control of leachate can be performed by membrane separation of the total produced leachate volume. Dissolved and suspended solids in the leachate are removed from the major portion of the water phase and either returned to the landfill or further treated. The particle - free permeate meets the effluent requirements for direct discharge to virtually any watercourse.
An untreated leachate flow is concentrated thirteen times by tubular type reverse osmosis. The separation efficiencies are 99% for iron, copper, chromium and zinc. For suspended solids the removal is 100%.
Effects of Some Industrial Chemicals on Anaerobic Activity Measured by Sequential Automated Methanometry (SAM)
Authors: Cohen A. 
Published: May 2018

An experimental study was conducted into the effects of exposure of anaerobic bacteria to some commercial industrial chemicals. Anaerobic activity was tested using Sequential Automated Methanometry (SAM). SAM measures small pressure increases caused by gas production in vials containing anaerobic bacteria.
Tested were bleaching agents including hydrogen peroxide and sodium metabisulphite, mothproofing and insect repelling agents containing synthetic pyrethroids, a bacteriostatic agent and non-ionic detergents commonly used in the wool scouring industry. Actively digesting bacterial material was obtained from an experimental anaerobic system treating concentrated effluents from wool scouring industry.
None of the tested chemicals, with the exception of the bleaching agents, displayed any serious adverse effects on anaerobic activity. One of the tested detergents and one of the tested bacteriostatic agents mildly stimulated gas productivity, while strong increases in gas productivity were observed with one of the pyrethroid-containing chemicals. Sodium metabisulphite inhibited gas production but inhibition was reversible. Hydrogen peroxide was highly toxic and completely inhibited methane production even at the lowest added concentrations.
Anaerobic-Aerobic Combined Process for the Treatment of Sewage with Nutrient Removal: The Ananox® Process
Authors: Garuti G. , Dohanyos M. , Tilche A. 
Published: May 2018

Results of a three year experience on a combined anaerobic-anoxic-oxic municipal waste water treatment process - named ANANOX® - are presented.
This process demonstrated to be highly efficient, with 89.6% CODt, 89.2% TSS and 81.2% N removal, and a sludge production of only 0.2 kg TSS.kg COD removed−1, a value which is roughly 50% less if compared with traditional nitrification/denitrification processes.
Sulphates play a very significant role in the process because, after being reduced in the anaerobic step, where they give a contribution to the organic matter degradation, they are reoxidized in the anoxic step by nitrates, reducing the organic matter need for denitrification.
Due to the high dependence of efficiency on temperature, the system proposed has advantageous uses for sewage treatment, particularly in warm climates and in tourist and recreational areas where the population increases during the warm season.
Monitoring of the Santos Submarine Outfall, São Paulo, Brazil, 10 Years in Operation
Authors: Berzin G. 
Published: May 2018

This summary is based on several reports accompanying the performance of the Emissary in operation since 1979 that are analyzed together with the operational data of the Preconditioning Station of Santos Sewer, State of São Paulo, Brazil.
The choice of the pre-treatment system and the emissary was made due to the regional absence of areas ample enough to install a complete conventional sewage treatment plant and to the fact that the economical studies showed the advantage of the construction of an outfall sewer taking into account the difference in cost between primary and secondary treatment of waste.
The efficiency of the dimension of the minimal extension adopted is verified for the various trajectories of the maritime currents and their predominant cycles. The principal physical, chemical and biological parameters were collected from 14,309 analyses of the last four campaigns (1976, 1979, 1982 and 1986). They are analyzed together, permitting the verification of the efficiency of the oceanic sewage disposal.
The results of the campaigns generate recommendations and conclusions, contributing with details for future projects and also permitting other countries of the Americas to evaluate and compare the operational performance of their emissaries.
The Reintegration of Used Waters in the Environment
Authors: Celestino da Costa P. 
Published: May 2018

For urban and industrial uses, water is collected in the natural environment and after being used is returned to the natural environment.
The process of utilization is simultaneously a process of pollution that is transferred to the wastewater and from it to the water-course. More than 50 years were necessary after the introduction of the techniques of house plumbing to the appearance of artificial wastewater treatments.
Since the beginning of this process, it has been necessary to count on the natural assimilative capacity of the waters to deal with the pollution. But artificial treatment and artificially enhanced natural treatment have considerably augmented the possibility that the return of used waters to the environment became a true integration in it, its quality not being changed, or being changed in a way that does not significantly affect water uses.
Three main technical means are available to do this, only one being artificial treatment.
The Feasibility Studies and Design of a Public Sewage Collection, Treatment and Outfall Scheme for the South Coast of Barbados
Authors: Herbert J. C. , Fries M. K. , Archer A. B. 
Published: May 2018

In 1988, as part of commitment to maintain and improve the quality of beaches and nearshore waters along Barbados' densely populated south and west coasts, the Government of Barbados commissioned Reid Crowther International to carry out feasibility studies and the detailed engineering design of a public sewage collection, treatment and outfall scheme for the south coast. The studies and designs were completed in 1990 and the Government is now negotiating with the Inter-American Development Bank for funding to pay for the construction of the project.
The paper describes project background, estimation of design flows and loads, and treatment plant/outfall design including the detailed marine studies undertaken for the project. Interesting aspects of the sewage collection system design, including the proposed use of “No-Dig” trenchless sewer technology and the project's environmental impact assessment are also described.
Biological Aerated Filters: An Adapted Biological Process for Wastewater from Coastal Areas
Authors: Pujol R. , Canler J. P. , Vachon A. , Vidou P. 
Published: May 2018

SUMMARY
compact facilities together with modular and environment-friendly appearance are arguments in favour of Biological Aerated Filters(B. A. F. ) in coastal areas where the amount of available land imposes strict limitations on technological choices.
The operation of B. A. F. in combination with a physico-chemical process was studied using the data obtained from two wastewater treatment plants located in coastal areas (Barcares and Saint Palais/Mer, France).
The main conclusions are the following.-Effluent quality in terms of COD, BOD5 S.S. proved satisfactory for organic load conditions higher than those applied when using conventional procedures.-Adaptation to organic load variations is not a basic problem for this type of coastal community,but hydraulic flow-rate control should be the main concern.-Restarting plant operation after a long shutdown only takes a few days.-Furthermore technical and economical optimisation required continuous monitoring, especially in the field of washing and aerating control. This type of management involves the use of reliable, high- performance control equipment.
Anaerobic-Aerobic Wastewater Treatment System Suitable for Variable Population in Coastal Areas: The Ananox® Process
Authors: Garuti G. , Dohanyos M. , Tilche A. 
Published: May 2018

Results of a four year experience on a combined anaerobic-anoxic-oxic municipal wastewater treatment process - named ANANOX® - are presented.
This process demonstrated to be highly efficient, with 89.6% CODt, 89.2% TSS and 81.2% N removal, and a sludge production of only 0.2 kg TSS.kg COD removed−1, a value which is roughly 50% less if compared with traditional nitrification/denitrification processes.
Energy needs are reduced with respect to aerobic plants, because the anaerobic COD degradation plays a major role, particularly during the warm season.
Sulphates play a very significant role in the process because, after being reduced in the anaerobic step, where they give a contribution to the organic matter degradation, they are reoxidized in the anoxic step by nitrates, reducing the organic matter need for denitrification.
Due to the high dependence of efficiency on temperature, the system proposed has advantageous uses for sewage treatment particularly in warm climates and in tourist and recreational areas where the population increases during the warm season.
Water Quality in Swimming Areas and the Influence of the Environment: A Tool for the Developer
Authors: Aurousseau J. M. , Amezal A. , Calba F. 
Published: May 2018

The water quality in swimming areas is monitored by the DDASS by means of analyses carried out on bacterial contamination. These analyses have been made for the last 20 years; the results, however, have rarely been the object of statistical studies beach by beach.
In addition, from 1988 to 1991, the Agence de l'Eau Seine-Normandie carried out a statistical study on 10 beaches situated in the department of Seine-Maritime: Fécamp, Criel, Mesnilval, Le Tréport, Yport, Veulettes, Quiberville, St-Aubin, Dieppe-Place, Dieppe-Puys.
The statistical study measures the relationship between the level of contamination observed and environmental parameters such as pluviometry, the cycles and coefficients of the tide, coastal currents, and local topography.
The statistical tool used, analysis in multiple components, allows us to find the origin of pollutants, to better understand the mechanism which transports them to beach areas, and enables us to make decisions about future development.
Formation of Biofilms in a Biofilm Air-Lift Suspension Reactor
Authors: Heijnen J. J. , van Loosdrecht M. C. M. , Mulder A. , Tijhuis L. 
Published: May 2018

Biofilm Air-lift Suspension reactors can be used to treat waste water at a high volumetric loading rate combined with a low sludge loading. The biofilms are formed on small suspended particles (r = 0.1 mm). We have studied the effect of particle characteristics and hydraulic retention time on the biofilm formation. It is shown that small, rough particles show the best biofilm formation. Low hydraulic retention times benefit the formation of biofilms. This results from the fact that suspension growth is minimal under these conditions.
The effect of biofilm detachment became distinct from the observation that most of the bacterial growth in the biofilm is transferred to the liquid. The biofilm formation process is concluded to be a three stage process: (i) the outgrowth of single cells to micro-colonies, this process is positively influenced by the carrier surface roughness; (ii) the outgrowth of micro-colonies to small biofilms, this process is negatively influenced by the concentration of carrier material; (iii) the outgrowth of biofilms, this occurs when the majority of particles are covered with a biofilm. At that time the influence of shear due to particle-particle interactions diminishes.
Anaerobic Treatment of Sewage Sludge Treated by Catalytic Wet Oxidation Process in Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors
Authors: Song J. J. , Takeda N. , Hiraoka M. 
Published: May 2018

To increase the efficiency of methane recovery in anaerobic treatment, sewage sludge was treated by catalytic wet oxidation process(CWOP).The CWOP is designed to treat sewage sludge with the aid of a newly developed catalyst. It is a treatment process, by which concentrated COD components and suspended solids in various kinds of sludge can be simultaneously oxidized and treated with great efficiency in a single step without dilution. After CWOP, this supernatant was treated by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) for recovery of methane. This experiment was to evaluate the acclimation of UASB process to the supernatant of sewage sludge treated by CWOP. For the granule growth and accumulation, supernatant was introduced stepwise (25%, 33%, 50%, 100%). The supernatant was 7,200 mg-COD/L which contained 53% carbonic acids. The reactor was operated at a volumetric loading rate from 1.8 (kg·COD/m3·day) to 14.4 (kg·COD/m3·day) and overall HRT of less than 24 hrs throughout the experiment.
In the conventional anaerobic biochemical process of methane gas recovery was limited to 50% of COD recovery. As a result of this study, the COD recovery to about 93% was obtained by the coebination of CWOP and UASB process.
The following conditions were enough for pretreatment: temperature, 270°C; pressure, 86kg/m2; stoichiometric air ratio, 1.1; reaction time, 24 min.
These results indicate that the CWOP-UASB process may be attractive as an alternative sewage sludge treatment.
Extending the Wupper River Association's Large Treatment Plant at Buchenhofen for State-of-the-Art Technology
Authors: Brechtel H. 
Published: May 2018

The Buchenhofen treatment plant operated by the Wupper River Association treats wastewater from 700 000 PE, roughly half of which is from industrial sources, using a conventional activated sludge process without specific nutrient elimination.
There is a management plan for the receiving waters of the treatment plant, the Lower Wupper. The main classes of use for these waters are specified in the plan. Use for recreational angling imposes the strictest limits for these waters, entailing a demand for water quality class II and imposing correspondingly stringent requirements on the purification capacity of the Buchenhofen treatment plant.
The Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergütewirtschaft und Abfalltechnik of the University of Stuttgart has been commissioned to evaluate realistic treatment objectives in the treatment plant and to prepare concepts for extending the plant to provide advanced treatment.
The most effective form of nitrogen elimination for the advanced concept has proved to be a single-stage activated sludge process with nitrification and pre-denitrification, while the most effective method of eliminating phosphorus is simultaneous precipitation followed by flocculation filtration. Tests have shown that large activated sludge tanks are not in themselves sufficient to ensure advanced nitrification without occasional peaks. Good on-line process monitoring and control are also necessary, as is buffering of inflow peaks.
A filtration stage will be added to the plant, coming on line in 1992. Advanced biological treatment based on results from a commercial-scale pilot plant should be completed by 1996. Total costs for extending the whole plant are estimated at more than DM 130 million.
Upscaling a Compact Nitrogen Removal Process
Authors: Rogalla F. , Badard M. , Hansen F. , Dansholm P. 
Published: May 2018

The new European Guideline on municipal wastewater discharges will require nitrogen removal in all sensitive areas below 15 mg TN/l. To achieve this limit within reasonable time and budget, infrastructure cost has to be minimised. To construct new sewage treatment plants close to urban neighborhoods or to upgrade existing facilites within current plant boundaries, high-rate reactors for nitrogen were investigated. The retained option was an upflow aerated filter on a floating granular media.
The lightweight media facilitates backwashing, and an anoxic zone at the filter bottom achieves denitrification. After extensive pilot tests to quantify the performance of the reactor, a demonstration plant of one full-scale filter cell was constructed and operated for two years to verify technological as well as process options. The dynamic behaviour of the reactor could be assessed by continuous reading of ammonia and carbon pollution. This paper describes the results obtained and the observed system limits.
The reactor was fed with primary settled wastewater containing about 450 mg COD/l and 65 mg TKN/l. Filtration velocity was varied between 1 and 2 m/h, and 100 to 300 % of the feed flow was recirculated. The removal rates at different temperatures were measured, under an applied load of 5 kg COD/m3 d, nitrification and denitrification capacities in the respective zones were around 1 kg N/m3 d at 15 °C. Up to 50 mg TN/l could be removed and the required effluent quality of the EC guideline could thus be achieved with an empty bed contact time of 2 hours. An additional on-site pilot test showed that within this same detention time, total nitrogen residuals down to 5 mg/l could be achieved at 10 °C.
Model and Sensor Based Optimization of Nitrogen Removal at Klagshamn Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Aspegren H. , Andersson B. , Nyberg U. , Jansen J. la C. 
Published: May 2018

Optimization of wastewater treatment plants with extensive phosphorus and nitrogen removal is complicated. The Klagshamn wastewater treatment plant in Sweden is operated with pre-precipitation of phosphorus with ferric chloride and denitrification with methanol as carbon source. An activated sludge process, operated with pre-precipitation and denitrification with external carbon source in a compartmentalized plant, requires only small tank volumes but increases the need for proper operation and optimization.
On-line nitrogen, ammonia, and TOC sensors are used for a day-to-day control and optimization while mathematical modelling is used for long term strategic planning. The on-line measurements are further used as the basis for the modelling. TOC and ammonia sensors at the influent clearly identify typical and extreme loading variations and nitrate measurements in the activated sludge tanks and the effluent shows the dynamics of the processes. These measurements provide a basis for model calibration. In combination low residuals of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter can be achieved.