bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delimiting Deportation, Unlawful Transfer, Forcible Transfer and Forcible Displacement in International Criminal Law
Authors: Roberts Ken , Stewart James G. 
Published: October 2019

Delimiting Deportation, Unlawful Transfer, Forcible Transfer and Forcible Displacement in International Criminal Law
The forced displacement of civilian populations is an issue of significant global concern and a subject of extensive legal debate. In international criminal law, forced displacement is criminalized by a complex network of distinct but overlapping offences. These include the Crimes Against Humanity of deportation, forcible transfer, persecution and other inhumane acts, and the grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of ‘unlawful deportation or transfer’. International courts and tribunals have been inconsistent in the adoption of these crimes in their statues and in their subsequent interpretation, making it all the more difficult to distinguish between them. The jurisprudential history of these crimes is lengthy and not without controversy, highlighted by inconsistent judicial approaches. In this article, we offer a critical jurisprudential history of these displacement crimes in international criminal law.In particular, we focus on the case law emanating from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, a court that comprehensively addressed crimes associated with ethnic cleansing, a characteristic feature of that conflict, with the result that displacement was a central focus of that court. We set out our jurisprudential history in chronological order, beginning with the earliest inceptions of displacement crimes at the ICTY and then tracing their development toward the establishment of a consensus. Our hope is that the article sheds light on the development of these offences, informs future debate, and acts as a useful template for those seeking to understand how these crimes may have a role to play in future international jurisprudence.
De Vlaamse inbreng in de VWR
Authors: Van Hoecke Mark 
Published: October 2019

De Vlaamse inbreng in de VWR
Na een beperkte Vlaamse participatie tussen 1935 en 1970, kwam er een geleidelijke verankering van de VWR in Vlaanderen, met een grote bloei in de jaren tachtig en negentig, met jonge professoren die voltijds actief waren op het gebied van de rechtsfilosofie en/of de rechtstheorie. Na 2000 vermindert de inbreng van Vlaanderen echter in belangrijke mate. Er wordt nog vrij veel gepubliceerd in R&R/NJLP, maar nauwelijks nog door professionele rechtsfilosofen of rechtstheoretici. Institutioneel wordt de internationale (Engelstalige) dimensie van de VWR versterkt (redactieraad, sprekers), maar vermindert de Vlaamse aanwezigheid in redactie, redactieraad en bestuur. De Vlaamse aanwezigheden op VWR-vergaderingen zijn vaak eenmalig en steeds minder van professionele rechtsfilosofen of rechtstheoretici. De afbouw van de leerstoelen en zelfs van het onderwijs in deze domeinen in Vlaanderen is de belangrijkste verklaring hiervoor.
The Perceived Impact of MBA Degree on Career and Skills Development: An Explanatory Research Comparing French and GCC Students
Authors: Saïd Karim , Alsultanny Yas 
Published: October 2019

Relying on two diverse samplings of MBA students – one from an international French business school and the other from a university based in Bahrain that recruits students from the Arabian Gulf countries – our article analyzes the relationship between the MBA students’ career goals and their nationality. Our key findings highlight that nationality has little effect on graduate students' motives for pursuing education, their perception of the expected program outcomes and their career perspectives. Other findings, however, reveal some differences based on nationality, the most significant being program criteria choices in relation to career goals and the expected skills students wished to acquire.
Integrin α5 subunit is required for the tumor supportive role of fibroblasts in colorectal adenocarcinoma and serves as a potential stroma prognostic marker
Authors: Lu Ling , Xie Ruting , Wei Rong , Cai Chunmiao , Bi Dexi , Yin Dingzi , Liu Hu , Zheng Jiayi , Zhang Youhua , Song Feifei , Gao Yaohui , Tan Linhua , Wei Qing , Qin Huanlong 
Published: October 2019

The tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complicated process, involving interactions between cancer cells and the microenvironment. The role of α5 integrin subunit in CRC remains controversial, and previous studies mainly focused on cancer cells. Herein, we report an important role of α5 in stroma fibroblasts in the tumorigenesis of CRC. The expression of α5 was found to be located in colorectal tumor stroma rather than in epithelia cancer cells. Immunofluorescence colocalization and gene correlation analysis confirmed that α5 was mainly expressed in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Moreover, experimental evidence showed that α5 expression was required for the tumor‐promoting effect of fibroblast cells. In an in vivo xenograft nude mice model, α5 depletion in fibroblasts dramatically suppressed fibroblast‐induced tumor growth. In an in vitro cell coculture assay, α5 depletion or knockdown reduced the ability of fibroblasts to promote cancer cell migration and invasion compared with wild‐type fibroblasts; moreover, we observed that the expression and assembly of fibronectin were downregulated after α5 depletion or knockdown in fibroblasts. Analysis of the RNA‐Seq data of the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort revealed that high expression of ITGA5 (α5 integrin subunit) was correlated with poor overall survival in colorectal adenocarcinoma, which was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry in an independent cohort of 355 patients. Thus, our study identifies α5 integrin subunit as a novel stroma molecular marker for colorectal adenocarcinoma, offers a fresh insight into colorectal adenocarcinoma progression, and shows that α5 expression in stroma fibroblasts underlies its ability to promote the tumorigenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.
Efficacy of Nonsurgical Interventions for Trapeziometacarpal (Thumb Base) Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hamasaki Tokiko , Laprise Sylvain , Harris Patrick G. , Bureau Nathalie J. , Gaudreault Nathaly , Ziegler Daniela , Choinière Manon 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveTo synthesize the literature on the efficacy of existing nonsurgical interventions for trapeziometacarpal (TM) osteoarthritis (TMO).MethodsA medical librarian conducted an electronic search in 16 databases. Two authors independently carried out study selection, data extraction, and risk‐of‐bias assessment. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality guidance was followed to integrate a valid body of evidence from the existing systematic reviews. Intervention effects were estimated based on the Cochrane Collaboration review methodology.ResultsWe identified 17 systematic reviews, 34 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 6 nonrandomized controlled trials. Most of the studies had unclear or high risk of biases. Evidence of low‐to‐moderate quality supports the superiority of the following interventions for pain and/or physical function: 1) saline over steroid intraarticular injections confirmed by radiography, 2) saline injections over sham (i.e., pressure) in tender subcutaneous areas, 3) custom‐made thermoplastic thumb orthosis over no intervention or a control, 4) custom‐made thermoplastic hand‐based TM joint orthosis over no intervention, 5) radial nerve mobilization over sham ultrasound, and 6) a combination of hand exercises and TM joint and median/radial nerve mobilization over sham ultrasound.ConclusionThis comprehensive systematic review allowed collating evidence‐based data on the efficacy of nonsurgical interventions for TMO. Steroid intraarticular injections would not be more effective than saline injections. Rehabilitative interventions (orthosis, exercises, nerve mobilization) would be efficacious. However, these findings must be treated with circumspection due to methodologic limitations in many studies.
Perceived Stress and Inflammatory Arthritis: A Prospective Investigation in the Studies of the Etiologies of Rheumatoid Arthritis Cohort
Authors: Polinski Kristen J. , Bemis Elizabeth A. , Feser Marie , Seifert Jennifer , Demoruelle M. Kristen , Striebich Christopher C. , Brake Stacey , O’Dell James R. , Mikuls Ted R. , Weisman Michael H. , Gregersen Peter K. , Keating Richard M. , Buckner Jane , Nicassio Perry , Holers V. Michael , Deane Kevin D. , Norris Jill M. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the association of perceived stress with incident inflammatory arthritis (IA) defined as having at least 1 joint consistent with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)–like synovitis based on examination.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study in the Studies of the Etiologies of Rheumatoid Arthritis cohort. Participants without IA were recruited if they were a first‐degree relative of an RA proband or screened positive for anti–citrullinated protein antibody. Perceived stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale–14 (PSS‐14), in which scores can range from 0 to 56, and a higher score indicates greater perceived stress. The total PSS‐14 score, as well as 2 subscores indicative of perceived distress and self‐efficacy, were averaged across all study visits until development of IA or the last follow‐up. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of IA associated with average PSS‐14 scores were obtained using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsThe mean total PSS‐14 score was 20.4. We found that a 1‐point increase in the perceived distress score was significantly associated with a 10‐percent increase in the risk of IA (adjusted HR 1.10 [95% CI 1.02–1.19]). Total PSS‐14 and self‐efficacy were not associated with IA risk (adjusted HR 1.05 [95% CI 0.99–1.10] and 1.04 [95% CI 0.91–1.18], respectively).ConclusionAn association between perceived distress and incident IA was observed in this at‐risk cohort. Replication of this finding in other preclinical and at‐risk RA populations is needed.
Printed Conformable Liquid Metal e‐Skin‐Enabled Spatiotemporally Controlled Bioelectromagnetics for Wireless Multisite Tumor Therapy
Authors: Wang Xuelin , Fan Linlin , Zhang Jie , Sun Xuyang , Chang Hao , Yuan Bo , Guo Rui , Duan Minghui , Liu Jing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWith inherent flexibility, high electroconductivity, excellent thermal conductivity, easy printability and biosafety, gallium‐based functional liquid metals (LMs) have been increasingly evaluated for biomedical applications, especially as electronic skin (e‐skin). Extending these versatile materials to more challenging applications is a worthwhile pursuit. To realize precise and spatiotemporal multisite tumor treatment under an alternating magnetic field (AMF), an oxidized GaIn (O‐GaIn) mixture‐based e‐skin is developed and demonstrated to be printable. Compared with the commonly utilized non‐oxidized GaIn, O‐GaIn possesses outstanding adhesion to the skin surface and can be directly and quickly printed into various customized patterns. The LM e‐skin thus constructed as conformable bioelectrodes on tumor‐bearing mice exhibits evident feasibility for administrating non‐invasive wireless multisite tumor therapy under AMF exposure due to its favorable magnetothermal effects. These in vivo experiments reveal remarkable tumor growth inhibition and increased life span in mice, especially in the case of multilesion treatment. A favorable biomedical strategy based on O‐GaIn material for developing future non‐invasive and high‐performance cancer therapy, which is also promising for treating whole‐body diseases in the future, is provided.
Morphology Reshaping Enabling Self‐Densification of Manganese Oxide Hybrid Materials for High‐Density Lithium Storage Anodes
Authors: Su Jian , Song Huawei , Wang Chengxin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMorphology reshaping or reconfiguration, a concept widely used in plastic surgery, energy harvesting, and reconfigurable robots, is introduced for the first time to construct densified electrodes and realize compact Li‐ion storage desirable for high specific energy storage field. Hausmannite‐based hybrid materials, as a proof‐of‐concept prototype, engineered by 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone‐soluble surface/interface organic encapsulation, which is crucial in reshaping, exhibit a remarkable increase in the volumetric capacity of more than five times after this process (≈1889 Ah L−1 vs ≈322 Ah L−1). With the simultaneous maintenance of the intrinsic nature, good contact, and no collapsed/agglomerated unit structures of the materials in electrodes, the design affords a maximal increase in the packing compactness and manifests no sacrifice of the reversible ion storage capability (1150 mAh g−1 at 40 mA g−1), stable cycling (≈100% capacity retention), high rate performance (185 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and long lifespan (1000 cycles with 108% capacity retention, ≈455 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1) for relatively highly loaded electrodes (active materials: 1.20–5.34 mg cm−2). The concept may not only shed new light on fabricating advanced Si‐based and other high capacity–related densified Li storage electrodes but also inject fresh vitality into the field of high‐density power sources.
Scaffold with Micro/Macro‐Architecture for Myocardial Alignment Engineering into Complex 3D Cell Patterns
Authors: Zhang Wanqi , Wang Zuyong , Xie Chao , Wang Xianwei , Luo Fangfang , Hong Minghui , Zhou Rui , Ma Chao , Lin Nan , Zhang Jieyu , Hu Xuefeng , Chan Jerry Kok Yen , Wen Feng , Wang Yunbing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTissue structural anisotropy is an important basis for heart function. Attempts to regenerate the complicated heart‐tissue alignment has rarely featured macroscale 3D constructs required for myocardial tissue engineering. The feasibility of engineered scaffolds with micro/macro‐architecture for guiding spatial cell alignment following complex patterns is reported. The scaffold is composed of stackable dual‐structured layers with linear micro‐ridge/groove patterns and macro‐through‐hole arrays, which enable tailorable anisotropy and interconnective free space. When human mesenchymal stem cells are seeded on the scaffold, well‐organized spreading alignment showing the precise control in cellular orientation is significantly introduced over nonpatterned controls. Moreover, spatial cell distribution in the scaffold and directional changes of the layered linear patterns that made cell alignment orientations turning accordingly are observed, leading to the complex 3D pattern reconstruction of cellular alignment resembling natural myocardial tissue. This work validates the potential of micro/macro‐architecture engineering for spatial cell guidance. Scaffolds with this capability can be potentially used for biomanufacturing of the structural alignment in myocardial tissue engineering.
Mixed Lead Halide Passivation of Quantum Dots
Authors: Fan James Z. , Andersen Nigel T. , Biondi Margherita , Todorović Petar , Sun Bin , Ouellette Olivier , Abed Jehad , Sagar Laxmi K. , Choi Min‐Jae , Hoogland Sjoerd , de Arquer F. Pelayo García , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInfrared‐absorbing colloidal quantum dots (IR CQDs) are materials of interest in tandem solar cells to augment perovskite and cSi photovoltaics (PV). Today's best IR CQD solar cells rely on the use of passivation strategies based on lead iodide; however, these fail to passivate the entire surface of IR CQDs. Lead chloride passivated CQDs show improved passivation, but worse charge transport. Lead bromide passivated CQDs have higher charge mobilities, but worse passivation. Here a mixed lead‐halide (MPbX) ligand exchange is introduced that enables thorough surface passivation without compromising transport. MPbX–PbS CQDs exhibit properties that exceed the best features of single lead‐halide PbS CQDs: they show improved passivation (43 ± 5 meV vs 44 ± 4 meV in Stokes shift) together with higher charge transport (4 × 10‐2 ± 3 × 10‐3 cm2 V‐1 s‐1 vs 3 × 10‐2 ± 3 × 10‐3 cm2 V‐1 s‐1 in mobility). This translates into PV devices having a record IR open‐circuit voltage (IR Voc) of 0.46 ± 0.01 V while simultaneously having an external quantum efficiency of 81 ± 1%. They provide a 1.7× improvement in the power conversion efficiency of IR photons (>1.1 µm) relative to the single lead‐halide controls reported herein.
Hybrid Light Emitters and UV Solar‐Blind Avalanche Photodiodes based on III‐Nitride Semiconductors
Authors: Liu Bin , Chen Dunjun , Lu Hai , Tao Tao , Zhuang Zhe , Shao Zhengguang , Xu Weizong , Ge Haixiong , Zhi Ting , Ren Fangfang , Ye Jiandong , Xie Zili , Zhang Rong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn the last two decades, remarkable progress has been achieved in the field of optoelectronic devices based on III‐nitride semiconductors. In terms of photonics applications in the visible–UV spectral range, III‐nitrides are one of the most promising materials. For instance, emerging gallium nitride (GaN)‐based micro‐light‐emitting diode (LED) technology for high‐resolution display, and UV photo‐detection for environmental monitoring, health, and medical applications. In this work, hybrid micro/nano‐LEDs with integration of II–VI quantum dots by means of lithography and nano‐imprinting patterning techniques are demonstrated, and high‐performance red/green/blue and white emissions are achieved. Consequently, plasmonic nanolasers are designed and fabricated using a metal‐oxide‐semiconductor structure, where strong surface plasmon polariton coupling leads to the efficient lasing with a low excitation threshold from the visible to UV tunable spectral range. Furthermore, performance‐improved AlGaN UV solar‐blind avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with a separate absorption and multiplication structure by polarization engineering are reported. These APDs deliver a record‐high avalanche gain of up to 1.6 × 105. These newest advances in nano/micro‐LEDs, nanolasers, and APDs can shed light on the emerging capabilities of III‐nitride in cutting‐edge applications.
Current evidence of nutritional therapy in pancreatoduodenectomy: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Takagi Kosei , Domagala Piotr , Hartog Hermien , van Eijck Casper , Groot Koerkamp Bas 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimEvidence of nutritional therapies in pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) has been shown. However, few studies focus on the association between different nutritional therapies and outcomes. The aim of this review was to summarize the current evidence of nutritional therapies such as enteral nutrition (EN), immunonutrition, and synbiotics on postoperative outcomes after PD.MethodsA systematic literature search of Embase, Medline Ovid, and Cochrane CENTRAL was done to summarize the available evidence, including randomized controlled trials, meta‐analyses and reviews, regarding nutritional therapy in PD.ResultsA total of 20 randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Safety and tolerability of EN in PD was shown. Giving postoperative EN can shorten length of stay compared to parenteral nutrition; however, the effect of EN on postoperative complications remains controversial. Postoperative EN should be given only on selective indications rather than routinely used, and preoperative EN is indicated only in patients with severe malnutrition. Giving preoperative immunonutrition is considered to reduce the incidence of infectious complications; however, evidence level is moderate and recommendation grade is weak. The beneficial effect of perioperative synbiotics on postoperative infectious complications is limited. Furthermore, the effectiveness of other nutritional supplements remains unclear.ConclusionRecently, evidence of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in PD has been increasing. Early oral intake with systematic nutritional support is an important aspect of the ERAS concept. Future well‐designed studies should investigate the impact of systematic nutritional therapies on outcomes following PD.
Lightening in a bottle: comparison of ultraviolet light to traditional sterilization in saline irrigations bottles
Authors: Husain Qasim , Banks Catherine , Woodworth Bradford A. , Bleier Benjamin S. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundNasal saline irrigations (NSIs) are commonplace in treatment of patients with sinonasal disorders. Contamination of both the water source and delivery bottle remains a challenge with this therapy. The goal of this study was to optimize a disinfection technique with various methods of preparation, disinfection, and delivery of NSIs.MethodsDistilled and tap water sources in NSI bottles were contaminated by 4 bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Legionella pneumophila. Contaminated bottles were cleaned with tap water, tap water with detergent, or microwave and swabbed for culture. Water‐source disinfection was performed with reverse osmosis, distillation, activated carbon filtration, boiling, or ultraviolet (UV) light treatment. Test samples from each experimental group (n = 3/group) were cultivated on the appropriate media with colony‐forming units (CFUs) reported.ResultsAll methods of bottle cleaning with tap water with/without detergent and microwave significantly reduced bacterial load (CFUs) by >99% (p < 0.05). Distillation and boiling of the contaminated water source eliminated 100% of bacteria, whereas reverse osmosis and activated carbon filtration did not. A single UV treatment of contaminated water within a bottle eliminated 99% of bacteria within the water and 100% in the bottle.ConclusionCleansing of NSI bottles with tap water with/without detergent or microwave produced robust bacterial disinfection. Distillation and boiling of a contaminated water source completely eliminated all bacteria. UV light treatment was capable of simultaneous disinfection of both the water source and bottle, suggesting this may be a convenient, 1‐step method of preparing NSIs for patients.
Eisenvermittelte elektrophile Aminierung von Organozink‐Halogeniden mit organischen Aziden
Authors: Graßl Simon , Singer Johannes , Knochel Paul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEin breites Spektrum von Alkyl‐, Aryl‐ und Heteroarylzink Halogeniden wurden mit hoch funktionalisierten Alkyl‐, Aryl‐ und hetercyclischen organischen Aziden aminiert. Die Reaktion verläuft reibungslos bei 50 °C binnen 1 h in der Gegenwart von FeCl3 (0.5 Äquiv.), um die entsprechenden sekundären Amine in guten Ausbeuten zu erbringen. Diese Methode wurde weiter auf peptidische Azide ausgeweitet, um die arylierten Substrate unter voller Retention der Konfiguration bereitzustellen. Um den Nutzen dieser Reaktion zu demonstrieren, haben wir zwei Amin‐Derivate von pharmazeutischer Relevanz, unter Zuhilfenahme dieser eisenvermittelten elektrophilen Aminierung als Schlüsselschritt, hergestellt.
Pyridinium Salts as Redox‐Active Functional Group Transfer Reagents
Authors: Rössler Simon L. , Jelier Benson J. , Magnier Emmanuel , Dagousset Guillaume , Carreira Erick M. , Togni Antonio 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this Review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding and design of N‐functionalized pyridinium scaffolds as redox‐active, single‐electron, functional group transfer reagents. We provide a selection of representative methods that demonstrate reactivity and fundamental advances in this emerging field. The reactivity of these reagents can be divided into two divergent pathways: homolytic fragmentation to liberate the N‐bound substituent as the corresponding radical or an alternative heterolytic fragmentation that liberates an N‐centered pyridinium radical. A short description of the elementary steps involved in fragmentation induced by single‐electron transfer is also critically discussed to guide readers towards fundamental processes thought to occur under these conditions.