bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Cell-Mediated Transmission
Authors: Sakurada Shinsaku , Katano Harutaka , Sata Tetsutaro , Ohkuni Hisashi , Watanabe Toshiki , Mori Shigeo 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTCell-free transmission of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) to human cells in vitro has been reported to be difficult, if not impossible. The present experiments were conducted with the idea that cell-cell contact may produce much more effective transmission, so-called cell-mediated transmission. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cocultured with an HHV-8-infected lymphoma cell line, BCBL-1 cells. When a ratio of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated BCBL-1 cells to HUVECs of 10:1 was used, more than 20% of HUVECs were found to express the HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) 48 h after the start of coculturing; this value increased to more than 30% after 72 h. HHV-8-encoded ORF26, K8, K8.1, K10, K11, ORF59, and ORF65 proteins were not detected in these HHV-8-infected HUVECs until 72 h. The HHV-8 antigens were not observed in HUVECs cocultured with TPA-treated BCBL-1 cells separated by a membrane. Thirty days after removal of the BCBL-1 cells from the cell-mediated transmission experiment, the HUVECs still expressed LANA and the HHV-8 genome was detected by PCR in these cells. Moreover, the ORF59 protein, a DNA replication-associated protein of HHV-8, was expressed in such HUVECs in the presence of TPA stimulation. These results indicated a far more effective transmission mechanism, cell-cell contact, suggesting the possibility that such a mechanism works in vivo.
Genetic Immunization of Wild-Type and Hepatitis C Virus Transgenic Mice Reveals a Hierarchy of Cellular Immune Response and Tolerance Induction against Hepatitis C Virus Structural Proteins
Authors: Satoi Jujin , Murata Kazumoto , Lechmann Martin , Manickan Elanchezhiyan , Zhang Zhensheng , Wedemeyer Heiner , Rehermann Barbara , Liang T. Jake 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTTo study the effect of genetic immunization on transgenic expression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins, we evaluated the immunological response of HCV transgenic mice to HCV expression plasmids. FVB/n transgenic mice expressing HCV structural proteins (core, E1, and E2) and wild-type (WT) FVB/n mice were immunized intramuscularly with plasmids expressing core (pHCVcore) or core/E1/E2 (pHCVSt). After immunization, HCV-specific humoral and cellular immune response was studied. Both WT and transgenic mice immunized with either HCV construct produced antibodies and exhibited T-cell proliferative responses against core or envelope. In WT mice immunized with pHCVSt, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activities were detected against E2 but not against core or E1, whereas strong CTL activities against core could be detected in WT mice immunized with pHCVcore. In pHCVSt-immunized, transgenic mice, CTL activities against the core or envelope were completely absent, but core-specific CTL activities could be detected in pHCVcore-immunized transgenic mice. A similar pattern of immune responses was also observed in other mouse strains, including a transgenic line expressing human HLA-A2.1 molecules (AAD mice). Despite the presence of a peripheral cellular immunity against HCV, no liver pathology or lymphocytic infiltrate was observed in these transgenic mice. Our study suggests a hierarchy of CTL response against the HCV structural proteins (E2 > core > E1) in vivo when the proteins are expressed as a polyprotein. The HCV transgenic mice can be induced by DNA immunization to generate anti-HCV antibodies and anticore CTLs. However, they are tolerant at the CTL level against the E2 protein despite DNA immunization.
Propagation of Rat Parvovirus in Thymic Lymphoma Cell Line C58(NT)D and Subsequent Appearance of a Resistant Cell Clone after Lytic Infection
Authors: Ueno Yutaka , Harada Tanenobu , Iseki Hiroyoshi , Ohshima Takayuki , Sugiyama Fumihiro , Yagami Ken-ichi 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTRat parvovirus (RPV) is nonpathogenic in rats but causes persistent lymphocytotropic infection. We found that RPV was propagated in rat thymic lymphoma cell line C58(NT)D and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, a resistant subclone, C58(NT)D/R, from surviving cells after lytic infection had differentiated phenotypic modifications, such as increased cell adherence, resistance to apoptosis, and suppressed tumorigenicity.
Derivation and Characterization of a Dengue Type 1 Host Range-Restricted Mutant Virus That Is Attenuated and Highly Immunogenic in Monkeys
Authors: Markoff Lewis , Pang Xiaou , Houng Huo-shu , Falgout Barry , Olsen Raymond , Jones Estella , Polo Stephanie 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
We recently described the derivation of a dengue serotype 2 virus (DEN2mutF) that exhibited a host range-restricted phenotype; it was severely impaired for replication in cultured mosquito cells (C6/36 cells). DEN2mutF virus had selected mutations in genomic sequences predicted to form a 3′ stem-loop structure (3′-SL) that is conserved among all flavivirus species. The 3′-SL constitutes the downstream terminal ∼95 nucleotides of the 3′ noncoding region in flavivirus RNA. Here we report the introduction of these same mutational changes into the analogous region of an infectious DNA derived from the genome of a human-virulent dengue serotype 1 virus (DEN1), strain Western Pacific (DEN1WP). The resulting DEN1 mutant (DEN1mutF) exhibited a host range-restricted phenotype similar to that of DEN2mutF virus. DEN1mutF virus was attenuated in a monkey model for dengue infection in which viremia is taken as a correlate of human virulence. In spite of the markedly reduced levels of viremia that it induced in monkeys compared to DEN1WP, DEN1mutF was highly immunogenic. In addition, DEN1mutF-immunized monkeys retained high levels of neutralizing antibodies in serum and were protected from challenge with high doses of the DEN1WP parent for as long as 17 months after the single immunizing dose. Phenotypic revertants of DEN1mutF and DEN2mutF were each detected after a total of 24 days in C6/36 cell cultures. Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of DEN1mutF RNA and that of a revertant virus, DEN1mutFRev, revealed that (i) the DEN1mutF genome contained no additional mutations upstream from the 3′-SL compared to the DEN1WP parent genome and (ii) the DEN1mutFRev genome contained de novo mutations, consistent with our previous hypothesis that the defect in DEN2mutF replication in C6/36 cells was at the level of RNA replication. A strategy for the development of a tetravalent dengue vaccine is discussed.
Mutations That Confer Resistance to Template-Analog Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Lead to Severe Defects in HIV Replication
Authors: Fisher Timothy S. , Joshi Pheroze , Prasad Vinayaka R. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
We isolated two template analog reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor-resistant mutants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RT by using the DNA aptamer, RT1t49. The mutations associated, N255D or N265D, displayed low-level resistance to RT1t49, while high-level resistance could be observed when both mutations were present (Dbl). Molecular clones of HIV that contained the mutations produced replication-defective virions. All three RT mutants displayed severe processivity defects. Thus, while biochemical resistance to the DNA aptamer RT1t49 can be generated in vitro via multiple mutations, the overlap between the aptamer- and template-primer-binding pockets favors mutations that also affect the RT-template-primer interaction. Therefore, viruses with such mutations are replication defective. Potent inhibition and a built-in mechanism to render aptamer-resistant viruses replication defective make this an attractive class of inhibitors.
Complexes with New Chelate Anionic Ligands Formed by Nucleophilic Addition in Copper(II) Coordination Sphere. III. The Crystal Structures of (2,2'-Bipyridine-N,N')(cyanato-N)[methyl(2-cyano-2-imidoxy Ethaneimidate-N,N')]copper(II) and (2,2'-Bipyridine-N,N')(2-cyano-2-imidoxy Ethaneimidate-N,N')copper(II)
Authors: Dunaj-Jurčo Michal , Potočňák Ivan , Mikloš Dušan , Klement Robert 
Published: July 2002

Crystal structures of Cu(II) compounds with new chelate anionic ligands are presented. The formulae of these compounds are [Cu(bipy)(mcoe)(NCO)] (1) and [Cu(bipy)(coe)] (2), where bipy is 2,2'-bipyridine, mcoe and coe are the anionic chelate ligands methyl(2-cyano-2-imidoxy ethaneimidate), [(ON)(NC)C-C(NH)(OCH3)]1- (3), and 2-cyano-2-imidoxy ethaneimidate, [(ON)(NC)C-C(NH)(O)]2- (4), respectively, formed by nucleophilic addition of methanol and hydroxide ion to the coordinatively activated β-carbon of the nitroso-dicyanomethanide. Formation of the hydroxide ion from water in the reaction mixture can be explained by protonation of the C(CN)3- anion. The coordination polyhedra in 1 and 2 are quite different. The coordination polyhedron around the Cu(II) ion in 1 is a distorted trigonal bipyramid and in 2 a distorted square. The Cu(II) ion in 1 is coordinated by four N atoms from two bidentate ligands and one N atom from the NCO- group. The crystal structure consists of discrete molecules with {CuN5} chromophore. On the other hand, the Cu(II) ion in 2 is coordinated by four N atoms from two bidentate ligands in square coordination and the molecules are linked by weaker contacts between copper and oxygen atoms (Cu-O1i = 2.503(3), Cu-O2ii = 2.801(3) Å; i = -x, -y, -z + 1; ii = -x + 1, -y, -z + 1) to infinite chains parallel with c. Thus the coordination polyhedron is completed to an elongated tetragonal bipyramid with the {CuN4O*O*} chromophore. The angle O1i-Cu-O2ii is 167.9(1)° and the crystal structure cannot be considered as molecular but consisting of chains running in one direction. Inspection of the bond distances in mcoe and coe indicates strongly delocalized π-bonding systems. This is also supported by the fact that the anions are almost planar with bond angles close to 120°. The calculated Wiberg (bond-order) indices show that due to conjugation, the bonds within the metallocycle in mcoe and coe exhibit partially multiple character.
An audit of activity and outcome from a daily and a weekly “one stop” rapid assessment chest pain clinic
Authors: Byrne J , Murdoch D , Morrison C , McMurray J 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Objectives
The recent National Service Framework for coronary heart disease advocates the establishment of rapid assessment clinics for chest pain. But how should these clinics be organised and do they fulfil their objectives? The aim of this study was to compare referral patterns to a daily and a weekly “one stop” rapid access chest pain clinic (RACPC), and to examine clinical outcome in patients attending these clinics.

Design
Patients were prospectively categorised into one of the following subgroups: “acute coronary syndrome”, “stable coronary heart disease”, or “low risk/non-coronary chest pain”. Fatal and non-fatal outcomes were audited over eight months.

Setting
Both RACPCs were situated within the cardiology departments of two large Glasgow teaching hospitals. Patients were seen by a cardiologist, and underwent non-invasive testing.

Participants
A total of 633 patients with chest pain who were referred by their general practitioner; 500 came to the daily and 133 to the weekly clinic. Forty four (7%) were categorised as having an acute coronary syndrome, 267 (42%) as stable coronary artery disease, and 322 (51%) as low risk/non-coronary chest pain.

Results
Referral patterns to the two clinics differed significantly. Compared with the weekly clinic, more patients with an acute coronary syndrome (7.8 v 3.8%) and low risk/non-coronary chest pain (55.2 v 35.6%), but fewer patients with stable coronary disease (37.0 v 61.6%) were referred to the daily clinic (p&lt;0.00001).
During follow up eight (1.3%) patients died from a cardiac cause, and eight (1.3%) patients suffered a myocardial infarction. None of these patients were classified as low risk/non-coronary chest pain.

Conclusions
(1) RACPCs do provide an effective tool for the early assessment of patients with possible angina. (2) The frequency with which clinics are scheduled may be an important factor in determining how the service is utilised in practice.
Human Rights Act 1998 and mental health legislation: implications for the management of mentally ill patients
Authors: Leung W-C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In the management of mentally ill patients, there is a tension between protecting the rights of individual patients and safeguarding public safety. The Human Rights Act 1998 emphasises on the former while two recent white papers focus on the latter.
This article first examines the extent to which the Mental Health Act 1983 is consistent with the Human Rights Act. It argues that while the recent white papers exploit the gaps in the judgments given by the European courts, its compatibility with human rights is very doubtful. The practical implications of the Human Rights Act for doctors are discussed.
Henry Currey FRIBA (1820–1900): leading Victorian hospital architect, and early exponent of the “pavilion principle”
Authors: Cook G C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The “pavilion plan” for hospital design originated in France in the 18th century and was popularised in England by John Roberton and George Godwin in the mid-19th century; the underlying rationale was that with improved ventilation the mortality rate (at that time exceedingly high) was significantly reduced. Among the enthusiasts for this new style, was Florence Nightingale (herself a miasmatist)—who had experienced astronomically high death rates in the hospital at Scutari during the Crimean War (1854–6). One of the leading exponents of this style of hospital architecture was Henry Currey (1820–1900) whose greatest achievement was undoubtedly the design for the new St Thomas’s Hospital on the Lambeth Palace Road.
Resolution of diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Burden M L , Burden A C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Many consider diabetic autonomic neuropathy to be an irreversible complication of diabetes of long duration. Three patients developed symptoms of autonomic neuropathy which subsequently resolved. Their autonomic neuropathy was not associated with long duration of diabetes, but with weight loss. Each had marked weight loss and resolution occurred on regaining remembered premorbid weight. A woman aged 20 was admitted with anorexia nervosa (weight loss 6 kg). She complained of feeling bloated. Gastroenterological investigations showed delayed gastric emptying. RR ratio (respiration and standing) was abnormal. Resolution occurred after two years. A male aged 18 developed diabetic symptoms, which were overlooked. Twelve months later he presented underweight and ketonuric; insulin treatment was started but within one month he became impotent. Resolution occurred after 18 months. An 80 year old man presented after six months trial of diet and sulphonylurea therapy. He was underweight, had ketonuria, and such muscle loss that he was unable to sit unaided. Insulin treatment was started. He developed severe symptomatic postural hypotension. This resolved six months later by which time he had regained his normal weight. These cases illustrated symptomatic autonomic neuropathy occurring in relation to weight loss with resolution on recovery of normal weight, a temporal pattern mimicking that of acute cachectic painful neuropathy. Treatment of autonomic neuropathy should be like that of cachectic neuropathy, that is with an expectation of recovery and should include strategies to regain premorbid weight and achieve glycaemic control
MAGNETIC FIELD DEPENDENCE OF THE MICROWAVE SURFACE RESISTANCE IN MgB2 SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: AGLIOLO GALLITTO A. , FRICANO S. , LI VIGNI M. , KOLESNIKOV N. N. , KULAKOV M. P. 
Published: July 2002

We report experimental results on microwave surface resistance in MgB2 superconductors. The results have been obtained using the cavity perturbation method. Two samples have been investigated: one was made up of commercial Alfa-Aesar powder and the other one was obtained by direct reaction from elements. The temperature and dc magnetic field dependence of the surface resistance has been investigated down to 4.2 K and up to 10 kOe, respectively. Our results show that microwave losses are strongly affected by the magnetic field even by a relatively weak one. In particular, an unusually enhanced field dependence of the low-T residual surface resistance has been detected in both samples.
Synthesis and Electrical Properties of SmBi5Fe2Ti3O18
Authors: Prasad N. V. , Prasad G. , Bhimasankaram T. , Suryanarayana S. V. , Kumar G. S. 
Published: July 2002

SmBi 5 Fe 2 Ti 3 O 18, a five layered bismuth oxide compound is synthesized using a solid-state double sintering method. DC conductivity, impedance, and AC conductivity are studied in the temperature range 30–500°C and frequency range 1 kHz–1 MHz. Complex impedance plots are used to separate grain and grain boundary contributions to electrical impedance. Activation energy for DC conductivity was found to be around 1.0 eV. The results are analyzed to understand the conductivity mechanism.
ON DEHN FUNCTIONS OF AMALGAMATIONS AND STRONGLY UNDISTORTED SUBGROUPS
Authors: BRICK STEPHEN G. , CORSON JON M. 
Published: July 2002

We study the Dehn functions of amalgamations, introducing the notion of strongly undistorted subgroups. Using this, we give conditions under which taking an amalgamation does not increase the Dehn function, generalizing one aspect of the combination theorem of Bestvina and Feighn. To obtain examples of strongly undistorted subgroups, we define and study the relative Dehn function of pairs of groups. As a result we obtain a new method of constructing examples of pairs of groups that are relatively hyperbolic in the sense of Farb.
ON THE CONTEXT-FREENESS OF THE θ-EXPANSIONS OF THE INTEGERS
Authors: FROUGNY CHRISTIANE , SOLOMYAK BORIS 
Published: July 2002

Let θ>1 be a nonintegral real number such that the θ-expansion of every positive integer is finite. If the set of θ-expansions of all the positive integers is a context-free language, then θ must be a quadratic Pisot unit. Résumé: Soit θ>1 un nombre réel non entier tel que le θ-développement de tout entier positif soit fini. Si l'on suppose que l'enslembe des θ-développements des entiers positifs forme un langage algébrique, alors θ doit être un nombre de Pisot quadratique unitaire.
Fixpoint logics, relational machines, and computational complexity
Authors: Abiteboul Serge , Vardi Moshe Y. , Vianu Victor 
Published: July 2002

We establish a general connection between fixpoint logic and complexity. On one side, we have fixpoint logic, parameterized by the choices of 1st-order operators (inflationary or noninflationary) and iteration constructs (deterministic, nondeterministic, or alternating). On the other side, we have the complexity classes between P and EXPTIME. Our parameterized fixpoint logics capture the complexity classes P, NP, PSPACE, and EXPTIME, but equally is achieved only over ordered structures.
There is, however, an inherent mismatch between complexity and logic—while computational devices work on encodings of problems, logic is applied directly to the underlying mathematical structures. To overcome this mismatch, we use a theory of relational complexity, which bridges the gap between standard complexity and fixpoint logic. On one hand, we show that questions about containments among standard complexity classes can be translated to questions about containments among relational complexity classes. On the other hand, the expressive power of fixpoint logic can be precisely characterized in terms of relational complexity classes. This tight, three-way relationship among fixpoint logics, relational complexity and standard complexity yields in a uniform way logical analogs to all containments among the complexity classes P, NP, PSPACE, and EXPTIME. The logical formulation shows that some of the most tantalizing questions in complexity theory boil down to a single question: the relative power of inflationary vs. noninflationary 1st-order operators.
Degrees of Unsolvability in Formal Grammars
Authors: Cudia Dennis F. , Singletary Wilson E. 
Published: July 2002

The following theorem is a refinement of an unsolvability result due to E. Post:For any recursively enumerable degree D of recursive unsolvability there is a recursive class of sequences(of the same length)of nonempty words on an alphabet A such that the Post correspondence decision problem for that class is of degree D.This theorem is proved and then applied to obtain degree analogues of the ambiguity problem and the common program problem for the class of context-free grammars.
A new integration algorithm for ordinary differential equations based on continued fraction approximations
Authors: Willers I. M. 
Published: July 2002

A new integration algorithm is found, and an implementation is compared with other programmed algorithms. The new algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving the initial value problem in ordinary differential equations. It is designed to approximate poles of small integer order in the solutions of the differential equations by continued fractions obtained by manipulating the sums of truncated Taylor series expansions.
The new method is compared with the Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer, and the Taylor series method. The Taylor series method and the new method are shown to be superior in speed and accuracy, while the new method is shown to be most superior when the solution is required near a singularity. The new method can finally be seen to pass automatically through singularities where all the other methods which are discussed will have failed.
Synchronizing processors with memory-content-generated interrupts
Authors: Hill J. Carver 
Published: July 2002

Implementations of the “Lock-Unlock” method of synchronizing processors in a multiprocessor system usually require uninterruptable, memory-pause type instructions. An interlock scheme called read-interlock, which does not require memory-pause instructions, has been developed for a dual DEC PDP-10 system with real-time requirements. The read-interlock method does require a special “read-interlock” instruction in the repertoire of the processors and a special “read-interlock” cycle in the repertoire of the memory modules.
When a processor examines a “lock” (a memory location) with a read-interlock instruction, it will be interrupted if the lock was already set; examining a lock immediately sets it if it was not already set (this event sequence is a read-interlock cycle). Writing into a lock clears it.
Having the processor interrupted upon encountering a set lock instead of branching is advantageous if the branch would have resulted in an effective interrupt.
Panel discussion on computer appreciation
Authors: Organick Elliott I. 
Published: July 2002

Session 19 of the ACM 20th Anniversary Conference on August 31, 1967, was entitled Education, Design Experiments, and Computer Appreciation. Its second half consisted of a panel discussion on computer appreciation, organized and chaired by Elliot I. Organick. The four panelists were Charles H. Davidson, Bernard A. Galler, Richard W. Hamming, and Alan J. Perlis. After making prepared statements, the panelist were joined in discussion by Andries van Dam and Arthur B. Kahn, who had presented papers in the first half.
This is a transcript of the panel discussion, condensed by Dr. Organick and edited him and the panelists. Some remarks referred to papers by van Dam and Kahn or to the discussion during the first half of the session. Pertinent papers are included in the references.