ФЕНОМЕН УДАРНИЧЕСТВА В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ СССР КАК СОСТАВНАЯ ЧАСТЬ "ВЕЛИКОГО ПЕРЕЛОМА"
Authors: М.А. ФЕЛЬДМАН 
Published: November 2024

История движения ударников в контексте ряда исторических процессов периода первой пятилетки принадлежит к одному из наиболее таинственных сюжетов советской истории - стремительное появление этого движения в 1929 г., позиционирование его в качестве «высшего выражения социалистического соревнования» - и фактическое исчезновение в начале 1930-х гг. Предлагаемая статья показывает спектр надежд лидеров СССР на ударничество: в обстановке нарастания кризисных явлений в городе и массовых волнений крестьян в деревне правящей партии нужна была верная социальная опора, способная стать примером для рабочих. Для Сталина и его ближайшего окружения идея «социалистического соревнования» и его наиболее концентрированного выражения в 1929-1931 гг. - ударничества - становилась частью «Великого перелома», с масштабным использованием штурмовых методов работы и доминированием моральных стимулов. Сделан аргументированный вывод о том, что осознание неэффективности ударничества пришло к руководству СССР на XVI съезде партии.
The history of the movement of shock workers (udarniks) in the context of a number of historical processes during the First Five-Year Plan period belongs to one of the most mysterious plots of Soviet history: the rapid emergence of the movement in 1929, its positioning as the “highest expression of socialist competition”, and its actual disappearance in the early 1930s. The article shows the range of hopes of the USSR leaders for shock work: in the context of growing crisis phenomena in the city and mass unrest of peasants in the village, the ruling party needed a faithful social support that could become an example for the working class society, the personnel reserve of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and a tool for influencing “old specialists.” However, the study of the influence from above on the workers’ society represents only one plane of the historical process, which includes both the progress of the implementation of the First Five-Year Plan and the workers’ own understanding of their interests. For Stalin and his inner circle, the idea of “socialist competition” and its most concentrated expression in 1929-1931, which was shock work movement, became part of the “Great Turning Point.” That is why the call for widespread and total entry into shock brigades coexisted with the slogan of “mass workers’ control over the state apparatus” in the format of “nominating the best shock workers to economic, Soviet and trade union work” and exposing “saboteurs” among “some of the specialists who betrayed the interests of the working class.” The article analyzes the implementation of plans to turn shock brigades into a “locomotive of the socialist economy”. The author has noted a number of voluntaristic decisions in the areas of financing, compliance with labor protection standards, and the motivation system, which alienated the majority of workers from shock work. It appears that an explanation of these plots is possible as a result of a systematic study of the history of shock work movement in the context of a number of historical processes: the internal party struggle in 1928-1929; discussions on the fate of the First Five-Year Plan; system analysis of crisis phenomena in the USSR economy in 1929-1931; determining the attitude of the working masses themselves to shock work; identifying the economic consequences of the movement of shock brigades. Outside the consideration of these processes, the history of shock work movement turns into a schematic and ideologized overview of events, devoid of historical specifics.