bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrestriality constrains salamander limb diversification: Implications for the evolution of pentadactyly
Authors: Ledbetter Nicholus M. , Bonett Ronald M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPatterns of phenotypic evolution can abruptly shift as species move between adaptive zones. Extant salamanders display three distinct life cycle strategies that range from aquatic to terrestrial (biphasic), to fully aquatic (paedomorphic) and to fully terrestrial (direct development). Life cycle variation is associated with changes in body form such as loss of digits, limb reduction or body elongation. However, the relationships among these traits and life cycle strategy remain unresolved. Here, we use a Bayesian modelling approach to test whether life cycle transitions by salamanders have influenced rates, optima and integration of primary locomotory structures (limbs and trunk). We show that paedomorphic salamanders have elevated rates of limb evolution with optima shifted towards smaller size and fewer digits compared to all other salamanders. Rate of hindlimb digit evolution is shown to decrease in a gradient as life cycles become more terrestrial. Paedomorphs have a higher correlation between hindlimb digit loss and increases in vertebral number, as well as reduced correlations between limb lengths. Our results support the idea that terrestrial plantigrade locomotion constrains limb evolution and, when lifted, leads to higher rates of trait diversification and shifts in optima and integration. The basic tetrapod body form of most salamanders and the independent losses of terrestrial life stages provide an important framework for understanding the evolutionary and developmental mechanisms behind major shifts in ecological zones as seen among early tetrapods during their transition from water to land.
Coeliac disease in Caucasian and South Asian patients in the North West of England
Authors: Adam U. U. , Melgies M. , Kadir S. , Henriksen L. , Lynch D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundCoeliac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy characterised by mucosal inflammation subsequent to gluten exposure, leading to malabsorption. Treatment is strict dietary control, relying on the patient's ability to maintain lifestyle modifications. The present study aimed to compare clinical presentation and adherence to a gluten‐free diet between South Asian and Caucasian patients with coeliac disease in East LancashireMethodsIn total, 33 South Asian and 113 Caucasian adult patients diagnosed with coeliac disease under the care of the Dietetics Department at East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust were selected using a convenience sampling method and then allocated to the South Asian or Caucasian group. A subjective assessment of dietetic notes from follow‐up visits within 1 year of the first appointment was undertaken by two investigators who subsequently allocated the patients to one of the three categories: (i) fully‐adherent; (ii) partly‐adherent; and (iii) non‐adherent. Presenting complaint, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate and ferritin levels were also compared.ResultsThere was a significant difference in adherence to gluten‐free diet between the groups, with a larger proportion of Caucasian patients being fully adherent to gluten‐free diet compared to South Asian patients (64.6% versus 12.1%, P < 0.001). In addition, a significantly higher proportion of South Asian patients were vitamin D deficient compared with Caucasian patients (70.8% versus 32.8%, P = 0.002).ConclusionsThe rates of strict adherence to gluten‐free diet and vitamin D levels were significantly lower in South Asian patients with coeliac disease compared to the Caucasian coeliac population. Further studies are required to investigate the causes and improve adherence in the South Asian population.
The Impact of MRI T1 Hypointense Brain Lesions on Cerebral Deep Gray Matter Volume Measures in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Buyukturkoglu Korhan , Mormina Enricomaria , De Jager Philip L. , Riley Claire S. , Leavitt Victoria M. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEDeep gray matter (DGM) atrophy has been shown at early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) and reported as an informative marker of cognitive dysfunction and clinical progression. Therefore, accurate measurement of DGM structure volume is a key priority in MS research. Findings from prior studies have shown that hypointense T1 lesions may impact the accuracy of global brain volume measures; however, literature on the effects of hypointense T1 lesions on DGM structure volumes is sparse.METHODSWe explored the effects of hypointense T1 lesions on data from 54 relapsing remitting MS patients. Lesions were segmented both manually and with a freely available automatic lesion segmentation/in‐painting algorithm (Lesion Segmentation Tool‐LST). Volumes of 14 DGM structures were calculated from non‐in‐painted and in‐painted images and compared via paired t‐tests, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Dice similarity coefficient.RESULTSThere were no significant differences in DGM structural volumes between non‐in‐painted and in‐painted images. Automatic lesion‐segmentation/in‐painting tool provided similar results to manual segmentation/in‐painting.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that lesion in‐painting has a negligible impact on DGM structure volume measurement although some regions are more vulnerable to the impact of lesions than others. Furthermore, manual lesion segmentation/in‐painting can be replaced by an automatic segmentation/in‐painting process.
Hemodynamic Differences Between Recurrent and Nonrecurrent Intracranial Aneurysms: Fluid Dynamics Simulations Based on MR Angiography
Authors: Schönfeld Michael Hinrich , Forkert Nils Daniel , Fiehler Jens , Cho Young Dae , Han Moon Hee , Kang Hyun‐Seung , Peach Thomas William , Byrne James Vincent 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAlthough the role of wall shear stress (WSS) in the initiation, growth, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms has been well studied, its influence on aneurysm recurrence after endovascular treatment requires further investigation. We aimed to compare WSS at necks of recurrent and nonrecurrent aneurysms.METHODSNine recurrent coil‐embolized aneurysms were identified and matched with nine nonrecurrent aneurysms. Patient‐specific vessel geometries reconstructed from follow‐up 3‐D time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Absolute WSS and the percentage of abnormally low and high WSS at the aneurysm neck compared to the near artery were measured.RESULTSThe median percentage of abnormal WSS at the aneurysm neck was 49.3% for recurrent and 34.7% for nonrecurrent aneurysms (P = .011). The area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristic curve for distinguishing these aneurysms according to the percentage of abnormal WSS was .86 (95% CI .62 to .98). The optimal cut‐off value of 45.1% resulted in a sensitivity and a specificity of 88.89% (95% CI 51.8% to 99.7%).CONCLUSIONOur findings indicate that necks of recurrent aneurysms are exposed to abnormal WSS to a larger extent. Abnormal WSS may serve as a metric to distinguish them from nonrecurrent aneurysms with CFD simulations a priori.
Prevalence of malocclusion, oral parafunctions and temporomandibular disorder‐pain in Italian schoolchildren: An epidemiological study
Authors: Perrotta Stefania , Bucci Rosaria , Simeon Vittorio , Martina Stefano , Michelotti Ambra , Valletta Rosa 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of malocclusion, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and oral parafunctions is highly debated in children population.ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of malocclusion, self‐reported oral parafunctions and TMD‐pain in Italian schoolchildren and to assess the association between the examined factors.MethodsA total of 700 children aged 9‐11 years were selected among six public schools in Campania region (Italy). Molar relationship, overjet, overbite and cross‐bite were assessed through a clinical examination. Furthermore, the subjects were demanded to fill in a validated questionnaire for TMD‐pain screening and the short form of the Oral Behaviours Checklist. Descriptive statistics were used to report the frequencies. The associations between occlusal traits, oral parafunctions and TMD‐pain were analysed with a Pearson chi‐square test, as expressed by odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.ResultsMolar Class I was the most frequently encountered molar relationship, followed by molar Class II, subdivision and molar Class III. Increased overjet was more common than negative overjet. Posterior cross‐bite was observed in 12% of children. TMD‐pain was recorded in 14.7% of subjects. High frequency of oral parafunctions was reported in 21.3% of subjects. A significant association was found between TMD‐pain and negative overbite. Cross‐bite and high frequency of oral parafunctions were associated with TMD‐pain.ConclusionThe current results show that malocclusion, self‐reported oral parafunctions and TMD‐pain are frequent findings among Italian schoolchildren and that some occlusal factors and high frequency of oral parafunctions might be associated with TMD‐pain.
An updated review on pathophysiology and management of burning mouth syndrome with endocrinological, psychological and neuropathic perspectives
Authors: Imamura Yoshiki , Shinozaki Takahiro , Okada‐Ogawa Akiko , Noma Noboru , Shinoda Masahiro , Iwata Koichi , Wada Akihiko , Abe Osamu , Wang Kelun , Svensson Peter 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBurning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oro‐facial pain disorder of unknown cause. It is more common in peri‐ and post‐menopausal women, and sex hormone dysregulation is believed to be an important causative factor. Psychosocial events often trigger or exacerbate symptoms, and persons with BMS appear to be predisposed towards anxiety and depression. Atrophy of small nerve fibres in the tongue epithelium has been reported, and potential neuropathic mechanisms for BMS are now widely investigated. Historically, BMS was thought to comprise endocrinological, psychosocial and neuropathic components. Neuroprotective steroids and glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor family ligands may have pivotal roles in the peripheral mechanisms associated with atrophy of small nerve fibres. Denervation of chorda tympani nerve fibres that innervate fungiform buds leads to alternative trigeminal innervation, which results in dysgeusia and burning pain when eating hot foods. With regard to the central mechanism of BMS, depletion of neuroprotective steroids alters the brain network–related mood and pain modulation. Peripheral mechanistic studies support the use of topical clonazepam and capsaicin for the management of BMS, and some evidence supports the use of cognitive behavioural therapy. Hormone replacement therapy may address the causes of BMS, although adverse effects prevent its use as a first‐line treatment. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may have important benefits, and well‐designed controlled studies are expected. Other treatment options to be investigated include brain stimulation and TSPO (translocator protein 18 kDa) ligands.
Quick and accurate detection of Sclerotiniasclerotiorum and Phomopsis spp. in soybean seeds using qPCR and seed‐soaking method
Authors: Ramiro Juliana , Ciampi‐Guillardi Maisa , Caldas Danielle Gregório Gomes , de Moraes Maria Heloísa Duarte , Barbieri Marina Coan Goldoni , Pereira Wagner Vicente , Massola Nelson Sidnei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSeed‐borne pathogenic fungi can cause serious damage to soybean crops by reducing the germination, vigour and emergence of the seeds. Special attention should be paid to pathogen detection in seeds to prevent its introduction in disease‐free areas. Considering the importance of rapid and successful diagnosis of seed‐borne pathogenic fungi in soybeans, this study evaluated a method to detect Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phomopsis spp. in seeds using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Naturally infested samples were subjected to detection using qPCR and blotter test, and the findings were compared. Using soybean seeds soaked in water, both pathogens were detected at an infestation level up a 0.0625% (one infected seed out of 1,599 healthy seeds) by qPCR. This technique allowed the detection of 300 fg of S. sclerotiorum and 30 fg of Phomopsis spp. DNA in the seed samples. Phomopsis spp. was detected in 40.7% of the evaluated seed batches (81 batches) and S. sclerotiorum was detected in 32.1% of the evaluated batches, although most of the seeds had low infestation levels. It was up to 28.5 times more efficient to use qPCR rather than blotter test to detect pathogens with a low incidence of occurrence in soybean seeds. If routinely used to test healthy seeds, qPCR would contribute to reducing soybean losses due to diseases as well as decreasing the costs required to control those diseases.
A phenomenological inquiry into the experience of sleep: Perspectives of US military veterans with insomnia and serious mental illness
Authors: Klingaman Elizabeth A. , Lucksted Alicia , Crosby Eric S. , Blank Yelena , Schwartz Elana 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe majority of people with serious mental illness experience insomnia, and insomnia is one of the most frequent reasons for mental health referrals in the Veterans Health Administration. Insomnia also represents a critical obstacle to mental health recovery. Little is known about how military veterans with mental health problems conceptualize their sleep and sleep problems; such information may uncover new avenues for research and treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore how veterans with serious mental illness and insomnia experience and understand their sleep, towards the aim of identifying these new avenues. Participants included 20 veterans with insomnia and serious mental illness (i.e. schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar or major depressive disorders, with serious functional impairments). Data were collected via an inductive phenomenological approach using semi‐structured interviews. We identified five themes: Sleep to Recharge; Sleep as a Fight; Sleep as Safety or Escape; Sleep as Dangerous; and Military Influence. Participants' relationship with sleep was complex; many associated it with intrusive and troubling hallucinations, paranoia and military experiences, yet at the same time desired sleep for its potential to liberate them from distress. Military mindsets both helped and hindered sleep. These results extend existing models of insomnia development and maintenance, and illuminate phenomena previously unidentified in this underserved veteran population. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed, as well as new research directions for enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
SpbR overproduction reveals the importance of proteolytic degradation for cell pole development and chromosome segregation in Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: Wang Haibi , Bowman Grant R. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn most rod‐shaped bacteria, DNA replication is quickly followed by chromosome segregation, when one of the newly duplicated centromeres moves across the cell to the opposite (or ‘new’) pole. Two proteins in Caulobacter crescentus, PopZ and TipN, provide directional cues at the new pole that guide the translocating chromosome to its destination. We show that centromere translocation can be inhibited by an evolutionarily conserved pole‐localized protein that we have named SpbR. When overproduced, SpbR exhibits aberrant accumulation at the old pole, where it physically interacts with PopZ. This prevents the relocation of PopZ to the new pole, thereby eliminating a positional cue for centromere translocation. Consistent with this, the centromere translocation phenotype of SpbR overproducing cells is strongly enhanced in a ∆tipN mutant background. We find that pole‐localized SpbR is normally cleared by ClpXP‐mediated proteolysis before the time of chromosome segregation, indicating that SpbR turnover is part of the cell cycle‐dependent program of polar development. This work demonstrates the importance of proteolysis as a housekeeping activity that removes outgoing factors from the developing cell pole, and provides an example of a substrate that can inhibit polar functions if it is insufficiently cleared.
Systemic antifungal drug use in Belgium—One of the biggest antifungal consumers in Europe
Authors: Goemaere Berdieke , Lagrou Katrien , Spriet Isabel , Hendrickx Marijke , Vandael Eline , Becker Pierre , Catry Boudewijn 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundReports on the consumption of systemic antifungal drugs on a national level are scarce although of high interest to compare trends and the associated epidemiology in other countries and to assess the need for antifungal stewardship programmes.ObjectivesTo estimate patterns of Belgian inpatient and outpatient antifungal use and provide reference data for other countries.MethodsConsumption records of antifungals were collected in Belgian hospitals between 2003 and 2016. Primary healthcare data were available for the azoles for the period 2010‐2016.ResultsThe majority of the antifungal consumption resulted from prescriptions of fluconazole and itraconazole in the ambulatory care while hospitals were responsible for only 6.4% of the total national consumption and echinocandin use was limited. The annual average antifungal consumption in hospitals decreased significantly by nearly 25% between 2003 and 2016, due to a decrease solely in non‐university hospitals. With the exception of specialised burn centres, antifungals are mostly consumed at ICUs and internal medicine wards. A significant decline was also observed in the consumption of azoles in primary health care, attributed to itraconazole. The major part of azoles was prescribed by generalists followed by dermatologists.ConclusionsIn spite of the downward trend in annual use of systemic antifungal drugs, Belgium remains one of the biggest consumers in Europe.
Protective effects and mechanisms of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on intestinal injury and macrophage polarization in peritoneal dialysis rats
Authors: Tang Hanfen , Zhu Xuping , Gong Cai , Liu Haiyang , Liu Fuyou 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTAimThis study was conducted to investigate the chronic injury of peritoneal glucose injection on the peritoneum and intestine and the protective effects of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω‐3PUFA) during peritoneal dialysis (PD).MethodsPeritoneal dialysis animal models were established by intraperitoneal injection of 4.25% glucose for 28 days. Protein expression in ileum and peritoneum was measured by immunofloresence and immunohistochemistry. Protein expression in macrophages was measured by Western blot. Fibrosis was analyzed by Masson staining.ResultsPeritoneal dialysis significantly increased the structural injury and decreased junction‐related protein ZO‐1 and occludin expression in ileum, the expression of proteins relating to the activation of M2 (Erg2, IRF4), but not M1 (CD38, IRF5) macrophages. PD significantly increased the expression of TGF‐β1, VEGF and ALK5 protein in peritoneal tissues. PD significantly increased fibrosis (Masson staining) and the expression of fibroblast marker α‐SMA in peritoneal tissues. Injection of macrophage clean reagent and ω‐3PUFA significantly inhibited M2 activation, and decreased Masson staining, α‐SMA, TGF‐β1, VEGF and ALK5 protein expression in peritoneal tissues in PD treated rats. ω‐3PUFA injection significantly decreased PD‐induced injury in ileum and normalized the expression of ZO‐1 and occludin in the ileum of PD rats.ConclusionOmega‐3 fatty acids can provide a protective role on PD‐induced peritoneal fibrosis and injury of the intestine.
Integrating preparation for care trajectory management into nurse education: Competencies and pedagogical strategies
Authors: Allen Davina , Purkis Mary Ellen , Rafferty Anne Marie , Obstfelder Aud 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNurses make an important contribution to the organisation and coordination of patient care but receive little formal educational preparation for this work. This paper builds on Allen's care trajectory management framework to specify evidence‐based and theoretically informed competencies for this component of the nursing role and proposes how these might be incorporated into nursing curricula. This is necessary so that at the point of registration nurses have the expertise to realise their potential as both providersandorganisers of patient care and are better able to articulate and develop this aspect of nursing practice.
Impact of Symptom Reporting Agreement on Interdisciplinary Pain Program Participation
Authors: Gagnon Christine M. , Brewington David V. , Scholten Paul M. , Atchison James , Chang Chih‐Hung 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether physician–patient agreement of potential patient problem areas impacts subsequent patient enrollment in an interdisciplinary pain management program.DesignRetrospective chart review of 544 patients who underwent evaluation of their chronic pain. Physicians and their patients endorsed perceived patient problems during the evaluation. The potential problems included 7 clinical domains: pain, sleep, mood, physical functioning, ability to cope with pain, ability to manage pain flare‐ups, and pain medication effectiveness.ResultsResults indicated statistically significant levels of agreement among the physicians and their patients (free‐marginal kappa range, 0.19 to 0.94, P's < 0.001). The highest agreement occurred for pain and the lowest for pain medication effectiveness. Patients who enrolled in a recommended program did not differ from those who did not enroll based on either levels of agreement or average number of physician–patient agreements for the 7 clinical domains (P's > 0.05). Patients recommended for higher‐intensity programs were perceived by their evaluating physician to have a significantly greater number of problematic clinical domains than those recommended for less intense pain programs.ConclusionThe level of physician–patient agreement regarding the patients’ current difficulties did not appear to influence patients’ decisions to participate in interdisciplinary pain management. Extraneous, nonclinical factors may have had a greater impact on participation in interdisciplinary pain management than physician–patient agreement. Future research should focus on identifying these factors and their impact. Also, studying the impact of physician–patient agreement beyond enrollment status (eg, on successful program completion) may be helpful in potentially enhancing patient outcomes.