bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcus aureus infects osteoclasts and replicates intracellularly
Authors: Krauss Jennifer L , Roper Philip M , Ballard Anna , Shih Chien-Cheng , Fitzpatrick James AJ , Cassat James E , Ng Pei Ying , Pavlos Nathan J , Veis Deborah J 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOsteomyelitis (OM), or inflammation of bone tissue, occurs most frequently as a result of bacterial infection and severely perturbs bone structure. The majority of OM is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and even with proper treatment, OM has a high rate of recurrence and chronicity. While S. aureus has been shown to infect osteoblasts, persist intracellularly, and promote the release of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines, it remains unclear whether osteoclasts (OCs) are also a target of intracellular infection. In this study, we examined the interaction between S. aureus and OCs, demonstrating internalization of GFP-labeled bacteria by confocal microscopy, both in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing an intracellular survival assay and flow cytometry during OC differentiation from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), we found that the intracellular burden of S. aureus increases after initial infection in cells with at least 2 days of exposure to the osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Presence of dividing bacteria was confirmed via visualization by transmission electron microscopy. In contrast, undifferentiated BMMs, or those treated with interferon-γ or IL-4, had fewer internal bacteria, or no change, respectively, at 18 hours post infection, compared to 1.5 hours post infection. To further explore the signals downstream of RANKL, we manipulated NFATc1 and alternative NF-κB, which controls NFATc1 and other factors affecting OC function, finding that intracellular bacterial growth correlates with NFATc1 levels in RANKL-treated cells. Confocal microscopy in mature OCs showed a range of intracellular infection that correlated inversely with S. aureus and phagolysosome colocalization. The ability of OCs to become infected, paired with their diminished bactericidal capacity compared to BMMs, could promote OM progression by allowing S. aureus to evade initial immune regulation and proliferate at the periphery of lesions where OCs and bone remodeling are most abundant.Author SummaryThe inflammation of bone tissue is called osteomyelitis, and most cases are caused by an infection with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. To date, the bone building cells, osteoblasts, have been implicated in the progression of these infections, but not much is known about how the bone resorbing cells, osteoclasts, participate. In this study, we show that S. aureus can infect osteoclasts and proliferate inside these cells, whereas macrophages, immune cells related to osteoclasts, destroy the bacteria. These findings elucidate a unique role for osteoclasts to harbor bacteria during infection, providing a possible mechanism by which bacteria could evade destruction by the immune system. Therapeutic interventions that target osteoclasts specifically might reduce the severity of OM or improve antibiotic responses.
CSR communication in stakeholder networks: a semiotic perspective
Authors: Lång Stefan , Ivanova-Gongne Maria 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
This paper is explorative in its nature and aims to create a deeper understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication within stakeholder networks. In particular, the purpose of this paper is to focus on how CSR communication is organised and communicated within stakeholder networks from a semiotic perspective. More specifically, the paper looks at the CSR communication of Nordic-based multinational companies.

Design/methodology/approach
The research design of this study is twofold. First, eight in-depth interviews were conducted with senior managers in five Nordic-based global industrial companies in order to understand how their CSR communication is organised. Second, CSR messages from the interviewed companies’ websites and annual sustainability reports were semiotically analysed in order to understand the codes used in the CSR message in the communication to the stakeholder network.

Findings
The result of the research consists of a communication platform for CSR communication in stakeholder networks and a list of specific semiotic codes applied to CSR messages targeting various actors in a company’s stakeholder network. The developed CSR communication platform together with the specific CSR codes have practical value for managers aiming to develop the company’s CSR communication in a stakeholder network context.

Originality/value
The study contributes to the scarce literature on CSR communication in business management. It particularly highlights the need to consider a more in-depth, semiotic approach, when developing and studying CSR communication in a stakeholder network context.
Local rooting and creativity within the fashion industry in Beirut
Authors: Ben Hassen Tarek , Tremblay Diane-Gabrielle 
Published: May 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that make Beirut a fashion hub by studying the characteristics of creativity and the role of the different stakeholders in setting an environment that encourages creativity in Beirut.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of this research is based on a literature review and information collected through semi-structured interviews with the different stakeholders of the sector.FindingsThe research reveals three results. First, this dynamic fashion design in Beirut is explained by the international success of some Lebanese fashion designers. Second, as there is an absence of any form of governmental intervention, the development of the sector is totally based on private business initiatives. Third, the research demonstrates the importance of the local culture, knowledge exchanges and lifestyle in shaping creativity and designers’ careers in Beirut.Originality/valueThese findings contribute to the clarification and critical analysis of the current state of fashion design in Beirut, which would have several policy implications.
Achieving continued usage in online banking: a post-adoption study
Authors: Oertzen Anna-Sophie , Odekerken-Schröder Gaby 
Published: May 2019

PurposeDespite ample research on the adoption of online banking, the post-adoption phase remains largely neglected. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new conceptual model to investigate drivers, attitudes and behaviours in the post-adoption phase of the e-postbox, a co-creative online banking feature.Design/methodology/approachResearch from bank marketing, services marketing, information systems and relationship management informs the proposed post-adoption model. Empirical tests rely on structural equation modelling and a sample of 750 current customers of the e-postbox of a large German bank.FindingsThe proposed model provides a multifaceted view of the post-adoption phase, including task-related, organisation-related and interpersonal communication-related drivers. This study reveals the importance of integrating dual interpersonal communication as a post-adoption driver and a post-adoption behaviour. It also extends the technology acceptance model by applying it to the post-adoption phase. Significant effects of age further suggest that younger customers express the most favourable attitudes towards and highest intentions to continue using the e-postbox; interestingly, older customers use it more and share more word-of-mouth.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper develops a post-adoption model that highlights the importance of continued usage for successful co-creation between the bank and its customers.Practical implicationsManagers can encourage continued usage during the post-adoption phase of a co-creative, digitalised service, which determines the retention of current customers and opportunities to attain new customers.Originality/valueThis study defines and establishes constructs for the post-adoption phase and categorises them according to post-adoption drivers, attitudes and behaviours.
Religiously permissible consumption
Authors: Maison Dominika , Marchlewska Marta , Zein Rizqy Amelia , Syarifah Dewi , Purba Herison 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the halal label on product perceptions among Muslims high (vs low) in the centrality of their religion.

Design/methodology/approach
It was hypothesized that a halal label would predict positive product perceptions, especially among those Muslims who scored high in the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). The study was conducted among 187 Muslims in Indonesia, a country in which Islam is the dominant religion. We used an experimental design where two products (cake and energy drink), with (n = 85) or without (n = 102) the halal label (depending on the experimental condition), were displayed. The participants were randomly assigned to the research conditions. Following product exposure, the participants evaluated products on perception scales (e.g. tasty, healthy). Finally, the centrality of religiosity (moderator variable) was measured.

Findings
The results of the analysis showed that the halal label increased positive product perceptions among those Muslims who scored high in the CRS. A similar pattern of results was obtained for both products (cake and energy drink), though the described effect was even more pronounced in the case of the energy drink.

Originality/value
Results shed light on the role of religiosity in consumption, especially in consumers’ responses to the halal label.
On a correlative and evolutionary SWOT analysis
Authors: Vlados Charis 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to counter-propose a new approach of SWOT analysis, which can be used in the strategic planning of the contemporary organizations.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper, after presenting the conceptual context of the existing (conventional) SWOT analysis, presents the existing criticism within the international literature. Then, it articulates gradually the new evolutionary and correlative SWOT analysis, by using the approaches and the literature of evolutionary economics, and the Stra.Tech.Man approach in business dynamics. In conclusion, it presents the new conceptual framework on which a new correlative SWOT analysis can be based.

Findings
Main finding of this research is that the interpretation of the conventional SWOT analysis tends to study the strengths and the weaknesses of the business with an analytical dichotomy. The conventional SWOT analysis conceptualizes, usually implicitly, the opportunities and threats of the external environment as having the same impact to all the socioeconomic agents, without exception. However, by using a correlative interpretation of SWOT analysis, we understand that the opportunities and threats are always “potential,” depending on the organization’s strategic capability to exercise its comparative strengths and weaknesses.

Originality/value
In the existing literature of SWOT analysis, despite the growing criticism, there is no critique that can give systemic and correlative answers to the articulation of business strategy in SWOT terms. The Stra.Tech.Man approach, also, is a conceptual framework to study the evolutionary adaptation of all the kinds of socioeconomic organizations.
Analyzing technology transfer offices’ influence for entrepreneurial universities in Portugal
Authors: Mascarenhas Carla , Marques Carla S.E. , Galvão Anderson R. , Carlucci Daniela , Falcão Pedro F. , Ferreira Fernando A.F. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine how important technology transfer offices (TTOs) – which in Portuguese are called “industrial property support offices” or GAPIs – are in terms of fostering patent applications and technology transfer in countries characterized by low performance records in these activities.

Design/methodology/approach
Among the existing 23 Portuguese GAPIs, only eight agreed to provide answers to a semi-structured questionnaire survey. Content analysis was performed on the data collected using NVivo software.

Findings
The results show that GAPIs play an important role in the innovation life-cycle, speeding up the transfer of knowledge and technology to society. The regulation of intellectual property (IP) ownership and royalty sharing with inventors was identified as a major result, strengthening entrepreneurial universities’ role. In addition, after the GAPIs were created, networks were formed that facilitate the sharing of knowledge and experience and promote the development of further collaborative partnerships.

Practical implications
This study’s results offer new insights into how GAPIs contribute to socio-economic growth by fostering more entrepreneurial universities and increasing the transfer of technology to society. In addition, these offices promote the creation of networks between GAPIs, enabling them to leverage universities’ potential for participation in socio-economic development.

Originality/value
No previous research has focused on GAPIs/TTOs’ point of view regarding policies that enhance IP and technology/knowledge transfer.
Bank top management teams, disclosure, learning, survival and failure – 1990-2017
Authors: Holland John 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
Corporate financial communications concern public and private disclosure (Holland, 2005). This paper aims to explain how banks developed financial communications and how problems emerged in the global financial crisis. It explores policy responses.

Design/methodology/approach
Bank cases reveal construction and destruction of the social, knowledge and economic world of financial communications over two periods.

Findings
In the 1990s, learning about financial communications by a “dominant coalition” (Cyert, March, 1963) in bank top management was stimulated by gradual change. The management learnt how to accumulate social and cultural capital and developed “habitus” for disclosure (Bourdieu, 1986). From 2000, rapid change and secrecy factors accelerated bank internalisation of shareholder wealth maximising values, turning “habitus” in “market for information” (MFI) (Barker, 1998) into a “psychic prison” (Morgan,1986), creating riskier bank cultures (Schein, 2004) and constraining learning.

Research limitations/implications
The paper introduces sociological concepts to banking research and financial disclosures to increase the understanding about financial information and bank culture and about how regulation can avoid crises. Limitations reflect the small number of banks and range of qualitative data.

Practical implications
Regulators will have to make visible the change processes, new contexts and knowledge and connections to bank risk and performance through improved regulator action and bank public disclosure.

Social Implications
“Masking” and rituals (Andon and Free, 2012) restricted bank disclosure and weakened governance and market pressures on banks. These factors mediated bank failure and survival in 2008, as “psychic prisons” “fell apart”. Bank and MFI agents experienced a “cosmology episode” (Weick, 1988). Financial communications structures failed but were reconstructed by regulators.

Originality/value
The paper shows how citizens require transparency and contested accountability to democratise finance capitalism. Otherwise, problems will recur.
“It’s your turn to step into their shoes”
Authors: Rodriguez Leonor , Dolan Pat 
Published: May 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of empathy in adolescents coping with maternal cancer to identify passive and active empathy forms and the role of these in adolescent coping at a challenging time.Design/methodology/approachThis study was a secondary content analysis carried out on 15 adolescent interviews that were analysed to find the evidence of empathy in active and passive forms. Adolescents were between 14 and 20 years of age, their mothers were diagnosed with cancer in the previous 24 months to the interview.FindingsThe analysis identified more evidence of active forms of empathy than passive directed at ill mothers and their families as helpful behaviours and emotional support. Passive empathy was experienced by adolescents who did not have major changes in their daily routines because of maternal cancer. Both passive and active empathy were perceived as coping mechanisms. Maternal illness motivated adolescents’ empathy and encouraged actions to support their mothers, immediate and extended families.Originality/valueEmpathy is complex but can be important for adolescent development including their social skills and relationships; however, research has not evaluated the role of empathy in adolescents experiencing maternal cancer.
Effects of aridity on soil microbial communities and functions across soil depths on the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Chen Dima , Saleem Muhammad , Cheng Junhui , Mi Jia , Chu Pengfei , Tuvshintogtokh Indree , Hu Shuijin , Bai Yongfei 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Arid and semi‐arid grassland ecosystems cover about 15% of the global land surface and provide vital soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration. Although half of the soil C and N is stored in deep soils (below 30 cm), no regional‐scale study of microbial properties and their functions through the soil profile has been conducted in these drylands.

To explore the distribution and determinants of microbial properties and C and N mineralization rates through soil profile along aridity gradient at a regional scale, we investigated these variables for four soil layers (0–20, 20–40, 40–60 and 60–100 cm) in 132 plots on the Mongolia Plateau.

Soil microbial properties (biomass and bacteria:fungi ratio) and C and N mineralization rates decreased with increasing soil depth and aridity at the regional scale. Aridity‐induced declines in soil microbial properties mainly resulted from the negative effects of aridity on ANPP/root biomass and soil organic C (SOC) in the surface soil layers (0–20 and 20–40 cm) but from the direct and indirect (via SOC and soil C/N) negative effects of aridity in the deep soil layers (40–60 and 60–100 cm).

Aridity‐induced declines in soil C mineralization rates mainly resulted from the negative indirect effect of aridity on SOC and microbial properties in each soil layer, with weaker effects of SOC and stronger effects of soil microbes in the deep soil layers. Aridity‐induced declines in soil N mineralization rates mainly resulted from the negative indirect effect of aridity on SOC in the three soil layers above 60 cm and mainly resulted from the negative direct effect of aridity in the 60–100 cm soil layer.

Aridity via direct or indirect effects strongly determined the patterns of soil microbial properties and C and N mineralization throughout soil profiles on the Mongolian Plateau. These findings suggest that the increases in aridity are likely to induce changes in soil micro‐organisms and their associated functions across soil depths of semi‐arid grasslands, and future models should consider the dynamic interactions between substrates and microbial properties across soil depths in global drylands.

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Long‐term impacts of changed grazing regimes on the vegetation of heterogeneous upland grasslands
Authors: Pakeman Robin J. , Fielding Debbie A. , Everts Liese , Littlewood Nick A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Marginal agricultural land, which in the UK refers to upland grazings in particular, is going to see changes in management driven by markets, subsidies, grants and environmental change with implications for biodiversity.

Using a large‐scale, long‐term grazing experiment in the UK uplands we assessed the impact of intensification (tripling sheep numbers), abandonment (removal of sheep) and grazer diversification (partial replacement of sheep by cattle) on vegetation composition in a heterogenous area of grassland.

Species benefiting from increased grazing included sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), mat grass (Nardus stricta) and deer grass (Trichophorum cespitosum). Species that benefitted from the removal of grazing included bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and blaeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).

Responses differed between vegetation communities; more productive acid grassland communities showed little change when grazing was removed, whilst less productive mire communities contained species, capable of increasing after grazing removal. Increased grazing and, to a lesser extent, the introduction of cattle increased species diversity.

Synthesis and applications. Marginal agricultural grassland will likely see management change driven by markets, subsidies and environmental change. Vegetation change in these relatively infertile grasslands is slow and features shuffling dominance amongst species in the initial vegetation. Initial structural changes affect other trophic levels in this experiment; the slow change in composition will affect the system over longer timescales. Management decisions in the uplands encompass complex trade‐offs between production, biodiversity and a range of ecosystem services. Predicting the consequences of decisions is difficult given the slow dynamics of unproductive habitats.
σ54‐Dependent regulator DVU2956 switches Desulfovibrio vulgaris from biofilm formation to planktonic growth and regulates hydrogen sulfide production
Authors: Zhu Lei , Gong Ting , Wood Thammajun L. , Yamasaki Ryota , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryMicrobiologically influenced corrosion causes $100 billion in damage per year, and biofilms formed by sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are the major culprit. However, little is known about the regulation of SRB biofilm formation. Using Desulfovibrio vulgaris as a model SRB organism, we compared the transcriptomes of biofilm and planktonic cells and identified that the gene for σ54‐dependent regulator DVU2956 is repressed in biofilms. Utilizing a novel promoter that is primarily transcribed in biofilms (Pdvu0304), we found production of DVU2956 inhibits biofilm formation by 70%. Corroborating this result, deleting dvu2956 increased biofilm formation, and this biofilm phenotype could be complemented. By producing proteins in biofilms from genes controlled by DVU2956 (dvu2960 and dvu2962), biofilm formation was inhibited almost completely. A second round of RNA‐seq for the production of DVU2956 revealed DVU2956 influences electron transport via an Hmc complex (high‐molecular‐weight cytochrome c encoded by dvu0531–dvu0536) and the Fe‐only hydrogenase (encoded by dvu1769, hydA and dvu1770, hydB) to control H2S production. Corroborating these results, producing DVU2956 in biofilms decreased H2S production by half, deleting dvu2956 increased H2S production by 131 ± 5%, and producing DVU2956 in the dvu2956 strain reduced H2S production. Therefore, DVU2956 maintains SRB in the planktonic state and reduces H2S formation.
Auditor Independence and Fair Value Accounting: An Examination of Nonaudit Fees and Goodwill Impairments
Authors: Carcello Joseph V. , Neal Terry L. , Reid Lauren C. , Shipman Jonathan E. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTInadequate testing of fair value accounting estimates, including goodwill, is often cited as an audit deficiency in PCAOB inspection reports, and, in some cases, these deficiencies have led to enforcement actions against the auditor. As a result of these issues, the PCAOB recently proposed a new auditing standard for fair value accounting. While these regulatory actions suggest that auditors are challenged by the fair value regime of accounting for goodwill, they also highlight an area where the auditor could be influenced by their financial ties to a client. In this study, we test whether nonaudit fees are associated with goodwill impairment decision outcomes. Our results indicate that the nonaudit fees a client pays are inversely related to the likelihood of impairment in settings where goodwill is likely to be impaired. Additional examinations suggest that the negative relation between nonaudit fees and auditor independence is driven by clients who are most incentivized to exert their influence over the auditor.