bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Professions and the Social Order: Some Lessons from Burkina Faso?
Authors: Sawadogo Natéwindé , Dingwall Robert 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe study of professions has been dominated by Anglo‐American models, with their focus on a small group of legally licensed occupations. The field has recently shifted, mainly through studies of European experience, to a wider examination of the social management of expert workers. Very little has been written about developments in Africa and their implications for the way in which we might think about professions. This paper presents a case study of the role and practices of the medical profession in Burkina Faso, which has a relatively open market for the supply of healing services and limited regulation of the suppliers, whether physicians or traditional practitioners. The study returns to classic questions about the extent to which practice is shaped by the nature of occupational niches within the division of labor or to the development of a distinctive moral character among the workers within that niche.
Altered editing level of microRNAs is a potential biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Maemura Keita , Watanabe Kousuke , Ando Takahiro , Hiyama Noriko , Sakatani Toshio , Amano Yosuke , Kage Hidenori , Nakajima Jun , Yatomi Yutaka , Nagase Takahide , Takai Daiya 
Published: July 2018

Adenosine‐to‐inosine (A‐to‐I) microRNA editing is associated with tumor phenotypes in various cancer types. Recent analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset have shown several microRNAs that undergo A‐to‐I editing in human cancers, some of which have been reported to be associated with prognosis. Herein, we examined published small RNA deep sequencing data of 74 cases of lung adenocarcinoma (AD) and the corresponding normal counterpart (NC) specimen in silico in order to identify A‐to‐I microRNA editing events. Editing levels of miR‐379‐5p, miR‐99a‐5p, and miR‐497‐5p were lower in AD than in NC and, in a large number of cases, the editing level of miR‐200b‐3p was higher in AD than in NC. Difference in the editing level between AD and NC was largest for miR‐99a‐5p. Then, we examined the editing level of miR‐99a‐5p in 50 surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma cases at our institution by a conventional sequence‐based method, and its association with clinical outcomes. The editing level of miR‐99a‐5p was significantly lower in 19 cases of AD (38%) than in corresponding NC. These cases showed a shorter overall survival as assessed using the log‐rank test (P = .047). This trend was consistent with previous analyses of TCGA dataset. The altered editing level of microRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma could serve as a potential biomarker.
A protocol for early childhood caries diagnosis and risk assessment
Authors: Evans Robin Wendell , Feldens Carlos Alberto , Phantunvanit Prathip 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe global Early Childhood Caries (ECC) burden is of concern to the World Health Organisation (WHO), but the quantification of this burden and risk is unclear, partly due to difficulties in accessing young children for population surveys and partly due to diagnostic criteria for ECC experience. The WHO criterion for caries diagnosis is the late stage event of dentine cavitation. Earlier stages of the caries lesion are clinically detectable and should be registered earlier in the life of children and arrested/remineralized before lesions progress to the cavitation stage. A protocol for ECC diagnosis is proposed to guide those engaged in clinical dentistry in their characterization of the ECC lesion. As management of early lesions is a critical step to reduce risk of their progression to later stage lesions, a practical method for assessing ECC risk is proposed also. Risk assessment is very important because it determines (a) urgency for interventions aimed to arrest lesion progression; (b) the frequency of such interventions and (c) the need to enhance the primary prevention of ECC. The guidelines are set out separately for ECC diagnosis for ongoing clinical care and for epidemiologic purposes. Similarly, guidelines are set out for ECC risk assessment and ongoing monitoring.
The impact of a reduction in fluoride concentration in the Malaysian water supply on the prevalence of fluorosis and dental caries
Authors: Mohd Nor Nor Azlida , Chadwick Barbara L. , Farnell Damian J. J. , Chestnutt Ivor Gordon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and caries among Malaysian children following the reduction in fluoride concentration from 0.7 to 0.5 parts per million (ppm) in the public water supply.MethodsThis study involved lifelong residents aged 9‐ and 12‐year‐olds in fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas in Malaysia (n = 1155). In the fluoridated area, children aged 12 years and 9 years were exposed to 0.7 and 0.5 ppm, respectively, at the times when maxillary central incisors developed. Standardized photographs of maxillary central incisors were blind scored for fluorosis using Dean's criteria. Dental caries was examined using ICDAS‐II criteria.ResultsThe prevalence of fluorosis (Dean's score ≥ 2) among children in the fluoridated area (35.7%, 95% CI: 31.9%‐39.6%) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than children in the nonfluoridated area (5.5%, 95% CI: 3.6%‐7.4%). Of those in the fluoridated area, the prevalence of fluorosis decreased from 38.4% (95% CI: 33.1%‐44.3%) for 12‐year‐olds to 31.9% (95% CI: 27.6%‐38.2%) for 9‐year‐olds, although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.139). The mean caries experience in the permanent dentition was significantly lower in the fluoridated area than in the nonfluoridated area for both age groups (P < 0.05). In the multivariate models, the difference in the differences of caries experience between fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas remained statistically significant. This suggests that caries‐preventive effect is still maintained at 0.5 ppm.ConclusionFindings indicate that the change in fluoride level from 0.7 to 0.5 ppm has reduced fluorosis and maintains a caries‐preventive effect. Although there is a reduction in fluorosis prevalence, the difference was not statistically significant.
What about the fathers? The presence and absence of the father in social work practice in England, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden—A comparative study
Authors: Nygren Karina , Walsh Julie , Ellingsen Ingunn T. , Christie Alastair 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWithin Northern Europe, gendered roles and responsibilities within the family have been challenged through an emergence of different family forms, increasing cultural diversity, and progressive developments in welfare policies. To varying degrees, welfare policies in different countries support a dual‐earner model and encourage men to be more active as fathers by reinforcing statutory rights and responsibilities. In child welfare practice, there has traditionally been a strong emphasis on the mother as primary carer for the child; the father has been less visible. This paper explores, in four national welfare contexts, how child welfare social workers include fathers in practice decisions. Data were collected using focus group interviews with social workers from England, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden. Similarities and differences emerge in relation to services and the focus of social work assessments. However, overall, the research suggests that despite gains in policy and legislation that promote gender equality, fathers remain largely absent in child welfare practice decisions about the parenting of their children. From the research, we raise questions for social work practice and the development of welfare policies.
Assessment of vertical ridge augmentation and labial prominence using buccal versus palatal approaches for maxillary segmental sandwich osteotomy (inlay technique): A randomized clinical trial
Authors: El Hadidy Mona Samy , Mounir Mohamed , Abou‐Elfetouh Adel , Barakat Ahmed 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the final vertical gain at the deficient anterior maxillary alveolar ridges using buccal versus palatal approaches for maxillary segmental sandwich osteotomy (inlay technique). This is a single‐institutional randomized comparative clinical trial.Material and MethodsThe study population was 16 patients with edentulous anterior maxillary alveolar ridges (40 implant sites). Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. Both groups received sandwich osteotomy with down fracture of the deficient anterior maxillary alveolar ridge, using buccal approach (control group) and palatal approach (study group) with interpositional alloplastic bone blocks fixed with miniplates. Assessment included the mean percentage of vertical gain at the proposed implant sites after 4 months, taken from cross‐sectional cuts of a cone beam computed tomography.ResultsAll cases showed uneventful wound healing and a total of 40 delayed implant placement were done. Results showed that there was no statistical significance between the 2 groups in terms of bone height (P = .43) and labial prominence (P = .5)ConclusionBoth techniques were successful where the mean percentage of 4 months postoperative vertical bone gain of the control group was 79.9% and that of the study group was 76.5%.
Report from the American Society of Transplantation Psychosocial Community of Practice Adherence Task Force: Real‐world options for promoting adherence in adult recipients
Authors: Myaskovsky Larissa , Jesse Michelle T. , Kuntz Kristin , Leino Abbie D. , Peipert John Devin , Russell Cynthia L. , Spivey Christina A. , Sulejmani Nimisha , Dew Mary Amanda 
Published: July 2018

AbstractStarting in 2015, the American Society of Transplantation Psychosocial Community of Practice, with representatives of the Transplant Pharmacy Community of Practice, convened a taskforce to develop a white paper that focused on clinically practical, evidenced‐based interventions that transplant centers could implement to increase adherence to medication and behavioral recommendations in adult solid organ transplant recipients. The group focused on what centers could do in their daily routines to implement best practices to increase adherence in adult transplant recipients. We developed a list of strategies using available resources, clinically feasible methods of screening and tracking adherence, and activities that ultimately empower patients to improve their own self‐management. We limited the target population to adults because they predominate the research, and because adherence issues differ in pediatric patients, given the necessary involvement of parents/guardians. We also examined broader multilevel areas for intervention including provider and transplant program practices. Ultimately, the task force aims to foster greater recognition, discussion, and solutions required for implementing practical interventions targeted at improving adherence.
Elevated obstructive sleep apnoea risk score is associated with poor healing of diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Maltese G. , Fountoulakis N. , Drakatos P. , Shah D. , Patel K. , Sharma A. , Thomas S. , Pengo M. F. , Karalliedde J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimsTo assess the prevalence of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea in people with diabetic foot ulcers and to determine whether this risk predicts diabetic foot ulcer healing.MethodsWe studied 94 consecutive people (69% men) with diabetic foot ulcers (Type 2 diabetes, n=66, Type 1 diabetes, n=28) attending a university hospital foot unit. All participants were screened for obstructive sleep apnoea using the STOP‐BANG questionnaire, with a score ≥4 identifying high risk of obstructive sleep apnoea. The primary outcome was poor diabetic foot ulcer healing, defined as diabetic foot ulcer recurrence (diabetic foot ulcers which healed and re‐ulcerated in same anatomical position) and/or diabetic foot ulcer persistence (no evidence of healing on clinical examination). All participants were evaluated at 12 months.ResultsOf the 94 participants, 60 (64%) had a STOP‐BANG score ≥4. Over 12 months, 27 participants with a score ≥4 had poor diabetic foot ulcer healing as compared to seven with a score <4 (45% vs 20.5%; P=0.025). A STOP‐BANG score ≥4 significantly increased the relative risk of poor healing more than twofold, independently of other risk factors in multivariable analyses.ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of features and risk of obstructive sleep apnoea in people with diabetic foot ulcers. A STOP‐BANG score ≥4 predicts poor diabetic foot ulcer healing. Obstructive sleep apnoea may be a potential, modifiable risk factor/treatment target to improve diabetic foot ulcer outcomes.
The role of functional thyroid capacity in pituitary thyroid feedback regulation
Authors: Hoermann Rudolf , Midgley John E. M. , Larisch Rolf , Dietrich Johannes W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundThyroid feedback regulation and equilibria between thyroid hormones differ in the presence or absence of a functioning thyroid remnant.Materials and MethodsThis study examines the relationship between the sensitivity of TSH feedback and thyroid capacity in untreated patients with thyroid autoimmune disease (n = 86) and healthy controls (n = 271). Functional capacity was estimated at maximum TSH stimulation, and pituitary TSH response was FT4‐standardised with two established indices, the TSH index and the thyrotroph thyroid hormone resistance index.ResultsThe two indices correlated inversely with thyroid volume and functional thyroid capacity. Relationships were shifted upwards in patients with thyroid autoimmune disease. This positioned patients with thyroid autoimmune disease predominantly at the lower capacity range and upper part of TSH index. The relationship was modulated by serum FT3 concentrations, shifting 0.19 [95%CI: 0.12, 0.26] mIU/L per pmol FT3 increase. FT3 correlated with TSH index in total group ( = 0.09, P = 0.009) and both subgroups. FT3 levels were maintained despite a substantial capacity loss by progressively increasing conversion rates of T3 from T4, only collapsing at capacities below <1.5 pmol/s.ConclusionFunctional thyroid capacity and preferential T3 generation are essential elements in adjusting the sensitivity of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid feedback control and balancing system equilibria. This suggests that the indirect regulatory role of glandular T3 co‐secretion exceeds its quantitative contribution to the thyroid hormone pool. Implications for clinical practice extend to the diagnostic use of TSH in patients with impaired thyroid reserve.
Sovereign credit ratings and central banks: Why do analysts pay attention to institutions?
Authors: Bodea Cristina , Hicks Raymond 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of the governance of modern central banks on the ratings assigned by the credit rating agencies Standard and Poor's and Moody's. Until recently, the rating process was not public. Even still, the factors or precise methodologies used by the agencies remain uncertain and analyst judgment remains important. We argue that, given uncertainty over the future paths of countries, the quality of the central bank governance serves as a useful heuristic for a stable and favorable country trajectory. In particular, the central bank's independence signals that the government is committed to general macroeconomic stability, including debt repayment. Additionally, central bank transparency clarifies who is the principal of the bank and provides information about how the central bank understands the economy and monetary policy. Finally, tensions between the central bank and the government, as reflected by irregular turnover of central bank governors, raise doubts about countries’ future prospects. Empirically, we use a variety of models, including mediation analysis, to ensure that the effect we identify stems from the central bank governance itself, as a heuristic for the future paths of countries, and not the central bank's direct contribution to the macroeconomy, as reflected in the available data.
Mapping of fine‐scale rat prefrontal cortex connections: Evidence for detailed ordering of inputs and outputs connecting the temporal cortex and sensory‐motor regions
Authors: Bedwell Stacey A. , Tinsley Chris J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCerebral cortex structure is crucially important for cortical organization and function. The organization of prefrontal cortex (PFC) is controversial and here we seek to understand it more clearly through the study of fine‐scale cortical connections. To determine the ordering of microscale input and output connections in the rat PFC, we injected small volumes (20–30 nl) of anterograde (Fluro‐Ruby) and retrograde (Fluoro‐Gold) neuroanatomical tracers into PFC. These injections revealed several connected regions of the brain but here we report findings restricted to PFC to temporal cortex and sensory‐motor cortex pathways. In agreement with previous studies incorporating larger injection volumes we found that smaller injection volumes revealed a more detailed, fine‐scale ordering of both prefrontal inputs and output connections to the temporal cortex and sensory‐motor cortex regions. These findings are also supported by labelling observed from additional tracer injections made into corresponding regions of temporal cortex. The topography observed reflected the ordering seen at a larger level (i.e., with larger injection volumes) but there were some differences in the topography, such as in relation to the direction of ordering. In agreement with earlier work, we found that fine‐scale input and output connections were not always aligned with respect to one another. These results provide evidence for topographically arranged inputs and outputs in two distinct PFC pathways, along with evidence for different connectional patterns within the same pathways. Based on theories of functional connectivity, these findings provide evidence for prefrontal cortical regions residing within networks that contribute to different cognitive functions.
Zolpidem ameliorates motor impairments in the unilaterally 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rat
Authors: Assini Robert , Abercrombie Elizabeth D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNuclei within the basal ganglia—such as the globus pallidus external segment, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata—have been shown to exhibit synchronous bursting activity entrained to excessive cortical beta oscillations following dopamine depletion. Zolpidem binds to GABAA receptors with selectivity for those expressing the α1 subunit, potentiating inhibitory postsynaptic currents and increasing the time decay of channel opening. Interestingly, zolpidem‐sensitive nuclei within the basal ganglia circuitry are also those that have been shown to exhibit hyperexcitation in a dopamine‐depleted state. We hypothesized that a drug with selectivity for these nuclei may improve motor impairments associated with Parkinson's disease. In order to determine the threshold dose at which zolpidem might encumber motor behavior, a dose‐response experiment was performed in intact rats using rotarod. Next, we tested whether subthreshold doses (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg; i.p.) of zolpidem improved volitional motor behavior/coordination using the rotarod balance beam and cylinder/paw preference tests in unilaterally 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats. It was found that 0.1 mg/kg zolpidem significantly improved rotarod performance and significantly reduced forelimb use asymmetry compared to undrugged post‐lesion conditions. Here, we present the first translational evidence for a role of zolpidem‐sensitive GABAA receptors in the treatment of PD motor symptoms. Our data show that zolpidem improves both motor coordination and volitional forelimb use in the unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion model of PD, and thus suggest that zolpidem‐sensitive GABAA receptors may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
The surface area of zeolite‐amended soils exceeds the sum of the inherent surface areas of soil and zeolite
Authors: Jozefaciuk G. , Szatanik‐Kloc A. , Ambrozewicz‐Nita A. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryZeolites have an extremely large surface area and porosity and are frequently applied to soils to increase their sorption properties. However, behaviour of the surface properties of zeolite‐amended soil has not been studied in detail. Seven mineral soils were mixed with various amounts of a zeolitic tuff and subjected to three cycles of wetting–drying. Water vapour adsorption isotherms were measured for these mixtures. Simulated isotherms were also calculated from isotherms of the initial materials assuming additivity of the adsorption. Surface areas derived from measured isotherms exceeded those derived from the simulations. The difference in surface area increased with the decrease in soil pH, which resulted from acidic weathering of the zeolite under soil conditions.HighlightsChanges of surface area in zeolite‐amended soil were studied.
Surface area increased more than that contributed by the added zeolite.
Lower soil pH induced a greater increase in surface area.
The increase in surface area resulted from fast weathering of the zeolite.
Assessing the skin barrier via corneocyte morphometry
Authors: Riethmüller Christoph 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe skin barrier is an inevitable physiological function. Virtually all skin diseases exhibit an altered barrier. Because of its diversity, this vital function cannot be assessed adequately by a single method. Preference in both pharmaceutical and cosmetic testing is given to noninvasive assays, mostly macroscopic methods like optical or electrical or mechanical measurements. The present review focuses on advances in ultrastructural assays based on corneocytes obtained via tape stripping—highlighting candidates for automated processing. Among these are electron microscopic (EM) and atomic force microscopic (AFM) analyses, which are discussed with respect to clinical signs and skin hydration, as assessed by Raman spectroscopy or by concentration of natural moisturizing factor.
Noninvasive analysis and minimally invasive in vivo experimental challenges of the skin barrier
Authors: van Erp Piet E. J. , Peppelman Malou , Falcone Denise 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this review, we aim to give a concise and selective overview of noninvasive biophysical analysis techniques for skin barrier analysis (transepidermal water loss, electrical methods, confocal Raman microspectroscopy, sebumeter, reflectance spectrophotometry, tristimulus colorimetry, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy), including advantages and limitations. Rather than giving an exhaustive description of the many techniques currently available, we show the usefulness of a representative selection of techniques in the functional and morphological evaluation of the skin barrier. Furthermore, we introduce human minimally invasive skin challenging models as a means to study the mechanisms regulating skin homoeostasis and disease and subsequently show how biophysical analysis techniques can be combined with these in vivo skin challenging models in the functional and morphological evaluation of the skin barrier in healthy human skin. We are convinced that the widespread application of biophysical analysis techniques in dermatological practice and in cosmetic sciences will prove invaluable in offering personalized and noninvasive skin treatment solutions. Furthermore, combining the human in vivo challenging models with these novel noninvasive techniques will provide valuable methodology and tools for detailed characterization of the skin barrier in health and disease.