bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decontamination of 70 foster family homes exposed to Microsporum canis infected cats: a retrospective study
Authors: Moriello Karen A. 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundDermatophytosis is a superficial fungal skin disease of animals. A key part of treatment is cleaning and disinfection of the environment to prevent false‐positive results due to fomite carriage. Furthermore, there is a perception in the lay literature that decontamination of homes is difficult or impossible.Clinical SummaryData from a 10 year period identified 70 foster family homes where Microsporum canis infected cats had lived for varying periods of time. Mechanical debris was removed from the rooms housing the cats, the areas cleaned with over‐the‐counter household detergents, rinsed and hard surfaces disinfected with 1:100 concentration household bleach or accelerated hydrogen peroxide. Thirty‐eight homes were completely decontaminated after one cleaning post removal or cure of the cat. Of the remaining homes, decontaminated was achieved after one (n=28), two (n=2) or three (n=1) additional cleanings. Complete decontamination was not possible in one home; the foster family was admittedly noncompliant. There was no evidence of disease transmission to other animals or people.ConclusionsEnvironmental decontamination is not difficult in homes exposed to M. canis and can be accomplished with established procedures.
Xenotransplantation in Asia
Authors: Girani Lea , Xie Xiaofang , Lei Tiantian , Wei Liang , Wang Yi , Deng Shaoping 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe organ shortage crisis affects most of the world today. In Asia, rates of deceased organ donation are extremely low due to sociocultural factors. In this context, implementing new organ donation policies is not enough; xenotransplantation remains the most promising way to solve the organ crisis. Most of the early research on xenotransplantation was conducted in the US and Europe. Today, however, Asia has caught up on its Western counterparts partly due to the increasing demand for organ transplants. Given the growing influence of countries such as China, South Korea, and Japan in xenotransplantation, this article provides the reader with an essential global understanding of the scientific and ethical issues currently at stake. Furthermore, it sheds light on the beliefs and values that shape the response of the Asian public to both organ donation and xenotransplantation.
Error Space Estimation of Three Degrees of Freedom Planar Parallel Mechanisms
Authors: Ding Jianzhong , Lyu Shengnan , Da Ting , Wang Chunjie , Chirikjian Gregory S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This paper develops a geometric method to estimate the error space of 3-DOF planar mechanisms with the Minimum Volume Ellipsoid Enclosing (MVEE) approach. Both the joint clearances and actuator errors are considered in this method. Three typical planar parallel mechanisms are used to demonstrate. Error spaces of their serial limbs are analyzed. Thereafter, limb-error-space-constrained mobility of the manipulator, namely, the manipulator error space is analyzed. The MVEE method has been applied to simplify the constraint modeling. A closed-form expression for the manipulator error space is derived. The volume of the manipulator error space is numerically estimated. The approach in this paper is to develop a geometric error analysis method of parallel mechanisms with clear algebraic expressions. Moreover, no forward kinematics computations have been performed in the proposed method, in contrast to the widely used interval analysis method. Although the estimated error space is larger than the actual one, because the enclosing ellipses enlarge the regions of limb error space, the method has an attractive advantage of high computational efficiency.
Compressibility, Damage, and Age-Hardening Effects of Solid Propellants Using Finite Strain Constitutive Model
Authors: Kumar Nomesh , Patel Badri Prasad , Rao V. Venkateswara , Subhashchandran B. S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this paper, the finite strain viscoelastic constitutive model for particulate composite solid propellants is proposed considering strain rate, large deformation/large strain, thermorheological behavior, stress softening due to microstructural damage, compressibility, and chemical age hardening. The compressible Mooney–Rivlin hyperelastic strain energy density function is used along with the standard model of viscoelasticity. To model the compressibility, the dilatational strain energy is taken as the hyperbolic function of the determinant of deformation gradient. The stress-softening phenomenon during cyclic loading (Mullin's effect) due to microstructural damage is described by an exponential function of the current magnitude of intensity of strain and its previous maximum value. The variation of material properties with time are studied using the isothermal accelerated aging technique through simulation and experimental investigation. The comparison of predictions based on the proposed model with the uniaxial experimental data demonstrates that the proposed model successfully captures the observed behavior of the solid propellants.
Rapidly maturing fentanyl clearance in preterm neonates
Authors: Völler Swantje , Flint Robert B , Andriessen Peter , Allegaert Karel , Zimmermann Luc J I , Liem Kian D , Koch Birgit C P , Simons Sinno H P , Knibbe Catherijne A J 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundFentanyl is frequently used off-label in preterm newborns. Due to very limited pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, fentanyl dosing is mostly based on bodyweight. This study describes the maturation of the pharmacokinetics in preterm neonates born before 32 weeks of gestation.Methods442 plasma samples from 98 preterm neonates (median gestational age: 26.9 (range 23.9–31.9) weeks, postnatal age: 3 (range 0–68) days, bodyweight 1.00 (range 0.39–2.37) kg) were collected in an opportunistic trial and fentanyl plasma levels were determined. NONMEM V.7.3 was used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and to perform simulations.ResultsFentanyl pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compartment model. A pronounced non-linear influence of postnatal and gestational age on clearance was identified. Clearance (L/hour/kg) increased threefold, 1.3-fold and 1.01-fold in the first, second and third weeks of life, respectively. In addition, clearance (L/hour/kg) was 1.4-fold and 1.7-fold higher in case of a gestational age of 28 and 31 weeks, respectively, compared with 25 weeks. Volume of distribution changed linearly with bodyweight and was 8.7 L/kg. To achieve similar exposure across the entire population, a continuous infusion (µg/kg/hour) dose should be reduced by 50% and 25% in preterm neonates with a postnatal age of 0–4 days and 5–9 days in comparison to 10 days and older.ConclusionBecause of low clearance, bodyweight-based dosages may result in fentanyl accumulation in neonates with the lowest postnatal and gestational ages which may require dose reduction. Together with additional information on the pharmacodynamics, the results of this study can be used to guide dosing.
Evaluation of the Dutch neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: van der Linde Annelieke A A , Schönbeck Yvonne , van der Kamp Hetty J , van den Akker Erica L T , van Albada Mirjam E , Boelen Anita , Finken Martijn J J , Hannema Sabine E , Hoorweg-Nijman Gera , Odink Roelof J , Schielen Peter C J I , Straetemans Saartje , van Trotsenburg Paul S , Claahsen-van der Grinten Hedi L , Verkerk Paul H 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundIn 2002, a nationwide screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was introduced in the Netherlands. The aim of our study is to evaluate the validity of the neonatal screening for CAH and to assess how many newborns with salt-wasting (SW) CAH have already been clinically diagnosed before the screening result was known.MethodsRetrospective, descriptive study. The following data of patients with positive screening results since implementation of the screening programme were collected (1 January 2002 up until 31 December 2013): gestational age, sex, diagnosis, clinical presentation and contribution of screening to the diagnosis.ResultsIn the evaluated period, 2 235 931 newborns were screened. 479 children had an abnormal screening result, 133 children were diagnosed with CAH (114 SW, 14 simple virilizing (SV)), five non-classic CAH. During this period, no patients with SW CAH were missed by neonatal screening (sensitivity was 100%). After exclusion of 17 cases with missing information on diagnosis, specificity was 99.98% and positive predictive value was 24.7%. Most false positives (30%) were attributable to prematurity. Of patients with SW CAH, 68% (71/104) patients were detected by neonatal screening and 33 (33/104) were clinically diagnosed. Of girls with SW CAH, 38% (14/37) were detected by neonatal screening and 62% (23/37) were clinically diagnosed.ConclusionThe Dutch neonatal screening has an excellent sensitivity and high specificity. Both boys and girls can benefit from neonatal screening.
Aeration strategy at birth influences the physiological response to surfactant in preterm lambs
Authors: Tingay David Gerald , Togo Andrea , Pereira-Fantini Prue M , Miedema Martijn , McCall Karen E , Perkins Elizabeth J , Thomson Jessica , Dowse Georgie , Sourial Magdy , Dellacà Raffaele L , Davis Peter G , Dargaville Peter Anderson 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThe influence of pressure strategies to promote lung aeration at birth on the subsequent physiological response to exogenous surfactant therapy has not been investigated.ObjectivesTo compare the effect of sustained inflation (SI) and a dynamic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) manoeuvre at birth on the subsequent physiological response to exogenous surfactant therapy in preterm lambs.MethodsSteroid-exposed preterm lambs (124–127 days’ gestation; n=71) were randomly assigned from birth to either (1) positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) with no recruitment manoeuvre; (2) SI until stable aeration; or (3) 3 min dynamic stepwise PEEP strategy (maximum 14–20 cmH2O; dynamic PEEP (DynPEEP)), followed by PPV for 60 min using a standardised protocol. Surfactant (200 mg/kg poractant alfa) was administered at 10 min. Dynamic compliance, gas exchange and regional ventilation and aeration characteristics (electrical impedance tomography) were measured throughout and compared between groups, and with a historical group (n=38) managed using the same strategies without surfactant.ResultsCompliance increased after surfactant only in the DynPEEP group (p<0.0001, repeated measures analysis of variance), being 0.17 (0.10, 0.23) mL/kg/cmH2O higher at 60 min than the SI group. An SI resulted in the least uniform aeration, and unlike the no-recruitment and DynPEEP groups, the distribution of aeration and tidal ventilation did not improve with surfactant. All groups had similar improvements in oxygenation post-surfactant compared with the corresponding groups not treated with surfactant.ConclusionsA DynPEEP strategy at birth may improve the response to early surfactant therapy, whereas rapid lung inflation with SI creates non-uniform aeration that appears to inhibit surfactant efficacy.
Pyogenic granuloma associated with conjunctival epithelial neoplasia: report of nine cases
Authors: Herwig-Carl Martina C , Grossniklaus Hans E , Müller Philipp L , Atzrodt Lisa , Loeffler Karin U , Auw-Haedrich Claudia 
Published: February 2019

AimsTo systematically describe the clinical and histopathological features of a case series of conjunctival carcinomatous lesions underlying as—and also masquerading—pyogenic granuloma.MethodsNine cases of conjunctival carcinomatous lesions underlying a pyogenic granuloma (which were clinically predominant) were retrospectively identified. Patients’ records were analysed for demographic data, clinical appearance and the postoperative course. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were routinely processed and stained with H&E and periodic acid-Schiff. Immunohistochemical stains for cytokeratin were performed in selected cases.ResultsAll nine tumours were located in the conjunctiva (bulbar, tarsal, limbal conjunctiva) of patients between 44 and 80 years. The lesions exhibited clinical features of pyogenic granuloma which dominated the clinical appearance. Additional features comprised a papillomatous appearance of the adjacent conjunctiva, a more whitish aspect of the lesion and a history of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) respectively surgery for other entities. Histopathological analysis revealed a carcinomatous lesion (conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia or SCC) at the base of a classic pyogenic granuloma in all nine cases. Surgical removal (R0 resection) was performed. Three cases received adjuvant mitomycin C or interferon α2b treatment. Two lesions locally recurred within 2 years after initial presentation.ConclusionCarcinomatous lesions may be accompanied by a pyogenic granuloma which may dominate the clinical pictures. As the tumour is usually located at the base of the lesion, a complete surgical excision followed by histopathological analysis is mandatory for each lesion appearing as conjunctival pyogenic granuloma.
Health Outcomes, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Severe Acute Malnutrition (HOPE-SAM): rationale and methods of a longitudinal observational study
Authors: Bwakura-Dangarembizi Mutsa , Amadi Beatrice , Bourke Claire D , Robertson Ruairi C , Mwapenya Benjamin , Chandwe Kanta , Kapoma Chanda , Chifunda Kapula , Majo Florence , Ngosa Deophine , Chakara Pamela , Chulu Nivea , Masimba Faithfull , Mapurisa Idah , Besa Ellen , Mutasa Kuda , Mwakamui Simutanyi , Runodamoto Thompson , Humphrey Jean H , Ntozini Robert , Wells Jonathan C K , Manges Amee R , Swann Jonathan R , Walker A Sarah , Nathoo Kusum J , Kelly Paul , Prendergast Andrew J 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionMortality among children hospitalised for complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) remains high despite the implementation of WHO guidelines, particularly in settings of high HIV prevalence. Children continue to be at high risk of morbidity, mortality and relapse after discharge from hospital although long-term outcomes are not well documented. Better understanding the pathogenesis of SAM and the factors associated with poor outcomes may inform new therapeutic interventions.Methods and analysisThe Health Outcomes, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Severe Acute Malnutrition (HOPE-SAM) study is a longitudinal observational cohort that aims to evaluate the short-term and long-term clinical outcomes of HIV-positive and HIV-negative children with complicated SAM, and to identify the risk factors at admission and discharge from hospital that independently predict poor outcomes. Children aged 0–59 months hospitalised for SAM are being enrolled at three tertiary hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe and Lusaka, Zambia. Longitudinal mortality, morbidity and nutritional data are being collected at admission, discharge and for 48 weeks post discharge. Nested laboratory substudies are exploring the role of enteropathy, gut microbiota, metabolomics and cellular immune function in the pathogenesis of SAM using stool, urine and blood collected from participants and from well-nourished controls.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the local and international institutional review boards in the participating countries (the Joint Research Ethics Committee of the University of Zimbabwe, Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe and University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee) and the study sponsor (Queen Mary University of London). Caregivers provide written informed consent for each participant. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and to caregivers at face-to-face meetings.
WHO guidance on mental health training: a systematic review of the progress for non-specialist health workers
Authors: Caulfield Alexandra , Vatansever Deniz , Lambert Gabriel , Van Bortel Tine 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo assess existing literature on the effectiveness of mental health training courses for non-specialist health workers, based on the WHO guidelines (2008).DesignA systematic review was carried out, complying with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist.Data sourcesAfter examination of key studies in the literature, a comprehensive search was performed within the following electronic databases on 31 May 2017: PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL (using EBSCOHost interface), Cochrane, Web of Science.Eligibility criteriaSearches were conducted for articles published in English from January 2008 to May 2017, using search terms related to mental health, training, community care and evaluation/outcome, following the Participants, Interventions, Comparators and Outcomes process for evidence-based practice.OutcomesData were collected across the following categories: trainees (number and background), training course (curriculum, teaching method, length), evaluation method (timing of evaluation, collection method and measures assessed) and evaluation outcome (any improvement recorded from baseline). In addition, studies were assessed for their methodological quality using the framework established by Liuet al(2016).Results29 studies with relevant training courses met the inclusion criteria. These were implemented across 16 countries since 2008 (over half between 2014 and 2017), with 10 in three high-income countries. Evaluation methods and outcomes showed high variability across studies, with courses assessing trainees’ attitude, knowledge, clinical practice, skills, confidence, satisfaction and/or patient outcome. All 29 studies found some improvement after training in at least one area, and 10 studies found this improvement to be significant.ConclusionsTraining non-specialist workers in mental healthcare is an effective strategy to increase global provision and capacity, and improves knowledge, attitude, skill and confidence among health workers, as well as clinical practice and patient outcome. Areas for future focus include the development of standardised evaluation methods and outcomes to allow cross-comparison between studies, and optimisation of course structure.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42016033269
Beighton scoring of joint laxity and injury incidence in Middle Eastern male youth athletes: a cohort study
Authors: Rejeb Abdallah , Fourchet Francois , Materne Olivier , Johnson Amanda , Horobeanu Cosmin , Farooq Abdulaziz , Witvrouw Erik , Whiteley Rodney 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo examine the association between generalised joint laxity (GJL) and injury rates in Middle Eastern male youth athletes.DesignProspective observational study consisting of GJL screen and injury audit (season 2009/2010).SettingAspire Sports Academy Doha, Qatar.ParticipantsA total of 226 adolescent male athletes (mean age: 14.2 years; SD: 1.7; range: 10–18) involved in 15 sporting activities were grouped into contact and non-contact sports. All available athletes were included in this study.Outcome measuresA seasonal injury audit, athletes’ anthropometric characteristics, for example, weight, height and body mass index and screen for GJL to determine Beighton Score (BS).ResultsThe 226 athletes sustained 596 injuries and 75% reported at least one injury over a seasonal injury audit. Players in contact sports were injured more often than players in non-contact sports (more frequent injuries than injury-free time in contact sports; 127 days (95% CI 93 to 160) vs 176 days in non-contact sports (95% CI 118 to 234) (p<0.001). Survival analysis showed that gradient BS was not associated with injury HR=1.004 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.06) in the overall cohort. However, BS was associated with a greater injury risk in contact sports (HR: 1.29; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.59; p=0.015).ConclusionGreater GJL, defined by gradient BS, plus involvement in contact sports together influence injury risk in youth athletes. Preseason documentation of GJL scoring should be considered specifically for contact sports as injury pre-emptive measure.
Effect of postexercise temperature elevation on postexercise glycogen metabolism of isolated mouse soleus muscle
Authors: Blackwood Sarah J. , Hanya Ester , Katz Abram 
Published: February 2019

The effects of temperature elevation after intense repeated contractions on glycogen and energy metabolism as well as contractile function of isolated mouse soleus muscle (slow twitch, oxidative) were investigated. Muscles were stimulated electrically to perform repeated tetanic contractions for 10 min at 25°C, which reduced tetanic force by ~85% and glycogen by 50%. After 120-min recovery at 25°C glycogen was fully restored (~125% of basal), whereas after recovery at 35°C glycogen decreased further (~25% of basal). Glycogen synthase fractional activity averaged 31.8 ± 3.1% (baseline = 33.8 ± 3.4%) after 120-min recovery at 25°C but was increased after recovery at 35°C (63.8 ± 4.8%; P < 0.001 vs. 25°C). Phosphorylase fractional and total activities were not affected by the higher temperature. However, recovery at 35°C resulted in a significantly higher content of the phosphorylase substrate inorganic phosphate (~20%; P < 0.01 vs. 25°C). Finally, fatigue development during a subsequent bout of repeated contractions at 25°C was similar after 120-min recovery at 25°C and 35°C. These data demonstrate that after intense contractions elevated temperature inhibits glycogen accumulation, likely by increasing the availability of the phosphorylase substrate inorganic phosphate, but has no effect on fatigue development. Thus after heat exposure phosphorylase plays a significant role in glycogen accumulation, and glycogen does not limit muscle performance in isolated mouse soleus muscle after recovery from elevated temperature.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether elevated temperature affects glycogen biogenesis and contractile performance of isolated slow-twitch muscle is not known. Here we show that after a bout of repeated contractions in isolated mouse soleus muscle at 25°C, increasing muscle temperature during recovery to 35°C blocked glycogen accumulation compared with recovery at 25°C. Surprisingly, during a subsequent bout of repeated contractions at 25°C, the rate of fatigue was not different between groups after recovery at the two temperatures.