bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quasar Main Sequence Explained by the Combination of Eddington Ratio, Metallicity, and Orientation
Authors: Panda Swayamtrupta , Marziani Paola , Czerny Bożena 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We address the effect of orientation of the accretion disk plane and the geometry of the broad-line region (BLR) as part of an effort to understand the distribution of quasars in optical plane of the quasar main sequence. We utilize the photoionization code CLOUDY to model the BLR incorporating the grossly underestimated form factor (f). Treating the aspect of viewing angle appropriately, we confirm the dependence of the R
Fe ii
sequence on

and on the related observational trends—as a function of the SED shape, cloud density, and composition, verified from prior observations. Sources with R
Fe ii
in the range 1–2 (about 10% of all quasars, the so-called extreme Population A [xA] quasars) are explained as sources of high, and possibly extreme Eddington ratio along the R
Fe ii
sequence. This result has important implications for the exploitation of xA sources as distance indicators for cosmology. Fe ii emitters with R
Fe ii
> 2 are very rare (<1% of all type 1 quasars). Our approach also explains the rarity of these highest Fe ii emitters as extreme xA sources, and constrains the viewing angle ranges with increasing Hβ FWHM.
Density Conversion between 1D and 3D Stellar Models with 1DMESA2HYDRO3D
Authors: Joyce M. , Lairmore L. , Price D. J. , Mohamed S. , Reichardt T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We present 1DMESA2HYDRO3D, an open-source, Python-based software tool that provides an accessible means of generating physically motivated initial conditions (ICs) for hydrodynamical simulations from 1D stellar structure models. We test 1DMESA2HYDRO3D on five stellar models generated with the MESA stellar evolution code and verify its capacity as an IC generator with the Phantom smoothed particle hydrodynamics code. Consistency between the input density profiles, the 1DMESA2HYDRO3D-rendered particle distributions, and the state of the distributions after evolution over 10 dynamical timescales is found for model stars ranging in structure and density from a radially extended supergiant to a white dwarf.
A Mast Cell–Specific Receptor Is Critical for Granuloma Induced by Intrathecal Morphine Infusion
Authors: Zhang Tao , Liu Rui , Che Delu , Pundir Priyanka , Wang Nan , Han Shengli , Cao Jiao , Lv Yanni , Dong Haiyan , Fang Fang , Wang Jue , Ma Pengyu , Zhao Tingting , Lei Ting , Dong Xinzhong , He Langchong 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Intrathecal morphine infusion is often applied to treat chronic pain related to cancer and other conditions. However, persistent pain can be caused by nerve compression because of granuloma formation. In this study, a mouse model of morphine-induced granuloma formation by intrathecal catheterization morphine infusion into the atlanto-occipital membrane of the foramen magnum was established in wild-type mice, MrgprB2 mutant (MrgprB2−/−) mice, and in mast cell–deficient W-sash c-kit mutant (KitW-sh/W-sh) mice. Heat-related pain after surgery was performed to investigate the antipain effect of morphine. H&E staining and immunofluorescence staining of the spinal cord were applied to analyze the mechanism of granuloma formation. Morphine-induced mast cell degranulation was assessed by measuring the Ca2+ influx and mediator release. Anaphylactoid reactions were measured after s.c. morphine infusion to the paws. Chemokine release by mast cells was determined by Human XL Cytokine Array. Experiments with wild-type, MrgprB2 mutant, and mast cell–deficient W-sash c-kit mutant mice demonstrated that morphine activated mast cells and inflammatory cell aggregation through MrgprB2 in intrathecal infusion sites. The chemokine production of human mast cells demonstrated that granuloma formation is correlated with chemokines release. In addition, morphine activated mouse primary mast cells and de novo chemokine synthesis via the MRGPRX2 in human LAD2 cells. We concluded that granuloma formation during intrathecal morphine infusion was associated with MrgprB2/X2. Reducing MRGPRX2 potentially blocks morphine-induced side effects, including granuloma formation.
Immunoproteasome Inhibition Selectively Kills Human CD14+ Monocytes and as a Result Dampens IL-23 Secretion
Authors: Basler Michael , Claus Meike , Klawitter Moritz , Goebel Heike , Groettrup Marcus 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
MECL-1 (β2i), LMP2 (β1i), and LMP7 (β5i) are the proteolytically active subunits of the immunoproteasome (IP), a special type of proteasome mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Targeting the IP in autoimmune diseases proved to be therapeutically effective in preclinical mouse models. In endotoxin-stimulated human PBMCs, IP inhibition reduces the secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines, with the suppression of IL-23 being the most prominent. In this study, we investigated why the production of IL-23, a key mediator of inflammation in autoimmunity, is blocked when the IP is inhibited in LPS-stimulated human PBMCs. CD14+ monocytes could be identified as the main producers of IL-23 in LPS-stimulated PBMCs. We found that IP inhibition with the irreversible LMP7/LMP2 inhibitor ONX 0914 induced apoptosis in CD14+ monocytes, whereas CD4+, CD3+, CD19+, and CD56+ cells remained unaffected. A high expression of IPs renders monocytes susceptible to IP inhibition, leading to an accumulation of polyubiquitylated proteins and the induction of the unfolded protein response. Similar to IP inhibition, inducers of the unfolded protein response selectively kill CD14+ monocytes in human PBMCs. The blockage of the translation in CD14+ monocytes protects these cells from ONX 0914–induced cell death, indicating that the IP is required to maintain protein turnover in monocytes. Taken together, our data reveal why IP inhibition is particularly effective in the suppression of IL-23–driven autoimmunity.
Circulating Picomolar Levels of CCL2 Downregulate Ongoing Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Induction of Regulatory Mechanisms
Authors: Kaushansky Nathali , Bakos Eszter , Becker-Herman Shirly , Shachar Idit , Ben-Nun Avraham 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the CNS characterized by neurologic impairment resulting from primary demyelination and axonal damage. The pathogenic mechanisms of disease development include Ag-specific T cell activation and Th1 differentiation, followed by T cell and macrophage migration into the CNS. CCL2 is a chemokine that induces migration of monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells. We previously demonstrated that picomolar levels of CCL2 strongly restrict the development of inflammation in models of inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, CCR2 deficiency in T cells promotes a program inducing the accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells while decreasing the levels of Th17 cells in vivo. In the current study, the effect of picomolar levels of CCL2 on the autoimmune inflammatory response associated with a multiple sclerosis–like disease in mice was analyzed. We found that low dosages of CCL2 were effective in suppressing MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and they downregulated chronic EAE. The modulation of EAE by CCL2 was associated with downregulation of Th1/Th17 cells and upregulation of TGF-β and induction of regulatory CD4+Foxp3 T cells. Most strikingly, these low levels of CCL2 induced formation of highly functional regulatory T cells. Thus, this study strongly supports the potential use of CCL2 as a regulatory mediator for treating inflammatory autoimmune diseases.
Targeting Antigens to CD180 but Not CD40 Programs Immature and Mature B Cell Subsets to Become Efficient APCs
Authors: Roe Kelsey , Shu Geraldine L. , Draves Kevin E. , Giordano Daniela , Pepper Marion , Clark Edward A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Targeting Ags to the CD180 receptor activates both B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to become potent APCs. After inoculating mice with Ag conjugated to an anti-CD180 Ab, B cell receptors were rapidly internalized. Remarkably, all B cell subsets, including even transitional 1 B cells, were programed to process, present Ag, and stimulate Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. Within 24–48 hours, Ag-specific B cells were detectable at T–B borders in the spleen; there, they proliferated in a T cell–dependent manner and induced the maturation of T follicular helper (TFH) cells. Remarkably, immature B cells were sufficient for the maturation of TFH cells after CD180 targeting: TFH cells were induced in BAFFR−/− mice (with only transitional 1 B cells) and not in μMT mice (lacking all B cells) following CD180 targeting. Unlike CD180 targeting, CD40 targeting only induced DCs but not B cells to become APCs and thus failed to efficiently induce TFH cell maturation, resulting in slower and lower-affinity IgG Ab responses. CD180 targeting induces a unique program in Ag-specific B cells and to our knowledge, is a novel strategy to induce Ag presentation in both DCs and B cells, especially immature B cells and thus has the potential to produce a broad range of Ab specificities. This study highlights the ability of immature B cells to present Ag to and induce the maturation of cognate TFH cells, providing insights toward vaccination of mature B cell–deficient individuals and implications in treating autoimmune disorders.
Cutting Edge: Ig H Chains Are Sufficient to Determine Most B Cell Clonal Relationships
Authors: Zhou Julian Q. , Kleinstein Steven H. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
B cell clonal expansion is vital for adaptive immunity. High-throughput BCR sequencing enables investigating this process but requires computational inference to identify clonal relationships. This inference usually relies on only the BCR H chain, as most current protocols do not preserve H:L chain pairing. The extent to which paired L chains aids inference is unknown. Using human single-cell paired BCR datasets, we assessed the ability of H chain–based clonal clustering to identify clones. Of the expanded clones identified, &lt;20% grouped cells expressing inconsistent L chains. H chains from these misclustered clones contained more distant junction sequences and shared fewer V segment mutations than the accurate clones. This suggests that additional H chain information could be leveraged to refine clonal relationships. Conversely, L chains were insufficient to refine H chain–based clonal clusters. Overall, the BCR H chain alone is sufficient to identify clonal relationships with confidence.
Chemotaxonomic patterns of vegetation and soils along altitudinal transects of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, and implications for paleovegetation reconstructions – Part II: lignin-derived phenols and leaf-wax-derived &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-alkanes
Authors: Lemma Bruk , Mekonnen Betelhem , Glaser Bruno , Zech Wolfgang , Nemomissa Sileshi , Bekele Tamrat , Bittner Lucas , Zech Michael 
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Erica is a dominant vegetation type in many sub-afroalpine ecosystems, such as the Bale Mountains in Ethiopia. However, the past extent of Erica is not well known and climate versus anthropogenic influence on altitudinal shifts are difficult to assign unambiguously, especially during the Holocene. The main objective of the present study is to chemotaxonomically characterize the dominant plant species occurring in the Bale Mountains using lignin phenols and n-alkane biomarkers and to examine the potential of those biomarkers for reconstructing vegetation history. Fresh plant material, organic layer and mineral topsoil samples were collected along a northeastern and a southwestern altitudinal transect (4134–3870 and 4377–2550 m a.s.l., respectively). Lignin-derived vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl phenols were analyzed using the cupric oxide oxidation method. Leaf-wax-derived n-alkanes were extracted and purified using Soxhlet and aminopropyl columns. Individual lignin phenols and n-alkanes were separated by gas-chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection, respectively. We found that the relative contributions of vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl phenols allow us to chemotaxonomically distinguish contemporary plant species of the Bale Mountains. Erica in particular is characterized by relatively high cinnamyl contributions of >40 %. However, litter degradation strongly decreases the lignin phenol concentrations and completely changes the lignin phenol patterns. Relative cinnamyl contributions in soils under Erica were <40 %, while soils that developed under Poaceae (Festuca abyssinica) exhibited relative cinnamyl contributions of >40 %. Similarly, long-chain n-alkanes extracted from the leaf waxes allowed for differentiation between Erica versus Festuca abyssinica and Alchemilla, based on lower C31 ∕ C29 ratios in Erica. However, this characteristic plant pattern was also lost due to degradation in the respective O layers and Ah horizons. In conclusion, although in modern-day plant samples a chemotaxonomic differentiation is possible, soil degradation processes seem to render the proxies unusable for the reconstruction of the past extent of Erica on the Sanetti Plateau, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. This finding is of high relevance beyond our case study.
El Programa de Cumplimiento
Authors: Plumer Bodin Marie Claude , Espinoza Galdámes Ariel , Muhr Altamirano Benjamin 
Published: September 2019

En el presente artículo se describe la aplicación que ha tenido el Programa de Cumplimiento en la práctica sancionatoria de la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente. Las cifras expuestas dan cuenta que este instrumento ha tenido una aplicación extensa.
Se observa también que, mediante sus decisiones, la Superintendencia y los tribunales de justicia, han avanzado en precisar de mejor manera su regulación. Se aborda en forma
especial cómo la regulación y la práctica de la tramitación de los programas de Cumplimiento considera espacios para que terceros interesados puedan contribuir en la determinación de su contenido y alcance. Finalmente, teniendo en cuenta el desarrollo reciente del
instrumento y los espacios que se abren para que los terceros interesados se involucren en su tramitación, se exponen los motivos por los cuales se considera que el Programa de Cumplimiento, si es correctamente encausado, puede constituir un mecanismo especialmente idóneo para la solución de conflictos ambientales.
Gobernanza forestal en Colombia y Ecuador
Authors: Barragán Terán Daniel , Muñoz Ávila Lina 
Published: September 2019

Colombia y Ecuador son ricos en recursos naturales y particularmente cuentan con grandes áreas cubiertas de bosques. Gran parte de estos territorios sirve de hábitat de comunidades campesinas y étnicas, prestan múltiples servicios ecosistémicos y juegan un papel determinante en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Dicha riqueza se contrasta con altas cifras de deforestación y degradación de los suelos, generadas por factores como la tala ilegal, la expansión de la frontera agrícola y ganadera, la minería, entre otros.
Muchas comunidades rurales basan sus economías en la comercialización de productos de flora y fauna silvestre, maderables y no maderables. Lograr el balance entre la conservación y el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos forestales es un reto de enormes magnitudes ambos países. El presente artículo plantea que la garantía de acceso a la información, a la participación pública y a la justicia ambiental en asuntos forestales, fortalece la gobernanza de los bosques y genera beneficios económicos, sociales y ambientales, para el Estado, el sector privado y las comunidades. Incorporar a los diferentes actores de la cadena forestal en la gestión y administración de los bosques contribuirá a reducir el número de conflictos ambientales de este sector en Colombia y Ecuador.
Plundering Carlow Castle: First Look at a Unique Mesoarchean-Hosted Cu-Co-Au Deposit
Authors: Fox David C.M. , Spinks Samuel C. , Pearce Mark A. , Barham Milo , Le Vaillant Margaux , Thorne Robert L. , Aspandiar Mehrooz , Verrall Mike 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Economically significant and geologically complex veined Cu-Co-Au mineralization was recently discovered at Carlow Castle in the Pilbara region of northwestern Western Australia. The inferred resource estimate for Carlow Castle as of March 2019 is 7.7 million tonnes (Mt) at 1.06 g/t Au, 0.51% Cu, and 0.08% Co, making it one of Australia’s most significant known Cu-Co-Au deposits. Here we provide the first account and scientific analysis of Carlow Castle. This analysis suggests that it is a hydrothermal Cu-Co-Au deposit, with mineralization hosted in sulfide-rich quartz-carbonate veins. The ore is hosted in veins that occur within a pervasively chloritized shear zone through the regionally significant Regal thrust. At Carlow Castle the shear zone associated with this thrust occurs within the Ruth Well Formation, an Archean mafic volcano-sedimentary sequence. Within the mineralized veins the dominant ore minerals are pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite (Cu2S), cobaltite (CoAsS), and electrum (Au,Ag). The genesis of the Carlow Castle deposit is still under investigation; however, the origin of the Cu-Co-Au mineralization is most likely related to the migration of metalliferous fluids along the Regal thrust. Based on Carlow Castle’s stratigraphic position within the Pilbara craton and the craton’s relative stability since the Archean, an Archean age of mineralization is most likely. The distinct Cu-Co-Au enrichment at Carlow Castle makes it unique among Archean ore deposits generally, as the majority of Cu-Co deposits are of maximum Proterozoic age. Therefore, understanding the genesis of the Carlow Castle deposit has important implications for understanding the unique processes through which Cu-Co-Au mineralization outside of basin-hosted ore deposits may be formed, particularly in Archean terranes.
The Metal Content of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluids and Its Relationship to Mineralization Potential
Authors: Audétat Andreas 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A fundamental question in the study of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits is whether the mineralization potential of intrusions was already predetermined by the metal content of the exsolving fluids. The present study aims at addressing this question by reviewing the large number of microanalytical data (mostly laser-ablation ICP-MS data) obtained on fluid inclusions from this type of ore deposits over the last 20 years. Published data sets were screened for analyses of high-temperature fluid inclusions that are representative of premineralization fluids. A set of criteria was developed to distinguish such fluids from later, lower temperature fluids. In order to compensate differences in absolute metal concentrations caused by fluid immiscibility, all element concentrations were normalized to Na. A numerical model was developed to explore at which stage different metals are most efficiently extracted from a cooling pluton. The results suggest that the timing of most efficient metal extraction varies from metal to metal and strongly depends on pressure, the fluid/melt partition coefficient and the bulk mineral-melt partition coefficient. As a consequence, fluid compositions were chosen over the entire range of Cs/Na ratios recorded from a given pluton, as this ratio gives an indication of the fractionation degree of the silicate melts from which a fluid exsolved. In order to avoid bias toward occurrences from which a large amount of data are available, maximum four intermediate-density (ID)-type fluid inclusion assemblages plus four brines assemblages were chosen from each occurrence.
Using the above-mentioned criteria, 169 fluid compositions from 12 Cu (Mo, Au) mineralized intrusions, 10 Sn/W mineralized intrusions, two Mo mineralized intrusions, and one U-Th-REE mineralized intrusion were finally chosen and plotted in graphs of X/Na versus Cs/Na. The results reveal that Sn- and Cu-mineralizing fluids contained more Sn and Cu, respectively, than the fluids analyzed from barren and Mo or U-Th REE mineralized intrusions. Positive correlations between fluid metal content and mineralization potential may exist also for W and REEs, whereas for Mo no such trend is evident. Therefore, at least for certain metals, the metal content of high-temperature fluid inclusions can be used as an indicator of the type and extent of mineralization. However, elevated metal concentrations are present also in some fluids from barren intrusions, which implies that the mineralization potential additionally depends on other factors such as the size of the intrusion and the development of structures that promote focused fluid flow.
An Updated Algorithm for Moderate Censoring in Time-to-Event Data Using Rank-based Regression
Authors: Phadnis Milind A. 
Published: September 2019

Aim: To propose an updated algorithm with an extra step added to the Newton-type algorithm used in robust rank based non-parametric regression for minimizing the dispersion function associated with Wilcoxon scores in order to account for the effect of covariates.
Methodology: The proposed accelerated failure time approach is aimed at incorporating right random censoring in survival data sets for low to moderate levels of censoring. The existing Newton algorithm is modified to account for the effect of one or more covariates. This is done by first applying Mantel scores to residuals obtained from a regression model, and second by minimizing the dispersion function of these scored residuals. Diagnostic check of the model fit is performed by observing the distribution of the residuals and suitable Bent scores are considered in the case of skewed residuals. To demonstrate the efficacy of this method, a simulation study is conducted to compare the power of this method under three different scenarios: non-proportional hazard, proportional and constant hazard, and proportional but non-constant hazard.
Results: In most situations, this method yielded reasonable estimates of power for detecting an association of the covariate with the response as compared to popular parametric and semi-parametric approaches. The estimates of the regression coefficient obtained from this method were evaluated and were found to have low bias, low mean square error, and adequate coverage. In a real-life example pertaining to pancreatic cancer study, the proposed method performed admirably well and provided a more realistic interpretation about the effect of covariates (age and Karnofsky score) compared to a standard parametric (lognormal) model.
Conclusion: In situations where there is no clear best parametric fit for time-to-event data with moderate level of censoring, the proposed method provides a robust alternative to obtain regression coefficients (both adjusted and unadjusted) with a performance comparable to that of a proportional hazards model.