bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Ground‐Motion Models for Chinese Seismic Hazard Mapping
Authors: Hong Han Ping , Feng Chao 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe ground‐motion models (GMMs) used to map seismic hazard in China were developed based on the so‐called projection method, assuming relations of a pair of predicted macrointensities and of a pair of predicted ground‐motion measures in two different regions. The use of such a method is necessary because the ground‐motion records of a large number of strong earthquakes are lacking in mainland China, although the catalog of historical Chinese earthquakes is relatively rich. A critical review of the GMMs adopted to develop the third‐, fourth‐, and fifth‐generation Chinese seismic hazard maps (CSHMs) for mainland China suggests that some of the information used to project these models, such as the earthquake magnitude interpretation and GMM for the macrointensity, may need additional justification, and that the standard deviation (sigma) of the GMMs may be low. Also, new GMMs applicable to mainland China are developed based on the projection method and a set of the GMMs from the Next Generation Attenuation relationships. The results obtained using newly projected GMMs and seismic hazard analysis indicate that the ratio of the return period values of the peak ground acceleration obtained using the newly projected GMMs and using the GMMs adopted for the fifth‐generation CSHM is about 1.35 for a return period range from 50 to 2475 yr. Part of this increase is attributed to the differences in the standard deviations of residuals for the newly projected GMMs and the adopted GMMs used to map seismic hazard for mainland China. The results also suggest that the shape of the adopted seismic design spectrum in Chinese structural design code differs from the uniform hazard spectra obtained based on the newly projected GMMs for simple seismic source zones.
ISLAMIC BANKING REVOLUTION IN MALAYSIA: A REVIEW
Authors: Husseini Saleh Ali , Fam Soo-Fen , Ahmat Norun Najjah , Azmi Fadhlur Rahim , Prastyo Dedy Dwi , Yanto Heri 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the study: The study aims to review the development of Malaysian Islamic banks from year 2008 to 2015 and its role in financing Malaysian economy.
Methodology: The sources of data were collectted from Malaysian banks, the reviews of the experience of Islamic banks in Malaysia has been discussed, then this study analysed the roles of Islamic banks in the allocation of resources in the banking system. finally, this study explined the overall development of performance in Islamic banks in Malaysia.
Main Findings and Novelty: The results of this study show that the Malaysian Islamic banks have contributed on the structure of the Malaysian economy; particularly in supporting the SME (small and medium entrepreneurship) industries as well the large projects, which create a good positive impact on Malaysian economy and became one of the main financial sources of Malaysian investment.
Applications of this study: Achieving the required requirements for the success of the desired Islamic financial system such as adherence to ethical controls and behavior would reduce the problematic ethical risks and the risks of information asymmetry and emphasis on the importance of participations in the banking system and the need to adopt them.
PUBLIC DEBT AS A SOURCE OF FINANCING FOR GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC SCHOLARS
Authors: Mawardi Imron , Widiastuti Tika , Anova Debrina Farrah , Al Mustofa Muhammad Ubaidillah , Ardiantono Dewie Saktia , Insani Taqiyah Dinda 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine foreign debt as a source of financing for economic development. This research is expected to provide (1) an overview of debt as a source of funding for state projects, (2) investigate its impacts and (3) offer additional knowledge of its Islamic perspective.
Methodology: This research is a qualitative study using the study literature approach. This research is conducted by analysing books, literature, journals, and magazines with themes related to the focus of the discussion on this study. It is expected that the method used can provide insight, general knowledge, and develop the view of Islam in relation to foreign debt.
Main Findings: The government has to ensure that the state has the ability to pay off its obligations in the future; guarantee that loans have to be free from interest; prioritize taking loans from internal sources rather than external sources. In Addition, debts are not intended for deferred needs and not taking loans that exceed their needs.
Applications of this study: basically the results of this study can be applied to any country that considers the use of public debt, like other Islamic systems.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research is conceptual research in an Islamic perspective. This study successfully examined comprehensively related to the public debt with the Islamic approach.
Educação dos cegos fluminenses: Campos em conexão com Niterói (1950-1970)
Authors: Cardoso Fernanda Luí­sa De Miranda , Martínez Silvia Alicia 
Published: September 2019

Este artigo visa compreender o processo de consolidação da educação dos cegos no interior fluminense, com ênfase em Campos, a partir de ações articuladas entre instituições deste município, e de Niterói, durante os anos 1950 a 1970. As instituições que protagonizaram esse processo foram, em Campos, o Educandário para Cegos São José Operário e, em Niterói, a Escola de Serviço Social e a Cruzada de Recuperação e Assistência ao Cego Fluminense. Os apontamentos de Magalhães (1998) a respeito das instituições educativas trouxeram contribuições para os aspectos teórico-metodológicos da pesquisa. Aplicou-se a técnica da triangulação das fontes priorizando os jornais de grande circulação da época; entrevistas orais e os documentos oficiais do acervo do Educandário.
Community Assessments for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPERs)—US Virgin Islands, 2017–2018
Authors: Schnall Amy Helene , Wolkin Amy Funk , Roth Joseph (Jay) , Ellis Esther M. 
Published: September 2019

Objectives. To assess preparedness levels of communities to help public health and others plan for disasters or emergencies and tailor messaging to increase community preparedness. Methods. US Virgin Islands Department of Health conducted a Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) in June 2017, 2 hurricane response CASPERs in November 2017, and a recovery CASPER in February 2018. CASPER is a 2-stage cluster sampling method designed to provide household-based information about a community’s needs in a timely, inexpensive, and representative manner. Results. Roughly the same amount of households reported having a 3-day supply of food and water before and 3 months after the hurricanes. During the response, approximately a third of households resupplied between 3 and 6 days and an additional approximately 40% between days 7 and 14. Conclusions. On the basis of the CASPERs, we were able to track whether households had an emergency preparedness kit, whether they used it during the storms (and what was missing), and if they resupplied their kit in recovery. Public Health Implications. CASPER is a promising tool to measure community preparedness to help state, local, tribal, and territorial jurisdictions plan for disasters or emergencies.
Impactos del cambio climático sobre la flora acuática de las Lagunas Verdes, volcán Chiles, Ecuador
Authors: Jácome Esteban Terneus , Vallejo Berenice , Gómez de la Torre Mateo 
Published: September 2019

Evaluamos los impactos del cambio climático sobre la estructura y composición florística de las plantas acuáticas en cinco lagunas altoandinas (3900 m s. n. m.), al pie del volcán Chiles. Utilizamos transectos y cuadrantes de profundidad para evaluar riqueza y patrones de cobertura vegetal, y evaluamos la físicoquímica de agua con equipos electrónicos de medición in situ. Esta información fue comparada con la generada hace 17 años. Registramos 15 especies de plantas acuáticas, de las cuales se evidenció reducción en las poblaciones de Isoetes sp., Crassula venezuelensis y Elatine ecuadoriensis. Al parecer, Lilaeopsis schaffneriana y Juncus stipulatus son remplazadas por Lachemilla nivalis, y una Poaceae del género Agrostis como colonizadora. Las características abióticas de las lagunas evidencian cambios en el pH y la conductividad de sus aguas, generando condiciones particulares para un posible establecimiento de especies distintas a los registros históricos. Evidenciamos perjuicios sobre la naturaleza del ecosistema acuático, por la pérdida o reemplazo de especies hidrófitas por helófitas, como indicadoras de un potencial proceso de transformación de ambientes naturales, y un inminente riesgo de la permanencia y la funcionalidad ecológica de los ecosistemas acuáticos del lugar.
Deep Recurrent Neural Network DRNN Model for Real-Time Step-Down Analysis
Authors: Madasu Srinath , Rangarajan Keshava Prasad 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A new real-time machine learning model has been developed based on the deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) model for performing step-down analysis during the hydraulic fracturing process. During a stage of the stimulation process, fluids are inserted at the top of the wellhead, while the flow is primarily driven by the difference between the bottomhole pressure (BHP) and reservoir pressure. The major physics and engineering aspects involved are complex and, quite often, there is a high level of uncertainty related to the accuracy of the measured data, as well as intrinsic noise. Consequently, using a machine learning-based method that can resolve both the temporal and spatial non-linear variations has advantages over a pure engineering model.
The approach followed provides a long short-term memory (LSTM) network-based methodology to predict BHP and temperature in a fracturing job, considering all commonly known surface variables. The surface pumping data consists of real-time data captured within each stage, such as surface treating pressure, fluid pumping rate, and proppant rate. The accurate prediction of a response variable, such as BHP, is important because it provides the basis for decisions made in several well treatment applications, such as hydraulic fracturing and matrix acidizing, to ensure success.
Limitations of the currently available modeling methods include low resolution BHP predictions and an inability to properly capture non-linear effects in the BHP/temperature time series relationship with other variables, including surface pressure, flow rate, and proppant rate. In addition, current methods are further limited by lack of accuracy in the models for fluid properties; the response of the important sub-surface variables strongly depends on the modeled fluid properties.
The novel model presented in this paper uses a deep learning neural network model to predict the BHP and temperature, based on surface pressure, flow rate, and proppant rate. This is the first attempt to predict response variables, such as BHP and temperature, in real time during a pumping stage, using a memory-preserving recurrent neural network (RNN) variant, such as LSTM. The results show that the LSTM can successfully model the BHP and temperature in a hydraulic fracturing process. The BHP and temperature predictions obtained were within 5% relative error. The current effort to model BHP can be used for step-down analysis in real time, thereby providing an accurate representation of the subsurface conditions in the wellbore and in the reservoir. The new method described in this paper avoids the need to manage the complex physics of the present methods; it provides a robust, stable, and accurate numerical solution throughout the pumping stages. The method described in this paper is extended to manage step-down analysis using surface-measured variables to predict perforation and tortuosity friction.
Innovative Water Salinity Management Through Integrated Asset Model Applied to Mexico Area-1
Authors: Maiorano Stefano , Selvaggio Pietro , Distaso Ripalta Eleonora , Rossi Roberto , Stano Elena 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The objective of this work is the prediction of water salinity evolution trend for Mexico Area-1 development that foresees the injection of a mixture of seawater and produced water from the six different reservoirs connected to the same FPSO.
Prediction of salinity trend evolution is crucial for forecasting possible biogenic hydrogen sulphide (H2S) formation and foreseeing the relating impacts over completion and facility material selection and on health, safety and environment (HSE) management.
Traditional numerical simulations through stand-alone models do not consider the effects of the reciprocal interaction among the fields on production profiles and are not able to simulate salinity evolution of produced and injected water mixture, variable over time. To overcome this limit, a new tool was developed. It consists in a python script that, introduced into the Area-1 Integrated Asset Model, allowed to generate forecasts of the water salinity along the project lifetime. These simulations were essential for souring risk assessment, providing the following results: water salinity trend evolution at each injector well;water salinity trend evolution at each producer well;injection water breakthrough timing at the producer wells.
Moreover, it gave the opportunity to assess the injection strategy efficiency and to quantify the impact of changing salinity on water viscosity and on the field recovery.
In conclusion, the innovative methodology applied in the Area-1 IAM (Integrated Asset Model) permits to predict the salinity of injected water and to foresee salinity evolution of produced water generating several valuable information, providing a flexible tool that allows to investigate simultaneously several uncertainties related to the project and to evaluate promptly solutions and mitigation.
Moreover, when the reservoirs will be on production, the numerical models integrated with the developed script will reproduce the historical salinity data allowing to identify preferential flow path established by fluids virtually acting as a reservoir tracer technology.
Recovery Estimates from Micromodel Experiments: Processing, Uncertainty, and Rate-dependence
Authors: Kaidar Ziyad , AlSofi Abdulkareem , Al-Anazi Amer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Micromodels are commonly utilized to investigate the fundamentals of multiphase displacements and oil mobilization. Definitely, the utility of micromodels has been well demonstrated in the literature. Yet, while the generic workflows are mutual, there is no standard protocol. Therefore, the primary objective of this work was to develop reliable protocols for micromodel experimentations. These protocols are developed within the context of investigating flow-rate effects on oil trapping and recovery, which represents a supplementary objective.
The presented experimental work utilized a high pressure and high temperature setup. A metalloid pattern with a pore-volume of 0.08 mL constitutes the porous-media micromodel. The model is positioned vertically, which permits investigation of gravity effects. Displacement experiments were performed to establish the image processing workflow. Those experiments were performed at different injection rates for fixed volumes starting from 10 mL up to 50 mL. All experiments were replicated to assess the associated uncertainties. Initial conditions were established via drainage of connate brine by dead crude oil followed by imbibition of injection brine.
The performed experiments established a preferred workflow for image processing that includes in order: thresholding, despeckling, and binary conversion. Thresholding limits were found to be dependent on the camera including its position and focal length. The final binary images can be used for oil recovery estimation based on areal analyses. High rate experiments demonstrated better repeatability. Prolonged injection helped reduce variations in recovery estimates between replicates. At the investigated macroscopic scale and in light of associated uncertainties, recovery was found to be negligibly dependent on injection rate up to a critical flow-rate of around 1 mL/min above which recovery increases with higher injection rates. A trend that is consistent with capillary desaturation.
This paper demonstrates the procedure to establish a micromodel image processing protocol. It also illustrates the possible uncertainties associated with recovery estimates obtained from such images. Finally, key observations and recommendations with respect to the significance of high throughput and replications were uncovered.
Numerical Simulation of Gas Tracers for Reservoir Characterization, a Case Study
Authors: Del Moral Jaime , Abad Beatriz , Panadero Asier , Sendín Rubén 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this paper we describe how incorporating inter-well flow of gas tracers into a numerical simulation model of an oil producing field allowed us to improve the reservoir characterization. Gas tracers evidenced the lateral and vertical reservoir connectivity, identified preferential flow paths and eventually provided an additional tool for the dynamic history match.
The field produces light oil with the support of miscible gas injection, from a reservoir composed of two stacked fluvial sandstones units. To improve the reservoir characterization four inter-well gas tracer campaigns involving a total of 13 injector wells have been successfully completed. All these tracer injections have then been modeled at our full field numerical simulation model with the purpose of challenging the reservoir description in it. Input from this exercise have been later-on used during the construction of geomodels, benefiting from our improved reservoir knowledge.
The reservoir is composed of two units, Middle (M) and Upper (U), both deposited as laterally amalgamated fluvial channels. Both units appear as vertically separated by an impervious shale interval, only absent in 2 wells out of 30.
The shale interval was originally considered as a possible flow barrier by the earliest geological models. However, numerical simulation models were only able to replicate observed tracers arrivals when specific vertical connections existed between both units, indicating the shale interval was no as laterally continuous as formerly suspected.
History matching the tracers arrivals in the western field area was also helpful to reveal a fast gas breakthrough between wells which were aligned perpendicularly to the main channel orientation (NW-SE). This finding confirmed that this prevailing channel orientation was not the only responsible for a good reservoir communication, but also the lateral amalgamation (SW-NE) of channels was exerting a significant control in low sinuosity fluvial systems, as well as secondary flow directions in high sinuosity systems.
The improved reservoir characterization have been reflected in subsequent reservoir geological models and numerical simulators, avoiding misleading history matching solutions. Also, it is worth to note that this have had a direct impact on the gas injection strategy followed in the field.
Quite commonly interwell tracer flow is not fully incorporated into numerical simulators. This is a time consuming process, which, in addition to the conventional model uncertainties, requires sensitivities to the associated tracer parameters. This paper demonstrate through a real case how valuable this additional effort may result, and how it may improve the geological and dynamic understanding of our field.
Evaluation of Reservoir Dynamic Uncertainties in Digital Concept Based Green Field Before Implementation of Full Field Development Scheme
Authors: Altaf Basit , Allouti AbdelKader 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Reservoir A is being developed in early and interim phases in order to gather static & dynamic data to minimize the risk associated to subsurface uncertainties. In early and interim phases, only production is taking places. During full field, water injection scheme will be implemented using mainly 5-spot pattern. It is very crucial to measure the subsurface uncertainties and their impact on the reservoir development. For this purpose, the uncertainty parameters are identified and their ranges are selected based on the current well performances during probabilistic History matching (PHM) phase. In full field runs, the uncertain subsurface parameters are quantified to prioritize the future reservoir monitoring and data gathering plans. Note that wells are equipped with the permanent downhole pressure gauges.
Reservoir A is one of the major reservoirs of a green-field located offshore Abu Dhabi and is being developed with a 5-spot water injection pattern. The producers and water injectors are horizontal wells which are drilled across different flow unit within the reservoir. The reservoir properties are variable across all the flow units, which may results in a non-uniform water front. Being a green field, there are more uncertainties as compared to the brown field. More than three years production & pressure data is available which is used in this uncertainty study. This production data is mainly used to achieve the probabilistic History match on well-wise basis. In this uncertainty study, previous HM parameters are removed. However, based on previous history matching learnings, the subsurface uncertain parameters ranges are selected for this probabilistic History match phase. The criteria for filtering the valid runs during this phase are set to be ±150 Psi compared to the actual downhole pressure readings. In case of decreasing this filtering range to 75 Psi, results in reduction in the reserve range in P90 to P10. Based on ±150 Psi principle, the subsurface parameter ranges are furthered reformed for full field uncertainty study/run. The industry standard workflow is followed to quantify the subsurface parameters during this phase. In this study, we used the Permeability modifiers based on RRT, Faults transmisibilities, Relative Perm curves (based on SCAL data), Kv/Kh ratio (from PTA), etc. as uncertain parameters. The impact of each parameter is measured and quantified with respect to plateau and total reserves.
Dynamic Multilevel Multiscale Simulation of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs with Generic Fracture-Matrix Conductivity Contrasts
Authors: HosseiniMehr Mousa , Al Kobaisi Mohammed , Vuik Cornelis , Hajibeygi Hadi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
An algebraic dynamic multilevel (ADM) method for multiphase flow in heterogeneous fractured porous media using the projection-based embedded discrete fracture model (pEDFM) is presented. The fine-scale discrete system is obtained independently for matrix and each lower-dimensional fracture. On the fine-scale high resolution computational grids, an independent dynamic multilevel gird (i.e., ADM grid) is imposed. The fully implicit discrete system is mapped completely algebraically to this ADM grid resolution using sequences of restriction and prolongation operators. Multilevel multiscale basis functions are locally computed and employed to honor the heterogeneity contrasts of the fractured domain by interpolating the solution accurately. These basis functions are computed only at the beginning of the simulation to increase the computational efficiency. Once the ADM system is solved for all unknowns (i.e., pressure and saturation), the solution at ADM resolution is prolonged back to fine-scale resolution in order to obtain an approximated fine-scale solution. This dynamic multilevel system employs the fine-scale grid cells only at the sharp gradient of the solution (e.g., at the moving front). With two fractured test-cases (homogeneous and heterogeneous), the performance of ADM is assessed by comparing it to fine-scale results as reference solution. It will be shown that ADM is able to reduce the computational costs and provide efficiency while maintaining the desired accuracy.