bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MULTIPLE MYELOMA AS A FORM OF LEUKEMIA
Authors: RUBINSTEIN MICHAEL A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The conventional points in the differential diagnosis between myeloma and leukemia have been discussed. Evidence has been brought to show that these points of distinction cannot be regarded as being of fundamental nature. Instances are abstracted where cases of multiple myeloma show the various characteristics of leukemia and vice versa.
1. Leukemic features in myeloma have been shown in:
a. diffuse infiltration in multiple myeloma without circumscribed tumor formation and without any gross bone destruction;
b. extraskeletal visceral myelomatous spread involving the kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, etc.;
c. invasion of peripheral blood in myeloma—occasional myeloma cells (corresponding to the aleukemic forms of leukemia) may frequently be found in concentrated smears, even though they may be missed on routine examination; however, massive invasion of peripheral blood is rare;
d. increased uric acid content of the blood and elevated basal metabolism, characteristic of leukemia, frequently seen also in myeloma;
e. occurrence of myeloma in youth;
f. symptomatology of multiple myeloma at times not referable to the osseous system.
2. Myeloma features in leukemia have been shown in:
a. skeletal involvement in leukemia;
b. very rare medullary forms of leukemia (without visceral involvement);
c. occurrence of Bence-Jones proteinuria or
d. hyperproteinemia with hyperglobulinemia in rare cases of leukemia;
e. instances when the symptomatology of leukemia was referable to the osseous system.
3. Coexistence of multiple myeloma and leukemia is reviewed from the literature, and a case is reported of extensive mixed lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration.
In conclusion, the difference between myeloma and leukemia, as far as the listed conventional distinguishing features are concerned, is merely one of incidence: what is rare in one disease, is common in the other, and vice versa. Multiple myeloma is in all probability a leukemia of plasma cells.
Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin
Authors: Langer E. E. , Haining R. G. , Labbe R. F. , Jacobs P. , Crosby E. F. , Finch C. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Blood protoporphyrin (PROTO) concentration in man and animals has been studied as a possible means of assessing the relationship between iron supply and marrow requirements. There appear to be two fractions of PROTO: one at a level of about 30 µg/ 100 ml unrelated to either iron supply or cell age, and a second fraction that appears when iron supply is limited and that has an elution T½ of 2-4 wk. Animal studies have demonstrated that increased erythropoiesis and reticulocytosis per se do not change PROTO, providing that there is an adequate (increased) plasma iron level. In phlebotomized man, within 1 or 2 wk following a decrease in plasma iron saturation to less than 15%, the PROTO levels become significantly elevated. In more chronic disease states associated with near normal rates of erythropoiesis, a transferrin saturation less than 15% is usually associated with increased PROTO. In patients with hemolytic anemia, the PROTO level rises even though plasma iron and per cent saturation values are higher. Evidence is presented suggesting that both the extent of marrow proliferation and erythropoietin stimulation may affect the PROTO response. The red cell PROTO concentration is an important parameter for assessing iron-deficient erythropoiesis, either relative or absolute. The usefulness of this parameter is compared with red cell indices, plasma iron, and transferrin saturation data.
The Metabolic Significance of Reduced Serum B12 in Folate Deficiency
Authors: Van Der Weyden Martin B. , Rother Mary , Firkin Barry G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The depressed serum B12 levels accompanying folate deficiency generally increase following folic acid therapy, and this phenomenon is cited as evidence that true B12 deficiency did not preexist in such instances. In this study, the metabolic significance of reduced serum B12 levels complicating folate deficiency was determined in bone marrow cultures by evaluation of abnormal incorporation of deoxyuridine into DNA-thymine, a defect characteristic of megaloblastic maturation due to folate or B12 deficiency. In in vitro marrow cultures of seven patients with folate deficiency and normal serum B12 levels, added B12 resulted in no change in the depressed incorporation of deoxyuridine into DNA-thymine, with complete correction of the defect by added folate. However, in marrow cultures of five patients with folate deficiency and depressed serum B12 levels, added B12 produced a partial correction of the defective deoxyuridine incorporation, with complete correction by added folate. In vivo pharmacologic doses of B12 in a patient with folate deficiency, but normal serum B12 levels, resulted in no alteration in the degree of morphologic megaloblastic maturation or the abnormal deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA-thymine. In contrast, in a patient with both B12 and folate deficiency, B12 therapy resulted in partial correction of the abnormal deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA-thymine. with simultaneous reduction in the degree of morphologic megaloblastic maturation. However, abnormal deoxyuridine incorporation into thymine-DNA, consequent to folate deficiency, persisted. Similar findings were obtained in a patient with folate deficiency and associated reduced serum B12. It is suggested that the depressed serum B12 in patients with folate deficiency represents a true deficiency for hemopoietic tissue and contributes to the megaloblastic maturation by its effect on folate metabolism.
Augmentation of Leukemic Lymphocyte Reactivity to Phytohemagglutinin by Salivary Receptor
Authors: Brody Jerome I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study demonstrates that the deficiency of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) receptors recently shown to be present on the leukemic lymphocyte may be ameliorated by incubating these cells with a biologically analogous material obtained from human saliva. This manuever, performed under controlled, standardized conditions, doubled the capacity of leukemic lymphocytes to incorporate 14C-thymidine during stimulation with phytohemagglutinin in cell culture. The present experiments serve as a prototype for possible in vivo modification of the leukemic lymphocyte surface to make this cell amenable to immunogenic stimuli and potentially more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents.
Anatomy of Red Cell Damage by Plasmodium falciparum in Man
Authors: Balcerzak Stanley P. , Arnold John D. , Martin Daniel C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The manner in which the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, invades and destroys human red cells is uncertain. Surface and internal anatomy of erythrocytes from subjects with parasitemia was examined in an effort to understand this process better. P. falciparum causes marked distortion of the surface of red cells. In parasitized cells, the bulk of the organism lies under a smooth erythrocyte exterior, but part of it is often associated with a highly irregular red cell surface defect. Many cells without parasites have cavitary surface defects. Their appearance suggests that they previously may have contained parasites. These morphologic observations offer possible explanations for premature destruction of parasitized as well as nonparasitized red cells.
Size Dependence of Ghosts From Stored Erythrocytes on Calcium and Adenosine Triphosphate
Authors: Palek Jiri , Curby William A. , Lionetti Fabian J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Heterogeneity within ghosts prepared from stored erythrocytes was studied by multichannel particle analysis of size distributions of reconstituted ghosts. On restoration of isotonicity of hemolysates from fresh erythrocytes, ghosts were smaller than the corresponding red cells. After subsequent incubation for 15 min, they swelled to a final stable volume. The hemolysis of stored erythrocytes and restoration of isotonicity yielded ghosts similar to those from fresh cells, but, after subsequent incubation, a second population of small ghosts appeared. This population resulted from markedly diminished ghost swelling, that is attributed to decreased sodium permeability and increased membrane rigidity, causing resistance to changes in volume. Erythrocyte ATP depletion during storage of ACD blood was associated with an increase in the percentage of small ghosts. Similar ghosts were produced from fresh cells when CaCl2 (1 x 10-6M) was introduced into ghosts during hemolysis. The erythrocyte calcium content increased during prolonged storage from 11.3 ± 6.3 µg atoms/liter of cells (stored for 1-2 wk) to 22.0 ± 7.0 µg atoms/liter of cells, after 7-9 wk of storage. The introduction of nucleotides (2 x 10-3M) into ghosts during hemolysis of stored cells prevented the appearance of small ghosts. The inhibitory effect was greater than predicted from stability constants of calcium nucleotide complexes, indicating the specific interaction of nucleotides with the membrane. The percentage of small ghosts from red cells stored for various times agreed with the percentage of nonviable cells derived from the literature. It is concluded that the decrease in ATP and the accumulation of calcium in stored erythrocytes induce conformational changes of membrane fibrous (contractile) proteins that results in decreases in membrane elasticity and permeability, which is in turn reflected by formation of small ghosts.
Increased Proportion of Complement-Receptor Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood of Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Pincus Seth , Bianco Celso , Nussenzweig Victor 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the present study we present evidence that the proportion of complement-receptor lymphocytes (CRL) is greatly increased in the circulation in most cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Lymphocytes (&gt; 99% pure, 70% recovery) were obtained from the peripheral blood of normal individuals by separation of the mononuclear cells from the leukocyte-enriched plasma by differential flotation in Hypaque-Ficoll and incubation of the mononuclear cells with iron-containing particles followed by removal of the phagocytes with a magnet. Complement - receptor lymphocytes were detected by incubating lymphocytes with sheep erythrocytes coated with antibody and mouse complement (EAC) and counting the EAC—CRL rosettes under the microscope. 7.1 ± 3.8% of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, 31.0 ± 6.9% of lymph node, and 59.6 ± 13.2% of tonsil lymphocytes bind EAC. The binding was C3-dependent since it could be inhibited specifically by papain fragments of rabbit antibodies to mouse C3. Among lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients with CLL, 50.7 ± 25.0% bear the complement receptor. These results suggest that CLL preferentially affects B cells.
The Effect of Postirradiation Bleeding or Endotoxin on Proliferation and Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Boggs Sallie S. , Chervenick Paul A. , Boggs Dane R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bleeding after irradiation failed to affect the time of onset or rate of regeneration of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment as measured by a split-dose irradiation method. Bleeding after a single 600 rad exposure hastened the time of onset of erythropoiesis as measured by spleen colonies and 59Fe uptake, but the early rise was abortive and the second increase began at the same time as the first increase seen in irradiated controls. The largest abortive increase was seen when bleeding occurred within 4 hr of irradiation. Lesser effects were seen when bleeding occurred 12 or 24 hr after and no effect 48 hr after irradiation. A generation time of 6.4 hr for a colony-forming cell that forms a colony in 4 days was calculated from the estimated number of cells in one such colony. Injection of cytosine arabinoside at the time of bleeding reduced colony numbers and 59Fe uptake equally in bled and control mice. Injection of 25 µg Salmonella typhosa endotoxin just after irradiation produced a similar early abortive rise in microscopic granulocytic colonies. These results are compatible with a model for pluripotential stem cell compartment in which: (1) differentiation and self-replication occur concomitantly unless the compartment is reduced below approximately 1O% of normal size; then self-replication occurs without appreciable differentiation; (2) for a short time (∼ 24 hr) after depletion below the threshold, differentiation can occur in response to strong stimuli.
Distinctions Between Idiopathic Ineffective Erythropoiesis and di Guglielmo’s Disease: Clinical and Biochemical Differences
Authors: Eastman Philip M. , Schwartz Richard , Schrier Stanley L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
While idiopathic ineffective erythropoiesis (IIE) and di Guglielmo’s disease (DD) are both characterized by intramedullary hemolysis, they can be distinguished clinically and biochemically. Twelve patients with IIE had normal platelet counts and morphologically normal myelopoiesis. Three patients with DD presented with pancytopenia and marrow myeloid immaturity. Conversion to acute myeloid leukemia occurred in the three DD patients but did not occur in the 12 IIE patients, who had a mean duration of anemia of 10.7 yr. Hemoglobin synthesis was well preserved in two DD patients, while six IIE patients had significant defects of both heme and globin synthesis. Defective heme synthesis in IIE could not be attributed to a defect of the heme synthetic enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase. The nature of the heme and globin synthesis defects in IIE remains unclear but may reflect a more fundamental abnormality of cell maturation or cell division in this disorder.
Survey of Staff Positions in Academic Hematology in 1971
Authors: Ranney Helen M. , Kinyon Louis , Sultz Harry A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A minimal estimate of the number of positions in academic hematology in the United States was 1159 of which 10% were unfilled in the fall of 1971. Exclusive of positions in federal institutions (Veterans Administration and military hospitals), 72% of the salary support for filled positions was derived from "hard money", and similar nogrant sources were available for the support of 74% of the salaries for unfilled positions. Private institutions had slightly less "hard money" salary support than did public institutions. A probable maximum of one-third of the positions now supported by grants would be supported by "hard money" were grant support to terminate.
The numbers of positions in academic hematology tripled in the 11 yr from 1960 to 1971. Because of the staffing needs for new medical schools, and the expansion of classes in existing medical schools as well as the need for physician-scientists in the developing programs in oncology and sickle cell disease, the growth of hematology will probably continue, albeit at a slower rate.
Academic hematologists’ research interests were divided among several areas. The primary interests of the largest numbers of researchers were oncology, red blood cells, hemostasis and coagulation, and immunohematology. Attention was directed to the rather small numbers of academic hematologists with research interests in blood banking, clinical laboratories, and nutrition. It is not clear whether efficient development of larger programs in oncology and sickle cell disease will require more academic hematologists with experience in these areas than are now available.
These data do not provide information about the overall national needs for hematologists in service laboratories in nonacademic institutions or in the delivery of health care. Nor do they provide the basis for any recommendations about the size or composition of divisions of hematology in medical schools. They do provide the first overall appraisal of the size, funding, and research areas in academic hematology in this country.
Red Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Intracellular Arterial pH in Acidosis and Alkalosis
Authors: Desforges Jane F. , Slawsky Philip 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
With the use of 14C-DMO (14C-5, 5-dimethyl-2,3-oxazolidinedione), a weak organic acid, we measured the intraerythrocytic hydrogen ion concentration in 16 acidotic and alkalotic patients. Whole blood pH, red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, plasma pCO2, and plasma bicarbonate were measured simultaneously on heparinized arterial blood. The results show: (1) hydrogen ion concentration in the red cell varies directly with that of whole blood, (2) red cell concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate varies inversely with the whole blood hydrogen ion concentration, and (3) red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration also varies inversely with the intracellular hydrogen ion concentration. There were no significant relationships between the arterial total hemoglobin or oxyhemoglobin and intracellular or whole blood pH, nor was there any relationship between plasma pCO2 or plasma bicarbonate and intracellular or whole blood pH. We concluded that in a number of clinical conditions in which the hydrogen ion concentration is altered, the cellular pH parallels that of the whole blood and that the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration varies with the hydrogen ion concentration.
Hemoglobin and Erythrocyte Catabolism in Rat Liver: The Separate Roles of Parenchymal and Sinusoidal Cells
Authors: Bissell D. Montgomery , Hammaker Lydia , Schmid Rudi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The liver participates in the removal from the circulation of both damaged red blood cells (RBC) and plasma hemoglobin. The specific hepatic cell types involved in these processes have been identified by fractionation of rat liver into pure isolates of parenchymal and sinusoidal cells. After injection of 59Fe-labeled hemoglobin, 85%-95% of the radioactivity in the liver was associated with the parenchymal cells, regardless of whether the hemoglobin was bound to haptoglobin or was free in plasma. By contrast, 59Fe-labeled spherocytic RBC were sequestered entirely by the sinusoidal cell population. Stimulation of microsomal heme oxygenase by administered hemoglobin or RBC indicated that these cell fractions not only sequester but also degrade the ingested hemoglobin-heme. Infusion of doubly labeled 59Fe, 125-I-hemoglobin indicated that the hepatic parenchymal cells remove the intact hemoglobin molecule without exchange or transfer of the heme moiety to other carrier proteins. By contrast, heme bound to albumin was detached from the albumin before its uptake by the parenchymal cells. These findings suggest that, contrary to previous belief, hepatic parenchymal cells play a key role in the metabolism of plasma hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin Biosynthesis in Murine Virus-induced Leukemic Cells In Vitro: Structure and Amounts of Globin Chains Produced
Authors: Boyer Samuel H. , Wuu Kuang Dong , Noyes Andrea N. , Young Rondall , Scher William , Friend Charlotte , Preisler Harvey D. , Bank Arthur 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tryptic peptides characteristic of mouse hemoglobin α- and diffuse-type β-chains were isolated from dimethylsulfoxide-treated mouse leukemia virus-infected cell cultures. Quantitative estimates of in vitro hemoglobin synthesis by such cultures were obtained by two different methods: by analysis of radioactive amino acid incorporation, and by single-cell radial immunodiffusion assay. The amounts produced, approximately 4 pg/cell/17 hr, reflect a synthetic capacity that is probably sufficient for 32P labeling of hemoglobin messenger RNAs (mRNA) in quantities commensurate with structural characterization of mRNAs by radioautographic methods.
Leukofibrinolysis
Authors: Lewis Jessica H. , Szeto Isabel L. F. , Bayer William L. , Curiel Dario C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Glycogen-stimulated dog peritoneal leukocytes phagocytize particulate fibrin in a manner similar to that described for phagocytosis of bacteria. After phagocytosis the fibrin is solubilized, and degradation products, called here MISFI (molecules immunologically similar to fibrinogen), are released into the surrounding media. Whole, viable leukocytes are necessary; disrupted cells have little or no activity. This process of leukocytic ingestion and digestion of fibrin is called leukofibrinolysis. It is inhibited by many of the same substances that inhibit fibrinolysis. Serum, a potent fibrinolytic inhibitor, does not inhibit leukofibrinolysis.
Negative Direct Coombs’ Tests in Narcotic Addicts Receiving Maintenance Doses of Methadone
Authors: Sherwood Geoffrey K. , McGinniss Mary H. , Katon Richard N. , DuPont Robert L. , Webster J. Blair 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Direct Coombs’ tests (antiglobulin tests) were performed on blood from 103 opiate users prior to methadone maintenance therapy and 67 long-term methadone maintenance patients. No positive tests were observed in either group. Drug urinalyses revealed that all of the methadone maintenance patients were, in fact, taking methadone, as well as other drugs. This result conflicts with a report in which 85% of the methadone maintenance patients had positive direct Coombs’ tests.
Cyclic Fluctuation in Blood Granulocyte DNA Labeling: Comparison of Tritiated Thymidine and Radiophosphorus
Authors: Walker Richard I. , Cole Enser W. , Glasser Robert M. , Herion John C. , Palmer Jeffress G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
DNA labeling studies with 3HT and 32P have been done in horses. Frequent sampling has defined cyclic fluctuations in blood granulocyte DNA label content with a cycle time of around 27 hr. Simultaneous labeling studies in the same animals have produced blood granulocyte DNA labeling curves that are nearly identical indicating significant reutilization of 3HT.
Studies on the Hemoglobins of Pinnipeds
Authors: Lincoln David R. , Edmunds Diana T. , Gribble T. John , Schwartz Herbert C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The hemoglobins of seven species of pinnipeds-elephant, ribbon, fur, harbor, and grey seals, walrus, and California sea lion-had two major and one minor hemoglobin fractions on electrophoresis at pH 8.6. One of the major fractions in all seven species had the same electrophoretic mobility. The second fractions of the gray, harbor, and ribbon seals were similar, but different from the second fractions of the walrus, fur seal, and sea lion. The second fraction of the elephant seal was different from all the others. The proportion of the two major fractions was about 3:1 in the elephant, grey, ribbon, and harbor seals, and about 1:1 in the fur seal, walrus, and sea lion. These results correlated well with the pinniped phylogenetic chart derived by classical morphology. All hemoglobin fractions were found to be alkali sensitive and heat stable. Gel filtration studies with Sephadex G-75 and G-100 indicated that the elephant seal hemoglobins had a mol wt of about 65,000. The amino acid compositions of the chains isolated from the hemoglobin fractions suggested that in the elephant seal one major fraction had two alpha and two beta chains, and the other major fraction had four like chains. The presence of a hemoglobin which is composed of a tetramer of like chains could be functionally advantageous to deep diving mammals.