bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Behaviour of Economic Agent in Islam
Authors: Al Hakim Muhammad Hanif 
Published: August 2019

Abstract: Some notable economists believe that Economics is of normative science, which always focuses on the 'what should be' statement. Therefore it is included in the science of ethics, considering that it discusses an attitude of an individual in economic activity. Unfortunately, modern economics born from the womb of Western Civilization was influenced by Utilitarianism which is undoubtedly contradictary to Islam. This certainly will create problems in the future for Muslims, especially in economic activities both on an individual and social scale. This article will discuss how the behavior of an economic agent should be viewed by Islam. This research is qualitative in nature, using the methos of literature survey. The results of the study show that the correct understanding of Islam, the worldview of Islam, and the true nature of human beings and their actions will keep Muslim behavior as an economic agent from being trapped into un-Islamic behavior in economic activities. الملخص: اعتقد بعض الاقتصاديين البارزين أن الاقتصاد هو نوع من العلوم المعيارية، والذي يركز دائمًا على عبارة "ما يجب أن يكون". فمن ثم هو من علم الأخلاق، معتبرا أنه يناقش كيف يتصرف الشخص في النشاط الاقتصادي. لكن لسوء الحظ، تأثرت الاقتصاد الحديث المولود من رحم الحضارة الغربية بالنفعية التي تناقضت الإسلام بلا شك. سيؤدي هذا خلق مشاكل للمسلمين في المستقبل خاصة في الأنشطة الاقتصادية سواء على المستوى الفردي أو الاجتماعي. يناقش هذا المقال كيف يكون موقف الوكيل الاقتصادي وفقًا للإسلام. هذا البحث هو نوعي في الطبيعة ، وذلك باستخدام منهجية مسح الأدب ومراجعته. تظهر نتائج الدراسة أن الفهم الصحيح للإسلام، ورؤية الإسلام للوجود، والطبيعة الحقيقية للبشر وأفعالهم سوف تبقي سلوك المسلمين كعوامل اقتصادية من الوقوع في سلوك غير إسلامي في الأنشطة الاقتصادية. Abstrak; Beberapa ekonom terkemuka menyakini bahwa Ilmu Ekonomi merupakan jenis ilmu normatif, yang selalu fokus kepada pernyataan ‘apa yang seharusnya’. Oleh karena itu ia termasuk ilmu etika, mengingat ia membahas bagaimana sikap seorang dalam beraktifitas ekonomi. Namun sayangnya, Ilmu Ekonomi modern yang lahir dari rahim Peradaban Barat ini dipengaruhi paham Utilitarisme yang tidak diragukan lagi bertentangan dengan Islam. Hal ini tentu akan melahirkan masalah dikemudian hari bagi umat Islam khususnya dalam aktivitas ekonomi baik dalam skala individu maupun sosial. Artikel ini akan membahas bagaimana seharusnya perilaku seorang agen ekonomi dipandang oleh agama Islam. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif, dengan menggunakan metodologi survei literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesimpulan bahwa pemahaman yang benar tentang Agama Islam, pandangan dunia Islam, dan sifat asli manusia dan perbuatannya akan menjaga perilaku Muslim sebagai agen ekonomi dari terjebak kedalam perilaku yang tidak Islami dalam beraktifitas ekonomi.
A randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention to promote Oral and dental health of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mallekmahmoodi Maryam , Shamsi Mohsen , Roozbahani Nasrin , Moradzadeh Rahmatalah 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background

Diabetes is the most prevalent disease resulted from metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of training based on health belief model on oral hygiene-related behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

This study was conducted as a quasi-experimental research on 120 patients with type 2 diabetes referring to a diabetes clinic selected through systematic sampling, who were assigned to two groups of control (N=60) and intervention (N=60). The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire based on health belief model which was completed for both groups before the intervention. Then, the intervention group received 4 sessions of training based on health belief model in one month and the same questionnaire was completed again after 3 months and the obtained data were analyzed.

Results

Three months after the intervention, awareness of the patients and perceived susceptibility, benefits, self-efficacy, internal cue to action and performance in oral hygiene-related behaviors had a significant increase in the intervention group (p<0.05) so that the performance of the intervention group was 2.16±0.71 before the training and significantly increased to 3.25±0.49 after the training (p<0.001).

Conclusion

Training the patients with diabetes based on health belief model and performing active follow-ups can enhance their skills in the field of oral hygiene-related behaviors. Also, control, monitoring and training follow-up is recommended during these programs.
The effect of low dose ketamine on postoperative quality of recovery in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: a randomized, placebo controlled trial
Authors: Han Yuan , Zhao Zijian , Xu Qiqi , Chen Yao , Liu Chen , Zhang Fangfang , Gao Xing , Guan Huilian , Dai Mingsheng , Liu He , Cao Junli 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Intraoperative low dose ketamine has been widely studied for postoperative multimodal analgesia. However, the effect of low dose ketamine on postoperative quality of recovery in female patients undergoing breast cancer surgery has not been studied. The primary aim of this study was to assess the effects of low dose ketamine on postoperative quality of recovery in these patients using the 40-Item Quality of Recovery (QoR-40) scale. The second aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intraoperative infusion of low-dose ketamine on chronic postoperative surgical pain (CPSP). Methods: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind trial, 100 patients planned for modified radial mastectomy were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control group (group C) and ketamine group (group K). After induction of anesthesia and before surgical incision, a bolus dose of 0.5 mg/kg ketamine or an equivalent volume of normal saline was injected followed by 0.25 mg/kg/h ketamine or normal saline infusions until skin closure. Postoperative recovery profiles, including the QoR-40 scores on postoperative day 1, numeric rating scale (NRS), and douleur neuropathique 4 (DN-4) questionnaire at postoperative month 3 were evaluated. In addition, patient characteristics, perioperative parameters, and safety outcomes were assessed. Results: Global QoR-40 scores on postoperative day 1 were not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.139). Of the five dimensions, emotional state and pain scores were significantly higher in group K than in group C (p = 0.044 and 0.023, respectively). At postoperative month 3, CPSP and neuropathic pain (NP) were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.259 and 0.959, respectively). The incidence of safety outcomes were similar between groups. Conclusion: Low dose ketamine did not improve overall quality of recovery or chronic pain in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery.
A novel method for observing proportional group awareness and consensus of items arising from list-generating questioning
Authors: Jandhyala Ravi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Methodologies used to gain consensus among healthcare professionals, including variations of the Delphi technique and the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method, all force a consensus, corrupting the original opinion through the consensus-generating process. Furthermore, none assess knowledge awareness of the experts prior to the consensus process.
Methods: Four case studies about X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) are reported to demonstrate the principle of group ‘awareness’ of items, consensus and the concept of prompted agreement. The novel methodology consisted of two surveys: Round 1 was an item-generation round in which participants were asked an open-ended question. Responses to Round 1 were collated into themes and developed into mutually exclusive items. Item generating was also performed using systematic literature reviews when appropriate. Items generated were used to develop a structured questionnaire (Round 2) comprising statements for which each participant identified their level of agreement using a five-point Likert scale. All responses were analysed anonymously. Item awareness, observed agreement consensus and prompted agreement were objectively measured.
Results: The free-text responses to the item-generation round tested the awareness of specific concepts or items regarding setting up a European registry for XLH, the limitations of empirical treatment for XLH in children and adults, and triggers for treatment of XLH in adults. The four case studies showed different levels of item awareness, observed consensus and various degrees of prompted agreement. All participants agreed or strongly agreed with statements based on the most frequent items listed in Round 1. Less frequent items generated during Round 1 had various degrees of prompted agreement consensus, and some did not reach the consensus threshold of >50% agreement by the participants.
Conclusions: Observed proportional group awareness and consensus is a relatively quick process compared with the Delphi technique and its variants, providing objective assessment of expert knowledge and standardized categorization of items with regard to awareness, consensus and prompting. It offers the opportunity for tailored management of each item or concept in terms of educational need and further investigation.
The Effect of Distraction Techniques on Pain and Stress during Labor: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Amiri Paria , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Esmaeilpour Khalil , Kamalifard Mahin , Ivanbagha Reyhaneh 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of distraction techniques on labor pain and stress (primary outcomes), fear of childbirth, and length of delivery stages (secondary outcomes).

Methods

A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 68 pregnant women. Participants were allocated into two intervention and control groups by blocked randomization. Participants in the intervention group received distraction techniques in four sessions. Questionnaires of Fear of Childbirth (W-DEQ version A) and PSS once were completed before intervention and again at the 36th week for the W-DEQ and in the active phase for the PSS through interviews. The pain was assessed through VAS during active phase per hour. The length of delivery stages was recorded in the partograph chart. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and ANCOVA.

Results

The mean of perceived stress during labor in the intervention group was significantly less than that of the control group (AMD: -3.2; 95% CI: -0.8 to -6.0; P= 0.01). The mean (SD) of pain intensity was 6.2 (1.4) and 7.5 (1.4) in the intervention and control groups, respectively, which indicated a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.001). Although the mean score of fear in 36th week in the intervention group (29.1) was less than of the control group (39.1), there was no significant difference between the two groups (P= 0.170). Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the length of the delivery stages (P>0.05).

Conclusion

According to the results, distraction techniques can reduce the pain and stress of labor, but further studies are needed to reach a decisive conclusion.
Effect of intraocular lens implantation on visual field in patients with glaucoma and comorbid cataracts
Authors: Zhao Can , Cun Qing , Tao Yijin , Yang Wenyan , Zhong Hua , Li Fengjie , Tighe Sean , Zhu Yingting , Wang Ting 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The authors have removed this preprint from Research Square.
A dynamic river network method for the prediction of floods using a parsimonious rainfall-runoff model
Authors: Tsegaw Aynalem Tassachew , Skaugen Thomas , Alfredsen Knut , Muthanna Tone M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Floods are one of the major climate-related hazards and cause casualties and substantial damage. Accurate and timely flood forecasting and design flood estimation are important to protect lives and property. The Distance Distribution Dynamic (DDD) is a parsimonious rainfall-runoff model which is being used for flood forecasting at the Norwegian flood forecasting service. The model, like many other models, underestimates floods in many cases. To improve the flood peak prediction, we propose a dynamic river network method into the model. The method is applied for 15 catchments in Norway and tested on 91 flood peaks. The performance of DDD in terms of KGE and BIAS is identical with and without dynamic river network, but the relative error (RE) and mean absolute relative error (MARE) of the simulated flood peaks are improved significantly with the method. The 0.75 and 0.25 quantiles of the RE are reduced from 41% to 23% and from 22% to 1%, respectively. The MARE is reduced from 32.9% to 15.7%. The study results also show that the critical support area is smaller in steep and bare mountain catchments than flat and forested catchments.
A review of the effects of climate change on riverine flooding in subtropical and tropical regions
Authors: Eccles Rohan , Zhang Hong , Hamilton David 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTropical and subtropical regions can be particularly severely affected by flooding. Climate change is expected to lead to more intense precipitation in many regions of the world, increasing the frequency and magnitude of flood events. This paper presents a review of studies assessing the impacts of climate change on riverine flooding in the world's tropical and subtropical regions. A systematic quantitative approach was used to evaluate the literature. The majority of studies reported increases in flooding under climate change, with the most consistent increases predicted for South Asia, South East Asia, and the western Amazon. Results were more varied for Latin America and Africa where there was a notable paucity of studies. Our review points to the need for further studies in these regions as well as in Australia, in small to mid-sized catchments, and in rapidly urbanising catchments in the developing world. Adoption of non-stationary flood analysis techniques and improved site-specific socio-economic and environmental model scenarios were identified as important future directions for research. Data accessibility and mitigation of model uncertainty were recognised as the principal issues faced by researchers investigating the impacts of climate change on tropical and subtropical rivers.
Do domestic animals contribute to bacterial contamination of infant transmission pathways? Formative evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Budge Sophie , Hutchings Paul , Parker Alison , Tyrrel Sean , Tulu Tizita , Gizaw Mesfin , Garbutt Camila 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChild stunting is associated with poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), partly due to the effect of infection on intestinal nutrient absorption. WASH interventions, however, show little effect on growth. A hypothesis is that bacterial contamination of hands and floors from domestic animals and their faeces, and subsequent ingestion via infant hand-to-mouth behaviours, may explain this. This formative study used microbial testing and survey and observational data from 20 households in Ethiopia to characterise principle bacterial transmission pathways to infants, considering WASH facilities and practices, infant behaviours and animal exposure. Microbial swabbing showed the contamination of hands and floor surfaces from thermotolerant coliform bacteria. Animal husbandry practices, such as keeping animals inside, contributed significantly (all p &lt; 0.005). There was no evidence that latrine facilities mitigated contamination across infant (p = 0.76) or maternal (p = 0.86) hands or floor surfaces (p = 0.36). This small study contributes to the evidence that animal faeces are an important source of domestic bacterial contamination. The results imply that interventions aiming to reduce pathogen transmission to infants should think beyond improving WASH and also consider the need to separate infants and animals in the home. Intervention studies will be required to determine whether this reduces infant infection and improves linear growth.
Households' preferences for water tariff structures in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Suwal Bhim Raj , Zhao Jane , Raina Aditi , Wu Xun , Chindarkar Namrata , Bal Kumar K. C. , Whittington Dale 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite being politically sensitive, water tariffs are frequently administered without information about households' preferences for tariff structures. In this paper we examine the tariff preferences of 1,500 households in Kathmandu, Nepal. We first use a bivariate probit model to examine stated preferences for (1) an increasing block tariff (IBT) and (2) a positive fixed charge. We find that household preferences for IBTs and fixed charges are not easily explained by household socioeconomic and water use characteristics. Second, we ask respondents what they think a fair water bill would be for a randomly assigned quantity of water. We model the responses as a function of both quantity and household socioeconomic and water use characteristics. While households support a water tariff that results in a household's water bill increasing as a household's water use increases, we do not find evidence that households support an increasing, nonlinear relationship between water use and a household's water bill. Our results suggest that respondents desire affordable piped water services and water bills that are calculated fairly for everyone. Because the notion of fairness in Kathmandu varies, utility managers may have considerable latitude in choosing a tariff structure that focuses on other objectives, such as cost recovery, revenue stability, and economic efficiency.
Anti-viral Effects of Superpositively Charged Mutant of Green Fluorescent Protein
Authors: Vahabpour Rouhollah , Basimi Parya , Roohvand Farzin , Asadi Hassan , Irani Gholnaz M. , Zabihollahi Rezvan , Bolhassani Azam 
Published: August 2019

Background:Supercharged GFP proteins were known as effective carriers for delivery of macromolecules into eukaryotic cells as well as fluorescent fusion tags for in vitro and in vivo detection.Objective:Herein, anti-viral effects of +36 GFP and its anti-tumor effects were studied in vitro and in vivo, respectively.Methods:We evaluated anti-HIV, anti-HSV, and anti-HCV effects of +36 GFP in vitro using ELISA, and real time PCR as common techniques for their detection, respectively. Moreover, we assessed the role of +36 GFP for eliciting HPV-related anti-tumor effects in mice due to the lack of HPV replication in vitro.Results:Our data showed that +36 GFP efficiently enter the cells and augment the transfection rate of HPV16E7 antigen, as well. Furthermore, +36 GFP significantly reduced HCV, HIV and HSV replication up to 75%, 49% and 43% in HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells, HIV-infected Hela cells and HSV-infected Vero cells, respectively. On the other hand, mice immunization with +36 GFP complexed with HPV16 E7 antigen (+36GFP + E7) or fused to HPV16 E7 antigen (+36GFP-E7) elicited a higher Th1 cellular immune response with the predominant IgG2a, IgG2b, IFN-γ and Granzyme B levels than those induced by other groups. These regimens protected mice against TC- 1 tumor challenge (~ 67%) compared to E7 protein alone (~ 33%). These data suggested that +36 GFP can act as an anti-viral agent at certain dose due to its high efficiency in cell penetration in vitro and in vivo.Conclusion:Generally, +36 GFP targets viral replication in vitro as well as helps to suppress the growth of HPV-related tumors in vivo.
The Tangled Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cancer: An Innovative Pharmacological Approach
Authors: Bottoni Patrizia , Scatena Roberto 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Mitochondria are remarkably gaining significant and different
pathogenic roles in cancer (i.e., to sustain specific metabolism, to activate signaling pathways,
to promote apoptosis resistance, to favor cancer cell dissemination, and finally to facilitate
genome instability). Interestingly, all these roles seem to be linked to the fundamental activity
of mitochondria, i.e. oxidative metabolism. Intriguingly, a typical modification of mitochondrial
oxidative metabolism and reactive oxygen species production/ neutralization seems to
have a central role in all these tangled pathogenic roles in cancer. On these bases, a careful
understanding of the molecular relationships between cancer and mitochondria may represent
a fundamental step to realize therapeutic approaches blocking the typical cancer progression.
The main aim of this review is to stress some neglected aspects of oxidative mitochondrial
metabolism of cancer cells to promote more translational research with diagnostic and therapeutic
potential.

Methods:
We reviewed the available literature regarding clinical and experimental studies on
various roles of mitochondria in cancer, with attention to the cancer cell mitochondrial metabolism.

Results:
Mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species. Their toxic effects
seem to increase in cancer cells. However, it is not clear if damage depends on ROS overproduction
and/or defect in detoxification. Failure of both these processes is likely a critical
component of the cancer process and is strictly related to the actual microenvironment of cancer
cells.

Conclusions:
Mitochondria, also by ROS production, have a fundamental
pathogenetic role in promoting and maintaining cancer and its spreading. To
carefully understand the tangled redox state of cancer cells mitochondria represents
a fundamental step to realize therapeutic approaches blocking the typical cancer
progression.
ACAT1 as a Therapeutic Target and its Genetic Relationship with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Alavez-Rubio Jessica Sarahi , Juarez-Cedillo Teresa 
Published: August 2019

Background:Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive disease which impacts caregivers, families and societies physically, psychologically and economically. Currently available drugs can only improve cognitive symptoms, have no impact on progression and are not curative, so identifying and studying new drug targets is important. There are evidences which indicate disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis can be related with AD pathology, especially the compartmentation of intracellular cholesterol and cytoplasmic cholesterol esters formed by acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) can be implicated in the regulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, involved in AD. Blocking ACAT1 activity, beneficial effects are obtained, so it has been suggested that ACAT1 can be a potential new therapeutic target. The present review discusses the role of cholesterol homeostasis in AD pathology, especially with ACAT inhibitors, and how they have been raised as a therapeutic approach. In addition, the genetic relationship of ACAT and AD is discussed.Conclusion:Although there are several lines of evidence from cell-based and animal studies that suggest that ACAT inhibition is an effective way of reducing cerebral Aβ, there is still an information gap in terms of mechanisms and concerns to cover before passing to the next level. Additionally, an area of interest that may be useful in understanding AD to subsequently propose new therapeutic approaches is pharmacogenetics; however, there is still a lot of missing information in this area.