bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the age of the first infection for skin sores and scabies in five remote communities in northern Australia
Authors: Lydeamore M. J. , Campbell P. T. , Cuningham W. , Andrews R. M. , Kearns T. , Clucas D. , Gundjirryirr Dhurrkay R. , Carapetis J. , Tong S. Y. C. , McCaw J. M. , McVernon J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPrevalence of skin sores and scabies in remote Australian Aboriginal communities remains unacceptably high, with Group AStreptococcus(GAS) the dominant pathogen. We aim to better understand the drivers of GAS transmission using mathematical models. To estimate the force of infection, we quantified the age of first skin sores and scabies infection by pooling historical data from three studies conducted across five remote Aboriginal communities for children born between 2001 and 2005. We estimated the age of the first infection using the Kaplan–Meier estimator; parametric exponential mixture model; and Cox proportional hazards. For skin sores, the mean age of the first infection was approximately 10 months and the median was 7 months, with some heterogeneity in median observed by the community. For scabies, the mean age of the first infection was approximately 9 months and the median was 8 months, with significant heterogeneity by the community and an enhanced risk for children born between October and December. The young age of the first infection with skin sores and scabies reflects the high disease burden in these communities.
Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia
Authors: Kähkönen Kaisa , Rönkä Anna , Hujo Mika , Lyytikäinen Arja , Nuutinen Outi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between sensory-based food education implemented in early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres and children’s willingness to choose and eat vegetables, berries and fruit, and whether the mother’s education level and children’s food neophobia moderate the linkage.DesignThe cross-sectional study involved six ECEC centres that provide sensory-based food education and three reference centres. A snack buffet containing eleven different vegetables, berries and fruit was used to assess children’s willingness to choose and eat the food items. The children’s parents completed the Food Neophobia Scale questionnaire to assess their children’s food neophobia.SettingECEC centres that provide sensory-based food education and reference ECEC centres in Finland.SubjectsChildren aged 3–5 years in ECEC (n 130) and their parents.ResultsSensory-based food education was associated with children’s willingness to choose and eat vegetables, berries and fruit. This association was stronger among the children of mothers with a low education level. A high average level of neophobia in the child group reduced the children’s willingness to choose vegetables, berries and fruit. No similar tendency was observed in the group that had received sensory-based food education. Children’s individual food neophobia had a negative association with their willingness to choose and eat the vegetables, berries and fruit.ConclusionsChild-oriented sensory-based food education seems to provide a promising method for promoting children’s adoption of vegetables, berries and fruit in their diets. In future sensory food education research, more focus should be placed on the effects of the education at the group level.
Are the resources adoptive for conducting team-based diabetes management clinics? An explorative study at primary health care centers in Muscat, Oman
Authors: Al-Alawi Kamila , Johansson Helene , Al Mandhari Ahmed , Norberg Margareta 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to explore the perceptions among primary health center staff concerning competencies, values, skills and resources related to team-based diabetes management and to describe the availability of needed resources for team-based approaches.BackgroundThe diabetes epidemic challenges services available at primary health care centers in the Middle East. Therefore, there is a demand for evaluation of the available resources and team-based diabetes management in relation to the National Diabetes Management Guidelines.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted with 26 public primary health care centers in Muscat, the capital of Oman. Data were collected from manual and electronic resources as well as a questionnaire that was distributed to the physician-in-charge and diabetes management team members.FindingsThe study revealed significant differences between professional groups regarding how they perceived their own competencies, values and skills as well as available resources related to team-based diabetes management. The perceived competencies were high among all professions. The perceived team-related values and skills were also generally high but with overall lower recordings among the nurses. This pattern, along with the fact that very few nurses have specialized qualifications, is a barrier to providing team-based diabetes management. Participants indicated that there were sufficient laboratory resources; however, reported that pharmacological, technical and human resources were lacking. Further work should be done at public primary diabetes management clinics in order to fully implement team-based diabetes management.
Reionization Models Classifier using 21cm Map Deep Learning
Authors: Hassan Sultan , Liu Adrian , Kohn Saul , Aguirre James E. , Plante Paul La , Lidz Adam 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNext-generation 21cm observations will enable imaging of reionization on very large scales. These images will contain more astrophysical and cosmological information than the power spectrum, and hence providing an alternative way to constrain the contribution of different reionizing sources populations to cosmic reionization. Using Convolutional Neural Networks, we present a simple network architecture that is sufficient to discriminate between Galaxy-dominated versus AGN-dominated models, even in the presence of simulated noise from different experiments such as the HERA and SKA.
The faint-end of galaxy luminosity functions at the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Yue B. , Castellano M. , Ferrara A. , Fontana A. , Merlin E. , Amorín R. , Grazian A. , Mármol-Queralto E. , Michałowski M. J. , Mortlock A. , Paris D. , Parsa S. , Pilo S. , Santini P. , Di Criscienzo M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDuring the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), feedback effects reduce the efficiency of star formation process in small halos or even fully quench it. The galaxy luminosity function (LF) may then turn over at the faint-end. We analyze the number counts of z > 5 galaxies observed in the fields of four Frontier Fields (FFs) clusters and obtain constraints on the LF faint-end: for the turn-over magnitude at z ∼ 6, MUVT ≳-13.3; for the circular velocity threshold of quenching star formation process, vc* ≲ 47 km s−1. We have not yet found significant evidence of the presence of feedback effects suppressing the star formation in small galaxies.
Line Intensity Mapping during the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Silva Marta B. , Zaroubi Saleem 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCharacterizing the properties and the evolution of the first stars and galaxies is a challenging task for traditional galaxy surveys since they are sensitivity limited and can only detect the brightest light sources. Three-dimensional intensity mapping (IM) of transition lines can be a valuable alternative to study the high redshift Universe given that this technique avoids sensitivity limitation problems by measuring the overall emission of a line, with a low resolution, without resolving its sources. While 21cm line IM surveys probe neutral hydrogen gas and can, therefore, be used to probe the state of the IGM and the evolution of the ionization field during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). IM surveys of other lines, such as CO, CII, Ly-alpha or H-alpha, can be used to probe the galaxies which emitted most of the ionizing radiation responsible for the EoR. These lines will trace the different ISM gas phases, the excitation state of this gas, its metallicity, etc. This study addresses IM of multiple transition lines and how it can be used to probe the EoR and to constrain the redshift evolution of galaxy properties.
Redundant Calibration: breaking the constraints of limited sky information
Authors: Joseph Ronniy C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe latest generation of low frequency radio interferometers, e.g. LOFAR, MWA, PAPER, has been pushing down the detection limits on the hydrogen signal from the Epoch of Reionisation. However, due to the challenges posed by foregrounds and instrumental systematics the signal has eluded detection thus far. To overcome these challenges we require a detailed understanding of the calibration of these relatively new telescopes. This led to a renewed interest in redundant calibration. Classical calibration schemes depend on sky models based on limited knowledge of the low frequency sky. Redundant calibration, however, allows us to escape our ignorance as it is sky model independent. We will review the field of redundant calibration, and present work we have undertaken to understand the limitations of this calibration method.
Wide-field LOFAR-LBA power-spectra analyses: Impact of calibration, polarization leakage and ionosphere
Authors: Gehlot Bharat K. , Koopmans Léon V. E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractContamination due to foregrounds, calibration errors and ionospheric effects pose major challenges in detection of the cosmic 21 cm signal in various Epoch of Reionization (EoR) experiments. We present the results of a study of a field centered on 3C196 using LOFAR Low Band observations, where we quantify various wide field and calibration effects such as gain errors, polarized foregrounds, and ionospheric effects. We observe a ‘pitchfork’ structure in the power spectrum of the polarized intensity in delay-baseline space, which leaks into the modes beyond the instrumental horizon. We show that this structure arises due to strong instrumental polarization leakage (~30%) towards Cas A which is far away from primary field of view. We measure a small ionospheric diffractive scale towards CasA resembling pure Kolmogorov turbulence. Our work provides insights in understanding the nature of aforementioned effects and mitigating them in future Cosmic Dawn observations.
Mean Energy Density of Photogenerated Magnetic Fields Throughout the EoR
Authors: Durrive Jean-Baptiste , Tashiro Hiroyuki , Langer Mathieu , Sugiyama Naoshi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThere seems to be magnetic fields at all scales and epochs in our Universe, but their origin at large scales remains an important open question of cosmology. In this work we focus on the generation of magnetic fields in the intergalactic medium due to the photoionizations by the first galaxies, all along the Epoch of Reionization. Based on previous studies which considered only isolated sources, we develop an analytical model to estimate the mean magnetic energy density accumulated in the Universe by this process. In our model, without considering any amplification process, the Universe is globally magnetized by this mechanism to the order of, at least, several 10−18 G during the Epoch of Reionization (i.e. a few 10−20 G comoving).
Constraining Lyman continuum escape using Machine Learning
Authors: Giri Sambit K. , Zackrisson Erik , Binggeli Christian , Pelckmans Kristiaan , Cubo Rubén , Mellema Garrelt 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will observe the rest-frame ultraviolet/optical spectra of galaxies from the epoch of reionization (EoR) in unprecedented detail. While escaping into the intergalactic medium, hydrogen-ionizing (Lyman continuum; LyC) photons from the galaxies will contribute to the bluer end of the UV slope and make nebular emission lines less prominent. We present a method to constrain leakage of the LyC photons using the spectra of high redshift (z ≳ 6) galaxies. We simulate JWST/NIRSpec observations of galaxies at z =6–9 by matching the fluxes of galaxies observed in the Frontier Fields observations of galaxy cluster MACS-J0416. Our method predicts the escape fraction fesc with a mean absolute error Δfesc ≈ 0.14. The method also predicts the redshifts of the galaxies with an error $\left\langle \frac{\Delta z}{(1+z)}\right\rangle \approx 0.0003$.
Exploring the dusty star-formation in the early Universe using intensity mapping
Authors: Lagache Guilaine 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn the last decade, it has become clear that the dust-enshrouded star formation contributes significantly to early galaxy evolution. Detection of dust is therefore essential in determining the properties of galaxies in the high-redshift universe. This requires observations at the (sub-)millimeter wavelengths. Unfortunately, sensitivity and background confusion of single dish observations on the one hand, and mapping efficiency of interferometers on the other hand, pose unique challenges to observers. One promising route to overcome these difficulties is intensity mapping of fluctuations which exploits the confusion-limited regime and measures the collective light emission from all sources, including unresolved faint galaxies. We discuss in this contribution how 2D and 3D intensity mapping can measure the dusty star formation at high redshift, through the Cosmic Infrared Background (2D) and [CII] fine structure transition (3D) anisotropies.
Observing the high redshift Universe with Euclid
Authors: Laureijs René 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEuclid enables the exploration of large sky areas with diffraction limited resolution in the optical and near-infrared, and is sensitive enough to detect targets at cosmological distances. This combination of capabilities gives Euclid a clear advantage over telescope facilities with larger apertures, both on ground and in space. The decision to mount in the NISP instrument one extra grism for the wavelength range 0.92-1.3 μm with a spectral resolution of R ≈260 makes possible a rest-frame UV survey of the early Universe in the redshift range 6.5 < z < 9.7. Euclid’s standard imaging with VIS in the 0.55-0.9 μm band and with NISP in the Y, J, H bands provide complementary photometry for further target identification and characterization. Euclid is a suitable facility to discover and map the spatial distribution of rare high-redshift targets and to collect statistically relevant samples, in particular of high redshift Lyα emitters and QSOs, which can be used as signposts of the cosmic structures. The Euclid surveys are also a starting point for deeper follow up observations of the individual high-z objects. We present the Euclid mission and discuss the detectability of high-z objects to probe the epoch of ionization.
EoR Foregrounds: the Faint Extragalactic Radio Sky
Authors: Prandoni Isabella 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA wealth of new data from upgraded and new radio interferometers are rapidly improving and transforming our understanding of the faint extra-galactic radio sky. Indeed the mounting statistics at sub-mJy and μJy flux levels is finally allowing us to get stringent observational constraints on the faint radio population and on the modeling of its various components. In this paper I will provide a brief overview of the latest results in areas that are potentially important for an accurate treatment of extra-galactic foregrounds in experiments designed to probe the Epoch of Reionization.
Galactic foreground science: Faraday Tomography at low frequencies
Authors: Haverkorn Marijke 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis contribution describes how low-frequency radio-spectropolarimetric imaging as done for Epoch of Reionization detection is used to investigate the nearby Galactic interstellar medium. The method of Faraday Tomography allows disentangling of every line of sight into various components in Faraday depth, which is a proxy for density-weighted magnetic field. I discuss instrumental biases and side effects of this method, and early results it has yielded.
Spectral Moments in Cyclostratigraphy: Advantages and Disadvantages Compared to More Classic Approaches
Authors: Sinnesael Matthias , Zivanovic Miroslav , De Vleeschouwer David , Claeys Philippe 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCyclostratigraphic analyses rely on techniques that trace astronomical components in paleoclimate signals. These techniques have demonstrated their value but rely on certain assumptions on the presence and quality of the astronomical imprint. Here we explore a new conceptual approach to time series analysis. Specifically, we evaluate the potential of spectral moments to characterize the full spectral characteristics of a record and thus not only the frequency ranges of interpreted astronomical components. Mathematically speaking, moments are unique quantities describing a specific set of points. In the case of spectral moments, we apply the concept of moments on the distribution of spectral power in a signal's periodogram. We present four case studies that illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the spectral moment approach in gaining insight in the (astronomical) features of a particular data record. We discuss the effects of outliers in a series, variable sedimentation rate, and changing climate dynamics on the spectral moments of a power spectrum. At the same time, we carry out a sedimentation rate reconstruction based on the spectral moment approach and compare that reconstruction to results obtained through classic approaches. Compared to classic approaches, the spectral moments approach is robust and requires less strict assumptions to obtain similar first‐order information. Yet such assumptions are still necessary to achieve more precise sedimentation rate reconstructions. In summary, we show that the spectral moments approach is suitable to obtain first‐order insights in variable components embedded in a depth series.
Updated SABER Night Atomic Oxygen and Implications for SABER Ozone and Atomic Hydrogen
Authors: Mlynczak Martin G. , Hunt Linda A. , Russell James M. , Marshall B. Thomas 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUpdated night atomic oxygen concentration (O) profiles from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration TIMED satellite are presented. These are derived from measurements of the OH(υ = 9 + 8) volume emission rates and photochemical balance relationships. The new night O concentrations are smaller than those originally derived in 2013 and yield physically realistic global annual mean energy budgets in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The update to the night O atom profiles is motivated by recent discovery and verification of large rates of collisional quenching of OH(υ) by atomic oxygen. The kinetic model relating the SABER‐observed OH emission rates to atomic oxygen is now consistent with these larger quenching rates and other literature values. The new, smaller SABER night O also confirms that SABER daytime ozone is too large. The new night O and OH(υ) model impacts the inference of day and night atomic hydrogen.
Radial Transport of Higher‐Energy Oxygen Ions Into the Deep Inner Magnetosphere Observed by Van Allen Probes
Authors: Mitani K. , Seki K. , Keika K. , Gkioulidou M. , Lanzerotti L. J. , Mitchell D. G. , Kletzing C. A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe transport mechanism of the ring current ions differs among ion energies. Lower‐energy (≲150 keV) ions are well known to be transported convectively. Higher‐energy (≳150 keV) protons are reported to be transported diffusively, while there are few reports about transport of higher‐energy oxygen ions. We report the radial transport of higher‐energy oxygen ions into the deep inner magnetosphere during the late main phase of the magnetic storm on 23–25 April 2013 observed by the Van Allen Probes spacecraft. An enhancement of 1–100 mHz magnetic fluctuations is simultaneously observed. Observations of 3 and 30 mHz geomagnetic pulsations indicate the azimuthal mode number is ≤10. The fluctuations can resonate with the drift and bounce motions of the oxygen ions. The results suggest that the combination of the drift and drift‐bounce resonances is responsible for the radial transport of higher‐energy oxygen ions.
Changes in the Shadow: The Shifting Role of Shaded Leaves in Global Carbon and Water Cycles Under Climate Change
Authors: He Liming , Chen Jing M. , Gonsamo Alemu , Luo Xiangzhong , Wang Rong , Liu Yang , Liu Ronggao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGlobally shaded leaves contribute to more than a half of the total increase in gross primary production (GPP; 7.6 Pg C) for 1982–2016. During 1982–2016, the fraction of shaded GPP increases by 1.1% (p < 0.01) in tropical forests and decreases by 1.4% (p < 0.01) and 1.8% (p < 0.01) in evergreen needleleaf and deciduous needleleaf boreal forests, respectively, suggesting an ecological niche of certain canopy structure for ecosystems to achieve maximum GPP. Unlike transpiration from sunlit leaves that has a turning point in the trend in 2003, global transpiration from shaded leaves steadily increased at the rate of 34 km3/year (p < 0.0001) during 1982–2016. Our study therefore suggests that shaded leaves have an increasing role in buffering the adverse impact of climate change and extremes. Further studies are still needed to reduce the uncertainties in reported trends arisen from climate forcing data, leaf area index, and land cover and land change products.
High‐Energy Emissions Induced by Air Density Fluctuations of Discharges
Authors: Köhn C. , Chanrion O. , Neubert T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBursts of X‐rays and γ‐rays are observed from lightning and laboratory sparks. They are bremsstrahlung from energetic electrons interacting with neutral air molecules, but it is still unclear how the electrons achieve the required energies. It has been proposed that the enhanced electric field of streamers, found in the corona of leader tips, may account for the acceleration; however, their efficiency is questioned because of the relatively low production rate found in simulations. Here we emphasize that streamers usually are simulated with the assumption of homogeneous gas, which may not be the case on the small temporal and spatial scales of discharges. Since the streamer properties strongly depend on the reduced electric field E/n, where n is the neutral number density, fluctuations may potentially have a significant effect. To explore what might be expected if the assumption of homogeneity is relaxed, we conducted simple numerical experiments based on simulations of streamers in a neutral gas with a radial gradient in the neutral density, assumed to be created, for instance, by a previous spark. We also studied the effects of background electron density from previous discharges. We find that X‐radiation and γ‐radiation are enhanced when the on‐axis air density is reduced by more than ∼25%. Pre‐ionization tends to reduce the streamer field and thereby the production rate of high‐energy electrons; however, the reduction is modest. The simulations suggest that fluctuations in the neutral densities, on the temporal and spacial scales of streamers, may be important for electron acceleration and bremsstrahlung radiation.