bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does region of origin influence the timing and outcome of first‐line antiretroviral therapy in France?
Authors: Gatey C , Brun A , Hamet G , Diamantis S , Sellier P , Bouchaud O , Garrait V , Rozenbaum W , Molina JM , Abgrall S ,   the COREVIH Ile de France Est Research Group
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess whether the timing of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation, the choice of cART and virological response differ in migrants versus European natives in the north and east of Paris area, after dissemination of French recommendations for universal treatment.MethodsAntiretroviral therapy‐naïve HIV‐1‐infected adults with at least two follow‐up visits at one of 15 participating centres between 1 January 2014 and 31 March 2015 were included in the study. Factors associated with cART initiation before 31 March 2015, with protease inhibitor (PI)‐containing cART among individuals initiating cART, and with 1‐year virological success after cART initiation were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. Sex, age, region of origin [Western Europe, sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) or other], HIV transmission group, baseline AIDS status, CD4 cell count and plasma viral load (VL), and hepatitis B and/or C virus infection were considered in the analyses.ResultsAmong 912 individuals, only 584 (64%) started cART during the study period. After adjustment, migrants from SSA were half as likely to initiate cART and to have a subsequent virological response compared with individuals from Western Europe [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.82; and aOR 0.52; 95% CI 0.28–0.98, respectively]. PI‐containing cART was more frequently prescribed in migrants from SSA, in people with lower CD4 cell counts and in people with higher VL.ConclusionsEven in the context of universal cART recommendations and of free access to care, migrants from SSA still have delayed access to cART and a lower virological response. Efforts are still necessary to provide immediate cART to all people living with HIV.
Nursing oral suction intervention to reduce aspiration and ventilator events (NO‐ASPIRATE): A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Sole Mary Lou , Talbert Steven , Yan Xin , Penoyer Daleen , Mehta Devendra , Bennett Melody , Middleton Aurea , Emery Kimberly Paige 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimThe primary aim of this study is to compare an oropharyngeal suction intervention versus usual care on microaspiration in intubated patients. Secondary aims are to evaluate the intervention on ventilator‐associated condition rates, time to occurrence and compare tracheal‐oral α‐amylase ratios between groups.DesignProspective randomized clinical trial.MethodsThe study received funding from the National Institutes of Health in February 2014 and Institutional Review Board approval in July 2013. Over 4 years, a convenience sample of 600 orally intubated, ventilated adult patients will be enrolled within 24 hr of intubation. The target sample is 400 participants randomized to the two groups. The intervention involves enhanced suctioning of the mouth and oropharynx every 4 hr, while the usual care group receives a sham suctioning. The research team will deliver usual oral care to all patients every 4 hr and collect oral and tracheal specimens every 12 hr, to quantify α‐amylase levels to detect aspiration of oral secretions. Study completers must be enrolled at least 36 hr (baseline and three paired samples). Outcomes include α‐amylase levels, percent of positive specimens, ventilator‐associated conditions, length of stay, ventilator hours, and discharge disposition.DiscussionEnrolment has closed, and data analysis has begun. Subgroup analyses emerged, contributing to future research knowledge.ImpactStandardized interventions have reduced but do not address all risk factors associated with ventilator‐associated conditions. This study provides the potential to reduce microaspiration and associated sequelae in critically ill, intubated patients.
Are endocasts good proxies for brain size and shape in archosaurs throughout ontogeny?
Authors: Watanabe Akinobu , Gignac Paul M. , Balanoff Amy M. , Green Todd L. , Kley Nathan J. , Norell Mark A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCranial endocasts, or the internal molds of the braincase, are a crucial correlate for investigating the neuroanatomy of extinct vertebrates and tracking brain evolution through deep time. Nevertheless, the validity of such studies pivots on the reliability of endocasts as a proxy for brain morphology. Here, we employ micro‐computed tomography imaging, including diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced CT, and a three‐dimensional geometric morphometric framework to examine both size and shape differences between brains and endocasts of two exemplar archosaur taxa – the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). With ontogenetic sampling, we quantitatively evaluate how endocasts differ from brains and whether this deviation changes during development. We find strong size and shape correlations between brains and endocasts, divergent ontogenetic trends in the brain‐to‐endocast correspondence between alligators and chickens, and a comparable magnitude between brain–endocast shape differences and intraspecific neuroanatomical variation. The results have important implications for paleoneurological studies in archosaurs. Notably, we demonstrate that the pattern of endocranial shape variation closely reflects brain shape variation. Therefore, analyses of endocranial morphology are unlikely to generate spurious conclusions about large‐scale trends in brain size and shape. To mitigate any artifacts, however, paleoneurological studies should consider the lower brain–endocast correspondence in the hindbrain relative to the forebrain; higher size and shape correspondences in chickens than alligators throughout postnatal ontogeny; artificially ‘pedomorphic’ shape of endocasts relative to their corresponding brains; and potential biases in both size and shape data due to the lack of control for ontogenetic stages in endocranial sampling.
Sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriated end (SEE‐FIM) of the fallopian tube in routine practices, is it worth the effort?
Authors: Laokulrath Natthawadee , Warnnissorn Malee , Chuangsuwanich Tuenjai , Hanamornroongruang Suchanan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimTo determine the prevalence of fallopian tube high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and to analyze the benefit of the sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriated end (SEE‐FIM) protocol.MethodsFallopian tubes from 450 patients with risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy, or tumor of the ovary, endometrium, fallopian tube or peritoneum were examined using the SEE‐FIM protocol. Microscopic tubal pathology and the number of paraffin blocks used were evaluated. Immunostaining for p53 was performed to confirm TP53 mutation. Cost effectiveness was determined by equation of incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio.ResultsTubal HGSC were detected in 25 out of 70 cases of pelvic extrauterine HGSC, in 1 case of endometrioid carcinoma, and 4 cases of uterine serous carcinoma out of 250 cases of endometrial neoplasm. The mean number of tissue blocks per case was 6. The incremental cost for detecting one case of coexisting fallopian tube HGSC in the study population was 94 Thai baht/3 USD per case.ConclusionThe SEE‐FIM protocol facilitates identification of lesions that are not distinguishable by classical sampling protocol, and this results in more accurate tumor staging and a better understanding of the carcinogenesis. The benefit of the SEE‐FIM protocol was demonstrated, especially in cases at high risk for coexisting fallopian tube carcinoma.
A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized study to evaluate the weight gain drug, mirtazapine transdermal ointment, in cats with unintended weight loss
Authors: Poole Melinda , Quimby Jessica M. , Hu Tianhua , Labelle Daizie , Buhles William 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMirtazapine is classified as a weight gain drug in cats, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate its efficacy in cats experiencing unintended weight loss. This was a multi‐center, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical study in client‐owned cats ≥1 year of age, weighing ≥2 kg, with a documented loss (≥5%) in body weight. Cats were treated once daily with either 2 mg/cat mirtazapine transdermal ointment (n = 83) or placebo (n = 94) (Per Protocol population) applied to the inner surface of the pinna for 14 ± 3 days. Physical examination, body weight, complete blood count, serum chemistry, and urinalysis were performed prior to treatment and on Day 14. Changes in body weight between the mirtazapine and placebo groups were evaluated from Day 1 to Day 14 and compared using a two‐sample t test. The mean percent change in body weight was +3.9% (standard deviation ±5.4%) in the mirtazapine group and +0.4% (±3.3%) in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). The most common adverse event was mild erythema at the application site in 17.4% of placebo and 10.4% of mirtazapine‐treated cats. Application of mirtazapine transdermal ointment was well tolerated both topically and systemically and resulted in significant weight gain in cats experiencing unintended weight loss associated with various underlying diseases.
Petty services, profit‐led growth and rural–urban migration in a developing economy
Authors: Thakur Gogol Mitra , Guha Subrata 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper develops a structuralist urban dual economy model for a developing economy consisting of a capitalist formal sector and a “petty” or informal service sector. The petty service sector plays an important role in wage determination and capital accumulation in the formal sector. The urban dual economy is situated in the midst of a rural area endowed with generous amount of surplus labour. The rural area augments urban labour supply over time through rural–urban migration. The paper, therefore, incorporates rural–urban migration within a structuralist framework and highlights its implication for growth and structural change in urban spaces of developing economies riddled with persistent formal–informal duality.
Blocking β‐1,6‐glucan synthesis by deleting KRE6 and SKN1 attenuates the virulence of Candida albicans
Authors: Han Qi , Wang Na , Yao Guangyin , Mu Chunhua , Wang Yue , Sang Jianli 
Published: December 2018

Summaryβ‐1,6‐glucan is an important component of the fungal cell wall. The β‐1,6‐glucan synthase gene KRE6 was thought to be essential in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans because it could not be deleted in previous efforts. Also, the role of its homolog SKN1 was unclear because its deletion caused no defects. Here, we report the construction and characterization of kre6Δ/Δ, skn1Δ/Δ and kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutants in C. albicans. While deleting KRE6 or SKN1 had no obvious phenotypic consequence, deleting both caused slow growth, cell separation failure, cell wall abnormalities, diminished hyphal growth, poor biofilm formation and loss of virulence in mice. Furthermore, the GPI‐linked cell surface proteins Hwp1 and the invasin Als3 or Ssa1 were not detected in kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutant. In GMM medium, RT‐qPCR and western blotting revealed a constitutive expression of KRE6 and growth conditions‐associated activation of SKN1. Like many hypha‐specific genes, SKN1 is repressed by Nrg1, but its activation does not involve the transcription factor Efg1. Dysregulation of SKN1 reduces C. albicans ability to damage epithelial and endothelial cells and attenuates its virulence. Given the vital role of β‐1,6‐glucan synthesis in C. albicans physiology and virulence, Kre6 and Skn1 are worthy targets for developing antifungal agents.
Autoimmunity and effector recognition in Arabidopsis thaliana can be uncoupled by mutations in the RRS1‐R immune receptor
Authors: Newman Toby E. , Lee Jungmin , Williams Simon J. , Choi Sera , Halane Morgan K. , Zhou Jun , Solomon Peter , Kobe Bostjan , Jones Jonathan D. G. , Segonzac Cécile , Sohn Kee Hoon 
Published: November 2018

Summary

Plant nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) disease resistance proteins recognize specific pathogen effectors and activate a cellular defense program. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum 1 (RRS1‐R) and Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae 4 (RPS4) function together to recognize the unrelated bacterial effectors PopP2 and AvrRps4. In the plant cell nucleus, the RRS1‐R/RPS4 complex binds to and signals the presence of AvrRps4 or PopP2.

The exact mechanism underlying NLR signaling and immunity activation remains to be elucidated. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we characterized the intragenic suppressors of sensitive to low humidity 1 (slh1), a temperature‐sensitive autoimmune allele of RRS1‐R.

Our analyses identified five amino acid residues that contribute to RRS1‐RSLH1 autoactivity. We investigated the role of these residues in the RRS1‐R allele by genetic complementation, and found that C15 in the Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR) domain and L816 in the LRR domain were also important for effector recognition. Further characterization of the intragenic suppressive mutations located in the RRS1‐R TIR domain revealed differing requirements for RRS1‐R/RPS4‐dependent autoimmunity and effector‐triggered immunity.

Our results provide novel information about the mechanisms which, in turn, hold an NLR protein complex inactive and allow adequate activation in the presence of pathogens.
A multidisciplinary approach to manage odontogenic keratocysts
Authors: Sabir Shafia , Jawad Huda , Cope Martin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA case report of an 8 year old patient with a large odontogenic keratocyst that was preventing the eruption of several permanent mandibular teeth. A presentation like this led to the suspicion of a mild form of Gorlin Goltz syndrome. Through careful planning with the consultant orthodontist and maxillofacial surgeon, the patient now presents age 16 with a full set of healthy adult teeth, which are both aesthetically and functionally pleasing.
Doomed to be Dammed? Analyzing the Different Outcomes of Three South American Megadams
Authors: Phan Hai‐Vu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHydroelectric dams are one of the cleanest, cheapest, and most efficient sources of energy in the world. However, megadams (those greater than 2,000 megawatts in production capacity) can incite substantial sociopolitical and environmental opposition because they displace people, animals, trees, and sediments. Despite heated disagreements surrounding all megadam construction, what factors increase the likelihood for some to be constructed while others are canceled? The purpose of this analysis is to illuminate those factors that shape these different outcomes using a most‐similar case design. It compares three megadams in South America: the Madeira project in Brazil, which was built; and the Inambari project in Peru and the HydroAysén project in Chile, both of which were canceled. The study finds that the diversity of protesters, unification of the social movement, domestic media coverage, and the sitting president’s popularity are all important factors that affect whether a megadam project is constructed. The findings from this article offer insights that both proponents and opponents of megadams need to closely consider.Related ArticlesRyan, Susannah. 2015. “White Gold and Troubled Waters in Southern Africa: Hydropolitical Policy’s Effect on Peace in Lesotho and South Africa.” Politics & Policy 43 (2): 239‐255. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12114Delshad, Ashlie B. 2013. “Telling Stories: Exogenous Influences on Media Presidential and Congressional Framing of Biofuels.” Politics & Policy 41 (2): 213‐240. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12009Khodr, Hiba, and Isabella Ruble. 2013. “Energy Policies and Domestic Politics in the MENA Region in the Aftermath of the Arab Upheavals: The Cases of Lebanon Libya and KSA.” Politics & Policy 41 (5): 656‐689. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12033Related MediaMurphy, Annie. 2011. “Chile Dam Project Sparks Protests.” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-13445300CentralInambari. 2011. “Proyecto Inambari: Plan De Reasentamiento Poblacional Concertado.” [Inambari Project: Agreed Population Resettlement Plan]. Video. https://youtu.be/5LjEXTnArWIPaz y Miño, Paul. 2007. “Environmentalists Go to Court to Suspend the Auction of Rio Madeira Dam Project.” Amazon Watch. https://amazonwatch.org/news/2007/1206-environmentalists-go-to-court-to-suspend-the-auction-of-rio-madeira-dam-project
Patient and family members’ perceptions of family participation in care on acute care wards
Authors: Mackie Benjamin R. , Mitchell Marion , Marshall Andrea P. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundHospital leaders, policymakers and healthcare professionals are realising the benefits of delivering care that promotes family participation because it is known to enhance the quality of care, and improve patient satisfaction.AimThe aim of this study was to explore, from the perspective of patients and family members within an adult acute care ward: (a) their beliefs and attitudes towards family participation in patient care and (b) staff behaviours that support or hinder family participation in patient care.Design and methodsA naturalistic approach with an exploratory sequential design was used in a medical assessment and planning unit of a regional referral hospital in Australia. Purposeful maximum variation sampling was used to recruit patients and family members who differed in age, ethnicity, relationship to patient and gender. Observer‐as‐participant observation data and semi‐structured interviews were undertaken. Following separate inductive content analysis, data were triangulated.ResultsThirty‐two patients and 26 family members were recruited. Thirty hours of observational data were gathered. Eighteen patients and 15 family members were interviewed. Analysis uncovered two contrasting categories: (a) disconnected communication and (b) family influence quality.ConclusionThe findings of our study demonstrated that most patients and families perceived staff communication as disconnected and inadequate, which constrained them from engaging in care processes or decision‐making. However, when family felt empowered and participated in patient care, the quality of health care was enhanced. Healthcare professionals can use these findings to make informed evidence‐based changes to the way they practice and communicate to ensure family participation in patient care is optimised in the acute care setting.
Can we prevent vasovagal reactions in young inexperienced whole blood donors? A placebo controlled study comparing effects of a 330 vs 500 mL water drink prior to donation
Authors: Wiersum‐Osselton Johanna , Romeijn Bas , van den Brekel Elise , van Dongen Anne , Hermans Frank , Bokhorst Arlinke , Marijt‐van der Kreek Tanneke 
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUNDComplications of donation reduce donor return. Younger and less experienced donors are more likely to experience vasovagal‐type reactions (VVR). A water drink of approximately 500 mL shortly before donation may reduce VVR, but the effect of a smaller volume of water has not been investigated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA placebo‐controlled comparative study was conducted among donors < 30 years who attended for a 1st‐4th whole blood (WB) donation. Collection centers were assigned to offer one of three interventions: 500 mL water drink, 330 mL water drink, or a placebo intervention consisting of pre‐donation arm exercise. Within 7 days after attending, participants received an electronic questionnaire about possible symptoms during and after donation. In additional centers, control donors were recruited, who only received standard care and were also sent the questionnaire. Self‐reported VVR and other complications were evaluated in all groups.RESULTSOut of 8,300 participating donors, 6,921 (83%) returned the questionnaire. Overall, 18.5% of responding donors reported moderate or worse VVR symptoms. In 2nd‐4th time donors, both water volumes decreased the odds of a VVR compared to standard care controls (OR500ml 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.94; OR330ml 0.73, 0.58–0.91; adjusted combined OR 0.77, 0.64–0.94). There was no effect in new donors or the placebo group compared to controls.CONCLUSIONIn young donors making their 2nd‐4th WB donation, drinking water was associated with 23% fewer VVR with no difference between 330 and 500 mL. This decrease was not found in the placebo group. The findings support advocating drinking water for the prevention of VVR.
Acute liver failure in two dogs following ingestion of cheese tree (Glochidion ferdinandi) roots
Authors: Griebsch Christine , Whitney Joanna , Angles John , Bennett Peter 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the management and resolution of acute liver failure (ALF) in two dogs following ingestion of cheese tree (Glochidion ferdinandi) roots.Case SummariesA 2‐year‐old male entire Bullmastiff and a 5‐year‐old female neutered German Shepherd dog were presented for acute‐onset lethargy and vomiting after chewing on tree roots of a cheese tree. Both dogs developed clinical abnormalities consistent with ALF, including hepatic encephalopathy, marked increase in alanine aminotransferase activity and bilirubin concentration, and prolonged coagulation times. Treatment included administration of intravenous fluids, hepatoprotectants, vitamin K1, antibiotics, lactulose, antacids, antiemetics, and multiple fresh frozen plasma transfusions. Follow‐up examinations performed 30 days after initial presentation revealed the dogs to be clinically healthy with serum biochemical and coagulation profiles within reference intervals.New or Unique InformationThis is the first report describing ALF in two dogs following ingestion of cheese tree (G. ferdinandi) roots. In this clinical setting, despite a poor prognosis, survival and recovery of adequate liver function were possible with medical management.
A comprehensive experimental and artificial network investigation of the performance of an ultrafiltration titanium dioxide ceramic membrane: application in produced water treatment
Authors: Zoubeik Mohamed , Salama Amgad , Henni Amr 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis work is an experimental investigation of the effects of the operating conditions on the performance of a novel titanium‐based ceramic ultrafiltration membrane used to treat field produced water. To design the experiments and optimize the operating conditions, the Taguchi method was used to predict the optimal operating conditions. Under optimal conditions, an almost oil free permeation is obtained (98.93%) along with the removal of more than 99% for the total organic carbon (TOC), a high turbidity removal (99.82%) and a good salinity rejection for a UF membrane. The membrane was capable of treating a high steady flux of 441 L/m2 h with an overall flux decay of 28.6%. The Hermia’s cake formation model fitted the flux declining behaviour better than the three other associated models. Finally, four different techniques based on artificial intelligence (AI) methods were used to fit the flux declining behaviour. They seem to outperform the simple Hermiaˊs model for the modelling of oily water filtration.