bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The tracheal system in post‐embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle
Authors: Raś Marcin , Iwan Dariusz , Kamiński Marcin Jan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe tracheal (respiratory) system is regarded as one of the key elements which enabled insects to conquer terrestrial habitats and, as a result, achieve extreme species diversity. Despite this fact, anatomical data concerning this biological system is relatively scarce, especially in an ontogenetic context. The purpose of this study is to provide novel and reliable information on the post‐embryonic development of the tracheal system of holometabolous insects using micro‐computed tomography methods. Data concerning the structure of the respiratory system acquired from different developmental stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of a single insect species (Tenebrio molitor) are co‐analysed in detail. Anatomy of the tracheal system is presented. Sample sizes used (29 individuals) enabled statistical analysis of the results obtained. The following aspects have been investigated (among others): the spiracle arrangement, the number of tracheal ramifications originating from particular spiracles, the diameter of longitudinal trunks, tracheal system volumes, tracheae diameter distribution and fractal dimension analysis. Based on the data acquired, the modularity of the tracheal system is postulated. Using anatomical and functional factors, the following respiratory module types have been distinguished: cephalo‐prothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal. These modules can be unambiguously identified in all of the studied developmental stages. A cephalo‐prothoracic module aerates organs located in the head capsule, prothorax and additionally prolegs. It is characterised by relatively thick longitudinal trunks and originates in the first thoracic spiracle pair. Thoracic modules support the flight muscles, wings, elytra, meso‐ and metalegs. The unique feature of this module is the presence of additional longitudinal connections between the neighbouring spiracles. These modules are concentrated around the second prothoracic and the first abdominal spiracle pairs. An abdominal module is characterised by relatively thin ventral longitudinal trunks. Its main role is to support systems located in the abdomen; however, its long visceral tracheae aerate organs situated medially from the flight muscles. Analysis of changes of the tracheal system volume enabled the calculation of growth scaling among body tissues and the volume of the tracheal system. The data presented show that the development of the body volume and tracheal system is not linear in holometabola due to the occurrence of the pupal stage causing a decrease in body volume in the imago and at the same time influencing high growth rates of the tracheal system during metamorphosis, exceeding that ones observed for hemimetabola.
Rethinking the agrarian question: Agriculture and underdevelopment in the Global South
Authors: Carlson Chris 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn recent years, agriculture has come to be seen as increasingly irrelevant to processes of industrialization and economic development in the Global South. The integration of developing economies into global capitalism and the continued advance of structural transformation would seem to indicate that there is no longer a classic “agrarian question” in the developing world. In other words, agriculture is no longer a major barrier to capitalist development in these countries. However, there is reason to doubt this growing consensus. This article argues for a rethinking of the agrarian question in the Global South and presents evidence that capitalist property relations have not penetrated agriculture throughout much of the developing world. Contrary to recent trends in the literature, I argue that not only is there still an agrarian question in the Global South but also that it remains central to explaining lower levels of industrialization in these countries and, thereby, their relative underdevelopment.
Medication safety challenges in primary care: Nurses’ perspective
Authors: Khalil Hanan , Lee Sarah 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesTo identify the issues surrounding medication error reporting in community nursing and improvement strategies related to medication safety.BackgroundMedication‐related problems have been identified from various sources in the literature. Examples of these include incident reporting by healthcare professionals, medico‐legal and patient complaints and systematic identification of organisational structure. Only a few studies report on the clinicians’ perceptions of medication safety in community nursing and the challenges they face within their workplace to implement medication safety initiatives.DesignQualitative design, using conversation‐style interviews with experienced registered nurses in primary care roles.MethodsUsing a general iterative approach of semantic analysis, our qualitative research study was guided by an essentialist paradigm. Our method for understanding included semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with 10 clinicians from a large community care organisation in rural Victoria in Australia. We developed an interview guide, which included open‐ended questions on clinicians’ experiences, perceived barriers and facilitators, and strategies to improve medication safety.ResultsSeveral barriers have been identified by healthcare practitioners that hinder medication safety in primary care including culture differences between community and hospital setting, politics within the healthcare system, lack of clarity around the nurses’ roles and lack of error reporting. Other sources of errors cited by the participants were the lack of clarity or awareness of the processes and procedures of medication incidents reporting for staff within the organisation experience. Lack of education regarding medication safety, the dilemmas associated with reporting and documentation are also significant barriers.
The adoption of care robots in home care—A survey on the attitudes of Finnish home care personnel
Authors: Rantanen Teemu , Lehto Paula , Vuorinen Pertti , Coco Kirsi 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesThis article examines the attitudes of Finnish home care registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses and other health and social care personnel towards the introduction and use of care robots in home care.BackgroundThe significance of care robotics has been highlighted in recent years. However, personnel‐related social psychological barriers to the introduction of care robots have been given very little study.DesignCross‐sectional study conducted by questionnaire. The theoretical framework of the study is based on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour and the research discussion about attitudes towards robots.MethodsThe research data were collected in five municipalities in different parts of Finland in 2016, and the questionnaire was answered by a total of 200 home care workers. The research data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, Pearson product–moment correlation, one‐way analysis of variance and linear regression analysis.ResultsThe results are consistent with Ajzen's theory and previous studies on the acceptance of information systems in health care. Personnel behavioural intentions related to the introduction of robot applications in home care are influenced by their personal appreciation of the usefulness of robots, the expectations of their colleagues and supervisors, as well as by their own perceptions of their capacity to learn to use care robots. In particular, personnel emphasised the value of care robots in providing reminders and guidance, as well as promoting the safety of the older people.ConclusionsThe study shows that an intimate human–robot relationship can pose a challenge from the perspective of the acceptance of care robots.Relevance to clinical practiceFrom the perspective of the introduction of care robots in home care, personnel training and the construction of a positive working atmosphere play a key role. In addition, the introduction of robots requires further consideration of a number of ethical issues.
Healthcare providers’ perspectives on perceived barriers and facilitators of compassion: Results from a grounded theory study
Authors: Singh Pavneet , Raffin‐Bouchal Shelley , McClement Susan , Hack Thomas F , Stajduhar Kelli , Hagen Neil A , Sinnarajah Aynharan , Chochinov Harvey M , Sinclair Shane 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesTo explore healthcare provider perspectives and experiences of perceived barriers and facilitators of compassion.BackgroundCompassion is considered a component of quality health care that healthcare providers are increasingly expected to provide. While there have been some studies exploring facets of healthcare providers’ perspectives on the barriers and facilitators to providing compassion, a comprehensive understanding based on direct reports from healthcare providers is lacking.DesignData were collected via focus groups and semi‐structured interviews. Data was analyzed in accordance with Straussian grounded theory.MethodsSemistructured focus groups with frontline healthcare providers and individual interviews with peer‐nominated exemplary compassionate care providers were audio‐recorded, professionally transcribed and analysed. Fifty‐seven participants were recruited from three healthcare settings within both rural and urban settings in Alberta, Canada, using convenience, snowball and theoretical sampling.ResultsQualitative analysis of the data generated two categories and associated themes and subthemes delineating perceived barriers and facilitators to compassion. The first category, challenges to compassion, reflects participants’ discomfort associating the notion of barriers to compassion and contained several themes participants conceptualised as challenges: personal challenges, relational challenges, systemic challenges and maladaptive responses. The second category, facilitators of compassion, included the themes of personal facilitators, relational facilitators, systemic facilitators and adaptive responses of intentional action.ConclusionAlthough participants described certain factors such as system and time constraints along with interaction styles of patients and families that can challenge healthcare provider compassion, these challenges were not considered insurmountable. While acknowledging these as challenges, participants identified healthcare providers themselves, including their responses towards the identified challenges of compassion, as significant factors in this process—a novel finding from this study. This study provides insight into healthcare providers’ perspectives on the notion of barriers and facilitators in the provision of compassion.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides a blueprint for optimising compassion on a personal, relational and system level.
The challenge of the biosciences in nurse education: A literature review
Authors: Jensen Kari Toverud , Knutstad Unni , Fawcett Tonks N. 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesTo review relevant literature that addresses the challenges of the biosciences in nurse education. More precisely, the review aims to explore the literature, concerning students’ learning, learning contexts and methodological issues and identify any significant gaps.BackgroundKnowledge of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry is essential for the understanding of human beings and for full appreciation of the concepts of illness and disease. The current status would seem to be that the required competencies within bioscience subjects are difficult to acquire and students have high rates of failure.DesignIntegrative review.MethodsThe research was performed onCINAHL,ERIC, Medline and British Nursing Index databases in a period from 2013–2017. Descriptive analytical methods were used for the initial research trawl.FindingsThe search strategy resulted in 23 papers. The results of this review shed light on certain deficiencies in the research field looking at the biosciences in nurse education. There is a distinct lack of intervention studies and, thereby, knowledge of how best to support students’ learning in effective ways. Of note is that there are no field study approaches identified in the review sample.ConclusionMany of the papers are single studies and course evaluations which may be seen as too narrow and inadequate as perspective. Students appear satisfied with the courses in the biosciences, but there seems to be no correlation between satisfaction and achievement.Relevance to clinical practiceUnderstanding and being able to give coherent rationales for the bioscience content in the nursing curricula are crucial and must be established in relation to its relevance to the dynamic nature of patient care, technological advances and demographic realities. Only on that basis can the primacy of this content be seen as relevant to the aspiring student nurse.
The rural mother's experience of caring for a child with a chronic health condition: An integrative review
Authors: Bristow Sally , Jackson Debra , Shields Linda , Usher Kim 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesTo identify and review the literature on rural mothers’ experiences in caring for a child with a chronic health condition.BackgroundFamilies living with a child who has a chronic health condition experience many challenges; these are often amplified for families living in rural areas, where issues such as the distance from services add further challenges the family must manage. Like many children, rural children with chronic health conditions are primarily cared for by their mothers. The additional strain of geography creates its own unique experiences for mothers who need to access the high‐quality care that their child requires.DesignIntegrative literature review using the Equator PRISMA guidelines.MethodsA search of databases; Cochrane, CINAHL, Ovid, PubMed, ProQuest Health and Medicine, Informit and Scopus for studies published between 2005–2016 using an integrative review approach. A total of 1,484 studies were identified with an additional six studies found through snowballing. The search resulted in seven studies being meeting the inclusion criteria after using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme.ResultsData from the seven articles were analysed, and the mothers’ experiences were synthesised into five themes: “struggling for resources,” “barriers in accessing services,” “strain of decision‐making,” “mother's physical and emotional breakdown” and “the daily management of family activities”. These five themes formed the basis of this article.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that mothers from rural areas face additional barriers related to their rurality, including transportation difficulties, socioeconomic status and social isolation, and are challenged by limited access to specialty medical services, educators and allied health professionals. The literature review outcome will assist in informing nursing practice through identifying and allocating resources to reduce these barriers; rural mother experience will assist in enabling the child to reach their full developmental potential.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is a need for health professionals to understand the challenges and barriers rural mothers face in accessing services. Nurses can assist rural mothers to navigate and access the appropriate services in order to reduce health inequity, increase accessibility to services and reduce rural disadvantage for their child. Nurses and health professionals are in an ideal position to develop future models of care that optimise health outcomes and enable equity and access to services for rural children with chronic conditions similar to those experienced by their urban counterparts.
Incomplete Hippocampal Inversion and Its Relationship to Hippocampal Subfield Volumes and Aging
Authors: Colenutt Jessica , McCann Bryony , Knight Michael J. , Coulthard Elizabeth , Kauppinen Risto A. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEIncomplete hippocampal inversion (IHI) is an atypical anatomical pattern presented by the hippocampus. It is associated with several neuropathological conditions and is thought to be a factor of susceptibility to hippocampal sclerosis and loss of volume. The volume loss of hippocampus is an inevitable consequence of aging, and when accelerated it is commonly considered an imaging biomarker of Alzheimer's disease dementia.METHODSWe have studied the relationship between IHI and hippocampal subfield volumes in a cohort of 60 healthy participants of 49–87 years of age. The presence and severity of IHI and hippocampal subfield volumes were quantified from T2 magnetic resonance (MR) images acquired at 3T.RESULTSIt was found that IHI presented in 23.3% of participants. Right unilateral IHI was rare (two cases, 3.3%) in comparison to left unilateral IHI (nine cases, 15%), with three (5%) of participants showing bilateral IHI. No significant relationships between the whole hippocampal volumes and IHI were observed. Instead, significant relationships between the volumes of the left and right cornu ammonis subfield‐1 (CA1) and IHI scores were evident.CONCLUSIONSThe rates of IHI prevalence in the current cohort are similar to those previously reported in healthy cohorts. The IHI severity is related to hippocampal subfield volumes, most notably the CA1, which is a novel finding with potential implications in research on aging and dementia.
Transcranial Sonography to Differentiate Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage from Cerebral Infarction with Hemorrhagic Transformation
Authors: Niesen Wolf‐Dirk , Schläger Axel , Reinhard Matthias , Fuhrer Hannah 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe differentiation of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from parenchymal hemorrhagic transformation within an ischemic infarction (PHI) is crucial in order to adapt therapeutic measures. We hypothesized that a distinction of ICH and PHI can be made at bedside via transcranial gray‐scale and perfusion sonography.METHODSWe prospectively included 14 patients with intracranial hemorrhage on admission imaging in this pilot study. Differentiation between ICH and PHI was made either by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging or follow‐up computed tomography scan. All patients were examined via gray‐scale and perfusion sonography.RESULTSEight patients were diagnosed with ICH, and 6 patients with PHI. Volumes of ICH did not differ between the two groups. However, PHI patients showed a significantly larger perfusion deficit compared to ICH patients (P < .01). At a cutoff value of 1.41 of the mismatch index of perfusion deficit and hyperechogenic lesion, the PHI diagnosis can be made with a 100%‐sensitivity and 100%‐specificity.CONCLUSIONDifferentiation of ICH and PHI via multimodal transcranial sonography with mismatch imaging is possible. Since sonographic imaging as a bedside‐method is cost‐ as well as time‐efficient, it may be a helpful tool for differentiation between these two entities particularly in critically ill patients with unclear ICH.
Directive versus participative leadership: Dispositional antecedents and team consequences
Authors: Li Guiquan , Liu Haixin , Luo Yaxuan 
Published: March 2018

Directive leadership and participative leadership are two fundamental sets of behaviours leaders employ to manage teams, yet little is known about their antecedents. Drawing on regulatory mode theory, we propose that team leaders high in locomotion orientation – the dispositional propensity to control movements and carry them forward – prefer directive leadership to ‘keep moving’, while team leaders high in assessment orientation – the dispositional propensity to compare between means and options – prefer participative leadership to ‘get the best’. We further hypothesize that directive leadership increases team efficiency but decreases team creativity, whereas participative leadership increases team creativity but decreases team efficiency. Based on multisource and time‐lagged data from 75 management consulting project teams, regression and bootstrapping results support most of the hypotheses. Supplementary analysis reveals that participative leadership has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with team efficiency when directive leadership is low, implying that leadership is a complex behavioural process rather than a simple choice between seemingly contradictory behaviours. We discuss the findings’ implications for the leadership, regulatory mode, and team literature.Practitioner Points

Leaders should be aware of both the bright and the dark sides of leadership behaviours.

Leaders high in locomotion personality should incorporate participative leadership behaviours such as listening to suggestions and communicating with followers in decision‐making when directive leadership behaviours are not functional.

Leaders high in assessment personality should spend more attention to the pace of teamwork by incorporating directive leadership behaviours such as giving clear orders and addressing deadlines.
Transcutaneous electrical stimulation on the anterior neck region: The impact of pulse duration and frequency on maximum amplitude tolerance and perceived discomfort
Authors: Barikroo Ali , Carnaby Giselle , Bolser Donald , Rozensky Ronald , Crary Michael 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMaximum amplitude tolerance (MAT) has been known as a primary factor determining the depth of electrical current penetration. However, the effect of varying transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) parameters on MAT and discomfort level is poorly understood. Furthermore, limited information exists regarding the biopsychological factors that may impact MAT and discomfort. The primary aims of this study were to compare the effects TES protocol with varying levels of pulse duration (300 μs vs 700 μs) and frequency (30 Hz vs 80 Hz) on the MAT and discomfort in healthy older adults. The exploratory aim of this study was to examine relationships between submental adipose tissue thickness, pain sensitivity and gender with MAT and discomfort. Twenty‐four healthy older adults participated in this study. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation was delivered to the submental region. Maximum amplitude tolerance and discomfort were measured for each condition. Furthermore, submental adipose tissue thickness and pain sensitivity were measured for each subject. Maximum amplitude tolerance was significantly increased for the TES protocols with short‐pulse duration [F (3, 69) = 38.695, P < .0001]. Discomfort was similar across different TES protocols. Submental adipose tissue thickness (r = .30, P < .003) and pain sensitivity (r = −.43, P < .0001) were related to MAT. Pain sensitivity rating was also related to discomfort (r = .45, P < .0001). In conclusion, using TES protocols with short‐pulse duration may increase the MAT. Higher amplitude stimulation may increase the impact on deep swallowing muscles. In addition, submental adipose tissue thickness and pain sensitivity are potential biopsychological factors that may affect MAT and discomfort.