bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Dominant Height from Plantation Age and the Diameter Distributions—Site-Prepared Loblolly Pine
Authors: Bailey R. L. , Martin Stacey W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
With over 1,300 observations from plots in mechanically site-prepared loblolly pine plantations, regression equations are fitted that predict average height of dominant and codominant trees (i.e., site index trees)from stand age and diameter distribution characteristics. The equations can be used to avoid measuring heights and thus reduce costs of volume inventories in loblolly pine plantations. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):148-150.
Open-Grown Crown Radius of Eleven Bottomland Hardwood Species: Prediction and Use in Assessing Stocking
Authors: Goelz J.C.G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations were prepared to predict crown radius for eleven species of open-grown bottomland hardwood trees. Crown radius was predicted as a function of diameter at breast height (dbh) and as a function of dbh, total height, and crown ratio. Equations were prepared for individual species and species groups. Pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch) has the largest crowns over a broad range of dbh. Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) has the smallest crowns for most levels of dbh. Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) has relatively small crowns for trees of small dbh, but crown radius is comparable to most species at the largest dbh. The crown radius predictions may be used to calculate crown competition factor. B-lines of stocking may be calculated that represent a stand of one species as well as a mixed-species stand of any particular species proportion. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):156-161.
Public Land-Use Professionals' Perceptions of Agroforestry Applications in the South
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Based on survey data from 218 southern public land-use professionals, it was found that: (1) the most frequently noted reason for the creation of observed southern agroforestry systems was economic gain; (2) almost two-thirds reported that they would consider recommending some form of agroforestry in appropriate situations; (3) the most commonly supplied reason for rejecting the agroforestry option was the perceived high level of uncertainty associated with this unproven land use; and (4) despite their modest expectations about the level of adoption of agroforestry systems over the next decade on private and public lands, they agreed rather strongly that extension services should make a determined effort to encourage southern landowners to adopt agroforestry systems when appropriate. In order to help landowners realize the value of agroforestry systems' degree of flexibility, multidisciplinary teams of land-use professionals should provide periodic updates regarding factors that may influence profitable switches in output mixes. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):162-168.
Growth Responses Following Herbicide Release of Loblolly Pine from Competing Hardwoods in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Quicke Harold E. , Lauer Dwight K. , Glover Glenn R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify effective herbicide treatments for the release of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from competing hardwoods 7 yr after treatment. The study site was a hardwood-to-pine conversion area that had been chopped and burned. Treatments included two groups of herbicides: (1) imazapyr at 1.0 lb ae/ac used alone or in combination with metsulfuron or glyphosate, and (2) glyphosate at 1.5 lb ae/ac used alone or in combination with metsulfuron. Broadcast herbicide treatments were applied in September, 1985, during the second growing season. All treatments were effective in controlling hardwoods, with the least effective treatment decreasing hardwood basal area by 55% relative to the untreated check. The pine crop trees responded with increased diameter, height, basal area, and volume. The increase in total pine volume outside bark over the untreated check ranged from 163 to 640 ft3/ac (22% to 85%) and the increase in pine basal area ranged from 13 to 40 ft2/ac (27% to 83%). No treatment resulted in significant pine mortality. Although pine height growth was stunted the year following treatment, at age 9, mean height gains on treated plots ranged from 2.7 ft to 5.6 ft. Treatments containing imazapyr performed better than treatments with glyphosate alone or in combination with metsulfuron. Imazapyr at 1.0 lb ae/ac reduced hardwood basal area to 2 ft2/ac at age nine compared to 25 ft2/ac on the untreated check plots. There was, therefore, little room for improvement from additives, indicating that combinations with lower rates of imazapyr, comparable to today' s operational rates, may be more appropriate. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):177-181.
Sprouting by Pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) After Logging
Authors: Ewel Katherine C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After logging, 17% of the stumps left in pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) swamps produced sprouts that persisted for several years. Significantly more sprouts were present on stumps with diameters <60 cm (perhaps left from younger trees) and shorter than 70 cm. Stumps in large openings and from trees cut in winter tended to have more sprouts than stumps left in thinned swamps and from trees cut during the summer. Sprout production provides a mechanism for rapid recovery of pondcypress and also ensures seed availability for subsequent regeneration after a swamp is clearcut. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):209-213
Genotypic Stability Effects on Predicted Family Responses to Silvicultural Treatments in Loblolly Pine
Authors: McKeand Steven E. , Crook Robert P. , Lee Allen H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The lack of rank change in growth characteristics when open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) are planted on different sites in the Southeast has greatly simplified breeding for superior genotypes. Although family rank does not usually change, genotype by environment interactions (GxE) may be very important in operational deployment of families in regeneration programs. Using data from GxE trials and two site preparation-fertilization-herbicide trials, we estimated the growth that different families should achieve following application of these silvicultural practices. Better performing families tend to be most responsive to site changes (i.e. genetically unstable). Growth responses to silvicultural treatment will be overestimated if only the most responsive families are used in silvicultural research trials. Similarly, genetic gains will be overestimated if gain trials are planted on only the best sites or receive intensive culture. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):84-89.
Fall-Applied Nitrogen Improves Performance of 1-0 Slash Pine Nursery Seedlings after Outplanting
Authors: Irwin Kris M. , Duryea Mary L. , Stone Earl L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study examined the effects of supplemental nitrogen (N) applied to slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii [Engelm.]) seedlings in a north central Florida nursery. Treatments were applied during a 4 wk period during November and December, 1989, as follows: control (no fall fertilization—current nursery practice); low N (one application of NH4NO3 at 57 kg N/ha); and high N (three applications at the same rate). At time of lifting and outplanting, there were no significant morphological differences among the treatments, but foliar N concentration increased significantly in accord with treatment. Field performance was evaluated at five site-prepared locations. First-year survival of high N and low N treatments were 15 and 12% greater, respectively, than unfertilized seedlings. First-year heights of the high and low N treatments were 15 and 7% greater, respectively, than the control. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):111-116.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Phenology in Eastern North Carolina and Virginia: Implications for Effective Timing of Insecticide Applications
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Berisford C. Wayne 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Phenology was monitored throughout the year for each generation of Rhyacionia frustrana in eastern North Carolina and Virginia. Male moths caught in pheromone-baited traps indicated that three generations occur annually in this region. Generally, the first generation adult emergence began in mid-March, the second in early June, and the third in mid-July. The mean thermal requirements to complete one R. frustrana generation was 579.8 degree-days (°C), but varied somewhat by generation and location. A simple spray technique is reviewed and new data are presented to predict spray dates using trap catch data and degree-day summations. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):30-38.
Comparison of Optical Dendrometers for Prediction of Standing Tree Volume
Authors: Parker Robert C. , Matney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Enhanced sets of compatible stem profile equations were used with data collected from felled and standing pine trees to calculate tree volumes to various top merchantability limits. Standing trees were measured with the Criterion 400 Laser, Tele-Relaskop, and Wheeler Pentaprism. These measurements were used to compare accuracies of the optical dendrometers for the measurement of tree dbh and height and the prediction of tree volume from stem profile equations. The Criterion 400 Laser was more accurate for dbh and total height measurement than was the Tele-Relaskop or the Wheeler Pentaprism, but the accuracy differences are not significantly different in a practical sense. Mean percent differences in dbh measurement translated, in absolute units, to -0.05, +0.20, and -0.34 in. of the mean tree dbh for the Criterion 400, Tele-Relaskop, and Wheeler Pentaprism instruments, respectively. Mean percent differences in total height measurement translated, in absolute units, to 0.5, 1.6, and 1.7 ft, respectively, of the average tree height and were not practically different. The combined measurement data for dbh and dob16, indicated the Tele-Relaskop would produce more reliable volume results than the other instruments if the dendrometer measurements were used with form class volumes. Profile equations developed with felled-tree data produced the most consistent estimates of merchantable height and cubic foot volume to specified merchantable top limits. In general, the Criterion 400 produced the smallest mean differences in standing tree measurements and profile equation predictions of merchantable height and cubic foot volume. However, the Tele-Relaskop produced the most consistent tree measurement and profile prediction trends. The Wheeler Pentaprism was the least accurate of the three dendrometers. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):100-107.
A Shelterwood—Burn Technique for Regenerating Productive Upland Oak Sites in the Piedmont Region
Authors: Brose Patrick H. , Van Lear David H. , Keyser Patrick D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regenerating oak stands on productive upland sites is widely recognized by foresters as a major problem in hardwood management. Recent research indicates that oak regeneration is more resistant to surface fires than its primary competitors on these sites if burning occurs 3 to 5 yr after a partial overstory harvest. This combination of cutting followed by fire (shelterwood-burn technique) mimics natural disturbances that have occurred in eastern North America for millennia and appears to be a viable approach to regenerating oaks on productive upland sites. This paper presents silvicultural guidelines for applying the shelterwood-burn technique on productive upland sites and discusses its benefits for private landowners and resource professionals. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):158-163.
The Legal Environment for Forestry Prescribed Burning in the South: Regulatory Programs and Voluntary Guidelines
Authors: Haines Terry K. , Cleaves David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern states vary widely in their approaches to regulation and liability protection for prescribed burning. Most state air quality laws exempt prescribed burning from many open burning rules; however, monetary penalties are established for the rules that do apply. Forest protection laws address escaped fire and require permits or notification in all but two states. So-called "certified burner" laws have been passed in six states to limit liability for experienced burners who attend training courses and adhere to applicable air quality and forest protection laws and regulations. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):170-174.
An Individual-Tree Growth and Yield Prediction System for Even-Aged Natural Shortleaf Pine Forests
Authors: Lynch Thomas B. , Hitch Kenneth L. , Huebschmann Michael M. , Murphy Paul A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The development of a system of equations that model the growth and development of even-aged natural shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pine forests is described. The growth prediction system is a distance-independent individual-tree simulator containing equations that predict basal-area growth, survival, total and merchantable heights, and total and merchantable volumes for shortleaf pine trees. These equations were combined into a computer simulation program that predicts future states of shortleaf pine stands from initial stand descriptions. Comparisons of observed and predicted ending stand conditions in shortleaf pine research plots indicate the simulator makes acceptable forecasts of final stand attributes. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):203-211.
Loblolly Pine Stand Early Development Under Reserve-Tree Silvicultural Systems in East Texas
Authors: Messina Michael G. , Jenkins Jeffrey 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Even-aged reproduction methods retaining reserve trees that persist through the development of the succeeding rotation have been poorly studied in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), yet have potential for satisfying a variety of landowner objectives. Two research sites were established in the East Texas Pineywoods region to examine the development of the regeneration component under five residual basal area densities (0, 10, 20, and 40 ft2/ac with natural regeneration on Site I; 0 and 30 ft2/ac with both natural regeneration and planting on Site II). After 7 yr on Site I and 5 yr on Site II, all reserve-tree methods allowed the development of a sufficient number of trees for producing a new generation beneath the residual overstory. However, suppression of the understory pines was evident, and varied in direct proportion to the basal area of the residual overstory. Volume growth of the residual overstory trees was low on an areal basis due to the death of several large residuals. A trenching experiment showed that the largest effect of the residual overstory on understory development was due to light attenuation rather than competition for soil resources. Advantages offered by reserve-tree methods for loblolly pine have to be assessed in view of the suppressed development of the regeneration. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):11-16.
Modeling Response to Thinning in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from a thinning study established in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations at different locations in the southeastern United States were used to develop response models for basal area and survival following thinning. The nonlinear regression models predict total cumulative response as a function of stand and site conditions at time of thinning, thinning intensity, and elapsed time since thinning. Variables expressing thinning intensity that were significant predictors of response included before and after thinning basal areas and number of trees. The models suggest that initially after thinning, volume response declines briefly then gradually increases toward the unthinned control. Managers can use the equations presented here to evaluate the effect of alternative thinning regimes on stand development. The response equations can also be combined with baseline models for unthinned stands to predict basal area and number of trees following thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):17-22.
Tolerance of Southern Pine Seedlings to Clopyralid
Authors: South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tolerance of three pine species to postemergence applications of clopyralid was examined at ten southern nurseries over a 2 yr period. The herbicide was applied at various times during May, June, and July. At time of lifting, seedling morphology was evaluated (root-collar diameter, shoot height, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (P. palustdds Mill.) were tolerant to 210 to 840 g acid equivalent (ae)/ha. However, epinasty was occasionally observed on both loblolly pine and slash pine. The injury symptoms were ephemeral and seedlings appeared normal 3 months after treatment. Results from these tests suggest some pine species are tolerant to this herbicide at the seedling stage. As a result of this research, this herbicide can be legally used in many southern pine nurseries to control troublesome weeds such as sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggerweed (Desmodium tortuosum [Sw.] DC.), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) and other annual broadleaf weeds. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):51-56.
Impacts of Mechanical Tree Felling on Development of Water Tupelo Regeneration in the Mobile Delta, Alabama
Authors: Gardiner Emile S. , Russell D. Ramsey , Hodges John D. , Fristoe T. Conner 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) stands in the Mobile Delta of Alabama were selected to test the hypothesis that mechanized felling does not reduce establishment and growth of natural water tupelo regeneration relative to traditional tree felling with chainsaws. To test the hypothesis, we established six, 2 ac treatment plots in each of two blocks on each of two sites, and randomly assigned plots to either mechanical tree felling with a tracked, swing feller or chainsaw felling. Each site was clearcut in Fall, 1992, and merchantable boles were removed by helicopter. Establishment and growth of regeneration was assessed prior to harvest and annually for 3 yr after harvest in five, 0.01 ac measurement plots located in each treatment plot. Stand harvesting promoted establishment of water tupelo seedlings such that 3 yr after treatment we recorded over 270/ac on each site regardless of felling method. Seedling height increased at a steady rate and averaged about 39 in. tall after three growing seasons. Woody competition also responded to the harvest, outnumbering water tupelo seedlings 3 yr after treatment by as much as seven to one on Site 2. Water tupelo stump sprouts developing from chainsaw felling grew well and averaged about 13.5 ft tall after three growing seasons. However, mechanical felling reduced water tupelo stump sprouting by 50% leading to a lower density of sprout clumps in mechanically felled plots (P = 0.0253). Our results indicated that mechanical felling techniques used in this study may adversely impact regeneration of water tupelo swamps where coppice is a desirable form of reproduction. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):65-69.
Early Field Growth of Loblolly Pine Rooted Cuttings and Seedlings
Authors: Frampton John , Li Bailian , Goldfarb Barry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Early growth and fusiform rust resistance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) rooted cuttings and seedlings from the same nine full-sib families established on two sites (Nassau Co., FL and Monroe Co., AL) were compared. Although site effects on growth were large, height, diameter and volume growth of the rooted cuttings and seedlings did not differ through the first six growing seasons in the field (with the exception of first year height growth at the Florida site). Fusiform rust (caused by Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme [Cumm.] Burds. et Snow) incidence at age 6 yr was significantly lower in the rooted cuttings than the seedlings at both the Florida site (15.6 versus 22.3 %, respectively) and the Alabama site (46. 0 versus 51.0%, respectively). In addition, correlations of full-sib family performance between (1) rooted cuttings and seedlings and (2) rooted cuttings and seedling progeny test data were positive, statistically significant and moderate to high for both growth traits and fusiform rust incidence. Thus, families or individual trees selected from seedling genetic tests in existing tree improvement programs should also perform well as rooted cuttings. These results and those from similar studies indicate that field performance of loblolly pine rooted cuttings derived from seedling hedges should not be a concern. Large-scale propagation using rooted cuttings will deliver predicted gains from the selection and deployment of elite full-sib families and clones. In addition, the use of rooted cutting planting stock may offer a further reduction in fusiform rust incidence. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):98-105.
Testing the Accuracy of Growth and Yield Models for Southern Hardwood Forests
Authors: Rauscher H. Michael , Young Michael J. , Webb Charles D. , Robison Daniel J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The accuracy of ten growth and yield models for Southern Appalachian upland hardwood forests and southern bottomland forests was evaluated. In technical applications, accuracy is the composite of both bias (average error) and precision. Results indicate that GHAT, NATPIS, and a locally calibrated version of NETWIGS may be regarded as being operationally valid growth and yield models for Southern Appalachian yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and mixed oak (Quercus spp.) forests that fall within the range of characteristics of the test data set. No publicly available growth and yield models specifically developed for southern bottomland hardwood forests exist. Four general models that contain most of the applicable species to predict growth of these forests were tested. SETWIGS was found to be the most accurate of the four models tested and is recommended for use if the reported level of accuracy is acceptable and the target stand characteristics fall within the range of our test data set. Results indicate that the growth and density dynamics of dense, young stands of both upland and bottomland hardwoods were poorly predicted by the models. Models predicted basal area and density changes in yellow-poplar stands more accurately than mixed hardwoods. Predictions for upland hardwoods were more accurate than those for bottomland hardwoods. Model accuracy uniformly decreases with increasing length of the projection period. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):176-185.
Hard Mast Production Before and After the Chestnut Blight
Authors: Diamond Seth J. , Giles Robert H. , Kirkpatrick Roy L. , Griffin Gary J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We estimated hard mast production of a Southern Appalachian forest for two 10 yr intervals: one before and one, 35 yr after, the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) (Murr.) Barr, had killed all mature chestnut trees. The basal area of hard mast-producing trees in the postblight forest was 28% less than in the preblight forest. The estimate of hard mast output was 34% less after the chestnut blight. Postblight production was less than preblight production for 8 of 10 yr. During 5 of these years, postblight production was only 5-27% of preblight production. Annual preblight mast production was relatively stable, whereas annual postblight production fluctuated substantially. Our findings suggest that the loss of mature chestnuts (Castanea dentata) markedly reduced the Southern Appalachian forest's carrying capacity for certain wildlife species. South. J. Appl. For 24(4):196-201.