bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen addition increases the contents of glomalin-related soil protein and soil organic carbon but retains aggregate stability in a Pinus tabulaeformis forest
Authors: Sun Lipeng , Jing Hang , Wang Guoliang , Liu Guobin 
Published: June 2018

Background
Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) contribute to the formation and stability of soil aggregates, but the mechanism by which global atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition changes soil aggregate stability by altering the distribution of GRSP and SOC in different aggregate fractions remains unknown.

Methods
We used a gradient N addition (0–9 g N m−2 y−1) in Pinus tabulaeformis forest for two years in northeast China and then examined the changes in SOC contents, total GRSP (T-GRSP), and easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP) contents in three soil aggregate fractions (macro-aggregate: >250 μm, micro-aggregate: 250–53 μm, and fine material: <53 μm) and their relationship with aggregate stability.

Results
(1) The soil was dominated by macro-aggregates. Short term N addition had no significant effect on mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD). (2) GRSP varied among aggregate fractions, and N addition had different effects on the distribution of GRSP in aggregate fractions. The EE-GRSP content in the macro-aggregates increased initially and then decreased with increasing N addition levels, having a peak value of 0.480 mg g−1 at 6 g N m−2 y−1. The micro-aggregates had the lowest EE-GRSP content (0.148 mg g−1) at 6 g N m−2 y−1. Furthermore, the T-GRSP content significantly increased in the aggregate fractions with the N addition levels. (3) The macro-aggregate had the highest SOC content, followed by the micro-aggregate and the fine material had the lowest SOC content. N addition significantly increased the SOC content in all the aggregate fractions. (4) GRSP and SOC contents were not significantly correlated with MWD.

Conclusion
Glomalin-related soil protein and SOC contents increased by N addition, but this increase did not enhance aggregate stability in short term, and the improvement of stability might depend on binding agents and incubation time.
It’s a matter of design—how pitfall trap design affects trap samples and possible predictions
Authors: Boetzl Fabian A. , Ries Elena , Schneider Gudrun , Krauss Jochen 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundPitfall traps are commonly used to assess ground dwelling arthropod communities. The effects of different pitfall trap designs on the trapping outcome are poorly investigated however they might affect conclusions drawn from pitfall trap data greatly.MethodsWe tested four pitfall trap types which have been used in previous studies for their effectiveness: a simple type, a faster exchangeable type with an extended plastic rim plate and two types with guidance barriers (V- and X-shaped). About 20 traps were active for 10 weeks and emptied biweekly resulting in 100 trap samples.ResultsPitfall traps with guidance barriers were up to five times more effective than simple pitfall traps and trap samples resulted in more similar assemblage approximations. Pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates did not only perform poorly but also resulted in distinct carabid assemblages with less individuals of small species and a larger variation.DiscussionDue to the obvious trait filtering and resulting altered assemblages, we suggest not to use pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates. In comprehensive biodiversity inventories, a smaller number of pitfall traps with guidance barriers and a larger number of spatial replicates is of advantage, while due to comparability reasons, the use of simple pitfall traps will be recommended in most other cases.
Effect of air pressure on moisture transfer inside porous building materials
Authors: Fukui Kazuma , Iba Chiemi , Hokoi Shuichi , Ogura Daisuke 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe effect of air pressure on moisture transfer inside porous building materials cannot be omitted in cases where air cannot escape through the surface of the materials; in such cases, air is compressed by the movement of moisture. In this study, we conducted water‐absorption tests on a brick specimen. By comparing the result of the experiment on a specimen whose side surfaces were sealed with that of a specimen whose bottom surface was additionally sealed, it was demonstrated that the water‐absorption was evidently delayed in the latter case, wherein air could not escape from the specimen except for the top surface, through which water was absorbed. We also developed a numerical model based on the equations for simultaneous air and moisture transfer. The calculated result is reasonably consistent with the experimental result, which supports the validity of the model that includes the change in air pressure in the material and air loss through the top surface as air bubbles. By using this model, the behavior of the air and water inside the specimen was investigated in detail.
Hypervalent Iodine Compounds as Precursors for Biomedical Radiotracers
Authors: Telu Sanjay , Siméon Fabrice G. , Lu Shuiyu , Pike Victor W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the increasing role that hypervalent aryliodine compounds, especially aryliodine(III) compounds, are serving as precursors for biomedical radiotracers due to their ease of synthesis, often adequate storage stabilities, and high reactivities in useful labeling reactions, especially those with short‐lived [18F]fluoride ion (t1/2= 109.8 min) for producing radiotracers for imaging with positron emission tomography.
Stereoselective Reactions
Authors: Singh Fateh V. , Wirth Thomas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn the past few decades, the chemistry of hypervalent iodine reagents has been developed as an important tool for synthetic and natural product chemistry. The variety of hypervalent iodine reagents has led to number of versatile oxidative strategies in synthetic organic chemistry. Various synthetic moieties can be selectively introduced into complex molecules under very mild reaction conditions. In addition, various hypervalent iodine‐catalyzed stereoselective approaches have been developed by generating active catalytic speciesin situvia oxidation of precatalysts. This chapter highlights some recent developments of stereoselective reactions using hypervalent iodine reagents including catalysis.
Gd43+[AlPCS4]34− Nanoagent Generating 1O2 for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Poß Marieke , Zittel Eva , Seidl Carmen , Meschkov Anna , Muñoz Leonel , Schepers Ute , Feldmann Claus 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGd43+[AlPCS4]34− (AlPCS4: aluminium(III) chlorido phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate) inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH‐NPs) are presented as a novel photosensitizer for singlet oxygen (1O2) generation with potential use in localized photodynamic therapy. The saline nanoparticles contain an unprecedented high phthalocyanine content of 81 wt% AlPCS4; they show red emission (680 nm), and efficient 1O2 generation. In vitro studies (HepG2 and HeLa cells) demonstrate excellent uptake, low cytotoxicity, and a remarkable induced phototoxicity. Most interestingly, Gd43+[AlPCS4]34− IOH‐NPs (in suspension) significantly outperform the clinically approved H4AlPCS4 (in solution) in terms of photostability, reactive oxygen species generation, phototoxic effect in cells (i.e., Gd43+[AlPCS4]34−: LD50 < 5 × 10−6 m; H4AlPCS4: LD50 > 20 × 10−6 m, both illuminated 10 min at 670 nm), as well as suppression of microcapillary networks and vascular cord formation. According to in vivo studies, IOH‐NP‐pretreated HeLa‐GFP cells injected into zebrafish larvae can be easily colocalized based on the red emission of the IOH‐NPs and the green emission of the tumor cells. Upon light exposure (0–20 min at 635 nm), the transgenic HeLa‐GFP cells show drastically reduced viability in vivo due to the induced phototoxicity of the Gd43+[AlPCS4]34− IOH‐NPs.
NIR Light‐Triggered Degradable MoTe2Nanosheets for Combined Photothermal and Chemotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Ma Ning , Zhang Ming‐Kang , Wang Xiao‐Shuang , Zhang Lu , Feng Jun , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTelluride molybdenum (MoTe2) nanosheets with wide near‐infrared (NIR) absorbance are functionalized with polyethylene glycol‐cyclic arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid tripeptide (PEG‐cRGD). After loading a chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin, DOX), MoTe2‐PEG‐cRGD/DOX is used for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. With the high photothermal conversion efficiency, MoTe2‐PEG‐cRGD/DOX exhibits favorable cells killing ability under NIR irradiation. Owing to the cRGD‐mediated specific tumor targeting, MoTe2‐PEG‐cRGD/DOX shows efficient accumulation in tumors to induce a strong tumor ablation effect. MoTe2‐PEG‐cRGD nanosheets, which are relatively stable in the circulation, could be degraded under NIR ray. The in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrate that this theranostic nanoagent, which could accumulate in tumors to allow photothermal imaging and combined therapy, is readily degradable in normal organs to enable rapid excretion and avoid long‐term retention/toxicity, holding great potential to treat tumor effectively.
Compartmentalized Thin Films with Customized Functionality via Interfacial Cross‐linking of Protein Cages
Authors: Liu Aijie , de Ruiter Mark V. , Zhu Wei , Maassen Stan J. , Yang Liulin , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHybrid thin films with a high loading and homogeneous dispersion of functional nanoparticles (and/or molecules) find applications in (bio)‐sensors and electronic devices. The fabrication of such hybrid thin films, however, suffers from the complex and diverse surface and physicochemical properties of individual nanoparticles. To address this challenge, a facile and general strategy toward compartmentalized thin films through the interfacial cross‐linking of viral protein cages is reported. Employing these protein cages, gold nanoparticles, as well as enzyme horseradish peroxidase, are encapsulated into virus‐like particles and then cross‐linked into thin films with a thickness varying from monolayer to submicron dimensions. These compartmentalized thin films not only ensure that the cargo is homogeneously dispersed, but also display good catalytic activity. This strategy is, in principle, applicable for a wide range of (bio)‐organic nanocontainers, enabling the versatile fabrication of 2D thin films with extensive application prospects.
The Development of Yolk–Shell‐Structured Pd&ZnO@Carbon Submicroreactors with High Selectivity and Stability
Authors: Tian Hao , Huang Fei , Zhu Yihan , Liu Shaomin , Han Yu , Jaroniec Mietek , Yang Qihua , Liu Hongyang , Lu Gao Qing Max , Liu Jian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDesign of multicomponent yolk–shell structures is crucial for the fabrication of micro/nanoreactors for a variety of applications. This work reports the rational design and synthesis of yolk–shell‐structured submicroreactors with loaded metal nanoparticles into ZnO–microporous carbon core–shell structures. The solvothermal treatment and carbonization process of uniform zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8)@resin polymer core–shell structures leads to the generation of yolk–shell‐structured ZnO@carbon. The synthesis conditions are optimized to track the evolution of ZIF‐8 in a confined space of resin polymer as a submicroreactor itself. It is found that nanoribbon evolution occurs via the formation of the intermediate needle‐like particles. The Pd&ZnO@carbon submicroreactor is shown to be a highly selective catalyst (selectivity >99%) for hydrogenation of phenylacetylene to phenylethylene. The excellent performance of Pd&ZnO@carbon particles is evidenced by higher conversion and selectivity than that of Pd/ZnO and Pd/C with similar Pd loading. Furthermore, Pd&ZnO@carbon submicroreactors show superior catalytic stability, and no deactivation after 25 h of reaction. The proposed strategy is promising for the design of multifunctional micro/nanoreactors or nanocontainers for construction of artificial cells.
Precisely Controlling the Grain Sizes with an Ammonium Hypophosphite Additive for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Weidong , Lei Gang , Tao Chen , Zhang Jiandong , Liu Xiaoke , Xu Xiang , Lai Wen‐Yong , Gao Feng , Huang Wei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA facile approach to precisely control the perovskite grain sizes is proposed and demonstrated for high‐performance photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. With the introduction of various amounts of NH4H2PO2 (AHP) additives into the PbI2/CH3NH3I precursors, the grain scale of CH3NH3PbI3 films can be finely turned from hundreds of nanometer to micrometer scale, allowing evaluating the effects of crystalline grain boundary on trap densities, charge recombination, and PV device performance. The X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the formation of intermediates plays a key role in assisting the perovskite crystal growth. The optimized devices show much larger open‐circuit voltages (VOC) up to 1.10 ± 0.02 V and significantly enhance power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 16.5 ± 0.7%, as compared to the control devices with PCE of 9.4 ± 1.0% and VOC of 1.00 ± 0.03 V. Further investigations confirm that the boosted PV performance origins from the decreased defect densities due to enlarged grain sizes. It is also demonstrated that the approach is general and applicable to other perovskite systems, e.g., HC(NH2)2PbI3. The results suggest the promising application of AHP in achieving high‐performance perovskite PV devices, and shed light on understanding the grain boundary effects on perovskite optoelectronics.
An Electron Acceptor with Broad Visible–NIR Absorption and Unique Solid State Packing for As‐Cast High Performance Binary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Shi Xueliang , Liao Xunfan , Gao Ke , Zuo Lijian , Chen Jingde , Zhao Jingbo , Liu Feng , Chen Yiwang , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA novel acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) type electron acceptor 6TIC‐4F with terthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (6T) as the core unit is rationally designed and synthesized, which exhibits an extraordinarily narrow bandgap (≈1.24 eV) and strong absorption between 650 and 1000 nm. X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals that it has unique intermolecular π–π stacking. The solar cells based on the as‐cast poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione))]) (PBDB‐T):6TIC‐4F binary blends exhibit an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.14% with a high JSC of 23.00 mA cm−2, and a high fill factor of 0.67, which represents one of the best PCE values for low bandgap (Eg < 1.3 eV)–based organic solar cells.
Built‐In Haze Glass‐Fabric Reinforced Siloxane Hybrid Film for Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
Authors: Lim Young‐Woo , Kwon O Eun , Kang Seung‐Mo , Cho Hyunsu , Lee Jonghee , Park Young‐Sam , Cho Nam Sung , Jin Won‐Yong , Lee Jaeho , Lee Hyunhwan , Kang Jae‐Wook , Yoo Seunghyup , Moon Jaehyun , Bae Byeong‐Soo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSubstrates with high transmittance and high haze are desired for increasing the light outcoupling efficiency of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, most of the polymer films used as substrate have high transmittance and low haze. Herein, a facile route to fabricate a built‐in haze glass‐fabric reinforced siloxane hybrid (GFRH) film having high total transmittance (≈89%) and high haze (≈89%) is reported using the scattering effect induced by refractive index contrast between the glass fabric and the siloxane hybrid (hybrimer). The hybrimer exhibiting large refractive index contrast with the glass fabric is synthesized by removing the phenyl substituents. Besides its optical properties, the hazy GFRH films exhibit smooth surface (Rsq = 0.2 nm), low thermal expansion (13 ppm °C−1), high chemical stability, and dimensional stability. Owing to the outstanding properties of the GFRH film, OLED is successfully fabricated onto the film exhibiting 74% external quantum efficiency enhancement. The hazy GFRH's unique optical properties, excellent thermal stability, outstanding dimensional stability, and the ability to perform as a transparent electrode enable them as a wide ranging substrate for the flexible optoelectronic devices.
Turning Toxicants into Safe Therapeutic Drugs: Cytolytic Peptide−Photosensitizer Assemblies for Optimized In Vivo Delivery of Melittin
Authors: Jia Hao‐Ran , Zhu Ya‐Xuan , Xu Ke‐Fei , Wu Fu‐Gen 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMelittin (MEL) is recognized as a highly potent therapeutic peptide for treating various human diseases including cancer. However, the clinical applications of MEL are largely restricted by its severe hemolytic activity and nonspecific cytotoxicity. Here, it is found that MEL can form a stable supramolecular nanocomplex of ≈60 nm with the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), which after hyaluronic acid (HA) coating can achieve robust, safe, and imaging‐guided tumor ablation. The as‐designed nanocomplex (denoted as MEL/Ce6@HA) shows largely reduced hemolysis and selective cytolytic activity toward cancer cells. Upon laser irradiation, the loaded photosensitive Ce6 can synergistically facilitate the membrane‐lytic efficiency of melittin and greatly increase the tumor penetration depth of the complexes in multicellular tumor spheroids. In vivo experiments reveal that MEL/Ce6@HA can realize enhanced tumor accumulation, reduced liver deposition, and rapid body clearance, which are beneficial for highly efficient and safe chemo‐photodynamic dual therapy. This work develops a unique supramolecular strategy for optimized in vivo delivery of melittin and may have implications for the development of peptide‐based theranostics.
Under Diffusion Control: from Structuring Matter to Directional Motion
Authors: Cera Luca , Schalley Christoph A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSelf‐organization in synthetic chemical systems is quickly developing into a powerful strategy for designing new functional materials. As self‐organization requires the system to exist far from thermodynamic equilibrium, chemists have begun to go beyond the classical equilibrium self‐assembly that is often applied in bottom‐up supramolecular synthesis, and to learn about the surprising and unpredicted emergent properties of chemical systems that are characterized by a higher level of complexity and extended reactivity networks. The present review focuses on self‐organization in reaction‐diffusion systems. Selected examples show how the emergence of complex morphogenesis is feasible in synthetic systems leading to hierarchically and nanostructured matter. Starting from well‐investigated oscillating reactions, recent developments extend diffusion‐limited reactivity to supramolecular systems. The concept of dynamic instability is introduced and illustrated as an additional tool for the design of smart materials and actuators, with emphasis on the realization of motion even at the macroscopic scale. The formation of spatio‐temporal patterns along diffusive chemical gradients is exploited as the main channel to realize symmetry breaking and therefore anisotropic and directional mechanical transformations. Finally, the interaction between external perturbations and chemical gradients is explored to give mechanistic insights in the design of materials responsive to external stimuli.
Solution Mask Liquid Lithography (SMaLL) for One‐Step, Multimaterial 3D Printing
Authors: Dolinski Neil D. , Page Zachariah A. , Callaway E. Benjamin , Eisenreich Fabian , Garcia Ronnie V. , Chavez Roberto , Bothman David P. , Hecht Stefan , Zok Frank W. , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA novel methodology for printing 3D objects with spatially resolved mechanical and chemical properties is reported. Photochromic molecules are used to control polymerization through coherent bleaching fronts, providing large depths of cure and rapid build rates without the need for moving parts. The coupling of these photoswitches with resin mixtures containing orthogonal photo‐crosslinking systems allows simultaneous and selective curing of multiple networks, providing access to 3D objects with chemically and mechanically distinct domains. The power of this approach is showcased through the one‐step fabrication of bioinspired soft joints and mechanically reinforced “brick‐and‐mortar” structures.
Thin Film Tin Selenide (SnSe) Thermoelectric Generators Exhibiting Ultralow Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Burton Matthew R. , Liu Tianjun , McGettrick James , Mehraban Shahin , Baker Jenny , Pockett Adam , Watson Trystan , Fenwick Oliver , Carnie Matthew J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTin selenide (SnSe) has attracted much attention in the field of thermoelectrics since the discovery of the record figure of merit (ZT) of 2.6 ± 0.3 along the b‐axis of the material. The record ZT is attributed to an ultralow thermal conductivity that arises from anharmonicity in bonding. While it is known that nanostructuring offers the prospect of enhanced thermoelectric performance, there have been minimal studies in the literature to date of the thermoelectric performance of thin films of SnSe. In this work, preferentially orientated porous networks of thin film SnSe nanosheets are fabricated using a simple thermal evaporation method, which exhibits an unprecedentedly low thermal conductivity of 0.08 W m−1 K−1 between 375 and 450 K. In addition, the first known example of a working SnSe thermoelectric generator is presented and characterized.
Investigation of the Prussian Blue Analog Co3[Co(CN)6]2 as an Anode Material for Nonaqueous Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Deng Leqing , Yang Zhao , Tan Lulu , Zeng Liang , Zhu Yujie , Guo Lin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractNonaqueous potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are attracting increasing attention as a potential low‐cost energy‐storage system due to the abundance of potassium resources. Here, cobalt hexacyanocobaltate (Co3[Co(CN)6]2), a typical Prussian blue analog (PBA), is reported as an anode material for nonaqueous KIBs. The as‐prepared Co3[Co(CN)6]2 exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 324.5 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, a superior rate capability (221 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), and a favorable long‐term cycling stability (200 cycles with 82% capacity retention). Based on a series of characterizations, it is found that potassiation/depotassiation in Co3[Co(CN)6]2 proceeds via solid‐state diffusion‐limited K‐ion insertion/extraction process, in which both carbon‐ and nitrogen‐coordinated cobalt are electrochemically active toward K‐ion storage. Finally, the reaction pathway between potassium and Co3[Co(CN)6]2 is proposed. The present study provides new insights on further exploration of PBAs as high‐performance electrode materials for KIBs.
Relay Catalysis of Bismuth Trichloride and Byproduct Hydrogen Bromide Enables the Synthesis of Carbazole and Benzo[α]carbazoles from Indoles and α‐Bromoacetaldehyde Acetals
Authors: Wu Fengtian , Huang Wenbo , Yiliqi  , Yang Jian , Gu Yanlong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBenzo[α]carbazoles were synthesized from 2‐phenylindoles and α‐bromoacetaldehyde using bismuth trichloride as a catalyst. The reaction was triggered by a bismuth trichloride‐catalyzed Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of these two precursors, which provided a tryptaldehyde intermediate that underwent intramolecular olefination to form the final product. Interestingly, the HBr byproduct generated in the upstream step of the reaction catalyzed the following downstream reaction steps, thus creating a byproduct‐participated relay catalytic process. Motivated by this mechanism, we developed a three‐component reaction of indole, α‐bromoacetaldehyde acetal, and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds. This study offers a straightforward method for synthesizing substituted carbazoles.magnified image