bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid tranquillisation: the science and advice
Authors: Cookson John 
Published: August 2018

SUMMARY‘Rapid tranquillisation’ refers to the use of medication to calm highly agitated individuals experiencing mental disorder who have not responded to non-pharmacological approaches. Commonly it is the initial stage in the treatment of severe and enduring illness. Using medication in this way requires particularly robust evidence of efficacy and the management of side-effects. This article attempts to integrate current understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms of underlying illness and drug actions with therapeutic interventions. It distinguishes arousal from agitation, and effects on sedation from tranquillisation. It reviews critically the practice of rapid tranquillisation in the light of new evidence, changes in the NICE guidelines andBritish National Formularyrecommendations and a national audit (POMH-UK). Broader aspects of management, known as ‘restrictive practices’ (such as control and restraint and seclusion), psychological support of team members, incident reporting, risk assessment, monitoring and medico-legal aspects are not covered.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Recognise the role of brain transmitter pathways leading to arousal and to agitation•Be aware of mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines, antipsychotics and antihistamines and distinguishing sedation from calming effects•Know the recommendations of NICE guidelines for rapid tranquillisation and the findings of the national POMH-UK audit and be able to contribute to local policiesDECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.
What is the evidence on cholinergic medication for tardive dyskinesia?
Authors: Bhavsar Vishal 
Published: August 2018

SUMMARYAntipsychotic drugs are associated with movement disorders, especially with long-term use. Tardive dyskinesia, a condition characterised by repetitive involuntary muscle activity, is considered to be the most chronic, distressing and disabling of antipsychotic-associated movement disorders. There is theoretical justification for the use of cholinergic drugs in tardive dyskinesia, and they are used in clinical practice. A Cochrane systematic review synthesised randomised controlled trial data evaluating the effectiveness of cholinergic drugs for tardive dyskinesia, and for a range of secondary outcomes, including quality of life. In line with the authors of the review, this Commentary concludes that much higher-quality evidence on the use of cholinergic drugs in tardive dyskinesia is necessary, and that a patient with tardive dyskinesia should be offered the opportunity to try a newer cholinergic drug, ideally in the context of a well-conducted and reported clinical trial. At the same time, given uncertainty regarding clinical effectiveness, and in view of their accepted adverse effects, it would be understandable if a person with tardive dyskinesia decided to avoid cholinergic drugs.DECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.
Transcatheter arterial embolization of acute bleeding as 24/7 service: predictors of outcome and mortality
Authors: Powerski Maciej , Meyer-Wilmes Philipp , Omari Jazan , Damm Robert , Seidensticker Max , Friebe Björn , Fischbach Frank , Pech Maciej 
Published: August 2018

Objective
To analyze times of occurrence and identify risk factors (RFs) for technical and clinical failure and mortality of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of acute bleeding in a major hospital.

Methods
All TAEs performed at our hospital from 2006 to 2013 (n = 327) were retrospectively analyzed.

Results
TAEs were performed during regular weekday hours in 165 (50%) and during off-hours in 162 (50%) cases. With 40 regular and 128 off-hours/week, 3.25 times more TAEs were performed during regular hours. There was an even distribution across weekdays (Mon-Fri:16.9 ± 1.5%), while fewer TAEs were performed on weekends (Sat: 8.3%, Sun: 7.3%). Technical success of TAEs was 93.9% with a clinical success of 79.2% and a 30-day mortality of 18.4%. Shock was an RF for technical failure (p = 0.022). RFs for clinical failure were low hemoglobin (Hb) (p = 0.021) and transfusion of ≥6 units packed cells (p = 0.009). Independent RFs for mortality were clinical failure (p &lt; 0.001), coagulopathy (p = 0.005), and shock (p &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
Our results provide no evidence for a subjectively perceived increase in TAEs during off-hours but rather appear to show that most TAEs are performed during regular hours. Prompt TAE to control acute bleeding is crucial to prevent a drop in Hb with shock and the need for transfusion, which may promote coagulopathy and rebleeding, all of which are risk factors for a negative outcome.

Advances in knowledge
The presented analysis provides insights of occurrences and risk factors for success of transcatheter arterial embolization in acute bleeding in a large study population.
Intraosseous pressure during loading and with vascular occlusion in an animal model
Authors: Beverly M. , Mellon S. , Kennedy J. A. , Murray D. W. 
Published: August 2018

Objectives We studied subchondral intraosseous pressure (IOP) in an animal model during loading, and with vascular occlusion. We explored bone compartmentalization by saline injection. Materials and Methods Needles were placed in the femoral condyle and proximal tibia of five anaesthetized rabbits and connected to pressure recorders. The limb was loaded with and without proximal vascular occlusion. An additional subject had simultaneous triple recordings at the femoral head, femoral condyle and proximal tibia. In a further subject, saline injections at three sites were carried out in turn. Results Loading alone caused a rise in subchondral IOP from 11.7 mmHg (sd 7.1) to 17.9 mmHg (sd 8.1; p < 0.0002). During arterial occlusion, IOP fell to 5.3 mmHg (sd 4.1), then with loading there was a small rise to 7.6 mmHg (sd 4.5; p < 0.002). During venous occlusion, IOP rose to 20.2 mmHg (sd 5.8), and with loading there was a further rise to 26.3 mmHg (sd 6.3; p < 0.003). The effects were present at three different sites along the limb simultaneously. Saline injections showed pressure transmitted throughout the length of the femur but not across the knee joint. Conclusion This is the first study to report changes in IOP in vivo during loading and with combinations of vascular occlusion and loading. Intraosseous pressure is not a constant. It is reduced during proximal arterial occlusion and increased with proximal venous occlusion. Whatever the perfusion state, in vivo load is transferred partly by hydraulic pressure. We propose that joints act as hydraulic pressure barriers. An understanding of subchondral physiology may be important in understanding osteoarthritis and other bone diseases. Cite this article: M. Beverly, S. Mellon, J. A. Kennedy, D. W. Murray. Intraosseous pressure during loading and with vascular occlusion in an animal model. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:511–516. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.78.BJR-2017-0343.R2.
İNTİHAR GİRİŞİMİNDE BULUNAN ÇOCUK VE ERGENLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: DOĞAN MURAT , ESEN Feyza , ÖZTÜRK Selcan , ÖZTÜRK Mehmet Adnan , DEMİRCİ Esra 
Published: August 2018

Amaç:
İntihar gençlerde en sık ölüm nedenlerindendir ve sıklığı giderek artmaktadır.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, intihar girişiminde bulunan çocuk ve ergenlerin ruhsal
tanıları ile klinik ve demografik özelliklerinin saptanmasıdırYöntem:
Ocak-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında Erciyes Üniversitesi Çocuk Acil Servisine
intihar girişimi nedeniyle başvuran 18 yaş altı çocuk ve ergenler retrospektif
olarak incelenmiştirBulgular:
İntihar girişiminde bulunan 50 olgunun 42’si (%84) kız ve 27’si (%54) 14-16 yaş aralığındaydı. Yüksek doz
ilaç alımı en yaygın intihar girişimi yöntemiydi (%96). Girişimde bulunanların
% 72’sinde ruhsal bozukluk saptandı. En sık belirlenen ruhsal bozukluklar
yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu, majör depresif bozukluk, davranım bozukluğu ve
obsesif-kompulsif bozukluktu. İntihar girişimi için en sık tetikleyici faktör
aile içi problemlerdi. Olguların % 8’inde hala ölüm isteği mevcuttu.

Sonuç:
Çalışmamıza göre ergenlerde intihar girişiminde psikiyatrik hastalıklar, aile
içi problemler, karşı cinsle ilgili sorunlar, sosyoekonomik durum, okul
başarısı gibi faktörler etkilidir. İntihar girişimleriyle ilgili risk
faktörlerinin belirlenmelidir. İntihar riski olan ergenler daha sık takip
edilmelidir.Aim: Suicide is the most common cause of death in
young people and the incidence is increasing day by day. The aim of this study was to investigate
psychiatric diagnoses, clinical and demographic characteristics of children and
adolescents who attempted suicide. Materials and methods: Patients admitted to Erciyes University Pediatric Emergency Department between January and December 2017 due to suicide attempt were evaluated retrospectively. Results
42 (84%) of the 50 suicide attempts
were girls and 27 (54%) were between the ages of 14-16. Drug overdose was the most common way of
attempting suicide (96%). Psychopathology was diagnosed in 72 % of these
patients. The most frequent psychiatric disorders were generalized anxiety
disorder, major depressive disorder,
conduct disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The most frequent trigger factor for attempted
suicide was family problems. In 8% of the cases, there was still a death wish.

Conclusion: According to our study, factors such as psychiatric illnesses, family
problems, sexual problems, socioeconomic status, school success in adolescents
are effective in suicide attempts. Risk factors for suicide attempts should be
determined. Adolescents at risk of suicide should be monitored more frequently.
BİR ÜNİVERSİTE HASTANESİ ORTOPEDİ VE TRAVMATOLOJİ POLİKLİNİĞİNE BAŞVURAN ADLİ OLGULARIN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: YILDIRIM GÜRKAN DİLEK , SÖNMEZ EBRU , KORKMAZ MURAT 
Published: August 2018

BİR ÜNİVERSİTE HASTANESİ ORTOPEDİ VE
TRAVMATOLOJİ POLİKLİNİĞİNE BAŞVURAN ADLİ OLGULARIN İNCELENMESİDilek YILDIRIM
GÜRKAN, Ebru SÖNMEZ, Murat KORKMAZÖZETAmaç: Bu çalışma ortopedi ve travmatoloji polikliniğine başvuran
adli olguları demografik özellikler, olay türleri ve takip açısından
değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır.Gereç-yöntem: Çalışma 1 Ocak 2016-31
Aralık 2016 tarihlerinde üniversitemiz hastanesi ortopedi ve travmatoloji
polikliniğine başvuran, 115 olgunun dosyaları retrospektif olarak cinsiyet,
medeni durum, olay türü, cerrahi gereklilik ve kırık bölgesi incelenerek
tamamlanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde; ki kare ve fisher exact testi
kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler sayı ve yüzde olarak sunulmuştur.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen
115 vakanın 90 (%78.3)‘ının erkek olduğu, yaş ortalamasının 35.71±17.75 olduğu,
71 (%61.7) ‘inin evli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Polikliniğe başvurular da en fazla
trafik kazası (40,%34.8), darp (32,%27.8) ve düşmenin (21,%18.3) görüldüğü ve
74 vakanın da (%64.3) olay sonrası cerrahi operasyon geçirmediği tespit
edilmiştir. Yaralanan bölge açısından bakıldığında alt ekstremite (36,%31.3) ve
üst ekstremite (28,%24.3) en fazla etkilenen bölgeler olarak bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Adli vakaların daha çok
genç-orta yaş grubunda ve erkek olması, bu grubunun iş ve sosyal hayatta daha
fazla yer alması ve Türkiye’nin genç bir nüfusa sahip olması ile açıklanabilir.
Adli vakaların olay türlerine bakıldığında en fazla trafik kazasının görülmesi,
araç sayılarının artması, sürücülerin dikkatsiz ve kurallara uymaması, yolların
kötü olması ve alkollü araç kullanılması trafik kazalarını artıran nedenler
olarak düşünülebilir. Adli vaka özelliklerinin belirlenmesi adli olayları
azaltma ve önlemede, eğitim çalışmalarında yol gösterici olacaktır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Adli tıp, Ortopedi ve travmatoloji
DELINEATION OF ORE OCCURRENCES IN ORE RESERVES APPRAISAL WITH MICROMINE PACKAGE
Authors: Osipov V. L. 
Published: August 2018

The ore quality requirements include: cutoff grade, minimum thickness of ore body, maximum permissible thickness of interbeds of barren rocks or offgrade ore within the ore body perimeter, minimum metropercent (metrogram) calculated as the product of cutoff grade and minimum ore body thickness. Recently, mineral reserves appraisal has put in practice automation within specialized programs of geological–surveying data processing. The principal subject in automation of ore occurrence delineation in Micromine package and the topic of this article is delimitation of an ore body across its thickness using the data from the ore quality requirements. This becomes necessary when geological data on external boundaries are absent, which is typical of variable morphology ore bodies: mineralized dikes and zones, ore folds, skarns, ore chimneys, etc. Previously, before this study, Micromine package implemented appraisal of composite material reserves in the following scenarios: along boreholes, by benches, by intervals, by geology, by content. The programmers implemented ,since version 16,the ore occurrence algorithm based on the ore quality requirements using a method in a separate menu tab: Drillhole/ Compositing/ Grade (GKZ).The main kinds (parameters) of the ore occurrence algorithm are the Strictly rules and the Relaxed rules.. The article describes general framework of the analysis of ordinary ore occurrences, and similarity and distinctions in performance of the main kinds of the algorithm. Technically, the ore reserves appraisal based on the ore quality requirements should use the algorithm where all the requirements are maximum possible taken into account. In Micromine package, such algorithm is the Strictly Rules with the option “Do not allow contiguous composites”. Practically, there arises multivariate coupling and delimitation of ore bodies in the identified ore occurrences. The article gives a few somewhat formalized examples to illustrate appropriateness of one or the other method of ore occurrence delineation. Automation of ore reserves appraisal results in essential acceleration of data processing. The described algorithms enable calculation and statistical processing of numerous alternatives of ore occurrences based on the input variables of the ore quality requirements: Cб, Mп, Mр, MC within a short time provided that the data are prepared and clean.
Tianeptinin Sıçanlarda İskemi Reperfüzyonla Oluşturulan Oksidatif Böbrek Hasarına Etkisi
Authors: SÜLEYMAN Bahadir , ÖZBEK BİLGİN Aslı , MAMMADOV Renad 
Published: August 2018

Böbrek iskemi-reperfüzyon (İ/R) hasarı şok, travma
ve böbrek transplantasyonu gibi majör cerrahi durumları takiben
gelişebilmektedir ve akut böbrek yetmezliğine neden
olmaktadır. Böbrek İ/R hasarının, dokunun
oksijensiz kalması ile başlayan ve serbest oksijen
radikallerinin üretimi ile devam eden patolojik bir süreç olduğu
bilinmektedir. Çalışmamızda böbrek İ/R hasarına etkisini araştıracağımız
tianeptin, antioksidan özelliğe sahip atipik antidepresan bir
ilaçtır. Literetürlerde tianeptinin, İ/R ile oluşturulan böbrek hasarına
karşı etkisine ait bilgilere rastlanmadı. Çalışmamızın amacı tianeptinin, sıçanlarda İ/R ile oluşturulan
oksidatif böbrek hasarına etkisini araştırmaktır. Albino wistar türü erkek
sıçanlar renal iskemi-reperfüzyon (RİR), 25 mg/kg tianeptin+renal
iskemi-reperfüzyon (TİR-25) ve şam operasyonu uygulanacak (SG)
gruplara ayrıldı. İ/R işlemi (bir saat iskemi, üç saat reperfüzyon),
25 mg/kg intraperitoneal tiopental sodyum anestezisi uygulanarak yapıldı.
Oksidatif hasar böbrek dokusunda malondialdehid (MDA) ve total glutatyon (tGSH)
ölçümü ile değerlendirildi. Biyokimyasal deney sonuçları, İ/R işleminin böbrek
dokusunda MDA miktarının artmasına tGSH’nın ise azalmasına neden olduğunu
göstermiştir. Tianeptinin, böbrek dokusunda MDA’nın İ/R ile artmasını ve
tGSH’nın azalmasını anlamlı önlediği saptanmıştır. Deney
sonuçlarımız, tianeptinin İ/R ile indüklenen oksidatif böbrek hasarını
önlemede yararlı olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.
A violência alteritária: a negação do outro no brasil contemporâneo
Authors: Fonseca Paulo Henrique , Abreu Leonardo Lani 
Published: August 2018

Nunca foi tão necessário falar sobre violência quanto nos dias de hoje, nos quais as situações de violação à integridade dos seres humanos atingiram um nível tão alarmante que quaisquer esperanças de um futuro mais harmônico parecem infundadas. No mundo, em geral, e no Brasil, em particular, acumulam-se os exemplos de banalização da violência, tais como os episódios recentes de ódio a imigrantes, registrados na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, e, no caso brasileiro, as decapitações ocorridas durante rebeliões em presídios, o assassinato de indígenas e trabalhadores rurais e o assalto à democracia e aos direitos sociais. Se é verdade que a humanidade sempre foi violenta, também é verdadeiro que os novos meios de comunicação, ao transformarem o mundo numa aldeia, aumentaram a percepção a respeito da violência de um modo jamais visto antes. A própria internet tem se transformado cada vez mais em uma arena em que se embatem opiniões muitas vezes irreconciliáveis. Porém, considerando-se que o simples lamento quanto aos efeitos nocivos da violência é contraproducente, é necessário perquirir acerca das causas desse fenômeno, a fim de mitigar o sofrimento por ele causado, e uma primeira constatação é desde logo evidente: a de que a violência, ao permear, em variados graus de intensidade, todas as relações humanas, desponta como um elemento estrutural da sociedade. Com isso, não se pretende dizer que essa violência alteritária, que recai sobre o "alter", o outro, e se manifesta em três níveis - intergrupal, intragrupal e individual -, seja inevitável, mas sim lançar as bases para perscrutar suas raízes, por meio da adoção de um viés interdisciplinar e do método histórico-dialético, no intuito de promover a tomada de consciência em torno da natureza da violência, tanto por parte de suas vítimas quanto de seus agentes.
STATIN ADVERSE EFFECTS: MECHANISMS, DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Dyadyk A. I. , Kugler T. E. , Suliman Y. V. , Zborovskyy S. R. , Zdykhovskaya I. I. 
Published: August 2018

Statins are one of the most common lipid-lowering drugs in clinical practice. The purpose of this review was to systemize the most frequent statin adverse effects, including mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The frequency of statin-associated muscle symptoms is significantly higher in registries and observational studies than in randomized controlled trials. Diagnosis of muscle symptoms is difficult because it is subjective. The serum creatine kinase is often normal or slightly elevated. Association between statin use and the risk of new cases of diabetes mellitus was demonstrated in numerous studies. The drug interaction of statins, high dosage and concomitant diseases can lead to a persistent and clinically significant increase of hepatic enzymes. Basic glycemic tests, hepatic enzymes and serum creatine kinase have been necessary done before statin administration to identify patients with high risk of intolerance. The risk of hemorrhagic strokes after statin therapy is ambiguous due to randomized controlled trials. It is suggested that statins can inhibit cancerogenesis by inducing apoptosis or reducing cell growth, angiogenesis, and invasion. However, the results of preclinical and clinical studies are conflicting. The majority of the studies are observational or of retrospective nature. It is necessary to provide a larger prospective randomized placebo-controlled trials with a long follow-up. Any doctor should know the potential negative consequences of statins taking into account their expansion. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of statins is important for the safety of patients. Dosages, metabolism and risk factors of drug interactions should be considered to minimize statin adverse effects.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF DAN GAYA BERPIKIR TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR
Authors: Khambali Khambali 
Published: August 2018

The objective of this research was to investigate comprehensively the effect of learning model and studentâ€™s thinking style on the Arabic reading achievement of the second semester student of the Islamic Studies Program, the Institut of Islamic Studies of Indonesia Jakarta, academic year 2016/2017.
This was an experimental research using a two-factor ANOVA at 0,05 and 0,01 significance level. The data was collected using the Arabic reading test and thinking style questionaire.
The findings above led to a conclusion that the result of arabic reading in cooperatif of MM was higher than cooperatif of NHT, Students who has divergen thinking style was higher than student who has covergent thinking, and its happened an interaction between cooperatif model teaching and thinking style to the result of arabic reading.
أوزان جمع التكسير وأصل مفردها وصيغها في الموسوعة العربية العالمية
Authors: Samsiyah Winda 
Published: August 2018

يهدف هذا البحث إلى الحصول على معرفة أوزان جمع التكسير وأصل مفردها وصيغها في الموسوعة العربية العالمية ليسهل الطلاب والمعلّمين اللغة العربية أن يفهموا عميقا علم الصرف خاصة عن جمع التكسير. إن هذا البحث من ضمن الدراسة المكتبية. ويستخدم البحث الطريقة الوصفية بأسلوب تحليل المحتوى عن أوزان جمع التكسير في نصوص الموسوعة العربية العالمية. وبناء على تحليل البيانات الذي قد قامت به الباحثة فتستلخص الباحثة أن في الموسوعة العربية العالمية توجد 21 وزنا من 134 شاهدا في الموسوعة العربية العالمية. وهي أَفْعِلَاء مفردها صيغة (فَعِيْل) , وأَفْعَال 4 صيغ (فَعَل,فَعْل, فِعْل, فَعَلَة, فَعْلَة, فُعْل, فَاعِل), وفَوَاعِل صيغتان (فَاعِل, فَوْعَل, فَاعِلَة), وفُعُوْل 5 صيغ (فَعْل, فَعَل, فَعَلَة, فِعْل, فُعْل, فَعِل, فَاعِل), وفَعَلَة صيغة (فَاعِل), وفِعَال صيغتان (فَعْلَة, فَعِيْل, فَعَل, فَعْل, فِعْل, فَعُل), وأَفْعِلَة 3 صيغ (فَعَال, فِعَال, فَعَال, فَاعِل), وفَوَاعِيْل صيغة (فُفْعُول, فَاعُوْل), وفَعْلَى صيغة (فَعِيْل), وفُعَلَاء صيغتان (فَاعِل, فَعِيْل), وأَفَاعِل 3 صيغ (, وفَعَائِل, وأَفْعُل, وتَفَاعِيْل, وفِعْلَان, ومَفَاعِلَة, وأَفَاعِل, وفُعَّال, وفُعُل, وفَعَالِل, وفُعْلَان.
A New K-Shell Decomposition Method for Identifying Influential Spreaders of Epidemics on Community Networks
Authors: Gong Kai , Kang Li 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
An efficient method for the identification of influential spreaders that could be used to control epidemics within populations would be of considerable importance. Generally, populations are characterized by its community structures and by the heterogeneous distributions of out-leaving links among nodes bridging over communities. A new method for community networks capable of identifying influential spreaders that accelerate the spread of disease is here proposed. In this method, influential spreaders serve as target nodes. This is based on the idea that, in k-shell decomposition method, out-leaving links and inner links are processed separately. The method was used on empirical networks constructed from online social networks, and results indicated that this method is more accurate. Its effectiveness stems from the patterns of connectivity among neighbors, and it successfully identified the important nodes. In addition, the performance of the method remained robust even when there were errors in the structure of the network.
A Proposed Syllabus for EFL Writing Class at University
Authors: Sundari Hanna , Febriyanti Rina Husnaini , Saragih Gustaman 
Published: August 2018

This present study intended to develop the first draft syllabus for writing course in English Education major. Particularly in teaching writing as foreign language, syllabus became one of the key factors for teachers before and while delivering thelesson. The research was carried out by initial steps of research and development approach (R and D). The respondents were the students from writing classes, writing lecturers, and the stakeholders in one university in Jakarta. In collecting data, the instruments were the questionnaire and in-depth interview. After analyzing the data from need analysis descriptively, the researchers have modeled a developed layout of the syllabus for writing class. The syllabus is developed in a set of concepts and rationale, general and specific objectives or outcomes of the course as competences, teaching methods, materials and content, practices and activity, and evaluation.