bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cocoa Canopy Replacement to Increase Productivity and Plant Resistance to Vascular Streak Dieback
Authors: Iman Santoso Teguh , Prawoto Adi , Sudarsianto Sudarsianto 
Published: September 2018

Canopy replacement with vascular streak dieback (VSD) resistant clones is expected to reduce VSD infestation by reducing space of Oncobasidiumtheobromae infection, and to increase cocoa yield. This experiment was carried out in endemic areas of VSD in Kaliwining Experimental Station of ICCRI and Kendenglembu estate. Canopy replacement technique in Kendenglembu was done by side cleft grafting on primary branches and top grafting on plagiotropic branches of primary branches. Number of grafted shoots per plant, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 was used as treatments using Sca 6 and Sulawesi 1. The 12 treatments were arranged in randomized complate block design, each treatment replicated 6 times and 10 plants per treatment. Growth of shoot, canopy coverage and development of VSD incidence were the main variables. In Kaliwining, side cleft grafting was applied at 1.5 m above soilsurface using Sulawesi 1 and Sca 6 clones as the scion and TSH 858 and ICS 60 clones as rootstocks. VSD intensity was observed by scoring method. Cocoa yield was the main variable. The result showed that both techniques caused similar growth rate of the shoots. The rate of canopy covering by resistant clones reduced VSD infestation following Y = -0.7848X + 69.324 (R² = 0.995) equation. Three resistant shoots per tree was effective in reducing VSD infestation. Four years after grafting were bean yield by using Sulawesi 1 was 434% over control while 360% yield for Sca 6 compared to average control of ungrafted plants of ICS 60 and TSH 858. Polyphenol content of both resistant clones was higher than that on susceptible ones, however transfer mechanism of that substance to the susceptible stocks is still unknown. It is concluded that canopy replacement using productive and resistant clones is considered to be an effective method to overcome VSD problem and to improve cocoa yield. Key words:Theobroma cacao, vascular streak dieback, canopy replacement, yield.
Identification of Potential Plants Producing Tannin-protein Complex for a-amylase as Botanical Pesticide
Authors: Firdausi Asriyah , Agus Siswoyo Tri , Wiryadiputra Soekadar 
Published: September 2018

Research on the development of botanical pesticides should be developed through new methods, such as by inhibiting the activity of digestive enzymes by secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to identify some of potential plants as a source of tannin-protein complexes to inhibitthe activity of - amylase. The study of identification of potential plants producing the active ingredient tannin-protein complex was divided into three stages, 1) identification of potential plants producing tannin, 2) isolation of tannin-protein complexes, and 3) in vitro test of tannin-protein complexes effect of the -amylase activity. Some of the observed plants were sidaguri leaf (Sida rhombifolia), melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon), gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium),lamtoro leaf (Leucaena leucocephala) , betel nut (Areca catechu) , and crude gambier (Uncaria gambir) a s a source of tannins and melinjo seed was used asprotein source. Betel nut and melinjo seed were the best source of tannin-protein complex, tannin content 1.77 mg TAE/mL with antioxidant activity of 90%,the ability to inhibit the activity of -amylase by 95% with IC 50 values of 10 mg/mL.Key words: Tannin, protein, -amylase, botanical pesticides,Areca catechu, Gnetum gnemon.
Optimizing of Arabica Coffee Bean Fermentation Process Using a Controlled Fermentor
Authors: Widyotomo Sukrisno , Yusi Yusianto 
Published: September 2018

One of primary coffee processing steps which affect the end quality isfermentation. Fermentation using a controlled fermentor might be usefulbecause all of parameters which influence coffee quality can be controlled.The aim of this research is to evaluate performance of controlled fermentor forfermentation process of Arabica coffee beans. Main material of this researchwas ripe Arabica coffee cherries from Andungsari Research Station in Bondowoso district. Research parameters were temperature with four levels i.e.: ambient temperature, 30o C, 35oC and 40oC, and fermentation time with three levels i.e.: 6 hours, 12 hours, and 18 hours. A horizontal type of modified fermentor has been tested with 20 kg/batch or 50% of maximum loading capacity. The result showed that an electric heater as energy source can raise temperature duringfermentation process. Fermentation process using fermentor at 30-40oC had not significant effect on physical properties change such as density, beancount per 100 g and distribution of beans. Optimum condition for Arabica fermentation process in a modified fermentor reactor was 25oC temperature, and 12 hours fermentation time. By this condition, green beans have good organoleptic score than other fermentation process treatments. Key words: Fermentor, fermentation, coffee, quality, organoleptic, horizontal cylinder.
Response of Arabica Coffee Cultivated on Andisols on Organic Matter Applications
Authors: . Pujiyanto 
Published: September 2018

Andisols are characterized by dominance of amorphous minerals which form strong and stable bonding with organic matter, therefore Andisols always contain high organic matter. For that reason, organic fertilizer is generally not applied on Andisols, because it is assumed that it will not give any positive effect on growth or yield. The experiment was aimed to evaluate response of mature Kartika 1 Arabica coffee variety (seven years old) cultivated on Andisols applied with organic matter derived from cow dung manure. The experiment was carried out at Andungsari Experimental Station located in Bondowoso District, East Java. Elevation of the site was 1,150 m asl., with rainfall type of C (Schmidt & Fergusson). The experiment was arranged according to completely randomized block design with four replications to evaluate effect of ninecombination treatments of application rates at application depths of 50, 100, and 150 cm. The range of organic fertilizers rates were 0 - 13.5 kg/tree/year. The experiment revealed that cow dung manure applications on Arabica coffee cultivated on Andisols significantly increased yield at the average of 33% compared to the untreated crop. No significant effect of the treatment onvariables of leaf water deficit and soil moisture content during dry season and root density. At range of application depths of 50 - 150 cm, the deeper the organic matter applications, the higher the yield will be.Key words: Andisols, Arabica coffee, organic matter, cow dung manure
Effect of Price Determinants on World Cocoa Prices for Over the Last Three Decades: Error Correction Model (ECM) Approach
Authors: Aklimawati Lya , Wahyudi Teguh 
Published: September 2018

High volatility cocoa price movement is consequenced by imbalancing between power demand and power supply in commodity market. World economy expectation and market liberalization would lead to instability on cocoa prices in the international commerce. Dynamic prices moving erratically influence the benefit of market players, particularly producers. The aim of this research is (1) to estimate the empirical cocoa prices model for responding market dynamics and (2) analyze short-term and long-term effect of price determinants variables on cocoa prices. This research was carried out by analyzing annualdata from 1980 to 2011, based on secondary data. Error correction mechanism (ECM) approach was used to estimate the econometric model of cocoa price.The estimation results indicated that cocoa price was significantly affected by exchange rate IDR-USD, world gross domestic product, world inflation, worldcocoa production, world cocoa consumption, world cocoa stock and Robusta prices at varied significance level from 1 - 10%. All of these variables have a long run equilibrium relationship. In long run effect, world gross domestic product, world cocoa consumption and world cocoa stock were elastic (E >1), while other variables were inelastic (E <1). Variables that affecting cocoa pricesin short run equilibrium were exchange rate IDR-USD, world gross domestic product, world inflation, world cocoa consumption and world cocoa stock. The analysis results showed that world gross domestic product, world cocoa consumption and world cocoa stock were elastic (E >1) to cocoa prices in short-term. Whereas, the response of cocoa prices was inelastic to change of exchange rate IDR-USD and world inflation.Key words: Price determinants, cocoa, Error Correction Model, demand, supply, stock
Performance of Some Promising Genotypes of Fine-flavour Cocoa Selected at Penataran Estate, East Java
Authors: Sari Indah Anita , Susilo Agung Wahyu 
Published: September 2018

Prelimanary selection at Panataran Estate, East Java found five genotypes of promising fine flavor cocoa (PNT 12, PT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B) which had high yielding potency and estimated tolerant to VSD valuation of superior characters in each accession was important as base to be developed in multilocation test. The research was conducted in Penataran Estate, PTPN XII using single plot design and consisted of five fine flavor cocoa genotypes (PNT 12, PNT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B) and two genotypes as control (DR 2 and DRC 16). Each genotype consisted 33 plants (seven years old). Yield potential, score of VSD resistance, yield quality and morphology of stomata characters were observed. The analysis results showed that PNT 16 and PNT 12 had the highest of yield potential (1.46 and 1.10 kg/plant/year) respectively. PNT 16 also showed VSD scoring value low and stable on two years observation (2012-2013). Increasing pod number in 2013 was caused by recovery of the plant from VSD attack. Number of stomata on young leaf (flush) on PNT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B was lower than DR 2. Size of stomata qualitatively was different in each number. Characters of yield quality as pod lengh, pod weight, and pod girth on five promising clones were not as significantly different compared to control. Five fine flavor cocoa promising genotypes had white bean percentage more than 80 percent. Character of dry weight per bean on five fine flavour cocoa promising genotypes showed smaller than DR 2 but were not significantly different compared to DRC 16.
Variation of Potential Yield of Hybrid Population of Robusta coffee (Coffea canepor
Authors: Erdiansyah Novie Pranata , Sumirat Ucu , - Priyono 
Published: September 2018

The low yield of Robusta coffee in Indonesia may be due to the use of planting materials derived from seeds. The research objective was to determine the variation of Robusta coffee yield wich local propagated by using seeds. The study was conducted in Kaliwining experimental Station of ICCRI (Indonesian Coffee andCocoa Research Institute). There were two populations observed. Number of progeny used in this study were 186 genotypes consisting of two groups from crossesBP 409 x Q 121 with 89 progenies and BP 961 x BP 409 with 81 progenies. The results showed that planting materials from seeds exhibit properties mixed results.Progeny that have the best results (yield more than 2 ton/ha) not more than 5% of the total population. In both populations there is a big difference between the progenythat has high and low yield. Highest yield B population could reach 2,500 kg/ha and the C population reached 2,200 kg/ha. The lowest yield can only produce coffee270 kg/ha in populations B and 120 kg/ha in population C.Key words: Coffea canephora, hybrid, variation, yield
Physical and Flavor Profiles of Arabica Coffee as Affected by Cherry Storage Before Pulping
Authors: . Yusianto , Nugroho Dwi 
Published: September 2018

Harvesting and pulping process of coffee cherry in the same day is inaccesible. Storage of coffee cherry before pulping was carried out incorrectly. Some storage treatments before pulping of Arabica coffee cherry had been examined at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using Arabica coffee cherries from Andungsari Experimental Garden, Bondowoso, East Java. Treatments of the experiment were method and period of cherry storage. Methods of coffee cherry storage were put in plastic sacks; immerse in water, without water replacement; and immerse in water with daily water replacement. Period of coffee cherry storage were 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. After storage treatments, the coffee cherries were pulped, fermented, washed, sundried, and dehulled. The experiment were carried out using randomized block design with three replications. Observation of coffee cherry during storage periods was done on the physical and temperature. Observation of the green coffee were done on the color dan bulk density. The green coffee were roasted at medium roast level for sensory analysis. Observation of roasting profile were out-turn, bulk density and pH of roasted coffee. Sensory analysis used Specialty Coffee Association of America method. Methods and period of cherry storage before pulping significanly influence on the cherry color, parchment color, green coffee color, and the flavor profile of Arabica coffee. Color of dry parchment changed to be red-brown becouse of cherry immersed in water for two days or more. In plastic sacks, Arabica coffee cherry may be stored only for two days, but underwater with or without water replacement, should be not more than five days. Green and sensory quality of Arabica coffee will be deteriorated after five days storage underwater. Coffee cherry storage immerse in water with daily replacing water may improve sensory quality of Arabica coffee.Key word: Arabica coffe, storage, pulping, flavor, physical perqutions
Control of Vascular Streak Dieback Disease of Cocoa with Flutriafol Fungicides
Authors: Nur'aini Febrilia 
Published: September 2018

Vascular streak dieback caused by the fungus Oncobasidium theobromae is one of the important diseases in cocoa crop in Indonesia. One approach to control the disease is by using fungicides. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of class triazole fungicides to the intensity of the vascular streak dieback disease on cocoa seedling phase, immature and mature cocoa. Experiments were conducted in Kotta Blater, PTPN XII and Kaliwining, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Flutriafol 250 g/l with a concentration 0,05%, 0,1% and 0,15% foliar sprayed on cocoa seedlings, immature and mature cocoa. Active compound combination of Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole with 0,1% concentration used as a comparation fungicides. The result showed that Flutriafol with 0,05%, 0,1% and 0,15% concentration and Azoxystrobin & Difenoconazol with 0,1% concentration could suppress the vascular streak dieback disease on seedlings. On immature plants, the application of Flutriafol was not effectively suppress the vascular streak dieback disease whereas the fungicide comparison could suppress with the efficacy level of 46.22%. On mature plants,both of fungicides could not suppress the vascular streak dieback disease. Key words: Fungicide, cocoa, vascular streak dieback, triazole, flutriafol, azoxystrobin+difenoconazol
Effect of picung (Pangium edule) plant extracts as a botanical pesticide on mortality of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei)
Authors: Wiryadiputra Soekadar 
Published: September 2018

Coffee pests known as coffe berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei) were main pests which decreasing the productivity of Indonesian coffee. One of pests controlling was done by insecticides. Generally, plant uses for insecticide show high security level, because the breaking molecule was easy as not dangerous compound. Pangium edule contains of flavanoide, cyanide acid and saponin had potential as an botanical insecticide. The purpose of this research was to prove the potential extract of seed and leaves of picung (Pangium edule) as an botanical insecticide for CBB. This research used a complete random design. There were 8 treatments with the concentration of the extract from leaves and seed of picung, one positive control treatment (Carbaril 0,02% formulation) and one negative control treatment (aquades). The treatment was repeated four times and carried out observation on every day until six days. The concentrations leaf and seed extracts were 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0%. The result of the research show that between concentration applied the were no significant different and at observation six days after application the mortality of CBB only around 35 -40% on both extracts (ewater and methanol). The result of the research also show that there were no real differentiation between leaves and seed of picung. LT-50 values were 1.25% and 0.96%, for leaves and seed extract in water for six day observation. From this observation could be concluded that picung tree (Pangium edule) is not effective in the controlling CBB in the interval concentration applied and extraction method used.
Key words: Botanical pesticide, picung tree, Pangium edule, mortality, Hypothenemus hampei, water extraction, methanol extraction.
Solar Energy Efficiency of Cocoa Clones which Cultivated under Three Species of Shade Trees
Authors: Regazzoni Oscar , Sugito Yogi , Suryanto Agus , Prawoto Adi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis experiment aims to know the solar energy efficiency of four clones of cocoa that cultivated under three different shading plants. This experiment has been done from September until December 2013 located at Kaliwining Experiment Farm with characteristic 45 m above sea level, soil type is low humic gley, soil texture is silty clay loam, and climate classification type D based on Scmidht and Fergusson Classification. This experiment used Nested Design as Experimental Design with species of shading plant as main plot which are Teak (Tectona grandis L.), Krete (Cassia surattensis (Burm.) F.), Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala L.) and Cocoa clones as sub plot which are Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KKM 22, KW 165. The observation of solar energy efficiency consists of daily solar radiation intensity, solar radiation intensity above plant, solar radiation intensity under plant, and also plant total dry weight. The experimental result showed that there is differences (heterogenity) between shading location based on homogenity test by Bartlett Method. There are some interaction between the kind of shading plant and clones in parameter of interception efficiency, absorbtion efficiency, the efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant, and solar energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant will affect the solar energy conversion efficiency with R2 = 0,86. Keywords : Solar Energy Efficiency, Cocoa Clones, Shading Plant, Nested Design, Bartlett Method
Effectiveness of Endophytic Bacterial Consortium of Coffee Plant on Mortality of Pratylenchus Coffeae in Vitro
Authors: Halimah Dwi , Munif Abdul , Giyanto Giyanto 
Published: September 2018

Bacteria live in wild in form of a consortium. Use of microbial consortium tends to give better results than single isolate, because the action of enzyme of each type of microbe can complement each other in order to survive. This study aimed to study the effectiveness of bacterial endophytic consortium from coffee plant on plant growth and mortality of parasitic nematodes in coffee. Isolation of bacteria is conducted by growing the crushed roots, stems and leaves of coffee on 20% TSA media, then testing their hemolysis and hypersensitivity reaction. Selected isolates were tested on their effect on the growth of seedling and Pratylenchus coffeae mortality, as well as their chitinolytic, proteolytic, lipolytic, HCN production, dissolution of phosphate (P) and fixation of nitrogen (N2) abilities. The results showed that from 27 isolates of the consortium, 23 isolates showed negative reaction to hypersensitive test and 9 isolates to hemolysis test. The highest mortality rate was shown by K6 isolate (65.8%). The highest growth was shown by K15 and K 21 isolates while the highest root length by K21 isolate. Further analisys showed that 100% of the isolates could hydrolyze proteases, lipid, and produce HCN, while chitinolytic activity was shown by 78% isolates which could fix N2 and 11% of isolates could dissolve phosphate.
Use of cocoa ethanolic extract for treatment of Staphylococcal infection in rabbit-skin model
Authors: Tunjung-Sari Ariza Budi , Wahyudi Teguh , Chusna Mufida Diana , Tamarizki Mekania , Perwitahati Desyana , Kartika Syamsuddin Ihda , Jati Misnawi 
Published: September 2018

In septic condition, the skin normal flora Staphylococcal spp. may trigger local and sistemic skin infection. In this study antibacterial activity of cocoa ethanolic extract (CEE) against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections was observed in vitro and in vivo. Ethanolic extract from unfermented cocoa beans was prepared as solution in the in vitro testing, while for in vivo testing the extract was prepared as cream. Agar well diffusion assay showed that CEE ranging from 7.8 mg/mL to 1000 mg/mL demonstrated inhibitory activity against growth of either S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Inhibitory activity of CEE was in concentration dependent manner, and was less potential than either cephalexin 4 x 10 -3 mg/mL or cefotaxime 8 x 10 -3 mg/mL. Linear regression of CEE concentration plotted against inhibition zone values ha dpredicted the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of CEE towards S. aureus and S. epidermidis were at 341.9 mg/mL and 359.7 mg/mL, respectively. Topical application of cream containing CEE at several concentrations (2%, 4%, and 8%) demonstrated healing properties towards incision wound infected with S. aureus and S. epidermidis cultures in rabbit-skin model. CEE cream promoted wound contraction and higher recovery rate than of base cream (negative control) but lower than mupirocin 2% cream. In S. aureus and S. epidermidis infected wound models, CEE cream 8% improved wound recovery to 72.7% and 86.1% from original rates of 23.5% and 34.7% (base cream application). Catechin and procyanidis are suggested playing roles in alleviation of wound inflammation and stimulation of extracellular matrix accumulation, thus accelerate the wound healing process. This study proposes utilization of cocoa bean as source of active ingredient for skin care products.