bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐Voltage Operation of Ring Oscillators Based on Room‐Temperature‐Deposited Amorphous Zinc‐Tin‐Oxide Channel MESFETs
Authors: Lahr Oliver , Vogt Sofie , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSchottky diode FET logic (SDFL) ring oscillator circuits comprising metal‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MESFETs) based on amorphous zinc‐tin‐oxide (ZTO)n‐channels are presented. The ZTO channel layers are deposited entirely at room temperature by long‐throw magnetron sputtering. Best MESFETs exhibit on/off current ratios as high as 8.6 orders of magnitude, a sub‐threshold swing as low as 250 mV dec−1, and a maximum transconductance of 205 µS. Corresponding inverters show peakge gain magnitude (pgm) values of 83 with uncertainty levels as low as 0.5 V at an operating voltage of 5 V. Single stage delay times down to 277 ns are measured for three‐stage ring oscillators, corresponding to oscillation frequencies as high as 451 kHz. Oscillations are observed at operating voltages as low as 3 V. These results prove the feasibility of room‐temperature‐deposited, amorphous semiconducting oxide based integrated circuits with SDFL layout. The presented approach provides more efficient as well as fail‐safe device fabrication and similar oscillation frequencies at significantly lower operating voltages compared to conventional, high‐temperature processed logic circuits based on insulating gates.
Optimal sensor placement for agro‐hydrological systems
Authors: Sahoo Soumya R. , Yin Xunyuan , Liu Jinfeng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe estimation of soil moisture is essential for developing advanced closed‐loop irrigation schemes. One associated problem is how to place the sensors appropriately in the soil to provide good measurements for state estimation. In this work, we address the problem of optimal sensor placement for state estimation of agro‐hydrological systems. A systematic approach is proposed to find the minimum number of sensors that ensures the observability of the entire system and then to find the best locations of the sensors in terms of degree of observability. The Richards equation that is used to describe the dynamics of the agro‐hydrological system is discretized into a large‐scale nonlinear state‐space model. In the proposed procedure, the key steps include order reduction of the large‐scale system model, exploration of the minimum number of sensors needed for state estimation and optimal placement of the sensors in the soil. Three different scenarios are considered and optimal sensor placement is addressed for all the scenarios using the proposed procedure. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed procedure and methods.
Body shape: Implications in the study of obesity and related traits
Authors: Navarro Pablo , Ramallo Virginia , Cintas Celia , Ruderman Anahí , de Azevedo Soledad , Paschetta Carolina , Pérez Orlando , Pazos Bruno , Delrieux Claudio , González‐José Rolando 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe diagnosis and treatment of obesity are usually based on traditional anthropometric variables including weight, height, and several body perimeters. Here we present a three‐dimensional (3D) image‐based computational approach aimed to capture the distribution of abdominal adipose tissue as an aspect of shape rather than a relationship among classical anthropometric measures.MethodsA morphometric approach based on landmarks and semilandmarks placed upon the 3D torso surface was performed in order to quantify abdominal adiposity shape variation and its relation to classical indices. Specifically, we analyzed sets of body cross‐sectional circumferences, collectively defining each, along with anthropometric data taken on 112 volunteers. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on 250 circumferences located along the abdominal region of each volunteer. An analysis of covariance model was used to compare shape variables (PCs) against anthropometric data (weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences).ResultsThe observed shape patterns were mainly related to nutritional status, followed by sexual dimorphism. PC1 (12.5%) and PC2 (7.5%) represented 20% of the total variation. In PCAs calculated independently by sex, linear regression analyses provide statistically significant associations between PC1 and the three classical indexes: body mass index, waist‐to‐height ratio, and waist‐hip ratio.ConclusionShape indicators predict well the behavior of classical markers, but also evaluate 3D and geometric features with more accuracy as related to the body shape under study. This approach also facilitates diagnosis and follow‐up of therapies by using accessible 3D technology.
Methyl‐Selective α‐Oxygenation of Tertiary Amines to Formamides by Employing Copper/Moderately Hindered Nitroxyl Radical (DMN‐AZADO or 1‐Me‐AZADO)
Authors: Nakai Satoru , Yatabe Takafumi , Suzuki Kosuke , Sasano Yusuke , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu , Hasegawa Jun‐ya , Mizuno Noritaka , Yamaguchi Kazuya 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMethyl‐selective α‐oxygenation of tertiary amines is a highly attractive approach for synthesizing formamides while preserving the amine substrate skeletons. Therefore, the development of efficient catalysts that can advance regioselective α‐oxygenation at the N‐methyl positions using molecular oxygen (O2) as the terminal oxidant is an important subject. In this study, we successfully developed a highly regioselective and efficient aerobic methyl‐selective α‐oxygenation of tertiary amines by employing a Cu/nitroxyl radical catalyst system. The use of moderately hindered nitroxyl radicals, such as 1,5‐dimethyl‐9‐azanoradamantane N‐oxyl (DMN‐AZADO) and 1‐methyl‐2‐azaadamanane N‐oxyl (1‐Me‐AZADO), was very important to promote the oxygenation effectively mainly because these N‐oxyls have longer life‐times than less hindered N‐oxyls. Various types of tertiary N‐methylamines were selectively converted to the corresponding formamides. A plausible reaction mechanism is also discussed on the basis of experimental evidence, together with DFT calculations. The high regioselectivity of this catalyst system stems from steric restriction of the amine‐N‐oxyl interactions.
Direct Arylation of α‐Amino C(sp3)‐H Bonds by Convergent Paired Electrolysis
Authors: Ma Yueyue , Yao Xiantong , Zhang Lei , Ni Pufan , Cheng Ruihua , Ye Jinxing 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA metal‐free convergent paired electrolysis strategy to synthesize benzylic amines through direct arylation of tertiary amines and benzonitrile derivatives at room temperature has been developed. This TEMPO‐mediated electrocatalytic reaction makes full use of both anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction without metals or stoichiometric oxidants, thus showing great potential and advantages for practical synthesis. This convergent paired electrolysis method provides a straightforward and powerful means to activate C−H bonds and realize cross‐coupling with cathodically generated species.
A Plasma‐Triggered O−S Bond and P−N Junction Near the Surface of a SnS2 Nanosheet Array to Enable Efficient Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Meng Linxing , Zhou Xiaolong , Wang Siyu , Zhou Yu , Tian Wei , Kidkhunthod Pinit , Tunmee Sarayut , Tang Yongbing , Long Run , Xin Yu , Li Liang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell can split water into hydrogen and oxygen with the assistance of solar illumination. However, its application is still limited by excessive bulk carrier recombination and sluggish surface oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics. Taking SnS2 as an example, a promising layered optoelectronic semiconductor, Ar plasma treatment strategy was used to introduce a SnS/SnS2 P−N heterojunction and O−S bond near the surface of a SnS2 nanosheet array, simultaneously increasing the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs in the bulk and lowering the OER overpotential at the surface. The onset potential of the plasma‐treated SnS2 nanosheet array shifts negatively to 0.16 V, and the photocurrent density at 1.23 V vs. RHE boosts to 2.15 mA cm−2, which is 7 times that of pristine SnS2. This work demonstrates a facile plasma treatment strategy to modulate the energy band structure and surface chemical states for improved PEC performance.
From Concept to Crystals via Prediction: Multi‐Component Organic Cage Pots by Social Self‐Sorting
Authors: Greenaway Rebecca L. , Santolini Valentina , Pulido Angeles , Little Marc A. , Alston Ben M. , Briggs Michael E. , Day Graeme M. , Cooper Andrew I. , Jelfs Kim E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe describe the a priori computational prediction and realization of multi‐component cage pots, starting with molecular predictions based on candidate precursors through to crystal structure prediction and synthesis using robotic screening. The molecules were formed by the social self‐sorting of a tri‐topic aldehyde with both a tri‐topic amine and di‐topic amine, without using orthogonal reactivity or precursors of the same topicity. Crystal structure prediction suggested a rich polymorphic landscape, where there was an overall preference for chiral recognition to form heterochiral rather than homochiral packings, with heterochiral pairs being more likely to pack window‐to‐window to form two‐component capsules. These crystal packing preferences were then observed in experimental crystal structures.
Self‐Generation of Surface Roughness by Low‐Surface‐Energy Alkyl Chains for Highly Stable Superhydrophobic/Superoleophilic MOFs with Multiple Functionalities
Authors: Zhu Neng‐Xiu , Wei Zhang‐Wen , Chen Cheng‐Xia , Wang Dawei , Cao Chen‐Chen , Qiu Qian‐Feng , Jiang Ji‐Jun , Wang Hai‐Ping , Su Cheng‐Yong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe transformed the hydrophilic metal–organic framework (MOF) UiO‐67 into hydrophobic UiO‐67‐Rs (R=alkyl) by introducing alkyl chains into organic linkers, which not only protected hydrophilic Zr6O8 clusters to make the MOF interspace superoleophilic, but also led to a rough crystal surface beneficial for superhydrophobicity. The UiO‐67‐Rs displayed high acid, base, and water stability, and long alkyl chains offered better hydrophobicity. Good hydrophobicity/oleophilicity were also possible with mixed‐ligand MOFs containing metal‐binding ligands. Thus, a (super)hydrophobic MOF catalyst loaded with Pd centers efficiently catalyzed Sonogashira reactions in water at ambient temperature. Studies of the hydrophobic effects of the coordination interspace and the outer surface suggest a simple de novo strategy for the synthesis of superhydrophobic MOFs that combine surface roughness and low surface energy. Such MOFs have potential for environmentally friendly catalysis and water purification.
Chemospecific Cyclizations of α‐Carbonyl Sulfoxonium Ylides on Aryls and Heteroaryls
Authors: Clare Daniel , Dobson Benjamin C. , Inglesby Phillip A. , Aïssa Christophe 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe functionalization of aryl and heteroaryls using α‐carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides without the help of a directing group has remained so far a neglected area, despite the advantageous safety profile of sulfoxonium ylides. Described herein are the cyclizations of α‐carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides onto benzenes, benzofurans and N‐p‐toluenesulfonyl indoles in the presence of a base in HFIP, whereas pyrroles and N‐methyl indoles undergo cyclization in the presence of an iridium catalyst. Significantly, these two sets of conditions are chemospecific for each groups of substrates.
Hole‐Boosted Cu(Cr,M)O2 Nanocrystals for All‐Inorganic CsPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Duan Jialong , Zhao Yuanyuan , Wang Yudi , Yang Xiya , Tang Qunwei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cell (PSC) is a promising solution to balance the high efficiency and poor stability of state‐of‐the‐art organic–inorganic PSCs. Setting inorganic hole‐transporting layers at the perovskite/electrode interface decreases charge carrier recombination without sacrificing superiority in air. Now, M‐substituted, p‐type inorganic Cu(Cr,M)O2 (M=Ba2+, Ca2+, or Ni2+) nanocrystals with enhanced hole‐transporting characteristics by increasing interstitial oxygen effectively extract holes from perovskite. The all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 PSC with a device structure of FTO/c‐TiO2/m‐TiO2/CsPbBr3/Cu(Cr,M)O2/carbon achieves an efficiency up to 10.18 % and it increases to 10.79 % by doping Sm3+ ions into perovskite halide, which is much higher than 7.39 % for the hole‐free device. The unencapsulated Cu(Cr,Ba)O2‐based PSC presents a remarkable stability in air in either 80 % humidity over 60 days or 80 °C conditions over 40 days or light illumination for 7 days.
Preparation of polyvinyl alcohol/two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides composites by high‐pressure homogenization
Authors: Xu Ning , Chen Jiewei , Wei Qiushi , Ding Enyong , Zeng Xingrong , Xue Feng , Zhang Nianchun , Shang Jingqi 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTIn this article, water‐soluble polymer polyvinyl alcohol solution was used to exfoliate the graphene‐like two‐dimensional materials (MoS2 and WS2). The concentrations of the two disulfide nanosheets were 0.092 and 0.087 mg/mL in the 10% aqueous solution of PVA. UV–Vis and Raman spectrum demonstrated that the two dispersions were the few layer nanosheets in the solution. Then, taking the exfoliated WS2 as filler, a series of PVA/WS2 composites showing the pale yellow transparent films were prepared by solution process method. Composite films showed good thermal performance. When 1 wt% were added in the PVA matrix, the T90% improved 44 °C in the air. Furthermore, the three kinds of characteristic temperature of T10%, T50%, and T90% had obvious increase in the N2. The main reason may be the physical barrier of the 2D nanosheets and the strong interaction force of the S atom of exfoliated 2D nanosheets. The composites could slow the thermal decomposition. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48487.
Trace Element Concentration Changes in Brain Tumors: A Review
Authors: Cilliers Karen , Muller Christo J. F. , Page Benedict J. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTTrace elements have been implicated in cancer, since the levels differ between cancerous and noncancerous tissue, different cancer types, and different malignancy grades. However, few studies have been conducted on trace element concentrations in brain tumors. Thus, this study aims to review the available literature on trace element changes related to brain tumors, and to identify gaps in the literature. A literature search was done on Google Scholar and PubMed from their start date to January 2018, using terms related to trace element concentration and brain tumors. All brain tumor types were included, and articles could be published in any year. From this search, only 11 articles on this topic could be found. Tumors had significantly higher concentrations of arsenic, thorium, lanthanum, lutetium, cerium, and gadolinium compared to control brain samples. Compared to adjacent tissue, tumor tissue indicated increased magnesium, decreased copper, and contradicting results for zinc. Furthermore, the higher the malignancy grade, the lower the calcium, cadmium, iron, phosphorus and sulfur concentration, and the higher the mercury, manganese, lead, and zinc concentrations. In conclusion, altered trace element levels differ amongst different tumor types, as well as malignancy grades. Consequently, it is impossible to compare data from these studies, and available data are still considerably inconclusive. Ideally, future studies should have a sufficient samples size, compare different tumor types, and compare tumors with adjacent healthy tissue as well as with samples from unaffected matched brains. Anat Rec, 303:1293–1299, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Learned Immunosuppressive Placebo Response Attenuates Disease Progression in a Rodent Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Lückemann Laura , Stangl Hubert , Straub Rainer H. , Schedlowski Manfred , Hadamitzky Martin 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivePatients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases benefit from a broad spectrum of immunosuppressive and antiproliferative medication available today. However, nearly all of these therapeutic compounds have unwanted toxic side effects. Recent knowledge about the neurobiology of placebo responses indicates that associative learning procedures can be utilized for dose reduction in immunopharmacotherapy while simultaneously maintaining treatment efficacy. This study was undertaken to examine whether and to what extent a 75% reduction of pharmacologic medication in combination with learned immunosuppression affects the clinical outcome in a rodent model of type II collagen–induced arthritis.MethodsAn established protocol of taste‐immune conditioning was applied in a disease model of chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease (type II collagen–induced arthritis) in rats, where a novel taste (saccharin; conditioned stimulus [CS]) was paired with an injection of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CSA) (unconditioned stimulus [US]). Following conditioning with 3 CS/US pairings (acquisition), the animals were immunized with type II collagen and Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Fourteen days later, at the first occurrence of clinical symptoms, retrieval was started by presenting the CS together with low‐dose CSA as reminder cues to prevent the conditioned response from being extinguished.ResultsThis “memory‐updating” procedure stabilized the learned immune response and significantly suppressed disease progression in immunized rats. Clinical arthritis score and histologic inflammatory symptoms (both P < 0.05) were significantly diminished by learned immunosuppression in combination with low‐dose CSA (25% of the full therapeutic dose) via β‐adrenoceptor–dependent mechanisms, to the same extent as with full‐dose (100%) pharmacologic treatment.ConclusionThese results indicate that learned immunosuppression appears to be mediated via β‐adrenoceptors and might be beneficial as a supportive regimen in the treatment of chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases by diminishing disease exacerbation.
Controllability and observability of state‐dependent switched Boolean control networks with input constraints
Authors: Li Yiliang , Li Jinjin , Ma Zhouming , Feng Jun‐e , Wang Hongkun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the controllability and observability of state‐dependent switched Boolean control networks (SDSBCNs) with input constraints. First, the algebraic form of SDSBCNs is derived via the semi‐tensor product of matrices. Then constrained model‐input‐state (CMIS) matrices are introduced for SDSBCNs with input constraints. On the basis of CMIS matrices, two necessary and sufficient conditions are provided for the controllability and observability. Finally, two examples are given to show the effectiveness of the main results.
Modulation of cardiac optogenetics by vitamin A
Authors: Keshmiri Neghab Hoda , Goliaei Bahram , Saboury Ali A. , Esmaeeli Djavid Gholamreza , Pornour Majid , Hong Jun , Grusch Michael 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCardiac optogenetics is an emergent research area and refers to the delivery of light‐activated proteins to excitable heart tissue and the subsequent use of light for controlling the electrical function with high spatial and temporal resolution. Channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) is a light‐sensitive ion channel with the chromophore, all trans retinal, derived from vitamin A (all‐trans‐retinol; retinol). In this study, we explored whether exogenous vitamin A can be a limiting factor in the light responsiveness of cardiomyocytes‐expressing ChR2. We showed that in cardiomyocytes virally transduced with ChR2 (H134R)‐enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, vitamin A supplements lower than 10 μM significantly increased ChR2 expression. Adding 1 μM vitamin A changed light‐induced transmembrane potential difference significantly, whereas 5 μM dramatically induced membrane depolarization and triggered intracellular calcium elevation. We concluded that vitamin A supplementation can modulate the efficiency of ChR2 and provide a complementary strategy for improving the performance of optogenetic tools.
RASSF4 is required for skeletal muscle differentiation
Authors: Lin Yi‐Tzu , Deel Michael D. , Linardic Corinne M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRASSF4, a member of the classical RASSF family of scaffold proteins, is associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, an aggressive pediatric cancer of muscle histogenesis. However, the role of RASSF4 in normal myogenesis is unknown. We demonstrate here that RASSF4 is necessary for early in vitro myogenesis. Using primary human myoblasts, we show that RASSF4 expression is dramatically increased during in vitro myogenic differentiation, and conversely that RASSF4‐deficient myoblasts cannot differentiate, potentially because of a lack of upregulation of myogenin. In microscopy studies, we show that RASSF4 protein co‐localizes with proteins of the myogenic microtubule‐organizing center (MTOC) both before and after myogenic differentiation. RASSF4‐deficient cells subject to differentiation conditions demonstrate a lack of shape change, suggesting that RASSF4 plays a role in promoting microtubule reorganization and myoblast elongation. In biochemical studies of myotubes, RASSF4 associates with MST1, suggesting that RASSF4 signals to MST1 in the myogenic differentiation process. Expression of MST1 in myoblasts partially reversed the effect of RASSF4 knockdown on differentiation, suggesting that RASSF4 and MST1 coordinately support myogenic differentiation. These data show that RASSF4 is critical for the early steps of myogenic differentiation.
Effect of dry and steam heating on the functional and bread baking properties of yellow pea and navy bean flours
Authors: Bourré Lindsay , Young Gina , Hill Heather , Fraser Shona , Borsuk Yulia , Sarkar Ashok , Sopiwnyk Elaine , Jones Stuart , Dyck Adam , Malcolmson Linda 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground and objectivesAlthough there is growing interest in partially replacing wheat flour with pulse flours in bread, the flavor of pulse flours can limit their use. Heat treating pulse flours, with and without the addition of steam, was examined to determine whether the flavor of split yellow pea flour (SYPF) and whole navy bean flour (WNBF) could be improved without altering flour functionality and bread baking properties.FindingsSignificant temperature × steam interactions were found for most flour parameters including pasting properties, water absorption capacity (WAC), starch damage, and color. Protein, starch, and flour particle size were altered as were pasting and farinograph properties of the pulse/wheat flour blends. Differences in specific volume, color, and C‐cell properties were more evident in the breads made with the treated WNBFs likely due to the different bread formulation used and the presence of hull in the flour.ConclusionsProcessing the SYPF and the WNBF at 120 and 140°C with steam improved the aroma and flavor of the bread while maintaining good flour functionality and bread baking properties.Significance and noveltyHeating treating pulse flours with the addition of steam successfully reduced the objectionable aroma and flavor characteristics associated with SYPF and WNBF. Eliminating undesirable aroma and flavor properties provides a greater opportunity for the inclusion of pulse flours in foods to enhance their nutritional properties.