bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revoluções Científicas e Design Sistêmico : aplicação dos conceitos de sistemas aberto e fechado ao campo do Design
Authors: Straioto Ricardo Goulart Tredezini , Figueiredo Luiz Fernando Gonçalves de 
Published: March 2018

Os problemas enfrentados atualmente aumentaram de complexidade e passaram a exigir uma “visão sistêmica” do designer, devendo considerar a solução a ser projetada como um componente integrante de sistemas mais vastos, ou seja, a solução não pode ser vista isoladamente, mas integrada a um contexto mais amplo. Este artigo, portanto, trata da teoria das revoluções científicas e mudança de paradigma de Tomas Kuhn(2005), tecendo considerações sobre a emergência do paradigma sistêmico na ciência, com destaque a Teoria Geral de Sistemas (Bertalanffy,1977). Neste sentido, este estudo tem como objetivo aplicação dos conceitos de sistema aberto e sistema fechado ao campo do design, incluindo também os sistemas complexos adaptativos - um tipo específico de sistema aberto. Para isso faz-se uso da pesquisa teórica, qualitativa e exploratória sobre os temas com base em fontes secundárias pela qual se buscou compreender a revolução científica em andamento, na qual o paradigma cartesiano vigente, ao poucos sendo sobreposto por um paradigma sistêmico e holístico. Este novo paradigma conecta o design a uma perspectiva que transcende a lógica do produtor e do consumidor ou usuário, e não se limita ao objeto em si, mas o repensa como componente de sistemas mais vastos.O resultado contribui para a compreensão e a discussão da abordagem sistêmica do design. Nesta perspectiva o design inclui projetar e avaliar os produtos não como objeto físico, mas a partir de sua função de uso, de troca, social, cultural e ambiental. Além disso, o design passa ser praticado em equipes interdisciplinares com participação de especialistas e atores ligados ao problema e a solução, apontando para abordagens como a inovação social e o desenvolvimento local sustentável.
Curiosity and Design education
Authors: Martinez Escobedo Eduardo , Vanegas Farfano Minerva Thalia Juno 
Published: March 2018

Design education centers and their teachers know that not all users are equal in their needs or interests. User-centered approaches help, within the design process to meet needs, requirements and expectations to enhance the range and acceptance of products (Altay, 2014; Zoltowski, Oakes &amp; Cardella, 2012). To meet this aim, in teaching, different research strategies are imparted for identifying those outcomes that, beyond functionality, includes other variables to the product’s experience. These strategies share a common aim: to identify by direct contact features that if consider, may enhance the resultant product (Altay, 2014.). This kind of formation is usually included in the learner-centered instruction; and is useful when the students expand their knowledge in the needed data and use it for the intended aim. Programs that teaches the students to develop their natural abilities to help them “think on” design instead of solving specific design problems (Gorgul &amp; Gorgul, 2012) are a reality. And, while as an environment it promotes learning through experimentation as the perfect medium to grow students as innovators; they usually are not designed considering the personal characteristics and traits that may also be needed to be counted to better comprehend how does previous conditions to education are related to the intended individualistic redesign of curricula. The purpose of this proposal is to investigate personal curiosity as an underlying condition to innovation and design education that may alter the results of a design methodology intended to improve the students´ project-based learning. For this correlational study participants were recruited from Technology Exploration &amp; Design, and Analysis of Mechanisms courses, using a convinience sampling method. Respondents were required to complete two rating scales, one assessing curiosity as a trait and the other assessing their creativity style.
Assessment of emission scenarios for 2030 and impacts of black carbon emission reduction measures on air quality and radiative forcing in Southeast Asia
Authors: Permadi Didin Agustian , Kim Oanh Nguyen Thi , Vautard Robert 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Our previously published paper (Permadi et al. 2018) focused on
the preparation of emission input data and evaluation of WRF–CHIMERE
performance in 2007. This paper details the impact assessment of
the future (2030) black carbon (BC) emission reduction measures for Southeast
Asia (SEA) countries on air quality, health and BC direct radiative forcing
(DRF). The business as usual (BAU2030) projected emissions from the base year
of 2007 (BY2007), assuming “no intervention” with the linear projection of
the emissions based on the past activity data for Indonesia and Thailand and
the sectoral GDP growth for other countries. The RED2030 featured measures to
cut down emissions in major four source sectors in Indonesia and Thailand
(road transport, residential cooking, industry, biomass open burning) while
for other countries the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5)
emissions were assumed. WRF–CHIMERE simulated levels of aerosol species
under BAU2030 and RED2030 for the modeling domain using the base year
meteorology and 2030 boundary conditions from LMDZ-INCA. The extended aerosol
optical depth module (AODEM) calculated the total columnar AOD and BC AOD for
all scenarios with an assumption on the internal mixing state. Under RED2030,
the health benefits were analyzed in terms of the number of avoided premature
deaths associated with ambient PM2.5 reduction along with BC DRF
reduction. Under BAU2030, the average number of the premature deaths per
100 000 people in the SEA
domain would increase by 30 from BY2007 while under RED2030 the premature
deaths would be cut down (avoided) by 63 from
RED2030. In 2007, the maximum annual average BC DRF in the SEA countries was
0.98 W m−2, which would increase to 2.0 W m−2 under BAU2030 and
1.4 W m−2 under RED2030. Substantial impacts on human health and BC
DRF reduction in SEA could result from the emission measures incorporated in
RED2030. Future works should consider other impacts, such as for agricultural
crop production, and the cost–benefit analysis of the measures'
implementation to provide relevant information for policy making.
Periodicity in the BrO∕SO2 molar ratios in the volcanic gas plume of Cotopaxi and its correlation with the Earth tides during the eruption in 2015
Authors: Dinger Florian , Bobrowski Nicole , Warnach Simon , Bredemeyer Stefan , Hidalgo Silvana , Arellano Santiago , Galle Bo , Platt Ulrich , Wagner Thomas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. We evaluated NOVAC (Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change) gas emission data from the 2015 eruption of the Cotopaxi volcano (Ecuador) for BrO∕SO2 molar ratios. The BrO∕SO2 molar ratios were very small prior to the phreatomagmatic explosions in August 2015, significantly higher after the explosions, and continuously increasing until the end of the unrest period in December 2015. These observations together with similar findings in previous studies at other volcanoes (Mt. Etna, Nevado del Ruiz, Tungurahua) suggest a possible link between a drop in BrO∕SO2 and a future explosion. In addition, the observed relatively high BrO∕SO2 molar ratios after December 2015 imply that bromine degassed predominately after sulfur from the magmatic melt. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the data revealed a conspicuous periodic pattern with a periodicity of about 2 weeks in a 3-month time series. While the time series is too short to rule out a chance recurrence of transient geological or meteorological events as a possible origin for the periodic signal, we nevertheless took this observation as a motivation to examine the influence of natural forcings with periodicities of around 2 weeks on volcanic gas emissions. One strong aspirant with such a periodicity are the Earth tides, which are thus central in this study. We present the BrO∕SO2 data, analyse the reliability of the periodic signal, discuss a possible meteorological or eruption-induced origin of this signal, and compare the signal with the theoretical ground surface displacement pattern caused by the Earth tides. Our central result is the observation of a significant correlation between the BrO∕SO2 molar ratios with the north–south and vertical components of the calculated tide-induced surface displacement with correlation coefficients of 47 and 36 %, respectively. From all other investigated parameters, only the correlation between the BrO∕SO2 molar ratios and the relative humidity in the local atmosphere resulted in a comparable correlation coefficient of about 33 %.
An investigation of the thermomechanical features of Laohugou Glacier No. 12 on Qilian Shan, western China, using a two-dimensional first-order flow-band ice flow model
Authors: Wang Yuzhe , Zhang Tong , Ren Jiawen , Qin Xiang , Liu Yushuo , Sun Weijun , Chen Jizu , Ding Minghu , Du Wentao , Qin Dahe 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. By combining in situ measurements and a two-dimensional
thermomechanically coupled ice flow model, we investigate the
thermomechanical features of the largest valley glacier (Laohugou
Glacier No. 12; LHG12) on Qilian Shan located in the arid region
of western China. Our model results suggest that LHG12, previously
considered as fully cold, is probably polythermal, with a lower
temperate ice layer overlain by an upper layer of cold ice over
a large region of the ablation area. Modelled ice surface velocities
match well with the in situ observations in the east branch (main
branch) but clearly underestimate those near the glacier terminus,
possibly because the convergent flow is ignored and the basal sliding
beneath the confluence area is underestimated. The modelled ice
temperatures are in very good agreement with the in situ
measurements from a deep borehole (110 m deep) in the upper
ablation area. The model results are sensitive to surface thermal
boundary conditions, for example surface air temperature and
near-surface ice temperature. In this study, we use a Dirichlet
surface thermal condition constrained by 20 m borehole
temperatures and annual surface air temperatures. Like many other
alpine glaciers, strain heating is important in controlling the
englacial thermal structure of LHG12. Our transient simulations
indicate that the accumulation zone becomes colder during the last two
decades as a response to the elevated equilibrium line altitude and
the rising summer air temperatures. We suggest that the extent of
accumulation basin (the amount of refreezing latent heat from
meltwater) of LHG12 has a considerable impact on the englacial thermal
status.
In Pursuit of Public Sector Efficiency and Value Innovation; the Blue Ocean Strategy
Authors: Kong Yusheng , Lartey Peter Yao , Bah Fatoumata Binta Maci , Biswas Nirmalya B. , Jaladi Rupa Santosh 
Published: March 2018

This paper examines key institutional drivers capable of fashioning an enabling environment for public sector efficiency. The study gathered evidence that institutional variables such as Innovation, Performance orientation, Value Creation and Budget Flexibility are good predictors of public sector efficiency. The extracted variables per the Factor Analysis accounted for 77.3% variance. Implying that, the 4 extracted factors have significant impact on the dependent variable with relatively high significant alpha value of p< 0.000, per the multiple regression output , corresponding to relatively positive unstandardized coefficients. This implies that, the explanatory variables are prominent determinants with strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis at 95% critical value. However, the Adjusted Square R2 indicates a significant relationship between Efficiency and the explanatory variables at 50.3%. The study concluded that, the public sector needs substantial empirical evidence to enlighten the real impact of key institutional drivers of efficiency and a conventional standard for measuring efficiency.
Phylogeography of Swertia perennis in Europe based on cpDNA markers
Authors: Urbaniak Jacek , Kwiatkowski Paweł , Pawlikowski Paweł 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Background. Swertia perennis (Gentianaceae) is a perennial diploid and clonal plant species found discontinuously distributed in the peat bogs in mountains of Europe, Asia and North America as well as in European lowlands. The current geographical dispersion of S. perennis is probably an effect of Quaternary climatic changes that played an important role in determining the present-day distribution of Swertia and numerous other plant and animal species.
Methods. A presented survey of molecular studies based on combined data from chloroplast DNA markers (trnL-trnF and trnH-psbA) that were conducted to elucidate the phylogeography of S. perennis in European localities. Plants were collected from 28 populations that represent different localities in lowlands as well as in mountain areas of Europe (Carpathians, Sudetes, Bohemian Forest and Alps). The cDNA sequences were statistically analysed according to phylogenetical relationships in between specimens collected in separate localities.
Results. During the study, 20 haplotypes were characterized representing a high level of genetic variability, but showing a lack of phylogeographical structure. This pattern can be a result of repeated recolonization and expansion from several areas. Such genetic differentiation may also have been due to the relatively long-term isolation of S. perennis in Pleistocene refugia in Europe, resulting in independent separation of different cpDNA phylogenetic lineages.
Discussion. The lack of phylogeographical structure makes it impossible to indicate the centre of haplotype diversity, but refugia located between the ice sheets in the lowlands, Carpathians, Sudetes or the Alps are the most probable sites, where S. perennis existed in Europe. The lack of evidence for phylogeographic structure possibly indicates a high level of gene flow in the recent. The variation in nucleotide composition of cpDNA may reflect the genetic variability from the ancient period, when the landscape and the fen systems were not fragmented, especially on the lowlands, however, at present, it is difficult to speculate about relations between northern and mountain parts of its distribution range in Europe.
Dominance across montane meadows: Patterns and processes structuring plant communities
Authors: LaPlante Erika , Souza Lara 
Published: March 2018

Background. Understanding the underlying factors that determine the relative abundance of plant species is critical to predict both biodiversity and ecosystem function. Biotic and abiotic factors can shape the distribution and the relative abundance of species across natural communities, greatly influencing local biodiversity.
Methods. Using a combination of an observational study and a five-year plant removal experiment we: (1) documented how plant diversity and composition of montane meadow assemblages vary along a plant dominance gradient using an observational study; (2) tracked above- and belowground functional traits of co-dominant plant species Potentilla and Festuca along a plant dominance gradient in an observational study; (3) determined whether plant species diversity and composition was directly influenced by commonly occurring species Potentilla and Festuca with the use of a randomized plot design, 5-year plant removal experiment (no removal control, Potentilla removed, Festuca removed, n=10) .
Results. We found that subordinate species diversity and compositional dissimilarity were greatest in Potentilla and Festuca co-dominated sites, where neither Potentilla nor Festuca dominated, rather than at sites where either species became dominant. Further, while above- and belowground plant functional traits varied along a dominance gradient, they did so in a way that inconsistently predicted plant species relative abundance. Also, neither variation in plant functional traits of Festuca and Potentilla nor variation in resources and conditions (such as soil nitrogen and temperature) explained our subordinate diversity patterns. Finally, neither Potentilla nor Festuca influenced subordinate diversity or composition when we directly tested for their impacts in a plant removal experiment.
Discussion. Taken together, patterns of subordinate diversity and composition were likely driven by abiotic factors rather than biotic interactions. As a result, the role of abiotic factors influencing local-level species interactions can be just as important as biotic interactions themselves in structuring plant communities.
Sundaland Peat Carbon Dynamics and Its Contribution to the Holocene Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
Authors: Abrams Jesse F. , Hohn Sönke , Rixen Tim , Merico Agostino 
Published: March 2018

The Sunda Shelf is a large submerged extension of the continental shelf of mainland Asia, joining the islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra and forming the shallow seabed of the South China Sea. Recent studies identified present‐day peatlands in Southeast Asia as a globally important carbon reservoir. However, little is known about Sundaland paleopeatlands and their role in the global carbon cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum. Using a topography‐based, sea level‐driven model, we estimate the potential spatial extent of peatlands during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene across the low‐lying Sundaland plains. We then use the estimated peatland area together with data on carbon accumulation rates to calculate the total peat carbon pool on the Sunda Shelf. Finally, using a global biogeochemical model, we analyze the relative influence of the predicted Sundaland peat dynamics and other carbon change mechanisms, specifically high‐latitude forest growth and peat formation, shallow sea carbonate deposition, ocean warming, and combinations of them, on the global carbon cycle of the Holocene. We identify a feedback mechanism between sea level and peatland carbon sequestration in Sundaland that reduced atmospheric CO2 concentration by about 4–5 ppm and increased δ13C by 0.05‰ during the Holocene. We also show that a concurrence of mechanisms that includes Sundaland peat dynamics produces model results that are consistent with proxy records, especially with respect to δ13C.
Limitations on Limitation
Authors: Laakso Thomas A. , Schrag Daniel P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPhosphorus is believed to be the globally limiting nutrient in the modern ocean, but a number of nutrients have been invoked as limiting the Proterozoic biosphere. Mass balance calculations suggest that Proterozoic net primary productivity must have been 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than today in order to maintain low oxygen levels despite increased burial efficiency in anoxic environments. The resulting demand for nutrients is so low that nitrogen, molybdenum, and iron could not have limited the rate of primary production following the evolution of extant nitrogenases. Phosphorus demand was approximately equal to the modern riverine flux, making phosphorus the most likely candidate for the limiting nutrient throughout the Proterozoic.
Model‐Data Fusion to Test Hypothesized Drivers of Lake Carbon Cycling Reveals Importance of Physical Controls
Authors: Hararuk Oleksandra , Zwart Jacob A. , Jones Stuart E. , Prairie Yves , Solomon Christopher T. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFormal integration of models and data to test hypotheses about the processes controlling carbon dynamics in lakes is rare, despite the importance of lakes in the carbon cycle. We built a suite of models (n = 102) representing different hypotheses about lake carbon processing, fit these models to data from a north‐temperate lake using data assimilation, and identified which processes were essential for adequately describing the observations. The hypotheses that we tested concerned organic matter lability and its variability through time, temperature dependence of biological decay, photooxidation, microbial dynamics, and vertical transport of water via hypolimnetic entrainment and inflowing density currents. The data included epilimnetic and hypolimnetic CO2 and dissolved organic carbon, hydrologic fluxes, carbon loads, gross primary production, temperature, and light conditions at high frequency for one calibration and one validation year. The best models explained 76–81% and 64–67% of the variability in observed epilimnetic CO2 and dissolved organic carbon content in the validation data. Accurately describing C dynamics required accounting for hypolimnetic entrainment and inflowing density currents, in addition to accounting for biological transformations. In contrast, neither photooxidation nor variable organic matter lability improved model performance. The temperature dependence of biological decay (Q10) was estimated at 1.45, significantly lower than the commonly assumed Q10 of 2. By confronting multiple models of lake C dynamics with observations, we identified processes essential for describing C dynamics in a temperate lake at daily to annual scales, while also providing a methodological roadmap for using data assimilation to further improve understanding of lake C cycling.
Weakening Relationship Between Vegetation Growth Over the Tibetan Plateau and Large‐Scale Climate Variability
Authors: Shi Fangzhong , Wu Xiuchen , Li Xiaoyan , Chen Deliang , Liu Hongyan , Liu Shaomin , Hu Xia , He Bin , Shi Chunming , Wang Pei , Mao Rui , Ma Yujun , Huang Yongmei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractVegetation growth on the Tibetan Plateau is strongly affected by large‐scale climate variability, particularly the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, potential temporal changes in both the direction and strength of relationships between regional vegetation growth and large‐scale climate variability remain poorly understood. Here we quantify temporal changes in these relationships during 1982–2012, using satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index, global ecosystem model simulations of net primary productivity, regional tree ring chronologies, and PDO and NAO indexes. We found consistent weakening relationships between mean growing‐season (April–October) normalized difference vegetation index and both PDO and NAO. A similar pattern was also found in the temporal relationship between net primary productivity and PDO. Such weakening relationships were partly attributable to weakening regional summer atmospheric circulation and its causal effects on changes in hydrothermal conditions over the Tibetan Plateau. These findings highlight a varying coupling of regional vegetation growth to large‐scale climate variability at the interannual/decadal scale during past decades, and this feature should be considered in future prediction of terrestrial vegetation growth in response to shifting climate regime.