bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nevirapine Pharmaceutical Cocrystal: Design, Development and Formulation
Authors: Panzade Prabhakar , Somani Priyanka , Rathi Pavan 
Published: April 2019

Background and Objective:
The top approach to deliver poorly soluble drugs is the use of a
highly soluble form. The present study was conducted to enhance the solubility and dissolution of a
poorly aqueous soluble drug nevirapine via a pharmaceutical cocrystal. Another objective of the study
was to check the potential of the nevirapine cocrystal in the dosage form.

Methods:
A neat and liquid assisted grinding method was employed to prepare nevirapine cocrystals in
a 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometric ratio of drug:coformer by screening various coformers. The prepared cocrystals
were preliminary investigated for melting point and saturation solubility. The selected cocrystal
was further confirmed by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Xray
Powder Diffraction (XRPD). Further, the cocrystal was subjected to in vitro dissolution study and
formulation development.

Results:
The cocrystal of Nevirapine (NVP) with Para-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) coformer prepared
by neat grinding in 1:2 ratio exhibited greater solubility. The shifts in IR absorption bands, alterations
in DSC thermogram, and distinct XRPD pattern showed the formation of the NVP-PABA cocrystal.
Dissolution of NVP-PABA cocrystal enhanced by 38% in 0.1N HCl. Immediate release tablets of
NVP-PABA cocrystal exhibited better drug release and less disintegration time.

Conclusion:
A remarkable increase in the solubility and dissolution of NVP was obtained through the
cocrystal with PABA. The cocrystal also showed great potential in the dosage form which may provide
future direction for other drugs.
Establecimiento de un método eficiente de estandarización de la germinación in vitro de Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae)
Authors: Luna Claudia Verónica 
Published: April 2019

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Moringa oleifera es fuente de fitoquímicos con aplicación potencial en medicamentos. Su uso medicinal, sobre todo de las hojas, es reconocido mundialmente; se les atribuye la presencia de compuestos bioactivos funcionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estandarizar la germinación in vitro de M. oleifera en biorreactores de inmersión temporal utilizando distintos medios de cultivo.Métodos: Las semillas se sembraron con y sin testa, en medios basales líquidos compuestos de agua (control) y sales de Murashige y Skoog (MS) en su concentración original o diluido al 50 y 25%, con 0, 15 y 30 g l-1 de sacarosa. Se evaluaron los porcentajes de germinación, indicadores de vigor y crecimiento en plántulas.Resultados clave: En las semillas con testa se obtuvo un 23.33±5.77% de germinación en un solo tratamiento sin lograr evaluar los parámetros propuestos. Se complementaron estos resultados con la prueba de viabilidad de tetrazolio de las semillas no germinadas, registrando un 34.16±18.73% de viabilidad. La remoción de la testa y medio de cultivo líquido favorecieron la germinación. El mayor porcentaje de germinación, capacidad germinativa y coeficiente de uniformidad, así como mayor desarrollo foliar, relación de biomasa aérea y radical, incremento de peso seco de material vegetal por unidad de tiempo, al igual que la acumulación de masa seca, se obtuvieron con MS como medio basal.Conclusiones: Para la estandarización de la germinación in vitro de Moringa oleifera se recomienda la remoción de la testa y la utilización de MS como medio basal, ya que aceleran el proceso y posibilitan obtener plántulas que podrán ser utilizadas para experimentos de regeneración indirecta y/o directa para un escalado masivo de germoplasma.
Pruritus and Patient Reported Outcomes in Non-Dialysis CKD
Authors: Sukul Nidhi , Speyer Elodie , Tu Charlotte , Bieber Brian A. , Li Yun , Lopes Antonio A. , Asahi Koichi , Mariani Laura , Laville Maurice , Rayner Hugh C. , Stengel Bénédicte , Robinson Bruce M. , Pisoni Ronald L. ,   on behalf of CKDopps and CKD-REIN investigators
Published: April 2019

Background and objectives
Among patients on hemodialysis, pruritus has been associated with poorer mental and physical quality of life, sleep quality, depression, and mortality. We evaluated patients with nondialysis CKD to describe the prevalence of pruritus, identify associated factors, and investigate associations with patient-reported outcomes.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Using cross-sectional data from patient questionnaires in the CKD Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (CKDopps), we asked patients with CKD stages 3–5 (nondialysis) from the United States, Brazil, and France to identify how much they were bothered by pruritus. Response options ranged from “not at all” to “extremely.” Log-Poisson regression, yielding prevalence ratios, was used to evaluate associations of moderate-to-extreme pruritus with patient characteristics, CKD stage, self-reported depression symptoms, and restless sleep. Mixed linear regression was used to examine associations between pruritus and physical and mental component summary scores, with lower scores indicating poorer quality of life.

Results
Of the 5658 CKDopps patients enrolled in the United States, Brazil, and France, 3780 (67%) answered the pruritus question. The prevalence of moderate-to-extreme pruritus was 24%, and more likely in older patients, women, and those with stage 5 CKD, lung disease, diabetes, and physician-diagnosed depression. In adjusted models, patients with moderate pruritus had physical and mental component summary scores 3.5 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], −4.6 to −2.3) and 2.3 (95% CI, −3.2 to −1.5) points lower, respectively, than patients without pruritus, and they also had a higher adjusted prevalence of patient-reported depression (prevalence ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.58 to 2.11) and restless sleep (prevalence ratio, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.49 to 1.91) compared with patients without pruritus. These patient-reported outcomes were progressively worse with increasing severity of pruritus.

Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate high prevalence of pruritus in nondialysis CKD, as well as strong associations of pruritus with poor health-related quality of life, self-reported depression symptoms, and self-reported poor sleep.
Implementation of Transmitter Zigbee System based on Wireless Sensor Network of IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
Authors: Hamza Ekhlas K. , Hadi Russul H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Zigbee is considered to be one of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) designed for short-range communications applications. It follows IEEE 802.15.4 specifications that aim to design networks with lowest cost and power consuming in addition to the minimum possible data rate. In this paper, a transmitter Zigbee system is designed based on PHY layer specifications of this standard. The modulation technique applied in this design is the offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) with half sine pulse-shaping for achieving a minimum possible amount of phase transitions. In addition, the applied spreading technique is direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique, which has the effect in getting better performance for the transmitter system in multipath environments. The system is developed through the use of MATLAB/Simulink to show the performance of the proposed system in response to the appliy modulation technique.

Keywords: DSSS technique, IEEE 802.15.4, MSK, OQPSK, Zigbee.
Programming a Pneumatic Processes Sequence based on PLC by Demonstration
Authors: Al-Mesaody Amer 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Pneumatic processes sequence (PPS) is used widely in industrial applications. It is common to do a predetermined PPS to achieve a specific larger task within the industrial application like the PPS achieved by the pick and place industrial robot arm. This sequence may require change depending on changing the required task and usually this requires the programmer intervention to change the sequence’ sprogram, which is costly and may take long time. In this research a PLC-based PPS control system is designed and implemented, in which the PPS is programmed by demonstration. The PPS could be changed by demonstrating the new required sequence via the user by following simple series of manual steps without having to change the PLC’s original program, which leads to decreasing the cost and time.
Keywords: FIFO function block, Programming by Demonstration (PbD), System Frame.
Delignification of Date Palm Fronds using Modified Organosolv Technique
Authors: Mahdi Yasmeen Salih , Mohammed Asem Hassan , Mohammed Alaa Kareem 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this study, modified organic solvent (organosolv) method was applied to remove high lignin content in the date palm fronds (type Al-Zahdi) which was taken from the Iraqi gardens. In modified organosolv, lignocellulosic material is fractionated into its constituents (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose). In this process, solvent (organic)-water is brought into contact with the lignocellulosic biomass at high temperature, using stainless steel reactor (digester). Therefor; most of hemicellulose will remove from the biomass, while the solid residue (mainly cellulose) can be used in various industrial fields. Three variables were studied in this process: temperature, ratio of ethanol to water and digestion time. Statistical experimental design type Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to find a mathematical relationship between the variables and the remaining lignin percent as dependent variable. The results obtained in this study were represented by a polynomial mathematical equation of the second degree. The results showed that the best digestion time was (80 minutes), which gave the best percent remaining concentration of lignin (3%) at temperature of 185oC and ratio of ethanol: water equal to 50: 50 wt/wt. In order to reduce digesting time, the effect of using different catalysts have been studied such as (NaOH, H2SO4, Ca (OH) 2) at low concentration (0.025, 0.025, 0.05M) respectively. It was found that the best catalyst is sodium hydroxide at concentration (0.025) mol/L which gave the same percent of lignin 3% but with low digestion time about 30 min.
Keywords: Biomass pre-treatment, delignification, lignin, organosolv, date palm fronds.
Experimental and Finite Elements Analysis Study of Warming Effect on Deboned Force for Embedded NiTinol Wire into Linear Low Density Polyethylene
Authors: Amin Samir Ali , Hassan Ali Yasser 
Published: April 2019

هذا البحث يقدم دراسة نشوء الانسلاخ لسلك نيتينول مفرد سبيكة ذاكرة الشكل داخل بولي اثيلين خطي منخفض الكثافة مصفوفة مركبة دراسة باستخدام فحص السحب. الهدف من هذا البحث دراسة فحص السحب لتحقق من قوة التداخل لمركب بوليميري في حالتين, مع تنشيط سلك النيتينول وبدون تنشيط . في هذا البحث سيكة ذاكرة الشكل سلك نيتينول قطر 2 مليمتر شكل مستقيم كامل التصليب قد استخدم. الدراسة شملت العملي وتحليل العناصر المحددة واخيرا المقارنة بينهم. يعد فحص السحب فحصاً اساسياً بسبب نتائجه لها علاقة بسلوك المواد المركبة الذكية. فحص السحب قد نفذه بواسطة آلة اختبار الشد العالمي نوع (لاري) , ذو سعة حمل 50 كيلو نيوتن, سرعة الفحص 1 ملم/دقيقة قد استخدمت. نفذت نمذجة العناصرالمحدد بوساطة انسيز الاصدار 15. نتائج فحص السحب اثبتت عند تنشيط سلك النيتينول المغمورداخل مصفوفة المضيف بولي اثيلين خطي منخفض الكثافة, قوة الانسلاخ حوالي 74 نيوتن, لكن في حالة بدون تنشيط حوالي 106 نيوتن. اجهاد قص الانسلاخ في التنشيط حوالي 0.73 ميكا باسكال, لكن بدون تنشيط حوالي 0.99 ميكا باسكال. خلال التنشيط النسبة لاجهاد قص الانسلاخ تقل بي 30.47% و 30.13%, على التوالي. نسبة الخطأ بين النتائج العملية والانسزز 8% في حالة التنشيط و 5.7% في حالة بدون تنشيط.
Effect of Using Combined Square Nozzle & winglet with Helical Tape on Thermal Characteristics in Tube Heat Exchanger
Authors: Hoshi Hisham Assi , Ahmed Israa S. , Abdulmunem Abdulmunem R. 
Published: April 2019

تمت دراسة عملية تأثير اتحاد فوهة مربعة ذات جنيح مع شريط حلزوني مدرج في أنبوب ذي تدفق حراري ثابت على تحسين نقل الحرارة لتدفق هواء مضطرب ولعدد رينولدز يتراوح من 7000 إلى 14500.حيث تم استخدام ثلاث نسب خطوة مختلفة للفوهة المربعة وهي (5.8, 7.7 و11.6) على وفق ثلاثة أعداد مختلفة من الفوهات المربعة وهي (5, 4 و3) واستخدامت نسبة ثابتة واحدة للشريط الحلزونية. ولاحظت النتائج أن عدد ناسلت وعامل الاحتكاك للاتحاد مع الفوهة ذات الجنيح وجد أنه يصل إلى 33.8% و 21.4% على التوالي أعلى من الفوهة وحدها لنسبة خطوة هي (5.8). كانت القيمة القصوى للأداء الحراري لاستخدام الاتحاد مع الفوهة ذات الجنيح حوالي 1.351 لنسبة خطوة هي ( 5.8). تم تطويرعلاقات تجريبية لعدد ناسلت ومعامل الأحتكاك للنتائج التجريبية ولجريان مضطرب.
ENZYMATICALLY SYNTHESIZED pH-RESPONSIVE IPN FOR IN-SITU RELEASE OF PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM
Authors: Sharma Saruchi , KUMAR VANEET 
Published: April 2019

Objective: This study involves the synthesis of Gum tragacanth (gt) based interpenetrating polymer network (ipn) and its utilization for sustained release of anti-ulcerative drug i.e. pantoprazole sodium.
Methods: IPN was synthesized from Gum tragacanth, polyacrylic acid (gt-cl-paa) hydrogel. gt-cl-paa was kept in distilled water. Further, acryamide (aam) and methylmethacrylate (mma) was added and then kept for overnight. Later on, lipase and glutaraldehyde were added. Homopolymers and the unreacted monomers were removed using acetone. Synthesized IPN was dried at 50 °C for further study.
Synthesized ipn was swelled in water and the drug was added to it. The drug was entrapped in the pores of the synthesized ipn and then drug release behavior was studied using uv-vis spectrophotometer.
Results: Gt, paa and mma based crosslinked IPN were synthesized using lipase-glutaraldehyde as initiator-crosslinker system. The synthesized IPN was pH sensitive and possessed the desired swelling capacity required for the controlled and systematic liberation of pantoprazole sodium at 37 °C. The kinetic of drug release was studied and found that lateral diffusion (DL) of drug was higher as compared to the initial diffusion (DI). The prepared IPN can be used as prospective carrier for prolonged drug delivery.
Conclusion: A novel pH sensitive and colon targeted IPN was synthesized. It acts as an effective device for the controlled release of drug pantoprazole sodium.
IMPACT OF SOLVENT TYPES ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ROOT EXTRACT OF CAESARIA TOMENTOSA
Authors: ANGLE GAURI PAI , SARDESSAI YOGITA 
Published: April 2019

Objective: The study deals with the antimicrobial activity of five solvent extracts of roots of Caesaria tomentosa against seven microorganisms: two gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), three gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimrium) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger).
Methods: Roots of C. tomentosa were extracted with different solvents(n-hexane, ethanol, chloroform, acetone and water) and were subjected to antibacterial as well as antifungal screening by Well Diffusion Method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) was also performed by two-fold dilution.
Results: The maximum inhibition zone at 50μg/ml concentration of n-hexane was 32 mm. These indicate that some active substances in C. tomentosa dissolved in varying degrees in the five solvents. The MIC for n-hexane was 1.6 μg/ml for S. aureus leading to a conclusion that the n-hexane extract was found to be the most potent.
Conclusion: All extracts were very effective against S. aureus. As for the solvents, the n-hexane extract had the best inhibitory effect among five solvents tested.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF ACETIC ACID CONTENT IN AMLODIPINE BESYLATE
Authors: Haque Sk Manirul , Ahmad Ayman 
Published: April 2019

Objective: To develop and validate a simple and accurate cost-effective titrimetric method according to International Conference Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for acetic acid content in Amlodipine Besylate.
Methods: The titration based on general acid-base reaction to form water and salt. Sodium hydroxide act as a strong base and titrated against weak acid (acetic acid). Phenolphthalein used as an indicator and colorless to pink is the endpoint. Sodium hydroxide is standardized with primary standard potassium hydrogen phthalate.
Results: The method was linear in the range of 0.75 to 30.25 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient 0.9999. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) value were found to be 0.61 and 1.85 μg/ml, respectively. The percentage recovery (98.20–99.97%) and percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) is less than 2% within the acceptable limit of ICH guidelines. The robustness and ruggedness results were excellent. Method is accurate and precise, no interference from excipients.
Conclusion: A new analytical titrimetric method was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines for the determination of acetic acid content in amlodipine. This proposed method applied for routine analysis of acetic acid content in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations of amlodipine besylate.
Pengembangan Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik Elektronik Berbasis Proyek pada Materi Termokimia di Kelas XI SMA
Authors: Ernawati MDW , Yuni Eka , Malik Affan 
Published: April 2019

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik Elektronik Berbasis Proyek pada Materi Termokimia di Kelas XI SMA dan mengetahui respon guru dan siswa terhadap e-LKPD berbasis proyek yang dikembangkan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan yang mengadaptasi kerangka pengembangan 4D tetapi hanya sampai tahap pengembangan. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah angket dan hasil belajar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penilaian validator (ahli media dan ahli materi) terhadap produk e-LKPD berbasis proyek sudah baik dan layak diujicobakan. Selanjutnya hasil respon guru diperoleh 91,06% dan hasil respon siswa diperoleh 81,76% dengan kategori klasifikasi “sangat baik”. Sedangkan untuk hasil belajar diperoleh nilai (gain) 0-0,3 (rendah) 3 orang, 0,3-0,6 (sedang) 19 orang dan 0,7 (tinggi) 3 orang. Berdasarkan proses pengembangan secara keseluruhan dapat disimpulkan bahwa e-LKPD berbasis proyek ini dikembangkan dengan menggunakan kerangka pengembangan 4D yang terdiri dari tahap pendefinisian, perancangan, pengembangan dan penyebaran. Sedangkan penilaian validator terhadap kelayakan e-LKPD berbasis proyek yang dikembangkan dinyatakan sudah baik dan layak ujicoba serta berdasarkan respon guru dan siswa, e-LKPD berbasis proyek ini sangat baik dan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber belajar di sekolah.
Kata kunci: Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik Elektronik, Berbasis Proyek,Termokimia
Antimalaria Activity of Macaranga Gigantea Leaves Extracts
Authors: Muhaimin Muhaimin , Yusnaidar Yusnaidar , Amanda Hilda 
Published: April 2019

The utilization of traditional medicinal plants to medicate malaria caused by Plasmodium is currently more increased along with drug resistance and rising drug prices, and the side effects of using modern medicine. Additionally, Macaranga gigantea plant species have a unique ecological function such as a pioneer plant with good morphological and physiological adaptability to extreme conditions in dealing with natural stress due to pests, temperatures, and UV rays. Therefore, they have a unique biochemical system and a variety of new natural bioactive compounds produced with various activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiviral in the forest. As the results of previous study, antimalarial activity was shown on the bioactivity of methanol leaves extract of Merkubung (Macaranga gigantea). In short, this study aimed to obtain an active antimalarial fraction of Merkubung leaf (Macaranga gigantea). In this case, fractionation of methanol extract of Merkubung leaf (Macaranga gigantea) was carried out by using different organic solvents followed by an antimalarial bioactivity test using Plasmodium berghei. The results indicated that ethanol fraction of Merkubung left (Macaranga gigantea) had better antimalarial activity than others as a new candidate and supplemental source of antimalarial drugs.

Keyword: Macaranga gigantea, malaria, Plasmodium berghei, fraction
ANALISIS PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER (NHT) DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI STRUKTUR ATOM DI KELAS X SMKN 3 KOTA JAMBI
Authors: Ernawati M. Dwi Wiwik , Haryanto Haryanto , Nababan Setia CP 
Published: April 2019

Have done there search implemented in SMK n 3 Kota jambi, learning chemistry in this school only run sone direction, so that the students only take notes and listen to the teacher's explanations. For that it needs a learning model that can enable students, one of which is the learning model type NHT. This research aims to determine the extent of adherenceto model NHT and its influence on student learning outcomes in the material structure of the atom in SMKN 3 Jambi. This type of research is quasi experiment with design one shot case study. The technique of sampling was done by Simple Random Sampling technique. There is one class used as the sample, namely the class of XAV. Research instruments observation sheet the feasibility NHT better than the teacher and the student and student learning outcomes.

The influence of adherence to a model of NHT with the students learning outcomes sought by the pearson product moment. To see the significance of the adherence model of the NHT against the learning outcomes of the student t-test. The feasibility model of the NHT by the teacher and students good categorized that looks than the average every meeting. feasibility model of NHT with the results of the research categorized as moderate with the average r 0,564 and there is the influence of adherence to a model of NHT with the student learning outcomes on the t 3,965 with significance 3,965 < 2,02. Model NHT in learning atomic structure in class X SMKN 3 Jambi implemented well by teachers to involve students in the learning process so that student learning outcomes can be increased. There is the influence of the implementation of the model of the NHT against the learning outcomes of students in learning atomic structure in class X SMKN 3 Jambi
Epidemiology, public health and complex networks
Authors: Rentería-Ramos Rafael , Hurtado Rafael , Urdinola B. Piedad 
Published: April 2019

Health differences across socioeconomic strata have always pointed out that poorer and minorities have higher mortality and morbidity than richer and majorities. This difference is exacerbated for particular populations such as the victims of ongoing armed conflict, who are also much harder to quantify due to the conflict itself. This study uses complex network analysis applied to a combination of three large administrative records for the health system and mortality records in the province of Risaralda (Colombia) between 2011 and 2016. We estimate the most common causes of morbi-mortality for both victims of violence and the poorest inhabitants of Risaralda, defined as those who qualify as recipients of subsidies from the Colombian welfare program, called SISBEN, in the categories of those with the highest need, levels I and II. Both populations show high morbidity frequencies for non-communicable diseases such as Type II diabetes, hypertension and hyperglyceridaemia, mostly associated with exposure to unhealthy lifestyles. However, these mortality outcomes reflect the different treatments and lifestyles of both subpopulations. While the poorest replicate the same causes identified for morbidity, the victims of armed conflict die of additional causes including Type I diabetes, which reflects the even worse conditions they face.