bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Enteral Nutrition Following Gastrointestinal Surgery in Children
Authors: Braungart Sarah , Siminas Sotirios 
Published: February 2019

Objective:
To investigate the safety and effectiveness of early enteral feeding versus traditional enteral feeding after gastrointestinal (GI) anastomosis in children in the pediatric literature.

Summary of Background Data:
Prolonged postoperative fasting has been the traditional model of care following pediatric GI surgery. In contrast, early feeding has become well established in the adult population, where meta-analyses have shown early introduction of enteral feeds to be beneficial to hospital stay and patient outcomes.

Methods:
Comprehensive literature searches of the English literature search (PubMed, Ovid, Embase databases) from inception to present according to the PRISMA guidelines. Included studies were assessed according to the MINORS criteria. Outcomes for time to first feed and full feeds, and discharge, and risk of major complications were synthesized.

Results:
Ten studies comprising 451 patients were included in the analysis. All studies aimed at investigating the safety of early feeding in pediatric GI surgery, with or without a fast-track program. Only 4 studies compared the study group to a control group in which patients were fed in a traditional way (traditional feeding).
Most studies defined early feeding as feeds commenced ≤24 hours postoperatively (range 2–72 hours). Mean time to first feed was significantly lower in the early feeding group, but not significantly lower for the mean time to full feeds and mean hospital stay. Bowel obstruction and anastomotic breakdown were classed as major complications. There was no significant difference in their occurrence in both groups.

Conclusions:
Although the studies identified are few and heterogeneous, they demonstrate that there is no clear advantage of keeping children “nil by mouth” and no clear disadvantage of providing early enteral nutrition following elective gastrointestinal surgery. Larger randomized controlled trials are required to assess the true impact on postoperative complications, health care associated costs, and to investigate patient-reported outcome measures.
Alternatives to tokamaks: a faster-better-cheaper route to fusion energy?
Authors: Clery Daniel 
Published: February 2019

The use of thermonuclear fusion as a source for energy generation has been a goal of plasma physics for more than six decades. Its advantages are many: easy access to fuel and virtually unlimited supply; no production of greenhouse gases; and little radioactive waste produced. But heating fuel to the high temperature necessary for fusion—at least 100 million degrees Celsius—and containing it at that level has proved to be a difficult challenge. The ring-shaped magnetic confinement of tokamaks, which emerged in the 1960s, was quickly identified as the most promising approach and remains so today although a practical commercial reactor remains decades away. While tokamaks have rightly won most fusion research funding, other approaches have also been pursued at a lower level. Some, such as inertial confinement fusion, have emerged from nuclear weapons programs and others from academic efforts. A few have been spun out into start-up companies funded by venture capital and wealthy individuals. Although alternative approaches are less well studied, their proponents argue that they could provide a smaller, cheaper, and faster route to fusion energy production. This article will survey some of the current efforts and where they stand.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated?’.
The European roadmap towards fusion electricity
Authors: Donné A. J. H. 
Published: February 2019

The European roadmap to the realization of fusion electricity breaks the quest into eight missions. For each mission, it reviews the current status of research, identifies open issues, and proposes a research and development programme. ITER is the key facility on the roadmap as it is expected to achieve most of the important milestones on the path to fusion power. The Fusion Roadmap is tightly connected to the ITER schedule and the vast majority of resources in fusion research are presently dedicated to ITER and its accompanying experiments. Parallel to the ITER exploitation in the 2030s, the construction of the demonstration power plant DEMO needs to be prepared. DEMO will for the first time supply fusion electricity to the grid and it will have a self-sufficient fuel cycle. The design, construction and operation of DEMO require full involvement of industry to ensure that, after a successful DEMO operation, industry can take responsibility for commercial fusion power. The European fusion roadmap provides a coherent path towards the fusion power plant, and it proposes in an integrated way to find solutions for all challenges that still need to be addressed.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated?’
The impact of plasma physics on the timescale to a tokamak fusion power plant
Authors: Wilson Howard 
Published: February 2019

Some of the main plasma physics challenges associated with achieving the conditions for commercial fusion power in tokamaks are reviewed. The confinement quality is considered to be a key factor, having an impact on the size of the reactor and exhaust power that has to be managed. Plasma eruptions can cause excessive erosion if not mitigated, with implications for maintenance and availability. Disruptions are a major concern—one large disruption could terminally damage the reactor so it is important to understand the loads they impart to the structure, and put in place appropriate protection and an effective avoidance/mitigation strategy. Managing the exhaust of heat and particles from the plasma is likely to be a significant issue, which may be mitigated if an advanced confinement regime can be identified. The advanced divertor structures that may be required to handle the exhaust have a significant impact on the design of a fusion reactor. Three strategies can be identified to take account of the physics challenges, with different implications for the timescale to fusion power: (1) a staged approach with the size of each step determined by our confidence in the predictive capability of our models; (2) a single, big step with contingency built into the design where possible to accommodate the uncertainty in physics predictions and (3) a single big step with optimistic physics assumptions and no contingency, accepting the increased financial and reputational risk that comes with such an approach.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated?’.
Smaller and quicker with spherical tokamaks and high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Windridge Melanie 
Published: February 2019

Research in the 1970s and 1980s by Sykes, Peng, Jassby and others showed the theoretical advantage of the spherical tokamak (ST) shape. Experiments on START and MAST at Culham throughout the 1990s and 2000s, alongside other international STs like NSTX at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, confirmed their increased efficiency (namely operation at higher beta) and tested the plasma physics in new regimes. However, while interesting devices for study, the perceived technological difficulties due to the compact shape initially prevented STs being seriously considered as viable power plants. Then, in the 2010s, high-temperature superconductor (HTS) materials became available as a reliable engineering material, fabricated into long tapes suitable for winding into magnets. Realizing the advantages of this material and its possibilities for fusion, Tokamak Energy proposed a new ST path to fusion power and began working on demonstrating the viability of HTS for fusion magnets. The company is now operating a compact tokamak with copper magnets,
R
0
∼ 0.4 m,
R
/
a
∼ 1.8, and target
I
p
= 2MA,
B
t0
= 3 T, while in parallel developing a 5 T HTS demonstrator tokamak magnet. Here we discuss why HTS can be a game-changer for tokamak fusion. We outline Tokamak Energy's solution for a faster way to fusion and discuss plans and progress, including benefits of smaller devices on the development path and advantages of modularity in power plants. We will indicate some of the key research areas in compact tokamaks and introduce the physics considerations behind the ST approach, to be further developed in the subsequent paper by Alan Costley.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated?’.
Towards a compact spherical tokamak fusion pilot plant
Authors: Costley A. E. 
Published: February 2019

The question of size of a tokamak fusion reactor is central to current fusion research especially with the large device, ITER, under construction and even larger DEMO reactors under initial engineering design. In this paper, the question of size is addressed initially from a physics perspective. It is shown that in addition to size, field and plasma shape are important too, and shape can be a significant factor. For a spherical tokamak (ST), the elongated shape leads to significant reductions in major radius and/or field for comparable fusion performance. Further, it is shown that when the density limit is taken into account, the relationship between fusion power and fusion gain is almost independent of size, implying that relatively small, high performance reactors should be possible. In order to realize a small, high performance fusion module based on the ST, feasible solutions to several key technical challenges must be developed. These are identified and possible design solutions outlined. The results of the physics, technical and engineering studies are integrated using the Tokamak Energy system code, and the results of a scoping study are reviewed. The results indicate that a relatively small ST using high temperature superconductor magnets should be feasible and may provide an alternative, possibly faster, ‘small modular’ route to fusion power.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated?’.
Small, modular and economically attractive fusion enabled by high temperature superconductors
Authors: Whyte Dennis 
Published: February 2019

The advantages of high magnetic fields in tokamaks are reviewed, and why they are important in leading to more compact tokamaks. A brief explanation is given of what limits the magnetic field in a tokamak, and why high temperature superconductors (HTSs) are a game changer, not just because of their higher magnetic fields but also for reasons of higher current density and higher operating temperatures. An accelerated pathway to fusion energy is described, defined by the SPARC and ARC tokamak designs.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated?’.
Multi-omics profiling of CHO parental hosts reveals cell line-specific variations in bioprocessing traits
Authors: Lakshmanan Meiyappan , Kok Yee Jiun , Lee Alison P. , Kyriakopoulos Sarantos , Lim Hsueh Lee , Teo Gavin , Poh Swan Li , Tang Wen Qin , Hong Jongkwang , Tan Andy Hee-Meng , Bi Xuezhi , Ho Ying Swan , Zhang Peiqing , Ng Say Kong , Lee Dong-Yup 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most prevalent mammalian cell factories for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins due to their ability to synthesize human-like post-translational modifications and ease of maintenance in suspension cultures. Currently, a wide variety of CHO host cell lines have been developed; substantial differences exist in their phenotypes even when transfected with the same target vector. However, relatively less is known about the influence of their inherited genetic heterogeneity on phenotypic traits and production potential from the bioprocessing point of view. Herein, we present a global transcriptome and proteome profiling of three commonly used parental cell lines (CHO-K1, CHO-DXB11 and CHO-DG44) in suspension cultures and further report their growth-related characteristics, and N- and O-glycosylation patterns of host cell proteins (HCPs). The comparative multi-omics analysis indicated that some physiological variations of CHO cells grown in the same media are possibly originated from the genetic deficits, particularly in the cell cycle progression. Moreover, the dihydrofolate reductase deficient DG44 and DXB11 possess relatively less active metabolism when compared to K1 cells. The protein processing abilities and the N- and O-glycosylation profiles also differ significantly across the host cell lines, suggesting the need to select host cells in a rational manner for the cell line development on the basis of recombinant protein being produced.
A 7-channel high-Tc SQUID-based on-scalp MEG system
Authors: Pfeiffer Christoph , Ruffieux Silvia , Jönsson Lars , Chukharkin Maxim L. , Kalaboukhov Alexei , Xie Minshu , Winkler Dag , Schneiderman Justin F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDue to their higher operating temperature, high-Tc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) require less thermal insulation than the low-Tc sensors that are utilized in commercial magnetoen-cephalography (MEG) systems. As a result, they can be placed closer to the head, where neuromagnetic fields are higher and more focal, potentially leading to higher spatial resolution. The first such on-scalp MEG measurements using high-Tc SQUIDs have shown the potential of the technology. In order to be useful for neuroscience and clinical applications, however, multi-channel systems are required. Herein, we present a 7-channel on-scalp MEG system based on high-Tc SQUIDs. The YBCO SQUID magnetometers are arranged in a dense, head-aligned hexagonal array inside a single, liquid nitrogen-cooled cryostat. The spacing between the magnetometers and the head is adjustable down to 1 mm. The sensors are side-mounted on the cryostat that is mounted on an articulated armature for recordings on arbitrary head locations of a seated subject. We demonstrate white noise levels of 50-130 fT/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz, sensor-to-sensor crosstalk values of <0.6%, and single-fill operation times of 16 hours. We validate the system with MEG recordings of visual alpha modulation and auditory evoked fields. The system is thus useful for densely and sensitively sampling neuromagnetic fields over any ∼ 10 cm2 patch of the scalp surface over the course of a day.
Porthole and Stormcloud: Tools for visualisation of spatiotemporal M/EEG statistics
Authors: Taylor Jeremy A , Garrido Marta I 
Published: January 2019

AbstractElectro- and magneto-encephalography are functional neuroimaging modalities characterised by their ability to quantify dynamic spatiotemporal activity within the brain. However, the visualisation techniques currently used to illustrate these effects are currently limited to single- or multi-channel time series plots, topographic scalp maps and orthographic cross-sections of the spatiotemporal data structure. Whilst these methods each have their own strength and weaknesses, they are only able to show a subset of the data and are suboptimal at articulating one or both of the space-time components.Here, we proposePortholeandStormcloud, a set of data visualisation tools which can automatically generate context appropriate graphics for both print and screen with the following graphical capabilities:Animated two-dimensional scalp maps with dynamic timeline annotation and optional user interaction;Three-dimensional construction of discrete clusters within sparse spatiotemporal volumes, rendered with ‘cloud-like’ appearance and augmented by cross-sectional scalp maps indicating local maxima.These publicly available tools were designed specifically for visualisation of M/EEG spatiotemporal statistical maps, however, we also demonstrate alternate use cases of posterior probability maps and weight maps produced by machine learning classifiers. In principle, the methods employed here are transferrable to visualisation of any spatiotemporal image.
Design and Synthesis of Pleated DNA Origami Nanotubes with Adjustable Diameters
Authors: Berengut Jonathan F. , Ruan Juanfang , Kawamoto Akihiro , Lee Lawrence K. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTDNA origami allows for the synthesis of nanoscale structures and machines with nanometre precision and high yields. Tubular DNA origami nanostructures are particularly useful because their geometry facilitates a variety of applications including nanoparticle encapsulation, the construction of artificial membrane pores and as structural scaffolds that can spatially arrange nanoparticles in circular, linear and helical arrays. Here we report a simple computational approach that determines minimally-strained DNA staple crossover locations for arbitrary nanotube internal angles. We apply the method in the design and synthesis of radially symmetric DNA origami nanotubes with arbitrary diameters and DNA helix stoichiometries. These include regular nanotubes where the wall of the structure is composed of a single layer of DNA helices, as well as those with a thicker pleated wall structure that have a greater rigidity and allow for continuously adjustable diameters and distances between parallel helices. We also introduce a DNA origami staple strand routing that incorporates both antiparallel and parallel crossovers and demonstrate its application to further rigidify pleated DNA nanotubes.
Localizing the chaperone activity of erythroid spectrin
Authors: Bose Dipayan , Chakrabarti Abhijit 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTSpectrin, the major protein of the RBC membrane skeleton has canonically been thought to only serve a structural function. We have described a novel chaperone-like property of spectrin and have shown that it is able to prevent the aggregation of other proteins such as alcohol dehydrogenase, insulin and free globin chains. We have tried to localize the molecular origin of chaperone-like activity in multi-domain spectrin by using recombinant spectrin fragments and investigating individual domains. We have characterized the recombinant domains using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and CD spectroscopy to show their identity to native spectrin. Hydrophobic ligands Prodan (6-propionyl-2[dimethylamino]-naphthalene) and ANS (1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid) binding has been used to probe the hydrophobicity of the recombinant domains and it is seen that all domains have surface exposed hydrophobic patches; and in accordance with our previous hypothesis only the reconstituted self-association domain binds Prodan. Recombinant domains display comparable chaperone potential in preventing protein aggregation; and substrate selectivity of α-over β-globin is seen. Enzyme refolding studies show alternate pathways of chaperone action. Our current study points to the presence of hydrophobic patches on the surface of these domains as the source of the chaperone activity of spectrin, as notably seen in the self-association domain. There is no one domain largely responsible for the chaperone activity of spectrin; rather all domains appear to contribute equally, such that the chaperone activity of spectrin seems to be a linear sum of the individual activities of the domains.
Monkey EEG links neuronal color and motion information across species and scales
Authors: Sandhaeger Florian , von Nicolai Constantin , Miller Earl K , Siegel Markus 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIt remains challenging to relate EEG and MEG to underlying circuit processes and comparable experiments on both spatial scales are rare. To close this gap between invasive and non-invasive electrophysiology we developed and recorded human-comparable EEG in macaque monkeys during visual stimulation with colored dynamic random dot patterns. Furthermore, we performed simultaneous microelectrode recordings from 6 areas of macaque cortex and human MEG. Motion direction and color information were accessible in all signal types. Tuning of the non-invasive signals was similar to V4 and IT, but not to dorsal and frontal areas. Thus, MEG and EEG were dominated by early visual and ventral stream sources. Source level analysis revealed corresponding information and latency gradients across the cortex. We show how information-based methods and monkey EEG can identify analogous properties of visual processing in signals spanning spatial scales from single units to MEG – a valuable framework for relating human and animal studies.
The Atypical Cyclin-Like Protein Spy1 Overrides p53-Mediated Tumour Suppression and Promotes Susceptibility to Breast Tumorigenesis
Authors: Fifield Bre-Anne , Qemo Ingrid , Kirou Evie , Cardiff Robert D. , Porter Lisa Ann 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer to affect women and one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths. Maintenance of genomic stability and proper regulation of cell cycle checkpoints play a critical role in preventing the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Perturbations in the expression or activity of mediators of cell cycle progression or checkpoint activation represent important events that may increase susceptibility to the onset of carcinogenesis. The atypical cyclin-like protein Spy1 was isolated in a screen for novel genes that could bypass the DNA damage response. Clinical data demonstrates that protein levels of Spy1 are significantly elevated in ductal and lobular carcinoma of the breast. Using a transgenic mouse driving expression of Spy1 in the mammary epithelium we demonstrate that sustained elevation of Spy1 leads to enhanced proliferation and an increased susceptibility to mammary tumour formation. We find that Spy1 is targeted for degradation by the tumour suppressor p53 to protect checkpoint control. When crossed with p53 deficient mice, elevation of Spy1 leads to an increase in hyperplastic alveolar nodules. Targeting cyclin-like protein activity may therefore represent a mechanism of re-sensitizing cells to important cell cycle checkpoints in a therapeutic setting.
Perfect adaptation of CD8+ T cell responses to constant antigen input over a wide range of affinity is overcome by costimulation
Authors: Trendel Nicola , Kruger Philipp , Gaglione Stephanie , Nguyen John , Pettmann Johannes , Sontag Eduardo D , Dushek Omer 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMaintaining and limiting T cell responses to constant antigen stimulation is critical to control pathogens and maintain self-tolerance, respectively. Antigen recognition by T cell receptors (TCRs) induces signalling that activates T cells to produce cytokines and also leads to the downregulation of surface TCRs. In other systems, receptor downregulation can induce perfect adaptation to constant stimulation by a mechanism known as state-dependent inactivation that requires complete downregulation of the receptor or the ligand. However, this is not the case for the TCR, and therefore, precisely how TCR downregulation maintains or limits T cell responses is controversial. Here, we observed that in vitro expanded primary human T cells exhibit perfect adaptation in cytokine production to constant antigen stimulation across a 100,000-fold variation in affinity with partial TCR downregulation. By directly fitting a mechanistic model to the data, we show that TCR downregulation produces imperfect adaptation, but when coupled to a switch produces perfect adaptation in cytokine production. A pre-diction of the model is that pMHC-induced TCR signalling continues after adaptation and this is confirmed by showing that, while costimulation cannot prevent adaptation, CD28 and 4-1BB signalling reactivated adapted T cells to produce cytokines in a pMHC-dependent manner. We show that adaptation also applied to 1st generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells but is partially avoided in 2nd generation CARs. These findings high-light that even partial TCR downregulation can limit T cell responses by producing perfect adaptation rendering T cells dependent on costimulation for sustained responses.