bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stars
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The stars have always fascinated poets and astronomers alike. Early Greek philosophers imagined a music of the spheres—a musica universalis—produced by the heavenly bodies. The sun, moon, planets, and stars, said Pythagoras, all emit their own unique hum, an orbital resonance based on the mathematical harmony of their movements. Number, motion, harmonics, mystery: These are the rhetoric of the stars. Origen of Alexandria, the third-century Christian theologian, drew on Plato and others before him in contending that the stars were living beings, actively engaged in praising God and assisting human life. In the twelfth century, the Mississippian people at the Cahokia Mounds site near East St. Louis carefully studied the rising of the sun and stars at important times of the year. The Cahokians created a habitable cosmos by perceiving the stars as the living source of their cultural and religious life. They built more than a hundred mounds and five wood-henges in order to carefully measure solstices, equinoxes, and star risings. They monitored the ascent of celestial objects like Venus and the star cluster we know as the Pleiades. On the winter solstice, the author spends a cold, wet night atop Monk’s Mound, awaiting the rising of the Pleiades himself.
Deserts
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The desert is often defined by what it isn’t—a place where you’re stripped of nonessentials, where language gives out. It’s no accident that the via negativa (apophatic spirituality) took shape in the desert landscape of fourth-century Egypt and Cappadocia. Gregory of Nyssa spoke of his heart’s desire being drawn to what he couldn’t put into words. The author encounters a similar reality in the outback of Western Australia, hiking an Aboriginal songline. Those who haven’t spent time in the desert may dismiss it as a negative landscape, defined by what isn’t there. But people who trust the desert as home delight in its quality of lean simplicity. The desert imagination thrives on the absence of what others consider essential. It revels in negation, attending to what isn’t seen, what can’t be proved, what provides no comforting assurances.
Rivers
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
There is more to rivers than what we see. They flow in pockets underground as well as above. This hidden area of a river’s flow is its hyporheic zone, a subterranean ecosystem with its own forms of life—fungi, insects, and crustaceans that may never see the light of day. This lends the river an added mystery, seen in the Lost Creek Wilderness of Colorado—a stream that surfaces, then disappears again, eleven times on its way through the Rockies. Teresa of Avila was fascinated by water as a symbol of renewal in the spiritual life, offering four ways of watering a garden in dry terrain. “I don’t find anything more appropriate to explain some spiritual experiences than water,” she said. “I am so fond of this element that I’ve observed it more attentively than any other.” For her, the divine presence was alternately visible and invisible, revealed and hidden, an elusive yet ever-running river flowing through the high desert country of her life. It might go for years without breaking the surface, then erupt into effusions of indescribable joy.
From Obscenity Outside to Addiction Within
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides a historical and statistical overview of how the relationship between conservative Protestantism and pornography has changed over time. Conservative Protestants generally did not seek to confront pornography as a threat to the church until the 1960s and 1970s. Initially, conservative Protestants wanted to ban pornography through legal means. However, as pornography became more available to the general public and was accepted in the broader society, conservative Protestant leaders became more concerned that church members were also regularly viewing pornography. Today, conservative Protestants describe pornography use as an addiction and believe it is affecting a large proportion of churchgoers, especially men. Conservative Protestant leaders no longer operate under the belief that they can keep pornography away from young people but, rather, feel they must focus their efforts on helping those who are already addicted.
Fifty Shades of Gray Area—On Masturbation
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains the paradox of conservative Protestants’ interpretations of pornography use and masturbation. Though pornography and masturbation are functionally related, conservative Protestants seem to draw a distinction between the two. Conservative Protestants typically condemn pornography unequivocally and in the strongest possible terms, and yet they often take a rather ambivalent view toward solo masturbation, especially if it is done without the aid of pornography. This chapter shows that because conservative Protestants are committed to “biblicism” and “pietistic idealism,” they are more likely to focus on pornography use as the greater sin because it can more clearly be connected to explicit biblical proscriptions against lust and sins of the heart, while masturbation is not explicitly addressed in the Bible and does not necessarily involve the heart. Also, the rise of psychology within conservative Protestantism over the past few decades has served to heighten concern about pornography addiction, while debunking myths connecting masturbation with mental health issues.
Fleshly Lusts That War Against the Soul
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the consequences of the dissonance conservative Protestants experience in porn use, shaping their religious lives and even mental health. The chapter goes deeper into the history and prevalence of what the author calls “sexual exceptionalism” among conservative Protestants, focusing on porn use in particular. The chapter then draws on numerous interviews with conservative Protestant men and women who describe how their habitual porn use has often caused them to back away from spiritual disciplines like praying or reading the Bible, serving in their churches, or being involved in religious community or leadership. The chapter also makes use of various quantitative data sources to show how pornography use can be associated with religious decline and depression for Americans who violate their own moral convictions by using it.
Every Man’s Battle?
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 considers how the influence of complementarian gender ideology differentially shapes the experiences of conservative Protestant men and women who view pornography. While the moral incongruence involving pornography use can often be crippling for conservative Protestant men, this chapter shows that conservative Protestant women often experience a “double shame” from their porn use, in that they are violating God’s design for women. More so than men, this shame leaves these women feeling particularly isolated and condemned. The chapter also discusses the challenges women face when it comes to seeking help in their struggle against lust and pornography use.
So Help Me God (or Whatever Works)
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes how conservative Protestants approach the challenge of trying to stop using pornography. It begins with the observation that different groups within conservative Protestantism advocate for different approaches to quitting pornography use. Some advocate more practical approaches based on contemporary psychology. Others advocate a more “biblical” and “idealistic” approach, believing that true transformation must take place in the heart first. Drawing heavily on content from sexual-purity manuals along with interviews with pastors and lay conservative Protestants, this chapter shows that conservative Protestant pastors seem to give rather mixed counsel when it comes to their parishioners regarding quitting pornography. Also, lay conservative Protestants seem to employ a pragmatic approach to quitting pornography use, and are often most successful when they combine close relationships of accountability with proactive steps to eliminate access to pornography.
Conclusion
Authors: Perry Samuel L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The conclusion briefly recapitulates and integrates previous chapters in order to outline implications both for research on pornography use and for religious life in the United States. It ends by drawing out important takeaways and challenges for conservative Protestant communities for whom pornography is not only a moral problem but also one that has severe consequences for their psychological well-being and relationships. The conclusion offers a critique of the conservative Protestant distinctives that are discussed in previous chapters and proposes practical adjustments on the part of Christian leaders and communities. These critiques involve conservative Protestants’ complementarian views on differences in gender and sexuality; their adherence to “sexual exceptionalism,” and their individualistic approach to pornography recovery.
Cracks in the Ivory Tower
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Ideally, universities are centers of learning, in which great researchers dispassionately search for truth, no matter how unpopular those truths must be. The marketplace of ideas assures that truth wins out against bias and prejudice. Yet many people worry that there's rot in the heart of the higher education business. This book reveals the problems are even worse than anyone suspects. Marshalling an array of data, the authors systematically show how contemporary American universities fall short of these ideals and how bad incentives make faculty, administrators, and students act unethically. While universities may at times excel at identifying and calling out injustice outside their gates, the text contends that individuals within them are primarily guided by self-interest at every level. It finds that the problems are deep and pervasive: Most academic marketing and advertising are semi-fraudulent; colleges and individual departments regularly make promises they do not and cannot keep; and most students cheat a little, while many cheat a lot. Trenchant and wide-ranging, the text elucidates the many ways in which faculty and students alike have every incentive to make teaching and learning secondary.
The Care of Nuns
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This book recovers the liturgical and pastoral ministries performed by Benedictine nuns in England from 900 to 1225. Three ministries are examined in detail—liturgically reading the gospel, hearing confessions, and offering intercessory prayers for others—but they are prefaced by profiles of the monastic officers most often charged with their performances—cantors, sacristans, prioresses, and abbesses. This book challenges past scholarly accounts of these ministries that either locate them exclusively in the so-called Golden Age of double monasteries headed by abbesses in the seventh and eighth centuries, or read the monastic and ecclesiastical reforms of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries as effectively relegating nuns to complete dependency on priests’ sacramental care. This book shows instead that, throughout the central Middle Ages, many nuns in England continued to exercise primary control over the cura animarum of their consorors and others who sought their aid. Most innovative and essential to this study are the close paleographical, codicological, and textual analyses of the surviving liturgical books from women’s communities. When identified and then excavated to unearth the liturgical scripts and scribal productions they preserve, these books hold a treasure trove of unexamined evidence for understanding the lives of nuns in England during the central Middle Ages. These books serve as the foundational documents of practice for this study because they offer witnesses not only to the liturgical and pastoral ministries that nuns performed, but also to the productions of female scribes as copyists, correctors, and even creators of liturgical texts.
Introduction
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Introduction challenges previous interpretations of the term cura monialium in the historiography of medieval nuns that have restricted its use to the material and spiritual care that these religious women, both as individuals and as communities, received from resident chaplains, visiting priests, and diocesan bishops. Such interpretations too often neglect the other meaning that this term could and did convey: the care that nuns extended to themselves and to those who sought their hospitality, counsel, instruction, healing, absolution, and intercession. Such care was no less vital to nuns’ practices and identities. Indeed, it is the contention of the Introduction and the chapters that follow that examining this meaning of cura monialium gets to the very heart of what it was to be a Benedictine nun in England during the central Middle Ages.
Evangelists
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The liturgical proclamation of the gospel serves as the focus of Chapter 3. The evidence examined in this chapter shows that Benedictine nuns in England—like their male counterparts, but contrary to the prescriptive sources ostensibly regulating their practices—read the gospels in a variety of liturgical and communal contexts during the central Middle Ages: Matins on Sundays and on feast days, chapter, and refectory. This chapter also demonstrates that many nuns possessed the requisite literacies to read and comprehend the scriptures for their personal edification and to copy and adapt these texts for their communities’ use. Paleographical, codicological, and textual analyses of Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 155, an early eleventh-century gospel book from Barking Abbey, are especially revealing of how nuns could copy and adapt a book for liturgical proclamation. These women were capable of evangelizing the Word through their textual productions, verbal instructions, and ministerial actions.
Intercessors
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 spotlights Benedictine nuns as intercessors, focusing especially on how they served those who were not members of their communities through offering prayers. This role—both in its idealized forms and in its lived realities—is reconstructed through the conventual and personal seals, charters, letters, mortuary rolls, prayer books, and psalters that women’s communities received, produced, and used. This chapter challenges the persistent scholarly assumption that nuns’ intercessory prayers depreciated in value over the central Middle Ages because, unlike their male counterparts, they could not offer the individualized forms of commemoration increasingly desired by prospective patrons—namely Masses—without the assistance of resident chaplains or visiting priests. Comparative analysis of the extant documentary sources from religious communities in Oxfordshire reveals that the nuns of Godstow Abbey rivaled neighboring monks, canons, and Templars in attracting lay donations in return for certain spiritual benefits, particularly prayers for the remission of sins and salvation.
A Theory of Rights
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the theory of rights that sits at the core of this book. It starts with an account of the purpose of rights, the three principles that ground the space of rights, and the basic structure of rights, known as the mechanics of claims. Next, it gives a more formal account of what is meant by the mechanics of claims. It then contrasts it with the infringement model. Finally, it introduces, explains, and defends the restricting claims principle, which, in turn, can be used to defend a key principle in deontology: the means principle, that is, the principle that it is particularly hard to justify using another as a means if doing so imposes some cost on him, unless he has waived or forfeited his right not to be so used.
Putting the Mechanics of Claims in Perspective
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers two basic themes. First, it argues that the mechanics of claims is substantively preferable to the infringement model in two ways. First, it considers the main reason to adopt the infringement model: its account of the duty to compensate those who are “rightfully wronged.” This model is inferior to the account of compensation that one can articulate using the mechanics of claims. Second, it reviews four other problems that are particularly telling against the infringement model. Then it turns to the second theme, acknowledging the limits of the mechanics of claims and the need for some notion of threshold deontology. But it also explains how threshold deontology can complement the mechanics of claims.
Avoiding a Misplaced Emphasis on Intentions
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter is meant to defuse the objection that intentions have been given short shrift. It starts with a discussion of Seth Lazar’s use of intentions in his effort to shore up the idea that it is harder to justify targeting noncombatants than it is to justify targeting combatants in war (the principle of distinction). It also adds a more general argument in defense of giving intentions relatively little significance in accounting for the permissible use of defensive force. The chapter concludes by applying the lesson of these arguments to Lazar’s argument that eliminatively killing noncombatants is generally impermissible and to the use of intentions in just war theory generally.
Negative Agent-Claims and the Agent–Patient Inference
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter’s goal is twofold. First, it refines the thought, argued for in Chapter 3, that an agent may be partial to herself, when serious harms to others are at stake, only insofar as she is exercising a negative agent-claim. It argues that this can be extended to action when the justification for inaction is that the agent could then serve as a means, at some cost to her, of preventing others from suffering harms. Second, it describes the conditions under which having a right to act comes with a claim-right against others that they not interfere: the agent–patient inference. I focus, in particular, on when competition should block the agent–patient inference. These are connected points because they are both necessary to rebut a commonly held view, to wit, that agents often have the right to resist another agent who is rightfully engaged in self-defense or warfare.
Conclusions
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The final chapter offers concluding thoughts on the permissibility of eliminatively killing noncombatants who help unjust combatants. The limits of necessity and proportionality are profound. In addition, some noncombatants have a right to do what they do that helps unjust combatants. Practical difficulties and the law provide other limits. The chapter identifies four reasons why it may not be justifiable to eliminatively kill noncombatants, all things considered. The chapter also offers some concluding thoughts about rights, emphasizing the way the mechanics of claims enables us to avoid the normative gulf opened up by using the infringement model with its emphasis on forfeiture.
The Indians’ Old Sea, to 1500
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Prior to the arrival of European strangers from the east, the ocean possessed a generative richness that contrasted starkly with the predictable darkness and despair of the interior woodlands. Wabanaki oral traditions paint the sea as a rich repository of natural resources awaiting human manipulation, but Native stories also imbue the ocean with capricious forces that lurk just below the surface. Artifacts, legends, and eyewitness accounts reveal that Indians carried out death-defying feats to pursue mammoths of the deep and enemies of distant lands. Climate studies also point to seismic shifts in ocean levels and temperatures that transformed marine ecosystems and the human populations long dependent on them. At once life sustaining and life threatening, the sea’s duality hovered over people throughout the Dawnland’s ancient past and would shape the context of possibilities within which they situated new peoples and things from the east.
A New Dawn on an Old Sea, 1500–1600
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The arrival of European fishermen, explorers, ships, and supplies in the sixteenth-century northeast emerged from the long-standing paradox that was the Wabanaki ocean. Indians first made sense of these novelties and then incorporated them into their world in the same spirit of cautious opportunism that guided their historic relationship to the sea. While they encountered foreign fishermen and adventurers with increasing regularity through the century, only a fraction of their quotidian exchanges were recorded. In these oftentimes fraught interactions Indians began to regard the attraction of European vessels. None of the exogenous innovations to their maritime world appeared more conspicuous to Indians than the sailing technology that transported the newcomers and their belongings. And none would be more quickly or thoroughly integrated into Native society. By the early seventeenth century, Indians were pursuing a number of avenues to the watercraft they now held in high esteem.
Pieces of Eight, Pieces of Empire, 1700–1713
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Just three years after the War of the League of Augsburg, Indians took advantage of another conflict rooted in faraway places to bear down on English ships, settlers, and settlements, to forge a homeland ruled by its flourishing people. Manipulating English and French neighbors engrossed in debilitating feuds of their own had proven such an effective method of reinforcing sovereignty in 1676 and 1688 that Indians again rallied to execute it after the War of Spanish Succession reached their shores in 1702. The success of their blue-water strategy lay in its successful consolidation of an expanding militancy afloat and ashore with an evolving diplomacy of transatlantic politics. As it did twice before, the strategy forced English subjects from the borderlands to Boston to London to entertain troubling questions about their empire’s wherewithal in the face of Native power.
Agency organizes violence
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
As part of a material turn, organizational scholars increasingly pay attention to nonhuman agents, the things and stuff of organizing. These nonhuman agents are often discussed without consideration of difference. To encourage a more nuanced conversation about agency and the human/nonhuman divide, this chapter analyzes PRU’s boundary-making practices—the organization’s continuous decisions about who or what can act, especially in violent ways. It shows that these practices are gendered, raced, and sexualized, and they emerge as such while PRU members grapple with Title IX reporting processes. Importantly, statements and texts about violence—both forms of discourse—are considered to be agentic when they uphold whiteness. In contrast, their capacity to act is minimized when they challenge systemic racism or identify patterns of violence. Though some scholars are concerned that discourse has become too muscular, this chapter shows that the agency of discourse—when considered in proximity to Title IX and sexual violence—is far from uniformly too forceful. Drawing on scholarship rarely read among organizational scholars, this chapter issues a caution: Theories that minimize the supposedly bulging biceps of discourse may keep a violent status quo in place.