bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domestic Attitudes toward Regional Leadership: A Survey Experiment in Brazil
Authors: Guimarães Feliciano de Sá , Fernandes Ivan Filipe , Maldonado Gerardo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze citizens’ attitudes toward regional leadership, employing two sets of survey experiments. Using Brazil as a case study, we analyze the first set of experiments with two types of regional leadership—structural and institutional—across three different regional issues—economic integration, regime change, and regional conflict. We found that Brazilians do not support either type of leadership, whether in regional conflict or in regime change issues, but support institutional leadership in economic integration scenarios. In the second set, we included specific South American countries both in regional conflict and in regime change scenarios. We found that Brazilians prefer Brazil to stay away from acting as a leader once neighboring countries are named in the experiment. Our findings indicate that the literature on regional leadership should incorporate the level of domestic support to understand its implications to the exercise of regional leadership. We embedded our experiments within the project “The Americas and the World: Public Opinion and International Politics, 2014–2015.” We used a nationally representative sample of eighteen hundred respondents undertaken in 2014.
Bioenergetic deficits in Huntington’s disease iPSC-derived neural cells and rescue with glycolytic metabolites
Authors:   The HD iPSC Consortium, Kedaigle Amanda J , Fraenkel Ernest , Atwal Ranjit S , Wu Min , Gusella James F , MacDonald Marcy E , Kaye Julia A , Finkbeiner Steven , Mattis Virginia B , Tom Colton M , Svendsen Clive , King Alvin R , Chen Yumay , Stocksdale Jennifer T , Lim Ryan G , Casale Malcolm , Wang Ping H , Thompson Leslie M , Akimov Sergey S , Ratovitski Tamara , Arbez Nicolas , Ross Christopher A 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Altered cellular metabolism is believed to be an important contributor to pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington’s disease (HD). Research has primarily focused on mitochondrial toxicity, which can cause death of the vulnerable striatal neurons, but other aspects of metabolism have also been implicated. Most previous studies have been carried out using postmortem human brain or non-human cells. Here, we studied bioenergetics in an induced pluripotent stem cell-based model of the disease. We found decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in HD cells compared to controls across differentiation stages and protocols. Proteomics data and multiomics network analysis revealed normal or increased levels of mitochondrial messages and proteins, but lowered expression of glycolytic enzymes. Metabolic experiments showed decreased spare glycolytic capacity in HD neurons, while maximal and spare respiratory capacities driven by oxidative phosphorylation were largely unchanged. ATP levels in HD neurons could be rescued with addition of pyruvate or late glycolytic metabolites, but not earlier glycolytic metabolites, suggesting a role for glycolytic deficits as part of the metabolic disturbance in HD neurons. Pyruvate or other related metabolic supplements could have therapeutic benefit in HD.
Low-mass halo perturbations in strong gravitational lenses at redshift z ∼ 0.5 are consistent with CDM
Authors: Ritondale E , Vegetti S , Despali G , Auger M W , Koopmans L V E , McKean J P 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
We use a sample of 17 strong gravitational lens systems from the BELLS GALLERY survey to quantify the amount of low-mass dark matter haloes within the lensing galaxies and along their lines of sight, and to constrain the properties of dark matter. Based on a detection criterion of 10σ, we report no significant detection in any of the lenses. Using the sensitivity function at the 10σ level, we have calculated the predicted number of detectable cold dark matter (CDM) line-of-sight haloes to be μl = 1.17 ± 1.08, in agreement with our null detection. Assuming a detection sensitivity that improved to the level implied by a 5σ threshold, the expected number of detectable line-of-sight haloes rises to μl = 9.0 ± 3.0. Whilst the current data find zero detections at this sensitivity level (which has a probability of P$^{{\rm 5}\sigma }_{{\rm CDM}}(n_{\rm det}=0)$ = 0.0001 and would be in strong tension with the CDM framework), we find that such a low-detection threshold leads to many spurious detections and non-detections and therefore the current lack of detections is unreliable and requires data with improved sensitivity. Combining this sample with a subsample of 11 SLACS lenses, we constrain the half-mode mass to be log (Mhm) &lt; 12.26 at the 2σ level. The latter is consistent with resonantly produced sterile neutrino masses ms &lt; 0.8 keV at any value of the lepton asymmetry at the 2σ level.
In-depth Sampling of High-risk Populations to Characterize HIV Transmission Epidemics Among Young MSM Using PrEP in France and Quebec
Authors: Chaillon Antoine , Delaugerre Constance , Brenner Bluma , Armero Alix , Capitant Catherine , Nere Marie Laure , Leturque Nicolas , Pialoux Gilles , Cua Eric , Tremblay Cecile , Smith Davey M , Goujard Cecile , Meyer Laurence , Molina Jean Michel , Chaix Marie Laure 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
A better understanding of HIV transmission dynamics among populations at high risk is important for development of prevention strategies. We determined HIV transmission networks from infected individuals enrolled in the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) IPERGAY trial in combination with the ANRS PRIMO and Montreal PHI cohorts to identify and characterize active clusters of transmission in this high-risk population.

Methods
Genotypic resistance tests were performed on plasma samples from 31 IPERGAY participants. Reverse transcriptase sequences were analyzed in combination with unique HIV pol sequences from 1351 individuals enrolled in the PRIMO ANRS cohort (1999–2014) and 511 individuals enrolled in the Montreal PHI cohort (1996–2016). Network analyses were performed to infer putative relationships between all participants.

Results
Overall, 1893 participants were included. Transmission network analyses revealed that 14 individuals (45.2%) from the IPERGAY trial were involved in 13 clusters sampled over a median period (interquartile range) of 2 (0.3–7.8) years, including 7 dyads and 6 larger clusters ranging from 4 to 28 individuals. When comparing characteristics between clustering individuals enrolled in the PRIMO cohort (n = 377) and in IPERGAY (n = 14), we found that IPERGAY participants had a higher viral load (5.93 vs 5.20 log10 copies/mL, P = .032) and reported a higher number of partners in the last 2 months (P &lt; .01).

Conclusions
These results demonstrate high rates of HIV transmission clustering among young high-risk MSM enrolled in the IPERGAY trial. In-depth sampling of high-risk populations may help to uncover unobserved transmission intermediaries and improve prevention efforts that could be targeted to the most active clusters.
Tranexamic Acid for the Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Sentilhes L. , Lasocki S. , Ducloy-Bouthors A.S. , Deruelle P. , Dreyfus M. , Perrotin F. , Goffinet F. , Deneux-Tharaux C. 
Published: February 2019

(Br J Anaesth. 2015;114:576–587)
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal mortality, accounting for one-quarter of all maternal deaths worldwide. Uterotonics after birth are the only intervention that has been shown to be effective for PPH prevention. Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic agent, has therefore been investigated as a potentially useful complement to this for both prevention and treatment because its hypothesized mechanism of action in PPH supplements that of uterotonics and because it has been proven to reduce blood loss in elective surgery, bleeding in trauma patients, and menstrual blood loss. This review covers evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for PPH prevention after cesarean (n1/410) and vaginal (n1/42) deliveries and for PPH treatment after vaginal delivery (n1/41). It discusses TXA efficacy and side effects overall and in relation to the various doses studied for both indications.
Protecting Mothers and Babies: A Delicate Balancing Act
Authors: Rasmussen S.A. , Barfield W. , Honein M.A. 
Published: February 2019

(N Engl J Med. 2018;379:907–909)
Ensuring that a pregnant woman has access to potentially life-saving treatments while safeguarding her fetus is a delicate balancing act that requires careful evaluation of risks and benefits to both the mother and fetus. In the present perspective article, Rasmussen and colleagues discuss the recent safety signal released by multiple organizations regarding the use of dolutegravir, an antiretroviral medication, during pregnancy and the potential for neural tube defects.
What are the Risk Factors Associated With Hospital Birth Among Women Planning to Give Birth in a Birth Center in Washington State?
Authors: Stephenson-Famy A. , Masarie K.S. , Lewis A. , Schiff M.A. 
Published: February 2019

(Birth. 2018;45:130–136)
In the United States, the proportion of women having out-of-hospital births nearly doubled between 2004 and 2015 (0.87% to 1.5%). In 2015, nearly one third of all out-of-hospital deliveries took place in free-standing birth centers. In 2012, 3.4% of deliveries in Washington State were out-of-hospital, one of the highest proportions in the United States. In 2015, 1.5% of all Washington State deliveries were in birth centers. While studies on out-of-hospital births tend to focus on neonatal and maternal outcomes for women planning home birth, few evaluate risk factors among women planning a delivery in a birth center who ultimately delivered in a hospital. Using Washington State birth certificate data, this study aimed to identify maternal characteristics and risk factors associated with hospital birth in women planning to deliver at a birth center.
Retrospective Review of Universal Preoperative Pregnancy Testing: Results and Perspectives
Authors: Gong X. , Poterack K.A. 
Published: February 2019

(Anesth Analg. 2018;127:e4–e5)
There are significant potential complications associated with surgery and anesthesia during the first trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, preoperative pregnancy testing before elective surgical procedures is widely implemented, most commonly via urine pregnancy testing. The authors of the present review performed a retrospective analysis of immediate preoperative pregnancy tests at the Mayo Clinic Arizona, which has routine universal screening of women between menarche and menopause, and discussed the effectiveness of the screenings.
Regional Anesthesia in the Patient Receiving Antithrombotic or Thrombolytic Therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-based Guidelines (Fourth Edition)
Authors: Horlocker T.T. , Vandermeuelen E. , Kopp S.L. , Gogarten W. , Leffert L.R. , Benzon H.T. 
Published: February 2019

(Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43:263–309)
The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) convened its Fourth Consensus Conference on Regional Anesthesia and Anticoagulation in conjunction with the European Society of Anesthesiology (ESA) in response to emerging patient safety issues. Among these are the heightened risk of neuraxial bleeding due to increasingly potent antithrombotic medications, changing standards for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention, and conflicting recommendations by various bodies and societies. Spinal hematoma is an uncommon and catastrophic complication of epidural or spinal anesthesia. Previous versions of this report have been published in 1998, 2003 and 2010 as ASRA Consensus Documents. For this update, authors performed a systematic and general review of relevant literature published between 2010 and 2017. The members represented ASRA, ESA, and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP).
Comparison of Double Intravenous Vasopressor Automated System Using Nexfin Versus Manual Vasopressor Bolus Administration for Maintenance of Hemodynamic Stability During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial
Authors: Sng B.L. , Du W. , Lee M.X. , Ithnin F. , Mathur D. , Leong W.L. , Sultana R. , Han N.R. , Sia A.T.H. 
Published: February 2019

(Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35:390–397)
Maternal hypotension is common when spinal anesthesia is administered for cesarean delivery. This can lead to maternal and fetal adverse effects. In an attempt to prevent maternal hypotension, various strategies have been used, such as intravenous fluid boluses and administration of intravenous vasopressors. None of these techniques, however, have been able to eliminate spinal-induced hypotension. Vasopressors (phenylephrine or ephedrine) are some of the most common strategies for the prevention of maternal hypotension. Because of the frequent fluctuations of blood pressure (BP) that occur during spinal anesthesia, though, it has been difficult to determine the optimal timing and dosing of vasopressors during cesarean delivery.
Management Strategies for Unintentional Dural Puncture: A Canadian Experience Survey in an Academic Setting
Authors: Russell S. 
Published: February 2019

(Can J Anesth. 2018;65:728–729)
Unintentional dural puncture (UDP) complicates epidural anesthesia from 0.5% to 4% of the time. The most common complication is the development of a postdural puncture headache (PDPH). In Winnipeg, Canada, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to learn about common practices for managing obstetrical UDP. The survey included questions regarding clinical experience in obstetrical anesthesia, epidural insertion technique, UDP management, and PDPH management.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Needle Movements During Combined Spinal-epidural Anaesthesia With and Without Ultrasound Assistance
Authors: Chin A. , Crooke B. , Heywood L. , Brijball R. , Pelecanos A.M. , Abeypala W. 
Published: February 2019

(Anaesthesia. 2018;73:466–473)
Ultrasound-assisted neuraxial techniques have been used with increasing frequency to facilitate central neuraxial blockade. Advocates of the technique believe the use of ultrasound can enhance the safety and efficacy of neuraxial procedures by improving identification of the correct interspace and decreasing unnecessary needle movements. A recent review also found improved safety with ultrasound-assisted neuraxial procedures. However, it is still unclear as to which subpopulation benefits the most from the use of ultrasound. This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the efficacy of performing preprocedural neuraxial ultrasound in women undergoing cesarean section with combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anesthesia. It also sought to identify factors associated with technical success of CSE.
Addressing the Elephant in the Room: A Shame Resilience Seminar for Medical Students
Authors: Bynum William E. , Adams Ashley V. , Edelman Claire E. , Uijtdehaage Sebastian , Artino Anthony R. , Fox James W. 
Published: February 2019

Problem
Medical schools face the challenge of developing efficacious resources to promote well-being and foster resilience in students. The authors developed, implemented, and evaluated a shame resilience seminar for second-year clerkship medical students.

Approach
In February 2018, the authors conducted a 2.5-hour seminar (part of a longitudinal series) about shame, a common and potentially damaging emotion. The seminar consisted of a large-group session to introduce the psychology of shame, during which speakers shared their personal experiences with the emotion. Next, a small-group session allowed students to discuss their reactions to the large-group content in a safe and familiar environment. Before the seminar, faculty development was provided to small-group leaders (upper-level medical students and faculty) to increase their comfort leading discussions about shame. Students completed a pre/post retrospective survey immediately following the seminar.

Outcomes
The authors found statistically significant increases in students’ confidence in identifying shame and differentiating it from guilt; in their attitudes regarding the importance of identifying shame reactions in themselves and others; and in their willingness to reach out to others during a shame reaction. Surveys of group leaders revealed no reports of significant student distress during or after the seminar.

Next Steps
This seminar represents a reproducible means of promoting shame resilience in medical students. The speakers’ personal shame experiences and the safety of the small groups for discussions about shame were central to the seminar’s apparent success. Next steps include developing an empirically derived, longitudinal shame resilience curriculum spanning the medical school years.
Quantitative Multimodal Assessment of Concussion Recovery in Youth Athletes
Authors: Howell David R. , Myer Gregory D. , Brilliant Anna , Barber Foss Kim , Meehan William P. 
Published: February 2019

Objective:
To evaluate recovery trajectories among youth athletes with a concussion and healthy controls across different domains using a quantitative and multifaceted protocol.

Study Design:
Prospective repeated measures.

Participants:
Youth athletes diagnosed with a concussion between the ages of 8 and 18 years were evaluated (1) within 10 days after injury, (2) approximately 3 weeks after injury, and (3) after return-to-play clearance. Control participants completed the same protocol.

Setting:
Sport concussion clinic.

Interventions:
N/A.

Main Outcome Measures:
Participants underwent a multifaceted protocol that assessed symptoms (postconcussion symptom scale [PCSS]), dual-task gait, event-related potentials (ERPs), and eye tracking.

Results:
Sixty-seven athletes participated: 36 after concussion (age = 14.0 ± 2.6 years; 44% female) and 31 controls (age = 14.6 ± 2.2 years; 39% female). Concussion symptoms were higher for the concussion group compared with controls at the first (PCSS = 31.7 ± 18.8 vs 1.9 ± 2.9; P < 0.001) and second time points (PCSS = 10.8 ± 11.2 vs 1.8 ± 3.6; P = 0.001) but resolved by the final assessment (PCSS = 1.7 ± 3.6 vs 2.0 ± 3.8; P = 0.46). The concussion group walked slower during dual-task gait than controls at all 3 tests including after return-to-play clearance (0.83 ± 0.19 vs 0.95 ± 0.15 m/s; P = 0.049). There were no between-group differences for ERP connectivity or eye tracking. Those with concussions had a decrease in ERP connectivity recovery over the 3 time points, whereas control participants' scores increased (concussion Δ = −8.7 ± 28.0; control Δ = 13.9 ± 32.2; χ2 = 14.1, P = 0.001).

Conclusions:
Concussion is associated with altered dual-task gait speeds after resolution of concussion symptoms, but ERP and eye tracking measures did not demonstrate between-group differences across time. Some objective approaches to concussion monitoring may support with identifying deficits after concussion, but further work is required to delineate the role of gait, electrophysiological, and eye tracking methods for clinical decision-making.
Reimbursement Incentives to Improve Adherence to Follow-Up of Cervical Cancer Cytology Screening Results in Peru
Authors: Ferris Daron G. , Chen Jessica , Isaac Austin , Braithwaite Evan , Beideck Elena , Mikail Nima , Krotish Debra , Waller Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2019

Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine Peruvian women's attitudes toward novel reimbursement incentives used to improve adherence to obtaining cervical cytology test results.

Materials and Methods
Women presenting for cervical cancer screening in Peru completed a 34-item Investigational Review Board-approved questionnaire. The questionnaire determined their attitudes toward various reimbursement incentives to improve adherence to obtaining cervical cytology results. Descriptive statistics, generalized linear models, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in the analyses.

Results
Completed questionnaires were available for 997 women. Most women (51%) would be more likely to return for their Pap result if an incentive was provided, 79% (759/956) agreed that they would pay for the Pap test, and 51% (402/859) would be willing to pay 10 Soles or less. Quechua-speaking women considered follow-up more difficult (p < .0001) but were less likely to return for their Pap results (p < .0001), pay for the Pap test (p < .0001), and afford paying more than 5 Soles (p < .0001) than women who spoke Spanish or both languages. More women who earn 1000 Soles/year or less would likely return if incentivized (p < .0001), felt the incentive would help them remember to return (p = .0047), and would be willing to pay whether there was a rebate (p = .010) as compared with women earning more money.

Conclusions
A reimbursement incentive program designed to improve follow-up of cervical cytology test results was acceptable to most Peruvian women. Such a behavioral-modifying program may improve patient follow-up after cervical cytology testing. Implementation may reduce the morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer in remote regions of the country.
Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is associated with poor outcomes among patients with acute cholangitis: a nationwide analysis
Authors: Bilal Mohammad , Tayyem Obada , Saraireh Hamzeh , Chowdhry Monica , Guturu Praveen , Abougergi Marwan S. 
Published: February 2019

Objective
Acute cholangitis (AC) and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIH) are common emergencies encountered by gastroenterologists. We aimed to evaluate the impact of UGIH on in-hospital mortality, morbidity and resource utilization among patients with AC.

Patients and methods
Adult admissions with a principal diagnosis of AC were selected from the National Inpatient Sample 2010–2014. The exposure of interest was significant UGIH (requiring red blood cell transfusion). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were significant UGIH’s incidence, morbidity (shock, prolonged mechanical ventilation and total parenteral nutrition), and resource utilization (length of hospital stay and total hospitalization charges and costs). Confounders were adjusted for using propensity matching and multivariate regression analysis.

Results
A total of 50 375 admissions were included in the analysis, 747 of whom developed significant UGIH. After adjusting for confounders, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of in-hospital mortality for patients who developed UGIH was 7.1 (95% confidence interval: 2.1–23.9, P<0.01) compared with those who did not. Significant UGIH was associated with substantial increase in morbidity [shock: aOR: 4.1 (2.1–9.3), P<0.01, prolonged mechanical ventilation: aOR: 5.8 (2.2–12.4), P<0.01, total parenteral nutrition: aOR: 4.7 (1.9–10.7), P<0.01], and resource utilization [mean adjusted difference in: length of hospital stay: 7.01 (4.72–9.29), P<0.01 and total hospitalization charges: $81 818 ($58 109–$105 527), P<0.01 and costs: $25 230 ($17 805–$32 653), P<0.01]. Similar results were obtained using multivariate regression analysis.

Conclusion
Onset of significant UGIH among patients hospitalized with AC has a detrimental effect on in-hospital mortality, morbidity and resource utilization.