bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fraud prevention in Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: N’Guilla Sow Abdoulaye , Basiruddin Rohaida , Mohammad Jihad , Abdul Rasid Siti Zaleha 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
In Malaysia, as in most of the developing countries, small businesses play pivotal roles in the economy. Yet, despite the contribution of small businesses, previous researchers have overlooked the fraud issues that are threating the sustainability of those businesses and instead focus mainly on large and public listed companies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify how small businesses can prevent fraudulent activities.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used self-administer questioners and distributed 126 questionnaires to general managers, financial managers and supervisors in Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Multiple regression was used to test the theoretical model.

Findings
The output of multiple regressions showed that culture of honesty and high integrity, anti-fraud processes and controls and appropriate oversight functions has a positive and significant effective on fraud prevention mechanisms.

Practical implications
Overall, this study suggests effective fraud prevention measures to mitigate the fraud risk surrounding Malaysian SMEs and other SMEs in emerging countries.

Originality/value
There has been a dearth of empirical studies on the effect of culture of honesty, anti-fraud processes and appropriate oversight functions on effective fraud prevention in non-western context, and this study has fulfilled the need for this research.
Combatting organised crime and terrorism in Central Asia
Authors: Santen Emma van 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to examine the shift away from the traditional distinction between organised crime and terrorist groups towards their conceptual convergence under the crime-terror nexus narrative in the context of international security and development policy in post-Soviet Central Asia. It assesses the empirical basis for the crime-terror and state-crime nexus in three Central Asian countries – Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan – and argues that the exclusion of the state from the analytical framework undermines the relevance of the crime-terror paradigm for policy-making.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper draws on a literature review of academic research, recent case studies highlighting new empirical evidence in Central Asia and international policy publications.

Findings
There is a weak empirical connection between organised crime and Islamic extremists, such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and Hizbut Tahrir, in Central Asia. The state-crime paradigm, including concepts of criminal capture, criminal sovereignty and criminal penetration, hold more explanatory power for international policy in Central Asia. The crime-terror paradigm has resulted in a narrow and ineffective security-oriented law enforcement approach to counter-narcotics and counter-terrorism but does not address the underlying weak state governance structures and political grievances that motivate organised crime and terrorist groups respectively.

Originality/value
International policy and scholarship is currently focussed on the areas of convergence between organised crime and terrorist groups. This paper highlights the continued relevance of the traditional conceptual separation of terrorist and organised crime groups based on their different motives, methods and relationship with the state, for security and democratic governance initiatives in the under-researched Central Asian region.
Investigation of influence of heat treatment on mechanical strength of FDM printed 3D objects
Authors: Jo Wonjin , Kwon O-Chang , Moon Myoung-Woon 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
Despite the rapid development of fused deposition modeling (FDM), the insufficient mechanical strength of the printed objects is one of the biggest stumbling blocks for practical applications. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to emphasize on the importance of homogeneous heating condition and heating effect in the improvement of the mechanical strength of objects.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors first analyze the problem of the present heating system under a heating bed and chamber by using a commonly used home FDM printer. Next, they investigate the heating effect on the mechanical properties of FDM-printed objects in terms of layer thickness, heating duration and additional pressure with heating. The printed objects are treated in a mold by forced convection heating.

Findings
As the layer thickness decreases, the mechanical performance of the FDM-printed objects is remarkably enhanced by thermal heating because of the result of strong interfacial bonding among the rasters and layers. In addition, longer heating duration and higher external pressure play pivotal roles in the mechanical performance by reducing voids in the internal structure of the printed objects, leading to high densification and complete filling at the interfaces.

Originality/value
The present findings, for the first time, show that controlling uniform heat transfer is highly important for the mechanical performance of FDM three-dimensional printed objects. The authors suggest that the future developed home or personal FDM types should consider the homogeneous temperature environment during the printing process by properly heating the inside chamber. In addition, the results indicate the effectiveness of heating and pressure treatment to the objects for the reinforced mechanical performance and better surface finish.
A business model typology for destination management organizations
Authors: Reinhold Stephan , Beritelli Pietro , Grünig Rouven 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThe need and legitimacy of destination management organizations (DMOs) are increasingly questioned. Still, the tourism literature provides little advice on how DMOs change and finance their activities for the benefit of their destination-given contextual change. This conceptual article aims to contribute to filling this gap. The authors do so by proposing a typology of business models for destination management organizations.Design/methodology/approachWith the help of typological reasoning, the authors develop a new framework of DMO business model ideal types. To this end, the authors draw on extant literature on business model typologies and identify key dimensions of DMO business models from the tourism literature.FindingsThe challenges DMOs face, as discussed in the tourism literature, relate to both ends of their business model: On the one end, the value creation side, the perceived value of the activities they traditionally pursue has been declining; on the other end, the value capture side, revenue streams are less plentiful or attached to more extensive demands. On the basis of two dimensions, configurational complexity and perceived control, the authors identify four distinct ideal types of DMO business models: the destination factory, destination service center, value orchestrator and value enabler.Originality/valueThe authors outline a “traditional” DMO business model that stands in contrast to existing DMO classifications and that relates DMO challenges to the business model concept. The typology provides an integrated description of how DMO business models may be positioned to create and capture value for the organization and the destination(s) it serves. The ideal types point to important interdependencies of specific business model design choices.
Social status mediates the fitness costs of infection with canine distemper virus in Serengeti spotted hyenas
Authors: Marescot Lucile , Benhaiem Sarah , Gimenez Olivier , Hofer Heribert , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique , Olarte‐Castillo Ximena A. , Kramer‐Schadt Stephanie , East Marion L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe extent to which the fitness costs of infection are mediated by key life‐history traits such as age or social status is still unclear. Within populations, individual heterogeneity in the outcome of infection is the result of two successive processes; the degree of contact with the pathogen (exposure) and the immune response to infection. In social mammals, because individuals holding high social status typically interact more frequently with group members, they should be more often in contact with infected individuals than those of low social status. However, when access to resources is determined by social status, individuals with a high social status are often better nourished, have a greater opportunity to allocate resources to immune processes and therefore should have a smaller chance of succumbing to infection than individuals with low social status.We investigated the risk and fitness costs of infection during a virulent epidemic of canine distemper virus (CDV) in a social carnivore, the spotted hyena, in the Serengeti National Park. We analysed two decades of detailed life‐history data from 625 females and 816 males using a multi‐event capture–mark–recapture model that accounts for uncertainty in the assignment of individual infection states.Cubs of mothers with a high social status had a lower probability ofCDVinfection and were more likely to survive infection than those with low social status. Subadult and adult females with high social status had a higher infection probability than those with low social status. Subadult females and pre‐breeder males that had recovered fromCDVinfection had a lower survival than susceptible ones.Our study disentangles the relative importance of individual exposure and resource allocation to immune processes, demonstrates fitness costs of infection for juveniles, particularly for those with low social status, shows that patterns of infection can be driven by different mechanisms among juveniles and adults and establishes a negative relationship between infection and fitness in a free‐ranging mammal.Aplain language summaryis available for this article.
Understanding Trends in Medicare Spending, 2007–2014
Authors: Keohane Laura M. , Gambrel Robert J. , Freed Salama S. , Stevenson David , Buntin Melinda B. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo analyze the sources of per‐beneficiary Medicare spending growth between 2007 and 2014, including the role of demographic characteristics, attributes of Medicare coverage, and chronic conditions.Data SourcesIndividual‐level Medicare spending and enrollment data.Study DesignUsing an Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition model, we analyzed whether changes in price‐standardized, per‐beneficiary Medicare Part A and B spending reflected changes in the composition of the Medicare population or changes in relative spending levels per person.Data Extraction MethodsWe identified a 5 percent sample of fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and above from years 2007 to 2014.ResultsMean payment‐adjusted Medicare per‐beneficiary spending decreased by $180 between the 2007–2010 and 2011–2014 time periods. This decline was almost entirely attributable to lower spending levels for beneficiaries. Notably, declines in marginal spending levels for beneficiaries with chronic conditions were associated with a $175 reduction in per‐beneficiary spending. The decline was partially offset by the increasing prevalence of certain chronic diseases. Still, we are unable to attribute a large share of the decline in spending levels to observable beneficiary characteristics or chronic conditions.ConclusionsDeclines in spending levels for Medicare beneficiaries with chronic conditions suggest that changing patterns of care use may be moderating spending growth.
Should impaired mobility on presentation be a vital sign?
Authors: Brabrand M. , Kellett J. , Opio M. , Cooksley T. , Nickel C. H. 
Published: March 2018

IntroductionVital signs are routinely used to assess acutely ill patients, but they do not detect all patients at risk of death. This retrospective multicenter cohort study compares the prediction of death by impaired mobility with age, co‐morbidities, and vital sign changes.MethodsOn first assessment, patients from a combined cohort of 9684 Danish and Irish patients and a separate cohort of 1010 Ugandan patients were stratified by impaired mobility on presentation (IMOP), vital sign changes assessed by the National Early Warning Score (NEWS), the Charlson Co‐morbidity Index, and age.ResultsFourteen percent of Danish and Irish patients had IMOP compared with 42% of Ugandan patients. The odds ratios of IMOP for 7‐day mortality were similar for both cohorts (i.e. 11.8, 95% CI 5.8–24.0 for Ugandan patients versus 6.7, 95% CI 5.0–9.0 for Danish and Irish patients). Univariate analysis of Ugandan patients showed that none of the parameters tested (i.e. low blood pressure, pulse, elevated respiratory rate, hypothermia, low oxygen saturation, old age, and coma) had a statistically higher odds ratio for either 7‐day mortality than IMOP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of Danish and Irish patients also showed that none of these parameters or the Charlson Co‐morbidity Index had a statistically higher odds ratio than IMOP for either 7‐day or 30‐day mortality.ConclusionImmobility on presentation is a vital sign and predicts mortality for acutely ill patients independently of the traditional vital signs, age, and co‐morbidities.
A novel technique for endobronchial blocker placement for one‐lung ventilation in children under 2 years
Authors: Guo X. , Song X. , Chen X. , Liu W. , Wang H. , Xia H. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe present study aimed to report our clinical experience with intraluminal calculated distance for endobronchial blocker placement (ICEB) and to find out whether ICEB could reduce the number of hypoxemia episodes during blocker placement compared with extraluminal blocker placement for one‐lung ventilation in children under the age of 2 years.MethodsThe medical records of all children under the age of 2 years with a 5 French (F) or 4F WeiLi (WeiLi medical Inc, Guangzhou, China) endobronchial blocker for one‐lung ventilation in thoracic surgery from July 2015 through July 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. After November 2015, one‐lung ventilation was achieved using the ICEB technique, while before November 2015, extraluminal blocker placement was used. The success rate of blocker placement, quality of lung deflation, number of hypoxemia episodes, blocker dislodgement, and successful reposition after dislodgement were compared between the two groups.ResultThe incidence of hypoxemia episodes during blocker placement was lower in the ICEB group compared to the extraluminal placement group. Moreover, the success rate of blocker reposition during the operation was higher in the ICEB group than the extraluminal placement group. The success rate of endobronchial blocker placement was similar between the two groups.ConclusionsIntraluminal calculated distance for endobronchial blocker placement is a feasible method to achieve lung isolation and could reduce hypoxemia episodes during blocker placement in children under the age of 2 years.
Counting the spots: The use of a spatially explicit capture–recapture technique and GPS data to estimate leopard (Panthera pardus) density in the Eastern and Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Devens Carolyn , Tshabalala Thulani , McManus Jeannine , Smuts Bool 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEstimating species population density directly contributes to the conservation of species. As keystone species, carnivores are important to conserve; however, estimating density of wide‐ranging, elusive and solitary carnivores has proven difficult. The leopard (Panthera pardus) is the last large free‐roaming top carnivore in South Africa, and no formal density study had been conducted across the Eastern and Western Cape. We estimated leopard density and abundance using GPS data from 21 collared leopards and a spatially explicit capture–mark–recapture (SECR) method with camera trap survey data. Four regional sites were surveyed using 173 camera trap locations over 15,390 camera trap days, capturing 740 leopard images of which 77 individuals were identified. SECR averaged 0.95 leopards/100 km2 and the two GPS methods averaged 1 and 1.11 leopards/100 km2. Based on predicted available leopard habitat for the region, leopard abundance was estimated between 467 (±112.8) and 553 (±168.8) in the Western Cape and between 365 (±93.2) and 430 (±139.9) in the Eastern Cape. Discrepancies in density estimates can be complex stemming from biological behaviour, anthropogenic factors and prey density. However, our estimates appear to show relatively little variation, suggesting that SECR methods and GPS data capture the population density estimates of the species well.
Gastrografin may reduce time to oral diet in prolonged post‐operative ileus: a pooled analysis of two randomized trials
Authors: Milne Tony G. E. , Vather Ryash , O'Grady Gregory , Miquel Jordi , Biondo Sebastiano , Bissett Ian 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundGastrografin has been suggested as a rescue therapy for prolonged post‐operative ileus (PPOI) but trial data has been inconclusive. This study aimed to determine the benefit of gastrografin use in patients with PPOI by pooling the results of two recent randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of gastrografin compared to placebo given at time of PPOI diagnosis.MethodsAnonymized, individual patient data from patients undergoing elective bowel resection for any indication were included, stoma closure was excluded. The primary outcome was duration of PPOI. Secondary outcomes were time to tolerate oral diet, passage of flatus/stool, requirement and duration of nasogastric tube, length of post‐operative stay and rate of post‐operative complications.ResultsIndividual patient data were pooled for analysis (53 gastrografin, 55 placebo). Gastrografin trended towards a reduction in PPOI duration compared to placebo, respectively, median 96 h (interquartile range, IQR, 78 h) versus median 120 h (IQR, 84 h), however, this result was non‐significant (P = 0.11). In addition, no significant difference was detected between the two groups for time to passage of flatus/stool (P = 0.36) and overall length of stay (P = 0.35). Gastrografin conferred a significantly faster time to tolerate an oral diet compared to placebo (median 84 h versus median 107 h, P = 0.04). There was no difference in post‐operative complications between the two interventions (P > 0.05).ConclusionGastrografin did not significantly reduce PPOI duration or length of stay after abdominal surgery, but did reduce time to tolerate a solid diet. Further studies are required to clarify the role of gastrografin in PPOI.
Maternal steroid therapy for fetuses with second‐degree immune‐mediated congenital atrioventricular block: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ciardulli Andrea , D'Antonio Francesco , Magro‐Malosso Elena R. , Manzoli Lamberto , Anisman Paul , Saccone Gabriele , Berghella Vincenzo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to explore the effect of maternal fluorinated steroid therapy on fetuses affected by second‐degree immune‐mediated congenital atrioventricular block.Material and methodsStudies reporting the outcome of fetuses with second‐degree immune‐mediated congenital atrioventricular block diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound and treated with fluorinated steroids compared with those not treated were included. The primary outcome was the overall progression of congenital atrioventricular block to either continuous or intermittent third‐degree congenital atrioventricular block at birth. Meta‐analyses of proportions using random effect model and meta‐analyses using individual data random‐effect logistic regression were used.ResultsFive studies (71 fetuses) were included. The progression rate to congenital atrioventricular block at birth in fetuses treated with steroids was 52% (95% confidence interval 23–79) and in fetuses not receiving steroid therapy 73% (95% confidence interval 39–94). The overall rate of regression to either first‐degree, intermittent first‐/second‐degree or sinus rhythm in fetuses treated with steroids was 25% (95% confidence interval 12–41) compared with 23% (95% confidence interval 8–44) in those not treated. Stable (constant) second‐degree congenital atrioventricular block at birth was present in 11% (95% confidence interval 2–27) of cases in the treated group and in none of the newborns in the untreated group, whereas complete regression to sinus rhythm occurred in 21% (95% confidence interval 6–42) of fetuses receiving steroids vs. 9% (95% confidence interval 0–41) of those untreated.ConclusionsThere is still limited evidence as to the benefit of administered fluorinated steroids in terms of affecting outcome of fetuses with second‐degree immune‐mediated congenital atrioventricular block.
Letter: extensive intestinal metaplasia is associated with the presence of incomplete intestinal metaplasia subtype and could be an easier marker for high risk of gastric cancer
Authors: Quach D. T. , Hiyama T. 
Published: March 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Pittayanon et al and Pittayanon and Barkun papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14082 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14555.
Letter: extensive intestinal metaplasia is associated with the presence of incomplete intestinal metaplasia subtype and could be an easier marker for high risk of gastric cancer Authors' reply
Authors: Pittayanon R. , Barkun A. 
Published: March 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Pittayanon et al and Quach and Hiyama papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14082 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14553.
Letter: predicting azathioprine‐associated pancreatitis in IBD—phenotype or genotype? Authors' reply
Authors: Wilson A. , Jansen L. E. , Rose R. V. , Gregor J. C. , Ponich T. , Chande N. , Khanna R. , Yan B. , Jairath V. , Khanna N. , Sey M. , Beaton M. , McIntosh K. , Teft W. A. , Kim R. B. 
Published: March 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Wilson et al and Teich et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14483 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14545.
Editorial: NAFLD in Asia—clinical associations with advanced disease become clearer. Authors' reply
Authors: Chan W.‐K. , Dan Y. Y. , Wong V. W.‐S. ,   the GO ASIA Initiative
Published: March 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Chan et al and Hardy and McPherson papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14506 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14557.