bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemistry laboratory experiments focusing on students’ engagement in scientific practices and central ideas of chemical practices
Authors: Moutsakis Giannis , Paschalidou Katerina , Salta Katerina 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Two laboratory experiments have been developed to engage students in scientific practices and to central ideas of chemical practices. The experiments are based on the model of pH color scale from plant extracts and its application on acid–base reactions. Three color pH models from red cabbage, radish, and flowers have been developed by students during the first experiment. After evaluating the merits and limitations of each model, the most appropriate pH indicator has been chosen to be used during the second experiment dealing with carbon dioxide production and properties. The activities have been designed in a way that fosters collaboration, decision-making, and the connection of chemistry to the natural world and everyday life. The majority of the materials are household, inexpensive and suitable for both face-to-face performance of the experiments at a school laboratory or for hands on activities on distance learning. The experiments have been implemented in (a) a training course to a group of 23 secondary chemistry teachers and (b) two laboratory lessons to a group of 25 upper secondary students. The activities of the laboratory experiments and the feedback from both teachers’ and students’ implementation are further described.
Rings of differential operators on (k,s)-th Tjurina algebras of singularities
Authors: Tao Siyong , Zuo Huaiqing 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we give a description of differential operators on tensor products

A

⊗
𝕂

B

{A\otimes_{\mathbb{K}}B}

, where A and B are finitely generated

𝕂

{\mathbb{K}}

-algebras. We prove that any differential operator on

A

⊗
𝕂

B

{A\otimes_{\mathbb{K}}B}

can be written as a finite sum of

D
1

⊗

D
2

{D_{1}\otimes D_{2}}

, where

D
1

{D_{1}}

and

D
2

{D_{2}}

are differential operators on A and B, respectively. Moreover, we introduce a series of new invariants, the

(
k
,
s
)

{(k,s)}

-th Tjurina algebra

A

(
k
,
s
)

⁢

(
V
)

{A_{(k,s)}(V)}

for an isolated hypersurface singularity

(
V
,
𝟎
)

=

(

V
⁢

(
f
)

,
𝟎
)

⊆

(

ℂ
r

,
𝟎
)

{(V,\boldsymbol{0})=(V(f),\boldsymbol{0})\subseteq(\mathbb{C}^{r},\boldsymbol{%
0})}

. We formulate a sharp upper estimate for the dimension of the

ℂ

{\mathbb{C}}

-vector space of differential operators on

A

(
k
,
s
)

⁢

(
V
)

{A_{(k,s)}(V)}

of order at most 1, and we give lower and upper bounds for the dimension of the

ℂ

{\mathbb{C}}

-vector space of differential operators on

A

(
k
,
s
)

⁢

(
V
)

{A_{(k,s)}(V)}

of order at most n.
The L

p
-L

q
compactness of commutators of oscillatory singular integrals
Authors: Sun Wenchang , Wang Shifen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We study the compactness of commutator of a locally integrable function
and an oscillatory singular integral operator
defined by a real-valued polynomial and
a kernel function satisfying the Hölder condition.
We show that such a commutator is compact from

L
p

{L^{p}}

to

L
q

{L^{q}}

if and only if the locally integrable
function is the sum of a constant and a function
in certain Lebesgue space.
Rings additively generated by certain periodic elements
Authors: Chen Huanyin , Sheibani Marjan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We present new characterizations of the rings additively generalized certain periodic elements (idempotent, tripotent and nilpotent). We prove that such rings are completely determined by the additive decompositions of their square elements. This improves the results of Chen and Sheibani [J. Algebra Appl.
16 (2017), 1750178] and Zhou [J. Algebra Appl.
16 (2017), 1850009].
The optimal control problem for systems of integro-differential equations with finite and infinite horizon
Authors: Lakhva Roksolana , Khaletska Zoia , Mogylova Viktoriia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we study the optimal control problem for integro-differential equations on the semi-axis, which are non-linear with respect to the phase variables and linear with respect to the control. We obtained the sufficient
conditions for existence of optimal control in terms of the right-hand side and the quality criterion. Also, we studied the relation between the solutions of the problems on infinite and finite intervals when the length of the interval goes to infinity.
New norm inequalities for Jensen’s gap of analytic functions in Banach algebras with applications
Authors: Dragomir Silvestru Sever , Garayev Mubariz Tapdigoglu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Assume that

h
:

G
→
ℂ

{h:G\rightarrow\mathbb{C}}

is analytic on the convex domain G
and

x
∈

ℒ
⁢

(
ℬ
;
E
,
𝒜
,
μ
)

{x\in\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{B};E,\mathcal{A},\mu)}

, the set
of Bochner-integrable functions on a measurable space

(
E
,
𝒜
,
μ
)

{(E,\mathcal{A},\mu)}

endowed with a countably-additive scalar measure μ on a σ-algebra

𝒜

{\mathcal{A}}

of subsets of E and with values in the Banach
algebra

ℬ

{\mathcal{B}}

. If the spectrum

σ
⁢

(

x
⁢

(
t
)

)

⊂
G

{\sigma(x(t))\subset G}

for all

t
∈
E

{t\in E}

and

γ
⊂
G

{\gamma\subset G}

is taken to be
close rectifiable curve in G such that

σ
⁢

(

x
⁢

(
t
)

)

⊂

ins
⁡

(
γ
)

{\sigma(x(t))\subset\operatorname*{ins}(\gamma)}

for all

t
∈
E

{t\in E}

,
then, in this paper, we show among others that

∥

∫
E

(

h
∘
x

)

⁢

(
u
)

⁢

𝑑
μ

⁢

(
u
)

-

h
⁢

(

∫
E

x
⁢

(
u
)

⁢

𝑑
μ

⁢

(
u
)

)

∥

≤

1

2
⁢
π

⁢

∫
E

∥

x
¯

E

-

x
⁢

(
v
)

∥

⁢

(

∫
γ

|

h
⁢

(
ξ
)

|

(

|
ξ
|

-

∥

x
¯

E

∥

)

⁢

(

|
ξ
|

-

∥

x
⁢

(
v
)

∥

)

⁢

|

d
⁢
ξ

|

)

⁢

𝑑
μ

⁢

(
v
)

,

\Bigg{\|}\int_{E}(h\circ x)(u)\,d\mu(u)-h\Bigg{(}\int_{E}x(u)\,d\mu(u)\Bigg{)}%
\Bigg{\|}\leq\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{E}\|\bar{x}_{E}-x(v)\|\Bigg{(}\int_{\gamma}%
\frac{|h(\xi)|}{(|\xi|-\|\bar{x}_{E}\|)(|\xi|-\|x(v)\|)}|\,d\xi|\Bigg{)}\,d\mu%
(v),

where

x
¯

E

:=

∫
E

x
⁢

(
u
)

⁢

𝑑
μ

⁢

(
u
)

.

\bar{x}_{E}:=\int_{E}x(u)\,d\mu(u).

Some examples for exponential function in Banach algebras are also given.
Applications for discrete inequalities and Hermite–Hadamard-type
inequalities are provided as well.
Study of nonlinear PDE with power nonlinearities
Authors: Ramm Alexander G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Let

u
′

+

A
⁢
u

=

h
⁢

(
u
,
t
)

+

f
⁢

(
x
,
t
)

{u^{\prime}+Au=h(u,t)+f(x,t)}

,

u
⁢

(
x
,
0
)

=

u
0

⁢

(
x
)

{u(x,0)=u_{0}(x)}

, where

u
∈
H

{u\in H}

,

u
′

:=

u
t

:=

d
⁢
u

d
⁢
t

{u^{\prime}:=u_{t}:=\frac{du}{dt}}

,
H is a Hilbert space,

∥

h
⁢

(
u
,
t
)

∥

≤

a
⁢

∥
u
∥

p

⁢

(

1
+
t

)

-
b

\|h(u,t)\|\leq a\|u\|^{p}(1+t)^{-b}

,

(

A
⁢
u

,
u
)

≥

γ
⁢

(
t
)

⁢

(
u
,
u
)

{(Au,u)\geq\gamma(t)(u,u)}

,

γ
⁢

(
t
)

=

c
⁢

(

1
+
t

)

-

c
1

{\gamma(t)=c(1+t)^{-c_{1}}}

. Here

p
,
a
,
b
,
c
,

c
1

{p,a,b,c,c_{1}}

are positive constants.
Sufficient conditions are given for the above problem to have a solution bounded or going to zero as

t
→
∞

{t\to\infty}

.
Existence of solutions for a q-fractional p-Laplacian SIR model
Authors: Zinihi Achraf , Sidi Ammi Moulay Rchid , Bachir Ahmed , Debnath Pradip 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper presents an existence result for a novel nonlinear Caputo q-fractional p-Laplacian epidemiological model on time scales. The proof of the main result leverages Arzelà–Ascoli and Schauder’s fixed point theorems. Additionally, a set of open questions is addressed to further enrich this field of valuable scientific research
Local convergence of the error-reduction algorithm for real-valued objects
Authors: Liu Gi-Ren 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Fourier phasing is the problem of retrieving Fourier phase information from
Fourier intensity data.
The error-reduction (ER) algorithm
consists of two projections on the subspaces generated by the Fourier magnitude constraint
and the object-domain constraint.
The random phase illumination (RPI) and the real-valued constraint on the object significantly reduce the complexity of the intersection of the two subspaces.
In this paper, we study how to approximate the projection of the starting point
onto the subspace generated by the Fourier magnitude constraint by its projection on the tangent plane
and estimate the approximation error by orthogonal decompositions.
Moreover, we prove that the local geometric convergence rate of the ER algorithm is less than one almost surely
and can be characterized as the cosine of the angle between
the two projection spaces.
A theoretical estimate of the convergence rate is derived and
validated by some numerical experiments.
СЕКЦИЯ RECURVATA РОДА GERANIUM (GERANIACEAE): ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЗНАКИ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ТАКСОНОВ В АЗИАТСКОЙ РОССИИ
Authors: В.И. ТРОШКИНА 
Published: November 2024

По результатам полевых исследований и изучения коллекций, хранящихся в Гербариях LE, MW, MHA, B, NSK, NS, TK, PR, PRC, ALTB, HAL, UBA, UUH, KUZ, TAD, TASH проведена критическая ревизия таксономического состава и географического распространения видов секции Recurvata (Knuth) Novosselova рода Geranium L. на территории Азиатской России. Приведены морфологические признаки секционного и подсекционного рангов; основные диагностические морфологические признаки видов. Впервые составлены карты ареалов для видов G. pratense L., G. transbaicalicum Serg., G. collinum Steph. ex Willd. Представлены новые данные о распространении видов G. affine Ledeb., G. sergievskajae (Peschkova) Troshkina и G. turczaninovii (Peschkova) Troshkina.
Based on the results of field research and study of collections stored in Herbariums LE, MW, MHA, B, NSK, NS, TK, PR, PRC, ALTB, HAL, UBA, UUH, KUZ, TAD, TASH, a critical revision of the taxonomic composition and geographical distribution was carried out species of the section Recurvata (Knuth) Novosselova of the genus Geranium L. in Asiatic Russia. Morphological signs of sectional and subsectional ranks are given; main diagnostic morphological features of species. For the first time maps of ranges for species G. pratense L., G. transbaicalicum Serg., G. collinum Steph. ex Willd. New data on the distribution of G. affine Ledeb., G sergievskajae (Peschkova) Troshkina and G. turczaninovii (Peschkova) Troshkina are presented.
РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ ВИДОВ РОДА PEROVSKIA (LAMIACEAE) В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАДЖИКИСТАН (НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ)
Authors: К.А. БОБОКАЛОНОВ , В.А. ЧЕРЕМУШКИНА , Х.Х. ХИСОРИЕВ , А.Ю. АСТАШЕНКОВ , Т.А. РАХМАТОВА 
Published: November 2024

При ревизии гербарных коллекций Института ботаники, физиологии и генетики растений НАН Республики Таджикистан (TAD) и проведении полевых исследований в 2020-2022 гг. проанализировано распространение 6 видов рода Perovskia Kar. (Lamiaceae) на территории республики Таджикистан. Построены точечные карты распространения с указанием известных ранее сведений и новых материалов. У широко распространенных видов P. virgata и P. angustifolia дополнительно выявлены новые местонахождения. P. scrophulariifolia и P. botschantzevii впервые обнаружены в новых ботанико-географических районах, принятых во “Флоре Таджикской ССР”. Новое место произрастания отмечено для редкого эндемичного вида P. kudrjaschevii.
During the revision of the herbarium collections of the Institute of Botany, Physiology and Plant Genetic of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan (TAD) and field research in 2020-2022 the distribution of 6 species of the genus Perovskia Kar. (Lamiaceae) on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan was analyzed. Dot maps of distribution were constructed indicating previously known information and new materials. In the widespread species P. virgata and P. angustifolia, new localities have been additionally identified. P. scrophulariifolia and P. botschantzevii were found for the first time in the new botanico-geographical regions accepted in the “Flora of the Tajik SSR”. A new habitat was noted for a rare endemic species P. kudrjaschevii.
РОД GALIUM (RUBIACEAE) В ЦИФРОВОМ ГЕРБАРИИ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО СИБИРСКОГО БОТАНИЧЕСКОГО САДА СО РАН (NS, NSK)
Authors: Е.А. ПИНЖЕНИНА , А.А. ПЕТРУК , И.В. ХАН , Н.К. КОВТОНЮК 
Published: November 2024

Во время инвентаризации коллекций, хранящихся в Гербариях ЦСБС СО РАН (NS, NSK), оцифровано и депонировано в Цифровой гербарий 3724 образца 88 таксонов рода Galium (Rubiaceae). В Гербарии им. И.М. Красноборова (NS) род Galium представлен 2023 экземплярами, а в Гербарии им. М.Г. Попова (NSK) - 1700 экземпляров, всего 78 видов, 7 подвидов, 2 разновидности и 1 гибрид. Результаты оцифровки были опубликованы в виде набора данных (датасет) в GBIF. Дана краткая история таксономического изучения коллекций рода Galium, процитированы этикетки типовых образцов G. pobedimovae Balde, G. zaisanicum Pinzhenina et Kupr. и автентичных образцов G. schilkense Popov, хранящиеся в Гербариях NS, NSK. Указана информация об основных сборщиках рода Galium в Гербариях ЦСБС СО РАН (NS, NSK). Показана значимость гербарных коллекций NS, NSK в решении ряда таксономических вопросов, их применение для хорологического анализа и изучения биоразнообразия видов рода Galium.
During the inventory of collections stored in the Herbaries of the CSBG SB RAS (NS, NSK), 3724 specimens of the genus Galium (Rubiaceae) were digitized and deposited in the Digital Herbarium. In the Herbarium named after I.M. Krasnoborov (NS), the genus Galium is represented by 2023 specimens, and in the Herbarium named after M.G. Popov (NSK) - 1700 specimens, a total of 88 taxa containing 78 species, 7 subspecies, 2 variations and 1 hybrid. The digitization results were published as a dataset (datacet) in the GBIF. A brief history of taxonomic study of collections of the genus Galium is given, typical and authentic materials of 3 species stored in the Herbaries of the CSBG (NS, NSK) are given. Information about the main collectors of the genus Galium of the NS and NSK herbarium collections is presented. The significance of the herbarium collections NS, NSK in solving a number of taxonomic issues, application for chorological analysis and study of the biodiversity of species of the genus Galium is shown. It is noted that the species G. paradoxum, G. triflorum, G. odoratum are relics of tertiary broadleaf forests and are included in the regional Red Books. In the Herbaries of the CSBG, the Galium collection is represented by 29 countries in Europe, Asia and North America. The largest number of herbarium samples have been collected in Russia (3253 specimens), the USA (60), Mongolia (46), the Republic of Kazakhstan (26), Ukraine (17).
СИНТАКСОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАМЕТКИ. 3
Authors: А.Ю. КОРОЛЮК , П.А. ГОГОЛЕВА , Т.М. ЛЫСЕНКО , Л.А. ПЕСТРЯКОВА , С.А. ПРИСТЯЖНЮК , М.Ю. ТЕЛЯТНИКОВ , Е.И. ТРОЕВА , М.М. ЧЕРОСОВ 
Published: November 2024

В статье валидизированы описанные ранее синтаксоны, представляющие: солонцеватые луга с территории Барабинской равнины (Новосибирская обл.), тундровую и луговую растительность среднего течения р. Анабар (Якутия), кустарничково-мохово-лишайниковые тундры с участием субальпийского высокотравья северо-западной части плато Путорана (Красноярский край). Приведены данные по распространению сообществ и особенностям флористического состава описанных ранее синтаксонов класса Festuco-Brometea в Поволжье.
Validation of alliances and associations are carried out. New data on the distribution of various syntaxa and their floristic composition are given. Alliance Galatellion biflorae all. nov. Diagnostic species (D.s.): Artemisia latifolia, A. pontica, Eremogone longifolia, Galatella biflora, Inula salicina, Lathyrus tuberosus, Melampyrum cristatum, Plantago maxima, Silene multiflora, Veronica spuria. Syn. - Galatellion biflorae Korolyuk 1993 nom. ined. (ICPN, Art. 2a). Alliance represents meadow steppes and xeric meadows (class Festuco-Brometea, order Brachypodietalia pinnati) which are formed on solonetz soils (Suppl., Table 1). They are common in West Siberian Plain in the forest-steppe zone and northern part of the steppe zone west of the Ob river. The article presents new data on the distribution of association Calamagrostio epigeii-Artemisietum laciniatae Korolyuk ex Korolyuk et Kipriyanova 1998 from this alliance (Suppl., Table 2).
Illicit Enrichment in Corruption Eradication in Indonesia: A Future Strategy
Authors: Yusuf M. , Aswanto Aswanto , Sumardi Juajir , Maskun Maskun , Ab Rahman Nurul Hidayat 
Published: November 2024

Corruption crimes in Indonesia are on the rise, particularly through illicit enrichment where individuals accumulate wealth outside of legitimate income. Although Indonesia has ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC), the specific issue of illicit enrichment outlined in Article 20 has yet to be implemented in national legislation. This article aims to investigate current and potential future strategies to combat such corruption. The research is a normative study using a comparative law approach and corpus-based critical analysis to assess Indonesia's anti-corruption efforts, explore the international standards set by illicit enrichment regulations, and draw lessons from the unexplained wealth laws in the United Kingdom and Australia. This research concludes that Indonesia has ratified UNCAC, but illicit enrichment in Article 20 of UNCAC has not been regulated in the law, so the practice of corruption is still so massive. To overcome this, strategic steps are needed in the future, such as revising the corruption law to include illicit enrichment regulations, optimizing institutions through bureaucratic reform, and activating community participation. Therefore, these three steps are very important in implementing the Illicit Enrichment regulation in advancing the corruption eradication agenda in Indonesia in the future.
Convenio arbitral como excepción al mandamiento de ejecución: ¿gol en contra del legislador?
Authors: Maldonado Garcés Nicolás 
Published: November 2024

En la esfera del derecho procesal civil, el proceso de ejecución responde a un derecho que ya se encuentra previamente reconocido en una sentencia o título y, mediante medidas coercitivas, se intenta ejecutar las obligaciones establecidas en el título que contiene el derecho. Dentro de estos procesos, el deudor tiene la manera de oponerse mediante causas taxativas establecidas en la norma adjetiva. Las últimas reformas el Código Orgánico General de Procesos añade como oposición la existencia de convenios arbitrales en determi nados títulos de ejecución. Sin embargo, esta reforma posee errores conceptuales que, en la práctica, deriva en vulneraciones a la seguridad jurídica y al debido proceso. Si bien la norma permite la inclusión de compromisos arbitrales en caso de disputas, su ejecución es improcedente. El juez natural, al poseer un convenio arbitral, debe inhibirse de conocer la causa. Esto por el principio Kompetenz Kompetenz. Posterior, un árbitro no posee la facultad de ejecución, por lo que es incompetente para conocer la materia. Por lo tanto, se evidencia un error legislativo, conclusión a la que deriva el presente análisis.
CPI Welcomes the Winter 2024 Special Issue Spirit, Heart, and Reconciliation" With Apooyak'ii / Tiffany Hind Bull-Prete, Celia Haig-Brown, Cecille DePass, Invited Guest Editors
Authors: DePass Cecille , Abdi Ali A. 
Published: November 2024

Introduction to the Winter 20234 Issue of Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry (Volume 15, Number 2) entitled “Spirit, Heart , and Reconciliation” welcoming guest editors Apooyak'ii /Dr. Tiffany Hind Bull Prete, Celia Haig-Brown, and Cecille DePass. This Special Issue concentrates on culturally responsive, online assessment and pedagogy and addresses the ways in which educators and students grappled with online educational experiences during the 2020-2023 global pandemic
Renewing Our Commitment: Cultivating a Garden of Good Relations (Photo Journal)
Authors: Prete Tiffany Hind-Bull 
Published: November 2024

Apooyak'ii / Tiffany Hind Bull – Prete has contributed the beautiful cover photograph entitled: “Placidity”. As importantly, Prete developed a photo journal with some wonderful photographs of the stunning landscape and flora of the lands of the Blackfoot Confederacy in Southern Alberta. At times, the photographs complement, at other times they serve as a way of balancing the harsh enduring legacy of colonization by reminding us of the timeless beauty of the land. In effect, the photo journal serves a vital function of enhancing the First Nations, Metis, and Inuit (FNMI) issue.
Application of New Fuzzy Measure in Multi-Attribute Decision-Making
Authors: Chhabra Sonam , Chhabra Praphull 
Published: November 2024

The implementation of multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) and the different approaches that facilitate it are addressed in this article. We focus on a recently developed fuzzy divergence measure, which is critical in improving decision accuracy when faced with several conflicting criteria. To highlight its real-world relevance, we present a detailed case study focusing on picking the best market for investment. In this case study, the previously studied Fuzzy divergence measure that is used to evaluate and prioritize various market possibilities based on important characteristics such as risk, return, and market potential. In this example, we demonstrate how this unique measure improves decision-making processes by providing a more precise and comprehensive method to selecting the greatest investment possibilities in uncertain and complicated contexts. The findings highlight the measure's usefulness in guiding investment decisions and enhancing the overall efficacy of MADM applications.
JEL Codes: C44, D80, D81, D11
Received: 19/07/2024. Accepted: 06/10/2024. Published: 20/10/2024.
Management of Bone Loss in a Revised and Infected Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Kodsy Mark M. , McMellen Christopher J. , Sinkler Margaret A. , Voos James E. , Karns Michael R. 
Published: November 2024

Case:
We present the case of a 21-year-old male patient who underwent primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, which was later complicated by retear, deep infection, and massive bone loss. We adopted a multidisciplinary approach to address each facet of this rare complication.

Conclusion:
Salvage options for revision ACL reconstruction pose significant challenges. We applied a novel technique involving suture button suspension of bone graft and addressed secondary modes of failure to achieve a satisfactory and functional outcome.
Analysis of intrusion detection system in switches-based gigabit networks
Authors: rani ritu , singh Rishi pal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The development and use of computer networks is increasing quickly by small, medium and large companies for transferring the data. One of the most important concern in today's networks is the requirement for security analysis techniques that can keep up with the growing network traffic as networks get faster. The exponential expansion of networks, incidents of data attacks and security breaches have also proliferated. Although there are several approaches accessible but dynamic environment makes these approaches insufficient. In this context we propose an high speed intrusion detection system(IDS) for protecting networks from attacks. IDS capture information about network traffic data from a system or network address to prevent unauthorized access. Generally, IDS rely upon signatures to identify malicious behaviour. A few hundred Mbps of bandwidth can be handled by the network-based intrusion detection devices which are currently in usage. Higher throughput methods of analysis are either limited in the capacity to identify various types of attacks or are unable to do so. In this research paper we proposed a higher speed of network IDS architecture using alert information, custom signature, access-list and inbound traffic (produce alert or deny packet) using Graphical Network Simulator 3 to secure the network.