bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Frontiers of European Union Funding
Authors: Kilpatrick Claire , Scott Joanne 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
European Union (EU) funding has been characterized by significant innovations since 2020, and these often controversial innovations give rise to complex legal issues. It is time for legal scholars to join other political and social scientists in trying to make sense of these innovations. This opening chapter provides a baseline and three new frontiers of EU funding for identifying and evaluating these developments. The baseline concerns calibrating the EU budget against national budgets and those of international organizations. The first frontier concern the drivers and channels of funding innovations, the second is centred around the rule of law, and the third concerns substantive EU law and governance.
(Un)Constitutional Conditions
Authors: Viță Viorica 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The increase in spending conditionality across the entire spectrum of European Union (EU) expenditure in the past decade has raised several interesting constitutional questions. Can the EU act via spending conditionality to enforce its objectives? If so, what are the legitimate constitutional aims and limits for utilizing spending conditionality in the EU? This chapter critically analyses these questions and presents a constitutional framework of conditionality in the EU. Taking the example of the rule of law conditionality, it argues that the most productive lens for unwrapping the constitutional meaning of conditionality in the EU is to balance its constitutional goals against competing constitutional limitations. The result of the balancing test would reveal whether a given conditionality is capable of reinforcing EU constitutional ends, risks weakening them, or will turn out to be a zero-sum game. The performance of spending conditionality so far points to a neutral constitutional balance. It remains to be seen whether the use of the revamped conditionality in the 2021–2027 Multiannual Financial Framework is capable of changing the current record.
The Emergence of New Own Resources to Strengthen the European Union Budget and Achieve Green Policy Objectives
Authors: Hadjiyianni Ioanna 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
There is an impetus under the Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021–2027 and the Next Generation EU recovery instrument to move away from a strong focus on Member State contributions to common sources of revenue that simultaneously serve common EU objectives. New own resources, including the plastic levy and the proposed own resources based on the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), represent a significant shift in the EU’s funding architecture to ‘purposeful sources’ of revenue. This chapter assesses the emergence of own resources relating to the green transition, in terms of suitability, genuineness, and fairness. ‘Green’ EU revenue emerges as a significant policy steering mechanism, with both internal implications, by furthering EU integration while testing solidarity, and external implications, affecting the EU’s relations with its trading partners and raising concerns of international distributive justice.
Knowledge Needed for Beginning to Build Your Research Competence
Authors: Vidair Hilary B. , Gustafson Pam L. , Feindler Eva L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides students with the knowledge needed to embark on research in an applied graduate program in psychology, mental health, or education, including the rationale for pursuing research and becoming scientifically minded in the first place. Various training models along the science–practice continuum are reviewed. Common types of quantitative and qualitative research designs for a research project (e.g., a dissertation or thesis) as well as types of scholarly projects are described, along with foundational research concepts in statistics, psychometrics, and ethics. The chapter discusses how selecting a research topic is a developmental process, starting with identifying research interests and factors to consider when narrowing them down to a potential project area. Worksheets are included to help students in this process. The purpose and roles of advisors and mentors are discussed.
Knowledge Needed for Finalizing Your Final Project
Authors: Vidair Hilary B. , Gustafson Pam L. , Feindler Eva L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 provides the knowledge students in applied graduate programs in psychology, mental health, and education need to finalize their final project (e.g., a dissertation or thesis). The chapter begins with factors to consider when students revise their final project, including revisions to make, roles of the chair and committee members, project findings and implications, limitations and directions for future research, timeline, and fit with initial career goals. A worksheet of factors to consider is included to help students think through the final stages of their project. Key components of results and discussion sections are briefly reviewed, as are ethical principles for completing a project. An overview of the purpose and structure of a defense meeting is also provided.
Cosmological evolution of dark matter subhaloes under tidal stripping by growing Milky Way-like galaxies
Authors: Kazuno Yudai , Mori Masao , Kaneda Yuka , Otaki Koki 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We present the findings of a comprehensive and detailed analysis of merger tree data from ultra-high-resolution cosmological $N$-body simulations. The analysis, conducted with a particle mass resolution of $5 \times 10^3\, h^{-1}\, M_{\odot }$ and a halo mass resolution of $10^7\, h^{-1}\, M_{\odot }$, provides sufficient accuracy to suppress numerical artefacts. This study elucidates the dynamical evolution of subhaloes associated with the Milky Way-like host haloes. Unlike more massive dark matter haloes, which have been extensively studied, these subhaloes follow a distinct mass evolution pattern: an initial accretion phase, followed by a tidal stripping phase where mass is lost due to the tidal forces of the host halo. The transition from accretion to stripping, where subhaloes reach their maximum mass, occurs around a redshift of $z\simeq 1$. Smaller subhaloes reach this point earlier, while larger ones do so later. Our analysis reveals that over 80% of subhaloes have experienced mass loss, underscoring the universality of tidal stripping in subhalo evolution. Additionally, we derived the eccentricities and pericentre distances of subhalo orbits from the simulations and compare them with those of nearby satellite galaxies observed by the Gaia satellite. The results demonstrate a significant alignment between the orbital elements predicted by the cold dark matter model and the observed data, providing robust support for the model as a credible candidate for dark matter.
Comparative risk assessment modeling of cardiovascular and all-cause burden attributable to sitting time and physical inactivity: evidence from Argentina
Authors: García-Witulski Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Although there is evidence that sitting time (ST) and insufficient physical activity (PA) are associated with premature mortality, the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality (ACM) attributable to the combined effects of ST and PA in counterfactual scenarios is limited.

Methods
Potential impact fractions (PIFs) were used to calculate premature deaths (PDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Cause-eliminated life tables were utilized to estimate health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) gains. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for uncertainty analysis.

Results
The theoretical minimum risk exposure level (ST &lt; 4 $\mathrm{h} \cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$, PA &gt; 65 $\mathrm{min} \cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$) could prevent 16.7% of CVD deaths and 12.3% of all-cause deaths annually. This would save 669 to 2,630 DALYs per 100,000 and increase healthy life years by 0.57 to 2.94. Increasing PA to &gt; 65 $\mathrm{min} \cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$ while maintaining ST could yield gains in HALE from 0.49 (CVD) to 2.60 (ACM) years. Reducing ST to &lt; 4 $\mathrm{h}\cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$ while keeping PA constant could lead to gains in HALE from 0.07 (CVD) to 0.34 (ACM) years. A 50% reduction in suboptimal ST (≥ 4 $\mathrm{h}\cdot{\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$) doubled HALE gains, ranging from 0.11 to 0.63 years.

Conclusions
Public health decision-makers should prioritize vulnerable populations, including older adults and individuals with inadequate PA levels.
Fines and Financial Wellbeing
Authors: Mello Steven 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
While survey evidence suggests widespread financial fragility in the U.S., causal evidence on the implications of typical, negative income shocks is scarce. I estimate the impact of speeding fines on household finances using administrative traffic citation records and a panel of credit reports. Event studies reveal that fines averaging $195 are associated with a $34 increase in unpaid bills in collections. Given additional evidence that fine payment explains this effect and that default is the “last resort” for households, I interpret this finding as suggesting rates of inability to meet unplanned expenses which are consistent with the survey evidence. I also find that fines are associated with longer-run declines in credit scores, borrowing limits, and the likelihood of appearing as employed in payroll records covering a subset of large, high-paying employers. This impact on employment situations appears attributable to the diminished financial position of households rather than, e.g. downstream license suspensions.
Native Administration Sanitary Inspectors and the British Colonial Hygiene Programme in Western Nigeria, c. 1930–1940s
Authors: Alade Adebisi 
Published: November 2024

Summary
This article explores a colonial sanitation programme in Nigeria during the interwar period: the training and employment of Africans as sanitary inspectors to improve public health. From the early 1930–45, local health inspectors trained to educate the African public on modern hygiene principles emerged in a society where poverty made people pursue their changing personal interests in ways that challenged colonial laws and deviated from ethical standards governing behaviour in African society. In this landscape, some African sanitary inspectors and local chiefs articulated other meanings to the colonial hygiene project. Beyond the conventional racial analysis of colonial health, the article critiques the agentive role of local rulers and sanitary inspectors who shaped the health intervention. It concludes that by 1945, the well-intentioned programme had developed complications expected in an environment of budget restraint and economic hardship, transforming Yoruba towns into sites of power struggle between sanitary inspectors and the people.
Using Tap Water for Enteral Tube Flushes
Authors: Blondin Marie-Eline 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:
Enteral feeding tubes, used in patients who require enteral nutrition or medication, require flushing between medications and feedings to maintain patency. Various types of water can be used to flush enteral feeding tubes, which raises the question of which type of water is best supported by evidence.

Purpose:
The aims of this quality improvement project were to examine the evidence on the use of tap water instead of sterile water for enteral tube flushes and to implement the use of tap water as a safe, cost-effective alternative to sterile water at a multisite oncology institution.

Methods:
A systematic literature search of electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Embase, and JBI was conducted to review current evidence and professional organization recommendations on the use of sterile water versus tap water in enteral feeding tubes. The oncology institution's policies were reviewed, and nurses were surveyed on the type of water they used for enteral tube flushes.

Results:
After the literature search and nurse survey results concurred that tap water was as effective as sterile water, the institution's nursing practice policy was updated to state that tap water should be used for enteral tube flushes, and that the use of sterile water for this purpose should be reserved for cases when there are concerns about tap water safety. This policy change was projected to incur annual sterile water cost savings of $15,930 to $19,872.

Conclusion:
The implementation of a policy recommending the use of tap water for enteral tube flushes standardized clinical practice and decreased institutional costs while maintaining patient safety.
Risk of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes After Combined Prenatal Cannabis and Nicotine Exposure
Authors: Crosland B. Adam , Garg Bharti , Bandoli Gretchen E. , Mandelbaum Ava D. , Hayer Sarena , Ryan Kimberly S. , Shorey-Kendrick Lyndsey E. , McEvoy Cindy T. , Spindel Eliot R. , Caughey Aaron B. , Lo Jamie O. 
Published: November 2024

(Abstracted from JAMA Network Open 2024;7(5):e2410151)
Using cannabis during pregnancy is becoming more prevalent in the United States, as an increasing number of states legalize its use. Among younger and urban populations, prenatal exposure to cannabis is reportedly as high as 30%.
Notable Surgical Trials in Gynecologic Oncology: A 10-Year Overview
Authors: Vilches José C. , Santia María Clara , Yates Elise Mann , Pareja Rene , Lozano Manuel , Ramirez Pedro T. 
Published: November 2024

(Abstracted from Int J Gynecol Cancer 2024;0:1–10)
This review describes landmark surgical trials published within the last 10 years that have contributed to changes in the standard of care for gynecologic cancers providing a reference for controversial debate that has surrounded changes in practice and standard of care.
The Change of Asymptomatic Atlantoaxial Instability With Down Syndrome From Infant to Adolescent in Japanese Population: Minimum 10 Years Follow-Up
Authors: Machida Masayoshi , Rocos Brett , Taira Katsuaki , Nemoto Naho , Oikawa Noboru , Ohashi Hirofumi , Aiba Shutaro , Nakanishi Kazuyoshi 
Published: November 2024

Background:
Although 10% to 60% of patients with Down syndrome (DS) develop atlantoaxial instability (AAI), clarifying the course of asymptomatic AAI may prevent unnecessary clinical interactions and investigations. This study investigates the radiographic changes observed in asymptomatic AAI associated with DS in Japanese children as they grow from infancy to adolescence over a minimum of 10 years.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of cervical radiographs acquired from asymptomatic patients with DS in both infancy and adolescence was carried out. Radiographic evaluation included measuring the atlantodental interval (ADI) and the space available for the cord (SAC). In neutral lateral cervical radiographs, AAI was defined as ADI >6 mm and SAC <14 mm.

Results:
Two hundred thirty-nine patients were included. The mean follow-up was 12.8 years. ADI was 2.3 mm at initial evaluation and 2.7 mm at final evaluation (P<0.01) in a neutral position, 3.1 and 3.3 mm in flexion (P=0.18), and 1.7 and 2.1 mm in extension (P<0.01), respectively. SAC was 15.8 mm at initial evaluation and 20.9 mm at final evaluation (P<0.01) in neutral position, 15.6 and 20.7 mm in flexion (P<0.01), and 16.8 and 21.0 mm in extension (P<0.01), respectively. Forty-five patients (18.8%) showed evidence of AAI at the initial evaluation with 4 patients meeting the threshold for AAI at the final evaluation, one of which had os odontoideum. In contrast, of the 194 patients who did not have AAI at the initial evaluation, 3 (1.3%) developed AAI at the final evaluation. One of these with a normal den developed AAI at 13 years.

Conclusions:
As 1 patient with a normal dens developed AAI at 13 years, we recommend screening for AAI with X-ray in infancy and adolescence regardless of the presence or absence of an os odontoideum.

Evidence level:
Level IV.
Bone Density Correlates With Depth of Subsidence After Expandable Interbody Cage Placement
Authors: Katz Austen D. , Song Junho , Duvvuri Priya , Shahsavarani Shaya , Ngan Alex , Zappia Luke , Nuckley David , Coldren Valerie , Rubin Josh , Essig David , Silber Jeff , Qureshi Sheeraz A. , Virk Sohrab 
Published: November 2024

Study Design:
Biomechanical analysis.

Objective:
To evaluate the depth of subsidence resulting from an expandable interbody cage at varying bone foam densities.

Summary of Background Data:
Expandable interbody cages have been shown to be associated with increased rates of subsidence. It is critical to evaluate all variables which may influence a patient’s risk of subsidence following the placement of an expandable interbody cage.

Methods:
In the first stage of the study, subsidence depth was measured with 1 Nm of input expansion torque. In the second stage, the depth of subsidence was measured following 150 N output force exerted by an expandable interbody cage. Within each stage, different bone foam densities were analyzed, including 5, 10, 15, and 20 pounds per cubic foot (PCF). Five experimental trials were performed for each PCF material, and the mean subsidence depths were calculated. Trials which failed to reach 150 N output force were considered outliers and were excluded from the analysis.

Results:
There was an overall decrease in subsidence depth with increasing bone foam density. The mean subsidence depths at 150 N output force were 2.0±0.3 mm for 5 PCF, 1.8±0.2 mm for 10 PCF, 1.1±0.2 mm for 15 PCF, and 1.1±0.2 mm for 20 PCF bone foam. The mean subsidence depths at 1 Nm of input torque were 2.3±0.5 mm for 5 PCF, 2.3±0.5 mm for 10 PCF, 1.2±0.2 mm for 15 PCF, and 1.1±0.1 mm for 20 PCF bone foam.

Conclusions:
Depth of subsidence was negatively correlated with bone foam density at both constant input torque and constant endplate force. Because tactile feedback of cage expansion into the subsiding bone cannot be reliably distinguished from true expansion of disc space height, surgeons should take bone quality into account when deploying expandable cages.
Current Emergency Medical Service Vasoactive Use for the Management of Shock
Authors: Bloom Jason E. , Goel Vishal , Anderson David , Cartledge Susie , Nehme Ziad , Ball Jocasta , Eliakundu Amminadab , Chan William , Chew Derek P. , Kaye David M. , Stub Dion 
Published: November 2024

OBJECTIVES:
We sought to describe the indications for vasoactive medication administration, hemodynamic treatment targets, and specific agents used by various international emergency medical service (EMS) providers.

DESIGN AND SETTING:
In March 2022, we sent an online survey comprising of 20 questions to Medical Directors of EMSs across Australia, the Asia Pacific region, and North America.

PATIENTS:
A total of 108 EMS directors were emailed an invitation to participate.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Twenty-five EMS medical directors responded. Local site guidelines for vasoactive agent administration were available to 77.3% of providers. Epinephrine was commonly used as first-line vasoactive agent in 52% of questionnaire respondents, followed by norepinephrine (22%), dopamine (18%), and metaraminol (4%). Epinephrine was the most commonly used vasoactive agent across all forms of shock, with a higher proportion of utilization in cases of cardiogenic shock (58%) and patients suffering shock following cardiac arrest (56%).

CONCLUSIONS:
International EMS vasoactive use in the management of shock is heterogeneous. Future randomized controlled trials should aim to elucidate optimal prehospital treatment strategies for shock, including the initiation, choice of agent, and monitoring of vasoactive medication.
National Analysis of Preexisting Immunosuppressive Conditions and Infection-Related Readmissions Among Sepsis Survivors
Authors: Umberger Reba A. , Cao Xueyuan , Reynolds Rebecca B. , Kilgannon Andrea R. , Mayr Florian B. , Yende Sachin 
Published: November 2024

Background
Recurrent episodes of infection and subsequent sepsis are a frequent cause of readmission after sepsis hospitalization. Although persistent immune dysregulation initiated during the sepsis episode may play a role, the impact of preexisting immune suppression (including HIV, organ transplantation, and cancer) and common chronic diseases associated with immune suppression (diabetes and chronic kidney disease) on the risk of recurrent infections after sepsis is unknown.

Objectives
To investigate the role of preexisting immune-suppressive conditions (PISCs) and other common chronic diseases on infection-related readmissions after a sepsis admission.

Methods
Using the US 2015 Nationwide Readmissions Database, we identified a retrospective cohort of adult patients with an unplanned sepsis index admission from April to September, excluding patients with sepsis during the preceding 90 days. We followed all sepsis survivors for subsequent infection-related admissions for 90 days. We identified clinical conditions using International Classification of Diseases coding.

Results
We identified 649 029 unique unplanned sepsis admissions over 6 months; 189 604 (29.2%) had sepsis with PISC, and 459 425 (70.8%) had sepsis without PISC. Overall, sepsis survivors were older (median age, 70 years), and 145 156 (22.4%) experienced at least 1 infection-related readmission within 90 days. The incidence of infection-related readmission among sepsis survivors with PISC was 26.1%, whereas it was 20.8% for those without PISC. The excess risk of infection-related readmissions attributed to PISC was 5.3%, whereas the excess risk attributed to diabetes and chronic kidney disease was 3.7% and 4.7%, respectively. The background risk attributed to new-onset sepsis among participants with none of these conditions was 16.3%. Multivariable regression analysis adjusting for age, gender, and acute illness factors indicated that odds of infection-related readmission were strongly associated with PISC (odds ratio 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-1.32), closely followed by chronic kidney disease (1.28 [1.27-1.32]) and diabetes (1.17 [1.16-1.19]).

Conclusion
The risk of subsequent infection is higher among patients with PISC, although chronic kidney disease and diabetes are also important risk factors for subsequent infection and sepsis readmissions.
Risk Factors Contributing to the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Bradley Caitlin , DeGrazia Michele , Shi Ling , Aronowitz Teri 
Published: November 2024

Background
Despite advances in medical care, the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) among infants born at less than 32 weeks’ gestation have not decreased. Also, BPD prediction tools have been criticized for containing too few variables, not being validated beyond their initial development, and having a lack of generalizability. To develop a comprehensive prediction tool for postnatal use, a broad evaluation of BPD risk factors is needed.

Objectives
To examine risk factors for the development of BPD among a sample of preterm infants.

Method
This research was a retrospective cohort study examining preterm infants (n = 455) treated at a level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between BPD and 15 risk factors that were identified through a comprehensive review of the literature. Multinomial regression was used to examine the relationship between risk factors and the severity of BPD.

Results
Risk factors for BPD that were identified included birth weight, surfactant administration, and mechanical ventilation. When examined by severity, other risk factors identified were gestational age, infections, and the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus.

Discussion
The variables most frequently included in contemporary BPD prediction tools include gestational age, birth weight, sex, and early respiratory status. The findings of this research demonstrate that the addition of multiple surfactant doses, infections, and patent ductus arteriosus as BPD risk factors might strengthen BPD prediction tools. Moreover, a number of blood transfusions and weights deserve further evaluation in future research as potential BPD risk factors.