bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amimetic assets and persistent profits under competition
Authors: Gmeiner Robert 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSome industries are very dynamically competitive and characterized by much entrepreneurial innovation. Others are oligopolistic and still others are known for state favors and regulatory rents. In a market economy, competitive pressures cause businesses to continually adapt to changing conditions. Different approaches can be taken – entrepreneurial innovation, consolidation, and rent seeking are examples. This paper examines the characteristics of firms and productive assets that preserve an innovative, dynamic economy and hedge against rent seeking and crony capitalism. In an innovative, dynamic economy, profits can only be sustained against competition if a business has productive assets that offer a unique advantage over competitors. These assets can be termedamimeticassets, a term based on the Greek wordamimitos, meaning “inimitable.” When these assets can be acquired or developed through entrepreneurial discovery, business models can be oriented to exploit them. If this is more difficult in an industry, it will be more likely to be characterized by regulation and regulatory rents. Amimetic assets are thus fundamental to an innovative economy and are a major factor among many in determining whether a business obtains profits through repeated entrepreneurial discovery or rent seeking.
Conservation Laws and the Philosophy of Mind: Opening the Black Box, Finding a Mirror
Authors: Pitts J. Brian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSince Leibniz’s time, Cartesian mental causation has been criticized for violating the conservation of energy and momentum. (Non-epiphenomenalist property dualism is analogous.) Many dualist responses clearly fail. But conservation laws have important neglected features generally undermining the objection. Conservation islocal, holding first not for the universe, but for everywhere separately. The energy (or momentum,etc.) in any volume changes only due to what flows through the boundaries (no teleportation). Constant total energy holds if the global summing-up of local conservation laws converges; it probably doesn’t in reality. Energy (momentum) conservation holds if there is symmetry, the sameness of the laws over time (space). Thus, if there are time-places where symmetries fail due to nonphysical influence, conservation laws fail there and then, while holding elsewhere, such as refrigerators and stars. Noether’s converse first theorem shows that conservation laws imply symmetries. Thus conservation trivially nearly entails the causal closure of the physical. But expecting conservation to hold in the brain (without looking) simply assumes the falsehood of Cartesianism. Hence Leibniz’s objection begs the question. Empirical neuroscience is another matter. So is Einstein’s General Relativity: far from providing a loophole, General Relativity makes mental causationharder.
The Potential of a Narrative and Creative Arts Approach to Enhance Transition Outcomes for Indigenous Australians Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Bohanna India , Fitts Michelle , Bird Katrina , Fleming Jennifer , Gilroy John , Clough Alan , Esterman Adrian , Maruff Paul , Potter Martin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground:Increasingly, narrative and creative arts approaches are being used to enhance recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Narrative and arts-based approaches congruent with Indigenous storytelling may therefore provide benefit during the transition from hospital to home for some Indigenous TBI patients. This qualitative study explored the use and impact of this approach as part of a larger, longitudinal study of TBI transition with Indigenous Australians.Method:A combined narrative and arts-based approach was used with one Indigenous Australian artist to describe his transition experiences following TBI. Together with the researchers and filmmaking team, the artist was involved in aspects of the process. The artist contributed two paintings, detailing the story of his life and TBI. Based on the artworks, a film was co-created. Following the viewing of the film, impacts of the narrative and arts-based process were examined through semi-structured interviews with the artist, a service provider and a family member. Multiple sources of data were used in the final thematic analysis including transcripts of the interviews and filming, paintings (including storylines) and researcher notes.Results:Positive impacts from the process for the artist included positive challenge; healing and identity; understanding TBI and raising awareness.Discussion:This approach may enable the individual to take ownership over their transition story and to make sense of their life following TBI at a critical point in their recovery. A combined narrative and arts-based approach has potential as a culturally responsive rehabilitation tool for use with Indigenous Australians during the transition period following TBI.
Could pre-infection exercise training improve the efficacy of specific antiparasitic chemotherapy for Chagas disease?
Authors: Santos Elda Gonçalves , Gonçalves Reggiani V. , Souza-Silva Thaiany G. , Maldonado Izabel R. S. C. , Santos Eliziária C. , Talvani André , Natali Antônio J. , Novaes Rômulo D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConsidering a potential exercise-drug interaction, we investigated whether exercise training could improve the efficacy of specific antiparasitic chemotherapy in a rodent model of Chagas disease. Wistar rats were randomized into five groups: sedentary and uninfected (CT); sedentary and infected (SI); sedentary, infected and treated (SIT); trained and infected (TI); trained, infected and treated (TIT). After 9-weeks running training, the animals were infected with T. cruzi and followed up for 4 weeks, receiving 100 mg kg−1 day−1 benznidazole. No evidence of myocarditis was observed in CT animals. TI animals exhibited reduced parasitemia, myocarditis, and reactive tissue damage compared to SI animals, in addition to increased IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, heart non-protein antioxidant (NPA) levels and glutathione-s transferase activity (P < 0.05). The CT, SIT and TIT groups presented similar reductions in parasitemia, cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and MCP-1), inflammatory infiltrate, oxidative heart damage and antioxidant enzymes activity compared to SI and TI animals, as well as reduced heart microstructural remodeling (P < 0.05). By modulating heart inflammation and redox metabolism, exercise training exerts a protective effect against T. cruzi infection in rats. However, the antiparasitic and cardioprotective effects of benznidazole chemotherapy are more pronounced, determining similar endpoints in sedentary and trained T. cruzi-infected rats.
Learning semantic sentence representations from visually grounded language without lexical knowledge
Authors: Merkx Danny , Frank Stefan L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCurrent approaches to learning semantic representations of sentences often use prior word-level knowledge. The current study aims to leverage visual information in order to capture sentence level semantics without the need for word embeddings. We use a multimodal sentence encoder trained on a corpus of images with matching text captions to produce visually grounded sentence embeddings. Deep Neural Networks are trained to map the two modalities to a common embedding space such that for an image the corresponding caption can be retrieved and vice versa. We show that our model achieves results comparable to the current state of the art on two popular image-caption retrieval benchmark datasets: Microsoft Common Objects in Context (MSCOCO) and Flickr8k. We evaluate the semantic content of the resulting sentence embeddings using the data from the Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) benchmark task and show that the multimodal embeddings correlate well with human semantic similarity judgements. The system achieves state-of-the-art results on several of these benchmarks, which shows that a system trained solely on multimodal data, without assuming any word representations, is able to capture sentence level semantics. Importantly, this result shows that we do not need prior knowledge of lexical level semantics in order to model sentence level semantics. These findings demonstrate the importance of visual information in semantics.
A structured distributional model of sentence meaning and processing
Authors: Chersoni E. , Santus E. , Pannitto L. , Lenci A. , Blache P. , Huang C.-R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMost compositional distributional semantic models represent sentence meaning with a single vector. In this paper, we propose a structured distributional model (SDM) that combines word embeddings with formal semantics and is based on the assumption that sentences represent events and situations. The semantic representation of a sentence is a formal structure derived from discourse representation theory and containing distributional vectors. This structure is dynamically and incrementally built by integrating knowledge about events and their typical participants, as they are activated by lexical items. Event knowledge is modelled as a graph extracted from parsed corpora and encoding roles and relationships between participants that are represented as distributional vectors. SDM is grounded on extensive psycholinguistic research showing that generalized knowledge about events stored in semantic memory plays a key role in sentence comprehension.We evaluate SDMon two recently introduced compositionality data sets, and our results show that combining a simple compositionalmodel with event knowledge constantly improves performances, even with dif ferent types of word embeddings.
Subsurface Mesoscale Eddy Generation in the Ocean off Central Chile
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Pizarro Oscar , Dewitte Boris , Sepulveda Hector H. , Renault Lionel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOff the coast of central Chile, subsurface anticyclonic eddies are a salient feature of the oceanic circulation, transporting a significant fraction of coastal water that is rich in nutrients and poor in dissolved oxygen offshore. In this study, the formation mechanism of these eddies is analyzed through a high‐resolution (~0.3 km) and low‐resolution (~3 km) oceanic model that realistically simulate the regional mean circulation, including the Peru‐Chile Undercurrent (PCUC). An analysis of the vorticity and eddy kinetic energy in both simulations indicated that the subsurface eddies can be triggered through a combination of processes that are associated with instabilities of the PCUC. In the high‐resolution simulation, we observed that the interaction between the PCUC and topographic slope generates anticyclonic vorticity and potential vorticity close to zero in the bottom boundary layer. The separation of the undercurrent from the slope favors the intensification of anticyclonic vorticity. It reaches magnitudes that are larger than the planetary vorticity while kinetic energy is converted from the PCUC to the eddy flow. These processes set the necessary conditions for the development of centrifugal instabilities, which can form submesoscale structures. The coalescence of submesoscale structures generates a subsurface anticyclonic mesoscale eddy. In the low‐resolution simulations (>3 km) centrifugal instabilities are not simulated, and the barotropic conversion of the mean kinetic energy into eddy kinetic energy appears as the main process of eddy formation. We showed that the vertical structure of these eddies is sensitive to the spatial resolution of the model.
Daily Adjustment for Wind‐Induced Precipitation Undercatch of Daily Gridded Precipitation in Japan
Authors: Masuda Minami , Yatagai Akiyo , Kamiguchi Kenji , Tanaka Kenji 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe northern Japan facing the Japan Sea is known for its heavy snowfall. As snowfall is of great importance as a water resource, accurate measurements are required. We develop an optimal method for adjustment of wind‐induced precipitation undercatch for rain‐gauge‐based daily gridded precipitation data in Japan. In Japan Meteorological Agency's surface observation network, wind speed data are not measured at all precipitation stations; therefore, we tested three approaches for applying wind correction using four years' observational data (2009–2012). First, we interpolate corrected precipitation by using only stations, which measure wind; second, we define gridded correction parameters, interpolate uncorrected precipitation of all stations, and adjust gridded precipitation; third, we interpolate corrected precipitation by using wind data of Japan Meteorological Agency's surface network and a reanalysis at the stations where wind are not measured. Water budget analysis over the mountainous regions (dam's catchments) indicated that the best result among the three was obtained by compensating wind speed using high‐resolution meteorological reanalysis data, followed by a method that applies daily correction parameters to daily gridded precipitation data. The best method increased the winter (December–February) precipitation amount by 12.7% in northern Japan, and the bias in the annual hydrological balance was reduced from 33% to 26% over the mountainous terrain. Proper consideration of the rain gauge meta information, such as the existence/absence of a wind shield, is critically important for quantitative assessment of solid precipitation, especially in regions of heavy snowfall such as northern Japan.
Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Convection Under the Due Northward IMF
Authors: Tanaka T. , Obara T. , Watanabe M. , Fujita S. , Ebihara Y. , Kataoka R. , Den M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConvection under the due northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is reproduced by the global simulation. The resulting magnetosphere is closed except in the XZ plane and separated from the solar wind by the separatrix generated from cusp nulls. Inside the separatrix, there exist three plasma regimes of the cusp high‐pressure region, the low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and the plasma sheet. In the ionosphere, the northward Bz (NBZ) current and the reverse cell occur in higher latitudes than 80°, and the fun‐shaped arc‐like field‐aligned current and the main oval occur in lower latitudes than 80°. Magnetic field lines in the antisunward flow region of the reverse cell are connected to the LLBL that is accelerated to supersonic flow by the cusp pressure. Circulation on the reverse cell in the ionosphere is as a whole constructed to the interchange cycle in the magnetosphere. Convection is looked upon as the process to discharge stress generated by the dayside cusp reconnection. Magnetic stress generated by the reconnection is first converted to thermal energy in the cusp. This thermal energy is drained through three possible routes: release of plasma downtail through the LLBL, dissipation as electromagnetic energy through formation of the dynamo, and evacuation down to the ionosphere through the plasma sheet.
The 2‐D Structure of Foreshock‐Driven Field Line Resonances Observed by THEMIS Satellite and Ground‐Based Imager Conjunctions
Authors: Wang Boyi , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Zhang Hui , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Lyons Larry , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Ebihara Yusuke , Weatherwax Allan , Gerrard Andrew J. , Frey Harald U. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent studies of Pc5‐band (150–600 s) ultralow frequency waves found that foreshock disturbances can be a driver of dayside compressional waves and field line resonance, which are two typical Pc5 wave modes in the dayside magnetosphere. However, it is difficult to find spatial structure of dayside Pc5 waves using a small number of satellites or ground magnetometers. This study determines 2‐D structure of dayside Pc5 waves and their driver by utilizing coordinated observations by the THEMIS satellites and the all‐sky imager at South Pole during two series of Pc5 waves on 29 June 2008. These Pc5 waves were found to be field line resonances (FLRs) and driven by foreshock disturbances. The ground‐based all‐sky imager at South Pole shows that periodic poleward moving arcs occurred simultaneously with the FLRs near the satellite footprints over ~3° latitude and had the same frequencies as FLRs. This indicates that they are the auroral signature of the FLRs. The azimuthal distribution of the FLRs in the magnetosphere and their north‐south width in the ionosphere were further determined in the 2‐D images. In the first case, the FLRs distribute symmetrically in the prenoon and postnoon regions with out‐of‐phase oscillation as the odd toroidal mode in the equatorial plane. In the second case, the azimuthal wavelengths of the 350–500 s and 300–450 s period waves were ~8.0 and ~5.2 Re in the equatorial plane. It also shows a fine azimuthal structure embedded in the large‐scale arcs, indicating that a high azimuthal wave number (m ~ 140) mode wave coupled with the low‐wave number FLRs.
Electron Energization by Parallel Electric Fields in Poloidal Standing Waves
Authors: Damiano P. A. , Kim E.‐H. , Johnson J. R. , Porazik P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA hybrid gyrofluid‐kinetic electron model is adapted and used to simulate poloidal standing modes for different electron temperatures and azimuthal mode numbers. As in previous studies of toroidal standing modes, mirror force effects lead to increased parallel potential drops, monoenergetic electron energization, and wave energy dissipation as the ambient electron temperature is increased. A similar trend is also observed when the electron temperature is held fixed and the azimuthal mode number increased—owing to the narrowing of the azimuthal flux tube width, which necessitates more electron energization to carry the increased parallel current density. In both cases, the increase in electron energization eventually leads to more rapid decreases in the parallel current with time because of the dissipation of wave energy.
Strong stress-composition coupling in lithium alloy nanoparticles
Authors: Seo Hyeon Kook , Park Jae Yeol , Chang Joon Ha , Dae Kyun Sung , Noh Myoung-Sub , Kim Sung-Soo , Kang Chong-Yun , Zhao Kejie , Kim Sangtae , Yuk Jong Min 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe stress inevitably imposed during electrochemical reactions is expected to fundamentally affect the electrochemistry, phase behavior and morphology of electrodes in service. Here, we show a strong stress-composition coupling in lithium binary alloys during the lithiation of tin-tin oxide core-shell nanoparticles. Using in situ graphene liquid cell electron microscopy imaging, we visualise the generation of a non-uniform composition field in the nanoparticles during lithiation. Stress models based on density functional theory calculations show that the composition gradient is proportional to the applied stress. Based on this coupling, we demonstrate that we can directionally control the lithium distribution by applying different stresses to lithium alloy materials. Our results provide insights into stress-lithium electrochemistry coupling at the nanoscale and suggest potential applications of lithium alloy nanoparticles.
The structural basis of N-acyl-α-amino-β-lactone formation catalyzed by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase
Authors: Kreitler Dale F. , Gemmell Erin M. , Schaffer Jason E. , Wencewicz Timothy A. , Gulick Andrew M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNonribosomal peptide synthetases produce diverse natural products using a multidomain architecture where the growing peptide, attached to an integrated carrier domain, is delivered to neighboring catalytic domains for bond formation and modification. Investigation of these systems can lead to the discovery of new structures, unusual biosynthetic transformations, and to the engineering of catalysts for generating new products. The antimicrobial β-lactone obafluorin is produced nonribosomally from dihydroxybenzoic acid and a β-hydroxy amino acid that cyclizes into the β-lactone during product release. Here we report the structure of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase ObiF1, highlighting the structure of the β-lactone-producing thioesterase domain and an interaction between the C-terminal MbtH-like domain with an upstream adenylation domain. Biochemical assays examine catalytic promiscuity, provide mechanistic insight, and demonstrate utility for generating obafluorin analogs. These results advance our understanding of the structural cycle of nonribosomal peptide synthetases and provide insights into the production of β-lactone natural products.
Variational consistent histories as a hybrid algorithm for quantum foundations
Authors: Arrasmith Andrew , Cincio Lukasz , Sornborger Andrew T. , Zurek Wojciech H. , Coles Patrick J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough quantum computers are predicted to have many commercial applications, less attention has been given to their potential for resolving foundational issues in quantum mechanics. Here we focus on quantum computers’ utility for the Consistent Histories formalism, which has previously been employed to study quantum cosmology, quantum paradoxes, and the quantum-to-classical transition. We present a variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for finding consistent histories, which should revitalize interest in this formalism by allowing classically impossible calculations to be performed. In our algorithm, the quantum computer evaluates the decoherence functional (with exponential speedup in both the number of qubits and the number of times in the history) and a classical optimizer adjusts the history parameters to improve consistency. We implement our algorithm on a cloud quantum computer to find consistent histories for a spin in a magnetic field and on a simulator to observe the emergence of classicality for a chiral molecule.
Multiple origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-stranded DNA viruses from bacterial and archaeal plasmids
Authors: Kazlauskas Darius , Varsani Arvind , Koonin Eugene V. , Krupovic Mart 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSingle-stranded (ss) DNA viruses are a major component of the earth virome. In particular, the circular, Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses show high diversity and abundance in various habitats. By combining sequence similarity network and phylogenetic analyses of the replication proteins (Rep) belonging to the HUH endonuclease superfamily, we show that the replication machinery of the CRESS-DNA viruses evolved, on three independent occasions, from the Reps of bacterial rolling circle-replicating plasmids. The CRESS-DNA viruses emerged via recombination between such plasmids and cDNA copies of capsid genes of eukaryotic positive-sense RNA viruses. Similarly, the rep genes of prokaryotic DNA viruses appear to have evolved from HUH endonuclease genes of various bacterial and archaeal plasmids. Our findings also suggest that eukaryotic polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses with dsDNA genomes have evolved via parvoviruses from CRESS-DNA viruses. Collectively, our results shed light on the complex evolutionary history of a major class of viruses revealing its polyphyletic origins.