bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ISLAMIC INSTITUTIONS AND PROPERTY RIGHTS: THE CASE OF THE 'PUBLIC GOOD' WAQF
Authors: Shatzmiller Maya 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe paper examines the institutional economic performance of the public good waqf with the intent of demonstrating the relevance of institutions to the momentous debate over Islamic backwardness and European progress and the waqf's role as supporter of learning institutions and promoter of social integration. Through the application of two sets of theoretical paradigms designed for measuring institutional behaviour, property rights and institutional arrangements, to legal cases supplied by fatwās from North Africa and Muslim Spain it will be possible to analyze and evaluate the impact of one of the major institutions of the premodern Islamic world on economic progress. L'article étudie la performance économique du waqf fiduciaire public, (waqf khairī), en tant qu'institution économique. Le but est de démontrer la pertinence de cette performance quant au débat sur la décadence économique des sociétés musulmanes par rapport au progrès que connut l'Europe. Sera étudié le rôle de l'activité économique institutionelle du waqf en général, et particulièrement dans les fonctions qui lui étaient attribuées, comme le soutien des institutions scolaires ainsi que la promotion de l'integrité sociale. Par l'application de deux paradigmes théoriques conçues pour mesurer le comportement institutionel, les droits de propriété et l'adaptation aux changements dans les conditions économiques rapportés par les documents juridiques tels les fatwās de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne musulmane, il sera possible d'analyser et d'évaluer l'impact de l'une des plus importantes institutions du monde islamique pré-moderne sur le progrès économique.
ON HINDU, HINDUSTĀN, HINDUISM AND HINDUTVA
Authors: Sharma Arvind 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper sets out to examine the emergence and significance of the word Hindu (and associated terminology) in discourse about India, in order to determine the light it sheds on what is currently happening in India. It concludes that the word, and its derivatives, contain a series of semantic bivalences characterised by unresolved tensions, and further that these tensions help account for the complexities generated by the induction of the word Hindu (and associated terminology) in modern Indian political discourse.
Lies, Mistakes, and Blessings: Defining and Characteristic Features in Conceptual Development
Authors: Siegal Michael , Surian Luca , Nemeroff Carol , Peterson Candida 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this study, we examined the extent to which young children can be influenced by the perceived blessed status of an actor in their evaluations of behavior as a lie or mistake. Children aged 4 and 5 years attending Catholic schools in an urban center in Northern Italy were provided with a situation in which two girls in church were blessed with holy water ("blessed condition") or shook the priest's hand ("not blessed"). The girls were then placed in a setting in which each told a third girl that contaminated juice was good to drink: one deliberately lied and the other had no knowledge of the contaminant and made a mistake. Significantly more children judged both girls to have made a mistake in the blessed condition than in the not blessed condition. Their accuracy in distinguishing mistakes from lies in the not blessed condition resembled that reported in previous research in which traits such as blessedness (or its absence) were not assigned to the perpetrators. Thus children often perceived lying as uncharacteristic of the blessed whereas they applied the definition of lying as involving intentional falsehood for the not blessed. The results are discussed in terms of an early cultural cognition that involves beliefs about processes of purification and positive contagion.
THE EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON AGGRESSION IN THE NONBREEDING SEASON IS AGE-DEPENDENT IN MALE EUROPEAN STARLINGS
Authors: Pinxten Rianne , De Ridder Elke , Balthazart Jacques , Berghman Luc , Eens Marcel 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In birds, testosterone (T) regulates aggression during the breeding season. However, in some avian species, including European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), males also display high levels of aggression during the nonbreeding season (autumn and winter), when plasma T levels are low or non-detectable and even after castration. This nonbreeding aggression is generally believed to be independent of testicular T. Moreover, in European starlings several laboratory experiments even indicated that fighting ability was increased rather than decreased by castration. Here, we examined the effect of castration on nonbreeding aggression in captive male European starlings by pairing castrated males with sham-castrated males of the same age in dyadic trials and determining which male was significantly more aggressive when both birds were competing over access for a nestbox to roost in. Birds were (sham) castrated on 9 October and the dominance trials were run between December 2 and Febuary 7. In adults, we found no evidence that castration affected the frequency of nonbreeding aggression, despite the fact that T-levels in castrated males were significantly lower than in sham-castrated birds. In contrast, in yearling males that were castrated at the age of 4-5 months, castration significantly decreased nonbreeding aggression, although T-levels were only marginally decreased by the surgery. The maintenance of aggressive behaviour after castration in adults may be the result of experience or of the action of nongonadal sex steroids. The marked decrease in aggressive behaviour observed in castrated yearlings might be due to the fact that castration at this young age could have inhibited the ontogenetic development of behavioural and physiological mechanisms requiring signals from the gonads. Taken together, these results indicate that the effects of castration on nonbreeding aggression in male European starlings markedly depend on the age at the time of castration.
THE EFFECT OF CHANGING CALL DURATION AND CALLING BOUTS ON VIGILANCE IN BRANTS' WHISTLING RAT, PAROTOMYS BRANTSII
Authors: Roux Aliza Le , Jackson Tim , Cherry Michael 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The function of variation in single call duration and alarm calling bouts was investigated in Brants' whistling rat, Parotomys brantsii, by means of playback experiments and video analyses of the vigilance displayed. Short calls are produced in high-risk situations, and long calls in low-risk encounters, but these calls apparently do not communicate this variance in risk to conspecifics. Both short and long single calls induced heightened vigilance in receivers, but rats did not respond differentially to the two call types, and it was concluded that P.brantsii alarm calls are not functionally referential. Multiple calls maintained a state of increased alertness in receivers for a longer period than single calls, even after the bouts had ended, but long bouts (duration: 64 s) did not lead to longer periods of vigilance than short bouts (29 s). Thus the tonic communication hypothesis is only partially supported by our study.
VARIATION OF SOUND PARAMETERS AFFECTS THE EVALUATION OF HUMAN LAUGHTER
Authors: Kipper Silke , Todt Dietmar 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Sounds of human laughter compose quite effectual stimuli that usually facilitate positive responses. We have studied the mechanisms of such effects and investigated how changes in particular acoustical signal parameters affect the evaluation of laughter. Effects were assessed by evaluating self-report data of human subjects who had been exposed to playbacks of experimentally modified laughter material and, for control, also to samples of natural laughter. The modified laughter phrases were generated by first analysing samples of natural laughter, and then using these data to synthesise new laughter material. Analyses of subjects' responses revealed that not only samples that resembled the rhythm of natural laughter (repetition interval of about 0.2 s) were evaluated positively. Instead we found that series with a wide range of repetition intervals were perceived as laughter. The mode of parameter changes within the model series had an additional clear effect on the rating of a given playback sample. Thus, an intra-serial variation of rhythm or pitch received ratings that were closer to ratings of natural laughter (control) than did a stereotyped patterning of stimuli. Especially stimuli with decreases in pitch were well suited to elicit positive reactions. In conclusion, our results showed that features of parameter variations can make human laughter particularly effectual.
AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE CONSISTENCY OF COMPETITIVE ABILITY AND AGONISTIC DOMINANCE IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL CONTEXTS IN CAPTIVE BONOBOS
Authors: Vervaecke Hilde , Vries Han De , Elsacker Linda Van 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Bonobos have been described as a relatively egalitarian and female dominant species. The exact nature and quality of their dominance relationships and the existence of female dominance are current topics of dispute. We investigated the consistency across social contexts, the stability in time, and the degree of expression of the competitive feeding ability and agonistic dominance in a captive group of bonobos. First, we examined whether the competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks differed in different dyadic contexts, triadic contexts and the whole group context. For some pairs of animals the dominance relationships with respect to competitive feeding altered with different group compositions. The agonistic dominance relationships changed accordingly. The competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks in the experiments correlated strongly with each other. The alpha position was occupied by a female, but not all females outranked all males. We suggest that females can profit from each others presence to gain inter-sexual dominance. Second, although the agonistic rank order in the whole group remained the same over at least five years, some dyadic competitive feeding ranks changed over time, resulting in a stronger female intersexual dominance. Third, the degree of expression of the behaviors used to quantify dyadic competitive and agonistic dominance was not high, in line with the popular 'egalitarian' epithet. Notwithstanding its low consistency across contexts, the dominance hierarchy in the whole group has a strong predictive value for other social relationships such as grooming. Given this strong effect of rank on other behaviours and given the strong dependency of rank on social context, the choice of the right party members may be a crucial factor in the fission-fusion processes of free-ranging bonobos.
Chemical composition of smectites formed in clastic sediments. Implications for the smectite-illite transformation
Authors: Drief A. , Nieto F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAnalytical electron microscopy of representative smectites from soils and sediments revealed that K was present in significant proportions. It was the major interlayer cation in soils from pelitic rocks, continental and marine sediments, independent of their diagenetic grade. Sodium was predominant only in soils from basic rock. Fluvial sediments contained smectites with both kinds of interlayer compositions. The octahedral composition of each sample ranged widely, covering various fields of dioctahedral smectites. The most important trend was the substitution of Al by Fe and Mg; the chemistry of each smectite particle was determined by the parent mineral from which it formed. The real interlayer composition has important implications for the diagenetic smectite–illite transformation. When considering a typical K content, the smectite–illite reaction, with chlorite and quartz as subproducts, needs only 0.21 K atoms. For more K-rich compositions, a reaction is possible without an external supply of K.
Clay mineral mixtures as alteration products in pillow basalts from the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge: a TEM-AEM study
Authors: Giorgetti G. , Marescotti P. , Cabella R. , Lucchetti G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTransmission electron microscope-analytical electron microscope analyses have been carried out on secondary minerals from pillow basalts with various degrees of alteration from the Juan de Fuca Ridge (ODP Leg 168). The electron microscopic data indicate that the alteration products consist mainly of phyllosilicate mixtures. The least altered sample shows poorly crystalline phyllosilicates occurrring as flakes with 10 Å -spaced lattice fringes. They have compositions of celadonite mixed with smectite and/or Fe oxyhydroxides and Mg-rich smectite. Proceeding towards older, more altered basalts, the alteration products consist of: (1) poorly crystalline celadonite mixtures and Mg-rich smectite; and (2) phyllosilicates with a higher degree of crystallinity, showing lattice fringes with 9.1 Å -spacing and with a talc-like composition. Changes in phyllosilicate association occur as the type of alteration changes from an oxidizing, water-dominated system (occurrence of celadonite mixtures with Fe hydroxides) to a reducing, rock-dominated system (occurrence of Fe-smectite and talc-like mixtures).
K-rich rectorite from kaolinized micaschist of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone, Italy
Authors: Benincasa E. , Brigatti M. F. , Medici L. , Poppi L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRectorite crystals [[4](Si6.81Al1.19)[6](Al3.26Ti0.04Fe0.553+Mg0.18Mn0.01)[12](Na0.02K0.88Mg0.16Ca0.01)O20(OH)4·0.75H2O] found in micaschist of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone (NW Italy) were studied using a variety of techniques including microprobe analysis, infrared spectroscopy, single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and thermal analysis. Chemical data and exchangeable cation determination indicate that K+is the dominant non-exchangeable interlayer cation, and thus is believed to occupy the mica interlayer site; Mg2+together with small amounts of Ca2+, Na+and K+represent the exchangeable cations and can therefore be related to the smectite-like component. The coefficient of variation, CV, ofd(00l) values (CVnatural= 0.47; CVglycolated= 0.43) demonstrates the regularity of the mica-smectite interstratification, whereas the unit-cell parameters obtained by single crystal methods suggest different layer-stacking models.
Assessment of surface energetic heterogeneity of synthetic Na- saponites. The role of layer charge
Authors: Michot L. J. , Villiéras F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHigh-resolution gas adsorption techniques were used to analyse the evolution of the aspect ratio and adsorption energy distribution on synthetic saponite samples with increasing layer charge. Using Ar as a gaseous probe, the aspect ratio of the saponite particles can be determined easily by decomposing the derivative adsorption isotherms and taking into account high-energy sites which can be assigned to talc-like ditrigonal cavities. Changes in the shape of the elementary particles are observed for layer charges above 1.30, i.e. when all the ditrigonal cavities contain at least one Al atom substituting for Si. When N2is used as a probe, high-energy sites that could be wrongly interpreted as micropores on the basis of classical t-plot treatments are observed whatever the layer charge. Using the information obtained from both Ar and N2, schemes for describing adsorption can be proposed for all layer charges and suggest complex adsorption mechanisms for charged clay minerals.
Clay mineral alteration associated with meteorite impact in the marine environment (Barents Sea)
Authors: Dypvik H. , Ferrell R. E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMore than 50 samples from a Barents Sea borehole near the Mjolnir Structure (an extraterrestrial impact feature) were used to investigate changes in the clay assemblage associated with the submarine impact. Seismic evidence, the presence of shocked quartz and a prominent Ir anomaly restricted the potential impact affected zone to a 10 m interval, straddling the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary.Increased abundance (up to 30 wt%) of a smectite, a randomly interstratified smectite-illite with 85% smectite layers, forms the basis for a two-layer oceanic impact clay model that differs from published terrestrial cases. The smectite is assumed to represent seawater-altered impact glass from the ejecta blanket material that was mixed with resuspended shelf sediments by the collision generated waves. The smectite-rich interval is almost 5 m thick. It is overlain by a coarser unit (~2 m thick) containing abundant smectite, shocked quartz grains, and anomalous Ix contents at its base. The smectite-rich interval may have originated as a density/turbidity current, generated by the impact and the collapse and erosion of the crater rim. Seawater alteration of volcanic glass and changes in the tectonic regime of the provenance area, or changing oceanic current circulation patterns could produce similar variations in the clay mineral assemblage. The most compelling evidence for the possible impact derivation of this clay assemblage is the direct association with the Mjolnir Impact Structure and associated mineralogical and geochemical anomalies.
Mineral/melt partition coefficients of oceanic alkali basalts determined on natural samples using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LAM-ICP-MS)
Authors: Thompson G. M. , Malpas J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn order to limit the range of possible differentiation mechanisms and the impact of these processes on the trace element signatures of igneous suites, it is important to be able to predict or model the compositional evolution of the primary and/or parental magmas. Part of the problem in understanding these relationships in basalts from ocean islands is the paucity of reliable trace element mineral/melt partition coefficients, particularly for undersaturated magmas. Consequently, we have measured mineral/groundmass partition coefficients for Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Th and REE, in situ, in clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides and olivine in primitive basalts from Rarotonga, Cook Islands using LAM-ICP-MS.Analyses of these mafic rocks show high concentrations of most incompatible trace elements (e.g. Sr, Th, Y, REE, etc.) in pyroxenes relative to the other phases, suggesting that fractionation of pyroxenes was the dominant factor in the distribution of these trace elements during crystal fractionation. In such cases, the highly incompatible elements (D <0.01) are Ba, Cs and Nb. Elements that could also be classified as strongly incompatible (D <0.1) are Rb, Ta and Th. The remaining trace elements have bulk partition coefficient values that range from ∼.0.1 up to ∼.0.8 (Sr, Hf, Zr, Y and REE). Magnetites incorporate greater amounts of Nb and Ta than the titanaugites, and any significant fractionation of magnetite would have affected the bulk distribution of Nb and Ta. The LREE have lower Kd values than other REE, with the HREE having Kd values close to unity. Consequently, with the separation of titanaugite an overall enrichment of REE in the residual liquid with an increase in the La/Yb ratio is produced.
Tectonic setting of the carbonatite-melilitite association of Italy
Authors: Lavecchia G. , Boncio P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper the Late Pleistocene carbonatite-melilitite association (CMA) of Italy is evaluated in terms of the Plio-Quaternary extensional structures in the crust and mantle lithosphere. In particular, we briefly discuss the geometry and stress field of the host geological structures, the tectonic control on the eruptive style, the thickness and composition of the lithosphere. Some implications for a passive rift geodynamic environment are also considered.
Fe-Cu-Au-bearing scapolite skarn in moat sediments of the Taum Sauk Caldera, southeastern Missouri, USA
Authors: Lowell G. R. , Noll P. D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractStromatolitic carbonate in moat-fill of a 1.48 Ga caldera was converted to mineralized calc-silicate skarn by interaction with magma-derived brine at Ketcherside Gap in southeastern Missouri. The skarnrecords early lowfO2conditions similar to those of reduced W and Au skarns. Initial skarn-forming conditions were:PL≤ 221 bar (22.1 MPa),XCO2≤ 0.10,T= 450–;400°C, logfO2≈ –30, and logfS2≤ –13. Late skarn records combined effects of T↓,fO2↑,fS2↑,XCO2↓, and appearance of an immiscible CO2-rich vapour. The absence of a contact aureole indicates that skarn reactions were driven by advective heat transfer from an infiltrating fluid. Elsewhere in the region, hypersaline, synvolcanic fluids produced oxidized endoskarn in rhyolite. Development of carbonate-hosted, reduced skarn in caldera moat sediments is attributed to: (1) the nature of the host rock and reaction along a lengthy flow path; (2) early, but temporary, dilution of brine influx by CO2-producing reactions; and (3) cooling, possibly accompanied by increased brine influx with time.
Parageneses and compositional variations of Sb oxyminerals from Långban-type deposits in Värmland, Sweden
Authors: Holtstam Dan , Nysten Per , Gatedal Kjell 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Långban, Nordmark and Jakobsberg Mn-Fe deposits contain the only known occurrences of filipstadite and manganostibite (ideal formulae (Mn, Mg)2(Sb0.55+Fe0.53+)O4and Mn72+SbAsO12, respectively). Filipstadite from Nordmark is newly recognized, and occurs in assemblages with svabite-johnbaumite, calcite, tephroite-forsterite, phlogopite-kinoshitalite, tilasite, ±jacobsite, ±plumbia roméite, ±adelite, ±hedyphane. Manganostibite from Långban and Jakobsberg is reported for the first time, and the mineral is generally associated with katoptrite, tephroite, humite-group minerals, calcite, svabite, allactite, manganosite, hausmannite, jacobsite, spinels.s., etc. Whereas filipstadite is clearly secondary relative to the major part of the matrix components, manganostibite is believed to have formed coevally with the principal ore and skarn minerals at these deposits.The previously known compositional ranges are extended. Based on electron-microprobe analyses, Nordmark filipstadite contains 4.1–7.3 MgO, 0.0–0.5 Al2O3, 30.5–45.3 MnO, 17.0–40.1 Fe2O3, 0.2–0.9 ZnO, 19.9–29.9 Sb2O5(all in wt.%), corresponding to 58–100 mol.% of a pure filipstadite component. Associated jacobsites show Sb2O5contents of up toc. 5 wt.%. Manganostibites (all three deposits considered) contain 1.0–2.9 MgO, 2.8–3.8 SiO2, 57.4–60.3 MnO, 0.2–3.5 Mn2O3, 0.3–2.0 Fe2O3, 0.0–2.4 ZnO, 21.5–23.0 Sb2O5, 7.7–10.0 As2O5(all in wt.%). Si and trivalent cations are incorporated via a (Mn3+,Fe3+) + Si4+=Mn2++ As5+exchange mechanism, which improves the local charge balance at tetrahedral structural sites dominated by As.