bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ARNAVUTLUK’UN OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDEN KOPUŞU SORUNU (1912-1913)
Authors: AYDIN Mithat 
Published: January 2019

Arnavutluk, Osmanlı
Avrupası’ndan kopan en son toprak parçasıdır. Ulusal bağımsızlık hareketlerinin
ortaya çıktığı modern zamanlara kadar Arnavutluk, sahip oldukları yerel
imtiyazlarını korudukları sürece Sultan’a bağlılıktan ayrılmamışlardır. Arnavutluk’taki
bağımsızlık hareketleri 19. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısında hız kazanmıştır. Buna
temel neden ise Berlin Kongresi’nin Sırp ve Karadağ sınırlarını Arnavutlar
aleyhine genişletilmesini isteyen kararlarıdır. Yani Arnavut milliyetçiliği -başlangıçta-
diğer Balkan uluslarının tersine, doğrudan doğruya Osmanlı otoritesine karşı
değil, yabancı güçlerin kendi topraklarına yönelen saldırılarını engellemek
amacıyla doğmuştur. Bu amaçla 1878’de kurulan Prizren Birliği, Arnavut
topraklarının birliği ve savunulmasında Arnavutlar arasında önemli bir bilinç
oluşturmuştur. Balkan uluslarının bağımsızlıklarını kazanmaları, Arnavutları
önce dil ve kültür birlikteliğine, sonra da siyasal amaçlar etrafında
toplanmaya zorlamıştır. Arzu edilen şey, başlangıçta Osmanlı toprak bütünlüğü
içinde özerk bir yapı iken, daha sonra bağımsızlığa evrilmiştir. Kasım 1897,
Ocak 1899’da İpek’te Hacı Molla Zeka’nın başkanlığında yapılan toplantılar bu
türden (özerklik amaçlayan) örgütlenmelerdir. 1903’teki Makedonya İsyanı
sırasında Arnavutların Bulgar, Sırp ve Yunan saldırılarına maruz kalması onları
yeni bir savunma/saldırı biçimine yöneltmiştir: Komitacılık, Çetecilik.
Arnavutların 1908 Meşrutiyet idaresinden beklentilerinin (geniş bir özerkliğin)
gerçekleşmemesi, özellikle de Osmanlı Devleti’nin Arnavut topraklarını
koruyamayacağı inancı Arnavutlar arasındaki bağımsızlık fikrini
canlandırmıştır. 1913’teki bağımsızlığın ilanına kadar Osmanlı yönetimine karşı
arkası kesilmeyen ayaklanmalar, Tanin gazetesi yazarı Hüseyin Cahit’in
deyimiyle “her gün bitiyor ve her gün
yeniden başlıyordu.” Trablusgarp Savaşı, arkasından Balkan Savaşlarının
patlak vermesiyle Osmanlı Devleti’nin kontrolü kaybetmesi, Arnavut topraklarını
Balkan güçlerinin açık hedefi haline getirmiştir. Bu ise Arnavut ulusal gücünü yeniden
harekete geçirmiştir. Bu güç Arnavutluk’u İsmail Kemal Vlora’nın liderliğinde
önce -Aralık 1912 Londra Konferansıyla- özerkliğe, sonra da bağımsızlığa taşımıştır. 1913
Temmuzunda Büyük Devletlerin aldıkları bağımsızlık kararına göre Arnavutluk
büyük devletlerin garantisi altında meşruti monarşi ile yönetilen bağımsız bir devlet
olacaktı. Bu çalışma, Arnavutluk’un 1912-1913 yıllarındaki bağımsızlık
sürecinin iç dinamikleri ile uluslararası boyutunu Osmanlı ve İngiliz belgeleri
ışığında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Evaluation of myocardial dispersion of repolarization in patients with heart transplantation
Authors: BURAK CENGİZ , BAYSAL ERKAN , SÜLEYMANOĞLU MUHAMMED , YAYLA ÇAĞRI , ÇAY SERKAN , KERVAN ÜMİT 
Published: January 2019

Background/aim: The number of patients with heart transplantation has dramatically increased in the last decade. Considerable studies have suggested that the interval from the peak to the end of the electrocardiographic T wave (Tp-e) may correspond to the transmural dispersion of repolarization and increased Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio are associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. We analyzed the dispersion of myocardial repolarization using electrocardiographic Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio in patients with heart transplantation.
Materials and methods: This observational study included 38 patients (12 female and 26 male) with heart transplantation and 38 well-matched controls. From electrocardiograms, Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio were calculated and compared between the 2 groups.
Results: Noninvasive arrhythmia indicators including Tp-e interval (84.63 ± 14.17 ms vs 71.82 ± 7.47 ms, p < 0.001), Tp-e/QTc ratio (0.19 ± 0.04 vs 0.16 ± 0.02 p < 0.001) and QTc interval except QT interval were significantly higher in transplanted hearts compared to normal hearts.
Conclusion: Patients with heart transplantation have increased myocardial dispersion of repolarization.
Keywords: Tp-e/QTc ratio, heart transplantation, myocardial dispersion of repolarization
Correlation of Clinical and Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Postoperative Macular Hole Closure Status
Authors: Kwok Alvin K H , Lai Timothy Y Y , Yip Wilson W K 
Published: January 2019

* OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between clinical and opticaJ coherence tomography findings in macular hole closure status after surgery.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent macular hole surgery were recruited prospect ively. All patients underwent detailed macular examination with noncontact and contact biomicroscopy, and linear cross-sectional optical coherence tomography was performed. Macular hole status was defined as elevated/open, flat/open, and flat/closed. Pearsons correlation coefficient was calculated to study the relationship between the clinical and optical coherence tomography findings by assigning a pseudo-value for hole status.
* RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were recruited, with optical coherence tomography performed successfully in 27 cases. There was good correlation between the optical coherence tomography findings with both the noncontact (r=0.965; P-C. 001) and contact lens biomicroscopy (r=0.965; /VOOl).
* CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography findings of postoperative macular hole closure status correlate well with the clinical findings. Careful clinical examination alone may be adequate in determining the surgical anatomical end points in the majority of patients after macular hole surgery.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2003;34:25-32]
Heat Effects on the Retina
Authors: Piyathaisere Duke V , Margalit Eyal , Chen Shih-Jen , Shyu Jeng-Shyong , D'Anna Salvatore A , Weiland James D , Grebe Rhonda R , Grebe Lynnea , Fujii Gildo , Kim Sahng Yeon , Greenberg Robert J , De Juan Eugene , Humayun Mark S 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To study the heat and power dissipation effect of an intraocular electronic heater on the retina. The determination of thermal parameters that are nonharmful to the retina will aid in the development of an implantable intraocular electronic retinal prosthesis.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: In dogs, five different retinal areas were touched with a custom intraocular heater probe (1.4 × 1.4 × 1.0 mm) for 1 second while the heater dissipated 0 (control), 10, 20, 50, or 100 mW. In a second protocol, the heater was mechanically held in the vitreous cavity while dissipating 500 m W for 2 hours while monitoring intraocular temperature. The animals were observed for 4 weeks with serial fundus photography and electroretinography. The procedure was then repeated in the fellow eye. The dogs were killed and both eyes were enucleated and submitted for histology.
* RESULTS: In experiments using protocol 1, heater settings of 50 mW or higher caused an immediate visible whitening of the retinal tissue. Histologically, this damage was evident only if the eyes were immediately enucleated. Permanent damage was caused by heater settings of 100 m W or higher. Under protocol 2, no ophthalmologic, electroretinography, or histologic differences were noted between the groups. Temperature increases of 5°C in the vitreous and 2°C near the retina were noted.
* CONCLUSIONS: The liquid environment of the eye acts as a heat sink that is capable of dissipating a significant amount of power. An electronic chip positioned away from the retina can run at considerably higher powers than a chip positioned on the retinal surface.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2003;34:114-120.]
Evaluation of Limbal Conjunctival Autograft and Low-Dose Mitomycin C in the Treatment of Recurrent Pterygium
Authors: Nabawi Khaled S , Ghonim Mahfouz A , Ali Mohamad H 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of limbal conjunctival autograft and low-dose mitomycin C in the treatment of recurrent pterygium.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four eyes with recurrent pterygium underwent surgical excision followed by the intraoperative application of low-dose (0.05%) mitomycin C and the use of limbal conjunctival autograft. All patients were observed for at least 18 months for any complications, including recurrences.
* RESULTS: Neither recurrences nor serious complications were recorded. Visual acuity improved significantly (P < .05) in eyes with pterygium extending 3 mm or more beyond the limbus.
* CONCLUSION: Simple excision and low-dose mitomycin C followed by limbal conjunctival autograft is a safe and effective way of treating recurrent pterygium.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2003; 34 : 193196.]
Opacification of Two Hydrophilic Acrylic Intraocular Lenses 3 Months After Implantation
Authors: Macky Tamer A , Werner Liliana , Soliman Mahmoud M , Pandey Suresh K , Izak Andrea M , Apple David J 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To report clinical, pathologic, histochemical, ultrastructural, and spectrographic analyses of explanted hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) obtained from two patients who had early visual disturbances caused by postoperative opacification of the lens optic.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hydrophilic IOLs were explanted from patients with decreased visual acuity. The patients became symptomatic 3 months after uneventful phacoemulsification and lens implantation. IOL optic opacification was associated with a fine granularity within the substance of the lens optic. The IOLs were examined by gross and light microscopy. Full-thickness cut sections of the optics were stained with 1% alizarin red (a special stain for calcium). Some sections were submitted for scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy.
RESULTS: Microscopic analyses revealed the presence of multiple fine, granular deposits of variable sizes within the optics of the lenses distributed in a line parallel to the anterior and posterior curvatures of the optic, with a clear zone just beneath the optics' surface. Extension of the opacification into the haptics of the IOLs could also be observed. The deposits stained positive with alizarin red. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of the internal substance of the IOLs also demonstrated the presence of calcium within the deposits.
* CONCLUSIONS: This is the first clinicopathologic report of optic and haptic opacification occurring with this hydrophilic acrylic IOL model only 3 months postoperatively. Further studies on other similar cases with this lens should be done to determine the incidence and possible mechanisms of this phenomenon.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2003;34:197-202.]
Binocular Indirect Panretinal Laser Photocoagulation for the Treatment of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Gurelik Gokhan , Coney Joseph M , Zakov Z Nicholas 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of indirect laser photocoagulation in eyes with severe preproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospectively, 209 eyes were evaluated regarding the efficacy of indirect laser photocoagulation in eyes with no previous laser treatment, with previous laser treatment, and undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with indirect laser photocoagulation. Visual acuity and progression of retinopathy were documented.
* RESULTS: The no previous laser treatment group received a mean of 1 ,465 laser spots in an average of 1.3 sessions, with 80.8% of eyes having stable or improved vision. The previous laser treatment group received a mean of 1,149 laser spots in an average of 1.2 sessions, with 83% of eyes having stable or improved vision. The pars plana vitrectomy group received a mean of 1,039 laser spots in an average of 1.1 sessions, with improvement or stabilization of vision in 89.6% of eyes.
* CONCLUSIONS: Indirect panretinal photocoagulation should be considered for patients with diabetes when comfort, handicaps, and progression of severe retinopathy are a concern.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:94-102.]
Enhanced Documentation of Slit-Lamp Images of the Human Vitreous Stained With Fluorescein Sodium
Authors: Mori Keisuke , Yoneya Shin 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To develop a new method to document the slit-lamp image of the vitteous body as stained with fluorescein sodium.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The system consists of a Goldmann-type slit-lamp biomicroscope, a highly sensitive monochromatic charge-coupled device camera, and a video attachment for teal-time observation and recording. As a standard procedure, observation of the vitreous was conducted 60 minutes after intravenous administration of 500 mg of fluorescein sodium. This method was applied to 1 9 eyes with various eye diseases.
* RESULTS: Fine details of the vitreous were observed in all of the eyes. Posterior vitreous detachment could be recorded in 5 of the 19 eyes examined. Vitreoschisis and large lacunae were documented in 11 eyes.
* CONCLUSION: This method promises to be of value in detecting eatly age-related and pathological changes of the vitreous such as posterior vitreous detachment and vitreoschisis in clinics.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:233-238.]
Prevention of Suture Knot Exposure in Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation by 4-Point Scleral Fixation Technique
Authors: Baykara Mehmet , Avci Remzi 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The results and complications of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation by a 4-point scierai fixation technique are described.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty eyes of 47 patients who underwent scleral-fixated IOL implantation were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-one (42%) eyes had a history of trauma and 29 (58%) eyes had previously undergone cataract surgery. In all cases, IOL implantation by 4-point scierai fixation was performed and the knots of fixation sutures were rotated and buried in the globe. The IOL position was adjusted by suture rotation for best centration.
* RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 7 ± 4 months. Four (8%) eyes had minimal corneal edema preoperatively. Cystoid macular edema was noted in 2 (6.8%) eyes in the cataract surgery group and 8 (38%) eyes in the posttraumatic group. Two (9.5%) eyes in the posttraumatic group had atrophie macular changes and 1 (4.7%) had cornea! scarring, which impaired vision. No complications such as knot exposure, tilting of the IOL, decentralization, or endophthalmitis were noted postoperatively. Postoperative mean corrected visual acuity was 0.4 ± 0.3 in the posttraumatic group and 0.4 ± 0.2 in the cataract surgery group.
* CONCLUSION: The 4-point scierai fixation technique resulted in no serious postoperative complications such as suture exposure and endophthalmitis. Because the knot can be rotated and buried in the globe, knot exposure is less likely to occur. This procedure is more effective than other techniques regarding IOL centralization.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:379-382.]
Changing Concepts in Management of Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma: The 2003 J. Howard Stokes Lecture, Part 1
Authors: Shields Jerry A , Shields Carol L , Materin Miguel A , Marr Brian P , Demirci Hakan , Mashayekhi Arman 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To review trends in the management of circumscribed choroìdal hemangioma (CCH) and to propose treatment guidelines based on review of recent literature and the authors' personal experience with more than 250 cases.
* METHOD: The English-language literature on the management of CCH was reviewed, with emphasis on changing concepts in recent years.
* RESULTS: Xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation and thermotherapy have been used to treat CCH with localized retinal detachment, but there has recendy been enthusiasm for photodynamic therapy (PDT) using fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography to monitor subretinal fluid and cystoid retinal edema before and after treatment. Tumors with extensive retinal detachment have been managed by surgical attempts at retinal reattachment followed by photocoagulation or cryotherapy, and more recently by radiotherapy. Management currently includes observation, argon laser photocoagulation, transpupillary thermotherapy, PDT, and radiotherapy. Enucleation may be necessary in rare cases. The goal of treatment should be to induce resolution of existing retinal detachment and to improve or stabilize visual loss.
* CONCLUSIONS: There is increasing use of PDT for CCH with localized retinal detachment and radiotherapy for CCH with more extensive detachment. Although follow-up is short, current methods may achieve better tumor control and better visual outcome. However, caution is advised because long-term follow-up is still not available.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:383-394.]
Cyclosporin-Augmented Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty
Authors: Crouch Earl R , Lattanzio Frank A , Williams Patricia B , Mitrev Peter V , Theobald Todd , Allen Robert C 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Almost all patients develop iritis following argon laser peripheral iridoplasty. Numerous adverse effects, particularly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and reduced microbial resistance, complicate therapy with topical corticosteroids. An immunomodulator, such as cyclosporin A (CsA), avoids these undesirable effects, yet may suppress ocular inflammation.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty was performed on anesthetized rabbits with pigmented iris epithelium. Rabbits were randomly assigned to the untreated control, CsA (2%), or dexamethasone (0.1%) groups. Postoperative inflammation was documented by digital photography, IOP, and protein in aqueous humor.
* RESULTS: Iris injection, aqueous flare, and fibrin decreased most rapidly in the control group, as did protein in aqueous humor. Decreases in IOP of 49% to 58% were similar in all three groups. There were no differences in conjunctival congestion between the groups.
* CONCLUSION: Neither treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit phagocytosis (eg, topical steroids) nor treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs that suppress T-lymphocytes (eg, topical CsA) significantly attenuated inflammation following iridoplasty.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:475-481.]
The Role of the Clusters Analysis Techniques to Determine the Quality of the Content Wiki
Authors: Boulaajoul Mouna , Aknin Noura 
Published: January 2019

The online sources of the web, since years, are an extraordinarily important base of information and knowledge. Indeed, the web is one of the best access point to any type of information. For the users who want to share their knowledge, the wiki system is a powerful tool.
Nevertheless, any system has its limits. The investigation on the contributions performance of individual contributors is yet unexplored because it is partly related to the design of wikis which is considered for collaborative work. Consequently, this has made the assessment and evaluation of individual contributions a hard task.
In this research, we will attempt to emphasize the significance of distinguishing the relevant articles based on the opinions of contributors and their contributions. In this way, we will focus on the utilization of data mining using clusters analysis and k-means algorithm techniques.
Primary ovarian carcinoid and dotanoc positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Dougall Pankaj , Mahawar Shruti 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPrimary ovarian carcinoids are very rare tumors, representing only <1% of all carcinoid tumors and <0.1% of all ovarian neoplasm. Here, we present a case report where DOTANOC positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan helped in diagnosis and management of rare entity.
Comparison of quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis for interpretation of lower-limb lymphoscintigraphy
Authors: Nganga Edward Chege , Makhdomi Khalid 
Published: January 2019

AbstractQualitative analysis of lymphoscintigrams is subject to wide variability and may miss subtle differences in ilioinguinal uptake between normal and abnormal limbs. This study compared quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis of lower-limb lymphoscintigraphy in diagnosing lymphedema. Fifty-two lymphoscintigrams performed using standardized protocol, 99-metastable technetium nanocolloid intradermal injection at the first interdigital space, were analyzed quantitatively. Fifty-three normal and 51 abnormal limbs were analyzed. For each limb, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around the injection site, and ilioinguinal nodes on the 1.5 h static images and the counts in these ROIs were recorded. Percentage ilioinguinal nodes uptake was then computed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference in ilioinguinal uptake between normal and abnormal limbs. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated and the figures were used to plot a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Thirty-six females and 16 males (104 limbs) were analyzed. ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the mean uptake in normal (19.7%) and abnormal limbs (5.5%) (F = 81, P < 0.001). ROC had a maximal area under the curve of 0.924 (P < 0.001). The significant difference in the means of ilioinguinal uptake between normal and lymphedema limbs infers reduced lymphatic function. Ilioinguinal lymph node uptake is thus a reliable parameter in quantitative analysis of lymphoscintigrams.
Radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy isolation rooms: Introduction of lead glass window on the wall for patient comfort and better ambience
Authors: Al Aamri Marwa , Ravichandran Ramamoorthy , Al Balushi Naima 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFor administration of radioactive iodine for the treatment of differentiated cancer thyroid patients, activities ranging between 1.85GBq and 7.0GBq are used. The construction of concrete rooms cleared by national regulatory authorities do not recommend the presence of windows on the walls or advise same lead equivalence of wall for the lead glass if they are put on the walls. To avoid phobia of patients to give consent for I-131 treatment and to stay in isolation rooms, a necessity was felt to introduce glass window on the opposite side wall of entrance door, which had a service corridor with restricted entry, opening toward garden area. Commercially available lead glass used for X-ray computed tomography scanner was fixed on the 0.35 m thick concrete wall in two rooms. The adequacy of protection offered by the lead glass was determined. A I-131 capsule 600 MBq was moved at a distance 50 cm away from the wall inside the room, and transmitted radiation was measured outside the room. An end window pancake type, beta-gamma survey meter was used. The measured values were normalized for 3.7 GBq at 2 m bed position in μSv/h. The obtained maximum exposure rate was 1.48 μSv/h transmitted from the glass window, against 0.44 μSv/h transmitted at full concrete wall level. As the patients provide shielding to the administrated activity, also the activity is progressively decreasing fast with an effective half-life, the stray radiation levels will be decreasing outside, reducing the mean radiation level to 0.74 μSv/h, and increasing the efficacy of protection. The patient's bed position is at lower level by 0.5 m from the lower edge of the lead glass, so that during patient is in bed the stray radiation levels reduce further. As there are no reports about such facility for isolation rooms, this report may be of value in health physics literature.