bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Effective Integration in Australia
Authors: Gow Lyn , Balla John , Hall Judy , Konza Deslea , Snow Dianne 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFor the past twenty years integration of students with special needs has been emerging as one of the most significant educational and social challenges facing the world’s communities. Since the early 1970’s, the Commonwealth Schools Commission has supported attempts throughout Australia to integrate students with special needs into ordinary school settings, rather than to expand provision of segregated schools and centres. The nature and funding level of the Commission’s integration element has been the subject of extensive discussion in recent years and these discussions have now extended to the regular school arena where increasing numbers of students with special needs are being integrated. There was, therefore, wide consenus throughout Australia that a review of integration was needed at this time. The national review reported in this paper was commissioned by the Commonwealth Schools Commission in response to a request from the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation to participate in a three-country (Australia, Sweden and France) review of integration policies and practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the factors identified in this review as being vital to effective integration in Australia.
AASE – The Second Decade. A View of some Challenges Facing Special Education
Authors: Burge John 
Published: May 2019

Following the inaugural meeting of the Australian Association of Special Education in 1975, the initial constitution was adopted in September 1976 at the first national conference, held in Brisbane. This federation of state special education teacher groups was a response to a wide range of social, economic, political and philosophical issues which had been evident from the early seventies.The formation of a national special education association was in fact a fairly slow reaction to a growing need for a national perspective. As early as 1971 a Senate Standing Committee had asserted the right of all children to an education program irrespective of degree of handicap. In 1973 the Karmel Committee had again raised the issues relating to a national perspective on special education, including importing philosophical perspectives which were then picked up by a number of Schools Commission working parties which were the result of the Karmel Report. It was from these sorts of national activities, and in some instances from individuals involved in such activities, that the impetus to form a national special education association emerged. It is interesting, and pertinent to today’s analysis, that philosophical issues were the key to those early national meetings.The dilemma for any group or individual attempting to find or adopt a national viewpoint for special education in Australia is to unravel the confusion and diversity which arises from the manner in which education is provided in this country.
The On-Scene Medical Organization
Authors: Oyen Odd 
Published: May 2019

Experiences from accidents show that the majority of critical injuries die within the first 1-4 h if they do not receive some appropriate medical treatment. The problems of an accident with many casualties is dealt with by: (a) maximum utilization of resources; and (b) sorting the tasks.By rapid and skillful evaluation, we may sort out the critical injuries and give priority for treatment and transport. Through experience we have learned the few and very simple principles of dealing with critical injuries: (a) rapid and sufficient first-aid at the scene, (b) rapid evacuation to a hospital, (c) efficient final treatment, and (d) the need for an effective system of communication between the scene, the ambulances and the hospital.The principle objective of medical first-aid on the scene of an accident is to stabilize the patient and to make him fit for transportation. Only thereafter is the most necessary temporary treatment carried out. The resuscitation must be continued during transportation. Qualified personnel with equipment must accompany critical injuries. During the last decades there has been a considerable development in the first-aid on the site. Each wounded individual must get the maximum benefit. This requires a high degree of field administration and co-ordination of medical activity on site. This may differ from country to country, but in general the principles will be the same.
Search and Rescue Services for Airport Disasters in Germany
Authors: Frey G. , Winderlich A. 
Published: May 2019

The Search and Rescue Co-ordination Center Goch called me, some years ago, to the Stuttgart airport with the rescue helicopter of the Federal Armed Forces Rescue Center at Ulm. A single-engine sports plane, whose pilot was a student on his first solo flight, had tried a belly landing. Next to the runway, there were several fire-trucks, two ambulances and one emergency physician's car waiting. Our rescue helicopter stayed hovering for nearly one hour until the student pilot finally managed a belly landing. Safe on the ground, he was surrounded by firemen, paramedics and physicians, while we flew back to Ulm. We had not landed promptly I was told because of the landing taxes an army helicopter has to pay at a civilian airport! This episode prompted me to look for more information.The Federal Republic of Germany is obliged by international agreements to search for planes in distress—no matter what nationality—to save the passengers and, if possible, the equipment and to provide medical treatment for the survivors if necessary. This Search and Rescue (SAR) Service is executed according to the instructions given by the International Civil Aeronautical Organization (ICAO). In the Federal Republic, the SAR service is provided jointly by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Transport. The Ministry of defense provides the means and the Rescue Co-ordination Center. The Ministry of Transport provides the alarm services through the air traffic control offices.
Operations of Rescue Helicopters and Ambulance Aircrafts at Aircraft and Airport Disasters
Authors: Köhler A.F. , Dürner P. 
Published: May 2019

In aircraft and airport disasters help must reach the site of the accident in a very short time. In addition to the ground rescue service, rescue helicopters can also offer help. The rescue helicopter as a mobile intensive care unit contains a medical crew with a flying physician and a paramedic. The following are required basic equipment for rescue helicopters: resuscitation apparatus with and without oxygen; endotracheal intubation set; suction unit; apparatus for measuring blood pressure; infusion sets and solutions with intravenous cannulas; syringes and needles; bandages; special burn dressings; fixation and splinting material; vacuum mattress; surgical pocket kit; stomach tube; ECG monitor; defibrillator with pacemaker; drugs; and otoscope. This medical equipment has to be portable so that it can be used outside the rescue helicopter.The medical crew must be trained in emergency medical treatment and in aeromedical problems. Patients who are fit to fly can be transported by rescue helicopters after triage and support of their vital functions. This method is of most value if rapid transport to a distant specialized medical department, for example, to a burn or neurosurgery center, is required.The German Air Rescue operates seven rescue helicopters at five rescue helicopter centers for primary rescue with the helicopter types BO 105 CBS, BO 105, Bell 206 Long Ranger and 3et Ranger. Another important function of the service are long distance flights with patients to medical centers after aircraft and airport disasters. Specially equipped ambulance aircraft are used in these cases.
Further Concepts in Mass Disaster Planning for the Eighties
Authors: Star Leon D. , Abelson Louis C. , DelGuercio Louis R.M. 
Published: May 2019

What exactly comprises a “disaster?” The American College of Emergency Physicians has defined the term as “a sudden massive disproportion between hostile elements of any kind and survival resources that are available to counterbalance these hostile elements in the shortest period of time” (1).In a small airport supporting a town of 10,000 an aircraft accident involving 4 or 5 casualties can constitute a disaster by this definition, whereas at Kennedy Airport (JKF) with its large depots of medical support, and where our experience in this area has been considerable, it would take many more casualties to qualify as a disaster. “Black Sunday” at Tenerife, with 500 casualties in a single incident (2), focused world attention on the need for more adequate casualty care of air crashes at airports, particularly at airports that handle wide-bodied jets. In our efforts to improve the methods of “bringing the hospital to the emergency rather than the emergency to the hospital,” the “workshop” at Kennedy Airport has evolved over the years from a cumbersome inflatable unit with limited mobility, to a Mobile Emergency Hospital with a capacity of 100 beds and an operating room (3).In the past year, we have developed an even more practicable Mobile Emergency Hospital, the size of a standard cargo container, 40 feet long by 8 feet wide and 8 feet high with 4-wheel drive and self-propelled at 55 miles per hour, capable of being lifted by helicopter, flown in a Lockheed C130 or cargo 747, placed on a railroad flat-bed or transported as a container on the deck of a ship (4,5).
Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation
Authors: von Janik R. 
Published: May 2019

Irreversible brain damage may occur when cessation of circulation (cardiac arrest) lasts longer than a few minutes. Resuscitative measures, however, can be initiated anywhere without use of equipment, by trained individuals, ranging from the lay public to the physician specialist. The history of modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) includes the following steps during the past 30 years:1. Proof that ventilation with the operator's exhaled air is physiologically sound and superior to manual chestpressure arm-lift maneuvers (Elam, Safar, Gordon).2. Re-discovery and development of external cardiac compression (Kouwenhoven).3. Demonstration of the need to combine positive pressure ventilation with external cardiac compression (Safar).4. Intrathoracic and external electric defibrillation of the heart (Prevost, Zoll, Beck).For didactic purposes, Safar has divided cardiopulmonary - cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) into three phases and nine steps, using the letters of the alphabet from A to I.Basic Life Support is for emergency tissue oxygenation and consists of: A) airway control; B) breathing support, artificial ventilation of the lungs; and C) circulation support, recognition of pulselessness and establishment of an artificial circulation by cardiac compressions.Advanced Life Support addresses restarting spontaneous circulation and stabilizing the cardiopulmonary system. Phase II consists of steps: D) drugs and fluids by intravenous infusion; E) electrocardiography; and F) fibrillation treatment by electric countershock.Prolonged Life Support represents brainoriented intensive care for multiple organ failure in the post-resuscitative period. Phase III should be continued until the patient regains consciousness, brain death has been certified, or his underlying disease makes further resuscitation efforts useless.
The Medical Significance of the Narcotic SomsanitRDuring Disasters
Authors: Heller W. , Köhler G. 
Published: May 2019

Major disasters, during which large numbers of injured must be hospitalized, require specific medical measures. To obtain the most efficient results, the simplest means must be used at the site of the disaster to provide: the prevention of pain and shock; the maintenance of vital metabolic functions; the administration of local and general anesthesia; and the medical supervision of the transport of critically injured and the post-operative care of the patients. It must be taken into account that the use of non-physicians to help anesthesiologists may be necessary. These individuals work under the direction of the physician.Pain relief must be provided by sedatives and analgesics which cause minimal central respiratory depression, no increased stimulation to cardiac patients, and no increase in intracranial pressure in head injuries. An additional requirement is that no unwieldly apparatus is required. These criteria are met with the narcotic, sodium-4-hydroxybutyrate (SomsanitR).In 1950, Roberts and Frankel (1) investigated the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the regulating system for the sleep rhythm of the mammalian cerebrum. Two years later, Roberts and his co-workers (2-4) showed that GABA is reduced in the brain by a specific transaminase to a semial-dehyde of succinic acid (succinylsemialdehyde) and this, in turn, is reduced to a dehydrogenase, which is probably identical with lactate dehydrogenase, to gamma- or 4-hydroxybutyric acid. Since parenterally administered amino butyric acid is unable to pass through the blood-brain barrier, Laborit and his team (5,6) searched for derivatives which could reach the central nervous system via the cardiovascular system and found that 4-hydroxy-butyric acid has this property.
Recommendations on Medical Preparedness for Aeroplane and Airport Disasters
Authors: Baskett Peter J.F. , Frey Rudolf , Baker Frank J. , Linde H.J. , Star Loen D. , Dürner Peter , Achilles B. 
Published: May 2019

Every airport large and small should have a disaster plan to involve all rescue and medical services. (Jessen, Reich, Rørmark, Fahey, Bergot)Communications between participants at a disaster must be of the highest caliber if patients are to receive optimal care. Communications between fixed operational bases should be by dedicated telephone (intercom lines) and radio on an appropriate frequency. Redundancy must be incorporated into the system. Education for personnel must be reinforced by regular drills. (Baker)Disaster planning must take into account the fact that in many cases there will be survivors even from “hard impact” crashes taking place away from the airport. (Domres, Baker)Regular disaster drills using actual aircraft and involving all agencies for disaster management, including physicians, must occur. (Fahey, Jessen, Star)The principles of triage, field stabilization, and rational evacuation through an ambulance dispatch area must be incorporated into all plans. (Baker, Bergot, Fisher, Oyen)In a major disaster triage is essential in order for medical help to be most effective. (DeSinnger, Oyen, Matthews.) Triage should be carried out by the most experienced person available. Casualties should be categorized into the following groups: 1) those dead or about to die; 2) those who will benefit from immediate resuscitation and treatment; 3) those who will benefit from treatment at any early stage; and 4) those who have trivial or no injuries.
The “World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine” (WAEDM) (Club of Mainz)
Authors: Frey Rudolf , Safar Peter , Fahey Morgan 
Published: May 2019

The “Club of Mainz” for Improved Emergency and Disaster Medicine Worldwide was conceived in 1973 and founded in 1976 by about 10 reanimatologists under the leadership of the late Rudolf Frey (Crit Care Med 6:389, 1978). Its objectives are: “(1) to foster optimal resuscitation and life support methodologies worldwide; (2) to concern itself with a range from everyday emergencies to mass disasters, with appropriate consideration for differences in populations, available resources and other factors; and (3) to informally pursue the objectives by combining the resources of scientific, social and related information and experiences, together with international communication and collaboration.”The Club of Mainz recognizes the experiences and contributions of other organizations for public health related disaster relief, which particularly helps uninjured survivors and rehabilitates regions, but wishes to add the potentials of modern resuscitation (emergency and critical care medicine), focusing on the acutely ill or injured individual victim in distress.The Club of Mainz was inspired by the Club of Rome, which was initiated in 1968 by the late Aurelio Peccei and some other concerned non-medical leaders and scientists. The 10 non-medical key problems identified by the Club of Rome have equivalents for disaster medicine: (1) overpopulation (starvation); (2) no long range planning; (3) destruction of the environment (destruction of people); (4) business crises; (5) competitive armament leading to wars; (6) poverty (starvation, epidemics); (7) chaotic development in science and technology; (8) antiquated institutions; (9) schisms between East and West and between North and South; and (10) lacking moral leadership.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation — The Need for National Surveys
Authors: Zideman D.A. 
Published: May 2019

At the Second World Congress on Emergency and Disaster Medicine in Pittsburgh in 1981, Professor Negovsky talked about the Science of Resuscitation. Science is defined as systematic and formulated knowledge. Therefore, to be a science, resuscitation must be presented in accurate and concise terms. The introduction of Standards in the methodology of Resuscitation has achieved this. In 1977, the American Heart Association published Standards for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care (1) and revised them in 1980 as Standards and Guidelines (2). Organizations in other countries have also introduced such standards: the Canadian Heart Foundation, the Heart Foundation of New Zealand, the Australian Resuscitation Council, and the Resuscitation Advisory Council in the United Kingdom; they all have systematic and formulated methodologies. The value of these standards and guidelines in Resuscitation methods can only be gauged by the results of various individual surveys. The definition of Resuscitation as a science runs into problems when one begins to examine these results. This paper will illustrate the difficulties of evaluating Resuscitation results.Figure 1 shows a comparison of survival rates in5 centers (3-7) when Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) was initiated by a rescue team or a bystander. It would appear that Seattle had the best overall survival rate, followed by Oslo. But Thompson and colleagues (5) from Seattle studied survival from cardiac arrest only when ventricular fibrillation was present when the paramedical personnel arrived. Lund and Skulberg (7) from Oslo did not state their type of victim, whereas Cobb and his colleagues (4) in suburban Seattle, with the lowest survival rates, looked at all forms of cardiac arrests.
Italian Aid in Qorioley Refugee Camps, Somalia
Authors: DeStefanis B. , Lucia A.G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractItalian physicians who, from Oct. 1979 to April 1981 directed an emergency medical team in the Ogaden refugee camps of the Qorioley district of Somalia, report on location, general set-up, vital statistics, health aspects, water and food supply, sanitation, disposal of waste matter, health hazards, spread and control of diseases, health education, and planning of health services and health teams.Invited by the Caritas of Somalia and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) office in Mogadishu, Somalia, from October 15, 1979 to December 31, 1980, two Italian medical teams of the Associazione Universitaria per la Cooperazione Internazionale (AUCI) worked among the Ogaden Refugees in 3 camps of the Qorioley District, lower Shabelli Region of Somalia. Each team consisted of one physician and 2 registered nurses. The Qorioley district, about 140 km SW of Mogadishu, has high day-time temperatures and high humidity throughout the year. The day to night temperature gradients are high. Strong winds are blowing to and from the Indian Ocean.The 3 camps had been set up in the bush, on the right bank of the Shabelli river, about 8 km NW of Qorioley Town. The refugees in these camps were of Somali extraction and of Muslin culture and religion. They were housed in large military tents, aqal (round roofed skin covered hut of nomads), “mundul” (circular grass-thatched hut built around a central pole) and “arysh” (rectangular hut, corrugated iron tile roofs), aggregated at a very high density. More than 5000 people lived on one hectar. It was so crowded lhat there was no more space than 1.5 m2 of shelter per person. They lacked all hygienic services.Each camp had a food storage hut (mud walled with corrugated iron roof) and 2-3 water collection ponds, fed from the river. At the time of our arrival, two “arysh” with a total of 20 beds were in use for non-ambulatory patients. Scattered in the camps there were 6 “medical posts.”
The structure of mature mounds of the termite Macrotermes michaelseni in Kenya
Authors: Darlington Johanna P. E. C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe termite Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt) builds conical earth mounds with no external openings. The structure of the nests is described. The fungus combs and the nursery are in separate parts of a single hive chamber, and thus occupy the same air space. A closed system of inter-connected passages in the mound facilitates loss of metabolic heat to the atmosphere.
Effect of host plant on moulting in the African armywormSpodoptera exempta(Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at constant temperature and humidity conditions
Authors: Yarro Jacob G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere are five caterpillar instars in the life cycle ofSpodoptera exempta(Walk.) when they feed upon star grass,Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers., maize,Zea maisL. and Kikuyu grass,Pennisetum clandestinumChiov. at 25–30°C. When the temperature is 18°C, however, there was an additional instar in the cycle. Similarly extra instars are formed on Guinea grass,Panicum maximumJacq.,Setaria plicatilis(Hochst.) Hack, and a sedge,Cyperus maranguensisK. Schm. even when the temperature appears to be sufficiently high for normal development. Occasionally the additional sixth instar is also too small to pupate, in which case a seventh instar is formed. It appears that caterpillars on nutritionally inadequate host plants or those at low temperatures are being partially starved and must continue moulting until the appropriate size is attained or exceeded. Measurements of the head capsule widths or distances between the frontal clypeal setae suggest that only individuals reaching or exceeding a species specific threshold size pupate. Extra moults appear to be an adaptation to environmental fluctuations obtaining within the range of occurrence ofS. exempta.
Control of cereal aphids on wheat in People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Authors: Ba-Angood S. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLoss estimates for wheat insects in Africa and Asia have not received adequate attention. However, in PDR of Yemen, pests including insects, diseases, weeds and birds can cause 10™70% loss of wheat crop. Aphids are considered to be the major insect pests of wheat in the country. A survey of indigenous natural enemies has shown that they may contribute to overall aphid control. Sowing date experiments have shown that sowing in November led to higher yields and lower insect infestation than sowing in October and December. The insecticides tested achieved a significant control of aphids and higher yields when compared with unsprayed plots. A single application of malathion or dimethoate before mid-January was recommended for chemical control.