bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity after Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Kintu Alexander , Liu Enju , Hertzmark Ellen , Spiegelman Donna , Zack Rachel Margaret , Muya Aisa , Sando David , Bärnighausen Till , Fawzi Wafaie 
Published: March 2018

Objective: To describe the incidence of and risk factors for overweight and obesity following antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Methods: We used Cox proportional hazards models to investigate risk factors for incident overweight and obesity in 79 074 individuals aged 15 years or older who initiated ART in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Results: Twenty-five percent of the patients became overweight and 10% became obese. The incidence rate of obesity was 3.2 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1-3.3) in patients who were of normal weight before starting ART and 22.6 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 21.9-23.3) in those who were overweight. Lower CD4 count was associated with a higher risk of overweight and obesity ( P value for trend < .0001). Conclusion: There is a high burden of overweight and obesity after starting ART, leading to proportions of these 2 conditions that are similar to those in the general population.
Patient Experience of Living with Orofacial Pain: An Interpretive Phenomenological Study
Authors: Hazaveh M. , Hovey R. 
Published: March 2018

This study investigated the experience of living with chronic orofacial pain. Participating in this study’s individual in-depth interviews were 6 participants with chronic orofacial pain who were undergoing treatment at a pain clinic. In consideration of the empirical nature of the study, the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed from an interpretive phenomenological approach. The participants in the study experienced various types of loss as a result of chronic pain, such as the loss of employment, self-identity, and the ability to enjoy eating and engaging in social activities. Other findings revealed a disbelief among the families and medical community in the pain reported by the participants in this study. In addition, the current study explores the dissatisfaction of these participants with their journey through the health care system. Previous studies have concentrated on chronic pain predominantly through quantitative methods based on measurements, such as questionnaires. The biomedical aspects of pain are essential to report, yet the emphasis on this can result in overlooking the experience of living with chronic pain. Qualitative methodologies are necessary for gaining a more profound understanding of and appreciation for the individual patient and his or her unique perspective. The present study may benefit those living with chronic pain, since this sharing of experiences can help sufferers feel less isolated in their agony. The current article’s intention is to report these experiences in such a way that chronic pain sufferers and laypeople can comprehend and relate to them. In addition, the findings of this study should promote the knowledge and understanding of health care providers who deal with chronic pain sufferers, so that treatment is provided with more empathy and compassion. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The findings of the present study may assist health care professionals interacting regularly with sufferers of chronic pain to gain a deeper understanding of the chronic pain experience and how to best support these patients.
The Bifurcated Frontal Sinus
Authors: McCoul Edward D. , Tipirneni Kiranya E. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesFrontal sinus anatomy is complex, and multiple variations of ethmoid pneumatization have been described that affect the frontal outflow tract. In addition, the lumen proper of the frontal sinus may exist as 2 separate parallel cavities that share an ipsilateral outflow tract. This variant has not been previously described and may have implications for surgical management.Study DesignCase series.SettingTertiary rhinology practice.Subjects and MethodsCases with radiographic and intraoperative findings of separate parallel tracts within a unilateral frontal sinus were identified from a consecutive series of 186 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery between May 2015 and July 2016. Data were recorded including sinusitis phenotype, coexisting frontal cells, and extent of surgery.ResultsTen patients (5.4%) were identified with computed tomography scans demonstrating bifurcation of the frontal sinus into distinct medial and lateral lumens. All cases were treated with Draf 2a or 2b frontal sinusotomy with partial removal of the common wall to create a unified ipsilateral frontal ostium. Eleven sides had a coexisting ipsilateral agger nasi cell, 7 had a supra‐agger cell, 8 had a suprabullar cell, and 1 had a frontal septal cell. There were no significant complications.ConclusionThe bifurcated frontal sinus is an anatomic variant that the surgeon should recognize to optimize surgical outcomes. Failure to do so may result in incomplete clearance of the sinus and residual disease. The bifurcated sinus may occur with other types of frontal sinus cells and may be safely treated with endoscopic techniques.
Postoperative Pain Management in Vitreoretinal Surgery for Retinal Detachment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Massicotte Erika , Hammamji Karim , Landry Tara , Häuser Winfried , Fitzcharles Mary-Ann 
Published: March 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the evidence for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery for retinal detachment by systematic review. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed using multiple databases in July 2016 and September 2017. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts and analyzed selected papers in detail. Included studies assessed patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery for retinal detachment and described postoperative pain management. Risk of bias was assessed using the criteria outlined in the “risk of bias” tool in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Results: Nine randomized controlled studies comprising 517 patients met the inclusion criteria. Pain management included perioperative peribulbar, sub-Tenon, and retrobulbar anesthetic block; perioperative systemic anti-inflammatory and postoperative systemic and topical anti-inflammatory drugs; and ice compress. Pain scores were assessed with nominal, numerical, and visual analog scales. Risk of bias was low for 2 studies, unclear for 4 studies, and high for 3 studies. All studies reported better postoperative pain scores with the active treatment group except for a single study comparing retrobulbar chirocaine with and without clonidine. No serious adverse events were reported for any of the studies. Conclusion: Heterogeneity of studies did not allow for meta-analysis, but qualitative analysis suggests that pain relief can be achieved in the short term with a variety of treatment interventions. Additional study is required to specifically examine pain management strategies according to the characteristics of the anesthesia and surgery as well as the needs of the patient.
Layered double hydroxides: matrices for storage and source of boron for plant growth
Authors: de Castro Gustavo Franco , Ferreira Jader Alves , Eulálio Denise , de Souza Silas Junior , Novais Sarah Vieira , Novais Roberto Ferreira , Pinto Frederico Garcia , Tronto Jairo 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe increase of the absorption efficiency of boron (B) by plants is essential for increasing crop productivity. The intercalation of B in MgAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) is an alternative to evaluating how these materials can provide B to plants. In this work, a MgAl LDH intercalated with borate ions (Mg2Al-B-LDH) was synthesized by the constant pH coprecipitation method, and the material produced was evaluated as a matrix for storage and as a source of B for plants. The Mg2Al-B-LDH was characterized by XRD, ATR-FTIR, TGA-DTA, specific surface area, pore size and volume, and SEM. A bioassay was performed to verify the supply of B to plants from the two sources in the forms of H3BO3 and of Mg2Al-B-LDH to sunflower plants grown in pots. The LDH basal spacing value of 12.0 Å is characteristic of intercalation of tetraborate octahydrate ions [B4O5(OH)42−]·8H2O between the layers. There was an increase in the dry matter (DM) and B content of the plants relative to those treatments where no B was added. The lack of statistical difference for plant yield between the two sources of B suggests a lack of stability of the Mg2Al-B-LDH structure under the acidic condition of the soil.
Toward dual hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation and solid-organ transplantation for sickle-cell disease
Authors: Hosoya Hitomi , Levine Jeffrey , Abt Peter , Henry David , Porter David L. , Gill Saar 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Sickle-cell disease (SCD) leads to recurrent vaso-occlusive crises, chronic end-organ damage, and resultant physical, psychological, and social disabilities. Although hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is potentially curative for SCD, this procedure is associated with well-recognized morbidity and mortality and thus is ideally offered only to patients at high risk of significant complications. However, it is difficult to identify patients at high risk before significant complications have occurred, and once patients experience significant organ damage, they are considered poor candidates for HSCT. In turn, patients who have experienced long-term organ toxicity from SCD such as renal or liver failure may be candidates for solid-organ transplantation (SOT); however, the transplanted organs are at risk of damage by the original disease. Thus, dual HSCT and organ transplantation could simultaneously replace the failing organ and eliminate the underlying disease process. Advances in HSCT conditioning such as reduced-intensity regimens and alternative donor selection may expand both the feasibility of and potential donor pool for transplantation. This review summarizes the current state of HSCT and organ transplantation in SCD and discusses future directions and the clinical feasibility of dual HSCT/SOT.
Using impressed current cathodic protection systems of pipelines for electromagnetic exploration
Authors: Lindau Tobias , Becken Michael 
Published: March 2018

Low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) signals generated by networks of technical infrastructure such as power-lines, pipelines, or railways may provide a cheap and efficient means to perform EM depth sounding of the upper few kilometers of the earth. We attempt to use the signals emitted by an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system of a 35 km long gas pipeline segment in northwestern Germany. The installed ICCP system uses a periodical 12 s on/3 s off current switching scheme, which resembles current waveforms used in controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM). In contrast to CSEM, where a grounded electrical dipole is used as the source, the current flow in pipelines is not constant along its legs. Our efforts are therefore concentrated toward the determination of the temporal and spatial behavior of the electrical current within the investigated pipeline segment. Although the time dependency of the current can be measured directly at the injection point, the spatial distribution is only accessible through indirect observations. We use fluxgate magnetic field measurements at multiple locations directly above the pipeline to infer the local source current and its frequency-dependency and phase lag. We observe that the current decays roughly exponentially away from the injection point, exhibits a position-dependent frequency dependency, and experiences a phase shift that accumulates to more than 30° at the ends of the segment. These effects can be consistently explained with a transmission line model. Having determined the current distribution, we can represent the pipeline as an EM source superposed of point dipoles. The estimated source model allows us to predict the electric (and magnetic) fields at remote locations. To verify our approach, we deploy an array of telluric recorders in the vicinity of the pipeline, estimate the frequency-domain transfer functions, and invert the data into a 3D electrical conductivity model using smoothness-constrained inversion techniques.
Proneurotensin Predicts Cardiovascular Disease in an Elderly Population
Authors: Fawad Ayesha , Bergmann Andreas , Struck Joachim , Nilsson Peter M , Orho-Melander Marju , Melander Olle 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Context
The gut hormone neurotensin promotes fat absorption, diet-induced weight gain, and liver steatosis. Its stable precursor-hormone fragment “proneurotensin” predicts cardiometabolic disease in middle-aged populations, especially in women.

Objective
To test if proneurotensin predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes development in an elderly population and whether there are gender differences in this respect.

Design, Setting, and Participants
Fasting proneurotensin was measured in plasma from 4804 participants (mean age 69 ± 6 years) of the Malmö Preventive Project and subjects were followed up for development of CVD and diabetes during 5.4 years.

Main Outcome Measures
Multivariate adjusted Cox proportional hazard models CVD were used to relate the proneurotensin to the risk of incident CVD and diabetes in all subjects and in gender-stratified analyses.

Results
In total, there were 456 first CVD events and 222 incident cases of diabetes. The hazard ratio [HR (95% confidence interval)] for CVD per 1 standard deviation (SD) increment of proneurotensin was 1.10 (1.01 to 1.21); P = 0.037, and the above vs below median HR was 1.27 (1.06 to 1.54); P = 0.011, with similar effect sizes in both genders. There was no significant association between proneurotensin and incident diabetes in the entire population (P = 0.52) or among men (P = 0.52). However, in women proneurotensin predicted diabetes incidence with a per 1 SD increment HR of 1.28 (1.30 to 1.59); P = 0.025 and an above vs below median HR of 1.41 (1.10 to 1.80); P = 0.007.

Conclusions
In the elderly population, proneurotensin independently predicts development of CVD in both genders, whereas it only predicts diabetes in women.
The Effectiveness of Applying Soft Tissue Bonding Adhesive Composed of 2-Ethyl Cyanoacrylate to Epidural Catheter Fixations Using Film Dressings: An Open-Label, Randomized, Parallel-Group Comparative Study
Authors: Tadokoro Takahiro , Kakinohana Manabu , Navarro Michael , Goya Motoaki , Odo Yuichiro 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND:
Insufficient fixation of an epidural catheter may result in migration of the catheter and eventual catheter failure. However, the best fixation method remains to be established. Aron Alpha A (2-ethyl cyanoacrylate) adhesive is approved for clinical use and can be used for surgical adhesion to both skin and blood vessels. We hypothesized that the addition of Aron Alpha A adhesive to film dressing would result in consistent and dependable catheter fixation.

METHODS:
In this study, 58 women who were scheduled for cesarean delivery under spinal and epidural anesthesia were recruited. Patients were randomly assigned to a control or treatment group. In the control group, the catheter was fixed solely by film dressing. In the treatment group, a small amount of Aron Alpha A was applied at 2 sites along the catheter. The fixation area was then covered by film dressing. The catheter insertion length was recorded after fixation (T0), immediately postoperatively (T1), on postoperative day 1 (T2), and when the catheter was removed (T3). The change in insertion length from T0 to T3 between the 2 groups was the primary outcome measure. The incidence of catheter failure was also recorded. For all comparisons, P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:
Initially, 58 women were enrolled; however, 3 patients were excluded. From the remaining 55 patients, 27 and 28 were assigned to the control and treatment groups, respectively, and were evaluated. The change in insertion length from T0 to T3 was significantly more in the control group compared with the treatment group (−1.9 ± 2.2 vs 0 ± 0 cm, respectively; P < .001). In the control group, 11 catheters (41%) failed; in the treatment group, all catheters provided effective analgesia throughout the study (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Epidural catheter fixation using film dressing combined with 2-ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive application at 2 sites along the catheter resulted in secure fixation in patients receiving postoperative epidural analgesia for cesarean delivery.
Rationale and design of a multi-center, open-label, randomised clinical trial comparing HIV incidence and contraceptive benefits in women using three commonly-used contraceptive methods (the ECHO study)
Authors: Hofmeyr G. Justus , Morrison Charles S. , Baeten Jared M. , Chipato Tsungai , Donnell Deborah , Gichangi Peter , Mugo Nelly , Nanda Kavita , Rees Helen , Steyn Petrus , Taylor Douglas ,   ECHO Trial Team
Published: March 2018

Background: In vitro, animal, biological and observational clinical studies suggest that some hormonal methods, particularly depot medroxyprogesterone acetate – DMPA, may increase women’s risk of HIV acquisition. DMPA is the most common contraceptive used in many countries worst affected by the HIV epidemic. To provide robust evidence for contraceptive decision-making among women, clinicians and planners, we are conducting the Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) study in four countries with high HIV incidence and DMPA use: Kenya, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zambia (Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT02550067). Study design: We randomized HIV negative, sexually active women 16-35 years old requesting effective contraception and agreeing to participate to either DMPA, the copper T 380A intrauterine device or levonorgestrel implant. Participants attend a contraception support visit after 1 month and quarterly visits thereafter for up to 18 months. Participants receive a standard HIV prevention package and contraceptive side-effect management at each visit. The primary outcome is HIV seroconversion. Secondary outcomes include pregnancy, serious adverse events and method discontinuation. The sample size of 7800 women provides 80% power to detect a 50% relative increase in HIV risk between any of the three method pairs, assuming 250 incident infections per comparison. Ethical considerations: Several WHO consultations have concluded that current evidence on HIV risk associated with DMPA is inconclusive and that a randomized trial is needed to guide policy, counselling and choice. Previous studies suggest that women without a specific contraceptive preference are willing to accept randomization to different contraceptive methods. Stringent performance standards are monitored by an independent data and safety monitoring board approximately every 6 months. The study has been conducted with extensive stakeholder engagement. Conclusions: The ECHO study is designed to provide robust evidence on the relative risks (HIV acquisition) and benefits (pregnancy prevention) between three effective contraceptive methods.
Management of an incidental radiographic finding of a severely infraoccluded primary molar
Authors: Atia Sara Gahder , Elton Victoria , Woodmason Kirsty 
Published: March 2018

Infraocclusion is a term that is used to describe a tooth that is positioned below the occlusal plane owing to a failure of continued eruption. It can be associated with both the primary and the secondary dentition. However, infraocclusion occurs most frequently in the primary dentition with a reported prevalence of 1.3–35.3%. The mandibular first primary molar has been identified as being the most frequently affected tooth. This case reports on the joint orthodontic and surgical management of an incidentally diagnosed severely infraoccluded primary molar. The report also aims to highlight the importance of early diagnosis of infraoccluded teeth. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To provide a better understanding of the potential clinical sequelae that may occur as a result of infraocclusion and the different options available to manage an infraoccluded primary tooth.
Trying to have fun in ‘No Fun City’: Legal and illegal strategies for creating punk spaces in Vancouver, British Columbia
Authors: Green Katie Victoria 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Music scenes are sites of a reciprocal relationship that exists between physical spaces and the bodies that occupy them. Music venues, as centralizing nodes within local punk scenes, are integral spaces of socialization in which scene participants actively produce identity, culture and community. If scene participants and the physical venues that they congregate in are engaged in such an active, inter-dependent relationship, then what happens to those participants and their established communities when music venues are shut down? When faced with the dissolution of these gathering places, punk scene participants utilize various spatial tactics of rebuilding or transforming space, even if only a temporary measure to address the demands of the community at large. These strategies may work within established legal guidelines or outside them in an attempt to escape the threat of surveillance. However, additional difficulties may occur within the scene itself when participants disagree not only on which strategy is best but also what type of space most closely conforms to their understanding of what exactly ‘punk’ is or should be. This article conducts a comparison of such strategies via two case studies located within Vancouver, British Columbia: (1) The Cobalt Hotel; and (2) The Safe Amplification Site Society.