bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chyme Reinfusion for Small Bowel Double Enterostomies and Enteroatmospheric Fistulas in Adult Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bhat Sameer , Sharma Puja , Cameron Nelle‐Rose , Bissett Ian P. , O'Grady Greg 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐output double enterostomies (DESs) and enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAFs) of the small bowel account for substantial patient morbidity and mortality. Management may include parenteral nutrition (PN) and prolonged admissions, at high cost. Reinfusion of chyme into the distal bowel is a proposed therapeutic alternative when the distal DES limb is accessible; however, standardized information on this technique is required. This review aimed to critically assess the literature regarding chyme reinfusion (CR) to define its current status and future directions.MethodsA systematic search of medical databases was conducted for articles investigating CR in adults. Articles reporting indications, methods, benefits, technical issues, and complications resulting from CR were reviewed. A narrative synthesis of the retrieved data was undertaken.ResultsIn total, 24 articles reporting 481 cases of CR were identified, although articles were heterogeneous in their structure and reporting. CR was most frequently performed for remediation of high‐output DES and intestinal failure and for proximally located DES. Effluent output collection was commonly manual, with distal reinfusion more commonly automated, and with few dedicated systems. Multiple benefits attributed to CR were reported, encompassing weight gain, cessation of PN, and improvements in liver function. Technical problems included distaste, labor‐intensive methods, reflux of contents, and tube dislodgement. No serious AEs or mortality directly attributable to CR were reported.ConclusionsCR appears to be a promising, safe and well‐validated intervention for small bowel DES and EAF. However, more efficient and acceptable methods are required to promote greater adoption of the practice of CR.
Giant Vesicles with Encapsulated Magnetic Nanowires as Versatile Carriers, Transported via Rotating and Nonhomogeneous Magnetic Fields
Authors: Mateos‐Maroto Ana , Ortega Francisco , Rubio Ramón G. , Berret Jean‐François , Martínez‐Pedrero Fernando 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTwo real‐time methods to transport magnetic nanowires confined in giant hybrid vesicles upon the application of different strategies are studied. The microscale carriers are either magnetically guided through the viscous medium by a nonhomogenous field or advected by precisely monitored hydrodynamic flows. The slender geometry of the magnetic component enables the application of large torques, the in situ characterization of the rotational dynamics, as well as the guided propulsion via the continuous thrust of the nanowire tip on the confining bilayer. The flexibility of the vesicles, required to deform along the steering direction during passage through microscale openings, is enhanced via the adsorption of nonionic surfactants on the lipid membrane. The resulting integrated system is an excellent candidate to transport colloidal cargos or fluid amounts of some picoliters in microfluidic platforms, even in physiological environments, since it combines the maneuverability of propelled microscopic systems and the protection conferred by the vesicle.
Influence of MnO2 and Fe2O3 on the Burning Characteristics of AN/AP‐Based Composite Propellants
Authors: Kohga Makoto , Togo Shimpei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe partial substitution of ammonium perchlorate (AP) for ammonium nitrate (AN) improves the burning characteristics of AN‐based propellants, because the advantages of AP propellants compensate for the drawbacks of AN propellants and vice versa. The burning characteristics of AN/AP‐based propellants supplemented with MnO2 and Fe2O3 were measured, and the effects of these catalysts on the burning characteristics of the propellants were investigated using the collected data. The ignitability and the burning rate of the AN/AP propellant was improved by the addition of MnO2. The addition of the MnO2/Fe2O3 bicatalyst improved the ignitability of the propellants compared to adding only MnO2, but the improvement was identical to that obtained using Fe2O3. The burning rate increased in the order MnO2<Fe2O3<bicatalyst. Furthermore, the effect of these catalysts on the burning characteristics was found to depend on the size of the AP particles and the type of binder.
Probing Effective Out‐of‐Plane Piezoelectricity in van der Waals Layered Materials Induced by Flexoelectricity
Authors: Wang Xiang , Cui Anyang , Chen Fangfang , Xu Liping , Hu Zhigao , Jiang Kai , Shang Liyan , Chu Junhao 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMany van der Waals layered 2D materials, such as h‐BN, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and group‐III monochalcogenides, have been predicted to possess piezoelectric and mechanically flexible natures, which greatly motivates potential applications in piezotronic devices and nanogenerators. However, only intrinsic in‐plane piezoelectricity exists in these 2D materials and the piezoelectric effect is confined in odd‐layers of TMDs. The present work is intent on combining the free‐standing design and piezoresponse force microscopy techniques to obtain and directly quantify the effective out‐of‐plane electromechanical coupling induced by strain gradient on atomically thin MoS2 and InSe flakes. Conspicuous piezoresponse and the measured piezoelectric coefficient with respect to the number of layers or thickness are systematically illustrated for both MoS2 and InSe flakes. Note that the promising effective piezoelectric coefficient (deff33) of about 21.9 pm V−1 is observed on few‐layered InSe. The out‐of‐plane piezoresponse arises from the net dipole moment along the normal direction of the curvature membrane induced by strain gradient. This work not only provides a feasible and flexible method to acquire and quantify the out‐of‐plane electromechanical coupling on van der Waals layered materials, but also paves the way to understand and tune the flexoelectric effect of 2D systems.
N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers with Interweaved Nanochannels for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Zhao Wenxiang , Hu Xiang , Ci Suqin , Chen Junxiang , Wang Genxiang , Xu Qiuhua , Wen Zhenhai 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAlthough graphite materials have been applied as commercial anodes in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), there still remain abundant spaces in the development of carbon‐based anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an electrospinning route is reported to fabricate nitrogen‐doped carbon nanofibers with interweaved nanochannels (NCNFs‐IWNC) that contain robust interconnected 1D porous channels, produced by removal of a Te nanowire template that is coelectrospun within carbon nanofibers during the electrospinning process. The NCNFs‐IWNC features favorable properties, including a conductive 1D interconnected porous structure, a large specific surface area, expanded interlayer graphite‐like spacing, enriched N‐doped defects and active sites, toward rapid access and transport of electrolyte and electron/sodium ions. Systematic electrochemical studies indicate that the NCNFs‐IWNC exhibits an impressively high rate capability, delivering a capacity of 148 mA h g−1 at current density of as high as 10 A g−1, and has an attractively stable performance over 5000 cycles. The practical application of the as‐designed NCNFs‐IWNC for a full SIBs cell is further verified by coupling the NCNFs‐IWNC anode with a FeFe(CN)6 cathode, which displays a desirable cycle performance, maintaining acapacity of 97 mA h g−1 over 100 cycles.
Fuel characteristics, loads and consumption in Scots pine forests of central Siberia
Authors: Ivanova Galina A. , Kukavskaya Elena A. , Ivanov Valery A. , Conard Susan G. , McRae Douglas J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractForest fuel investigations in central and southern Siberian taiga of Scots pine forest stands dominated by lichen and feather moss ground vegetation cover revealed that total aboveground biomass varied from 13.1 to 21.0 kg/m2. Stand biomass was higher in plots in the southern taiga, while ground fuel loads were higher in the central taiga. We developed equations for fuel biomass (both aerial and ground) that could be applicable to similar pine forest sites of Central Siberia. Fuel loading variability found among plots is related to the impact and recovery time since the last wildfire and the mosaic distribution of living vegetation. Fuel consumption due to surface fires of low to high-intensities ranged from 0.95 to 3.08 kg/m2, that is, 18–74% from prefire values. The total amount of fuels available to burn in case of fire was up to 4.5–6.5 kg/m2. Moisture content of fuels (litter, lichen, feather moss) was related to weather conditions characterized by the Russian Fire Danger Index (PV-1) and FWI code of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. The data obtained provide a strong foundation for understanding and modeling fire behavior, emissions, and fire effects on ecosystem processes and carbon stocks and could be used to improve existing global and regional models that incorporate biomass and fuel characteristics.
Propaganda to persuade
Authors: Yu Tinghua 
Published: September 2019

AbstractI analyze a model in which an incumbent ruler designs a rule for propaganda disclosure that reveals information about her competence to her allies and opponents. A message that increases beliefs about the incumbent's competence is considered as propaganda. I show that for propaganda to be persuasive, it must be limited in frequency. I also demonstrate how various features of the environment affect the frequency of propaganda. Propaganda increases in frequency as the incumbent's allies become more dependent on her and as her opponents become weaker. Further, there is a non-monotonic relationship between the strength of the conflict of interest between both her allies and her opponents and the frequency of propaganda. As conflict increases, the frequency of propaganda decreases up to a threshold beyond which increased conflict is associated with more frequent propaganda.
The levels problem in psychopathology
Authors: Eronen Markus I. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPsychiatric disorders are studied at multiple levels, but there is no agreement on how these levels are related to each other, or how they should be understood in the first place. In this paper, I provide an account of levels and their relationships that is suited for psychopathology, drawing from recent debates in philosophy of science. Instead of metaphysical issues, the focus is on delivering an understanding of levels that is relevant and useful for scientific practice. I also defend a pragmatic approach to the question of reduction, arguing that even in-principle reductionists should embrace pluralism in practice. Finally, I discuss the benefits and challenges in integrating explanations and models of different levels.
Frogs with denser group-spawning mature later and live longer
Authors: Cai Yun Lin , Mai Chun Lan , Liao Wen Bo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of longevity variation has deservedly received much attention in evolutionary ecologist. Here we tested the association between longevity and spawning-site groups across 38 species of Chinese anurans. As indicators of group-spawning we used spawning-site group size and spawning-site density, which we measured at 152 spawning sites in the field. We found that both spawning-site density and group size were positively associated with longevity. Male group-spawning (e.g., male spawning-site density and male spawning-site group size) was also positively correlated with longevity. A phylogenetic path analysis further revealed that longevity seems directly associated with spawning-site density and group size, and that the association in part depend on the ‘groups-spawning-age at first reproduction’ association. Our findings suggest that the increased group-spawning are likely to benefit in declining extrinsic mortality rates and living longer through improving total anti-predator behaviour under predation pressure.
Gendered inanimates in Shetland dialect
Authors: Velupillai Viveka 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe use of gendered pronouns with inanimate noun referents, such as referring tolineandpipeassheand tobagorlidashe, has been described as typical for Shetland dialect. In light of recent discussion on the shift from Shetland dialect to Standard English, presumably triggered by the sociodemographic changes brought on by the oil industry, this study investigates the gender system in both the pre-oil and post-oil speech of the variety. Using a database of over 368,000 words of oral history material and a sample of elicited contemporary speech, it is shown that the choice of gender correlates with a number of linguistic and social variables. Furthermore, the study shows that the use of gendered pronouns with inanimate nouns is a robust and stable feature of contemporary Shetland dialect.
Lexical bundles in conversation across Englishes
Authors: Huang Zeping , Bui Gavin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis study adoptsNelson’s (2014)methodological framework to investigate core and peripheral lexical bundles (i.e. recurrent multi-word sequences) in conversation, using data from the British, Canadian, Singapore, and Hong Kong components of theInternational Corpus of English(ICE). The overlap and non-overlap comparisons reveal (dis)similarities in the use of bundles across the four World Englishes (WEs). Our findings suggest that in terms of discourse building blocks, the more advanced a variety is according toSchneider’s (2007)Dynamic Model of New Englishes, the more lexical bundles it shares with the common core in conversation. Canadian English (CanE) shares the most common ground with British English (BrE). As a nascent variety, Hong Kong English (HKE) differs most from BrE, while Singapore English falls between CanE and HKE. Though the results do not correlate with Schneider’s Dynamic Model at the level of recurring chunks, they allow us to test predictions of WEs models. Quantitative and qualitative analyses enable the identification of bundles with significantly high frequency in each regional variety, thus enriching comparative research of WEs.
Egophoric marking and person indexation in Japhug
Authors: Jacques Guillaume 
Published: September 2019

AbstractJaphug, like other Gyalrong languages, is one of the very few languages with both a full-fledged person indexation system and an egophoric evidential category. A detailed account of the uses and meanings of the Egophoric and its interaction with person is thus of interest to the typology of evidential systems. This paper describes the uses of Egophoric marking in Japhug and of the other two evidential categories with which it contrasts (Factual and Sensory), as well as their interaction with person indexation. Due to the limited distribution of the Egophoric in Japhug (it only occurs in present contexts), the present paper exclusively focuses on the uses of evidentials with stative verbs in present (imperfective) contexts, where minimal pairs are available in the corpus.
The effect of dialectal variation on word recognition
Authors: Lu Yu-An 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPrevious studies on Chinese dialect variation have mostly focused on the description of dialects, the regions where these dialects are spoken, attitudes towards dialects, and acoustic differences across dialects. The present study draws on experimental evidence concerning a vowel difference in two Taiwan Southern Min (TSM) dialects to provide more understanding on how non-contrastive, dialectal variations may affect speakers’ processing of speech. The variation of interest is a phonemic difference, [ə] and [ɔ], in the vowel inventory in two TSM dialects, in which the difference signals a lexical contrast in one dialect (e.g. [ə-a] ‘oyster’ vs. [ɔ-a] ‘taro’) but not in the other ([ɔ-a] ‘oyster, taro’). A long-term repetition-priming experiment investigating the word recognition involving the two vowels revealed a dialect effect on TSM speakers’ word recognition in accordance with prior exposure, native-ness and variant frequency. Implications of the findings are provided.
Adjectival modification in Truku Seediq
Authors: Saillard Claire 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the position of adjectives in noun phrases in Truku Seediq, proposing that the two documented positions correspond to different semantics as well as a difference in syntax. While post-nominal adjectives, corresponding to basic word-order in Truku Seediq, may be either restrictive or descriptive, pre-nominal adjectives, seen as an innovation, are semantically restrictive. This paper also argues for a difference in syntactic structure for both kinds of adjectives, restrictive adjectives heading their own projection while descriptive adjectives are bare adjectives standing in a closer relationship to the modified noun. This paper further identifies a syntactic constraint for pre-nominal adjectival placement that applies regardless of restrictivity of the modifier, namely the presence of a possessive clitic to the right of the modified noun. Data collection is achieved through both a traditional elicitation method and an experimental task-based method. Data are further digitalized in order to ensure systematic searchability. The data thus collected are apt to support semantic analysis as well as an investigation of age-group-related variation. It is claimed that language contact with Mandarin Chinese may be one of the triggering factors for the development of a pre-nominal position for modifying adjectives in Truku Seediq.
A micro-perspective on Verb-second in Romance and Germanic
Authors: Meklenborg Salvesen Christine 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Verb-second (V2) phenomenon is one of the central issues of modern linguistic theory. This volume examines V2 from a micro-perspective, comparing various languages and periods. At the heart of the work presented here lies the clear assumption that Verb-second is by no means a unitary phenomenon, but rather a heterogenous and rich system that affects languages in various ways.
The Problem with Public Morals
Authors: Foster Caroline E 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Empirical study reveals that the methods employed for identifying public morals and societal values in international dispute settlement seldom capture them directly. Rather what we see are governmentally mediated representations of these morals and values. Accepting such representations masks diversity in moral views and societal values within populations, assumes that governments properly represent populations on matters of conscience, and may endorse the characterization of social policies as an embodiment of public morality even where they are in tension with accepted human rights. The underlying difficulty appears to be that public morals defences entered international economic law at a time predating the current highly legalized dispute settlement processes with which we are now familiar, and that they are unsuited by nature to international adjudication in its present form. Contrastingly, the idea of legitimate public policy objectives featuring in certain recently negotiated regional free trade agreements poses fewer concerns of this nature.
Pembrolizumab-Induced Stevens–Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in a Patient With Metastatic Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Robinson Shamika , Saleh Jasmine , Curry Jonathan , Mudaliar Kumaran 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:
We present a rare case of a pembrolizumab-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). A 55-year-old woman with a history of metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma presented with a widespread mucocutaneous rash. Seventeen days after receiving her first cycle of pembrolizumab, she presented with fever, difficulty breathing, watery eyes, and painful oral ulcers. Physical examination revealed widespread erythematous papules and papulovesicles involving the trunk, upper extremity, and lower extremity and hemorrhagic plaques on the lower lip and buccal mucosa. Biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of SJS/TEN. This case highlights the importance of awareness of SJS/TEN as a possible adverse reaction for patients receiving pembrolizumab, a medication increasingly being used to treat metastatic or unresectable malignancies.
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
Authors: Vezinaw Chloe M. , Fishman Gerald A. , McAnany J. Jason 
Published: September 2019

Purpose:
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited pigmentary retinal dystrophy where patients experience poor peripheral, night, and eventually central vision. There are statements in the literature which suggest visual acuity loss can progress to total blindness in these patients. This study sought to examine these statements by performing a retrospective analysis of the visual acuity measured in a large cohort of RP patients.

Methods:
The charts of 1,095 RP patients were reviewed in this retrospective cross-sectional analysis. They included all of the RP patients examined by one of the authors (G.A.F.). Patients with sector RP or a delimited form of this disease were not included. The review was focused on the analysis of patients with 20/200 or worse vision in the better-seeing eye (N = 215).

Results:
We determined that 0.46% of the enrolled patients progressed to no light perception in each eye. Ninety-two percent of the 1,095 patients examined were able to read a visual acuity chart. There were 6.8% who saw only hand motion, count fingers, or light perception.

Conclusion:
No light perception was measured in only 0.46% of patients. Thus, only a very small number of the RP patients in our cohort progressed to total blindness.
A Physical Therapy Intervention to Advance Cognitive and Motor Skills: A Single Subject Study of a Young Child With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Dusing Stacey C. , Harbourne Reggie T. , Lobo Michele A. , Westcott-McCoy Sally , Bovaird James A. , Kane Audrey E. , Syed Gullnar , Marcinowski Emily C. , Koziol Natalie A. , Brown Shaaron E. 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Physical therapy interventions for children with severe motor impairments do not address the relationship between motor and cognitive development.

Purpose:
Evaluate the potential of a physical therapy intervention focusing on enhancing cognitive and motor outcomes in a child with severe motor impairments.

Design:
AB phase design without reversal.

Methods:
One child participated in 8 assessments from 4 to 29 months of age. The START-Play intervention was provided for 3 months following 4 baseline assessments over 12 months. Total Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), Sitting, Reaching, and Problem Solving assessments were completed. Visual inspection, 2 standard deviation (SD) Band Method, and percent of nonoverlapping data methods evaluated change.

Results:
This child had improved GMFM total and sitting scores, increased frequency of toys contacts, and increased rate of problem-solving behaviors following intervention.

Conclusion:
START-Play shows promise for children with severe motor impairments. Additional research is needed to evaluate efficacy.

Video Abstract:
For more insights from the authors, access Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/PPT/A273. (Pediatr Phys Ther 2019;31:347-352)