bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracing and constraining anthropogenic aerosol iron fluxes to the North Atlantic Ocean using iron isotopes
Authors: Conway Tim M. , Hamilton Douglas S. , Shelley Rachel U. , Aguilar-Islas Ana M. , Landing William M. , Mahowald Natalie M. , John Seth G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAtmospheric dust is an important source of the micronutrient Fe to the oceans. Although relatively insoluble mineral Fe is assumed to be the most important component of dust, a relatively small yet highly soluble anthropogenic component may also be significant. However, quantifying the importance of anthropogenic Fe to the global oceans requires a tracer which can be used to identify and constrain anthropogenic aerosols in situ. Here, we present Fe isotope (δ56Fe) data from North Atlantic aerosol samples from the GEOTRACES GA03 section. While soluble aerosol samples collected near the Sahara have near-crustal δ56Fe, soluble aerosols from near North America and Europe instead have remarkably fractionated δ56Fe values (as light as −1.6‰). Here, we use these observations to fingerprint anthropogenic combustion sources, and to refine aerosol deposition modeling. We show that soluble anthropogenic aerosol Fe flux to the global surface oceans is highly likely to be underestimated, even in the dusty North Atlantic.
Structural balance emerges and explains performance in risky decision-making
Authors: Askarisichani Omid , Lane Jacqueline Ng , Bullo Francesco , Friedkin Noah E. , Singh Ambuj K. , Uzzi Brian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPolarization affects many forms of social organization. A key issue focuses on which affective relationships are prone to change and how their change relates to performance. In this study, we analyze a financial institutional over a two-year period that employed 66 day traders, focusing on links between changes in affective relations and trading performance. Traders’ affective relations were inferred from their IMs (>2 million messages) and trading performance was measured from profit and loss statements (>1 million trades). Here, we find that triads of relationships, the building blocks of larger social structures, have a propensity towards affective balance, but one unbalanced configuration resists change. Further, balance is positively related to performance. Traders with balanced networks have the “hot hand”, showing streaks of high performance. Research implications focus on how changes in polarization relate to performance and polarized states can depolarize.
Long-range interactions between proximal and distal regulatory regions in maize
Authors: Li En , Liu Han , Huang Liangliang , Zhang Xiangbo , Dong Xiaomei , Song Weibin , Zhao Haiming , Lai Jinsheng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLong-range chromatin interactions are important for transcriptional regulation of genes, many of which are related to complex agronomics traits. However, the pattern of three-dimensional chromatin interactions remains unclear in plants. Here we report the generation of chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) data and the construction of extensive H3K4me3- and H3K27ac-centered chromatin interaction maps in maize. Results show that the interacting patterns between proximal and distal regulatory regions of genes are highly complex and dynamic. Genes with chromatin interactions have higher expression levels than those without interactions. Genes with proximal-proximal interactions prefer to be transcriptionally coordinated. Tissue-specific proximal–distal interactions are associated with tissue-specific expression of genes. Interactions between proximal and distal regulatory regions further interweave into organized network communities that are enriched in specific biological functions. The high-resolution chromatin interaction maps will help to understand the transcription regulation of genes associated with complex agronomic traits of maize.
Direct band-gap crossover in epitaxial monolayer boron nitride
Authors: Elias C. , Valvin P. , Pelini T. , Summerfield A. , Mellor C. J. , Cheng T. S. , Eaves L. , Foxon C. T. , Beton P. H. , Novikov S. V. , Gil B. , Cassabois G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride is a large band-gap insulating material which complements the electronic and optical properties of graphene and the transition metal dichalcogenides. However, the intrinsic optical properties of monolayer boron nitride remain largely unexplored. In particular, the theoretically expected crossover to a direct-gap in the limit of the single monolayer is presently not confirmed experimentally. Here, in contrast to the technique of exfoliating few-layer 2D hexagonal boron nitride, we exploit the scalable approach of high-temperature molecular beam epitaxy to grow high-quality monolayer boron nitride on graphite substrates. We combine deep-ultraviolet photoluminescence and reflectance spectroscopy with atomic force microscopy to reveal the presence of a direct gap of energy 6.1 eV in the single atomic layers, thus confirming a crossover to direct gap in the monolayer limit.
Coherent X-ray measurement of step-flow propagation during growth on polycrystalline thin film surfaces
Authors: Headrick Randall L. , Ulbrandt Jeffrey G. , Myint Peco , Wan Jing , Li Yang , Fluerasu Andrei , Zhang Yugang , Wiegart Lutz , Ludwig Karl F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe properties of artificially grown thin films are strongly affected by surface processes during growth. Coherent X-rays provide an approach to better understand such processes and fluctuations far from equilibrium. Here we report results for vacuum deposition of C60 on a graphene-coated surface investigated with X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy in surface-sensitive conditions. Step-flow is observed through measurement of the step-edge velocity in the late stages of growth after crystalline mounds have formed. We show that the step-edge velocity is coupled to the terrace length, and that there is a variation in the velocity from larger step spacing at the center of crystalline mounds to closely-spaced, more slowly propagating steps at their edges. The results extend theories of surface growth, since the behavior is consistent with surface evolution driven by processes that include surface diffusion, the motion of step-edges, and attachment at step edges with significant step-edge barriers.
Altered NMDAR signaling underlies autistic-like features in mouse models of CDKL5 deficiency disorder
Authors: Tang Sheng , Terzic Barbara , Wang I-Ting Judy , Sarmiento Nicolas , Sizov Katherine , Cui Yue , Takano Hajime , Marsh Eric D. , Zhou Zhaolan , Coulter Douglas A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is characterized by epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autistic features, and CDKL5-deficient mice exhibit a constellation of behavioral phenotypes reminiscent of the human disorder. We previously found that CDKL5 dysfunction in forebrain glutamatergic neurons results in deficits in learning and memory. However, the pathogenic origin of the autistic features of CDD remains unknown. Here, we find that selective loss of CDKL5 in GABAergic neurons leads to autistic-like phenotypes in mice accompanied by excessive glutamatergic transmission, hyperexcitability, and increased levels of postsynaptic NMDA receptors. Acute, low-dose inhibition of NMDAR signaling ameliorates autistic-like behaviors in GABAergic knockout mice, as well as a novel mouse model bearing a CDD-associated nonsense mutation, CDKL5 R59X, implicating the translational potential of this mechanism. Together, our findings suggest that enhanced NMDAR signaling and circuit hyperexcitability underlie autistic-like features in mouse models of CDD and provide a new therapeutic avenue to treat CDD-related symptoms.
Regulation of forward and backward locomotion through intersegmental feedback circuits in Drosophila larvae
Authors: Kohsaka Hiroshi , Zwart Maarten F. , Fushiki Akira , Fetter Richard D. , Truman James W. , Cardona Albert , Nose Akinao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnimal locomotion requires spatiotemporally coordinated contraction of muscles throughout the body. Here, we investigate how contractions of antagonistic groups of muscles are intersegmentally coordinated during bidirectional crawling of Drosophila larvae. We identify two pairs of higher-order premotor excitatory interneurons present in each abdominal neuromere that intersegmentally provide feedback to the adjacent neuromere during motor propagation. The two feedback neuron pairs are differentially active during either forward or backward locomotion but commonly target a group of premotor interneurons that together provide excitatory inputs to transverse muscles and inhibitory inputs to the antagonistic longitudinal muscles. Inhibition of either feedback neuron pair compromises contraction of transverse muscles in a direction-specific manner. Our results suggest that the intersegmental feedback neurons coordinate contraction of synergistic muscles by acting as delay circuits representing the phase lag between segments. The identified circuit architecture also shows how bidirectional motor networks could be economically embedded in the nervous system.
Using macro and micro electrochemical methods to understand the corrosion behavior of stainless steel thermal spray coatings
Authors: Gateman Samantha Michelle , Halimi Ilias , Costa Nascimento Alexandre Romão , Lacasse Robert , Schulz Robert , Moreau Christian , Chromik Richard , Mauzeroll Janine 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHigh-velocity oxygen fuel thermal spray stainless steel coatings are desirable for their excellent erosion resistance. However, the fabrication process can lead to a decrease in corrosion resistance in comparison to the original bulk material. Here we produced stainless steel coatings on stainless steel substrates using varying deposition parameters to investigate the corrosion properties of the resulting composite steels and elucidate the corrosion behavior both on the macro and micro scale. Macro potentiodynamic polarization measurements carried out in corroding environments demonstrated the rate of degradation of the Fe-Cr alloy coating. After short immersion periods, the coatings showed iron-like active corroding behavior and no passivation regions on the anodic branch. Over time, the coating’s corrosion behavior began to change to signify similar results to that of pure chromium. Ex-situ electron microscopy and elemental composition revealed a Cr oxide rich layer left on the coating’s surface. Micro electrochemical techniques including scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning micropipette contact method were employed over the coatings and powdered material, respectively, to show that the lack of protective passivity the thermal spray coatings possess is mostly inherited from the atomized powdered stainless steel material.
K+ and Cl− channels/transporters independently fine-tune photosynthesis in plants
Authors: Dukic Emilija , Herdean Andrei , Cheregi Otilia , Sharma Anurag , Nziengui Hugues , Dmitruk Dominika , Solymosi Katalin , Pribil Mathias , Spetea Cornelia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn variable light environments, plants adjust light use in photosynthetic electron transport and photoprotective dissipation in the thylakoid membrane. In this respect, roles of the K+/H+ antiporter KEA3, the Cl− channel/transporter CLCe and the voltage-dependent Cl− channel VCCN1 have been unraveled in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we report that they independently adjust photosynthesis on the basis of analyses using single and higher order loss-of-function mutants. In short experiments of photosynthetic response on transition from dark to low light, we reveal a sequential functioning of VCCN1 and CLCe in the activation of photoprotection and of KEA3 in its downregulation to a low steady state while adjusting the electron transport. On transition from low to high light, VCCN1 accelerates the activation of photoprotection, whereas KEA3 slows it down on transition from high to low light. Based on parallel electrochromic band shift measurements, the mechanism behind is that VCCN1 builds up a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane, whereas KEA3 dissipates this gradient, which affects photoprotection. CLCe regulates photosynthesis by a pH-independent mechanism likely involving Cl− homeostasis. Nevertheless, all genotypes grow well in alternating high and low light. Taken together, the three studied ion channels/transporters function independently in adjusting photosynthesis to the light environment.
Low connectivity compromises the conservation of reef fishes by marine protected areas in the tropical South Atlantic
Authors: Endo Clarissa Akemi Kajiya , Gherardi Douglas Francisco Marcolino , Pezzi Luciano Ponzi , Lima Leonardo Nascimento 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe total spatial coverage of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) has recently achieved the quantitative requirement of the Aichii Biodiversity Target 11. However, the distribution of MPAs in the Brazilian EEZ is still unbalanced regarding the proportion of protected ecosystems, protection goals and management types. Moreover, the demographic connectivity between these MPAs and their effectiveness regarding the maintenance of biodiversity are still not comprehensively understood. An individual-based modeling scheme coupled with a regional hydrodynamic model of the ocean is used to determine the demographic connectivity of reef fishes based on the widespread genusSparisomafound in the oceanic islands and on the Brazilian continental shelf between 10° N and 23° S. Model results indicate that MPAs are highly isolated due to extremely low demographic connectivity. Consequently, low connectivity and the long distances separating MPAs contribute to their isolation. Therefore, the current MPA design falls short of its goal of maintaining the demographic connectivity ofSparisomapopulations living within these areas. In an extreme scenario in which the MPAs rely solely on protected populations for recruits, it is unlikely that they will be able to effectively contribute to the resilience of these populations or other reef fish species sharing the same dispersal abilities. Results also show that recruitment occurs elsewhere along the continental shelf indicating that the protection of areas larger than the current MPAs would enhance the network, maintain connectivity and contribute to the conservation of reef fishes.
Altered conformational structures of nervous necrosis virus surface protrusions and free coat proteins after incubation at moderate-low temperatures
Authors: Gye Hyun Jung , Nishizawa Toyohiko 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a pathogenic fish virus belonging to family Nodaviridae. The objective of this study was to analyze stabilities of NNV surface protrusion and free coat protein (CP) conformational structures by analyzing changes of NNV infectivity and antigenicity after incubation at moderate-low temperatures. When cultured NNV suspension was incubated at 45 °C, its infectivity declined gradually but its antigenicity maintained. In contrast, both infectivity and antigenicity of purified NNV declined after incubation at 45 °C. After heat-treatment, surface protrusions of NNV particles disappeared completely, although viral particle structures maintained. Therefore, the reduction in NNV infectivity appeared to specifically occur as a result of heat-denaturation of virus surface protrusions. The loss of NNV infectivity in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was delayed compared to virus heated in the absence of FBS, demonstrating that FBS could function as a stabilizer for conformational structures of NNV surface protrusions. Moreover, the stabilizing function of FBS changed depending on salt concentration. Continued maintenance of antigenicity for heated cultured NNV suspension containing free-CPs may suggest that conformational structures corresponding to protrusion-domain of free-CP are more heat-stable than those of surface protrusions on NNV particles.
Traumatic Brain Injury-related voiding dysfunction in mice is caused by damage to rostral pathways, altering inputs to the reflex pathways
Authors: Albayram Onder , MacIver Bryce , Mathai John , Verstegen Anne , Baxley Sean , Qiu Chenxi , Bell Carter , Caldarone Barbara J. , Zhou Xiao Zhen , Lu Kun Ping , Zeidel Mark 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBrain degeneration, including that caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to severe bladder dysfunction, including incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms; with the causes remaining unknown. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent repetitive moderate brain injury (rmdTBI) or sham injury, then mice received either cis P-tau monoclonal antibody (cis mAb), which prevents brain degeneration in TBI mice, or control (IgG). Void spot assays revealed age-dependent incontinence in IgG controls 8 months after injury, while cis mAb treated or sham mice showed no dysfunction. No obvious bladder pathology occurred in any group. Urodynamic cystometry in conscious mice revealed overactive bladder, reduced maximal voiding pressures and incontinence in IgG control, but not sham or cis mAb treated mice. Hyperphosphorylated tau deposition and neural tangle-like pathology occurred in cortical and hippocampal regions only of IgG control mice accompanied with post-traumatic neuroinflammation and was not seen in midbrain and hindbrain regions associated with bladder filling and voiding reflex arcs. In this model of brain degeneration bladder dysfunction results from rostral, and not hindbrain damage, indicating that rostral brain inputs are required for normal bladder functioning. Detailed analysis of the functioning of neural circuits controlling bladder function in TBI should lead to insights into how brain degeneration leads to bladder dysfunction, as well as novel strategies to treat these disorders.
High-throughput sequencing of IgG B-cell receptors reveals frequent usage of the rearranged IGHV4–28/IGHJ4 gene in primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Hirokawa Makoto , Fujishima Naohito , Togashi Masaru , Saga Akiko , Omokawa Ayumi , Saga Tomoo , Moritoki Yuki , Ueki Shigeharu , Takahashi Naoto , Kitaura Kazutaka , Suzuki Ryuji 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPrimary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired form of thrombocytopenia caused by IgG anti-platelet autoantibodies and represents an organ-specific autoimmune disorder. Although the glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa and GPIb/IX have been shown to be targets for autoantibodies, the antigen specificity of autoantibodies is not fully elucidated. To identify the characteristics of IgG B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires in ITP, we took advantage of adaptor-ligation PCR and high-throughput DNA sequencing methods for analyzing the clone-based repertoires of IgG-expressing peripheral blood B cells. A total of 2,009,943 in-frame and 315,469 unique reads for IGH (immunoglobulin heavy) were obtained from twenty blood samples. Comparison of the IGHV repertoires between patients and controls revealed an increased usage of IGHV4–28 in ITP patients. One hundred eighty-six distinct IGHV4–28-carrying sequences were identified in ITP patients and the majority of these clones used an IGHJ4 segment. The IGHV4–28/IGHJ4-carrying B-cell clones were found in all ITP patients. Oligoclonal expansions of IGHV4–28/IGHJ4-carrying B cells were accompanied by multiple related clones with single amino substitution in the CDR3 region suggesting somatic hypermutation. Taken together, the expansion of IGHV4–28/IGHJ4-carrying IgG-expressing B cells in ITP may be the result of certain antigenic pressure and may provide a clue for the immune pathophysiology of ITP.
Stochastic changes in gene expression promote chaotic dysregulation of homeostasis in clonal breast tumors
Authors: Felts Sara J. , Tang Xiaojia , Willett Benjamin , Van Keulen Virginia P. , Hansen Michael J. , Kalari Krishna R. , Pease Larry R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCells within tumors vary in phenotype as a result of changes in gene expression caused by a variety of mechanisms, permitting cancers to evolve under selective pressures from immune and other homeostatic processes. Earlier, we traced apparent losses in heterozygosity (LOH) of spontaneous breast tumors from first generation (F1) intercrossed mice to atypical epigenetic modifications in the structure of DNA across the tumor genomes. Here, we describe a parallel pattern of LOH in gene expression, revealed through quantitation of parental alleles across a population of clonal tumors. We found variegated patterns of LOH, based on allelic ratio outliers in hundreds of genes, enriched in regulatory pathways typically co-opted by tumors. The frequency of outliers was correlated with transcriptional repression of a large set of homozygous genes. These findings suggest stochastic losses in gene expression across the genome of tumors generate phenotypic variation among cells, allowing clonal selection during tumor development.
A self-powered electrolytic process for glucose to hydrogen conversion
Authors: Li Yongfeng , Liu Wei , Zhang Zhe , Du Xu , Yu Lin , Deng Yulin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGlucose is a promising feedstock for hydrogen production but the existing microbial electrolysis process suffers from low efficiency. Here we show a process for hydrogen production using an integrated device consisting of a liquid-catalyst fuel cell (LCFC) stack and a polymer exchange membrane electrolytic cell (PEMEC). Glucose that cannot be directly used in traditional fuel cell was used as both the fuel to power the LCFC and the hydrogen sources. Different from simple combination of two independent units, the LCFC and PEMEC in our device are dependant one on another by using a SHAREDCELL, and all electrolytes in both fuel cell and electrolyzer are self-regenerated without using external electricity. As a result, feed stock of glucose was converted to pure hydrogen in cathode, and carbon dioxide in anode. The net reaction of the process is that glucose decomposes to hydrogen and carbon dioxide under thermal heating at ~85 oC.