bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between hypernatremia and breast milk sodium levels in newborns with hypernatremic dehydration
Authors: Tekin Orgun Leman , Atlıhan Fusün , Olukman Özgür , İşleten Figen , Orgun Ali , Genel Ferah , Çalkavur Şebnem , Öztürk İsmail Cengiz , Özbek Erhan 
Published: May 2018

Objectives: Breast-feeding with high sodium content milk may cause hypernatremic
dehydration in neonates (NHD). The number of cases with NHD tends to increase
particularly in the higher temperature seasons. In this prospective
case-control study, the relationship between NHD and breast milk sodium (Na)
levels and demographic features of NHD were investigated during the summer
season. Methods: The study
included term newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of our
hospital with the diagnosis of hypernatremic dehydration between June 2009 and
October 2009. Serum sodium level ≥ 150mEq/L was accepted as hypernatremia.
Among 109 NHD patients, breast milk sodium level was evaluated in 50 cases.
Term infants without hypernatremic dehydration were taken as the control group
(50 cases). Results: Postnatal
age at admission ranged between 2 and 12 days and mean serum Na concentration
was 152 mEq/L (150-173 mEq/L). A significant weight loss of &gt;10% was
determined in 85% of cases. Breast milk Na was significantly higher in the
hypernatremic group (24.3 ± 20.3 mEq/L) compared to the control group (12.6 ± 6.79
mEq/L) (p &lt; 0.001). In primiparous mothers, the mean breast milk Na
level was statistically higher than that of multipara mothers (21.16 ± 19.9 mEq/L
vs 15.48 ± 9.96 mEq/L, p &lt; 0.016). Conclusions: In this
study, we demonstrated that high breast milk sodium level was closely related
with NHD and being a primiparous mother appeared as a significant factor for
high breast milk sodium content. In this respect, all pregnant women especially
primiparous should be educated about infant nutrition and neonatal dehydration.
Health care providers should emphasize importance of frequent milking and more
fluid intake, especially in summer.
DORSUMSISI, AWAL KEKERASAN TERHADAP PEREMPUAN?
Authors: Isroqunnajah Isroqunnajah 
Published: May 2018

<p class="Bodytext6" align="left"><span>The allegations against the practice of institutionalized dorsumsisi in some parts of the world and teragenda as the material discourse fiqh, interesting to be responded and dismantled aspects of normatifitas and historicity. This paper discusses dorsumsisi, medical term to mention the practice of circumcision for women. Medically it is reported that dorsumsisi as a harmless operative procedure and in accordance with the biomedical theory of Victoria's biological determinism. This practice resulted in differences in legal status, Imam Syafii and some followers of Imam Hambali responded as obligatory. While some followers of Imam Hanafi, Imam Malik and some followers of Imam Syafii proclaim sunnah and followers of Imam Hanafi, some followers of Imam Malik and Hambali argue mustahab. Each with its own argument. Whatever the legal status that the ulama have produced, if this practice is carried out with an obsession with the medical benefits to be gained, then this practice is not a form of violence as expected.</span></p><p class="Bodytext6" align="left"><span lang="IN"> </span></p><p class="Bodytext6" align="left"><span>Tuduhan terhadap praktik dorsumsisi yang telah melembaga di beberapa belahan dunia ini dan teragenda sebagai materi wacana fiqh, menarik untuk direspon dan dibongkar aspek normatifitas dan historisitasnya</span><span>. Tulisan ini membahas dorsumsisi, terma medis untuk menyebut praktik khitan bagi perempuan. Secara medis dilaporkan bahwa dorsumsisi sebagai prosedur operatif yang tidak berbahaya dan sesuai dengan teori biomedis dari determinisme-biologis Victoria. Praktek ini nembuahkan perbedaan status hukumnya, Imam Syafii dan sebagian pengikut Imam Hambali meresponnya sebagai sesuatu yang wajib. Sementara sebagian pengikut Imam Hanafi, Imam Malik dan beberapa pengikut Imam Syafii menyatakan sunnah dan para pengikut Imam Hanafi, sebagian pengikut Imam Malik dan Hambali berpendapat mustahab. Masing-masing dengan a</span><span lang="IN">r</span><span>gumentasinya sendiri-sendiri</span><span lang="IN">.</span><span lang="IN"> A</span><span>papun status hukum yang telah dihasilkan oleh para ulama, jika praktik ini dilangsungkan dengan obsesi manfaat medis yang akan didapat, maka praktek ini tidaklah merupakan bentuk kekerasan</span><span lang="IN"> sebagaimana yang diduga</span><span lang="IN">.</span></p><p class="Bodytext20"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
American Orthopaedic Association’s (AOA) Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors (CORD) Summer 2017 Conference: Top Abstracts
Authors: Harrington Melvyn ,   on behalf of the CORD/Academics Committee
Published: May 2018

This article is the first in a collaboration between the American Orthopaedic Association’s (AOA) Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors (CORD) and JBJS to highlight selected abstracts presented at the Summer CORD Conference. These abstracts all serve to support the purpose and mission of CORD:“The American Orthopaedic Association’s Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors (CORD) program strives to recognize best practices in orthopaedic residency education and fellowship education based on ACGME [Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education]-defined essential knowledge and skills in each of the residency education competency areas. CORD provides a forum for academic orthopaedic leaders to exchange ideas, discuss solutions to challenges, and find ways to effectively teach residents in orthopaedic programs.”

The following abstracts were presented at the Summer 2017 CORD Conference in Charlotte, North Carolina. They are excellent examples of education-related research and will hopefully inspire more investigation into this much-needed area.
GROUND WATER IN GRANITE ROCKS AND TECTONIC MODELS
Authors: LARSSON INGEMAR 
Published: May 2018

A systematic study has been carried out concerning ground water in faults and fractures in a granite rock and the results are compared with those of uniaxial testing of granite specimens in rock mechanic laboratories. Dikes of diabase intersect the granite and indicate the plane of deformation syntectonic to the dikes. A collection of the tectonic data from the granite is statistically treated and the tectonic picture of the area fits very well into the deformation plane, indicated by the intrusion (Jotnian).
The faults and fractures of the granite are, according to their position in relation to the plane of deformation, hypothetically interpreted as tension and shear faults. The faults in shear position are supposed to be tight and have very little ground water. The tension faults, on the other hand, are supposed to be open and to be capable of a high yield of ground water. This hypothesis is tested by core-drillings, percussion drillings and test pumping.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND PLANT PRODUCTION DIRECTLY RELATED TO GLOBAL RADIATION
Authors: ASLYNG H. C. 
Published: May 2018

This article is based on the thesis, that when sun radiation is not in excess and advected energy supply can be neglected, then for periods of plant cover and growth, both evapotranspiration and plant production are linearly and strongly related to global radiation.
The regression coefficients will depend also on plant, soil and other climatic factors, but global radiation will be the dominating factor for potential evapotranspiration and potential plant production in given regions.
Experiences with the Use of the Aerological Method in Evaporation Studies in Northwestern Europe
Authors: Alestalo Mikko , Savijärvi Hannu 
Published: May 2018

Two different approaches of the aerological method were used for estimating evaporation in northwestern Europe in the period 1969-1970.
Daily operational aerological observations (»the synoptic approach«) gave better results for homogeneous areas (e.g. the Baltic Sea) than for a nonhomogeneous surface. One drawback in this approach was the non-uniform station network due to a lack of observations and resulting in scattered values even for monthly means.
Based on annual mean moisture fluxes at the aerological stations (»the statistical approach«) the evaporation from the Bothnian Sea was estimated to be about 300 mm/year. The main convergence of the water vapor flux occurred below the 900 mb level and was largely due to the mean part of the flux. The results appeared to be quite dependent on the homogeneity of the data sample.
In both approaches the main source of error is the lack and low quality of data, because divergence calculations are sensitive to errors in wind data. The linearity approximation used may also fail in low levels. Careful data checking and the use of complete data samples are needed when the aerological method is applied.
Analysis of Hydrologic Data Using Pearson Type III Distribution
Authors: Shaligram V. M. , Lele V. S. 
Published: May 2018

Computation of reliable and precise long term estimates from the available short term hydrologic records is often a challenging task for the design engineers/hydrologists.
Peak flow magnitudes relating to ‘sixteen’ streams were utilised for deriving long term estimates using Maximum likelihood method (Gumbel 1941 and Panchang et al. 1962). The results revealed that most of peak flows were underestimated and their departures from the respective prototype magnitudes were of the order of 10 to 40 per cent.
These peak flow magnitudes were graduated by the Pearson type III distribution with the result that a perfect calibration (departure within 1 per cent only) was achieved for three streams. For remaining streams the departures were reduced and were within 20 per cent.
The precision of the estimates, deduced from the use of the Pearson type III distribution, was ascertained by evaluating the confidence intervals for these estimates. For three cases the confidence intervals (deduced from the latter distribution) were smaller than their counterparts deduced from the Gumbel's distribution. For the remaining streams' data, the confidence intervals were nearly double those obtained with the Gumbel's distribution. Thus to achieve conformity between prototype and model (using the Pearson type III distribution), one has to be content with even slightly less precise estimates, but which are, otherwise, realistic.
Modelling of Water Exchange in an Estuary
Authors: Sarkkula Juha , Virtanen Markku 
Published: May 2018

A two-dimensional horizontal hydrodynamical model has been used to estimate the changes that a harbour road will cause in the water exchange of an estuary. The research area has been the Kokemäenjoki river estuary on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia in western Finland.
The numerical model has been verified on the basis of a regression model describing the water exchange of the estuary at present with a multiple correlation squared of 0.9. The factors having an influence on the water exchange are the wind, the sea level fluctuation and the river discharge.
The changes in the water exchange have been considered during a dry spell, a flood period and an average year with three different cross-section areas of the road line. The accuracy and reliability of the estimation are found to be very satisfactory.
A Comparison of Some Methods for Estimation of Potential Evaporation
Authors: Kristensen K. J. 
Published: May 2018

In most of the important agricultural regions of the world, evaporation in the growing season exceeds the precipitation, and also often the sum of precipitation and plant available water in the root zone. This causes a need of supplemental irrigation for effective agricultural use. Information about the greatest possible water consumption in given periods, therefore, is important for the water policy of a given region.
Several methods for estimation of the maximum (potential) evaporation have been suggested, and many methods have been compared earlier (W.M.O. 1966, Heldal 1969, Kristensen 1971, Iruthayaraj and Marachan 1978).
In Denmark a screened sunk iron pan has been used as a standard since 1956 (Aslyng and Hansen 1960). This standard pan and other methods for estimating potential evaporation have been compared during a 15-year period. The results are reported and discussed.
Elemental Composition of Norwegian Rivers
Authors: Salbu B. , Pappas A. C. , Steinnes E. 
Published: May 2018

Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been applied for the determination of up to 40 elements in waters from eleven Norwegian rivers. In order to represent the composition of an average river in the region of Norway and possibly the greater part of the Scandinavian peninsula, weighted mean values are calculated on the basis of geometric mean values and discharge of the individual rivers. Factor analysis shows that Cambro-Silurian sedimentary and vulcanic rocks influence the water composition considerably compared to Precambrian gneisses and granites. An influence of airborne supply is evident in coastal areas. In addition ore deposits are important for Zn and associated elements.
Comparison with literature data from Sweden shows good agreement for the elements concerned. The present values concerning alkalies, alkaline earths and halogens are, however, significantly lower than the estimated “world averages”. This is probably due to a low abundance of marine deposits and sedimentary rocks in Scandinavia. Low values are also found for elements which are often associated with particulate matter (Fe, Al, V, Mo, As, Sb, Th, U), while the values obtained for rare earths (La, Ce, Sm) and some additional elements (Sc, Mn, Au) are significantly higher than the estimated “world averages”.
Relationships between Precipitation Chemistry, Hydrology, and Runoff Acidity.
Authors: Skartveit Arvid 
Published: May 2018

High precipitation amounts of strongly varying ionic composition make the western parts of southern Norway well-suited for studies of certain relationships between precipitation chemistry, hydrology, and runoff acidity. Ions from sea-spray are the predominant ions in precipitation in these areas. The remaining ions are almost exclusively acidifying compounds (H+, NH4+, SO42−, NO3−), negatively correlated to the sea-spray ions.
Hydrochemical observations during 5 years confirm that Cl− and, to a considerable extent, also SO42− move rather easily through the catchments, while NO3− is strongly adsorbed. The acid top soil tends to lead to acid surface runoff, while water penetrating deeper mineral soils becomes enriched in Ca2+ and depleted in H+, resulting in a high correlation between runoff acidity and runoff rate. The short-term variations in runoff acidity are thus governed largely by runoff rate and by atmospheric deposits of Cl− and SO42−. In this particular precipitation climate this yields in fact a negative short-term correlation between precipitation acidity and runoff acidity.
A long-term acidification, indicated by declining fish populations, does probably arise from a SO42− -increase in runoff (caused by increased atmopheric deposition), and from a change in soil properties (caused by acid precipitation, and possibly also by changed vegetation).
Measurement and Mapping of Potential Evapotranspiration in a Small Mountainous Watershed
Authors: Najjar G. , Ambroise B. , Mercier J.L. 
Published: May 2018

The potential evapotranspiration ETP can be estimated by using Brochet and Gerbier's formula (1972), which is derived from Penman's equation
ETP ≡ mRg + n Ep (mm/day),
where m and n are tabulated coefficients depending on season, latitude and shelter type, and where the variables are the global solar radiation Rg and the Piche evaporation under shelter Ep.
In the small Ringelbach watershed (36 ha), in the Vosges Mountains (France), maps of daily ETP have been calculated with this formula, by mapping these two variables
- maps of daily global radiation have been computed for sunny days from horizontally measured Rg, by taking into account slopes, aspects and orographic masks.
- small and cheap Piche shelters, specially designed and calibrated, have been implanted over the whole watershed with Ep measured twice a day.
The results obtained for Rg, Ep and thus ETP reveal important differences within the watershed. Their spatial patterns depend on weather type, topographic structure, and soil surface humidity.
This mapping procedure, which gives a good estimation of ETP, enables us to better understand the hydrologic behaviour of any mountainous watershed.
Measuring and Modelling Snowmelt in Dyrdalen, Western Norway, 1979 and 1980
Authors: Harstveit Knut 
Published: May 2018

During spring snowmelt 1979 and 1980 the runoff from the snowpack was recorded by lysimetry from a 9 m2 area. Wind speed, air temperature, air humidity, radiation, and precipitation data were also recorded. When the melting rate (= snowpack runoff-rainfall) and the net radiation were measured, the turbulent heat exchange between the snowpack and the atmosphere was computed as a residual from the energy balance equation of the snowpack. These computed values were used to find “optimal” empirical constants in aerodynamical equations expressing the turbulent fluxes as functions of the wind speed and the temperature/vapour pressure differences between the measurements 2 m above the ground (0.6-1.5 m above the snow surface) and the values at the surface. These empirical constants agree reasonably well with constants found by other investigators.
Averaged over the two melting seasons, sensible heat flux represents 65%, and net radiation represents 35% of the energy consumed in melting, while 13% was gained from condensation, and 13% was lost by evaporation. When the weather conditions varied during the melting season, the energy balance model yields better results than does the degree-day-model. Residual errors were 7.3 mm (42%) and 13.2 mm (76%), respectively. The maximum melting observed in 24 hours was 110 mm, and the snowmelt rate in overcast days was about 3 times the rate when the cloudiness was light, provided the same wind and temperature conditions and albedo ~ 70%.
Order Selection of AR Models of Hydrologic Time Series
Authors: Padmanabhan G. , Rao A.R. 
Published: May 2018

Recently several criteria have been proposed for selection of orders of AR models. One of these, namely the AIC has been used in hydrologic analysis. However, the results given by these criteria when observed hydrologic data are analyzed by using them have not been studied to determine the variability in the results obtained by these criteria.
Some of the more widely discussed of these criteria have been analyzed in this paper by using both hydrologic and nonhydrologic time series. The orders of AR models given by Akaike's information criterion, the final prediction error criterion, the criterion autoregression transfer function, Schwarz's criterion and the posterior probability criterion have been analyzed, and the results are discussed.
Although the results obtained by these criteria are often similar, the posterior probability criterion has been recommended for use because it is possible to estimate the probability of the order being correct by using it.
Investigation of the Influence of Rainfall Movement on Runoff Hydrograph
Authors: Niemczynowicz Janusz 
Published: May 2018

Work reported here consists of two parts: the first part describes studies performed on a conceptual catchment, the second part, presented as a separate paper, describes studies on real catchments in the city of Lund (Niemczynowicz 1984b).
In this paper we try to find the general shape of the relation between storm movement parameters like storm duration, intensity, velocity and direction, and its influence on peak discharge. This influence is called a “directional bias”. Different factors affecting the magnitude of directional bias are described. The relations between rainfall characteristics and the magnitude of the directional bias are shown for a conceptual catchment.
The most important conclusion is that the maximal directional bias can theoretically reach values of several hundred percent, but this can happen only in a catchment with specially designed linear geometry. Maximal directional bias can be expected for storms moving downstream the catchment with velocity equal to the average flow velocity. Maximal directional bias occurs for storms with short duration giving low peak discharge, which are not important for design purposes.
Investigation of the Influence of Rainfall Movement on Runoff Hydrograph
Authors: Niemczynowcz Janusz 
Published: May 2018

Work presented here consists of two parts: the first part, presented before as a separate paper (Niemczynowicz 1984b), described studies performed on conceptual catchment, the second part presented here describes studies made on real catchments in the city of Lund.
The scope of the paper is to use previously calculated statistical characteristics of rainfall movement in Lund for quantitative description of the influence of storm movement on runoff modeled on real catchments in Lund. The relations between rainfall characteristics and the magnitude of directional bias are shown. The special interest in this study is to locate the combination of factors which maximize the effect of directional bias. Finally, by combination of rainfall movement statistics with modeled runoff, the probability distribution of directional bias for differently oriented catchments in Lund is given.
The most important conclusion is that the maximal directional bias observed for real catchments is much smaller than for the conceptual catchment, but still can reach significant values. The maximal bias occurs when the rainfall movement is parallel to direction to conduits and when rain velocity is close to average flow velocity. The highest values of directional bias occur for storms with short durations which give low peak flow discharge without practical importance. Still, the phenomenon of the directional bias can be one of the reasons why frequency of the rainfall does not follow frequency of runoff.
Runoff Pattern and Peak Flows from Moving Block Rains Based on a Linear Time - Area Curve
Authors: Jensen Mogens 
Published: May 2018

One of the most outstanding problems within urban drainage is to give a statistically correct description of the runoff effect from areal and temporal distributed rain storms. Due to the large number of parameters for catchments and storms involved in such a description it is important to derive dominating dimensionless quantities by combining the parameters.
The paper deals with dimensionless peak flow calculations using moving block rains. Two important dimensionless parameters p1 and p2 (see Eqs. (7), (8) and (14)) and their influence on peak flow is found in a deterministic way by applying the time area model (TAM) to a linear time-area curve. Dimensionless peak flows are found as functions of p1 and p2 and results are compared with computations from the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) version 2. TAM overestimated the peak flows by appr. 5% of the full flow capacity relative to SWMM on an average of 26 comparisons. The standard deviation is appr. 10%.
Finally some perspectives are presented in relation to a general statistical runoff description of the influence of areal and temporal rain storms. The possibility is discussed of achieving such a description by combining existing knowledge within 1) synthetic point rainfall design storms, 2) areal rain depth reduction factors, 3) shape of moving storm cell isohyetographs and 4) distribution of storm direction.