bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and Development of a Central Pattern Generator for the Swimming of a Lamprey
Authors: Ijspeert Auke Jan , Kodjabachian Jérôme 
Published: July 2002

This article describes the design of neural control architectures for locomotion using an evolutionary approach. Inspired by the central pattern generators found in animals, we develop neural controllers that can produce the patterns of oscillations necessary for the swimming of a simulated lamprey. This work is inspired by Ekeberg's neuronal and mechanical model of a lamprey [11] and follows experiments in which swimming controllers were evolved using a simple encoding scheme [25, 26]. Here, controllers are developed using an evolutionary algorithm based on the SGOCE encoding [31, 32] in which a genetic programming approach is used to evolve developmental programs that encode the growing of a dynamical neural network. The developmental programs determine how neurons located on a two-dimensional substrate produce new cells through cellular division and how they form efferent or afferent interconnections. Swimming controllers are generated when the growing networks eventually create connections to the muscles located on both sides of the rectangular substrate. These muscles are part of a two-dimensional mechanical simulation of the body of the lamprey in interaction with water. The motivation of this article is to develop a method for the design of control mechanisms for animal-like locomotion. Such a locomotion is characterized by a large number of actuators, a rhythmic activity, and the fact that efficient motion is only obtained when the actuators are well coordinated. The task of the control mechanism is therefore to transform commands concerning the speed and direction of motion into the signals sent to the multiple actuators. We define a fitness function, based on several simulations of the controller with different commands settings, that rewards the capacity of modulating the speed and the direction of swimming in response to simple, varying input signals. Central pattern generators are thus evolved capable of producing the relatively complex patterns of oscillations necessary for swimming. The best solutions generate traveling waves of neural activity, and propagate, similarly to the swimming of a real lamprey, undulations of the body from head to tail propelling the lamprey forward through water. By simply varying the amplitude of two input signals, the speed and the direction of swimming can be modulated.
MASTERS, THEIR FREED SLAVES, AND THE WAQF IN EGYPT (EIGHTEENTH-TWENTIETH CENTURIES)
Authors: Shaham Ron 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe study seeks to clarify - on the basis of shari'a court decisions - the exact forms in which freed slaves benefited from waqfs founded by their former masters. The essay also analyses the ways in which gender and color of the freed slave affected his or her entitlement, and the ways in which freed slaves functioned as administrators of waqfs established by their former masters. The main finding of the study is that most of the founders, who were members of the Ottoman-Egyptian elite, were childless. For most of the founders, therefore, there was no real dilemma in deciding how to divide the usufruct of their waqfs among their children and their freed slaves. It was clear to them that, subsequent to their death, their freed slaves would be the sole beneficiaries of their waqfs.
Cosmic Distances
Authors: Mansfeld Jaap 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the Doxographi Graeci the preferred short heading of Aët. 2.31 (Greek text below, p. 28) is 'On Distances', though ps.Plutarch has a long heading. This chapter is about the distances of the sun and moon from each other and from the earth (lemmas 1 to 3, in both ps.Plutarch and Stobaeus), and of the real or apparent shape of the heaven relative to its distance from the earth (lemmas 4 and 5, Stobaeus only). Parallels from Ioann. Lydus and Theodoret for what is in ps.Plutarch are given by Diels in apparatu. To the best of my knowledge it has not been noticed that a version of ps.Plutarch's text is preserved in a scholium on the Almagest, which constitutes our earliest evidence for the text. The correctness of Diels' reconstruction is questionable. Though certainty, naturally, is beyond our reach it is quite possible that these two sets of lemmas represent two distinct Aëtian (or proto-Aëtian) chapters. These may have been coalesced by Stobaeus (or Aëtius), while ps.Plutarch abridged the second (or the two nal lemmas) away. These considerations necessitate an inquiry into the parallels that are available, including material from an introduction to Aratus. The vexing question of short versus long(er) chapter headings is also relevant in this context. Furthermore, the contrasting views regarding cosmic distances are not only a feature of the Placita literature with a distant origin in Aristotle, but also, apparently, of the commentary literature on Plato's Timaeus. Arguably in a passage in Plutarch's De facie these two traditions intersect. Finally, a case can be made out for Eudemus not Theophrastus as an intermediary source of Presocratic astronomical data in the Placita.
HAGAR AND ISHMAEL AS LITERARY FIGURES: AN INTERTEXTUAL STUDY
Authors:   Nikaido
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this study, the intertextuality of the Hagar narratives (Gen. xvi and xxi 8-21) is explored by way of comparison with three other biblical stories: Abraham's ordeal on Mt. Moriah (the Aqedah), Hannah's story, and Joseph's expulsion from Potiphar's house. The purpose is to demonstrate how the many linguistic, literary, and even redactional links between these texts point to a rationale for the prominence of Hagar and Ishmael as literary figures in Genesis, despite their role as the antagonists of Sarah and Isaac. Like Abraham, Hagar receives a promise of a child but must undergo the ordeal of almost losing that child; and like Hannah, she is persecuted by a rival wife but finds hope when visited by God's messenger. Ishmael in like manner can be compared to Joseph's character in that both are unjustly expelled from their advantageous positions because of their masters' wives, yet prosper in exile. Consequently, despite Hagar and Ishmael's negative status as Sarah's rivals, they are portrayed with literary attributes and motifs which set them apart as heroic figures, no less than the Israelite patriarchs and heroes.
Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Argentina. 2. Morphological and morphometrical characterisation of males
Authors: Doucet Marcelo , Lax Paola 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMales of Heterodera glycines races 1 and 3, collected from two localities in Argentina, were morphologically and morphometrically analysed. Certain morphological characters showed inter- and intrapopulation variability. There were no characters that clearly differentiated the populations studied. Most of the morphometrical characters differed from those known for other populations of the species and showed a reduced variability. No significant differences were observed between the mean values of the two races for most of the morphometrical characters considered.
Damage potential and reproduction of Heterodera avenae on wheat and barley under Saudi field conditions
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed , Al-Hazmi Ahmad , Al-Yahya Fahad , Alderfasi Ali 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of H. avenae initial
population densities (Pi) on the yield of wheat (two growing seasons) and
barley (one season) and on nematode reproduction, under Saudi field
conditions. At increasing Pi, H. avenae suppressed (P lessequal 0.05) the
number of spikes, weight of spikes, weight of 1000 kernels, grain yield and
straw yield of wheat and barley. Grain yields were reduced by 40 to 92% for
wheat (during the two seasons) and 17 to 77% for barley. Straw yields were
also reduced, by 50 to 85 for wheat and 30 to 77% for barley. As Pi
increased, final populations of H. avenae increased (P lessequal 0.05) on
both hosts, but the nematode reproduction factor (Rf) decreased. Significant
negative linear regressions were obtained between H. avenae Pi and grain
yield of wheat and barley. Final populations (Pf) were positively correlated
with Pi on wheat and on barley. Rf was negatively correlated with Pi on
wheat and barley. Schadigungspotential und Vermehrung von Heterodera avenae
an Weizen und Gerste unter Freilandbedingungen in Saudiarabien - Die
vorliegende Untersuchung wurde durchgefuhrt, um die Wirkung
unterschiedlicher Ausgangspopulationen (Pi) von Heterodera avenae auf den
Ertrag von Weizen (zwei Vegetationsperioden) und Gerste (eine
Vegetationsperiode) sowie auf die Vermehrung der Nematoden unter
saudiarabishen Freilandbedingungen zu ermitteln. Bei steigender Pi
verminderte (P lessequal 0.05) H. avenae die Anzahl der Ahren, das
Ahrengewicht, das Tausendkorngewicht, den Korn- und den Strohertrag von
Weizen und Gerste. Die Kornertrage wurden bei Weizen (zwei
Vegetationsperioden) um 40-92% vermindert, bei Gerste um 17-77%. Auch die
Strohertrage gingen zuruck, bei Weizen um 50-85% und bei Gerste um 30-77%.
Mit zunehmender Pi stiegen die Endpopulationsdichten von H. avenae bei
beiden Wirtspflanzen an (P lessequal 0.05), doch nahm der Vermehrungsfaktor
(Rf) der Nematoden ab. Zwischen Pi von H. avenae und dem Kornertrag von
Weizen und Gerste wurden signifikante negative Regressionen erhalten. Die
Endpopulationen (Pf) waren an Weizen und Gerste positiv korreliert mit Pi.
Rf war an Weizen und Gerste negativ korreliert mit Pi.
Theories and Methods for a Social History of Historical Events — A Reply to Hermann Rebel
Authors: Suter Andreas 
Published: July 2002

My study of the Swiss Peasants' War of 1653 has received four reviews in the United States. I am grateful to Hermann Rebel for supplying another, most unusual review toCentral European History. It is unusual not only in length but also in judgment. Where the other reviews wrote positively about the book, Rebel rejects it completely.If I read Rebel correctly, his criticism covers four main points. First, he criticizes the book's theoretical point of view, alleging that the call for a “return to historical events in social history” means a return to “histoire événementielle” and would lead to “high antiquarianism.” Second, Rebel criticizes my methodological inferences from this theoretical point: systematic attention to the cultural dimension of human action; the expansion of social history's traditional methods of analysis and perspectives on time (longue durée, temps sociale) to include cultural and anthropological insights (from, i.e., Victor Turner, Mary Douglas, and Clifford Geertz); and the introduction of a “slow-motion” perspective.
Mean thickness and thickness distribution of smectite crystallites
Authors: Mystkowski K. , Środoń J . , Elsass F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA series of smectites was investigated to reveal the thickness distribution of crystallites. The Fourier decomposition technique of Bertaut-Warren-Averbach (MudMaster program) was applied to XRD reflections of <0.2 μm, glycolated Na-clays. It was shown that the thickness distribution is lognormal and the mean thickness ranges from 5.7 to 12.3 nm (3.4 – 7.3 layers). At higher humidities, characteristic of TEM sample preparation, the mean thicknesses decrease, but the differences in mean thickness between samples are preserved. Beidellites have the thickest crystallites. The relationships between the mean thickness, volume-weighted mean thickness and the parameters of the lognormal distribution were established. Calculation of these parameters is possible, using the area and the maximum intensity of the 001 reflection. The influence of the fluctuations of d-spacing on the peak width was shown. Smectite crystallites, dispersed into individual layers during infinite osmotic swelling and rebuilt through coagulation, recover their original mean thickness and thickness distribution.
Copper-doped alumina-pillared montmorillonites as catalysts for oxidation of toluene and xylenes with hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Bahranowski K. , Gąsior M. , Kielski A. , Podobiński J. , Serwicka E. M. , Vartikian L. A. , Wodnicka K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCatalytic properties of Cu-doped alumina-pillared montmorillonite samples have been tested in the liquid phase oxidation of toluene, o-, m-, and p-xylene with hydrogen peroxide. The results show that the clay samples possess significant activity for both the oxidation of methyl groups and hydroxylation of the aromatic ring. Physicochemical characterization of the catalysts using XRD, BET, ESR and ICP-AES techniques show that they are porous materials with Cu species located in the interlayer, present either as isolated Cu2+ ions anchored at alumina pillars or as patches of amorphous CuO. The dependence of the overall yields on the amount of Cu dopant is discussed and explained in terms of the catalyst structural properties.
Petrogenetic implications of Ba-sanidine in the Lionato Tuff (Colli Albani Volcanic District, Central Italy)
Authors: Gaeta Mario 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA vitric fiamme containing BaO-bearing sanidine (BaO = 11 wt.%) was sampled (via di Fioranello, Rome) in the pyroclastic products of the Lower Flow Unit (LFU) belonging to the Villa Senni Eruption Unit in the Colli Albani Volcanic District (Roman Comagmatic Province, Central Italy). The fiamme of the LFU is essentially made up of glass, in which scarce phenocrysts of BaO-bearing sanidine, leucite and Al2O3-bearing Ca-clinopyroxene occur. In this paper the various parameters controlling barium partitioning between alkali feldspar and LFU liquid, are discussed.
Zr- and LREE-rich titanite from Tre Croci, Vico Volcanic complex
(Latium, Italy)
Authors: Della Ventura G. , Bellatreccia F. , Williams C. T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Titanite occurs in the groundmass of a holocrystalline volcanic ejectum
collected in the pyroclastic rocks of the Vico Volcanic complex at Tre Croci, near
Viterbo, Italy. The host rock is composed of abundant K-feldspar and minor
plagioclase, biotite, clinopyroxene and a feldspathoid (sodalite). Titanite is
typically associated with zirconolite, biotite and Fe-oxides. It has a medium Al
content (Al2O3 +
Fe2O3 = 4–6 wt.%) and contains
significant amounts of Zr and LREE, with a chondrite-
normalised REE pattern similar to those of titanites
from other alkaline rocks. Titanite has been corroded by fluids probably rich in
dissolved F and P during a late alteration stage, with evidence for some
remobilization and redistribution of the REE and
actinide elements.
Posttranslational modifications of recombinant myotube-synthesized human factor IX
Authors: Arruda Valder R. , Hagstrom James N. , Deitch Jeffrey , Heiman-Patterson Terry , Camire Rodney M. , Chu Kirk , Fields Paul A. , Herzog Roland W. , Couto Linda B. , Larson Peter J. , High Katherine A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRecent data demonstrate that the introduction into skeletal muscle of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing blood coagulation factor IX (F.IX) can result in long-term expression of the transgene product and amelioration of the bleeding diathesis in animals with hemophilia B. These data suggest that biologically active F.IX can be synthesized in skeletal muscle. Factor IX undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications in the liver, the normal site of synthesis. In addition to affecting specific activity, these posttranslational modifications can also affect recovery, half-life in the circulation, and the immunogenicity of the protein. Before initiating a human trial of an AAV-mediated, muscle-directed approach for treating hemophilia B, a detailed biochemical analysis of F.IX synthesized in skeletal muscle was carried out. As a model system, human myotubes transduced with an AAV vector expressing F.IX was used. F.IX was purified from conditioned medium using a novel strategy designed to purify material representative of all species of rF.IX in the medium. Purified F.IX was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), N-terminal sequence analysis, chemical γ-carboxyglutamyl analysis, carbohydrate analysis, assays for tyrosine sulfation, and serine phosphorylation, and for specific activity. Results show that myotube-synthesized F.IX has specific activity similar to that of liver-synthesized F.IX. Posttranslational modifications critical for specific activity, including removal of the signal sequence and propeptide, and γ-carboxylation of the N-terminal glutamic acid residues, are also similar, but carbohydrate analysis and assessment of tyrosine sulfation and serine phosphorylation disclose differences. In vivo experiments in mice showed that these differences affect recovery but not half-life of muscle-synthesized F.IX.
Rapid and efficient homing of human CD34+CD38−/lowCXCR4+stem and progenitor cells to the bone marrow and spleen of NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID/B2mnull mice
Authors: Kollet Orit , Spiegel Asaf , Peled Amnon , Petit Isabelle , Byk Tamara , Hershkoviz Rami , Guetta Esther , Barkai Gad , Nagler Arnon , Lapidot Tsvee 
Published: July 2002

AbstractStem cell homing into the bone microenvironment is the first step in the initiation of marrow-derived blood cells. It is reported that human severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) repopulating cells home and accumulate rapidly, within a few hours, in the bone marrow and spleen of immunodeficient mice previously conditioned with total body irradiation. Primitive CD34+CD38−/lowCXCR4+ cells capable of engrafting primary and secondary recipient mice selectively homed to the bone marrow and spleen, whereas CD34−CD38−/lowLin− cells were not detected. Moreover, whereas freshly isolated CD34+CD38+/high cells did not home, in vivo stimulation with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as part of the mobilization process, or in vitro stem cell factor stimulation for 2 to 4 days, potentiated the homing capabilities of cytokine-stimulated CD34+CD38+ cells. Homing of enriched human CD34+ cells was inhibited by pretreatment with anti-CXCR4 antibodies. Moreover, primitive CD34+CD38−/lowCXCR4+cells also homed in response to a gradient of human stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), directly injected into the bone marrow or spleen of nonirradiated NOD/SCID mice. Homing was also inhibited by pretreatment of CD34+ cells with antibodies for the major integrins VLA-4, VLA-5, and LFA-1. Pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of signals mediated by Gαiproteins, inhibited SDF-1–mediated in vitro transwell migration but not adhesion or in vivo homing of CD34+ cells. Homing of human CD34+ cells was also blocked by chelerythrine chloride, a broad-range protein kinase C inhibitor. This study reveals rapid and efficient homing to the murine bone marrow by primitive human CD34+CD38−/lowCXCR4+cells that is integrin mediated and depends on activation of the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway by SDF-1.
Circulating factor VIII immune complexes in patients with type 2 acquired hemophilia A and protection from activated protein C–mediated proteolysis
Authors: Nogami Keiji , Shima Midori , Giddings John C. , Hosokawa Kazuya , Nagata Masanori , Kamisue Seiki , Suzuki Hiroshi , Shibata Masaru , Saenko Evgueni L. , Tanaka Ichiro , Yoshioka Akira 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFactor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor antibodies are classified into 2 groups according to the kinetic pattern of FVIII inactivation. Type 2 antibodies are more commonly observed in patients with acquired hemophilia A and do not completely inhibit FVIII activity; in most cases, substantial levels of circulating FVIII are detected. Three type 2 autoantibodies from patients who had normal levels of FVIII antigen despite having low levels of FVIII activity were studied. The antibodies reacted exclusively with the light chain of FVIII but not with the C2 domain, and their epitopes were therefore ascribed to the regions in the A3-C1 domains. Heavy and light chains of FVIII were detected in plasma-derived immune complexes extracted by using protein G Sepharose. Direct binding assays using anhydro-activated protein C (anhydro-APC), a catalytically inactive derivative of activated protein C (APC) in which the active-site serine is converted to dehydroalanine, were used to examine the relation between immune complexes and APC. The intact FVIII, 80-kd light chain, and 72-kd light chain bound in a dose-dependent manner to anhydro-APC, with Kdvalues of 580, 540, and 310 nM, respectively, whereas no appreciable binding was detected for the heavy chain. The 3 autoantibodies blocked FVIII binding to anhydro-APC by approximately 80% and consequently inhibited APC-induced FVIII proteolytic inactivation. These antibodies also bound to a synthetic peptide, His2009-Val2018, which contains the APC binding site. The findings suggest that binding of type 2 autoantibodies, recognizing residues His2009 to Val2018, protects FVIII from APC-mediated proteolysis and might contribute to the presence of FVIII immune complexes in the circulation.
Long-term remission of Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus-related multicentric Castleman disease with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy
Authors: Corbellino Mario , Bestetti Giovanna , Scalamogna Chiara , Calattini Sara , Galazzi Morena , Meroni Luca , Manganaro Daniele , Fasan Marco , Moroni Mauro , Galli Massimo , Parravicini Carlo 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV)–related multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is potentially lethal. Growing evidence indicates that, as in Epstein-Barr virus–driven lymphoproliferative disorders after transplantation, KSHV DNA burden in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may represent the most accurate marker of disease activity. This report describes a patient with human immunodeficiency virus who was followed up clinically and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for KSHV DNA sequences in PBMCs for more than 3 years following the diagnosis of KSHV-related MCD. Therapy with the antiherpesvirus agent cidofovir, antihuman interleukin-6 antibody BE-8, antiblastic chemotherapy, and combination antiretroviral agents did not achieve durable clinical or virologic remission of the disease. By contrast, administration of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab was well tolerated and allowed a 14-month remission of clinical symptoms and KSHV viremia. Rituximab should be added to the therapeutic armamentarium for KSHV-related MCD.
Nonmyeloablative conditioning followed by transplantation of genetically modified HLA-matched peripheral blood progenitor cells for hematologic malignancies in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Kang Elizabeth M. , de Witte Moniek , Malech Harry , Morgan Richard A. , Phang Sheila , Carter Charles , Leitman Susan F. , Childs Richard , Barrett A. John , Little Richard , Tisdale John F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To assess the safety and efficacy of nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplantation in patients with HIV infection, a clinical protocol was initiated in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies and concomitant HIV infection. The results from the first 2 patients are reported. The indications for transplantation were treatment-related acute myelogenous leukemia and primary refractory Hodgkin disease in patients 1 and 2, respectively. Only patient 1 received genetically modified cells. Both patients tolerated the procedure well with minimal toxicity, and complete remissions were achieved in both patients, but patient 2 died of relapsed Hodgkin disease 12 months after transplantation. Patient 1 continues in complete remission with undetectable HIV levels and rising CD4 counts, and with both the therapeutic and control gene transfer vectors remaining detectable at low levels more than 2 years after transplantation. These results suggest that nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplantation in the context of highly active antiretroviral therapy is feasible in patients with treatment-sensitive HIV infection.