bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Provenance and palaeogeographic implications of detrital zircons from the lower Carboniferous Riwanchaka Formation of the central Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Peng Hu , Xie Chaoming , Li Cai , Zhang Zhongyue 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Longmu Co–Shuanghu suture zone, which divides the Qiangtang terrane into the northern and southern Qiangtang blocks, is regarded as a key locality in reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean and the break-up of Gondwana. However, although low-temperature – high-pressure metamorphic rocks and ophiolites have been documented within the Longmu Co–Shuanghu suture zone, it remains unclear whether it is an in situ suture zone and represents the relic of the main Palaeo-Tethys Ocean. The uncertainty stems mainly from the limited systematic studies of the provenance, palaeontological evidence and depositional settings of strata on either side of the Longmu Co–Shuanghu suture zone (i.e. northern and southern Qiangtang blocks). Here we report new detrital zircon U–Pb ages and palaeontological data from Lower Carboniferous strata (Riwanchaka Formation) of the northern Qiangtang block, central Tibet. The Riwanchaka Formation contains warm-climate biota with Cathaysian affinities. Provenance analysis reveals that the formation has detrital zircon spectra similar to those from strata of the Yangtze Plate, and it contains a large proportion of zircons with ages (~360 Ma) similar to the timing of synsedimentary magmatic arc activity, implying an active continental margin setting associated with northward subduction of the Palaeo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Conversely, the Carboniferous–Permian strata from the southern Qiangtang block contain cool-water faunas of Gondwanan affinity and exhibit minimum zircon crystallization ages that are markedly older than their depositional ages, suggesting a passive continental margin setting. The differences in provenance, palaeontological assemblages and depositional settings of the Carboniferous to Permian strata either side of the Longmu Co–Shuanghu suture zone indicate the existence of an ancient ocean between the northern and southern Qiangtang blocks. Combining the new findings with previous studies on high-pressure metamorphic rocks, arc magmatism and ophiolites, we support the interpretation that the Longmu Co–Shuanghu suture zone is an in situ suture zone that represents the main suture of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean.
Edge of Enlightenment: The Akbar tradition and ‘universal toleration’ in British Bengal
Authors: BIEL JUSTIN 
Published: July 2019

Abstract‘Toleration’ is a notoriously slippery concept, and yet, as recent scholarship on the historical roots of Indian secularism has implied, it was a guiderail for East India Company decision-making in Bengal in the late eighteenth century. What, then, was the outcome when Europeans encountered what they were quick to regard as South Asian patterns of ‘toleration’? This article argues, first, that a medley of competing policy visions emerged from this interaction and, second, that where these visions overlapped was in perceiving political gain to ensue from facilitating existing South Asian devotional practices. A corollary consequence of this still-emergent policy framework was that most East India Company personnel were loath to intervene in any way but a reactive one when conflicts between devotees of Durga on parade and observers of the Shia Muslim holy day ashura escalated into reprisals and street violence in Calcutta in September 1789.
A socio-ecological landscape analysis of human–wildlife conflict in northern Botswana
Authors: Dunnink Jeffrey A. , Hartley Robyn , Rutina Lucas , Alves Joana , Franco Aldina M. A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHuman–wildlife conflict is one of the most pressing issues in conservation. Low-income rural communities are disproportionately affected by negative interactions with large predators, which often leads to retaliatory killings and persecution of the animals. To overcome this, socio-ecological studies that merge existing knowledge of large predator ecology with long-term livestock depredation monitoring are required. We examined patterns and drivers of livestock depredation in northern Botswana, using a mixed effects model of the government's long-term monitoring data on human–wildlife conflict, to identify ways to reduce depredation at key spatial and temporal scales. We compared the results to farmers’ understanding of their personal risk within the landscape. We analysed 342 depredation events that occurred during 2008–2016, using variables measured at different scales. The variables affecting the locations of depredation events at the 2-km scale were distance to protected areas and predator and herbivore density, with increased depredation in the wet season. At a 1-km scale, herbivore density did not have a significant effect, but the effect of other variables was unchanged. The 4-km scale model was influenced by livestock and herbivore density, with increased depredation in the wet season. Livestock depredation could be reduced by establishing an 8-km livestock-free buffer along the protected area boundary. There was disparity between government data on human–wildlife conflict, depredation reported by farmers in interviews and farmers’ risk awareness. Farmers would benefit from workshops providing tools to make evidence-based decisions and minimize their risk of negative interactions with wildlife. This would ultimately contribute to wildlife conservation in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area.
Determining the risk of predator attacks around protected areas: the case of Bardia National Park, Nepal
Authors: Upadhyaya Subodh K. , Musters C.J.M. , Lamichhane Babu Ram , De Snoo Geert R. , Dhakal Maheshwar , De Iongh Hans H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this study we determined the probability of predator attacks on livestock around Bardia National Park, Nepal. We conducted semi-structured interviews to explore the patterns and factors affecting livestock losses in four administrative sectors of the Park's buffer zone. We developed models to investigate the overall probability of livestock loss, economic damage caused, and the respondents’ attitudes towards wildlife. The probability of leopard attacks on livestock was much higher (85% of all livestock lost to depredation) than that of tiger attacks (8%), and the northern sector experienced the highest loss of livestock (50% modelled probability of livestock loss) in the buffer zone. Livestock loss was significantly related to the number of livestock owned by respondents, their ethnic group, and village distance to the Park boundary. Economic damage was influenced by buffer zone sector, number of livestock owned, and distance to the Park boundary. Conservation attitudes depended on respondents’ knowledge of wildlife, levels of education and self-sufficiency, and the probability of livestock being killed by leopards. Respondents who were male, highly educated and self-sufficient were most likely to support conservation. Tigers are tolerated based on religious beliefs, and these cultural values, together with the sharing of conservation benefits, facilitate conservation. Leopards, however, are not tolerated in the same way and are the most damaging predators.
Welfare Dynamics and Employment: Heterogeneous Paths Through Means-tested Basic Income in Germany
Authors: BRUCKMEIER KERSTIN , LIETZMANN TORSTEN , SAILE ANNA THERESA 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study contributes to the international literature on welfare dynamics, by providing a differentiated picture of paths through the means-tested Basic Income for recipients who are capable of working, after the reorganisation of the basic income system in Germany in 2005. We analyse the employment and benefit trajectories of individuals who became recipients for the first time between 2007 and 2009 by methods of sequence and cluster analysis based on representative administrative individual data. We find a significant polarisation between long-term recipients and those with an early exit from benefit receipt via full-time employment. One in three new recipients remains in benefit receipt for the next years and shows almost no employment activities. Approximately 23 percent leave benefit receipt quickly and work in full-time employment. Several other different paths exist between these two poles. These heterogeneous trajectories should be characteristic for broad basic income systems and require a variety of policies that in part are beyond labour market policies.
The impact of group composition and task design on foreign language learners’ interactions in mobile-based intercultural exchanges
Authors: Lee Juhee , Song Jayoung 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study examines the impact of group composition (one-on-one vs. multiple-to-multiple) and task design (student-selected vs. teacher-assigned) on undergraduate foreign language learners’ interactions in a mobile-based intercultural exchange. The participants, 27 Korean students learning English as a foreign language and 27 American students learning Korean as a foreign language, interacted in pairs and groups via mobile phones to complete weekly tasks for eight weeks. This study used mixed methods to analyze the data from mobile chat scripts, questionnaires, and interviews. The results indicated that the one-on-one and multiple-to-multiple groups did not differ significantly regarding contact frequency or number of written chats. However, one-on-one and multiple-to-multiple interactions did differ with regard to the quality of the interactions, reflecting the unique nature of each group composition. A one-on-one relationship promoted a higher level of intimacy and friendship, thus rendering it appropriate for providing linguistic and emotional support in learning foreign languages. In contrast, multiple-to-multiple communications were found to be more beneficial for learning about different perspectives on the target cultures. In terms of task design, teacher-assigned tasks guided students to engage in productive interactions effectively, whereas student-selected tasks elicited their personal investment in the tasks. Supporting social interdependence theory (Johnson & Johnson, 1989, 2009), we argue that the establishment of intimate relationships among group members may be the key to quality interactions in mobile-based intercultural exchanges.
Reflections on Positionalities in Social Science Fieldwork in Northern Botswana: A Call for Decolonizing Research
Authors: LaRocco Annette Alfina , Shinn Jamie E. , Madise Kentse 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this article, two white, Western female researchers reflect on the methodological, ethical, and practical dilemmas experienced while conducting social science fieldwork in Botswana for their doctoral degrees. In addition, their shared research assistant examines her role as a social and cultural interlocutor, which was essential to the researchers’ successful navigation in their various field sites. Drawing on distinct but common experiences conducting research in northern and western regions of rural Botswana, the authors reflexively consider a series of interwoven issues tied to their positionalities: the disparity in benefits and return on research investment between the researcher and research participants; the nature of commodified or transactional relations, especially in an impoverished region highly dependent on foreign tourists; the complex nature of researcher–research assistant relationships; and the contradictory dynamics of being female researchers in a patriarchal society while also embodying privileges of whiteness and Western nationality. Building on these reflections, the authors engage with current debates in the social sciences to argue that researcher reflexivity is not an adequate end point and should result in engagement with ethical and epistemological questions regarding the decolonization of research practices more broadly.
Plasma Blobs Concurrently Observed With Bubbles in the Asian‐Oceanian Sector During Solar Maximum
Authors: Wang Zheng , Liu Huixin , Shi Jiankui , Wang Guojun , Wang Xiao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWith simultaneous ionospheric measurements from ROCSAT‐1 satellite and ground ionosondes/GPS receivers, three cases of concurrent plasma blobs and bubbles in the same magnetic meridian were observed around 22:30 LT in Asian‐Oceanian sector during solar maximum. Two cases were observed: equatorial spread F (ESF) over Vanimo station (geog. 2.7°S, 141.3°E; geom. 11.2°S, 146.2°W) and plasma blobs around 8.0°S (geom.) on 1 June and 6 October 2003. The other case observed equatorial spread F over Hainan station (geog. 19.5°N, 109.1°E; geom. 9.1°N, 179.1°W) and plasma blob near the dip equator on 8 March 2004. Plasma blobs were all observed near 600‐km height near the equator. Equatorial spread F and amplitude scintillations from the ground stations were observed near the same magnetic meridian, indicating the existence of bubbles. Considering that both plasma bubbles and blobs are field‐aligned elongated structures, magnetic field line mapping shows that in the two cases at Vanimo, blobs were above bubbles, providing direct observational evidence for blob formation in the intermediate stage of plasma bubble evolution; in the case at Hainan, the blob and bubble were likely at similar height, and it could be generated by gravity wave.
Post Earthquake Aggradation Processes to Hide Surface Ruptures in Thrust Systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar‐Nepal Earthquake Ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal)
Authors: Rizza M. , Bollinger L. , Sapkota S. N. , Tapponnier P. , Klinger Y. , Karakaş Ç. , Kali E. , Etchebes M. , Tiwari D. R. , Siwakoti I. , Bitri A. , Bes de Berc S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Charnath Khola is a large river crossing the Himalayan thrust system in the region devastated by the great M8.3 1934 Bihar‐Nepal earthquake. Fluvial terraces are abandoned along the river and at the base of a ~20‐m high cumulative thrust escarpment. A trench across the fault scarp exposed Siwalik mudstone/siltstone overthrusting Quaternary units and three colluvial wedges interfingered with fluvial sands. The 85 accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates, from detrital charcoals sampled in the trench, a river cut and river terraces, constrain the timing of the sedimentary processes following the last two major earthquakes, in 1934 and 1255 CE. Although several samples straddle the main earthquake horizon, associating it with the 1934 earthquake, based solely on radiocarbon ages, remains challenging. The 49 detrital charcoal ages found in the pre‐earthquake and postearthquake units fall between 65 and 225 BP, a period with a flat calibration curve. Many of these radiocarbon ages are suspected to include a part due to inbuilt time (i.e., age of the wood at the time of burning), transport time, and reworking processes, which are difficult to resolve. Considering these ages at their face value could lead to dates older than the actual earthquake dates. We suggest that a part of this chronological bias is also related to a local postseismic aggradation pulse of 4 to 5 m of sediments, which is documented in the trench and terraces. This fluvial sequence, hiding the most recent surface rupture, is likely related to landslide‐sediment deposition triggered by the 1934 Bihar‐Nepal earthquake.
Geology of the Ionian Basin and Margins: A Key to the East Mediterranean Geodynamics
Authors: Tugend J. , Chamot‐Rooke N. , Arsenikos S. , Blanpied C. , Frizon de Lamotte D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe revisit the nature, structure, and evolution of the Ionian Basin and its surrounding passive margins (Apulia, Eastern Sicily/Malta, and Cyrenaica margins). Relying on geological observations (wells, dredges, and dives) and seismic calibrations from the surrounding platforms and escarpments, we present age correlations for the deepest sedimentary sequences of the Ionian Basin. Two‐ship deep refraction seismic data combined with reprocessed reflection seismic data enable us to identify, characterize, and map these thick sedimentary sequences and to present a consistent seismic stratigraphy across the basin. At a larger scale, we present new geological transects illustrating the tectonostratigraphic relationships between the Ionian Basin and its surrounding rifted margins. On this basis, we suggest that a Late Triassic‐Early Jurassic rifting preceded the late Early Jurassic to Middle Jurassic formation of the Ionian Basin. The combination of geophysical and geological arguments suggests that the entire deep basin is floored with oceanic crust of normal thickness, but with high seismic velocity in the upper part. Upscaling our results in the framework of the eastern Mediterranean, we propose that the Ionian Basin represents the remnant of a short‐lived oceanic basin resulting from the interaction between two propagating oceans: the Central Atlantic and the Neo‐Tethys.
Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR Treatments Eliminate HIV-1 in a Subset of Infected Humanized Mice
Authors: Dash Prasanta K. , Kaminski Rafal , Bella Ramona , Su Hang , Mathews Saumi , Ahooyi Taha M. , Chen Chen , Mancuso Pietro , Sariyer Rahsan , Ferrante Pasquale , Donadoni Martina , Robinson Jake A. , Sillman Brady , Lin Zhiyi , Hilaire James R. , Banoub Mary , Elango Monalisha , Gautam Nagsen , Mosley R. Lee , Poluektova Larisa Y. , McMillan JoEllyn , Bade Aditya N. , Gorantla Santhi , Sariyer Ilker K. , Burdo Tricia H. , Young Won-Bin , Amini Shohreh , Gordon Jennifer , Jacobson Jeffrey M. , Edagwa Benson , Khalili Kamel , Gendelman Howard E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractElimination of HIV-1 requires clearance and removal of integrated proviral DNA from infected cells and tissues. Here, sequential long-acting slow-effective release antiviral therapy (LASER ART) and CRISPR-Cas9 demonstrate viral clearance in latent infectious reservoirs in HIV-1 infected humanized mice. HIV-1 subgenomic DNA fragments, spanning the long terminal repeats and the Gag gene, are excised in vivo, resulting in elimination of integrated proviral DNA; virus is not detected in blood, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow and brain by nested and digital-droplet PCR as well as RNAscope tests. No CRISPR-Cas9 mediated off-target effects are detected. Adoptive transfer of human immunocytes from dual treated, virus-free animals to uninfected humanized mice fails to produce infectious progeny virus. In contrast, HIV-1 is readily detected following sole LASER ART or CRISPR-Cas9 treatment. These data provide proof-of-concept that permanent viral elimination is possible.
Molecular tuning of farnesoid X receptor partial agonism
Authors: Merk Daniel , Sreeramulu Sridhar , Kudlinzki Denis , Saxena Krishna , Linhard Verena , Gande Santosh L. , Hiller Fabian , Lamers Christina , Nilsson Ewa , Aagaard Anna , Wissler Lisa , Dekker Niek , Bamberg Krister , Schubert-Zsilavecz Manfred , Schwalbe Harald 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe bile acid-sensing transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates multiple metabolic processes. Modulation of FXR is desired to overcome several metabolic pathologies but pharmacological administration of full FXR agonists has been plagued by mechanism-based side effects. We have developed a modulator that partially activates FXR in vitro and in mice. Here we report the elucidation of the molecular mechanism that drives partial FXR activation by crystallography- and NMR-based structural biology. Natural and synthetic FXR agonists stabilize formation of an extended helix α11 and the α11-α12 loop upon binding. This strengthens a network of hydrogen bonds, repositions helix α12 and enables co-activator recruitment. Partial agonism in contrast is conferred by a kink in helix α11 that destabilizes the α11-α12 loop, a critical determinant for helix α12 orientation. Thereby, the synthetic partial agonist induces conformational states, capable of recruiting both co-repressors and co-activators leading to an equilibrium of co-activator and co-repressor binding.
Emergence of multiple fluorophores in individual cesium lead bromide nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Yuhai , Guo Tianle , Yang Haoze , Bose Riya , Liu Lingmei , Yin Jun , Han Yu , Bakr Osman M. , Mohammed Omar F. , Malko Anton V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCesium-based perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) possess alluring optical and electronic properties via compositional and structural versatility, tunable bandgap, high photoluminescence quantum yield and facile chemical synthesis. Despite the recent progress, origins of the photoluminescence emission in various types of PNCs remains unclear. Here, we study the photon emission from individual three-dimensional and zero-dimensional cesium lead bromide PNCs. Using photon antibunching and lifetime measurements, we demonstrate that emission statistics of both type of PNCs are akin to individual molecular fluorophores, rather than traditional semiconductor quantum dots. Aided by density functional modelling, we provide compelling evidence that green emission in zero-dimensional PNCs stems from exciton recombination at bromide vacancy centres within lead-halide octahedra, unrelated to external confinement. These findings provide key information about the nature of defect formation and the origin of emission in cesium lead halide perovskite materials, which foster their utilization in the emerging optoelectronic applications.
A molecular switch from STAT2-IRF9 to ISGF3 underlies interferon-induced gene transcription
Authors: Platanitis Ekaterini , Demiroz Duygu , Schneller Anja , Fischer Katrin , Capelle Christophe , Hartl Markus , Gossenreiter Thomas , Müller Mathias , Novatchkova Maria , Decker Thomas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCells maintain the balance between homeostasis and inflammation by adapting and integrating the activity of intracellular signaling cascades, including the JAK-STAT pathway. Our understanding of how a tailored switch from homeostasis to a strong receptor-dependent response is coordinated remains limited. Here, we use an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approach to analyze transcription-factor binding, gene expression and in vivo proximity-dependent labelling of proteins in living cells under homeostatic and interferon (IFN)-induced conditions. We show that interferons (IFN) switch murine macrophages from resting-state to induced gene expression by alternating subunits of transcription factor ISGF3. Whereas preformed STAT2-IRF9 complexes control basal expression of IFN-induced genes (ISG), both type I IFN and IFN-γ cause promoter binding of a complete ISGF3 complex containing STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9. In contrast to the dogmatic view of ISGF3 formation in the cytoplasm, our results suggest a model wherein the assembly of the ISGF3 complex occurs on DNA.
Talking matters – evaluative and motivational inner speech use predicts performance in conflict tasks
Authors: Gade Miriam , Paelecke Marko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConflict between response tendencies is ubiquitous in every day performance. Capabilities that resolve such conflicts are therefore mandatory for successful goal achievement. The present study investigates the potential of evaluative and motivational inner speech to help conflict resolution. In our study we assessed six tasks commonly used to measure conflict resolution capabilities and cognitive flexibility in 163 participants. Participants additionally answered questionnaires concerned with their habitual usage of inner speech such as silently rehearsing task instructions and evaluating performance. We found reduced conflict effects in tasks using symbolic, non-verbal stimuli for participants with higher self-reported use of evaluative and motivational inner speech. Overall, our findings suggest that silent self-talk and performance monitoring are beneficial for conflict resolution over and above constructs such as intelligence and working memory capacity that account for mean RT differences among participants.