bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Precipitation over Central Europe in Different Weather Regimes
Authors: Barthlott Christian , Hoose Corinna 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The response of clouds to changes in the aerosol concentration is complex and may differ depending on the cloud type, the aerosol regime, and environmental conditions. In this study, a novel technique is used to systematically modify the environmental conditions in realistic convection-resolving simulations for cases with weak and strong large-scale forcing over central Europe with the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling (COSMO) model. Besides control runs with quasi-operational settings, initial and boundary temperature profiles are modified with linear increasing temperature increments from 0 to 5 K between 3 and 12 km AGL to represent different amounts of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and relative humidity. The results show a systematic decrease of total precipitation with increasing cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations for the cases with strong synoptic forcing caused by a suppressed warm-rain process, whereas no systematic aerosol effect is simulated for weak synoptic forcing. The effect of increasing CCN tends to be stronger in the simulations with increased temperatures and lower CAPE. While the large-scale domain-averaged responses to increased CCN are weak, the precipitation forming over mountainous terrain reveals a stronger sensitivity for most of the analyzed cases. Our findings also demonstrate that the role of the warm-rain process is more important for strong than for weak synoptic forcing. The aerosol effect is largest for weakly forced conditions but more predictable for the strongly forced cases. However, more accurate environmental conditions are much more important than accurate aerosol assumptions, especially for weak large-scale forcing.
Algorithm for Flat First-Year Ice Draft Using AMSR2 Data in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Yoshizawa E. , Shimada K. , Cho K. H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFirst-year ice has replaced multiyear ice in the Northern Sea Route area since 2008. In this area, sea ice survival during summer substantially depends on first-year ice thickness at melt onset, and thus monitoring of first-year ice thickness in the freezing period is a key to forecasting sea ice distributions in the following summer. In this paper we introduce a new algorithm to estimate flat first-year ice draft using brightness temperature data measured by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2). The algorithm uses a gradient ratio (GR) of 18- and 36-GHz vertically polarized brightness temperatures based on decreases in sea ice emissivity in higher AMSR2 frequency channels with thermodynamic growth associated with an increase in volume scattering. Such spectral characteristics of the emissivity are examined by comparing GR values with flat first-year ice draft extracted by mode values of in situ draft data measured by a moored ice profiling sonar. The accuracy of the daily draft estimated from GR values after applying proper noise filters is about 10 cm for a draft range of 0.4–1.2 m.
Heavy Rainfall Associated with Double Low-Level Jets over Southern China. Part I: Ensemble-Based Analysis
Authors: Du Yu , Chen Guixing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHeavy rainfall occurred at both the inland frontal zone and coastal warm sector in southern China during 10–11 May 2014, which is a typical pattern in the early-summer rainy season. To clarify the key factors controlling the rainfall, we conduct an ensemble-based analysis using the operational global ensemble forecasts from ECMWF. The forecasts of frontal (warm sector) rainfall have a relatively small (large) spread and a small (large) bias of ensemble-mean amount, suggesting an obvious difference in the predictability. It is shown that double low-level jets (LLJs) in the southwesterly moist flow play a significant role in the heavy rainfall over southern China. The inland frontal rainband is closely related to the synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ) with maximum wind speed at 850–700 hPa, especially for its meridional wind component. The more intense cold front is accompanied by the stronger southwesterly SLLJ on the adjacent south side, favoring more precipitation near the front. The warm-sector heavy rainfall, a few hundred kilometers away from the front, is associated with the boundary layer jet (BLJ) at 925 hPa. The southerly BLJ occurs over the northern region of the South China Sea and reaches its maximum wind speed in the early morning. The variations of the BLJ are mainly induced by the surface low and related upper-level short-wave trough upstream. The large pressure gradient to the southeast of the surface low can accelerate the BLJ by increasing the geostrophic winds. The diurnal cycle of the low-level winds, seen in the climatology, also contributes in part to the development of the BLJ at night.
Public servants, anonymity, and political activity online: bureaucratic neutrality in peril?
Authors: Cooper Christopher A. 
Published: October 2018

Various actors have recently expressed concern that by threatening anonymity, social media places the bureaucracy’s neutrality in jeopardy. Yet, empirically, little is known about the online political activities of public servants. Drawing upon the public service motivation literature, this article develops contrasting hypotheses between public sector employment and online political activity. Testing hypotheses with survey data from Canada, the results show that unionized public sector employment reduces the probability of being politically active online. As social media continues to change the nature of governance, the results suggest that anonymity and neutrality remain important professional norms within the Westminster administrative tradition, and are reflected in the online political activities of public sector employees in Canada. Points for practitioners • Due to its visibility and permanency, public servants’ political activity on social media potentially threatens their reputation as politically impartial officials. • Some governments and public sector unions have thus voiced messages of caution to administrative personnel about the dangers of being politically active online. • Survey data from Canada suggest that these messages have worked. • Unionized public sector employment reduces the probability of being politically active online but does not reduce the probability of being active in traditional “offline” political activities.
Policy advisory styles in the francophone Belgian civil service
Authors: Aubin David , Brans Marleen 
Published: October 2018

In a context of the rising importance of ministerial advisers, this article provides empirical evidence about the nature of involvement of civil servants in policy work. Based on a survey of graduated civil servants in francophone Belgium, it shows that civil servants are much involved in policy work even in a politico-administrative system characterised by strong ministerial cabinets. Belgian francophone civil servants are ‘incidental advisors’. They are less process generalists than issue specialists who mostly deal with policy implementation. Their policy advisory style oscillates between ‘rational technician’ and ‘client advisor’. Despite a low institutionalisation of policy advice in the civil service, civil servants significantly serve the ministers in the policy formulation (for harmonization) phase, supplying information and analysis and participating to the writing of policy-related texts. Points for practitioners The francophone Belgian case shows the importance of policy tasks conducted by civil servants. It also provides evidence about the importance of in-house policy-analytical capacity as it shows that civil servants primarily rely on internal information sources and consultation when involved in policy formulation.
Striving to Meet Healthy People 2020 Objectives: Trend Analysis of Maternal Smoking
Authors: Hansen Andrew R. , Akomolafe Toyin O. , McGalliard Zachary , Belle-Isle Laura , Zhang Jian 
Published: October 2018

Objectives: We examined trends in prevalence rates of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy among women in the United States to assess achievement of Healthy People 2020 prevention targets. Methods: We assessed the smoking habits of 30 667 mothers whose children were born between 1985 and 2014 and who were sampled by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2014. Sampled participants were children aged 0-15 at the time of interview; however, an adult proxy—usually the biological mother—responded on the child’s behalf and reported information about maternal tobacco use during pregnancy. We calculated prevalence rates, adjusted odds ratios (aORs), and predicted annual increase or decrease of smoking and quitting smoking during pregnancy, adjusting for mother’s age at delivery and income level and child’s race/ethnicity and sex. Results: The average annual prevalence of smoking at any time during pregnancy decreased from 25.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.3%-36.0%) in 1985 to 10.1% (95% CI, 7.1%-13.0%) in 2014 ( P < .001), and quitting smoking at any time during the index pregnancy increased from 36.6% (95% CI, 20.3%-52.9%) in 1985 to 54.9% (95% CI, 44.4%-65.4%) in 2008 ( P = .002). The adjusted annual risk of smoking during pregnancy decreased significantly by 3% (aOR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98; P < .001). The prevalence rate of smoking in the year 2020 extrapolated from the current trend would be 6.1%. Conclusions: Smoking during pregnancy in the United States is declining. However, renewed public health measures are needed to achieve the Healthy People 2020 objectives of preventing smoking among pregnant women in the United States.
Human Papillomavirus–Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: Patterns of Nodal Disease
Authors: Plonowska Karolina A. , Strohl Madeleine P. , Wang Steven J. , Ha Patrick K. , George Jonathan R. , Heaton Chase M. , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , Mallen‐St. Clair Jon , Ryan William R. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo characterize patterns of neck lymph node (LN) metastases in human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, represented by p16 positivity (p16+OPSCC).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsNeck dissection (ND) specimens of nonirradiated p16+OPSCC patients were analyzed for frequencies of clinically evident and occult LNs by neck level. Local, regional, and distant recurrences were reviewed.ResultsSeventy p16+OPSCC patients underwent primary site transoral robotic surgery and 82 NDs of varying levels. Metastatic pathologic LNs were found at the following frequencies: 0% (0/28) in level I, 75.6% (62/82) in level II with 57.4% (35/61) in level IIA and 13.1% (8/61) in level IIB, 22.0% (18/82) in level III, 7.0% (5/71) in level IV, and 6.3% (1/16) in level V. The level V LN was clinically evident preoperatively. Five of 21 (23.8%) elective NDs contained occult LNs, all of which were in level II and without extranodal extension. Twenty‐seven (38.6%) patients underwent adjuvant radiation; 19 (27.1%) patients underwent adjuvant chemoradiation. With a mean follow‐up of 29 months, 3 patients had developed recurrences, with all but 1 patient still alive. All patients who recurred had refused at least a component of indicated adjuvant treatment.ConclusionsFor p16+OPSCC, therapeutic NDs should encompass any levels bearing suspicious LNs and levels IIA‐B, III, and IV, while elective NDs should be performed and encompass at least levels IIA‐B and III. These selective ND plans, followed by indicated adjuvant treatment, are associated with a low nodal recurrence rate.
Depressive Disorder in Thyroid Cancer Patients after Thyroidectomy: A Longitudinal Follow‐up Study Using a National Cohort
Authors: Choi Hyo Geun , Park Bumjung , Ji Yong Bae , Tae Kyung , Song Chang Myeon 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThe present study compared the frequency of depressive disorder in patients with thyroid cancer who had undergone thyroidectomy with the frequency in control individuals.Study DesignRetrospective population‐based cohort study.SettingThis study used data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service–National Sample Cohort.Subject and MethodsA total of 3609 participants with thyroid cancer who had undergone thyroidectomy between 2003 and 2011 were enrolled in this study and matched 1:4 with 14,436 control participants by age, sex, income, and region of residence. The cumulative incidence of postoperative depressive disorder was evaluated over a period of 10 years after the thyroidectomies and compared with the incidence in controls. Depressive disorder was diagnosed by a psychiatrist.ResultsThe incidence of depressive disorder was significantly higher in the thyroid cancer with thyroidectomy group than in the controls up to postoperative year 1. A subgroup analysis showed the same higher incidence of depressive disorder in the thyroid cancer group than controls for up to 1 year after operations in young adult (≤44 years old), female, urban, and low‐income groups. However, the incidence was elevated only in the year of the thyroidectomies themselves in middle‐aged and older, rural, and high‐income groups.ConclusionPatients with thyroid cancer who undergo thyroidectomy have depressive disorder more frequently than normal controls. However, the frequency of depressive disorder after thyroidectomy recovers in a shorter period in middle‐aged or older, high‐income, and rural‐dwelling patients, compared to younger, low‐income, and urban‐dwelling patients.
Evaluation of Acellular Bilayer Silk Fibroin Grafts for Onlay Tracheoplasty in a Rat Defect Model
Authors: Galvez Alegria Cinthia , Gundogdu Gokhan , Yang Xuehui , Costa Kyle , Mauney Joshua R. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of acellular bilayer silk fibroin (BLSF) grafts to repair full‐thickness tracheal defects and to compare the performance with conventional porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) implants.Study DesignA prospective controlled animal trial in a rat model of onlay tracheoplasty.SettingPediatric medical center.Subjects and MethodsTracheal reconstruction of adult Sprague‐Dawley rats was performed with BLSF (n = 38) or SIS (n = 32) matrices for up to 3 months of implantation. Functional evaluations of repaired conduits as well as histologic, immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric analyses of neotissues were assessed.ResultsPrior to scheduled euthanasia, survival rates of rats receiving BLSF or SIS grafts were ≥94%, with no clinical signs of airway obstruction observed over the course of the study. Micro–computed tomography analysis revealed that the mean percentage of stenosis was <20% in both implant groups. BLSF and SIS grafts supported formation of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium by 1 week postoperatively; however, each matrix failed to promote de novo chondrogenesis by 3 months following repair.ConclusionsBLSF scaffolds can be used for reconstruction of rat tracheal patch defects with functional outcomes comparable to those of SIS matrices.
A Novel Method for Clinical Cochlear Duct Length Estimation toward Patient‐Specific Cochlear Implant Selection
Authors: Schurzig Daniel , Timm Max Eike , Batsoulis Cornelia , Salcher Rolf , Sieber Daniel , Jolly Claude , Lenarz Thomas , Zoka‐Assadi Masoud 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveIn the field of cochlear implantation, the current trend toward patient‐specific electrode selection and the achievement of optimal audiologic outcomes has resulted in implant manufacturers developing a large portfolio of electrodes. The aim of this study was to bridge the gap between the known variability of cochlea length and this electrode portfolio.DesignRetrospective analysis on cochlear length and shape in micro–computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography data.SettingTertiary care medical center.Subjects and MethodsA simple 2‐step approach was developed to accurately estimate the individual cochlear length as well as the projected length of an electrode array inside the cochlea. The method is capable of predicting the length of the cochlea and the inserted electrode length at any specific angle. Validation of the approach was performed with 20 scans of human temporal bones (micro–computed tomography) and 47 pre‐ and postoperative clinical scans (cone beam computed tomography).ResultsMean ± SD absolute errors in cochlear length estimations were 0.12 ± 0.10 mm, 0.38 ± 0.26 mm, and 0.71 ± 0.43 mm for 1, 1.5, and 2 cochlea turns, respectively. Predicted insertion angles based on clinical cone beam computed tomography data showed absolute deviations of 27° ± 18° to the corresponding postoperative measurements.ConclusionWith accuracy improvements of 80% to 90% in comparison with previously proposed approaches, the method is well suited for the use in individualized cochlear implantation.
Machine learning for estimation of building energy consumption and performance: a review
Authors: Seyedzadeh Saleh , Rahimian Farzad Pour , Glesk Ivan , Roper Marc 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEver growing population and progressive municipal business demands for constructing new buildings are known as the foremost contributor to greenhouse gasses. Therefore, improvement of energy efficiency of the building sector has become an essential target to reduce the amount of gas emission as well as fossil fuel consumption. One most effective approach to reducing CO2 emission and energy consumption with regards to new buildings is to consider energy efficiency at a very early design stage. On the other hand,efficient energy management and smart refurbishments can enhance energy performance of the existing stock. All these solutions entail accurate energy prediction for optimal decision making. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) in general and machine learning (ML) techniques in specific terms have been proposed for forecasting of building energy consumption and performance. This paper provides a substantial review on the four main ML approaches including artificial neural network, support vector machine, Gaussian-based regressions and clustering, which have commonly been applied in forecasting and improving building energy performance.
Demographic and clinical predictors of response to internet-enabled cognitive–behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety
Authors: Catarino Ana , Bateup Sarah , Tablan Valentin , Innes Katherine , Freer Stephen , Richards Andy , Stott Richard , Hollon Steven D. , Chamberlain Samuel Robin , Hayes Ann , Blackwell Andrew D. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundCommon mental health problems affect a quarter of the population. Online cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is increasingly used, but the factors modulating response to this treatment modality remain unclear.AimsThis study aims to explore the demographic and clinical predictors of response to one-to-one CBT delivered via the internet.MethodReal-world clinical outcomes data were collected from 2211 NHS England patients completing a course of CBT delivered by a trained clinician via the internet. Logistic regression analyses were performed using patient and service variables to identify significant predictors of response to treatment.ResultsMultiple patient variables were significantly associated with positive response to treatment including older age, absence of long-term physical comorbidities and lower symptom severity at start of treatment. Service variables associated with positive response to treatment included shorter waiting times for initial assessment and longer treatment durations in terms of the number of sessions.ConclusionsKnowledge of which patient and service variables are associated with good clinical outcomes can be used to develop personalised treatment programmes, as part of a quality improvement cycle aiming to drive up standards in mental healthcare. This study exemplifies translational research put into practice and deployed at scale in the National Health Service, demonstrating the value of technology-enabled treatment delivery not only in facilitating access to care, but in enabling accelerated data capture for clinical research purposes.Declaration of interestA.C., S.B., V.T., K.I., S.F., A.R., A.H. and A.D.B. are employees or board members of the sponsor. S.R.C. consults for Cambridge Cognition and Shire. Keywords: Anxiety disorders; cognitive behavioural therapies; depressive disorders; individual psychotherapy
Legal and Ethical Considerations of Disclosing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositivity to a Surrogate Decision Maker
Authors: Rose Rachel V. , Kass Joseph S. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Ethical and legal issues arise when a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive lacks decision-making capacity and the HIV status must be disclosed to a surrogate decision maker to allow for informed medical decision making. This article discusses the special exceptions to confidentiality built into the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act privacy protections, the limitations on claims of common-law marriage, and public health laws that often require informing individuals who are either sex partners or needle-sharing partners of newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals that they have been exposed to HIV infection.
Viral Meningitis and Encephalitis
Authors: Lyons Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article discusses meningitis and encephalitis infections caused by viruses, excluding herpes family and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

RECENT FINDINGS
The viral infections of the nervous system detailed in this article have no specific treatment other than supportive care. However, many of the viruses discussed are highly preventable by vaccination, proper skin protection against transmitting vectors, and postexposure prophylaxis.

SUMMARY
While meningitis and encephalitis caused by viruses may have some clinical overlap, the management and outcomes can be highly disparate, making distinction between the two imperative. Furthermore, despite their relative rarity in terms of clinical disease, many of the viral infections discussed herein are highly preventable. Given the morbidity and mortality attached to such infections, provider and patient education are the best approach available to prevent these potentially devastating illnesses.