bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Choice of Norms in Courtroom Adjudication in Vietnam: In Search of Legitimacy in a Socialist Regulatory Context
Authors: TRAN Thi Quang Hong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNotwithstanding its defining feature of normative pluralism, the socialist state of Vietnam basically adopts a legal centralist approach to regulation. The judiciary is arguably the most illustrative of this approach, since it is the main forum where legal centralism encounters normative pluralism. Our research examines the choice of norms in judicial adjudication in Vietnam to check the effectiveness of its legal centralist approach. It finds that, despite lacking institutional support, judges managed to apply customary norms at their discretion against the state’s emphasis on top-down legal rules. A legitimacy-based analysis explains this phenomenon. It points out that judges conceptualized their legitimacy under the influence of both legal and extra-legal rules, thus making it apart from the legality. Judges attempt to bridge the gap between legitimacy and legality enabled de factor normative pluralism. In looking at the influence of customary norms over judicial adjudication, the article aims to make both theoretical and practical contributions. Theoretically, it enriches the scholarship of normative pluralism by showing how legitimacy-building keeps normative pluralism effective, irrespective of the dominating legal centralism. Practically, it proffers insightful implications for the ongoing court reforms in Vietnam based upon the findings.
Pathwise large deviations for the rough Bergomi model
Authors: Jacquier Antoine , Pakkanen Mikko S. , Stone Henry 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Introduced recently in mathematical finance by Bayer et al. (2016), the rough Bergomi model has proved particularly efficient to calibrate option markets. We investigate some of its probabilistic properties, in particular proving a pathwise large deviations principle for a small-noise version of the model. The exponential function (continuous but superlinear) as well as the drift appearing in the volatility process fall beyond the scope of existing results, and a dedicated analysis is needed.
The nonhomogeneous frog model on ℤ
Authors: Rosenberg Josh 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We examine a system of interacting random walks with leftward drift on ℤ, which begins with a single active particle at the origin and some distribution of inactive particles on the positive integers. Inactive particles become activated when landed on by other particles, and all particles beginning at the same point possess equal leftward drift. Once activated, the trajectories of distinct particles are independent. This system belongs to a broader class of problems involving interacting random walks on rooted graphs, referred to collectively as the frog model. Additional conditions that we impose on our model include that the number of frogs (i.e. particles) at positive integer points is a sequence of independent random variables which is increasing in terms of the standard stochastic order, and that the sequence of leftward drifts associated with frogs originating at these points is decreasing. Our results include sharp conditions with respect to the sequence of random variables and the sequence of drifts that determine whether the model is transient (meaning the probability infinitely many frogs return to the origin is 0) or nontransient. We consider several, more specific, versions of the model described, and a cleaner, more simplified set of sharp conditions will be established for each case.
Strong maximum principles for fractional Laplacians
Authors: Musina Roberta , Nazarov Alexander I. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe give a unified approach to strong maximum principles for a large class of nonlocal operators of order s ∈ (0, 1) that includes the Dirichlet, the Neumann Restricted (or Regional) and the Neumann Semirestricted Laplacians.
Dietary modification for laryngopharyngeal reflux: systematic review
Authors: Min C , Park B , Sim S , Choi H G 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux and dietary modification.MethodsA systematic review was conducted. The data sources for the study were PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Articles were independently extracted by two authors according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The outcome focus was laryngopharyngeal reflux improvement through diet or dietary behaviour.ResultsOf the 372 studies identified, 7 met our inclusion criteria. In these seven studies, laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms improved following dietary modifications. However, the studies did not present the independent effect of each dietary factor on laryngopharyngeal reflux. Moreover, only one of the seven studies had a randomised controlled study design.ConclusionThe reference studies of dietary modification for laryngopharyngeal reflux patients are not sufficient to provide recommendations.
Geological Controls on Fluid Flow and Gas Hydrate Pingo Development on the Barents Sea Margin
Authors: Waage M. , Portnov A. , Serov P. , Bünz S. , Waghorn K. A. , Vadakkepuliyambatta S. , Mienert J. , Andreassen K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn 2014, the discovery of seafloor mounds leaking methane gas into the water column in the northwestern Barents Sea became the first to document the existence of nonpermafrost‐related gas hydrate pingos (GHPs) on the Eurasian Arctic shelf. The discovered site is given attention because the gas hydrates occur close to the upper limit of the gas hydrate stability, thus may be vulnerable to climatic forcing. In addition, this site lies on the regional Hornsund Fault Zone marking a transition between the oceanic and continental crust. The Hornsund Fault Zone is known to coincide with an extensive seafloor gas seepage area; however, until now lack of seismic data prevented connecting deep structural elements to shallow seepages. Here we use high‐resolution P‐Cable 3‐D seismic data to study the subsurface architecture of GHPs and underlying glacial and preglacial deposits. The data show gas hydrates, authigenic carbonates, and free gas within the GHPs on top of gas chimneys piercing a thin section of low‐permeability glacial sediments. The chimneys connect to faults within the underlying tilted and folded fluid and gas‐hydrate‐bearing sedimentary rocks. Correlation of our data with regional 2‐D seismic surveys shows a spatial connection between the shallow subsurface fluid flow system and the deep‐seated regional fault zone. We suggest that fault‐controlled Paleocene hydrocarbon reservoirs inject methane into the low‐permeability glacial deposits and near‐seabed sediments, forming the GHPs. This conceptual model explains the existence of climate‐sensitive gas hydrate inventories and extensive seabed methane release observed along the Svalbard‐Barents Sea margin.
Contribution of Recycling of Surface Precipitation to Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Rainfall: A Modeling Study for Typhoon Utor (2013)
Authors: Liu Lu , Xu Jing , Wang Yuqing , Duan Yihong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSurface evaporation is an important factor in the hydrological cycle. It is unknown however how much the recycling of surface precipitation contributes to rainfall in a landfalling tropical cyclone. In this study, ensemble simulations were performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model to quantify the contribution of re‐evaporation of surface precipitation to rainfall in Typhoon Utor (2013) during and after its landfall over South China. Two sets of ensemble simulations were conducted, one with all default model settings (CTRL) and the other with the surface precipitation rate in the land surface model being set to zero within a radius of 500 km from the storm center so that the re‐evaporation of surface precipitation was removed. Results show that the re‐evaporation of surface precipitation contributed about 15–20% to the total rainfall in the inner core within a 100‐km radius from the storm center after landfall. It is found that the removal of surface precipitation in the land surface model reduced soil moisture and thus surface latent heat flux, which led to a slightly weaker storm, thus the weaker boundary layer inflow and reduced inward moisture transport into the inner‐core region of the storm. The results demonstrate that the reduced surface evaporation and inward moisture transport contributed about 30–40 and 60–70%, respectively, to the decrease in precipitation in the inner‐core region in the experiment with the re‐evaporation of surface precipitation removed.
Climatic Condition and Synoptic Regimes of Two Intense Snowfall Events in Eastern China and Implications for Climate Variability
Authors: Sun Bo , Wang Huijun , Zhou Botao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the climatic condition and synoptic regimes of two intense snowfall events (ISEs) in central eastern China (CEC) during January 2018, focusing on the mechanisms of northerly cold advection and southerly water vapor transport. The northerly cold advections invading CEC were associated with a strengthened Siberian High, which could be partially attributed to an influence of reduced sea ice in the Kara Sea‐Barents Sea during November 2017 to January 2018 on a reduced meridional temperature gradient between the midlatitudinal Eurasia and Arctic regions. The southerly water vapor transport contributing to ISEs was associated with a zonal dipole pattern in the atmosphere, which was characterized by an anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and an anomalous low over the Tibetan Plateau and India. The La Niña condition provided a climatic condition for an anomalous anticyclone persisting over the western North Pacific during January 2018, which was influenced by a strengthened convection over the western tropical Pacific and influenced by the air‐sea interaction over the central‐northern Pacific. The anomalous low over the Tibetan Plateau and India was associated with active eastward propagating synoptic‐scale waves originating from the midlatitudinal North Atlantic. The implication of aforementioned climatic conditions on climate variability was further discussed. Our results suggest that a reduced sea ice in the Kara Sea during the preceding late autumn and a concurrent La Niña‐like condition may contribute to an increased frequency of ISEs in CEC during winter on the interannual time scale.
High expression of acidic chitinase and chitin digestibility in the stomach of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an insectivorous nonhuman primate
Authors: Tabata Eri , Kashimura Akinori , Uehara Maiko , Wakita Satoshi , Sakaguchi Masayoshi , Sugahara Yasusato , Yurimoto Terumi , Sasaki Erika , Matoska Vaclav , Bauer Peter O. , Oyama Fumitaka 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChitin is a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and a main constituent of insects’ exoskeleton. Insects are rich in protein with high energy conversion efficiency. Recently, we have reported that acidic chitinases (Chia) act as digestive enzymes in mouse, pig and chicken (omnivorous) but not in dog (carnivorous) and bovine (herbivorous), indicating that feeding behavior affects Chia expression levels, and determines chitin digestibility in the particular animals. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to New World monkey family and provides a potential bridge between mouse models and human diseases. Common marmoset is an insectivorous nonhuman primate with unknown expression levels and enzymatic functions of the Chia homologue, CHIA. Here, we report that common marmoset highly expresses pepsin-, trypsin- and chymotrypsin-resistant CHIA in the stomach. We show that CHIA is most active at pH 2.0 and degrades chitin and mealworm shells into GlcNAc dimers under gastrointestinal conditions. Although common marmoset and crab-eating monkey (Old World monkey) have two CHIA genes in their genomes, they primarily express one gene in the stomach. Thus, this study is the first to investigate expression levels and enzymatic functions of CHIA in a New World primate, contributing to the understanding of dietary adaptation and digestion in this taxon.
A 14-day repeat dose oral gavage range-finding study of a first-in-class CDI investigational antibiotic, in rats
Authors: Sibley Katherine , Chen Jayson , Koetzner Lee , Mendes Odete , Kimzey Amy , Lansita Janice , Boulos Ramiz A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDrug resistant bacteria are winning the fight over antibiotics with some bacteria not responding to any antibiotics, threatening modern medicine as we know it. The development of new, effective and safe antibiotics is critical for addressing this issue. Ramizol, a first-in-class styrylbenzene based antibiotic, is an investigational drug indicated for Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). The objective of this range-finding study was to evaluate the potential general toxicity (based on toxicological endpoints selected) and toxicokinetics of Ramizol in male and female rats that may arise from repeated exposure via oral gavage over a test period of at least 14 days at doses of 50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg. There were no mortalities in this study and no Ramizol-related clinical observations. Additionally, there were no changes in mean body weight, body weight gain, food consumption or food efficiency for male and female rats attributable to Ramizol administration. The observed pharmacokinetic behavior showed the presence of Ramizol in plasma at 24 hours post-dosing combined with increasing AUC(0–24) values during the course of this study in groups administered 1500 mg/kg/day, which suggests that at least some dosing groups will show accumulation of compound during repeated dose studies. These toxicology results have shown Ramizol is well-tolerated at very high concentrations in rats and support the further drug development of Ramizol as a first-in-class antibiotic for the treatment of CDI.
Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Lanthanum and Strontium Doped Bismuth Ferrite: A First-Principles Study
Authors: Ghosh Ayana , Trujillo Dennis P. , Choi Hongchul , Nakhmanson S. M. , Alpay S. Pamir , Zhu Jian-Xin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhile bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 (BFO) is a well studied multiferroic material, its electronic and magnetic properties in the presence of A-site dopants have not been explored widely. Here we report the results of a systematic study of the local electronic structure, spontaneous polarization, and magnetic properties of lanthanum (La) and strontium (Sr) doped rhombohedral bismuth ferrite within density functional theory. An enhanced ferroelectric polarization of 122.43 μC/cm2 is predicted in the uniformly doped BiLaFe2O6. We find that substitution of Sr in the A-site drives the system into a metallic state. The nature of magnetism arises mainly from the B-site Fe exhibiting a G-type antiferromagnetic ordering. Our study finds that upon dopant substitution, the local magnetic moment is decreased and its magnitude is dependent on the distance between the Fe and the dopant atom. The correlation between the local moment and the distance between the Fe and the dopant atom is discussed.
Universality of the DNA methylation codes in Eucaryotes
Authors: Aliaga Benoît , Bulla Ingo , Mouahid Gabriel , Duval David , Grunau Christoph 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGenetics and epigenetics are tightly linked heritable information classes. Question arises if epigenetics provides just a set of environment dependent instructions, or whether it is integral part of an inheritance system. We argued that in the latter case the epigenetic code should share the universality quality of the genetic code. We focused on DNA methylation. Since availability of DNA methylation data is biased towards model organisms we developed a method that uses kernel density estimations of CpG observed/expected ratios to infer DNA methylation types in any genome. We show here that our method allows for robust prediction of mosaic and full gene body methylation with a PPV of 1 and 0.87, respectively. We used this prediction to complement experimental data, and applied hierarchical clustering to identify methylation types in ~150 eucaryotic species covering different body plans, reproduction types and living conditions. Our analysis indicates that there are only four gene body methylation types. These types do not follow phylogeny (i.e. phylogenetically distant clades can have identical methylation types) but they are consistent within clades. We conclude that the gene body DNA methylation codes have universality similar to the universality of the genetic code and should consequently be considered as part of the inheritance system.
Dichotic Listening Test–Retest Reliability in Children
Authors: Kelley Kairn Stetler , Littenberg Benjamin 
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The objective of the study was to compare test–retest reliability of three dichotic listening tests: SCAN–3 Competing Words Test (Words;
Keith, 2009a
,
2009b
), Double Dichotic Digits Test (Digits;
Musiek, 1983a
), and Bergen Dichotic Listening Test With Consonant–Vowel Syllables (Syllables;
Hugdahl & Hammar, 1997
).

Method

Sixty English-speaking children, 7–14 years old with normal hearing, had a single study visit during which each test was administered twice. Changes on retest were summarized by within-subject standard deviation (
S
w
), compared among tests, and compared with binomial model predictions. Correlates of variance were explored.

Results

Scores based on 40 items were more precise (
S
w
= 5%) than those based on 20–30 items (
S
w
= 6%–8%). All 3 tests had reliability within bounds predicted by binomial model. Changes on retest for Words and Digits Test were weakly associated with age, but this is confounded by the trend for older children to have higher Words and Digits scores.

Conclusions
Digits Right, Digits Left, and Words Total scores—each based on 40 items—had the best reliability among the clinically used scores. Scores based on fewer items were less precise. Poor precision may contribute to misdiagnosis in clinic and to nondifferential misclassification in research. More precise estimates of dichotic listening ability require longer tests.
Research on antenna for detecting the corona discharge of transmission line
Authors: Xia Yunfeng , Song Xinming , Jia Zhidong , Wang Xilin , Qi Jinfeng , Xu Zheng 
Published: January 2019

Detection of corona discharge of the transmission line can reflect its health status and provide warning information for maintenance. Some existing detection methods are flawed and cannot be used widely. This study presents a new method by measuring the electromagnetic wave caused by corona discharge with RF antenna. Then a circularly polarised log‐periodic antenna was designed by making two pairs of log‐periodic antennas 90° orthogonal. Finally, this antenna was simulated and manufactured to detect electromagnetic signals, the result shows that the time domain signal of corona discharge is a high frequency oscillation wave and its fast Fourier transform main distributes between 200 and 350 MHz.
Transcription factor regulation of RNA polymerase’s torque generation capacity
Authors: Ma Jie , Tan Chuang , Gao Xiang , Fulbright Robert M. , Roberts Jeffrey W. , Wang Michelle D. 
Published: January 2019

Significance
RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out transcription from DNA to RNA. The double-stranded helical nature of DNA necessitates RNAP rotation of DNA during active elongation, leading to DNA supercoiling and the accumulation of torsional stress, which may ultimately stall transcription. As a torsional motor, RNAP generates and works against torsion, but it remains unclear whether and how RNAP’s torque generation capacity may be regulated. In this work, real-time single-molecule transcriptional assays revealed that, in response to increased torsion, RNAP extensively backtracks along DNA and ultimately becomes stalled. A transcription factor, GreB, can effectively increase RNAP’s stall torque by limiting RNAP backtracking. This work provides the first illustration of how a transcription factor can regulate the capacity of transcriptional torque generation.
Biohybrid valveless pump-bot powered by engineered skeletal muscle
Authors: Li Zhengwei , Seo Yongbeom , Aydin Onur , Elhebeary Mohamed , Kamm Roger D. , Kong Hyunjoon , Saif M. Taher A. 
Published: January 2019

Significance
Engineered living systems is a rapidly emerging field where functional biohybrid machines are built by integration of cells or tissues with engineered scaffolds for countless technological applications. Here, we present a biohybrid pumping machine or “pump-bot,” capable of generating unidirectional flow powered by engineered skeletal muscle tissue. It utilizes a bioinspired mechanism for valveless pumping and can achieve flow rates that are at least three orders of magnitude higher than previously reported biohybrid pumps. The proposed design offers several merits, including flexibility of material choices, ease of fabrication, robustness, and ability to operate without the need for valves, blades, or other moving parts. This biological pumping system can have broad utility and impact in tissue engineering, microfluidics, and biomedical devices.
Police Call-takers' First Substantive Question Projects the Outcome of the Call
Authors: Kent Alexandra , Antaki Charles 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPolice call-takers need to gather as much data as is needed, as quickly as possible, to determine whether and what action should be taken. On analysing 514 calls to a UK centre handling emergency (999) and non-emergency (101) calls, we find that the call-taker’s first substantive question already carries a diagnosis of the merits of the caller's case, and an implication of the call's likely outcome. Such questions come principally in four formats. On a gradient of increasing scepticism, these are requests for the caller's location (which are treated as indicating that police action will be taken); open-ended requests for further information (treated as neutral); and queries of the relevance of the incident or legitimacy of the caller, and reformulations of the caller's reason for calling (both projecting upcoming refusal of police action). We discuss the implications of this gradient for understanding how the call-takers manage their institutional goals. Data are in British English.