bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory syncytial and influenza virus detecting rapid tests in children younger than 5 years of age in Armenia
Authors: Ghazaryan Hrachuhi , Babloyan Ara , Sarkissian Ashot , Davtyan Karapet , Berger Christoph 
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are major causes of morbidity in early childhood. They are mainly caused by viruses, including influenza (INF) and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV). We aimed to investigate the role of RSV and INF in children hospitalized for ARIs and to show the impact of RSV/INF rapid testing on management of patients.
Methodology: Cross-sectional study using data of inpatient care of children younger than five years hospitalized in Arabkir Medical Center due to ARI from November 1, 2013 to April 1, 2014. Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for RSV and INF types A and B by direct antigen detection tests.
Results: A total of 915 patients, 583 (63.7%) boys and 332 (36.3%) girls were included in the study with the mean age of 18.8 ± 16.3 months. Among them, 390 (42.6%) were tested positive, 3 (0.3%) subjects tested positive both for RSV and INF: 269 (29.4%) for RSV and 124 (13.6%) for INF (A – 121, B – 3). Out of 915 children, 209 (23%) were pretreated with antibiotics, most often with oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (n = 54, 25.8%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (n = 46, 22%), and amoxicillin (n = 38, 18.2%), followed by intramuscular ceftriaxone (n = 37, 17.7%).
Conclusions: The usage of antigen tests for detection of respiratory viruses allowed to document high rates of RSV and INF in children admitted to the hospital. In settings where polymerase chain reaction method is not readily available, implementation of rapid tests for detection of respiratory viruses is important in the management of pediatric patients including cohorting and more targeted use of antibiotics.
IκB-ζ Expression Requires Both TYK2/STAT3 Activity and IL-17–Regulated mRNA Stabilization
Authors: Muromoto Ryuta , Tawa Keisuke , Ohgakiuchi Yui , Sato Ami , Saino Yuka , Hirashima Koki , Minoguchi Hiroya , Kitai Yuichi , Kashiwakura Jun-ichi , Shimoda Kazuya , Oritani Kenji , Matsuda Tadashi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cytokine IL-17A (IL-17) acts on various cell types, including epidermal keratinocytes, and induces antimicrobial peptide and chemokine production to elicit antibacterial and antifungal defense responses. Excess IL-17 leads to inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. The IκB family protein IκB-ζ mediates IL-17–induced responses. However, the mechanism controlling IκB-ζ expression in IL-17–stimulated cells remains elusive. In this study, we showed that JAK kinase TYK2 positively regulates IL-17–induced IκB-ζ expression. TYK2-deficient mice showed reduced inflammation and concomitant reduction of IκB-ζ mRNA compared with wild-type mice in imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. The analysis of the IκB-ζ promoter activity using human cell lines (HaCaT and HeLa) revealed that catalytic activity of TYK2 and its substrate transcription factor STAT3, but not IL-17, is required for IκB-ζ promoter activity. In contrast, IL-17–induced signaling, which did not activate STAT3, posttranscriptionally stabilized IκB-ζ mRNA via its 3′-untranslated region. IL-17 signaling protein ACT1 was required to counteract constitutive IκB-ζ mRNA degradation by RNase Regnase-1. These results suggested that transcriptional activation by TYK2–STAT3 pathway and mRNA stabilization by IL-17–mediated signals act separately from each other but complementarily to achieve IκB-ζ induction. Therefore, JAK/TYK2 inhibition might be of significance in regulation of IL-17–induced inflammatory reactions.
Online appendix 2:An evaluation of the public sector optometric service provided within the health districts in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Maake Moraka E. , Moodley Vanessa R. 
Published: May 2019

Background: In South Africa, optometry has been traditionally positioned within the private sector. The situation has gradually changed over the past two decades, with optometry being introduced into the public sector in many parts of the country. Despite the growing numbers, optometrists are still new within the public health sector, motivating this study to evaluate the eye care services they provide.Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study was undertaken. Stratified random selection was applied to select the study sites, and systematic sampling was used to select patients’ files. A saturated sample of public sector optometrists employed in the selected districts completed study questionnaires. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 21.Results: A total of 2968 records were reviewed, and gender distribution was 67.6% female and 32.4% male. Refraction (86.73%) was the most frequently conducted test, followed by ophthalmoscopy (74.73%), colour vision (0.07%) and gonioscopy (0.03%). The response rate for the questionnaires was 64.7%. Optometric outreach services were conducted by 54.5% of optometrists, and the majority (83.3%) reported that the farthest outreach facility was more than 50 km from their base hospital. The availability of equipment at outreach facilities was less as compared to base hospitals, while some reported not having the necessary equipment even at base hospitals. None of the optometrists did contact lens fitting at outreach facilities. A lack of equipment was cited as one of the reasons for not providing this service by 100% of optometrists. Most optometrists (63.6%) believed that more than 30% of their referrals might have been avoided if they had prescribed therapeutic agents to manage ocular conditions.Conclusion: Introducing optometrists within the public sector improves access to services for rural communities. However, the minimum standard of optometric care is not practised, allegedly because of a lack of equipment. Therefore, resources should be made available to enable optometrists to provide comprehensive optometric services. In addition, the study highlighted the need for more optometry posts in rural communities and for the implementation of career growth paths to attract and retain optometrists within the public sector.
Online appendix 1:How objective are protected area management effectiveness assessments? A case study from the iSimangaliso Wetland Park
Authors: Carbutt Clinton , Goodman Peter S. 
Published: May 2019

The assessment of protected area management effectiveness was developed out of a genuine desire to improve the way protected areas are managed and reported on, in relation to a formalised set of conservation objectives. For monitoring and reporting purposes, a number of participatory methods of rapidly assessing management effectiveness were developed. Most rapid assessment methods rely on scoring a range of protected area-related activities against an objective set of criteria documented in a formal questionnaire. This study evaluated the results of two applications of the same management effectiveness assessment tool applied to the same protected area, namely the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. The manner in which the assessments were undertaken differed considerably and, not unexpectedly, so did the results, with the national assessment scoring significantly higher than the provincial assessment. Therefore, a further aim was to evaluate the operating conditions applied to each assessment, with a view to determining which assessment was more closely aligned with best practice and hence which score was more credible. The application of the tool differed mainly with respect to the level of spatial detail entered into for the evaluation, the depth and breadth of the management hierarchy that was consulted, the time in which the assessment was undertaken and the degree of peer review applied. Disparate scores such as those obtained in the assessments documented here are likely to bring the discipline of management effectiveness assessment into disrepute unless an acceptable and standardised set of operating procedures is developed and adopted. Recommendations for such a set of ‘indispensable constants’ were made in this article to ensure that management effectiveness assessments remain robust and reputable, thereby ensuring an honest picture of what is happening on the ground. Conservation implications: We proposed that standard operating procedures should be in place when protected area management effectiveness assessments are undertaken, in order for the results to be credible. This involves ensuring that the right people participate and that each participant is allowed sufficient time to peer review each other.
Online appendix 1: Soil water retention curves for the major soil types of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Buitenwerf Robert , Kulmatiski Andrew , Higgins Steven I. 
Published: May 2019

Soil water potential is crucial to plant transpiration and thus to carbon cycling and biosphere–atmosphere interactions, yet it is difficult to measure in the field. Volumetric and gravimetric water contents are easy and cheap to measure in the field, but can be a poor proxy of plant-available water. Soil water content can be transformed to water potential using soil moisture retention curves. We provide empirically derived soil moisture retention curves for seven soil types in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Site-specific curves produced excellent estimates of soil water potential from soil water content values. Curves from soils derived from the same geological substrate were similar, potentially allowing for the use of one curve for basalt soils and another for granite soils. It is anticipated that this dataset will help hydrologists and ecophysiologists understand water dynamics, carbon cycling and biosphere–atmosphere interactions under current and changing climatic conditions in the region.
CSIB v1 (Canadian Sea-ice Biogeochemistry): a sea-ice biogeochemical model for the NEMO community ocean modelling framework
Authors: Hayashida Hakase , Christian James R. , Holdsworth Amber M. , Hu Xianmin , Monahan Adam H. , Mortenson Eric , Myers Paul G. , Riche Olivier G. J. , Sou Tessa , Steiner Nadja S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Process-based numerical models are a useful tool for
studying marine ecosystems and associated biogeochemical processes in
ice-covered regions where observations are scarce. To this end, CSIB v1
(Canadian Sea-ice Biogeochemistry version 1), a new sea-ice biogeochemical
model, has been developed and embedded into the Nucleus for European Modelling
of the Ocean (NEMO) modelling system. This model consists of a
three-compartment (ice algae, nitrate, and ammonium) sea-ice ecosystem and a
two-compartment (dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide) sea-ice
sulfur cycle which are coupled to pelagic ecosystem and sulfur-cycle models
at the sea-ice–ocean interface. In addition to biological and chemical
sources and sinks, the model simulates the horizontal transport of
biogeochemical state variables within sea ice through a one-way coupling to a
dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model (LIM2; the Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model
version 2). The model results for 1979 (after a decadal spin-up) are
presented and compared to observations and previous model studies for a brief
discussion on the model performance. Furthermore, this paper provides
discussion on technical aspects of implementing the sea-ice biogeochemistry
and assesses the model sensitivity to (1) the temporal resolution of the
snowfall forcing data, (2) the representation of light penetration through
snow, (3) the horizontal transport of sea-ice biogeochemical state variables,
and (4) light attenuation by ice algae. The sea-ice biogeochemical model has
been developed within the generic framework of NEMO to facilitate its use
within different configurations and domains, and can be adapted for use with
other NEMO-based sub-models such as LIM3 (the Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model
version 3) and PISCES (Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem
Studies).
Methodism in the Royal Navy, 1740–1815
Authors: Pickering Andrew Nelson 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
The relationship between Methodism and the armed forces dates from the very early days of the movement. The Methodist soldier preachers of the eighteenth century have been the subject of considerable historical study; the navy has received much less attention. Owen Spencer Watkins recognized that evidence of Methodism in the Royal Navy ‘was at most very occasional. The result is that a most interesting chapter in the history of our Church is lost to us.’1 There is a paucity of material, certainly in comparison with the army; however, it is possible to give sufficient evidence of a thriving Methodist subculture in the Royal Navy during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Diversity of Staphylococcus coagulase- positive and negative strains of coalho cheese and detection of enterotoxin encoding genes
Authors: Colares de Andrade ANA PAULA , Teixeira de Figueiredo Evania Altina , Borges Maria de Fatima , Arcuri Edna Froeder 
Published: May 2019

Three hundred samples of coalho cheese, from 15 different brands, of which seven were handmade made and eight industrialized, were evaluated in relation to the contamination profile by Staphylococcus coagulase-positive and negative and the occurrence of staphylococcal enterotoxin encoding genes. Two hundred and eight isolates of Staphylococcus sp. were subjected to phenotypic identification and 95 were subjected to genotypic identification through femA gene research and detection of genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei and sej) encoding enterotoxins, using the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). A total of 14 species of Staphylococcus were identified, of which three were coagulase-positive and eleven negative, especially: S. aureus, S. xylosus, S. cohnni spp. cohnii, S. saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, S. hyicus, S. lentus, S. sciuri, S. cohnii spp. urealyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. chromogenes, S. lugdunensis, S. hominis e S. intermedius. In all the samples of handmade coalho cheese handmade there was a prevalence of S. aureus; while in the industrial samples S. xylosus (87.5%) and S. cohnii spp cohnii (50%) were predominant. The presence of the femA gene was detected in 95% (38/40) isolates of positive Staphylococcus coagulase and 16.4% (9/55) of coagulase-negative isolates. Among the enterotoxin encoding genes evaluated, there was prevalence of the seh gene (53.2%) in coagulase-positive strains and of the sec gene (46.8%) in coagulase-negative strains. The results suggest a re-evaluation of the Brazilian microbiological standards in relation to the genus Staphylococcus in foods.
Esclarecimento e educação em Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) / Enlightenment and education in Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Authors: Biasotto Karine 
Published: May 2019

O presente artigo trata do pensamento de Kant sobre a questão pedagógica. O objetivo consiste em apresentar o conceito de Iluminismo elaborado pelo intelectual e relacioná-lo com o seu pensamento no que diz respeito a educação. Para isso foram utilizados os ensaios: Resposta à pergunta: que é o Iluminismo e Sobre a Pedagogia. O primeiro é uma reflexão sobre o contexto social da Europa do século XVIII e suas consequências para a vida intelectual desse momento histórico. Já o segundo, trata-se de uma reunião de notas elaboradas por Kant e organizadas por seu discípulo Rink. Fortemente influenciadas por Rousseau, essas notas apresentam o pensamento kantiano por um longo período e destacam a questão da liberdade, do progresso e da autonomia a fim de educar um ser moral. A partir disso é possível perceber a influência daquilo que o autor entende como Iluminismo no processo de formação do homem, que para ele inicia desde muito cedo, quando a criança nasce, e se mantém até a juventude, sem um momento preciso para conclusão. Desse modo se torna evidente a atualidade do pensamento de Kant principalmente sobre o quão fundamental é aprender a pensar por si e assim fazer um bom uso da liberdade, caminhar para o progresso com fim na moralidade. * * *This article discuss the Kant's thought regarding to the pedagogical question. The aim consist in show the concept of Enlightenment elaborated by the intellectual and relate to his thought about education. Therefore, was used the essays: An answer to the question: What is Enlightenment and On Pedagogy. The first is a reflection on the social context of eighteenth-century in Europe and its consequences for the intellectual life. The second, it is a combination of notes elaborated by Kant and organized by his disciple Rink. Strongly influenced by Rousseau, the notes are based on the thinking for a long period and priorize the question of freedom, the progress and the auton-omy of a moral being. From this, it is possible realize the influence of that what the author understand as Enlightenment during the process of humani-ty formation that for him begins when the children born, and keep during the youth, without a precise moment to the conclusion. In this way became evi-dent the currentness of Kant's thought, especially to show how fundamental is learn to think for oneself and thus make a good use of freedom, to walk to progress with finality on the morality.
Los futuros de la Antropología. Las Antropologías del futuro
Authors: Palacios Ramírez José 
Published: May 2019

Este texto tiene como objetivo básico sintetizar las respuestas recolectadas en la encuesta que origina este número de la Revista Murciana de Antropología, en torno a la doble cuestión de la definición de la identidad disciplinar de la Antropología, y de sus perspectivas de futuro. Además, trataré de contextualizar brevemente el tema del cuestionamiento por su futuro en el marco de la historia reciente de la disciplina, y de ofrecer un breve comentario personal al respecto, centrado en el interés de incorporar al conjunto de estrategias actuales la reflexión sobre el futuro de nuestras sociedades.
This text has as basic objective to synthesize the collected answers from the survey which origins this Revista Murciana de Antropología number, on the double issue of the definition of the Anthropology ́s identity and their future perspectives. Besides that, I will try to contextualize briefly the issue of the discussion about the future in the frame of the recent discipline history. Also try to offer a personal comment about the question focused on the possibility of mix in the core of current strategies the reflection on the future of our societies.
Darwinist, men hvilken darwinist? – Videnskabsideologi og litterære virkemidler i J. P. Jacobsens populærvidenskabelige artikler
Authors: Thomasen Laura Søvsø 
Published: May 2019

Darwinist, men hvilken darwinist?
– Videnskabsideologi og litterære virkemidler i J. P. Jacobsens
populærvidenskabelige artikler
Relational Satisfaction of Spousal/Partner Informal Caregivers of People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Tzitzika Moira , Lampridis Efthymios , Kalamaras Dimitris 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background:
Relational satisfaction of spousal/partner informal caregivers of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) is important for continued care and support. Previous studies have examined relational satisfaction in terms of well-being and quality of life of informal caregivers. Based on the Rusbult investment model, we directly studied the relational satisfaction of spousal/partner informal caregivers of individuals with MS. In doing so, we investigated possible effects that commitment to relationship, caregiving burden, and prorelational behavioral tendencies might have on relational satisfaction.

Methods:
Nine hundred nine adult spousal/partner informal caregivers of people with MS completed measures of relational satisfaction (Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale), commitment to relationship (15-item commitment measure), caregiving burden (Zarit Burden Interview), and prorelational behavioral tendencies (adapted Prosocial Tendencies Measure). Participants also provided demographic information (age, sex, duration and type of relationship [spouse, partner]).

Results:
Structural equation modeling highlighted commitment to the relationship as the strongest predictor of relational satisfaction. Caregiving burden was found to affect relational satisfaction directly and through commitment to relationship. Prorelational behavioral tendencies were found to affect less relational satisfaction.

Conclusions:
Commitment to relationship, namely, intent to persist, had the highest positive effect on satisfaction. Caregiving burden was found to have a two-way negative relationship to commitment to relationship. These findings suggest that specialists should enhance the intent-to-persist aspect of commitment because it seems to have an alleviating effect regarding caregiving burden (which itself negatively affects relational satisfaction).
Phylogeography ofDictyota fasciolaandDictyota mediterranea(Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae): unexpected patterns on the Atlantic-Mediterranean marine transition and taxonomic implications
Authors: Vitales Daniel , Aragay Joana , Garnatje Teresa , Gómez Garreta Amelia , Rull Lluch Jordi 
Published: May 2019

The Atlantic-Mediterranean marine transition is a fascinating biogeographic region, but still very poorly studied from the point of view of seaweed phylogeography.Dictyota fasciolaandD. mediterranea(Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) are two currently recognized sister species that share a large part of their distribution along the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, representing a unique study model to understand the diversification processes experienced by macroalgae during and after Messinian at this marine region. In this study, we sampled 102 individuals ofD. fasciolaandD. mediterraneafrom 32 localities along their distribution range and sequenced the mitochondrialcox1 and the chloroplastrbcL-rbcS DNA regions for all the samples. Our data do not support the occurrence of two sister species but a morphologically variable and highly genetic diverse species or a complex of species. Most of the observed genetic diversity corresponds to the Mediterranean populations, whereas the Atlantic ones are much more homogeneous. The early-diverged lineages inferred from both mtDNA and cpDNA phylogenetic reconstructions were constituted by samples from the Mediterranean Sea. Together, these results suggest that the Mediterranean Sea acted as a refugium for theD. fasciola–D. mediterranealineage during the geologic and climatic changes occurred on the region since the Miocene, subsequently dispersing to the Atlantic Ocean.
Geometrical Optics
Authors: Erricolo Danilo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA tutorial overview of geometric optics is given. The article begins with a historical introduction, followed by a review of the basic principles of geometric optics, and then the following topics are discussed: (1) paraxial approximation and ray matrix optics, (2) third‐order aberrations, (3) relationships between geometric optics and antenna theory, and (4) extensions to geometric optics.
Multibeam Antennas
Authors: Balling Peter 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe article introduces multibeam antennas by reviewing a number of applications describing their importance for modern radar and communications systems. Simple aperture distributions and antenna sizing formulas for beamwidth and gain rolloff are discussed, and examples are provided on the implementation of both active and passive multibeam antennas using different beamforming technologies.The problem of forming simultaneous multiple beams from a common aperture is investigated considering the Stein limits for passive antennas. The implementation of optimum beamforming networks is discussed. Both array antennas and array‐fed reflector antennas, including dual‐ and multimode antenna systems, are reviewed.The design of multibeam reflector antenna systems is considered in detail. Scan aberrations and cross‐polarization effects of the signal‐offset reflector are quantified, describing means to improve the antenna performance. The potential of compensated dual‐offset reflectors, including front‐fed and side‐fed offset Cassegrain antennas for large scan angles, is demonstrated.