bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Imaging for Single Molecular Chain of Surfactant on CeO2 Nanocrystals
Authors: Hao Xiaodong , Chen Chunlin , Saito Mitsuhiro , Yin Deqiang , Inoue Kazutoshi , Takami Seiichi , Adschiri Tadafumi , Ikuhara Yuichi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOrganic surfactant controls the synthesis of nanocrystals (NCs) with uniform size and morphology by attaching on the surface of NCs and further facilitates their assembly into ordered superstructure, which produces versatile functional nanomaterials for practical applications. It is essential to directly resolve the surfactant molecules on the surface of NCs to improve the understanding of surface chemistry of NCs. However, the imaging resolution and contrast are insufficient for a single molecule of organic surfactant on NCs. In this work, direct characterization of organic surfactant on CeO2 NCs is conducted by using the state‐of‐the‐art aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging and electron energy loss spectra (EELS) techniques. The explicit evidence for the existence and distribution of organic surfactant on CeO2 NCs are obtained on the atomic scale by EELS elemental mapping. Besides, STEM imaging parameters are systematically adjusted and optimized for the direct imaging of a single molecular chain of organic surfactant on CeO2 NCs. Such direct visualization of organic surfactant molecule on the surface of NCs can be a significant step forward in the fields of nanomaterials surface chemistry and materials characterization.
Wind‐induced internal pressure effect within a novel super‐large cylindrical–conical steel cooling tower
Authors: Ke Shitang , Du Lingyun , Ge Yaojun 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA cylindrical–conical steel cooling tower (SCT) is a new type of very large thin‐walled, flexible structure. This study focused on the wind loads on the internal and outer surfaces of this structure and its wind‐induced responses. First, using the computational fluid dynamics method, the numerical wind tunnel was conducted to simulate a 189‐m‐high cylindrical–conical SCT, Asia's highest cooling tower that is still under construction. This numerical method was validated by comparing the wind pressures across typical cross sections of the tower model's cylindrical and conical segments with known standard curves. Based on this, the features of the airflow around the typical cross sections and its wake were extracted, and the distribution of mean wind loads along the internal and outer surfaces of the cylindrical and conical sections was obtained. Then functions for estimating the internal and outer surfaces shape factors of the cylindrical and conical segments were obtained by fitting to the simulated data. Furthermore, finite element method was used to analyze the static wind‐induced response of the cylindrical–conical SCT under internal pressure, external pressure, or both internal and external pressure. The effect patterns of internal pressures on the wind‐induced responses of the main tube, stiffening trusses, and auxiliary trusses of the tower were derived from the analysis results. Main findings of the research can provide a reference for design of very large cylindrical–conical SCTs for wind resistance in the future.
CYP450‐mediated mitochondrial ROS production involved in arecoline N‐oxide‐induced oxidative damage in liver cell lines
Authors: Wang Tsu‐Shing , Lin Cheng‐Ping , Chen Yu‐Pong , Chao Mu‐Rong , Li Chien‐Chun , Liu Kai‐Li 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundIARC has classified the betel nut as a human environmental carcinogen. Previous studies have found that arecoline (AR) is the major alkaloid present in the saliva of betel quid chewers. Saliva contains a large content of AR which has been further shown to cause mutation of oral mucosa cells, resulting in oral cancer. Whereas, to date, there are only few studies reported the hepatotoxicity associated with arecoline and betel nut chewing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of AR and its oxidative metabolite, arecoline N‐oxide (ARNO), in normal liver cell lines.MethodsThe cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects were detected by crystal violet staining, alkaline comet assay, and Salmonella mutagenicity test, respectively. Measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined using the H2‐DCFDA assay.ResultsOur results demonstrated that ARNO exerted higher cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and mutagenicity than its parent compound arecoline in liver cells. Antioxidants, such as N‐acetylcysteine, Trolox, and penicillamine, strongly protected liver cells from ARNO‐induced DNA damage and ROS production. Furthermore, co‐treatment with Mito‐TEMPO also effectively blocked ARNO‐induced ROS production in liver cells. Besides antioxidants, co‐treatment with 1‐aminobenzotriazole and methimazole nearly completely suppressed ARNO‐induced ROS production in liver cells.ConclusionsOur data suggest that arecoline ingested from the habit of chewing betel quid can be primarily oxidized to ARNO, thereby enhancing its toxicity through increased ROS production. Considering the excellent protective effects of both mitochondria‐targeted antioxidant and CYP450 inhibitor on ARNO‐induced ROS production in liver cells, mitochondria CYP450‐mediated metabolism of ARNO may be a key mechanism. Collectively, our results provide novel cellular evidence for the positive connection between habitual betel quid chewing and the risk for liver damage.
Hazardous impacts of silver nanoparticles on mouse oocyte maturation and fertilization and fetal development through induction of apoptotic processes
Authors: Huang Chien‐Hsun , Yeh Jui‐Ming , Chan Wen‐Hsiung 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are antibacterial materials widely used in numerous products and medical supplies. Previously, we showed that AgNPs trigger apoptotic processes in mouse blastocysts, leading to a decrease in cell viability and impairment of preimplantation and postimplantation embryonic development in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we further investigated the hazardous effects of AgNPs on mouse oocyte maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and subsequent preimplantation and postimplantation development in vitro and in vivo. Data from in vitro experiments revealed that AgNPs impair mouse oocyte maturation, decrease IVF rates, and induce injury effects on subsequent embryonic development to a significant extent. In an animal model, intravenous injection of AgNPs (5 mg/kg body weight) led to a significant decrease in mouse oocyte maturation and IVF concomitant with impairment of early embryonic development in vivo. Importantly, pretreatment with N‐acetylcysteine effectively prevented AgNP‐triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis, clearly suggesting a critical role of ROS as an upstream initiator or key regulator of AgNP‐induced hazardous effects on oocyte maturation and sequent embryonic development. Furthermore, preincubation of oocytes with Ac‐DEVD‐cho, a caspase‐3‐specific inhibitor, effectively prevented hazardous effects, highlighting the potential involvement of caspase‐dependent apoptotic signaling cascades in AgNP‐mediated events. Expression levels of p53 and p21 of blastocysts were upregulated upon preincubation of mouse oocytes with AgNPs. Our collective results imply that cell apoptosis in mouse blastocysts derived from the AgNP‐pretreated oocytes via intracellular ROS generation, which is further mediated through p53‐, p21‐, and caspase‐3‐dependent regulatory mechanisms.
Conceptual study of a gearbox fault detection method applied on a 5‐MW spar‐type floating wind turbine
Authors: Nejad Amir R. , Odgaard Peter Fogh , Moan Torgeir 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a model‐based fault detection method for fault detection of gearboxes in offshore wind turbines is presented. The main aim of this paper is to support conceptual studies with more emphasis on early fault detection methods for floating wind turbines. The method is introduced and applied on a 5‐MW reference gearbox installed on a spar‐type floating wind turbine. Faults applied on the main bearing, high and intermediate speed shaft bearings, and the planet bearing are examined with this method. The gearbox is modelled in a multibody simulation environment with high fidelity. The 5‐MW gearbox model used in this study is an offshore reference gearbox that consists of 3 stages, 2 planetary and 1 parallel stages, which is supported in a 4‐point configuration layout. The bearing faults are detected through the angular velocity error function. The angular velocity measurements are performed at input, output shafts, and 2 additional sensors inside the gearbox. The aim of the method is also to detect the fault through the external sensors—input and output shafts—measurements, which can be embedded in the existing control system. The results reveal the possibility of early fault detection by this method for large floating wind turbines.
Afferent Loop Decompression Technique is Associated with a Reduction in Pancreatic Fistula Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Yin Jie , Lu Zipeng , Wu Pengfei , Wu Junli , Gao Wentao , Wei Jishu , Guo Feng , Chen Jianmin , Jiang Kuirong , Miao Yi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivesPostoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a major complication and main cause of mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Afferent loop decompression technique (ALDT) has theoretical feasibility to reduce the rate of POPF. The aim of this study is to determine whether ALDT is a protective factor for POPF.MethodsA total of 492 consecutive patients who underwent PD between January 2012 and December 2014 were identified from a prospective database. All data were extracted and events were judged based on medical records. Propensity score matching was conducted to balance several variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, respectively, to investigate the independent risk factors for pancreatic fistula. ALDT required a nasogastric tube with multiple side holes to be placed deep into the afferent jejunal limb. The rationale for this technique was to prevent pancreatic fistula by decreasing intraluminal pressure in the afferent jejunal loop by placement of the nasogastric tube and the application of continuous low‐pressure suction after surgery.ResultsThe total rate of POPF for the entire cohort was 30.7%, and ISGPS grade‐A/B/C POPF rates were 18.1, 10.6 and 2.0%, respectively. In‐hospital mortality was 1.6%. Among the 331 patients who received ALDT, 89 developed pancreatic leakage (26.9 vs. 38.5% for non‐ALDT; P = 0.009) and eight developed biliary leakage (2.4 vs. 6.2% for non‐ALDT; P = 0.035). Apart from ALDT, decreased preoperative ALT, soft pancreas, long operative time and tumour presence in the lower common bile duct (as opposed to the pancreas) were identified as other independent risk factors for POPF following multivariate logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsALDT may reduce the incidence of POPF after PD.
Parametric analysis of the quality of single preemption schedules on three uniform parallel machines
Authors: Soper Alan J. , Strusevich Vitaly A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFor a scheduling problem to minimize the makespan on three uniform parallel machines we present a parametric analysis of the quality of a schedule with at most one preemption compared to the global optimal schedule with any number of preemptions. A tight bound is derived as a function of the relative speeds of the machines, provided that two of the machines have the same speed.
Sampling Weights for Analyses of Couple Data: Example of the Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Becker Stan , Kalamar Amanda 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In some surveys, women and men are interviewed separately in selected households, allowing matching of partner information and analyses of couples. Although individual sampling weights exist for men and women, sampling weights specific for couples are rarely derived. We present a method of estimating appropriate weights for couples that extends methods currently used in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for individual weights. To see how results vary, we analyze 1912 estimates (means; proportions; linear regression; and simple and multinomial logistic regression coefficients, and their standard errors) with couple data in each of 11 DHS surveys in which the couple weight could be derived. We used two measures of bias: absolute percentage difference from the value estimated with the couple weight and ratio of the absolute difference to the standard error using the couple weight. The latter shows greater bias for means and proportions, whereas the former and a combination of both measures show greater bias for regression coefficients. Comparing results using couple weights with published results using women’s weights for a logistic regression of couple contraceptive use in Turkey, we found that 6 of 27 coefficients had a bias above 5 %. On the other hand, a simulation of varying response rates (27 simulations) showed that median percentage bias in a logistic regression was less than 3 % for 17 of 18 coefficients. Two proxy couple weights that can be calculated in all DHS surveys perform considerably better than either male or female weights. We recommend that a couple weight be calculated and made available with couple data from such surveys.
The Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3): customization of the Archive Index Database for European Union countries
Authors: Pilli Roberto , Kull Stephen J. , Blujdea Viorel N. B. , Grassi Giacomo 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Key message

The purpose of this report is to increase the transparency of applications of the CBM-CFS3 model by climate-related policy-makers and researchers. The report provides explicit information on the parametrization of a new Archive Index Database used with this model to simulate forest carbon dynamics in 26 EU countries. The database can be accessed at
https://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-cbm-eu-aidb
, primary metadata are available in Kull et al. (2017), and additional metadata are available at
https://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/srv/fre/catalog.search#/metadata/df48155b-973f-4169-a722-100bb6bfc76c
.
The Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) has been adapted, tested, and applied to forests of 26 EU countries over the last 7 years for EU policy making and scientific research. The overall purpose of this exercise is to increase the transparency of how the EU Archive Index Database (EU-AIDB) was parameterized while supporting both the policy making and research communities interested in applying the CBM-CFS3 with ecological parameters specific to the EU context. In addition to preparing model input data reflecting various management and disturbance scenarios for CBM-CFS3 projects, an essential step was to update the original AIDB with information specific to the EU context and create an EU-AIDB. The AIDB is the Microsoft Access database behind the CBM-CFS3 that stores default ecological information and parameters pertaining to the forest ecosystems of a country, among other functions. The EU-AIDB incorporates 1034 spatial units resulting from the intersection of 204 European administrative regions and ecological boundaries representing 35 climatic units. It also contains updated parameters for 192 of the main tree species reported by the National Forest Inventories of each EU country. The release of this database allows CBM-33 CFS3 users in the EU to apply European administrative and ecological units and tree species in forest carbon modeling projects.
Xenophobia and Collective Violence in South Africa: A Note of Skepticism About the Scapegoat
Authors: Steinberg Jonny 
Published: July 2018

Abstract:This article examines differing explanations for violence against foreign nationals in post-apartheid South Africa. It argues that the most compelling analyses in the scholarship draw from a family of arguments in the global literature that locates popular violence against outsiders within the context of declining sovereign power, explaining theatrical displays of force against enemies within as attempts at the retrieval of that power. To the extent that these arguments rely on the concept of a scapegoat, they are inadequate. More analytical attention needs to be paid to the scene of the encounters between the “us” and the “them” of collective violence.
Vortex–wave interaction arrays: a sustaining mechanism for the log layer?
Authors: Hall Philip 
Published: July 2018

Vortex–wave interaction theory is used to describe new kinds of localised and distributed exact coherent structures. Starting with a localised vortex–wave interaction state driven by a single inviscid wave, regular arrays of interacting vortex–wave states are investigated. In the first instance the arrays described are operational in an infinite uniform shear flow; we refer to them as ‘uniform shear vortex–wave arrays’. The basic form of the interaction remains identical to the canonical one found by Hall & Smith (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 227, 1991, pp. 641–666) and subsequently used to describe exact coherent structures by Hall & Sherwin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 661, 2010, pp. 178–205). Thus in each cell of a vortex–wave array a roll stress jump is induced across the critical layer of an inviscid wave riding on the streak part of the flow. The theory is extended to arbitrary shear flows using a nonlinear Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffreys or ray theory approach with the wave–roll–streak field operating on a shorter length scale than the mean flow. The evolution equation governing the slow dynamics of the interaction turns out to be a modified form of the well-known mean equation for a turbulent flow, and its particular form can be interpreted as a ‘closure’ between the small and large scales of the flow. If the array structure is taken to be universal, in the sense that it applies to arbitrary shear flows, then the array takes on a form which supports a logarithmic mean velocity profile trapped between what can be identified with the ‘wake region’ and a ‘buffer layer’ well known in the context of wall-bounded turbulent flows. The many similarities between the distributed structures described and wall-bounded turbulence suggest that vortex–wave arrays might be involved in the self-sustaining process supporting the log layer. The modification of the mean profile within each cell of the array leads to ‘staircase’-like streamwise velocity profiles similar to those observed experimentally in turbulent flows. The wave field supporting the ‘staircase’ is concentrated in critical layers which can be associated with the shear layer structures that have been attributed by experimentalists to be the mechanism supporting the uniform-momentum zones of the staircase.
Numerical Analysis of Cooling an Electronic Circuit Component With Cross Flow and Jet Combination
Authors: Demircan T. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, cooling of a constant temperature cube that represents electronic components inserted inside a channel are investigated. For this purpose, primary air with constant velocity is transferred from channel input, and secondary air with impinging jet is transferred to channel upper surface which corresponds to top part of the components. The flows are in contact with the cube that has constant temperature and effects the thermal boundary layer on the cube surfaces to create a heat transfer from cube to fluid. This situation is simulated under turbulence conditions for different values of nozzle jet input velocity (Vj) and channel input velocity (Uc) using Reynolds number between 30000-90000 based on channel input velocity. For this purpose, velocity, temperature, and pressure distributions are obtained for the solution region using CFD package program. As a result, flow and thermal characteristics inside the channel are parametrically calculated based on Reynolds number, Nusselt number, and cube surface temperature.
Ice flow modelling to constrain the surface mass balance and ice discharge of San Rafael Glacier, Northern Patagonia Icefield
Authors: COLLAO-BARRIOS GABRIELA , GILLET-CHAULET FABIEN , FAVIER VINCENT , CASASSA GINO , BERTHIER ETIENNE , DUSSAILLANT INÉS , MOUGINOT JÉRÉMIE , RIGNOT ERIC 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTWe simulate the ice dynamics of the San Rafael Glacier (SRG) in the Northern Patagonia Icefield (46.7°S, 73.5°W), using glacier geometry obtained by airborne gravity measurements. The full-Stokes ice flow model (Elmer/Ice) is initialized using an inverse method to infer the basal friction coefficient from a satellite-derived surface velocity mosaic. The high surface velocities (7.6 km a−1) near the glacier front are explained by low basal shear stresses (<25 kPa). The modelling results suggest that 98% of the surface velocities are due to basal sliding in the fast-flowing glacier tongue (>1 km a−1). We force the model using different surface mass-balance scenarios taken or adapted from previous studies and geodetic elevation changes between 2000 and 2012. Our results suggest that previous estimates of average surface mass balance over the entire glacier (Ḃ) were likely too high, mainly due to an overestimation in the accumulation area. We propose that most of SRG imbalance is due to the large ice discharge (−0.83 ± 0.08 Gt a−1) and a slightly positiveḂ(0.08 ± 0.06 Gt a−1). The committed mass-loss estimate over the next century is −0.34 ± 0.03 Gt a−1. This study demonstrates that surface mass-balance estimates and glacier wastage projections can be improved using a physically based ice flow model.
Functional outcome after long-term low-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in chronic rhinosinusitis with purulence: a prospective study
Authors: de Bonnecaze G , Chaput B , Dupret-Bories A , Vergez S , Serrano E 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole has been suggested as a treatment option for chronic rhinosinusitis with purulence. This study aimed to assess the functional and endoscopic outcomes after a three-month course of low-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.MethodsA prospective study was performed, comprising patients referred to a tertiary care medical centre with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis with purulence. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was prescribed at 960 mg/day for three months. Sinonasal complaints and endoscopic findings were documented, and bacteriological data were compared.ResultsFifteen patients were included.Staphylococcus aureuswas the most common bacterium cultured (86 per cent). Improvement in nasal function, as measured by the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test, was highly significant at three months (p< 0.0005). This improvement slightly decreased but remained significant at 6, 9 and 12 months. No side effects were noted. Endoscopic scores revealed similar and concordant improvements.ConclusionLong-term low-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole therapy seems to be a safe option for selected patients. Additional randomised multicentre studies remain necessary.