bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Decline of Gangsters and Politicization of Violence in Urban Bangladesh
Authors: Jackman David 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTContrary to the Weberian ideal of a central state monopolizing the means of violence, political order in many societies requires a balance of interests between diverse ‘violence specialists’. In urban Bangladesh, gangsters have been identified as powerful actors, closely linked to politicians and the state. Often called mastan, they are portrayed as mediating access to work and public services, as running extortion networks and providing political muscle. Since the early 2000s Dhaka has seen radical change, largely undocumented to date: these gangsters are in significant decline. Many of the roles associated with these gangs continue, but now under the direct control of lower‐level factions associated with the ruling political party — a transition that has brought a greater degree of stability to the urban context. These arguments are developed through ethnographic research from a large marketplace in the centre of Dhaka, examining the rise and fall of an infamous local gangster. In developing this case, it is argued that closer attention should be given to changes in the organization of violence within societies.
Syntactical regularities of action sequences in the infant brain: when structure matters
Authors: Maffongelli Laura , Antognini Katharina , Daum Moritz M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThroughout life, actions and language are inherent to social interactions. A long‐standing research question in cognitive neuroscience concerns the interrelation between verbal and non‐verbal forms of social interactions, that is, language and action. Perceiving how actions are performed and why they are performed in a certain way is crucial for the observer to anticipate the actor’s goal and to prepare an appropriate response. It is suggested that predicting upcoming events in a given action sequence can be compared to the way we process the language information flow. Goal‐directed actions can be sequenced in small units, which are organized according to a hierarchical plan, resembling the hierarchical organization of language. Research on adults suggests that manipulating the action structure (i.e., action syntax) leads to analogous cortical signatures as a similar manipulation of a sentence structure (i.e., language syntax). Whereas in adults language and action knowledge are based on life‐time experience, in infants both domains are still developing. The current study examined the neural processing of structural violations of observed goal‐directed action sequences in infants at 6–7 months, using event‐related potentials (ERPs). Results showed that a structural violation of the action sequence elicited bilateral frontal positivity effects. This suggests that infants capture structural regularities, and it adds a crucial element to the understanding of general syntactic regularities and their violation from an ontogenetic perspective.
Relation of mitral valve morphology to surgical repair results in patients with mitral valve prolapse: A three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography study
Authors: Pardi Mirian M. , Pomerantzeff Pablo M. A. , Sampaio Roney Orismar , Abduch Maria C. , Brandão Carlos M. A. , Mathias Wilson , Grinberg Max , Tarasoutchi Flavio , Vieira Marcelo L. C. 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundThe identification of predictors of mitral valve (MV) repair results is important for quality improvement in cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between MV morphological quantification by three‐dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography and mitral repair results.MethodsFifty‐four patients with MV prolapse who were submitted to surgical repair were divided into 2 groups according to their postoperative mitral regurgitation (MR) degree (group 1, grade 0‐I MR; group 2, ≥grade II MR). Morphological parameters related to the mitral ring, dimension of leaflets and prolapse, coaptation line, distance from papillary muscles to the leaflet border and valve angles were analyzed by 3D MV quantification. Cardiac remodeling and MR quantitative parameters were also evaluated.ResultsThere was no correlation between 3D MV quantification and surgical results; a multivariate analysis did not show an association between morphological parameters and surgical outcome. The distance from the posteromedial papillary muscle to the leaflet border was higher (P = .038) in patients with ≥grade II postoperative MR. The left atrial diameter, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter, left ventricular end‐diastolic and end‐systolic volumes were larger in patients with a significant residual MR (P < .05).ConclusionThree‐dimensional MV quantification did not predict the postoperative MR grade; however, the distance from the posteromedial papillary muscles to the leaflet border may be related to suboptimal repair results. Furthermore, excessive cardiac remodeling was related to postoperative MR ≥ grade II, what could suggest a potential benefit of early surgical treatment.
Normal reference values of diastolic strain rate in healthy individuals: Chronological trends and the comparison according to genders
Authors: Sun Byung Joo , Park Jae‐Hyeong , Kim Jeongai , Choi Jin‐Oh , Lee Ju‐Hee , Shin Mi‐Seung , Kim Mi‐Jeong , Jung Hae Ok , Park Jeong Rang , Sohn Il Suk , Kim Hyungseop , Kim Hyung‐Kwan , Cho Goo‐Yeong , Park Jin‐Sun , Shim Chi Young , Shin Sung Hee , Kim Kye Hun , Kim Woo‐Shik , Park Seung Woo 
Published: June 2018

PurposeRecently, the diastolic strain rate (DSR) utilizing speckle‐tracking echocardiography has been proposed as a novel parameter for left ventricular diastolic function. We aimed to present normal reference data for those in a large‐sized, selected group of healthy individuals.MethodsThe current study was a part of the Normal echOcardiogRaphic Measurements in KoreAn popuLation (NORMAL), a prospective nationwide survey from 23 centers in Korea. We analyzed 447 subjects (age 48 ± 15 years, 234 females) without any history of cardiovascular disease and presented the early and late DSRs (SRe and SRa, respectively) in a total and gender‐/age‐specified groups.ResultsAmong the total subjects, the mean SRe and SRa were 1.6 ± 0.4 S−1 and 0.8 ± 0.3 S−1, respectively. With increasing age, there were significant trends of decreasing SRe and increasing SRa. Although both gender groups showed comparable age, the female group presented significantly higher SRe compared to male subjects with age of 20–59 years, which diminished after the age of 60 years. However, the SRa was comparable between genders in all age groups. On multiple linear regression, age showed independent associations with both SRe (β = −0.132, P = .010) and SRa (β = 0.440, P < .001), whereas gender did not show any association with SRe or SRa.ConclusionWe present normal reference data of a novel parameter, DSR, in a large‐sized selected group with healthy Korean subjects. Additionally, we present significant age‐related changes both in SRe and SRa without the impact of their gender.
An unusual case of giant aneurysm of the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva with rupture into the left ventricular outflow tract along with distortion of the mitral valve
Authors: Tan Yuying , Xu Hui , Gao Yongsheng , Zhang Chengbin , Wang Baogang , Wang Xiaocong 
Published: June 2018

Aneurysms of the aortic sinus are well‐known clinical entities that can bulge into adjacent heart chambers or vessels. They usually reside in the right ventricle and very rarely bulge into the left ventricle causing mitral valve deformation. A 47‐year‐old man was admitted for shortness of breath and chest pain after exertion. He was diagnosed with a noncoronary sinus of Valsalva aneurysm bulging into the mitral valve's anterior leaflet. The aortic valve and mitral valve annulus were severely damaged and irreparable. A Bentall procedure and mechanical mitral valve replacement were performed. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged 11 days later.
Aerial dispersal ability does not drive spider success in a crop landscape
Authors: Hogg Brian N. , Daane Kent M. 
Published: June 2018

1. Although spiders can colonise ecosystems by air, dispersal capabilities differ among spider species. Web‐building spiders are thought to balloon at higher rates than hunting spiders. Spider success in agricultural systems may also depend on habitat preferences. Few studies have examined the success of aerially dispersing spiders in crop systems, and information about the dispersal capabilities of spiders in putative source habitats is limited.2. Spiders were monitored in the air and on the foliage of vineyards and adjacent oak woodland in order to compare the aerial spider faunas between these disparate habitats and to determine whether highly dispersive species contributed disproportionately to the spider community in vineyards.3. The results show that most aerially dispersing spiders in both habitats were web‐building dwarf spiders, Erigone spp. (Linyphiidae), although hunting spiders were also well represented in the air, especially in oak woodland. Most woodland spiders in the air appeared to be residents of oak woodland and probably dispersed only short distances.4. Conversely, only a subset of the aerial spider fauna established in vineyards in high numbers. Spiders that dominated the aerial fauna were under‐represented on vineyard foliage, whereas several hunting spiders dispersed aerially at low rates but dominated vineyard spider composition.5. These results suggest that aerial dispersal ability may allow spiders to reach crop systems, but that establishment depends on habitat preferences and/or competitive ability.
Morphology and biology of the flower‐visiting water scavenger beetle genus Rygmodus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Authors: Minoshima Yûsuke N. , Seidel Matthias , Wood Jamie R. , Leschen Richard A. B. , Gunter Nicole L. , Fikáček Martin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) is well known as an aquatic beetle family; however, it contains ca. 1,000 secondarily terrestrial species derived from aquatic ancestors. The New Zealand endemic genus Rygmodus White is a member of the hydrophilid subfamily Cylominae, which is the early‐diverging taxon of the largest terrestrial lineage (Cylominae + Sphaeridiinae) within the Hydrophilidae. In this paper we report that Rygmodus beetles are pollen‐feeding flower visitors as adults, but aquatic predators as larvae. Based on analyses of gut contents and a summary of collecting records reported on museum specimen labels, adult Rygmodus beetles are generalists feeding on pollen of at least 13 plant families. Rygmodus adult mouthparts differ from those of other (saprophagous) hydrophilid beetles in having the simple scoop‐like apex and mola with roughly denticulate surface, resembling the morphology found in pollen‐feeding staphylinid beetles. Larvae were found along the sides of streams, under stones and in algal mats and water‐soaked moss; one collected larval specimen was identified using DNA barcoding of two molecular markers, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) and nuclear histone 3 (H3). Larvae of two species, Rygmodus modestus and Rygmodus sp., are described in detail and illustrated; they closely resemble ambush‐type predatory larvae of the hydrophilid tribe Hydrophilini in the head morphology. Rygmodus is the only known hydrophilid beetle with adults and larvae inhabiting different environments.
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein in POLG‐related epilepsy: Diagnostic and prognostic implications
Authors: Hikmat Omar , Naess Karin , Engvall Martin , Klingenberg Claus , Rasmussen Magnhild , Tallaksen Chantal M. E. , Brodtkorb Eylert , Fiskerstrand Torunn , Isohanni Pirjo , Uusimaa Johanna , Darin Niklas , Rahman Shamima , Bindoff Laurence A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryObjectiveEpilepsy is common in individuals with mutations in POLG, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma. Early recognition and aggressive seizure management are crucial for patient survival. Disruption of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is implicated in various neurological disorders including epilepsy. The aim of this study was to assess whether POLG‐related disease is associated with BBB dysfunction and what clinical implications this has for patients.MethodsOur retrospective study used data from 83 patients with pathogenic POLG mutations from 4 countries––Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the United Kingdom. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. We used the presence of raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein and a raised CSF/serum ratio of albumin (Q‐alb) to evaluate the integrity of the blood‐CSF barrier.ResultsRaised CSF protein was found in 70% of patients (n = 58/83) and appeared to be associated with the most severe phenotypes. In those in whom it was measured, the Q‐alb ratio was markedly elevated (n = 18). The majority of those with epilepsy (n = 50/66, 76%) had raised CSF protein, and this preceded seizure debut in 75% (n = 15/20). The median survival time from symptom onset for those with raised CSF protein was decreased (13 months) compared to those with normal CSF protein (32 months).SignificanceOur results indicate that there is disruption of the BBB in POLG‐related disease, as evidenced by a raised CSF protein and Q‐alb ratio. We also find that raised CSF protein is a common finding in patients with POLG disease. Our data suggest that the presence of BBB dysfunction predicts a poorer outcome, and elevated CSF protein may therefore be an additional biomarker both for early diagnosis and to identify those at high risk of developing epilepsy.
Exhaled breath condensate hydrogen peroxide, pH and leukotriene B4 are associated with lower airway inflammation and airway cytology in the horse
Authors: du Preez S. , Raidal S. L. , Doran G. S. , Prescott M. , Hughes K. J. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundExhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis is a noninvasive method to assess the lower respiratory tract. In human subjects, EBC hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), pH and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) are useful for detection and monitoring of inflammatory lung diseases, including asthma.ObjectivesTo determine associations between EBC biomarkers and cytological and endoscopic definitions of lower airway inflammation (LAI) while controlling for sampling and environmental variables.Study designProspective, cross‐sectional study.MethodsClinical, endoscopic and airway cytological findings from 47 horses were compared with EBC pH and concentrations of H2O2 and LTB4 by univariate and multivariable analyses. Dichotomous (presence/absence of airway inflammation) and continuous outcome variables (differential cell counts in tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) were evaluated and potential effects of collection and methodological factors were included.ResultsEBC pH and H2O2 concentrations were higher in horses with LAI and both were positively associated with the percentage of neutrophils in BALF (P<0.05). Mast cell percentage in BALF was negatively associated with EBC pH, and BALF eosinophil percentage was positively associated with EBC LTB4 (P<0.05). Ambient temperature, relative humidity and assay methodology significantly impacted some analytes.Main limitationsLAI is challenging to categorise due to a variety of clinical and cytological phenotypes. Although the study was designed to overcome this limitation, numbers of horses were small in some categories.ConclusionsEBC pH and H2O2 concentrations are altered by airway inflammation, suggesting a role for these biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of airway disease. Environmental and methodological factors can influence these biomarkers and should be considered in the interpretation of results.
Differences in third metacarpal trabecular microarchitecture between the parasagittal groove and condyle at birth and in adult racehorses
Authors: Anne‐Archard N. , Martel G. , Fogarty U. , Richard H. , Beauchamp G. , Laverty S. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe aetiology of equine metacarpal condylar fractures is not completely understood and a developmental cause has been postulated.ObjectivesTo investigate the subchondral bone trabecular microarchitecture of the lateral parasagittal groove and condyle in equine neonates and its adaptation with maturation and athletic activity.Study designEx vivo observational study.MethodsDistal metacarpi of neonates, yearlings and adult racehorses (n = 24) were harvested. Dorsal and palmar frontal histological sections, containing the lateral parasagittal groove and condyle, were studied. The sections were digitalised and subchondral trabecular bone quantity and quality parameters and trabecular orientation in the frontal plane were measured.ResultsTrabecular spacing and length were greater (P = 0.004 and P = 0.0005 respectively) whereas bone fraction, trabecular number and connectivity were all lower (P = 0.0004, P = 0.0001 and P = 0.001 respectively) in the lateral parasagittal groove compared with the condyle in neonatal foals. Trabecular thickness and bone fraction increased with age in racehorses and trabecular spacing decreased. The predominant trabecular orientation had a consistent pattern in neonates and it changed with maturity and the cumulative effect of racing at all the ROIs except for the palmar lateral parasagittal groove that retained a more ‘immature’ pattern.Main limitationsSamples were investigated in 2D. 3D processing could have provided more information.ConclusionsAlready at birth there are striking differences in the subchondral bone trabecular microarchitecture between the lateral parasagittal groove and condyle in foals. Adaptation of trabeculae is confirmed with maturity in racehorses, with the greatest adaptation measured in bone quantity parameters. The trabecular orientation had a unique and more immature orientation pattern in the lateral palmar parasagittal grooves in adult racehorses and may reflect a weaker structure at this site.
Differences in substrate specificity of V. cholerae FabH enzymes suggest new approaches for the development of novel antibiotics and biofuels
Authors: Hou Jing , Zheng Heping , Tzou Wen‐Shyong , Cooper David R. , Chruszcz Maksymilian , Chordia Mahendra D. , Kwon Keehwan , Grabowski Marek , Minor Wladek 
Published: June 2018

Vibrio cholerae, the causative pathogen of the life‐threatening infection cholera, encodes two copies of β‐ketoacyl‐acyl carrier protein synthase III (vcFabH1 and vcFabH2). vcFabH1 and vcFabH2 are pathogenic proteins associated with fatty acid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and potential applications in biofuel production. Our biochemical assays characterize vcFabH1 as exhibiting specificity for acetyl‐CoA and CoA thioesters with short acyl chains, similar to that observed for FabH homologs found in most gram‐negative bacteria. vcFabH2 prefers medium chain‐length acyl‐CoA thioesters, particularly octanoyl‐CoA, which is a pattern of specificity rarely seen in bacteria. Structural characterization of one vcFabH1 and six vcFabH2 structures determined in either apo form or in complex with acetyl‐CoA/octanoyl‐CoA indicate that the substrate‐binding pockets of vcFabH1 and vcFabH2 are of different sizes, accounting for variations in substrate chain‐length specificity. An unusual and unique feature of vcFabH2 is its C‐terminal fragment that interacts with both the substrate‐entrance loop and the dimer interface of the enzyme. Our discovery of the pattern of substrate specificity of both vcFabH1 and vcFabH2 can potentially aid the development of novel antibacterial agents against V. cholerae. Additionally, the distinctive substrate preference of FabH2 in V. cholerae and related facultative anaerobes conceivably make it an attractive component of genetically engineered bacteria used for commercial biofuel production.
Capture versus tagging impacts on chum salmon freshwater spawning migration travel times
Authors: Sethi Suresh Andrew , Bradley Catherine , Harris Frank 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe spawning migration travel times of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), fitted with gastrically implanted radio tags vs external spaghetti tags were tested for a short [≈60 river km (rkm)] and long migration route (≈730 rkm) on the Koyukuk River, Alaska, USA. Using a novel application of statistical arrival curve models to infer travel times for uncaptured fish, migrations by chum salmon not directly handled during the study were also assessed. Results demonstrated negligible differences in travel times within migration routes between fish fitted only with spaghetti tags and fish fitted with radio tags, indicating low impacts on migration travel behaviour associated with gastric tags once deployed. Conversely, travel times for unhandled fish as inferred by statistical arrival models may have been 12%–24% shorter than those for fish captured with gillnets for tagging. These results suggest that, if present, chum salmon migration behaviour impacts may be more strongly associated with fish capture than tag deployment.
Opportunistic citizen science data transform understanding of species distributions, phenology, and diversity gradients for global change research
Authors: Soroye Peter , Ahmed Najeeba , Kerr Jeremy T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOpportunistic citizen science (CS) programs allow volunteers to report species observations from anywhere, at any time, and can assemble large volumes of historic and current data at faster rates than more coordinated programs with standardized data collection. This can quickly provide large amounts of species distributional data, but whether this focus on participation comes at a cost in data quality is not clear. Although automated and expert vetting can increase data reliability, there is no guarantee that opportunistic data will do anything more than confirm information from professional surveys. Here, we use eButterfly, an opportunistic CS program, and a comparable dataset of professionally collected observations, to measure the amount of new distributional species information that opportunistic CS generates. We also test how well opportunistic CS can estimate regional species richness for a large group of taxa (>300 butterfly species) across a broad area. We find that eButterfly contributes new distributional information for >80% of species, and that opportunistically submitting observations allowed volunteers to spot species ~35 days earlier than professionals. Although eButterfly did a relatively poor job at predicting regional species richness by itself (detecting only about 35–57% of species per region), it significantly contributed to regional species richness when used with the professional dataset (adding ~3 species that had gone undetected in professional surveys per region). Overall, we find that the opportunistic CS model can provide substantial complementary species information when used alongside professional survey data. Our results suggest that data from opportunistic CS programs in conjunction with professional datasets can strongly increase the capacity of researchers to estimate species richness, and provide unique information on species distributions and phenologies that are relevant to the detection of the biological consequences of global change.