bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Source Rock Characteristics of the Late Proterozoic Nagthat Formation, NW Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Ghosh Sumit K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Nagthat siliciclastics consist of sublithic-arenite and subarkose with subordinate proportion of quartz wacke,lithic graywacke, quartzarenite,lithic arenite and arkosic wacke. Triangular plot of lithic fragments, variable diagrams of quartz types and heavy mineral assemblage collectively suggest their derivation mainly from low to high grade metamorphic terrain with minor contribution from sedimentary and plutonic igneous rocks. This is further supported by the dominance of brown luminescing quartz and blue to non-luminescent feldspars. The palaeoflow analysis reveal three prominent modes NE. NW, ESE and suggests that the source areas for the Nagthat sediments was towards the SW. SE and WNW directions.
Taking all these points into consideration, it can be inferred that the major part of the detrital framework materials for the Nagthat siliciclastics were possibly supplied due to uplift and subsequent erosion of Aravalli-Delhi mountain chain and Bundelkhand granite-gneiss massif sometime during Aravalli and Delhi orogenic events.
Illite Crystallinity Indices and Their Significance in Anchimetamorphism and Mineralisation in the Cumbum Formation (Cuddapah Supergroup), Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Rao C. N. , Srinivasan K. , Roychowdhuri Amit 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Phyllites from the Cumbum Formation are exclusively made up of 2 M polymorph of illite. The 2 M polymorph, the most stable phase in the temperature range of 200-300°C, is comidered to be due to its heritage from the source area, having been derived from high-grade metamorphic Eastern Ghat and Dharwarian provenances. The Illite Crystallinity Jndex shows progressive improvement with depth as well as nearness to the Pb-Zn mineralised zone. The crystallinity Index averaging 0.4°2? is consistent with anchizone of metamorphism. The progressive increase in the crystallinity and size with depth and in the proximity of the mineralized zone suggest that the mineral suffered post-depositional recrystallisation effected by the depth of burial, uplift and folding in the eastern margin of the Cuddapah basin and subsequent hydrothermal activity concomitant with the Pb-Zn mineralisation at Bandlamotu.
Zircons from the Granitic Rocks of the Malani Igneous Suite : Morphological and Chemical Studies
Authors: Kochhar Naresh , Vallinayagam G. , Gupta L. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Zircons are hydrothennal or late-magmatic. The high UO2 contents of the Tosham zircons reflect the high UO2 of the host rocks. The Siwana granites, though high in Zr values, have very poor zircon yield. This is probably due to the pcralkalinity of the Si wana magma.
Characterisation of a Clay Deposit at Malti, Purulia District, West Bengal
Authors: Fentaw Haile Michael , Rao C. N. , Sengupta D. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The clay deposits at Malti in Purulia District, West Bengal have formed on phyllites of probable Precambrian age.
X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and Infra-red spectral studies suggest that these clay deposits contain kaolinite as the predominant clay mineral. The kaolinite shows two distinct varieties of crystal perfection-one the highly crystalline with Hinckley Indices of well over 0.8 (8 samples) and the other of comparatively low crystallinity with Hinckley Indices of less than 0.8.
The poorly crystalline samples show strong low temperature endothermic peaks at 200°C in DTA curves suggesting the presence of some inter-layer water. The presence of hydrated halloysite has, however, not been conclusively established.
Influence of Precursor Sediments on Coal Distribution and Quality, Barakar Formation, Sohagpur Coalfield, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Chakrabarti Utpal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Barakar Formation of Sohagpur Coalfield is an alluvial succession consisting principally of channel sandstones with subordinate amounts of overbank deposits comprising finer clastics and coal. The major factor controlling peat accumulation is the physical characteristic of sub-peat sediments. Coal is thin and high in ash in sand-rich areas which compacted least and produced elevated surfaces where peat was sub-aerially exposed and oxidised. Two modes of accumulation of thicker and relatively low-ash peat operated in the study area. First, relatively sand-deficient areas compacted easily and yielded morphologically low surfaces where peat could accumulate in greater quantity and the water table was sufficiently maintained to prevent peat destruction. Secondly, an optimal sand concentration in the substrate created intermediate topographic sites where a delicate balance between the water table and the depositional interface favoured concentration of thicker and better quality coals.
Measurement of Natural Recharge in India
Authors: Athavale R. N. , Rangarajan R. , Muralidharan D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The broad pattern, emerging from recharge measurements in various basins ranging in area from few tens to few thousands of square km indicates an annual input of about 16% (or 100 mm) of the precipitation in the Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract and about 8% (or 60 mm) ofthe precipitation in the Peninsular hard-rock areas. The Tritium recharge measurements are compared with those obtained by using hydro-meteorological and hydrogeological methods. The relation between recharge values and water level fluctuations in open wells is studied and regression plots showing dependence of recharge rate on rainfall over granitic, basaltic, sedimentary and alluvial provinces are presented. Data on temporal variation in recharge due to variation in rainfall over three hydrological cycles in a granitic watershed in the semi-arid area is presented. The utility of such studies in prediction of recharge from rainfall data is illustrated.
The Assam Basin: Tectonic Relation to the Surrounding Structural Features and Shillong Plateau
Authors: Das J. D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Assam basin is surrounded by hills and plateau. Structurally the basin is mainly bounded by thrust belts in the north, northeast and southeast. Bulk of the Precambrian landmass of Shillong plateau lies to the south of the river Brahmaputra between longitude 90° and 94°E and controls the whole lower part of the river course. Compressional tectonism in northeast India is responsible for the present configuration of the Assam basin which compressed gradually. Structures developed along the foothills of the Himalaya and Naga hills show migration of rock masses towards the basin. Besides, recent earthquakes have changed the basin morphology as well as river courses. It seems the basin is gradually becoming narrower and shallower under the influence of the present tectonism.
Fluid Inclusion Studies on Molybdenite Mineralization of Yegawakote, Kolar District, Karnataka, India
Authors: Ahmed Syed Ashfaq , Pathan A. M. , Srikantappa C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Developments in stable oxygen and carbon isotope studies of the sediments from oceanic realm has established their potential use as stratigraphic markers. Whereas, other schemes of stratigraphic classifications for the Cenozoic sediments of Kutch are available, this paper attempts to establish the stable isotope stratigraphy of a part of the sequence. It is observed that the δ180 and δ13C variation significantly correspond to the chronostratigraphic units of this area. The negative δ13C of the Kakdian Stage (Berwali Series) shifts characteristically to positive values in the Babian Stage (Berwali Series) and then swings back to negative values in the Bermoti Series. The Kakdian Stage and the Bermoti Series, both having negative δ13C, can be differentiated by their respective δ18O range.
Earth Science Museums in India
Authors: Prasad K. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Earth Science Museums playa vital role in imparting knowledge to students and scholars by providing basic information on the natural resources. The Geological Survey of India has the largest number of ESMs in the country. Universities with a Geology Department have ESMs though not on such a large scale like the G.S.I. Within the last four years, two modern ESMs have been established at Neyveli and Ranchi. The importance of museums and national parks in educating the common man is stressed. The history of the ESMs in India is outlined and the two modern museums at Neyveli and Ranchi are described in detail. The technique of modelling prehistoric animals like the dinosaurs which form part of a museum by dynamic and animated movements with acoustic background is stressed. New Innovations change of display material occasionally adds a new dimension to the quality and attractiveness to the museum. A list of national parks with museums and life-sized fibreglass models of prehistoric animals is given. The two ESMs established at Neyveli and Ranchi are to a limited extent based on the lines of some of the famous museums such as Smithsonian, the American Museum, the Field Museum, the Carnegie Museum, Yale Peabody Museum, and the British Museum of Natural History. The need for more ESMs in India using latest techniques in museology for better display is stressed.
The Possible Causes of Variation in Water Quality of Mahi River, Gujarat, India
Authors: Barodawala S. F. , Patel P. K. , Patel C. D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The damming of the Mahi has retarded the natural cleansing processes of the river, making it incapable of flushing away effluents. This problem is further compounded by the large-scale tidal ingress in the Mahi, which impedes the already sluggish flow of the water, thereby concentrating the pollutants in the downstream portion. This is critical, since nearly half of Baroda city's drinking water is obtained from French-wells dug in the Mahi river bed at Vasad which is under the influence of the tidal ingress.
Benthic foraminifera and Deep-Sea Water Masses in the Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Gupta Anil K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The distribution patterns of important benthic foraminifera from surface sediment samples of 9 DSDP sites from the tropical Indian Ocean were examined. The faunal patterns reveal two major assemblages and one intermediate assemblage. The first assemblage is dominated by Uvigerina proboscidea and Globocassidulina pacifica and confined to a water depth ranging from 1800-2800m. This assemblage is associated with North Indian Deep Water (NIDW). The second assemblage, confined to waters deeper than 3800m, is dominated by Epislomineila umbonifera and is associated with Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). The third assemblage occurs between 2800 and 3800m and is dominated by Uvigerina hispido-costata, Cibicides wuellerstorfi, Epistominella exigua, Pullenia bulloides, and Oridorsalis umbonatus. This assemblage is associated with a water mass intermediate between NIDW and AABW. A minor assemblage has also been observed at depths shallower than 1800m, dominated by Bulimina aculeata and Astrononion umbilicatulum. This assemblage appears to be associated with a water mass influenced by Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW).
Trace Fossils from the Muth Quartzite of Malia Johar Area, Tethys Kumaon Himalaya, India
Authors: Srivastava Ashok K. , Kumar S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Trace fossils namely, Arenicolites, Monocraterion, Planolites,lchnogenus A, and trails are recorded from the Muth Quartzite of the Malla Johar area of the Kumaon Himalaya. The trace fossils are recorded dominantly from the middle unit i.e., Muth B Member. On the basis of ethology and preservational conditions it has been interpreted that during the deposition of the Muth B Member, the benthonic community was dominated by molluscs and polychaetes. The organisms producing trace fossils are dominated by feeding or feeding-dwelling habitat.
Role of Mantle Carbon in Archaean Gold Genesis in South India : Evidence from Carbon Stable Isotopic Composition of Fluid Inclusions
Authors: Santosh M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ore fluids in the gold-quartz veins in Kolar (Champion Reef) and Wynad (Nilambur) are characterized by CO2-bearing systems of low salinity and moderate density. Step-wise heating of auriferous quartz, and the isotopic analyses of CO2 extracted from fluid inclusions yield a tightly constrained d13C range of -5.9 to -9.4%0, providing the first direct evidence for the involvement of mantle carbon in the genesis ofthese Archaean gold deposits. The similarity in the range of carbon isotopic compositions of CO2 trapped within the Archaean granulites and gold deposits suggests a common source for the fluids. The isotope data are consistent with the derivation of CO2 from an outgassing sub-lithospheric mantle.
Fluid Inclusion Study of Vinjamuru Precambrian Stratiform Baryte Deposit, Nellore Schist Belt, A.P., India
Authors: Moeen S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The fluid inclusions in Vinjamuru baryte can be broadly classified into primary and pseudo-secondary types. Primary inclusions are represented by monophase carbonic and mixed carbonic-aqueous types. CO2 densities lie in the range of 0.78-0.88 g/cm3. The pseudo-secondary inclusions are represented by aqueous bi-phase type, coexisting with vapor-rich inclusions. Their Th overlaps in the range of 220-230°C suggestive of entrapment from boiling fluids. The primary carbonic inclusions appear to be volcanic entrapments and the fluids in pseudo-secondary inclusions were entrapped from hydrothermal solutions.
A Reappraisal of an Archaean Carbonatite of Nellore Schist Belt, South India
Authors: Kumar Anil , Srinivasan R. , Gopalan K. , Patil D. J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Field observations, trace element and isotopic results are reported for rocks classified as carbonatites from Vinjamur area in the Nellore schist belt. These carbonate rocks occur either inter-bedded with metasedimentary quartzites and pelites or in association with calc-alkaline rather than alkaline volcanic rocks. No fenitised contacts are seen. Their Nb and REE contents are too low for carbonatites. Samples free from baryte veins have less than 150 ppm of Sr with an isotopic ratio greater than 0.7100 d13CPDB range from -1.58 to - 0.56 ‰ and d18OSMOW from +14.00 to +16‰ , All these features, individually and collectively, show that the carbonate rocks of Vinjamur are most probably sedimentary and not igneous in origin.
Streamlined Landforms in the Inactive Zone of the Chhota Shigri Glacier, Labaul District (H.P.)
Authors: Chaujar Ravinder Kumar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Streamlined and superimposed streamlined landforms in the inactive zone formed by first deglaciation activity are fiutes which are characterised by low relief and very elongate form reflected by cigar shaped image. They are mostly present in clusters in the zone between the end moraines and second stage of glacier advance and retreat. It is suggested that the formation of these flutes is related to pre-existing forms of ground moraine which have been heavily dissected by preglacial melt water streams before reglaciation and deposition of upper till. Superimposed streamlined landforms suggest that the glacial ice, which formed them had insufficient power and energy to destroy tbe existing landforms, but could only modify them.
Geotechnical Properties and Processes of Marine Sedimentation
Authors: Krishnamohan R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Marine sediments differ from terrestrial sediments in a number of ways and hence it becomes important to analyze their geotechnical properties and processes in a detailed manner. A brief summary of the nature of marine sedimentary environment, types and distribution of marine sediments, consolidation behavior, static shear strength and response under dynamic loading is presented in this paper. A knowledge of these aspects would greatly help the civil engineer/geologist to better understand the sedimentological and environmental conditions under which submarine slopes experience phenomena like long-term downslope displacements, slumps. slides, and other mass wasting processes.
Yttrium-Europium-Erbium Geochemistry of Granitic Soils of Kunkuri Area, Raigarh District, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Singh Yamuna , Rai S. D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The duricrust and the soils derived from the Precambrian granitic rocks of Kunkuri area in Raigarh district, Madhya Pradesh, contain anomalous concentratioIis of rare earth and yttrium minerals. The polymineral table concentrates obtained from the granitic soil contain xenotime, monazite, zircon, Hmenite and rutile. Chemical analyses of table concentrate indicate values up to 3.08% Y 203.0.30% Er203 and 0.0286% EU203 in the ratio of 10 : 1 : 0.1. Corresponding data on table concentrates from the source granitic rocks also demonstrate a similar form in Y 203 : Er203 : EU203' Y/Er ratio is 10. which is similar to the average granites, while Er/Eu ratio of 10 is anomalously high, being 4 times the average for granitic rocks. Since the REE and Y bearing minerals are radioactive and contribute to a major part of the radioactivity in soHI alluvial deposits of the areas investigated, aeroradiometric surveys fonowed by ground radiometric checkings, preferably along 2nd to 5th order streams in the adjoining areas, are recommended.
Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of Bombay Offshore Basin
Authors: Nair K. M. , Singh N. K. , Ram Jokhan , Gavarshetty C. P. , Muraleekrishanan B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Correlation of seven chronostratigraphic sequences in over 300 wells drilled in the six structural blocks constituting the Bombay Offshore Basin has helped in defining the stratigraphy, paleogeography and facies distribution and suggesting a model for shelf carbonate deposition. The sequences correlated are: Paleocene-Early Eocene, Middle-Upper Eocene, Lower Oligocene, Upper Oligocene, Lower Miocene, Middle Miocene and Middle Miocene-Holocene.
The most significant observations arc 1) Surat depression and its southward extension through other grabens up to Ratnagiri block contain a restricted marine, paralic and continental shale, sand and coal facies of 500-3000 m. thickness, deposited during syn-rift. Paleocene-Early Eocene phase. This is the principal source rock in the basin. 2) The main reservoirs are the Miocene limestones in Bombay High and Middle Eocene and Lower Oligocene limestones in other areas. 3) The main sandstone reservoirs are in the Oligocene sequences in Daman-Tapti area of Surat depression and in the Paleocene-Lower Eocene sequence in Heera-Bassein and Ratnagiri blocks. 4) By tracing the clastic dispersal.pattern, it is shown that Saurashtra basin and Shelf Margin basin with their excessive Upper Oligocene-Holoccne fill are less favourable than the rest of the basin in hydrocarbon potential.
A homoclinal ramp model is suggested for the shallow shelf carbonate deposition. The suggested carbonate depositional model indicates that the platfonn areas are susceptible to shale incursions from the east which could affect the reservoir properties of limestone in many areas. Almost all the major carbonate pay zones are associated with unconformities and diastems and the principal porosity is telogenetic.
Morphology of the Sea Floor within the EEZ off Visakhapatnam - Kakinada Coast, Bay of Bengal
Authors: Murty P. S. N. , Mohapatra G. P. , Reddy D. R. S. , Hariprasad M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The bathymetry contours show that the morphological features of shelf and slope off Visakhapatnam coast are mainly due to erosion and local deposition, while those of Godavari delta are due to high rate of deposition. Features such as terraces, pinnacles and ridges on the continental shelf at different depths are inferred to be vestiges of palaeostrand lines caused by sea level changes during the Pleistocene/Holocene period. The mass wasting near the shelf break off Godavari River could have led to the levelling up of the rise area with the slope giving rise to a smooth and cancave surface. The dissected topography of the northeastern part of the continental slope is inferred to be the effect of erosion and mass movement due to turbidity currents. The abyssal plain is influenced both by the peninsular rivers draining into the area as also by the Bengal Fan. The bathymetric surveys in abyssal plain delineated the boundary between western sedimentary basin influenced by peninsular river sediment and the eastern sedimentary basin having Bengal Fan sediment. The channels and valleys observed on the eastern side of this boundary are the continuation of Bengal Fan channels.
A Geostatistical Study of Alumina Content in Ores of an Indian Iron Ore Deposit
Authors: Kannan S. , Patel K. B. , Pandalai H. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mining and blending operations in the high grade iron ore deposit under study are performed to optimize recovery with minimal alumina content while maintaining required levels of other chemical component and a proper mix of ore types. In the present work the regionalisation of alumina in the ores has been studied independently and its effects on global and local recoverable tonnage as well as on alternatives of mining operations have been evaluated.
The global tonnage recovery curves for blocks (20m x 20m x 12m) obtained by simulation closely approximated the curves obtained theoretically using a change of support under the discretised gaussian model. Variations in block size up to 80m x 20m x 12m did not affect the recovery as the horizontal dimensions of the blocks are small in relation to the range of the variogram. A comparison of the local tonnage recovery curves obtained through multiple conditional simulations made with that obtained by the method of unifonn conditioning of block grades on an estimate of panel 100m x 100m x 12m panel grade reveals comparable results only in panels which have been well conditioned and possesing an ensemble simulation mean close to the ordinary kriged value for the panel. Study of simple alternative sequence of mining on the conditionally simulated deposit shows that concentration of mining operations simultaneously on a single bench enhances the fluctuation in alumina values of ore mined.
Fluid Inclusion Studies in Charnockites from Yercaud Area, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Asha Manjari K. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Massive charnockites from the Yercaud area in Tamil Nadu show petrographic evidence for post-metamorphic deformation. Fluid inclusion studies indicate a change in densities from 1.06 - 1.03 g/cm3 in the early carbonic inclusions to 1.17 - 0.90g/cm3 in the late carbonic inclusions. The wide range of density variations within each generation of fluids suggest that the syn-metamorphic fluids captured within inclusions could have been preferentially leaked out during post-metamorphic deformation.