bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race/Ethnicity and Sex and Opioid Administration in the Emergency Room
Authors: Rosenbloom Julia M. , Burns Sara M. , Kim Eugene , August David A. , Ortiz Vilma E. , Houle Timothy T. 
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND:
Although racial/ethnic and sex disparities have been examined in health care generally and pain management more specifically, the combined influence of these sociodemographic factors together has not been well documented. The aim of this study was to examine the association between administration of opioid analgesics in the emergency department (ED) and interaction of race/ethnicity and sex.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study using 2010–2014 Center for Disease Control-National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data for patients 12–55 years of age presenting to EDs with a primary diagnosis of appendicitis or gallbladder disease as defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. The primary outcome was the receipt of opioid analgesic medications. Secondary outcomes included: receipt of nonopioids, receipt of antiemetic medications, wait time to see a provider, and length of visit in the ED. The association between sex and analgesic receipt within Caucasian non-Hispanic and non-Caucasian groups was evaluated adjusting for pain score on presentation, patient age, emergent status, number of comorbidities, time of visit (month, day of the week, standard versus nonstandard working hours, year), and US region.

RESULTS:
After exclusions, a weighted sample of 553 ED visits was identified, representing 2,622,926 unique visits. The sample population was comprised of 1,858,035 (70.8%) females and 1,535,794 (58.6%) Caucasian non-Hispanics. No interaction was found in adjusted sampling-weighted model between sex and race/ethnicity on the odds of receiving opioids (P = .74). There was no difference in opioid administration to males as compared to females (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96, 95% CI, 0.87–1.06; P = .42) or to non-Caucasians as compared to Caucasians (OR = 0.99, 95% CI, 0.89–1.10; P = .84). In adjusted weighted models, non-Caucasian males, 123,121/239,457 (51.4%) did not differ from Caucasian non-Hispanic males, 317,427/525,434 (60.4%), on odds of receiving opioids, aOR = 0.88, 95% CI, 0.39–1.99; P = .75. Non-Caucasian females, 547,709/847,675 (64.6%) also did not differ from Caucasian females, 621,638/1,010,360 (61.5%), on odds of receiving opioids, aOR = 1.01, 95% CI, 0.53–1.90; P = .98. Across both sexes, non-Caucasians did not differ from Caucasians on receipt of nonopioid analgesics or antiemetics. Neither wait time to see a provider nor the length of the hospital visit was significantly different between sexes or race/ethnicities.

CONCLUSIONS:
Based on National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 2010 to 2014, there is no statistically significant interaction between race/ethnicity and sex for administration of opioid analgesia to people presenting to the ED with appendicitis or gallbladder disease. These results suggest that the joint effect of patient race/ethnicity and sex may not manifest in disparities in opioid management.
Inhibition of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Improves Depressive-Like Behaviors Independent of Its Peripheral Antinociceptive Effects in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Jiang Hai-xia , Ke Bo-wen , Liu Jin , Ma Gang , Hai Ke-rong , Gong De-ying , Yang Zheng , Zhou Cheng 
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND:
Neuropathic pain is often associated with depression. Enhancing endocannabinoids by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors relieves neuropathic pain and stress-induced depressive-like behaviors in animal models. However, it is unclear whether FAAH inhibitor can relieve neuropathic pain–induced depression by or not by its antinociceptive effects.

METHODS:
Adult male Wistar rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve were treated with the systemic FAAH inhibitor URB597 (5.8 mg·kg−1·day−1, intraperitoneally) or peripherally acting FAAH inhibitor URB937 (1.6 mg·kg−1·d−1, intraperitoneally; n = 11–12). The treatment was applied from the 15th day after surgery and continued for 15 days. Mechanical withdrawal threshold was examined by Von Frey test before surgery and on the 28th day after CCI. Depressive-like behaviors were evaluated by forced swimming test (FST) and novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) after 15-day treatment. The levels of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in hippocampus were examined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Hippocampal neurogenesis including proliferation, differentiation, and survival of newborn cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS:
After CCI injury, the rats developed significantly nociceptive and depressive-like behaviors, indicated by persistent mechanical hypersensitivity in Von Frey test, significantly prolonged immobility time in FST (sham: 84.2 ± 13.4 seconds versus CCI: 137.9 ± 18.8 seconds; P < .001), and protracted latency to feed in NSF (sham: 133.4 ± 19.4 seconds versus CCI: 234.9 ± 33.5 seconds; P < .001). For the CCI rats receiving treatment, compared to vehicle placebo group, pain threshold was increased by both URB597 (3.1 ± 1.0 vs 11.2 ± 1.2 g; P < .001) and URB937 (3.1 ± 1.0 vs 12.1 ± 1.3 g; P < .001). Immobility time of FST was reduced by URB597 (135.8 ± 16.6 vs 85.3 ± 17.2 seconds; P < .001) but not by URB937 (135.8 ± 16.6 vs 129.6 ± 17.8 seconds; P = .78). Latency to feed in NSF was also reduced by URB597 (235.9 ± 30.5 vs 131.8 ± 19.8 seconds; P < .001) but not by URB937 (235.9 ± 30.5 vs 232.2 ± 33.2 seconds; P = .72). Meanwhile, CCI decreased the number of proliferating cells and reduced survival of new mature neurons in hippocampus. URB597 but not URB937 treatment improved these cellular deficits.

CONCLUSIONS:
Inhibition of FAAH can improve depressive-like behaviors induced by neuropathic pain independent of its peripheral antinociceptive action. Enhanced neurogenesis in hippocampus might contribute to the antidepressive effects of URB597.
Chomsky’s Discourse on US Foreign Policy, Media and Human Rights Interface: Implications to Indian Media
Authors: D’Souza Ashok Antony 
Published: June 2018

The United States (US) is usually thought of as a nation representing freedom, democracy and human rights. However, as shown by Noam Chomsky and a few others, the US has turned out to be the most dominant imperialist nation as it is a ‘super power’ with immense political and economic clout. The US has been involved in human rights’ violations, Chomsky claims, with an intention of capturing markets for its goods and services, but has been successful in veiling it by shaping popular consciousness through its hegemony over popular media.
Chomsky argues that the US has been preparing the ground for human rights’ violations by the use of ‘Propaganda Model’ which ‘filters’ reality in such a way as to give the ‘news’ that is perverted to serve the needs of the ruling elite. For instance, in many of the ‘news’ reports the weapons of mass destruction used by the US are attributed human traits while the citizens of the enemy nation are presented as nameless “aggressors” or “terrorists”.
The relevance of the paper rests on working out the implications of Chomsky’s perspectives on the use of media by the US to serve its propagandist model and the implications of such tendencies to nations like India. The paper also tries to work out the possible way out of this impasse.
Keywords: Culture of terrorism, human rights, media, propaganda model, US imperialism
Making of a Celebrity: An Imagined Community Construction by Indian Press
Authors: Paul Sudipta , Guha Silajit 
Published: June 2018

With the arrival of graphic revolution, it has become increasingly impossible to draw the lines between personal and political, private and market. Television, social media and their imitative versions of newspapers have become dependent more on selling the images, literally and metaphorically to negate the pressure of public opinion in public sphere. Media as a social institution, serve the purpose of legitimizing the efforts of hegemony construction by different other social and religious institutions and in the process get involved in producing ‘metalanguage’. The efforts of media to turn everyone into celebrity enjoy the advantage of drawing public attention to farcical and construct an air of simplicity and ease. The emergence of celebrities with the help of pseudo-events in our social world has been able to foster a culture of consumption and leisure. Newspapers, supposedly a more sober and less instantaneous medium are also forced to follow the business rules set by the visual media. The intrinsic difference between a celebrity and a star happens to be one that a celebrity is in most cases incapable of becoming a star, which requires a certain amount of qualities. With the boundary between public and private closing down, the celebrities are in control of public imagination. Their existence in public life has been internalized giving birth to new kind of political discourses. The discursive elements of celebrity discourse are capable of giving birth to a new kind of ‘metalaguage’ also. The article looks into the construction of a celebrity in the pages of India’s most famous English newspapers and tries to analyze how these discursive elements are giving birth to new possibilities of a narcotizing dysfunction or collective amnesia.
Keywords: Discourse position, discourse strand, celebritisation, para-social interaction, ideological square
Effects of Constructivist Approach on Students' Perception of Nature of Science at Secondary Level
Authors: Sridevi K. V. 
Published: June 2018

A quasi-experimental study was conducted to seewhether constructivist approach to science instructioncould promote perception of nature of science amongeighth grade students. Purposive sampling was employedto select the schools for the study. Perception of nature ofscience test was developed by the researcher and wasadministered before and after the treatment. Analysis ofCovariance test was performed to control the initialvariance. The results showed that Constructivist teachingis more effective than conventional teaching in terms ofperception of nature of Science among 8 standardstudents. It was also found that constructivist approachwas equally effective for both boys and girls in improvingachievement and attitude towards science. Aconstructivist environment was preferred to a traditionalclassroom by the students. The results confirm researchsupporting the positive effect of constructivist learningpractices and view that constructivist approach to teachscience is a viable alternative to traditional modes ofteaching.
21st Century Pedagogy using Wikipedia
Authors: Iyer Reshmi R 
Published: June 2018

When the era of Constructivismis laced with a broad range of Web2.0 tools, a new form of learning has evolved. Knowledge construction and deconstruction has become easier as the means to write and rewrite information has continued to evolve. Wikipedia is one of the most powerful instruments through which this digital revolution of knowledge creation, co-creation and access has been redefined. This paper is a treatise, exploring the ease with which Wikipedia can be assimilated within the curriculum and how even a secondary school student can add to the immense world of knowledge.
Wikipedia is a free access, free content platform that offers every person the capability and easy-to-use tools to become a contributor of knowledge. Since its inception in 2001, the online encyclopaedia hasgrown with a burgeoning number of articles being added, modified and reviewed by contributors worldwide by the second. The very nature of the website is collaborative, thus enabling collective learning and cooperative exchange of information. Placing a student in this infinite space as a collaborative contributor of information, which is governed by the website’s stringent governance policies and is open to review and critique across the world, makes him or her a conscientious creator of verified knowledge which consolidates the learning at the highest taxonomic level of education. This curricular integration of Wikipedia could thus be the very essence of constructivism, making it a highly desirable and viable method of digitising any pedagogy.
The Learning Outcomes of an Australian Social Work Student’s Study Tour to India
Authors: Pat Dorsett , Julie Clark 
Published: June 2018

This article will explore the impact and learning outcomes of a short term study tour of a cohort of Australian social work students. Of particular interest was the impact of the programme on the students and specifically knowledge of international practice, cultural sensitivity as well as personal and professional growth. A qualitative approach was adopted to provide insights into the perceived impact of the programme and its contribution to the preparation of social work students to work in an increasingly globalised world. Indications are that it was effective in enhancing cultural sensitivity, understanding of structural factors contributing to inequity, the practical experience of poverty, personal growth and professional identity. For students, it was a valued and transformational learning experience. The “real life” experiential learning was highly valued by students.
State of Primary Education among Tribals: Issues and Challenges
Authors: T Brahmanandam , Bosu Babu 
Published: June 2018

Scheduled Tribes have always been a geographically and socially isolated group in Indian society, besides being a culturally-economically marginalized society. Their areas were by and large sparsely populated and had evolved over centuries their own system of maintaining law and order. The British also allowed them to live according to their own way of life. The national leaders, however, were aware of their backwardness and were eager to take measures for their betterment. As a result a few provisions were adopted in the Government of India Act 1935.During the post-Independence period, the policy makers have made sincere and concerted efforts for overall development of these groups both economically as well as educationally. Despite these efforts the performance of the tribal groups is much lower when compared to other marginalized groups like Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Castes. The available literature on tribal primary education suggests, most of the time the policymakers’ approach was only to develop a national curriculum instead of giving importance to their skill-oriented, practical capabilities which has impacted their life in a more serious manner.
Imperial Desire and Implications for Contemporary Representation of Colony
Authors: Rassendren Etienne 
Published: June 2018

There has been much rigorous questioning about the idea and practice of colonialism in current reflections on colonialism and post/coloniality. Except for some serious intellectual examination over the inter-relations between gender and colonisation in Spivak‟s work on subalternity and gender, not much has been articulated about imperial desire and colonial sexualities. Moreover, there has been no signifying exploration of the distinction between imperialism and colonialism particularly as the difference is situated in desire. This paper attempts to locate the difference between imperial and colonial as they overlap in imperial desire. I also wish to expose its continuity in contemporary representations of colony, particularly in film and conclude by making comments on pedagogic practices in the current English studies classroom. In so doing, I intend to situate the politics, both cultural and sexual, within the current representational politics of post/coloniality.
Keywords: Imperial, Colonial, Desire, Post/coloniality, Film, Pedagogic
A Conceptual Review of the Odd-Even Policy on Delhi’s Urban Environment
Authors: Sud Shahan , Aiyengar Sindhuja 
Published: June 2018

The Odd-Even Policy is a transport rationing mechanism to control pollution levels by restricting the number of on-road vehicles per day. The aim of this policy was to reduce the number of on-road vehicles in a day by about half and thereby reducing the alarming levels of pollution in the State of Delhi.
This paper identifies existing policies and evaluates how effective these policy and management options are in sustaining ecosystem services in Delhi and harmonizing them with human needs. The scope of this paper is restricted to the Odd-Even Policy implemented by the Government of Delhi in January-February 2016, and how structural reformations and policy adjustments can be made to the same in order to make it conducive to the indigenous ecosystem services and with that of people’s needs. Consequently, this paper studies whether the proposition stands or the objectives are required to be achieved through alternatives therein.
The methodology of research engages in a comparative analysis of the Odd-Even policies implemented in Beijing and Delhi. The research findings are normative, and prescribe reforms to the Delhi model. Data are obtained from secondary sources.
Social Aspect of Leisure Among the Tribal Population of Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka
Authors: Raju R , Saraswathi G , Baidya K N 
Published: June 2018

Tribes or adivasis are considered to be the parasites of the forests, thinking that they cannot exist without depending on the forest resource. But the trend has changed after the relocation of the tribes from forest to the periphery of the forest areas. Their way of living, language, food habits, occupation, leisure and entertainment, socio-cultural setup everything has changed drastically. The study exposes both in park and outside the park tribal settlements, to show the differences in their living conditions, socio-economic activities, leisure activities among men and women of these hadis. The study mainly focuses on the Jenu Kuruba tribe who is more in number in and around the National Park than the other tribes, like the Betta Kuruba and Yerava. Under India Eco-development Project the inpark 54 hadi tribes (1568 families), are being relocated (250 families already relocated), gradually. This has brought in major impact on the tribes who are inside the park. The inpark hadi tribes are also exposed to other places like Coorg, as wage earners in coffee estates. Thus the exposure to other places for livelihood purpose and the rehabilitation programmes has changed the traditional tribes to modernisation.
Key words: Nagarahole National Park, Hadi, Tribes, Leisure, Jenu Kuruba, Ashram School, and Social aspect.
Editorial
Authors: Das Rolla 
Published: June 2018

Tattva Journal of Philosophy, published by Christ University aims to share critical studies and in-depth reflections and analyses of concerns of human life, in order to further the directions and transformations human society needs to evolve into. This issue brings forth articles to provide a diverse range of philosophical concerns that require analysis for furthering conceptually, well articulated perspectives on philosophers, self-reflective principles, ideations and ideologies underlying policies and community ethos.
Sundar Sarukkai on Indian Higher Education: Quality, Excellence in Neoliberal Times
Authors: Das Rolla 
Published: June 2018

Sundar Sarukkai is a philosopher and is currently associated with the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore as a Professor of Philosophy. His research interests range from philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, postmodernism, phenomenology to philosophy of art. A critical philosopher whocan, with élan, and a certain sense of analytical rigour, transverse the philosophical terrains between the Western and Indian traditions. He has authored several books, such as Translating the World: Science and Language (2002), Philosophy of Symmetry (2004) and Indian Philosophy and Philosophy of Science (2005). Hehas earned his doctoral degree from Purdue University, USA following which he has been associated with several institutes such as Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Manipal University and National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. He has been the Founder-Director, Manipal Centre for Philosophy and Humanities, Manipal University, Manipal. He can be reached at sarukkai@nias.iisc.ernet.in
Emergence! (The Ontological Conjecture)
Authors: Phipps Ronald Preston 
Published: June 2018

Ours is a vacuumless universe - Character and Potential pervade The spatio-temporal manifold!
The manifold is discretely divided As the ancients foretold
By atomicity, by discreteness amid continuity!
Atomicity embedded within atomic occasions Events emerging as a confluence of Antecedent events!
The character and relations within that nexus Constituent of an occasion’s causal past Determine the characteristics and relations Which ingress within the atomic event!
As character ingresses into an atomic occasion,
Bounded by spatial magnitude and temporal duration, The character and potentiality
Within the event’s causal future Emerge, Begat as an occasion’s progeny.
Co-Director, International Center for Process Philosophy, Science and Education
Impact of Tourism on Livelihoods
Authors: Aggarwal Anjali , Tiwari Govind 
Published: June 2018

Wildlife tourism is gaining popularity day by day. With the increase in the number of tourist influx in Protected Areas (PA), new facilities to satisfy their needs are coming in the villages around the PA. Tourism has both negative and positive impacts in these rural areas. To know the impacts of tourism, a study was conducted in two villages namely Khatia and Mocha which are situated near Kanha National Park (KNP). The main aim of study was to identify the change in the lives of those villagers who have sold their land to resort/lodge owners. A survey was conducted of villagers who had sold their land in the last five years. Data was obtained regarding change in land use, use of income obtained from sale, reasons for selling the land, change in livelihood patterns etc. It was found out that the main reasons for selling the land included exasperation due to crop raiding by wild ungulates and the attractive price offered by the resort owners. The land use pattern changed drastically leading to a complete change in landscape from one dominated by agricultural fields to one choked by construction of posh resorts. The use of money realized from sale was majorly done to purchase land holdings in other villages or gypsies to be used for tourism purposes. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test shows that there is a significant increase in the income of villages after the sale although many marginal farmers are working as laborers on the same piece of land they once owned.