bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polio žmogaus ugdymas ir tradicija Faidro kalboje (Symp. 178 a–180 b)
Authors: Ališauskas Vytautas 
Published: January 2019

Phaedrus’ speech in Plato’s Symposium was often ignored by Platonic scholars as unphilosophical, and has been analysed mostly in its rhetorical aspects. This narrowed the intentions of the dialogue down to theoretical speculations, neglecting a practical problem – namely, which values of the Greek polis remained relevant in the epoch of radical cultural transformation through which Plato lived. The detailed analysis of Phaedrus’ speech reveals some of its aspects that remained latent until now, establishing that the system of concepts of ‘shame’ and ‘aspiration to glory’ derives from the traditional system of values of Greek military community, and thus has a concrete historical and social content. It was precisely Socrates and later Plato who embarked on the revision of the Greek concept of ‘shame’ (as Plato’s Apology attests). The paper employs additional sources that help to recreate the historical context of the speech and to inscribe it into its authentic Sitz im Leben.Furthermore, Lysias’ speech against Alcibiades is linked with Phaedrus’ speech and the whole context of the Symposium.
Marcialio epigramos teatras
Authors: Packočinaitė-Biržietienė Skirmantė 
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the poetry of famous Roman epigramist Marcus Valerius Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis (41–104). In some epistolary prefaces to his books of epigrams (e.g. to I epigram book, as well as to II epigram book) he creates the ambience of the theater and it looks as he is inviting his reader to the epigram theater. These passages provide two potential ways of interpretation. First, Martial himself explains the nature of the epigram comparing it with the mime. Mime is a part of the ancient comic theater and was the most popular kind of performance in the Imperial Rome. Also mimes’ performance was a part of some Roman religious festivals, especially to those sacred to the deities of changing time, fertility, nature revival, such as Saturnalia, Floralia. Our poet tells, that epigram is of the same kind as Floralia mimes and contains the force of verbal licence of this feast.Next possible device is to compare epigrammatic heritage of Martial with the New comedy. The history of this comedy begins in the end of the IVth B. C. century in the Greece, but Roman writers of the IInd century B. C. took the most greatest pieces and adapted them to the Roman life. These comedies were interested in the life of the common people, presenting the different types and characters, showing first of all the vice and making it commic. Martial as well declares being interested in the different taints and is going to satirise them, not somebody personal. He is showing a lot of characters simmilar to the personages of the New comedy, such as niggards, whores, drunkards, charlatans, bad teachers, doctors, cooks etc.
Dabarties rekonstrukcija Marguerite’os Yourcenar romane Hadriano memuarai
Authors: Bikulčius Vytautas 
Published: January 2019

Dans cet article on analyse la reconstruction du présent dans le roman de Marguerite YourcenarMémoires d’Hadrien. La définition de cette oeuvre comme une biographie imaginaire est la plus courante. Entre le II siècle et XX siècle il existe une distance énorme, néanmoins M. Yourcenar a su trouver ce qui lie ces deux époques. Quoiqu’elle s’intéresse à l’empereur Hadrien et à son ambiance, de façon paradoxale elle reconstruit le présent où elle vit, c’est–à–dire, les années qui suivent la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Hadrien présente pour M. Yourcenar l’idéal d’un homme politique. Ses anticipations reflètent les réalités de l’après-guerre. Ainsi l’empereur entrevoit la possibilité des Nations Unies, de l’OTAN, le rôle du pape dans la politique mondiale, les idées de la globalisation. Hadrien n’est pas lié avec un homme de politique concret. Cette reconstruction du présent dans Mémoires d’Hadrien est assez importante, car elle modifie le genre de cette oeuvre d’une „autobiographie imaginaire“ en „autobiographie imaginaire intellectuelle“.
’El Šaddaj kaip savimąstą paneigiantis ir gyvenimą transformuojantis principas. Kintančio Dievo idėja Thomo Manno tetralogijoje Juozapas ir jo broliai
Authors: Nagliuvienė Juldita 
Published: January 2019

Auf dem Hintergrund dieses Vortrags steht die theologische Kritik, die von Anfang an sich mit dem biblischen Werk von Thomas Mann beschäftigte und den modernen Roman als den Gegenstand der theologischen Untersuchung völlig negierte. Die Möglichkeit der theologischen Auslegung in einem Beispiel der polyphonischen schöngeistigen Literatur wird nicht nur mit der analogia entis Konzeption bestätigt, sondern auch in der Realisation des “Fremden Gottes”, der als das Schlüsselwort El Schaddajim Roman auftrit und der in einer apriorischen Beziehung mit dem Menschen die Ebene des ganz Anderen konstituiert. Eben dadurch gewinnt das biblische Werk des deutschen Modernisten eine theologische Prägung, die durch die Gnadenwahl-Theorie (Die Verneinung einer Verneinung) Karl Barths, durch die Idee der Offenbarung als einer Wandlung Gottes von Franz Rosenzweig und durch die Konzeption des Heiligen von Rudorf Otto analysieren werden kann.
Multikultūralizmo problema Kanados literatūroje
Authors: Šlapkauskaitė Rūta 
Published: January 2019

The present article addresses the problem of multiculturalism in Canadian literature. While focusing on the major concerns of Canadian critical discourse on multiculturalism and ethnic minority writing, this theorising of Canadian multicultural literature highlights three areas of research – the definition of the notion, studies of postcolonialism and postmodernism and the simulative character of literary politics – that have been instrumental in conceptualising our understanding of Canadian multiculturalism and its reflections in literary texts. Alongside the theoretical observations about the problematic nature of the dominant forms of literary criticism on Canadian multiculturalism, the article offers a hypothesis of the multicultural aesthetic as a system of recurrent tropes that construct our reception of multicultural writing. Eventually, to illustrate the ambivalences of the multicultural aesthetic in Canadian literature, the article provides a brief reading of Anita Rau Badami’s novel Tamarind Mem as an example of the simulated multicultural exotic.
Polilingvizmas kaip „grįžimas namõ“: tarp Babilono katastrofos ir Jeruzalės Sekminių stebuklo. Vlado Braziūno poezijos at(si)vėrimai
Authors: Valentas Skirmantas 
Published: January 2019

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Versuch unternommen, die Widerspiegelung von zwei philologisch wichtigen Episoden der Heiligen Schrift in der modernen Poesie zu vermitteln. Es geht um die Erzählung von der babylonischen Sprachenverwirrung im Buch der Anfänge und um das in den Apostelgeschichten erwähnte Pfingstwunder, die beide unter einen Begriff Polylinguismus fallen.Der Polylinguismus in der Poesie ist als eine syntagmatische Mehrsprachigkeit, anders gesagt, als eine implizite Benennung desgleichen Denotats in einigen Sprachen, zu betrachten.Der verallgemeinernde Begriff „Rückkehr nach Hause“ lässt zwei Begriffe in Verbindung setzen: die sich nach der babylonischen Katastrophe etablierte Mehrsprachigkeit und das Pfingstwunder als eine Möglichkeit die verwirrten Sprachen wieder zu einem Harmonischen zusammenzufügen.Da die Poesie als ein Grammatik modellierender Text vorliegt, ist eine Idee hervorzuheben, dass neben einer üblichen Sprache in der Poesie eine andere Sprache mit völlig anderen Regeln aufgedeckt werden muss.Als eines der Grundmerkmale der üblichen Sprache ist ein in ihr enthaltenes Oppositionsystem zu betrachten. Als Grundmerkmal einer anderen Sprache gilt dagegen das Schwinden der grundlegenden Oppositionen, das einen endlosen und periodischen Text schafft.Der Polylinguismus der Poesie wird in den linguistischen Geschichten am deutlichsten sichtbar. Der Polylinguismus in der Poesie, der dem Simultandolmetschen nahsteht, führt uns auf das Pfingstwunder zurück.
Cicerono santykis su graikais ir jų kultūra
Authors: Kučinskienė Audronė 
Published: January 2019

In this article certain aspects of the following problems are discussed: Cicero’s controversial attitude to the Greeks; the traits of the Greek national character as portrayed in Cicero’s works, as well as Cicero’s ambivalent appreciation of the Greek art and literature.The principle of odi et amo clearly shows itself in Cicero’s attitude to the Greeks, both his contemporaries and the ancients, their art and literature. Cicero felt he owed an enormous debt to his Greek education, considering himself as an inheritor of their culture, and yet he denounced it at every opportunity and tried to emphasise the superiority of the Roman ancestors against the Greeks. He greatly appreciated Greek literature and yet he wished he could manage without it, because the Greek literary standards made him aware of what Roman literature should be.The main national traits ascribed to the Greeks in Cicero’s speeches ant letters are the lack of trustworthiness (fides), unreliability (levitas), and vanity (vanitas) as opposed to the Roman dignity (dignitas) and gravity (gravitas).We argue that in evaluating Cicero’s attitude to the Greeks it is especially important to take into account the genre of those Cicero’s works from which we derive our knowledge about his views. His speeches as well as his treatises are intended for the public audience, so the author tries to portray himself in accordance with the public expectations, while his private correspondence, especially the letters to Atticus, reveals his personal views, not restricted by the public opinion. As we have shown in this article, in his speeches Cicero tries to conceal his expertise in the Greek art and literature, as this would not fit his Roman dignity. On the other hand, in his private life, as it appears from his letters to Atticus, he eagerly seeks pieces of Greek art to decorate his villas.This seeming inconsistency of Cicero’s views, however, can be partly explained as follows. It is to be borne in mind that Cicero’s criterion for the selection of the Greek statues is neither their artistic value nor the renown of the sculptor, but their suitability for the particular place they are intended to decorate. This principle of suitability for the purpose (decorum, aptum, pV#pon) is also claimed by Cicero to be one of the fundamentals of the art of rhetoric (Cic. Or. 70; De orat. III. 210). In another words, the selection and the functional application of the Greek pieces of art in his villas have the purpose to reveal the same Roman dignity, which Cicero declares in his speeches.
Petrarca ir Ariosto: nuo Lauros iki Andželikos arba metaforos nuvainikavimas
Authors: Būrė Dainius 
Published: January 2019

L’obiettivo è di prendere in esame uno dei motivi centrali del Canzoniere, quello dell’erranza, per mettere in evidenza le trasformazioni che subisce nell’ Orlando Furioso di Ludovico Ariosto. Per Petrarca si tratta di un tema legato alla memoria, all’ansia con cui percepisce lo scorrere del tempo: il motivo, dunque, si sviluppa sul piano temporale come metafora della vita intera del poeta, della sua condizione esistenziale.Nell’Orlando Furioso, invece, l’erranza, pur conservando valenze simboliche, si trova risemantizzata e collocata in una dimensione prevalentemente spaziale: infatti, gli eroi, mossi dai propri desideri, illusioni o speranze, vagano attraverso gli spazi del mondo rappresentato. Infine, il motivo tematico dell’erranzadiventa anche principio fondatore delle particolarità strutturali del poema stesso, della “spazialità” delle sue strutture narrative.La diversità dell’Ariosto dal Petrarca è spiegabile, certo, con la differenza tra il genere lirico e quello narrativo, con il passaggio dallo stile tragico del Canzoniere al “tono medio” dell’Orlando Furioso. Tuttavia, è altrettanto importante anche l’aspetto storico- culturale, la diversità del sentire dei due poeti: l’umanesimo dell’ Ariosto, infatti, non è più quello del Petrarca.
„Tušti titulai“ ir tikrieji vardai: LDK protestantų į(si)vardijimai senojoje raštijoje
Authors: Pociūtė Dainora 
Published: January 2019

The article discusses the confessional identity of the protestants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its definition in the official documents and popular religious literature of the 16–17th century. The article questions the permanent aim of historians to necessarily relate the processes of early evangelism in GDL to a specific doctrine of Lutheranism, Cvinglism, Calvinism. The article mentions that from the beginning of the Reformation all names used for evangelicals were derived from the official environment of the Roman church and were of the eponymic (related to the name) origin, and were quite offensive. The term Lutheran was a most favoured definition of all Reformation period heresies in the early Roman catholic use, therefore a historian cannot rely on the assumption that such a name defines the confessional identity of those times.The article discusses the definition of the confessional identity of Lithuanian protestants. It is noticed that in the early documents of GDL during the reformation period (1543–1566) the GDL protestants avoided any links of their organisations to the confessions of Augsburg or Switzerland and referred to themselves and their churches as the Christian denominations by juxtaposing them to the confession of the Roman Catholics. However, after the death of knight M. Radvilas the Black in 1566 Mikalojus Pacas published Confession of faith and its annexes related the doctrine confessed by GDL protestants with the religion of Helvets and applied the definition of Saxon and Augsburg religion to Lutheran confession. From 80’s of the 16 century the term Evangelical became to be used together with Christian in the popular works of protestants, whereas at the end of the century the official GDL documents associate their church with the Reformed Church.Nevertheless, despite the facts that eponyms used by Catholics were offensive, in the long run many of them became used among the protestants themselves. At the beginning they were applied only to describe the representatives of other confessions, however from the 17th century they started calling themselves Calvinists or the representatives of the Calvinist confession. This process is clearly witnessed by the testaments of GDL reformers and some other official documents, but not the mass church written works, which used Christian and Evangelic terms. Only in the use of 18th century the compound of two words became used, which is still popular today – Reformed evangelicals. In such a way the eponymic origin of the term was dropped out to describe confessional identity and reflected the authentic nature of the GDL Reformed church.
„Discors concordia“ XVII a. jėzuitų kūryboje: teorinės prielaidos ir raiška
Authors: Daukšienė Ona 
Published: January 2019

The paper deals with the theory of epigrammatic style as determined by M.C. Sarbievius (Sarbiewski, 1595–1640) in terms of concors discordia seu discors concordia in his treatise De acuto et arguto, sive Seneca et Martialis. These terms are analysed in the article not as a mere concept of acute style but as a verbal definition of the universal world understanding typical to baroque age as well. The focus is on the use of definitions concors discordia, discors concordia by the classical authors (Ovide, Horace, Manilius) in the context related with the world creation and structure; the theological dimension of these terms seems to be traceable in the poetry of early Christian poet Paulin of Nola and medieval authors. The analysis of different 17th century Jesuit Latin texts, especially of those dealing with the subject-matter related with the Church Union and the problems caused by this historical phenomenon reveals theconcors discordia seu discors concordia formula as fitting to Jesuitical discourse expressing the complexities of the multiform culture of Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Regulatory and legal framework for chemical safety in Ukraine
Authors: Dvurechenska O. S. 
Published: January 2019

Ukraine has never manufactured, amassed or applied chemical weapon. However, on the territory of Ukraine, a significant amount of poisonous substances are used in the industry, in domestic life, in medical and scientific institutions, which may exert a detrimental influence on people and environment. Moreover, various substances may be involved in the production of chemical weapons.The article is aimed at investigating the legal and regulatory framework of Ukraine, which is necessary for the effective functioning of the chemical safety system.At the beginning of the XXI century, a powerful international legal framework has been established in order to prohibit the development, production, stockpiling, application and disposal of the chemical weapons. Particular attention is paid to dual-usage goods. Ukraine has joined the leading international regulatory instrument in the field of chemical safety regulation.The implementation of the international legal norms to the national legislation is in progress of establishment. Ukraine is a party to all international export control regimes. Taking into account international experience, the national export control system is being developed and is constantly being improved. Ukraine signed bilateral and multilateral international treaties in order to launch an effective legal framework for the national chemical safety system.In Ukraine, it has been laid the foundation of the national legal documents base in the field of chemical safety. The major documents include the laws of Ukraine “On Foreign Economic Activity” and “On the State Control over International Transfers of Military and Dual-Use Commodities”, the Concept for Increasing the Level of Chemical Safety, Action Plans and Government Programs, certain Articles of the Codes of Ukraine, a number of documents of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of regulation of production, storage, transportation, use, disposal and destruction of hazardous chemicals. The national list of military and dual-usage goods has been drawn up and constantly updated in the state.
Thus, the regulatory framework of Ukraine in the field of chemical safety is formed and enhanced taking into consideration the national peculiarities of state development and international legal norms.
Etnografia de práticas de serviço social: fenomenologia, holismo e poder / Ethnography of social service practices: phenomenology, holism and power
Authors: Caria Telmo Humberto Lapa , Sacramento Octávio José Rio do , Silva Pedro Gabriel 
Published: January 2019

Com base numa etnografia realizada profissionais de Serviço Social em diversos serviços de protecção social e de desenvolvimento social local no norte de Portugal, o artigo propõe uma reflexão crítica sobre os limites do holismo etnográfico e evidencia as possibilidades da abordagem fenomenológica, considerando para tal os processos intersubjectivos e de poder inerentes à compreensão cultural. O acompanhamento destas profissionais no terreno, em contextos de trabalho, permitiu-nos compreender, a partir de uma perspectiva fenomenológica, como as mesmas constroem, mobilizam e recontextualizam o saber profissional no decurso das práticas e interacções dos seus quotidianos laborais. Por outro lado, mostrou-nos como as dinâmicas interaccionais entre quem faz a etnografia e os sujeitos sob observação fomentam processos de reflexão e de compreensão entre estes últimos que se entrecruzam com incrementos de estatuto e poder, não só no quadro da relação etnográfica, mas também no âmbito das relações com demais actores da ecologia profissional.
Oxygen diffusion and surface exchange kinetics for the mixed-conducting oxide La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ
Authors: Porotnikova Natalia M. , Antonova Ekaterina P. , Khodimchuk Anna V. , Tropin Eugene S. , Farlenkov Andrey S. , Ananyev Maxim V. 
Published: January 2019

Studies of oxygen surface exchange kinetics for La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ oxide were performed using the technique of isotopic exchange of molecular oxygen with analysis of gas phase isotopic composition in a static circulation system at the temperatures of 600-800 °С in the oxygen pressure range of 0.27-2.13 kPa. The values of interphase exchange rate and oxygen diffusion coefficient were determined. The effective activation energies for oxygen exchange and diffusion processes as well as the exponents in the dependence of these values versus oxygen pressure in the double logarithmic coordinates were calculated. The process of oxygen dissociative adsorption at the surface of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ oxide was found to be the rate-determining stage.
A study on awareness regarding disposal of unused medicines among consumers at a tertiary care teaching hospital of north india
Authors: Gupta Rohini , Gupta Brij Mohan , Gupta Apeksha 
Published: January 2019

Background: In the recent years, large number of human pharmaceuticals have been introduced to the environment by landfill when household medications are thrown to trash and liquid medications gain access to the environment via liquid drainage systems. There is lack of knowledge and awareness in the general public regarding the safe disposal of unused and expired medicines. The objective was to assess the awareness regarding disposal of unused medicines among consumers at a tertiary care teaching hospital of north IndiaMethods: It was a cross-sectional observational questionnaire-based study carried out on 220 consumers in medicine outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India for 3 months. All the participants were provided the pre-validated self-administered questionnaire. The final questionnaire consisted of twelve questions to assess participants’ knowledge and attitude towards disposal of the medicines. The data was analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics.Results: It is quite evident from the present study that majority of participants 56.36% stated 1-5 drugs were left-over drugs at their homes. Most of the leftover medicines were analgesics in 59.1% followed by antibiotics in 51.36%. Most common dosage form of these leftover medicines were tablets in 85.9% of respondents. Majority of the respondents (55.9%) were not aware of the adverse outcomes of the pharmaceuticals in the environment. The most common method followed by majority of the participants for disposing of the solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms was garbage in 95%, 91.4% and 76.4% of consumers respectively. About 9.31% of the participants were in favour of initiating a program to collect unused medications from home.Conclusions: It can be concluded from the present study that the consumers had poor knowledge regarding the safe drug disposal techniques. Therefore, efforts need to be done by the health care professionals to make people educate regarding the safe drug disposal techniques.