bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors that determine decision making in child protection investigations: A review of the literature
Authors: Lauritzen Camilla , Vis Svein A. , Fossum Sturla 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on factors that determine decision making in child protection investigations. More specifically, to investigate the existing research on the 4 factors that are considered fundamental for child protection decision making: case characteristics, caseworker characteristics, organizational characteristics, and external factors. The results indicated that child welfare decisions to investigate a case and/or to implement services are influenced by characteristics of the case, the social worker, and the organization, in addition to external factors. These elements work together to determine the outcome of an investigation. There are some substantial differences between various countries connected to disparities in child welfare legislation, support apparatuses, culture, ideology, and socio‐economic factors. It is methodologically challenging to design studies that capture all possible variables associated with case factors, social workers, and organizational factors. However, multilevel analyses of the types of variables that are most significant to case outcome conclude that caseworker assessments corresponded to organizational factors. Furthermore, decisions are better explained by characteristics of the child welfare organization than by characteristics of the social worker.
The Development of Invariant Object Recognition Requires Visual Experience With Temporally Smooth Objects
Authors: Wood Justin N. , Wood Samantha M. W. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHow do newborns learn to recognize objects? According to temporal learning models in computational neuroscience, the brain constructs object representations by extracting smoothly changing features from the environment. To date, however, it is unknown whether newborns depend on smoothly changing features to build invariant object representations. Here, we used an automated controlled‐rearing method to examine whether visual experience with smoothly changing features facilitates the development of view‐invariant object recognition in a newborn animal model—the domestic chick (Gallus gallus). When newborn chicks were reared with a virtual object that moved smoothly over time, the chicks created view‐invariant representations that were selective for object identity and tolerant to viewpoint changes. Conversely, when newborn chicks were reared with a temporally non‐smooth object, the chicks developed less selectivity for identity features and less tolerance to viewpoint changes. These results provide evidence for a “smoothness constraint” on the development of invariant object recognition and indicate that newborns leverage the temporal smoothness of natural visual environments to build abstract mental models of objects.
Graft versus host disease after multivisceral transplantation: A UK center experience and update on management
Authors: Sharkey Lisa M. , Peacock Sarah , Russell Neil K. , Middleton Stephen J. , Butler Andrew J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGraft versus host disease (GVHD) following transplantation of an intestine‐containing graft occurs more frequently than with other solid organ transplants and is known to have a poor outcome. The presentation differs from other solid organ transplants, as the gastrointestinal tract is not involved following intestinal transplant. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms arising due to native tissue damage and the detection of donor T lymphocytes in circulating blood (T‐cell chimerism). The ideal treatment strategy has not been defined, with advocates for both increased and decreased immunosuppression. We reviewed all cases of GVHD in an adult intestinal transplant center in the United Kingdom and report on management strategies of five cases and methods of detecting T‐cell chimerism. The practice in our center has evolved with experience. The first two patients received an increase in immunosuppression, which was only successful in one case. Subsequently, reducing immunosuppression has been more effective. However, patients with bone marrow involvement have a poorer prognosis. We demonstrate successful treatment of GVHD after multivisceral transplant with a reduction in immunosuppression. This should be followed by vigilant graft surveillance and serial monitoring of the level of T‐cell chimerism, with reintroduction of immunosuppression at the earliest sign of graft dysfunction.
Symbouki: a meta‐analysis on the emergence of sound symbolism in early language acquisition
Authors: Fort Mathilde , Lammertink Imme , Peperkamp Sharon , Guevara‐Rukoz Adriana , Fikkert Paula , Tsuji Sho 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAdults and toddlers systematically associate pseudowords such as “bouba” and “kiki” with round and spiky shapes, respectively, a sound symbolic phenomenon known as the “bouba‐kiki effect”. To date, whether this sound symbolic effect is a property of the infant brain present at birth or is a learned aspect of language perception remains unknown. Yet, solving this question is fundamental for our understanding of early language acquisition. Indeed, an early sensitivity to such sound symbolic associations could provide a powerful mechanism for language learning, playing a bootstrapping role in the establishment of novel sound–meaning associations. The aim of the present meta‐analysis (SymBouKi) is to provide a quantitative overview of the emergence of the bouba‐kiki effect in infancy and early childhood. It allows a high‐powered assessment of the true sound symbolic effect size by pooling over the entire set of 11 extant studies (six published, five unpublished), entailing data from 425 participants between 4 and 38 months of age. The quantitative data provide statistical support for a moderate, but significant, sound symbolic effect. Further analysis found a greater sensitivity to sound symbolism for bouba‐type pseudowords (i.e., round sound‐shape correspondences) than for kiki‐type pseudowords (i.e., spiky sound‐shape correspondences). For the kiki‐type pseudowords, the effect emerged with age. Such discrepancy challenges the view that sensitivity to sound symbolism is an innate language mechanism rooted in an exuberant interconnected brain. We propose alternative hypotheses where both innate and learned mechanisms are at play in the emergence of sensitivity to sound symbolic relationships.
Age correction in cognitive, linguistic, and motor domains for infants born preterm: an analysis of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition developmental patterns
Authors: Morsan Valentina , Fantoni Carlo , Tallandini Maria Anna 
Published: March 2018

AimTo verify whether it is appropriate to use age correction for infants born preterm in all the developmental domains (cognitive, linguistic, and motor) considered by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley‐III).MethodSeventy‐three infants born preterm (26–35wks) without major neurological sequelae and 67 infants born at term were assessed at 12 months (corrected age for infants born preterm). The performance of the infants born preterm was assessed with two different evaluations: scores based on uncorrected age and scores based on corrected age.ResultsThe developmental trends of infants born at term and infants born preterm differ across domains. Statistical analysis shows that age correction produces an overrated estimate of motor performance (12.5 points [95% confidence interval 9.05–16.01]) but not of cognitive performance.InterpretationGiven the broad use of the Bayley‐III by psychologists and paediatricians, these results are important in the early diagnosis of developmental difficulties for children born preterm. Correction for gestational age should be applied for the cognitive domain only; whereas for the motor domain, chronological age should be used. No clear data emerged for language.What this paper adds

Age correction with Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley‐III) for infants born preterm should be applied differently in cognitive, language, and motor domains.

Using corrected age with Bayley‐III, the motor skills are overrated.

Correction for preterm births adequately measures cognitive skills.

No clear indication emerged about language skills.
Contrasting effects on the risk of macrovascular and microvascular events of antihyperglycemic drugs that enhance sodium excretion and lower blood pressure
Authors: Packer M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThree classes of anti‐hyperglycaemic medications are distinguished by their urinary sodium excretion‐enhancing and blood pressure‐lowering actions: long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors. Yet, these drugs exert different effects on macrovascular risk. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists reduce atherosclerotic thromboembolic events, but have little effect on heart failure; sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors decrease the occurrence of heart failure, but have minimal effect on myocardial infarction and stroke; and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors do not ameliorate either atherosclerotic thromboembolic events or heart failure. Similarly, the three classes of drugs differ in their early effects on renal function. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors produce a small decrease in renal function that persists for the duration of treatment, and they do not prevent serious adverse renal events. For glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, a small early decrease in renal function persists for 2 years and is superseded by a small improvement in renal function, with no effect on renal outcomes. In contrast, an initial decrease in glomerular filtration with sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors persists for only 1 year and is superseded by a durable improvement in renal function and a reduced risk of serious adverse renal events. These differences may be related to different actions on the proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium, and thereby, on glomerular hyperfiltration. Anti‐hyperglycaemic drugs that have natriuretic actions differ markedly in their ability to modulate macrovascular and microvascular risk. These contrasting profiles cannot be predicted by their effects on blood glucose or blood pressure.
The roles of foraging environment, host species, and host diet for a generalist pupal parasitoid
Authors: Reudler J.H. , van Nouhuys S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEven for parasitoids with a wide host range, not all host species are equally suitable, and host quality often depends on the plant the host feeds on. We compared oviposition choice and offspring performance of a generalist pupal parasitoid,Pteromalus apum(Retzius) (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae), on two congeneric hosts reared on two plant species under field and laboratory conditions. The plants contain defensive iridoid glycosides that are sequestered by the hosts. Sequestration at the pupal stage differed little between host species and, although the concentrations of iridoid glycosides in the two plant species differ, there was no effect of diet on the sequestration by host pupae. The rate of successful parasitism differed between host species, depending on the conditions they were presented in. In the field, where plant‐associated cues are present, the parasitoid usedMelitaea cinxia(L.) overMelitaea athalia(Rottemburg) (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae), whereas moreM. athaliawere parasitised in simplified laboratory conditions. In the field, brood size, which is partially determined by rate of superparasitism, depended on both host and plant species. There was little variation in other aspects of offspring performance related to host or plant species, indicating that the two host plants are of equal quality for the hosts, and the hosts are of equal quality for the parasitoids. Corresponding to this, we found no evidence for associative learning by the parasitoid based on their natal host, so with respect to these host species they are truly generalist in their foraging behaviour.
Cold hardiness of Lymantria monacha and L. dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) eggs to extreme winter temperatures: implications for predicting climate change impacts
Authors: Fält‐Nardmann Julia J. J. , Ruohomäki Kai , Tikkanen Olli‐Pekka , Neuvonen Seppo 
Published: March 2018

1. It has been predicted that temperature increases of 3.6–5.8 °C would shift the northern distribution limit of Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus) and Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) by 500–700 km, but these predictions ignore the effects of minimum winter temperatures. It was hypothesised that winter cold can limit range expansion due to high egg mortality in cold temperatures.2. The present study determined the supercooling points of overwintering eggs of these forest pests, and compared these with recent minimum winter temperatures in the areas of origin of three populations. Eggs from one L. monacha and one L. dispar population from the species' core distribution area in Germany were included, as well as L. monacha eggs from Finland, near the northern border of the species' distribution.3. The median supercooling points of both species were more than 10 °C lower than the median minimum winter temperatures of their areas of origin, and the median supercooling points of Finnish and German L. monacha eggs did not differ significantly. The median supercooling point of German L. monacha eggs differed from that of German L. dispar eggs.4. Previous literature on the topic is referenced, and translations of the old German and Russian sources are given. Based on these results, it is argued that the frequent claim that L. monacha eggs can survive cold down to −40 °C is unsupported, with a value near −30 °C being a more likely limit.5. Winter cold alone can limit the predicted range shifts of these species to 200–300 km under 3.6–5.8 °C increase scenarios, which is less than half the value of earlier estimates.
Clinicopathological characteristics of de novo and secondary myeloid sarcoma: A monocentric retrospective study
Authors: Claerhout Helena , Van Aelst Sophie , Melis Celine , Tousseyn Thomas , Gheysens Olivier , Vandenberghe Peter , Dierickx Daan , Boeckx Nancy 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveDiagnosing myeloid sarcoma remains challenging, and we aimed to provide clinicopathological features to facilitate diagnosis.MethodClinicopathological data from 41 patients with de novo and 31 with secondary myeloid sarcoma were reviewed.ResultsMost de novo cases presented with isolated myeloid sarcoma (n = 19) or myeloid sarcoma with concurrent acute myeloid leukemia (n = 15). Most secondary cases presented after acute myeloid leukemia (n = 11), myeloproliferative neoplasm (n = 9), or myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 8). Most frequent localizations were skin and lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry showed immature and/or aberrant antigenic expression in 29% of de novo and 39% of secondary cases. Most genetic abnormalities were RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 (n = 4), CBFB‐MYH11 (n = 2), KMT2A‐MLLT3 (n = 2), and JAK2 V617F (n = 2) mutations in de novo myeloid sarcoma, and BCR‐ABL1 (n = 5) and KMT2A rearrangements (n = 2) in secondary cases. A complex karyotype was seen in 17% of de novo and 39% of secondary cases. Most prevalent treatment was induction chemotherapy followed by consolidation chemotherapy (n = 10) or allogeneic stem cell transplantation (n = 9) for de novo and radiotherapy (n = 11) for secondary cases.ConclusionDe novo myeloid sarcoma mostly presented isolated. Lesions were often localized at skin and lymph nodes. Genetic aberrations frequently involved core‐binding factor rearrangements in de novo cases and a complex karyotype in secondary cases.
Screening and diagnostic clinical algorithm for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Expert consensus
Authors: Röth Alexander , Maciejewski Jaroslaw , Nishimura Jun‐Ichi , Jain Deepak , Weitz Jeffrey I. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a severe, life‐threatening disorder for which early diagnosis is essential. However, given the rarity of the disease and non‐specificity of symptoms, correct diagnosis may be delayed or missed. While various hematologic guidelines note common signs and symptoms associated with PNH, international expert consensus based on real‐world clinical experience and an actionable algorithm for non‐specialists to facilitate screening and diagnosis are lacking. The objective of the study is to develop a clinically relevant, consensus‐driven screening and diagnostic algorithm on PNH for non‐specialist clinicians.MethodsAn expert advisory committee of PNH experts from North America, Europe, and Japan was convened, and a modified Delphi methodology was employed to develop an algorithm to assist non‐specialist clinicians in identifying signs/symptoms of PNH and conducting appropriate differential diagnosis. Twelve globally representative Delphi panelists with clinical expertise in PNH were identified and recruited. Panelists provided their differential diagnosis for 5 blinded case studies via 2 rounds of online questionnaires. Responses mentioned by >50% of panelists in the first round were included in the second‐round questionnaire, at which point consensus was attained if >80% of panelists agreed on an approach.ResultsConsensus was reached for 95% of screening and diagnostic decision points and 90% of tests required at decision points.ConclusionThese results facilitated development of a consensus‐based, clinically relevant algorithm, providing non‐specialist clinicians with actionable guidance on PNH screening and diagnosis.
Validation of a specific PCR screening test for Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii in maize (Zea mays) samples
Authors: Nechwatal J. , Friedrich‐Zorn M. , Theil S. , Gebauer P. , Wensing A. 
Published: March 2018

Validation data is presented for a conventional PCR test that specifically detects the quarantine pathogen Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii in maize leaf and seed samples and does not cross‐react with the non‐pathogenic P. stewartii subsp. indologenes. The PCR tests currently recommended by the EPPO Diagnostic Protocol PM 7/60 (2) for initial screening bear the risk of false positives as they detect both subspecies of P. stewartii. The test presented here has high analytical sensitivity (102 cells mL–1 in leaf extracts, at least 103 cells mL−1 in seed extracts), high repeatability and high reproducibility and performed well on the two matrices tested: maize seed and leaf extract. Its improved analytical specificity and analytical sensitivity compared to the currently recommended tests lead the authors to suggest that this test should be included as a first screening test in the diagnostic protocol for P. stewartii subsp. stewartii when it is next revised.
Placing RNA in context and space – methods for spatially resolved transcriptomics
Authors: Strell Carina , Hilscher Markus M. , Laxman Navya , Svedlund Jessica , Wu Chenglin , Yokota Chika , Nilsson Mats 
Published: March 2018

Single‐cell transcriptomics provides us with completely new insights into the molecular diversity of different cell types and the different states they can adopt. The technique generates inventories of cells that constitute the building blocks of multicellular organisms. However, since the method requires isolation of discrete cells, information about the original location within tissue is lost. Therefore, it is not possible to draw detailed cellular maps of tissue architecture and their positioning in relation to other cells. In order to better understand the cellular and tissue function of multicellular organisms, we need to map the cells within their physiological, morphological, and anatomical context and space. In this review, we will summarize and compare the different methods of in situ RNA analysis and the most recent developments leading to more comprehensive and highly multiplexed spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches. We will discuss their highlights and advantages as well as their limitations and challenges and give an outlook on promising future applications and directions both within basic research as well as clinical integration.
New Evidence on the Effects of the Shortened School Duration in the German States: An Evaluation of Post-secondary Education Decisions
Authors: Meyer Tobias , Schneider Heidrun , Thomsen Stephan L. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Most German states have recently reduced the duration of university preparatory schooling from 13 to 12 years without changing the graduation requirements. We use nationwide data on high school graduates and the different timing of reform introduction in the federal states to identify the effects on post-secondary education decisions and to evaluate potential effect mechanisms. The results show that university enrolment of female students decreased in the first year after graduation in all analyzed states, whereas participation in voluntary service or staying abroad increased. Furthermore, students from non-academic families are more affected than students from an academic family background.
Patterns of Seismicity Associated with USGS Identified Areas of Potentially Induced Seismicity
Authors: Barnes Caitlin , Halihan Todd 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA systematic review across U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) identified potentially induced seismic locations was conducted to discover seismic distance patterns and trends over time away from injection disposal wells. Previous research indicates a 10 km (6 miles) average where the majority of induced seismicity is expected to occur within individual locations, with some areas reporting a larger radius of 35 km (22 miles) to over 70 km (43 miles). This research analyzed earthquake occurrences within nine USGS locations where specified wells were identified as contributors to induced seismicity to determine distance patterns from disposal wells or outward seismic migration over time using established principles of hydrogeology. Results indicate a radius of 31.6 km (20 miles) where 90% of felt earthquakes occur among locations, with the closest proximal felt seismic events, on average, occurring 3 km (1.9 miles) away from injection disposal wells. The results of this research found distance trends across multiple locations of potentially induced seismicity.