bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VARIATIONS OF ORIGIN AND DISTANCE OF AXILLARY NERVE: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Authors: S Rakate Nilesh , H Gadekar Savita , M Gajbhiye Vivekanand 
Published: October 2018

Background: Axillary nerve, one of the terminal branches of posterior cord of brachial plexus is more prone for injuries. Lack of proper anatomical knowledge and variations of axillary nerve leads to risk of nerve injuries. The present study describes the origin of axillary nerve, its distance of origin from tip of coracoids process. Method: Thirty brachial plexuses from fifteen formalin fixed human cadavers of both the sexes were studied by dissection method. Origin and branching pattern of axillary nerve and its distance of origin from the anteromedial aspect of tip of coracoid process & posterolateral aspect of acromion process was recorded. Results: Out of the 30 specimens studied, axillary nerve was originating from the posterior cord of brachial plexus in 90% of specimens, remaining 10% specimens showed a common trunk of origin of axillary nerve from posterior cord of brachial plexus. The mean distance of origin of axillary nerve from the anteromedial aspect of tip of coracoid process and posterolateral aspect of acromion process is 3.98cm & 6.30cm respectively. The axillary nerve terminated into anterior and posterior branch within quadrangular space in 29 specimens. In one specimen articular branch for shoulder joint was not directly arising from axillary nerve instead it is arising from anterior branch of axillary nerve. Conclusion: In studied population Axillary nerves display variations in the origin and distance of origin. Knowledge of this variation in axillary nerve is very important to clinicians, anaesthetists and orthopaedic surgeons during surgical exploration of neck, axilla and upper arm, shoulder dislocation, infraclavicular brachial plexus block and fracture of surgical neck of humerus.
Keywords: Axillary nerve; Posterior cord; Coracoid process; Acromion process.
ALARMING SIGNALS OF DRUG ADDICTION AMONG THE SOUTHERN YOUTHS IN BANGLADESH: A SURVEY BASED RESEARCH
Authors: A Khan Rasel , Adnan Galib , Abid Hasan , Nahid Neegar , N Roy Debendra 
Published: October 2018

Background: Drug addiction is a serious public health crisis which affects almost every sphere in a community in a way or another and this in turn can possibly lead to social disharmony, severe crimes, degraded social status and most possibly physical and mental health deterioration. The sole purpose of our study was aimed to analyze the current awful situation of drug addiction at four different southern cities of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross sectional health based survey was carried out with a self-designed standard questionnaire by manual data collection over a nine months period (12.09.2015 to 10.04.2016) at four adjacent cities Gopalganj, Khulna, Bagerhat and Narail respectively. Total 300 substance abusers were investigated by majorly visiting at their home and sometimes visiting the places where they usually take drugs. Descriptive statistics were applied to the collected data and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. Results: In this cross sectional study we observed that, 82% addicts are predominantly young males mostly between the ages of 10-30. About 48% are addicted by cannabis, 19% and 17% by yaba and phensedyl respectively. In case of first starting of drug use curiosity, surrounding environment were the primary reason and cannabis as their first drug (61%) followed by phensedyl (16%). At least 53% addict's relayed on locality like friends and 30% used local dealers as a main source to collect these abused drugs. Healthy financial support is very important for collecting abused drugs and 30% addicts spend pocket money, 23% job, 20% business source to buy these costly substances. Although it is important to mention that 61% addicts are compromising either physical or psychological complications but it is one of good symptoms to observe that more than 60% of drug addicts are trying to give up addiction forming agents in these days. Conclusion: In recent years drug addiction has significantly increased in the whole world especially in South Asian countries. It must be emphasized as an alarming sign by the government as well as awareness among the peoples are very essential to stop this critical condition from affecting our future young leaders.
Keywords: Drug; Addiction; Youths; Bangladesh.
IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF INCENTIVE SPIROMETRY ON ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES ANALYSIS AFTER CORONARY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERY PATIENTS
Authors: Khan Shagufta , Diwate Abhijeet , Das Arijit Kumar 
Published: October 2018

Background: The patients who have done CABG are prone to pulmonary complications. Various physiotherapy management is present for prevention of lung complication. Literature shows lots of technique as treatment of choice, incentive spirometry is one of them. AIM: To asses immediate effect of incentive spirometry on arterial blood gas analysis in patient recently underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. Method: There was 30 patients. Blood was drawn from arterial line for pre-treatment ABG. Incentive spirometry was given 10 reps and 3 sets. Patient was prop up 30-40 degree. Romsons tri colour volume spirometry is used. Mouthpiece was placed in patient's mouth and made a good seal over the mouthpiece with lips. Exhaled through nose normally then breathe in slowly through mouth. Ball in the incentive spirometer will go up. The patient to hold or rise the ball as high as possible and hold it for 3 or 5 seconds the slowly exhale. This was done for 10 to 15 times. Blood was drawn from arterial line for post treatment ABG. Result: There was statistically extremely significant change in value of PaO2 (112.54 ±39.46 vs133.01 ±42.13) p value <0.0001, PaCO2 (38.75 ±4.2 vs 36.9 ±3.7) p value 0.0003 and SaO2 (96.8 ±1.84 vs 98.93 ±1.11) p value <0.0001 Conclusion: This study shows that there is immediate effect of Incentive Spirometry on ABG analysis in CABG surgery patient by significant improvement of PaO2 and SaO2 and decrease in PaCO2.
Keywords: Incentive spirometry; Arterial blood gas analysis; Coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Kumar Chirom Ranjeev , Shantaji Thokchom , Gaidhane Abhay 
Published: October 2018

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in populations, and its application to the control of health problems. An epidemiological studies involve the population and as such ethical issues are an important aspect of it which need to be properly understood and adhered to. These issues can relate to informed consent, appropriate sample size, selection of participants, confidentiality, conflict of interest etc. Studies like therapeutic trial have also a lot of ethical issues which differ from issues pertaining to non-therapeutic trials. The source of funding for the study can have implication. Fabrication of data, manipulation during analysis, intentional changes in the result to obtain a pre desired outcome are some grey areas which need to be addressed. Another ethical issue is publication in certain Journals with monetary involvement. Lastly but not the least, authorship also have certain ethical issues. Attention to ethical issues can facilitate the effective planning, implementation, and growth of a variety of public health programs and research activities. Moreover with advancement in Epidemiology like molecular epidemiology, genetic epidemiology etc. the ethical issues become more complicated.
Keywords: Ethics; Epidemiology; Epidemiological studies; Ethical Issues.
Physiological and physical profiles and on-ice performance approach to predict talent in male youth ice hockey players during draft to hockey team
Authors: Roczniok Robert , Maszczyk Adam , Stanula Arkadiusz , Czuba Miłosz , Pietraszewski Przemysław , Kantyka Joanna , Starzyński Michał 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between physiological and physical profiles relative to age, together with on-ice performance in order to assess their impact on the positive result of a recruitment process into an ice hockey team. OBJECTIVE: A total of 60 boys took part in the selection camps. After these camps, 22 successful players were selected to be in the ice-hockey team and create GH2 group. GH1 was a group of hockey players who had dropped out during the selection camp (38 participants). The control group consisted of 50 participants from secondary schools. METHODS: Data were analysed using the Student t test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey's post-hoc test. Logistic regression was used to establish the relationship between success at selection camps and predictor variables. RESULTS: Of the 22 candidates selected to the team, 17 participants had their birth dates fall within the first six months of the selection year and positively skewed (p> 0.05). Of the 22 males selected to the team, the body height of 15 subjects was above 50th percentile and of 2 participants, above 90th percentile. Body mass of 11 participants was above 50th percentile, and of 11 subjects, above 90th percentile. Ice hockey players selected to the team were taller (p< 0.05) than players in GH1 and controls. Controls showed higher % body fat than groups GH1 and GH2. Controls had a lower level of relative VO2max (ml·kg $^{ - 1}$ ·min-1) (p< 0.05) than ice hockey players in both groups. Furthermore, controls showed a lower level of relative peak power (W·kg $^{ - 1}$ ) than hockey players in GH1. Mean relative peak power (W·kg $^{ - 1}$ ) in GH1 was lower (p< 0.05) than that of males in GH2 who were selected for the team. The model indicates that height and relative peak power may be predictors of a successful selection for the team. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that having a birthday early in the selection year, concomitant size advantages and a high level of anaerobic power increases ice hockey players' chance of being selected for an elite ice hockey team. Therefore, in the future, one should emphasize the talented yet less physically developed persons so as not to overlook them at further stages of adolescence.
Isokinetic strength of the trunk flexors and extensors in ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Durmus Bekir , Sahin Nilay , Baysal Ozlem , Ersoy Yuksel , Baysal Tamer , Koca Tuba Tulay , Altay Zuhal 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Objective measurement of trunk muscles strength in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may provide clinical information that can be used to evaluate functional disability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the isokinetic strength of trunk muscles in AS patients with healthy subjects. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with AS and thirty-one healthy subjects were enrolled. Patients with spinal ankylosis and bridged syndesmophytes in the lumbar and dorsal vertebrae were excluded. Trunk flexor and extensor strength was measured at: 60 and 90°/sec. RESULTS: When compared with the control group, AS patients demonstrated 38% and 24% decrease in the extensor and flexor strength, respectively (p< 0.05). In addition, the flexor/extensor strength ratio was 1.0 and 0.8 in the patients and control subjects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the relatively selective extensor weakness we recommend assessment of trunk muscle strength in these patients for guiding clinicians regarding possible reconditioning exercises in the early period of AS.
Pulmonary disease severity and peripheral muscle function as limiting factors for exercise capacity in adult patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Moço Vanessa J.R. , Lopes Agnaldo J. , Vigário Patrícia S. , Almeida Vivian P. , Dias Renato F. , Menezes Sara L.S. , Guimarães Fernando S. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Although there is some evidence that the progression of lung disease associated with protein malnutrition and metabolic impairments contribute to muscle mass atrophy and dysfunction, the causes of exercise limitation in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) are still poor understood. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to characterize the functional aspects of CF adult patients. Secondarily, we aimed to evaluate the association between pulmonary function, nutritional status and functional capacity variables. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, twenty-one adult patients with CF underwent spirometry, whole-body plethysmography, carbon dioxide diffusion capacity, bioelectrical impedance analysis, cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET), six-minute walk test (6MWT) and quadriceps maximal isometric strength and endurance. According to data distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), statistical analysis used Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test for comparisons, and Pearson's test for correlations. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The patients presented with reduced peak VO $_{2}$ , distance in the 6MWT (6MWD), fat-free mass, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, and quadriceps endurance. There were associations between pulmonary function variables and the results of exercise tests (CPET and 6MWD), as well as between static hyperinflation and CPET variables, and peripheral muscle function (force and endurance) and 6MWD. CONCLUSIONS: Adult patients with CF have impaired exercise tolerance, nutritional status, and peripheral muscles' strength and endurance. There are associations between exercise capacity, pulmonary function and skeletal muscles' performance in these patients.
The effect of exercise order incorporating plyometric and resistance training on isokinetic leg strength and vertical jump performance: A comparative study
Authors: Alemdaroğlu Utku , Dündar Uŭur , Köklü Yusuf , Aşci Alper , Findikoğlu Gülin 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE: To compare the order effect of a combination of plyometric and resistance training sessions on isokinetic leg strength and vertical jump performance in undergraduate students over the course of a 6-week training program. METHODS: Twenty-four undergraduate volunteers were randomly divided into 3 groups, each group consisting of 3 female and 5 male students. The first group performed traditional combination training (TC; n=8) involving plyometric training exercises at the beginning of a workout session before resistance exercises; the second group performed contrast training (CT; n=8) involving alternating resistance exercises with plyometric training from set to set; the third group performed complex training (CP; n=8), another form of combination training that involves the planning of several sets of resistance training repetitions, followed by plyometric exercises [16]. All groups completed a similar volume and intensity of training. RESULTS: While all programs produced gains in vertical jump performance (p < 0.01) and isokinetic leg strength (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) except for quadriceps 60°/s for both legs in both genders, no between group differences were observed for any performance value. CONCLUSIONS: The use of plyometric and resistance training within the same training session can be used interchangeably, irrespective of exercise order and gender.
Strength enhancement with limited range closed kinetic chain isokinetic exercise of the upper extremity
Authors: Cale'-Benzoor Maya , Dickstein Ruth , Arnon Michal , Ayalon Moshe 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Specificity plays an important role in the design of strength training protocols. One of the paramount factors is the range of motion (ROM). OBJECTIVE: To explore limited range of motion (ROM) strength training using a closed chain upper extremity push pull motion. Range specific effects and transferability (strength gains outside the trained ROM) were investigated. METHOD: 45 healthy women (18–50 ± 4.2) randomly assigned to one of three groups: Full ROM group, Limited ROM group, Control group. Training and testing were conducted using a closed chain attachment of an isokinetic dynamometer, at a constant linear velocity of 12.22 cm/s(corresponding to the dynamometer angular velocity of 60°/sec) and a second condition of 36.67 cm/s (corresponding to the dynamometer angular velocity of 180°/sec). Training lasted 6 weeks X 2 days per week, through either full or limited ROM, representing a middle segment of the linear displacement of the handle through the full ROM. Peak force and work data were evaluated. RESULTS: Significant gains in peak force and work values at full ROM and all sub ranges were noted for both training groups. Transferability of strength was demonstrated for limited ROM training, whereas specificity could be demonstrated only under the condition of range X velocity interaction. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the use of limited ROM training in the upper extremity and are in agreement with previous data regarding the knee extensors. Limited ROM training may be used early on in upper extremity rehabilitation. Particularly, the suggested protocol may be safely applied to scapular rehabilitation.
Asymmetrical trunk muscle activities and kinematics during dominant and nondominant leg lifts in subjects with lumbar rotation with flexion syndrome
Authors: Yoon Tae-Lim , Cynn Heon-Seock , Choi Sil-Ah , Choi Woo-Jeong , Lee Ji-Hyun 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Patients with lower back pain due to lumbar rotation with flexion syndrome (LRFS) have greater asymmetry of rotation in the lumbopelvic region than healthy people. OBJECTIVE: To understand the activities of the trunk muscle and kinematics of the trunk and pelvis in patients with LRFS during the bird-dog (BD) exercise with dominant non-dominant leg lifts, a frequently prescribed stabilization exercise. METHODS: We compared activity and kinematics during the BD exercise with dominant and non-dominant leg lifts in 11 patients (6 male, 5 female) with LRFS who were recruited from a university. RESULTS: Significantly lower activation of the ipsilateral erector spinae muscle was found during the nondominant leg lift than the dominant leg lift in patients performing the BD exercise (t =−3.71, p=0.04). In addition, the trunk was significantly flexed during the dominant leg lift (t=−6.069, p=0.00) and bent to the right side(t=3.131, p=0.01) during both dominant and nondominant leg lifts. CONCLUSIONS: These results imply the presence of asymmetrical muscle activity and kinematics in the trunks of subjects with LRFS. This information should be considered for prescribing exercises to such subjects.
Do compression sleeves worn during exercise affect muscle recovery?
Authors: Pereira Maria C. , Bottaro Martim , Brown Lee E. , Rocha-Junior Valdinar A. , Martorelli Saulo S. , Nóbrega Otavio T. , Souza Vinicius C. , Pinto Ronei S. , Carmo Jake 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Athletes often wear compression sleeves, yet studies on their effects are lacking. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of compression sleeves worn during exercise on muscle recovery following exercise. METHODS: Twenty-two resistance trained men were randomly assigned to either a compression sleeve (GCS, n=11) or placebo sleeve (GPS, n=11) group. They performed 4 sets of 10 isokinetic eccentric/concentric elbow flexion repetitions. Isometric peak torque, muscle activation, echo intensity and perceived muscle soreness were measured at baseline, immediately after and 24, 48, 72 and 96∼hours post exercise. Blood CK samples were obtained at baseline, 48 and 96 hours post exercise. RESULTS: There were no significant interactions or main effects for group regarding any of the variables (P > 0.05). There were main effects for time for all variables except muscle activation. Isometric peak torque immediately after and 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were all significantly less than baseline. Echo intensity immediately after was significantly greater than baseline. Perceived muscle soreness at 48 h was greater than baseline. CK levels at 48 and 96 hours were greater than baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The use of compression sleeves is not recommended for the alleged enhancement of muscle recovery following upper body high-intensity exercise in young resistance-trained men.
Cyclists and triathletes do not differ in muscle volume, muscle recruitment or pedal force effectiveness
Authors: Lanferdini Fábio J. , Jacques Tiago C. , Bini Rodrigo R. , Vaz Marco A. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Non-specific adaptation from training can elicit similar muscle volume and muscle activation between cyclists and triathletes which differ in comparison to non-athletes. OBJECTIVE: To compare muscle volume, muscle activation and pedal forces of cyclists, triathletes and non-athletes. METHODS: Twelve cyclists, ten triathletes and twelve non-athletes performed an incremental test to determine their maximal power output(PO _{MAX} ). Quadriceps and triceps surae volume were estimated from ultrasound images taken at rest, while pedal forces and muscle activation were recorded at PO _{MAX} at 90 rpm. RESULTS: Quadriceps volume was larger in cyclists (∼22%, p< 0.04) and triathletes (∼40%, p< 0.01) compared to non-athletes. Higher activation of rectus femoris (∼55%, p=0.01) and tibialis anterior(∼88%, p=0.01) were observed for triathletes compared to non-athletes at the first quarter of the pedaling cycle. Triathletes also showed higher activation for tibialis anterior than cyclists (∼68%, p=0.03) at the first quarter. Non-athletes applied greater force on the pedal compared to triathletes at the first quarter (∼42%, p< 0.01). Pedal force effectiveness was higher for athletes (37–44%, p< 0.02) compared to non-athletes at the fourth quarter. CONCLUSIONS: Similar muscle volume and muscle activation between cyclists and triathletes may be related to a similar training volume supporting differences relative to non-athletes.
ß-Alanine's impact on exercise and blood lactate values incurred from repetitive supramaximal activity
Authors: Caruso John , Barbosa Amanda , Perry Rachel , Edwards Roman , Erickson Lacey , Potter William , Keller Michael 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: ß-Alanine aids exercise performance by increasing intracellular carnosine content. Added carnosine should buffer more H ^{ +} produced from exercise and evoke a higher blood lactate concentration([BLa ^{ - } ]) before a person succumbs to fatigue. OBJECTIVE: With a within-subjects design, we compared the effects of placebo (maltodextrin) andß-alanine administrations on [BLa ^{-} ] and average power (AP) values derived from repetitive bouts of lower body supramaximal activity. METHODS: Over separate 30-day periods, sedentary subjects (n=10) ingested placebo, followed by ß-alanine (3 g ˙ day ^{-1} ), capsules. After each period, subjects performed two four-set leg press workouts. [BLa ^{-} ] values were measured before, and zero-, five-, ten, 15- and 20-minutes post-exercise. [BLa ^{-} ] data underwent a 2 × 6 ANOVA, with repeated measures per independent variable. AP values were compared with a 2× 4 ANCOVA, with repeated measures per independent variable. RESULTS: AP and [BLa ^{-} ] results each included a two-way interaction. ß-alanine elicited higher set two and four AP values versus the corresponding placebo values. [BLa ^{-} ] values at zero-minutes post-exercise were significantly higher from ß-alanine, versus the placebo, treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Greater AP and [BLa ^{ - } ] values fromß-alanine suggest exercise likely was able to proceed to a greater extent without increasing intracellular acidosis due to a heightened buffer capacity.