bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of DNA-binding species in the nucleus: A transient anomalous subdiffusion model
Authors: Saxton M. J. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTSingle-particle tracking experiments have measured the distribution of escape times of DNA-binding species diffusing in living cells: CRISPR-Cas9, TetR, and LacI. The observed distribution is a truncated power law. One important property of this distribution is that it is inconsistent with a Gaussian distribution of binding energies. Another is that it leads to transient anomalous subdiffusion, in which diffusion is anomalous at short times and normal at long times, here only mildly anomalous. Monte Carlo simulations are used to characterize the time-dependent diffusion coefficientD(t) in terms of the anomalous exponentα, the crossover timet(cross), and the limitsD(0) andD(∞), and to relate these quantities to the escape time distribution. The simplest interpretations identifSubdiffusion of DNA-binding speciesy the escape time as the actual binding time to DNA, or the period of 1D diffusion on DNA in the standard model combining 1D and 3D search, but a more complicated interpretation may be required. The model has several implications for cell biophysics. (a), The initial anomalous regime represents the search of the DNA-binding species for its target DNA sequence. (b), Non-target DNA sites have a significant effect on search kinetics. False positives in bioinformatic searches of the genome are potentially rate-determining in vivo. For simple binding, the search would be speeded if false-positive sequences were eliminated from the genome. (c), Both binding and obstruction affect diffusion. Obstruction ought to be measured directly, using as the primary probe the DNA-binding species with the binding site inactivated, and eGFP as a calibration standard among laboratories and cell types. (d), Overexpression of the DNA-binding species reduces anomalous subdiffusion because the deepest binding sites are occupied and unavailable. (e), The model provides a coarse-grained phenomenological description of diffusion of a DNA-binding species, useful in larger-scale modeling of kinetics, FCS, and FRAP.SIGNIFICANCEDNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors diffuse in the nucleus until they find their biological target and bind to it. A protein may bind to many false-positive sites before it reaches its target, and the search process is a research topic of considerable interest. Experimental results from the Dahan lab show a truncated power law distribution of escape times at these sites. We show by Monte Carlo simulations that this escape time distribution implies that the protein shows transient anomalous subdiffusion, defined as anomalous subdiffusion at short times and normal diffusion at long times. Implications of the model for experiments, controls, and interpretation of experiments are discussed.
SCDC: Bulk Gene Expression Deconvolution by Multiple Single-Cell RNA Sequencing References
Authors: Dong Meichen , Thennavan Aatish , Urrutia Eugene , Li Yun , Perou Charles M. , Zou Fei , Jiang Yuchao 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enable characterization of transcriptomic profiles with single-cell resolution and circumvent averaging artifacts associated with traditional bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data. Here, we propose SCDC, a deconvolution method for bulk RNA-seq that leverages cell-type specific gene expression profiles from multiple scRNA-seq reference datasets. SCDC adopts an ENSEMBLE method to integrate deconvolution results from different scRNA-seq datasets that are produced in different laboratories and at different times, implicitly addressing the problem of batch-effect confounding. SCDC is benchmarked against existing methods using bothin silicogenerated pseudo-bulk samples and experimentally mixed cell lines, whose known cell-type compositions serve as ground truths. We show that SCDC outperforms existing methods with improved accuracy of cell-type decomposition under both settings. To illustrate how the ENSEMBLE framework performs in complex tissues under different scenarios, we further apply our method to a human pancreatic islet dataset and a mouse mammary gland dataset. SCDC returns results that are more consistent with experimental designs and that reproduce more significant associations between cell-type proportions and measured phenotypes.
The stability of demand for money in the proposed Southern African Monetary Union
Authors: Asongu Simplice , Folarin Oludele , Biekpe Nicholas 
Published: August 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the stability of demand for money in the proposed Southern African Monetary Union (SAMU).Design/methodology/approachThe study uses annual data for the period 1981 to 2015 from ten countries making-up the Southern African Development Community. A standard function of demand for money is designed and estimated using a bounds testing approach to co-integration and error-correction modeling.FindingsThe findings show divergence across countries in the stability of money. This divergence is articulated in terms of differences in cointegration, CUSUM (cumulative sum) and CUSUMSQ (CUSUM squared) tests, short run and long-term determinants and error correction in event of a shock. Policy implications are discussed in the light of the convergence needed for the feasibility of the proposed SAMU.Originality/valueThis study extends the debate in scholarly and policy circles on the feasibility of proposed African monetary unions.
Subtle but spotted? Influencing factors of customer-perceived weight discrimination
Authors: Kralj Sonja N. , Lechner Andreas T. , Paul Michael 
Published: August 2019

Purpose
Studies report that frontline employees frequently discriminate against overweight customers, a group of vulnerable consumers that is growing worldwide. However, because most discrimination by frontline employees is covert, the authors ask whether overweight customers perceive discrimination and what influences this perception. Drawing on field theory, this paper aims to investigate how two environment factors (frontline employee overweight and frontline employees’ neutral treatment of other customers) and two person factors (customer pre-encounter affect and self-esteem) influence customer-perceived weight discrimination.

Design/methodology/approach
In a pilot study and three experimental studies, the authors examine the impact of covert discrimination of overweight customers by frontline employees on customers’ perception of discrimination and the influencing effects of environment and person factors. Hypotheses are tested using regression analysis.

Findings
The authors find that overweight customers perceive covert weight discrimination by frontline employees. Frontline employee overweight mitigates the effect of covert discrimination, and (state and trait) self-esteem amplifies this effect. Frontline employees’ neutral treatment of other customers is insignificant. Customer (state and trait) negative affect directly increases customer-perceived discrimination independent of covert discrimination.

Originality/value
While extant research focuses on marketplace discrimination triggers and consequences, the perspective of the discriminated customer and what influences his or her perception of covert discrimination has attracted much less attention. Moreover, research rarely addresses overweight as a discrimination trigger. As environment and person influences frequently shape service encounters, the authors contribute novel and relevant insights to the literature. This is of high value, especially in light of the harmful consequences marketplace discrimination entails for customers and service firms.
Effects of pore fluids on quasi‐static shear modulus caused by pore‐scale interfacial phenomena
Authors: Rozhko Alexander Y. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTIt is evident from the laboratory experiments that shear moduli of different porous isotropic rocks may show softening behaviour upon saturation. The shear softening means that the shear modulus of dry samples is higher than of saturated samples. Shear softening was observed both at low (seismic) frequencies and high (ultrasonic) frequencies. Shear softening is stronger at seismic frequencies than at ultrasonic frequencies, where the softening is compensated by hardening due to unrelaxed squirt flow. It contradicts to Gassmann's theory suggesting that the relaxed shear modulus of isotropic rock should not depend upon fluid saturation, provided that no chemical reaction between the solid frame and the pore fluid. Several researchers demonstrated that the shear softening effect is reversible during re‐saturation of rock samples, suggesting no permanent chemical reaction between the solid frame and the pore fluid. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to explain this fluid–rock interaction mechanism theoretically, because it does not contradict to the assumptions of Gassmann's theory, but contradicts to its conclusions. We argue that the observed shear softening of partially saturated rocks by different pore fluids is related to pore‐scale interfacial phenomena effects, typically neglected by the rock physics models. These interface phenomena effects are dependent on surface tension between immiscible fluids, rock wettability, aperture distribution of microcracks, compressibility of microcracks, porosity of microcracks, elastic properties of rock mineral, fluid saturation, effective stress and wave amplitude. Derived equations allow to estimate effects of pore fluids and saturation on the shear modulus and mechanical strength of rocks.
Between the ‘Bank Screw’ and ‘Affording Assistance’. Rules, Standards, and the Bank Charter Act of 1844
Authors: Frame Iain 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article explores a dilemma at the centre of the monetary order: how to counter inflation eroding the value of money and simultaneously allow bank‐created credit to meet the needs of an expanding economy. Building on recent scholarship on the history of money, the article analyses the Bank Charter Act of 1844 and the financial crisis of 1847 to reveal a response to this dilemma which continues to shape the modern context. That response relies on ex ante restrictive measures in a bid to limit the discretion of the monetary authorities and cultivate financially prudent behaviour. Yet the history of the mid‐nineteenth century exposes the challenges faced by those who enforce such rules, challenges which tie the mid‐nineteenth century to the post 2008 reforms in both the US and the Eurozone, and reveal the ongoing force of the dilemma: that simultaneous desire for both expansive credit and sound money.
Thermal Stability and Kinetic Study on Thermal Degradation of Vitamin D3 in Fortified Canola Oil
Authors: Zareie Mina , Abbasi Azam , Faghih Shiva 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNowadays, fortified vegetable oils with vitamin D3 are widely available in different countries and are consumed daily. The reduction rate of added vitamin D3 in fortified canola oil during heating process, the changes in oxidative status, and the thermal kinetic degradation of vitamin D3 in the fortified oil were investigated. For this purpose, canola oil was fortified at two levels of vitamin D3 with 5.625 µg/mL (low concentration or LC) and 13.585 µg/mL (a high concentration or HC). Samples were heated isothermally at 100, 150, and 180 °C for 30 min. The vitamin D3 concentration was determined by the high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. The retention of vitamin D3 in samples treated at 100 °C for 30 min showed no significant reduction. Samples treated at 150 and 180 °C depending on the initial concentration showed the retention of 67.5% to 72.97% and 33.16% to 40.35% of vitamin D3, respectively. An inverse relationship was found between the increment of lipid oxidation products (peroxide and anisidine values) and the retention of vitamin D3. Kinetic parameters such as rate constant, activation energy, decimal reduction time, and quotient indicator were also calculated. An Arrhenius relationship was used for the assessment of temperature dependence of vitamin D3 degradation. Activation energies for vitamin D3 in LC and HC between 100 and 180 °C were found to be 44.01 and 38.77 kJ/mol, respectively.Practical ApplicationThe oil can be fortified with vitamin D3 at low cost and offers a good bioavailability. A high‐temperature cooking method may not be appropriate for the fortified products containing high lipid content.
Angioarchitecture of collateral arteries of the aortic arch of Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: de Oliveira Radan Elvis Matias , Santoro Giovanna Almeida , Freire Augusto Carlos da Bôaviagem , Attademo Fernanda Löffler Niemeyer , Lima Stella Almeida , Bomfim Aline da Costa , Fragoso Ana Bernadete Lima , Silva Flávio José de Lima , Gavilan Simone Almeida , de Oliveira Moacir Franco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe aortic arrangement is an important structure associated with the maintenance of homeostasis. Based on this information, this study was conducted to describe the collateral arteries of the aortic arch of Antillean manatee and define the standard model for the species. Three specimens, an adult male, adult female and a male neonate, all strandings on the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were used. The study was performed in the Laboratory of Morphophysiology of Vertebrates of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, where in situ photographs were taken to demonstrate their topography. Subsequently, their hearts were removed and fixed in 10% formaldehyde and after 72 hr were dissected and analysed, obtaining schematic drawings and photographs of the vascular arrangement. The aortic arch was represented by three collateral arteries identified as the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery. This arrangement was similar to that found for other sirenians, and yet, for other mammals like hooded seal, murine, margarita island capuchin, black‐handed tamarin, Mongolian gerbil and human. The morphological similarity presented in this study with different species of mammals, including humans, may contribute valuable information from an evolutionary point of view.
New biological treatments for asthma and skin allergies
Authors: Eyerich Stefanie , Metz Martin , Bossios Apostolos , Eyerich Kilian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAllergies are typically endemic, complex and heterogeneous diseases with a high impact at quality of life. Mechanistically, type 2 immune responses involving eosinophil and basophil granulocytes, mast cells and humoral factors such as IgE are key drivers of allergic diseases. Fighting allergic diseases knows three strategies: prevention, symptomatic and causative therapy. While remarkable progress was made in understanding molecular events in allergies as a prerequisite for effective prevention and desensitization, this review article focuses on the most efficient symptomatic treatments—that is using more and more specific antibodies neutralizing particular immune pathways. We highlight and classify recent and upcoming developments in the three prototype chronic allergic diseases allergic asthma, chronic spontaneous urticaria and atopic eczema. In all three examples, biologics such as dupilumab or omalizumab become reliable and efficient therapeutic options. Finally, we give an outlook how a diagnostic and therapeutic workflow might look like in the near future for these three major burdens of society.
Ultrasound cesarean scar assessment one year postpartum in relation to one‐ or two‐layer uterine suture closure
Authors: Hanacek Jiri , Vojtech Jiri , Urbankova Iva , Krcmar Michal , Křepelka Petr , Feyereisl Jaroslav , Krofta Ladislav 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionThis study compared healing of the scars after cesarean section during the first postpartum year using a single‐ or double‐layer suturing technique. Scarring was assessed by a transvaginal ultrasound. We explored the appearance and localization of uterine scars with regard to the obstetric history. Our aim was to compare the position of the scar or defect, if present, its dimensions, and any residual myometrium with respect to the suturing technique during the cesarean section.Material and methodsWomen with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies indicated for elective or acute cesarean section were randomly allocated to the uterine closure technique group. During the first postpartum year, their lower uterine segment was examined with a transvaginal ultrasound in three consecutive visits at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months.Results324 women attended the 12‐month visit; of these, 149 underwent single‐layer closure of the uterine incision and 175 double‐layer technique. A higher proportion of the defects is seen in the single‐layer closure technique of suturing. Defects in the single‐layer group were wider (0.002) and the residual myometrial thickness in the single‐layer group were thinner (0.019). Women who underwent cesarean section at the stage of full cervical dilation had scars that were closer to the external cervical os (0.000). The position of the uterus varies greatly between controls (0.000). The combination of uterine position and scar defect presence changed significantly between controls (0.001), and was significantly dependent on the suturing method (0.003). Defects with or without contact with the uterine cavity changed statistically between controls (0.017). Both types of defects were more common in the single‐layer closure technique group.ConclusionsThe findings of this study demonstrate that double‐layer technique with the first continuous nonlocking suture followed by a second continuous nonlocking suture is associated with better suture healing and greater residual myometrial thickness. No difference was observed between single‐ and double‐layer closure for the presence of maternal infectious morbidity, wound infection or blood transfusion.
Risk scores for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latin America: a systematic review of population‐based studies
Authors: Carrillo‐Larco R. M. , Aparcana‐Granda D. J. , Mejia J. R. , Barengo N. C. , Bernabe‐Ortiz A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimTo summarize the evidence on diabetes risk scores for Latin American populations.MethodsA systematic review was conducted (CRD42019122306) looking for diagnostic and prognostic models for type 2 diabetes mellitus among randomly selected adults in Latin America. Five databases (LILACS, Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase and Global Health) were searched. type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined using at least one blood biomarker and the reports needed to include information on the development and/or validation of a multivariable regression model. Risk of bias was assessed using the PROBAST guidelines.ResultsOf the 1500 reports identified, 11 were studied in detail and five were included in the qualitative analysis. Two reports were from Mexico, two from Peru and one from Brazil. The number of diabetes cases varied from 48 to 207 in the derivations models, and between 29 and 582 in the validation models. The most common predictors were age, waist circumference and family history of diabetes, and only one study used oral glucose tolerance test as the outcome. The discrimination performance across studies was ~ 70% (range: 66–72%) as per the area under the receiving‐operator curve, the highest metric was always the negative predictive value. Sensitivity was always higher than specificity.ConclusionThere is no evidence to support the use of one risk score throughout Latin America. The development, validation and implementation of risk scores should be a research and public health priority in Latin America to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus screening and prevention.
Stakeholder salience and accountability mechanisms in not‐for‐profit service delivery organizations
Authors: Chen Jinhua , Dyball Maria Cadiz , Harrison Graeme 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMotivated by the importance and distinctiveness of accountability to stakeholders in not‐for‐profit organizations (NFPs), we examine the use of Ebrahim's accountability mechanisms in a large sample of service delivery NFPs in Australia. Although much prior literature relies on the concept of stakeholder power to explain NFPs’ accountability practices, stakeholder salience (embracing the concepts of stakeholder power, legitimacy, and urgency) emerges as a competing explanation. Utilizing Mitchell et al.’s stakeholder salience framework, we examine the impact of stakeholder power, legitimacy, and urgency on NFPs’ use of accountability mechanisms to account to two key stakeholder groups, government and beneficiaries. Our results show that although legitimacy and urgency of government influence the use of upward accountability mechanisms, beneficiary power influences the use of the downward accountability mechanism of participation.
Peer victimization and cortisol production in children and adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Kliewer Wendy , Sosnowski David W. , Noh Hayne , McGuire Kristina , Wright Anna W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeTo summarize the literature linking peer victimization to cortisol production in children and adolescents, with the goals of improving how these constructs are assessed and clarifying implications for health outcomes.MethodsA systematic search was conducted across four online databases. Searches included studies examining any association between peer victimization, or bullying, and cortisol among school‐age youth (ages 5–17 years).ResultsA thorough search of multiple online databases and careful consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines yielded 20 studies for detailed review. Peer victimization was consistently associated with blunted cortisol reactivity and diurnal cortisol slope, and least often associated with the cortisol awakening response.ConclusionsStudies that expand the range of biomarkers and the diversity of youth included in the samples; that use appropriate covariates, adequate quantities of biological samples, and reliable measures; and that test theoretically grounded pathways through which peer victimization is linked to biological stress responses will advance scholarship in this field.