bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS EN PLANTAS MEDICINALES USADAS PARA PROBLEMAS GASTROINTESTINALES. UNA REVISIÓN SOBRE MEDICINA ANCESTRAL ECUATORIANA
Authors: Ruiz Reyes Enrique , Moreira Castro Juan Manuel 
Published: April 2019

En este artículo se realiza una revisión de los principales metabolitos secundarios que se encuentran en las familias de plantas medicinales Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Plantaginaceae, Rutaceae, Zingiberaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae. En ellas se encuentran una variedad de flavonoides que contribuyen a la actividad antioxidante, la cual juega un papel importante en el tratamiento de las enfermedades gastrointestinales. Además, se hace una breve revisión de los estudios etnobotánicos de plantas medicinales publicados en el Ecuador.
Palabras clave: Plantas medicinales, desórdenes gastrointestinales, metabolitos secundarios, flavonoides, actividad antioxidante.
Números primos; método gráfico de la conjetura de GOLDBACH
Authors: Intriago Delgado Yandry 
Published: April 2019

Mediante el uso de Microsoft Excel el siguiente trabajo examina las tablas de multiplicar desde una perspectiva distinta, con un método sencillo para encontrar la secuencia de los números primos en la línea continua de los números naturales , y así luego se identifican gráficamente los números que cumplen con la Conjetura de Goldbach, al realizar una triangulación con líneas que unen la series de los y ; siendo la notación: el cuadrado de los números naturales. A continuación, se trazan diagonales paralelas a las sucesiones y únicamente en cada elemento primo de la línea de los y así se obtienen intersecciones que cumplen con la conjetura fuerte de Goldbach. Se aplican fórmulas para calcular el número mínimo de intersecciones que se generan en un conjunto de los consecutivos. Así mismo, para obtener la conjetura débil de Goldbach, se puede usar el gráfico ya antes mencionado, y se emplean fórmulas combinatorias. Este método permite identificar el intervalo de afectación que tiene un elemento primo en la secuencia de los naturales y modelar una línea continua, que revela un gráfico similar al que se conoce como cometa de Goldbach.
Palabras clave: Gráfico, números primos, conjetura de Goldbach.
ABSTRACT
By the use of Microsoft Excel the following work examines the multiplication tables from a different perspective, with a simple method to find the sequence of the prime numbers in the continuous line of the natural numbers ( ), and then we can graphically identify the numbers that comply with the Goldbach Conjecture, when making a triangulation with lines that join the series of the and , in this article the notation: is the square of the natural numbers. Next, diagonals are drawn parallel to the sequence and only in each prime element of the line of the and thus intersections are obtained that meet the strong conjecture of Goldbach. Formulas are applied to calculate the minimum number of intersections that are generated in a set of consecutive . Likewise, to obtain the weak Goldbach conjecture, the aforementioned graph can be used, and combinatorial formulas are used. This method serves to identify the range of affectation that a prime element has in the sequence of the natural numbers, and to model a continuous line, which reveals a graph similar to what is known as Goldbach's comet.
Key words: Graph, prime numbers, Goldbach conjecture.
Conjetura de GOLDBACH, números naturales y teorema de números primos
Authors: Intriago Delgado Yandry Marcelo 
Published: April 2019

Mediante el uso de Geogebra en el siguiente manuscrito se realiza un análisis de la conjetura de Goldbach, posteriormente se comprueba mediante expresiones algebraicas que siempre existe una cantidad mínima de elementos primos que hacen que se cumpla la conjetura para cualquier número natural par . Se toma en consideración el gráfico que es generado mediante el Método Gráfico de la Conjetura de Goldbach, en el que se examinan cada una de las variables que intervienen en el eje de las ordenadas y las abscisas. Luego de esto, se estudian ciertos números pares conocidos en los que se sabe la cantidad de primos existentes, posteriormente se separa a cualquier número en intervalos desde 1 a y desde N hasta , encontrando así que la cantidad de primos en el primer intervalo mencionado es superior a la cantidad de elementos primos del segundo, con estos resultados y el análisis realizado a la gráfica del Método Gráfico antes mencionado, se llega a la conclusión que la distribución de los primos está relacionada con la función logaritmo natural; tal como está expresado en el Teorema de los Números Primos , pero en este caso; con una ligera variante para cada uno de los intervalos antes mencionados. Se realiza posteriormente un análisis de probabilidad que comprueba que la cantidad de intersecciones que se producen está intrínsecamente relacionada con las funciones que limitan la cantidad de elementos primos, que esto a su vez también se relaciona con la función propuesta por Gauss.

Palabras clave: Conjetura Goldbach, Teorema, números primos.

Abstract:
By using Geogebra in the following manuscript, an analysis of the Goldbach conjecture is made. It has been verified through algebraic expressions that there is always a minimum amount of prime elements that make the conjecture for any natural pair number . The graph that is generated by the Graphical Method of the Goldbach Conjecture is taken into consideration, in which the variables that intervene in the axis of the ordinates and the abscissas are examined. After this, certain known even numbers were studied which the number of existing prime numbers is known. Later, it is separated from any number in intervals from 1 to and from N to , thus, finding the prime numbers in the first one. The aforementioned interval is greater than the number of prime elements of the second, with these results and the analysis made to the graph of the aforementioned Graphic Method, it is concluded that the distribution of the primes is related to the natural logarithm function; as it is expressed in the Theorem of the Prime Numbers, but in this case with a slight variant for each of the aforementioned intervals. A probability analysis to verify that the number of intersections that occur is intrinsically related to the function that limits the number of prime elements was performed. This is also related to the function proposed by Gauss.

Key words: Goldbach conjecture, Prime number, theorem.
νbhlight: Radiation GRMHD for Neutrino-driven Accretion Flows
Authors: Miller Jonah M. , Ryan Ben. R. , Dolence Joshua C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The 2017 detection of the in-spiral and merger of two neutron stars was a landmark discovery in astrophysics. We now know that such mergers are central engines of short gamma-ray bursts and sites of r-process nucleosynthesis, where the heaviest elements in our universe are formed. In the coming years, we expect many more such mergers. Modeling such systems presents a significant computational challenge along with the observational one. To meet this challenge, we present

, a scheme for solving general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics with energy-dependent neutrino transport in full (3 + 1) dimensions, facilitated by Monte Carlo methods. We present a suite of tests demonstrating the accuracy, efficacy, and necessity of our scheme. We demonstrate the potential of our scheme by running a sample calculation in a domain of interest—the dynamics and composition of the accretion disk formed by a binary neutron star merger.
Revisiting the Biological Ramifications of Variations in Earth’s Magnetic Field
Authors: Lingam Manasvi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
An Earth-like planetary magnetic field has been widely invoked as a requirement for habitability as it purportedly mitigates the fluxes of ionizing radiation reaching the surface and the escape of neutrals and ions from the atmosphere. Recent paleomagnetic evidence indicates that the nucleation of Earth’s inner core, followed perhaps by an increase in geomagnetic field strength, might have occurred close to the Edicarian period. Motivated by this putative discovery, we explore the ensuing ramifications from the growth or reversals of Earth’s dynamo. By reviewing and synthesizing emerging quantitative models, it is proposed that neither the biological radiation dose rates nor the atmospheric escape rates would vary by more than a factor of ∼2 under these circumstances. Hence, we suggest that hypotheses seeking to explain the Cambrian radiation or mass extinctions via changes in Earth’s magnetic field intensity are potentially unlikely. We also briefly discuss how variations in the planetary magnetic field may have impacted early Mars and could influence exoplanets orbiting M-dwarfs.
A database of threat statuses and life-history traits of Red List species in Flanders (northern Belgium)
Authors: Maes Dirk , Brosens Dimitri , T’jollyn Filiep , Desmet Peter , Piesschaert Frederic , Van Hoey Stijn , Adriaens Tim , Dekoninck Wouter , Devos Koen , Lock Koen , Onkelinx Thierry , Packet Jo , Speybroeck Jeroen , Thomaes Arno , Van Den Berge Koen , Van Landuyt Wouter , Verreycken Hugo 
Published: April 2019

Red Lists estimate the extinction risk of species at global or regional levels and are important instruments in conservation policies. Global Red List assessments are readily available via the IUCN website (https://www.iucnredlist.org) and are regularly updated by (taxonomic) experts. Regional Red Lists, however, are not always easy to find and often use local criteria to assess the local extinction risk of species.
Here, we publish a database with the outcome of 38 Red List assessments in Flanders (northern Belgium) between 1994 and 2018. In total, the database contains 6,224 records of 5,039 unique taxa pertaining to 24 different taxonomic groups. Using a quality control procedure, we evaluated the criteria used, the number of records, the temporal and spatial distribution of the data and the up-to-dateness of the Red Lists. This way, nineteen Red Lists were approved as being of sufficient high quality (i.e. validated) and nineteen others were not. Once validated, Red Lists are approved by the regional Minister of Environment and published in the Belgian Official Gazette acquiring legal status. For the validated Red Lists, we additionally compiled (life-history) traits that are applicable to a wide variety of species groups (taxonomic kingdom, environment, biotope, nutrient level, dispersal capacity, lifespan and cuddliness). The publication of this dataset allows comparison of Red List statuses with other European regions and countries and permits analyses about how certain (life-history) traits can explain the Red List status of species. The dataset will be regularly updated by adding new Red List (re)assessments and/or additional (life-history) traits.
Langerhans Cells Control Lymphatic Vessel Function during Inflammation via LIGHT-LTβR Signaling
Authors: Wang Zhongnan , Wang Wenjun , Chai Qian , Zhu Mingzhao 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is an important route for dendritic cell (DC) or tumor cell migration from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes (DLNs). However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, using conventional bone marrow chimeric mice and additional UVB radiation, we found that deficiency of LIGHT but not lymphotoxin (LT) α1β2, likely on radioresistant Langerhans cells (LCs), resulted in impaired skin DC migration to DLNs during LPS-induced inflammation. In addition, LT β receptor (LTβR), but not herpes virus entry mediator, was found to be the receptor of LIGHT controlling DC migration. Furthermore, conditional deficiency of LTβR in Tie2cre or Lyve1cre mice, but not in LTβR-deficient bone marrow chimeric mice, impaired DC migration, suggesting an important role of LTβR in radioresistant lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), although the role of LTβR in blood endothelial cells remains intriguing. Mechanistically, the gene expression of both CCL21 and CCL19 was found to be reduced in skin LECs isolated from LC-LIGHT–conditionally deficient or Lyve1creLtbrfl/fl mice compared with their controls upon LPS stimulation. Soluble recombinant LIGHT was able to upregulate CCL21 and CCL19 gene expression on SVEC4-10 endothelial cells. Doxycycline, an inhibitor of soluble LIGHT release in the inflamed skin, impaired skin CCL21 and CCL19 expression and DC migration. In addition, melanoma cell metastasis to DLNs was also inhibited in LC-LIGHT–conditionally deficient or Lyve1creLtbrfl/fl mice. Together, our data suggest, to our knowledge, a previously unrecognized scenario in which LCs activate LECs via the LIGHT-LTβR signaling axis to promote DC migration or tumor cell metastasis.
The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Softball (2005–2006 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Softball (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)
Authors: Wasserman Erin B. , Register-Mihalik Johna K. , Sauers Eric L. , Currie Dustin W. , Pierpoint Lauren A. , Knowles Sarah B. , Dompier Thomas P. , Comstock R. Dawn , Marshall Stephen W. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: April 2019

Context
The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's softball injury data.

Objective
To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' softball in the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate women's softball in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance.

Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting
Online injury surveillance from softball teams in high school girls (annual average = 100) and collegiate women (annual average = 41).

Patients or Other Participants
Girls' or women's softball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years in high school and the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years in college.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared injury rates by competition level, school size or division, event type, and time in season.

Results
The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 1357 time-loss injuries during 1 173 722 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 1848 time-loss injuries during 579 553 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (3.19 versus 1.16/1000 AEs; IRR = 2.76; 95% CI = 2.57, 2.96). The competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate in high school (IRR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.82, 2.25) and in college (IRR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.27, 1.52). Softball players at both levels sustained a variety of injuries, with the most common being ankle sprains and concussions. Many injuries also occurred while fielding or running bases.

Conclusions
Injury rates were greater in collegiate versus high school softball and in competitions versus practices. These findings highlight the need for injury-prevention interventions, including strength-training and prevention programs to reduce ankle sprains and provide protection for batters from pitches and fielders from batted balls.
Threatened medicinal and economic plants of the Sudan Savanna in Katsina State, northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Bello Abubakar , Jamaladdeen Sirajo , Elder Muhammad T. , Yaradua Samaila S. , Kankara Sulaiman S. , Wagini Nasiru H. , Stirton Charles H. , Muasya Muthama 
Published: April 2019

Background: The loss of biodiversity in Nigeria is escalating alarmingly. However, there is generally a paucity of information as to what taxa are endangered because of a dearth of functioning conservation agencies in Nigeria.Objectives: The aim of this research is to record the endangered medicinal and other economic plant species in the Sudan Savanna vegetation in Katsina and to provide an assessment of the various threats faced by these plants.Method: Medicinal plants were identified through oral interviews with traditional medical practitioners within the study area. Conservation statuses were assessed using a bespoke data collection and assessment form; the data were then evaluated using the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List categories and criteria.Results: A total of 169 species belonging to 62 families were recorded. Of these, 43 taxa were reported to be used for ethnomedicinal practices. It was found that more than half (108) of the 169 species were threatened with extinction and one taxon (Xeroderris stuhlmannii [Taub.] Mendonca Sousa) qualifies as being Extinct locally. Threats recorded include overexploitation (24%), agriculture (15%), deforestation and desertification (12% each), invasive plants (11%), urban residential development (7%) and erosion (6%).Conclusion: Most of the plants are already under threat and require urgent conservation measures. The data point to the critical need for further research into conservation strategies and a more sustainable use of threatened plants. We recommend that the Nigerian government should establish a national Red List agency and ensure effective protected area management and community-based natural resources management.
Adhesive capsulitis: MRI correlation with clinical stages and proposal of MRI staging
Authors: Chellathurai Amarnath , Subbiah Komalavalli , Elangovan Atchaya , Kannappan Sivakumar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to correlate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of adhesive capsulitis with clinical stages and thereby propose a MR staging system. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 74 patients with clinically diagnosed adhesive capsulitis. The edema of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL), pericapsular edema, thickness of anterior band of IGHL, axillary pouch, thickness of coracohumeral ligament, and obliteration of fat in the subcoracoid triangle were evaluated by MRI. Results: Thickening of the anterior band of IGHL showed most significant correlation with the clinical stages. The distribution of edema of IGHL and pericapsular edema also showed significant correlation with the clinical stages of adhesive capsulitis. Pericapsular edema and IGHL edema was not observed in stage IV. Conclusion: MR is a useful tool for evaluation and prediction of clinical stage of adhesive capsulitis.
The investigation of dose and image quality of chest computed tomography using different combinations of noise index and adaptive statistic iterative reconstruction level
Authors: Sookpeng Supawitoo , Martin Colin J , Butdee Chitsanupong 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background: Computed tomography (CT) automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) systems and iterative reconstruction (IR) play an important role in CT radiation dose optimization. How the two can best be used together is one of the challenges faced by radiology professionals. Aim: To determine optimum settings of ATCM noise index (NI) together with adaptive statistic iterative reconstruction (ASIR) for a general electric (GE) scanner that aims to achieve similar image quality to the standard protocol used in the hospital (Smart mA technique with NI of 11.57 and 30% ASIR reconstruction) with a lower dose. Methods: Different NI and ASIR levels were set for scans of a phantom. Objective image quality assessments in terms of noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), low-contrast detectability (LCD), and modulation transfer function (MTF) were carried out in an anthropomorphic chest and a Catphan 700 phantom. Subjective image quality assessment was also performed with five readers to confirm whether the image quality of the new protocols was adequate. Result and Conclusion: SNR and CNR increased with the strength of ASIR, and decreased with higher NI settings. The MTF improved slightly for higher dose levels and from filtered back projection (FBP) to higher strength of ASIR. LCD improved with ASIR compared to FBP and with higher strengths of ASIR. Qualitative scoring ranged between 3.0 and 4.6. A moderate degree of reliability was found between scoring. Use of NI 15.04 with 70% ASIR can reduce dose by 41% compared to the standard protocol of NI 11.57 with 30% ASIR without degradation of image quality.
Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum as a complication of an asthma attack
Authors: Franco Ana Isabel , Arponen Sari , Hermoso Fátima , García María-José 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Introduction: Simultaneous subcutaneous emphysema, spontaneous pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum are complications rarely observed synchronously during an acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Although spontaneous pneumothorax has already been reported in asthma patients in the literature, its concurrence with subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum is extremely rare except for iatrogenic conditions. Case Study: We describe a patient who presented to the emergency room with progressive dyspnea and chest pain. Three days before, she consulted her general physician with a history of violent dry cough and wheezing. An acute asthma exacerbation was diagnosed, and an inhaled short-acting beta 2 agonist and oral prednisone were prescribed. The patient developed simultaneous subcutaneous emphysema, spontaneous pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum, a rare complication of an asthma attack. Conclusions: Our aim is to emphasize that occult pneumothoraces should be considered in a patient presenting with an acute asthma attack failing to respond to conventional medical therapy.
Multimodality imaging features of primary breast lymphoma – A rare entity
Authors: Maurya Vinay , Singh Giriraj , Ram Birma , Ganguli Prosenjit 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPrimary lymphoma of breast is very rare which has no tell-tale imaging characteristics. Multimodality imaging helps not only in suggesting the possibility of lymphoma but also in its management. We present here one such case which was extensively worked up with various imaging modalities and was histologically proven as primary breast lymphoma.
Corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A pictorial review of the imaging features
Authors: Kamat Rohan , Gupta Pankaj , Reddy Yalaka Rami , Kochhar Suman , Nagi Birinder , Kochhar Rakesh 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCorrosive ingestion is a common form of poisoning. Corrosive agents cause severe damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The most severe forms of injury can lead to mortality; however, the major concern with this type of injury is life-long morbidity. Upper GI endoscopy is the test of choice for assessing severity in the acute phase of the disease. The long-term management is based on the site, length, number, location, and tightness of the stricture. This information is best provided by the barium contrast studies. In this pictorial review, a spectrum of findings in patients with corrosive injuries of the esophagus and stomach is illustrated. The role of various imaging modalities including barium studies, endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging is discussed.