bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation Policy for the Commons
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the implications of the private-ordering institutional perspective on the origin of innovation for innovation policy. It addresses the question of what innovation policy should look like based on the theory of innovation commons, proposing an institutional framework of new innovation policy coming from civil society as much as from government. It examines how the quality of the innovation commons shapes the prospects of an innovation trajectory. It is critical of innovation policy that ignores institutional context, offering policy guidance based on institutional design principles, or a framework of “rules as policy.” The chapter views the fundamental policy problem as addressing discovery failure. It develops the comparative institutional approach to innovation policy using the institutional possibility frontier approach.
Conclusion
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter concludes the book by placing innovation commons in a broader sweep of economic history in order to emphasize the institutional origin of innovation as an outcome of cooperative pooling of information and knowledge. It argues that cooperation to create a common pool resource in order to discover entrepreneurial opportunities is the evolutionary origin of innovation. It explains the institutional origin of innovation as the governance to facilitate this cooperation in order to solve the fundamental economic problem of discovery of entrepreneurial opportunity. The solution is in the use of institutions to pool distributed information. It explores implications for economic theory, and particularly the increased importance of institutional analysis for understanding the economics of innovation, industrial dynamics and economic evolution. It concludes by arguing that the innovation commons is the original sharing economy.
Introduction
Authors: McLaren Margaret A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book, explains the context of the project, and introduces a feminist social justice framework based on anti-oppression and anti-exploitation. The chapter also outlines a feminist social justice approach drawn from a wide range of feminist work. One feature of this approach is the connection between theory and practice. The chapter discusses the participant action research that the book uses; interviews and observation of grassroots women’s organizations in India engaged in political and social activism and grounded in economic justice projects informed the feminist social justice framework. This framework offers an alternative to the liberal paradigm of universal human rights, neoliberal economic projects, and cosmopolitanism for analyzing and pursuing global gender justice. The feminist social justice approach recognizes the importance of relationality, intersectionality, and power relations for analyzing the complex relations of oppression women face globally.
The Ignored: Indirect Protection through the TBT, the SPS, the ADA, the AoA, and the Special Treatment Clause
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 complements Chapter 3 by examining the means available for states to indirectly protect animals abroad under trade agreements dealing with technical barriers, sanitary measures, dumping, agriculture, and special treatment for majority world countries. It opens with a discussion of the indirect extraterritorial reach of labels and import restrictions under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and then determines if the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) leaves room for protecting animals through indirect extraterritorial means. This chapter also explores the most appropriate way for members to react to dumping in animal law under the Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA). Finally, it examines how states can use the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and the Special Treatment Clause to indirectly improve the lives of animals abroad through special schemes for subsidies or preferential treatment.
The Unexplored: Direct Extraterritoriality
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines whether the jurisdictional principles of international law can be used to directly protect animals abroad under the lex lata. It determines how and when states can invoke the territoriality principle, the subjective and objective territoriality principles, the personality principle, and the protective principle in the realm of animal law. By using the subjective and objective territoriality principles, states can regulate continuing offenses (e.g., improper transport or cross-border theft), cross-border crimes committed in different countries, and cross-border duties of care owed to animals. The active personality principle gives states jurisdiction over their nationals or residents when they deal with animals abroad. They can further extend their jurisdiction to multinationals operating worldwide by relying on established doctrines of company law, like piercing the corporate veil or the control theory. The author then shows how the protective principle enables states to protect animals abroad by regulating foreign agricultural industries that significantly pollute the environment.
Conclusion
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The final chapter takes a broad and comprehensive perspective, returning to the structural challenges of animal law in an era of globalization and the question of whether extraterritorial jurisdiction can help tackle them. The author identifies the social and societal risks (as opposed to legal risks) that pose a real challenge to the law of jurisdiction and explains why we should not blindly advocate the blanket application of extraterritorial jurisdiction. But these dangers do not release us from the responsibility to protect animals in cross-border relations, as this would subject them to economic laissez-faire. The author uses insights from animal studies and postcolonial studies to describe the steps that must be taken to reconcile these conflicting demands. With these safety valves, the author concludes, extraterritorial animal law has the potential to evolve beyond adversity to multiculturalism, into a tool that facilitates cross-cultural sensibility, awareness of shared histories, and the elimination of oppression.
Of War and Beyond
Authors: Telotte J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abstract: As a conclusion, this chapter considers how the impact of that popular cinematic imagination changed during the war and immediate post-war years, that is, in the lead-up to SF’s coming of age in the 1950s, a coming of age that would be accompanied by film’s own explosion of SF narratives. The chapter argues that film had, during this period, become much more of a cultural “given,” a fact of life, and one that no longer evoked the same sort of SF-like “wonder” that it had during the pre-war era. While still visible in the rhetoric of SF and to a lesser extent in story content, film and the film industry would increasingly move in a different direction in this time, with SF literature, in both its pulp and hardcover forms, finding a new significance and respectability, while that burgeoning SF cinema would struggle to achieve a similarly respectable status.
Functional integration: From path to field integrals
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 is rather descriptive and introduces the notion of functional (path and field) integrals, for boson (the holomorphic formalism) as well as fermion systems (this necessitates the introduction of Grassmann integration) as they are used in physics. Prior to the second half of the twentieth century, the technical tools of theoretical physics were mainly differential or partial differential equations. However, when systematic investigations of large scale systems with quantum of statistical fluctuations began, new tools were required. This led to the development of functional integration. In this chapter, the role of Gaussian measures and Gaussian expectation values is emphasized, leading to Wick’s theorem, a tool for perturbative calculations. Functional integrals provide remarkable tools to study the classical limit and barrier penetration. They provide a simple bridge between non–relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
The essential role of functional integrals in modern physics
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 illustrates by a number of examples the essential role of functional integrals in physics. For example, the path integral representation of quantum mechanics explains why many basic equations of classical physics satisfy a variational principle, the relation between quantum field theory and the theory of critical phenomena in macroscopic phase transitions. Field integrals are essential for gauge theory quantization, leading to the introduction of Faddeev–Popov ghost fields and BRST symmetry. Lattice gauge theory, the discretized form of field integrals, makes non–perturbative calculations possible. These are at the basis of the calculation of penetration effects in quantum field theory (instanton calculus).
From infinities in quantum electrodynamics to the general renormalization group
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 describes a few important steps which have led from the discovery of infinities in quantum electrodynamics in the calculation of Feynman diagrams (ultraviolet divergences (UV divergences)) to the concept of renormalization and renormalization groups (RG). The constructions of quantum (or statistical) field theories (QFTs) and the deeply related RG have been some of the major theoretical achievements in physics of the last century. RG today plays an essential role in the understanding of the properties of QFT and of continuous macroscopic phase transitions. The existence of RG fixed points makes it possible to understand universality when there is no scale decoupling. In particle physics, it leads to the notion of effective field theory and the fine tuning problem in the Higgs particle sector.
Quantum field theory: An effective theory
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 discusses effective field theory. This concept is inspired by the theory of critical phenomena in statistical physics and based on renormalization group ideas. The basic idea behind effective field theory is that one starts from a microscopic model involving an infinite number of fluctuating degrees of freedom whose interactions are characterized by a microscopic scale and in which, as a result of interactions, a length that is much larger than the microscopic scale, or, equivalently, a mass much smaller than the characteristic mass scale of the initial model, is generated. The chapter illustrates this topic with examples. It also stresses that all quantum field theories as applied to particle physics or statistical physics are only effective (i.e. not fundamental) theories. Besides the problem of a phi4 type field theory with a large mass field, two more complicated examples are discussed: the Gross–Neveu and the non–linear sigma models.
The non-perturbative renormalization group
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 focuses on the non–perturbative renormalization group. Many renormalization group (RG) results are derived within the framework of the perturbative RG. However, this RG is the asymptotic form in some neighbourhood of a Gaussian fixed point of the more general and exact RG, as introduced by Wilson and Wegner, and valid for rather general effective field theories. Chapter 9 describes the corresponding functional RG equations and give some indications about their derivation. A basic role is played by a method of partial field integration, which preserves the locality of the field theory. Note that functional RG equations can also be used to give alternative proofs of perturbative renormalizability within the framework of effective field theories.
Symmetries: From classical to quantum field theories
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 16 deals with the important problem of quantization with symmetries, that is, how to implement symmetries of the classical action in the corresponding quantum theory. The proposed solutions are based on methods like regularization by addition of higher order derivatives or regulator fields, or lattice regularization. Difficulties encountered in the case of chiral theories are emphasized. This may lead to obstacles for symmetric quantization called anomalies. Examples can be found in the case of chiral gauge theories. Their origin can be traced to the problem of quantum operator ordering in products. A non–perturbative regularization, also useful for numerical simulations, is based on introducing a space lattice. Difficulties appear for lattice Dirac fermions, leading the fermion doubling problem. Wilson’s fermions provide a non–chiral invariant solution. Chiral invariant solutions have been found, called overlap fermions or domain wall fermions.
Periodic semi-classical vacuum, instantons and anomalies
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 18 describes a few systems where the classical action has an infinite number of degenerate minima but, in the quantum theory, this degeneracy is lifted by barrier penetration effects. The simplest example is the cosine periodic potential and leads to the band structure. Technically, this corresponds to the existence of instantons, solutions to classical equations in imaginary time. In all examples, we show that the classical solutions are constrained by Bogomolnyi’s inequalities, which involve topological charges associated to a winding number and defining homotopy classes. In the case of quantum chromodynamics, this leads to the famous strong CP violation problem.
Quantum field theory at finite temperature
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 21 is devoted to quantum field theory at finite temperature, a topic that is relevant, for example, to high energy heavy ion collisions. Some similarity with finite size systems is pointed out with the relevance of zero modes. Finite temperature phase transitions are studied. An interesting issue concerns the conditions for dimensional reduction, that is, when can the initial field theory be replaced by an effective field theory without time dimension? The results of one–loop reduced action are presented. The solutions of RG equations are discussed. A few models with O(N) symmetry are investigated in the large N limit, which makes it possible to study directly crossover scale and the problem of dimensional crossover. The problem of dimensional reduction in Abelian gauge theories is examined.
Field theory: Perturbative expansion and summation methods
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 23 examines perturbative expansion and summation methods in field theory. In quantum field theory, all perturbative expansions are divergent series in the mathematical sense. This leads to a difficulty when the expansion parameter is not small. In the case of Borel summable series, using the knowledge of the large order behaviour, a number of summation techniques have been developed to derive convergent sequences from divergent series. Some methods apply directly on the series like Padé approximants or order–dependent mapping (the ODM method). Others involve first a Borel transformation, like the Padé–Borel method. The method of Borel transformation, suitably modified, followed by a conformal mapping, has been applied to renormalization group (RG) functions of the phi43 field theory and has led to precise values of critical exponents.
Hyper-asymptotic expansions and instantons
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 24 examines the topic of hyper–asymptotic expansions and instantons. A number of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory (QFT) examples exhibit degenerate classical minima connected by quantum barrier penetration effects. The analysis of the large order behaviour, based on instanton calculus, shows that the perturbative expansion is not Borel summable, and does not define unique functions. An important issue is then what kind of additional information is required to determine the exact expanded functions. While the QFT examples are complicated, and their study is still at the preliminary stage, in quantum mechanics, in the case of some analytic potentials that have degenerate minima (like the quartic double–well potential), the problem has been completely solved. Some examples are described in Chapter 24. There, the perturbative, complete, hyper–asymptotic expansion exhibits the resurgence property. The perturbative expansion can be related to the calculation of the spectral equation via the complex WKB method.
Foregrounding Context in Action
Authors: Dopson Sue , Meier Ninna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to provide an exploration of the role of context and action in the broader field of organization and management theory, illustrated by examples from health care research. In their own right, both context and action are essential theoretical concepts rooted in philosophical reflections. Moreover, they pose potential methodological challenges to research in the fields of organization and management. The context–action relationship deals with issues relating to questions such as what is organizational change and how can we study it empirically? How are macro- and microlevel events or actions connected, and how do they influence and co-constitute each other through their relationships across analytical levels? The book distinguishes between context as a theoretical construct, on the one hand, and as methodological approach (i.e., how we operationalize and use the concept in the research process) on the other.
Bringing the Hospital Back In
Authors: Tryggestad Kjell , Harty Chris , Jacobsen Peter Holm 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to include buildings in studies of context. It foregrounds what is usually considered contextual background—the building—and focuses on the hospital building and the ways in which it matters for the organization and performance of health care. Our approach to the question of context is processual, socio-technical, and inspired by actor-network theory. The actor-network theory lens allows the researcher to consider the building as both background and foreground, as object, context, and process. As an object, and as a matter of fact, the building resides in the background, yet it can always become foregrounded as a matter of concern. This can happens for a multitude of reasons, including that the “object” itself might create unwelcome surprises and obstacles for its human users and, in turn, spur further attempts by specialists in building construction to contain these through mitigating projects and redesign.
Patients, Families, and Care Settings
Authors: Locock Louise , Robert Glenn , Meier Ninna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Involving patients and family members as “experts by experience” in health care research and delivery has become accepted practice. There is a growing reliance on patients to manage their own care, and on families to provide support and informal care in wider settings. It is perhaps surprising, therefore, that patients, families, and informal care settings are absent in most discussions of context in health care. In part, this is because “context” in health service research has traditionally been explored through cross-sectional, “structural” studies at the macro- or mesosystem level, as opposed to taking a longitudinal and/or microlevel psychological perspective concerned with social dynamics or individual staff and patient interactions. The observations in this derive from collective experience in studying both health care organizations and the experiences of patients. Drawing on this corpus of research, this chapter explores the often-neglected role of patients and families in discussions of health care context.
Place Matters in Context Analysis
Authors: Meier Ninna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the construct of “patients’ experience of context,” specifically in relation to questions of vantage point, representation, and place in health care research. It discusses the question of how patients might experience context for their illness in a multiorganizational health care system. Assuming that actors engage with and experience contexts differently, it discusses potential consequences for the current fragmented and distributed organization of cancer care for involvement of patients in their own care. The chapter focuses on two important but often overlooked dimensions: place (where people are) and knowing (what and how people know), and, importantly, how these two dimensions relate to one another. These dimensions are central components of the collaboration between patients and health care professionals, the distribution of work in different places, the fragmentation of knowledge, responsibility, and activities across different parts of their process. The chapter ends by discussing the benefits of posing two simple questions in relation to context in health care: Whose context is it, and from where is context studied?
Ersatz Modal Realism
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ersatz possible worlds can be understood as maximal states of affairs; maximal properties; recombinations of actual bits of reality; as maps; or as entities built from propositions or sentences. The question was: can these approaches be extended to include impossible worlds? The states of affairs approach can, with some modification, accommodate impossible worlds. The property approach too can, with some modification, be extended to impossible worlds. It is argued that the extended approach is best viewed as a form of linguistic ersatzism. The combinatorial faces the question: what are recombinations, metaphysically speaking? This approach collapses into one of the others. Map ersatzism does not seem general enough to accommodate all the impossibilities. The most promising approach is linguistic ersatzism. The chapter discusses an issue all ersatz accounts face: the problem of aliens.
Environmental history
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the environmental history of Tropical East Asia, starting with its assembly from Gondwanan fragments during the Mesozoic. Changes in sea level, climate, and vegetation are covered in increasing detail from the Eocene to the present day, and the influence of volcanic eruptions and other natural catastrophes is discussed. The history of human occupation is outlined, from the appearance of Homo erectus more than a million years ago, through the arrival of modern humans in the region 80,000–50,000 years ago, to the spread of agriculture and the development of urban settlements. Human impacts on natural ecosystems are considered throughout the period of occupation, culminating in the concept of the human-dominated Anthropocene.
The ecology of animals
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Most biomass consists of plants but most non-microbial species are animals, and these animals play a great diversity of roles in tropical ecosystems. This chapter therefore deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from an animal perspective, focusing on the diets of both vertebrates and invertebrates, and the role of food quality and phenology in diet choice. Specialist and generalist feeders are distinguished and contrasted. The major diet groups covered include the herbivores (including leaf, shoot, root, bark, and wood feeders, as well as sap suckers and honeydew feeding ants), flower visitors, frugivores, granivores, detritivores, carnivores (including specialists on invertebrates and vertebrates), blood feeders, parasites and parasitoids, omnivores, scavengers, and coprophages.