bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not So Simple Machines
Authors: Langston Lee S. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This article talks about evolving technologies in making efficient gears for different auto engines. Gears are integral to a new engine that has the potential to change commercial aviation. Pratt & Whitney’s geared turbofan (GTF) jet engine will have significantly better fuel economy and much quieter operation. The P&W GTF combines existing jet engine technology with the well-established mechanical engineering technology of gears. Due to its high bypass ratio, the geared turbofan engine is 16% more efficient than standard jet engines. A key facility for developing the GTF gearbox has been a specially designed four-square gear test rig at P&W’s Middletown plant. The orientation of the GTF test gearboxes can be adjusted with respect to gravity to simulate different flight conditions. After an extensive program using a four-square rig and a long history of gearbox experience associated with their very popular turboprop gas turbines at Pratt & Whitney Canada, P&W engineers are convinced their new GTF engines will have a bright future.
Future Mobility
Authors: Filev Dimitar , Lu Jianbo , Hrovat Davor 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This article presents an automotive control approach for information-rich future mobility. It integrates in-vehicle networked controls with cloud computing accessible through a wireless network to elevate current on-board controls to a new level for additional benefits and performance. Outsourcing computation-intensive tasks to a cloud-computing server is an extension of the current server-based concierge/infotainment type features. While in-vehicle controls remain essential for safety critical and real-time functionality, the cloud-computing paradigm offers another degree of freedom for control system design. In future vehicle controls, the cloud can be used for very demanding computations that otherwise cannot be accomplished by on-board electronic control units (ECUs), especially for information-intensive tasks. The so-called local-simple-remote-complex vehicle control strategies are likely to unlock the potential of implementing methods and tools that are presently used only in an off-line setting. The cloud can also be used as a storage place to record current and historic vehicle data that can be used for predictive diagnosis and prognostics of the vehicle health.
From Water Hammer to Ignition
Authors: Leishear Robert A. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on various aspects of research theory and development work concerning accidental combustion in nuclear facility and oil industry pipelines. The theory has safety implications for any pipeline where explosive gases can form in liquid-filled systems, and is consistent with pipeline accidents in nuclear power plants, such as Three Mile Island. Nuclear reactor accidents deserve further investigation, since reactor fires and explosions were ignited by sources that were reported to be unknown. The NRC documented extensive actions to improve reactor safety after the Three Mile Island accident; however, this new ignition theory has yet to be fully evaluated with respect to off-normal reactor operations in the United States and abroad. Several nuclear reactor fires and explosions warrant consideration. This new theory confirms a source of ignition. Reactor explosions can be stopped to improve nuclear reactor safety, prevent deaths, and avoid environmental disasters.
Flow
Channelization Method to Enhance Transformer Radiator Cooling
Capacity
Authors: Dasgupta Subhashish , Nandwana Anurag , Ravikumar K. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Most oil-cooled equipment like transformers are provided with radiators or heat exchangers, for the heated oil to exchange heat with the surrounding air by natural convection cooling, assisting the overall cooling process. While such radiators are effective accessories in controlling equipment temperature rise, it is ever desirable to further enhance the cooling capacity by design modifications or incorporating simplistic and cost-effective cooling technologies. In this study, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis has been performed to evaluate the possibility of improving radiator performance by flow channelizing structures. Significant benefits (up to 17% increase in heat transfer coefficient) of imposing such structures, like a top chimney and an enclosure surrounding the radiator, were obtained. Although several past studies have confirmed that natural convection cooling effect can be intensified by flow channelization, the phenomenon is unique to a particular application. Given the wide variety in applications, in terms of shape, size, and structural features, it is necessary to study the effect in a given application of interest. This study points to a new direction in enhancing the cooling capacity of transformer radiators, inducing flow channelization, an easy-to-implement and cost-effective technology. Further, the study offers interesting learnings regarding flow channelization effects, which are invaluable guidelines for designers of future radiators.
Reliability Modeling for Gear Door Lock System With Dependent
Failures Based on Copula
Authors: Shen Linjie , Zhang Yugang , Zhuang Xinchen , Guo Bozhi 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The gear door lock system (GDLS) is a hydraulic and mechatronic system with high degree of complexity and uncertainty, making the performance assessment of the system especially intractable. We develop copula models to estimate the reliability of GDLS with dependent failure modes. Based on the working principle of the GDLS, kinematic and dynamic model with imperfect joints is built in which Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and kernel smoothing density are utilized to obtain the marginal failure probabilities. Then, copula models are utilized to describe the dependence between the two function failure modes. Furthermore, to be more accurate, mixed copula models are developed. The squared Euclidean distance is adopted to estimate the parameters of the above reliability models. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to evaluate different reliability models.
Transport Mechanism of Steam Methane Reforming on Fixed Bed Catalyst Heated by High Temperature Helium for Hydrogen Production: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation
Authors: Wang Feng , Yang Ziqiang , Wang Long , Wen Qiang 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In this study, we numerically evaluated the performance of a steam methane reforming (SMR) reactor heated using high-temperature helium for hydrogen production. The result showed that with an increase in the reactant gas inlet velocity, the temperature at the same reactor length position decreased. The maximum gas temperature difference at the gas collection chamber reached approximately 55 °C. The outlet temperature difference increased to 35 °C when the inlet temperature increased from 370 °C to 570 °C. A higher inlet temperature did not have a positive effect on the system's thermal efficiency. The methane conversion rate increased by 68%, and the hydrogen production rate increased by 55%, when the helium inlet velocity increased from 2 m/s to 22 m/s. When the helium inlet temperature increased by 200 °C, the highest temperature of the reactant gas increased by 132 °C. In the SMR for hydrogen production using a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), low reactant-gas inlet velocity, suitable inlet temperature, high inlet velocity, and a high HTGR outlet temperature of helium were preferable.
Experimental and Numerical Visualization of Heat Transfer and Hydrodynamics Induced by Double Droplet Train Impingement
Authors: Zhang Taolue , Muthusamy Jayaveera , Alvarado Dr. Jorge L. , Kanjirakat Anoop , Sadr Reza 
Published: July 2018

The objective of this study was to visualize and simulate the thermal physical process during double droplet train impingement for three different horizontal impact spacings (S = 0.65 mm, 1.2 mm and 2 mm). Two identical HFE-7100 droplet trains were produced using a piezoelectric droplet generator at a frequency of 6000 Hz with a corresponding droplet Weber number of 312. A translucent sapphire substrate with a thin film ITO coating was used as heater in the experiments. The heat transfer and hydrodynamics of double droplet train impingement have been visualized using IR thermal imaging and high speed optical imaging techniques, respectively. The double droplet train impingement process was also simulated numerically using the Coupled Level Set-Volume of Fluid (CLS-VOF) approach with dynamic mesh adaption (DMA). Humps were observed both numerically and experimentally between two adjacent impact craters due to the interactions caused by the impinging droplet trains. It was found that the hump height decreased when impact spacing increased. IR images show that higher impact spacing leads to better heat transfer performance, which could be due to the lower hump height at greater impact spacing conditions. It was also observed that higher impact spacing leads to better thermo-hydrodynamics within and outside the impingement zone. In summary, results show that horizontal impact spacing plays a significant role in double droplet train impingement cooling.
This work was supported by the National Priority Research Program of the Qatar National Research Fund, Grant No.: NPRP 6-1304-2-525.
The Lithium-Ion Battery Modeling Challenge
Authors: Docimo Donald J. , Ghanaatpishe Mohammad , Rothenberger Michael J. , Rahn Christopher D. , Fathy Hosam I. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article addresses various challenges associated with lithium-ion battery modeling. Lithium-ion batteries have a key role to play in mobile energy storage. One can potentially expand the envelope of lithium-ion battery performance, efficiency, safety, and longevity by using fundamental electrochemistry-based models for battery control. There are clear trade-offs between battery model fidelity and complexity, and a significant literature addressing these trade-offs. Electrochemistry-based battery models can be effective at capturing frequency-domain battery dynamics, especially at lower frequencies. When they are examined in this light, the commonalities between them and equivalent-circuit models become more visible. Constructing lithium-ion battery models certainly takes effort, and so does reducing these models for control design purposes. One important open challenge in lithium-ion battery modeling is the matching of sophisticated battery models to experimental data. Half-cell testing or insertion of a third reference electrode in a fuel cell can separate the contributions of the negative and positive electrodes, and researchers are pursuing other novel technologies for in-cell instrumentation and measurement.
Injury Surveillance of Nonprofessional Salsa Dance
Authors: Domene Pablo A. , Stanley Michelle , Skamagki Glykeria 
Published: July 2018

Background: The investigation sought to (1) establish the extent of injuries, (2) determine the odds of sustaining an injury, and (3) calculate the injury incidence rate in nonprofessional salsa dance.Methods: Salsa dancers completed an anonymous web-based survey containing 11 demographic background and 10 (1 y retrospective) injury history questions.Results: The response rate was 77%. The final sample of respondents included 303 women and 147 men, of which 22% and 14%, respectively, sustained ≥1 injury during salsa dance in the past year. The odds of injury was 2.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–3.50) times greater (P < .05) for women than for men. Age, body mass index, and salsa dance experience were also found to be significant (allPs < .05) predictors of injury. The injury incidence rate for women and men was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.9–1.4) and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–0.7) injuries per 1000 hours of exposure, respectively.Conclusions: This is the first study to have described salsa dancers in terms of their injury history profile. Results indicate that the likelihood of sustaining an injury during this physical activity is similar to that of ballroom, but lower than that of Spanish, aerobic, and Zumba®, dance.
Knee Surgery Is Associated With Greater Odds of Knee Osteoarthritis Diagnosis
Authors: Thomas Abbey C. , Simon Janet E. , Evans Rachel , Turner Michael J. , Vela Luzita I. , Gribble Phillip A. 
Published: July 2018

Context: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) frequently develops following knee injury/surgery. It is accepted that knee injury/surgery precipitates OA with previous studies examining this link in terms of years after injury/surgery. However, postinjury OA prevalence has not been examined by decade of life; thereby, limiting our understanding of the age at which patients are diagnosed with posttraumatic knee OA. Objective: Evaluate the association between the knee injury and/or surgical history, present age, and history of receiving a diagnosis of knee OA. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Online survey. Participants: A total of 3660 adults were recruited through ResearchMatch©. Of these, 1723 (47.1%) were included for analysis due to history of (1) knee surgery (SURG: n = 276; age = 53.8 [15.3] y; and body mass index [BMI] = 29.9 [8.0] kg/m2), (2) nonsurgical knee injury (INJ: n = 449; age = 46.0 [15.6] y; and BMI = 27.5 [6.9] kg/m2), or (3) no knee injury (CTRL: n = 998; age = 44.0 [25.2] y; and BMI = 26.9 [6.6] kg/m2). Respondents were subdivided by decade of life (20–29 through 70+). Intervention: An electronic survey regarding knee injury history, treatment, and diagnosis of knee OA. Main Outcome Measures: Binary logistic regression determined the association between knee surgical status and OA by decade of life. Participants with no histories of OA or lower-extremity injury were the referent categories. BMI was a covariate in all analyses. Results: SURG respondents were more likely to report having knee OA than CTRL for all age groups (odds ratios: 11.43–53.03; P < .001). INJ respondents aged 30 years and older were more likely to have OA than CTRL (odds ratios: 2.99–14.22; P < .04). BMI influenced associations for respondents in their 50s (P = .001) and 60s (P < .001) only. Conclusions: INJ increased the odds of reporting a physician diagnosis of knee OA in adults as young as 30 to 39 years. Importantly, SURG yielded 3 to 4 times greater odds of being diagnosed with knee OA compared with INJ in adults as young as 20 to 29 years. Delaying disease onset in these young adults is imperative to optimize the quality of life long term after surgery.
The association between sleep duration, sleep quality, and food consumption in adolescents: A cross-sectional study using the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey
Authors: Min Chanyang , Kim Hyung-Jong , Park Il-Seok , Park Bumjung , Kim Jin-Hwan , Sim Songyong , Choi Hyo Geun 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveThis study examined the relationship between sleep duration, sleep quality and food consumption among adolescents.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingData from the 2014 and 2015 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey were used.ParticipantsParticipants aged 12–18 years (n=118 462 (59 431 males and 59 031 females)) were selected.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSleep duration, sleep quality and the frequencies of fruits, soda, soft drinks, fast food, instant noodle, confectionaries, vegetables and milk consumption.ResultsShort sleep durations (<6 hours) were associated with higher soft drinks and confectionaries intake than longer sleep durations (9+ hours) (adjusted ORs (AORs) (95% CIs) for ≥5 times a week for soft drinks: 1.73 (1.57 to 1.91) and confectionaries: 1.32 (1.20 to 1.46); p<0.001). Poor sleep quality, with 7–8 hours of sleep, was associated with a lower intake of fruits, vegetables and milk (AORs (95% CIs) for ≥5 times a week for fruits: 0.71 (0.65 to 0.77); vegetables: 0.66 (0.58 to 0.75); and milk: 0.80 (0.74 to 0.86); each p<0.001), and higher intake of soda, soft drinks, fast food, instant noodle and confectionaries (AORs (95% CIs) for ≥5 times a week for soda: 1.55 (1.40 to 1.70); soft drinks: 1.58 (1.43 to 1.73); fast food: 1.97 (1.65 to 2.35); instant noodle: 1.55 (1.37 to 1.76); and confectionaries: 1.30 (1.18 to 1.43); each p<0.001) than good sleep quality of the same duration.ConclusionShort sleep durations and poor sleep quality might be associated with higher consumption of unhealthier foods, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, fast food, instant noodle and confectionaries, and associated with lower consumption of fruits, vegetables and milk.
Introducing an electronic tracking tool into daily multidisciplinary discharge rounds on a medicine service: a quality improvement project to reduce length of stay
Authors: Meo Nicholas , Paul Evan , Wilson Christopher , Powers Janice , Magbual Marinette , Miles Kari Mae 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundInefficient coordination of care around discharge can increase length of stay, lead to ineffective transitions and contribute an unnecessary cost burden to patients and hospital systems. Multidisciplinary discharge rounds can improve situational awareness among team members leading to more efficient and better coordinated care. This project aimed to standardise the daily discharge rounds occurring on a medicine service to reduce length of stay. Participants included physicians, nurses and social workers.MethodsA key driver diagram was developed to understand drivers of length of stay. Improving multidisciplinary care coordination was targeted as an initial area of focus. Stakeholder interviews were held to understand current participants challenges with the daily discharge rounds process. Baseline assessment included a review of discharges for 6 weeks before the initial intervention. A Plan Do Study Act quality improvement framework was used to implement change.InterventionAn electronic tool was developed which highlighted critical information to be captured during discharge rounds on each current inpatient in a standardised fashion. Information was reviewed and solicited from care teams by a facilitator, then edited and displayed in real time to all team members by a scribe.ResultsThe average length of stay decreased by 1.4 days (p<0.05), an improvement of 21.1%. There was no measured increase on readmission rate during the intervention period.ConclusionAn electronic tool to standardise information gathered among team members in daily discharge rounds led to improvements in length of stay. Multidisciplinary discharge rounds are an important venue for discharge planning across inpatient care teams and efforts to optimise communication between team members can improve care.
Pericardial mass in a 71-year-old man
Authors: Grazzini Giulia , Calistri Linda , Nardi Cosimo 
Published: July 2018

Clinical introductionA 71-year-old man, with a history of chronic aortic regurgitation and negative follow-up after bladder cancer resection 10 months before, had an aortic valve surgery. Two months after, a mass near the right side of the heart had been detected by transthoracic echocardiography performed for dyspnoea, without a cough or fever. The quality of ultrasound images did not allow for an appropriate evaluation due to the outcomes of the sternotomy and the presence of calcified pachypleurite. In order to evaluate this finding, coronary CT (CCT) (figure 1A,B) and positron-emission tomography with 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG-PET) (figure 1C) were performed. Finally, a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was requested (figure 1D–F, see online supplementary videos).Figure 1(A) Short axis image of early contrast enhancement phase coronary CT (CCT); (B) short axis of delayed phase of the same CCT; (C) lesion on positron-emission tomography with 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose image (white arrow); CMR short axis (D) T2-weighted image with fat saturation; (E) T1-weighted image with fat-saturation; (F) T1-weighted image without fat-saturation.QuestionWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis of the pericardial mass?Primary pericardial tumour.Pericardial metastasis.Intrapericardial abscess.Intrapericardial haematoma.
XRCC2 mutation causes meiotic arrest, azoospermia and infertility
Authors: Yang Yongjia , Guo Jihong , Dai Lei , Zhu Yimin , Hu Hao , Tan Lihong , Chen Weijian , Liang Desheng , He Jingliang , Tu Ming , Wang Kewei , Wu Lingqian 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundMeiotic homologous recombination (HR) plays an essential role in gametogenesis. In most eukaryotes, meiotic HR is mediated by two recombinase systems: ubiquitous RAD51 and meiosis-specific DMC1. In the RAD51-mediated HR system, RAD51 and five RAD51 paralogues are essential for normal RAD51 function, but the role of RAD51 in human meiosis is unclear. The knockout of Rad51 or any Rad51 paralogue in mice exhibits embryonic lethality. We investigated a family with meiotic arrest, azoospermia and infertility but without other abnormalities.MethodsHomozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing were performed in a consanguineous family. An animal model carrying a related mutation was created by using a CRISPR/Cas9 system.ResultsWe identified a 1 bp homozygous substitution (c.41T>C/p.Leu14Pro) on a RAD51 paralogue, namely, XRCC2, in the consanguineous family. We did not detect any XRCC2 recessive mutation in a cohort of 127 males with non-obstructive-azoospermia. Knockin mice with Xrcc2-c.T41C/p.Leu14Pro mutation were generated successfully by the CRISPR/Cas9 method. The homozygotes survived and exhibited meiotic arrest, azoospermia, premature ovarian failure and infertility.ConclusionA XRCC2 recessive mutation causing meiotic arrest and infertility in humans was duplicated with knockin mice. Our results revealed a new Mendelian hereditary entity and provided an experimental model of RAD51-HR gene defect in mammalian meiosis.
Long-term effects on income and sickness benefits after work-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy and individual job support: a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Øverland Simon , Grasdal Astrid Louise , Reme Silje Endresen 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThere is moderate quality evidence that integrating work-directed interventions and components from psychological therapies reduces sickness absence in the medium term. We aimed to extend this evidence by examining objectively ascertained income and work participation status up to 4 years after an intervention to improve outcomes among people who struggle with work from common mental disorder.MethodsThe intervention combined components from cognitive behavioural therapy with principles from supported employment, and compared its efficacy with usual care. Outcomes were derived from registry data with no attrition, in a pragmatic multisite randomised controlled trial (N=1193).ResultsThe intervention group had higher income, higher work participation and more months without receiving benefits over the 10-month to 46-month long-term follow-up period after end of treatment, but differences were not statistically significant. For the group on long-term benefits at inclusion, effect sizes were larger and statistically significant.ConclusionThere were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the primary outcome in the total population. In a secondary analysis for the subgroup most at risk of permanent work exclusion, long-term outcomes were favourable in the intervention group compared with usual care. The results support integrated work and health services for people on the severe end of work participation challenges.Trial registration numberNCT01146730.