bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Congenital Hemolytic Syndromes. IV. Gastrointestinal Absorption of Iron
Authors: ERLANDSON MARION E. , WALDEN BEATRICE , STERN GERTRUDE , HILGARTNER MARGARET W. , WEHMAN JACQUELINE , SMITH CARL H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Results of studies of gastrointestinal absorption of ferrous iron in normal children and those with heterozygous thalassemia were similar.
2. In one patient with absent erythropoiesis but severe anemia, no increase in the amount of iron absorbed was noted.
3. In sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease and hereditary spherocytosis having only slight anemia in the presence of increased erythropoiesis, normal amounts of iron were absorbed.
4. Patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia major in whom there was active erythropoiesis and marked anemia absorbed abnormally large amounts of iron. The amount absorbed by individuals with the latter disease could be reduced by administration of transfusions and concomitant suppression of erythropoiesis.
5. Usual values for serum iron and latent iron-binding capacity in several congenital hemolytic syndromes have been presented and their significance discussed.
6. No specific effect on absorption was noted by increased or reduced amounts of tissue or serum iron or by reduced or increased latent iron-binding protein.
Erythroagglutination Reactions in Cancer, Tuberculosis and Pregnancy
Authors: BETTS ANTHONY , RIGBY PERRY G. , FRIEDELL GILBERT H. , EMERSON CHARLES P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A modified anti-human serum erythroagglutination reaction was found to be positive in 48 of 52 cancer patients. Reactions of 13 of 46 pregnant patients, 10 of 35 postpartem patients and 20 of 42 patients with tuberculosis were also positive. Four of 104 random non-cancer patients showed positive tests, but these four patients also exhibited a positive Coombs test or spontaneous autoagglutination in albumin. It has been suggested that the erythrocytes of these patients may be coated by some material of undetermined origin, presumably a globulin and possibly an antibody, which usually escapes detection by the standard Coombs test. This sensitization may be a significant factor in the hemolytic process of patients with malignant or chronic inflammatory states.
Thrombotic State after a Hemorrhagic Diathesis, a Possible Complication of Therapy with Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid
Authors: NAEYE RICHARD L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A hemorrhagic state with afibrinogenemia developed in an 81 year old man with disseminated carcinoma of the prostate. Following administration of epsilon-aminocaproic acid and hydrocortisone, widespread intravascular thromboses developed. It is postulated that epsilon-aminocaproic acid inhibited fibrinolysis and thereby helped to "unmask" a process of intravascular coagulation that had initiated the hemorrhagic diathesis. Although the evidence is less convincing, the administered hydrocortisone may also have contributed to the thrombotic disorder.
Studies on the Nature of the Circulating Anticoagulant Directed against Antihemophilic Factor: With Notes on an Assay for Antihemophilic Factor
Authors: BRECKENRIDGE ROBERT T. , RATNOFF OSCAR D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Modification of the kaolin clotting time has produced a reliable, simple assay system for antihemophilic factor. This system has been utilized for an investigation of the nature and mode of action of the circulating anticoagulant directed against antihemophilic factor.
The anticoagulant has been shown to be present in equal amounts in plasma and serum, to be associated with fractions II and III of plasma prepared by the method of Cohn, to be relatively heat stable and to be stable for prolonged periods at -20 C.
Investigation of the kinetics of the anticoagulant-antihemophilic reaction has demonstrated its temperature, time, pH, and substrate concentration dependency. The anticoagulant is not inactivated during the reaction with antihemophilic factor, and there is a proportional relationship between the anticoagulant and the antihemophilic factor during their interaction.
No antigen-antibody manifestations could be detected during the anticoagulant-antihemophilic factor reaction. These characteristics support the hypothesis that the inactivation of antihemophilic factor by specific circulating anticoagulants is enzymatic.
Heterogeneity of Hemin
Authors: TOALSON L. D. , LUCAS FRED V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method for the separation of the hemin of hemoglobin into three fractions by ascending paper chromatography is presented. The relative concentration of each fraction of hemin in normal dog and human hemoglobin is fairly constant. The relative concentration of the three fractions varies in induced anemia in dogs and in various types of human anemia.
Adrenal Steroids and Neutrophil Mobilization
Authors: FRUHMAN GEORGE J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rats were challenged to mobilize neutrophils by intraperitoneal injection of a bacterial extract. Adrenalectomized rats were able to accomplish this as well as their sham-operated controls. Furthermore, pretreatment of intact animals with moderate doses of cortisol injected subcutaneously did not produce a detectable effect upon neutrophil mobilization. On the other hand, when massive, pharmacologic doses were injected subcutaneously, significantly fewer neutrophils appeared in the peritoneal fluid. Inhibition of neutrophil accumulation was noted when the steroid was injected locally; this was accomplished with relatively small doses when calculated in terms of body weight. The relative ineffectiveness of subcutaneous injection compared with topical administration suggests a direct effect of the hormone, probably upon small blood vessels.
The Effect of Chloramphenicol in Human Bone-marrow Cultures
Authors: VAS MAGDALENE R. , BAIN BARBARA , LOWENSTEIN LOUIS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The effect of chloramphenicol on Fe uptake and Fe incorporation, using Fe59, was studied in human bone-marrow cultures.
2. Choramphenicol, in a concentration of 500 µg. per ml., resulted in a slight depression of uptake of iron by the erythroid cells and in a marked depression of the incorporation of iron into heme.
3. The results suggest that one toxic effect of chloramphenicol upon the bone marrow may involve direct interference with heme synthesis.
4. Under certain experimental conditions the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol upon iron uptake and heme synthesis by the erythroblast is reversible.
Vitamin E Deficiency in the Monkey. IV. Further Studies of the Anemia with Emphasis on Bone Marrow Morphology
Authors: PORTER F. STANLEY , FITCH COY D. , DINNING JAMES S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Nuclear abnormalities were observed in all the erythroid precursors in the bone marrow of vitamin E-deficient monkeys. Many of these cells were multinucleated. The remainder of the marrow elements appeared normal. Reasons for considering the anemia to be primarily due to inadequate erythropoiesis are given.
Serum iron, glutathione stability of the erythrocytes, hemoglobin electrophoresis, osmotic fragilities and platelet counts were all found to be normal in the vitamin E-deficient monkey.
Studies in Iron Metabolism. IV. Iron Absorption in Experimental Iron Deficiency
Authors: BANNERMAN R. M. , O’BRIEN J. R. P. , WITTS L. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1) Whole body counting by means of a large phosphor well scintillation counter has been used to measure the absorption of Fe59-tagged inorganic iron, and shown to compare favourably with other methods.
2) There is a delay in the fecal elimination of the unabsorbed portion of the dose of Fe59 by iron-deficient rats on iron-deficient diet. The cause of this delay is unknown but it may be associated with the marked cecal enlargement which exists in these animals.
3) It is confirmed that iron deficiency is associated with striking enhancement of absorption of ferrous and ferric inorganic iron.
4) When a series of doses of ferrous iron of increasing size from 5 to 1,000 µg. was given, there was a progressive increase in absorption for each increase in dose in both iron-supplemented and iron-deficient rats. The relationship between amount of iron given and amount absorbed suggests that two processes may be involved: 1) simple diffusion, and 2) a carrier mechanism.
5) The effect on iron absorption of a sudden change in iron intake has been investigated. Switch from a low to high iron diet reduces absorption, and from a high to a low iron diet increases absorption, too rapidily for hemoglobin level or body iron stores alone to be the most important governing factors and this finding emphasizes the importance of local changes in the intestine.
Transferrin and the Absorption of Iron
Authors: POLLACK SIMEON , BALCERZAK STANLEY P. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A loop isolated in situ has been used to study iron absorption in the dog. An infusion of iron salt into the artery supplying the isolated loop fails to stop the absorption of iron from the lumen of the gut. Iron absorption appears to be independent of the relative saturation of iron-binding protein.
Familial Hypohaptoglobinemia
Authors: GOTTLIEB ARLAN , WISCH NATHANIEL , ROSS JOHN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1) A family is presented with an inherited deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and serum haptoglobin.
2) The inheritance patterns observed are consistent with those postulated for two genetically determined, independently segregating traits.
3) The presence of a benign metabolic defect, familial hypohaptoglobinemia, in individuals with Hp 2-1 and Hp 2-2 phenotypes and the lack of involvement to date of Hp 1-1 phenotypes is consistent with the hypothesis that some modification of the Hp2 allele is responsible for the low levels of haptoglobin observed.
4) The term hypohaptogiobinemia, rather than anhaptoglobinemia, is suggested for individuals who manifest a genetically determined depression in the level of circulating haptoglobin.
Leukapheresis in Man. III. Hematologic Observations in Patients with Leukemia and Myeloid Metaplasia
Authors: BIERMAN HOWARD R. , MARSHALL G. J. , KELLY K. H. , BYRON R. L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Eleven patients with leukemia and one patient with myeloid metaplasia underwent leukapheresis on 18 occasions for 94 to 275 minutes during which 93 to 1668 x 109 leukocytes were removed. All patients exhibited a significant and continued decline of peripheral leukocyte concentration during or after the procedure. In 12 of the 18 instances, the leukocyte concentration returned slowly to the initial leukocyte level within 1 hour to 22 days. The number of leukocytes withdrawn represented 16 to 247 per cent of the initial circulating volume removed at a rate of 0.13 to 1.14 leukocyte blood volumes per hour. The RAR was 1:1 to 12:1 to the circulating leukocyte number. Rate of replenishment of the circulating immature leukocyte numbers were 4.0 x 107 to 52.2 x 109/Kg./day. The PMN’s were replaced at rates of 10 x 106 to 7.05 x 109/Kg./day which were equal to or slower than in normal subjects. Changes in number occurred in the dominant leukemic cell types without significant shifts in the differential counts. No changes in marrow population other than a slight decrease in cellularity were observed.
The data indicate that in the leukemic patient the peripheral leukocyte concentration was not maintained or replenished promptly following the withdrawal of sizeable quantities of leukocytes, demonstrating a block in transfer of leukocytes from the tissues to the blood. This is in marked contrast to the leukocytosis and marrow stimulation observed in hematopoietically normal subjects following leukaphereses.
The platelet counts fell promptly during leukapheresis, returning toward control levels in eight studies within 7 hours following the procedure. In four studies the platelet counts returned to control levels in 3 to 9 days. The changes in platelet concentrations were similar to those observed with hematologically normal subjects. The size of the platelet reservoir in these leukemic patients is about twice that of the circulating blood.
Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin: A Study of 79 Affected Persons in 15 Negro Families in Baltimore
Authors: CONLEY C. LOCKARD , WEATHERALL DAVID J. , RICHARDSON STUART N. , SHEPARD MARGUERITE K. , CHARACHE SAMUEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin is an anomaly of hemoglobin production apparently caused by a mutant gene that inhibits synthesis of hemoglobins A and A2. Alkali-resistant hemoglobin indistinguishable from hemoglobin F of umbilical cord blood is produced, presumably as a compensatory phenomenon, so that neither anemia nor hypochromia of the red cells occurs. The data summarized are compatible with the hypothesis that function of the loci of the β and δ chains of globin is wholly suppressed, quite possibly by a mutant "operator" gene affecting linked structural loci. Heterozygotes for the anomaly have high concentrations of hemoglobin F in the erythrocytes, with a remarkably uniform distribution of fetal hemoglobin throughout the red cell population. Erythrocytes of persons with the anomaly resemble adult red cells with respect to the non-hemoglobin proteins and the oxygen dissociation curve. Experience with 79 affected Negroes in Baltimore is compared with that reported by other investigators. The occasional difficulty in differentiating the anomaly from other conditions, particularly thalassemia, is emphasized.
Cellular Localization of Profibrinolysin (Plasminogen)
Authors: BARNHART MARION I. , RIDDLE JEANNE M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A previously unrecognized property of the human eosinophil is described; namely, profibrinolysin localization within the eosinophilic granules of bone marrow cells. For this demonstration the fluorescent antibody technic was employed. Highly specific fluorescent antiprofibrinolysin marked all members of the eosinophilic series. As maturation proceeded, the profibrinolysin content increased with the greatest intensity of fluorescence seen in the mature eosinophils. These findings are compatible with the view that the bone marrow eosinophil is the site of profibrinolysin synthesis.
Mature eosinophils in peripheral blood smears consistently stained less intensely. Apparently profibrinolysin is tranported from the marrow and released to the circulation and tissues when needed. These findings may be interpreted as indicating a role of the eosinophil in clot lysis and in maintaining the fluidity of the blood.
The Reduction of Methemoglobin in Erythrocytes of a Patient with Congenital Methemoglobinemia, Subjects with Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, and Normal Individuals
Authors: JAFFÉ ERNST R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The pathways for the reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin that are dependent upon the generation of reduced pyridine nucleotides were studied in normal human erythrocytes, in erythrocytes deficient in G-6-PD activity and in erythrocytes of a subject with congenital methemoglobinemia. Reduction of methemoglobin, produced by treatment with nitrite, occurred at equivalent rates in normal and G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes, but failed to occur in the erythrocytes of the patient with congenital methemoglobinemia upon incubation with glucose or inosine. The DPNH-utilizing diaphorase-like system was normal in hemolysates of G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes, but was markedly deficient in hemolysates of erythrocytes of the subject with congenital methemoglobinemia. The marked acceleration of methemoglobin reduction that occurred upon the addition of methylene blue to normal erythrocytes and to the erythrocytes of the woman with congenital methemoglobinemia did not occur with G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes. The TPNH-utilizing methemoglobin reductase system was normal in hemolysates of erythrocytes of the patient with congenital methemoglobinemia, but was reduced to about 50 per cent of normal activity in hemolysates of G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes.
The reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin in intact normal and G-6-PD deficient human erythrocytes probably proceeds by way of a DPNH-utilizing, diaphorase-like system that is deficient in the erythrocytes of one type of congenital methemoglobinemia. The TPNH-utilizing methemoglobin reductase appears to be a reserve system that requires an artificial electron carrier, such as methylene blue, to become fully effective in reducing methemoglobin to hemoglobin. The TPNH-methemoglobin reductase system is impaired in G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes not only because of a deficient source of TPNH, but, perhaps, also because of a defect in this methemoglobin reductase system itself.
Effects of Local Irradiation (Co60 Teletherapy) on the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow
Authors: GOSWITZ F. A. , ANDREWS G. A. , KNISELEY R. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Local Co60 teletherapy caused a reduction in leukocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.
2. The bone marrow demonstrated no morphologic change in nonirradiated control sites.
3. Local irradiation produced a pronounced and persistent hypoplasia in the treated sites during and after irradiation, with a great reduction in the numbers of megakaryocytes and precursors of red and white cells. During the period of greatest radiation effect the persistent cells were chiefly plasma cells, "mononuclear cells," and lymphocytes.
4. Even after "cancerocidal" radiotherapy, irradiated bone marrow shows some capacity to regenerate as evidenced by appearance of precursors of various cell series and their ability to incorporate tritium-labeled thymidine.
5. Hemosiderin increased in varying degrees in irradiated sites but showed no change in the control sites.
6. Satisfactory marrow samples can be aspirated from the pubic bone.
Energy Metabolism in the Erythrocytes of Premature Infants Compared to Full Term Newborn Infants and Adults
Authors: GROSS RUTH T. , SCHROEDER ELEANOR A. R. , BROUNSTEIN SUSAN A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The following aspects of energy metabolism have been compared in the erythrocytes of premature infants, full term newborn infants, and adults: levels of activity of the enzymes involved in the generation and utilization of ATP, and measurements of the content of ATP and of ADP.
2. The levels of activity of hexokinase, phosphoglyceric acid kinase and pyruvate kinase are significantly increased in the erythrocytes of premature and full term newborn infants compared to adults.
3. The level of activity of phosphofructokinase is significantly decreased in the erythrocytes of premature and full term newborn infants compared to adults.
4. In the erythrocytes of premature infants the content of ATP is significantly increased compared to both full term newborns and adults. The content of ADP is not increased. The percentage content of ADP is significantly below the values found in full term newborn infants and adults.
5. In the erythrocytes of full term newborn infants the content of both ATP and ADP is significantly greater than in adults. The ratio of ADP to the total amount of ATP plus ADP does not differ from the adult value.
Reutilization of Iron in Anemia Complicating Malignant Neoplasms
Authors: HAURANI FARID I. , YOUNG KENT , TOCANTINS LEANDRO M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A study of reutilization of iron by means of Fe59-tagged hemoglobin solution given to normal individuals yielded a rate of reutilization of 70 per cent or more, evidence perhaps that the active storage pool of iron at a given moment is not larger than the plasma iron compartment. Reutilization of iron in patients with anemia complicating malignancy disease has shown a significant decrease which correlates well with the severity of the anemia.
Humoral Regulation of Erythropoiesis. XI. The Pattern of Response to Specific Therapy in Iron Deficiency Anemia
Authors: MOORES RUSSELL R. , STOHLMAN FREDERICK , BRECHER GEORGE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Short-lived macrocytes were produced in response to specific therapy in severely iron-deficient rats and in two patients. These findings add weight to our hypothesis that the production of defective, short-lived macrocytes is a phenomenon common to states in which there is marked erythroid hyperactivity in the presence of adequate nutrients.
Ferritin-Containing Bodies in Human Small Intestinal Epitheliuin
Authors: HARTMAN ROBERTA S. , CONRAD MARCEL E. , HARTMAN RICHARD E. , JOY ROBERT J. T. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ferritin was identified in the absorptive cells of human jejunum from normal iron-replete subjects by the demonstration of the tetrad form of the iron hydroxide micelle of the ferritin molecule. In a few sections ferritin molecules were observed to be dispersed in the cytoplasm, but usually they were within inclusion bodies found in the apical cytoplasm. These ferritin-containing bodies were oval in profile and 0.5-1.5 µ long. They were not bounded by membrane but did have a moderately dense background substance which made a sharp boundary with the cytoplasmic ground substance. A few clues suggest that the body itself, but not necessarily its substance, is formed within the Golgi apparatus.
The Rate of Iron Accumulation in Iron Storage Disease
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. , CONRAD MARCEL E. , WHEBY MUNSEY S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. By means of phlebotomy to recover and measure accumulated iron and by determining the rate of replenishment of hemoglobin after induction of iron-deficiency anemia, it is possible to compute the rate at which iron is accumulated by absorption from the diet. Normal humans are presumed to be in iron balance and absorb iron only to replace what is lost; under these conditions they accumulate none. During recovery from induced iron deficiency a normal human accumulated iron at the rate of 5 to 6 mg. per day.
2. Patients with hemochromatosis were found to accumulate iron at the rate of 1.5 to 5 mg. per day. With iron deficiency the rate increased to 8 to 10 mg. per day. Because of uncertainty concerning the manner of onset of iron accumulation in hemochromatosis, whether gradual or abrupt, it is not possible by extrapolation to establish the time of onset in these patients. However, at the rates of accumulation established in this study there was an insufficient excess of iron to permit a conclusion that such rates had existed throughout the patient’s life. If the disease began early, the initial or interim rates were less than those found. If the disease began and continued at the rate found, its onset was 10 to 17 years prior to this study.
3. In a patient with hypochromic iron-loading anemia the rate of accumulation was about 2.5 mg. per day. It was not appreciably increased by iron deficiency except when the deficiency was severe and the plasma iron was quite low. While this patient was iron deficient the plasma iron became abnormally high even before the hemoglobin mass was completely reconstituted.
4. A patient with transfusion siderosis who had recovered from his anemia was phlebotomized to remove the accumulated iron. When iron deficiency finally developed the total amount of iron which had been recovered was less than half of the 32.5 Gm. given in the transfusions some years before. It was computed that during those years the patient was losing iron at a rate of about 4.0 mg. per day. The rate of iron accumulation during his recovery from the induced iron deficiency was the same as the normal: 5 to 6 mg. per day.
5. The ability to lose iron which is in excess of requirement is implicit in the demonstration of iron-laden deciduous cells such as the glandular epithelium of the stomach and duodenum and macrophages in the intestinal villi.
6. In hemochromatosis there is a failure of the intestinal mucosal block to prevent absorption of unneeded iron. When absorption exceeds the capacity of the iron excretory mechanisms, iron accumulation occurs. In iron deficiency the excretory mechanisms become less active so that the rate of iron accumulation is further increased.