bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Process of Implementing an Outdoor School Ground Smoking Ban at Secondary Schools
Authors: Rozema Andrea D. , Mathijssen Jolanda J.P. , van Oers Hans A.M. , Jansen Maria W.J. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAlthough outdoor smoking bans at school are becoming important, it remains unclear whether successful implementation is feasible and what conditions promote it. Therefore, this study evaluates the implementation process by identifying important factors.METHODSInterviews were held with directors of 24 secondary schools that had decided to implement an outdoor school ground smoking ban, to identify important factors during implementation. Additionally, observations were made before and (about 4 weeks) after implementation to evaluate adherence to guidelines. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach.RESULTSDuring implementation, the following items were important: smoking ban (eg, guidelines), school (eg, policy, enforcement, environmental factors, resources, etc), and external factors (eg, social environment). Four schools were unable to implement the ban, 20 schools implemented the ban but student adherence was low, and at 4 schools, staff members still smoked on school grounds.CONCLUSIONSAlthough implementation is feasible, there are challenges. Schools need to apply a phased/dynamic process with ample lead time and clear communication of the policy. Directors should deal with offenders by strictly enforcing the ban and helping them stop smoking. This study offers information to help institutes implement an outdoor smoking ban to further protect adolescents from the harm of smoking.
Systematic Review: Frameworks Used in School‐Based Interventions, the Impact on Hispanic Children's Obesity‐Related Outcomes
Authors: Andrade Jeanette , Lotton Jennifer , Andrade Juan 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDChildhood obesity among Hispanic children is a public health concern in the United States and Mexico. Although experiences from school‐based intervention programs aimed at influencing obesity‐related behaviors have been positive, the understanding of those framework elements that are associated with successful outcomes is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the frameworks used within school‐based intervention programs in the United States and Mexico that showed improvements in obesity‐related outcomes among Hispanic children.METHODSA systematic review of the literature was conducted using 4 electronic databases. Inclusion criteria included: incorporating a framework or aspects of frameworks within an intervention, more than 50% of Hispanic children used in the study and obesity‐related outcomes (eg, dietary behaviors and anthropometric measurements). Data extraction and evaluation were completed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Manual.RESULTSTen articles (United States = 4; Mexico = 6) meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated. Eight studies that included a community‐based framework, intensive nutrition education, and continuous communication among stakeholders resulted in improvements in dietary behaviors and anthropometric measurements among children compared to control groups.CONCLUSIONSIncorporating community‐based frameworks may increase the efficacy of school‐based intervention programs to reduce obesity‐related outcomes among Hispanic children.
Babesia gibsoni cytochrome b mutations in canine blood samples submitted to a US veterinary diagnostic laboratory
Authors: Birkenheuer Adam J. , Marr Henry S. , Wilson James M. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Qurollo Barbara A. 
Published: October 2018

Background: Babesiosis caused by Babesia gibsoni is recognized throughout the world and can be difficult to treat. Resistance to atovaquone is associated with mutations in the B. gibsoni mitochondrial genome, specifically the M128 position of cytochrome b (cytb). The prevalence of cytb mutations in North America has not been reported.
Hypothesis/Objectives: The objective of our study was to describe the prevalence of cytb M128 mutations in B. gibsoni in canine blood samples submitted to a US veterinary diagnostic laboratory. A secondary objective was to determine whether or not some dogs had wild‐type cytb in our initial samples then had M128 mutations detected in follow‐up samples.
Animals: One‐Hundred seventy‐four dogs that tested positive for the presence of B. gibsoni between 2012 and 2017.
Methods: Case series of consecutive samples submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Partial B. gibsoni cytb genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and screened for the presence of mutations at the M128 position.
Results: The overall prevalence of M128 mutants was 3.5% (6/173 dogs) in the initial samples. The incidence of new cytb mutants in dogs that tested positive for B. gibsoni, which then had follow‐up testing, was 12.1% (5/41).
Conclusions and Clinic Importance: Our study reaffirms that B. gibsoni infection is widespread and most commonly detected in American Staffordshire Terrier/American Pit Bull Terrier dogs (128/174, 74% of the infected dogs in our study). The prevalence of cytb mutations does not warrant pretreatment genotyping.
The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats
Authors: Adrian Derek , Papich Mark G. , Baynes Ronald , Stafford Emma , Lascelles B. Duncan X. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundGabapentin is the most commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats. Despite this common and chronic usage, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic data is lacking.ObjectivesTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics of clinically relevant dosing regimens of gabapentin in cats.AnimalsEight research‐purpose mixed‐breed cats.MethodsCats were enrolled in a serial order, non‐randomized pharmacokinetic study. Gabapentin was administered as an IV bolus (5 mg/kg), orally (10 mg/kg) as a single dose or twice daily for 2 weeks, or as a transdermal gel (10 mg/kg) in serial order. Serial blood samples were collected up to 48 hours. Plasma concentrations were determined using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry. Compartmental analysis was used to generate gabapentin time‐concentration models.ResultsAfter IV administration CL (median (range)) and terminal half‐life were 160.67 mL/kg*hr (119.63‐199.11) and 3.78 hours (3.12‐4.47), respectively. The oral terminal half‐life was 3.63 hours (2.96‐4.77), and 3.72 hours (3.12‐4.51) for single and repeated dosing. TMAX and CMAX, as predicted by the model were 1.05 hours (0.74‐2.11), and 12.42 μg/mL (8.31‐18.35) after single oral dosing, and 0.77 hours (0.58‐1.64), and 14.78 μg/mL (9.70‐18.41) after repeated oral dosing. Bioavailability after a single oral dose was 94.77% (82.46‐122.83).ImportanceRepeated oral dosing of gabapentin did not alter the drug's pharmacokinetics, making dose adjustments unnecessary with long‐term treatment. As prepared, the transdermal route is an inappropriate choice for drug administration. These relevant data are important for future studies evaluating potential efficacy of the medication for treating chronic pain states in cats.
Scale Matters in Contextual Analysis of Extreme Right Voting and Political Attitudes
Authors: David Quentin , Pilet Jean‐Benoit , Van Hamme Gilles 
Published: October 2018

SummaryA large body of literature has explored the rise of extreme right parties since the 1980s in Europe. A number of studies have assessed whether the context, particularly the level of unemployment and immigration, impacts support for the extreme right and found contradictory results. We argue in this paper that these contradictions might simply result from differences in the scale used to assess the context. We systematically test the impact of immigration and unemployment, measured at various scales, on extreme right voting and attitudes towards immigrants and immigration, using two alternative approaches with data for Belgium. In the concentric approach, we measure the unemployment and the presence of migrants within various radii around each respondent's residence. In the polarized approach, we consider the actual polarization of space, using the very local scale (statistical district), the living pool (municipality), and the employment pool. We show that the scale choice changes the results and that the most significant impacts are generally found at intermediary scales.
A tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein has profound effects on assembly of periplasmic flagella, morphology and motility of the lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Moon Ki Hwan , Zhao Xiaowei , Xu Hui , Liu Jun , Motaleb Md A. 
Published: October 2018

SummarySpirochetes possess a unique periplasmic flagellar motor component called the collar. However, little is known about the composition or function of the flagellar collar proteins. To identify a collar protein, we have inactivated almost all genes annotated as motility‐related in the Borrelia burgdorferi genome and identified only FlbB, which comprises the base of the collar. Since the major components of the collar complex remained unidentified, we took advantage of a protein–protein interaction map developed in another spirochete, Treponema pallidum to identify proteins of unknown function that could be collar proteins. Subsequently, using various comprehensive approaches, we identified a tetratricopeptide repeat protein BB0236 as a potential candidate for the collar. Biochemical assays indicated that FlbB interacts with BB0236. Furthermore, ∆bb0236 mutant analyses indicated that BB0236 is crucial for collar structure assembly, cellular morphology, motility, orientation of periplasmic flagella and assembly of other flagellar structures. Moreover, using comparative motor analyses, we propose how the collar structure is assembled in B. burgdorferi. Together, our studies provide new insights into the organization and the complex assembly inherent to the unique spirochetal collar structure.
A shifting balance: responses of mixotrophic marine algae to cooling and warming under UVR
Authors: Cabrerizo Marco J. , González‐Olalla Juan Manuel , Hinojosa‐López Víctor J. , Peralta‐Cornejo Francisco J. , Carrillo Presentación 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Mixotrophy is a dominant metabolic strategy in ecosystems worldwide. Shifts in temperature (T) and light (i.e. the ultraviolet portion of spectrum (UVR)) are key abiotic factors that modulate the conditions under which an organism is able to live. However, whether the interaction between both drivers alters mixotrophy in a global‐change context remains unassessed.

To determine the T × UVR effects on relative electron transport rates, nonphotochemical quenching, bacterivory, and bacterial production, we conducted an experiment with Isochrysis galbana populations grown mixotrophically, which were exposed to 5°C of cooling and warming with respect to the control (19°C) with (or without) UVR over light–dark cycles and different timescales.

At the beginning of the experiment, cooling inhibited the relative electron transport and bacterivory rates, whereas warming depressed only bacterivory regardless of the radiation treatment. By the end of the experiment, warming and UVR conditions stimulated bacterivory. These reduced relative electron transport rates (c. 50% (warming) and > 70% (cooling)) were offset by increased (35%) cumulative bacterivory rates under warming and UVR conditions.

We propose that mixotrophy constitutes an energy‐saving and a compensatory mechanism to gain carbon (C) when photosynthesis is impaired, and highlight the need to consider the natural environmental changes affecting the populations when we test the impacts of interacting global‐change drivers.
Caudal and intravenous dexmedetomidine similarly prolong the duration of caudal analgesia in children: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yao Yusheng , Yu Chao , Zhang Xiaolan , Guo Yanhua , Zheng Xiaochun 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundDexmedetomidine can prolong the duration of action of a local anesthetic agent, but the route of administration that is the most beneficial remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of caudal or intravenous dexmedetomidine administration on postoperative analgesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair given caudal levobupivacaine.MethodsThis was a prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial. Ninety ASA I subjects, aged 2‐5 year, undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair were enrolled. The children were randomized in a double‐blind fashion to three groups. The L‐Dcau group received 1 mL/kg of caudal 0.25% levobupivacaine plus 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and IV 20 mL saline. The L‐Div group received 1 mL/kg of caudal 0.25% levobupivacaine and IV 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine in 20 mL saline. The L group received 1 mL/kg of caudal 0.25% levobupivacaine and IV 20 mL saline. The primary outcome was the duration of analgesia, which was defined as the time from the caudal block to a Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) score ≥4. Secondary outcomes were the number of patients requiring rescue analgesia, pain intensity, the incidence of emergence agitation, intraoperative hemodynamic variations, residual motor block, and adverse effects.ResultsThe median duration of analgesia in the L‐Dcau group was 14.2 hour compared to 6 hour in the L group with a median difference of 8.5 hour [95% CI (6.5, 10.5), P < 0.001]. The median duration of analgesia in the L‐Div group was 12.4 hour compared to 6 hour in the L group with a median difference of 6.4 hour [95% CI (4, 8.5), P < 0.001]. Fewer patients in the L‐Dcau and L‐Div groups required rescue analgesia in the first 24 hour postoperatively compared to the L group, although there was no significant difference between the L‐Dcau and L‐Div groups for these outcomes. Both dexmedetomidine routes reduced the pain and the incidence of emergence agitation. No bradycardia, hypotension, or motor block was observed in any of the three groups.ConclusionCaudal and IV dexmedetomidine similarly prolong the duration of analgesia produced by caudal levobupivacaine.
Perceptions of the Rule of Law: Evidence on the Impact of Judicial Insulation*
Authors: Yates Jeff , Whitford Andrew B. , Brown David 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesThe purpose of this article is to determine whether judicial insulation influences how individuals assess the rule of law.MethodsWe employ panel data models using data collected by the World Bank and other sources to differentiate the influence of two kinds of judicial insulation—designed (de jure) and implemented (de facto)—on individuals’ perceptions of the viability of the rule of law in their country.ResultsWe find that while insulation (as designed) has no bearing on how individuals score rule of law strength, insulation (as implemented) increases individual assessments. Notably, we find that disappointment from unmet expectations—where institutional implementation falls short of design—negatively influences rule of law strength scores.ConclusionsWe conclude that the degree to which expectations regarding the insulation and independence of the judiciary are met (or not met) can have important implications for how the viability of the rule of law is perceived.
Another Look at the Acceptability of Bare Singular NPs in Episodic Sentences in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Ionin Tania , Grolla Elaine , Santos Hélade 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBare (determinerless) singular NPs in Brazilian Portuguese have been variously analyzed as indefinite terms, as kind terms, or as ambiguous between the two. It has furthermore been noted (Schmitt & Munn and subsequent literature) that bare singulars, unlike bare plurals, are degraded in the preverbal subject position of episodic sentences but that their acceptability is improved when they are embedded in a list. We conducted an experimental study examining the effects of NP type, syntactic position, and list context on the acceptability of bare NPs in Brazilian Portuguese. Our results indicate that the low acceptability of bare singulars in the subject position of episodic sentences results from the additive effects of three separate factors, rather than from a constraint against bare singulars in subject position. Implications of these findings for theories of bare‐NP interpretation in Brazilian Portuguese are discussed.
Prices, availability and affordability of insulin products: a cross‐sectional survey in Shaanxi Province, western China
Authors: Li Zongjie , Feng Qinqin , Kabba John Alimamy , Yang Caijun , Chang Jie , Jiang Minghuan , Zhao Mingyue , Yu Jiale , Xu Sen , Li Qian , Zhai Panpan , Fang Yu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate price, availability and affordability of insulin products in Shaanxi Province, western China.MethodsWe used a simplified and adapted WHO/Health Action International method to obtain the availability and prices of insulin products and five oral anti‐diabetic medicines as comparators in public general hospitals and private retail outlets. In addition, we investigated the price components of eight selected insulin products by tracing the supply chain.ResultsAll three kinds of insulin products, prandial, basal and premixed insulin, are 100% available in public hospitals, and have fairly high availability in the private sector (62.5–68.8%). The prices of most insulin products were higher than international reference prices in both sectors (ranging from 0.95 times to 2.33 times). All insulin products were unaffordable as they would cost 3.5–17.1 days' wage of the lowest‐paid government workers in Shaanxi. The manufacturer's markup (selling price), which comprised more than 60% of the final price of all insulin products surveyed, was the largest price component.ConclusionsAlthough availability of insulin products was high in public general hospitals and private retail pharmacies, their high price made them unaffordable to diabetes patients, especially low‐income patients. The government should increase insurance compensation for those who need these life‐saving medicines or decrease the cost of insulin products through negotiation with suppliers.
Comparing two blood culture systems for the detection of bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates
Authors: Chetouane Yasmine , Gallian Pierre , Chetouane Kahina , Dubourg Gregory , Chiaroni Jacques , Raoult Didier , Camoin‐Jau Laurence 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUNDThe transfusion of platelet concentrates (PCs) contaminated with bacteria may cause serious, and even fatal, septic reactions in patients. The aim of this study was to compare the VersaTREK with the BACTEC FX automated culture systems for screening bacterial contamination, directly after the delay of 24 hours of preparation to obtain the final pooled buffy coat PCs, to prevent transfusion‐transmitted bacterial infections.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSSeven bacterial strains were each inoculated into five replicate pooled buffy coat PCs at approximately 100 colony‐forming units/unit, and 5‐ or 10‐mL samples were inoculated into duplicate aerobic culture bottles. The time and detection rates were compared between BACTEC FX, as a reference method, and VersaTREK.RESULTSTime to detection was significantly shorter using VersaTREK for most species detected by both systems for the volumes tested. Of 70 VersaTREK cultures, 69 (98.57% detection rate) were positive after 24 hours of incubation with the 5‐mL sample. In contrast, the BACTEC FX system detected all positive samples in PCs for the volume of 10 mL, although seven samples were false negatives for the 5‐mL volume.CONCLUSIONThe VersaTREK system compared favorably to the BACTEC FX system for 5‐mL volumes (p < 0.05) and could be considered a potential method for detecting bacterial contamination in PC samples directly after 24 hours of preparation of the final pooled buffy coat PCs.
Unique Views on Obesity-Related Behaviors and Environments: Research Using Still and Video Images
Authors: Carlson Jordan A. , Hipp J. Aaron , Kerr Jacqueline , Horowitz Todd S. , Berrigan David 
Published: October 2018

Objectives: To document challenges to and benefits from research involving the use of images by capturing examples of such research to assess physical activity– or nutrition-related behaviors and/or environments.Methods: Researchers (i.e., key informants) using image capture in their research were identified through knowledge and networks of the authors of this paper and through literature search. Twenty-nine key informants completed a survey covering the type of research, source of images, and challenges and benefits experienced, developed specifically for this study.Results: Most respondents used still images in their research, with only 26.7% using video. Image sources were categorized as participant generated (n = 13; e.g., participants using smartphones for dietary assessment), researcher generated (n = 10; e.g., wearable cameras with automatic image capture), or curated from third parties (n = 7; e.g., Google Street View). Two of the major challenges that emerged included the need for automated processing of large datasets (58.8%) and participant recruitment/compliance (41.2%). Benefit-related themes included greater perspectives on obesity with increased data coverage (34.6%) and improved accuracy of behavior and environment assessment (34.6%).Conclusions: Technological advances will support the increased use of images in the assessment of physical activity, nutrition behaviors, and environments. To advance this area of research, more effective collaborations are needed between health and computer scientists. In particular development of automated data extraction methods for diverse aspects of behavior, environment, and food characteristics are needed. Additionally, progress in standards for addressing ethical issues related to image capture for research purposes is critical.
Insects and the Transmission of Bacterial Agents
Authors: Laroche Maureen , Raoult Didier , Parola Philippe 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Arthropods are small invertebrate animals, among which some species are hematophagous. It is during their blood meal that they can transmit pathogenic microorganisms that they may be harboring to the vertebrate host that they parasitize, which in turn will potentially develop a vector-borne disease. The transmission may occur directly through their bite, but also through contaminated feces. Zoonotic diseases, diseases that can naturally be transmitted between humans and animals, are a considerable part of emerging diseases worldwide, and a major part of them are vector-borne. Research and public attention has long been focused on malaria and mosquito-borne arboviruses, and bacterial vector-borne diseases remains today a neglected field of medical entomology. Despite the emphasis on Lyme disease in recent decades, and despite the major outbreaks caused by bacteria in the last few centuries, this field has in fact been poorly explored and is therefore relatively poorly known, other than the most famous examples such as the plague and epidemic typhus outbreaks. Here we propose to review the state of knowledge of bacterial agents transmitted by arthropod vectors.