bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring social‐based discrimination among nursing home certified nursing assistants
Authors: Travers Jasmine L. , Teitelman Anne M. , Jenkins Kevin A. , Castle Nicholas G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCertified nursing assistants (CNAs) provide the majority of direct care to nursing home residents in the United States and, therefore, are keys to ensuring optimal health outcomes for this frail older adult population. These diverse direct care workers, however, are often not recognized for their important contributions to older adult care and are subjected to poor working conditions. It is probable that social‐based discrimination lies at the core of poor treatment toward CNAs. This review uses perspectives from critical social theory to explore the phenomenon of social‐based discrimination toward CNAs that may originate from social order, power, and culture. Understanding manifestations of social‐based discrimination in nursing homes is critical to creating solutions for severe disparity problems among perceived lower‐class workers and subsequently improving resident care delivery.
Frequent fire reorganizes fungal communities and slows decomposition across a heterogeneous pine savanna landscape
Authors: Semenova‐Nelsen Tatiana A. , Platt William J. , Patterson Taylor R. , Huffman Jean , Sikes Benjamin A. 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Pyrogenic savannas with a tree–grassland ‘matrix’ experience frequent fires (i.e. every 1–3 yr). Aboveground responses to frequent fires have been well studied, but responses of fungal litter decomposers, which directly affect fuels, remain poorly known. We hypothesized that each fire reorganizes belowground communities and slows litter decomposition, thereby influencing savanna fuel dynamics.

In a pine savanna, we established patches near and away from pines that were either burned or unburned in that year. Within patches, we assessed fungal communities and microbial decomposition of newly deposited litter. Soil variables and plant communities were also assessed as proximate drivers of fungal communities.

Fungal communities, but not soil variables or vegetation, differed substantially between burned and unburned patches. Saprotrophic fungi dominated in unburned patches but decreased in richness and relative abundance after fire. Differences in fungal communities with fire were greater in litter than in soils, but unaffected by pine proximity. Litter decomposed more slowly in burned than in unburned patches.

Fires drive shifts between fire‐adapted and sensitive fungal taxa in pine savannas. Slower fuel decomposition in accordance with saprotroph declines should enhance fuel accumulation and could impact future fire characteristics. Thus, fire reorganization of fungal communities may enhance persistence of these fire‐adapted ecosystems.
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator in primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death: A meta‐analysis
Authors: León Salas Beatriz , Trujillo‐Martín María M. , García García Javier , Ramallo Fariña Yolanda , García Quintana Antonio , Quirós López Raúl , Serrano‐Aguilar Pedro 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundSubcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (S‐ICD) is gaining in popularity for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. The objective was to evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of the S‐ICD for prevention of sudden cardiac death compared to transvenous cardioverter‐defibrillator (TV‐ICD).MethodsA systematic review with meta‐analyses was performed. The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCI, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were consulted in March 2018 with no restrictions on publication date. Predefined criteria were used to determine inclusion of studies and to assess their methodologic quality.ResultsTen longitudinal‐observational studies with comparison group presenting moderate methodologic flaws were included (N = 7820). The combination of results indicates that health‐related quality of life is not significantly different between S‐ICD and TV‐ICD groups (Physical health: MD = 2.90; 95% CI = −3.88, 9.68/Mental health: MD = 0.13; 95% CI = −2.11, 2.37). Mortality occurred in 4.4% of S‐ICD patients and 5.9% of TV‐ICD patients died (OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.50, 1.24). The incidence of infections (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 0.93, 3.43) and inappropriate shocks (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.91, 1.78) is not significantly different between both groups. The S‐ICD reduces complications related to electrodes/leads (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.29) and has lower electrodes/leads movement compared with TV‐ICD (OR = 0.26; 95% CI 0.10, 0.67). In contrast, pneumothorax is more likely in TV‐ICD than S‐ICD (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.97).ConclusionsS‐ICD reduces electrodes/leads movement, electrodes/leads related complications, and pneumothorax. Our study did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in mortality, health‐related quality of life, and infection rate between S‐ICD and TV‐ICD.
Early modern merchant’s marks in medieval English manuscripts
Authors: Kittel Thomas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMerchant’s marks were symbols used by merchants and traders from the early middle ages to the seventeenth century. They functioned as nonverbal signatures in trade networks, and in later centuries as quasiheraldic emblems for wealthy mercantile families. They are common in medieval architecture, and were widely studied in this context by nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century scholars. Their presence in books is more difficult to trace, and often crosses period boundaries as owners inscribed books acquired second hand. This article reveals a previously unexplored history of Tudor merchant’s marks entered into medieval manuscript books. A number of sixteenth‐ and seventeenth‐century merchants acquired luxury copies of literary texts produced in the fifteenth century, often circulating, gifting, or bequeathing them to others. Merchant’s marks functioned as symbols of professional identity in these practices of ownership and exchange. The article considers the implications of this self‐fashioning for our understanding of early modern book use, demonstrating how the ownership and social function of a book might have been detached from its contents, reflecting instead its aesthetic value, or the space it offered for memorialisation or recordkeeping.
A novel near‐peer reflective writing workshop
Authors: Herrick‐Reynolds Kayleigh , Sewanan Lorenzo R , Zheng Daniel J , Wang Priscilla , Encandela John , Shahu Andi , Reisman Anna 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBackgroundTraining in clinical medicine involves exposure to complex ethical and emotional situations. Reflection aids in the development of personal belief systems and improves self‐awareness. Students may be reluctant to participate when reflection is mandatory and may be concerned about retaliation when the facilitator has a role in evaluations. Near‐peers are institutional equals with more experience than the participants and may be well suited to facilitate reflection.MethodsA quarterly near‐peer‐facilitated reflective writing workshop (RWW) was implemented in the mandatory clinical curriculum at a single institution. Qualitative feedback forms were solicited and were analysed through an iterative and inductive consensus process. An end‐of‐year web‐based survey was distributed to test the hypotheses generated from our analysis of the feedback forms.ResultsThere were 82 responses (80%) to the web‐based survey and 266 (65%) feedback forms were collected. Although few students reported using writing as a coping mechanism, the RWW was viewed favourably, with 62% indicating that they would attend if optional. The structured prompts aided reflection. Students reported a higher likelihood of discussing difficult topics (doubts about medicine as a career, personal shortcomings, harassment and burnout) in sessions led by a near‐peer than by a faculty member. The workshop created a safe space to reflect, increased a sense of camaraderie and helped normalise experiences.[The workshop] humanised the clinical experience, gave new perspective and reminded students of their positive personal accomplishmentsDiscussionThe near‐peer‐facilitated RWW is a novel intervention aimed at developing reflective practice and coping with the challenges of entering clinical medicine. It is highly structured and has been incorporated into the mandatory curriculum. It was well received by students, is generalisable and is easily implementable.
Shallow necking depth and differential denudation linked to post‐rift continental reactivation: The origin of the Cenozoic basins in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Silva Rafael M. , Sacek Victor 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe southeastern Brazilian margin presents post‐breakup Cenozoic tectonism that created a series of grabens and small sedimentary basins, known as the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil. The formation of this rift occurred long after the South Atlantic ocean opening and has been attributed to different mechanisms like regional uplift induced by hotspot activity, pulses of Andean orogeny and reactivation of pre‐existing faults. However, the proposed models lack an analytical or numerical verification from a geodynamic point of view. Based on finite element modelling of the lithospheric stress field evolution we conclude that a shallow necking depth, consistent with the hyperextended southeastern Brazilian margin, combined with differential denudation of the continent, resulted in an extensional stress field in the upper crust that induced the observed Cenozoic tectonism.
CT imaging features of canine thymomas
Authors: von Stade Lauren , Randall Elissa K. , Rao Sangeeta , Marolf Angela J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCanine thymomas have been evaluated based on clinical features, treatment options, surgical excision, and outcomes with limited information on specific CT features. The objective of this retrospective, descriptive, cross‐sectional study was to describe the CT characteristics of confirmed thymomas and to compare these imaging features to outcome. A total of 22 dogs met the inclusion criteria of histologically confirmed thymomas with concurrent CT imaging. Tumor size varied widely ranging from small and well‐circumscribed to large and invasive. Delayed‐phase, contrast‐enhanced CT studies were best for determining the degree of contrast enhancement in tumors. Of these, 19 of 22 masses had heterogeneous enhancement and three of 22 masses had homogeneous enhancement. Vascular invasion was present in seven of 22 cases. Larger tumors were associated with vascular invasion (height: P = .04; width and volume: P = .02). On precontrast CT, larger tumors (16/21) were heterogeneous and cystic, with smaller tumors (5/21) being more homogeneous (all values P < .05). A larger size was associated with recurrence in fully resected masses (height: P = .03), but not a shorter outcome (P > .3 for all size dimensions). Postoperative complications and incomplete tumor resection were associated with shorter outcome (both values P < .01). Metastasis was confirmed in four cases. There were six cases with lymphadenopathy noted on CT; five of the six cases did not have evidence of metastasis. Larger tumors were more likely to be cystic and associated with vascular invasion.
Emotional Expression of Persons with Dementia: An Integrative Review with Implications for Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Lee Kyung Hee , Lee Ji Yeon , Boltz Marie , McConnell Eleanor S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe ability to express emotion typically is preserved longer than language and cognitive function in persons living with dementia. Emotional expression may be an important indicator of underlying individual needs and feelings and may therefore facilitate person‐centered care.AimsThis review aimed to examine how emotional expression has been described, measured, and utilized in empirical studies.MethodsThe design of this study was an integrative literature review. A systematic search was conducted through electronic databases using defined search terms. Articles published up to March 2018 were included. The method proposed by Whittemore and Knafl was used for data synthesis and review integration. Quality appraisal of the selected articles was evaluated by the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool.ResultsMost of the articles used feeling‐related terms without specific definitions. Less frequently, terms such as affect, emotion, and mood were defined. Although these terms were used interchangeably in the articles, affect, which was defined as expressed emotion in general, was a comprehensive term to encompass other terms. Measurement of emotional expression was performed using observational methods, with direct observation or video recording using a hand‐held camera. In both cases, observed emotion was coded with diverse methods or tools. In studies, the emotional expression was utilized as (a) an outcome to demonstrate the effect of interventions, (b) a factor to show relationship with other variables, or (c) an observed value itself.Linking Evidence to ActionThis review provides insights about measurement options for emotional expressions among persons with dementia in long‐term care. Long‐term care staff should pay attention to emotional expression of persons with dementia to understand underlying unmet needs. Development of adequate measurement of emotional expression could facilitate development of emotion‐oriented intervention program to improve psychological well‐being and the behavioral and functional health of persons living with dementia.
Effectiveness of computer-assisted virtual planning, cutting guides and pre-engineered plates on outcomes in mandible fibular free flap reconstructions: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Chan Andrew , Sambrook Paul , Munn Zachary , Boase Sam 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence on the outcomes of mandibular fibular free flap (MFFF) reconstructions using computer-assisted techniques versus traditional freehand techniques.

Introduction:
Fibular free flaps are the most commonly used free flap for mandible reconstruction and are considered best practice for mandible reconstructions following resection of head and neck cancers. There are several reported advantages of computer-assisted MFFF reconstructions, including increased accuracy, decreased operation time, decreased ischemia time, decreased overall cost and improved patient outcomes. It is important to assess the advantages and potential harms of these techniques in a systematic review.

Inclusion criteria:
Eligible studies will consider patients of all ages undergoing MFFF reconstruction. Studies will compare computer-assisted techniques to traditional freehand techniques for the primary outcomes of flap failure, patient-reported outcomes and bony resection margin status. Studies published in English from 2008 will be included. Experimental, quasi-experimental, prospective and retrospective cohort, case-control and analytical cross-sectional studies will be considered.

Methods:
MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched. Gray literature sources will include Google Scholar and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, assess full-text papers against the inclusion criteria, evaluate methodological quality using standardized critical appraisal instruments and extract data using a customized form. If possible, data will be pooled for statistical meta-analysis, and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Summary of Findings will be presented.
Optogenetic recruitment of spinal reflex pathways from large‐diameter primary afferents in non‐transgenic rats transduced with AAV9/Channelrhodopsin 2
Authors: Kubota Shinji , Sidikejiang Wupuer , Kudo Moeko , Inoue Ken‐ichi , Umeda Tatsuya , Takada Masahiko , Seki Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2019

Key points
We demonstrated optical activation of primary somatosensory afferents with high selectivity to fast‐conducting fibres by means of adeno‐associated virus 9 (AAV9)‐mediated gene transduction in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.
AVV9 expressing green fluorescent protein showed high selectivity and transduction efficiency for fast‐conducting, large‐sized DRG neurons.
Compared with conventional electrical stimulation, optically elicited volleys in primary afferents had higher sensitivity with stimulus amplitude, but lower sensitivity with stimulus frequency.
Optically elicited dorsal root volleys activated postsynaptic neurons in the segmental spinal pathway.
This proposed technique will help establish the causal relationships between somatosensory afferent inputs and neural responses in the CNS as well as behavioural outcomes in higher mammals where transgenic animals are not available.
AbstractPreviously, fundamental structures and their mode of action in the spinal reflex circuit were determined by confirming their input–output relationship using electrophysiological techniques. In those experiments, the electrical stimulation of afferent fibres was used as a core element to identify different types of reflex pathways; however, a major disadvantage of this technique is its non‐selectivity. In this study, we investigated the selective activation of large‐diameter afferents by optogenetics combined with a virus vector transduction technique (injection via the sciatic nerve) in non‐transgenic male Jcl:Wistar rats. We found that green fluorescent protein gene transduction of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with a preference for medium‐to‐large‐sized cells was achieved using the adeno‐associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector compared with the AAV6 vector (P = 0.021). Furthermore, the optical stimulation of Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)‐expressing DRG neurons (transduced by AAV9) produced compound action potentials in afferent nerves originating from fast‐conducting nerve fibres. We also confirmed that physiological responses to different stimulus amplitudes were comparable between optogenetic and electrophysiological activation. However, compared with electrically elicited responses, the optically elicited responses had lower sensitivity with stimulus frequency. Finally, we showed that afferent volleys evoked by optical stimulation were sufficient to activate postsynaptic neurons in the spinal reflex arc. These results provide new ways for understanding the role of sensory afferent input to the central nervous system regarding behavioural control, especially when genetically manipulated animals are not available, such as higher mammals including non‐human primates.
Letting the cat out of the bag: athletes, coaches and physiotherapists share their perspectives on injury prevention in elite sports
Authors: Bolling Caroline , Delfino Barboza Saulo , van Mechelen Willem , Pasman H Roeline 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo explore how sports injury prevention takes place in elite sport practice and to describe the perspectives of athletes, coaches and physiotherapists regarding the most critical factors that help prevent injury in the elite sports context.MethodsQualitative study. Semistructured interviews with 19 international level athletes, coaches and physiotherapists, from different Olympic sports. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using comparative data analysis based on Grounded Theory.ResultsThe participants perceived injury risk as an inherent part of elite sports, because athletes try to enhance performance by pushing their limits. Participants described injury prevention as a learning process that changed over time, based on their sports experience and the injuries that they had sustained along their career. Communication among the athletes, coaches and physiotherapists was described as a key component of the injury prevention process. Study participants emphasised the relevance of teamwork and shared responsibility. Performance was presented as the core of the athlete’s daily practice, indicating that injury prevention can be a means to that end but is not a goal in itself for this community.ConclusionParticipants perceive injury prevention as part of elite sports and thus embrace the need for injury prevention. Injury prevention strategies in elite sports were described as a learning process, following the dynamic nature of training for maximal performance. Performance is the participants’ main goal.
FourEyes
Authors: Song Jean Y. , Fok Raymond , Kim Juho , Lasecki Walter S. 
Published: August 2019

Crowdsourcing is a common means of collecting image segmentation training data for use in a variety of computer vision applications. However, designing accurate crowd-powered image segmentation systems is challenging, because defining object boundaries in an image requires significant fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination, which makes these tasks error-prone. Typically, special segmentation tools are created and then answers from multiple workers are aggregated to generate more accurate results. However, individual tool designs can bias how and where people make mistakes, resulting in shared errors that remain even after aggregation. In this article, we introduce a novel crowdsourcing approach that leverages
tool diversity
as a means of improving aggregate crowd performance. Our idea is that given a diverse set of tools, answer aggregation done
across
tools can help improve the collective performance by offsetting systematic biases induced by the individual tools themselves. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we design four different tools and present FourEyes, a crowd-powered image segmentation system that uses aggregation across different tools. We then conduct a series of studies that evaluate different aggregation conditions and show that using multiple tools can significantly improve aggregate accuracy. Furthermore, we investigate the idea of applying post-processing for multi-tool aggregation in terms of correction mechanism. We introduce a novel region-based method for synthesizing more accurate bounds for image segmentation tasks through averaging surrounding annotations. In addition, we explore the effect of adjusting the threshold parameter of an EM-based aggregation method. Our results suggest that not only the individual tool’s design, but also the correction mechanism, can affect the performance of multi-tool aggregation. This article extends a work presented at ACM IUI 2018 [46] by providing a novel region-based error-correction method and additional in-depth evaluation of the proposed approach.