bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific Journey through Germany and Denmark
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBerlin was the first stop on Gall’s scientific journey, which began in March 1805, during the Napoleonic Wars that led to the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire. He arrived there with Spurzheim, a wax modeler, and at last one servant, and gave a series of lectures and anatomical demonstrations, while also examining prisoners and psychiatric patients in local institutions. His lectures attracted large audiences that were mostly positive toward him, though he did battle with Professor of Anatomy Johann Gottlieb Walter, whose turf he invaded. After Berlin he headed to nearby Potsdam, where he had been invited to lecture by royalty. Leipzig, Dresden, and Halle followed, and then Weimar and Jena, again with considerable support but also some critics. Next was Göttingen, where he spent time with fellow skull collector and anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who was less than impressed. He continued on to Hamburg and Kiel, and into Denmark, where he lectured to a mixed audience of 200 men and women. Returning to the German states, he met with an appreciative King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, who, like many others, rewarded him for his stop. Bremen and Münster were next on his agenda, ending this largely successful part of his scientific journey and positioning him to cross over to the Netherlands.
The Arts, and Faculties in Concert
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGall was more interested in nature than the arts, but how he approached the various arts shows how he organized his thoughts and that he was also pondering how his faculties must work in harmony. He had a special faculty for tune or music in his system and made it very clear that this faculty is involved with tonal relationships, not simpler functions, and must be a brain function. He also presented what led him to this faculty; showed why he considered music an innate talent; described how his studies of musical geniuses and birds led him to the cranial bump above the eye; and explained different kinds of music as reflecting the tune faculty working with others. In contrast to music, Gall listed a number of faculties that can figure into the fine arts: distinguishing the relation of colors, constructiveness, locality, distinguishing persons, and imitation. Here, too, he emphasized how faculties must work together and how other faculties figure into the choice of subject matter (e.g., flowers, battle scenes). He also had a faculty for poetry, which he defined broadly. He mentioned that great poets are born, not made; described its bump in the “superior part of the head”; and again alluded to how other faculties working with it would help determine what a poet would write about.
New Perspectives on Insanity and Criminality
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGall was interested in seeing his new science applied to major problems facing society. Two such problems were how to deal with the insane and criminals, both of which already interested him when he began to formulate his doctrine in Vienna. He did not write separate treatises on these subjects, but he did write extensively about them, providing considerable history in the two sets of volumes presenting his doctrine. Following Pinel and others, he argued that the insane should be treated more humanely and that they should be classified as being curable or unresponsive to treatments. His approach, however, was more brain oriented. He was especially interested in the “monomanias” (partial manias), since these disorders could be associated with specific faculties of the mind, though he also wrote about the causes of melancholia and suicide. Among criminals, he again distinguished those likely to benefit from remediation or incarceration from those with cerebral organizations too wanting to be overcome, while also explaining types of crimes with brain physiology. For Gall, the crime itself was one part of the story, but another, too frequently overlooked in the courts, was the criminal’s brain.
A Rightful Place in History
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGall’s craniology would not withstand the test of time, and how he accepted confirmatory cases and dismissed contradictory evidence would increasingly be regarded as poor science. As a consequence, his cranium-based doctrine began to be branded as a “pseudoscience” in 1834 by physiologist Pierre Magendie, with others following suit. Nonetheless, many of Gall’s ideas have endured, even though he is rarely remembered today for many changes he elicited or helped to elicit. His concepts of numerous independent organs of mind, different kinds of memories, and cortical localization of function are now widely accepted in the neurosciences. He was also extremely influential in drawing attention to individual differences, and he played a major role in making psychiatry a brain-based science and introducing brain pathology into the courtroom. He also deserves to be remembered for purging the soul from the life sciences and positioning us with other animals. And he made significant discoveries in neuroanatomy. In retrospect, Gall was neither a charlatan nor a fraud, though he had too much faith in cranioscopy. His ideas merit a fresh look and, without question, he deserves more credit than he has been given for his insights and how they have changed many fields.
Accountability, information, and yardstick competition
Authors: Salmon Pierre 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter follows the logic of the relation between downward accountability, the information asymmetry faced by voters or citizens, and yardstick competition. Assuming that the accountability perspective is adopted, the main question is the information available to citizens. In important policy domains it is difficult to mitigate the information asymmetry faced by citizens in the absence of yardstick comparisons. This offers a role for these comparisons and with them yardstick competition to come to the rescue of accountability. A similar logic inspired the way tournaments and yardstick competition were introduced, in the 1980s, in the fields of labor and industrial economics. The last part of the chapter recalls some characteristics of that work and discusses the way they must be adapted, with some discarded (namely the contractual dimension), when the analysis is transposed from its original habitat to the agency relation between citizens and incumbents.
The challenge of extending: the international setting
Authors: Salmon Pierre 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter’s discussion of yardstick competition among national governments is less about substance than about the puzzle raised by its almost complete neglect by researchers. It poses the question why, since there is much circumstantial evidence of the relevance of the mechanism in reality, there is so little work on it in the empirical literature. Admittedly, moving from the propitious setting of fiscal federalism to the relationship among national governments encounters technical difficulties. But it also encounters ideological and sociological obstacles. For instance, the specific situation of the United States with regard to the possible impact of yardstick competition, taken together with the well-deserved worldwide influence of US scholarship, may have something to do in the puzzling lack of attention that is also given to yardstick competition in the context of small open economies or societies such as the European ones.
“Departing to Other Spheres”
Authors: Gopinath Sumanth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Steve Reich’s Four Organs (1970) is a watershed work in the history of musical minimalism, famously causing an uproar at Carnegie Hall on January 18, 1973. Scholars have typically discussed the work’s technical details and have avoided drawing a wider intertextual circle around it to encompass contemporaneous auditory cultures and contexts. Filling this lacuna, this chapter offers a historically plausible reading of the piece, in part by identifying linkages to 1960s US/UK pop/rock and soundtracks for film and television and by attending to the composition’s peculiar instrumentation, its rhythmic-metrical patterns, and its narrative trajectory. What emerges is a fresh interpretation of Four Organs: the work narrates a form of subjective sublimation charged with psychedelic sound imagery, effecting that sublimation through a semblance of bodily and planetary departure—and, as such, suggests racial-political resonances with the US space program during the Cold War, including the previous year’s Apollo lunar landing in 1969.
Steve Reich’s Dramatic Sound Collage for the Harlem Six
Authors: Pymm John 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Steve Reich’s Come Out was produced for a benefit concert at Town Hall, New York, in April 1966, aimed at raising funds to pay for independent lawyers for a retrial of the Harlem Six following a miscarriage of justice. Come Out was one of two works by Reich performed on that occasion, the other being a much longer sound collage—Harlem’s Six Condemned—created as part of a dramatization of Truman Nelson’s The Torture of Mothers. The recording of Harlem’s Six Condemned—unheard publicly since 1966—is now available in the Steve Reich Collection at the Paul Sacher Stiftung, Basel. This chapter argues that a close reading of Reich’s sound collage offers a perspective on Come Out that has been increasingly lost in the time since the benefit concert. A deeper understanding of Come Out will be gained by tracing its prehistory and setting a broader context for its appreciation.
“Save as . . . »”
Authors: Kassel Matthias 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Steve Reich Collection kept at the Paul Sacher Stiftung (PSS) in Basel, Switzerland. This important collection, which was acquired by PSS in 2008, consists of a wide range of primary and secondary materials—from sketchbooks, handwritten scores, tape recordings, computer files, and source materials collected for speech and sampled compositions to diaries, letters, interviews, photographs, program leaflets, working correspondence, and critics’ reviews. In addition to the manuscript holdings, the chapter focuses on two historical layers of media-based material, summarized under the catchwords “hybrid-analog” (connecting written documents to audio tapes) and “hybrid-digital” (combining paper, analog audio, and digital files from the working process). These two generic crossovers lend the collection its specific character in terms of archival practice and media analysis, placing special demands both on the archive itself and on scholars studying the sources.
Sketching a New Tonality
Authors: Potter Keith 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the evidence to be found in the composer Steve Reich’s sketchbooks concerning how he conceived the tonal and harmonic organization of Music for 18 Musicians (1976) and discusses how such evidence might affect our understanding of the “diatonicism” behind Reich’s approach of the mid-1970s. By focusing, in particular, on some of the ways in which chord progressions were planned and realized, a more nuanced view is attempted of Reich’s own assertion that “harmonic movement plays a more important role here than in any of my earlier pieces.” This chapter also offers some assessment of the potential value of these sketches to the music analyst seeking a methodology to interrogate what Tom Johnson once called the “new tonality.”
“Machine Fantasies into Human Events”
Authors: O’Brien Kerry 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
For most of 1968 and early 1969, Steve Reich devised and constructed his Phase Shifting Pulse Gate, a machine he designed along with an engineer. However, after only two performances Reich abandoned the machine and renounced the future use of electronic technology in his music, save amplification. Despite this compositional move, various critics of the early 1970s continued to describe Reich’s works in technological or mechanical terms, calling his music “controlling” or akin to the German word “Fließband” (assembly line). Rather than mechanical control, Reich claimed to seek bodily control and often compared his musical practice to yoga, a practice he had maintained for nearly a decade, which markedly informed his notions of musical time, compositional control, and performer freedoms. Drawing from unpublished essays and unreleased recordings, this chapter situates Reich’s music of the 1970s—from Drumming to Music for 18 Musicians—within a broader history of technologies of the body and mind.
Darwinian-Inspired Curricula
Authors: Geher Glenn , Wilson David Sloan , Gallup Andrew C. , Mativetsky Hadassah , Holler Richard H. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Since the advent of the first interdisciplinary Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) programs at Binghamton University and the State University of New York at New Paltz, students across disciplines have been afforded the opportunity to learn foundational evolutionary principles. They have had the opportunity to explore how evolutionary ideas apply across the curriculum, as well as to issues of everyday life. This book is designed to be an exposé of the EvoS concept, including basic features of an EvoS curriculum, the goals of such a curriculum, and real-world applications of evolution-based ideas found in an EvoS curriculum. Contextualized in the complexities of modern higher education, this book includes chapters discussing the place of EvoS within the broader landscape of higher education as well as controversies in the field. This chapter introduces the coverage and organization of the book by providing a lay of the land.
Evolutionary Studies in Higher Education
Authors: Geher Glenn , Sokol-Chang Rosemarie , Waldo Jennifer , Wilson David Sloan , Mativetsky Hadassah 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The field of Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) stands at a significant junction. On one hand, the field has demonstrated the ability to serve as a model for a truly interdisciplinary approach to higher education. That said, evolutionary approaches outside certain areas of biology proper have been often met with skepticism and academic mistrust. In 3 discrete sections, this chapter seeks to demonstrate that EvoS provides a powerful academic framework that effectively integrates many academic areas and enhances educational outcomes in these areas. Further, the chapter seeks to demonstrate the broad reach of EvoS in terms of student success, partly by summarizing outcomes of a recent National Science Foundation grant. The final section addresses controversies in the field of EvoS. This section seeks to show how developing a sophisticated understanding of the different facets of these issues may serve a conciliatory and progressive role in the future.
The “EvoS Effect”
Authors: Kauffman Richard A. , MacDonald Ian F. , Wilson David Sloan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Fostering higher-order cognitive skills (e.g., critical thinking and knowledge transfer) are oft-cited goals in education, but students do not acquire these skills as much as they could and should. There are major efforts shifting the emphasis in schools toward fostering these habits of mind for lifelong learning. Science education is of particular importance, because when students develop their skills for science they are learning to think critically. A significant issue in science education is the teaching of evolutionary theory. Research suggests science literacy, and therefore critical thinking, can be enhanced by increasing students’ understanding and acceptance of evolution. This chapter provides evidence that a single course that teaches evolution as a theory applied to all aspects of humanity, in addition to the biological sciences, increases students’ acceptance and understanding of both evolution and the nature of science and, in effect, improves critical thinking and knowledge transfer.
The Chinese Lady
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book encompasses the life of Afong Moy, the first known Chinese female sojourner in America. Brought to this country by American merchants in 1834, she traveled the country on bound feet as an advertisement and attraction for their Chinese imported wares. Cast by the national press as an exotic curiosity, she also provided insight on Chinese life and material culture to the general public as well as to American presidents and politicians. The everyday goods Afong Moy promoted were widely adopted by the middle class, but acceptance of these goods did not extend to her acceptance as a Chinese woman. Afong Moy’s arrival at a time of great upheaval in American cultural and economic life placed her in the crosshairs of slavery, Native American removal, the moral reform movement, and ambivalent attitudes toward women. During her three-year journey throughout the mid-Atlantic, New England, the South, Cuba, and up the Mississippi River her race provided an occasion for public scorn, jingoism, religious proselytizing, or paternalistic control. As the first researched account of Afong Moy’s life, the book presents the intertwining narrative of her coerced travel, the American merchants who initially sponsored her, and Americans’ reaction to her later presentation of Chinese culture on P. T. Barnum’s stage.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The introduction provides the early history of the American China trade by recounting China trader Captain John O’Donnell’s landing with Chinese seamen in Baltimore in 1785 and a newspaper welcome that asserted: “Commerce binds and unites all Nations of the Globe with a golden chain.” Nearly a half-century later, in 1834, a young Chinese woman, Afong Moy, arrived in America, having been coerced to participate in this golden chain of global commerce. As the first Chinese woman to travel the country, her exotic appearance and bound feet elicited commentary in newspapers, diaries, poems, and letters. Unwittingly, she served as the first cultural bridge in the American public’s perceptions of China through the staged presentation of objects, clothing, and images—and herself.
The Curtain Rises
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 identifies the role that the Carneses and Obears defined for Afong Moy as a hawker of their imported Chinese goods and as an exotic personage on the stage. This role development is illuminated by a lengthy diary description of her fall 1834 presentation in New York City by merchant Philip Hone, and by the accompanying lithographic view of the stage set by New York artists Risso and Browne. In New York, Atung, Afong Moy’s Chinese interpreter, joined the presentation. His theatrical presence enlivened the performance and gave visitors insights on Chinese life, on Afong Moy, and the objects that surrounded her.
Afong Moy Presents Chinese Objects for Personal Use
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In New York and elsewhere, Afong Moy, with Atung’s assistance, presented Chinese objects such as toys, paper folders, firecrackers, fans, card cases, and shawls which the Carneses brought to America in great numbers. Information in this chapter defines how these goods moved from her stage to the wider market. Using as a foil Philip Hone’s two teenage children, who attended Afong Moy’s staging with him, the chapter investigates the sorts of Chinese objects younger Americans might purchase for their individual use. Afong Moy’s and Atung’s explanations of their application conveys aspects of Chinese cultural life. The chapter also explores the purpose and function of Chinese-made objects in everyday American life.
Afong Moy Presents Chinese Objects for the Home
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Near the time Afong Moy arrived in New York, the Hone family was planning a move to a new home. Though there is no evidence that they purchased the Carneses’ Chinese goods that they saw in Afong Moy’s salon for their new residence, Philip Hone and his wife Catharine, who attended the presentation, were potential customers for the objects displayed. These objects included household articles such as tea and sewing equipage (thread winders and tea caddies), rice paper paintings, blinds, matting, feather dusters, and fly whisks, as well as comestibles and drugs (rhubarb); most were objects that Afong Moy also used in China.
New York to Charleston
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
To accompany Afong Moy’s presentation of salable goods in New York City in 1834, the Carneses opened an adjoining public exhibition displaying ancient Chinese artifacts—the first such completely public presentation of Chinese objects in America. In the accompanying exhibition catalogue they featured an image of Afong Moy which greatly differed from that of the Risso and Browne lithograph. This exotic personification would follow her on her trips to Philadelphia, the President’s House in Washington, DC, Baltimore, and finally to Charleston where her bound feet were exposed to the public. Afong Moy’s fame quickly spread across the country. Those who could not see her in person learned of her through articles in children’s magazines, read about her in poems, or saw her image in the local newspaper.
Return to the North
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As chapter 7 tells us, Afong Moy’s return to New York City in 1835 began her transition from a promoter of goods to that of spectacle herself. Her new manager, Henry Hannington, may have been responsible for that change. Such a transition exposed her to both the actions of moral reformers in New York and, later, the jibes of newspaper reporters in Boston. To publicize Afong Moy, her new manager joined her presentation with that of other performers in Salem, Massachusetts, New Haven, Connecticut, and Albany, New York. The public’s exposure to Afong Moy and China affected and influenced American material culture.
Travel to Cuba and up the Mississippi River
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The great New York City fire of December 1835 wiped out the Carneses’ warehouses and their incentive to promote their Chinese goods. Afong Moy’s manager took her on an extensive and strenuous trip to Cuba and up the Mississippi River in 1836, exposing her to many cultures—Spanish, Native American, Creole, and French—as well as the pernicious effects of slavery, Indian removal, and nativism. Her appearance in New Orleans, highlighted in a broadside, presented both the exotic oriental woman and the royal Chinese lady. A poem to “The Chinese Lady—Miss Afong Moy” by antislavery advocate Rev. William Tappan after he saw her in Cincinnati indicated his hope that she might see the Christian “sparkles of the light” and discard her heathen beliefs.
The Final Act
Authors: Davis Nancy E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
With the arrival in New York of the celebrated Chinese junk Keying in 1847, Afong Moy’s presence as a well-known Chinese spectacle was again in demand. Chapter 10 tells us that after an eight-year hiatus, P. T. Barnum, America’s preeminent promoter, engineered her return. Coupled with Tom Thumb, Barnum recounted their origin stories in a seven-page pamphlet and presented them together at his American Museum in 1848. In characteristic fashion, in 1850, Barnum supplanted one Chinese female spectacle with another, a supposed Chinese woman of a younger age named Pwan-ye-koo. She presented in Afong Moy’s place in America and later in England. Foreigner Jenny Lind’s arrival in late 1850 captivated the American public, and Afong Moy—first a billboard for Chinese goods and then an objectified oriental exotic—was completely forgotten.