bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spacer devices for inhaled therapy: why use them, and how?
Authors: Vincken Walter , Levy Mark L. , Scullion Jane , Usmani Omar S. , Dekhuijzen P.N. Richard , Corrigan Chris J. 
Published: June 2018

We present an extensive review of the literature to date pertaining to the rationale for using a spacer/valved holding chamber (VHC) to deliver inhaled therapy from a pressurised, metered-dose inhaler, a discussion of how the properties of individual devices may vary according to their physical characteristics and materials of manufacture, the potential risks and benefits of ancillaries such as valves, and the evidence that they contribute tangibly to the delivery of therapy.We also reiterate practical recommendations for the correct usage and maintenance of spacers/VHCs, which we trust offer practical help and advice to patients and healthcare professionals alike.
Prevention of haematoma progression by tranexamic acid in intracerebral haemorrhage patients with and without spot sign on admission scan: a statistical analysis plan of a pre-specified sub-study of the TICH-2 trial
Authors: Ovesen Christian , Jakobsen Janus Christian , Gluud Christian , Steiner Thorsten , Law Zhe , Flaherty Katie , Dineen Rob A. , Bath Philip M. , Sprigg Nikola , Christensen Hanne 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Objective
We present the statistical analysis plan of a prespecified Tranexamic Acid for Hyperacute Primary Intracerebral Haemorrhage (TICH)-2 sub-study aiming to investigate, if tranexamic acid has a different effect in intracerebral haemorrhage patients with the spot sign on admission compared to spot sign negative patients. The TICH-2 trial recruited above 2000 participants with intracerebral haemorrhage arriving in hospital within 8 h after symptom onset. They were included irrespective of radiological signs of on-going haematoma expansion. Participants were randomised to tranexamic acid versus matching placebo. In this subgroup analysis, we will include all participants in TICH-2 with a computed tomography angiography on admission allowing adjudication of the participants’ spot sign status.

Results
Primary outcome will be the ability of tranexamic acid to limit absolute haematoma volume on computed tomography at 24 h (± 12 h) after randomisation among spot sign positive and spot sign negative participants, respectively. Within all outcome measures, the effect of tranexamic acid in spot sign positive/negative participants will be compared using tests of interaction. This sub-study will investigate the important clinical hypothesis that spot sign positive patients might benefit more from administration of tranexamic acid compared to spot sign negative patients.
Trial registration ISRCTN93732214 (http://www.isrctn.com)
Ethnic variation in personality disorder: evaluation of 6 years of hospital admissions
Authors: Hossain A. , Malkov M. , Lee T. , Bhui K. 
Published: June 2018

Aims and methodThere is limited evidence on ethnic differences in personality disorder prevalence rates. We compared rates of people with personality disorder admitted to hospital in East London from 2007 to 2013.ResultsOf all people admitted to hospital, 9.7% had a personality disorder diagnosis. The admission rate for personality disorder has increased each year. Compared with White subjects, personality disorder was significantly less prevalent among Black and other minority ethnic (BME) groups. Personality disorder was diagnosed in 20% of forensic, 11% of general adult, 8% of adolescent and 2% of old-age in-patients.Clinical implicationsThe increasing number of personality disorder diagnoses year on year indicates the increasing impact of personality disorder on in-patient services. It is important to identify and appropriately manage patients with a personality disorder diagnosis due to the significant strain they place on resources. The reasons for fewer admissions of BME patients may reflect alternative service use, a truly lower prevalence rate or under-detection.Declaration of interestNone.
Tracking progress: an update on animal models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Wells Dominic J. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, fatal, X-linked monogenic muscle disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene. In order to test treatments for DMD, a range of natural and engineered animal models have been developed, including mice, rats, dogs and pigs. Sui and colleagues have now added a dystrophic rabbit model to this range using CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt exon 51 of DMD. Rabbits have the advantage of being easier to breed and less costly than dog or pig models, but having clear clinical signs, in contrast to many mouse models. There appears to be an effect of body size in models of DMD, as the severity of the clinical signs increases with increasing body size across species. All DMD models have advantages and disadvantages, and it is crucial that investigators understand the limitations of each model when testing novel therapies for DMD in pre-clinical studies.
There is no ‘weekend effect’ in elective orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Al-Ashqar Mohammad , Aqil Adeel , Phillips Hannah , Sheikh Hassaan , Harrison Simon , Sidhom Sameh , Chakrabarty Gautam , Dimri Ravinder 
Published: June 2018

Introduction The ‘weekend effect’ is said to occur when patient outcomes are adversely affected by the day of the week on which they present to hospital or have surgery. However, it is uncertain whether such a phenomenon exists for elective orthopaedic surgery. We investigated whether there is a ‘weekend effect’ in elective orthopaedic patients. Methods Retrospectively collected data were obtained from our institution’s electronic patient records. We collected demographic and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems tenth revision coding data for all included patients. Multivariate analyses identified covariate-adjusted risk factors, associated with prolonged stays. Thirty-day mortality data were assessed according to the day on which surgery occurred. Results We analysed data for 892 patients over a one-year period. During the year, 457 patients had a total hip and 435 had a total knee replacement; 814 patients (91.3%) underwent surgery during the week, while 78 (8.7%) had surgery on a Saturday. There was no difference in average length of stay between the groups (5.0, 2.6 vs 5.0, 3.4, P = 0.95). Variables associated with prolonged hospitalisation included increasing age (covariate adjusted relative risk 1.02, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.03, P < 0.001) and an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 2, (relative risk 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.15–2.20, P = 0.005). There was one death in a patient who underwent surgery on a Monday. Conclusions There is no ‘weekend effect’ for elective orthopaedic surgery.
Predicting in-hospital mortality in older general surgical patients
Authors: Vilches-Moraga A , Fox J , Paracha A , Gomez-Quintanilla A , Epstein J , Pearce L 
Published: June 2018

Introduction A significant number of emergency general surgical admissions occur in older patients. Clinical decision making in this group is challenging and current risk prediction tools extrapolate data from cohorts of younger patients. This is the first UK study to examine risk factors predicting in-hospital mortality in older acute surgical patients undergoing comprehensive geriatric assessment. Methods This was a prospective study of consecutive patients aged ≥75 years admitted non-electively to general surgery wards between September 2014 and February 2017 who were reviewed by an elderly medicine in-reach service. Results A total of 577 patients were included with a mean age of 82.9 years. There was a female predominance (56%). The majority were living at home alone or with carers (93%) and most were independent in basic activities of daily living (79%). Over two-thirds (69%) were mobile with no walking aids or use of a walking stick and overt here-quarters (79%) had no cognitive impairment. Seventy-seven per cent of patients were managed non-operatively. The in-hospital mortality rate was 6.9%. Female sex (p=0.031), dependence in activities of daily living (p<0.001), cognitive impairment (p<0.001) and incontinence (p<0.001) were predictors of in-hospital mortality. ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) grade ≥3 was also associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 5.3, 95% confidence interval: 2.6–10.7). Conclusions Older general surgical patients present a high level of complexity. This study highlights the predictive role of mobility, functional and cognitive impairment when assessing this population. Accurate risk stratification requires global assessment by teams experienced in care of the older patient rather than the traditional focus on co-morbidities.
Is it necessary to change instruments between sampling sites when taking multiple tissue specimens in musculoskeletal infections?
Authors: Makki D , Abdalla S , El Gamal TA , Harvey D , Jackson G , Platt S 
Published: June 2018

Introduction Surgical debridement of orthopaedic infections allows biopsy for microbiology and facilitates successful treatment. It is recommended that biopsy instruments are changed when taking multiple samples. This study compared assessed cross-contamination between biopsy sites when using same instruments to take tissue samples from multiple sites. Materials and methods During the surgical debridement, we defined five sampling sites and marked them with diathermy. Two sampling techniques were performed on same patient to minimise any potential bias arising from the type of host and the severity of infection. First, fresh instruments were used for each biopsy site. Titleond, the instruments used in the first sampling site were reused to take samples from the remaining sites. By comparing the microbiology results of the samples taken by each technique for each site we determined cross-contamination with microorganisms. Results Fifteen patients with foot and ankle infections (mean age 56 years) were included. Ten patients were diabetic and five had neuropathies. Cross-contamination between sampling sites occurred in eight cases when the same instruments were used to take biopsies (P = 0.002, Fisher’s exact test). One or more microorganisms were involved in cross-contamination and the latter always occurred between two consecutive sites rather than sites that were further apart. Conclusion It is important to use fresh instruments for each biopsy site when taking multiple samples in musculoskeletal infection as cross-contamination might occur otherwise and affect microbiological studies.
Electron transfer reaction of Tris(1,10-phenanthroline) cobalt(III) complex [Co(phen)3]3+ and thiosulphate ion (S2O32âˆ’) in an aqueous acidic medium
Authors: R. Osunkwo C , U. Nkole I , D. Onu A , O. Idris S 
Published: June 2018

The electron transfer reaction of Tris (1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(III) complex by thiosulphate ion has been studied in an aqueous acidic medium. Stoichiometric determination shows that for one mole of the oxidant that was reduced, one mole of the reductant was consumed; the reaction conforms to an overall equation:Â 2[Co(phen)3]3+ + 2S2O32âˆ’ â†’ 2[Co(phen)3]2+ + S4O62âˆ’Â Kinetics study carried out under pseudo-first order condition shows that the reaction proceeded via a one-way acid-dependent pathway and was third order overall; zero order with respect to the oxidant concentration, second order with respect to the reductant concentration and first order with respect to the hydrogen ion concentration. The empirical rate law conforms to the equation:Â âˆ’ Â {Co(phen)3}3+] = a [H+] [S2O32âˆ’]2Â â€˜aâ€™ = 128.26 dm6 molâˆ’2 sâˆ’1: at [H+] = 2.0 Ã— 10âˆ’2 mol dmâˆ’3, Âµ = 0.4 mol dmâˆ’3 (NaCl), T = 28 Â± 1ËšC and Î»max = 495 nm.The rate of reaction increased at the increase in ionic strength and at the decrease in medium dielectric constant. Added cations and anions catalyzed and inhibited the reaction rates respectively. The Michaelis-Menten plot of 1/k1 versus 1/[S2O32âˆ’]2 started from the origin. Hence based on spectroscopic investigation, thermodynamic information from temperature dependence studies and kinetic evidence from Michaelisâ€“Menten plots and the interactions with added ions, an outer-sphere mechanism has been rationalized for this reaction. The mechanistic scheme of the reaction was proposed via the stated mechanistic route.Â Â Â
From the Editor in Chief
Authors: Doğanay Ahmet 
Published: June 2018

Dear producers and consumers of knowledge,
I would like to share the happiness of being with you again with 8th Volume 3th Issue of Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction (PEGEGOG). I hope you could find time to have a rest after your busy schedule. Initially, I want to thank you for the increasing interest for our journal.
There has been 65 articles sent for publication to our journal. I'm pleased to inform you in this issue that the journal's h-index rose to 16. This is good news for our journal and country. On the other hand, I have to indicate that there were critical problems in terms of format within these articles as stated in the previous issue. First of all, unfortunately we had to reject some articles as in many of them there were texts very similar to ones in different articles. At first step, we scan all articles in i-Thenticate program to determine the exact quotations from other resources. After this scan, we reject the articles detected to have exact quotations at a high rate without initiating peer-review process. Apart from that, we also send back the articles not written in an academic format not to disturb our reviewers unnecessarily.
One of the problems with the articles submitted to our journal and we had to reject was about data analysis. The data is the raw information collected from related resources through research aims. These should be analyzed in parallel with these aims. It is necessary to analyze them using statistics for quantitative data and methods such as content analysis or descriptive analysis for qualitative data. Analysis provides the data being transformed into findings and make sense. Especially, in some of document analysis and some qualitative studies, it is seen that data are presented as findings. In some others, data are presented being only described. It is essential that the studies are formed in an article format obeying the rules by the journal and presented for publication afterwards.
As always, we present the six articles got through peer-review process and given DOI number to you dear producers and consumers of knowledge. I wish these studies conducted in various fields of educational sciences will be useful and contribute to theoretical knowledge within the field. Hope to meet within the next issue.
Sincerely yours,
From the Editor in Chief
Authors: Doğanay Ahmet 
Published: June 2018

Dear producers and consumers of knowledge,
I would like to share the happiness of being with you again with 8th Volume 4th last issue of Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction (PEGEGOG) in 2018. I hope you could find time to have a rest after your busy schedule. Initially, I want to thank you for the increasing interest for our journal.
There has been 54 articles sent for publication to our journal. I'm pleased to inform you in this issue that the journal's h-index rose to 16. This is good news for our journal and country. On the other hand, I have to indicate that there were critical problems in terms of format within these articles as stated in the previous issue. First of all, unfortunately we had to reject some articles as in many of them there were texts very similar to ones in different articles. At first step, we scan all articles in i-Thenticate program to determine the exact quotations from other resources. After this scan, we reject the articles detected to have exact quotations at a high rate without initiating peer-review process. Apart from that, we also send back the articles not written in an academic format not to disturb our reviewers unnecessarily.
One of the problems with the articles submitted to our journal and we had to reject was about data analysis. The data is the raw information collected from related resources through research aims. These should be analyzed in parallel with these aims. It is necessary to analyze them using statistics for quantitative data and methods such as content analysis or descriptive analysis for qualitative data. Analysis provides the data being transformed into findings and make sense. Especially, in some of document analysis and some qualitative studies, it is seen that data are presented as findings. In some others, data are presented being only described. It is essential that the studies are formed in an article format obeying the rules by the journal and presented for publication afterwards.
As always, we present the six articles got through peer-review process and given DOI number to you dear producers and consumers of knowledge. I wish these studies conducted in various fields of educational sciences will be useful and contribute to theoretical knowledge within the field. Hope to meet within the next issue.
Sincerely yours,
Experimental Results of Vibroacoustic Diagnosis Performed with Vibro-Expert System
Authors: Rusa Ionel , Marin Cornel , Baidoc Marius 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The implementation of proactive maintenance is a necessity required by the development of modern technologies for the monitoring and exploitation of energy facilities and equipment. An important advantage of proactive maintenance is to permanently monitor the technical condition of the plant and equipment by vibration measurements and in the correct diagnosis in order to reasonably plan the required repairs. Turbo-aggregates are autonomous complex installations for producing electricity in refineries that operate in high power and high-speed modes. To monitor and control turbine vibrations, vibration sensors (uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial accelerometers) and proximity sensors (for relative displacements and lasers) are columned on bearing housings that transmit signals to data acquisition and processing systems as well is the Vibro-Expret diagnosis system presented in this paper.
The metanorm, a characteristic subgroup: Embedding properties
Authors: De Falco Maria , de Giovanni Francesco , Kurdachenko Leonid A. , Musella Carmela 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The norm of a group was introduced by R. Baer as the intersection of all normalizers of subgroups, and it was later proved that the norm is always contained in the second term of the upper central series of the group. The aim of this paper is to study embedding properties of the metanorm of a group, defined as the intersection of all normalizers of non-abelian subgroups. The metanorm is related to the so-called metahamiltonian groups, i.e. groups in which all non-abelian subgroups are normal, and it is known that every locally graded metahamiltonian group is finite over its second centre. Among other results, it is proved here that if G is a locally graded group whose metanorm M is not nilpotent, then

M
′

/

M
′′

{M^{\prime}/M^{\prime\prime}}

is a small eccentric chief factor and it is the only obstruction to a strong hypercentral embedding of M in G.
Related factors of early mortality in young adults with cerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Zhou Hong Xia , Hao Nina , Xu Xiao Lin 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
The main causes of intracerebral hemorrhage differ between young adults and older adults. Data regarding potential targets for early intervention in young adult patients with intracerebral hemorrhage are lacking.

Methods
We retrospectively analysed data for 196 young adult patients with intracerebral hemorrhage who were admitted to Tianjin Huanhu Hospital and died within 30 days of admission between June 2005 and June 2015. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate survival rate, and the log-rank test was used to determine survival rate significance. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results
Univariate analysis revealed a statistically significant association of age, disturbance of consciousness, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Glasgow Coma Scale scores, seizure occurrence, infratentorial hemorrhage, intraventricular extension, hernia, glucose level, white blood cell count, albumin level, creatinine level, uric acid level, and surgical treatment with early mortality (P<0.05). However, multivariate regression analysis revealed that only infratentorial hemorrhage (P=0.003) and intraventricular extension (P=0.003) were significant risk factors for early mortality.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that young adult patients who exhibit infratentorial hemorrhage and intraventricular extension in the early stages of intracerebral hemorrhage onset exhibit an increased risk of early mortality.
Socially Disadvantaged Social Groups and Adult Education: Chance for Integration?
Authors: Nyilas Orsolya , Fónai Mihály 
Published: June 2018

Abstracts
Nowadays, whether we discuss either adult education or continuing training we possess comprehensive knowledge of the input side of the trainings. We have detailed data of the accredited institutions, instructors, the structure, content and operational indicators of the trainings, still we know less of the drop-outs, absentees and the reasons for the low participation rate in adult education. We have minimal information even when we analyse the existing data concerning the outcome of the successfully finished adult educational programs.
A statistical method for measuring activation of gene regulatory networks
Authors: Esteves Gustavo H. , Reis Luiz F. L. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Motivation: Gene expression data analysis is of great importance for modern molecular biology, given our ability to measure the expression profiles of thousands of genes and enabling studies rooted in systems biology. In this work, we propose a simple statistical model for the activation measuring of gene regulatory networks, instead of the traditional gene co-expression networks. Results: We present the mathematical construction of a statistical procedure for testing hypothesis regarding gene regulatory network activation. The real probability distribution for the test statistic is evaluated by a permutation based study. To illustrate the functionality of the proposed methodology, we also present a simple example based on a small hypothetical network and the activation measuring of two KEGG networks, both based on gene expression data collected from gastric and esophageal samples. The two KEGG networks were also analyzed for a public database, available through NCBI-GEO, presented as Supplementary Material. Availability: This method was implemented in an R package that is available at the BioConductor project website under the name maigesPack.