bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emissions Pricing Policies and Business Cycles: Fixed vs. Variable Tax Regimes
Authors: Ramezani Fariba , Harvie Charles , Arjomandi Amir 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAs by‐products, emissions follow economic fluctuations. Ignoring this fact in environmental policies can lead to unexpected emissions fluctuations and an increase in intervention costs. Using a real business cycle model, we compare two policies: a fixed tax policy where the price is constant over time and a variable tax regime where the tax rate is set at the beginning of each period. We find that while both programs result in lower emissions, a variable tax regime is preferable since first, it can ensure that the maximum welfare is always achieved, and second, it is more effective in stabilising emissions.
Social Desirability Bias Impacts Self‐Reported Alcohol Use Among Persons With HIV in Uganda
Authors: Adong Julian , Fatch Robin , Emenyonu Nneka I. , Cheng Debbie M. , Muyindike Winnie R. , Ngabirano Christine , Kekibiina Allen , Woolf‐King Sarah E. , Samet Jeffrey H. , Hahn Judith A. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundSelf‐report is widely used to assess alcohol use in research and clinical practice, but may be subject to social desirability bias. We aimed to determine if social desirability impacts self‐reported alcohol use.MethodsAmong 751 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients from a clinic in southwestern Uganda, we measured social desirability using the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS) Short Form C, self‐reported alcohol use (prior 3 months) Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption (AUDIT‐C), and phosphatidylethanol (PEth), a biomarker of prior 3 weeks’ drinking. We conducted multiple regression analyses to assess the relationship between SDS score (low, medium, and high levels) and (i) any self‐reported recent alcohol use, among those who were PEth‐positive (≥8 ng/ml), and (ii) continuous AUDIT‐C score, among those reporting any recent alcohol use. We controlled for PEth level, age, gender, education, economic assets, marital status, religion, spirituality/religiosity, social support, and study cohort.ResultsOf 751 participants, 59% were women; the median age was 31 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 26 to 39). Median SDS score was 9 (IQR: 4 to 10). Two‐thirds (62%) self‐reported any recent alcohol use; median AUDIT‐C was 1 (IQR: 0 to 4). Among those who were PEth‐positive (57%), 13% reported no recent alcohol use. Those with the highest SDS tertile had decreased odds of reporting any recent alcohol use compared to the lowest tertile, but the association did not reach statistical significance in multivariable analyses (adjusted odds ratio 0.55 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25, 1.23]). Among participants self‐reporting recent alcohol use, SDS level was negatively associated with AUDIT‐C scores (adjusted β: −0.70 [95% CI: −1.19, −0.21] for medium vs. low SDS and −1.42 [95% CI: −2.05, −0.78] for high vs. low SDS).ConclusionsWhile use of objective measures (e.g., alcohol biomarkers) is desirable for measuring alcohol use, SDS scores may be used to adjust self‐reported drinking levels by participants’ level of social desirability in HIV research studies.
Locational effects and the cost of corporate bonds: the role of information
Authors: Hu Tao , Hu Xiaolu , Huang Haozhi , Shi Jing , Wang Hua 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe public yield spreads of bonds vary widely between Chinese provinces/municipalities, with the average for the highest province double that of the lowest one. Although we find that these patterns are mainly attributable to economic and legal conditions, locational effects like geographic distance and public firm credit ratings also appear to be contributory. We show that these effects are induced by different regional informational environments and are robust to controlling for potential endogenous location choices.
‘Standard THC units’: a proposal to standardize dose across all cannabis products and methods of administration
Authors: Freeman Tom P. , Lorenzetti Valentina 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsCannabis products are becoming increasingly diverse, and vary considerably in concentrations of ∆9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Higher doses of THC can increase the risk of harm from cannabis, while CBD may partially offset some of these effects. Lower Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines currently lack recommendations based on quantity of use, and could be improved by implementing standard units. However, there is currently no consensus on how units should be measured or standardized among different cannabis products or methods of administration.ArgumentExisting proposals for standard cannabis units have been based on specific methods of administration (e.g. joints) and these may not capture other methods, including pipes, bongs, blunts, dabbing, vaporizers, vape pens, edibles and liquids. Other proposals (e.g. grams of cannabis) cannot account for heterogeneity in THC concentrations among different cannabis products. Similar to alcohol units, we argue that standard cannabis units should reflect the quantity of primary active pharmacological constituents (dose of THC). On the basis of experimental and ecological data, public health considerations and existing policy, we propose that a ‘standard THC unit’ should be fixed at 5 mg THC for all cannabis products and methods of administration. If supported by sufficient evidence in future, consumption of standard CBD units might offer an additional strategy for harm reduction.ConclusionsStandard ∆9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) units can potentially be applied among all cannabis products and methods of administration to guide consumers and promote safer patterns of use.
Donors, Primary Elections, and Polarization in the United States
Authors: Kujala Jordan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractI examine the influence of partisan donors on the district‐level ideological polarization of congressional candidates in the United States. I use data from 2002–10 U.S. House elections, which provide for the placement of major party primary winners on the same ideological dimension as their primary, general election, and partisan donor constituencies. Using this unique data set, I find strong evidence that the influence of donors in nominating contests is a source of polarization in the United States. House nominees are more responsive to their donor constituencies than either their primary or general electorates. I also find some evidence that the lack of general election competition affects nominee extremity. In safer districts, Democratic incumbents appear more responsive to donors. However, Republican donors seem to demand proximity regardless of district competitiveness. Overall, the polarizing effects of donor constituencies dominate any moderating effects, resulting in ideologically extreme nominees and, ultimately, members of Congress.
A comparative study of engagement in mobile and wearable health monitoring for bipolar disorder
Authors: Van Til Kaela , McInnis Melvin G. , Cochran Amy 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesSelf‐monitoring is recommended for individuals with bipolar disorder, with numerous technological solutions available. This study aimed to identify basic components of these solutions that increase engagement with self‐monitoring.MethodsParticipants with bipolar disorder (n = 47) monitored their symptoms with a Fitbit and a smartphone app and were randomly assigned to either review or not review recorded symptoms weekly. We tested whether individuals would better adhere to and prefer monitoring with passive monitoring with an activity tracker compared to active monitoring with a smartphone app and whether individuals would better adhere to self‐monitoring if their recorded symptoms were reviewed with an interviewer.ResultsMonitoring with a smartphone app achieved similar adherence and preference to Fitbit (P > .85). Linear mixed effects modeling found adherence decreased significantly more over the study for the Fitbit (12% more, P < .001) even though more participants reported they would use the Fitbit over a year compared to the app (72.3% vs 46.8%). Reviewing symptoms weekly did not improve adherence, but most participants reported they would prefer to review symptoms with a clinician (74.5%) and on monthly basis (57.5%) compared to alternatives. Participants endorsed sleep as the most important symptom to monitor, forgetfulness as the largest barrier to self‐monitoring, and raising self‐awareness as the best reason for self‐monitoring.ConclusionsWe recommend a combined strategy of wearable and mobile monitoring that includes reminders, targets raising self‐awareness, and tracks sleep. A clinician may want to review symptoms on a monthly basis.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03358238.
Long‐term chemogenetic suppression of spontaneous seizures in a mouse model for temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Desloovere Jana , Boon Paul , Larsen Lars E. , Merckx Caroline , Goossens Marie‐Gabrielle , Van den Haute Chris , Baekelandt Veerle , De Bundel Dimitri , Carrette Evelien , Delbeke Jean , Meurs Alfred , Vonck Kristl , Wadman Wytse , Raedt Robrecht 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveMore than one‐third of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) continue to have seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs, and many experience severe drug‐related side effects, illustrating the need for novel therapies. Selective expression of inhibitory Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) allows cell‐type‐specific reduction of neuronal excitability. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chemogenetic suppression of excitatory pyramidal and granule cell neurons of the sclerotic hippocampus in the intrahippocampal mouse model (IHKA) for temporal lobe epilepsy.MethodsIntrahippocampal IHKA mice were injected with an adeno‐associated viral vector carrying the genes for an inhibitory DREADD hM4Di in the sclerotic hippocampus or control vector. Next, animals were treated systemically with different single doses of clozapine‐N‐oxide (CNO) (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) and clozapine (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg) and the effect on spontaneous hippocampal seizures, hippocampal electroencephalography (EEG) power, fast ripples (FRs) and behavior in the open field test was evaluated. Finally, animals received prolonged treatment with clozapine for 3 days and the effect on seizures was monitored.ResultsTreatment with both CNO and clozapine resulted in a robust suppression of hippocampal seizures for at least 15 hours only in DREADD‐expressing animals. Moreover, total EEG power and the number of FRs were significantly reduced. CNO and/or clozapine had no effects on interictal hippocampal EEG, seizures, or locomotion/anxiety in the open field test in non‐DREADD epileptic IHKA mice. Repeated clozapine treatment every 8 hours for 3 days resulted in almost complete seizure suppression in DREADD animals.SignificanceThis study shows the potency of chemogenetics to robustly and sustainably suppress spontaneous epileptic seizures and pave the way for an epilepsy therapy in which a systemically administered exogenous drug selectively modulates specific cell types in a seizure network, leading to a potent seizure suppression devoid of the typical drug‐related side effects.
Effects of dams and their environmental impacts on the genetic diversity and connectivity of freshwater mussel populations in Poyang Lake Basin, China
Authors: Liu Xiongjun , Wu Ruiwen , Chen Xu , Zhou Yu , Yang Limin , Ouyang Shan , Wu Xiaoping 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Habitat fragmentation is one of the main threats to biodiversity. Barriers to dispersal caused by anthropogenic habitat alteration may affect phylogeographic patterns in freshwater mussels. Knowledge of the phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns of unionoids is vital to inform protection of their biodiversity.

Here, we assessed influences of dams and their environmental effects on the genetic diversity and population connectivity of a broadly distributed freshwater mussel, Nodularia douglasiae, in Poyang Lake Basin.

The results showed high genetic diversity in areas without dams and low genetic diversity in areas with dams. High genetic differentiation and low gene flow were found among the 11 populations. Genetic variation was significantly correlated with dissolved oxygen levels.

The observation of low genetic diversity in populations separated by dams indicated that those populations were subjected to genetic erosion and demographic decline because they are disconnected from other populations with higher diversity. High genetic differentiation and low gene flow among the 11 populations could be correlated with anthropogenic habitat alteration.

These results indicated that anthropogenic habitat alterations have led to the decline in freshwater mussel diversity. Therefore, we recommend maintaining favourable habitat conditions and connectivity of rivers or lakes, and strengthening study of life histories with host‐test experiments to identify potential host fish species to strengthen the knowledge base underpinning freshwater mussel conservation.
Evaluation of apically extruded debris during the removal of canal filling material using three different Ni‐Ti systems and hand files in teeth with simulated apical root resorption
Authors: Topçuoğlu H. S. , Demirbuga S. , Topçuoğlu G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimTo compare the weight of apically extruded debris produced during the removal of root canal filling material using various files in extracted teeth with simulated apical root resorption.MethodologyThe root canals of one hundred and twenty extracted mandibular premolar teeth were prepared with Revo‐S files and filled using a cold lateral compaction technique with gutta‐percha and a resin‐based sealer (AdSeal; Meta‐Biomed, Cheongwon, Korea). Sixty teeth were randomly assigned to four control groups (hand file, ProTaper Universal retreatment file, D‐RaCe retreatment file, and Reciproc file) for the removal of root canal filling material. The apical portion of the remaining 60 teeth was modified to simulate apical root resoption, and the teeth were then randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (using the same techniques as in the control groups) for the removal of root canal filling material. Apically extruded debris was collected into pre‐weighed Eppendorf tubes and then dried. The mean weight of the apically extruded debris was assessed with an analytical balance to an accuracy of 10−4 g. Data were analysed using two‐way analysis of variance and a Tukey’s post hoc test.ResultsIn the simulated apical root resorption groups, all file systems were associated with significantly more debris extrusion compared to the groups without simulated resorption (P < 0.05). The amount of apically extruded debris was greatest in the hand file groups compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). In the groups with simulated apical root resorption, the Reciproc system was associated with the least weight of apically extruded debris (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between the ProTaper Universal retreatment and D‐RaCe files (P > 0.05). In the groups without simulated apical root resorption, there was no significant difference between Reciproc, ProTaper Universal retreatment and D‐RaCe retreatment files (P> 0.05). The time required to remove the root canal filling material was as follows: hand file > ProTaper Universal retreatment = D‐RaCe retreatment > Reciproc (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe weight of apically extruded debris was significantly greater in teeth with simulated apical root resorption than in those teeth without simulated apical root resorption. Hand files were associated with significantly more apically extruded debris in all groups during removal of root canal filling material.
Urban–rural differences in mental health among Chinese patients with multiple chronic conditions
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Yang Cong‐Yan , Inder Kerry , Wai‐Chi Chan Sally 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMental health is impacted by social, economic, and environmental influences related to where people live. Mental health problems commonly co‐occur with long‐term physical conditions and impact individuals’ health synergistically. Multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) including mental health problems are becoming a public health challenge globally. However, there is limited information about urban–rural differences in mental health among patients with MCCs in China. The present study aimed to identify differences in mental health between urban and rural patients with MCCs. Using a cross‐sectional design, 347 patients with MCCs were recruited from a tertiary hospital in North Anhui, China. A self‐reported questionnaire, including socio‐demographic and clinical variables, the 12‐item Short‐Form survey version 2 on quality of life, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, was administered to outpatients. Findings showed that rural participants reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression and had worse mental health compared to urban participants. Unemployment status, lower educational level, more long‐term health conditions, and a higher degree of anxiety were associated with worse mental health. This study highlights disparities in mental health among patients with MCCs living in urban and rural areas of China. Appropriate mental health support programmes should be developed for patients with MCCs, especially for those living in rural areas.
The Spanish version of the Psychiatric/Mental health clinical placement survey and an assessment of Spanish student attitudes towards mental health
Authors: Juliá‐Sanchis Rocío , Cabañero‐Martínez Maria José , Cabrero‐García Julio , Congost‐Maestre Nereida , Escribano Silvia 
Published: October 2019

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

The Psychiatric/Mental Health Clinical Placement Survey preplacement, validated in English and widely used, assesses nursing student attitudes towards the mental health field.

There are no validated scales in Spanish to assess students' attitudes towards mental health, nor is there evidence of attitudes in Spanish students.

What does this article add to existing knowledge?

The present study was the first to address the validity of a scale which evaluates nursing student attitudes towards mental health issues, in Spanish.

Until now, no knowledge was available on nursing student attitudes towards mental health issues in the Spanish context.

What are the implications for practice?

The results provide faculty professors with a validated tool to use to assess attitudinal changes in students, following theoretical and practical training in mental health.

To have an up‐to‐date perspective on student attitudes towards both the field of mental health and people with severe mental illness, thereby providing the opportunity to focus on those aspects requiring improvement.

AbstractIntroductionThe encouragement of positive attitudes towards mental health is necessary in order to improve the quality of healthcare assistance. The attitudes of nursing students towards mental health are unknown, and there are no validated scales for their assessment.AimsTo adapt the Psychiatric/Mental Health Clinical Placement Survey (PMHCPS) to Spanish and examine its psychometric properties; to describe the attitudes of nursing students towards the mental health field.MethodConfirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), internal consistency and construct validity were performed. An assessment of the students' attitudes was also conducted.ResultsThe CFA showed appropriate fit, and total internal consistency was adequate. With regard to construct validity, knowledge was associated with practicum mark. The students achieved above mid‐range scores for all subscales, except negative stereotypes. Gender differences were observed.DiscussionThe PMHCPS, translated to Spanish, enables the students' attitude towards the mental health field to be assessed, thus identifying those areas of student attitudes and competencies requiring improvement.Implications for practiceTo provide Spanish nursing faculties with access to a scale, with which to assess changes in student attitudes. The assessment results may then be utilized to formulate teaching methods in order to improve the quality of health care the students might provide as future nursing professionals.
Mantoniella beaufortii and Mantoniella baffinensis sp. nov. (Mamiellales, Mamiellophyceae), two new green algal species from the high arctic1
Authors: Yau Sheree , Lopes dos Santos Adriana , Eikrem Wenche , Gérikas Ribeiro Catherine , Gourvil Priscillia , Balzano Sergio , Escande Marie‐Line , Moreau Hervé , Vaulot Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Members of the class Mamiellophyceae comprise species that can dominate picophytoplankton diversity in polar waters. Yet, polar species are often morphologically indistinguishable from temperate species, although clearly separated by molecular features. Here we examine four Mamiellophyceae strains from the Canadian Arctic. The 18S rRNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) gene phylogeny place these strains within the family Mamiellaceae (Mamiellales, Mamiellophyceae) in two separate clades of the genus Mantoniella. ITS2 synapomorphies support their placement as two new species, Mantoniella beaufortii and Mantoniella baffinensis. Both species have round green cells with diameter between 3 and 5 μm, one long flagellum and a short flagellum (~1 μm) and are covered by spiderweb‐like scales, making both species similar to other Mantoniella species. Morphologically, M. beaufortii and M. baffinensis are most similar to the cosmopolitan M. squamata with only minor differences in scale structure distinguishing them. Screening of global marine metabarcoding data sets indicates M. beaufortii has only been recorded in seawater and sea ice samples from the Arctic, while no environmental barcode matches M. baffinensis. Like other Mamiellophyceae genera that have distinct polar and temperate species, the polar distribution of these new species suggests they are cold or ice‐adapted Mantoniella species.
Some properties of inflation expectations in the euro area
Authors: Sorić Petar , Lolić Ivana , Matošec Marina 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper assesses the euro area inflation expectations by examining five different survey‐based expectations indicators. The Survey of Professional Forecasters outperforms all other expectations indicators in terms of forecasting accuracy. We test the unbiasedness and efficiency of these indicators by viewing the Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH) from a time‐varying perspective in a state space framework. Our model shows that the deviations from expectations' unbiasedness and efficiency are the most pronounced in the global financial crisis. Additionally, we offer evidence that the adaptive expectations and regressive expectations models are considerably more in line with actual data than REH.