bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afforestation Motivations of Private Landowners: An Examination of Hardwood Tree Plantings in Indiana
Authors: Ross-Davis Amy L. , Broussard Shorna R. , Jacobs Douglass F. , Davis Anthony S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While a number of studies have investigated the objectives and characteristics of nonindus-trial private forestland (NIPF) owners as they relate to afforestation and reforestation decisions, very few studies have addressed these among NIPF owners in the Central Hardwood Forest Region of the United States, and even fewer have linked these to plantation establishment success. This article reports on such an examination in Indiana. Landowners were found to value their land for the privacy it provides, as a place of residence, and as a legacy for future generations. They afforested primarily to provide for future generations, to supply food and habitat for wildlife, and to conserve the natural environment. Seedling survival was lowest on sites owned by individuals who did not value their land as a legacy for future generations. Many NIPF owners are engaging in requisite behaviors to ensure plantation establishment success. The results of this study are discussed in terms of their importance as indicators of the influence of cost-share programs and the insight they provide into potential target areas for future programs.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):149 –153.
The Impact of Minnesota's Forest Management Guidelines on the Time Required to Set Up Public Agency Timber Sales
Authors: Blinn Charles R. , Kilgore Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty-six public agency tracts of timber were offered for sale in northern Minnesota through a sealed bidding process during Fall 2002. Each tract was set up and offered for sale both with and without the requirement to apply a specific set of timber-harvesting guidelines. Foresters who set up each tract recorded their time spent on a variety of timber sale preparation activities. On average, it took 57% longer to set up the timber sales when timber harvesting guidelines were incorporated into the sale design—an additional 20 min/ac over the time required to set up a timber sale when guidelines were not used. With an assumed opportunity cost of $20/h, the value of that additional timber sale set-up time averaged $6.80/ac. Several ideas are presented to reduce the additional time associated with incorporating guidelines into timber sales. They include both strategies applicable across all timber sales, as well as those that are site dependent.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):175–180.
FoliageߝSapwood Area Relationships for Balsam Fir in North-Central Minnesota
Authors: Gilmore Daniel W. , Zenner Eric K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Leaf area is an important determinant of plant productivity. Because foliage is difficult to measure directly, allometric relationships often are used to predict branch-level and tree-level attributes such as total mass, needle mass, crown biomass, and projected leaf area. Two modeling approaches (i.e., the “crown weighing” and the “branch summation” approach) and two model forms (i.e., a nonlinear model form and a linear logarithmic model form) have generally been used to develop allometric relationships. It is unclear, however, whether these approaches result in similar predictions, which of these model forms provides us with the better predictions, and whether allometric equations developed for the same tree species in one region can be safely applied in another region. To investigate these questions, allometric equations to predict branch-level attributes (mass and leaf area) were constructed for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) in Minnesota. The “branch summation” approach was used to construct equations to predict crown biomass and projected leaf area from sapwood area, dbh, and crown length. These predictions were compared to those from the crown weighing approach. No statistically significant differences were detected. Results also indicated that the logarithmic form of the allometric model was the model of choice over the nonlinear form. Furthermore, branch-level and tree-level equations developed for balsam fir from north-central Minnesota differed from those of other regions within the range of data for the trees sampled. This reinforces the need for developing localized allometric equations.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):203–210.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Forest Stewardship Program in West Virginia: Ten-Year Assessment
Authors: Jennings Brian M. , McGill David W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sixty-three percent of the 2,656 West Virginia Forest Stewardship Program (FSP) participants sampled in this study responded to a survey aimed at assessing the implementation rates of the forest management practices recommended in their forest stewardship plans. Logistic regression models were used to determine factors related to the implementation of 10 different forestry practices. Thirty-nine factors were evaluated for these 10 different binary (implemented, not implemented) response variables including landowner demographics, participation in other private landowner assistance programs, motivation behind enrollment in the FSP, and whether a specific practice was recommended in a plan. Implementation of these 10 practices statistically was associated to 23 of the 39 factors. Participation in other private landowner assistance programs and practice recommendation were two commonly occurring factors related to implementation of forestry practices.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):236–242.
Influence of Stand Thinning on Ice Storm Injury in Maine Hardwood Stands
Authors: Morris Julie L. , Ostrofsky William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In January 1998, a severe ice storm struck the northeastern United States, causing widespread injury and, in some areas, substantial damage to forest stands. In Maine, hardwood species were most severely damaged. Landowners have been concerned that thinned stands are more susceptible to ice injury than their unthinned counterparts. The objectives of this study were to investigate injury and recovery from the ice storm in recently thinned (within 5 years) and unthinned hardwood stands. Four field sites were chosen, and individuals in both thinned and unthinned areas were measured to determine damage and recovery values. Species examined included white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), red oak Quercus rubra L.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Damage variables measured included pre- and poststorm crown class, percent crown loss, and number and size of broken branches. Recovery variables included transparency rating, number and location of sprouts, and cambial electrical resistance readings for each individual. Results indicate that thinned stands did not suffer the effects of the 1998 ice storm greater than the unthinned stands, for all stands combined. However, some differences at individual sites were detected. We suggest that landowners should not be overly concerned with continuing to thin their hardwood stands. A thinned stand is not necessarily at greater risk for ice injury. In addition, the thinning may actually accelerate the recovery process by creating individuals that are more vigorous than their unthinned counterparts. Heavily thinned stands, however, may be at a greater risk to ice injury.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):262–267.
Abiotic Factors Influencing Deer Browsing in West Virginia
Authors: Campbell Tyler A. , Laseter Benjamin R. , Ford W. Mark , Odom Richard H. , Miller Karl V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present a comparison of woody browse availability and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) use among clearcut interiors, skidder trail edges, and mature forest and an evaluation of the relative importance of aboitic factors in predicting browsing pressure within regenerating clearcuts in the central Appalachians of West Virginia. We sampled 810 1-m2 plots in or adjacent to nine regenerating clearcuts (8–19 ha) during the summer of 2001. Availability and use of woody browse did not differ between clearcut interior and skidder trail plots for any species observed. Plots in the adjacent mature forest had less woody browse availability and higher utilization. Overall use of available woody browse in clearcuts was >15%. Combining all woody species, elevation (wI = 0.618) and distance to mature forest (wI = 0.379) were more important than landform index, plot surface shape, aspect, and slope in predicting deer browsing pressure in regenerating clearcuts. We believe that without management activities aimed at reducing deer browsing, in many parts of this region the ability of forest managers to regenerate stands will be jeopardized and the forested ecosystem will be compromised.
Growth Intercept Methods for Predicting Site Index in White Pine Plantations in the Glaciated Areas of Ohio
Authors: Brown James H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth intercept (GI) techniques were evaluated for estimating site quality in white pine stands planted on old-field sites in the Wisconsin-aged glaciated areas of northern and western Ohio. Correlations between growth of trees below the breast high (bh) annual growth increment andheight growth from bh and above were not statistically significant. Site index estimates were made using age at bh and height from the bh annual growth increment to the growing tip. Three-year and 5-year growth beginning 3 years above the bh annual increment and 10-year growth beginning oneinternode above bh were significantly more correlated with height than were intercepts beginning at bh. In multiple regression equations developed for predicting site index, 3-, 5- and 10-year intercepts, along with age at bh, accounted for 76, 77, and 80%, respectively, of the variationin tree heights and 35-year site indices varied from 60 to 83 ft. Combining clay content of the B2 soil horizon with GI and age increased the variation accounted for by 3-, 5-, and 10-year GI equations to 79, 78, and 81%, respectively, and the improvement in site index estimatesover those using GIs alone was not more than ±2 ft within any given GI measurement.
Release of Naturally Established White Pine Seedlings from Competition: An Objective Field Index
Authors: Nolet Philippe , Bouffard Daniel , Lorenzetti François 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Gap cutting has been recently prescribed in Quebec to favor the regeneration of midtolerant species such as white pine. However, this new practice may lead to increased competition, jeopardizing the survival of established seedlings. One important question, therefore, is how much care will be required to ensure that the seedlings will reach the sapling stage. More importantly, a practical field tool is needed to determine under which conditions a seedling must be released from competition. For the present study, three sets of 42 white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings were selected from 4-year-old gaps in a mixed tolerant hardwood–white pine stand so as to cover the widest range of competition intensity, and so the main competitor species would be individuals of one of the following: pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.f.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), or wild raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). A seedling vigor index was developed, and counts of and measurements on stems of competitor species were conducted. Several competition indices were computed, and regression analyses were performed to determine which indices explained the most of the observed variation in seedling vigor. A composite competition index to be used as a decision rule to release a white pine seedling was developed by combining selected competition indices, balancing precision of the models with ease-of-use in the field. Finally, the integration and the economic assessment of the field index into the planning of regeneration efforts are presented.
A Merchantable and Total Height Model for Tree Species in Maine
Authors: Westfall James A. , Laustsen Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A model for predicting merchantable and total tree height for 18 species groups in Maine is presented. Only tree-level predictor variables are used, so stand-level attributes, such as age and site quality, are not required. A mixed-effects modeling approach accounts for the correlated within-tree measurements. Data-collection protocols encompass situations in which merchantability to a specified top diameter is not attained due to tree characteristics. The advantage of using the height prediction model over taper-derived estimates of merchantable height is demonstrated.
Vole Damage Control in Forest Plantations
Authors: Sharew Hailu , Kays Jonathan S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of five treatments (mowing with broadcast baiting, mowing with hand baiting, hand baiting with no mowing, herbicide, and untreated control) on vole population and damage to forest plantations were evaluated. All treatments caused reductions in vole feeding, as well as reduced seedling damage and potential seedling mortality. This study shows the practical importance of monitoring planting sites for vole populations in the fall prior to and after planting and suggests an immediate control of high and severe vole population ratings with rodenticide with or without mowing to minimize potential seedling mortality. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):297–300.
Predicting Crown Radius in Eastern White Pine (Pinusstrobus L.) Stands in New Hampshire
Authors: Jordan Gregory J. , Ducey Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Using data from 449 trees on 69 growth-and-yield plots located in southern and central New Hampshire, we developed models of crown radius for stand-grown eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in New Hampshire. In addition to dbh, we tested single-tree measurements sometimes collected in forest inventories (such as live crown length and live crown ratio [LCR]), as well as simple variables to compensate for stand density and competitive position of the tree. A model using dbh, stand basal area (BA), and LCR provided the best predictions, but a model using dbh, stand BA, and the ratio of dbh to stand quadratic mean diameter proved nearly as accurate. We compare these equations to previously published equations for white pine.
Growing Your Mulch On-Site: Using Site Produced Sorghum/Sudan as a Mulch for Hybrid Poplar
Authors: Demchik Mike , Krause Norman 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Killed cover crops are being used increasingly for weed control in horticultural systems. We propose the use of killed cover crops as a method of erosion and weed control in afforestation and conservation plantings. We grew sorghum-Sudan in two plots during 2001. We cut the crop and planted hybrid poplar cuttings in spring 2002. We did no other weed control during the season. As controls, we planted two adjacent plots with hybrid poplar cuttings and used conventional tillage and hand weeding to maintain a weed-free bed. The survival was greater in the plots with sorghum-Sudan mulch than in the conventionally managed plots; however, the growth was not significantly different. Based on this initial test, killed cover crops appear to have potential for erosion and weed control in afforestation and conservation plantings.
Christmas Tree Response to N Fertilization and the Development of Critical Foliar N Levels in New York
Authors: Slesak Robert A. , Briggs Russell D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effectiveness of fertilization as a tool to increase growth rate and quality of Christmas trees depends on the ability to identify trees that are limited by nutrition. Foliar analysis is one approach to identify nutrition-limited trees, but it requires pre-established diagnostic criteria for application. The objective of this study was to assess growth response of Christmas trees to N fertilizer, and to develop critical foliar N levels for species commonly grown in New York. We evaluated diameter growth and foliar N concentration response of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.), Canaan fir (Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis [Fern.]), Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.), concolor fir (Abies concolor [Gord. and Glend.] Lindl.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) midrotation Christmas trees to N fertilization on 11 sites distributed across central New York. Two fertilizer treatments were applied: 1 oz N tree−1 as ammonium nitrate (AN) and chicken manure compost (CMC) applied at 0.6 oz N tree−1. Current annual diameter increment (CAI) for Canaan fir, Fraser fir, and Douglas-fir increased in response to AN. Two-year CAI for AN-treated trees was greater than control trees for all species with the exception of Canaan fir. Application of CMC had no effect on CAI the first year after application but did increase 2-year CAI for concolor and Fraser fir. Vector analysis, which simultaneously displays foliar mass, N concentration, and N content, indicated that all species responded positively to AN in more than 50% of the cases (with the exception of Canaan fir). Foliar response to CMC was weak, exhibiting a positive response in only 38% of the cases. Based on the foliar response of trees to AN, the following critical foliar N concentrations are proposed for Christmas trees in New York: balsam fir, 1.65%; concolor fir, 1.75%; Canaan fir, 1.60%; Douglas-fir, 1.45%; and Fraser fir, 1.60%.
Predicted and Observed Sugar Maple Mortality in Relation to Site Quality Indicators
Authors: Nolet Philippe , Hartmann Henrik , Bouffard Daniel , Doyon Frédérik 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In response to high mortality rates after selection cutting, the Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources developed a new tree classification system, named MSCR, to better identify trees with high mortality probabilities. The main objective of this article was to verify whether sugar maple mortality is more abundant on poor quality sites than on rich quality sites using (1) sample plots, measured only once, in which mortality is predicted using MSCR, and (2) remeasured sample plots that provide a real cumulative 10-year mortality assessment. The results presented show that sugar maple predicted mortality (based on MSCR) is greater on good sites than on bad sites. This result is in contradiction with our 10-year mortality results and the literature. Combining strong components of MSCR with those of other systems described in the literature, we put forward the conceptual basis for a new classification system for the northern hardwoods.
Nontarget Tree Mortality after Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Injection with Imazapyr
Authors: Lewis Kevin , McCarthy Brian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima Miller [Swingle]) can be managed easily with herbicide injection. However, the potential herbicide translocation to neighboring trees must be evaluated before widespread recommendations for herbicide injections. We assessed the nontargettranslocation of imazapyr (Arsenal), an herbicide commonly used to manage woody vegetation in forests, from injected tree-of-heaven to neighboring noninjected stems. Targeted imazapyr injections not only killed all injected tree-of-heaven, but also killed 17.5% of neighboring (within 3 m) noninjected tree-of-heaven and eight other tree species 62 weeks after treatment. Nontarget mortality from herbicide translocation decreased as the distance from injected tree-of-heaven increased (up to 3 m) and as stem diameter of noninjected plants increased. The plausible modes ofinter- and intraspecific herbicide translocation include root grafts, mutually shared mycorrhizal fungi, root exudation and absorption, and/or leaf senescence. Because tree-of-heaven is clonal, patch size and vegetation heterogeneity will be an important determinant of herbicide injectionprotocols. In forest environments with many small patches (i.e., high edge to interior ratio) or mixed species stands, nontarget hardwoods are at an increased risk of mortality. In isolated large patches (with lower edge to interior ratio) or dense monospecific clones, injection risk to nontarget species will be relatively low.
Comparing Double-Sampling Efficiency Using Various Estimators with Fixed-Area and Point Sampling
Authors: Dahl Christopher A. , Harding Brent A. , Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, we compare the efficiency of double sampling using point sampling and fixed-area plots for sawtimber volume estimates in a mixed-hardwood, oak-dominated stand. Multiple sample sizes and combinations were evaluated to determine optimum double-sample ratios. Results indicatedthat double, point-sampling schemes are more efficient in terms of field time and sampling errors than double-sampling schemes incorporating fixed-area plots. Data suggested that the most efficient ratio of measured and nonmeasured points with double sampling varies on the basis of the nonmeasuredvariable used and desired SE percentage levels for the inventory.
Differences in Computed Individual-Tree Volumes Caused by Differences in Field Measurements
Authors: Westfall James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Individual-tree volumes are primarily predicted using volume equations that rely on measured tree attributes. In the northeastern United States, the Forest Inventory and Analysis program determines tree volume using dbh, bole height, proportion of cull, and species information. These measurements are subject to variability due to a host of factors. The sensitivity of the volume equations were assessed in relation to changes in each of the input variables. Additionally, data from 3,345 trees that were independently remeasured were used to assess differences in gross and net volumes between operational and audit measurements. Evaluations were conducted for dbh, bole height, and proportion of cull classes, across 18 different species groups. Differences in bole height and proportion cull measurements were found to contribute the most to volume differences. Surprisingly, trees with relatively short bole heights were affected more than trees having taller bole heights. Differences in dbh and species identification contributed little to the volume differences. An analysis of the full data set across all realized volume differences showed no statistical bias in either gross or net volume. These results show the influence that specific field measurements have on accurate estimation of volume, which may be useful for targeting specific attributes where additional training or refined measurement protocols could improve consistency.
Recent Changes to the Northeast Variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator and Some Basic Strategies for Improving Model Outputs
Authors: Ray David G. , Saunders Mike R. , Seymour Robert S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The northeast variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS-NE) produces output that is of considerable use to forest managers in the northeastern United States. Designed to be relatively easy to use and requiring modest data inputs, FVS-NE is readily available at no cost and is well documented. However, as with all models, users need to appreciate model limitations and have realistic expectations. The purpose of this field note is to present some strategies for improving the reliability of predictions from FVS-NE.