bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint Fundraising Appeals: Allocation Rules and Conditions That Encourage Aid Agencies' Collaboration
Authors: Toyasaki Fuminori , Wakolbinger Tina 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTCollaborative fundraising mechanisms—known as joint fundraising appeals—have received increasing attention as innovative ways to reduce fundraising competition between aid agencies. While some aid agencies participate in joint fundraising activities, others consider that the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. Based on the analysis of two‐stage sequential game theory models, the article identifies key factors that affect aid agencies' decisions about participation in a joint fundraising mode. Our analysis indicates that expected effects of the joint fundraising mode depend on aid agencies' efficiency levels. For efficient aid agencies, the joint mode functions as a buffer to prevent them from fierce competition. In the case of inefficient aid agencies, the competitive mode saves aid agencies from underinvestment in fundraising activities. We classify representative allocation rules currently applied in the humanitarian context into three types. Our analysis shows that these allocation rules only lead to beneficial allocations for limited circumstances. Following the analysis of the three representative allocation rules, the present work also analyzes aid agencies' negotiation‐based allocation without predetermined allocation rules, using generalized Nash bargaining.
Egypt’s Political Actors Post‐2011 Revolution: Incomplete Struggle for Democracy
Authors: Shehata Mostafa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractConsidering historical developments, this article discusses the conditions that have impeded Egypt’s political actors to lead a democratic transition following the 2011 revolution. In this context, I argue that the failure of Egypt’s major political actors to effect a democratic transition post‐2011 revolution is largely due to the obstruction of Egypt’s actors before the revolution. This argument is based on a historical assessment of Egypt’s political actors’ development and engagement in opposition activities over two periods: post‐1952 military coup and post‐2011 revolution. The article suggests that a democratic transition in post‐revolution countries like Egypt, which did not achieve a decisive victory over authoritarianism, requires strong prodemocracy actors to face antidemocracy actors and lead a democratization process.
When a Right Goes Wrong: The Unintended Consequences of India's Right to Education Act
Authors: Iyer Gopalkrishnan , Counihan Chris 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMany private schools in India are under threat of closure as a result of the Right to Education Act 2009 (RTE Act). The Act mandates several input requirements rather than concentrating on learning outcomes. We show that some states are closing private schools despite government schools themselves failing to meet the mandates. We further argue that the RTE Act has the wrong priorities and so has failed to realise its mission of quality education, tends to promote disguised false equity and ignores the secondary education system, which forms an integral part of the formal education system. As a result of this faulty and discriminatory implementation of the law, a statutory ‘right’ has become a ‘wrong’.
Is Commerce Good for the Soul? An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Wright Walker A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNumerous empirical studies suggest that market exchange helps (a) create the conditions for liberal values to flourish, (b) refine our sense of fairness, (c) promote cooperation with those who are different from ourselves, (d) develop networks of mutual trust and trustworthiness, (e) generate tolerance and respect towards others, and (f) undermine hostility and conflict in favour of peace. This article reviews this empirical evidence and argues that markets make us better people, morally speaking.
The role of phosphodiesterase 4 in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis and the perspective for its inhibition
Authors: Guttman‐Yassky Emma , Hanifin Jon M. , Boguniewicz Mark , Wollenberg Andreas , Bissonnette Robert , Purohit Vivek , Kilty Iain , Tallman Anna M. , Zielinski Michael A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly prevalent, chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects children and adults. The pathophysiology of AD is complex and involves skin barrier and immune dysfunction. Many immune cytokine pathways are amplified in AD, including T helper (Th) 2, Th22, Th17 and Th1. Current treatment guidelines recommend topical medications as initial therapy; however, until recently, only two drug classes were available: topical corticosteroids (TCSs) and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs). Several limitations are associated with these agents. TCSs can cause a wide range of adverse effects, including skin atrophy, telangiectasia, rosacea and acne. TCIs can cause burning and stinging, and the prescribing information lists a boxed warning for a theoretical risk of malignancy. Novel medications with new mechanisms of action are necessary to provide better long‐term control of AD. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) regulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate in cells and has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of AD, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Several PDE4 inhibitors are in clinical development for use in the treatment of AD, including crisaborole, which recently became the first topical PDE4 inhibitor approved for treatment of mild to moderate AD. This review will further describe the pathophysiology of AD, explain the possible role of PDE4 in AD and review PDE4 inhibitors currently approved or being investigated for use in AD.
The parallel corpus for information extraction based on natural language processing and machine translation
Authors: He Honghua 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn conventional algorithms, the lack of entity information, reference, and semantic relations in the current corpus leads to a low rate of precision and efficiency in constructing cross‐language bilingual mapping. According to natural language processing and machine translation technology, to solve the problem, this paper aims to establish a parallel corpus for information extraction based on the OntoNotes corpus by combining automatic extraction and manual adjustment. To verify the validity of the parallel corpus constructed in this paper, a comparative experiment was carried out on the corpus. The corpus entity alignment rate, anaphora absence, and syntactic structure were analysed in detail based on statistics. The data set is well performed in language processing and machine translation. The parallel corpus for information extraction constructed in this paper can produce highly precise, stable, and efficient information in the process of bilingual mapping, which provides an effective parallel corpus for the study in machine translation of bilingual mapping.
Cyber Technology and the Arms Race
Authors: Kanniainen Vesa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCyber technology represents digital military capability with the purpose of causing damage to the military strength of a potential enemy. War using conventional weapons may be preceded by a strike using cyber technology. This paper introduces such technology into the theory of conflicts. The cost of war relative to the payoff from victory turns out to be crucial for the results on armament decisions. In the war game, two types of Nash equilibria may arise. One is subject to warfare while the other is not (‘equilibrium of terror’), depending on the perceived cost of war. In a symmetric war game, cyber capabilities are neutral with respect to the investments in conventional weapons, but they make wars more likely. Asymmetric access to cyber technology limits the international arms race with conventional weapons. A low success probability in the cyber programme encourages exercising the cyberattack option as the enemy may not have access to cyber capability. Uncertainty of the success of a cyber programme makes countries cautious when allocating resources not only to these programmes but also in conventional armament.
Predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence after direct‐acting antiviral therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Watanabe Takao , Tokumoto Yoshio , Joko Kouji , Michitaka Kojiro , Horiike Norio , Tanaka Yoshinori , Tada Fujimasa , Kisaka Yoshiyasu , Nakanishi Seiji , Yamauchi Kazuhiko , Yukimoto Atsushi , Hirooka Masashi , Abe Masanori , Hiasa Yoichi 
Published: October 2018

AimThe predictors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) treatment were investigated.MethodsA total of 1174 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection were treated with DAA therapy (sofosbuvir and ledipasvir [n = 615], sofosbuvir and ribavirin [n = 380], and daclatasvir and asunaprevir [n = 179]) and achieved sustained virologic response (SVR). The HCC development rate and the factors that might contribute to the development of HCC after the end of DAA treatment were analyzed.ResultsDuring the median observation period of 537 days, HCC developed in 33 cases. The incidence of HCC was 1.9%, 3.2%, and 4.1% at 1, 1.5, and 2 years after the end of DAA therapy, respectively. Multivariate analysis with pre‐ and post‐treatment factors identified the Fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) index (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.021–1.178; P = 0.011) and post‐treatment α‐fetoprotein (AFP) (HR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.054–1.172; P < 0.001) as independent factors that contributed to the development of HCC after DAA therapy. Using these identified parameters, a new scoring system (0 to 2 points) was established. Patients in the high‐score group (2 points) could be identified as having a significantly higher risk of HCC development, and the respective 1‐ and 2‐year cumulative incidence rates of HCC were 6.1% and 14.4%.ConclusionsA high FIB‐4 index and a high post‐treatment AFP at the end of DAA treatment were the independent predictors for developing HCC after DAA treatment. For patients with these risk factors, extra attention to the possibility of HCC development is needed.
Mucin 21 is a novel, negative immunohistochemical marker for epithelioid mesothelioma for its differentiation from lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kai Yuichiro , Amatya Vishwa J , Kushitani Kei , Kambara Takahiro , Suzuki Rui , Tsutani Yasuhiro , Miyata Yoshihiro , Okada Morihito , Takeshima Yukio 
Published: October 2018

AimsThe process of differential diagnosis between epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma has been progressing; however, there are no absolute immunohistochemical markers with which to definitively diagnose epithelioid mesothelioma. The aim of this study was to search for a novel negative marker of epithelioid mesothelioma.Methods and resultsWe immunohistochemically studied the applicability of mucin 21 (MUC21), which was identified in our previous study, as a novel, negative diagnostic marker for epithelioid mesothelioma. Seventy epithelioid mesotheliomas and 70 lung adenocarcinomas were investigated for the expression of MUC21, along with other previously reported markers, by the use of immunohistochemistry. MUC21 was expressed in only two of the 70 (3%) epithelioid mesotheliomas, as compared with 67 of the 70 (96%) lung adenocarcinomas. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of negative MUC21 expression for differentiating epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma were 97%, 96%, and 96%, respectively; these are similar to those of carcinoembryonic antigen and claudin‐4, and better than those of thyroid transcription factor‐1, napsin‐A, and mucin 4.ConclusionMUC21 could be used as an additional, novel, negative immunohistochemical marker to differentiate mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma.
La convention n° 189 de l'OIT en Argentine, au Chili et au Paraguay: étude comparée sur la réglementation des heures de travail et de la rémunération des travailleuses domestiques
Authors: POBLETE Lorena 
Published: October 2018

RésuméEn juin 2011, la Conférence internationale du Travail adoptait la convention (n° 189) et la recommandation (n° 201) sur les travailleuses et travailleurs domestiques. L'auteure analyse, dans une perspective de droit comparé, le rôle joué par la convention n° 189 dans les réformes législatives mises en œuvre dans trois pays d'Amérique latine ayant ratifié le texte: l'Argentine, le Chili et le Paraguay. Elle décrit aussi les débats et les controverses qui ont déterminé la manière dont les dispositions concernant les heures de travail et la rémunération contenues dans la convention ont été incorporées dans les lois relatives au travail domestique rémunéré dans ces trois pays.
Hacia una mejor prevención de los accidentes laborales mortales en Portugal
Authors: SANTOS António J. R. , REBELO Efigénio L. , MENDES Júlio C. 
Published: October 2018

ResumenPortugal se enfrenta al problema de reducir su alta tasa de accidentes laborales mortales con una financiación limitada. En esta investigación se identifican los predictores significativos en Portugal y se estima las probabilidades de accidentes mortales. Según los resultados de las estimaciones, basadas en una regresión logística aplicada, habría que centrar los esfuerzos de prevención en los trabajadores de edad, los asalariados con contrato indefinido en grandes empresas y los sectores del comercio y los servicios, y en las personas expuestas a desviaciones por desbordamiento, vuelco, escape, derrame, vaporización o emanación que puedan causar lesiones o heridas a nivel musculoesquelético, fracturas o amputaciones.
A multicountry comparative survey about organizational resilience in anaesthesia
Authors: Falegnami Andrea , Bilotta Federico , Pugliese Francesco , Costantino Francesco , Di Gravio Giulio , Tronci Massimo , Patriarca Riccardo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThe application of resilience in health care requires the shift from a cause‐effect approach to a systemic approach, yet few tools have been developed to measure resilience potential in this specific context. This study tests a resilience assessment grid (RAG) questionnaire to measure the resilience of anaesthesiologists, with a cross‐country survey.MethodA study was conducted with an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) questionnaire containing 57 detailed questions; 16 nations and 172 respondents were involved in the study. The data were statistically analysed to identify insights from the questionnaire, main improvements for further assessment, and confirmation of the design of the questionnaire. The questionnaire reliability was assessed by Cronbach analysis. Weak items were identified by a detailed correlations analysis and through a weight‐polarization matrix. Construct validity was confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA).ResultsThe α level of Cronbach analysis is 0.910. PCA and FA confirmed the absence of underlying unexpected factors, with less than 8% from the first factor and a total of just 54% of variability explained by 17 factors. Suggestions for revising the questionnaire ensue from the analysis, with improvements for the questionnaire's significance.ConclusionThe questionnaire shows the potential to assess proxy measures of resilience, even confirming the relevance of a structured weighting approach based on the AHP. The exemplar statistical cross‐country analyses encourage the widespread use of a centralized resilience questionnaire to support standardized analyses and the diffusion of best practices among organizations.
Influence of Heterologous Transplant of DNA‐lacking Mitochondria from Entamoeba histolytica on Proliferation of Entamoeba invadens
Authors: Kazama Makoto , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Ogiwara Sanae , Makiuchi Takashi , Tachibana Hiroshi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn mitochondria, compatibility of proteins encoded in mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA is essential for the normal functioning of the organelle. Incompatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA can lead to dysfunctional respiration, mitochondrial diseases, and lethal problems, which suggests that the presence of heterologous mitochondria is unfavorable. In a previous study, we established a transplant method for DNA‐lacking mitochondria (mitosomes) in the anaerobic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. In this study, interspecies transplant of mitosomes from E. histolytica into Entamoeba invadens, which is a parasitic protozoon of reptiles, was performed using the microinjection method at various temperatures and injection volumes. When E. invadens was used as recipient, it showed higher tolerance to a lower temperature and larger injection volume, in comparison with E. histolytica. After microinjection, donor mitosomes expressing HA‐tag conjugated protein were observed in recipient cells by immunofluorescent staining. The heterologous mitosomes‐injected cells proliferated and growth rate of the microinjected‐cells was similar to that of intact cells. Therefore, we conclude that interspecies transplant of DNA‐lacking mitochondria does not result in incompatibility.
Women's Perceptions of Prenatal Influences on Maternal Confidence for Physiologic Birth
Authors: Avery Melissa D. , Neerland Carrie E. , Saftner Melissa A. 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionA physiologic approach to labor and birth is preferred for most women. The United States spends more on birth than any other country. Cesarean rates are currently 32%, and approximately 23% of women with a singleton pregnancy experience induction or augmentation of labor. Most physiologic birth research has focused on care during labor and birth. The purpose of this study was to describe women's perceptions of the care processes, support, and information received during pregnancy that helped them feel confident for physiologic labor and birth.MethodsUsing a qualitative descriptive design with 2 phases, women were recruited from an urban area and a smaller city in Minnesota. Phase 1 included focus groups with women who had given birth within the previous 6 months. They participated in a discussion about experiences that helped them feel confident for labor and birth. In Phase 2, women who had a physiologic birth, which was defined as term pregnancy, spontaneous labor, no epidural analgesia, and vaginal birth, participated in individual interviews. Focus group and individual interview recordings were transcribed and analyzed using Glaser's constant comparative approach.ResultsThirty‐eight women participated in 9 focus groups. Seventeen women had a physiologic birth; 14 participated in individual interviews. Themes derived from the analysis included confidence in the face of uncertainty, belief in the normalcy of birth and the body's ability to birth, research on my own, supportive care partnership, on the same page, and sources of information and support.DiscussionWomen who experienced physiologic birth believed that this was possible and expected. They sought information, including searching on their own, from maternity care providers and a broader support system. Relationships with their maternity care providers were important. Prenatal care focused on women's strengths and abilities, while also monitoring pregnancy health and safety, may help reduce unnecessary interventions, improve outcomes, and reduce costs.
A Study to Assess the Feasibility of Implementing a Web‐Based Decision Aid for Birth after Cesarean to Increase Opportunities for Shared Decision Making in Ethnically Diverse Settings
Authors: Shorten Allison , Shorten Brett , Fagerlin Angela , Illuzzi Jessica , Kennedy Holly Powell , Pettker Christian , Raju Dheeraj , Whittemore Robin 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionDecision aids are central to shared decision making and are recommended for value‐sensitive pregnancy decisions, such as birth after cesarean. However, effective strategies for widespread decision aid implementation, with interactive web‐based platforms, are lacking. This study tested the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act‐secure, web‐based decision aid to support shared decision making about birth choices after cesarean, within urban, ethnically diverse outpatient settings.MethodsA before‐and‐after design was used to assess feasibility and acceptability for decision aid implementation. Measures included women's knowledge, decisional conflict, birth preferences, birth outcomes, decision aid use, decision aid acceptability ratings (content, features, and functions), and views on how the decision aid supported shared decision making.ResultsOf the 68 women who participated, most were black (46.2%) or Hispanic (35.4%). Their knowledge scores increased by 2.58 points out of 15 (P < .001; d = 0.87), and decisional conflict score reduced by 0.45 points out of 5 points (P < .001; d = 0.69). Forty‐four women (65.9%) attempted a vaginal birth after cesarean, of whom 29 (65.7%) succeeded. Women rated decision aid content, features, and functions as good or excellent. Most indicated they would recommend it to others. Health care providers recommended additional strategies to simplify decision aid access and integration into routine care.DiscussionImplementing web‐based decision aids within ethnically diverse practice settings is potentially feasible and worthwhile. However, strategies are needed to improve women's access and to encourage timely decision aid usage to prepare them for decision discussions with health care providers. Sustained implementation will require seamless integration into clinic workflow, which could include health care provider tools (counselling guides) embedded within the electronic health record, along with continuing education to support and engage health care providers in their use.