bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book, including the following major topics: why this neglected topic is so important; the ubiquity of prior record enhancement in modern sentencing systems, and their particularly powerful roles in U.S. jurisdictions with sentencing guidelines; the wide variations in the criminal history scoring formulas used in guidelines, with respect to matters such as which prior crimes and other factors are included, the weight each receives, and the degree to which a high score increases recommended sentence severity; the unclear punishment rationales for such enhancements; and the numerous negative consequences of these enhancements— increasing the size and expense of prison populations, undermining the important goal of punishment in proportion to offense severity, increasing the need for prison beds to house property and other nonviolent offenders, generating large numbers of aging prison inmates, contributing to racial disproportionality in prison populations, and undermining offenders’ efforts to reintegrate into society.
What Other Factors Indicate High or Low Recidivism Risk?
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
If prior record enhancements are justified as a way to manage offender risk, policymakers need to consider other, non-record risk factors that may improve risk-prediction accuracy. This chapter examines the limited extent to which guidelines systems have incorporated such factors—usually as a ground for departure or other adjustment after the recommended sentence has been determined based on current offense and prior record. The chapter summarizes the offense factors and non-criminal-history offender factors, such as the offender’s current age and criminal thinking patterns, that criminological research has found to be good predictors of the risk of re-offending, and that are often included in widely used risk assessment instruments such as the Salient Factor Score, CSRA, and LSI-R. Very few of these non-record risk factors have been given a formal role in guidelines sentencing. The chapter argues that judges should be allowed to consider some of these factors, especially older age.
Adverse Impacts on Offense-Based Proportionality and Prison-Use Priorities
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. , Hester Rhys 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows how powerful criminal history enhancements undermine important goals of guidelines reforms. First, these enhancements undermine the goal of making punishment severity proportional to the seriousness of the offense for which the offender is being sentenced; if prior record receives more weight in sentencing, conviction offense seriousness receives less weight. Second, these enhancements counteract the goal of reserving expensive prison beds for offenders convicted of violent crimes—powerful criminal history enhancements shift the balance of prison admissions and inmate stocks toward property, drug, and other nonviolent offenders. Third, prior record enhancements change the composition of prison populations by risk level—older offenders often have more prior convictions but declining recidivism risks, so criminal history enhancements increase the number of aging, low-risk prison inmates. The formulaic nature of such enhancements also over-predicts the risk level of some younger offenders. The chapter concludes with proposals for limiting these adverse effects.
Problematic Components Found in Many Criminal History Formulas
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on five components of criminal history scores that lack strong justification from the perspective of recidivism risk, retribution, or both rationales. These components are: juvenile court adjudications, misdemeanor convictions, the offender’s “custody status” when committing the offense being sentenced (whether he was incarcerated or on some form of criminal justice release), weighting prior felony convictions according to their severity ranking or other seriousness indicator, and the policy in some jurisdictions of according extra weight to prior offenses that were similar to the offense being sentenced (“patterning” premiums). The chapter then presents data from Minnesota, showing how the inclusion of the first four of these score components greatly increases the frequency and duration of recommended and imposed prison terms. The chapter concludes that criminal history scores should not routinely include any of these five problematic components, although judges might consider them as potential aggravating factors.
Southern White Privilege
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In order to solidify support among its southern white base, the GOP offered powerful characterizations of the haves and have-nots, of the taxpayer and the tax recipient, of the makers and the takers, all of which promoted the belief that some Americans deserved privileges but others did not. Thus, the techniques of the Long Southern Strategy are more complex than simply elevating whiteness to maintain the racial hierarchy. Additionally, the Long Southern Strategy turned the political arena into a zero-sum economic game, in which only one group could prosper. GOP leaders framed federal entitlements as big government waste and minority advancement as tantamount to white persecution. In turn, opposition to both safeguards white privilege by championing fiscal conservatism and pretending whiteness is a meritocracy. While a popular and effective dog whistle, these messages make southern whites vulnerable to identity politics and subject to vote against their economic self-interest.
Southern White Fundamentalism
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The fundamentalist takeover of the Southern Baptist Convention that began in 1979 provided the GOP the opportunity to close the deal with white southern voters. Fundamentalist members, anxious over social changes, successfully executed a decades-long plan to seize control of reshape the SBC to reflect their extremist views. They exiled moderates from the denomination almost entirely and re-codified the inferior status of women in the church; biblical inerrancy and absolutism triumphed over interpretation and compromise. The absolutism in terms of religious doctrine gave way to an absolutism in public policy, hyper-partisanship, and demand for political action. In order to court southern evangelical voters, the Republican Party took increasingly hardline stances on issues like gay marriage and abortion under the banner of family values, a slogan cribbed from the anti-feminists who had been propping up white supremacy in the South for generations.
Conclusion
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Long Southern Strategy was “long” because all three components of the strategy—choosing to exploit white racial angst, fear of feminism, and evangelical righteousness—were necessary to build a solid red base in the states of the old Confederacy. The stark polarization that resulted from these partisan choices unraveled the New Deal coalition. It also redivided white Americans not just along the Mason-Dixon line, but across the imagined fault line of southern identity. Thus, conservatism was redefined on the basis of white southern identity, and that definition became the baseline ideology of the Republican brand nationwide. A partisan sorting and realignment followed. As a result, the distribution of white Americans who harbor Racial Resentment or Modern Sexist attitudes or who identify as Christian fundamentalists is no longer even across the parties, and now, within the GOP, there is not enough opposition to fully suppress such prejudice or religiosity.
The First Lessons—Part 1
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Topics regarding preparation for the first year orchestra class are addressed that include finding the proper instrument sizing, attaching fingerboard markings, obtaining instrument supplies, selecting method books, and utilizing practice planners that guide students on how to practice correctly. The author discusses how to incorporate parental involvement in the beginning orchestra and give the students the chance to perform publicly for their parents and the parents to witness their children’s progress. Finally, the chapter discusses the importance of including aural training in the lessons and the value of incorporating music theory. Classroom activities for developing both skills and encouraging individual and class participation are included.
The First Lessons—Part 2
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides several tension-free exercises that help string players develop a beautiful tone quality as a result from developing proper physical posture and instrument position. Included are catchphrases that also help students readily remember how to physically align the body and maintain proper instrument position. Beginning pieces that incorporate left-hand pizzicato as well as first position fingering are introduced and explained. The chapter provides pedagogical discussion on how to implement beginning music theory concepts (form, music symbols, note names) to beginner-level repertoire. Finally, twenty detailed lesson plans are provided that demonstrate the author’s “main idea” teaching concepts, rehearsal environment, and structure for the first year orchestra.
Assessment
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter describes why orchestra students must understand the “what,” “how,” and “why” involved with assessment procedures in order to attain musical success. Examples of how differentiation, which allows every student to receive valuable feedback from the director about strengths and areas for improvement, applies to orchestra assessment are provided. The author discusses how a director can determine when and if assessment is necessary and whether it will prove rewarding, informative, and valid, as it must for students to attain an independent functioning level of lifelong musicianship. Informal and formal orchestra assessment procedures are described in detail. Sample grading rubrics are provided as well.
Intermediate-Advanced Level—Part 2
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter provides several rehearsal concepts that develop stronger rhythmic precision and phrasing concepts within the intermediate-advanced orchestra. Rhythmic precision depends the students’ ability to cognitively interpret and intrinsically feel the rhythmic notation correctly, as well as the students’ ability to maneuver the bow in such a way that the articulation is rhythmically precise. The author discusses ensemble development activities designed to promote better intrinsic pulse, hand-eye coordination with the bow, leadership, listening, and left- and right-hand coordination. In addition, the chapter discusses how beautiful phrasing is developed by listening, singing, using imagery, identifying harmonic structure, and incorporating body movement.
One Job, Many Lives
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The lives of five workers, in three countries, can tell us much about the world of work today. Ashley, a young American, takes a job in a call center following a family tragedy, but quits it as soon as she is able. Mina, an Indian woman, must leave the industry because the men in her life believe that a “call center job equals a call girl job.” Daisy, from a rural province in the Philippines, desperately seeks call center work as a way to achieve independence. She aspires to be like her cousin Belle, a proud and sophisticated transgender call center agent. Joy, meanwhile, forgoes her dream to migrate and become a nurse in order to stay in the Philippines and make a decent living answering calls.
Firms
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Firms and business units that control the technologies to handle phone calls actively constructed a global labor market for voice services. In theoretical terms, they can be considered a form of liquid “voice capital.” An analysis of consulting reports reveals how voice capital sees the world as graded according to cost and human capital. Such grading offers voice capital two potential pools of labor: India and the Philippines. The ethnographic literature on voice offshoring to India shows that there was no stable assemblage there. Men use call centers as steppingstones toward technology jobs, while women who work as call agents are stigmatized.
Restless Gays
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Gay individuals in the Philippines have long been accepted in the public eye, yet have been discriminated against at work. The gay subculture has developed its own values and ways of being. A key component of successfully performing a gay identity in the Philippines today is speaking English well. It distinguishes one as urbane, cosmopolitan, and sophisticated. For the gay community in Manila, call centers have become known as a “gay paradise.” They are spaces wherein it is possible to safely enact gender identities. Nonetheless, gay workers remain restless, as they dream of leaving the country for the West or of pursuing a profession in the Philippines.
Rooted Men
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Straight Filipino men are underrepresented (at approximately 15%) in the call center labor force. Gendered norms about Filipino masculinity, this chapter argues, have established English-language fluency as a feminine, or even gay, trait. “Real men,” so to speak, work with their hands and bodies rather than with their voices. Still, many Filipino men do pursue and obtain call center jobs. They do so as means by which to establish roots in the Philippines rather than migrate abroad. To work in the industry, however, straight men must be able to deflect various challenges to their masculinity. Case studies of male workers are used to illustrate this dynamic.
Gone, Baby, Gone
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The author’s premise is that the voice industry will not return to the United States. Reflecting the analysis presented in previous chapters, this chapter offers a dim prognosis for those who wish to bring call center jobs “back home.” As the author notes, the value proposition simply isn’t there. Countries such as India and the Philippines offer labor that is both cheap (relative to the West) and skilled enough (when it comes to English fluency). The Philippines in particular has emerged as a call center “nirvana,” as a stable labor market assemblage in which firms find workers and workers find jobs offering strategic and sustainable solutions to their dilemmas.
Lists
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter starts with Jack Goody’s observations on the capacities of lists as a written technology, but focuses less on their theoretical possibilities and more on actual Roman usage. Rather than trying to encompass all possible lists (a huge category), the chapter addresses several types that each have some additional information feature: alphabetical lists, indexed lists, tables of contents, and nested lists. Tables of contents and alphabetical lists are restricted primarily to scholarly contexts, and even then are disfavored because of precisely the same disarticulation that gives them their formal power. Nested lists, by contrast are principally used to track large, dynamic, multi-user public archives, arising fairly naturally from the social and material “scaffolding” of that context. Indexed lists appear in a broader variety of contexts, but with a different kind of constraint. The indexical features are used for purposes of verification and authorization rather than as finding aids. In fact, the same appears to be true, if to a lesser extent, for the other specialized kinds of lists.
Tables and Tabular Organization
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The “tables” of this chapter are matrices whose rows and columns are used systematically to arrange and locate bits of data with respect to two parameters. An extensive survey of documents that might have been expected to take tabular form (mathematical and grammatical reference tools) or even appear to be tables (calendars, accounting records) shows that most of them are in fact one-dimensional lists. Modern research has documented the value of tables as a device to think with, but also has shown that their use is less intuitive than might be imagined in a culture (like ours) which is saturated with them. In the Roman world, by contrast, restriction of certain contexts creates a vicious circle, discouraging further use. The contexts in which tables do appear, like those of the related nested list, involve multiple types of cognitive “scaffolding,” particularly the ongoing use and editing of single documents by one or more users over time.
Weights and Measures
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In modern cultures, a wide variety of objects and practices are measured in a variety of dimensions (time, length, weight, etc.) with the implicit expectation that objects of equal measurements are interchangeable in use across a similarly wide variety of contexts. This was not true in the Roman world. Ambitions for standardizing weights and measures were weak at the local level (individual cities or even marketplaces) and weaker still at grander scales (provinces, the empire). Direct observation of surviving measurement apparatus shows the expected lack of standardization. Absent the possibility of transparently translating between thing and number, Romans adopted a number of other petrological strategies. Proportion, rather than measurement anchored to an external standard, was very prominent, sometimes in explicit form, sometimes implicit. In many contexts, a higher degree of approximation was allowed for than we might expect. Most important, while the results of measurement were not seen as transparent, that gave all the more occasion for individual performances of measurement in hyper-local contexts where their effects would be predictable.
Representing Three Dimensions
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ancient painting made little or no use of single-point perspective. Some modern scholars, however, have inferred from this that ancient artists and audiences lacked a sense of “space.” This chapter’s three case studies (two involving fresco painting and one low-relief stucco, all in the genre generally known as sacro-idyllic landscape) argue instead for the existence a diversity of ways of encoding spatial information. The approaches are distinct, but they show family resemblances by drawing differentially from more or less the same pool of strategies (involving color coding, scaling, and foreshortening of objects of predictable size and shape, physical overlap, narrative connection, and others). In combination, these do not determine a single spatial reading for any given work of art, but they constrain the range of plausible approximations. That several superficially diverse sets of works converge on this property shows that spatiality was important to all of them.
Representing Two Dimensions
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Maps are taken here as graphic representations in which space within the image corresponds to space in the real world. More abstract data graphics in which image space corresponds to other aspects of the real world are rare, but mapping better attests along a spectrum from plans of buildings or neighborhoods (apparently common) to rarer regional and even world maps. Like other devices discussed in the book, maps in general are used in a limited number of contexts (e.g., construction, fiscality), and individual instances are ruthlessly stripped of information not needed for their individual purpose. Few if any of our surviving examples are rigorously to scale, and so some scholars have rejected their identification as maps at all. In fact, while individual approaches are distinct, they nonetheless show family resemblances by drawing differentially from more or less the same pool of strategies. In combination, these do not determine a single spatial reading for any given work of map, but they constrain the range of plausible approximations. If the direct evidence leads us to this non-anachronistic notion of mapping, then indirect evidence suggests cartography would have been important in some additional contexts, as well.
The Concept of Persons in Kant and Fichte
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
It is well known that Kant seeks to discredit rational psychology on the grounds that one cannot access the nature of the soul by reflecting on the “I think” of self-consciousness. What is far less understood, however, is why Kant still believes that the theorems of rational psychology are analytically true insofar as they represent the “I” through the categories of substance, reality, unity, and existence. Early post-Kantian thinkers like Fichte would abandon this restriction and approach the concept of the “I” instead through the category of community or reciprocal interaction. The result was nothing less than a radical shift in thinking about persons after Kant, yet in a way that would bear a striking affinity to the substance monism of Spinoza. The aim of this chapter is to trace the origin of this shift and its aftermath in Fichte’s effort to defend a new conception of the “I.”
Persons and Selves in Buddhist Philosophy
Authors: Siderits Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While Buddhists famously deny the existence of a self, they distinguish between selves and persons, and allow for the existence of persons as entities having a sort of derived reality. By “self” they understand whatever counts as the essence of the psychophysical complex, while by “person” they understand the psychophysical complex as a whole. This essay explores the arguments whereby Buddhists sought to establish their claim that strictly speaking neither self nor person exists, but that persons are nonetheless useful posits of a scheme that is meant to accommodate our everyday interests and cognitive limitations. This yields a way of understanding the connection between reductionism about persons and consequentialism in ethics, as well as why it might be that puzzle cases have loomed so large in recent discussions of diachronic personal identity.
Worlds Olio
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Worlds Olio. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: whether or not there are inherent capability differences between men and women; gender; similarities and differences between human beings and (other) animals; happiness; fame; desire; self-love; forms of government; social order; the authority and reach of philosophy; the role of the senses in cognition; medical experimentation and disease; God; predestination; and the regularity that is exhibited in the natural world. The chapter begins with a preface in which Cavendish speaks very negatively of the capacities of women, at one point saying that “Women have no strength nor light of Understanding, but what is given them from Men.” The reader can decide against the background of other texts in the corpus whether Cavendish is embracing an anti-feminist position here or whether she is being ironic.