bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Centennial of the Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: A Century of Epidemiologic Discovery and Education
Authors: Celentano David D , Platz Elizabeth , Mehta Shruti H 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health was founded in 1919, with Wade Hampton Frost as inaugural chair. In our Centennial Year, we review how our research and educational programs have changed. Early years focused on doctoral education in epidemiology and some limited undergraduate training for practice. Foundational work on concepts and methods linked to the infectious diseases of the day made major contributions to study designs and analytical methodologies, largely still in use. With the epidemiologic transition from infectious to chronic disease, new methods were developed. The Department of Chronic Diseases merged with the Department of Epidemiology in 1970, under the leadership of Abraham Lilienfeld. Leon Gordis became chair in 1975, and multiple educational tracks were developed. Genetic epidemiology began in 1979, followed by advances in infectious disease epidemiology spurred by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic. Collaborations with the Department of Medicine led to development of the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research in 1989. Between 1994 and 2008, the department experienced rapid growth in faculty and students. A new methods curriculum was instituted for upper-level epidemiologic training in 2006. Today’s research projects are increasingly collaborative, taking advantage of new technologies and methods of data collection, responding to “big data” analysis challenges. In our second century, the department continues to address issues of disease etiology and epidemiologic practice.
Association of Rising Violent Crime With Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk: Longitudinal Evidence From Chicago, 2014–2016
Authors: Tung Elizabeth L , Chua Rhys F M , Besser Stephanie A , Lindau Stacy Tessler , Kolak Marynia , Anyanwu Emeka C , Liao James K , Tabit Corey E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between rising violent crime and elevated blood pressure (BP).

METHODS
We analyzed 217,816 BP measurements from 17,783 adults during a temporal surge in violent crime in Chicago (2014–2016). Serial observations were abstracted from the electronic health record at an academic medical center and paired to the City of Chicago Police Data Portal. The violent crime rate (VCR) was calculated as the number of violent crimes per 1,000 population per year for each census tract. Longitudinal multilevel regression models were implemented to assess elevated BP (systolic BP ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg) as a function of the VCR, adjusting for patient characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, and time effects. Secondary dependent measures included elevated heart rate, obesity, missed outpatient appointments, all-cause hospital admissions, and cardiovascular hospital admissions.

RESULTS
At baseline, the median VCR was 41.3 (interquartile range: 15.2–66.8), with a maximum rise in VCR of 59.1 over the 3-year surge period. A 20-unit rise in the VCR was associated with 3% higher adjusted odds of having elevated BP (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.06), 8% higher adjusted odds of missing an outpatient appointment (95% CI: 1.03–1.13), and 6% higher adjusted odds of having a cardiovascular-related hospital admission (95% CI: 1.01–1.12); associations were not significant for elevated heart rate and obesity.

CONCLUSION
Rising violent crime was associated with increased BP during a temporal crime surge.
Seed germination traits shape community assembly along a hydroperiod gradient
Authors: Rosbakh Sergey , Phartyal Shyam S , Poschlod Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Hydroperiod drives plant community composition in wetlands, resulting in distinct zonation patterns. Here, we explored the role of seed germination traits in shaping wetland community assembly along a hydroperiod gradient. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that seeds of reed, mudflat, swamp, shallow- and deep-water communities only germinate under a specific set of environmental factors characterized by the community-specific optimal conditions for seedling survival and growth.

Methods
In a three-factorial experiment, we tested the seed germination response of 50 species typical for temperate wetlands of Europe to temperature fluctuations (constant vs. fluctuating temperature), illumination (light vs. darkness) and oxygen availability (aerobic vs. hypoxia). Phylogenetic principal component analysis, cluster analysis and phylogenetic linear regressions were used to confirm the community-specific seed germination niches.

Key Results
Our study revealed the presence of five distinct, community-specific seed germination niches that reflect adaptations made by the study communities to decreasing light intensity, temperature fluctuations and oxygen availability along the hydroperiod gradient. Light as a germination trigger was found to be important in mudflats, swamps and shallow water, whereas the seeds of reed and deep-water species were able to germinate in darkness. A fluctuating temperature is only required for seed germination in mudflat species. Germination of species in the communities at the higher end of the hydroperiod gradient (reed and mudflat) demonstrated a strict requirement for oxygen, whereas swamp, shallow- and deep-water species also germinated under hypoxia.

Conclusions
Our study supports the recent argument that the inclusion of seed germination traits in community ecology adds significant insights to community response to the abiotic and biotic environment. Furthermore, the close relationship between seed germination adaptations and community assembly could help reach a better understanding of the existing patterns of wetland plant distribution at local scales and wetland vegetation dynamics, as well as facilitate nature conservation measures and aquatic habitat restoration.
FRANC: a unified framework for multi-way local ancestry deconvolution with high density SNP data
Authors: Geza Ephifania , Mulder Nicola J , Chimusa Emile R , Mazandu Gaston K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several thousand genomes have been completed with millions of variants identified in the human deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. These genomic variations, especially those introduced by admixture, significantly contribute to a remarkable phenotypic variability with medical and/or evolutionary implications. Elucidating local ancestry estimates is necessary for a better understanding of genomic variation patterns throughout modern human evolution and adaptive processes, and consequences in human heredity and health. However, existing local ancestry deconvolution tools are accessible as individual scripts, each requiring input and producing output in its own complex format. This limits the user’s ability to retrieve local ancestry estimates. We introduce a unified framework for multi-way local ancestry inference, FRANC, integrating eight existing state-of-the-art local ancestry deconvolution tools. FRANC is an adaptable, expandable and portable tool that manipulates tool-specific inputs, deconvolutes ancestry and standardizes tool-specific results. To facilitate both medical and population genetics studies, FRANC requires convenient and easy to manipulate input files and allows users to choose output formats to ease their use in further potential local ancestry deconvolution applications.
‘We’re Giving Them Choice Which Is Controlled Choice’—Care Managers’ Views on Finding Social Care Support for People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Richardson Lisa , Turnpenny Agnes , Whelton Beckie , Beadle-Brown Julie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Choice and control are pivotal in UK Government policy for achieving personalisation of social care for people with learning disabilities; however, little is known about the role care management plays in supporting people with learning disabilities finding social care services. This article explores that the support care managers provide people with learning disabilities, how care managers source and use information to offer choice in relation to accommodation and support, with a focus on people receiving managed budgets. Qualitative interviews with eight care managers from two local authorities in the South East of England were analysed using thematic network analysis, producing three global themes. The first ‘shaping choice’ describes the role of the care management process and assessments have in determining opportunities for choice. The gathering and interpretation of quality information is explored in the second global theme, highlighting the role of visiting settings to understand their quality. ‘Choice in principle’ is the third global theme, whereby the factors shaping choice come to be seen as choice akin to that anyone else has. These findings have implications for future policy and practice in relation to care management for people with learning disabilities.
Organic Soils Control Beetle Survival While Competitors Limit Aphid Population Growth
Authors: Krey Karol L , Blubaugh Carmen K , Van Leuven James T , Snyder William E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil chemistry and microbial diversity can impact the vigor and nutritive qualities of plants, as well as plants’ ability to deploy anti-herbivore defenses. Soil qualities often vary dramatically on organic versus conventional farms, reflecting the many differences in soil management practices between these farming systems. We examined soil-mediated effects on herbivore performance by growing potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) in soils collected from organic or conventional commercial farm fields, and then exposing these plants to herbivory by green peach aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer, Hemiptera: Aphididae) and/or Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Responses of the two potato pests varied dramatically. Survivorship of Colorado potato beetles was almost 3× higher on plants grown in organic than in conventional soils, but was unaffected by the presence of aphids. In contrast, aphid colony growth was twice as rapid when aphids were reared alone rather than with Colorado potato beetles, but was unaffected by soil type. We saw no obvious differences in soil nutrients when comparing organic and conventional soils. However, we saw a higher diversity of bacteria in organic soils, and potato plants grown in this soil had a lower carbon concentration in foliar tissue. In summary, the herbivore species differed in their susceptibility to soil- versus competitor-mediated effects, and these differences may be driven by microbe-mediated changes in host plant quality. Our results suggest that soil-mediated effects on pest growth can depend on herbivore species and community composition, and that soil management strategies that promote plant health may also increase host quality for pests.
Photoperiod-Specific Within-Plant Distribution of the Green Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Cotton
Authors: Glover James P , Sword Gregory A , Brewer Michael J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sampling methods for detecting stink bugs are intensive, time-consuming, and yield variable results. In a 2-yr mark-release-observe experiment, over 500 adult green stink bugs, Chinavia hilaris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), were used to test for variation in nocturnal and diurnal insect distribution patterns on cotton. Field-collected stink bugs were marked or unmarked with nontoxic fluorescent sharpie markers, released, and monitored in cotton fields at peak bloom. Stink bugs were monitored visually during day and night, aided by a handheld blacklight for nighttime observations. Within-cotton distribution insect observations were categorized by plant section (i.e., bottom, middle, and top branches), by fruiting positions and leaf surface, and by concealed or exposed orientation on floral bracts and leaf surfaces. Green stink bugs were primarily distributed on the middle and top branches irrespective of photoperiod, and on bolls in first position from the main stem. Differences in stink bugs observed concealed or exposed on fruiting structures were detected. During daytime, stink bugs were primarily observed inside the bract of bolls, and when detected on leaves concealed on the lower surface. In contrast, stink bugs were primarily outside the bract of bolls at night, and when detected on leaves were exposed on an upper surface. These results support focus on assessing internal boll injury for evaluating stink bug injury to avoid the challenges in stink bug detection observed here, and point to additional study to refine stink bug density estimation when needed.
Artificial Light Increases Local Predator Abundance, Predation Rates, and Herbivory
Authors: Mcmunn Marshall S , Yang Louie H , Ansalmo Amy , Bucknam Keatyn , Claret Miles , Clay Cameron , Cox Kyle , Dungey Darian R , Jones Asia , Kim Ashley Y , Kubacki Robert , Le Rachel , Martinez Deniss , Reynolds Brian , Schroder John , Wood Emily 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHuman activity is rapidly increasing the radiance and geographic extent of artificial light at night (ALAN) leading to alterations in the development, behavior, and physiological state of many organisms. A limited number of community-scale studies investigating the effects of ALAN have allowed for spatial aggregation through positive phototaxis, the commonly observed phenomenon of arthropod movement toward light. We performed an open field study (without restricted arthropod access) to determine the effects of ALAN on local arthropod community composition, plant traits, and local herbivory and predation rates. We found strong positive phototaxis in 10 orders of arthropods, with increased (159% higher) overall arthropod abundance under ALAN compared to unlit controls. The arthropod community under ALAN was more diverse and contained a higher proportion of predaceous arthropods (15% vs 8%). Predation of immobilized flies occurred 3.6 times faster under ALAN; this effect was not observed during the day. Contrary to expectations, we also observed a 6% increase in herbivory under ALAN. Our results highlight the importance of open experimental field studies in determining community-level effects of ALAN.
Diversity and Distribution of Riparian Arthropods in the Drawdown Zone of China’s Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Wang Kehong , Yuan Xingzhong , Zhang Guanxiong , Liu Shuangshuang , Wang Fang , Liu Hong , Zhang Mengjie , Zhou Lilei 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Riparian zones are interesting habitats as they are important transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but highly threatened by human disturbances. They support a high arthropod diversity as they experience periodic flooding disturbance and sharp environmental gradients. Their associated arthropod fauna are of high conservation value. Nevertheless, their arthropod diversity remains largely unknown, and its distribution pattern along elevational gradients is poorly understood. Few data are available on the effects of flood regimes and other factors in determining riparian arthropod communities. In this study, we investigated the diversity and distribution of riparian arthropods along an elevational gradient and determined the major factors structuring the arthropod communities in the drawdown zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Significant compositional and structural changes of riparian arthropod communities were observed along the test elevational gradient. The abundance and richness of riparian arthropods increased with elevation. The relative abundance of predators decreased with elevation, whereas the saprovores and omnivores showed an upward trend along the elevational gradient. Redundancy analysis showed that there were significant interactions between the flood regimes, plant communities, and soil conditions. Among these environmental factors studied, flood duration was the main factor in structuring the riparian arthropod communities. Conservation and restoration strategies should consider flood duration in the operation of large reservoirs because riparian arthropods are particularly sensitive to flood regimes.
Do Female Executives Make a Difference? The Impact of Female Leadership on Gender Gaps and Firm Performance
Authors: Flabbi Luca , Macis Mario , Moro Andrea , Schivardi Fabiano 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We investigate the effects of female executives on gender-specific wage distributions and firm performance. Female leadership has a positive impact at the top of the female wage distribution and a negative impact at the bottom. The impact of female leadership on firm performance increases with the share of female workers. We account for the endogeneity induced by non-random executives’ gender by including firm fixed-effects, by generating controls from a two-way fixed-effects regression and by using instruments based on regional trends. The findings are consistent with a model of statistical discrimination in which female executives are better at interpreting signals of productivity from female workers. This suggests substantial costs of women under-representation among executives.
The neurohormonal basis of pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Obokata Masaru , Kane Garvan C , Reddy Yogesh N V , Melenovsky Vojtech , Olson Thomas P , Jarolim Petr , Borlaug Barry A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Aims
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents an important phenotype among the broader spectrum of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but its mechanistic basis remains unclear. We hypothesized that activation of endothelin and adrenomedullin, two counterregulatory pathways important in the pathophysiology of PH, would be greater in HFpEF patients with worsening PH, and would correlate with the severity of haemodynamic derangements and limitations in aerobic capacity and cardiopulmonary reserve.

Methods and results
Plasma levels of C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 (CT-proET-1) and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), central haemodynamics, echocardiography, and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured at rest and during exercise in subjects with invasively-verified HFpEF (n = 38) and controls free of HF (n = 20) as part of a prospective study. Plasma levels of CT-proET-1 and MR-proADM were highly correlated with one another (r = 0.89, P &lt; 0.0001), and compared to controls, subjects with HFpEF displayed higher levels of each neurohormone at rest and during exercise. C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 and MR-proADM levels were strongly correlated with mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (r = 0.73 and 0.65, both P &lt; 0.0001) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.67 and r = 0.62, both P &lt; 0.0001) and inversely correlated with PA compliance (r = −0.52 and −0.43, both P &lt; 0.001). As compared to controls, subjects with HFpEF displayed right ventricular (RV) reserve limitation, evidenced by less increases in RV s′ and e′ tissue velocities, during exercise. Baseline CT-proET-1 and MR-proADM levels were correlated with worse RV diastolic reserve (ΔRV e′, r = −0.59 and −0.67, both P &lt; 0.001), reduced cardiac output responses to exercise (r = −0.59 and −0.61, both P &lt; 0.0001), and more severely impaired peak VO2 (r = −0.60 and −0.67, both P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusion
Subjects with HFpEF display activation of the endothelin and adrenomedullin neurohormonal pathways, the magnitude of which is associated with pulmonary haemodynamic derangements, limitations in RV functional reserve, reduced cardiac output, and more profoundly impaired exercise capacity in HFpEF. Further study is required to evaluate for causal relationships and determine if therapies targeting these counterregulatory pathways can improve outcomes in patients with the HFpEF-PH phenotype.

Clinical trial registration
NCT01418248; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results? term=NCT01418248&Search=Search
Spa Society in Russian Literature, 1829–1912
Authors: Soroka Marina 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The article explores the dichotomy between nineteenth-century Russian writers’ personal experiences at spas and their literary descriptions of them. In private correspondence, authors praised the effect of spa treatments on their health, and they returned year after year to these locations of leisure, calling them ‘beautiful’ or ‘charming’. Yet in their fiction and essays they were sarcastic, if not downright negative about their stays at spas. The keys to understanding such a contradiction appear to be the commercialization of fashionable spas over the course of the nineteenth century; the evolution of a system of shared social values in Russia; and the way Russian writers increasingly perceived literature as a duty towards society.
Democracy and Reserves
Authors: Son Byunghwan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDoes democracy affect foreign exchange reserves? This paper identifies four possible explanations for the determinants of foreign exchange reserves. Using the relationship between public goods provision and political regime types as a conceptual centerpiece, it offers a theoretical framework in which these four arguments are pit against each other. The “insurance” and “social cost” arguments posit monotonously positive and negative relationships between democracy and reserves, respectively, each citing democratic governments’ propensity to provide public goods such as financial stability and public spending. The mercantilist and rentier state arguments together put forth a conditional hypothesis that autocracies serve particularistic interests of outwardly (inwardly) oriented elites more than democracies do through weak-currency/large-reserve (strong-currency/small-reserve) policies. Utilizing panel data covering 127 countries from 1975 to 2012, I find that more democratic regimes are associated with larger (smaller) volumes of reserves when the size of exporting sectors is considerably small (large).
Bilingual and multilingual online environmental knowledge resources: A comparative study for translation purposes
Authors: Buendía-Castro Miriam 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Environment is a relatively new specialized domain. In the last few years, various online environmental resources have emerged, and large databases have started to include environmental terms within their entries. However, because of its relatively recent appearance, environmental terminology has not been standardized and its treatment in dictionaries has not been systematized. As such, this paper describes and compares a set of 18 online bilingual or multilingual (including Spanish and English) specialized resources on the Environment to evaluate their usefulness for translation. The focus is on internet dictionaries according to the classification proposed by De Schryver (2003, 151). This analysis focused on how each resource deals with access to phraseological information and the description of the information given for both the source term and the translated term(s). The headword ‘erosion’ was used for purposes of comparison.