bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nepartak Typhoon Influenced Bottom Sediments From the Yangtze River Estuary and Adjacent East China Sea‐Foraminiferal Evidence
Authors: Wang Feifei , Yu Zhigang , Xu Bochao , Liu Jian , Guo Xiaoyi , Nan Haiming 
Published: March 2018

AbstractForaminiferal taphocoenose characteristics, notably allochthonous tests in surface sediment samples from the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent areas in the East China Sea, were examined during (July 2016) and after typhoon Nepartak (February 2017) crossed this region. A comparison of transport indices from five sample stations reveals that this typhoon significantly strengthened sediment transport, although the transport in predominate direction (TWCnorth branch) occurs all year. Moreover, findings from a comprehensive impact of currents, topography, test size, and shape, as well as other abiotic factors, show that transport occurs in the order (from stronger to weaker): south‐north path ≫ southeast‐northwest path > nearshore‐northeast path. Along the south‐north path, the TWCnorth branch transports larger tests of taxa Ammonia compressiuscula and Cavarotalia annectens as bed load along the gentle seabed in a rolling or saltating process. Results from the southeast‐northwest path show smaller and bulging tests of the dominant species Epistominella naraensis and Bolivina robusta may be transported as suspension load along the steep submarine valley by the TWCnorthwest branch. On the nearshore‐northeast path, only part of allochthonous tests Ammonia beccarii vars. was transported, probably due to distance traveled and weakening of the typhoon. Furthermore, we also infer the northeastern area as a sink zone that accumulates grains of allochthonous tests predominantly from the southern source zone, and a selection of tests from littoral species originating from the nearshore source zone. It is important to identify and independently count allochthonous test samples if a large number of these tests are recorded. Findings from this study provide a reference to identify and investigate typhoon modern effects in areas with complex currents and frequent strong physical dynamic events, as well as their geological records.
Ionospheric Conductance Spatial Distribution During Geomagnetic Field Reversals
Authors: Zossi Bruno S. , Elias Ana G. , Fagre Mariano 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe conductivity of the ionosphere is extremely important in geophysical processes and plays a critical role in magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling. Understanding its nature is essential to understand the physics of ionospheric electrodynamics. Earth's magnetic field, which varies greatly in geological time scales, is among the main variables involved in ionospheric conductivity. The present field can be approximated by a magnetic dipole that accounts for ~80% of the magnetic field at the Earth's surface, plus multipolar components making up the remaining ~20%. During a polarity transition the field magnitude diminishes to about 10% of its normal value at the expense, most likely, of decreasing the dipolar component and becoming mostly multipolar in nature. The effects of geomagnetic field variations on the spatial structure of Hall and Pedersen conductances are analyzed in the present work considering some possible reversal scenarios. The spatial structure of both conductances changes significantly with sharp spatial gradients. The conductivity peak heights also change, moving to upper heights as expected for weaker field configurations.
Jupiter's Aurora Observed With HST During Juno Orbits 3 to 7
Authors: Grodent Denis , Bonfond B. , Yao Z. , Gérard J.‐C. , Radioti A. , Dumont M. , Palmaerts B. , Adriani A. , Badman S. V. , Bunce E. J. , Clarke J. T. , Connerney J. E. P. , Gladstone G. R. , Greathouse T. , Kimura T. , Kurth W. S. , Mauk B. H. , McComas D. J. , Nichols J. D. , Orton G. S. , Roth L. , Saur J. , Valek P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA large set of observations of Jupiter's ultraviolet aurora was collected with the Hubble Space Telescope concurrently with the NASA‐Juno mission, during an eight‐month period, from 30 November 2016 to 18 July 2017. These Hubble observations cover Juno orbits 3 to 7 during which Juno in situ and remote sensing instruments, as well as other observatories, obtained a wealth of unprecedented information on Jupiter's magnetosphere and the connection with its auroral ionosphere. Jupiter's ultraviolet aurora is known to vary rapidly, with timescales ranging from seconds to one Jovian rotation. The main objective of the present study is to provide a simplified description of the global ultraviolet auroral morphology that can be used for comparison with other quantities, such as those obtained with Juno. This represents an entirely new approach from which logical connections between different morphologies may be inferred. For that purpose, we define three auroral subregions in which we evaluate the auroral emitted power as a function of time. In parallel, we define six auroral morphology families that allow us to quantify the variations of the spatial distribution of the auroral emission. These variations are associated with changes in the state of the Jovian magnetosphere, possibly influenced by Io and the Io plasma torus and by the conditions prevailing in the upstream interplanetary medium. This study shows that the auroral morphology evolved differently during the five ~2 week periods bracketing the times of Juno perijove (PJ03 to PJ07), suggesting that during these periods, the Jovian magnetosphere adopted various states.
Seismicity Relocation and Fault Structure Near the Leech River Fault Zone, Southern Vancouver Island
Authors: Li Ge , Liu Yajing , Regalla Christine , Morell Kristin D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRelatively low rates of seismicity and fault loading have made it challenging to correlate microseismicity to mapped surface faults on the forearc of southern Vancouver Island. Here we use precise relocations of microseismicity integrated with existing geologic data to present the first identification of subsurface seismogenic structures associated with the Leech River fault zone on southern Vancouver Island. We used the HypoDD double‐difference relocation method to relocate 1,253 earthquakes reported by the Canadian National Seismograph Network catalog from 1992 to 2015. Our results reveal an ~8–10 km wide, NNE dipping zone of seismicity representing a subsurface structure along the eastern 30 km of the terrestrial Leech River fault zone and extending 20 km farther eastward offshore, where the fault bifurcates beneath the Juan de Fuca Strait. Using a clustering analysis, we identify secondary structures within the NNE dipping fault zone, many of which are subvertical and exhibit right‐lateral strike‐slip focal mechanisms. We suggest that the arrangement of these near‐vertical dextral secondary structures within a more general NE dipping fault zone, located 10–15 km beneath the Leech River fault as imaged by LITHOPROBE, may be a consequence of the reactivation of this fault system as a right‐lateral structure in crust with a preexisting NNE dipping structural fabric. Our results provide the first confirmation of active terrestrial crustal faults on Vancouver Island using a relocation method. We suggest that slowly slipping active crustal faults, especially in regions with preexisting foliations, may result in microseismicity along fracture arrays rather than along single planar structures.
On the Use of Satellite Altimetry to Detect Ocean Circulation's Magnetic Signals
Authors: Saynisch J. , Irrgang C. , Thomas M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOceanic magnetic signals are sensitive to ocean velocity, salinity, and heat content. The detection of respective signals with global satellite magnetometers would pose a very valuable source of information. While tidal magnetic fields are already detected, electromagnetic signals of the ocean circulation still remain unobserved from space. We propose to use satellite altimetry to construct proxy magnetic signals of the ocean circulation. These proxy time series could subsequently be fitted to satellite magnetometer data. The fitted data could be removed from the observations or the fitting constants could be analyzed for physical properties of the ocean, e.g., the heat budget. To test and evaluate this approach, synthetic true and proxy magnetic signals are derived from a global circulation model of the ocean. Both data sets are compared in dependence of location and time scale. We study and report when and where the proxy data describe the true signal sufficiently well. Correlations above 0.6 and explained variances of above 80% can be reported for large parts of the Antarctic ocean, thus explaining the major part of the global, subseasonal magnetic signal.
The Role of Convective Gustiness in Reducing Seasonal Precipitation Biases in the Tropical West Pacific
Authors: Harrop Bryce E. , Ma Po‐Lun , Rasch Philip J. , Neale Richard B. , Hannay Cecile 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPrecipitation is an important climate quantity that is critically relevant to society. In spite of intense efforts, significant precipitation biases remain in most climate models. One pervasive and persistent bias found in many general circulation models occurs in the Tropical West Pacific where northern hemisphere summer‐time precipitation is often underestimated compared to observations. Using the DOE‐E3SM model, the inclusion of a missing process, convective gustiness, is shown to reduce those biases through a net increase in surface evaporation. Gustiness in surface wind fields is assumed to arise empirically in proportion to the intensity of convective precipitation. The increased evaporation can be treated as an increase in the moist static energy forcing into the atmosphere. A Normalized Gross Moist Stability (NGMS) framework (which characterizes the relationship between convective forcing and convective response) is used to explore the processes responsible for the precipitation bias, and the impact of the gustiness parameterization in reducing that bias. Because the NGMS of the Tropical West Pacific is less than unity in the E3SMv1 model, the increase in energy forcing amplifies the increase in precipitation to exceed that of the evaporative flux. Convective gustiness favors increased precipitation in regions where the resolved surface winds are weak and convection is present.
Commissioning of a dedicated commercial Co‐60 total body irradiation unit
Authors: Burmeister Jay , Nalichowski Adrian , Snyder Michael , Halford Robert , Baran Geoff , Loughery Brian , Hammoud Ahmad , Rakowski Joe , Bossenberger Todd 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe describe the commissioning of the first dedicated commercial total body irradiation (TBI) unit in clinical operation. The Best Theratronics GammaBeam 500 is a Co‐60 teletherapy unit with extended field size and imaging capabilities. Radiation safety, mechanical and imaging systems, and radiation output are characterized. Beam data collection, calibration, and external dosimetric validation are described. All radiation safety and mechanical tests satisfied relevant requirements and measured dose distributions meet recommendations of American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Report #17. At a typical treatment distance, the dose rate in free space per unit source activity using the thick flattening filter is 1.53 × 10−3 cGy*min−1*Ci−1. With a 14,000 Ci source, the resulting dose rate at the midplane of a typical patient is approximately 17 and 30 cGy/min using the thick and thin flattening filters, respectively, using the maximum source to couch distance. The maximum useful field size, defined by the 90% isodose line, at this location is 225 × 78 cm with field flatness within 5% over the central 178 × 73 cm. Measured output agreed with external validation within 0.5%. End‐to‐end testing was performed in a modified Rando phantom. In‐house MATLAB software was developed to calculate patient‐specific dose distributions using DOSXYZnrc, and fabricate custom 3D‐printed forms for creating patient‐specific lung blocks. End‐to‐end OSLD and diode measurements both with and without lung blocks agreed with Monte Carlo calculated doses to within 5% and in‐phantom film measurements validated dose distribution uniformity. Custom lung block transmission measurements agree well with design criteria and provide clinically favorable dose distributions within the lungs. Block placement is easily facilitated using the flat panel imaging system with an exposure time of 0.01 min. In conclusion, a novel dedicated TBI unit has been commissioned and clinically implemented. Its mechanical, dosimetric, and imaging capabilities are suitable to provide state‐of‐the‐art TBI for patients as large as 220 cm in height and 78 cm in width.
A Living 3D In Vitro Neuronal Network Cultured inside Hollow Electrospun Microfibers
Authors: Wu Yingjie , Ranjan Vivek Damodar , Zhang Yilei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMicro/nanofiber‐based scaffolds are widely used as a physical graft for axon growth in vitro for nerve tissue engineering. In this study, the fabrication of hollow coaxial microfibers with a 3D structure for directional neuronal cell culture is reported. The coaxial microfibers with poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) sheath and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mixed with PC 12 cells as core are prepared using a coaxial double cylinder based on the liquid–liquid coflowing electrospinning method. By optimizing the electrospinning conditions, uniform microfibers with an average diameter of 54.6 µm are obtained using a PCL concentration of 20% and a tip‐to‐collector distance of 6 cm with a voltage of 6 kV. After selectively dissolving the PVA core, pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells are successfully cultured inside these fibers. It is experimentally confirmed that such 3D hollow fibers can support and guide PC12 cells to grow, proliferate, and differentiate inside the hollow fibers and form 3D‐connected neuronal networks with axons extended along the hollow fibers. This implies that complex nerve connection could be constructed using the low cost and powerful liquid–liquid coflowing electrospinning method, which open the door to culture well‐controlled nerve connections as in vitro models for neural tissue regeneration, brain disease models, and so on.
Novel Solid‐State Microbial Sensors Based on ZnO Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Landry Cody J. , Burns Fraser P. , Baerlocher Felix , Ghandi Khashayar 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGravity and magnetism are implemented to change the morphology of zinc oxide nanorod sensors during synthesis. The effects of gravity and magnetism can translate into future application of these nanorods through cost‐effective, environmentally friendly, and easy‐to‐use biosensor technology with the quickest available sensing. The sensors can pave the way toward detection of both bacteria and fungi present on the surface with high sensitivity. This ability to sense microorganisms in a “non‐solution‐based” environment represents a key step forward in the fields of health and food safety, as well as solid‐state nanomaterial biotechnology applications. Hundreds of thousands of people are affected each year by accidental contamination and current protocols are far from preventative. The results of the magnetic field studies when compared with previous results show that the following factors affect the outcome of applying magnetic field during the growth of nanorods on their morphology: the direction of growth with respect to gravity, the method of seeding, and the substrate.
An Integrated Therapeutic Delivery System for Enhanced Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Ye Zhou , Wu Wen‐Rui , Qin Yu‐Fei , Hu Jing , Liu Chao , Seeberger Peter H. , Yin Jian 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNanomaterials hold promise for the treatment of human carcinomas but integrating multiple functions into a single drug carrier system remains challenging. Herein, an integrated therapeutic delivery system for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is reported, which is based on rhodamine B (RhB) end‐labeled cationic poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) and hydrophobic poly(3‐azido‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PGMA‐N3) segments equipped with a covalently bound galactose. This biocompatible and safe platform RhB‐PDMAEMA25‐c‐PGMA50‐Gal micelles (Gal‐micelles) offers four advantages: (1) Galactose ligands enhance cellular uptake by targeting the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is overexpressed on HCC cell lines surfaces; (2) RhB end‐labeling facilitates real‐time imaging for tracking both in vitro and in vivo; (3) the acidic tumor microenvironment protonates the carrier system for efficient drug release as well as gene transfection, (4) codelivery of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and B‐cell lymphoma 2 small interfering RNA (Bcl‐2 siRNA) works synergistically against tumor growth in both subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC bearing mouse models. This integrated therapeutic delivery system holds potential for future clinical HCC treatment.
Simultaneous Edge‐on to Face‐on Reorientation and 1D Alignment of Small π‐Conjugated Molecules Using Room‐Temperature Mechanical Rubbing
Authors: Ribierre Jean‐Charles , Tanaka Toshihiko , Zhao Li , Yokota Yuki , Matsumoto Shinya , Hashizume Daisuke , Takaishi Kazuto , Muto Tsuyoshi , Heinrich Benoît , Méry Stéphane , Mathevet Fabrice , Matsushima Toshinori , Uchiyama Masanobu , Adachi Chihaya , Aoyama Tetsuya 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study, room‐temperature mechanical rubbing is used to control the 3D orientation of small π‐conjugated molecular systems in solution‐processed polycrystalline thin films without using any alignment substrate. High absorption dichroic ratio and significant anisotropy in charge carrier mobilities (up to 130) measured in transistor configuration are obtained in rubbed organic films based on the ambipolar quinoidal quaterthiophene (QQT(CN)4). Moreover, a solvent vapor annealing treatment of the rubbed film is found to improve the optical and charge transport anisotropy due to an increased crystallinity. X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy measurements demonstrate that rubbing does not only lead to an excellent 1D orientation of the QQT(CN)4 molecules over large areas but also modifies the orientation of the crystals, moving molecules from an edge‐on to a face‐on configuration. The reasons why a mechanical alignment technique can be used at room temperature for such a polycrystalline film are rationalized, by the plastic characteristics of the QQT(CN)4 layer and the role of the flexible alkyl side chains in the molecular packing. This nearly complete conversion from edge‐on to face‐on orientation by mechanical treatment in polycrystalline small‐molecule‐based thin films opens perspectives in terms of fundamental research and practical applications in organic optoelectronics.
Cactus‐Like NiCoP/NiCo‐OH 3D Architecture with Tunable Composition for High‐Performance Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Li Xin , Wu Haijun , Elshahawy Abdelnaby M. , Wang Ling , Pennycook Stephen J. , Guan Cao , Wang John 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTo effectively enhance the energy density and overall performance of electrochemical capacitors (ECs), a new strategy is demonstrated to increase both the intrinsic activity of the reaction sites and their density. Herein, nickel cobalt phosphides (NiCoP) with high activity and nickel cobalt hydroxides (NiCo‐OH) with good stability are purposely combined in a hierarchical cactus‐like structure. The hierarchical electrode integrates the advantages of 1D nanospines for effective charge transport, 2D nanoflakes for mechanical stability, and 3D carbon cloth substrate for flexibility. The NiCoP/NiCo‐OH 3D electrode delivers a high specific capacitance of ≈1100 F g−1, which is around seven times higher than that of bare NiCo‐OH. It also possesses ≈90% capacitance retention after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. An asymmetric supercapacitor composed of NiCoP/NiCo‐OH cathode and metal–organic framework‐derived porous carbon anode achieves a specific capacitance of ≈100 F g−1, high energy density of ≈34 Wh kg−1, and excellent cycling stability. The cactus‐like NiCoP/NiCo‐OH 3D electrode presents a great potential for ECs and is promising for other functional applications such as catalysts and batteries.
Influence of Solvent Additive 1,8‐Octanedithiol on P3HT:PCBM Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Weijia , Song Lin , Magerl David , Moseguí González Daniel , Körstgens Volker , Philipp Martine , Moulin Jean‐François , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter 
Published: March 2018

AbstractProcessing solvent additives in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction systems are known as a promising method to enhance photovoltaic performance. It is generally agreed that solvent additives enable polymers to have a high degree of molecular order which increases the device performance. However, the understanding of the efficiency enhancement is not complete. There is a lack of insight regarding the quantitative determination of the molecular miscibility between polymer and fullerene as well as the inner morphology changes induced by the additives. In this work, understanding of the influence of the solvent additive 1,8‐octanedithiol (ODT) is provided on the classic system poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) films. The impact on polymer crystallinity, surface structure, inner morphology, and quantitative molecular miscibility of P3HT and PCBM is studied as a function of ODT volume concentration. The crystallinity is probed with absorption spectroscopy and grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. The morphology and miscibility are characterized via atomic force microscopy and time‐of‐flight grazing incidence small angle neutron scattering. Besides an increased crystallinity and prominent phase separation, ODT increases the solubility of PCBM in P3HT and reduces the size of amorphous P3HT domains. Moreover, solvent processing with a high ODT concentration alters the vertical material composition of the active layer.
Room‐Temperature Ion‐Exchange‐Mediated Self‐Assembly toward Formamidinium Perovskite Nanoplates with Finely Tunable, Ultrapure Green Emissions for Achieving Rec. 2020 Displays
Authors: Yu Dejian , Cao Fei , Gao Yujie , Xiong Yunhai , Zeng Haibo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDelicate engineering of chromaticity is required to faithfully reproduce colors in a backlit display, this is extremely difficult for green downconverters because the human eye is highly sensitive to green colors. The central challenge is to achieve finely tunable green emissions in the narrow range of 525–535 nm while keeping the full width at half maximum (FWHM) <25 nm at the same time. Here, a room‐temperature ion‐exchange‐mediated self‐assembly strategy for preparing FAPbBr3 (FA = CH(NH2)2+) nanoplates (NPs) to fulfill this goal is introduced. 2D layered OA2PbBr4 (OA is octadecylamine) NPs are first synthesized by spontaneous reprecipitation, and are then transformed into FAPbBr3 NPs through a OA+‐to‐FA+ exchange induced self‐assembly of HP monolayers. A c‐axis contraction in this process makes a relative large thickness variation in OA2PbBr4 NPs, which can be realized by simply varying the precursor concentration, only result in a small thickness change in subsequent FAPbBr3 NPs, thereby enabling finely tunable emissions in the range of 525–535 nm along with FWHM <25 nm and a quantum yield up to 85%. As a downconverter, the FAPbBr3 NPs realize an ultrapure green backlight that covers ≈95% Rec. 2020 standard in the CIE 1931 color space.