bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Training During Adult Gastroenterology Residency: A National Survey of Canadian Program Directors and Trainees
Authors: Gallinger Zane R , Rumman Amir , Pivovarov Kevin , Fortinsky Kyle , Dubinsky Marla , Grover Samir C , Cohen Benjamin , Nguyen Geoffrey C 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
Clinical training in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a mandated component of adult gastroenterology fellowship. This study aims to assess methods of instruction in IBD and identify priorities and gaps in IBD clinical training among residents and program directors (PDs).

Methods
Using both an online and in-person platform, we administered a 15-question PD survey and 19-question trainee survey that assessed the methods of IBD teaching and trainee perceptions of knowledge transfer of 22 IBD topics. The survey was previously developed and administered to US gastroenterology trainees and PDs.

Results
Surveys were completed by 9 of 14 (62.3%) PDs and 44 of 62 (71%) trainees. Both trainee years were equally represented (22 residents in each year of training). All respondents were based at university teaching hospitals with full-time IBD faculty on staff. Dedicated IBD rotations were not offered by more than half of training programs, and IBD exposure was most commonly encountered during inpatient rotations. Overall, only 14 (31.2%) trainees were fully satisfied with the level of IBD exposure during their training. Thirty-six (81.8%) trainees reported being comfortable with inpatient IBD management, whereas only 23 (52.3%) trainees reported being comfortable with outpatient IBD management. There was strong concordance between the proportion of PDs ranking an IBD topic as essential and trainee comfort in that area (Pearson’s rho 0.59; P=0.004). Fewer than half of trainees reported comfort in 11 of 22 (50%) proposed IBD topics. Identified areas of deficiency included phenotypic and endoscopic classification of IBD, inpatient management of severe active IBD, perianal disease management, monitoring biologic therapy and extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD.

Conclusions
Only one-third of Canadian gastroenterology trainees are fully satisfied with the level of IBD exposure under the current training model. Furthermore, several IBD topics appear to be inadequately covered during training. Our findings, which are similar to previously published US data, highlight the need for additional focus on IBD during gastroenterology residency.
A Stochastic Model of Metastatic Bottleneck Predicts Patient Outcome and Therapy Response
Authors: Szczurek Ewa , Krueger Tyll , Klink Barbara , Beerenwinkel Niko 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMetastases are responsible for 90% of cancer-related deaths. Initiation of metastases, where newly seeded tumor cells expand into colonies, presents a tremendous bottleneck to metastasis formation. Despite its clinical importance, our understanding of this process is very limited. Here, we propose a simple stochastic model assuming that the initiating metastatic cells proliferate faster when surrounded by more of their kind. The model quantifies the severity of metastatic bottleneck as the probability that the seeded colony survives. Based on this model, we derive how metastasis occurrence depends on primary tumor size and affects patient outcome. Our predictions agree with epidemiological data for thirteen cancer types. The model predicts that impact of treatment decisions depends both on the primary tumor size and on the severity of the metastatic bottleneck, and that medical interventions that tighten the bottleneck would be much more efficient than therapies that decrease overall tumor burden, such as chemotherapy.
Reticulate Evolutionary History of a Western Palaearctic Bat Complex Explained by Multiple mtDNA Introgressions in Secondary Contacts
Authors: çoraman Emrah , Dietz Christian , Hempel Elisabeth , Gazaryan Astghik , Levin Eran , Presetnik Primož , Zagmajster Maja , Mayer Frieder 
Published: June 2018

AimThere is increasing evidence showing that species within various taxonomic groups have reticulate evolutionary histories with several cases of introgression events. Investigating the phylogeography of species complexes can provide insight about the introgressions, when and where these hybridizations occurred. In this study, we investigate the biogeography of a widely distributed Western Palaearctic bat species complex, namelyMyotis nattererisensu lato. This complex exhibits high genetic diversity and in its western distribution range is composed of deeply diverged genetical lineages. However, little is known about the genetic structure of the eastern populations. We also infer the conservation and taxonomical implications of the identified genetic divergences.LocationWestern PalaearcticMethodsWe analyzed 175 specimens collected from 67 locations and sequenced one mitochondrial and four nuclear DNA markers, and combined these with the available Gen-Bank sequences. We used haplotype networks, PCA, t-SNE, and Bayesian clustering algorithms to investigate the population structure and Bayesian trees to infer the phylogenetic relationship of the lineages.Main conclusionsWe identified deeply divergent genetical lineages. In some cases, nuclear and mitochondrial markers were discordant, which we interpret are caused by hybridization between lineages. We identified three such introgression events. Our findings suggest that the M.natterericomplex has a reticulate evolutionary history with multiple cases of hybridizations between some of the identified lineages. We also suggest a revision in the taxonomy of this species group, with two possible new taxa:M. hoveliandM. tschuliensis.
Primary auditory cortex represents the location of sound sources in a cue- invariant manner
Authors: Wood Katherine C , Town Stephen M , Bizley Jennifer K 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAuditory cortex is required for sound localisation, but how neural firing in auditory cortex underlies our perception of sources in space remains unknown. We measured spatial receptive fields in animals actively attending to spatial location while they performed a relative localisation task using stimuli that varied in the spatial cues that they provided. Manipulating the availability of binaural and spectral localisation cues had mild effects on the ferret’s performance and little impact on the spatial tuning of neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1). Consistent with a representation of space, a subpopulation of neurons encoded spatial position across localisation cue types. Spatial receptive fields measured in the presence of a competing sound source were sharper than those measured in a single-source configuration. Together these observations suggest that A1 encodes the location of auditory objects as opposed to spatial cue values. We compared our data to predictions generated from two theories about how space is represented in auditory cortex: The two-channel model, where location is encoded by the relative activity in each hemisphere, and the labelled-line model where location is represented by the activity pattern of individual cells. The representation of sound location in A1 was mainly contralateral but peak firing rates were distributed across the hemifield consistent with a labelled line model in each hemisphere representing contralateral space. Comparing reconstructions of sound location from neural activity, we found that a labelled line architecture far outperformed two channel systems. Reconstruction ability increased with increasing channel number, saturating at around 20 channels.Significance statementOur perception of a sound scene is one of distinct sound sources each of which can be localised, yet auditory space must be computed from sound location cues that arise principally by comparing the sound at the two ears. Here we ask: (1) do individual neurons in auditory cortex represent space, or sound localisation cues? (2) How is neural activity ‘read out’ for spatial perception? We recorded from auditory cortex in ferrets performing a localisation task and describe a subpopulation of neurons that represent space across localisation cues. Our data are consistent with auditory space being read out using the pattern of activity across neurons (a labelled line) rather than by averaging activity within each hemisphere (a two-channel model).
Imaging forward and Reverse Traveling Waves in the Cochlea
Authors: Zosuls A. , Rupprecht L. C. , Mountain D. C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe presence of forward and reverse traveling wave modes on the basilar membrane has important implications to how the cochlea functions as a filter, transducer, and amplifier of sound. The presence and parameters of traveling waves are of particular importance to interpreting otoacoustic emissions (OAE). OAE are vibrations that propagate out of the cochlea and are measureable as sounds emitted from the tympanic membrane. The interpretation of OAE is a powerful research and clinical diagnostic tool, but OAE use has not reached full potential because the mechanisms of their generation and propagation are not fully understood. Of particular interest and deliberation is whether the emissions propagate as a fluid compression wave or a structural traveling wave. In this study a mechanical probe was used to simulate an OAE generation site and optical imaging was used to measure displacement of the inner hair cell stereocilia of the gerbil cochlea. Inner hair cell stereocilia displacement measurements were made in the radial dimension as a function of their longitudinal location along the length of the basilar membrane in response to a transverse stimulation from the probe. The analysis of the spatial frequency response of the inner hair cell stereocilia at frequencies near the characteristic frequency (CF) of the measurement location suggests that a traveling wave propagates in the cochlear partition simultaneously basal and apical (forward and reverse) from the probe location. The traveling wave velocity was estimated to be 5.9m/s - 8m/s in the base (near CF of 29kHz - 40kHz) and 1.9m/s - 2.4m/s in the second turn (near CF of 2kHz - 3kHz). These results suggest that the cochlear partition is capable of supporting both forward and reverse traveling wave modes generated by a source driving the basilar membrane. This suggests that traveling waves in the cochlear partition contribute to OAE propagation.
Enzymatic DNA synthesis for digital information storage
Authors: Lee Henry H. , Kalhor Reza , Goela Naveen , Bolot Jean , Church George M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDNA is an emerging storage medium for digital data but its adoption is hampered by limitations of phosphoramidite chemistry, which was developed for single-base accuracy required for biological functionality. Here, we establish ade novoenzymatic DNA synthesis strategy designed from the bottom-up for information storage. We harness a template-independent DNA polymerase for controlled synthesis of sequences with user-defined information content. We demonstrate retrieval of 144-bits, including addressing, from perfectly synthesized DNA strands using batch-processed Illumina and real-time Oxford Nanopore sequencing. We then develop a codec for data retrieval from populations of diverse but imperfectly synthesized DNA strands, each with a ~30% error tolerance. With this codec, we experimentally validate a kilobyte-scale design which stores 1 bit per nucleotide. Simulations of the codec support reliable and robust storage of information for large-scale systems. This work paves the way for alternative synthesis and sequencing strategies to advance information storage in DNA.
A high-quality, long-read de novo genome assembly to aid conservation of Hawaii’s last remaining crow species
Authors: Sutton Jolene T. , Helmkampf Martin , Steiner Cynthia C. , Bellinger M. Renee , Korlach Jonas , Hall Richard , Baybayan Primo , Muehling Jill , Gu Jenny , Kingan Sarah , Masuda Bryce M. , Ryder Oliver 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGenome-level data can provide researchers with unprecedented precision to examine the causes and genetic consequences of population declines, and to apply these results to conservation management. Here we present a high-quality, long-read, de novo genome assembly for one of the world’s most endangered bird species, the Alala. As the only remaining native crow species in Hawaii, the Alala survived solely in a captive breeding program from 2002 until 2016, at which point a long-term reintroduction program was initiated. The high-quality genome assembly was generated to lay the foundation for both comparative genomics studies, and the development of population-level genomic tools that will aid conservation and recovery efforts. We illustrate how the quality of this assembly places it amongst the very best avian genomes assembled to date, comparable to intensively studied model systems. We describe the genome architecture in terms of repetitive elements and runs of homozygosity, and we show that compared with more outbred species, the Alala genome is substantially more homozygous. We also provide annotations for a subset of immunity genes that are likely to be important for conservation applications, and we discuss how this genome is currently being used as a roadmap for downstream conservation applications.
Bedside healthcare rationing dilemmas: a survey from Croatia
Authors: Pinho Micaela , Pinto Borges Ana , Petricevic Duje 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore Croatian views about issues regarding bedside rationing decisions.

Design/methodology/approach
An online questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 243 Croatian citizens. In a context of hypothetical scenarios involving priority setting decisions taking by physicians, the present study elicits Croatian respondents’ views concerning: the ethical principles that should guide patients prioritization; the parties that should make prioritization decisions; and the likelihood of healthcare rationing becoming a reality. Descriptive analysis, factor analysis and parametric and non-parametric tests were performed.

Findings
Findings suggest that Croatian respondents: support multiple substantive rationing criteria, with an incident in favoring the worst-off, reducing inequalities in health, translated in the fair-innings argument and efficiency achievement; appoint health professionals as rationing decision makers; and do not seem to believe in the possibility of patient selection becoming a reality.

Practical implications
Favoring the worst-off, equalizing life time health and the pursuit of efficiency seem to be the criteria most preferred by Croatian respondents to guide rationing policy at the micro level.

Originality/value
This study is the first attempt to elicit Croatian opinions concerning several rationing criteria inherent in healthcare micro allocation decisions. Healthcare rationing is a serious challenge to Croatian policy makers and so it would be useful for the public’s perceptions and beliefs to be considered.
No neurodevelopmental benefit of cerebral oximetry in the first randomised trial (SafeBoosC II) in preterm infants during the first days of life
Authors: Plomgaard Anne M. , Alderliesten Thomas , van Bel Frank , Benders Manon , Claris Olivier , Cordeiro Malaika , Dempsey Eugene , Fumagalli Monica , Gluud Christian , Hyttel‐Sorensen Simon , Lemmers Petra , Pellicer Adelina , Pichler Gerhard , Greisen Gorm 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimCerebral hypoxia has been associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. We studied whether reducing cerebral hypoxia in extremely preterm infants during the first 72 hours of life affected neurological outcomes at two years of corrected age.MethodsIn 2012‐2013, the phase II randomised Safeguarding the Brains of our smallest Children trial compared visible cerebral near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring in an intervention group and blinded NIRS monitoring in a control group. Cerebral hypoxia was significantly reduced in the intervention group. We followed up 115 survivors from eight European centres at two years of corrected age, by conducting a medical examination and assessing their neurodevelopment with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Second or Third Edition, and the parental Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ).ResultsThere were no differences between the intervention (n = 65) and control (n = 50) groups with regard to the mean mental developmental index (89.6 ± 19.5 versus 88.4 ± 14.7, p = 0.77), ASQ score (215 ± 58 versus 213 ± 58, p = 0.88) and the number of children with moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental impairment (10 versus six, p = 0.58).ConclusionCerebral NIRS monitoring was not associated with long‐term benefits or harm with regard to neurodevelopmental outcome at two years of corrected age.
Complicity and Conditions of Agency
Authors: Pauer‐Studer Herlinde 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn his ground‐breaking study Complicity, Christopher Kutz introduces the notion of ‘participatory intentions’ (individual intentions whose content is collective) to explain an agent's complicity with groups or organisations. According to Kutz, participatory intentions allow us to hold individuals morally accountable for collective wrongs independent of their causal contribution to the wrong and its ensuing harm. This article offers an alternative account of complicity. Its central claim is that an agent's complicity might be due to the dependence of his professional role on the normative principles that make up the organisation or institution in whose practices he partakes. In other words, there might arise a constitutive failure in an agent's attempt to ascribe to himself a non‐complicit professional identity. I use the case of SS‐Judge Konrad Morgen in order to illustrate this understanding of complicity.
Self‐reassurance, not self‐esteem, serves as a buffer between self‐criticism and depressive symptoms
Authors: Petrocchi Nicola , Dentale Francesco , Gilbert Paul 
Published: June 2018

ObjectivesSeveral studies suggest that self‐criticism and self‐reassurance operate through different mechanisms and might interact with each other. This study examined the hypothesis that self‐reassurance serves as a buffer between self‐criticism and depressive symptoms in a way that self‐esteem, which is rooted in a different motivational system, may not.DesignWe hypothesized that self‐criticism would be correlated with high levels of depressive symptoms, but that this association would be weaker at higher levels of self‐reassurance abilities. We also hypothesized that self‐esteem, a self‐relating process based on feeling able and competent to achieve life goals, would not buffer the relationship between self‐criticism and depression.MethodsSelf‐criticism, self‐reassurance, depressive symptoms, and self‐esteem were assessed in a sample of 419 participants (66% females; Mage = 33.40, SD = 11.13).ResultsAt higher levels of self‐reassurance, the relationship between self‐criticism and depressive symptoms became non‐significant, supporting the buffering hypothesis of self‐reassurance. Despite the high correlation between self‐esteem and self‐reassurance, self‐esteem did not moderate the relationship between self‐criticism and depressive symptoms.ConclusionsResults support the growing evidence that not all positive self‐relating processes exert the same protective function against psychopathological consequences of self‐criticism. Implications for psychotherapy and the validity of using compassion‐focused interventions with clients with self‐critical issues are discussed.Practitioner points

Self‐reassurance and self‐criticism are distinct processes and they should not be considered positive and negative variations of a single dimension

Different types of positive self‐relating do not show the same correlation with depressive symptoms.

The ability to be self‐reassuring protects against the psychopathological correlates of self‐criticism while having high self‐esteem does not.

Compassion‐focused interventions are promising avenues to help clients counteract the negative impact of self‐criticism on mood.
Molecular cloning of TaMATE2 homoeologues potentially related to aluminium tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Garcia‐Oliveira A. L. , Benito C. , Guedes‐Pinto H. , Martins‐Lopes P. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Recently, members of the MATE family have been implicated in aluminium (Al) tolerance by facilitating citrate efflux in plants. The aim of the present work was to perform a molecular characterisation of the MATE2 gene in bread wheat.

Here, we cloned a member of the MATE gene family in bread wheat and named it TaMATE2, which showed the typical secondary structure of MATE‐type transporters maintaining all the 12 transmembrane domains.

Amplification in Chinese Spring nulli‐tetrasomic and ditelosomic lines revealed that TaMATE2 is located on the long arm of homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. The transcript expression of TaMATE2 homoeologues in two diverse bread wheat genotypes, Barbela 7/72/92 (Al‐tolerant) and Anahuac (Al‐sensitive), suggested that TaMATE2 is expressed in both root and shoot tissues of bread wheat, but mainly confined to root rather than shoot tissues. A time‐course analysis of TaMATE2 homoeologue transcript expression revealed the Al responsive expression of TaMATE2 in root apices of the Al‐tolerant genotype, Barbela 7/72/92. Considering the high similarity of TaMATE2 together with similar Al responsive expression pattern as of ScFRDL2 from rye and OsFRDL2 from rice, it is likely that TaMATE2 also encodes a citrate transporter. Furthermore, the TaMATE2‐D homoeologue appears to be near the previously reported locus (wPt0077) on chromosome 1D for Al tolerance.

In conclusion, molecular cloning of TaMATE2 homoeologues, particularly TaMATE2‐D, provides a plausible candidate for Al tolerance in bread wheat that can be used for the development of more Al‐tolerant cultivars in this staple crop.
Inflation Linkages Within The Eurozone: Core vs. Periphery
Authors: Magkonis Georgios , Sharma Abhijit 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe examine the process of inflation transmission among GIIPS countries (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain) and Germany. Our findings suggest that inflation spillovers have increased since 2001. We also find that peripheral economies are (dis‐)inflation transmitters to the core. This finding is significant for policy formulation, given the very low inflation environment that currently exists in the Euro area and the macroeconomic implications that arise from this.