bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Type of Coagulation Inhibitor
Authors: Lechner K 
Published: June 2018

Summary1. In 2 patients blood coagulation inhibitors have been found. The first patient showed pancytopenia, splenomegaly and increase of macroglobulins in serum, no definite clinical diagnosis could be established. The second patient had a history of thromboembolic diseases, but appeared healthy at the time of investigation.2. Clotting time, partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were prolonged in both patients. All clotting factors were normal if tested in dilution. Plasma and serum of the patients prolonged the partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time of normal plasma.3. Using partially purified clotting factors it could be shown that the inhibitors inhibit the activation of prothrombin by prothrombin activator (reaction product of F Xa+ F V+lipid). The velocity of thrombin generation and the amount of thrombin generated was reduced.4. The inhibitory activity in both cases was present in the macroglobulin peak after gel filtration, slight activity was detected also in the G-peak in case 2. After DEAEchromatography, activity appeared in both cases in those fractions which contain IgM, in case 2 also in the first protein fractions containing only IgG.5. Inhibitor activity could be reduced in both cases only be incubation with anti-IgM antiserum.6. It is concluded that the inhibitor in case 1 is IgM and in case 2 IgM-IgG.
Isolierung des Kontaktaktivierungsproduktes des Gerinnungssystems aus Schweineplasma
Authors: Barth P , Kommerell B , Beckmann U 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungEs wird iiber die Isolierung des Kontaktaktivierungsproduktes des Gerinnungssystems berichtet. Die Reinigungsschritte bestanden in Celite-Adsorption, DEAECellulose- Adsorption, DEAE-Sephadex-Adsorption und Elution. Das so gereinigte Material, das außer Kontaktaktivierungsprodukt-Aktivität keine weiteren Gerinnungseigenschaften aufwies - außer einer leichten Faktor-IX-Aktivität, die durch BaSO 4-Adsorption des Ausgangsplasmas vermieden werden konnte - , war einheitlich bei der Gelchromatographie an Sephadex G 200, in der Immunpräzipitation und in der Immunelektrophorese. Die Diskelektrophorese zeigte noch eine sehr schwache zweiteBande.
Über einen Einstufentest zur Bestimmung des Kontaktaktivierungsproduktes des Gerinnungssystems
Authors: Barth P , Kommerell B , Oswald M 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine einfache Einstufenmethode zur Bestimmung des KAP des Gerinnungssystems mitgeteilt. Als Mangelplasma dient ein Humanplasma, das 6mal mit Celite behandelt wurde unter Zusatz von 30% Michaelis-Puffer, pH 7,6. Die Celite-Adsorption erfolgte bei +4° C. Auf diese Weise wird bei vollständiger Elimination des Kontaktaktivierungsproduktes eine weitgehende Erhaltung der übrigen Gerinnungsfaktoren erreicht. Einzelheiten der spezifischen Empfindlichkeit des Testsystems werden diskutiert.
The Flowing Clotting Time (Thrombus Formation Time) a Sensitive Test of Hypercoagulability
Authors: Engelberg H , Engelberg L. P 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe addition of small amounts of extrinsic thromboplastin or of thrombin to blood in vitro accelerated coagulation more frequently and to a greater extent when determined by the flowing time test than when measured by the silicone clotting time, or by the blood or plasma heparin tolerance tests. Similar results were obtained when intrinsic thromboplastin formation was stimulated by contact with glass. However there was little or no acceleration of the flowing clotting time of plasma obtained from aliquots of the thromboplastin-containing blood. These results indicate that the flowing clotting time (thrombus formation time) of whole blcod is a more reliable test of hypercoagulability than previously described blood or plasma clotting time tests.
The Influence of the Polysaccharide Carrageenin on the Clotting Mechanism of the Blood in the Rabbit in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Schimpf K L , Lenhard J , Schaaf G 
Published: June 2018

SummaryCarrageenin is not an antithrombin. It inhibits fibrin aggregation or polymerisation. The inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin and of blood thromboplastin by anti blood thromboplastin is neither accelerated nor retarded. In the presence of Carrageenin the clotting times of tests in which the fibrinpolymerisation phase is involved are lengthened; this simulates a decrease in clotting factors. In vivo Carrageenin, despite its coagulation-inhibitory properties, is not able to reverse the consumption reaction which it has initiated.
Recent Investigations on the Chemical Nature of Thromboplastin (“TP”) from Human Brain
Authors: Hecht E , Wijngaards G 
Published: June 2018

SummaryIt was confirmed that purified thromboplastin from human brain tissue contains about 18 amino acids after hydrolysis.The following observations gave rise to a discussion if these amino acids are to be considered as contaminations only, or if they derived from a protein moiety of brain thromboplastin.The amino acids are present in all fractions of the thromboplastin and in the wash solutions, and their amount is very small.The amino acids cannot be removed from thromboplastin with the usual techniques, but amino acids and peptides added on purpose can be separated again.Investigations with DNFB pointed to the presence of a great number of precipitable small peptides of various composition. The possibility of the presence of a microamount of a long-chain peptide, or even a trace of protein could not be excluded.Four techniques to separate the amino acid-rich fraction of thromboplastin were studied, described, and the results obtained compared. Sephadex G-25 was most successful, and the fractions were analysed.Most striking was the percentage of aspartic acid in the non-lipid fraction, which is 13-26 times lower than that of proteins and lipoproteins.The biological investigations of these fractions are subject of the subsequent paper.
On the Functional Resynthesis of Thromboplastin (“TP”) from its Fractions and Various Substitutes
Authors: Hecht E , Wijngaabjds G 
Published: June 2018

SummaryRecombination of the low active lipid fraction with the inactive non-lipid fraction of brain thromboplastin has been proved to be just as successful in restoring the original high thromboplastic activity as the recombination of the corresponding material obtained from lung thromboplastin.The properties of the individual components, of thromboplastin, its fractions obtained by different ways, and of their substitutes were studied comparatively; the influence of the solvents used was also investigated.Experiences obtained were collected to prepare a high active and stable brain thromboplastin.Only the lipid- and non-lipid fraction obtained by pyridin is successful in regenerating the original thromboplastic activity, in contrast with the reunion of both fractions produced by Sephadex G-25, Sephadex LH-20 and butanol.The lipid fraction can be fully replaced by the lipid activator, PE from soy-beans and partly by synthetic dioleoyl PE, however this is not possible with natural and synthetic PC and lyso PC.The results of experiments to replace the non-lipid fraction by various amino acids, peptides or proteins were poor.A full regeneration of the thromboplastic activity with the suspended fractions is only successful after a previous solution of the components in pyridin or chloroform and evaporation.The rebuilt of the original thromboplastic activity was complete only as long as contaminated non-lipid fractions were used. Non-lipid fractions, quantitatively free of lipids, were ineffective.
Erfahrungen und Modifikationen zur Herstellung von Prothrombin nach Seegers
Authors: Andrassy K , Krause W , Egbring R , Egli H 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über Erfahrungen bei der Herstellung von Prothrombin nach Seegers berichtet, die zu einigen Modifikationen Veranlassung gaben. Die Präparate weisen entsprechend den Seegersschen Forderungen hohe Aktivitäten pro mg Tyrosin auf. Die durchschnittliche Prothrombinaktivität von 30 Präparaten lag bei 30786 E/mg Tyrosin.
The Reaction of Thiol Compounds with the Vitamin-K Dependent Clotting Factors
Authors: Fantl P 
Published: June 2018

SummaryTreatment of human and dog oxalated plasma with 0.2 to 1.0 × 10−1 M 2.3-dithiopropanol (BAL) or dithiothreitol (DTT) at 2–4° C for 30 min results in the reduction of the vitamin-K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX and X to the respective-SH derivatives. The reaction is pH dependent. Under aerobic conditions the delayed one stage prothrombin time can be partly reversed. Under anaerobic conditions a gradual prolongation of the one stage prothrombin time occurs without reversal.In very diluted plasma treated with the dithiols, prothrombin can be converted into thrombin if serum as source of active factors VII and X is added. In contrast SH factors VII, IX and X are inactive in the specific tests. Reoxidation to active factors II, VII, IX and X takes place during adsorption and elution of the SH derivatives. The experiments have indicated that not only factor II but also factors VII, IX and X have active-S-S-centres.
Reaction Kinetics of Thrombin Activity in Decalcified Plasma and Blood
Authors: Pálos L. A , Sas G , Csurgay A 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe reaction kinetics of the second phase of blood clotting (conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin) has been studied in euglobulin and thrombin-antithrombin systems. It was intended to set up relationships that would make mathematical expression of the processes possible and which would, moreover, help in detecting dynamic and functional relationships characteristic of the mechanism involved in coagulation.The experiments have yielded the following results:1. In the euglobulin solution containing no antithrombin the fibrinogen-thrombin reaction can be characterized with a constant deviation from the first order kinetics.2. The process of thrombin inactivation is a reaction of first order in the initial phase.3. The two basic processes (clotting by thrombin in euglobulin solution, inactivation of thrombin in defibrinated plasma) make it possible to predetermine the thrombin time of citrated plasma. Theoretical and actual clotting times were in good agreement.4. The thrombin time of plasma can be computed even if thrombin is not introduced to the system at one stride but gradually, a manner of administration which is a better imitation of what happening in vivo.
5. In connection with the computation of the “thrombin time” of citrated blood, we determined experimentally (and expressed by means of a function) the modification produced by the corpuscular elements of the blood in the reaction between fibrinogen and thrombin under atraumatic conditions.
Comparative Study of Proactivators of the Fibrinolysin System in Three Mammalian Species
Authors: Takada Y , Takada A , Ambrus J. L 
Published: June 2018

SummarySephadex gel filtration of human plasma gave results suggesting the presence of two proactivators of plasminogen, termed proactivators A and B.Activity resembling that of proactivator A was found in rabbit plasma, but not in guinea pig plasma.Plasminogen activators produced by the interaction of proactivator A of human plasma with streptokinase had no caseinolytic or TAMe esterolytic effect.Proactivator A can be separated in a form apparently free from plasminogen, as shown by the heated fibrin plate test and by immunological analysis. On the other hand, proactivator B concentrates prepared so far are contamined with plasminogen.Human proactivators appear to be far more susceptible to streptokinase than are rabbit proactivators.Inhibitors of the fibrinolysin system were observed in the plasmas of all 3 species. These inhibitors are not present in the euglobulin fraction of plasma. Sephadex fractionation of euglobulin fractions results in proactivator preparations that do not contain inhibitors.
Thromboplastin as a Clotting Factor
Authors: Quick A. J 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe clotting activity of platelets can be sensitively measured by the prothrombin consumption time using normal platelet-depleted plasma as the assay medium. Such plasma when clotted in a glass tube shows no demonstrable consumption of prothrombin but as platelets are added in increasing amounts, the utilization of prothrombin is increased in an approximately straight-line proportion. Similar results are obtained when certain agents such as the Bell-Alton reagent, Inosithin and hemolysate, all of which have a high concentration of phospholipids and are employed in the thromboplastin generation test as platelet substitutes, were assayed by the prothrombin consumption test. Both Inosithin and the Bell-Alton reagent fail to cause significant consumption of prothrombin when the plasma is clotted in silicone-coated tubes, thereby demonstrating the need of a contact factor which is probably thrombin. Since Inosithin which is of plant origin functions efficiently as a platelet substitute in the thromboplastin generation test and in the prothrombin consumption assay test, it presents the probability that the clotting factor in platelets could be of exogenous origin. Its release from platelets requires the action of thrombin.
Current Blood Clotting Schemes
Authors: Quick A. J ,   Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry
Published: June 2018

SummaryCurrently, there are three schemes to explain the coagulation of blood, each representing an attempt to unravel the complex process. The lack of agreement can be attributed, first, to the experimental approaches and, secondly, to the objective. To evaluate accurately the reliability of the various methods employed in isolating clotting factors and in studying their properties would require the wisdom of Solomon. While both the cascade sequence theory and Seegers’ approach have as their main aim to study the chemistry of blood coagulation, the primary objective of the expanded classical theory is to serve diagnostically. The final goal - the correlation of blood coagulation and hemostasis - can only come clinically. The more clearly the chemistry of the coagulation mechanism is understood and the more accurate the diagnosis, the better will be the prospect of approaching successfully the problem of hemostasis.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Extra-/Intradural Hematomas: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Celtikci Emrah , Ozgural Onur , Eroglu Umit , Caglar Yusuf , Yakar Fatih 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOsteogenesis imperfecta, also named as brittle bone disease, is characterized by fragile bones and short stature caused by mutations in the collagen gene. Subdural and intraparenchymal hematomas are defined and associated with trauma, vascular causes, and systemic bleeding diathesis. Skull fragility may lead to epidural hematoma, which is a life-threatening situation. Vascular fragility and intrinsic platelet defects are the causes of bleeding in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, which is a major management challenge for neurosurgeons. Here, we reported on a 5-year-old boy with osteogenesis imperfecta with epidural hematoma and skull fracture following a trivial trauma, and made a literature review of 28 cases with extra-/intradural hematoma.
Retrospective Study of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patients with Cervical Spine Pathology
Authors: Dube Surya Kumar , Pandia Mihir Prakash , Chaturvedi Arvind , Kumar Shailender 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Background Postoperative pulmonary complication (PPC) after cervical spine surgery is known to increase patient morbidity and mortality as well as the hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay. However, studies addressing this issue are scarce in the current literature. The aim of this study was to find out the incidence and various factors associated with PPC in patients undergoing cervical spine surgeries.
Materials and Methods It is a retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital. Two hundred and seven patients who underwent different cervical spinal surgeries were included in this study. Various perioperative data including demography, history of smoking, associated systemic illness, type and site of lesion, preoperative respiratory status, and signs of involvement of lower cranial nerves were collected. The incidence and the risk factors for PPC were found out. Statistical analysis was done using chi-square/Fisher's exact test/Student's t-test, followed by univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results The incidence of PPC in our study was 39.6%. Various pulmonary complications observed were difficulty in breathing requiring some intervention (19.3%), pneumonia (5.3%), tracheobronchitis (3.9%), arterial desaturation (3.4%), reintubation (3.4%), atelectasis (1.3%), pleural effusion (0.97%), pneumothorax (0.97%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (0.97%). Preoperative respiratory abnormality, cervical laminectomy and instrumentation surgery and postoperative mechanical ventilation of > 24 hours duration were found to be independent risk factors for occurrence of PPC.
Conclusions The patients with cervical spinal cord pathology are at increased risk for PPC. Preoperative respiratory abnormality, postoperative mechanical ventilation of > 24-hour duration, and cervical laminectomy and instrumentation surgery are independent risk factors for PPC.
Hip fracture—great steps forward but we still need better evidence. A commentary on NICE CG124 and QS16 on fractured neck of femur
Authors: Jay Roger H , Hipps Daniel 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) updated its Clinical Guideline and its Quality Standard on hip fracture in 2017. Three quality statements relate to the organisation of care—having a multidisciplinary hip fracture programme, and both operating and starting rehabilitation without delay—while three relate to surgical aspects, the most recent being the requirement to offer total hip replacement rather than hemiarthroplasty for those with displaced intracapsular fractures who could mobilise outdoors with a stick. Some evidence exists to support this, but the timely provision of this more complex and specialised operation presents a logistical challenge to many units. The evidence for many more general aspects of the care of hip fracture patients is still extrapolated from other populations, and more research is needed to guide the care of this specific group.
Holling Type I versus Holling Type II functional responses in Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Nev O A , van den Berg H A 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe consider how the double-membrane structure of the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria affects its functional response, which is the mathematical relationship that expresses how the nutrient uptake flux depends on environmental conditions. We show that, under suitable conditions, the Holling Type I functional response is a plausible model, as opposed to the Holling Type II (rectangular hyperbolic, ‘Michaelis–Menten’) response that is the default model in much of the literature. We investigate both diffusion-limited and capacity-limited regimes. Furthermore, we reconcile our findings with the preponderance in the established literature of hyperbolic models for the growth response, which are generally assumed to be valid, for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, we consider the phenomenon of dynamic adjustment of investment of molecular building blocks in cellular components, and show how this will affect the functional response as observed by the experimenter.
United States Medical Licensing Exam Step I Score as a Predictor of Neurosurgical Career Beyond Residency
Authors: Gelinne Aaron , Zuckerman Scott , Benzil Deborah , Grady Sean , Callas Peter , Durham Susan 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step I score is cited as one of the most important factors when for applying to neurosurgery residencies. No studies have documented a correlation between USMLE Step I score and metrics of neurosurgical career trajectory beyond residency.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether USMLE Step I exam scores are predictive of neurosurgical career beyond residency, as defined by American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS) certification status, practice type, academic rank, and research productivity.

METHODS
A database of neurosurgery residency applicants who matched into neurosurgery from 1997 to 2007 was utilized that included USMLE Step I score. Online databases were used to determine h-index, National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant funding, academic rank, practice type, and ABNS certification status of each applicant. Linear regression and nonparametric testing determined associations between USMLE Step I scores and these variables.

RESULTS
USMLE Step I scores were higher for neurosurgeons in academic positions (237) when compared to community practice (234) and non-neurosurgeons (233, P < .01). USMLE Step I score was not different between neurosurgeons of different academic rank (P = .21) or ABNS certification status (P = .78). USMLE Step I score was not correlated with h-index for academic neurosurgeons (R2 = 0.002, P = .36).

CONCLUSION
USMLE Step I score has little utility in predicting the future careers of neurosurgery resident applicants. A career in academic neurosurgery is associated with a slightly higher USMLE Step I score. However, USMLE Step I score does not predict academic rank or productivity (h-index or NIH funding) nor does USMLE Step I score predict ABNS certification status.
Intraoperative Fluorescence Cerebral Angiography by Laser Surgical Microscopy: Comparison With Xenon Microscopy and Simultaneous Observation of Cerebral Blood Flow and Surrounding Structures
Authors: Ito Yuhei , Suzuki Kyouichi , Ichikawa Tsuyoshi , Watanabe Yoichi , Sato Taku , Sakuma Jun , Saito Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Laser surgical microscopes should enable uniform illumination of the operative field, and require less luminous energy compared with existing xenon surgical microscopes.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the utility of laser illumination in fluorescence cerebral angiography.

METHODS
Fluorescein sodium (fluorescein) was used as a fluorescent dye. We first compared the clarity of cerebral blood flow images collected by fluorescence angiography between the laser illumination and xenon illumination methods. We then assessed use of the laser illuminator for simultaneous observation of blood flow and surrounding structures during fluorescence angiography. Furthermore, the study was designed to evaluate usefulness of the thus determined excitation light in clinical cases.

RESULTS
Fluorescence angiography using blue light laser for excitation provided higher clarity and contrast blood flow images compared with using blue light generated from a xenon lamp. Further, illumination with excitation light consisting of a combination of 3 types of laser (higher level of blue light, no green light, and lower level of red light) enabled both blood flow and surrounding structures to be observed through the microscope directly by the surgeon.

CONCLUSION
Laser-illuminated fluorescence angiography provides high clarity and contrast images of cerebral blood flow. Further, a laser providing strong blue light and weak red light for excitation light enables simultaneous visual observation of fluorescent blood flow and surrounding structures by the surgeon using a surgical microscope. Overall, these data suggest that laser surgical microscopes are useful for both ordinary operative manipulations and fluorescence angiography.