bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous temperature and strain sensing using few-mode fiber in a single-ended BOTDA system
Authors: Zhang Lixin , Zhang Lei , Liu Zijuan , Wang Jianjian , Fan Haijun , Li Jiaqi , Li Yongqian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Few-mode fibers contain a limited number of orthogonal modes, and the Brillouin frequency shift of different modes has different sensitivities to temperature and strain, which provides the possibility of realizing multi-parameter sensing. This paper proposes a novel single-ended Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) sensing system that uses Rayleigh backscattered light in the fiber as the probe light, and uses a four-mode graded-index few-mode fiber (4GI-FMF) and a photonic lantern to realize two-parameter sensing. The mechanism of single-ended BOTDA based on FMF is investigated, the modes of 4GI-FMF and the principle of two-parameter measurement are analyzed, and an experimental setup utilizing single-ended BOTDA system with 4GI-FMF is constructed. The performance of the sensing system is analyzed by characterizing and evaluating the Brillouin scattering spectral of different modes and the sensitivity of Brillouin frequency shift to temperature and strain. The proposed sensing system realized reliable temperature and strain discrimination on a 1 km long 4GI-FMF, with temperature and strain accuracies of 1.9 °C and 43.7 με, respectively.
Non-toxic Cu3BiS3 thin film solar cells with Al doped TiO2 as electron-transport layers
Authors: Yu Fucheng , Huang Zengguang , Zhang Jinghong , Zhong Sihua 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cu3BiS3 has been considered as an attractive photovoltaic material due to its suitable bandgap, excellent photoelectric properties, abundant component elements and low toxicity. However, most of the reported Cu3BiS3 solar cells contain toxic components in other functioning layers such as CdS in electron-transport layers (ETLs). In this study, the Cu3BiS3 thin films were prepared by spin-coating method. We find that the CuCl concentration in precursor solutions has influences on both the optical bandgap and grain size of the Cu3BiS3 thin films, thus affecting the performance of solar cells. The optimal CuCl concentration is 0.91 M. Besides, Al doped TiO2 (ATO) and MoOx films are employed as ETLs and hole-transport layers (HTLs) respectively, constructing a totally non-toxic thin film solar cell. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the ratio (R
Al:Ti) of Al source (Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate) to Ti source [Titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate)] in the precursor solution of ATO and the thickness of MoOx have significant influences on solar cells. Moderate Al doping in ATO, e.g. R
Al:Ti=1:50, can produce oxygen vacancies and accelerate the interfacial charge transfer, thus resulting in the increased short-circuit current density and fill factor. With the optimized Cu3BiS3 absorber, ETL and HTL, improved cell performances are observed comparted to the spin-coated Cu3BiS3 counterparts with CdS as ETLs in literature.
Evaluation of IMERG climate trends over land in the TRMM and GPM eras
Authors: Zhu Siyu , Li Zhi , Chen Mengye , Wen Yixin , Liu Zhong , Huffman George J , Tsoodle Theresa E , Ferraro Sebastian C , Wang Yuzhou , Hong Yang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for global precipitation measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG) is a global precipitation product suite consisting of both near-real-time and research-grade products with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the IMERG developers note that it is designed as a high resolution precipitation product (HRPP), not a Climate Data Record, and its ability to capture climate trends remains uncertain. Therefore, it is imperative to explore and quantify IMERG’s capability in capturing climate trends for our community. This study examines the climatological performance of IMERG Final (Version 06) by analyzing annual precipitation trends over land from 2001 to 2019 using the Mann-Kendall analysis, taking gauge records as ground truth. Three different matching strategies are applied: at gauge locations, at 0.1° pixels, and at 1.0° pixels. Additionally, this study compares the performances during the TRMM (2001–2014) and GPM eras (2015–2019). Our results find: (1) IMERG daily data exhibits high spatial consistency with gauge records at both gauge locations and 0.1° resolution, consistent with its Global Precipitation Climatology Centre calibration, with a conversion rate of approximately 89.3%; (2) IMERG performs much better overall in the GPM era than in the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) era, evidenced by a lower proportion of unreliable samples (∼10.2% vs. ∼21.2%); (3) The proportion of samples showing consistent trends with gauge data is 86.7% in the GPM era, much higher than the 70.5% and 75.3% shown by the entire record and the TRMM era, respectively. This improvement in the GPM era suggests that the within-mission consistency of IMERG is higher than the between-mission consistency, likely due to residual differences in the calibration methods used during the TRMM and GPM missions. This study broadens the perspective on IMERG, showcasing its additional potential for analyzing climate trends despite its design only as a HRPP. Crucially, it highlights and reconfirms how the GPM era has enhanced IMERG’s capacity for accurately tracking global precipitation trends.
Precipitation extremes projected to increase and to occur in different times of the year
Authors: Treppiedi Dario , Villarini Gabriele , Bender Jens , Noto Leonardo Valerio 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
There is high confidence that precipitation extremes are projected to become more frequent and severe and, to a lesser extent, that their seasonality may change. However, these precipitation characteristics are dealt with separately, without examining whether magnitude and seasonality are jointly projected to change. Here we assess how the seasonality and magnitude of precipitation extremes are jointly projected to change for different climate scenarios. We perform analyses at the global scale using nine global climate models and four different emission scenarios. We identify large areas of the globe where the magnitude of the extremes is expected to increase as the emissions increase; at the same time, large changes in the seasonality of these extremes are projected to impact regions mainly located in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. These changes could impact our response and mitigation efforts and our resilience against such phenomena in response to climate change.
Approaching Cathedral Music from New Spain
Authors: Davies Drew Edward 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The history of European music in New Spain begins with the indoctrination of Indigenous individuals as part of a re-education program led by missionaries and the establishment of churches that celebrated the Roman Catholic liturgy through song. Reflecting upon that imposition, this chapter considers some of the values, such as nationalism, that have guided previous scholarship and questions the pervasiveness of a musical conquest beyond specific institutional boundaries in early New Spain. Focusing thereafter on cathedral music, it introduces readers to the contrasting archives of Mexico City and Durango cathedrals and the roles of local composers. Finally, it analyzes the antiphon Alma redemptoris mater by Manuel de Sumaya as a representative New Spanish work. When viewed in the context of Sumaya’s biography, the piece suggests that chapel masters of his time upheld Roman Catholic tradition and fulfilled the role of a dignitary who oversaw music-making more so than that of an innovative artist composer.
Mary, Our Lady of Guadalupe, from the Empyrean to Mexico
Authors: Davies Drew Edward 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Individual supplication to the Virgin Mary for intercession forms a central element of Hispanic Catholicism. New Spanish music for Mary ranges from motets for the Salve service, polyphonic song with texts in Nahuatl, and galant arias by Santiago Billoni and Ignacio Jerusalem, to simple songs known as alabanzas. After discussing each of these, the chapter charts the development of music for Our Lady of Guadalupe, the most uniquely Mexican devotion, including an account of civic processions in 1771 San Luis Potosí in which communities of Indigenous and Spanish people alike make music for Our Lady of Guadalupe. It suggests that the well-known work Dios itlazonantziné [italics] may be, like many other New Spanish works, a contrafact.
The Consent-Receiver Principle
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains the moral difference between a pair of similar cases. In the Boycott case, Uncool makes a threat that if Club-Owner does not let Uncool into the VIP area, then they will stop coming to the club, and it will lose $1000 in profit. In the Slander case, Uncool makes a threat that if Club-Owner does not let Uncool into the VIP area, then they will spread false rumors, and the club will lose $1000 in profit. To explain why Club-Owner’s consent is invalidated in the Slander case, but not the Boycott case, the Chapter introduces a draft of the Consent-Receiver Principle, which states that four conditions are jointly sufficient for someone’s consent being invalidated by coercion or other forms of duress from the consent-receiver. First, the consent-receiver imposes a penalty on withholding consent. Second, the prospect of this penalty causes the consent-giver to consent. Third, the consent-giver has a legitimate complaint against the way that the consent-giver imposes this penalty on withholding consent. Fourth, this complaint concerns the way that the penalty alters the consent-giver’s incentives for withholding consent.
Emotional Duress, Paradoxical Proposals, and Exploitation
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers three types of duress to which the consent-receiver can subject the consent-giver. First, there is emotional duress: the consent-receiver issues a threat that frightens the consent-giver, who is consequently unable to deliberate properly. Since the effect of the fear is to incapacitate the consent-giver, this phenomenon is best understood in terms of the capacity or competence conditions on valid consent. Second, there are “paradoxical proposals.” Roughly, a paradoxical proposal is a proposal that is wrongful even though it is a proposal to perform an otherwise permissible action in response to consent being withheld. For example, a law enforcement official would make a paradoxical proposal by threatening to pass on evidence proving a criminal’s guilt unless the criminal’s spouse has sex with the official. Normally, it would be permissible to pass on the evidence, but the criminal’s spouse has a legitimate complaint against this proposal. Analyzing paradoxical proposals requires paying attention to what the consent-receiver plans to do independently of the proposal. Third, there are cases of exploitation. For example, an affluent tourist could offer sex to an economically desperate person who has significant objections to sex work. Even in the absence of a principle that establishes that exploitation invalidates consent, the wrongfulness of this behavior can be explained without appealing to consent.
Duress from Natural Causes
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 considers duress that comes from natural causes. It argues against the Standard View that consent is not fully invalidated by this type of duress. The Standard View may seem appealing insofar as it can explain why consent is valid in cases like the Disease case. In this case, if Patient’s malignant tumor is not removed, then the disease will spread, and Patient will lose a limb. Patient consents to Surgeon removing the tumor. However, the Standard View is not needed to explain the full validity of Patient’s consent. This is already explained by the Authorization Principle, in light of the fact that Patient is authorizing Surgeon to perform the surgery as an extension of their agency. Moreover, Chapter 8 develops an argument that starts from a case in which someone’s consent is invalidated by duress from a human agent. The argument continues by constructing an analogous case that is similar in the respect that the consent-giver is under the same duress. But in the analogous case, the duress comes from natural causes. Since the source of the duress makes no difference to whether the consent is fully invalidated, duress can be fully invalidated by natural causes.
In Defense of the Subjective Principles
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 defends principles that state when duress prevents consent from being fully valid under conditions of partial information. These “Subjective Principles” are counterparts to the objective principles that are defended in Chapters 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Chapter 10 offers a recipe for constructing these counterpart Subjective Principles. The recipe focuses on the fact that each objective principle includes a “triggering condition”—a condition that specifies duress that exists in the world. For example, Chapter 2’s Consent-Receiver Principle’s triggering condition is that the consent-receiver will impose a penalty on the consent-receiver if they withhold consent. The recipe converts this triggering condition into a “doxastic condition”—the condition that the consent-receiver believes or has a credence that the triggering condition obtains. For example, the Subjective Consent-Receiver Principle’s doxastic condition is that the consent-giver believes or has a credence that the consent-receiver will impose a penalty on the consent-receiver if they withhold consent. By including these doxastic conditions, the Subjective Principles imply that the consent-giver’s perception of duress can be sufficient for rendering their consent not fully valid, even if this perception does not reflect reality.
Against the Intention, Causal, and Epistemic Principles
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 11 defends the Subjective Principles against rival principles. These rival principles include further conditions among those that are jointly sufficient for consent not being fully valid. The Intention Principles add the condition that the consent-receiver intends the consent-giver to have the relevant belief or credence that they are under duress, while the Causal Principles add the condition that the consent-receiver causes the consent-giver to have this belief or credence. Meanwhile, other sets of rival principles add the condition that the consent-receiver has certain evidence. These sets of principles can be subdivided according to the type of evidence in question. On the one hand, there are the Generic Evidence Principles. These add the condition that the consent-receiver has the generic evidence that any consent-giver might have a belief or credence that they are under duress. On the other hand, there are the Specific Evidence Principles. These add the condition that the consent-receiver has specific evidence that the consent-giver has the relevant belief or credence. Finally, there are rival principles that add the condition that the consent-giver’s belief or credence is appropriately based on the evidence that is available to them. Chapter 11 argues that the Subjective Principles are preferable to all these rivals.
Thucydides: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Roberts Jennifer T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thucydides: A Very Short Introduction analyses the remarkable history of the war between Athens and Sparta composed by the Athenian Thucydides, who fought in it. In 432 bce, Sparta declared war on Athens, a war that would last until Athens finally fell in 404. A highly educated Athenian aristocrat, Thucydides suspected the magnitude of the conflict he saw unfolding and recorded its course while exploring the causes of the war in the context of human nature. Placing Thucydides within the intellectual traditions of his day unveils his connections to thinkers like Herodotus, Homer, and the tragedians. This study examines not only Thucydides’ thought and writing but the complex dynamics of the war that changed the Greek world forever.
Thucydides the political scientist
Authors: Roberts Jennifer T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how Thucydides established himself as a premier political scientist. It explains that Thucydides used his history as a platform from which to analyse the workings of inter- and intra-state dynamics and then became famous for his hard-headed analysis of international relations. Despite his broad interest in the internal workings of the Greek polis, it was Athenian democracy that received Thucydides’ closest scrutiny. Additionally, Thucydides saw the 30-year ascendancy of Pericles as an anomaly. The chapter then discusses Thucydides’ account of the war, focusing on the ways in which his identity as a 5th-century Athenian shaped his thinking.
Thucydides’ legacy
Authors: Roberts Jennifer T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the legacy of Thucydides, whose narrative invites readers into a dialogue that transcends generations. Meanwhile, statesmen and intellectuals considered Thucydides’ work a repository of priceless instruction. The trauma of the war resulted in converting Thucydides’ text from a source for 5th-century Athens to an exposition of the human condition and the concomitant rise and fall of civilizations. The chapter notes how modern advocates of democracy suggested that Thucydides’ motive in telling the story of the Peloponnesian War was to make clear how imperialism inhibited the Athenians from making the world safe for democracy. It also considers how the modern tendency to assume Thucydidean infallibility has resulted in gross oversimplifications.
Social Science: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Betts Alexander 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Social Science: A Very Short Introduction examines social science as the study of human behaviour. Social science provides tools to understand and explain people’s choices and actions while also considering how they live together in communities. The VSI explains how methods and theories from different disciplines can be applied and combined to address major global challenges. It further highlights how social scientists can have real-world impact and change the world for the better. It examines cutting-edge themes such as behavioural science, human data science, and the ways social science can work in collaboration with natural sciences and humanities.
What is social science?
Authors: Betts Alexander 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of social science. It defines social science as the study of human behaviour and the resulting outcomes. Social science focuses on society, referring to the way people live together in communities and interact. The chapter explains the diverse origins of the social sciences and what distinguishes them from the humanities and natural sciences. It highlights how particular social science disciplines may have their own terms and concepts for good reasons of precision and clarity, and different geographical areas sometimes employ different terminology to describe similar ideas. However, interdisciplinary social science is growing, partly because of the recognition that complex societal challenges cannot be addressed from a single disciplinary perspective.
Doing social science
Authors: Betts Alexander 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the practice of social science. It explains that social research stands on the four main building blocks of questions, theory, methods, and empirical evidence, and a challenge is to create coherent relationships between them. The chapter outlines different paradigms for social science research design: positivist, interpretive, and critical. The three paradigms have particular views on the process of doing social research, but they can also be considered as partly complementary. The chapter argues that each of these approaches has a valuable role to play as they offer different pathways of real-world influence despite their divergences.
Theories and concepts
Authors: Betts Alexander 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of theories and concepts within social science. It explains that theory is used to understand, explain, and predict human behaviour while also providing a simplification of reality. The building blocks of most theories revolve around concepts, relationships, mechanisms, and conditions. The chapter distinguishes explanatory theory and interpretive theory, and explores what good theory looks like from these perspectives. Meanwhile, concepts specify, define, and enable the measurement of the most important ideas within a theory. The chapter gives examples of influential theories from across the social sciences, as well as explaining five key social science concepts that emerge from particular disciplines and are essential for interdisciplinary social science: power, space, norms, identity, and culture.
How social science can change the world
Authors: Betts Alexander 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how social science can change the world. The impact agenda has become central to contemporary social science. The notion of impact relates to the contribution of research to society and the economy, whether by influencing the behaviour of individuals, organizations, or countries. The chapter discusses the diverse pathways through which social science may have societal impact. It then explores a series of real-world examples of how social scientists have shaped policy and practice in areas such as poverty, transport, malaria, child literacy, and policing. It explains the role of policy, business, and community engagement, and the growing importance of participatory and co-design approaches to research.
A story of all things
Authors: Welch Anthony 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
‘A story of all things’ addresses the challenge of defining an epic. Many Western epics are modelled on the narrative poems of Homer and Virgil, which arose from the oral traditions of archaic Greece. Over centuries, this epic canon adopted strict formal conventions, including lofty and formulaic diction, lengthy catalogues, and extended similes, as well as a stockpile of inherited scene types, such as single combats, war councils, and journeys to the underworld. But similar tales of great heroic deeds are told all over the world. The chapter explains that the epic’s close ties to Western colonialism raise concerns about applying the term to non-European storytelling. Nonetheless, it argues that the epic can be defined as a global art form, varying widely in style but sharing core structural features and social functions. It proposes six family traits shared by epics around the world, including their concern with community and ritual, their role as public archives, and their grandiose, all-inclusive worldview.
The singer and the song
Authors: Welch Anthony 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys the complex roles of epic poets, performers, and narrators. Many of the world’s epics arose from oral traditions, and they owe much of their formal design to their origins in speech and song. Scholars have pored over clues from the Homeric Iliad and Odyssey to learn how ancient oral epics were transformed into written texts. Highlighting the theory of oral composition in performance proposed by the American classicists Milman Parry and Albert Bates Lord, the chapter showcases the practices of oral epic performance in modern-day Africa and Asia. It outlines a range of formal techniques that enable epic singers to recite vast tales in the absence of writing. Both oral and written epics, it argues, serve as archival storage systems, preserving cultural knowledge but evolving over time to meet the changing needs of their communities. Finally, noting some key differences between oral and literate epic, the chapter explores how those two rival thought-worlds coexist in poems such as Beowulf and the Mahābhārata.