bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens
Authors: Mohammad Nabil , Meem Monjurul , Shen Bing , Wang Peng , Menon Rajesh 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe demonstrate imaging over the visible band using a single planar diffractive lens. This is enabled via multi-level diffractive optics that is designed to focus over a broad wavelength range, which we refer to as an achromatic diffractive lens (ADL). We designed, fabricated and characterized two ADLs with numerical apertures of 0.05 and 0.18. Diffraction-limited focusing is demonstrated for the NA = 0.05 lens with measured focusing efficiency of over 40% across the entire visible spectrum (450 nm to 750 nm). We characterized the lenses with a monochromatic and a color CMOS sensor, and demonstrated video imaging under natural sunlight and other broadband illumination conditions. We use rigorous electromagnetic simulations to emphasize that ADLs can achieve high NA (0.9) and large operating bandwidth (300 nm in the visible spectrum), a combination of metrics that have so far eluded other flat-lens technologies such as metalenses. These planar diffractive lenses can be cost-effectively manufactured over large areas and thereby, can enable the wide adoption of flat, low-cost lenses for a variety of imaging applications.
Future global productivity will be affected by plant trait response to climate
Authors: Madani Nima , Kimball John S. , Ballantyne Ashley P. , Affleck David L. R. , van Bodegom Peter M. , Reich Peter B. , Kattge Jens , Sala Anna , Nazeri Mona , Jones Matthew O. , Zhao Maosheng , Running Steven W. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPlant traits are both responsive to local climate and strong predictors of primary productivity. We hypothesized that future climate change might promote a shift in global plant traits resulting in changes in Gross Primary Productivity (GPP). We characterized the relationship between key plant traits, namely Specific Leaf Area (SLA), height, and seed mass, and local climate and primary productivity. We found that by 2070, tropical and arid ecosystems will be more suitable for plants with relatively lower canopy height, SLA and seed mass, while far northern latitudes will favor woody and taller plants than at present. Using a network of tower eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements and the extrapolated plant trait maps, we estimated the global distribution of annual GPP under current and projected future plant community distribution. We predict that annual GPP in northern biomes (≥45 °N) will increase by 31% (+8.1 ± 0.5 Pg C), but this will be offset by a 17.9% GPP decline in the tropics (−11.8 ± 0.84 Pg C). These findings suggest that regional climate changes will affect plant trait distributions, which may in turn affect global productivity patterns.
Phylogenetic and environmental components of inter-specific variability in the antioxidant defense system in freshwater anomurans Aegla (Crustacea, Decapoda)
Authors: Faria Samuel Coelho , Klein Roberta Daniele , Costa Patrícia Gomes , Crivellaro Marcelo Schüler , Santos Sandro , Bueno Sérgio Luiz de Siqueira , Bianchini Adalto 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe antioxidant defense system (ADS) protects organisms against the potential oxidative stress induced by environmental features, underlying processes of habitat diversification. The anomuransAeglaconstitute the most threatened freshwater decapods of South America, occupying pristine habitats with narrow distribution. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we addressed: Is the variability of habitat physicochemical parameters and tissue ADS phylogenetically structured? How do environmental features correlate with ADS? How do they vary among species? Several physicochemical parameters of water, as well as metals in sediments, were measured in ten aeglid species’ habitats. Additionally, metal accumulation and ADS parameters [metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP), antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), and glutathione system (GSH-GSSG)] were evaluated in hepatopancreas. Water conductivity and pH showed phylogenetic signal, while all other physicochemical traits demonstrated plastic variability. Metals were present at natural concentrations, which are corroborated by the relative stable GSH/GSSG ratio, and by their absence of correlation with bioaccumulation levels and MTLP, both phylogenetically structured. However, metal variability across species’ niches is associated with ACAP, a potential biomarker tool. Thus, the physiological sensitivity of aeglids is environmentally driven but also phylogenetically constrained, unraveling the importance of systematic framework for cross-species investigations and future monitoring strategies of these conspicuous freshwater animals.
The NLRP3 Inflammasome May Contribute to Pathologic Neovascularization in the Advanced Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Chaurasia Shyam S. , Lim Rayne R. , Parikh Bhav H. , Wey Yeo Sia , Tun Bo Bo , Wong Tien Yin , Luu Chi D. , Agrawal Rupesh , Ghosh Arkasubhra , Mortellaro Alessandra , Rackoczy Elizabeth , Mohan Rajiv R. , Barathi Veluchamy A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a retinal microvascular disease characterized by inflammatory and angiogenic pathways. In this study, we evaluated NLRP3 inflammasome in a double transgenic mouse model, Akimba (Ins2
Akita
xVEGF+/−), which demonstrates hyperglycemia, vascular hyperpermeability and neovascularization seen in the proliferative DR. Retinal structural integrity, vascular leakage and function were examined by fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, retinal flat mounts, laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), and electroretinography in Akimba and its parental strains, Akita (Ins2
Akita
) and Kimba (trVEGF029) mice. Inflammatory mechanisms involving NLRP3 inflammasome were investigated using real time-PCR, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and western blots. We observed an increased vascular leakage, reduced retinal thickness, and function in Akimba retina. Also, Akimba retina depicts decreased relative flow volume measured by LSFG. Most importantly, high levels of IL-1β along with increased NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 at mRNA and protein levels were observed in Akimba retina. However, the in vivo functional role remains undefined. In conclusion, increased activation of macroglia (GFAP), microglia (Iba-1 and OX-42) and perivascular macrophages (F4/80 and CD14) together with pro-inflammatory (IL-1β and IL-6) and pro-angiogenic markers (PECAM-1, ICAM-1, VEGF, Flt-1, and Flk-1), suggested a critical role for NLRP3 inflammasome in the Akimba mouse model depicting advanced stages of DR pathogenesis.
Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014
Authors: Lim Grace Y. , Tam Wilson W. , Lu Yanxia , Ho Cyrus S. , Zhang Melvyn W. , Ho Roger C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe prevalence of depression may be affected by changes in psychiatric practices and the availability of online mental health information in the past two decades. This study aimed to evaluate the aggregate prevalence of depression in communities from different countries between 1994 and 2014 and to explore the variations in prevalence stratified by geographical, methodological and socio-economic factors. A total of 90 studies were identified and met the inclusion criteria (n = 1,112,573 adults) with 68 studies on single point prevalence, 9 studies on one-year prevalence, and 13 studies on lifetime prevalence of depression. A random-effects model meta-analysis that was performed to calculate the aggregate point, one-year and lifetime prevalence of depression calculated prevalences of 12.9%, 7.2% and 10.8% respectively. Point prevalence of depression was significantly higher in women (14.4%), countries with a medium human development index (HDI) (29.2%), studies published from 2004 to 2014 (15.4%) and when using self-reporting instruments (17.3%) to assess depression. Heterogeneity was identified by meta-regression and subgroup analysis, and response rate, percentage of women and year of publication, respectively, were determined contribute to depression prevalence. This meta-analysis allows benchmarking of the prevalence of depression during the era when online health information emerged, facilitating future comparisons.
Partitioning the regional and local drivers of phylogenetic and functional diversity along temperate elevational gradients on an East Asian peninsula
Authors: Chun Jung-Hwa , Lee Chang-Bae 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSpecies-centric approaches to biodiversity in ecological research are limited in their ability to reflect the evolutionary history and functional diversity of community assembly. Recently, the introduction of alternative facets of biodiversity, such as phylogenetic and functional diversity, has shed light on this problem and improved our understanding of the processes underlying biodiversity patterns. Here, we investigated the phylogenetic and functional diversity patterns of α, β and γ components in woody plant assemblages along regional and local elevational gradients in South Korea. Although the patterns of phylogenetic and functional diversity varied along regional and local elevational transects, the main drivers were partitioned into two categories: regional area or climate for phylogenetic diversity, depending on whether the transect was at a regional or local scale; and habitat heterogeneity for functional diversity, which was derived in elevational bands. Moreover, environmental distance was more important than was geographic distance for phylogenetic and functional β diversity between paired elevational bands. These results support the hypothesis that niche-based deterministic processes such as environmental filtering and competitive exclusion are fundamental in structuring woody plant assemblages along temperate elevational gradients regardless of scale (regional vs. local) in our study areas.
Expression and replication of virus-like circular DNA in human cells
Authors: Eilebrecht Sebastian , Hotz-Wagenblatt Agnes , Sarachaga Victor , Burk Amelie , Falida Konstantina , Chakraborty Deblina , Nikitina Ekaterina , Tessmer Claudia , Whitley Corinna , Sauerland Charlotte , Gunst Karin , Grewe Imke , Bund Timo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe consumption of bovine milk and meat is considered a risk factor for colon- and breast cancer formation, and milk consumption has also been implicated in an increased risk for developing Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A number of highly related virus-like DNAs have been recently isolated from bovine milk and sera and from a brain sample of a MS patient. As a genetic activity of these Acinetobacter-related bovine milk and meat factors (BMMFs) is unknown in eukaryotes, we analyzed their expression and replication potential in human HEK293TT cells. While all analyzed BMMFs show transcriptional activity, the MS brain isolate MSBI1.176, sharing homology with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy-associated DNA molecule, is transcribed at highest levels. We show expression of a replication-associated protein (Rep), which is highly conserved among all BMMFs, and serological tests indicate a human anti-Rep immune response. While the cow milk isolate CMI1.252 is replication-competent in HEK293TT cells, replication of MSBI1.176 is complemented by CMI1.252, pointing at an interplay during the establishment of persistence in human cells. Transcriptome profiling upon BMMF expression identified host cellular gene expression changes related to cell cycle progression and cell viability control, indicating potential pathways for a pathogenic involvement of BMMFs.
Murine hematopoietic stem cell reconstitution potential is maintained by osteopontin during aging
Authors: Li Jin , Carrillo García Carmen , Riedt Tamara , Brandes Maria , Szczepanski Sabrina , Brossart Peter , Wagner Wolfgang , Janzen Viktor 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn adult mammals, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow and are in part regulated by the bone marrow microenvironment, called the stem cell niche. We have previously identified the bone marrow morphogen osteopontin (OPN), which is abundantly present in the bone marrow extracellular matrix, as a negative regulator of the size of the HSC pool under physiological conditions. Here, we study the impact of OPN on HSC function during aging using an OPN-knockout mouse model. We show that during aging OPN deficiency is associated with an increase in lymphocytes and a decline in erythrocytes in peripheral blood. In a bone marrow transplantation setting, aged OPN-deficient stem cells show reduced reconstitution ability likely due to insufficient differentiation of HSCs into more mature cells. In serial bone marrow transplantation, aged OPN−/− bone marrow cells fail to adequately reconstitute red blood cells and platelets, resulting in severe anemia and thrombocytopenia as well as premature deaths of recipient mice. Thus, OPN has different effects on HSCs in aged and young animals and is particularly important to maintain stem cell function in aging mice.
Issues of the presence of parasitic protozoa in surface waters
Authors: Hawrylik Eliza 
Published: February 2018

Parasitic protozoa are very numerous organisms in the environment that play an important role in the spread of water-borne diseases. Water-borne epidemics caused by parasitic protozoa are noted throughout the world. Within these organisms, intestinal protozoa of the genera Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ones of the most serious health hazards for humans.
This paper focuses on the problem of the presence of parasitic protozoa in surface waters. Characteristics of the most frequently recognized pathogens responsible for water-borne outbreaks were described, as well as sources of contamination and surface waters contamination due to protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium and Giardia were presented. The methods of destroying the cysts and oocysts of parasitic protozoa used nowadays in the world were also presented in a review.
The Acutely Limping Preschool and School-Age Child: An Imaging Perspective
Authors: Cain Usa , Rupasov Andrey , Chaturvedi Apeksha 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAcute limp in a child presents a diagnostic conundrum and can result from a variety of causes. The underlying etiology is often referable to the hip, but the spine, abdomen, pelvis, or knee can be alternatively implicated. An adequate clinical history and satisfactory physical examination are often difficult in younger children. Consequently, there is disproportionate reliance on imaging to arrive at the correct diagnosis. The potential for rapid clinical deterioration and long-term sequelae is a risk with some of the conditions presenting with acute hip (septic hip, osteomyelitis). This review article describes the imaging appearance of common etiologies for acute limp in the ambulatory preschool (1–5 years) and school-age child (5–12 years). The ultimate goal is to familiarize the interpreting radiologist with the imaging appearance of specific clinical entities that lead to acute limp while providing a readily accessible resource on how to image the patient most appropriately and judiciously.
Pediatric Osteochondral Lesions
Authors: Abdullah Selwan , Iyer Ramesh , Shet Narendra 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOsteochondral lesions are common in children and may arise from a variety of etiologies. Although they most frequently occur in the knee, other joints may be involved including the ankle and elbow. We describe the typical imaging appearance of osteochondral lesions with a focus on radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. Assessment of the stability of these lesions is of paramount importance in directing management. As such, we describe staging schemes as well as imaging features differentiating stable from unstable lesions. Finally, we briefly discuss management strategies as they correlate to imaging findings.
Polyethylene on Cement Spacers: An Economic Approach to an Effective Infection Eradication in a Two-Stage Knee Revision Articulating Spacers
Authors: Lu Junren , Han Jing , Yao Zhenjun , Yang Yi , Zhang Chi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAlthough two-stage revision surgery is generally considered as the gold standard treatment for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty, the procedure is limited by the costs of commercially preformed spacers used for treatment. In this work, we aim to report a modified approach by which the cost of the spacer could be significantly reduced without compromising eradication of infection. Between 2010 and 2016, we performed a total of 11 two-stage revision arthroplasties using a surgically handmade spacer with a new polyethylene insert. Patients were aged 59 to 80 years old (mean 69.9 years), with a range of motion (ROM) between 20° and 65° on the affected knee (mean 46.4°) before the first-stage revision surgery. During the perioperative and postoperative period, functional and clinical evaluation of the patients were performed, including the determination of their articular ROM, Knee Society Knee Scores (KSKS), and Knee Society Function Scores (KSFS). All patients were followed up for an average of 2 years, ranging from 1 to 4 years. After the second-stage revision surgery, the mean ROM was increased by 46.8° (46.4°–93.2°) after the second-stage revision. KSKS and KSFS scores were recorded to increase by an average of 44.5° (range 40.4°–84.9°) and 46.9° (range 38.5°–85.4°), respectively. All 11 patients underwent a successful two-stage revision surgery, and no evidence of postsurgical infection was found during patient follow-up examination. Our results show that this personalized handmade antibiotic-loaded articulating spacer is cost-effective and efficacious.
Osteochondroses
Authors: Danger Franklin , Wasyliw Christopher , Varich Laura 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe osteochondroses are a group of disorders that affect the epiphysis or epiphyseal equivalent segments of the immature skeleton. These disorders are believed to be primarily the result of traumatic or vascular pathology, often in the setting of overuse, and are usually self-limited. Their imaging findings are based on the time of the study within the natural course of the disease process. Early findings may best be demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging or may be recognized radiographically as sclerosis of the involved segment. Later disease demonstrates bone fragmentation and collapse, followed by healing where bone architecture is restored with variable reconstitution of the normal morphology.
Verlängerte Sekundärprophylaxe nach venöser Thromboembolie
Authors: Bauersachs Rupert 
Published: February 2018

Was ist neu?
Aktuelle Studien Kurz nach Absetzen der oralen Antikoagulation kommt es zu einem etwa 2- bis 3-fachen Anstieg von VTE-Rezidiven. Das Rezidivrisiko ist besonders hoch nach einer VTE, die ohne identifizierbaren Auslöser aufgetreten war oder wenn nur weiche, unsichere auslösende Risikofaktoren vorlagen, sowie bei fortbestehenden Risikofaktoren, wie z. B. einer Krebserkrankung.
Konsensusdokument über auslösende Risikofaktoren für venöse Thromboembolie In einem aktuellen Konsensusdokument wurden die zugrundeliegenden Risikofaktoren definiert und in 3 Gruppen klassifiziert.
Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Eine reduzierte Dosis von DOAK ermöglicht eine wirksame verlängerte Sekundärprophylaxe bei gleichzeitig niedrigem Blutungsrisiko. ASS hat in der Sekundärprophylaxe der VTE keinen Stellenwert mehr, da das Blutungsrisiko nicht niedriger ist, die Wirksamkeit aber deutlich schlechter.
Die Ampel – Entscheidungshilfe zur Dauer der Antikoagulation Eine Risikostratifizierung in 3 Gruppen erlaubt für die meisten Patienten eine klare Entscheidung zum Absetzen oder Weiterführen der OAK; bei verlängerter Antikoagulation kann unter Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung der Einsatz einer reduzierten DOAK-Dosierung in Betracht gezogen werden.
Oropharyngeale Dysphagie im Alter – Abklärung und Therapieoptionen
Authors: Wirth Rainer , Lueg Gero , Dziewas Rainer 
Published: February 2018

Was ist neu?
Grundlagen Aufgrund unspezifischer Symptome wird die oropharyngeale Dysphagie oft nicht als solche diagnostiziert und damit häufig übersehen. Da die Prävalenz der Dysphagie im Alter hoch ist, muss gerade bei dieser Patientengruppe aktiv danach gesucht werden.
Häufige Befunde Die oropharyngeale Dysphagie ist durch eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Befunde in variabler Konstellation charakterisiert, die im folgenden Artikel dargestellt werden.
Besonderheiten im Alter Als Presbyphagie wird die Beeinträchtigung des Schluckakts durch altersassoziierte Veränderungen bezeichnet. Durch die Presbyphagie wird die Schädigungsschwelle gesenkt, ab der eine Dysphagie auftritt.
Diagnostik In den letzten Jahren hat sich die flexible endoskopische Evaluation des Schluckaktes (FEES) in vielen Kliniken und Disziplinen etabliert. Durch eine höhere Bildauflösung und neue Kontrastverfahren wurde diese Methode erheblich weiterentwickelt. Die FEES bietet viele Vorteile gegenüber der radiologischen Videofluoroskopie (VFS), ist jedoch weiterhin komplementär zur VFS zu sehen.
Therapie Eine neue Leitlinie der Europäischen Gesellschaft für klinische Ernährung und Stoffwechsel (ESPEN) fasst die wesentlichen Aspekte der Therapie und ihre Evidenz zusammen. Mittlerweile gibt es zunehmende Evidenz für bestimmte Trainingsverfahren, kompensatorische Manöver und Stimulationsverfahren.
Extrasystolie in der Routineergometrie: lästige Pflicht oder diagnostische Kür?
Authors: Knöchner Stephan , Kronberg K. , Schumann U. 
Published: February 2018

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese Ein 47-jähriger Freizeitsportler zeigte in einer Routineergometrie polymorphe ventrikuläre Extrasystolen bei guter körperlicher Leistungsfähigkeit.
Untersuchungen Im Ruhe-EKG imponierten ventrikuläre Extrasystolen (VES) überwiegend rechtsschenkelblockartig mit superiorer Achse, ein Langzeit-EKG ergab bis 100 VES pro Stunde. Echokardiografisch imponierten 4 – 5 Trabekel, gefiederte, netzartige Strukturen apikal im linken und geringer im rechten Ventrikel. Das Kardio-MRT ergab eine Wandverdünnung lateral und apikal mit vermehrter Trabekularisierung, kein Late-Enhancement.
Diagnose milde Form einer NCCM, aktuell asymptomatisch.
Therapie Die Herzinsuffizienzbehandlung orientiert sich an den Leitlinien einschließlich ICD-CRT-Therapie. Wir empfahlen Ramipril und entschieden uns gegen eine transvenöse ICD-Implantation. Zum Zeitpunkt der Vorstellung waren subkutane ICD-Systeme noch nicht erhältlich. Ein Familienscreening und eine Genotypisierung Betroffener werden empfohlen.
Folgerung Die meisten Patienten weisen bei Vorstellung eine Herzinsuffizienz, Rhythmussymptomatik oder Thrombenbildung in den nichtkompakten Anteilen der linksventrikulären Wand auf. Ventrikuläre Tachykardien sind häufig und der plötzliche Herztod die häufigste Todesursache. Arrythmien sind einer medikamentösen oder Ablationsbehandlung zugänglich. Ausdauersport führt zu günstigen Anpassungen des Herz-Kreislaufsystems trotz erhöhtem Risiko für den plötzlichen Herztod. Das Beispiel zeigt, dass auch asymptomatische Grenzbefunde existieren. Ob eine sportliche Betätigung einen protektiven Einfluss hat, muss weiter untersucht werden.