bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gap
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the idea that the project of moral improvement aims at narrowing the gap between our moral selves and our moral ideals. The shape of the gap depends on how we conceptualize our moral ideals and what we presuppose about our actual moral situation. For moral improvement to be a practical project, it must meet two requirements. First, it must operate with a psychologically realistic picture of actual human capacities for self-knowledge and reflection. Second, it must employ a moral ideal that is normatively authoritative and regulatively efficacious for the person undertaking the project. She must regard it as an ideal for herself and as having practical upshot for how she conducts her life. The chapter concludes with the claim that we should think of moral ideals in terms of aspirational moral identities and moral improvement as a project of articulating and inhabiting a moral identity.
Being Agreeable
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the social practice of being agreeable. The practice consists in the appropriate acknowledgment of other people in social gatherings, appropriate responsiveness to their needs and claims, and an appropriately cheerful disposition. The social practice of presenting oneself as open to engagement with other people and willing to respond to their claims is important to the normative space that constitutes a good moral neighborhood. In that space, people are able to carry out their projects and live up to their various commitments. The practice of agreeableness reinforces our willingness to help each other with those projects and enables us to count on others in return. Like self-deprecation, the social practice of agreeableness has the potential to undermine moral neighborhoods, particularly when it is used to reinforce troubling social norms about gender and race.
Development
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter turns to the construction of a category within a category, “women in developing countries,” whose difference from the Western norm defined the severity of woman’s oppression and made her into the other of the woman worker. In the early post-WWII years, the ILO juggled a commitment to equality with designation of Third World women as the most needy of distinct programs. It promoted handicraft despite the resemblance of such labor to exploitative industrial home work. When addressing Women Workers in a Changing World in 1964, the ILO separated the situation of women in developing countries, whose income generation could be integrated into home labor, from women in industrialized regions whose family responsibilities interfered with their labor force participation. At the 1975 UN World Conference on Women, the meaning of development, like that of equality, was up for grabs in the ideological contest between state socialist and newly independent states against the former colonial states and market economies. ILO opposition to the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) intertwined with its attempt to provide Third World women with substantive equality.
Home
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
After looking at prior efforts to address domestic/household work, this chapter situates the making of the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189), “Decent Work for Domestic Workers.” Paving the way were ILO discussions on migrant labor and the informal economy. “Decent work” and “fair globalization” initiatives framed the convention, but the ILO would not have formalized household employment without national and regional social movements, the creation of the International Domestic Workers Network (IDWN) under South Africa’s Myrtle Witbooi, and its campaign for ILO attention. Domestic workers gained a presence at the ILO, despite formal institutional barriers, aided by NGO and union allies, especially Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) and the IUF (International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations). Convention No. 189 recognized the centrality of paid care work for women’s labor force participation and the functioning of the global economy. For a new century, it boosted the ILO in a fight against the precarity and informality that were undermining the very idea of universal labor standards. Parlaying victory into better conditions would prove daunting, but IDWN (and its successor, the International Domestic Workers Federation [IDWF]) secured more ratifications in a few years than many other conventions.
Locating Aitnaian Identity in Pindar’s Pythian 1
Authors: Lewis Virginia M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 proposes that in Pythian 1 Pindar uses two myths to map out and reinforce a sense of civic identity for the newly founded city of Aitna. Building upon other work that shows that Typho’s prison celebrates Hieron’s recent military and political victories, the chapter argues that this myth creates a significant place for Aitna within a Panhellenic mythical context. According to Hesiod, Typho is the final foe Zeus faces before becoming uncontested king of the Olympians (Theog. 821–80). Typho’s placement under Aitna thus transforms the landscape into an important site for stability of the cosmic order and elevates the new city to a place of Panhellenic significance. Second, it demonstrates that the myth of the Dorian migration supplies a myth of continuity for the new citizens of Aitna. While these citizens originate from different cities—half from Syracuse, half from the Peloponnese, according to Diodorus—the myth of the Dorian migration offers a shared narrative that unites them as an ethnic group. Taken together these two myths offer Aitna both a sense of place within a wider Greek narrative and a celebration of their ethnic heritage through their performances in Aitna, in Sicily more broadly, and throughout the Greek world.
From Independence to Invasion, 1776–1778
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains that between the adoption of the Declaration of Independence and the creation of firmly established civilian courts, Pennsylvania experienced a long, chaotic interregnum punctuated by the British invasion and occupation of Philadelphia. Although Pennsylvania’s radical new government enacted a treason statute, punishment of disloyalty continued to rest with extrajudicial entities, including committees of safety and the military. The scope of military jurisdiction was seriously debated. County courts slowly reopened and began hearing cases of misprision of treason (a lesser charge), but no cases of high treason were heard. Faced with the threat of military invasion, the Assembly’s controversial suspension of habeas corpus led to the exile of prominent Quakers to Virginia in 1777, accompanied by vigorous debate over the propriety and legality of this action
The Winding Path to the Courthouse, 1778
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins by summarizing the cases of misprision of treason heard in the county courts. The state government began a controversial attainder policy, a process that led to extensive property confiscations. The court of oyer and terminer, consisting of the three Pennsylvania Supreme Court justices, finally opened. Through grand-jury charges, the justices explained their understanding of treason law. Following the British evacuation of Philadelphia in June 1778, the state government sorted through charges of disloyalty against hundreds of individuals, eventually winnowing them down for trial that fall. The trial of Joseph Malin in Chester County in September 1778 was the first treason case heard by a Pennsylvania court during the Revolution. The defendant was represented by high-quality defense counsel, the court issued moderate rulings, and the jury acquitted the defendant, patterns that would recur in future cases.
Conclusion
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
During the American Revolution, the peaceable kingdom of William Penn’s dreams became a bloody battlefield that turned loyalty on its head. The law of treason was central to legal debates over the Revolution, both for its initial justification and for how it played out in the daily lives of ordinary Americans. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of the Revolution was the extreme unwillingness of Americans to execute their fellow citizens for treason, despite the enormous danger that British adherents posed to the future of American independence. Such adherents were viewed not as deviant monsters, but as friends and neighbors who had made a political mistake. Whereas the Assembly and the Supreme Executive Council were prone to impulsive actions, courts proceeded more deliberately, with judges, and especially juries, acutely sensitive to the dangers of over-prosecution. .
Comparison, ranking, rating, and lists
Authors: Érdi Péter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, four basic concepts—comparison, ranking, rating, and lists—are introduced, and a number of questions are discussed. Why do we compare ourselves with others? Is comparison the “thief of joy” or the driving force toward future successes? Are we born with the desire to compare ourselves with others, or do we learn in childhood that we should demonstrate that we are better or stronger than others? Is it true that “the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence”? How are ratings of graduate school applicants prepared? How do we rate our pain in a medical office? Why do we have the top-10 mania, and why do we love listicles? Ranking of mathematicians and the rating of chess players are used to illustrate the main concepts.
Ranking games
Authors: Érdi Péter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter starts with a discussion of the magic power of round numbers and left-digit effects, and it then deals with two popular ranking games concerning colleges and countries. A recurring theme in our complex world pertains to the question of whether it is possible to summarize the performance of an organization faithfully with a single score. Schools are complex social organizations that serve a variety of purposes, and measuring their progress toward these goals is obviously tricky. Students, admissions offices, and college administrators are the major stakeholders in the college ranking game. Ranking colleges not only provides a passive mirror of the institutional landscape but also drives changes within the institutions. Similarly, ranking countries both reflects the current state and motivates change. While some believe that the idea of the nation-state is outdated and a source of conflict, countries remain a primary means of controlling people, organizing society, and managing the distribution of wealth. Measuring corruption and freedom within countries is difficult, and the ranking of countries based on these measurements is discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 undertakes four tasks. First, it questions whether nuclear nonproliferation, along with the containment of great power adversaries, has been a key pillar of US grand strategy since the 1940s. By doing so, it establishes the context for the book’s research questions. Second, the chapter summarizes the core argument: the interaction of international threats and domestic politics shaped the types of nonproliferation strategies (accommodative or coercive) that US presidential administrations pursued toward strategically vulnerable allies in volatile regions. Third, it situates the book within broader literature on nuclear nonproliferation and alliance management. Fourth, the chapter defines the key terms and concepts employed in the analysis and discusses the research design and case selection.
The United States and South Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1970–1981
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the proliferation dispute between the United States and the Republic of Korea (ROK). The Nixon administration’s efforts to extricate the United States from the Vietnam War, draw down US troops in East and Southeast Asia, and seek a rapprochement with China precipitated this dispute. ROK president Park Chung-hee authorized a secret nuclear weapons program in 1972. The Ford administration used a mix of threats to suspend bilateral nuclear cooperation and promises to stabilize US troop levels to get Park to cancel the purchase of a French reprocessing plant in 1975 and 1976. The dispute erupted anew in 1977, when Carter proposed withdrawing all US troops and tactical nuclear weapons. The crisis was finally resolved in 1981, when the Reagan administration pledged to maintain troop levels in exchange for ROK president Chun Doo-hwan’s redirecting nuclear energy research to civilian purposes.
Music for a French Piano
Authors: Ferraguto Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In late 1803, Beethoven acquired a new piano from the French firm of Sébastien Erard. This piano differed from the one built by Anton Walter that he owned in the late 1790s, most notably in its heavier construction, English-style action rather than the lighter Viennese action, triple stringing, four pedal stops (lute, dampers, buff, una corda), and five-and-a-half octave range from FF to c4. The piano’s influence on Beethoven’s compositional process is apparent in his Thirty-Two Variations on an Original Theme, WoO 80 (1806), a quasi-systematic exploration of piano techniques, textures, and sonorities that exploits both the capacities and limitations of the Erard.
Rising with the Sun
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Poverty and politics spawned the emergence of newsboys in antebellum New York. The New York Sun, founded in 1833 by the radical printer Benjamin Day, was the first successful penny newspaper in the United States and the first to use hawkers and carriers on a large scale. Before this date, newspapers circulated through the colonies and early republic via carriers and postriders of various ages and conditions, including apprentices and slaves. Day’s newsboys—many of them poor immigrants—earned both wages and profits as they served Whigs, Democrats, and members of Day’s own Workingmen’s Party. This generation of newsboys did not simply distribute newspapers but stirred up demand for them with their cries of murders, hoaxes, and slave revolts. Their ranks included future turfman Bill Lovell, actor-comedian Barney Williams, and entrepreneur Mark Maguire, the original “King of the Newsboys.”
Johnny Morrow and the Dangerous Classes
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Poor people of all ages and races peddled papers to eke out a living during the hard times of the 1850s. Vast numbers of children in New York slept on the streets, scrounged for food, and washed at public pumps. One of them, Johnny Morrow, recorded his experiences in a memoir. Genre painters exploited their picturesqueness, while philanthropist Charles Loring Brace founded lodging houses and orphan trains for them through the auspices of the Children’s Aid Society. Sabbatarians tried to sweep newsboys off the streets on Sundays but those in New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC fought back. Some built their businesses into giant distribution companies. All became embroiled in the raging sectional crisis over slavery.
Bitter Cry of Progress
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
New laws call for new stories, and in the early 1900s those stories were increasingly told by muckraking journalists, documentary photographers, and social reformers. Upton Sinclair, Lewis Hine, Jane Addams, and many others focused on the evils of street work, including sexual bartering. But circulation managers professionalized and stepped up their newsboy welfare work. The proliferation of precociously cute newsboy images in advertisements and comic strips further neutralized reform efforts and legitimized newspapers’ use of child labor. Ethnic newspapers multiplied during this period and developed their own sales and distribution forces. Also propelling newspapers into the new century were automobiles, which presented newsboys with a new occupational hazard. Pushed and pulled by the commercial interests of publishers, and the social agendas of reformers, and the economic needs of their families, this generation of newsies rose up to assert their own vision of progress.
Sidewalks of Struggle
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Long at issue, the moral legitimacy of juvenile street trading became a major concern in the Progressive Era. Parents, publishers and reformers asserted their right to define news peddling as a public good or a social evil. Efforts to control children’s labor underlay the campaigns to abolish newsboys’ night work and stop their fighting, gambling, smoking, spitting, drinking, swearing, and sexual activity. Investigators amassed damning evidence of these practices, but their findings also reveal the industrial pressures, parental logic, and working-class customs that allowed them. Unable to abolish news peddling by children, adults regulated it by establishing newsboy unions, clubs, courts, and “republics.” However, the success of their efforts depended entirely on the boys’ cooperation, making them agents rather than mere targets of progressive reform.
Roar of the Tabloids
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
1920s America contained a cacophony of feuding factions pitting guardians of tradition against the forces of modernity. Small-town America detested the vice and depravity of the metropolis. White supremacists resented the black and immigrant hordes invading their neighborhoods and workplaces. And fundamentalists felt bullied by godless advocates of evolution. Such conflicts reverberated in the nation’s newspapers, especially in the sensational tabloid press. The children who peddled these papers were not mere merchants of discord, but also its agents. As predominately immigrant, sexually precocious city kids from non-teetotaler, non-Protestant, working-class families, they represented the troubling symptoms of modernity over tradition. They played a central role in Jazz Age journalism, politics, social reform, race relations, and labor struggles, thereby challenging the notion that children’s economic value diminished as their emotional value rose in the early decades of the 20th century.
Conclusion
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
From their humble beginnings in the 1830s to their strapped maturity in the 1930s, newsboys came of age with the country. They did not just careen from decade to decade, banner headline to banner headline, but made their presence felt in chord-like fashion as workers, children, and symbols. Theirs is a story of opportunity and exploitation, profit and loss, agency and victimization. And their story continued into World War II and the Cold War when the prototypical corner hawker gave way to the suburban paperboy on a bicycle. The number of youth carriers shrank steadily, however, due to a rash of murders and kidnappings, better and safer job opportunities in fast food, adult competition, and the overall decline of newspapers and newspaper circulation due to the rise of the internet.
First Encounter with Bell Nonlocality
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a self-contained introduction to Bell nonlocality. After a very quick historical motivation, the setting and the definition of nonlocality are given. Five classic examples of Bell tests are then introduced, including the CHSH and the GHZ tests. The remainder of the chapter is a critical reflection that contains two topics: a discussion of possible loopholes that should be avoided, and an elementary presentation of the main interpretations given to the phenomenon of nonlocality.
Multipartite Bell Nonlocality
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses nonlocality for scenarios with more than two players. The definition of locality is the obvious generalisation of the bipartite case, but now there are many more ways in which locality can be violated. First, the main families of inequalities are presented. Then, the definition and demonstration of genuine multipartite nonlocality is discussed.
The Set of Quantum Behaviors
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Part II is devoted to the applied side of nonlocality: device-independent certification of quantumness. After an introduction to this idea, the first chapter deals with the characterisation of the set of quantum behaviors. Since this set is not easily parametrised, in practice one often works with outer approximations, membership of which can be cast as a semi-definite program.
Certifying Randomness
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Nonlocality certifies that the outputs of a measurement did not pre-exist, which in particular means that they were unpredictable or random. In other words, nonlocality certifies randomness in a device-independent way. This chapter introduces the main tools for the study and quantification of randomness: process randomness, the need for a predictor or adversary, and guessing probability. Examples are then explicitly worked out, and a review of more advanced results is provided.
Nonlocality in the No-Signaling Framework
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The behaviors that obey the no-signaling condition are a natural set to study nonlocality: this chapter is devoted to it. First, the most famous example of a no-signaling non-quantum behavior is introduced, the so-called Popescu-Rohrlich (PR) box. Then, some “typical quantum” features are recovered in the no-signaling framework, showing that they are common to all no-signaling theories.
The Quest for Device-Independent Quantum Principles
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The fact that the no-signaling set is larger than the quantum set suggests that the excess regions could be cut off by invoking additional constraints. In this chapter, we present some of the constraints that have been proposed as “physical principles”: information causality, macroscopic locality and local orthogonality. All three capture interesting features of the quantum set but fail to single ti out exactly.