bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic Gradients in Loblolly Pine Site Productivity and Related Environmental Factors
Authors: Lockaby B. G. , Caulifield J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine site index patterns were examined along latitudinal and longitudinal ranges in Alabama. While no patterns were discernible for site index vs. longitude, parabolic relationships for site index were observed in relation to latitude. These parabolic paterns appear to be relatedto selected monthly precipitation totals that also show latitude trends. The site index vs. latitude patterns were best defined for Typic Hapludult soils with siliceous mineralogy. This productivity gradient is discussed in relation to possible mechanisms and significance for forest management.South. J. Appl. For. 13(2):72-76.
Diameter Increment and Survival Equations for Loblolly Pine Trees Growing in Thinned and Unthinned Plantations on Cutover, Site-Prepared Lands
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. , Walsh Terese A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Individual tree dbh increment and survival equations were developed for predicting annual dbh growth and annual probability of survival of loblolly pine trees in thinned and unthinned plantations on cutover, site-prepared lands. The dbh increment equation predicts dbh increment froma potential dbh growth function multiplied by a modifier function. The survival equations predicts the probability of survival as a function of crown ratio and the tree's competitive position in the stand. When used together, the equations should be useful to foresters interested in predictingfuture dbh and survival values for both thinned and unthinned stand conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):170-174.
Product-Class Proportions for Thinned and Unthinned Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. , Bredenkamp Brian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from thinned and unthinned loblolly pine plantations on cut-over, site-prepared lands were used to develop equations to predict the proportions of trees by dbh class that qualify as peelers, sawtimber, or pulpwood. This analysis showed that proportion of peelers increased withthinning but proportion of sawtimber (which included chip-n-saw material) remained relatively constant by dbh class regardless of thinning intensity. Equations were developed to predict the proportion of sawtimber by dbh class with data from all thinning intensities (including no thinning)combined. A constrained equation was fitted to predict proportion of peelers by dbh class for unthinned or thinned stands. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):192-195.
Influence of Mechanical Site Preparation on Deer Forage in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Lacascio Cynthia G. , Lockaby B. G. , Caulfied Jon P. , Edwards M. Boyd , Causey M. Keith 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seasonal standing crops of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) forage were compared among five types of mechanical site preparation in a 6-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Treatments were: unharvested control (C); harvest only (H); chainsaw residuals (CR); shear and chop (SC); and shear, rake, burn, and disk (SRBD). Diferences among treatments were compared within species and within forage groups (vines, forbs, grasses, woody). The CR and SC treatments, which consistently produced more forage biomass in all categories, also exhibited average or above-average timber growth relative to the other treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):77-80.
Yield Prediction for Mechanically Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Pienaar Leon V. , Page Henry H. , Rheney John W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Simultaneous yield prediction and projection equations are presented for both unthinned and thinned site-prepared slash pine plantations in the lower coastal plain of Georgia and north Florida. These equations were developed from permanent sample plot data representing different planting densities and thinning intensities, replicated at 29 locations throughout the region. An equation is also provided to estimate different solid wood product yields, thus providing information for a realistic evaluation of management regimes with different planting densities, with or without thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):104-109.
Effect of Some Seedling Morphology and Planting Quality Variables on Seedling Survival in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Borders Bruce E. , Page Henry H. , Raper Steven M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A seedling survival study for site-prepared loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations, consisting of 43 locations, was established during two planting seasons in 1986-87 in the Georgia Piedmont. Seedlings with top lengths less than 15 cm and with root collar diameters less than 2.5 mm survived significantly worse than larger seedlings, but such small seedlings comprised less than 2% of seedlings bagged and planted in the study. Culling in the field to eliminate such a small percentage of seedlings in addition to culling already done at the nursery is probably not worth the expense from a survival standpoint. Terminal bud condition was not related to survival. Seedlings planted deeper than root collar diameter survived the same as seedlings planted at root collar depth, but shallow planted seedlings had significantly poorer survival. Very loosely planted seedlings were more likely to die than firmly planted seedlings, but slightly loose seedlings survived as well as tightly planted seedlings. Differences between operationally planted and experimentally planted plots indicated that an average 10% increase in survival was possible from close planting crew supervision. Over 90% of first-year mortality occurred on both operationally and experimentally planted plots by the end of July. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):109-114.
Substantial Realized Gains from Mass Selection of Fusiform Rust-Free Trees in Highly Infected Stands of Slash Pine
Authors: Hodge G. R. , Schmidt R. A. , White T. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three independent slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) populations were formed through mass selection of fusiform rust-free individuals in stands with over 90% infection. Realized gain estimates were developed by comparing offspring from 592 selections to unimproved material in 46 progeny tests, and indicate substantial genetic gain in resistance. Across all tests of the three populations, unimproved material incurred nearly the entire possible range of infection from 0 to 100%. When both parents were rust-free selections, progeny rust infection was only two-thirds of the rust infection incurred by unimproved material at all levels of rust hazard. Realized heritability is high (hr2 ≅ 0.35), and increased resistance is evident in nearly all environments. This indicates that substantial genetic gain can be made by mass selection of healthy trees in highly infected stands. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):143-146.
Interpreting 1987 Forest Survey Results for Mississippi Hardwood Sawtimber
Authors: Beltz Roy C. , Burkhardt E. C. , May Dennis M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 1987 Forest Survey of Mississippi shows a slight increase in forest area and a substantial gain in hardwood inventory. Hardwood gains, appearing in all diameter classes, suggest an increase in quality, but hardwood users generally believe quality is declining. By our analysis, volume of top quality hardwood declined while volume in other grades increased. When compared on individual trees, Forest Survey grades agreed only about one-half the time with grades assigned by a hardwood specialist. Sawtimber values for Cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.), recomputed to arbitrary hardwood user specifications, are one-third the standard values reported in the Forest Survey. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):170-173.
Directed Foliar Sprays of Forestry Herbicides for Loblolly Pine Release
Authors: Miller James H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Six herbicides were compared as directed foliar sprays applied in May, July, and September on seven hardwood species and on loblolly pine. Equal-cost mixtures that met or exceeded minimum labeled rates were tested for Weedone 2,4- DP, Gadon 4, Garlon 3A, Arsenal Applicator Concentrate, Roundup, Escort, and Roundup + Escort. Test hardwoods were sweetgum, southern red oak, water oak, red maple, pignut hickory, dogwood, and yellow poplar. Crown volume reduction and rootstock reduction after one growing season were the main indicators of efficacy. Using directed sprays, yellow poplar was the easiest species to control, and pignut hickory was the most difficult. Control of sweetgum was most effective with Weedone, Arsenal, and Roundup. For control of oaks, the most effective applications were in July with Arsenal, Garlon 4 and 3A, and Roundup; but these and other hardwood species tended to refoliate 2 years after Arsenal treatment. Herbicide safety to loblolly pine was best with Arsenal and Escort, while injury was greatest with Roundup and Garlon 3A, which might have potential use in precommercial thinnings. South. J. Appl. For 14(4):199-206.
Establishment of Bottomland Oak Plantations on the Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Authors: Allen James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stocking, height and diameter growth, and invasion of both herbaceous and woody plant species are reported for 5 direct seeded and 5 planted seedling stands of bottomland oaks, all of which were between 4 and 8 years old. Stocking was generally higher in the planted seedling stands. Both height and diameter growth were substantially higher in the planted seedling stands. Low stocking and poor growth, especially for the direct seeded stands, was associated with medium-textured soils and a heavy cover of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) and goldenrod (Solidago altissima). Invasion of woody species was heavily dominated by light-seeded species, and was highest in stands close to mature trees. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):206-210.
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Management and Longleaf Pine Straw Production: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Roise Joseph P. , Chung Joosang , Lancia Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper contains an economic analysis of shelterwood management of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill) with markets for both timber and pine straw. It was found that extended rotations required for red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) habitat, while not optimal, are better when pine straw is also a market product than when considering timber alone. Rotation ages were fixed at 60, 80, 100, and 120 years to provide red-cockaded woodpecker habitat. A single thinning is included with variable timing and intensity. Intensive site treatments are also included to control litter, grasses, hardwood, and brown spot disease. An equation for pine straw yield as a function of basal area is presented. Pine straw may increase soil expectation value by more than 230% over that provided by timber alone. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):88-92.
Economics of Direct Seeding and Planting for Establishing Oak Stands on Old-Field Sites in the South
Authors: Bullard Steven , Hodges John D. , Johnson Robert L. , Straka Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On old-field sites in the South, oak stands may be established by direct seeding of acorns, or by planting seedlings. Planting seedlings costs approximately 2 1/2 times the cost of direct seeding on a per acre basis, and based on our study of overall costs and returns, we conclude that in most cases the additional costs of planting are not justified by the additional benefits. Direct seeding is therefore an economically viable alternative to planting, although success with seeding requires careful selection of species/site combinations and proper seed handling and storage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):34-40.
Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) for Forest Plot Location
Authors: Evans David L. , Carraway Ronald W. , Simmons George T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A portable global positioning system (GPS) unit was tested against conventional field techniques for forest plot location. GPS accuracy tested against five benchmarks indicated that for open areas, the largest average displacement from true position was 17.7 ft. Three operators were instructed in the use of GPS for waypoint navigation. Nine plots were then located by each of the operators using either GPS or conventional field navigation. Mean speed and distance offset were determined for all plots as located by each navigation technique. Results indicated that the operator with the least amount of plot-location experience was able to locate plots faster with GPS than by conventional techniques. System portability, satellite availability, canopy interference with signals, and operator biases are cited as moderate encumbrances. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):67-70.
Prodiamine: A Herbicide for Pine and Hardwood Nurseries
Authors: South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tolerance to applications of prodiamine was examined in field experiments with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)seedlings at nine southern nurseries in 1979 and at six nurseries in 1980. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha (7.1 oz ai/ac) was applied after sowing (preemergence) or 4 to 6 wk after sowing (postemergence). When applied just after sowing at 1.0 kg ai/ha (13.3 oz. ai/ac),a reduction in emergence was observed with loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and eastern white pine. Tolerance of various hardwoods was also examined. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) was sensitive, and seedling production was reduced with both preemergence and early postemergence applications.Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and two species of oaks (Quercus alba L. and Q. nigra L./Q. phellos L.) tolerated rates as high as 1.0 kg ai/ha. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):142-146
The Potential Economic Effect of Lease Hunting on Forest Management in the Southeast
Authors: Marsinko Allan P. , Smathers Webb M. , Guynn David C. , Stuckey Gerald L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey was conducted of 1989 forest industry hunt lease programs in the southern United States. Average annual lease fees were $2.15/ac and respondents placed additional implicit values of $2.15/ac and $3.11/ac respectively for public relations and protection(access control, property damage, etc.) benefits. Contributions to net present value ranged from $22.37 for a conservative estimate of leasing alone to $96.64 for an estimate of all benefits when discounted at 6% over a 25-yr rotation. Interest in leasing by industry has increasedsince a similar survey was conducted in 1985. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):200-203
Fertilization of Established Southern Pine Stands: Effects of Single and Split Nitrogen Treatments
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Stearns-Smith Stephen C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from six fertilizer trials established in semimature southern pine stands (five slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii; one loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L.) were analyzed to determine the efficacy of single vs. split fertilizer treatments. Both fertilizer treatments supplied an elemental equivalent of 200 lb nitrogen (N)/ac and 50 lb phosphorus (P)/ac; however, the first treatment was delivered as a single dose, and the second treatment was a split N application (i.e., 50 lb N and 50 lb P/ac (initial); 150 lb N/ac (2 yr later). Cumulative responses of fertilized plots were still significantly greater than the controls in five trials after 8 yr and averaged 43% (15.7 ft²/ac) and 39% (607 ft³/ac) for basal area and stand volume growth, respectively. In general, no significant differences in either the magnitude or duration of response were detected between the single and split N fertilizer treatments. This suggests that delaying a portion of the N application for 2 yr will not diminish the level of growth responses attained. Therefore, land managers have flexibility in using either application method when implementing midrotation fertilizer prescriptions. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):135-138.
Productivity and Cost Changes in Southern Pulpwood Harvesting, 1979 to 1987
Authors: Cubbage Frederick , Carter Douglas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Analyses of southern pine pulpwood harvesting systems indicate that substantial increases in productivity and decreases in per unit costs occurred from 1979 to 1987. Average shortwood harvesting production increased from 34 cords per week in 1979 to 42 cords per week in 1987; average longwood system productivity increased from 191 cords per week in 1979 to 227 cords per week in 1987. Estimated shortwood average costs were $45.50 per cord in 1979 and increased to $48.90 per cord in constant 1988 (real) dollars. Average real longwood harvesting costs decreased from $34.00 per cord in 1979 to $26.50 per cord in 1987. Most productivity improvements and average cost declines overall were attributable to increased use of longwood harvesting systems. South. J. Appl. For. 18(2):83-90.
Characteristics of Workers' Compensation Injuries for Logging Operations in Louisiana: 1985-1990
Authors: Pine John C. , Marx Brian D. , de Hoop Cornelis F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The number of reported workers' compensation injuries in logging operations in Louisiana has decreased at a time when the number of employees in logging has increased. Employees with less than 3 yr of employment accounted for 82% of all claims. The percentage of cases involving cuts and lacerations decreased from 1985 through 1990; however, sprains and strains increased, from 15% in 1985 to 28% in 1990, during this period. Back injuries accounted for 15% of injuries. Falls contributed to 13% of injuries. Falling trees were the major cause of fatalities. Truck drivers were 20% of the claimants. Workers who were struck by or against trees or logs resulted in a major cause of lost time injuries to employees, as well as in juries from the use of hand tools, which have decreased, from 25% in 1987 to 13% in 1990. The lower extremities are most vulnerable to injuries in logging operations. Workers' compensation injuries and cost continues to be a major concern for those involved in logging operations, even though the frequency and rate of cases decreased from 1985 to 1990. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3): 110-115.
Growth of Loblolly Pine Stands After the First Five Years of Uneven-Aged Silviculture Using Single-Tree Selection
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of three levels of residual basal area (40, 60, and 80 ft2/ac), maximum dbh (12, 16, and 20 in.) and site index (< 81 ft, 81 to 90 ft, and >90 ft) on the growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands after 5 yr of uneven-aged silviculture were determined from plots located in south Arkansas and north Louisiana. Designated levels of basal area and maximum dbh were achieved by harvesting; a q factor of 1.2 (using 1 in. dbh classes) was imposed on all plots as closely as possible. Stand-level models were developed for annual per acre net volume growth (merchantable cubic feet, sawtimber cubic feet, and sawtimber board feet, Doyle rule) and annual per acre survivor growth, ingrowth, and mortality components of basal area growth. Growth for all volume measures increased with an increase in basal area. Site index did not significantly affect merchantable cubic-foot growth but had a positive effect on sawtimber growth in both cubic feet and board feet, Doyle. Increases in maximum dbh decreased merchantable and sawtimber cubic-foot growth but increased growth for board-foot volume, Doyle. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3): 128-132.
Pathogenicity to Loblolly Pines of Fungi Recovered from Trees Attacked by Southern Pine Beetles
Authors: Nevill R. J. , Kelley W. D. , Hess N. J. , Perry T. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One-year-old and 15- to 18-yr-old loblolly pines were wound-inoculated with a single fungal species or a combination of two fungal species of stain fungi recovered from roots of trees attacked by southern pine beetles. Lesion length and extent of vertical occlusion produced in the seedlings and lesion length, width, and radial depth of sapwood occlusion produced in the trees were measured. Vertical lesions produced by inoculations with Leptographium terebrantis, either singly or paired with other fungi, were significantly longer than control inoculations with sterile malt extract agar. Single and combination inoculations with Ophiostoma ips produced significantly longer vertical lesions than the controls in the trees but not in the seedlings. Only single and combination inoculations which included L. terebrantis produced radial sapwood occlusion greater than the controls. South. J. Appl. For. 19(2):78-83.
Frost-Hardy Eucalyptus Grow Well in the Southeast
Authors: Hunt Ron , Zobel Bruce 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Most species of the genus Eucalyptus that possess rapid growth and good form characteristics are too cold-sensitive for use in the southeastern coastal plain. In recent tests, however, several species, sources, and individuals within sources have demonstrated cold-hardiness combined with good form and growth. Such hardy eucalypts have potential for production of large volumes of hardwood fiber on sites accessible to wet-weather logging. Trees in the oldest plantings have survived over 150 nights of temperatures below freezing. The largest of these trees were 50 to 60 feet tall and 8 to 12 inches d.b.h. at age 4.5 years. The growth, survival, selected wood qualities, and future potential of eucalypts are discussed, based primarily on plantings at Bainbridge, Georgia. Four species (E. viminalis, E. nova-anglica, E. macarthurii, and E. camphora) have been selected as the most promising of those tested. Although other species such as E. rubida, E. dalrympleana, and E. nitens have grown more slowly, they do have good cold-hardiness and deserve further testing. Screening of additional species and seed sources continues. The best trees of the most hardy sources are being used as a genetic base for a tree improvement program.
A Simple Model for Predicting Annual Numbers of Southern Pine Beetle Infestations in East Texas
Authors: Kroll James C. , Reeves Hershel C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eleven climatic variables, recorded during the period 1966-76, were used to develop a multiple linear regression model for predicting potential number of southern pine beetle (SPB) infestations for east Texas. Four climatic variables were significantly (P < 0.05) related to numbers of SPB infestations. These were (1) mean temperature for February of current year, (2) total rainfall for previous summer, (3) total rainfall for previous fall, and (4) total rainfall for previous spring. The regression analysis accounted for 90.7 percent of the variation in yearly numbers of SPB infestations.
Shortleaf Pine Seed Production in Natural Stands in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains
Authors: Shelton Michael G. , Wittwer Robert F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seed production of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) was monitored from 1965 to 1974 to determine the periodicity of seed crops in both woods-run stands and seed-production areas. One bumper and two good seed crops occurred during the 9-yr period. The two largest crops occurred in successive years, then seed production was low for 4 yr before another good crop occurred. Mean annual seed production ranged from 84,000/ac in the western Ouachitas to 167,000/ac in seed-production areas in the southern Ozarks. Certain stand-level variables significantly influenced seed production. Seed production was positively related to stand age and negatively related to pine and hardwood basal areas; although frequently significant, no consistent relationship occurred with stand elevation. Results indicate that shortleaf pine seed production will usually be adequate for natural regeneration within most of the study area. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):74-80.