bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pretreatment drug resistance in a large countrywide Ethiopian HIV-1C cohort: a comparison of Sanger and high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Telele Nigus Fikrie , Kalu Amare Worku , Gebre-Selassie Solomon , Fekade Daniel , Abdurahman Samir , Marrone Gaetano , Neogi Ujjwal , Tegbaru Belete , Sönnerborg Anders 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBaseline plasma samples of 490 randomly selected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve patients from seven hospitals participating in the first nationwide Ethiopian HIV-1 cohort were analysed for surveillance drug resistance mutations (sDRM) by population based Sanger sequencing (PBSS). Also next generation sequencing (NGS) was used in a subset of 109 baseline samples of patients. Treatment outcome after 6– and 12–months was assessed by on-treatment (OT) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses. Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was detected in 3.9% (18/461) of successfully sequenced samples by PBSS. However, NGS detected sDRM more often (24%; 26/109) than PBSS (6%; 7/109) (p = 0.0001) and major integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) DRMs were also found in minor viral variants from five patients. Patients with sDRM had more frequent treatment failure in both OT and ITT analyses. The high rate of TDR by NGS and the identification of preexisting INSTI DRMs in minor wild-type HIV-1 subtype C viral variants infected Ethiopian patients underscores the importance of TDR surveillance in low– and middle–income countries and shows added value of high-throughput NGS in such studies.
Determination of flumequine enantiomers and 7-hydroxyflumequine in water and sediment by chiral HPLC coupled with hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Xue Moyong , Qin Yuchang , Gu Xu , Li Junguo , Gao Yunfeng , Yang Xiaowei , Yao Ting , Zhao Zhen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of flumequine and its metabolite 7-hydroxyflumequine in water and sediment had been developed based on the separation method. Sediment samples were extracted with ACN and EDTA-Mcllvaine buffer solution (40:60, v/v) then were enriched and cleaned-up by Cleanert PEP solid-phase extraction cartridges. The extract solvent, solid cartridges, mobile phase ratios, and chiral separation column were all optimized to reach high sensitivity and selectivity, good peak shape, and satisfactory resolution. The results showed that the calibration curves of flumequine enantiomers and 7-hydroxyflumequine were linear in the range of 1.0 to 200.0 µg/L with correlation coefficients of 0.9822–0.9988, the mean recoveries for both the enantiomers ranged from 69.9–84.6% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) being 13.1% or below. The limits of detection (LODs) for both flumequine enantiomers were 2.5 µg/L and 5.0 µg/kg in water and sediment samples, whereas the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 8.0 µg/L and 15.0 µg/kg, respectively. While the LODs for 7-hydroxyflumequine were 3.2 µg/L in water samples and 7.0 µg/kg in sediment samples. The proposed method will be extended for studies on the degradation kinetics and environmental behaviors and providing additional information for reliable risk assessment of these chiral antibiotics.
E-cigarettes can emit formaldehyde at high levels under conditions that have been reported to be non-averse to users
Authors: Salamanca James C. , Meehan-Atrash Jiries , Vreeke Shawna , Escobedo Jorge O. , Peyton David H. , Strongin Robert M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractE-cigarette aerosol emission studies typically focus on benchmarking toxicant levels versus those of cigarettes. However, such studies do not fully account for the distinct chemical makeup of e-liquids and their unique properties. These approaches often conclude that there are fewer and lower levels of toxins produced by e-cigarettes than by cigarettes. In 2015, we reported the discovery of new hemiacetals derived from the reaction of formaldehyde and the e-liquid solvents. The main finding was that they constituted a significant proportion of potentially undetected formaldehyde. Moreover, unlike gaseous formaldehyde, the hemiacetals reside in the aerosol particulate phase, and thus are capable of delivering formaldehyde more deeply into the lungs. However, the findings were criticized by those claiming that some of the results were obtained under conditions that are averse to vapers. A “reinvestigation” of our study was recently published addressing this latter issue. However, this reinvestigation ignored major details, including no mention of the formaldehyde hemiacetals. Herein, we isolated both gaseous formaldehyde and formaldehyde hemiacetals at an intermediate power level claimed, in the “reinvestigation”, to be relevant to “non-averse,” “normal” usage. The results were that both gaseous formaldehyde and formaldehyde from hemiacetals were produced at levels above OSHA workplace limits.
Evaluation of the utility of a rapid test for syphilis at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Gallo Vaulet Lucía , Morando Nicolás , Casco Ricardo , Melgar Asunta , Nacher Silvia , Rodríguez Fermepin Marcelo , Pando María A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEven though syphilis can be easily diagnosed by simple and low-cost laboratory methods, it continues to be an important health problem. Rapid tests (RT) for the detection of treponemal antibodies can facilitate earlier diagnosis, access to treatment and linkage to care. The aim of this study was to analyse the usefulness of the incorporation of a RT in the detection of patients infected with T. pallidum in a sexually-transmitted disease (STD) clinic. Between March and December 2015, a syphilis RT was offered to patients who spontaneously attended the clinic. Conventional serology testing was additionally indicated to every participant. The RT for syphilis was offered to 1887 patients, of whom 31.1% agreed to get tested. VDRL test was performed in 84.0% of patients that were also tested with syphilis RT, with a significantly higher frequency observed among participants with reactive RT (94.3% vs. 79.8%, p < 0.001). These results showed that 33.7% of the participants were reactive for the RT and 27.0% were reactive for the VDRL test. Both tests were reactive in 24.9% and non-reactive in 64.3%. A high prevalence of active syphilis was detected in patients attending the clinic. The use of a syphilis RT had a positive impact, which in combination with the VDRL test increased the number of patients that were effectively diagnosed.
Illusory body ownership of an invisible body interpolated between virtual hands and feet via visual-motor synchronicity
Authors: Kondo Ryota , Sugimoto Maki , Minamizawa Kouta , Hoshi Takayuki , Inami Masahiko , Kitazaki Michiteru 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBody ownership can be modulated through illusory visual-tactile integration or visual-motor synchronicity/contingency. Recently, it has been reported that illusory ownership of an invisible body can be induced by illusory visual-tactile integration from a first-person view. We aimed to test whether a similar illusory ownership of the invisible body could be induced by the active method of visual-motor synchronicity and if the illusory invisible body could be experienced in front of and facing away from the observer. Participants observed left and right white gloves and socks in front of them, at a distance of 2 m, in a virtual room through a head-mounted display. The white gloves and socks were synchronized with the observers’ actions. In the experiments, we tested the effect of synchronization, and compared this to a whole-body avatar, measuring self-localization drift. We observed that visual hands and feet were sufficient to induce illusory body ownership, and this effect was as strong as using a whole-body avatar.
Plasma “bullet” with hollow structure: formation and evolution
Authors: Chang Zhengshi , Zhao Ni , Li Guoqiang , Zhang Guanjun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSince the plasma “bullet” and ring shape were discovered by Teschke and coworkers in 2005, the hollow structure of the plasma “bullet” has been a hot topic as an important phenomenon. Clearing the mechanism back on the phenomenon is very important to research and application of atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). Although a lot of discussions on the generation and evolution of the hollow structure have been conducted in past years, there is a substantial divergence between the experimental researcher and the numerical simulation researcher. The former considers that the Penning effect has a main contribution, because the presence of impurities enables the Penning process to occur at the gas flow/air interface. On the contrary, numerical simulation claims that the Penning effect is not so decisive to the formation of hollow structure. Based on our previous work, this paper aims to clear the debatable topic by setting the special experiments. After comparing and analyzing the phenomena and mechanism, a better comprehension is reached on the contribution of the Penning effect to the hollow structure. We also give a promising conclusion for forming the hollow structure of plasma jet in the end of paper.
The mitochondrial genome of the oribatid mite Paraleius leontonychus: new insights into tRNA evolution and phylogenetic relationships in acariform mites
Authors: Schäffer Sylvia , Koblmüller Stephan , Klymiuk Ingeborg , Thallinger Gerhard G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBilaterian mitochondrial (mt) genomes are circular molecules that typically contain 37 genes. To date, only a single complete mitogenome sequence is available for the species-rich sarcoptiform mite order Oribatida. We sequenced the mitogenome of Paraleius leontonychus, another species of this suborder. It is 14,186 bp long and contains 35 genes, including only 20 tRNAs, lacking tRNA
Gly
and tRNA
Tyr
. Re-annotation of the mitogenome of Steganacarus magnus increased the number of mt tRNAs for this species to 12. As typical for acariform mites, many tRNAs are highly truncated in both oribatid species. The total number of tRNAs and the number of tRNAs with a complete cloverleaf-like structure in P. leontonychus, however, clearly exceeds the numbers previously reported for Sarcoptiformes. This indicates, contrary to what has been previously assumed, that reduction of tRNAs is not a general characteristic for sarcoptiform mites. Compared to other Sarcoptiformes, the two oribatid species have the least rearranged mt genome with respect to the pattern observed in Limulus polyphemus, a basal arachnid species. Phylogenetic analysis of the newly sequenced mt genome and previously published data on other acariform mites confirms paraphyly of the Oribatida and an origin of the Astigmata within the Oribatida.
γδTCR regulates production of interleukin-27 by neutrophils and attenuates inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Bouchareychas Laura , Grössinger Eva M. , Kang Mincheol , Adamopoulos Iannis E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstractγδ T cells have been implicated in inflammatory diseases as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses, however, their role in inflammatory arthritis remain unclear. To define the contribution of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, we performed gene transfer of IL-23 in B10.RIII mice to establish joint inflammation in the presence or absence of γδ T cells. We demonstrated that γδ T cell blockade has a protective effect on arthritis incidence and severity by preventing neutrophil accumulation in the blood, spleen and bone marrow as well as by reducing neutrophil infiltration into the joints. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that absence of γδ T cells was associated with an increase of IL-27 levels produced by neutrophils and dendritic cells, and systemic IL-27 expression also prevents IL-23-induced inflammatory arthritis and limits neutrophil expansion. Collectively our findings reveal an immunomodulatory effect of γδ T cells on neutrophils associated with IL-27 synthesis and secretion and indicate a novel link between IL-27 and the modulation of γδ T cells and neutrophils that can be targeted in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
Detection of malaria sporozoites expelled during mosquito sugar feeding
Authors: Brugman V. A. , Kristan M. , Gibbins M. P. , Angrisano F. , Sala K. A. , Dessens J. T. , Blagborough A. M. , Walker T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMalaria is a severe disease of global importance transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. The ability to rapidly detect the presence of infectious mosquitoes able to transmit malaria is of vital importance for surveillance, control and elimination efforts. Current methods principally rely on large-scale mosquito collections followed by labour-intensive salivary gland dissections or enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) methods to detect sporozoites. Using forced salivation, we demonstrate here that Anopheles mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium expel sporozoites during sugar feeding. Expelled sporozoites can be detected on two sugar-soaked substrates, cotton wool and Whatman FTA cards, and sporozoite DNA is detectable using real-time PCR. These results demonstrate a simple and rapid methodology for detecting the presence of infectious mosquitoes with sporozoites and highlight potential laboratory applications for investigating mosquito-malaria interactions. Our results indicate that FTA cards could be used as a simple, effective and economical tool in enhancing field surveillance activities for malaria.
Mind Wandering and Task-Focused Attention: ERP Correlates
Authors: Gonçalves Óscar F. , Rêgo Gabriel , Conde Tatiana , Leite Jorge , Carvalho Sandra , Lapenta Olívia Morgan , Boggio Paulo S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPrevious studies looking at how Mind Wandering (MW) impacts performance in distinct Focused Attention (FA) systems, using the Attention Network Task (ANT), showed that the presence of pure MW thoughts did not impact the overall performance of ANT (alert, orienting and conflict) performance. However, it still remains unclear if the lack of interference of MW in the ANT, reported at the behavioral level, has a neurophysiological correspondence. We hypothesize that a distinct cortical processing may be required to meet attentional demands during MW. The objective of the present study was to test if, given similar levels of ANT performance, individuals predominantly focusing on MW or FA show distinct cortical processing. Thirty-three healthy participants underwent an EEG high-density acquisition while they were performing the ANT. MW was assessed following the ANT using an adapted version of the Resting State Questionnaire (ReSQ). The following ERP’s were analyzed: pN1, pP1, P1, N1, pN, and P3. At the behavioral level, participants were slower and less accurate when responding to incongruent than to congruent targets (conflict effect), benefiting from the presentation of the double (alerting effect) and spatial (orienting effect) cues. Consistent with the behavioral data, ERP’s waves were discriminative of distinct attentional effects. However, these results remained true irrespective of the MW condition, suggesting that MW imposed no additional cortical demand in alert, orienting, and conflict attention tasks.
Reduced aperture low sidelobe patch array
Authors: Wasif Niaz Muhammad , Shahzad Sadiq Muhammad , Yin Yingzeng , Zheng Shufeng , Chen Jingdong 
Published: May 2018

This Letter presents the design of a reduced aperture low sidelobe patch array whose aperture is much smaller than that of a conventional patch array since the spacing between adjacent elements is less than . Low sidelobes are achieved without implementing an aperture distribution. This results in more efficient patch elements of the array and therefore the overall gain is higher than that of a conventional array of the same aperture. Moreover, as patches are series‐fed, the width of feed lines is not limited by patch impedances and no matching transformer is required in the design. The experiment shows that a gain of 15.3 dB at 16.5 GHz and a sidelobe level of −16.7 dB in the E‐plane and −15.1 dB in the H‐plane are achieved.
Transient inrush current detection and classification in 230 kV shunt capacitor bank switching under various transient‐mitigation methods based on discrete wavelet transform
Authors: Patcharoen Theerasak , Ngaopitakkul Atthapol 
Published: May 2018

To avoid the failure of instantaneous overcurrent relays (50) owing to fails triggered by transient inrush currents during capacitor‐bank switching, this study describes a new approach to detect and classify high‐transient inrush current. These currents are due to the energisation of a shunt capacitor bank, rated 4 × 72 Mvar/230 kV, in a substation system in Thailand. The simulation tool power systems computer‐aided design (PSCAD) is used to simulate the transient inrush current using six transient‐mitigation methods, i.e. (i) a base case, (ii) a pre‐insertion resistor, (iii) a pre‐insertion inductor, (iv) a current‐limiting reactor, (v) a series 6% reactor and (vi) synchronous closing control. Inrush current signals from PSCAD were used as inputs for discrete wavelet transforms. On a scale from 1 to 30, the maximum value of the wavelet coefficient is used to detect the inrush current. The high value of the standard deviation of the wavelet‐scale analysis is used to discriminate between the high transient inrush current and the normal capacitor rate current. The results obtained show that the newly proposed method effectively detects and discriminates the capacitor switching inrush current, both isolated and back‐to‐back switching, with high accuracy.
Solar wind dynamics around a comet
Authors: Behar E. , Tabone B. , Saillenfest M. , Henri P. , Deca J. , Lindkvist J. , Holmström M. , Nilsson H. 
Published: May 2018

Aims.We aim at analytically modelling the solar wind proton trajectories during their interaction with a partially ionised cometary atmosphere, not in terms of bulk properties of the flow but in terms of single particle dynamics.Methods.We first derive a generalised gyromotion, in which the electric field is reduced to its motional component. Steady-state is assumed, and simplified models of the cometary density and of the electron fluid are used to express the force experienced by individual solar wind protons during the interaction.Results.A three-dimensional (3D) analytical expression of the gyration of two interacting plasma beams is obtained. Applying it to a comet case, the force on protons is always perpendicular to their velocity and has an amplitude proportional to 1/r2. The solar wind deflection is obtained at any point in space. The resulting picture presents a caustic of intersecting trajectories, and a circular region is found that is completely free of particles. The particles do not lose any kinetic energy and this absence of deceleration, together with the solar wind deflection pattern and the presence of a solar wind ion cavity, is in good agreement with the general results of the Rosetta mission.Conclusions.The qualitative match between the model and the in situ data highlights how dominant the motional electric field is throughout most of the interaction region for the solar wind proton dynamics. The model provides a simple general kinetic description of how momentum is transferred between these two collisionless plasmas. It also shows the potential of this semi-analytical model for a systematic quantitative comparison to the data.
Return of the features
Authors: D’Isanto A. , Cavuoti S. , Gieseke F. , Polsterer K. L. 
Published: May 2018

Context. The explosion of data in recent years has generated an increasing need for new analysis techniques in order to extract knowledge from massive data-sets. Machine learning has proved particularly useful to perform this task. Fully automatized methods (e.g. deep neural networks) have recently gathered great popularity, even though those methods often lack physical interpretability. In contrast, feature based approaches can provide both well-performing models and understandable causalities with respect to the correlations found between features and physical processes.
Aims. Efficient feature selection is an essential tool to boost the performance of machine learning models. In this work, we propose a forward selection method in order to compute, evaluate, and characterize better performing features for regression and classification problems. Given the importance of photometric redshift estimation, we adopt it as our case study.
Methods. We synthetically created 4520 features by combining magnitudes, errors, radii, and ellipticities of quasars, taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We apply a forward selection process, a recursive method in which a huge number of feature sets is tested through a k-Nearest-Neighbours algorithm, leading to a tree of feature sets. The branches of the feature tree are then used to perform experiments with the random forest, in order to validate the best set with an alternative model.
Results. We demonstrate that the sets of features determined with our approach improve the performances of the regression models significantly when compared to the performance of the classic features from the literature. The found features are unexpected and surprising, being very different from the classic features. Therefore, a method to interpret some of the found features in a physical context is presented.
Conclusions. The feature selection methodology described here is very general and can be used to improve the performance of machine learning models for any regression or classification task.
Verlängertes EKG-Monitoring nach ischämischem Schlaganfall
Authors: Häusler Karl Georg 
Published: May 2018

ZusammenfassungIm Rahmen der diagnostischen Abklärung nach einem akuten ischämischen Schlaganfall wird eine zeitnahe EKG-Ableitung zum Nachweis eines bis dato nicht entdeckten
Vorhofflimmerns oder einer sonstigen Herzrhythmusstörung in Leitlinien empfohlen, da schätzungsweise 15–20 % aller ischämischen Schlaganfälle durch eine
kardiale Embolie auf der Grundlage eines Vorhofflimmerns bedingt werden. Bislang ist jedoch nicht abschließend geklärt, welche Schlaganfallpatienten ohne bis
dato bekannte Herzrhythmusstörung zusätzlich zur EKG-Ableitung in der Rettungsstelle und auf der Stroke Unit eine verlängerte EKG-Ableitung erhalten sollten.
Des Weiteren ist gemäß der aktuellen Studienlage noch offen, über welchen Zeitraum ein solches EKG-Monitoring erfolgen sollte bzw. finanzierbar ist. Der
(erstmalige) Nachweis von Vorhofflimmern, der unabhängig von der Dauer und Häufigkeit der Episoden gemäß geltender Leitlinienempfehlungen für Patienten mit
einem ischämischen Schlaganfall eine Indikation für eine orale Antikoagulation darstellt, wird in der klinischen Praxis dadurch erschwert, dass Vorhofflimmern
zumindest initial häufig nur intermittierend besteht und oft klinisch asymptomatisch ist. Gemäß der aktuellen Studienlage korreliert die Häufigkeit einer
erstmals detektierten Vorhofflimmer-Episode bei Schlaganfallpatienten mit der Dauer des EKG-Monitorings, der Qualität der EKG-Auswertung und der
Patientenselektion. Im Bestreben, die (Kosten-)Effizienz und Dauer eines verlängerten EKG-Monitorings bei Schlaganfallpatienten bestmöglich zu optimieren,
können klinische, laborchemische, echokardiografische und elektrokardiografische Parameter berücksichtigt werden. Neben der Darstellung der aktuellen
(Leitlinien-)Empfehlungen zur Dauer eines EKG-Monitorings nach ischämischem Schlaganfall werden im vorliegenden Artikel auch derzeit noch unbeantwortete
klinische Fragestellungen näher beleuchtet.