bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two members of the DUF579 family are responsible for arabinogalactan methylation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Temple Henry , Mortimer Jenny C. , Tryfona Theodora , Yu Xiaolan , Lopez‐Hernandez Federico , Sorieul Mathias , Anders Nadine , Dupree Paul 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAll members of the DUF579 family characterized so far have been described to affect the integrity of the hemicellulosic cell wall component xylan: GXMs are glucuronoxylan methyltransferases catalyzing 4‐O–methylation of glucuronic acid on xylan; IRX15 and IRX15L, although their enzymatic activity is unknown, are required for xylan biosynthesis and/or xylan deposition. Here we show that the DUF579 family members, AGM1 and AGM2, are required for 4‐O–methylation of glucuronic acid of a different plant cell wall component, the highly glycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs).
Musculoskeletal Women's Health Education in Physiatry: A Mismatch in Residency Education and Clinical Practice
Authors: Bennis Stacey , Rho Monica 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundMusculoskeletal Women's Health (MSK WH) is a niche subspecialty within physical medicine & rehabilitation (PM&R). Women make up 50.7% of the population of the United States but are burdened with higher rates of musculoskeletal disease compared to men. MSK WH topics are not included in PM&R or Primary Care Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program requirements. Given the comprehensive training provided in PM&R, physiatrists are ideal candidates to diagnose, treat, and provide education on MSK WH conditions.ObjectiveTo identify the prevalence of formalized MSK WH education and of WH physiatrists at ACGME‐accredited PM&R residency programs.DesignCross‐sectional survey design.SettingComputer‐based survey.ParticipantsACGME‐accredited residency programs (N = 86; as of February 2017).MethodsA single, multiple choice, computer‐generated Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) survey with branching logic was sent to all ACGME‐accredited PM&R residency programs (N = 86).OutcomesThe primary outcome was to assess the prevalence of women's health curricula at ACGME‐accredited PM&R residency programs in the United States. The secondary outcome was to assess the prevalence of WH physiatrists at these programs.ResultsEighty‐six ACGME‐accredited PM&R residency programs were contacted with 55 completed responses (64% response rate). Only six programs (11%) reported the presence of a formal WH curriculum at their residency program. In contrast, 25 programs (45%) reported having WH physiatrists at their institutions, and 36 programs (65%) reported that general physiatrists were providing WH‐related care.ConclusionsThe study findings identify a mismatch between the prevalence of MSK WH residency education (11% of programs) and the prevalence of physiatrists providing MSK WH care (66% of programs). Physiatrists are ideally suited to manage MSK WH care. Based on the findings of this cross‐sectional study, residency programs and governing bodies should evaluate these trends and consider the addition of topics pertinent to women's musculoskeletal health into PM&R graduate medical education.Level of EvidenceIII.
Micromechanical modeling of anisotropic behavior of oriented semicrystalline polymers
Authors: Mirkhalaf Mohsen , van Dommelen Johannes A. W. , Govaert Leon E. , Furmanski Jevan , Geers Marc G. D. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTSome manufacturing processes of polymeric materials, such as injection molding or film blowing, cause the final product to be highly anisotropic. In this study, the mechanical behavior of drawn polyethylene (PE) tapes is investigated via micromechanical modeling. An elasto‐viscoplastic micromechanical model, developed within the framework of the so‐called composite inclusion model, is presented to capture the anisotropic behavior of oriented semicrystalline PE. Two different phases, namely amorphous and crystalline (both described by elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive models), are considered at the microstructural level. The initial oriented crystallographic structure of the drawn tapes is taken into account. It was previously shown by Sedighiamiri et al. (Comp. Mater. Sci. 2014, 82, 415) that by only considering the oriented crystallographic structure, it is not possible to capture the macroscopic anisotropic behavior of drawn tapes. The main contribution of this study is the development of an anisotropic model for the amorphous phase within the micromechanical framework. An Eindhoven glassy polymer (EGP)‐based model including different sources of anisotropy, namely anisotropic elasticity, internal stress in the elastic network and anisotropic viscoplasticity, is developed for the amorphous phase and incorporated into the micromechanical model. Comparisons against experimental results reveal remarkable improvements of the model predictions (compared to micromechanical model predictions including isotropic amorphous domains) and thus the significance of the amorphous phase anisotropy on the overall behavior of drawn PE tapes. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 378–391
Phase I study of PF‐04895162, a Kv7 channel opener, reveals unexpected hepatotoxicity in healthy subjects, but not rats or monkeys: clinical evidence of disrupted bile acid homeostasis
Authors: Aleo Michael D. , Aubrecht Jiri , D. Bonin Paul , Burt Deborah A. , Colangelo Jennifer , Luo Lina , Schomaker Shelli , Swiss Rachel , Kirby Simon , C. Rigdon Greg , Dua Pinky 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDuring a randomized Phase 1 clinical trial the drug candidate, PF‐04895162 (ICA‐105665), caused transaminase elevations (≥grade 1) in six of eight healthy subjects treated at 300 mg twice daily for 2‐weeks (NCT01691274). This was unexpected since studies in rats (<6 months) and cynomolgus monkeys (<9 months) treated up to 100 mg/kg/day did not identify the liver as a target organ. Mechanistic studies showed PF‐04895162 had low cytotoxic potential in human hepatocytes, but inhibited liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export protein (BSEP) transport. Clinical relevance of these postulated mechanisms of liver injury was explored in three treated subjects that consented to analysis of residual pharmacokinetic plasma samples. Compared to a nonresponder, two subjects with transaminase elevations displayed higher levels of miRNA122 and total/conjugated bile acid species, whereas one demonstrated impaired postprandial clearance of systemic bile acids. Elevated taurine and glycine conjugated to unconjugated bile acid ratios were observed in two subjects, one before the onset of elevated transaminases. Based on the affinity of conjugated bile acid species for transport by BSEP, the profile of plasma conjugated/unconjugated bile acid species was consistent with inhibition of BSEP. These data collectively suggest that the human liver injury by PF‐04895162 was due to alterations in bile acid handling driven by dual BSEP/mitochondrial inhibition, two important risk factors associated with drug‐induced liver injury in humans. Alterations in systemic bile acid composition were more important than total bile acids in the manifestation of clinical liver injury and may be a very early biomarker of BSEP inhibition.
Variational Quantum Circuit Model for Knowledge Graph Embedding
Authors: Ma Yunpu , Tresp Volker , Zhao Liming , Wang Yuyi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this work, the first quantum Ansätze for the statistical relational learning on knowledge graphs using parametric quantum circuits are proposed. Two types of variational quantum circuits for knowledge graph embedding are introduced. Inspired by the classical representation learning, latent features for entities are first considered as coefficients of quantum states, while predicates are characterized by parametric gates acting on the quantum states. For the first model, the quantum advantages disappear when it comes to the optimization of this model. Therefore, a second quantum circuit model is introduced where embeddings of entities are generated from parameterized quantum gates acting on the pure quantum state. The benefit of the second method is that the quantum embeddings can be trained efficiently meanwhile preserving the quantum advantages. It is shown that the proposed methods can achieve comparable results to the state‐of‐the‐art classical models, for example, RESCAL, DistMult. Furthermore, after optimizing the models, the complexity of inductive inference on the knowledge graphs might be reduced with respect to the number of entities.
Literacy and Phonological Skills in Oral Deaf Children and Hearing Children With a History of Dyslexia
Authors: Herman Rosalind , E. Kyle Fiona , Roy Penny 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOral deaf children and hearing children with dyslexia both experience literacy challenges, although their reasons differ. The authors explored the problems underlying poor literacy in each group and drew implications for reading interventions. Data were collected using standardized literacy and phonological measures from 69 severe‐to‐profoundly prelingually deaf children ages 10 and 11 years, all communicating with spoken language, and compared with equivalent data from 20 hearing children with a history of dyslexia matched on reading ability. Children were given a large battery of tasks assessing word and nonword reading, spelling, vocabulary, and reading‐related skills, including letter sound knowledge, phonological awareness, rapid automated naming, and verbal short‐term memory. Striking similarities were observed for word reading, nonword reading, and spelling across groups, and associations between the measures and reading‐related skills were similar. However, differences between the two groups emerged in the strength of association between literacy and vocabulary. Regression analyses confirmed vocabulary as a key predictor of literacy in the oral deaf group. These results suggest that not only children with a history of dyslexia but also oral deaf children who struggle with reading should receive specialist literacy support. Reading interventions for oral deaf children should target phonological and language skills within a fully integrated approach.
Inclusive sustainability withinfavelaupgrading and incremental housing: The case of Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Martins A. Nuno , Saavedra Farias Jacira 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper addresses two different urban phenomena that currently take place in Rocinha, the most prominentfavela(slum) of Rio de Janeiro, with more than 100 000 inhabitants. On the one hand, that of the houses' expansion typically accomplished through constructions on the rooftop (the upper slab), operations locally known as theconstrução de laje(upper slab construction). On the other hand, new urban spaces as a result of public resettlement operations consisting of the clearing of tangled webs of narrow, dark and unhealthy alleys that crisscross up and down thefavela. As an example, we will take the case of the 4th Street operation, a multidimensional process of de‐densification that involved heavy demolition, the removal of many houses and relocation of the dwellers. This urban renewal was carried out with resources from a federal programme and conducted by the state government, but with the involvement of different local actors, including local associations and community activists. The study focuses on the social sustainability issues underlying the private and public process, analysing the roles played by the different stakeholders and their interactions. The collection of data and subsequent analysis comprises diverse methods including literature review, examination of architectural and urban projects, surveys, interviews with architects and other municipal and private technicians, as well as inquiries to the householders. These interviews and inquiries revealed thefavela's dwellers' perception regarding the two‐year process and, in particular, the role played by the different actors involved. The conclusions highlight the social networks that arose and consolidated during the slum upgrading process and analyse the interactions among the members of those networks.
Natural‐resource dependence and life expectancy: A nonlinear relationship
Authors: Madreimov Timur , Li Leiming 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we revisit the link between natural resources and quality of life, measured by life expectancy over the period 1990–2011. Using fixed effect and panel‐corrected standard‐errors regression estimators we document that there is inverted U‐shaped relationship between natural‐resource dependence and longevity. This implies that in the long run, natural‐resource dependence hampers human development. This effect remains robust after a set of robustness checks.
The oaks of western Eurasia: Traditional classifications and evidence from two nuclear markers
Authors: Denk Thomas , Grimm Guido W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships among species of Quercus (oaks) from western Eurasia including the western part of the Himalayas are examined for the first time. Based on ITS and 5S–IGS data three major infrageneric groups are recognized for western Eurasia: the cerroid, iliciod, and roburoid oaks. While individuals of the cerroid and ilicoid groups cluster according to their species, particularly in the 5S–IGS analyses, individuals of species of roburoid oaks do not cluster with exception of Quercus pontica. The Cypriot endemic Quercus alnifolia belongs to the ilicoid oaks, in contrast to traditional views placing it within the cerroid oaks. Based on all ITS data available, the groups identified for western Eurasia can be integrated into a global infrageneric framework for Quercus. The Ilex group is resurrected as a well–defined group that comprises taxa traditionally placed into six subsections of Q. sects. Cerris and Lepidobalanus (white oaks) sensu Camus. Phylogenetic reconstructions suggest two major lineages within Quercus, each consisting of three infrageneric groups. Within the first lineage, the Quercus group (roburoid oaks in western Eurasia) and the Lobatae group evolved by “budding” as is reflected by incomplete lineage sorting, high variability within groups, and low differentiation among groups. The groups of the second lineage, including the Cyclobalanopsis, Cerris (cerroid oaks in western Eurasia), and Ilex (ilicoid oaks in western Eurasia) groups, evolved in a more tree–like fashion.
A molecular phylogeny reveals frequent changes of growth form in Carlina (Asteraceae)
Authors: Wahrmund Ute , Heklau Heike , Röser Martin , Kästner Arndt , Vitek Ernst , Ehrendorfer Friedrich , von Hagen K. Bernhard 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe genus Carlina, with its 28 currently accepted species, ranks among the most thoroughly studied plant genera in Europe. Previous evolutionary hypotheses rested on a priori assumptions of character change, but for this study, DNA sequence data from nuclear ETS and three chloroplast regions obtained from all but one species of Carlina were used to produce a phylogenetic hypothesis. The results reveal that early branching lineages were morphologically divergent and that growth form shifts occurred more often and in different directions than previously thought, rendering a reconstruction of character states for the common ancestor of Carlina difficult to achieve. Nonetheless, results indicate that treelets were not plesiomorphic and that they most likely evolved in parallel in two island lineages growing in Macaronesia and in the Aegean. In addition, an independent evolution of two annual species in Carlina was revealed and most of the 50 morphological, biochemical, and karyological characters plotted on the tree proved to be homoplasic. Twenty–three anatomical characters from the stem–base/hypocotyl region provided no clear evidence for secondary woodiness and only the length of libriform fibers was clearly associated with plant height, but not without exceptions.
Molecular phylogeny of the genus Arum (Araceae) inferred from multi–locus sequence data and AFLPs
Authors: Linz Jeanine , Stökl Johannes , Urru Isabella , Krügel Tamara , Stensmyr Marcus C. , Hansson Bill S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFor centuries the wonderful looking, but foul smelling, Arum lilies have fascinated botanists. The floral odour of many species is believed to mimic faeces—the oviposition substrate of their pollinators, mainly coprophilous flies and beetles. But not all of the 29 Arum species produce a bad floral smell. The genus has evolved a variety of pollination mechanisms, including sweet and wine–like odours, and maybe even pheromone mimicry. In order to study the evolution of the pollination syndromes in Arum, a detailed and reliable phylogeny is a crucial basis. Here we present the first detailed molecular phylogeny of the genus Arum. By combining three chloroplast and one nuclear loci, as well as AFLPs, a highly resolved tree with good statistical support was obtained. The phylogeny is in most parts in congruence with the traditional classification of the genus. By comparing the phylogeny with the data on the pollination biology of the genus we could show that the mimicry of faeces is the oldest and most basal pollination mechanism, but is also present in the youngest and most derived species. The phylogeny presented here will help to study the evolution of deceptive pollination mechanisms in Arum.
Evolutionary dynamics across discontinuous freshwater systems: Rapid expansions and repeated allopolyploid origins in the Palearctic white water–lilies (Nymphaea)
Authors: Volkova Polina A. , Trávníček Pavel , Brochmann Christian 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhite water–lilies (Nymphaea) provide an excellent model for studying evolutionary diversification in a discontinuous habitat system, which has experienced dramatic differences in connectivity during different climatic periods. Here we explore cytogenetic and molecular variation and phylogenetic relationships in the Eurasian clade of this genus based on relative nuclear DNA contents, AFLP fingerprints, and nuclear (ITS) and cpDNA sequences. In line with some recent taxonomic treatments, our results support that the Eurasian clade consists of three species. We show that the Eurosiberian N. candida is an allopolyploid that originated at least twice by hybridization in the wide overlap zone between the mainly European N. alba lineage and the mainly Asian N. tetragona lineage. The N. alba lineage served as the chloroplast donor except for the Karelian N. candida, but the ITS region of the allopolyploid was homogenized in the direction of N. alba in all cases. The southern, widespread lineage of N. candida probably originated first, whereas the northwestern lineage, restricted to a small, previously glaciated area in Karelia, may have originated as late as in the current interglacial. We observed only low levels of DNA sequence variation within N. alba and N. tetragona, indicating rapid range expansions possibly preceeded by strong bottlenecks in glacial refugia. Our results suggest that populations of freshwater organisms found now in disjunct aquatic habitats across Eurasia were connected during previous climatic periods. These connections promoted rapid expansions of divergent lineages and repeated formation of evolutionary novelty via hybridization and polyploidization.
Chromosomal evolution in Mediterranean species ofOphryssect.Pseudophrys(Orchidaceae): An analysis of karyotypes and polyploidy
Authors: García-Barriuso Mónica , Bernardos Sonia , Amich Francisco 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn an effort to clarify the patterns of chromosome evolution inOphryssect.Pseudophrys(Orchidaceae), chromosome counts were made of 18 O. sect.Pseudophrystaxa from the central–western Mediterranean Basin (Iberian Peninsula and North Africa). The present results provide, for the first time, the chromosome numbers of O.algarvensis, O. arnoldii, O. bilunulataandO. dianica; four other taxa (O. atlantica, O. lupercalis, O. fusca, O. sicula) yielded chromosome numbers not previously reported for the Iberian Peninsula. The results support the idea that the basic plesiomorphic number ofOphrysisx= 18, with 2n = 36 in most species. About 40% of the specimens were polyploids. Karyomorphological data do not support classification of the investigated species into groups. However, the data reveal some geographical differentiation and suggest a possible direction of chromosomal evolution inOphryssect.Pseudophrys.
The Madeiran plants collected by Sir Hans Sloane in 1687, and his descriptions
Authors: de Sequeira Miguel Menezes , Santos-Guerra Arnoldo , Jarvis Charles E. , Oberli Andreas , Carine Mark A. , Maunder Michael , Francisco-Ortega Javier 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Macaronesian Islands comprise the Atlantic archipelagos of Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canaries and Cape Verde. These islands were a major focus for plant exploration during the 17th and 18th centuries. Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), one of the most important patrons and sponsors of natural sciences and botanical research, visited Madeira on his way to Jamaica in 1687. Although he stayed in Madeira for only three days, he collected plant specimens of 38 taxa (including one brown alga) and made important observations concerning the flora and fauna of Madeira from near Funchal. Sixty–six polynomial names of plants from the island are recorded in Sloane's published work along with 18 copperplate engravings, ostensibly from Madeira, although our study shows that only thirteen of them are of taxa occurring on the island. Fourteen of the sixty–six polynomials reported by Sloane relate to Macaronesian endemic taxa, six of them restricted to Madeira. Our study shows that nine of the fifteen polynomials that he putatively recorded for Madeira and/or the Antilles or for which he was unsure of their origin are from the West Indies and do not occur on this Macaronesian island. Two of the taxa that are listed for Madeira and the Caribbean Islands were likely to be present in both insular systems. Although there is evidence of earlier botanical explorations in Macaronesia, the herbarium collections made by Sloane in Madeira represent the earliest documented plant hunting expedition to Macaronesia, and Sir Hans Sloane can be considered as one of the pioneers of botanical exploration in these Atlantic Islands. Sloane's records provide an early floristic study of a diverse island flora.
Making a case for the original spelling of an epithet: 'Correction' of the original spelling of Agaricus rachodes to Agaricus rhacodes (Basidiomycota) is unjustified
Authors: Vellinga Else C. , Pennycook Shaun R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe present the rather unusual case of the spelling of the epithet 'rachodes'. In 1833 Vittadini described a new agaric species with the name Agaricus rachodes, but supplied no etymology. A variant spelling 'rhacodes' was first printed in 1849, apparently as a random mistranscription, but gained increasing currency from about the mid 1870s, and both names have been in use ever since. Two possible roots for the name are the Greek words 'ρακος' (rag) and 'ραχος' (bush, quickset hedge), for which transliterated derivations may vary from 'racodes' to 'rhachodes'. Since Vittadini's consistent spelling cannot be considered an orthographic error, the original spelling has to be retained (ICBN Art. 60.1). A proposal to conserve the alternative spelling 'rhacodes' could be based only on its preponderant use, a situation that has never existed during the 175 year history of the name, and certainly does not exist now. In order to resolve this impasse, a proposal is published separately to conserve Agaricus rachodes with the original spelling 'rachodes' under ICBN Art. 14.11, as a means of enforcing Art. 60.1.