bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Representations of History as Common Ground for Processes of Intergroup Relations and the Content of Social Identities
Authors: Liu James H. , Páez Dario 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Social representations of history (SRH) provide symbolic resources enabling a society or culture to communicate what has worked for it in the past when facing challenges today. SRH (or collective memories) enrich process-oriented psychology with content that moderates and provides mediators for culture-general theories. They are produced by nation-states to provide a “warrant of antiquity” that legitimizes their claims to sovereignty. SRH are considered as a form of narrative for national or global identity, with schematic narrative templates casting groups or individuals as heroes and villains in the psyche of peoples, from which lessons can be drawn. Through the World History Survey and national case studies, this chapter illustrates how collective memory retains from the past only that which is still capable of living in the consciousness of the groups in the present, and, through a continual process of selection, interpretation, and retention enables both continuity and change in managing social identities.
Multicultural Identities
Authors: Hong Ying-yi , Zhan Siran 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Rapid globalization has heightened intercultural exposure and diversity of societies. As an adaptation to globalization, many individuals are acquiring identities that pertain to more than one regional and/or national culture. To understand the formation, maintenance, and impact of multicultural identity, researchers study it at multiple levels of analysis. To this end, this chapter will review the literature on multicultural identities at the levels of intrapersonal processes, interpersonal processes, and organizational and societal influences. The review shows that the concept of multicultural identity has evolved over time, from being seen as maladaptive to an embodiment of creativity and open-mindedness. This chapter demonstrates how the study of multicultural identities has gained prominence in recent decades and will be even more urgent as the mobility of individuals and social groups becomes the “new normal.” That is, with the exponential rate of intercultural contacts and mixing, being or becoming multicultural seems more normative than being monocultural. Monoculturalism may soon be a rare case and, as such, described as a thing of the past. It is ever more pressing to understand how people navigate among cultures, form bi- or multicultural identities, and adapt to new cultural environments cognitively and biologically and the challenges and barriers they face in the era of globalized world.
Cultural Neuroscience
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Blizinsky Katherine D. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cultural neuroscience is a research field that investigates the mutual influences of cultural and biological sciences on human behavior. Research in cultural neuroscience demonstrates cultural influences on the neurobiological mechanisms of processes of the mind and behavior. Culture tunes the structure and functional organization of the mind and the nervous system, including processes of emotion, cognition, and social behavior. Environmental and developmental approaches play an important role in the emergence and maintenance of culture. Culture serves as an evolutionary adaptation, protecting organisms from environmental conditions across geography. Cultural variation in the human mind, brain, and behavior serves to build and reinforce culture throughout the life course. This chapter examines the theoretical, methodological, and empirical foundations of cultural neuroscience and its implications for research in population health disparities and global mental health.
Living in a Changing World
Authors: Cai Huajian , Huang Zihang , Jing Yiming 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Abstract: Over recent decades, massive socioeconomic development and accelerated globalization have led to substantial changes in human culture and psychology. In this chapter, the authors identify a general trend of human cultural change around the globe: individualism has been increasing whereas collectivism has been decreasing. This trend is manifested in diverse social indicators, cultural products, daily practices, and various domains of psychology including cognition, personality, attitudes and values, and human development. Cultural change, however, is not linear. Economic depression as well as other external forces such as disaster and pandemic may interfere with it; some aspects of cultural heritage may also endure over the course of modernization, and multicultural societies are burgeoning around the world. Our review highlights that culture is not a static construct but a dynamic process. Future studies may extend the content and scope of our current research, explore processes and mechanisms underlying cultural change, and examine how individuals, organizations, and governments cope with this change.
Introduction
Authors: Palmer Lindsay 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The introduction to this book begins with a detailed description of what news fixers are and how their work has evolved over time. Since the book focuses primarily on news fixing in the 21st century, the introduction historicizes the figure of the fixer, illuminating the fixer’s connections to the interpreters or guides hired by explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists of past centuries. This brief but necessary historicization is firmly rooted within the critical framework of postcolonial studies, a theoretical lens that helps me explain the deeply entrenched tradition of colonial dependence on regionally specific knowledge—knowledge that unfortunately did not prevent the misrepresentation and exploitation of the people living in these other places. The introduction then moves to an examination of the news fixers’ current role within the larger ecosystem of international reporting. Building off the rich literature found in the field of journalism studies, which examines the various elements of the labor of foreign correspondence, the introduction will show that a space must be made within journalism scholarship for the study of news fixers. What is more, the field of global journalism ethics also has much to gain from a closer examination of these locally based media employees.
Conceptualizing the Story
Authors: Palmer Lindsay 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses specifically on the labor of conceptualizing the story. When news fixers describe this element of their work, they tend to emphasize three things: (1) their role in anticipating and successfully getting the story that the journalist originally wants, (2) their role in suggesting new story ideas to journalists who either do not know which events to cover or whose story ideas have not panned out, and (3) their role in educating visiting journalists on the political, social, and historical background knowledge that they sometimes very sorely lack. While some might argue that this element of news fixers’ labor points to their dubious efforts at slanting the story in a “biased” direction, the chapter argues that news fixers’ narratives about conceptualizing the story instead illuminate the fact that there is rarely one, immutable story to be found. From fixers’ perspectives, the journalistic story is an effort at lending coherence to a much more complex reality, one defined by competing angles and experiences. The chapter also shows that without the news fixers’ more extensive background knowledge, visiting journalists run the risk of grossly misrepresenting the people and places being covered.
Locating Classical Music in Culture
Authors: Bull Anna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter reframes existing research on classical music by putting it into dialogue with sociological understandings of class and gender to outline what a social analysis of classical music should look like. This also lays the foundations for theorizing more widely how music might be analysed in relation to class, an urgent theoretical intervention at a time of increasing economic inequality within many nation-states. It asks, how are musical institutions, practices, and aesthetics shaped by wider conditions of economic inequality, and in what ways might music enable and entrench such inequalities or work against them? The chapter argues for understanding music and inequality through a multi-scalar approach that examines how sociocultural discourses and practices can be traced within musical practices, and how such practices can then be heard in the aesthetic that they create.
‘Getting It Right’ as an Affect of Self-Improvement
Authors: Bull Anna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines rehearsal practices in the youth music groups in this study to analyse the practices that were required to attain ideals of aesthetic beauty. It introduces the idea of ‘getting it right’ as an important component of classical music education as observed in this study. Getting it right necessitated ongoing correction of the young musicians from teachers and conductors, and this formed the main practice of rehearsals. This rightness held a moral connotation for some of the young people, and the work of practising that was required to attain ‘rightness’ also held different meanings for young people in different class positions. However, within the powerful relationship of trust that many of the young people formed with their teachers, getting it right necessitated correction from teachers that for a few pupils turned into bullying or emotional abuse.
‘Sometimes I Feel Like I’m His Dog’
Authors: Bull Anna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn a close analysis of rehearsal processes in the youth choir and two youth orchestras in this study, this chapter describes in detail the gendered interaction between conductor and musicians. The charismatic authoritative leadership of their male conductors was appreciated and enjoyed by the young musicians. The chapter focuses particularly on the interactions that facilitated this charismatic authority. To this end, the construction of conductors’ charisma is analysed in its workings through consensual as well as more coercive practices such as humiliation and fear, and the ways in which these reinforced gendered norms are drawn out. The deference and conformity that are normal within classical music practice can be read politically as trust in the authority and expertise of adult leaders that is continuous with a wider middle-class trust in institutional authority. These social relations are, in part, inscribed in the musical text.
‘Instead of Destroying My Body I Have a Reason for Maintaining It’
Authors: Bull Anna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter assesses the encounter between a youth opera group and Mozart’s opera The Magic Flute. Singing opera gave the young women in this group a sense of control and embodied confidence, negating the body image issues that several of them described. Against this, the strongly gendered institutional and cultural context of classical music, including the musical-dramatic text of The Magic Flute itself, undermined this experience thanks to the ideology of ‘fidelity’ to origins and authenticity that is normative in classical music culture. This inhibited the radical potential of the bodily empowerment that the young women experienced through limiting the possibilities for re-imagining the musical text, thus also limiting any possibilities for changing the practices that bring the text to life.
On Social, Moral, and Linguistic Norms
Authors: Roughley Neil , Bayertz Kurt 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarises the contributions to the volume The Normative Animal? On the Anthropological Significance of Social, Moral and Linguistic Norms. The contributions are divided into three sections in line with the tripartite division of the types of norms discussed in the volume. The key claims of the individual chapters are presented and set into relation to one another, and a number of issues raised by competition between the claims are highlighted. This prepares the ground for an assessment of the normative animal thesis in the light of the varying accounts both of specific deontic phenomena and of normativity in general. Central issues concern the concepts of social norms and conventions, the relative importance of coordination and cooperation, the nature and role of collective intentionality, the place of norms in evolutionary explanations, and the structure of normative action guidance. Decisive for the normative animal thesis are the questions as to whether moral principles and linguistic rules are correctly characterised as both real and deontic in the same senses in which these characterisations apply to social norms.
On the Uniqueness of Human Normative Attitudes
Authors: Schmidt Marco F. H. , Rakoczy Hannes 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Humans are normative beings through and through. This capacity for normativity lies at the core of uniquely human forms of understanding and regulating socio-cultural group life. Plausibly, therefore, the hominin lineage evolved specialized social-cognitive, motivational, and affective abilities that helped create, transmit, preserve, and amend shared social practices. In turn, these shared normative attitudes and practices shaped subsequent human phylogeny, constituted new forms of group life, and hence structured human ontogeny, too. An essential aspect of human ontogeny is therefore its reciprocal nature regarding normativity. This chapter reviews recent evidence from developmental psychology suggesting that, from early on, human children take a normative attitude toward others’ conduct in social interactions, and thus a collectivistic and impersonal perspective on norms. The chapter discusses to what extent humans’ closest living primate relatives lack normative attitudes and therefore live in a non-normative socio-causal world structured by individual preferences, power relationships, and regularities.
The Normative Nature of Language
Authors: Enfield N. J. , Sidnell Jack 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the normative nature of language, focusing on the idea that there are socially determined and commonly shared criteria for accountably appropriate action specific to language. We define norms in terms of three key properties: if a pattern of behavior is supported by a norm, it is subliminal (the behavior is not noticed when present), ablinimal (the behavior is noticed when absent), and inference-vulnerable (absence of, or deviation from, the behavior generates inferences). In exploring the normative nature of language, this chapter first considers people’s orientation to norms in the use of language in social interaction, and then turns to people’s orientation to norms in the appropriate use of words. The chapter makes the case not only that word meanings are regulated by norms but that people are motivated to enforce such norms even in the most mundane and informal of settings. This is the result of a general tyranny of accountability, which pertains to language, and to other forms of behavior that are grounded in human intersubjectivity.
The Normativity of Meaning Revisited
Authors: Glock Hans-Johann 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The question of whether meaning is inherently normative has become a central topic in philosophy and linguistics. It also has crucial implications for anthropology and for understanding the evolution of language. This chapter defends the normativity of meaning against some recent challenges. Anti-normativists contend that while there are “semantic principles”—aka explanations of meaning—specifying conditions for the correct application of expressions, these are either not genuinely normative or they are not in fact constitutive of meaning. This dilemma can be defused if one clarifies the notions of norm, rule, and convention, distinguishes different dimensions of semantic normativity, and pays attention to different types of mistakes that can afflict linguistic behaviour. One needs to keep apart: norms of truth and of meaning, regulative and constitutive rules, rules and the reasons for following or disregarding them, pro tanto and all things considered obligations. On that basis the chapter argues that correctness is a normative notion and that constitutive rules in general and explanations of meaning in particular play various normative roles in linguistic practices. Furthermore, while speakers may conform to and occasionally violate semantic principle for defeasible prudential reasons, this is perfectly compatible with the principles having a normative status. The final section discusses the question of whether human communication requires communally shared rules or conventions and the age-old problem of circularity: how could such conventions be essential to language, given that the latter appears prerequisite for establishing and communicating conventions in the first place?
The Library Screen Scene
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Throughout life, people use film, videos, and media for entertainment and learning. In an increasing number of school, public, and academic libraries, people get opportunities to screen and discuss movies, make short animations, learn to edit videos, and develop a sense of community and civic engagement through shared media experiences. Through innovative programs, services, and collections, libraries are helping people acquire film and media literacy competencies. This book reveals five core practices used by librarians who care about film and media: viewing, creating, learning, collecting, and connecting. With examples from more than 170 school, public, and academic libraries in 15 states, the book shows how film and media literacy education programs and services in libraries advance the lifelong learning competencies of patrons and learners from all walks of life. How does it happen? Film screening and discussion programs deepen people’s appreciation for the art of film. Creating media in libraries advances literacy competencies, builds collaboration skills, and promotes community empowerment. In schools and universities, librarians help people critically analyze moving image media as they learn from it. Librarians make important choices in how they select and access film and media now that streaming media, social media, and other digital technologies are transforming access. Through partnerships, librarians help bring film and media education into communities, aware that opportunities for people to both consume and create moving image media help connect generations, cultures, and communities with important issues and ideas.
Connecting
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Librarians in school, public, and academic contexts have been more outward-facing in their outreach efforts over the past 15 years. Public libraries have connected with school and academic libraries, and more libraries increasingly connect with local organizations and individuals to provide programming. Public film screenings enable public and academic libraries to meet the needs of all people in the community—including those who can’t, don’t, or don’t like to read. Film and media literacy in libraries helps to create communities where ongoing sustained dialogue helps us talk and listen to each other. As we model respectful ways of talking about movies and media, we know that these vital civic competencies can transfer to the home, the family, the workplace, and the community. In some communities, locally created oral histories on video bring people together to share stories, and this form of digital media has cross-generational value for both current and future residents. Libraries can also be an avenue for independent filmmakers to distribute their films. Screening the entries of film contests like the 90-Second Newbery and 60-Second Shakespeare can serve to attract patrons to the library and readers to great literature. Outreach librarianship may also be a matter of marketing and adaptation for survival.
Moral Psychology and Cultivating the Self
Authors: Virág Curie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a selection of writings concerning Zhu Xi’s account of the psychological workings of human beings that explains how their nature (xing 性), heart-mind (xin 心), and the feelings (qing 情) are integrated with one another. It also includes material that addresses Zhu’s naturalistic explanation of moral capacity of humans and the proper course and method of self-cultivation. Zhu’s moral psychology presents a “synthesis” of the various cosmological and ethical ideas forwarded by his Northern Song neo-Confucian predecessors. He argued that by conceptualizing and embodying the all-pervading pattern-principle of things in the world one achieved integrity and unity in one’s own person, thereby fully realizing one’s humanity.
Politics and Government
Authors: Tiwald Justin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a representative selection of Zhu’s writings on issues such as the management of the state bureaucracy, public education, rules and regulations, foreign affairs, and the selection and appointment of officials. Zhu’s vision of good governance serves as a kind of regulative ideal for his ethics. The character traits that he most esteems and wants for educated men are those that position them to be righteous, discerning, and caring advisors and administrators, and the fact that they make for capable advisors and officers of state is part of what justifies the Confucian virtues as Zhu understands them. Zhu lived up to his theoretical account of the political life; several times, he risked his career to take positions against the corruption of officials and the Southern Song’s policy of appeasement toward the Jurchens and other neighboring states.
Poetry, Literature, Textual Study, and Hermeneutics
Authors: Ng On-cho 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces Zhu’s views on hermeneutics, literature, and poesy. His hermeneutics is dedicated to gaining an understanding of pattern-principle and the Way. Zhu elevated the Four Books as scriptural texts with canonical authority, regarding them as encasing all the most important cosmological truths. According to Zhu, the proper goal of reading is to fathom and penetrate the mind of the classics’ authors (the sages) and thereby achieve an apprehension of the Way. Zhu identifies the reader with the author in the sense that they share the same heart-mind, such that understanding can be attained outside of the remit of words and texts. Textual investigation, in the end, is merely a means to apprehend the highest truths. In other words, reading is the realization of the Way, and the Six Classics are works that demonstrate the workings of pattern-principle in the midst of the Way.
Introduction
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction of 9 Months In, 9 Months Out presents the premise of the book and the author’s reasons for writing it. She discusses the challenge that working women face when they decide to have children and how parenthood affects their careers. The author also explains the layout of the book and outlines how every chapter will cover each month of prenatal development and each of the first 9 months of parenthood. Each chapter will provide a real-time narrative of the experience of the mother juxtaposed with relevant research about each month of prenatal and infant development.