bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion of carlactone to carlactonoic acid is a conserved function of MAX1 homologs in strigolactone biosynthesis
Authors: Yoneyama Kaori , Mori Narumi , Sato Tomoyasu , Yoda Akiyoshi , Xie Xiaonan , Okamoto Masanori , Iwanaga Masashi , Ohnishi Toshiyuki , Nishiwaki Hisashi , Asami Tadao , Yokota Takao , Akiyama Kohki , Yoneyama Koichi , Nomura Takahito 
Published: February 2018

Summary

Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones which regulate shoot branching and function as host recognition signals for symbionts and parasites in the rhizosphere. However, steps in SL biosynthesis after carlactone (CL) formation remain elusive. This study elucidated the common and diverse functions of MAX1 homologs which catalyze CL oxidation.

We have reported previously that ArabidopsisMAX1 converts CL to carlactonoic acid (CLA), whereas a rice MAX1 homolog has been shown to catalyze the conversion of CL to 4‐deoxyorobanchol (4DO). To determine which reaction is conserved in the plant kingdom, we investigated the enzymatic function of MAX1 homologs in Arabidopsis, rice, maize, tomato, poplar and Selaginella moellendorffii.

The conversion of CL to CLA was found to be a common reaction catalyzed by MAX1 homologs, and MAX1s can be classified into three types: A1‐type, converting CL to CLA; A2‐type, converting CL to 4DO via CLA; and A3‐type, converting CL to CLA and 4DO to orobanchol.

CLA was detected in root exudates from poplar and Selaginella, but not ubiquitously in other plants examined in this study, suggesting its role as a species‐specific signal in the rhizosphere. This study provides new insights into the roles of MAX1 in endogenous and rhizosphere signaling.
Maize Urb2 protein is required for kernel development and vegetative growth by affecting pre‐ribosomal RNA processing
Authors: Wang Hongqiu , Wang Kai , Du Qingguo , Wang Yafei , Fu Zhiyuan , Guo Zhanyong , Kang Dingming , Li Wen‐Xue , Tang Jihua 
Published: February 2018

Summary

Ribosome biogenesis is a fundamental process in eukaryotic cells. Although Urb2 protein has been implicated in ribosome biogenesis in yeast, the Urb2 domain is loosely conserved between plants and yeast, and the function of Urb2 protein in plants remains unknown.

Here, we isolated a maize mutant, designated as urb2, with defects in kernel development and vegetative growth. Positional cloning and transgenic analysis revealed that urb2 encodes an Urb2 domain‐containing protein.

Compared with the wild‐type (WT), the urb2 mutant showed decreased ratios of 60S/40S and 80S/40S and increased ratios of polyribosomes. The pre‐rRNA intermediates of 35/33S rRNA, P‐A3 and 18S‐A3 were significantly accumulated in the urb2 mutant. Transcriptome profiling of the urb2 mutant indicated that ZmUrb2 affects the expression of a number of ribosome‐related genes. We further demonstrated that natural variations in ZmUrb2 are significantly associated with maize kernel length.

The overall results indicate that, by affecting pre‐rRNA processing, the Urb2 protein is required for ribosome biogenesis in maize.
Direct oral anticoagulants: A retrospective study of bleeding, behavior, and documentation
Authors: Miller SG , Miller CS 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) on bleeding complications following dental surgeries.Subjects and MethodsThis 6‐year retrospective study collected data from records of patients undergoing oral surgical procedures within a university setting. An electronic health record database was searched using current procedural terminology codes for oral surgical procedures. Information regarding patient, procedural factors, and postoperative complications were extracted. Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test.ResultsOf patients who had a procedural code associated with oral surgery, only 0.11% (12/11,320) took a DOAC. Twelve patients (10 males, age ranging from 44 to 90 years) underwent 17 surgeries by nine different practitioners involving 98 extractions, 14 alveoloplasties, two tuberosity reductions, and two tori removals. In nine cases, the DOAC was discontinued a mean of 52.5 hrs prior to surgery (range 12–120 hrs). Bleeding complications were not reported for patients whose drug was discontinued or continued. Documentation of drug continuation/discontinuation was poor.ConclusionsBleeding was not observed with direct oral anticoagulation use in this oral surgery cohort. Drug discontinuation/continuation was not a factor in bleeding outcomes, and direct oral anticoagulation interruption was variable and poorly documented.
Oral epithelial MUC1 and oral health
Authors: Kho H‐S 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo provide information about MUC1, epithelial membrane‐bound mucin, in terms of its role in oral health.DesignThe expression and functional roles of MUC1 in the oral mucosa and salivary glands were reviewed. Information on the modulation of oral mucosal epithelial MUC1 expression compared with that of endometrial epithelial MUC1 expression was also reviewed. In addition, the possible associations between oral mucosal epithelial MUC1 and oral diseases were explored.ResultsMUC1 is expressed in the oral mucosa and major and minor salivary glands. Protection of oral mucosal surfaces is believed to be the main function of oral mucosal epithelial MUC1. Its role in the salivary glands is thought to facilitate salivary flow through the ductal system. Information on the role of MUC1 in signal transduction and modulation of immune function in the oral cavity is sparse. However, the possible roles of MUC1 in dry mouth conditions, burning mouth syndrome, dental caries, and oral candidiasis have been suggested.ConclusionsDespite limited information, it is clear that oral epithelial MUC1 plays an important role in oral health. Further research evaluating the physiological and pathological roles of MUC1 in the oral cavity is warranted.
Human papillomavirus load in benign HPV‐associated oral lesions from HIV/AIDS individuals
Authors: Camacho‐Aguilar S , Ramírez‐Amador V , Rosendo‐Chalma P , Guido‐Jiménez M , García‐Carrancá A , Anaya‐Saavedra G 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundAlthough HPV emerged as a crucial carcinogenic and prognostic biomarker in head and neck cancer, and considering the increase in HPV‐associated oral lesions (HPV‐OLs) in HIV individuals, molecular information about HPV‐OLs is scarce; thus, our aim was to determine viral loads in HPV‐OLs from HIV/AIDS individuals.MethodsHIV/AIDS subjects with HPV‐OL were included in this cross‐sectional study. Following informed consent, biopsies were obtained. HPV detection and typing were carried out by PCR and sequencing (MY09/11, GP5+/6+). HPV‐13 and HPV‐32 loads were determined by a high‐resolution melting assay. For statistical analysis, X2, Fisher's exact, and Mann‐Whitney U tests were applied, using SPSS software (v.23).ResultsTwenty‐nine HIV subjects (median age 38 years, 93% males) were included. Most were AIDS individuals (72.4%) under HAART (89.7%). Twenty‐two (75.9%) participants had more than one HPV‐OL (four with florid presentations), mostly multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (62%), being HPV‐13 (26%) and HPV‐32 (31%) the most frequent types. HPV load was higher in individuals with multiple HPV‐OLs than in solitary lesions (4.9 vs. 3.2 Log10 copies/ml, p = .090) and in HPV‐32+ than in HPV‐13+ (8.3 vs. 6.4 Log10 copies/ml, p = .014).ConclusionsMultiple HPV‐OLs showed high HPV loads, possibly indicating transcriptional activity of the virus; however, in the HIV setting, the individual and local immunological response could be the key process.
An evidence‐based oral health promotion programme: Lessons from Leicester
Authors: Murphy JM , Burch TE , Dickenson AJ , Wong J , Moore R 
Published: February 2018

ObjectivesTo provide an overview and draw lessons from the establishment of a local oral health promotion programme for preschool children in Leicester, England (2013–2017). The article provides information on the strategic approach taken in Leicester, one of the most ethnically diverse cities in England, and also one of the most deprived. Over a third of children aged 3 years, and half of those aged 5 years, have experience of obvious dental decay.MethodsA description of the evolution and development of the programme is provided along with commentary by the authors. This includes the origins, design and evaluation of the programme.ResultsProgress so far has been promising. There has been a statistically significant 8% decrease in the proportion of 5‐year‐old children in Leicester with dental decay from 2011/2012 to 2014/2015. This will need to be sustained and further developed to deliver the 10% reduction required within the strategy.ConclusionsThe successful implementation of a local oral health improvement programme in Leicester has required leadership to coordinate a multiagency partnership approach to embedding effective concepts and realising opportunities collaboratively. However, longer term sustainability remains a concern.
The medically compromised patient: Are dental implants a feasible option?
Authors: Vissink A , Spijkervet FKL , Raghoebar GM 
Published: February 2018

In healthy subjects, dental implants have evolved to be a common therapy to solve problems related to stability and retention of dentures as well as to replace failing teeth. Although dental implants are applied in medically compromised patients, it is often not well known whether this therapy is also feasible in these patients, whether the risk of implant failure and developing peri‐implantitis is increased, and what specific preventive measures, if any, have to be taken when applying dental implants in these patients. Generally speaking, as was the conclusion by the leading review of Diz, Scully, and Sanz on placement of dental implants in medically compromised patients (J Dent, 41, 2013, 195), in a few disorders implant survival may be lower, and the risk of a compromised peri‐implant health and its related complications be greater, but the degree of systemic disease control outweighs the nature of the disorder rather than the risk accompanying dental implant treatment. So, as dental implant treatment is accompanied by significant functional benefits and improved oral health‐related quality of life, dental implant therapy is a feasible treatment in almost any medically compromised patient when the required preventive measures are taken and follow‐up care is at a high level.
Betel quid chewing among adult male immigrants from the Indian subcontinent to Italy
Authors: Petti S , Warnakulasuriya S 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveBetel quid chewing (BQC) is an important oral cancer risk factor widespread in the Indian subcontinent. This usage also is common among migrants from this region. As the number of immigrants from South‐East Asia is dramatically increasing in Italy, this survey was aimed at investigating BQC prevalence among immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.Subjects and MethodsFirst‐generation adult male immigrants coming from Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, living in Rome, were consecutively selected. They were interviewed using a validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were performed, and factors associated to regular BQC were investigated through regression analysis.ResultsA total of 211 subjects (mean age, 33.8 years) living in Rome for 11 years, on average, participated in the study. BQC prevalence was 37.9% with few differences between Pakistani, Sri Lankans, and Indians. Prevalence among Bangladeshi was 7.3%. 69% of the consumers chewed BQ at least twice daily, 90% chewed BQ with tobacco; 30.3% subjects were smokers and chewers. Chewing parents, smoking, health illiteracy were associated with BQC. Most chewers believed that BQ helps to relieve stress.ConclusionsThe number of oral cancers in Italy is expected to increase because of BQC dissemination. Therefore, specific awareness campaigns directed to residents of South‐East Asian origin are needed.
Human‐ and mouse‐derived neurons can be simultaneously obtained by co‐cultures of human oral mucosal stem cells and mouse neural stem cells
Authors: Alajbeg I , Alić I , Andabak‐Rogulj A , Brailo V , Mitrečić D 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveTo observe simultaneous differentiation and analyse possible interactions between co‐cultured human oral mucosal stem cells (hOMSC) and mouse neural stem cells (mNSC).Materials and MethodshOMSC and mNSC were co‐cultured in mouse and in human medium, and their immunocytochemical characterization to detect survival rate and differentiation pattern was performed. Co‐cultures in different media were compared to hOMSC in human medium and mNSC in mouse medium as controls.ResultsCo‐culture of hOMSC and mNSC in medium for human cells led to normal differentiation pattern of human cells, while mNSC were directed towards astrocytes. When the same cells were cultivated in the mouse medium, both cell types succeeded to form neurons, although mNSC showed a tendency to overgrow hOMSC. hOMSC alone in the human‐specific medium differentiated towards ectodermal (Oct4, Map2) and mesodermal (Osterix) cell populations. mNSC in the mouse‐specific medium differentiated towards Map2‐, β3‐tubulin‐ and NeuN‐positive neurons.ConclusionshOMSC and mNSC can form co‐cultures. Different media considerably affected the differentiation pattern of co‐cultures, whereas one cell population itself modestly influenced differentiation of the other cell type. The in vitro differentiation pattern of hOMSC in the mouse neural tissue environment suggested that hOMSC could be beneficial in the brain tissue affected by ischaemia.
Small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) from the Terreneuvian (lower Cambrian) of Baltica
Authors: Slater Ben J. , Harvey Thomas H. P. , Butterfield Nicholas J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe describe a new assemblage of small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) from diagenetically minimally altered clays and siltstones of Terreneuvian age from the Lontova and Voosi formations of Estonia, Lithuania and Russia. This is the first detailed account of an SCF assemblage from the Terreneuvian and includes a number of previously undocumented Cambrian organisms. Recognizably bilaterian‐derived SCFs include abundant protoconodonts (total‐group Chaetognatha), and distinctive cuticular spines of scalidophoran worms. Alongside these metazoan remains are a range of protistan‐grade fossils, including Retiranus balticus gen. et sp. nov., a distinctive funnel‐shaped or sheet‐like problematicum characterized by terminal or marginal vesicles, and Lontohystrichosphaera grandis gen. et sp. nov., a large (100–550 μm) ornamented vesicular microfossil. Together these data offer a fundamentally enriched view of Terreneuvian life in the epicratonic seas of Baltica, from an episode where records of non‐biomineralized life are currently sparse. Even so, the recovered assemblages contain a lower diversity of metazoans than SCF biotas from younger (Stage 4) Baltic successions that represent broadly equivalent environments, echoing the diversification signal recorded in the coeval shelly and trace‐fossil records. Close comparison to the biostratigraphical signal from Fortunian small shelly fossils supports a late Fortunian age for most of the Lontova/Voosi succession, rather than a younger (wholly Stage 2) range.
Advancing assessment of marine phytoplankton community structure and nutritional value from fatty acid profiles of cultured microalgae
Authors: Cañavate José P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe dual function of fatty acids as both biomarkers of phytoplankton community structure and proxies of their nutritional value is becoming increasingly recognized as a substantial complement to elemental stoichiometry studies in aquatic ecology and aquaculture. Despite information on fatty acid composition of marine microalgae being more abundant, phytoplankton fatty acid reviews as well as information on their nutritional quality and effects in food webs are far more frequent for freshwater species. Here, 683 fatty acid profiles of 115 genera of marine microalgae belonging to 17 classes from eight phyla and cultured under nonstressful conditions were compiled. Data analysis allowed establishment of fatty acid reference values that can be used to quantitatively determine marine phytoplankton community structure with an unprecedented descriptive level. Fatty acids also served to generate the first microalgae nutritional index adapted to requirements of consumers and their trophic upgrading capabilities. Fatty acid profile allowed taxonomically differentiating among marine microalgae within a group comprising 14 classes and the Bacillariophyta phylum. Phylogeny was the strongest driving force of fatty acid variation, whereas the marine or freshwater origin of microalgae contributed <1%. Nutritionally, marine microalgae were more homogeneously arranged at the phylum level, with the Dinophyta separately scoring the maximum nutritional value. The phylum Chlorophyta comprised strictly marine classes and other classes also present in freshwaters and showed the highest within‐phylum nutritional quality variability. Such variability is relevant and recommends using specific taxonomic terminology for green lineage microalgae regarding their nutritional value.
How to Perform an Ethical Risk Analysis (eRA)
Authors: Hansson Sven Ove 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEthical analysis is often needed in the preparation of policy decisions on risk. A three‐step method is proposed for performing an ethical risk analysis (eRA). In the first step, the people concerned are identified and categorized in terms of the distinct but compatible roles of being risk‐exposed, a beneficiary, or a decisionmaker. In the second step, a more detailed classification of roles and role combinations is performed, and ethically problematic role combinations are identified. In the third step, further ethical deliberation takes place, with an emphasis on individual risk‐benefit weighing, distributional analysis, rights analysis, and power analysis. Ethical issues pertaining to subsidiary risk roles, such as those of experts and journalists, are also treated in this phase. An eRA should supplement, not replace, a traditional risk analysis that puts emphasis on the probabilities and severities of undesirable events but does not cover ethical issues such as agency, interpersonal relationships, and justice.
Ancient Martian aeolian processes and palaeomorphology reconstructed from the Stimson formation on the lower slope of Aeolis Mons, Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Banham Steven G. , Gupta Sanjeev , Rubin David M. , Watkins Jessica A. , Sumner Dawn Y. , Edgett Kenneth S. , Grotzinger John P. , Lewis Kevin W. , Edgar Lauren A. , Stack‐Morgan Kathryn M. , Barnes Robert , Bell James F. , Day Mackenzie D. , Ewing Ryan C. , Lapotre Mathieu G.A. , Stein Nathan T. , Rivera‐Hernandez Frances , Vasavada Ashwin R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractReconstruction of the palaeoenvironmental context of Martian sedimentary rocks is central to studies of ancient Martian habitability and regional palaeoclimate history. This paper reports the analysis of a distinct aeolian deposit preserved in Gale crater, Mars, and evaluates its palaeomorphology, the processes responsible for its deposition, and its implications for Gale crater geological history and regional palaeoclimate. Whilst exploring the sedimentary succession cropping out on the northern flank of Aeolis Mons, Gale crater, the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity encountered a decametre‐thick sandstone succession, named the Stimson formation, unconformably overlying lacustrine deposits of the Murray formation. The sandstone contains sand grains characterized by high roundness and sphericity, and cross‐bedding on the order of 1 m in thickness, separated by sub‐horizontal bounding surfaces traceable for tens of metres across outcrops. The cross‐beds are composed of uniform thickness cross‐laminations interpreted as wind‐ripple strata. Cross‐sets are separated by sub‐horizontal bounding surfaces traceable for tens of metres across outcrops that are interpreted as dune migration surfaces. Grain characteristics and presence of wind‐ripple strata indicate deposition of the Stimson formation by aeolian processes. The absence of features characteristic of damp or wet aeolian sediment accumulation indicate deposition in a dry aeolian system. Reconstruction of the palaeogeomorphology suggests that the Stimson dune field was composed largely of simple sinuous crescentic dunes with a height of ca 10 m, and wavelengths of ca 150 m, with local development of complex dunes. Analysis of cross‐strata dip azimuths indicates that the general dune migration direction and hence net sediment transport was towards the north‐east. The juxtaposition of a dry aeolian system unconformably above the lacustrine Murray formation represents starkly contrasting palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic conditions. Stratigraphic relationships indicate that this transition records a significant break in time, with the Stimson formation being deposited after the Murray formation and stratigraphically higher Mount Sharp group rocks had been buried, lithified and subsequently eroded.
Faith Schools, Community Engagement and Social Cohesion: A Rural Perspective
Authors: Hemming Peter J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMuch of the debate surrounding the impact of faith schools on wider society has focused on the extent to which they promote social cohesion in urban communities. Yet, much of the faith‐based sector in both England and Wales actually consists of small, rural, Anglican primary schools. This article takes a closer look at these schools to further investigate their influence on social cohesion and community relations, as well as wider questions concerning the significance of religion for contemporary rural life. With reference to an in‐depth case study comparison of two Anglican primary schools in western England and southern Wales, the article draws on qualitative data from staff, pupils, parents and local villagers to explore different approaches to community engagement and their consequences for social cohesion. In so doing, the article makes important contributions to the literatures on faith‐based schooling, rural education, social cohesion, and religion in rural contexts.
Risks and Rewards of College Football: Who Would Accept a Scholarship Knowing the Chances of Physical Harm?*
Authors: Ott Molly , Bozeman Barry , Taggart Gabel 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveOver the past decade, increased scrutiny has been given to health‐related consequences of participating in American football. This study considers whether the known risk has affected individuals’ willingness to play at the intercollegiate level.MethodsDrawing from a survey of 726 adult males, this study uses quantitative experimental vignette methodology to investigate factors associated with the self‐conscious choice to risk brain damage in exchange for a football scholarship.ResultsRespondents whose mothers’ highest level of education was high school or lower were especially willing to assume the known long‐term risk associated with playing college football, as were African Americans.ConclusionsThe findings may foreshadow a moral quandary should radical changes to football player safety not occur soon. If the sport's physical risks are acceptable mainly to those from historically disadvantaged backgrounds, it could be difficult for presidents, faculty, and other stakeholders to allow young men to represent their universities in this capacity.