bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Applications at the Cutting Edge of Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Authors: Dillard Rebecca S. , Hampton Cheri M. , Strauss Joshua D. , Ke Zunlong , Altomara Deanna , Guerrero-Ferreira Ricardo C. , Kiss Gabriella , Wright Elizabeth R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a powerful tool for macromolecular to near-atomic resolution structure determination in the biological sciences. The specimen is maintained in a near-native environment within a thin film of vitreous ice and imaged in a transmission electron microscope. The images can then be processed by a number of computational methods to produce three-dimensional information. Recent advances in sample preparation, imaging, and data processing have led to tremendous growth in the field of cryo-EM by providing higher resolution structures and the ability to investigate macromolecules within the context of the cell. Here, we review developments in sample preparation methods and substrates, detectors, phase plates, and cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy that have contributed to this expansion. We also have included specific biological applications.
Ultrastructure of Female Antennal Sensilla of an Endoparasitoid Wasp,Quadrastichus mendeliKim & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae)
Authors: Huang Zong-You , Zhang Yu-Jing , Liu Jun-Yan , Yang Zhen-De , Lu Wen , Zheng Xia-Lin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe antennal sensilla of femaleQuadrastichus mendeliKim & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) were observed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy in this study. The antenna ofQ. mendeliwas geniculate, and the flagellum was composed of seven subsegments. Six distinct types of sensory receptors were observed, including sensilla basiconic capitate peg, sensilla böhm, sensilla chaetica, sensilla campaniformia, sensilla placodea and sensilla trichodea. Sensilla basiconic capitate pegs were found on the flagellomeres, and Böhm sensilla were found on the basal part of scape and the pedicel. Two morphological subtypes of sensilla chaetica were found on the antennae, and sensilla campaniformia were only found on the pedicel. Sensilla placodea were divided into two morphological subtypes that were found on the flagellomeres. Sensilla trichodea were found on the 2nd–6th flagellomere. By comparison to existing antennal sensilla, it was found that sensilla basiconic capitate peg, sensilla chaetica, sensilla placodea and sensilla trichodea were the most common sensilla of the parasitoids of Eulophidae. The external and internal morphology, types, number, distribution, length, and width of these sensilla were described, and their possible functions are discussed in conjunction with the host-detection behavior. Future studies on the host location mechanisms inQ. mendeliwill be facilitated by these observations.
Applying WTO and FTA Disciplines to Data Localization Measures
Authors: HODSON SUSANNAH 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe last decade has seen a proliferation of measures requiring data to be stored within national borders. Such restrictions, known as ‘data localization measures’, disrupt digital trade and run counter to the borderless reality of the internet. But the effectiveness of existing WTO rules to adequately discipline data localization measures remains inconclusive. In the absence of meaningful progress at the multilateral level, FTA negotiations are developing new models to address such barriers. This article compares how data localization measures would be disciplined under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and theComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership(CPTPP) framework. It argues that the CPTPP represents a significant advance on the GATS and strikes an appropriate balance between facilitating businesses’ growing need to transfer and store data across national borders while preserving governments’ right to regulate in the public interest.
Agri-food firms, universities, and corporate social responsibility: what's in the public interest?
Authors: Chiles Robert M. , Glenna Leland , Sharma Amit , Catchmark Jeffrey , Azzara C. Daniel , Maretzki Audrey 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe complexities of the global agri-food system and the singular importance of food as a primary good elevate the need to explore what corporate social responsibility (CSR) might mean for agri-food firms. Although CSR refers to voluntary actions on the part of capitalist firms to exceed legal and regulatory requirements, those requirements are important because they set the institutional foundation for what a firm must do to earn the CSR label. In the case of CSR for agri-food firms, the institutional context includes the regulatory state as well as the publicly supported agricultural and food research and development that tends to be done at universities. The purpose of this paper is to provide greater conceptual clarity to the blur between the state, agri-food firms, and universities and their respective responsibilities to the public. Since the globalization of the agri-food system and the emergence of private forms of governance signal the decline of the state's legal and regulatory influence on corporate firms, we pay particularly close attention to the ethical challenges that have surrounded university–agribusiness collaborations—initiatives, which conjoin the moral concerns associated with each respective institution while also raising new questions in their own right. Although the university would ideally play a critical participatory role in this process by virtue of its public commitments, as we explain, the historical relationship between the university and agri-food firms has complicated the university's potential standing as an independent arbiter. Upon examining each of these issues in greater detail, we conclude the paper with a blueprint for how universities can enhance their ethical leadership when engaging with agri-food firms.
The Relationship Between Immorality and Cleansing
Authors: Siev Jedidiah , Zuckerman Shelby E. , Siev Joseph J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In a widely publicized set of studies, participants who were primed to consider unethical events preferred cleansing products more than did those primed with ethical events ( Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006 ). This tendency to respond to moral threat with physical cleansing is known as the Macbeth Effect. Several subsequent efforts, however, did not replicate this relationship. The present manuscript reports the results of a meta-analysis of 15 studies testing this relationship. The weighted mean effect size was small across all studies (g = 0.17, 95% CI [0.04, 0.31]), and nonsignificant across studies conducted in independent laboratories (g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.04, 0.19]). We conclude that there is little evidence for an overall Macbeth Effect; however, there may be a Macbeth Effect under certain conditions.
Permeability Structure of the Lava‐Dike Transition of 15‐Myr‐Old Oceanic Crust Formed at the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Gilbert L. A. , Crispini L. , Tartarotti P. , Bona M. L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe permeability structure of oceanic crust controls both the spatial and temporal extent of hydrothermal circulation, but the detailed geometry of fractures in seafloor rocks is not well known. We apply an equivalent channel model to veins, joints, faults, and breccias preserved in recovered cores from ODP‐IODP Hole 1256D to calculate paleo‐permeability. In the ~250‐m transition between dikes and lavas, paleo‐permeability is 10−13~10−14 m2 with narrow zones of >10−9 m2 that presumably act as conduits for the largest volume of fluids. Most of these high‐permeability zones are oriented vertically as a result of diking events into a significant thickness of lavas outside of the neovolcanic zone. After an increase in permeability due to off‐axis diking events, fluid temperatures drop, pathways are sealed, and the permeability of the upper oceanic crust drops significantly.
Parameterized Vertical Concentration Profiles for Aerosols in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Nissanka Indrajith D. , Park Hyungwon John , Freire Livia S. , Chamecki Marcelo , Reid Jeffrey S. , Richter David H. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractInformation about sea spray aerosol particle transport and their vertical distribution in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) is important in marine meteorological forecasting and geobiochemical models. However, due to difficulties in field observations, values of aerosol concentration are often limited to point measurements, and obtaining the size‐resolved concentration profiles is quite challenging. Hence, numerical and analytical studies are vital in modeling the transport of aerosols in the atmospheric boundary layer and beyond. Due to their coarse resolution, most mesoscale and global aerosol models do not accurately resolve the sea spray and aerosol concentrations in the MABL, especially in the surface layer. The objective of the present study is to develop a relatively simple, one‐dimensional analytical model to calculate concentration profiles of aerosols in the MABL. In this study, a new analytical model relating surface flux to vertical concentration profile in the MABL is proposed. The model accounts for the different atmospheric stability and particle settling velocity, thus providing size‐resolved vertical profiles of aerosol concentration. The equations developed here extend the surface layer similarity models to the mixed layer. Model results are compared to aerosol concentration profiles emitted from a surface source obtained from large eddy simulations, for both neutral and unstable atmospheric stability and for particle sizes ranging from 1 to 30 μm. Though the model is developed for sea spray aerosols, it can be used to calculate vertical concentration profiles for other types of settling particles, including dust and sand particles in the atmospheric boundary layer.
Antiapoptotic effects of cannabidiol in an experimental model of cognitive decline induced by brain iron overload
Authors: da Silva Vanessa Kappel , de Freitas Betânia Souza , Garcia Rebeca Carvalho Lacerda , Monteiro Ricardo Tavares , Hallak Jaime Eduardo , Zuardi Antônio Waldo , Crippa José Alexandre S. , Schröder Nadja 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIron accumulation in the brain has been recognized as a common feature of both normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive dysfunction has been associated to iron excess in brain regions in humans. We have previously described that iron overload leads to severe memory deficits, including spatial, recognition, and emotional memory impairments in adult rats. In the present study we investigated the effects of neonatal iron overload on proteins involved in apoptotic pathways, such as Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Caspase 3, Cytochrome c, APAF1, and PARP in the hippocampus of adult rats, in an attempt to establish a causative role of iron excess on cell death in the nervous system, leading to memory dysfunction. Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa, was examined as a potential drug to reverse iron-induced effects on the parameters analyzed. Male rats received vehicle or iron carbonyl (30 mg/kg) from the 12th to the 14th postnatal days and were treated with vehicle or CBD (10 mg/kg) for 14 days in adulthood. Iron increased Caspase 9, Cytochrome c, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, without affecting cleaved Caspase 8 levels. CBD reversed iron-induced effects, recovering apoptotic proteins Caspase 9, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP to the levels found in controls. These results suggest that iron can trigger cell death pathways by inducing intrinsic apoptotic proteins. The reversal of iron-induced effects by CBD indicates that it has neuroprotective potential through its anti-apoptotic action.
Variants associating with uterine leiomyoma highlight genetic background shared by various cancers and hormone-related traits
Authors: Rafnar Thorunn , Gunnarsson Bjarni , Stefansson Olafur A. , Sulem Patrick , Ingason Andres , Frigge Michael L. , Stefansdottir Lilja , Sigurdsson Jon K. , Tragante Vinicius , Steinthorsdottir Valgerdur , Styrkarsdottir Unnur , Stacey Simon N. , Gudmundsson Julius , Arnadottir Gudny A. , Oddsson Asmundur , Zink Florian , Halldorsson Gisli , Sveinbjornsson Gardar , Kristjansson Ragnar P. , Davidsson Olafur B. , Salvarsdottir Anna , Thoroddsen Asgeir , Helgadottir Elisabet A. , Kristjansdottir Katrin , Ingthorsson Orri , Gudmundsson Valur , Geirsson Reynir T. , Arnadottir Ragnheidur , Gudbjartsson Daniel F. , Masson Gisli , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Jonasson Jon G. , Olafsson Karl , Thorsteinsdottir Unnur , Halldorsson Bjarni V. , Thorleifsson Gudmar , Stefansson Kari 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUterine leiomyomas are common benign tumors of the myometrium. We performed a meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies of leiomyoma in European women (16,595 cases and 523,330 controls), uncovering 21 variants at 16 loci that associate with the disease. Five variants were previously reported to confer risk of various malignant or benign tumors (rs78378222 in TP53, rs10069690 in TERT, rs1800057 and rs1801516 in ATM, and rs7907606 at OBFC1) and four signals are located at established risk loci for hormone-related traits (endometriosis and breast cancer) at 1q36.12 (CDC42/WNT4), 2p25.1 (GREB1), 20p12.3 (MCM8), and 6q26.2 (SYNE1/ESR1). Polygenic score for leiomyoma, computed using UKB data, is significantly correlated with risk of cancer in the Icelandic population. Functional annotation suggests that the non-coding risk variants affect multiple genes, including ESR1. Our results provide insights into the genetic background of leiomyoma that are shared by other benign and malignant tumors and highlight the role of hormones in leiomyoma growth.
Manipulating and visualizing the dynamic aggregation-induced emission within a confined quartz nanopore
Authors: Ying Yi-Lun , Li Yuan-Jie , Mei Ju , Gao Rui , Hu Yong-Xu , Long Yi-Tao , Tian He 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAggregation-induced emission (AIE) as a unique photophysical process has been intensively explored for their features in fields from optical sensing, bioimaging to optoelectronic devices. However, all AIE luminogens (AIEgens) hardly recover into the initial dispersed state after illuminating at the ultimate aggregated state, which limits AIEgens to achieve reversible sensing and reproducible devices. To real-time manipulate the emission of AIEgen, here we take the advantage of confined space in the quartz nanopore to achieve a nanopore-size-dependent restriction of AIEgens for reversible conversions of “on-to-off” and “off-to-on” emission. By electrochemically manipulating 26 fL AIEgen solution inside nanopore confinement, AIE illuminates while moves along nanopore from the constricted tip to inside cavity at a velocity of 1.4–2.2 μm s−1, and vice versa. We further apply this dynamic manipulation for a target delivery of AIEgen into single cells, which opens up new possibility to design powerful and practical AIE applications.
Ventral hippocampal OLM cells control type 2 theta oscillations and response to predator odor
Authors: Mikulovic Sanja , Restrepo Carlos Ernesto , Siwani Samer , Bauer Pavol , Pupe Stefano , Tort Adriano B. L. , Kullander Klas , Leão Richardson N. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDorsal and ventral hippocampus regions exert cognition and emotion-related functions, respectively. Since both regions display rhythmic activity, specific neural oscillatory pacemakers may underlie their functional dichotomy. Type 1 theta oscillations are independent of cholinergic transmission and are observed in the dorsal hippocampus during movement and exploration. In contrast, type 2 theta depends on acetylcholine and appears when animals are exposed to emotionally laden contexts such as a predator presence. Despite its involvement in emotions, type 2 theta has not been associated with the ventral hippocampus. Here, we show that optogenetic activation of oriens-lacunosum moleculare (OLM) interneurons in the ventral hippocampus drives type 2 theta. Moreover, we found that type 2 theta generation is associated with increased risk-taking behavior in response to predator odor. These results demonstrate that two theta oscillations subtypes originate in the two hippocampal regions that predominantly underlie either cognitive or emotion-related functions.
Correct determination of charge transfer state energy from luminescence spectra in organic solar cells
Authors: List Mathias , Sarkar Tanmoy , Perkhun Pavlo , Ackermann Jörg , Luo Chieh , Würfel Uli 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGeneration and recombination of electrons and holes in organic solar cells occurs via charge transfer states located at the donor/acceptor interface. The energy of these charge transfer states is a crucial factor for the attainable open-circuit voltage and its correct determination is thus of utmost importance for a detailed understanding of such devices. This work reports on drastic changes of electroluminescence spectra of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells upon variation of the absorber layer thickness. It is shown that optical thin-film effects have a large impact on optical out-coupling of luminescence radiation for devices made from different photoactive materials, in configurations with and without indium tin oxide. A scattering matrix approach is presented which accurately reproduces the observed effects and thus delivers the radiative recombination spectra corrected for the wavelength-dependent out-coupling. This approach is proven to enable the correct determination of charge transfer state energies.
Refined efficacy estimates of the Sanofi Pasteur dengue vaccine CYD-TDV using machine learning
Authors: Dorigatti I. , Donnelly C. A. , Laydon D. J. , Small R. , Jackson N. , Coudeville L. , Ferguson N. M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCYD-TDV is the first licensed dengue vaccine for individuals 9–45 (or 60) years of age. Using 12% of the subjects enroled in phase-2b and phase-3 trials for which baseline serostatus was measured, the vaccine-induced protection against virologically confirmed dengue during active surveillance (0–25 months) was found to vary with prior exposure to dengue. Because age and dengue exposure are highly correlated in endemic settings, refined insight into how efficacy varies by serostatus and age is essential to understand the increased risk of hospitalisation observed among vaccinated individuals during the long-term follow-up and to develop safe and effective vaccination strategies. Here we apply machine learning to impute the baseline serostatus for subjects with post-dose 3 titres but missing baseline serostatus. We find evidence for age dependence in efficacy independent of serostatus and estimate that among 9–16 year olds, CYD-TDV is protective against serotypes 1, 3 and 4 regardless of baseline serostatus.
Aberrant splicing and defective mRNA production induced by somatic spliceosome mutations in myelodysplasia
Authors: Shiozawa Yusuke , Malcovati Luca , Gallì Anna , Sato-Otsubo Aiko , Kataoka Keisuke , Sato Yusuke , Watatani Yosaku , Suzuki Hiromichi , Yoshizato Tetsuichi , Yoshida Kenichi , Sanada Masashi , Makishima Hideki , Shiraishi Yuichi , Chiba Kenichi , Hellström-Lindberg Eva , Miyano Satoru , Ogawa Seishi , Cazzola Mario 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSpliceosome mutations are frequently found in myelodysplasia. Splicing alterations induced by these mutations, their precise targets, and the effect at the transcript level have not been fully elucidated. Here we report transcriptomic analyses of 265 bone marrow samples from myelodysplasia patients, followed by a validation using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing and an assessment of nonsense-mediated decay susceptibility. Small but widespread reduction of intron-retaining isoforms is the most frequent splicing alteration in SF3B1-mutated samples. SF3B1 mutation is also associated with 3′ splice site alterations, leading to the most pronounced reduction of canonical transcripts. Target genes include tumor suppressors and genes of mitochondrial iron metabolism or heme biosynthesis. Alternative exon usage is predominant in SRSF2- and U2AF1-mutated samples. Usage of an EZH2 cryptic exon harboring a premature termination codon is increased in both SRSF2- and U2AF1-mutated samples. Our study reveals a landscape of splicing alterations and precise targets of various spliceosome mutations.
Conservation of epigenetic regulation by the MLL3/4 tumour suppressor in planarian pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Mihaylova Yuliana , Abnave Prasad , Kao Damian , Hughes Samantha , Lai Alvina , Jaber-Hijazi Farah , Kosaka Nobuyoshi , Aboobaker A. Aziz 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrently, little is known about the evolution of epigenetic regulation in animal stem cells. Here we demonstrate, using the planarian stem cell system to investigate the role of the COMPASS family of MLL3/4 histone methyltransferases that their function as tumor suppressors in mammalian stem cells is conserved over a long evolutionary distance. To investigate the potential conservation of a genome-wide epigenetic regulatory program in animal stem cells, we assess the effects of Mll3/4 loss of function by performing RNA-seq and ChIP-seq on the G2/M planarian stem cell population, part of which contributes to the formation of outgrowths. We find many oncogenes and tumor suppressors among the affected genes that are likely candidates for mediating MLL3/4 tumor suppression function. Our work demonstrates conservation of an important epigenetic regulatory program in animals and highlights the utility of the planarian model system for studying epigenetic regulation.
Selective sorting of polymers with different terminal groups using metal-organic frameworks
Authors: Le Ouay Benjamin , Watanabe Chikara , Mochizuki Shuto , Takayanagi Masayoshi , Nagaoka Masataka , Kitao Takashi , Uemura Takashi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSeparation of high-molecular-weight polymers differing just by one monomeric unit remains a challenging task. Here, we describe a protocol using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the efficient separation and purification of mixtures of polymers that differ only by their terminal groups. In this process, polymer chains are inserted by threading one of their extremities through a series of MOF nanowindows. Selected termini can be adjusted by tuning the MOF structure, and the insertion methodology. Accordingly, MOFs with permanently opened pores allow for the complete separation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based on steric hindrance of the terminal groups. Excellent separation is achieved, even for high molecular weights (20 kDa). Furthermore, the dynamic character of a flexible MOF is used to separate PEG mixtures with very similar terminal moieties, such as OH, OMe, and OEt, as the slight difference of polarity in these groups significantly changes the pore opening kinetics.