bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agents of dissent: African student organizations in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Pugach Sara 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAfrican students in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) often belonged to national student clubs (NHG) that were arranged for them by the East German government. Many were also members of an umbrella organization for all African students and workers in the GDR (UASA). While the GDR authorities thought that the NHG and UASA would adopt political positions that reflected those of the GDR, this article demonstrates that the students instead used them to criticize both their own governments and their host country. It shows that the students often held positions contrary to the GDR's, and were not shy about expressing them. Although they were usually unable to organize as openly as students in the West, African students in the GDR held meetings and wrote letters to protest about a variety of issues, including Sékou Touré’s repression of a teachers’ strike in Guinea, the Biafran crisis in Nigeria and ethnic separatism in Kenya. They also took the GDR to task for the racist behaviour of East German citizens. The GDR's Socialist Unity Party claimed that the country was anti-racist and anti-imperialist, and that all vestiges of Nazism had been expunged; the students, however, were able to point out multiple racist incidents, and through the UASA demanded that the GDR address its racism problem.
The association between sleep and cognitive abnormalities in bipolar disorder
Authors: Bradley A. J. , Anderson K. N. , Gallagher P. , McAllister-Williams R. H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundBipolar disorder (BD) is associated with attentional and processing abnormalities. Such abnormalities are also seen in healthy subjects with sleep disruption. We hypothesised cognitive abnormalities in BD patients would be worse in those with objectively verified sleep abnormalities.MethodsForty-six BD patients and 42 controls had comprehensive sleep/circadian rhythm assessment over 21 days alongside mood questionnaires. Cognitive function was assessed with a range of tasks including Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), Attention Network Task (ANT) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). BD participants with normal and abnormal sleep were compared with age- and sex-matched controls.ResultsBD patients had longer response times and made more lapses (responses >500 ms) than controls on the PVT (bothp< 0.001). However, patients with normal sleep patterns did not differ from controls while those with sleep abnormalities did (p< 0.001). An identical pattern of effects were seen with the ANT response times, with the abnormality in bipolar abnormal sleepers related to the executive attentional network. Similarly, patients made fewer correct responses on the DSST compared with the controls (p< 0.001). Bipolar normal sleepers did not differ while those with abnormal sleep did (p< 0.001). All these differences were seen in bipolar abnormal sleepers who were euthymic (p< 0.01) and across the main abnormal sleep phenotypes.ConclusionsWe confirm impairment in attention and processing speed in BD. Rather than sleep abnormalities exacerbating such dysfunction, the impairments were confined to bipolar abnormal sleepers, consistent with sleep disturbance being the main driver of cognitive dysfunction.
Rock Strength and Texture Evolution During Deformation in the Earth's Ductile Lithosphere: A Two‐Phase Thermodynamics Model
Authors: Bevillard Benoit , Richard Guillaume , Raimbourg Hugues 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBuilding upon the two‐phase and grain damage theory, we propose a new formulation allowing to track the evolution of phase mixing/segregation during ductile deformation of a two‐phased aggregate. Our model is based on a set of variables characterizing a rock texture: the mean grain sizes and the phase proportion. During ductile deformation, activation of different micromechanical processes impacts the aggregate texture. Dislocation and diffusion creep are the two main deformation processes considered. We only account for the effect of Zener pinning in slowing down grain growth and allow for active grain‐size reduction mechanisms in the diffusion creep domain. For this purpose, an equation is proposed to track the phase mixing evolution during ductile deformation. Numerical application using anorthite rheology shows that any grain reduction mechanisms that could be active in the diffusion creep regime requires a very high partition fraction in order to reach the grain size predicted by the feldspar piezometer. Application of this model to gabbroic composition, relevant for the ductile crust, demonstrates that the strong coupling between phases grain sizes and interface evolution results in steady‐state grain sizes far below the field boundary. This effect is coeval with an important increase of mixing between the two phases. In addition, accounting for the phase mixing results in a drop of the global aggregate stress during deformation. This model allows for further comparison of mylonitized textures evolution with natural shear zones at the local and regional scales.
Foreshocks and Mainshock Nucleation of the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake
Authors: Yoon Clara E. , Yoshimitsu Nana , Ellsworth William L. , Beroza Gregory C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractForeshocks provide valuable information on the nucleation process of an upcoming large earthquake. We applied high‐resolution similar‐waveform techniques for earthquake detection, location, and source parameter estimation to understand the space‐time evolution of a foreshock sequence and its relationship to the mainshock hypocenter. The 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake was preceded by 50 foreshocks (−0.4 ≤ M ≤ 3.7) during the 20 hr before the mainshock. Foreshock activity did not accelerate leading up to the mainshock. Their locations moved north with time, rupturing adjacent areas along the fault plane with little overlap, but remained within a compact <2 km3 volume. The mainshock initiated at a location where previous foreshocks had locally increased the shear stress. These observations are consistent with a triggered cascade of stress transfer, where previous foreshocks load adjacent fault patches to rupture as additional foreshocks, and eventually the mainshock.
Differences in Ice Cloud Optical Depth From CALIPSO and Ground‐Based Raman Lidar at the ARM SGP and TWP Sites
Authors: Balmes K. A. , Fu Q. , Thorsen T. J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIce cloud column optical depths from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite and ground‐based Raman lidars (RLs) at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) and Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) sites are compared for 8 and 4 years, respectively. The cloudy mean ice cloud column optical depths from CALIPSO Version 4 data product with a horizontal resolution of 5 km are 78% (63%) larger than those from the RLs with a resolution of 10 min/30 m at SGP (TWP) for collocated transparent profiles. The main difference at SGP is caused by the lidar ratio that for CALIPSO is related to its treatment of the multiple scattering factor. The main difference at TWP is caused by the averaging resolution. Large differences in the optical depth distribution between the CALIPSO and RL are found for small optical depths at both sites, which are due to optically very thin clouds only detectable by the RLs. The differences in ice cloud column optical depth distributions and their mean values between the CALIPSO and RL can largely be reconciled over both sites after accounting for the averaging resolutions, lidar ratios along with the CALIPSO multiple scattering factor treatment, sensitivity to optically very thin ice clouds, and definition of transparent profiles. This work also examines in detail the lidar ratios that are directly observed by the RLs, which does not support the temperature‐dependent parameterizations of ice cloud lidar ratio and multiple scattering factor used in CALIPSO's Version 4 data product.
Estimating the Contribution of Local Primary Emissions to Particulate Pollution Using High‐Density Station Observations
Authors: Zhao Chuanfeng , Wang Yuan , Shi Xiaoqin , Zhang Daizhou , Wang Chunying , Jiang Jonathan H. , Zhang Qiang , Fan Hao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLocal primary emission, transport, and secondary formation of aerosols constitute the major atmospheric particulate matter (PM) over a certain region. To identify and quantify major sources of ambient PM is important for pollution mitigation strategies, especially on a city scale. We developed two source apportionment methods to make the first‐order estimates of local primary contribution ratio (LCR) of PM2.5 (PM with diameter less than 2.5 μm) using the high‐density (about 1/km2) network observations with high sampling frequency (about 1 hr). Measurements of PM2.5 mass concentration from 169 sites within a 20 km × 20 km domain are analyzed. The two methods developed here are mainly based on the spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 within an urban area. The accuracy of our developed methods is subject to the assumptions on the spatial heterogeneity of primary and secondary formed aerosols as well as those from long‐range transport to a city. We apply these two methods to a typical industrial city in China in winter of 2015 with frequent severe haze events. The local primary pollution contributions calculated from the two methods agree with each other that they are often larger than 0.4. The LCR range is from 0.4 to 0.7, with an average value of 0.63. Our study indicates the decisive role of locally emitted aerosols in the urban severe haze formation during the winter time. It further suggests that reductions of local primary aerosol emissions are essential to alleviate the severe haze pollution, especially in industrial cities.
Evaluation of Turbulence Stability Schemes of Land Models for Stable Conditions
Authors: Lapo K. , Nijssen B. , Lundquist J. D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDuring stable conditions, simulated sensible heat fluxes, Qh, in land models exhibit a wide range of behavior, with some models decoupling the atmosphere and land surface, while others continue turbulent exchange. This behavior is dictated by the representation of stability within the model. We explicitly test the representation of Qh during stable conditions using observed surface temperature, air temperature, and wind speed at the Shallow Cold Pool (SCP) Experiment site in Colorado, USA. This site is characterized by frequent stable conditions and weak‐wind conditions, which are known to be difficult to represent in turbulence schemes. We test the log‐linear, Louis, Holtslag and de Bruin, Beljaar and Holtslag, and Cheng and Brutsaert stability schemes against the observations at the SCP site. We also evaluate the minimum conductance assumption commonly implemented in land models. Simulated Qh biases are generally small, due largely to compensating errors. Parameterizations could represent Qh in strong‐wind conditions and during the transition from a weak‐ to strong‐wind regime. The behavior of simulated Qh during strong winds was controlled by the aerodynamic surface roughness, z0. All models, except those that maintain a minimum conductance, were unable to represent turbulence in the weak‐wind regime. We discuss the interacting roles of countergradient fluxes, intermittent turbulence, and decoupled turbulence during this regime. Finally, we list the characteristics that a turbulence parameterization should include and recommend that land models should include a minimum conductance to simulate Qh in the weak‐wind regime.
Spectral contrast optical coherence tomography angiography enables single-scan vessel imaging
Authors: Winkelmann James A. , Eid Aya , Spicer Graham , Almassalha Luay M. , Nguyen The-Quyen , Backman Vadim 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOptical coherence tomography angiography relies on motion for contrast and requires at least two data acquisitions per pointwise scanning location. We present a method termed spectral contrast optical coherence tomography angiography using visible light that relies on the spectral signatures of blood for angiography from a single scan using endogenous contrast. We demonstrate the molecular sensitivity of this method, which enables lymphatic vessel, blood, and tissue discrimination.
Direct observation of ultrafast plasmonic hot electron transfer in the strong coupling regime
Authors: Shan Hangyong , Yu Ying , Wang Xingli , Luo Yang , Zu Shuai , Du Bowen , Han Tianyang , Li Bowen , Li Yu , Wu Jiarui , Lin Feng , Shi Kebin , Tay Beng Kang , Liu Zheng , Zhu Xing , Fang Zheyu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAchieving strong coupling between plasmonic oscillators can significantly modulate their intrinsic optical properties. Here, we report the direct observation of ultrafast plasmonic hot electron transfer from an Au grating array to an MoS2 monolayer in the strong coupling regime between localized surface plasmons (LSPs) and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). By means of femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, the measured hot electron transfer time is approximately 40 fs with a maximum external quantum yield of 1.65%. Our results suggest that strong coupling between LSPs and SPPs has synergetic effects on the generation of plasmonic hot carriers, where SPPs with a unique nonradiative feature can act as an ‘energy recycle bin’ to reuse the radiative energy of LSPs and contribute to hot carrier generation. Coherent energy exchange between plasmonic modes in the strong coupling regime can further enhance the vertical electric field and promote the transfer of hot electrons between the Au grating and the MoS2 monolayer. Our proposed plasmonic strong coupling configuration overcomes the challenge associated with utilizing hot carriers and is instructive in terms of improving the performance of plasmonic opto-electronic devices.
The presence and response to Zn of ZnT family mRNAs in human dental pulp
Authors: Wahono Nieka A , Ford Dianne , Wakeling Luisa A , Valentine Ruth A 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is distributed throughout the body and within cells by saturable processes mediated by the transport proteins of the ZnT (SLC30) and ZIP (SLC39) families. The two families function in opposite directions. ZnT transporters mediate cellular zinc efflux or intracellular sequestration. Zn is found in human tooth enamel and dentine at levels that have been related to environmental exposures, such as pollution, disease, and dietary intake. The mechanism by which Zn in the odontoblast is deposited in the hard tissue of the tooth, however, is unknown but is important in determining the physical properties, and hence resilience, of enamel and in the context of the use of tooth zinc level as a biomarker of exposure. We hypothesised that zinc efflux mediated by members of the ZnT family of 10 transporters is a key step in this process and is regulated by zinc availability through effects on mRNA levels. Thus, we determined the profile of ZnT transporter mRNA in a human active-secretory odontoblast-like cell model under conditions of high- and low-extracellular Zn concentration and determined if the same transporter mRNAs were present in human dental pulp. ZnT1, ZnT5 and ZnT9 mRNAs were detected by RT-PCR in both the secretory odontoblast cells and human dental pulp. ZnT2, ZnT3 and ZnT10 mRNAs were not detected, and ZnT4 mRNA was detected in secretory odontoblasts only, which may be indicative of a specialised zinc efflux function during the active secretory phase of tooth development. ZnT1 mRNA was significantly increased in response to extracellular Zn exposure (60 μM) after 24 h. The presence of Zn transporter mRNAs in secretory odontoblasts and dental pulp indicates that the corresponding transport proteins function to deposit zinc in the dental hard tissues. The responsiveness of ZnT1 in odontoblasts to zinc availability is concordant with this being a process that is regulated to maintain cellular Zn homeostasis and that is a mediator of the relationship between environmental Zn exposure and dental Zn deposition. These findings have likely relevance to human dental health through effects of Zn transporter expression level on the hard tissue properties.
Sound Distortion Errors in Aphasia With Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Haley Katarina L. , Smith Michael , Wambaugh Julie L. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
Loosely defined diagnostic criteria for acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) limit clinicians' ability to diagnose the disorder validly and reliably. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the development of more precise diagnostic guidelines by characterizing the frequency and quality of sound distortion errors in speakers with clinically diagnosed AOS.

Method
Audio-recorded motor speech evaluations from 24 speakers with AOS and aphasia were analyzed by trained listeners using a narrow phonetic transcription protocol that included 12 distortion categories. We calculated percentage of segments transcribed with phonemic error, distortion error, and a combination of phonemic and distortion error.

Results
Distortion frequency varied substantially across participants, distributing on a continuum from 5% to 22% of segments. The frequency of phonemic errors was significantly greater than the frequency of distortion errors, which, in turn, was greater than the frequency of distorted substitution errors. The most common distortion qualities were voicing ambiguity and segment lengthening, but over 40% of distortion errors were distributed across an assortment of tongue modifications.

Conclusions
The results replicated observations from previous studies of speakers with quantitatively defined AOS in a new sample of participants with clinically diagnosed AOS. Similar distortion qualities were observed across studies, offering focus for diagnosticians and guidance for operationalizing future measures. The broad performance continua we observed help explain why binary classification of the presence/absence of AOS can be challenging and indicate a need to develop quantitative norms.
Principles and Ethics of Authorship
Authors: Wiley Terry L. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
Rules and ethics of authorship for scientific papers are reviewed. Those authorship criteria specific to American Speech-Language-Hearing Association journals are reviewed as well as those required by journals in related fields.

Conclusions
The importance of first author status for students publishing their doctoral dissertation research is stressed as well as the need to discuss and resolve authorship status for all investigators early in the research process. The authorship criteria for the journal of choice are mandatory, and this necessitates educating all authors regarding the existing requirements.
Fostering Preschoolers' Emergent Literacy: Recommendations for Enhanced Literacy Experiences and Collaborative Instruction
Authors: Gabas Clariebelle , Marante Leesa , Cabell Sonia Q. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
Emergent literacy skills involve both the code-related and oral language skills that serve as the foundation for successful reading and writing development. Code-related skills have been found to be highly predictive of decoding skills for preschool children and continue to exert a strong influence through the early elementary grades. Likewise, early oral language skills make important contributions to later reading comprehension. Accordingly, the preschool period is a critical time for supporting and facilitating growth in children's emergent literacy skills. Speech-language pathologists working in preschool settings can play an integral role in enhancing literacy instruction through their specialized knowledge of linguistic concepts and language development. The following article aims to provide practitioners with evidence-based strategies for supporting the development of preschoolers' emergent literacy skills in the context of shared book reading and making experience books. The article also outlines recommendations for fostering effective collaborations with teachers to provide high-quality classroom experiences for all preschool children.

Conclusion
Providing preschool children with a print-rich environment along with clear and explicit explanations, scaffolding, and ample opportunities for practice can help to enhance the quality of language and literacy instruction. Although this article specifically focuses on shared book reading and making experience books, it is important to note that the strategies discussed here apply to a variety of activities. Speech-language pathologists are encouraged to actively collaborate with teachers to integrate these strategies into various classroom activities to optimize learning and promote children's emergent literacy skills.
Developing an antimicrobial stewardship program across a rural health system: The Avera Health experience
Authors: Laible Brad R , Grosdidier Jamie , Nazir Jawad 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Purpose
The stages of development of a health system–wide antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) using existing personnel and technology are described.

Summary
Small hospitals with limited resources may struggle to meet ASP requirements, particularly facilities without onsite infectious disease physicians and/or experienced infectious disease pharmacists. Strategies for ASP development employed by Avera Health, a 33-hospital health system in the Midwest, included identifying relevant drug utilization and resistance patterns, education and pathway development, and implementation of Web-based conferencing to provide pharmacists throughout the system with access to infectious disease expertise on a daily basis. These efforts resulted in an evolving single-system ASP that has leveraged existing resources to overcome some system barriers. Program outcomes to date include a reduction in the use of a targeted agent, improved pathogen susceptibility trends, and rates of hospital-associated Clostridium difficile infection below national benchmarks.

Conclusion
The Avera Health ASP grew from a collaborative project targeting levofloxacin overuse and resistance among key bacteria to a formal, health system–wide ASP in a rural setting. This program used existing personnel to provide standardized processes, educational campaigns, and antimicrobial expertise through the use of technology. This ASP program may provide helpful examples of ASP strategies for other rural health systems with similar resources.