bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rumeur de crise. Les introuvables snipers d’octobre 1993 à Moscou
Authors: Regamey Amandine 
Published: September 2018

En octobre 1993, les tensions entre le Président russe Boris Eltsine et le Parlement de la Fédération de Russie tournent à l’affrontement armé. En quelques jours, les combats font, selon les chiffres officiels, cent cinquante morts et quatre cents blessés. Ces morts sont fréquemment attribués par les observateurs et les acteurs de l’époque à des mystérieux tireurs d’élite embusqués, des snipers dont la présence n’a jamais été prouvée. S’appuyant sur différentes sources disponibles (témoignages, souvenirs, articles, photographies, enquêtes officielles, reportages télévisés, etc.), l’article développe un certain nombre d’hypothèses pour expliquer la naissance de cette rumeur de crise et son maintien. D’une part, la référence aux snipers permet aux acteurs de retrouver un semblant de logique dans un chaos violent, en expliquant les tirs et en rattachant les événements à un contexte historique et géopolitique plus large. D’autre part, la rumeur se maintient non seulement parce qu’elle se nourrit d’une logique fautive qui transforme paradoxalement l’absence d’indices en preuve, mais aussi parce qu’elle est mobilisée par les parties en conflit pour délégitimer leur adversaire, au moment même de la crise et dans les années qui suivent.
Interpretacja jako inspiracja? Dekoracja drzwi do kruchty katedry poznańskiej
Authors: Ryba Grażyna 
Published: September 2018

In the southern porch of the Poznań cathedral there is a swinging door etched inbronze and brass, made in 1972. Together with a bronze bas-relief placed above, itwas the most important element of the decoration of the passage from the residenceof Poznań archbishops to the cathedral. Both artworks were made by Ireneusz Daczkoand Bogdan Fijałkowski – graduates of the Poznań Academy of Fine Arts. Theirproject was inspired by Rev. Stefan Tomaszkiewicz, who supervised constructionwork in the cathedral, and Rev. Bolesław Dzierwa, involved in the restoration of thecathedral in Gniezno. Both priests developed an original iconographic program of the porch decoration, based upon angelistic, christological, and mariological symbolismand texts in Polish, Latin, and Greek.The figures of archangels Gabriel and Michael in the door panels have a borderwith inscriptions, monograms, angels, and zoomorphic motifs, and objects intertwinedwith climbing plants. The decoration of the door and the bas relief showingthe Assumption of Mary includes many references to the liturgy of the breviary,and points to the clergy as the recipients of the ideas represented in the porch iconography.The main argument of the paper is that the iconography of the Poznań door derivesfrom the texts by Lech Kalinowski and, above all, Zdzisław Kępiński, who in hisarticle, “The Symbolism of the Gniezno Door,” was the first to emphasize the significanceof the border and the connection of its decoration with the correspondent figuralpanels of the bronze Gniezno door.
Prawny status zawodu lekarza. Wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Kosiński Eryk 
Published: September 2018

The article deals with a very crucial question of the legal status of physicians in Poland. The question asked is whether a physician who works as a sole practitioner may be recognized as a person performing a liberal profession, a public trust profession (a category speciﬁ c only as far as Polish domestic law concerned), or a regulated profession (according to Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualiﬁ cations). Consequently, ﬁrst the concepts of a liberal, regulated and public trust professions are analysed. Another important question to be answered is if physicians practicing as sole traders are undertakings in the meaning of the EU law and if they are what their status is. The vastest exclusion in terms of the subject and object of the legislation was provided by the Regulation on Industrial Law issued by Poland’s President on 7 June 1927 which excluded the activity conducted by physicians. Under Article 3 of the President’s Regulation the Commercial Code 27 June 1934, all liberal professions were also excluded from activities considered to be a form of entrepreneurship. This attitude changed in postwar Poland and the Act of 23 December 1988 on Economic Activity provided for no exclusion for any liberal profession from being regarded as economic activity. The Act of 19 November 1999 on Economic Activity excluded from its scope only entities that provided legal services (barristers and solicitors) and those rendering services in the area of industrial property. Today, under Polish law physicians are considered to be an undertaking in two situations: when they conduct their activities in the form of so-called ‘private practice’ (one-person undertaking), or when they conduct their practice within so-called ‘collective practice’ (partnership). They are not regarded as undertakings when they are employed by a medical institution or another medical entity on the basis of an employment contract. In such a case they fall under the provisions of the Act of 15 April 2011 on Medical Activities, but still keep the status of liberal profession.
Gwarancje proceduralne na wypadek wydalenia cudzoziemca w systemie Europejskiej konwencji praw człowieka
Authors: Mizerski Rafał 
Published: September 2018

The author discusses the legal basis, the cope of application, the content and the concurrence of procedural guarantees in the event of an expulsion of an alien under the European Convention. These guarantees stem from Article 1 of Protocol No. 7, Article 4 of Protocol No. 4, Articles 13 and 34 of the Convention as well as from the concepts of positive obligations and tests of legality and necessity, developed in the case law of the Strasbourg Court. Guarantees under Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 and Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 are the only ones that are applicable regardless of whether an expulsion results in the violation of an alien’s rights or the limitation of the freedoms arising from the Convention. Moreover, they do not apply to extradition proceedings, whereas the other guarantees do. However, in the context of the guarantees resulting from Article 13 of the Convention and the concepts of positive obligations as well as the tests of legality and necessity, a common standard of procedural requirements in an event of an expulsion of an alien seems to have emerged. It includes the alien’s right to information on the speciﬁ c reasons for expulsion; available remedies and a possibility of obtaining legal assistance; the right to submit arguments against expulsion; the right to be represented; the right to have the case reviewed; the right to an independent and impartial authority competent to decide in the case. In the event where an expulsion puts an alien in danger of irreversible damage to his/her rights, the person concerned should have, in addition, access to a remedy with automatic suspensive eff ect. This standard is also quite common to guarantees stemming from Articles 1 of Protocol No. 7 and Article 4 of Protocol No. 4. However, since “competent authority” under Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 need not be the authority with whom the ﬁ nal decision on expulsion rests and because it is possible to expel an alien before the exercise of his/her rights under this Article, the author is of the opinion that the latter should apply only to expulsions that do not threaten conventional rights.
Ściganie karne w Unii Europejskiej przed i po Traktacie z Lizbony – wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Toruński Michał , Gołba Filip 
Published: September 2018

Current legislative activity of the European Union performed under Title V, Chapter 4 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union: “Judicial cooperation in criminal matters” is part of a wider process of internationalisation of criminal law. It shows a paradigm shift of this branch of law, which until now has, ﬁ rst and foremost, been a product of national legal systems. The article discusses selected issues concerning the regulation of criminal prosecution under European Union law. Due to the fact that the present shape of this regulation is the result of a long process of numerous legislative activities as well as various non-legislative forms of international cooperation, the article is not limited to the discussion of the current state of the criminal prosecution in the EU, but takes into account the historical emergence of various institutions, both before and after the establishment of the European Union. Its ﬁ rst part presents the historical development of instruments designed to cope with crime, which the European Community and then the European Union had at their disposal. This part has two objectives: to describe the diffi culties encountered when the ﬁ rst attempts to coordinate the ﬁ ght against crime at the European level were undertaken and to show the signiﬁ cance of the progress that has been made in this area in recent years. After that, selected issues concerning the harmonisation of rules governing the procedural rights of suspects and defendants in criminal proceedings are discussed. The issue of minimum standards relating to penalties is also raised. The concluding part of the article assesses, whether the path of internationalization of criminal law chosen by the Member States in the post-Lisbon reality is justiﬁ ed.
Kilka uwag o Internetowej Platformie Aukcyjnej umożliwiającej uzyskanie wsparcia w zakresie odnawialnych źródeł energii w kontekście podpisów elektronicznych
Authors: Trupkiewicz Marcin 
Published: September 2018

The paper describes certain basic principles of the new system of supporting renewable energy sources (RES) introduced in Poland. The amended Polish Act on Renewable Energy Sources (Polish RES Act) has introduced an auction system which is a new legal instrument enabling the selection of RES generators with adequate ﬁ nancial support. Each Renewable Energy Sources project (RES plant project) to generate and sell electricity must go offi cially through an auction. The Internet Auction Platform is an IT tool used in the process. It en ables to conduct the pre-qualiﬁ cation procedure as well as to prepare the auction off er. This new solution has entailed certain legal issues that must be addressed such as the access to the IT system, electronic submission of tenders or the use of an electronic signature to conﬁ rm the statements made in the electronic procedure. All these issues have been discussed in this paper. The paper also contains an analysis of the diff erences between two possible forms of electronic signature that may be used in the process, and identiﬁ es the main advantages and disadvantages of either. It is then concluded that although the online RES auction could be more competitive, in the version as it is it allows to carry out an eff ective auction.
Postanowienia Ustawy z dnia 23 marca 2017 r. o kredycie hipotecznym oraz o nadzorze nad pośrednikami kredytu hipotecznego i agentami oraz rekomendacji S Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego a zapobieganie kryzysom bankowości hipotecznej
Authors: Fedorowicz Magdalena 
Published: September 2018

On 23 March 2017, the Act on mortgage credit and supervision of mortgage credit intermediaries and agents was passed, which implements Directive 2014/17/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 February 2014 on credit agreements for consumers relating to residential immovable property and amending Directives 2008/48/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010. The Act on mortgage credit under examination contains consumer protection standards for mortgage banking services, which can pursue objectives and perform macro-prudential functions in the ﬁ nancial system. The Act also provides for the supervision of mortgage intermediaries and their agents providing mortgage credit services, rightly considering that since this is a matter of macro-prudential substance and capable of having an impact on ﬁ nancial stability, a comprehensive supervision of the activities of mortgage intermediaries and agents is justiﬁ ed. The aim of the study is to (i) examine the provisions of the Act on mortgage credit from the perspective of its macro-prudential content; (ii) reconstruct this potentially macro-prudential content; (iii) assess the regulatory arrangements for credit intermediaries and residential immovable property agents adopted by the Act; and (iv) address the issue, relevant to the theory of ﬁ nancial market law, of the interference between private and public law rules in terms of their macro-prudential content and macro-prudential policy. It is also intended to perform a comparison of the provisions of the Act on mortgage credit with selected recommendations of Recommendation S of the Financial Supervision in order to assess their macro-prudential nature and the appropriateness of the regulatory solutions adopted by means of an act or by means of national soft banking law to which Recommendation S belongs.
Futsum Abbay, An Evaluation of Disability Human Rights Under the African Re-gional Human Rights System (Ocena przestrzegania praw człowieka względem osób niepełnosprawnych w ramach afrykańskiego systemu ochrony praw człowieka), „African Journal of International and Comparative Law” 2015, vol. 23, iss. 3
Authors: Staniszewska Lucyna 
Published: September 2018

Futsum Abbay, An Evaluation of Disability Human Rights Under the African Re-gional Human Rights System (Ocena przestrzegania praw człowieka względem osób niepełnosprawnych w ramach afrykańskiego systemu ochrony praw człowieka), „African Journal of International and Comparative Law” 2015, vol. 23, iss. 3
Use of condensed water from air conditioning systems
Authors: Scalize Paulo Sergio , Soares Samara Silva , Alves Andreia Cristina Fonseca , Marques Thaynara Azevedo , Mesquita Gabriel Gade Martins , Ballaminut Nara , Albuquerque Antonio Carvalho João 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Facing the growing demand for water, discussions on environmental sustainability and conservation of this resource have become increasingly important. Among the possibilities for water conservation, air conditioning systems have potential applicability because, during their operation, water is generated via the condensation of air humidity, which is normally discarded. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the water released by air conditioning equipment (condensed water) installed in the Laboratory of Water Analysis (LAnA) qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to verify its potential for use in the laboratory itself. For this, the quality of the water produced by three air conditioners was compared water quality parameters found in the literature, as well as with water produced by a distiller and an ultra-purifier, both used in the LAnA. Water quality was evaluated using physicochemical parameters (i.e. pH, electrical conductivity, resistivity, alkalinity, turbidity, apparent color and hardness) and microbiological parameters (i.e. total coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria). The average water flow produced by the three monitored air conditioners was 3.08 L/hour, which is higher than the daily consumption by the LAnA, indicating that its use would be quantitatively propitious. The physicochemical and microbiological analyses found that, condensed water can be used in the routine activities of LAnA. However, for its use as reagent-grade water, a prior treatment would be necessary, mainly due to the presence of heterotrophic bacteria.
Opposite Roles in Short-Term Plasticity for N-Type and P/Q-Type Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels in GABAergic Neuronal Connections in the Rat Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Yamamoto Kiyofumi , Kobayashi Masayuki 
Published: September 2018

Neurotransmitter release is triggered by Ca2+influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+channels (VDCCs). Distinct expression patterns of VDCC subtypes localized on the synaptic terminal affect intracellular Ca2+dynamics induced by action potential-triggered Ca2+influx. However, it has been unknown whether the expression pattern of VDCC subtypes depends on each axon terminal or neuronal subtype. Furthermore, little information is available on how these VDCC subtypes regulate the release probability of neurotransmitters. To address these questions, we performed multiple whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from GABAergic neurons in the insular cortex of either the male or the female rat. The paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms interstimulus interval) varied widely among inhibitory connections between GABAergic neurons. The PPR of unitary IPSCs was enhanced by ω-conotoxin GVIA (CgTx; 3 μm), an N-type VDCC blocker, whereas blockade of P/Q-type VDCCs by ω-agatoxin IVA (AgTx, 200 nm) decreased the PPR. In the presence of CgTx, application of 4 mm[Ca2+]oor of roscovitine, a P/Q-type activator, increased the PPR. These results suggest that the recruitment of P/Q-type VDCCs increases the PPR, whereas N-type VDCCs suppress the PPR. Furthermore, we found that charybdotoxin or apamin, blockers of Ca2+-dependent K+channels, with AgTx increased the PPR, suggesting that Ca2+-dependent K+channels are coupled to N-type VDCCs and suppress the PPR in GABAergic neuronal terminals. Variance–mean analysis with changing [Ca2+]oshowed a negative correlation between the PPR and release probability in GABAergic synapses. These results suggest that GABAergic neurons differentially express N-type and/or P/Q-type VDCCs and that these VDCCs regulate the GABA release probability in distinct manners.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGABAergic neuronal axons target multiple neurons and release GABA triggered by Ca2+influx via voltage-dependent Ca2+channels (VDCCs), including N-type and P/Q-type channels. Little is known about VDCC expression patterns in GABAergic synaptic terminals and their role in short-term plasticity. We focused on inhibitory synaptic connections between GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex using multiple whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and found different expression patterns of VDCCs in the synaptic terminals branched from a single presynaptic neuron. Furthermore, we observed facilitative and depressive short-term plasticity of IPSCs mediated by P/Q-type and N-type VDCCs, respectively. These results suggest that VDCC expression patterns regulate distinctive types of synaptic transmission in each GABAergic axon terminal even though they are branched from a common presynaptic neuron.
Nature and Nurture: Brain Region-Specific Inheritance of Sleep Neurophysiology in Adolescence
Authors: Rusterholz Thomas , Hamann Christoph , Markovic Andjela , Schmidt Stefanie J. , Achermann Peter , Tarokh Leila 
Published: September 2018

Sleep-specific oscillations of spindles and slow waves are generated through thalamocortical and corticocortical loops, respectively, and provide a unique opportunity to measure the integrity of these neuronal systems. Understanding the relative contribution of genetic factors to sleep oscillations is important for determining whether they constitute useful endophenotypes that mark vulnerability to psychiatric illness. Using high-density sleep EEG recordings in human adolescent twin pairs (n= 60; 28 females), we find that over posterior regions 80–90% of the variance in slow oscillations, slow wave, and spindle activity is due to genes. Surprisingly, slow (10–12 Hz) and fast (12–16 Hz) anterior spindle amplitude and σ power are largely driven by environmental factors shared among the twins. To our knowledge this is the first example of a neural phenotype that exhibits a strong influence of nature in one brain region, and nurture in another. Overall, our findings highlight the utility of the sleep EEG as a reliable and easy to measure endophenotype during adolescence. This measure may be used to measure disease risk in development before the onset of a psychiatric disorder; the location within the brain of deficits in sleep neurophysiology may suggest whether the ultimate cause is genetic or environmental.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTwo cardinal oscillations of sleep, slow waves and sleep spindles, play an important role in the core functions of sleep including memory consolidation, synaptic plasticity, and the recuperative function of sleep. In this study, we use a behavioral genetics approach to examine the heritability of sleep neurophysiology using high-density EEG in a sample of early adolescent twins. Our findings reveal a strong influence of both environmental and genetic factors in shaping these oscillations, dependent on brain region. Thus, during a developmental period when brain structure and function is in flux, we find that the sleep EEG is among the most heritable of human traits over circumscribed brain regions.
A Dual Noradrenergic Mechanism for the Relief of Neuropathic Allodynia by the Antidepressant Drugs Duloxetine and Amitriptyline
Authors: Kremer Mélanie , Yalcin Ipek , Goumon Yannick , Wurtz Xavier , Nexon Laurent , Daniel Dorothée , Megat Salim , Ceredig Rhian A. , Ernst Carl , Turecki Gustavo , Chavant Virginie , Théroux Jean-François , Lacaud Adrien , Joganah Lauriane-Elisabeth , Lelievre Vincent , Massotte Dominique , Lutz Pierre-Eric , Gilsbach Ralf , Salvat Eric , Barrot Michel 
Published: September 2018

In addition to treating depression, antidepressant drugs are also a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain, which is pain secondary to lesion or pathology of the nervous system. Despite the widespread use of these drugs, the mechanism underlying their therapeutic action in this pain context remains partly elusive. The present study combined data collected in male and female mice from a model of neuropathic pain and data from the clinical setting to understand how antidepressant drugs act. We show two distinct mechanisms by which the selective inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake duloxetine and the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline relieve neuropathic allodynia. One of these mechanisms is acute, central, and requires descending noradrenergic inhibitory controls and α2Aadrenoceptors, as well as the mu and delta opioid receptors. The second mechanism is delayed, peripheral, and requires noradrenaline from peripheral sympathetic endings and β2adrenoceptors, as well as the delta opioid receptors. We then conducted a transcriptomic analysis in dorsal root ganglia, which suggested that the peripheral component of duloxetine action involves the inhibition of neuroimmune mechanisms accompanying nerve injury, including the downregulation of the TNF-α–NF-κB signaling pathway. Accordingly, immunotherapies against either TNF-α or Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) provided allodynia relief. We also compared duloxetine plasma levels in the animal model and in patients and we observed that patients' drug concentrations were compatible with those measured in animals under chronic treatment involving the peripheral mechanism. Our study highlights a peripheral neuroimmune component of antidepressant drugs that is relevant to their delayed therapeutic action against neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn addition to treating depression, antidepressant drugs are also a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain, which is pain secondary to lesion or pathology of the nervous system. However, the mechanism by which antidepressant drugs can relieve neuropathic pain remained in part elusive. Indeed, preclinical studies led to contradictions concerning the anatomical and molecular substrates of this action. In the present work, we overcame these apparent contradictions by highlighting the existence of two independent mechanisms. One is rapid and centrally mediated by descending controls from the brain to the spinal cord and the other is delayed, peripheral, and relies on the anti-neuroimmune action of chronic antidepressant treatment.