bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral Feeding Success
Authors: Griffith Thao T. , Bell Aleeca F. , Vincent Catherine , White-Traut Rosemary , Medoff-Cooper Barbara , Rankin Kristin 
Published: July 2018

Background:
The term “oral feeding success” (OFS) is frequently used in clinical practice and research. However, OFS is inconsistently defined, which impacts the ability to adequately evaluate OFS, identify risk factors, and implement interventions in clinical practice and research.

Purpose:
To develop the defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences for the concept of OFS in preterm infants during their initial hospitalization.

Methods:
PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were searched for English articles containing the key words “oral feeding success” and “preterm infants.” The Walker and Avant method for concept analysis was employed.

Results:
Sixteen articles revealed the defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences. Defining attributes included (1) physiologic stability; (2) full oral feeding; and (3) combined criteria of feeding proficiency (≥30% of the prescribed volume during the first 5 minutes), feeding efficiency (≥1.5 mL/min over the entire feeding), and intake quantity (≥80% of the prescribed volume).

Implications for Practice:
The 3 defining attributes may be used in clinical practice to consistently evaluate OFS. The antecedents of OFS provide clinicians with a frame of reference to assess oral feeding readiness, identify risk factors, and implement effective interventions. The consequences of OFS allow clinicians to anticipate challenges when OFS is not achieved and create a care plan to support the infants.

Implications for Research:
The empirical referents of OFS provide consistent and clear operational definitions of OFS for use in research. The antecedents and consequences may guide researchers to select specific measures or covariates to evaluate valid measures of OFS.
High-Fidelity Simulation in an Entry-Level Physical Therapy Program: A Format for Debriefing
Authors: Bednarek Melissa , Williamson Ann , Downey Patricia 
Published: July 2018

Purpose:
The importance of debriefing after high-fidelity simulation (HFS) is well accepted; however, no recommendations exist in physical therapy literature for how best to do this. The primary purpose of this study was to describe a format for debriefing and a secondary purpose was to report student responses to the educational benefit of that process.

Methods:
Based on a review of the literature and the HFS case objectives, a semi-structured debriefing format using open-ended questions was developed. Students were surveyed regarding the educational benefit of the debriefing process and the effectiveness of the debriefer using open-ended and Likert-scale questions. These responses were analyzed.

Results:
After each of the 3 HFS experiences, an experienced faculty member facilitated the debriefing process by moving students through a reaction, analysis, and summary phase. Based on student feedback, the debriefing format used seemed to be effective in providing an opportunity for student reflection. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the perceived educational benefit of debriefing and the effectiveness of the debriefer.

Conclusions:
A semi-structured debriefing session after HFS, modeled on best practices in the literature, resulted in high student satisfaction. Future research should focus on standardization of the debriefing session and validating a debriefing tool.
Further Defining the 2012 Multi-Society Task Force Guidelines for Surveillance of High-risk Adenomas
Authors: Grunwald Douglas , Landau Alex , Jiang Zhenghui G. , Liu Joy J. , Najarian Robert , Sheth Sunil G. 
Published: July 2018

Goals:
We set out to determine whether variation from this 3-year follow-up interval was associated with the finding of subsequent high-risk adenoma (HRA).

Background:
HRAs include the following: (1) an adenoma measuring ≥10 mm, (2) ≥3 adenomas found during a single procedure, and (3) an adenoma with high-grade dysplasia or villous architecture. The current Multi-Society Task Force guideline for timing of surveillance colonoscopy after removal of a HRA is 3 years.

Study:
In 2016, we analyzed 495 patients who had a HRA removed during a 2008 colonoscopy. We compared the frequency of finding another HRA at follow-up intervals. We used the current guidelines as our referent group and performed logistical regression to identify whether any patient characteristics, procedural factors, or type of HRA predicted the development of HRAs on follow-up colonoscopy.

Results:
Individuals who followed-up at a median of 4.5 years did not have more HRA on follow-up compared with those who followed-up at 3 years (25.2% vs. 21.0%, P=0.062). These groups had similar baseline characteristics. Older individuals, male gender, having a history of polyps, and piecemeal resection of an HRA predicted future HRAs. The removal of ≥3 adenomas in 2008 as well as a combination of multiple, large, and advanced polyps showed a higher risk of future HRAs.

Conclusions:
The 2012 Multi-Society Task Force recommendation of 3-year follow-up after removal of HRAs may not apply to all patients. We showed that a combination of patient demographics, procedural factors, and pathology best determines the surveillance colonoscopy interval.
Differences in Sampling Site on Postmortem Cerebrospinal Fluid Biochemistry
Authors: Garland Jack , Philcox Winston , Kesha Kilak , Morrow Paul , Lam Leo , Spark Amy , Palmiere Cristian , Elstub Hannah , Cala Allan D. , Stables Simon , Tse Rexson 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is often analyzed at postmortem. The presented preliminary study compared postmortem CSF samples for biochemical analysis from the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord and ventricular space of the brain. This study compared 15 paired CSF samples in which the CSF from the subarachnoid space via lumbar puncture had higher sodium and chloride levels and lower magnesium and potassium levels than CSF from the ventricles. The differences correlated significantly with the deceased's age and had a similar trend with postmortem interval. This study suggests that CSF from different collection sites has different electrolyte concentrations, which are age and possibly postmortem interval dependent. When collecting CSF, the pathologist should document the collection site, age, and postmortem interval, and the mixing of CSF samples from different sites should be avoided. Further studies are warranted to clarify other possible reasons to explain the observed differences.
Discharge Plasma-Activated Saline Protects Against Abdominal Sepsis by Promoting Bacterial Clearance
Authors: Zhang Jingyao , Qu Kai , Zhang Xia , Wang Bingchuan , Wang Weitao , Bi Jianbin , Zhang Simin , Li Zeyu , Kong Michael G. , Liu Dingxin , Liu Chang 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

Aim:
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cold atmospheric discharge plasma-activated saline (DPAS) on abdominal sepsis.

Methods:
For in vitro research, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was treated with DPAS, and the survival was detected. For in vivo research, male C57BL/6 mice were induced to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and were randomly allocated into saline and DPAS control groups, CLP group, and low or high doses of DPAS (CLP + DPAS 5 and CLP + DPAS 10) groups. In experiment 1, mice were monitored for 120 h to conduct a Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis. In experiment 2, blood, peritoneal fluid, and lung and intestinal tissues in experimental groups were collected at 4, 8, and 24 h after the CLP/sham operation to determine the severity of sepsis.

Results:

In vitro results showed that DPAS significantly inhibited MRSA proliferation. In vivo results showed that both low and high doses of DPAS could significantly improve septic survival in the mice. DPAS treatment also significantly attenuated the lung and intestine histopathological injuries; lung wet/dry ratio; inflammatory reaction; bacterial load in the peritoneal cavity, blood, and lungs; HMGB1 and NF-κB p65 expression levels; cell apoptosis in the lung and intestine. However, there was no difference between CLP + DPAS 5 and CLP + DPAS 10 groups.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, DPAS had markedly protective effects on abdominal sepsis in mice, and the potential mechanism was associated with the ability of reactive species in DPAS to promote bacterial clearance, inhibit the inflammatory response and cell apoptosis.
The Subtype Specificity of Genetic Loci Associated with Stroke in 16,664 cases and 32,792 controls
Authors: Traylor Matthew , Anderson Christopher D. , Rutten-Jacobs Loes C.A. , Falcone Guido J. , Comeau Mary E. , Ay Hakan , Sudlow Cathie L.M. , Xu Huichun , Mitchell Braxton D. , Cole John , Rexrode Kathryn , Jimenez-Conde Jordi , Schmidt Reinhold , Grewal Raji P. , Sacco Ralph , Ribases Marta , Rundek Tatjana , Rosand Jonathan , Dichgans Martin , Lee Jin-Moo , Langefeld Carl D. , Kittner Steven J. , Markus Hugh S. , Woo Daniel , Malik Rainer ,   on behalf of the NINDS Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN) and International Stroke Genetics Consortium (ISGC)
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundGenome-wide association studies have identified multiple loci associated with stroke. However, the specific stroke subtypes affected, and whether loci influence both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, remains unknown. For loci associated with stroke, we aimed to infer the combination of stroke subtypes likely to be affected, and in doing so assess the extent to which such loci have homogeneous effects across stroke subtypes.MethodsWe performed Bayesian multinomial regression in 16,664 stroke cases and 32,792 controls of European ancestry to determine the most likely combination of stroke subtypes affected for loci with published genome-wide stroke associations, using model selection. Cases were subtyped under two commonly used stroke classification systems, Trial of Org 10172 Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) and Causative Classification of Stroke (CCS). All individuals had genotypes imputed to the Haplotype Reference Consortium 1.1 Panel.ResultsSixteen loci were considered for analysis. Seven loci influenced both haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke, three of which influenced ischaemic and haemorrhagic subtypes under both TOAST and CCS. Under CCS, 4 loci influenced both small vessel stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage. An EDNRA locus demonstrated opposing effects on ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. No loci were predicted to influence all stroke subtypes in the same direction and only one locus (12q24) was predicted to influence all ischaemic stroke subtypes.ConclusionsHeterogeneity in the influence of stroke-associated loci on stroke subtypes is pervasive, reflecting differing causal pathways. However, overlap exists between haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke, which may reflect shared pathobiology predisposing to small vessel arteriopathy. Stroke is a complex, heterogeneous disorder requiring tailored analytic strategies to decipher genetic mechanisms.
Surveying insect flower visitors to crops in New Zealand and Australia
Authors: Howlett Brad G , Evans Lisa J. , Kendall Liam K , Rader Romina , McBrydie Heather M. , Read Samantha F.J. , Cutting Brian T. , Robson Andrew , Pattemore David E. , Willcox Bryony K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe survey of insect flower visitors to crops dependent on their pollination is an essential component in determining their effectiveness as pollinators. In most cases, different survey techniques are required for different crops because of variation in planting design, floral density, spatial distribution of flowers or where additional factors such as the variation in plant vigour are being explored. Here we provide survey techniques that have been, or are currently being employed to survey flower visitors across different crops in New Zealand and Australia. Future studies may consider the use of similar designs that will allow for increased standardisation within and between locations and studies. This will provide opportunities for improved direct comparisons between studies, and the ability to combine data sets to address broader spatial-scale questions regarding insect pollination.
Improvements in the fossil record may largely resolve the conflict between morphological and molecular estimates of mammal phylogeny
Authors: Beck Robin M. D. , Baillie Charles 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMorphological phylogenies of mammals continue to show major conflicts with the robust molecular consensus view of their relationships. This raises doubts as to whether current morphological character sets are able to accurately resolve mammal relationships, particularly for fossil taxa for which, in most cases, molecular data is unlikely to ever become available. We tested this under a hypothetical “best case scenario” by using ancestral state reconstruction (under both maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood) to infer the morphologies of fossil ancestors for all clades present in a recent comprehensive molecular phylogeny of mammals, and then seeing what effect inclusion of these predicted ancestors had on unconstrained analyses of morphological data. We found that this resulted in topologies that are highly congruent with the molecular consensus, even when simulating the effect of incomplete fossilisation. Most strikingly, several analyses recovered monophyly of clades that have never been found in previous morphology-only studies, such as Afrotheria and Laurasiatheria. Our results suggest that, at least in principle, improvements in the fossil record may be sufficient to largely reconcile morphological and molecular phylogenies of mammals, even with current morphological character sets.
The GRE Over the Entire Range of Scores Lacks Predictive Ability for PhD Outcomes In the Biomedical Sciences
Authors: Sealy Linda , Saunders Christina , Blume Jeffrey , Chalkley Roger 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe association between GRE scores and academic success in graduate programs is currently of national interest. GRE scores are often assumed to be predictive of student success in graduate school. However, we found no such association in admission data from Vanderbilt’s Initiative for Maximizing Student Diversity (IMSD), which recruited historically underrepresented students for graduate study in the biomedical sciences at Vanderbilt University spanning a wide range of GRE scores. This study avoids the typical biases of most GRE investigations of performance where only high-achievers on the GRE were admitted. GRE scores, while collected at admission, were not used or consulted for admission decisions and comprise the full range of percentiles, from 1% to 91%. We report on the 29 students recruited to the Vanderbilt IMSD from 2007-2011 who have completed the program at this date. While the data set is not large, the predictive trends between GRE and long-term graduate outcomes (publications, first author publications, time to degree, predoctoral fellowship awards, and faculty evaluations) are remarkably null and there is sufficient precision to rule out even mild relationships between GRE and these outcomes. Career outcomes are encouraging; many students are in postdocs, and the rest are in stage-appropriate career environments for such a cohort, including tenure track faculty, biotech and entrepreneurship careers.
The soil microbial food web revisited with metatranscriptomics - predatory Myxobacteria as keystone taxon?
Authors: Petters Sebastian , Söllinger Andrea , Bengtsson Mia Maria , Urich Tim 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTrophic interactions in the microbial food web of soils are crucial for nutrient and carbon cycling. Traditionally, protozoa are considered the major micropredators of bacteria in soil. However, some prokaryotes, such as Myxobacteria and Bdellovibrio are also famous for bacterivorous life style. Until recently, it was impossible to assess the abundance of pro- and eukaryotic micropredators in soils simultaneously. Using a metatranscriptomic three-domain profiling of small subunit ribosomal RNA we investigated the abundance of bacterivores in 28 datasets from eleven European mineral and organic soils of different climatic zones. In all soils, Myxobacteria comprised a significant proportion from 4 – 19% of prokaryotic 16S rRNA transcripts and more than 60% of all bacterivores in most soils. Haliangiaceae and Polyangiaceae were most abundant, while the name-giving Myxococcaceae were barely present. Other bacterial predators like Bdellovibrio were low abundant. Also Protozoan micropredator 18S rRNA transcripts, e.g. from Cercozoa, Amoebozoa and Ciliophora, were on average less abundant, especially in mineral soils. Nematodes were even less abundant. In addition, we applied a longitudinal approach to identify bacterivores during beech litter colonisation. Here, Myxobacteria showed prey-dependent, protozoa-like community dynamics during colonisation. Thus, their broad prey range and high abundance suggests a major influence of Myxobacteria on structuring the prokaryotic community composition in soil, and might warrant their classification as keystone taxon. Our results suggest the presence of an ecologically important “bacterial loop” in soil food webs, independent of protozoa and nematodes.
Solid immersion microscopy readily and inexpensively enables 12 nm resolution on plunge-frozen cells
Authors: Wang Lin , Bateman Benji , Zanetti-Domingues Laura C. , Moores Amy N. , Astbury Sam , Spindloe Christopher , Darrow Michele C. , Romano Maria , Needham Sarah R. , Beis Konstantinos , Rolfe Daniel J. , Clarke David T. , Martin-Fernandez Marisa L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSuper-resolution fluorescence microscopy achieves 20-30 nm resolution by using liquid-immersion objectives to optimize light collection and chemical sample fixation to minimize image blurring. It is known that fluorophore brightness increases substantially under cryogenic conditions and that cryo-fixation is far superior in preserving ultrastructure. However, cryogenic conditions have not been exploited to improve resolution or sample quality because liquid immersion media freezes at the objective, losing its optical properties. Here, simply by replacing the immersion fluid with a low-cost super-hemispherical solid immersion lens (superSIL), we effortlessly achieve <8 nm localisation precision and 12 nm resolution under cryogenic conditions in a low-cost, low-tech system. This is to our knowledge the best resolution yet attained in biological samples. Furthermore, we demonstrate multicolour imaging and show that the inexpensive setup outperforms 10-fold more costly super-resolution microscopes. By also removing the barrier to total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of mammalian cells under cryogenic conditions, superSIL microscopy delivers a straightforward route to achieve unmatched nanoscale resolution on both bacterial and mammalian cell samples, which any laboratory can effortlessly and inexpensively implement.
Involvement of PorK, a component of the type IX secretion system, in Prevotella melaninogenica pathogenicity
Authors: Kondo Yoshio , Sato Keiko , Nagano Keiji , Nishiguchi Miyuki , Hoshino Tomonori , Fujiwara Taku , Nakayama Koji 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTPrevotella melaninogenica is a gram‐negative anaerobic commensal bacterium that resides in the human oral cavity and is isolated as a pathogen of suppurative diseases both inside and outside the mouth. However, little is known about the pathogenic factors of P. melaninogenica. The periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tanerella forsythia secrete virulence factors such as protease and bacterial cell surface proteins via a type IX secretion system (T9SS) that are involved in pathogenicity. P. melaninogenica also possesses all known orthologs of T9SS. In this study, a P. melaninogenica GAI 07411 mutant deficient in the orthologue of the T9SS‐encoding gene, porK, was constructed. Hemagglutination and biofilm formation were decreased in the porK mutant. Furthermore, following growth on skim milk‐containing medium, the diameters of the halos surrounding the porK mutant were smaller than those of the wild‐type strain, suggesting a decrease in secretion of proteases outside the bacterium. To investigate this in detail, culture supernatants of wild‐type and porK mutant strains were purified and compared by two‐dimensional electrophoresis. In the mutant strain, fewer spots were detected, indicating fewer secreted proteins. In infection experiments, the mortality rate of mice inoculated with the porK mutant strain was significantly lower than in the wild‐type strain. These results suggest that P. melaninogenica secretes potent virulence factors via the T9SS that contribute to its pathogenic ability.
Gender in the Australian Public Service: Doing, Undoing, Redoing or Done?
Authors: Williamson Sue , Colley Linda 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAttention to gender equity has waxed and waned in public services but, by the 1980s, a series of policy changes placed public services among the leaders in working conditions for women. Conversely, New Public Management reforms since the 1980s focused on leaner, more efficient government and resulted in the gradual downgrading or stagnation of employment conditions for female public sector employees. In the Australian Public Service (APS), occupational segregation remains, as does under‐representation of women in senior management. In 2016, the Australian government announced its commitment to progressing gender equality with the release of an APS gender equality strategy. Drawing on frameworks for ‘doing’ and ‘undoing’ gender at work, this research uses data from interviews and focus groups to first, identify staff experiences in one large APS agency to examine how gender is done, and second, consider the transformative potential of this strategy to lead to workplaces where gender has been redone or undone, and third, consider the implications for women's equity.
Family Arrangements and Children's Education Among Migrants: A Case Study of China
Authors: Huang Youqin , Liang Zai , Song Qian , Tao Ran 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAs China is experiencing an urban revolution with massive rural‐to‐urban migration, millions of children are profoundly affected by their parents’ migration and their decisions about family arrangements. With the discriminatory hukou system and harsh living conditions in cities, the dilemma migrant parents face is whether they should take their children with them to the city or leave them behind. This decision determines the household, school and community environments that children live in, which, in turn, shape their well‐being. With a unique strategy of comparing ‘left‐behind children’ to ‘migrant children’ and a gendered perspective, this article examines how different family arrangements among migrants and consequent housing conditions and gender dynamics affect children's educational well‐being. Our findings demonstrate the complex impact of family arrangements on children, which is conditioned by wage income and the gender of the absent parent and the child. We find that children from less favorable socio‐economic backgrounds benefit more from moving to cities. Children living with both parents and those living with their mother or grandparents tend to do better. While the effect of housing conditions is marginal, family arrangements have a gendered effect on children. Related policy recommendations are provided.