bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diurnal properties of voltage‐gated Ca2+ currents in suprachiasmatic nucleus and roles in action potential firing
Authors: McNally Beth A. , Plante Amber E. , Meredith Andrea L. 
Published: June 2019

Key points
Circadian oscillations in spontaneous action potential firing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) translate time‐of‐day throughout the mammalian brain.
The ion channels that regulate the circadian pattern of SCN firing have not been comprehensively identified.
Ca2+ channels regulate action potential activity across many types of excitable cells, and the activity of L‐, N‐, P/Q‐ and R‐type channels are required for normal daytime firing frequency in SCN neurons and circuit rhythms.
Only the L‐type Ca2+ current exhibits a day versus night difference in current magnitude, providing insight into the mechanism that produces rhythmic action potential firing in SCN.
AbstractThe mammalian circadian clock encodes time via rhythmic action potential activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which governs daily rhythms in physiology and behaviour. SCN neurons exhibit 24 h oscillations in spontaneous firing, with higher firing during day compared to night. Several ionic currents have been identified that regulate SCN firing, including voltage‐gated Ca2+ currents, but the circadian regulation of distinct voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) components has not been comprehensively addressed. In this study, whole‐cell L‐ (nimodipine‐sensitive), N‐ and P/Q‐ (ω‐agatoxin IVA, ω‐conotoxin GVIA, ω‐conotoxin MVIIC‐sensitive), R‐ (Ni2+‐sensitive) and T‐type (TTA‐P2‐sensitive) currents were recorded from day and night SCN slices. Using standard voltage protocols, Ni2+‐sensitive currents comprised the largest proportion of total VGCC current, followed by nimodipine‐, ω‐agatoxin IVA‐, ω‐conotoxin GVIA‐ and TTA‐P2‐sensitive currents. Only the nimodipine‐sensitive current exhibited a diurnal difference in magnitude, with daytime current larger than night. No diurnal variation was observed for the other Ca2+ current subtypes. The difference in nimodipine‐sensitive current was due to larger peak current activated during the day, not differences in inactivation, and was eliminated by Bay K8644. Blocking L‐type channels decreased firing selectively during the day, consistent with higher current magnitudes, and reduced SCN circuit rhythmicity recorded by multi‐electrode arrays. Yet blocking N‐, P/Q‐ and R‐type channels also decreased daytime firing, with little effect at night, and decreased circuit rhythmicity. These data identify a unique diurnal regulation of L‐type current among the major VGCC subtypes in SCN neurons, but also reveal that diurnal modulation is not required for time‐of‐day‐specific effects on firing and circuit rhythmicity.
High-Intensity Training in Water Polo: Swimming Versus Ball Drills
Authors: Botonis Petros G. , Malliaros Ioannis , Arsoniadis Gavriil G. , Platanou Theodoros I. , Toubekis Argyris G. 
Published: June 2019

Purpose: To examine the acute physiological responses and internal training load of long-interval swimming and water polo–specific drills in high-level water polo players. Methods: A total of 10 water polo players performed both a high-intensity swimming without ball (SW) with intensity corresponding to 90% of their maximum speed previously attained during a 300-m swimming test or a counterattack ball drill (CA). Both SW and CA conditions were designed to provide equal time exposure. Thus, 3 bouts of 4 minutes duration and a 3-minute passive rest were performed in each condition. The players’ physiological responses were assessed by continuous monitoring heart rate (HR) during CA and SW as well as by measuring blood lactate at the end of each condition. Rating of perceived exertion was recorded at the end of each bout. The Edwards summated HR zones were used to measure internal training load. Results: Both peak and mean HR were similar between SW and CA, and no difference was detected between conditions in the percentage time spent at 90% to 100% of HRpeak. Postexercise blood lactate (8.5 [4.1] vs 11.5 [1.9] mmol·L−1) and rating of perceived exertion (8.1 [0.8] vs 8.7 [0.5] a.u.) values were lower in CA compared with SW (P < .05). Conclusions: SW compared with CA showed similar cardiac stress but increased anaerobic metabolism activation and higher rating of perceived exertion. Either CA or SW may be both used in training practice as a means to effectively train physical conditioning of water polo players, whereas CA may also facilitate tactical preparation.
Provenance vs. Authenticity: An Archaeological Perspective on the Post-2002 “Dead Sea Scrolls-Like” Fragments
Authors: Mizzi Dennis , Magness Jodi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article adds an archaeological voice to the current debate surrounding the authenticity of recently acquired “Dead Sea Scrolls-like” fragments. In our opinion, since these fragments are above all archaeological artifacts, considerations of provenance should take priority over authenticity. We begin with a survey that contextualizes this debate in relation to other types of archaeological artifacts, and consider the importance of context as well as ethical, legal, moral, and economic issues relating to the acquisition and publication of unprovenanced artifacts. We conclude that any artifact that lacks verifiable documentation of its provenance—whether or not it is authentic—should not be studied or published by scholars. Finally, we urge professional organizations and publishers to establish or strengthen policies preventing the publication of such artifacts, even after primary publication or presentation elsewhere.
Club Diplomacy in the Arctic
Authors: Burke Danita Catherine 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Arctic Council is frequently called a unique forum but, as this article argues, clubs are common in international politics and in many respects the Arctic Council is a club. This article explores the questions: Why are the Arctic states acting like a club in Arctic politics, and how do internal hierarchies influence how clubs make decisions? As the article illustrates, clubs are the stage for club diplomacy and, in club diplomacy, hierarchies play an important role. Using the Arctic Council as an illustrative case study, this article argues that clubs have internal hierarchies that inform their decision-making processes and their responses to challenges to their status. When clubs try to deal with subjects that extend beyond the boundaries of the sovereignty of club members and the parameters of club membership, club members may suffer from a lack of status and legitimacy to unilaterally deal with the subject.
Locating the World in Metaphysical Poetry
Authors: Burney Fatima 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Discussions on world literature often imagine literary presence, movement, and exchange in terms of location and prioritize those literary traditions that can be easily mapped. In many regards, classical ghazal poetry resists such interpretation. Nonetheless, a number of nineteenth-century writers working in Urdu and English reframed classical ghazal poetry according to notions of locale that were particularly underpinned by ideas of natural essence, or genius. This article puts two such receptions of the classical ghazal in conversation with one another: the naičral shāʿirī (natural poetry) movement in North India, and the portrayal of classical Persian poet Hafiz as a figure of national genius in the scholarship of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Both these examples highlight the role that discourses of nature and natural expression played in nineteenth-century literary criticism, particularly with regard to conceptions of national culture. They also demonstrate how Persianate literary material that had long circulated in cosmopolitan ways could be vernacularized by rereading conventionalized tropes of mystical longing in terms of more worldly belonging.
The Literary World of the North African Taghrība
Authors: Laachir Karima 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The novels by North African novelists Waciny Laredj, Majid Toubia and Abdelrahim Lahbibi that refashioned the traditional Arabic genre of the taghrība inspired by the medieval epic of Taghrība of Banū Hilāl, still a living oral tradition in the region, offer an interesting case study of location in world literature. They circulate both within national (Algerian, Egyptian and Moroccan) literary systems and the pan-Arab literary field while maintaining a distinct aesthetic and political locality. In these novels, the literary life of the North African taghrība takes forms and meanings that are geographically and historically located, and that are shaped by the positionality of the authors. This paper intervenes in the discussion on location in world literature from the perspective of Arabic novelistic traditions by showing that the pan-Arabic literary field itself is far from homogenous but is marked by a diversity of narrative styles and techniques that can be both local/localised and transregional at the same time. Therefore, we need to shift our understanding of world literature beyond macro-models of “world-system” that assume a universally-shared set of literary values and tastes.
World Literature as Proximate Reading and David Mitchell’s Cloud Atlas
Authors: Tracy Dale 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Cloud Atlas takes the form of what Lawrence Buell calls an observer-hero narrative, in which an observer has difficulty representing and interpreting a hero’s actions. While Cloud Atlas structurally magnifies this problem over its multiple stories, its subversion of genre and convention suggests a reading strategy through which one might believe in another’s effective action, despite the accepted knowledge and limiting rules of the systems in which action might occur. The novel’s principle of symmetry, that an observer’s belief in a hero’s action bolsters the action’s effects, suggests the significance of what I call proximate observation – observation founded in an appropriate degree of connection. Proximate observation allows for the belief in another’s story, belief that is necessary for change. The implications for a text, the world, or world literature are the same: proximate reading strategies foreground the need for belief in possibilities one does not already know.
China’s South Asia Policy in the ‘New Era’
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev 
Published: June 2019

In recent years, there has been a rise in China’s profile in South Asia. It is no surprise that Chinese experts have used terms, such as ‘new springtime’ in China–South Asia relations, ‘rediscovery of the strategic status of South Asia’ and ‘most relevant region with regard to the rise of China’.    The objective of this article is to examine the nature and drivers of China’s South Asia policy, especially under the leadership of Xi Jinping vis-à-vis China’s policy towards the region in the past. It is not sufficient to only examine international factors or foreign and security policy in the context of the neighbouring region, such as South Asia. China’s ‘domestic periphery’ presents a significant threat to its national security. These areas are linked to neighbouring countries of South Asia and Central Asia. The announcement by Chinese President Xi Jinping of a ‘New Era’ or ‘third era’ in the history of Communist Party of China (CPC) represents a China which is known for its dictum ‘striving for achievement’ ( fenfa youwei). This is different from the second era’s policy of ‘keeping a low profile and biding the time’ proposed by Deng Xiaoping. Of course, the name of Mao Zedong is synonymous with the first era beginning from 1949.
Traumatic hyphema in a patient with severe hemophilia A: Clinical features and management
Authors: Belviranli Selman , Ozkagnici Ahmet , Tokgoz Huseyin , Bitirgen Gulfidan , Caliskan Umran 
Published: June 2019

Purpose: To describe a case of traumatic hyphema in a patient with severe hemophilia A. Case: We present a case of a 16-year-old boy with severe hemophilia A who presented to our ophthalmology department with total hyphema and elevated intraocular pressure 3 days after a history of blunt ocular trauma on his right eye. Due to the persistent intraocular pressure elevation and total hyphema despite medical intervention, an early anterior chamber washout was performed with the replacement of factor VIII preoperatively and postoperatively. Re-bleeding or any other complications were not experienced during surgery or postoperatively. At the first postoperative week, 20/20 visual acuity and a normal intraocular pressure without antiglaucoma medication was retained and remained stable during the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: In such cases with hemophilia A, traumatic hyphema, and intraocular pressure elevation despite medical intervention, an early surgical clot removal under intense factor VIII replacement could be performed. In the early postoperative period, factor replacement should be resumed in order to avoid re-bleeding.
Understanding of Brain Death Among Health-Care Professionals at a Transplant Center
Authors: Lawson Michelle M. , Mooney Christopher J. , Demme Richard A. 
Published: June 2019

Introduction: There is considerable variation in brain death understanding and policies between medical institutions, however, studies have not yet compared different health-care professionals working in the same hospital. Research Questions: The overall aim of this study was to evaluate understanding of brain death among health-care professionals within intensive care units (ICUs) at a single institution. Design: Study participants included 217 attending physicians, residents, nurses, medical students, and other ICU team members in 6 ICUs. Participants completed a 21-question survey pertaining to knowledge of brain death and related institutional policies as well as opinions about brain death. Results: We found a wide range of brain death understanding among health-care professionals in ICUs. Attending physicians have the greatest understanding (94.7%), followed by nurses (72.4%). In contrast, approximately half of the students and residents do not have a basic understanding of brain death. Brain death understanding was correlated to health-care role, years of experience, and whether the participant had formal training in brain death. Although most participants had been involved in cases of brain death, a much smaller number had received formal training on death by neurological criteria. Discussion: The present study observed a paucity of clinical training in brain death among health-care professionals in the study ICUs. There is an opportunity for improved clinical education on brain death that could improve communication with families about brain death and potentially increase the number of organs transplanted.
Drying response of lime-mortar joints in granite masonry after an intense rainfall and after repointing
Authors: Fusade Lucie , Orr Scott Allan , Wood Chris , O’Dowd Meriel , Viles Heather 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
When rain impacts a building façade, it is essential that once it has entered, it leaves by evaporation to help the building dry out. Accumulation of moisture can lead to internal dampness, mould and decay of valuable masonry by salt weathering. In a solid masonry wall where the stone is of low permeability, such as granite which is found in many historic buildings, rain water mainly enters and leaves through mortar joints. If granite stone masonry needs repointing, the repair mortar must allow the overall masonry to dry out. This study evaluates the drying response of various lime-based repointing mortars mixes in small granite stone masonry constructions (test walls) subjected to a simulated intense short rain event and then left to dry. It determines the moisture movement through mortar joints, the influence of materials, joint types and workmanship, and whether repointing could mitigate moisture ingress and help masonry dry out. This study developed a novel experimental protocol which allowed comparison of the drying response of different mortar types in a low-porosity stone masonry system and the effect of repointing. Five test walls were built of Cornish granite with five different lime mortar mixes combining NHL 3.5 (St Astier) gauged with non-hydraulic quicklime (Shap), quartz and calcitic sand and biomass wood ash as additives. Simulated intense rain was sprayed on each wall over a 3.25 h spell. Drying was monitored over a week with a microwave moisture device (MOIST350B). Measurements were done at surface and depth on both mortar joints and granite units. Each wall was then repointed with the same mortar mix initially used when built and the same rain simulation was performed to evaluate differences repointing could make to the moisture dynamics. The importance of mortar in dealing with moisture movements in the test wall and absorbing moisture from the stones was demonstrated. Gauged binder and wood ash additives decreased the capillary absorption capacity of mortars while retaining a good drying rate. This study has also showed that after repointing water did not penetrate as deep under the same conditions. Therefore repointing reduces the threat of water ingress and shows that it could be a suitable conservation intervention to mitigate water ingress and accelerate drying.
The Towneley 'First Shepherds’ Play': Its ‘Grotesque’ Feast Revisited
Authors: Gerhardt Ernst 
Published: June 2019

With few exceptions, criticism of the Towneley ‘First Shepherds’ Play’ maintains that the food consumed by the shepherds in their feast-scene must have been imaginary and that performed consumption of this imaginary food must have been mimed. This essay counters this view, arguing that the shepherds’ menu includes food commonly served at English medieval Christmas feasts, and that, given the play’s theme, the play itself was likely performed in conjunction with — or even during — the actual Christmas feast. The play offers evidence of performance practices that integrated audience food consumption with the play itself.
Testing of Various Monochromatic LED Lights Used in Supplemental Irradiation of Lettuce in Modern Urban Rooftop Polytunnels
Authors: Chang Chung-Liang , Chang Kuang-Pi , Fu Wei-Lun 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Urban farming could provide both vegetable growers and urban dwellers with more direct access to various fresh vegetables. Nevertheless, certain challenging problems associated with urban farming, including a lack of cultivation space and the effects of urban heat islands, must still be solved. Relatedly, a grower must, in some cases, also know how to utilize various forms of technology, such as lighting systems, as well as factors such as water availability. In this study, an original rooftop polytunnel design for lettuce ( cv. Lollo Rosso) cultivation equipped with a hydroponic system and light emitting diodes (LEDs) is proposed. Various monochromatic lights were also tested for their effects on different quality parameters of lettuce. Specifically, supplemental red (655 nm), blue (445 nm), green (520 nm), and ultraviolet (380 nm) LED lights were used at night to apply photon fluxes of 150, 150, 150, and 20 µmol.m-2.s-1, respectively. The resulting effects of these different colored LEDs on the pigment concentration and growth response of the lettuce grown inside the roof polytunnel were then investigated. The experiment was then repeated several times with different environmental parameters in order to compare the effects of the different light wavelengths under higher temperatures and higher natural irradiation conditions.The results indicated that supplemental red or blue light at night could be strategically employed to maintain low nitrate levels and enhance the nutritional value and growth of lettuce grown in roof polytunnels. Keywords: Light emitting-diodes, LEDs, Hydroponic, Red lettuce, Rooftop polytunnel, Urban agriculture.
Magnets and school turnarounds: Revisiting policies for promoting equitable, diverse schools
Authors: Ayscue Jennifer B. , Siegel-Hawley Genevieve 
Published: June 2019

This case study examines how magnet school and school turnaround processes can work together to promote desegregation and improvement. Based on cross-case analysis of three magnet schools undergoing turnarounds, this study draws on data from the 2010 federal Magnet Schools Assistance Program grant and qualitative fieldwork through observations, interviews, and focus groups. In academically struggling schools with high concentrations of students of color and low-income students, successful magnet turnarounds involve changes across many aspects of the schools. While the local context is essential for shaping the magnet turnaround process, these three schools reveal common ways in which participants viewed their schools as successful turnarounds, the elements that supported success, and the challenges that magnets undergoing a turnaround are likely to face. Participants’ perceptions of a successful turnaround were based on increasing family interest and increasing racial and economic diversity, as well as improvements in curriculum and instruction, school culture, and academic achievement. This study helps broaden our definition of a school turnaround beyond higher test scores and reminds us of the origins of the concept, which revolved around desegregation. Lessons from the sites suggest that rather than closing underperforming or under-enrolled schools, districts should consider magnet schools as a turnaround approach.
Manajemen Anestesi pada bayi prematur dengan asosiasi VACTERL
Authors: Wibowo Primartanto , Yahya Corry Quando 
Published: June 2019

Latar Belakang : Sindrom VACTERL merupakan kelainan kongenital yang melibatkan malformasi vertebra, atresia anal, anomali kardiovaskular, malformasi ginjal dan kelainan struktur pada tungkai. Manajemen anestesi pada pasien tersebut memiliki risiko mortalitas tinggi karena adanya anomali jantung dan ginjal yang dapat mempengaruhi status hemodinamik.Kasus : Dilaporkan penanganan anestesi pada bayi prematur berusia 28 minggu berat 1,795gr menjalani operasi kolonostomi atresia ani. Frekuensi nadi 157x/menit, frekuensi napas 40x/menit, terdapat ronki pada kedua lapang paru dan murmur sistolik. Saturasi oksigen pasien 98% menggunakan nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) fraksi inspirasi oksigen 40%.Induksi menggunakan 0,2 mg midazolam, 2 mg ketamin, 2 mcg FentanylR . Rapid sequence intubation diberikan ventilasi dengan oksigen 100% menggunakan sirkuit Jackson-Rees frekuensi pernapasan 50-60 kali/menit. Rumatan anestesi dilakukan menggunakan oksigen 100% 4 liter per menit dan 1 volume percent isofluran. Setelah penggunaan isofluran, pasien mengalami desaturasi hingga 92% dan bradikardia hingga 125 kali per menit. Isofluran dihentikan diganti denganketamin. Setelah hemodinamik stabil, insisi dimulai. Selama prosedur operasi, denyut jantung berkisar di 125-155 kali per menit dengan saturasi oksigen 98-100%. Lama operasi 95 menit. Post operasi dirawat di NICU. Pasien meninggal pada hari ke-12 perawatan pasca operasi di NICU.Ringkasan : Tata laksana anestesi pada pasien VACTERL terutama di fokuskan pada kelainan kardiovaskuler yang ada dengan memperhatikan keseimbangan antara SVR dan PVR.