bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity of frontal pole cortex reflecting hedonic tone of food and drink: fNIRS study in humans
Authors: Minematsu Yuji , Ueji Kayoko , Yamamoto Takashi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCognitive and hedonic aspects of taste have been studied using different neuroimaging techniques in humans. However, the methods used are unsuitable for easy monitoring of hedonics induced by intake of foods and beverages. Here we have tried to monitor changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) levels in the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC, frontopolar cortex, Brodmann area 10) in response to intake of hedonically different edibles in healthy adults. When subjects tasted sweet and bitter solutions freely without any particular instruction, cortical activation varied greatly among subjects and between the two stimuli, and no consistent results were obtained. Subjects then ate or drank preferred (hedonically positive) and disliked (hedonically negative) edibles. Although these stimuli differed among subjects, hedonically positive stimuli decreased oxyHb, whereas hedonically negative stimuli increased oxyHb, particularly in the ventral aPFC. When subjects tasted 4 kinds of jellies with different flavors and evaluated the degree of pleasantness, oxyHb level in the ventral region correlated negatively with pleasantness score. These results revealed that pleasant and unpleasant edibles tended to elicit decreased and increased oxyHb levels, respectively, within the ventral aPFC, suggesting that monitoring of oxyHb in this region may prove useful for objective evaluation of pleasantness of food and drink.
Bilingual Speech Sound Development During the Preschool Years: The Role of Language Proficiency and Cross-Linguistic Relatedness
Authors: Montanari Simona , Mayr Robert , Subrahmanyam Kaveri 
Published: October 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate typical Spanish–English speech sound development longitudinally in a group of bilingual preschoolers enrolled in a Head Start Program and to examine the extent to which such development is linked to language proficiency. The study also aimed to identify whether speech development is related cross-linguistically and to improve our understanding of error patterns in this population.MethodThirty-five bilingual preschool children produced single-word speech samples in Spanish and English both at the beginning of their first and their second year in a Head Start Program. Conversational samples in both languages were also collected at these data points to calculate mean length of utterance in words (MLUw) and thus assess the children's linguistic proficiency. The phonetically transcribed speech samples were compared over time in terms of segmental accuracy measures and error pattern frequencies. Correlation analyses were run to examine the relation between segmental accuracy measures across languages and between speech sound production and MLUw.ResultsOne-way within-subject analysis of variance revealed significant improvements in accuracy over time in both languages, but not always for cross-linguistically unshared segments, nor for all consonant manner classes. Overall error rates decreased over time in both languages; although, certain error types showed no change. Cross-linguistic interactions were low in both languages. The results also revealed significant cross-linguistic correlations in segmental accuracy between Spanish and English, as well as between MLUw and speech sound production in both languages on a range of measures, with language-specific differences in Year 2 of the Head Start Program, but not in Year 1.ConclusionsThis study is the first to document developmental changes in the speech patterns of Spanish–English bilingual preschool children over 1 year. Accuracy rates improved significantly in both languages, suggesting that enhanced exposure to the majority language at school may not impede phonological development in the home language. Bootstrapping effects were particularly pronounced on cross-linguistically shared sounds, which suggests that the same underlying skills are utilized in both languages, whereas language-specific singleton consonants and consonant clusters did not appear to benefit from exposure to the other language. The results also suggest an intricate link between phonological skills and morphosyntactic performance at the early stages of development, but a more complex pattern thereafter with differences that may be based on language-specific phonological properties.
On‐site partial discharge test technology of converter transformer
Authors: Wang Wei , Yang Dong‐Dong , Li Ran , Yan Lin , Guo Rui‐Zhou , Zhang Na , Tao Wen‐Biao 
Published: October 2018

The rectifier transformer is the power transformer of the rectifier equipment. The characteristic of the rectifier device is the AC input, DC output by rectifying the original. Converter transformer and voltage regulation transformer connect through oil and gas casing of Shanxi medium aluminium Huarun Co., Ltd. In order to solve the problems such as high test current caused by 200 kW no‐load loss, insufficient capacity of single frequency conversion power supply, complicated field environment, and the great interference, a complete test plan is presented according to the conditions of the field, and the whole process of the successful test is described in detail. The key problems about the selection of test power, the selection of test frequency, and the choice of pressure mode are emphasised. The on‐the‐spot partial discharge test of the converter transformer has been successfully completed, which provides valuable experience for the test of large capacity transformer in the future.
Physical properties and chemical composition of the cores in the California molecular cloud
Authors: Zhang Guo-Yin , Xu Jin-Long , Vasyunin A. I. , Semenov D. A. , Wang Jun-Jie , Dib Sami , Liu Tie , Liu Sheng-Yuan , Zhang Chuan-Peng , Liu Xiao-Lan , Wang Ke , Li Di , Wu Zhong-Zu , Yuan Jing-Hua , Li Da-Lei , Gao Yang 
Published: October 2018

Aims. We aim to reveal the physical properties and chemical composition of the cores in the California molecular cloud (CMC), so as to better understand the initial conditions of star formation.
Methods. We made a high-resolution column density map (18.2′′) with Herschel data, and extracted a complete sample of the cores in the CMC with the fellwalker algorithm. We performed new single-pointing observations of molecular lines near 90 GHz with the IRAM 30m telescope along the main filament of the CMC. In addition, we also performed a numerical modeling of chemical evolution for the cores under the physical conditions.
Results. We extracted 300 cores, of which 33 are protostellar and 267 are starless cores. About 51% (137 of 267) of the starless cores are prestellar cores. Three cores have the potential to evolve into high-mass stars. The prestellar core mass function (CMF) can be well fit by a log-normal form. The high-mass end of the prestellar CMF shows a power-law form with an index α = −0.9 ± 0.1 that is shallower than that of the Galactic field stellar mass function. Combining the mass transformation efficiency (ε) from the prestellar core to the star of 15 ± 1% and the core formation efficiency (CFE) of 5.5%, we suggest an overall star formation efficiency of about 1% in the CMC. In the single-pointing observations with the IRAM 30m telescope, we find that 6 cores show blue-skewed profile, while 4 cores show red-skewed profile. [HCO+]/[HNC] and [HCO+]/[N2H+] in protostellar cores are higher than those in prestellar cores; this can be used as chemical clocks. The best-fit chemical age of the cores with line observations is ~5 × 104 yr.
Bitterstoffe – von der traditionellen Verwendung bis zum Einsatz an der Haut
Authors: Wölfle Ute , Schempp Christoph M. 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungBitterstoffe werden in der traditionellen Phytotherapie schon lange zur Linderung von Magenbeschwerden sowie bei Gallen- und Verdauungsproblemen eingesetzt. Erst seit wenigen Jahren weiß man allerdings, dass Bitterstoff-Rezeptoren außer in den Geschmacksknospen der Zunge auch im gesamten Verdauungstrakt und in nahezu allen anderen extraintestinalen Organen gebildet werden. In diesem Beitrag werden geschichtliche, pharmakologische, medizinische und neueste naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu den Bitterstoffen und Bitterstoff-Rezeptoren mit besonderem Augenmerk auf die Bedeutung der Bitterstoff-Rezeptoren für die Haut aufgezeigt. Bitterstoffe aus dem Gelben Enzian, z. B. Amarogentin, binden an Bitterstoff-Rezeptoren der Haut, es kommt in den Keratinozyten zu einem Einstrom von Kalzium und zur Bildung von Proteinen und Lipiden, die an der Ausbildung der Hautbarriere beteiligt sind. Somit beleben Bitterstoffe den Stoffwechsel der Haut und regenerieren die Hautbarriere. Dies kann für die Behandlung von Hautkrankheiten mit einer Barrierestörung, wie z. B. bei der Neurodermitis oder sehr trockener Haut, genutzt werden.
The Use of Frequency Lowering Technology in the Treatment of Severe-to-Profound Hearing Loss: A Review of the Literature and Candidacy Considerations for Clinical Application
Authors: Scollie Susan , Glista Danielle 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article provides a review of the current literature on the topic of frequency lowering hearing aid technology specific to the treatment of severe and profound levels of hearing impairment in child and adult listeners. Factors to consider when assessing listener candidacy for frequency lowering technology are discussed. These include factors related to audiometric assessment, the listener, the type of hearing aid technology, and the verification and validation procedures that can assist in determining candidacy for frequency lowering technology. An individualized candidacy assessment including the use of real-ear verification measures and carefully chosen validation tools are recommended for listeners requiring greater audibility of high-frequency sounds, when compared with amplification via conventional hearing aid technology.
The influence of physical exercise on the relation between the phase of cardiac cycle and shooting accuracy in biathlon
Authors: Gallicchio Germano , Finkenzeller Thomas , Sattlecker Gerold , Lindinger Stefan , Hoedlmoser Kerstin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study examined the influence of physical exercise on the relation between shooting accuracy and the phase of the cardiac cycle in which the shot is fired. Thirteen experienced biathletes (8 females, mean age 17 years) fired from the standing position at rest and right after a submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Shooting accuracy and the timing of each shot relative to the R‐waves of the electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded. Best shots (with greatest accuracy) and worst shots (with lowest accuracy) were fired prevalently in different phases of the cardiac cycle. In the rest condition, best shots were fired less frequently from 200 to 300 ms and more frequently from 500 to 600 ms after the R‐wave, compared to worst shots. In the exercise condition, best shots were fired less frequently from 100 to 200 ms after the R‐wave and from 20% to 30% of the R‐R interval, compared to worst shots. These findings support the hypothesis that shooting accuracy is influenced by the cardiac cycle phase due to the ballistocardiac recoil generated at each heartbeat. To achieve best results athletes could be trained (e.g. through biofeedback) to fire within a specific phase of the cardiac cycle.
Effect of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities
Authors: Carretero‐Navarro Germán , Márquez Gonzalo , Cherubini Doménico , Taube Wolfgang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWeighted vests are widely used to improve running economy and performance. However, it is not well‐studied how running mechanics are adapted to counteract the higher peak vertical ground reaction forces (Fpeak) while running with such a device. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities. Thirteen subjects participated in two separate sessions one week apart. In the first session, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was determined through a maximal incremental running test while in the second session, they were instructed to run during one minute under different loading (0%, +10% and +20% of body mass [BM]) and velocity (60%, 80% and 100% of MAS) conditions in a random order. Spatiotemporal data were recorded and then running mechanics modelled using the spring‐mass model. The main results indicated that vertical and leg stiffness (Kvert and Kleg, respectively) were increased (P < .001) as velocity increased but remained unaltered (P > .05) when load was changed. At the same time, alterations of the running kinematics were observed such as longer contact times, reduced flight times, stride frequencies and step lengths, as well as an increase of the centre of mass dynamics. Based on these results it is assumed that runners maintain a certain stiffness level for each velocity despite different loading conditions. As a consequence, Fpeak increases and this probably causes spatiotemporal adjustments in the movement kinematics.
Defining well-being in community development from the ground up: a case study of participant and practitioner perspectives
Authors: Coburn Annette , Gormally Sinéad 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe concept of well-being is part of an inter-disciplinary agenda for health improvement and human flourishing, critiqued as a superficial ‘solution’ to structural inequality (Friedli, L. (2003) Mental Health Improvement ‘concepts and definitions’: briefing Paper for the National Advisory Group, Scottish Executive, Edinburgh; White, S. C. (2010) Analysing wellbeing: a framework for development practice, Development in Practice, 20 (2), 158–172). This article discusses an evaluation of three health promoting community projects, over a two-year period. The study identifies important features for understanding well-being at grassroots, community and practice levels. Local people had viable and holistic perceptions of well-being that helped them reflect on their current contexts. Practitioners tended to have a more limited conceptualization by associating wellbeing with mental health or community safety. Consideration of findings identified five conditions of wellbeing for community development practice: creating a sense of community; strong volunteering ethos; networking and partnership working; positive language; enhanced relationships. Applying these findings in practice helped to create a new reflective grid, incorporating seven elements of well-being. Participants found this grid easy to use and affirming in facilitating reflection on their personal well-being. This was also beneficial for community practitioners, who were not clinically qualified, to facilitate reflective learning at grassroots level. Analysis of this research enables a conclusion to be drawn to suggest that well-being is a valuable construct in unifying community development.
Sex-Based Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoir Activity and Residual Immune Activation
Authors: Scully Eileen P , Gandhi Monica , Johnston Rowena , Hoh Rebecca , Lockhart Ainsley , Dobrowolski Curtis , Pagliuzza Amélie , Milush Jeffrey M , Baker Christopher A , Girling Valerie , Ellefson Arlvin , Gorelick Robert , Lifson Jeffrey , Altfeld Marcus , Alter Galit , Cedars Marcelle , Solomon Ajantha , Lewin Sharon R , Karn Jonathan , Chomont Nicolas , Bacchetti Peter , Deeks Steven G 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in women are lower early in untreated HIV-1 infection compared with those in men, but women have higher T-cell activation and faster disease progression when adjusted for viral load. It is not known whether these sex differences persist during effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), or whether they would be relevant for the evaluation and implementation of HIV-1 cure strategies. We prospectively enrolled a cohort of reproductive-aged women and matched men on suppressive ART and measured markers of HIV-1 persistence, residual virus activity, and immune activation. The frequency of CD4+ T cells harboring HIV-1 DNA was comparable between the sexes, but there was higher cell-associated HIV-1 RNA, higher plasma HIV-1 (single copy assay), and higher T-cell activation and PD-1 expression in men compared with women. These sex-related differences in immune phenotype and HIV-1 persistence on ART have significant implications for the design and measurement of curative interventions.
Justification announcements in discrete time. Part II: Frame definability results
Authors: Olkhovikov Grigory K 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn Part I of this paper we presented a Hilbert-style system $\Sigma _D$ axiomatizing stit logic of justification announcements interpreted over models with discrete time structure. In this part, we prove three frame definability results for $\Sigma _D$ using three different definitions of a frame plus another version of completeness result.
Being a doctor
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores what is involved in being a doctor. It includes details of the Foundation Programme and how to apply, the curriculum and assessment, healthcare in the UK, starting life as an F1, what to do before you start, your first day, occupational health, what to carry, organization and efficiency, patient-centred care, communication and conduct, breaking bad news, cross-cultural communication, outside agencies, quality and ethics, clinical governance/quality, medical ethics, patient confidentiality, capacity, consent, what to do when things go wrong, medical errors, complaints, incident reporting, colleagues and problems, hating your job, relaxation, causes of stress, pay and contracts, making more money, debt, NHS entitlements, career, specialty training applications, options, and competition, career structure, choosing a job, specialties in medicine, your curriculum vitae, post-Foundation Programme CV, interviews, membership exams, continuing your education, audit, presentations and teaching, teaching medical students, and research and academia.
Life on the wards
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses life on the wards. It includes the medical team, the multidisciplinary team, daily ward duties, ward rounds, being on-call, night shifts, writing and common symbols in the notes, anatomical terms and planes, discharge summaries (TTOs/TTAs), fitness to work notes, referrals, referral letters, investigation requests, radiology, common ward dilemmas, pain, thinking about death, palliative care, the dying patient, death, nutrition, nutritional requirements, difficult patients, aggression and violence, needle-stick injuries, surgery, pre-op assessment, bowel preparation, surgical terminology, preparing in-patients for surgery, booking theatre lists, surgical instruments, the operating theatre, post-op care, post-op problems, wound management, common elective operations, and stomas.
Cardiovascular
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses cardiovascular medicine, including chest pain and chest pain emergency, tachyarrhythmia and tachyarrhythmia emergency, bradyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia emergency, hypertension and hypertension emergency, and heart failure.
Endocrinology
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores endocrinology, including hypoglycaemia and hypoglycaemia emergency, hyperglycaemia, sliding scales, diabetes mellitus, pituitary axis, adrenal disease, and thyroid disease.
Fluids and renal
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses fluids and renal, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, haematuria, proteinuria, glomerular disease, urological disorders, low urine output, IV fluids, potassium emergencies, and electrolyte imbalance.
Educational level and risk of chronic kidney disease: longitudinal data from the PREVEND study
Authors: Thio Chris H L , Vart Priya , Kieneker Lyanne M , Snieder Harold , Gansevoort Ron T , Bültmann Ute 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe longitudinal association between low education and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its underlying mechanisms is poorly characterized. We therefore examined the association of low education with incident CKD and change in kidney function, and explored potential mediators of this association.MethodsWe analysed data on 6078 participants from the community-based Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease study. Educational level was categorized into low, medium and high (&lt; secondary, secondary/equivalent, &gt; secondary schooling, respectively). Kidney function was assessed by estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by serum creatinine and cystatin C at five examinations during ∼11 years of follow-up. Incident CKD was defined as new-onset eGFR &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or urinary albumin ≥30 mg/24 h in those free of CKD at baseline. We estimated main effects with Cox regression and linear mixed models. In exploratory causal mediation analyses, we examined mediation by several potential risk factors.ResultsIncident CKD was observed in 861 (17%) participants. Lower education was associated with higher rates of incident CKD [low versus high education; hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) 1.25 (1.05–1.48), Ptrend = 0.009] and accelerated eGFR decline [B (95% CI) −0.15 (−0.21 to −0.09) mL/min/1.73 m2/year, Ptrend &lt; 0.001]. The association between education and incident CKD was mediated by smoking, potassium excretion, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and hypertension. Analysis on annual eGFR change in addition suggested mediation by magnesium excretion, protein intake and diabetes.ConclusionsIn the general population, we observed an inverse association of educational level with CKD. Diabetes and the modifiable risk factors smoking, poor diet, BMI, WHR and hypertension are suggested to underlie this association. These findings provide support for targeted preventive policies to reduce socioeconomic disparities in kidney disease.