bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Peritonitis in the Elderly and Younger Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Htay Htay , Seng Jun Jie Benjamin , Yong Mei Hui Amanda , Pang Suh Chien , Wu Sin Yan , Chan Choong Meng , Sim Mui Hian , Johnson David W. , Foo Marjorie Wai Yin 
Published: September 2018

Background The incidence of elderly patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) has increased. This study aimed to examine the clinical presentation and outcomes of peritonitis in elderly PD patients compared with younger PD patients. Methods This single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study included all adult PD patients who developed peritonitis between January 2011 and December 2014. Elderly was defined as ≥ 65 years old at PD initiation. The primary outcome was medical cure, defined as a peritonitis episode cured by antibiotics without being complicated by catheter removal, transfer to hemodialysis (HD), relapsing peritonitis, or death. The secondary outcomes were clinical manifestations (fever, cloudy dialysate) and complications (catheter removal, transfer to HD, relapse, hospitalization, and mortality). Peritonitis outcomes were compared using multivariable logistic regression. Results Overall, 377 peritonitis episodes occurred in 247 patients. Of these, 126 episodes occurred in 79 elderly patients and 251 episodes occurred in 168 younger patients. Baseline demographic data were comparable between the 2 groups, except that elderly patients were significantly more likely to have diabetes mellitus (66% vs 46%), diabetic nephropathy (55% vs 39%), and a lower serum albumin than younger patients. Medical cure was comparable between the 2 groups (71% vs 72%, respectively, p = 0.67, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52 – 1.53). Compared with younger patients, elderly patients experiencing peritonitis had lower odds of fever (OR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30 – 0.94), cloudy dialysate (OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.23 – 0.88), and catheter removal (AOR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26 – 0.98), but similar odds of transfer to HD (AOR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.32 – 1.51), relapse (AOR 1.57, 95% CI: 0.46 – 5.40), hospitalization (AOR 1.55, 95% CI: 0.52 – 4.56), and all-cause mortality (AOR 1.88, 95% CI: 0.83 – 4.26). Conclusions Compared with younger patients, elderly PD patients with peritonitis achieved similar medical cure rates, a lower catheter removal rate, and comparable rates of HD transfer, relapse, hospitalization, and death. Elderly PD patients experiencing peritonitis were less likely to present with fever or cloudy dialysate.
Does Circumgalactic O vi Trace Low-pressure Gas Beyond the Accretion Shock? Clues from H i and Low-ion Absorption, Line Kinematics, and Dust Extinction
Authors: Stern Jonathan , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Hennawi Joseph F. , Hafen Zachary , Johnson Sean D. , Fielding Drummond 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Large O vi columns are observed around star-forming low-redshift

galaxies, with a dependence on impact parameter indicating that most

particles reside beyond half the halo virial radius (

). In order to constrain the nature of the gas traced by

, we analyze additional observables of the outer halo, namely

to O vi column ratios of 1–10, an absence of low-ion absorption, a mean differential extinction of

, and a linear relation between the O vi column and the O VI velocity width. We contrast these observations with two physical scenarios: (1) O vi traces high-pressure (

) collisionally ionized gas cooling from a virially shocked phase, and (2) O vi traces low-pressure (

) gas beyond the accretion shock, where the gas is in ionization and thermal equilibrium with the UV background. We demonstrate that the high-pressure scenario requires multiple gas phases to explain the observations and a large deposition of energy at

to offset the energy radiated by the cooling gas. In contrast, the low-pressure scenario can explain all considered observations with a single gas phase in thermal equilibrium, provided that the baryon overdensity is comparable to the dark-matter overdensity and that the gas is enriched to

with an ISM-like dust-to-metal ratio. The low-pressure scenario implies that O vi traces a cool flow with a mass flow rate of

, comparable to the star formation rate of the central galaxies. The O vi line widths are consistent with the velocity shear expected within this flow. The low-pressure scenario predicts a bimodality in absorption line ratios at

, due to the pressure jump across the accretion shock.
On the Deceleration and Spreading of Relativistic Jets. I. Jet Dynamics
Authors: Duffell Paul C. , Laskar Tanmoy 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Jet breaks in gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows provide a direct probe of their collimation angle. Modeling a jet break requires an understanding of the jet spreading process, whereby the jet transitions from a collimated outflow into the spherical Sedov–Taylor solution at late times. Currently, direct numerical calculations are the most accurate way to capture the deceleration and spreading process, as analytical models have previously given inaccurate descriptions of the dynamics. Here (in paper I) we present a new, semi-analytical model built empirically by performing relativistic numerical jet calculations and inferring the relationship between the Lorentz factor, opening angle, and shock radius. We then use the analytical model to calculate the Lorentz factor and jet opening angle as a function of the shock radius and compare to the numerical solutions. Our analytic model provides efficient means of computing synthetic GRB afterglow light curves and spectra, which is the focus of paper II.
X-Ray Structure between the Innermost Disk and Optical Broad-line Region in NGC 4151
Authors: Miller J. M. , Cackett E. , Zoghbi A. , Barret D. , Behar E. , Brenneman L. W. , Fabian A. C. , Kaastra J. S. , Lohfink A. , Mushotzky R. F. , Nandra K. , Raymond J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
We present an analysis of the narrow Fe Kα line in Chandra/HETGS observations of the Seyfert active galactic nucleus (AGN) NGC 4151. The sensitivity and resolution afforded by the gratings reveal asymmetry in this line. Models including weak Doppler boosting, gravitational redshifts, and scattering are generally preferred over Gaussians at the 5σ level of confidence, and generally measure radii consistent with

. Separate fits to “high/unobscured” and “low/obscured” phases reveal that the line originates at smaller radii in high-flux states; model-independent tests indicate that this effect is significant at the 4–5σ level. Some models and Δt ≃ 2 × 104 s variations in line flux suggest that the narrow Fe Kα line may originate at radii as small as

in high-flux states. These results indicate that the narrow Fe Kα line in NGC 4151 is primarily excited in the innermost part of the optical broad line region (BLR), or X-ray BLR. Alternatively, a warp could provide the solid angle needed to enhance Fe Kα line emission from intermediate radii, and might resolve an apparent discrepancy in the inclination of the innermost and outer disk in NGC 4151. Both warps and the BLR may originate through radiation pressure, so these explanations may be linked. We discuss our results in detail, and consider the potential for future observations with Chandra, XARM, and ATHENA to measure black hole masses and to study the intermediate disk in AGNs using narrow Fe Kα emission lines.
Globally Distributed Energetic Neutral Atom Maps for the “Croissant” Heliosphere
Authors: Kornbleuth M. , Opher M. , Michael A. T. , Drake J. F. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
A recent study by Opher et al. suggested the heliosphere has a “croissant” shape, where the heliosheath plasma is confined by the toroidal solar magnetic field. The “croissant” heliosphere is in contrast to the classically accepted view of a comet-like tail. We investigate the effect of the “croissant” heliosphere model on energetic neutral atom (ENA) maps. Regardless of the existence of a split tail, the confinement of the heliosheath plasma should appear in ENA maps. ENA maps from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) have shown two high latitude lobes with excess ENA flux at higher energies in the tail of the heliosphere. These lobes could be a signature of the confinement of the heliosheath plasma, while some have argued they are caused by the fast/slow solar wind profile. Here we present ENA maps of the “croissant” heliosphere, focusing on understanding the effect of the heliosheath plasma collimation by the solar magnetic field while using a uniform solar wind. We incorporate pick-up ions (PUIs) into our model based on Malama et al. and Zank et al. We use the neutral solution from our MHD model to determine the angular variation of the PUIs, and include the extinction of PUIs in the heliosheath. In the presence of a uniform solar wind, we find that the collimation in the “croissant” heliosphere does manifest itself into two high latitude lobes of increased ENA flux in the downwind direction.
Deep Chandra Observations of ESO 428-G01. III. High-resolution Spectral Imaging of the Ionization Cone and Radio Jet Region
Authors: Fabbiano G. , Paggi A. , Karovska M. , Elvis M. , Maksym W. P. , Wang Junfeng 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
We have analyzed the deep Chandra observation (∼155 ks) of the Compton thick active galactic nucleus ESO 428-G014, to study in detail the morphology of the diffuse X-ray emission in the inner ∼500 pc radius region. Comparing different X-ray energy bands we find localized differences in the absorbing column and in the emission processes. Collisional ionization may be prevalent in the area of most intense optical line emission (Hα and [O iii]). There is a good correspondence between optical line, radio continuum, and soft (<3 keV) X-ray features, consistent with simulations of jet–molecular disk interaction. At all energies >3 keV, the extended emission in the central 1.″5 (170 pc) radius circumnuclear region amounts to ∼70%–30% of the contribution of a point source in that area (or ∼40%–25% of the total counts in the region). Within a 5″ radius, the contribution from extended emission overcomes that from a nuclear point source in the 3–4 keV band. This extended emission suggests scattering of nuclear photons by dense molecular clouds in the inner galactic disk of ESO 428-G014. Its presence may adversely bias the torus modeling of spectra from X-ray telescopes with inferior angular resolution compared to that of Chandra, such as NuSTAR and XMM-Newton.
Jet Radiation Properties of 4C +49.22: from the Core to Large-scale Knots
Authors: Zhang Jin , Zhang Hai-Ming , Yao Su , Guo Sheng-Chu , Lu Rui-Jing , Liang En-Wei 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
4C +49.22 is a γ-ray flat-spectrum radio quasar with a bright and knotty jet. We investigate the properties of the core and large-scale knots by using their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Analysis of the Fermi/LAT data from 4C +49.22 over the past eight years reveals a long-term steady γ-ray emission component besides bright outbursts. For the core region, the γ-ray emission together with the simultaneous emission in the low-energy bands at different epochs is explained with the single-zone leptonic model. The derived magnetization parameters and radiation efficiencies of the radio-core jet decrease as the γ-ray flux decays, likely indicating that a large part of the magnetic energy is converted to the kinetic energy of particles on a parsec scale. For the large-scale knots, their radio–optical–X-ray SEDs can be reproduced with the leptonic model by considering the inverse Compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons. The sum of the predicted γ-ray fluxes of these knots is comparable to that observed with LAT at ∼1024 Hz of the steady γ-ray component, indicating that the steady γ-ray emission may be partially contributed by these large-scale knots. This may conceal the flux variations of the low-level γ-ray emission from the radio core. The derived bulk Lorentz factors of the knots decrease with increasing distance from the core, illustrating the deceleration of the jet on a large scale. The powers of the core and knots are roughly of the same order, but the jet changes from highly magnetized in the core region to particle-dominated in the large-scale knots.
Strong X-Ray and Multiwavelength Flaring Activity for 1ES 1959+650, 2016 August–2017 November
Authors: Kapanadze B. , Dorner D. , Vercellone S. , Romano P. , Hughes P. , Aller M. , Aller H. , Reynolds M. , Tabagari L. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
We present the detailed timing and spectral results obtained during the Swift observations of the TeV-detected blazar 1ES 1959+650 in 2016 August–2017 November. The source continued its trend of gradually enhancing X-ray flaring activity in the 0.3–10 keV energy range, starting in 2015 August, and a new highest historical brightness state was recorded twice. A long-term high state was superimposed by both weak and strong flares, and we detected 32 instances of intraday X-ray flux variability, including several occasions of extremely fast fluctuations with fractional amplitudes of 5.4%–7.5% within 1 ks exposures. The 0.3–10 keV spectra generally showed a best fit with the log-parabolic model, yielding a very wide range of the curvature parameter b and the photon index at 1 keV. The position of the synchrotron SED peak E
p showed an extreme variability on various timescales between energies less than 0.1 keV and 7.7 ± 0.7 keV, with 25% of the spectra peaking at hard X-rays. In 2017 May–November, the source mostly showed lower spectral curvature and an anticorrelation b–E
p, expected in the case of efficient stochastic acceleration of X-ray-emitting electrons. The 0.3–100 GeV and optical–UV fluxes also attained their highest historical values in this period, although the latter showed an anticorrelation with the 0.3–10 keV emission, which is explained by the stochastic acceleration of electrons with a narrow initial energy distribution, having an average energy significantly higher than the equilibrium energy.
The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 Data Reduction Methods and Gaussian Source Recovery Analysis
Authors: Kirk Helen , Hatchell Jennifer , Johnstone Doug , Berry David , Jenness Tim , Buckle Jane , Mairs Steve , Rosolowsky Erik , Francesco James Di , Sadavoy Sarah , J. Currie Malcolm , Broekhoven-Fiene Hannah , Mottram Joseph C. , Pattle Kate , Matthews Brenda , Knee Lewis B. G. , Moriarty-Schieven Gerald , Duarte-Cabral Ana , Tisi Sam , Ward-Thompson Derek 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) Gould Belt Survey (GBS) was one of the first legacy surveys with the JCMT in Hawaii, mapping 47 deg2 of nearby (<500 pc) molecular clouds in dust continuum emission at 850 and 450 μm, as well as a more limited area in lines of various CO isotopologues. While molecular clouds and the material that forms stars have structures on many size scales, their larger-scale structures are difficult to observe reliably in the submillimeter regime using ground-based facilities. In this paper, we quantify the extent to which three subsequent data reduction methods employed by the JCMT GBS accurately recover emission structures of various size scales, in particular, dense cores, which are the focus of many GBS science goals. With our current best data reduction procedure, we expect to recover 100% of structures with Gaussian σ sizes of ≤30″ and intensity peaks of at least five times the local noise for isolated peaks of emission. The measured sizes and peak fluxes of these compact structures are reliable (within 15% of the input values), but source recovery and reliability both decrease significantly for larger emission structures and fainter peaks. Additional factors such as source crowding have not been tested in our analysis. The most recent JCMT GBS data release includes pointing corrections, and we demonstrate that these tend to decrease the sizes and increase the peak intensities of compact sources in our data set, mostly at a low level (several percent), but occasionally with notable improvement.
Les aventures de la justice. Quelques réflexions sur l’apport de la sociologie des conventions à l’analyse des politiques d’éducation et de formation à la charnière des XX e et XXI e siècles
Authors: Derouet Jean-Louis 
Published: September 2018

Quel a été l’apport de la sociologie des conventions à la recherche en éducation et spécialement à l’étude des politiques françaises depuis les années 1980 ? La période a connu un intense travail sur la définition de la justice en éducation et plusieurs systèmes de convention se sont succédé. Une première matrice repose sur la gestion de la tension entre les objectifs d’égalité et les objectifs d’efficacité. Le compromis proposé par l’idéal d’égalité des chances était en crise depuis les années 1960 ; les reformulations fondées sur la recherche de l’équité n’ont pas tenu et la globalisation a amené un fort déplacement du curseur vers la recherche de la performance. Une nouvelle organisation s’est mise en place, fondée sur les principes du nouveau management public. Elle est fortement interrogée depuis la fin du XX e siècle par les migrations et la revendication de reconnaissance des différences. Une nouvelle matrice se met en place autour de l’objectif d’intégration. Cette matrice retrouve les perspectives durkheimiennes qui avaient été à l’origine de la discipline, mais dans une conjoncture bien différente : il s’agirait à la fois de fonder un nouveau cosmopolitisme qui prenne en compte la pluralité des discours de vérité tout en maintenant des valeurs humanistes et démocratiques et de repenser la redistribution dans un cadre global qui pense ensemble les problèmes du Nord et les problèmes du Sud.
Conventions de qualité et régimes d’action publique : comment comprendre les mutations du système marocain d’éducation et de formation
Authors: Verdier Éric 
Published: September 2018

Cette analyse de politiques d’éducation et de formation met en évidence plusieurs conventions de qualité reposant sur des compromis sociétaux entre des conceptions du bien commun liées à l’histoire de chaque pays et soumises à des épreuves qui interrogent leur cohérence et leur performance. Au Maroc, sous l’égide d’un État développeur et planificateur, un “vocationalisme intégré” hybride une tradition académique héritée de la colonisation française et une tentative inaboutie d’implantation d’une convention d’inspiration néo-corporatiste : formation en alternance, etc. La légitimité de la formation professionnelle reste limitée, ce qui favorise la massification de l’enseignement supérieur, dont, pourtant, une large part des diplômés est confrontée au chômage et au déclassement. Ces difficultés donnent prise à une régulation marchande qui se traduit par l’essor d’une offre privée censée être plus efficace. Le risque est celui de la prééminence d’une régulation concurrentielle où la formation des jeunes en tant que bien commun s’efface sous l’effet des stratégies individuelles et la recherche de rentes sociales. L’image de l’école véhiculée par le sens commun est celle d’une institution en crise, cible de critiques qui lui imputent toutes les autres crises : celle de l’économie, parce qu’elle ne qualifierait pas les apprenants pour le marché de l’emploi, celle de la culture, car elle ne renforcerait pas le civisme parmi les jeunes générations et celle de la société, parce qu’elle aurait failli à sa mission éducative de former un citoyen responsable.
Le paradoxe du développement de la sociologie de l’éducation au Québec
Authors: Doray Pierre , Groleau Amélie , Lessard Claude 
Published: September 2018

L’article présente à partir de l’exemple québécois des évolutions qui ont concerné la sociologie de l’éducation dans de nombreux pays. Un paradoxe apparaît : les questions d’éducation ont presque disparu des départements universitaires de sociologie, en revanche la discipline joue un rôle structurant dans la constitution de nouveaux domaines concernant le genre, les minorités, les villes, l’enfance. Dans ce cadre, elle joue un rôle important dans la constitution de l’opinion et les débats politiques. La situation québécoise présente cependant une originalité. Dans les pays européens, les rapports de confiance qui s’étaient établis dans les années 1960 entre les sciences sociales, l’opinion et les politiques d’État-providence n’ont pas résisté aux difficultés rencontrées par les tentatives de démocratisation. L’expertise est passée à des Centres de ressources internationaux qui filtrent les résultats des recherches universitaires. Au Québec, la circulation des savoirs sur laquelle s’était appuyée la Révolution tranquille s’est maintenue.
Une politique publique sous tension. La lutte de l’Éducation nationale contre les théories du complot. Note de recherche
Authors: Haderbache Sarah 
Published: September 2018

Cette note de recherche travaille un champ de recherche qui se constitue autour du développement de nouvelles formes de socialisation politique. Une partie des jeunes reproche en France à l’école de la République de ne pas mettre en œuvre les principes qu’elle enseigne et se construit ailleurs, en particulier en s’appuyant sur les informations diffusées par les réseaux sociaux. Les théories du complot y occupent une place majeure. Elles mettent en doute la réalité de certains attentats islamistes ou les présentent comme le résultat de manipulations. Le ministère a tenté de réagir après le refus de certains élèves de s’associer à la minute de silence demandée après les attentats du 13 novembre 2015 et a créé une commission de réflexion. La note analyse la manière dont celle-ci navigue entre deux écueils : la relativisation (le phénomène ne touche, pour le moment, qu’un nombre limité de jeunes) et le risque de stigmatiser une partie de la population : les jeunes d’origine maghrébine sont particulièrement sensibles à la dénonciation de la vision du monde portée par les médias occidentaux.
L’Open science au prisme de la Commission européenne
Authors: Chartron Ghislaine 
Published: September 2018

L’article étudie le changement de culture épistémique que représente la notion d’open science portée par la Commission européenne. Le processus progresse sans entraîner les débats que son importance mériterait. Des travaux sont menés dans le domaine de l’information et de la communication : l’objectif est d’ouvrir un espace de réflexion commun avec la sociologie de l’éducation. La démarche commence par un récapitulatif des mesures et recommandations de la Commission qui, de 2006 à 2018, ont étayé cette montée en puissance. Elle présente ensuite une analyse des deux grands récits qui l’ont accompagnée. Le récit officiel met en avant la rapidité de la circulation des connaissances, les possibilités de coopération entre les chercheurs et le développement des liens entre la recherche et l’innovation industrielle. Un récit distancié met au contraire en évidence un glissement de la possibilité d’ouverture vers l’injonction et une situation où les chercheurs risquent de perdre la maîtrise de la diffusion des connaissances qu’ils produisent. La réflexion se conclut en évoquant diverses propositions de compromis qui pourraient laisser à la communauté scientifique le pilotage de l’opération tout en l’inscrivant dans un nouveau cadre économique et institutionnel.
Erratum - Daphnia magna fitness during low food supply under different water temperature and brownification scenarios
Authors: Gall Andrea , Kanz Martin J. , Rasconi Serena 
Published: September 2018

This corrects the article entitled “Daphnia magna fitness during low food supply under different water temperature and brownification scenarios" by the authors Andrea Gall, Martin J. Kainz and Serena Rasconi, published with DOI 10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1450. The data on somatic growth rates reported in the results section, paragraph "Life history traits", page 165, were incorrect and the rectified data are presented. Figure 4 has also been corrected accordingly.