bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Oxidative Cellular Stress Induced by Nanoparticles in the Subcytotoxic Range Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Balke Jens , Volz Pierre , Neumann Falko , Brodwolf Robert , Wolf Alexander , Pischon Hannah , Radbruch Moritz , Mundhenk Lars , Gruber Achim D. , Ma Nan , Alexiev Ulrike 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNanoparticles hold a great promise in biomedical science. However, due to their unique physical and chemical properties they can lead to overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). As an important mechanism of nanotoxicity, there is a great need for sensitive and high‐throughput adaptable single‐cell ROS detection methods. Here, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is employed for single‐cell ROS detection (FLIM‐ROX) providing increased sensitivity and enabling high‐throughput analysis in fixed and live cells. FLIM‐ROX owes its sensitivity to the discrimination of autofluorescence from the unique fluorescence lifetime of the ROS reporter dye. The effect of subcytotoxic amounts of cationic gold nanoparticles in J774A.1 cells and primary human macrophages on ROS generation is investigated. FLIM‐ROX measures very low ROS levels upon gold nanoparticle exposure, which is undetectable by the conventional method. It is demonstrated that cellular morphology changes, elevated senescence, and DNA damage link the resulting low‐level oxidative stress to cellular adverse effects and thus nanotoxicity. Multiphoton FLIM‐ROX enables the quantification of spatial ROS distribution in vivo, which is shown for skin tissue as a target for nanoparticle exposure. Thus, this innovative method allows identifying of low‐level ROS in vitro and in vivo and, subsequently, promotes understanding of ROS‐associated nanotoxicity.
A Novel 2-Phenylamino-Quinazoline-Based Compound Expands the Neural Stem Cell Pool and Promotes the Hippocampal Neurogenesis and the Cognitive Ability of Adult Mice
Authors: Lu Hui , Cheng Gang , Hong Feng , Zhang Lei , Hu Youhong , Feng Linyin 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The adult neurogenesis occurs throughout the life of the mammalian hippocampus and is found to be essential for learning and memory. Identifying new ways to manipulate the number of neural stem cells (NSCs) and enhance endogenous neurogenesis in adults is very important. Here we found that a novel compound, N2-(4-isopropylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenoxy)quinazoline-2,4-diamine (code-named Yhhu-3792), enhanced the self-renewal capability of NSCs in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Yhhu-3792 increased the ratio of 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine+/4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole+ embryonic NSCs and accelerated the growth of neurospheres significantly. We demonstrated that Yhhu-3792 activated Notch signaling pathway and promoted the expression of Notch target genes, Hes3 and Hes5. And the Notch signaling inhibitor DAPT could inhibit its function. Thus, we concluded Yhhu-3792 increased the number of embryonic NSCs via activating the Notch signaling pathway. We measured the effect of Yhhu-3792 on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, which demonstrated Yhhu-3792 act via a different mechanism with the quinazoline parent chemical group. In the eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice, chronic Yhhu-3792 administration expanded the NSCs pool and promoted endogenous neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). It also increased the spatial and episodic memory abilities of mice, when evaluated with the Morris water maze and Fear conditioning tests. In conclusion, Yhhu-3792 could be a novel drug candidate to promote the self-renew of NSCs and adult neurogenesis. And it may have therapeutic potential in the impairment of learning and memory associated DG dysfunction.
Differential Regulation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Chondrogenesis by Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Hydroxylase Inhibitors
Authors: Taheem Dheraj K. , Foyt Daniel A. , Loaiza Sandra , Ferreira Silvia A. , Ilic Dusko , Auner Holger W. , Grigoriadis Agamemnon E. , Jell Gavin , Gentleman Eileen 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The transcriptional profile induced by hypoxia plays important roles in the chondrogenic differentiation of marrow stromal/stem cells (MSC) and is mediated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) complex. However, various compounds can also stabilize HIF's oxygen-responsive element, HIF-1α, at normoxia and mimic many hypoxia-induced cellular responses. Such compounds may prove efficacious in cartilage tissue engineering, where microenvironmental cues may mediate functional tissue formation. Here, we investigated three HIF-stabilizing compounds, which each have distinct mechanisms of action, to understand how they differentially influenced the chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived MSC (hBM-MSC) in vitro. hBM-MSCs were chondrogenically-induced in transforming growth factor-β3-containing media in the presence of HIF-stabilizing compounds. HIF-1α stabilization was assessed by HIF-1α immunofluorescence staining, expression of HIF target and articular chondrocyte specific genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and cartilage-like extracellular matrix production by immunofluorescence and histochemical staining. We demonstrate that all three compounds induced similar levels of HIF-1α nuclear localization. However, while the 2-oxoglutarate analog dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) promoted upregulation of a selection of HIF target genes, desferrioxamine (DFX) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2), compounds that chelate or compete with divalent iron (Fe2+), respectively, did not. Moreover, DMOG induced a more chondrogenic transcriptional profile, which was abolished by Acriflavine, an inhibitor of HIF-1α-HIF-β binding, while the chondrogenic effects of DFX and CoCl2 were more limited. Together, these data suggest that HIF-1α function during hBM-MSC chondrogenesis may be regulated by mechanisms with a greater dependence on 2-oxoglutarate than Fe2+ availability. These results may have important implications for understanding cartilage disease and developing targeted therapies for cartilage repair.
Regulation of Eclipta prostrata L. components on cigarette smoking‐induced autophagy of bronchial epithelial cells via keap1‐Nrf2 pathway
Authors: Ding Shumin , Hou Xuefeng , Wang Fujing , Wang Gang , Tan Xiaobin , Liu Ying , Zhou Yuanli , Qiu Huihui , Sun E. , Jiang Nan , Li Zihao , Song Jie , Feng Liang , Jia Xiaobin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCigarette smoking extract (CSE)‐induced autophagic injury has been regarded as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of lung cancer. We previously found that Eclipta prostrata L. component (CCE) reduced CSE‐induced bronchial epithelial cells damage. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Human normal bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) were exposed to CSE to establish stress model. Nrf2‐siRNA and Keap1‐siRNA transfection were performed. mRFP‐GFP‐LC3 dual fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the autophagic characteristics. CCE prevented CSE‐induced Nrf2 transfer into cytoplasm and up‐regulated Keap1 level of NHBE cells. Furthermore, CCE significantly increased p‐p16, p‐p21 and p‐p53 phosphorylation levels in Nrf2‐siRNA‐ or Keap1‐siRNA‐transfected cells. As demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and mRFP‐GFP‐LC3 dual fluorescence assays, CCE mitigated autophagic injury, and also down‐regulated autophagy‐related Beclin‐1, LC3II/LC3I ratio, Atg5 and ATF4 levels. Our findings showed the attenuation of CCE on CSE‐induced NHBE cells injury was associated with Nrf‐2‐mediated oxidative signaling pathway.
Is Intraoperative Blood Loss Underestimated in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Hepatectomy?
Authors: Tomimaru Yoshito , Noguchi Kozo , Morita Shunji , Imamura Hiroshi , Iwazawa Takashi , Dono Keizo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundLess intraoperative blood loss is frequently reported as an advantage of laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) over open hepatectomy (OH). However, the small work space during laparoscopic surgery could lead to insufficient blood suction from the abdominal cavity, with possible underestimation of intraoperative blood loss. This study compared estimated blood loss (E‐BL) with intraoperatively counted blood loss (IC‐BL) in patients undergoing LH.MethodsThis study included 110 consecutive patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for solitary liver tumors (59 had OH and 51 had LH). IC‐BL and E‐BL were determined, and the difference between them was calculated based on the surgical approach. Factors affecting the difference were investigated. IC‐BL was quantified from the suction fluid volume and weight of surgical gauzes used for blood and fluid collection. E‐BL was calculated with the total blood volume and change in hematocrit.ResultsAlthough there were no significant differences between IC‐BL and E‐BL in the OH group (292 ± 198 vs. 259 ± 167 mL, p = 0.1239), E‐BL was significantly greater than IC‐BL in the LH group (273 ± 166 vs. 128 ± 177 mL, p < 0.0001). Percentage of patients with E‐BL > IC‐BL in the LH group was significantly greater than in the OH group (86.3 vs. 42.4%, p < 0.0001). The surgical approach (OH/LH) was the only significant independent factor determining E‐BL > IC‐BL status.ConclusionsE‐BL was significantly greater than IC‐BL only in patients undergoing LH, and the surgical approach (OH/LH) was the only factor affecting E‐BL > IC‐BL status. These results suggest that intraoperative blood loss may be underestimated during LH.
Obstetric and perinatal health outcomes related to schizophrenia: A national register-based follow-up study among Finnish women born between 1965 and 1980 and their offspring
Authors: Simoila Laura , Isometsä Erkki , Suvisaari Jaana , Halmesmäki Erja , Lindberg Nina 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground:This national register-based study assesses obstetric and perinatal health outcomes in women with schizophrenia and their offspring.Methods:Using the Care Register for Health Care, we identified Finnish women who were born in 1965- 1980 and diagnosed with schizophrenia. For each case, five age- and place-of-birth- matched controls were obtained from the Central Population Register of Finland. They were followed from the day when the disorder was diagnosed in specialized health-care (the index day) until 31.12.2013. Information related to births was obtained from the Medical Birth Register and the Register of Congenital Malformations. We focused on singleton pregnancies that led to a delivery after the index day. We restricted the analysis of deliveries in controls to those that occurred after the index day of the case. Maternal age, marital status, smoking status, sex of the newborn, and parity were used as covariates in adjusted models.Results:We identified 1162 singleton births among women with schizophrenia and 4683 among controls. Schizophrenic women had a 1.4-fold increased risk of induction of labor, delivery by cesarean section, and delivery by elective cesarean section. Regarding offspring, the risk of premature birth and the risk of low Apgar score at 1 min (<7) were 1.6-fold, of resuscitation 2.5-fold, and of neonatal monitoring 2.1-fold higher.Conclusions:Schizophrenia associates with some specific delivery methods, but delivery complications are rare and their prevalence does not differ from that observed among community women. Maternal schizophrenia associates with some negative perinatal health outcomes of the offspring.
Automatic Acquisition and Image Analysis of 2D Crystals
Authors: Coudray N , Beck F , Buessler J-L , Korinek A , Karathanou A , Rémigy H , Kihl H , Engel A , Plitzko JM , Urban J-P 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
2D-crystallization in combination with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the few methods for the structural analysis of membrane proteins in their native state. However, the parameters for the generation of large crystalline sheets are typically difficult to identify for a given protein. Many repetitive and time consuming screening steps by TEM are therefore necessary to find the best crystallization and preparation conditions. Although several software packages offer the possibility to control an electron microscope, none is completely adapted for a fully automated and completely integrated acquisition and analysis of 2D crystals. Here we report on the development of a fully automatic screening and on-line analysis software for the fast and automatic survey of large quantities of negatively stained EM samples for 2D crystallography.
Improving EDS For Low Energy X-Rays Under 1000eV Using an Attachable Detector Optic
Authors: O’Hara David , Brown Greg , Lochner Eric 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Although considerable advances have been made in Energy Dispersive Detectors for microanalysis, low energy analysis under 1000eV is still relatively poor due to detector response and inefficient production of low energy x-rays. X-ray optics fabrication methods by O’Hara and measurements by McCarthy et. al. indicated that it should be possible to fabricate x-ray optics that could be used to significantly increase the low energy x-ray flux seen by an EDS detector without increasing the beam current. Such an optic would be useful to increase low energy counts without moving the detector closer, which would simply increase the high energy counts and dead time.
Extending Depth of Field in LC-SEM Scenes by Partitioning Sharpness Transforms
Authors: Hariharan H , Koschan A , Abidi B , Page D , Abidi M , Frafjord J , Dekanich S 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
When imaging a sample, it is desirable to have the entire area of interest in focus in the acquired image. Typically, microscopes have a limited depth of field (DOF) and this makes the acquisition of such an all-in-focus image difficult. This is a major problem in many microscopic applications and applies equally in the realm of scanning electron microscopy as well. In multifocus fusion, the central idea is to acquire focal information from multiple images at different focal planes and fuse them into one all-in-focus image where all the focal planes appear to be in focus.Large chamber scanning electron microscopes (LC-SEM) are one of the latest members in the SEM family that has found extensive use for nondestructive evaluations. Large objects (~1 meter) can be scanned in micro- or nano-scale using this microscope. An LC-SEM can provide characterization of conductive and non-conductive surfaces with a magnification from 10× to 200,000×. The LC-SEM, as with other SEMs, suffers from the problem of limited DOF making it difficult to inspect a large object while keeping all areas in focus.
A Simple Method for Imaging DNA using SEM
Authors: Chatterjee N , Andresen K , Thomas M , Pollack L , Kirkland E 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The intricate relationship between molecular structure and function is a common theme in molecular biology. Visualizing the structure of biological macromolecules through imaging is therefore useful in understanding their varied biological roles. The process is often complex; imaging in a high voltage Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) involves extensive staining and freezing. The aim of this experiment was to image DNA easily in a close to natural environment in a simple microscope. Samples were imaged using a Leo (Zeiss) 1550 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with a Schottky field emitter in the 15-30kV range to reduce radiation damage. After imaging off-the-shelf DNA, two more DNA samples were dialyzed with RbCl and NaCl and imaged to elucidate what made the DNA visible.
Electron Microscopy Vacuum Pump Basics
Authors: Tring Howard 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The fact that the machinery is “behind the wall” or out of sight may mean that it is not being looked after as well as it should. Do you have a regular schedule to check the vacuum pumps and accessories in your microscopy lab, or do you wait till it fails? Do you keep a service record of the repairs done to your vacuum pumps and the vacuum levels measured after each service? In a department where there are instruments that last ten years or more and the operators and technicians regularly change it makes good sense to keep a record of the vacuum pumps oil changes, service and performance.
Quick Sample Preparation and EFTEM Elemental Characterization of FAB Based Defects
Authors: Schamp CT , Valdez BT , Gazda J 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A purpose of microscopy is to magnify and enhance contrast between different regions of a sample, whether those regions may be different structures, different orientations of the same structure, regions of different atomic weight, or different chemistries. In the present case, elemental mapping in the energy filtered transmission electron microscope (EFTEM) is used to enhance contrast between elements in an apparent bundle of fibers previously seen through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a particle that appears to be a catalytic source for the fibers.
Comparing Binary Image Analysis Measurements - Euclidean Geometry, Centroids and Corners
Authors: Hetzner Dennis W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
During the past several years, ASTM Subcommittee E04.14 on Quantitative Metallography has been developing an Image Analysis (I/A) methodology to determine the degree of circularity, roundness or sphericity of graphite nodules in ductile cast iron. In the as-polished condition, ideally the iron nodules should appear as dark circular objects in a light gray matrix, Figure 1. When performing Image Analysis measurements for these types of materials, complex gray image procedures should not be required to properly threshold the images to obtain an acceptable binary image on which to perform the measurements.
Microscopy and Microanalysis of Magmatic and Metamorphic Minerals – Part 1: Cordierite
Authors: Sturm Robert 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Cordierite represents an orthorhombic (Mg,Fe)Al-silicate (Table 1) that is observed in a wide range of natural occurrences. As outlined in numerous mineralogical overviews published during the past decades, cordierite mainly crystallizes in thermally metamorphosed rocks, particularly in those derived from argillaceous sediments. Additionally, the mineral can be a major constituent of parageneses formed under high-grade regional metamorphism and therefore occurs in respective schists, gneisses and granulites. The metamorphic formation of cordierite is generally restricted to conditions of deficient or low shearing stress producing only moderate lithological pressures. With rising pressure due to transpression cordierite often breaks down to enstatite and sillimanite or, at higher temperature, to sapphirine and quartz (see also Fig. 5). Besides its crystallization in metamorphic rocks, cordierite is also found in specific igneous rocks like peraluminous granites and related high-grade anatectic terrains.
Nanotectonica: Architectural Design Studio and Table Top SEM
Authors: Coersmeier Jonas , Leonard Donovan N 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Inspired by architect Frei Otto and design scientist Buckminster Fuller, third year Pratt Institute design students from Jonas Coersmeier’s design studio and research seminar (of Spring 2008) utilized a Table Top SEM to observe micro and nano-scale features produced solely by Mother Nature. After analyzing and documenting the intricacy, beauty and functionality of natural structures, students selected structural entities typically not observed on the macro scale, and utilized the micrograph data to generate analytical drawings followed by generative models for design of a large span structure that would become an aquatic center in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, N.Y.
Designing a Rate System for an Imaging Recharge Center
Authors: Sherman Debby 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
As you all know, recharge: the price or rate a microscopy facility charges others to use their instruments, is a big topic on the MSA listserver and everybody struggles with designing rate systems. My talk is geared to U.S. labs and a lot of our restrictions regarding rates are not the same in Canada or other countries around the world. Our goal is designing recharge systems that will encourage facility use that will also recover the cost of the operation. How much you have to recover depends on your particular operation, your administration, and institutional requirements.
Preparing Micrographs and Applying Scale Bars Using Adobe Photoshop Elements™
Authors: Lancelle Susan A 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
As part of our introductory Cell Biology course, our students acquire images through microscopes using consumer cameras with memory cards. They then transfer the images to a computer and prepare them using Adobe Photoshop Elements.™ An important part of this process is learning to apply a scale bar, which calibrates the specimen image. Photoshop Elements is a relatively cheap and widely available software package that easily accomplishes this task for anyone who is using a camera system or software that does not automatically apply a scale bar or calibration data to the image. The instructions and figures herein refer to Photoshop Elements version 4.0, but they apply to other versions of the software.
Reassessing Sea Ice Drift and Its Relationship to Long‐Term Arctic Sea Ice Loss in Coupled Climate Models
Authors: Tandon Neil F. , Kushner Paul J. , Docquier David , Wettstein Justin J. , Li Camille 
Published: May 2018

AbstractResults of an earlier study suggest that sea ice drift in climate models is unrealistic, and this has undermined confidence in model projections of “long‐term” (i.e., secular) Arctic sea ice loss. We revisit this by analyzing 22 models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). It is shown that, when consistent temporal sampling is applied, sea ice drift speed in models and observations come into closer agreement than previously suggested. There is still considerable intermodel scatter in climatological drift speed, and we show that much of this likely relates to prescribed parameters in the sea ice models. Since 1979, observations show a long‐term positive trend of annual mean Arctic average sea ice drift speed resulting primarily from sea ice thinning, and most of the CMIP5 models qualitatively reproduce this. The simulated annual mean drift speed trends reflect strong cancellation between winter trends (which are positive in most models and in good agreement with observations) and summer trends (which are negative in most models and in poor agreement with observations). Positive Arctic average drift speed trends do not consistently coincide with positive trends of Fram Strait outflow. The simulated regional relationship between sea ice strength and drift speed changes dramatically as the Arctic transitions from full to partial ice cover, and this “sea ice extent effect” likely influences simulated summer drift speed trends. Altogether, these results highlight aspects in which models show encouraging agreement with observations, while pinpointing aspects in which models require improvement.