bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manganese‐Catalyzed ortho‐Alkenylation of Aromatic Amidines with Alkynes via C−H Activation
Authors: Jia Teng , Wang Congyang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe first ortho‐alkenylation of aromatic amidines with alkynes was realized by earth‐abundant manganese catalysis through C−H activation. A catalytic amount of PhMgBr was found essential for improved efficiency of this transformation. Wide tolerance of functional groups and excellent E/Z selectivity highlighted the current protocol.
Fatty Acid Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants Based on Renewable Resources as a Leveler for Copper Electroplating
Authors: Lv Jinge , Zhao Xuehua , Jie Xu , Li Jun , Wei Xiaochuan , Chen Biao , Hong Gang , Wu Wenjun , Wang Limin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA series of fatty acid quaternary ammonium surfactants (FAQAS 1 a–1 f) derived from renewable resource of fatty acid have been rationally designed and investigated as levelers applied in copper electroplating. Surface tension and contact angle indicated the FAQAS's surfactivity and wettability were closely related to the length of hydrophobic chains. FAQAS 1 a–1 f displayed the capability to inhibit the copper deposition in CV tests and their inhibiting abilities agreed with the order of their surfactivity and wettability. Compound 1 e showed the best inhibition capability, and was comprehensively tested by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and other electrochemical measurements. The strong inhibition ability of compound 1 e on copper electrodeposition could be attributed to its fast and strong absorption of 1 e on the cathode surface. Moreover, galvanostatic measurements (GMs) indicated that compound 1 e not only cause polarization but also has stable synergistic effects with other additives to form a convection dependent competitive adsorption layer. In addition, through‐hole (TH) electroplating experiments verified that uniform TH could be obtained on copper electrodeposition using the bath containing compound 1 e. This work may shed some light on the pratical application of surfactants as effective leveler in acid copper electroplating.
Electrodeposition of a Rare‐Earth Iron Alloy from an Ionic‐Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Xu Xuan , Sturm Saso , Zavasnik Janez , Rozman Kristina Z. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRare earth element (REE)‐based metals and alloys are generally synthesized by molten‐salt electrolysis which is an energy‐intensive approach. Previous attempts to deposit alloys of rare earths from solutions at mild temperatures have met with little success. Excitingly, in this investigation we were able to electrodeposit Nd−Fe from the 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidizolium dicyanamide ([EMIM][DCA]) ionic liquid (IL) at 110 °C. We observed that NdIII cannot be reduced independently, although it can be co‐deposited inductively on a Cu substrate with the addition of FeII. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis combined with electron‐energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) verified that NdIII is reduced to Nd0 during the electrodeposition process. The TEM/EELS was also able to confirm that the deposition of the Nd−Fe starts with the sole deposition of Fe, followed by the co‐deposition of Nd−Fe. This is in agreement with transition‐state theory, which has the iron initially reduced to an activated state (Fe*), where it is able to catalyse the reduction of the rare earth from NdIII to Nd0. This new insight into the electrodeposition process brings us a very important step closer to being able to recycle rare earths efficiently and even to realise electrodeposited rare‐earth‐based permanent‐magnet thin films at a mild temperature, thus giving us a sustainable, green‐chemistry approach that provides a genuine alternative to high‐temperature molten‐salt electrolysis.
Zolpidem and zolpidem phenyl‐4‐carboxylic acid pharmacokinetics in oral fluid after a single dose
Authors: Feng Xueyi , Chen Hang , Xiang Ping , Shen Min 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundOral fluid zolpidem detection in the settings of drug‐facilitated crime and roadside drug testing indicates recent zolpidem intake. Zolpidem pharmacokinetics in classical biological matrices such as blood and urine have been described; however, reports of such data based on oral fluids are limited.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe the pharmacokinetics of zolpidem and its major metabolite zolpidem phenyl‐4‐carboxylic acid (ZPCA) in oral fluids after intake.MethodsTen milligrams of zolpidem tartrate tablets were orally administered to 14 volunteers, and oral fluid samples were collected at various times up to 72 hours and analyzed via liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with post‐column reagent addition.ResultsBoth zolpidem and ZPCA could be detected in oral fluid after 1 hour and were rapidly eliminated, with half‐lives of 2.77 ± 0.71 hours and 5.11 ± 0.67 hours, respectively. Maximum zolpidem concentrations (36.73 ± 10.89 ng/mL) occurred at 2 ± 0.52 hours, and maximum ZPCA concentrations (0.28 ± 0.16 ng/mL) occurred at 2 ± 0.37 hours. Zolpidem/ZPCA ratios decreased after zolpidem intake, an observation that might be helpful for determining the time of drug use.ConclusionThe results showed that the measurement of zolpidem in oral fluid can be used for the non‐invasive monitoring of zolpidem consumption and misuse in drug‐facilitated crime and roadside drug testing settings.
Pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion
Authors: Toennes Stefan W. , Schneider David , Pogoda Werner , Paulke Alexander , Wunder Cora , Theunissen Eef L. , Kuypers Kim P.C. , de Sousa Fernandes Perna Eliza , Ramaekers Johannes G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionEach year, synthetic drugs occur in high numbers on the illicit drug market. But data on their pharmacology and toxicology are scarce. Therefore, a controlled study was performed to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters of 4‐fluoroamphetamine (4‐FA) in humans and to compare it with effects.MethodsTwelve subjects ingested 100 mg and five subjects also received 150 mg 4‐FA in a bitter lemon drink. Blood and oral fluid samples were taken during the following 12 hours and analyzed for 4‐FA and traces of amphetamine as impurity by liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).ResultsFor 12 hours after ingestion, the concentration‐time course of 4‐FA was similar to that of amphetamine with maximal concentrations appearing in serum after about 2 hours (in median 195 ng/mL after the 100 mg dose, range 155–316 ng/mL). The elimination half‐life was approximately 8–9 hours and shorter than that of amphetamine but it exhibited a marked variation (5.5–16.8 hours). In oral fluid, 4‐FA could also be detected for 12 hours and concentrations were higher than in serum. During the first 3 hours after ingestion concentrations were higher, most probably due to oral contamination. Serum concentrations in forensic cases were in the range of those observed in the present study suggesting dosages in recreational use in the range of those tested here.ConclusionsThe pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐FA are similar to that of amphetamine including a marked variation in elimination. However, recreational dosages may already exhibit prominent adverse effects and may even have life‐threatening consequences.
Sowing date and sowing method influence on camelina cultivars grain yield, oil concentration, and biodiesel production
Authors: Neupane Dhurba , Solomon Juan K. Q. , Mclennon Everald , Davison Jason , Lawry Tom 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSowing date and sowing method can have a profound influence on the productivity of alternative crops like camelina in semiarid agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sowing date, sowing method, and cultivar on morphology, phenology, grain yield, oil concentration, oil, and biodiesel production of camelina. A 2‐year study was carried out at the University of Nevada, Reno Main Station Field Laboratory, during the spring to early summer of 2016 and 2017. Treatments were two sowing dates (SD) of 18 March 2016 (early SD) and 17 April 2016 (late SD) in Year 1 and 11 April 2017 (early SD) and 11 May 2017 (late SD) in Year 2. The change in SD in the second year was due to the excessively wet field condition preventing land preparation and sowing. There were two sowing methods (SM) imposed (broadcast and drill) and three cultivars of camelina (Blaine Creek, Columbia, and Pronghorn) arranged in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial in a randomized complete block design experiment with four replications. Responses were considered different if p < 0.05. Grain yield of camelina was influenced by SD in Year 1 and SD × SM interaction in Year 2. In Year 1, grain yield was greater for early (921 kg/ha) compared to late SD (503 kg/ha, SE = 101). In Year 2, for early SD grain yield was not different between SM (average = 594 kg/ha), but for late, it was greater for drill (676 kg/ha) than broadcast (130 kg/ha, SE = 75). For broadcast SM, grain yield was greater for early (587 kg/ha) compared to late SD (130 kg/ha, SE = 75), but for drill SM, grain yield was not different between SD (average = 639 kg/ha). Oil concentration was affected by SD in both years, and in Year 1, for example, it was greater for early (295 g/kg) versus late SD (284 g/kg SE = 2.7). Both oil and biodiesel production followed a similar pattern to grain yield in this study. Based on the magnitude of differences observed in both years of this study, late SD and broadcast sowing are not viable options for farmers who want to venture into camelina production in Nevada.
Relationship Between PNPLA3 rs738409 Polymorphism and Decreased Kidney Function in Children With NAFLD
Authors: Targher Giovanni , Mantovani Alessandro , Alisi Anna , Mosca Antonella , Panera Nadia , Byrne Christopher D. , Nobili Valerio 
Published: March 2019

Emerging evidence suggests that patatin‐like phospholipase domain–containing protein‐3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 genotype (the major genetic variant associated with susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]) is associated with decreased kidney function in adults. Currently, it is uncertain whether this association also occurs in children/adolescents and whether any association is independent of liver disease severity. We enrolled a sample of 142 Caucasian children and adolescents with biopsy‐proven NAFLD, presenting to the Liver Unit of the “Bambino Gesù” Children's Hospital. The glomerular filtration rate (e‐GFR) was estimated using the Bedside Schwartz equation, whereas 24‐hour proteinuria was measured using a radioimmunoassay method. Genotyping for the PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype was undertaken using the single‐nucleotide polymorphism genotyping allelic discrimination method. Overall, 45 children had G/G, 56 had G/C, and 41 had C/C PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype, respectively. Children with G/G genotype had significantly lower e‐GFR (107.5 ± 20 versus 112.8 ± 18 versus 125.3 ± 23 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.002) and higher 24‐hour proteinuria (58.5 ± 21 versus 53.9 ± 22 versus 42.9 ± 20 mg/day, P = 0.012) compared with those with either G/C or C/C genotypes. After adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, measures of adiposity, homeostasis model assessment–estimated insulin resistance and biopsy‐confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and stage of liver fibrosis, the presence of rs738409 G/G genotype was independently associated with both lower e‐GFR (β coefficient: −23.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −36.3 to −10.8; P < 0.001) and higher 24‐hour proteinuria (β coefficient: 15.3; 95% CI: 1.12 to 30.5; P = 0.046). Conclusion: Regardless of established renal risk factors and the histological severity of NAFLD, the PNPLA3 G/G genotype was strongly associated with decreasing kidney function and increasing 24‐hour proteinuria in children/adolescents with histologically confirmed NAFLD.
An ensemble approach for the analysis of extreme rainfall under climate change in Naples (Italy)
Authors: Padulano Roberta , Reder Alfredo , Rianna Guido 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the present paper, an ensemble approach is proposed to estimate possible modifications caused by climate changes in the extreme precipitation regime, with the rain gauge Napoli Servizio Idrografico (Naples, Italy) chosen as test case. The proposed research, focused on the analysis of extremes on the basis of climate model simulations and rainfall observations, is structured in several consecutive steps. In the first step, all the dynamically downscaled EURO‐CORDEX simulations at about 12 km horizontal resolution are collected for the current period 1971–2000 and the future period 2071–2100, for the RCP4.5 and the RCP8.5 concentration scenarios. In the second step, the significance of climate change effects on extreme precipitation is statistically tested by comparing current and future simulated data and bias‐correction is performed by means of a novel approach based on a combination of simple delta change and quantile delta mapping, in compliance with the storm index method. In the third step, two different ensemble models are proposed, accounting for the variabilities given by the use of different climate models and for their hindcast performances. Finally, the ensemble models are used to build novel intensity–duration–frequency curves, and their effects on the early warning system thresholds for the area of interest are evaluated.
A protocol for processing the delicate larval and prepupal salivary glands ofDrosophilafor scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Beňová‐Liszeková Denisa , Beňo Milan , Farkaš Robert 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlthough scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been broadly used for the examination of fixed whole insects or their hard exoskeleton‐derived structures, including model organisms such asDrosophila, the routine use of SEM to evaluate vulnerable soft internal organs and tissues was often hampered by their fragile nature and frequent surface contamination. Here, we describe a simple four‐step protocol that allows for the reliable and reproducible preparation of the larval and prepupal salivary glands (SGs) ofDrosophilafor SEM devoid of any surface contamination. The steps are to: first, proteolytically digest the adhering fat body; second, use detergent washes to remove contaminating coarse tissue fragments, including sticky remnants of the fat body; third, use nonionic emulsifying polysorbate emulsifiers to remove fine contaminants from the SGs surface; and fourth, use aminopolycarboxylate‐based chelating agents to detach sessile hemocytes. Short but repeated rinses in 100 μL of a saline‐based buffer between steps ensure efficient removal of remnants removed by each treatment. After these steps, the SGs are fixed in glutaraldehyde, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, critically point‐dried, mounted on aluminum stubs, sputter coated with gold–palladium alloy and examined in the SEM.
Comparative study of the outcome between alcohol and gallstone pancreatitis in a high‐volume tertiary care center
Authors: Samanta Jayanta , Dhaka Narendra , Gupta Pankaj , Singh Anupam K , Yadav Thakur D , Gupta Vikas , Sinha Saroj K , Kochhar Rakesh 
Published: March 2019

Background and AimThe two most common etiologies of acute pancreatitis (AP) are alcohol and gallstone. Whether etiology contributes to the outcome in patients with AP is an unresolved issue, more so in the severe form of the disease. The aim is to study the effects of the etiological factors of alcohol and gallstone on the disease course and the role of etiology in the subgroup of severe AP.MethodsConsecutive patients of AP with alcohol or gallstone etiology were included. Various severity parameters and various outcome measures, such as need for organ support, intensive care, surgical or radiological intervention, hospital stay, and mortality, were evaluated between the two groups.ResultsOf the 759 patients, alcoholic pancreatitis was seen in 368 (48.5%), while gallstone disease was observed in 246 (32.4%). Gallstone pancreatitis occurred in older age (P < 0.0001), had a higher female predilection (P < 0.001), and a higher body mass index (P = 0.002) compared to alcohol pancreatitis. Both groups were similar in terms of development of various organ failures and various severity assessment scores. Alcoholic AP had higher rates of necrosis (P = 0.05) and the need for percutaneous catheter drainage (P = 0.02). Outcome measures such as length of hospital stay, need for intensive care, organ support, surgical intervention, or mortality were similar between the two groups. Subset analysis of severe AP (303 patients) showed no difference between the two etiologies with regard to outcome.ConclusionThe outcome of AP was independent of the etiology of the disease, alcohol or gallstone, and more so in the severe form of the disease. The number of local complications tends to be slightly higher in the alcoholic group.
An empirical investigation of transaction dynamics in online surplus networks: A complex adaptive system perspective
Authors: Dhanorkar Suvrat , Kim Yusoon , Linderman Kevin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOnline material and waste exchanges (OMWEs) provide an online platform connecting suppliers of surplus material with potential buyers. These exchanges aim to improve the environment by helping industrial organizations repurpose surplus material and avoid landfill disposal. OMWEs represent an emerging surplus‐driven supply network, which exhibits different internal complexities and dynamics from traditional supply networks, with similarly distinct transactional patterns and outcomes. Drawing on complex adaptive system (CAS) theory, this study investigates how the complex network adapts to alter the likelihood of transactions between buyers and suppliers. Using data from MNExchange.org, an OMWE operating in the US state of Minnesota, we observe that, at the node level, buyers adapt their searches for products over time to increase transaction success; at the dyadic level, buyer–supplier pairing patterns adapt over time through homophilous relations to facilitate negotiations and increase transaction success; and at the network level, the entire exchange system structurally self‐organizes to increase transaction rates. Throughout, buyers’ competition influences transaction success, contingent on whether the product has been on the market for a long time, and buyers with more experience more quickly identify favorable conditions (among products and suppliers) leading to higher transaction success than less experienced competitors. Overall, the results demonstrate multilevel network emergence, in which complex, adaptive, and longitudinal buyer–supplier interactions resolve uncertainty and increase transactions. These findings disentangle OMWEs' operation to allow managers and policymakers to increase the overall buyer–supplier transaction rates with an eye toward improved environmental outcomes.
Metabolic responses of osteochondral allografts to re‐warming
Authors: Stoker Aaron M. , Caldwell Katherine M. , Stannard James P. , Cook James L. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTSymptomatic chondral and osteochondral defects affect a large and growing number of patients. A safe and effective surgical treatment for large articular defects is osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation. One of the major causes of failure for OCA transplantation is loss of essential chondrocyte viability during the preservation and storage period. It is also possible that metabolic responses of the OCA when transitioning from storage temperature to body temperature may contribute to mechanisms causing failure. The present study was designed to compare MOPSSM‐preserved OCAs to those stored using the current standard of care (SOC) method with respect to metabolic responses when rewarmed for transplantation to and maintenance at body temperature (37°C). It was theorized that grafts stored using the MOPSSM protocol would maintain significantly higher chondrocyte viability and produce significantly lower levels of inflammatory mediators and degradative enzymes, and significantly higher levels of chemokines compared to grafts stored using the SOC protocol. Left over SOC and MOPSSM‐stored OCA tissues were collected after surgery, and cartilage explants were cultured for 6 days. Media was analyzed for biomarkers using commercially available assays. Cartilage from SOC grafts released significantly higher levels of PGE2, MMP‐1, MMP‐2, and MMP‐13, and significantly lower levels of IL‐8 and Gro‐α, compared to cartilage from MOPSSM‐stored grafts. Clinical significance: These data suggest that OCAs stored using the MOPSSM protocol have potentially less detrimental initial inflammatory and degradative responses to re‐warming for transplantation compared to OCAs stored using the current tissue bank protocols. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1530–1536, 2019.
Lock‐in detection in Raman spectroscopy with charge‐shifting CCD for suppression of fast varying backgrounds
Authors: Sowoidnich Kay , Towrie Michael , Matousek Pavel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe susceptibility to unwanted light interference significantly limits the potential of Raman spectroscopy by often restricting its applications to environments with controlled ambient light exposure. To overcome this issue, which is particularly relevant to portable, in‐field Raman instrumentation, we present an approach based on fast optical lock‐in detection using a charge‐shifting charge‐coupled device operation, with charge retention on the chip, for the rejection of varying ambient light interference. In proof‐of‐concept experiments we used polytetrafluoroethylene as a test sample and Raman spectra were recorded at 830‐nm excitation in the presence of fluorescent or incandescent ambient light. Results demonstrate that the charge‐shifting read‐out mode (carried out at 1,000 Hz) has a significant benefit over conventional read‐out (limited in practice often to ≲10 Hz) in terms of the removal of dynamically changing ambient light background contributions from Raman spectra. Library‐based spectral matching revealed superior reconstruction performance and improved reproducibility for individual spectra obtained using the charge‐shifting mode, particularly for interfering lights with spectrally narrow lines and spatially inhomogeneous emission profiles. The approach overcomes fundamental technical limitations of conventional charge‐coupled device operation and is of particular benefit to mobile Raman systems used in the field in the presence of dynamically changing background light conditions.