bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of toxocariasis
Authors: Dietrich Christoph , Cretu Carmen-Michaela , Atkinson Nathan , Lee W. , Richter Joachim , Cui Xin-Wu , Sparchez Zeno , Dong Yi 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungParasitäre Erkrankungen werden in Europa relativ selten diagnostiziert und behandelt. Somit sind auch klinische Besonderheiten und bildgebende Merkmale weniger bekannt. In den heutigen Zeiten von Migration und weltweiter Flüchtlingsströme ist die Kenntnis parasitärer Infektionen zunehmend von Bedeutung. Anhand von klinischen Beschreibungen der Echinokokkose, Schistosomiasis, Fasciolosis und Ascariasis wurden entsprechende Berichte in der Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie publiziert. In der hier präsentierten Veröffentlichung werden klinische Besonderheiten und Bildgebungsmerkmale der Toxocariasis diskutiert.
Barrett-Screening: Rationale, aktuelle Konzepte und Perspektiven
Authors: Weismüller Josef , Thieme René , Hoffmeister Albrecht , Weismüller Tobias , Gockel Ines 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungDer Barrett-Ösophagus (BE) stellt den wichtigsten Risikofaktor für das ösophageale Adenokarzinom dar. Derzeit ist kein hinreichend effizientes Screening-Programm verfügbar, um in der Gesamtpopulation Patienten mit einem hohen Risiko für ein ösophageales Adenokarzinom auf dem Boden eines Barrett-Ösophagus zu identifizieren. Das aktuelle endoskopische Screening zielt auf symptomatische Refluxpatienten, aus denen sich aber nur ein Teil der Risikopatienten rekrutiert. Derzeit werden verschiedene neue Verfahren untersucht, die die Effektivität des Screenings deutlich erhöhen könnten.Selektive Literaturrecherche in MEDLINE/PubMed unter Berücksichtigung deutscher und internationaler Leitlinien.Alternative Screening-Verfahren könnten zweistufig angelegt sein: Zunächst die Identifikation von Personen „at risk“ über eine Erfassung geeigneter biologischer Marker, dann deren gezielte endoskopisch-bioptische Abklärung, Risikostratifikation, Überwachung (Surveillance) und ggf. Therapie. Neue diagnostische Methoden wie der Cytosponge® in Kombination mit einer Auswertung von Markern für Barrett-Schleimhaut könnten einen wesentlichen Fortschritt darstellen.Barrett-Karzinome zeigen nach wie vor eine zunehmende Inzidenz und eine (trotz therapeutischer Fortschritte) ungünstige Prognose, wobei aber Patienten mit Barrett-Frühkarzinomen eine gute Prognose hinsichtlich Langzeitüberleben aufweisen. Eine verbesserte Früherkennung ist dringend wünschenswert, da bisher die meisten Patienten erst im fortgeschrittenen Stadium endoskopisch diagnostiziert werden, was eine kurative Therapie erschwert. Nur eine effiziente frühzeitige Identifizierung von Risikopatienten mit Barrett-Ösophagus durch ein praktikables Screening-Programm auf Populationsebene wird zur Verbesserung der Prognose beitragen können.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endocrine-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: de Filette Jeroen , Andreescu Corina , Cools Filip , Bravenboer Bert , Velkeniers Brigitte 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programed cell death 1 (PD-1), or its ligand (PD-L1) have become the mainstay for advanced malignancies. The incidence of endocrine adverse events provoked by these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is based on data from randomized controlled trials, which have their drawbacks. PubMed was searched through August 22nd, 2017, by 2 reviewers independently (J.d.F. and C.E.A.). Early phase I/II, phase III experimental trials, prospective and retrospective observational studies were included. The weighted incidence and risk ratio were estimated for hypophysitis, primary thyroid disease, primary adrenal insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus. Their management is discussed in a systematic review. A total of 101 studies involving 19 922 patients were included. Ipilimumab-treated patients experienced hypophysitis in 5.6% (95% CI, 3.9–8.1), which was higher than nivolumab (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.2–1.2) and pembrolizumab (1.1%; 95% CI, 0.5–2.6). PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors had a higher incidence of thyroid dysfunction – particularly hypothyroidism (nivolumab, 8.0%; 95% CI, 6.4–9.8; pembrolizumab, 8.5%; 95% CI, 7.5–9.7; PD-L1, 5.5%; 95% CI, 4.4–6.8; ipilimumab, 3.8%; 95% CI, 2.6–5.5). Combination therapy was associated with a high incidence of hypothyroidism (10.2–16.4%), hyperthyroidism (9.4–10.4%), hypophysitis (8.8–10.5%), and primary adrenal insufficiency (5.2–7.6%). Diabetes mellitus and primary adrenal insufficiency were less frequent findings on monotherapy. Our meta-analysis shows a high incidence of endocrine adverse events provoked by single agent checkpoint blockade, further reinforced by combined treatment.
Role of Cell Surface Lipids and Thiol-Disulphide Exchange Pathways in Regulating the Encryption and Decryption of Tissue Factor
Authors: Ansari Shabbir A. , Pendurthi Usha R. , Rao L. Vijaya Mohan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTissue factor (TF), a transmembrane glycoprotein, is the cellular receptor of the coagulation factors VII (FVII) and VIIa (FVIIa). The formation of TF–FVIIa complex triggers the initiation of the blood coagulation pathway. TF plays an essential role in haemostasis, but an aberrant expression of TF activity contributes to thrombotic disorders. In health, TF pro-coagulant activity on cells is controlled tightly to allow sufficient coagulant activity to achieve haemostasis but not to cause thrombosis. It is achieved largely by selective localization of TF in the body and encryption of TF at the cell surface. A vast majority of TF on resting cells exists in an encrypted state with minimal pro-coagulant activity but becomes pro-thrombotic following cell injury or activation. At present, the mechanisms that are responsible for TF encryption and activation (decryption) are not entirely clear, but recent studies provide important mechanistic insights into these processes. To date, externalization of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet and thiol-disulphide exchange pathways that either turn on and off the allosteric disulphide bond in TF are shown to play a major role in regulating TF pro-coagulant activity on cell surfaces. Recent studies showed that sphingomyelin, a major phospholipid in the outer leaflet of plasma membrane, plays a critical role in the encryption of TF in resting cells. The present review provides an overview of recent literature on the above-described mechanisms of TF encryption and decryption with a particular emphasis on our recent findings.
Euclidean Relationship between the Superior Semicircular Canal and the Arcuate Eminence
Authors: Nourbakhsh Aida , Tang Yang , DiPace Brian S. , Coelho Daniel H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Objective This study was aimed to better characterize the surgical anatomy of the floor of the middle cranial fossa using three dimensional Euclidean relationships between the arcuate eminence (AE), the superior semicircular canal (SSC), and the geniculate ganglion (GG).
Study Design Submillimeter distances were recorded from computed tomography (CT) scans of 50 patients (100 sides). The AE, apex of the SSC, and the GG were identified and three dimensional distances measured.
Setting The study was conducted at a tertiary academic teaching hospital.
Main Outcome Measures In this study, Euclidean distance was obtained from AE to SSC by using a fixed anatomical landmark (GG) as the origin.
Results On average, the AE is 2.1 ± 0.3 mm lateral, 2.5 ± 0.1 mm superior, and 2.1 ± 0.3 posterior to the SSC. Thirty percent (30/100) of patients had an AE that was less than 2 mm superior to SSC. The AE was medial to the SCC in 13% samples and anterior to the SSC in 18% samples. The results also show that there was no difference in mean distance between sides (1.08 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI] =  − 2.67–0.52; p-value = 0.29) or gender (0.56 mm; 95% CI =  − 1.34, 2.45; p-value = 0.86).
Conclusions This study represents a comprehensive analysis of the relational anatomy of the floor of the middle fossa to date. In quantifying relationships between the AE, SSC, and GG, and by understanding the variability of these relationships in some planes, the middle fossa surgeon can feel more comfortable with this most challenging approach.
Evidence for the incorporation of temporal duration information in human hippocampal long-term memory sequence representations
Authors: Thavabalasingam Sathesan , O’Neil Edward B. , Tay Jonathan , Nestor Adrian , Lee Andy C. H. 
Published: March 2019

Significance
We demonstrate that multivariate patterns of activity in the human hippocampus during the recognition and cued mental replay of long-term sequence memories contain temporal structure information in the order of seconds. By using an experimental paradigm that required participants to remember the durations of empty intervals between visually presented scene images, our study provides evidence that the human hippocampus can represent elapsed time within a sequence of events in conjunction with other forms of information, such as event content. Our findings complement rodent studies that have shown that hippocampal neurons fire at specific times during the empty delay between two events and suggest a common hippocampal neural mechanism for representing temporal information in the service of episodic memory.
Transdisciplinarity across two-tiers
Authors: Warner Chantelle 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the ten years since the Modern Language Association published their report, “Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World” (2007) dissatisfaction with the “two-tiered configuration” of US foreign language departments has become increasingly vocal. While the target of the criticism is often the curriculum, it has often been noted that programmatic bifurcations mirror institutional hierarchies, e.g. status differences between specialists in literary and cultural studies and experts in applied linguistics and language pedagogy (e.g.Maxim et al., 2013; Allen & Maxim, 2012). This chapter looks at the two-tiered structure of collegiate modern language departments from the perspectives of the transdisciplinary shape-shifters who maneuver within them – scholars working between applied linguistics and literary studies. These individuals must negotiate the methodologies and the institutional positions available to them – in many instances, the latter is what has prompted them to work between fields in the first place. The particular context of US foreign language and literature departments serves as a case study of the lived experiences of doing transdisciplinary work in contexts that are characterized by disciplinary hierarchies and the chapter ends with a call for applied linguistics to consider not only the epistemic, but also the institutional and affective labor needed to sustain transdisciplinary work.
Elections, Public Awareness, and the Efficacy of Constitutional Review
Authors: Krehbiel Jay 
Published: March 2019

AbstractScholars have long recognized the importance of timing in political decision making. In this article, I consider the potential for the strategic timing of court decisions involving the constitutional review of statutes. As courts lack the ability to directly implement their decisions, scholars have identified an attentive public as invaluable for judicial authority. Building on this literature, I argue that the proximity of a national election increases awareness and thereby creates an environment conducive to the assertive exercise of constitutional review. I then present evidence of the electoral cycle’s effect on decision making at the German Federal Constitutional Court.
Student’s ecological intelligence ability on the environmental knowledge course
Authors: Putra A , Rahmat A , Redjeki S , Hidayat T 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study aims to determine the ability of the ecological intelligence of pre-service biology teacher in the course of environmental knowledge. This research includes qualitative research type with qualitative descriptive approach. The variables analyzed are the students’ ecological intelligence ability, especially on the subject of environmental knowledge with the materials such as Environmental Characteristics, Ecological Concepts, Material and Energy, Human and Environment, Natural Resources and Environment, Health and Environment.. The results showed that the ability of ecological intelligence of pre-service biology teacher in the subject of environmental knowledge was good enough. For the content aspect, the highest score is on ecological concepts, as well as human and environmental, by 85%. In the skill aspect, the highest score is on material and energy concepts that is 85%. While in the attitude aspect, the highest score is on the material of ecological concepts 86%.
Spillover Effects of Tobacco Farms on the Labor Supply, Education, and Health of Children: Evidence from Malawi
Authors: Xia Fang , Deininger Klaus 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUsing data from the Living Standards Measurement Study in Malawi, we examine the spillover effects of tobacco farms on children's labor supply, education, and health. To address potential endogeneity, the share of tobacco farms in a community is instrumented by the change in tobacco buyers following termination of the intermediate buyer system. We find that, as tobacco cultivation is labor‐intensive, children in communities with more tobacco growers spend more time as casual laborers and are less likely to advance to the next grade. Adverse health effects, measured by the likelihood of suffering from illnesses related to green tobacco sickness, are estimated to be larger than previously documented. This affects not only “working‐age” children but also children too young to work on tobacco farms. Moreover, exposure to large‐scale tobacco cultivation is estimated to reduce the height‐for‐age z‐score of children aged 6–60 months. These findings highlight the importance of raising awareness and taking measures to protect children against green tobacco.
Drug repositioning through integration of prior knowledge and projections of drugs and diseases
Authors: Xuan Ping , Cao Yangkun , Zhang Tiangang , Wang Xiao , Pan Shuxiang , Shen Tonghui 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMotivationIdentifying and developing novel therapeutic effects for existing drugs contributes to reduction of drug development costs. Most of the previous methods focus on integration of the heterogeneous data of drugs and diseases from multiple sources for predicting the candidate drug–disease associations. However, they fail to take the prior knowledge of drugs and diseases and their sparse characteristic into account. It is essential to develop a method that exploits the more useful information to predict the reliable candidate associations.ResultsWe present a method based on non-negative matrix factorization, DisDrugPred, to predict the drug-related candidate disease indications. A new type of drug similarity is firstly calculated based on their associated diseases. DisDrugPred completely integrates two types of disease similarities, the associations between drugs and diseases, and the various similarities between drugs from different levels including the chemical structures of drugs, the target proteins of drugs, the diseases associated with drugs and the side effects of drugs. The prior knowledge of drugs and diseases and the sparse characteristic of drug–disease associations provide a deep biological perspective for capturing the relationships between drugs and diseases. Simultaneously, the possibility that a drug is associated with a disease is also dependant on their projections in the low-dimension feature space. Therefore, DisDrugPred deeply integrates the diverse prior knowledge, the sparse characteristic of associations and the projections of drugs and diseases. DisDrugPred achieves superior prediction performance than several state-of-the-art methods for drug–disease association prediction. During the validation process, DisDrugPred also can retrieve more actual drug–disease associations in the top part of prediction result which often attracts more attention from the biologists. Moreover, case studies on five drugs further confirm DisDrugPred’s ability to discover potential candidate disease indications for drugs.Availability and implementationThe fourth type of drug similarity and the predicted candidates for all the drugs are available at https://github.com/pingxuan-hlju/DisDrugPred.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Role of a novel race-related tumor suppressor microRNA located in frequently deleted chromosomal locus 8p21 in prostate cancer progression
Authors: Bhagirath Divya , Yang Thao Ly , Tabatabai Z Laura , Shahryari Varahram , Majid Shahana , Dahiya Rajvir , Tanaka Yuichiro , Saini Sharanjot 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The prostate cancer (PCa) genome is characterized by deletions of chromosome 8p21–22 region that increase significantly with tumor grade and are associated with poor prognosis. We proposed and validated a novel, paradigm-shifting hypothesis that this region is associated with a set of microRNA genes—miR-3622, miR-3622b, miR-383—that are lost in PCa and play important mechanistic roles in PCa progression and metastasis. Extending our hypothesis, in this study, we evaluated the role of a microRNA gene located in chromosome 8p—miR-4288—by employing clinical samples and cell lines. Our data suggests that (i) miR-4288 is widely downregulated in primary prostate tumors and cell lines; (ii) miR-4288 expression is lost in metastatic castration-resistant PCa; (ii) miR-4288 downregulation is race-related PCa alteration that is prevalent in Caucasian patients and not in African Americans; (iii) in Caucasians, miR-4288 was found to be associated with increasing tumor grade and high serum prostate-specific antigen, suggesting that miR-4288 downregulation/loss may be associated with tumor progression specifically in Caucasians; (iv) miR-4288 possess significant potential as a molecular biomarker to predict aggressiveness/metastasis; and (v) miR-4288 is anti-proliferative, is anti-invasive and inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; and (vi) miR-4288 directly represses expression of metastasis/invasion-associated genes MMP16 and ROCK1. Thus, the present study demonstrates a tumor suppressor role for a novel miRNA located with a frequently lost region in PCa, strengthening our hypothesis that this locus is causally related to PCa disease progression via loss of microRNA genes. Our study suggests that miR-4288 may be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target, particularly in Caucasians.
The Role of Primate Prefrontal Cortex in Bias and Shift Between Visual Dimensions
Authors: Mansouri Farshad A , Buckley Mark J , Fehring Daniel J , Tanaka Keiji 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Imaging and neural activity recording studies have shown activation in the primate prefrontal cortex when shifting attention between visual dimensions is necessary to achieve goals. A fundamental unanswered question is whether representations of these dimensions emerge from top-down attentional processes mediated by prefrontal regions or from bottom-up processes within visual cortical regions. We hypothesized a causative link between prefrontal cortical regions and dimension-based behavior. In large cohorts of humans and macaque monkeys, performing the same attention shifting task, we found that both species successfully shifted between visual dimensions, but both species also showed a significant behavioral advantage/bias to a particular dimension; however, these biases were in opposite directions in humans (bias to color) versus monkeys (bias to shape). Monkeys’ bias remained after selective bilateral lesions within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), frontopolar cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), or superior, lateral prefrontal cortex. However, lesions within certain regions (ACC, DLPFC, or OFC) impaired monkeys’ ability to shift between these dimensions. We conclude that goal-directed processing of a particular dimension for the executive control of behavior depends on the integrity of prefrontal cortex; however, representation of competing dimensions and bias toward them does not depend on top-down prefrontal-mediated processes.
Developmental atlas of the RNA editome in Sus scrofa skeletal muscle
Authors: Yang Yalan , Zhu Min , Fan Xinhao , Yao Yilong , Yan Junyu , Tang Yijie , Liu Siyuan , Li Kui , Tang Zhonglin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAdenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing meditated by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) enzymes is a widespread post-transcriptional event in mammals. However, A-to-I editing in skeletal muscle remains poorly understood. By integrating strand-specific RNA-seq, whole genome bisulphite sequencing, and genome sequencing data, we comprehensively profiled the A-to-I editome in developing skeletal muscles across 27 prenatal and postnatal stages in pig, an important farm animal and biomedical model. We detected 198,892 A-to-I editing sites and found that they occurred more frequently at prenatal stages and showed low conservation among pig, human, and mouse. Both the editing level and frequency decreased during development and were positively correlated with ADAR enzymes expression. The hyper-edited genes were functionally related to the cell cycle and cell division. A co-editing module associated with myogenesis was identified. The developmentally differential editing sites were functionally enriched in genes associated with muscle development, their editing levels were highly correlated with expression of their host mRNAs, and they potentially influenced the gain/loss of miRNA binding sites. Finally, we developed a database to visualize the Sus scrofa RNA editome. Our study presents the first profile of the dynamic A-to-I editome in developing animal skeletal muscle and provides evidences that RNA editing is a vital regulator of myogenesis.
Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: distinct mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to damaged and inflamed heart valves
Authors: Liesenborghs Laurens , Meyers Severien , Lox Marleen , Criel Maarten , Claes Jorien , Peetermans Marijke , Trenson Sander , Vande Velde Greetje , Vanden Berghe Pieter , Baatsen Pieter , Missiakas Dominique , Schneewind Olaf , Peetermans Willy E , Hoylaerts Marc F , Vanassche Thomas , Verhamme Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Aims
The pathogenesis of endocarditis is not well understood resulting in unsuccessful attempts at prevention. Clinical observations suggest that Staphylococcus aureus infects either damaged or inflamed heart valves. Using a newly developed endocarditis mouse model, we therefore studied the initial adhesion of S. aureus in both risk states.

Methods and results
Using 3D confocal microscopy, we examined the adhesion of fluorescent S. aureus to murine aortic valves. To mimic different risk states we either damaged the valves with a surgically placed catheter or simulated valve inflammation by local endothelium activation. We used von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene-deficient mice, induced platelet and fibrinogen depletion and used several S. aureus mutant strains to investigate the contribution of both host and bacterial factors in early bacterial adhesion. Both cardiac valve damage and inflammation predisposed to endocarditis, but by distinct mechanisms. Following valve damage, S. aureus adhered directly to VWF and fibrin, deposited on the damaged valve. This was mediated by Sortase A-dependent adhesins such as VWF-binding protein and Clumping factor A. Platelets did not contribute. In contrast, upon cardiac valve inflammation, widespread endothelial activation led to endothelial cell-bound VWF release. This recruited large amounts of platelets, capturing S. aureus to the valve surface. Here, neither fibrinogen, nor Sortase A were essential.

Conclusion
Cardiac valve damage and inflammation predispose to S. aureus endocarditis via distinct mechanisms. These findings may have important implications for the development of new preventive strategies, as some interventions might be effective in one risk state, but not in the other.