bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Assistance Foresters in Nonindustrial Private Forest Management: Alabama Landowners' Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Daowei , Warren Sarah , Bailey Conner 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonindustrial private forest landowners in Alabama were surveyed and assistance foresters' involvement in their management activities documented. Overall, assistance foresters have participated in some 58% of all forest management activities. Consulting foresters account for 45 to 50% of those activities involving assistance foresters. Public foresters have more small and low income landowners as their clients, and consulting and industry foresters assist more medium and large landowners. The perception of all assistance foresters by the landowners is positive, and reputation is a key to acquire new clients. Respondents also believe that the number of public foresters should stay roughly the same or be increased, and they are evenly divided about paying a fee for services provided by public foresters. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):101-105.
Immature Loblolly Pine Growth and Biomass Accumulation: Correlations with Seedlings Initial First-Order Lateral Roots
Authors: Kormanik Paul P. , Sung Shi-Jean S. , Zarnoch Stanley J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five to seven years after being graded by first-order lateral root (FOLR) numbers and outplanted, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were excavated using a commercial tree spade and root systems re-evaluated. Current competitive position of trees was related to initial FOLR numbers of 1-0 seedlings. Current FOLR numbers were comparable among tree size classes, but root diameters where the spade severed the root were different. The dominant and codominant individuals had much larger FOLR cross sectional area at the severed point. The larger diameter laterals allow exploration of larger soil volume since they extended greater distances from the tree. Root biomass allometric equations were developed from excavating 175 individuals in 3 separate plantations. Root biomass was readily predicted based on either stem diameter breast height squared (D²H), or total aboveground biomass. Approximately 75% of standing tree biomass was aboveground and 25% belowground for all initial root grades, current crown classes, and sites. Subsoil compaction layers appeared to have a major impact on tree development at any specific location within a plantation. Compaction layers affected heights and diameters but not root/top ratios or the relative competition position based on initial FOLR numbers. These compaction layers resulted in plate-like taproots that suggested further root penetration was unlikely. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):117-123.
Prediction and Error of Baldcypress Stem Volume from Stump Diameter
Authors: Parresol Bernard R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The need to estimate the volume of removals occurs for many reasons, such as in trespass cases, severance tax reports, and post-harvest assessments. A logarithmic model is presented for prediction of baldcypress total stem cubic foot volume using stump diameter as the independent variable. Because the error of prediction is as important as the volume estimate, I demonstrate construction and use of simple and joint confidence intervals about the mean and individual predictions. For completeness, I address prediction and error from inventory estimates of removals. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):69-73.
Use of Forested Habitat by Breeding Birds in the Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
I compared birds present during the breeding season in four forest types in the Conecuh National Forest located on the Gulf Coastal Plain in Alabama: (1) longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) that had been subject to several recent burns, (2) longleaf pine that had been subject to few or no recent burns, (3) planted slash pine (P. elliottii), and (4) various forested wetland habitats ranging from stream-side riparian habitat to cypress (Taxodium distichum) ponds. I found significantly higher total individuals and significantly higher bird species richness in the two natural forest types—burned longleaf pine and riparian habitats—than either unburned longleaf or slash pine. To maintain greatest diversity and abundance of birds, managers of forests on the Gulf Coastal Plain should (1)preserve wetland habitat, (2) not convert stands of longleaf pine to stands of slash pine, and (3) regularly burn longleaf pine stands. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):133-137.
Prescribed Fire Effects on Advanced Regeneration in Mixed Hardwood Stands
Authors: Barnes T.A. , Van Lear D.H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fire treatments were initiated in 1990 to evaluate effects of low-intensity prescribed fires on composition and structure of the advanced regeneration pool under mature mixed-hardwood stands on upland sites in the Piedmont of South Carolina. One spring burn was as effective as three winter burns in reducing midstory density, considered a prerequisite for subsequent development of oak (Quercus spp.) advanced regeneration. Burning increased the number of oak rootstocks, reduced the relative position of competing species, and increased root-to-shoot ratios of oak stems in the regeneration layer. These favorable effects of fire on oak regeneration outweigh the removal of small, poorly formed oak stems from the midstory/understory strata during burning. Prescribed burning in hardwood forests may solve some of the current oak regeneration problems, especially on better upland sites in the South. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):138-142.
Economics of Site Preparation and Release Treatments Using Herbicides in Central Georgia
Authors: Busby Rodney L. , Miller James H. , Edwards M. Boyd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Land expectation values (LEV) of site preparation and release treatments using herbicides in central Georgia are calculated and compared. Loblolly pine growth and hardwood competition levels were measured at age 6 for the site preparation treatments and age 8 for the release treatments. These measurements were projected to final harvest using the North Carolina State University growth and yield simulator. On six directly comparable sites, site preparation improved land expectation values more than release. When the most profitable treatments on each site were compared, site preparation LEVs (after tax) were more than twice as profitable as release ($403 vs. $188/ac). Velpar L¹ and Pronone 10G herbicide treatments increased the land expectation value most for site preparation. Arsenal AC and Velpar L provided the highest returns among the herbicides tested for release. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):156-162.
Successful Reforestation of South Carolina Sandhills is not influenced by Seedling Inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius in the Nursery
Authors: Cram Michelle M. , Mexal John G. , Souter Ray 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Longleaf (Pinus palustris) and loblolly pine (P. taeda) nursery beds were treated with either vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) or allowed to become inoculated with natural ectomycorrhizae (NI) from 1987 to 1991. The resulting Pt and NI seedlings were outplanted on 2 sites per year (1988-1992) for a total of 10 demonstration plantings on the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina. After 4 yr (5 yr for Site 5) the presence of Pt on bareroot longleaf pine at the time of planting did not improve seedling diameter or height growth. Longleaf pine survival was increased with the presence of Pt only on one site, while NI seedlings had greater survival on five sites and greater growth on two sites. The presence of Pt on the containerized longleaf pine had no effect on survival or diameter growth after 4 yr. Inoculation of bareroot loblolly pine with Pt resulted in larger diameter seedlings at the time of planting for four of eight sites. However, these differences in diameter were not maintained in three of the sites after 4 yr. The use of Pt as an artificial inoculant of bareroot longleaf and loblolly pine seedlings does not increase survival or growth response of reforestation plantings on the sandhills of South Carolina after 4 (5) yr. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):46-52.
White-Tailed Deer Browse Preferences in a Southern Bottomland Hardwood Forest
Authors: Castleberry Steven B. , Ford W. Mark , Miller Karl V. , Smith Winston P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined spring and summer use of woody browse by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in forest gaps created by group selection timber harvest in a South Carolina bottomland hardwood forest during 1995 and 1996. Percent available twigs browsed, relative abundance, and relative use were calculated for each species with more than 50 twigs sampled. We used chi-square analysis to rate species as preferred, proportional, or low use. Total percent browsed was low in both years (2.5% in 1995; 3.0% in 1996). In 1995, 6 species were rated as high use, 4 species as proportional use, and 10 species as low use. In 1996, 6 species were rated as high use, 7 as proportional use, and 9 as low use. Species ratings generally were in agreement with other food habits studies in the Southeast. Preferred browse species included red maple (Acer rubrum), winged elm (Ulmus alata), greenbrier (Smilax spp.), and black willow (Salix nigra). The low rates of browsing probably were due to low use of the study area by deer during the growing season. Deer browsing likely had little impact on regeneration of most species in this bottomland hardwood forest. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):78-82.
Effects of Pine and Hardwood Basal Areas After Uneven-Aged Silvicultural Treatments on Wildlife Habitat
Authors: Miller Darren A. , Leopold Bruce D. , Conner L. Mike , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Uneven-aged management (UEAM) is becoming increasingly popular in the southeastern United States. However, effects of UEAM on wildlife habitat have not been adequately documented. We examined response of habitat within stands of varying levels of pine and hardwood basal area under an uneven-aged management regime in southern Mississippi. Summer and winter trends in understory biomass were similar across treatments. Time since disturbance influenced plant productivity. Stands with lower basal areas tended to have higher browse production, denser and higher vertical habitat structure, more woody, vine, and fern biomass, greater total biomass, and higher plant species diversity and richness. Pine basal area had little influence on browse production relative to effects of hardwood basal area. Although stands with higher basal area had less biomass, a higher proportion of biomass was composed of preferred browse. We recommend that forest managers create stands of varying levels of pine and hardwood basal areas to provide for diverse needs of many wildlife species. South. J. Appl. For. 23(3):151-157.
Effects of Thinning on Development of Southern Pine Beetle Infestations in Old Growth Stands
Authors: Turchin Peter , Davidson James , Hayes Jane Leslie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to quantify the relationship between southern pine beetle infestation growth and the intertree spacing in old growth pine stands. The problem with extrapolating the results of previous studies to old growth stands is that it is unclear whether the same mechanism will operate in stands of older trees characterized by double the diameter (20-25 cm vs. 40-60 cm). In this study we focused on experimentally answering the question of how three levels of thinning (resulting in different average intertree distances) affect the rate of SPB infestation growth in mature loblolly pine stands, over 60 yr old and over 40 cm average dbh. We also included a hardwood removal treatment. Both intermediate and severe thinning had a strong negative effect on the rate of infestation growth. The effects of intermediate and severe thinning were similar; there was no statistically detectable difference between these two treatments. Hardwood removal appeared to decrease infestation growth rate compared to no thinning, but this effect was not statistically significant. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):193-196.
Which Trees and Stands are attacked by the Southern Pine Beetle?
Authors: Zhang Yujia , Zeide Boris 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An analysis of long-term observations from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations showed that the southern pine beetle, SPB (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann), kills a larger proportion of trees in dense stands. The presence of hardwood species diminishes damage, probably by hindering the dispersal of the SPB. It was also found that, in a given stand, mortality increases with tree size. On the other hand, the degree of damage was not related to age or mean diameter. For our plots, the annual probability that a loblolly pine tree would be killed by the beetle was 4.59 x 10-4. In the SPB infested stands, this probability increased 39 times (1.81 x 10-2. More precise estimates can be made using a prediction model driven by stand densities of pines and hardwoods, and the relative diameter of individual trees. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):217-223.
An Individual-Tree Growth and Yield Prediction System for Uneven-Aged Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Huebschmann Michael M. , Gering Lawrence R. , Lynch Thomas B. , Bitoki Onesphore , Murphy Paul A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A system of equations modeling the growth and development of uneven-aged shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands is described. The prediction system consists of two main components: (1) a distance-independent, individual-tree simulator containing equations that forecast ingrowth, basal-area growth, probability of survival, total and merchantable heights, and total and merchantable volumes and weights of shortleaf pine trees; and (2) stand-level equations that predict hardwood ingrowth, basal-area growth, and mortality. These equations were combined into a computer simulation program that forecasts future states of uneven-aged shortleaf pine stands. Based on comparisons of observed and predicted stand conditions in shortleaf pine permanent forest inventory plots and examination of the growth patterns of hypothetical stands, the simulator makes acceptable forecasts of stand attributes. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):112-120.
A Survey of the Preservative Treated Wood Market in Oklahoma
Authors: King Stephen A. , Lewis David K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Retail lumberyards in Oklahoma were surveyed concerning their trade in treated wood products. Results indicate that an estimated producer price value of $39.3 million of treated dimension lumber, landscape timbers, fenceposts, poles, and plywood were sold by retail lumberyards in Oklahoma during 1996. Retail lumberyard managers report that farmers and ranchers are the most important consumer segment for treated wood product sales. Retailers also report that straightness, general appearance, and preservative retention level are the most important attributes that consumers desire in preservative treated wood products. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):70-76.
Response of Loblolly Pine Plantations to Late-Rotation Fertilization and Herbicide Applications in North Louisiana
Authors: Williams Roger A. , Farrish Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Late-rotation fertilization was studied over a 6 yr period in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in north Louisiana. Fertilizer (150 lb/ac of nitrogen and 50 lb/ac of phosphorus) and herbicide (hexazinone, 2.5 lb ai/ac) were applied to five loblolly pine plantations in the 25-yr-old age class (25-26 yr), and five plantations in the 30-yr-old age class (30-32 yr). The study was established as a randomized block design with three blocks in each plantation. Three treatments studied were fertilizer (F), fertilizer+herbicide (FH), and herbicide (H), which were compared to a control. Diameter and volume growth responded significantly to treatments F and FH in both age classes. A greater per-tree response occurred in the 25-yr-old age class as a result of the additive effect of recent thinnings. The use of herbicide in treatments FH and H did not cause a significant increase in growth response. The growth response in treatment FH was not significantly different from the response in treatment F, nor was the growth response in treatment H significantly different from the control. In the 25-yr-old age class the response to fertilization (treatments F and FH) was allocated primarily to the larger trees. Treatments F and FH increased total volume growth (lb) by 48 and 55 ft3/ac/yr, respectively, over control plots while treatment H increased growth by 15 ft3/ac/yr. In the 30-yr-old age class, the response was distributed more evenly among all diameter classes. Treatments F and FH increased total volume growth on average of 58 and 60 ft³/ac/yr, respectively, over control plots while treatment H increased growth by 17 ft3/ac/yr. An economic analysis was performed using discount rates of 8% and 12%, and current prices and costs at the time of the study. Rates of return ranged from 29.6 to 38.8% under various economic scenarios (discount rates, prices and costs) in the 25-yr-old age class. The net present value equivalent to an annual income (EAI) gain for each of the 6 yr of the study ranged from $34.07-$60.54/ac/yr. These same economic scenarios produced rates of return of 23.3 to 31.9% in the 30-yr-old age class, with an EAI range of $18.98-$40.03/ac/yr. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):166-175.
Loblolly Pine—Pushing the Limits of Growth
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Bailey Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
With mean annual increments up to 5.4 cords/ac/yr, six loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) research sites in Georgia produced yields on par with other results from intensively managed loblolly plantations around the world. Cultural treatments in the Georgia study include complete control of vegetation other than the planted pines with multiple applications of herbicide, annual fertilization, the combination of complete vegetation control and annual fertilization, and an intensive mechanical site preparation treatment. Complete vegetation control resulted in higher yield production at ages 10 to 12 yr than the intensive mechanical treatment at all locations. This regime also resulted in higher yield production than the annual fertilization treatment at four of six locations. Volume mean annual increment for 10- to 12-yr-old plantations with the combination treatment of complete vegetation control and annual fertilization ranged from 325 to 490 ft3/ac, growth rates comparable to those obtained at other high biomass production areas throughout the world. Our economic evaluation based on these results shows that 8 to 12% real rates of return are feasible from investments in intensive loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States. South. J. Appl. For. 25(2):69–74.
Vegetation Cover Response and Second-Year Loblolly and Slash Pine Response Following Bedding and Pre- and Post-Plant Herbicide Applications in Florida
Authors: Lauer Dwight K. , Zutter Bruce R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Site preparation treatments of early single bed (EB), late single bed (LB), double bed (DB), EB + banded pre-plant herbicide (PP), and EB + broadcast pre-plant herbicide (BPP) were applied to four locations in Florida. Three of the four locations included these treatments crossed with a first-year post-plant herbicide application to control herbaceous vegetation(HC). Second-year pine heights evaluated at two slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) locations and one loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) location averaged taller (4.6 vs. 3.5 ft) following double-pass (DB, PP, BPP) than single-pass (EB, LB) treatments, taller (4.9 vs. 4.0 ft) for pre-plant herbicide (PP, BPP) than DB, but did not differ between PP and BPP. There were no significant interactions between site preparation and HC with HC, increasing second-year pine height by 0.5 ft. Pine height was greater for pre-plant herbicide treatments than for DB treatments because pre-plant herbicide treatments provided better control of competing vegetation.
Vegetation control differed among treatments. DB improved control of woody shrubs over single bedding alone, but increased herbaceous cover in the first growing season. The increase in herbaceous cover following DB accounts for the relatively small gain in second-year pine height (0.2 ft) for DB compared to LB. Pre-plant herbicide treatments following early bedding improved control of both woody shrubs and first-year herbaceous vegetation. Pre-plant herbicide treatments also shifted the composition of herbaceous vegetation towards less competitive species. HC improved control of herbaceous plants, and lowest first-year herbaceous cover was achieved with the combination of HC with pre-plant herbicide treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 25(2):75–83.
Forestry's Third Revolution: Integrating Biotechnology into Pinus taeda L. Breeding Programs
Authors: Williams Claire G. , Byram Thomas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Third Revolution—the application of molecular biology to plant improvement—is providing biotechnology for Pinus taeda breeding programs in the southern United States. To harness commercial value, forest biotechnology must be integrated with pine breeding. Overlaying an agriculture biotechnology template on any aspect of forestry ignores key historical, economic and biological factors unique to pine breeding programs and even to biotechnology applications. Understanding differences between forestry and agriculture will aid policy decisions about the use of genetically enhanced pines and identify numerous leverage points for directing forest biotechnology research toward commercial advantage. Integrating biotechnology into a P. taeda breeding program is illustrated using a case study approach. A molecular marker system is proposed for improving the selection efficacy of a pine breeding program. South. J. Appl. For. 25(3):116–121.
Twelve-Year Results of a Loblolly Pine Site Preparation Study in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama
Authors: Martin Stacey W. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A designed experimental study was installed at 25 separate locations in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain regions of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama with the objective of evaluating the effects of different site preparation treatments, both chemical and mechanical, on growth and yield of cutover site-prepared loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. The following six site preparation treatments were included: (1) burn, (2) chop and burn, (3) shear, pile and disk, (4) chop, herbicide and burn, (5) herbicide and burn, and (6) herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control. The herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control treatment significantly increased mean dbh, mean height, stand basal area, and total and merchantable volume compared to all other treatments. The burn-only treatment consistently ranked worst compared to all other treatments. There were significant differences in mean dbh, mean height, stand basal area, and total and merchantable volume between: (1) the herbicide and burn, which is an operational chemical treatment, and (2) the average of the chop and burn treatment and the shear, pile and disk treatment, which are operational mechanical treatments. In all cases the operational chemical treatment performed significantly better than the average of the two operational mechanical treatments. Average 12-yr-old merchantable volumes (ft3/ac) across all locations by treatment were: burn (846), chop and burn (1,445), shear, pile and disk (1,740), chop, herbicide and burn (1,669), herbicide and burn (1,919), and herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control (2,546). There were no apparent trends in percent fusiform infection levels across site preparation treatment intensity levels. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):32–36.