bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening Community-Living Older Adults for Protein Energy Malnutrition and Frailty: Update and Next Steps
Authors: Dwyer Johanna T. , Gahche Jaime J. , Weiler Mary , Arensberg Mary Beth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)/undernutrition and frailty are prevalent, overlapping conditions impacting on functional and health outcomes of older adults, but are frequently unidentified and untreated in community settings in the United States. Using the World Health Organization criteria for effective screening programs, we reviewed validity, reliability, and feasibility of data-driven screening tools for identifying PEM and frailty risk among community-dwelling older adults. The SCREEN II is recommended for PEM screening and the FRAIL scale is recommended as the most promising frailty screening tool, based on test characteristics, cost, and ease of use, but more research on both tools is needed, particularly on predictive validity of favorable outcomes after nutritional/physical activity interventions. The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) has been recommended by one expert group as a screening tool for all adults, regardless of age/care setting. However, it has not been tested in US community settings, likely yields large numbers of false positives (particularly in community settings), and its predictive validity of favorable outcomes after nutritional interventions is unknown. Community subgroups at highest priority for screening are those at increased risk due to prior illness, certain demographics and/or domiciliary characteristics, and those with BMI < 20 kg/m2 or < 22 if > 70 years or recent unintentional weight loss > 10% (who are likely already malnourished). Community-based health professionals can better support healthy aging by increasing their awareness/use of PEM and frailty screening tools, prioritizing high-risk populations for systematic screening, following screening with more definitive diagnoses and appropriate interventions, and re-evaluating and revising screening protocols and measures as more data become available.
GRID-SITES: Gridded Solar Iterative Temperature Emission Solver for Fast DEM Inversion
Authors: Pickering James , Morgan Huw 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The increasing size of solar datasets demands highly efficient and robust analysis methods. This paper presents an approach that can increase the computational efficiency of differential emission measure (DEM) inversions by an order of magnitude or higher, with the efficiency factor increasing with the size of the input dataset. The method, named the Gridded Solar Iterative Temperature Emission Solver (Grid-SITES) is based on grouping pixels according to the similarity of their intensities in multiple channels, and solving for one DEM per group. This is shown to be a valid approach, given a sufficiently high number of grid bins for each channel. The increase in uncertainty arising from the quantisation of the input data is small compared to the general measurement and calibration uncertainties. In this paper, we use the Solar Iterative Temperature Emission Solver (SITES) as the core method for the DEM inversion, although Grid-SITES provides a general framework which may be used with any DEM inversion method, or indeed any large multi-dimensional data inversion problem. The method is particularly efficient for processing larger images, offering a factor of 30 increase in speed for a 10 megapixel image. For a time series of observations, the gridded results can be passed sequentially to each new image, with new populated bins added as required. This process leads to increasing efficiency with each new image, with potential for a ${\approx\,}100$≈100 increase in efficiency dependent on the size of the images.
Effect of exogenous stress factors on the biosynthesis of carotenoids and lipids by Rhodotorula yeast strains in media containing agro-industrial waste
Authors: Kot Anna M. , Błażejak Stanisław , Kieliszek Marek , Gientka Iwona , Bryś Joanna , Reczek Lidia , Pobiega Katarzyna 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of exogenous stress factors (sodium chloride as osmotic stressor, hydrogen peroxide as an inducer of oxidative stress, white light irradiation, and low temperature) on the biosynthesis of carotenoids and lipids by red yeast (Rhodotorula glutinis, R. mucilaginosa, and R. gracilis) during cultivation in media containing potato wastewater and glycerol. According to our results, the yeast were able to grow and biosynthesize lipids and carotenoids in the presence of the applied stress factors. Low temperature caused an increase in the biosynthesis of intracellular lipids and carotenoids. R. gracilis synthesized lipids (21.1 g/100 gd.w.) and carotenoids (360.4 µg/gd.w.) in greater quantities than that of other strains. Under these conditions, there was also an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and linolenic acids. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (30.4%) was synthesized by the R. gracilis yeast after cultivation at 20°C. Their quantity was 2.5-fold greater than that of the biomass grown in control conditions. The contribution of individual carotenoid fractions depended both on the yeast strain and the culture conditions. Induction of osmotic stress and low temperature intensified the biosynthesis of β-carotene (up to 73.9% of the total carotenoid content). In oxidative stress conditions, yeast synthesized torulene (up to 82.2%) more efficiently than under other conditions, whereas white light irradiation increased the production of torularhodin (up to 20.0%).
Simulation Tests of the Accuracy of Fitting Two Freeform Surfaces
Authors: Groch Damian , Poniatowska Małgorzata 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The presented method is introduced to simulate and predict the accuracy of fitting two freeform surfaces. For this purpose, the CAD models of both actual surfaces should be determined on the basis of coordinate measurement data obtained in measurements along regular grids of points in the UV space. The NURBS regression surfaces are modeled on the measurement data. Adequate regression models are sought with the iterative procedure. In the following steps of the procedure, the number of control points and/or the degree of the surface is/are changed, and the autocorrelation of residuals from the models is tested using the spatial statistics methods. The designated models are optimal CAD representations of the actual surfaces. Tests of the accuracy of fitting the surfaces are carried out virtually by fitting together both models in the CAD software. The outcome of the study is a spatial model of the gap between the studied surfaces. The obtained model was verified experimentally by measuring the dimensions of the actual gap between the surfaces, applying a measuring microscope. The proposed method is a useful tool in analyzing and improving the accuracy of injection molds machining.
Mind the gap: Coping with delay in environmental governance
Authors: Karlsson Mikael , Gilek Michael 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Gaps between public policy goals and the state of the environment are often significant. However, while goal failures in environmental governance are studied in a number of disciplines, the knowledge on the various causes behind delayed goal achievement is still incomplete. In this article we propose a new framework for analysis of delay mechanisms in science and policy, with the intention to provide a complementary lens for describing, analysing and counteracting delay in environmental governance. The framework is based on case-study findings from recent research focusing on goal-failures in policies for climate change, hazardous chemicals, biodiversity loss and eutrophication. It is also related to previous research on science and policy processes and their interactions. We exemplify the framework with two delay mechanisms that we consider particularly important to highlight—denial of science and decision thresholds. We call for further research in the field, for development of the framework, and not least for increased attention to delay mechanisms in environmental policy review and development on national as well as international levels.
Effects of different gas flow rates and non-perpendicular incidence angles of argon cold atmospheric-pressure plasma jet on silver thin film treatment
Authors: Hosseinpour Maryam , Zendehnam Akbar , Hamidi Sangdehi Seyedeh Mehri , Ghomi Marzdashti Hamidreza 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, the influences of variations in the gas flow rate and incidence angles of argon cold atmospheric-pressure plasma jet on the morphology and absorption spectra of silver thin films (60 nm, 80 nm, and 100 nm film thickness) are investigated. To evaluate the surface morphology, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed on the silver thin film surface before and after plasma processing. To analyze the effect of plasma treatment on the grain size, the one-dimensional AFM surface profiles of Ag thin films are approximated using a Gaussian function. The absorbance of Ag thin films is measured in wavelength range of 190–1100 nm utilizing UV–Vis absorption spectrometer. Compared to the gas flow rates 0.5 standard litter per minute (SLM) and 2 SLM, surface treatment of Ag thin film with gas flow rate of 1 SLM increased the valley depth, the peak valley height, and the distance between two deepest valleys remarkably. A sequential argon plasma treatment (2-min plasma treatment perpendicular to surface was followed by 2-min plasma processing with non-perpendicular incidence angle of 60°) offers considerable improvement in the uniformity of grains and also changes shape of grains, especially the peak height (about 44 times higher than untreated sample) and area of grains (almost 136 times greater than untreated sample) which can be applicable for optical sensing technology.
Recent Progresses in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications
Authors: Li Yahao , Li Qingyu , Wang Hongqiang , Zhang Lei , Wilkinson David P. , Zhang Jiujun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Electrochemical energy storage systems such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries can be used as clean power sources for electric vehicles. In these systems, one necessary reaction at the cathode is the catalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is the rate-determining factor affecting overall system performance. Therefore, to increase the rate of ORR for enhanced system performances, efficient electrocatalysts are essential. And although ORR electrocatalysts have been intensively explored and developed, significant breakthroughs have yet been achieved in terms of catalytic activity, stability, cost and associated electrochemical system performance. Based on this, this review will comprehensively present the recent progresses of ORR electrocatalysts, including precious metal catalysts, non-precious metal catalysts, single-atom catalysts and metal-free catalysts. In addition, major technical challenges are analyzed and possible future research directions to overcome these challenges are proposed to facilitate further research and development toward practical application.

Graphic Abstract
Infrastructure and the Post-Truth Era: is Trump Twitter’s Fault?
Authors: Oliver Martin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between social media and political rhetoric. Social media platforms are frequently discussed in relation to ‘post-truth’ politics, but it is less clear exactly what their role is in these developments. Specifically, this paper focuses on Twitter as a case, exploring the kinds of rhetoric encouraged or discouraged on this platform. To do this, I will draw on work from infrastructure studies, an area of Science and Technology Studies; and in particular, on Ford and Wajcman’s analysis of the relationships between infrastructure, knowledge claims and politics on Wikipedia. This theoretical analysis will be supplemented with evidence from previous studies and in the public domain, to illustrate the points made. This analysis echoes wider doubts about the credibility of technologically deterministic accounts of technology’s relationship with society, but suggests however that while Twitter may not be the cause of shifts in public discourse, it is implicated in them, in that it both creates new norms for discourse and enables new forms of power and inequality to operate.
A Small Group Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Daily Pentoxifylline in the Management of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction with Suboptimal Treatment Response to Sildenafil
Authors: Law Yu Xi Terence , Tai Bee Choo , Tan Yi Quan , Lata Raman Nee Mani , Lee King Chien Joe 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Several studies have reaffirmed the use of regular pentoxifylline therapy in increasing the penile brachial pressure index in men affected by erectile dysfunction when compared to placebo.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline as an adjunctive treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction.

Methods
This study was a single center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were recruited between April 2014 and November 2016 from the National University Hospital, Singapore. The combination therapy group was given pentoxifylline 400 mg thrice daily orally and the monotherapy group was given placebo capsules thrice daily orally. Both groups continued their on-demand 100 mg sildenafil. The treatment duration was 8 weeks. Efficacy was measured via the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire at the eighth week. Differences in mean IIEF-5 score and the domains of the IIEF at 8 weeks between the 2 treatment groups were compared using independent sample t-test.

Main Outcome Measure
Baseline IIEF-5 and the IIEF-15 score vs post-therapy IIEF-5 and the IIEF-15 score.

Results
50 patients were randomized into 2 groups. Patients in the 2 groups were comparable in terms of the demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and baseline IIEF-5 scores. The mean IIEF-5 score post-therapy of the combination therapy group vs the monotherapy group was 14.11 and 14.87, respectively. There was no significant difference between the outcomes of these 2 groups (unadjusted mean difference -0.76; 95% CI -4.01 to 2.49; P = .641) and the outcomes are the same even after adjusting for baseline IIEF-5 scores. There was a significant improvement in the “overall satisfaction” portion of the IIEF score for the combination therapy group as compared to the monotherapy group (unadjusted mean difference 0.12; 95% CI -1.49 to 1.25) and even after adjustment for baseline scores (adjusted mean difference 1.11; 95% CI 0.10 to 2.12; P = .032) the improvement is significant.

Conclusion
Our trial suggests that the use of combination therapy does not improve the management of patients compared to monotherapy.
A retrospective analysis of factors influencing readmission rates of acute traumatic subdural hematoma in the elderly: A cohort study
Authors: Ho Tran , Frisbie Jacob , Wasfie Tarik , Boyer Jennifer J. , Knisely Tara , Cwalina Natalia , Barber Kimberly , Shapiro Brian 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Acute traumatic subdural hematomas (TSDH) readmission rate is high (27.8%) with an increase in morbidity and cost for the elderly. This study identifies risk factors affecting readmission rates for these patients and presents strategies to reduce it.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was conducted including patients with TSDH admitted to our Community Hospital and followed subsequently for two years regarding readmission within 6 months of initial discharge. The following factors were compared for patients readmitted versus not readmitted: patient age, sex, number of comorbidities, anticoagulation status, surgical intervention, ICU length of stay, injury severity score, and discharge disposition.

Results:
A total of 167 patients were included in the study. Overall, 75 patients (44.9%) were readmitted within 6 months. Readmitted patients had an overall higher mean age (74.1 vs. 65.4, p = 0.001). Readmission with recurrent subdural hematoma was diagnosed in 32.2% of readmitted patients vs. 67.8% (p < 0.0005) with readmission for other medical complications. 80.0% of readmitted patients had more than four comorbid conditions (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
This study identifies risk factors that affect readmission rates for patients with TSDH and establishes strategies that may help to decrease readmission.

Highlights:
The effect of paternalistic alternatives on attitudes toward default nudges
Authors: HAGMAN WILLIAM , ERLANDSSON ARVID , DICKERT STEPHAN , TINGHÖG GUSTAV , VÄSTFJÄLL DANIEL 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNudges are increasingly being proposed and used as a policy tool around the world. The success of nudges depends on public acceptance. However, several questions about what makes a nudge acceptable remain unanswered. In this paper, we examine whether policy alternatives to nudges influence the public's acceptance of these nudges: Do attitudes change when the nudge is presented alongside either a more paternalistic policy alternative (legislation) or a less paternalistic alternative (no behavioral intervention)? In two separate samples drawn from the Swedish general public, we find a very small effect of alternatives on the acceptability of various default nudges overall. Surprisingly, we find that when the alternative to the nudge is legislation, acceptance decreases and perceived intrusiveness increases (relative to conditions where the alternative is no regulation). An implication of this finding is that acceptance of nudges may not always automatically increase when nudges are explicitly compared to more paternalistic alternatives.
Long-term outcomes in syncope patients presenting to the emergency department: A systematic review
Authors: Leafloor Cameron W. , Hong Patrick Jiho , Mukarram Muhammad , Sikora Lindsey , Elliott Jesse , Thiruganasambandamoorthy Venkatesh 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionLong-term outcomes among syncope patients are not well studied to guide physicians regarding outpatient testing and follow-up. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review for outcomes at 1-year or later among ED syncope patients.MethodsWe searched Cochrane Central, Medline, Medline in Process, PubMed, Embase, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing databases from inception to December 2018. We included studies that reported long-term outcomes among ED syncope patients. We excluded studies on patients <16 years old, studies that included syncope mimickers (pre-syncope, seizure, intoxication, loss of consciousness after head trauma), case reports, letters to the editor, non-English and review articles. Outcomes included death, syncope recurrence requiring hospitalization, arrhythmias and procedural interventions for arrhythmias. Meta-analysis was performed by pooling the outcomes using random effects model.ResultsInitial literature search generated 2,094 articles duplicate removal. Of the 50 articles selected for full-text review, 19 articles with 98,211 patients were included in this review: of which 12 were included in the 1-year outcome meta-analysis. Pooled analysis showed : 7.0% mortality; 16.0% syncope recurrence requiring hospitalization; 6.0% with device insertion. 1-year arrhythmias reported in two studies were 1.1 and 26.4%. Pooled analysis for outcome at 31 to 365 days showed: 5.0% mortality and 1% device insertion. Two studies reported 4.9% and 21% mortality at 30 months and 4.2 years follow-up.ConclusionsAn important proportion of ED syncope patients suffer long-term morbidity and mortality. Appropriate follow-up is needed and future research to identify patients at risk is needed.
Ready to Respond: A Survey of Interdisciplinary Health-Care Students and Administrators on Disaster Management Competencies
Authors: Charney Rachel L. , Lavin Roberta P. , Bender Annah , Langan Joanne C. , Zimmerman Rick S. , Veenema Tener Goodwin 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBackground:A sense of competency and confidence in disaster management is linked to response willingness and efficacy. This study assessed current health-care student disaster competency curricula and resultant confidence.Methods:A survey was sent to students and administrators in nurse practitioner (NP), master of public health (MPH), and medical/osteopathic schools (MD/DO), assessing curriculum coverage of 15 disaster management competencies (1-4, total 15-60), and confidence in performing 15 related behaviors (1-7, total 15-105). One-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to examine group differences.Results:A total of 729 students and 72 administrators completed the survey. Low coverage of all topics was reported by both students and administrators (mean 24.4; SD 9.6). Among students, NP students (21.66 ± 8.56) scored significantly lower than MD/DO (23.32 ± 8.19; P < 0.001) and MPH students (26.58 ± 9.06; P < 0.001) on curriculum coverage. Both administrators and students expressed low confidence in competence, with students significantly lower (P < 0.001). NP students scored higher (63.12 ± 20.69; P < 0.001) than both MPH (54.85 ± 17.82) and MD/DO (51.17 ± 19.71; P < 0.001) students.Conclusions:Health-care students report low coverage of topics considered to be necessary disaster response competencies, as well as their confidence to execute functions. This may negatively impact willingness and ability of these professionals to respond effectively in a disaster.
Aristotelian Priority, Metaphysical Definitions of God and Hegel on Pure Thought as Absolute
Authors: Kreines James 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper advances a philosophical interpretation of Hegel's Logic as defending a metaphysics, which includes an absolute, itself comparable to God in other systems of metaphysics of interest to Hegel, including Aristotle's and Spinoza's. Two problems are raised which can seem to block the prospects for such a metaphysically inflationary interpretation. The key to resolving these problems is consideration of the kinds of metaphysical priority that Hegel sees in Aristotle. This allows us to build a philosophical model of Hegel's absolute, and to demonstrate how the model fits the argument of Hegel's Logic. Application of this model provides a philosophical explanation of the senses in which Hegel's metaphysics is idealist; he argues that thought is absolute and comparable to God in other systems of metaphysics: thought is both self-determining and metaphysically prior to being.
Robust Wasserstein profile inference and applications to machine learning
Authors: Blanchet Jose , Kang Yang , Murthy Karthyek 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe show that several machine learning estimators, including square-root least absolute shrinkage and selection and regularized logistic regression, can be represented as solutions to distributionally robust optimization problems. The associated uncertainty regions are based on suitably defined Wasserstein distances. Hence, our representations allow us to view regularization as a result of introducing an artificial adversary that perturbs the empirical distribution to account for out-of-sample effects in loss estimation. In addition, we introduce RWPI (robust Wasserstein profile inference), a novel inference methodology which extends the use of methods inspired by empirical likelihood to the setting of optimal transport costs (of which Wasserstein distances are a particular case). We use RWPI to show how to optimally select the size of uncertainty regions, and as a consequence we are able to choose regularization parameters for these machine learning estimators without the use of cross validation. Numerical experiments are also given to validate our theoretical findings.