bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LE DETERMINANTI POLITICHE DELLA DISOCCUPAZIONE
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneFra gli anni settanta e ottanta, i governi dell'occidente si sono trovati di fronte a una sfida senza precedenti. Il declino della crescita economica, un forte aumento delle aspettative inflazionistiche, bilance dei pagamenti in deficit, pressioni da costi e tendenze deflazionistiche hanno reso difficile la coesistenza fra il bisogno di flessibilità delle economie miste, il mantenimento della stabilità monetaria, la salvaguardia dell'occupazione e alti livelli di welfare. In confronto agli anni sessanta e ai primi anni settanta, la possibilità di compiere scelte pubbliche indolori si è molto ridotta.
COME SPIEGARE LA MOBILITÀ ELETTORALE IN ITALIA
Authors: Mannheimer Renato 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSpecialmente a partire dalla metà degli anni ‘70, la mobilità elettorale è stata una delle tematiche su cui maggiormente si è concentrata l'attenzione di studiosi e osservatori del sistema politico italiano. Uno dei principali motivi di questa particolare attenzione sta nel fatto che proprio il fenomeno del mutamento della scelta di voto è stato da molti considerato all'origine degli incrementi — o dei decrementi —, assai più consistenti in questi ultimi anni che nei periodi precedenti, della quota di voti di alcuni partiti da una elezione all'altra.
LE CONSEGUENZE DEL PLURALISMO POLARIZZATO PER LA COMPETIZIONE
Authors: Powell G. Bingham 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneÈ stato convincentemente sostenuto che, una volta consolidati, alcuni sistemi partitici sono in grado di modificare, talvolta con effetti destabilizzanti, i modelli della competizione politica. Questi non dipendono dunque soltanto dai fenomeni di alienazione, dalle ideologie o dal mutamento delleissuespresenti nella società, ma sono anche il risultato degli incentivi e delle opportunità offerti ai partiti e agli elettori dalle condizioni create dallo stesso sistema partitico. La teoria del pluralismo polarizzato di Giovanni Sartori è senz'altro l'analisi piò sofisticata e piò ampiamente citata al proposito.
COME CAMBIANO I GOVERNANTI DI PARTITO
Authors: Calisee Mauro , Mannheimer Renato 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa forma di governo in Italia sta cambiando. Da almeno un decennio si fanno sempre più frequenti i segnali che il governo repubblicano sta uscendo da quella sindrome di « parlamentarismo integrale » che aveva caratterizzato il primo trentennio di instaurazione di un regime democratico di massa in questo paese. Una maggiore autonomia e capacità decisionale dell'esecutivo si manifesta su più piani. Anche a voler tralasciare i mutamenti nello stile di leadership, alcune modifiche rilevanti hanno investito la struttura e la forma medesima dell'iter decisionale del governo: basta pensare al ruolo sempre più determinante della decretazione d'urgenza e ad alcune importanti modifiche organizzative come il Consiglio di Gabinetto e il tanto atteso varo della riforma della Presidenza prevista dall'articolo 95 della Costituzione. Senza peraltro dimenticare quel rafforzamento del potere di intervento della Presidenza del Consiglio che investe ambiti operativi forse meno visibili sotto il profilo istituzionale, ma che toccano gangli vitali del sistema politico, quali imediae i servizi diintelligence.
The River Tay: ecological changes from source to estuary
Authors: Maitland Peter S. , Smith Ian R. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe River Tay and its estuary is one of Britain's largest and most important aquatic systems. Rising at 625 m and flowing for 148 km the River Tay is the largest by flow in Great Britain and has a catchment area of 5031 km2. There are considerable ecological changes from source to estuary. These take the form of transitions, but four main aquatic communities can be recognised: an upper, base-poor, swift-flowing alpine section, then an oligotrophic section with moderate flows at lower altitude, next a much richer, slower flowing, more lowland stretch and finally the upper estuary itself. The problems of classifying and conserving running water systems are discussed and the importance of the Tay system is emphasised. The linear form and catchment size of larger rivers makes it difficult to give them—particularly their lower reaches and estuaries—full conservation protection. The River Tay is sufficiently unique, both physically and biologically, to warrant further scientific investigation and nature conservation protection.
Climatic conditions over the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Harrison S. J. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe pattern of climatic variation over estuaries and their environs is, to a considerable extent, controlled by aspect, slope and elevation in addition to orientation of the major relief features with respect to the movement of principal weather systems. Data from the few climatological stations within the immediate vicinity of the estuary and Firth of Forth demonstrate the essentially maritime nature of climate, and indicate also that there is a dominantly west–east gradient of change in most climatological variables. Below the high water mark the movement of water in tidal ebb and flow and river inflow modify atmosphere–surface interactions over relatively short spatial and temporal scales. Observations from a fixed instrument tower on Skinflats in the middle estuary and from Inchkeith Lighthouse indicate that tidal water movements exert varying degrees of control over sub-surface heat fluxes, air movement in the atmospheric boundary layer and the inland penetration of coastal weather systems such as the typical east coast haar.
Microbial measurements in relation to sewage pollution of the Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Buchanan James S. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe history of Edinburgh's sewage disposal to the sea from the open ditch system of the 17th century to the present day, together with the changes in legislation affecting sewage discharges to the firth, are reviewed. During the last thirty years sewage discharges have been monitored monthly for levels of faecal coliform bacteria at approximately thirty-four shore sites and twenty offshore sites. These coliform counts are used as bacteriological indicators of sewage pollution, in order to assess the risk to humans of infections that might result from the consumption of contaminated shellfish or from bathing in sewage-polluted waters. Most of the areas sampled from the inner firth were shown to be grossly polluted, particularly in late summer, and regularly to exceed guideline levels throughout the year. Since the commissioning of the new Seafield sewage works in 1979, a general improvement in bacterial and viral counts has been recorded on the south shore of the inner firth. In the last decade two European Community directives relating to the quality of seawater for bathing and shellfish growing have been promulgated, which set guideline and mandatory levels for the number of faecal coli in seawater. The Scottish Development Department has recently designated five beaches as bathing beaches and two areas on the north and south shores of the firth as shellfish growing areas. These areas have been regularly monitored by the Forth River Purification Board and the published results of both surveys are analysed. The virological studies carried out by the Forth Pollution Group of Napier College before and after the major change in the sewage discharge pattern into the Firth of Forth are reviewed.
The breeding seabirds of the Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Harris M. P. , Wanless S. , Smith R. W. J. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe seabird colonies in the Firth of Forth are spectacular. Although the total numbers of individual birds of most species are relatively small, the populations of gannet, herring and lesser black-backed gulls, sandwich, roseate, little and common terns make up more than 10% of the Scottish total. Numbers of fulmar, shag, cormorant, great black-backed gull, kittiwake, guillemot, razorbill and puffin have all increased, the rates varying from 4% per annum (kittiwake) to 20% p.a. (puffin). The numbers of cormorants stabilised soon after the species colonised the Forth in 1957. The period of rapid increase in guillemot numbers may now be over. Numbers of little terns have probably increased, but roseate and common terns have both declined and the number of sandwich terns is more-or-less stable. Herring and lesser black-backed gulls both increased dramatically up to 1972, since when breeding birds have been culled. The herring gull then decreased significantly, but the situation is less clear in the lesser black-backed gull. We set these changes in a wider context and discuss some possible reasons for the observed population trends.
The availability of coal
Authors: Moses K. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisSince the assessment of coal reserves for the Royal Commission on the coal industry of Great Britain made nearly a century ago, up to assessments made by geologists of the National Coal Board, it has been evident that the coalfields of Scotland contain considerable quantities of coal. Throughout the past two decades the presence of hydrocarbons in the rocks beneath the North Sea, the general abundance of oil in various parts of the world, and the development of nuclear power, has meant that coal is only one of several sources of energy readily available to us. The coalfields of Scotland contain seams of varying quality and energy content and so can be compared with other fuels. Consequently it is the cost of the energy to the consumer that is often the controlling factor in the choice of which fuel to use. The very nature of coal as a bulky and not-too-easily-handled fuel has meant that only the generation of electricity offers the scope for substantial consumption of coal.The paper examines these factors and also the location of the coal reserves in Scotland, particularly in the light of the geological factors that affect the cost of the energy. The National Coal Board's deep mining exploration programme in Great Britain has sought opportunities for new ventures and developments, some of which have been in Scotland. The market for the coal and the competition for that market clearly indicates that the productivity of coal mining operations is paramount in determining the future size of the coal industry in Scotland. About half of the coal can be provided from low-cost opencast operations, with the other half obtained from the mines with the highest productivities—productivities that result in energy costs similar to those obtained from oil and nuclear power.
Risk assessment
Authors: Gittus J. H. , Hayns M. R. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisRisk involves consideration both of the consequences of accidents and the frequency with which the accidents occur. Indeed formally risk is equal to the product of frequency and consequences. The important question of the perception of risk by the public and by the professional is first addressed. Two tenets are proposed as being a suitable summary of the public requirement:1. If it can happen, then it must not matter.2. If it matters, then it must not happen.A mathematical interpretation is placed upon these tenets and is shown to be consistent with various professional safety targets. The tenets do not indicate what numerical values for risk would be acceptable to the public but they do show how the consequences of accidents should diminish as the frequency or likelihood of a particular accident increases. It is argued that the best way of determining what level of risk the public accepts is to be guided by statistics for man-caused accidents. These, it transpires, pose risks which are considerably greater than those implied, for example, by the professional targets for nuclear reactors. The risk posed to the public by two energy installations is summarised. The one installation, situated on Canvey Island, exports energy in the form of gas, some of which (methane) is pumped into a national gas grid. The other installation, the Sizewell “B” Pressurised Water Reactor nuclear power station has not yet been constructed, but a comprehensive risk assessment has been undertaken, the results of which are summarised. The two installations are comparable in the sense that each exports a power of the order of a million kilowatts (in the form of gas in the one case and electricity in the other). Both have been the subject of Public Inquiries. The risks posed by the Canvey installations are accepted, since they only constitute a small fraction of the risks which the public run in any case during the course of their everyday lives. The predicted risks for the PWR are smaller still. The form taken by the risks posed by both installations corresponds broadly with the two tenets. That is to say the greater the consequences the lower should be the frequency of a particular accident.
The public's view of the costs and benefits of alternative energy systems
Authors: Lee T. R. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe collective expression of attitudes towards energy systems governs demand and hence cost, which combines with other factors to shape energy policy. For example, in the national debate over nuclear power, where decision makers either share the public's anxieties about costs and safety or are expediently responsive to them, there is a constant threat to political acceptance. The paper describes how perceived risks are one of the costs of all technologies and a brief summary is made of research on comparative risk perception. This confirms the wide disparities often observed between lay and expert risk assessments and provides some explanations. When attention is focussed on particular hazards, the concept of attitude becomes more appropriate than risk perception because choice behaviour is determined by overall evaluations and these are a trade off between perceived risks and benefits. Each of the latter is acquired from two overlapping classes of received knowledge, i.e. factual information (e.g. nuclear power comes from the fission of uranium atoms), and beliefs (e.g. nuclear power will create/reduce employment). In addition, the attitude acquires emotional associations and behavioural dispositions, forming an organised complex based on the environmental object. This structural approach facilities the “unpacking” of public attitudes towards energy systems into their constituents and this is essential for understanding, for consultation and for inducing attitude change.
The Origins of the 17-Point Agreement of 23 May 1951 between the Chinese Central Government and the Tibetan “Local Government”
Authors: Raymond Alex 
Published: May 2019

AbstractImmediately following the Battle of Chamdo in October 1950, during the period between November 1950 and April 1951, the leaders of the new People's Republic of China (PRC) had two priorities in regard to Tibet. The first was to persuade the Tibetan government to send delegates to Beijing as soon as possible in order to start “negotiations,” and the second was to prevent the Dalai Lama from fleeing Tibet. Using Chinese documents that offer a new version of the process that led to these “negotiations,” this study, without addressing the international issues in detail, illustrates how the leaders of the PRC, either with promises, threats or even by bluff, were able to attain their goals.
Income effects of limiting soil erosion under organic, conventional, and no-till systems in eastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Domanico Jean L. , Madden Patrick , Partenheimer Earl J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA 294-acre Pennsylvania crop and livestock farm was modeled under alternative management practices using linear programming. The management practices included conventional, organic, and no-till production, with and without the use of overseeding and cover crops. For each of the management practices, soil erosion was estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Profitability was compared across the options with and without constraints on soil erosion. Prior to constraining soil erosion, no-till was found to be the most profitable option. The conventional option was next most profitable, followed closely by the organic option. The use of cover crops or overseeding was found to be unprofitable when high levels of soil erosion were allowed. When soil erosion was constrained, the relative profitability of the options changed. It was found that practices that can control erosion with the least reduction in the intensity of rotation, such as planting cover crops, overseeding and no-till, are the most profitable options when soil is constrained to below 5 tons per acre. No-till remained the most profitable option at low levels of soil erosion. The economic advantage of conventional over organic production diminished as soil erosion was constrained. Below 5 tons per acre of soil erosion, the organic system became more profitable than the conventional system. It was found that use of overseeding or cover crops makes a more profitable rotation possible at low levels of soil erosion.
Social Interaction and Acceptance of Mildly Retarded Children in a Mainstream Special Educational Setting
Authors: Espiner Debbie , Wilton Keri , Glynn Ted 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe social acceptance (by non-handicapped children) and classroom and playground social behaviour of the five former special class pupils was studied. Six months prior to the study the pupils had been transferred to an experimental mainstream special educational programme within the same school. At the time of the study, the mainstreamed children were all maintaining or surpassing the rates of academic progress they had shown in the special class and they were well accepted by their classmates. Their social behaviour during unstructured classroom and playground activities closely approximated that of their classmates, but in the case of playground activities differed markedly from that of pupils who had remained in the special class. The results indicate that mainstream special educational facilities can work effectively — i.e., academically and socially, for at least some mildly retarded children. Where resources permit and the support of regular class teachers is available, there would appear to be some advantages for the children concerned.
A Review of Attitudes and Disability
Authors: Warren Robert A. J. 
Published: May 2019

The aim of this paper is to bring together recent research that illustrates society’s attitudes towards disabled people. In so doing historical and traditional attitudes — and consequent service provisions are examined briefly both to draw comparisons and to exemplify changes that have occurred. Specific mention is also made of research that has sought to analyse techniques utilised (consciously or otherwise) in affecting change- in order to consider the implications both for organisations promoting the interests of disabled people and for research in this area.Within society generally the terms ‘disability’ and ‘handicap’ are often used in an interchangeable manner — the context of their usage being dependent upon the user’s particular background, interests, and experience. This ambivalence has been reflected in Australian legislation and statutory rules (for a fuller discussion see Smith, 1980). However, within specific interest groups of disabled people and those who work with them, distinctions are being clarified. The term ‘disability’ is seen to refer to the reduction or loss of physical (i.e. motor, sensory or mental) structure or function while ‘handicap’ includes the personal, environmental and social consequences of a disability. Indeed perceptions held by others may create more difficulties for the individual than the disability itself.For the purposes of this review the term ‘attitudes’ is used in a broad sense to refer to an “individual’s predisposed thoughts, feelings and actions towards others” (Cho, 1981, p.21), without differentiating between beliefs and values. It is readily recognised that individual attitudes are formed from a wide base of variables such as economic, social and cultural factors; family attitudes; religious groups; past experiences; peer groups and specific personality traits. Similarly the complexity of interacting factors which contribute to change of attitudes is also recognised. Therefore, in order to put indications of change in perspective, an overview of critical factors affecting attitudes towards the disabled is first attempted.
Medical Equipment for Disasters at Airports
Authors: Bergot G.P. 
Published: May 2019

One of the most important aspects of disaster planning is providing for early availability of medical equipment, partly stored at the airport and partly brought from outside. The first priority is obviously to evaluate what is required.Correct Medical Strategy. This is based on the concept that the first priority is to care for the injured whose life is in immediate danger. The activity on site will include: triage, simple at the beginning, based on first aid concepts, but more sophisticated as more experienced personnel become available; on site care, ranging from first aid to resuscitation; and a rational dispatching of patients to hospitals, using resuscitation ambulances, specially equipped helicopters, or standard ambulances.Classification of Victims. Priority I or red tag. Priority II or yellow tag. Priority III or green tag. Priority IV or black tag (dead).
Airport Disaster Planning — A Different Approach
Authors: Eaton C. John 
Published: May 2019

The Disaster Planning for Stansted Airport, which' it is proposed will become London's third airport, with expansion to handle up to 50 million passengers per annum by the end of the decade, poses a unique problem because, unlike most other major airports, it is relatively isolated and some distance from the medical facilities required to handle a major disaster. The airport is situated about halfway between London and Cambridge, each 30 miles away, in the heart of the countryside in North Western Essex, close to its border with Hertfordshire.In the past, the number of survivors from aircraft accidents involving narrow-bodied jets has been very small but, with the advent of the wide-bodied jets such as the Boeing 7k7, this has changed and survival rates in excess of 50% have been found. This gives a potential of more than 250 survivors from an aircraft with 500 seats, many of whom might be expected to have major injuries.The nearest hospital is k miles away which, in the event of a major disaster, could take up to 6 seriously injured and 12 walking wounded within the first 4 h. Twelve miles away is another hospital which could take the same number, and 20 miles away is a further hospital which could handle up to 8 seriously injured and 20 walking wounded. The nearest hospitals with major accident departments are in North East London and Cambridge, each of which could take up to 10 seriously injured and 50 walking wounded initially.