bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Belief Dispersion in the Stock Market
Authors: ATMAZ ADEM , BASAK SULEYMAN 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTWe develop a dynamic model of belief dispersion with a continuum of investors differing in beliefs. The model is tractable and qualitatively matches many of the empirical regularities in a stock price and its mean return, volatility, and trading volume. We find that the stock price is convex in cash‐flow news and increases in belief dispersion, while its mean return decreases when the view on the stock is optimistic, and vice versa when pessimistic. Moreover, belief dispersion leads to higher stock volatility and trading volume. We demonstrate that otherwise identical two‐investor heterogeneous‐beliefs economies do not necessarily generate our main results.
Urban‐Rural Differences in Aerobic Physical Activity, Muscle Strengthening Exercise, and Screen‐Time Sedentary Behavior
Authors: Robertson Michael C. , Song Jaejoon , Taylor Wendell C. , Durand Casey P. , Basen‐Engquist Karen M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPurposeCompared to their urban counterparts, US residents in rural settings face an increased risk of premature mortality and health problems that have been linked to insufficient physical activity (PA) levels. There is limited literature regarding urban‐rural differences in adherence to national guidelines for all 3 PA‐related behaviors.MethodsWe investigated urban‐rural differences in aerobic PA, leisure‐time muscle strengthening PA, and leisure screen‐time sedentary behavior in a combined data set of the 2011‐2014 waves (N = 14,188) of the nationally representative National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey.FindingsWe found no evidence of a difference between large urban and rural residents’ aerobic PA levels. The typical number of weekly bouts of leisure‐time muscle strengthening PA was 25% lower for rural residents (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.751, P < .001); this relationship was no longer statistically significant after controlling for potentially confounding covariates. In adjusted models, we found rural residents to engage in 6.6% less daily leisure screen‐time sedentary behavior than their large urban counterparts (IRR = 0.934, P = .031).ConclusionsTaken together with previous literature, these results suggest that rural residents may engage in comparable levels of total PA, but less leisure‐time PA, than their urban counterparts.
Change and Stability of Emotional Health of Rural Pennsylvania Youth During High School
Authors: Wang Donghui , Hagedorn Annelise DeJong , McLaughlin Diane K. , Bray Bethany C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPurposeFew prior studies have examined change in emotional health of high school students in a rural context. Considering the multifaceted nature of emotional health, this research aims to identify the patterns and explore change and stability of the emotional health of rural Pennsylvania youth. It also investigates the influence of family, peers, school, and the community environment on rural adolescents’ emotional health.MethodsUsing panel data from the Rural Youth Education Project, we employed latent transition analysis to examine changes in patterns of rural students’ self‐reported emotional health from 9th grade to 11th grade (N = 1,294).FindingsFour distinct emotional health subgroups for rural adolescents were identified. Over half of the youth in the sample felt emotionally well, or positive, in both 9th and 11th grades. Roughly 60% of rural youth remained in the same emotional health category from 9th to 11th grade, but a substantial minority experienced change in emotional health. One‐fifth reported lower emotional health status in 11th grade, and one‐fifth indicated more positive emotions in 11th than in 9th grade. We found strong evidence of family, school, community, and peer influences on the emotional health of rural youth in 9th grade.ConclusionsThe results suggest that while a large share of rural youth exhibit positive emotional health and remain positive across their high school years, a substantial share of rural youth experience changing emotional health. The study underscores the important role that family, peers, school, and the community environment play for rural youth's emotional health over time.
A 3D Model for Optimizing Infrastructure Costs in Road Design
Authors: Vázquez‐Méndez Miguel E. , Casal Gerardo , Santamarina Duarte , Castro Alberte 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this article, the optimal design of a road joining two terminals is investigated. A geometric model is proposed including horizontal transition curves and vertical curves, obtaining parameterizations for the central axis of the road as well as for its entire surface. These parameterizations allow to express and compute, with great simplicity, the major infrastructure costs, including land acquisition, clearance, pavement, maintenance, and earthwork, where multiple layers of materials with different costs can be handled. The road design problem is formulated as a smooth constrained optimization problem and a two‐stage algorithm is suggested for its numerical resolution. Finally, numerical results are presented in an academic test and in a case study that propose designing a bypass in a Spanish national road (N‐640) to avoid crossing Monterroso's town center.
Micro‐computed tomography visualization of the vestigial alimentary canal in adult oestrid flies
Authors: Martín‐Vega D. , Garbout A. , Ahmed F. , Ferrer L. M. , Lucientes J. , Colwell D. D. , Hall M. J. R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOestrid flies (Diptera: Oestridae) do not feed during the adult stage as they acquire all necessary nutrients during the parasitic larval stage. The adult mouthparts and digestive tract are therefore frequently vestigial; however, morphological data on the alimentary canal in adult oestrid flies are scarce and a proper visualization of this organ system within the adult body is lacking. The present work visualizes the morphology of the alimentary canal in adults of two oestrid species, Oestrus ovis L. and Hypoderma lineatum (de Villiers), with the use of non‐invasive micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and compares it with the highly developed alimentary canal of the blow fly Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Both O. ovis and H. lineatum adults showed significant reductions of the cardia and the diameter of the digestive tract, an absence of the helicoidal portion of the midgut typical of other cyclorrhaphous flies, and a lack of crop and salivary glands. Given the current interest in the alimentary canal in adult dipterans in biomedical and developmental biology studies, further understanding of the morphology and development of this organ system in adult oestrids may provide valuable new insights in several areas of research.
Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests
Authors: McDowell Nate , Allen Craig D. , Anderson‐Teixeira Kristina , Brando Paulo , Brienen Roel , Chambers Jeff , Christoffersen Brad , Davies Stuart , Doughty Chris , Duque Alvaro , Espirito‐Santo Fernando , Fisher Rosie , Fontes Clarissa G. , Galbraith David , Goodsman Devin , Grossiord Charlotte , Hartmann Henrik , Holm Jennifer , Johnson Daniel J. , Kassim Abd. Rahman , Keller Michael , Koven Charlie , Kueppers Lara , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Malhi Yadvinder , McMahon Sean M. , Mencuccini Maurizio , Meir Patrick , Moorcroft Paul , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Phillips Oliver L. , Powell Thomas , Sierra Carlos A. , Sperry John , Warren Jeff , Xu Chonggang , Xu Xiangtao 
Published: February 2018

SummaryTree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses regarding the drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie increasing MTF mortality rates, and identify the next steps for improved understanding and reduced prediction. Increasing mortality rates are associated with rising temperature and vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization‐induced increases in stand thinning or acceleration of trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority of these mortality drivers may kill trees in part through carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. The relative importance of each driver is unknown. High species diversity may buffer MTFs against large‐scale mortality events, but recent and expected trends in mortality drivers give reason for concern regarding increasing mortality within MTFs. Models of tropical tree mortality are advancing the representation of hydraulics, carbon and demography, but require more empirical knowledge regarding the most common drivers and their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets and model developments required to test hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of increasing MTF mortality rates, and improve prediction of future mortality under climate change.

Contents

Summary
852

I.
Introduction
852

II.
Increasing mortality rates in the Amazon Basin
854

III.
Global and regional mortality drivers and mechanisms
855

IV.
On the coupling of mortality drivers and mechanisms
859

V.
Mitigating factors that may promote future survival
859

VI.
The state of ESM simulations of moist tropical tree mortality
859

VII.
Next steps
860

VIII.
Conclusions
863

Acknowledgements
863

ORCID
863

References
863
Dofetilide for suppression of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A case series and literature review
Authors: Moore JoEllyn C. , Trager Lena , Anzia Lucille E. , Saliba Walid , Bassiouny Mohamed , Bhargava Mandeep , Chung Mina , Desai Milind , Garberich Ross , Lever Harry , Lindsay Bruce D. , Sengupta Jay , Tchou Patrick , Wazni Oussama , Wilkoff Bruce L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundLimited medical options are available for rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). There are no published reports of dofetilide use in this population.MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted on 1,404 patients loaded on dofetilide for AF suppression at the Cleveland Clinic from 2008 to 2012, 25 of whom were found to have HCM.ResultsThe HCM cohort was 32% female, 76% with persistent AF, mean age of 59 ± 10 years, and mean ejection fraction of 54 ± 9 %. Of the 25 patients, 21 were discharged on dofetilide, three discontinued during loading due to QTc prolongation, and one due to inefficacy. There were no adverse events during loading. Of those discharged on dofetilide, 11/21 (52%) were still on it at a median follow‐up of 396 (198, 699) days at the time of the chart review. For those in whom it was discontinued, the median time on the drug was 301 (111, 738) days. Of the 10 patients who discontinued dofetilide during follow‐up, six were due to inefficacy, one postablation, one postheart transplant, one due to death secondary to lung cancer, and one due to worsening edema.ConclusionsDofetilide was well tolerated in this group of patients with AF and HCM and it facilitated management of AF in 21/25 (84%) patients. Further research is needed to assess the safety and efficacy of dofetilide in order to develop evidence‐based guidelines for the pharmacological management of AF in this population.
Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract alters the cytokine profile of Leishmania major‐infected macrophages: New insight into the underlying mechanism
Authors: Kheirandish F. , Mosaffa N. , Tarahi M. J. , Fallahi Sh. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThis study aimed to identify the effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) on IFNγ, TNFα, TGFβ and nitric oxide (NO) resulted from macrophages infected with Leishmania major (L. major) amastigotes in the culture medium. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse the level of Oleuropein in plant extract. To evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of OLE, the isolated BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages were infected with L. major promastigotes and treated with 6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg/mL concentrations of OLE. To assess the cytokines, supernatants of cell cultures were harvested after 12, 24 and 48 hours. Cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA. Nitrite accumulation in the culture medium was assessed using the Griess reaction. The level of Oleuropein in the extract was 18.45% by HPLC. According to results, the production of IFNγ and TNFα was significantly increased when the infected and/or not infected macrophages with L. major promastigotes were affected by different concentrations of OLE. Conversely, the production of TGFβ was significantly decreased under the same conditions. Furthermore, the colorimetric determination of NO accumulation in the culture medium indicated that OLE has no effect on NO production. The study corroborates the immunomodulatory effects of OLE on L. major‐infected macrophages.
Transcription factors PRE3 and WOX11 are involved in the formation of new lateral roots from secondary growth taproot in A. thaliana
Authors: Baesso B. , Chiatante D. , Terzaghi M. , Zenga D. , Nieminen K. , Mahonen A.P. , Siligato R. , Helariutta Y. , Scippa G.S. , Montagnoli A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

The spatial deployment of lateral roots determines the ability of a plant to interact with the surrounding environment for nutrition and anchorage. This paper shows that besides the pericycle, the vascular cambium becomes active in Arabidopsis thaliana taproot at a later stage of development and is also able to form new lateral roots.

To demonstrate the above, we implemented a two‐step approach in which the first step leads to development of a secondary structure in A. thaliana taproot, and the second applies a mechanical stress on the vascular cambium to initiate formation of a new lateral root primordium.

GUS staining showed PRE3, DR5 and WOX11 signals in the cambial zone of the root during new lateral root formation. An advanced level of wood formation, characterized by the presence of medullar rays, was achieved.

Preliminary investigations suggest the involvement of auxin and two transcription factors (PRE3/ATBS1/bHLH135/TMO7 and WOX11) in the transition of some vascular cambium initials from a role as producers of xylem/phloem mother cells to founder cells of a new lateral root primordium.
Studies on lead and cadmium toxicity in Dianthus carthusianorum calamine ecotype cultivated in vitro
Authors: Muszyńska E. , Hanus‐Fajerska E. , Ciarkowska K. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Information on metallophytes during reclamation of land contaminated with heavy metals is sparse. We investigated the response of D. carthusianorum calamine ecotype to Pb and Cd stress. We focused on in vitro selection of tolerant plant material for direct use in chemically degraded areas.

Shoot cultures were treated with various concentrations of Pb or Cd ions. Plantlet status was estimated as micropropagation efficiency, growth tolerance index (GTI) and through physiological analysis. Moreover, determination of plant Pb, Cd and other elements was performed.

The application of Pb(NO3)2 resulted in stronger growth inhibition than application of CdCl2. In the presence of Pb ions, a reduction was observed of both, the micropropagation coefficient to 1.1–1.8 and the GTI to 48%. In contrast, Cd ions had a positive influence on tested cultures, expressed as an increase of GTI up to 243% on medium enriched with 1.0 μm CdCl2. Moreover, photosynthetic pigment content in shoots cultivated on media with CdCl2 was higher than in control treatment. The adaptation to Cd was associated with decreased accumulation of phenols in the order: 0.0 μm > 1.0 μm > 3.0 μm > 5.5 μm CdCl2. It seems that high tolerance to Cd is related to K uptake, which is involved in antioxidant defence.

This work presents an innovative approach to the impact of Cd ions on plant growth and suggests a potential biological role of this metal in species from metalliferous areas.
gBOIN: A Unified Model-Assisted Phase I Trial Design Accounting for Toxicity Grades, and Binary or Continuous End Points
Authors: Mu Rongji , Yuan Ying , Xu Jin , Mandrekar Sumithra J. , Yin Jun 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe landscape of oncology drug development has recently changed with the emergence of molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapies. These new therapeutic agents appear more likely to induce multiple low or moderate grade toxicities rather than dose limiting toxicities. Various model-based dose finding designs and toxicity severity scoring systems have been proposed to account for toxicity grades, but they are difficult to implement because of the use of complicated dose–toxicity models and the requirement to refit the model at each decision of dose escalation and de-escalation. We propose a generalized Bayesian optimal interval design, gBOIN, that accommodates various existing toxicity grade scoring systems under a unified framework. As a model-assisted design, gBOIN derives its optimal decision rule on the basis of the exponential family of distributions but is carried out in a simple way as the algorithm-based design: its decision of dose escalation and de-escalation involves only a simple comparison of the sample mean of the end point with two prespecified dose escalation and de-escalation boundaries. No model fitting is needed. We show that gBOIN has the desirable finite property of coherence and a large sample property of consistency. Numerical studies show that gBOIN yields good performance that is comparable with or superior to that of some existing, more complicated model-based designs. A Web application for implementing gBOIN is freely available from http://www.trialdesign.org.
Detection of membrane protein–protein interaction in planta based on dual‐intein‐coupled tripartite split‐GFP association
Authors: Liu Tzu‐Yin , Chou Wen‐Chun , Chen Wei‐Yuan , Chu Ching‐Yi , Dai Chen‐Yi , Wu Pei‐Yu 
Published: February 2018

SummaryDespite the great interest in identifying protein–protein interactions (PPIs) in biological systems, only a few attempts have been made at large‐scale PPI screening in planta. Unlike biochemical assays, bimolecular fluorescence complementation allows visualization of transient and weak PPIs in vivo at subcellular resolution. However, when the non‐fluorescent fragments are highly expressed, spontaneous and irreversible self‐assembly of the split halves can easily generate false positives. The recently developed tripartite split‐GFP system was shown to be a reliable PPI reporter in mammalian and yeast cells. In this study, we adapted this methodology, in combination with the β‐estradiol‐inducible expression cassette, for the detection of membrane PPIs in planta. Using a transient expression assay by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrate the utility of the tripartite split‐GFP association in plant cells and affirm that the tripartite split‐GFP system yields no spurious background signal even with abundant fusion proteins readily accessible to the compartments of interaction. By validating a few of the Arabidopsis PPIs, including the membrane PPIs implicated in phosphate homeostasis, we proved the fidelity of this assay for detection of PPIs in various cellular compartments in planta. Moreover, the technique combining the tripartite split‐GFP association and dual‐intein‐mediated cleavage of polyprotein precursor is feasible in stably transformed Arabidopsis plants. Our results provide a proof‐of‐concept implementation of the tripartite split‐GFP system as a potential tool for membrane PPI screens in planta.
Apheresis buffy coat collection without photoactivation has no effect on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and total viability of mononuclear cells collected using photopheresis systems
Authors: Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Burnett Christine A. , Dumont Larry J. , Abhyankar Sunil H. 
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUNDExtracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been approved for the treatment of advanced cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma since 1988. While the precise mechanisms resulting in clinical effects are not fully understood, the photoactivation of mononuclear cells (MNCs) using ultraviolet A (UVA) light and methoxsalen is believed to be the predominant initiating process. The effects of MNC passage through the instrument without photoactivation are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cell processing through the photopheresis instruments on MNCs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSFourteen healthy male subjects underwent one simulated ECP procedure without reinfusion of buffy coats (BCs) in a two‐center, open‐label, prospective trial. Baseline peripheral blood BC, apheresis‐separated untreated BC (BC1), and photoactivated BC (BC2) were evaluated in culture for viability by dye exclusion, apoptosis by annexin V binding, and cell proliferation response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation.RESULTSPhotoactivation (BC2) resulted in 88% expression of annexin V by Day 1 of culture compared with 37 and 39% for baseline and untreated BC1. Cell viability by propidium iodide exclusion was reduced to 10% in BC2 on Day 1 versus 65 and 60% for baseline and BC1. The proliferative response to PHA stimulation was 97% inhibited in the photoactivated BC2.CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate that the mechanical processes used for cell separation and processing of the BC in the absence of photoactivation do not induce a significant amount of apoptosis compared to the standard ECP with methoxsalen and UVA photoactivation.
Pharmacokinetics of Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in Children with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India
Authors: Hemanth Kumar Agibothu Kupparam , Kumar Alok , Kannan Thiruvengadam , Bhatia Rakesh , Agarwal Dipti , Kumar Santosh , Dayal Rajeshwar , Singh Sheo Pratap , Ramachandran Geetha 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

We studied the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin (LFX), pyrazinamide (PZA), ethionamide (ETH), and cycloserine (CS) in children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) who were being treated according to the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) guidelines in India. This observational, pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 25 children with MDR-TB at the Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, India, who were being treated with a 24-month daily regimen. Serial blood samples were collected after directly observed administration of drugs. Estimations of plasma LFX, PZA, ETH, and CS were undertaken according to validated methods by high-performance liquid chromatography. Adverse events were noted at 6 months of treatment. The peak concentration (
C
max
) of LFX was significantly higher in female than male children (11.5 μg/ml versus 7.3 μg/ml;
P
= 0.017). Children below 12 years of age had significantly higher ETH exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 h [AUC
0–8
]) than those above 12 years of age (17.5 μg/ml · h versus 9.4 μg/ml;
P
= 0.030). Multiple linear regression analysis showed significant influence of gender on
C
max
of ETH and age on
C
max
and AUC
0–8
of CS. This is the first and only study from India reporting on the pharmacokinetics of LFX, ETH, PZA, and CS in children with MDR-TB treated in the Government of India program. More studies on the safety and pharmacokinetics of second-line anti-TB drugs in children with MDR-TB from different settings are required.