bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polio Eradication in Nigeria and India: A Systematic Review of Challenges and Successes
Authors: Bulama Ahmed A. , Goodman-Brown Jane 
Published: October 2019

Background: The global eradication of polio is considered an emergency and an unaccomplished task until completely eliminated. Vaccinating children against the polio virus confers immunity on them and breaks the transmission of the polio virus. Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan remain the only three countries in the world that have not eliminated polio. The aims of this paper were to: (1) to identify the factors that impact the failure to eliminate polio from Nigeria and (2) determine the factors that led to the successful elimination of polio from India.
Methodology: A systematic literature review was carried out to meet the above research objectives.
Methods: Four electronic databases were searched (Cochrane Library, Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar) and articles that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and critically appraised.
Results: In all, 98 articles were retrieved. After selection based on our selection criteria, fourteen studies were identified and included in the study. These were 5 systematic reviews: 3 cross-sectional studies, 3 mixed methods studies, 2 case-control studies and one quantitative (survey) study. In all, seven themes were identified from the review of the articles. Four themes were identified from the factors associated with the failure to eliminate polio from Nigeria: (1) Failure of the oral polio vaccine (OPV); (2) Institutional and geographical failures in vaccine programs; (3) Program and campaign management limitations; and (4) Vaccine refusal. Similarly, three themes were identified from the factors that contributed to the elimination of polio from India: (1) Replacement of the trivalent OPV with the monovalent and bivalent OPVs; (2) Implementation of intensive social mobilization strategies; and (3) Effective program micro planning and campaign management.
Conclusion: Based on the findings from the literature review, we highlight areas where Nigeria can learn from India in its quest to eliminate polio. These factors can form the basis for future theoretical and policy reforms in the fight against polio not only in Nigeria but in countries where it remains endemic. Further research should compare the success of polio eradication in other countries.
Key words: • Polio • Immunization • Nigeria • India • Pakistan • Eradication • Systematic review

Copyright © 2019 Bulama and Goodman-Brown. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Cluster Flow Identification During Multi-Rate Testing Using a Wireline Tractor Conveyed Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing System With Engineered Fiber on a HPHT Horizontal Unconventional Gas Producer in the Liard Basin
Authors: Cerrahoglu Cagri , Naldrett Garth , Vigrass Adam , Aghayev Rufat 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates the flow performance of a horizontal unconventional gas producer where cluster flow has been detected and quantified. The method employed is the first use of a wireline deployed engineered fiber optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) system for the purpose of production monitoring. It further describes the technological advancement of the DAS system.
While distributed fiber optics sensors have been used in unconventional wells for over ten years, the focus has been on stimulation monitoring, where relatively large thermal and acoustic signatures are easily measured. There has been limited success on the use of the same systems for production monitoring in horizontal wells since the thermal and acoustic flow signatures are very small. The recent technological advancements achieved in the area of Distributed Acoustic Sensing, using engineered fibers with dramatic improvements in the signal-to noise ratio, now make it possible to sense low levels of inflow noise with DAS systems. This study presents two distinct ways of analysing DAS data to extract production information and demonstrates the analysis using real field data.
The well is an unconventional dry gas producer in the Liard Basin, Canada, which was completed in 18 stages, with 3 cluster per stage, a total of 54 clusters along a horizontal section of ~2000m. The top 11 stages were logged on tractor conveyed wireline with DAS and DTS data acquired over a 19-hour period. The acquisition covered an initial shut-in period, followed by a ramp up to a maximum test rate, and a final shut-in period. Data from the full acquisition period was analysed and is presented in the paper.
The data acquired at various points during the acquisition period was used to detect and quantify inflow. It was found that one of the clusters was active throughout the shut-in period and inactive during the maximum test rate. We were also able to identify more clusters being activated as the production rate increased. The increase in the number of active clusters was not proportional to the increase in the surface gas rate, with heel side clusters becoming active before the toe side clusters as the production rate was increased. The results of this survey yielded remarkable insights that informed the operator on the completion efficiency and the relationship between the total production rate and cluster activity.
Integrated High Resolution 3D Model Update in Challenging Mauddud Carbonates, Raudhatain Field, North Kuwait
Authors: Jesudian David Nelson , Coronado Jose Gregorio , Al-Abboud Nour Esam 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMauddud Formation is a major oil-producing reservoir in Raudhatain Field of North Kuwait. The Mauddud Formation is an early Albian in age and it was generated an environment of the shallow-water carbonate and consists of Grainstones, Wackestones and Mudstones deposited in ramp settings. In Raudhatain field (RAMA) is undertaking massive development efforts with planned enhancement in Oil production. Reservoir description and distribution of rock properties in 3D space are challenging due to inherent reservoir heterogeneity, in this case primarily driven by depositional and diagenetic patterns.KOC North Kuwait Reservoir Studies Team (NK RST) has been challenged to increase the production from several key NK oil fields. To achieve this goal, KOC has partnered with Schlumberger to rebuild integrated model with Petrophysics, Geophysics, and Geology and Reservoir data of the Mauddud Reservoir. The original model was required to minimize challenges in new infill locations, increase Oil recovery factor and detect water breakthrough to minimize water production. One of the key issues in creating RAMA reservoir model is integration of all available data in identifying the horizontal permeability, reservoir heterogeneity and identification of thief zones.A fine Geological grid model with 35M cells, 10 Geological horizons has been built to characterize the Mauddud reservoirs of the RAMA field including the permeability from PLT logs combined with petrophysical and lithological / facies data to add more understanding of the distribution of reservoir properties. Log response group methodology and the undeveloped area in the Saddle (structurally low area) has been modelled for the first time in Raudhatain NK Field. This combined study utilizes the available data and cutting-edge technology using Geo2Flow which resulted in fluid compartmentalization and free water level identification. STOOIP has been upgraded and unlocking potential in new segments of the developed field. The original model was built based on vertical/Deviation wells (345) which lead to discrepancies in the structural interpretation. The new update has been carried out including all horizontal wells to minimize the uncertainty in the structure framework.
A Truly Integrated Wells, Flowline Networks and Process Facilities Model for the Greater Burgan Oilfield
Authors: Al Jadi Issa A. , Desai Sameer Faisal , Al-Ghanim Wafaa , Al-Wazzan Roqaya M. , Al Sabea Salem H. , Al Haddad Saud M. , Franco Francy Milena , Khor Siew Hiang , Saxena Aditya , Zhang Qiong Michael , Hapsari Hairuni Safri , Elayaat Ahmed A.Fouad. , Bodwadkar Suhas V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A proven and effective integrated asset modelling (IAM) approach has been adopted to bring multiple interdependent wells, pipelines networks, and process facilities models together into one single truly integrated asset model for the Greater Burgan Oilfield in Kuwait. The integrated wells-network facility models via the IAM platform also includes a water processing facility model which consists of 2 effluent water disposal plants; a crude oil export pipeline network and a water reinjection network model.
This paper describes how a representative integrated asset model was developed for the Greater Burgan Oilfield through a model centric approach executed within an Integrated Operational Excellence (IOX) Program towards a Digital Transformation initiative by Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) South and East Kuwait (S&EK) Group together with Schlumberger. It also describes how this tool enables the asset teams to evaluate different operating scenarios to further enhance well performance and the overall asset productivity via re-routing well flow path to an appropriate header, identifying well workover opportunities, re-evaluating artificial lift design, adding future wells (for field development) and comprehensive understanding of well integrity and flow assurance studies. The assessment was done not only at a gathering center (GC) level but also asset-wide level where the complete system constraints, interactions and back pressure effects between more than 2000 different wells were fully accounted. The simulated results such as pressure gradient, temperature gradient and erosional velocity ratio gradient across the production networks are presented on the GIS map for easy opportunity identification.
The availability of this fully integrated asset model with up-to date calibrated wells and network models and process models enables KOC engineers to better understand current well performance and production potential, identify any possible bottlenecks imposed by the large complex surface network and process facilities of Greater Burgan Oilfield.
The scope of IAM enablement for the Greater Burgan was to develop an integrated wells-network-facility-crude export-water processing facility-water reinjection network model consisting of all the 14 gathering centers existing in S&EK asset, providing all the essential valuable inputs to business processes for better asset management, faster and more accurate decision-making and breaking the barrier of hydrocarbon flow path from sand face till the export point. In the future, this truly integrated asset model can be coupled to the Greater Burgan reservoir model for comprehensive field development studies.
Improved Interpretation of Single-Well-Chemical-Tracer for Low Salinity and Polymer Flooding
Authors: Kazemi Nia Korrani Aboulghasem , Jerauld Gary , Al-Qattan Abrar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We interpreted a series of single-well-chemical-tracer-tests (SWCTTs) estimating residual oil (SORW) to base high salinity waterflood, low salinity waterflood and subsequent polymer flood conducted on a Greater Burgan well. Interpretation of the tests requires history matching of the back-production of partitioning and non-partitioning tracers which is impacted by differing amounts of irreversible flow and differing amounts of dispersion as well as the amount of residual oil.
We applied the state-of-the-art chemical reservoir simulator (UTCHEM) and an assisted history matching tool (BP’s Top-Down-Reservoir-Modeling) to interpret the tests and accurately quantify uncertainty in residual oil saturations post high salinity, low salinity, and polymer floods. Two optimization algorithms (i.e., Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle-Swarm-Optimization (PSO)-Mesh-Adaptive-Direct-Search (MADS) algorithms) were applied to better address the uncertainty.
Our results show a six saturation unit decrease in SORW post low salinity with no change to the SORW post polymer. This is in-line with our expectations - we expect no change in SORW post-polymer as the conventional HPAM, which does not exhibit visco-elastic behavior, was used in the test. We demonstrate that history matching the back-produced tracer profiles is a robust approach to estimate the SORW by showing that three-or four-layer simulation model assumption does not change the SORW estimated. We accounted for the uncertainty in partition-coefficient in our uncertainty estimates.
We present several innovations that improve history matching back-produced tracer profiles; hence, better SORW estimations (e.g., different level of dispersivity for individual simulation layers to account for different heterogeneity level as opposed to assuming a single dispersion for all layers). We generate more robust estimates of uncertainty by finding a range of alternative history matches all of which are consistent with the measured data.
A New Approach for Rock Typing Using Dimensional Analysis: A Case Study of Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Abdullah Mohammad , Garrouch Ali 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In recent years, Petrophysicists have established that rock typing is an essential pre-requisite for estimating permeability in reservoir rocks. Any attempt that does not use rock typing for modeling permeability has been documented to be characterized by a large data scatter and associated with high uncertainty.
In this paper, four common rock typing techniques are compared: Pittman, Lucia, Flow Zone Indicator (FZI), and Global Hydraulic Element (GHE). The performance of these rock typing approaches is assessed through intrinsic models for their ability to predict the permeability of a prominent carbonate field. The FZI and the Pittman approaches gave the best estimates of permeability with a coefficient of determination of approximately 0.98. By contrast, the Lucia approach gave the least precise estimates of permeability with a coefficient of determination of 0.81. The GHE approach gave a satisfactory estimation with a coefficient of determination of 0.90.
A new technique for rock typing, based on dimensional analysis, is presented. Dimensional analysis leads to the derivation of two dimensionless groups: (λ) and (Ω). The λ group is a dimensionless Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) and the (Ω) group is the dimensionless photo-electric adsorption. The main advantage of the dimensional analysis technique is that it relies directly on open hole log measurements, such as the spontaneous potential, bulk density, interval transit time, and photoelectric absorption. A unique power-law relationship exists between the dimensionless FZI group (λ), and the dimensionless photo-electric adsorption group (Ω). For the studied carbonate field, a coefficient of determination of 0.98 was obtained when estimating reservoir permeability with the dimensional analysis rock typing.
This paper will be of interest to subsurface modelers who need to estimate permeability. Using the dimensional analysis approach described and comparing this new method of estimation with established methods, it is proposed that rock typing by dimensional analysis for estimating permeability can be used as an alternative method.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Investigation of Water Absorption by PAM Composite Hydrogel
Authors: Krishnan Mohan , Michal Feven , Alsoughayer Shahla , Almohsin Ayman , Alsharaeh Edreese 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, we report the thermodynamics and kinetic parameters for the water absorption by thermo-elastic and self-healing polyacrylamide-commercial graphene (PAM-CG) composite hydrogels. The fundamental studies for such self-healing hydrogels would give us useful insights towards the material design for a specific application. The PAM-CG composite hydrogels were prepared by a two-step method consisting of the synthesis of PAM-CG polymer via inverse emulsion polymerization followed by the preparation of PAM-CG hydrogel by in-situ mixing. The thermal and rheological properties of the composite hydrogels were examined by using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the swelling kinetics of the prepared hydrogels were studied as a function of temperature. From the obtained kinetic curves, the hydrogel can absorb water upto 16,000% at 25°C and reaches the saturation in 30 h. Meanwhile, the increase in temperature of the system would result in an overall decrease in the water uptake for the hydrogel. The experimental kinetic data were found to fit in pseudo second-order kinetic model. The calculated free energy (∆G) values are negative and hence the water absorption by the composite hydrogels is spontaneous. The positive enthalpy (∆H) values are indicative of exothermic behavior. The negative entropy (∆S) (i.e. decrease in degree of freedom), values are in line with absorption phenomenon of water molecules by the composite hydrogels. In addition, the PAM-CG hydrogels exhibit excellent recyclability upto eight consecutive cycles.
One-Stage Calcium Carbonate Oil-Based Filter Cake Removal Using a New Biodegradable Acid System
Authors: Mohamed Abdelmjeed , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Basfar Salem 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Removal of oil-based filter cake is a complex task especially in horizontal and multilateral wells. The presence of oil makes the removal process more challenging because the oil surrounds the weighting materials and prevents acid-filter cake interaction. Therefore, different additives are required to change the wettability of the filter cake to enhance the removal efficiency. This paper introduces a new biodegradable acid system (NBAS) that can efficiently remove oil-based filter cake in horizontal and multilateral wells where calcium carbonate is used as weighting agent.
The new biodegradable acid system (NBAS) consists of 50 vol.% biodegradable acid and 5 vol.% mutual solvent. HPHT filtration experiments were performed to evaluate the filter cake removal efficiency and the retained permeability. The filtration and removal experiments were conducted on real core samples (Indiana limestone and Berea sandstone) at a temperature of 212°F and 300 psi differential pressure. Afterwards, the NBAS was evaluated by measuring physical properties and conducting corrosion, compatibility and thermal stability studies.
The obtained results showed that the NBAS was compatible and thermally stable for more than 48 hrs at 212°F and 300 psi. The NBAS has a density of 1.05 g/cm3, viscosity of 1.47 cP, and surface tension of 32 dynes/cm at room temperature. The corrosion rate of the developed system was 0.03 lb/ft2 which is acceptable according to oil and gas industry practices. Removal experiments showed that filter cake was completely removed from the core samples. For Berea sandstone, 100% of the permeability was regained while the retained permeability for Indiana limestone was 122.5% confirming the complete removal of external and internal filter cake as well as core samples stimulation.
The new acid system can be considered as an efficiant solution for oil-based filter cake removal that is biodegradable and cost effective where the reservoir permeability can be regained in one stage only.
Characterization of Barriers to Flow in Burgan Reservoirs Using Geological and Dynamic Pressure Data, Burgan Field, Kuwait.
Authors: Filak Jean-Michel , Alawadh Laila , Alrefaei Bashayer 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Burgan sands Formation is one of the main reservoirs of Greater Burgan field in Kuwait, producing under primary depletion since the late 1940s. Massive sands reservoirs (Lower Burgan BGSL2 and Middle Burgan BGSM) interpreted as deposited in fluvio-tidal depositional environments, alternate with lower quality and muddy interbedded sandstones (Lower Burgan BGSL1 and Upper Burgan BGSU), deposited in tidal-influenced delta settings. The complex reservoir architecture of these sand reservoirs is dependent of the sinuosity and complexity of the channel system but also on the lateral extend and distribution of the muddy deposits that will create heterogeneities and barrier to flow.
In the context of future development plans of the Burgan reservoirs, the Burgan Subsurface Team implemented a workflow to identify the main barriers to flow at the interface between the massive and the lower net-to-gross reservoirs. This workflow combines geological (cores), petrophysical (Rock-Types, conventional logs) and dynamic data (pressures), to characterize the main barriers to flow between the different reservoirs. Shale barrier types and thicknesses of shales are picked and defined from logs using wireline conventional log data, and the huge database of pressures available was used to visualize and check the impact of the shale barriers on the connectivity of the reservoir and the pressure drop or continuity between the sandy units.
This multiple approach allows to capture the main geological heterogeneities (shale barriers) by their type and thicknesses and combining the information with dynamic data (pressures within the reservoir zones) gave a direct link to the connectivity (pressure communication or not) between the main reservoirs. The data generated by these two approaches were used to produce maps of connectivity as well as maps of pressure differences between the main reservoirs.
Modeling complex reservoir heterogeneities in clastic environments is a challenge in the oil industry. An accurate sand body distribution is crucial for a good understanding and representation of the reservoir behavior but a good representation and image of the barrier to flow is fundamental to complete the picture. In the context of the future development of Burgan reservoirs, such workflow and products will be very useful to take some decisions about the strategy to develop efficiently such type of reservoirs.