bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of labor with high‐ or low‐dosage oral misoprostol—A Danish descriptive retrospective cohort study 2015‐16
Authors: Bendix Jane M. , Friis Petersen Jesper , Andersen Betina R. , Bødker Birgit , Løkkegaard Ellen C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionIn Denmark, the rate of induced labor from 37 gestational weeks has increased by 108% from 12.4% in 2000 to 25.1% in 2012, and today more than 1 in 4 deliveries are induced. Standard procedure at North Zealand Hospital changed in 2016 from a dosage of 50 µg oral misoprostol 2‐3 times daily, to 25 µg up to 8 times daily. Also, since 2016 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies (primiparous and multiparous) have been offered induction as an outpatient procedure. This study aimed to compare the current low‐dosage procedure (25 µg) with the former high‐dosage procedure (50 µg) in terms of induction to delivery time, maternal and fetal outcomes, and risk of uterine hyperstimulation.Material and methodsData from June 2015 to October 2016 were included. Comparable baseline, demographic, and obstetric data for women induced according to high‐dosage or low‐dosage protocols were retrieved from local medical files. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi‐squared tests, Kaplan‐Meier survival estimates, and logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsThe study included 816 induced deliveries. The high‐ and low‐dosage groups differed in rates of plurality and place of induction. Induction to delivery times lasting longer than 72 hours were significantly decreased in the low‐dosage group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.48, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.27 to 0.86). Women in the low‐dosage group also less often needed additional induction (P = 0.02), and the rate of uterine hyperstimulation was low irrespective of protocol (1% vs 3%, P = 0.16). There were no cases of uterine rupture in either group. The probability of vaginal delivery in the low‐dosage group increased (adjusted hazard ratio 1.27, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.49), as did the risk of delivery with vacuum extraction (aOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.24 to 4.15), whereas delivery by cesarean section slightly decreased (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.33). The risk of meconium‐stained liquor was nonsignificantly decreased (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.23).ConclusionsThe low‐dosage induction protocol was associated with favorable obstetric outcomes in terms of increased probability of vaginal delivery, but with higher risk of vacuum extraction. Protracted inductions and additional nonmedical interventions were reduced. There were no cases of uterine rupture. Statistically nonsignificant, the risk of uterine hyperstimulation was increased whereas the risk of meconium‐stained liquor and of cesarean section was slightly decreased.
Taming anger and trusting others: Roles of skin conductance, anger regulation, and trust in children's aggression
Authors: Song Ju‐Hyun , Colasante Tyler , Malti Tina 
Published: September 2019

Proactive and reactive aggression subtypes are distinguishable as early as the preschool years. However, their early physiological and social–emotional correlates have not been examined simultaneously. We tested whether children's skin conductance level, anger regulation, and trust in others were differentially related to their proactive and reactive aggression. Four‐year‐olds and their primary caregivers were recruited from a large Canadian city (N = 150). Controlling for reactive aggression, higher trust was associated with lower proactive aggression, but only for children with low anger regulation or skin conductance level. Controlling for proactive aggression, lower anger regulation was related to higher reactive aggression, and higher trust was related to higher reactive aggression for children with high skin conductance level. Findings highlight the unique and collective relations of physiology, emotion regulation, and trust to different forms of aggression in early childhood.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject

Proactive and reactive aggression subtypes are distinguishable as early as the preschool years.

Unique physiological and social–emotional correlates of each subtype have been studied in middle and late childhood.

Trust is a critical milestone for positive social interactions in early childhood and has been linked to aggression.

What the present study adds

Physiological and social–emotional correlates are uniquely linked to subtypes of aggression already at age 4.

Trust is differentially linked to aggression subtypes as a function of anger regulation and skin conductance level.
Late Miocene evaporite geochemistry of Lorca and Fortuna basins (Eastern Betics, SE Spain): Evidence of restriction and continentalization
Authors: García‐Veigas Javier , Gibert Luis , Cendón Dioni I. , Artiaga David , Corbí Hugo , Soria Jesús M. , Lowenstein Tim K. , Sanz Enrique 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Lorca and Fortuna basins are two intramontane Neogene basins located in the eastern Betic Cordillera (SE Spain). During the Late Tortonian—Early Messinian, marine and continental evaporites precipitated in these basins as a consequence of increased marine restriction and isolation. Here we show a stratigraphic correlation between the evaporite records of these basins based on geochemical indicators. We use SO4 isotope compositions and Sr isotopic ratios in gypsum, and halite Br contents to characterize these units and to identify the marine or continental source of the waters feeding the evaporite basins. In addition, we review the available chronological information used to date these evaporites in Lorca (La Serrata Fm), including a thick saline deposit, that we correlate with the First Evaporitic Group in Fortuna (Los Baños Fm). This correlation is also supported by micropalaeontological data, giving a Late Tortonian age for this sequence. The Second Evaporitic Group, (Chicamo Fm), and the Third Evaporitic Group (Rambla Salada Fm) developed only in Fortuna during the Messinian. According to the palaeogeographical scheme presented here, the evaporites of the Lorca and Fortuna basins were formed during the Late Tortonian—Early Messinian, close to the Betic Seaway closure. Sulphate isotope compositions and Sr isotopic ratios of the Ribera Gypsum Mb, at the base of the Rambla Salada Fm (Fortuna basin), match those of the Late Messinian selenite gypsum beds in San Miguel de Salinas, in the near Bajo Segura basin (40 km to the East), and other Messinian Salinity Crisis gypsum deposits in the Mediterranean. According to these geochemical indicators and the uncertainty of the chronology of this unit, the assignment of the Rambla Salada Fm to the MSC cannot be ruled out.
Behavioral and Emotional Development of African American Boys Growing Up in Risky Environments
Authors: Barbarin Oscar A. , Hitti Aline , Copeland‐Linder Nikeea 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBlack males experience extraordinary developmental risks as a consequence of the combined effects of male gender, poverty, and race. These risks are reflected in atypical behavioral and emotional development often observed in middle childhood. Not all Black males succumb to these risks. Whether or not they do is a function of exposure to adverse childhood events resulting from poverty, the experience of racial bias, and access to mitigating cultural resources and familial supports. Reducing household poverty and increasing access to early childhood programs, school‐based programs, and mentoring are promising interventions to increase the probability of positive outcomes.
Osteoclastogenesis inhibition by mutated IGSF23 results in human osteopetrosis
Authors: Yuan Ying , Yang Li , Liu Ting , Zhang Hong , Lu Qiong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectivesOsteopetrosis is a rare inherited skeletal disease characterized by increased bone mineral density due to the loss of osteoclast function or differentiation potential.Materials and MethodsThe study involved a Chinese patient with osteopetrosis (the proband) and her immediate family members and 180 controls without osteopetrosis. Bone density of the femoral neck, lumbar spine and total body was measured using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Osteoclast differentiation by the participants’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated using tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Osteoblast differentiation was examined with Alizarin Red S staining. Reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR was used to amplify immunoglobulin superfamily member 23 (IGSF23), c‐FOS and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATC1).ResultsWe found a homozygous mutation (c.295C>T) in the IGSF23 gene in two osteopetrosis samples. The mutation led to the formation of a stop codon, causing loss of the immunoglobulin‐like domain and the whole transmembrane domain. PBMCs from the proband (IGSF23−/−) exhibited poor ability for differentiating into mature osteoclasts in vitro. Overexpression of IGSF23 rescued the ability of IGSF23−/− PBMCs to differentiate into osteoclasts. Moreover, knockdown of IGSF23 reversed the bone loss in OVX mice by injecting AAV‐shIGSF23 into mice femoral bone marrow cavity. Furthermore, we also found that the IGSF23 mutation led to decreased c‐Fos and NFATC1 expression levels by inhibiting the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling pathways.ConclusionsIGSF23‐mediated osteoclast differentiation of PBMCs may serve as a potential target in osteoporosis therapy.
Antagonistic, synergistic and direct effects of land use and climate on Prairie wetland ecosystems: Ghosts of the past or present?
Authors: Mantyka‐Pringle Chrystal , Leston Lionel , Messmer Dave , Asong Elvis , Bayne Erin M. , Bortolotti Lauren E. , Sekulic Gregory , Wheater Howard , Howerter David W. , Clark Robert G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimWetland loss and degradation threaten biodiversity to an extent greater than most ecosystems. Science‐supported responses require understanding of interacting effects of land use and climate change on wetland biodiversity.LocationAlberta, Canada.MethodsWe evaluated how current climate, climate change (as a ghost of the past), land use and wetland water quality relate to aquatic macroinvertebrates and birds.ResultsClimatic relationships and climate–land use interactions were observed on chironomid abundance, but not macroinvertebrate taxa richness (MTR) or odonate abundance, which responded to land use and water chemistry. Chironomid abundance was positively associated with cropland and negatively associated with total precipitation. Higher cropland cover and dissolved organic carbon synergistically interacted with total precipitation to affect chironomids. MTR was negatively related to salinity, yet greater area of non‐woody riparian vegetation attenuated salinity effects on MTR. Odonate abundance was negatively related to total phosphorus. Higher grassland cover also increased the negative relationship of total phosphorous to odonate abundance. Climatic relationships and climate–land use interactions were observed on bird species richness (BSR) and abundance of several bird functional groups. Higher BSR and abundances of several bird groups were positively related to average rainfall and greater warming temperatures over time. Area of non‐crop cover and wetlands was positively associated with most bird groups and BSR. Warming temperatures over time ameliorated the negative relationship of higher cropland or less shrubland on aerial insectivores and other bird groups.Main conclusionsClimate patterns and climate change are as important as land use pressures with stronger impacts on birds. Climate change was more influential than current climate and provided novel empirical evidence that progressively warmer, wetter conditions is benefiting some bird groups, including aerial insectivores, a group of conservation concern. Riparian vegetation ameliorated the negative impacts of climate and water quality gradients on MTR and could mitigate global change impacts in agricultural systems.
Design and validation of two measures to detect anxiety disorders in epilepsy: The Epilepsy Anxiety Survey Instrument and its brief counterpart
Authors: Scott Amelia J. , Sharpe Louise , Thayer Zoe , Miller Laurie A. , Hunt Caroline , MacCann Carolyn , Parratt Kaitlyn , Nikpour Armin , Wong Toh , Gandy Milena 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe study objective was to develop and validate the first epilepsy‐specific anxiety survey instrument (Epilepsy Anxiety Survey Instrument [EASI]) alongside a briefer screening instrument to detect anxiety disorders in routine clinical practice (brEASI).MethodsThe instruments were developed utilizing a mixed‐methods approach in four related studies. Pilot items were developed following qualitative interviews with people with epilepsy (PWE; Study 1) and consultation with multidisciplinary experts in anxiety and epilepsy (Study 2). PWE (n = 314) then completed pilot items alongside existing measures of anxiety and depression (Study 3). Factor analysis was conducted to refine the scale and select well‐performing items for a briefer diagnostic screener (brEASI). The brEASI was validated against a gold standard diagnostic interview in 106 PWE recruited from an outpatient epilepsy service (Study 4). Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to determine the brEASI‘s diagnostic performance.ResultsTwenty‐six pilot items were generated based on the findings of Studies 1 and 2. Analyses in Study 3 resulted in an 18‐item EASI, and eight well‐performing items were selected for the brEASI. The area under the curve (AUC) of brEASI was excellent (AUC = 0.89, 95% confidence interval = 0.82‐0.94). At a cutoff of 7, it demonstrated a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 84% for identifying Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition anxiety disorders.SignificanceThe EASI and brEASI represent the first valid and reliable epilepsy‐specific anxiety instruments. The EASI has been designed to comprehensively assess anxiety in PWE, whereas the brEASI may be used within busy neurology settings to provide rapid information to aid diagnoses of anxiety disorders. Given the significant prevalence and burden of anxiety in PWE, these tools are important potential solutions to improve the understanding and detection of anxiety in epilepsy.
Management of Childhood Migraine by Headache Specialist vs Non‐Headache Specialists
Authors: Gutta Radhika , Valentini Kelly J. , Kaur Gunjanpreet , Farooqi Ahmad A. , Sivaswamy Lalitha 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveThis study aims to compare the management practices of a headache specialist with non‐headache specialists in the treatment of children with migraine. The use of appropriate rescue medications and prophylactic agents, application of neuroimaging, and short‐term outcomes are compared in children treated by the two groups of physicians.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted by utilizing the electronic medical records of children 3‐18 years of age with migraine, who were evaluated at a tertiary care children's hospital from 2016 to 2018.ResultsOf the 849 patients who met the study criteria, 469 children were classified as having chronic migraine or high‐frequency episodic migraine and were followed‐up on at least 1 occasion by the neurologists. Imaging was obtained in 66.5% of all children with migraine. The headache specialist used 5‐HT agonists (“triptans”) for migraine management in 56.7% (76/135) of cases compared to non‐headache specialists who prescribed them in 28.7% (96/334) of cases (P < .001). Of the children with chronic migraine, the headache specialist evaluated 135 patients while the non‐headache specialists treated 334 children. Non‐headache specialists prescribed prophylaxis in the form of natural supplements more frequently (63.8% of cases) compared to the headache specialist (38.5% of children) (P < .001). Moreover, prophylaxis with prescription drugs was utilized more often by headache specialist (66.7%) than non‐headache specialists (37.4%) (P < .001).ConclusionsImaging appears to be commonly recommended by both headache specialists and non‐headache specialists in children with migraine. The headache specialist was more likely to use triptans as rescue medications for pediatric migraine. Outcomes in the short‐term were not statistically different whether children were being managed by the headache specialist or the non‐headache specialists.
Minding the gap: The impact of B‐cell tolerance on the microbial antibody repertoire
Authors: Finney Joel , Watanabe Akiko , Kelsoe Garnett , Kuraoka Masayuki 
Published: September 2019

AbstractB lymphocytes must respond to vast numbers of foreign antigens, including those of microbial pathogens. To do so, developing B cells use combinatorial joining of V‐, D‐, and J‐gene segments to generate an extraordinarily diverse repertoire of B‐cell antigen receptors (BCRs). Unsurprisingly, a large fraction of this initial BCR repertoire reacts to self‐antigens, and these “forbidden” B cells are culled by immunological tolerance from mature B‐cell populations. While culling of autoreactive BCRs mitigates the risk of autoimmunity, it also opens gaps in the BCR repertoire, which are exploited by pathogens that mimic the forbidden self‐epitopes. Consequently, immunological tolerance, necessary for averting autoimmune disease, also acts to limit effective microbial immunity. In this brief review, we recount the evidence for the linkage of tolerance and impaired microbial immunity, consider the implications of this linkage for vaccine development, and discuss modulating tolerance as a potential strategy for strengthening humoral immune responses.
Conditional value‐at‐risk beyond finance: a survey
Authors: Filippi C. , Guastaroba G. , Speranza M.G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA large number of problems involve making decisions in an uncertain environment and, hence, with unknown outcomes. Optimization models aimed at controlling the trade‐off between risk and return in finance have been widely studied since the seminal work by Markowitz in 1952. In financial applications, shortfall or quantile risk measures are receiving ever‐increasing attention. Conditional value‐at‐risk (CVaR) is arguably the most popular of such measures. In the last decades, optimization models aimed at controlling risk have been applied to several application domains different from financial optimization. This survey provides an overview of the main contributions where CVaR is incorporated into an optimization approach and applied to a context different from financial engineering. The literature is classified following an application‐oriented perspective. The applications cover classical areas studied in operational research—such as supply chain management, scheduling, and networks—and less classical areas such as energy and medicine. For each area, concise paper excerpts are provided that convey the main ideas of the problems studied, and analyze how the CVaR has been used to cope with different sources of uncertainty. Finally, some open research directions are outlined.
Session I: Corporate Purpose and Governance
Authors: Millstein Ira , Gordon Jeff , Gilson Ron , Mayer Colin , Bresnahan Kristin , Lipton Marty 
Published: September 2019

In this first of five sessions of a recent Columbia Law School symposium devoted to discussion of his new book, Prosperity—and The Purpose of the Corporation, Oxford University's Colin Mayer begins by calling for a “radical reinterpretation” of the corporate mission. For all but the last 50 or so of its 2,000‐year history, the corporation has combined commercial activities with a public purpose. But since Milton Friedman's famous pronouncement in 1970 that the social goal of the corporation is to maximize its own profits, the gap between the social and private interests served by corporations appears to have grown ever wider, helping fuel the global outbreaks of populist protest and indictments of capitalism that fill today's media.In Mayer's reinterpretation, the boards of all companies will produce and publish statements of corporate purpose that envision some greater social good than maximizing shareholder value. To that end, he urges companies to make continuous investments of their financial capital and other resources in developing other forms of corporate capital—human, social, and natural—and to account for such investments in the same way they now account for their investments in physical capital. Although the author appears to prefer that such changes be mandatory, enacted through new legislation and enforced by regulators and the courts, his main efforts are directed at persuading the largest institutional owners of corporations—many of whom are already favorably predisposed to ESG—to support these corporate initiatives.Marty Lipton, after expressing enthusiasm about Mayer's proposals, suggests that mandating such changes is likely neither feasible nor desirable, but that attempts—like his own New Paradigm—to gain the acceptance and support of large shareholders is the most promising strategy. Ron Gilson, on the other hand, after voicing Lipton's skepticism about the enforceability of such statements of purpose, issues a number of warnings. One is about the political risks associated with ever more concentrated ownership of public companies in a world where populist distrust of all concentrations of wealth and power is clearly on the rise. But most troubling for the company themselves is the confusion such proposals could create for corporate boards whose responsibility is to limit two temptations facing corporate managements: short‐termism, or underinvestment in the corporate future to boost near‐term earnings (and presumably stock prices); and what Gilson calls hyperopia, or overinvestment designed to preserve growth (and management's jobs) at all costs.
Session III: Securities Law in Twenty‐First Century America: A Conversation with SEC Commissioner Robert Jackson
Authors: Jackson Robert J. , Coffee John C. 
Published: September 2019

SEC Commissioner Robert Jackson comments on three major issues the Commission has been investigating: (1) the concentration of ownership among American stock exchanges; (2) the extent of common ownership of, and potential for undue influence over, U.S. corporations by large institutional shareholders; and (3) the role of corporate boards in promoting and protecting stakeholder interests as well as shareholder interests.In the first of the three areas, Jackson argues that the ownership of 12 of the 13 U.S. stock exchanges by just three financial conglomerates suggests a competitiveness problem— one that, despite the significant reductions in trading costs during the last 15 years, should receive further investigation. To the concerns raised by the common and increasingly concentrated ownership of U.S. public companies by institutional shareholders, the Commissioner's main response is to note that whatever culpability corporate America is forced to assume for our large and growing environmental and social problems must be shared with the largest U.S. institutional shareholders, whose collective resources and influence confer a responsibility to help guide companies when responding to such problems. Finally, on the issue of stakeholder theory and ESG, Jackson insists that asking corporate boards to put the interests of all stakeholders on a par with their shareholders’ when making strategic business decisions would be a mistake. Besides creating a major accountability problem, the adoption of stakeholder theory in place of “the clear, single‐minded objective function of increasing long‐run shareholder value” would deprive boards of their principal guide “when making the difficult tradeoffs among stakeholders that effective oversight and management of public companies require.”