bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hominin vertebrae and upper limb bone fossils from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa (1998–2003 excavations)
Authors: Pickering Travis Rayne , Heaton Jason L. , Clarke R. J. , Stratford Dominic 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectivesWe provide descriptions and functional interpretations of 11 >2.0 Ma hominin vertebral and upper limb fossils from Sterkfontein.Materials and methodsWe employed taphonomic methods to describe postmortem damage observed on the fossils. We used osteometric tools and measurements to generate quantitative descriptions, which were added to qualitative descriptions of the fossils. These observations were then interpreted using published data on the same skeletal elements from extant and extinct hominoid taxa.ResultsSix of the fossils carry carnivore tooth marks. Two vertebrae show morphologies that are consistent with fully developed lordosis of the lumbar spine, but which are not completely consistent with bipedal loading of the same intensity and/or frequency as reflected in the lumbars of modern humans. A clavicle shows a combination of humanlike and apelike features, the latter of which would have endowed its hominin with good climbing abilities. When combined, analyses of fragmentary radius and ulna fossils yield more ambiguous results.DiscussionThe new fossil collection presents a mix of bipedal and climbing features. It is unclear whether this mix indicates that all Sterkfontein hominins of >2.0 Ma were terrestrial bipeds who retained adaptations for climbing or whether the collection samples two differently adapted, coeval hominins, Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus prometheus, both of which are represented at Sterkfontein by skull remains. Regardless, the significant frequency of tooth‐marked fossils in the sample might indicate that predation was a selection pressure that maintained climbing adaptations in at least some Sterkfontein hominins of this period.
Effects of different segments in polyurethane on the performance of sand stabilization
Authors: Zang Yunxiao , Gong Wei , Liu Bailing , Chen Hualin 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTSynthetic polymers have recently drawn increasing attention to chemical sand stabilization (CSS). The relationship between the molecular structure and the fixing effect, however, is rarely reported aside from the performance. In this article, different segments of waterborne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) are discussed with respect to their influence on stabilizing sand. We prepared five PUDs by controlling parameters including the diisocyanate‐to‐polyol ratio (R) and the molecular weight and characterized them with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and laser particle analysis. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS), a key criterion in CSS, was used to evaluate the performance of the PUDs. We found that a biggerRgave the polyurethane (PU) film a higher strength than the smallerRbut did not do the same to the sand mold. This indicated that homogeneity was a primary property of the sand mold. Taking the details of the crushed sand molds and the PU films into account, we concluded that the soft segments played a major role in the homogeneity. Force analysis showed that four modes of breaking occurred at the interface of the sand and cured PU. We concluded that whereas the hard segments in PU determined the ceiling of the UCS, the soft segments determined the floor by benefiting adsorption. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47267.
Big effects of small nanoparticles on hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide in an aqueous solution
Authors: Peng Fangfang , Ke Yangchuan , He Jing , Lu Shichao , Hu Xu 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated the self‐assembly properties of small‐sized (3–5 nm) oppositely charged SiO2nanoparticles (NPs) and hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (hm‐PAM) in aqueous solutions by rheological and structural analysis. The results show that the addition of small NPs to the hm‐PAM solution remarkably enhanced its viscosity and viscoelasticity, and the viscosity remained high at elevated temperatures. Specifically, the low shear rate viscosity of the NP–hm‐PAM solutions increased by up to three orders of magnitude at a very low loading of NPs (10−2wt %). Moreover, there appeared to be no sediment in the dispersed system after over 18 months of storage. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements indicated that additional physical crosslinks were formed after the addition of the small silica NPs to the hm‐PAM solutions. With the experiments and published results combined, we proposed a simple model of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions for the crosslinking structure of the NP–hm‐PAM composite. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47269.
Molecular dynamics simulation study on the structure and properties of polyimide/silica hybrid materials
Authors: Lin Jiaqi , Li Yang , Yang Wenlong , Liu Xinmei , Huang Wei , Wang Yu , Sun Hongguo 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTA type of polyimide/silica (PI/SiO2) copolymer model was established through the dehydration of tetraethyl orthosilicate molecules (TEOS) and bonding to a silane coupling agent. The content of SiO2 was controlled by adjusting the number of molecules which bound to the TEOS. Finally, the silica was formed into a hybrid model (hybrid PI/SiO2) with a small molecule embedded in the PI. The model was optimized by geometric and molecular dynamics and the changes in the model structure, Young's modulus, shear modulus, and glass‐transition temperature (T
g) were analyzed. The results showed that the density and cohesive energy density of the composites could be improved by doping SiO2 in PI. Young's modulus and shear modulus of PI/SiO2 hybrid materials were higher than undoped PI. The tensile strength reached 568.15 MPa when the doping content was 9%. Therefore, the structure design and content control of SiO2 was an effective way to improve the performance of a PI/SiO2 composite. The variation of T
g and tensile strength of PI/SiO2 hybrid composites is consistent with that of PI/SiO2 composite synthesized in real experiment, which will be a convenient method for new material design and performance prediction. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47335.
Structural effects of the hydrolysis of poly(methylene oxide) and poly(glycolic acid) exposed to completion and acidizing fluids in an oil well environment
Authors: Pereira Alexandre Zacarias Ignácio , Delpech Marcia Cerqueira , da Costa Francileide Gomes , da Cruz Flávio Bittencourt , Tavares Pedro Rocha 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTTwo hydrolyzable polymers, poly(methylene oxide) (PMO) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), were tested for association with mechanical systems to promote diversion of formation acid treatments in oil wells. Samples were confined to chemical products commonly employed in oil well completion processes, HCl 15% w/w and NaCl 23% w/w aqueous solutions, in separate metallic cylindrical cells, under conditions observed in southeastern Brazilian offshore fields (50 and 75°C and pressure of 41.4 MPa). Pristine samples were characterized by 13C‐NMR. Hydrolytic influences were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, wide angle X‐ray diffraction, and computerized microtomography. The intense effects observed showed a specific correspondence with each tested polymer and were evidenced by postexposure analysis. The results indicate that both polymers can be used in association with mechanical diverting systems to promote chemical treatment distribution and, therefore, improve oil well productivity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47362.
Biocompatible thermoresponsive polyurethane bionanocomposites with chitin nanocrystals
Authors: Calvo‐Correas Tamara , Garrido Patricia , Alonso‐Varona Ana , Palomares Teodoro , Corcuera M. Angeles , Eceiza Arantxa 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTIn this work, different thermoresponsive biobased polyurethane (PU) bionanocomposites with chitin nanocrystals (CHNCs) are prepared. The behavior of the biobased PU used as matrix differs from common polyurethanes, since hard segment is constituted by the macrodiol and soft segment by a biobased diisocyanate and chain extender. The effect of CHNC content on shape‐memory behavior is studied. It is observed that CHNCs tend to interact with diisocyanate/chain extender rich domain. In addition, an increase of the overall crystallinity of the material is also observed. Therefore, the addition of CHNCs contributes to the shape recovery of the bionanocomposites, as well as to shape fixity at high CHNC content. Finally, the cytotoxicity, hemocompatibility, and cell adhesion analysis reveals that the prepared bionanocomposites show potential to be used in biomedical applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47430.
A clinical, proteomics, and artificial intelligence‐driven model to predict acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography
Authors: Ibrahim Nasrien E. , McCarthy Cian P. , Shrestha Shreya , Gaggin Hanna K. , Mukai Renata , Magaret Craig A. , Rhyne Rhonda F. , Januzzi James L. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundStandard measures of kidney function are only modestly useful for accurate prediction of risk for acute kidney injury (AKI).HypothesisClinical and biomarker data can predict AKI more accurately.MethodsUsing Luminex xMAP technology, we measured 109 biomarkers in blood from 889 patients prior to undergoing coronary angiography. Procedural AKI was defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL, a percentage increase in serum creatinine of ≥50%, or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of <0.5 mL/kg per hour for >6 hours) within 7 days after contrast exposure. Clinical and biomarker predictors of AKI were identified using machine learning and a final prognostic model was developed with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO).ResultsForty‐three (4.8%) patients developed procedural AKI. Six predictors were present in the final model: four (history of diabetes, blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio, C‐reactive protein, and osteopontin) had a positive association with AKI risk, while two (CD5 antigen‐like and Factor VII) had a negative association with AKI risk. The final model had a cross‐validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.79 for predicting procedural AKI, and an in‐sample AUC of 0.82 (P < 0.001). The optimal score cutoff had 77% sensitivity, 75% specificity, and a negative predictive value of 98% for procedural AKI. An elevated score was predictive of procedural AKI in all subjects (odds ratio = 9.87; P < 0.001).ConclusionsWe describe a clinical and proteomics‐supported biomarker model with high accuracy for predicting procedural AKI in patients undergoing coronary angiography.
Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase pathway genomic alterations in 60,991 diverse solid tumors informs targeted therapy opportunities
Authors: Millis Sherri Z. , Jardim Denis L. , Albacker Lee , Ross Jeffrey S. , Miller Vincent A. , Ali Siraj M. , Kurzrock Razelle 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundThe phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently altered in cancer. This report describes the landscape of PI3K alterations in solid tumors as well as co‐alterations serving as potential resistance/attenuation mechanisms.MethodsConsecutive samples were analyzed in a commercial Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment‐certified laboratory using comprehensive genomic profiling performed by next‐generation sequencing (315 genes). The co‐alterations evaluated included the Erb‐B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2),ERBB3,ERBB4,RAS, MET proto‐oncogene tyrosine kinase (MET), and mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K) genes as well as tumor protein 53 (TP53), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), and androgen receptor (AR).ResultsAlterations in any of 18 PI3K‐pathway associated genes were identified in 44% of 60,991 tumors. Although single base and insertions/deletions (indels) were the most frequent alterations, copy number changes and rearrangements were identified in 11% and 0.9% of patients, respectively. Overall, the most frequently altered genes were PIK3 catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA) (13%), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) (9%), and serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) (5%). Tumor types that frequently harbored at least 1 PI3K alteration were uterine (77%), cervical (62%), anal (59%), and breast (58%) cancers. Alterations also were discerned frequently in tumors with carcinosarcoma (89%) and squamous cell carcinoma (62%) histologies. Tumors with a greater likelihood of co‐occurring PI3K pathway and MAPK pathway alterations included colorectal cancers (odds ratio [OR], 1.64;P < .001), mesotheliomas (OR, 2.67;P = .024), anal cancers (OR, 1.98;P = .03), and nonsquamous head and neck cancers (OR, 2.03;P = .019). The co‐occurrence ofESR1and/orARalterations with PI3K alterations was statistically significant in bladder, colorectal, uterine, prostate, and unknown primary cancers.ConclusionsComprehensive genomic profiling reveals altered PI3K‐related genes in 44% of solid malignancies, including rare disease and histology types. The frequency of alterations and the co‐occurrence of resistance pathways vary by tumor type, directly affecting opportunities for targeted therapy.
Cytomorphological spectrum and immunochemistry of cutaneous tuberculosis
Authors: Murry Wonchibeni T. , Sharma Sonal , Arora Vinod Kumar , Bhattacharya Sambit Nath , Singal Archana 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesThe diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis is challenging due to its diverse clinical manifestations, paucibacillary state and lack of proper diagnostic tests. Clinico‐pathological correlation is still frequently used for diagnosis. There is paucity of literature on cytomorphological features. Immunochemistry can help as an ancillary test.MethodsClinical diagnosis was made after thorough history and physical examination. Modified Fine Needle Aspiration technique was used to collect cytology samples and 3 mm punch biopsy for histological examination. Findings on histopathology were compared with cytomorphology. Immunochemical staining with anti‐TB polyclonal antibody using standard Polymer‐based‐HRP immunochemistry technique and comparison of cytology and histology findings.ResultsThe morphological spectrum of biopsy and cytology showed high correlation using nine parameters: necrosis, granulomas, giant cells, AFB, neutrophilic infiltrate, presence of lymphocytes, histiocytes, collagen bundles, and immunochemistry. Diagnostic correlation of FNA compared to biopsy was found to be 90.3%. On comparing cytomorphology of scrofuloderma and lupus vulgaris, all the parameters were found more frequently in scrofuloderma except for granulomas, giant cells and immunochemistry. Immunochemistry showed sensitivity and specificity of 90.3% and 70% on biopsy, respectively, compared to 67.7% and 60% on FNA, respectively. Combined sensitivity of IHC and ICC was 96.8%.ConclusionsThe cytomorphological spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis is comparable to clinicohistopathology with a high correlation of 90.3%. However, sub classification on FNA is difficult on cytology alone. While FNAC is a better diagnostic tool for finding AFBs hence confirming the diagnosis, biopsy is better for immunochemistry. Thus, biopsy and FNA complement each other.
STarT Back Tool risk stratification is associated with changes in movement profile and sensory discrimination in low back pain: A study of 290 patients
Authors: Rabey Martin , Kendell Michelle , Godden Chris , Liburd Jermaine , Netley Hayley , O’Shaughnessy Ciaran , O’Sullivan Peter , Smith Anne , Beales Darren 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundInvestigation of movement and sensory profiles across STarT Back risk subgroups.MethodsA chronic low back pain cohort (n = 290) were classified as low, medium or high risk using the STarT Back Tool, and completed a repeated spinal bending task and quantitative sensory testing. Pain summation, time taken and the number of protective behaviours with repeated bending were measured. Sensory tests included two‐point discrimination, temporal summation, pressure/thermal pain thresholds and conditioned pain modulation. Subgroups were profiled against movement and sensory variables.ResultsThe high‐risk subgroup demonstrated greater pain summation following repeated forward bending (p < 0.001). The medium‐risk subgroup demonstrated greater pain summation following repeated backward bending (p = 0.032). Medium‐ and high‐risk subgroups demonstrated greater forward/backward bend time compared to the low‐risk subgroup (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, respectively). Medium‐ and high‐risk subgroups demonstrated a higher number of protective behaviours per forward bend compared to the low‐risk subgroup (p = 0.008). For sensory variables, only two‐point discrimination differed between subgroups, with medium‐ and high‐risk subgroups demonstrating higher thresholds (p = 0.016).ConclusionsThis study showed altered movement characteristics and sensory discrimination across SBT risk subgroups in people with CLBP. Membership of the high SBT risk subgroup was associated with greater pain and disability levels, greater pain summation following repeated bending, slower bending times, a greater number of protective behaviours during forward bending, and a higher TPD threshold. Treatment outcomes for higher risk SBT subgroups may be enhanced by interventions specifically targeting movement and sensory alterations.SignificanceIn 290 people with chronic low back pain movement profile and two‐point discrimination threshold differed across risk subgroups defined by the STarT Back Tool. Conversely, pain sensitivity did not differ across these subgroups. These findings may add further guidance for targeted care in these subgroups.
Neonatal seizures: Is there a relationship between ictal electroclinical features and etiology? A critical appraisal based on a systematic literature review
Authors: Nunes Magda L. , Yozawitz Elissa G. , Zuberi Sameer , Mizrahi Eli M. , Cilio Maria Roberta , Moshé Solomon L. , Plouin Perrine , Vanhatalo Sampsa , Pressler Ronit M. ,   Task Force on Neonatal Seizures, ILAE Commission on Classification & Terminology
Published: December 2018

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether specific etiologies of neonatal seizures have distinct ictal electroclinical features. A systematic review of English articles using the PubMed database since 2004 (last update 9/26/16). Search terms included text words and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)terms related to neonatal seizures. Eligible articles included reports of neonates with seizures with a full description of seizure semiology and electroclinical findings. Independent extraction of data was performed by 2 authors using predefined data fields, including study quality indicators. Data were collected for every individual patient described in the articles. The dataset was analyzed with the Fisher exact test. The initial search led to 8507 titles; using filters, 2910 titles and abstracts were identified, with 177 full texts selected to be read. Fifty‐seven studies were included in the analysis with 151 neonates (37.7 male and 62.9% term). Genetic etiologies (51%) and sequential seizures (41.1%) predominated in this sample and hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) accounted for only 4%. The low prevalence ofHIEobserved was probably due to a publication bias. A significant association was found between etiology and seizure type: hemorrhage with autonomic seizures (P = 0.003),central nervous system (CNS)infection and stroke with clonic seizures (P = 0.042,P < 0.001, respectively), metabolic/vitamin‐related disorders, and inborn errors of metabolism with myoclonic seizures (P < 0.001). There were also specific electroencephalography (EEG)patterns seen with certain etiologies: vascular disorders and electrolyte imbalance with focal ictal discharges (P < 0.001,P = 0.049 respectively), vitamin‐related disorders with multifocal (P = 0.003), and all categories of genetic disorders with burst‐suppression (P < 0.001). Clonic and autonomic seizures were more frequently present with focalEEGabnormalities (P = 0.001 andP < 0.001), whereas tonic and myoclonic seizures present with burst‐suppression (P = 0.001,P = 0.005). In conclusion, our data suggest that specific associations of etiologies of neonatal seizures with distinct clinical features andEEGpatterns might help in the decision to establish appropriate treatment.
Systematic review on location and timing of distant progression in human papillomavirus‐positive and human papillomavirus‐negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Tiedemann Daniel , Jakobsen Kathrine Kronberg , von Buchwald Christian , Grønhøj Christian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDistant progression (DP) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has significant impact on morbidity and mortality. This study systematically reviewed the literature on studies reporting location and timing of DP after human papillomavirus (HPV)+ or HPV− OPSCCs. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies reporting DP in patients treated with curative intend for an OPSCC. Outcome was site of and time to DP stratified on HPV‐status. Seven studies (n = 1564; 77% HPV+) were included in which 313 patients (20%) developed a DP (70% HPV+). The most common site of DP was the lungs (n = 232) regardless of HPV‐status. Patients with HPV+ tumors were more prone to dissemination involving multiple sites (risk ratio = 16.49). There was no difference in time to DP when stratified on HPV‐status (P = .10). The pattern of but not time to DP was significantly different in patients with OPSCC when stratified on HPV‐status.