bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Disparity between Absolute versus Relative Size of Condylar Chondral Defects: An MRI Analysis
Authors: Berman Daniel , Rogers Kelly , Griffin Justin , Bonner Kevin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSurgical repair of articular cartilage defects in the knee currently utilizes surgical algorithms based on absolute defect size. These algorithms, which have not been validated, are currently utilized not only by surgeons but also by insurance carriers for justification of reimbursement policy. However, current algorithms do not account for morphological differences between individual patients and defect size relative to condylar dimension. We hypothesized that a significant difference in relative defect size compared with condylar dimension may exist between individuals. A 3T magnetic resonance imaging from 220 skeletally mature patients, 110 males and 110 females, were analyzed. Exclusion criteria included degenerative arthritis, anatomical defects, poor image quality, and genetic abnormalities such as dwarfism. Utilizing a radiological curved measurement probe, the femoral condylar articular width was obtained for both the medial and lateral condyles. The mean condylar width from a reproducible anatomic location representing the maximal condylar dimension was measured. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sample t-test. The lateral condyle articular cartilage width (mm) for males and females was 31.62 ± 3.54 and 26.53 ± 3.70, respectively (p < 0.0001). The medical condyle articular cartilage width was 27.26 ± 4.42 and 23.05 ± 4.11 (p < 0.00001). There was a width variation up to 22.66 mm between male patients and 22.10 mm between female patients. Differences up to 28.26 mm were found between males and females. A condylar defect measuring 10 mm represents as little as 24.29% of a condyle in some males versus as much as 77.46% in smaller females. Existing surgical algorithms for condylar chondral defects apply absolute size to patients regardless of individual condylar variations. Our study suggests the relative sizes of the defect vary significantly from male to female patients as well as within the same gender. Future studies may investigate clinical outcomes utilizing surgical algorithms that take into account these differences.
Minimizing Blood Loss and Transfusions in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: White Charles , Eichinger Josef , Friedman Richard 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBlood loss management is critical to positive outcomes in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Transfusions are associated with an increased risk of major and minor adverse events, length of hospitalization, and overall cost associated with surgery. Many techniques have been investigated and compared. Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic drug widely known to reduce blood loss, may be a bridge to the goal of eliminating blood transfusions from TKA. Administration of TXA can be performed intravenously, topically at the knee joint, orally, or in combination. A single bolus or multiple doses have reduced total blood loss and transfusion rates consistently, safely, and cost-effectively. The uptake in use of TXA by surgeons has been slow due to concerns in patients deemed high risk for thromboembolic events. Newer evidence from studies specifically involving high-risk patients demonstrates that TXA is indeed safe in this cohort and provides benefits that greatly outweigh potential risks. Incorporation of TXA as a routine part of TKA is in the best interest of patients, health care teams, and medical institutions. TXA can be employed seamlessly with other blood saving techniques and has the capacity to increase productivity and decrease overall cost. This can be achieved by reducing the incidence of transfusion and length of stay, and the need for practices such as preoperative anemia treatment and suction drainage.
Neue Informationen zu Cathin (Norpseudoephedrin)
Authors: Engeli S. 
Published: May 2018

ZusammenfassungCathin ist in Catha edulis (Khatstrauch oder Abessinischer Tee) Blättern enthalten und wirkt indirekt sympathomimetisch im zentralen Nervensystem genauso wie in der Peripherie. In der ersten kontrollierten Dosisfindungsstudie an 241 adipösen Patienten über 24 Wochen ergab sich eine signifikant größere Gewichtsreduktion mit den drei getesteten Cathin-Dosierungen im Vergleich zu Plazebo. Die Reduktion kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren war im Mittel nicht überzeugend, allerdings lagen die Ausgangswerte auch weitgehend im Normbereich. Das Sicherheitsprofil bot keine Überraschungen. In einer Population kardiovaskulär und metabolisch weitgehend gesunder adipöser Patienten war Cathin also wirksamer als Plazebo zur Gewichtsreduktion mit insgesamt akzeptablem Sicherheitsprofil. Bei der Therapie mit Cathin müssen allerdings Blutdruck, Herzfrequenz und psychische Änderungen bei jedem einzelnen Patienten gründlich überwacht werden. Unter Beachtung der Kontraindikationen und Warnhinweise in der Fachinformation kommt für eine aktuell zeitlich stark begrenzte Therapie mit Cathin nur eine ausgewählte Population kardiovaskulär, metabolisch und psychisch gesunder adipöser Patienten in Frage.
Nahrungsmittelallergien – Theorie und Praxis
Authors: Jappe Uta 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAllergies manifest differently in every patient: Even when the same allergen source is the causing agent, means of sensitization and complexity of symptoms can vary strongly across patients. This often complicates the prevention, diagnostics and therapy of food allergies – or even makes them impossible. This article gives an overview of the underlying immunological principles of food-allergies, as well as of the current therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
Typ-2-Diabetes ist bei schwerer Adipositas mit einer Verringerung der kardiorespiratorischen Fitness – jedoch nicht der Lungenfunktion – assoziiert
Authors: Spengler Christina , Schultes Bernd , Wilms Britta , Ernst Barbara , Thurnheer Martin 
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Sowohl schwere Formen der Adipositas als auch des Typ-2-Diabetes (T2DM) gehen mit einer verringerten Lungenfunktion und einer schlechteren kardiorespiratorischen Fitness einher. Wir untersuchten, ob das zusätzliche Vorliegen einer T2DM-Erkrankung die bereits beeinträchtigte Lungenfunktion und kardiorespiratorische Fitness bei Personen mit schwerer Adipositas weiter limitiert.
Methoden In dieser Querschnittsstudie wurde die Lungenfunktion (Einsekundenkapazität FEV1; Vitalkapazität, VC) bei 65 Probanden mit schwerer Adipositas und T2DM (T2DM-Gruppe) und 65 schwer adipösen Personen ohne T2DM (Nicht-T2DM-Gruppe), die paarweise nach Geschlecht, Alter, Körpermasse und -größe zugeordent wurden, bestimmt. Bei 30 dieser gematchten Paare wurde die kardiorespiratorische Fitness (maximale Leistung, Wpeak, maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme, V O2peak) im Fahrrad-Stufentest ermittelt.
Ergebnisse Zwischen der T2DM- und der Nicht-T2DM-Gruppe bestanden keine Unterschiede bezüglich FEV1 und VC (alle p ≥ 0,110), wohingegen Wpeak und V O2peak –sowohl absolut als auch relativ zur Körpermasse – in der T2DM-Gruppe signifikant niedriger waren, als in der nicht-T2DM-Gruppe (alle p ≤ 0,030). Objektive Marker der Ausbelastung d. h. die maximale Herzfrequenz und der respiratorische Quotient, unterschieden sich zwischen beiden Gruppen nicht (beide p ≥ 0,245).
Schlussfolgerung Das Vorliegen einer T2DM-Erkrankung bei Personen mit schwerer Adipositas ist mit einer geringeren kardiorespiratorischen Fitness assoziiert, geht jedoch nicht mit einer weiteren Einschränkung der Lungenfunktion einher, im Vergleich zu Personen mit schwerer Adipositas, jedoch ohne T2DM. Obwohl die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen noch nicht vollständig bekannt sind, verdeutlichen diese Befunde das Zusammenspiel von kardiorespiratorischer Fitness und dem Metabolismus, auch bei Personen mit schwerer Adipositas.
On the tertiary instability formalism of zonal flows in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Rath F. , Peeters A. G. , Buchholz R. , Grosshauser S. R. , Seiferling F. , Weikl A. 
Published: May 2018

This paper investigates the so-called tertiary instabilities driven by the zonal flow in gyro-kinetic tokamak core turbulence. The Kelvin Helmholtz instability is first considered within a 2D fluid model and a threshold in the zonal flow wave vector kZF&gt;kZF,c for instability is found. This critical scale is related to the breaking of the rotational symmetry by flux-surfaces, which is incorporated into the modified adiabatic electron response. The stability of undamped Rosenbluth-Hinton zonal flows is then investigated in gyro-kinetic simulations. Absolute instability, in the sense that the threshold zonal flow amplitude tends towards zero, is found above a zonal flow wave vector kZF,cρi≈1.3 (ρi is the ion thermal Larmor radius), which is comparable to the 2D fluid results. Large scale zonal flows with kZF&lt;kZF,c are unstable for sufficiently large amplitudes with increasing trend for an increasing radial scale. However, the critical E × B-shearing rate associated with the stability boundary ωE×B,c exceeds typical values connected to the pure flow state at marginal stability by more than an order of magnitude, which therefore lies deeply in the stable parameter region. Furthermore, the impact of zonal temperature perturbations on the tertiary instability is examined. Although temperature perturbations favor instability, the realistic values of gradient-driven gyro-kinetic simulations still lie deeply in the stable parameter regime. Therefore, the relevance of the tertiary instability as a saturation mechanism to the zonal flow amplitude is questioned, as most of the zonal flow intensity is concentrated in modes satisfying kZF≪kZF,c as well as ωE×B≪ωE×B,c.
At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 11 June 2020.
Rethinking safety issues within the context of pilgrimage routes.
Authors: Fernandes C. , Silva G. , Gómez-Ullate M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

The aim of this chapter is to design a conceptual framework based on the tourism system and apply it to religious tourism and pilgrimage. The framework takes into consideration three fundamental aspects: (1) the concept of pilgrimage and the spiritual fulfilment of traditional religious pilgrims; (2) the changing motivations, needs and behaviour of religious pilgrims and the experience-seeking secular pilgrim; and (3) the factors associated with ensuring that the undertaking of such physical and spiritual journeys takes place in the context of safe and secure environments.
Terrorists and the dehumanization of the other.
Authors: Korstanje M. E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

This chapter discusses the roots of terrorism and its effects in a globalized world. Firstly, some studies within the main literature are placed under scrutiny. The problems states have in keeping fear under control and avoiding domestic chaos are examined. Secondly, the intersection of Islam and terrorism is examined, in order to expand the current understanding of this issue. Thirdly, the problem of instrumentality, which is ingrained in the Western psyche, is addressed. The nature of terrorism is explored together with its targeting of innocent tourists at religious festivals.
Pilgrimage: a distinctive practice.
Authors: LeSueur R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Drawing on more than 25 years' experience facilitating programmes of pilgrimage, the author presents a practical philosophical construct for locating pilgrimage within the spectrum of contemporary travel. A model is presented that consists of horizontal and vertical axes creating four quadrants. The horizontal axis represents a continuum between hardship, risk and privation on the right; and ease, comfort and abundance on the left. The vertical axis represents a continuum between immersion in a local culture at the bottom of the diagram, and the choice of isolation from the local culture at the top. The upper-left quadrant represents the traveller who seeks primarily an experience of comfort and rest. This is the realm of the sun holiday, Club Med and cruise ships. The upper-right quadrant represents the realm of adventure tourism where one primarily seeks experiences of risk and adventure in a particular geography. The lower left represents the realm of cultural tourism where the principle aim is to 'see sites', learn history and encounter the local culture, but also be back at a pleasant hotel by 5 o'clock for cocktails. The lower-right quadrant expresses the intent of pilgrimage: one elects to enter an experience of risk, challenge and even hardship over a sustained process of walking, in anticipation of the unknown, but ready to be changed. The lower-right quadrant, the principal focus of this chapter, highlights the nine characteristics that point to the unique domain of pilgrimage.
Medieval pilgrims in modern times: Buñuel's The Milky Way.
Authors: Smith A. T. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Luis Buñuel's surrealist film The Milky Way (1969) is posited as a modern pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, and it is most often evaluated according to its thematic content or its filmic structure. The film follows two modern pilgrims, Pierre and Jean, as they make their way from Paris to Santiago. Grounded in surrealist film-making practices, the plot ignores conventions of time and space, and the protagonists inexplicably travel across centuries and continents. The film uses the pilgrimage motif as a means of highlighting and examining the principal heresies of the Catholic faith, and the pilgrims Pierre and Jean at times appear to be of peripheral importance as these weighty themes are explored. Pierre and Jean are far from superfluous, however, and although they appear to be quite average 20th-century men, they are in fact emblematic of the pilgrims of the Middle Ages in certain ways. Drawing on examples from the Codex Calixtinus (12th century) and additional documentation of pilgrim life in the Middle Ages, this chapter explores the commonalities that Buñuel's pilgrims from the 1960s share with medieval pilgrims. While contemporary critics have seen Pierre and Jean as reminiscent of Laurel and Hardy, I will consider the similarities between Buñuel's pilgrims and those for whom the Codex Calixtinus was written.
Spain's mystical adventure: walking in the footsteps of Teresa of Ávila.
Authors: Farrelly M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

While promoting Huellas de Teresa, a new pilgrimage route opening in October 2014 to commemorate the fifth centenary of Teresa of Ávila's birth, Spain's Interior Minister Jorge Fernando Díaz remarked that he felt sure the saint, 'from above, where she has great power', would ensure the success of the project just as she was interceding for Spain during these 'tough times'. The minister's comments sparked controversy concerning Spain's increasingly blurred lines between church and state and reignited the tension between the country's dual traditions of mystic spirituality and institutionalized religion. Indeed, Teresa's journey has always been one that traces the lines of intersection between these planes. The interior voyage mapped out in her literary work and her physical journeys around Spain as a foundress of convents combine to produce a uniquely dynamic sacred geography, equipped to shift between planes of metaphorical, physical and virtual experience. However, for nearly 40 years the Francoist regime laid claim to both her literary work and the Discalced Carmelite convents that will now form the main attractions along this new route, robbing Teresa's mystical landscape of its polysemic value in order to assimilate it into a more politically useful, monophonic national narrative. Focusing particularly on filmic representations of the Teresian journey, this chapter considers the new Huellas de Teresa tour in the context of the many attempts to restore semantic dynamism and mystic vitality to the Teresian journey since Spain's transition to democracy.
Dreaming of Al-Quds (Jerusalem): pilgrimage and visioning.
Authors: McIntosh I. S. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

A visioning process pursued by students at Gaza University in a virtual classroom from 2012 to 2014 recognized the potential of pilgrimage to deliver positive outcomes in three critical areas, namely: (i) healing; (ii) marketplace development; and (iii) building a culture of peace. Gaza students were inspired by their shared vision for the future. In 2050 the now forbidden pilgrimage to Al-Quds (Jerusalem) was attracting over 3 million pilgrims from across the Muslim world. This pilgrimage, one of the largest in Islam, was now the cornerstone of a vibrant and sustainable tourist industry in the Gaza Strip, a bridge to interfaith cooperation, and a catalyst for peace in the region. Gaza, in this vision of the future, had itself undergone an astonishing transformation. Its seaport and airport were now among the busiest in the Mediterranean and the gateway for pilgrims and tourists alike. By drawing upon student reflections on the visioning process, and case studies of other pilgrimages - both peace-related and 'forbidden' - this chapter highlights the relationship between this wished-for journey of pilgrims to the sacred centre in Al-Quds and the journey of the Gaza Strip itself from its current state of crisis to its liberation and prosperity.
The land–water nexus: a critical perspective from South Africa
Authors: Marcatelli Michela 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
This article identifies a ‘land–water nexus’ in South Africa, whereby access to water is dependent upon access to land and therefore property relations. It argues that the post-apartheid water reform has strengthened the land–water nexus by causing an overlap of property regimes in water to the benefit of white commercial farmers and by favouring the use of water for accumulation purposes. The case study of the Waterberg is employed to illustrate three specific ways in which the nexus currently manifests, namely water commodification; the tightening of private control over water in private nature conservation; and water access via labour relations.
Reference‐Dependent Hedging: Theory and Evidence from Iowa Corn Producers
Authors: Jacobs Keri L. , Li Ziran , Hayes Dermot J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe develop a theoretical model of optimal hedging that nests expected utility and expected target utility theories. We use this model to characterize optimal hedging with and without reference price dependence. The model's theoretical predictions are tested with a unique database consisting of every forward contract written with a major grain marketing firm by Iowa corn producers over a five‐year period. Our results suggest that a current December futures price higher than a reference price triggers hedging activity. A likely candidate for producers’ reference price is a rolling average of the current futures price. We then use trading activity implied by the producers to determine if they benefit from the way they hedge. The evidence is mixed. Finally, we compare the producer forward contract data to the only publicly available data on producer hedging: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission Disaggregated Commitment of Traders Report (DCOT) for Short Hedgers. A hedge ratio constructed from the open interest in new futures contracts of the DCOT report is highly correlated with the producer hedge series in the Iowa data, providing evidence that DCOT data represent farmers’ hedging behavior reasonably well. This work has important implications for future research that uses the DCOT data, and provides new evidence about producers’ hedging behavior that marketing specialists and extension agents can use to enhance their educational efforts related to risk management.
Lyman continuum leakage versus quenching with the James Webb Space Telescope: the spectral signatures of quenched star formation activity in reionization-epoch galaxies
Authors: Binggeli Christian , Zackrisson Erik , Pelckmans Kristiaan , Cubo Rubén , Jensen Hannes , Shimizu Ikko 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we study the effects of a recent drop in star formation rate (SFR) on the spectra of epoch of reionization (EoR) galaxies, and the resulting degeneracy with the spectral features produced by extreme Lyman continuum leakage. In order to study these effects in the wavelength range relevant for the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we utilize synthetic spectra of simulated EoR galaxies from cosmological simulations together with synthetic spectra of partially quenched mock galaxies. We find that rapid declines in the SFR of EoR galaxies could seriously affect the applicability of methods that utilize the equivalent width of Balmer lines and the ultraviolet spectral slope to assess the escape fraction of EoR galaxies. In order to determine if the aforementioned degeneracy can be avoided by using the overall shape of the spectrum, we generate mock NIRCam observations and utilize a classification algorithm to identify galaxies that have undergone quenching. We find that while there are problematic cases, JWST/NIRCam or NIRSpec should be able to reliably identify galaxies with redshifts z∼ 7 that have experienced a significant decrease in the SFR (by a factor of 10–100) in the past  50–100 Myr with a success rate ${\gtrsim } 85\,{per\,cent}$. We also find that uncertainties in the dust-reddening effects on EoR galaxies significantly affect the performance of the results of the classification algorithm. We argue that studies that aim to characterize the dust extinction law most representative in the EoR would be extremely useful.
Labour shares, employment protection and unions in European economies
Authors: Damiani Mirella , Pompei Fabrizio , Ricci Andrea 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe analyse the role that the liberalization of temporary contracts plays in labour share in some EU countries. The empirical analysis mainly relies on the EUKLEMS database and applies a difference-in-difference approach. Our results, focused on periods of different length (1996–2007 and 1996–2013), show that legislative innovations that favour the extensive use of temporary contracts negatively affect the labour share, likely because they lower employees’ average compensations. We hypothesize that these labour reforms, which lead to enduring skill deficits, thus failing to halt the erosion of the labour share of previous decades.