bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planted Loblolly Pine Survival and Growth Responses to Herbaceous Vegetation Control
Authors: Yeiser Jimmie L. , Williams Richard A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Plots in 13 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established on sandy or sandy-loam soils in SE Oklahoma and SW Arkansas received herbaceous vegetation control using hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl. Treatments consisted of a one-time herbicide application over-the-top of loblolly pine seedlings by one of three methods: spot, band, or broadcast. At the end of 1 and 5 growing seasons, data were collected for survival, height, and diameter growth and compared for seedlings in areas untreated and treated for herbaceous vegetation control. Only data corresponding to herbicide rates and application methods labeled for use today are included in data analysis. When compared with untreated checks, seedlings treated for herbaceous vegetation control exhibited significant increases in first-year survival at 11 sites and in height and groundline diameter (GLD) at 12 of the 13 test sites. At the end of 1 growing season, herbaceous vegetation control provided mean seedling increases of 16.7%, 0.4 ft, and 0.1 in. for survival, height, and GLD, respectively. After 5 growing seasons, advantages from herbaceous vegetation control had increased with significant differences existing in survival, height, and diameter at breast height (dbh) on 10 of 11 test sites, as 2 sites were lost to wildfire. Numerically, treatment differences had increased to 18.4%, 2.4 ft, and 0.6 in. for survival, height, and dbh, respectively. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):53-57.
Global Positioning System (GPS) Accuracies in Eastern U.S. Deciduous and Conifer Forests
Authors: Deckert Christopher J. , Bolstad Paul V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study determined horizontal positional errors when using C/A code GPS receivers under forest canopies and in varied terrain. Positional errors were evaluated for a total of 18 sites: three sites for each of six combinations of canopy (conifer, hardwood) and terrain (ridge, slope, valley). Ten replicates were collected at each site for each of 60, 200, and 500 position fixes. Differentially corrected positional accuracies from conifer sites averaged 18.4 ft, which was significantly greater than the 14.5 ft observed for hardwood sites. For differentially corrected data, positional errors generally increased from ridgetop to valley positions. - Errors decreased when the number of position fixes was increased. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):81-84.
Herbicide Release of 3-Year-Old Loblolly Pine from Competing Hardwoods in Arkansas
Authors: Quicke Harold E. , Glover Glenn R. , Lauer Dwight K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Objectives were to identify effective late-summer and spring herbicide treatments for the release of 3-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from competing hardwoods and to quantify longer term pine growth response to varying levels of hardwood control. Effective late-summer treatments included imazapyr at 1.0 and 0.5 lb ae/ac, imazapyr at 0.5 lb ae/ac in combination with glyphosate at 1.125 lb ae/ac, and imazapyr at 0.25 lb ae/ac with surfactant. The best spring treatment was hexazinone at 2.0 lb ai/ac. Although spring imazapyr treatments stunted pine height growth 2 growing seasons after treatment, height growth had recovered by age 10. Late-summer imazapyr treatments provided better hardwood control than spring treatments. Although check plot hardwood basal area averaged 9 ft2/ac, and winged elm (a species known to be tolerant to imazapyr) was the predominant hardwood species at treatment, pine basal area response to treatment ranged from 6 to 27 ft2/ac at age 10. Pine response increased with imazapyr rate for late-summer treatments. Adding hexazinone to imazapyr did not improve hardwood control, and no benefits were observed from adding metsulfuron to either glyphosate or hexazinone. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3): 121-126.
Removal of Competing Vegetation from Established Loblolly Pine Plantations Increases Growth on Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain Sites
Authors: Fortson James C. , Shiver Barry D. , Shackelford Lois 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A series of paired plots was installed in loblolly pine plantations at 42 locations in Georgia's Piedmont and Alabama's Piedmont and Coastal Plain. One plot of each pair had all competing vegetation eliminated. The other plot was left as an uncontrolled check. Locations were stratified over two age classes (5-9 and 12-16 yr old) and three slope positions (top, midslope, and bottom). Analysis of 33 surviving locations 8 yr after treatment revealed a positive treatment effect for both individual tree (dbh and total height) and stand characteristics (basal area per acre, total volume per acre, and merchantable volume per acre). There was no difference in volume response between age classes. Slope position was not significant for the individual tree variables, but was significant for the stand variables, with midslopes responding most positively followed by bottom and then top slope positions. Over all locations, the average treatment response was approximately ½ cord/ac/yr. Economic analyses indicate that the magnitude of the response will be economical for many stumpage prices, particularly on midslope and bottom slope positions, in plantations where access and species composition make herbicide spraying possible. South J. Appl. For. 20(4):188-192.
Mulching Improves Early Growth of Four Oak Species in Plantation Establishment
Authors: Adams J. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of mulching, with black plastic, paper, and hay on water, Shumard, Nuttall, and cherrybark oak were studied in a plantation established in a typical small landowner planting. The study was designed to determine if selected oak seedlings could be planted and compete successfully against herbaceous and wild seedling competition when mulches were used. Mulch effects on growth were positive with each mulch type on each species. In cherrybark and Shumard oak, the treatment effects for height, diameter, and aboveground seedling volume were significant (P < 0.05). Plastic and/or hay mulch improved water oak and Shumard oak early development. Paper and/or hay improved the development of cherrybark, and plastic and/or hay improved the early development of Nuttall. In all growth variables, the untreated control and herbicide treatments were the poorest. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):44-46.
A Survival Rate Model for Naturally Regenerated Longleaf Pine
Authors: Quicke Harold E. , Meldahl Ralph S. , Kush John S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An individual tree annual survival rate model was developed for naturally regenerated, even-aged longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Development was based on 44,000 survival observations on 15,000 trees occurring on 202 permanent sample plots located in central and southern Alabama, southern Mississippi, southwest Georgia, and northern Florida. Variables used in the model were predicted diameter increment and diameter at breast height (dbh). Predicted annual survival rates ranged from 0.92 for a tree with a 1 in. dbh and an annual diameter increment of O.05 in., to over 0.99 for any tree larger than 6 in. in dbh. Stand level verification was based on 102 comparisons of observed and predicted trees per acre (tpa). Mean residuals, expressed as a percentage of observed final tpa, were 3% and 6% for projection periods of 5 and 10 yr, respectively. The model predicts noncatastrophic mortality. In conjunction with a basal area increment model, it can be used to predict changes in the structure of longleaf pine stands. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):97-101.
Oak Regeneration in the Southern Appalachians: Potential, Problems, and Possible Solutions
Authors: Cook James E. , Sharik Terry L. , Smith David Wm. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite the large volumes written about "oak regeneration problems" on mesic sites, very little has been presented on the extent of regional variation in oak regeneration. In this review article, we examine several important facets of oak regeneration for the Southern Appalachian region. We conclude that: (1) the amount of reproduction (seedlings and/or sprouts) is seldom a limiting factor because these oak forests have an average advance regeneration density of more than 9000/ha; (2) about 75% of all oak stems sprout after harvesting, which; (3) makes stump sprouts a major source of oak regeneration and a more important component than in the Midwest; (4) harvesting usually leads to an increase in the number of oak seedlings on a site (mean density for the first 3 yr equals 15,750/ha); (5) on sites of SI50 = 17-19m, oaks typically make up 25-40% of the canopy 2-3 decades after a harvest; (6) on sites of SI > 20m, clearcutting leads to very low levels (~10%) of oak representation in the subsequent forest, whereas a shelterwood harvest will result in 25-30% oak abundance; and (7) a harvest of an oak-dominated forest, without any other treatments, will lead to a 50-70% decline in oak. These results suggest that there is ample potential to regenerate current oak forests to oak, but new trials are needed with more species and on a greater range of sites. Increasing the size of the advance regeneration and maximizing stump sprouting are two ways to increase the amount of oak after harvest. However, regeneration cuts by themselves will not assure maintenance of the oak component; several treatments that have shown promise—midstory manipulation, fire, and weeding—are recommended for further study. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):11-18.
Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Growth in a Sweetgum Plantation in Southeastern Arkansas
Authors: Guo Yanfei , Lockhart Brian R. , Ku Tim T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization (nitrogen only, phosphorus only, nitrogen + phosphorus, and no fertilizer) on the growth of a sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) plantation were tested in a poorly drained Henry silt loam soil in southeastern Arkansas. The plantation was fertilized when 4 yr old. Nitrogen fertilization increased height, dbh, and stem volume growth 1 yr after the application, and the mean height, dbh, and stem volume were significantly greater for the trees with nitrogen fertilization than for the trees without nitrogen fertilization through 10 yr. Phosphorus alone did not affect tree growth. However, height growth was improved by the combination of nitrogen and phosphorus eight yr after fertilization. Nitrogen also increased crown width and length through the first 4 yr, but crown width and length were similar among treatments after crown closure occurred by 13 yr. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):163-168.
Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) Provenance and Progeny Performance in Oklahoma
Authors: Tauer C.G. , Shah Syed Rashid Hussain , Schmidtling R.C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One hundred and twenty-three open-pollinated families from 38 stands of Virginia pine were tested in Oklahoma. Height and survival data at age 5 for two Christmas tree plantations and at age 5 and 7 for two progeny test plantations were analyzed. In the Christmas tree tests, four stands from North Carolina, three from Tennessee, and one each from Alabama, Kentucky, South Carolina, and Virginia were identified as good seed sources for Christmas tree production. The progeny test analyses identified two stands from each of North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia, and one each from Kentucky and South Carolina as good seed sources based on age 7 data. One stand from each of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee were exceptional in both test types. Significant family in stand differences for both height and survival suggests that selection of the best families in the best stands will be an important component of improvement of Virginia pine for Christmas tree production. Based on both height and survival data, and a regression of height on average yearly minimum temperature at the source, the best performing sources and families were from North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, northern South Carolina, southern Virginia, and southeast Kentucky, all located near or between minimum temperature isotherms of 0° and 5°F. These sources are recommended for use in Oklahoma. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):209-215.
Bedding and Fertilization Ameliorate Effects of Designated Wet-Weather Skid Trails after Four Years for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Plantations
Authors: Aust W. Michael , Burger James A. , McKee William H. , Scheerer Gregory A. , Tippett Mark D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wet-weather harvesting operations on wet pine fiats can cause soil disturbances that may reduce long-term site productivity. Site preparation and fertilization are often recommended as ameliorative practices for such disturbances, but few studies have actually quantified their effects on restoration. The purposes of this study were to quantify the effects of wet-weather harvest traffic in designated skid trails on soil properties and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growth, and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of site preparation. Study sites were established on wet pine flats of the lower Coastal Plain within the Francis Marion National Forest (Berkeley County, SC). Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot within a randomized complete block design. Treatments were two levels of traffic (nontrafficked, trafficked), four levels of mechanical site preparation (none, disking, bedding, disking + bedding), and two levels of fertilization (none, 337 kg /ha of 10-10-10 fertilizer). initially, the trafficking increased soil bulk densities and reduced soil water movement and subsequent growth of loblolly pine (years 1 and 2). Bedding combined with fertilization restored site productivity to non trafficked levels within 4 yr, but disking or fertilization treatments alone were not effective at ameliorating the traffic effects. The effectiveness of the bedding and fertilization treatments for amelioration of traffic effects was probably facilitated by the relatively small area of disturbed skid trails (<10%) found on these sites. Areas having more severe disturbance or higher percentages of disturbance might not be ameliorated as rapidly. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):222-226.
Needle-Clipping Longleaf Pine and Top-Pruning Loblolly Pine in Bareroot Nurseries
Authors: South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Studies have shown that clipping needles of longleaf pine before outplanting can increase average seedling survival by 13 percentage points. Under some situations, the increase in survival might be due to a reduction in transpiration. For loblolly pine, top-pruning in the nursery might increase average survival by 6 percentage points. Benefits of pruning appear greater when seedlings experience stress after planting and when nonpruned seedlings have low root weight ratios (root dry weight/total seedling dry weight). On some droughty sites, a seedling with a 0.3 root weight ratio might have an 80% chance of survival, while a seedling with a 0.2 root weight ratio might only have a 53% chance of survival. In most studies where heights were measured after 3 yr in the field, pruned seedlings were the same height as nonpruned seedlings (± 7 cm). South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):235-240.
Influence of Planting Density on Diameter and Height in East Texas Pine Plantations
Authors: Lee Young-Jin , Lenhart J. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The response of diameter and height of unthinned planted stands loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine in East Texas to different classes of planting densities were analyzed. After tracking the development of diameter and height for 15 yr on a set of permanent plots representing a broad range of plantation parameters, average diameter and average height trends were observed. For both species, average diameter values were significantly larger with lower planting densities. In contrast, average height growth is insensitive to planting density at younger age classes for loblolly and at older age classes for slash pine plantations. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):241-244.
Nursery Rooting and Growth of Loblolly Pine Cuttings: Effects of Rooting Solution and Full-Sib Family
Authors: Frampton L. John , Goldfarb Barry , Surles Scott E. , Lambeth Clements C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This research examined the effects of various rooting solutions and full-sib families on the rooting ability and subsequent growth and morphology of dormant loblolly pine stem cuttings set directly into open nursery beds. Two recommended concentrations of a commercial rooting compound (Woods Rooting Compound®), 9 and 17% (10:1 and 5:1 dilutions, respectively), and a water control in combination with four boron and four thiamine concentrations were tested. The 9% concentration contained 924 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA ) + 594 ppm α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) while the 17% concentration contained 1751 ppm IBA + 1122 ppm NAA. Family, rooting compound concentration, and their interaction were significant, while boron and thiamine main effects were not significant for percent rooted nor other traits assessed.
Overall, 75% of cuttings treated with the water control rooted while cuttings receiving the 9 and 17% rooting compound concentrations rooted at 64 and 55%, respectively. However, the root systems of cuttings receiving the rooting compound treatments were more symmetrical, more vertically oriented and had greater dry weights than cuttings receiving the water control treatment. In addition, basal stem caliper and shoot dry weight, as well as the root:shoot ratio, were greater for cuttings receiving the rooting compound treatments.
The trade-offs between rooting percent and root system morphology were addressed by investigating treatment differences in final crop yields as a percent of cuttings set. When seedling caliper standards were used as the grading criteria, no rooted cuttings were culled. Under this scenario, the water control treatment yielded the highest percent of acceptable (combined Grades 1 and 2) rooted cuttings (75%) since it also yielded the highest rooting percent. The range in yield of acceptable rooted cuttings for the five full-sib families receiving the water control treatment was 58 to 84%. When additional root system standards were imposed upon the caliper grades, the 9% rooting compound concentration yielded the highest percent of acceptable rooted cuttings (53%). The range in acceptable yields of the five full-sib families receiving the 9% rooting compound treatment when the additional root system grading standards were imposed, was 35 to 79%.
A better understanding of the trade-offs between rooting percent and root system morphology as well as the effect of root system morphology on long-term growth of cuttings is needed. However, the rooted cuttings produced in this study by directly setting cuttings into open nursery beds exceeded commonly used seedling grading standards. While production costs were not addressed in this study, and significant additional development is needed, these results provide encouragement that an economical system of rooting loblolly pine cuttings in open nursery beds may be feasible. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):108-115.
Three Methods for Low-cost Regeneration of Pine—Hardwood Stands in the Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Jones Robert H. , Glover Glenn R. , Kimbrell James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seedtree, clearcut-and-plant, and fell-burn-and-plant methods were applied to three mature, mixed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)-upland hardwood stands at the Dixon Forestry Education Center in southern Alabama. One to two years after treatment, all methods resulted in adequate stocking (> 100 trees/ac) of loblolly pine, laurel oak (Quercus hemisphaerica Batr. Ex Wild.) and other oak species. Clearcut-and-plant resulted in more laurel oaks than loblolly pines while fell-burn-and-plant had the opposite effect. Relatively high densities of both species occurred in the seed tree. In the first two years after harvest, fell-burn-and-plant had the lowest litter cover. All treatments had greater rates of surface soil movement than untreated controls. Six-to-seven years after methods were applied, loblolly pine and laurel oak maintained their dominance in all treatments, although loblolly pine had greater mean height and a greater proportion of stems in larger size classes. Density of oaks more than 4.5 feet tall 6 to 7 yr after harvest were predictable from pre-harvest surveys of total oak density. If adequate densities of pine seed and advance oak regeneration are in place at time of harvest, any of these low cost methods can provide successful regeneration of mixed pine-oak stands on Coastal Plain uplands. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):37-44.
Public Preferences for Nontimber Benefits of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Stands Regenerated by Different Site Preparation Methods
Authors: Gan Jianbang , Kolison Stephen H. , Miller James H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study assesses public preferences for nontimber benefits of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands regenerated 15 yr earlier using different site preparation treatments at national forest and industrial forestry sites. Treatments tested on the Tuskegee National Forest were none, chainsaw felling, tree injection, and soil-active herbicide. At the industrial site, experimental treatments included chopping and burning, followed by no additional treatment, woody control, herbaceous control, and total control. Both sites were planted with loblolly pine seedlings. Two user surveys employing color photography were conducted to identify the respondents' ratings of the young stands in terms of perceived nontimber benefits, including aesthetics, picnicking, hiking/walking/cycling, camping, hunting, bird watching, wildlife habitat, and biodiversity. The site preparation treatments were rated without consideration of the treatment cost and its distribution. Results indicate that the respondents preferred the minimal or no treatment options at both study sites. The respondents' preferences were significantly affected by their age, education, income, employment status, and living distance from the experimental sites, but not gender. Respondents considered wildlife habitat as the most important benefit and hunting as the least important. Most of the respondents also felt that both national forests and industrial forests should be managed for nontimber as well as timber products. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):145-149.
Growth of Three Hardwood Species Through 18 Years on a Former Agricultural Bottomland
Authors: Devine Warren D. , Houston Allan E. , Tyler Donald D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of seed source, fertilization, disking, and mowing on the growth of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) were examined 18 yr after planting to determine the best system for afforestation of a previously farmed bottomland site in southwest Tennessee. Natural regeneration on the site as well as variations in soil bulk density and soil series were analyzed. Overall survival was significantly higher for sweetgum (93%) and green ash (95%) than for sycamore (88%). Height growth of sweetgum was significantly greater than that of sycamore, which was significantly greater than that of green ash. Sycamore and sweetgum of Virginia Coastal Plain origin did not differ from those of Louisiana Gulf Coast origin in growth or survival. Height and dbh of all three species were significantly increased by fertilization only on plots that were not also disked or mowed. Disking and mowing significantly increased the growth of unfertilized trees more than that of fertilized trees. Natural regeneration resulted in dense stands (3,445 trees/ac) dominated by sweetgum. The combination of fertilization and mowing significantly increased soil bulk density. Soils on the study site were more variable than previous county soil surveys indicated. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):159-165.