bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrast and luminance adaptation alter neuronal coding and perception of stimulus orientation
Authors: Ghodrati Masoud , Zavitz Elizabeth , Rosa Marcello G. P. , Price Nicholas S. C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSensory systems face a barrage of stimulation that continually changes along multiple dimensions. These simultaneous changes create a formidable problem for the nervous system, as neurons must dynamically encode each stimulus dimension, despite changes in other dimensions. Here, we measured how neurons in visual cortex encode orientation following changes in luminance and contrast, which are critical for visual processing, but nuisance variables in the context of orientation coding. Using information theoretic analysis and population decoding approaches, we find that orientation discriminability is luminance and contrast dependent, changing over time due to firing rate adaptation. We also show that orientation discrimination in human observers changes during adaptation, in a manner consistent with the neuronal data. Our results suggest that adaptation does not maintain information rates per se, but instead acts to keep sensory systems operating within the limited dynamic range afforded by spiking activity, despite a wide range of possible inputs.
Early responses given distinct tactics to infection of Peronophythora litchii in susceptible and resistant litchi cultivar
Authors: Sun Jinhua , Cao Lulu , Li Huanling , Wang Guo , Wang Shujun , Li Fang , Zou Xiaoxiao , Wang Jiabao 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLitchi downy blight, a destructive litchi disease caused by Peronophythora litchii, is controlled by intensive fungicide applying. Sources of resistance are used in conventional breeding approaches, but the mechanism is not well understood. Follow-up six years investigation, ‘Guiwei’ and ‘Heiye’ displayed stable susceptible and resistant against to P. litchii, respectively. After 72 hour inoculation, ‘Heiye’ showed few disease spots, while ‘Guiwei’ appeared brown and covered with white sporangia. Germination of sporangia and growth of mycelium in ‘Guiwei’ is more quickly than in ‘Heiye’. Transcript levels were measured at 6, 24, and 48 hour post-inoculation. ‘Oxidation-reduction process’ was dramatically enhanced in ‘Heiye’, which could promote its resistance to pathogen infection. A small ratio (3.78%) of common DEGs indicates that resistant and susceptible cultivars take different strategies to defense against P. litchii. At early infection stage, ‘Heiye’ induced a larger number of genes, including seven receptor-like kinases, which quickly recognized attack of pathogen and led to a rapidly resistance by regulation of degradation of proteasome, transcription factors, and cell wall remodeling. The early DGEs were exiguous in ‘Guiwei’, suggesting a weak response. Once the infection was successful, the resistance was repressed by down-regulated genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism, ET biosynthesis and signaling conduction in ‘Guiwei’. In conclusion, quickly recognition and early responses to pathogen, as well as minimal pathogen development and basal expression of resistance-related genes, were correlated with a high level of resistance in ‘Heiye’, while susceptible ‘Guiwei’ suffered massive infection due to lagging response and repressed signal transduction.
Recurrence Rate and Relevant Associated Factors of Stroke among Patients with Small Artery Occlusion in Northern China
Authors: Zhang Ying , Guan Yalin , Zhang Yajing , Liu Shuling , Zheng Man , Wang Min , Su Wenhua , Wu Hao 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSmall artery occlusion (SAO) is responsible for 31.3% of all ischemic strokes in China. However, reports regarding the recurrence rate of SAO in China are rare. We aimed to assess the recurrence rate and factors associated with SAO in China. All consecutive patients with SAO hospitalized at Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from 2005 to 2014 were recruited. We assessed the association between stroke subtype, severity, and disease history with recurrence at 3, 12, and 36 months of onset using multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 2,524 SAO patients were included in this study, including 1696 (67.2%) men and 828 (32.8%) women. The recurrence rates were 3.1% at 3 months, 12.7% at 12 months, and 36.5% at 36 months. Compared with women, men had a higher risk of recurrence at 3 months after SAO (P = 0.003). Old age and severity of stroke were also associated with a higher risk of recurrence (P < 0.05). Patients with an elevated C-reactive protein had a higher risk of recurrence at 12 months (P = 0.003). On the other hand, the risk of recurrence at 12 months was 39% lower in patients who consumed alcohol than in those who did not (P = 0.037). Hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and obesity were independent risk factors of recurrence at 36 months. These findings suggest that modification of risk factors in patients with SAO, particularly men, is essential for reducing the rate of recurrence and the overall burden of stroke in China.
Metal- and solvent-free synthesis of amides using substitute formamides as an amino source under mild conditions
Authors: Zhang Feng , Li Lesong , Zhang Jingyu , Gong Hang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study described an efficient and practical approach for amide synthesis. The reaction was conducted under metal- and solvent-free conditions at a mild temperature (40 °C) in air, and readily available formamides were used as an amino source. This reaction can be easily upgraded to the gram level with an excellent yield.
Experimental Investigation of Damage Formation in Planar Fibrous Networks During Stretching
Authors: Sipos Evelin , Kaneko Tatsuo , Zrinyi Miklós 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper presents the results of unidirectional strain-controlled experiments on fibrous electrospun networks used to study damage formation during elongation. The experimental loading curve shows a symmetrical parabolic type dependence at large scale and saw tooth-like force−extension behaviour at small scale. The damage formation was quantified by determining the number and the magnitude of abrupt force drops. The experiments evidenced that damage evolution is a consequence of strain induced random events. The frequency distribution of the number of damages as well as the magnitude of rupture force were represented by histograms. The results of the present study provide a better insight into damage tolerance and complex nonlinear tensile properties of electrospun networks. In addition, it could suggest a possible probabilistic approach to the fiber bundle model which has mainly motivated this study.
Alignment-free similarity analysis for protein sequences based on fuzzy integral
Authors: Saw Ajay Kumar , Tripathy Binod Chandra , Nandi Soumyadeep 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSequence comparison is an essential part of modern molecular biology research. In this study, we estimated the parameters of Markov chain by considering the frequencies of occurrence of the all possible amino acid pairs from each alignment-free protein sequence. These estimated Markov chain parameters were used to calculate similarity between two protein sequences based on a fuzzy integral algorithm. For validation, our result was compared with both alignment-based (ClustalW) and alignment-free methods on six benchmark datasets. The results indicate that our developed algorithm has a better clustering performance for protein sequence comparison.
90Y-NM600 targeted radionuclide therapy induces immunologic memory in syngeneic models of T-cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Hernandez Reinier , Walker Kirsti L. , Grudzinski Joseph J. , Aluicio-Sarduy Eduardo , Patel Ravi , Zahm Christopher D. , Pinchuk Anatoly N. , Massey Christopher F. , Bitton Ariana N. , Brown Ryan J. , Sondel Paul M. , Morris Zachary S. , Engle Jonathan W. , Capitini Christian M. , Weichert Jamey P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFinding improved therapeutic strategies against T-cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) remains an unmet clinical need. We implemented a theranostic approach employing a tumor-targeting alkylphosphocholine (NM600) radiolabeled with 86Y for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and 90Y for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) of T-cell NHL. PET imaging and biodistribution performed in mouse models of T-cell NHL showed in vivo selective tumor uptake and retention of 86Y-NM600. An initial toxicity assessment examining complete blood counts, blood chemistry, and histopathology of major organs established 90Y-NM600 safety. Mice bearing T-cell NHL tumors treated with 90Y-NM600 experienced tumor growth inhibition, extended survival, and a high degree of cure with immune memory toward tumor reestablishment. 90Y-NM600 treatment was also effective against disseminated tumors, improving survival and cure rates. Finally, we observed a key role for the adaptive immune system in potentiating a durable anti-tumor response to TRT, especially in the presence of microscopic disease.
Selective prebiotic synthesis of phosphoroaminonitriles and aminothioamides in neutral water
Authors: Ashe Kathryn , Fernández-García Christian , Corpinot Merina K. , Coggins Adam J. , Bučar Dejan-Krešimir , Powner Matthew W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe central and conserved role of peptides in extant biology suggests that they played an important role during the origins of life. Strecker amino acid synthesis appears to be prebiotic, but the high pKaH of ammonia (pKaH = 9.2) necessitates high pH reaction conditions to realise efficient synthesis, which places difficult environmental constraints on prebiotic amino acid synthesis. Here we demonstrate that diamidophosphate reacts efficiently with simple aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide in water at neutral pH to afford N-phosphoro-aminonitriles. N-Phosphoro-aminonitrile synthesis is highly selective for aldehydes; ketones give poor conversion. N-Phosphoro-aminonitriles react with hydrogen sulfide at neutral pH to furnish aminothioamides. The high yield (73%–Quant.) of N-phosphoro-aminonitriles at neutral pH, and their selective transformations, may provide new insights into prebiotic amino acid synthesis and activation.
Harnessing ferroelectric domains for negative capacitance
Authors: Luk’yanchuk I. , Tikhonov Y. , Sené A. , Razumnaya A. , Vinokur V. M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA pressing quest for overcoming Boltzmann tyranny in low-power nanoscale electronics ignited an extensive search for the devices possessing the negative circuit constants. The emergent concept of the ferroelectric-based negative capacitance triggered then the explosive activity in the field. However, most of the research addressed transient negative capacitance, leaving the basic question of the existence of the steady-state negative capacitance unresolved. Here, we show that the ferroelectric nanodot capacitor hosts a stable two-domain state realizing the static reversible negative capacitance device thus opening routes for the extensive use of the negative capacitance in domain wall-based nanoelectronics.
Galactic H I supershells: kinetic energies and possible origin
Authors: Suad L. A. , Caiafa C. F. , Cichowolski S. , Arnal E. M. 
Published: February 2019

Context. The Milky Way, when viewed in the neutral hydrogen line emission, presents large structures called Galactic supershells (GSs). The origin of these structures is still a subject of debate. The most common scenario invoked is the combined action of strong winds from massive stars and their subsequent explosion as supernova.
Aims. The aim of this work is to determine the origin of 490 GSs that belong to the catalogue of H I supershell candidates in the outer part of the Galaxy.
Methods. To know the physical processes that took place to create these expanding structures, it is necessary to determine their kinetic energies. To obtain all the GS masses, we developed and used an automatic algorithm, which was tested on 95 GSs whose masses were also estimated by hand.
Results. The estimated kinetic energies of the GSs vary from 1 × 1047 to 3.4 × 1051 erg. Considering an efficiency of 20% for the conversion of mechanical stellar wind energy into the kinetic energy of the GSs, the estimated values of the GS energies could be reached by stellar OB associations. For the GSs located at high Galactic latitudes, the possible mechanism for their creation could be attributed to collision with high velocity clouds (HVC). We have also analysed the distribution of GSs in the Galaxy, showing that at low Galactic latitudes, |b| < 2°, most of the structures in the third Galactic quadrant seem to be projected onto the Perseus Arm. The detection of GSs at very high distances from the Galactic centre may be attributed to diffuse gas associated with the circumgalactic medium of M31 and to intra-group gas in the Local Group filament.
Beeinflussung der equinen Mikrobiota durch Fütterung und
Probiotika: aktueller Stand der Forschung und rechtliche
Grundlagen
Authors: Langner Katharina , Vervuert Ingrid 
Published: February 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Mikrobiota im Dickdarm des Pferdes ist ein komplexes Gefüge, das durch die
Fütterung stark beeinflusst werden kann. So führt beispielsweise die Fütterung
eines stärkereichen Kraftfutters zum Anstieg von Bakterien, die Stärke
fermentieren und Laktat produzieren, während sich die Anzahl der für die
Faserverdauung zuständigen zellulolytischen Bakterien reduziert. Zur Optimierung
der bakteriellen Mikrobiota werden vielfach Probiotika eingesetzt, um
beispielsweise den potenziell negativen Einfluss stärkereicher Rationen zu
minimieren. Für das Pferd sind in der Europäischen Union zurzeit lediglich
verschiedene Stämme der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) als
Probiotikum zugelassen. In-vivo-Studien bei adulten Pferden konnten jedoch keine
eindeutigen Effekte einer SC-Supplementation nachweisen.
Effective antimicrobial resistance communication: the role of information design
Authors: Walker Sue 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGetting the message across about the dangers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and how to prevent it is a global priority. This article discusses the role of information design in the effective communication of information about AMR, and suggests that the design process—user input, iteration and consideration of circumstances of use—is key to successful communication. To illustrate this, using material from the Otto and Marie Neurath Isotype Collection at the University of Reading, this article considers the work of Otto and Marie Neurath who developed the Isotype system for visual education in the 1920s. They collaborated with scientists, writers and illustrators to ensure that messages were both accurate and relevant for their intended audiences, so that people could make their own decisions based on factual explanation. Their use of pictograms and schematic illustrations, consistent use of colours to represent meaning, and carefully considered relationships between text and image provided a distinctive visual ‘look and feel’. The charts designed by the Neuraths to educate people about health included a series made in the 1930s for the US National Tuberculosis Association to explain the dangers of, and how to prevent TB. This article reviews how these charts were designed, including the designated role of the ‘transformer’ who worked to ensure that scientific facts were presented in an understandable form. The way of working and the verbal and graphic characteristics of the charts deserve serious consideration for effective communication of information about AMR today. Particularly relevant are the use of schematic images using scale and simplification to attract attention, the use of story-telling to engage people, not overwhelming readers with too much information, and using straightforward language. The article asserts that cross-disciplinary working is key to successful explanation about the dangers of AMR. It illustrates this with reference to a research project, influenced by the Isotype approach to public health communication, that brings together academics and practitioners in information design, architecture, ergonomics and human factors, and pharmacy in communicating information about AMR to people using community pharmacies.
Expert assessments of the cost and expected future performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells for vehicles
Authors: Whiston Michael M. , Azevedo Inês L. , Litster Shawn , Whitefoot Kate S. , Samaras Constantine , Whitacre Jay F. 
Published: February 2019

Significance
We offer an assessment of the cost and performance of automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Informed by expert opinion, our study characterizes the uncertainty associated with PEMFCs’ future trajectory, identifies barriers to improving cost and performance, and prioritizes research and development (R&D) areas. Our results could be used to inform technology roadmaps and future R&D funding. Experts suggested that PEMFCs would meet the ultimate cost and performance targets of the US Department of Energy (DOE) but would fall short of the DOE’s 2020 cost target. Furthermore, our results could serve as inputs into cost models. Fuel cell electric vehicles’ capital and life cycle costs could be calculated and compared with those of other vehicles.
Advantaged socioeconomic conditions in childhood are associated with higher cognitive functioning but stronger cognitive decline in older age
Authors: Aartsen Marja J. , Cheval Boris , Sieber Stefan , Van der Linden Bernadette W. , Gabriel Rainer , Courvoisier Delphine S. , Guessous Idris , Burton-Jeangros Claudine , Blane David , Ihle Andreas , Kliegel Matthias , Cullati Stéphane 
Published: February 2019

Significance
There is increasing evidence that socioeconomic conditions early in life have an impact on cognitive functioning in later life. Based on the large longitudinal sample from SHARE we find a clear pattern in cognitive functioning in old age, related to childhood socioeconomic conditions: Those from more affluent households show higher levels of fluid intelligence in old age and experience stronger decline over time in executive functions. The latter phenomenon is not often documented. Although modifications in cognitive functioning with aging are inevitable, life course socioeconomic circumstances impact the timing of this process. We conclude that the etiology of cognitive aging is the result of multiple social processes, defined by the socioeconomic conditions in childhood and all along the life course.
Aligning research with policy and practice for sustainable agricultural land systems in Europe
Authors: Scown Murray W. , Winkler Klara J. , Nicholas Kimberly A. 
Published: February 2019

Significance
Research, policy, and practice should be integrated to understand, guide, and implement the changes necessary to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, from an analysis of research literature, policy indicators, and assessment tools for agriculture in Europe, we find that more than half of the 239 variables identified are currently used by only one of these perspectives. We identify a limited set of 32 variables that all three perspectives share and suggest these can be a starting point for designing future research to more comprehensively analyze trade-offs and identify opportunities for achieving the SDGs. Our method for assessing differences among perspectives in research, policy, and practice is a way to balance and implement sustainability goals for sectors and regions.
Direct observation of individual tubulin dimers binding to growing microtubules
Authors: Mickolajczyk Keith J. , Geyer Elisabeth A. , Kim Tae , Rice Luke M. , Hancock William O. 
Published: February 2019

Significance
Microtubule polymerization dynamics are fundamental to cell migration and cell division, where they are targets for chemotherapy drugs. Despite significant progress, the precise structural and biochemical events occurring at growing microtubule tips are not well defined, and better understanding is necessary for discriminating mechanisms of microtubule dynamics regulation in cells. Here, we visualize individual tubulin subunits reversibly and irreversibly interacting with dynamic microtubule tips, and thereby directly measure tubulin plus-tip kinetics. By analyzing plus-tip residence times of wild-type and mutant tubulin, we characterize the relative contributions of longitudinal (along protofilaments) and lateral (between protofilaments) bond energies to microtubule growth. This work provides insight into microtubule tip structure and potential modes of microtubule dynamics regulation.
SHARPIN at the nexus of integrin, immune, and inflammatory signaling in human platelets
Authors: Kasirer-Friede Ana , Tjahjono Winson , Eto Koji , Shattil Sanford J. 
Published: February 2019

SignificancePlatelets are professional hemostatic and immune cells. Integrin αIIbβ3 is required for fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation, but its role in immune/inflammatory responses is poorly understood. We identified interactions between αIIbβ3 and SHARPIN, a requisite member of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), which mediates Met1 ubiquitination of signaling proteins. Using human platelets and megakaryocyte-lineage cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, we find that SHARPIN is expressed in platelets and associates either with αIIb to suppress αIIbβ3 activation or with LUBAC to promote Met1 ubiquitination and NF-κB activation. Knockdown of SHARPIN in the megakaryocyte/platelet lineage not only primes αIIbβ3 for fibrinogen binding, but also increases MHC class I presentation and proinflammatory sCD40L release. Thus, SHARPIN functions at the nexus of αIIbβ3 and immune/inflammatory signaling in platelets.
HTS-SQUID vector magnetometer with low crosstalk configuration
Authors: Tsukamoto Akira , Hato Tsunehiro , Adachi Seiji , Oshikubo Yasuo , Tanabe Keiichi , Motoori Masayuki , Ueda Satoshi , Watanabe Hidehisa , Ishikawa Hidehiro , Okada Chikara , Yamazaki Tomohiro 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We propose an HTS-SQUID vector magnetometer with a new configuration reducing the crosstalk between a pickup coil of one SQUID and feedback coils of other SQUIDs. The new configuration is designed to mount three SQUIDs at symmetric positions where the crosstalk should be ideally zero while keeping minimal height of a probe head. In an actual HTS-SQUID magnetometer, however, either pickup coil or feedback coil is inevitably dislocated from the ideal symmetric positions. Numerical simulation of crosstalk revealed that the new configuration has smaller crosstalk than that of a conventional cubic configuration even if the positioning error from the ideal symmetric positions is as small as 1 mm. Three types of SQUID vector magnetometer were fabricated and their crosstalk was measured. The averaged crosstalk of a SQUID vector magnetometer using the new configuration was actually improved by about one order of magnitude as compared with the conventional cubic configuration.