bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-situ Real-time Field Imaging and Monitoring of Leaf Stomata by High-resolution Portable Microscope
Authors: Purwar Prashant , Lee Junghoon 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTStomata, functionally specialized micrometer-sized pores on the epidermis of leaves (mainly on the lower epidermis), control the flow of gases and water between the interior of the plant and atmosphere. Real-time monitoring of stomatal dynamics can be used for predicting the plant hydraulics, photosensitivity, and gas exchanges effectively. To date, several techniques offer the direct or indirect measurement of stomatal dynamics, yet none offer real-time, long-term persistent measurement of multiple stomal apertures simultaneously of an intact leaf in a field under natural conditions. Here, we report a high-resolution portable microscope-based technique for in situ real-time field imaging and monitoring of stomata. Our technique is capable of analyzing and quantifying the multiple lower epidermis stomal pore dynamics simultaneously and does not require any physical or chemical manipulation of a leaf. An upward facing objective lens in our portable microscope allows the imaging of lower epidermis stomatal opening of a leaf while upper epidermis being exposed to the natural environment. Small depth of field (~ 1.3 μm) of a high-magnifying objection lens assists in focusing the stomatal plane in highly non-planar tomato leaf having a high density of trichome (hair-like structures). For long-term monitoring, the leaf is fixed mechanically by a novel designed leaf holder providing freedom to expose the upper epidermis to the sunlight and lower epidermis to the wind simultaneously. In our study, a direct relation between the stomatal opening and the intensity of sunlight illuminating on the upper epidermis has been observed in real-time. In addition, real-time porosity of leaf (ratio between the areas of stomatal opening to the area of a leaf) and stomatal aspect ratio (ratio between the major axis and minor axis of stomatal opening) along with stomatal density have been quantified.
Analysis of the three dimensional structure of the kidney glomerulus capillary network
Authors: Terasaki Mark , Brunson Jason Cory , Sardi Justin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe capillary network of the kidney glomerulus filters small molecules from the blood. The glomerular 3D structure should help to understand its function, but it is poorly characterized. We therefore devised a new approach in which an automated tape collecting microtome(ATUM) was used to collect 0.5 micron thick serial sections from fixed mouse kidneys. The sections were imaged by scanning electron microscopy at ∼50 nm / pixel resolution. With this approach, 12 glomeruli were reconstructed at an x-y-z resolution ∼10x higher than that of paraffin sections. We found a no-cross zone between afferent and efferent branches on the vascular pole side; connections here could allow blood to exit without being adequately filtered. Network analysis indicates that the glomerular network does not form by repetitive longitudinal splitting of capillaries. It also suggests that capillaries vary their diameter to make flow more efficient. The shortest path (minimum number of branches to travel from afferent to efferent arterioles) is relatively independent of glomerular size and is present primarily on the vascular pole size. This suggests that the shortest path is established on the vascular pole side, after which new branches and longer paths form on the urinary pole side. Thus the 3D structure of the glomerular capillary network provides useful information with which to understand glomerular function. Other tissue structures in the body may benefit from this new three dimensional approach.
Cyclophilin A Prevents HIV-1 Restriction in Lymphocytes by Blocking Human TRIM5α Binding to the viral Core
Authors: Selyutina Anastasia , Persaud Mirjana , Bulnes-Ramos Angel , Buffone Cindy , Martinez-Lopez Alicia , Scoca Viviana , Di Nunzio Francesca , Hiatt Joseph , Krogan Nevan J. , Hultquist Judd F. , Diaz-Griffero Felipe 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTDisruption of cyclophilin A (CypA)-capsid interactions affects HIV-1 replication in human lymphocytes. To understand the mechanism, we used Jurkat cells, human PBMCs, and human CD4+T cells. Our results showed that the inhibition of HIV-1 infection caused by disrupting CypA-capsid interactions is dependent on human TRIM5α (TRIM5αhu), suggesting that TRIM5αhurestricts HIV-1. Accordingly, we found that TRIM5αhubinds to the HIV-1 core. Disruption of CypA-capsid interactions failed to affect HIV-1-A92E infection, correlating with the loss of TRIM5αhubinding to HIV-1-A92E cores. Disruption of CypA-capsid interactions in PBMCs and CD4+T cells had a greater inhibitory effect on HIV-1 when compared to Jurkat cells. HIV-1-A92E infection of PBMCs and CD4+T cells was unaffected by disruption of CypA-capsid interactions. Consistent with TRIM5α restriction, disruption of CypA-capsid interactions in CD4+T cells inhibited reverse transcription. Overall, our results showed that CypA binding to the core protects HIV-1 from TRIM5αhurestriction.
Themetagenomics: Exploring Thematic Structure and Predicted Functionality of 16s rRNA Amplicon Data
Authors: Woloszynek Stephen , Mell Joshua Chang , Zhao Zhengqiao , Simpson Gideon , O’Connor Michael P. , Rosen Gail L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnalysis of microbiome data involves identifying co-occurring groups of taxa associated with sample features of interest (e.g., disease state). Elucidating such relations is often difficult as microbiome data are compositional, sparse, and have high dimensionality. Also, the configuration of co-occurring taxa may represent overlapping subcommunities that contribute to sample characteristics such as host status. Preserving the configuration of co-occurring microbes rather than detecting specific indicator species is more likely to facilitate biologically meaningful interpretations. Additionally, analyses that use taxonomic relative abundances to predict the abundances of different gene functions aggregate predicted functional profiles across taxa. This precludes straightforward identification of predicted functional components associated with subsets of co-occurring taxa. We provide an approach to explore co-occurring taxa using “topics” generated via a topic model and link these topics to specific sample features (e.g., disease state). Rather than inferring predicted functional content based on overall taxonomic relative abundances, we instead focus on inference of functional content within topics, which we parse by estimating interactions between topics and pathways through a multilevel, fully Bayesian regression model. We apply our methods to three publicly available 16S amplicon sequencing datasets: an inflammatory bowel disease dataset from Gevers et al., an oral cancer dataset from Schmidt et al., and a time-series dataset from David et al. Using our topic model approach to uncover latent structure in 16S rRNA amplicon surveys, investigators can (1) capture groups of co-occurring taxa termed topics; (2) uncover within-topic functional potential; (3) link taxa co-occurrence, gene function, and environmental/host features; and (4) explore the way in which sets of co-occurring taxa behave and evolve over time. These methods have been implemented in a freely available R package: https://github.com/EESI/themetagenomics.
On the development of sleep states in the first weeks of life
Authors: Wielek Tomasz , Del Giudice Renata , Lang Adelheid , Wislowska Malgorzata , Ott Peter , Schabus Manuel 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHuman newborns spend up to 18 hours sleeping. The organization of their sleep differs immensely from adult sleep, and its quick maturation and fundamental changes correspond to the rapid cortical development at this age. Manual sleep classification is specifically challenging in this population given major body movements and frequent shifts between vigilance states; in addition various staging criteria co-exist. In the present study we utilized a machine learning approach and investigated how EEG complexity and sleep stages evolve during the very first weeks of life. We analyzed 42 full-term infants which were recorded twice (at week two and five after birth) with full polysomnography. For sleep classification EEG signal complexity was estimated using multi-scale permutation entropy and fed into a machine learning classifier. Interestingly the baby’s brain signal complexity (and spectral power) revealed huge developmental changes in sleep in the first 5 weeks of life, and were restricted to NREM (“quiet”) and REM (“active sleep”) states with little to no changes in state wake. Data demonstrate that our classifier performs well over chance (i.e., >33% for 3-class classification) and reaches almost human scoring accuracy (60% at week-2, 73% at week-5). Altogether, these results demonstrate that characteristics of newborn sleep develop rapidly in the first weeks of life and can be efficiently identified by means of machine learning techniques.Author summaryThe organization of newborn sleep differs from adult sleep, and its ongoing maturation over time corresponds with cortical development. However, sleep scoring in this population is challenging given frequent artifacts in polysomnography (PSG) and absence of established staging criteria which results in low inter-scorer reliability. To investigate changes in the early brain activity, we analyzed large sample of newborn data at week 2 and 5 after birth. First we evaluated sleep that was previously scored visually, in terms of both entropy and oscillatory power. Next we accessed the performance of automatic sleep scoring based on machine learning compared with conventional, manual scoring. We observed clear developmental changes on the brain-level in the first 5 weeks of life in human newborns. These changes were limited to “quiet” NREM and “active” REM sleep. Also our classifier data demonstrated that we can classify well above chance and similar to human scorers using multi-scale permutation entropy (and just 6 EEG and 5 physiological channels).
Cyp26b1 is required for proper airway epithelial differentiation during lung development
Authors: Daniel Edward , Sutton Gabrielle I. , Htike Yadanar , Cleaver Ondine 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTProper organ development depends on coordinated communication between multiple cell types. Retinoic acid (RA) is an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule critical for the development of most organs including the lung. Both RA excess and deficiency lead to drastic alterations in embryogenesis, often culminating in embryonic or neonatal lethality. Therefore, RA levels must be spatially and temporally titrated to ensure proper organogenesis. Despite extensive work detailing the effects of RA deficiency in early lung morphogenesis, little is known about how RA levels are modulated during late lung development. Here, we investigate the role of the RA catabolizing protein Cyp26b1 in lung development. Cyp26b1 is highly enriched in lung endothelial cells (ECs) throughout the course of development. We find that loss of Cyp26b1 impacts differentiation of the distal epithelium without appreciably affecting proximal airways, EC lineages, or stromal populations. Cyp26b1−/−lungs exhibit an increase in cellular density, with an expansion of distal progenitors at the expense of alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells, which culminates in neonatal death. Exogenous administration of RA in late gestation was able to partially reproduce this defect in epithelial differentiation; however, transcriptional analyses of Cyp26b1−/−lungs and RA-treated lungs reveal separate, but overlapping, transcriptional responses. These data suggest that the defects observed in Cyp26b1−/−lungs are caused by both RA-dependent and RA-independent mechanisms. This work highlights critical cellular crosstalk during lung development involving a crucial role for Cyp26b1-expressing endothelium, and identifies a novel RA rheostat in lung development.HIGHLIGHTSCyp26b1 is highly expressed in lung ECs throughout developmentCyp26b1-null lungs fail to undergo proper differentiation of distal epithelium leading to an increase in progenitors and AT2 cells at the expense of AT1 cellsFunctional and transcriptional analyses suggest both RA-dependent and RA-independent mechanisms
Social bonding, gestural complexity and displacement behaviour of wild chimpanzee
Authors: Roberts Anna Ilona , Roberts Sam George Bradley 
Published: June 2019

AbstractKinship and demography affect social affiliation in many different contexts such as co-feeding, resting, travel, grooming, visual attention and proximity. Chimpanzees may coordinate these social interactions by using gestural communication to make signaller’s goal transparent to the recipient and also by increasing commitment of the recipient through including rewarding property in communication. The rewards of gesturing can be measured through the rates of displacement behaviour made in response to these gestures by the recipient. We tested hypothesis that gestural communication affects social affiliation after controlling for kinship and demography in wild, adult chimpanzees living in Budongo Forest, Uganda. We found that affiliative but not antagonistic gestures positively predicted social affiliation. Contexts differed in their association with gestures according to complexity and association with displacement behaviour. More complex, less intense gestures predicted mutual grooming, travel, visual attention whereas less complex, more intense gestures predicted unidirectional grooming. Mirroring these patterns, reduced displacement activity occurred in response to gestures associated with unidirectional grooming but not other contexts. We highlight that these tactical decisions that wild chimpanzees make in their use of gestural communication may be driven by complexity of social environment that influences effectiveness with which signalers can influence the recipient.
Inequality and the economic participation of women in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Asongu Simplice , Odhiambo Nicholas 
Published: June 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of inequality on female employment in 42 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for the period 2004–2014.Design/methodology/approachThree inequality indicators are used, namely, the: Gini coefficient, Atkinson index and Palma ratio. Two indicators of gender inclusion are also employed, namely: female employment and female unemployment rates. The empirical analysis is based on the generalised method of moments.FindingsThe following main findings are established. First, inequality increases female unemployment in regressions based on the Palma ratio. Second, from the robustness checks, inequality reduces female employment within the frameworks of the Gini coefficient and Palma ratio.Originality/valueStudies on the relevance of income inequality on female economic participation in SSA are sparse.
When do high prices lead to purchase intention? Testing two layers of moderation effects
Authors: Son Junghwa , Jin Byoungho Ellie 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
Most marketing practices assume that consumers will buy when prices are low. This assumption, however, may not always hold true. Employing equity theory and Veblen’s theory of the leisure class, this study tested two moderating effects to ascertain the relationship between perceived price and purchase intention. The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to examine the relationship between perceived price and willingness to purchase; second, to discover the effects of two moderators (perceived price fairness and vanity) on this relationship; and third, to compare how these moderating effects differ by consumers’ brand familiarity.

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 287 usable data sets were collected from college students in the southeastern region of the USA.

Findings
The findings showed no negative relationship between perceived price and willingness to purchase. Only perceived price fairness was found to moderate the perceived price–purchase intention relationship. Furthermore, the moderating effect of price fairness was only confirmed in the high brand familiarity group, while the moderating effect of vanity was only confirmed in the low brand familiarity group.

Research limitations/implications
Generalization of the findings is cautioned because findings may vary by demographic backgrounds.

Practical implications
Since purchase intention increases when price is fair even though price is high, marketers should put efforts into promoting and creating the perception of fair price of their products and brands.

Originality/value
This study extends price perception research by incorporating two theories (equity theory and Veblen’s theory of the leisure class) that help further elaborate the relationship between perceived price and willingness to purchase.
Study on the application of government affairs micro-blog in the disclosure of government emergency information in China
Authors: Xiang Liwen 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how government affairs micro-blog (also referred to as GAM) are applied to the disclosure of government emergency information in China, to identify its existing problems and to provide solutions.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, online research, case analysis and other methods were used to analyze the application status of China’s Government micro-blog in emergency information disclosure in recent years. Based on the relevant data and cases, a systematic theoretical research is conducted according to the established research framework.

Findings
There are some problems in the application of GAM to crisis management, such as insufficient information dissemination, incomplete information disclosure, fragmentation of information and lack of dynamic updating and communication. So, it is necessary to strengthen the organization and management of GAM, establish a perfect emergency management mechanism of GAM, increase the positive influence of GAM on public opinions and establish an evaluation accountability system of administrative micro-blog management.

Originality/value
The analysis of the application of GAM to the disclosure of government emergency information and the proposed strategies for improving its performance are all original, and they are both meaningful to more effective usage of GAM and facilitation of government emergency information disclosure.
A finite element solver for hypersonic flows in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium, Part I
Authors: Seguin Jory , Gao Song , Habashi Wagdi George , Isola Dario , Baruzzi Guido 
Published: June 2019

PurposeThis paper aims to describe the physical and numerical modeling of a new computational fluid dynamics solver for hypersonic flows in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium. The code uses a blend of numerical techniques to ensure accuracy and robustness and to provide scalability for advanced hypersonic physics and complex three-dimensional (3D) flows.Design/methodology/approachThe solver is based on an edge-based stabilized finite element method (FEM). The chemical and thermal non-equilibrium systems are loosely-coupled to provide flexibility and ease of implementation. Chemical non-equilibrium is modeled using a laminar finite-rate chemical kinetics model while a two-temperature model is used to account for thermodynamic non-equilibrium. The systems are solved implicitly in time to relax numerical stiffness. Investigations are performed on various canonical hypersonic geometries in two-dimensional and 3D.FindingsThe comparisons with numerical and experimental results demonstrate the suitability of the code for hypersonic non-equilibrium flows. Although convergence is shown to suffer to some extent from the loosely-coupled implementation, trading a fully-coupled system for a number of smaller ones improves computational time. Furthermore, the specialized numerical discretization offers a great deal of flexibility in the implementation of numerical flux functions and boundary conditions.Originality/valueThe FEM is often disregarded in hypersonics. This paper demonstrates that this method can be used successfully for these types of flows. The present findings will be built upon in a later paper to demonstrate the powerful numerical ability of this type of solver, particularly with respect to robustness on highly stretched unstructured anisotropic grids.
Responses of the Yellow River basin vegetation: climate change
Authors: Li Yang , Xie Zhixiang , Qin Yaochen , Zheng Zhicheng 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to study the temporal and spatial variation of vegetation and the influence of climate change on vegetation coverage in the Yellow River basin, China. The current study aimed to evaluate the role of a series of government-led environmental control projects in restoring the ecological environment of the Yellow River basin.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses unary linear regression, Mann–Kendall and wavelet analyses to study the spatial–temporal variations of vegetation and the response to climate changes in the Yellow River, China.

Findings
The results showed that for the past 17 years, not only the mean annual increase rate of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was 0.0059/a, but the spatial heterogeneity also yields significant results. The vegetation growth in the southeastern region was significantly better than that in the northwestern region. The variation period of the NDVI in the study area significantly shortened, and the most obvious oscillation period was half a year, with two peaks in one year. In addition, there are positive and negative effects of human activities on the change of vegetation cover of the Loess Plateau. The project of transforming cultivated land to forest and grassland promotes the increase of vegetation cover of the Loess plateau. Unfortunately, the regional urbanization and industrialization proliferated, and the overloading of grazing, deforestation, over-reclamation, and the exploitation and development of the energy area in the grassland region led to the reduction of the NDVI. Fortunately, the positive effects outweigh the negative ones.

Originality/value
This paper provides a comprehensive insight to analysis of the vegetation change and the responses of vegetation to climate change, with special reference to make the planning policy of ecological restoration. This paper argues that ecological restoration should be strengthened in areas with annual precipitation less than 450 mm.