bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antemortem and postmortem influences on drug concentrations and metabolite patterns in postmortem specimens
Authors: Peters Frank T. , Steuer Andrea E. 
Published: December 2018

When interpreting postmortem analytical data, toxicologists must be aware that postmortem concentrations of xenobiotics and/or their metabolites may be influenced by many factors. Some of these influences occur antemortem like the general pharmacokinetic properties of the xenobiotic or individual pharmacokinetics in the particular subject. They determine the concentrations at the time of death and may be relevant for the determination of the manner rather than the cause of death. Other influences occurring postmortem include continuing drug metabolism, chemical, and/or microbial degradation as well as potential postmortem formation of some toxicologically relevant compounds. Such postmortem effects may tremendously change the concentrations of xenobiotics and/or their metabolites at the time of death. If not adequately considered, this may lead to false conclusions regarding the involvement of the respective xenobiotic in the cause of death. The present article will provide an overview on antemortem and postmortem effects giving examples from the literature. It will also discuss if and how such effects may be identified based on postmortem specimens and, in case of the postmortem effects, how they may be reduced by proper storage and addition of stabilizers like fluoride salts.This article is categorized under:

Toxicology > Post‐Mortem Toxicology
Toxicology > Analytical Toxicology
Toxicology > Drug Stability
Urban Rail Transit Provides the Necessary Access to a Metropolitan Area: A Case Study of Portland, Oregon, USA
Authors: Oh Seunghoon , Wang Xinhao 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Access to good public transit for low-socioeconomic communities has been an important concern in transportation planning and urban studies research. In Portland, Oregon, USA, the rapid growth of housing prices and rents in the urban core has caused displacement of low-income residents to peripheral and suburban neighborhoods where housing is more affordable. Because public transit is generally more limited in the urban periphery and suburbs, there is concern that the low-income suburban residents may have more limited access to Portland’s light rail transit service than more affluent residents do. This study examines the relationships between the light rail transit accessibility and socioeconomic status—income, race and ethnicity—in the Portland metro area. Light rail transit accessibility is compared for all income and racial/ethnic groups across four access zones. Multinomial logistic econometric models were used to measure likelihood differences of being located in different access zones between each demographic group. The results show that there is no significant barrier for low-income and racial and ethnic minority residents to access urban rail transit in Portland. The results suggest that despite low-income residents’ movement to the suburbs, Portland’s urban rail transit system continues to serve all residents by providing cohesive connections between the urban core, periphery and suburbs.
The developing optic tectum: An asymmetrically organized system and the need for a redefinition of the notion of sensitive period
Authors: Rapacioli Melina , Fiszer de Plazas Sara , Flores Vladimir 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe present article summarizes the main events involved in the isthmic organizer and optic tectum determination and analyses how optic tectum patterning is translated, by the organized operation of several specific cell behaviors, into the terminally differentiated optic tectum. The paper proposes that this assembling of temporally/spatially organized cell behaviors could be incorporated into a wider notion of patterning and that, given the asymmetric organization of the developing optic tectum, the notion of “sensitive period” does not capture the whole complexity of midbrain development and the pathogenesis of congenital disorders.The cell behaviors involved in the optic tectum development are organized in time and space by the isthmic organizer. A comprehensive description of the normal optic tectum development, and also its alterations, should consider both domains. Significantly, the identity of each neuronal cohort depends critically on its “time and place of birth”. Both parameters must be considered at once to explain how the structural and functional organization of the optic tectum is elaborated.The notion of “patterning” applies only to the early events of the optic tectum development. Besides, the notion of “sensitive period” considers only a temporal domain and disregards the asymmetric organization of the developing optic tectum. The present paper proposes that these notions might be re‐defined: (a) a wider meaning of the term patterning and (b) a replacement of the term “sensitive period” by a more precise concept of “sensitive temporal/spatial window”.
Tuberculous lymphadenitis in Baghdad city: A review of 188 cases
Authors: Jasim Hasanain abdulameer , Abdullah Ali A. , Abdulmageed Mustafa U. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:
Tuberculosis is still a major health problem in the world. Iraq regarded as an endemic country with incidence of 43 tuberculosis cases in 100,000 of the population. Tuberculous lymphadenopathy considered the most common extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. With cervical lymph node groups most commonly affected. It may confuse by serious aetiology necessitating sophisticated investigations like tissue biopsy to reach a diagnosis. The Surgical role is well established in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenopathy, but still not clear whether surgery plays role in treatment along with antituberculous drugs or not.

Aims:
to define the incidence, presentation, investigations, outcome, and the role of surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous lymphadenopathy.

Patients and method:
A retrospective study performed in the National specialized Centre for Respiratory and Chest Diseases in Iraq-Baghdad, from January until December 2016. One hundred and eighty-eight patients included in the study. The following information were collected from the patient's records: demographic and clinical data; the final diagnostic test; the treatment regimens; the outcome of the antituberculous therapy and the type of surgical procedures used in diagnosis and treatment of the patients.

Result:
The diagnosis of Tuberculous lymphadenitis achieved mainly by the clinical with support from results of histopathology after biopsy (74.47%) or FNAC (11.17%). Tuberculous lymphadenitis was seen in 12.34% of all notified TB cases and in 31.87% of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Iraq 188 patients included in the study, 135 (71.8%) female 53 (28.2%) male patients the mean age was 32.1 ± 18.8 year and cervical region involved in (65.43%).

Conclusion:
In Iraqi patients, Tuberculous lymphadenopathy is the most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, with cervical involvement representing the most common site of involvement. Tuberculous lymphadenopathy is a common disease, especially in the endemic area and should put in the differential diagnosis in the aetiology of LAD in different body regions. Its effect female more than male at age of thirty. Diagnosis mainly achieved by the different tissue sampling technique. Surgery role well-established in the diagnosis and treatment of complications, assisting in rapid relief of mass symptoms, but the role in the treatment of TLN with chemotherapy not yet well-known.
Diurnal seismicity cycle linked to subsurface melting on an ice shelf
Authors: MacAyeal Douglas R. , Banwell Alison F. , Okal Emile A. , Lin Jinqiao , Willis Ian C. , Goodsell Becky , MacDonald Grant J. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTSeismograms acquired on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, during an Austral summer melt season (November 2016–January 2017) reveal a diurnal cycle of seismicity, consisting of hundreds of thousands of small ice quakes limited to a 6–12 hour period during the evening, in an area where there is substantial subsurface melting. This cycle is explained by thermally induced bending and fracture of a frozen surface superimposed on a subsurface slush/water layer that is supported by solar radiation penetration and absorption. A simple, one-dimensional model of heat transfer driven by observed surface air temperature and shortwave absorption reproduces the presence and absence (as daily weather dictated) of the observed diurnal seismicity cycle. Seismic event statistics comparing event occurrence with amplitude suggest that the events are generated in a fractured medium featuring relatively low stresses, as is consistent with a frozen surface superimposed on subsurface slush. Waveforms of the icequakes are consistent with hydroacoustic phases at frequency $ {\bf \gt} \bf 75\,{\bf Hz}$ and flexural-gravity waves at frequency $ \bf {\bf \lt}25\,{\bf Hz}$. Our results suggest that seismic observation may prove useful in monitoring subsurface melting in a manner that complements other ground-based methods as well as remote sensing.
Security, Business and Human Rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
Authors: FARAH Marya , ABDALLAH Maha 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBusinesses have increasingly recognized their responsibility to respect human rights in their operations. This has been in part guided by international initiatives, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, as well as guidance and regulations from states. Although these measures recognize risks associated with conflict-affected areas, contexts of occupation present unique concerns. These issues become even more complex when states send mixed messages to businesses. This is most evident when examining the discourse on and regulation of business operations linked to Israel’s prolonged occupation of Palestinian territory, especially those with operations and relationships related to ‘security’. This article seeks to highlight the frequent disregard of human rights responsibilities and obligations by states and businesses related to the occupied Palestinian territory and population, which has created a gap in accountability that civil society has attempted to address.
Magnetoencephalographic Source Localization of the Eye Area of the Motor Homunculus
Authors: Wennberg Richard , Dominguez Luis Garcia , del Campo J. Martin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA patient with intractable epilepsy, previous right frontal resection, and active vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) developed new onset quasi-continuous twitching around the left eye. Electroencephalography showed no correlate to the orbicularis oculi twitches apart from myographic potentials at the left supraorbital and anterior frontal electrodes. Magnetoencephalography was performed using spatiotemporal signal space separation to suppress magnetic artifacts associated with the VNS apparatus. Magnetoencephalographic source imaging performed on the data back-averaged from the left supraorbital myographic potentials revealed an intrasulcal cortical generator situated in the posterior wall of the right precentral gyrus representing the eye area of the motor homunculus.
European Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning: A Review of National Plans, July 2016
Authors: Droogers Maaike , Ciotti Massimo , Kreidl Peter , Melidou Angeliki , Penttinen Pasi , Sellwood Chloe , Tsolova Svetla , Snacken René 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPandemic influenza A (H1N1) commenced in April 2009. Robust planning and preparedness are needed to minimize the impact of a pandemic. This study aims to review if key elements of pandemic preparedness are included in national plans of European countries. Key elements were identified before and during the evaluations of the 2009 pandemic and are defined in this study by 42 items. These items are used to score a total of 28 publicly available national pandemic influenza plans. We found that plans published before the 2009 influenza pandemic score lower than plans published after the pandemic. Plans from countries with a small population size score significantly lower compared to national plans from countries with a big population (P <.05). We stress that the review of written plans does not reflect the actual preparedness level, as the level of preparedness entails much more than the existence of a plan. However, we do identify areas of improvement for the written plans, such as including aspects on the recovery and transition phase and several opportunities to improve coordination and communication, including a description of the handover of leadership from health to wider sector management and communication activities during the pre-pandemic phase. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:582-592)
“It Was Once a Radical Democratic Proposal”: Theories of Gradual Institutional Change in Brazilian Participatory Budgeting
Authors: Montambeault Françoise 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBecause of its early positive assessments, participatory budgeting (PB) has been and continues to be praised by several policymakers, and the Brazilian model has become an institutional blueprint around the world. No one questions the way the model has evolved in Brazilian municipalities with a long tradition of PB, but it was institutionalized there through practice and not through state legislation. It is thus highly permeable to political will and evolving ideas. Looking at the case of Belo Horizonte, where it was implemented in 1993, this study argues that while the political rhetoric of PB has remained central to political discourse over time, a significant but gradual policy change has occurred in practice. This change has important implications: not only does it have an impact on the policy outcomes of PB, but it also contributes to delegitimating the process for its participants, abetting its gradual deinstitutionalization.
Hyperons in hot dense matter: what do the constraints tell us for equation of state?
Authors: Fortin M. , Oertel M. , Providência C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFor core-collapse and neutron star merger simulations, it is important to have adequate equations of state which describe dense and hot matter as realistically as possible. We present two newly constructed equations of state including the entire baryon octet, compatible with the main constraints coming from nuclear physics, both experimental and theoretical. One of the equations of state describes cold β-equilibrated neutron stars with a maximum mass of 2 Msun. Results obtained with the new equations of state are compared with the ones of DD2Y, the only existing equation of state containing the baryon octet and satisfying the above constraints. The main difference between our new equations of state and DD2Y is the harder symmetry energy of the latter. We show that the density dependence of the symmetry energy has a direct influence on the amount of strangeness inside hot and dense matter and, consequently, on thermodynamic quantities. We expect that these differences affect the evolution of a proto-neutron star or binary neutron star mergers. We propose also several parameterisations based on the DD2 and SFHo models calibrated to Lambda hypernuclei that satisfy the different constraints.
AN ANALOGUE OF EULER’S IDENTITY AND SPLIT PERFECT PARTITIONS
Authors: GOYAL MEGHA 
Published: December 2018

We give the generating function of split$(n+t)$-colour partitions and obtain an analogue of Euler’s identity for split$n$-colour partitions. We derive a combinatorial relation between the number of restricted split$n$-colour partitions and the function$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{k}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})=\sum _{d|\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}d^{k}$. We introduce a new class of split perfect partitions with$d(a)$copies of each part$a$and extend the work of Agarwal and Subbarao [‘Some properties of perfect partitions’,Indian J. Pure Appl. Math 22(9) (1991), 737–743].
War by Other Means? Incentives for Power Seekers in Thomas Hobbes's Political Philosophy
Authors: Odzuck Eva 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe problem of the power seeker is of crucial importance for Hobbes's political philosophy. While education might aid in changing the behavior of some people, Hobbes is clear that there are limits to the effectiveness of education and that incurable, unsocial power seekers will persist. In my analysis, I ask whether and, if so, how Hobbes can also get these incurable power seekers on board. The result of my findings that Hobbes provides a huge variety of treatments for power seekers, including incentives to betray and exploit their fellow citizens by employing a public gesture of civility, has implications for Hobbes research: it shows the complexity and costs of Hobbes's “solution” to the problem of war and corrects a widespread developmental hypothesis about the concept of honor in Hobbes's works. Thereby, it can also enrich a recent diagnosis about the decline of honor in modern societies.
The Friendless Republic: Freedom, Faction, and Friendship in Machiavelli'sDiscourses
Authors: Warner John M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCivic republicans have traditionally appealed to friendship as a means of preserving popular liberty, but Machiavelli is a notable exception to this rule. In fact, I argue, he views efforts to reconcile friendship and politics as (1) philosophically dubious, because grounded in false conceptions of person and society, and (2) practically harmful, because they perpetuate patterns of asymmetric dependence that are inconsistent with a free way of life. Machiavelli's neglected skepticism about the political potential of friendship deepens his critique of the Ciceronianconcordia, reveals a diminished idea of the common good, and distances him from the civic republican tradition to which he is so often said to belong.
The Meaning of a Visual Arts Program for Older Adults in Complex Residential Care
Authors: Rodrigues Lycia M. , Smith André P. , Sheets Debra J. , Hémond Johanne 
Published: December 2018

RÉSUMÉCette étude qualitative explore les expériences vécues par des personnes âgées participant dans un programme d’arts visuels créatifs dans un établissement de soins de Victoria (Colombie-Britannique). Une approche par enquête narrative a été utilisée dans le cadre d’entretiens en personne menés avec dix résidents et trois membres du personnel du programme. Les activités du programme et l’exposition artistique qui y était associée ont aussi fait l’objet d’une observation systématique. Les résultats démontrent que le programme a stimulé le sentiment de communauté des participants et augmenté leur estime d’eux-mêmes, en tant qu’artistes. Une exposition artistique publique dans un centre communautaire a permis de souligner la valeur de leur production artistique et a conféré un sens et un but à leur implication dans le programme. Les résultats démontrent l’importance des programmes artistiques stimulant la créativité chez la population âgée. Ils illustrent aussi que les personnes vivant en institution peuvent prendre conscience des multiples dimensions de leur personnalité à travers l’expression artistique. Cette étude souligne la pertinence d’accroître l’accès à des programmes artistiques pour les individus vivant en établissements de soins.
Efficient hybrid group search optimizer for assembling printed circuit boards
Authors: Lin Cheng-Jian , Huang Mei-Ling 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAssembly optimization of printed circuit boards (PCBs) has received considerable research attention because of efforts to improve productivity. Researchers have simplified complexities associated with PCB assembly; however, they have overlooked hardware constraints, such as pick-and-place restrictions and simultaneous pickup restrictions. In this study, a hybrid group search optimizer (HGSO) was proposed. Assembly optimization of PCBs for a multihead placement machine is segmented into three problems: the (1) auto nozzle changer (ANC) assembly problem, (2) nozzle setup problem, and (3) component pick-and-place sequence problem. The proposed HGSO proportionally applies a modified group search optimizer (MGSO), random-key integer programming, and assigned number of nozzles to an ANC to solve the component picking problem and minimize the number of nozzle changes, and the place order is treated as a traveling salesman problem. Nearest neighbor search is used to generate an initial place order, which is then improved using a 2-opt method, where chaos local search and a population manager improve efficiency and population diversity to minimize total assembly time. To evaluate the performance of the proposed HGSO, real-time PCB data from a plant were examined and compared with data obtained by an onsite engineer and from other related studies. The results revealed that the proposed HGSO has the lowest total assembly time, and it can be widely employed in general multihead placement machines.
The unique effects of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms on youth's symptomatology: Moderation by family ethnicity, family structure, and child gender
Authors: Tyrell Fanita A. , Yates Tuppett M. , Reynolds Chandra A. , Fabricius William V. , Braver Sanford L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDrawing on five waves of longitudinal data from 392 families (52% female; mean age of wave 1 [Mage_W1] = 12.89, standard deviation [SD] = .48;Mage_W5= 21.95,SD= .77; 199 European American and 193 Mexican American families; 217 intact and 175 stepfather families), this study documented transactional relations of mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptoms with youth's symptomatology from early adolescence to young adulthood. Trait and time-varying cross-lagged models revealed that both mothers’ and fathers’ between- and within-person differences in depressive symptoms were associated with youth's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Whereas each parent's depressive symptoms uniquely contributed to youth's internalizing symptoms, however, only mothers’ depressive symptoms influenced youth's externalizing symptoms. Although reciprocal effects of youth's internalizing symptoms on parents’ depressive symptoms were not significant, youth's externalizing symptoms predicted changes in mothers’ depressive symptoms over time. Moderation analyses revealed distinct transactional patterns by family ethnicity and child gender, but not by family structure. This study revealed dynamic transactions among family members’ symptomatology that point to opportune times and targets for intervention efforts aimed at mitigating the negative impact of parents’ depressive symptoms on youth's adjustment.