bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Terminology Server for Medical Language and Medical Information Systems
Authors: Solomon W. D. , Nowlan W. A. , Rush T. W. , Zanstra P. E. , Claassen W. M. A. , Rector A. L. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:GALEN is developing a Terminology Server to support the development and integration of clinical systems through a range of key terminological services, built around a language-independent, re-usable, shared system of concepts – the CORE model. The focus is on supporting applications for medical records, clinical user interfaces and clinical information systems, but also includes systems for natural language understanding, clinical decision support, management of coding and classification schemes, and bibliographic retrieval. The Terminology Server integrates three modules: the Concept Module which implements the GRAIL formalism and manages the internal representation of concept entities, the Multilingual Module which manages the mapping of concept entities to natural language, and the Code Conversion Module which manages the mapping of concept entities to and from existing coding and classification schemes. The Terminology Server also provides external referencing to concept entities, coercion between data types, and makes its services available through a uniform applications programming interface. Taken together these services represent a new approach to the development of clinical systems and the sharing of medical knowledge.
An Overview of Statistical Methods for the Classification and Retrieval of Patient Events
Authors: Chute C. G. , Yang Y. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Statistical methods that can support text retrieval are becoming an increasing focus of medical informatics activities. We overview our adaptation of existing knowlege sources to create pseudo-documents for concept based latent semantic indexing. Experience demonstrated this tack of limited practical value, since retrieval performance was invariably unsatisfactory. We discovered this was due in part to the introduction of a vocabulary gap between the queries and the cases we sought to retrieve. In part to address this problem, and to avail our large body of humanly coded text as a knowledge source, we developed a least squares fit alternative for the computer assisted indexing and retrieval of biomedical texts. This technique demonstrates equivalent or superior retrieval performance when compared to all other textual retrieval techniques. It does not depend upon elaborate knowledge bases, lexicons, or thesauri. It is a promising technique for classifying and retrieving the large volumes of clinical text.
Methodology for the Construction of a Disease Nomenclature and Classification System for Clinical Use
Authors: Ohashi Y. , Sato H. , Kaihara S. , Kiuchil T. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The nature and problems of the linguistic representation of clinical data are discussed, using the linguistic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure. Based on the conclusions, a methodology for the construction of a disease nomenclature and a classification system, suitable for use in clinical information systems, is developed using set theory.
A Method for Assessing the Impact of a Computer-Based Decision Support System on Health Care Outcomes
Authors: Lave J. R. , McNeil M. A. , Bankowitz R. A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The wide variation in utilization of diagnostic resources has not been decreased by the proliferation of new diagnostic technologies. We wish to test the hypothesis that the introduction of a medical decision support system into clinical practice could potentially lead to more efficient use of diagnostic information, and therefore lead to a reduction in overall laboratory use and cost of care. We have devised and are currently implementing a randomized controlled trial of a computer based decision support system, the University of Pittsburgh version of Quick Medical Reference (QMR).The main purpose of the study is to determine the effect of the QMR program on specific outcome measures: length of hospital stay, number and types of diagnostic tests ordered, and overall charges. An important part of this evaluation is relating the initial level of diagnostic uncertainty expressed by the admitting housestaff team to utilization of diagnostic resources. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology for carrying out this controlled trial, and to describe our initial experiences with its implementation.
On the Detection of the Number of Signals in Multilead ECGs
Authors: van Oosterom A. , Uijen G. J. H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:New methods which have been developed in the field of signal processing to detect the number of intrinsic source signals in a set of multiple signals have been studied in their application to the analysis of multilead ECGs (body surface maps). All these methods are based on the analysis of the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix related to the observed data. By using artificial multilead ECGs in which the properties of the signal and noise parts were known, the effect of taking into account these properties was investigated. It was found that the method based on information-theoretic criteria was superior in detecting the number of signal components, in the case that the noise in the data is non-white, as compared to a simple threshold method.
Repeated Multiphasic Screening Examinations: Evaluating the Process
Authors: Meyased-Kfir M. , Carel R. S. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:There are sound clinical and epidemiological reasons to promote and emphasize early detection efforts and disease prevention services. A large body of scientific literature supports the notion that detection and intervention early in the course of many diseases is beneficial both to the afflicted individual and to society at large. Several publications deal with the evaluation of multiphasic screening examinations (MSE) as a tool for simultaneous early detection and prevention of multiple risk factors and various diseases. Usually, this technology is evaluated based on data from a single (cross-sectional) comprehensive screening study. However, frequently MSE are performed periodically, resulting in repeated test results of the same individuals. The health impact of such repeated (longitudinal) MSE has not been studied extensively. Similarly, many of the unique theoretical, technical, and epidemiological features characteristic of consecutive (periodical) comprehensive screening examinations are not well-documented. The purpose of this study was to compare the test results of two MSE, performed 3.5 years apart, in order to demonstrate certain characteristics of multiphasic health testing (MHT) technology related to repeated (longitudinal) multiphasic examination of the same individuals.
Serum Lipid Values and Age in Healthy Women: A Preliminary Report on Cholesterol
Authors: Williams G. Z. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:In a 20-year prospective study of the influence of lifestyle and age on health parameters in men’s and women’s serum cholesterol, tryiglycerides and high density and low density lipoproteins were measured periodically to determine each person’s longitudinal profile. The accumulated data for 1008 women of 20 to 70 years is averaged by five-year age brackets. Scatter plots and simple regression of these five-year group means for ages 20 to 45 years, reveals a gradual increase in serum cholesterol, increasing from 176 mg/dl to 196 with a slope of 0.61 mg/dl per year. Between ages 45 and 70, the slope increases substantially to 1.91 mg/dl per year, and the five-year group means rise from 196 at age 45 to 239 at age 70 in rather uniform increments. The data have been analyzed for the other lipids and the relationship to estrogen replacement, nutritional, and exercise habits.
A New Architecture for Integration of Heterogeneous Software Components
Authors: Timmers T. , van Bemmel J. H. , van Mulligen E. M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn architecture is described that integrates existing applications in a network-wide system. The architecture follows the new open software paradigm, and defines kernel and application services that collaboratively solve the tasks of end-users and provide them with an intuitive user-interface. This paper describes the message language and the kernel mechanism for addressing application services. The architecture has been developed as much as possible to conform with current standards.
Stratified Initial Values and Change Scores
Authors: Lachenbruch P. A. , Wilson T. W. , Cohen R. D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA common question that is encountered in many studies is relating a change in a variable to the variable’s initial value. It is well known that regressing the change on the initial value creates a spurious association and misleads the unwary. One attempt to cope with this problem has been to stratify that data based on the initial value. We show that this approach does not solve the problem. Theoretical and simulation results for independent normal and independent exponential random variables are provided.
Management of Serial ECGs and Control Strategies for the Comparison Process
Authors: Rubel P. , Willems J. L. , Fayn J. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Serial ECG management and control of the comparison process should be dynamically driven by patient data. The functional architecture requirements are specified for a computerized ECG processing system integrating serial analysis. The concepts of reference investigations and temporal events are first explained. A conceptual reference model is proposed which stratifies the serial analysis process into a few generic strategies which will be instantiated into several types of serial comparison processing tasks as a function of the clinical evolution of the patient. This model is an extension of the OEDIPE core data model developed and implemented during the AIM #2026 project.
Waveform and Latency Estimation from Neuroelectric Signals Using the Bispectrum
Authors: Nakamura M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:A technique based on bispectra and cross-bispectra is described for estimating waveform and latency from a set of noisy signals with variable latency. Waveform estimation is performed by averaging bispectra of observed noisy signals. Latency estimation is performed by using the product function of a function derived from the cross-bispectrum and the cross-correlation. The method is numerically assessed by simulations, using a signal with uniformly distributed latency and computer-generated noise sequences.
An Information Network for Community Medical Care
Authors: Sorachi K. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:An information network for community medical care was established by the Himeji Medical Association in 1987. The network interconnects through public telephone a central computer located at the office of the Medical Association with personal computers installed in the offices of members of the Association. An overview of the network, which is in full operation, is given, and current problems and future directions are discussed.
Curriculum for Medical Informatics at the University of Heidelberg/School of Technology Heilbronn
Authors: Leven F. J. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The specialized university curriculum for medical informatics at the University of Heidelberg/School of Technology Heilbronn described in this paper is one of the oldest educational approaches in the field of medical informatics, and has been successful for more than 20 years with more than 600 graduates (Diplom-lnformatiker der Medizin). It is based on the concept of medical informatics as an independent medical discipline, and covers the total spectrum ranging from health care economics, biosignal and medical image processing, model building in medicine, to information and knowledge processing in medicine. It is a program of 4.5 years duration with a strong emphasis on the methodological foundations of medical informatics and on practical education in a number of specific laboratories. Thirty-five students are admitted each semester, and in total about 390 students enrolled. The faculty consists of 17 full-time members and about 25 part-time lecturers.
Graduate Program in Medical Informatics at the University of Utah
Authors: Warner H. R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The graduate student program in medical informatics at the University of Utah described in this paper comprises a Master of Science degree (since 1976) and a Ph.D. degree (since 1962). The average program length is 2 years for M.Sc. and 3-5 years for Ph.D. The aims of the program are to prepare graduates for careers in medical informatics in academic, hospital or industrial settings. There are several different courses of study, or tracks, within the department ranging from Expert Systems, Genetic Epidemiology, Health Care Quality, Hospital Information Systems, Medical Imaging, Medical Physics, to an intensive one-year M.Sc. degree course for physicians. After the first three quarters the students are required to take a qualifying examination in which they qualify for a Masters or Ph.D. degree. The program covers the total spectrum of medical informatics. About 10 students are admitted each year. There are 14 full-time faculty and 9 adjunct faculty. The total number of graduates is 151.
Observations on Health Information in Developing Countries
Authors: Hull C. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Based on personal experiences, observations are offered on health information in developing countries, ways in which information systems can be strengthened, and opportunities for health-information science graduates. Although data collection consumes a significant portion of the health worker’s day, information systems are often a low priority in developing countries. Health-information systems can be strengthened by focusing on local solutions, by building skills in health workers, by utilizing appropriate technology, and by integrating information systems into health programs. Health-information science graduates can assist in improving systems in developing countries, but this will require a broad and flexible definition of health information science, which is much more than computing technology; it is supporting health workers to define, manage, and apply the information they need.
Information Analysis for Medical Expert Systems
Authors: Glasziou P. , Vermeir D. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMuch attention has been given to the deductive methods appropriate for medical diagnosis, but much less has been paid to the data structures required to support them. In this paper we apply the linguistically oriented information analysis technique NIAM to the problem and demonstrate how such a conceptual approach could be used for history taking, knowledge acquisition, and diagnosis. We outline the underlying structures in which medical knowledge is traditionally expressed, and use cardiorespiratory disorders as examples. The acyclic network structure of diagnostic categories suggested by this analysis is compared to traditional hierarchical approaches.
NONLIN: A New Version for Simplified Use in BASIC Computer Systems
Authors: Meystre A. , Leishman B. , Eckert M. 
Published: March 2018

A translation of the well-established program NONLIN into the BASIC language is presented. This modified (simplified) version can be used by clinicians and others interested in pharmacokinetics without extra assistance.The models are programmed in the same way as the DFUNC subroutines of the FORTRAN version. The most widely used pharmacokinetic models are stored as a small library and are accessible under their names.
Analysis of Two-Way Contingency Tables : Log-Linear Models and Dual Scaling
Authors: Moussa M. A. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe paper focuses upon the measurement of association in two-way contingency tables, using the log-linear models and dual scaling approaches. The former comprises [1] the use of pseudo-Bayes estimators to remove zeros, [2] fitting the resulting smoothed array to all possible configurations of log-linear models, [3] fitting the quasi-independence model to detect anomalous cells that caused deviation from the null-independence model. The latter includes [1] estimation of the optimal weights that maximize the canonical correlation between the two categorical variables by an optimization iterative method, [2] testing the discriminability of the estimated scoring scheme. The two approaches were applied to a set of real data for the study of the association between maternal age at marriage and types of reproductive wastage in a sampling survey conducted in the population of female nurses in Kuwait.
A Knowledge Representation Concept Facilitating Construction and Maintenance of Large Knowledge Bases
Authors: Puppe B. , Puppe F. 
Published: March 2018

SummarySince diagnostic competence cannot be easily divided, the practical value of diagnostic consultation systems increases considerably with the diversity of problems they can handle. However, since initial construction and subsequent maintenance of large knowledge bases are extremely time-consuming, few have been built so far.The knowledge representation concept we developed (implemented in the expert system shell MED2) to help resolve this dilemma contains as its main structural element the Question/ Finding-Set as a representational unit comprising findings usually collected and interpreted together. It allows representation of findings at multiple levels of detail and their local interpretation by data base reasoning, thereby supporting simulation of two powerful human problem-solving strategies: Symptom analysis at greater detail and stepwise formation of conceptual abstractions. Resulting knowledge base modularity facilitates initial knowledge base building by multiple cooperating teams and later easy refinement and extension.
Der Instituts-Computer
Authors: Koeppe P. 
Published: March 2018

Neben Großanlagen für überregionale Rechenzentren und mittelgroßen Anlagen für Universitäten und ähnliche wissenschaftliche Einrichtungen werden in zunehmendem Maße kleinere Computer in einzelnen Instituten installiert. Diese Entwicklung ist unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen sachlich vertretbar. Trotz der erheblichen relativen Verbilligung der Computer darf jedoch ein gewisser Aufwand nicht unterschritten werden.Voraussetzungen und Schlußfolgerungen werden einschließlich finanzieller Konsequenzen im einzelnen besprochen.Es ist das Ziel der Arbeit, denjenigen, die die Aufstellung einer Institutionsanlage planen, die Tragweite einer solchen Entscheidung vor Augen zu führen.
Modification of a Management Information System Software Package to Process Drug Reaction Data
Authors: Cuddihy R. V. , Ring W. S. , Augustine N. F. 
Published: March 2018

Design and implementation of computer systems to process drag adverse reaction data usually require considerable investment in time, personnel and money. Modification of a commercially available program package offers a potentially economical means to establish an effective system in a relatively short period of time. Adaptation of this program package to our specific task involved only three major steps: (1) definition of the data to be stored; (2) definition of file organization, and (3) modification of the package to provide programming for field definition, an edit routine, and input/output routines. These steps were accomplished within a matter of weeks and at relatively low cost, including the original expenditure for the purchase of the commercial software. Seven subsystems were developed for the formation, maintenance and utilization of the data base. Each :	subsystem is described in detail to permit ready application of this approach to any similar data management problem.
Zum Problem der EDV-gerechten Erfassung medizinischer Befunde
Authors: KOEPPE P. 
Published: March 2018

Das Problem der on-line-Erfassung »harter« Daten, etwa im Bereich der Nuklearmedizin, kann heute trotz mancher Schwierigkeiten im Detail als technisch gelöst oder wenigstens als lösbar betrachtet werden. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Erfassung jener Informationen, die das Ergebnis direkter ärztlicher Tätigkeit sind, noch weit von einer befriedigenden Lösung entfernt.Nach zweijährigen Erfahrungen mit einem System zur Echtzeit-Erfassung röntgenologischer Befunde scheint festzustehen, daß auch bei optimaler Technik eine zeitliche Mehrbelastung gegenüber dem üblichen Diktat vom Arzt in Kauf genommen werden muß.Als Konsequenz ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, ein System so großzügig auszulegen, daß dem Arzt Informationen zugänglich werden, die seine unmittelbare Tätigkeit erleichtern und die ihm ohne dieses System nicht zugänglich wären, und weiterhin zu überprüfen, welche der Informationen, die heute eine Krankengeschichte füllen, prognostisch relevant sind.
Automatisch gezeichnete Streuungsellipsen
Authors: HOYER G. 
Published: March 2018

Seit Computer in zunehmendem Maße mit Zeichengeräten ausgerüstet werden, verdienen besonders die technisch aufwendigen graphischen Darstellungsmethoden statistischer Auswertungsergebnisse neues Interesse.Mit elementaren mathematischen Mitteln wird gezeigt, daß an der Standard-Streuungsellipse 11 statistische Maßzahlen abgelesen werden können.An vier Beispielen aus verschiedenen medizinischen Fachgebieten werden einige typische Möglichkeiten der Anwendung und Interpretation automatisch gezeichneter Streuungsellipsen erläutert.
Handling of Files on Mini-Computers
Authors: Gehin P. , Echallier J. F. , Laviron A. , Peronnet F. 
Published: March 2018

This paper describes a programme for bibliographical, medical and other files. It is run on a mrnicomputer with 4 K words of 12 bits each and with external storage on magnetic tape.After the data has been stored, a series of checks is systematically carried through in order to keep the file reliable.Logic relations (»and«, »or«, »except«) of characteristics of a record can be combined for searching purposes.As a rule, computers made for and bought by laboratories are used for processing laboratory data; the programme described here permits an interesting additional application: the handling of files of bibliographical or other textual information.
Computer Application in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Höhne K. H. , Dahlmann K. , Dix W.-R. , Harm K. 
Published: March 2018

The utilisation of computers in clinical chemistry has decreased administrative overhead and improved the efficiency of the measuring equipment. Supervising physicians can hardly keep up with the increased flow of valuable data. Thus, besides the straightforward data acquisition and reporting of results, the aim of computer application in the clinical laboratory is to make data interpretation more transparent.LABMAT, in addition to acquiring data, offers the possibility of presenting, checking and analyzing the data according to user-selected criteria at any time. The’ system, which has now been in daily operation for over three years, has a satellite structure. A PDP-8/I computer acquires data from 5 measuring devices and can present the results on five terminals or on a typewriter. It is connected by telephone to a large computing center (2 x IBM/370—168) where data storage and retrieval are performed. The structure of the system, examples of its usage and conclusions based on three years experience with daily operation are described.