bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering Neural Tissue from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Novel Small Molecule Releasing Microspheres
Authors: De la Vega Laura , Karmirian Karina , Willerth Stephanie Michelle 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHere a novel technique for engineering neural tissue consisting of motor neurons by combining human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with small molecules releasing microspheres is demonstrated. First, the small molecule purmorphamine (puro) is successfully encapsulated into poly ε‐caprolactone (PCL) microspheres using a single emulsion oil‐in‐water (o/w) method for the first time with an efficiency of (84% ± 2.12%). These microspheres release 91% ± 1.7% of the encapsulated puro in a controlled fashion over 46 days. Puro microspheres, along with previously characterized retinoic acid (RA) releasing microspheres, are then incorporated into hiPSC aggregates to engineer neural tissue. The combination of puro and RA microspheres promotes hiPSC differentiation as indicated by the expression of multiple neural markers, including the neuronal marker β‐tubulin III (βT‐III), and the transcription factor Olig2 (7.69 ± 8.38%) on day 28. These tissues express the motor neuron marker HB9 (24.85 ± 4.51%) on day 35, and the mature motor neuron marker ChaT (12.35 ± 4.17%) on day 60. These engineered tissues can be used for regenerative medicine applications such as treating spinal cord injury (SCI), disease modeling, and drug screening.
X‐Ray Scattering Reveals Ion‐Induced Microstructural Changes During Electrochemical Gating of Poly(3‐Hexylthiophene)
Authors: Thomas Elayne M. , Brady Michael A. , Nakayama Hidenori , Popere Bhooshan C. , Segalman Rachel A. , Chabinyc Michael L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe heterogeneous microstructure of semicrystalline polymers complicates the relationship between their electrical conductivity and carrier concentration. Charge transport models typically describe conductivity with an assumption of uniform doping throughout the material. Here, the evolution in morphology and optoelectronic properties of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is reported as a function of carrier concentration in an organic electrochemical transistor using a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) as the gate insulator. Operando grazing incidence X‐ray scattering reveals that negatively charged ions from the dielectric first infiltrate the amorphous regions of the semiconductor, and then penetrate the crystalline regions at a critical carrier density of 4 × 1020 cm−3. Upon infiltration, the crystallites expand by 12% in the alkyl stacking direction and compress by 4% in the π–π stacking direction. The change in crystal structure of P3HT correlates with a sharply increasing effective carrier mobility. UV–visible spectroscopy reveals that holes induced in P3HT first reside in the crystalline regions of the polymer, which verifies that a charge carrier need not be in the same physical domain as its associated counterion. The dopant‐induced morphological changes of P3HT rationalize the dependence of mobility on carrier concentration, suggesting a phase transition of crystalline regions at high carrier concentration.
Oxygen Defect Modulated Titanium Niobium Oxide on Graphene Arrays: An Open‐Door for High‐Performance 1.4 V Symmetric Supercapacitor in Acidic Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: Zhang Xiyue , Deng Shengjue , Zeng Yinxiang , Yu Minghao , Zhong Yu , Xia Xinhui , Tong Yexiang , Lu Xihong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDespite appealing supercapacitive properties, the acidic aqueous supercapacitors (SCs) are still suffering from low operating voltage (<1 V) leading to unsatisfactory energy densities. Herein, for the first time, it is reported that the oxygen defect modulated Ti2Nb10O29−x (TNOx) on interlinked graphene array (denoted as TNOxG) can achieve a wide potential window up to 1.8 V in 1 m H2SO4 electrolyte and deliver an extremely high capacitance up to 368.9 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. Accompanying the improved charge transfer efficiency and preferable H ion diffusion, the oxygen defects in TNOxG are capable of stimulating more pseudocapacitive behavior and simultaneously suppressing oxygen evolution reaction. Furthermore, a 1.4 V high voltage quasi‐solid‐state TNOxG‐based symmetric supercapacitor is demonstrated, yielding a maximum energy density of 0.58 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 0.57 W cm−3 and exceptionally excellent cycling durability. It is believed that this strategy of oxygen defect modulation to optimize reaction kinetics will lead to further improvements in the performance of high‐voltage aqueous SCs.
In Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Diffraction Characterization of Corrosion Products of a Ti‐Based Metallic Glass for Implant Applications
Authors: Gostin Petre Flaviu , Addison Owen , Morrell Alexander P. , Zhang Yue , Cook Angus J. M. C. , Liens Alethea , Stoica Mihai , Ignatyev Konstantin , Street Steven R. , Wu Jing , Chiu Yu‐Lung , Davenport Alison J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTi‐based bulk metallic glasses are under consideration for implants due to their high yield strength and biocompatibility. In this work, in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD) is used to investigate the corrosion products formed from corrosion of Ti40Zr10Cu34Pd14Sn2 bulk metallic glass in artificial corrosion pits in physiological saline (NaCl). It is found that Pd nanoparticles form in the interior of the pits during electrochemical dissolution. At a low pit growth potential, the change in lattice parameter of the Pd nanoparticles is consistent with the formation of palladium hydride. In addition, a salt layer very close to the dissolving interface is found to contain CuCl, PdCl2, ZrOCl2∙8H2O, Cu, Cu2O, and several unidentified phases. The formation of Pd nanoparticles (16 ± 10 nm at 0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl) containing small amounts of the other alloying elements is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The addition of albumin and/or H2O2 does not significantly influence the nature of the corrosion products. When considering the biological compatibility of the alloy, the biological reactivity of the corrosion products identified should be explored.
Sustained and Bioresponsive Two‐Stage Delivery of Therapeutic miRNA via Polyplex Micelle‐Loaded Injectable Hydrogels for Inhibition of Intervertebral Disc Fibrosis
Authors: Feng Ganjun , Zha Zengshi , Huang Yong , Li Junjie , Wang Yuheng , Ke Wendong , Chen Hongying , Liu Limin , Song Yueming , Ge Zhishen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is frequently caused by gradual pathological changes inside intervertebral discs (IVDs) and progressive fibrosis. MicroRNA‐29 (miR‐29) family possesses potent fibrosis suppression capability, but their application for treatment of chronic IDD is limited due to lack of suitable local delivery systems. In this report, given various overexpressed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during IDD, injectable MMP‐degradable hydrogels encapsulating MMP‐responsive polyplex micelles are developed for sustained and bioresponsive delivery of miR‐29a into nucleus pulposus cells via a two‐stage process. Cationic block copolymers are designed to complex miR‐29a, and subsequently mixed with the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) gelation precursors and MMP‐cleavable peptide cross‐linkers for in situ formation of polyplex micelle‐encapsulated hydrogels in the diseased IVDs. In the presence of MMPs, the polyplex micelles are first released by MMP cleavage of the hydrogels, and subsequently, MMPs‐responsive detachment of PEG shells from polyplex micelles contributes to efficient cellular uptake and endosomal escape. MiR‐29a is demonstrated to effectively silence the expression of MMP‐2, inhibit the fibrosis process, and reverse IDD in animal models through blocking the β‐catenin translocation pathway from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This two‐stage bioresponsive local miRNA delivery system represents a novel and promising strategy for the treatment of chronic IDD.
Additive Manufacturing: Applications and Directions in Photonics and Optoelectronics
Authors: Camposeo Andrea , Persano Luana , Farsari Maria , Pisignano Dario 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe combination of materials with targeted optical properties and of complex, 3D architectures, which can be nowadays obtained by additive manufacturing, opens unprecedented opportunities for developing new integrated systems in photonics and optoelectronics. The recent progress in additive technologies for processing optical materials is here presented, with emphasis on accessible geometries, achievable spatial resolution, and requirements for printable optical materials. Relevant examples of photonic and optoelectronic devices fabricated by 3D printing are shown, which include light‐emitting diodes, lasers, waveguides, optical sensors, photonic crystals and metamaterials, and micro‐optical components. The potential of additive manufacturing applied to photonics and optoelectronics is enormous, and the field is still in its infancy. Future directions for research include the development of fully printable optical and architected materials, of effective and versatile platforms for multimaterial processing, and of high‐throughput 3D printing technologies that can concomitantly reach high resolution and large working volumes.
Natural Environments Near Schools: Potential Benefits for Socio‐Emotional and Behavioral Development in Early Childhood
Authors: Scott J. Taylor , Kilmer Ryan P. , Wang Chuang , Cook James R. , Haber Mason G. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFeatures of the natural environment such as tree canopy and green space have been found to promote health and well‐being; however, minimal research has investigated potential benefits of nature near schools for early childhood development. This study examined differences in teacher ratings of preschoolers’ socio‐emotional and behavioral functioning in relation to the presence of natural elements (e.g., trees, parks) near children's homes and schools. Students’ development of emotional and behavioral regulatory skills was the greatest when there were high levels of tree canopy either at home or school. Additionally, students developed greater independence and social skills when their schools were in neighborhoods with limited impervious surface (e.g., concrete); this trend was the most pronounced for students from neighborhoods low in impervious surface. Further, results suggested that associations with tree canopy may fluctuate seasonally (i.e., stronger relationships in the spring) and that the potential impact of school nature may depend on levels of home nature exposure. Although not yielding causal evidence regarding the impact of nature exposure or the effectiveness of greening interventions, findings suggest that school administrators and city planners could collaborate to maximize potential benefits of greening efforts near schools or within their catchment zones.
On‐the‐ground health and safety experiences of non‐union casino hotel workers: A focus‐group study stratified by four occupational groups
Authors: Romero Diana , Flandrick Kathleen , Kordosky Jason , Vossenas Pamela 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesTo understand the health‐ and safety‐related experiences of specific occupations among non‐union casino hotel employees to identify processes leading to worker health and safety risks.MethodsUsing purposive, criterion sampling, 61 workers participated in 13 recorded focus groups (FGs). A semi‐structured topic guide addressed work‐related health and safety impacts, workplace hazards, and management responses, among others. FG transcripts were analyzed following grounded theory methodology. Demographic and occupational health information was collected via survey.ResultsCodes (97) were collapsed into seven themes: activities/exposures negatively affecting health/safety; barriers to health/safety; injury/pain occurrences; coping mechanisms; job vulnerability; management policies/enforcement; lack of management concern for employees. From these themes emerged the Dynamic Theoretical Framework of Employee Health and Safety Risk.Conclusions“Management's lack of concern” creates a negative environment whereby employer‐controlled factors jeopardize employees’ health and safety. Interventions targeting management's lack of concern for employee health and safety could favorably change work‐based risks.
Phenolic Building Blocks for the Assembly of Functional Materials
Authors: Rahim Md. Arifur , Kristufek Samantha L. , Pan Shuaijun , Richardson Joseph J. , Caruso Frank 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPhenolic materials have long been known for their use in inks, wood coatings, and leather tanning. However, there has recently been a renewed interest in engineering advanced materials from phenolic building blocks. The intrinsic properties of phenolic compounds, such as metal chelation, hydrogen bonding, pH responsiveness, redox potentials, radical scavenging, polymerization, and light absorbance, have made them a distinct class of structural motifs for the synthesis of functional materials. Materials prepared from phenolic compounds often retain many of these useful properties with synergistic effects in applications ranging from catalysis to biomedicine. This Review provides an overview of the diverse functional materials that can be prepared from natural and synthetic phenolic building blocks, as well as their applications.
Promoting Terminal Olefin Metathesis with a Supported Cationic Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst
Authors: Pucino Margherita , Inoue Mariko , Gordon Christopher P. , Schowner Roman , Stöhr Laura , Sen Suman , Hegedüs Csaba , Robé Emmanuel , Tóth Flórián , Buchmeiser Michael R. , Copéret Christophe 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSilica‐supported cationic Mo‐imido alkylidene N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysts, prepared by surface organometallic chemistry, display contrasting olefin metathesis activity for terminal and internal olefins. The high metathesis activity towards terminal alkenes is attributed to the strong σ‐donating property of the NHC ancillary ligand, which disfavors the formation of the parent square‐planar metallacyclobutane, an off‐cycle reaction intermediate resulting from the reaction with ethylene, one of the metathesis products. This tailored ligand environment also allowed the first trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) metallacyclobutane reaction intermediate for supported Mo metathesis catalysts to be identified.
Bayesian modeling and forecasting of Value‐at‐Risk via threshold realized volatility
Authors: Chen Cathy W.S. , Watanabe Toshiaki 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study proposes a threshold realized generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model that jointly models daily returns and realized volatility, thereby taking into account the bias and asymmetry of realized volatility. We incorporate this threshold realized GARCH model with skew Student‐t innovations as the observation equation, view this model as a sharp transition model, and treat the realized volatility as a proxy for volatility under this nonlinear structure. Through the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method, the model can jointly estimate the parameters in the return equation, the volatility equation, and the measurement equation. As an illustration, we conduct a simulation study and apply the proposed method to the US and Japan stock markets. Based on quantile forecasting and volatility estimation, we find that the threshold heteroskedastic framework with realized volatility successfully models the asymmetric dynamic structure. We also investigate the predictive ability of volatility by comparing the proposed model with the traditional GARCH model as well as some popular asymmetric GARCH and realized GARCH models. This threshold realized GARCH model with skew Student‐t innovations outperforms the competing risk models in out‐of‐sample volatility and Value‐at‐Risk forecasting.
Anforderungen und Konzept für eine automatisierte Zustandserfassung von Bauwerken mittels Bilderfassung und ‐auswertung
Authors: Reinhardt Markus , Gebauer Daniel , Marx Steffen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDieser Bericht stellt die Forschungsausrichtung des Eisenbahn‐Bundesamts bzgl. der Digitalisierung im Bauwesen dar und stellt das in diesem Rahmen durchgeführte erste Projekt kurz vor. Prognoseverfahren zur Abschätzung des Zustands und zur Planung von Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen werden in weiten Bereichen der stationären Industrie bereits eingesetzt. Diese Technologie, das Predictive Maintenance (PM), auch für das Bauwesen zu erschließen, ist eines der zentralen Themen der aktuellen Forschung und logische Folge der konsequenten Einführung und Nutzung digitaler Technologien. Neben der Erfassung und Lokalisation der Daten sind die Analyse, die Bewertung und die Ableitung konkreter Maßnahmen die zu untersuchenden Fragestellungen. Die Leibniz Universität Hannover (LUH) hat im Auftrag des Eisenbahn‐Bundesamts (EBA) im Rahmen eines Projekts die Grundanforderungen zur Erkennung und Klassifizierung von Schäden an Stahlbetonbrücken anhand optischer Kriterien untersucht.
Grundlagen – Einsatzgebiete – rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für Drohnensysteme
Authors: Holst Ralph 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDrohnen bzw. UAV/UAS (unmanned aerial vehicles/systems) sind sehr stark weiterentwickelt worden und für unterschiedlichste Einsätze praxistauglich. Sie sind auch im zivilen Bereich angekommen und bieten zusammen mit passender Erfassungs/‐Aufnahmetechnik ein großes Einsatzpotenzial auch im Bereich der Verkehrsinfrastrukturen. Es wird für Eigentümer von Infrastrukturen immer wichtiger, umfassend, schnell und zeitnah über Art, Umfang und Zustand von Anlagen informiert zu sein. Dafür können UAS in Kombination mit bekannten und bewährten Verfahren einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten. In diesem Beitrag werden, bezogen auf den Einsatz im Infrastrukturbereich, die unterschiedlichen Systeme und Einsatzmöglichkeiten kurz vorgestellt. Dann wird der sehr wichtige Bereich der rechtlichen Regelungen in Deutschland, benachbarten und weiteren Ländern beleuchtet. Denn die große Einsatzfähigkeit führt auch zu missbräuchlichen bzw. gefährlichen Einsätzen. Hier gilt es Regelungen zu schaffen bzw. anzupassen, die einen Einsatz sowohl im professionellen wie privaten Bereich ermöglichen und trotzdem den Schutz von Anlagen und Dritter (Privatsphäre bzw. körperliche Unversehrtheit) gewährleisten. Im Ausblick werden kurz wichtige Aspekte zukünftiger Entwicklungen dargestellt.
Thirty‐day recurrence after ischemic stroke or TIA
Authors: Khanevski Andrej Netland , Bjerkreim Anna Therese , Novotny Vojtech , Næss Halvor , Thomassen Lars , Logallo Nicola , Kvistad Christopher E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundIncidence of recurrent stroke is highest within 30 days after the initial ischemic stroke (IS) or TIA, but knowledge about early recurrence is lacking. We aimed to identify etiological groups with highest risk of early recurrence and assess how the TOAST classification identified index stroke etiology.MethodsMedical records of 1874 IS and TIA patients in the Bergen NORSTROKE registry were retrospectively reviewed for identification of recurrent IS or TIA within 30 days after index IS or TIA. Stroke etiology was determined by review of electronical medical journals. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for 30‐day recurrence.ResultsThirty‐three patients (1.8%) were readmitted with recurrent IS or TIA within 30 days after index stroke. By using TOAST, 12 patients were initially classified with stroke of unknown etiology (SUE). Etiologies behind recurrent IS or TIA were after the recurrent episode identified as extracranial large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) in 14 patients (42.4%), intracranial arterial pathology in seven patients (21.2%), active malignancy in six patients (18.2%), and cardio embolism in four patients (12.1%). Small vessel occlusion and SUE were the causes in one patient each. Logistic regression showed that patients with stroke of other determined etiology (SOE) and LAA had increased risk of 30‐day recurrence (OR = 9.72, 95% CI 1.84–51.3, p < 0.01 and OR = 4.36, 95% CI 2.01–9.47, p < 0.01, respectively).ConclusionPatients with LAA and SOE had increased risk of recurrent IS or TIA within 30 days. TOAST was inadequate at identifying exact etiologies behind recurrent stroke at index event.
Engineering, on‐demand manufacturing, and scaling‐up of polymeric nanocapsules
Authors: Crecente‐Campo José , Alonso María José 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPolymeric nanocapsules are versatile delivery systems with the capacity to load lipophilic drugs in their oily nucleus and hydrophilic drugs in their polymeric shell. The objective of this work was to expand the technological possibilities to prepare customized nanocapsules. First, we adapted the solvent displacement technique to modulate the particle size of the resulting nanocapsules in the 50–500 nm range. We also produced nanosystems with a shell made of one or multiple polymer layers i.e. chitosan, dextran sulphate, hyaluronate, chondroitin sulphate, and alginate. In addition, we identified the conditions to translate the process into a miniaturized high‐throughput tailor‐made fabrication that enables massive screening of formulations. Finally, the production of the nanocapsules was scaled‐up both in a batch production, and also using microfluidics. The versatility of the properties of these nanocapsules and their fabrication technologies is expected to propel their advance from bench to clinic.
Educational interactive hydraulic and geometric design of a spillway using labview and geometrical modeling
Authors: Allawi Faridoun A. M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBased on theories of geometrical modeling, an educational interactive LabVIEW program is designed to enable hydraulic engineers to design 2D and 3D hydraulic structures like spillways and energy dissipater basins. The parametric definitions of curves and surfaces in geometrical modelling are based on matrices which are found to be useful when used for the geometrical design of hydraulic structures. The LabVIEW matrices, through the use of the build array functions, the build matrix functions, and the 3D parametric surface functions are used for achieving the purpose of designing this software. The LabVIEW matrices enable the designer to change the hydraulic design parameters very easily and quickly to obtain more reliable and more accurate 2D and 3D designs. With LabVIEW it is not required to write a program instead a block diagram is necessary to be designed for achieving a certain required engineering task which is much simpler than writing a program especially when the task is complicated. When used for class room demonstration, the environment of the program and its visual artifacts enabled the students to enhance their understandings regarding the design of spillway and energy dissipater structures. This research paper spots the light on the major parts of this interactive software for the hydraulic designs of spillways and energy dissipation basins.