bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary health care: an opportunity for early identification of people living with undiagnosed HIV infection
Authors: Martin‐Iguacel R , Pedersen C , Llibre JM , Søndergaard J , Jensen J , Omland LH , Johansen IS , Obel N , Rasmussen LD 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the fraction of HIV‐diagnosed individuals who had primary health care (PHC) contacts 3 years prior to HIV diagnosis and whether the risk of HIV diagnosis and degree of immunodeficiency were associated with the frequency of visits or procedures performed.MethodsWe used data from national registries to conduct a population‐based nested case–control study. Cases were individuals diagnosed with HIV infection in Denmark from 1998 to 2016. Population controls were extracted from the general population matched 13:1 on gender and age. We used conditional logistic regression. As there was a statistically significant interaction, analyses were further stratified by gender and Danish/non‐Danish origin.ResultsWe identified 2784 cases and 36 192 controls. Ninety‐three per cent of cases and 88% of controls attended PHC at least once in the 3 years prior to diagnosis, with a higher median number of visits to PHC (NVPC) for cases. We found a statistically significant positive association between NVPC and risk of subsequent HIV diagnosis in men and non‐Danish women. A U‐shaped association between NVPC and risk of HIV diagnosis among Danish women. No substantial association between NVPC and degree of immunodeficiency was found. Risk of HIV diagnosis and degree of immunodeficiency were weakly associated with type of procedures performed.ConclusionsFor most HIV‐infected individuals, there seem to be many opportunities for earlier diagnosis in PHC. In men and non‐Danish women, the risk of HIV diagnosis but not the degree of immunodeficiency was related to NVPC. The results suggest that the type of medical procedure performed cannot not be used as a guide by the primary physician to indicate which patients to test.
A new species of Piaractus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Orinoco Basin with a redescription of Piaractus brachypomus
Authors: Escobar L. Maria D. , Ota Rafaela P. , Machado‐Allison Antonio , Andrade‐López Juana , Farias Izeni P. , Hrbek Tomas 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Piaractus orinoquensis, a new species of serrasalmid fish, is described from the Orinoco River basin. The new species differs from congeners by having a slenderer body, relatively smaller head and snout, more compressed mid‐body, fewer scales above and below the lateral line and diagnostic molecular characters in the coI mitochondrial gene region. We also provide a re‐description of Piaractus brachypomus, restricting its geographic distribution to the Amazon River basin. Both species are economically important in their respective basins and need to be independently managed as distinct species.
Tenofovir alafenamide for hepatitis B virus infection including switching therapy from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Authors: Kaneko Shun , Kurosaki Masayuki , Tamaki Nobuharu , Itakura Jun , Hayashi Tsuguru , Kirino Sakura , Osawa Leona , Watakabe Keiya , Okada Mao , Wang Wan , Shimizu Takao , Higuchi Mayu , Takaura Kenta , Yasui Yutaka , Tsuchiya Kaoru , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Takahashi Yuka , Watanabe Mamoru , Izumi Namiki 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground and AimTenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a new prodrug of tenofovir, enabling treatment of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at a lower dose than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), via more efficient delivery of tenofovir to the hepatocytes. We compared the efficacy and safety of TDF and TAF and investigated switching from TDF to TAF therapy.MethodsConsent for TDF and TAF therapy was obtained from 117 and 67 patients from August 2014 to January 2018. In total, 45 and 14 patients were administered with TDF and TAF, respectively, as naïve therapy, and 36 patients were switched from TDF to TAF. The antiviral effects and renal function safety were assessed.ResultsAt week 48, the antiviral effects on patients receiving TDF and TAF as naïve therapy were similar in terms of reduction of HBV DNA (−5.6 ± 1.8 logIU/ml vs −5.0 ± 1.7 log IU/ml; P = 0.34) and hepatitis B surface antigen (−0.29 ± 0.64 logIU/ml vs −0.15 ± 0.42 logIU/ml; P = 0.71) levels. A significant decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was seen at 48‐week TDF treatment (−5.34 ± 7.69 ml/min/1.73 m2; P < 0.001). Switching from TDF to TAF did not increase the HBV DNA or hepatitis B surface antigen at 24 weeks. Although the eGFR worsened during TDF therapy (−7.32 ± 4.87 ml/min/1.73 m2), it improved significantly at week 4 (+3.93 ± 6.18 ml/min/1.73 m2; P = 0.008) and week 24 (+2.89 ± 4.26 ml/min/1.73 m2; P = 0.020) after switching from TDF to TAF.ConclusionTenofovir disoproxil fumarate and TAF showed adequate antiviral effects as naïve therapies. Furthermore, switching from TDF to TAF therapy contributed to the maintenance of the antiviral effect and recovery of renal dysfunction.
Daily Use of Bilateral Custom‐Made Ankle‐Foot Orthoses for Fall Prevention in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wang Changhong , Goel Rahul , Zhang Qianzi , Lepow Brian , Najafi Bijan 
Published: April 2019

OBJECTIVETo examine the effects of bilateral custom‐made ankle‐foot orthoses (AFOs) to prevent falls for older adults with concern about or at risk for falling over 12‐month daily use.DESIGNSecondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.SETTINGCommunity‐dwelling older adults.INTERVENTIONHalf of the participants were randomly allocated to an intervention group (IG) that received fitted walking shoes and bilateral custom‐made AFOs, and the other half were randomly allocated to a control group (CG) that only received fitted walking shoes.MEASUREMENTSSelf‐reported fall history of 12‐month duration was investigated at baseline and 12‐month follow‐up for both groups. Fall incidence rate and proportion of fallers were used as outcome measures to determine effects of 12‐month footwear intervention in either group.PARTICIPANTSAdults aged 65 years and older with concern about or at risk for falling (n = 44).RESULTSNo significant between‐group differences in participant characteristics were observed at the baseline (P = .144‐.882). Within the IG, significant reductions were found in the fall incidence rate (P = .039) and the proportion of fallers (P = .036) at the 12‐month follow‐up compared to the baseline. Within the CG, no significant change was found at the 12‐month follow‐up compared to the baseline for the fall incidence rate (P = .217) or the proportion of fallers (P = .757). When comparing the IG with the CG, there was no significant difference in the change from the baseline to the 12‐month follow‐up for the fall incidence rate (P = .572) or the proportion of fallers (P = .080).CONCLUSIONThis study failed to demonstrate a significant benefit of bilateral custom‐made AFOs to reduce falls compared to fitted walking shoes. However, the AFO users had significant reductions in falls compared to the preceding year. A future study with a larger sample size is recommended to confirm these observations.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02819011. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1656–1661, 2019
‘Transformed rights’ sexual health programme evaluation for the parents and service workers of adults with an intellectual disability
Authors: Chou Y.‐C. , Lu Z.‐y. J. , Chen B.‐W. , Lin C.‐J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo promote sexual health in adults with an intellectual disability (ID) in Taiwan, sexual health programmes were provided to adults with ID, their parents and service workers. This study evaluates the impact of these programmes that involved the parents and service workers.MethodsIntervention and participatory research paradigms were applied to develop, implement and evaluate programmes that address the challenges that relate to the sexual rights of adults with ID. Additionally, the programmes fostered open dialogue among the participants concerning the sexual health of people with ID. In total, 57 parents and 164 service workers were involved in the programmes. A quasi‐experimental design and standardised questionnaires (Attitudes to Sexuality Questionnaire – Individuals with an Intellectual Disability), as well as in‐depth interviews, were used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data on the programmes' effectiveness and participants' experiences between April 2012 and July 2015.ResultsThe findings revealed that after the programmes were implemented, attitudes towards the sexual rights of people with ID were significantly more positive among both the parents and service workers. Participation in the sexual health programmes facilitated constructive dialogue by revealing hidden concerns and by transforming the perspectives of the parents and service workers from viewing sexuality as a social problem to understanding the sexual rights of adults with ID.ConclusionsBoth the quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that the programmes had a positive impact on the parents and service workers in terms of their attitudes towards the sexual rights of people with ID. Open dialogue and reciprocal interaction strategies caused transformations in the perspectives of parents and service workers on sexual health.
Gender Differences in Couples' Matrimonial Property Regime in Italy
Authors: Fraboni Romina , Vitali Agnese 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveThis study investigates the characteristics of spouses in Italy who choose to pool their economic resources.BackgroundIf resource pooling is common among male‐breadwinner couples, expectations regarding resource pooling are mixed for female‐breadwinner couples or, more generally, for couples with wives who are economically advantaged when compared with their husbands. This study asks whether resource‐pooling strategies differ between couples with economically advantaged husbands, couples with economically advantaged wives, and couples in which spouses have similar economic resources.MethodThe article uses an objective measure of pooling of wealth available for Italy at the time of marriage: the matrimonial property regime, indicating the choice between a shared or separate ownership of assets accumulated during marriage. Using data from the 2015 marriage register, the article models the probability that a couple chooses the community of property with a logistic regression model.ResultsCouples with husbands who were economically advantaged when compared with their wives (i.e., the husband was older, more educated, or employed with a nonemployed wife) were more likely to choose the community of property when compared with couples with similar resources (both spouses were employed, of similar age or educational attainment); conversely, couples with economically advantaged wives were more likely to choose the separation of property.ConclusionEconomically advantaged women seem to be “undoing gender” by protecting their economic resources via the separation of property.
A comparison of canine whole and intact parathyroid hormone concentrations as measured by different assays
Authors: Mooney C. T. , Shiel R. E. , Fawcett K. , Matthews E. , Gunn E. 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesTo compare an intact immunoradiometric parathyroid hormone assay with (1) a non‐isotopic technique; and, (2) a whole parathyroid hormone immunoradiometric assay.Materials and MethodsIntact parathyroid hormone concentrations were measured using immunoradiometric (Scantibodies) and chemiluminescent (Immulite 2000) assays. Whole parathyroid hormone concentration was measured using an immunoradiometric assay (Scantibodies).ResultsA total of 48 and 47 samples, respectively, were used to compare immunoradiometric and chemiluminescent intact parathyroid concentrations and intact and whole parathyroid hormone concentrations by immunoradiometric assays. Using chemiluminescence, 39 (81.3%) samples had intact parathyroid hormone concentrations at or below the reported limit of detection of the assay (0.3 pmol/L). Intact [6.3 (2.0 to 95.5) pmol/L] and whole [3.3 (0.8 to 125.2) pmol/L] immunoradiometric parathyroid hormone concentrations exhibited excellent correlation.Clinical SignificanceNot all parathyroid hormone assays perform similarly. The chemiluminescent assay in this study cannot be recommended for use in dogs. The immunoradiometric intact parathyroid hormone assay proved to be a more reliable method. Given the correlation between intact and whole parathyroid hormone concentrations, it remains unclear which one is superior for routine clinical decision‐making.
Gene miaA for post‐transcriptional modification of tRNAXXA is important for morphological and metabolic differentiation in Streptomyces
Authors: Koshla Oksana , Yushchuk Oleksandr , Ostash Iryna , Dacyuk Yuriy , Myronovskyi Maksym , Jäger Gunilla , Süssmuth Roderich D. , Luzhetskyy Andriy , Byström Anders , Kirsebom Leif A. , Ostash Bohdan 
Published: April 2019

SummaryMembers of actinobacterial genus Streptomyces possess a sophisticated life cycle and are the deepest source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Although morphogenesis and secondary metabolism are subject to transcriptional co‐regulation, streptomycetes employ an additional mechanism to initiate the aforementioned processes. This mechanism is based on delayed translation of rare leucyl codon UUA by the only cognate tRNALeuUAA (encoded by bldA). The bldA–based genetic switch is an extensively documented example of translational regulation in Streptomyces. Yet, after five decades since the discovery of bldA, factors that shape its function and peculiar conditionality remained elusive. Here we address the hypothesis that post‐transcriptional tRNA modifications play a role in tRNA‐based mechanisms of translational control in Streptomyces. Particularly, we studied two Streptomyces albus J1074 genes, XNR_1074 (miaA) and XNR_1078 (miaB), encoding tRNA (adenosine(37)‐N6)‐dimethylallyltransferase and tRNA (N6‐isopentenyl adenosine(37)‐C2)‐methylthiotransferase respectively. These enzymes produce, in a sequential manner, a hypermodified ms2i6A37 residue in most of the A36‐A37‐containing tRNAs. We show that miaB and especially miaA null mutant of S. albus possess altered morphogenesis and secondary metabolism. We provide genetic evidence that miaA deficiency impacts translational level of gene expression, most likely through impaired decoding of codons UXX and UUA in particular.
The motivational unconscious
Authors: Kihlstrom John F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMotives may be said to be unconscious in a variety of ways. They may be automatically and unconsciously elicited by consciously perceptible situational cues; they may be instigated by cues that are themselves excluded from conscious awareness, as expressions of implicit perception or memory; or the person may be consciously unaware of his or her actual motivational state. The paper reviews the evidence pertaining to all three aspects of unconscious motivation, with emphasis on conceptual and methodological questions that arise in the study of motives which are not accessible to phenomenal awareness or voluntary control but nonetheless influence the individual's experience, thought, and action.
PO 8446 COLLABORATIVE TUBERCULOSIS RESEARCH AGENDA AT KEMRI CENTER FOR GLOBAL HEALTH RESEARCH, KISUMU, KENYA
Authors: Wandiga Steve , Agaya Janet , Gurrion Ouma S , Okumu Ochieng Albert , Kiringa Grace , Otieno Juliana , Mwai Geoffrey , Nduba Videlis , Munga Stephen 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundDeveloping countries grapple with inadequate funding amidst high burden of diseases. Africa is home to 9 of the 22 countries with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden and to 29 of the 41 countries with a high TB-HIV burden. Kenya is among the high TB and high TB-HIV burden countries. The Western Kenya region has the highest burden of TB and HIV. North-South partnerships are pivotal in ameliorating funding gaps in clinical research.MethodsWhile optimising existing infrastructure and organising programme support (i.e sensitisation and awareness creation, leading to study participant recruitment), from 2005 to date we conducted with multiple North-South collaborators capacity strengthening, TB prevalence survey, observational studies, operational research, and vaccine and drug trials.ResultsTB prevalence survey showed 600 cases per 100,000 population, TB epidemiological studies among adolescents and infants yielded 680 and 900/100,000 population respectively while 2 TB vaccine trials among infants and adults were conducted in Siaya. Three TB drug trials and a TB patient observational cum bio-bank study were concluded in Kisumu. KEMRI TB laboratory was upgraded from BSL2 to BSL3, was ISO-accredited in 2013, renewed in 2015 and 2017 and supports TB programme health facilities with retreatment specimens, supervision and mentorship. Over 25 operational TB studies grouped into community and case detection (increasing case detection), diagnostic and molecular (new diagnostic methods) and epidemiology studies (testing and monitoring cohorts for epidemiological questions) were implemented. Five PhDs, 9 Master’s, 2 Postgraduate Diplomas, 6 Bachelor’s degrees and 10 Diplomas have been supported. Siaya clinical research center was built while in Kisumu an adolescent clinic was constructed. This work involved 18 northern and 26 southern partners. Over 35 publications have been published out of these collaborations.ConclusionNorth-South collaborations provided funding, expertise and resources to harness research capacity of KEMRI; hence the need to foster a global networking culture.
PO 8495 DATA SHARING IS PART OF DATA MANAGEMENT: THE NEED FOR A HOLISTIC AND COHERENT VIEW ON RESEARCH DATA MANAGEMENT
Authors: Loen Harry Van , Thiongo Mary , Herrewege Yven Van 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundAwareness of data management (DM) is often restricted to ‘the cost of computers’ or ‘the need for a database’. Recently, ‘data sharing’ can be added to this shortlist. Indeed, in recent years data sharing became often required or so strongly promoted that the importance of all other aspects related to DM or data handling in clinical tended still to be overlooked. However, the development of data sharing guidelines and associated privacy regulations (e.g. the EU General Data Protection Regulation) created a new momentum for highlighting the importance of qualitative data management.MethodsAn overview of DM processes is given, within the framework and challenges of conducting non-commercial clinical trials in North-South partnerships.ResultsThe DM workflow of a clinical trial is presented, highlighting essential DM tasks, deliverables and milestones. Pre-study tasks and deliverables are addressed: SOPs, a data management plan, the implementation of a GCP-compliant validated data management system and compliance to data quality, privacy, security and standards (e.g. MedDRA, CDISC). Subsequent study-specific processes including the collection, entry, querying and cleaning of the data are discussed. In addition, DM metrics important to guide quality, productivity and timelines are reviewed while considering their impact on post-study activities such as data sharing.ConclusionData sharing is only one of many DM tasks, at the end of the DM workflow. Focusing too much on data sharing while neglecting other DM aspects might lead to underestimating the workload, resources, quality assurance and time needed for data management and by and large for the trial itself. Integrating data sharing into a holistic vision on data management is paramount for clinical research.
PO 8496 ACCURACY OF DIAGNOSIS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE AMONG MALARIA PATIENTS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS IN THE ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA
Authors: Mutala Abdul-Hakim , Badu Kingsley , Tweneboah Austine , Agordzo Samul , Abbas Dawood Ackom 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundOver recent years, there has been an increase in the use of a histidine-rich protein 2(HRP-2)-based rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in the diagnosis of malaria. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of malaria will help reduce parasite reservoir and reduce malaria transmission. However, the underdiagnosis of malaria due to low parasite density hinders malaria eradication. The study aimed at establishing the baseline information on the accuracy of the HRP2-based RDT used in Ghana in three communities (Agona [rural], Kuntanase [peri-urban] and Kumasi [urban]) while determining the haematological difference among malaria patients.MethodsCross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2018. A total of 304 participants were recruited in the study. Microscopy and RDT were used in the detection of malaria parasitaemia in all the samples.ResultsThe overall sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value was 75.9%, 95.6%, 64.7% and 97.4% respectively. The HRP-2 based RDT was highly sensitive (100%) for parasite density ≥250 parasite µl and relatively low for parasite density ≤100 parasite/µl (50%- Kumasi, 67%- Agona and 75%- Kuntanase). On the other hand, Agona (rural) recorded the highest prevalence (15.8%) followed by Kumasi (urban) (9%) and Kuntanase (peri-urban) being the lowest (6.8%). The difference in prevalence was however not statistically significant across the three communities. The rural area also accounted for highest parasite density (mean 99.53) and lowest in urban (60.29) with a statistical difference (p<0.001). The difference in white blood cell levels was significant (<0.0001) across Agona, Kuntanase and Kumasi. RBC and Hb levels were however not significant.ConclusionThe high specificity observed indicates that the majority of the patients without malaria were correctly diagnosed. Notwithstanding, the sensitivity was relatively low and below the WHO standard of ≥95% hence a significant number of malaria-positive cases were misdiagnosed. It is therefore important that the accuracy of RDT should be frequently assessed to improve its quality.