bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Home Smoke Exposure and Health‐Related Quality of Life in Children with Acute Respiratory Illness
Authors: Johnson Jakobi , Wilson Karen M , Zhou Chuan , Johnson David P , Kenyon Chén C , Tieder Joel S , Dean Andrea , Mangione‐Smith Rita , Williams Derek J 
Published: April 2019

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to assess whether secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has an impact on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with acute respiratory illness (ARI).METHODSThis study was nested within a multicenter, prospective cohort study of children (two weeks to 16 years) with ARI (emergency department visits for croup and hospitalizations for croup, asthma, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia) between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2016. Subjects were surveyed upon enrollment for sociodemographics, healthcare utilization, home SHS exposure (0 or ≥1 smoker in the home), and child HRQOL (Pediatric Quality of Life Physical Functioning Scale) for both baseline health (preceding illness) and acute illness (on admission). Data on insurance status and medical complexity were collected from the Pediatric Hospital Information System database. Multivariable linear mixed regression models examined associations between SHS exposure and HRQOL.RESULTSHome SHS exposure was reported in 728 (32%) of the 2,309 included children. Compared with nonexposed children, SHS‐exposed children had significantly lower HRQOL scores for baseline health (mean difference –3.04 [95% CI –4.34, –1.74]) and acute illness (–2.16 [–4.22, –0.10]). Associations were strongest among children living with two or more smokers. HRQOL scores were lower among SHS‐exposed children for all four conditions but only significant at baseline for bronchiolitis (–2.94 [–5.0, –0.89]) and pneumonia (–4.13 [–6.82, –1.44]) and on admission for croup (–5.71 [–10.67, –0.75]).CONCLUSIONSOur study demonstrates an association between regular SHS exposure and decreased HRQOL with a dose‐dependent response for children with ARI, providing further evidence of the negative impact of SHS.
Corporate Provision of Public Goods
Authors: Morgan John , Tumlinson Justin 
Published: April 2019

Milton Friedman famously suggested that firms ought not divert profits toward public goods because shareholders can better make these contributions themselves. Despite this, activist shareholders are increasingly successful in persuading firms to be “socially responsible.” We study firm behavior when shareholders care about public goods as well as profits and when managerial contracts reflect these concerns. Under these ideal conditions, managers redirect more profits toward public goods than shareholders would when acting separately—shareholders are poorer but happier. Further, so long as the public good is sufficiently desirable, the manager selects the socially optimal level of output, despite the mismatch between shareholder preferences and those of society at large. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis After Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of a Large Sessile Colonic Polyp
Authors: Wehbeh Antonios , Gerson Myron C. , Rex Douglas K. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
A 71-year-old man with mitral regurgitation and apical cardiomyopathy underwent endoscopic mucosal resection of a 22-mm transverse colon tubulovillous adenoma with high-grade dysplasia. Six weeks later, he presented with fever, valvular vegetations, and positive blood cultures for Enterococcus faecalis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of endocarditis involving native heart valves after endoscopic mucosal resection.
Primary Yolk Sac Tumor of the Liver in an Adult Man
Authors: Vanidassane Ilavarasi , Sharma Vinod , Ramteke Prashant , Yadav Mukesh Kumar , Batra Atul 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
Primary yolk sac tumor of the liver is extremely rare in adults. We report a case of a young man with an unresectable primary yolk sac tumor of the liver, who had a platinum-refractory disease that progressed despite 2 lines of chemotherapy. We review the literature pertaining to primary yolk sac tumor of the liver and its management.
Synthesis of Surfactant Tert-Butyl Glycosides from Glucose and Tert-Butanol
Authors: Pawignya Harsa , Kusworo Tutuk Djoko , Pramudono Bambang 
Published: April 2019

In Indonesia, a lot of discarded agricultural waste still contains cellulose (35-50%), the waste can still be hydrolyzed to glucose and then used as raw material in the manufacture of surfactants. Glucose can be reacted with tert-butanol using a para-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst to form tert-butyl glycoside surfactant. The purpose of this study was to study the process conditions influence the variable mole ratio, temperature, and catalyst percent on the yield of tert-butyl glycosides. The results showed that at mole ratio 1:5; temperature 70oC; and the percentage of catalyst 2.5 %, the yield obtained was 98.58 % with tert-butyl glycosides content of 61.2 %. Furthermore, the molecular structure of the surfactant was analyzed using FTIR while surface tension to determine the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value and obtained an HLB value of 4.61 Therefore, tert-butyl glycoside surfactant can be used as an emulsifier in the water-in-oil emulsion system.Keywords: glucose; surfactant; tert-butanol; tert-butyl glycosides
The effects of antioxidant combination on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats
Authors: Turkyilmaz Ismet Burcu , Coskun Zeynep Mine , Bolkent Sema , Yanardag Refiye 
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study is an investigation the protective effects of vitamin C (Vit C), vitamin E (Vit E), Î²-carotene, sodium selenate combination in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Rats were divided into 6 groups. Group I: Intact animals (control). Group II: Control animals receiving Vit C (100 mg/kg/day), Vit E (100 mg/kg/day), Î²-carotene (15 mg/kg/day) and sodium selenate (0.2 mg/kg/day) for 3 days. Group III: Animals receiving 25 mg/kg indomethacin. Group IV: Animals receiving Vit C, Vit E, Î²-carotene and sodium selenate (in same doses) for 3 days 2 h before the administration of indomethacin. Group V: Animals receiving ranitidine (150 mg/kg) for 3 days. Group VI: Animals receiving ranitidine for 3 days 2 h before to the administration of indomethacin (in same dose and time). The administration of indomethacin caused a decrease in the levels of glutathione, mucus, hexosamine and in the activities of glutathione-S-transferase, sodium-potassium ATPase, thromboplastic activity and an increase in the aspartate and alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, lactate dehydrogenase, myeloperoxidase activities and sialic acid, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels. Stomach caspase-8 immun+ cell numbers showed a slight increase while caspase-9 immun+ cell numbers reduced in indomethacin given group compared to control animals. Our results findings suggest that the combination of Vit C, Vit E, Î²-carotene, sodium selenate and ranitidine has a protective effect on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury of rats.
Impact of priming on seed germination, seedling growth and gene expression in common vetch under salinity stress
Authors: Aydinoğlu Bilal , Shabani Akbar , Safavi Seyed Mehdi 
Published: April 2019

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that is expanding its influence because of global climate change and global warming. It causes gene expression changes, a reduction in seed germination and related characteristics, and poor seedling establishment in many crop plants by creating a lower osmotic potential in the seedbed and/or toxic ion effects in germinated seeds. In recent years, seed priming has been considered a promising strategy in modern stress management to protect plants against stress conditions. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of osmopriming with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) on seed germination, seedling growth and gene expression in the common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in different saline conditions. Common vetch seeds were primed with PEG-6000 solutions having different osmotic potentials (0.00, -0.50, -0.75, -1.00, -1.25, and -1.50 MPa) for 12 hours. Control (un-primed) and primed seeds were germinated and seedlings were grown in different saline conditions (EC= zero, 4, 8 and 16 dS m-1). Furthermore, gene expression was compared in the primed seedlings in two different osmotic potentials (0.00 and -1.50 MPa) by microarray technology. Results demonstrated that germination percentage of common vetch seeds and seedling growth were diminished by high salinity. However, several priming treatments alleviated the adverse effects of high salinity on germination and early seedling growth of common vetch. The microarray showed that the expression of many genes in both stress and normal conditions was not significantly different.
Molecular role of peptides/proteins in subfertility of polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Celik Onder , Aydin Suleyman , Celik Nilufer , Ugur Kader , Yavuzkir Seyda , Hatirnaz Safak , Yardim Meltem , Celik Sude 
Published: April 2019

Obesity and hyperandrogenemia are known to have adverse effects on both developing follicle and endometrium receptivity in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Insulin resistance also contributes to this dilemma as a cause or a consequence and leads to worsening of the clinical picture. The difficulty in obtaining pregnancy despite the presence of a large number of oocyte has concentrated our attention on oocyte quality and development. However, the occurence of subfertility has also caused us to investigate the presence of different etiologic agents in non-obese PCOS women with normal androgen and insulin levels. In this context peptides have become the most accused and investigated molecules in cases of impaired fertility due to PCOS. Most of the studies investigating the relationship between PCOS and peptide did not support each other. The difficulties in measuring peptide levels as well as the individual variations in peptide synthesis and release are possible causes of this incongruity. For all these reasons, the incorporation of studies investigating the relationship between PCOS, peptide and subfertility in an article has become critical to pioneering future work. Understanding the association between peptides and subfertility will help us to understand the effects of peptides on failed fertility in PCOS. Moreover, updating our knowledge about peptides may allow us designing new drugs to to treat subfertility in PCOS. This review provides a general summary of the mechanisms of action of neuroendocrine peptides in regulating reproductive events. Since it is not usual to discuss all peptides in this context, only the effects of key central and peripheral peptides on fertility in PCOS have been extensively addressed.
Chronic Alcohol Drinking Slows Brain Development in Adolescent and Young Adult Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Shnitko Tatiana A. , Liu Zheng , Wang Xiaojie , Grant Kathleen A. , Kroenke Christopher D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe transition from adolescence to adulthood is associated with brain remodeling in the final stages of developmental growth. It is also a period when a large proportion of this age group engages in binge alcohol drinking (occasional consumption of four to five drinks leading to intoxication) and heavy alcohol drinking (binge drinking on ≥5 d in a month). Here we report on magnetic resonance imaging of developmental changes in the brain occurring during late adolescence and early adulthood (3.5–7.5 years of age) in a rhesus macaque model of alcohol self-administration. Monkeys were imaged prior to alcohol exposure, and following ∼6 and ∼12 months of daily (22 h/d) access to ethanol and water. The results revealed that the brain volume increases by 1 ml/1.87 years throughout the late adolescence and early adulthood in controls. Heavy alcohol drinking reduced the rate of brain growth by 0.25 ml/year per 1 g/kg daily ethanol. Cortical volume increased throughout this period with no significant effect of alcohol drinking on the cortical growth rate. In subcortical regions, age-dependent increases in the volumes of globus pallidus, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum were observed. Heavy drinking attenuated the growth rate of the thalamus. Thus, developmental brain volume changes in the span of late adolescence to young adulthood in macaques is altered by excessive alcohol, an insult that may be linked to the continuation of heavy drinking throughout later adult life.
A Normalization Circuit Underlying Coding of Spatial Attention in Primate Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Duong Lyndon , Leavitt Matthew , Pieper Florian , Sachs Adam , Martinez-Trujillo Julio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) neurons signal the allocation of voluntary attention; however, the neural computations underlying this function remain unknown. To investigate this, we recorded from neuronal ensembles in the LPFC of twoMacaca fascicularisperforming a visuospatial attention task. LPFC neural responses to a single stimulus were normalized when additional stimuli/distracters appeared across the visual field and were well-characterized by an averaging computation. Deploying attention toward an individual stimulus surrounded by distracters shifted neural activity from an averaging regime toward a regime similar to that when the attended stimulus was presented in isolation (winner-take-all; WTA). However, attentional modulation is both qualitatively and quantitatively dependent on a neuron’s visuospatial tuning. Our results show that during attentive vision, LPFC neuronal ensemble activity can be robustly read out by downstream areas to generate motor commands, and/or fed back into sensory areas to filter out distracter signals in favor of target signals.
A Computational Model of the Escape Response Latency in the Giant Fiber System ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Augustin Hrvoje , Zylbertal Asaph , Partridge Linda 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe giant fiber system (GFS) is a multi-component neuronal pathway mediating rapid escape response in the adult fruit-flyDrosophila melanogaster, usually in the face of a threatening visual stimulus. Two branches of the circuit promote the response by stimulating an escape jump followed by flight initiation. A recent work demonstrated an age-associated decline in the speed of signal propagation through the circuit, measured as the stimulus-to-muscle depolarization response latency. The decline is likely due to the diminishing number of inter-neuronal gap junctions in the GFS of ageing flies. In this work, we presented a realistic conductance-based, computational model of the GFS that recapitulates the experimental results and identifies some of the critical anatomical and physiological components governing the circuit’s response latency. According to our model, anatomical properties of the GFS neurons have a stronger impact on the transmission than neuronal membrane conductance densities. The model provides testable predictions for the effect of experimental interventions on the circuit’s performance in young and ageing flies.
Epidemiology of Children With Multiple Complex Chronic Conditions in a Mixed Urban-Rural US Community
Authors: Bjur Kara A. , Wi Chung-Il , Ryu Euijung , Crow Sheri S. , King Katherine S. , Juhn Young J. 
Published: April 2019

OBJECTIVES:Children with multiple complex chronic conditions (MCCs) represent a small fraction of our communities but a disproportionate amount of health care cost and mortality. Because the temporal trends of children with MCCs within a geographically well-defined US pediatric population has not been previously assessed, health care planning and policy for this vulnerable population is limited.METHODS:In this population-based, repeated cross-sectional study, we identified and enrolled all eligible children residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, through the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a medical record linkage system of Olmsted County residents. The pediatric complex chronic conditions classification system version 2 was used to identify children with MCCs. Five-year period prevalence and incidence rates were calculated during the study period (1999–2014) and characterized by age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) by using the housing-based index of socioeconomic status, a validated individual housing-based SES index. Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-adjusted prevalence and incidence rates were calculated, adjusting to the 2010 US total pediatric population.RESULTS:Five-year prevalence and incidence rates of children with MCCs in Olmsted County increased from 1200 to 1938 per 100 000 persons and from 256 to 335 per 100 000 person-years, respectively, during the study period. MCCs tend to be slightly more prevalent among children with a lower SES and with a racial minority background.CONCLUSIONS:Both 5-year prevalence and incidence rates of children with MCCs have significantly increased over time, and health disparities are present among these children. The clinical and financial outcomes of children with MCCs need to be assessed for formulating suitable health care planning given limited resources.
Parent Perceptions of Real-time Access to Their Hospitalized Child’s Medical Records Using an Inpatient Portal: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Kelly Michelle M. , Thurber Anne S. , Coller Ryan J. , Khan Alisa , Dean Shannon M. , Smith Windy , Hoonakker Peter L.T. 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Engaging with parents in care improves pediatric care quality and patient safety; however, parents of hospitalized children often lack the information necessary to effectively participate. To enhance engagement, some hospitals now provide parents with real-time online access to information from their child’s inpatient medical record during hospitalization. Whether these “inpatient portals” provide benefits for parents of hospitalized children is unknown. Our objectives were to identify why parents used an inpatient portal application on a tablet computer during their child’s hospitalization and identify their perspectives of ways to optimize the technology.METHODS:Semistructured in-person interviews were conducted with 14 parents who were given a tablet computer with a commercially available inpatient portal application for use throughout their child’s hospitalization. The portal included vital signs, diagnoses, medications, laboratory test results, patients’ schedule, messaging, education, and provider pictures and/or roles. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed and continued until reaching thematic saturation. Three researchers used an inductive approach to identify emergent themes regarding why parents used the portal.RESULTS:Five themes emerged regarding parent motivations for accessing information within the portal: (1) monitoring progress, (2) feeling empowered and/or relying less on staff, (3) facilitating rounding communication and/or decision-making, (4) ensuring information accuracy and/or providing reassurance, and (5) aiding memory. Parents recommended that the hospital continue to offer the portal and expand it to allow parents to answer admission questions, provide feedback, and access doctors’ daily notes.CONCLUSIONS:Providing parents with real-time clinical information during their child’s hospitalization using an inpatient portal may enhance their ability to engage in caregiving tasks critical to ensuring inpatient care quality and safety.
Economic Burden of Home Antimicrobial Therapy: OPAT Versus Oral Therapy
Authors: Krah Nathan M. , Bardsley Tyler , Nelson Richard , Esquibel Lawanda , Crosby Mark , Byington Carrie L. , Pavia Andrew T. , Hersh Adam L. 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND:
There is increasing evidence that outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is overused for children and that outcomes with oral therapy are equivalent. Our objective was to compare economic burden between OPAT and oral therapy, accounting for direct and indirect costs and caregiver quality of life (QoL).

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective cohort study of caregivers for children after hospitalization who were treated with prolonged antimicrobial therapy. We collected data about missed work and school and time spent administering therapy. Caregivers completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory to assess QoL. Clinical information included length of stay, treatment indication, and type of therapy (OPAT versus oral therapy). Direct medical costs were obtained by using a microcosting system and accounted for medication, supplies, and home-nursing visits. The primary cost outcome was the mean daily cost of therapy. Multivariable models were developed to adjust for potential confounders.

RESULTS:
Two hundred and twelve caregivers completed surveys: 123 (58%) for oral therapy and 89 (42%) for OPAT. Caregivers administering OPAT reported more missed work, missed school for their children, time with daily medication administration (90 vs 6 minutes; P &lt; .01) and lower QoL scores (77.8 vs 68.9) than caregivers administering oral therapy. The mean daily cost was $65 (95% confidence interval: $51–$78) for OPAT and $7 (95% confidence interval: $4–$9) for oral therapy. Relative differences in cost and QoL between groups did not change after model adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS:
The overall burden of OPAT is substantially higher than that of oral therapy, including higher direct and indirect costs and greater impact on caregiver QoL. These findings strongly support efforts to use oral therapy in place of OPAT when clinically appropriate.
You Don’t Know What You Don’t Know: Using Nominal Group Technique to Identify and Prioritize Education Topics for Regional Hospitals
Authors: Sauers-Ford Hadley S. , Hamline Michelle Y. , Tzimenatos Leah , McKnight Heather , Hamilton Charlaine M. , McKennan Maureen G. , Rosenthal Jennifer L. 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND:
Our 121-bed children’s hospital is a quaternary care referral center for a 33-county region. Referring hospitals asked for Pediatric Acute Care Education Sessions (PACES). To determine which topics to prioritize for these sessions, nominal group technique (NGT) methods were used to obtain stakeholder-prioritized consensus on education topics.

METHODS:
Five NGT sessions were conducted over 6 weeks at referring hospitals throughout central and northern California. Each session lasted ∼90 minutes and engaged a diverse multidisciplinary group of stakeholders. At these sessions, stakeholders answered the question “What are your top 5 clinical topics that should be prioritized by PACES?” NGT numeric ranking methods were used to determine prioritized topics. A thematic analysis was performed on the session transcripts.

RESULTS:
The 5 sessions had 43 total participants, including nurses, respiratory therapists, physicians, and administrators. The top 4 prioritized topics were sepsis, diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory failure or support, and bronchiolitis and/or respiratory syncytial virus. Unique education needs for each hospital were also uncovered in the NGT discussion. Three qualitative themes emerged from the discussion: diverse educational needs, the need for guidelines on telemedicine and transfer, and relationship building.

CONCLUSIONS:
The use of NGT to engage multisite, multidisciplinary stakeholders helped to inform an education program. The use of NGT methods provided rich information that would not have been obtained through surveys alone and helped facilitate relationship building. The PACES group was able to identify and prioritize education topics of interest to referring community hospitals.