bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying spatially explicit capture–recapture models to estimate black bear density in South Carolina
Authors: Azad Shefali , McFadden Katherine , Clark Joseph D. , Wactor Tammy , Jachowski David S. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTPopulation density is an important component of wildlife management decisions, but can be difficult to estimate directly for an itinerant, wide‐ranging species such as the American black bear (Ursus americanus). In South Carolina, USA, where there has been growth in black bear populations and bear–human‐conflict reports during the past several decades, managers need robust estimates of population size to inform management strategies. We used maximum‐likelihood capture–recapture models, using hair snares to collect DNA samples, to estimate density and abundance for a harvested population of black bear in northwestern South Carolina during 2013 to 2014. Models were tested in a spatially explicit framework using the secr package in Program R. Black bear density was estimated at 0.133 bears/km2 (SE = 0.034) in 2013 and 0.179 bears/km2 (SE = 0.043) in 2014. Black bear abundance in our study area was estimated to be 586 bears (SE = 95) in 2013 and 680 bears (SE = 128) in 2014, which are 2–3‐fold lower than previous estimates. We suggest that these estimates be considered a baseline for state biologists to employ in the population's management and in developing future harvest‐regulation strategies. Overall our study highlighted the potential for model choice to influence density estimates, and we concluded that spatially explicit models were appropriate for this study because geographic closure could not be assumed. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Introduction, Summary, and Some Inferences
Authors: Liu Kung-Chung , Racherla Uday S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIndia and China make a perfect comparison pair in the area of IT industry, with each having its unique strength and potential for cooperation and synergy. Due to heavy involvement of Indian IT firms in software outsourcing arrangement by MNEs, the IP or patent resources are not important. This is especially true when compared with Chinese IT firms, which have much larger patenting volume (compared with other manufacturing sectors). Film industry in India and China has grown despite piracy. In other words, it prospered with little or no copyright protection. More importantly, piracy in China and India did not kill the content industry, film and music alike, but probably helped in building the customer base and cultivating future demand, which might not be true for a small economy with a sophisticated audience such as Hong Kong. India can look at China to find IT means for delivery and payment of cinematographic content. India and China make a perfect comparison pair in the pharmaceutical industry as well. This time around, China can learn much from India. Although there is an increase in the number of patented drugs in the pharmaceutical industry in China, patents have made relatively low contribution to the industrial value, and IP held by Chinese firms is less competitive compared with that of foreign companies. In contrast, major Indian generic companies continue to invest sizeable shares of their sales turnover in R&D, which was manifest in their patenting behavior. They were more active in filing patent applications in foreign jurisdictions, but significantly less so in domestic patenting. The Indian automobile industry’s absorption of global best practices has been slower than its Chinese counterpart. Strategies of firms in the Chinese auto industry provided a boost to technological learning more quickly and broadly than in India, especially in the electric vehicle sector. India can benefit from learning from China. IP has a relatively limited role in the development of the automobile industry in India and China.
Indian Patent Law and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical Industry: What Can China Learn from India?
Authors: He Juan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBoth China and India are developing countries in the pharmaceutical industry, and both need to seek a balance between protecting intellectual property rights and satisfying people’s healthcare needs. They also need to promote innovation and encourage the development of domestic industries. As members of the WTO, China and India have made a series of amendments to their respective intellectual property systems to live up to the TRIPS Agreement’s minimum standards of protection, including recognition of pharmaceutical product patents, introduction of a compulsory licensing system, and Bolar exception. In promoting the development of its domestic pharmaceutical industry, India’s experience in legislation and judicial practice deserves serious attention from China, such as using TRIPS’s flexibility to facilitate access to medicines, implementing compulsory licensing to create more chances for voluntary licensing negotiation, and updating the guidelines for examining pharmaceutical applications to prevent evergreening of pharmaceutical patents. Meanwhile, learning from India, China should start to provide its legal professionals with knowledge of global rules, to better further Chinese interests in the world arena.
Protecting New Plant Varieties in China and Its Major Problems
Authors: Hou Yangkun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChina has achieved remarkable results for the protection of new plant varieties since it promulgated and implemented “Regulations for the Protection of New Plant Varieties” in 1997. However, as a whole, the level of legislation is still at an early stage, primarily referencing to the UPOV Convention and the legal content of other countries. The legislation has not yet set up the ultimate goal and reasonable protection measures that would meet China’s current actual needs. The chapter discusses the status of protection of new plant varieties in China and characteristics. It then analyzes the major deficiencies and shortcomings of existing laws and explores the main reasons behind. This chapter proposes a number of specific measures for perfecting the legal system for the protection of new plant varieties in China before it ends with a conclusion.
Genetically Modified Plants: The IP and Regulatory Concerns in India
Authors: Lakshmikumaran Malathi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe status of patent protection for genetically modified plants is presently uncertain in India and is a debate rife with economic and ethical considerations. The need for consistent public policy and robust frameworks for regulatory control poses significant challenges for the introduction of genetically engineered/modified crop plants in India. This is especially vital considering India’s desire to foster an innovation-based economy. The research questions of this chapter include the following: How is the insertion of different traits, such as insect resistance in plants by methods such as transformation different from introgression/hybridization? Can genetic modification of plants by methods such as transformation be termed as “an essentially biological process”? If not, how can the said process be classified for the purpose of Section 3(j) of the Indian Patents Act, 1970?
Challenges in Reshaping the Sectoral Innovation System of the Chinese Automobile Industry
Authors: Feng Kaidong , Li Junran 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to analyze and review the progress of China’s technological innovation in the automobile sector. First, the structure of the Chinese automobile industry and its relevant innovation system are characterized by multiple camps of actors – namely, multinationals, large state-owned firms, and new local entrants – with different business goals, innovation objectives, and technological capabilities. Secondly, different camps of actors entered the Chinese automobile sector in different phases of the developmental strategies of China. Thus, China’s policy transition during 2005–2006 to indigenous innovation created a drive among all indigenous firms toward technology and product development, and the demand for electrical vehicles created a valuable opportunity. However, the internal dynamics or rigidities of the different camps of actors appear to show significant path resistance. Only a persistent push by the Chinese government for indigenous innovation will enable a total structural change, particularly involving the large state-owned enterprises.
Development of the Sharing Economy in China: Challenges and Lessons
Authors: Ma Yide , Zhang Haoran 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWith the growing Internet technology, mobile payment, logistics infrastructure, and huge demographic dividends, China’s sharing economy has been leaping forward in recent years, reshaping China’s economic pattern and becoming one of the priorities in China’s economic development in the future. However, with the expansion of the sharing economy and the continuous emergence of various business models, a series of legal risks and challenges are restricting the development of China’s sharing economy. This chapter starts with an analysis of the concepts, features, operating principles, and conditions of the sharing economy. In the second part, we introduce the development process of the internet economy, and the germination and status of the sharing economy in China. We then identify the main challenges that the sharing economy in China is now facing, and propose solutions before we end with a conclusion.
Knowledge Sharing and the Sharing Economy in India
Authors: Scaria Arul George , Ray Shreyashi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter argues for the recognition of knowledge sharing as an integral part of the sharing economy, by taking India as a case study. It analyses the attitudes and practices pertaining to knowledge sharing in India through a mixed methods approach. The quantitative data discussed in the chapter include data from two empirical studies – one on sharing practices of researchers in India and their attitudes towards openness, and the other on perceptions of Indian consumers regarding film piracy and copyright protection. The quantitative findings have been contextualised in an analysis of historical exclusionary structures in India which created intellectual monopolies for privileged sections of the society on lines of gender and caste. The chapter challenges dominant narratives which suggest that knowledge sharing was a common practice in ancient India. Further, the chapter examines two prominent and recent Indian policies which have a bearing on shaping incentives for innovation and creativity in the sharing economy, but fail to take balanced and inclusive approaches. Through these analyses, the chapter seeks to establish the need for all stakeholders to recognise the need for equitable knowledge sharing and take appropriate steps to challenge and change thestatus quo.
India’s Information Technology Industry: A Tale of Two Halves
Authors: Dhar Biswajit , Joseph Reji K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides an account of the development of the information technology (IT) and information technology-enabled services (ITES) in India. The IT sector was developed from the early 1960s, wherein only the government-owned companies were allowed to operate in this sector. In the later decades, the industry was opened to the private sector, both Indian and foreign. There is, however, no evidence that this open-door policy helped the IT industry to develop.In contrast, the ITES sector received a major boost when Indian private companies took advantage of the increasing demand for these services towards the end of the previous millennium. Subsequently, the ITES have expanded phenomenally, establishing India as one of the ITES powerhouses of the world. Although India’s ITES sector was an unqualified success, there is not much evidence that this sector, or its hardware counterpart, contributed to indigenous technology development. India’s R&D spending remained sluggish, which remains a major source of concern.A major uncertainty faced by the R&D system arose from India’s patent regime. The amendment of India’s patent law undertaken in the year 2000 to bring it in conformity with the TRIPS Agreement excludes “computer programme per se” from patenting. Initially, there was lack of clarity about the interpretation of the phrase. Later, the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks, the authority responsible for implementing Patents Act, 1970, and the Judiciary have both provided a degree of clarity as to what “computer programme per se” really means.
Continued Economic Benefit to the Author: Royalties in the Indian Film Industry – Historical Development, Current Status, and Practical Application
Authors: Medury Renuka 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe chapter traces the stance that Indian copyright law has adopted on the issue of royalty payments to authors of literary and musical works, through the years. It delineates the court judgments that have exerted a significant impact on the subject, the development of the law, and the practical realities and application of the law. The first part of the chapter details the structuring of music production deals in India. The next section explores the relevant judicial precedents and the issues with the copyright societies in India. The third section traces the amendments introduced in 2012, thereby changing the royalties landscape, and the last part assesses the aftermath of these amendments.The chapter is specific to the Indian law on the subject of royalties and the significance of royalties given the massive scale at which content, i.e., movies, television programs, and now web-based content, is produced and exploited in India. Music production has continued to play an important role in the realm of content production and distribution in India (“In its 103-year-old history, songs have been an integral part of Hindi movies ever since the first talkie, Alam Ara, released in 1931. Over the years, apart from their cultural and aesthetic significance, songs have added tremendous business value to films. …. The industry believes that songs become the identity of films in India, especially due to a marketing culture that relies on film stars and little else.” Is Bollywood still wary of ‘song-less’ films? Mint (April 21, 2016).), and music production, as detailed in the chapter, assumed immense significance in the context of the statutory royalties introduced vide the amendments to the Indian copyright law in 2012.
Factors Associated with Risk of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia in Patients with Dysphagia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Eltringham Sabrina A. , Kilner Karen , Gee Melanie , Sage Karen , Bray Ben D. , Smith Craig J. , Pownall Sue 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Dysphagia is associated with increased risk of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). However, it is unclear what other factors contribute to that risk or which measures may reduce it. This systematic review aimed to provide evidence on interventions and care processes associated with SAP in patients with dysphagia. Studies were screened for inclusion if they included dysphagia only patients, dysphagia and non-dysphagia patients or unselected patients that included dysphagic patients and evaluated factors associated with a recorded frequency of SAP. Electronic databases were searched from inception to February 2017. Eligible studies were critically appraised. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2. The primary outcome was SAP. Eleven studies were included. Sample sizes ranged from 60 to 1088 patients. There was heterogeneity in study design. Measures of immunodepression are associated with SAP in dysphagic patients. There is insufficient evidence to justify screening for aerobic Gram-negative bacteria. Prophylactic antibiotics did not prevent SAP and proton pump inhibitors may increase risk. Treatment with metoclopramide may reduce SAP risk. Evidence that nasogastric tube (NGT) placement increases risk of SAP is equivocal. A multidisciplinary team approach and instrumental assessment of swallowing may reduce risk of pneumonia. Patients with impaired mobility were associated with increased risk. Findings should be interpreted with caution given the number of studies, heterogeneity and descriptive analyses. Several medical interventions and care processes, which may reduce risk of SAP in patients with dysphagia, have been identified. Further research is needed to evaluate the role of these interventions and care processes in clinical practice.
Survivorship, attained diameter, height and volume of three Paulownia species after 9 years in the southern Appalachians, USA
Authors: Berg Erik C. , Zarnoch Stanley J. , McNab W. Henry 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLittle is known of the tree and stand dynamics of varied species of plantedPaulownialeft unmanaged until harvest in the southeastern United States. We sought to remedy this lack of information needed by land managers to make informed decisions by investigating differences in survivorship, attained diameter breast height (DBH), diameter at ground level, total height, tree volume and stand-level volume yields of plantedP. elongata, P. fortunei,andP. tomentosain the cool-moist environment of the southern Appalachian Mountains. After 9 years, combined-species survivorship was only 27.3%. Low survivorship was likely related to several inclement weather events.P. fortuneiwas significantly smaller in DBH and total height. Three combined-species stem (bole) volume models were developed as functions of (1) DBH squared, (2) the product DBH squared and total height, and (3) the product diameter ground line squared and total height. Mean total volume production of unmanaged stands was greatest forP. elongataandP. fortunei4 years after planting; by the 9th year, total volume ofP. elongatawas greater than the other two species. Results of our study provide managers information on productivity of three species ofPaulowniathat can be used for estimating plantation yields.
Multiple sevoflurane exposures during pregnancy inhibit neuronal migration by upregulating prostaglandin D2 synthase
Authors: Chai Dongdong , Cheng Yanyong , Sun Yu , Yan Jia , Hu Rong , Zhang Lei , Jiang Hong 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundThe second trimester is a period of neurogenesis and neuronal migration, which may be affected by exposure to anesthetics. Studies have suggested that multiple anesthetic exposures may have a significant impact on neuronal migration.MethodsPregnant C57BL/6 mice at embryonic day 14.5 were randomly divided into four groups: Con x 1, Sev x 1, Con x 2, and Sev x 2. Cortical neuronal migration in offspring mice was detected by GFP immunostaining, and the number of cells in the cortex was analyzed.ResultsDual exposure to sevoflurane, not single sevoflurane exposure, caused neuronal migration deficits. Dual exposure to sevoflurane increased the expression of prostaglandin D2 synthase (Ptgds). Furthermore, Ptgds siRNA attenuated neuronal migration deficits induced by dual sevoflurane exposure.ConclusionOur study suggests that multiple sevoflurane exposures in pregnant mice may induce neuronal migration deficits in offspring mice. Additional studies comprising long‐term behavioral tests are required to confirm the effects of sevoflurane exposure during pregnancy.
The Surgical Treatment of Peyronie’s Disease in the Older Man: Patient Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes in Men 65 and Older
Authors: Abdelsayed George A. , Setia Shaan A. , Levine Laurence A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionSurgery remains the gold standard for the correction of penile deformities secondary to Peyronie’s disease (PD). Nevertheless, there is no published data on the surgical treatment of PD in older men.AimConsidering the aging national and international population, we sought to evaluate the pre-operative characteristics and surgical outcomes of men aged 65 or older who underwent surgical treatment for PD at our tertiary care institution.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of all men 65 years or older who underwent surgery for PD from January 2010 to September 2017. We compared men who underwent penile prosthesis implantation with straightening maneuvers (PP+SMs), tunica albuginea plication (TAP), and plaque partial excision with grafting (PEG).Main Outcome MeasureThe main objective of this study was to find the baseline pre-operative patient characteristics and postoperative patient-reported outcomes.ResultsA total of 86 men with a median age of 68 years underwent surgery during the study period. 39 men underwent PP+SM (45%), 25 men a TAP (29%), and 22 men a PEG (26%). The mean curvature for all men was 59.9 ± 22.0° (range 0−105°). Those who underwent a PEG had a mean ± SD degree of curvature of 78.6 ± 16.6°, significantly higher than those who underwent PP+SM or TAP (49.1 ± 20.2° and 61.4 ± 17.4°, respectively; P &lt; .001). Moreover, men who underwent a PEG had significantly more complex penile deformities (eg, narrowing with hinge effect) and better reported baseline erectile function compared with men who underwent PP+SM or TAP. Overall, 95% of all men reported having a functionally straight penis postoperatively with 94% engaging in penetrative intercourse at last follow-up. Overall, patient-reported satisfaction was 85% with a median follow-up of 43.5 months.Clinical ImplicationsOur findings suggest that the surgical treatment of PD in older men is safe, effective, and associated with high patient satisfaction. Although this represents a surgical series susceptible to selection bias, it underscores the importance of patient selection and counseling in achieving good surgical outcomes.Strengths & LimitationsOur study is the first to report on outcomes of surgical treatment of PD in an elderly patient population with relatively long-term follow-up. Our limitations include a small sample size, single operating surgeon, and the lack of a younger comparison group.ConclusionDespite an aging global population, surgery remains a viable and reliable option for the properly selected and counseled older men with PD.
Convergent Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of a heavy gas layer with perturbed outer interface
Authors: Ding Juchun , Li Jianming , Sun Rui , Zhai Zhigang , Luo Xisheng 
Published: September 2019

The evolution of an $\text{SF}_{6}$ layer surrounded by air is experimentally studied in a semi-annular convergent shock tube by high-speed schlieren photography. The gas layer with a sinusoidal outer interface and a circular inner interface is realized by the soap-film technique such that the initial condition is well controlled. Results show that the thicker the gas layer, the weaker the interface–coupling effect and the slower the evolution of the outer interface. Induced by the distorted transmitted shock and the interface coupling, the inner interface exhibits a slow perturbation growth which can be largely suppressed by reducing the layer thickness. After the reshock, the inner perturbation increases linearly at a growth rate independent of the initial layer thickness as well as of the outer perturbation amplitude and wavelength, and the growth rate can be well predicted by the model of Mikaelian (Physica D, vol. 36, 1989, pp. 343–357) with an empirical coefficient of 0.31. After the linear stage, the growth rate decreases continuously, and finally the perturbation freezes at a constant amplitude caused by the successive stagnation of spikes and bubbles. The convergent geometry constraint as well as the very weak compressibility at late stages are responsible for this instability freeze-out.