bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizens’ Opinions About Basic Income Proposals Compared – A Conjoint Analysis of Finland and Switzerland
Authors: STADELMANN-STEFFEN ISABELLE , DERMONT CLAU 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe basic income (BI) scheme is a fundamental reform of the welfare state that has recently gained widespread attention. Proposals for different variants of BI schemes have emerged to account for varying political and societal goals. This study investigates what citizens think about the idea of a BI, and to what extent citizens’ perceptions depend on the exact design of such a scheme and the context in which this policy is embedded. Empirically, we rely on conjoint experiments conducted in Finland and Switzerland – the two countries in which the introduction of a BI scheme has recently been discussed most intensely. We find that the level of public support for BI is higher in Finland than it is in Switzerland. Moreover, despite the contrasting designs of the BI proposals in the two countries, both Finnish and Swiss citizens tend to favor more generous schemes restricting non-nationals’ access to the provision.
Intimate partner violence management and referral practices of primary care workers in a selected population in Turkey
Authors: Taskiran Aysegul Catak , Ozsahin Aysun , Edirne Tamer 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background:
Violence against women is a significant public health problem and primary care workers (PCWs) have a crucial role in managing violence against women. However, though intimate partner violence (IPV) is frequently seen in primary care, most cases remain unreported.

Aims:
This study aims to investigate family physicians’ (FPs’) and co-working midwifes/nurses’ (M/Ns’) explanations about their responses to women disclosing IPV and the reasons for their actions.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional survey via a face-to-face administered questionnaire interview involving 266 PCWs in a selected area in Turkey. We questioned the reasoning behind inappropriate responses such as not examining the patient and document findings, not recording a code of violence, and not notifying the police in the case of a disclosure of IPV.

Results:
We surveyed 129 FPs and 137 M/Ns. We found that the disclosure of IPV in primary care is very high, but more than one-third of physicians and half of M/Ns respond inappropriately. Reasons for inappropriate response varied. The majority believed that the victim would continue to live with her batterer, making any report ineffective. Some expressed concern for the women’s and their own personal safety, citing an increase in assault cases by perpetrators in the last few years. Many indicated a lack of knowledge about management of violence cases.

Conclusion:
Multiple barriers challenge PCWs in helping abused women. Common behaviours, safety concerns, and a lack of knowledge seem to be the major barriers to responding appropriately to IPV. To address this issue appropriately, protective measures for both parties – PCWs and violence victims – need to be enacted and a supportive constitutional and societal organization is required. Screening and identification should lead to interventions that benefit the victims rather than harming them.
Partisan motivated reasoning and misinformation in the media: Is news from ideologically uncongenial sources more suspicious?
Authors: Clayton Katherine , Davis Jase , Hinckley Kristen , Horiuchi Yusaku 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn recent years, concerns about misinformation in the media have skyrocketed. President Donald Trump has repeatedly claimed that various news outlets are disseminating ‘fake news’ for political purposes. But when the information contained in mainstream media news reports provides no clear clues about its truth value or any indication of a partisan slant, do people rely on the congeniality of the news outlet to judge whether the information is true or false? In a survey experiment, we presented partisans (Democrats and Republicans) and ideologues (liberals and conservatives) with a news article excerpt that varied by source shown (CNN, Fox News, or no source) and content (true or false information), and measured their perceived accuracy of the information contained in the article. Our results suggest that the participants do not blindly judge the content of articles based on the news source, regardless of their own partisanship and ideology. Contrary to prevailing views on the polarization and politicization of news outlets, as well as on voters' growing propensity to engage in ‘partisan motivated reasoning,’ source cues are not as important as the information itself for partisans on both sides of the aisle.
Preliminary Evaluation of GPM‐IMERG Rainfall Estimates Over Three Distinct Climate Zones With APHRODITE
Authors: Sunilkumar K. , Yatagai Akiyo , Masuda Minami 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEvaluation of Global Precipitation Measurement‐Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrieval for GPM (GPM‐IMERG) final precipitation product is performed over Japan, Nepal, and Philippines regions against further improved APHRODITE‐2 V1801R1 product. The evolution is carried out for nearly two consecutive years 2014–2015. Various qualitative and quantitative statistical indices such as mean bias, root‐mean‐square error, correlation coefficient, false alarming ratio, and probability of detection are considered to evaluate GPM‐IMERG precipitation estimates with APHRODITE‐2. Intraseasonal variability of two products is shown to explore the seasonal dependency of GPM‐IMERG performance. The performance of GPM‐IMERG research product with respect to rainfall intensity is shown by the cumulative probability distribution of target and reference data sets. Percentile‐based statistics is implemented for evaluating the advantages of GPM‐IMERG over Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission‐3B42 while detecting the light and heavy rainfall events during wet/dry seasons. The overall performance of GPM‐IMERG seems to be good over Japan followed by Philippines and Nepal regions. This feature is clearly evidenced in terms of mean bias, root‐mean‐square error, and correlation magnitudes over three regions. GPM‐IMERG shows ability to follow the intraseasonal variability as shown by APHRODITE‐2 product with minor differences observed in precipitation maximum values during rainy season. Good agreement is seen between GPM‐IMERG and APHRODITE‐2 at different rainfall intensities except underestimation during heavy rainfall events. GPM‐IMERG seems to be improved in detecting light/heavy rainfall event magnitude than TRM‐3B42. However, the performance of both data sets encountered clear dependency on seasons.
Quasiperiodic ELF/VLF Emissions Detected Onboard the DEMETER Spacecraft: Theoretical Analysis and Comparison With Observations
Authors: Pasmanik D. L. , Demekhov A. G. , Hayoš M. , Němec F. , Santolík O. , Parrot M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe present results of numerical simulation of quasiperiodic (QP) extra low frequency/very low frequency emissions performed by using a theoretical model of flow cyclotron maser based on a self‐consistent set of equations of the quasi‐linear plasma theory averaged over oscillations of waves and particles in a geomagnetic flux tube. Calculations were made for a wide range of plasma parameters (i.e., cold plasma density, L‐shell, and energetic electron flux) in order to obtain a statistical relationship between various properties of QP emissions, such as the repetition period, the frequency bandwidth, the frequency drift rate, and the characteristic wave spectral energy density. The theoretical results are compared with the results of a statistical study of QP emissions measured by the DEMETER spacecraft (Hayosh et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019731). The simulation results are in a good agreement with the observation data in the case of reasonable choice of cold plasma density value and its dependence on the QP‐source location (L‐shell). In particular, an increase in the frequency bandwidth of QP very low frequency waves with increasing central frequency of QP emissions, a decrease in the frequency drift rate of QP elements with increasing repetition period, and a decrease in the characteristic wave spectral energy density with increasing repetition period are confirmed.
New Particle Formation in the Atmosphere: From Molecular Clusters to Global Climate
Authors: Lee Shan‐Hu , Gordon Hamish , Yu Huan , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Haley Ryan , Li Yixin , Zhang Renyi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNew particle formation (NPF) represents the first step in the complex processes leading to formation of cloud condensation nuclei. Newly formed nanoparticles affect human health, air quality, weather, and climate. This review provides a brief history, synthesizes recent significant progresses, and outlines the challenges and future directions for research relevant to NPF. New developments include the emergence of state‐of‐the‐art instruments that measure prenucleation clusters and newly nucleated nanoparticles down to about 1 nm; systematic laboratory studies of multicomponent nucleation systems, including collaborative experiments conducted in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets chamber at CERN; observations of NPF in different types of forests, extremely polluted urban locations, coastal sites, polar regions, and high‐elevation sites; and improved nucleation theories and parameterizations to account for NPF in atmospheric models. The challenges include the lack of understanding of the fundamental chemical mechanisms responsible for aerosol nucleation and growth under diverse environments, the effects of SO2 and NOx on NPF, and the contribution of anthropogenic organic compounds to NPF. It is also critical to develop instruments that can detect chemical composition of particles from 3 to 20 nm and improve parameterizations to represent NPF over a wide range of atmospheric conditions of chemical precursor, temperature, and humidity.
Prediction and Inference of Flow Duration Curves Using Multioutput Neural Networks
Authors: Worland Scott. C. , Steinschneider Scott , Asquith William , Knight Rodney , Wieczorek Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe develop multioutput neural network models to predict flow‐duration curves (FDCs) in 9,203 ungaged locations in the Southeastern United States for six decades between 1950 and 2009. The model architecture contains multiple response variables in the output layer that correspond to individual quantiles along the FDC. During training, predictions are made for each quantile, and a combined loss function is used for back propagation and parameter updating. The loss function accounts for the covariance between the quantiles and generates physically consistent outputs (i.e., monotonically increasing quantiles with increasing nonexceedance probabilities). We use neural network dropout to generate posterior‐predictive distributions for FDCs and test model performance under cross validation. Finally, we demonstrate how local surrogate models, via the Local Interpretable Model‐agnostic Explanations method, can be used to infer the relation between basin characteristics and the predicted FDCs. Results suggest that multioutput neural network models can learn the monotonic relations between adjacent quantiles on an FDC; they result in better predictions than single‐output neural network models that predict each quantile independently, and basin characteristics are most useful for predicting smaller quantiles, whereas bias terms from neighboring quantiles are most informative for predicting higher quantiles.
Model Structure and Climate Data Uncertainty in Historical Simulations of the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle (1850–2014)
Authors: Bonan Gordon B. , Lombardozzi Danica L. , Wieder William R. , Oleson Keith W. , Lawrence David M. , Hoffman Forrest M. , Collier Nathan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe divergence among Earth system models in the terrestrial carbon cycle has prompted interest in how to reduce uncertainty. Previous studies have identified model structural uncertainty arising from process parameterizations and parameter values. The current study highlights the importance of climate forcing in generating carbon cycle uncertainty. We use simulations in which three models (Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), CLM4.5, CLM5) with substantially different carbon cycles are forced with two climate reconstructions (CRUNCEPv7, Global Soil Wetness Project 3 version 1 (GSWP3v1)) to examine the contributions of model structure and climate to uncertainty in the carbon cycle over the period 1850–2014. Climate uncertainty for global annual net biome production exceeds one third of total uncertainty (defined as the sum of climate and model structure uncertainty) in the first half of the twentieth century, but declines after the 1950s. Global annual gross primary productivity, net primary productivity, heterotrophic respiration, and vegetation and soil carbon stocks have substantial climate uncertainty (relative to total uncertainty) throughout the simulation period. Climate forcing contributes more than one half of total uncertainty for these carbon cycle fluxes and stocks throughout boreal North America and Eurasia, some midlatitude regions, and in eastern Amazonia and western equatorial Africa during the decade 2000–2009. Comparison with observationally based data sets of the carbon cycle using model benchmarking methods provides insight into strengths and deficiencies among models and climate forcings, but we caution against overreliance on benchmarking to discriminate among models. The conceptualization of uncertainty arising from this study implies embracing multiple feasible model simulations rather than focusing on which model or simulation is best.
Machine Learning Reveals the State of Intermittent Frictional Dynamics in a Sheared Granular Fault
Authors: Ren C. X. , Dorostkar O. , Rouet‐Leduc B. , Hulbert C. , Strebel D. , Guyer R. A. , Johnson P. A. , Carmeliet J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSeismogenic plate boundaries are posited to behave in a similar manner to a densely packed granular medium, where fault and block systems rapidly rearrange the distribution of forces within themselves, as particles do in slowly sheared granular systems. We use machine learning to show that statistical features of velocity signals from individual particles in a simulated sheared granular fault contain information regarding the instantaneous global state of intermittent frictional stick‐slip dynamics. We demonstrate that combining features built from the signals of more particles can improve the accuracy of the global model and discuss the physical basis behind the decrease in error. We show that the statistical features such as median and higher moments of the signals that represent the particle displacement in the direction of shearing are among the best predictive features. Our work provides novel insights into the applications of machine learning in studying frictional processes occurring in geophysical systems.
Lumikot: Fast Auroral Transients During the Growth Phase of Substorms
Authors: McKay D. , Paavilainen T. , Gustavsson B. , Kvammen A. , Partamies N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe development of a magnetospheric substorm may be classified into three phases: growth, expansion, and recovery. The growth phase is important as it includes processes that lead to the expansion. In a recent growth‐phase study, a type of fast discrete auroral transient phenomena—referred to as Lumikot—were observed. The Lumikot are several kilometers across and move in the high‐energy precipitation region, parallel to the main growth‐phase arc, with both east‐west and west‐east directions of travel during the same event. Their apparent transverse movement and quasi‐stable intensity make them distinct from cooccurring optical pulsating aurorae. Comparison to other studies show that they occur in the cosmic noise absorption region and it is likely that the Lumikot are colocated with high‐energy particle populations on the boundary between the outer radiation belt and the plasmasheet.
Nonstationary Relationship Between Autumn Arctic Sea Ice and the Winter North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Kolstad E. W. , Screen J. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has a dominating influence on wintertime weather in the North Atlantic region, and therefore, it is of great interest to predict the NAO several months ahead. While state‐of‐the‐art dynamical forecast models appear to be increasingly skillful in predicting the NAO, statistical methods with comparable or higher predictive skill are still often used. An inherent problem with statistical methods is that any empirical relationship between predictors and the NAO may be valid for some periods but subject to change over time. Here we use a set of new centennial reanalyses and large‐ensemble simulations with multiple climate models to discover clear evidence of nonstationarity in the lagged correlation between autumn Barents‐Kara sea ice and the winter NAO. This nonstationarity leads us to question the causality and/or robustness of the ice‐NAO link. We caution against indiscriminately using Barents‐Kara sea ice to predict the NAO.
Rapid Electron Acceleration in Low‐Density Regions of Saturn's Radiation Belt by Whistler Mode Chorus Waves
Authors: Woodfield E. E. , Glauert S. A. , Menietti J. D. , Averkamp T. F. , Horne R. B. , Shprits Y. Y. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractElectron acceleration at Saturn due to whistler mode chorus waves has previously been assumed to be ineffective; new data closer to the planet show it can be very rapid (factor of 104 flux increase at 1 MeV in 10 days compared to factor of 2). A full survey of chorus waves at Saturn is combined with an improved plasma density model to show that where the plasma frequency falls below the gyrofrequency additional strong resonances are observed favoring electron acceleration. This results in strong chorus acceleration between approximately 2.5 RS and 5.5 RS outside which adiabatic transport may dominate. Strong pitch angle dependence results in butterfly pitch angle distributions that flatten over a few days at 100s keV, tens of days at MeV energies which may explain observations of butterfly distributions of MeV electrons near L=3. Including cross terms in the simulations increases the tendency toward butterfly distributions.
Coincident Airglow, VHF Radar, and Ionosonde Observations of Electrified Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances in the Equatorial Latitudes
Authors: Narayanan V. L. , Patra A. K. , Gurubaran S. , Pavan Chaitanya P. , Emperumal K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe occurrence of late night spread F in the low and equatorial latitude regions during solar minimum is not properly understood. Radar observations have revealed occurrence of postmidnight echoes at low and equatorial latitudes during solar minimum periods. This work discusses the coordinated airglow, VHF radar, and ionosonde observations of nighttime electrified medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (EMSTIDs) made from the low and equatorial latitude Indian region. Two nights of observations are discussed in detail in which EMSTIDs are seen to coexist with spread F in ionograms and VHF backscatter. These observations reveal that the EMSTIDs propagate to latitudes very close to dip equator at times and they can be responsible for a reasonable portion of the postmidnight radar echoes and spread F events observed at low and equatorial latitudes during low solar activity period.
The Role of the Phase of QBO in Modulating the Influence of the SSW Effect on the Equatorial Ionosphere
Authors: Yadav Sneha , Vineeth C. , Kumar K. K. , Choudhary R. K. , Pant T. K. , Sunda S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the role of stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in modulating the response of equatorial/low‐latitude ionosphere over the Indian sector to the major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) occurred during the period 2003 to 2013. The analysis based on the equatorial electrojet‐induced surface magnetic field, total electron content, and mesospheric wind data reveals that the equatorial ionosphere responds in distinctly different ways to the SSWs occurred during different QBO phases. The peaking time of the equatorial electrojet and occurrence time of counter electrojet displays a shift toward morning/evening sector during the westward/eastward phase of the QBO as inferred from the zonal mean zonal wind at 10‐hPa level (~30 km). The analysis reveals that the enhancement and depletions seen in total electron content over both the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere display a shift toward morning/evening during the westward/eastward phase of the QBO. The upper mesospheric tides (diurnal and semidiurnal) estimated using the meteor radar measured winds over the dip equator also exhibit similar shift in their phases. The occurrence of periodic counter electrojets during the SSW period is found to be coinciding with enhancement in polar stratospheric temperature and in close association with the increased amplitude of the semidiurnal tide. These observations clearly vindicate that the phase of the QBO plays a crucial role in structuring the equatorial electrodynamics and electron density distribution over the low‐latitudes during the SSW events.
A Consistent High‐Resolution Catalog of Induced Seismicity in Basel Based on Matched Filter Detection and Tailored Post‐Processing
Authors: Herrmann Marcus , Kraft Toni , Tormann Thessa , Scarabello Luca , Wiemer Stefan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSeismic monitoring of the Basel Enhanced Geothermal System has been running for more than a decade. Yet the details of the long‐term behavior of its induced seismicity remained unexplored because a seismic event catalog with consistent detection sensitivity and magnitudes did not exist. This knowledge is essential for developing guidelines and mitigation procedures on how to safely operate and terminate injection activities. Only few observational data exist that cover all phases of such projects in a consistent manner. Here we describe a method that overcomes these deficiencies based on sensitive matched filter detection and a machine learning approach to remove false detections. With an emphasis on consistency, we create a catalog that contains more than 280,000 events down toMw−1.5. The much higher temporal resolution allows us to analyze induced microearthquakes in great detail and to gain new insights. We resolved temporal variations of seismicity parameters and, in the post‐operational phase, a preferential temporal clustering of events. We find a breakdown in the Gutenberg‐Richter scaling during reservoir stimulation, which may have physical reasons or could be caused by a method‐independent detection limit during high event rates. The scaling breakdown has implications for the design of Adaptive Traffic Light Systems and may limit the potential of real‐time mitigation strategies in future Enhanced Geothermal System projects. Nevertheless, our catalog gives the opportunity to study the temporal evolution of the sequence in unprecedented detail, which will help to better understand the physical processes in a geothermal reservoir, potentially not only in the Basel case.