bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Physical Activity and Exercise on Physiological and Biochemical Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Aljawarneh Yousef M. , Wardell Diane W. , Wood Geri L. , Rozmus Cathy L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeIn this systematic review we aimed to evaluate the effects of physical activity (PA) and exercise on biochemical and physiological outcomes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).DesignThe review was conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.MethodsThe search of literature was performed using PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Medline, PsycINFO, the Nursing Reference Center, and Google Scholar. The search was limited to include peer‐reviewed articles published in English from May 2012 to May 2018 and included adolescents <19 years of age with T1D. Twenty‐seven studies met the inclusion criteria: 8 interventional and 19 observational studies.FindingsBoth observational and interventional studies showed considerable agreement that supervised regular moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is more effective on adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness than habitual PA. Further, it was reported that PA of different intensities improves insulin sensitivity and decreases daily insulin dosage. Results of glycemic control were equivocal. Although observational studies reported improvement in glycemic control with PA of different intensities, most of the experimental studies revealed no significant associations. A consistent agreement among the studies revealed a considerable benefit of regular habitual PA of light to moderate intensity on blood glucose regulation and lipid profile.ConclusionsThe reviewed studies showed that regular MVPA was associated with several health benefits in adolescents with T1D; however, additional studies are needed to fully understand the effect of PA on health outcomes.Clinical RelevanceRegular MVPA (at least 4 hr per week) with good glycemic control is a promising option for adolescents with T1D when risk management of hypoglycemia is appropriately taken.
Safety and efficacy of tyrosinase inhibition of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews extracts on human melanoma cells
Authors: Lin Daphne , Wang Sue‐Hong , Song Tuzz‐Ying , Hsieh Chang‐Wei , Tsai Ming‐Shiun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe development of tyrosinase inhibitors is a hot research topic. Recently, the Chinese herb Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, commonly named as Cortex Moutan (CM), was reported as being capable of reducing melanogenesis. We developed an A2058 human melanoma cell model to test the safety and efficacy of tyrosinase inhibition. The aim was to further clarify the bioactivities of CM extracts and paeonol for the purpose of skin whitening.MethodsThe 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory effects of water and ethanol CM extracts were determined. Cellular inhibitions of tyrosinase and melanin production were also evaluated.ResultsWater and ethanol CM extracts were both shown to have strong DPPH scavenging abilities in a dose‐dependent manner. The polyphenol content was higher in the ethanol CM extract compared to the water extract, while the flavanone content was comparable. Kinetic analyses revealed that the ethanol CM extract and paeonol are noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitors. The cellular melanin content and l‐DOPA oxidation assays demonstrated that the ethanol CM extract was an appropriate alternative whitening agent to paeonol and arbutin in ultraviolet‐induced A2058 human melanoma cells.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that a human cell model is more suitable for determining tyrosinase activity than mouse cell models for determining cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin production. The ethanol CM extract was also confirmed as a promising ingredient in sun protection and skin whitening cosmetics. Future work should focus on melanogenesis‐related gene expressions.
A quantitative, objective method for evaluating the surgical outcomes of baggy eyelid correction using orbital gray scale analysis
Authors: Yang Seungkeol , Kim Bo Ri , Kim Hyung Su , Choi Chong Won , Jo Seong-Jin , Youn Sang Woong 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundBaggy lower eyelids (BLEs) are a common cosmetic problem that is treated using various methods. However, validated objective methods for evaluating the treatment are limited.AimsA novel BLE correction procedure, transconjunctival fat resection, and subsequent fat grafting, was assessed using the orbital gray scale (OGS), a previously suggested objective measure for BLEs.MethodsAll patients were evaluated using both the tear trough rating scale (TTRS), a surgeon‐derived evaluation method, and OGS, an objective computer‐derived assessment. Changes throughout the surgery and their relationship to clinical characteristics, as well as the association between the two measurements, were statistically analyzed.ResultsA total of 50 patients who underwent surgery were analyzed. No major complications other than wrinkles were observed. All patients showed improvement in both the TTRS scores and OGS values (P < 0.05). Lateral OGS was improved to a greater extent in older patients (P < 0.05). Medial OGS change was associated with improvement of tear trough depression (P < 0.05). Lateral OGS change was related to decreased infraorbital fat herniation (P < 0.05). Total OGS change was related to improvement of both tear trough depression and fat prolapse (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe total OGS change was significantly associated with improvements in tear trough depression and fat bulging. Therefore, it could be a convenient objective evaluation measure for eyelid correction procedures.
Melatonin delays leaf senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage by suppressing ABFs‐mediated abscisic acid biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation
Authors: Tan Xiao‐Li , Fan Zhong‐qi , Kuang Jian‐fei , Lu Wang‐jin , Reiter Russel J. , Lakshmanan Prakash , Su Xin‐guo , Zhou Jie , Chen Jian‐ye , Shan Wei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMelatonin and abscisic acid (ABA) play contrasting roles in regulating leaf senescence in plants. The molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between melatonin and ABA involved in leaf senescence, however, remains poorly defined. Herein, we found that exogenous application of melatonin delayed the senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage, accompanied by reduced expression of chlorophyll catabolic and ABA biosynthetic genes, and a lower endogenous ABA level. Significantly, three nucleus‐localized transcriptional activators BrABF1, BrABF4, and BrABI5 were identified, and their expressions were repressed by melatonin. In vitro and in vivo binding experiments revealed that BrABF1, BrABF4, and BrABI5 activated the transcription of a series of ABA biosynthetic and chlorophyll catabolic genes by physically binding to their promoters. Moreover, transient over‐expression of BrABF1, BrABF4, and BrABI5 in tobacco leaves induced ABA accumulation and promoted chlorophyll degradation by upregulating tobacco ABA biosynthetic and chlorophyll catabolic genes, resulting in the accelerated leaf senescence. These effects were significantly attenuated by melatonin treatment. Our findings suggest that melatonin‐mediated inhibition of leaf senescence involves suppression of ABFs‐mediated ABA biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation. Unraveling of the molecular regulatory mechanism of leaf senescence controlled by ABA and melatonin expands our understanding of the regulation of this phenomenon and offers potentially more effective molecular breeding strategies for extending the shelf‐life of Chinese flowering cabbage.
Genetic toolkits of the red alga Pyropia tenera against the three most common diseases in Pyropia farms
Authors: Im Soo Hyun , Klochkova Tatyana A. , Lee Da Jeoung , Gachon Claire M. M. , Kim Gwang Hoon 
Published: March 2019

Disease outbreaks devastate Pyropia aquaculture farms every year. The three most common and serious diseases are Olpidiopsis‐blight and red‐rot disease caused by oomycete pathogens and green‐spot disease caused by the PyroV1 virus. We hypothesized that a basic genetic profile of molecular defenses will be revealed by comparing and analyzing the genetic response of Pyropia tenera against the above three pathogens. RNAs isolated from infected thalli were hybridized onto an oligochip containing 15,115 primers designed from P. tenera expressed sequence tags (EST)s. Microarray profiles of the three diseases were compared and interpreted together with histochemical observation. Massive amounts of reactive oxygen species accumulated in P. tenera cells exposed to oomycete pathogens. Heat shock genes and serine proteases were the most highly up‐regulated genes in all infection experiments. Genes involved in RNA metabolism, ribosomal proteins and antioxidant metabolism were also highly up‐regulated. Genetic profiles of P. tenera in response to pathogens were most similar between the two biotrophic pathogens, Olpidiopsis pyropiae and PyroV1 virus. A group of plant resistance genes were specifically regulated against each pathogen. Our results suggested that disease response in P. tenera consists of a general constitutive defense and a genetic toolkit against specific pathogens.
Beyond “Heartless Conservative” and “Bleeding Heart Liberal” Caricatures: How Religiosity Shapes the Relationship Between Political Orientation and Empathy
Authors: Schieman Scott , Bierman Alex , Upenieks Laura 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIs political orientation associated with self‐reported empathy? Popular caricatures frame political orientation in terms of the “heartless conservative” and the “bleeding heart liberal.” Yet, previous research has produced findings that present mixed evidence to support these caricatures. Using data from the 2004 General Social Survey, analyses show that the caricatures of the caring liberal and the cold‐hearted conservative are supported by results for empathy—in which conservatives have lower levels of empathy than liberals—but this pattern holds only when individuals also have low levels of religiosity. In the context of high religiosity, self‐identified conservatives do not have lower empathy than self‐identified liberals, net of a host of sociodemographic characteristics. Our observations demonstrate that patterns in empathy across political orientation are evident only when levels of different forms of religiosity are considered.
Fibrosis evolution in chronic hepatitis B e antigen‐negative patients across a 10‐year interval
Authors: Mak Lung‐Yi , Seto Wai‐Kay , Hui Rex Wan‐Hin , Fung James , Wong Danny Ka‐Ho , Lai Ching‐Lung , Yuen Man‐Fung 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe degree of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection influences outcome and management. Existing data describing the long‐term dynamic changes of liver fibrosis are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of liver fibrosis in CHB across a 10‐year period. CHB patients with liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography 10 years ago were recruited for follow‐up LSM. Fibrosis stages were classified according to EASL‐ALEH guidelines. Fibrosis progression/regression was arbitrarily defined as ≥1 fibrosis stage change from baseline. A total of 459 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative patients (224 untreated, 235 treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues [NAs]) were recruited. The mean age at baseline LSM was 41.7 ± 9.0 years (56.2% male). Over 10 years, the proportion of patients with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis significantly reduced from 16.3% to 5.7% (P < 0.001). Fibrosis progression and regression were observed in 8.7% and 37.5%, respectively. No treatment with NAs (OR 2.259, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.032‐4.945), metabolic syndrome (OR 4.379, 95% CI: 1.128‐16.999) and hepatic steatosis (OR 7.799, 95% CI: 2.271‐26.776) was associated with fibrosis progression. Liver stiffness decline demonstrated positive correlation with the time after HBsAg seroclearance (r = −0.50, P < 0.001). Median liver stiffness was higher both at baseline (14.0 vs 6 kPa, P < 0.001) and 10 years (9.1 vs 4.9 kPa, P < 0.001) in patients with cirrhosis‐related complications/hepatocellular carcinoma compared with those without. In conclusion, CHB‐related liver fibrosis changed dynamically across 10 years. Metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis were associated with fibrosis progression, while antiviral therapy was associated with fibrosis regression. Patients with HBsAg seroclearance demonstrated time‐dependent decline in liver stiffness.
Causes of death among persons diagnosed with hepatitis C infection in the pre‐ and post‐DAA era in England: A record linkage study
Authors: Simmons Ruth , Ireland Georgina , Ijaz Samreen , Ramsay Mary , Mandal Sema ,   on behalf of the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Blood Borne, Sexually Transmitted Infections
Published: March 2019

SummaryThrough record linkage, we describe the causes of death among persons with diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in England. Persons ≥1 year with anti‐HCV/HCV‐PCR tests reported to PHE sentinel surveillance during 2002‐2016 were linked to death registrations from the Office for National Statistics during 2008‐2016. We found that 8.6% of the 204 265 with evidence of HCV during the study period died. Among them, external causes (accidental poisoning from drugs) and liver disease (end‐stage liver disease, liver cancer, hepatitis, alcohol‐ and non–alcohol‐related) were the leading underlying causes of death (18% and 34.5%, respectively); the latter increased to 49.2% if reported anywhere on the death certificate. Median age of death was lower in persons with evidence of HCV than the general population (53 years vs 81 years). A higher proportion of persons with HCV died of external causes, liver disease and HIV compared to the general population (P < 0.001). Potential impact of new HCV treatments was observed as a relative reduction in liver‐related deaths in 2016 compared with 2015. Recording of HCV as a contributory cause of death was 28.4% for all underlying causes, but 58.8% among the subgroup who died of liver disease. Data linkage between laboratory diagnosis and deaths data is an important tool for monitoring all‐cause mortality among those with HCV and quantifying under‐reporting of HCV in death registrations. Changes in mortality trends (causes and prematurity) in people with HCV can help evaluate the impact in the UK of HCV treatment scale‐up and other interventions to achieve HCV elimination.
Systematic analysis of the Myxococcus xanthus developmental gene regulatory network supports posttranslational regulation of FruA by C‐signaling
Authors: Saha Shreya , Patra Pintu , Igoshin Oleg , Kroos Lee 
Published: March 2019

SummaryUpon starvation Myxococcus xanthus undergoes multicellular development. Rod‐shaped cells move into mounds in which some cells differentiate into spores. Cells begin committing to sporulation at 24–30 h poststarvation, but the mechanisms governing commitment are unknown. FruA and MrpC are transcription factors that are necessary for commitment. They bind cooperatively to promoter regions and activate developmental gene transcription, including that of the dev operon. Leading up to and during the commitment period, dev mRNA increased in wild type, but not in a mutant defective in C‐signaling, a short‐range signaling interaction between cells that is also necessary for commitment. The C‐signaling mutant exhibited ~20‐fold less dev mRNA than wild type at 30 h poststarvation, despite a similar level of MrpC and only 2‐fold less FruA. Boosting the FruA level twofold in the C‐signaling mutant had little effect on the dev mRNA level, and dev mRNA was not less stable in the C‐signaling mutant. Neither did high cooperativity of MrpC and FruA binding upstream of the dev promoter explain the data. Rather, our systematic experimental and computational analyses support a model in which C‐signaling activates FruA at least ninefold posttranslationally in order to commit a cell to spore formation.
Phlebotominae in peri‐domestic and forest environments inhabited by Alouatta caraya in northeastern Argentina
Authors: Martínez M. F. , Santini M. S. , Kowalewski M. M. , Salomón O. D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMultiple species of Phlebotominae are vectors of Leishmania (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae), which causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). To describe the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) related to the environments of black and gold howler monkeys Alouatta caraya (Humbodlt, 1812) (Primates: Atelidae), potential vectors were sampled in different landscapes and vertical strata of sleeping trees. Phlebotomine captured between December 2011 and March 2012 (2365 individuals) belonged to eight species, of which Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (61.4%) and Migonemyia migonei (França, 1920) (18.73%) were the most abundant, and Ny. withmani was recorded for the first time in the Chaco province. In the ‘peri‐domestic’ landscape, the phlebotomine were mainly captured in henhouses (78.7%), whereas the tree canopy in ‘rural’ and ‘wild’ landscapes yielded 31.2% and 29.1% of the phlebotomine, respectively. A significant association between the type of landscape and the species of phlebotomine was observed by multivariate analysis. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Mg. migonei were associated with ‘peri‐domestic’ landscape, and Ny. neivai was associated with the ‘wild’ landscape. The results of this prospective study suggest that the interaction between phlebotomine and A. caraya could be a key factor with respect to understanding the epidemiology of leishmaniasis.
Acting for good reasons: Integrating virtue theory and social cognitive theory
Authors: Ahrens Anthony H. , Cloutier David 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOne approach to well‐being focuses not on feelings or circumstances but on virtue, or engaging in the right action for the right reason in the right circumstances. Philosophers have experienced a surge of interest in virtue. In recent years, psychologists have followed suit. This paper briefly introduces virtue theory and recent work on virtue. Given the centrality of “right reason” for virtue, it is essential for virtue theorists to find a psychology that pays close attention to the reasons people have for taking action. We present social cognitive theory as one such psychology. We describe several specific research directions that social cognitive theory suggests for those interested in virtue as the best descriptor of well‐being.
Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: prospective register based study
Authors: Magnus Maria C , Wilcox Allen J , Morken Nils-Halvdan , Weinberg Clarice R , Håberg Siri E 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To estimate the burden of miscarriage in the Norwegian population and to evaluate the associations with maternal age and pregnancy history.

Design
Prospective register based study.

Setting
Medical Birth Register of Norway, the Norwegian Patient Register, and the induced abortion register.

Participants
All Norwegian women that were pregnant between 2009-13.

Main outcome measure
Risk of miscarriage according to the woman’s age and pregnancy history estimated by logistic regression.

Results
There were 421 201 pregnancies during the study period. The risk of miscarriage was lowest in women aged 25-29 (10%), and rose rapidly after age 30, reaching 53% in women aged 45 and over. There was a strong recurrence risk of miscarriage, with age adjusted odds ratios of 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 1.60) after one miscarriage, 2.21 (2.03 to 2.41) after two, and 3.97 (3.29 to 4.78) after three consecutive miscarriages. The risk of miscarriage was modestly increased if the previous birth ended in a preterm delivery (adjusted odds ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.29), stillbirth (1.30, 1.11 to 1.53), caesarean section (1.16, 1.12 to 1.21), or if the woman had gestational diabetes in the previous pregnancy (1.19, 1.05 to 1.36). The risk of miscarriage was slightly higher in women who themselves had been small for gestational age (1.08, 1.04 to 1.13).

Conclusions
The risk of miscarriage varies greatly with maternal age, shows a strong pattern of recurrence, and is also increased after some adverse pregnancy outcomes. Miscarriage and other pregnancy complications might share underlying causes, which could be biological conditions or unmeasured common risk factors.
Data sharing practices of medicines related apps and the mobile ecosystem: traffic, content, and network analysis
Authors: Grundy Quinn , Chiu Kellia , Held Fabian , Continella Andrea , Bero Lisa , Holz Ralph 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate whether and how user data are shared by top rated medicines related mobile applications (apps) and to characterise privacy risks to app users, both clinicians and consumers.DesignTraffic, content, and network analysis.SettingTop rated medicines related apps for the Android mobile platform available in the Medical store category of Google Play in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and Australia.Participants24 of 821 apps identified by an app store crawling program. Included apps pertained to medicines information, dispensing, administration, prescribing, or use, and were interactive.InterventionsLaboratory based traffic analysis of each app downloaded onto a smartphone, simulating real world use with four dummy scripts. The app’s baseline traffic related to 28 different types of user data was observed. To identify privacy leaks, one source of user data was modified and deviations in the resulting traffic observed.Main outcome measuresIdentities and characterisation of entities directly receiving user data from sampled apps. Secondary content analysis of company websites and privacy policies identified data recipients’ main activities; network analysis characterised their data sharing relations.Results19/24 (79%) of sampled apps shared user data. 55 unique entities, owned by 46 parent companies, received or processed app user data, including developers and parent companies (first parties) and service providers (third parties). 18 (33%) provided infrastructure related services such as cloud services. 37 (67%) provided services related to the collection and analysis of user data, including analytics or advertising, suggesting heightened privacy risks. Network analysis revealed that first and third parties received a median of 3 (interquartile range 1-6, range 1-24) unique transmissions of user data. Third parties advertised the ability to share user data with 216 “fourth parties”; within this network (n=237), entities had access to a median of 3 (interquartile range 1-11, range 1-140) unique transmissions of user data. Several companies occupied central positions within the network with the ability to aggregate and re-identify user data.ConclusionsSharing of user data is routine, yet far from transparent. Clinicians should be conscious of privacy risks in their own use of apps and, when recommending apps, explain the potential for loss of privacy as part of informed consent. Privacy regulation should emphasise the accountabilities of those who control and process user data. Developers should disclose all data sharing practices and allow users to choose precisely what data are shared and with whom.