bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the potential of micromeres to induce archenteron differentiation in embryos of a direct-developing sand dollar,Peronella japonica
Authors: Iijima Minoru , Ishizuka Yasuhiro , Minokawa Takuya , Amemiya Shonan 
Published: July 2018

Echinoid embryos of indirect developers comprise three tiers at the 16-cell stage: eight mesomeres, four macromeres and four micromeres. Micromeres differentiate autonomously into skeletogenic mesenchyme cells and induce adjoining macromeres to form a vegetal plate, resulting in archenteron invagination (Ransick & Davidson, 1995). It has been shown that micromeres have the potential to induce archenteron differentiation of presumptive ectoderm (Hörstadius, 1939).Direct development, in which the larval stages are more or less abbreviated, has evolved in several phylogenetic lineages of echinoids. In most of them, the fourth cleavage of the embryos produces 16 blastomeres of almost the same size (Raff, 1987). Because of their indistinguishability, the inductive potential of vegetal-most blastomeres of direct developers remained to be studied.The 16-cell stage embryos of the direct-developing sand dollar,Peronella japonica, are an exception and produce three tiers, the same as indirect developers. The embryos develop into two-armed pluteus-like larvae and metamorphose within 3 days after fertilisation without feeding. The micromeres of the species had been shown to differentiate into the skeletogenic mesenchyme cells (Amemiya & Arakawa, 1996). In the present study, we investigated the potential of the micromeres to induce or promote archenteron invagination inPeronella japonica.
Morphogenesis of exogut isolated from vegetalised embryo of sea urchin
Authors: Kamata Yasuyuki , Endo Kazuyuki , Nozaki Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Akiko , Yasumasu Ikuo 
Published: July 2018

It is well known that sea urchin embryos treated with lithium chloride (LiC1) develop to abnormally into vegetalised embryos, in which differentiation of ectodermal cells is inhibited. When embryos of the sea urchins, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Anthocidaris crassispina were treated with 20 mM LiC1 from the 8-cell stage to the corresponding early gastrula stage, they developed to vegetalised embryos with a large exogut 45 h after fertilisation. In these vegetalised embryos, high activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) was detected histochemically at the end of the exogut where it is attached to the embryo body. High activity of AP is known to be detected specifically in the gut of sea urchin pluteus larvae by the same procedure as used in this study. Hence, we concluded that this part of the exogut is composed of the cells which develop into the cells of the gut in normal development.When exogut isolated from vegetalised embryos was cultured in the extract obtained from eggs or embryos, the end composed of the cells in which high AP activity was detected, expanded during culture and formed a large spherical structure about 24 h after the initiation of culture. The minimum concentration of extract to cause expansion of isolated exogut was 5 × 103 egg or embryo equivalent/ml ASW (artificial seawater). The extract boiled at 95 °C for 1 h also caused expansion of isolated exogut at the same concentrations as non-boiled extract. On the other hand, the extract obtained from eggs or embryos by chloroform–methanol extraction did not cause any expansion of exogut, but the aqueous phase, heat-dried and dissolved in ASW, induced expansion of isolated exogut.
Ran is associated with chromosomes during starfish oocyte meiosis and embryonic mitoses
Authors: Hinkle Beth , Rolls Melissa M. , Stein Pascal , Rapoport Tom , Terasaki Mark 
Published: July 2018

Ran is an abundant small G protein that has a central role in nuclear transport during interphase. Ran function depends on distinct pools of RanGTP in the nucleus and RanGDP in the cytoplasm, which are maintained by compartmentalisation of the nucleotide exchange and GTPase activating proteins for Ran. RCC1 (Regulator of Chromosome Condensation) is the only known guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ran and is associated with chromatin. RanGAPl together with RanBPl are the primary GTPase activator proteins and are located in the cytoplasm.Ran function in nuclear transport is clearly inactivated after the nuclear envelope has disassembled during mitosis. There is now evidence that Ran plays a role in organising the spindle. Experiments using well-characterised cell-free extracts from meiotic metaphase II arrestedXenopuseggs suggest that Ran regulates microtubules involved in spindle assembly (Carazo-Salaset al., 1999; Kalabet al., 1999; Ohbaet al., 1999; Wilde & Zheng, 1999). These experiments demonstrate that high levels of RanGTP or GTP-locked forms of Ran result in aster formation and can cause formation of bipolar spindles in the absence of centrosomes or chromosomes. In contrast, reduction of RanGTP blocks centriole- and chromatin-dependent aster formation.
Special Report: WADEM Climate Change Position Statement
Authors: Cuthbertson Joseph , Archer Frank , Robertson Andy 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM; Madison, Wisconsin USA) is a multi-disciplinary professional association whose mission is the global improvement of prehospital and emergency health care, public health, and disaster health and preparedness. In April 2017, the biennial general meeting of the World Congress for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WCDEM) endorsed the WADEM Climate Change Position Statement, which was subsequently published in Prehospital and Disaster Medicine in July 2017. This special report examines literature used and reviews the process of development of this Position Statement as a product of WADEM.Cuthbertson J, Archer F, Robertson A. Special report: WADEM climate change position statement. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):428–431
Casualties and Public Support for Military Conflict with North Korea
Authors: Rich Timothy S. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTWhat explains the American public’s support for military conflict with North Korea? Despite increased rhetoric, few analyses address American public opinion or whether priming the public to consider casualties influences their perceptions. The results of an experimental survey design suggest that mentioning the human cost—even without explicit references to American casualties—reduces support for American military action against North Korea but not broader perceptions of North Korea.
Social care: an essential aspect of mental health rehabilitation services
Authors: Craig T. J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis study is aimed at the importance of social care in rehabilitation. A brief overview of the social care theme is used as the methodology. There is a tension in mental health care between biological and psychological treatments that focus on deficits at the individual level (symptoms, disabilities) and social interventions that try to address local inequalities and barriers in order to improve access for service users to ordinary housing, employment and leisure opportunities. The history of mental health care tells us that social care is often underfunded and too easily dismissed as not the business of health care. But too much emphasis on a health model of individual deficits is a slippery slope to institutionalisation by way of therapeutic nihilism. Rehabilitation services follow the biopsychosocial model but with a shift in emphasis, recognising the vital role played by social interventions in improving the functional outcomes that matter to service users including access to housing, occupation, leisure facilities and the support of family and friends. In conclusion, rehabilitation is framed within a model of personal recovery in which the target of intervention is to boost hope and help the individual find a meaning to life, living well regardless of enduring symptoms.
Connecting Indonesian Fires and Drought With the Type of El Niño and Phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole During 1979–2016
Authors: Pan Xiaohua , Chin Mian , Ichoku Charles M. , Field Robert D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis study advances the previous understanding of the role of climate variability on Indonesian fire activity, by considering (i) the presence of different types of El Niño and (ii) the interaction between El Niño and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). We classify 12 El Niño events during 1979–2016 into Eastern Pacific (EP) and Central Pacific (CP) types (four and eight El Niño events, respectively) and analyze observational data of sea surface temperature, precipitation, drought code, biomass burning carbon emission, visibility, and aerosol optical depth accordingly. We find that more intense and prolonged Indonesian drought and fires occur in the EP type, during which the emitted carbon amounts almost double those in the CP type. By further separating the CP type El Niño according to the phase of the IOD, that is, positive and negative, we show that fire seasons with less burning intensity and shorter duration are predominantly associated with weakly positive or even negative phase of the IOD phenomena. Moreover, fire intensity exhibits geographic diversity: fires are always more intensive in southern Kalimantan than in southern Sumatra in all El Niño events, although it is less dry in the former region. The outcome of this study can be applied to drought early warning, fire management, and air quality forecast in Indonesia and adjacent areas by identifying the type of El Niño and the phase of the IOD in advance.
The Development of a Space Climatology: 1. Solar Wind Magnetosphere Coupling as a Function of Timescale and the Effect of Data Gaps
Authors: Lockwood Mike , Bentley Sarah N. , Owens Mathew J. , Barnard Luke A. , Scott Chris J. , Watt Clare E. , Allanson Oliver 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDifferent terrestrial space weather indicators (such as geomagnetic indices, transpolar voltage, and ring current particle content) depend on different coupling functions (combinations of near‐Earth solar wind parameters), and previous studies also reported a dependence on the averaging timescale, τ. We study the relationships of the am and SME geomagnetic indices to the power input into the magnetosphere Pα, estimated using the optimum coupling exponent α, for a range of τ between 1 min and 1 year. The effect of missing data is investigated by introducing synthetic gaps into near‐continuous data, and the best method for dealing with them when deriving the coupling function is formally defined. Using Pα, we show that gaps in data recorded before 1995 have introduced considerable errors into coupling functions. From the near‐continuous solar wind data for 1996–2016, we find that α = 0.44 ± 0.02 and no significant evidence that α depends on τ, yielding Pα∝B0.88Vsw1.90(mswNsw)0.23sin4(θ/2), where B is the interplanetary magnetic field, Nsw the solar wind number density, msw its mean ion mass, Vsw its velocity, and θ the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle in the geocentric solar magnetospheric reference frame. Values of Pα that are accurate to within ±5% for 1996–2016 have an availability of 83.8%, and the correlation between Pα and am for these data is shown to be 0.990 (between 0.972 and 0.997 at the 2σ uncertainty level), 0.897 ± 0.004, and 0.790 ± 0.03, for τ of 1 year, 1 day, and 3 hr, respectively, and that between Pα and SME at τ of 1 min is 0.7046 ± 0.0004.
Discovery of a silicate rock-boring organism and macrobioerosion in fresh water
Authors: Bolotov Ivan N. , Aksenova Olga V. , Bakken Torkild , Glasby Christopher J. , Gofarov Mikhail Yu. , Kondakov Alexander V. , Konopleva Ekaterina S. , Lopes-Lima Manuel , Lyubas Artyom A. , Wang Yu , Bychkov Andrey Yu. , Sokolova Agniya M. , Tanmuangpak Kitti , Tumpeesuwan Sakboworn , Vikhrev Ilya V. , Shyu J. Bruce H. , Win Than , Pokrovsky Oleg S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMacrobioerosion is a common process in marine ecosystems. Many types of rock-boring organisms break down hard substrates, particularly carbonate rocks and calcareous structures such as dead corals and shells. In paleontology, the presence of rocks with boreholes and fossil macroboring assemblage members is one of the primary diagnostic features of shallow marine paleo-environments. Here we describe a silicate rock-boring organism and an associated community in submerged siltstone rock outcrops in Kaladan River, Myanmar. The rock-boring musselLignopholas fluminalisis a close relative of the marine piddocks, and its borings belong to the ichnospeciesGastrochaenolites anauchen. The neotectonic uplift of the area leading to gradual decrease of the sea level with subsequent shift from estuarine to freshwater environment was the most likely driver for the origin of this community. Our findings highlight that rocks with macroborings are not an exclusive indicator of marine paleo-ecosystems, but may also reflect freshwater habitats.
Non-integumentary melanosomes can bias reconstructions of the colours of fossil vertebrates
Authors: McNamara Maria E. , Kaye Jonathan S. , Benton Michael J. , Orr Patrick J. , Rossi Valentina , Ito Shosuke , Wakamatsu Kazumasa 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe soft tissues of many fossil vertebrates preserve evidence of melanosomes—micron-scale organelles that inform on integumentary coloration and communication strategies. In extant vertebrates, however, melanosomes also occur in internal tissues. Hence, fossil melanosomes may not derive solely from the integument and its appendages. Here, by analyzing extant and fossil frogs, we show that non-integumentary melanosomes have high fossilization potential, vastly outnumber those from the skin, and potentially dominate the melanosome films preserved in some fossil vertebrates. Our decay experiments show that non-integumentary melanosomes usually remain in situ provided that carcasses are undisturbed. Micron-scale study of fossils, however, demonstrates that non-integumentary melanosomes can redistribute through parts of the body if carcasses are disturbed by currents. Collectively, these data indicate that fossil melanosomes do not always relate to integumentary coloration. Integumentary and non-integumentary melanosomes can be discriminated using melanosome geometry and distribution. This is essential to accurate reconstructions of the integumentary colours of fossil vertebrates.
Cryopreservation of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts
Authors: Jaskiewicz Justyna J. , Sandlin Rebecca D. , Swei Anisa A. , Widmer Giovanni , Toner Mehmet , Tzipori Saul 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCryptosporidiosis in an enteric infection caused by Cryptosporidium parasites and is a major cause of acute infant diarrhea in the developing world. A major bottleneck to research progress is the lack of methods to cryopreserve Cryptosporidium oocysts, thus requiring routine propagation in laboratory animals. Here, we report a method to cryopreserve C. parvum oocysts by ultra-fast cooling. Cryopreserved oocysts exhibit high viability and robust in vitro excystation, and are infectious to interferon-γ knockout mice. The course of the infection is comparable to what we observe with unfrozen oocysts. Oocyst viability and infectivity is not visibly changed after several weeks of cryogenic storage. Cryopreservation will facilitate the sharing of oocysts from well-characterized isolates and transgenic strains among different laboratories.
The ubiquitin ligase UBR5 suppresses proteostasis collapse in pluripotent stem cells from Huntington’s disease patients
Authors: Koyuncu Seda , Saez Isabel , Lee Hyun Ju , Gutierrez-Garcia Ricardo , Pokrzywa Wojciech , Fatima Azra , Hoppe Thorsten , Vilchez David 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) undergo unlimited self-renewal while maintaining their potential to differentiate into post-mitotic cells with an intact proteome. As such, iPSCs suppress the aggregation of polyQ-expanded huntingtin (HTT), the mutant protein underlying Huntington’s disease (HD). Here we show that proteasome activity determines HTT levels, preventing polyQ-expanded aggregation in iPSCs from HD patients (HD-iPSCs). iPSCs exhibit high levels of UBR5, a ubiquitin ligase required for proteasomal degradation of both normal and mutant HTT. Conversely, loss of UBR5 increases HTT levels and triggers polyQ-expanded aggregation in HD-iPSCs. Moreover, UBR5 knockdown hastens polyQ-expanded aggregation and neurotoxicity in invertebrate models. Notably, UBR5 overexpression induces polyubiquitination and degradation of mutant HTT, reducing polyQ-expanded aggregates in HD-cell models. Besides HTT levels, intrinsic enhanced UBR5 expression determines global proteostasis of iPSCs preventing the aggregation of misfolded proteins ensued from normal metabolism. Thus, our findings indicate UBR5 as a modulator of super-vigilant proteostasis of iPSCs.
The conformational wave in capsaicin activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ion channel
Authors: Yang Fan , Xiao Xian , Lee Bo Hyun , Vu Simon , Yang Wei , Yarov-Yarovoy Vladimir , Zheng Jie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe capsaicin receptor TRPV1 has been intensively studied by cryo-electron microscopy and functional tests. However, though the apo and capsaicin-bound structural models are available, the dynamic process of capsaicin activation remains intangible, largely due to the lack of a capsaicin-induced open structural model and the low occupancy of the transition states. Here we report that reducing temperature toward the freezing point substantially increased channel closure events even in the presence of saturating capsaicin. We further used a combination of fluorescent unnatural amino acid (fUAA) incorporation, computational modeling, and rate-equilibrium linear free-energy relationships analysis (Φ-analysis) to derive the fully open capsaicin-bound state model, and reveal how the channel transits from the apo to the open state. We observed that capsaicin initiates a conformational wave that propagates through the S4–S5 linker towards the S6 bundle and finally reaching the selectivity filter. Our study provides a temporal mechanism for capsaicin activation of TRPV1.
Room-temperature pyro-catalytic hydrogen generation of 2D few-layer black phosphorene under cold-hot alternation
Authors: You Huilin , Jia Yanmin , Wu Zheng , Wang Feifei , Huang Haitao , Wang Yu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMany 2D few-layer materials show piezoelectric or pyroelectric effects due to the loss-of-inversion symmetry induced by broken structure, although they are not piezoelectric or pyroelectric in the bulk. In this work, we find that the puckered graphene-like 2D few-layer black phosphorene is pyroelectric and shows a pyro-catalytic effect, where the pyroelectric charges generated under ambient cold–hot alternation are utilized for hydrogen evolution and dye molecule decomposition. Under thermal cycling between 15 °C and 65 °C, the 2D few-layer black phosphorene shows a direct hydrogen generation of about 540 μmol per gram of catalyst after 24 thermal cycles and about 99% decomposition of Rhodamine B dye after 5 thermal cycles. This work opens a door for the pyro-catalytic energy harvesting from the cold–hot alternations by a class of 2D few-layer materials.
Differences in hydrolytic enzyme activity accompany natural variation in mature aleurone morphology in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Aubert Matthew K. , Coventry Stewart , Shirley Neil J. , Betts Natalie S. , Würschum Tobias , Burton Rachel A. , Tucker Matthew R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe aleurone is a critical component of the cereal seed and is located at the periphery of the starchy endosperm. During germination, the aleurone is responsible for releasing hydrolytic enzymes that degrade cell wall polysaccharides and starch granules, which is a key requirement for barley malt production. Inter- and intra-species differences in aleurone layer number have been identified in the cereals but the significance of this variation during seed development and germination remains unclear. In this study, natural variation in mature aleurone features was examined in a panel of 33 Hordeum vulgare (barley) genotypes. Differences were identified in the number of aleurone cell layers, the transverse thickness of the aleurone and the proportion of aleurone relative to starchy endosperm. In addition, variation was identified in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes that are associated with germination. Notably, activity of the free fraction of β-amylase (BMY), but not the bound fraction, was increased at grain maturity in barley varieties possessing more aleurone. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) and transcriptional profiling confirmed that HvBMY1 is the most abundant BMY gene in developing grain and accumulates in the aleurone during early stages of grain fill. The results reveal a link between molecular pathways influencing early aleurone development and increased levels of free β-amylase enzyme, potentially highlighting the aleurone as a repository of free β-amylase at grain maturity.
Cigarette Smoking Aggravates the Activity of Periodontal Disease by Disrupting Redox Homeostasis- An Observational Study
Authors: Chang Chia-Huang , Han Ming-Lun , Teng Nai-Chia , Lee Chang-Yu , Huang Wan-Ting , Lin Che-Tong , Huang Yung-Kai 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between cigarette use and five salivary oxidative stress biomarkers, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase, thioredoxin-1 (TRX1), and peroxiredoxin-2 (PRX2), to assess the effectiveness of non-surgical periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: This is an observational study,167 patients diagnosed with periodontitis were recruited. Both saliva samples and clinical measurements (plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and pocket depth (PD)) were taken at baseline and after completing non-surgical periodontal therapy. The Levels of salivary biomarkers were determined using a MILLIPLEX® MAP Human Oxidative Stress Magnetic Bead Panel kit. The overall reductions in PI and BOP were 31.56% and 42.16%, respectively. BOP reduction after treatment in female or male non-smokers was significantly higher than in male former smokers (p < 0.05). After completing non-surgical periodontal therapy, Cu/ZnSOD, MnSOD, catalase, and Prx2 significantly decreased. There was a significant interaction between smoking status and ΔCu/ZnSOD on PI and a significant interaction between smoking status and ΔCatalase on BOP. Conclusions: Cigarette smoking interferes with redox homeostasis in the body, alters antioxidants levels, and influences the periodontal disease activity.