bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Unbound Phenytoin Concentrations: Effects of Albumin Concentration and Kidney Dysfunction
Authors: Montgomery Margaret C. , Chou Jennifer W. , McPharlin Thomas O. , Baird Geoffrey S. , Anderson Gail D. 
Published: May 2019

Study ObjectiveSeveral methods are available to predict unbound (free) phenytoin concentrations in patients with hypoalbuminemia; however, predictive methods have not been evaluated in patients with concurrent hypoalbuminemia and kidney dysfunction or in patients with mild to moderate (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 30‐90 ml/min/1.73 m2) kidney dysfunction alone. Thus the objective was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of predictive methods to estimate free phenytoin concentrations in patients with varying albumin concentrations and/or kidney dysfunction.DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingLarge academic medical center.PatientsA total of 344 patients with free and total phenytoin, albumin, and serum creatinine concentrations obtained between November 2012 and May 2017.Measurements and Main ResultsFree phenytoin concentrations were estimated in patients without kidney dysfunction using the Winter‐Tozer, Anderson, Kane, and Cheng equations. For the analysis in patients with eGFR lower than 90 ml/min/1.73 m2, free phenytoin concentrations were estimated using the Shiner‐Tozer derivation with adjusted affinity coefficients (C = 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30). For both analyses, accuracy of predictive methods was evaluated by P20, the proportion of estimations within 20% of the measured free phenytoin concentration. In 158 patients with normal kidney function/normal albumin concentrations, 73 with normal kidney function/hypoalbuminemia, or 47 with mild kidney dysfunction/normal albumin concentrations, the Anderson method had the highest accuracy (86%, 82%, and 92%, respectively) and highest precision compared with the other methods. In 47 patients with normal albumin concentrations and mild kidney dysfunction or 13 with moderate kidney dysfunction, the free fraction was unchanged, and total phenytoin concentrations accurately reflected free concentrations. In 17 patients with hypoalbuminemia and mild or 17 with moderate kidney dysfunction, the Winter‐Tozer (67% and 50%, respectively) and the Anderson (56% and 67%, respectively) methods had the highest accuracy compared with other methods with significantly lower accuracy compared with patients with normal kidney function. In the 14 patients with severe kidney dysfunction and hypoalbuminemia, none of the coefficients had a P20 accuracy greater than 45%.ConclusionIn patients with normal albumin concentrations, with or without mild or moderate kidney dysfunction and not receiving a protein‐binding displacer, the free fraction of phenytoin is unchanged, and it is not necessary to measure a free phenytoin concentration. Free phenytoin concentrations should be measured directly in patients with hypoalbuminemia and kidney dysfunction.
Effect of neighboring groups on the pH responsive adsorption/desorption behaviors of carboxylate functionalized hollow polymer particles
Authors: Luo Tianjing , Liang Hao , Chen Dong , Ma Yuhong , Yang Wantai 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTIn this article, a serial of bi‐functionalized hollow polymer particles (BF‐HPPs), containing both carboxylate and different amide/amine groups [HPP‐NH2, HPP‐ethylenediamine (EDA), and HPP‐diethylenetriamine (DETA)], were specially designed and synthesized to investigate the effect of neighboring amino groups on their adsorption/desorption behavior. Due to the high density of carboxylate groups, these BF‐HPPs can serve as efficient adsorbents for selective removal of positively charged methylene blue (b‐MB). With increasing chain length of the neighboring amino groups, the maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) at pH 7 decrease dramatically from 606.1 mg g−1 for HPP‐NH2, to 404.9 mg g−1 for HPP‐EDA, and 332.2 mg g−1 for HPP‐DETA, due to increasing steric hindrance. Significantly, the equilibrium adsorption can be achieved within 15 min for HPP‐EDA and HPP‐DETA, while it takes more than 720 min for HPP‐NH2. Moreover, the qmax of HPP‐DETA exhibits remarkable pH‐sensitive property, which decreases sharply to 32.7 mg g−1 at pH 3 due to strong electrostatic repulsion between positively charged ammonium groups and b‐MB molecules. Accordingly, the desorption efficiency of HPP‐DETA reached up to 94% after one desorption step, which is much higher than that of HPP‐EDA (78%) and HPP‐NH2 (60%). The absorbed b‐MB can be facilely desorbed and the adsorption capacity of the regenerated HPP‐DETA keeps above 95% after five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1404–1413
Silyl glyoxylates as high‐performance photoinitiators for cationic and hybrid polymerizations: Towards better polymer mechanical properties
Authors: Kirschner Julie , Bouzrati‐Zerelli Mariem , Fouassier Jean Pierre , Becht Jean‐Michel , Klee Joachim E. , Lalevée Jacques 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTSilyl glyoxylates are proposed here as high‐performance photoinitiators (PIs) for the hybrid polymerization of cationic and radical monomers. Recently, silyl glyoxylates were reported as a new class of high‐performance Type I photoinitiators for free radical polymerization under air upon exposure to different near‐UV and blue LEDs. In this article, we report this new class of photoinitiators to initiate cationic polymerization in combination with an iodonium salt. This system can also be used to initiate simultaneously free radical and cationic polymerizations, for example, for the free radical/cationic hybrid polymerization and for the synthesis of interpenetrating polymer networks. The system silyl glyoxylate/iodonium exhibits excellent polymerization performances and exceptional bleaching properties compared to other well established photoinitiators (e.g., camphorquinone). Furthermore, a hybrid monomer is also introduced in this article (2‐vinyloxyethoxyethyl methacrylate [VEEM]) leading to a huge improvement of the mechanical properties of the final polymer through hybrid polymerization. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1420–1429
Ignition Delays of Mixtures of the Non‐Hypergolic Energetic Ionic Liquid Hydroxyethylhydrazinium Nitrate Blended with Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine
Authors: Swami Umakant , Senapathi Krishnamachary , Srinivasulu Krishna Mohan , Desingu Jayaraman , Chowdhury Arindrajit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe study deals with the investigation of energetic ionic liquids capable of serving as both monopropellants and bipropellants on a single mission. Various blends of the monopropellant hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate (HEHN), which was found to be non‐hypergolic with red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) and white fuming nitric acid (WFNA) under ambient conditions, were formulated with known hypergols to impart hypergolicity and to reduce the viscosity and surface tension of pure HEHN. Considering the miscibility and the ignition delays of the chosen hypergols, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) was chosen as the candidate for combustion characterization through measurement of ignition delays. UDMH‐HEHN blends containing a minimum of 30 % and 40 % UDMH by weight were found to be hypergolic with RFNA and WFNA, respectively. Meticulous experiments were conducted to measure the ignition delays in a drop test setup, equipped sequentially with a high‐speed camera, which was primarily utilized to observe the physico‐chemical events governing ignition, as well as an optoelectronic diagnostic setup, which was utilized to segregate the physical and chemical ignition delays. Standard hypergolic propellants were chosen to compare the veracity of the data from the optoelectronic diagnostics setup with those obtained using a high‐speed camera. The hypergolic blend containing 60 % UDMH was found to be the best candidate, owing to its low ignition delay of 5.8 ms with RFNA, 80 % lower vapor pressure compared to UDMH, and 30 g‐s/cm3 higher predicted vacuum density specific impulse than UDMH with IRFNA.
The SPRT control chart for process dispersion
Authors: Godase Dadasaheb G. , Mahadik Shashibhushan B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the statistical performance of a sequential probability ratio test control chart for monitoring the dispersion of a normally distributed process. The expressions for statistical performance measures of the chart are derived using a Markov chain approach. It is shown through numerical comparisons that the overall statistical performance of this chart is superior to that of the existing competitor charts for dispersion. An example illustrating an application of the chart in practice is provided.
The complementarity of strategic orientations: A meta‐analytic synthesis and theory extension
Authors: Schweiger Simone A. , Stettler Tatiana R. , Baldauf Artur , Zamudio César 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Research SummaryA firm's strategic orientation has long been of interest in management and strategy research. In particular, entrepreneurial, market, and learning orientations have received thorough theoretical and empirical research attention. In this meta‐analysis, we compare the direct and combined performance effects of these orientations, explore their interrelatedness, and provide a theoretical foundation for complementarity between the three. Building on prior empirical findings from 210 samples and using structural equation modeling and seemingly unrelated regression techniques, we extend the knowledge base on strategic orientations. Our results provide evidence for interrelatedness and complementarity among strategic orientations, indicating that superior firm performance emerges from its capability to align entrepreneurial, market, and learning orientations.
Managerial SummaryManagers might be tempted to divide rather than combine their attention on various aspects of strategy, such as entrepreneurial, market, and learning orientations. Similarly, organizational culture might inhibit or promote collaboration between distinct organizational functions. We synthesize a vast body of research on firm‐level strategy making and reveal that while each strategic orientation is beneficial on its own, together, the three strategic orientations create synergies that surpass the effects of individual strategic orientations. Therefore, to achieve superior performance, firms need to align their strategy making efforts to (a) monitoring changes in customer needs and competitor moves, (b) engaging in creative processes, and (c) assimilating the extensive knowledge gained from these activities.
Surface Modified MXene‐Based Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Yu Hong , Wang Yonghui , Jing Yao , Ma Jianmin , Du Cheng‐Feng , Yan Qingyu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the rapidly growing attention on MXenes makes the material a rising star in the 2D materials family. Although most researchers' interests are still focused on the properties of bare MXenes, little attention has been paid to the surface chemistry of MXenes and MXene‐based nanocomposites. To this end, this Review offers a comprehensive discussion on surface modified MXene‐based nanocomposites for energy conversion and storage (ECS) applications. Based on the structure and reaction mechanism, the related synthesis methods toward MXenes are briefly summarized. After the discussion of existing surface modification techniques, the surface modified MXene‐based nanocomposites and their inherent chemical principles are presented. Finally, the application of these surface modified nanocomposites for supercapacitors (SCs), lithium/sodium–ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs), and electrocatalytic water splitting is discussed. The challenges and prospects of MXene‐based nanocomposites for future ECS applications are also presented.
Systems, transfer, and fields: Evaluating a new approach to energy instruction
Authors: Fortus David , Kubsch Marcus , Bielik Tom , Krajcik Joseph , Lehavi Yaron , Neumann Knut , Nordine Jeffrey , Opitz Sebastian , Touitou Israel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEnergy is a central concept in science in every discipline and also an essential player in many of the issues facing people everywhere on the globe. However, studies have shown that by the end of K‐12 schooling, most students do not reach the level of understanding required to be able to use energy to make sense of a wide range of phenomena. Many researchers have questioned whether the conceptual foundations of traditional approaches to energy instruction may be responsible for students' difficulties. In response to these concerns, we developed and tested a novel approach to middle school physical science energy instruction that was informed by the recommendations of the Framework for K‐12 Science Education (National Research Council, 2012a) and the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) (NGSS Lead States, 2013). This new approach differs substantially from more traditional approaches to energy instruction in that it does not require energy forms and it emphasizes connections between energy, systems, and fields that mediate interaction‐at‐a‐distance. We investigated student learning during this novel approach and contrasted it with student learning within a comparable unit based on a more traditional approach to energy instruction. Our findings indicate that students who learned in the new approach outperformed students who learned in the traditional approach in every quantitative and qualitative aspect considered in this study, irrespective of their prior knowledge of energy. They developed more parsimonious knowledge networks in relation to energy that focused primarily around the concept of energy transfer. This study warrants further investigation into the value of this new approach to energy instruction in both middle and high school.
Pheretima aspergillum extract attenuates high‐KCl‐induced mitochondrial injury and pro‐fibrotic events in cardiomyoblast cells
Authors: Huang Pei‐Chen , Shibu Marthandam Asokan , Kuo Chia‐Hua , Han Chien‐Kuo , Chen Yueh‐Sheng , Lo Feng‐Yueh , Li Heng , Viswanadha Vijaya Padma , Lai Chao‐Hung , Li Xudong , Huang Chih‐Yang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHyperkalemia is often associated with cardiac dysfunction. In this study an earthworm extract (dilong) was prepared from dried Pheretima aspergillum powder and its effect against high‐KCl challenge was determined in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. H9c2 cells pre‐treated with dilong (31.25, 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/mL) for 24 hours, where challenged with different doses of KCl treatment for 3 hours to determine the protective mechanisms of dilong against cardiac fibrosis. High‐KCl administration induced mitochondrial injury and elevated the levels of pro‐apoptotic proteins. The mediators of fibrosis such as ERK, uPA, SP1, and CTGF were also found to be upregulated in high‐KCl condition. However, dilong treatment enhanced IGF1R/PI3k/Akt activation which is associated with cell survival. In addition, dilong also reversed high‐KCl induced cardiac fibrosis related events in H9c2 cells and displayed a strong cardio‐protective effect. Therefore, dilong is a potential agent to overcome cardiac events associated with high‐KCl toxicity.
The Complex Identities of Latvians Abroad: What Shapes a Migrant’s Sense of Belonging?
Authors: Koroļeva Ilze 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBuilding on the data from The Emigrant Communities of Latvia survey, this chapter aims to reveal and describe the complex nature of the sense of geographic and social belonging of those who became emigrants. It will explore the factors affecting the maintenance of their identity and consider transformation processes among migrants. The starting point of this chapter is the assumption that the ‘sense of belonging’ is affected by a variety of different objective and subjective factors, and that identity is multi-faceted. Instead of facing a trade-off between feeling close to the home country or host country, or developing a supranational identity, different combinations of types of a ‘sense of belonging’ can be distinguished among Latvian migrants. Using cluster analysis, the author distinguishes four separate groups of emigrants based on their attitudes and self-identification. Among the findings is that most respondents feel closer to Latvia than their host country. However, people who left Latvia during the years of the Great Recession and its aftermath, and who left for economic reasons, are the most alienated from their home country. Among the factors important in shaping this sense of belonging are subjective life satisfaction and having friends and family back at home.
Latvian Migrants in Great Britain: ‘The Great Departure’, Transnational Identity and Long Distance Belonging
Authors: Kaprāns Mārtiņš 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores the transnational aspects of identity and the long distance belonging of Latvian migrants in Great Britain. In particular, it focuses on the discourses and practices of long distance belonging to Latvia. The article is based on a comparative analysis of The Emigrant Communities of Latvia survey data as well as semi-structured interviews with Latvian migrants in Great Britain. The analytical sections are organised so as to discuss the three main analytical contexts of long distance belonging: ethno-cultural, political and social. In the ethno-cultural context, migrants who identify themselves as ethnic Latvians rediscover and strengthen their links to the Latvian cultural space, its traditions and its ways of collective self-understanding. Conversely, the absence of this cultural capital among Russian-speaking migrants from Latvia advances their faster assimilation into British society. The political context of long distance belonging reveals high levels of distrust of the Latvian government and the migrants’ overall disappointment with Latvia’s political elite, as well as political apathy. Nevertheless, Latvian migrants in the United Kingdom are discovering new motivation and fresh opportunities to influence the political reality in Latvia and that has increased participation in Latvian national elections. The social context of long distance belonging, in turn, enables new forms of allegiance towards Latvia. These are manifested in philanthropic initiatives, in participation in various interest groups and in regular interest in what is happening in Latvia. The social context does not put the migrants’ activities into ethno-cultural or political frameworks, but encourages moral responsibility towards the people of Latvia.
Growing Up to Belong Transnationally: Parent Perceptions on Identity Formation Among Latvian Emigrant Children in England
Authors: Kamerāde Daiga , Skubiņa Ieva 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs a result of the wide availability of social media, cheap flights and free intra-EU movement it has become considerably easier to maintain links with the country of origin than it was only a generation ago. Therefore, the language and identity formation among children of recent migrants might be significantly different from the experiences of children of the previous generations. The aim of this paper is to examine the perceptions of parents on the formation of national and transnational identity among the ‘1.5 generation migrant children’ – the children born in Latvia but growing up in England and the factors affecting them. In particular, this article seeks to understand whether 1.5 generation migrant children from Latvia construct strong transnational identities by maintaining equally strong ties with their country of origin and mother tongue and, at the same time, intensively creating networks, learning and using the language of the new home country. The results of 16 semi-structured in-depth interviews with the parents of these children reveal that the 1.5 generation Latvian migrants are on a path of becoming English-dominant bilinguals. So far there is little evidence of the development of a strong transnational identity among 1.5 generation migrant children from Latvia. Instead, this study observed a tendency towards an active integration and assimilation into the new host country facilitated by their parents or occurring despite their parents’ efforts to maintain ties with Latvia. These findings suggest that rather than the national identity of the country of origin being supplemented with a new additional national identity – that of the country of settlement – the identity of the country of origin becomes dominated by it instead.
Manoeuvring in Between: Mapping Out the Transnational Identity of Russian-Speaking Latvians in Sweden and Great Britain
Authors: Jurkane-Hobein Iveta , Kļave Evija 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe proportion of the Russian-speaking population in Latvia increased dramatically during the Soviet period from 12% in 1935 to 42% in 1990 due to organised labour migration within the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, especially since the end of the 1990s, many Russian-speaking Latvians have migrated to Western countries. Very little is known about the national identities of these Russian-speaking Latvians. By analysing 30 life histories of Russian-speaking migrants from Latvia in Sweden and Great Britain, this study aims to analyse the transnational identities of Russian-speaking Latvians abroad. The analysis shows that the migrants’ own migration patterns in addition to the migration history of their families create interlinked and sometimes conflicting layers of transnational identity. Drawing on the interviews, three main processes in the identity formation were distinguished: aspiring to a Latvian identity, claiming an unrecognised Russian-speaking Latvian identity and developing transnational ‘non-belonging’.
Cultural and Media Identity Among Latvian Migrants in Germany
Authors: Sūna Laura 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores how transnational media and culture impacts on the identity formation of recent Latvian migrants in Germany. In the context of the EU, Germany opened its labour market to the new EU countries rather late, when compared to other ‘old’ EU countries. This has had an effect on the composition of the group of Latvian migrants going to Germany, and their identities. In the light of this, this chapter examines how Latvian migrants in Germany feel and experience their belonging to Latvia and its culture. It analyses the social and communicative practices crucial for the development of belonging, including the rootedness in the country where they live and the cultural references that are important for them. The evidence for the analysis in this chapter comes from in-depth interviews, open media diaries and network maps of Latvian migrants in Germany. The chapter situates the description of evidence in the framework of cultural identity concepts and discusses the role of culture and media in the process of building migrant identity. The chapter argues that culture is shaping the transnational self-perception of Latvian migrants in Germany – as it provides collective narratives of imagined common frames of references, and confirms feelings of belonging and distinction.