In-Situ Upgrading Process Offers Potential for Heavy-Oil Recovery
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: March 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 190695, “Simulations of In-Situ Upgrading Process: Interpretation of Laboratory Experiments and Study of Field-Scale Test,” by A. Perez-Perez, SPE, M. Mujica, and I. Bogdanov, SPE, Computational Hydrocarbon Laboratory for Optimized Energy Efficiency, and A. Brisset, SPE, and O. Garnier, SPE, Total, prepared for the 2018 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, Tulsa, 14–18 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
In-situ upgrading (IU) is a promising method of improved viscous- and heavy-oil recovery. The IU process involves a reservoir being exposed to temperatures greater than 300°C long enough to promote a series of chemical reactions. In this work, the authors developed a numerical model of IU on the basis of laboratory experiences and validated results, applying the model to an IU test published in the literature. Simulation results for the cores submitted have shown that oil production and oil-sample quality were well-predicted by the model.
Introduction
In this paper, results of a previously published experiment and those of an unpublished experiment (Experiment B) are modeled and discussed. To accomplish this, an in-house code is developed for coupling the kinetic model with the thermodynamic description, a process detailed in the complete paper. This code was able to represent both the reaction dynamics of bitumen-fraction decomposition and the phase distribution and production of pseudocomponents. The resulting model was used to simulate an IU field-scale test (using data from Shell’s Viking pilot).
Experimental Simulation
A 2D homogeneous radial model was used to simulate two IU experiments. Elemental gridblock size was 5 mm in both directions. The model size was 5×30 cells (Experiment A) and 5×138 cells (Experiment B). A total of 30 pseudocomponents was provided in the simulation model.
A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the effect of some parameters in the IU model on the basis of experimental conditions in the experiments. This analysis was focused on less-certain properties related to the core and physical properties of oil pseudocomponents.
Experimental and Simulation Results. In the process of model development and adaptation, more effort has been dedicated to specify the thermodynamic model than the kinetic model. The final model is capable of successfully predicting liquid production at various test scales and conditions. To explain the mismatch observed between simulation and experimental results of solid generation during IU, the authors performed estimations of solid mass that would be generated under the IU conditions of both experiments in a closed system. The resulting amount of generated solids is the highest possible because the initial hydrocarbons were all retained inside a core. The estimated amount of pyrobitumen for Experiment A was 0.022 kg. This value is still lower than that reported for laboratory conditions (0.024 kg). With regard to Experiment B, taking into account that 35% of the original oil was evacuated by thermal expansion of fluids, the estimated mass of pyrobitumen was approximately 0.070 kg (for closed volume). This value is significantly lower than that reported by the laboratory for this experiment (0.090 kg). The most probable reason is a natural difference in the physicochemical conditions for measurements in kinetic tests and IU experiments.