bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aortic growth rates are not increased in Turner syndrome—a prospective CMR study
Authors: Mortensen Kristian H , Wen Jan , Erlandsen Mogens , Trolle Christian , Ringgaard Steffen , Gutmark Ephraim J , Gutmark-Little Iris , Andersen Niels H , Gravholt Claus H 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundAortic disease is a key determinant of outcomes in Turner syndrome (TS). The present study characterized aortic growth rates and outcomes over nearly a decade in adult women with TS.Methods and resultsProspective observational study assessing aortic diameters twice with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in women with TS [N = 91; mean follow-up 8.8 ± 3.3 (range 1.6–12.6) years] and healthy age-matched female controls [N = 37; mean follow-up 6.7 ± 0.5 (range 5.9–8.1) years]. Follow-up also included aortic outcomes and mortality, antihypertensive treatment and ambulatory blood pressure. Aortic growth rates were similar or smaller in TS, but the variation was larger. The proximal aorta in TS grew by 0.20 ± 0.26 (mid-ascending) to 0.32 ± 0.36 (sinuses) mm/year. This compared to 0.26 ± 0.14 (mid-ascending) and 0.32 ± 0.17 (sinuses) mm/year in the controls. During 799 years at risk, 7 suffered an aortic outcome (1 aortic death, 2 aortic dissections, 2 aortic interventions, 2 surgical aortic listings) with further 2 aortic valve replacements. At baseline, two women were excluded. One died during subacute aortic surgery (severe dilatation) and one had a previously undetected type A dissection. The combined aortic outcome rate was 1126 per 100 000 observation years. The aortic and all-cause mortality rates were 1 per 799 years (125 deaths per 100 000 observation years) and 9 per 799 years (1126 deaths per 100 000 observation years). Aortic growth patterns were particularly perturbed in bicuspid aortic valves (BAV) and aortic coarctation (CoA).ConclusionAortic growth rates in TS are not increased. BAVs and CoA are major factors that impact aortic growth. Aortic outcomes remain a concern.
Anti-anginal medication titration among patients with residual angina 6-months after chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from OPEN CTO registry
Authors: Sheehy Justin P , Qintar Mohammed , Arnold Suzanne V , Hirai Taishi , Sapontis James , Jones Philip G , Tang Yuanyuan , Lombardi William , Karmpaliotis Dimitiri , Moses Jeffrey W , Patterson Christian , Cohen David J , Amin Amit P , Nicholson William J , Spertus John A , Grantham James Aaron , Salisbury Adam C 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Aims
Chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown to reduce angina and improve quality of life, but the frequency of new or residual angina after CTO PCI and its relationship with titration of anti-anginal medications (AAMs) has not been described.

Methods and results
Among consecutive CTO PCI patients treated at 12 US centres in the OPEN CTO registry, angina was assessed 6 months after the index PCI using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Angina Frequency scale (a score <100 defined new or residual angina). We then compared the proportion of patients with AAM escalation (defined as an increase in the number or dosage of AAMs between discharge and follow-up) between those with and without 6-month angina. Of 901 patients who underwent CTO PCI, 197 (21.9%) reported angina at 6-months, of whom 80 (40.6%) had de-escalation, 66 (33.5%) had no change, and only 51 (25.9%) had escalation of their AAM by the 6-month follow-up. Rates of AAM escalation were similar when stratifying patients by the ultimate success of the CTO PCI, completeness of physiologic revascularization, presence or absence of angina at baseline, history of heart failure, and by degree of symptomatic improvement after CTO PCI.

Conclusions
One in five patients reported angina 6 months after CTO PCI. Although patients with new or residual angina were more likely to have escalation of AAMs in follow-up compared with those without residual symptoms, only one in four patients with residual angina had escalation of AAMs. Although it is unclear whether this finding reflects maximal tolerated therapy at baseline or therapeutic inertia, these findings suggest an important potential opportunity to further improve symptom control in patients with complex stable ischaemic heart disease.
Stability and Hydrolysis of Desomorphine-Glucuronide
Authors: Winborn Jessica , Kerrigan Sarah 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDesomorphine, the principal opioid in Krokodil, has an analgesic potency approximately ten-times that of morphine. Similar to other opioids, during phase II metabolism it undergoes conjugation with glucuronic acid to form desomorphine-glucuronide. Although hydrolysis of conjugated species is sometimes required prior to analysis, desomorphine-glucuronide has not been fully investigated. In this study, six hydrolysis procedures were optimized and evaluated. Deconjugation efficiencies using chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated and stability in aqueous solution was assessed. Acid hydrolysis was compared with five β-glucuronidase sources (BGTurbo™, IMCSzyme™, Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia and Patella vulgata). At optimal conditions, each hydrolysis method produced complete hydrolysis (≥96%). However, under simulated challenging conditions, P. vulgata was the most efficient β-glucuronidase for the hydrolysis of desomorphine-glucuronide. Both BGTurbo™ and IMCSzyme™ offered fast hydrolysis with no need for sample cleanup prior to liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) analysis. Hydrolysates using E. coli, H. pomatia and P. vulgata underwent additional sample treatment using β-Gone™ cartridges. Additionally, the stability of free and conjugated drug was evaluated at elevated temperature (60°C) in aqueous solutions between pH 4 and 10. No degradation was observed for either desomorphine or desomorphine-glucuronide under any of the conditions tested.
Unexpected-Framing Effect: Impact of Framing a Product Benefit as Unexpected on Product Desire
Authors: Wadhwa Monica , Kim Jeehye Christine , Chattopadhyay Amitava , Wang Wenbo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractProduct tests are a common feature before any product launch. During product tests, marketers might discover that the product can deliver additional unintended benefits to the users. Should marketers communicate such unexpectedly found benefits to their potential customers as an unexpectedly discovered benefit or as an intended benefit? Across six experiments, including a field experiment, the current research shows that framing a product benefit as unexpected increases desire for the product, when consumers have a heightened motivation to seek rewards. However, framing an undesirable product feature (e.g., a side effect) as unexpected can negatively impact product desirability for consumers, who have a heightened motivation to avoid losses. Finally, highlighting another managerially important boundary condition, our findings show that the unexpected-framing effect is attenuated when the benefit framed as unexpected is incongruent with the product category. Theoretical and managerial implications of unexpected framing are discussed.
General Obligations
Authors: Broderick Andrea 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 4 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The article sets out the general obligations under the CRPD with a view to encouraging national legal and policy reform and guiding domestic implementation of the Convention. The content of Article 4 is of cross-cutting application, since it contains overarching principles that permeate the text of the Convention as a whole. The obligations contained in the article thus seek to contextualize the interpretation of the substantive provisions of the Convention. Article 4 enumerates both general obligations and specific obligations. This distinguishes it from similar provisions in other human rights treaties, which are more in the nature of general obligations of compliance.
Women with Disabilities
Authors: Mykitiuk Roxanne , Chadha Ena 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 6 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which speaks directly to the unique experiences of gender and disability-based discrimination. The chapter begins by canvassing the historical background and travaux préparatoires on Article 6. It then reviews the text of the article and discusses the interaction between Article 6 and other substantive articles of the CRPD. It considers how Article 6 and related articles have been interpreted by the CRPD Committee in its Concluding Observations to date and in General Comment No 3 on Article 6. As is often the case with gender and disability achievements, the progress effectuated by Article 6 was realized after decades of work and the success, while meaningful on paper, remains to be accomplished in reality.
Habilitation and Rehabilitation
Authors: Bickenbach Jerome , Skempes Dimitrios 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 26 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which reaffirms the relevance of rehabilitation as a means for the full enjoyment of the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, the right to employment, the right to education, and the right to independent living of persons with disability. The focus of the article is on access to rehabilitation services and programmes. Article 26 addresses both rehabilitation and habilitation to mark the distinction between services and supports that return an individual to a situation of independence, ability, inclusion, and participation—such as would be experienced prior to an injury or the onset of a health condition—as well as services and supports that bring the individual to maximal independence—in the case of children born with congenital impairments.
Consideration of Reports
Authors: Combrinck Helene 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 36 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which sets out one of the CRPD’s international monitoring mechanisms, viz the consideration of state reports by the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Every human rights treaty contains certain ‘directives’ for the treaty monitoring body on how to respond to reports from member states. The notion of monitoring human rights implementation through the review of periodic reports had its origins in a 1956 resolution of the United Nations Economic and Social Council which requested states to submit, every three years, reports on progress achieved in advancing the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. By 1977, a reporting requirement had been included into each of the ‘core’ international human rights treaties. This has become a standard feature of all subsequent human rights treaties, including the CRPD.
Denunciation
Authors: Bantekas Ilias 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 48 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). A state may express its consent to no longer be bound by a treaty to which it is a party by way of denunciation, withdrawal, or suspension of the treaty in question. Article 48 CRPD does not expressly allow states to withdraw from or suspend the operation of the Convention. Although it only provides for denunciation through a written notification the effect of which commences a year after it is received by the depositary, Article 48 CRPD is silent as to whether a state may denounce the entire Convention or also parts of it. This matter is dealt with under the general provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which reflect customary international law.
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Stavrinaki Tina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The Optional Protocol was adopted along with the CRPD on 13 December 2006 by the United Nations General Assembly, and entered into force on 3 May 2008. The Optional Protocol establishes the competence of the Committee on the Rights of the Persons with Disabilities to examine individual complaints with regard to alleged violations of the Convention by states parties to the Optional Protocol, and to undertake inquiries in case of reliable evidence of grave and systematic violations of the Convention. To date, among 175 parties to the Convention, ninety-two states have ratified the Optional Protocol.
Cortico-basal white matter alterations occurring in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Isaacs Bethany. R. , Trutti Anne. C. , Pelzer Esther , Tittgemeyer Marc , Temel Yasin , Forstmann Birte. U. , Keuken Max. C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging studies typically use standard anatomical atlases for identification and analyses of (patho-)physiological effects on specific brain areas; these atlases often fail to incorporate neuroanatomical alterations that may occur with both age and disease. The present study utilizes Parkinson’s disease and age-specific anatomical atlases of the subthalamic nucleus for diffusion tractography, assessing tracts that run between the subthalamic nucleus anda-prioridefined cortical areas known to be affected by Parkinson’s disease. The results show that the strength of white matter fiber tracts appear to remain structurally unaffected by disease. Contrary to that, Fractional Anisotropy values were shown to decrease in Parkinson’s disease patients for connections between the subthalamic nucleus and the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the pre-supplementary motor, collectively involved in preparatory motor control, decision making and task monitoring. While the biological underpinnings of fractional anisotropy alterations remain elusive, they may nonetheless be used as an index of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, we find that failing to account for structural changes occurring in the subthalamic nucleus with age and disease reduce the accuracy and influence the results of tractography, highlighting the importance of using appropriate atlases for tractography.
Liver X Receptor β Controls Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation via Hedgehog Signaling
Authors: Zhong Li , Huang Shengjie , Du Xuan , Cai Can , Zhou Youping , Shen Wei , Deng Liang , Ning Bo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLiver X receptors (LXR) α and β serve important roles in cholesterol homeostasis, anti-inflammatory processes and the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). However, the development of therapies for liver fibrosis based on LXR agonists have been hampered due to side-effects such as liver steatosis. In this study, we demonstrated that HSCs expressed high levels of LXRβ, but not LXRα, and that overexpression of LXRβ suppressed fibrosis and HSC activation in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis mouse model, without resulting in liver steatosis. Furthermore, Hedgehog (Hh)-regulated proteins, markedly increased in the CCl4-affected liver and mainly expressed in activated HSCs, were repressed under conditions of LXRβ overexpression. In addition, LXRβ knockout led to activation of Hh signaling and triggering of HSC activation, while overexpression of LXRβ led to the inhibition of the Hh pathway and suppression of HSC activation. These results suggest that LXRβ suppresses the activation mechanism of HSCs by inhibiting Hh signaling. In conclusion, LXRβ, by restoring the differentiation of HSCs, may be a promising therapeutic target for liver fibrosis without the adverse side-effects of LXRα activation.
The “sewing machine” for minimally invasive neural recording
Authors: Hanson Timothy L , Diaz-Botia Camilo A , Kharazia Viktor , Maharbiz Michel M , Sabes Philip N 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present a system for scalable and customizable recording and stimulation of neural activity. In large animals and humans, the current benchmark for high spatial and temporal resolution neural interfaces are fixed arrays of wire or silicon electrodes inserted into the parenchyma of the brain. However, probes that are large and stiff enough to penetrate the brain have been shown to cause acute and chronic damage and inflammation, which limits their longevity, stability, and yield. One approach to this problem is to separate the requirements of the insertion device, which should to be as stiff as possible, with the implanted device, which should be as small and flexible as possible. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of this approach with a system incorporating fine and flexible thin-film polymer probes, a fine and stiff insertion needle, and a robotic insertion machine. Together the system permits rapid and precise implantation of probes, each individually targeted to avoid observable vasculature and to attain diverse anatomical targets. As an initial demonstration of this system, we implanted arrays of electrodes in rat somatosensory cortex, recorded extracellular action potentials from them, and obtained histological images of the tissue response. This approach points the way toward a new generation of scaleable, stable, and safe neural interfaces, both for the basic scientific study of brain function and for clinical applications.
Perceptions of independent directors about their roles of and challenges on corporate boards
Authors: Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai , Evans Elaine , Lu Meiting 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the perceptions of independent directors in Vietnam about their roles and challenges when sitting on the boards of listed companies.

Design/methodology/approach
The study uses mailed questionnaires to collect data. The authors sent surveys to 810 independent directors from 354 listed companies and received feedback from 170 respondents.

Findings
The authors examine several aspects of independent directors’ work on the board (such as the roles of and challenges for independent directors) as well as board environment (such as information provision or board interaction). Findings suggest that independent directors in Vietnam place more emphasis on their advisory role than their monitoring role. In addition, they also point out their challenges including information asymmetries and the influence of controlling shareholders. These challenges are significant and they prevent independent directors to properly execute their independent role on the board. These findings reflect the unique features of corporate governance in transition economies.

Originality/value
The authors contribute to the literature through providing an insightful view about the nature of the work performed by this type of director in a transition economy. The study is also one of the first studies to use a qualitative instrument to provide an explanation of how controlling shareholders influence independent directors on boards of directors.
Methodological research in architecture and allied disciplines
Authors: Salama Ashraf M. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contribute an inclusive insight into methodological research in architecture and allied disciplines and unravel aspects that include philosophical positions, frames of reference and spheres of inquiry.

Design/methodology/approach
Following ontological and epistemological interpretations, the adopted methodology involves conceptual and critical analysis which is based on reviewing and categorising classical literature and more than hundred contributions in architectural and design research developed over the past five decades which were classified under the perspectives of inquiry and frames of reference.

Findings
Postulated through three philosophical positions – positivism, anti-positivism and emancipationist – six frames of reference were identified: systematic, computational, managerial, psychological, person–environment type-A and person–environment type-B. Technically oriented research and conceptually driven research were categorised as the perspectives of inquiry and were scrutinised together with their developmental aspects. By mapping the philosophical positions to the frames of reference, various characteristics and spheres of inquiry within each frame of reference were revealed.

Research limitations/implications
Further detailed examples can be developed to offer discerning elucidations relevant to each frame of reference.

Practical implications
The study is viewed as an enabling mechanism for researchers to identify the unique particularities of their research and the way in which it is pursued.

Originality/value
The study is a response to a glaring dearth of cognisance and a reaction to a growing but confusing body of knowledge that does not offer a clear picture of what research in architecture is. By identifying key characteristics, philosophical positions and frames of reference that pertain to the research in architecture and associated disciplines, the findings represent a scholastic endeavour in its field.
Residential satisfaction in formal and informal neighborhoods: the case of Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Türkoğlu Handan , Terzi Fatih , Salihoğlu Tayfun , Bölen Fulin , Okumuş Gökçer 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
Residential satisfaction can be viewed as a part of life satisfaction. There are many studies related to the relationship between residents’ satisfaction with their environments and the quality of those environments. The purpose of this paper is to examine how this satisfaction differs according to the type of residential environment.

Design/methodology/approach
It is based on empirical data on the quality of life in the different residential environments of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area. The primary source of information was a household survey.

Findings
In an attempt to find solutions to problems with the quality of residential environments, the data were analyzed through several variables related to the subjective perceptions of residential satisfaction. According to the results of the research, residents living in planned neighborhoods in the city are more satisfied than those living in unplanned neighborhoods. The residents who live in the planned sections of the city are satisfied with the attractiveness and accessibility of their neighborhoods, while those who live in unplanned sections of the city are satisfied with their level of attachment to their neighborhoods.

Practical implications
The study was designed to produce baseline data so that future changes in residential conditions as perceived by the residents of Istanbul could be monitored to support decisions for residential areas.

Originality/value
Comparative case studies, especially on planned vs unplanned environments, are relatively limited in number. Therefore, there is a need for new researches examining differences between different residential settings within cities. This study adds value to the field of comparative studies on residential environments.