bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Delivery of Tyrosinase Related Protein‐2 (TRP2) Peptides to Lymph Nodes using Serum‐Derived Exosomes
Authors: Park Ok , Choi Eun Seo , Yu Gyeonghui , Kim Jun Yeong , Kang Yoon Young , Jung Heesun , Mok Hyejung 
Published: November 2018

AbstractExosomes (EXO) are considered to be versatile carriers for biomolecules; however, the delivery of therapeutic peptides using EXOs poses several challenges. In this study, the efficiency of serum‐derived EXOs in delivering tyrosinase‐related protein‐2 (TRP2) peptides to lymph nodes is determined. TRP2 peptides are successfully incorporated into EXOs, which show a uniform and narrow size distribution of around 45 nm. The TRP2‐incorporated exosomes (EXO‐TRP2) are efficiently internalized into macrophages and dendritic cells, and are seen to display a punctate distribution. EXOs loaded with TRP2 together with MPLA, (EXO‐MPLA‐TRP2) result in a strong release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐6) from both RAW264.7 and DC2.4 cells. Finally, subcutaneous injection of fluorescently labeled EXO‐TRP2 followed by ex vivo imaging using in vivo imaging system (IVIS) show a strong fluorescent signal in the lymph nodes after only 1 h, which is maintained until at least 4 h after injection. Taken together, the findings suggest that serum‐derived EXOs can serve as promising carriers to deliver therapeutic peptides to lymph nodes for immunotherapy.
Thermadapt Shape Memory Polymers with Predictable and Arbitrary Shape Shifting
Authors: Wang Yongwei , Pan Yi , Zheng Zhaohui , Ding Xiaobin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe development of shape memory polymers (SMPs) with a better linear relationship between the shape retention ratio (R
ret) and the corresponding stress relaxation (R
σ) can address scientific challenges, such that the arbitrary shape shifting can be realized and a desired and accurate strain can be obtained during the procedure of stress relaxation. This method is predictable, accurate, time‐saving, and can prevent the deterioration of materials. However, almost no attention is paid to the predictable and arbitrary shape‐shifting phenomenon. Here, a new phenomenon that the materials exhibit a relatively better linear relationship and the major factor behind the phenomenon—there is a better linear relationship with the decrease in the molecular weight between the cross‐linking points (M
c)—are found. Such a one shape memory network with combined catalyst‐free, arbitrary shape shifting, and reprocessability without sacrificing the outstanding shape memory performance, is expected to have a significant and positive impact on the medical device industry, and provides a new strategy for the design of thermadapt SMPs.
Thermal Field‐Flow Fractionation for the Investigation of the Thermoresponsive Nature of Star and Linear Polystyrene
Authors: Greyling Guilaume , Lederer Albena , Pasch Harald 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThermal field‐flow fractionation (ThFFF) is a powerful alternative to commonly used column‐based techniques to characterize star polymers according to their solution behavior, as well as different molecular parameters, such as size and composition. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that ThFFF is an effective tool to investigate the thermoresponsive nature of polymers. ThFFF analysis of linear and star polystyrene in THF, dimethylacetamide, and cyclohexane shows that star polymers are more temperature‐sensitive than their linear analogs regarding their sizes in solution. This temperature sensitivity influences the retention behavior in ThFFF. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the thermodynamic quality of the solvent significantly influences both the thermal diffusion coefficient and the temperature‐sensitive nature of the samples. Finally, changing the thermodynamic quality of the solvent causes deviations in determining the number of chain ends from ThFFF data.
Progress in the Field of Water‐ and/or Temperature‐Triggered Polymer Actuators
Authors: Agarwal Seema , Jiang Shaohua , Chen Yiming 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWater‐ and/or temperature‐triggered polymer actuators have great potential in robotics, microfabrication and micromanipulation, cell culture, artificial scaffolds, muscles, and motors. In the past few years, a large amount of work has been carried out, and several innovative concepts have been proposed to address challenges such as actuation with large‐scale displacement in a very short time, actuation of large‐sized samples, complex 3D shaping, directional control, multiresponsive actuation, and strong actuators. Herein, the progress made in the field of actuators triggered by water, temperature, and a combination of both is presented, emphasizing the new concepts of fast and direction‐controlled actuation, the corresponding mechanisms, the associated challenges, and future tasks and perspectives.
Photoresponsive, Water‐Soluble Supramolecular Dendronized Polymer with Specific Lysosome‐Targetable Bioimaging Application in Living Cells
Authors: Li Hang , Wu Jie , Yin Jia‐Fu , Wang Huan , Wu Yongquan , Kuang Gui‐Chao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA novel photoresponsive, water‐soluble supramolecular dendronized polymer (SDP) is prepared through a γ ‐cyclodextrin (γ ‐CD)‐coumarin host–guest interaction. The supramolecular formation, photoresponsive process, and fluorescence properties are investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and spectrometric measurements. Upon different‐wavelength light irradiation, this supramolecular polymer undergoes noncovalent polymer and covalent polymer conversion due to coumarin cycloaddition and cleavage reactions. In addition, SDP for bioimaging in Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF‐7) cells is performed and results show that the obtained SDP has good biocompatibility and is lysosome‐targetable. This research enriches the field of supramolecular dendrimers and the photo‐stimulation response material may have application prospects in organelle‐targeting applications.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides Increase Mucin Expression in Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Wu Richard You , Li Bo , Koike Yuhki , Määttänen Pekka , Miyake Hiromu , Cadete Marissa , Johnson‐Henry Kathene C. , Botts Steven R. , Lee Carol , Abrahamsson Thomas R. , Landberg Eva , Pierro Agostino , Sherman Philip M. 
Published: November 2018

ScopeNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of morbidity and death in preterm infants, occurring more often in formula‐fed than breastfed infants. Studies in both rats and humans show that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) lower the incidence of NEC, but the mechanism underlying such protection is currently unclear.Methods and ResultsBy extracting HMOs from pooled human breastmilk, the impact of HMOs on the intestinal mucin levels in a murine model of NEC are investigated. To confirm the results, the findings are validated by exposing human intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal organoids to HMOs and evaluated for mucin expression. HMO‐gavage to pups increases Muc2 levels and decreases intestinal permeability to macromolecular dextran. HMO‐treated cells have increased Muc2 expression, decreased bacterial attachment and dextran permeability during challenge by enteric pathogens. To identify the mediators involved in HMO induction of mucins, it is demonstrated that HMOs directly induce the expression of chaperone proteins including protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Suppression of PDI activity removes the protective effects of HMOs on barrier function in vitro as well as NEC protection in vivo.ConclusionsTaken together, the results provide insights to the possible mechanisms by which HMOs protect the neonatal intestine through upregulation of mucins.
Expectant long‐term follow‐up of patients with chronic urinary retention
Authors: Abello Alejandro , DeWolf William C. , Das Anurag K. 
Published: November 2018

AimsTo describe urologic complications in patients with chronically elevated post‐void residual (PVR) volumes and to evaluate other related risk factors during a long‐term follow‐up in patients managed conservatively.MethodsNon‐neurogenic patients who refused surgical intervention of the prostate and had PVR volumes >300 mL on two or more separate occasions at least 6 months apart were included. We followed this cohort over time, recorded complications and evaluated risk factors for complications.ResultsTwenty‐eight men with a mean age of 74 were followed for a median of 56 months (IQR: 26‐101 months); 26 had benign prostatic hyperplasia with a median prostate size of 55 cc. Baseline median PVR was 468 cc (IQR: 395‐828) and follow‐up median PVR was 508 cc (IQR: 322‐714). During follow‐up, 13 patients (46%) had at least one complication with acute urinary retention being the most common occurring in 10 patients (36%) with 15 episodes. Other complications presented in less than 15%, and no patients developed permanent renal insufficiency. Patients with prostate size ≥ 100 cc had significantly higher total number of acute retention episodes (P‐value: 0.01).ConclusionsAlthough the presence of CUR could commonly predispose to episodes of acute retention, severe complications are infrequent although present. Additionally, prostate size may play a role in increasing some adverse outcomes. With proper counseling about different complications, patients with retention who denied surgical treatment can be safely followed for at least 5 years without renal deterioration.
Photoresist materials comprising photobase generators and epoxy resins bearing carboxylic acids to lead to marked enhancement of base‐catalyzed cross‐linking reactions
Authors: Terada Kiwamu , Furutani Masahiro , Arimitsu Koji 
Published: November 2018

Most of the photopatterning materials based on epoxy resins utilize photoacid generators (PAGs), which generate superacids as catalysts. They have been used for high aspect ratio photoresists in the fabrication of MEMS devices. However, there is a drawback, in that the acidic species from PAGs will induce metal corrosion. One of the approaches to overcome this problem is the use of photobase generators (PBGs) because organic bases would induce no corrosion. Although there have been many previous investigations of PBGs, only a few articles have mentioned photoreactive materials relying on PBGs because of their low photosensitivity. We report here highly sensitive photopatterning materials comprising PBGs and an epoxy resin bearing carboxylic acid groups. As a result, the photopatterning materials showed higher photosensitivity than conventional epoxy resin systems. We obtained high‐photosensitivity (up to 900 mJ/cm2), high‐resolution (10‐μm line‐and‐space) patterning materials in films, 10 μm in thickness.
Incubation optimizes the promoting effects of rewards on creativity
Authors: Zhang Ze , Zhang Weitao , Wu Xiaofei , Tan Tengteng , Luo Jing 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe tested the incubation effect on promoting problem‐solving insight in a “test–incubation–retest” procedure in different groups receiving a reward notification (RN) before or after the incubation phase, or no RN. Only RN given before incubation significantly promoted creative performance, implying that incubation may help optimize the promoting effects of reward on creativity.
Heterotrimeric G‐Protein‐Dependent Proteome and Phosphoproteome in Unstimulated Arabidopsis Roots
Authors: Song Gaoyuan , Brachova Libuse , Nikolau Basil J. , Jones Alan M. , Walley Justin W. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe G‐protein complex is a cytoplasmic on–off molecular switch that is set by plasma membrane receptors that activate upon binding of its cognate extracellular agonist. In animals, the default setting is the “off” resting state, while in plants, the default state is constitutively “on” but repressed by a plasma membrane receptor‐like protein. De‐repression appears to involve specific phosphorylation of key elements of the G‐protein complex and possibly target proteins that are positioned downstream of this complex. To address this possibility, protein abundance and phosphorylation state are quantified in wild type and G‐protein deficient Arabidopsis roots in the unstimulated resting state. A total of 3246 phosphorylated and 8141 non‐modified protein groups are identified. It has been found that 428 phosphorylation sites decrease and 509 sites increase in abundance in the G‐protein quadrupole mutant lacking an operable G‐protein‐complex. Kinases with known roles in G‐protein signaling including MAP KINASE 6 and FERONIA are differentially phosphorylated along with many other proteins now implicated in the control of G‐protein signaling. Taken together, these datasets will enable the discovery of novel proteins and biological processes dependent on G‐protein signaling.
Facile Synthesis of Mg2+‐Doped Carbon Dots as Novel Biomaterial Inducing Cell Osteoblastic Differentiation
Authors: Yang Mingxi , Meng Yang , Liu Junjun , Yu Weixian , Yang Bai 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCarbon dots (CDs), as an emerging fluorescent nanomaterial with low toxicity, has been widely applied in various bio‐related fields. However, investigations on their capabilities in guiding osteogenic differentiation are rarely seen, which has great significance in osteoporosis therapy and bone regeneration. Herein, for the first time, a new kind of Mg2+‐doped CDs is facilely synthesized through a one‐step hydrothermal method from metal gluconate salts. The CDs can serve as nanocarrier of Mg2+ ions entering into cells, and the bioessential metal ions subsequently stimulate osteoblastic differentiation by improving alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and upregulation related mRNA expression. Noteworthy, the raw material has almost negligible performance on osteoblastic differentiation compared to Mg‐CDs, which is due to the ultrasmall sizes of CDs and the efficient uptake by cells. Moreover, benefitting from the fluorescence properties, Mg‐CDs can also be applied as cell labeling agents. This work proposes a new strategy to synthesize multifunctional metal ion‐doped CDs, which might had great potential in serving as promising nanodrugs for bone loss therapy.
Site‐to‐Site Reproducibility and Spatial Resolution in MALDI–MSI of Peptides from Formalin‐Fixed Paraffin‐Embedded Samples
Authors: Ly Alice , Longuespée Rémi , Casadonte Rita , Wandernoth Petra , Schwamborn Kristina , Bollwein Christine , Marsching Christian , Kriegsmann Katharina , Hopf Carsten , Weichert Wilko , Kriegsmann Jörg , Schirmacher Peter , Kriegsmann Mark , Deininger Sören‐Oliver 
Published: November 2018

PurposeTo facilitate the transition of MALDI–MS Imaging (MALDI–MSI) from basic science to clinical application, it is necessary to analyze formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues. The aim is to improve in situ tryptic digestion for MALDI–MSI of FFPE samples and determine if similar results would be reproducible if obtained from different sites.Experimental DesignFFPE tissues (mouse intestine, human ovarian teratoma, tissue microarray of tumor entities sampled from three different sites) are prepared for MALDI–MSI. Samples are coated with trypsin using an automated sprayer then incubated using deliquescence to maintain a stable humid environment. After digestion, samples are sprayed with CHCA using the same spraying device and analyzed with a rapifleX MALDI Tissuetyper at 50 µm spatial resolution. Data are analyzed using flexImaging, SCiLS, and R.ResultsTrypsin application and digestion are identified as sources of variation and loss of spatial resolution in the MALDI–MSI of FFPE samples. Using the described workflow, it is possible to discriminate discrete histological features in different tissues and enabled different sites to generate images of similar quality when assessed by spatial segmentation and PCA.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceSpatial resolution and site‐to‐site reproducibility can be maintained by adhering to a standardized MALDI–MSI workflow.
Treatment policy estimands for recurrent event data using data collected after cessation of randomised treatment
Authors: Roger James H. , Bratton Daniel J. , Mayer Bhabita , Abellan Juan J. , Keene Oliver N. 
Published: November 2018

SUMMARYIn the past, many clinical trials have withdrawn subjects from the study when they prematurely stopped their randomised treatment and have therefore only collected ‘on‐treatment’ data. Thus, analyses addressing a treatment policy estimand have been restricted to imputing missing data under assumptions drawn from these data only. Many confirmatory trials are now continuing to collect data from subjects in a study even after they have prematurely discontinued study treatment as this event is irrelevant for the purposes of a treatment policy estimand. However, despite efforts to keep subjects in a trial, some will still choose to withdraw. Recent publications for sensitivity analyses of recurrent event data have focused on the reference‐based imputation methods commonly applied to continuous outcomes, where imputation for the missing data for one treatment arm is based on the observed outcomes in another arm. However, the existence of data from subjects who have prematurely discontinued treatment but remained in the study has now raised the opportunity to use this ‘off‐treatment’ data to impute the missing data for subjects who withdraw, potentially allowing more plausible assumptions for the missing post‐study‐withdrawal data than reference‐based approaches. In this paper, we introduce a new imputation method for recurrent event data in which the missing post‐study‐withdrawal event rate for a particular subject is assumed to reflect that observed from subjects during the off‐treatment period. The method is illustrated in a trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) where the primary endpoint was the rate of exacerbations, analysed using a negative binomial model.
Influenza vaccine: Where are we and where do we go?
Authors: Keshavarz Mohsen , Mirzaei Hamed , Salemi Maryam , Momeni Fatemeh , Mousavi Mohammad Javad , Sadeghalvad Mona , Arjeini Yaser , Solaymani‐Mohammadi Farid , Sadri Nahand Javid , Namdari Haideh , Mokhtari‐Azad Talat , Rezaei Farhad 
Published: November 2018

SummaryThe alarming rise of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza pandemics and epidemics has drawn attention worldwide since the last few decades. This life‐threatening problem necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against incoming pandemics. The currently available flu vaccines rely on inactivated viral particles, M2e‐based vaccine, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and virus like particle (VLP). While inactivated vaccines can only induce systemic humoral responses, LAIV and VLP vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet, these vaccines have limited protection against newly emerging viral strains. These strains, however, can be targeted by universal vaccines consisting of conserved viral proteins such as M2e and capable of inducing cross‐reactive immune response. The lack of viral genome in VLP and M2e‐based vaccines addresses safety concern associated with existing attenuated vaccines. With the emergence of new recombinant viral strains each year, additional effort towards developing improved universal vaccine is warranted. Besides various types of vaccines, microRNA and exosome‐based vaccines have been emerged as new types of influenza vaccines which are associated with new and effective properties. Hence, development of a new generation of vaccines could contribute to better treatment of influenza.
Historical and predicted variations of baseflow in China's Poyang Lake catchment
Authors: Li Yunliang , Zhang Qi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBaseflow availability and its contribution to streamflow are critical for planning and management of catchment hydrology and ecology. This study uses a digital filtering technique, statistical methods, and hydrological projection to investigate historical and future baseflow characteristics with respect to climate and land use impacts, exemplified by the large Poyang Lake catchment (China). Digital filtering results show that annual baseflow varied between 25 × 108 and 820 × 108 m3/year for the catchment rivers during 1953–2014. The results reveal that on average 62% of the long‐term streamflow in the catchment is derived from baseflow contribution. Statistics show a generally increasing trend in the annual baseflow and baseflow index (BFI) for most of the rivers over the past 60 years, with the major frequencies varying between 5 and 20 years. Although the trends in baseflow and BFI are attributable to the combined effects of climate and land use change across the catchment, baseflow variations are expected to be more sensitive to climate than land use changes. In general, precipitation plays a dominant role in controlling baseflow and can be used as an indication of the variations in baseflow at the subcatchment scale. Hydrological projection shows that annual baseflow and BFI are likely to increase by up to 31% and 13% during 2018–2035, respectively, based on historical baseflow trends. Our results indicate that management approaches for the catchment that consider groundwater and surface water as a joint resource will be needed to effectively manage the current and future river regime, its water resources, and water quality.
Investigation of Ti/CuO interface by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy
Authors: Chopra Dev Raj , Pearson Justin Seth , Durant Darius , Bhakta Ritesh , Chourasia Anil R. 
Published: November 2018

The Ti/CuO interface has been studied by the techniques of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Thin films of titanium were deposited on a CuO substrate at room temperature by the e‐beam technique. The photoelectron spectra of titanium and copper were found to exhibit significant chemical interaction at the interface. The titanium overlayer was observed to get oxidized to TiO2, while the CuO was observed to get reduced to elemental copper. This chemical interaction was observed to occur until a thickness of 7 nm of the titanium overlayer. For thicknesses greater than this value, the presence of unreacted titanium in the sample was detected. Barrier characteristics at the Ti/CuO interface were also carried out for substrate temperatures of 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C as a function of the titanium overlayer thickness. A linear trend in the barrier thickness of the overlayer was observed between 400°C and 600°C substrate temperatures. The atomic force microscopy micrographs of the unannealed samples depicted layer‐by‐layer growth of elemental titanium on copper. At the Ti/CuO interface in such samples, the micrographs exhibited island formation of TiO2 corresponding to the Volmer‐Weber growth model. This formation has been interpreted as the relaxation in the strain energy. The percentage coverage of the underlying substrate by the TiO2 islands showed a linear trend for the thicknesses of the titanium overlayer investigated. The average size of these islands also showed a linear trend as a function of the thickness of the overlayer.