bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Definition and Role of Banks in EU Law and Policy
Authors: Lo Schiavo Gianni 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the overall framework of banks in the European Union (EU) and as regulated entities in EU law and policy. As financial service providers, banks are among the most important regulated entities and constitute an essential component of the European economy. The role of banks and the services they provide to markets are predominant when compared to other financial services providers in Europe. The chapter begins by looking at banks from a more general perspective and assessing their impact from different angles, namely the definition of banks in EU law and policy, the scope of activities, the role of banks, the strengths and challenges of banking in Europe, and the business models of banking. It then briefly examines the most important events in European regulation affecting banks, such as the regulatory efforts to address the pitfalls of the 2008 financial crisis and the creation of the European Banking Union.
EU Prudential Banking Regulation
Authors: Lo Schiavo Gianni 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines EU prudential banking law regulation and how it affects the existence and operations of banks in Europe. It focuses on the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) and the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), which impose substantive rules for banks. These rules, together with other EU secondary law and hard and soft law rules existing in EU law, constitute the Single Rulebook for prudential rules of banks. These binding rules affect the internal structures of credit institutions and provide the basic requirements on capital, credit, market, and operational risks. These rules have been substantially changed mainly because of the regulatory response to the financial crisis and the standard-setting body activities undertaken in the last decade. The chapter then looks at the recent review to the CRR/CRD framework, which has recently been adopted in 2024.
EU Supervision of Banks
Authors: Lo Schiavo Gianni 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the rules of banking supervision for credit institutions in EU banking law and policy. It starts with a brief overview of the theories of supervision, distinguishing between the micro- and macro-levels. Micro-supervision refers to the surveillance of the profile and activities of individual market operators, particularly institutions with systemic relevance in the markets. Meanwhile, the level of macro-supervision refers to the analysis of trends and imbalances in the financial system as a whole and supervisory tools for that effect, with specific attention to systemic risk. The chapter then examines the institutional framework for banking supervision and looks at the rules and functioning of the different levels of supervision: prudential, anti-money laundering, market conduct, and deposit insurance. It focuses, in particular, on the rules on supervision provided in the Capital Requirements Directive and the Single Supervisory Mechanism as the supranational framework for prudential supervision where the European Central Bank directly supervises credit institutions.
A General Practice: Whose Practice? What Practice?
Authors: Wood Michael , Sender Omri 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers whose practice and what kinds of practice may be creative, or expressive, of customary international law. In so doing it considers the primary role of State practice and the possible contribution, in certain cases, of the practice of international organizations; it moreover explains that the conduct of other actors does not directly contribute to a general practice as a constituent element of customary international law (but may have an important indirect role by stimulating or recording the practice of States and international organizations). The chapter then provides an overview of the main forms of practice, including inaction, and discusses the question of confidential conduct. It also explains the importance of taking account of, and appreciating as a whole, all the available practice of the State (or organization) concerned. customary international law
Judicial Decisions and Teachings as Subsidiary Means for the Determination of Rules of Customary International Law
Authors: Wood Michael , Sender Omri 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the significance of judicial decisions and the teachings of publicists as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of customary international law. It explains that both judicial decisions and teachings have a special place among the materials to which recourse may be had in identifying customary international law, as is clear from Article 38.1(d) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The chapter cautions that the value of judicial decisions and teachings as evidence of customary international law may vary greatly and provides guidance as to how their weight may be assessed. The place and role of the output of the International Law Commission (ILC) is considered in this regard as well. customary international law
Uniform lyndon interpolation for basic non-normal modal and conditional logics
Authors: Akbar Tabatabai Amirhossein , Iemhoff Rosalie , Jalali Raheleh 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a proof-theoretic method to prove uniform Lyndon interpolation (ULIP) for non-normal modal and conditional logics is introduced and applied to show that the logics, $\textsf{E}$, $\textsf{M}$, $\textsf{EN}$, $\textsf{MN}$, $\textsf{MC}$, $\textsf{K}$, and their conditional versions, $\textsf{CE}$, $\textsf{CM}$, $\textsf{CEN}$, $\textsf{CMN}$, $\textsf{CMC}$, $\textsf{CK}$, in addition to $\textsf{CKID}$ have that property. In particular, it implies that these logics have uniform interpolation (UIP). Although for some of them the latter is known, the fact that they have uniform LIP is new. Also, the proof-theoretic proofs of these facts are new, as well as the constructive way to explicitly compute the interpolants that they provide. On the negative side, it is shown that the logics $\textsf{CKCEM}$ and $\textsf{CKCEMID}$ enjoy UIP but not uniform LIP. Moreover, it is proved that the non-normal modal logics, $\textsf{EC}$ and $\textsf{ECN}$, and their conditional versions, $\textsf{CEC}$ and $\textsf{CECN}$, do not have Craig interpolation, and whence no uniform (Lyndon) interpolation.
AcrIIIA1 is a protein–RNA anti-CRISPR complex that targets core Cas and accessory nucleases
Authors: Chou-Zheng Lucy , Howell Olivia , Boyle Tori A , Hossain Motaher , Walker Forrest C , Sheriff Emma K , Aslan Barbaros , Hatoum-Aslan Asma 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins protect bacteria and archaea from their viruses, and anti-CRISPRs (Acrs) are small virus-encoded proteins that inhibit CRISPR-Cas immunity. Over 80 families of Acrs have been described to date; however, only three of these subvert Type III CRISPR-Cas immunity. Type III systems employ a complex network of Cas and accessory nucleases to degrade viral nucleic acids. Here, we discover and characterize AcrIIIA1, the first Type III-A specific anti-CRISPR protein. We demonstrate that AcrIIIA1 binds to Csm2 within the Cas10-Csm effector complex and attenuates Cas10’s DNase activity and second messenger production. Additionally, AcrIIIA1 associates with fragmented t(m)RNAs (acrIIIA1-RNAs), and we show that they co-purify with the Cas10-Csm complex during phage infection. Although the precise role(s) of acrIIIA1-RNAs remain unclear, we found that they bind stably to RNase R, a host-encoded nuclease known to bolster immunity, and RNase R has the capacity to degrade them. Altogether, our results support a model in which AcrIIIA1 and its associated RNAs target both core Cas and accessory nucleases to provide robust protection against Type III CRISPR-Cas immunity.
Children with medulloblastoma treated with modified ACNS0821 temozolomide, irinotecan, and bevacizumab: The Seattle Children’s Hospital experience
Authors: Ronsley Rebecca , Bradford Miranda C , Crotty Erin E , Vitanza Nicholas A , Runco Daniel V , Stevens Jeffrey , Hoeppner Corinne , Holtzclaw Susan L , Wein Amy R , Lee Amy , Cole Bonnie L , Ermoian Ralph , Leary Sarah E S 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Effective therapy for medulloblastoma at the time of relapse is limited. The objective of this study is to review outcomes from the Seattle Children’s Hospital (SCH) institutional standard therapy for relapsed medulloblastoma, modified from the published ACNS0821 regimen.

Methods
Retrospective review of patients treated for relapsed medulloblastoma from 2012-2024 treated with modified ACNS0821 therapy, including combination bevacizumab, irinotecan, and temozolomide, referred to as “TIB.” Each TIB cycle includes oral temozolomide (200 mg/m2/day) for the first 5 days, intravenous (IV) bevacizumab (10 mg/kg/dose), and IV irinotecan (125 mg/m2/dose or 340 mg/m2) on days 1 and 15 of each cycle. Patient medical history, prior treatment, therapy toxicity, response, and outcome were collected. The analysis included Kaplan–Meier estimates of 3-year overall survival (OS) and 3-year progression-free survival.

Results
Fifteen patients were treated with TIB for relapsed medulloblastoma at SCH (median age 5.81 (0.21–23.6) years, 60% male). Twelve patients completed planned therapy. Therapy was discontinued for toxicity (n = 1) and family preference (n = 1). The most common toxicities were thrombocytopenia (n = 7), neutropenia (n = 4), nausea (n = 5), vomiting (n = 5), and diarrhea (n = 3). Five patients required dose modification of one agent for toxicity. Median follow-up from TIB therapy start was 1.61 (0.47–7.66) years. Three-year OS was 48% (95% CI: 18%–74%) and 3-year event-free survival was 16% (95% CI: 1%–49%).

Conclusions
TIB was well-tolerated in pediatric patients with relapsed medulloblastoma, and outcomes were similar to those published in clinical trials. TIB therapy should be considered for patients with relapsed medulloblastoma, especially patients with limited access to care due to travel barriers.
Computational model of a feeding copepod engaged in three modes of movement
Authors: Hachmeister Julian , Takagi Daisuke 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Objectives: Copepods display distinct feeding modes to capture prey in the surrounding water. However, the mechanism and range of prey detection are not fully understood. Methods: Using the method of regularized Stokeslets, we constructed a mathematical model of the flow field around a copepod engaged in three modes of movement: sinking, swimming and hovering. The model assumes that the copepod is negatively buoyant with a simplified body and a pair of long antennae. We then introduced a rigid, neutrally buoyant sphere in the model to predict where potential prey items become detectable in theory. Key Findings: We find that the flow fields around the sinking and swimming models are generally unidirectional, while the flow around a hovering copepod has a significant cross-stream component. Our model shows that the volume of the surrounding fluid that is predicted to be inspected has distinctive shapes that resemble a thin sheet while sinking, a cylinder while swimming and a funnel while hovering. Conclusion: The results suggest that the most efficient mode of feeding depends on the distribution of prey items in the surrounding water.
The E3 ligase TaE3V-B1 ubiquitinates proteins encoded by the vernalization gene TaVRN1 and regulates developmental processes in wheat
Authors: Li Tian , Nagarajan Ragupathi , Liu Shujuan , Luzuriaga Juan C , Zhai Wenxuan , Cao Shuanghe , Jia Haiyan , Carver Brett F , Yan Liuling 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In wheat (Triticum aestivum), early maturity is desired to avoid the hot and dry summer season, especially in view of climate change. Here, we report that TaE3V1, a C3H2C3 RING-type E3 ligase that interacts with TaVRN1, is associated with early development. Aside from its RING domain, TaE3V1 does not harbor any domains that are conserved in other RING-type or other E3 ligase proteins. TaE3V-B1b, encoded by the functional TaE3V1 allele, interacts with and ubiquitinates TaVRN1. In contrast, TaE3V-B1a, encoded by a natural nonfunctional TaE3V1 allele, neither interacts with TaVRN1 nor has E3 ligase activity. TaE3V-B1b activity decreases with plant age under warmer temperatures, but not under the low temperatures required for vernalization. We employed a gene editing method to simultaneously inactivate the 3 homoeologous TaE3V1 genes to validate their functions. Overall, our results suggest that the naturally mutated and edited TaE3V1 alleles can accelerate wheat development and aid adaptation to warming climates.
National Influences on Election Outcomes for State Executive Offices
Authors: King James D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Many argue that American elections at all levels of government are now national affairs. Yet to what extent are state executive election outcomes influenced by national factors? Individual election outcomes are used to test the relative influences of national, state, and individual factors in elections for governor and secondary executive offices. The results reinforce the federalist nature of American elections by indicating that individual and state factors exert greater influence than national factors on state executive elections, especially for high-profile offices and, to a somewhat lesser degree for other, lesser-profile offices. Similar outcomes in national and state elections appear to result from the partisan composition of the electorate rather than top-down influences. The analysis supports the view that American federalism is alive and well in the electoral arena.
A small molecule K-3 promotes PDX1 expression and potentiates the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into insulin-producing pancreatic β cells
Authors: Yano Tatsuya , Shimaya Yukihiro , Enomoto Takayuki , Kiho Toshihiro , Komoriya Satoshi , Nakashima Ryutaro , Shiraki Nobuaki , Kume Shoen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Insulin-producing pancreatic β-like cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are anticipated as a novel cell source for cell replacement therapy for diabetes patients. Here, we describe the identification of small molecule compounds that promote the differentiation of the PSCs into insulin-producing cells by high throughput screening with a chemical library composed of 55,000 compounds. The initial hit compound K-1 and one derivative K-3 increased the proportion of PSC-derived insulin-positive endocrine cells and their glucose-stimulated insulin secretory (GSIS) functions. K-3 preferentially acts on stage 3 pancreatic progenitor cells and increases the population expressing high levels of PDX1. As a result, the ratios of the PSC-derived PDX1 / NKX6.1 double-positive endocrine progenitor and INS / NKX6.1 double-positive mono-hormonal endocrine cells were increased. K-3 enhances the expression of functional pancreatic β cell markers and affects biological processes concerning organ development. K-3 also increased the yield of endocrine cells at the end of stage 5. The novel compound is a beneficial new tool for efficiently generating PSC-derived insulin-producing cells with high functionality and differentiation efficiency.
Non‐lethal sonodynamic therapy inhibits high glucose and palmitate‐induced macrophage inflammasome activation through mtROS‐DRP1‐mitophagy pathway
Authors: Wang Jiayu , Shen Yicheng , Chen Heyu , Guan Jinwei , Li Zhitao , Liu Xianna , Guo Shuyuan , Wang Linxin , Yan Baoyue , Jin Chenrun , Li He , Guo Tian , Sun Yun , Zhang Weihua , Zhang Zhiguo , Tian Ye , Tian Zhen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractObesity plays a crucial role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by causing excessive release of free fatty acid from adipose tissue, which in turn leads to systemic infiltration of macrophages. In individuals with T2DM, the infiltration of macrophages into pancreatic islets results in islet inflammation that impairs beta cell function, as evidenced by increased apoptosis and decreased glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of non‐lethal sonodynamic therapy (NL‐SDT) on bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) exposed to high glucose and palmitic acid (HG/PA). These findings indicate that NL‐SDT facilitates the expression of DRP1 through the transient production of mitochondrial ROS, which subsequently promotes mitophagy. This mitophagy was shown to limit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the secretion of IL‐1β in BMDMs exposed to HG/PA. In co‐culture experiments, beta cells exhibited significant dysfunction when interacting with HG/PA‐treated BMDMs. However, this dysfunction was markedly alleviated when the BMDMs had undergone NL‐SDT treatment. Moreover, NL‐SDT was found to lower blood glucose levels and elevate serum insulin concentrations in db/db mice. Furthermore, NL‐SDT effectively reduced the infiltration of F4/80‐positive macrophages and the expression of CASP1 within islets. These findings provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms through which NL‐SDT may serve as a promising approach for the treatment of T2DM.
ALPK2 prevents cardiac diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Yoshida Tatsuya , Yoshida Satoya , Inukai Kohei , Kato Katsuhiro , Yura Yoshimitsu , Hattori Tomoki , Taki Kentaro , Enomoto Atsushi , Ohashi Koji , Okumura Takahiro , Ouchi Noriyuki , Kawase Haruya , Wettschureck Nina , Offermanns Stefan , Murohara Toyoaki , Takefuji Mikito 
Published: November 2024

AbstractProtein phosphorylation, controlled by protein kinases, is central to regulating various pathophysiological processes, including cardiac systolic function. The dysregulation of protein kinase activity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiac systolic dysfunction. While cardiac contraction mechanisms are well documented, the mechanisms underlying cardiac diastole remain elusive. This gap persists owing to the historical focus on systolic dysfunction in heart failure research. Recently, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), an age‐related disease characterized by cardiac diastolic dysfunction, has emerged as a major public health concern. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated cardiac protein kinases by analyzing the gene expression of 518 protein kinases in human tissues. We identified alpha‐kinase 2 (ALPK2) as a novel cardiac‐specific atypical kinase and generated tamoxifen‐inducible, cardiomyocyte‐specific Alpk2‐knockout mice and Alpk2‐overexpressing mice. Alpk2 deficiency did not affect cardiac systolic dysfunction in the myocardial infarction model or the pressure‐overload‐induced heart failure model. Notably, cardiomyocyte‐specific Alpk2 deficiency exacerbated cardiac diastolic dysfunction induced by aging and in the HFpEF model. Conversely, Alpk2 overexpression increased the phosphorylation of tropomyosin 1, a major regulator that binds myosin to actin, and mitigated cardiac stiffness in HFpEF. This study provides novel evidence that ALPK2 represents a potential therapeutic target for cardiac diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF and age‐related cardiac impairments.
“Having Support at Work ‘Is Different’ and Important”: A Qualitative Study of Virtual Peer Discussion Groups With Medical School Faculty
Authors: Brazeau Chantal M.L.R. , Ayyala Manasa S. , Chen Ping-Hsin , Swarbrick Margaret 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Purpose
In response to the need to support health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, an innovative, peer-led discussion group program for medical school faculty, called CIRCLE (Colleague Involved in Reaching Colleagues through Listening and Empathy), was developed at Rutgers Health. This article describes results of a qualitative analysis of the participants’ experiences, explores virtual communication platform use during this peer support program, and identifies the program’s beneficial elements.

Method
CIRCLE was inaugurated in October 2020 at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School using evidence-informed topics. The inaugural CIRCLE peer-led discussion groups included 50 physicians who met twice monthly in groups of 5 to 8 between October 2020 and April 2021. Deidentified transcript data were iteratively reviewed using conventional content analysis, including familiarization, thematic framework creation, indexing, charting, mapping, and interpretation. Themes were grouped into 4 conceptual framework categories based on social support theory in the context of work-related stress: emotional, appraisal, informational, and instrumental support.

Results
Themes emerged based on the framework: emotional support (connecting on a deeper level, importance of support at work, COVID-19 made virtual connections needed), relevant appraisal support (feeling “not alone,” safe space to connect and share), informational support (sharing self-care strategies), and instrumental support (incentives to join are helpful but connection leads to engagement, some structure but “not too much” is important, virtual modalities are convenient and conducive to connection).

Conclusions
Benefits of peer discussion groups include deeper connections at work, reduced isolation, safe sharing, and exchange of information on self-care. Connection and balancing structure and autonomy were important to engagement. Virtual modalities were viewed as feasible, convenient, and conducive to connection. This article highlights the benefits and convenience of virtual peer-led discussion groups for medical school clinical faculty and provides evidence for content development of these programs.
Individual and System-level Factors Contributing to Guideline Nonadherent Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis at a Tertiary Healthcare System: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Bardia Amit , Melnick Edward R. , McCall Terika , Zhao Xiwen , Lin Hung-Mo , Fisher Clark , Burg Matthew M. , Schonberger Robert B. 
Published: November 2024

Background:
Antibiotics play a crucial role in preventing surgical site infections, yet adherence to Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines varies widely. This qualitative study aimed to explore factors influencing perioperative antibiotic administration and assess the potential impact of a clinical decision support tool on guideline adherence.

Methods:
In this qualitative study, perioperative personnel with diverse roles (surgeons, anesthesiologists, certified nurse anesthetists, trainees, and pharmacists) were interviewed using a semistructured interview format from September 2023 through April 2024. Interviews were then analyzed for codes, which were assigned to concepts using the constant comparison method for assessment of factors that were described as barriers or facilitators of guideline adherence.

Results:
After 3 piloting interviews, 9 sessions were conducted with a total of 17 participants: 7 attending anesthesiologists, 3 resident trainees, 2 perioperative pharmacists, 3 Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists, and 2 attending surgeons. Key themes emerged: (1) limited familiarity with Infectious Disease Society of America antibiotic guidelines, (2) lack of standardization and optimization of antibiotic decision-making process, (3) challenges with managing β-lactam allergies, (4) difficulty optimizing vancomycin timing, and (5) perceived benefit of a clinical decision support tool in enhancing workflow and guideline adherence.

Conclusions:
Nonadherence to antibiotic guidelines in the perioperative setting often results from a lack of structured workflow. The interviews provide a foundation for developing a clinical decision support tool tailored to provider needs, aiming to improve user satisfaction and promote better adherence to perioperative antibiotic guidelines.