bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Fiscal Decentralization on Corruption: A Non-linear Hypothesis
Authors: Alfano Maria Rosaria , Baraldi Anna Laura , Cantabene Claudia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study advances the literature on the effect of decentralization on corruption by proposing a theoretical motivation for the hypothesis that the corruptionminimizing decentralization arrangement prescribes intermediate decentralization degrees: a ‘middle’ decision-making power of local governors may mitigate the tradeoff between the rent-seeking incentive for local politicians and the effectiveness of their voters’ monitoring. The estimation of a non-linear empirical model strongly confirms that a decentralization degree between 15% and 21% minimizes corruption even through different estimation procedures, introduction of control variables and the use of internal and external IV and of alternative decentralization and corruption measurements.
Diagnostic Tools to Assess Mass Removal Processes During Pulsed Air Sparging of a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Source Zone
Authors: Bouchard Daniel , Marchesi Massimo , Madsen Eugene L. , DeRito Christopher M. , Thomson Neil R. , Aravena Ramon , Barker Jim F. , Buscheck Tim , Kolhatkar Ravi , Daniels Eric J. , Hunkeler Daniel 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDuring remediation of contaminated aquifers, diagnostic tools can help evaluate whether an intended mass removal process was successfully initiated and acted on specific contaminants of concern. In this study, several diagnostic tools were tested in a controlled‐release in situ air sparging experiment that focused on the treatment of target hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes). The tools included compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA), expression of functional genes (mRNA), and metabolites characteristic of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. Total and compound‐specific mass balances were established and used, along with traditional monitoring parameters, to validate the results from the various tools. CSIA results indicated biodegradation as the main process contributing to benzene and toluene removal. Removal process‐specific isotope shifts were detected in groundwater as well as in the system effluent gas. CSIA, metabolite, and mRNA biomarkers consistently indicated that both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of benzene and toluene occurred, but that their relative importance evolved over time and were related to the treatment system operation. While the indicators do not allow quantification of the mass removed, they are particularly useful to identify if a removal process has been initiated, and to track relative changes in the predominance of in situ contaminant attenuation processes resulting from remediation efforts.
Clinical relevance of PD‐L1 expression in gallbladder cancer: a potential target for therapy
Authors: Neyaz Azfar , Husain Nuzhat , Kumari Swati , Gupta Sameer , Shukla Saumya , Arshad Sanya , Anand Nidhi , Chaturvedi Arun 
Published: June 2018

AimsProgrammed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), a potential target for immune checkpoint inhibitors in various solid neoplasms, has been studied in very few cases of Gall Bladder Carcinoma (GBC). The current study aimed to evaluate PD‐L1 expression at primary and metastatic sites of GBC, and its associations with standard prognostic clinicopathological parameters, as well as with overall survival.Methods and resultsOne hundred and seventy‐four cases of GBC were evaluated for PD‐L1 expression by the use of the SP263 clone in tissue microarrays. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival data were correlated with PD‐L1 expression analysed at different cut‐offs of ≥1%, ≥10% and ≥50% in tumour cells and tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The mean age of patients was 49.9 years, and the male/female ratio was 1:2.9. Of the cases, 73.6% presented with stage 3/4 disease. Tumour cells expressed PD‐L1 in 23.0% of cases, and TILs expressed PD‐L1 in 24.1% of cases. At a cut‐off of 10%, 14.9% of cases expressed PD‐L1, and at a cut‐off of 50%, 7.5% of cases expressed PD‐L1. Significant associations were seen between tumour proportion score and histological type (P = 0.004), histological grade (P = 0.004), nuclear grade (P = 0.008), nodal metastasis (P = 0.051), higher stage (P = 0.058), and TILs (P < 0.001). Tumour size, growth pattern, the presence of necrosis and lymphovascular emboli showed no significant associations with PD‐L1 in tumour cells or TILs. In synchronous paired samples from primary and metastatic lymph nodes, discordantly higher PD‐L1 expression was evident in lymph nodes. Overall survival was not associated with PD‐L1 expression (P = 0.546).ConclusionPD‐L1 does not appear to be a prognostic marker or influence survival in GBC patients. However, PD‐L1 expression occurs in one of four GBCs, supporting the future possibility of immune‐modulation therapy to improve the dismal overall survival.
Is a shift from research on individual medical error to research on health information technology underway? A 40‐year analysis of publication trends in medical journals
Authors: Erlewein Daniel , Bruni Tommaso , Gadebusch Bondio Mariacarla 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveIn 1983, McIntyre and Popper underscored the need for more openness in dealing with errors in medicine. Since then, much has been written on individual medical errors. Furthermore, at the beginning of the 21st century, researchers and medical practitioners increasingly approached individual medical errors through health information technology. Hence, the question arises whether the attention of biomedical researchers shifted from individual medical errors to health information technology. We ran a study to determine publication trends concerning individual medical errors and health information technology in medical journals over the last 40 years.MethodsWe used the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) taxonomy in the database MEDLINE. Each year, we analyzed the percentage of relevant publications to the total number of publications in MEDLINE. The trends identified were tested for statistical significance.ResultsOur analysis showed that the percentage of publications dealing with individual medical errors increased from 1976 until the beginning of the 21st century but began to drop in 2003. Both the upward and the downward trends were statistically significant (P < 0.001). A breakdown by country revealed that it was the weight of the US and British publications that determined the overall downward trend after 2003. On the other hand, the percentage of publications dealing with health information technology doubled between 2003 and 2015. The upward trend was statistically significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe identified trends suggest that the attention of biomedical researchers partially shifted from individual medical errors to health information technology in the USA and the UK.
Quality assessment of diabetic foot ulcer clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Ghanbari Atefeh , Rahmatpour Pardis , Jafaraghaee Fateme , Kazemnejad Ehsan , Khalili Malahat 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveNurses play an effective role in diabetic foot care and they should know the best evidence. In this way, implementations according evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines have positive effects on nurses’ practice and patient outcomes. The objective of this study was quality assessment of diabetic foot ulcer clinical practice guidelines.MethodsEvidence about nursing care in diabetic foot ulcer in last 5 years was searched and categorized based on nursing diagnosis (ND) and evidence levels and was finally designed as a guideline. Quality appraisal of guideline was evaluated with AGREEII tool by an expert panel. AGREEII consists of 23 items, grouped in six domains: scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, and editorial independence. Applicability of the guideline in clinical was assessed with a checklist by the nursing group. Data analysis was carried out with SPSS v.18 (descriptive statistics and binomial test).ResultsOf the 114 studies, evidence of 19 studies was selected. The guidelines had three parts: introduction, nursing recommendation, and appendix. Evidence was categorized according to 8 NDs. According to AGREEII, the guideline had the highest score in the “scope and purpose” (92.7%) and the lowest in “applicability” (76.2%) domains. Also, nurses reported the positive effect of implementation of guideline recommendations and lack of needed equipment for its implementation.ConclusionsGuidelines received acceptable scores in all the domains of AGREEII. Based on nurses’ opinion, recommendations of guidelines will play an effective role in prevention, treatment, reduction of complication among diabetic foot patients. Therefore, adaptation, implementation, and evaluation of the guidelines were recommended.
Field Experiments in Religion: A Dream Whose Time Has Come
Authors: Wright Bradley R. E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractField experiments offer powerful tests of causality in real‐world settings. They have high validity—both internal and external—and require smaller inferential leaps than observational or laboratory methods. Nonetheless, they are rarely applied to religion. This article advocates for the frequent use of field experiments in the study of religion. It reviews their methodological advantages, and it identifies various ways that religion can be incorporated into a field experiment design. It proposes multiple strategies for creating feasible, ethical religion field experiments as well as optimizing them. Ultimately, field experiments have the potential to transform the study of religion.
6‐Formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ) is a Very Minor Photoproduct of Tryptophan at Biologically Relevant Doses of UVB and Simulated Sunlight
Authors: Youssef Antonia , von Koschembahr Anne , Caillat Sylvain , Corre Sebastien , Galibert Marie‐Dominique , Douki Thierry 
Published: June 2018

AbstractExposure to solar UV is at the origin of numerous photodegradation pathways in biomolecules. Tryptophan is readily modified by UVB radiation into ring‐opened and oxidized photoproducts. One of them, 6‐formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ), has been extensively studied in the recent years because it very efficiently binds to AhR, a major factor in numerous biologic processes, such as metabolism of xenobiotics. Unfortunately, little information is available on the actual yield of FICZ upon exposure to low and biologically relevant doses of UV radiation. In the present work, we used a sensitive and specific HPLC‐tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantify a series of photoproducts induced by UVB and simulated sunlight (SSL) in solutions of tryptophan. FICZ represented only a minute amount of the photoproducts (0.02 and 0.03%, respectively). Experiments were repeated in culture medium where the yield of FICZ was also found to be very low, even when Trp was added. Last, no FICZ could be detected in cytosolic fractions of cultured cells exposed to SSL. Altogether, the present results show that FICZ is a very minor photoproduct and that it cannot be considered the only endogenous photoproduct responsible for the induction of AhR‐dependent responses in UV‐irradiated cells.
Apoptosis, Paraptosis and Autophagy: Death and Survival Pathways Associated with Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Kessel David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe ability of photosensitizing agents to create photodamage at specific subcellular sites has proved useful for characterizing pathway(s) to cell death and for selecting optimal targets for anti‐tumor efficacy. Both apoptosis and autophagy can occur after photodamage directed at mitochondria, lysosomes or the ER, with the balance often a determinant of overall efficacy. A combination of lysosomal + mitochondrial targets is associated with enhanced efficacy. More recently, ER photodamage was found to evoke a mainly unexplored mode of photokilling that involves extensive cytoplasmic vacuole formation but does not represent autophagy. This has been termed “paraptosis” and appears to be a reaction to the appearance of misfolded ER proteins. This report is designed to summarize current knowledge relating to death pathways and update information relating to paraptosis as a PDT response.
Predictors of Suicide Attempts in Individuals with Eating Disorders
Authors: Ahn Jaeun , Lee Jung‐Hyun , Jung Young‐Chul 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveAlthough suicide is a major cause of mortality for individuals with eating disorders (EDs), researches about potential factors predicting suicide attempts in ED are insufficient. We sought to identify factors associated with suicide attempts in ED.MethodA total of 899 patients with ED were assessed via structured interviews. To compare demographic and clinical characteristics of those who had attempted suicide with those who had not, we used chi‐square tests and independent t tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Then, binary logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with a history of suicide attempt.ResultsAmong ED patients, 20.8% reported a history of suicide attempts. Among the whole sample, the diagnostic category was the most significant factor. History of self‐mutilating behavior, hospitalization history, comorbid depression, and impulse regulation were also important factors associated with suicide attempt. Within the subgroup, comorbid anxiety disorder, depression, and BMI in anorexia nervosa and hospitalization history, history of self‐mutilating behavior, comorbid depression, illness duration, and poor impulse regulation in bulimia nervosa were significant factors associated with suicide attempt.ConclusionsBecause modifying risk factors of suicide attempt is important for preventing completed suicide, clinicians should carefully evaluate and monitor the risk factors of suicide attempt.
Variability in common synaptic input to motor neurons modulates both force steadiness and pegboard time in young and older adults
Authors: Feeney Daniel F. , Mani Diba , Enoka Roger M. 
Published: June 2018

Key points
The fluctuations in force during a steady isometric contraction (force steadiness) are associated with oscillations in common synaptic input to the involved motor neurons.
Decreases in force steadiness are associated with increases in pegboard times in older adults, although a mechanism for this link has not been established.
We used a state‐space model to estimate the variability in common synaptic input to motor neurons during steady, isometric contractions.
The estimate of common synaptic input was derived from the discharge times of motor units as recorded with high‐density surface electrodes.
We found that the variability in common synaptic input to motor neurons modulates force steadiness for young and older adults, as well as pegboard time for older adults.
AbstractWe investigated the associations between grooved pegboard times, force steadiness (coefficient of variation for force) and variability in an estimate of the common synaptic input to motor neurons innervating the wrist extensor muscles during steady contractions performed by young and older adults. The discharge times of motor units were derived from recordings obtained with high‐density surface electrodes when participants performed steady isometric contractions at 10% and 20% of maximal voluntary contraction force. The steady contractions were performed with a pinch grip and wrist extension, both independently (single action) and concurrently (double action). The variance in common synaptic input to motor neurons was estimated with a state‐space model of the latent common input dynamics. There was a statistically significant association between the coefficient of variation for force during the steady contractions and the estimated variance in common synaptic input in young (r2 = 0.31) and older (r2 = 0.39) adults, although not between either the mean or the coefficient of variation for interspike interval of single motor units with the coefficient of variation for force. Moreover, the estimated variance in common synaptic input during the double‐action task with the wrist extensors at the 20% target was significantly associated with grooved pegboard time (r2 = 0.47) for older adults but not young adults. These findings indicate that longer pegboard times of older adults were associated with worse force steadiness and greater fluctuations in the estimated common synaptic input to motor neurons during steady contractions.
Systematic literature review of methodologies and data sources of existing economic models across the full spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia from apparently healthy through disease progression to end of life care: a systematic review protocol.
Authors: Karagiannidou Maria , Wittenberg Raphael , Landeiro Filipa Isabel Trigo , Park A-La , Fry Andra , Knapp Martin , Gray Alastair M , Tockhorn-Heidenreich Antje , Castro Sanchez Amparo Yovanna , Ghinai Isaac , Handels Ron , Lecomte Pascal , Wolstenholme Jane 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionDementia is one of the greatest health challenges the world will face in the coming decades, as it is one of the principal causes of disability and dependency among older people. Economic modelling is used widely across many health conditions to inform decisions on health and social care policy and practice. The aim of this literature review is to systematically identify, review and critically evaluate existing health economics models in dementia. We included the full spectrum of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), from preclinical stages through to severe dementia and end of life. This review forms part of the Real world Outcomes across the Alzheimer’s Disease spectrum for better care: multimodal data Access Platform (ROADMAP) project.Methods and analysisElectronic searches were conducted in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, Economic Literature Database, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, Research Papers in Economics, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, Science Citation Index, Turning Research Into Practice and Open Grey for studies published between January 2000 and the end of June 2017. Two reviewers will independently assess each study against predefined eligibility criteria. A third reviewer will resolve any disagreement. Data will be extracted using a predefined data extraction form following best practice. Study quality will be assessed using the Phillips checklist for decision analytic modelling. A narrative synthesis will be used.Ethics and disseminationThe results will be made available in a scientific peer-reviewed journal paper, will be presented at relevant conferences and will also be made available through the ROADMAP project.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017073874.
Constraining the age of high-pressure metamorphism of paragneisses from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis using zircon petrochronology and phase equilibria
Authors: Tian Zuolin , Zhang Zeming , Dong Xin 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

The metamorphic evolution of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) is of primary importance in understanding the tectonic framework of the India–Asia collision. However, the age of formation and exhumation of the high-pressure granulites from the EHS remains controversial. In this paper, we report the age of metamorphism of high-pressure (HP) granulite-facies paragneisses from the Namche Barwa Complex (NBC). These paragneisses consist of variable proportions of garnet, biotite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, rutile and ilmenite. Using phase equilibrium modelling of garnet growth combined with partitioning of rare earth elements (REEs) between zircon and garnet, we link multistage zircon growth to garnet growth to date the prograde stage to the interval 32.6–25.2 Ma, the pressure peak to
c.
25–24 Ma and the retrograde stage to the interval 23.5–13.1 Ma. Taking into account published ages from the literature, for the NBC we propose that the prograde to peak metamorphism persisted until
c.
25–24 Ma. This was followed by exhumation and melt crystallization during the interval 24–8 Ma, and cooling through the amphibolite facies after
c.
8 Ma.
Quantification of Internal Filtration in Hollow Fiber Hemodialyzers with Medium Cut-Off Membrane
Authors: Lorenzin Anna , Neri Mauro , Lupi Andrea , Todesco Martina , Santimaria Monica , Alghisi Alberta , Brendolan Alessandra , Ronco Claudio 
Published: June 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Inadequate removal of molecules between 5 and 50 KDa may cause long-term complication in chronic hemodialysis. Medium cut-off (MCO) is a new class of membranes with enhanced sieving properties and negligible albumin loss. MCO membrane makes it possible to perform expanded hemodialysis (HDx), a technique based on high internal filtration (IF).The present study is designed to quantify IF in 2 MCO dialyzers (Theranova 400 and 500, Baxter, Deerfield, USA) using a nuclear imaging technique previously validated. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Blood and dialysate compartment pressure drop along with transmembrane pressure; they were measured in a closed in vitro circuit with human blood (blood flow [Q<sub>B</sub>] = 300 and 400 mL/min; dialysate flow 500 mL/min; net ultrafiltration rate 0 mL/min). A non-diffusible marker molecule (albumin macro-aggregates labeled with <sup>99</sup>Tc metastable) was injected in the blood compartment and nuclear emission was recorded by a gamma camera. Relative variations in the concentration of the marker molecule along the length of the filter were used to calculate local cross filtration. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Based on marker concentration profiles, IF was estimated. For Theranova 400, IF were 29.7 and 41.6 mL/min for Q<sub>B</sub> of 300 and 400 mL/min. For Theranova 500, IF were 31.6 and 53.1 mL/min for Q<sub>B</sub> of 300 and 400 mL/min respectively. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> MCO membrane provides significant amounts of IF due to the particular combination between hydraulic permeability of the membrane and reduced inner diameter of the fibers. High IF combined with enhanced sieving profile of MCO membrane leads to improved removal of a wider spectrum of uremia retention molecules in HDx, without requiring complex equipment.
Die Bitte des Paulus für den Sklaven Onesimus
Authors: Förster Hans 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Interpretation of Paul’s letter to Philemon faces the problem that the situation is obscure. Paul only alludes to what has happened. It is common to presuppose the use of a rhetorical device which makes it possible to deviate from the literal sense of the passage. It appears that a philologically cautious translation of Philemon 8, 18 and 19 might be a starting point for a new understanding of the text.
P. Duke Inv. 1377 (𝔓136)
Authors: Smith W. Andrew , Smith Valerie H. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Editio princeps of P. Duke Inv. 1377 (GA 𝔓136), a sixth-century papyrus rotulus containing Acts 4:27-31 and Acts 7:26-30, complete with data from 3-D imaging analysis, multi-spectral imaging, and Raman spectral analysis.