bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Market access implications of non‐tariff measures: Estimates for four developed country markets
Authors: Webb Mike , Gibson John , Strutt Anna 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe quantify the effects of non‐tariff measures on the extensive margin of trade, examining the number of countries exporting particular products to Canada, the European Union, New Zealand and the United States. We find that non‐tariff measures that impose a conformity requirement, that is, testing, certification or inspection, will reduce the number of countries exporting to these markets. Conformity requirements imposed for sanitary or phytosanitary reasons have the largest effect in Canada, reducing the number of exporting countries by 47% compared to the situation where no compliance requirement is imposed. Conformity requirements imposed for other reasons covered by the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade have the largest effect in Canada and New Zealand, reducing the number of exporting countries by 27% compared to the situation where no compliance requirement is imposed. However, we generally find a statistically significant positive effect for nontariff measures that do not impose a compliance burden, suggesting that such measures may facilitate trade.
Inhibition of GluN2A NMDA receptors ameliorates synaptic plasticity deficits in the Fmr1−/y mouse model
Authors: Lundbye Camilla J. , Toft Anna Karina H. , Banke Tue G. 
Published: August 2018

Key points
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition that is the most common form of inherited intellectual impairment and causes a range of neurodevelopmental complications including learning disabilities and intellectual disability and shares many characteristics with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
In the FXS mouse model, Fmr1−/y, impaired synaptic plasticity was restored by pharmacologically inhibiting GluN2A‐containing NMDA receptors but not GluN2B‐containing receptors.
Similar results were obtained by crossing Fmr1−/y with GluN2A knock‐out (Grin2A−/−) mice.
These results suggest that dampening the elevated levels of GluN2A‐containing NMDA receptors in Fmr1−/y mice has the potential to restore hyperexcitability of the neural circuitry to (a more) normal‐like level of brain activity.
AbstractNMDA receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in synaptic plasticity at central excitatory synapses, and dysregulation of their function may lead to severe disorders such Fragile X syndrome (FXS). FXS is caused by transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene followed by lack of the encoding protein. Here we examined the effects of pharmacological and genetic manipulation of hippocampal NMDAR functions in long‐term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). We found impaired NMDAR‐dependent LTP in the Fmr1‐deficient mice, which could be fully restored when GluN2A‐containing NMDARs was pharmacological inhibited. Interestingly, similar LTP effects were observed when the GluN2A gene (Grin2a) was deleted in Fmr1−/y mice (Fmr1−/y/Grin2a−/− double knockout). In addition, GluN2A inhibition improved elevated mGluR5‐dependent LTD to normal level in the Fmr1−/y mouse. These findings suggest that GluN2A is a promising target in FXS research that could help us better understand the disorder.
Faster processing of moving compared with flashed bars in awake macaque V1 provides a neural correlate of the flash lag illusion
Authors: Subramaniyan Manivannan , Ecker Alexander S. , Patel Saumil S. , Cotton R. James , Bethge Matthias , Pitkow Xaq , Berens Philipp , Tolias Andreas S. 
Published: August 2018

When the brain has determined the position of a moving object, because of anatomical and processing delays the object will have already moved to a new location. Given the statistical regularities present in natural motion, the brain may have acquired compensatory mechanisms to minimize the mismatch between the perceived and real positions of moving objects. A well-known visual illusion—the flash lag effect—points toward such a possibility. Although many psychophysical models have been suggested to explain this illusion, their predictions have not been tested at the neural level, particularly in a species of animal known to perceive the illusion. To this end, we recorded neural responses to flashed and moving bars from primary visual cortex (V1) of awake, fixating macaque monkeys. We found that the response latency to moving bars of varying speed, motion direction, and luminance was shorter than that to flashes, in a manner that is consistent with psychophysical results. At the level of V1, our results support the differential latency model positing that flashed and moving bars have different latencies. As we found a neural correlate of the illusion in passively fixating monkeys, our results also suggest that judging the instantaneous position of the moving bar at the time of flash—as required by the postdiction/motion-biasing model—may not be necessary for observing a neural correlate of the illusion. Our results also suggest that the brain may have evolved mechanisms to process moving stimuli faster and closer to real time compared with briefly appearing stationary stimuli.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report several observations in awake macaque V1 that provide support for the differential latency model of the flash lag illusion. We find that the equal latency of flash and moving stimuli as assumed by motion integration/postdiction models does not hold in V1. We show that in macaque V1, motion processing latency depends on stimulus luminance, speed and motion direction in a manner consistent with several psychophysical properties of the flash lag illusion.
Utilidad de factores pronósticos antenatales en pacientes con hernia diafragmática congénita aislada
Authors: Ferrer Márquez Fernando Andres , Vera Claudio , Parrao Guillermo , Coronado Paula , Urbano Norma , Vargas Paula , Theodor Mónica , Robles Carolina , Duran Ruth , Tsunekawa Harumi , Luco Matías , Belmar Cristian , Poblete José Andrés 
Published: August 2018

Introducción: La Hernia Diafragmática Congénita (HDC) corresponde a una malformación del diafragma por la cual los órganos abdominales protruyen hacia la cavidad torácica durante el desarrollo intrauterino. Los recién nacidos afectados presentan grados variables de insuficiencia respiratoria e hipertensión pulmonar, asociándose a una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron los casos de HDC controlados en los períodos pre y post-natal en el Hospital Clínico UC durante el período 2012-2016. Se analizaron los resultados perinatales según distintos factores pronósticos. Resultados: Fueron analizadas 26 embarazadas con diagnóstico de HDC. La sobrevida global fue de un 77% (20/26). La mortalidad global de las pacientes con herniación hepática fue de un 45% (5/11) versus 7% (1/15) en los fetos con hígado no herniado. La mortalidad neonatal fue de un 14% (3/21) en las pacientes con la relación pulmón cabeza (LHR), (observado/ esperado) o/e ≥ a 45% y 60% (3/5) cuando el LHR o/e es < 45%. De las pacientes con LHR o/e ≥ 45%, la necesidad de ECMO fue de un 33% (8/21) mientras que un LHR o/e < 45% fue de un 20% (1/5). Conclusión: La obtención antenatal de un LHR o/e ≥ 45% y ausencia de herniación hepática, son buenos predictores de sobrevida neonatal. La medición de LHR o/e no es capaz de discriminar que pacientes desarrollarán morbilidad respiratoria grave, por lo que debemos buscar nuevos y mejores modelos que permitan seleccionar que pacientes requerirán nacer en un centro con disponibilidad de terapias de soporte vital avanzado como el ECMO neonatal.
p53–Pirh2 Complex Promotes Twist1 Degradation and Inhibits EMT
Authors: Yang-Hartwich Yang , Tedja Roslyn , Roberts Cai M. , Goodner-Bingham Jamie , Cardenas Carlos , Gurea Marta , Sumi Natalia J. , Alvero Ayesha B. , Glackin Carlotta A. , Mor Gil 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process involved in cancer metastasis and chemoresistance. Twist1 is a key EMT-inducing transcription factor, which is upregulated in multiple types of cancers and has been shown to promote tumor cell invasiveness and support tumor progression. Conversely, p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that is frequently mutated in cancers. This study demonstrates the ability of wild-type (WT) p53 to promote the degradation of Twist1 protein. By forming a complex with Twist1 and the E3 ligase Pirh2, WT p53 promotes the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Twist1, thus inhibiting EMT and maintaining the epithelial phenotype. The ability of p53 to induce Twist1 degradation is abrogated when p53 is mutated. Consequently, the loss of p53-induced Twist1 degradation leads to EMT and the acquisition of a more invasive cancer phenotype.
Implication: These data provide new insight into the metastatic process at the molecular level and suggest a signaling pathway that can potentially be used to develop new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets to curtail cancer progression.
Maternal High-Fat Diet Modifies the Immature Hippocampus Vulnerability to Perinatal Asphyxia in Rats
Authors: Isac Sebastian , Panaitescu Anca Maria , Iesanu Mara , Grigoras Ioana Florentina , Totan Alexandra , Udriste Amalia , Cucu Natalia , Peltecu Gheorghe , Zagrean Leon , Zagrean Ana-Maria 
Published: August 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> High-fat diet (HFD) is a detrimental habit with harmful systemic consequences, including low-grade, long-lasting inflammation. During pregnancy, HFD can induce developmental changes. Moreover, HFD-related maternal obesity might enhance the risk of peripartum complications including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy secondary to perinatal asphyxia (PA). <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Following our previous results showing that PA increases neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in the immature hippocampus and modifies hippocampal epigenetic programming, we further aimed to establish the impact of maternal HFD on offspring hippocampus response to PA. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We assessed hippocampal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta ­(IL-1b) and S-100B protein (S-100B), 24–48 h after PA exposure in postnatal day 6 Wistar rats, whose mothers received either the standard diet or HFD. The expression of small non-coding microRNA species miR124, miR132, miR134, miR146, and miR15a, as epigenetic markers for the maternal dietary influence on immature hippocampus response after PA, was determined 24 h after asphyxia exposure. Metabolic activity was measured using resazurin test in hippocampal cell suspension obtained 24 h after PA. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Our results indicate that maternal HFD additionally increases hippocampal TNFα, IL-1b, and S-100B after PA. Also, PA associated with maternal HFD induces miR124 upregulation and miR132 downregulation relative to PA only. Metabolic activity was increased in hippocampal cells from pups whose mothers received HFD. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> HFD increases the PA-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal injury, and epigenetically influences homeostatic synaptic plasticity and neuronal tolerance to asphyxia, processes associated with a higher hippocampal cellular metabolism.
Increased Risk-Taking Behaviour and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism Correlates to Decreased Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level in Heroin Users
Authors: Roviš Darko , Černelič Bizjak Maša , Vasiljev Marchesi Vanja , Petelin Ana , Jenuš Tina , Vidic Suzana , Drevenšek Gorazd , Jenko Pražnikar Zala 
Published: August 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> This study has examined the relationships and interactions between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, <i>BDNF</i> Val66Met polymorphism and self-reported risk-taking behaviour in individuals with a history of heroin use undergoing outpatient treatment in comparison to healthy individuals. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We enrolled 167 heroin users and 86 healthy subjects and examined serum BDNF levels, Val66Met polymorphism, and personal characteristics using Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, Risk-taking (RT) propensity questionnaire, and Personality Assessment Inventory. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Heroin users had significantly higher serum BDNF levels than controls. In addition, serum BDNF levels were significantly higher in Val/Val carriers than in Met/Val or Met/Met in all recruited subjects. Furthermore, a stepwise multiple regression analysis of serum BDNF levels as a dependent variable with related factors showed that in heroin users, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test score, anxiety and RT score were found as independent contributors to serum BDNF levels. When performing gene-environment interaction it was additionally found that heroin users with self-reported high risk-taking behaviour had significantly lower levels of serum BDNF among heroin users with the Met allele. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> These results indicate that genetic variant Met66 decreased the serum BDNF levels in combination with self-reported risk-taking propensity among heroin users. If results of future work confirm the influence of this combined effect between neurotrophic genotype and risk-taking behaviour, 66Met carriers might require higher levels of intervention to overcome their drug use pattern and risky behaviour.
Long slide holders for microscope stages
Authors: Klisz Marcin , Miodek Adam , Kojs Paweł , Gärtner Holger 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
The use of automated techniques for image analysis of microscopic wood specimens together with new procedures for the preparation of stained xylem tissue support the use of quantitative wood anatomy. These techniques and procedures are especially useful in the studies of retrospective analysis of xylem phenology, reaction(s) of trees to stressful conditions of growth, or reconstruction of long-term growth trends. The unresolved technical problems during the digitalization of cross sections from entire increment cores were stabilization and precise shifting of long microscopic specimens onto the optical microscope stage. For this reason, we have developed a long slide holder for microscope stages in two versions: the basic one allowing stabilization and manual shifting, and the advanced one for stabilization and mechanical shifting. Both versions of the adapter speed up the work with long slides, improving the quality of panoramic images of microscopic specimens.
Investigations into the Apparent Shape of the Sky
Authors: Miller Albert , Neuberger Hans 
Published: August 2018

Summary
It is shown that the quantitative estimates of the apparent shape of the sky cannot be explained by the geometric and physical conditions of the atmosphere. Observations of the angular elevation of the midpoint of the arc: Horizon-Zenith, show that with increase in cloudiness the sky appears to become flatter. The effect of different cloudtypes on the apparent shape of the sky is explained by the structure of the clouds themselves. However, no significant relation between the ceiling height and sky shape was found.
Aside from the influence of the angular elevation of the terrestrial horizon, an important factor determining our impression of the shape of the sky is the distance between observer and topographic horizon as well as the contour of the foreground, as is shown by special measurements. This conclusion is confirmed by the relation between visual range and the apparent shape of sky as well as measurements through red color filter.
The Constitution of the Stratosphere*
Authors: Penndorf R. 
Published: August 2018

Summary
The physical dimensions of the stratosphere, viz. pressure, density, number of molecules per cubic centimeter, mean free path, molecular speed, and number of impacts, have been calculated afresh. The pressure at 100 km agrees very well with the value found empirically, hence the conclusion that the stratosphere must be warm, and some earlier assumptions furnish the corresponding vertical distribution of temperature.
Response of Subtropical Stationary Waves and Hydrological Extremes to Climate Warming in Boreal Summer
Authors: Yuan Jiacan , Li Wenhong , Kopp Robert E , Deng Yi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSubtropical stationary waves may act as an important bridge connecting regional hydrological extremes with global warming. Observations show that the boreal summer stationary-wave amplitude (SWA) had a significantly positive trend during 1979–2013. Here, we investigate the past and future responses of SWA to increasing climate forcing using 31 CMIP5 GCMs. Twenty-four out of 31 models display a consistent increase in climatological-mean SWA in response to warming. To assess the detectability of a trend in SWA, we compared half-century trends between preindustrial control (PiControl), historical, and RCP8.5 simulations. The probability distribution of the normalized SWA trend obtained through bootstrapping shows neither positive nor negative tendencies of SWA trend in PiControl simulations. Twenty-two of 31 historical simulations exhibit a positive SWA trend. The SWA trends in 26 of 31 RCP8.5 simulations are positive. The finding supports the hypothesis that the positive SWA trend is at least partially driven by increasing external forcing. The linear regression of interannual variability in hydrological extreme frequency on SWA suggests that high SWA is related to increased heavy-rainfall-day frequency over South Asia, the Indochinese Peninsula, and southern China (SA-EA), and to increased dry-spell-day frequency over the northwestern and central United States (NUS) and the southern United States and Mexico (SUS-MEX). The projected amplification of SWA, combined with the relationships between SWA and number of hydrological extremes, may partially explain projected increases in the number of dry spells over NUS and SUS-MEX and the number of heavy-rainfall days over SA-EA.
Structure and Forcing of Observed Exchanges across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge
Authors: Bringedal Carina , Eldevik Tor , Skagseth Øystein , Spall Michael A. , Østerhus Svein 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated poleward heat transport are balanced by northern heat loss to the atmosphere and corresponding water-mass transformation. The circulation of northward-flowing Atlantic Water at the surface and returning overflow water at depth is particularly manifested—and observed—at the Greenland–Scotland Ridge where the water masses are guided through narrow straits. There is, however, a rich variability in the exchange of water masses across the ridge on all time scales. Focusing on seasonal and interannual time scales, and particularly the gateways of the Denmark Strait and between the Faroe Islands and Shetland, we specifically assess to what extent the exchanges of water masses across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge relate to wind forcing. On seasonal time scales, the variance explained of the observed exchanges can largely be related to large-scale wind patterns, and a conceptual model shows how this wind forcing can manifest via a barotropic, cyclonic circulation. On interannual time scales, the wind stress impact is less direct as baroclinic mechanisms gain importance and observations indicate a shift in the overflows from being more barotropically to more baroclinically forced during the observation period. Overall, the observed Greenland–Scotland Ridge exchanges reflect a horizontal (cyclonic) circulation on seasonal time scales, while the interannual variability more represents an overturning circulation.
A Comparison of the NCDB and SEER Database for Research Involving Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Janz Tyler A. , Graboyes Evan M. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Ellis Mark A. , Neskey David M. , Harruff E. Emily , Lentsch Eric J. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo determine whether structural differences in data sampling between the National Cancer Database (NCDB), a non‐population‐based cancer registry, and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER), a population‐based cancer registry, result in differences in patient characteristics or oncologic outcomes.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingNCDB and SEER database.Subjects and MethodsPatients with head and neck cancer (HNC) were included from 2004 to 2014. The primary outcome, weighted differences in characteristics between the databases, was evaluated for each head and neck subsite (oral cavity [OC], oropharynx [OP], hypopharynx [HP], and larynx [LX]). The secondary outcome measure, overall survival (OS), was evaluated using Kaplan‐Meier (KM) estimates of survival and Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression modeling.ResultsIn total, 112,007 and 340,420 HNC cases were registered in SEER and the NCDB, respectively. The mean age at diagnosis for the 4 head and neck subsites differed by no more than 1.1 years between the 2 databases. The largest difference in patient or tumor characteristics was the frequency of OC subsite lip cancer (weighted proportional difference, 6.9%; 95% confidence interval, 6.5%‐7.3%). Unadjusted KM estimates of 5‐year OS differed by no more than 2% (OP, HP, and LX subsites). On Cox PH modeling, adjusted hazard ratios ranged from 0.89 to 0.91 for patients of different head and neck subsites in the NCDB relative to SEER.ConclusionsPatients with HNC in the SEER database and NCDB do not greatly differ in terms of demographics, treatment, and survival. Decisions to use either database should be driven by the data fields, which vary between the registries.
The effects of haloperidol on microglial morphology and translocator protein levels: An in vivo study in rats using an automated cell evaluation pipeline
Authors: Bloomfield Peter S , Bonsall David , Wells Lisa , Dormann Dirk , Howes Oliver , Paola Vincenzo De 
Published: August 2018

Background: Altered microglial markers and morphology have been demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia in post-mortem and in vivo studies. However, it is unclear if changes are due to antipsychotic treatment. Aims: Here we aimed to determine whether antipsychotic medication affects microglia in vivo. Methods: To investigate this we administered two clinically relevant doses (0.05 mg n=12 and 2.5 mg n=7 slow-release pellets, placebo n=20) of haloperidol, over 2 weeks, to male Sprague Dawley rats to determine the effect on microglial cell density and morphology (area occupied by processes and microglial cell area). We developed an analysis pipeline for the automated assessment of microglial cells and used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment ( n=13) as a positive control for analysis. We also investigated the effects of haloperidol ( n=9) or placebo ( n=10) on the expression of the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) using autoradiography with [3H]PBR28, a TSPO ligand used in human positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Results: Here we demonstrated that haloperidol at either dose does not alter microglial measures compared with placebo control animals ( p > 0.05). Similarly there was no difference in [3H]PBR28 binding between placebo and haloperidol tissue ( p > 0.05). In contrast, LPS was associated with greater cell density ( p = 0.04) and larger cell size ( p = 0.01). Conclusion: These findings suggest that haloperidol does not affect microglial cell density, morphology or TSPO expression, indicating that clinical study alterations are likely not the consequence of antipsychotic treatment. The automated cell evaluation pipeline was able to detect changes in microglial morphology induced by LPS and is made freely available for future use.