bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HASHTAG POLITIE
Authors: de Graaf Gjalt , Meijer Albert 
Published: October 2018

HASHTAG POLICE: How police officers deal with value conflicts caused by social media
Social media changes society and causes new dilemmas in local government. Little is known about the nature of these conflicts and the way government organizations deal with them. Therefore the authors of this article have carried out empirical research into the manner in which police officers deal with value conflicts concerning the use of social media. Their research shows that the well-known conflicts in the literature between effectiveness and efficiency and between effectiveness and legality were also dominant in this case, but that many more conflicts than are known from other studies concerned transparency and participation. In addition they discovered that the bias strategy was often used, which suggests that a conservative response is preferable in a situation with a lot of dynamics. In this way the research shows how government officials deal with the tension between a stable organization and a dynamic environment and look for appropriate forms of coping at this specific interface. The authors stress in their recommendations that the further strengthening of the learning ability of organizations deserves attention: not just to find the right way to deal with value conflicts, but to be able to find new ways to deal with the new conflicts that arise.
De vroege geschiedenis van de (lokale) bestuurswetenschappen: Adriaan Buriks en het democratisch gemeentebeheer
Authors: Reussing Rik 
Published: October 2018

The early history of Dutch (local) administrative sciences: Adriaan Buriks and democratic municipal government
Debates about the quality of local democracy are not new. This was also the case 100 years ago. In 1918 the ground-breaking dissertation of Adriaan Buriks on democratic municipal government was published in the Netherlands. In his dissertation Buriks proposed a radical democratic reform of Dutch municipal government by adopting the new system of ‘commission government’ from the US. That is a system of city government in which (almost) all city authority functions are concentrated in a small commission. The commission is organized in such a way that each member of the commission is the head of a city government department, every member is chosen by the population of the whole city and the exercise of authority is controlled by the whole population. The essay describes the remarkable life of this social revolutionary and municipal law expert. It goes on to discusses the dissertation through an introduction on the central issue of democratic municipal government, a description of the government systems of the US before and after the American Revolution of 1787, a description of the new system of ‘commission government’ and his proposal to adopt the new system in the Netherlands. The essay is closed by the author’s reflection on how the dissertation was received and its impact.
Enzymatic approach for bioremediation of effluent from pulp and paper industry by thermo alkali stable laccase from Bacillus tequilensis SN4
Authors: Sondhi Sonica , Kumar Deepak , Angural Steffy , Sharma Prince , Gupta Naveen 
Published: October 2018

Treatments of industrial effluent/s by enzymes offer significant advantage over the use of microorganisms. However they have not been explored for the bioremediation of effluent from pulp and paper industry. This may be because of the less availability of lignolytic enzymes which can be active/stable under extreme environmental conditions that are present in effluent treatment plant of pulp and paper mills. In present study use of thermoalkali stable laccase from Bacillus tequilensis SN4 has been explored for the bioremediation of paper mill effluent. Under standardized conditions significant reduction in various parameters , color 83%, BOD 82%, COD 77%, phenol content 62%, lignin content 74%, TDS 28% and TSS 34%, was achieved. Major advantage was that treatment time was only 4h, much less than the bioremediation reported with the use of microorganisms, which is usually four to five days. Results indicate that SN4 laccase is very suitable to develop a process for the effective bioremediation of effluent from pulp and paper industry.
The effect of electrical head-to-chest stunning on the EEG in sheep
Authors: Mason A , Tolo E , Hektoen L , Haga HA 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHead-to-body stunning is regarded as ‘best practice’ stunning for sheep. The benefits are loss of consciousness followed by cardiac arrest, death, prevention of animal movements post stun/kill and improved meat quality. Commercial equipment places electrodes on the head and back, which is known to cause pelt burning, thus reducing the value of the skins. The aim was to demonstrate that passing current at 1.5 A and 50 Hz from the top of the head to the chest in lambs for 3.1 s would result in epilepsy. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) activity was recorded in sheep using non-invasive electrodes. Measurements in this trial were successfully performed on three lambs (live weight 25 to 39 kg) which were anaesthetised and given neuromuscular blockers to inhibit muscle activity. EEG information showed that the head-to-chest stunning produced an epileptic-like episode, which was followed by an isoelectric output. ECG recordings showed that ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced and coincided with the epileptic brain activity observed. No animals regained brain activity or sinus heart rhythm after applying the stated stunning conditions. As a conclusion, it is postulated that modified stunning equipment passing an electrical current from the top of the head to the sternum in lambs (1.5 A, 50 Hz; 3.1 s) may induce an epileptic seizure and VF.
Perceptions of dog breeding practices, breeding dog welfare and companion dog acquisition in a self-selected sample of Australian adults
Authors: Woodhead JK , Feng LC , Howell TJ , Ruby MB , Bennett PC 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWelfare considerations surrounding dog (Canis familiaris) breeding practices are contentious in some sectors of the community. However, public perceptions surrounding dog breeding practices are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to describe perceptions of dog breeding and associated welfare concerns held by members of the general public and identify whether factors exist that potentially predict these perceptions. Australian residents (n = 986) completed an online questionnaire investigating their perceptions of, and attitudes towards, companion dog breeding and other acquisition methods. Participants predominantly indicated that breeding dog welfare was important, that dog breeding should be regulated, and that tougher laws are necessary to improve breeding dog welfare. Furthermore, three groups of respondents were identified: those who supported breeder-sourced companion dogs but felt that current regulations were inadequate to ensure satisfactory welfare, those who disapproved of dog breeding and felt adoption was the only appropriate acquisition method, and those who felt breeding was acceptable and that current industry practices provide adequate welfare. Several participant factors predicted cluster membership, including age, characteristics considered important when acquiring a companion dog, the source of their most recent dog, and their dog breeding knowledge and/or experience. This study provides a direct preliminary examination of public perceptions of dog breeding, breeding practices, and associated welfare concerns, and the factors associated with these perceptions. This information can be used to guide those who provide companion dogs to the public and inform evidence-based policy development concerning companion dog breeding and acquisition.
Restricting the ability of sows to move: a source of concern for some Brazilians
Authors: Yunes MC , von Keyserling MAG , Hötzel MJ 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGestation stall housing for pregnant sows (Sus scrofa) has been, or is being, phased out in many parts of the world in response to public criticism. However, in Brazil, one of the largest global producers and exporters of pork, gestation stall housing is still common. The objective of this study was to explore the views of Brazilians, including participants associated (ALP) or not with livestock production (NotALP), on gestation stall housing. Participants were provided the option of accessing a short text describing the housing system and a video of pregnant sows housed in either individual or group housing. Participants (ALP; n = 176, NotALP; n = 173) were asked to state their position on housing pregnant sows in individual stalls and to provide the reason(s) justifying their position. More NotALP (87%) participants than ALP (69%) participants rejected individual stalls. More participants (85%) that accessed the optional information rejected the stalls than those (71%) that did not. Qualitative analyses revealed that animal welfare, most often in reference to animal sentience, freedom of movement and ethics, was the main justification given for rejecting gestation stalls. Those in favour of individual stalls justified their position with statements such as improved production, handling and animal health, and reduced aggression. This qualitative, exploratory study, based on a convenience sample of participants, does not represent the views of Brazilian society; however, it identified some shared values between participants associated with livestock production and those that are not. Our findings highlight that opposition to gestation stalls for sows reflects an ethical position regarding the treatment of livestock and should not be interpreted as support for group housing in confined systems.
L’évolution de la radio de langue française en Acadie, 1939–1959
Authors: Canuel Alain 
Published: October 2018

La présente analyse porte sur le développement de la radio acadienne (CBAF) depuis ses débuts jusqu’à la mise en service des postes relais permettant de rejoindre la majorité de la population acadienne des Maritimes. L’étude retrace les principaux jalons de son histoire, à savoir : l’influence de la radio québécoise à ses débuts, le regroupement de diverses personnalités acadiennes, le rôle du clergé catholique, la mobilisation de la population et les campagnes de sensibilisation du journal L’Évangéline. L’analyse fait également état des démarches entreprises auprès des autorités de Radio-Canada pour la création d’une station acadienne, des revendications sous forme de rapports et de mémoires auprès d’instances politiques et administratives et des luttes menées par les élites et organismes acadiens. Nous concluons sur la portée de CBAF au regard de la radio communautaire.
Direct Fabrication of Stretchable Electronics on a Polymer Substrate with Process‐Integrated Programmable Rigidity
Authors: Cao Yu , Zhang Guogao , Zhang Yingchao , Yue Mengkun , Chen Ying , Cai Shisheng , Xie Tao , Feng Xue 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDespite the increasingly important role of stretchable electronics for use as the human–machine interface, their manufacturing in a commercially realistic manner remains an unresolved challenge. The bottleneck lies in the efficiency and scalability of transfer printing that is typically employed in the fabrication process to enable device stretchability via strain isolation. Here, the use of a polymer substrate with programmable rigidity for direct manufacturing of stretchable electronics is reported, forgoing the need for transfer printing while significantly enhancing strain isolation. The process starts with a stretchable elastomeric substrate synthesized via the thiol‐acrylate click chemistry. Designable rigid islands can be introduced via spatially confined oxidation of the elastomer. Strain‐sensitive microdevices can then be directly fabricated onto the rigid islands without transfer printing. Following this manufacturing scheme, a fast‐responding stretchable temperature sensor is demonstrated, with unusual accuracy and real‐time temperature monitoring capability suitable for use in a highly dynamic environment. Importantly, the critical fabrication step that introduces the programmable substrate rigidity is fully integrated into a well‐established lithographic process. Therefore, the methodology not only reduces greatly the complexity in fabricating prototype devices but also points to a highly effective way for potential manufacturing in a commercial setting.
High‐Frequency Stimulation of Normal and Blind Mouse Retinas Using TiO2 Nanotubes
Authors: Ronzani Carole , Cottineau Thomas , Gonzalez‐Valls Irene , Keller Valérie , Picaud Serge , Keller Nicolas , Roux Michel Joseph 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWith three models in commercial use, artificial retinas are the most concrete hope to restore sight to blind patients, notably those affected with retinitis pigmentosa. However, present architectures are costly to produce, while the restored visual acuity remains below the legal threshold for blindness. Furthermore, the complexity of current systems with tethered application‐specific integrated circuits (asics) requires complex surgeries, with risks of complications and failures. In the search for new nanomaterials, it is demonstrated that, when placed in contact with photoreceptors (control mouse retinas) or directly with bipolar cells (rhodopsinP23H mouse retinas, a model of retinitis pigmentosa), films of vertically aligned anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes can drive the activity of the retinal network for stimulation frequencies up to the video rate (25 Hz), in response to short (5–20 ms), small (50–100 µm) light spots. Acting as continuous arrays of electrodes, these films should allow a fine tuning of prosthetic stimulations, through modulation of the spot size, duration, and precise localization over the implant surface.
Biotemplated Synthesis of Transition Metal Nitride Architectures for Flexible Printed Circuits and Wearable Energy Storages
Authors: Yi Yuyang , Yu Lianghao , Tian Zhengnan , Song Yingze , Shao Yuanlong , Gao Lijun , Sun Jingyu , Liu Zhongfan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTransition metal nitrides have stimulated a growing research and technological interests due to their fascinating properties, holding great promise for wearable energy storages, portable electronics, and many other applications. However, tailorable and efficient production of metallic nitrides in a cost‐effective manner has remained a daunting challenge by far. Here a biotemplate‐assisted strategy is reported with generality and scalability that employs the natural‐abundant diatomites as growth templates and is applicable to producing various transition metal nitrides, including but not limited to, VN, Mo2N, and WN. The conformal growth of nitride materials would inherit the morphological features of the diatomite template, thereby, endowing the obtained architectures with versatile pore structures and abundant edge defects. Thus‐derived metal nitrides with favorable electrical conductivity and solution‐processible feature have significant implications for flexible printed circuits and electronics. The excellent pseudocapacitive properties of metal nitrides further lead to the construction of flexible, symmetric quasi‐solid‐state supercapacitor devices with stable performance under mechanical deformation (achieving an energy density of 15.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1147.3 W kg−1). The demonstration of such biotemplated synthesis would offer an efficient solution to expand the family of emerging nitride materials with attractive properties for next‐generation wearable applications.
Crystallization Control of Organic Semiconductors during Meniscus‐Guided Coating by Blending with Polymer Binder
Authors: Zhang Ke , Marszalek Tomasz , Wucher Philipp , Wang Zuyuan , Veith Lothar , Lu Hao , Räder Hans‐Joachim , Beaujuge Pierre M. , Blom Paul W. M. , Pisula Wojciech 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSmall molecule organic semiconductors (OSCs) suffer from their uncontrolled nucleation and growth during solution processing limiting their functionality in electronic devices. In this work, a new method is presented based on dip‐coating a blend consisting of OSC and insulating polymer to control the crystallization of the active film for organic field‐effect transistors. A small fraction of amorphous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) efficiently improves the crystallization of dip‐coated small molecule OSCs, α,ω‐dihexylquaterthiophene (DH4T) and diketopyrrolopyrrole‐sexithiophene (DPP6T). The maximum charge carrier mobilities of dip‐coated OSC:PMMA films are significantly higher than drop‐cast blend ones and comparable with OSC single crystals. The high charge carrier mobility originates from a continuous alignment of the crystalline films and stratified OSC and PMMA layers. The improved crystallization is attributed to two mechanisms: first, the polymer binder leads to a viscosity gradient at the meniscus during dip‐coating, facilitating the draw of solute and thus mass transport. Second, the polymer binder solidifies at the bottom layer, reducing the nucleation barrier height of small molecule OSC. The findings demonstrate that a small fraction of a polymer binder during dip‐coating efficiently improves the crystallization as well as the electronic properties of small molecule OSC films.
Transparent Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Microelectrodes for Electro‐ and Optophysiology
Authors: Kshirsagar Pranoti , Dickreuter Simon , Mierzejewski Michael , Burkhardt Claus J. , Chassé Thomas , Fleischer Monika , Jones Peter D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractConventional opaque electrodes in microelectrode array (MEA) technology obstruct the view of cells in their immediate vicinity (e.g., ≈50 µm) from which the strongest extracellular action potentials are recorded. This limitation has been overcome by transparent graphene electrodes which allow for optical access essential for novel applications such as optogenetics and calcium imaging. Downscaling, necessary for high resolution single‐unit electrophysiological recordings, has been a significant challenge due to inferior electrochemical impedance and correspondingly lower signal‐to‐noise ratio. Here, the combination of graphene with the conductive polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a transparent microelectrode material for in vitro MEAs is presented and their application with optical imaging and electrophysiology is demonstrated. Optimal graphene/PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes display transparencies of 84% over the visible spectrum and impedance magnitude of (166 ± 13) kΩ at 1 kHz. The balance of transparency and 1 kHz impedance can be tuned from ≈90% and 700 kΩ to 50% and 42 kΩ.
Nickel–Cobalt Double Hydroxide as a Multifunctional Mediator for Ultrahigh‐Rate and Ultralong‐Life Li–S Batteries
Authors: Zhang Long , Chen Zhongxin , Dongfang Nanchen , Li Mengxiong , Diao Caozheng , Wu Qingsong , Chi Xiao , Jiang Peilu , Zhao Zedong , Dong Lei , Che Renchao , Loh Kian Ping , Lu Hongbin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is largely hindered by the shuttle effect caused by the dissolution of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the sluggish reaction kinetics of LiPSs. Here, it is demonstrated that the nickel–cobalt double hydroxide (NiCo‐DH) shells that encapsulate sulfur nanoparticles can play multiple roles in suppressing the shuttle effect and accelerating the redox kinetics of LiPSs by combining with graphene and carbon nanotubes to construct the conductive networks. The NiCo‐DH shell that intimately contacts with sulfur physically confines the loss of sulfur and promotes the charge transfer and ion diffusion. More importantly, it can react with LiPSs to produce the surface‐bound intermediates, which are able to anchor the soluble LiPSs and accelerate the redox kinetics. Such composite electrodes can load high contents of sulfur (>85 wt%) and the resulting Li–S battery exhibits a superior capacity (1348.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), ultrahigh rate performance (697.7 mAh g−1 at 5 C), and ultralong cycle life (1500 cycles) with a decay rate of 0.015% per cycle.
Phenological sequences: how early‐season events define those that follow
Authors: Ettinger A. K. , Gee S. , Wolkovich E. M. 
Published: October 2018

Premise of the StudyPlant phenology is a critical trait, as the timings of phenophases such as budburst, leafout, flowering, and fruiting, are important to plant fitness. Despite much study about when individual phenophases occur and how they may shift with climate change, little is known about how multiple phenophases relate to one another across an entire growing season. We test the extent to which early phenological stages constrain later ones, throughout a growing season, across 25 angiosperm tree species.MethodsWe observed phenology (budburst, leafout, flowering, fruiting, and senescence) of 118 individual trees across 25 species, from April through December 2015.Key ResultsWe found that early phenological events weakly constrain most later events, with the strongest constraints seen between consecutive stages. In contrast, interphase duration was a much stronger predictor of phenology, especially for reproductive events, suggesting that the development time of flowers and fruits may constrain the phenology of these events.ConclusionsMuch of the variation in later phenological events can be explained by the timing of earlier events and by interphase durations. This highlights that a shift in one phenophase may often have cascading effects on later phases. Accurate forecasts of climate change impacts should therefore include multiple phenophases within and across years.
Occupational fatal injuries associated with mobile hand‐fed wood chippers
Authors: Zhu Julia , Gelberg Kitty 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundWorkers are killed every year in wood chipper‐related incidents despite the repeated hazard warnings. In‐depth, comprehensive, and up‐to‐date studies are needed to identify causal, risk, and contributing factors and assess the current control measures so that an effective and proactive prevention approach can be developed.MethodsCases were identified from four online databases and manually reviewed to characterize and categorize the fatal events.ResultsThe study identified 113 wood chipper‐related worker deaths (1982‐2016). The victims were killed in struck‐by (57), caught‐in (41), motor vehicle (7), electrical (4), fall (2), and heat stroke (2) incidents while performing chipper‐related tasks.ConclusionsChipper‐related worker deaths are preventable. Young and inexperienced workers may be at higher risk for caught‐in deaths. The current feed wheel control devices are not effective for workers to self‐rescue. Fully automatic feed wheel stop devices are needed to prevent caught‐in incidents.
Strain‐Promoted Reactivity of Alkyne‐Containing Cycloparaphenylenes
Authors: Schaub Tobias A. , Margraf Johannes T. , Zakharov Lev , Reuter Karsten , Jasti Ramesh 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA new class of macrocyclic angle‐strained alkynes whose size and reactivity can be precisely tuned by modular organic synthesis is disclosed. Detailed analysis of the size‐dependent structural and electronic properties provides evidence for considerable distortion of the alkyne units incorporated into the cycloparaphenylene (CPP)‐derived macrocycles. The remarkable increase of the alkyne reactivity with decreasing macrocycle size in [2+2]cycloaddition–retrocyclization was investigated by joint experimental and theoretical studies and the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that govern this reaction were unraveled. Additionally, even the largest, least strained macrocycle in this series was found to undergo strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) efficiently under mild conditions, thereby paving the way to the application of alkyne‐containing CPPs as fluorescent “clickable” macrocyclic architectures.