bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A scoping review: The utility of participatory research approaches in psychology
Authors: Levac Leah , Ronis Scott , Cowper‐Smith Yuriko , Vaccarino Oriana 
Published: August 2019

AbstractConsistent with community psychology's focus on addressing societal problems by accurately and comprehensively capturing individuals’ relationships in broader contexts, participatory research approaches aim to incorporate individuals’ voices and knowledge into understanding, and responding to challenges and opportunities facing them and their communities. Although investigators in psychology have engaged in participatory research, overall, these approaches have been underutilized. The purpose of this review was to examine areas of research focus that have included participatory research methods and, in turn, highlight the strengths and ways that such methods could be better used by researchers. Nearly 750 articles about research with Indigenous Peoples, children/adolescents, forensic populations, people with HIV/AIDS, older adults, and in the area of industrial‐organizational psychology were coded for their use of participatory research principles across all research stages (i.e., research design, participant recruitment and data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and dissemination). Although we found few examples of studies that were fully committed to participatory approaches to research, and notable challenges with applying and reporting on this type of work, many investigators have developed creative ways to engage respectfully and reciprocally with participants. Based on our findings, recommendations and suggestions for researchers are discussed.
What Do We Know About Children's Access to School and Their Learning Outcomes in Pakistan? Analysis of the Risk Factors to Children's Proficiency in Literacy and Numeracy Assessments
Authors: Siddiqui Nadia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper discusses the research feasibility of Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), volunteering citizen‐led social survey conducted in Pakistan. The paper presents a detailed commentary on the process of ASER data collection, discussing the strengths, limitations and quality of the data maintained. There are also findings of the ASER data analysis from 2013 to 2016 with a focus on 34 risk factors associated with children's cognitive ability at age 8 (N = 89 460). The results show that ‘not enrolled in school' and ‘household poverty' are the biggest risk factors for children to achieve an expected level in learning. However, school type attended by children does not explain variation in the learning outcomes. Children missing information on household characteristics are at high risk of failing to achieve. Social surveys are feasible for understanding the patterns of household poverty and access to education. Following the discussion on results, the paper considers policy implications of maintaining a national database of all children, ensuring a universal access to school education in Pakistan. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing the toepads of Australian diurnal and nocturnal raptors with nonpredatory taxa: Insights into functional morphology
Authors: Tsang Leah R. , Wilson Laura A. B. , McDonald Paul G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe ventral structures of the avian digits are the critical interface between a bird and the item within its grasp (e.g., prey, landing substrate, or object), and as such are vital for ensuring the hunting success and survival of predatory birds. Here, we present the first descriptive analysis of the ventral structures of the toes, toepad morphology, and toepad surface area of several diurnal (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes) and nocturnal species (Strigiformes) of Australian raptors. We compare these with nonpredatory taxa (passeriform and psittaciform) to elucidate possible functional explanations for these differences. Although all groups shared the structural characters of joint, phalanx, ungual, and central (tarsal) pad features, the positioning of these structures in relation to the underlying skeletal framework and subsequent gross morphology differed markedly. Toepads overlying the phalangeal joints were much more developed in raptorial species with protrusional toepads only found on goshawks (Accipiter sp.), falcons, and owls. In contrast, the ventral surface of representative passeriform and parrot species showed overall uniformity in contact surface area, with much flatter toepads. There was only a very low phylogenetic signal in the data indicating that phylogenetic relationships did not have a significant effect on toepad surface area. Linear discriminant analysis indicated that functional prey sizes correlated positively with toepad surface areas. Generalized linear modelling showed that there was a positive, significant relationship between body mass and toepad surface area, and prey category significantly affected the toepad surface areas for Digit I and Digit IV. Overall, the ventral surface of the raptorial foot is subject to considerable variation, with active hunters showing the greatest differences in structures, specifically markedly developed toepads to protrusional toepads, potentially as a means to enable more efficient predatory behaviors and facilitate diet preferences for more difficult to catch prey items.
Spectroscopic characterization of mucilage (Chia seed) and polygalacturonic acid
Authors: Ellerbrock Ruth H. , Ahmed Mutez Ali , Gerke Horst H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPolygalacturonic acid (PGA) has frequently been suggested and used as a model substance for studying mucilage properties and effects in soil. While PGA has a defined chemical structure, the composition of mucilage as natural product can vary in space and time depending on the plant and soil conditions. However, it is still unclear if PGA can be used as surrogate for original mucilage when considering soil–mucilage interactions in the rhizosphere. Here the organic matter (OM) composition of PGA was compared with that of Chia seed mucilage and small‐scale spatial distribution of OM composition in mucilage droplets was analysed using Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy in KBr‐transmission technique (FTIR). Selected regions of dried Chia seed mucilage droplets were analysed using micro‐ Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy in transflection technique (micro‐FTIR).For PGA, the FTIR spectra revealed lower C–H/C=O and higher C=O/C–O–C ratios as compared to Chia seed mucilage, indicating a relatively lower potential hydrophobicity and higher sorption capacity of the OM in PGA than OM in mucilage. The micro‐FTIR spectra revealed that the potential hydrophobicity of a single freeze‐dried mucilage droplet was higher at the tip as compared to regions located above the tip. The results suggest that the use of PGA as model substance for mucilage is limited especially when trying to imitate the sorption and wettability properties of the Chia seed mucilage OM. The spatial heterogeneity in OM composition as well as shifts in maxima of C=O and O–H bands in micro FTIR spectra of the cross sectioned mucilage droplet suggest that the composition of mucilage is changing with time. These findings may help initiating future studies on the dynamics and variability of OM composition of mucilage.
Temporal and spatial variation in bacterial communities of “Jonagold” apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) and “Conference” pear (Pyrus communis L.) floral nectar
Authors: Smessaert Jolien , Van Geel Maarten , Verreth Christel , Crauwels Sam , Honnay Olivier , Keulemans Wannes , Lievens Bart 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProduction of many agricultural crops and fruits strongly depends on pollinators. For instance, pome fruits such as apple and pear are highly dependent on pollination for fruit set, fruit quality, and yield. Nectar is often inhabited by microbes, most often yeasts and bacteria, which may change nectar quality and therefore also affect plant–pollinator interactions. Here, we used high‐throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the temporal and spatial variation in bacterial communities in floral nectar of apple and pear. We sampled 15 apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) and 15 pear (Pyrus communis L.) orchards distributed over the eastern part of Belgium over a timespan of seven days. Nectar bacterial community composition differed strongly among fruit species. Nectar of pear was dominated by Actinobacteria, followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Apple nectar was strongly enriched in Bacteroidetes, a phylum which until now has been found to be rarely associated with floral nectar. Nectar was dominated by only a few bacterial species, with Brevibacterium (Actinobacteria) and Undibacterium (Proteobacteria) as the most abundant bacteria in pear and apple nectar, respectively. Bacterial richness and diversity were found to fluctuate during flowering, likely due to changing environmental conditions. Additionally, spatial structure in nectar bacterial community composition was found in apple orchards, while this was not the case for pear. Differences in nectar bacterial communities between apple and pear nectar may differently affect the chemical and nutritional composition of the nectar, influencing pollinator attraction and visitation, and thus pollination efficacy in general.
Pavement patterns can be designed to improve gait in Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Gál Ota , Poláková Kamila , Hoskovcová Martina , Tomandl Jan , Čapek Václav , Berka Roman , Brožová Hana , Šestáková Irena , Růžička Evžen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundPublic spaces are usually designed with respect to various patient populations, but not Parkinson's disease. The objective of this study was to explore what type of easily applicable visual cueing might be used in public spaces and some interiors to improve gait in people with Parkinson's disease.MethodsThirty‐two patients with freezing of gait walked an 8‐meter track on 6 different floor patterns in single‐ and dual‐task conditions in random sequence. The reference pattern was a virtual large transverse chessboard, and the other patterns differed either in size (small floor stones), orientation (diagonal), nature (real paving), regularity (irregular), or no pattern. Time, number of steps, velocity, step length, cadence, and dual‐task effect were calculated. The number and total duration of freezing episodes were analyzed.ResultsVirtual, large, transverse floor stones improve time (P = 0.0101), velocity (P = 0.0029), number of steps (P = 0.0291), and step length (P = 0.0254) in Parkinson's disease patients compared with walking on no pattern. Virtual floor stones were superior in time and velocity to the real ones. Transverse floor stones were better than diagonal, whereas regular pattern stones were superior to irregular in some gait parameters. Subjectively, the reference pattern was preferred to the irregular one and to no pattern. No direct effect on freezing of gait was observed.ConclusionsParkinson's disease patients may benefit from floor patterns incorporating transverse oriented large rectangular visual cues. Because public space can be regulated with respect to people with medical conditions, the relevant legislative documents should be extended to allow for parkinsonian gait disorder. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The clinical and genetic characteristics of permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM) in the state of Qatar
Authors: Al‐Khawaga Sara , Mohammed Idris , Saraswathi Saras , Haris Basma , Hasnah Reem , Saeed Amira , Almabrazi Hakeem , Syed Najeeb , Jithesh Puthen , El Awwa Ahmed , Khalifa Amal , AlKhalaf Fawziya , Petrovski Goran , Abdelalim Essam M. , Hussain Khalid 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundNeonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare condition that occurs within the first six months of life. Permanent NDM (PNDM) is caused by mutations in specific genes that are known for their expression at early and/or late stages of pancreatic beta‐ cell development, and are either involved in beta‐cell survival, insulin processing, regulation, and release. The native population in Qatar continues to practice consanguineous marriages that lead to a high level of homozygosity. To our knowledge, there is no previous report on the genomics of NDM among the Qatari population. The aims of the current study are to identify patients with NDM diagnosed between 2001 and 2016, and examine their clinical and genetic characteristics.MethodsTo calculate the incidence of PNDM, all patients with PNDM diagnosed between 2001 and 2016 were compared to the total number of live births over the 16‐year‐period. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) was used to investigate the genetic etiology in the PNDM cohort.ResultsPNDM was diagnosed in nine (n = 9) patients with an estimated incidence rate of 1:22,938 live births among the indigenous Qatari. Seven different mutations in six genes (PTF1A, GCK, SLC2A2, EIF2AK3, INS, and HNF1B) were identified. In the majority of cases, the genetic etiology was part of a previously identified autosomal recessive disorder. Two novel de novo mutations were identified in INS and HNF1B.ConclusionQatar has the second highest reported incidence of PNDM worldwide. A majority of PNDM cases present as rare familial autosomal recessive disorders. Pancreas associated transcription factor 1a (PTF1A) enhancer deletions are the most common cause of PNDM in Qatar, with only a few previous cases reported in the literature.
An iterative sparse deconvolution method for simultaneous multicolor 19F‐MRI of multiple contrast agents
Authors: Schoormans Jasper , Calcagno Claudia , Daal Mariah R.R. , Wüst Rob C.I. , Faries Christopher , Maier Alexander , Teunissen Abraham J.P. , Naidu Sonum , Sanchez‐Gaytan Brenda L. , Nederveen Aart J. , Fayad Zahi A. , Mulder Willem J.M. , Coolen Bram F. , Strijkers Gustav J. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose19F‐MRI is gaining widespread interest for cell tracking and quantification of immune and inflammatory cells in vivo. Different fluorinated compounds can be discriminated based on their characteristic MR spectra, allowing in vivo imaging of multiple 19F compounds simultaneously, so‐called multicolor 19F‐MRI. We introduce a method for multicolor 19F‐MRI using an iterative sparse deconvolution method to separate different 19F compounds and remove chemical shift artifacts arising from multiple resonances.MethodsThe method employs cycling of the readout gradient direction to alternate the spatial orientation of the off‐resonance chemical shift artifacts, which are subsequently removed by iterative sparse deconvolution. Noise robustness and separation was investigated by numerical simulations. Mixtures of fluorinated oils (PFCE and PFOB) were measured on a 7T MR scanner to identify the relation between 19F signal intensity and compound concentration. The method was validated in a mouse model after intramuscular injection of fluorine probes, as well as after intravascular injection.ResultsNumerical simulations show efficient separation of 19F compounds, even at low signal‐to‐noise ratio. Reliable chemical shift artifact removal and separation of PFCE and PFOB signals was achieved in phantoms and in vivo. Signal intensities correlated excellently to the relative 19F compound concentrations (r−2 = 0.966/0.990 for PFOB/PFCE).ConclusionsThe method requires minimal sequence adaptation and is therefore easily implemented on different MRI systems. Simulations, phantom experiments, and in‐vivo measurements in mice showed effective separation and removal of chemical shift artifacts below noise level. We foresee applicability for simultaneous in‐vivo imaging of 19F‐containing fluorine probes or for detection of 19F‐labeled cell populations.
Automatic in‐line quantitative myocardial perfusion mapping: Processing algorithm and implementation
Authors: Xue Hui , Brown Louise A.E. , Nielles‐Vallespin Sonia , Plein Sven , Kellman Peter 
Published: August 2019

PurposeQuantitative myocardial perfusion mapping has advantages over qualitative assessment, including the ability to detect global flow reduction. However, it is not clinically available and remains a research tool. Building upon the previously described imaging sequence, this study presents algorithm and implementation of an automated solution for inline perfusion flow mapping with step by step performance characterization.MethodsProposed workflow consists of motion correction (MOCO), arterial input function blood detection, intensity to gadolinium concentration conversion, and pixel‐wise mapping. A distributed kinetics model, blood‐tissue exchange model, is implemented, computing pixel‐wise maps of myocardial blood flow (mL/min/g), permeability‐surface‐area product (mL/min/g), blood volume (mL/g), and interstitial volume (mL/g).ResultsThirty healthy subjects (11 men; 26.4 ± 10.4 years) were recruited and underwent adenosine stress perfusion cardiovascular MR. Mean MOCO quality score was 3.6 ± 0.4 for stress and 3.7 ± 0.4 for rest. Myocardial Dice similarity coefficients after MOCO were significantly improved (P < 1e‐6), 0.87 ± 0.05 for stress and 0.86 ± 0.06 for rest. Arterial input function peak gadolinium concentration was 4.4 ± 1.3 mmol/L at stress and 5.2 ± 1.5 mmol/L at rest. Mean myocardial blood flow at stress and rest were 2.82 ± 0.47 mL/min/g and 0.68 ± 0.16 mL/min/g, respectively. The permeability‐surface‐area product was 1.32 ± 0.26 mL/min/g at stress and 1.09 ± 0.21 mL/min/g at rest (P < 1e‐3). Blood volume was 12.0 ± 0.8 mL/100 g at stress and 9.7 ± 1.0 mL/100 g at rest (P < 1e‐9), indicating good adenosine vasodilation response. Interstitial volume was 20.8 ± 2.5 mL/100 g at stress and 20.3 ± 2.9 mL/100 g at rest (P = 0.50).ConclusionsAn inline perfusion flow mapping workflow is proposed and demonstrated on normal volunteers. Initial evaluation demonstrates this fully automated solution for the respiratory MOCO, arterial input function left ventricle mask detection, and pixel‐wise mapping, from free‐breathing myocardial perfusion imaging.
Mapping of finger fascicles within the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles
Authors: Hodde Franziska L. , Ioannou Christos I. , Altenmüller Eckart 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionIn this study we aimed to systematically investigate and map localization of the individual finger fascicles within the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) muscles.MethodsUsing B‐mode ultrasonographic assessments, the right forearms of ten healthy participants (five males and five females) were examined during active and passive finger movements. Results: A topographical map indicating clear core areas of fascicle activation within the FDS and FDP muscles was created. Borders that could, to some degree, define individual differences were also indicated.DiscussionOur findings offer a detailed image of fascicle distributions within the FDS and FDP muscles. Various challenges, such as managing individual muscular profiles or the existence of the palmaris longus muscle, are discussed and should always be taken into consideration. The current map can serve as a general orientation for future measurements or injection therapies.
AUS: Anisotropic undrained shear strength model for clays
Authors: Krabbenhøft Kristian , Galindo‐Torres Sergio Andres , Zhang Xue , Krabbenhøft Jørgen 
Published: August 2019

SummaryA total stress model applicable to clays under undrained conditions is presented. The model involves three strength parameters: the undrained shear strengths in triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and simple shear. The amount of physical anisotropy implied by the model is a function of the relative magnitude of these three strengths assuming a Mises‐type plastic potential. Elastoplastic deformation characteristics below failure are accounted for by a hardening law requiring two additional parameters that can be related to the axial strains halfway to failure in triaxial compression and extension. Finally, elasticity is accounted for by Hooke law. The result is a relatively simple model whose parameters can all be inferred directly from a combination of in situ and standard undrained laboratory tests. The model is applied to a problem involving the horizontal loading of a monopile foundation for which full scale tests have been previously conducted. The model shows good agreement with the measured data.
High‐Carbohydrate vs High‐Fat Nutrition for Burn Patients
Authors: Shields Beth A. , VanFosson Christopher A. , Pruskowski Kaitlin A. , Gurney Jennifer M. , Rizzo Julie A. , Cancio Leopoldo C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNutrition is an essential component of the healing and recovery process after severe burn injury. For many burn patients, nutrition support is necessary to meet nutrition goals. The ratio of carbohydrates and fat is particularly important for burn patients, as an essential fatty acid deficiency can contribute to poor wound healing. However, there is evidence to suggest that diets containing more carbohydrates and less fat may result in better patient outcomes. A literature search was conducted to identify studies related to nutrition support and macronutrient ratios in burn patients. Eleven published papers were found that considered macronutrient use in enteral and parenteral nutrition therapies among 9 different burn patient samples. No negative outcomes associated with lower fat, higher carbohydrate nutrition for severely burned patients were found in the literature. Conversely, the literature review revealed improved outcomes among severely burned patients receiving lower fat, higher carbohydrate nutrition to include fewer incidences of pneumonia, wound infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome, fatty liver, and sepsis. These patients also experienced shorter hospital length of stay and shorter wound healing times, as well as lower spleen and kidney weights, lower urinary nitrogen losses, improved nitrogen balance, higher insulin levels, higher insulin‐like growth factor‐1, lower cortisol, and less muscle protein breakdown. The evidence available to date supports the clinical use of nutrition support providing ≤15% fat and ≥60% carbohydrate for critically ill burn patients.
Coupled poromechanics‐damage mechanics modeling of fracturing during injection in brittle rocks
Authors: Bubshait Ahmed , Jha Birendra 
Published: August 2019

SummarySubsurface injection of fluids in a stress‐sensitive naturally fractured rock faces the problem of near‐wellbore fracture evolution and associated changes in rock properties. Numerical modeling of the changes in permeability and poroelastic properties of the near‐wellbore region is challenging due to the coupling between fracture dynamics and poromechanics across multiple length scales of fractures and the host rock. We present a numerical framework to model anisotropic and dynamic evolution in rock properties based on a coupled formulation of fluid flow, rock mechanics, and fracturing, where fracturing‐induced damage is used to update the rock properties. A generalized fixed‐stress method, which accounts for damage‐induced anisotropy in flow and deformation processes, is developed to sequentially solve the equations of flow, mechanics, and fracture evolution. We demonstrate the usefulness of our framework in quantifying the effects of injection rate variability, initial fracture distribution, and in‐situ stress state on the evolution in permeability, elastic stiffness, and the Biot parameters. Our framework does not require the computational mesh to conform to existing or future fractures, allows simultaneous growth of multiple randomly distributed fractures, and can be implemented relatively easily in existing coupled flow‐geomechanics simulators to extend them to model fracturing at the reservoir scale.