bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTÉGRATION DES TIC DANS LA DIDACTIQUE DU FLE À L’UNIVERSITÉ KENYATTA
Authors: Nkezabera Dismas 
Published: March 2019

ICT oﬀers new teaching and/or learning methods, especially in the field of foreign languages. These new technologies develop not only new teaching and learning environments, but also raise the issue of their pedagogical integration in teaching French as Foreign language. This article aims at addressing issues related to the contribution of ICT in an action-oriented perspective “task” and “learning scenario” (Mangenot, 2003). The objective is to identify the pitfalls faced by teachers in their attempt to integrate new technologies in teaching FFL. Our assumption is that ICTs provides the learner a new way of acquiring knowledge and skills. This case study raises a number of concerns with regard to integration of ICT in the teaching of FFL. How for instance do teachers of French integrate ICT in their actual teaching in order to motivate and empower their learners? And then, what are the obstacles to the integration of new technologies in the university system of teaching? By way of a systematic approach, this study discusses an experiment with undergraduate and postgraduate students who are using learning scenarios in written production activities by following well-defined instructions.
Utilization of hospital services during delivery among post-natal mothers in Thika urban and Kangundo rural Counties, Kenya
Authors: Kabue Priscilla , Keraka M , Simbauni J 
Published: March 2019

Background: Maternal mortality rate due to pregnancy-related complications in Kenya remains high at 362 per 100,000 live births. Hospital deliveries are low despite government strategies on improving health system and human resources. Home delivery practice is common in many parts of Kenya, especially in the rural areas. Generally, midwifery in home delivery lacks the necessary expertise to identify, resolve or prevent maternal complication, a situation which could raise maternal delivery related morbidity and mortality rates.
Objectives: The study aimed to determine the rates of hospital deliveries both in urban and the rural hospital settings and establish the factors that determined the choice for hospital services.
Methods: The study population was composed of post-natal mothers attending Maternal Child Health Clinics in an urban hospital setting and a rural hospital setting. The mothers were those who had delivered less than one year earlier. Thika Level 5 Hospital in Kiambu County represented the urban setting while Kangundo Level 4 Hospital represented the rural setting. A total of 400 post-natal mothers in each of the two hospitals were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect the relevant data in each hospital. Focus Group Discussions and Key informants interviews were also conducted in each hospital.
Results: Client specific factors that were associated with hospital delivery included a steady source of income and occupation (p = 0.028, p = 0.007), ability to pay for hospital expenses and remedies (p = 0.000, p = 0.00), accessibility and short distance from the health facility (p= 0.001, p = 0.029), and client having a positive experience from a previous delivery and hope for a better services in the hospital (p = 0.000, p = 0.000) respectively. Health facility factors were lack of privacy (p = 0.000) manner in which the mother was handled by the health care worker (p = 0.0901) and the expected care (p =0.017).
Conclusion: The study concludes that mothers fail to utilize the health facility for delivery due to service related factors such as long distance from the hospital, negative attitude of health workers, lack of privacy and poor quality of care, an improvement of which will make them deliver in hospitals and not at home.
The levels of utilization of visual inspection screening of cervical cancer in Kitui, Kenya
Authors: Mwangi J H , Gachau A G , Kabiru E W 
Published: March 2019

Background: Cervical cancer is a disease of public health importance with a high global morbidity and mortality. More than 266,000 women die every year,with 87% of them coming from low and middle-income countries. These are the areas where programmes for screening and treatment are either deficient or underutilized. The morbidity and the mortality rates remain high in Kenya despite the screening and treatment services that the Ministry of Health has rolled out all over the country. Low levels of utilization of the established screening systems leads to increased morbidity and mortality. The problem is more prevalent in the rural Kenya where socioeconomic status of the majority in the population is low. Kitui County is such a rural region in Kenya.
Objective: To determine the factors influencing the levels of utilization of the Visual Inspection method (VIA/VILI) for cervical cancer screening services in Kitui County, Kenya.
Methodology: This was a descriptive study involving 370 women of reproductive age attending public MCH/FP clinics in Kitui County Kenya. Systematic random sampling method was used to select the participants. Exit interview was the main data collection technique. Key informants were also interviewed and facilities’ preparedness to provide adequate screening services was assessed using a facility survey checklist.
Results: A total of 370 women were interviewed, 69.2% of whom were aged below 29 years, 68% were married, 75% had three or fewer children, 19% did not have the basic level of formal education and 61% were earning less than 50 US$per month. The level of awareness on cervical cancer and its prevention was 53.8%, with significant difference in relation to VIA/VILI utilization (OR 3.0675 p=0.000). Significance difference was also observed in cervical cancer testing and level of education (X 2 =21.728, df=3, P= 0.000), the main source of income, (X 2 = 15.030, df=2, P=0.01), average monthly income, (X 2 =27.942, df=4, P=0.0001) and the main decision maker in the family, (X 2 =6.908, df=2, p=0.032). Public health facilities were not adequately equipped and well staffed to provide the VIA/VILI screening services.
Conclusion: Low levels (53.8%) of awareness about cervical cancer and its prevention among eligible clients in Kitui Central Sub-county Kenya, which was below the national target of over 70%, low coverage of health facilities and shortage of manpower lead to low levels of VIA/VILI screening. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen the existing services and interventions strategies, and enhance cancer awareness campaigns in order to reduce the incidence of the disease.
Correction of Astigmatism With SMILE With Axis Alignment: 6-Month Results From 622 Eyes
Authors: Chen Pei , Ye Yiming , Yu Na , Zhang Xiaoying , Zhuang Jing , Yu Keming 
Published: March 2019

PURPOSE:
To evaluate postoperative clinical outcomes in myopic eyes with astigmatism that underwent femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery with axis alignment.

METHODS:
Overall, 622 eyes from 353 patients with myopia and astigmatism greater than −0.75 diopters (D) who had SMILE were included in this prospective study. Standard examinations were performed and visual acuity and vector astigmatism values were analyzed preoperatively and postoperatively.

RESULTS:

Preoperative manifest spherical equivalent (SE) was −6.11 ± 1.68 D (range: −0.50 to −11.25 D) and manifest refractive cylinder was −1.60 ± 0.65 D (range: −0.75 to −6.25 D). In 622 enrolled eyes with astigmatism, 29.9% did not require rotation modification during surgery, and the average rotation degree (absolute) was 2.82° ± 1.44° (range: 0° to 10°). By 6 months after SMILE, all eyes showed improved uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA); approximately 96.8% of eyes with astigmatism achieved the same or better UDVA postoperatively compared to the preoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA). Moreover, the cylinder of all eyes was within ±1.00 D, and 97% of eyes were within ±0.50 D. Only 47 eyes exhibited a low degree of astigmatism (range: −0.75 to 0.50 D). In patients with high astigmatism (>−3.00 D), the preoperative CDVA was −0.02 ± 0.11 logMAR and the 6-month postoperative UDVA was −0.01 ± 0.16 logMAR (n = 24,
P
> .05), further implying the effectiveness of modified SMILE for refractive correction in patients with astigmatism.

CONCLUSIONS:
SMILE with axis alignment provides efficient, predictable, and safe refractive correction in patients with myopic astigmatism.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(3):138–145.]
FCCSP IMC Growth under Reliability Stress Following Automotive Standards
Authors: Liu (Xenia) Wei-Wei , Weng Berdy , Li Jerry , Yeh Cing-Kun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Kirkendall void (KV) has been a well-known issue for long term reliability of semiconductor interconnects. KVs exist at the interfaces of Cu and Sn and the growing intermetallic compound (IMC) Cu6Sn5 at the initial stage, and a part of the IMC is converted to Cu3Sn when the environmental stress added. In this article, all the assembled packages pass the condition of unbiased long-term reliability testing, especially for 2,000 cycles of temperature cycling test and 2,000 h of high-temperature storage. A large numbers of KVs was observed after 200 cycles of temperature cycling. Various assembly structures were monitored, and various IMC thicknesses were concluded to be functions of stress test. Cu3Sn, Ni3Sn4, and Cu6Sn5 are not significantly affected by heat, but Ni3Sn4 grows steadily.
Elevated Standoff Heights of Solder Joint Interconnections Can Result in Appreciable Stress and Warpage Relief
Authors: Suhir Ephraim , Yi Sung , Hwang Jennie S. , Ghaffarian Reza 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The “head-in-pillow” (HnP) defects in lead-free solder joint interconnections of Integrated Circuit (IC) packages with conventional (small) standoff heights of the solder joints, and particularly in packages with fine pitches, are attributed by many electronic material scientists to the three major causes: attributes of the manufacturing process, solder material properties, and design-related issues. The latter are thought to be caused primarily by elevated stresses in the solder material, as well as by the excessive warpage of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB)-package assembly and particularly by the differences in the thermally induced curvatures of the PCB and the package. In this analysis, the stress and warpage issue is addressed using an analytical predictive stress model. The model is a modification and an extension of the model developed back in 1980s by the first author. It is assumed that it is the difference in the postfabrication deflections of the PCB-package assembly that is the root cause of the solder material failures and particularly and perhaps the HnP defects. The calculated data based on the developed stress model suggest that the replacement of the conventional ball grid array (BGA) designs with designs with elevated standoff heights of the solder joints could result in significant stress and warpage relief and, hopefully, in a lower propensity of the IC package to HnP defects as well. The general concepts are illustrated by a numerical example, in which the responses to the change in temperature of a conventional design, referred to as BGA, and a design with solder joints with elevated standoff heights, referred to as column grid array (CGA), are compared. The computed data indicated that the effective stress in the solder material was relieved by about 40% and the difference between the maximum deflections of the PCB and the package was reduced by about 60%, when the BGA design was replaced by a CGA system. Although no definite proof that the use of solder joints with elevated standoff heights will lessen the package propensity to the HnP defects is provided, the authors nonetheless think that there is a reason to believe that the application of solder joints with elevated standoff heights could result in a substantial improvement in the general IC package performance, including, perhaps, its propensity to HnP defects.
Design of Solder Connections for Self-Assembly of Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Marinis Thomas F. , Soucy Joseph W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In surface mount assembly, advantage is taken of the high surface tension of molten solder to self-align ball grid array packages and flip chip die. However, in these applications, the volume of solder applied as paste by stencil printing is not sufficiently well controlled to achieve the precise alignment required for optoelectronic devices. We believe that the requirement on solder volume control for assembly of optoelectronic devices can be relaxed by designing the bond pads so that the height or alignment of connections is controlled by the surface tension of the solder rather than its volume. Our design approach to accomplishing this is to connect auxiliary pads to the primary attachment pad, which act as solder reservoirs. Surface tension causes the solder to be redistributed among these pads to achieve a uniform pressure throughout the solder volume. This phenomena is governed by the Young-Laplace equation, ΔP = γκ, in which ΔP represents the difference in pressure within and outside the solder, γ the surface tension of the solder, and κ the local curvature of the solder surface. Thus, the design of the set of primary and auxiliary pads is critically important to realizing the desired control of joint height. In this article, we describe the use of the Surface Evolver software package in combination with analytical models, to analyze the behavior of various connection configurations with respect to variations in printed solder volume. Specifically, we calculate the equilibrium shape of the solder surface over the connected set of pads and examine how control of joint height is affected by the number, size, and geometry of auxiliary pad configurations.
A Numerical Study on Mitigation of Flying Dies in Compression Molding of Microelectronic Packages
Authors: Dreissigacker Marc , Hoelck Ole , Bauer Joerg , Braun Tanja , Becker Karl-Friedrich , Schneider-Ramelow Martin , Lang Klaus-Dieter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Compression molding with liquid encapsulants is a crucial process in microelectronic packaging. Material properties of highly filled systems of reactive epoxy molding compounds depend on process conditions in a complex manner, such as shear-thinning behavior, which is superimposed by a time- and temperature-dependent conversion rate, both strongly affecting viscosity. The focus is set on forces exerted on individual dice during encapsulation in fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP). The presented framework consists of an analytical approach to calculate the melt front velocity and simulations carried out to capture the nonlinear kinematics, chemorheology, and to extract forces exerted on individual dice. It offers separate evaluation of pressure and shear contributions for two cases, 0° and 45° between the dice' frontal area and the melt front. Process parameters, such as compression speed, thus cycle time, and process temperature, are determined to keep the forces on the dice below the critical level, where drag forces exceed adhesive forces. As a result, process parameters are determined to minimize flying dice and thereby maximize yield. The approach is easily transferable to arbitrary geometries and is therefore well suited to face the challenges that come with the current efforts toward the transition from FOWLP to larger substrates.
Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women with systemic lupus erythematosus and its related factors
Authors: Moghadam Zahra Behboodi , Rezaei Elham , Faezi Seyedeh Tahereh , Zareian Armin , Ibrahim Fatima Muhammad , Ibrahim Maryam Mohammad 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects all body organs. This disease has marked physiological, mental, and cognitive effects on the patient and results in sexual dysfunction, depression, and decreased self-confidence. This study was conducted to compare sexual function, depression, anxiety, stress, and the related factors in women suffering from SLE.Material and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, 340 women (170 with SLE and 170 healthy) aged 18–49 years were investigated. Convenience sampling was used to select the participants. In this study, a demographic questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales – 21 Items (DASS-21), and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were applied. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16 using Spearman’s correlation, 2, Mann-Whitney, covariance, and multiple regression statistics; p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.ResultsThe results showed a significant difference in sexual function between the SLE and healthy groups. According to covariance analysis, the difference remained significant after controlling for confounding factors (stress, depression, anxiety). Moreover, the effect of SLE on the sexual function had a significant correlation with age, life status, number and age of children, economic status, menstruation, duration of marriage, age at diagnosis, disease duration and activity, stress, anxiety, and depression. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that age, disease activity, depression, and life status had the highest correlation with sexual dysfunction in women with SLE.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicated that more attention should be paid to the sexual health of women suffering from SLE as a neglected aspect of their treatment, which requires an interdisciplinary approach to shift the care of these patients from a biomedical model to a biopsychosocial model.
A rare intercomparison of nutrient analysis at sea: lessons learned and recommendations to enhance comparability of open-ocean nutrient data
Authors: McGrath Triona , Cronin Margot , Kerrigan Elizabeth , Wallace Douglas , Gregory Clynton , Normandeau Claire , McGovern Evin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. An intercomparison study has been carried out on the analysis of inorganic
nutrients at sea following the operation of two nutrient analysers
simultaneously on the GO-SHIP A02 trans-Atlantic survey in May 2017. Both
instruments were Skalar San++ Continuous Flow Analyzers, one from the
Marine Institute, Ireland and the other from Dalhousie University, Canada,
each operated by their own laboratory analysts following GO-SHIP guidelines
while adopting their existing laboratory methods. There was high
comparability between the two data sets and vertical profiles of nutrients
also compared well with those collected in 1997 along the same A02 transect
by the World Ocean Circulation Experiment. The largest differences between
data sets were observed in the low-nutrient surface waters and results
highlight the value of using three reference materials (low, middle and high
concentration) to cover the full range of expected nutrients and identify
bias and non-linearity in the calibrations. The intercomparison also raised
some interesting questions on the comparison of nutrients analysed by
different systems and a number of recommendations have been suggested that we
feel will enhance the existing GO-SHIP guidelines to improve the
comparability of global nutrient data sets. A key recommendation is for the
specification of clearly defined data quality objectives for oceanic nutrient
measurements and a flagging method for reported data that do not meet these
criteria. The A02 nutrient data set is currently available at the National
Oceanographic Data Centre of Ireland: https://doi.org/10.20393/CE49BC4C-91CC-41B9-A07F-D4E36B18B26F and
https://doi.org/10.20393/EAD02A1F-AAB3-4F4E-AD60-6289B9585531.
Changes in groundwater drought associated with anthropogenic warming
Authors: Bloomfield John P. , Marchant Benjamin P. , McKenzie Andrew A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Here we present the first
empirical evidence for changes in groundwater drought associated with
anthropogenic warming in the absence of long-term changes in precipitation.
Analysing standardised indices of monthly groundwater levels, precipitation
and temperature, using two unique groundwater level data sets from the Chalk
aquifer, UK, for the period 1891 to 2015, we show that precipitation deficits
are the main control on groundwater drought formation and propagation.
However, long-term changes in groundwater drought are shown to be associated
with anthropogenic warming over the study period. These include increases in
the frequency and intensity of individual groundwater drought months, and
increases in the frequency, magnitude and intensity of episodes of
groundwater drought, as well as an increasing tendency for both longer
episodes of groundwater drought and for an increase in droughts of less than
1 year in duration. We also identify a transition from a coincidence of
episodes of groundwater drought with precipitation droughts at the end of the
19th century, to an increasing coincidence with both precipitation droughts
and with hot periods in the early 21st century. In the absence of long-term
changes in precipitation deficits, we infer that the changing nature of
groundwater droughts is due to changes in evapotranspiration (ET) associated
with anthropogenic warming. We note that although the water tables are
relatively deep at the two study sites, a thick capillary fringe of at least
30 m in the Chalk means that ET should not be limited by precipitation at
either site. ET may be supported by groundwater through major episodes of
groundwater drought and, hence, long-term changes in ET associated with
anthropogenic warming may drive long-term changes in groundwater drought
phenomena in the Chalk aquifer. Given the extent of shallow groundwater
globally, anthropogenic warming may widely effect changes to groundwater
drought characteristics in temperate environments.