bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the era of antiretroviral treatment and prevention: the biologic basis for epidemiologic synergy
Authors: Cohen Myron S , Council Olivia D , Chen Jane S 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionHIV is a unique sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is greatly affected by other concomitant “classical” bacterial and viral STIs that cause genital ulcers and/or mucosal inflammation. STIs also serve as a marker for risky sexual behaviours. STIs increase infectiousness of people living with HIV by increasing the viral concentration in the genital tract, and by increasing the potential for HIV acquisition in people at risk for HIV. In addition, some STIs can increase blood HIV concentration and promote progression of disease. This review is designed to investigate the complex relationship between HIV and classical STIs.DiscussionTreatment of STIs with appropriate antibiotics reduces HIV in blood, semen and female genital secretions. However, community‐based trials could not reliably reduce the spread of HIV by mass treatment of STIs. Introduction of antiretroviral agents for the treatment and prevention of HIV has led to renewed interest in the complex relationship between STIs and HIV. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces the infectiousness of HIV and virtually eliminates the transmission of HIV in spite of concomitant or acquired STIs. However, while ART interrupts HIV transmission, it does not stop intermittent shedding of HIV in genital secretions. Such shedding of HIV is increased by STIs, although the viral copies are not likely replication competent or infectious. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV with the combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) prevents HIV acquisition in spite of concomitant STIs.ConclusionsSTIs remain pandemic, and the availability of ART may have led to an increase in STIs, as fear of HIV has diminished. Classical STIs present a huge worldwide health burden that cannot be separated from HIV, and they deserve far more attention than they currently receive.
SCIMP is a universal Toll-like receptor adaptor in macrophages
Authors: Luo Lin , Curson James E. B. , Liu Liping , Wall Adam A. , Tuladhar Neeraj , Lucas Richard M. , Sweet Matthew J. , Stow Jennifer L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In innate immune cells, pathogens and danger signals activate TLRs, unleashing potent and tailored inflammatory responses. Previously, we reported that an immune-specific transmembrane adaptor, SLP adaptor and CSK interacting membrane protein (SCIMP), interacts with TLR4 via direct binding to its cytoplasmic TIR domain. SCIMP scaffolds a Src family kinase, Lyn, for TLR4 phosphorylation and activation. Consequently, SCIMP is able to direct selective production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12p40 downstream of TLR4 in macrophages. Here, we set out to investigate whether SCIMP also acts as an adaptor for other TLR family members. We report here that SCIMP is phosphorylated and activated in response to agonists of multiple TLRs, including TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9. SCIMP also interacts with TLRs that are known to signal from both the cell surface and endosomal compartments. In so doing, this transmembrane adaptor presents Lyn, along with other effectors such as Grb2, Csk, and SLP65, to multiple TLRs during cellular activation. CRISPR-mediated knockout or silencing of SCIMP in macrophages alters TLR signaling outputs and the production of IL-6 and IL-12p40 downstream of multiple TLRs, and upon challenge with live bacteria. Furthermore, the selectivity in cytokine responses is preserved downstream of TLR3, with inducible expression of Il-12p40 and IL-6, but not IFNβ, being SCIMP dependent. SCIMP is thus a universal TLR adaptor for scaffolding the Lyn tyrosine kinase and its effectors to enable responses against a wide range of danger signals.
The response of Prorocentrum sigmoides and its associated culturable bacteria to metals and organic pollutants
Authors: D'Costa Priya M. , Kunkolienkar Rukma S. S. , Naik Arti G. , Naik Ravidas K. , Roy Rajdeep 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, and tellurium) and organic pollutants (benzene, diesel, lindane, and xylene) on a dinoflagellate—Prorocentrum sigmoides Böhm—and its associated culturable bacteria. Two bacterial cultures (Bacillus subtilis strain PD005 and B. xiamensis strain PD006) were isolated from P. sigmoides and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, biochemical analyses, and growth curve studies. This study points to a mutualistic relationship between P. sigmoides and its associated Bacillus isolates. P. sigmoides enhanced the growth of its associated Bacillus spp., through the secretion of extracellular exudates. In return, both Bacillus isolates contributed to the resistance of P. sigmoides to metals and organic pollutants. P. sigmoides and both Bacillus isolates exhibited concentration‐dependent responses to metals and organic pollutants. An intriguing feature was the similar response of P. sigmoides and its associated Bacillus isolates to mercury and cadmium, indicating a co‐selection of mercury and cadmium resistance. This provides support to the “dinoflagellate host‐phycosphere bacteria” behaving as a single functional unit. However, the sensitivity profiles of P. sigmoides and its associated Bacillus isolates are different with respect to metals versus organic pollutants. These aspects need to be addressed in future studies to unravel the effect of metal and organic pollutants on dinoflagellates, an important component of the phytoplankton community, and to discern the influence of associated “phycosphere” bacteria on the response of dinoflagellates to pollutants.
The ecotoxicity and tribological properties of choline monocarboxylate ionic liquid lubricants
Authors: Fan Mingjin , Zhang Shuai , Ma Lin , Lu Yu , Ai Jia , Du Xin , Sun Wenjing , Yang Desuo , Zhou Feng , Liu Weiming 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this work, a series choline monocarboxylate ionic liquids ([Ch][MA] ILs) were synthesized. The physicochemical properties and lubricating efficiency of the ILs on copper and aluminum discs were systematically investigated. At the same time, their ecotoxicity was explored on aquatic organisms. In comparison with 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (L‐B104), which is a kind of traditional IL, [Ch][MA] ILs exhibited excellent lubricating properties and low toxicities, thus can be considered as environmentally friendly lubricants in tribology.
Detection of gaseous species during KCl‐induced high‐temperature corrosion by the means of CPFAAS and CI‐APi‐TOF
Authors: Lehmusto Juho , Olin Miska , Viljanen Jan , Kalliokoski Joni , Mylläri Fanni , Toivonen Juha , Dal Maso Miikka , Hupa Leena 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTwo different analytical approaches—collinear photofragmentation and atomic absorption spectroscopy (CPFAAS) and chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (CI‐APi‐TOF)—were applied to detect and identify the online gaseous KOH and HCl formed in the addressed high‐temperature reactions. Samples of pure KCl, KCl+Cr, KCl+Fe, and KCl+316 L were studied at 550°C under dry and humid conditions with varying oxygen concentrations. The goal was to shed more light on the gas‐phase chemistry during KCl‐induced corrosion under conditions relevant to biomass combustion. CI‐APi‐TOF proved to be a valuable tool for high‐temperature corrosion studies: HCl was identified to have formed during the reactions under humid conditions. On the contrary, despite the known sensitivity of CPFAAS, the formation of KOH could not be verified in any of the performed measurements.
Hydrogen evolution and corrosion behavior of zirconium tubing in sub‐ and supercritical water
Authors: Choudhry Kashif I. , Svishchev Igor M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHydrogen evolution is inevitable during the oxidation of zirconium in high‐temperature water. A fraction of this evolved hydrogen diffuses into the cladding material, and the remaining is carried away by the reactor coolant. In this study, hydrogen evolution and corrosion behavior of zirconium‐702 in high‐temperature water are investigated using a continuous tubular flow‐through reactor. The results show that at a constant pressure of 25 MPa, the evolution of hydrogen gas from an oxidized zirconium reactor surface is approximately 24 times larger at 500°C than at 350°C. At higher temperatures, the zirconium reactor tubing exposed to water shows ballooning, with bending before the rupture near the exit end of the reactor tube, where the concentration of evolved hydrogen is the highest.
Wire‐based sternal closure: MRI‐related heating at 1.5 T/64 MHz and 3 T/128 MHz based on simulation and experimental phantom study
Authors: Zheng Jianfeng , Xia Meiqi , Kainz Wolfgang , Chen Ji 
Published: August 2019

PurposeThe paper investigates factors that affect the RF‐induced heating for commonly used wire‐based sternal closure under 1.5 T and 3 T MRI systems and clarifies the heating mechanisms.MethodsNumerical simulations based on the finite‐difference time‐domain method and experimental measurements in ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) phantom were used in the study. Various configurations of the wire‐based sternal closure in the phantom were studied based on parameter sweeps to understand key factors related to the RF‐induced heating. In vivo simulations were further performed to explore the RF‐induced heating in computational human phantoms for clinically relevant scenarios.ResultsThe wire‐based sternal closure can lead to peak 1‐g averaged spatial absorption ratio of 106.3 W/kg and 75.2 W/kg in phantom and peak 1‐g averaged specific absorption rate of 32.1 W/kg and 62.1 W/kg in computational human models near the device at 1.5 T and 3 T, respectively. In phantom, the simulated maximum temperature rises for 15‐minute RF exposure are 9.4°C at 1.5 T and 5.8°C at 3 T. Generally, the RF‐induced heating will be higher when the electrical length of the device is close to the resonant length or when multiple components are spaced closely along the longitudinal direction.ConclusionThe RF‐induced heating related to wire‐based sternal closure can be significant due to the antenna effect and capacitive mutual coupling effect related to the specific geometries of devices.
Time versus Space: Choice of Effort Metric Can Avoid Bias in Boat Electrofishing Catch per Unit Effort
Authors: Marcy-Quay Benjamin , Jirka Kurt J. , Kraft Clifford E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While catch per unit effort (CPUE) is the most widely used metric for expressing and comparing boat electrofishing catch data, “effort” has been inconsistently defined. Boat electrofishing guidelines refer to both time- and distance-based metrics, with little consensus about the appropriateness of one over the other. Catch rate metrics that use time-based effort may potentially be biased by gear saturation due to handling time. We evaluated the potential for bias resulting from effort metric choice by comparing catch rates based on one temporal and two spatial effort metrics—time, shoreline length, and a GPS-based areal measurement—using 3 years of data from 288 sampling occasions when all three metrics were recorded simultaneously. We used pairwise comparisons to isolate the effect of effort metric choice and fit six candidate models to each potential pair of CPUE metrics: a simple linear model, four models with separate slopes for survey variables (lake, season, night or day, and habitat), and an asymptotic model. The best-fit model was asymptotic when the time-based CPUE metric was compared with both space-based metrics, and the linear model accounting for habitat was the best-fit model for the comparison between both spatial methods. These results indicate that using a time-based measure of effort resulted in hyperstable CPUE when fish densities were high due to gear saturation. By comparison, spatial measures of effort were robust to changes in fish density. Observed habitat-based variation in the relationship between the two spatial metrics suggests that a CPUE measurement based on shoreline distance is adequate for assessing trends in abundance within waters or areas with homogenous habitat but not locations with contrasting conditions. We recommend the use of an areal-based effort metric due to its robustness to gear saturation, comparability between waters, and potential for incorporating other variables that influence the performance of CPUE.
Construction of organizational identity claim and understanding in nonprofits: Evidence from Pakistan's voluntary organizations
Authors: Saqib Zunaira 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThere is a substantial research literature on nonprofits identity claim and identity understanding but much less on how these identities are constructed in the first place. This article explores how identity claim and identity understanding are constructed in the nonprofits and reasons for such constructions. Exploratory multiple case study analysis was conducted with two voluntary organizations. The results showed that three factors play a significant role in construction of identity claim; founders, funding, and power of stakeholders. The construction of identity understanding is influenced by the claim and is often in sync until the funding source changes leading to a dissimilar identity understanding. The members, however, showed reluctance to embrace the new identity due to the power of stakeholders and fear of mission drift. The unsynchronized claim and understanding caused confusions among the members as they juggled between adopting the new identity understanding and keeping a dissimilar claim. This confusion hinders the nonprofits growth and they struggle to answer what they want to be in future.
Identifying the training experiences and needs of bilingual school psychologists
Authors: Vega Desireé , Wolf Jaclyn N. , Barton Dylan O. , Stathatos Michele , Iurino Charlotte , Hammer Lily 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this pilot study was to better understand the training experiences of bilingual school psychologists (BSPs) and identify their training needs in the provision of psychological services to English language learner students. The secondary aims of the study were to determine how school psychology programs can better prepare BSPs and incorporate best practices in bilingual competencies into their training models. Six BSPs (Spanish/English‐speakers) participated in the study; findings revealed four themes related to their training experiences: (a) programmatic limitations, (b) assumption that language equals competence, (c) going beyond the classroom, and (d) experiential training. In addition, as a result of their training experiences, the BSPs provided training recommendations in two major areas: (a) trainers and (b) culturally relevant curriculum. Implications for school psychology trainers will be provided.
Modelling submerged fluvial substrates with structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry
Authors: Danhoff Brian M. , Huckins Casey J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNatural sediment regimes of fluvial systems are variable and important to the biological and physical structures of rivers, yet watershed degradation has led to increased fine sediments entering and aggrading in rivers. As a result, quantifying substrate composition is important for targeting and monitoring restoration. Conventional methods for assessing substrate composition (e.g., pebble counts) can be time‐consuming and biased. We examined the use of the photogrammetric technique, structure‐from‐motion (SfM), as an alternative method by measuring streambed roughness. We expanded its application to submerged substrates in an artificial streambed to assess if roughness could predict pebble count substrate size percentiles across a range of manipulated levels of fine sediment aggradation. We then assessed the use of SfM in a free‐flowing river streambed. Results from the artificial streambed with coarse substrates (≤31% added fine sediment) revealed that repeated SfM models of the same streambed had a high degree of similarity (mean difference = 1 mm) and a strong relationship between SfM‐derived roughness and pebble counts (r2 > .95). This relationship was weaker (r2 < .66) and violated regression variance assumptions when substrates had up to 47% (55.7 kg) fines added, possibly due to SfM characterizing details not captured by pebble counts. In the natural streambed, there was a strong relationship between percentiles from the SfM model roughness and pebble count diameter (r2 = .96). SfM appears to be an efficient and appropriate alternative to direct substrate measurements across a broad range of streambed substrate compositions and thus a useful tool to model streambed morphology.
Noncovalent Interactions in Complexes Involving the Cyclic C2H2X (X=O, S, Se) Molecules and the Lewis Acids YF (Y=F, Cl, Br, H)
Authors: McDowell Sean A. C. , Dong Wenbo , Wang Yanqing , Li Qingzhong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA computational study of the cyclic Lewis bases C2H2X (X=O, S, Se) interacting with the Lewis acids YF (Y=F, Cl, Br, H) in model C2H2X…YF dyads was undertaken. It was shown that the noncovalent X…Y interaction in these binary complexes increases with increasing YF dipole moment for the C2H2O complexes, but not for the C2H2S and C2H2Se complexes, where instead the X…Y interaction increases with increasing X/Y electronegativity difference. This suggests that electrostatic forces dominate the binding in the former, whereas polarization effects dominate in the latter complexes. These explanations were supported by natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms in molecules (AIM) analyses of the electron density, as well as interaction energy decomposition analyses. A subsequent study of the cooperative effect of an additional hydrogen bond in the model triads, FH…C2H2X…YF and C2H2X…YF…HF, found that the X…Y interaction in the dyads is weakened in the former and strengthened in the latter, with the trends identified in the dyads persisting in both triads.
A Bispyrazole Based Porous 2D Luminescent MOF for the Turn‐Off Detection of Pd(II) Ions
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Kaushal Jolly , Singh Siddhant , Sharma Vikas , Kumar Arun , Tomar Kapil 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA novel bispyrazole based porous MOF ({[Zn(MBPz)(Ene)0.5]⋅2DMF⋅2H2O}n (1)) with open alkene (‐HC=CH‐) and nitrogen sites has been synthesized, as an efficient fluorescent sensor for Pd(II) ions. The MOF exhibits 3D supramolecular structure with open channels having 27.2% porosity. The unsaturated ‐CH=CH‐ moieties are present along the walls of open channels which is favorable for interaction with guest moieties. The cation sensitivity of 1 was evaluated using a series of transition metal ions in DMF. The fluorescence quenching of 1 was demonstrated by an approximately 94% reduction in the emission intensity upon binding to Pd2+ ions. The emission intensity of 1 at 414 nm has shown a linear response to Pd(II) ion concentration with a detection limit of 4.7 x 10−7 M. The sensing property of 1 towards Pd(II) ions is attributed to the π electron donation from the alkene bonds present in the ligand (Ene).
A holistic understanding of the effect of stress on adolescent well‐being: A conditional process analysis
Authors: Branson Victoria , Palmer Edward , Dry Matthew J. , Turnbull Deborah 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough traditional assumptions tend to conceptualize stress as inherently dysfunctional, psychological theory suggests that it is not intrinsically maladaptive. Contemporary models emphasize that the stress response can be differentiated into both negative and positive aspects, known as distress and eustress. Research examining the differential effect of positive and negative stress on adolescent well‐being is limited and has been hindered by a lack of appropriate measurement tools. The aim of the present study was to utilize the recently developed Adolescent Distress‐Eustress Scale to provide a balanced understanding of the impact of stress on positive mental health, holistically considering the effect of both distress and eustress on adolescent well‐being. One thousand eighty‐one Australian adolescents (Mage= 15.14, 54.03% female) completed an online survey composed of the Adolescent Distress‐Eustress Scale alongside measures of well‐being, self‐efficacy, psychological ill‐being, physical activity, and daytime sleepiness. Conditional process analysis suggested that distress exerted no direct influence on well‐being, with the observed negative relationship fully mediated by psychological and behavioural variables. Contrastingly, eustress was both directly related to increased well‐being and exerted an indirect effect through relationships with mediating variables. These results demonstrate that stress can have profoundly positive consequences. Theoretical contributions, implications for practice, and perspectives for future research are discussed.
Early Days
Authors: Rowe Peter G. , Hee Limin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe story begins against the background of Temasek and pre-colonial occupation to the residue of British colonial development and the birth of the Republic of Singapore in 1965 as a fledgling island nation state in South-east Asia. With early colonial settlement dating from 1819 with the arrival of Stamford Raffles and the East India Company, the primeval forested and vegetated circumstances of Singapore were transformed substantially to make way for plantation and other forms of agricultural production. Well served by its location as a choke point between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, the colony thrived largely on entrepôt trade with the Malay hinterland through concentration of lightering, warehousing and convenient association of locals and foreigners, primarily around the Singapore River.
Nuclear War as a Global Catastrophic Risk
Authors: Scouras James 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNuclear war is clearly a global catastrophic risk, but it is not an existential risk as is sometimes carelessly claimed. Unfortunately, the consequence and likelihood components of the risk of nuclear war are both highly uncertain. In particular, for nuclear wars that include targeting of multiple cities, nuclear winter may result in more fatalities across the globe than the better-understood effects of blast, prompt radiation, and fallout. Electromagnetic pulse effects, which could range from minor electrical disturbances to the complete collapse of the electric grid, are similarly highly uncertain. Nuclear war likelihood assessments are largely based on intuition, and they span the spectrum from zero to certainty. Notwithstanding these profound uncertainties, we must manage the risk of nuclear war with the knowledge we have. Benefit-cost analysis and other structured analytic methods applied to evaluate risk mitigation measures must acknowledge that we often do not even know whether many proposed approaches (e.g., reducing nuclear arsenals) will have a net positive or negative effect. Multidisciplinary studies are needed to better understand the consequences and likelihood of nuclear war and the complex relationship between these two components of risk, and to predict both the direction and magnitude of risk mitigation approaches.