bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel shampoo reduces hair shedding by contracting the arrector pili muscle via the trace amine‐associated receptor
Authors: Kovacevic Maja , McCoy John , Goren Andy , Situm Mirna , Stanimirovic Andrija , Liu Wei , Tan Yimei , Vaño‐Galvan Sergio , Shapiro Jerry , Sinclair Rodney 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 40% of women experience excessive hair shedding when washing their hair. Previously, we have demonstrated that a topically applied α1 adrenergic receptor agonist can be used to contract the arrector pili muscle of the follicular unit (ie, produce “goose bumps”), increasing the force required to pluck hair by as much as 400%. Subsequently, we reported a topical cosmetic solution containing an α1 adrenergic receptor agonist that reduced hair shedding during brushing by a maximum of 77%.AimsIn this communication, we explore a novel mechanism to contract the arrector pili muscle. Trace amine‐associated receptors (TAAR) have been shown to regulate smooth muscle tone in blood vessels, but have not been reported to be present in the skin. Here, we report on the anti‐shedding efficacy of a shampoo containing a selective TAAR agonist, tyramine hydrochloride.MethodsA single‐blinded crossover study was designed to test the efficacy of the novel shampoo versus placebo in reducing hairs lost during brushing.ResultsIn this study, the novel TAAR shampoo reduced hair shedding during brushing by 31% in a cohort of 24 women with a maximum reduction of 77%.ConclusionsA shampoo formulated with a selective TAAR agonist was demonstrated to contract the arrector pili muscle and reduce hair shedding subsequent to washing.
Risk for Cesarean section in women of advanced maternal age under the changed reproductive policy in China: A cohort study in a tertiary hospital in southwestern China
Authors: Xie Min , Lao Terence T , Du Mingyu , Sun Qian , Qu Zaiqing , Ma Junnan , Song Xinyan , Wang Mingfang , Xu Dongqiong , Ma Runmei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimTo describe changed epidemiological features of advanced maternal age (AMA) and to examine the effect of AMA on the risk for Cesarean section (CS) in a Chinese pregnant population.MethodsThis retrospective single‐center cohort study investigated the changes of epidemiological features of AMA parturients with respect to the revised reproductive policy in China in 43 702 singleton deliveries with live birth at ≥28 weeks managed from January 2005 to December 2016. We also evaluated the pregnancy outcomes in different age groups and risk factors of CS with multivariate analysis.ResultsIn this 12‐year study period, the average maternal age increased from 28.5 to 30.2 years, and the proportion of AMA raised from 6.5% to 17.2%. AMA was significantly associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and after adjustment for confounding factors, AMA remained a significant independent risk factor for CS. Furthermore, the effect of AMA in nulliparous women on the risk of CS was more significant than in multiparous women, while the history of previous CS (adjusted odds ratio 39.85) and interdelivery interval ≥10 years (adjusted odds ratio 1.52) also increased the risk of CS in multiparous women.ConclusionAMA increased the risk of a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and was independently associated with increased risk for CS. The increasing number of AMA parturients with risk factors is likely to increase CS rate in China in the near future, thus it is imperative to reduce the rate of primary CS as a matter of policy.
What's Behind the “Nones‐sense”? Change Over Time in Factors Predicting Likelihood of Religious Nonaffiliation in the United States
Authors: Strawn Kelley D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe proportion of people in the United States who identify as unaffiliated with any religious tradition (Nones) has risen steadily since the 1990s. Empirical investigations have examined this phenomenon, and point to a range of sociodemographic and associational variables as significant predictors of religious nonaffiliation. To build on these, the research reported here uses nearly five decades of General Social Survey data and binary logistic regression to examine change over time in the direction and size of effect on the likelihood that various factors predict religious nonaffiliation. While some factors (like age and political orientation) behave as expected over time, other factors decrease in their effect on likelihood (e.g., residence in the Far West), lose effect on likelihood (e.g., being college‐educated), or never showed likelihood of effect in the first place (e.g., residence in New England).
Errando Discimus: Has Post‐Yugoslav Political and Social Science Neglected Religion?
Authors: Veković Marko , Đogatović Veljko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article explores the issue of neglecting religion in the post‐Yugoslav political and social science literature (1990–2018). Therefore, it offers a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the leading political and social science journals from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. The research question that this article will tackle is: Has post‐Yugoslav political and social science neglected religion? The hypothesis of this article is that, although there was an obvious need for in‐depth studies of the relationship between religion and politics in the post‐Yugoslav region, leading political and social science journals published from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina have neglected religion. In order to test our hypothesis, we employ content analysis by examining the archives of the leading journals published in the above stated states and basic statistics in order to highlight the percentage and extent of published articles dealing with religion compared to the total volume of articles published.
The Age Pay Gap and Labour Market Heterogeneity: A New Empirical Approach Using Data for Italy
Authors: Töpfer Marina 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUsing Italian microdata over the period 2005–2016, this paper studies the difference in pay between elderly (55–64) and adult (34–54) workers in Italy along the wage distribution. The estimation strategy consists in using a three‐way fixed effects wage model and adjusting the wage gap for (observed and unobserved) labour market heterogeneity. The estimation relies on OLS as well as on unconditional quantile regressions. The analysis beyond the mean shows substantial differences in the age pay gap along the wage distribution and finds particularly pronounced gaps at the top. The fixed effects of interest (individual, job, and industry) are estimated via a partitioned procedure. Adjusting the gap for labour market heterogeneity reduces the gap almost to zero. The results suggest that individual differences between the cohorts both observed and unobserved are the main driver of the gap.
Geography best explains global patterns of genetic diversity and postglacial co‐expansion in marine turtles
Authors: Reid Brendan N. , Naro‐Maciel Eugenia , Hahn Anelise Torres , FitzSimmons Nancy N. , Gehara Marcelo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFor many species, climate oscillations drove cycles of population contraction during cool glacial periods followed by expansion during interglacials. Some groups, however, show evidence of uniform and synchronous expansion, while others display differences in the timing and extent of demographic change. We compared demographic histories inferred from genetic data across marine turtle species to identify responses to postglacial warming shared across taxa and to examine drivers of past demographic change at the global scale. Using coalescent simulations and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), we estimated demographic parameters, including the likelihood of past population expansion, from a mitochondrial data set encompassing 23 previously identified lineages from all seven marine turtle species. For lineages with a high posterior probability of expansion, we conducted a hierarchical ABC analysis to estimate the proportion of lineages expanding synchronously and the timing of synchronous expansion. We used Bayesian model averaging to identify variables associated with expansion and genetic diversity. Approximately 60% of extant marine turtle lineages showed evidence of expansion, with the rest mainly exhibiting patterns of genetic diversity most consistent with population stability. For lineages showing expansion, there was a strong signal of synchronous expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum. Expansion and genetic diversity were best explained by ocean basin and the degree of endemism for a given lineage. Geographic differences in sensitivity to climate change have implications for prioritizing conservation actions in marine turtles as well as for identifying areas of past demographic stability and potential resilience to future climate change for broadly distributed taxa.
Exploring differences in individual and group judgements in standard setting
Authors: Yeates Peter , Cope Natalie , Luksaite Eva , Hassell Andrew , Dikomitis Lisa 
Published: July 2019

ContextStandard setting is critically important to assessment decisions in medical education. Recent research has demonstrated variations between medical schools in the standards set for shared items. Despite the centrality of judgement to criterion‐referenced standard setting methods, little is known about the individual or group processes that underpin them. This study aimed to explore the operation and interaction of these processes in order to illuminate potential sources of variability.MethodsUsing qualitative research, we purposively sampled across UK medical schools that set a low, medium or high standard on nationally shared items, collecting data by observation of graduation‐level standard‐setting meetings and semi‐structured interviews with standard‐setting judges. Data were analysed using thematic analysis based on the principles of grounded theory.ResultsStandard setting occurred through the complex interaction of institutional context, judges’ individual perspectives and group interactions. Schools’ procedures, panel members and atmosphere produced unique contexts. Individual judges formed varied understandings of the clinical and technical features of each question, relating these to their differing (sometimes contradictory) conceptions of minimally competent students, by balancing information and making suppositions. Conceptions of minimal competence variously comprised: limited attendance; limited knowledge; poor knowledge application; emotional responses to questions; ‘test‐savviness’, or a strategic focus on safety. Judges experienced tensions trying to situate these abstract conceptions in reality, revealing uncertainty.Groups constructively revised scores through debate, sharing information and often constructing detailed clinical representations of cases. Groups frequently displayed conformity, illustrating a belief that outlying judges were likely to be incorrect. Less frequently, judges resisted change, using emphatic language, bargaining or, rarely, ‘polarisation’ to influence colleagues.ConclusionsDespite careful conduct through well‐established procedures, standard setting is judgementally complex and involves uncertainty. Understanding whether or how these varied processes produce the previously observed variations in outcomes may offer routes to enhance equivalence of criterion‐referenced standards.
Socioeconomic status and dialysis quality of care
Authors: Krishnasamy Rathika , Jegatheesan Dev , Lawton Paul , Gray Nicholas A 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAimLower socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with increased dialysis mortality. This study aimed to determine if the quality of care (QOC) delivered to dialysis patients varied by SES.MethodsAll non‐Indigenous adults commencing haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) registered with the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry between 2002 and 2012 were included. Each patient's location at dialysis start was classified into SES quartiles of advantaged to disadvantaged. Guidelines were used to determine attainment of adequate QOC at 6–<18 months and 18–<30 months after dialysis start, using logistic regression models. QOC measures included pre‐dialysis phosphate, calcium, haemoglobin, transferrin saturation and ferritin. HD‐related parameters included single pool Kt/V and percentage with functioning arteriovenous fistula/graft. PD‐related parameters included weekly Kt/V and percentage transferring to HD.ResultsOf 19 486 commencing dialysis, the median age was 65 years (interquartile range 53–74), 62.2% were male and 85.1% were Caucasian. At 6–<18 months after dialysis start, there were no significant differences by SES in attainment of biochemical targets, PD or HD adequacy. The disadvantaged quartile was less likely to achieve haemoglobin targets (odds ratio 0.88, 0.80–0.96, P = 0.01) or have a functioning arteriovenous fistula or graft (odds ratio 0.79, 0.68–0.92, P = 0.003) compared with the most advantaged group. Vascular access differences persisted at 18–<30 months.ConclusionOther than vascular access, area‐level SES has minimal impact on QOC attainment among non‐Indigenous dialysis patients in Australia. Increased mortality in lower SES groups may be due to pre‐dialysis factors and other variables such as health‐related behaviours, lifestyle and literacy.
OsPEX5 regulates rice spikelet development through modulating jasmonic acid biosynthesis
Authors: You Xiaoman , Zhu Shanshan , Zhang Wenwei , Zhang Jie , Wang Chunming , Jing Ruonan , Chen Weiwei , Wu Hongming , Cai Yue , Feng Zhiming , Hu Jinlong , Yan Haigang , Kong Fei , Zhang Huan , Zheng Ming , Ren Yulong , Lin Qibing , Cheng Zhijun , Zhang Xin , Lei Cailin , Jiang Ling , Wang Haiyang , Wan Jianmin 
Published: July 2019

Summary

Spikelet is the primary reproductive structure and a critical determinant of grain yield in rice. The molecular mechanisms regulating rice spikelet development still remain largely unclear.

Here, we report that mutations in OsPEX5, which encodes a peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) receptor protein, cause abnormal spikelet morphology.

We show that OsPEX5 can physically interact with OsOPR7, an enzyme involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and is required for its import into peroxisome. Similar to Ospex5 mutant, the knockout mutant of OsOPR7 generated via CRISPR‐Cas9 technology has reduced levels of endogenous JA and also displays an abnormal spikelet phenotype. Application of exogenous JA can partially rescue the abnormal spikelet phenotype of Ospex5 and Osopr7. Furthermore, we show that OsMYC2 directly binds to the promoters of OsMADS1, OsMADS7 and OsMADS14 to activate their expression, and subsequently regulate spikelet development.

Our results suggest that OsPEX5 plays a critical role in regulating spikelet development through mediating peroxisomal import of OsOPR7, therefore providing new insights into regulation of JA biosynthesis in plants and expanding our understanding of the biological role of JA in regulating rice reproduction.
Isolation by phenology synergizes isolation by distance across a continuous landscape
Authors: Peters Madeline A. E. , Weis Arthur E. 
Published: July 2019

Summary

Pollen is generally dispersed over short distances, which promotes population genetic structure across continuous two‐dimensional space. Quantitative genetic variance in flowering time structures mating pools in the temporal dimension, at least with respect to the phenology loci. We asked if these two phenomena, isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by phenology (IBP), synergistically promote genetic structure.

We constructed an individual‐based model that tracked genotype frequencies at flowering time and neutral loci across a uniform landscape, over multiple generations, under four mating schemes: panmixia, IBD only, IBP only, and IBP × IBD.

IBD × IBP divided the population into spatial clusters of early‐, mid‐, and late‐flowering genotypes and strongly increased its quantitative genetic variance. Flowering time did not cluster under IBP, but its genetic variance increased moderately. IBD induced mild spatial structure in a nonassortative reference trait but did not change its variance. Importantly, the spatial correlation of genotypes at neutral loci was twice as strong under IBD × IBP compared with IBD alone. IBD × IBP also drew neutral loci into gametic disequilibrium with flowering time loci, structuring them temporally.

Temporal and spatial mating pool structure promotes local differentiation. This trend would facilitate adaptation on small spatial scales.
Beliefless Knowing
Authors: Silva Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOrthodox epistemology tells us that knowledge requires belief. While there has been resistance to orthodoxy on this point, the orthodox position has been ably defended and continues to be widely endorsed. In what follows, I aim to undermine the belief requirement on knowledge. I first show that awareness does not require belief. Next, I turn my attention to the relation between knowledge and awareness, showing that awareness entails knowledge in a certain range of cases and thus that the cases of awareness without belief that I discuss are also cases of knowledge without belief. Throughout I draw attention to the fact that these are not isolated cases and that beliefless knowledge is a rather common phenomenon. I conclude by arguing that beliefless knowledge is consistent with the idea that all knowledge is grounded in belief and the idea that knowledge is essentially a representational state.
Disaster preparation: Survey of patients with food allergies in Kobe, Japan
Authors: Hirase Satoshi , Okafuji Ikuo , Kasai Kazuko , Matsumoto Kazunori , Tanaka Yukiko , Tanaka Yuya , Tsuruta Satoru 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundSecuring food for patients with food allergies may be more difficult during disasters, but reports on the status of household allergen‐free food reserves in preparation for disasters are limited. This study investigated the household stock status of allergen‐free foods in preparation for disasters in Kobe City after the Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake.MethodsThe survey targets were 172 parents of patients with a food allergy who underwent in‐hospital oral food challenge test for allergies at four hospitals from October 2016 to March 2017. Of these, 158 patients with allergies to eggs, milk and wheat were included in the analysis. The first survey was performed to investigate patient characteristics and stockpiling status of allergen‐free foods in parallel with oral food challenge tests. The second survey was performed on the follow‐up visit to investigate any changes in behavior.ResultsMedian patient age was 3 years, with boys comprising 68.4% of the patients. Eggs were the most eliminated food, and the median number of foods avoided was 2. A total of 82.3% of parents had experienced disasters. The proportion of households that stockpiled allergy‐free meals was 42.4%, and the median amount was 3 days. The stockpiling situation did not differ according to the parents’ disaster experience. In the second survey, 45.3% had modified their stockpiling practice.ConclusionsEven in this area where the Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake occurred, household stockpiles of allergen‐free foods are inadequate; therefore, all medical staff should educate families about the necessity of stocking allergen‐free food for disasters.
Impairment in recognition of emotional facial expressions in Alzheimer's disease is represented by EEG theta and alpha responses
Authors: Güntekin Bahar , Hanoğlu Lütfü , Aktürk Tuba , Fide Ezgi , Emek‐Savaş Derya Durusu , Ruşen Ece , Yıldırım Ebru , Yener Görsev G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBehavioral studies have shown that the recognition of facial expressions may be impaired in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The identification and recognition of a facial expression might be represented by event‐related brain oscillations. The present study aims to analyze EEG event‐related oscillations and determine the electrophysiological indicators of impaired facial expression recognition in AD patients. EEGs of 30 healthy controls and 30 AD patients were recorded during their perception of three different facial expressions (angry, happy, neutral). Event‐related power spectrum and phase locking were analyzed in the theta (4‒7) and alpha (8‒13 Hz) frequency bands with the EEGLAB open toolbox. There was a significant facial Expression × Group interaction (p < 0.05) for the theta power spectrum; the healthy control group had higher theta power than the AD group during the perception of angry facial expressions (p < 0.05). There was a significant hemisphere difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). There was a right hemisphere alpha power dominance in healthy subjects. However, AD patients did not have this alpha power asymmetry. The present study, for the first time in the literature, presents the electrophysiological indicators of impaired recognition of facial expression in AD patients. The current study could be a basis for future studies that will analyze emotional processing in different kinds of dementia patients, and this study may have provided indicators of electrophysiological correlates of behavioral problems observed in clinical practice.
Myths and numbers on whistleblower rewards
Authors: Nyreröd Theo , Spagnolo Giancarlo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhistleblower rewards have been used extensively in the United States to limit procurement fraud and tax evasion, and since the financial crisis their use has been extended to fight financial fraud. There is currently debate over their introduction in Europe, but authorities there appear considerably less enthusiastic than their American counterparts. While it is important that these tools are scrutinized in a lively democratic debate, much has been written – even by important institutional players – that has no empirical backing or openly contrasts the available evidence from independent research. In this paper we review some of the most debated issues regarding the potential benefits and costs of financial incentives for whistleblowers, while trying to separate existing evidence from conjectures with no empirical support, and myths in contrast to available evidence.
Causal Inference with Multistate Models—Estimands and Estimators of the Population Attributable Fraction
Authors: von Cube Maja , Schumacher Martin , Wolkewitz Martin 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe population attributable fraction (PAF) is a popular epidemiological measure for the burden of a harmful exposure within a population. It is often interpreted causally as the proportion of preventable cases after an elimination of exposure. Originally, the PAF was defined for cohort studies of fixed length with a baseline exposure or cross-sectional studies. An extension of the definition to complex time-to-event data is not straightforward. We revise the proposed approaches in the literature and provide a clear concept of the PAF for these data situations. The conceptualization is achieved by a proper differentiation between estimands and estimators as well as causal effect measures and measures of association.