bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The age of mass migration in Latin America
Authors: Sánchez‐Alonso Blanca 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe experiences of Latin American countries are not fully incorporated into current debates concerning the age of mass migration, even though 13 million Europeans migrated to the region between 1870 and 1930. This survey draws together different aspects of the Latin America immigration experience. Its main objective is to rethink the role of European migration to the region, addressing several major questions in the economics of migration: whether immigrants were positively selected from their sending countries, how immigrants assimilated into the host economies, the role of immigration policies, and the long‐run effects of immigration. Immigrants came from the economically backward areas of southern and eastern Europe, yet their adjustment to the host labour markets in Latin America seems to have been successful. The possibility of rapid social upgrading made Latin America attractive for European immigrants. Migrants were positively selected from origin according to literacy. The most revealing aspect of new research is showing the positive long‐run effects that European immigrants had in Latin American countries. The political economy of immigration policies deserves new research, particularly for Brazil and Cuba. The case of Argentina shows a more complex scenario than the classic representation of landowners constantly supporting an open‐door policy.
Sensitivity of MG‐ADL for generalized weakness in myasthenia gravis
Authors: de Meel R. H. P. , Raadsheer W. F. , van Zwet E. W. , Verschuuren J. J. G. M. , Tannemaat M. R. 
Published: November 2018

Background and purposeMyasthenia gravis activities of daily living (MG‐ADL) is a commonly used questionnaire in MG trials. To investigate whether MG‐ADL is equally sensitive to oculobulbar and generalized weakness, its correlation with the oculobulbar and generalized domain of the quantitative myasthenia gravis (QMG) score was analyzed (QMGob and QMGgen, respectively). To test whether the sensitivity of MG‐ADL for generalized weakness could be improved, the additional value of ACTIVLIM on top of MG‐ADL in the prediction QMGgen in was investigated.MethodsMG‐ADL, QMG and ACTIVLIM, an ADL questionnaire focusing on generalized weakness, were analyzed in a prospective cohort of 112 MG patients. A generalized linear model was used to calculate the correlation of MG‐ADL with QMGob and QMGgen and to assess the additional value of ACTIVLIM on top of MG‐ADL for its correlation with QMGgen.ResultsMG‐ADL had a higher correlation with QMGob than with QMGgen (B = 0.68, P < 0.001, and B = 0.38, P < 0.001, respectively). A similar trend was found for changes in the scores (B = 0.68, P = 0.132, and B = 0.39, P = 0.492, respectively). ACTIVLIM had a significant additional value on top of MG‐ADL in the prediction of QMGgen, both cross‐sectionally (B = −0.61, P < 0.001) and for changes within individual patients (B = −0.93, P = 0.041).ConclusionMG‐ADL has a lower sensitivity for generalized weakness than for oculobulbar weakness. Adding questions on generalized weakness would improve the sensitivity of the MG‐ADL for generalized weakness.
Detailed insights into pan‐European population structure and inbreeding in wild and hatchery Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) revealed by genome‐wide SNP data
Authors: Vendrami David L. J. , Houston Ross D. , Gharbi Karim , Telesca Luca , Gutierrez Alejandro P. , Gurney‐Smith Helen , Hasegawa Natsuki , Boudry Pierre , Hoffman Joseph I. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCultivated bivalves are important not only because of their economic value, but also due to their impacts on natural ecosystems. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is the world's most heavily cultivated shellfish species and has been introduced to all continents except Antarctica for aquaculture. We therefore used a medium‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to investigate the genetic structure of this species in Europe, where it was introduced during the 1960s and has since become a prolific invader of coastal ecosystems across the continent. We analyzed 21,499 polymorphic SNPs in 232 individuals from 23 localities spanning a latitudinal cline from Portugal to Norway and including the source populations of Japan and Canada. We confirmed the results of previous studies by finding clear support for a southern and a northern group, with the former being indistinguishable from the source populations indicating the absence of a pronounced founder effect. We furthermore conducted a large‐scale comparison of oysters sampled from the wild and from hatcheries to reveal substantial genetic differences including significantly higher levels of inbreeding in some but not all of the sampled hatchery cohorts. These findings were confirmed by a smaller but representative SNP dataset generated using restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing. We therefore conclude that genomic approaches can generate increasingly detailed insights into the genetics of wild and hatchery produced Pacific oysters.
Depilatory chemical thioglycolate affects hair cuticle and cortex, degrades epidermal cornified envelopes and induces proliferation and differentiation responses in keratinocytes
Authors: Duit Rebecca , Hawkins Tim J. , Määttä Arto 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThioglycolate is a potent depilatory agent. In addition, it has been proposed to be useful as a penetration enhancer for transepidermal drug delivery. However, the effects on hair structure and stress responses it elicits in epidermal keratinocytes have not been fully characterised. We have used label‐free confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging supported by electron microscopy to demonstrate how thioglycolate damages hair cuticle cells by generating breakages along the endocuticle and leading to swelling of cortex cells. Maleimide staining of free SH‐groups and a decrease in the average fluorescence lifetime of endogenous fluorophores demonstrate a specific change in protein structure in both hair cuticle and cortex. We found that the thioglycolate damages cornified envelopes isolated from the stratum corneum of the epidermis. However, thioglycolate‐treated epidermal equivalent cultures recover within 48 hours, which highlights the reversibility of the damage. HaCaT keratinocytes respond to thioglycolate by increased proliferation, onset of differentiation and expression of the chaperone protein Hsp 70, but not Hsp 27. Up‐regulation of involucrin can be blocked by an application of c‐Jun N–terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, but the up‐regulation of Hsp 70 takes place regardless of the presence of the JNK inhibitor.
Structural integrity analysis of HDPE pipes for water supplying network
Authors: Bouaziz Mohamed Ali , Guidara Mohamed Amine , Schmitt Christian , Hadj‐Taïeb Ezzeddine , Azari Zitouni , Dmytrakh Ihor 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA problem of reliability of polymer pipes manufactured with the high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) for drinking water supply was considered. The safety of the pipelines network was analyzed with taking into account two main factors: arising of sudden overpressure (water hammer phenomenon) and presence of defects on pipe surface. Based on elastoplastic fracture mechanics and using of J‐integral approach, the numerical model of cracked pipe was developed and verified by direct experimental test. The formula for calculation of crack initiation pressure, which is the function of pipe size and size of external surface defect, was derived. The validity of this relation was proved for pipes of diameter 450 to 800 mm. It was also shown that the pressure peaks of the water hammer phenomenon are quickly damped because of the high deformability of the polyethylene pipes and the defect depth that is equivalent to 40% of pipe wall thickness can be considered as acceptable. The applicability of developed tools was demonstrated under analysis in the real state of South Tunisian water supply network.
The efficiency of sieve‐panels for bycatch separation in Nephrops trawls
Authors: Santos Juan , Herrmann Bent , Mieske Bernd , Krag Ludvig A. , Haase Stefanie , Stepputtis Daniel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study investigated the efficiency of a sieve‐panel concept, intended to separate bycatch species from Nephrops (Norway lobster) in a trawl gear via mechanical and behavioural means. Four different designs of varying panel mesh size or inclination were tested in experimental fishing. For each design, the length‐dependent sieving efficiency, defined as the fraction of Nephrops or fish passing through the panel to the lower codend, was estimated. The sieving efficiency for Nephrops increased from ~17% to ~71% as mesh size increased, and decreased with increasing carapace length, but did so less as panel inclination and mesh size increased. The sieving efficiency for roundfish was low, as intended, while the efficiency for flatfish decreased with fish size. Although results are promising, the sieving efficiency for the largest, most valuable Nephrops remained too low. Therefore, further improvements are necessary before the concept is acceptable to the commercial fishing fleet.
A small marine biosphere in the Proterozoic
Authors: Laakso Thomas A. , Schrag Daniel P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe riverine supply of the globally limiting nutrient, phosphorus, to the ocean accounts for only a few percent of nutrient supply to photosynthetic organisms in surface waters. Recycling of marine organic matter by heterotrophic organisms provides almost all of the phosphorus that drives net primary production in the modern ocean. In the low‐oxygen environments of the Proterozoic, the lack of free oxygen would have limited rates of oxic respiration, slowing the recycling of nutrients and thus limiting global rates of photosynthesis. A series of steady‐state mass balance calculations suggest that the rate of net primary production in the ocean was no more than 10% of its modern value during the Proterozoic eon, and possibly less than 1%. The supply of nutrients in such a world would be dominated by river input, rather than recycling within the water column, leading to a small marine biosphere found primarily within estuarine environments.
Testing multiple hypotheses for the high endemic plant diversity of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yu Haibin , Deane David C. , Sui Xinghua , Fang Suqin , Chu Chengjin , Liu Yu , He Fangliang 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimThe Tibetan Plateau harbours the highest alpine and endemic plant diversity in the world, attributed to rapid diversification during the plateau uplift and Quaternary climate fluctuations. However, there is little understanding of which hypotheses associated with these geological and climatic processes garner strong support as explanations for the observed diversity patterns. Here, we test support for hypotheses related to uplift and climate changes that could account for the high endemicity and phylogenetic diversity of the world’s highest plateau.LocationTibetan Plateau (TP).Time periodNeogene, Quaternary and current period.Major taxa studiedTibetan endemic seed plants.MethodsWe collated data on endemic seed‐plant distribution based on county‐level mapping from published monographs and online databases. We calculated species richness (SR) and phylogenetic diversity for endemic herbs, shrubs, trees, and all plants for 0.5‐degree × 0.5‐degree grid cells covering the TP. We derived environmental and evolutionary predictors to evaluate eight biogeographical hypotheses associated with plateau uplift and climate fluctuations, and used partial regression analysis and mixed conditional autoregressive (CAR) models to assess the relative contribution of each predictor to the extant diversity of the TP.ResultsWe found plateau uplift independently explained more variance in diversity than climate fluctuations, but there were also strong interaction effects. The full CAR models including all predictors explained 37%–75% of the total variation across diversity measures and life forms. The predictor representing the montane museum hypothesis explained the most variation (c. 25%), but each predictor explained at least 6%.Main conclusionsThese results demonstrate that both the plateau uplift and Quaternary climate fluctuations had large impacts on current patterns of species diversity, but the influence of plateau uplift was more pronounced than that of climate changes. Our study suggests that plateau uplift and climate changes are the original drivers of complex biogeographical processes accounting for the biodiversity of the TP.
Isolation and characterization of 18 microsatellites for the invasive native Pedicularis kansuensis (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Li Wenjun , Su Zhihao , Li Airong , Guan Kaiyun , Feng Ying 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo quantify the population‐level genetic characteristics of Pedicularis kansuensis, polymorphic microsatellite loci (simple sequence repeats) were identified and characterized. Methods and Results: Using Illumina HiSeq paired‐end reads from genomic DNA, searches for repeat motifs identified 1594 sequences by four softwares simultaneously. We developed and characterized 18 polymorphic microsatellite primers for P. kansuensis using 45 individuals that were collected from three P. kansuensis populations. The number of alleles varied from two to 12. The observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.182 to 0.933 and 0.227 to 0.904 in the pooled population, respectively. All of the primers that were developed were also successfully applied in Pedicularis cheilanthifolia and Pedicularis violascens. These markers should be useful in probing the genetic diversity, genetic structure of P. kansuensis, which could provide information about assessment and prediction of potential risks of this species in its distribution areas.
Meiosis‐specific cohesin component, Rec8, promotes the localization of Mps3 SUN domain protein on the nuclear envelope
Authors: Bommi Jagadeeswara Rao , Rao Hanumanthu Bala Durga Prasada , Challa Kiran , Higashide Mika , Shinmyozu Kaori , Nakayama Jun‐ichi , Shinohara Miki , Shinohara Akira 
Published: November 2018

AbstractProteins in the nuclear envelope (NE) play a role in the dynamics and functions of the nucleus and of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Mps3, a yeast NE protein with a conserved SUN domain, predominantly localizes on a yeast centrosome equivalent, spindle pole body (SPB), in mitotic cells. During meiosis, Mps3, together with SPB, forms a distinct multiple ensemble on NE. How meiosis‐specific NE localization of Mps3 is regulated remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that a meiosis‐specific component of the protein complex essential for sister chromatid cohesion, Rec8, binds to Mps3 during meiosis and controls Mps3 localization and proper dynamics on NE. Ectopic expression of Rec8 in mitotic yeast cells induced the formation of Mps3 patches/foci on NE. This required the cohesin regulator, WAPL ortholog, Rad61/Wpl1, suggesting that a meiosis‐specific cohesin complex with Rec8 controls NE localization of Mps3. We also observed that two domains of the nucleoplasmic region of Mps3 are essential for NE localization of Mps3 in mitotic as well as meiotic cells. We speculate that the interaction of Mps3 with the meiosis‐specific cohesin in the nucleoplasm is a key determinant for NE localization/function of Mps3.
Recent trends in Middle East economic history: Cultural factors and structural change in the medieval period 650–1500 (Part one)
Authors: Shatzmiller Maya 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEconomic historians have returned in recent years to blaming the prolonged economic decline of the Middle East on cultural factors. At the root of the problem, as they see it, were economic institutions rendered inefficient by the religion of Islam and Islamic law, and they have used evidence from the Islamic medieval Middle East as support. This paper reviews the various strands of the argument and critically assesses its use of historical evidence. It concludes that the evidence does not support the postulate that cultural factors generated a dysfunctional Middle Eastern economic system and offers an alternative analysis. It shows that empirical evidence ignored by the cultural factors argument points to growth promoting structural change and corresponds to what we would expect based on economic theory.
Waste waters from the leachate of mushroom as vine foliar treatments: influence on grape volatile composition over two consecutive seasons
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Gamboa Gastón , Pérez‐Álvarez Eva P. , Rubio‐Bretón Pilar , Garde‐Cerdán Teresa 
Published: November 2018

SummaryEdible mushrooms production presents a potential problem for the environment, due to the large amount of waste generated. These wastes contain nitrogenous matter, which could be used as biostimulant in plants. The aim of this work was to study the effect of waste waters, from the mushroom production process, applied at veraison and 1 week later to grapevine leaves, on grape volatile compounds over two vintages. The results evidenced that mushroom water treatment decreased the grape content of certain terpenoids, C13 norisoprenoids, benzenoid compounds and esters, increasing C6 compounds content during the first season. Treated mushroom water application slightly affected grape volatile composition. This was the treatment that least affected the content of grape volatile composition. Few differences were found after the biostimulation during the second vintage. The season was the dominant factor of grape volatile content variation compared to the treatment and their interaction.
Effects of heating method and temperature in combination with hypoxic treatment on γ‐aminobutyric acid, phenolics content and antioxidant activity of germinated rice
Authors: Techo Jakkrawut , Soponronnarit Somchart , Devahastin Sakamon , Wattanasiritham Ladda S. , Thuwapanichayanan Ratiya , Prachayawarakorn Somkiat 
Published: November 2018

SummaryHeat and hypoxic treatments were combined with soaking to enhance γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in germinated paddy (GP). Effects of heating temperature, heating techniques, that is, impinging stream drying (ISD) and tray drying (TD), and germination time on the GABA content, phenolics content and antioxidant activity were also investigated. Heating temperature had a significant effect on the GABA content; both ISD and TD helped increase the GABA content when the post‐treatment grain temperature was 38–40.5 °C. Within this grain temperature range, soaking in combination with heat and hypoxic treatments (S‐ISD‐H and S‐TD‐H) yielded GP with higher GABA content than soaking (S) and soaking in combination with hypoxic treatment (S‐H). However, ISD was noted to be more suitable than TD. Phenolics content and antioxidant activity of GP prepared by S‐ISD‐H at different heating temperatures and S‐H were not significantly different but were higher than those of the GP prepared by S.
Jagged1‐expressing adenovirus‐infected dendritic cells induce expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and alleviate T helper type 2‐mediated allergic asthma in mice
Authors: Lin Chu‐Lun , Huang Huei‐Mei , Hsieh Chia‐Ling , Fan Chia‐Kwung , Lee Yueh‐Lun 
Published: November 2018

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen‐presenting cells that play a key role in directing T‐cell responses. Regulatory T (Treg) cells possess an immunosuppressive ability to inhibit effector T‐cell responses, and Notch ligand Jagged1 (Jag1) is implicated in Treg cell differentiation. In this study, we evaluated whether bone marrow‐derived DCs genetically engineered to express Jag1 (Jag1‐DCs) would affect the maturation and function of DCs in vitro and further investigated the immunoregulatory ability of Jag1‐DCs to manipulate T helper type 2 (Th2) ‐mediated allergic asthma in mice. We produced Jag1‐DCs by adenoviral transduction. Overexpression of Jag1 by ovalbumin (OVA) ‐stimulated Jag1‐DCs exhibited increased expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and OX40L molecules. Subsequently, co‐culture of these OVA‐pulsed Jag1‐DCs with allogeneic or syngeneic CD4+ T cells promoted the generation of Foxp3+ Treg cells, and blocking PD‐L1 using specific antibodies partially reduced Treg cell expansion. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of OVA‐pulsed Jag1‐DCs to mice with OVA‐induced asthma reduced allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E production, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and secretion of Th2‐type cytokines (interleukin‐4, interleukin‐5, and interleukin‐13). Notably, an increased number of Foxp3+ Treg cells associated with enhanced levels of transforming growth factor‐β production was observed in Jag1‐DC‐treated mice. These data indicate that transgenic expression of Jag1 by DCs promotes induction of Foxp3+ Treg cells, which ameliorated Th2‐mediated allergic asthma in mice. Our study supports an attractive strategy to artificially generate immunoregulatory DCs and provides a novel approach for manipulating Th2 cell‐driven deleterious immune diseases.
Robust Hierarchical Bayes Small Area Estimation for the Nested Error Linear Regression Model
Authors: Chakraborty Adrijo , Datta Gauri Sankar , Mandal Abhyuday 
Published: November 2018

SummaryStandard model‐based small area estimates perform poorly in presence of outliers. Sinha & Rao () developed robust frequentist predictors of small area means. In this article, we present a robust Bayesian method to handle outliers in unit‐level data by extending the nested error regression model. We consider a finite mixture of normal distributions for the unit‐level error to model outliers and produce noninformative Bayes predictors of small area means. Our modelling approach generalises that of Datta & Ghosh () under the normality assumption. Application of our method to a data set which is suspected to contain an outlier confirms this suspicion, correctly identifies the suspected outlier and produces robust predictors and posterior standard deviations of the small area means. Evaluation of several procedures including the M‐quantile method of Chambers & Tzavidis () via simulations shows that our proposed method is as good as other procedures in terms of bias, variability and coverage probability of confidence and credible intervals when there are no outliers. In the presence of outliers, while our method and Sinha–Rao method perform similarly, they improve over the other methods. This superior performance of our procedure shows its dual (Bayes and frequentist) dominance, which should make it attractive to all practitioners, Bayesians and frequentists, of small area estimation.