Patient Characteristics, Treatment, and Presenting PROMIS Scores Associated with Number of Office Visits for Traumatic Hand and Wrist Conditions
Authors: Bernstein David N. , Crijns Tom J. , Mahmood Bilal , Ring David , Hammert Warren C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Overuse of healthcare resources is burdensome on society. Prior research has demonstrated that many patients with traumatic musculoskeletal injuries continue to seek care long after appropriate healing is well established, suggesting an overuse of services. However, few studies have examined the factors—including patient-reported outcomes—associated with an increased number of clinic visits for traumatic hand and wrist conditions.

Questions/purposes
(1) After accounting for surgical treatment, surgeon, and demographic factors, is a patient’s PROMIS Pain Interference score associated with the total number of office visits? (2) Is PROMIS Depression, combination of PROMIS Depression and Pain Interference, or Physical Function scores associated with the number of office visits?

Methods
Between June 2015 and May 2018, 1098 patients presenting for a new patient visit at a single, urban academic medical center for distal radius fracture, wrist or hand sprain, tendon rupture, traumatic finger amputation, or scaphoid fracture were identified. Of those, 823 (75%) patients completed all PROMIS domains and presented before the trailing period and thus were included in this retrospective study. We recorded a number of variables including: Total number of office visits, age, sex, race, marital status, diagnosis, provider, and operative or nonoperative treatment. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was conducted to determine whether Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference (PROMIS PI), Physical Function (PROMIS PF), and Depression scores measured at the first visit were associated with the total number of office visits, after accounting for the other factors we measured.

Results
Higher PROMIS PI scores were associated with greater number of clinic visits (0.0077; 95% CI, 0.0018–0.014; p = 0.010). Although PROMIS Depression scores were not associated with the number of office visits (0.0042; 95% CI, -0.0099 to 0.0094; p = 0.112), higher PROMIS PF scores were associated with fewer office visits when accounting for confounding variables (-0.0077; 95% CI, -0.0012 to -0.0029; p = 0.001). Additionally, across all individual PROMIS models, there was an association between the variables “operative treatment” (PI: 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72–0.98; p < 0.001; Depression: 0.87; 95% CI, 0.74–1.0; p < 0.001; PF: 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72–0.99; p < 0.001) and “traumatic finger amputation” (PI: 0.22; 95% CI, 0.016–0.42; p = 0.034; Depression: 0.2; 95% CI, 0.086–0.47; p = 0.005; PF: 0.21; 95% CI, 0.014–0.41; p = 0.036) with an increased total number of office visits. Provider team 5 (PI: -0.62; 95% CI, -0.98 to -0.27; p = 0.001; Depression: -0.61; 95% CI, -0.96 to -0.26; p = 0.001; PF: -0.60; 95% CI, -0.96 to -0.25; p = 0.001) was associated with fewer office visits. In both the PROMIS Depression and PROMIS PF regression models, increasing age (Depression: -0.0048; 95% CI, -0.0088 to -0.00081; p = 0.018; PF: -0.0045; 95% CI, -0.0085 to -0.0006; p = 0.024) was also associated with fewer total number of office visits.

Conclusions
This study helps surgeons understand that patients who present at their initial office visit for traumatic hand and wrist conditions displaying worse pain coping strategies and decreased physical function will have more office visits. We recommend that surgeons engage in a comprehensive care approach that is empathetic, fosters effective pain coping strategies (and so might decrease PROMIS PI scores), and educates patients about expectations by providing educational materials and/or including other health professionals (such as, social work, physical therapy, mental health professional) as needed. This may decrease healthcare use in patients with traumatic hand and wrist conditions.

Level of Evidence
Level IV, prognostic study.