bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The VWFA Is the Home of Orthographic Learning When Houses Are Used as Letters
Authors: Martin Lea , Durisko Corrine , Moore Michelle W. , Coutanche Marc N. , Chen Deborah , Fiez Julie A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLearning to read specializes a portion of the left mid-fusiform cortex for printed word recognition, the putative visual word form area (VWFA). This study examined whether a VWFA specialized for English is sufficiently malleable to support learning a perceptually atypical second writing system. The study utilized an artificial orthography, HouseFont, in which house images represent English phonemes. House images elicit category-biased activation in a spatially distinct brain region, the so-called parahippocampal place area (PPA). Using house images as letters made it possible to test whether the capacity for learning a second writing system involves neural territory that supports reading in the first writing system, or neural territory tuned for the visual features of the new orthography. Twelve human adults completed two weeks of training to establish basic HouseFont reading proficiency and underwent functional neuroimaging pre and post-training. Analysis of three functionally defined regions of interest (ROIs), the VWFA, and left and right PPA, found significant pre-training versus post-training increases in response to HouseFont words only in the VWFA. Analysis of the relationship between the behavioral and neural data found that activation changes from pre-training to post-training within the VWFA predicted HouseFont reading speed. These results demonstrate that learning a new orthography utilizes neural territory previously specialized by the acquisition of a native writing system. Further, they suggest VWFA engagement is driven by orthographic functionality and not the visual characteristics of graphemes, which informs the broader debate about the nature of category-specialized areas in visual association cortex.
A Poly-Glutamine Region in theDrosophilaVAChT Dictates Fill-Level of Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles
Authors: Vernon Samuel W. , Goodchild Jim , Baines Richard A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhile the primary role of vesicular transporters is to load neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles (SVs), accumulating evidence suggests that these proteins also contribute to additional aspects of synaptic function, including vesicle release. In this study, we extend the role of the VAChT to include regulating the transmitter content of SVs. We report that manipulation of a C-terminal poly-glutamine (polyQ) region in theDrosophilaVAChT is sufficient to influence transmitter content, and release frequency, of cholinergic vesicles from the terminals of premotor interneurons. Specifically, we find that reduction of the polyQ region, by one glutamine residue (13Qto12Q), results in a significant increase in both amplitude and frequency of spontaneous cholinergic miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) recorded in the aCC and RP2 motoneurons. Moreover, this truncation also results in evoked synaptic currents that show increased duration: consistent with increased ACh release. By contrast, extension of the polyQ region by one glutamine (13Qto14Q) is sufficient to reduce mEPSC amplitude and frequency and, moreover, prevents evoked SV release. Finally, a complete deletion of the polyQ region (13Q to 0Q) has no obvious effects to mEPSCs, but again evoked synaptic currents show increased duration. The mechanisms that ensure SVs are filled to physiologically-appropriate levels remain unknown. Our study identifies the polyQ region of the insect VAChT to be required for correct vesicle transmitter loading and, thus, provides opportunity to increase understanding of this critical aspect of neurotransmission.
Perturbation of Macaque Supplementary Motor Area Produces Context-Independent Changes in the Probability of Movement Initiation
Authors: Zimnik Andrew J. , Lara Antonio H. , Churchland Mark M. 
Published: February 2019

The contribution of the supplementary motor area (SMA) to movement initiation remains unclear. SMA exhibits premovement activity across a variety of contexts, including externally cued and self-initiated movements. Yet SMA lesions impair initiation primarily for self-initiated movements. Does SMA influence initiation across contexts or does it play a more specialized role, perhaps contributing only when initiation is less dependent on external cues? To address this question, we perturbed SMA activity via microstimulation at variable times before movement onset. Experiments used two adult male rhesus monkeys trained on a reaching task. We used three contexts that differed regarding how tightly movement initiation was linked to external cues. Movement kinematics were not altered by microstimulation. Instead, microstimulation induced a variety of changes in the timing of movement initiation, with different effects dominating for different contexts. Despite their diversity, these changes could be explained by a simple model where microstimulation has a stereotyped impact on the probability of initiation. Surprisingly, a unified model accounted for effects across all three contexts, regardless of whether initiation was determined more by external cues versus internal considerations. All effects were present for stimulation both contralateral and ipsilateral to the moving arm. Thus, the probability of initiating a pending movement is altered by perturbation of SMA activity. However, changes in initiation probability are independent of the balance of internal and external factors that establish the baseline initiation probability.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in initiating movement remains unclear. Lesion experiments suggest that SMA makes a critical contribution only for self-initiated movements. Yet SMA is active before movements made under a range of contexts, suggesting a less-specialized role in movement initiation. Here, we use microstimulation to probe the role of SMA across a range of behavioral contexts that vary in the degree to which movement onset is influenced by external cues. We demonstrate that microstimulation produces a temporally stereotyped change in the probability of initiation that is independent of context. These results argue that SMA participates in the computations that lead to movement initiation and does so across a variety of contexts.
A Parenting and Life Skills Intervention for Teen Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Cox Joanne E. , Harris Sion Kim , Conroy Kathleen , Engelhart Talia , Vyavaharkar Anuradha , Federico Amy , Woods Elizabeth R. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND:
Teen mothers often present with depression, social complexity, and inadequate parenting skills. Many have rapid repeat pregnancy, which increases risk for poor outcomes. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a parenting and life skills intervention for teen mothers aimed at impacting parenting and reproductive outcomes.

METHODS:
Teen mothers were recruited from a teen-tot clinic with integrated medical care and social services. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive (1) teen-tot services plus 5 interactive parenting and life skills modules adapted from the Nurturing and Ansell-Casey Life Skills curricula, delivered by a nurse and social worker over the infant’s first 15 months or (2) teen-tot services alone. A computerized questionnaire was self-administered at intake, 12, 24, and 36 months. Outcomes included maternal self-esteem, parenting attitudes associated with child maltreatment risk, maternal depression, life skills, and repeat pregnancy over a 36-month follow-up. We used generalized linear mixed modeling and logistic regression to examine intervention effects.

RESULTS:
Of 152 invited, 140 (92%) participated (intervention = 72; control = 68). At 36 months, maternal self-esteem was higher in the intervention group compared with controls (P = .011), with higher scores on preparedness for mothering role (P = .011), acceptance of infant (P = .008), and expected relationship with infant (P = .029). Repeat pregnancy by 36 months was significantly lower for intervention versus control participants.

CONCLUSIONS:
A brief parenting and/or life skills intervention paired with medical care for teens and their children has positive effects on maternal self-esteem and repeat pregnancy over 36 months.
STRATEGI PENGURANGAN BIAYA LOGISTIK PERIKANAN LELE (Clarias sp.)
Authors: Sylvia Teny , Widodo Kuncoro Harto , Ismoyowati Dyah 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRAK Ikan lele merupakan high perishable product yang membutuhkan penanganan khusus sehingga menimbulkan biaya logistik kepada konsumen. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis biaya logistik di sepanjang rantai pasok perikanan lele dan menyusun strategi untuk pengurangan biaya logistik tersebut. Penelitian ini berlokasi di Kabupaten Sleman, Kulon Progo, dan Bantul D.I. Yogyakarta pada bulan Januari hingga Maret 2018. Data diperoleh dengan melakukan in-depth interview kepada 30 responden yang ditentukan dengan purposive sampling dan snowball sampling. Adapun metode untuk perhitungan dan analisis biaya logistik adalah activity-based costing (ABC) sedangkan metode untuk penyusunan strategi adalah activity-based management (ABM). Hasil perhitungan biaya logistik menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas procurement memiliki beban biaya tertinggi yaitu sebesar 90,012% dari total biaya keseluruhan. Adapun rekomendasi strategi yang dapat dilakukan untuk pengurangan biaya logistik adalah menggunakan pakan tambahan untuk tier petani ikan, menerapkan pull stretegy untuk tier pengepul, dan menerapkan few supplier yang bersikap responsif dan fleksibel untuk tier pengecer. Title: Strategies To Reducing Logistics Cost Of Catfish (Clarias sp.)ABSTRACT Catfish is a high perishable product that requires special handling so certainly lead to logistics costs to consumers. This study was conducted to analyze the logistics costs along catfish supply chain and develop strategies for reducing logistics costs. This research was located in Sleman, Kulon Progo, and Bantul Regency of D.I. Yogyakarta and conducted in January to March 2018. Data were obtained by in-depth interview to 30 respondents determined by purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The method for calculating and analyzing logistics costs is activity-based costing (ABC) while the method for strategy development is activity-based management (ABM). Results of logistics calculation costs indicate that procurement activities have the highest cost, which is equal to 90.012% of total cost. The recommended strategies for reducing logistics costs are using additional feed for fish farmers, implementing pull strategy for collectors, and applying a few suppliers that are responsive and flexible for retailers.
A Construção Mediática da Corrupção Política. Opinião e Informação sobre os casos BPN, Freeport e Face Oculta nos noticiários televisivos portugueses
Authors: Figueiras Rita 
Published: February 2019

Este artigo pretende contribuir para um melhor conhecimento acerca do modo como os comentadores abordaram nos noticiários televisivos do prime-time dos canais generalistas portugueses três dos casos de corrupção mais mediatizados nos últimos anos em Portugal: os casos BPN, Freeport e Face Oculta. Analisamos os temas, atores, tom e estilo dos comentários sobre os casos de corrupção e aferimos a conexão entre a narrativa do comentário e a da cobertura jornalística sobre os mesmos casos.
O estudo permitiu concluir que a cobertura noticiosa foi o expectável ponto de partida dos comentários, mas em sede da opinião identificámos a produção de uma narrativa muito diferente da noticiosa. Os comentadores ordenaram e relevaram os factos de modo distinto e construíram uma narrativa conflitual, consubstanciada em tons negativos sobre o que entenderam ser o comportamento desadequado dos atores envolvidos. Propuseram uma versão dos acontecimentos em cuja narração encontramos histórias personificadas sobre a luta de poder nas e entre as mais altas instâncias das esferas política, judicial e de regulação portuguesas.
Viewpoint: Human-in-the-loop Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Zanzotto Fabio Massimo 
Published: February 2019

Little by little, newspapers are revealing the bright future that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is building. Intelligent machines will help everywhere. However, this bright future may have a possible dark side: a dramatic job market contraction before its unpredictable transformation. Hence, in a near future, large numbers of job seekers may need financial support while catching up with these novel unpredictable jobs. This possible job market crisis has an antidote inside. In fact, the rise of AI is sustained by the biggest knowledge theft of the recent years. Many learning AI machines are extracting knowledge from unaware skilled or unskilled workers by analyzing their interactions. By passionately doing their jobs, many of these workers are shooting themselves in the feet.
In this paper, we propose Human-in-the-loop Artificial Intelligence (HitAI) as a fairer paradigm for AI systems. Recognizing that any AI system has humans in the loop, HitAI will reward these aware and unaware knowledge producers with a different scheme: decisions of AI systems generating revenues will repay the legitimate owners of the knowledge used for taking those decisions. As modern Merry Men, HitAI researchers should fight for a fairer Robin Hood Artificial Intelligence that gives back what it steals.

This article is part of the special track on AI and Society.
High IDO1 Expression Is Associated with Poor Outcome in Patients with Anal Cancer Treated with Definitive Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Mitra Devarati , Horick Nora K. , Brackett Diane G. , Mouw Kent W. , Hornick Jason L. , Ferrone Soldano , Hong Theodore S. , Mamon Harvey , Clark Jeffrey W. , Parikh Aparna R. , Allen Jill N. , Ryan David P. , Ting David T. , Deshpande Vikram , Wo Jennifer Y. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
This study characterizes the tumor-immune microenvironment in pretreatment, localized anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC), including two markers that have not previously been studied in ASCC: indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I.

Materials and Methods
Retrospective review identified 63 patients with ASCC receiving definitive chemoradiation between 2005 and 2016 with pretreatment tissue available. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-ligand 1, HLA class I, and IDO1. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations between outcomes and immune markers, controlling for clinical characteristics.

Results
With a median follow-up of 35 months, 3-year overall survival was 78%. The only marker found to have a robust association with outcome was tumor IDO1. In general, the percentage of tumor cells expressing IDO1 was low (median 1%, interquartile range 0%–20%); however, patients with &gt;50% of tumor cells expressing IDO1 had significantly worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 4.7, p = .007) as well as higher local recurrence (HR 8.6, p = .0005) and distant metastasis (HR 12.7, p = .0002). Tumors with &gt;50% IDO1 were also more likely to have the lowest quartile of CD8 infiltrate (&lt;40 per high-power field, p = .024).

Conclusion
ASCC has a diverse immune milieu. Although patients generally do well with standard therapy, IDO1 may serve as a prognostic indicator of poor outcome and could help identify a patient population that might benefit from IDO-targeted therapies.
DOES SHILAJIT HAVE AN EFFECT ON NEW BONE REMODELLING IN THE RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION TREATMENT? A BIOCHEMICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: GEÇGELEN CESUR Mine , OGRENİM Gozde , GULLE Kanat , SİRİN Fevziye Burcu , AKPOLAT Meryem , CESUR Gokhan 
Published: February 2019

Aim: The
aim of this study was to investigate the effects of shilajit on new bone
formation following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in a rat study model using biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical techniques.Material and Method: The
rats (12-week-old, 24
male Wistar albino) were randomly divided into the following 3 groups
(n=8 each): no expansion (NE), only expansion (OE), expansion plus shilajit (Shilajit). Shilajit was
given to the rats during the 5 day expansion and 12 day
retention period. After sacrificing the animals, biochemical, histological,
and immunohistochemical examinations were
performed.Results: Superoxide
dismutase, catalase,
and glutathione peroxidase levels
in the shilajit group were statistically higher than the OE group (p&lt;0.05). Bone
alkaline phosphatase and C-telopeptide of type I collagen levels demonstrated statistically significant differences
between the groups (p&lt;0.001). The
immunohistochemical findings revealed that OE group had significantly more IL-1 and
TNF-α H scores than the shilajit group (p&lt;0.05). When
the groups were compared for inflammatory
cell infiltration, new bone formation, and capillary
intensity, considerable differences were found between the groups (p&lt;0.05).

Conclusion: Systemic
use of shilajit may hasten new bone
formation in the midpalatal suture, which may be useful to prevent of relapse and shorten the
retention period after the RME treatment.
Reflexões científicas no contexto da equoterapia: uma análise em pesquisas realizadas de 2006 a 2016
Authors: Oliveira Marcos Antonio , Sanfelice Gustavo Roese 
Published: February 2019

O artigo objetivou analisar as pesquisas em equoterapia na modalidade de stricto sensu disponíveis no banco de dados da CAPES, no período de 2006 a 2016. Buscou-se identificar as principais constatações atribuídas aos estudos. Optou-se pela pesquisa bibliográfica e bibliométrica. Foram analisados 40 estudos distribuídos em 29 Programas de Pós-graduação ofertados em 22 universidades brasileiras. As principais constatações evidenciam ganhos biológicos, psicológicos, cognitivos e sociais. Entretanto, verificou-se a carência no esclarecimento dos procedimentos metodológicos na maioria dos estudos identificados. A análise sinaliza um campo científico ainda pouco explorado e a necessidade de aprofundamento científico para avançar no desenvolvimento do conhecimento acerca da equoterapia.
Posibilidades de manejo conjunto de la reserva de biósfera Seaflower en la frontera marítima colombo-nicaragüense
Authors: Chacón Herrera Christian , Mantilla Valbuena Silvia Cristina , Román Romero Raúl 
Published: February 2019

El artículo explora las posibilidades de una integración transfronteriza en el espacio marítimo limítrofe entre Colombia y Nicaragua, a partir del manejo conjunto de la Reserva de Biósfera Seaflower. Se utilizan las teorías de los Bienes Comunes de Ostrom y los Regímenes Internacionales como marco para el abordaje de conflictos por recursos, en un escenario de litigio e indeterminación territorial, y se analiza el marco institucional de las Reservas de Biósfera Transfronterizas de la Unesco junto con algunas experiencias mundiales en desarrollo. Finalmente, se hace una caracterización multidisciplinar del valor social y ambiental de la Reserva de Biósfera Seaflower y de su naturaleza transfronteriza, para demostrar que la situación de conflicto e indeterminación en la zona pone en riesgo su desarrollo y protección normales, por lo que los actores locales implicados tienen un rol fundamental en las iniciativas de manejo conjunto, lideradas por los Estados implicados.
Morphology variations of click-evoked auditory brainstem response with low and high rate stimuli in rat
Authors: Jafarzadeh Sadegh , Pourbakht Akram 
Published: February 2019

Background and Aim: The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is one of the most common obj­ective hearing tests conducting in animal and human. The purpose of this study was evalua­ting the morphology variations of ABR wave­forms in rats with low and high rate click sti­muli.
Methods: First, rats with ABR thresholds hig­her than 55 dB SPL were excluded and total 81 ears remained in study. Absolute and interpeak latencies of wave I, II, IV were evaluated at low (17.7 Hz) and high rate (88.7 Hz) for click sti­muli at 120 dB SPL.. Results: At low rate stimuli, ABR waveforms showed different morphologies. The most com­mon complex for waves II to IV was wave III placed on downward slope of wave II (71% of cases). Almost the same morphologies were seen at higher rate; but in some waves, it rou­nded and decreased amplitude. For waves IV-V, the most common morphology was equal amp­litude of wave IV and V in low and high rates (35% vs 56%, respectively). Generally, the high rate stimuli didn’t severely change morphology patterns except for later waves. Conclusion: Normal click-evoked ABR could result in different waveforms. Using click sti­muli at low and high rate result in different mor­phology patterns. Recognizing morphology var­iations of ABR waveforms are essential for det­ecting any pathological conditions. The high rate stimuli increased latencies, especially for later waves.
A child with (central) auditory processing disorder: a case report
Authors: Arami Amir , Zamiri Abdollahi Farzaneh , Joulaie Mamak 
Published: February 2019

Background: Subjects with (central) auditory processing disorder (C)APD may manifest a range of complaints including difficulty in spee­ch perception in noise, following directions, and discrimination of similar speech sounds. Other disorders may also have the same behavioral manifestations. The Case: Here we present an 8-year-old boy who was misdiagnosed and mismanaged as a child with learning disability. His speech, language and cognition problems at initial eva­luation included semantic problem, a short len­gth of speech, phonological sound disorder, and attention disorder. He showed abnormality in the dichotic digits test with free recall approach and monaural selective auditory attention test. Based on his performance and test results, he was suffering from (C)APD especially in dicho­tic listening and speech perception in com­petition. It was suggested that binaural hearing training with differential interaural intensity, informal localization training including loca­lization clock, and auditory training in noise be added to his classic auditory training program.
Conclusion: Studying this subject was impor­tant because (C)APD diagnosis needs a team approach. Evidently, the parents, teacher and speech-language pathologist (SLP) did not seek a central auditory processing evaluations early enough but some of his behaviors could poten­tially be a red flag for (C)APD and could guide SLPs to refer him for central auditory testing. As we may not be able to evaluate central auditory processing in the early childhood, iden­tifying the possible (C)APD signs by a SLP may help them to plan a more suitable program even before reaching a definite diagnosis.