bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of Rivers: Comparison of Hydro-Morphological, Physical-Chemical and Biological Methods
Authors: Gorzel Małgorzata , Kornijów Ryszard , Buczyńska Edyta 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The study was performed in five fourth-order tributaries of the Bystrzyca Lubelska River (Eastern Poland, Lublin Upland), differing in the degree of river-bed transformation and level of pollution. Hydro-morphological methods (descriptive method by Ilnicki and Lewandowski - IL, and index method by Oglecki and Pawlat - OP) and biological indices based on the composition of zoobenthos (Diversity - D, and index based on proportions between the density of Oligochaeta and Chironomidae - O/Ch) permitted distinguishing of four classes, from II to V. The distinguishing of only two quality classes (III and IV) was possible by means of physical-chemical methods and by benthic index BMWP_PL. Those two methods seem to show the lowest sensitivity to the spatial variability of the environment quality. The BMWP_PL index was the least sensitive to year-to-year environmental changes, and O/Ch was the most sensitive. Relatively high conformity was obtained between hydro-morphological assessments performed by means of the OP and IL methods. Results obtained by means of these tools weakly corresponded with the physical-chemical assessments. The latter assessments were the most similar to those obtained by means of the BMWP_PL (degree of similarity = 57%) and D (47%) indices, and considerably less in the case of O/Ch (36%). The BMWP_PL and D indices better corresponded with the results of the hydro-morphological assessment performed by means of the IL method than with those performed by means of the OP method while D index showed a reverse pattern. The O/CH index proved useful for the assessment of the degree of organic pollution of the river’s water, but not the sediments.
Effects of Silicate Fertilizer on Seed Yield in Timothy-Grass (Phleum pratense L.)
Authors: Radkowski Adam , Radkowska Iwona 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the years 2012-2014, at the Plant Breeding Station in Polanowice near Krakow (220 m a.s.l.). The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) on seed yield and quality of timothy-grass (Phleum pratense L.) of “Egida” cultivar. A univariate field experiment in randomized block design was repeated four times, and the area of the experimental plots was 10 m2. The soil on the experimental plots was a loess derived haplic phaeozem of bonitation class I. The experimental factor was spraying with a silicon formulation in the form of Optysil® fertilizer at three doses: 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 dm3·ha−1. During the growing season, the plants were evaluated for their height, leaf greenness index (SPAD) and general condition. After harvesting, the seed yield and quality were assessed. The study revealed a significant effect of silicon on plant height, general condition and yield and quality of the seeds. The plants treated with silicon showed lower infestation rate with pathogens and pests than the control ones. Foliar fertilization with the highest dose of the silicon formulation (0.8 dm3·ha−1) caused a significant increase in seed yield as compared with control. The effects were also satisfactory in the plants treated with the formulation at 0.5 dm3·ha−1. The seeds obtained from silicon-treated plants were bigger, as revealed by the weight of 1000 seeds, and exhibited higher germination ability than the control seeds.
Sparse Decomposition Technique for Segmentation and Compression of Compound Images
Authors: Manju V.N. , Lenin Fred A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Compression of compound records and images can be more cumbersome than the original information since they can be a mix of text, picture and graphics. The principle requirement of the compound record or images is the nature of the compressed data. In this paper, diverse procedures are used under block-based classification to distinguish the compound image segments. The segmentation process starts with separation of the entire image into blocks by spare decomposition technique in smooth blocks and non smooth blocks. Gray wolf-optimization based FCM (fuzzy C-means) algorithm is employed to segment background, text, graphics, images and overlap, which are then individually compressed using adaptive Huffman coding, embedded zero wavelet and H.264 coding techniques. Exploratory outcomes demonstrate that the proposed conspire expands compression ratio, enhances image quality and additionally limits computational complexity. The proposed method is implemented on the working platform of MATLAB.
Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights in Nigerian Courts
Authors: Itanyi Nkem 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
There is no point in making comprehensive provisions for the protection of various intellectual property rights without also providing a corresponding comprehensive system for enforcing the same when the rights are or about to be infringed. Therefore, an accessible, sufficient and adequate system/procedure is paramount in any worthwhile intellectual property system. Right holders must be granted means to enforce their rights just as is obtainable in other forms of tangible and intangible properties. To this end, all intellectual property systems need an effective judicial system that is empowered to deal with both civil wrongs and criminal offences while being presided over by adequate number of judges with the requisite experience in intellectual property law. This paper therefore examines: the raison-d’être for protecting intellectual property rights; the various enforcement mechanisms via the courts; sanctions and remedies for infringement of intellectual property rights amongst other incidental matters. The paper concludes with a call for the review of the sanctions for infringing intellectual property rights.
Noninvasive age estimation in rodents by measuring incisors width, with the Zaisan mole vole (Ellobius tancrei) as an example
Authors: Kuprina Kristina V. , Smorkatcheva Antonina V. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Non-invasive age estimation is critically important for many field studies but often it represents a significant challenge. In rodents, upper incisors represent a part of a cranium which can be readily measured in an alive animal. We propose an age estimation method based on the measurements of both upper incisors’ width (IW) for a subterranean rodent, Ellobius tancrei. The IW measurements for 77 laboratory-born females and 81 males were fitted, separately for the sexes, by sigmoidal Gompertz growth functions to obtain the asymptotic values. Based on the data set encompassing pre-asymptotic ages, we then derived a polynomial regression model with log-transformed age as а predictor. The analysis revealed no statistically significant sex difference in growth patterns. Derived model explained 91% of IW variation and was used to obtain predicted values of age and their 95% prediction intervals through inverse calculations. We conclude that IW is a potentially useful age indicator for mole voles and possibly other rodents in cases when invasive or time-consuming methods are non-appropriate.
The Obligation to Terminate A Medical Experiment – Analysis of Legal Regulations
Authors: Huzarska Joanna , Huzarska Dorota 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The purpose of the present discussion is to present, reflect upon, and evaluate the effective legal regulations concerning the obligation to terminate a medical experiment. The considerations made herein aim at providing an answer to the question whether the aforesaid legal regulations are clear and sufficient. The said analysis is based on the following source: The Act of 5 December 1996 concerning the Professions of General Practitioner and Dental Practitioner. The regulations concerning the obligation to discontinue a medical experiment, both by the will of the participant and on the physician’s initiative, are of great importance owing to the fact that they guarantee protection of the patients taking part in the experimental study. The provisions implicitly oblige the physician to monitor the patients’ state of health and conduct constant assessment whether or not further carrying on the experiment is expedient and admissible. The legal regulations effective in Poland are explicit and sufficient. Their wording does not raise any considerable reservations. As it appears, the legislature managed to work out appropriate rules so as to minimize the danger zone for the participants of clinical tests and at the same time implement a guarantee that participants’ rights shall be respected.
Globalization and Education. The Internationalization of Access to Higher Education in Poland – Selected Legal Aspects
Authors: Kierznowski Łukasz 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Affecting many spheres of social life, globalization also inevitably affects the functioning of higher education and the legal status of individuals who intend to apply for admission in a country other than the one where they completed a previous stage of their education. The paper considers selected legal aspects of the access to higher education in Poland, primarily in the context of the internationalization of education, and, thus, the internationalization of the recruitment procedure where individual candidates apply for admission to study on the basis of documents authorizing them to pursue higher education in different legal systems. The background for the reflections is the normative content of the right to education and one of its guarantees, namely the principle of equal access to education – in Poland having the status of a constitutional norm.
Deletion of Tsc2 in Nociceptors Reduces Target Innervation, Ion Channel Expression, and Sensitivity to Heat
Authors: Carlin Dan , Golden Judith P. , Mogha Amit , Samineni Vijay K. , Monk Kelly R. , Gereau Robert W. , Cavalli Valeria 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is known to regulate cellular growth pathways, and its genetic activation is sufficient to enhance regenerative axon growth following injury to the central or peripheral nervous systems. However, excess mTORC1 activation may promote innervation defects, and mTORC1 activity mediates injury-induced hypersensitivity, reducing enthusiasm for the pathway as a therapeutic target. While mTORC1 activity is required for full expression of some pain modalities, the effects of pathway activation on nociceptor phenotypes and sensory behaviors are currently unknown. To address this, we genetically activated mTORC1 in mouse peripheral sensory neurons by conditional deletion of its negative regulator Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (Tsc2). Consistent with the well-known role of mTORC1 in regulating cell size, soma size and axon diameter of C-nociceptors were increased in Tsc2-deleted mice. Glabrous skin and spinal cord innervation by C-fiber neurons were also disrupted. Transcriptional profiling of nociceptors enriched by fluorescence-associated cell sorting (FACS) revealed downregulation of multiple classes of ion channels as well as reduced expression of markers for peptidergic nociceptors in Tsc2-deleted mice. In addition to these changes in innervation and gene expression, Tsc2-deleted mice exhibited reduced noxious heat sensitivity and decreased injury-induced cold hypersensitivity, but normal baseline sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli. Together, these data show that excess mTORC1 activity in sensory neurons produces changes in gene expression, neuron morphology and sensory behavior.
Teoría del Programa y Teoría del Cambio en la Evaluación para el Desarrollo: Una revisión teórico-práctica
Authors: Alvarez-Rojas José Luis , Preinfalk-Fernández2 María Luisa 
Published: April 2018

La Evaluación –entendida como práctica profesional– a diferencia de otros ejercicios analíticos o de investigación posee un claro carácter de aplicación y utilidad práctica que le confieren su rasgo distintivo. Sus funciones principales son el aprendizaje de experiencias, la realimentación o mejora y la rendición de cuentas hacia fuentes financieras y a la opinión pública implicada en los programas de desarrollo. Es en este carácter en el que encuentran asidero y justificación las nociones de Teoría del Programa y Teoría del Cambio, que han tomado fuerza en la medida en que esta nueva disciplina se consolida. No obstante, su comprensión ofrece dificultades, en particular para quienes se inician en el campo de la evaluación debido no solo a los innumerables aportes teóricos y esfuerzos metodológicos de aplicación de estos conceptos, sino también a una marcada polisemia conceptual. El presente artículo constituye una revisión de las principales ideas y argumentos que subyacen a estas dos nociones y postula que ambos conceptos sonsinónimos y sirven a los intereses de la evaluación, ubicándose como un elemento de fundamentalimportancia para el ejercicio práctico.
La influencia de las TIC en el desarrollo de las habilidades de escritura a través de una plataforma en línea
Authors: López Henao Jesús Andrés 
Published: April 2018

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el grado en el cual el apoyo de una plataforma en línea educativa benefició la habilidad de escritura en los estudiantes mientras seguían el proceso de escritura en círculo. El proyecto implicó una etapa diagnóstica llevada a cabo durante un mes, seis talleres combinando el proceso de escritura en círculo y una plataforma comercial educativa para mejorar la habilidad de escritura y una etapa de evaluación dentro de un ciclo de investigación acción en un curso preintermedio de inglés en la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Las conclusiones reportan la utilidad de las TIC en el aula EFL como un medio para mejorar la escritura de los estudiantes, su vocabulario, sus actitudes y su confianza para mejorar su desempeño en la lengua.
Butterflies (Lepidoptera - Rhopalocera) of coastal areas of Southern West Bengal, India
Authors: Payra Arajush 
Published: April 2018

The present study was carried out to prepare a checklist of butterflies in the Coastal areas of Purba Medinipur District of southern West Bengal between January 2014 and February 2016. A total of 112 butterfly species belonging to 74 genera under 14 subfamilies and five families were recorded during the study period. Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae were the most dominant family, whereas Papilionidae was the least dominant family. Among 112 butterfly species recorded, 9 species were legally protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. A total of 59 species were newly recorded in the study area. Suastus minuta Moore, 1877 was recorded for the first time in West Bengal. The present results also provide a detailed comparison of butterfly diversity among different studies conducted in southern West Bengal. Citation: Payra A., Mishra R. K., Mondal K., 2017. Butterflies (Lepidoptera - Rhopalocera) of coastal areas of Southern West Bengal, India. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(3): 276-390. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.9243. Received 21 February 2017, accepted 10 March 2017 *Corresponding author: arajushpayra@gmail.com
Extraction of bio - oil rich in omega 3-6 fatty acid using different methods from heterotrophic marine microalga Schizochytrium mangrovei
Authors: Thom Le Thi , Ha Nguyen Cam , Hong Dang Diem 
Published: April 2018

In recent years, producing bio-oil from microalgae has gained increasing interest. Schizochytrium mangrovei is a heterotrophic marine microalga that is capable of producing high levels of biomass and lipid. In this study, S. mangrovei strain TB17 was investigated for production of bio-oil consist of omega 3-6 fatty acids using different methods, including a one-stage (direction transesterification of biomass) or a two-stage method (crude oil extraction followed by transesterification). In the one-stage method, omega 3-6 fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) extracted from dried biomass reached to 96.36% of total fatty acids (TFA), and 12.71% of dry cell weight (DCW) in which content of docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6ω-3, DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5ω-3, EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (C22: 5ω-6, DPA) was accounted for 85.01% of TFA. However, using fresh biomass as feedstock was resulted in lower yield of FAAE (90.95% of TFA and 3.26% of DCW). In the two-stage method, when fresh and dried biomass were used as feedstock, omega 3-6 free fatty acids (FFA) were obtained with equivalent yield (99.07% and 99.83% of TFA; 17.09% and 14.85% of DCW, respectively) with DHA, EPA and DPA contents accounting for over 80% of TFA. Thus, fresh biomass could also be used to extract bio-oil instead of dried biomass. These results would contribute to reduce manufacturing cost of the bio-oil rich in omega 3-6 fatty acids from Schizochytrium in the future. Citation: Le Thi Thom, Nguyen Cam Ha, Dang Diem Hong, 2017. Extraction of bio - oil rich in omega 3-6 fatty acid using different methods from heterotrophic marine microalga Schizochytrium mangrovei. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(3): 359-366. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.9829. *Corresponding author: ddhong60vn@yahoo.com Received 18 May 2017, accepted 20 August 2017
Three new earthworm species of the genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Dong Nai Province, Vietnam
Authors: Tung Nguyen Thanh , Dang Lam Hai 
Published: April 2018

Three new earthworm species are described from Dong Nai Province, Vietnam, namely Metaphire malayanoides sp. n., Metaphire grandiverticulata sp. n., and Metaphire xuanlocensis sp. n. Both M. malayanoides sp. n. and M. grandiverticulata sp. n. have four pairs of spermathecal pores in ventrolateral 5/6/7/8/9. However, M. malayanoides is distinguished by having two to eight pairs of genital markings located in intersegmental furrows, starting from 19/20; M. grandiverticulata sp. n. is characterized by having only one pair of genital markings between male porophores in xviii, and very large tube-shaped diverticulum. M. xuanlocensis sp. n. has one pair of spermathecal pores inside the spermathecal chambers in 7/8, accessory glands stalked and attached to the enlarged base of protastic duct, and the presence of penial setae. Citation: Nguyen Thanh Tung, Lam Hai Dang, 2017. Three new earthworm species of the genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Dong Nai Province, Vietnam. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(4): 406-415. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n4.10627.*Corresponding author: thanhtung@ctu.edu.vnReceived 17 August 2017, accepted 20 November 2017
Use of express container train as optimization method of rubber export carriage
Authors: Shklyaev Anton V. , Pasynkova Yuliya S. , Sivertseva Yelena S. , Saks Nadezhda V. 
Published: April 2018

Aim: The article is devoted to the issue of optimizing the export carriage of synthetic rubber produced in Russian, using the service of express container trains.
Methods: The analysis of volumes distribution of synthetic rubber production between the main Russian producers was made and an alternative option was proposed for the delivery of the products of the largest plant for the production of this raw material to foreign countries. To assess the economic efficiency of the carriage variant by express container trains, a comparison was made with the most commonly used method of rubber transportation by transport costs.
Results: Based on the results of the calculations, it was found that when transporting rubber in containers as part of express container trains, significant savings in transportation costs arise.
Practical significance of the work: The relevance of the proposed variant is due to the growth of cars production and the development of container transportations in the world. As a result, the transport component is reduced in the final cost of production, which allows suppliers to be more competitive in the market for the production of this raw material.
Correlation between CT phenotypic patterns with clinical, nutritional and pulmonary function parameters among COPD patients
Authors: Dogra Vikas , Menon Balakrishnan , Bansal Vishal , Gaur Shailendra Nath 
Published: April 2018

Background: COPD is a multi-dimensional disorder with multiple phenotypes. The commonly used GOLD guidelines and Spirometry do not fully reflect the heterogeneous nature of the disease, structural abnormalities, and phenotypes. This necessitates CT phenotyping because of difference in treatment strategies, disease progression and response to treatment.Methods: We conducted our study on 40 male COPD subjects aged more than 45 years, divided them into 4 groups based on CT phenotype as normal, Airway Dominant (AD), Emphysema Dominant (ED) and mixed types. We compared the clinical parameters, spirometry indices, markers of nutrition (including BMI) across these phenotypes. CT phenotypes were determined by Low Attenuation Area (LAA) and Wall area.Results: In our study, 16 (40%) had airway dominant (AD), 15 (37.5%) had emphysema dominant (ED), 4 (10%) had mixed, and 5 (12.5%) had normal CT phenotype. The various nutrition indicators like height, weight, BMI, fat-free mass index was not statistically significant. The difference in the median FEV1/FVC across CT phenotypes was statistically significant (P Value 0.002). The difference in Haemoglobin, Total protein, Albumin, Triglycerides and Total Cholesterol was not statistically significant across CT Phenotypes.Conclusions: The GOLD guidelines do not fully reflect the heterogeneous nature of the disease which necessitates CT phenotyping. In our study, there was a significant association between BMI, FEV1/FVC ratio with CT phenotypes. Identifying the different phenotypes of COPD will allow us to implement a more personalized treatment and choose the best treatment option.
Phytochemical screening, antinociceptive, anthelmintic and cytotoxicity studies of the leaves of Carissa carandas Linn. (Family: Apocynaceae)
Authors: Parvin Most. Nazma 
Published: April 2018

<em><em></em></em><p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <em>Carissa carandas </em>Linn. (Bengali name- Karamya, Karancha, Karamcha, English name-Karaunda) commonly known as Karanda is a widly used medicinal plants belongs to apocynaceae family<em>. </em>The various plant parts of <em>C. carandas </em>have been used for ethnomedicine in the treatment of human diseases, such as diarrhea, stomachic, anorexia, intermittent fever, mouth ulcer and sore throat, syphilitic pain, burning sensation, scabies and epilepsy. The current studies were aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antinociceptive, anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of the methanol extract of leaves of <em>C. carandas</em>.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The antinociceptive property of the methanol leaves extract of <em>C. carandas</em> was evaluated in swiss albino mice by using acetic acid-induced writhing test and anthelmintic activity of the fresh leaves juice was performed by observing the time of paralysis and the time of death of earth worms <em>Pheretima posthuma. </em>On the other hand, the methanol extract of leaves of <em>C. carandas</em> was screened for cytotoxic activity by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Phytochemical screening showed that the methanol leaves extract contained alkaloids, steroids, flavanoids, tannins, saponins and reducing sugar. The antinociceptive activity test revealed that the extract showed significant antinociceptive activity and the fresh juice of the leaves of <em>C. carandas </em>showed potent anthelmintic activity. In cytotoxicity studies, the methanol leaves extract displayed moderate cytotoxic activity when compared with standard drug, vincristine sulphate.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In the current studies, these observations also support the use of this plant for medicinal purposes and encourage further investigations for more fruitful results.</p>