bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Governance and International Norms in Managing Natural Resources
Authors: Cust James 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The governance of natural resource wealth is considered to constitute a key determinant in whether the extraction of natural resources proves to be a blessing or a curse. In response to this challenge, a variety of international initiatives have emerged to codify successful policies pursued by countries, and promote global norms and best practices to guide decision-makers. These initiatives, such as the Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative, have seen success in spreading and embedding governance norms, ranging across revenue transparency, contract disclosure, and the creation of instruments such as resource funds and building institutions for checks and balances. However, evidence for causal impact remains weak and sometimes limited to anecdotal cases. The end of the super-cycle of commodity prices, and the prospect of permanently lower prices for fossil fuels, creates new challenges for resource-rich countries but may also allow space and time for reflection, lesson-learning and improvements in governance.
The Role of Gender in the Extractive Industries
Authors: Macdonald Catherine 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Recognizing that women’s participation is necessary for the achievement of sustainable development, extractives industry companies are increasingly committed to integrating gender equality and women’s economic empowerment into aspects of their operations. This chapter reviews recent literature on gender and the extractive industries and considers the following questions emerging from the scholarship. How is gender understood in the extractives sector and has this changed over time? What are the gendered impacts of the extractive industries? Are women passive victims of the sector rather than active participants or even resisters to industrial expansion? What is the nature of extractives-associated sex work and gender-based violence in various settings? In addition, the chapter evaluates industry efforts towards achieving improved gender balance in the sector.
Approaches to Supporting Local and Community Development
Authors: Mondoloka Angel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Mining is the largest sector of the Zambian economy but the relationship between mining companies and their host communities has been fractious, without a clear path towards sustainability. The severe social, economic, and environmental impacts of mining have been compounded by perceived shortcomings in corporate social and environmental responsibility programming by the industry, and by fragile regulatory capacity on the government’s part. This chapter examines the modalities and results of mining community development programmes in Zambia as part of the broader discussion on how large international mining companies can, and do, contribute to local and community development. It narrates the approaches adopted by five multinational mining corporates, two of which are Chinese-owned, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Approaches to Supporting Local and Community Development
Authors: Filgueiras Liesel Mack , Rabetim Andreia , Pillar Isabel Aché 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Reflection about the role of community engagement and corporate social investment in Brazil, associated with the presence of a large economic enterprise, is the major stimulus of this chapter. It seeks to present how cross-sector governance can contribute to the social development of a city and how this process can be led by a partnership comprising a corporate foundation, government, and civil society. The concept of the public–private social partnership (PPSP) is explored: a strategy for building a series of inter-sectoral alliances aimed at promoting the sustainable development of territories where the company has large-scale enterprises, through joint efforts towards integrated long-term strategic planning, around a common agenda. To this end, the case of Canaã dos Carajás is introduced, a municipality in the State of Pará, in the Amazon region, where large-scale mining investment is being carried out by the mining company Vale SA.
How Do We Legislate for Improved Community Development?
Authors: Otto James M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
An extractive mining minerals project has a finite lifespan—the project ceases once the minerals have been depleted. Governments have choices in what they want to achieve during a project’s life and have a variety of regulatory and other tools by which to achieve their objectives. Historically, the primary objective is to obtain fiscal revenues from an extractive project and to use larger projects as a means to build infrastructure to benefit society. More recently, governments are looking to achieve benefits for local communities not only in the near term while operations are ongoing, but also on a sustainable basis. Many large projects implement corporate social responsibility programmes, which often include benefits for nearby communities. Increasingly, governments are mandating in legislation that extractive industry projects must have programmes for community development rather than relying on voluntary efforts.
The Transformation of South Africa’s System of Basic Education
Authors: Crouch Luis , Hoadley Ursula 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
As background to the rest of the book, the chapter describes and analyses the main structural transformations that took place in post-apartheid education in South Africa. The chapter provides analytical context to the rest of the book. It focuses on three key transformations: governance, school funding, and curriculum. For each, the chapter provides historical background, describes the transformation in some depth, and attempts to answer whether the transformation ‘worked’, and in what sense. The chapter concludes that some of the transformations worked, in that they were actually implemented and had some of (in some cases, such as finance, most of) the immediate intended impact (e.g. increase in equity of resource allocation). In some cases, such as curricular change, the immediate impact was elusive. The chapter concludes that the transformations have not yet had the desired impact in terms of either average achievement or equality achievement, but there are hopeful signs.
Provincial Governance of Education—The Eastern Cape Experience
Authors: Kota Zukiswa , Hendricks Monica , Matambo Eric , Naidoo Vinothan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the politics and governance of education policy and delivery in South Africa’s Eastern Cape province. The Eastern Cape experienced extensive governmental re-organization following the country’s 1994 democratic transition. Over the subsequent two decades, governance under the incumbency of the African National Congress has been fraught with clientelistic conflict amongst a factionalized coalition of interests, which has severely hampered the delivery of key public services such as education. In this chapter, we describe how the province’s general governance characteristics and those in the education sector have impeded the growth of a rule-compliant, insulated and performance-driven bureaucracy. We illustrate how chronic leadership instability, political interference, and financial mismanagement in the Eastern Cape Department of Education have severely undermined the resourcing and oversight of the province’s public schooling system.
‘All for Education’—Meeting the Governance Challenge
Authors: Levy Brian 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores some implications for education policy of the research laid out in this book. First, it reviews the empirical results on how context, the quality of hierarchical and horizontal governance, and educational outcomes interact. Both the interests of stakeholders and the ideas which they hold vis-à-vis the system’s functioning shape influence whether low-level equilibrium traps take hold, and how they can be overcome. Second, it lays out a two-part policy approach—practical initiatives for incrementally improving hierarchical and horizontal governance, plus a broader reframing of the ideas surrounding how education and other public services should be provided. The overall aim is to initiate a process which proceeds deliberately, and incrementally, while cumulatively building momentum for re-orienting the system as a whole towards learning.
Art, History, and Postwar Fiction
Authors: Brazil Kevin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Art, History, and Postwar Fiction explores the ways in which novelists responded to the visual arts from the aftermath of the Second World War up to the present day. If art had long served as a foil to enable novelists to reflect on their craft, this book argues that in the postwar period, novelists turned to the visual arts to develop new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between literature and history. The sense that the novel was becalmed in the end of history was pervasive in the postwar decades. In seeming to bring modernism to a climax whilst repeating its foundational gestures, visual art also raised questions about the relationship between continuity and change in the development of art. In chapters on Samuel Beckett, William Gaddis, John Berger, and W. G. Sebald, and shorter discussions of writers like Doris Lessing, Kathy Acker, and Teju Cole, this book shows that writing about art was often a means of commenting on historical developments of the period: the Cold War, the New Left, the legacy of the Holocaust. Furthermore, it argues that forms of postwar visual art, from abstraction to the readymade, offered novelists ways of thinking about the relationship between form and history that went beyond models of reflection or determination. By doing so, this book also argues that attention to interactions between literature and art can provide critics with new ways to think about the relationship between literature and history beyond reductive oppositions between formalism and historicism, autonomy and context.
Pig Vomit
Authors: Brazil Kevin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Towards the end of his life Samuel Beckett reflected that ‘[l]iterature and painting are like oil and water’—two substances that can never be mixed together. Yet in spite of this—or perhaps because of it—Beckett repeatedly used writing about art as a means to reflect on his own practice as a novelist: in letters, diaries, and in his published art criticism. This chapter traces Beckett’s engagement with art during the 1930s and 1940s, the period when he wrote his most significant novels: Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable. It argues that Beckett saw modernist painting as offering an example of formal necessity that could stand against the demands for political commitment circulating in postwar French critical debates, and it draws on detailed archival and manuscript research to show how Beckett’s art criticism informed the style and composition of his postwar trilogy.
Canvas in the Cold War
Authors: Brazil Kevin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
William Gaddis’s The Recognitions is an encyclopaedic collage of 1940s and 1950s American culture, including its art: Abstract Expressionism, appropriation, and a booming market in forgeries. Drawing on letters and unpublished archival material, this chapter shows the ways in which the novel’s focus on authenticity in art, and Gaddis’s work more broadly, arose from his experience of Cold War paranoia and polarization, and his engagement with the legacy of modernist fiction. It then moves on to show the ways in which The Recognitions anticipates with uncanny precision some of the key tensions in subsequent American art between art and objecthood and originality and appropriation, and incorporates these tensions into its own relationship to its historical moment.
German Catholicism at War, 1939-1945
Authors: Brodie Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This book is a study of German Catholics’ mentalities and experiences during the Second World War. Taking the German Home Front, and most specifically, the Rhineland and Westphalia, as its core focus, the book explores Catholics’ responses to developments in the war, their complex and shifting relationships with the Nazi regime, and religious practices. Drawing on a wide range of source materials stretching from personal diaries to pastoral letters and Gestapo reports, this study explores the attitudes of laypeople, lower clergymen and the episcopate alike, and enriches our understandings of the roles played by religious belief and community in wartime German society. Individual chapters analyse how German Catholics responded to the outbreak of war, Bishop Galen’s protests against ‘euthanasia’ in summer 1941, and the turning tide of war during the years 1942-44. Thematic chapters explore the social and cultural histories of religious practice on the German Home Front, and a final section addresses the German Church’s transition from war to peace in 1945.
Religious Life on the German Home Front
Authors: Brodie Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the social and cultural histories of religious practice and belief on the German home front. Focusing on Catholics in the Rhineland and Westphalia, it explores the impact exerted on the Church’s pastoral structures by wartime legislation and Allied bombing, and analyses the fluctuations of church attendance from 1939 to 1945. The chapter analyses popular religious beliefs through examination of letters and diaries, and considers the emotional and psychological functions of religiosity in wartime. In addition to examining Catholics’ responses to Allied bombing and bereavement, the chapter analyses how the theological leadership provided by the higher clergy was received by laypeople. Moreover, it considers how far the devout perceived their religious faith as distancing themselves from the Nazi regime and German war effort. To do so, the chapter examines wartime religious services such as funerals, and the languages and rituals employed by clergymen in their conduct.
The Catholic Diaspora—Experiences of Evacuation
Authors: Brodie Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses the impact exerted on the Catholic Church’s pastoral networks in Germany by the mass evacuation of laypeople from bombed urban areas as of 1941. Drawing on the voluminous correspondence of priests and curates despatched from the Rhineland and Westphalia to Saxony, Thuringia, Silesia, Austria, and elsewhere to minister to Catholic evacuees, this chapter provides in-depth analysis of the social and cultural histories of religious practice in wartime Germany. It demonstrates that the evacuation of laypeople—a topic long neglected within histories of wartime religious practice—exerted a profound influence on pastoral practice by the years 1943–5, placing unprecedented pressures on the Catholic clergy of the dioceses central to this study (Aachen, Cologne and Münster). This chapter therefore also casts new light on regionalism in Germany during the Nazi era.
Of Collapses and Rebirths
Authors: Brodie Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses German Catholics’ transitions from war to peace during the mid-1940s. Beginning its analysis in summer 1944, the chapter initially explores Catholics’ attitudes as the Reich collapsed under the weight of Allied offensives, and the theological frameworks employed to understand this devastation and defeat. The chapter then proceeds to examine the reasons behind the Catholic Church’s rising power and influence over the later 1940s during the Allied occupation of the Rhineland and Westphalia, and considers whether this reflected continuity or discontinuity from its position during the Second World War itself. The chapter argues that the Catholic Church’s newfound influence during the early post-war period reflected the peculiar circumstances of foreign occupation, with the clergy emerging as champions of the German population’s grievances vis-à-vis the Allied occupiers in the absence of secular German authorities.
Reducing Early Pregnancy in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Berge Lars Ivar Oppedal , Bjorvatn Kjetil , Maalim Amina Mohamed , Somville Vincent , Tungodden Bertil 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Many adolescent girls in low-income countries face the challenge of early pregnancy and lifelong dependence upon family and partners. In this chapter, we review the literature on field interventions aimed at reducing early pregnancies in low-income countries, classifying the contributions into those targeting girls’ mindset (preferences and beliefs) and economic opportunities. We also report from an analysis of more than 3,000 essays written by adolescent girls in Tanzania about their hopes for the future. Our literature review and text analysis suggest that interventions that aim at strengthening economic opportunities, such as entrepreneurship programmes or incentives to increase school attendance, are more effective in reducing early pregnancy than those that only target the mindset dimension, such as educational programmes on reproductive health and family planning.
Career Dynamics and Gender Gaps Among Employees in the Microfinance Sector
Authors: Ganguli Ina , Hausmann Ricardo , Viarengo Martina 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are commonly identified as empowering women and making them key actors in generating social change and economic development. Yet little is known about the gender parity among employees within the lending institutions themselves and how this can impact development. While MFIs are increasingly important as employers in the developing world, there is little micro-level evidence about gender differences among MFI employees and MFIs’ relation to economic development. We use a unique panel dataset of employees from Latin America’s largest MFI to show that gender gaps favouring men for promotion exist primarily in the sales division, while there is a significant gender wage gap in the administrative division. Among loan officers in the sales division, the gender gap in promotion and wages reverses. Finally, female employees tend to work with clients with better loan terms and a history of loans with the institution.
Governance and the Reversal of Women’s Rights
Authors: Viterna Jocelyn , Bautista José Santos Guardado , Barrios Silvia Ivette Juarez , Cortez Alba Evelyn 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
States’ governance of gender is not unidirectional. In addition to stagnation and progress, there can be an active reversal of women’s rights. Using the case of abortion rights in El Salvador, this chapter investigates the following questions. What are the likely causes of rights reversals? How might rights reversals be more consequential for women’s lives than rights stagnations? And how might studying rights reversals as separate and distinct phenomena improve our scholarly understanding of the relationship between gender and development more broadly? Examining the full range of possible transformations in state governance (reversals, stagnations, and progress), we conclude, results in improved theory and more effective interventions.
Excess Female Mortality in Africa
Authors: Anderson Siwan , Ray Debraj 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Building on and extending the detailed work of demographers on sex ratios, Amartya Sen coined the phrase ‘missing women’. Relative to developed countries, there are far fewer women than men in parts of the developing world. Estimates suggest that more than 200 million women are demographically ‘missing’ worldwide. To explain the global phenomenon, research has mainly focused on excess female mortality in Asia. However, as emphasized in the authors’ earlier research (Anderson and Ray 2010), at least 30 per cent of the missing women are ‘missing’ from Africa. This chapter employs a novel methodology to determine how the phenomenon of missing women is distributed across Africa. Moreover, it provides estimates of the extent of excess female mortality within different age groups and by disease category. The empirical results reiterate the importance of excess female mortality for women in Africa.
Failing to Learn
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides the reader with an introduction to the book’s fundamentals. It begins with a challenge to the conventional view that public inquiries are ineffective, which stresses that inquiry scholarship has simply not been rigorous enough to justify that position. The book’s response to that lack of rigour, in the form of its research design and theoretical framework, is then set out and justified. Thereafter three outputs are summarized as the book’s main contributions. First, an updated conceptual account of what the public inquiry is in relation to contemporary public policy and governance. Second, a central argument that inquiries produce certain types of policy learning that reduce our vulnerability to future crises. Finally, the identification of a series of factors that influence inquiry success and failure.
Types of Policy Learning and the Inquiry Process
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins the theoretical work of the book through an exploration of the types of policy learning that we might see emerging from a public inquiry and the nature of the inquiry learning process. The purpose of this discussion is to reconceptualize the public inquiry in ways which better reflect its modern character and, in doing so, to build an organizing framework for the subsequent analysis of the book’s case studies. The chapter first presents a typology of policy learning that is used to show that inquiries have the potential to produce a range of learning outcomes that have not been properly considered before. It then discusses the learning process, making the case that we need to think about multiple, complex sequences of learning if we are to properly understand and evaluate inquiries.
Logics for Action and Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the logics for action that inquiry actors bring into a lesson-learning episode. Logics for action is a term that describes the knowledge-related preferences that actors use in inquiries to make decisions. Analysis of the logics in these cases leads to three specific arguments. First, that political logics for action do not compromise inquiries in the ways which inquiry research currently suggests. Second, that public-managerial logics are essential to inquiry success in terms of policy learning. Finally, that legal-judicial logics need not necessarily lead to blaming and adversarial proceedings, which derail the lesson-learning function. These three arguments once again suggest that we need to rethink much of the conventional wisdom surrounding inquiries.
Aborted Kidnap
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Led by a former Senator from Tennessee, Luke Lea, a handful of American soldiers take leave over the New Year’s holiday and drive up to the Netherlands with the aim of kidnapping Kaiser Wilhelm II. The Dutch envoy in Brussels gives them a laissez-passer and authorises them to enter his country in uniform. When they get to Amerongen Castle, they brandish the document but fail to convince Count Bentinck’s son to let them meet the Kaiser in person. The Dutch are suspicious, and surround the castle with troops, forcing the Americans to retreat, stealing a monogrammed ashtray on their way out. The US Army holds a disciplinary inquiry, but Lea and his cohorts get little more than a slap on the wrist. They return to civilian life at home and boast of their adventure.