bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework for petrophysically and geologically guided geophysical inversion using a dynamic Gaussian mixture model prior
Authors: Astic Thibaut , Oldenburg Douglas W 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARYWe propose a new framework for incorporating petrophysical and geological information into voxel-based geophysical inversion. By developing the geophysical inverse problem from a probabilistic perspective, we redesign the objective function and the iteration steps as a suite of cyclic optimization problems in which three separate MAP optimization problems are solved using geophysical, petrophysical and geological data, respectively. By quantitatively linking these data into a single framework, we recover a final inverted model that reproduces the observed, or desired, petrophysical and geological features while fitting the geophysical data. To achieve our goal we replace the Gaussian prior, used in the Tikhonov inversion approach, by a Gaussian mixture model. After each geophysical model update, the mixture parameters (means, variances and proportions) are determined by the geophysical model and the expected characteristics of the lithologies through another optimization process using the expectation–maximization algorithm. We then classify the model cells into rock units according to the petrophysical and geological information. These two additional steps over the petrophysical and geological data result in a dynamic update of the reference model and associated weights and guide the inversion towards reproducing the expected petrophysical and geological characteristics. The resulting geophysical objective function does not require extra terms to include the additional petrophysical and geological information; this is an important distinction between our work and previous frameworks that carry out joint geophysical and petrophysical data inversion. We highlight different capabilities of our methodology by inverting magnetotelluric and direct-current resistivity data in 1-D and 2-D, respectively. Finally, we apply our framework to inverting airborne frequency domain data, acquired in Australia, for the detection and characterization of saline contamination of freshwater.
Bilingual Dictionary Synonyms for Paraphrasing: A Solution or a Problem?
Authors: Thienthong Atikhom 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article presents the results of an empirical study which examined Thai EFL learners’ use of paper bilingual dictionaries to select synonyms for summary writing and paraphrasing. Seventy-one summary pieces were analysed for the appropriate substitutions of synonyms. The analyses revealed that the bilingual dictionaries consulted by the students contributed to many erroneous choices of synonyms, partly due to the ambiguous treatment of synonymy and also inadequate lexical information. Linking adverbials were the only category where there were more accurate than inaccurate substitutions for synonyms, but the opposite was true of adjectives, nouns, and verbs. The incorrect uses of synonyms were in terms of lexical sense, register, syntax, and collocation. These results suggest that a bilingual dictionary should not treat multiple synonyms offered for a polysemous word as having a single sense, but they should instead be allocated to their specific senses and supplemented with sufficient co-textual and contextual information.
Comparative effects of dietary supplementations with sodium butyrate, medium-chain fatty acids, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in late pregnancy and lactation on the reproductive performance of sows and growth performance of suckling piglets
Authors: Chen Jinchao , Xu Qingqing , Li Yunxia , Tang Zhiru , Sun Weizhong , Zhang Xiangxin , Sun Jiajing , Sun Zhihong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the effects of adding sodium butyrate (SB), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) to the diet of sows during late gestation and lactation on the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance and intestinal health of suckling piglets. Twenty-four sows (Landrace × Large-White hybrid; third parity; 200 ± 15 kg) were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 diets: basal diet (control group), basal diet + 1 g SB/kg (SB group), basal diet + 7.75 g MCFA/kg (MCFA group), or basal diet + 68.2 g n-3 PUFA/kg (n-3 PUFA group). The experiment began on day 85 of gestation and ended day 22 of lactation. Colostrum samples were collected from each sow. After the experiment, blood and tissue samples were collected from 1 randomly selected piglet. The results showed that the weaning-to-estrus interval of sows in the SB, MCFA, and n-3 PUFA groups was shorter than that of sows in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea in suckling piglets in the SB, MCFA, and n-3 PUFA groups was lower than that of piglets in the control group (P < 0.05). The fat, protein, IgA, IgG, and IgM concentration in colostrum from sows increased following dietary supplementation with SB, MCFA, or n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05). Comparison with the control group, the mRNA expression of claudin-1, zona occludens 1, and interleukin-10 increased in the jejunum mucosa of suckling piglets in the SB, MCFA, and n-3 PUFA groups, while that of TLR4 decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the Chao1 and ACE indexes of microbial flora in the colon contents of piglets in the SB, MCFA, and MCFA groups increased (P < 0.05), while the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Synergistetes decreased at the phylum level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, during late pregnancy and lactation, dietary SB supplementation had a greater effect on intestinal health and caused a greater decrease in preweaning mortality of suckling piglets than did dietary MCFA or n-3 PUFA supplementation; dietary MCFA supplementation shortened the weaning-to-estrus interval of sows to a greater extent than did dietary SB or n-3 PUFA supplementation; and dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation increased the fat and protein content in the colostrum to the greatest extent.
Patients’ Experiences and Priorities for Accessing Gastroenterology Care
Authors: Telford Jennifer J , Rosenfeld Gregory , Thakkar Swati , Bansback Nick 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Wait times for gastroenterology care in Canada exceed recommended benchmarks set by the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology wait-time consensus. Patient-centered prioritization tools may help improve efficiency.

Methods
We conducted a survey on gastroenterology outpatients assessing their experience with accessing care, global health status and health care service utilization while waiting for a gastroenterology appointment. Thematic analysis of survey results informed the questions for a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Three attributes included were the following: clinical indication, functional status and time already waiting, which the study patients considered when prioritizing hypothetical patients. The DCE was analyzed using a conditional logit model.

Results
One hundred seventy-three patients completed all questions and were included in the final analysis. Over 80% reported good or excellent physical and mental health with 11% utilizing health care resources while waiting; 14% had waited more than 25 weeks for their appointment. Seventy-seven per cent of the patients were satisfied or better with their experience. Eighty-one per cent of the patients agreed with a prioritization system. Patients would prioritize a patient with a potentially more severe diagnosis or functional impairment over a patient with a less severe diagnosis clinical or functional impairment who had been waiting longer. The most severe clinical attributes were prioritized over the most severe functional attributes.

Conclusion
Patients support a prioritization tool for access to gastroenterology care. DCE indicated that patients are willing to wait longer in order for those with more severe clinical or functional attributes to be seen earlier. The relative times patients are willing to wait could be used to create a prioritization model for outpatients referred to gastroenterology.
Behavioral Inhibition of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) When Exposed to Commercial Equine Fly Repellents
Authors: Tuorinsky Elizabeth V , Machtinger Erika T 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
House flies can have negative consequences on the welfare of horses and other equids. Fly repellents in the form of on-animal sprays, wipes, or spot-ons are the most commonly used fly control method for horses. Many products are available, but repellent efficacy and duration of effectiveness may influence repellent choice by horse owners. A better understanding of the efficacy of common fly repellent products will help guide repellent selection to reduce fly pressure on horses. To evaluate commercially available repellents, house fly behavioral inhibition after application of three products marketed as natural (Ecovet, Equiderma, and Outsmart) and four with synthetic pyrethroids as active ingredients (Bronco, Endure, UltraShield, and Optiforce) was compared at 100, 50, and 25% concentration and at 15, 30, 60, 240, 1,440, and 2,880 min. Time and product were significant at all tested concentrations. The natural products performed as well as or better than the synthetic products at all dilutions and times. Ecovet in particular retained over 75% inhibition of flies for >1 d at the 100 and 50% concentrations. Differences were seen among products with pyrethroids, suggesting that formulation differences significantly affect efficacy. Cost and application suggestions are discussed, and these results will aid horse owners in selecting fly repellents to meet their individual needs.
Clash of Trade and National Public Interest in WTO Law: The Illusion of ‘Weighing and Balancing’ and the Theory of Reservation
Authors: Nagy Csongor István 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
In the last two decades, World Trade Organization law’s public interest exceptions (Article XX GATT, Article XIV GATS, Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement, and Article 20 TRIPS) have seen the emergence and evolution of the doctrine of ‘weighing and balancing.’ This paper provides a criticism of this doctrine through a comparative ontological analysis and demonstrates three propositions. First, it shows that the concept of ‘weighing and balancing’ results from the ill-considered reception of a doctrine pertaining to federal systems. Second, the paper demonstrates through the analysis of the case law that the role of ‘weighing and balancing’ is rather poetical and, in reality, the Appellate Body does not engage in balancing. Third, it proposes that an outspoken ‘necessity’ analysis should be carried out that is tailored to arrangements based on contractual promises and is guided by the notion of quasi-reservation. The paper re-conceptualizes the Appellate Body’s case law and elaborates a doctrinal framework warranted by the function of World Trade Organization law’s public interest exceptions.
Hybrid laparoscopic/open mesh repair of combined bilateral arcuate line and ventral hernias
Authors: Berney Christophe R 
Published: August 2019

AbstractArcuate line hernia (ALH) is a rare entity with only few cases reported in the literature. ALH is difficult to diagnose clinically and is most of the time asymptomatic, and there is no real consensus on how to better surgically approach this condition. We hereby present the case of a female patient with a symptomatic partly reducible ventral hernia. At laparoscopy, bilateral ALHs were incidentally identified and simultaneously treated, using a safe hybrid technique. The postoperative outcome was uneventful and she is still symptom-free with no clinical evidence of hernia recurrence at 2-year postsurgery. ALH is an uncommon interstitial parietal hernia and its diagnosis is often incidentally made peri-operatively, thus reinforcing the benefit of laparoscopy. In a most complex situation of combined bilateral ALHs with ventral hernia, a hybrid laparoscopic/anterior approach is a safe alternative and we recommend mesh reinforcement of all defects.
Impacts of the review of the Brazilian local content policy on the attractiveness of oil and gas projects
Authors: Clavijo William , de Almeida Edmar , Losekann Luciano , Rodrigues Niágara 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The study assesses the relevance of the recent local content policy (LCP) reforms for the oil sector in Brazil on the attractiveness of investments in exploration and production (E&P), and in terms of employment and income generation. For this, a cash flow of a typical E&P project was simulated in the Brazilian pre-salt environment in a field with reserves of 5 billion barrels of oil equivalent, under the regime of production sharing, adopting the assumptions of government participation of the tender protocol of the Libra field. In addition, in order to estimate the impact of the LCP on the generation of employment and income, the methodology of the Input–Output Model (IOM) was applied. The results indicated that high commitments of local content (LC), in contexts of restricted oil prices, compromise the profitability of E&P projects. In addition, the results showed that a greater volume of investments can more than offset the impact of higher levels of LC in generating employment and income for the country. Finally, the article concludes by arguing that the LCP reforms, undertaken since 2016, were necessary to guarantee the competitiveness of the Brazilian upstream in the current context of the international oil market.
Multiple populations in integrated light spectroscopy of intermediate-age clusters
Authors: Bastian Nate , Usher Christopher , Kamann Sebastian , Lardo Carmela , Larsen Søren S , Cabrera-Ziri Ivan , Chantereau William , Martocchia Silvia , Salaris Maurizio , Schiavon Ricardo P , Asa’d Randa , Hilker Michael 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The presence of star-to-star light-element abundance variations (also known as multiple populations, MPs) appears to be ubiquitous within old and massive clusters in the Milky Way and all studied nearby galaxies. Most previous studies have focused on resolved images or spectroscopy of individual stars, although there has been significant effort in the past few years to look for multiple population signatures in integrated light spectroscopy. If proven feasible, integrated light studies offer a potential way to vastly open parameter space, as clusters out to 10s of Mpc can be studied. We use the Na D lines in the integrated spectra of two clusters with similar ages (2–3 Gyr) but very different masses: NGC 1978 (∼3 × 105 M⊙) in the Large Magellanic Cloud and G114 (1.7 × 107 M⊙) in NGC 1316. For NGC 1978, our findings agree with resolved studies of individual stars that did not find evidence for Na spreads. However, for G114, we find clear evidence for the presence of multiple populations. The fact that the same anomalous abundance patterns are found in both the intermediate age and ancient globular clusters lends further support to the notion that young massive clusters are effectively the same as the ancient globular clusters, only separated in age.
HyPhy 2.5—A Customizable Platform for Evolutionary Hypothesis Testing Using Phylogenies
Authors: Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L , Poon Art F Y , Velazquez Ryan , Weaver Steven , Hepler N Lance , Murrell Ben , Shank Stephen D , Magalis Brittany Rife , Bouvier Dave , Nekrutenko Anton , Wisotsky Sadie , Spielman Stephanie J , Frost Simon D W , Muse Spencer V 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
HYpothesis testing using PHYlogenies (HyPhy) is a scriptable, open-source package for fitting a broad range of evolutionary models to multiple sequence alignments, and for conducting subsequent parameter estimation and hypothesis testing, primarily in the maximum likelihood statistical framework. It has become a popular choice for characterizing various aspects of the evolutionary process: natural selection, evolutionary rates, recombination, and coevolution. The 2.5 release (available from www.hyphy.org) includes a completely re-engineered computational core and analysis library that introduces new classes of evolutionary models and statistical tests, delivers substantial performance and stability enhancements, improves usability, streamlines end-to-end analysis workflows, makes it easier to develop custom analyses, and is mostly backward compatible with previous HyPhy releases.
Structural consequences of the interaction of RbgA with a 50S ribosomal subunit assembly intermediate
Authors: Seffouh Amal , Jain Nikhil , Jahagirdar Dushyant , Basu Kaustuv , Razi Aida , Ni Xiaodan , Guarné Alba , Britton Robert A , Ortega Joaquin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bacteria harbor a number GTPases that function in the assembly of the ribosome and are essential for growth. RbgA is one of these GTPases and is required for the assembly of the 50S subunit in most bacteria. Homologs of this protein are also implicated in the assembly of the large subunit of the mitochondrial and eukaryotic ribosome. We present here the cryo-electron microscopy structure of RbgA bound to a Bacillus subtilis 50S subunit assembly intermediate (45SRbgA particle) that accumulates in cells upon RbgA depletion. Binding of RbgA at the P site of the immature particle stabilizes functionally important rRNA helices in the A and P-sites, prior to the completion of the maturation process of the subunit. The structure also reveals the location of the highly conserved N-terminal end of RbgA containing the catalytic residue Histidine 9. The derived model supports a mechanism of GTP hydrolysis, and it shows that upon interaction of RbgA with the 45SRbgA particle, Histidine 9 positions itself near the nucleotide potentially acting as the catalytic residue with minimal rearrangements. This structure represents the first visualization of the conformational changes induced by an assembly factor in a bacterial subunit intermediate.
Two case reports of corticosteroid administration-prolonged and pulsed therapy-in treatment of pruritus in cholestatic hepatitis A patients
Authors: Daghman Daad , Rez Mohamad Saeed , Soltany Amjad , Alsaleh Almotaman 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cholestasis following hepatitis A affects around 0.8% of hepatitis A patients. It is considered a distressing complication in spite of its good prognosis. Despite being subject to multiple studies, causes of cholestasis are still controversial. Many treatments (discussed later) have shown some improvements of the accompanied pruritus. In the following article, we present two cholestatic hepatitis A patients who suffered from severe pruritus. Prednisolone was administered via two different methods: prolonged and pulsed. Both showed great improvement of the pruritus in a short time frame. To the best of our knowledge, our management using pulsed corticosteroid therapy in treatment of pruritus in cholestatic hepatitis A is considered the first experimental management in medical literature. The importance of this experimental case lies in reducing the doses and the duration of steroid intake, thus reducing steroid side effects as far as possible.
Looking after Constituency Interests: The Utilisation of MP Expenses and Early Day Motions to Craft Constituency Service Home Styles
Authors: Parker David C W 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Taking advantage of the new data available from the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority, I examine whether members of the House of Commons can craft a reputation for constituency service with how they allocate their office allowances and the types of Early Day Motions (EDMs) they sponsor. Combining information on the costs of holding surgeries and the sponsorship of constituency service EDMs with the fourth wave of the 2015 British Election Study, I find that increased attention to constituency service through more spending on surgeries and sponsoring constituency EDMs helps MPs build positive reputations among citizens as constituent servants.
Detections of [O iii] 88 μm in two quasars in the reionization epoch
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Inoue Akio K , Tamura Yoichi , Matsuo Hiroshi , Mawatari Ken , Yamaguchi Yuki 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTWe report on detections with the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array of the far-infrared [O iii] 88 μm line and the underlying dust continuum in two quasars in the reionization epoch, J205406.48−000514.8 (hereafter J2054−0005) at z = 6.0391 ± 0.0002 and J231038.88+185519.7 (hereafter J2310+1855) at z = 6.0035 ± 0.0007. The [O iii] luminosities of J2054−0005 and J2310+1855 are L[O iii] = (6.8 ± 0.6) × 109 and $(2.4 \pm 0.6) \times 10^{9}\,$L⊙, corresponding to ∼0.05% and 0.01% of the total infrared luminosity, LTIR, respectively. Combining these [O iii] luminosities with [C ii] 158 μm luminosities in the literature, we find that J2054−0005 and J2310+1855 have [O iii]-to-[C ii] luminosity ratios of 2.1 ± 0.4 and 0.3 ± 0.1, respectively, the latter of which is the lowest among objects so far reported at z &gt; 6. Combining [O iii] observations at z ≈ 6–9 from our study and the literature, we identify the [O iii] line deficit: objects with a larger LTIR (total infrared luminosity) have lower L[O iii]-to-LTIR ratios. Furthermore, we also find that the anti-correlation is shifted toward a higher LTIR value when compared with the local [O iii] line deficit.
Letters of the Labouring Poor: The Art of Letter Writing in Colonial India*
Authors: Kumar Arun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article examines the emergence of mass letter-writing in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century colonial north India, a region marked by the growth of an unprecedented labour mobility, postal expansion, vernacular print, and workers' literacy. It narrates how workers' and their family members' abilities and failures to read and write letters shaped their experiences of the emerging transnational labour mobility and explains how the letter-writing by the subaltern produced new sociabilities and anxieties that both colonial and indigenous elites feared and attempted to discipline and control through letter-writing manuals. It argues that the letter-writing culture in India did not merely sustain new mobilities but also produced a dominant social world which ensured that the hierarchies of caste, gender, and class were clearly mapped onto the domain of letter-writing. Hitherto unexplored (Hindi) letter-writing manuals and educational, postal, and labour records are used to challenge the rigidities of labour, communication, and literary histories of modern South Asia where the illiteracy of the labouring poor is an assumed fact.