bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Elections
Authors: Norpoth Helmut 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter covers the major types of election forecasting, as they have been applied in the United States and other democracies. For the most part, electoral forecasts have relied on three approaches. In the order in which they have emerged, these are prediction markets, pre-election polls, and structural models. In the last few years, Google searches, Facebook, and Twitter have also been exploited by election forecasters. The handbook chapter describes the various methods and evaluates their successes and failures. Of particular interest is the widespread failure of nearly all approaches to predict the election of Donald Trump. The postmortem is still ongoing. It remains to be seen what can be done to make election forecasting more accurate and thus more trustworthy.
Ideology as Alienated Socialization
Authors: Rehmann Jan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Against a widespread misunderstanding, Marx and Engels did not consider ideology as a mere form of consciousness expressing an underlying economic interest. They developed a critical approach that saw ideology as an alienated socialization from above, which is to be overcome in a classless society. It is also shown that their ideology-critical approach was not restricted to a critique of “false consciousness” but was mainly interested in unveiling the real “inversions” in the societal relations of class societies: the division of manual and intellectual labor; the fetishism of the commodity, money, and capital; and finally in the detached position of the state emerging together with class antagonisms as the “first ideological power” (Engels) over society. Marx and Engels thus anticipated a materialist concept of the ideological that was later developed explicitly in theories of hegemony and of ideology (e.g. by Gramsci, Althusser and the Berlin Projekt Ideologietheorie [PIT]).
Marx’s Conceptualization of Value in Capital
Authors: Reuten Geert 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This article reviews the three conceptual stages of the determinants of the commodities’ value in Marx’s Capital. It concludes that the dynamic second stage (designed in 1866–1867) overrules the third stage—of prices of production (designed 1864–1865). The first stage (Capital I, Part 1) is an important, though static averages account, positing that the commodities’ value is determined by average socially necessary labor time. The second stage (Capital I, Part 4) is a dynamic account of the “intensity of labour” and the mainly technology determined “productive power of labour,” each one implying, first, that clock-time of labor is an insufficient measure and, second, that rates of surplus value diverge between sectors of production. Whereas intensity determined intersector rates of surplus value might equalize due to intralabor competition, Marx posits no mechanism for such equalization regarding the technology determined productive power. The third stage posits the transformation of values into prices of production (Capital III, Part 2—its text being based on a manuscript from 1864–1865). The article’s main finding is that the determinant of the “technology associated productive power” was a novel result of Marx’s 1866–1867 final version of Capital I (1867). It makes Marx’s earlier third stage redundant.
Giftedness and Talent Development in Children and Youth
Authors: Pfeiffer Steven I. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview on giftedness and talent development, its history, controversies, and recent trends and new directions. The chapter includes a brief description of the major theories of intelligence that have guided and impacted the gifted education field. Noting that there are many different ways to define, measure, and conceptualize giftedness, the chapter introduces the tripartite model of giftedness as a new and particularly useful and compelling way to view students of high ability or extraordinary potential. The chapter argues for a clear linkage between ideas that are part of the tripartite model and the talent development zeitgeist within gifted education and the construct of expertise.
James and Pragmatism
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
William James envisaged pragmatism as a reform of philosophy. Like his fellow pragmatist John Dewey, he held that the history of philosophy often shows how questions, once relevant and exciting, inspire a sequence of derivative and ever-narrower inquiries, in which the original point becomes lost. To read James’s pragmatism in this way distinguishes it from the reforming efforts of the logical positivists, whose concerns with “cognitive significance” and “meaningful language” neither he nor Dewey shared. Viewed in this light, James’s version of Charles Sanders Peirce’s pragmatic maxim, his theory of truth, and his interest in reconciling the claims of science and religion take on new significance. His discussions point toward a road less traveled, one that twentieth-century Anglophone philosophy did not take.
Predictors of Referral to a Pediatric Outpatient Chronic Pain Clinic
Authors: Tumin Dmitry , Miller Rebecca , Hakim Mohammed , Shafy Shabana Z. , Drees David , Wrona Sharon , Smith Timothy P. , Tobias Joseph D. , Bhalla Tarun 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
The main objectives of this study were to retrospectively characterize the rate of referrals to an outpatient chronic pain clinic among adolescents with chronic pain, and to identify factors associated with referral.

Materials and Methods:
Adolescents, 13 to 18 years of age seen in 2010 to 2015 at outpatient clinics associated with Nationwide Children’s Hospital (NCH) and diagnosed with chronic pain were included if they lived near NCH and had not been previously referred to the NCH outpatient chronic pain clinic. Subsequent referrals to the pain clinic were tracked through December 2017 using a quality improvement database. Factors predicting referral were assessed at the initial encounter in another outpatient clinic and analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results:
The analysis included 778 patients (569 female; median age, 15 y), of whom 96 (12%) were subsequently referred to the chronic pain clinic, after a median period of 3 months. Generalized chronic pain (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.1; P=0.023) and regional pain syndromes (adjusted odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-6.7; P=0.003) were associated with increased likelihood of referral. The referral was also more likely among female patients and among patients with a mental health comorbidity or recent surgery or hospitalization.

Discussion:
Referrals to our chronic pain clinic were more likely for adolescents with generalized chronic pain, regional pain syndromes, and patients with mental health comorbidities. Recent hospitalization or surgery, but not recent emergency department visits, were associated with pain clinic referral. The multivariable analysis did not find disparities in referral by race or socioeconomic status.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residencies' Global Health Training Programs
Authors: Trivedi Shivika , Haddad Lisa B. , Narvaez Jennifer , Walker Elizabeth , Kapadia Sameer , Jamieson Denise J. , Lathrop Eva 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To compile a comprehensive summary of obstetrics and gynecology global health training programs and to describe program type, global distribution of work, effect, and reciprocity within programs.

METHODS:
This cross-sectional observational study identified all U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residencies with global health training programs, described residency and program characteristics, and evaluated the publications resulting from them. Eligible articles included those published in 2011–2016 about work done in a global health training location by global health training faculty. All eligible articles were evaluated for academic effect. The inclusion of host country authors on articles served as a proxy for reciprocity. Article content was assessed to evaluate whether programs addressed Millennium Development Goals.

RESULTS:
Among 245 obstetrics and gynecology residencies, 196 (80%) had global health training programs. Location and faculty members were identified for 67 (34%) programs, of which 26 (39%) had global health training faculty who had published articles meeting inclusion criteria. Of 698 articles reviewed, 78% addressed at least one Millennium Development Goal, including 39% that addressed improving maternal health (Millennium Development Goal 5). Approximately half (48%) of authors were from host countries.

CONCLUSION:
Most obstetrics and gynecology residencies are offering global health training. The majority of programmatic work addresses Millennium Development Goals and thus is aligned with global health priorities. The effect and reciprocity of global health training programs varies across institutions. Residencies could benefit from internal analysis of their global health training programs to evaluate whether knowledge gained is being disseminated and to ensure equitable partnerships and the creation of sustainable, influential initiatives.
Complication Rates and Outcomes After Hysterectomy in Transgender Men
Authors: Bretschneider C. Emi , Sheyn David , Pollard Robert , Ferrando Cecile A. 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To describe the rate and 30-day outcomes after gender affirmation surgery in transgender men.

METHODS:
We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study. Patients with male gender who underwent hysterectomy for benign indications between 2013 and 2016 in the American College of Surgeons’ National Surgical Quality Improvement database were identified. Propensity score matching was performed to ameliorate selection bias. Student t test and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare continuous variables between two groups where appropriate. The χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used where appropriate to compare categorical variables across groups. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with any postoperative adverse event.

RESULTS:
Of 159,736 hysterectomies performed during the study period, 521 (0.3%) were performed in transgender men. The mean age was 23.9±13.8 years, and the median body mass index was 29.0 (range 24.8–34.2). The majority of patients were white (64.5%). The most common specified diagnosis associated with hysterectomy was gender identity disorder (20.9%). Laparoscopy was the most common route (57.2%) followed by laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (20.0%) and abdominal hysterectomy (15.2%). After propensity matching was performed, the composite rate of postoperative complications was similar between the transgender male and control groups (3.4% vs 3.3%, P=.92). On multivariate logistic regression controlling for age, presence of a major medical comorbidity, and primary mode of surgery, transgender male status and presence of a major medical comorbidity were not significantly associated with complications (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 95% CI 0.56–2.10 and adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.58–2.27, respectively). Age remained weakly associated with postoperative complications (adjusted OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.06), whereas minimally invasive approaches to hysterectomy were significantly associated with lower incidences of complications (vaginal, adjusted OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.002–0.17; laparoscopic adjusted OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.04–0.18; and laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, adjusted OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.02–0.20).

CONCLUSION:
Less than 1% of hysterectomies performed annually are for transgender male patients. Postoperative complications after hysterectomy in this patient population are similar to the complication rates found in cisgender women.
Risk of Sepsis and Mortality Among Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treated With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Authors: Lai Chih-Cheng , Wang Ya-Hui , Wang Cheng-Yi , Wang Hao-Chien , Yu Chong-Jen , Chen Likwang 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
This study aimed to compare the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on the risk and outcomes of sepsis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Design:
A retrospective study.

Setting:
Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database.

Patients:
All patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for more than 90 days between 2000 and 2005 were recruited for this study. Pairwise matching (1:1) of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker groups resulted in two similar subgroups with 5,959 patients in each.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary outcome was sepsis, and the secondary outcome was death. The occurrence rate of sepsis was 3.67 per 100 person-years for the patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and 2.87 per 100 person-years for those receiving angiotensin receptor blockers. In addition, the patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors had a higher risk of septic shock (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.26–1.67) and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.22–1.40) than those receiving angiotensin receptor blockers. No matter whether the patients had prior severe exacerbation before the index date, those receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors had a higher risk of sepsis, septic shock, and mortality than those receiving angiotensin receptor blockers (all p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Angiotensin receptor blockers were associated with lower rates of sepsis and mortality than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The similar findings were also noted in subgroup analysis.
Decreased T-Cell Programmed Death Receptor-1 Expression in Pregnancy-Associated Melanoma
Authors: Ko Jennifer S. , Gastman Brian R. , Conic Ruzica , Tellez Diaz Trujillo Alejandra , Diaz-Montero Claudia Marcela , Billings Steven D. , Tarhini Ahmad , Funchain Pauline , Atanaskova Mesinkovska Natasha 
Published: October 2018

Introduction:
Pregnancy depends on tolerance of an immunologically foreign fetus through type 1 T-cell suppression. Worse melanoma outcomes have been described within 1 year of childbirth. We assessed immunopathologic factors that may account for the observed negative impact of pregnancy on outcome.

Materials and Methods:
Women of child-bearing age with ≥24 months follow-up were identified from our Institutional Melanoma Registry. Women with available primary tumor blocks were compared [history of childbirth within 1 year of diagnosis (CB1Y) (n = 18) vs. nonpregnant age-matched controls (n = 13)]. Immunohistochemical staining with quantification of immune infiltrates: CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages, CD3+ tumor-infiltrating T cells, and PD-1+ activated/exhausted T cells; and hematolymphangiogenesis: CD31+/D2-40− blood vessels and D2-40+ lymphatics was performed by 2 blinded dermatopathologists.

Results:
CB1Y tumors showed decreased CD3+ tumor-infiltrating T cells (P < 0.05) with significantly reduced PD1 expression (P ≤ 0.05). The CD3:PD1 ratio was higher in CB1Y (P < 0.05). Other tested parameters did not significantly differ between the 2 groups.

Discussion:
As PD1 expression is induced during type 1 T-cell activation, these data suggest that immune ignorance or suppression may predominate in CB1Y. Further studies are required to identify interventions that may promote tumor-associated T-cell inflammation in such patients.
Hooked on Hooks? A Study in the Utilization of Skin Hooks
Authors: Clark Summer , Truong Valerie , Stasko Thomas 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND
The skin hook is a valuable instrument used in the practice of dermatologic surgery. However, because of numerous factors, the degree of its use varies extensively.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine practice trends among dermatologic surgeons regarding the use of skin hooks, as well as analyze factors influencing their use.

METHODS
A survey comprising 14 questions was distributed to members of the American College of Mohs Surgery and the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. Results were recorded, and statistical analysis was conducted using the 2-sample z-test to compare 2 population proportions.

RESULTS
Five hundred seventy-one responses were received, with comments. 85.1% of respondents reported using skin hooks. Their use was further characterized as minimal (20.7%), moderate (29.0%), and extensive (35.4%). The utilization of skin hooks was additionally categorized based on age, gender, fellowship training, number of years in practice, practice setting, and history of experience/observance of a sharps exposure. Only the presence or absence of fellowship training demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the use of skin hooks.

CONCLUSION
Skin hooks are highly used tools among dermatologic surgeons. Their use requires appropriate training and experience, and care must be taken to minimize risk of exposure.
EVOLUTION AND PATTERNS OF CHOROIDAL THICKNESS CHANGES IN RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: Giacuzzo Clarice , Bergin Ciara , Potic Jelena , Forestier Edwige , Daruich Alejandra , Pournaras Jean-Antoine , Konstantinidis Lazaros , Wolfensberger Thomas J. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the changes in choroidal thickness (CT) before and after a successful pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD), and to compare the evolution of CT with respect to the extent of RD.

Methods:
Fifty-four patients were divided into three groups: peripheral macula-on RD (>3 mm from the fovea; 14 eyes); paracentral macula-on RD (fovea-sparing; ≤3 mm from the fovea; 14 eyes); and macula-off RD (involving the fovea; 26 eyes). Choroidal thickness was measured at 1 month (M1) and 3 months (M3) postoperatively, preoperatively in macula-on RDs, with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, from the nasal side (+2.5 mm) to the temporal side (−2.5 mm) of the fovea.

Results:
In peripheral macula-on RD, the intereye difference in CTs showed thickening throughout follow-up (subfoveally: preoperatively = 19.6% ± 43.9%, M1 = 22.9% ± 27.5%, M3 = 18.2% ± 35.6%). In paracentral macula-on RD, the intereye difference in CTs showed a thinning throughout follow-up (subfoveally: preoperatively = −7.8% ± 21.9%, M1 =−5.5% ± 26.1%, M3 = −9.3% ± 19.4%), as well as in the macula-off RD (subfoveally: M1 = −14.1% ± 18.7%, M3 = −9.9% ± 15%).

Conclusion:
The extent of RD was related to the evolution of the CT before and after surgery. Further studies are necessary to clarify the relationship between the changes in CT and the effects of circulatory alterations, vitrectomy, and RD.
CHANGES OF CONE PHOTORECEPTOR MOSAIC IN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE BESTROPHINOPATHY
Authors: Nakanishi Ayami , Ueno Shinji , Hayashi Takaaki , Katagiri Satoshi , Ito Yasuki , Kominami Taro , Fujinami Kaoru , Tsunoda Kazushige , Iwata Takeshi , Terasaki Hiroko 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To assess the morphological changes of cone photoreceptors in eyes with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy.

Methods:
Both eyes of five patients with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathyunderwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics fundus imaging. The cone photoreceptor densities were measured at intervals of 100 μm between 500 μm nasal and temporal eccentricities from the foveal center.

Results:
The median age of the patients was 30 years (range, 23–45 years), and the best-corrected visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/80. Adaptive optics fundus images showed reduced cone photoreceptor densities corresponding to the damages of the photoreceptor layer in the spectral domain optical coherence tomography images in four patients with relatively good best-corrected visual acuity. The cone photoreceptor densities at the center of the fovea were less than one-third of the normal cone densities (range 11,600–30,400 cells/mm2). Cone photoreceptor mosaics were visible over the lesions with serous retinal detachment and retinal edema, although they were partially hyporeflective.

Conclusion:
There is a significant cone photoreceptor loss in the macular region of patients with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy, although they had relatively good visual acuity. Monitoring cone photoreceptors by adaptive optics fundus imaging should provide accurate assessments of the disease status and indications for future therapeutic interventions.
The perceptions and experiences of national regulatory nurse leaders in advancing the advanced practice registered nurse compact policy agenda
Authors: Hahn Joyce A. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Background and purpose:
The Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) Compact was approved at the National Council of State Boards of Nursing Delegate Assembly in May 2015. Since that date, only three states have been successful in the legislative adoption of the compact. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and perceptions of nursing regulatory leaders involved with the individual state adoption of the APRN Compact.

Methods:
This qualitative study followed a phenomenological–hermeneutic methodology approach.

Conclusions:
Four themes emerged from within the data: legislative political environment; professional organizational barriers; strategies to push past barriers; and moving forward. An overarching theme of consistent communication was evident.

Implications for practice:
This study identifies barriers experienced in the legislative state adoption process and successful strategies to overcome these barriers to move the APRN compact forward.
Focal Degeneration of Vestibular Neuroepithelium in the Cristae Ampullares of Three Human Subjects
Authors: Okayasu Tadao , O’Malley Jennifer T. , Nadol Joseph B. 
Published: October 2018

Background:
We report a unique pattern of focal degeneration of the neuroepithelium of cristae ampullares, thick subepithelial extracellular deposits, and neural degeneration in three humans.

Objective:
To characterize the pattern of vestibular degeneration and measure the thickness of subepithelial deposits in these three cases and controls.

Methods:
The subepithelial deposits of vestibular end organs in three subject cases and controls were studied using hematoxylin and eosin, periotic acid-Schiff, Gomori trichrome staining, and immunostaining for antineurofilament, antimyosin VIIa, and anticollagen 4a1. The thickness of deposit as measured by light microscopy was compared with that of control groups (age-matched controls, patients with unilateral Menière's disease, vestibular neuritis, cupulolithiasis, severe nonfocal degeneration of the vestibular neuroepithelium, and Alport syndrome). The correlation of thickness of deposits with age from 0 to 100 years was also investigated.

Results:
Focal loss of hair cells in the neuroepithelium, thick subepithelial deposits, and degeneration of subepithelial dendrites and Scarpa's ganglion were found in all three cristae of three subject cases. Immunostaining demonstrated a decrease of afferent neural fibers in the cristae and focal fragmentation of the basement membrane adjacent to the deposits. The thickness of the subepithelial deposits in three cristae of three subject cases was significantly greater than that of all controls. In the three cristae of normal controls, the thickness of deposits demonstrated a positive correlation with age.

Conclusion:
Although both age and degeneration of the vestibular neuroepithelium may be associated with the thickness of the subepithelial deposits, in this unique pattern of degeneration, the thickness of the subepithelial deposits was significantly greater than that in all controls.