bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis of cognitive function in Chinese first-episode schizophrenia: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) profile of impairment
Authors: Zhang Huijuan , Wang Yao , Hu Yuliang , Zhu Yikang , Zhang Tianhong , Wang Jijun , Ma Ke , Shi Chuan , Yu Xin , Li Chunbo 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundCompromised neurocognition is a core feature of schizophrenia. With increasing studies researching cognitive function of Chinese patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) using MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), it is not clear about the level and pattern of cognitive impairment among this population.AimTo provide a meta-analysis systematically analysing studies of neurocognitive function using MCCB in Chinese patients with FES.MethodsAn independent literature search of both Chinese and English databases up to 13 March 2019 was conducted by two reviewers. Standardised mean difference (SMD) was calculated using the random effects model to evaluate the effect size.Results56 studies (FES=3167, healthy controls (HC)=3017) were included and analysed. No study was rated as ‘high quality’ according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. Compared with HCs, Chinese patients with FES showed impairment with large effect size in overall cognition (SMD=−1.60, 95% CI −1.82 to −1.38, I2=67%) and all seven cognitive domains, with the SMD ranging from −0.87 to −1.41. In nine MCCB subtests, patients with FES showed significant difference in Symbol Coding (SMD=−1.90), Trail Making Test (TMT) (SMD=−1.36), Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (SMD=−1.33), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (SMD=−1.24), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (SMD=−1.18), Mazes (SMD=−1.16), Category Fluency (SMD=−1.01), Spatial Span (SMD=−0.69) and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (SMD=−0.38).ConclusionsOur meta-analysis demonstrates that Chinese patients with FES show neurocognitive deficits across all seven MCCB cognitive domains and all nine subtests, particularly in two neurocognitive domains: speed of processing and attention/vigilance, with the least impairment shown in social cognition. Symbol Coding and TMT may be the most sensitive tests to detect cognitive deficit in Chinese patients with FES.
Effects of breathing exercises using home-based positive pressure in the expiratory phase in patients with COPD
Authors: Lin Qibin , Zhuo Leying , Wu Zhenjie , Li Chengye , Zhou Meixi , Cai Chang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) commonly have higher intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi). A breathing exercise programme strategy employing an appropriate PEEP may improve their pulmonary functional capacity, exercise tolerance and health-related quality of life. Breathing with an expiratory resistive load, which is a method of modulating spontaneous breathing against PEEPi, has not been fully studied in patients with COPD. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of changing spontaneous breathing in home-based conditions and regulating spontaneous breathing with breathing exercises in patients with COPD.MethodsThis was a prospective randomised trial including 64 patients with a diagnosis of stage III or IV COPD. Patients were randomised into two groups: standard treatment and standard treatment combined with breathing exercise rehabilitation. The effects of the treatments on the COPD assessment test (CAT) score, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) results and pulmonary function were compared at 0, 6, 12 and 18 months within and between the two groups.ResultsAll outcomes showed no significant differences between the two groups at the beginning of the study, while the 6MWT and CAT scores exhibited clinically and statistically significant improvements (p&lt;0.001) by the end of the study. At month 18, the change in the predicted percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%pred) differed between the two groups (p&lt;0.05). In addition, there were statistically significant differences in the 6MWT results, CAT scores and FEV1%pred values between the baseline and month 18 (p&lt;0.0001) in the intervention group.ConclusionsImprovements in 6MWT results, pulmonary function and CAT scores are associated with a successful response to breathing against PEEPi in patients with COPD.Trial registrationThis trial was registered at research registry.com (identifier research registry 4816).
A potential role of microvesicle-containing miR-223/142 in lung inflammation
Authors: Zhang Duo , Lee Heedoo , Wang Xiaoyun , Groot Michael , Sharma Lokesh , Dela Cruz Charles S , Jin Yang 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundUncontrolled lung inflammation is one of the prominent features in the pathogenesis of lung infection- associated acute lung injury (ALI). Microvesicles (MVs) are extracellular nanovesicles that are generated via direct membrane budding.MethodsBronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected from mice with or without intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation. BALF MVs were characterised and MV-containing microRNA (miRNA) profiles were assessed and confirmed. Secretion and function of MV-containing miR-223/142 (MV-miR-223/142) were analysed in vivo.ResultsIn BALF, MVs are mainly derived from macrophages in response to LPS. After intratracheal instillation (i.t.) of LPS orKlebsiella pneumoniae, MV-containing miR-223/142 are dramatically induced in both BALF and serum. Mechanistically, miRNA 3′ end uridylation mediates the packing of miR-223/142 into MVs. To investigate the functional role of MV-miR-223/142, we loaded miR-223/142 mimics into unstimulated MVs and delivered them into the murine lungs via i.t. The miR-223/142 mimics-enriched MVs selectively targeted lung macrophages and suppressed the inflammatory lung responses that were triggered by LPS orK. pneumoniae. Mechanistically, miR-223 and miR-142 synergistically suppress Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in macrophages via inhibition of Nlrp3 and Asc, respectively.ConclusionsIn the pathogenesis of lung macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses, MV-miR-223/142 secretion is robustly enhanced and detectable in BALF and serum. Furthermore, restoration of intracellular miR-223/142 via vesicle-mediated delivery suppresses macrophage activation and lung inflammation via inhibition of Nlrp3 inflammasome activation.
Quantifying the fate of wastewater nitrogen discharged to a Canadian river
Authors: Venkiteswaran Jason J. , Schiff Sherry L. , Ingalls Brian P. 
Published: July 2019

Addition of nutrients, such as nitrogen, can degrade water quality in lakes, rivers, and estuaries. To predict the fate of nutrient inputs, an understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients is needed. We develop and employ a novel, parsimonious, process-based model of nitrogen concentrations and stable isotopes that quantifies the competing processes of volatilization, biological assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification in nutrient-impacted rivers. Calibration of the model to nitrogen discharges from two wastewater treatment plants in the Grand River, Ontario, Canada, show that ammonia volatilization was negligible relative to biological assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification within 5 km of the discharge points.
Le systéme cartospot
Authors: Leclerc André 
Published: July 2019

CARTOSPOT is a system which enables us to produce, automatically, digital topographical maps and ground digital models from SPOT images. This paper describes methods, equipment and the different software modules used. The system’s possibilities, performance and advantages are also discussed. Although the the system is already operational and allows the production of ground digital models, topographical maps and by-products at a reasonable cost, improvements are proposed which should, in the future, allow a reduced realization time of these products and, therefore, their cost, and even improve their quality.
A cost-scale factor relationship for topographic mapping
Authors: Laroche Sylvie , Hamilton Angus C. 
Published: July 2019

An analysis of conventional map production costs such as provided by different organizations has led to the development of a universal relationship between cost and scale factor for topographic mapping: the “Laroche-Hamilton” unit cost function. This function has been established as: Cn = Ci x EF1.4 in which Ci = Unit cost per square kilometer (currency or person-hours) for production of topographic mapping; for the 1:50 000 reference scale, Ci is $36 CDN81 Cn = unit cost per square kilometer of any larger scale EF = scale enlargement factor on a reference scale basis (e.g., if Ci is 1:50 000 and Cn is 1:10 000, then EF is 5). It is implicit in this relationship that the type of terrain, the quality control and the type of end product are all comparable. For the particular case when the scale factor is doubled, this relationship predicts that the cost will increase by a factor of 2.5.
Integration of surveys in ontario: the response of a task force to the impact of land information systems
Authors: McGrath Gerald , Hamilton Angus 
Published: July 2019

For the integration of surveys in Ontario, the Task Force recommends a partnership approach to the establishment and maintenance of a Fully Integrated Land Information System [FILIS] — an up-to-date database system that includes infrastructure and planimetrie features as well as property boundaries. This is not a theoretical concept; it is a recognition of what is happening in Ontario today. Those municipalities that have acquired GIS hardware and software and are implementing a comprehensive land-related information system are finding that a graphic database that is consistent, complete and current is essential. As there is no provincial legislation or regulations for integrated surveys, municipalities are improvis¬ing in diverse and ingenious ways. Although there is a consensus that the initiative should remain at the municipal level, there is also a consensus that there should be provincial regulations and standards for the municipalities to follow. Thus the Task Force’s most significant recommendation is that “The Ministry of Natural Resources should, as a matter of urgency, establish a broadly based Working Parly to consider and recommend legislative changes which will enable an Integrated Municipality to be declared at the request of a municipality, and to define standards which will govern integration.”
FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERPRETABILITY OF AIR PHOTOS
Authors: Jackson K. B. 
Published: July 2019

This article discusses the qualities of photographs best suited to the needs of the photo-interpreter and the photogrammetrist and suggests means of achieving them and methods of abstracting the information such photographs contain. A description is given of the targets that have been constructed to test the validity of the proposals in actual aerial photography at scales between 1:2400 and 1:15840.
DE L’AVANTAGE POUR UN PROPRIÉTAIRE D’ÉTABLIR UN REGISTRE D’INVENTAIRE DE SA PROPRIÉTÉ FONCIÈRE, BASÉ SUR DES DESCRIPTIONS LÉGALES
Authors: O’Gallagher G. H. 
Published: July 2019

The above article is a summary of present procedures relating to records of ownership, presented with the aim of informing the owner, in a practical manner, of the valuable services the surveyor can offer him in establishing an exact register of his title. The main argument is that without an adequate technical description, without a plan and a formal report, much of the value of a legal opinion or a legal document may be lost. The article treats only the salient points of this extensive subject, making no attempt at a minute discussion of the legal principles or the technical methods relative to the establishment of boundaries.
A SIMULTANEOUS SECTION ADJUSTMENT FOR SMALL COMPUTERS
Authors: Therrien J. J. 
Published: July 2019

The horizontal section adjustment is a very powerful tool for extending control over wide areas. The solution outlined is designed for smaller computers; it makes it possible to perform the simultaneous adjustment of a large block of sections with a fraction of the storage requirement of the direct numerical solution. The most popular block adjustments in use at the present time are, adjustment of strips by polynomials, the Jerie Analogue method, and the numerical section adjustment. The simultaneous section adjustment of a block of reasonable size has so far been confined to large computers. The method outlined in the paper permits us to perform this adjustment on a small computer without compromise in ease of data handling and without restricting the flexibility of the simultaneous section adjustment. This article gives the theory behind the solution and an outline of the computer programme.
SUGGESTIONS ON THE NORMAL LAW OF ERRORS
Authors: Romanowski M. 
Published: July 2019

In this article it is shown that Hagen’s theory of errors is not complete and requires some additional hypotheses. One of these, which is extremely simple and possesses a clear experimental meaning, consists in assuming that, in addition to positive and negative elementary errors (with respective probabilities p and q), there is also a third kind of error, viz. one equal to zero (with probability r). In this article it is assumed, as a working hypotheses, that p = q = r = ⅓. The standard error that results (computed by the method used in the theory of sampling) is about six per cent smaller than in the unmodified theory. The last section of the article suggests the possibility that statistical analysis of a certain number of cases may lead to establishing a relationship between the standard error of a set of measurements and the resolving power of the measuring method.
TESTS OF DEPARTURE FROM THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FOR THEODOLITE ERRORS OF OBSERVATION
Authors: Stearn J. L. 
Published: July 2019

A study of errors of theodolite observations involving 12 samples with a total of 9,420 observations indicates that theodolite observations do not come from a normal population and that the arithmetic mean is not the best value of samples of such observaions. In the course of the study a comparison was made of the results obtained by the use of the arithmetic mean with those from the use of Jeffreys’s weighted mean. It was concluded that, although the use of the weighted mean does improve the accuracies to some degree, the improvement is not worth the time-consuming labour involved.
THE STEREO LINE PLOTTER A NEW THIRD ORDER INSTRUMENT
Authors: Moore R. E. 
Published: July 2019

The S.L.P.-1 is a third-order instrument that enables a topographer, using elevations in the four corners of the stereo model as control, to draw contours rapidly on photographs. This it does by the use of a plane of parallel lines that intersects the model and serves as the measuring system. Instead of removing parallax from the model, the operator deforms the plane of lines to fit the deformed surface of the model. The instrument is inexpensive and can be adapted to a number of special uses.
Adjustments of Aerodist Observations
Authors: Evans B. R. 
Published: July 2019

Aerodist is a powerful tool for rapidly extending survey control over wide areas. The method of adjustment outlined in this paper is suitable for medium-sized computers with magnetic tape or disk facilities. The paper includes a general outline of a program to perform the adjustment. The method is developed for aerodist, but can also be used to adjust data from other airborne measuring systems (hiran, shiran, etc.). The paper shows how data from continuous trilateration and data from connecting surveys and azimuth observations can be adjusted simultaneously. The same program can be used for fixing the positions of photo stations when aerodist is used with fixed ground stations.
Control Surveys as a Foundation for an Integrated Data System
Authors: Konecny Gottfried 
Published: July 2019

An adequate environmental data bank must be based on geometrically defined parcels of land. A distinction is made between the description of an area of land and its definition. To define land parcels properly, a network of permanent control points is required. Where such a network is lacking, large-scale maps can serve as substitutes, but the precision of definition will be inferior. The paper gives suggestions for indexing land parcels, the types of files in a data bank and the establishment of a national bank of control survey data. The author’s final conclusion is that there is no better assurance for the long-term value of a data bank than the use of control surveys for its geometrical foundation.
Data Banks and Population Statistics
Authors: Krotki Karol J. 
Published: July 2019

The major source of population statistics in Canada is the census, taken every five years. Data are published for the county or census division, for parts of certain towns, for census tracts and, finally, for enumeration areas, the smallest administrative units. The enumeration area data are available in two forms: in computer printouts and on computer tapes. For the 1971 census, plans are being made for the geographical coding of places of residence and of work. For this purpose, it is most important to have uniform, unique and standard geo-codes applied at the central statistical organization, particularly because of the intention in 1971 to have a large part of the country covered by self-enumeration. The system of geo-coding woidd be of enormous benefit if extended to other population statistics, such as registration of births, deaths and marriages, and various forms of registration by local authorities for electoral purposes. Address registers and geo-coding woidd accelerate the availability of census data for user-designated areas. Furthermore, geo-codes have a crucial role in the development of the social sciences. There is a difference between the type of matching and record linkage in which surveyors are interested and that which social scientists woidd be using. The former is anchored to geo-coded addresses for the matching of events and persons for study purposes; the latter is more concerned with the standard demographic characteristics available on people, which are not tied to geographical location. Of the latter, those with the highest discriminating power are the social insurance number and the birth number. Canada has played a leading role in the development of matching procedures using these characteristics. Present Canadian legislation, by attempting to safeguard the privacy of individuals, unfortunately restricts the development of data for purposes of social investigation.
Files and Data Banks
Authors: Morley J. D. 
Published: July 2019

Computer files may be handled by routine or real-time processes. Routine processes are scheduled, repetitive and well defined, and the activities may be batched. In real-time processes, the edit, update and action cycle may recur transaction by transaction. Routine files should not be encumbered with data not needed by the routine process and should be altered only by routine programs. Data banks, like other banks, have collection, deposit and withdrawal processes, each with its own special problems. Data collection has both hardware and software problems. Deposit processes involve decisions on editing, organization and data compression. Withdrawal programs are often from a number of sources and must not modify data in the bank. The use of routine files as data banks is rarely satisfactory. Files are designed for efficiency, timeliness and special purposes; data banks are research and planning tools for storing large amounts of information covering a generally broader range of topics.
Small Areas in the Canadian Census
Authors: Hubert P. J. 
Published: July 2019

The spatial framework for which the Census of Canada provides data has evolved, through successive censuses, to meet the need of users. Because of the changing nature of the electoral districts of the early censuses, a more permanent spatial framework, namely, the county, and an equivalent area called the census division, was introduced in the 1921 and 1931 censuses. After World War II, users of census data requested a smaller spatial framework. In. 1951 data were available at the municipality level and, in 1961, all census data taken on a 100 per cent basis were available at the enumeration area level. Currently, the ability to provide census data for user-specified areas is being developed through a geocoding system.
Electro-Optical Distance-Measuring Instruments With Particular Reference to the Wild DI 10 Distomat
Authors: Hodges D. J. 
Published: July 2019

The use of electro-optical systems is expected to become the prime method of measuring distances in mine surveying in the near future. Important features of a number of such distance-measuring systems that have become available during the past few years are reviewed. A brief description of the Wild DI 10 distomat and the results of a series of tests carried out on this instrument are given. The investigations have confirmed that the accuracy attainable is well within that claimed by the manufacturers of ± 1 cm and that the speed of operation and, therefore, the economies that can be effected by the use of this instrument are outstanding.
Computational Techniques in the Reduction of Shaft Plumbing and Gyro-Theodolite Observations
Authors: Janisch P. R. 
Published: July 2019

Initial transfer of position and bearing through vertical shafts, using shaft plumbing and gyro theodolites, represents the most basic operation in deep-level mine surveying. The necessary field operations can be streamlined by making use of certain computational techniques, especially where digital computers are available. One example described is the adjustment of plumb-line positions on the basis of interline measurements. In the case of gyro-theodolite work, the use of eccentric setups, more spinups and fewer reversal points in each case would decrease the required time and increase the accuracy. A rigorous non-linear numerical technique for the reduction of reversal point observations is described, and this method can be used to derive a general linear fornmla for use with particular instruments at particular latitudes.
Patterns of Aerial Photo Weather in Canada
Authors: FLEMING J. 
Published: July 2019

Weather suitable for high altitude aerial survey photography is defined in terms of cloud cover, horizontal visibility, and solar altitude. With these criteria established, relevant weather observation data, stored in the electronic archives of the Meteorological Service of Canada, were selected and used to compute a single figure value of average frequency of occurrence for each observation station, each month, for each of two minimum solar altitudes. Isopleths were then plotted on suitable base maps to depict the mean frequency of occurrence of observations meeting the criteria over a 10-year period. During the study of the accumulated data, it became apparent that four major areas which exhibit distinctive zonal photo weather patterns are to be found in Canada. Possible reasons for the existence of these zonal distributions are discussed in terms of their regional and local, geographical and meteorological characteristics. The information presented is statistical. Because of the nature of the computer program used to select data it was, unfortunately, not possible to compute standard deviations from mean values. This and other limitations on the application of the data to specific cases are discussed.
Integration of Satellite and Decca 12F Survey Systems
Authors: Hittel A. , Kouba J. 
Published: July 2019

Shell Canada Limited Exploration and Production Calgary, Alberta Geographic coordinates derived from the Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS) are based on the Applied Physics Laboratory Reference Ellipsoid. This ellipsoid does not correspond to the Clarke 1866 Ellipsoid presenting the somewhat confusing problem of datum transformation. Reliable techniques used to compute the various datum transformations are described and the required formulas for computing the corrections are given. Derived corrections are compared with field results obtained during the 1970 offshore geophysical operations.