bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SURG-01. LITT FOR IN-FIELD RECURRENCE OF BRAIN METASTASIS AFTER STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY: OUTCOMES AND MECHANISMS OF DEATH
Authors: Danish Shabbar , Kaye Joel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Brain metastasis (BM) affects up to one-third of adults with cancer and carries a historically bleak prognosis. Thanks to advances in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), patients can live longer, and fewer succumb to their intracranial disease. However, rates of in-field recurrence after SRS range from 10–25%, either as true tumor re-growth or radiation necrosis (RN). In this setting, repeat SRS is not recommended and craniotomy may not be feasible or desired by the patient. Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is an emerging option with promising outcomes. In this study, we investigated outcomes and determined the mechanisms of death among patients with BM who underwent LITT for in-field recurrence after SRS. METHODS: Single institution retrospective review of patients with BM who underwent LITT for in-field recurrence after SRS. RESULTS: Between 2010–2018, seventy (70) patients with BM underwent LITT for in-field recurrence after SRS. At the time of review, 51/70 (72.9%) patients died, 16/70 (22.9%) were alive, and the status of 3/70 (4.3%) was undetermined. Among those who died, death was neurologic in 17/51 (33.3%), non-neurologic in 21/51 (41.2%), and undetermined in 13/51 (25.5%). Median survival after LITT for patients who died from neurologic and non-neurologic causes were 8.9 and 14.3 months, respectively. Mechanisms of neurologic death included progressive intracranial metastatic disease in eight patients and progressive RN in two. Mechanisms of non-neurologic death were nearly all related to progression of primary or systemic disease. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with BM who develop in-field recurrence after SRS, LITT is a viable alternative to craniotomy and can attenuate the neurological burden of this devastating disease. Among our patient population, very few died as the result of intracranial progression. Future studies that investigate which factors predispose patients to intracranial progression despite LITT will further improve its efficacy and ultimately improve the lives of cancer patients.
Science and Aesthetics in American Realism
Authors: Hebard Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with William Dean Howells’s 1891 comparison of a realist writer to a naturalist observing a grasshopper. Examining a range of writings that made similar comparisons, the chapter asks how and why scientific observation became such a central framework for both critics and defenders of realist aesthetics. In particular, the chapter provides a context for realist aesthetics by tracing shifts in the biological sciences from a natural history methodology based on careful observation and description to a methodology based on measurement and the statistical analysis of large aggregates of facts. This shifting scientific imaginary allowed realists to reconcile realism’s investments in coherent aesthetic forms, particularly the ideals of totality and organic wholeness, with its descriptive practice of heaping up facts and contingent details.
Realism and Poetry
Authors: Barron Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
American poetic realism still remains a largely unknown and untold story. Although it came to American poetry relatively late by comparison with fiction, the typical American realist poem has a distinctive nexus combining theme, diction, and style. Chief among the first American realists are Robert Frost, Edgar Lee Masters, Carl Sandburg, and Sara Teasdale. Specifically, realist poetry expresses a pragmatic philosophy rejecting the individual’s location in the world as something knowable, fixed, and stable. Realist poets reject as amoral and quietist the commitment to beauty for the sake of beauty and tend toward virtues associated with masculinity. Their poetry rejects generic nouns in favor of particulars and depicts recognizable contemporary landscapes and, above all, contemporary American cities such as Chicago, Boston, or New York. It emphasizes the interior space of the self as revealed by the new science of psychology. It also focuses on the living idiom of talk and speech rather than a “literary” language.
Realism and the Cinematic Gaze
Authors: Witschi Nicolas S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The technology for and, consequently, the artistic potential of cinema emerged at the end of the nineteenth century during a period roughly contemporaneous with the careers of many prominent realist authors. Despite this concurrence, early cinema was, by and large, of relatively little interest to the creators of realist literature. However, their literary works have proven immensely popular with filmmakers. After surveying the limited but ultimately telling responses to the new medium by a number of writers from the realist period, this chapter suggests, through a concluding analysis of three distinctive works of cinema that were based on realist fiction, that the two forms ultimately share an abiding and even structuring affinity for the power of realistic representations to define and direct the reader’s or viewer’s perspective.
Teaching and Researching American Literature and American Realism in China
Authors: Wang Yuping 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The study and teaching of American literature and American realism in China mirrored the social development and cultural transformation in China and was often fueled by political incentives. This chapter examines the cultural and political forces affecting the reception of American literature in different stages of Chinese history and investigates the teaching of American literature and of American realism in Chinese university classrooms. Different from the teaching of American literature in English-speaking countries, the American literature course in China serves a twofold purpose: to provide cultural nutrient for the cultivation of a broader mind by highlighting the cultural norms and rubrics in literature and to promote students’ language proficiency by a careful study of the text and formal elements of literary works. The history of the Chinese reception of American literature thus reflects the resilience and openness of Chinese culture in its negotiation with foreign cultures.
Realism 2.0
Authors: Rohrbach Augusta 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks to the future of teaching realism with Web 2.0 technologies. After discussing the ways in which technologies of data modeling can reveal patterns for interpretation, the chapter examines how these technologies can update the social-reform agenda of realism as exemplified by William Dean Howells’s attempted intervention into the Haymarket Riot in 1886. The advent of Web 2.0 techologies offers students a way to harness the genre’s sense of social purpose to knowledge-sharing mechanisms to create a vehicle for political consciousness-raising in real time. The result is “Realism 2.0,” a realism that enables readers to engage in their world, which is less text-centric than it was for previous writers.
Education in Context
Authors: Welner Kevin , LaCour Sarah 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Legal directives aimed at schools exist within a complex societal system. Consequently, learning inequalities arise because of opportunity gaps outside of school, not just inside of school. This reality carries sharp implications for those designing litigation and legislation hoping to drive reforms or impose remedies. As this chapter illustrates, a school’s capacity to comply with a mandate and to yield desired outcomes often depends on factors well beyond the control of the school’s leaders and educators. Consequently, legislation and litigation are often ineffective in driving educational equity as they fail to account for external factors. This chapter first presents research showing that variation in outcomes for children in different schools is determined more by outside-of-school inequalities than by differences in what happens inside of schools. Second, it dives deeply into the question of how opportunity gaps arise outside of school. Third, it examines how education laws have focused on efforts directed narrowly at schools. Finally, the chapter considers how litigation might respond to the importance of nonschool factors in driving opportunity gaps.
Accuracy and Bias of Trait Judgments in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Luo Shanhong , Watson David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a review of recent theoretical developments and empirical evidence regarding accuracy and biases of trait judgments in romantic relationships. Consistent with prior theorizing, personality judgments may be conceptualized to consist of accurate perceptions, systematic biases, and random errors. Two common biases in romantic relationships—positivity bias and similarity bias—are the focus of the chapter. The two major approaches to conceptualizing and assessing accuracy and biases—the variable-centered approach and the person-centered approach—are discussed. A review of the literature on partner personality judgments in both approaches suggests that individuals tend to perceive their partners with both substantial accuracy and a considerable amount of bias. Judges’ personal characteristics, trait properties, and relationship factors may moderate the extent to which the judgments are accurate and biased. Finally, accuracy, positivity bias, and similarity bias all have important positive implications for romantic relationship functioning.
Information as a Moderator of Accuracy in Personality Judgment
Authors: Beer Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
People inherently believe that additional information is helpful in making accurate personality judgment, an assertion supported by empirical evidence. This chapter reviews the evidence beginning with the cross-sectional and longitudinal study of accuracy in naturally existing groups and continuing through to laboratory-based experiments involving the intentional manipulation of available information. In doing so, it discusses the process of becoming acquainted with others in our social world and makes suggestions for future avenues of research in this area, including but not limited to more clearly defining acquaintanceship, studying information quantity and quality jointly and separately, and better connecting personality judgment with real-world phenomena.
Implicit Measures in the Aesthetic Domain
Authors: Palumbo Letizia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe current chapter is concerned with implicit levels of information processing underlying hedonic responses. Commencing with an overview of the processes involved in the formation of the aesthetic experience, the discourse will focus on models that ascribe a role to the implicit dimension, a role that is marginal but necessary. We will see how a range of experimental procedures have contributed to measure automatic components of the aesthetic appreciation. The aim is to assign a specific place to the study of implicit processes within the broader debate on aesthetic experience. Ultimately, this will lead to some general remarks for the discipline of empirical aesthetics.
The Role of Attention, Executive Processes, and Memory in Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Mullennix John W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When considering the cognitive processes involved in aesthetic experiences, one approach is to focus on the different components in the cognitive system. In this chapter, research on the roles of dual-mode processing, cognitive effort and control, and memory in the aesthetic experience are reviewed. Automatic and controlled processes, respectively, appear to be engaged at different times when viewing art, with one’s goal (e.g., forming a quick impression of art or closely evaluating an artwork) determining how those processes are utilized. Shifts in cognitive control affect how art is processed, as well as attention and memory load demands at the time art is being viewed. Memory comes into play when considering how knowledge about art and expertise is used. Overall, the growing literature on cognitive processing of art and related brain imaging research is producing numerous exciting findings of interest both to the researcher and to persons working in the arts.
Select Committees: Agents of Change
Authors: Mellows-Facer Adam , Challender Chloe , Evans Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Some select committees are increasingly adopting campaigning characteristics, acting not just as scrutineers of government but also as high-profile agents of change in the public and private sectors. The popularity of such committees with members, the media and the public means this trend is likely to continue. This will increase the already evident strains on the committee powers and the wider established framework within which committees operate. This article considers the implications for the future of select committees.
The Creation and Evolution of Crystal Mush in the Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: Vukmanovic Z , Holness M B , Stock M J , Roberts R J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex contains the world’s largest Fe–Ti–V ± P deposit and formed from the last major injection of magma into the chamber. Quantitative textural analysis of Upper Zone rocks was undertaken to constrain the processes operating during mush formation and solidification, focussing on horizons with the greatest density contrast to isolate the effects of gravitational loading. We examined three magnetitite layers, together with their underlying and overlying anorthosites. The similarity of microstructures in anorthosites above and below the dense magnetitite layers suggests that the rocks were not affected by viscous compaction driven by gravitational loading. The magnetitite cumulate layers formed by crystal accumulation from a mobile crystal slurry dominated by the Fe-rich conjugate of an unmixed immiscible liquid. We suggest a new mechanism of crystal nucleation in deforming crystal-rich systems, driven by undercooling caused by cavitation as grains slide past each other during simple shear. We propose that the super-solidus deformation recorded in these rocks was caused by prolonged regional subsidence of the magma chamber at Upper Zone times.
Elevated free secretory component in early rheumatoid arthritis and prior to arthritis development in patients at increased risk
Authors: Martinsson Klara , Roos Ljungberg Karin , Ziegelasch Michael , Cedergren Jan , Eriksson Per , Klimovich Vladimir , Reckner Åsa , Griazeva Irina , Sjöwall Christopher , Samoylovich Marina , Skogh Thomas , Wetterö Jonas , Kastbom Alf 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesConsidering growing evidence of mucosal involvement in RA induction, this study investigated circulating free secretory component (SC) in patients with either recent-onset RA or with ACPA and musculoskeletal pain.MethodsTwo prospective cohorts were studied: TIRA-2 comprising 452 recent-onset RA patients with 3 years of clinical and radiological follow-up, and TIRx patients (n = 104) with ACPA IgG and musculoskeletal pain followed for 290 weeks (median). Blood donors and three different chronic inflammatory diseases served as controls. Free SC was analysed by sandwich ELISA.ResultsSerum levels of free SC were significantly higher in TIRA-2 patients compared with TIRx and all control groups (P &lt; 0.01). Among TIRx patients who subsequently developed arthritis, free SC levels were higher compared with all control groups (P &lt; 0.05) except ankylosing spondylitis (P = 0.74). In TIRA-2, patients with ACPA had higher baseline levels of free SC compared with ACPA negative patients (P &lt; 0.001). Free SC status at baseline did not predict radiographic joint damage or disease activity over time. In TIRx, elevated free SC at baseline trendwise associated with arthritis development during follow-up (P = 0.066) but this disappeared when adjusting for confounders (P = 0.72). Cigarette smoking was associated with higher levels of free SC in both cohorts.ConclusionSerum free SC levels are increased in recent-onset RA compared with other inflammatory diseases, and associate with ACPA and smoking. Free SC is elevated before arthritis development among ACPA positive patients with musculoskeletal pain, but does not predict arthritis development. These findings support mucosal engagement in RA development.
Cost-effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: health care system and societal perspectives
Authors: Streatfeild Jared , Hillman David , Adams Robert , Mitchell Scott , Pezzullo Lynne 
Published: August 2019

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo determine cost-effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Australia for 2017–2018 to facilitate public health decision-making.MethodsAnalysis was undertaken of direct per-person costs of CPAP therapy (according to 5-year care pathways), health system and other costs of OSA and its comorbidities averted by CPAP treatment (5-year adherence rate 56.7%) and incremental benefit of therapy (in terms of disability-adjusted life years [DALYs] averted) to determine cost-effectiveness of CPAP. This was expressed as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (= dollars per DALY averted). Direct costs of CPAP were estimated from government reimbursements for services and advertised equipment costs. Costs averted were calculated from both the health care system perspective (health system costs only) and societal perspective (health system plus other financial costs including informal care, productivity losses, nonmedical accident costs, deadweight taxation and welfare losses). These estimates of costs (expressed in US dollars) and DALYs averted were based on our recent analyses of costs of untreated OSA.ResultsFrom the health care system perspective, estimated cost of CPAP therapy to treat OSA was $12 495 per DALY averted while from a societal perspective the effect was dominant (−$10 688 per DALY averted) meaning it costs more not to treat the problem than to treat it.ConclusionsThese estimates suggest substantial community investment in measures to more systematically identify and treat OSA is justified. Apart from potential health and well-being benefits, it is financially prudent to do so.
Effects of a single initial and delayed release implant on arrival compared with a non-coated initial implant and a non-coated terminal implant in heifers fed across various days on feed
Authors: Smith Zachary K , Holland Ben P , Word Alyssa B , Crawford Grant I , Nichols Wade N , Nuttelman Brandon L , Streeter Marshall N , Hutcheson John P , Johnson Bradley J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the effect of implant number, type, and total steroidal dose on live animal performance and carcass traits in heifers fed for three different days on feed (DOF). In experiment 1, heifers (n = 3,780; 70 heifers/pen and 9 pens/treatment; initial body weight [BW] = 309 kg) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were as follows: 1) implant (all from Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS): 200 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 20 mg estradiol-17β (E2) administered on arrival (SINGLE), or 80 mg TBA and 8 mg E2 administered on arrival followed by 200 mg TBA and 20 mg E2 after approximately 90 d (REPEATED) and 2) duration of DOF: harvested after approximately 172, 193, and 214. In experiment 2, heifers (n = 3,719; 65 to 70 heifers/pen and 9 pens/treatment; initial BW = 337 kg) were used with the same factors as experiment 1, except DOF were 150, 171, and 192. No implant × DOF interaction (P ≥ 0.06) was noted for any performance parameters in either experiment. Heifers administered REPEATED had improved (P ≤ 0.05) live gain to feed ratio (G:F) and carcass-adjusted G:F and tended (P = 0.09) to have greater hot carcass weight (HCW) in experiment 1. Increasing DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted final BW and decreased (P = 0.01) live ADG in experiment 1. As DOF increased, HCW, HCW gain, and dressing% (P ≤ 0.01) increased in experiment 1. The mean carcass transfer was 79.6% across the 42 d terminal window in experiment 1. In experiment 2, REPEATED had improved (P = 0.03) carcass-adjusted G:F compared with SINGLE, but HCW was not different (P = 0.36) between treatments. Increased DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.01) final live and carcass-adjusted BW, decreased (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted ADG, and poorer (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted G:F in experiment 2. In experiment 2, dressing percentage was greater (P = 0.02) in REPEATED compared with SINGLE. Heifers given SINGLE had greater (P = 0.01) back fat and estimated empty body fat (EBF), whereas REPEATED had fewer (P = 0.01) Yield Grade 4 carcasses and greater (P = 0.01) longissimus muscle (LM) area. Increased DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.04) HCW, HCW gain, dressing%, back fat, LM area, marbling, EBF%, and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Prime-grading carcasses, Yield Grade 4 and 5, and over 454-kg carcasses in experiment 2. Carcass ADG and carcass transfer indicate a 0.70 kg carcass ADG between 150 and 192 DOF, resulting in an average carcass transfer of 72.2% in experiment 2. Although feedlot growth performance and HCW did not differ between the implant regimens tested, increasing DOF resulted in decreased live growth performance while increasing the proportion of USDA prime carcasses and HCW.
Nail and Plate Combination Fixation for Periprosthetic and Interprosthetic Fractures
Authors: Yoon Richard S. , Patel Jay N. , Liporace Frank A. 
Published: August 2019

Summary:
Nail plate combination technique can be applied in the setting of periprosthetic and interprosthetic fractures to promote reliable healing with a biomechanically favorable construct. Here, technical aspects and discussion of the technique are reviewed through a case of an 87-year-old woman who suffered from an interprosthetic “floating” total knee arthroplasty (TKA); a supracondylar distal femur fracture in between a total hip arthroplasty and a TKA, with a proximal tibial metaphyseal fracture below the TKA tibial base plate.