bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Zinc, Copper and Calcium in the Etiology of the "Meat Anemia"
Authors: GUGGENHEIM KARL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The suggestion that the "meat anemia" of mice is due to a dietary lack of copper accompanied by an excess of zinc in meat was investigated.
Muscle meat contains small amounts of copper and much more zinc whereas liver which protects against "meat anemia" contains more copper and less zinc than muscle. Supplementation of meat with copper or liver, which reduce the zinc-copper ratio of the diet, prevents anemia. Addition of zinc, which increases the zinc-copper ratio, leads to anemia.
Calcium prevents anemia even when the zinc-copper ratio is high. Treatment with vitamin D does not protect against anemia. It is concluded that calcium acts before its absorption in the intestinal tract, probably by interfering with the absorption of zinc.
Anemia also develops in mice which are maintained on a semisynthetic low-calcium diet with a higher content of zinc than of copper. Supplementation of this diet with calcium likewise alleviates the anemia.
Rats, which are resistant to "meat anemia," are less susceptible to the toxic effects of zinc than mice.
"Meat anemia" of mice seems, therefore, to result mainly from the presence in meat of insufficient amounts of copper accompanied by an excess of zinc, the effects of which are accentuated by a concomitant lack of calcium. Genetic factors determining the particular sensitivity to zinc seem to play an important role as well.
The Reservoir Function of the Spleen and Its Relation to Postsplenectomy Anemia in the Dog
Authors: ELENES NICOLAS ARIAS , EWALD ROGER A. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Nylon nets sutured around intact dog spleens mechanically prevented them from functioning as red cell reservoirs. Failure of the animals to develop anemia indicates that loss of the reservoir function of the spleen is not involved in the postsplenectomy anemia of the dog.
Coexistent Paroxysmal Nocturnal and Cold Hemoglobinuria Preceded by Aplastic Anemia: A Case Report and Family Study
Authors: MENGEL CHARLES E. , HYMAN BARRY N. , O’MALLEY BERT W. , HOWELL DORIS A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This report described a patient with coexistent paroxysmal cold and nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The hemolytic processes were preceded by a period of marrow aplasia. He demonstrated two complications of prolonged hemolysis and hemoglobinuria, namely iron deficiency and probably "relative folate deficiency." Forty of his family members were investigated for evidence of PNH or PCH and none was found. The need for evaluation and follow up of patients with aplastic anemia in terms of PNH was emphasized.
Cell Antigens and Cell Specialization. II. Demonstration of Some Red Cell Antigens of Human Normoblasts
Authors: YUNIS JORGE J. , YUNIS EDMOND J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Evidence is presented for the presence of the antigens of nine blood group systems on normoblasts. The antigen receptors are detected on all stages of normoblasts. The in vivo demonstration of gamma globulin coating the reticulocytes and the normoblasts of a patient with erythroblastosis fetalis and the normoblasts of a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia are discussed in relationship to the pathogenesis of the anemia in both conditions.
Iron Absorption: Effects of Sugars and Reducing Agents
Authors: POLLACK SIMEON , KAUFMAN RICHARD M. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of the iron-chelating sugars, fructose, glucose and galactose, on iron absorption in rats has been examined. Fructose has an effect in increasing iron absorption. Glucose and galactose have no effect on iron absorption. These findings suggest that the metabolism of fructose is responsible for changing iron absorption in the rat since it is metabolized during its absorption, while glucose and galactose are not.
Pyruvate and lactate, the final products of glycolysis, also increase iron absorption in the rat. The effects of lactate and hydroquinone on iron absorption are additive, suggesting independent actions. The effects of cysteine and hydroquinone on iron absorption are additive, suggesting independent actions of these two reducing agents in increasing iron absorption. Alternative hypotheses are offered in explanation of these observations.
Macrocytosis Resulting from Early Denucleation of Erythroid Precursors
Authors: SENO SATIMARU , MIYAHARA MASANOBU , ASAKURA HIKARU , OCHI OSAMU , MATSUOKA KENICHI , TÔYAMA TAKENORI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of production of macrocytosis in acute anemia, we studied changes in red cell volume and hemoglobin content, the RNA level of normoblasts and reticulocytes and RNA synthesis in reticulocytes of rabbits made anemic by blood loss or phenylhydrazine administration. The results were as follows:
(1) In severe phenylhydrazine anemia, red cell volume and hemoglobin content per cell increased to twice the normal values.
(2) The RNA level of normoblasts decreases with the maturation of the cells and reaches a minimum at the orthochromatic stage. The decrease is similar in the normal and anemic rabbits.
(3) The RNA level of reticulocytes in the bone marrow is higher in anemic than in normal rabbits. In general, the RNA level of reticulocytes of anemic rabbits is comparable to that of the polychromatic normoblasts, while in normal rabbits this value is comparable to that of orthochromatic normoblasts.
(4) Autoradiographs of reticulocytes incubated with H3-uridine indicate that the increased level of reticulocyte RNA of anemic rabbits is not due to newly synthesized RNA.
From these results, we conclude that in an "emergency" situation of erythropoietic stimulation denucleation of normoblasts occurs at the polychromatic stage of red cell maturation, with skipping of the terminal cell division to orthochromatic cells and formation of macrocytic reticulocytes and red cells.
Central Nervous System Involvement by Leukemia in Children. II. Therapy with Intrathecal Methotrexate
Authors: HYMAN CAROL B. , BOGLE JAMES M. , BRUBAKER CHARLES A. , WILLIAMS KENNETH , HAMMOND DENMAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Thirty-six children with leukemic involvement of the CNS were treated with one to seven courses of methotrexate given intrathecally.
a. Complete or partial symptomatic relief occurred in 57 of 67 episodes treated.
b. Onset of improvement ranged from immediately after the initial lumbar puncture to 18 days later.
c. Duration of response, with complete relief from symptoms, ranged from eight to 751 + days, median 84 days.
d. Median values for CSF pressure, white cell count, and sugar were abnormal during therapy but were normal one week after therapy was complete. In individual episodes, abnormalities persisted longer.
e. Systemic toxicity was infrequent.
f. CNS leukemia has the same sensitivity or resistance to intrathecal methotrexate as the systemic disease had when initially treated with oral methotrexate. The response of CNS leukemia to intrathecal methotrexate may be predicted by the responsiveness of the systemic disease when initially treated with oral methotrexate.
g. Intrathecal methotrexate may still be effective therapy for CNS leukemia in patients whose systemic disease was initially sensitive but later developed resistance to oral methotrexate.
2. Symptoms due to CNS leukemia may respond to lumbar puncture without the injection of medication. Symptomatic improvement was observed within 48 hours and lasted from 23 to 110 days in a small number of patients not given intrathecal methotrexate therapy. However, lumbar puncture per se did not significantly alter the abnormal CSF findings.
Electron Microscopy of the Red Cells in Erythropoietic Porphyria
Authors: GROSS SAMUEL , SCHOENBERG MELVIN D. , MUMAW VIRGIL R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
With the aid of electron microscopy two different red cell lines have been identified in erythropoietic porphyria. A normal red cell series has been found in association with hemoglobin containing normoblastic nuclei and ferritin laden reticulocytes. The abnormal line presumably represents the porphyrin containing cells. A possible explanation to account for the abnormality in heme synthesis has been proposed.
Canine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: LEWIS ROBERT M. , SCHWARTZ ROBERT , HENRY WILLIAM B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A naturally occurring immunologic disease, characterized by autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and nephritis, is described in seven dogs. The disease primarily affected formed elements in the blood, glomeruli and blood vessels. Abnormal serum proteins, including the LE factor, rheumatoid factor and antithyroid antibody were found in affected dogs. Corticosteroids and splenectomy were effective in controlling the hematologic components of the disease, but apparently had no effect on the renal lesions. Recurrence was frequent and the prognosis was grave. Additional abnormalities, including malar eruption, intermittent lameness and alopecia were occasionally found as an integral part in the sequential involvement of several tissues during the course of the disease.
DNA and RNA Synthesis of Circulating Atypical Lymphocytes in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: EPSTEIN LOIS B. , BRECHER GEORGE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The percentages of mononuclear cells synthesizing DNA and RNA in serial studies of blood from 13 patients with infectious mononucleosis were determined. Early in the disease a high percentage of atypical lymphocytes were in DNA synthesis but this percentage decreased rapidly as the disease progressed. Late in the disease many atypical lymphocytes were still present but few, if any, were synthesizing DNA. Similar results were found for RNA synthesis.
Presumably active proliferation of atypical cells in the tissues is restricted to an early period of the disease, whereas release of such atypical cells may continue for a considerable period.
Thrombocytopenia Inherited as an Autosomal Dominant Trait
Authors: BITHELL T. C. , DIDISHEIM P. , CARTWRIGHT G. E. , WINTROBE M. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This report summarizes information obtained on four generations of a kindred afflicted with a mild hemorrhagic diathesis. Studies carried out on a family of eight members and platelet counts obtained on fifty-one additional members demonstrated only mild thrombocytopenia in eleven members of three generations. The thrombocytopenia appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Evaluation of a Technic for Counting Dog and Human Platelets
Authors: WEED ROBERT I. , CRUMP S. LEE , SWISHER SCOTT N. , Trabold Norma C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The addition of Na2EDTA (2.5 to 5 mg./2 ml. of whole blood) to dog or human blood samples has been shown to eliminate the problem of platelet clumping and to provide satisfactory samples for use in enumeration of blood platelets. The statistical errors of platelet counts in blood samples prepared with Na2EDTA agree well with previously published results obtained with unmodified technic. In blood samples prepared without Na2EDTA, where clumping is appreciable, the field error is inflated.
2. Variation in the time during which the platelets are permitted to settle in the chamber before counting, between limits of 30 and 90 minutes, has no effect on the count.
3. The period of standing of the diluted blood in 1 per cent ammonium oxalate, from 30 minutes to four hours, appears to have no effect on the out-come of the platelet counting results when the platelets are not clumped.
The Effect of Incubation and Storage on Human Platelet Structure as Studied by Electron Microscopy
Authors: FIRKIN BARRY G. , O’NEILL BARRY J. , DUNSTAN BETH , OLDFIELD RONALD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The electron microscopic appearance of platelets incubated at 37 C. and stored at 4 C. are described, and the relationship of these changes to normal platelet structure are discussed together with the hypothesis that the observation may be due to lysosome activity of some of the platelet granules.
The platelet’s ATP level during incubation and storage was also followed and it was concluded that this relates more to the platelet’s ability to sustain clot retraction than to its viability.
A Normal Inhibitor of the Blood Coagulation Contact Reaction Product
Authors: NOSSEL H. L. , NIEMETZ J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method is described for studying and measuring the activity of a normally occurring inhibitor of the blood coagulation contact reaction product (activated PTA). The inhibitor, stable on storage at -20 C. was inactivated by heating plasma to 56 C. for 30 minutes. The inhibitor was stable between pH 5 and 9. Inhibitory activity was increased by aluminum hydroxide adsorption and not apparently affected by celite exhaustion of plasma. The inhibitor was present in the fraction of plasma precipitated between 55 and 65 per cent ammonium sulphate saturation and migrated with the alpha globulins electrophoretically. The action of the inhibitor was prevented by soy bean trypsin inhibitor. Inhibitory activity was present in serum and in all normal plasma samples examined as well as in plasma from patients deficient in Hageman factor, PTA factor or factors VIII or IX. The physiologic and pathologic significance of this inhibitor remains to be determined.
Effects of in Vivo Hyperoxia on Erythrocytes. II. Hemolysis in a Human after Exposure to Oxygen under High Pressure
Authors: MENGEL CHARLES E. , KANN HERBERT E. , HEYMAN ALBERT , METZ EARL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During the course of an investigation of the effects of in vivo hyperoxia on erythrocytes, one patient developed hemolytic anemia following a relatively brief exposure to oxygen under high pressure. Special studies carried out on his erythrocytes revealed them to be normal in terms of the usual oxido-reduction transformation system components. However, his cells did demonstrate an unusual in vitro sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and formed unusually high levels of lipid peroxides during incubation with hydrogen peroxide. The similarities between his erythrocytes and those from vitamin E-deficient rodents were noted and the implications of these findings in terms of mechanisms for hyperoxic hemolysis were discussed.
Brief Report: Adherence and Separation of Leukemic Cells on Glass Bead Columns
Authors: RABINOWITZ YALE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukemic cells showed differences in adherence to glass bead columns which permitted their partial to complete separation. Several fractions with markedly varied differential cell counts could be obtained from the same blood. Such fractions may be utilizable for a variety of assays which, with simple, or sometimes more complex calculations (computer), would be valuable in the determination of values for individual cell types.
Tissue Culture of Cells Already in DNA Synthesis from Patients with Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: MACKINNEY ARCHIE A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Peripheral blood cultures from patients with infectious mononucleosis contained approximately 50 times more cells incorporating tritiated thymidine at time 0 than normal cultures.
2. Cultures from these patients showed active cell division within the first 24 hours. No cell division was seen during this time in cultures of normal cells.
3. Cells dividing within the first 24 hours were identified as cells which had incorporated thymidine at time 0 by observation of metaphases containing tritiated thymidine.
4. Cell division ceased after 18-24 hours in the absence of phytohemagglutinin.
5. The data suggest that a population composed of immature lymphocytic cells in the circulation of patients with infectious mononucleosis is in the process of cell division. Proliferative capacity of peripheral blood cells cannot be studied adequately by ordinary morphologic technic.
Unbound Amino Acids in the Plasma and Erythrocytes of Children with Various Anemias and with Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Authors: NICOLAIDOU MARIA , LUND CHARLES C. , MCMENAMY RAPIER H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The unbound amino acid concentrations in the plasma and erythrocytes of 24 children with anemias of various types have been determined by the method of salt-saturated paper chromatography (iron deficiency anemia— 8 subjects; sickle cell anemia—3 subjects; hereditary spherocytosis—3 subjects; erythroblastosis fetalis—4 subjects; and 1 subject each for thalassemia minor, thalassemia major, unstable reduced glutathione, acquired hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, S & F hemoglobinopathy). Anemia per se was found to have little effect on the plasma amino acid concentrations, although a marked increase in the erythrocyte concentrations of every amino acid determined was found. In multiple regression and correlation analyses, the unbound amino acid concentrations in the erythrocytes were found to be a function of both the reticulocyte counts and the blood hemoglobin content, with a somewhat greater dependence on the latter. No recognizable distinction as to the disease category was evident in the unbound amino acid patterns of the anemia patients. The extent of the unbound amino acid elevations in the erythrocytes was largely a reflection of the severity of the anemia.
The subjects with erythroblastosis fetalis were in a category different from those with anemia. Their erythrocyte amino acid concentrations were probably the same as those of normal babies during the first few hours after birth.
Comparison of Hematologic and Febrile Response to Endotoxin in Man
Authors: WOLFF SHELDON M. , RUBENSTEIN MELVIN , MULHOLLAND JOHN H. , ALLING DAVID W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The infusion of endotoxin in man is followed by a fall in mononuclear cell count and subsequent granulocytosis. Significant granulocytopenia was not observed, nor were changes in plasma fibrinogen levels or platelet counts noted. Although a correlation was demonstrated between dose of endotoxin administered and hematologic response, there was no correlation between the magnitude of fever and hematologic changes. Hematologic responsiveness was unchanged following the development of febrile tolerance to endotoxin.
Measurement of Serum Vitamin B12 Level Using Radioisotope Dilution and Coated Charcoal
Authors: LAU KAM-SENG , GOTTLIEB CHESTER , WASSERMAN LOUIS R. , HERBERT VICTOR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method for measurement of serum B12 level using radioisotope dilution and charcoal coated with albumin or hemoglobin is presented. Its advantages over previously described radioisotopic methods and the classical bioassay procedure are greater simplicity, rapidity and reproducibility. The sensitivity range appears to extend from the lowest to the highest B12 values of normal and pathologic sera. The materials for the assay are readily available and the procedure can be completed within an hour. The assay can be applied to other biologic fluids and materials and also readily adopted for routine use by any clinical laboratory equipped to use radioisotopes.
Brief Report: Simplified Myeloperoxidase Stain Using Benzidine Dihydrochloride
Authors: KAPLOW LEONARD S. , Ladd Charlotte 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method is described for demonstrating leukocyte peroxidase activity in which benzidine dihydrochloride is used as the indicator compound instead of the more commonly used but potentially more hazardous benzidine base. The method is highly sensitive and rapid and permits the use of fixed blood smears and organ imprints. The incubation mixture, which incorporates safranin as a counterstain, may be used over and over again, for as long as 6 months. The method is also applicable to fresh frozen tissue sections.
Polycythemia Vera: Age Relationships and Survival
Authors: OSGOOD EDWIN E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Study of our first 201 cases of polycythemia vera and of cases reported in the literature shows a remarkable age distribution for this disease. The age at onset, age at diagnosis, age at first treatment, and age at death, as well as survival times, each fits a normal distribution.
In our cases, the median age at onset is 57 years with a standard deviation of 13 years, an entirely different distribution from that for the population of Oregon. This requires a logarithmic increase in relative age specific incidence from age 20 to 40, when there is little difference in the number of persons alive at each age, with a doubling of the proportion occurring in each 5-year interval every 7.5 years. After age 55, the proportion of new cases developing follows the slope of the number alive in the population. This means that the incidence remains almost constant after the peak age incidence is reached.
Unfortunately, no data exist to transform these figures to absolute values, but if enough of the population could be studied to give absolute values at any one point, all other points could be determined. The implication is that polycythemia vera is due to a single cause which is highly correlated with age.
The normal distribution of survival times means that polycythemia vera is not a malignant process since survival times in all malignancies studied fit a log normal distribution. The constant value of age at death means that age at first treatment is a most important prognostic factor.
The mean age at death of patients with polycythemia vera, treated with P32, is 69 years ± 1, and treated without radiation therapy is 65 years ± 1. Apparently, if a patient lives to be treated with P32 previous treatment by other modalities or no treatment prior to that, will not affect the years to be gained by P32 treatment. However, the total survival time is highly correlated with age and the sooner after onset that the patient can be treated the more likely it is he will benefit from P32 therapy.
Anemia in Experimental Protein Deficiency in the Rhesus Monkey with Special Reference to Iron Metabolism
Authors: SOOD S. K. , DEO M. G. , RAMALINGASWAMI V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. This investigation deals with a study of the anemia of protein deficiency in Rhesus monkeys.
2. Protein deficiency was induced in 17 rhesus monkeys. Seven animals, given a protein-rich diet, served as controls. The diets of both the groups were identical in all respects, except protein. All animals were tube-fed to ensure adequate caloric intake.
Hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythroctye count, serum iron, serum iron binding capacity, plasma iron tolerance curves, and iron absorption using the Fe59 fecal recovery method were studied before and at intervals of the experiment in both deficient and control groups.
Protein-deficient monkeys consistently developed normocytic normochromic anemia of moderate severity. A striking fall in serum iron binding capacity, total proteins and albumin with a rise in gamma globulin was observed in all deficient animals. A significant and comparable fall in serum iron was also observed. The Fe59 absorption was depressed and there was flattening of plasma iron tolerance curves. Two deficient animals, refed a high protein diet, showed reversal of all these changes. The control animals did not show any of these changes.
The mechanism of anemia and decreased iron absorption observed in the protein-deficient animals and the relevance of these findings to those in Kwashiorkor are discussed.