bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roadkill distribution at the wildland‐urban interface
Authors: Kreling Samantha E. S. , Gaynor Kaitlyn M. , Coon Courtney A. C. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe growing wildland‐urban interface is a frontier of human‐wildlife conflict worldwide. Where natural and developed areas meet, there is potential for negative interactions between humans and wild animals, including wildlife‐vehicle collisions. Understanding the environmental and anthropogenic factors leading to these collisions can inform transportation and habitat planning, with an objective of reducing animal mortality and human costs. We investigated spatial, temporal, and species‐specific patterns of roadkill on Interstate‐280 (I‐280) in California, USA, and examined the effects of land cover, fencing, lighting, and traffic. The highway is situated just south of San Francisco, dividing a large wildlife refuge to the west from dense residential areas to the east, and therefore presents a major barrier to wildlife movement. Areas with a higher percentage of developed land east of I‐280 and areas with more open space on the west side of I‐280 were associated with an increase in overall roadkill, suggesting that hard boundaries at the wildland‐urban interface may be zones of high risk for dispersing animals. This pattern was especially strong for raccoons (Procyon lotor) and black‐tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus). The presence of lighting correlated with increased roadkill with the exception of coyote (Canis latrans). Contrary to our expectations, we found weak evidence that fencing increases roadkill, perhaps because animals become trapped on roadways or because fencing is not sufficient to block access to the road by wildlife. Finally, we found strong evidence for roadkill seasonality, correlated with differences in movement and dispersal across life‐history stages. We highlight the value of citizen‐science datasets for monitoring human‐wildlife conflict and suggest potential mitigation measures to reduce the negative effects of wildlife‐vehicle collisions for people and wildlife. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Simplified Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Ceramides using a Common Collision Energy
Authors: Picklo Matthew J. , Hanson Benjamin K. , Bukowski Michael R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCeramides (CER) are biologically active sphingolipid precursors that are mechanistically linked to several pathogenic states including cancer, insulin resistance, and neurodegeneration. CER are commonly quantified through mass spectrometry‐based methods founded upon a product ion scan (PIS) in positive mode to produce a characteristic m/z 264 ion. The ionization efficiency (IE) of CER species decreases with an increase in CER mass, thus quantitation of CER typically involves application of mass‐dependent response factors (RF) for each CER species. In this work, we observed that the RF were systematically dependent on the number of fatty acid acyl carbons and the collision energy (CE) used to generate the m/z 264 ion. Using these complimentary trends, we determined an “isosbestic” CE where the RF for all CER species were equivalent, allowing for CER quantitation without postcollection correction factors. A comparison of this common CE/common RF method to the multiple RF method demonstrated good agreement between the two methods. Use of the common CE/common RF method will reduce data processing and reduce the use of multiple CER species standards.
Robotic mapping of mixing and dispersion of augmented surface water in a drought frequent reservoir
Authors: Rogowski Peter , Merrifield Sophia , Ding Li , Terrill Eric , Gesiriech Gannon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe spatial and temporal evolution of an introduced dye tracer in a small reservoir was observed using a robotic autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), providing quantifiable data of the convective processes which drive transport and mixing. The tracer served as a surrogate for advanced treated water that has been proposed to be introduced into a reservoir as part of an overall system for efficient water reclamation, a critical management tool for addressing water issues facing the southwest. While emergent autonomous technology has been widely applied in the field of oceanography, applications in the field of limnology remain limited. Here, we introduce survey methods used to map the evolution of the introduced dye, which was influenced by differential cooling of the reservoir. A cooling event during the study modified the diurnal cycle of the reservoir, generating horizontal temperature gradients that caused the dye to migrate quickly out of the shallow side‐arm where it was introduced. The dispersion of the dye throughout the reservoir was well captured by the sampling resolution of the AUV providing three‐dimensional data sets of complex convective processes that were used to validate a numerical lake/reservoir model. The operational efficiency, adaptive sampling capabilities, and resolution of observations make the AUV an appealing alternative compared to traditional boat‐based survey methods for rapidly assessing reservoirs. Survey method limitations, advantages, and future recommendations are discussed. The study demonstrates the utility of an AUV in a small reservoir, providing the framework for increased use of high‐resolution mobile instrument platforms in future limnology studies.
Effects of Azomite- and Sea Salt-Supplemented Diets on Growth, Feed Conversion Efficiency, Survival, and Resistance against Edwardsiella ictaluri in Channel Catfish Fingerlings
Authors: Aarattuthodiyil Suja , Wise David , Byars Todd , Lucas Penelope , Li Menghe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary azomite (0.25% or 0.50%) or sea salt (0.5% or 1.0%) on the growth performance and disease resistance of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Channel Catfish fingerlings were fed diets that were supplemented with graded levels of azomite or sea salt for 9 weeks in trial 1 and for 5 weeks in trial 2. The growth parameters (weight gain and feed conversion ratio) and survival rate were determined at the end of the feeding trials. The resistance of the fish against Edwardsiella ictaluri infection was also evaluated in those that were fed diets containing 0.5% azomite or 1.0% sea salt in trial 2. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the growth performance of the fish that were fed azomite- or sea salt-supplemented diets compared with control animals (P &gt; 0.05). The mortality rate of Channel Catfish 28 d after the E. ictaluri challenge did not differ significantly between groups receiving different dietary treatments. The results indicate that dietary supplementation with azomite or sea salt at the tested levels had no significant effect on either growth performance or disease resistance against E. ictaluri in Channel Catfish fingerlings.
Application of surface waves for detecting lateral variations: buried inclined plane
Authors: Hashemi Jokar Mehdi , Rahnema Hossein , Boaga Jacopo , Cassiani Giorgio , Strobbia Claudio 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIn this paper, using synthetic and real data, we tested the capability of surface wave‐based methods for detecting subsoil lateral variations across an inclined slope. Simplified soil structures at different inclination angles were considered following an advanced 2D finite‐element modelling approach. Different values of inclination angle (10°–170° at 10° steps), spatial sampling rate and synthetic array length were used in different subsoil models to see the effects. It was found that, as low inclination angles (smaller than 40° with respect to the horizontal axis) are not detectable using the surface wave methods based on offset‐phase angle (X–ϕ), such methods are not able to correctly recognize the location of possible lateral variations at such inclination angles. On the other hand, for intermediate inclination angles (i.e. between 40° and 140°), the X–ϕ approach was successfully used to determine the exact location of the lateral variations for a wide range of frequencies, thereby opening new perspectives for the application of surface waves for detecting laterally inclined layers.
Clinical review of ejaculatory dysfunction
Authors: Otani Toshikazu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundEjaculatory dysfunction (EjD) is a complex pathological condition compared to erectile dysfunction (ED). A definitive classification of EjD is not established, and treatment is often delayed. Owing to its association with infertility, EjD is a serious concern, particularly in men of reproductive age.MethodsThe authors performed a literature search to identify the latest articles and overseas guidelines for review.ResultsOur new classification categorizes men into two groups as follows: (1) men with inability to ejaculate (retrograde ejaculation, anejaculation, intravaginal ejaculatory dysfunction) and (2) men requiring an abnormal time for ejaculation (premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation). In Japan, the number of men presenting with an inability to ejaculate is greater than those presenting with premature ejaculation. Pharmacotherapy is the first‐line treatment for the management of these EjD patients. Behavioral therapy is added to pharmacotherapy depending on the case. Penile vibratory stimulation or electroejaculation is indicated in some men with retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation. In cases who hope for a baby, assisted reproductive technology should be simultaneously considered not to waste time.ConclusionIt is important to distinguish between EjD and ED and accurately diagnose the type of EjD for optimal treatment of this condition.
Stability of switched systems with limiting average dwell time
Authors: Wang Yaqi , Lu Jianquan , Lou Yijun 
Published: July 2019

SummaryIn this paper, the stability problems of a class of switched systems with limiting average dwell time (ADT) are concerned. The common ADT is improved to a form of limit, and the limiting ADT even can be infinite. Different from previous results, in order to take full advantage of stabilizing switchings, switching‐dependent switched parameters are first used to describe the relationship of two consecutive activated switchings. Then, stability criteria of switched systems with limiting ADT are established, which are less conservative comparing with the existing results. Additionally, some stability criteria of switched systems including continuous‐time and discrete‐time cases are derived. Finally, the validity and effectiveness of our results are elucidated by numerical examples.
A Facile Approach to 3,4‐Oxepino‐Fused Tricyclic Indoles from MBH‐Acetates of Acetylenic Aldehydes via Successive Allylic Substitution/Intramolecular [3+2] Annulation†
Authors: Reddy Chada Raji , Sathish Puppala , Valleti Reddi Rani 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHerein, we present our findings on the synthesis of 3,4‐oxepino‐fused indoles by a two‐step reaction sequence involving an initial allylic substitution followed by Rh(III)‐catalyzed intramolecular [3+2] annulation via C−H activation starting from Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) acetates of acetylenic aldehydes. The strategy is amenable to broad range of MBH acetates providing a facile access to 3,4‐oxepino‐fused indoles in good yield.
Leptospirosis, one neglected disease in rural Senegal
Authors: Roqueplo Cédric , Kodjo Angeli , Demoncheaux Jean‐Paul , Scandola Pierre , Bassene Hubert , Diatta Georges , Sokhna Cheikh , Raoult Didier , Davoust Bernard , Mediannikov Oleg 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA serological study was carried out in two Senegalese villages located in the Sine‐Saloum region in order to estimate the presence of anti‐leptospiral antibodies in humans and animals, and to identify the predominant serogroups. Seven hundred and forty‐nine serum samples were collected from humans (n = 545), dogs (n = 33), donkeys (n = 20), goats (n = 52), sheep (n = 43) and N’Dama cattle (n = 56), all originated from Dielmo and Ndiop villages. All samples were tested for different serovars of pathogenic Leptospira species by the microscopic agglutination test. Considering titres ≥ 1:100, 7.7% [CI 95:5.5 to 9.9] on the 545 human blood samples tested and 42.2% [CI95:35.4 to 48.9] on the 204 animal blood samples tested were found to be positive to one or more serovars. The results obtained indicate that the Australis serogroup is the most prevalent serogroup in human (67.3%) and cattle (27.3%). Serogroup Icterohaemorhagiae is the most frequent serogroup in goat (55.6%) and donkey (37.5%). Canicola (23.4%), Icterohaemorhagiae (21.1%) and Australis (12.5%) serogroups are the most prevalent serogroups in dogs. This study shows that diverse Leptospira serovars occur in a wide range of wild and domestic mammal species, as well as in humans in Senegal. However, further studies are needed to better understand the complexity of Leptospira epidemiology in Africa, identify the reservoirs of different serogroups and estimate its impact on livestock. Understanding the multi‐host epidemiology of leptospirosis is essential to control and prevent the disease.
Limited by our limitations
Authors: Ross Paula T. , Zaidi Nikki L. Bibler 
Published: July 2019

Study limitations represent weaknesses within a research design that may influence outcomes and conclusions of the research. Researchers have an obligation to the academic community to present complete and honest limitations of a presented study. Too often, authors use generic descriptions to describe study limitations. Including redundant or irrelevant limitations is an ineffective use of the already limited word count. A meaningful presentation of study limitations should describe the potential limitation, explain the implication of the limitation, provide possible alternative approaches, and describe steps taken to mitigate the limitation. This includes placing research findings within their proper context to ensure readers do not overemphasize or minimize findings. A more complete presentation will enrich the readers’ understanding of the study’s limitations and support future investigation.
The blood that remains: card collections from the colonial anthropological missions
Authors: ROQUE RICARDO 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper I discuss the history of colonial collections through a focus on the social life of a set of blood group cards held by Portuguese institutions since the 1950s. Between the 1940s and 1960s, a series of anthropological field expeditions were organized by the Portuguese Overseas Science Research Board to the then Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia. A large number of samples of indigenous blood were collected on blood group paper cards in the course of these campaigns. The cards were then stored in Portugal and used for racial serological studies until the 1980s. Thereafter, the collection survived various institutional deaths. Throughout its post-colonial existence in Portuguese institutions, the cards seem to have moved ambivalently between a condition of valued asset and one of obsolete material. And yet they revealed a resilient capacity to mediate conceptions of historical time. Thus the essay asks what it might mean to approach these collections as colonial ‘chronotope’ – devices for connecting space and time – and how and why they endured through various ends, culminating as a genetically contaminated museum object.
On Komlós’ tiling theorem in random graphs
Authors: Nenadov Rajko , Škorić Nemanja 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGiven graphs G and H, a family of vertex-disjoint copies of H in G is called an H-tiling. Conlon, Gowers, Samotij and Schacht showed that for a given graph H and a constant γ>0, there exists C>0 such that if
$p \ge C{n^{ - 1/{m_2}(H)}}$
, then asymptotically almost surely every spanning subgraph G of the random graph 𝒢(n, p) with minimum degree at least
$\delta (G) \ge (1 - \frac{1}{{{\chi _{{\rm{cr}}}}(H)}} + \gamma )np$
contains an H-tiling that covers all but at most γn vertices. Here, χcr(H) denotes the critical chromatic number, a parameter introduced by Komlós, and m2(H) is the 2-density of H. We show that this theorem can be bootstrapped to obtain an H-tiling covering all but at most
$\gamma {(C/p)^{{m_2}(H)}}$
vertices, which is strictly smaller when
$p \ge C{n^{ - 1/{m_2}(H)}}$
. In the case where H
= K3, this answers the question of Balogh, Lee and Samotij. Furthermore, for an arbitrary graph H we give an upper bound on p for which some leftover is unavoidable and a bound on the size of a largest H -tiling for p below this value.
An overview of word and sense similarity
Authors: Navigli Roberto , Martelli Federico 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOver the last two decades, determining the similarity between words as well as between their meanings, that is, word senses, has been proven to be of vital importance in the field of Natural Language Processing. This paper provides the reader with an introduction to the tasks of computing word and sense similarity. These consist in computing the degree of semantic likeness between words and senses, respectively. First, we distinguish between two major approaches: the knowledge-based approaches and the distributional approaches. Second, we detail the representations and measures employed for computing similarity. We then illustrate the evaluation settings available in the literature and, finally, discuss suggestions for future research.
Isolated High‐Density Structures in Magnetic Anomaly Regions of the Martian Lower Ionosphere
Authors: Mohanamanasa P. , Venkateswara Rao N. , Leelavathi V. , Rao S. V. B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe occurrence of density structures in magnetic anomaly regions is one of the prominent features of the Martian ionosphere. These structures, in general, occur at altitudes above the main peak. In the present study, we analyze four cases of unusually strong oblique echoes that occur in magnetic anomaly regions and are observed by the Mars Express MARSIS instrument. An in‐depth analysis suggests that these strong oblique echoes, in fact, correspond to the density structures. After correcting for dispersion effects, these structures are found to occur in the lower ionosphere at altitudes as low as 88 km. Ray propagation simulations carried out in this study demonstrate that the density structures can be modeled as Gaussian shapes distributed along planetary latitude. The density of these structures decreases with an increase in altitude. Accordingly, the density structures at higher altitudes are associated with iso‐density contours of the background ionosphere. In the lower ionosphere, however, the density structures are found to immerse in a background ionosphere whose density is much smaller than those of the density structures. The possible causes and consequences of such low altitude density structures are discussed. The results of this study are combined with those of previously reported studies to produce a comprehensive picture of these magnetically controlled density structures.
Magnetotelluric Apparent Resistivity Tensors for Improved Interpretations and 3‐D Inversions
Authors: Hering P. , Brown C. , Junge A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe complex magnetotelluric (MT) apparent resistivity tensor can be decomposed into two real tensors, the apparent resistivity and the resistivity phase tensors, which represent relationships between the observed electric field at a point on the Earth's surface and an associated apparent current density. We explain the differences between these tensors and conventional estimates of apparent resistivity and phase for simple resistivity environments and demonstrate, using canonical models in 1‐D and 2‐D environments, that both tensors are more sensitive to vertical and horizontal resistivity gradients than their conventional counterparts. The properties of the new tensors are explained using electromagnetic induction theory and the effects of associated charges at resistivity boundaries. We introduce a new way to plot tensor ellipses, which brings significant improvements to the interpretation of MT data, using appropriate visualization software. The apparent resistivity tensor gives information about the magnitude and direction of apparent resistivity subsurface structures and has a strong response to vertical resistivity contrasts. The resistivity phase tensor is highly sensitive to vertical boundaries and the associated fields in the TM mode. It is also free from static distortions under the same conditions implied for the conventional phase tensor. These findings have prompted a study in the potential of the new tensors for 3‐D inversions. The results from a 3‐D inversion of a canonical oblique conductor straddling two quarter spaces show distinct improvements in resolving the boundaries of the conductor and open a promising field for future studies.
Origin of Serpentinization Patterns Beneath the S‐Reflector Detachment Fault in the Galicia Margin, Offshore Spain
Authors: Schuba C. N. , Gray G. G. , Morgan J. K. , Schuba J. P. , Sawyer D. S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSerpentinization of exhumed mantle peridotite is thought to influence the mechanics and evolution of hyperextended rifted margins. The Galicia margin is an example of where this may have occurred. New constraints on the 3‐D seismic velocities in the upper mantle beneath the Galicia S‐reflector detachment fault suggest heterogeneously distributed serpentinization (0–90%). To the first order, areas with high degrees of serpentinization correspond with the intersections of crust‐cutting normal faults and the S‐reflector detachment, suggesting that these faults served as conduits transporting fluids to the upper mantle. The role of temperature on alteration was also investigated, as it is a key condition for serpentinization. Estimated paleotemperatures ranged from 55 to 140 °C along the S‐reflector detachment. This temperature range may have played a role in the heterogeneity of alteration. These broader patterns of both high and low mantle alteration correspond to areas of thick and thin overburden immediately postrift, respectively. Several areas that are estimated to lie within the favorable paleotemperature range, and that have crust‐cutting fault intersections, exhibit unusually low degrees of serpentinization. This is possibly due to locally reduced fault permeability. The preservation of relationships between the degree of serpentinization and the occurrence of crust‐cutting fault intersections and postrift overburden thickness implies that volumetrically significant amounts of mantle serpentinization occurred after movement ceased on the detachment. Serpentinization‐related volume increases may have caused postrift uplift of the detachment fault surface. Thus, the current morphology of this detachment surface may be due largely to heterogenous postkinematic processes, rather than primary fault‐related processes.
Hemispheric Asymmetry of Tropical Expansion Under CO2 Forcing
Authors: Watt‐Meyer O. , Frierson D. M. W. , Fu Q. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe degree of Hadley cell expansion under global warming will have a substantial impact on changing rainfall patterns. Most previous studies have quantified changes in total tropical width, focused on the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell or considered each hemisphere's response to a multitude of anthropogenic forcings. It is shown here that under exclusive CO2 forcing, climate models predict twice as much Hadley cell expansion in the Southern Hemisphere relative to the Northern Hemisphere. This asymmetry is present in the annual mean expansion and all seasons except boreal autumn. It is robust across models and Hadley cell edge definitions. It is surprising since asymmetries in simulated Hadley cell expansion are typically attributed to stratospheric ozone depletion or aerosol emission. Its primary cause is smaller sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere Hadley cell to static stability changes. The pattern of sea surface warming and the CO2 direct radiative effect also contribute to the asymmetry.