bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the early 2000s hiatus associated with internal climate variability
Authors: Dai Xin-Gang , Wang Ping 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study focuses on re-examining the early 2000s hiatus and the associated key components of the global mean surface temperature (GMST) using multiscale statistics for five well-known gridded surface temperature and two reanalysis datasets. The hiatus is characterized as a near-zero trend on the decadal scale corresponding to the maximum P-value via an F-test in statistics. The results reveal that the hiatus exists in both the GMST and global mean air temperature (GMAT) time series, rather than in global warming component, which has maintained an approximately constant rate of change of approximately 0.08 °C/decade over the past three decades. The hiatus’s duration is different from that of time series such as 2002–2012/2001–2013/2002–2014 in HadCRUT4, NOAA-old, ERA-Interim and NCEP-R2. The newly gridded datasets with data infilling or bias correction for interpreting the sea surface temperature (SST) measurement from the old versions show a slightly higher trend from 2002–2012 than the hiatus, which is thus regarded as a slowdown. Comparison suggests that the hiatus should be during the period 2002–2012. Orthogonal wavelet decomposition of the temperature time series shows that the hiatus was merely a decadal balance between cooling from interannual variability and global warming, in addition to weak warming from interdecadal and multidecadal climate oscillations. In addition, the evolutions of the GMST’s interannual composites are well coincided with Niño3.4 SST anomalies, which is consistent with the numerical simulation performed by Kosaka and Xie in 2013. Hence, it is the anomalous El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in the early 2000s that caused the hiatus despite a constant rate of global warming and the maximum magnitude of the multidecadal composite that led to the limited contribution to the trend during this period. The multidecadal composite follows a downward path, which implies that future climate conditions will likely rely on competition between multidecadal cooling and global warming if the multidecadal climate cycle repeats, as was experienced during the second half of the twentieth century.
Naphthol Blue Black and 99mTc-Labeled Mannosylated Human Serum Albumin (99mTc-MSA) Conjugate as a Multimodal Lymph Node Mapping Nanocarrier
Authors: Lee Ji Youn , Kim Ho Young , Lee Yun-Sang , Jeong Jae Min 
Published: September 2018

Abstract99mTc-labeled mannosylated human serum albumin (MSA) has been reported as a sentinel lymph node (SLN)-imaging agent by binding to macrophages in the LNs. By conjugating it with blue dye, we developed a new multimodal radio-nanocarrier by visual investigation, fluorescence imaging, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT). Binding affinities of seven blue dyes to MSA were tested. According to the spectroscopic study and visual inspection of MSA-bound dyes, naphthol blue black (NBB) was selected as the best candidate of multimodal agent. Thus, 99mTc-MSA-NBB conjugate was prepared and further investigated using mice. After footpad injection, it showed high popliteal LN accumulation at 1 h. SPECT/CT also showed high popliteal as well as inguinal LN uptakes at 10 min that sustained until 2 h. In conclusion, we prepared a multimodal SLN imaging radio-nanocarrier, 99mTc-MSA-NBB conjugate, and confirmed its excellency as a multimodal probe for SLN mapping.
Reconfiguration of the plastid genome in Lamprocapnos spectabilis: IR boundary shifting, inversion, and intraspecific variation
Authors: Park Seongjun , An Boram , Park SeonJoo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe generated a complete plastid genome (plastome) sequence for Lamprocapnos spectabilis, providing the first complete plastome from the subfamily Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae). The Lamprocapnos plastome shows large differences in size, structure, gene content, and substitution rates compared with two sequenced Papaveraceae plastomes. We propose a model that explains the major rearrangements observed, involving at least six inverted repeat (IR) boundary shifts and five inversions, generating a number of gene duplications and relocations, as well as a two-fold expansion of the IR and miniaturized small single-copy region. A reduction in the substitution rates for genes transferred from the single-copy regions to the IR was observed. Accelerated substitution rates of plastid accD and clpP were detected in the Lamprocapnos plastome. The accelerated substitution rate for the accD gene was correlated with a large insertion of amino acid repeat (AAR) motifs in the middle region, but the forces driving the higher substitution rate of the clpP gene are unclear. We found a variable number of AARs in Lamprocapnos accD and ycf1 genes within individuals, and the repeats were associated with coiled-coil regions. In addition, comparative analysis of three Papaveraceae plastomes revealed loss of rps15 in Papaver, and functional replacement to the nucleus was identified.
Differential effects of spinal motor neuron-derived and skeletal muscle-derived Rspo2 on acetylcholine receptor clustering at the neuromuscular junction
Authors: Li Jin , Ito Mikako , Ohkawara Bisei , Masuda Akio , Ohno Kinji 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe recently reported that R-spondin 2 (Rspo2), a secreted activator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, promotes acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation via its receptor, Lgr5. Rspo2 is expressed highly in spinal motor neurons (SMNs) and marginally in the skeletal muscle, but the origin of Rspo2 at the NMJ remains elusive. We rescued Rspo2-deficient (Rspo2−/−) mice by specifically expressing Rspo2 in the skeletal muscle and SMNs. SMN-specific Rspo2 mitigated or over-corrected abnormal features of the NMJs and AChR clusters observed in Rspo2−/− mice including (i) abnormal broadening of enlarged AChR clusters, (ii) three of six abnormal ultrastructural features, and (iii) abnormal expression of nine genes in SMNs and the diaphragm. In contrast, muscle-specific Rspo2 normalized all six abnormal ultrastructural features, but it had no effect on AChR clustering and NMJ formation at the light microscopy level or on abnormal gene expression in SMNs and the diaphragm. These results suggest that SMN-derived Rspo2 plays a major role in AChR clustering and NMJ formation in the postsynaptic region, and muscle-derived Rspo2 also plays a substantial role in juxtaposition of the active zones and synaptic folds.
Natural variation among Arabidopsis thaliana accessions in tolerance to high magnesium supply
Authors: Niu Yaofang , Chen Ping , Zhang Yu , Wang Zhongwei , Hu Shikai , Jin Gulei , Tang Caixian , Guo Longbiao 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHigh magnesium (Mg2+) in some extreme serpentine soils or semi-arid regions is an important factor affecting crop growth and development. Specific loci that form the genetic framework underlying high Mg2+ homeostasis, however, are not well understood. By using GWA mapping on 388 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana selected from a worldwide collection and genotyped at approximately 250,00 SNPs, we successfully identified 109 and 74 putative genetic regions associated in nutrient traits under normal (1,000 µM) and high Mg2+ (10,000 µM), respectively. Above 90% SNPs associated with nutrients including Mg2+ and only two SNPs shared between normal and high Mg2+. A single strong peak of SNPs associated with Ca concentration corresponding to candidate gene At1g60420 ARABIDOPSIS NUCLEOREDOXIN (AtNRX1) under high Mg2+ was further determined. Compared with wildtype, mutants of Atnrx1-1 and Atnrx1-2 supplied with high Mg2+ had higher Ca concentrations in the plant, and higher cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations during root elongation, as well as higher fresh weight and lateral-root number. This suggests that AtNRX1 was a critical gene negatively regulating Ca uptake under high Mg2+ conditions. The discovery could help to breed/select crops that can adapt to high-Mg2+ soils such as serpentine soils (high ratio of Mg2+: Ca2+) or Mars soil with high levels of magnesium sulfate.
Anti-TNFR1 targeting in humanized mice ameliorates disease in a model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Williams Sarah K. , Fairless Richard , Maier Olaf , Liermann Patricia C. , Pichi Kira , Fischer Roman , Eisel Ulrich L. M. , Kontermann Roland , Herrmann Andreas , Weksler Babette , Romero Nacho , Couraud Pierre-Olivier , Pfizenmaier Klaus , Diem Ricarda 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling is mediated via two receptors, TNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF-receptor 2 (TNFR2), which work antithetically to balance CNS immune responses involved in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. To determine the therapeutic potential of selectively inhibiting TNFR1 in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we used chimeric human/mouse TNFR1 knock-in mice allowing the evaluation of antagonistic anti-human TNFR1 antibody efficacy. Treatment of mice after onset of disease with ATROSAB resulted in a robust amelioration of disease severity, correlating with reduced central nervous system immune cell infiltration. Long-term efficacy of treatment was achieved by treatment with the parental mouse anti-human TNFR1 antibody, H398, and extended by subsequent re-treatment of mice following relapse. Our data support the hypothesis that anti-TNFR1 therapy restricts immune cell infiltration across the blood-brain barrier through the down-regulation of TNF-induced adhesion molecules, rather than altering immune cell composition or activity. Collectively, we demonstrate the potential for anti-human TNFR1 therapies to effectively modulate immune responses in autoimmune disease.
Characterization of nitrogen deposition in a megalopolis by means of atmospheric biomonitors
Authors: Díaz-Álvarez Edison A. , de la Barrera Erick 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn increase of nitrogen deposition resulting from human activities is not only a major threat for global biodiversity, but also for human health, especially in highly populated regions. It is thus important and in some instances legally mandated to monitor reactive nitrogen species in the atmosphere. The utilization of widely distributed biological species suitable for biomonitoring may be a good alternative. We assessed the suitability of an ensemble of atmospheric biomonitors of nitrogen deposition by means of an extensive sampling of a lichen, two mosses, and a bromeliad throughout the Valley of Mexico, whose population reaches 30 million, and subsequent measurements of nitrogen metabolism parameters. In all cases we found significant responses of nitrogen content, C:N ratio and the δ15N to season and site. In turn, the δ15N for the mosses responded linearly to the wet deposition. Also, the nitrogen content (R2 = 0.7), the C:N ratio (R2 = 0.6), and δ15N (R2 = 0.5) for the bromeliad had a linear response to NOx. However, the bromeliad was not found in sites with NOx concentrations exceeding 80 ppb, apparently of as a consequence of excess nitrogen. These biomonitors can be utilized in tandem to determine the status of atmospheric nitrogenous pollution in regions without monitoring networks for avoiding health problems for ecosystems and humans.
Bacillus velezensis A2 fermentation exerts a protective effect on renal injury induced by Zearalenone in mice
Authors: Wang Nan , Li Peng , Pan Jiawen , Wang Mingyang , Long Miao , Zang Jian , Yang Shuhua 
Published: September 2018

AbstractZearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogen-like mycotoxin occurring in food and feeds, and it can cause oxidative damage and apoptosis in the testis, liver, and kidney. A current concern for researchers is how to reduce the harm it causes to humans and animals. In this study, our aim was to isolate and identify a novel and efficient ZEN-detoxifying strain of bacteria, and we aimed to assess the protective effect of the isolated strain on kidney damage caused by ZEN in mice. Our results indicated that a strain of Bacillus velezensis (B. velezensis), named A2, could completely degrade ZEN (7.45 μg/mL) after three days of incubation at 37 °C in the Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. This fermentation broth of the B. velezensis A2 strain was given to mice. The histopathological analysis indicated that the fermentation broth from the B. velezensis A2 strain reduced the degree of renal injury that is induced by ZEN. Furthermore, it greatly reduced the increase in serum levels of creatinine (CRE), uric acid (UA), and urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by ZEN. In addition, B. velezensis A2 strain also significantly inhibited the increase of malonaldehyde (MDA) content, and reversed the decreases of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities caused by ZEN. Studies have shown that ZEN is involved in the regulation of mRNA and protein levels of genes involved in the ER stress-induced apoptotic pathway, such as heavy chain binding protein (BIP), C-/-EBP homologous protein (CHOP), cysteine Aspartate-specific protease-12 (Caspase-12), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and BCL2-related X protein (Bcl-2 and Bax). However, when mice were administered the fermentation broth of the B. velezensis A2 strain, it significantly reversed the expressions of these genes in their kidney tissue. In conclusion, our results indicate that the newly identified strain of B. velezensis A2, has a protective effect from renal injury induced by ZEN in mice. This strain has a potential application in the detoxification of ZEN in feed and protects animals from ZEN poisoning.
Disparity among low first ionization potential elements
Authors: Heidrich-Meisner Verena , Berger Lars , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F. 
Published: September 2018

Context. The elemental composition of the solar wind differs from the solar photospheric composition. Elements with low first ionization potential (FIP) appear enhanced compared to O in the solar wind relative to the respective photospheric abundances. This so-called FIP effect is different in the slow solar wind and the coronal hole wind. However, under the same plasma conditions, for elements with similar FIPs such as Mg, Si, and Fe, comparable enhancements are expected.
Aims. We scrutinize the assumption that the FIP effect is always similar for different low FIP elements, namely Mg, Si, and Fe.
Methods. Here we investigate the dependency of the FIP effect of low FIP elements on the O7+/O6+ charge state ratio depending on time, that is the solar activity cycle, and solar wind type. In addition, we order the observed FIP ratios with respect to the O7+/O6+ charge state ratio into bins and analyze separately the respective distributions of the FIP ratio of Mg, Si, and Fe for each O7+/O6+ charge state ratio bin.
Results. We observe that the FIP effect shows the same qualitative yearly behavior for Mg and Si, while Fe shows significant differences during the solar activity maximum and its declining phase. In each year, the FIP effect for Mg and Si always increases with increasing O7+/O6+ charge state ratio, but for high O7+/O6+ charge state ratios the FIP effect for Fe shows a qualitatively different behavior. During the years 2001–2006, instead of increasing with the O7+/O6+ charge state ratio, the Fe FIP ratio exhibits a broad peak or plateau. In addition, the FIP distribution per O7+/O6+ charge state bin is significantly broader for Fe than for Mg and Si.
Conclusions. These observations support the conclusion that the elemental fractionation is only partly determined by FIP. In particular, the qualitative difference in behavior with increasing O7+/O6+ charge state ratio between Fe on the one hand and Mg and Si on the other hand is not yet well explained by models of fractionation.
Penetration/Aspiration bei gesunden Erwachsenen: ein
unterschätztes Phänomen?
Authors: Schwemmle Cornelia 
Published: September 2018

Butler SG et al. Aspiration as a Function of Age, Sex, Liquid Type, Bolus Volume,
and Bolus Delivery Across the Healthy Adult Life Span. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol
2018; 127: 21–32
Mittels funktioneller endoskopischer Schluck-Untersuchung (FEES) wurden
Faktoren bestimmt, die im Verlauf des Erwachsenenlebens das Eindringen und
die Aspiration während des Schluckens beeinflussen. Die amerikanischen
HNO-Ärzt/innen vermuteten, dass bei gesunden Älteren ein höherer Fettgehalt
in Flüssigkeiten, das Bolusvolumen, die Aufnahme mit einem Strohhalm,
fortgeschrittenes Alter und männliches Geschlecht das Aspirationsrisiko
erhöht.
Palliative Chirurgie beim metastasierten Urothelkarzinom
Authors: Hübner Nicolai , Shariat Shahrokh 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungPalliative Chirurgie wird zur Linderung von Symptomen und auch zur Verbesserung des Überlebens bei einigen Tumorentitäten eingesetzt. Beim Urothelkarzinom ist die Rolle der palliativen Chirurgie ist gering und klinische Daten sind selten. Durch besseres Ansprechen auf systemische Therapien werden aber auch zunehmend chirurgische Interventionen im Rahmen von individuellen Behandlungskonzepten durchgeführt und anschließend als Fallserien publiziert. Bei niedriger Metastasenlast, bzw. bei Tumoren, die sich auf Lymphknoten, in- und außerhalb des Beckens, bzw. singuläre Metastasen in der Lunge beschränken, scheinen einige ausgewählte Patienten auch davon zu profitieren. Das Abschätzen von Nutzen und Risiko ist allerdings schwierig und muss für jeden Patienten neu überlegt werden, weshalb prospektive Studien vermutlich auch in Zukunft nicht existieren werden. Diese Übersichtsarbeit versucht, die wichtigsten Publikationen zu diesem Thema zusammenzufassen.
Polydopamine: An Emerging Material in the Catalysis of Organic Transformations
Authors: Kunfi Attila , London Gábor 
Published: September 2018

Polydopamine, a ‘mussel-inspired’ polymer, has been explored extensively in materials science as a universal coating. However, as an easily available, stable and environmentally benign material, it has recently been discovered to demonstrate catalytic applications. In this short review, we briefly discuss the main approaches employing polydopamine in the catalysis of organic transformations. These include metal/polydopamine-type systems and metal-free approaches that exploit the acid/base properties of this versatile polymer.1	Introduction2	PDA and Metal Catalysis2.1	Reduction of Nitroaryl Compounds to Anilines2.2	Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds to Alcohols2.3	Suzuki and Heck Coupling Reactions2.4	Other Reactions Catalyzed by M/PDA-Type Systems3	PDA as a Catalyst Itself4	Conclusion
Evaluation of tropical coastal land cover and land use changes and their impacts on ecosystem service values
Authors: Ligate Elly Josephat , Chen Can , Wu Chengzhen 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
Understanding about land cover and land use (LCLU) changes, as well as the associated impacts on ecosystem service values (ESV) is extremely important in the management of coastal ecosystems globally. Thus, this study assessed temporal LCLU changes, the underlying socioeconomic drivers and dynamics of ESV in the coastal zone of Tanzania. The LCLU data for 2000 and 2010 were from the Globe Land 30 mapping products at 30-meter spatial resolution developed by National Geomatics Center of China, while 2016 images were produced from Landsat 8. Classification of images was done from Landsat TM/ETM+ for 2000, 2010, and 2016 years complemented with MODIS and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index time series, and Chinese HJ imagery. LCLU categories and ecosystem service coefficients were used to compute ESV on each LCLU categories. Between 2000 and 2016, farmland, shrub land, waterbody, and artificial surface expanded while forest, grazing land, and wetlands declined. The ESV increased on farmland, shrub land, and waterbody, while the decline was found on forest, grazing land, and wetlands. The ESV and the total population ratios declined from $80.4, 63.8, and $46.0 million in 2000, 2010, and 2016, respectively. Perfect positive correlation was on LCLU change and ESV, population and households in crop farming, livestock keeping, and bioenergy use. Population pressure and socioeconomic activities have amplified the degradation of the coastal ecosystems. If not abetted, there is a danger of further impairments on these ecosystems. We advise to regulate population and socioeconomic activities to avoid more negative impacts of coastal LCLU change.
The Population-Level Impacts of Excluding Norovirus-Infected Food Workers From the Workplace: A Mathematical Modeling Study
Authors: Yang Wen , Steele Molly , Lopman Ben , Leon Juan S , Hall Aron J 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne disease in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration recommends that food workers infected with norovirus be excluded from the workplace while symptomatic and for 48 hours after their symptoms subside. Compliance with this recommendation is not ideal, and the population-level impacts of changes in food-worker compliance have yet to be quantified. We aimed to assess the population impacts of varying degrees of compliance with the current recommendation through the use of a compartmental model. We modeled the number and proportion of symptomatic norovirus cases averted annually in the US population (using data from 1983–2014) in specific age groups (children aged <5 years, children aged 5–17 years, adults aged 18–64 years, and adults aged ≥65 years) under various scenarios of food-worker exclusion (i.e., proportion compliant and days of postsymptomatic exclusion) in comparison with a referent scenario which assumed that 66.6¯% of norovirus-symptomatic food workers and 0% of postsymptomatic food workers were excluded from work. Overall, we estimated that 6.0 million cases of norovirus have already been avoided annually under the referent scenario and that 6.7 million (28%) more cases might be avoided through 100% compliance with the current recommendations. Substantial population-level benefits were predicted from improved compliance in exclusion of norovirus-infected food workers from the workplace—benefits that may be realized through policies or programs incentivizing self-exclusion.
Early-Emerging Sulcal Patterns Are Atypical in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Ortinau Cynthia M , Rollins Caitlin K , Gholipour Ali , Yun Hyuk Jin , Marshall Mackenzie , Gagoski Borjan , Afacan Onur , Friedman Kevin , Tworetzky Wayne , Warfield Simon K , Newburger Jane W , Inder Terrie E , Grant P Ellen , Im Kiho 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD) have third trimester alterations in cortical development on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the intersulcal relationships contributing to global sulcal pattern remain unknown. This study applied a novel method for examining the geometric and topological relationships between sulci to fetal brain MRIs from 21–30 gestational weeks in CHD fetuses (n = 19) and typically developing (TD) fetuses (n = 17). Sulcal pattern similarity index (SI) to template fetal brain MRIs was determined for the position, area, and depth for corresponding sulcal basins and intersulcal relationships for each subject. CHD fetuses demonstrated altered global sulcal patterns in the left hemisphere compared with TD fetuses (TD [SI, mean ± SD]: 0.822 ± 0.023, CHD: 0.795 ± 0.030, P = 0.002). These differences were present in the earliest emerging sulci and were driven by differences in the position of corresponding sulcal basins (TD: 0.897 ± 0.024, CHD: 0.878 ± 0.019, P = 0.006) and intersulcal relationships (TD: 0.876 ± 0.031, CHD: 0.857 ± 0.018, P = 0.033). No differences in cortical gyrification index, mean curvature, or surface area were present. These data suggest our methods may be more sensitive than traditional measures for evaluating cortical developmental alterations early in gestation.