bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myd88 plays a major role in the keratinocyte response to infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Polak David , Zigron Asaf , Eli‐Berchoer Luba , Shapira Lior , Nussbaum Gabriel 
Published: February 2019

AimTo explore the role of keratinocyte myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) expression in the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to the cells and its subsequent invasion and intracellular survival.Materials and MethodsPrimary mouse keratinocytes from wild‐type (WT) or Myd88−/− mice were infected with P gingivalis alone or co‐infected with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Bacterial adhesion and invasion were measured using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry, and intracellular survival in keratinocytes was quantified by an antibiotic protection assay. Keratinocyte expression of antimicrobial peptides was measured by real‐time PCR.ResultsIn the absence of MyD88, P gingivalis adherence, invasion, and intracellular survival were enhanced compared with WT keratinocytes. The presence of F nucleatum during infection increased the adhesion of P gingivalis to WT keratinocytes but reduced the adhesion to Myd88−/− keratinocytes. Fusobacterium nucleatum improved mildly the invasion and survival of P gingivalis in both cell types. Baseline expression of beta‐defensin 2, 3, 4 and RegIII‐γ was elevated in Myd88−/− keratinocytes compared to WT cells; however, following infection beta‐defensin expression was strongly induced in WT cells but decreased dramatically in the MyD88 deficient cells.ConclusionIn the absence of MyD88 expression, P gingivalis adhesion to keratinocytes is improved, and invasion and intracellular survival are increased. Furthermore, keratinocyte infection by P gingivalis induces antimicrobial peptide expression in a MyD88‐dependent manner. Thus, MyD88 plays a key role in the interaction between P gingivalis and keratinocytes.
Readability of consent forms in veterinary clinical research
Authors: Sobolewski Josey , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Duval Dawn , O'Kell Allison , Tate Deborah J. , Webb Tracy , Moore Sarah 
Published: February 2019

Background“Readability” of consent forms is vital to the informed consent process. The average human hospital consent form is written at a 10th grade reading level, whereas the average American adult reads at an 8th grade level. Limited information currently exists regarding the readability of veterinary general medical or clinical research consent forms.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to assess the readability of veterinary clinical trial consent forms from a group of veterinary referral centers recently involved in a working group focused on veterinary clinical trial review and consent. We hypothesized that consent forms would not be optimized for client comprehension and would be written above the National Institutes of Health‐recommended 6th grade reading level.AnimalsNone.MethodsThis was a prospective study assessing a convenience sample of veterinary clinical trial consent forms. Readability was assessed using 3 methods: the Flesch‐Kincaid (F‐K) Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), and the Readability Test Tool (RTT). Results were reported as mean (±SD) and compared across specialties.ResultsFifty‐three consent forms were evaluated. Mean FRES was 37.5 ± 6.0 (target 60 or higher). Mean F‐K Grade Level was 13.0 ± 1.2 and mean RTT grade level was 12.75 ± 1.1 (target 6.0 or lower). There was substantial agreement between F‐K and RTT grade level scores (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.8).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceNo form evaluated met current health literacy recommendations for readability. A simple and readily available F‐K Microsoft‐based approach for evaluating grade level was in substantial agreement with other methods, suggesting that this approach might be sufficient for use by clinicians and administrators drafting forms for future studies.
Petrology and geochemistry of olivine‐phyric shergottites LAR 12095 and LAR 12240: Implications for their petrogenetic history on Mars
Authors: Dunham Emilie T. , Balta J. Brian , Wadhwa Meenakshi , Sharp Thomas G. , McSween Harry Y. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLarkman Nunatak (LAR) 12095 and LAR 12240 are recent olivine‐phyric shergottite finds. We report the results of petrographic and chemical analyses of these two samples to understand their petrogenesis on Mars. Based on our analyses, we suggest that these samples are likely paired and are most similar to other depleted olivine‐phyric shergottites, particularly Dar al Gani (DaG) 476 and Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 005 (and samples paired with those). The olivine megacryst cores in LAR 12095 and LAR 12240 are not in equilibrium with the groundmass olivines. We infer that these megacrysts are phenocrysts and their major element compositions have been homogenized by diffusion (the cores of the olivine megacrysts have Mg# ~70, whereas megacryst rims and groundmass olivines typically have Mg# ~58–60). The rare earth element (REE) microdistributions in the various phases (olivine, low‐ and high‐Ca pyroxene, maskelynite, and merrillite) in both samples are similar and support the likelihood that these two shergottites are indeed paired. The calculated parent melt (i.e., in equilibrium with the low‐Ca pyroxene, which is one of the earliest formed REE‐bearing minerals) has an REE pattern parallel to that of melt in equilibrium with merrillite (i.e., one of the last‐formed minerals). This suggests that the LAR 12095/12240 paired shergottites represent the product of closed‐system fractional crystallization following magma emplacement and crystal accumulation. Utilizing the europium oxybarometer, we estimate that the magmatic oxygen fugacity early in the crystallization sequence was ~IW. Finally, petrographic evidence indicates that LAR 12095/12240 experienced extensive shock prior to being ejected from Mars.
Retrospective eDNA assessment of potentially harmful algae in historical ship ballast tank and marine port sediments
Authors: Shaw Jennifer L. A. , Weyrich Laura S. , Hallegraeff Gustaaf , Cooper Alan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMicroalgal bloom events can cause major ecosystem disturbances, devastate local marine economies, and endanger public health. Therefore, detecting and monitoring harmful microalgal taxa is essential to ensure effective risk management in waterways used for fisheries, aquaculture, recreational activity, and shipping. To fully understand the current status and future direction of algal bloom distributions, we need to know how populations and ecosystems have changed over time. This baseline knowledge is critical for predicting ecosystem responses to future anthropogenic change and will assist in the future management of coastal ecosystems. We explore a NGS metabarcoding approach to rapidly identify potentially harmful microalgal taxa in 63 historic and modern Australian marine port and ballast tank sediment samples. The results provide a record of past microalgal distribution and important baseline data that can be used to assess the efficacy of shipping guidelines, nutrient pollution mitigation, and predict the impact of climate change. Critically, eDNA surveys of archived sediments were able to detect harmful algal taxa that do not produce microscopic fossils, such as Chattonella, Heterosigma, Karlodinium, and Noctiluca. Our data suggest a potential increase in Australian harmful microalgal taxa over the past 30 years, and confirm ship ballast tanks as key dispersal vectors. These molecular mapping tools will assist in the creation of policies aimed at reducing the global increase and spread of harmful algal taxa and help prevent economic and public‐health problems caused by harmful algal blooms.
The heart rate variability‐derived Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) Index in pediatric surgical patients from 0 to 2 years under sevoflurane anesthesia—A prospective observational pilot study
Authors: Weber Frank , Roeleveld Hilde G. , Geerts Noortje J. E. , Warmenhoven Annejet T. , Schröder Rosalie , de Leeuw Thomas G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe heart rate variability‐derived Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) Index is a continuous noninvasive tool to assess pain and discomfort in infants <2 years. Initial studies focused on pain monitoring in the neonatal intensive care unit environment.AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the performance of the NIPE in infants under sevoflurane anesthesia. The primary objective of this study was to compare the NIPE and heart rate as tools to help recognize the need for additional opioid drugs. Secondary objectives were the course of the NIPE and heart rate around specific standardized noxious procedural mile‐stones.MethodsNIPE and heart rate values recorded during a 120 seconds interval before the anesthetist's decision to administer additional opioid due to the perceived insufficient antinociception and during a 120 seconds interval after drug administration were analyzed by means of a repeated measures ANOVA. The same analyses were performed for datasets around per protocol administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia, performance of a caudal block and surgical incision.ResultsIn patients with a NIPE value <50, an additional opioid drug administration resulted in a rise of NIPE values, reaching a maximum increase of 5.1 (95% CI: 0.22‐9.99) units 120 seconds after drug administration (P = 0.041). There was no evidence of a change in heart rate during these two 120 seconds periods. Per protocol administration of morphine, caudal block, and surgical incision did not result in changes of the NIPE, which was around 65 units on these occasions, and heart rate.ConclusionIn infants anesthetized with sevoflurane, NIPE values <50 might be indicative of insufficient antinociception. The results of this observational pilot study might suggest that the NIPE could be a better measure of the nociception/antinociception balance than heart rate.
Safe pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia by anesthesiologists for elective procedures: A clinical practice statement from the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology
Authors: Zielinska Marzena , Bartkowska‐Sniatkowska Alicja , Becke Karin , Höhne Claudia , Najafi Nadia , Schaffrath Eva , Simic Dusica , Vittinghoff Maria , Veyckemans Francis , Morton Neil 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe growing number of medical procedures performed in children that require cooperation of patients, lack of movement, anxiolysis or/and analgesia triggers the increased need for procedural sedation. This document presents the consensus statement of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology about the principles connected with the safe management of procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) by anaesthesiologists for elective procedures in children. It does not aim to provide a legal statement on how and by whom PSA should be performed. The document highlights that any staff taking part in sedation of children must be appropriately trained with the required competencies and must be able to demonstrate regularly that they have maintained their knowledge, skills and clinical experience. The main goal of creating this document was to reflect the opinions of the community of the paediatric anaesthesiologists in Europe regarding how PSA for paediatric patients should be organized to make it safe.
Skewed B cell receptor repertoire and reduced antibody avidity in patients with DOCK8 deficiency
Authors: Tang Wenjing , Dou Ying , Qin Tao , Ding Yuan , Tang Xuemei , Zhao Xiaodong , An Yunfei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome (DIDS) is a combined immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent viral infections, severe atopy and early onset malignancy. Immunological abnormalities include lymphopenia, CD8+ T‐cell cytoskeleton dysfunction, defective B cell memory and variable serum immunoglobulin levels. Here, we analyse the B cell receptor repertoire (BCR) characteristics and antibody avidity of four DIDS patients, attempt to understand the dysregulated humoral immunity in DIDS patients with a normal antibody titre and suggest a scientific basis for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement therapy for these patients. We analysed BCR characteristics, including somatic hypermutation (SHM) frequency, using deep sequencing of multiplex PCR products derived from BCR heavy chain CDR3 regions from DIDS patients and controls. The antibody avidity of human tetanus and hemophilus influenza B antibodies was determined by ELISA using thiocyanate elution. IVIG replacement treatment and infection conditions were investigated retrospectively. We found skewing of the BCR repertoire and decreased antibody avidity in patients with DIDS. DIDS patients had fewer negatively charged amino acids than healthy controls. The SHM frequency of the IGHV3 gene was lower in patients with DIDS. Patients received regular IVIG therapy, resulting in fewer and less severe infections. We conclude that although IgG levels are normal in most DIDS patients, IVIG replacement therapy is still necessary.
Sodium citrate contributes to the platelet storage lesion
Authors: Getz Todd M. , Turgeon Annette , Wagner Stephen J. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUNDSodium citrate has become the preferred anticoagulant used for apheresis collection and has been included in commercial platelet additive solutions (PASs) since PAS‐II. It was suggested that citrate be included in PASs to prevent spontaneous aggregation. Reports in cell lines and cord blood have demonstrated that concentrations of citrate present in PAS formulations (10 mM) cause apoptosis. We evaluated whether the removal of citrate from PAS‐III could improve platelet storage.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSStudy 1 evaluated the effects of a citrate dose response on the storage of platelets in 65% PAS containing sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and phosphate. Study 2 compared the cell quality and function of platelets stored in 65% citrate‐free PAS‐III or PAS‐III containing 10 mM of citrate. Measurements included cell count, blood gases, flow cytometry analysis of surface activation markers, and aggregation.RESULTSStudy 1 identified that inclusion of citrate in PAS resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in glucose utilization, lactate formation, P‐selectin expression, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Study 2 showed similar results in which platelets stored in citrate‐free PAS‐III benefited through better maintenance of glucose utilization with less lactate production, P‐selectin expression, PS exposure, and ROS formation compared to citrate‐containing PAS‐III. Platelets stored in citrate‐free PAS‐III had aggregation responses that were at least 10% greater than those platelets stored in PAS‐III.CONCLUSIONStorage of apheresis platelets in citrate‐free PAS‐III improved multiple storage parameters including glucose utilization, lactate production, P‐selection expression, PS exposure, and ROS formation and resulted in a modest increase in aggregation.
VAMPIRE® fundus image analysis algorithms: Validation and diagnostic relevance in hypertensive cats
Authors: Cirla Alessandro , Drigo Michele , Ballerini Lucia , Trucco Emanuele , Barsotti Giovanni 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo validate a retinal imaging software named VAMPIRE® (Vascular Assay and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina) in feline patients and test the clinical utility in hypertensive cats.Animals studiedOne hundred and five healthy cats were enrolled. They represented the normal dataset used in the validation (group 1). Forty‐three hypertensive cats with no noticeable retinal abnormalities were enrolled for the clinical validity of the software (group 2).ProceduresEleven points (4 veins, 4 arteries, and 3 arterial bifurcations) were measured for each digital image. Repeatability and reproducibility of measurements were assessed using two independent operators. Data were statistically analyzed by the Mann‐Whiney and Tukey box plot. Significance was considered when P < 0.05.ResultsTwo hundred and ten retinal images were analyzed for a total of 2310 measurements. Total mean was 9.1 and 6.1 pixels for veins and arteries, respectively. First, second, and third arteriolar bifurcations angles were 73.6°, 76.9°, and 85.4°, respectively. A comparison between groups 1 and 2 showed a statistically significant reduction in arteriolar diameter (mean 3.3 pixels) and branch angle (55°, 47.8° and 59.9°) associated with increasing vein diameter (mean 24.15 pixels).ConclusionsCurrent image analysis techniques used in human medicine were investigated in terms of extending their use to veterinary medicine. The VAMPIRE® algorithm proved useful for an objective diagnosis of retinal vasculature changes secondary to systemic hypertension in cats, and could be an additional diagnostic test for feline systemic hypertension.
Catalytic reductive [4 + 1]-cycloadditions of vinylidenes and dienes
Authors: Zhou You-Yun , Uyeda Christopher 
Published: February 2019

Five-membered rings for two nickels
The Diels-Alder reaction is widely used to make six-membered rings by adding four-carbon dienes to two-carbon alkenes. It would seem straightforward to likewise access five-membered rings from dienes and one-carbon sources, or carbenes, but that does not tend to work. Instead, the carbene adds to just half of the diene to form a cyclopropane. Zhou and Uyeda now show that a catalyst with two nickel centers can steer this reaction toward the cyclopentyl products (see the Perspective by Johnson and Weix). A chiral version of the catalyst rendered the reaction enantioselective in intramolecular cases.

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Incidence, impact and indicators of difficult intubations in the neonatal intensive care unit: a report from the National Emergency Airway Registry for Neonates
Authors: Sawyer Taylor , Foglia Elizabeth E , Ades Anne , Moussa Ahmed , Napolitano Natalie , Glass Kristen , Johnston Lindsay , Jung Philipp , Singh Neetu , Quek Bin Huey , Barry James , Zenge Jeanne , DeMeo Stephen D , Brei Brianna , Krick Jeanne , Kim Jae H , Nadkarni Vinay , Nishisaki Akira 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence, indicators and clinical impact of difficult tracheal intubations in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).DesignRetrospective review of prospectively collected data on intubations performed in the NICU from the National Emergency Airway Registry for Neonates.SettingTen academic NICUs.PatientsNeonates intubated in the NICU at each of the sites between October 2014 and March 2017.Main outcome measuresDifficult intubation was defined as one requiring three or more attempts by a non-resident provider. Patient (age, weight and bedside predictors of difficult intubation), practice (intubation method and medications used), provider (training level and profession) and outcome data (intubation attempts, adverse events and oxygen desaturations) were collected for each intubation.ResultsOut of 2009 tracheal intubations, 276 (14%) met the definition of difficult intubation. Difficult intubations were more common in neonates <32 weeks, <1500 g. The difficult intubation group had a 4.9 odds ratio (OR) for experiencing an adverse event and a 4.2 OR for severe oxygen desaturation. Bedside screening tests of difficult intubation lacked sensitivity (receiver operator curve 0.47–0.53).ConclusionsDifficult intubations are common in the NICU and are associated with adverse event and severe oxygen desaturation. Difficult intubations occur more commonly in small preterm infants. The occurrence of a difficult intubation in other neonates is hard to predict due to the lack of sensitivity of bedside screening tests.
High incidence of injuries at the Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games: a prospective cohort study of 6804 athlete days
Authors: Derman Wayne , Runciman Phoebe , Jordaan Esme , Schwellnus Martin , Blauwet Cheri , Webborn Nick , Lexell Jan , van de Vliet Peter , Kissick James , Stomphorst Jaap , Lee Young-Hee , Kim Keun-Suh 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of sports injury at the Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games.Methods567 athletes from 49 countries were monitored daily for 12 days over the Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games (6804 athlete days). Injury data were obtained daily from teams with their own medical support (41 teams and 557 athletes) and teams without their own medical support (8 teams and 10 athletes) through two electronic data capturing systems.Results112 of 567 athletes (19.8%) reported a total of 142 injuries, with an injury incidence rate (IR) of 20.9 per 1000 athlete days (95% CI 17.4 to 25.0). The highest IR was reported for para snowboard (IR of 40.5 per 1000 athlete days [95% CI 28.5 to 57.5]; p<0.02), particularly in the lower limb and head/face/neck anatomical areas. Across all sports at the Games, acute traumatic injuries (IR of 16.2 per 1000 athlete days [95% CI 13.2 to 19.8]) and injuries to the shoulder/arm/elbow complex (IR of 5.7 per 1000 athlete days [95% CI 4.2 to 7.8]) were most common. However, most injuries (78.9%) did not require time loss.ConclusionThe new Paralympic Winter Games sport of Para snowboard requires attention to implement actions that will reduce injury risk. The shoulder was the most injured single joint—a consistent finding in elite para sport.
Comparative risk of new-onset diabetes following commencement of antipsychotics in New Zealand: a population-based clustered multiple baseline time series design
Authors: Currie Olivia , Williman Jonathan , Mangin Dee , McKinnon-Gee Bianca , Bridgford Paul 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveNewer antipsychotics are increasingly prescribed off-label for non-psychotic ailments both in primary and secondary care settings, despite the purported risk of weight gain and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aims to determine any relationship between the development of clinically significant new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel antipsychotic use in New Zealand using hypnotic drugs as control.DesignA population-based clustered multiple baseline time series design.SettingRoutinely collected data from a complete national pharmaceutical database in New Zealand between 2005 and 2011.ParticipantsPatients aged 40–60 years in the year 2006 who were ever dispensed antipsychotics (exposure groups—first-generation antipsychotics, second-generation antipsychotics and antipsychotics with low, medium and high risk for weight gain) or hypnotics (control group) between 2006 and 2011.Main outcome measureFirst ever metformin dispensed to patients in each study group between 2006 and 2011 as proxy for development of clinically significant type 2 diabetes mellitus, no longer amendable by lifestyle modifications.ResultsPatients dispensed a second-generation antipsychotic had 1.49 times increased risk (95% CI 1.10 to 2.03, p=0.011) of subsequently commencing metformin. Patients dispensed an antipsychotic with high risk of weight gain also had a 2.41 times increased risk of commencing on metformin (95% CI 1.42 to 4.09, p=0.001).ConclusionsPatients dispensed a second-generation antipsychotic and antipsychotics with high risk of weight gain appear to be at increased risk of being secondarily dispensed metformin. Caution should be taken with novel antipsychotic use for patients with increased baseline risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.