bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Quietismus Sacer’ – Engaging Religious Adversaries
Authors: Mejrup Kristian 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This essay explores a critical reaction to the turbulence born out of the debate on Quietism at the end of the 17th century. Caspar Exner (1627–1704), a minister and subscriber to Lutheran Orthodoxy, wrote a report in 1689 on the recent outburst of what in his view was misleading theological assumptions. His refutation of so-called false doctrines turned out to be an ambiguous road for engaging religious adversaries. Urged to assess a specific and contested topic, Exner developed a method that confronted religious renewal in general. It is the aim of this essay to demonstrate how rectification was a means for appropriating and moderating contested ideas and surpassing confessional boundaries.
Didactics of Piety in Children’s Edifying Literature in the Early 18th Century
Authors: Schmid Pia 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article focuses on an aspect of Pietist education that may be regarded as a reform, namely a new way of upholding the role model to educational ends – or, more simply put, of teaching by example. This new approach to the example, according to my thesis, manifests itself in an implicit, narrative didactics of piety. This will be illustrated by reference to a popular genre of children’ and young people’s literature dating from the 17th and 18th centuries, namely ‘exemplary children’s stories’ (Kinderexempelgeschichten). Such stories consist of biographical model narratives concerning exemplary pious boys and girls. To demonstrate how this implicit, religious didactic was made explicit, I draw on the text ‘Christliche Lebens=Regeln’ (Christian Rules of Life), which was especifically conceived as a systematic elucidation of exemplary stories.
Third Strike: The WTO Panel Reports Upholding Australia’s Tobacco Plain Packaging Scheme
Authors: Voon Tania 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Two of the four disputes against Australia’s tobacco plain packaging in the World Trade Organization (WTO) have been resolved, with the adoption of the Panel Reports upholding Australia’s tobacco plain packaging scheme with respect to Cuba and Indonesia. The fifth dispute, brought by Ukraine, was previously abandoned. The Panel’s decision deserves close examination, particularly regarding the balance between WTO Members’ legitimate policy objectives and restrictions on trade or on the use of trademarks. The Panel’s approach to the fundamental concepts of trade-restrictiveness and unjustifiability did not conform with the arguments of Australia or the complainants. These areas represent core aspects of the ongoing appeals by Honduras and the Dominican Republic. Although Australia did not appeal, its own arguments before the Panel provide further insights into the Panel’s approach. The significance of the Panel Reports is heightened by the continuing United States blockage of appointments to the WTO Appellate Body.
Remote Sensing of Sea Salt Aerosol below Trade Wind Clouds
Authors: Klingebiel Marcus , Ghate Virendra P. , Naumann Ann Kristin , Ditas Florian , Pöhlker Mira L. , Pöhlker Christopher , Kandler Konrad , Konow Heike , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSea salt aerosol in the boundary layer below shallow cumulus clouds is remotely observed with a Ka-band cloud radar at the Barbados Cloud Observatory and is detected in 76% of the measurements over 1 year. Carried by convection, sea salt particles with a diameter larger than 500 nm show an upward motion of 0.2 m s−1 below shallow cumulus clouds for a 2-day case study. Caused by an increasing relative humidity with increasing altitude, the sea salt particles become larger as they move closer to the cloud base. By using combined measurements of a Ka-band cloud radar and a Raman lidar, the retrieved equivolumetric diameter of the hygroscopically grown sea salt particles is found to be between 6 and 11 μm with a total number concentration of 20 cm−3 near cloud base. Assuming a fixed shape parameter, a size distribution of sea salt particles under high-relative-humidity conditions below cloud base is estimated and agrees with measurements taken by a dry-deposition sampler and online aerosol observations. The methods outlined in this paper can be used in future studies to get a better understanding of the vertical and temporal sea salt distribution in the boundary layer and sea salt aerosol–cloud interaction processes.
Temperature and Salinity Variability in the SODA3, ECCO4r3, and ORAS5 Ocean Reanalyses, 1993–2015
Authors: Carton James A. , Penny Stephen G. , Kalnay Eugenia 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This study extends recent ocean reanalysis comparisons to explore improvements to several next-generation products, the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation, version 3 (SODA3); the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, version 4, release 3 (ECCO4r3); and the Ocean Reanalysis System 5 (ORAS5), during their 23-yr period of overlap (1993–2015). The three reanalyses share similar historical hydrographic data, but the forcings, forward models, estimation algorithms, and bias correction methods are different. The study begins by comparing the reanalyses to independent analyses of historical SST, heat, and salt content, as well as examining the analysis-minus-observation misfits. While the misfits are generally small, they still reveal some systematic biases that are not present in the reference Hadley Center EN4 objective analysis. We next explore global trends in temperature averaged into three depth intervals: 0–300, 300–1000, and 1000–2000 m. We find considerable similarity in the spatial structure of the trends and their distribution among different ocean basins; however, the trends in global averages do differ by 30%–40%, which implies an equivalent level of disagreement in net surface heating rates. ECCO4r3 is distinct in having quite weak warming trends while ORAS5 has stronger trends that are noticeable in the deeper layers. To examine the performance of the reanalyses in the Arctic we explore representation of Atlantic Water variability on the Atlantic side of the Arctic and upper-halocline freshwater storage on the Pacific side of the Arctic. These comparisons are encouraging for the application of ocean reanalyses to track ocean climate variability and change at high northern latitudes.
Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasting over East Asia Using Bayesian Model Averaging
Authors: Ji Luying , Zhi Xiefei , Zhu Shoupeng , Fraedrich Klaus 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Bayesian model averaging (BMA) was applied to improve the prediction skill of 1–15-day, 24-h accumulated precipitation over East Asia based on the ensemble prediction system (EPS) outputs of ECMWF, NCEP, and UKMO from the TIGGE datasets. Standard BMA deterministic forecasts were accurate for light-precipitation events but with limited ability for moderate- and heavy-precipitation events. The categorized BMA model based on precipitation categories was proposed to improve the BMA capacity for moderate and heavy precipitation in this study. Results showed that the categorized BMA deterministic forecasts were superior to the standard one, especially for moderate and heavy precipitation. The categorized BMA also provided a better calibrated probability of precipitation and a sharper prediction probability density function than the standard one and the raw ensembles. Moreover, BMA forecasts based on multimodel EPSs outperformed those based on a single-model EPS for all lead times. Comparisons between the two BMA models, logistic regression, and raw ensemble forecasts for probabilistic precipitation forecasts illustrated that the categorized BMA method performed best. For 10–15-day extended-range probabilistic forecasts, the initial BMA performances were inferior to the climatology forecasts, while they became much better after preprocessing the initial data with the running mean method. With increasing running steps, the BMA model generally had better performance for light to moderate precipitation but had limited ability for heavy precipitation. In general, the categorized BMA methodology combined with the running mean method improved the prediction skill of 1–15-day, 24-h accumulated precipitation over East Asia.
Violation and hope: Refugee survival in childhood and beyond
Authors: McCormack Lynne , Tapp Brigitta 
Published: February 2019

Background: The psychological complexity of refugee status for children is poorly understood. Alone or with family members, child refugees are exposed to multiple and potentially traumatic events, including conflict and human rights deprivation in their country of origin, perilous and life-threatening escape journeys, years of statelessness, and isolation and discrimination in their new host country. Aims: This phenomenological study explored the positive and negative interpretations of four adults as they sought to make sense of their experiences of refugee status as children. Method: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) guided the development of semi-structured interview for data collection and analysis. Results: One superordinate theme, Violation and Hope, overarched three subordinate themes, Violent detachment, Refugee identity, and Resourcefulness and reciprocity. One divergent theme also emerged: Clashing identities. These themes provide unique insight into the interpreted experiences of escaping oppression and persecution in each participant’s country of origin as children, and the ensuing bleak interval as refugees, belonging nowhere. They identify the risk of becoming pawns of opportunism without human rights protection. Once stateless, survival was not guaranteed, producing a stark merging of acceptance of mortality and determined resourcefulness as children. Avoidant coping became a positive tool for surviving ever present threat, and was crucial in defining a life philosophy that was future oriented as they entered adulthood. Conclusion: These participants rejected a ‘refugee victim’ identity, emphasising a legacy of resourcefulness, hope, gratitude and reciprocity, domains of post-traumatic growth which are unreported aspects of refugee well-being that can provide future therapeutic and research direction.
Mini-invasive foam sclerotherapy-assisted ligation versus surgical flush ligation for incompetent sapheno-popliteal junction treatment
Authors: Gianesini Sergio , Menegatti Erica , Sibilla Maria Grazia , Neuhardt Diana , Maietti Elisa , Tessari Mirko , Zamboni Paolo 
Published: February 2019

Objectives Comparison of a flush sapheno-popliteal junction ligation versus a mini-invasive foam sclerotherapy-assisted ligation. Methods Forty-eight chronic venous disease patients underwent sapheno-popliteal junction flush ligation (group A). Forty-one patients underwent small saphenous vein ligation by means of mini-invasive incision with foam sclerotherapy of the popliteal stump (group B). Results At 4.1 ± 3.3 years mean follow-up, sapheno-popliteal junction recurrence was detected in four patients of group A (4/48; 8.3%) and in two cases of group B (3/41; 7.3%) ( P= ns). Mean procedural time was 36 ± 11 minutes versus 21 ± 6 minutes ( p<0.0001). A mild post-operative paresthesia lasting more than 24 h was reported in 6.3% (3/48) of group A versus 2.4% (1/41) ( p<0.009) of group B. At one-year check-up, Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire significantly improved in both groups with no significant difference between group A and B. Conclusions Foam-assisted mini-invasive sapheno-popliteal ligation represents a time and clinical-effective option, associated with a decrease in post-operative paresthesia risk.
Causal mechanisms of a healthy lifestyle intervention for patients with musculoskeletal pain who are overweight or obese
Authors: Williams Amanda , Lee Hopin , Kamper Steven J , O’Brien Kate M , Wiggers John , Wolfenden Luke , Yoong Sze L , Hodder Rebecca K , Robson Emma K , Haskins Robin , McAuley James H , Williams Christopher M 
Published: February 2019

Purpose: To assess the causal mechanisms of a healthy lifestyle intervention for patients with chronic low back pain and knee osteoarthritis, who are overweight or obese. Methods: We conducted causal mediation analyses of aggregated data from two randomized controlled trials (RCTs); which included 160 patients with chronic low back pain, and 120 patients with knee osteoarthritis. The intervention consisted of brief advice and referral to a six-month telephone-based healthy lifestyle coaching service. We used causal mediation to estimate the indirect, direct and path-specific effects of hypothesized mediators including: self-reported weight, diet, physical activity, and pain beliefs. Outcomes were pain intensity, disability, and quality of life (QoL). Results: The intervention did not reduce weight, improve diet or physical activity or change pain beliefs, and these mediators were not associated with the outcomes. Sensitivity analyses showed that our estimates were robust to the possible effects of unknown and unmeasured confounding. Conclusions: Our findings show that the intervention did not cause a meaningful change in the hypothesized mediators, and these mediators were not associated with patient-reported outcomes.
Health-Care Providers’ Perspectives on Decision-Making Among Seriously Ill Patients of South Asian Origin in the United States
Authors: Khosla Nidhi , Washington Karla T. , Mukherjea Arnab , Aslakson Rebecca 
Published: February 2019

Background: Persons of South Asian origin (SAs) are the fastest growing minority group in the United States. Culturally competent care for patients and families of SA origin necessitates an understanding of the cultural factors that affect decision-making for palliative and end-of-life care. Objective: To better understand health-care providers’ perspectives on decision-making among seriously ill persons of SA origin. Method: Data were collected in a US Midwestern city, predominantly in 2 hospital-based health-care systems along with a few interviews of private practitioners. Researchers conducted a thematic analysis of data. Transcripts were coded individually, coding disagreements resolved through discussion and themes arrived upon by consensus. Results: Health-care providers reported that numerous factors interact to influence decision-making among SAs. Patient-based factors include education, time spent in the United States, expectations of physician-directed care, and spiritual beliefs. Family-based factors include a norm of family-based decision-making and a complex distribution of decision-making responsibilities among family members. Provider-based factors include challenges reconciling SA and American approaches to decision-making. Community-based factors include negative attitudes and a lack of education regarding palliative care and the potential role of community support in health-care decision-making. Conclusions: A rich cultural context influences health-care decision-making among seriously ill SAs. An understanding of this context will enhance providers’ cultural competence and likely improve services to this growing population.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis–Derived Measurements in Chronic Hepatitis C: Clinical Relevance of Fat‐Free Mass and Phase Angle Evaluation
Authors: Bering Tatiana , Diniz Kiara G. D. , Coelho Marta Paula P. , de Souza Ana Carolina M. , de Melo Luisa Freitas , Vieira Diego Alves , Soares Maria Marta S. , Kakehasi Adriana M. , Correia Maria Isabel T. D. , Teixeira Rosângela , Queiroz Dulciene Maria Magalhães , Rocha Gifone A. , Silva Luciana D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjective: Because cirrhotic patients are at high risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia, we evaluated the prevalence of low fat‐free mass index (FFMI) and low phase angle (PhA) among patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methods: In total, 135 subjects with CHC (50.4% males; mean age, 52.4 ± 11.8 years; 65.9% noncirrhotic and 34.1% compensated cirrhotic patients) were prospectively included and evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Subjective global assessment was used to evaluate malnutrition. Results: Low FFMI and low PhA were identified in 21.5% and 23.7% of the patients, respectively. Compensated cirrhotic patients had lower PhA values than those without cirrhosis. Low FFMI was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–7.01; P = .04) and malnutrition (OR, 4.27; 95% CI, 1.42–12.90; P = .01). Low PhA was associated with cirrhosis (OR, 3.92; 95% CI, 1.56–9.86; P = .004), malnutrition (OR, 5.52; 95% CI, 1.73–17.62; P = .004), and current alcohol use (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.01–7.58; P = .05). Reactance (Xc) normalized for height (H), an indicator of muscle strength, was independently associated with male sex, age, hypertension, and serum albumin. Conclusion: Host factors, including clinical comorbidities, lifestyle, and nutrition status, are associated with low FFMI and low PhA in noncirrhotic and in compensated cirrhotic patients with CHC. These findings highlight the relevance of evaluating body composition in patients chronically infected by hepatitis C virus independently of the stage of liver disease.
Comparison of the Effect of the Combined Mechanism Ankle Support on Static and Dynamic Postural Control of Chronic Ankle Instability Patients
Authors: Hadadi Mohammad , Abbasi Faezeh 
Published: February 2019

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with postural control impairment. Orthotic devices are routinely used to improve postural control of CAI patients and prevent recurrence of ankle sprain. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of combined mechanism ankle support (CMAS) with soft ankle support (SAS) and custom-molded foot orthosis (CFO) on static and dynamic postural control in patients with CAI. Methods: Twenty-two patients with CAI and 22 matched healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were evaluated in four orthotic conditions (without orthosis and with the CMAS, SAS, and CFO). Static balance was investigated in single-limb stance on the force platform, and dynamic balance was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Results: Statistically significant differences were found for the main effects of the groups in all center of pressure (COP) parameters and reach distances in medial (M), anteromedial (AM), and posteromedial (PM) directions of the SEBT ( P < .05). The main effect of the orthotics for all evaluated parameters, except reach distance in the PM direction, was statistically different. All COP parameters were significantly lower with the CMAS compared with other orthotic conditions in CAI patients. Also, the higher reach distances with the CMAS were obtained in the AM and M directions of the SEBT. Conclusion: The CMAS improved impaired postural control in static and dynamic stability tests, but no similar effect was found for SAS and CFO. This result may have implications for the best bracing for CAI. Level of Evidence: Level II, comparative study.
Implementation of a student pharmacist-driven medication history service for ambulatory oncology patients in a large academic medical center
Authors: Phan Ha , Williams Macey , McElroy Kelly , Burton Bradley , Fu Denise , Khandoobhai Anand 
Published: February 2019

Objective Patients who have an up-to-date and accurate medication list are less susceptible to medication errors and allow care teams to make more informed treatment decisions. Through utilizing student pharmacists to provide medication history services, we anticipate improved patient safety and overall quality of patient care. The purpose of this project was to implement a medication history service for ambulatory oncology patients of the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Methods A phased approach was utilized to implement a standardized operating procedure for completing medication histories in ambulatory oncology patients. Data collection included number of total medication discrepancies, percentage of patients with high-risk medications, and high-risk medication classes involved in discrepancies. Additionally, time data were collected, including time spent calling the patient, completing patient work up, and preceptor oversight. Results Students completed medication histories for 60 patients; 83% of patients had at least one discrepancy with 21% of those discrepancies involving a high-risk medication. High-risk medications involved in discrepancies included oral chemotherapeutic agents, anticoagulants, insulin, and opioids. Conclusion The majority of patients seen had at least one medication discrepancy that was identified and corrected through the medication history service. By correcting the discrepancy, the likelihood of medication errors occurring was decreased. Continuous workflow changes are being made to identify the number and type of resources to expand the service to all appropriate ambulatory oncology patients at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Pediatric hospitalizations and in-patient mortality from all-terrain vehicle crashes, 2006–2016
Authors: Cairo Sarah B , Burk Joshua K , Rothstein David H 
Published: February 2019

Purpose To evaluate trends in national frequency of hospitalizations and in-patient mortality in the United States for children injured in all-terrain vehicle crashes during the past decade. Methods Retrospective review of the 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2016 Kids' Inpatient Databases to identify hospitalizations of patients <19 years of age for all-terrain vehicle-related injuries. External-cause-of-injury codes were used to identify patients hospitalized for injuries sustained in all-terrain vehicle crashes. Odds ratios for in-patient mortality were calculated by logistic regression incorporating multiple individual demographic and hospital variables. Results Estimated all-terrain vehicle-related hospitalizations ranged from 3666 in 2006 (5.2/100,000 persons <19 years of age) to 2558 in 2012 (3.3/100,000). Crude in-patient mortality was low, and varied slightly from year to year (range, 0.55–1.04%). Patients hospitalized for all-terrain vehicle-related injuries were 76.8–78.4% White and 72.1–77.2% male. Totally 61.0–64.3% had private insurance, 35.3–39.3% were from rural areas, 37.4–38.3% were in the 10–14-year age group, and patients from the West region accounted for 40.4–43.6% of patients. There were no risk factors identified as being consistently associated with mortality in this cohort. Average total charges increased from $26,996 to $67,370 over the course of the study ( p < 0.001). Conclusions Hospitalizations for all-terrain vehicle-related injuries in children have fallen in the past decade although the reasons for this change are unknown. In-patient mortality rates have stayed relatively constant and while no factors were predictive of in-patient mortality, demographic data may provide an opportunity for targeted interventions to further reduce injuries and associated hospital costs.