bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cracked Bearing Caps Made of Cast Iron
Authors: Naumann Friedrich Karl , Spies Ferdinand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cast iron bearing caps in tractor engines fractured repeatedly after only short operating periods. The fracture originated in a cast-in groove and ran approximately radially to the shaft axis. The smallest cross section was at the point of fracture. The core structure of the caps consisted of graphite in pearlitic-ferritic matrix. Casting stresses did not play a decisive role because of the simple shape of the pieces that were without substantial cross sectional variations. Two factors exerted an unfavorable effect in addition to comparatively low strength. First, the operating stress was raised locally by the sharp-edged groove, and second, the fracture resistance of the cast iron was lowered at this critical point by the existence of a ferritic bright border. To avoid such damage in the future it was recommended to observe one or more of the following precautions: 1) Eliminate the grooves; 2) Remove the ferritic bright border; 3) Avoid undercooling in the mold and therefore the formation of granular graphite; 4) Inoculate with finely powdered ferrosilicon into the melt for the same purpose; and, 5) Anneal at lower temperature or eliminate subsequent treatment in consideration of the uncomplicated shape of the castings.
Cracks in Cylinder Blocks and in Cast Iron Cylinder Head
Authors: Naumann Friedrich Karl , Spies Ferdinand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
During the operation of tractors with cantilevered body, the lateral wall of the hypoeutectic cast iron cylinder blocks cracked repeatedly. Three of the blocks were examined. The grain structure of the thick-walled part consisted of uniformly distributed graphite of medium flake size in a basic mass of pearlite with little ferrite. But the thin-walled part showed a structure of dendrites of precipitated primary solid solution grains with pearlitic-ferritic structure and a residual liquid phase with granular graphite in the ferritic matrix. The structure was formed by undercooling of the residual melt. In this case, it was promoted by fast cooling of the thin wall and had comparatively low strength. The fracture formation in the cylinder blocks was ascribed primarily to casting stresses. They could be alleviated by better filleting of the transition cross sections. The fracture was promoted by the formation of undercooled microstructure of low strength in the thin-walled part. Similar damage appeared in a cylinder head, in which case, the cracks were promoted by a supercooled structure.
Torsional Fatigue Failure of an Axle Shaft
Authors: Alban Lester E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An axle shaft in an open-pit mining truck hauling overburden failed after operating for 27,000 h. Previous failures had resulted from longitudinal shear, but this had not, bringing material quality into question. Chemical analysis verified that the part was SAE4340 Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel and thus met material specification. The failure was a result of torsional fatigue in the tensile plane, originating from one of several gouges around the splined radius of the shaft. The fatigue crack progressed for a large number of cycles before final fracture. The shaft met metallurgical requirements and should have withstood normal operating conditions. The spacing of the gouge marks coincided with the spacing of the splines, indicative of careless assembly with the mating wheel gear.
Tooth Bending Fatigue Failure of a Spiral Bevel Drive Set
Authors: Alban Lester E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A spiral bevel gear set in the differential housing of a large front-end loader moving coal in a storage area failed in service. The machine had operated approximately 1500 h. Although the failure involved only the pinion teeth, magnetic particle inspection was performed on each part. The 4817 NiMo alloy steel pinion showed no indication of additional cracking, nor did the 4820 NiMo alloy steel gear. The mode of failure was tooth bending fatigue with the origin at the designed position: root radius at midsection of tooth. The load was well centered, and progression occurred for a long period of time. The cause of failure was a suddenly applied peak overload, which initiated a crack at the root radius. Progression continued by relatively low overstress from the crack, which was now a stress-concentration point. This was a classic tooth bending fatigue failure.
Rolling Contact Fatigue Failure of a Spiral Bevel Gear and Pinion Set
Authors: Alban Lester E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A ‘worn-out’ spiral bevel gear and pinion set was submitted for examination and evaluation. This was a spiral bevel drive set with the gear attached to a differential. The assembled unit was driving a new, large, experimental farm tractor in normal plowing and tilling operations. The primary failure was associated with the 4820H NiMo alloy steel pinion, and thus the gear was not examined. The mode of failure was rolling contact fatigue, and the cause of failure improper engineering design. The pattern of continual overload was restricted to a specific concentrated area situated diagonally across the profile of the loaded side, which was consistent on every tooth.
Front End Loader Hoist Lift Hose Failure
Authors: Krismer S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A hoist lift hose on a loader failed catastrophically. The hoses were a 100R13 type (as classified in AS3791-1991) with 50.8 mm nominal internal diameter. They consisted of six alternating spirals of heavy wire around a synthetic rubber inner tube with a synthetic rubber outer sheath. Failure of the lift hose was approximately 50 to 100 mm away from the "upper" end of the hose, with the straight coupling that attaches to the hydraulic system. The return hose was in much better condition, with no apparent deformation and only small areas of mechanical damage to the outer sheath. There were two modes of failure of the wire: tensile and corrosion related. The predominant corrosion mechanism appeared to be crevice corrosion related, with the corrosion being driven by the retention of water by the cover material around the wire strands. In this case study (and in most wire-reinforced hydraulic hoses), the wire reinforcing strands were a medium-carbon steel in the cold drawn condition. Radiographic nondestructive testing (NDT) was recommended to determine when a hydraulic hose should be replaced.
Failure of Rockbolts in Underground Mines in Australia
Authors: Crosky A. , Smith B. , Hebblewhite B. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Over the last 15 years there has been an increasing incidence of failure in rockbolts used in underground mines in Australia. Failures have also been observed in the United Kingdom where Australian Technology rockbolting is also used. Most of the failures in the United Kingdom were found to be initiated by corrosion pits, but in Australia, the fractures were considered likely to be due to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). This paper reports a metallurgical study of 44 failed rockbolts from four different underground mines in Australia. The study confirmed that failure was generally due to SCC and showed that this was usually initiated by bending of the bolts that occurred due to lateral movement of the rock strata. It also showed that many of the failed bolts had very low toughness with Charpy impact values of 4 to 7 Joules.
On Pavel Ryzhakov’s Notes on Easter in Ansali [Paskha v Enzeli]
Authors: Pavlovsky A. S. 
Published: May 2019

The article polemicizes with P. Ryzhakov’s review appearing in the same issue. Citing a wider context of Khlebnikov’s work, the author challenges Ryzhakov’s thesis about the identification of the lyrical hero in Easter in Ansali [Paskha v Enzeli ] with Razin, and offers an alternative, more restrained, interpretation. He argues that the critic is mistaken in associating the protagonist with the antagonist: indeed, the Razin reference is there, but it is fragmentary and marginal, while the main idea of the poem is Khlebnikov breaking away from his past. And this parting is metaphorically described as taking monastic vows and tonsuring, hence the image of the long unruly hair and a number of biblical associations, including the ritualistic washing of the feet. Pavlovsky suggests that Ryzhakov’s analysis, while academically accurate and interesting, misses the point: the poem is about Khlebnikov, not Razin.
Yury Dombrovsky: Myth versus ‘agonizing truth’
Authors: Duardovich I. 
Published: May 2019

The article discusses the problem of the non-existent biography of Yury Dombrovsky, and sets out to disprove the myth created by the newspaper Novaya Gazeta about KGB’s persecuting and eventually murdering the writer in retaliation for his novel The Faculty of Useless Things [Fakultet nenuzhnykh veshchey]. Facts manipulation, replacement of the truth with personal beliefs and conjectures, and, ultimately, letting a work of imagination invade the reality – those are just a few examples of global mythologizing, or the post-truth reality, one of today’s biggest challenges. To a certain extent, an article is written in response to the last year’s scandal covered by Novaya Gazeta, which published the article A Brawl with Phantoms [Draka s prizrakami], only to follow up with a refutation co-written by the newspaper’s own reporter O. Khlebnikov and Dombrovsky’s widow K. Turumova-Dombrovskaya. The paper is based on the aforementioned controversial article, revised and expanded for the publication.
Evaluating quality of 3D geological models: a case study of horizon US2 in the Latitudinal Ob region
Authors: Solopakhina Uliana Yu. 
Published: May 2019

In recent years, there has been a downward trend in easily recoverable hydrocarbon reserves in the Cretaceous sediments of Western Siberia. In this regard, interest in the horizon US2 has increased. Collectors of this horizon have a complex structure, which leads to the appearance of significant errors in geological models. The development of the methodological basis for the analysis of the accuracy of geological models, in particular three-dimensional, can solve this issue.The article gives a technique for analyzing the quality of a 3D geological model: a case study of horizon US2. As a result of the work, the following conclusions were drawn: firstly, there is the need to update geological models after drilling each well; secondly, the possible causes of the discrepancy between the actual and forecasted indices are revealed; thirdly, usage a map of the residuals of the absolute elevations of the horizon US2, as additional information, can minimize risks when drilling wells and increase the reliability of 3D geological model.
Analysis of the process of corrosion destruction of settling tanks for preparation of high-viscosity oil to transport through main oil pipelines
Authors: Novitskiy Dmitry V. 
Published: May 2019

Most of accidents and failures of vertical steel tanks are related to metal corrosion of their shells and equipment. The choice of optimal corrosion protection to extend the life of such tanks is impossible without an understanding of the mechanisms of its origin and development, as well as the degree of influence of operational factors on these mechanisms.Of particular interest is the study of corrosion processes taking place in tanks to prepare for the transport of high-viscosity oils operating in the specific conditions of the Far North. The complex effect of factors such as temperature, total salt content of bottom water, the concentration of corrosion inhibitors, demulsifiers, and mechanical impurities on the rate of corrosion processes is not fully understood to date.This article analyzes the process of corrosion destruction of settling tanks for the preparation of high-viscosity oil to transport through main oil pipelines using the example of the RVS-5000 of the park of input tanks of the Yareganeft oil and gas department. Analysis of operating conditions made it possible to identify factors affecting corrosion processes and to identify potentially the most dangerous zones of contact between media entering the reservoir and the shell metal, the bottom and roof of the tank. The study have showed that the greatest interest is the study of the effect of the presence of mechanical impurities in the fluid supplied to the settling tank on the intensity of corrosion processes on the internal surfaces of the tank in potentially dangerous areas.
Rationale for the technological gas-condensate well operation conditions under the conditions low-permeability reservoir
Authors: Inyakin Vladislav V. , Mulyavin Semen F. , Usachev Igor A. 
Published: May 2019

The development of oil and gas condensate fields is accompanied by phase transformations of reservoir mixtures, i.e. the transition of condensate from the gas state at the formation pressure below the condensation start pressure and its reverse evaporation when the maximum condensation pressure passes. Dynamic condensation leads to a decrease in permeability in the bottomhole zone, as a result, the productivity of the well is reduced.We have used the method of gas-dynamics research at steady-state filtration conditions in our work in order to minimize the influence of retrograde processes and the justification of the technological well operation conditions of usage gasdynamics research at steady-state filtration conditions.Especially, set up a problem is important in conditions of low-permeability reservoirs with a significant potential content of condensate in the formation gas.
RANCANG BANGUN MESIN PENGUPAS SABUT KELAPA
Authors: Haans Anthonius L.S. , Razak Arthur Khalik , Habibi Habibi , Ilham Nur , Gracecia Ditha 
Published: May 2019

Dari proses pengolahan buah kelapa akan menghasilkanÂ limbah berupa serat kelapa yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahanÂ baku industri. Potensi sabut kelapa sangat besar, akan tetapiÂ belum dapat dimanfaatkan sepenuhnya untuk kegiatan produktifÂ karena kurangnya teknologi alat yang dapat memisahkan komponenkomponenÂ buah kelapa. Proses pengupasan kebanyakan masihÂ dilakukan secara konvensional dengan linggis sehingga selainÂ menguras tenaga juga berbahaya bagi pekerja. Dengan menggunakanÂ cara itu kecepatan pengupasan sabut kelapa dapat mencapai 2 sampaiÂ 3 buah kelapa dalam 1 menit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuatÂ mesin pengolah sabut kelapa yang dapat memudahkan pengupasanÂ sabut dan untuk meningkatkan kapasitasÂ produksi pengpasan sabutÂ kelapa. Hasil penelitian desain pengolah sabut kelapa dirancangÂ dengan menggunakan penggerak motor bakar 6.5 HP 3800 rpm,Â ukuran rangka 90x40x79 cm, menggunakan rangkaian transmisi pullisabuk, rantai sproket dan reducer 1:30 untuk mengurangi kecepatanÂ putaran menjadi 55 rpm, roda gigi diameter 14 cm, 2 buah porosÂ pisau yang berputar berlawanan arah sebagai mesia pengupas sabutÂ kelapa, penutup mesin dengan ukuran 2x45x45 cm untukÂ memudahkan menahan kelapa yang sedang dikupas. RancanganÂ mesin yang dibuat mampu memudahkan pengupasan karena langkahyang diperlukan untuk mengupas lebih sedikit dibanding denganÂ menggunakan linggis sehingga tenaga yang dibutuhkan saatÂ mengupas dengan menggunka mesin ini lebih sedikit pula. MesinÂ ini dapat mengupas sebuah kelapa selama 14.67 detik atau 4 buahÂ kelapa dalam waktu 1 menit.
AN OVERVIEW ON BASIC AND ADVANCED CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Authors: Bhatti Manisha 
Published: May 2019

Chromatography is a technique for separating various inorganic and organic compounds. It is one of the separation techniques used as differential migration. It is more advantageous over conventional separating methods such as crystallization, solvent extraction and distillation. The purpose of review is to present various chromatographic techniques included a few advanced forms such as FC, HPLC,UPLC and UPCC (Super Critical chromatography).These are rapid forms of chromatographic techniques based on air pressure driven, optimized for rapid and precise separation of an organic compound.
Keywords: Chromatographic techniques, Column chromatography, HPLC, UPLC, FC, UPC
Penggabungan Metode MEC dan AHP dalam Penentuan Bantuan Rumah Tidak Layak Huni
Authors: Kuswandhie Rakhmad , Primadasa Yogi 
Published: May 2019

Rumah tidak layak huni murapakan kondisi yang tidak ideal dimana bangunan tersebut tidak memenuhi persyaratan untuk dihuni. Kenyataannya rumah tidak layak huni sangat berhubungan dengan pemukiaman kumuh karena pada dasarnya didaerah permukiman kumuh tergambar kemiskinan masyarakat. Program Rehabilitasi atau bedah rumah tidak layak huni merupakan program yang diterapkan Pemerintah Kota Lubuklinggau untuk upaya meningkatkan rumah warga yang tidak layak huni yang ada di Kota Lubuklinggau menjadi layak huni. Permasalahan yang sering terjadi adalah proses penyeleksiaan masih bersifat subjektif, yang mana penyeleksian dilakukan dengan presepsi dari masing-masing anggota Dinas Sosial, belum juga mengingat banyaknya calon penerima yang akan menerima bantuan rehabilitasi rumah yang akan diseleksi dalam daerah tersebut, sehingga penyeleksi sangat merasa kesulitan dalam mengadakan penyeleksian bantuan ini. Dari permasalahan tersebut Sistem Pendukung Keputusan merupakan alternatif untuk membantu Pemerintah Kota dalam penyeleksian penerimaan bantuan bedah rumah tidak layak huni. Dari data kandidat penerima bantuan beda rumah tidak layak huni yang sudah di kumpulkan oleh Dinas Sosial ini akan di seleksi ulang di tambah kriteria-kriteria yang menjadi pendukung. Kriteria-kriteria seperti penghasilan,dinding rumah, lantai, jenis rumah, luas bangunan dan atap rumah ini digunakan untuk mendukung penelitian ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibantu dengan menggunakan penggabungan metode MEC dan AHP. Metode MEC digunakan untuk menentukan kriteria yang berpengaruh seperti penghasilan, dinding rumah, lantai, jenis rumah, luas bangunan dan atap rumah. Metode AHP digunakan untuk menentukan bobot masing-masing kriteria.
IMPACTO DEL REUSO DE FRECUENCIA FRACCIONAL EN LA REDUCCIÓN DE INTERFERENCIA INTERCELDA EN LTE.
Authors: Fernández Campo Betty Nayibe , González Camacho Lesly Alejandra , Hernández Bonilla Claudia Milena 
Published: May 2019

La Interferencia Inter-Celda (ICI, Inter-Cell Interference) es un problema que desafía el desempeño de las redes Evolución a Largo Término (LTE, Long Term Evolution), sin embargo existen técnicas de Coordinación de Interferencia Inter-Celda (ICIC, Inter-Cell Interference Coordination) como el Reuso de Frecuencia Fraccional (FFR, Fractional Frequency Reuse) que permiten mitigar dicha interferencia y mejorar el desempeño de los Equipos de Usuario (UE, User Equipment), especialmente aquellos terminales situados en el borde de la celda. Este artículo analiza el desempeño de la técnica Reuso de Frecuencia Fraccional (FFR) en LTE, en función de dos parámetros de configuración: Umbral de Relación Señal a Ruido más Interferencia (SINR, Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) y partición de Ancho de Banda (BW, Band Width). Se evalúa la capacidad e interferencia mediante diagramas de dispersión, curvas de Función de Probabilidad Acumulada Empírica (ECDF, Empirical Cumulative Density Function) y cálculos estadísticos.
DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA PARA EL ANÁLISIS CINEMÁTICO DE LA TRAYECTORIA DE LA BARRA EN LA MODALIDAD DE ARRANQUE EN HALTEROFILIA
Authors: Salgado Osvaldo , Morales Jheison Alejandro 
Published: May 2019

En este trabajo se describe el proceso de diseño e implementación de un sistema de bajo costo que permite medir cuantitativamente algunas variables de trayectoria involucradas en la ejecución de los movimientos propios de la halterofilia en la modalidad de arranque. Inicialmente se explora el aspecto teórico del análisis biomecánico de la modalidad y, por otro lado, se analizan las diferentes técnicas para la detección y seguimiento de objetos en escena. La captura de movimiento se realiza a través de una cámara de video estándar y el procesamiento de las imágenes se realiza con la librería OpenCV sobre la plataforma Raspberry Pi; los datos se muestran en una interfaz gráfica basada en wxWidgets que permite observar en video el movimiento realizado además de la trayectoria y de la información cinemática de velocidad y aceleración. En el proceso de diseño y planeación se utiliza el método de Estructura de Desglose del Trabajo (WBS por su nombre en inglés Work Breakdown Structure) el cual identifica elementos del software, hardware, servicios y demás componentes necesarios para la realización del prototipo. Una vez implementado el prototipo, se efectúan pruebas de desempeño en la tarima para validar el diseño. Este sistema intenta suplir las necesidades del entrenador para evaluar objetivamente las posiciones importantes que son difíciles de percibir a simple vista debido a la alta velocidad de ejecución así como por la subjetividad o memoria visual del observador. Con esta información es posible identificar deficiencias para fortalecer al deportista y mejorar su desempeño.
USO DE POTENCIALES DE ESTADO ESTABLE EVOCADOS VISUALMENTE PARA LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE INTERFAZ CEREBRO COMPUTADOR
Authors: Caicedo Bravo Eduardo Francisco , Cardona Aristizábal Jaiber Evelio 
Published: May 2019

Los sistemas de Interfaz Cerebro Computador (BCI) permiten la comunicación directa entre el cerebro y el computador, presentándose como una opción de interacción para pacientes con daños neuromusculares severos.Una de las principales variantes de los sistemas BCI se basa en los potenciales de estado estable evocados visualmente (SSVEP), donde se presentan varios estímulos visuales consistentes en luces que oscilan a diferentes frecuencias. El usuario debe entonces prestar atención a la luz que corresponde al comando que quiere seleccionar, lo cual produce una señal de frecuencia igual a la del estímulo, y de sus primeros múltiplos, en la parte occipital del cerebro y que pueden ser medidas a través de un equipo de electroencefalografía (EEG); con lo cual se puede determinar la intención del usuario de activar un comando específico.En este trabajo se presenta un primer prototipo de un BCI basado en SSVEP planteado como tecnología de apoyo a la discapacidad, contando con la ventaja de usar un equipo de relativo bajo costo y el uso de electrodos secos, reduciendo el tiempo necesario para su instalación y puesta en marcha. Los datos provenientes de 8 electrodos ubicados en la parte occipital del cerebro se procesan con el método de combinación de mínima energía (MEC). El sistema fue probado en un voluntario adulto de 37 años logrando una precisión del 87% en la identificación de 5 estímulos visuales con un tiempo promedio de 4.5sg para detectar un comando y una rata de transferencia de información de 20bits por minuto.