bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed Variation of Three‐Dimensional Return Stroke Speeds Along the Channel in Rocket‐Triggered Lightning
Authors: Li Yun , Qiu Shi , Shi Lihua , Wang Tao , Zhang Qi , Lei Qi , Sun Zheng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn improved very high frequency location system, multiple antenna radiation continuous observation system (MARCOS), is combined with high‐speed video observation to explore radiation source evolution during return stroke (RS) stages in triggered lightning. A three‐dimensional (3‐D) channel reconstruction is performed for speed measurement of the RS processes. The 3‐D average speeds for the two selected strokes (RS1 and RS3) over the bottom channel within 1 km are 9.24 × 107 m/s and 1.07 × 108 m/s, respectively. The high temporal‐spatial resolution of MARCOS permits thorough examination of the speed variation. Our observation shows that the 3‐D RS speeds of both RS1 and RS3 are increased initially with height for the first several hundred meters, maximized, and then decreased with height. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence regarding nonmonotonic 3‐D RS speed variation in triggered lightning.
Effect of the Decadal Kuroshio Extension Variability on the Seasonal Changes of the Mixed‐Layer Salinity Anomalies in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Confluence Region
Authors: Geng Yu , Wang Qiang , Mu Mu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the seasonal variations of the mixed‐layer salinity anomalies (MLSAs) under the decadal variability of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Confluence Region (KOCR: 35–40°N, 140–150°E). Our analysis reveals that the seasonal variation trend of the MLSA is almost opposite in the stable and unstable states of the KE. In the stable (unstable) state, the increasing (decreasing) MLSA in the KOCR reaches its maximal positive (minimal negative) value in late summer and then decreases (increases) gradually. An exploration of the budget of the MLSA shows that ocean dynamics explain more than half of the seasonal MLSA changes in the two states and exceed the contribution of atmospheric forcing (approximately 18%). The leading oceanic processes include advection of the mean mixed‐layer salinity by anomalous Ekman and geostrophic currents and advection of the MLSA by mean geostrophic currents, which explain 13.80%, 12.90%, and 20.73% (11.59%, 13.36%, and 24.90%) of the MLSA temporal changes in the stable (unstable) states, respectively. The difference in the MLSA between the two states is primarily derived from the discrepancies in the anomalous ocean currents in the KOCR and south of Japan, salinity anomalies in the south of Japan, and sea surface temperature anomalies affecting atmospheric forcing between the two modes of the KE. Moreover, the most apparent influences are concentrated in summer and early autumn because of the shallower mixed layer in terms of atmospheric forcing and obvious velocity changes and the distribution of climatological salinity for ocean processes.
Life Cycle of Atmospheric Rivers: Identification and Climatological Characteristics
Authors: Zhou Yang , Kim Hyemi , Guan Bin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn atmospheric river (AR) event is a strong poleward moisture transport that is composed of a series of spatiotemporally connected instantaneous AR objects. A new object‐based tracking algorithm is developed in this study, which aims to identify an AR event and investigate its life cycle from origin to termination. The algorithm identifies duration, intensity, propagation speed and direction, and the traveled distance throughout the life cycle of the AR event. The tracking algorithm is applied to 6‐hourly column‐integrated water vapor flux from November to March during the period of 1979–2017, with a focus on the North Pacific. Most North Pacific AR events originate in the subtropics over the Northwest Pacific and terminate at higher latitudes over the Northeast Pacific including western North America. On average, long AR events that last more than 72 hrs travel 7 times longer in distance and have stronger intensity than short AR events that last less than 24 hrs. Finally, a new accumulated AR intensity index is developed, which summarizes the overall impact of AR events over a given domain during a certain period by incorporating number, lifetime, and intensities of AR events.
Physical and Chemical Controls on the Simultaneous Occurrence of Young and Old Groundwater Inferred From Multiple Age Tracers
Authors: Underwood S. C. , McCallum J. L. , Cook P. G. , Simmons C. T. , Dogramaci S. , Purtschert R. , Siade A. J. , Prommer H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUnderstanding groundwater ages within an aquifer system has the potential to better constrain estimates of groundwater recharge and flow rates and therefore increase the reliability of groundwater models. Groundwater ages are generally interpreted from field‐observed environmental tracer concentrations, but in many cases in which multiple groundwater age tracers have been analyzed simultaneously the results show significant disparities among tracer‐specific estimated ages. The disparities are generally attributed to physical mixing between waters of different ages. However, especially in the geochemical literature environmental tracer concentrations are often analyzed with simplistic models in which the degree of the simulated mixing might be considered unrealistic for natural heterogeneous geologic media. In this study we use numerical experiments to examine under which physical conditions measured concentrations of selected environmental tracers (CFC‐12, 39Ar, and 14C) may return discrepant ages. Our model simulations suggest that matrix diffusion has the greatest potential to cause mixing of different‐aged water and to generate age biases between tracers. The multitracer simulations also suggest that there is a limit to the magnitude of the discrepancies that can be attributed to physical processes. When comparing data collected from the Pilbara region of Western Australia with our numerical modeling studies, it was found that a dual‐domain mass transfer model was required to explain the field‐observed age discrepancies.
An electrochemical thermal transistor
Authors: Sood Aditya , Xiong Feng , Chen Shunda , Wang Haotian , Selli Daniele , Zhang Jinsong , McClellan Connor J. , Sun Jie , Donadio Davide , Cui Yi , Pop Eric , Goodson Kenneth E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe ability to actively regulate heat flow at the nanoscale could be a game changer for applications in thermal management and energy harvesting. Such a breakthrough could also enable the control of heat flow using thermal circuits, in a manner analogous to electronic circuits. Here we demonstrate switchable thermal transistors with an order of magnitude thermal on/off ratio, based on reversible electrochemical lithium intercalation in MoS2 thin films. We use spatially-resolved time-domain thermoreflectance to map the lithium ion distribution during device operation, and atomic force microscopy to show that the lithiated state correlates with increased thickness and surface roughness. First principles calculations reveal that the thermal conductance modulation is due to phonon scattering by lithium rattler modes, c-axis strain, and stacking disorder. This study lays the foundation for electrochemically-driven nanoscale thermal regulators, and establishes thermal metrology as a useful probe of spatio-temporal intercalant dynamics in nanomaterials.
The structure of a β2-microglobulin fibril suggests a molecular basis for its amyloid polymorphism
Authors: Iadanza Matthew G. , Silvers Robert , Boardman Joshua , Smith Hugh I. , Karamanos Theodoros K. , Debelouchina Galia T. , Su Yongchao , Griffin Robert G. , Ranson Neil A. , Radford Sheena E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAll amyloid fibrils contain a cross-β fold. How this structure differs in fibrils formed from proteins associated with different diseases remains unclear. Here, we combine cryo-EM and MAS-NMR to determine the structure of an amyloid fibril formed in vitro from β2-microglobulin (β2m), the culprit protein of dialysis-related amyloidosis. The fibril is composed of two identical protofilaments assembled from subunits that do not share β2m’s native tertiary fold, but are formed from similar β-strands. The fibrils share motifs with other amyloid fibrils, but also contain unique features including π-stacking interactions perpendicular to the fibril axis and an intramolecular disulfide that stabilises the subunit fold. We also describe a structural model for a second fibril morphology and show that it is built from the same subunit fold. The results provide insights into the mechanisms of fibril formation and the commonalities and differences within the amyloid fold in different protein sequences.
M-Phase Phosphoprotein 9 regulates ciliogenesis by modulating CP110-CEP97 complex localization at the mother centriole
Authors: Huang Ning , Zhang Donghui , Li Fangyuan , Chai Peiyuan , Wang Song , Teng Junlin , Chen Jianguo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe primary cilium is elongated from the mother centriole and has diverse signaling roles during development and disease. The CP110-CEP97 complex functions as a negative regulator of ciliogenesis, although the mechanisms regulating its mother centriole localization are poorly understood. Here we show that M-Phase Phosphoprotein 9 (MPP9) is recruited by Kinesin Family Member 24 (KIF24) to the distal end of mother centriole where it forms a ring-like structure and recruits CP110-CEP97 by directly binding CEP97. Loss of MPP9 causes abnormal primary cilia formation in growing cells and mouse kidneys. After phosphorylation by Tau Tubulin Kinase 2 (TTBK2) at the beginning of ciliogenesis, MPP9 is targeted for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which facilitates the removal of CP110 and CEP97 from the distal end of the mother centriole. Thus, MPP9 acts as a regulator of ciliogenesis by regulating the localization of CP110-CEP97 at the mother centriole.
A perivascular niche for multipotent progenitors in the fetal testis
Authors: Kumar Deepti L. , DeFalco Tony 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAndrogens responsible for male sexual differentiation in utero are produced by Leydig cells in the fetal testicular interstitium. Leydig cells rarely proliferate and, hence, rely on constant differentiation of interstitial progenitors to increase their number during fetal development. The cellular origins of fetal Leydig progenitors and how they are maintained remain largely unknown. Here we show that Notch-active, Nestin-positive perivascular cells in the fetal testis are a multipotent progenitor population, giving rise to Leydig cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. When vasculature is disrupted, perivascular progenitor cells fail to be maintained and excessive Leydig cell differentiation occurs, demonstrating that blood vessels are a critical component of the niche that maintains interstitial progenitor cells. Additionally, our data strongly supports a model in which fetal Leydig cell differentiation occurs by at least two different means, with each having unique progenitor origins and distinct requirements for Notch signaling to maintain the progenitor population.
Interplay between sympathetic nervous system and inflammation in aseptic loosening of hip joint replacement
Authors: Ribeiro-da-Silva M. , Vasconcelos D. M. , Alencastre I. S. , Oliveira M. J. , Linhares D. , Neves N. , Costa G. , Henrique R. , Lamghari M. , Alves C. J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInflammation is a common symptom in joint disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) and implant aseptic loosening (AL). The sympathetic nervous system is well known to play a critical role in regulating inflammatory conditions, and imbalanced sympathetic activity has been observed in rheumatoid arthritis. In AL it is not clear whether the sympathetic nervous system is altered. In this study we evaluated the systemic and local profile of neuroimmune molecules involved in the interplay between the sympathetic nervous system and the periprosthetic inflammation in hip AL. Our results showed that periprosthetic inflammation does not trigger a systemic response of the sympathetic nervous system, but is mirrored rather by the impairment of the sympathetic activity locally in the hip joint. Moreover, macrophages were identified as key players in the local regulation of inflammation by the sympathetic nervous system in a process that is implant debris-dependent and entails the reduction of both adrenergic and Neuropetide Y (NPY)-ergic activity. Additionally, our results showed a downregulation of semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) that may be part of the mechanism sustaining the periprosthetic inflammation. Overall, the local sympathetic nervous system emerges as a putative target to mitigate the inflammatory response to debris release and extending the lifespan of orthopedic implants.
Emotion-Specific Affective Theory of Mind Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Yu Rwei-Ling , Chen Po See , Tu Shao-Ching , Tsao Wei-Chia , Tan Chun-Hsiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves the frontal-subcortical circuit, an area responsible for processing affective theory of mind (ToM). Patients with PD are expected to experience deficits in the affective ToM. This study aims to investigate whether the ability to infer emotion in others is affected in either young-onset Parkinson’s disease (YOPD) or middle-onset PD (MOPD) patients and to test whether the impairments in affective ToM are associated with the motor symptoms. The affective ToM, global mental abilities, and clinical symptoms were assessed in a total of 107 MOPD, 30 YOPD, and 30 normal controls (NCs). The MOPD patients exhibited deficits in affective ToM to the negative and neutral valences, when compared to the participants in the NCs and YOPD group. By conducting gender-stratified analysis, the deficits in affective ToM was only found in female participants. After adjusting for demographic variables, the multiple linear regression model revealed that affective ToM predicted motor symptoms, especially in female MOPD patients. The present study may aid in the development of medical care programs by advocating for a more comprehensive therapeutic plan that includes continuous disease progression monitoring and social skills training for female MOPD patients or their caregivers.
Chemically monoubiquitinated PEX5 binds to the components of the peroxisomal docking and export machinery
Authors: Hagmann Vera , Sommer Stefanie , Fabian Patrick , Bierlmeier Jan , van Treel Nadine , Mootz Henning D. , Schwarzer Dirk , Azevedo Jorge E. , Dodt Gabriele 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPeroxisomal matrix proteins contain either a peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) or a PTS2 that are recognized by the import receptors PEX5 and PEX7, respectively. PEX5 transports the PTS1 proteins and the PEX7/PTS2 complex to the docking translocation module (DTM) at the peroxisomal membrane. After cargo release PEX5 is monoubiquitinated and extracted from the peroxisomal membrane by the receptor export machinery (REM) comprising PEX26 and the AAA ATPases PEX1 and PEX6. Here, we investigated the protein interactions of monoubiquitinated PEX5 with the docking proteins PEX13, PEX14 and the REM. “Click” chemistry was used to synthesise monoubiquitinated recombinant PEX5. We found that monoubiquitinated PEX5 binds the PEX7/PTS2 complex and restores PTS2 protein import in vivo in ΔPEX5 fibroblasts. In vitro pull-down assays revealed an interaction of recombinant PEX5 and monoubiquitinated PEX5 with PEX13, PEX14 and with the REM components PEX1, PEX6 and PEX26. The interactions with the docking proteins were independent of the PEX5 ubiquitination status whereas the interactions with the REM components were increased when PEX5 is ubiquitinated.
Selective adsorption of 1,3-dimethyltrisulfane (DMTS) responsible for aged odour in Japanese sake using supported gold nanoparticles
Authors: Murayama Haruno , Yamamoto Yusuke , Tone Misaki , Hasegawa Takayuki , Kimura Moemi , Ishida Tamao , Isogai Atsuko , Fujii Tsutomu , Okumura Mitsutaka , Tokunaga Makoto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on SiO2 (Au/SiO2) were prepared by a practical impregnation method and applied as an adsorbent for 1,3-dimethyltrisulfane (DMTS), which is responsible for an unpleasant odour in drinks, especially Japanese sake. Compared with a conventional adsorbent, activated carbon, Au/SiO2 selectively reduced the DMTS concentration in Japanese sake without decreasing the concentrations of other aromatic components. DFT calculations revealed that the selective adsorption of DMTS occurred through the formation of a stable intermediate. The size of the supported Au NPs was controlled by the preparation conditions and determined from TEM observations and XRD measurements, and the size was ranged from 2.4 nm to 30 nm. Au/SiO2 having Au NPs with a diameter of 2.4 nm adsorbed DMTS the most efficiently. Smaller Au NPs showed better DMTS adsorption capabilities because larger amounts of Au atoms were exposed on their surfaces in the size range of this study. Langmuir-type monolayer adsorption and one-to-one binding of Au–S are proposed to occur based on an adsorption isotherm experiment. Even though significant differences of the fruity aroma score were not observed in the sensory evaluation between Au/SiO2 and activated carbon for this less aromatic Japanese sake, Au/SiO2 selectively decreased the DMTS concentration in the instrumental analysis.
Subcortical structural changes along the menstrual cycle: beyond the hippocampus
Authors: Pletzer Belinda , Harris TiAnni , Hidalgo-Lopez Esmeralda 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAnimal studies have robustly shown hormone related changes in spine density in various brain areas, specifically the hippocampus. Literature on hormone dependent gray matter volume changes in humans is however less consistent. While various areas have been reported to change along the menstrual cycle in women, many do not survive multiple-comparisons correction and only hippocampal changes have been replicated. We attribute these problems to small sample sizes and inconsistent definitions of menstrual cycle phases. In the present study a large sample of 55 women was scanned three times along their menstrual cycle in concisely defined time windows of hormonal changes. Accordingly this is the first study using a large enough sample size to assess menstrual cycle dependent changes in human brain structure with sufficient power. Results confirm a significant estradiol-dependent pre-ovulatory increase in gray matter volumes of the bilateral hippocampus, but also show a significant, progesterone-dependent increase in gray matter volumes of the right basal ganglia after ovulation. No other areas were affect by hormonal changes along the menstrual cycle. These hormone driven menstrual cycle changes in human brain structure are small, but may be the underlying cause of menstrual cycle dependent changes in cognition and emotion.
Facile Microwave-assisted Synthesis Manganese Doped Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles
Authors: Sousa David Magalhães , Alves Luís Cerqueira , Marques Ana , Gaspar Guilherme , Lima João Carlos , Ferreira Isabel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUndoped and manganese doped zinc sulfide nanoparticles were produced by a fast, one-step and two-component microwave-assisted synthesis method. The solid phase retains around 78% of the initial Mn concentration, as revealed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission analysis. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed zinc blende structure and in the transmission electron microscopy images, nanoparticles with triangular prism and cube shapes were observed, respectively with an average particle size around 7 nm and 13 nm. Dried powders of zinc sulfide nanoparticles, doped with 0.1 mol% and 0.7 mol% of Mn ions, show highest brilliance of luminescence under UV light. Increasing dopant levels resulted in a diminishing emission that vanishes above 4% of dopant concentration. The synthesis of ZnS was monitored and two main events were detected, one at 145 °C corresponding to the sol-gel phase formation and another after ~3 min at 300 °C where the precipitation of the zinc sulfide nanoparticles occurs.
Quantitative evaluation of incomplete preweaning lethality in mice by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system
Authors: Nakamura Takumi , Nakajima Kazuo , Ohnishi Tetsuo , Yoshikawa Takeo , Nakanishi Moe , Takumi Toru , Tsuboi Takashi , Kato Tadafumi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVarious molecular biology techniques implementing genome editing have made it possible to generate mouse mutants for nearly all known genes; as a result, the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) database listing the phenotypes of genetically modified mice has been established. Among mouse phenotypes, lethality is crucial to evaluate the importance of genes in mouse survival. Although many genes are reported to show “preweaning lethality, incomplete penetrance” in the IMPC database, the survival rates of homozygous knockout mice are highly variable. Here, we propose the lethal allele index (LAI), the ratio of the observed number of mice with homozygous knockout (KO) to the theoretically predicted number of homozygous KO mice, as a simple quantitative indicator of preweaning lethality. Among the mice mutants registered as incompletely lethal in IMPC, the LAI calculated from the genotypes of F1 mice tended to be lower in disease-related genes, and correlated with the frequency of loss-of-function (LOF) alleles in humans. In genome-edited mice using CRISPR/Cas9, the number of mice with homozygous frameshift alleles seemed to be associated with lethality. We edited the Ehd1 gene in cell lines as well as mice using CRISPR/Cas9, and found that the genotype distribution was significantly different. The LAI calculated from these data was similar to the value calculated from the IMPC data. These findings support the potential usefulness of the LAI as an index of preweaning lethality in genome-edited mice.