bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of projection‐ and dual‐energy‐based methods for metal artifact reduction in CT using a phantom study
Authors: Long Zaiyang , Bruesewitz Michael R. , DeLone David R. , Morris Jonathan M. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Adkins Mark C. , Glazebrook Katrina N. , Kofler James M. , Leng Shuai , McCollough Cynthia H. , Fletcher Joel G. , Halaweish Ahmed F. , Yu Lifeng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectivesBoth projection and dual‐energy (DE)‐based methods have been used for metal artifact reduction (MAR) in CT. The two methods can also be combined. The purpose of this work was to evaluate these three MAR methods using phantom experiments for five types of metal implants.Materials and MethodsFive phantoms representing spine, dental, hip, shoulder, and knee were constructed with metal implants. These phantoms were scanned using both single‐energy (SE) and DE protocols with matched radiation output. The SE data were processed using a projection‐based MAR (iMAR, Siemens) algorithm, while the DE data were processed to generate virtual monochromatic images at high keV (Mono+, Siemens). In addition, the DE images after iMAR were used to generate Mono+ images (DE iMAR Mono+). Artifacts were quantitatively evaluated using CT numbers at different regions of interest. Iodine contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) was evaluated in the spine phantom. Three musculoskeletal radiologists and two neuro‐radiologists independently ranked the artifact reduction.ResultsThe DE Mono+ at high keV resulted in reduced artifacts but also lower iodine CNR. The iMAR method alone caused missing tissue artifacts in dental phantom. DE iMAR Mono+ caused wrong CT numbers in close proximity to the metal prostheses in knee and hip phantoms. All musculoskeletal radiologists ranked SE iMAR > DE iMAR Mono+ > DE Mono+ for knee and hip, while DE iMAR Mono+ > SE iMAR > DE Mono+ for shoulder. Both neuro‐radiologists ranked DE iMAR Mono+ > DE Mono+ > SE iMAR for spine and DE Mono+ > DE iMAR Mono+ > SE iMAR for dental.ConclusionsThe SE iMAR was the best choice for the hip and knee prostheses, while DE Mono+ at high keV was best for dental implants and DE iMAR Mono+ was best for spine and shoulder prostheses. Artifacts were also introduced by MAR algorithms.
Bulk Hexagonal Boron Nitride with a Quasi‐Isotropic Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Mateti Srikanth , Yang Keqin , Liu Xuan , Huang Shaoming , Wang Jiangting , Li Lu Hua , Hodgson Peter , Zhou Menhan , He Jian , Chen Ying 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (BN) is electrically insulating and has a high in‐plane thermal conductivity. However, it has a very low cross‐plane thermal conductivity which limits its application for efficient heat dissipation. Here, large BN pellets with a quasi‐isotropic thermal conductivity are produced from BN nanosheets using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The BN pellets have the same thermal conductivity from both perpendicular and parallel directions to the pellet surface. The high quasi‐isotropic thermal conductivity of the bulk BN is attributed to a quasi‐isotropic structure formed during the SPS process in which the charged BN nanosheets form large sheets in all directions under two opposite forces of SPS compression and electric field. The pellet sintered at 2300 °C has a very high cross‐section thermal conductivity of 280 W m−1 K−1 (parallel to the SPS pressing direction) and exhibits superior heat dissipation performance due to more efficient heat transfer in the vertical direction.
Freestanding, Fiber‐Based, Wearable Temperature Sensor with Tunable Thermal Index for Healthcare Monitoring
Authors: Trung Tran Quang , Le Hoang Sinh , Dang Thi My Linh , Ju Sanghyun , Park Sang Yoon , Lee Nae‐Eung 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFiber‐based sensors integrated on textiles or clothing systems are required for the next generation of wearable electronic platforms. Fiber‐based physical sensors are developed, but the development of fiber‐based temperature sensors is still limited. Herein, a new approach to develop wearable temperature sensors that use freestanding single reduction graphene oxide (rGO) fiber is proposed. A freestanding and wearable temperature‐responsive rGO fiber with tunable thermal index is obtained using simple wet spinning and a controlled graphene oxide reduction time. The freestanding fiber‐based temperature sensor shows high responsivity, fast response time (7 s), and good recovery time (20 s) to temperature. It also maintains its response under an applied mechanical deformation. The fiber device fabricated by means of a simple process is easily integrated into fabric such as socks or undershirts and can be worn by a person to monitor the temperature of the environment and skin temperature without interference during movement and various activities. These results demonstrate that the freestanding fiber‐based temperature sensor has great potential for fiber‐based wearable electronic platforms. It is also promising for applications in healthcare and biomedical monitoring.
A Colloidal‐Quantum‐Dot‐Based Self‐Charging System via the Near‐Infrared Band
Authors: Baek Se‐Woong , Cho Jungmin , Kim Joo‐Seong , Kim Changjo , Na Kwangmin , Lee Sang‐Hoon , Jun Sunhong , Song Jung Hoon , Jeong Sohee , Choi Jang Wook , Lee Jung‐Yong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA novel self‐charging platform is proposed using colloidal‐quantum‐dot (CQD) photovoltaics (PVs) via the near‐infrared (NIR) band for low‐power electronics. Low‐bandgap CQDs can convert invisible NIR light sources to electrical energy more efficiently than wider spectra because of reduced thermalization loss. This energy‐conversion strategy via NIR photons ensures an enhanced photostability of the CQD devices. Furthermore, the NIR wireless charging system can be concealed using various colored and NIR‐transparent fabric or films, providing aesthetic freedom. Finally, an NIR‐driven wireless charging system is demonstrated for a wearable healthcare bracelet by integrating a CQD PVs receiver with a flexible lithium‐ion battery and entirely embedding them into a flexible strap, enabling permanent self‐charging without detachment.
Metal on Graphenated Metal for VLSI Interconnects
Authors: Narula Udit , Tan Cher Ming , Tok Eng Soon 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCopper is running out of steam for modern very large scale integration (VLSI) technology and therefore there is a need for paradigm shift to a more reliable interconnect structure. Metal–graphene–metal structure is suggested to be a suitable candidate. A new method is devised wherein graphene synthesized on copper foil can act as a reducing agent for electroless plating of copper without the need of any other chemical species, making such novel interconnect structure feasible in practice. The superiority of such interconnect structure can be seen both experimentally and simulationally. Such deposition is also possible for synthesized or transferred graphene on other metals such as nickel, titanium, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, palladium, having metal–graphene interface separation of less than 3.2–3.6 Å as derived from its fundamental principle.
Benefit of Backing‐Layer Compliance in Fibrillar Adhesive Patches—Resistance to Peel Propagation in the Presence of Interfacial Misalignment
Authors: Booth Jamie A. , Bacca Mattia , McMeeking Robert M. , Foster Kimberly L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInvestigations of backing‐layer effects in bioinspired fibrillar adhesives have shown that increased compliance is detrimental to the strength of fibril arrays under normal loading due to an increase in severity of a circumferential load concentration. In this work, the impact of misalignment on the performance of fibrillar adhesive patches contacting smooth flat surfaces is examined, demonstrating that the conditions for circumferential detachment are extremely limited. For an array of fibrils on a backing layer of varying thickness, normal adhesion tests are performed against a flat surface that maintains a fixed angle of misalignment with respect to the adhesive surface. In the aligned state the detachment is circumferential and the detachment force is highest for the thinnest, least compliant backing layer. However, for misalignment angles on the order of just 0.1°, peel‐like detachments are observed. The thickest backing layer, being 210% more compliant than the thinnest, yields a 43% increase in the adhesive strength at a misalignment angle of 0.4°. This suggests that out‐with conditions of precise alignment, backing‐layer compliance is beneficial to strength under normal loading. A mechanical model is presented, revealing the mechanism behind enhanced resistance to peel propagation is deformation of the backing layer at the detachment front which reduces differential stretching of fibrils.
Structured Optical Materials Controlled by Light
Authors: Nocentini Sara , Martella Daniele , Parmeggiani Camilla , Zanotto Simone , Wiersma Diederik S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMaterials whose optical response is determined by their structure are of much interest both for their fundamental properties and applications. Examples range from simple gratings to photonic crystals. Obtaining control over the optical properties is of crucial importance in this context, and it is often attempted by electro‐optical effect or by using magnetic fields. In this paper, the use of light is introduced to switch and tune the optical response of a structured material, exploiting a physical deformation induced by light itself. In this new strategy, light drives an elastic reshaping, which leads hence to a change in the optical response. This is made possible by using liquid crystalline networks structured by direct laser writing. As a proof of concept, a grating structure with sub‐millisecond time response is demonstrated for optical beam steering, exploiting an optically induced reversible shape change. Experimental observations are combined with finite‐element modeling in order to understand the actuation process dynamics, and to obtain information on how to tune the time and the power response of this technology. This optical beam steerer opens up full optical control of light in a broad range of structured optical materials.
Chemo‐Enzymatic Oxidative Rearrangement of Tertiary Allylic Alcohols: Synthetic Application and Integration into a Cascade Process
Authors: Brenna Elisabetta , Crotti Michele , De Pieri Matteo , Gatti Francesco G. , Manenti Gabriele , Monti Daniela 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA chemo‐enzymatic catalytic system, comprised of Bobbitt's salt and laccase from Trametes versicolor, allowed the [1,3]‐oxidative rearrangement of endocyclic allylic tertiary alcohols into the corresponding enones under an Oxygen atmosphere in aqueous media. The yields were in most cases quantitative, especially for the cyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐ol or the cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ol substrates without an electron withdrawing group (EWG) on the side chain. Transpositions of macrocyclic alkenols or tertiary alcohols bearing an EWG on the side chain were instead carried out in acetonitrile by using an immobilized laccase preparation. Dehydro‐Jasmone®, dehydro‐Hedione®, dehydro‐Muscone and other fragrance precursors were directly prepared with this procedure, while a synthetic route was developed to easily transform a cyclopentenone derivative into trans‐Magnolione® and dehydro‐Magnolione®. The rearrangement of exocyclic allylic alcohols was tested as well, and a dynamic kinetic resolution was observed: α,β‐unsaturated ketones with (E)‐configuration and a high diastereomeric excess were synthesized. Finally, the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinium tetrafluoroborate (TEMPO+BF4−)/laccase catalysed oxidative rearrangement was combined with the ene‐reductase/alcohol dehydrogenase cascade process in a one‐pot three‐step synthesis of cis or trans 3‐methylcyclohexan‐1‐ol, in both cases with a high optical purity.magnified image
Computational Design of Photocured Polymers Using Stochastic Reaction–Diffusion Simulation
Authors: Sarkar Swarnavo , Lin‐Gibson Sheng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPhotopolymerization is widely used for creating materials for biomedical applications, lithography, and fast 3D fabrication. The resin composition and curing protocol during polymerization define a high‐dimensional parameter space that dictates the reaction kinetics, network structures, and physical properties of polymerized materials. But a quantitative map from the input parameter space to the transient and final properties does not exist. Here, a computational method is presented to simulate network growth as a stochastic process using reaction‐diffusion master equations. The evolving diffusivity of reacting species during polymerization is modeled using effective medium method, thereby making the rates of reaction and fluctuation events sensitive to the spatial configuration of a growing network. The numerical studies show that this method can correlate fabrication parameters to polymer properties like crosslink heterogeneity, relaxation time, phonon density of states, and bulk modulus, in silico. Hence, stochastic simulation of polymerization is broadly applicable to accelerate the design of polymeric materials with targeted physical properties for specific applications.
Graphene‐Oxide‐Catalyzed Direct CH−CH‐Type Cross‐Coupling: The Intrinsic Catalytic Activities of Zigzag Edges
Authors: Wu Hongru , Su Chenliang , Tandiana Rika , Liu Cuibo , Qiu Chuntian , Bao Yang , Wu Ji'en , Xu Yangsen , Lu Jiong , Fan Dianyuan , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe development of graphene oxide (GO)‐based materials for C−C cross‐coupling represents a significant advance in carbocatalysis. Although GO has been used widely in various catalytic reactions, the scope of reactions reported is quite narrow, and the relationships between the type of functional groups present and the specific activity of the GO are not well understood. Herein, we explore CH−CH‐type cross‐coupling of xanthenes with arenes using GO as real carbocatalysts, and not as stoichiometric reactants. Mechanistic studies involving molecular analogues, as well as trapped intermediates, were carried out to probe the active sites, which were traced to quinone‐type functionalities as well as the zigzag edges in GO materials. GO‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative coupling is operationally simple, shows reusability over multiple cycles, can be conducted in air, and exhibits good functional group tolerance.
Versatile Ferroelastic Deformability in an Organic Single Crystal by Twinning about a Molecular Zone Axis
Authors: Engel Emile R. , Takamizawa Satoshi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFerroelasticity involves the generation of spontaneous strain in a solid by the application of mechanical stress. The phenomenon has been well‐studied in metal alloys but relatively neglected in organic solid‐state chemistry. Herein we present multiple discrete modes of mechanical twinning and a mechanistic analysis of ferroelasticity in 1,4‐diethoxybenzene. Single crystals of the compound can be almost freely deformed, as multiple different twin domains are generated simultaneously. Within each domain, single‐crystal character is preserved. Such extremely versatile, ferroelastic deformability is unprecedented in single crystals of any kind and defies the fragility and anisotropic mechanical behaviour of most organic crystals. The dissipated energy and critical stress associated with twinning deformation in 1,4‐diethoxybenzene suggests that organic solids could be developed for absorbing weak mechanical shocks in such applications as mechanical damping and soft robotics.
Alloying n‐Butylamine into CsPbBr3 To Give a Two‐Dimensional Bilayered Perovskite Ferroelectric Material
Authors: Wu Zhenyue , Ji Chengmin , Li Lina , Kong Jintao , Sun Zhihua , Zhao Sangen , Wang Sasa , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCesium‐lead halide perovskites (e.g. CsPbBr3) have gained attention because of their rich physical properties, but their bulk ferroelectricity remains unexplored. Herein, by alloying flexible organic cations into the cubic CsPbBr3, we design the first cesium‐based two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite ferroelectric material with both inorganic alkali metal and organic cations, (C4H9NH3)2CsPb2Br7 (1). Strikingly, 1 shows a high Curie temperature (Tc=412 K) above that of BaTiO3 (ca. 393 K) and notable spontaneous polarization (ca. 4.2 μC cm−2), triggered by not only the ordering of organic cations but also atomic displacement of inorganic Cs+ ions. To our knowledge, such a 2D bilayered Cs+‐based metal–halide perovskite ferroelectric material with inorganic and organic cations is unprecedented. 1 also shows photoelectric semiconducting behavior with large “on/off” ratios of photoconductivity (>103).
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Advanced Intermediates for Formal Total Syntheses of Tetrodotoxin
Authors: Baidilov Daler , Rycek Lukas , Trant John F. , Froese Jordan , Murphy Brennan , Hudlicky Tomas 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAdvanced intermediates for the syntheses of tetrodotoxin reported by the groups of Fukuyama, Alonso, and Sato were prepared. Key steps include the toluene dioxygenase mediated dihydroxylation of either iodobenzene or benzyl acetate. The resulting diene diols were transformed into Fukuyama's intermediate in six steps, into Alonso's intermediate in nine steps, and into Sato's intermediate in ten steps.
Direct Nanospectroscopic Verification of the Amyloid Aggregation Pathway
Authors: Lipiec Ewelina , Perez‐Guaita David , Kaderli Janina , Wood Bayden R. , Zenobi Renato 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe aggregation pathways of neurodegenerative peptides determine the disease etiology, and their better understanding can lead to strategies for early disease treatment. Previous research has allowed modelling of hypothetic aggregation pathways. However, their direct experimental observation has been elusive owing to methodological limitations. Herein, we demonstrate that nanoscale chemical mapping by tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy of single amyloid fibrils at various stages of aggregation captures the fibril formation process. We identify changes in TERS/Raman marker bands for Aβ1‐42, including the amide III band (above 1255 cm−1 for turns/random coil and below 1255 cm−1 for β‐sheet conformation). The spatial distribution of β‐sheets in aggregates is determined, allowing verification of a particular fibrillogenesis pathway, starting from aggregation of monomers to meta‐stable oligomers, which then rearrange to ordered β‐sheets, already at the oligomeric or protofibrillar stage.
Chemical Characterization of a High‐Oleic Soybean Oil
Authors: Napolitano Guillermo E. , Ye Yubin , Cruz‐Hernandez Cristina 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHigh‐oleic low‐linolenic acid soybean oil (HOLLSB, Plenish®) is an emerging new oil with projections of rapid expansion in the USA. HOLLSB has important technological advantages, which are expected to drive a gradual replacement of commodity oils used in food applications such as soybean oil. A key technological advantage of HOLLSB is its relatively high oxidation stability. This oxidation stability is the result of a favorable fatty acid composition, high (76%) oleic acid, low linoleic (6.7%), and alpha‐linolenic (1.6%) acids, and high concentration of tocopherols (936 ppm) after refining, enriched with the gamma‐homolog (586 ppm). A detailed analysis of the fatty acid composition of this HOLLSB by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry allowed the identification and structural determination of 9‐cis‐heptadecenoic acid (or 17:1n‐8). To our knowledge, this is the first time 9‐cis‐heptadecenoic acid has been unequivocally reported in soybean oil. This unusual fatty acid component has the potential to be used as a single authenticity marker for the quantitative assessment of soybean oil. The Rancimat induction period (IP) of Plenish® (16.1 hours) was higher than those of other commercially available high‐oleic oils, such as canola (13.4 hours), and Vistive® Gold (10 hours), a different variety of soybean oil. Plenish® showed the same IP as high‐oleic sunflower oil. Plenish® shows a modest increase in oxidation stability with the external addition or relatively high concentrations of tocopherols. The characteristic high oxidative stability of Plenish® may be further enhanced with the use of nontocopherol antioxidants.
Investigation on elemental mercury removal and antideactivation performance of modified SCR catalysts
Authors: Lv Qiang , Cai Ming , Wang Chang'an , Zhang Zehan , Che Defu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe ever‐growing concern of mercury exhausted from coal‐fired boiler is driving the requirement for using novel catalysts with stable Hg0 removal efficiency. However, the influences of flue gas components on Hg0 removal performance of modified and deactivated catalysts have been seldom investigated previously. The antideactivation ability of modified catalysts is still unclear. In this study, cerium (Ce) and zirconium (Zr) were utilized to modify the honeycomb V2O5–WO3/TiO2 catalysts. Sodium (Na) was doped on the rudimentary and modified catalysts by impregnation method to obtain deactivated catalysts. Elemental mercury removal efficiency of the catalysts was measured using a lab‐scale experimental system under various working conditions. Characterization of the catalysts was conducted to further analyze the mechanism of Hg0 removal process. Physical adsorption plays an important role in Hg0 removal over catalysts in the atmosphere of N2 and O2. The introduction of SO2 has an adverse effect on Hg0 removal because of the competitive adsorption. NO and HCl motivate the Hg0 removal through different mechanisms whereas NH3 has little effect on the removal efficiency. Mars–Maessen mode could be responsible for the excellent Hg0 removal performance and the splendid antideactivation ability of Ce‐modified catalysts. The efficiency of Zr‐modified catalysts is lower due to the decline of vanadium content.
Matchmaking: Establishment of state‐owned holding companies in Indonesia
Authors: Kim Kyunghoon 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUnder the government of President Joko Widodo, Indonesia's state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) have become the driver of the national development strategy. The current administration is actively using SOEs to conduct development projects based on the belief that SOEs are able to fix market failures and support the fiscally constrained government. In order to strengthen the role of SOEs, the Indonesian government is pursuing a medium‐term plan of creating sector‐based holding companies. The government expects that these state‐owned holding companies (SOHCs) will enable SOEs to expand investment and benefit from synergies. However, considering political hurdles in implementing this policy, the process of establishing SOHCs is expected to advance gradually. The government also continues to face challenges clarifying and communicating the rationale behind creating SOHCs. This paper examines the current political economic context of SOE ownership reorganisation in Indonesia and diverse views on the expected consequences of forming SOHCs.