bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Science and Innovation Programme for Europe (ReScIPE): A proposed model
Authors: Hines Philip A. , Guy Richard H. , Brand Angela , Humphreys Anthony J. , Papaluca‐Amati Marisa 
Published: August 2019

Regulatory science underpins the objective evaluation of medicinal products. It is therefore imperative that regulatory science and expertise remain at the cutting edge so that innovations of ever‐increasing complexity are translated safely and swiftly into effective, high‐quality therapies. We undertook a comprehensive examination of the evolution of science and technology impacting on medicinal product evaluation over the next 5–10 years and this horizon‐scanning activity was complemented by extensive stakeholder interviews, resulting in a number of significant recommendations. Highlighted in particular was the need for expertise and regulatory science research to fill knowledge gaps in both more fundamental, longer‐term research, with respect to technological and product‐specific challenges. A model is proposed to realise these objectives in Europe, comprising a synergistic relationship between the European Medicines Agency, the European Medicines Regulatory Network and academic research centres to establish a novel regulatory science and innovation platform.
The moderating role of board monitoring power in the relationship between environmental conditions and corporate social responsibility
Authors: García‐Sánchez Isabel‐María 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIs the relationship between environmental munificence, dynamism, and corporate social responsibility contingent on board monitoring power? This is the research question examined in this study of an international sample of 956 listed firms from 2006 to 2014. After applying several regression models for panel data based on Tobit and generalized method of moments' (GMM) estimation, this paper supports the assertion that in munificent and dynamic environments, managers show a lower commitment to social and environmental issues. Proactive promotion of social and environmental concerns only occurs in firms with efficient internal corporate governance mechanisms, resulting in a moderating effect of board monitoring power—board independence and non‐duality of CEO—on the association between environmental conditions and corporate social responsibility. Theoretically, this moderating effect triggers managers to increase their socially responsible performance in munificent and dynamic environments because: (a) these boards reinforce the orientation of a firm towards the meeting of stakeholders' expectations; and (b) managers aim to protect themselves from the greater supervision and control exerted by the board in order to maintain their decision‐making freedom in environments of superior growth, resources, market uncertainty, and instability.
Evaluating the risks of public health programs: Rational antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Rid Annette , Littmann Jasper , Buyx Alena 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExisting ethical frameworks for public health provide insufficient guidance on how to evaluate the risks of public health programs that compromise the best clinical interests of present patients for the benefit of others. Given the relevant similarity of such programs to clinical research, we suggest that insights from the long‐standing debate about acceptable risk in clinical research can helpfully inform and guide the evaluation of risks posed by public health programs that compromise patients’ best clinical interests. We discuss how lessons learned regarding the ethics of risk in one context can be fruitfully transferred to the other, using the example of a so‐called ‘rational antibiotic use’ guideline that limits antimicrobial prescribing in order to curb antimicrobial resistance.
Non‐coding RNAs in bone remodelling and bone metastasis: Mechanisms of action and translational relevance
Authors: Puppo Margherita , Taipaleenmäki Hanna , Hesse Eric , Clézardin Philippe 
Published: August 2019

Bone metastases are frequent complications in patients with advanced cancer, which can be fatal or may rapidly impede the quality of life of patients. Current treatments for patients with bone metastases are palliative. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that precede the overt development of skeletal lesions could lead to better therapeutic interventions. In this review, we present evidence that non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as long ncRNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs are emerging as master regulators of bone metastasis formation. We highlight potential opportunities for the therapeutic targeting of ncRNAs. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that ncRNAs may be used as biomarkers in the context of bone metastases, which might provide insight for improving the response to current bone‐targeting therapies.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on The molecular pharmacology of bone and cancer‐related bone diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.9/issuetoc
Co‐morbidities and co‐medications as confounders of cardioprotection—Does it matter in the clinical setting?
Authors: Kleinbongard Petra , Bøtker Hans Erik , Ovize Michel , Hausenloy Derek J. , Heusch Gerd 
Published: August 2019

The translation of cardioprotection from robust experimental evidence to beneficial clinical outcome for patients suffering acute myocardial infarction or undergoing cardiovascular surgery has been largely disappointing. The present review attempts to critically analyse the evidence for confounders of cardioprotection in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. One reason that has been proposed to be responsible for such lack of translation is the confounding of cardioprotection by co‐morbidities and co‐medications. Whereas there is solid experimental evidence for such confounding of cardioprotection by single co‐morbidities and co‐medications, the clinical evidence from retrospective analyses of the limited number of clinical data is less robust. The best evidence for interference of co‐medications is that for platelet inhibitors to recruit cardioprotection per se and thus limit the potential for further protection from myocardial infarction and for propofol anaesthesia to negate the protection from remote ischaemic conditioning in cardiovascular surgery.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.23/issuetoc
Bottom‐up effect of host plants on life‐history characteristics of Aphidoletes aphidimyza feeding on Aphis gossypii
Authors: Madahi Khadijeh , Sahragard Ahad , Hosseini Reza , Baniameri Valiollah 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is widely used for the control of Aphis spp. in many agricultural systems. We aimed to determine the most suitable host plant for rearing the predatory midges on the prey Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Six host plants were selected: cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Beith Alpha), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Falat111), eggplant (Solanum melongena L. cv. Yummy), pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bertene) (all Solanaceae), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moensch cv. Clemson Spineless] (Malvaceae), and squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Hybrid rajai) (Cucurbitaceae). Some physical traits (length and density of trichomes) and chemical attributes (nitrogen content) of prey host plants were investigated. The results showed that prey host plants differed significantly in their effect on fitness of the predator. The shortest immature development time (18.07 ± 0.257 days), the longest female adult longevity (7.5 ± 0.18 days), and the highest fecundity (89 eggs/female) of A. aphidimyza were found with squash as prey food. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.171 ± 0.009 day−1) and also the shortest mean generation time (22.4 ± 0.32 days) were also obtained when A. aphidimyza fed on A. gossypii reared on squash. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) approved the correlation between life‐history traits of A. aphidimyza and characteristics of prey host plants. The suitability of squash for rearing A. aphidimyza can be attributed to the higher nitrogen content, longer trichomes, and relatively high density of trichomes, which provided a better environment for A. gossypii and indirectly favored A. aphidimyza. This study showed that squash is the most suitable host plant for rearing A. aphidimyza feeding on A. gossypii.
Interhemispheric visual competition after multisensory reversal of hemianopia
Authors: Dakos Alexander S. , Walker Ellen M. , Jiang Huai , Stein Barry E. , Rowland Benjamin A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUnilateral lesions of visual cortex have the secondary consequence of suppressing visual circuits in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC), collectively producing blindness in contralesional space (“hemianopia”). Recent studies have demonstrated that SC visual responses and contralesional vision can be reinstated by a non‐invasive multisensory training procedure in which spatiotemporally concordant visual‐auditory pairs are repeatedly presented within the blind hemifield. Despite this recovery of visual responsiveness, the loss of visual cortex was expected to result in permanent deficits in that hemifield, especially when visual events in both hemifields compete for attention and access to the brain's visuomotor circuitry. This was evaluated in the present study in a visual choice paradigm in which the two visual hemifields of recovered cats were simultaneously stimulated with equally valent visual targets. Surprisingly, the expected disparity was not found, and some animals even preferred stimuli presented in the previously blind hemifield. This preference persisted across multiple stimulus intensity levels and there was no indication that animals were less aware of cues in the previously blind hemifield than in its spared counterpart. Furthermore, when auditory cues were combined with visual cues, the enhanced performance they produced on a visual task was no greater in the normal than in the previously blind hemifield. These observations suggest that the multisensory rehabilitation paradigm revealed greater inherent visual information processing potential in the previously blind hemifield than was believed possible given the loss of visual cortex.
The nature and rationality of conversion
Authors: Faulkner Paul 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe can differ in our beliefs, values, interests, goals, preferences, and moral psychologies. How we see things can be different. But in none of these respects is our thinking fixed. Beliefs, values, preferences, moral psychology, and so on can change. And sometimes, the change can be significant enough to warrant talk of a conversion. The aim of this paper is then to investigate the nature and rationality of conversion. What is it to undergo a conversion? What practical or epistemic justification can be given of conversion?
Determination of soil properties using thermogravimetry under laboratory conditions
Authors: Kučerík Jiří , Svatoň Karel , Malý Stanislav , Brtnický Martin , Doležalová‐Weismannová Helena , Demyan Michael S. , Siewert Christian , Tokarski David 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAnalysis of soil properties and soil organic matter dynamics requires the use of reliable and rapid analytical techniques. Included in such applicable techniques is thermogravimetry (TG) which, typically, measures mass losses of soil heated during a temperature ramping. Previous work revealed relationships between mass losses of 10°C intervals (TG indicators) and total organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and clay content, and relationships between mass losses of larger temperature intervals (TG fractions) and interactions between SOC, TN and clay. However, widespread application of these relationships is hampered by the requirement to equilibrate soils at 76% relative humidity (RH) prior to and during TG measurements. In this study we tested whether the relationships between mass losses and soil properties can be observed at 43% RH by analyzing 37 mostly arable and grassland soils. It was found that at 43% RH the same TG indicators correlated significantly with soil properties as at 76% RH, but the correlations with TN and clay contents were observed at lower temperatures. New equations were developed for rapid analysis of soil properties using TG indicators and for determination of TG fractions at 43% RH. The results indicated that for routine application of these TG approaches in soil science, it is necessary to include an RH parameter that accounts for potential shifts in diagnostic temperatures when modelling the relationships between TG data and soil properties.Highlights
Thermogravimetry data correlate with soil organic carbon, nitrogen and clay at 43% RH.
Clay and nitrogen correlated at lower temperature compared to 76% RH.
New equations applicable at laboratory conditions were developed.
Wider use of TG requires including information on ambient moisture.
Short‐term (5 years) impact of conservation agriculture on soil physical properties and organic carbon in a rice–wheat rotation in the Indo‐Gangetic plains of Bihar
Authors: Mondal Surajit , Poonia Shis P. , Mishra Janki S. , Bhatt Bhagwati P. , Karnena Koteswara Rao , Saurabh Kirti , Kumar Rakesh , Chakraborty Debashis 
Published: August 2019

AbstractShort‐term (5 years) impact of tillage and residue management practices on physical properties and organic carbon (OC) of a silty clay soil was evaluated in a rice–wheat rotation in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains of Bihar. The experiment had three conservation agriculture (CA) practices: one full (direct‐seeded rice (DSR)–no‐tilled wheat (NTW)–no‐tilled mung bean (NTMB); fCA) and two partial (puddled transplanted rice (PTR)–NTW–conventionally tilled mung bean (CTMB); pCA1 and unpuddled transplanted rice (UPTPR)–conventionally tilled potato+maize (CTP + M)–NTMB; pCA2), which were evaluated against full conventional practice (puddled transplanted rice (PTR)–conventionally tilled wheat (CTW); TA). Subsurface compaction reduced and soil aggregation improved under both full and partial CA. Macro‐ and water‐stable aggregates increased to a large extent (26 and 11%, respectively) in full CA and to a lesser extent in partial CA, mostly due to increase in coarse macroaggregate (2–8 mm) contents in the 0–10 and 10–20‐cm depth soil layers. Steady‐state infiltration rate nearly doubled under full CA, with larger pore volume recorded in 10–20 and 20–30‐cm depth soil layers. The CA increased OC associated with all size fractions of aggregates in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm), but a higher amount of C was associated with macroaggregates, indicating relative stabilization of OC in the soil under CA. Change in bulk soil OC was larger in the 0–10‐cm depth soil layer in favour of CA, which also had an 11% increase in OC stock in the 0–30‐cm depth soil layer. Improvement in soil physical condition did not effectively translate into increased rice or wheat yields, but the system productivity increased largely.Highlights
Conservation agriculture (CA) resulted in 11–12% higher macro‐aggregation compared to conventional practice (CT).
Macro‐ and total pores reduced in the 0–10 cm depth soil layer but increased in the 10–20 cm depth soil layer under CA.
CA resulted in 27–35% higher aggregate‐associated OC content and 11% increase in OC stock at 0–30 cm.
Full/partial CA improved soil physical condition and the productivity of rice–wheat systems in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains.
Epilepsy Journey: A proof of concept trial of a Web‐based executive functioning intervention for adolescents with epilepsy
Authors: Modi Avani C. , Mara Constance A. , Schmidt Matthew , Smith Aimee W. , Turnier Luke , Glaser Noah , Wade Shari L. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryObjectiveTo examine the preliminary feasibility and acceptability of a Web‐based program, Epilepsy Journey, to improve executive function behaviors in adolescents with epilepsy.MethodsWe conducted a proof of concept single‐arm pilot trial of Epilepsy Journey with 31 adolescents (average age = 15.3 ± 1.3 years) who had an epilepsy diagnosis and executive function (EF) deficits on the caregiver‐report version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Epilepsy Journey coupled a gamified problem‐solving website comprised of 10 learning modules targeting EF deficits (eg, working memory, organization, problem‐solving) with Skype sessions with a trained therapist. Outcomes included feasibility (attrition, sessions completed) and acceptability (satisfaction ratings). Exploratory analyses examined changes in caregiver‐, self‐, and teacher‐reported BRIEF scores from baseline to posttreatment and at 2‐ and 5‐month follow‐ups.ResultsSeventy‐nine percent of participants completed the program. Satisfaction was high, with 97% of caregivers and adolescents rating the program as helpful and indicating they would recommend it to others. Caregivers and adolescents reported global improvements on the BRIEF, with caregivers reporting significant improvements on all BRIEF subscales. EF symptoms rebounded slightly between the 2‐ and 5‐month follow‐ups for some of the self‐ and caregiver‐reported BRIEF scales. Notably, clinically meaningful improvements (eg, clinical/subclinical to normative levels) were reported for several caregiver‐reported BRIEF subscales, including the Global Executive Composite (62% to 33‐34%) and Metacognitive Index (74% to 41‐42%) from baseline to 2‐ and 5‐month follow‐up.SignificanceFindings suggest that a Web‐based problem‐solving intervention tailored to EF deficits for adolescents with epilepsy is both feasible and acceptable and may contribute to improvements in EF behaviors across domains.
Fairness matters when responding to disasters: An experimental study of government legitimacy
Authors: Mazepus Honorata , van Leeuwen Florian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGovernments worldwide are regularly faced with severe weather conditions and disasters caused by natural hazards. Does the way in which governments respond to disasters affect their legitimacy? The current study investigated how evaluations of authorities were influenced by four aspects of a governmental response to a hypothetical disaster. In a survey experiment participants read a scenario in which a government distributed aid in the aftermath of a flooding. Data were collected from the Netherlands, France, Poland, Ukraine, and Russia (N = 2,677). Results showed that the government was seen as more legitimate when it was described as distributing resources fairly, following fair procedures, and providing a material benefit to the participant. However, in contrast to predictions derived from system‐justification theory, results showed that outcome dependence was associated with reduced legitimacy. These findings suggest that response policies that address both instrumental and fairness concerns might help maintain positive evaluations of governments.
Paediatric reference intervals for common coagulation assays in Chinese children as performed on the STA‐R coagulation analyzer
Authors: Liu Junjie , Dai Yanpeng , Yuan Enwu , Li Yushan , Wang Quanxian , Wang Linkai , Su Yanhua 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionIn order to correctly manage the paediatric patients affected with haemostatic disorders, age‐appropriate reference intervals should be used. The purpose of this study was to establish age‐specific reference intervals for prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and fibrinogen (Fg).MethodsIn this study, a total of 34 234 apparently healthy children and adolescents aged 0‐15 years were chosen as reference individuals. PT, TT, aPTT and Fg were performed on the STA‐R coagulation analyzer. Outliers were eliminated using the Dixon D/R ratio rule. Partitioning by age was achieved using Harris and Boyd's standard normal deviate test. The lower (2.5th percentiles) and upper (97.5 percentiles) reference intervals were established using the nonparametric method.ResultsCompared with the adult group, the median time of PT was significantly different in the groups consisting of children aged 0‐15 days, 15 days‐1 month, 1‐6 months and 11‐15 years. The median time of APTT and TT was significantly prolonged in all paediatric age groups than in the adult group (P < .05). Compared with the adult group, the median values of Fg were significantly different in the groups consisting of children aged 0‐15 days and 2‐15 years. Our results showed that all coagulation assays required partitioning by age.ConclusionOur results suggest that results of coagulation assays are highly dependent on age, and that age‐specific reference intervals must be used to ensure proper evaluation of paediatric coagulation assays.
Gender and governance of global value chains: Promoting the rights of women workers
Authors: BARRIENTOS Stephanie , BIANCHI Lara , BERMAN Cindy 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPrivate governance channelled through social compliance programmes and gender initiatives of multinational companies have had limited impact in tackling gender discrimination in global value chains (GVCs). The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) provide a public–private governance framework to address human rights globally, including gender equality. This article considers whether the UNGPs can provide a more effective governance framework for addressing women workers’ rights in GVCs. It argues that interlayered forms of governance (involving public, private and social actors) are critical in addressing gender discrimination in GVCs and advancing a gendered approach to human rights due diligence.
Toxins of toxin/antitoxin systems are inactivated primarily through promoter mutations
Authors: Fernandez-Garcia L. , Kim J.-S. , Tomas M. , Wood T.K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Aims
Given the extreme toxicity of some of the toxins of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, we were curious how the cell silences toxins, if the antitoxin is inactivated or independent toxins are obtained via horizontal gene transfer.

Methods and Results
Growth curves of Escherichia coli K12 BW25113 harbouring plasmid pCA24N to produce RalR, MqsR, GhoT or Hha toxins, showed toxin inactivation after 3 h. Sequencing plasmids from these cultures revealed toxin inactivation occurred primarily due to consistent deletions in the promoter. The lack of mutation in the structural genes was corroborated by a bioinformatics analysis of 1000 E. coli genomes which showed both conservation and little variability in the four toxin genes. For those strains that lacked a mutation in the plasmid, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed to identify that chromosomal mutations iraM and mhpR inactivate the toxins GhoT and MqsR/GhoT respectively.

Conclusion
We find that the RalR (type I), MqsR (type II), GhoT (type V) and Hha (type VII) toxins are inactivated primarily by a mutation that inactivates the toxin promoter or via the chromosomal mutations iraM and mhpR.

Significance and Impact of the Study
This study demonstrates toxins of TA systems may be inactivated by mutations that primarily affect the toxin gene promoter instead of the toxin structural gene.