bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ensemble-based uncertainty estimation in Full Waveform Inversion
Authors: Thurin J , Brossier R , Métivier L 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARY
Uncertainty estimation and quality control are critically missing in most geophysical tomographic applications. The few solutions to cope with that issue are often left out in practical applications when these ones grow in scale and involve complex modeling. We present a joint full waveform inversion and ensemble data assimilation scheme, allowing local Bayesian estimation of the solution that brings uncertainty estimation to the tomographic problem. This original methodology relies on a deterministic square root ensemble Kalman filter commonly used in the data assimilation community: the ensemble transform Kalman filter. Combined with a 2D visco-acoustic frequency domain full waveform inversion scheme, the resulting method allows to access a low-rank approximation of the posterior covariance matrix of the solution. It yields uncertainty information through an ensemble-representation, that can conveniently be mapped across the physical domain for visualization and interpretation. The combination of ensemble transform Kalman filter with full waveform inversion is discussed along with the scheme design and algorithmic details that lead to our mixed application. Both synthetic and field-data results are presented, along with the biases that are associated with the limited rank ensemble representation. Finally, we review the open questions and developments perspectives linked with data assimilation applications to the tomographic problem.
Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Serving as a single-volume introduction to the field as a whole, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law seeks to present international law as a system that is based on, and helps structure, relations among states and other entities at the international level. It aims to identify the constituent elements of that system in a clear way. This ninth edition has been completely updated to take account of the many developments in international law that have occurred since the 8th edition (2012).
The sources of international law
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the sources of international law, as reflected in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and covers international custom, treaties, general principles of law, and judicial decisions. It also describes other material sources: the conclusions of international conferences, resolutions of the UN General Assembly, the writings of publicists, and codification and the work of the International Law Commission, concluding with other considerations applicable in judicial reasoning.
Recognition of states and governments
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the ‘declaratory’ and ‘constitutive’ views of recognition. According to the declaratory view, the legal effects of recognition are limited: recognition is a declaration or acknowledgement of an existing state of law and fact, legal personality having been conferred previously by operation of law. The declaratory theory of recognition is opposed to the constitutive view, according to which the political act of recognition is a precondition of the existence of legal rights: in its extreme form this implies that the very personality of a state depends on the political decision of other states. Discussion then turns to the distinction between recognition of states and recognition of governments, collective non-recognition and sanctions, and issues of recognition before national courts.
Acquisition and transfer of territorial sovereignty
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Disputes concerning title to land territory, including islands, and over the precise determination of boundaries are regularly the subject of international proceedings. While the occupation of territory not belonging to any state (terra nullius) is no longer a live issue, issues concerning such occupation in the past may still arise. This chapter discusses the following, the ‘modes’ of acquisition, displacement of title, territorial disputes, and territorial sovereignty and peremptory norms.
Legal aspects of the protection of the environment
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of international law in addressing environmental problems. It reviews the salient legal principles: the preventive principle, the precautionary principle, the concept of sustainable development, the polluter-pays principle, the sic utere tuo principle, and the obligation of environmental impact assessment. It gives an overview of the key multilateral conventions covering traffic in endangered species, protection of the ozone layer, transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, climate change, and protection of the marine environment.
Consequences of an internationally wrongful act
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the event of an internationally wrongful act by a state or other subject of international law, other states or subjects may be entitled to respond. This may be done by invoking the responsibility of the wrongdoer, seeking cessation and/or reparation, or (if no other remedy is available) possibly by taking countermeasures. This chapter discusses international law governing cessation, reparation, invocation.
Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pediatric and Adult Populations: Recent Estimates From Large National Databases in the United States, 2007–2016
Authors: Ye Yizhou , Manne Sudhakar , Treem William R , Bennett Dimitri 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
The latest estimate of the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the United States was based on 2009 data, which indicates a need for an up-to-date re-estimation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of all forms of IBD including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD), and IBD unspecified (IBDU).

Methods
Pediatric (age 2–17) and adult (age ≥18) IBD patients were identified from 2 large claims databases. For each year between 2007 and 2016, prevalence was calculated per 100,000 population and standardized based on the 2016 national Census. A fixed-effects meta-analytical model was used for overall prevalence.

Results
The pediatric prevalence of IBD overall increased by 133%, from 33.0/100,000 in 2007 to 77.0/100,000 in 2016. Among children, CD was twice as prevalent as UC (45.9 vs 21.6). Prevalence was higher in boys than girls for all forms of IBD, in contrast to the adult population where the prevalence was higher in women than men. We also found that the 10–17 age subgroup was the major contributor to the rising pediatric IBD prevalence. For adults, the prevalence of IBD overall increased by 123%, from 214.9 in 2007 to 478.4 in 2016. The prevalence rates of UC and CD were similar (181.1 vs 197.7) in 2016.

Conclusions
Inflammatory bowel disease continues to affect a substantial proportion of the US population. In 2016, 1 in 209 adults and 1 in 1299 children aged 2–17 were affected by IBD. Prevalence of IBD has been increasing compared with previously published 2009 data.
Hardy–Orlicz Spaces of Dirichlet Series: An Interpolation Problem on Abscissae of Convergence
Authors: Bailleul Maxime , Lefèvre Pascal , Rodríguez-Piazza Luis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The study of Hardy spaces of Dirichlet series denoted by $\mathscr{H}^p$ ($p\geq 1$) was initiated in [7] when $p=2$ and $p=\infty $, and in [2] for the general case. In this paper we introduce the Orlicz version of spaces of Dirichlet series $\mathscr{H}^\psi $. We focus on the case $\psi =\psi _q(t)=\exp (t^q)-1,$ and we compute the abscissa of convergence for these spaces. It turns out that its value is $\min \{1/q\,,1/2\}$ filling the gap between the case $\mathscr{H}^\infty $, where the abscissa is equal to $0$, and the case $\mathscr{H}^p$ for $p$ finite, where the abscissa is equal to $1/2$. The upper-bound estimate relies on an elementary method that applies to many spaces of Dirichlet series. This answers a question raised by Hedenmalm in [6].
Boosted trees to predict pneumonia, growth, and meat percentage of growing-finishing pigs1
Authors: Mollenhorst Herman , Ducro Bart J , De Greef Karel H , Hulsegge Ina , Kamphuis Claudia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In pig production, efficiency is benefiting from uniform growth in pens resulting in single deliveries from a pen of possibly all animals in the targeted weight range. Abnormalities, like pneumonia or aberrant growth, reduce production efficiency as it reduces the uniformity and might cause multiple deliveries per batch and pigs delivered with a low meat yield or outside the targeted weight range. Early identification of pigs prone to develop these abnormalities, for example, at the onset of the growing-finishing phase, would help to prevent heterogeneous pens through management interventions. Data about previous production cycles at the farm combined with data from the piglet’s own history may help in identifying these abnormalities. The aim of this study, therefore, was to predict at the onset of the growing-finishing phase, that is, at 3 mo in advance, deviant pigs at slaughter with a machine-learning technique called boosted trees. The dataset used was extracted from the farm management system of a research center. It contained over 70,000 records of individual pigs born between 2004 and 2016, including information on, for example, offspring, litter size, transfer dates between production stages, their respective locations within the barns, and individual live-weights at several production stages. Results obtained on an independent test set showed that at a 90% specificity rate, the sensitivity was 16% for low meat percentage, 20% for pneumonia and 36% for low lifetime growth rate. For low lifetime growth rate, this meant an almost three times increase in positive predictive value compared to the current situation. From these results, it was concluded that routine performance information available at the onset of the growing-finishing phase combined with data about previous production cycles formed a moderate base to identify pigs prone to develop pneumonia (AUC > 0.60) and a good base to identify pigs prone to develop growth aberrations (AUC > 0.70) during the growing-finishing phase. The mentioned information, however, was not a sufficient base to identify pigs prone to develop low meat percentage (AUC < 0.60). The shown ability to identify growth aberrations and pneumonia can be considered a good first step towards the development of an early warning system for pigs in the growing-finishing phase.
What to Do When People Stare: A Workshop to Teach Individuals With Disfiguring Conditions to Contend With Staring and Improve Control of Social Interactions
Authors: Pell Charlene 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFacial disfigurement due to any congenital or acquired condition is a social disability that can impede communication, contribute to awkward social interactions, and cause individuals with differences to be isolated and rejected. Yet, few interventions have been developed to address the psychosocial consequences of living with a visible difference, despite research indicating that the more visible the disfigurement is to others, the greater the social implication and challenge for the affected individual. This article reviews the impact of the “What to Do When People Stare” social and communication workshop, including its theoretical basis (drawn from anthropological research and theory pertaining to disfigurement), the phenomenon of staring, and the experience of being the target of a stare. The review highlights feedback from 46 individuals with disfiguring conditions caused by burns, dermatological conditions, and craniofacial conditions who completed a Workshop Evaluation Survey. The instructor, who has a facial difference, reviewed the science of staring, the role and influence of the media and beauty in society, myths associated with disfigurement, social and communication skills, and asked specific questions to elicit feelings and beliefs about why people stare, and how it feels to be the object of a stare. After completing the workshop, 80% of participants reported that they felt better prepared to cope with staring, and 83% reported a better understanding about the motives of staring. The workshop demonstrates the need to increase awareness of visible differences and to teach individuals with visible differences and the general public appropriate social skills for engaging with one another. The workshop’s success to date highlights the need for similar programs addressing the psychosocial communicative dimensions related to staring. Collaborations with burn centers and other nonprofit organizations that treat and assist individuals with psychosocial issues related to visible difference could strengthen content and assessment data.
Patient-Assisted Compression in Screening Mammography: Patient Experience and Image Quality
Authors: Dontchos Brian N , Edmonds Christine E , Mercaldo Sarah F , Miles Randy C , Chu Katrina F , Lehman Constance D 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Screening mammography is critical to reduce breast cancer mortality, yet many women cite pain from compression as a reason they avoid this test. We evaluated patient experience and image quality in screening patients opting for a handheld patient-assisted compression (PAC) device.

Methods
After institutional review board approval, women screened between February and July 2018 with a synthetic 2D/tomosynthesis mammography unit were offered use of a handheld PAC device. Patient experience through survey, image quality, compression thickness, compression force, and average glandular dose were evaluated and compared between women opting for PAC and women opting for technologist-controlled compression (TC). Multivariable ordinal logistic and linear regression models were estimated to control for age and breast density. In addition, for women opting for PAC, image quality obtained with their current PAC mammogram was compared with that obtained with their prior TC mammogram, by using Wilcoxon/Pearson tests.

Results
Seventy-three percent of women preferred their mammogram experience with PAC compared with their prior mammogram without PAC. Women using PAC reported decreased anxiety compared with those using TC, after controlling for age and breast density (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.22 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09–0.49]). There were no significant differences in image quality, compression thickness, or average glandular dose in exams for women using PAC compared with exams for women using TC. Women using PAC had significantly more compression force than women using TC had (P = 0.012).

Conclusions
Mammography with PAC improves patient experience and results in similar image quality compared with mammography with TC.
Breast Imaging Fellowship Match: Program Directors’ Perspectives in Year Two
Authors: Katzen Janine T , Gotian Ruth , Brem Rachel F 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to summarize the results of a survey distributed by the Society of Breast Imaging to assess Breast Imaging programs’ experience with the second year of the Breast Imaging Fellowship Match process.

Methods
In July 2018, the Society of Breast Imaging sent out an anonymous 11-question survey to all Breast Imaging programs in attempts to gauge their experience with the previous Match cycle. The survey included dichotomous questions and Likert-scaled questions. Follow-up to several questions allowed for unstructured free text responses. In this institutional review board–exempt study, responses were then summarized and categorized into appropriate categories.

Results
The survey was sent to 88 program coordinators and 90 program directors of the 89 existing programs. In total, 66 responses from program directors were received, representing 74.2% of the existing programs. The majority (68%) of programs reported a positive experience with participation in the Match (at least 4/5 stars). The most commonly cited issues with the Match were interview dates/timeline, programs participating outside of the Match, and need for a universal application. Eighty-four percent of programs stated that they were planning on participating in the Match for the upcoming application cycle, with 11% undecided and 5% stating they were not planning on participating.

Conclusions
Despite recognized areas for improvement, the great majority of programs felt that the Match is an improvement over the prior application process and that it significantly improved the experience for the applicants.
Evaluation of Shimming Techniques on MRI Breast Image Quality at 1.5T
Authors: Zhou Wei , Favazza Christopher P , Axmacher Jessica A , Trzasko Joshua D , Geske Jennifer R , Lee Christine U 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The quality of all clinical MRI is dependent on B0 homogeneity, which is optimized during the shimming part of a prescan or preparatory phase before image acquisition. The purpose of this study was to assess shimming techniques clinically employed for breast MRI across our practice, and to determine factors that correlate with higher image quality for contrast-enhanced breast MRI at 1.5T.

Methods
One hundred consecutive female patients were retrospectively collected with Institutional Review Board approval. Shimming-related parameters, including shim-box placement and shimming gradient offsets were extracted from prior contrast-enhanced 3D fat-suppressed T1-weighted gradient echo image acquisitions. Three breast radiologists evaluated these images for fat saturation, breast density, overall image quality, and artifacts. Technologist experience was also evaluated for variability of shimming. Generalized linear mixed models were used to compare acquisition parameters between fat saturation. P &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistical significance.

Results
The percentage of soft tissue inside the field of view (FOV) (ie, Tissue/FOV) in the good fat-saturation group (0.37 ± 0.06) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) than that in the poor fat-saturation group (0.39 ± 0.06). Other shimming-related parameters were found not significantly affecting the fat-saturation outcomes. Technologists with more experience tended to have less variable shimming performance than junior technologists did.

Conclusions
The quality of clinical MRI and especially breast MRI is highly dependent on shimming. Decreasing Tissue/FOV was associated with good image quality (good fat saturation). Optimization of shimming may require manual shimming or higher-order field-correction strategies.
The Introduction of Academy Schools to England's Education
Authors: Eyles Andrew , Machin Stephen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper studies the origins of what has become one of the most radical and encompassing programmes of school reform seen in the recent past in advanced countries—the introduction of academy schools to English education. Academies are independent state funded schools that are allowed to run in an autonomous manner outside of local authority control. Almost all academies are conversions from already existent state schools and so are school takeovers that enable more autonomy in operation than was permitted in their predecessor state. Studying the first round of conversions that took place in the 2000s, where poorly performing schools were converted to academies, a focus is placed on legacy enrolled pupils who were already attending the school prior to conversion. The impact on end of secondary school pupil performance is shown to be positive and significant. Performance improvements are stronger for pupils in urban academies and for those converting from schools that gained relatively more autonomy as a result of conversion.
The Commitment Role of Equity Financing
Authors: Fahn Matthias , Merlo Valeria , Wamser Georg 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExisting theories of a firm’s optimal capital structure seem to fail in explaining why many healthy and profitable firms rely heavily on equity financing, even though benefits associated with debt (like tax shields) appear to be high and the bankruptcy risk low. This holds in particular for firms that show a strong commitment toward their workforce and are popular among employees. We demonstrate that such financing behavior may be driven by implicit arrangements made between a firm and its managers/employees. Equity financing generally strengthens a firm’s credibility to honor implicit promises. Debt, however, has an adverse effect on the enforceability of these arrangements because too much debt increases the firm’s reneging temptation, as some of the negative consequences of breaking implicit promises can be shifted to creditors. Our analysis provides an explanation for why some firms only use little debt financing. Predictions made by our theory are in line with a number of empirical results, which seem to stay in contrast to existing theories on capital structure.
Preemptive angioplasty for contralateral leg stenosis following EXCLUDER Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis implantation
Authors: Takagaki Masami , Midorikawa Hirofumi , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Nakamura Hiromasa , Mitsuyama Shinichi , Kadowaki Tasuku , Ueno Yousuke , Kataoka Hiroshi , Uchida Takaki , Aoki Tomoyuki 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The GORE EXCLUDER Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis (IBE) device is designed to seal off a common iliac artery (CIA) aneurysm, preserving the internal iliac artery during endovascular aortic repair. We report the case of an 84-year-old man with isolated saccular right CIA aneurysm (35 mm) and a relatively small terminal aorta (24 mm). The IBE device was successfully placed, and intraoperative angiography revealed no leakage or delay. However, postoperative computed tomography revealed marked compression of the contralateral leg by a bridging component. Although his ankle–brachial index was preserved, its acute occlusion was judged highly possible; we decided to perform preemptive angioplasty. The angiography revealed the stenosis only in the left anterior oblique view, and angioplasty was uneventfully performed. The leg was successfully patent at 1-year follow-up. When compression by IBE and bridging component in the terminal aorta is expected, caution should be preserved at intraoperative angiography following the device deployment.
Why do Orchestral and Band Musicians in Exile Matter? A Case Study from Spain
Authors: RodrÍguez Eva Moreda 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Even though scholarship on music and exile under Franco has grown steadily for the past three decades, little attention has been paid thus far to exiled performers who were active primarily as members of orchestras and bands. This article makes an initial contribution to this field by focusing on the Banda Madrid as a case study. The Banda Madrid was founded in the spring of 1939 in the internment camp of Le Barcarès (France) by Rafael Oropesa. Its members went into exile in Mexico City and became a fixture of the Spanish exile community until 1947. I discuss how the Banda Madrid and the stories of some of its individual members expand our understanding of politics and modernity in the Spanish Republican exile. In order to do this, I follow the trajectories of Banda Madrid musicians before, during, and after the Civil War, and contrast them with those of left-wing composers in exile.