bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking Legal Scenarios to Empirical Data
Authors: Schroff Simone 
Published: October 2018

Linking Legal Scenarios to Empirical Data
Different legal rules can lead to the same observable outcome, making it difficult to identify the most influential rule. This article addresses this gap by focusing on how competing explanatory theories derived from a doctrinal analysis can be assessed using a methodology called process-tracing. One of process-tracing’s main uses is to link explanatory theories to empirical evidence, permitting an assessment of causal mechanisms’ practical impact in comparison to each other. This article demonstrates the potential and practical implementation of process-tracing in the context of empirical legal research. In addition to the core characteristics of process-tracing, the paper clarifies when process-tracing can add to a doctrinal analysis and the requirements which have to be met. Furthermore, the process of linking doctrinal work with empirical evidence relying on process-tracing is shown, using the example of copyright ownership in the broadcasting sector. As a result, this paper demonstrates the added value of a process-tracing analysis carried out in addition to doctrinal work, in particular the insights into industry practice it generates.
Treatment of onychomycosis and tinea pedis with intermittent itraconazole therapy
Authors: Del Rosso James Q. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A 40-year-old woman had a 10-year history of dermatophyte-related toenail onychomycosis (tinea unguium) and dry-type tinea pedis, which had failed to respond to previous therapy with topical antifungal agents or oral griseofulvin. The patient was successfully treated with four cycles of intermittent itraconazole therapy (that is, 400 mg/d for 1 week per month for 4 months). At the end of this time, the tinea pedis had resolved and the onychomycosis improved significantly after four cycles were completed. Twelve months after the onset of therapy, both conditions had resolved completely according to both clinical and mycologic criteria. Itraconazole was well tolerated, with no side effects reported. These observations suggest that itraconazole intermittent dosing is a highly effective therapy for the treatment of onychomycosis caused by dermatophyte organisms, because it provides a high cure rate after only a short course of therapy.
3D Branched Nanowire‐Coated Macroporous Titania Thin Films for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Wu‐Qiang , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMicroscopic design and morphological engineering of the semiconducting metal oxide as electron‐transporting layers (ETLs) is of vital importance for optical enhancement, photonic structuring, and charge collection optimization within optoelectronic devices. Herein, nanowire‐coated, branched macroporous titania (BMT) thin films are reported as a new type of ETL prepared by using silica spheres as a sacrificial template, followed by a sol–gel and subsequent alkaline‐assisted etching process. The BMT films feature 3D hierarchical structures and interconnected networks with tunable pore sizes, branch densities, and film thicknesses. The titania films are employed as ETLs in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), resulting in remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 20.1%; a noticeable 16% increase compared with titania nanowire (TNW) ETL‐based counterparts (PCE = 17.3%). The superior device performance of the BMT‐based PSCs can be attributed to the maximized light harvesting and charge collection capabilities. These beneficial properties are derived from the effective infiltration of the perovskite precursor into the titania macropores, efficient light confinement within the macropore structure, and the textured perovskite capping layer, as well as enhanced charge transport and reduced charge recombination through the BMT architecture. This work demonstrates a simple and effective approach for constructing branched macroporous metal‐oxide photoelectrodes toward high‐performance photovoltaic devices.
From a Molecular Toolbox to a Toolbox for Photoswitchable Fluorescent Polymeric Nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Maolin , Zhang Peisheng , Krishnan Baiju P. , Wang Hong , Gao Yong , Chen Shu , Zeng Rongjin , Cui Jiaxi , Chen Jian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSwitchable organic fluorescent materials are attracting much interest in many fields including flexible display, information storage, anti‐counterfeit, and bioimaging, due to their prominent properties and relatively low cost. Herein, a class of novel photoswitchable fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles (PFPNs) toolbox that shows switchable full‐colored emission including white light is described. This nanoparticles toolbox consists of a series of reversibly photoswitchable and non‐PFPNs with red, green, and blue fluorescence, and is built up from three primary fluorescent dyes and a photochromic diarylethene molecule, through a facile one‐pot miniemulsion method. The as‐prepared PFPNs display the merits of high fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency and fluorescence quantum yield, rapid responsiveness, prominent photoreversibility, and brilliant long‐term fluorescence stability (≈6 weeks). They enable switchable emission between white light and any visible color on‐demand in both solution and film states. Their potential in complex fluorescent encryption and photoswitchable white light‐emitting diode is described and its great potential in anti‐counterfeiting technology, data encryption, and the next generation of optoelectronic materials is foreseen.
Realization of 16.9% Efficiency on Nanowires Heterojunction Solar Cells with Dopant‐Free Contact for Bifacial Polarities
Authors: Wang Fengyou , Zhang Yuhong , Yang Meifang , Yang Lili , Sui Yingrui , Yang Jinghai , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiaodan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLow‐cost and efficient interfacial layer construction with the required charge selectivity and compatibility is necessary for nanostructured solar cells, and the proper integration of the interfacial layer with the light‐trapping system is required to improve the power conversion efficiency of the cell. Herein, low‐cost Si nanowires‐based solar cells with tunneling heterojunctions are developed by the deposition of MoOx and spin‐coating of Cs2CO3 as the carrier‐selective layers. The power conversion efficiency of 16.9% for a device of 4 cm2 in area is achieved by Si nanowires solar cells by the self‐assembly of ultra‐thin SiOx as the surface tunneling passivation layer. Self‐assembly is realized with an ultraviolet O3 treatment process at room temperature. Quasi‐steady‐state photoconductance, microwave‐detected photoconductance decay, and constant current–voltage measurements are used to characterize the passivation quality and tunneling transportation properties of the ultra‐thin SiOx layers. Interfacial charge recombination is suppressed and effective carrier tunneling properties are developed by the growth of ≈1.5 nm thick SiOx layers on the surfaces of the Si nanowires. This proposed Si nanowires solar cell architecture featuring tunneling heterojunctions achieves high performance and may be suitable for fabricating industrialized Si nanowires‐based photovoltaic devices through a cost‐effective, simple, and low‐temperature process.
Fabrication of Single‐Atom Catalysts with Precise Structure and High Metal Loading
Authors: Wang Jing , Li Zhijun , Wu Yuen , Li Yadong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn recent years, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted particular interest and have been demonstrated to be a promising material in energy conversion and chemical transformation due to their optimal atom utilization and unique size quantum effect. The development of a versatile and simple synthetic approach for SACs is important for further investigation of their properties. In this regard, several physical and chemical methods have been developed to access SACs by varying the interaction between metal centers and the coordination defects of the supports. The common challenges for SACs in industrial applications are accurate control over the local structure of single sites and increasing the active‐site density. On one hand, the rational design of the atomic structure is decisive to their intrinsic activity, which will affect the adsorption and activation of reactants over the single sites. On the other hand, increasing the metal loading of SACs would largely enhance the density of active sites and the corresponding mass activity, especially for industrial applications. Here, approaches to the synthesis of SACs—focusing on these two challenges—are highlighted.
“Unleaded” Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ke Weijun , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe tremendous interest focused on organic–inorganic halide perovskites since 2012 derives from their unique optical and electrical properties, which make them excellent photovoltaic materials. Pb‐based halide perovskite solar cells, in particular, currently stand at a record efficiency of ≈23%, fulfilling their potential toward commercialization. However, because of the toxicity concerns of Pb‐based perovskite solar cells, their market prospects are hindered. In principle, Pb can be replaced with other less‐toxic, environmentally benign metals. Sn‐based perovskites are thus the far most promising alternative due to their very similar and perhaps even superior semiconductor characteristics. After years of effort invested in Sn‐based halide perovskites, sufficient breakthroughs have finally been achieved that make them the next runners up to the Pb halide perovskites. To help the reader better understand the nature of Sn‐based halide perovskites, their optical and electrical properties are systematically discussed. Recent progress in Sn‐based perovskite solar cells, focusing mainly on film fabrication methods and different device architectures, and highlighting roadblocks to progress and opportunities for future work are reviewed. Finally, a brief overview of mixed Sn/Pb‐based systems with their anomalous yet beneficial optical trends are discussed. The current challenges and a future outlook for Sn‐based perovskites are discussed.
Electronic and Structural Engineering of Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Xuesi , Vasileff Anthony , Jiao Yan , Zheng Yao , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSince first being reported as possible electrocatalysts to substitute platinum for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), carbon‐based metal‐free nanomaterials have been considered a class of promising low‐cost materials for clean and sustainable energy‐conversion reactions. However, beyond the ORR, the development of carbon‐based catalysts for other electrocatalytic reactions is still limited. More importantly, the intrinsic activity of most carbon‐based metal‐free catalysts is inadequate compared to their metal‐based counterparts. To address this challenge, more design strategies are needed in order to improve the overall performance of carbon‐based materials. Herein, using water splitting as an example, some state‐of‐the‐art strategies in promoting carbon‐based nanomaterials are summarized, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and graphitic‐carbon nitride, as highly active electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions. It is shown that by rationally tuning the electronic and/or physical structure of the carbon nanomaterials, adsorption of reaction intermediates is optimized, consequently improving the apparent electrocatalytic performance. These strategies may facilitate the development in this area and lead to the discovery of advanced carbon‐based nanomaterials for various applications in energy‐conversion processes.
Butylamine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Nanocrystal Inks Enables Efficient Infrared CQD Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Junghwan , Ouellette Olivier , Voznyy Oleksandr , Wei Mingyang , Choi Jongmin , Choi Min‐Jae , Jo Jea Woong , Baek Se‐Woong , Fan James , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Sun Bin , Li Peicheng , Nam Dae‐Hyun , Hoogland Sjoerd , Lu Zheng‐Hong , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe best‐performing colloidal‐quantum‐dot (CQD) photovoltaic devices suffer from charge recombination within the quasi‐neutral region near the back hole‐extracting junction. Graded architectures, which provide a widened depletion region at the back junction of device, could overcome this challenge. However, since today's best materials are processed using solvents that lack orthogonality, these architectures have not yet been implemented using the best‐performing CQD solids. Here, a new CQD ink that is stable in nonpolar solvents is developed via a neutral donor ligand that functions as a phase‐transfer catalyst. This enables the realization of an efficient graded architecture that, with an engineered band‐alignment at the back junction, improves the built‐in field and charge extraction. As a result, optimized IR CQD solar cells (Eg ≈ 1.3 eV) exhibiting a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.3% are reported. The strategy is applied to small‐bandgap (1 eV) IR CQDs to augment the performance of perovskite and crystalline silicon (cSi) 4‐terminal tandem solar cells. The devices show the highest PCE addition achieved using a solution‐processed active layer: a value of +5% when illuminated through a 1.58 eV bandgap perovskite front filter, providing a pathway to exceed PCEs of 23% in 4T tandem configurations with IR CQD PVs.
Graphene/Organic Semiconductor Heterojunction Phototransistors with Broadband and Bi‐directional Photoresponse
Authors: Han Jiayue , Wang Jun , Yang Ming , Kong Xiao , Chen Xiaoqing , Huang Zehua , Guo Hui , Gou Jun , Tao Silu , Liu Zhijun , Wu Zhiming , Jiang Yadong , Wang Xinran 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA graphene–semiconductor heterojunction is very attractive for realizing highly sensitive phototransistors due to the strong absorption of the semiconductor layer and the fast charge transport in the graphene. However, the photoresponse is usually limited to a narrow spectral range determined by the bandgap of the semiconductor. Here, an organic heterojunction (C60/pentacene) is incorporated on graphene to realize a broadband (405–1550 nm) phototransistor with a high gain of 5.2 × 105 and a response time down to 275 µs. The visible and near‐infrared parts of the photoresponsivity (9127 A W−1@650 nm and 1800 A W−1@808 nm) come from the absorption of the organic layer and the graphene, respectively. For the first time, a bi‐directional (positive and negative) photoresponse is demonstrated at different wavelengths, due to the opposite charge transfer direction of the photoexcited carriers enforced by the unique band alignment. Such tunability will enable new functionalities such as large‐scale real‐time optical image and infrared focal plane array detection in the future.
Hydrogels as Emerging Materials for Translational Biomedicine
Authors: Xue Kun , Wang Xiaoyuan , Yong Pei Wern , Young David James , Wu Yun‐Long , Li Zibiao , Loh Xian Jun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHydrogels have been extensively investigated as biomaterials because of their excellent biocompatibility, and recent developments such as 3D printing and the incorporation of dynamic crosslinks have advanced the field considerably. However, the next step of in vivo translational biomedicine requires an understanding of essential hydrogel properties so that they can be designed to overcome the challenges of the living environment. In this review, the stringent design criteria required for in vivo applications are highlighted and recent advances in the repair of organ tissues (heart, bone, eye, etc.) and the therapeutic delivery of bioactive molecules are described. Commercially available hydrogel systems that can be used for translational biomedicine are also discussed, as is the long and sometimes fraught journey from the laboratory to the clinic.
Identifying fossil Myrtaceae leaves: the first described fossils of Syzygium from Australia
Authors: Tarran Myall , Wilson Peter G. , Paull Rosemary , Biffin Ed , Hill Robert S. 
Published: October 2018

Premise of the StudyAlthough leaves of Myrtaceae are easily identified to family level, very few studies have convincingly identified fossil Myrtaceae leaves to living genera. We used a broadly comparative approach with a large data set of extant taxa to confidently assign the mummified remains of myrtaceous leaves from early Miocene sediments at Kiandra (New South Wales, Australia) to a living genus.MethodsFossils were identified using a nearest living relative approach, against a database of 232 extant broadleaf rainforest species of Myrtaceae. Leaf cuticles were prepared from 106 species, sourced from herbarium specimens as well as some living individuals, and a further 127 records were assembled from the literature. A set of simple but phylogenetically informative cuticular characters were observed, described, and recorded under both scanning electron microscopy and standard light microscopy.Key ResultsA new fossil species of Syzygium Gaertn. is described from mummified remains found in early Miocene (21.5–21.7 Ma) sediments. The fossil taxon is here named Syzygium christophelii sp. nov., in honor of the late Australian paleobotanist David Christophel.ConclusionsThese fossils represent some of the most confidently described Myrtaceae leaf fossils published to date and are the first and oldest described fossil record of Syzygium from Australia. While several fossil parataxa have been illustrated from New Zealand, and several fossil species of Syzygium have previously been proposed in the literature, many of these fossils lack characters for a confident diagnosis.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Methylation and Benzylation of Enamides Using Iodomethane and Benzyl Halides with Retention of Alkenyl Moiety
Authors: Ding Ran , Yu Borong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed direct methylation and benzylation of enamides at β‐position with iodomethane and various benzyl halides was developed. The corresponding multisubstituted enamide products could be obtained in good yields under mild reaction conditions.
Endogenous genetic risk factor for serious heatstroke: the thermolabile phenotype of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II variant
Authors: Oda Jun , Yukioka Tetsuo , Azuma Kazunari , Arai Takao , Chida Junji , Kido Hiroshi 
Published: October 2018

AimIn serious heatstroke, elevated body temperature (>40°C) is considered the main cause of illness. Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) plays an important role in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation from long‐chain fatty acids, and its thermolabile phenotype of CPT2 polymorphisms leads to ATP production loss under high fever. Whether by heatstroke or influenza, high fever suppresses mitochondrial ATP production in patients with the thermolabile phenotype of CPT2 polymorphisms. We investigated the relation between CPT2 polymorphism and severity of heatstroke with a body temperature of over 40°C.MethodsWe analyzed blood chemistry test results, Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (JAAM DIC), Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, and CPT2 polymorphisms in 24 consecutive patients with severe heatstroke at two university hospitals.ResultsEleven patients carried thermolabile CPT II variants (rs2229291; c.1055T˃G [p.Phe352Cys]) (F352C), and the genotype frequency was greater in heatstroke patients than in healthy volunteers. There was no significant difference in body temperature or blood chemistry data at emergency room arrival between patients with and without the CPT II variants. However, hospital days were longer and initial antithrombin activity was significantly lower in the variant group, suggesting a possible link with early phase vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. The JAAM DIC diagnostic criteria and SOFA scores were also higher in the group. There were no differences in the serum albumin, serum creatine kinase, and fibrin degradation product levels, and platelet counts.ConclusionsIn addition to known risks (e.g., environmental temperature and old age), the CPT II polymorphism [F352C] can be a predisposing genetic risk factor for serious heatstroke with organ disfunction, and lower antithrombin activity.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Pyridylation of Remote C(sp3)−H Bonds by Radical Translocation of N‐Alkoxypyridinium Salts
Authors: Kim Inwon , Park Bohyun , Kang Gyumin , Kim Jiyun , Jung Hoimin , Lee Hyeonyeong , Baik Mu‐Hyun , Hong Sungwoo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMetal‐free, visible‐light‐induced site‐selective heteroarylation of remote C(sp3)−H bonds has been accomplished through the design of N‐alkoxyheteroarenium salts serving as both alkoxy radical precursors and heteroaryl sources. The transient alkoxy radical can be generated by the single‐electron reduction of an N‐alkoxypyridinium substrate by a photoexcited quinolinone catalyst. Subsequent radical translocation of the alkoxy radical forms a nucleophilic alkyl radical intermediate, which undergoes addition to the substrate to achieve remote C(sp3)−H heteroarylation. This cascade strategy provides a powerful platform for remote C(sp3)−H heteroarylation in a controllable and selective manner and is well suited for late‐stage functionalization of complex bioactive molecules.
Eine chimäre pilzliche Diterpensynthase der Klade II‐D aus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides produziert Dolasta‐1(15),8‐dien
Authors: Bian Guangkai , Rinkel Jan , Wang Zhangqian , Lauterbach Lukas , Hou Anwei , Yuan Yujie , Deng Zixin , Liu Tiangang , Dickschat Jeroen S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBasierend auf einer Plattform zur Überproduktion von Terpenoiden in Hefe für “Genome‐Mining” wurde eine chimäre Diterpensynthase aus dem endophytischen Pilz Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ES026 als (5R,12R,14S)‐Dolasta‐1(15),8‐dien‐Synthase charakterisiert. Die absolute Konfiguration wurde unabhängig durch die Verwendung enantioselektiv deuterierter Terpenvorstufen bestimmt, wodurch der vorhergesagte C1‐III‐IV‐Cyclisierungsmodus dieses ersten charakterisierten Enzyms der Klade II‐D bestätigt wurde. Isotopenmarkierungsexperimente und die Isolierung des Intermediates (1R)‐δ‐Araneosen stützen den vorgeschlagenen Cyclisierungsmechanismus.
Modulierung der elektronischen Strukturen anorganischer Nanomaterialien für eine effiziente elektrokatalytische Wasserspaltung
Authors: Du Xinchuan , Huang Jianwen , Zhang Junjun , Yan Yichao , Wu Chunyang , Hu Yin , Yan Chaoyi , Lei Tianyu , Chen Wei , Fan Cong , Xiong Jie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractElektrokatalytische Wasserspaltung ist eine der vielversprechendsten nachhaltigen Technologien zur Energieumwandlung, ist aber eingeschränkt durch die trägen elektrochemischen Reaktionen. Anorganische Nanomaterialien sind häufig als effiziente Katalysatoren zur Förderung der elektrochemischen Kinetik verwendet worden. Verschiedene Verfahren sind zur Aktivitätsoptimierung dieser Nanokatalysatoren entwickelt worden. Die elektronischen Strukturen der Katalysatoren spielen bei der Steuerung der Aktivität eine zentrale Rolle und sind daher ein wesentlicher Deskriptor. Allerdings sind die zugrundeliegenden Funktionsweisen der verfeinerten elektronischen Strukturen nach wie vor schwer fassbar. Um die Zusammenhänge zwischen Struktur, elektronischem Verhalten und Aktivität herzuleiten, wird hier eine umfassende Zusammenstellung der bisher entwickelten Strategien zur Regulierung der elektronischen Strukturen präsentiert, mit Betonung von Oberflächenmodifizierung, Spannung, Phasenübergang und Heterostruktur. Aktuelle Probleme beim grundsätzlichen Verständnis des Verhaltens von Elektronen in den Nanokatalysatoren werden detailliert diskutiert.