bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВІДБОРУ АБІТУРІЄНТІВ НА НАВЧАННЯ ДО ВИЩИХ МЕДИЧНИХ ШКІЛ ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ
Authors: Prokop I. A. , Savaryn T. V. 
Published: September 2018

Мета роботи – здійснити системний аналіз процесу відбору абітурієнтів на навчання у вищих медичних закладах Великої Британії.Основна частина. Процес конкурсного відбору кандидатів для здобуття фахової (медичної) освіти вимагає постійного вдоско­налення. Складною проблемою міждисциплінарного рівня, що охоплює питання медицини, педагогіки, психології та інших дисциплін, є розробка такої системи оцінювання абітурієнтів, яка б максимально відповідала сучасним вимогам. Психологічний компонент відбору кандидатів є не менш важливим, ніж професійний, і являє собою невід’ємну складову визначення фахової придатності. У статті розглядаються питання формування контингенту студентів британських вищих медичних шкіл. Виокремлено основні засоби відбору кандидатів на навчання, систематизовано академічні та неакадемічні вступні вимоги, подана їхня характеристика. Висновки. Вивчення досвіду організації допрофесійної і професійної освіти за кордоном дає змогу врахувати такий досвід при реформуванні системи освіти незалежної України, виявити критерії ефективності допрофесійної підготовки фахівців. У тих країнах, де відбір практикується тільки після того, як студенти вже розпочали вивчати медицину, має місце стурбованість щодо якості медичної освіти, оскільки збільшення останнім часом кількості осіб, що вступають до вищих медичних навчальних закладів, не компенсується відповідним розширенням їх можливостей щодо підготовки спеціалістів.Проведений аналіз дозволив зробити висновки про доцільність застосування деяких способів відбору абітурієнтів до вітчиз­няних медичних вузів на сучасному етапі. Крім цього, він може стати основою для розробки рекомендацій щодо прийому на навчання іноземних студентів.
Resting-State Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Outcome After Acute Stroke
Authors: Puig Josep , Blasco Gerard , Alberich-Bayarri Angel , Schlaug Gottfried , Deco Gustavo , Biarnes Carles , Navas-Martí Marian , Rivero Mireia , Gich Jordi , Figueras Jaume , Torres Cristina , Daunis-i-Estadella Pepus , Oramas-Requejo Celia L , Serena Joaquín , Stinear Cathy M , Kuceyeski Amy , Soriano-Mas Carles , Thomalla Götz , Essig Marco , Figley Chase R. , Menon Bijoy , Demchuk Andrew , Nael Kambiz , Wintermark Max , Liebeskind David S. , Pedraza Salvador 
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—
Physiological effects of stroke are best assessed over entire brain networks rather than just focally at the site of structural damage. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging can map functional-anatomic networks by analyzing spontaneously correlated low-frequency activity fluctuations across the brain, but its potential usefulness in predicting functional outcome after acute stroke remains unknown. We assessed the ability of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to predict functional outcome after acute stroke.

Methods—
We scanned 37 consecutive reperfused stroke patients (age, 69±14 years; 14 females; 3-day National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 6±5) on day 3 after symptom onset. After imaging preprocessing, we used a whole-brain mask to calculate the correlation coefficient matrices for every paired region using the Harvard-Oxford probabilistic atlas. To evaluate functional outcome, we applied the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days. We used region of interest analyses to explore the functional connectivity between regions and graph-computation analysis to detect differences in functional connectivity between patients with good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) and those with poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score >2).

Results—
Patients with good outcome had greater functional connectivity than patients with poor outcome. Although 3-day National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was the most accurate independent predictor of 90-day modified Rankin Scale (84.2%), adding functional connectivity increased accuracy to 94.7%. Preserved bilateral interhemispheric connectivity between the anterior inferior temporal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus and decreased connectivity between the caudate and anterior inferior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere had the greatest impact in favoring good prognosis.

Conclusions—
These data suggest that information about functional connectivity from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging may help predict 90-day stroke outcome.
Roles of Nicotine in the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture
Authors: Kamio Yoshinobu , Miyamoto Takeshi , Kimura Tetsuro , Mitsui Kazuha , Furukawa Hajime , Zhang Dingding , Yokosuka Kimihiko , Korai Masaaki , Kudo Daisuke , Lukas Ronald J. , Lawton Michael T. , Hashimoto Tomoki 
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—
Tobacco cigarette smoking is considered to be a strong risk factor for intracranial aneurysmal rupture. Nicotine is a major biologically active constituent of tobacco products. Nicotine’s interactions with vascular cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing α7 subunits (α7*-nAChR) are thought to promote local inflammation and sustained angiogenesis. In this study, using a mouse intracranial aneurysm model, we assessed potential contributions of nicotine exposure and activation of α7*-nAChR to the development of aneurysmal rupture.

Methods—
Intracranial aneurysms were induced by a combination of deoxycorticosterone-salt induced hypertension and a single-dose elastase injection into cerebrospinal fluid in mice.

Results—
Exposure to nicotine or an α7*-nAChR–selective agonist significantly increased aneurysm rupture rate. Coexposure to an α7*-nAChR antagonist abolished nicotine’s deleterious effect. In addition, nicotine’s promotion of aneurysm rupture was absent in smooth muscle cell–specific α7*-nAChR subunit knockout mice but not in mice lacking α7*-nAChR on endothelial cells or macrophages. Nicotine treatment increased the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-B, and inflammatory cytokines. α7*-nAChR antagonist reversed nicotine-induced upregulation of these growth factors and cytokines.

Conclusions—
Our findings indicate that nicotine exposure promotes aneurysmal rupture through actions on vascular smooth muscle cell α7*-nAChR.
Clinical Outcomes and Neuroimaging Profiles in Nondisabled Patients With Anticoagulant-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Lioutas Vasileios-Arsenios , Goyal Nitin , Katsanos Aristeidis H. , Krogias Christos , Zand Ramin , Sharma Vijay K. , Varelas Panayiotis , Malhotra Konark , Paciaroni Maurizio , Sharaf Aboubakar , Chang Jason , Karapanayiotides Theodore , Kargiotis Odysseas , Pappa Alexandra , Mai Jeffrey , Pandhi Abhi , Schroeder Christoph , Tsantes Argyrios , Mehta Chandan , Kerro Ali , Khan Ayesha , Mitsias Panayiotis D. , Selim Magdy H. , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Tsivgoulis Georgios 
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—
The aim of this study was to prospectively validate our prior findings of smaller hematoma volume and lesser neurological deficit in nonvitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC) compared with Vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods—
Prospective 12-month observational study in 15 tertiary stroke centers in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Consecutive patients with premorbid modified Rankin Scale score of <2 with acute nontraumatic anticoagulant-related ICH divided into 2 groups according to the type of anticoagulant: NOAC versus VKA. We recorded baseline ICH volume, significant hematoma expansion (absolute [12.5 mL] or relative [>33%] increase), neurological severity measured by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 90-day mortality, and functional status (modified Rankin Scale score).

Results—

Our cohort comprised 196 patients, 62 NOAC related (mean age, 75.0±11.4 years; 54.8% men) and 134 VKA related (mean age, 72.3±10.5; 73.1% men). There were no differences in vascular comorbidities, antiplatelet, and statin use; NOAC-related ICH patients had lower median baseline hematoma volume (13.8 [2.5–37.6] versus 19.5 [6.6–52.0] mL;
P
=0.026) and were less likely to have severe neurological deficits (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of >10 points) on admission (37% versus 55.3%,
P
=0.025). VKA-ICH were more likely to have significant hematoma expansion (37.4% versus 17%,
P
=0.008). NOAC pretreatment was independently associated with smaller baseline hematoma volume (standardized linear regression coefficient:−0.415 [95% CI, −0.780 to −0.051]) resulting in lower likelihood of severe neurological deficit (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22−0.85) in multivariable-adjusted models.

Conclusions—
Patients with NOAC-related ICH have smaller baseline hematoma volumes and lower odds of severe neurological deficit compared with VKA-related ICH. These findings are important for practicing clinicians making anticoagulation choices.
Large Vessel Occlusion in Acute Stroke
Authors: Beume Lena-Alexandra , Hieber Maren , Kaller Christoph P. , Nitschke Kai , Bardutzky Juergen , Urbach Horst , Weiller Cornelius , Rijntjes Michel 
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—
To date, no clinical score has become widely accepted as an eligible prehospital marker for large vessel occlusion (LVO) and the need of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in ischemic stroke. On the basis of pathophysiological considerations, we propose that cortical symptoms such as aphasia and neglect are more sensitive indicators for LVO and MT than motor deficits.

Methods—
We, thus, retrospectively evaluated a consecutive cohort of 543 acute stroke patients including patients with ischemia in the posterior circulation, hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and stroke mimics to best represent the prehospital setting.

Results—
Cortical symptoms alone showed to be a reliable indicator for LVO (sensitivity: 0.91; specificity: 0.70) and MT (sensitivity: 0.90; specificity: 0.60) in acute stroke patients, whereas motor deficits showed a sensitivity of 0.85 for LVO (specificity: 0.53) and 0.87 for MT (specificity: 0.48).

Conclusions—
We propose that in the prehospital setting, the presence of cortical symptoms is a reliable indicator for LVO and its presence justifies transportation to an MT-capable center.
Cerebral Cortical Microinfarcts on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Their Association With Cognition in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Authors: Xiong Li , van Veluw Susanne J. , Bounemia Narimene , Charidimou Andreas , Pasi Marco , Boulouis Gregoire , Reijmer Yael D. , Giese Anne-Katrin , Davidsdottir Sigurros , Fotiadis Panagiotis , Valenti Raffaella , Riley Grace , Schwab Kristin , Gurol Edip M. , Biffi Alessandro , Greenberg Steven M. , Viswanathan Anand 
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—
We aimed to explore the association between presence of cerebral cortical microinfarcts (CMIs) on magnetic resonance imaging and other small-vessel disease neuroimaging biomarkers in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and to analyze the role of CMIs on individual cognitive domains and dementia conversion.

Methods—
Participants were recruited from an ongoing longitudinal research cohort of eligible CAA patients between March 2006 and October 2016. A total of 102 cases were included in the analysis that assessed the relationship of cortical CMIs to CAA neuroimaging markers. Ninety-five subjects had neuropsychological tests conducted within 1 month of magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Seventy-five nondemented CAA patients had cognitive evaluation data available during follow-up.

Results—

Among 102 patients enrolled, 40 patients had CMIs (39%) on magnetic resonance imaging. CMIs were uniformly distributed throughout the cortex without regional predilection (
P
=0.971). The presence of CMIs was associated with lower total brain volume (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74–0.98;
P
=0.025) and presence of cortical superficial siderosis (odds ratio, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.10–6.39;
P
=0.029). In 95 subjects with neuropsychological tests, presence of CMIs was associated with impaired executive function (β, −0.23; 95% CI, −0.44 to −0.02;
P
=0.036) and processing speed (β, −0.24; 95% CI, −0.45 to −0.04;
P
=0.020). Patients with CMIs had a higher cumulative dementia incidence compared with patients without CMIs (
P
=0.043), whereas only baseline total brain volume (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62–0.92;
P
=0.006) independently predicted dementia conversion.

Conclusions—
Magnetic resonance imaging–detected CMIs in CAA correlated with greater overall disease burden. The presence of CMIs was associated with worse cognitive performance, whereas only total brain atrophy independently predicted dementia conversion.
Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Induce Brain Injury Through α2δ-1–Bound NMDA Receptors
Authors: Luo Yi , Ma Huijie , Zhou Jing-Jing , Li Lingyong , Chen Shao-Rui , Zhang Jixiang , Chen Lin , Pan Hui-Lin 
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—

Glutamate NMDARs (N-methyl-
D
-aspartate receptors) play a major role in the initiation of ischemic brain damage. However, NMDAR antagonists have no protective effects in stroke patients, possibly because they impair physiological functions of NMDARs. α2δ-1 (encoded by
Cacna2d1
) is strongly expressed in many brain regions. We determined the contribution of α2δ-1 to NMDAR hyperactivity and brain injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion.

Methods—
Mice were subjected to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Neurological deficits, brain infarct volumes, and calpain/caspase-3 activity in brain tissues were measured. NMDAR activity of hippocampal CA1 neurons was measured in an in vitro ischemic model.

Results—

Middle cerebral artery occlusion increased α2δ-1 protein glycosylation in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that ischemia rapidly enhanced the α2δ-1–NMDAR physical interaction in the mouse brain tissue. Inhibiting α2δ-1 with gabapentin, uncoupling the α2δ-1–NMDAR interaction with an α2δ-1 C terminus–interfering peptide, or genetically ablating
Cacna2d1
had no effect on basal NMDAR currents but strikingly abolished oxygen-glucose deprivation–induced NMDAR hyperactivity in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Systemic treatment with gabapentin or α2δ-1 C-terminus–interfering peptide or
Cacna2d1
genetic knock-out reduced middle cerebral artery occlusion–induced infarct volumes, neurological deficit scores, and calpain/caspase-3 activation in brain tissues.

Conclusions—
α2δ-1 is essential for brain ischemia–induced neuronal NMDAR hyperactivity, and α2δ-1–bound NMDARs mediate brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia. Targeting α2δ-1–bound NMDARs, without impairing physiological α2δ-1–free NMDARs, may be a promising strategy for treating ischemic stroke.
Recanalization Rate per Retrieval Attempt in Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Flottmann Fabian , Leischner Hannes , Broocks Gabriel , Nawabi Jawed , Bernhardt Martina , Faizy Tobias Djamsched , Deb-Chatterji Milani , Thomalla Götz , Fiehler Jens , Brekenfeld Caspar 
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—
In acute ischemic stroke, mechanical thrombectomy allows flow restoration in the majority of cases. In case of an unsuccessful retrieval, little is known about how many retrieval attempts should be performed before stopping the procedure. This study assessed the recanalization rate and clinical outcome per retrieval maneuver.

Methods—
In this analysis, 330 patients with acute large vessel occlusion treated exclusively with stentrieval devices were included. Successful recanalization was defined as Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b-3, a good clinical outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale at 90 days of ≤2.

Results—

The median number of retrieval attempts was 1 (interquartile range, 1–2, maximum 8). Recanalization rates per retrieval attempt were highest for the first retrieval (46.8%) and lowest for the fifth retrieval (22.7%). After 3 retrieval attempts, 67.9% of patients were successfully recanalized. Patients with 1 to 3 retrieval attempts had higher rates of good clinical outcome (28.9% versus 7.4%;
P
=0.018). The number of passes was an independent negative predictor of good clinical outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.435–0.970;
P
=0.035).

Conclusions—
Two-thirds of occlusions were successfully recanalized with up to 3 retrieval attempts. Further attempts had good recanalization rates, but the rate of favorable clinical outcome did not improve.
(Re)creating the Nation Online: Nationalism in Chinese Dota 2 Fandom
Authors: Ismangil Milan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn August 2016, Wings Gaming won the sixth edition of the International, a tournament for the videogame Dota 2. Wings Gaming, a team consisting of five Chinese players, was praised for bringing honour to China. This article explores various ways in which this Chinese Dota 2 community frames its fandom using nationalistic rhetoric. Teams identified as Chinese represent the country, honouring or disappointing the nation when they square off in tournaments. This article focusses on the everyday experience in this online community, arguing that the way in which people cheer for their teams stems from a nationalistic filter that makes nationalism the normative discourse in the community. A further comparison is made to American social media to discuss the role that truth plays when nationalism is discussed in the daily experience. This study concludes that a combination of factors surrounding the Chinese community creates a form of banal (cold) nationalism, which normalizes and strengthens national truths and myths.
Climate signals from intra-annual wood density fluctuations in Abies durangensis
Authors: González-Cásares Marcos , Pompa-García Marín , Venegas-González Alejandro 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTOngoing climate change is expected to alter forests by affecting forest productivity, with implications for the ecological functions of these systems. Despite its great dendrochronological potential, little research has been conducted into the use of wood density as a proxy for determining sensitivity to climate variability in Mexico. The response of Abies durangensis Martínez, in terms of wood density and growth ring width, to monthly climatic values (mean temperature, accumulated precipitation and the drought index SPEI) was analyzed through correlation analysis. Abies durangensis presents a high response, in terms of radial growth, to climatic conditions. Tree-ring widths are more sensitive to hydroclimatic variables, whereas wood density values are more sensitive to temperature. In particular, mean (MeanD) and minimum (MND) wood density values are more sensitive to climate than maximum (MXD). We found very marked spatial variations that indicate that A. durangensis responds differently to drought conditions depending on the indices of density.
Role of Finite-Amplitude Eddies and Mixing in the Life Cycle of Stratospheric Sudden Warmings
Authors: Lubis Sandro W. , Huang Clare S. Y. , Nakamura Noboru 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Despite the advances in theories and data availability since the first observation of stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) in the 1950s, some dynamical aspects of SSWs remain elusive, including the roles of wave transience at finite amplitude and irreversible wave dissipation due to mixing. This is likely due to a limitation of the traditional theory for SSWs that is tailored to small-amplitude waves and is unsuitable for large-scale wave events. To circumvent these difficulties, the authors utilized a novel approach based on finite-amplitude wave activity theory to quantify the roles of finite-amplitude wave transience and mixing in the life cycle of SSWs. In this framework, a departure from the exact nonacceleration relation can be directly attributed to irreversible mixing and diabatic forcings. The results show that prior to the warming event, an increase in pseudomomentum/wave activity largely compensates for the anomalous Eliassen–Palm flux convergence, while the total wave dissipation due to mixing (enstrophy dissipation) and radiative forcing only plays a secondary role. After the vortex breaks down, enhanced mixing increases irreversible wave dissipation and in turn slows down vortex recovery. It is shown that (i) a rapid recovery of the polar vortex is characterized by weak wave transience that follows a nonacceleration relation reversibly and (ii) a delayed recovery is attributed to stronger and more persistent irreversible wave dissipation due to mixing, a deviation from the classical nonacceleration relation. The results highlight the importance of mixing in the asymmetry between breakdown and recovery of the polar vortex during SSWs.
Influence of propofol on the electroencephalogram default mode network in patients of advanced age
Authors: Ke Jing-Dong , Xu Min , Wang Pei-Pei , Wang Min , Tian Ming , Chen Andrew C.N. 
Published: September 2018

Objective This study was performed to evaluate the effects of propofol on the electroencephalogram (EEG) default mode network (DMN) in patients of advanced age. Methods Fifteen men aged >60 years (mean, 70 years) were selected. Propofol target-controlled infusion was performed under EEG bispectral index monitoring. The propofol target effect-site concentration, blood pressure, heart rate, and distributions and powers of the EEG spectrum were recorded in an awake state and under anesthesia. The EEG included seven bands: delta (0.5–3.5 Hz), theta (4.0–7.0 Hz), alpha-1 (7.5–9.5 Hz), alpha-2 (10–12 Hz), beta-1 (13–23 Hz), beta-2 (24–34 Hz), and gamma (35–45 Hz). Results From an awake state to anesthesia, the brain topographic map showed that the energies of delta, theta, alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1 were concentrated in the frontoparietal site, and the power increased significantly. The energy distribution of beta-2 was significantly decreased and the power significantly reduced. The energy distribution of gamma in the temporal lobe was also markedly decreased and the power significantly reduced. Conclusions This study revealed the changes in the spatial distribution and regional energy of the EEG DMD in men of advanced age from the awake state to the anesthetized state.
Clinical predictors of active LN development in children – evidence from the UK JSLE Cohort Study
Authors: Smith E M D , Yin P , Jorgensen A L , Beresford M W 
Published: September 2018

Background Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) patients may develop lupus nephritis (LN) during their initial presentation, or later in their disease. This study aimed to assess whether clinical/demographic factors characterize patients with LN within the United Kingdom JSLE Cohort Study, and whether such factors predict subsequent LN development. Methods Univariate logistic regression modelling compared clinical/demographic factors in patients with and without LN at baseline. For those who subsequently developed LN, Cox proportional-hazard modelling was used to test the association between such factors and time to LN development. Covariates with p < 0.2 univariately were included within a multiple-regression model. Results A total of 121/331 (37%) patients presented with active LN at baseline, with first American College of Rheumatology (ACR) score ( p < 2.0 × 10–16), severe hypertension ( p = 0.0006), proteinuria ( p < 2.0 × 10–16), creatinine ( p = 1.0 × 10–16), erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( p = 1.0 × 10–16), neutrophils ( p < 2.0 × 10–16), complement 3 (C3) ( p = 4.0 × 10–16) and ethnicity ( p = 3.0 × 10–13) differing between those with and without LN. Of the 210 individuals without active LN at baseline, 13 patients had a single visit and were excluded from further analysis. Thirty-four of 197 (17%) developed LN after a median of 2.04 years (interquartile range, 0.8–3.7), with higher ACR scores ( p = 0.014 , hazard ratio (HR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08–1.95) and lower C3 levels ( p = 0.0082 , HR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.10–0.68) demonstrated as predictors of subsequent LN. Conclusions Clinical and demographic factors can help to characterize patients at increased risk of LN.