bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grossing Technology Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Dimenstein Izak B 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective
To describe the perspective of grossing technology and highlight the prospective of its development in histology laboratory.

Methods
Analysis of different components of grossing technology.

Results
Increased requirements for a specimen’s turnaround time and the advancements in modern processing equipment make the triage of workflow a significant part of a grossing person’s responsibilities. The implementation of digital pathology in morphology studies practice requires standardization of fixation, the thickness of gross section, and optimal embedding orientation. To meet tomorrow’s challenges, grossing technology should work on embedding automation and gross digital pathology to record gross sections corresponding the microscope slide. Specialization of grossing stations might be beneficial to the quality of processing and smooth workflow productivity. The emerging grossing technologist subspecialty requires development of a special training program.

Conclusion
Grossing technology can contribute to new challenges in modern histology laboratory, assuring high-quality microscope slides for the pathologist’s diagnosis and research evaluation.
Immanuel Kant and Jurisdiction in International Law
Authors: Wittich Stephan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses Immanuel Kant’s notion of jurisdiction. Kant’s work contains several thoughts and ideas on the scope of regulatory state activities that may well be read as pertaining to the exercise of imperium in the sense of jurisdiction how it is commonly used today. In his philosophical sketch on Perpetual Peace, Kant proceeded from a traditional understanding of jurisdiction as coexistence between states as a cornerstone of international law. In this traditional view, jurisdiction is nothing more than a reasonable mutual delimitation of jurisdictional spheres based on territoriality or personality. Yet, at the same time, he also developed a visionary idea of cosmopolitan law which would significantly affect the traditional rules of jurisdiction, especially the personality principle through the emergence of individual rights. Kant’s approach thus foreshadowed a development towards an anthropocentric international legal order epitomized by the concepts of human rights and universal jurisdiction.
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State in International Law
Authors: Gragl Paul 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the main and most pressing legal issues concerning jurisdictional immunities of the state in international law, specifically looking at the most recent international decision on the scope of state immunity—the Jurisdictional Immunities case of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The 2012 judgment by the ICJ in the Jurisdictional Immunities case has reinvigorated the debate surrounding the question whether states enjoy immunity before the courts of other states in questions of grave human rights violations and violations of international humanitarian law. Jurisdictional immunity is not absolute anymore, and it is now accepted that private law acts of states can be subjected to adjudication before foreign national courts, whereas public law acts cannot. This raises the question of whether the plea for immunity still is a purely procedural principle or whether it is now also shaped by questions of substantive law.
Introduction
Authors: Chesterman Simon , Owada Hisashi , Saul Ben 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the growing interest in international law in the Asia and Pacific regions, which has been driven by threats as well as opportunities. On the threat side are transnational challenges such as climate change, environmental harms, forced displacement, persistent poverty, human rights violations and international crimes, and terrorism. Meanwhile, opportunities include economic integration, human development, and the proliferation of specialized branches of law as well as dispute settlement mechanisms and institutions. No book has so far covered how Asian and Pacific states as a whole participate in each of the main specialized branches of international law; individually contribute to the making and application of international law on the international plane; and individually implement international law in their national legal systems. This book aims to fill these significant gaps in professional and scholarly knowledge.
Thailand
Authors: Muntarbhorn Vitit 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on international law in Thailand. Siam was one of the original states from the Asian region that took part in the formation of the international legal system, notably the Hague Conference in 1899, which resulted in various treaties on the law of war, followed by the 1907 Hague Conference that resulted in a host of treaties on rules and regulations concerning the conduct of war. It was a member of the League of Nations and contributed to key international developments, such as the evolution of treaties against human trafficking. In the diplomatic juggle to set up the United Nations after the Second World War, Thailand sought membership, played its hand diplomatically, and gained admission. It was also one of the founders of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967, and it was one of the key players that brought peace to Cambodia and the region in the 1990s.
Singapore
Authors: Thio Li-Ann , Tan Kevin YL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses international law in Singapore, looking at Singapore’s role in international and regional organizations like the UN and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and particularly at the role played by key Singaporean representatives in these organizations. From its earliest days, Singapore committed itself to being an active player in the international community. At the UN, its permanent representatives displayed extraordinary diplomatic acumen and capability and were prominent in key meetings and deliberations. Meanwhile, throughout its history, Singapore has been one of ASEAN’s strongest advocates and supporters. The chapter then considers how international law is implemented in Singapore by domestic tribunals and by Parliament and discusses the implementation of human rights norms in the context of state imperatives concerning human welfare and development.
Viet Nam
Authors: Yen Trinh Hai 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores international law in Viet Nam. It is difficult to comprehensively conceptualize international law in Viet Nam’s legal system. There is no formal documentation concerning two of the main sources of public international law: international custom and general principles of law. Treaties, by contrast, are dealt with in great detail. Viet Nam adopts a modified monist approach by maintaining the primacy of the Constitution and the priority of treaties and incorporating treaties into the muninipal law on a case-by-case basis. The use of treaties in Viet Nam can be divided into two phases: (i) colonial times and (ii) since independence in 1945 when modern Viet Nam, proactively relying on international law in the quest for ultimate independence and unification in 1975 and since, started a period of robust engagement in the international legal order. The chapter finally looks at Viet Nam’s current practice of concluding and enforcing treaties.
Nepal
Authors: Upreti Pratyush Nath , Subedi Surya P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at international law in Nepal. Nepal has had more than its fair share of internal political upheavals. In the latter part of the twentieth century, this history was complemented by a diverse set of interactions with the United Nations and the regimes negotiated under its auspices. These interactions with the outside world and international law have tended to pursue three objectives: first, asserting and protecting Nepal’s freedom of action and maintaining its own equilibrium vis-à-vis its two larger neighbours, China and India; second, economic development; and third, promoting liberal democratic values underpinned by human rights and the rule of law. After reviewing this historical background, the chapter then considers the application of international law in the Nepalese legal system as well as the specific ways in which international law has been used in Nepalese politics to bridge normative gaps, in the context of hydro-diplomacy between India and Nepal and in the context of transit and trade rights.
Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera Amrith Rohan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter assesses international law in Sri Lanka. During the early phase of the post-1945 norm-creating process, Sri Lanka shared with the newly independent Afro-Asian states their collective concerns about ‘an inherited legal order’ of essentially European origin. As the international community expanded with the decolonization process, Sri Lanka played a leadership role with other emerging independent nations of Asia and Africa in helping a new legal order to evolve. The historic Bandung Conference of 1955 was a major landmark in these efforts. A direct outcome of the conference was the formation of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee, which provided a common platform for Asian-African states to articulate their concerns and forge common positions on important international legal initiatives. After reviewing these developments, the chapter discusses Sri Lanka’s role in the United Nations treaty formulation process in the field of the suppression of terrorism.
Australia
Authors: Saul Ben 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies international law in Australia. As a former British colony, Australia received a Western and specifically British tradition of international law, which was initially tied to imperial interests and even the possession of its own colonies in the Pacific. While its international legal personality matured in the 1920s and 1930s, it was only after the Second World War that Australia came to exercise a genuinely independent approach to international law. A hallmark of Australian policy and practice has been a broadly bipartisan political commitment to international law and institutions and to multilateralism, albeit affected by its close alliance with the United States. As a self-described ‘middle power’, Australia views the international legal order as giving it a voice on the international plane, securing its territorial and economic interests, and reflecting the values of the Australian community. Accordingly, Australia participates actively in the various specialized branches of international law and their associated governance mechanisms and dispute resolution procedures, although it occasionally strays from full compliance with its obligations.
The unstructured linker arms of MutL enable GATC site incision beyond roadblocks during initiation of DNA mismatch repair
Authors: Mardenborough Yannicka S N , Nitsenko Katerina , Laffeber Charlie , Duboc Camille , Sahin Enes , Quessada-Vial Audrey , Winterwerp Herrie H K , Sixma Titia K , Kanaar Roland , Friedhoff Peter , Strick Terence R , Lebbink Joyce H G 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDNA mismatch repair (MMR) maintains genome stability through repair of DNA replication errors. In Escherichia coli, initiation of MMR involves recognition of the mismatch by MutS, recruitment of MutL, activation of endonuclease MutH and DNA strand incision at a hemimethylated GATC site. Here, we studied the mechanism of communication that couples mismatch recognition to daughter strand incision. We investigated the effect of catalytically-deficient Cas9 as well as stalled RNA polymerase as roadblocks placed on DNA in between the mismatch and GATC site in ensemble and single molecule nanomanipulation incision assays. The MMR proteins were observed to incise GATC sites beyond a roadblock, albeit with reduced efficiency. This residual incision is completely abolished upon shortening the disordered linker regions of MutL. These results indicate that roadblock bypass can be fully attributed to the long, disordered linker regions in MutL and establish that communication during MMR initiation occurs along the DNA backbone.
LSD 3.0: a comprehensive resource for the leaf senescence research community
Authors: Li Zhonghai , Zhang Yang , Zou Dong , Zhao Yi , Wang Hou-Ling , Zhang Yi , Xia Xinli , Luo Jingchu , Guo Hongwei , Zhang Zhang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The leaf senescence database (LSD) is a comprehensive resource of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and their corresponding mutants. Through manual curation and extensive annotation, we updated the LSD to a new version LSD 3.0, which contains 5853 genes and 617 mutants from 68 species. To provide sustainable and reliable services for the plant research community, LSD 3.0 (https://bigd.big.ac.cn/lsd/) has been moved to and maintained by the National Genomics Data Center at Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the current release, we added some new features: (i) Transcriptome data of leaf senescence in poplar were integrated; (ii) Leaf senescence-associated transcriptome data information in Arabidopsis, rice and soybean were included; (iii) Senescence-differentially expressed small RNAs (Sen-smRNA) in Arabidopsis were identified; (iv) Interaction pairs between Sen-smRNAs and senescence-associated transcription factors (Sen-TF) were established; (v) Senescence phenotypes of 90 natural accessions (ecotypes) and 42 images of ecotypes in Arabidopsis were incorporated; (vi) Mutant seed information of SAGs in rice obtained from Kitbase was integrated; (vii) New options of search engines for ecotypes and transcriptome data were implemented. Together, the updated database bears great utility to continue to provide users with useful resources for studies of leaf senescence.
SilkDB 3.0: visualizing and exploring multiple levels of data for silkworm
Authors: Lu Fang , Wei Zhaoyuan , Luo Yongjiang , Guo Hailong , Zhang Guoqing , Xia Qingyou , Wang Yi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
SilkDB is an open-accessibility database and powerful platform that provides comprehensive information on the silkworm (Bombyx mori) genome. Since SilkDB 2.0 was released 10 years ago, vast quantities of data about multiple aspects of the silkworm have been generated, including genome, transcriptome, Hi-C and pangenome. To visualize data at these different biological levels, we present SilkDB 3.0 (https://silkdb.bioinfotoolkits.net), a visual analytic tool for exploring silkworm data through an interactive user interface. The database contains a high-quality chromosome-level assembly of the silkworm genome, and its coding sequences and gene sets are more accurate than those in the previous version. SilkDB 3.0 provides a view of the information for each gene at the levels of sequence, protein structure, gene family, orthology, synteny, genome organization and gives access to gene expression information, genetic variation and genome interaction map. A set of visualization tools are available to display the abundant information in the above datasets. With an improved interactive user interface for the integration of large data sets, the updated SilkDB 3.0 database will be a valuable resource for the silkworm and insect research community.
Language and Embodied Sexuality
Authors: King Brian W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Embodiment has long been of interest to scholars of language in society, and yet theoretical discussions of the inseparability of language and the body have been paradoxically minimal until quite recently. Focusing on the processes by which sexualized bodies are understood, this chapter examines two research case studies—intersex bodies and male bodies—to outline the ways that language and sexuality scholarship can contribute to knowledge of the confluence of the social and the soma during social interaction. Bodies are both subjective and social: in one sense we have subjective, embodied knowledge of what it means to live in our sexualized bodies and “speak from” them as part of lived experience, and in another sense our bodies are also observed from outside and “spoken about” as sexual. The analysis presented here explores the relationship between physical features of bodies, discourse, language, and power, and links these insights to notions of confluence, demonstrating that bodies can be unruly, obtrusive, overdetermined, and excessive. The chapter considers the implications of this analysis for language use, intelligibility, and sexual agency.
The Gospels and Acts
Authors: Levine Amy-Jill 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Gospels and Acts do not present a single view of either gender or sexuality; inconsistencies appear both within and among this collection. Yet despite these differences, there is a common baseline regarding sexuality, masculinity, and femininity. Consequently, this chapter begins from that baseline and then moves to the several distinct chords and notes struck by each text. The analysis surveys a broad range of topics including celibacy and singleness, marriage and divorce, lust, masturbation, adultery, incest, prostitution, and gender roles, as well as investigation of specific themes in each of the Gospels and Acts.
The General Epistles and Hebrews
Authors: Marquis Timothy Luckritz 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This essay explores how the General Epistles and Hebrews use language of gender, sex, and procreation both to portray and to facilitate the spread of the messages and communities that used and produced them. Insofar as these letters attempt to create a discourse to define a fledgling, international community, the essay draws on Michael Warner’s notion of “publics” and “counterpublics” as groups constituting those individuals who recognize their membership through an intelligible discourse. In the letters, language of fictive procreation depicts itinerant, male preachers and letter-deliverers as fathering new communities (often figured as female), allowing for a novel discourse and community. At the same time, these texts default to using sexualized and gendered tropes common to the wider society to maximize intelligibility to as large as possible an audience. Public-private distinctions map onto a male female spectrum, while deviations from communal teaching become seduction and sexual sin.
Revelation
Authors: Huber Lynn R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Despite much scholarship on Revelation’s feminine imagery, there has been limited attention to how the narrative as a whole participates in constructing the gender identity of its audience(s). Situated within a historical and social context in which ideal personhood was imagined in masculine terms, however, this gender identity is best understood in terms of masculinity, albeit a complexly imagined and anti-imperial masculinity, and as John’s attempt at “making men.” Revelation’s appropriation of the dominant culture’s discourses about masculinity serve as a tool for resisting that culture’s portrayal of the true man as one who succeeds in competition and who finds success in marrying and bearing children. Therefore, John undoes the gender expectations of his context, as he presents his audience a new model for being ideal men, ideal followers of the Lamb.
Jesus
Authors: King Karen L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis essay examines the diverse ways in which representations of Jesus/Christ served as paradigms for authorizing, exemplifying, and promoting early Christian beliefs and practices. It asks how ancients might have read the sex/gender status of Jesus/Christ in such depictions of him as a savvy interlocutor in public debates, an exorcist, an eschatological warrior, the divine Son of God, divine Wisdom, an enthroned imperial ruler, a publicly humiliated and executed criminal, a slave, a homeless man, a mother, a eunuch, the husband of many virgins, a circumcised Jew. Representations of the gender and sexuality of Jesus/Christ appear in resistance to (Roman) violence and injustice; in the cultivation of moral and spiritual selves; in intra-Christian debates regarding sexual ethics; in the promotion of Christian teachings as divinely authoritative; in the polemics of identity formation and boundary setting, especially with regard to Jews; and in theological reflection, especially Christology and ecclesiology.
Thecla
Authors: Kraemer Ross S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Subsequent readers of the Pauline letters found much in them to support both celibacy and noncelibate marriage. A century or so later, someone formulated a tale of an elite young virgin named Thecla, who renounced her engagement and left her family to adopt an ascetic, celibate form of Christian practice preached by Paul. This essay analyzes the treatment of gender and sexuality in the Acts of Thecla with attention to both the ancient narrative itself and scholarly debates. Gender reversal is here central to the critique leveled by the text. Christian women are the ultimate exemplars of masculine morality and piety, compared to whom even Christian men are deficient in this regard—or at least less impressive. The essay also attends to the complex relationship between contemporary theological debates (especially with respect to women’s ordination) and the Thecla narrative as historical precedent.
Mary Magdalene
Authors: Brock Ann Graham 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The New Testament gospels and numerous extracanonical texts portray Mary Magdalene as one of the most significant of Jesus’s disciples, present at Jesus’s crucifixion and primary among the resurrection witnesses. Moreover, many of these ancient sources portray Jesus or heavenly messengers or both commissioning her to tell the other disciples the good news. As a result, many claim apostolic authority for her, and some even call her “apostle of the apostles.” Among key texts that feature her are the Gospel of Philip, Pistis Sophia, and the Manichaean Psalms. She may also be the protagonist in the Gospel of Mary, although a few suppose her to be Mary the Mother or Mary of Bethany. The portrayals of Mary Magdalene often feature her as an especially prominent, outspoken, visionary leader, who, in postresurrection dialogues with Jesus, frequently demonstrates insights beyond other disciples, including Peter, who often challenges her.
Leadership Roles and Early Christian Communities
Authors: Osiek Carolyn 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This essay analyzes evidence for leadership roles of women in early Christianity. Gendered cultural constraints were necessarily at play from the beginning and throughout the development and enactment of leadership structures. Yet women found ways to exercise leadership in a milieu of intertwined and pervasively patriarchal and androcentric cultures—Greek, Jewish, and Roman. The essay argues that any notion of linear development in either direction, toward the “liberation” of women or toward their containment and subordination, does not seem warranted. Rather, the dynamics of both “liberation” and “oppression” and everything in between are to be seen at every level and in every historical period. It explores early Christian women’s roles in the household, in the assembly, as apostles, prophets, and teachers, as martyrs, and as widows and deacons.