bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lean body weight dosing avoids excessive systemic exposure to proton pump inhibitors for children with obesity
Authors: Shakhnovich V. , Abdel‐Rahman S. , Friesen C. A. , Weigel J. , Pearce R. E. , Gaedigk A. , Leeder J. S. , Kearns G. L. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundChildren with obesity are more likely to suffer gastroesophageal reflux disease, requiring acid‐suppression therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and no guidelines regarding dosing.ObjectiveTo prospectively evaluate lean‐body‐weight‐based (LBW) dosing of the PPI pantoprazole for children with and without obesity.MethodsMethods: Sixty‐two children (6–17 years) received a one‐time oral dose of liquid pantoprazole (1.2 mg kg−1 LBW). Plasma pantoprazole concentrations were measured at 10 time points over 8 h and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles generated using non‐compartmental techniques, in order to compare PK parameters of interest between children with and without obesity, while accounting for CYP2C19 genotype.ResultsAdjusted for milligram‐per‐kilogram total body weight (TBW) pantoprazole received, apparent drug clearance (CL/F) was reduced 50% in children with vs. without obesity (p=0.03). LBW‐based dosing compensated for this reduction in CL/F (p = 0.15).ConclusionTo achieve comparable systemic PPI exposures for children with and without obesity, we recommend using LBW, rather than TBW‐based dosing for pantoprazole.
A randomized controlled trial to prevent obesity among Latino paediatric patients
Authors: Crespo N. C. , Talavera G. A. , Campbell N. R. , Shadron L. M. , Behar A. I. , Slymen D. , Ayala G. X. , Wilfley D. , Elder J. P. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundObesity disproportionately affects Latino youth. Community clinics are an important resource, yet there is little evidence for the efficacy of clinic‐based approaches in this population.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a clinic‐based intervention to lower body mass index (BMI) and improve body composition among overweight Latino children.MethodsA randomized trial (2 group × 3 repeated measures) was conducted among 297 randomly sampled, overweight paediatric patients (5–10 years old) and their parents. The 12‐month family‐based culturally tailored behavioural intervention (Luces de Cambio) was based on the ‘traffic light’ concepts to address behaviour change and was delivered by clinic health educators and mid‐level providers. The primary study outcome was child BMI (kg m−2) assessed at baseline, 6‐month (n = 191) and 12‐month (n = 201) post‐baseline. A subsample of the children was examined for overall and site‐specific adiposity using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (n = 79).ResultsThere were no significant intervention effects on child BMI (p > 0.05); however, intervention children showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower total and trunk per cent fat compared with the usual care condition.ConclusionsThe Luces intervention did not reduce child BMI, yet small but significant reductions were observed for child per cent body fat. Further research is needed to identify and reduce barriers to recruitment and participation among Latino families.
Fat trajectory after birth in very preterm infants mimics healthy term infants
Authors: Al‐Theyab N. A. , Donovan T. J. , Eiby Y. A. , Colditz P. B. , Lingwood B. E. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundInfants born very preterm experience poor postnatal growth relative to intrauterine growth, but at term equivalent age, they have increased percentage body fat compared with infants born at term.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess body composition in very preterm infants born before 32 weeks postmenstrual age and to compare this with infants born at 32–36 weeks of gestation.MethodsPercentage fat, fat mass and fat‐free mass were measured in 87 very preterm infants born <32 weeks of gestation and studied at 32–36 weeks and in 88 control infants born at 32–36 weeks of gestation and measured on days 2–5 postnatally.ResultsAt 32–36 weeks, very preterm infants were lighter and shorter, had significantly greater percentage fat and absolute fat mass and had a significantly lower absolute fat‐free mass than the control group. The trajectory in percentage fat over increasing postnatal age in very preterm infants was closely aligned to that in term infants.ConclusionsInfants born very preterm accumulate fat rapidly after birth and have a deficit in fat‐free mass. Fat accumulation may be triggered by birth or associated events. If this rapid fat accretion is not taken into account, assessment of growth based on weight alone will underestimate the deficit in fat‐free mass.
A statistical model for the failure of glass plates due to nickel sulfide inclusions
Authors: Bonati Antonio , Pisano Gabriele , Royer Carfagni Gianni 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNickel Sulfide (NiS) inclusions can provoke the rupture of thermally treated glass due to a phase transformation with volume increase that stresses the surrounding glass. Starting from a Pareto statistics for the population of inclusion sizes, from an assumed kinetics of the phase transformation, a micro‐mechanically motivated model provides the statistical characterization of the probability of spontaneous failure of glass during lifetime. A distinction based upon the composition of NiS is used to discuss the effects of the heat soak test (HST), where glass remains at high temperature for a certain time to speed‐up the phase transformation and destroy those elements with critical inclusions. Three functions à la Weibull for the probability of spontaneous rupture during lifetime are theoretically derived for the case of no HST, short HST, and long HST. In particular, the probability of collapse for long HSTs depends upon the holding time in the oven. An explanatory example shows the potentiality of the model for optimizing the HST parameters toward a target probability of failure, but experimental campaigns are needed for a proper calibration.
From Gondwana to GAARlandia: Evolutionary history and biogeography of ogre‐faced spiders (Deinopis)
Authors: Chamberland Lisa , McHugh Anne , Kechejian Sarah , Binford Greta J. , Bond Jason E. , Coddington Jonathan , Dolman Gaynor , Hamilton Chris A. , Harvey Mark S. , Kuntner Matjaž , Agnarsson Ingi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimWe explore the evolutionary history of the ogre‐faced spiders (Deinopis) from their Early Cretaceous origins to present day. Specifically, we investigate how vicariance and dispersal have shaped distribution patterns of this lineage. Within the Caribbean, we test the role of GAARlandia, a hypothesized land bridge that connected South America to the Greater Antilles during the Eocene–Oligocene transition (~35–33 Ma), in the biogeography of Deinopis.TaxonAraneae: Deinopidae: Deinopis.LocationCaribbean islands, with additional global exemplars.MethodsCombining standard Sanger sequence data with an Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) phylogenomic dataset, we use Bayesian inference to estimate the phylogenetic relationships of Deinopis. “BioGeoBEARS” is used to test the GAARlandia hypothesis, and to pinpoint major dispersal events in the biogeographic history of Deinopis.ResultsThe phylogeny supports the nesting of a Caribbean clade within a continental grade. Model comparisons indicate GAARlandia as the best fitting model, and the biogeographic analyses reflect the geologic history within the Caribbean. Ancient and recent overwater dispersal events are also indicated within this lineage. There is also an ancient 113 Ma split into Old and New World clades.Main ConclusionsThe Deinopis phylogeny corresponds well with geography. This is reflected in the support for the GAARlandia land bridge hypothesis and the phylogenetic relationships within and among Caribbean islands mirroring nuances of Caribbean geologic history. Overwater dispersal also plays an important role in the biogeographic history of this lineage as implicated in the colonization of the volcanic and sedimentary Lesser Antilles and in a “reverse” colonization of North America. The spider family Deinopidae is an ancient lineage with origins dating back to Gondwana. While overwater dispersal has clearly played a role in the biogeography of the genus, the Deinopis phylogeny bears a strong signature of ancient geological events.
Geographical and temporal origins of terrestrial vertebrates endemic to Taiwan
Authors: He Jiekun , Gao Zefang , Su Yuanyuan , Lin Siliang , Jiang Haisheng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimPhylogeographical studies of Taiwan have advanced our knowledge of the origins of its fauna, but the discrepancies raise issues related to the interpretation of single‐taxon studies. Here, we provide a synthesis of the biogeographical histories of multiple terrestrial vertebrates endemic to Taiwan and infer the colonization processes within the context of geological and climatic events.LocationTaiwan and neighbouring land masses.TaxonTerrestrial vertebrates.MethodsWe conducted a meta‐analysis of 28 phylogenetic studies of 33 endemic Taiwanese terrestrial vertebrates to summarize the insights into their source regions and divergence times. We used dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis models to reconstruct the ancestral ranges of 54 endemic species based on a recently published time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree. By constructing a frequency histogram that quantified the number and timing of divergence events within 1 Myr bins, we inferred the spatiotemporal colonization patterns of endemic Taiwanese species.ResultsThe results from 28 phylogenetic studies revealed that South China is the main source region of endemic Taiwanese species. However, based on a more comprehensive time tree, the ancestral area reconstruction analyses indicated that endemic species are predominately of Eastern Himalayan origin. Both datasets highlighted a temporal pattern that the majority of colonization events of terrestrial vertebrates endemic to Taiwan occurred from the early Pliocene (c. 5 Ma) onwards, and these events were temporally congruent with the geological estimates of the emergence of Taiwan Island.Main conclusionsTerrestrial vertebrates endemic to Taiwan reached the island over the last 5 Myr from a variety of zoogeographical regions. In contrast to the traditional notion, the Eastern Himalayas is the most important source region of endemic Taiwanese species, followed by South China and Indochina. In addition to the land bridge, transoceanic dispersal provided another potential mode for species to colonize Taiwan.
Automated detection of repetitive focal activations in persistent atrial fibrillation: Validation of a novel detection algorithm and application through panoramic and sequential mapping
Authors: Honarbakhsh Shohreh , Schilling Richard J. , Providencia Rui , Keating Emily , Sporton  Simon , Lowe Martin , Lambiase Pier D. , Chow Anthony , Earley Mark J. , Hunter Ross J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionIdentifying drivers in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) remains challenging. We sought to validate an automated system for detection of focal activation using basket and PentaRay catheters in AF.MethodsPatients having ablation for atrial tachycardia (AT) and persistent AF were mapped. Thirty‐second unipolar basket and PentaRay recordings were analyzed using CARTOFINDER. Focal activation or “region of interest” (ROI) was defined as more than or equal to 2 consecutive focal activations with one electrode leading relative to its neighbors with QS morphology on the unipolar electrogram. ROI was validated in AT. AF patients were mapped to (1) look for evidence of focal activations on wavefront maps, (2) evaluate whether these were detected as ROI on basket recordings, and (3) whether these sites could be identified on sequential PentaRay recordings.ResultsROIs were identified in five focal ATs but none of 16 reentrant ATs. Twenty‐eight AF patients had 35 focal drivers identified from basket wavefront maps with an ablation response in all (16 cycle length slowing and 19 AF termination). Thirty focal activations were detected on basket ROI maps (86%). Twenty‐three of 28 patients had sequential PentaRay mapping and 22 of 30 focal drivers in these patients (73%) were identified as ROI. These drivers had greater temporal stability (3.6 ± 0.6 vs 2.7 ± 0.6; P < 0.001), higher recurrence rate (12.4 ± 2.7 vs 7.2 ± 0.9;
P < 0.001), and more frequently were associated with AF termination (
P < 0.001) compared with those not identified as ROI.ConclusionsFocal activations can be detected in AF using sequential recordings. The ablation response at focal sources suggests they may be viable therapeutic targets.
The value of ablation parameter indices for predicting mature atrial scar formation in humans: An in vivo assessment using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Chubb Henry , Lal Kulvinder , Kiedrowicz Radoslaw , Karim Rashed , Williams Steven E. , Harrison James , Whitaker John , Wright Matthew , Razavi Reza , O’Neill Mark 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe VisiTag module (CARTO3) provides an objective assessment of radiofrequency (RF) ablation parameters. This study aimed to determine the predictive value and optimal VisiTag threshold settings for prediction of gaps in mature atrial scar, as assessed non‐invasively using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.MethodsTwenty‐four subjects (11 paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) underwent first‐time RF ablation with operators blinded to VisiTag data. Three‐dimensional late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) CMR scans were performed at 3 months (1.3 × 1.3 × 4 mm3). A survey of UK operators defined the standard VisiTag settings (“Force,” 8 g; “Time,” 10 seconds; “Percentage Time,” 50%; “Range,” 3 mm; “Impedance” and “Temperature” “off”). Each ablation procedure was exported 27 times, varying single VisiTag parameters from default values. The presence of gaps in VisiTag markers (18 sectors) was assessed for each export and compared with gaps in CMR enhancement.ResultsAt default settings, VisiTag gaps were specific (97.5%) but less sensitive (50.4%) for CMR gaps. Sensitivity improved at higher thresholds (89.2% at 20 g, 85.6% at 30 seconds, 88.5% impedance 10 Ω, 92.8% temperature 42°C), but with a lower positive predictive value (PPV) (42.3%, 42.7%, 41.1%, and 37.7%, respectively, vs 90.9% at baseline). “Force” thresholds demonstrated stable PPV from 2 to 8 g (P = 0.24), but a rapid fall at forces more than 10 g. The binomial logistic regression model explained 41.7% of gaps;
χ
2(4), 148;
P < 0.0001, correctly classifying 82% of cases (specificity 94.9%, sensitivity 56.8%).ConclusionGaps in VisiTags predict gaps in CMR LGE enhancement with high specificity at default settings. Sensitivity may be improved using more stringent thresholds but at the potential cost of unnecessary ablation, particularly when a force more than 10 g is stipulated.
Young bone marrow Sca‐1 cells protect aged retina from ischaemia‐reperfusion injury through activation of FGF2
Authors: Shao Zhengbo , Wu Jie , Du Guoqing , Song Huifang , Li Shu‐Hong , He Sheng , Li Jiao , Wu Jun , Weisel Richard D. , Yuan Huiping , Li Ren‐Ke 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRetinal ganglion cell apoptosis and optic nerve degeneration are prevalent in aged patients, which may be related to the decrease in bone marrow (BM) stem cell number/function because of the possible cross‐talk between the two organs. This pathological process is accelerated by retinal ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study investigated whether young BM stem cells can regenerate and repair the aged retina after acute I/R injury. Young BM stem cell antigen 1 positive (Sca‐1+) or Sca‐1− cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated aged recipient mice to generate Sca‐1+ and Sca‐1− chimaeras, respectively. The animals were housed for 3 months to allow the young Sca‐1 cells to repopulate in the BM of aged mice. Retinal I/R was then induced by elevation of intraocular pressure. Better preservation of visual function was found in Sca‐1+ than Sca‐1− chimaeras 7 days after injury. More Sca‐1+ cells homed to the retina than Sca‐1− cells and more cells differentiated into glial and microglial cells in the Sca‐1+ chimaeras. After injury, Sca‐1+ cells in the retina reduced host cellular apoptosis, which was associated with higher expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in the Sca‐1+ chimaeras. Young Sca‐1+ cells repopulated the stem cells in the aged retina and diminished cellular apoptosis after acute I/R injury through FGF2 and Akt signalling pathways.
Repression of Noxa by Bmi1 contributes to deguelin‐induced apoptosis in non‐small cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Li Wei , Yu Xinfang , Xia Zhenkun , Yu Xinyou , Xie Li , Ma Xiaolong , Zhou Huiling , Liu Lijun , Wang Jian , Yang Yifeng , Liu Haidan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDeguelin, a natural rotenoid isolated from several plants, has been reported to exert anti‐tumour effects in various cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of this regulation remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that deguelin inhibited the growth of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells both in vitro and in vivo by downregulation of Bmi1 expression. Our data showed that Bmi1 is highly expressed in human NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of Bmi1 significantly suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and colony formation. Deguelin treatment attenuated the binding activity of Bmi1 to the Noxa promoter, thus resulting in Noxa transcription and apoptosis activation. Knockdown of Bmi1 promoted Noxa expression and enhanced deguelin‐induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of Bmi1 down‐regulated Noxa protein level and deguelin‐induced apoptosis. Overall, our study demonstrated a novel apoptotic mechanism for deguelin to exert its anti‐tumour activity in NSCLC cells.
Predation risk determines pigmentation phenotype in nuthatches by melanin‐related gene expression effects
Authors: Galván Ismael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPigments determine the appearance of organisms. However, pigment production can be associated with physiological constraints as in the case of pheomelanin, the sulphurated form of melanin whose synthesis in melanocytes consumes cysteine and consequently reduces the availability of glutathione (GSH) to exert antioxidant protection. Pheomelanogenesis may thus increase the susceptibility to suffer chronic oxidative stress. I investigated the possibility that environmental lability in the expression of genes regulating pheomelanogenesis protects from oxidative stress, a situation in which GSH is most required. By broadcasting adult alarm calls, I manipulated the perception of predation risk, a natural source of oxidative stress, in free‐living Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europaea nestlings developing pheomelanin‐pigmented flank feathers. The manipulation affected the consumption of GSH that resulted from the expression of two genes (Slc7a11 and Slc45a2) influencing cysteine/GSH availability in cells, as these genes were down‐regulated in the feather melanocytes of the nestlings with lowest intracellular antioxidant capacity (i.e. lowest GSH levels). Systemic oxidative damage increased with Slc7a11 expression in feather melanocytes, suggesting that the observed down‐regulation was physiologically advantageous. The nestlings exposed to an increased perception of predation risk developed flank feathers of reduced colour intensity. These results indicate that perceived predation risk can determine the pigmentation phenotype by (probably epigenetic) effects on gene expression that protect from physiological constraints imposed by pheomelanin production.
Moral management in competitive markets
Authors: Martin Steve 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe intrinsic motivation of a firm’s management for engaging in prosocial behavior is an important determinant of a firm’s social conduct. I provide the first model in which firms run by morally motivated managers engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a competitive setting. Moral management crowds out a competitor’s strategic CSR, increasing profitability and leading shareholders to strategically delegate moral managers, although necessary for socially optimal CSR is that shareholders be morally motivated as well. Shareholders appoint managers that engage in a socially excessive amount of CSR, counter to existing literature, whenever product‐market competition is sufficiently intense.
Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes
Authors: Adl Sina M. , Bass David , Lane Christopher E. , Lukeš Julius , Schoch Conrad L. , Smirnov Alexey , Agatha Sabine , Berney Cedric , Brown Matthew W. , Burki Fabien , Cárdenas Paco , Čepička Ivan , Chistyakova Lyudmila , del Campo Javier , Dunthorn Micah , Edvardsen Bente , Eglit Yana , Guillou Laure , Hampl Vladimír , Heiss Aaron A. , Hoppenrath Mona , James Timothy Y. , Karnkowska Anna , Karpov Sergey , Kim Eunsoo , Kolisko Martin , Kudryavtsev Alexander , Lahr Daniel J.G. , Lara Enrique , Le Gall Line , Lynn Denis H. , Mann David G. , Massana Ramon , Mitchell Edward A.D. , Morrow Christine , Park Jong Soo , Pawlowski Jan W. , Powell Martha J. , Richter Daniel J. , Rueckert Sonja , Shadwick Lora , Shimano Satoshi , Spiegel Frederick W. , Torruella Guifré , Youssef Noha , Zlatogursky Vasily , Zhang Qianqian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis revision of the classification of eukaryotes follows that of Adl et al., 2012 [J. Euk. Microbiol. 59(5)] and retains an emphasis on protists. Changes since have improved the resolution of many nodes in phylogenetic analyses. For some clades even families are being clearly resolved. As we had predicted, environmental sampling in the intervening years has massively increased the genetic information at hand. Consequently, we have discovered novel clades, exciting new genera and uncovered a massive species level diversity beyond the morphological species descriptions. Several clades known from environmental samples only have now found their home. Sampling soils, deeper marine waters and the deep sea will continue to fill us with surprises. The main changes in this revision are the confirmation that eukaryotes form at least two domains, the loss of monophyly in the Excavata, robust support for the Haptista and Cryptista. We provide suggested primer sets for DNA sequences from environmental samples that are effective for each clade. We have provided a guide to trophic functional guilds in an appendix, to facilitate the interpretation of environmental samples, and a standardized taxonomic guide for East Asian users.
Development of a VP38 recombinant protein‐based indirect ELISA for detection of antibodies against grass carp reovirus genotype II (iELISA for detection of antibodies against GCRV II)
Authors: Zeng Weiwei , Wang Yingying , Guo Yanmin , Bergmann Sven M. , Yin Jiyuan , Li Yingying , Ren Yan , Shi Cunbin , Wang Qing 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrently, serological assays for grass carp reovirus genotype II (GCRV‐II) diagnosis are not available. In this study, an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against GCRV‐II was developed. The structural protein VP38 of GCRV‐II was used as the coating antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against IgM of grass carp labelled with HRP were used as a secondary antibody. The antigen concentration and serum dilution were optimized using chess board titration. Furthermore, the specificity of indirect ELISA assay was confirmed by cross check with sera positive for other grass carp pathogens. In comparison with results obtained from indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot by testing of 60 serum samples to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA, agreement between 90% and 96.7% was reached, respectively. A serological survey was performed using the assay with grass carp field serum samples. The seropositive rate of the 242 serum samples was 69.8%. In conclusion, the developed indirect ELISA is a very specific and sensitive test that will be useful for large‐scale serological surveys to detect indirectly GCRV II infections as well as to monitor the changes of antibody level after immunization.