bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyhydroxyalkanoate coatings restrict moisture uptake and associated loss of barrier properties of thermoplastic starch films
Authors: Dilkes‐Hoffman Leela S. , Pratt Steven , Lant Paul A. , Levett Ian , Laycock Bronwyn 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThis work investigates the use of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) films as moisture barriers for thermoplastic starch (TPS) films, to produce biodegradable, multi‐layer materials with high gas barrier properties. This is a necessary extension to the limited work available on this topic and confirms that PHAs are suitable coating materials for TPS films intended for use in food packaging. Under storage conditions of up to 75% relative humidity (RH) for 2 weeks, a PHA coating maintained the moisture content (MC) of the TPS below the point at which its barrier properties were detrimentally affected. Furthermore, for PHBV coating thicknesses of 91–115 μm, the MC of the TPS remains significantly lower than uncoated TPS for the duration of the experiment (>25 days). The flux of water into the coated TPS fit to a model based on Fick's law. However, when the multi‐layered films were stored at 95% RH delamination occurred within 24 h. Preliminary investigation into possible material design improvements showed that the addition of a small amount of PHA to the TPS layer prolonged the time to delamination. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46379.
A CD8α− Subset of CD4+SLAMF7+ Cytotoxic T Cells Is Expanded in Patients With IgG4‐Related Disease and Decreases Following Glucocorticoid Treatment
Authors: Della‐Torre Emanuel , Bozzalla‐Cassione Emanuele , Sciorati Clara , Ruggiero Eliana , Lanzillotta Marco , Bonfiglio Silvia , Mattoo Hamid , Perugino Cory A. , Bozzolo Enrica , Rovati Lucrezia , Arcidiacono Paolo Giorgio , Balzano Gianpaolo , Lazarevic Dejan , Bonini Chiara , Falconi Massimo , Stone John H. , Dagna Lorenzo , Pillai Shiv , Manfredi Angelo A. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveAn unconventional population of CD4+ signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7–positive (SLAMF7+) cytotoxic effector memory T (TEM) cells (CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]) has been linked causally to IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD). Glucocorticoids represent the first‐line therapeutic approach in patients with IgG4‐RD, but their mechanism of action in this specific condition remains unknown. We undertook this study to determine the impact of glucocorticoids on CD4+ CTLs in IgG4‐RD.MethodsExpression of CD8α, granzyme A, perforin, and SLAMF7 within the effector memory compartment of CD45RO+ (TEM) and CD45RA+ effector memory T (TEMRA) CD4+ cells was quantified by flow cytometry in 18 patients with active IgG4‐RD, both at baseline and after 6 months of glucocorticoid treatment. Eighteen healthy subjects were studied as controls. Next‐generation sequencing of the T cell receptor α‐ and β‐chain gene was performed on circulating CD4+ CTLs from patients with IgG4‐RD before and after treatment and in affected tissues.ResultsCirculating CD4+ TEM and TEMRA cells were not expanded in IgG4‐RD patients compared to healthy controls. CD4+SLAMF7+ TEM cells (but not TEMRA cells) were significantly increased among IgG4‐RD patients. Within CD4+SLAMF7+ TEM cells, CD8α− cells but not CD8αlow cells were elevated in IgG4‐RD patients. The same dominant clones of CD8α−CD4+SLAMF7+ TEM cells found in peripheral blood were also identified in affected tissue. CD8α− and CD8αlowCD4+SLAMF7+ TEM cells both expressed cytolytic molecules. Clonally expanded CD8α− but not CD8αlowCD4+SLAMF7+ TEM cells decreased following glucocorticoid‐induced disease remission.ConclusionA subset of CD8α−CD4+SLAMF7+ cytotoxic TEM cells is oligoclonally expanded in patients with active IgG4‐RD. This TEM cell population contracts following glucocorticoid‐induced remission. Further characterization of this cell population may provide prognostic information and targets for therapeutic intervention.
„Der erste zu sein.“[1] – Über den ersten Medizinnobelpreis für Emil von Behring im Jahr 1901
Authors: Enke Ulrike 
Published: March 2018

Abstract“To be the first one.” – On the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Emil von Behring in 1901. The German immunologist Emil von Behring (1854–1917) is the first Nobel Prize laureate in physiology or medicine. Behring received the award in 1901 “for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria” (official prize motivation). Behring's name was strongly connected with progress in the field of diphtheria research through various publications. This study contextualizes the awarding of Behring and shows that not only significant scientific and practical results made him primus inter pares in the eyes of the Nobel committee, but also factors like Behring's representation in the daily press and the broad public interest in diphtheria research. After the beginning of the industrial serum production in 1894, Behring was not only a “visible scientist” (Massimiano Bucchi), he was also portrayed as the “savior of the children” and so ranked among the “great men” (Michael Gamper) of his era. The paper argues that his public visibility and the popularity of “Behring's Diphtherie‐Heilmittel” became a strong argument in favor of Behring during the selection process of the first Nobel laureate. The first part of the paper discusses the Nobel Prize nomination procedure from the views of the scientific community. Drawing on personal papers of the extended Behring Archives, the second part focusses on Behring from a private perspective and sheds light on the meaning and importance of the award for Behring and his family.
Hydrothermal growth of Zn2SnO4:Eu,Ca for red emission
Authors: Chembanthodi Kuttykrishnan Krishna Sagar , Mohammed Junaid Bushiri 
Published: March 2018

AbstractZinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) and Zn2SnO4 codoped with Eu3+ and Ca2+ (ZTO:Eu,Ca) were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX), Raman spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometers. PL analysis of Zn2SnO4 gives broad defect induced emission in the region 500–750 nm. The crystal structure of Zn2SnO4 was retained even with a nominal doping of Eu, Ca and its combination in the Zn2SnO4. The Eu3+ ions were found to occupy the non‐centrosymmetric sites of the Zn2SnO4 and gave emissions at 592, 615 and 702 nm. Zn2SnO4:Eu,Ca showed red emission at 615 nm attributed to the electronic transition from the excited state 5D0 → 7F2 of the 4f6 configuration of Eu3+. Nominal codoping of Eu3+ and Ca2+ ions promoted the quenching of orange emission from Eu3+ in Zn2SnO4:Eu,Ca.
Highly selective and sensitive coumarin–triazole‐based fluorometric ‘turn‐off’ sensor for detection of Pb2+ ions
Authors: Shaily  , Kumar Ajay , Parveen Iram , Ahmed Naseem 
Published: March 2018

AbstractExposure to even very low concentrations of Pb2+ is known to cause cardiovascular, neurological, developmental, and reproductive disorders, and affects children in particular more severely. Consequently, much effort has been dedicated to the development of colorimetric and fluorescent sensors that can selectively detect Pb2+ ions. Here, we describe the development of a triazole‐based fluorescent sensor L5 for Pb2+ ion detection. The fluorescence intensity of chemosensor L5 was selectively quenched by Pb2+ ions and a clear color change from colorless to yellow could be observed by the naked eye. Chemosensor L5 exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity towards Pb2+ ions in phosphate‐buffered solution [20 mM, 1:9 DMSO/H2O (v/v), pH 8.0] with a 1:1 binding stoichiometry, a detection limit of 1.9 nM and a 6.76 × 106 M−1 binding constant. Additionally, low‐cost and easy‐to‐prepare test strips impregnated with chemosensor L5 were also produced for efficient of Pb2+ detection and proved the practical use of this test.
Simultaneous determination of residues of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in tobacco leaf and soil using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Meng Banghua , Yu Yurong , Zhang Qingtao , Wang Shouyi , Hu Deyu , Zhang Kankan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA simple analytical method was developed to simultaneously determine thiamethoxam and its metabolite, clothianidin, in fresh tobacco leaf, soil and cured tobacco leaf using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin in tobacco and soil samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid and purified using an NH2‐SPE column. The optimized method provided good linearity with coefficients of determination R2 ≥ 0.9981. The limits of detection and quantification were between 0.006–0.12 and 0.02–0.4 mg/kg, respectively. Intra‐ and inter‐day recovery assays were used to validate the established method. The average recoveries of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in fresh tobacco leaf, soil and cured tobacco leaf were 75.04–100.47%, 75.86–86.40% and 89.83–99.39%, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations were all <9%. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of thiamethoxam and clothianidin residues in actual tobacco and soil samples. The results indicated that the established method met the requirements for the analysis of trace amounts of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in fresh tobacco leaf, soil and cured tobacco leaf.
Threshold Flux for Vacuum Membrane Distillation to Concentrate Herbal Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Pan Linmei , Zhou Jing , Yang Chen , Zhu Huaxu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractVacuum membrane distillation (VMD) is considered an effective method for concentration of herbal aqueous solutions (HAS). However, membrane fouling and flux decline are complex problems in such concentration processes. The concept of threshold flux was proposed for optimizing the membrane process. Whether it is useful for guiding optimization of the VMD process on HAS concentration needs further investigation. The Semen Raphani aqueous solution (SRAS) was taken as an example to investigate the membrane flux behavior during SRAS concentration by VMD. The results confirmed that the threshold flux concept is applicable to concentrate HAS by VDM. At or below the threshold flux, the total resistance was independent of the flux, while above it membrane fouling increased with higher membrane flux. Moreover, limiting the flux should be avoided in the membrane process because of strong fouling and flux decline.
Increasing Porosity of Molded Calcium‐Based Sorbents by Glucose Templating for Cyclic CO2 Capture
Authors: Xu Yongqing , Ding Haoran , Luo Cong , Zheng Ying , Li Xiaoshan , Xu Yang , Zhang Zewu , Zhao Weixian , Zhang Liqi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWith the aim to enhance the CO2 capture capacity and anti‐attrition property of CaO‐based sorbents simultaneously, a novel CaO‐based sphere was prepared by extrusion‐spheronization using Ca(OH)2 powder with glucose templating. The CO2 capture characteristics and attrition resistance property of the sorbent were examined and the microstructure of the sorbents was analyzed. The results demonstrate that the obtained spherical sorbents exhibit an outstanding anti‐attrition performance compared to limestone sorbent. After 100 cycles, all of the templated sorbents hold a CO2 capture capacity of more than one time higher than that of limestone. The optimum templating rate of glucose in the sorbent was 1–5 wt %.
A Capping Step During Automated Glycan Assembly Enables Access to Complex Glycans in High Yield
Authors: Yu Yang , Kononov Andrew , Delbianco Martina , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe products of multi‐step automated solid phase syntheses are purified after release from the resin. Capping of unreacted nucleophiles is commonplace in automated oligonucleotide synthesis to minimize accumulation of deletion sequences. To date, capping was not used routinely during automated glycan assembly (AGA) since previous capping protocols suffered from long reaction times and conditions incompatible with some protective groups. Here, a method using methanesulfonic acid and acetic anhydride for the fast and quantitative capping of hydroxyl groups that failed to be glycosylated is reported. Commonly used protective groups in AGA are stable under these capping conditions. The introduction of a capping step into the coupling cycle drastically improved overall yields by decreasing side‐products and simplifying purification, while reducing building block consumption. To illustrate the method, the biologically important tetrasaccharide Lc4, as well as a 50‐mer polymannoside were prepared.
Left hippocampal dosimetry correlates with visual and verbal memory outcomes in survivors of pediatric brain tumors
Authors: Zureick Andrew H. , Evans Casey L. , Niemierko Andrzej , Grieco Julie A. , Nichols Alexandra J. , Fullerton Barbara C. , Hess Clayton B. , Goebel Claire P. , Gallotto Sara L. , Weyman Elizabeth A. , Gaudet Dillon E. , Nartowicz Jessica A. , Ebb David H. , Jones Robin M. , MacDonald Shannon M. , Tarbell Nancy J. , Yock Torunn I. , Pulsifer Margaret B. 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUNDRadiotherapy (RT) in the pediatric brain tumor population causes late neurocognitive effects. In the current study, the authors investigated associations between clinical and dosimetric risk factors and memory outcomes in a cohort of patients treated with proton radiotherapy (PRT).METHODSA total of 70 patients (median age at PRT, 12.1 years [range, 5.0‐22.5 years]) who were treated with PRT were identified with baseline and follow‐up evaluations of visual and verbal memory (Children's Memory Scale and the third edition of the Wechsler Memory Scale). Whole‐brain as well as bilateral hippocampal and temporal lobe contours were delineated for the calculation of dosimetric indices. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess associations of score changes over time with clinical factors and dosimetric indices.RESULTSThe median neurocognitive follow‐up was 3.0 years (range, 1.1‐11.4 years). For the entire cohort, delayed and immediate verbal memory scaled scores demonstrated small declines. The mean decline for delayed verbal memory scores was 0.6 (P = .01), and that for immediate verbal memory scores was 0.5 (P = .06). Immediate and delayed visual memory scores were not found to change significantly (+0.1 and ‐0.3, respectively; P>.30). A higher left hippocampal V20GyE (percentage of the volume of a particular anatomical region receiving at least a 20 gray equivalent) was correlated with a score decline in all 4 measures. Female sex was found to be predictive of lower delayed verbal memory follow‐up scores (P = .035).CONCLUSIONSOnly delayed verbal memory scores were found to have declined statistically significantly at follow‐up after PRT, reflecting some weakness in verbal memory retrieval. Given a correlation of left hippocampal dosimetry and memory outcomes after PRT, left hippocampal‐sparing PRT plans may assist patients with pediatric brain tumors in preserving memory‐retrieval abilities. Cancer 2018;124:2238‐45. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Substrate‐Induced Phase of a Benzothiophene Derivative Detected by Mid‐Infrared and Lattice Phonon Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Schrode Benedikt , Jones Andrew O. F. , Resel Roland , Bedoya Natalia , Schennach Robert , Geerts Yves Henri , Ruzié Christian , Sferrazza Michele , Brillante Aldo , Salzillo Tommaso , Venuti Elisabetta 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe presence of a substrate‐induced polymorph of 2,7‐dioctyloxy[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene is probed in microscopic crystals and in thin films. Two experimental techniques are used: lattice phonon Raman and IR spectroscopy. The bulk crystal and substrate‐induced phase have an entirely different molecular packing, and therefore, their Raman spectra are characteristic fingerprints of the respective polymorphs. These spectra can be unambiguously assigned to the individual polymorphs. Drop‐cast and spin‐coated thin films on solid substrates are investigated in the as‐prepared state and after solvent‐vapor annealing. Because Raman spectroscopy is less sensitive with decreasing film thickness, IR spectroscopy is shown to be a more feasible tool for phase detection. The surface‐induced phase is mainly present in the as‐prepared thin films, whereas the bulk phase is present after solvent‐vapor annealing. This result suggests that the surface‐induced phase is a metastable polymorph.
Testing ontogenetic patterns of sexual size dimorphism against expectations of the expensive tissue hypothesis, an intraspecific example using oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau)
Authors: Dornburg Alex , Warren Dan L. , Zapfe Katerina L. , Morris Richard , Iglesias Teresa L. , Lamb April , Hogue Gabriela , Lukas Laura , Wong Richard 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTrade‐offs associated with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) are well documented across the Tree of Life. However, studies of SSD often do not consider potential investment trade‐offs between metabolically expensive structures under sexual selection and other morphological modules. Based on the expectations of the expensive tissue hypothesis, investment in one metabolically expensive structure should come at the direct cost of investment in another. Here, we examine allometric trends in the ontogeny of oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) to test whether investment in structures known to have been influenced by strong sexual selection conform to these expectations. Despite recovering clear changes in the ontogeny of a sexually selected trait between males and females, we find no evidence for predicted ontogenetic trade‐offs with metabolically expensive organs. Our results are part of a growing body of work demonstrating that increased investment in one structure does not necessarily drive a wholesale loss of mass in one or more organs.
Flood regimes driving vegetation and bird community transitions in semiarid floodplain woodlands
Authors: McGinness Heather M. , Arthur Anthony D. , Davies Micah 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWater resource development in many parts of the world has resulted in serious reductions in the frequency, extent, and duration with which floodplain woodlands are inundated, resulting in significant habitat change and loss of productivity. Yet few studies have attempted to assess the effects of different flood regimes upon floodplain vegetation and fauna communities together, particularly during the terrestrial phase. We use new space‐for‐time substitution data from south‐eastern Australia to describe the nature of Eucalyptus largiflorens floodplain woodland communities under different flood regimes, from which inferences may be made about the consequences of water management decisions. We explore the hypothesis that differences in flood regime drive dissimilarities in vegetation structure and condition as well as variation in woodland bird abundance. Overall, insufficient flooding was associated with degradation of floodplain woodland condition and structure, as well as shifts in the relative abundance of key woodland bird groups. The results suggest that changes in flooding frequency are associated with significant shifts in site character and ultimately transitions in community composition, even within the same broad vegetation type. Importantly, these transitions are the result of interactions between water availability, vegetation changes, fauna habitat preferences, and interspecific interference competition. In addition, they indicate the influence of altered flood regimes upon terrestrial fauna of floodplain ecosystems rather than just aquatic components—a link that is relatively neglected by both scientists and managers to‐date. Such transitions and links have far‐reaching implications for ecosystem function at multiple scales and for how floodplains are understood, valued, and managed.
Effect of Residual Lithium Rearrangement on Ni‐rich Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Jun‐Ho , Choi Byungjin , Kang Yoon‐Sok , Park Seong Yong , Yun Dong Jin , Park Insun , Shim Jae Ha , Park Jin‐Hwan , Han Heung Nam , Park Kwangjin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA water washing process can effectively reduce the presence of residual lithium with minimal effect on lithium‐ion battery cell performance. We investigated the effects of varying the amount of water used for washing and the temperature used to evaporate the water on Li1.00Ni0.80Co0.15Mn0.05O2. The residual lithium decreased and the cell performance deteriorated as the amount of water used for washing was increased from 0.7 to 5 times the amount of active material. The temperature at which the active material was dried after washing had a considerable effect on the reformation of the residual lithium layer after heat treatment. A ratio of water/active material of 1:1 and a drying temperature of 120 °C were selected as the optimal washing conditions, achieving a residual lithium content of less than 1000 ppm with minimum deterioration in cell performance; as a result of the treatment, the total volume of gas evolution was reduced by 25 %.
Development of a pendant experiment using melt indexer for correlation with the large‐size dripping in the UL‐94 test
Authors: Wang Yong , Kang Wendong , Zhang Xiaoyu , Chen Chao , Sun Peipei , Zhang Feng , Li Shaoxiang 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe dripping phenomena affect fire hazards significantly. In the UL‐94 test, the dripping has been classified into the small‐size dripping due to surface melting and the large‐size dripping originating from bulk softening. Both types of dripping result from the gravity resisted by the forces including the viscous force. Based on the mechanical mechanism, a pendant experiment to reflect the ability of polymer melt to resist the gravity and a simple model equation were developed. The pendant experimental data of 7 polymers verified the model equation, and the regressed model parameter values of activation energy were close to reported data to some extent for most polymers. Correlations between the predicted pendant mass and the dripping behavior featured by the maximum drop mass showed that the pendant mass predicted at the glass transition temperature was proportional to the maximum drop mass. For polymers of large‐size dripping, the pendant mass predicted at typical decomposition temperatures such as the onset decomposition temperature was generally proportional to the maximum drop mass. Moreover, the model equation indicated that for the large‐size dripping the product of drop mass and first dripping time should be proportional to the specimen thickness, which was verified by reported dripping data.