bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatially and Temporally Associated Porphyry Deposits with Distinct Cu/Au/Mo Ratios, Woodjam District, Central British Columbia
Authors: Real Irene del , Bouzari Farhad , Rainbow Amelia , Bissig Thomas , Blackwell Jacqueline , Sherlock Ross , Thompson John F.H. , Hart Craig J.R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Woodjam district is a cluster of porphyry Cu-Au deposits of Early Jurassic age (~196 Ma) and is located in the Quesnel terrane in central British Columbia. Porphyry centers include the Southeast zone Cu-Mo porphyry, the Deerhorn and Megabuck Au-Cu porphyries, and the Takom and Three Firs Cu-Au porphyries. The Takomkane batholith, which intruded strata of the Nicola Group and is host to the Southeast zone, has characteristics of a calc-alkalic Cu-Mo porphyry. The Deerhorn, Megabuck, and Takom deposits are centered on narrow monzonite bodies with pencil-like geometries that intruded the Nicola Group volcanic sequence. These small volume intrusions have characteristics of high K calc-alkalic intrusions. The Southeast zone, Deerhorn, Megabuck, and Takom deposits have similar ages and their intrusive units can be divided into two groups with distinct geochemical characteristics. Differences between alteration and mineralization of the deposits are attributed to the magmatic evolution of the system as well as differences in the depth of emplacement and preservation. Based on stratigraphic relationships, the Deerhorn and Megabuck deposits are interpreted to be emplaced at the shallowest structural level in the district and have the highest Au/Cu ratios and the lowest temperature alteration assemblages. The Southeast zone is hosted by the felsic units in the Takomkane batholith and represents the deepest parts of the hydrothermal system. Cu-Au mineralization in the Takom deposit shows characteristics intermediate between the Southeast zone and the Deerhorn deposit. Based on stratigraphic interpretations the difference in depth of emplacement between the Southeast zone and Megabuck is about 1,400 m, with Takom being emplaced about 400 m above the Southeast zone. The Woodjam district illustrates the variety of styles of porphyry mineralization that can form over a restricted time interval (<1 m.y.) within a single district.
Longing for Independence, Yet Depending on Family Support: A Qualitative Analysis of Psychosocial Adaptation of Iranian International Students in Hungary
Authors: Hosseini-Nezhad Sara , Safdar Saba , Nguyen Luu Lan Anh 
Published: July 2019

International students experience psychosocial changes in response to their new environment, and their psychosocial adaptation is facilitated or hindered by various factors. This study aimed to examine the intercultural experiences of Iranian international students in Hungary. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Iranian students in Budapest, Hungary, and a thematic analysis employed to discern and interpret themes within the data. The thematic analysis identified three overarching themes: (1) Sojourn’s Experience as Self-Growth, (2) Uncertainty in Intercultural Interactions, and (3) Striving for Autonomous-Related Self. The data reported that Iranian students experienced more happiness in Hungary than sadness, and their motivation to live independently in Hungary while depending on family support acted as buffers against any negative psychological feelings. The findings of this study underline the significance of independence and family support as the influencing factors for psychosocial adaptation of Iranian students.
Exploring spatial nonstationary environmental effects on Yellow Perch distribution in Lake Erie
Authors: Liu Changdong , Liu Junchao , Jiao Yan , Tang Yanli , Reid Kevin B. 
Published: July 2019

Background
Global regression models under an implicit assumption of spatial stationarity were commonly applied to estimate the environmental effects on aquatic species distribution. However, the relationships between species distribution and environmental variables may change among spatial locations, especially at large spatial scales with complicated habitat. Local regression models are appropriate supplementary tools to explore species-environment relationships at finer scales.

Method
We applied geographically weighted regression (GWR) models on Yellow Perch in Lake Erie to estimate spatially-varying environmental effects on the presence probabilities of this species. Outputs from GWR were compared with those from generalized additive models (GAMs) in exploring the Yellow Perch distribution. Local regression coefficients from the GWR were mapped to visualize spatially-varying species-environment relationships. K-means cluster analyses based on the t-values of GWR local regression coefficients were used to characterize the distinct zones of ecological relationships.

Results
Geographically weighted regression resulted in a significant improvement over the GAM in goodness-of-fit and accuracy of model prediction. Results from the GWR revealed the magnitude and direction of environmental effects on Yellow Perch distribution changed among spatial locations. Consistent species-environment relationships were found in the west and east basins for adults. The different kinds of species-environment relationships found in the central management unit (MU) implied the variation of relationships at a scale finer than the MU.

Conclusions
This study draws attention to the importance of accounting for spatial nonstationarity in exploring species-environment relationships. The GWR results can provide support for identification of unique stocks and potential refinement of the current jurisdictional MU structure toward more ecologically relevant MUs for the sustainable management of Yellow Perch in Lake Erie.
Assessment of Microbial Load of Milk Shakes Available in Various Educational Institutes of Lahore
Authors: Awan Wasim Sajjad , Ahmed Waqas , Iqbal Touseef , Rehman Aniq Ur , Younus Iftikhar , Khan Azmat Ullah , Khan Naveed Shahzad 
Published: July 2019

Background: A milkshake is a delicious and non-carbonated refreshment produced using dairy, frozen flavour related item. The growth of microbes is inevitable in milk shakes when proper hygienic conditions were not maintained. These microbes may produce toxins which are harmful and may lead to food poisoning. This study was established to calculate total plate count (Staphylococcus aureus, Total coliform and Salmonella) present in Apple and Banana milk shakes.
Study Design: The samples from 25 different public and private educational institutes were collected to analyse using pour plate method to determinate total microbial load in apple and banana milk shake.
Results and Discussion: Total plate count in August was significantly higher than in November. In August TPC range of banana shake was between 2.3x107-7.2x107 cfu/ml and respectively in November range between 2.1 x107-6.7 x107cfu/ml. In August TPC range of apple shake between 2.2x107-7.5x107 cfu/ml and respectively in November range between 2.08 x107-6.5 x107cfu/ml. The S. aureus in banana milk shake were positive 19 (76%) in the month of August and 15 (60%) were also positive in the month of November. The S. aureus in apple milk shake were found to be positive 18 (72%) during August and 16 (64%) were also positive during November. The Total coliform count in apple milk shake was positive 16 (64%) in August and 14 (56%) were also positive in November. The total positive coliforms were 15 (64%) in August and 14 (56%) were also positive in November.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed a much higher prevalence of microbial load in banana and apple. We suggested that in most of the samples, the total bacterial load was much higher than recommended by the Gulf standard. So these drinks are not fit for consumption.
Prevalence of Long-acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods and Factors Affecting their Use among Married Women in Akasta Town, North-East Ethiopia
Authors: Temesgen Kibir , Workie Amare , Mulu Yared 
Published: July 2019

Background: Long acting contraception is a human right and is essential to women’s empowerment. It is essential to reduce poverty, promote economic growth, raise female productivity, lower fertility and improve child survival and maternal health. Even though some long acting reversible contraceptive methods are the world’s most prevalent form of reversible contraception, the utilization is very low in sub-Saharan Africa.
Study Aim: To assess the prevalence and factors affecting use of long acting contraceptive methods in Akasta Town, North East Ethiopia.
Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on 422 women of reproductive age between March and May 2016 to achieve study aim. The actual respondents were selected by systematic sampling method at household level. Pretested and structured questionnaires were used to collect data.
Result: The prevalence of use of long acting contraceptives in the study area was found to be 33.6% and implants were the most commonly used methods. One hundred thirty one (46.8%) of respondents did not use these methods because of inadequate information provided for them.
Two hundred eighty one (66.6%) of respondents said that they knew at least one type of long acting methods and implants were widely known which accounts 139 (49.5%) of respondents. Age, husband’s educational status, knowledge of long acting reversible contraceptives and attitude towards these methods were significantly associated with use of these contraceptives.
Conclusions: The study showed that the prevalence of long acting reversible contraceptives in the study area was low. Only 33.6% of respondents ever used any type of these methods in their life time and implants were the most commonly used method. In this study, age of women, husband’s educational status, knowledge of long acting reversible contraceptives and attitude were found to be independent determinants for long acting reversible family planning use. As knowledge and practice of long acting contraceptives was low, extensive health information should be provided.
Selen – Bestimmung von Selen und seinen anorganischen Verbindungen in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz mittels Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (AAS) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Göen T. , Pitzke K. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of selenium [
7782‐49‐2
]and its inorganic compounds in workplace air in a concentration range of one tenth up to twice the currently valid OEL of 0.05 mg/m
3
E. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a membrane filter using a suitable pump. The flow rate ist set to 1.4 L/min and sampling is performed over 2 h. The dust deposited on the membrane filter is treated with acid and then analysed using atomic absorption spectrometry with the graphite furnace technique (GFAAS). The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function, whereat the selenium concentration of the reference standard is plotted against the peak area calculated with an integration program. The limit of quantification is 0.0004 mg/m
3
based on an air sample volume of 168 L. The mean recovery was 113.9% and the expanded uncertainty for a validation range of 0.01 mg/m
3
to 1.0 mg/m
3
was between 27% and 22%.
4‐
tert
‐Octylphenol und
p
‐Nonylphenol – Bestimmung von 4‐
tert
‐Octylphenol und
p
‐Nonylphenol in Urin mittels LC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Gries W. , Leng G. , Küpper K. , Blümlein K. , Gerling S. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The working group „Analyses in Biological Materials“ of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area developed and validated the presented biomonitoring method. The analytical method described hereinafter permits the selective detection of 4‐
tert
‐octylphenol as well as the sum of various branched
p‐
nonylphenol isomers in urine. After adding the labelled internal standards (
13
C
6
‐4‐
tert
‐octylphenol and
13
C
6
‐
p
‐nonylphenol), the samples are enzymatically hydrolysed to release the analytes from the conjugated alkylphenols. After online SPE, the analytes are separated by liquid chromatography and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry. A quantitation limit of 2 µg/L each is obtained for the analytes. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
4‐
tert
‐Octylphenol and
p
‐nonylphenol – Determination of 4‐
tert
‐octylphenol and
p
‐nonylphenol in urine by LC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring Methods, 2019]
Authors: Gries W. , Leng G. , Küpper K. , Blümlein K. , Gerling S. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area developed and validated the presented biomonitoring method. The analytical method described hereinafter permits the selective detection of 4‐
tert‐
octylphenol as well as the sum of various branched
p
‐nonylphenol isomers in urine. After adding the labelled internal standards (
13
C
6
‐4‐
tert‐
octylphenol and
13
C
6
‐p
‐nonylphenol), the samples are enzymatically hydrolysed to release the analytes from the conjugated alkylphenols. After online SPE, the analytes are separated by liquid chromatography and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry. A quantitation limit of 2 µg/L each is obtained for the analytes. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
N
‐Methylaniline [MAK value documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of
N
‐methylaniline [
100‐61‐8
] considering all toxicity endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. Critical effect is the formation of methaemoglobin (MetHb). Adequate data in humans to derive a MAK value are not available; thus, data with rats are used. In rats,
N
‐methylaniline forms MetHb 2.7 times more efficiently than aniline. Based on the MAK value for aniline of 2 ml/m
3
, the MAK value for
N
‐methylaniline of 0.5 ml/m
3
is confirmed. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is retained; as the half‐life in blood is unknown, the default excursion factor of 2 is also retained.
N
‐Methylaniline remains in Pregnancy Risk Group D because developmental toxicity studies are lacking. The substance does not induce mutations in bacteria, but is clastogenic in mammalian cells. Studies on genotoxicity in vivo have not been performed. Adequate data to assess the carcinogenic potential of
N
‐methylaniline are not available. Data for the metabolite aniline are used to assess the carcinogenic potential of
N
‐methylaniline. Aniline induces spleen tumours in rats, but not in mice. The putative mode of action is an indirect tumour development by induction of MetHb and haemolytic effects which result in erythrocyte toxicity and its consequences, perturbations in iron metabolism in the spleen. The metabolites phenylhydroxylamine and nitrosobenzene are mainly responsible for the erythrocyte toxicity of aniline. As nitrosobenzene is also a metabolite of
N
‐methylaniline, a similar mode of action has to be assumed for
N
‐methylaniline. Therefore, a non‐genotoxic mode of action is of prime importance and genotoxic effects play at most a minor part provided the MAK and BAT values are observed. Thus,
N
‐methylaniline is classified as a suspected carcinogen in Carcinogen Category 3B. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and the “H” notation is retained. There are no clinical data concerning the sensitizing activity of the substance. Results of a local lymph node assay in mice were negative.
2‐Isopropoxyethanol [MAK value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of 2‐isopropoxyethanol [
109‐59‐1
].

As 2‐isopropoxyethanol is irritating to rabbit skin and eyes an irritating potential for the respiratory tract of humans has to be assumed. In a poorly documented three‐week inhalation study in rats, nasal irritations at 1000 ml/m
3
are reported, but the nose is not histopathologically investigated in any of the inhalation studies. A MAK value of 10 ml/m
3
for 2‐isopropoxyethanol is derived by analogy with 2‐butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) which shows a similar irritation potency. For rats, the critical effect in a 28‐day inhalation study is the concentration dependent haemolytic anaemia at 100 ml/m
3
and above. The NOAEC is 30 ml/m
3
. As humans are less sensitive than rats for this effect, which does not increase with prolonged exposure, the MAK value of 10 ml/m
3
should provide sufficient protection from haemolytic anaemia. Since a local effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category I is designated. By analogy with 2‐butoxyethanol and 2‐propoxyethanol an excursion factor of 2 is set.

The NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is 600 ml/m
3
and after considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace because the blood:air partition coefficient of 2‐isopropoxyethanol is > 5 (see List of MAK‐ and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c) the difference to the MAK value is sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and 2‐isopropoxyethanol remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Thiodiethylene bis[3‐(3,5‐di‐
tert
‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate] [MAK value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated thiodiethylene bis[3‐(3,5‐di‐
tert
‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate] [
41484‐35‐9
] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. Critical effects are hepatic hypertrophy and increased liver weight in male rats in a subchronic feeding study with a NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) of 12.5 mg/kg body weight and day. As there is no irritating potential, the oral study can be used to derive a MAK value of 2 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is assigned. The default excursion factor of 2 is set as no half‐life in blood is known. Classification in Pregnancy Risk Group D is indicated because developmental toxicity studies are lacking. Thiodiethylene bis[3‐(3,5‐di‐
tert
‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate] is not genotoxic. Carcinogenicity studies are not available. The substance is not a contact sensitizer in humans and guinea pigs. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
1,2,4‐Triethylbenzene [MAK value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene [
877‐44‐1
], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. In subchronic oral studies 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene causes axonopathy of peripheral nerves in rats and mice. A NOAEL was not obtained. The structurally related 1,2‐diethylbenzene leads to the same neurotoxic effects which are determined by oxidation of the 1,2‐diethyl groups to a gamma‐diketone. The formation of a gamma‐diketone is possible and indirectly shown with 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene and the mechanism of neurotoxicity is assumed to be the same for both compounds. Due to the limited data with 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene, the better investigated 1,2‐diethylbenzene, which is about 5 times as toxic, is used as a read‐across. As a maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of 1 ml/m
3
has been set for 1,2‐diethylbenzene, a MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
for 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene is established.

Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is designated. Peripheral neurotoxicity is a cumulative effect and an excursion factor of 8 would be adequate. However, the NOEAC for airway and eye irritation is not known and therefore an excursion factor of 2 is set. Thus, the allowable peak exposures are lower than those of other alkyl benzenes.
There are no developmental toxicity studies. Therefore, 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. There are no data on genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and sensitization. According to skin absorption models, percutaneous absorption can contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene is designated with an “H” notation.
A Comparison of Nonlethal and Destructive Methods for Broad-Based Infectious Agent Screening of Chinook Salmon Using High-Throughput qPCR
Authors: Teffer Amy K. , Miller Kristina M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Molecular tools, such as high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), are useful for monitoring multiple infectious agents in wild animal populations (i.e., broad-based screening). If destructive tissue samples cannot be obtained due to experimental design requirements (e.g., bio-telemetry; holding with repeated biopsy) or the conservation status of host species, then nonlethally sampled tissues can be substituted. However, infection profiles have been found to differ between nonlethally and destructively sampled tissues. We present a comparative analysis of nonlethal (gill and blood) and destructive (pool of internal and external tissue) approaches for broad-based infectious agent screening of adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Of a possible 47 agents, 16 were detected overall by nonlethal and destructive methods. Our results indicated moderate differences in infection profiles among tissues, with limitations of each tissue type dependent on the ecology of each agent. The gill was the most comprehensive screening tissue, as more infectious agents were detected overall in gill (n = 16) than in blood (n = 12) or multi-tissue pools (n = 15). The agreement in the estimated agent prevalence between tissue types ranged from poor to excellent, while overall agent community structure (the combined prevalence of all agents) showed low agreement between tissue types. Two agents occurred at 100% prevalence in all tissue types. Nine agents, including types of bacteria and gill parasites, were more prevalent in gill than in blood, while five agents, including one virus and several microparasites, were more prevalent in blood. Future studies should pair microscopy and histopathology with HT-qPCR to better characterize host health and disease development relative to molecular detection of agents across tissue types.