bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priority areas for jaguar Panthera onca conservation in the Cerrado
Authors: Portugal Marina Peres , Morato Ronaldo Gonçalves , Ferraz Katia Maria Paschoaletto Micchi de Barros , Rodrigues Flávio Henrique Guimarães , Jacobi Claudia Maria 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe jaguar Panthera onca, a threatened species in Brazil, is losing suitable habitat as a result of agricultural expansion and other forms of land conversion, especially in the Cerrado biome. In the current context of habitat loss and fragmentation, a network of protected areas is paramount for the conservation of this species. We aimed to identify jaguar conservation units in the Cerrado, and propose a ranking of priority areas for the species in this region. We used the maximum entropy algorithm to model habitat suitability for the jaguar in the Cerrado, with nine uncorrelated environmental variables and 106 non-autocorrelated presence-only records. We prioritized regions, using Zonation, and ranked jaguar conservation units according to their area, proximity to strictly protected areas, jaguar presence, and potential for connectivity. Circa 30% of the Cerrado is suitable for the jaguar. The most important variables affecting jaguar distribution are mean rainfall and land cover, with a high probability of jaguar presence in forest and savannah. We selected 31 high-priority jaguar conservation units, covering c. 174,825 km2 (8.5%) of the Cerrado. We emphasize the need for new protected areas and the promotion of sustainable development, as only 0.4% of the Cerrado (8,345 km2) has high environmental suitability for jaguars and < 1% of the area covered by jaguar conservation units falls within protected areas. Most jaguar conservation units identified here are relevant for habitat connectivity in Brazil, given their proximity to other critical areas for jaguar conservation in the Caatinga and the Amazon.
Indo-Persian historian and Sindho-Persian intermediary: the Tarikh-i Maʿsumi of Mir Muhammad Maʿsum Bhakkari (d. 1606)
Authors: Anooshahr Ali 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStudies of Indo-Persian historiography tend to focus on the monumental compositions created at the behest of the Mughal court. This has unfortunately led to the neglect of texts from “regional” settings. The present article intends to expand the field of inquiry by studying Mir Muhammad Maʿsum's Tarikh-i Maʿsumi (completed c. 1600) which was the first Mughal-era Persian history of Sindh. I will argue that the author used the new the literary models developed by Mughal chroniclers in order to both facilitate and contest imperial domination.
VINCOLI STORICO-STRUTTURALI SULLA PRESTAZIONE DELLE BUROCRAZIE LEGALI-RAZIONALI
Authors: Freddi Giorgio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNella letteratura sui sistemi demo-costituzionali moderni vi è generale consenso sul fatto che le burocrazie pubbliche, con personale amministrativo di carriera e professionalizzato, sono responsabili per la maggior parte delle iniziative politiche prese da organi politici quali l'esecutivo e il legislativo. «Dando per scontato che la burocrazia permanente svolge un ruolo decisivo nel processo di decisione politica, si pone al politologo un problema centrale: in che modo la burocrazia risponde ai bisogni sociali e alle domande politiche in continuo mutamento, e perché?».
LE TRASFORMAZIONI ORGANIZZATIVE NEI PARTITI POLITICI TEDESCHI
Authors: von Beyme Klaus 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNella prima metà del XX secolo, le teorie sui partiti politici hanno sottolineato il principio dell'organizzazione come crite-rio fondamentale in base al quale differenziare i partiti da più tradizionali gruppi d'influenza politica, quali fazioni, organizzazioni burocratiche, ceti o gruppi clientelari. Dal classico studio di Ostrogorski alle pagine sui partiti di Max Weber inEconomia e Società, i partiti moderni per eccellenza sono stati considerati quelli inglesi che avevano sviluppato leadership carismatiche, struttura organizzativa acaucuse capacità di mobilitazione elettorale di massa nelle circoscrizioni. Entrambi gli autori hanno rivolto la loro attenzione ai partiti consolidati, dato il loro interesse — oltre che per l'ideologia — per il fenomeno del «clientelismo» visto come strumento di integrazione. Entrambi hanno, invece, dato scarso rilievo al nuovo tipo di partito operaio di opposizione il cui potere era, a quel tempo, ancora abbastanza limitato.
GLI ISCRITTI AI PARTITI DI MASSA: ANALISI DELL'ESPERIENZA SOCIALISTA IN EUROPA (1889–1978)
Authors: Bartolini Stefano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneTra i più importanti contributi che gli studi sul comportamento elettorale hanno offerto alla comprensione delle società contemporanee vi è certamente il riconoscimento della complessità dei processi attraverso i quali la varietà dei ruoli sociali, culturali, economici e politici degli individui si traducono in scelte politiche ed elettorali. Non che la sociologia classica fosse inconsapevole di tali complessità; piuttosto, la moderna sociologia elettorale ha prodotto una tale massa di evidenza empirica da mettere in discussione anche i modelli più sofisticati e meno deterministici del rapporto tra struttura sociale e comportamento politico. Di conseguenza, si è rivalutata l'importanza ed il ruolo dei partiti e di altre istituzioni politiche nel processo che ha condotto alla strutturazione delle attuali principali fratture e allineamenti politici.
STATO E MOVIMENTI COLLETTIVI NEI PROCESSI RIVOLUZIONARI
Authors: Mattina Liborio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSolo negli anni più recenti il fenomeno della rivoluzione ha trovato nelle scienze sociali statunitensi una significativa collocazione teorica nel repertorio dei processi che trasformano il sistema sociale. Nei primi due decenni del secondo dopoguerra lo struttural-funzionalismo e la teoria del pluralismo democratico, in virtò dell'influenza decisiva esercitata fin nella definizione dei paradigmi della scienza politica e della sociologia nord-americana, hanno orientato gran parte della teoria e della ricerca a sottolineare gli elementi di stabilità e di equilibrio del sistema e a trascurare quelli di conflitto. Uno spartiacque analitico ha, perciò, rimarcato una netta discontinuità tra la violenza collettiva (e la rivoluzione quale sua forma estrema) e il conflitto istituzionalizzato che rientra nel novero delle normali relazioni sociali. Sulla scorta di questa implicita, e tuttavia operante distinzione, si è arrivati ad ipotizzare una sostanziale similarità tra le cause che generano i movimenti rivoluzionari e i fenomeni di panico, le manie, le improvvise esplosioni di ostilità. Apparentato al sorgere di questo tipo di comportamenti collettivi, il problema della genesi della rivoluzione è stato spesso affrontato con un approccio socio-psicologico considerato come il più adeguato sul piano concettuale a comprendere fenomeni collegati a tensioni non sempre razionali. Anche nei casi in cui, con stretta aderenza al paradigma funzionalista, la rivoluzione è stata interpretata come una disfunzione multipla e simultanea dei sottosistemi sociali, l'insorgere del fenomeno è stato comunque ridimensionato a degenerazione patologica di sistemi che élites politiche competenti e flessibili possono prevenire con riforme ed iniziative adeguate ad evitare la diffusione della violenza politica e dello squilibrio sociale.
Epidemiological state-building in interwar Poland: discourses and paper technologies
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Katharina 
Published: May 2019

ArgumentThe paper argues that epidemic surveillance and state-building were closely interconnected in interwar Poland. Starting from the paper technology of weekly epidemiological reporting it discusses how the reporting scheme of Polish epidemics came into being in the context of a typhus epidemic in 1919–20. It then shows how the statistics regarding nation-wide epidemics was put into practice. It is only when we take into account these practices that we can understand the epidemiological order the statistics produced. The preprinted weekly report form registered Jews and Christians separately. Yet, the imagined national epidemiological space that emerged from it hardly took notice of this separation. Rather, the category that differentiated Polish epidemiological space in medical discourse was the capacity of contributing to the state-making practices of epidemic surveillance. This category divided Poland into two regions: a civilized and modern western region and a backward and peripheral eastern region.
Eugenics and racial anthropology in the Ukrainian radical nationalist tradition
Authors: Rudling Per Anders 
Published: May 2019

ArgumentEugenics and race played significant roles in Ukrainian interwar nationalism, yet remain largely unstudied. The Ukrainian nationalists’ understanding of the racial makeup of their imagined community was contradictory as they struggled to reconcile their desire for racial “purity” with the realities of significant variations between the populations inhabiting the enormous territories which they sought to include in their intended state project. The “turn to the right” over the 1930s placed an increased onus on race, and eugenics came to occupy an increasingly prominent place in Ukrainian radical nationalism from around 1936. In 1941, the leading Ukrainian far-right organization, the OUN had developed a project for eugenic engineering, for their aborted state, declared in L’viv on June 30, 1941. Racial conceptualizations of the Ukrainian community figured prominently well into the Cold War era, gaining a new actuality and meaning in an émigré community dispersed across several countries.
Dietary acid load and cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Daneshzad Elnaz , Haghighatdoost Fahimeh , Azadbakht Leila 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:Dietary acid load (DAL) might contribute to change the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors; however, the results are conflicting. The present review was conducted to determine the relationship between DAL and cardiometabolic risk factors.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Setting:A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases including ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar for observational studies which assessed cardiometabolic risk factors across DAL. Outcomes were lipid profile, glycaemic factors and anthropometric indices. Effect sizes were derived using a fixed- or random-effect model (DerSimonian–Laird). Also, subgroup analysis was performed to find the probable source of heterogeneity. Egger’s test was performed for finding any publication bias.Results:Thirty-one studies were included in the current review with overall sample size of 92 478. There was a significant relationship between systolic blood pressure (SBP; weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1·74 (95 % CI 0·25, 3·24) mmHg;P= 0·022;I2= 95·3 %), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; WMD = 0·75 (95 % CI 0·07, 1·42) mmHg;P= 0·030;I2= 80·8 %) and DAL in cross-sectional studies. Serum lipids, glycaemic parameters including fasting blood sugar, glycated Hb, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and waist circumference had no significant relationship with DAL. No publication bias was found. BMI was not associated with DAL in both cross-sectional and cohort studies.Conclusions:Higher DAL is associated with increased SBP and DBP. More studies are needed to find any relationship of DAL with lipid profile and glycaemic factors.
Household food insecurity in Panamanian subsistence farming communities is associated with indicators of household wealth and constraints on food production
Authors: Krause Rachel J , Scott Marilyn E , Sinisterra Odalis , Koski Kristine G 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To determine if constraints on agricultural production were a novel construct in the Panama Food Security Questionnaire (FSQ) and to characterize agricultural and economic determinants of food insecurity during the planting, growing and harvesting time periods in subsistence farming communities.Design:This longitudinal study followed households during land preparation, growing and harvest periods in one agricultural cycle. Agricultural production and economic variables were recorded and the Panama FSQ was administered. Exploratory factor analysis was used to verify construct validity of the FSQ. A food insecurity score (FIS), ranging from 0 to 42, was derived. Multiple regression analyses of FIS were conducted for each agricultural period.Setting:Fifteen rural villages in Panama.Participants:Subsistence farming households (n 237).Results:The FSQ contained four constructs: (i) ability to buy food; (ii) decreased amount/number of meals; (iii) feeling hungry; and (iv) lower agricultural production because of weather or lack of resources. Although most households were mildly food insecure in all time periods, determinants of food insecurity differed in each. Higher FIS was associated during land preparation with less rice and legumes planted and lower asset-based wealth; during growing months with less rice, more maize and pigeon peas planted and not selling produce; and during harvest with less rice planted, fewer chickens and lower income.Conclusions:Constraints on agriculture was a novel construct of the Panama FSQ. Different income-related variables emerged in each agricultural period. Planting staple foods and raising chickens were associated with food security, but some crop choices were associated with food insecurity.
Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in the Washington State Twin Registry
Authors: Avery Ally R. , Duncan Glen E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractApproximately 12% of U.S. adults have type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diagnosed T2D is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors including age and lifestyle. In adults 45 years and older, the Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) consortium of twin registries from Europe and Australia showed a moderate-to-high contribution of genetic factors of T2D with a pooled heritability of 72%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of genetic and environmental factors of T2D in twins 45 years and older in a U.S. twin cohort (Washington State Twin Registry, WSTR) and compare the estimates to the DISCOTWIN consortium. We also compared these estimates with twins under the age of 45. Data were obtained from 2692 monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs over 45 and 4217 twin pairs under 45 who responded to the question ‘Has a doctor ever diagnosed you with (type 2) diabetes?’ Twin similarity was analyzed using both tetrachoric correlations and structural equation modeling. Overall, 9.4% of MZ and 14.7% of DZ twins over the age of 45 were discordant for T2D in the WSTR, compared to 5.1% of MZ and 8% of DZ twins in the DISCOTWIN consortium. Unlike the DISCOTWIN consortium in which heritability was 72%, heritability was only 52% in the WSTR. In twins under the age of 45, heritability did not contribute to the variance in T2D. In a U.S. sample of adult twins, environmental factors appear to be increasingly important in the development of T2D.
Quenching of Equatorial Magnetosonic Waves by Substorm Proton Injections
Authors: Dai Guyue , Su Zhenpeng , Liu Nigang , Wang Bin , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNear equatorial (fast) magnetosonic waves, characterized by high magnetic compressibility, are whistler‐mode emissions destabilized by proton shell/ring distributions. In the past, substorm proton injections are widely known to intensify magnetosonic waves in the inner magnetosphere. Here we report the unexpected observations by the Van Allen Probes of the magnetosonic wave quenching associated with the substorm proton injections under both high‐ and low‐density conditions. The enhanced proton thermal pressure distorted the background magnetic field configuration and the cold plasma density distribution. The reduced phase velocities locally allowed the weak growth or even damping of magnetosonic waves. Meanwhile, the spatially irregularly varying refractive indices might suppress the cumulative growth of magnetosonic waves. For intense injections, this wave quenching region could extend over 2 hr in magnetic local time and 0.5 Earth radii in radial distance. These results provide a new understanding of the generation and distribution of magnetosonic waves.
Spatial Inhomogeneities in the Sedimentation of Biogenic Particles in Ocean Flows: Analysis in the Benguela Region
Authors: Monroy Pedro , Drótos Gabor , Hernández‐García Emilio , López Cristóbal 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSedimentation of particles in the ocean leads to inhomogeneous horizontal distributions at depth, even if the release process is homogeneous. We study this phenomenon considering a horizontal sheet of sinking particles immersed in an oceanic flow and determine how the particles are distributed when they sediment on the seabed (or are collected at a given depth). The study is performed from a Lagrangian viewpoint attending to the properties of the oceanic flow and the physical characteristics (size and density) of typical biogenic sinking particles. Two main processes determine the distribution, the stretching of the sheet caused by the flow, and its projection on the surface where particles accumulate. These mechanisms are checked, besides an analysis of their relative importance to produce inhomogeneities, with numerical experiments in the Benguela region. Faster (heavier or larger) sinking particles distribute more homogeneously than slower ones.
The Observed Seasonal Cycle of Macronutrients in Drake Passage: Relationship to Fronts and Utility as a Model Metric
Authors: Freeman Natalie M. , Munro David R. , Sprintall Janet , Mazloff Matthew R. , Purkey Sarah , Rosso Isabella , DeRanek Carissa A. , Sweeney Colm 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Drake Passage Time‐series (DPT) is used to quantify the spatial and seasonal variability of historically undersampled, biogeochemically relevant properties across the Drake Passage. From 2004–2017, discrete ship‐based observations of surface macronutrients (silicate, nitrate, and phosphate), temperature, and salinity have been collected 5–8 times per year as part of the DPT program. Using the DPT and Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) front locations derived from concurrent expendable bathythermograph data, the distinct physical and biogeochemical characteristics of ACC frontal zones are characterized. Biogeochemical‐Argo floats in the region confirm that the near‐surface sampling scheme of the DPT robustly captures mixed‐layer biogeochemistry. While macronutrient concentrations consistently increase toward the Antarctic continent, their meridional distribution, variability, and biogeochemical gradients are unique across physical ACC fronts, suggesting a combination of physical and biological processes controlling nutrient availability and nutrient front location. The Polar Front is associated with the northern expression of the Silicate Front, marking the biogeographically relevant location between silicate‐poor and silicate‐rich waters. South of the northern Silicate Front, the silicate‐to‐nitrate ratio increases, with the sharpest gradient in silicate associated with the Southern ACC Front (i.e., the southern expression of the Silicate Front). Nutrient cycling is an important control on variability in the surface ocean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). The robust characterization of the spatiotemporal variability of nutrients presented here highlights the utility of biogeochemical time series for diagnosing and potentially reducing biases in modeling Southern Ocean pCO2 variability, and by inference, air‐sea CO2 flux.
Oridonin protects against cardiac hypertrophy by promoting P21-related autophagy
Authors: Xu Man , Wan Chun-xia , Huang Si-hui , Wang Hui-bo , Fan Di , Wu Hai-Ming , Wu Qing-qing , Ma Zhen-guo , Deng Wei , Tang Qi-Zhu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAutophagy is an endogenous protective process; the loss of autophagy could destabilize proteostasis and elevate intracellular oxidative stress, which is critically involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Oridonin, a natural tetracycline diterpenoid from the Chinese herb Rabdosia, has autophagy activation properties. In this study, we tested whether oridonin protects against cardiac hypertrophy in mice and cardiomyocytes. We implemented aortic banding to induce a cardiac hypertrophy mouse model, and oridonin was given by gavage for 4 weeks. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with angiotensin II to simulate neurohumoural stress. Both in vivo and in vitro studies suggested that oridonin treatment mitigated pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and also preserved heart function. Mice that received oridonin exhibited increased antioxidase activities and suppressed oxidative injury compared with the aortic banding group. Moreover, oridonin enhanced myocardial autophagy in pressure-overloaded hearts and angiotensin II-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, we discovered that oridonin administration regulated myocardial P21, and cytoplasmic P21 activated autophagy via regulating Akt and AMPK phosphorylation. These findings were further corroborated in a P21 knockout mouse model. Collectively, pressure overload-induced autophagy dysfunction causes intracellular protein accumulation, resulting in ROS injury while aggravating cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, our data show that oridonin promoted P21-related autophagic lysosomal degradation, hence attenuating oxidative injury and cardiac hypertrophy.
MiR-30 family prevents uPAR-ITGB3 signaling activation through calcineurin-NFATC pathway to protect podocytes
Authors: Lang Yue , Zhao Yue , Zheng Chunxia , Lu Yinghui , Wu Junnan , Zhu Xiaodong , Zhang Mingchao , Yang Fan , Xu Xiaodong , Shi Shaolin , Liu Zhihong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUrokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is upregulated in podocytes of glomerular diseases and crucially mediates podocyte injury through integrin β3 (ITGB3). We previously showed that the miR-30 family maintains podocyte structure and function by inhibiting injurious calcineurin signaling through nuclear factor of activated T cells C (NFATC). Here, we tested whether the miR-30-calcineurin-NFATC and uPAR-ITGB3 pathways, two of the major pathways leading to podocyte injury, could interact. We found that podocyte-specific miR-30 knockdown in mice induced uPAR upregulation and ITGB3 activation, accompanied by proteinuria and podocyte injury. These effects of miR-30 knockdown were reduced using inhibitors of ITGB3, calcineurin, and NFATC, respectively, which are known to be antiproteinuric. These results indicate that miR-30 deficiency leads to calcineurin-NFATC signaling activation, which in turn activates the uPAR-ITGB3 pathway. In cultured podocytes, miR-30 knockdown also activated uPAR-ITGB3 signaling, leading to Rho GTPase activation, synaptopodin downregulation and podocyte injury. To explore uPAR-ITGB3 signaling regulation by miR-30 in podocytopathy development, we treated mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and found that miR-30 was downregulated in podocytes, accompanied by uPAR upregulation and ITGB3 activation. We obtained the same results in cultured podocytes treated with LPS. Podocyte-specific transgenic miR-30 abolished uPAR-ITGB3 signaling and ameliorated podocyte injury and proteinuria in mice. Taken together, these experiments show that uPAR-ITGB3 signaling is negatively regulated by miR-30 through calcineurin-NFATC pathway, a novel mechanism underlying podocyte injury in glomerular diseases. Our study has elucidated the relationship among the crucial players governing podocyte pathophysiology and the antiproteinuric actions of drugs commonly used for podocytopathies.