bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ectomycorrhizas and tree seedling establishment are strongly influenced by forest edge proximity but not soil inoculum
Authors: Grove Sara , Saarman Norah P. , Gilbert Gregory S. , Faircloth Brant , Haubensak Karen A. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractReforestation is challenging when timber harvested areas have been degraded, invaded by nonnative species, or are of marginal suitability to begin with. Conifers form mutualistic partnerships with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) to obtain greater access to soil resources, and these partnerships may be especially important in degraded areas. However, timber harvest can impact mycorrhizal fungi by removing or compacting topsoil, removing host plants, and warming and drying the soil. We used a field experiment to evaluate the role of EMF in Douglas‐fir reforestation in clearcuts invaded by Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) where traditional reforestation approaches have repeatedly failed. We tested how planting distance from intact Douglas‐fir forest edges influenced reforestation success and whether inoculation with forest soils can be used to restore EMF relationships. We used an Illumina DNA sequencing approach to measure the abundance, richness and composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi on Douglas‐fir roots, and assessed differences in Douglas‐fir seedling survival and growth near to and far from forest edges with and without forest soil inoculum. Planting Douglas‐fir seedlings near forest edges increased seedling survival, growth, and EMF root colonization. Edge proximity had no effect on EMF richness but did change fungal community composition. Inoculations with forest soil did not increase EMF abundance or richness or change community composition, nor did it improve seedling establishment. With Illumina sequencing, we identified two to three times greater species richness than described in previous edge effects studies. Of the 95 EMF species we identified, 40% of the species occurred on less than 5% of the seedlings. The ability to detect fungi at low abundance may explain why we did not detect differences in EMF richness with distance to hosts as previous studies. Our findings suggest that forest edges are suitable for reforestation, even when the interiors of deforested areas are not. We advocate for timber harvest designs that maximize edge habitat where ectomycorrhizal fungi contribute to tree establishment. However, this study does not support the use of inoculation with forest soil as a simple method to enhance EMF and seedling survival.
Incomplete datasets obscure associations between traits affecting dispersal ability and geographic range size of reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific
Authors: Alzate Adriana , van der Plas Fons , Zapata Fernando A. , Bonte Dries , Etienne Rampal S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDispersal is thought to be an important process determining range size, especially for species in highly spatially structured habitats, such as tropical reef fishes. Despite intensive research efforts, there is conflicting evidence about the role of dispersal in determining range size. We hypothesize that traits related to dispersal drive range sizes, but that complete and comprehensive datasets are essential for detecting relationships between species’ dispersal ability and range size. We investigate the roles of six traits affecting several stages of dispersal (adult mobility, spawning mode, pelagic larval duration (PLD), body size, aggregation behavior, and circadian activity), in explaining range size variation of reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). All traits, except for PLD (148 species), had data for all 497 species in the region. Using a series of statistical models, we investigated which traits were associated with large range sizes, when analyzing all TEP species or only species with PLD data. Furthermore, using null models, we analyzed whether the PLD‐subset is representative of the regional species pool. Several traits affecting dispersal ability were strongly associated with range size, although these relationships could not be detected when using the PLD‐subset. Pelagic spawners (allowing for passive egg dispersal) had on average 56% larger range sizes than nonpelagic spawners. Species with medium or high adult mobility had on average a 25% or 33% larger range, respectively, than species with low mobility. Null models showed that the PLD‐subset was nonrepresentative of the regional species pool, explaining why model outcomes using the PLD‐subset differed from the ones based on the complete dataset. Our results show that in the TEP, traits affecting dispersal ability are important in explaining range size variation. Using a regionally complete dataset was crucial for detecting the theoretically expected, but so far empirically unresolved, relationship between dispersal and range size.
Deep convolutional neural network for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules on ultrasound
Authors: Ko Su Yeon , Lee Ji Hye , Yoon Jung Hyun , Na Hyesun , Hong Eunhye , Han Kyunghwa , Jung Inkyung , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Moon Hee Jung , Park Vivian Y. , Lee Eunjung , Kwak Jin Young 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe designed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to diagnose thyroid malignancy on ultrasound (US) and compared the diagnostic performance of CNN with that of experienced radiologists.MethodsBetween May 2012 and February 2015, 589 thyroid nodules in 519 patients were diagnosed as benign or malignant by surgical excision. Experienced radiologists retrospectively reviewed the US of the thyroid nodules in a test set. CNNs were trained and tested using retrospective data of 439 and 150 US images, respectively. Diagnostic performances were compared between the two groups.ResultsOf the 589 thyroid nodules, 396 were malignant and 193 were benign. The area under the curve (AUC) for diagnosing thyroid malignancy was 0.805‐0.860 for radiologists. The AUCs for diagnosing thyroid malignancy for the three CNNs were 0.845, 0.835, and 0.850. There was no significant difference in AUC between radiologists and CNNs.ConclusionsCNNs showed comparable diagnostic performance compared to experienced radiologists in differentiating thyroid malignancy on US.
Synthesis and Reactivity of 5‐Bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile (BrC5N): an Access to π‐Conjugated Scaffolds
Authors: Kerisit Nicolas , Ligny Romain , Gauthier Etienne S. , Guégan Jean‐Paul , Toupet Loïc , Guillemin Jean‐Claude , Trolez Yann 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe synthesis of 5‐bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile (BrC5N) in three steps from commercially available compounds is reported. Reacting 5‐bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile with secondary amines led to the formation of stable butadiynamines or enynenitriles, depending on the nature of the amine reactant. The reaction of 5‐bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile with simple terminal alkynes in the presence of secondary amines, copper, and palladium catalysts, provided a straightforward access to original polyfunctional carbon‐rich scaffolds. In this work, different alkynes and secondary amines were tested, which allowed for the preparation of a family of substituted dienes. Given the high synthetic potential of 5‐bromopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile, we also prepared iodinated counterparts of this compound, that is, 5‐iodopenta‐2,4‐diynenitrile and its lower homologue 3‐iodopropiolonitrile. The UV‐visible spectrum of some relevant compounds was also recorded.
Determinants of post‐migration changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours and implications for health promotion: Evidence from Australian residents of sub‐Saharan African ancestry
Authors: Addo Isaac Yeboah , Brener Loren , Asante Augustine Danso , de Wit John 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIssue addressedSeveral studies have attributed excess weight gain after immigration to changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours. However, recognising the main factors that influence post‐migration changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours is less clear, particularly among Australian residents of sub‐Saharan African (SSA) ancestry. Drawing on acculturation theory, this study examines main factors driving changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours among Australian residents who were born in SSA and provides insight into the extent to which the factors are related to immigration.MethodsA qualitative design based on a phenomenological approach was employed and a quota sampling technique was used to recruit 24 study participants for in‐depth interviews.ResultsThe study found significant self‐reported changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours after immigration that increase the risk of excess weight gain. The changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours were mainly driven by issues related to availability, accessibility and affordability of dietary and physical activity products. Time management and factors related to convenience also emerged as key determinants of change in dietary and physical activity behaviours. Apparently, some factors noted by participants shape dietary and physical activity behaviours irrespective of immigration, and these factors include: tastes and cravings for foods; friends and family influence on behaviour; and misconceptions about food and exercise.ConclusionMigration from SSA to Australia contributed to changes (mainly less healthy) in dietary and physical activity behaviours. To a large extent, post‐migration changes in dietary and physical activity behaviours were driven by socio‐economic and environmental factors.So what?Health promotion programs that address the risky behaviours associated with excess weight gain among Australian residents of SSA ancestry should pay more attention to socio‐economic and environmental factors.
Numerical computation of nonlinear oscillatory two‐immiscible magnetohydrodynamic flow in dual porous media system: FTCS and FEM study
Authors: Bég Osama Anwar , Zaman Akbar , Ali Nasir , Gaffar Shaik Abdul , Bég Eemaan T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe transient Hartmann magnetohydrodynamic flow of two immiscible fluids flowing through a horizontal channel containing two porous media with oscillating lateral wall mass flux is studied. A two‐dimensional spatial model is developed for two fluids, one of which is electrically conducting and the other is electrically insulating. Both the fluid regimes are driven by a common pressure gradient. A Darcy‐Forchheimer drag force model is used to simulate the porous media effects on the flow in both the fluid regimes. Special boundary conditions are imposed at the interface. The governing second‐order nonlinear partial differential dimensionless equations are obtained for each region using a set of transformations. The resulting transport equations are controlled by the Hartmann hydromagnetic parameter (Ha), viscosity ratio parameter (α), two Darcy numbers (Da
1 and Da
2), two Forchheimer numbers (Fs
1 and Fs
2), two Reynolds numbers (Re
1 and Re
2), frequency parameter (
εA) associated with the transpiration (lateral wall flux) velocity and a periodic frequency parameter (
ω*t*). Numerical forward time/central space finite‐difference solutions are obtained for a wide range of the governing parameters. Bench marking is performed with a Galerkin finite‐element method (MAGNETO‐FEM), and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. Applications of the model include magnetic cleanup operations in coastal/ocean seabed oil spills and electromagnetic purification of petroleum reservoir fluids.
External Bone Size Is a Key Determinant of Strength-Decline Trajectories of Aging Male Radii
Authors: Bigelow Erin MR , Patton Daniella M , Ward Ferrous S , Ciarelli Antonio , Casden Michael , Clark Andrea , Goulet Robert W , Morris Michael D , Schlecht Stephen H , Mandair Gurjit S , Bredbenner Todd L , Kohn David H , Jepsen Karl J 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT Given prior work showing associations between remodeling and external bone size, we tested the hypothesis that wide bones would show a greater negative correlation between whole-bone strength and age compared with narrow bones. Cadaveric male radii (n = 37 pairs, 18 to 89 years old) were evaluated biomechanically, and samples were sorted into narrow and wide subgroups using height-adjusted robustness (total area/bone length). Strength was 54% greater (p &lt; 0.0001) in wide compared with narrow radii for young adults (&lt;40 years old). However, the greater strength of young-adult wide radii was not observed for older wide radii, as the wide (R2 = 0.565, p = 0.001), but not narrow (R2 = 0.0004, p = 0.944) subgroup showed a significant negative correlation between strength and age. Significant positive correlations between age and robustness (R2 = 0.269, p = 0.048), cortical area (Ct.Ar; R2 = 0.356, p = 0.019), and the mineral/matrix ratio (MMR; R2 = 0.293, p = 0.037) were observed for narrow, but not wide radii (robustness: R2 = 0.015, p = 0.217; Ct.Ar: R2 = 0.095, p = 0.245; MMR: R2 = 0.086, p = 0.271). Porosity increased with age for the narrow (R2 = 0.556, p = 0.001) and wide (R2 = 0.321, p = 0.022) subgroups. The wide subgroup (p &lt; 0.0001) showed a significantly greater elevation of a new measure called the Cortical Pore Score, which quantifies the cumulative effect of pore size and location, indicating that porosity had a more deleterious effect on strength for wide compared with narrow radii. Thus, the divergent strength–age regressions implied that narrow radii maintained a low strength with aging by increasing external size and mineral content to mechanically offset increases in porosity. In contrast, the significant negative strength–age correlation for wide radii implied that the deleterious effect of greater porosity further from the centroid was not offset by changes in outer bone size or mineral content. Thus, the low strength of elderly male radii arose through different biomechanical mechanisms. Consideration of different strength–age regressions (trajectories) may inform clinical decisions on how best to treat individuals to reduce fracture risk. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Inhibition of apoptosis via CHIP‐mediated proteasomal degradation of TAp73α
Authors: Tanwar Kamia , Pati Uttam 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTTAp73, a homologous of tumor suppressor p53, regulates apoptosis in a p53‐independent manner and its suppressive as well as stimulatory role in promoting angiogenesis has been reported. It exists in multiple isoforms which varies structurally in their N‐terminus and C‐terminus region and crucial interplay among them guides the decision of cell survival and death. As molecular chaperones control both stability and degradation of TAp73, selective regulation of p73 isoforms has implication upon developing new therapeutic for hypoxic tumor. We have discovered that under DNA damage carboxy terminus Hsp70 interacting protein (CHIP's) antiapoptotic function is displayed via its E3 ligase activity that inhibits exclusively TAp73α‐mediated apoptosis in cancer cell. The decrease in TAp73α level by CHIP as it is supported by increased ubiquitination pattern is reverted back by sh‐CHIP. Further, the transactivation of p53‐downstream apoptotic genes BAX, PUMA and PIG3 by TAp73α is also shown to be subsequently inhibited by CHIP. The tetratricopeptide TPR‐domain of CHIP in its amino‐terminus interacts with the carboxy‐terminus of TAp73α and ΔNp73α and as a result, U‐BOX domain of CHIP in the carboxy‐terminus is able to ubiquitinate TAp73α for proteasomal degradation. Due to lack of C‐terminus in TAp73β, CHIP fails to interact with and degrade it. In conclusion, we have thus uncovered for the first time a novel mechanism of chaperone‐assisted regulation of p73 stability as well as its apoptotic functions by CHIP that might be utilized to develop new anticancer strategies.
Six‐transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 is associated with tumor invasion and migration in endometrial carcinomas
Authors: Sun Jiali , Ji Guoxin , Xie Jie , Jiao Zhi , Zhang Haozheng , Chen Jie 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSix‐transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1), a member of the STEAP family, is a general tumor antigen. However, no information has been available to date regarding the function of STEAP1 in the progression of endometrial carcinoma. In this study, we used in vitro and in vivo strategies to prove that STEAP1 plays an important role in the progression of endometrial carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of STEAP1 in normal endometrial cells and endometrial cancer cell lines. The progression of the cell cycle, plate clone formation assay, and transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to examine the effects of STEAP1 on cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration, and their invasive capacity. In addition, we confirmed that STEAP1 was tightly correlated with the development of tumor in vivo. The relationship between epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and STEAP1 expression was evaluated by RT‐qPCR and Western blot analysis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) zymography assay was used to detect the activities of MMP2 and MMP9. STEAP1 was restrictively expressed in endometrial carcinoma and downregulation of the STEAP1 gene increased proliferation and clonogenicity, as well as promoted cell migration, invasion, and the progress of EMT. STEAP1 is downregulated in endometrial carcinoma and can restrict migration and invasion of endometrial carcinoma cells. Overall, STEAP1 may be an ideal target for tumor therapy and diagnosis in the future.
Association of Crohn's disease with Foxp3 gene polymorphisms and its colonic expression in Chinese patients
Authors: Xia Shenglong , Zhang Daguan , Zheng Shuzi , Wu Chaoqun , Lin Qianru , Ying Shijie , Shao Xiaoxiao , Jiang Yi 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundFork head/winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3) plays a pivotal role in regulatory T (Treg) cells. The present study aimed to assess the association of Crohn's disease (CD) with Foxp3 polymorphisms and its colonic expression in Chinese patients.MethodsThe Foxp3 polymorphisms, rs3761547, rs2232365, rs2294021, and rs3761548, were examined by SNaPshot in 268 CD patients and 490 controls. The colonic expression levels of Foxp3, IL‐2, and IL‐4 were detected in 31 CD patients and 31 controls using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsCompared to male controls, the proportion of variant allele of rs3761547 was increased in male patients. The variant alleles of rs3761547, rs2232365, and rs2294021 were less in male patients with stricturing CD compared to those with non‐stricturing, non‐penetrating CD; however, these variants were frequently detected in male patients with colonic CD than in those with ileocolonic CD. The variant allele of rs3761548 was increased in male patients with penetrating CD compared to those with non‐stricturing, non‐penetrating CD. The colonic expression of Foxp3 was higher in CD patients than in controls (both males and females). Compared to male patients carrying wild‐type alleles, the colonic expression of Foxp3 was downregulated in male patients with variant alleles, rs3761547, rs2232365, rs2294021, and rs3761548, respectively. However, the Foxp3 polymorphisms were not significantly related with the colonic expression levels of IL‐2 and IL‐4 in CD patients (both males and females).ConclusionFoxp3 polymorphisms might increase the CD susceptibility by reducing the colonic expression of Foxp3 in male patients.
Long noncoding RNA LINC00483/microRNA‐144 regulates radiosensitivity and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma by interacting with HOXA10
Authors: Yang Qing‐Shan , Li Bin , Xu Ge , Yang Si‐Qi , Wang Peng , Tang Huai‐Hui , Liu Yuan‐Yuan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLung adenocarcinoma (LAD) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play an important regulatory role in cancer biology, including that of LAD. The aim of this experiment was to explore the interaction of LINC00483, microRNA‐144 (miR‐144), and homeobox A10 (HOXA10), and their effects on radio sensitivity and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of LAD. Initially, microarray analysis was used to screen out miRNAs and lncRNAs, as well as the differentially expressed genes related to LAD. Following the screening process, the targeting relationship of LINC00483, miR‐144, and that of miR‐144 and HOXA10 was determined. Following that, the expression of LINC00483, miR‐144, messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as protein expression of HOXA10, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, E‐cadherin, vimentin, and N‐cadherin that followed in cells was determined. Also, the effect of LINC00483 on cell migration and invasion ability, and cell tumorigenic ability was detected. LINC00483 and HOXA10 were found to be upregulated whereas miR‐144 was downregulated in LAD. Silencing of LINC00483 could competitively bind to miR‐144, thereby upregulating HOXA10. LINC00483 or HOXA10 silencing led to decreased HOXA10, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, vimentin, and N‐cadherin but elevated miR‐144 and E‐cadherin. Moreover, after being transfected with silenced LINC00483, the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were inhibited with enhanced radiosensitivity. Consequently, the data of the study indicates that interference of LINC00483 weakens its competitive binding ability to miR‐144, thus reducing HOXA10 expression, and enhancing radiosensitivity in LAD.
Sonic hedgehog pathway activation regulates cervical cancer stem cell characteristics during epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Authors: Sharma Anuka , De Renaissa , Javed Shifa , Srinivasan Radhika , Pal Arnab , Bhattacharyya Shalmoli 
Published: February 2019

AbstractResistance to therapy and metastasis remains one of the leading causes of mortality due to cervical cancer despite advances in detection and treatment. The mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) provides conceptual explanation to the invasiveness and metastatic spread of cancer but it has not been fully understood in cervical cancer. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which silencing of E‐cadherin gene regulates EMT leading to proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance of cervical cancer cells through the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. We developed an in vitro EMT model by the knockdown of E‐cadherin expression in cervical cancer cell lines. To understand the role of developmental pathway like Hh in the progression of cervical cancer, we investigated the expression of Hh pathway mediators by array in E‐cadherin low cervical cancer cells and observed upregulation of Hh pathway. This was further validated on low passage patient‐derived cell lines and cervical carcinoma tissue sections from cervical cancer patients. Further, we evaluated the role of two inhibitors (cyclopamine and GANT58) of the Hh pathway on invasiveness and apoptosis in E‐cadherin low cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, we observed that inhibition of Hh pathway with GANT58 along with current therapeutic procedures could be more effective in targeting drug‐resistant EMT cells and bulk tumor cells in cervical cancer.