bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental model studies for the Istanbul Master Plan. Part II: water quality and eutrophication
Authors: Bach H. K. , Orhon D. , Jensen O. K. , Hansen I. S. 
Published: May 2018

A comprehensive environmental modelling study has been carried out to support the Istanbul Master Plan Study reviewing the waste water strategy for the period up to year 2030, at which time the sewerage system is expected to be extended to serve about 20 million people. Already today the local marine areas suffer from pollution effects caused by sewage discharge. The affected areas in particular are the Bosphorus Strait and the Bosphorus Strait-Sea of Marmara junction area, which are also the natural receiving waters for the sewage from the planned new development areas of Istanbul. The general conditions of the entire Sea of Marmara are also of concern. The object of the study was to determine the effects of the waste water effluent on the marine system and to evaluate alternative plans for sewage treatment and location of outfalls.
An advanced 3-Dimensional model of the Black Sea-Bosphorus Strait-Marmara Sea junction area has been set-up and used for studying the immediate effects on oxygen conditions for a two week long design period. A 3-Dimensional model has been set up for the Sea of Marmara with the purpose of studying the effects of eutrophication over a one year period, which is necessary in order to describe the processes involved. These models are based on SYSTEM 3, a general modelling system for baroclinic flow, including modules describing water quality and biological/eutrophication processes.
The various loading scenarios evaluated included variation in outfall location horizontally and vertically, e.g. in top layer versus halocline or bottom layer trapping and variation in treatment strategy, e.g. no treatment, biological and tertiary treatment.
Some environmental aspects of marine disposal systems with particular reference to UK waters
Authors: Kaya Yusuf 
Published: May 2018

Disposal to the marine environment is generally regarded as an effective means of disposing of sewage effluent. In recent years legislation has been introduced to enable marine disposal in a more controlled and environmentally acceptable manner. The discharger must prove to the regulatory authorities that the proposed discharges comply with the relevant legislation.
This paper concentrates on the environmental aspects of marine disposal systems and gives examples from the UK. Emphasis is given to mathematical modelling techniques used to assess compliance with relevant legislation. Data requirements for model set up and calibration are discussed, together with assessment of the level of calibration achieved for two specific coastal applications. An improved representation of wind stress effects on the water column and requirements for a special radiation condition at open boundaries to render the boundary transparent to outgoing transients are also discussed.
Marine water quality management in South Africa
Authors: Taljaard Susan , Botes Willem A. M. 
Published: May 2018

In South Africa the ultimate goal in water quality management is to keep the water resources suitable for all “beneficial uses”. Beneficial uses provides a basis for the derivation of water quality guidelines, which, for South Africa, are defined in Water quality guidelines for the South African coastal zone (DWAF, 1991). The CSIR has developed a practical approach to marine water quality management, taking into account international trends and local experience, which can be applied to any coastal development with potential influence on water quality. The management plan is divided into three logical components, i.e.
• site-specific statutory requirements and environmental objectives;
• system design with specific reference to influences on water quality; and
• monitoring programmes.
Within this management approach water quality issues are addressed in a holistic manner, through focused procedures and clear identification of information requirements. This paper describes the procedures and information requirements within each component of the water quality management plan, with specific reference to marine disposal systems. Ideally, the management plan should be implemented from the feasibility and conceptual design phase of a development and the timing of the different procedures within the development process are therefore also highlighted. However, the logical lay-out of procedures allows for easy initiation (even to existing disposal system) at any stage of development.
Reed bed treatment systems for sewage treatment in the United Kingdom - the first 10 years’ experience
Authors: Cooper P. , Green B. 
Published: May 2018

The UK Water Industry first became interested in Reed Bed Treatment Systems for sewage in 1985. Early problems were experienced with soil-based horizontal-flow systems of the Root Zone type. The problems were overcome by national co-ordination of a development programme and international co-operation by an EC Expert Contact Group. A number of different types of systems have now been developed and the systems are now being accepted. The paper reviews the development of these systems for secondary and tertiary treatment and nitrification and mentions development of systems for other forms of treatment. The design changes made to overcome the problems are described. These include the gradual move to the use of gravel-based systems because of the difficulty experienced with over-land flow in the soil systems. The sizing of the systems is described together with performance data for the original horizontal-flow and the more recently developed vertical-flow systems. Treatment at secondary and tertiary levels is illustrated and the potential for nitrification. Early problems with reed growth have been overcome by planting with port-grown seedlings.
After 10 years the process is generally accepted by the Water Industry as an appropriate treatment for villages and there are now between 200 and 300 systems in operation.
Cyanobacterial toxins: occurrence, properties and biological significance
Authors: Codd G. A. 
Published: May 2018

All of the most commonly encountered genera of cyanobacteria which form blooms and scums in fresh-brackish- and marine waters include members capable of producing potent toxins.
Poisonings of vertebrate and invertebrate animals following the ingestion of cyanobacterial bloom/scum material have been widely reported for many years and recognition of the adverse effects of cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins is increasing. This review considers the occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial populations and properties of the toxins themselves, of which at least 60 are now recognised. When rightfully regarded as microbial secondary metabolites, a range of possible functions for cyanobacterial toxins is presented. Whether cyanobacterial toxins contribute to the ability of cyanobacteria to dominate many eutrophic waterbodies is unknown, although understanding of the occurrence of the toxins in aquatic environments and their actions at the molecular level and with whole organisms in laboratory studies indicates that this is possible.
Mousetrap: modelling of real sewer sediment characteristics and attached pollutants
Authors: Crabtree R. W. , Ashley R. , Gent R. 
Published: May 2018

A dynamic, pollutograph based sewer flow quality simulation model is an essential tool to aid in the control of intermittent pollution from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Such a model can be used in conjunction with river impact models to provide an objective methodology for the control of intermittent sewage discharges. A new component to the MOUSE package has been developed, called MOUSETRAP, which is composed of a series of deterministic modules to represent the quality of surface run-off, sediment and pollutant transport within the pipe network, and the biological and chemical reactions within the sewer system. MOUSETRAP can be used to predict sewer flow quality and, hence, CSO spill concentrations and loads over time.
The results of recent research into the behaviour of sediments and associated pollutants in sewers have shown that these aspects are crucial to the development of a reliable, deterministic sewer flow quality model. MOUSETRAP, by representing the physical and chemical characteristics and behaviour of real sewer sediment types has the ability to simulate storm event pollutographs incorporating first foul flush phenomena. MOUSETRAP achieves this by representing pollutants associated with dissolved phase liquid transport and pollutants associated with sediments including bed deposits, bed load and settleable suspended solids.
The results of data collection are used to characterise sewer sediments and a theoretical basis for the modelling of sediments and sediment attached pollutants in MOUSETRAP is considered. Finally, the model default values for characteristics of the surface, deposited foul flow and in-pipe sediment types in MOUSETRAP are presented.
Contaminant migration from sanitary landfill leachate through soil monoliths
Authors: Radenkova-Yaneva Magdelinka , Kostakeva Emilia , Toshev Dimiter 
Published: May 2018

It is well known that the leachates from solid domestic waste sanitary landfills are heavily polluted with organic and inorganic substances. As they are of a potential danger for the environment, their uncontrolled seepage is avoided in the modern sanitary landfills by means of suitable insulation. This is mostly made of natural materials with a low filtration coefficient.
The present paper considers the results of the filtration characteristics, studying natural clayey soil model liners. The leachate contaminants distribution from the sanitary landfill in Sofia (Suhodol) is traced out in different liner depths. The mechanism of pollutant attenuation in the liners is considered. It is found that a part of the leachate components (Fe, Mn, SO42−, PO43−) stays in clayey liners. Besides, as a result of pore colmatation the permeability of the liners is decreased. It is shown that soil monoliths with a proper thickness might serve as a sufficiently safe barrier against leachate filtration in adjacent aquifers. On the base of the results obtained the thickness of the clay liners in the solid domestic waste sanitary landfills could be optimized.
The effect of changing inter process and final disinfection reagents on corrosion and biofilm growth in distribution pipes
Authors: Holden B. , Greetham M. , Croll B. T. , Scutt J. 
Published: May 2018

Anglian Water are currently up-rating the treatment process on all their surface water sources to include ozone to aid clarification and additional GAC contact time for the removal of micropollutants such as pesticides and trihalomethanes in the water. The final disinfection for the high quality water is by either chloramination or chlorination and pumped into a distribution network containing pipes of various materials.
To investigate the effect on the distribution network of chanving from pre-chlorination to an advanced water treatment process, a pipe rig was constructed at Grafham Water Works which included sections of a 60 year old cast iron main and new plastic MDPE pipework. The work was carried out in conjunction with University College London and investigated parameters including assimilable organic carbon (AOC), total organic carbon (TOC) and temperature and monitored their effect on the biofilm growth and corrosion rates.
The biofilm growth and corrosion rates on the coupons inserted into the cast iron pipes of the rig were found to be related to their orientation on the main. Temperature had a significant effect and correlated to bacterial activity.
During the period of investigation Grafham main works also changed over from pre-chlorination to ozonation and samples were taken from the actual distribution system pre and post the process changes. The results from these findings agreed with the pipe rig model, with the overall conclusion that the change from pre-chlorination to ozonation would have little effect on the corrosion and biofilm growth in distribution.
Nutrition, animal production and the environment
Authors: Rérat A. , Kaushik S. J. 
Published: May 2018

With increasing demographic growth, there will be an ever increasing demand for greater food production over the turn of this century. Seen from today's productivist point of view, this is not too difficult a challenge to meet. Besides socio-economic and geopolitical considerations, it is now of the utmost importance to consider any such increase in food production from a global environmental perspective. Man-made changes to the environment are numerous, some perhaps irredeemable. The essential human activities of agriculture, animal production and fisheries also affect the environment and some quantitative data are available on such impacts.
Each progress in increasing agricultural resources (reclaiming new land areas for agriculture, increase in land productivity, intensification of animal production etc.,) is not without disadvantages (deforestation, pollution of underground water through different contaminants). Intensification of land animal production, facilitated also by progress in biotechnological methods leads to increased contamination of the natural food chain and to the concentration of effluents. Aquatic production, currently undergoing tremendous progress, is also facing several such dangers: over-exploitation of natural resources; slow disappearance of natural breeding grounds; increased pollution of water through industrial, agricultural and aquacultural activities. Every such menace to the future of food production has its solution. Even the application of already available knowledge can prevent further deterioration of our land, air and aquatic environment for sustained production. But, local socioeconomic pressures and lack of concern or education often prevent us from obtaining the ideal balance between food production and environment.
Fillet texture of rainbow trout as affected by feeding strategy, slaughtering procedure and storage post mortem
Authors: Færgemand Jacob , Rønsholdt Bent , Alsted Niels , Børresen Torger 
Published: May 2018

Due to the enactment of environmental legislation in Denmark, feed expenditure by commercial aquaculture operations has been limited. This development has created a demand for high energy diets, which presently dominate the market place. Such diets limit waste load to the surrounding environment, but is the quality of the fish as end product affected?
It is well established that fillet quality varies according to several factors, including feed composition and feeding regime. An experiment was thus designed to evaluate the effect of differing: i) amount of protein fed, ii) amount of fat fed, iii) starvation period before harvesting, iv) method of slaughter and v) storage time post mortem on fillet quality of 600g trout. The fillet fat content was examined and related to each of the five factors investigated in order to determine which had the most pronounced effect on fillet texture post mortem.
Texture measurements were undertaken using an Instron Universal Testing Machine and sensory analysis. Results indicated that fillet fat content could be increased 20% without affecting texture. Storage time post mortem was found to be the single most important factor affecting fillet texture. Sensory analyses verified the results obtained by instrumental texture testing.
Monitoring of groundwater in Gabal el Asfar wastewater irrigated area (Greater Cairo)
Authors: Rashed M. , Awad S. R. , Salam M. A. , Smidt E. 
Published: May 2018

In arid to semi-arid countries water scarcity on a national level is seemingly contradicted by the local occurrence of sometimes large amounts of domestic wastewater. Consequently, in many countries this wastewater is considered as an additional source of water, particularly for irrigation purposes. The government of Egypt is planning to use wastewater in land reclamation in many areas on the Eastern and Western fringes of the Nile Valley and Delta.
A preliminary survey on the effects of wastewater irrigation was carried out by the Research Institute for Groundwater (RIGW) in the Gabal el Asfar area (Greater Cairo) in 1990-1991. A general framework of reuse of sewage effluent for irrigation in Egypt was discussed. The hydrogeological setting of the Gabal el Asfar area, the groundwater flow system and the thickness of the unsaturated zone were described. The impact on groundwater quality from sewage effluent irrigation has been assessed and the migration of pollution was evaluated.
The main objective of the present study is to analyze and explain changes in groundwater quality between 1991 and 1994. The study is executed within the framework of the Environmental Management Groundwater Resources project.
Modified vortex separator and UV disinfection for combined sewer overflow treatment
Authors: Boner M. C. , Ghosh D. R. , Harper S. R. , Turner B. G. 
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the results of a study to evaluate the efficiency of a modified vortex separator (MVS) and an ultraviolet (UV) disinfection unit for direct treatment of combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The MVS included dissolved air and coagulant addition. The effluent from the vortex separator was disinfected continuously using UV light. Bench-scale tests were performed on CSO samples to screen various coagulants and operating pressures for dissolved air. Field tests were performed at the CSO pilot facility where simulated as well as actual storm-generated overflow events were studied.
Performance comparisons between the MVS and other CSO treatment technologies are presented. Results indicate that the MVS achieves pollutant removals superior to conventional sedimentation for the same surface loading rates, or can be hydraulically loaded several times higher than sedimentation to achieve the same results. The results also indicate that the MVS significantly improved solids concentration capability when compared to the conventional operation of the vortex separator. UV disinfection performance was dependent on TSS removal and showed promise for full scale implementation when combined with MVS treatment.
This project was sponsored by the Water Environment Research Foundation and was a collaborative effort between ten participating organizations including the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), municipalities, consulting firms and equipment manufacturers.
Murray-Darling Basin Commission: a case study in integrated catchment management
Authors: Blackmore D. J. 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the Australian Murray-Darling basin experience in integrated catchment management, what has been achieved and what remains to be done. The basin water is shared by three states, but falls under the jurisdiction of four governments, that of the Commonwealth as well as the State governments. The critical development in recent years at the political and bureaucratic level was the establishment of a three-tier management structure that allows common interests to be developed, discussed, resolved and implemented. Two main problems had to be resolved before significant co-operative action could take place, namely the issues of water sharing between the states and the sharing of costs associated with Murray River salinity. A framework Salinity and Drainage Strategy was developed to address this, and is described.
This paper also describes the Natural Resources Management Strategy, the cornerstone of efforts to sustain the natural resources of the basin. The strategy emphasises community participation and empowerment. The problems identified, strategic aims to address these problems and the role of community action are detailed.
Who should get the water? Decision support for water resource management
Authors: Chapman R. A. , Manders P. T. , Scholes R. J. , Bosch J. M. 
Published: May 2018

Increasing competition for water in South Africa is changing the management emphasis from one of supply to that of controlling demand. There are many possible alternative uses of water. The Catchment Resource Assessment Model (CRAM) is a tool which can help evaluate these alternative uses. CRAM has been designed to:
- be objective;
- be fair to all parties;
- balance social, environmental and economic benefits and costs, and
- be understandable to the educated non-specialist user.
Using water as a “currency”, CRAM simulates the impacts of land uses on hydrological, economic, environmental and social conditions in a catchment. The Crocodile River catchment is modelled in the current implementation of CRAM. Users have indicated their preference for familiar and well-tried submodels in CRAM, rather than new, unknown models.
Integrated cadastre (Inventory System) for pollution sources in the Danube basin in Yugoslavia
Authors: Marjanovic P. , Miloradov M. , Cukic Z. , Bogdanovic S. , Sakulski D. 
Published: May 2018

The state of the art approach to environmental protection and management calls for the implementation of major multipurpose environmental protection systems and a wide scope of preventive measures. Since environmental protection falls within the scope of problems collectively known as “externalities” which justify government intervention, i.e. the implementation of the required measures, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that adequate data is collected and analyzed prior to any decision making pertaining to environmental protection. It is this responsibility of the Government and the constitutional right of the people to live and work in a healthy environment that are the basis of the development of a Federal Integrated Cadastre of Polluters.
The integrated approach requires a substantial increase in the amount of information and data on which the planning decisions of the future will be based. It is this need for information and data necessary for the implementation of the state of the art forecasting, planning and management (decision making) that brought about the development of the Integrated Cadastre (Inventory) of Polluters in the Danube basin in Yugoslavia.
This paper presents the methodology used in the development of the integrated cadastre and gives a brief review of the structure of the information system used to manage the integrated cadastre.
Studies evaluating the applicability of utilising the same concentration techniques for the detection of protozoan parasites and viruses in water
Authors: Kfir R. , Hilner C. , du Preez M. , Bateman B. 
Published: May 2018

In this study concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e. flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. Recovery of cysts utilizing 1.2µm membrane filters was 11.1% (4.5-23%) compared to 11.6% (2.7-25.5%) with ultrafiltration (pore size 46-50 Å, with a molecular cut off of 50 000 daltons). Comparison of these methods for the isolation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from environmental water samples also indicated a similar efficacy. The recovery of cysts from 1001 of seeded samples using a Cuno wynd cartridge filter was 12.2% (1.6-46%) compared to 13.4% (5-24.2%) using a Filterite cartridge filter. Although the results indicated similar recovery efficacies for these two methods, use of Filterite resulted in a more consistent recovery rate. This study also indicated that the use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples (1001) showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than the flat-bed filtration technique which limits sample volume to about 101.
This study shows that concentration techniques utilised for the isolation of enteric viruses can also be applied for the detection of protozoan parasites from water. This procedure allows for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provides a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality.