bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IDENTITY OF A MYSTIC: THE CASE OF SA'ID SARMAD, A JEWISH-YOGI-SUFI COURTIER OF THE MUGHALS
Authors: Katz Nathan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSa'id Sarmad's dargah (saint's tomb) dominates the entryway to Delhi's imposing Jama Masjid. But Sarmad was a Jew, both by birth and affirmation. He was also, according to his Rubaiyat, "a follower of the Furqan (i.e., a Sufi), a (Catholic) priest, a (Buddhist) monk, a Jewish rabbi, an infidel, and a Muslim." Indeed, it is hard to imagine a mystic with a more complex confessional identity. This paper explores both Sarmad's apparently contradictory religious self-identification and the complex religious context which Sarmad found in seventeenth-century North India. It will trace Sarmad's spiritual path as it meandered between Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, as recorded in his poetry and in the hagiographical (taskira) traditions which surround him, and will contribute to the discussion of the relationship between the mystic and his or her religion of birth or adoption.
DER HISTORIKER ALS ERZÄHLER. ZUR ZEICHNUNG DES SELEUKIDENKÖNIGS ANTIOCHUS IN 2 MAKK. IX
Authors: Nicklas Tobias 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNicht nur aufgrund seines historischen Gehalts verdient das 2. Makkabäerbuch das Interesse der kritischen Forschung. Reizvoll ist vielmehr auch die Beschäftigung mit der 'Erzählung' 2 Makk., die mit einer Vielzahl zum Teil äußerst subtiler Techniken den 'Leser' zu fesseln sucht. Am Beispiel der Darstellung des Seleukidenkönigs Antiochus IV. Epiphanes in 2 Makk. ix erweist sich einerseits, welche Mittel dem 'Erzähler' zur Zeichnung seiner Charaktere zur Verfügung stehen, diese wirft andererseits aber auch Licht auf theologisch und historisch bedeutsame Fragestellungen: So zeigt die Analyse der Charakterisierung des Antiochus, dass zumindest von dem in 2 Makk. ix Erzählten aus nicht auf die Möglichkeit eines 'Zu-Spät' der Umkehr geschlossen werden kann. Gleichzeitig lassen sich Folgerungen für die literarische Funktion des in VV. 19-27 eingeschalteten Briefes ziehen, die indirekt auch Auswirkungen auf die Frage der "Fiktionalität" dieses Abschnitts aus 2 Makk. ix mit sich bringen.
'THAT GHASTLY WORK': RUSKIN, ANIMALS AND ANATOMY
Authors: Birch Dinah 
Published: July 2002

AbstractJohn Ruskin (1819-1900)—art critic, architectural historian and writer—became, in his later work, increasingly interested in the relationship between human and animal life. As an art critic, he was concerned with the representation of human and animal figures and, in particular, with anatomical studies; whilst he had a longstanding interest in scientific concepts, in particular in the ways in which evolutionary theory changed understandings of animals. This paper explores how Ruskin rejected both the anatomical approach to animals studied in art, and the dissection of animals by scientists. Instead, this paper argues, Ruskin proposed that the lives of animals should be regarded with respect, reverence and responsibility.
Squamate relationships based on C-mos nuclear DNA sequences: increased taxon sampling improves bootstrap support
Authors: Marshall J.C. , Crandall K.A. , Harris D.J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSequences of the nuclear gene C-mos from 16 new species have been combined with previously published data to produce an analysis of squamate relationships using 56 taxa, considerably more than in previous analyses. Support for many nodes is greatly increased, thus producing a more robust assessment of relationships. Sampling was concentrated within the families Iguanidae and Lacertidae, both of which have poorly supported phylogenies based on mtDNA sequence data. Our analysis supports a robust estimate of relationships within the Iguanidae. Within the Lacertidae relationships are only partially well resolved, and this provides independent evidence for rapid speciation within this family.
BROOD SIZE DOES NOT INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOUR OR DENSITY OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE SMALLMOUTH BASS UNDER PARENTAL CARE
Authors: Friesen Trevor , Ridgway Mark 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We used fine scale observations of individual broods of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) to ask whether brood size had an effect on feeding behaviour, agonistic behaviour, nearest-neighbour distance or brood density of larvae and juveniles. Developmental phase, and not brood size, provided the only significant effect on individual behaviour. The dispersion of broods in the nearshore zone of the lake increased throughout the parental care period in response to both developmental phase and brood size. The density of fish in broods (number of fish/m2 of lake surface/brood) declined sharply before metamorphosis and remained relatively constant throughout the remaining parental care period. However, at any particular developmental phase, the density of fish in broods was unrelated to the total numbers of fish in a brood. The observation of increasing dispersion of broods during parental care while, at any developmental phase, the density of fish remains independent of brood size has important implications for the ecology of young-of-year smallmouth bass. The possible mechanisms governing this phenomenon may be similar to those proposed for schooling fish and the movements of large migratory mammals.
COURTSHIP FOOD-CALLING IN BURMESE RED JUNGLEFOWL: III. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MALE'S BEHAVIOR
Authors: Van Kampen Hendrik , Hogan Jerry 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFood - calling is a display performed by male fowl during courtship. In a series of experiments with adult male junglefowl, we manipulated food deprivation, variety of food available, sexual experience, familiarity with a female, and familiarity with the environment. We measured the frequency and duration of food - calling to a female during standardized tests, and in some experiments we also measured the distance between male and female. Our results show that all the variables had significant effects on food - calling. We interpret these results to mean that causal factors associated with hunger, sex, and fear/exploration all influence the occurrence of food - calling. Some comparisons of courtship food - calling with parental foodcalling and food - running are discussed with respect to the causation, function, and evolution of these displays.
SOUND-BASED SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION IN THE BLACKCAP SYLVIA ATRICAPILLA SHOWS HIGH TOLERANCE TO SIGNAL MODIFICATIONS
Authors: Mathevon Nicolas , Aubin Thierry 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to investigate the male blackcap decoding process allowing species-specific recognition in the perspective of possible adaptations for communication in dense vegetation. We played back modified and natural blackcap songs to territorial blackcap males and scored the reaction of the territory owners. We examined the response of blackcap males to artificial songs manipulated to reflect a possible environmental degradation. Territory owners respond strongly even to crude models of conspecific song. Only when frequency modulation is suppressed or the number of syllables in the song is drastically reduced do the territory owners cease to respond. The importance of frequency modulation for species recognition is further emphasised by territory owners' strong response to synthetic sounds, in which rapid frequency modulation is superimposed by a less rapid and a slow frequency modulation within the frequency range of conspecific song. Our results have then put forward the acoustic basis for the initial perception of potential conspecifics. It appears that blackcap species-specific decoding process seems highly tolerant towards song structure modifications. May be this is an adaptation to the propagation acoustic constraints imposed by the forest environment.
Partial isolation of a water soluble pheromone from the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, using a novel bioassay
Authors: Riga Ekaterini , Potter John , Jonz Michael , Mercier A. Joffre 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe sex pheromone of female Heterodera schachtii, the sugar beet cyst nematode, was partially isolated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Female-conditioned medium (FCM), produced by incubating 20 H. schachtii females in 1 ml of ultrapure water, attracted males in a concentration dependent manner. The attractive material was not contained within the female gelatinous matrix and did not attract second stage juveniles (J2). Characterisation of FCM revealed that the attractive material was water soluble and heat stable. Male H. schachtii exhibited stylet thrusting behaviour upon exposure to FCM, and this behaviour was used as a novel indicator of biological activity.
In vitro studies on the relative availability and mobility in soil of natural hatching factors for the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida
Authors: Jones Peter , Byrne John , Devine Ken 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe fractionation of root leachates from tomato and potato on a Sephadex G-10 column revealed many similarities between the elution profiles of hatching activities towards potato cyst nematodes (PCN). When aliquots of either tomato or potato root leachate were mixed with different soil samples, hatching factors exhibiting G. pallida-selective hatching activity showed less affinity for the soil matrix than did those selective for G. rostochiensis . This was confirmed by the earlier elution of G. pallida-selective hatching factors from columns in which soil was used as the solid phase in low pressure liquid chromatography. The selectivity of the earliest-eluting hatching factors towards G. pallida, relative to G. rostochiensis, was found to increase significantly as the percentage soil organic matter content increased.
Natural abundances of 15N and 13C indicating physiological responses in Petunia hybrida to infection by longidorid nematodes and nepoviruses
Authors: Neilson Roy , Handley Linda L. , Robinson David , Scrimgeour Charlie M. , Brown Derek J.F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The effects of a) systemic virus infection (arabis mosaic and tomato black
ring nepoviruses), b) ectoparasitic nematode feeding (Xiphinema
diversicaudatum and Longidorus elongatus) and c) a combination of virus
infection and nematode feeding on the natural abundances of 13C(delta13C)
and 15N(delta15N) of nitrogen-starved Petunia hybrida were studied.
Pathogen-induced effects were not confined to sites of virus infection or
nematode feeding. Those treatments with nematodes feeding on Petunia hosts
and those with a combination of virus infection and nematode feeding
resulted in a depletion of shoot and root 15N compared with controls.
Virus-infected plants were more 15N-enriched than those fed upon by
nematodes which, in turn, were more 15N-enriched than those with both
nematode and virus in combination. Shoot delta13C values from infected
treatments were not significantly different from controls. Although root
delta13C was significantly different from controls in most treatments,
absolute differences were small. Differences in delta15N between infected
and control plants were probably caused by physiological responses to
pathogen infection/feeding such as production of PR-proteins and/or release
of nitric oxide. Le contenu naturel en 15N et 13C comme indicateur de la
reaction de Petunia hybrida a l'infestation par les nematodes Longidorides
et les nepovirus - La presente etude a porte sur l'influence i) d'une
infection virale systemique (nepovirus de la mosaique Arabis et du cercle
noir de la tomate), ii) d'une atteinte par des nematodes ectoparasites
(Xiphinema diversicaudatum et Longidorus elongatus) et iii) d'une
combinaison de deux types de pathogenes sur le contenu naturel en
13C(delta13C) et en 15N(delta15N) de Petunia hybrida deficients en azote.
Les effets induits par ces organismes pathogenes ne sont pas limites aux
sites de l'infection virale ou a ceux des attaques des nematodes. Compares
aux temoins, les traitements comportant les seules attaques de nematodes et
ceux comportant des attaques combinees des deux types de parasites
provoquent une diminution du 15N des racines et des parties aeriennes. Les
plants infectes par les virus avaient un taux en 15N plus eleve que ceux
attaques par les nematodes, lesquels, en revanche, contenaient plus de 15N
que les plants soumis simultanement aux deux types de parasites. Les taux de
delta13C dans les parties aeriennes des plants soumis aux differentes
attaques n'etaient pas significativement differents de ceux des temoins. Si,
dans la plupart des traitements, les taux de delta13C dans les racines
etaient significativement differents de ceux des temoins, ces differences
restaient faibles en valeur absolue. Les differences dans les taux en
delta15N entre plants infectes et temoins sont probablement la resultante de
reactions physiologiques aux pathogenes, telles la production de proteines
PR ou l'emission d'oxyde nitrique.
Aggregation in Na-, K-, and Ca-montmorillonite dispersions, characterized by impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Roy G. , Pelletier M. , Thomas F. , Despas C. , Bessière J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMontmorillonite-water-cation systems were characterized using high-frequency impedance spectroscopy by studying the influence of the solid concentration and the nature of the exchangeable cation (Na+, K+, Ca2+) on the dielectric characteristics of the dispersions. A new method is proposed to calculate the relaxation frequency (fr) and the dispersion factor (α) from a limited number of impedance measurements. By comparison with rheology, microscopy, X-ray diffraction and immersion calorimetry results, it is shown that impedance spectroscopy is a very powerful technique which yields structural information on a complex system. For Na-montmorillonite, two transitions are observed at 2.5% and 3.6% in solids. The cation mobility and the number of connections between particles are described by fr and α, respectively. The two transitions can then be attributed to the formation of the gel and to the reduction of the macroporosity within the gel, respectively. For Ca-montmorillonite, thick layer-stacks form at the lowest concentrations, and connections between these stacks are observed at 9% in solids, in good aggrement with rheological measurements. The K-montmorillonite displays progressive thickening of the tactoids, and no formation of a unique connected network, as revealed by the smooth evolution of fr and α.
Extracting K-Ar ages from shales: the analytical evidence
Authors: Clauer N. , Chaudhuri S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationship between the K-Ar dates of mixed natural clays and the ratios of detrital and diagenetic components follows in most cases a linear trend, which agrees with the theory when the K2O contents of the end-members are similar. However, significant deviations from a linear trend may occur and take the form of poorly-defined concave curves. The absence of a linear trend is less likely to be due to the imprecise determination of the ratio between the two end-members than to heterogeneities of the natural samples which may arise from complex K-Ar evolutions of the detrital and diagenetic end-members. The straight-line approach is of limited use in the definition of diagenetic ages in shales by extrapolating linear trends to diagenetic end-members.
Geostatistical analysis of the influence of textural, mineralogical and geochemical parameters on the geotechnical behaviour of the ‘Argilas de Aveiro’ Formation (Portugal)
Authors: Galhano C. , Rocha F. , Gomes C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTextural, mineralogical and chemical parameters of clays belonging to the Upper Cretaceous ‘Argilas de Aveiro’ formation were determined and correlated, using geostatistical analysis, with some relevant geotechnical parameters. The data obtained made it possible to subdivide the region under study into distinctive sectors on the basis of geotechnical behaviour. Clay fraction content and composition control geotechnical parameters such as the expandability and the Atterberg plastic and liquid limits. A positive correlation was found between both expandability and the Atterberg plasticity index values and the total phyllosilicates, smectite, MgO and Al2O3. However, Atterberg plasticity index values were relatively independent of the diverse clay mineral assemblages.
Twin memory and twin amnesia in anorthoclase
Authors: Hayward S. A. , Salje E. K. H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany natural minerals and synthetic materials display twin microstructures resulting from displacive phase transitions. These microstructures may be removed temporarily from the sample by heating above the relevant transition temperature, though the twinning generally returns on subsequent cooling.In anorthoclase, the spatial distributions of twins before and after brief annealing above TC are often identical. This property appears to be a common feature in many materials which undergo ferroelastic phase transitions, and is known as ‘twin memory’. The atomic mechanisms responsible for this twin memory may be investigated by studying the annealing regimes required to remove the memory effect; how long must a sample be annealed, and at what temperature, to induce ‘twin amnesia’.High-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been used to investigate twin memory and twin amnesia in anorthoclase. In anorthoclase, the primary constraint on twin amnesia is thermodynamic, rather than kinetic. The critical temperature to induce amnesia correlates well with the top of the (Na, K) solvus in disordered alkali feldspar. For this reason, the proposed mechanism for twin memory involves the segregation of alkali cations in thin lamellae at the twin boundaries.
A re-examination of herzenbergite–teallite solid solution at temperatures between 300 and 700°C
Authors: Hayashi K. , Kitakaze A. , Sugaki A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn order to investigate the range of the solid solution series in herzenbergite-teallite minerals, samples of different composition were synthesized. Herzenbergite-teallite minerals were synthesized by an evacuated silica glass tube method at 700°C. A linear relationship between cell dimensions, a, b and c and composition is established. Extension of solid solution to the Pb-rich portion of the system PbS-SnS is limited; the solid solution area is between Pb1.060Sn0.940S2 and SnS at 700°C. Teallite coexisting with galena was also synthesized by hydrothermal recrystallization at 300, 400 and 450°C. The compositions of teallite are Pb1.140Sn0.860S2 at 300°C, Pb1.114Sn0.886S2 at 400°C, and Pb1.124Sn0.876S2 at 450°C, respectively. Their compositions shift towards the PbS end-member from stoichiometric teallite. The cell dimensions of teallite, which was synthesized hydrothermally, follow the linear relationship between cell dimensions and composition established at 700°C.
Fluid circulation in the Apuane Alps core complex: evidence from extension
veins in the Carrara marble
Authors: Costagliola P. , Benvenuti M. , Maineri C. , Lattanzi P. , Ruggieri G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In the Apuane Alps (AA) metamorphic core complex, syn-metamorphic mineral
deposits are mainly restricted to extensional shear zones in the Lower Plate
Palaeozoic basement. By contrast, the extension structures at upper levels, such
as the detachment fault, that are typically the seat of fluid circulation and
mineralization in other core complexes, are barren in the AA. Extension veins
hosted by the Jurassic Carrara marbles are among the few examples of (minor)
mineralization located in the upper levels of the AA core complex.
Calcite–dolomite geothermometry and fluid inclusion data suggest that the
mineralizing process in these veins began under pressure
(P)-temperature (T)
conditions close to the metamorphic peak (about 400°C, 3 kbar). Progressive
cooling and mixing between metamorphic and late stage meteoric fluids were
probably responsible for most of the mineral deposition. Batches of relatively
saline fluids presumably resulted from interaction with evaporitic levels located
along the detachment fault. In agreement with previous estimates, fluid inclusion
constraints on the P—T synmetamorphic path of the AA
suggest a relatively rapid cooling of the core complex as a result of uplift.
However, the maximum estimated geothermal gradient (about 35°C/km) is considerably
lower than in other core complexes, where large-scale hydrothermal circulation was
associated with extension and uplift. Hence, in the AA, fluid circulation at
shallow levels and mixing among fluids of different origin were not favoured, thus
precluding the formation of mineral deposits along major extensional
structures.
Expression, purification, and characterization of human hemoglobins Gower-1 (ζ2ε2), Gower-2 (α2ε2), and Portland-2 (ζ2β2) assembled in complex transgenic–knockout mice
Authors: He Zhenning , Russell J. Eric 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEmbryonic ζ- and ε-globin subunits assemble with each other and with adult α- and β-globin subunits into hemoglobin heterotetramers in both primitive and definitive erythrocytes. The properties of these hemoglobins—Hbs Gower-1 (ζ2ε2), Gower-2 (α2ε2), and Portland-2 (ζ2β2)—have been incompletely described as they are difficult to obtain in quantity from either primary human tissue or conventional expression systems. The generation of complex transgenic–knockout mice that express these hemoglobins at levels between 24% and 70% is described, as are efficient methods for their purification from mouse hemolysates. Key physiological characteristics—including P50, Hill coefficient, Bohr effect, and affinity for 2,3-BPG—were established for each of the 3 human hemoglobins. The stability of each hemoglobin in the face of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stresses was also determined. Analyses indicate that the ζ-for-α exchange distinguishing Hb Portland-2 and Hb A alters hemoglobin O2-transport capacity by increasing its P50 and decreasing its Bohr effect. By comparison, the ε-for-β exchange distinguishing Hb Gower-2 and Hb A has little impact on these same functional parameters. Hb Gower-1, assembled entirely from embryonic subunits, displays an elevated P50 level, a reduced Bohr effect, and increased 2,3-BPG binding compared to Hb A. The data support the hypothesis that Hb Gower-2, assembled from reactivated ε globin in individuals with defined hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias, would serve as a physiologically acceptable substitute for deficient or dysfunctional Hb A. In addition, the unexpected properties of Hb Gower-1 call into question a common hypothesis for its primary role in embryonic development.