bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valuation of Ecosystem Services to promote sustainable aquaculture practices
Authors: Custódio Marco , Villasante Sebastián , Calado Ricardo , Lillebø Ana Isabel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractConceptual frameworks to assess and valuate Ecosystem Services (ES) are rapidly becoming important tools for ecosystem‐based management, as they support transdisciplinary approaches to ecological economics and expand current asset boundaries to include natural and social capital. An important area where such ES assessment frameworks could become relevant management tools is aquaculture. Aquaculture activities are an interconnected part of the ecosystem in which they exist and, under certain circumstances, can support many of the same fundamental ES provided by nature. But, in most cases, aquaculture typically increases provisioning services at the expense of the other services (regulation & maintenance and cultural services). To understand the capacity of ES valuation methods to expose existing ES trade‐offs in areas under aquaculture development, this study provides a literature review of publications that assessed and valuated ES delivered and/or impacted by aquaculture. In general, it seems that certain types of aquaculture do negatively impact overall ES delivery (e.g. intensive mangrove shrimp farming in Asia), yet certain modes of production (e.g. integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture) and cultured species (e.g. algae and certain bivalves) can have a positive impact on ES, not only improving provisioning services but also regulation and maintenance services and, potentially, cultural services. ES valuation methods provide important data that facilitate discussion among stakeholders and policymakers and should be included in marine and coastal management planning processes to foster a more sustainable aquaculture.
Extraction of RNA from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded equine placenta
Authors: Dini Pouya , Esteller‐Vico Alejandro , Scoggin Kirsten E. , Daels Peter , Ball Barry A. 
Published: January 2019

ContentsArchived formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) samples represent a valuable resource for the determination of gene expression for physio/pathological conditions. In the present study, we validated a protocol for the extraction of RNA from FFPE samples collected from healthy and diseased equine placenta. The quality and quantity of the extracted RNA from the FFPE and matching RNAlater™‐preserved samples and expression levels of common housekeeping genes and reference microRNAs were evaluated. Precision of the expression data was evaluated by comparing relative expression of CYP19A1 and HSD3B1 in FFPE and RNAlater™ samples. The median RNA concentration recovered from FFPE samples was 316.8 ng/mm3 of tissue (ranging between 61.6 and 917.4 ng/mm3), average RNA integrity number was 2.3 ± 0.9 (mean ± standard deviation), and 84% of samples had RNA fragments longer than 200 nucleotides (DV200). RNA concentrations and CT values for GAPDH, ACTB, miR‐8908a and miR‐369 in FFPE samples were significantly correlated (r = −0.8, −0.7, −0.4 and −0.4, respectively; p < 0.001). Expression pattern of normalized CYP19A1 and HSD3B1 in paired FFPE and RNAlater™ samples was significantly correlated (r = 0.97 for CYP19A1 and HSD3B1; p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that RNA can be extracted from FFPE equine placental tissue and used for downstream transcriptomic analysis. Similar RNA expression patterns were obtained using RNAlater™ and FFPE tissue samples.
Assessment of urinary volatile compounds and proteins in the female goat Capra hircus: A pilot study to reveal potential indicators of oestrus
Authors: Sankarganesh D , Ramachandran R , Suriyakalaa U , Ramesh Saravanakumar V , Archunan G , Akbarsha MA , Achiraman S 
Published: January 2019

ContentsUrine samples of female goats in pro‐oestrus, oestrus and post‐oestrus phases were analysed for finding oestrus‐specific volatile compounds using gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and proteins using sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption–ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). Fourteen urinary volatile were identified covering all three phases among which four compounds, 1‐Tetradecanol, n‐Pentadecanol, 3‐Methylene tridecane and 2‐Ethyl‐1‐dodecene, were unique to oestrus. Also, oestrus urine contained a 25 kDa protein, which was totally absent in pro‐oestrus urine, and less‐expressed in post‐oestrus urine. This protein revealed to be complement C3 fragment. This pilot study, for the first time, reveals the difference in urinary volatile compounds and proteins in the female goat during the different phases of oestrous cycle. The four unique volatile compounds and a 25 kDa protein that appeared as oestrus‐specific in this study warrant further investigation to consider them as urinary biomarkers of oestrus in goats.
A Robust Approach for Mitigating Risks in Cyber Supply Chains
Authors: Zheng Kaiyue , Albert Laura A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn recent years, there have been growing concerns regarding risks in federal information technology (IT) supply chains in the United States that protect cyber infrastructure. A critical need faced by decisionmakers is to prioritize investment in security mitigations to maximally reduce risks in IT supply chains. We extend existing stochastic expected budgeted maximum multiple coverage models that identify “good” solutions on average that may be unacceptable in certain circumstances. We propose three alternative models that consider different robustness methods that hedge against worst‐case risks, including models that maximize the worst‐case coverage, minimize the worst‐case regret, and maximize the average coverage in the worst cases (conditional value at risk). We illustrate the solutions to the robust methods with a case study and discuss the insights their solutions provide into mitigation selection compared to an expected‐value maximizer. Our study provides valuable tools and insights for decisionmakers with different risk attitudes to manage cybersecurity risks under uncertainty.
Microneedle fractional radiofrequency‐induced micropores evaluated by in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and histology
Authors: Hansen Frederikke S. , Wenande Emily , Haedersdal Merete , Fuchs Christine S.K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundMicroneedle fractional radiofrequency (MNRF) is a minimally invasive technique that delivers radiofrequency (RF) energy into the skin via microneedles. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) enable the characterization of device‐tissue interactions in in vivo skin. The aim of this study is to describe MNRF‐induced micropores using RCM and OCT imaging.Materials and methodsFive healthy participants were treated with a 7 × 7 array of 1500 μm microneedles on two adjacent areas of the right hip. One area received MNRF using high RF energy while the other underwent MNRF at low RF energy. Micropore morphology was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively with RCM and OCT. To relate imaging with histology, one participant underwent punch biopsy in both areas.ResultsReflectance confocal microscopy visualized shape, content, and thermal‐induced coagulation zone (CZ) of MNRF micropores. At high RF energy, micropores showed concentric shape, contained hyperreflective granules, and coagulated tissue from epidermis to dermo‐epidermal junction (diameter 63‐85 μm). Micropores at low RF energy, presented with a stellate shape, no content and CZs that were visible only in epidermis (CZ thickness 9 μm, IQR 8‐21 μm). Evaluating OCT, high RF energy showed deeper (150 μm), more easily identifiable micropores compared to low RF energy micropores (70 μm). Histology showed tissue coagulation to a depth of 1500 μm at high RF energy, while at low RF energy, disruption was only visible in epidermis.ConclusionMicroneedle fractional radiofrequency micropores show distinct characteristics in both RCM and OCT, depending on RF energy. These in vivo imaging modalities are complementary and allow combined, qualitative, and quantitative evaluation.
Co‐infections with Plasmodium, Ascaris and Giardia among Rwandan schoolchildren
Authors: Geus Dominik , Sifft Kevin C. , Habarugira Felix , Mugisha Jean Claude , Mukampunga Caritas , Ndoli Jules , Bayingana Claude , Sendegeya Augustin , Martus Peter , Fraundorfer Kira , von Samson‐Himmelstjerna Georg , Gahutu Jean Bosco , Klotz Christian , Aebischer Anton , Mockenhaupt Frank P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesCo‐infections with Plasmodium, Ascaris and Giardia are common in sub‐Saharan Africa but epidemiological and clinical data are rare. We examined factors associated with co‐infections and their clinical manifestation among Rwandan schoolchildren.MethodsSchoolchildren aged 6–10 years attending 12 schools in Huye district, Rwanda, were recruited preceding routine deworming. Data on socioeconomic status (SES) and children′s histories were obtained, and children were clinically and anthropometrically examined. Blood and stool samples were collected, and infections with Plasmodium, Ascaris and Giardia were determined by microscopy and PCR assays.ResultsAmong 878 schoolchildren, Plasmodium, Ascaris and Giardia were present in 22%, 35% and 36%, respectively. Co‐infections with two or more parasites were found in 24%; only one‐third of the children did not harbour any of the parasites examined. Factors associated with parasite (co‐)infections largely overlapped and reflected low SES, in addition to a few specific risk factors. Clinically, most children were asymptomatic but anaemia (38%), underweight (17%), and reported signs and symptoms in the preceding 2 weeks (46%) were common. Many of the reported and assessed signs and symptoms were associated with Plasmodium infection, and co‐infection with Ascaris and/or Giardia did basically not modify the clinical picture. One exception was malnutrition, which was pronounced in Ascaris–Giardia co‐infection vs. individual mono‐infections.ConclusionsParasitic co‐infections are common in Rwandan schoolchildren, and are associated with a rather silent clinical manifestation that nevertheless may affect school performance and long‐term development. School‐based health interventions should target such co‐infections in an integrated manner.
Snakebite accidents in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil: Epidemiology, health management and influence of the environmental scenario
Authors: Costa Mikaelle Kaline Bezerra da , Fonseca Camilla Siqueira da , Navoni Julio Alejandro , Freire Eliza Maria Xavier 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesBrazil is home to large variety of snake species, of which about 17% are venomous. A large proportion of reported snakebite accidents in the country take place in northeast Brazil. We aimed to analyse the epidemiology of snakebites as a public health concern in Rio Grande do Norte state.MethodsA retrospective epidemiologic analysis was performed using data from the Brazilian Case Registry Database pertaining to the period 2007–2016, and considering environmental climate characteristics as an influential factor.ResultsA number of 3909 cases were reported in total. Among those cases, 58% involved venomous species and more than 80% of these were caused by Bothrops species. An association between environmental characteristics and the incidence of reported cases was found. The Borborema Potiguar region was the most affected area. Apart from that, deficiencies in managing the victims were described.ConclusionThis study highlights snakebite accidents as a public health concern in Rio Grande do Norte state. Snake bites are most likely being influenced by climate change and human activities. Continuous training of involved medical personnel could help optimise patient care and avoid under reporting in the accident reporting system.
Chemical genetic identification of a lectin receptor kinase that transduces immune responses and interferes with abscisic acid signaling
Authors: Park Jiyoung , Kim Tae‐Houn , Takahashi Yohei , Schwab Rebecca , Dressano Keini , Stephan Aaron B. , Ceciliato Paulo H. O. , Ramirez Eduardo , Garin Vince , Huffaker Alisa , Schroeder Julian I. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryInsight into how plants simultaneously cope with multiple stresses, for example, when challenged with biotic stress from pathogen infection and abiotic stress from drought, is important both for understanding evolutionary trade‐offs and optimizing crop responses to these stresses. Mechanisms by which initial plant immune signaling antagonizes abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction require further investigation. Using a chemical genetics approach, the small molecule [5‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)furan‐2‐yl]‐piperidine‐1‐ylmethanethione (DFPM) has previously been identified due to its ability to suppress ABA signaling via plant immune signaling components. Here, we have used forward chemical genetics screening to identify DFPM‐insensitive loci by monitoring the activity of ABA‐inducible pRAB18::GFP in the presence of DFPM and ABA. The ability of DFPM to attenuate ABA signaling was reduced in rda mutants (resistant to DFPM inhibition of ABA signaling). One of the mutants, rda2, was mapped and is defective in a gene encoding a lectin receptor kinase. RDA2 functions in DFPM‐mediated inhibition of ABA‐mediated reporter expression. RDA2 is required for DFPM‐mediated activation of immune signaling, including phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) 3 (MPK3) and MPK6, and induction of immunity marker genes. Our study identifies a previously uncharacterized receptor kinase gene that is important for DFPM‐mediated immune signaling and inhibition of ABA signaling. We demonstrate that the lectin receptor kinase RDA2 is essential for perceiving the DFPM signal and activating MAPKs, and that MKK4 and MKK5 are required for DFPM interference with ABA signal transduction.
A Transient Computational Fluid Dynamics, Phase Modulated, Multifrequency Approach for Impeller Rotordynamic Forces
Authors: Mortazavi Farzam , Palazzolo Alan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Modern high performance turbomachines frequently operate in supercritical condition above their first critical speed, rendering these machines prone to rotordynamic instability. The American Petroleum Institute (API) standards require advanced simulation models for level II stability analysis of impellers. Such data are then incorporated into rotor-bearing vibration response models. Despite recent advancements in high fidelity, general modeling (i.e., three-dimensional viscous transient nonaxisymmetric model) of closed impeller rotordynamic forces, no such general model is available for open impellers, especially the centrifugal type. This paper extends the transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model previously used for closed impellers to open impellers. The recent model uses a phase modulated, multifrequency approach for enhanced computational efficiency and robustness. Results are validated against literature experiments at design and off-flow condition. The model is further applied to a spectrum of specific speeds to extract the dimensionless rotordynamic forces for each class of impellers at design and off-flow conditions. Such dimensionless force data can be used to estimate the rotordynamic forces of impellers with similar specific speed. Depending on specific speed and the relative flow coefficient, many of these impellers are found to be excited by forward or backward whirl. Strong interaction with rotating stall typically appears in the force data at off-flow condition. Simulations of the isolated leakage path model (ILPM) for equivalent closed impellers reveal similar bumps and dips associated with highly swirling inflow which naturally occurs at part flow condition.
Epidemiology of time-loss injuries in international fencing: a prospective, 5-year analysis of Fédération Internationale d’Escrime competitions
Authors: Harmer Peter A 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesThe study aimed to determine the risk of time-loss injuries in international fencing and to characterise their type, location, severity and mechanism. Variations in risk associated with sex and discipline categories are also examined.MethodsData on participation and withdrawal due to injury from 809 competitions comprising the major events of the 2010–2014 seasons (inclusive) for the Fédération Internationale d’Escrime were compiled from official results. Athletes who withdrew due to injury sustained in each competition were contacted individually to obtain follow-up information including time lost from fencing participation (practice/competition) and sequelae.ResultsA total of 176 injuries were recorded from 637 776 athlete exposures (AEs) in 85 686 participants (men=47 869; women=37 817) over the study period, for an overall incidence of 0.28/1000 AEs (95% CI 0.24 to 0.32). Men had significantly greater risk than women (RR=1.42, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.94); épée had a significantly lower risk than foil or sabre (RR=0.52, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.76; RR=0.47, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.69, respectively). The majority of injuries were sprains (40.8%) and strains (20.1%), which occurred in the lower extremities (72.4%); ankle sprains were the most common specific injury (25.3%). Intrinsic effort of the fencer (non-contact injury) was the most common mechanism related to a time-loss injury (47.1% of cases). The overall median time loss was 4 weeks; 32.1% of the injuries involved 2 weeks or less away from fencing participation.ConclusionThe data indicate that the risk of time-loss injury in international fencing is very low and primarily involves sprains and strains in the lower extremity.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and meniscal repair rates have both increased in the past 20 years in England: hospital statistics from 1997 to 2017
Authors: Abram Simon G F , Price Andrew J , Judge Andrew , Beard David J 
Published: January 2019

Objectives
We investigated the temporal trend and the geographical variation in the rate of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and meniscal repair (MR) performed in England during a 20-year window.

Methods
All hospital episodes for patients undergoing ACL reconstruction or MR between 1 April 1997 and 31 March 2017 were extracted by procedure code from the national hospital episode statistics. Age-standardised and sex-standardised rates of surgery were calculated using Office for National Statistics population data as the denominator and analysed over time both nationally and regionally by National Health Service clinical commissioning group (CCG).

Results
Between 1997–1998 and 2016–2017, there were 133 270 cases of ACL reconstruction (124 489 patients) and 42 651 cases of MR (41 120 patients) (isolated or simultaneous). Nationally, the rate of ACL reconstruction increased 12-fold from 2.0/100K population (95% CI 1.9 to 2.1) in 1997–1998 to 24.2/100K (95% CI 23.8 to 24.6) in 2016–2017. The rate of MR increased more than twofold from 3.0/100K (95% CI 2.8 to 3.1) in 1997–1998 to 7.3/100K (95% CI 7.1 to 7.5) in 2016–2017. Of these cases, the rate of simultaneous ACL reconstruction and MR was 2.6/100K (95% CI 2.5 to 2.8) in 2016/2017. In 2016–2017, for patients aged 20–29, the sex-standardised rate of ACL reconstruction was 76.9/100K (95% CI 74.9 to 78.9) and for MR was 19.8/100K (95% CI 18.8 to 20.9). Practice varied by region—in 2016–2017, 14.5% (30/207) of the CCGs performed more than twice the national average rate of ACL reconstruction and 15.0% (31/207) performed more than twice the national average rate of MR.

Conclusions
The rate of ACL reconstruction (12-fold) and MR (2.4-fold) has increased in England over the last two decades. There is variation in these rates across geographical regions and further work is required to deliver standardised treatment guidance for appropriate use.
Exploring the utility of internal whistleblowing in healthcare via agent-based models
Authors: Rauwolf Paul , Jones Aled 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveThe benefits of internal whistleblowing or speaking-up in the healthcare sector are significant. The a priori assumption that employee whistleblowing is always beneficial is, however, rarely examined. While recent research has begun to consider how the complex nature of healthcare institutions impact speaking-up rates, few have investigated the institutional processes and factors that facilitate or retard the benefits of speaking up. Here we consider how the efficacy of formal inquiries within organisations in response to employees’ speaking up about their concerns affects the utility of internal whistleblowing.DesignUsing computational models, we consider how best to improve patient care through internal whistleblowing when resource and practical limitations constrain healthcare operation. We analyse the ramifications of varying organisational responses to employee concerns, given organisational and practical limitations.SettingDrawing on evidence from international research, we test the utility of whistleblowing policies in a variety of organisational settings. This includes institutions where whistleblowing inquiries are handled with varying rates of efficiency and accuracy.ResultsWe find organisational inefficiencies can negatively impact the benefits of speaking up about bad patient care. We find that, given resource limitations and review inefficiencies, it can actually improve patient care if whistleblowing rates are limited. However, we demonstrate that including softer mechanisms for internal adjustment of healthcare practice (eg, peer to peer conversation) alongside whistleblowing policy can overcome these organisational limitations.ConclusionHealthcare organisations internationally have a variable record of responding to employees who speak up about their workplace concerns. Where organisations get this wrong, the consequences can be serious for patient care and staff well-being. The results of this study, therefore, have implications for researchers, policy makers and healthcare organisations internationally. We conclude with a call for further research on a more holistic understanding of the interplay between organisational structure and the benefits of whistleblowing to patient care.