bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Langmuir Solitons in Solar Type III Radio Bursts: STEREO Observations
Authors: Thejappa G. , MacDowall R. J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The source regions of solar type III radio bursts are regions of very intense Langmuir wave packets excited by the bump-on-tail distributions of energetic electrons accelerated during solar flares. We report the high time resolution observations of some of these wave packets, which provide unambiguous evidence for Langmuir solitons formed as a result of oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI), since (1) they occur as intense localized one-dimensional magnetic field aligned wave packets, (2) their measured half-widths and peak amplitudes are inversely correlated with each other, so that the narrower the wave packet is, the greater its amplitude; this inverse correlation is the characteristic feature of Langmuir solitons formed as a result of balance between the nonlinearity related self-compression and dispersion related broadening of the wave packets, (3) their FFT spectra contain peaks corresponding to sidebands and low frequency enhancements in addition to pump Langmuir waves, whose frequencies and wave numbers satisfy the resonance conditions of the four-wave interaction known as the OTSI, and (4) they are accompanied by their ponderomotive force induced density cavities. The implication of these observations for theories of solar radio bursts is discussed.
Stable Equatorial Ice Belts at High Obliquity in a Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model
Authors: Kilic Cevahir , Lunkeit Frank , Raible Christoph C. , Stocker Thomas F. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Various climate states at high obliquity are realized for a range of stellar irradiance using a dynamical atmosphere–ocean–sea ice climate model in an Aquaplanet configuration. Three stable climate states are obtained that differ in the extent of the sea ice cover. For low values of irradiance the model simulates a Cryoplanet that has a perennial global sea ice cover. By increasing stellar irradiance, transitions occur to an Uncapped Cryoplanet with a perennial equatorial sea ice belt, and eventually to an Aquaplanet with no ice. Using an emulator model we find that the Uncapped Cryoplanet is a robust stable state for a range of irradiance and high obliquities and contrast earlier results that high-obliquity climate states with an equatorial ice belt may be unsustainable or unachievable. When the meridional ocean heat flux is strengthened, the parameter range permitting a stable Uncapped Cryoplanet decreases due to melting of equatorial sea ice. Beyond a critical threshold of meridional ocean heat flux, the perennial equatorial ice belt disappears. Therefore, a vigorous ocean circulation may render it unstable. Our results suggest that perennial equatorial ice cover is a viable climate state of a high-obliquity exoplanet. However, due to multiple equilibria, this state is only reached from more glaciated conditions, and not from less glaciated conditions.
Proton Acceleration in Weak Quasi-parallel Intracluster Shocks: Injection and Early Acceleration
Authors: Ha Ji-Hoon , Ryu Dongsu , Kang Hyesung , Marle Allard Jan van 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Collisionless shocks with low sonic Mach numbers,

, are expected to accelerate cosmic ray (CR) protons via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in the intracluster medium (ICM). However, observational evidence for CR protons in the ICM has yet to be established. Performing particle-in-cell simulations, we study the injection of protons into DSA and the early development of a nonthermal particle population in weak shocks in high-β (≈100) plasmas. Reflection of incident protons, self-excitation of plasma waves via CR-driven instabilities, and multiple cycles of shock drift acceleration are essential to the early acceleration of CR protons in supercritical quasi-parallel shocks. We find that only in ICM shocks with

, a sufficient fraction of incoming protons is reflected by the overshoot in the shock electric potential and magnetic mirror at locally perpendicular magnetic fields, leading to efficient excitation of magnetic waves via CR streaming instabilities and the injection into the DSA process. Since a significant fraction of ICM shocks have

, CR proton acceleration in the ICM might be less efficient than previously expected. This may explain why the diffuse gamma-ray emission from galaxy clusters due to proton–proton collisions has not been detected so far.
High-resolution Spectroscopy of the Relatively Hydrogen-poor Metal-rich Giants in the Globular Cluster ω Centauri
Authors: Hema B. P. , Pandey Gajendra , Srianand R. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
High-resolution optical spectra are analyzed for two of the four metal-rich, mildly hydrogen-poor or helium-enhanced giants discovered by Hema & Pandey, along with their comparison normal (hydrogen-rich) giants. The strengths of the MgH bands in the spectra of the program stars are analyzed for their derived stellar parameters. The observed spectra of the sample (hydrogen-poor) stars (LEID 39048 and LEID 34225) show weaker MgH bands, unlike in the spectra of the normal comparison giants (LEID 61067 and LEID 32169). The magnesium abundance derived from MgH bands is less by 0.3 dex or more for LEID 39048 and LEID 34225 than that derived from Mg i lines. This difference cannot be reconciled by making the changes to the stellar parameters within the uncertainties. This difference in the magnesium abundances derived from Mg i lines and from the MgH band is unacceptable. This difference is attributed to the hydrogen deficiency or helium enhancement in their atmospheres. These metal-rich, hydrogen-poor or helium-rich giants provide an important link to the evolution of the metal-rich subpopulation of ω Cen. These stars provide the first direct spectroscopic evidence for the presence of the He enhancement in the metal-rich giants of ω Cen.
Characteristics and Performance of the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) Calorimeter for Gamma-Ray Observations
Authors: Cannady N. , Asaoka Y. , Satoh F. , Tanaka M. , Torii S. , Cherry M. L. , Mori M. , Adriani O. , Akaike Y. , Asano K. , Bagliesi M. G. , Berti E. , Bigongiari G. , Binns W. R. , Bonechi S. , Bongi M. , Brogi P. , Buckley J. H. , Castellini G. , Checchia C. , Collazuol G. , Di Felice V. , Ebisawa K. , Fuke H. , Guzik T. G. , Hams T. , Hareyama M. , Hasebe N. , Hibino K. , Ichimura M. , Ioka K. , Ishizaki W. , Israel M. H. , Kasahara K. , Kataoka J. , Kataoka R. , Katayose Y. , Kato C. , Kawanaka N. , Kawakubo Y. , Kohri K. , Krawczynski H. S. , Krizmanic J. F. , Lomtadze T. , Maestro P. , Marrocchesi P. S. , Messineo A. M. , Mitchell J. W. , Miyake S. , Moiseev A. A. , Mori K. , Mori N. , Motz H. M. , Munakata K. , Murakami H. , Nakahira S. , Nishimura J. , Nolfo G. A. de , Okuno S. , Ormes J. F. , Ozawa S. , Pacini L. , Palma F. , Papini P. , Penacchioni A. V. , Rauch B. F. , Ricciarini S. B. , Sakai K. , Sakamoto T. , Sasaki M. , Shimizu Y. , Shiomi A. , Sparvoli R. , Spillantini P. , Stolzi F. , Suh J. E. , Sulaj A. , Takahashi I. , Takayanagi M. , Takita M. , Tamura T. , Tateyama N. , Terasawa T. , Tomida H. , Tsunesada Y. , Uchihori Y. , Ueno S. , Vannuccini E. , Wefel J. P. , Yamaoka K. , Yanagita S. , Yoshida A. , Yoshida K. ,   (CALET Collaboration)
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope primary detector (CALET-CAL) is a 30 radiation-length-deep hybrid calorimeter designed for the accurate measurement of high-energy cosmic rays. It is capable of triggering on and giving near complete containment of electromagnetic showers from primary electrons and gamma rays from 1 GeV to over 10 TeV. The first 24 months of on-orbit scientific data (2015 November 01–2017 October 31) provide valuable characterization of the performance of the calorimeter based on analyses of the gamma-ray data set in general and bright point sources in particular. We describe the gamma-ray analysis, the expected performance of the calorimeter based on Monte Carlo simulations, the agreement of the flight data with the simulated results, and the outlook for long-term gamma-ray observations with the CAL.
Casamentos prematuros em Moçambique: causas e consequências de abandono escolar e meninas com futuros destroçados
Authors: Bassiano Victor , Lima Claúdia Araújo de 
Published: September 2018

ResumoEste artigo pretende evidenciar os determinantes da persistência dos Casamentos Prematuros em Moçambique e seu impacto nas crianças do ensino primário. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, com embasamento bibliográfico e a análise de conteúdos da legislação internacional e moçambicana, produções científicas e documentos oficiais relacionados a Casamentos Prematuros, em especial considerando as meninas e sua interface com a Educação formal. A análise levou à constatação da ambiguidade da legislação, que dá margem a variantes de interpretações, dada a heterogeneidade étnica e cultural de Moçambique. No país, há um diferencial relevante: mais da metade da população vive na região rural, local que é o berço das culturas, hábitos e crenças que propiciam as situações de casamento precoce. Este estudo sugere que cada Escola reverta essa prática comprometedora, disseminando e esclarecendo a legislação para maior conscientização de meninas que ainda estudam, de outras que já estão casadas e daquelas que se encontram em situação em risco, junto com seus pais ou responsáveis, autoridades comunitárias e tradicionais locais.
Testosterone treatment in chronic heart failure. Review of literature and future perspectives
Authors: D'Assante Roberta , Piccioli Lucrezia , Valente Pietro , Stagnaro Francesca M. , Schiavo Alessandra , Lombardi Anna , Panicara Veronica , Arcopinto Michele , Vitale Giuseppe , Sarullo Filippo M. , Giallauria Francesco , Marra Alberto M. , Salzano Andrea 
Published: September 2018

Mounting evidence suggests that hormonal deficiencies (HD) have an important role in chronic heart failure (CHF). In particular, androgen depletion is common in men with CHF and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes the current understanding of the complex relationship between CHF and testosterone, focusing on evidence derived from clinical trials that have investigated the role of testosterone in the treatment of CHF. A greater comprehension of this area will allow researchers and clinicians to plan future studies that improve current strategies to reduce mortality in this high-risk population. Online databases PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for manuscripts published prior to June 2018 using key words "heart failure" AND "testosterone" OR "anabolism" OR "hormone" OR "replacement treatmentâ€. Manuscripts were collated, studied and carried forward for discussion where appropriate. In summary, findings from the literature demonstrate that testosterone treatment in CHF is a promising topic that requires further investigation.Â Â Â
« Mitos de la realidad » y « mitos de la fantasía » en Los terribles amores de Agliberto y Celedonia (1931) de Mauricio Bacarisse
Authors: Coste Gregory 
Published: September 2018

En el presente artículo proponemos analizar la oposición teórica y estructural que Mauricio Bacarisse reivindica e ilustra en su novela Los terribles amores de Agliberto y Celedonia (1931). Mientras que los « mitos de la fantasía » coartan la libertad de los individuos y sirven para justificar una sociedad conformista y una identidad mutilada, los « mitos de la realidad », suscitados por la creación literaria, alumbran una mitología fundacional capaz de tener en cuenta todas las facetas de la realidad y del individuo contra la estrechez de una imaginación falsificadora que los empobrece o simplifica.
Het Nader rapport bestuurlijke boetestelsels: een stap terug in duidelijkheid?
Authors: Mein Arnt , van der Vorm Benny 
Published: September 2018

On the harmonisation of the Dutch administrative and penal system of sanctions
Recently the Dutch Government has responded to an advise from the advisory body Raad van State concerning the relationship between the administrative and the penal system of sanctions.Nowadays administrative sanctions are imposed in the Netherlands for serious offenses, whereas the original intention was to only use these procedures for minor felonies. It is unclear why some offenses are subject to a judicial judgment, while others are dealt with in administrative proceedings. Moreover, it appears that the administrative fines are often significantly higher than fines imposed by a judge. The government feels that harmonisation between the maximum of the administrative and penal fine should be realized. With regard to the choice between administrative and penal law, the government hasn’t found a criterion for deciding which offenses should be subject to a judicial judgment and which can be dealt with in administrative proceedings. The authors argue that the government could have offered more clarity by using the criterion of ‘serious criminal conduct’ as defined in criminal law. Criminal law has to be chosen when there is serious criminal conduct. In other cases it is possible to choose the administrative procedure.
Oude wijn in nieuwe zakken? Modernisering van het Europese consumentenrecht (I)
Authors: Loos M.B.M. 
Published: September 2018

Oude wijn in nieuwe zakken? Modernisering van het Europese consumentenrecht (I)
In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op het voorstel van de Europese Commissie voor een betere handhaving van de Europese regels voor consumentenbescherming en de modernisering van deze regels en de samenhang met de Mededeling van de Commissie ‘Een “new deal” voor consumenten’. In het tweede deel van deze bijdrage, dat in het volgende nummer van dit blad verschijnt, zal worden nagegaan of met de gedane voorstellen recht wordt gedaan aan de resultaten van de in 2017 uitgevoerde fitness check, welke bedoeld was om te onderzoeken in hoeverre het consumenten-acquis nog voldoende is toegerust voor de bescherming van consumenten en handelaren in staat stelt om gebruik te maken van de interne markt. Voorstel van 11 april 2018 voor een Richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad tot wijziging van Richtlijn 93/13/EEG van de Raad van 5 april 1993, Richtlijn 98/6/EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad, Richtlijn 2005/29/EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad en Richtlijn 2011/83/EU van het Europees Parlement en de Raad wat betreft betere handhaving en modernisering van de regels voor consumentenbescherming in de EU, COM(2018)185 final Mededeling van de Commissie aan het Europees Parlement, de Raad en het Europees Economisch en Sociaal Comité: ‘Een “new deal” voor consumenten’, Mededeling van 11 april 2018, COM(2018)183 final
Examenantwoorden zijn ook persoonsgegevens
Authors: Kulk S. 
Published: September 2018

Examenantwoorden zijn ook persoonsgegevens. Over de reikwijdte van de AVG
In de zaak Nowak moest het Hof van Justitie de vraag beantwoorden of beroepsexamens persoonsgegevens zijn. De uitspraak van het Hof van Justitie biedt duidelijkheid over hoe te bepalen of informatie persoonsgegevens zijn. Voor hoger onderwijsinstellingen kan de uitspraak aanleiding geven hun beleid te heroverwegen ten aanzien van het opslaan, het verlenen van toegang tot, en het analyseren van tentamenantwoorden.HvJ 20 december 2017, zaak C-434/16, Peter Nowak/Data Protection Commissioner, ECLI:EU:C:2017:994.
El uniforme diplomático español: origen y evolución
Authors: De la Serna Ramos María 
Published: September 2018

Los uniformes han servido siempre para distinguir grupos de profesionales. La carrera diplomática española es uno de esos grupos que tienen en esta tipo de prenda una de sus señas de identidad. Son ya muy pocos los servicios diplomáticos –los de ciertas monarquías- que todavía disponen de uniforme. Su uso casi siempre se ha limitado, también en el caso de esos otros países, a las ocasiones de gala. Apenas ha evolucionado desde sus orígenes en el siglo XIX. Además los de todos esos países son similares, con una casaca de paño azul marino, y unos bordados dorados. Desde que en 1928 se unificaron en España las carreras diplomática y consular, el uniforme es único para estos profesionales. Los símbolos que les identifican y la tradición establecida al respecto fueron recogidos en el Reglamento Orgánico de la Carrera Diplomática, de 15 de julio de 1955. Teniendo en cuenta los cambios ocurridos desde sus orígenes se presenta una breve historia del origen y evolución del uniforme hasta el modelo actual.________________________________Uniforms have always served to distinguish groups of professionals. The Spanish Diplomatic Service counts itself among those groups that have in this garment one of their distinguishing feature. It is one of the last Services, most of them belonging to European monarchies, to have a uniform. Its use has nearly always been restricted to gala occasions. The garment has scarcely changed since its origins in the nineteenth century. Since 1928, the year when the unification of the Spanish Diplomatic and Consular Services occurred, there is only one model of uniform. Its identification symbols and the tradition laid down in this matter, where included in the Organic Regulations of the Diplomatic Service, dated July 15, 1955. Taking into account the changes that have affected this garment since then, a brief history of the origin and evolution of the uniform up to the current model is presented.
Episodix: a serious game to detect cognitive impairment in senior adults. A psychometric study
Authors: Valladares-Rodriguez Sonia , Fernández-Iglesias Manuel J. , Anido-Rifón Luis , Facal David , Pérez-Rodríguez Roberto 
Published: September 2018

Introduction
Assessment of episodic memory is traditionally used to evaluate potential cognitive impairments in senior adults. The present article discusses the capabilities of Episodix, a game to assess the aforementioned cognitive area, as a valid tool to discriminate among mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and healthy individuals (HC); that is, it studies the game’s psychometric validity study to assess cognitive impairment.

Materials and Methods
After a preliminary study, a new pilot study, statistically significant for the Galician population, was carried out from a cross-sectional sample of senior adults as target users. A total of 64 individuals (28 HC, 16 MCI, 20 AD) completed the experiment from an initial sample of 74. Participants were administered a collection of classical pen-and-paper tests and interacted with the games developed. A total of six machine learning classification techniques were applied and four relevant performance metrics were computed to assess the classification power of the tool according to participants’ cognitive status.

Results
According to the classification performance metrics computed, the best classification result is obtained using the Extra Trees Classifier (F1 = 0.97 and Cohen’s kappa coefficient = 0.97). Precision and recall values are also high, above 0.9 for all cognitive groups. Moreover, according to the standard interpretation of Cohen’s kappa index, classification is almost perfect (i.e., 0.81–1.00) for the complete dataset for all algorithms.

Limitations
Weaknesses (e.g., accessibility, sample size or speed of stimuli) detected during the preliminary study were addressed and solved. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to improve the resolution of the game for the identification of specific cognitive impairments, as well as to achieve a complete validation of the psychometric properties of the digital game.

Conclusion
Promising results obtained about psychometric validity of Episodix, represent a relevant step ahead towards the introduction of serious games and machine learning in regular clinical practice for detecting MCI or AD. However, more research is needed to explore the introduction of item response theory in this game and to obtain the required normative data for clinical validity.
Medical Board Discipline of Physicians for Spreading Medical Misinformation
Authors: Saver Richard S. 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceFalse medical information disseminated dangerously during the COVID-19 pandemic, with certain physicians playing a surprisingly prominent role. Medical boards engendered widespread criticism for not imposing forceful sanctions, but considerable uncertainty remains about how the professional licensure system regulates physician-spread misinformation.ObjectiveTo compare the level of professional discipline of physicians for spreading medical misinformation relative to discipline for other offenses.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed and coded publicly reported medical board disciplinary actions in the 5 most populous US states. The analysis included data from January 1, 2020, through May 30, 2023, for California, Florida, New York, and Pennsylvania and from January 1, 2020, through March 30, 2022, for Texas.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMedical board disciplinary proceedings that resulted in some form of sanction were analyzed. Codes were assigned for the different types of offenses relied on by medical boards for imposing physician discipline.ResultsAmong 3128 medical board disciplinary proceedings in the 5 most populous states, spreading misinformation to the community was the least common reason for medical board discipline of physicians (6 [0.1%] of all identified offenses). Two reasons tied for third least common: patient-directed misinformation (21 [0.3%]) and inappropriate advertising or patient solicitation (21 [0.3%]). The frequency of misinformation conduct was exponentially lower than more common reasons for discipline, such as physician negligence (1911 [28.7%]), problematic record-keeping (990 [14.9%]), and inappropriate prescribing (901 [13.5%]). Patient-directed misinformation provided a basis for discipline 3 times as often as spreading misinformation to the community. The frequency of disciplinary actions for any reasons related to COVID-19 care, even if not about misinformation, was also quite low (10 [0.2%]). Sanctions in misinformation actions tended to be relatively light.Conclusions and RelevanceThe frequency of discipline for physician-spread misinformation observed in this cross-sectional study was quite low despite increased salience and medical board warnings since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic about the dangers of physicians spreading falsehoods. These findings suggest that there is a serious disconnect between regulatory guidance and enforcement and that medical boards relied on spreading misinformation to patients as a reason for discipline 3 times more frequently than disseminating falsehoods to the public. These results shed light on important policy concerns about professional licensure, including why, under current patient-centered frameworks, this form of regulation may be particularly ill-suited to address medical misinformation.