bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Pre-Travel Health Seeking Behaviour and Adherence to Pre-Travel Health Advice: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kain Dylan , Findlater Aidan , Lightfoot David , Maxim Timea , Kraemer Moritz U G , Brady Oliver J , Watts Alexander , Khan Kamran , Bogoch Isaac I 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Recent years have seen unprecedented growth in international travel. Travellers are at high risk for acquiring infections while abroad and potentially bringing these infections back to their home country. There are many ways to mitigate this risk by seeking pre-travel advice (PTA), including receiving recommended vaccinations and chemoprophylaxis, however many travellers do not seek or adhere to PTA. We conducted a systematic review to further understand PTA-seeking behaviour with an ultimate aim to implement interventions that improve adherence to PTA and reduce morbidity and mortality in travellers.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review of published medical literature selecting studies that examined reasons for not seeking PTA and non-adherence to PTA over the last ten years. 4484 articles were screened of which 56 studies met our search criteria after full text review.

Results
The major reason for not seeking or non-adherence to PTA was perceived low risk of infection while travelling. Side effects played a significant role for lack of adherence specific to malaria prophylaxis.

Conclusions
These data may help clinicians and public health providers to better understand reasons for non-adherence to PTA and target interventions to improve travellers understanding of potential and modifiable risks. Additionally, we discuss specific recommendations to increase public health education that may enable travellers to seek PTA.
Chagas disease: comments on the 2018 PAHO Guidelines for diagnosis and management
Authors: Norman Francesca F , López-Vélez Rogelio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundChagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a protozoan infectious disease endemic throughout most of the Americas, caused by the trypanosome, Trypanosoma cruzi, and mainly transmitted to humans by reduviid or kissing bugs. Some progress has been achieved in control of the disease mainly in endemic areas, but migration flows have acted as drivers for the emergence of the disease mainly in non-endemic areas of Europe and North America. Most imported cases of Chagas disease in Europe are reported in migrants from highly endemic areas of countries such as Bolivia and Paraguay, and reports of Chagas disease in travellers are extremely rare.MethodsPan American Health Organization (PAHO) recently updated their guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Chagas. These guidelines and their applicability to migrants and travellers are reviewed.ResultsPAHO recommends the use of two serological tests for diagnosis of chronic infection (allowing for the use of a single sensitive test followed by confirmation in special settings such as the screening of potential blood donors). The indication for specific trypanocidal treatment of acute infections, children and women of child-bearing age remains as before, with either benznidazole or nifurtimox being the treatment of choice. For chronic infection with/without organ damage, treatment recommendations are less well defined. Although treatment is generally not recommended in patients with visceral involvement, decisions regarding treatment need to be tailored to the individual. Either benznidazole or nifurtimox may be used for initial treatment.ConclusionsThe recent PAHO Guidelines provide a framework to aid the diagnosis and management of this infection, but several aspects such as the underdiagnosis of infections, the multidisciplinary approach to patient management, the investigation of novel biomarkers of disease progression/response to treatment and the development of new treatment strategies are areas which should be further strengthened.
The clustering of typical Ly α emitters from z ∼ 2.5–6: host halo masses depend on Ly α and UV luminosities
Authors: Khostovan A A , Sobral D , Mobasher B , Matthee J , Cochrane R K , Chartab N , Jafariyazani M , Paulino-Afonso A , Santos S , Calhau J 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate the clustering and halo properties of ∼5000 Ly α-selected emission-line galaxies (LAEs) from the Slicing COSMOS 4K (SC4K) and from archival NB497 imaging of SA22 split in 15 discrete redshift slices between z ∼ 2.5 and 6. We measure clustering lengths of r0 ∼ 3–6 h−1 Mpc and typical halo masses of ∼1011 M⊙ for our narrowband-selected LAEs with typical LLy α ∼ 1042–43 erg s−1. The intermediate-band-selected LAEs are observed to have r0 ∼ 3.5–15 h−1 Mpc with typical halo masses of ∼1011–12 M⊙ and typical LLy α ∼ 1043–43.6 erg s−1. We find a strong, redshift-independent correlation between halo mass and Ly α luminosity normalized by the characteristic Ly α luminosity, L⋆(z). The faintest LAEs (L ∼ 0.1 L⋆(z)) typically identified by deep narrowband surveys are found in 1010 M⊙ haloes and the brightest LAEs (L ∼ 7 L⋆(z)) are found in ∼5 × 1012 M⊙ haloes. A dependency on the rest-frame 1500 Å UV luminosity, MUV, is also observed where the halo masses increase from 1011 to 1013 M⊙ for MUV ∼ −19 to −23.5 mag. Halo mass is also observed to increase from 109.8 to 1012 M⊙ for dust-corrected UV star formation rates from ∼0.6 to 10 M⊙ yr−1 and continues to increase up to 1013 M⊙ in halo mass, where the majority of those sources are active galactic nuclei. All the trends we observe are found to be redshift independent. Our results reveal that LAEs are the likely progenitors of a wide range of galaxies depending on their luminosity, from dwarf-like, to Milky Way-type, to bright cluster galaxies. LAEs therefore provide unique insight into the early formation and evolution of the galaxies we observe in the local Universe.
The self-similarity of weak lensing peaks
Authors: Davies Christopher T , Cautun Marius , Li Baojiu 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We study the statistics of weak lensing convergence peaks, such as their abundance and two-point correlation function (2PCF), for a wide range of cosmological parameters Ωm and σ8 within the standard ΛCDM paradigm, focusing on intermediate-height peaks with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 1.5–3.5. We find that the cosmology dependence of the peak abundance can be described by a one-parameter fitting formula that is accurate to within $\sim 3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. The peak 2PCFs are shown to feature a self-similar behaviour: if the peak separation is rescaled by the mean interpeak distance, catalogues with different minimum peak SNR values have identical clustering, which suggests that the peak abundance and clustering are closely interconnected. A simple fitting model for the rescaled 2PCF is given, which together with the peak abundance model above can predict peak 2PCFs with an accuracy better than $\sim 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. The abundance and 2PCFs for intermediate peaks have very different dependencies on Ωm and σ8, implying that their combination can be used to break the degeneracy between these two parameters.
Amylopectin Chain Length Dynamics and Activity Signatures of Key Carbon Metabolic Enzymes Highlight Early Maturation as Culprit for Yield Reduction of Barley Endosperm Starch after Heat Stress
Authors: Cuesta-Seijo Jose Antonio , De Porcellinis Alice Jara , Valente Angela H�rdum , Striebeck Alexander , Voss Cynthia , Marri Lucia , Hansson Andreas , Jansson Anita M , Dinesen Malene Hessellund , Fangel Jonatan Ulrik , Harholt Jesper , Popovic Milan , Thieme Mercedes , Hochmuth Anton , Zeeman Samuel C , Mikkelsen Teis N�rgaard , J�rgensen Rikke Bagger , Roitsch Thomas Georg , M�ller Birger Lindberg , Braumann Ilka 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abiotic environmental stresses have a negative impact on the yield and quality of crops. Understanding these stresses is an essential enabler for mitigating breeding strategies and it becomes more important as the frequency of extreme weather conditions increases due to climate change. This study analyses the response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to a heat wave during grain filling in three distinct stages: the heat wave itself, the return to a normal temperature regime, and the process of maturation and desiccation. The properties and structure of the starch produced were followed throughout the maturational stages. Furthermore, the key enzymes involved in the carbohydrate supply to the grain were monitored. We observed differences in starch structure with well-separated effects because of heat stress and during senescence. Heat stress produced marked effects on sucrolytic enzymes in source and sink tissues. Early cessation of plant development as an indirect consequence of the heat wave was identified as the major contributor to final yield loss from the stress, highlighting the importance for functional stay-green traits for the development of heat-resistant cereals.
Frailty and hospital outcomes within a low socioeconomic population
Authors: Clark S , Shaw C , Padayachee A , Howard S , Hay K , Frakking T T 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Background
Clinical frailty scales (CFS) predict hospital-related outcomes. Frailty is more common in areas of higher socioeconomic disadvantage, but no studies exclusively report on the impact of CFS on hospital-related outcomes in areas of known socioeconomic disadvantage.

Aims
To evaluate the association of the CFS with hospital-related outcomes.

Design
Retrospective observational study in a community hospital within a disadvantaged area in Australia (Social Economic Index for Areas = 0.1%).

Methods
The CFS was used in the emergency department (ED) for people aged ≥ 75 years. Frailty was defined as a score of ≥4. Associations between the CFS and mortality, admission rates, ED presentations and length of stay (LOS) were analysed using regression analyses.

Results
Between 11 July 2017 and 31 March 2018, there were 5151 ED presentations involving 3258 patients aged ≥ 75 years. Frail persons were significantly more likely to be older, represent to the ED and have delirium compared with non-frail persons. CFS was independently associated with 28-day mortality, with odds of mortality increasing by 1.5 times per unit increase in CFS (95% CI: 1.3–1.7). Frail persons with CFS 4–6 were more likely to be admitted (OR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0–1.5), have higher geometric mean LOS (1.43; 95% CI 1.15-1.77 days) and higher rates of ED presentations (IRR: 1.12; 95% CI 1.04–1.21) compared with non-frail persons.

Conclusions
The CFS predicts community hospital-related outcomes in frail persons within a socioeconomic disadvantage area. Future intervention and allocation of resources could consider focusing on CFS 4–6 as a priority for frail persons within a community hospital setting.
Epigenetic Memory Is Involved in the Persistent Alterations of Drug-Processing Genes in Adult Mice Due to PCN-Activated PXR During Early Life
Authors: Wang Pei , Liu Guangming , Nie Yali , Han Shengna , Li Jiangfeng , Zhong Xiao-Bo , Zhang Lirong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR), which can be activated by xenobiotic chemicals (including pediatric drugs), plays a key role in the regulation of drug-processing genes (DPGs). The induction of DPGs due to PXR activation may reduce therapeutic efficacy or cause toxicity. This work aims to demonstrate the impact of pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN)-mediated PXR activation during early life on DPGs expression and drug sensitivity in adulthood, as well as the underlying mechanism. In this study, mice were sacrificed at postnatal day 60 to detect the hepatic expression of selected DPGs and histone modifications in the Cyp3a11 promoter. We found that all doses of PCN treatment (50–200 mg/kg/day) at postnatal days 5–8 resulted in persistently increased CYP2B10 expression, whereas only high doses of PCN treatment (150 and 200 mg/kg/day) persistently induced the expression of CYP3A11, 1A2, and UGT1A1. We also demonstrated that PCN treatment before postnatal day 15 had a long-term impact on the expression of CYP3A11, 2B10, ABCC4, and PAPSS2. Additionally, elevated expression of CYP3A11, SULT2A1, UGT1A1, and PAPSS2 was observed in PCN-treated groups at days 25–28. Attenuated inducibility of CYP3A11 by PCN was seen in the primary hepatocytes derived from PCN-pretreated mice. Moreover, enhanced H3K4me3 level and reduced H3K27me3 level in the PXR response elements (PXREs) of the Cyp3a11 promoter may contribute to the persistent upregulation of CYP3A11 by neonatal PCN treatment. Overall, our study suggests that PXR activation during early life could persistently alter the hepatic expression of DPGs and epigenetic memory may be an underlying mechanism in mice.
Contrasting selective patterns across the segmented genome of bluetongue virus in a global reassortment hotspot
Authors: Jacquot Maude , Rao Pavuluri P , Yadav Sarita , Nomikou Kyriaki , Maan Sushila , Jyothi Y Krishna , Reddy Narasimha , Putty Kalyani , Hemadri Divakar , Singh Karam P , Maan Narender Singh , Hegde Nagendra R , Mertens Peter , Biek Roman 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFor segmented viruses, rapid genomic and phenotypic changes can occur through the process of reassortment, whereby co-infecting strains exchange entire segments creating novel progeny virus genotypes. However, for many viruses with segmented genomes, this process and its effect on transmission dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the consequences of reassortment for selection on viral diversity through time using bluetongue virus (BTV), a segmented arbovirus that is the causative agent of a major disease of ruminants. We analysed ninety-two BTV genomes isolated across four decades from India, where BTV diversity, and thus opportunities for reassortment, are among the highest in the world. Our results point to frequent reassortment and segment turnover, some of which appear to be driven by selective sweeps and serial hitchhiking. Particularly, we found evidence for a recent selective sweep affecting segment 5 and its encoded NS1 protein that has allowed a single variant to essentially invade the full range of BTV genomic backgrounds and serotypes currently circulating in India. In contrast, diversifying selection was found to play an important role in maintaining genetic diversity in genes encoding outer surface proteins involved in virus interactions (VP2 and VP5, encoded by segments 2 and 6, respectively). Our results support the role of reassortment in driving rapid phenotypic change in segmented viruses and generate testable hypotheses for in vitro experiments aiming at understanding the specific mechanisms underlying differences in fitness and selection across viral genomes.
Modelling and in vitro testing of the HIV-1 Nef fitness landscape
Authors: Barton John P , Rajkoomar Erasha , Mann Jaclyn K , Murakowski Dariusz K , Toyoda Mako , Mahiti Macdonald , Mwimanzi Phillip , Ueno Takamasa , Chakraborty Arup K , Ndung’u Thumbi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn effective vaccine is urgently required to curb the HIV-1 epidemic. We have previously described an approach to model the fitness landscape of several HIV-1 proteins, and have validated the results against experimental and clinical data. The fitness landscape may be used to identify mutation patterns harmful to virus viability, and consequently inform the design of immunogens that can target such regions for immunological control. Here we apply such an analysis and complementary experiments to HIV-1 Nef, a multifunctional protein which plays a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. We measured Nef-driven replication capacities as well as Nef-mediated CD4 and HLA-I down-modulation capacities of thirty-two different Nef mutants, and tested model predictions against these results. Furthermore, we evaluated the models using 448 patient-derived Nef sequences for which several Nef activities were previously measured. Model predictions correlated significantly with Nef-driven replication and CD4 down-modulation capacities, but not HLA-I down-modulation capacities, of the various Nef mutants. Similarly, in our analysis of patient-derived Nef sequences, CD4 down-modulation capacity correlated the most significantly with model predictions, suggesting that of the tested Nef functions, this is the most important in vivo. Overall, our results highlight how the fitness landscape inferred from patient-derived sequences captures, at least in part, the in vivo functional effects of mutations to Nef. However, the correlation between predictions of the fitness landscape and measured parameters of Nef function is not as accurate as the correlation observed in past studies for other proteins. This may be because of the additional complexity associated with inferring the cost of mutations on the diverse functions of Nef.
Maristella, a new bioluminescent ostracod genus in the Myodocopida (Cypridinidae)
Authors: Reda Nicholas J , Morin James G , Torres Elizabeth , Cohen Anne C , Schawaroch Valerie , Gerrish Gretchen A 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOne new species from Belize and six described species from Panama of bioluminescent ostracods (Myodocopida: Cypridinidae) are compared and placed in the new genus, Maristellagen. nov.. Maristella belongs to a diverse Caribbean clade of bioluminescent ostracods in which males perform species-specific luminescent courtship displays. Other genera of the clade include Enewton, Photeros, Konickeria and, nominally, Vargula.Maristella is likely the most species-rich genus in the clade. Maristella chicoi sp. nov., from Belize, is described as the type species. Species from Panama reassigned to Maristella are Vargula ignitula, V. lucidella, V. micamacula, V. noropsela, V. psammobia, V. scintilla. New information is presented on the sixth and eighth limbs of the species from Panama, providing additional characters for distinguishing taxa. Maristella is the only genus that contains species with lateral or diagonal luminescent courtship displays. Maristella chicoi has male displays oriented horizontal to the substrate and showing high levels of entrainment. The displays run in near-parallel bifurcations resulting in spectacular fan-like radiations of light pulse trains. The description of Maristella advances the taxonomy of the highly diverse Caribbean clade that has become a model system for studying the evolution of bioluminescence and the role of luminescent displays in speciation.
Patient and Physician Perspectives on Treating Tobacco Dependence in Hospitalized Smokers With Substance Use Disorders: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Kathuria Hasmeena , Seibert Ryan G. , Cobb Vinson , Weinstein Zoe M. , Gowarty Minda , Helm Eric D. , Wiener Renda Soylemez 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
Individuals with substance use disorders have a high prevalence of smoking cigarettes. Hospitalization represents an opportunity to deliver concurrent treatment for tobacco and other substances. Using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, we characterized practices and perspectives of patients and physicians about smoking cessation counseling during inpatient addiction medicine consultations.

Methods:
We abstracted data from 694 consecutive inpatient addiction consult notes to quantify how often physicians addressed tobacco dependence using the guideline-recommended 5As framework. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 9 addiction medicine physicians and 20 hospitalized smokers with substance use disorders. We analyzed transcripts to explore physicians’ and patients’ perspectives on smoking cessation conversations during inpatient addiction consultations, physician-perceived barriers and facilitators to engaging inpatients in tobacco treatment, and strategies to improve tobacco treatment in this context.

Results:
75.5% (522/694) of hospitalized substance use disorder patients were current smokers. Among smokers, 20.9% (109/522) were offered nicotine replacement while hospitalized, but only 5.4% (28/522) received the full guideline-recommended 5As. Patients and physicians reported minimal discussion about tobacco addiction during hospitalization. Physicians cited tobacco not being an immediate health threat and the perception that quitting tobacco is not a priority to patients as barriers, often limiting thorough counseling to patients with smoking-related admissions. Physicians and patients offered strategies to integrate treatment of tobacco dependence and other substances.

Conclusions:
Inpatient addiction consultations represent a missed opportunity to counsel patients with substance use disorders to quit smoking. System-level changes are needed to coordinate treatment of tobacco and other drug dependence in hospitalized smokers.
REAL-WORLD EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF RANIBIZUMAB TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY
Authors: Koh Adrian , Lai Timothy Y.Y. , Wei Wen Bin , Mori Ryusaburo , Wakiyama Harumi , Park Kyu Hyung , Ngah Fariza , Macfadden Wayne , Dunger-Baldauf Cornelia , Parikh Soumil ,   on behalf of the LUMINOUS study steering committee
Published: August 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the real-world effectiveness and safety of intravitreal ranibizumab 0.5 mg in treatment-naive patients with and without polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Methods:
Assessment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients with or without PCV after 12 months of ranibizumab treatment during the LUMINOUS study. Outcome measures were visual acuity and central retinal thickness changes from baseline and the rate of ocular adverse events.

Results:
At baseline, 572 and 5,644 patients were diagnosed with and without PCV, respectively. The mean visual acuity gain from baseline at Month 12 in the PCV and non-PCV groups was +5.0 and +3.0 letters, respectively; these gains were achieved with a mean of 4.4 and 5.1 ranibizumab injections. Eighty percent of PCV patients and 72.2% of non-PCV patients who had baseline visual acuity ≥73 letters maintained this level of vision at Month 12; 20.6% and 17.9% of patients with baseline visual acuity <73 letters achieved visual acuity ≥73 letters in these groups. Greater reductions in central retinal thickness from baseline were also observed for the PCV group versus the non-PCV group. The rate of serious ocular adverse events was 0.7% (PCV group) and 0.9% (non-PCV group).

Conclusion:
LUMINOUS confirms the effectiveness and safety of ranibizumab in treatment-naive patients with PCV.
Understanding the genetics of asthma and implications for clinical practice
Authors: Mammen Jennifer R. , Arcoleo Kimberly 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Asthma is one of the most common heritable diseases globally, with variable clinical expression and response to treatment that is attributed to underlying genetic differences. Hundreds of loci on multiple chromosomes are associated with asthma. Although routine genetic screening is not recommended, testing for medication responsiveness might soon play a role in clinical management. Pharmacogenetic research remains early stage but has demonstrated potential for both clinical and cost effectiveness. Furthermore, recognition of clinically apparent asthma phenotypes, the result of genetic and environmental interactions, can help to inform treatment decisions. Phenotypes are divided into two broad categories of atopic and nonatopic disease, with further subdivisions that are associated with clinical presentation patterns and responsiveness to treatment. In general, earlier onset and allergic disease will respond well to traditional therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and leukotrienes because these medications target inflammatory pathways for allergic disease. However, patients with late-onset, symptom predominant (lacking inflammation), and obese asthma might be resistant to standard therapy and may require treatment modification. These patients are at risk for overuse of ICSs with poor response and may benefit more by use of long-acting beta agonists, long-acting muscarinic agonists, weight reduction, and exercise.