bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Palar River Sediments, Southern Peninsular, India: Geochemistry, Source-Area Weathering, Provenance and Tectonic Setting
Authors: Resmi M. R. , Achyuthan Hema 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This present study describes the geochemistry of fluvial sediments of the Palar river (lower reaches), Southern Peninsular India, with an aim to evaluate their provenance, weathering and tectonic setting. The bulk sediment chemistry is influenced by grain size. The river sediments are enriched with SiO2 and depleted in Al2O3, K2O, CaO, Na2O, MgO, P2O5, MnO, Fe2O3 as compared with UCC values. Geochemical classification indicate that the sediments are mainly arkose, wacke and shale in composition. Discriminant diagrams together with immobile element ratio plots reveal that, the Palar river sediments are mostly derived from rocks formed in an active continental margin. Additionally, the rare earth element ratios as well as chondrite-normalized REE patterns with flat HREE, LREE enrichment, and negative Eu anomalies indicate felsic rock sources. The chemical indices of alteration suggest that Palar river sediments are chemically immature and have experienced low chemical weathering effects. This is further supported by the Th/U Rb/Sr ratio and A-CN-K ternary diagram, with most of the sample data points falling close to the plagioclase-smectite line. The bivariate plot of Th/Sc versus Zr/Sc suggest a moderate recycled origin of the sediments.
Formation Environment of Main Brown Coal Seam in Xi-2 Minefield of Shengli Coalfield Based on Coal Ash Phase Analysis
Authors: Wang Boyang , Qin Yong , Shen Jian , Wang Gang , Li Jiuqing 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The formation environment of the main coal seam in Shengli coal mine is analyzed, and the effect of coal ash parameters on the coal-forming environment is mainly discussed according to gray component parameters combined with other coal quality test analysis data. Results show that the hydrodynamic conditions of the main coal during coal accumulation have a general pattern of strong northeast and weak southwest, and lakeside swamp is generally in the retrograde process from south to north. The No.5 coal seam is a water entry cycle, and the No.5lower coal is a water withdrawal cycle. The No.6 thick coal seam is formed in the peat swamp environment where the water is shallow and the groundwater activity is weak. The input of terrestrial debris material was most abundant in the formation period of No.5lower coal, followed by No.5 coal, and that in No.6 coal is the least. Vertically, the peat swamp environment changed from weak reduction to weak oxidation to strong reducing environment. The ash yield was low to high to low from bottom to top. The organic sulfur is the main type of sulfur in the main coal seam. The weaker the hydrodynamic condition, the higher the organic sulfur content in the reduction environment, while lower organic sulfur content in the oxidation environment. The peat swamp water of No.5lower coal is medium alkaline, and the peat swamp water of No.5 and No. 6 coals is weakly alkaline or acidic.
Relationship-specific investment and hold-up problems in supply chains: theory and experiments
Authors: Haruvy Ernan , Katok Elena , Ma Zhongwen , Sethi Suresh 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSupply chains today routinely use third parties for many strategic activities, such as manufacturing, R&D, or software development. These activities often include relationship-specific investment on the part of the vendor, while final outcomes can be uncertain. Therefore, writing complete contracts for such arrangements is often not feasible, but incomplete contracts, especially when relationship-specific investment is required, may leave the supplier vulnerable to a version of the “hold-up problem,” which is known to result in sub-optimal levels of investment. We model the phenomenon as a sequential move game with asymmetric information. Absent behavioral considerations, the unique Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium implies zero investment. However, with social preferences, the hold-up problem may be mitigated. We propose a model that incorporates social preferences and random errors, and solve for the equilibrium. In addition, we look at reputation and find it to be effective for increasing investment. We conduct laboratory experiments with human subjects and find that a model with social preferences and random errors organizes our data well.
Public interest litigation and the civil society factor
Authors: Samuels Harriet 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article explores civil society organisations’ (CSOs) participation in judicial review proceedings. This became contentious when the Ministry of Justice announced that it intended to reform the judicial review process, and suggested changes to the law on standing and third-party interventions. Ultimately, the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 did not amend the law in these areas, but has arguably made it more difficult for CSOs to engage in public interest litigation. Attempts to restrict the access of CSOs to judicial review need to be seen in the context of the shifting relationship between CSOs and the state, and differing perspectives on their function. If CSOs are to continue to take part in judicial review cases they need to justify their presence in terms of their expertise and on the ground knowledge. It is argued that deliberative, dignitarian and more general theories about the nature of civil society may well establish a basis for CSOs’ continued presence in judicial review litigation.
Trends in the use of care among people aged 65–85 with cognitive impairment in the Netherlands
Authors: Aaltonen Mari , Raitanen Jani , Comijs Hannie , Broese van Groenou Marjolein 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObservation of long-term trends within countries is needed to increase insight into how policy initiatives are reflected in the use of care over time in addition to individual determinants of care use. In the past decades, Dutch care policies have favoured homecare and reduced the availability of institutional care which extended the care responsibilities of formal and informal care-givers at home. This study investigates the changes in the use of informal and formal homecare, community services and residential care among cognitively impaired older adults over time in the Netherlands. In addition, of special interest here are the associations of the presence of a spouse, other family members or social network with care use, and the interdependency between the use of different types of care. The study employs the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) covering the years 1992–2012, analysed with generalised estimating equations. The data consisted of 1,022 observations gathered from 813 respondents aged 65–85. The respondents were cognitively impaired according to the age- and education-standardised Mini-Mental State Examination score. The analyses took into account several individual determinants of care use. The use of informal care and residential care decreased while the use of formal homecare and community services remained the same. Simultaneously, the proportion of those who did not use the studied care types increased. The contribution of partners in informal care decreased. Informal care and formal homecare use increasingly became complementary services. The findings suggest that the decreases in informal care and residential care have not been replaced by other types of care, as reflected in the increased number of persons receiving no care. Care policies should not rely excessively on the availability of informal help and should guarantee adequate formal help, especially for those in high need.
Dosimetric feasibility of an anthropomorphic three-dimensional PRESAGE® dosimeter for verification of single entry hybrid catheter accelerated partial breast brachytherapy
Authors: Iqbal Khalid , Ibbott Geoffrey S. , Lafratta Ryan G. , Gifford Kent A. , Akram Muhammad , Buzdar Saeed A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPurposeTo determine the feasibility of an anthropomorphic breast polyurethane-based three-dimensional (3D) dosimeter with cavity to measure dose distributions and skin dose for a commercial strut-based applicator strut-adjusted volume implant (SAVI™) 6–1.Materials and methodsAn anthropomorphic breast 3D dosimeter was created with a cavity to accommodate the SAVI™ strut-based device. 2 Gy was prescribed to the breast dosimeter having D95 to planning target volume evaluation (PTV_EVAL) while limiting 125% of the prescribed dose to the skin. Independent dose distribution verification was performed with GAFCHROMIC® EBT2 film. The dose distribution from the 3D dosimeter was compared to the distributions from commercial brachytherapy treatment planning system (TPS) and film. Point skin doses, line profiles and dose–volume histogram (DVHs) for the skin and PTV_EVAL were compared.ResultsThe maximum difference in skin dose for TPS and the 3D dosimeter was 4% whereas 41% between the TPS and EBT2 film. The maximum dose difference for line profiles between TPS, 3D dosimeter, and film was 4·1%. DVHs of skin and PTV_EVAL for TPS and 3D dosimeter differed by a maximum of 4% at 5 mm depth and skin differed by a maximum 1·5% between TPS and 3D dosimeter. The criterion for gamma analysis comparison was 92·5% at ±5%±3 mm criterion. The TPS demonstrated at least ±5% comparability in predicting dose to the skin, PTV_EVAL and normal breast tissue.Conclusions3D anthropomorphic polyurethane dosimeter with cavity gives comparable results to the TPS dose predictions and GAFCHROMIC® EBT2 film results in the context of HDR brachytherapy.
Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability in the Geotail Low‐Latitude Boundary Layer
Authors: Leonovich A. S. , Kozlov D. A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe low‐latitude boundary layer stability problem in the geotail is solved numerically. This study relies on a cylindrical model of the geotail, with a smooth boundary, enwrapped by a helical solar wind flow. It is shown that three types of unstable magnetohydrodynamic waves exist in this plasma system: (1) surface waves at the magnetopause, (2) waves radiated into the solar wind, and (3) eigenmodes of the waveguide within the geotail. Unstable surface waves generated in the low‐ to medium‐speed solar wind have the largest growth rate. They are driven in the Pc3–Pc6 geomagnetic pulsation range and have a local maximum at Pc4 frequencies. In the cylindrical model in question the minimum transverse wavelengths of the unstable oscillations are much less than the shear layer thickness. This differentiates it from models with Cartesian geometry, where the minimum transverse wavelengths of unstable oscillations are larger than the boundary layer thickness. In high‐speed solar wind flows the magnetopause is stable to surface waves but unstable to radiative modes. The growth rate of such oscillations is an order of magnitude smaller than that for surface waves generated in the low‐ to medium‐speed solar wind. If the helicity of high‐speed solar wind flows enwrapping the magnetosphere is small, the oscillations are unstable in the Pc4–Pc6 geomagnetic pulsation range, with their maximum growth rate being in the Pc5 range. If the helicity of high‐speed solar wind flow enwrapping the magnetosphere is large enough, the oscillations are unstable throughout the Pc1–Pc6 geomagnetic pulsation range.
Ground‐Based Field Measurements of PM2.5 Emission Factors From Flaming and Smoldering Combustion in Eucalypt Forests
Authors: Reisen F. , Meyer C. P. , Weston C. J. , Volkova L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn fire‐prone areas such as southern Australia and parts of the United States, prescribed burning is a common fire management tool to reduce fuel load for wildfire suppression purposes. The burns are typically undertaken during calm and stable conditions when the burn extent and duration can be carefully controlled. This often coincides with poor atmospheric ventilation, leading to a buildup of smoke, which can impact air quality and human health. The low intensity of these burns also means that the plume is less buoyant and the main impact on local populations is due to emissions during the slow and prolonged smoldering combustion of heavy fuels. This study presents emission measurements of PM2.5 at prescribed burns in eucalypt forests of southern Australia using a smoke collection method suitable for both flaming combustion of fine fuels and residual smoldering combustion of heavy fuels and logs. The median PM2.5 emission factors (EFs) measured were 16.9‐g/kg fuel during flaming combustion and 38.8‐g/kg fuel during smoldering combustion. The correlation between PM2.5 EFs and modified combustion efficiency highlights two distinct trends at low modified combustion efficiency, attributed to the distinct combustion processes of glowing char combustion and pyrolysis. Hence, two distinct relationships were developed that best fitted the measurements and that can be used to extrapolate measured EFs to a wider range of fuel and burning conditions. The results from this study addressed a gap in our knowledge of particle emissions during burns in eucalypt forests under different burning conditions and help to better forecast and manage air quality impacts from prescribed burns on nearby communities.
Epigenome-wide DNA methylation profiling in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy reveals major changes at DLX1
Authors: Weber Axel , Schwarz Sigrid C. , Tost Jörg , Trümbach Dietrich , Winter Pia , Busato Florence , Tacik Pawel , Windhorst Anita C. , Fagny Maud , Arzberger Thomas , McLean Catriona , van Swieten John C. , Schwarz Johannes , Vogt Weisenhorn Daniela , Wurst Wolfgang , Adhikary Till , Dickson Dennis W. , Höglinger Günter U. , Müller Ulrich 
Published: July 2018

AbstractGenetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors contribute to the multifactorial disorder progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Here, we study epigenetic changes by genome-wide analysis of DNA from postmortem tissue of forebrains of patients and controls and detect significant (P < 0.05) methylation differences at 717 CpG sites in PSP vs. controls. Four-hundred fifty-one of these sites are associated with protein-coding genes. While differential methylation only affects a few sites in most genes,DLX1is hypermethylated at multiple sites. Expression of an antisense transcript ofDLX1,DLX1AS, is reduced in PSP brains. The amount of DLX1 protein is increased in gray matter of PSP forebrains. Pathway analysis suggests that DLX1 influencesMAPT-encoded Tau protein. In a cell system, overexpression ofDLX1results in downregulation ofMAPTwhile overexpression ofDLX1AScauses upregulation ofMAPT. Our observations suggest that alteredDLX1methylation and expression contribute to pathogenesis of PSP by influencingMAPT.
Pause sequences facilitate entry into long-lived paused states by reducing RNA polymerase transcription rates
Authors: Gabizon Ronen , Lee Antony , Vahedian-Movahed Hanif , Ebright Richard H. , Bustamante Carlos J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTranscription by RNA polymerase (RNAP) is interspersed with sequence-dependent pausing. The processes through which paused states are accessed and stabilized occur at spatiotemporal scales beyond the resolution of previous methods, and are poorly understood. Here, we combine high-resolution optical trapping with improved data analysis methods to investigate the formation of paused states at enhanced temporal resolution. We find that pause sites reduce the forward transcription rate of nearly all RNAP molecules, rather than just affecting the subset of molecules that enter long-lived pauses. We propose that the reduced rates at pause sites allow time for the elongation complex to undergo conformational changes required to enter long-lived pauses. We also find that backtracking occurs stepwise, with states backtracked by at most one base pair forming quickly, and further backtracking occurring slowly. Finally, we find that nascent RNA structures act as modulators that either enhance or attenuate pausing, depending on the sequence context.
Concerted ESCRT and clathrin recruitment waves define the timing and morphology of intraluminal vesicle formation
Authors: Wenzel Eva Maria , Schultz Sebastian Wolfgang , Schink Kay Oliver , Pedersen Nina Marie , Nähse Viola , Carlson Andreas , Brech Andreas , Stenmark Harald , Raiborg Camilla 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery mediates cargo sorting, membrane deformation and membrane scission on the surface of endosomes, generating intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) to degrade signaling receptors. By live-cell imaging of individual endosomes in human cells, we find that ESCRT proteins are recruited in a repetitive pattern: ESCRT-0 and -I show a gradual and linear recruitment and dissociation, whereas ESCRT-III and its regulatory ATPase VPS4 display fast and transient dynamics. Electron microscopy shows that ILVs are formed consecutively, starting immediately after endocytic uptake of cargo proteins and correlating with the repeated ESCRT recruitment waves, unraveling the timing of ILV formation. Clathrin, recruited by ESCRT-0, is required for timely ESCRT-0 dissociation, efficient ILV formation, correct ILV size and cargo degradation. Thus, cargo sorting and ILV formation occur by concerted, coordinated and repetitive recruitment waves of individual ESCRT subcomplexes and are controlled by clathrin.
Immediate hydroxylation of arenes to phenols via V-containing all-silica ZSM-22 zeolite triggered non-radical mechanism
Authors: Zhou Yu , Ma Zhipan , Tang Junjie , Yan Ning , Du Yonghua , Xi Shibo , Wang Kai , Zhang Wei , Wen Haimeng , Wang Jun 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHydroxylation of arenes via activation of aromatic Csp2–H bond has attracted great attention for decades but remains a huge challenge. Herein, we achieve the ring hydroxylation of various arenes with stoichiometric hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the corresponding phenols on a robust heterogeneous catalyst series of V–Si–ZSM-22 (TON type vanadium silicalite zeolites) that is straightforward synthesized from an unusual ionic liquid involved dry-gel-conversion route. For benzene hydroxylation, the phenol yield is 30.8% (selectivity >99%). Ring hydroxylation of mono-/di-alkylbenzenes and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons cause the yields up to 26.2% and selectivities above 90%. The reaction is completed within 30 s, the fastest occasion so far, resulting in ultra-high turnover frequencies (TOFs). Systematic characterization including 51V NMR and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses suggest that such high activity associates with the unique non-radical hydroxylation mechanism arising from the in situ created diperoxo V(IV) state.
Mechanical mismatch-driven rippling in carbon-coated silicon sheets for stress-resilient battery anodes
Authors: Ryu Jaegeon , Chen Tianwu , Bok Taesoo , Song Gyujin , Ma Jiyoung , Hwang Chihyun , Luo Langli , Song Hyun-Kon , Cho Jaephil , Wang Chongmin , Zhang Sulin , Park Soojin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHigh-theoretical capacity and low working potential make silicon ideal anode for lithium ion batteries. However, the large volume change of silicon upon lithiation/delithiation poses a critical challenge for stable battery operations. Here, we introduce an unprecedented design, which takes advantage of large deformation and ensures the structural stability of the material by developing a two-dimensional silicon nanosheet coated with a thin carbon layer. During electrochemical cycling, this carbon coated silicon nanosheet exhibits unique deformation patterns, featuring accommodation of deformation in the thickness direction upon lithiation, while forming ripples upon delithiation, as demonstrated by in situ transmission electron microscopy observation and chemomechanical simulation. The ripple formation presents a unique mechanism for releasing the cycling induced stress, rendering the electrode much more stable and durable than the uncoated counterparts. This work demonstrates a general principle as how to take the advantage of the large deformation materials for designing high capacity electrode.
Exome sequencing for paediatric-onset diseases: impact of the extensive involvement of medical geneticists in the diagnostic odyssey
Authors: Mak Christopher CY , Leung Gordon KC , Mok Gary TK , Yeung Kit San , Yang Wanling , Fung Cheuk-Wing , Chan Sophelia HS , Lee So-Lun , Lee Ni-Chung , Pfundt Rolph , Lau Yu-Lung , Chung Brian HY 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCurrently, offering whole-exome sequencing (WES) via collaboration with an external laboratory is increasingly common. However, the receipt of a WES report can be merely the beginning of a continuing exploration process rather than the end of the diagnostic odyssey. The laboratory often does not have the information the physician has, and any discrepancies in variant interpretation must be addressed by a medical geneticist. In this study, we performed diagnostic WES of 104 patients with paediatric-onset genetic diseases. The post-exome review of WES reports by the clinical geneticist led to a more comprehensive assessment of variant pathogenicity in 16 cases. The overall diagnostic yield was 41% (n = 43). Among these 43 diagnoses, 51% (22/43) of the pathogenic variants were nucleotide changes that have not been previously reported. The time required for the post-exome review of the WES reports varied, and 26% (n = 27) of the reports required an extensive amount of time (>3 h) for the geneticist to review. In this predominantly Chinese cohort, we highlight the importance of discrepancies between global and ethnic-specific frequencies of a genetic variant that complicate variant interpretation and the significance of post-exome diagnostic modalities in genetic diagnosis using WES. The challenges faced by geneticists in interpreting WES reports are also discussed.
NASA’s Cold Atom Lab (CAL): system development and ground test status
Authors: Elliott Ethan R. , Krutzik Markus C. , Williams Jason R. , Thompson Robert J. , Aveline David C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe report the status of the Cold Atom Lab (CAL) instrument to be operated aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Utilizing a compact atom chip-based system to create ultracold mixtures and degenerate samples of 87Rb, 39K, and 41K, CAL is a multi-user facility developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory to provide the first persistent quantum gas platform in the microgravity conditions of space. Within this unique environment, atom traps can be decompressed to arbitrarily weak confining potentials, producing a new regime of picokelvin temperatures and ultra-low densities. Further, the complete removal of these confining potential allows the free fall evolution of ultracold clouds to be observed on unprecedented timescales compared to earthbound instruments. This unique facility will enable novel ultracold atom research to be remotely performed by an international group of principle investigators with broad applications in fundamental physics and inertial sensing. Here, we describe the development and validation of critical CAL technologies, including demonstration of the first on-chip Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) of 87Rb with microwave-based evaporation and the generation of ultracold dual-species quantum gas mixtures of 39K/87Rb and 41K/87Rb in an atom chip trap via sympathetic cooling.