bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stressful life events and cognitive decline: Sex differences in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Munro Cynthia A. , Wennberg Alexandra M. , Bienko Nicholas , Eaton William W. , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Spira Adam P. 
Published: March 2019

IntroductionThe reasons why women are at higher risk than men for developing dementia are unclear. Although studies implicate sex differences in the effect of stress on cognitive functioning, whether stressful life events are associated with subsequent cognitive decline has received scant research attention.MethodsIn Wave 3 (1993–1996) of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, 337 men and 572 women (mean age = 47 years) reported recent (within the last year) and remote (from 1981 until 1 year ago) traumatic events (eg, combat) and stressful life events (eg, divorce/separation). At Waves 3 and 4 (2004–2005), they completed the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a word‐list memory test. Multivariable models were used to examine the association between traumatic and stressful life events at Wave 3 and cognitive change by Wave 4.ResultsA greater number of recent stressful life events at Wave 3, but not of more remote stressful events, was associated with greater verbal memory decline by Wave 4 in women but not in men. Stressful events were not associated with change in MMSE, and there were no associations between traumatic events occurring at any time and subsequent memory or MMSE decline in either sex.ConclusionsUnlike men, middle‐aged women with a greater number of recent stressful life events demonstrate memory decline over a decade later. Sex differences in cognitive vulnerability to stressful life events may underlie women's increased risk of memory impairment in late life, suggesting that stress reduction interventions may help prevent cognitive decline in women.
District‐level impacts of health system decentralization in Indonesia: A systematic review
Authors: Rakmawati Trisya , Hinchcliff Reece , Pardosi Jerico Franciscus 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe local‐level impacts of decentralizing national health systems are significant yet infrequently examined. This review aims to assess whether localized health services delivery in Indonesia, which commenced a health system decentralization process in 2001, achieved its objectives or could be enhanced.A systematic review was undertaken to collate published evidence regarding this topic and synthesize key findings holistically using the six building blocks framework of the World Health Organization (WHO) to categorize health system performance. Four research databases were searched in 2016 for relevant evidence published between 2001 and 2015. The inclusion criteria were relevance to the topic of decentralization impacts at the district level, original research, and published in English. Included articles were appraised for quality using a standardized tool, with key findings synthesized using the WHO building blocks. Twenty‐nine articles met the inclusion criteria and categorized under the WHO building blocks categories.The findings highlight problematic impacts of decentralization related to three building blocks: service delivery, health financing, and workforce. In the 15 years of post‐decentralization in Indonesia, the service delivery, health workforce, and health financing blocks should be prioritized for further research and policy evaluation to improve the overall health system performance at the district level.
Effects of olanzapine during cognitive and emotional processing in schizophrenia: A review of functional magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Del Fabro Lorenzo , Delvecchio Giuseppe , D'Agostino Armando , Brambilla Paolo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveOlanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and has shown some degree of efficacy on negative and cognitive symptoms. We aimed to review the effects of olanzapine treatment on brain regions that are directly involved in cognitive and emotional processing.MethodsWe used the PubMed database to perform a bibliographic search on functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that investigated the effects of olanzapine treatment on neural activity in patients with schizophrenia during cognitive and emotional tasks.ResultsDespite the high variability of tasks and analysis methods employed, the weight of the evidence was consistent with the hypothesis that olanzapine treatment is associated with a normalization of brain activity in schizophrenia. Distinctive functional changes were found in frontal cortex and cingulate cortex activity during both cognitive and emotional tasks. During emotional processing, olanzapine treatment seems to specifically regulate the activity of the striatum and limbic system.ConclusionsThe results of the reviewed studies suggest that in patients with schizophrenia, olanzapine treatment might lead to a more physiological brain activity coupled with regulation of dopamine release. Future studies should further corroborate these hypotheses using larger samples and homogeneous experimental tasks.
Remote-sensing Based Assessment of Long-term Riparian Vegetation Health in Proximity to Agricultural Lands with Herbicide Use History
Authors: Yousef Foad , Gebremichael Mekonnen , Ghebremichael Lula , Perine Jeffrey 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Riparian ecosystems provide various ecosystem services including habitat for a variety of plant and animal communities, biofiltering, and stabilizing stream and river systems. Due to their location, riparian zones often share long borders with agricultural fields where herbicides are commonly applied to eliminate unwanted plants. There is a general concern that exposure of riparian vegetation to off-target drifted herbicides may adversely impact their health and diversity. We utilized the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to investigate the long-term (between 1992 and 2011) trend of riparian vegetation health at 17 locations in the Midwest and Great Plains areas of the United States, where herbicide usage was likely most intense. Assessment of NDVI data demonstrated that long-term vegetation health did not decline for the studied riparian zones located in proximity to croplands during spring months (April and May). During summer (June and July), while the long-term vegetation health did not decline for the majority of the sites, there were a few cases in Kansas and Nebraska with a decline in vegetation health (negative-trending NDVI). Cluster analysis of the negative-trending NDVI pixels showed that the majority of these pixels were randomly distributed throughout these riparian sites, indicating a lack of shared common causing factors. Similarly, proximity analysis suggested that distance from croplands was not associated with the decline of vegetation health found in these sites, suggesting that exposure to herbicide drift may not be a plausible factor because this would have shown higher impact on pixels closer to the cropland. Changes in canopy coverage and vegetation diversity also did not show any dependence on distance from croplands. Finally, the remote-sensing–based NDVI data sets used provide only an indirect way of assessing the impact of herbicide drift, and therefore, further work based on field survey data is recommended to completely isolate the impacts of herbicides. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:528–543. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)
Discrepancies between clinical staging and surgicopathologic findings in early‐stage cervical cancer and prognostic significance
Authors: Chen Chunlin , Zhang Weifeng , Liu Ping , Su Guidong , Gong Shipeng , Li Weili 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate discrepancies between clinical staging and surgicopathologic findings in early‐stage cervical cancer and explore the prognostic significance of these discrepancies.MethodsA retrospective review of the clinical records of individuals with early‐stage cervical cancer who underwent primary radical surgery in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, between 2007 and 2013. Discrepancies in clinical staging were investigated by using surgicopathologic findings as the reference. Individuals were classified according to the type of discrepancy. Kaplan‐Meier plots were generated to explore the prognostic significance of stage discrepancies.ResultsAmong 266 individuals included in the study, 182 (68.4%) were accurately staged, 58 (21.8%) were clinically over‐staged, and 26 (9.8%) were clinically under‐staged. More relapses (19.2% vs 4.9% vs 6.8%, P=0.027) and deaths (11.5% vs 2.2% vs 3.4%, P=0.048) were observed among those who were clinically under‐staged than among those who were accurately or clinically over‐staged. Clinical under‐staging was associated with poorer disease‐free survival (P=0.003) and poorer overall survival (P=0.020) over a median follow‐up of 43.9 months.ConclusionSignificant discrepancies were found between clinical staging and surgicopathologic findings in early‐stage cervical cancer. Stage discrepancies were found to have prognostic significance, with clinical under‐staging identified as a potential adverse prognostic factor.
D3‐Creatine dilution and the importance of accuracy in the assessment of skeletal muscle mass
Authors: Evans William J. , Hellerstein Marc , Orwoll Eric , Cummings Steve , Cawthon Peggy M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSarcopenia has been described as the age‐associated decrease in skeletal muscle mass. However, virtually every study of sarcopenia has measured lean body mass (LBM) or fat free mass (FFM) rather than muscle mass, specifically. In a number of published sarcopenia studies, LBM or FFM is referred to as muscle mass, leading to an incorrect assumption that measuring LBM or FFM is an accurate measure of muscle mass. As a result, the data on the effects of changes in LBM or FFM in older populations on outcomes such as functional capacity, disability, and risk of injurious falls have been inconsistent resulting in the conclusion that muscle mass is only weakly related to these outcomes. We review and describe the assumptions for the most commonly used measurements of body composition. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) has become an increasingly common tool for the assessment of LBM or FFM and appendicular lean mass as a surrogate, but inaccurate, measurement of muscle mass. Other previously used methods (total body water, bioelectric impedance, and imaging) also have significant limitations. D3‐Creatine (D3‐Cr) dilution provides a direct and accurate measurement of creatine pool size and skeletal muscle mass. In a recent study in older men (MrOS cohort), D3‐Cr muscle mass was associated with functional capacity and risk of injurious falls and disability, while assessments of LBM or appendicular lean mass by DXA were only weakly or not associated with these outcomes. Inaccurate measurements of muscle mass by DXA and other methods have led to inconsistent results and potentially erroneous conclusions about the importance of skeletal muscle mass in health and disease. The assessment of skeletal muscle mass using the D3‐Cr dilution method in prospective cohort studies may reveal sarcopenia as a powerful risk factor for late life disability and chronic disease.
Silver release of Ag (I) doped hydroxyapatite: In vitro study
Authors: Erdem Umit , Turkoz Mustafa B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA material is produced by doping of silver (Ag (I)) which has antibacterial property to nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp), to remove the hipersensitivity in the teeth by closing the dentine tubules or dental micro cracks of the teeth and effective against for some bacteria. The doping of Ag (I) can also produces a toxic effect. Ag (I) can be released from the structure as a result of biological, physical and chemical effects and may cause toxicity. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the presence of Ag (I) has a toxic effect. In this study, Ag (I)‐doped nHAp was synthesized by precipitation method and tried to determine the release values as a function of time compared to the doping rate by using the ICP‐OES. Also, the products we produce in simulated body fluid were kept for retention periods of 4–20 weeks to determine degradation percentages. A cytotoxicity study was performed to observe the toxic effect that may be caused by possible Ag (I) release. According to the analysis, the release values in all products were observed in ppb level. And it is concluded that the materials produced are not degraded. Cell viability values of more than 70% were obtained. It was observed that the release of Ag (I) bound to Ag (I)‐doped nHAp hexagonal structure was very low. It was concluded that the products are not degraded and Ag (I)‐doped nHAp to a certain ratio is a biocompatible material that can be used in dentistry for treatment.
Functional morphology of the mouthparts of lady beetle Coccinella transversoguttata (Coccinellidae, Coleoptera), with reference to their feeding mechanism
Authors: Hao Ya‐Nan , Sun Yuan‐Xing , Liu Chang‐Zhong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe lady beetle Coccinella transversoguttata is an important biocontrol agent of aphids. As the main the feeding apparatus, mouthparts play essential roles in feeding process, and the morphological variation of mouthparts is correlated with variation in food source and feeding behavior. To better understand the feeding behavior of C. transversoguttata, we studied the functional morphology of mouthparts, with special attention to the fine morphology of each part of mouthpart and various kinds of sensilla. The mouthpart of C. transversoguttata is typical mandibulate type that composed of labrum, mandible, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. Detailed descriptions were given about the fine morphology of each part, and various types of sensilla were identified and classified. In total, two types of sensilla chaetica, four types of sensilla basiconica, two types of sensilla styloconica, two types of sensilla placodea, and one type of cuticular pore were identified according to their length, morphology and distribution. Specially, the putative function of each part of mouthpart as well as each kind of sensilla and their coordinative mechanisms in feeding process were discussed. These results would lay a solid foundation for understanding the feeding mechanism of lady beetles.
An improved open‐short equivalent circuit model for CMOS transistors de‐embedding
Authors: Wang Qiuping , Wu Yunqiu , Kang Kai 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this paper, the open and short de‐embedding structures are studied. The parallel terminal coupling effect, the loss of vias, and the interconnects are considered. On this basis, the above parasitic effects are characterized by the equivalent circuit model. To validate the model, open and short test structures are manufactured and measured. By comparing the measurement data with the modeling data, the proposed model achieves high accuracy. The root‐mean‐square error of scattering parameter is less than 0.0145 for the open model and less than 0.0082 for the short model.
Biosorption of heavy metals by a lead (Pb) resistant bacterium, Staphylococcus hominis strain AMB‐2
Authors: Rahman Zeeshanur , Thomas Lebin , Singh Ved Pal 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the present study, a lead (Pb)‐resistant bacterium, Staphylococcus hominis strain AMB‐2 was isolated from Mandoli industrial area, Delhi and selected for heavy metal biosorption considering multiple heavy metal resistance. In the batch experiment, both living and dead biomasses of strain AMB‐2 showed biosorption of Pb and cadmium (Cd) in single and binary systems as analyzed through Inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry. Living biomass exhibited more biosorption of metals than dead biomass in both single and binary systems. However, in the binary system, metals competed for the attachment sites on the bacterial surface, where Pb got more preference over Cd for the same. The underlying mechanism for the biosorption was attachment of the metal ions through functional groups onto the surface of the biomass as revealed by scanning electron microscope‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Conclusively, this study displayed an effective biotreatment of Pb and Cd from aqueous medium using a low‐cost biosorbent prepared from S. hominis strain AMB‐2 considering biosafety of microorganisms and an eco‐friendly approach.
Insurance status, stage of presentation, and survival among female patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Panth Neelima , Simpson Matthew C. , Sethi Rosh K.V. , Varvares Mark A. , Osazuwa‐Peters Nosayaba 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesIncidence trends and outcomes of head and neck cancer (HNC) among female patients are not well understood. The objective of this study was to estimate incidence trends and quantify the association between health insurance status, stage at presentation, and survival among females with HNC.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsThe Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2007–2014) was queried for females aged ≥18 years diagnosed with a malignant primary head and neck cancer (HNC) (n = 18,923). Incidence trends for stage at presentation were estimated using Joinpoint regression analysis. The association between health insurance status and stage at presentation on overall and disease‐specific survival was estimated using Fine and Gray proportional hazards models.ResultsIncidence of stage IV HNC rose by 1.24% from 2007 to 2014 (annual percent change = 1.24, 95% CI 0.30, 2.20). Patients with Medicaid (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45, 1.74) and who were uninsured (aOR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.47, 2.04) were more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage (stages III/IV) HNC. Similarly, patients with Medicaid (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.47, 95% CI 1.38, 1.56) and who were uninsured (aHR =1.45, 95% CI 1.29, 1.63) were more likely to die from any cause compared to privately insured patients. Medicaid (aHR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.24, 1.44) and uninsured (aHR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.24, 1.60) patients also had a greater hazard of HNC‐specific deaths compared to privately insured patients.ConclusionsIncidence of advanced‐stage presentation for female HNC patients in the United States has increased significantly since 2007, and patients who are uninsured or enrolled in Medicaid are more likely to present with late stage disease and die earlier.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 130:385–391, 2020
Objectively measuring social attention of thyroid neck scars and transoral surgery using eye tracking
Authors: Juarez Michelle C. , Ishii Lisa , Nellis Jason C. , Bater Kristin , Huynh Pauline P. , Fung Nicholas , Darrach Halley , Russell Jonathon O. , Ishii Masaru 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveMeasure the social attention of thyroid neck scars and transoral surgery using eye tracking.MethodsObservers viewed images of patients with thyroid neck scars, control patients with no scars, and patients who underwent transoral thyroidectomy as an eye‐tracking monitor recorded their eye movements. Hotelling's multivariate analysis, followed by planned posthypothesis testing, were used to compare fixation times for the central triangle (CT), peripheral face, and neck between the three groups. To assess if these gaze patterns would normalize with transoral surgery, a two‐sample t test was done to assess for differences in neck fixations between control and transoral patients and between transoral and traditional thyroidectomy.ResultsOne hundred and thirty participants completed the eye‐tracking experiment (mean age 24.3 years, 65 females). Observers directed the majority of their attention to the CT in both control and scar patients. Observers paid more attention to the neck (103.72 ms, P < .0001, 95% confidence interval [CI] [55, 152] ms) and less to the peripheral face (115.50 ms, P = .01, 95% CI [19, 211] ms) in patients with neck scars than in control patients. Furthermore, transoral surgery eliminated this attentional distraction wherein there was no difference in the fixation time to the neck (−39.198 ms P = .16, 95% CI [−93.978, 15.5816] ms) between controls and those who underwent transoral surgery.ConclusionObservers directed their gaze away from the face and toward the neck in patients with thyroid neck scars. Furthermore, this distraction was eliminated with tranoral surgery. These findings shed light onto the altered observer perceptions of patients with thyroid neck scars.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 129:2789–2794, 2019
Reconstruction of total parotidectomy defects with a de‐epithelialized submental flap
Authors: Goyal Neerav , Deschler Daniel G. , Emerick Kevin S. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTotal parotidectomy yields a large surgical defect that leads to both cosmetic and functional deficits which can be addressed with reconstruction. We evaluated the role of a pedicled submental flap for this reconstruction.MethodsWe reviewed all submental flap reconstructions that were performed for total parotidectomy defects between 2014 and 2016. Data regarding harvest technique, postoperative complications, flap survival, and adjuvant treatment details were recorded. Subjective information regarding retained volume after reconstruction was also obtained.ResultsDuring the time period, eight patients were identified and in all cases the patients underwent total parotidectomy with facial nerve sacrifice. All patients were discharged within 2 days of hospitalization with no complications or concerns regarding the viability of the flap. All but one patient had radiation therapy. Results with 9.9‐ to 37.5‐month follow‐up (mean 22.0 months) show limited volume loss without major contour defect or ear deformity in the follow‐up period.ConclusionsSubmental flap reconstruction is a feasible and reliable method for total parotidectomy defect. The inclusion of the mylohyoid muscle aids flap reliability and adds bulk. Inclusion of the dermis helps contour the overlying skin. The flap does not add morbidity or increased complexity intraoperatively or postoperatively.Level of Evidence4
EMPATHY: THE CORNERSTONE OF LEADERSHIP
Authors: Ivany Robert 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIvany has been both a US Army major general and the president of the University of St. Thomas in Houston. He writes about his firsthand experience during the 1980s, while as an Army officer he worked with President Ronald Reagan. Ivany learned right away about Reagan's “most overlooked and impressive leadership qualities: his ability to relate to everyone he met.” He writes, “As authentic leaders,we should remember that a sincere smile, kind greeting, or timely inquiry can lead to a far greater impact than we can ever imagine. We may not be able to end a Cold War, but we will enhance the lives of those we serve and improve the organizations we lead.”
Air‐Blowing‐Assisted Coaxial Electrospinning toward High Productivity of Core/Sheath and Hollow Fibers
Authors: Duan Gaigai , Greiner Andreas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCoaxial electrospinning is an attractive technology to produce core/sheath and hollow fibers. However, until now, the relatively low productivity has limited its broad applications. In this work, coaxial electrospinning with air‐blowing‐assistance is applied to improve the productivity of core/sheath and hollow fibers. Different core and shell materials are used for this electrospinning. The flow rate and air‐blowing rate during electrospinning are optimized. SEM and TEM are used to confirm the core/sheath and hollow structure of fibers. The results show that air‐blowing‐assisted electrospinning technology can be successfully applied for the large‐scale production of core/sheath and hollow fibers which open the path to new applications of this promising class of materials.