bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Response of the Energy Content of the Outer Electron Radiation Belt to Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Xiong Ying , Xie Lun , Chen Lunjin , Ni Binbin , Fu Suiyan , Pu Zuyin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUsing the data from the Van Allen Probe‐A spacecraft, the variability of the total outer radiation belt (2.5 < L* < 6) electron energy content (TRBEEC) for energetic electrons (>300 keV) is investigated for the first time during 51 isolated storms spanning from October 2012 to May 2017. The statistical results show that the TRBEEC exhibits no change in 20% of the storms and gets enhanced during 80% of them. The subrelativistic electrons (300–500 keV) and relativistic electrons (0.5–2.0 MeV) equally contribute to the TRBEEC during the main phases, while in the recovery phases, the relativistic electrons contribute up to 80% of the TRBEEC. The results of the superposed epoch analysis of the solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices indicate that the TRBEEC enhancement events preferably occur during the prolonged southward interplanetary magnetic field period when the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling is more efficient. Meanwhile, the high AE index with intense injections of several hundreds of kiloelectron volt seed electrons also favors the increase of the TRBEEC. Case study shows that there is a localized growing phase space density peak around L* = 4.3 and the chorus wave energy and the gain of TRBEEC are on the same order of magnitude, which may suggest that the enhancement of the TRBEEC is the consequence of the chorus acceleration. Understanding the energy budget of the outer zone electrons can provide more insight into the energy transfer from plasma waves to the energetic electron population, especially for revealing the underlying physics of the energization of outer radiation belt electrons via chorus wave acceleration.
On Long‐Term SABER CO2 Trends and Effects Due to Nonuniform Space and Time Sampling
Authors: Rezac Ladislav , Yue Jia , Yongxiao Jian , Russell James M. , Garcia Rolando , López‐Puertas Manuel , Mlynczak Martin G. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the TIMED satellite has been continuously operating for more than 16 years, since 2002, monitoring the CO2 concentration on nearly a global scale in the middle and upper atmosphere (from 65 km up to 110 km). A recent reanalysis (Qian et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023825) concluded that different deseasonalizing methodologies may have a strong impact on long‐term trend analysis, ultimately yielding different altitude profiles of the global mean CO2 trend. In this work, we aim to understand how the nonuniform spatial and temporal sampling inherent in the SABER CO2 data set affects the determination of the long‐term trends. In addition, our goal is to disentangle reported differences in SABER CO2 trends due to different time averaging windows and methodologies used for trend estimation. The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model is used for synthetic studies of the time series. We demonstrate that, due to the time varying data gaps and nonuniform sampling of local times, different time binning of the SABER CO2 data may indeed bias the long‐term trend estimation. We show and discuss how the 60‐day averaging reduces the bias in relative trends. We also conclude that different deseasonalizing methodologies (averaged over the same temporal bins) yield negligible differences on the trend determination. Taking this into account the global mean CO2 relative trend does not deviate statistically from the tropospheric value below 1 × 10−3 mb (90 km). Above about 90 km, there is a positive slope in the global CO2 trend profile, but with substantially reduced magnitude for 60‐day binned data.
Magnesium Isotope Composition of Subduction Zone Fluids as Constrained by Jadeitites From Myanmar
Authors: Chen Yi , Huang Fang , Shi Guang‐Hai , Wu Fu‐Yuan , Chen Xi , Jin Qi‐Zhen , Su Bin , Guo Shun , Sein Kyaing , Nyunt Thet Tin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSubduction zone fluids are critical for transporting materials from subducted slabs to the mantle wedge. Jadeitites from Myanmar record fluid compositions and reactions in the forearc subduction channel. Here we present high‐precision Mg isotope data of the Myanmar jadeitites and associated rocks to understand the Mg isotope composition of subduction zone fluids at forearc depths. Two types of jadeitites (white and green) exhibit distinct Mg isotope compositions. The white jadeitites precipitated from Na‐Al‐Si‐rich fluids and have low δ26Mg values, varying from −1.55‰ to −0.92‰, whereas the green jadeitites have higher δ26Mg values (−0.91‰ to −0.74‰) due to metasomatic reactions between fluids and Cr spinel. The amphibole‐rich blackwall in the contact boundaries between jadeitites and serpentinites also exhibits low δ26Mg values (−1.17‰ to −0.72‰). Therefore, the jadeite‐forming fluids have not only high concentrations of Na‐Al‐Si but also low δ26Mg values. The low δ26Mg signature of the fluids is explained by the dissolution of Ca‐rich carbonate in subducted sediments or altered oceanic crust, which is supported by the negative correlation of δ26Mg with CaO/TiO2, CaO/Al2O3, and Sr in the white jadeitites. Given the common occurrence of Ca‐rich carbonates in the subduction channel, the Mg isotope composition of low‐Mg aqueous fluids would be significantly modified by dissolved carbonates. Metasomatism by such fluids along conduits has the potential to generate centimeter‐scale Mg isotope heterogeneity in the forearc mantle wedge. Therefore, Mg isotopes could be a powerful tracer for recycled carbonates not only in the deep mantle but also in the shallow regions of subduction zones.
Relative Paleointensity and Inclination Anomaly Over the Last 8 Myr Obtained From the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1335 Sediments in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Yamazaki Toshitsugu , Yamamoto Yuhji 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFor understanding the fundamentals of the geodynamo such as the relation between paleointensity and polarity length and time‐averaged field (TAF) structure, continuous records of relative paleointensity (RPI) and inclination anomaly (ΔI) are desired; however, available records older than ~3 Ma are still very limited in time and space. We conducted a paleomagnetic study of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1335 sediments in the eastern equatorial Pacific to obtain continuous RPI and ΔI records since ~8 Ma. Slow deposition, ~8.4 m/Myr or less, limits the resolution of the records but did allow for determination of long‐term variations. Rock‐magnetic measurements showed that biogenic magnetite dominates the magnetic mineral assemblages, and the proportion of biogenic to terrigenous magnetic minerals increases prior to ~4 Ma. The average paleointensity between ~4 and 8 Ma is approximately 30% lower than that from 0 to ~4 Ma. The apparent reduction of RPI at ~4 Ma reaches approximately ~50%, but ~20% of this is estimated to be artificial, induced by the increase in the proportion of biogenic magnetite. No relation between paleointensity and polarity length is recognized for the last ~8 Myr. The magnitude of ΔI is slightly larger during reversed polarity chrons (4.43° ± 1.47°) than normal polarity chrons (−0.69° ± 2.98°) over the last ~5 Myr, which agrees with the available TAF models of this time span. Prior to ~6 Ma, the sign of ΔI during the normal chrons might have switched to positive, and ΔI during reversed chrons might have been slightly larger than that after ~5 Ma.
Greenschist Facies Metamorphic Zircon Overgrowths as a Constraint on Exhumation of the Brooks Range Metamorphic Core, Alaska
Authors: Hoiland Carl W. , Miller Elizabeth L. , Pease Victoria 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLike many other mountain belts, the metamorphic core or hinterland of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt in Arctic Alaska is characterized by multiply deformed and polymetamorphosed rocks whose histories have been challenging to decipher and thus difficult to relate to the supracrustal history of the orogen. The multiple greenschist and blueschist facies metamorphic events have been particularly difficult to resolve. This study provides petrologic context for recently identifiedlow‐temperaturemetamorphic zircon overgrowths at two localities across some 200 km of orogenic strike that offer a unique and precise constraint on the timing of events recorded in the Brooks Range hinterland. In consideration of microstructural context, graphite thermometry, metamorphic mineral inclusions, and zircon trace element and Lu‐Hf‐isotope data, metamorphic zircon growth at 114 ± 5 Ma in the southern Brooks Range is interpreted to coincide with greenschist facies metamorphism, most probably linked to decompression and/or increased temperatures within the orogenic core. Their age coincides with a proposed pulse of extension within a >600‐km shear zone along the southern flank of the Brooks Range and a regional flare‐up in magmatism and pronounced subsidence within hinterland depocenters (Yukon‐Koyukuk Basin). These regional events are consistent with subduction retreat/rollback in mid‐Cretaceous time. This study adds to a growing body of literature demonstrating the importance of searching for and characterizing metamorphic zircon growth in low‐ to medium‐grade metamorphic terranes to provide better constraints on otherwise cryptic tectonic events.
Full-space Cloud of Random Points with a Scrambling Metasurface
Authors: Li Zile , Dai Qi , Mehmood Muhammad Q. , Hu Guangwei , yanchuk Boris Luk’ , Tao Jin , Hao Chenglong , Kim Inki , Jeong Heonyeong , Zheng Guoxing , Yu Shaohua , Alù Andrea , Rho Junsuk , Qiu Cheng-Wei 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWith the rapid progress in computer science, including artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, full-space spot generation can be pivotal to many practical applications, such as facial recognition, motion detection, augmented reality, etc. These opportunities may be achieved by using diffractive optical elements (DOEs) or light detection and ranging (LIDAR). However, DOEs suffer from intrinsic limitations, such as demanding depth-controlled fabrication techniques, large thicknesses (more than the wavelength), Lambertian operation only in half space, etc. LIDAR nevertheless relies on complex and bulky scanning systems, which hinders the miniaturization of the spot generator. Here, inspired by a Lambertian scatterer, we report a Hermitian-conjugate metasurface scrambling the incident light to a cloud of random points in full space with compressed information density, functioning in both transmission and reflection spaces. Over 4044 random spots are experimentally observed in the entire space, covering angles at nearly 90°. Our scrambling metasurface is made of amorphous silicon with a uniform subwavelength height, a nearly continuous phase coverage, a lightweight, flexible design, and low-heat dissipation. Thus, it may be mass produced by and integrated into existing semiconductor foundry designs. Our work opens important directions for emerging 3D recognition sensors, such as motion sensing, facial recognition, and other applications.
Mandible exosomal ssc-mir-133b regulates tooth development in miniature swine via endogenous apoptosis
Authors: Li Ye , Wang Xinxin , Ren Jiali , Wu Xiaoshan , Li Guoqing , Fan Zhipeng , Zhang Chunmei , Li Ang , Wang Songlin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSignal transduction between different organs is crucial in the normal development of the human body. As an important medium for signal communication, exosomes can transfer important information, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), from donors to receptors. MiRNAs are known to fine-tune a variety of biological processes, including maxillofacial development; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, transient apoptosis was found to be due to the expression of a miniature swine maxillofacial-specific miRNA, ssc-mir-133b. Upregulation of ssc-mir-133b resulted in robust apoptosis in primary dental mesenchymal cells in the maxillofacial region. Cell leukemia myeloid 1 (Mcl-1) was verified as the functional target, which triggered further downstream activation of endogenous mitochondria-related apoptotic processes during tooth development. More importantly, mandible exosomes were responsible for the initial apoptosis signal. An animal study demonstrated that ectopic expression of ssc-mir-133b resulted in failed tooth formation after 12 weeks of subcutaneous transplantation in nude mice. The tooth germ developed abnormally without the indispensable exosomal signals from the mandible.
Structural basis for importin alpha 3 specificity of W proteins in Hendra and Nipah viruses
Authors: Smith Kate M. , Tsimbalyuk Sofiya , Edwards Megan R. , Cross Emily M. , Batra Jyoti , Soares da Costa Tatiana P. , Aragão David , Basler Christopher F. , Forwood Jade K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSeven human isoforms of importin α mediate nuclear import of cargo in a tissue- and isoform-specific manner. How nuclear import adaptors differentially interact with cargo harbouring the same nuclear localisation signal (NLS) remains poorly understood, as the NLS recognition region is highly conserved. Here, we provide a structural basis for the nuclear import specificity of W proteins in Hendra and Nipah viruses. We determine the structural interfaces of these cargo bound to importin α1 and α3, identifying a 2.4-fold more extensive interface and > 50-fold higher binding affinity for importin α3. Through the design of importin α1 and α3 chimeric and mutant proteins, together with structures of cargo-free importin α1 and α3 isoforms, we establish that the molecular basis of specificity resides in the differential positioning of the armadillo repeats 7 and 8. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into a range of important nucleocytoplasmic transport processes reliant on isoform adaptor specificity.
Dendritic defect-rich palladium–copper–cobalt nanoalloys as robust multifunctional non-platinum electrocatalysts for fuel cells
Authors: Li Chaozhong , Yuan Qiang , Ni Bing , He Ting , Zhang Siming , Long Yong , Gu Lin , Wang Xun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRecently, the development of high-performance non-platinum electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications has been gaining attention. Palladium-based nanoalloys are considered as promising candidates to substitute platinum catalysts for cathodic and anodic reactions in fuel cells. Here, we develop a facile route to synthesize dendritic palladium–copper–cobalt trimetallic nanoalloys as robust multifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and formic acid oxidation. To the best of our knowledge, the mass activities of the dendritic Pd59Cu30Co11 nanoalloy toward oxygen reduction and formic acid oxidation are higher than those previously reported for non-platinum metal nanocatalysts. The Pd59Cu30Co11 nanoalloys also exhibit superior durability for oxygen reduction and formic acid oxidation as well as good antimethanol/ethanol interference ability compared to a commercial platinum/carbon catalyst. The high performance of the dendritic Pd59Cu30Co11 nanoalloys is attributed to a combination of effects, including defects, a synergistic effect, change of d-band center of palladium, and surface strain.
Histone H4K20 methylation mediated chromatin compaction threshold ensures genome integrity by limiting DNA replication licensing
Authors: Shoaib Muhammad , Walter David , Gillespie Peter J. , Izard Fanny , Fahrenkrog Birthe , Lleres David , Lerdrup Mads , Johansen Jens Vilstrup , Hansen Klaus , Julien Eric , Blow J. Julian , Sørensen Claus S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe decompaction and re-establishment of chromatin organization immediately after mitosis is essential for genome regulation. Mechanisms underlying chromatin structure control in daughter cells are not fully understood. Here we show that a chromatin compaction threshold in cells exiting mitosis ensures genome integrity by limiting replication licensing in G1 phase. Upon mitotic exit, chromatin relaxation is controlled by SET8-dependent methylation of histone H4 on lysine 20. In the absence of either SET8 or H4K20 residue, substantial genome-wide chromatin decompaction occurs allowing excessive loading of the origin recognition complex (ORC) in the daughter cells. ORC overloading stimulates aberrant recruitment of the MCM2-7 complex that promotes single-stranded DNA formation and DNA damage. Restoring chromatin compaction restrains excess replication licensing and loss of genome integrity. Our findings identify a cell cycle-specific mechanism whereby fine-tuned chromatin relaxation suppresses excessive detrimental replication licensing and maintains genome integrity at the cellular transition from mitosis to G1 phase.
Recurrent circuits within medial entorhinal cortex superficial layers support grid cell firing
Authors: Zutshi Ipshita , Fu Maylin L. , Lilascharoen Varoth , Leutgeb Jill K. , Lim Byung Kook , Leutgeb Stefan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSpecialized cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC), such as speed cells, head direction (HD) cells, and grid cells, are thought to support spatial navigation. To determine whether these computations are dependent on local circuits, we record neuronal activity in mEC layers II and III and optogenetically perturb locally projecting layer II pyramidal cells. We find that sharply tuned HD cells are only weakly responsive while speed, broadly tuned HD cells, and grid cells show pronounced transient excitatory and inhibitory responses. During the brief period of feedback inhibition, there is a reduction in specifically grid accuracy, which is corrected as firing rates return to baseline. These results suggest that sharp HD cells are embedded in a separate mEC sub-network from broad HD cells, speed cells, and grid cells. Furthermore, grid tuning is not only dependent on local processing but also rapidly updated by HD, speed, or other afferent inputs to mEC.
Differential processing of HIV envelope glycans on the virus and soluble recombinant trimer
Authors: Cao Liwei , Pauthner Matthias , Andrabi Raiees , Rantalainen Kimmo , Berndsen Zachary , Diedrich Jolene K. , Menis Sergey , Sok Devin , Bastidas Raiza , Park Sung-Kyu Robin , Delahunty Claire M. , He Lin , Guenaga Javier , Wyatt Richard T. , Schief William R. , Ward Andrew B. , Yates John R. , Burton Dennis R. , Paulson James C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAs the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to HIV, the envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer is the focus of vaccination strategies designed to elicit protective bnAbs in humans. Because HIV Env is densely glycosylated with 75–90 N-glycans per trimer, most bnAbs use or accommodate them in their binding epitope, making the glycosylation of recombinant Env a key aspect of HIV vaccine design. Upon analysis of three HIV strains, we here find that site-specific glycosylation of Env from infectious virus closely matches Envs from corresponding recombinant membrane-bound trimers. However, viral Envs differ significantly from recombinant soluble, cleaved (SOSIP) Env trimers, strongly impacting antigenicity. These results provide a benchmark for virus Env glycosylation needed for the design of soluble Env trimers as part of an overall HIV vaccine strategy.
Superconducting metamaterials for waveguide quantum electrodynamics
Authors: Mirhosseini Mohammad , Kim Eunjong , Ferreira Vinicius S. , Kalaee Mahmoud , Sipahigil Alp , Keller Andrew J. , Painter Oskar 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEmbedding tunable quantum emitters in a photonic bandgap structure enables control of dissipative and dispersive interactions between emitters and their photonic bath. Operation in the transmission band, outside the gap, allows for studying waveguide quantum electrodynamics in the slow-light regime. Alternatively, tuning the emitter into the bandgap results in finite-range emitter–emitter interactions via bound photonic states. Here, we couple a transmon qubit to a superconducting metamaterial with a deep sub-wavelength lattice constant (λ/60). The metamaterial is formed by periodically loading a transmission line with compact, low-loss, low-disorder lumped-element microwave resonators. Tuning the qubit frequency in the vicinity of a band-edge with a group index of ng = 450, we observe an anomalous Lamb shift of −28 MHz accompanied by a 24-fold enhancement in the qubit lifetime. In addition, we demonstrate selective enhancement and inhibition of spontaneous emission of different transmon transitions, which provide simultaneous access to short-lived radiatively damped and long-lived metastable qubit states.
The origin of Mooij correlations in disordered metals
Authors: Ciuchi Sergio , Di Sante Domenico , Dobrosavljević Vladimir , Fratini Simone 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSufficiently disordered metals display systematic deviations from the behavior predicted by semi-classical Boltzmann transport theory. Here the scattering events from impurities or thermal excitations can no longer be considered as additive-independent processes, as asserted by Matthiessen’s rule following from this picture. In the intermediate region between the regime of good conduction and that of insulation, one typically finds a change of sign of the temperature coefficient of resistivity, even at elevated temperature spanning ambient conditions, a phenomenology that was first identified by Mooij in 1973. Traditional weak coupling approaches to identify relevant corrections to the Boltzmann picture focused on long-distance interference effects such as “weak localization”, which are especially important in low dimensions (1D and 2D) and close to the zero-temperature limit. Here we formulate a strong-coupling approach to tackle the interplay of strong disorder and lattice deformations (phonons) in bulk three-dimensional metals at high temperatures. We identify a polaronic mechanism of strong disorder renormalization, which describes how a lattice locally responds to the relevant impurity potential. This mechanism, which quantitatively captures the Mooij regime, is physically distinct and unrelated to Anderson localization, but realizes early seminal ideas of Anderson himself, concerning the interplay of disorder and lattice deformations.
Experimental observation of bulk nodal lines and electronic surface states in ZrB2
Authors: Lou Rui , Guo Pengjie , Li Man , Wang Qi , Liu Zhonghao , Sun Shanshan , Li Chenghe , Wu Xuchuan , Wang Zilu , Sun Zhe , Shen Dawei , Huang Yaobo , Liu Kai , Lu Zhong-Yi , Lei Hechang , Ding Hong , Wang Shancai 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTopological nodal-line semimetals are characterized by line-contact bulk band crossings and topological surface states. Breaking certain protecting symmetry turns this system into a Dirac semimetal or Weyl semimetal that hosts zero-dimensional isolated nodal points. Recent advances in band theory predicted a topological nodal-line semimetal state possessing a new type of nodal line in AlB2-type diborides. Here, we report an experimental realization of nodal-line fermions and associated surface states near the Fermi energy in ZrB2 by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with first-principles calculations. The Dirac nodal lines in ZrB2 wind into two groups of nodal rings, which are linked together along the Γ-K direction. We further observe a distinct surface state connecting to each nodal line, indicative of the nontrivial topological nature of the bulk nodal lines. Therefore, our results provide convincing experimental evidence of nodal-line semimetal states in ZrB2 both in the bulk and on the surface, suggesting ZrB2 as a remarkable platform for discovering unique phenomena induced by nodal-line fermions.