bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Too close for comfort? The effects of social facilitation on feeding behaviour in the horse (Equus caballus)
Authors: Redgate S. E. , Waran N. K. , Davidson H. P. B. , Morgan C. 
Published: June 2019

Social facilitation has been observed in the stabled horse with access to forage (Sweeting et al. 1985). Socially facilitated feeding behaviour has not been investigated through the provision of concentrates. It is likely that the motivation to ingest a concentrate feed is different to that of forage. In a variety of species social facilitation will only occur when presented with a novel food. Therefore it has been proposed that a function of social facilitation is to increase the acceptance of novel feeds. The first objective of this study therefore, was to investigate if social facilitation occurs with the horse’s standard concentrate feed and or a standard concentrate feed plus a novel flavour.Visual contact has been found to be a necessary component in the facilitation of forage ingestion. Increasing visual contact between stables improves awareness of conspecifics, which has been linked to a decrease in abnormal behaviour. There has, however, been limited investigation into the relationship between neighbouring stabled horses especially during potentially stressful periods such as meal times. The second objective of this study was to investigate the effects on behaviour of the presence or absence of a familiar horse during meal times.
The importance of communication in meeting consumer demands
Authors: Chamberlain Denis 
Published: June 2019

Government, supermarkets, consumers, farming leaders and opinion formers all have a clear view of what primary producers and landowners should deliver in terms of the economic and environmental goods needed to maintain a sustainable, accessible and visually attractive countryside. The trouble is that while each may have a clear vision, it is not always the same vision.The key communication chains in the industry are between farmer-market-farmer; between farmer-taxpayer/consumer-farmer; between farmer-scientist-farmer and between farmer-government-farmer.
Rates of Evolution
Authors: Stanley Steven M. 
Published: June 2019

Any two biologic groups — populations, species, or groups of species — that are separated in time but connected by evolution provide us with the opportunity to measure a rate of evolution.Rates are interesting because they vary greatly. Some species have survived for millions of years without appreciable change. On the other hand, some species have arisen from other, quite different species within just a few thousands or tens of thousands of years: very brief intervals of time. Similarly, some groups of organisms have diversified rapidly, producing many new species during brief intervals of geologic time, whereas others have added new species very slowly.
Climate Responses to the Splitting of a Supercontinent: Implications for the Breakup of Pangea
Authors: Tabor Clay R. , Feng Ran , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractReconstructing deep time climate often relies on a limited number of data points, which can hinder inference of the large‐scale climate state. Here we use an Earth system model with idealized boundary conditions to simulate climate responses to paleogeographic changes associated with the breakup of a supercontinent. After the supercontinent splits, weaker tropical easterlies occur in the larger ocean basin, which dampens the Walker circulation and warms the equatorial ocean through reduced upwelling. Additionally, cloud formation increases across the midlatitude ocean, causing locally cooler sea surface temperatures. Over land, there is dramatic tropical cooling post breakup due to enhanced moisture and cloud formation. Consequently, the latitudinal temperature gradient responses over land and ocean oppose each other, which makes inferring large scale climate changes from spatially spare proxy records particularly challenging in this scenario. Our findings emphasize the tight coupling between geography and planetary scale climate dynamics in the tropics and subtropics.
Holocene Changes in Deep Water Circulation Inferred From Authigenic Nd and Hf Isotopes in Sediment Records From the Chukchi‐Alaskan and Canadian Beaufort Margins
Authors: Deschamps Charles‐Edouard , Montero‐Serrano Jean‐Carlos , St‐Onge Guillaume , Poirier André 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe rare earth element concentrations and radiogenic isotope (Sr‐Nd‐Hf) compositions measured in bulk sediment leachates, together with bulk and clay mineralogical data, from two piston cores recovered in the Canadian Beaufort (AMD0214‐02PC) and Chukchi‐Alaskan (HLY0501‐01JPC) margins were studied to investigate changes in the weathering regimes and deep water circulation during the Holocene. The coupled evolutions of the Nd and Hf isotopic compositions (expressed in epsilon units: ɛNd and ɛHf, respectively) are in good agreement with modern seawater and bulk sediment leachate data from Pacific water, Atlantic water, and the Mackenzie River. This agreement supports the idea that boundary exchange and brine formation likely play a significant role in the ɛNd and ɛHf values of the bottom waters in the western Arctic Ocean. The ɛNd and ɛHf records from the Canadian Beaufort and Chukchi‐Alaskan margins reveal changes toward more radiogenic values from the early to late Holocene. Based on the ɛNd and ɛHf records, we suggest that the unradiogenic values are not controlled by water mass provenance and mixing but rather by provenance and a change in the weathering regime in the Mackenzie and Yukon drainage basins during the early to mid‐Holocene. In contrast, the more radiogenic ɛNd and ɛHf values in the Chukchi‐Alaskan margin and the mineralogical records in the late Holocene have primarily been controlled by an increase in the contributions of seawater and detrital particles from the Bering Sea via the Bering Strait inflow, which is likely related to major changes in the Pacific Ocean‐atmospheric dynamics.
The Ex‐Post Cost‐Effectiveness of Nitrogen Load Reductions From Nine Countries to the Baltic Sea Between 1996 and 2010
Authors: Häggmark Svensson Tobias , Elofsson Katarina 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPolicy efforts to improve Baltic Sea water quality will be expensive if the ambitious targets agreed are to be achieved. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ex‐post cost‐effectiveness of nitrogen load reductions to the Baltic Sea made between 1996 and 2010. We first calculate the counterfactual change in nitrogen load to the Baltic Sea and compare to observed loads. The costs of the net reductions are evaluated using a Baltic‐wide cost‐effectiveness model, which includes a wide set of nitrogen abatement measures in the littoral countries. Results show that the net nitrogen reductions achieved through environmental policy, about 145,000 tons total nitrogen, could have been obtained at 12% of the realized cost, through reallocation of abatement between countries. The total budget spent on abatement could, if used in a cost‐effective manner, be sufficient for a doubling of the net nitrogen load reduction. Milestone targets, in combination with a compensation scheme between countries, could help to reduce policy costs.
Substorm‐Related Near‐Earth Reconnection Surge: Combining Telescopic and Microscopic Views
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Apatenkov S. V. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Kauristie K. , van de Kamp M. , Burch J. L. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Torbert R. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA strong ~11‐min‐long surge of the lobe reconnection was observed during a substorm on the tailward side of the near‐Earth neutral line. In the southern lobe near the reconnection separatrix the MMS spacecraft observed short‐duration earthward electron beams providing the local Hall current, tailward propagating Alfven wave (AW) bursts with Poynting flux up to 10−4 W/m2, and large‐amplitude E field spikes (e‐holes) and low hybrid waves. The reconnection surge was accompanied by substorm current wedge formation and fast poleward expansion of auroral bulge‐related westward electrojet in the conjugate ionosphere. During its meridional crossing above the expanding bulge the Metop‐2 spacecraft observed an intense energetic precipitation spike near the expected X line foot point and confirmed the dipolarized character of magnetic field lines inside of the bulge. Globally the observed average reconnection rate (<Ey > ~3.3 mV/m) was sufficient to produce the magnetic flux increase in the bulge, associated with observed fast poleward expansion (about 6° latitude in 5 min).
Wideband circularly‐polarised high‐gain diversity antenna loaded with metasurface reflector for small satellite applications
Authors: Ameen M. , Ahmad O. , Chaudhary R.K. 
Published: June 2019

This Letter demonstrates the design of a two‐element polarisation diversity antenna, applicable for modern small satellite application systems. The intended antenna mainly consists of two monopole radiators loaded with metasurface reflector as a ground plane. The dimensions of the radiator antenna are 40 × 22 × 1.6 mm3. The antenna measured results offers a wider S11 bandwidth of (2.23–2.91 GHz) and wider axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of (2.16–2.92 GHz) with a common S11 and ARBW of 26.45% is obtained. A maximum gain of 7.02 dBic and isolation better than 14.5 dB is observed along with the operating frequency range. The antenna provides an ARBW(< 3 dB) and gain (> 2.38 dBic) for theta = ± 45°, for all phi values along with the complete operating frequency range. Also, the antenna port‐1 provides left‐handed circular polarisation and port‐2 provides right‐handed circular polarisation radiation with directional radiation characteristics.
Efficiency‐based design optimisation of a double‐sided LCL compensated wireless power transfer system
Authors: Yao Yousu , Wang Yijie , Álvarez José Marcos Alonso , Liu Xiaosheng , Cheng Haisong , Xu Dianguo 
Published: June 2019

The double‐sided inductor–capacitor–inductor (DS‐LCL) compensation topology has been extensively employed in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems owing to its advantages including zero voltage switching operation, constant current output, and no reactive power exchange between the primary and secondary sides. However, in most cases, equality of the primary and secondary coupling inductances is not optimal from the perspective of power transfer efficiency (PTE). This study presents an efficiency‐based design optimisation method for DS‐LCL compensated WPT system to obtain the highest PTE. The loss sources, as well as their impact on the PTE, are analysed. The analytical equivalent series resistance models of the efficiency‐related loss sources are built and validated by practical measurements. The optimisation procedures are given as well. Two 1 A/200 W WPT prototypes are fabricated, tested, and compared, where one of them is designed in terms of the proposed optimisation method, whereas the other is designed in a conventional manner. The power loss on coupling coils of the optimised system is 7.49 W, 21.5% lower than that of the conventional system (9.54 W). The system overall efficiency is increased from 91.65% to 92.67% by utilising the proposed optimisation method.
Al modification as indicator of current filaments in IGBTs under repetitive SC operation
Authors: Mysore Madhu Lakshman , Bhojani Riteshkumar , Kowalsky Jens , Lutz Josef , Baburske Roman , Schulze Hans‐Joachim , Niedernostheide Franz‐Josef 
Published: June 2019

This work investigates modification on the top‐side aluminium (Al) metallisation of 1.2 kV insulated‐gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) under repetitive short‐circuit (SC) type‐I measurements for two different parasitic inductances of 45 and 380 nH. The presence of current–density filaments starting at the collector side during SC leads to local temperature increase of the emitter metallisation and thus to modification of the top Al surface in the pattern of the current filaments. Here, two techniques thermo‐reflectance microscopy, which can detect the surface temperature during repetitive short circuits directly and Al modifications after repetitive SC with analysis under optical microscope after the test have been considered. At 45 nH, with different DC‐link voltages from 300 to 600 V, the Al modification pattern is non‐uniform and it becomes uniform for VDC>600 V. However, for 380 nH parasitic inductance and for DC‐link voltages 300 and 400 V, the Al reconstruction shows a non‐uniform pattern and becomes uniform for VDC≥500 V. The SC simulations were performed by using a simplified front‐side IGBT structure using variable DC‐link voltages and inductances to reproduce the filament behaviour.
Selective photothermolysis of spider veins and reticular varices with the long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Fratila A. A. M. , Gauglitz G. G. , Strohbücker A. , Radu D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe therapy of spider veins, telangiectasia and reticular veins of lower extremities can be successfully performed with sclerotherapy or by using the long pulsed (LP) Nd:YAG laser. A matter of discussion, however, is how should laser parameters – such as wavelength, fluence, pulse duration, number of pulses – be utilized for effective and selective photothermolysis treatment without any side effects. The selective photothermolysis was introduced in 1983 by Anderson and Parrish 1 as a concept in laser treatment, meaning the selective thermal destruction of the target tissue (the chromophores – the light-absorption molecule is here the blood vessel) using a specific laser light wavelength, with minimal injury to surrounding tissue (the skin). The effectiveness of the selective photothermolysis process using an LP Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm for the treatment of leg veins telangiectasias up to 2 mm in diameter, is the result of 30-years clinical experience sustained by patient satisfaction and photo documentation. The use of double and triple pulses seems to be the key of success in treating even larger vessels and has demonstrated superior safety and efficacy. Even bigger telangiectasias, reticular veins or other dilated veins on neckline, upper abdomen or in the face can be successfully treated with the LP Nd:YAG laser.
Erste Ergebnisse der transperinealen Ligatur des Fisteltrakts bei rektovaginalen Fisteln
Authors: Schwandner Oliver , Falch Claudius , Reisenauer Christl 
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die chirurgische Therapie der rektovaginalen Fistel stellt trotz vielfältiger Operationsverfahren weiterhin eine Herausforderung dar. Es war Ziel dieser prospektiven Studie, die Ergebnisse einer innovativen Operationstechnik zu evaluieren.
Material und Methoden Es erfolgte eine transperineale Ligatur des Fisteltrakts ohne Fistulektomie oder Sphinkterplastik. Es wurden ausschließlich tiefe rektovaginale Fisteln für die Operationsmethode ausgewählt. Standardisierte Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien wurden definiert.
Ergebnisse Innerhalb eines 16-Monate-Zeitraums wurden an 2 Zentren 7 Patientinnen mit einer tiefen rektovaginalen Fistel über einen transperinealen Zugang operiert. Die Genese der rektovaginalen Fisteln war postpartal, operativ-iatrogen, bei Z. n. Bartholin-Abszess sowie bei Morbus Crohn. In allen Fällen konnte die Fistel identifiziert werden und zwischen einer Ligatur durchtrennt werden. Intra- und postoperative Komplikationen traten nicht auf. Nur eine Operation erfolgte unter Stomaschutz. Nach einem mittleren Follow-up von 9 Monaten kam es zu einer Heilung bei 4 von 7 Patientinnen (Erfolgsrate 57%).
Schlussfolgerung Die ersten Ergebnisse einer transperinealen Ligatur des Fisteltrakts bei der rektovaginalen Fistel scheinen vielversprechend. Um den objektiven Stellenwert zu beurteilen, müssen weitere Erfahrungen, Studien mit größerer Fallzahl und Langzeitdaten abgewartet werden.
RENAL FUNCTION AND MORPHOLOGY IN HEMOPHILIACS WITH PREVIOUS GROSS HEMATURIA
Authors: Tramonti G , Donadio C , Bartolai S , Rossi L , Panicucci F , Bianchi C 
Published: June 2019

In hemophiliacs gross hematuria is often observed. The aim of this study is to evaluate renal functionand morphology in young hemophiliacs with at least one previous gross hematuria. Forty patients with hemophilia A or B were studied (age 8-49 yrs, mean 21.3). Neither renal nor urinary tract disease was referred. The following tests were performed: urinalysis, plasma creatinine and urea, glomerular filtration rate (GFR),effective renal plasma flow (ERPF),renal scans, isotopic renography and renal ecography. Urinalysis was normal in all but 6 pts. Plasma creatinine and urea were normal in all pts. GFR was reduced (< 90 ml/min) in 16 pts (mean 76.1±9.5),while it was normal (>90 ml/min) in the remaining 24 pts (mean 119.6±17.1). ERPF was < 350 ml/min in 11 pts (mean 290.3±51.7)and it was >350 ml/min in the remaining 24 pts (mean470.0±107.8). In 17 of these pts GFR has been measured a second time after 1-3 yrs. The second GFR decreased of more than 20% in 8 pts (mean decrease 35.3%)and increased of more than 20% in 3 pts (mean increase 52.9%). It was unchanged in the remaining 6 pts. In pts with lower GFR renal scans were abnormal in 5/12 cases, while in subjects with normal GFR renal scans resulted abnormal in only 4/22 cases. Isotopic renography demonstrated pathological findings in 5/9 pts with lower GFR,while in subjects with normal GFRthe abnormal renograms were 2/18. Renal ecography showed kidney abnormalities in 2/7 pts with low GFR while it was normal in 4/4 pts with normal GFR.The above results indicate that a relevant number ofyoung hemophiliacs with previous gross hematuria have a clinically significant impairment of renal function, and some abnormalities of renal morphology.
THE BENEFITS OF MODERN SUBSTITUTION THERAPY IN HEMOPHILIA
Authors: Smit C , Varekamp I , Rosendaal F , Bröcker-Vriends A , Suurmeijer T , Briët E 
Published: June 2019

Coagulation factor preparations became available in the treatment of hemophilia about twenty years ago, followed by the introduction of prophylactic therapy and home-treatment. The purpose of our longitudinal study was to quantify the impact of these treatment modalities on the medical and social situation of hemophiliacs.We carried out three mail surveys (1972, 1978 and 1985) among Dutch hemophiliacs. In 1985 we sent questionnaires to 1162 of the estimated total of 1300 patients with a response of 81%. Eighty-six percent of the respondents had hemophilia A, 14% hemophilia B; 41% had severe hemophilia (<1%) 19% moderately-severe (1-5%) and 40% mild hemophilia (>5%). Growth of prophylactic therapy and home-treatment for severe hemophilia was The mean age increased from 21 yrs in 1972 (n=435) to 29 yrs in 1985 (n=935)(general male population: 34 yrs). The number of manifest bleedings	decreased from 25 in 1972 to 15 in	1985, with a corresponding decrease in the number of transfusions for acute bleedings. Hospitalization per 100 patients with severe hemophilia decreased from more than 2100 days in 1972 to 440 days in 1985. Non-attendance at school caused by hemophilia dropped from 6 to 2 weeks per year, and sickleave from work from 35 to 15 days per year, so that it now equals sickleave among the general male population. Unemployment figures for hemophiliacs were similar to those for the general population, but disability figures are still higher. Our study shows in a quantitative way that the benefits of modern hemophilia treatment are impressive and that its costs are more than justified.
ANALYSIS OF HUMAN FACTOR VIII INHIBITOR EPITOPES TO FACTOR VIII POLYPEPTIDES BY IMMUNOBLOTTING
Authors: Yoshioka A , Shima M , Tanaka I , Fujiwara T , Nakai H , Fukui H 
Published: June 2019

In order to clarify human factor VIII inhibitor epitopes to factor VIII (F. VIII), we analyzed the inhibitor IgG developed in the patients with hemophilia A and autoimmune disease using immunoblotting of purified F. VIII and thrombin-degraded F. VIII. IgG fractions were obtained from 6 cases of severe hemophilia A and one autoimmune disease. The titer of the inhibitor plasma ranged from 50 to 3,000 Bethesda units/ml. Purification of F. VIII from commercial F. VIII concentrate was performed by immunoadsorbent column chromatography using anti-von Willebrand factor monoclonal antibody and anti-fibrinogen, anti-fibronectin and anti-IgM goat antibodies and subsequently by Aminohexyl Sepharose column chromatography essentially according to the method of Fulcher et al.. The specific activity of the purified F. VIII was 2,700 units/mg. On sodium-dodecylsulfate (SDS) 5 to 10% gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), 80 kDa of a main fragment and a series of 90 to 210 kDa fragments were visualyzed by Coomassie blue staining. Immunoblotting of 5-10 ug of each of unreduced purified F. VIII and thrombin-degraded F. VIII. followed by reaction with inhibitor IgG samples, monoclonal antihuman IgG-3 and IgG-4 antibodies and radiolabeled rabbit antimouse IgG.All inhibitor IgG samples reacted with both purified F. VIII and thrombin-degraded F. VIII. The pattern of reactivity of inhibitor antibodies was divided into three groups; 1) inhibitor IgG which reacted with 80 and 70 kDa derived from carboxy-terminus of the F. VIII molecule, 2) inhibitor IgG which reacted with 90 to 210 kDa and 54 and/or 44 kDa derived from amino-terminus of the F. VIII, and 3) inhibitor IgG which reacted with both of N- and C-terminus of the F. VIII. One inhibitor IgG belonged to group 3 strongly reacted with a series of higher molecular polypeptides of F. VIII ranged from 180 .to 210 kDa. One autoantibody IgG from the patient with autoimmune disease was also belonged to group 3. There was no relationship between the titer and the pattern of reactivity of each inhibitor plasma. In summary, there is a heterogeneity of F. VIII inhibitor epitopes to F. VIII molecules.
A MURINE MODEL FOR FACTOR VIII ANTIBODY ANTI-IDIOTYPE REAGENTS
Authors: Moffat E H , Furlong R H , Bloom A L , Giddings J C 
Published: June 2019

The regulation of factor VIII antibody (FVIIIAb) production in haemophilic and non-haemophilic patients may be effected by anti-idiotype (Aid) antibodies which specifically react with FVIIIAb. Aid antibodies (reagents) were prepared from rabbits immunised with murine monoclonal FVIIIAb. Immuno fluorescent microscopy and cell culture studies were performed using murine hybridoma cells which secreted the FVIIIAbs.Immuno fluorescence studies examined the ability of the Aid reagents to bind to acetone fixed FVIIIAb secreting hybridoma cells. Positive surface membrane and intra-cytoplasmic staining patterns were seen with the Aid reagent when incubated with the corresponding murine hybridoma cell line. This reaction was blocked subsequent to the addition of the corresponding monoclonal FVIIIAb but was preserved when unrelated monoclonal FVIIIAb was incubated with the hybridoma cells. No fluorescence was observed when Aid reagent was incubated with unrelated FVIIIAb secreting hybridoma cultures.Following the addition of Aid reagent to FVIIIAb secreting hybridoma cultures and incubation for 19 hours, the resultant hybridoma supernatants were examined for FVIIIAb content using an immunoradiometric technique. The Aid reagent failed to inhibit FVIIIAb secretion by hybridoma cells. Thus, although Aid reagents were capable of binding to fixed FVIIIAb secreting cells, they failed to inhibit FVIIIAb secretion from hybridoma cultures. The conjugation of Aid reagent with immunotoxin may however have cytotoxic potential. The murine model provides a method for the study of Aid regulation of FVIIIAb production in haemophilia.