bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bmi‐1 high‐expressing cells enrich cardiac stem/progenitor cells and respond to heart injury
Authors: Song Yuewang , Zhao Mengmeng , Xie Yuan , Zhu Tingfang , Liang Wenbin , Sun Baiming , Liu Weixin , Wu Liqun , Lu Guoping , Li Tao‐Sheng , Yin Tong , Xie Yucai 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBmi‐1 gene is well recognized as an oncogene, but has been recently demonstrated to play a role in the self‐renewal of tissue‐specific stem cells. By using Bmi‐1GFP/+ mice, we investigated the role of Bmi‐1 in cardiac stem/progenitor cells and myocardial repair. RT‐PCR and flow cytometry analysis indicated that the expression of Bmi‐1 was significantly higher in cardiac side population than the main population from CD45−Ter119−CD31− heart cells. More Sca‐1+ cardiac stem/progenitor cells were found in Bmi‐1 GFPhi subpopulation, and these Bmi‐1 GFPhi heart cells showed the potential of differentiation into SMM+ smooth muscle‐like cells and TnT+ cardiomyocyte‐like cells in vitro. The silencing of Bmi‐1 significantly inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of heart cells. Otherwise, myocardial infarction induced a significantly increase (2.7‐folds) of Bmi‐1 GFPhi population, mainly within the infarction and border zones. These preliminary data suggest that Bmi‐1hi heart cells are enriched in cardiac stem/progenitor cells and may play a role in myocardial repair.
Trans‐repression ofNFκB pathway mediated byPPARγ improves vascular endothelium insulin resistance
Authors: Kong Ying , Gao Yan , Lan Dongyi , Zhang Ying , Zhan Rixin , Liu Meiqi , Zhu Zhouan , Zeng Guohua , Huang Qiren 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPrevious study has shown that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improved endothelium insulin resistance (IR) induced by high glucose concentration (HG)/hyperglycaemia through aPPARγ‐dependent‐NFκB trans‐repression mechanism. However, it is unclear, whether changes inPPARγ expression affect the endotheliumIRand what the underlying mechanism is. In the present study, we aimed to address this issue.HG‐treated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) were transfected by eitherPPARγ‐overexpressing (Ad‐PPARγ) orPPARγ‐shRNA‐containing (Ad‐PPARγ‐shRNA) adenoviral vectors. Likewise, the rats fed by high‐fat diet (HFD) were infected by intravenous administration of Ad‐PPARγ or Ad‐PPARγ‐shRNA. The levels of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and cytokines (TNFα,IL‐6,sICAM‐1 andsVCAM‐1) and the expression levels ofPPARγ,eNOS,AKT, p‐AKT,IKKα/β and p‐IKKα/β and IκBα were examined; and the interaction betweenPPARγ andNFκB‐P65 as well as vascular function were evaluated. Our present results showed that overexpression ofPPARγ notably increased the levels ofNO,eNOS, p‐AKTand IκBα as well as the interaction ofPPARγ andNFκB‐P65, and decreased the levels ofET‐1, p‐IKKα/β,TNFα,IL‐6,sICAM‐1 andsVCAM‐1. In contrast, down‐expression ofPPARγ displayed the opposite effects. The results demonstrate that the overexpression ofPPARγ improves while the down‐expression worsens the endotheliumIRvia aPPARγ‐mediatedNFκB trans‐repression dependent manner. The findings suggestPPARγ is a potential therapeutic target for diabetic vascular complications.
Spatial equilibrium in deviations: An application to skill‐premium and skill‐mix heterogeneity
Authors: Accetturo Antonio , Dalmazzo Alberto , de Blasio Guido 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a novel—and general‐purpose—modeling approach. We give a linear representation of the spatial general equilibrium, expressed in terms of local percentage deviations from the benchmark case of symmetry, where all the areas in the economy are taken to be initially identical. To illustrate the flexibility of our approach, we revisit the literature on the spatial heterogeneity of local skill premia and local skill mix. We show that our approach is able to encompass a variety of alternative explanations in a simple “unifying framework.” Finally, we exploit a graphical version of the model to show how to implement empirical tests.
The comprehensive outcomes of hepatitis C virus infection: A multi‐faceted chronic disease
Authors: Younossi Zobair , Papatheodoridis Georgios , Cacoub Patrice , Negro Francesco , Wedemeyer Heiner , Henry Linda , Hatzakis Angelos 
Published: November 2018

SummaryTreatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been revolutionized with the introduction of pangenotypic, interferon‐ and ribavirin‐free regimens associated with high cure rates and a low side effect profile. Additionally, there is evidence that HCV cure reduces HCV complications, improves patient‐reported outcomes and is cost‐saving in most western countries in the long term. This is a review of the comprehensive burden of HCV and the value of eliminating HCV infection. With the introduction of the interferon‐free all‐oral, once a day pill treatment regimen for the cure of HCV, the potential to eliminate HCV by 2030 has become a possibility for some regions of the world. Nevertheless, there are barriers to screening, linkage to care, and treatment in many countries that must be overcome in order to reach this goal. In conclusion, globally, work must continue to ensure national policies are in place to support screening, linkage to care and affordable treatment in order to eliminate HCV.
Deliberation, Reasons, and Alternatives
Authors: Snedegar Justin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA plausible constraint on normative reasons to act is that it must make sense to use them as premises in deliberation. I argue that a central sort of deliberation – what Bratman calls partial planning – isquestion‐directed: it is over, and aims to resolve, deliberative questions. Whether it makes sense to use some consideration as a premise in deliberation in a case of partial planning can vary with the deliberative question at issue. I argue that the best explanation for this is that reasons arecontrastiveor relativized to deliberative questions.
Comparison of built‐up area maps produced within the global human settlement framework
Authors: Sabo Filip , Corbane Christina , Florczyk Aneta J. , Ferri Stefano , Pesaresi Martino , Kemper Thomas 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe validation of built‐up areas derived from different sensors is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of the consistency and interoperability between them. This article presents the methodology and results of an inter‐sensor comparison of built‐up area data derived from Landsat, Sentinel‐1, Sentinel‐2, and SPOT5/SPOT6. The assessment was performed for 13 cities across the world for which cartographic reference building footprints were available. Several validation approaches were used: cumulative built‐up curve analysis, pixel‐by‐pixel performance metrics, and regression analysis. The results indicate that Sentinel‐1 and Sentinel‐2 contribute greatly to improved built‐up area detection compared to Landsat, within the global human settlement framework. However, Sentinel‐2 tends to show high omission errors while Landsat tends to have the lowest omission error. The built‐up area obtained from SPOT5/SPOT6 shows high consistency with the reference data for all European cities, and hence can potentially be considered as a reference dataset for wall‐to‐wall validation in Europe.
Low‐level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation attenuates cardiac remodelling in a rat model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Zhou Liping , Filiberti Adrian , Humphrey Mary Beth , Fleming Christian D. , Scherlag Benjamin J. , Po Sunny S. , Stavrakis Stavros 
Published: November 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What is the effect of chronic intermittent low‐level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in a rat model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

What is the main finding and its importance?
In salt‐sensitive rats fed with high salt diet, low‐level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation significantly attenuated blood pressure elevation, ameliorated diastolic function, and attenuated left ventricular inflammation and fibrosis compared to the sham group. Further studies to examine the efficacy of this novel treatment in humans are warranted.

AbstractInflammation and fibrosis play a central role in the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We previously showed that low‐level, transcutaneous stimulation of the vagus nerve at the tragus (LLTS) is anti‐inflammatory. We investigated the effect of chronic intermittent LLTS on cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in a rat model of HFpEF. Dahl salt‐sensitive (DS) rats were randomized in three groups: low salt (LS, 0.3% NaCl; n = 12; control group without stimulation) and high salt (HS, 4% NaCl) with either active (n = 18) or sham (n = 18) LLTS at 7 weeks of age. After 6 weeks of diet (baseline), sham or active LLTS (20 Hz, 2 mA, 0.2 ms) was implemented for 30 min daily for 4 weeks. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and 4 weeks after treatment (endpoint). At endpoint, left ventricle (LV) histology and gene expression were examined. After 6 weeks of diets, HS rats developed hypertension and LV hypertrophy compared to LS rats. At endpoint, LLTS significantly attenuated blood pressure elevation, prevented the deterioration of diastolic function and improved LV circumferential strain, compared to the HS sham group. LV inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were attenuated in the HS active compared to the HS sham group. Pro‐inflammatory and pro‐fibrotic genes (tumour necrosis factor, osteopontin, interleukin (IL)‐11, IL‐18 and IL‐23A) were differentially altered in the two groups. Chronic intermittent LLTS ameliorates diastolic dysfunction, and attenuates cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of HFpEF, suggesting that LLTS may be used clinically as a novel non‐invasive neuromodulation therapy in HFpEF.
Exploring the Use of Alumina Nanofluid as Emergency Coolant for Nuclear Fuel Bundle
Authors: Chinchole A. S. , Dasgupta Arnab , Kulkarni P. P. , Chandraker D. K. , Nayak A. K. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanosized particles in any base fluid that show significant enhancement of their heat transfer properties at modest nanoparticle concentrations. Due to enhanced thermal properties at low nanoparticle concentration, it is a potential candidate for utilization in nuclear heat transfer applications. In the last decade, there have been few studies which indicate possible advantages of using nanofluids as a coolant in nuclear reactors during normal as well as accidental conditions. In continuation with these studies, the utilization of nanofluids as a viable candidate for emergency core cooling in nuclear reactors is explored in this paper by carrying out experiments in a scaled facility. The experiments carried out mainly focus on quenching behavior of a simulated nuclear fuel rod bundle by using 1% Alumina nanofluid as a coolant in emergency core cooling system (ECCS). In addition, its performance is compared with water. In the experiments, nuclear decay heat (from 1.5% to 2.6% reactor full power) is simulated through electrical heating. The present experiments show that, from heat transfer point of view, alumina nanofluids have a definite advantage over water as coolant for ECCS. Additionally, to assess the suitability of using nanofluids in reactors, their stability was investigated in radiation field. Our tests showed good stability even after very high dose of radiation, indicating the feasibility of their possible use in nuclear reactor heat transfer systems.
Near-Real-Time Seismic Monitoring for Pipelines
Authors: Zaleski Martin , Ferris Gerald , Baumgard Alex 
Published: November 2018

Earthquake hazard management for oil and gas pipelines should include both preparedness and response. The typical approach for management of seismic hazards for pipelines is to determine where large ground motions are frequently expected, and apply mitigation to those pipeline segments. The approach presented in this paper supplements the typical approach but focuses on what to do, and where to do it, just after an earthquake happens. In other words, we ask and answer: “Is the earthquake we just had important?”, “What pipeline is and what sites might it be important for?”, and “What should we do?”
In general, modern, high-pressure oil and gas pipelines resist the direct effects of strong shaking, but are vulnerable to large co-seismic differential permanent ground displacement (PGD) produced by surface fault rupture, landslides, soil liquefaction, or lateral spreading. The approach used in this paper employs empirical relationships between earthquake magnitude, distance, and the occurrence of PGD, derived from co-seismic PGD case-history data, to prioritize affected pipeline segments for detailed site-specific hazard assessments, pre-event resiliency upgrades, and post-event response.
To help pipeline operators prepare for earthquakes, pipeline networks are mapped with respect to earthquake probability and co-seismic PGD susceptibility. Geological and terrain analyses identify pipeline segments that cross PGD-susceptible ground. Probabilistic seismic models and deterministic scenarios are considered in estimating the frequency of sufficiently large and close causative earthquakes. Pipeline segments are prioritized where strong earthquakes are frequent and ground is susceptible to co-seismic PGD. These may be short-listed for mitigation that either reduces the pipeline’s vulnerability to damage or limits failure consequences.
When an earthquake occurs, pipeline segments with credible PGD potential are highlighted within minutes of an earthquake’s occurrence. These assessments occur in near-real-time as part of an online geohazard management database. The system collects magnitude and location data from online earthquake data feeds and intersects them against pipeline network and terrain hazard map data. Pipeline operators can quickly mobilize inspection and response resources to a focused area of concern.
State-of-the-Art Assessment of Today’s Composite Repair Technologies
Authors: Alexander Chris , Kania Richard 
Published: November 2018

For almost 30 years composite repair technologies have been used to reinforce high pressure gas and liquid pipeline transmission systems around the world. The backbone of this research has been full-scale testing, aimed at evaluating the reinforcement of anomalies including, corrosion, dents, vintage girth welds, and wrinkle bends. Also included have been the assessment of reinforced pipe geometries including welded branch connections, elbows, and tees. Organizations sponsoring these research efforts have included the Pipeline Research Council International, regulatory agencies, pipeline operators, and composite repair manufacturers. Many of these efforts have involved Joint Industry Programs; to date more than 15 different industry-sponsored programs and independent research efforts have been conducted involving more than 1,000 full-scale destructive tests.
The aim of this paper is to provide for the pipeline industry an updated perspective on research associated with composite repair technologies. Because of the continuous advance in both composite technology and research programs to evaluate their effectiveness, it is essential that updated information be provided to industry to minimize the likelihood for conducting research efforts that have already been addressed. To provide readers with useful information, the authors will include multiple case studies that include the reinforcement of dents, wrinkle bends, welded branch connections, and planar defects.
The EPRG Recommendations for Crack Arrest Toughness for Line Pipe Steel (Third Edition)
Authors: Cosham Andrew , Andrews Robert , Schmidt Tanja 
Published: November 2018

The third edition of the EPRG recommendations for crack arrest toughness for line pipe steels is presented. The third edition extends the applicability of the recommendations to pipelines transporting lean natural gas at pressures up to 100 barg (1450 psig), in diameters up to 1422.4 mm (56 inch), in grades up to Grade L555 (API 5L X80), and design factors up to 0.8.
A quantitative definition of a lean gas is included in the third edition.
The recommendations are intended to be applied to new pipelines. The recommendations are not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing pipelines.
Evaluation of Burst Pressure of Corroded Pipe Segments Using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analyses
Authors: Bao Ji , Zhang Shulong , Zhou Wenxing , Zhang Shenwei 
Published: November 2018

In this paper, three-dimensional finite element models are developed to simulate full-scale burst tests of corroded pipes containing multiple naturally occurring corrosion anomalies. Both the von Mises and Tresca yield criteria and associated flow rules are employed in finite element analysis (FEA). For the Tresca criterion, the corresponding constitutive model subroutine is developed and incorporated in the FEA. The accuracy of FEA is investigated by comparing the burst pressures observed in the tests and corresponding burst pressures predicted using FEA. The implications of using the von Mises and Tresca criteria for the accuracy of the predicted burst pressure are investigated. Sensitivity analyses are also carried out to investigate the impact on the predicted burst pressure due to the mesh density in the corroded region, characterization of the geometry of the corrosion cluster and different types of element (e.g. solid and shell elements) used in FEA. The results suggest that the Tresca criterion always underestimates the burst pressure and the von Mises yield criterion predicts the burst pressure accurately.
This study demonstrates the feasibility of using high-fidelity FEA and the Tresca yield criterion to simulate full-scale burst tests of corroded pipes and therefore establish a large database of burst pressure capacities of corroded pipes that can be used to develop an accurate, practical burst pressure capacity model amenable to the pipeline integrity management practice.
Is the Push for More Prescriptive Regulation Making Us Less Safe?
Authors: Wright Charlene B. , Jean Mark S. 
Published: November 2018

Current pipeline regulations in North America have changed significantly over the past several decades and will continue to change as public and regulatory scrutiny intensifies and new industry standards are developed (i.e. API RP 1173). As regulators assess the approach to take, they are increasingly looking at what other regulators are doing in their respective jurisdictions, including those at federal, state and provincial levels.
Despite historical commitments to conceptual models fostering cooperation between regulators and regulated entities, recent trends in the United States signify a departure from performance or outcome-based regulation toward a more prescriptive approach. Pipelines remain the safest method of transporting oil and natural gas.1 However, when pipeline incidents do occur, the consequences can be catastrophic and are often well publicized. Federal and state regulators are under increased pressure in the aftermath of high-profile incidents to assuage the concerns of legislators and the public at large.
This paper generally compares various regulatory models and the relative benefits and drawbacks of each. A more in-depth review of regulatory changes in the United States is examined, to analyze the potential intended and unintended consequences of the move towards more prescriptive pipeline safety regulations.
Identifying Stress Concentrations on Buried Steel Pipelines Using Large Standoff Magnetometry Technology
Authors: McDonnell Shamus , Onuoha Chukwuma , Pozniak Eric , Shankar Vignesh 
Published: November 2018

Buried steel pipelines are subjected to mechanical stress, by internal or external forces, resulting from geo-hazards, shear or external loading, and hoop stress. These conditions are key factors that can be detrimental to the integrity of the pipeline and lead to possible failures such as: coating damage, dents, buckles, cracks, and leaks.
Identifying stress concentration regions, in difficult to pig pipelines, is challenging, especially when compared to piggable pipelines. Using the Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) technology, an innovative screening tool, we can identify stress concentration by performing an indirect inspection. LSM technology detects inverse magnetostriction (also known as the Villari effect) “which is the change of the magnetic susceptibility of a material when subjected to mechanical stress”. Using this technology we can detect changes in the magnetic field of the pipeline which can indicate the presence of stress on the pipe wall.
LSM technology has shown significant results when correlated with additional data. For instance, LSM technology correlated with Inline Inspection (ILI) or As-Built drawings have aided in the accurate selection of digs to mitigate failures due to stress concentration. Successfully identifying digs to mitigate stress concentration is vital as it substantially reduces cost due to potential failures and avoiding unnecessary digs.
This paper will show the benefits of an integrated approach and how the correlation of inline and aboveground pipeline integrity data ensures that threats due to stress concentrations are confidently identified and mitigated. Several case studies will be presented to show how recent advancements have helped to identify and prioritize regions with Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), Cracks, Unknown Buried Feature, Dents, and Buckles.