bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boundary value problem solution existence for linear integro-differential equations with many delays
Authors: Cherevko I.M. , Dorosh A.B. 
Published: August 2018

For the study of boundary value problems for delay differential equations, the contraction mapping principle and topological methods are used to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution of differential equations with a constant delay. In this paper, the ideas of the contraction mapping principle are used to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution of linear boundary value problems for integro-differential equations with many variable delays.
Smoothness properties of the solutions of such equations are studied and the definition of the boundary value problem solution is proposed. Properties of the variable delays are analyzed and functional space is obtained in which the boundary value problem is equivalent to a special integral equation. Sufficient, simple for practical verification coefficient conditions for the original equation are found under which there exists a unique solution of the boundary value problem.
Adolescent E-Cigarette, Hookah, and Conventional Cigarette Use and Subsequent Marijuana Use
Authors: Audrain-McGovern Janet , Stone Matthew D. , Barrington-Trimis Jessica , Unger Jennifer B. , Leventhal Adam M. 
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES:
Noncigarette tobacco products may confer a risk of marijuana use similar to combustible cigarettes. We examined whether adolescent electronic cigarette (e-cigarette), hookah, or combustible cigarette use is associated with initiating and currently using marijuana as well as using both tobacco and marijuana concurrently.

METHODS:
Adolescents from 10 public schools in Los Angeles, California, completed in-classroom surveys at baseline (fall 2013, ninth grade) and at a 24-month follow-up (fall 2015, 11th grade). Among adolescents who never used marijuana at baseline (N = 2668), associations of baseline e-cigarette, hookah, or combustible cigarette use with ever marijuana use (initiation), current marijuana use (past 30 days), and current dual use of marijuana and these tobacco products at the 24-month follow-up were examined.

RESULTS:
Baseline ever versus never e-cigarette use was associated with initiation (odds ratio [OR] 3.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.69–4.90) and current (OR 3.67; 95% CI 2.51–5.36) marijuana use 24 months later. Ever versus never hookah use was associated with initiation (OR 3.55; 95% CI 2.49–5.08) and current (OR 4.10; 95% CI 2.69–6.25) marijuana use 24 months later. Similar associations were observed for combustible cigarette smoking and initiation (OR 4.30; 95% CI 2.79–6.63) and current use of marijuana (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.05–3.68). Current use of any of these tobacco products at baseline was associated with current use of both tobacco and marijuana (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.47–3.55) 24 months later.

CONCLUSIONS:
The association between tobacco use and subsequent marijuana use across adolescence extends to multiple tobacco products.
Iniciativas locales de paz: tres casos desde la resistencia civil para la reflexión
Authors: Mahecha Jimena 
Published: August 2018

Con el fin de determinar los aportes en términos de construcción de paz que tienen algunas manifestaciones de resistencia civil, este artículo busca aproximarse al significado de las iniciativas locales de paz en Colombia a partir del análisis de tres casos concretos: la Asociación Campesina Integral del Atrato, la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó y la Asamblea Municipal Constituyente de Mogotes. Además, muestra cómo las iniciativas configuran una nueva forma de construcción de paz posliberal, surgida de un giro hacia lo local que se desarrolla en la cotidianidad y que a su vez cuestiona el papel del Estado como el actor legítimo y monopólico en un escenario de posconflicto.
En busca de inteligencia estratégica: cuatro factores para el nacimiento y evolución de una inteligencia civil colombiana
Authors: Venegas Álvaro José 
Published: August 2018

El artículo presenta un avance parcial de los factores claves de la teoría del nuevo institucionalismo con la aplicación de cuatro factores planteados por Amy Zegart: los grupos de interés, el tipo de trabajo secreto de la inteligencia, los asuntos externos –potestad presidencial– y la interconexión burocrática. ¿Qué factores de los cuatro favorecen el diseño y la evolución de una inteligencia civil estratégica e independiente, partícipe en la política exterior? Se puede anticipar una respuesta negativa debido a la complejidad del entorno en el que actúan los grupos de interés, el caracter secreto de la función, la influencia del poder Ejecutivo y la ausencia de articulación de la inteligencia civil con organismos homólogos. Sin embargo, existen –aún sin consolidarse– alternativas factibles para el desarrollo de una inteligencia civil, con un cuerpo consultivo independiente que atienda los desafíos emergentes de la Inteligencia Estratégica (IE) y la política exterior.
Balance de la aplicación de la política pública de restitución de tierras en territorios colectivos: el pacífico colombiano
Authors: Ramírez Camilo 
Published: August 2018

El programa de restitución de tierras en Colombia es el eje principal de una política pública que busca reversar el despojo y la usurpación de propiedades causados en el contexto del conflicto armado. En medio de las profundas desigualdades y daños que causó la violencia, la posibilidad de restituir territorios colectivos a grupos étnicos es una apuesta necesaria en el camino de construir una sociedad democrática. Este artículo presenta un balance de la implementación de este programa en la región del pacífico y describe las principales tensiones alrededor del uso y acceso a la tierra que son resueltos en las sentencias de restitución. Basado en el análisis de dos casos concretos, se evidencian los avances y dificultades en el cumplimiento de las órdenes de dichas sentencias en los departamentos de Chocó y Cauca.
Allen, J. y Parnes, A. (2017). Shattered. Inside Hillary Clinton’s Doomed Campaign. New York, NY: Crown, 464 pp.
Authors: Calleros Héctor 
Published: August 2018

Sobre la espiral destructiva en la que se encuentran los Estados Unidos, resulta necesario revisar cómo este país llego a tal escenario. El libro Shattered. Inside Hillary Clinton´s Doomed Campaign narra cómo una victoria anticipada se convirtió en una derrota inesperada de Hillary Clinton.
Outcome of First-Line Systemic Treatment for Unresectable Conventional, Dedifferentiated, Mesenchymal, and Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma
Authors: van Maldegem Annemiek , Conley Anthony P. , Rutkowski Piotr , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Lugowska Iwona , Desar Ingrid M.E. , Bovée Judith V.M.G. , Gelderblom Hans 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
Chondrosarcoma is a heterogeneous group of primary bone sarcoma with an excellent overall survival after local therapy. However, the small percentage of patients who have no surgical treatment options have a very poor prognosis. We retrospectively collected data from these patients in four sarcoma centers and compared the progression-free survival (PFS) for the different treatment regimens used for the four chondrosarcoma subtypes.

Materials and Methods
Patients diagnosed with unresectable chondrosarcoma in all four major sarcoma centers were included, and data on first-line systemic therapy were retrospectively collected for analysis.

Results
A total of 112 patients were enrolled in this retrospective analysis: 50 conventional, 25 mesenchymal, 34 dedifferentiated, and 3 clear cell chondrosarcoma patients. In conventional chondrosarcoma patients, the longest mean PFS (6.7 months) was found in the group treated with antihormonal therapy. Patients diagnosed with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma were all treated with multidrug chemotherapy, and the mean PFS was 6.7 months. Doxorubicin monotherapy seems to have an unexplained better PFS than doxorubicin-based combination therapy in patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (5.5 vs. 2.8 months, respectively; p = .275).

Conclusion
Prospective studies need to be conducted based on preclinical work to develop a uniform regimen to treat advanced chondrosarcoma patients according to the diagnosed subtype and improve survival.

Implications for Practice
Currently, there are no uniform treatment lines for advanced chondrosarcoma patients, which results in a very diverse group of treatment regimens being used. In this study, the data of 112 patients was collected. It was concluded that some treatment regimens seem to have a better progression-free survival compared with others, and that these results also differ between the chondrosarcoma subtypes. Prospective studies need to be conducted based on preclinical work to develop a uniform regimen to treat advanced chondrosarcoma patients according to the diagnosed histological subtype to improve their survival.
10-Year Results of Therapeutic Ratio by Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy Versus Two-Dimensional Radiotherapy in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Lei , Zhang Yuan , Lai Shu-Zhen , Li Wen-Fei , Hu Wei-Han , Sun Rui , Liu Li-Zhi , Zhang Fan , Peng Hao , Du Xiao-Jing , Lin Ai-Hua , Sun Ying , Ma Jun 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to verify 10-year results of survival and late toxicities and assess the ultimate therapeutic ratio of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) versus two-dimensional radiotherapy (2DRT) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the data from 1,276 patients with nonmetastatic NPC who received IMRT or 2DRT from January 2003 to December 2006.

Results
Of the 1,276 patients, 512 were treated with IMRT and 764 with 2DRT. Median follow-up was 115 months. At 10 years, the IMRT group demonstrated significantly better results than the 2DRT group in local failure-free survival (L-FFS; 90% vs. 84%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–0.81; p = .001), failure-free survival (FFS; 69% vs. 58%; HR, 0.69, 95% CI, 0.57–0.83; p &lt; .001), and overall survival (OS; 75% vs. 63%; HR, 0.62, 95% CI, 0.51–0.77; p &lt; .001). Subgroup multivariate analyses showed that radiotherapeutic technique (IMRT vs. 2DRT) remained an independent prognostic factor for L-FFS in the T1 subgroup (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.11–0.80; p = .02); for FFS in the stage II subgroup (HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.24–0.73; p = .002); and for OS in the stage I (HR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.04–0.96; p = .04), stage II (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.21–0.75; p = .004), and stage IVA–B (HR, 0.74, 95% CI, 0.56–0.98; p = .04) subgroups. The incidence of grade 3–4 temporal lobe necrosis, cranial neuropathy, eye damage, ear damage, neck soft tissue damage, trismus, and dry mouth was significantly lower in the IMRT group than in the 2DRT group.

Conclusion
IMRT demonstrated an improved ultimate therapeutic ratio compared with 2DRT in patients with NPC after a 10-year follow-up, with significant improvement of L-FFS, FFS, and OS and decrease in most late toxicities.

Implications for Practice
The ultimate therapeutic ratio of intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus two-dimensional radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma is unclear. In this retrospective study of 1,276 patients with nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma with a follow-up of 115 months, intensity-modulated radiotherapy demonstrated an improved ultimate therapeutic ratio compared with two-dimensional radiotherapy, with significant improvement of local failure-free survival, failure-free survival, and overall survival and decrease in most late toxicities and noncancer deaths. However, distant control remains insufficient with this treatment modality.
Integrative 3′ Untranslated Region-Based Model to Identify Patients with Low Risk of Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Operable Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Wang Lei , Hu Xin , Wang Peng , Shao Zhi-Ming 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the standard surgical staging approach for operable triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with clinically negative axillae. In this study, we sought to develop a model to predict TNBC patients with negative nodal involvement, who would benefit from the exemption of the axillary staging surgery.

Materials and Methods
We evaluated 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) profiles using microarray data of TNBC from two Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Samples from GSE31519 were divided into training set (n = 164) and validation set (n = 163), and GSE76275 was used to construct testing set (n = 164). We built a six-member 3′UTR panel (ADD2, COL1A1, APOL2, IL21R, PKP2, and EIF4G3) using an elastic net model to estimate the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM). Receiver operating characteristic and logistic analyses were used to assess the association between the panel and LNM status.

Results
The six-member 3′UTR-panel showed a high distinguishing power with an area under the curve of 0.712, 0.729, and 0.708 in the training, validation, and testing sets, respectively. After adjustment by tumor size, the 3′UTR panel retained significant predictive power in the training, validation, and testing sets (odds ratio = 4.93, 4.58, and 3.59, respectively; p &lt; .05 for all). A combinatorial analysis of the 3′UTR panel and tumor size yielded an accuracy of 97.2%, 100%, and 100% in training, validation, and testing set, respectively.

Conclusion
This study established an integrative 3′UTR-based model as a promising predictor for nodal negativity in operable TNBC. Although a prospective study is needed to validate the model, our results may permit a no axillary surgery option for selected patients.

Implications for Practice
Currently, sentinel lymph node biopsy is the standard approach for surgical staging in breast cancer patients with negative axillae. Prediction estimation for lymph node metastasis of breast cancer relies on clinicopathological characteristics, which is unreliable, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)—a highly heterogeneous disease. The authors developed and validated an effective prediction model for the lymph node status of patients with TNBC, which integrates 3′UTR markers and tumor size. This is the first 3′UTR-based model that will help identify TNBC patients with low risk of nodal involvement who are most likely to benefit from exemption axillary surgery.
Pretreatment 18F-FDG Uptake Heterogeneity Predicts Treatment Outcome of First-Line Chemotherapy in Patients with Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Gong Chengcheng , Ma Guang , Hu Xichun , Zhang Yingjian , Wang Zhonghua , Zhang Jian , Zhao Yannan , Li Yi , Xie Yizhao , Yang Zhongyi , Wang Biyun 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
Intratumoral heterogeneity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake in primary tumor has proven to be a surrogate marker for predicting treatment outcome in various tumors. However, the value of intraindividual heterogeneity in metastatic diseases remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate pretreatment positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) 18F-FDG-based heterogeneity for the prediction of first-line treatment outcome in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC).

Materials and Methods
mTNBC patients from three clinical trials (NCT00601159, NCT01287624, and NCT02341911) with whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan before first-line gemcitabine/platinum were included. Heterogeneity index (HI) and the maximum of FDG uptake (MAX) across total metastatic lesions (-T) on baseline PET/CT scans were assessed. HI was measured by MAX divided by the minimum FDG uptake across metastatic lesions. Optimal cutoffs were determined by time-dependent receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test.

Results
A total of 42 mTNBC patients were included in this study. The median PFS of patients with high HI-T (&gt;1.9) and high MAX-T (&gt;10.5) was significantly shorter than patients with low HI-T (&lt;1.9; p = .049) and low MAX-T (&lt;10.5; p = .001). In terms of OS, only high MAX-T was significant for poorer outcome (p = .013). ROC curve analysis confirmed the predictive value of MAX and HI in mTNBC patients. Area under the ROC curve for MAX-T and HI-T was 0.75 and 0.65, indicating a higher predictive accuracy than conventional clinical risk factors.

Conclusion
HI and MAX measured among metastatic lesions on pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT scans could be potential predicators for first-line treatment outcome in patients with mTNBC.

Implications for Practice
Intratumoral heterogeneity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in primary tumor has proven to be a robust surrogate predictive marker. A novel positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) parameter-heterogeneity index (HI) to quantify the heterogeneous characteristics of metastatic disease is proposed. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous disease and remains a clinical challenge. The predictive performance of HI, along with the maximum FDG uptake (MAX), measured on pretreatment PET/CT scans in patients with metastatic TNBC was evaluated. Results indicate that HI and MAX may serve as applicable imaging predicators for treatment outcome of metastatic TNBC in clinical practice.
Strategies for Recognizing and Managing Immune-Mediated Adverse Events in the Treatment of Hodgkin Lymphoma with Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Vardhana Santosha , Cicero Kara , Velez Moises J. , Moskowitz Craig H. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

The programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab represent an important therapeutic advance in the treatment of relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Clinical trials have shown substantial therapeutic activity and an acceptable safety profile in heavily pretreated patients, resulting in U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of nivolumab for the treatment of cHL that has relapsed or progressed after either autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT) and brentuximab vedotin treatment or three or more lines of systemic therapy (including auto-HCT), and of pembrolizumab for adult or pediatric patients with refractory cHL or cHL that has relapsed after three or more prior therapies. Mechanistically, anti-PD-1 therapy prevents inhibitory signaling through PD-1 receptors on T cells, thereby releasing a ‘block’ to antitumor T-cell responses. However, this disinhibition can also lead to inappropriate T-cell activation and responses against healthy tissues, resulting in immune-mediated adverse events (IMAEs) that affect a number of organ systems. The skin, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and endocrine systems are most commonly involved, typically resulting in rash, colitis, abnormal liver enzyme levels, and thyroiditis, respectively. Notably, pneumonitis is a potentially fatal complication of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Hematologic oncologists who treat cHL with PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors should monitor patients for IMAEs, as early recognition and treatment can rapidly reduce morbidity and mortality. This review focuses on IMAEs during the treatment of relapsed or refractory cHL with nivolumab and pembrolizumab.

Implications for Practice
This article highlights the importance of monitoring for immune-mediated adverse events (IMAEs) in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) who receive anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) therapy, with particular attention given to the recognition and management of such events. The risk of individual IMAEs differs between patients with HL and those with solid tumors, as prior treatments may predispose certain organ systems to specific IMAEs. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of IMAEs is essential for optimal management, allowing PD-1 inhibitor therapy to be restarted in order to maintain disease control. Potential difficulties, such as distinguishing disease progression from pneumonitis, or colitis from diarrhea, are highlighted to raise clinical awareness.
Evaluación de contaminación sonora vehicular en el centro de la ciudad de Tarapoto, San Martín, 2015
Authors: Delgadillo Mendoza Mary Cruz , Pérez Carpio Jackson Edgardo 
Published: August 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una evaluación de la contaminación sonora vehicular en el centro de la Ciudad de Tarapoto, cuyas zonas consideradas fueron zona comercial y zona de protección especial. Se identificó siete puntos de monitoreo, en el horario diurno (7:00 am - 8:00 am, 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm y 5:00 pm - 6:00 pm), durante siete semanas. Los resultados obtenidos superan los Estándares de Calidad Ambiental para Ruido (D.S. N°085-2003-PCM), encontrándose que el punto 5 (P-5) ubicado en la intersección de Jr. Jiménez Pimentel con Jr. Shapaja perteneciente a la Zona Comercial, presenta los niveles de presión sonora más altos en los tres períodos (80.4, 81.6, y 87.8 dB), en el análisis de varianza, en el periodo 1, el ANOVA indica que hay diferencia significativa y la prueba Tukey, donde confirma que el P-5, presenta nivel de presión sonora más alto. El flujo vehicular estuvo compuesto por moto lineal, motocarro y otros vehículos (autos, combis, camioneta, etc.), en la que el vehículo con mayor circulación durante la evaluación fue el motocarro.
Indice de la calidad de aire en el distrito de Morales debido a la presencia de material particulado 2.5 microgramos
Authors: Guevara Reátegui Julio Rafael , Pérez Carpio Jackson Edgardo 
Published: August 2018

El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la concentración de partículas menores de 2.5 microgramos para luego ser comparados con el índice y el estándar de calidad de aire (D.S. N° 003-2008-MINAM) de los sectores Jr. Alfonso Ugarte y Jr. Victoria Vásquez del Distrito de Morales Departamento de San Martin, los monitoreo se ha realizado teniendo en cuenta los procedimientos que nos indica el “Protocolo de monitoreo de calidad de aire y gestión de datos” elaborado por la DIGESA (2005). El equipo que se utilizó es un equipo Hivol PM2.5 de alto volumen el tipo de investigación es no experimental descriptivo comparativo de corte trassectorial porque determina el grado de relación de variables de estudio. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos la concentración de partículas PM2.5 registradas en los punto de monitoreo Jr. Alfonso Ugarte y Jr. Victoria Vásquez realizados del 03 al 14 de octubre del 2016 registraron concentraciones (12.8 μg/m3, 20.8 μg/m3, 14.2 μg/m3, 10.7 μg/m3 y 22.5 μg/m3, 18.4 μg/m3, 19.2 μg/m3, 12.7 μg/m3) estos valores no excedieron al nivel de referencia 25 μg/m3 establecido por la normativa nacional de estándares de calidad de aire D.S N.° 003-2008 MINAM, también se han comparados con el índice de calidad de aire, teniendo como resultado el nivel de riesgo de color amarillo y color verde obteniendo una calificación moderada y buena, se puede interpretar que la calidad del aire es aceptable y cumple con el ECA, se puede realizar actividades al aire libre y con restricciones para los pobladores sensibles.