bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Virtual Metabolic Human database: integrating human and gut microbiome metabolism with nutrition and disease
Authors: Noronha Alberto , Modamio Jennifer , Jarosz Yohan , Guerard Elisabeth , Sompairac Nicolas , Preciat German , Daníelsdóttir Anna Dröfn , Krecke Max , Merten Diane , Haraldsdóttir Hulda S , Heinken Almut , Heirendt Laurent , Magnúsdóttir Stefanía , Ravcheev Dmitry A , Sahoo Swagatika , Gawron Piotr , Friscioni Lucia , Garcia Beatriz , Prendergast Mabel , Puente Alberto , Rodrigues Mariana , Roy Akansha , Rouquaya Mouss , Wiltgen Luca , Žagare Alise , John Elisabeth , Krueger Maren , Kuperstein Inna , Zinovyev Andrei , Schneider Reinhard , Fleming Ronan M T , Thiele Ines 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA multitude of factors contribute to complex diseases and can be measured with ‘omics’ methods. Databases facilitate data interpretation for underlying mechanisms. Here, we describe the Virtual Metabolic Human (VMH, www.vmh.life) database encapsulating current knowledge of human metabolism within five interlinked resources ‘Human metabolism’, ‘Gut microbiome’, ‘Disease’, ‘Nutrition’, and ‘ReconMaps’. The VMH captures 5180 unique metabolites, 17 730 unique reactions, 3695 human genes, 255 Mendelian diseases, 818 microbes, 632 685 microbial genes and 8790 food items. The VMH’s unique features are (i) the hosting of the metabolic reconstructions of human and gut microbes amenable for metabolic modeling; (ii) seven human metabolic maps for data visualization; (iii) a nutrition designer; (iv) a user-friendly webpage and application-programming interface to access its content; (v) user feedback option for community engagement and (vi) the connection of its entities to 57 other web resources. The VMH represents a novel, interdisciplinary database for data interpretation and hypothesis generation to the biomedical community.
Bucktown vs. 'G' Thang
Authors: McIntosh Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores one of American popular music’s most polarizing moments in the late 20th century, the ideological and aesthetic divide between East and West Coast hip hop cultural practices. In both public press and recorded music of the era, a persistent dialectic emerged, one where East Coast authenticity was contrasted against West Coast artifice. This chapter explores how, by rooting the identity of artists to their location, whether urban or suburban, such gestures served to create a distinction in the growing market for rap music in the 1990s. In addition to examining these professed differences, the chapter investigates underappreciated similarities in the origins of East and West Coast hip hop practices stemming from Jamaican Sound System culture.
Timbre Before Timbre
Authors: Loughridge Deirdre 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Organ stops, violin mutes, piano pedals: these are devices for altering an instrument’s sound, and one way to understand how these devices transform sound is that they change the timbre. Already in use and objects of discussion in the seventeenth century, organ stops and violin mutes, however, pre-date the idea of timbre modification, originating in what Emily Dolan has called a “time before timbre.” These devices thus provide a way into the history of timbre before timbre—that is, into ways of conceiving and discussing tone qualities before “timbre” existed as a discrete concept. This essay examines the history of organ stops, violin mutes, and piano pedals so as to illuminate how (what we would consider) timbral dimensions of sound interacted with pitch, loudness, instruments, and musical meaning in the “time before timbre,” as well as the historical processes through which timbre came to be perceived and handled as a distinct musical parameter. It demonstrates that absence of a timbre concept did not mean inattention to instrumental sonority. Rather, before musicians developed timbral perception, it was more common to engage mimetic perception, drawing comparisons to familiar instruments to make sense of variations in sound quality. Tone-modifying devices are central to timbre’s history because they work to hold many aspects of the performer-musical instrument encounter constant, thereby isolating for comparison those qualities that go into distinctions like that between dull and bright sound.
The Grammar of Capital
Authors: Holloway John 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Karl Marx’s Capital does not start with the commodity, it starts with wealth. This has enormous consequences, both theoretically and politically. To start with the commodity leads into the analysis of capitalism as a system of domination. To start with wealth and its movement in-against-and-beyond the commodity form takes the reader into a world of struggle. In Capital there are two antagonistic categorial series. The familiar series of the forms of domination: commodity, value, abstract labor, money, person, capital, profit, interest, rent. These forms have their own grammar: a positive logic that imposes itself on the flow of life. But there is also a series of subversive categories rebelling against the logical chain of derivation: wealth, use value, concrete labor or doing, anti-person, and so on. Here is a negative, defetishizing, detotalizing grammar that moves against the rigid cohesion of the first series.
Descending Auditory Pathways and Plasticity
Authors: Schofield Brett R. , Beebe Nichole L. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Descending auditory pathways originate from multiple levels of the auditory system and use a variety of neurotransmitters, including glutamate, GABA, glycine, acetylcholine, and dopamine. Targets of descending projections include cells that project to higher or lower centers, setting up circuit loops and chains that provide top-down modulation of many ascending and descending circuits in the auditory system. Descending pathways from the auditory cortex can evoke plasticity in subcortical centers. Such plasticity relies, at least in part, on brainstem cholinergic systems that are closely tied to descending cortical projections. Finally, the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, a component of the superior olivary complex, is a major target of descending projections from the cortex and midbrain. Through its complement of different neurotransmitter phenotypes, and its wide array of projections, the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body is positioned to serve as a hub in the descending auditory system.
Molecular and Structural Changes in the Cochlear Nucleus in Response to Hearing Loss
Authors: Rubio Maria E. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Hearing loss is the third most common health problem in the United States. It can affect the quality of life and relationships. About 48 million Americans have lost some hearing. Age, illness, and genetics contribute to the generation of hearing loss. During development, auditory synaptic circuitries are highly plastic and able to adapt to fluctuations in auditory experience. Whether this is so for mature auditory nerve synapses and circuitries within nuclei along the central auditory pathway is less understood. Daily fluctuations in auditory experience can lead to hearing deficits, including hearing loss and/or deafness, Therefore, understanding the cellular mechanisms that occur in mature central auditory synaptic circuitries that lead and/or contribute to hearing loss is important. This chapter focuses on published studies using animal models describing structural and molecular changes that occur in the cochlear nucleus in response to hearing loss, the first gateway of sound processing in the brain.
Visceral Pain
Authors: Bulmer David C. , Roza Carolina 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Visceral pain is qualitatively distinct from other pain types; it is poorly localized, difficult to quantify, and accompanied by marked autonomic changes. Acute visceral pain may be an indication of a medical emergency requiring urgent surgical or clinical intervention. However, chronic visceral pain, which contributes significantly to lifelong morbidity, occurs most frequently in the absence of any distinct pathology making it difficult to treat. This article reviews our current understanding of how visceral pain is detected in the periphery, and processed within the spinal cord and central nervous system. It focuses on recent work that has identified pro-nociceptive changes in the bowel of patients with chronic visceral pain and discuss how these findings could lead to the development of novel viscero-specific analgesics. Finally, the article considers how the microbiota can act locally to shape the detection of pain in the periphery and centrally to modulate our perception of visceral pain.
James and Phenomenology
Authors: Levine Steven 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Beginning with Edmund Husserl, The Principles of Psychology was engaged by a series of philosophers in the phenomenological tradition. The phenomenological reading makes two central claims: (1) that William James in the Principles articulates a proto-phenomenological theory of intentionality, and (2) that because of this, James came to think that psychology is not an autonomous science independent of philosophy. This chapter argues that the phenomenological reading is right that James gives a proto-phenomenological theory of intentionality, one in which thought and thought’s object are essentially correlated. It is also agued that many of the characteristics of thought enumerated by James, namely, that it is constantly changing, not comprised of parts, and sensibly continuous, can only be properly understood in light of this theory. But the chapter concludes that the phenomenological reading is wrong to think that this entails the collapse of James’s project of developing a naturalistic psychology.
A qualitative exploration of school-based staff’s experiences of delivering an alcohol screening and brief intervention in the high school setting: findings from the SIPS JR-HIGH trial
Authors: McGeechan G J , Giles E L , Scott S , McGovern R , Boniface S , Ramsay A , Sumnall H , Newbury-Birch D , Kaner E ,   the SIPS JR-HIGH Study Team
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Whilst underage drinking in the UK has been declining in recent years, prevalence is still higher than in most other Western European countries. Therefore, it is important to deliver effective interventions to reduce risk of harm.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews with staff delivering an alcohol screening and brief intervention in the high-school setting. The analysis was informed by normalization process theory (NPT), interviews were open coded and then a framework applied based on the four components of NPT.

Results
Five major themes emerged from the analysis. The majority of participants felt that the intervention could be useful, and that learning mentors were ideally suited to deliver it. However, there was a feeling that the intervention should have been targeted at young people who drink the most.

Conclusions
The intervention was generally well received in schools and seen as an effective tool for engaging young people in a discussion around alcohol. However, in the future schools need to consider the level of staffing in place to deliver the intervention. Furthermore, the intervention could focus more on the long-term risks of initiating alcohol consumption at a young age.
Long-term medical consequences of the crisis at the US–Mexico Border
Authors: Almeida Marcela , Rovner Maxwell R 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The recent changes in policy at the Southern American Border have urged a number of medical entities and social and human rights organizations to become vocal about its possible long-term outcomes in the lives of the affected families. This reaction is supported by robust scientific evidence on the impact of adverse childhood experiences and perceived racial discrimination, among others, on mental and physical health outcomes.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Incidence of Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States, 2012–2015
Authors: Admon Lindsay K. , Winkelman Tyler N. A. , Zivin Kara , Terplan Mishka , Mhyre Jill M. , Dalton Vanessa K. 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To describe racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of severe maternal morbidity during delivery hospitalizations in the United States.

METHODS:
We conducted a pooled, cross-sectional analysis of 2012–2015 data from the National Inpatient Sample to define the prevalence of chronic conditions and incidence of severe maternal morbidity among deliveries to non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, and Native American or Alaska Native women. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression and predictive margins to generate prevalence and incidence estimates. Adjusted rate ratios and differences were calculated to quantify disparities across racial and ethnic categories. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the incidence of severe maternal morbidity among deliveries to women with comorbid physical health conditions, behavioral health conditions, and multiple chronic conditions within each racial and ethnic category.

RESULTS:
The incidence of severe maternal morbidity was significantly higher among deliveries to women in every racial and ethnic minority category compared with deliveries among non-Hispanic white women. Severe maternal morbidity occurred in 231.1 (95% CI 223.6–238.5) and 139.2 (95% CI 136.4–142.0) per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations among non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women, respectively (P<.001). When excluding cases in which blood transfusion was the only indicator of severe maternal morbidity, only deliveries to non-Hispanic black women had a higher incidence of severe maternal morbidity compared with deliveries among non-Hispanic white women: 50.2 (95% CI 47.6–52.9) and 40.9 (95% CI 39.6–42.3) per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations, respectively (risk ratio 1.2 [95% CI 1.2–1.3], risk difference 9.3 [95% CI 6.5–12.2] per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations; P<.001 for each comparison). Among deliveries to women with comorbid physical and behavioral health conditions, significant differences in severe maternal morbidity were identified among racial and ethnic minority compared with non-Hispanic white women and the largest disparities were identified among women with multiple chronic conditions.

CONCLUSION:
Programs for reducing racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity may have the greatest effect focusing on women at highest risk for blood transfusion and maternity care management for women with comorbid chronic conditions, particularly multiple chronic conditions.
Ulipristal Acetate for Treatment of Uterine Leiomyomas
Authors: Liu James H. , Soper David , Lukes Andrea , Gee Phyllis , Kimble Thomas , Kroll Robin , Mallick Madhuja , Chan Anna , Gillard Patrick , Harrington Amanda , Sniukiene Vilma , Shulman Lee P. 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the efficacy and tolerability of ulipristal acetate, a selective progesterone receptor modulator, for treatment of symptomatic uterine leiomyomas.

METHODS:
This phase 3, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled trial randomized premenopausal women (18–50 years) with uterine leiomyomas and abnormal uterine bleeding to once-daily 5 mg ulipristal, 10 mg ulipristal, or placebo in two 12-week treatment courses separated by a drug-free interval of two menses. Coprimary end points were rates of and time to amenorrhea during course 1. Change from baseline to end of course 1 in the Revised Activities subscale of the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire was a secondary end point. A sample size of 400 was planned to compare separately each ulipristal dose with placebo.

RESULTS:
From January 2014 through November 2016, 432 women were randomized. Demographic characteristics were similar across treatment groups. In course 1, 68 of 162 (42.0% [97.5% CI 33.3–51.1]) and 86 of 157 (54.8% [97.5% CI 45.5–63.8]) patients treated with 5 mg and 10 mg ulipristal, respectively, compared with 0 of 113 (0.0% [97.5% CI 0.0–3.8]) patients treated with placebo achieved amenorrhea (P<.001 for each dose); most women who achieved amenorrhea did so within 10 days (time to amenorrhea, P<.001 for each dose). Significantly greater improvements in Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Health-Related Quality of Life Revised Activities subscale scores were reported with 5 mg and 10 mg ulipristal compared with placebo (least squares mean change from baseline: 48.3, 56.7, and 13.0, respectively; P<.001 for each dose). Both ulipristal doses were well tolerated; in course 1, hot flush occurred in 7.5%, 11.6%, and 1.7% of patients treated with 5 mg ulipristal, 10 mg ulipristal, and placebo, respectively.

CONCLUSION:
Treatment with 5 mg or 10 mg ulipristal was superior to placebo in achieving amenorrhea and generally well tolerated for the medical management of symptomatic uterine leiomyomas.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02147158.
Above the GRADE: Evaluation of Guidelines in Critical Care Medicine*
Authors: Sims Charles R. , Warner Matthew A. , Stelfox Henry Thomas , Hyder Joseph A. 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
We examined recommendations within critical care guidelines to describe the pairing patterns for strength of recommendation and quality of evidence. We further identified recommendations where the reported strength of recommendation was strong while the reported quality of evidence was not high/moderate and then assessed whether such pairings were within five paradigmatic situations offered by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology to justify such pairings.

Data Sources and Extraction:
We identified all clinical critical care guidelines published online from 2011 to 2017 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine along with individual guidelines published by Surviving Sepsis Campaign, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, and the Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society.

Data Synthesis:
In all, 15 documents specifying 681 eligible recommendations demonstrated variation in strength of recommendation (strong n = 215 [31.6%], weak n = 345 [50.7%], none n = 121 [17.8%]) and in quality of evidence (high n = 41 [6.0%], moderate n = 151 [22.2%], low/very low n = 298 [43.8%], and Expert Consensus/none n = 191 [28.1%]). Strength of recommendation and quality of evidence were positively correlated (ρ = 0.66; p < 0.0001). Of 215 strong recommendations, 69 (32.1%) were discordantly paired with evidence other than high/moderate. Twenty-two of 69 (31.9%) involved Strong/Expert Consensus recommendations, a category discouraged by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Forty-seven of 69 recommendations (68.1%) were comprised of Strong/Low or Strong/Very Low variation requiring justification within five paradigmatic scenarios. Among distribution in the five paradigmatic scenarios of Strong/Low and Strong/Very Low recommendations, the most common paradigmatic scenario was life threatening situation (n = 20/47; 42.6%). Four Strong/Low or Strong/Very Low recommendations (4/47; 8.5%) were outside Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology.

Conclusions:
Among a large, diverse assembly of critical care guideline recommendations using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology, the strength of evidence of a recommendation was generally associated with the quality of evidence. However, strong recommendations were not infrequently made in the absence of high/moderate quality of evidence. To improve clarity and uptake, future guideline statements may specify why such pairings were made, avoid such pairings when outside of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria, and consider separate language for Expert Consensus recommendations (good practice statements).
Estimating ICU Benefit: A Randomized Study of Physicians
Authors: Valley Thomas S. , Admon Andrew J. , Zahuranec Darin B. , Garland Allan , Fagerlin Angela , Iwashyna Theodore J. 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
The distinction between overuse and appropriate use of the ICU hinges on whether a patient would benefit from ICU care. We sought to test 1) whether physicians agree about which types of patients benefit from ICU care and 2) whether estimates of ICU benefit are influenced by factors unrelated to severity of illness.

Design:
Randomized study.

Setting:
Online vignettes.

Subjects:
U.S. critical care physicians.

Interventions:
Physicians were provided with eight vignettes of hypothetical patients. Each vignette had a single patient or hospital factor randomized across participants (four factors related and four unrelated to severity of illness).

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary outcome was the estimate of ICU benefit, assessed with a 4-point Likert-type scale. In total, 1,223 of 8,792 physicians volunteered to participate (14% recruitment rate). Physician agreement of ICU benefit was poor (mean intraclass correlation coefficient for each vignette: 0.06; range: 0–0.18). There were no vignettes in which more than two thirds of physicians agreed about the extent to which a patient would benefit from ICU care. Increasing severity of illness resulted in greater estimated benefit of ICU care. Among factors unrelated to severity of illness, physicians felt ICU care was more beneficial when told one ICU bed was available than if ICU bed availability was unmentioned. Physicians felt ICU care was less beneficial when family was present than when family presence was unmentioned. The patient’s age, but not race/ethnicity, also impacted estimates of ICU benefit.

Conclusions:
Estimates of ICU benefit are widely dissimilar and influenced by factors unrelated to severity of illness, potentially resulting in inconsistent allocation of ICU care.
Long-Term Results of Femtosecond Laser–Enabled Keratoplasty With Zig-Zag Trephination
Authors: Wade Matthew , Muniz Castro Hannah , Garg Sumit , Kedhar Sanjay , Aggarwal Sahil , Shumway Caleb , Farid Marjan 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To report long-term visual and astigmatism outcomes in cases of zig-zag femtosecond laser–enabled penetrating keratoplasty (FLEK).

Methods:
Retrospective review. Three hundred thirty-five eyes of 287 patients underwent (FLEK) with a zig-zag incision pattern. Patients were assessed preoperatively and underwent postoperative comprehensive examinations at standard intervals of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and 6 months thereafter. Postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity and spectacle-corrected distance visual acuity and manifest and topographical (Mrx cyl and Topo cyl) astigmatism were compared with preoperative values.

Results:
Three hundred thirty-five eyes received FLEK with zig-zag configuration. Data are presented for the last recorded visit before any refractive procedure. Sutures were removed in 202 of 335 eyes at an average time to removal of 1.3 ± 1.1 years, and a mean follow-up period of 2.9 ± 2.1 years (range 0–10 years). After full suture removal, mean uncorrected distance visual acuity and spectacle-corrected distance visual acuity were logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution 0.84 (Snellen 20/138) ± 0.55 and 0.33 (Snellen 20/42) ± 0.33, respectively. Mean Mrx cyl and Topo cyl of these groups were 3.38 ± 2.22 and 4.77 ± 3.15, respectively. Of the total number of grafts, the rate of graft rejections was 14.0%, and the failure rate was 5.6%.

Conclusions:
The femtosecond laser–generated zig-zag–shaped incision results in lower manifest and topographical astigmatism than the reported average for conventional penetrating keratoplasty. Graft rejection and failure rates are similar to published data for conventional penetrating keratoplasty.