bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Root‐Borne Microbial Necromass—An Overlooked Source of Grassland Soil Organic Carbon
Authors: Zhang Xinying , Dai Guohua , Zhai Guoqing , Yi Wenxing , Ma Lixiao , Huang Zhenying , Ye Xuehua , Ma Wenhong , Wang Yonghui , Zhang Pujin , Feng Xiaojuan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRoot‐borne microbial necromass carbon (MNC) is an under‐investigated contributor to soil organic carbon (SOC) in grasslands. Here we conduct a benchmark assessment of root‐borne MNC based on amino sugars in the fresh roots of 27 dominant species and mixed roots (including dead ones) of mixed species in Inner Mongolian grasslands. We find that mixed roots contain 9.1−62.4 mg g−1 MNC, which may contribute ∼10% of MNC in surface soils (0−10 cm) if all enters the soil without degradation. Root (and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; AMF) turnover rather than AMF biomass controls root‐borne MNC accumulation. Based on a microcosm decomposition experiment of mixed roots in model soils under optimal conditions (∼22°C; 60% of maximum water holding capacity), we further estimate that 43%−75% of root‐borne MNC remains after 2‐year decomposition, implying that root‐borne MNC is relatively stable. Hence, root‐borne MNC may be an overlooked potential source of soil MNC and SOC in grasslands.
Energy Transport and Conversion Above a Bright Discrete Auroral Arc
Authors: Chaston C. C. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMagnetically connected observations of particle distributions and luminosity from the Reimei spacecraft are used to examine energy transport and conversion occurring above a discrete auroral arc. By combining imaging and in situ measurements it is shown how transverse electromagnetic and kinetic energy fluxes measured along the spacecraft trajectory converge across geomagnetic field‐lines into the acceleration region. It is shown how cross‐field energy transport is facilitated by the formation of vortices along the length of the arc. From an integration over the vertical extent of the acceleration region it is shown that the transverse and field‐aligned flow of energy into the arc locally supports the dissipation needed to power the electron acceleration observed. Estimates of gradients in electromagnetic and kinetic energy flows show how field‐aligned electron energization in the acceleration region is supported by the divergence of Poynting flux along and across the background magnetic field.
Evidence of Magnetic Reconnection in Ganymede's Wake Region From Juno
Authors: Joseph J. , Kurth W. S. , Sulaiman A. H. , Connerney J. E. P. , Allegrini F. , Duling S. , Clark G. , Faden J. B. , Piker C. W. , Jaynes A. N. , Mauk B. H. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMagnetic reconnection has been commonly reported between the solar wind IMF and the magnetic field of Earth and other planets. A similar phenomenon is expected between Jupiter's magnetosphere and Ganymede's mini magnetosphere inside the Jovian magnetosphere. This article is the first report of a reconnection event in the tail region of Ganymede. We present compelling evidence that Juno flew in close proximity to an X‐line, that was not within the tail current sheet, but rather in the turbulent wake area of Ganymede. We report the observation of distinctive electron Bernstein mode waves with unique characteristics particular to a separatrix region of the reconnection site. We detect a clear reversal of a magnetic field component. Electron densities and pitch angle distributions also indicate that Juno possibly traversed the inflow, and outflow region surrounding the separatrix region. Finally, from the time sequence of the observations by the different instruments on Juno, we reconstruct a likely trajectory of Juno around the reconnection site.
Climate and Ecosystem Factors Mediate Soil Freeze‐Thaw Cycles at the Continental Scale
Authors: Rooney Erin C. , Possinger Angela R. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFreeze‐thaw cycles (FTC) alter soil function through changes to physical organization of the soil matrix and biogeochemical processes. Understanding how dynamic climate and soil properties influence FTC may enable better prediction of ecosystem response to changing climate patterns. In this study, we quantified FTC occurrence and frequency across 40 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites. We used site mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) to define warm and wet, warm and dry, and cold and dry climate groupings. Site and soil properties, including MAT, MAP, maximum‐minimum temperature difference, aridity index, precipitation as snow (PAS), and organic mat thickness, were used to characterize climate groups and investigate relationships between site properties and FTC occurrence and frequency. Ecosystem‐specific drivers of FTC provided insight into potential changes to FTC dynamics with climate warming. Warm and dry sites had the most FTC, driven by rapid diurnal FTC close to the soil surface in winter. Cold and dry sites were characterized by fewer, but longer‐duration FTC, which mainly occurred in spring and increased in number with higher organic mat thickness (Spearman's ⍴ = 0.97, p < 0.01). The influence of PAS and MAT on the occurrence of FTC depended on climate group (binomial model interaction p (χ2) < 0.05), highlighting the role of a persistent snowpack in buffering soil temperature fluctuations. Integrating ecosystem type and season‐specific FTC patterns identified here into predictive models may increase predictive accuracy for dynamic system response to climate change.
Navigating Greenhouse Gas Emission Unknowns: A Hydroacoustic Examination of Mediterranean Climate Reservoirs
Authors: Thirkill R. H. , Ramón Cintia L. , Oldroyd Holly J. , Seelos Mark , Rueda Francisco J. , Forrest Alexander L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractInland aquatic systems, such as reservoirs, contribute substantially to global methane (CH4) emissions; yet they are among the most uncertain contributors to the total global carbon budget. Reservoirs generate significant amounts of CH4 within their bottom sediment, where the gas is stored and can easily escape via ebullition. Due to the large spatial and temporal variability associated with ebullition, CH4 fluxes from these aquatic systems are challenging to quantify. To address these uncertainties, six different water storage reservoirs, with average flux rates ranging between 20 and 678 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, were hydro‐acoustically surveyed using a previously established technique to investigate the spatial variability of free gas stored at the sediment surface that could be released as bubbles. Sediment samples and vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen were also collected to understand their respective influences on sediment gas formation. We found that the established relation used to determine sediment gas storage via the sonar technique, which relied solely on acoustic backscatter (Svmax), tended to underestimate gas storage in shallower, siltier sediment zones and overestimate gas storage in coarser (>2 mm) sediment zones. In response, we introduce an improved model, incorporating gas and sediment type as correction factors for gas attenuation effects on Svmax values. The extended model is able to elucidate patterns within the gas volume data, revealing clearer trends across different sediment types. This research provides valuable data and methodological insights that can enhance the accuracy of greenhouse gas modeling and budget assessments for reservoirs.
Resolving Heterogeneity in CO2 Uptake Potential in the Greenland Coastal Ocean
Authors: Henson Henry C. , Sejr Mikael , Meire Lorenz , Sørensen Lise Lotte , Winding Mie H. S. , Holding Johnna M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe oceans play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change by sequestering approximately 25% of annually emitted carbon dioxide (CO2). High‐latitude oceans, especially the Arctic continental shelves, emerge as crucial CO2 sinks due to their cold, low saline, and highly productive ecosystems. However, these heterogeneous regions remain inadequately understood, hindering accurate assessments of their carbon dynamics. This study investigates variation in pCO2 levels during peak ice sheet melt, in the Greenland coastal ocean and estimates rates of air‐sea exchange across 6° of latitude. The East and West coast of Greenland displayed distinct regions with unique controlling factors. Though, both coasts represent CO2 sinks in summer. Geographical variation in pCO2 and air‐sea exchange was linked intricately to freshwater export from the Greenland ice sheet and levels of primary production in these ecosystems. Air‐sea exchange of CO2 ranged from 0.23 to −64 mmol m−2 day−1. However, we found that flux estimation faces substantial uncertainties (up to 672%) due to wind product averaging and gas exchange formula selection. Upscaling only heightens this uncertainty leading to wide ranging estimates of Greenland coastal CO2 uptake between −16 and −26 Tg C year−1 (This study, Dai et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev‐earth‐032320‐090746; Laruelle et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004832). Obtaining a reliable assessment of air‐sea CO2 exchange necessitates data collection across seasons, and, even more so, refinement of the gas transfer velocity estimations in the Arctic coastal zone.
Oncogenic RTKs sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis via c-Myc mediated upregulation of ACSL4
Authors: Sun Na , Wang Jiawa , Qin Jianhua , Ma Shuang , Luan Jing , Hou Guoyuan , Zhang Wei , Gao Minghui 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAlteration or abnormal activation of RTKs have been recurrently observed and recognized as an important driving factor in the progression of many human cancers. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated necrosis triggered by the accumulation of lethal lipid peroxides on cell membranes, has been implicated in various tumor types. Here we reported that oncogenic RTKs/RAS/RAF/c-Myc axis promotes cancer cells to ferroptosis. Mechanistically, c-Myc binds to the promoter region of ACSL4 and promotes the expression of ACSL4, thereby sensitizes cells to ferroptosis. We further showed that RTKs/RAS/RAF promote ferroptosis by upregulating c-Myc mediated expression of ACSL4 in cancer cells. Notably, overexpression of RTKs enhances the vulnerability of melanoma to the ferroptosis inducer in mouse xenograft model. These findings may provide an attractive intervention strategy to target cancers with oncogenic activation of RTKs via a ferroptosis-inducing approach.
Open architecture of archaea MCM and dsDNA complexes resolved using monodispersed streptavidin affinity CryoEM
Authors: Ma Jianbing , Yi Gangshun , Ye Mingda , MacGregor-Chatwin Craig , Sheng Yuewen , Lu Ying , Li Ming , Li Qingrong , Wang Dong , Gilbert Robert J. C. , Zhang Peijun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) method has enabled high-resolution structure determination of numerous biomolecules and complexes. Nevertheless, cryoEM sample preparation of challenging proteins and complexes, especially those with low abundance or with preferential orientation, remains a major hurdle. We developed an affinity-grid method employing monodispersed single particle streptavidin on a lipid monolayer to enhance particle absorption on the grid surface and alleviate sample exposure to the air-water interface. Using this approach, we successfully enriched the Thermococcus kodakarensis mini-chromosome maintenance complex 3 (MCM3) on cryoEM grids through biotinylation and resolved its structure. We further utilized this affinity method to tether the biotin-tagged dsDNA to selectively enrich a stable MCM3-ATP-dsDNA complex for cryoEM structure determination. Intriguingly, both MCM3 apo and dsDNA bound structures exhibit left-handed open spiral conformations, distinct from other reported MCM structures. The large open gate is sufficient to accommodate a dsDNA which could potentially be melted. The value of mspSA affinity method was further demonstrated by mitigating the issue of preferential angular distribution of HIV-1 capsid protein hexamer and RNA polymerase II elongation complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
LungVis 1.0: an automatic AI-powered 3D imaging ecosystem unveils spatial profiling of nanoparticle delivery and acinar migration of lung macrophages
Authors: Yang Lin , Liu Qiongliang , Kumar Pramod , Sengupta Arunima , Farnoud Ali , Shen Ruolin , Trofimova Darya , Ziegler Sebastian , Davoudi Neda , Doryab Ali , Yildirim Ali Önder , Diefenbacher Markus E. , Schiller Herbert B. , Razansky Daniel , Piraud Marie , Burgstaller Gerald , Kreyling Wolfgang G. , Isensee Fabian , Rehberg Markus , Stoeger Tobias , Schmid Otmar 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTargeted (nano-)drug delivery is essential for treating respiratory diseases, which are often confined to distinct lung regions. However, spatio-temporal profiling of drugs or nanoparticles (NPs) and their interactions with lung macrophages remains unresolved. Here, we present LungVis 1.0, an AI-powered imaging ecosystem that integrates light sheet fluorescence microscopy with deep learning-based image analysis pipelines to map NP deposition and dosage holistically and quantitatively across bronchial and alveolar (acinar) regions in murine lungs for widely-used bulk-liquid and aerosol-based delivery methods. We demonstrate that bulk-liquid delivery results in patchy NP distribution with elevated bronchial doses, whereas aerosols achieve uniform deposition reaching distal alveoli. Furthermore, we reveal that lung tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are dynamic, actively patrolling and redistributing NPs within alveoli, contesting the conventional paradigm of TRMs as static entities. LungVis 1.0 provides an advanced framework for exploring pulmonary delivery dynamics and deepening insights into TRM-mediated lung immunity.
Fast delivery of heralded atom-photon quantum correlation over 12 km fiber through multiplexing enhancement
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Shi Jixuan , Liang Yibo , Sun Yuedong , Wu Yukai , Duan Luming , Pu Yunfei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDistributing quantum entanglement between distant parties is a significant but difficult task in quantum information science, as it can enable numerous applications but suffers from exponential decay in the quantum channel. Quantum repeaters are one of the most promising approaches towards this goal. In a quantum repeater protocol, it is essential that the entanglement generation speed within each elementary link is faster than the memory decoherence rate, and this stringent requirement has not been implemented over a fiber of metropolitan scale so far. As a step towards this challenging goal, in this work we experimentally realize multiplexing-enhanced generation of heralded atom-photon quantum correlation over a 12 km fiber. We successively generate 280 pairs of atom-photon quantum correlations with a train of photonic time-bin pulses filling the long fiber, and read out the excited memory modes on demand with either fixed or variable storage time after successful heralding. With the multiplexing enhancement, the heralding rate of atom-photon correlation can reach 1.95 kHz, and the ratio between the quantum correlation generation rate to memory decoherence rate can be improved to 0.46 for a fiber length of 12 km. This work therefore constitutes an important step towards the realization of a large-scale quantum repeater network.
Remodelling of Rea1 linker domain drives the removal of assembly factors from pre-ribosomal particles
Authors: Busselez Johan , Koenig Geraldine , Dominique Carine , Klos Torben , Velayudhan Deepika , Sosnowski Piotr , Marechal Nils , Crucifix Corinne , Gizardin-Fredon Hugo , Cianferani Sarah , Albert Benjamin , Henry Yves , Henras Anthony K. , Schmidt Helgo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe ribosome maturation factor Rea1 (or Midasin) catalyses the removal of assembly factors from large ribosomal subunit precursors and promotes their export from the nucleus to the cytosol. Rea1 consists of nearly 5000 amino-acid residues and belongs to the AAA+ protein family. It consists of a ring of six AAA+ domains from which the ≈1700 amino-acid residue linker emerges that is subdivided into stem, middle and top domains. A flexible and unstructured D/E rich region connects the linker top to a MIDAS (metal ion dependent adhesion site) domain, which is able to bind the assembly factor substrates. Despite its key importance for ribosome maturation, the mechanism driving assembly factor removal by Rea1 is still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the Rea1 linker is essential for assembly factor removal. It rotates and swings towards the AAA+ ring following a complex remodelling scheme involving nucleotide independent as well as nucleotide dependent steps. ATP-hydrolysis is required to engage the linker with the AAA+ ring and ultimately with the AAA+ ring docked MIDAS domain. The interaction between the linker top and the MIDAS domain allows direct force transmission for assembly factor removal.
Chip-scale sensor for spectroscopic metrology
Authors: Yao Chunhui , Zhang Wanlu , Bao Peng , Ma Jie , Zhuo Wei , Chen Minjia , Shi Zhitian , Zhou Jingwen , Ye Yuxiao , Ming Liang , Yan Ting , Penty Richard , Cheng Qixiang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMiniaturized spectrometers hold great promise for in situ, in vitro, and even in vivo sensing applications. However, their size reduction imposes vital performance constraints in meeting the rigorous demands of spectroscopy, including fine resolution, high accuracy, and ultra-wide observation window. The prevailing view in the community holds that miniaturized spectrometers are most suitable for coarse identification of signature peaks. Here, we present an integrated reconstructive spectrometer that enables near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic metrology, and demonstrate a fully packaged sensor with auxiliary electronics. Such a sensor operates over a 520 nm bandwidth together with a resolution below 8 pm, yielding a record-breaking bandwidth-to-resolution ratio of over 65,000. The classification of different types of solid substances and the concentration measurement of aqueous and organic solutions are performed, all achieving approximately 100% accuracy. Notably, the detection limit of our sensor matches that of commercial benchtop counterparts, which is as low as 0.1% (i.e. 100 mg/dL) for identifying the concentration of glucose solution.
Systemic biological mechanisms underpin poor post-discharge growth among severely wasted children with HIV
Authors: Mudibo Evans O. , Bogaert Jasper , Tigoi Caroline , Ngari Moses M. , Singa Benson O. , Lancioni Christina L. , Diallo Abdoulaye Hama , Mbale Emmie , Mupere Ezekiel , Mukisa John , Thitiri Johnstone , Timbwa Molline , Omer Elisha , Ngao Narshion , Musyimi Robert , Kahindi Eunice , Bamouni Roseline Maïmouna , Bandsma Robert H. J. , Kelly Paul , Prendergast Andrew J. , McGrath Christine J. , Tickell Kirkby D. , Walson Judd L. , Berkley James A. , Njunge James M. , Gonzales Gerard Bryan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn sub-Saharan Africa, children with severe malnutrition (SM) and HIV have substantially worse outcomes than children with SM alone, facing higher mortality risk and impaired nutritional recovery post-hospitalisation. Biological mechanisms underpinning this risk remain incompletely understood. This case-control study nested within the CHAIN cohort in Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, and Burkina Faso examined effect of HIV on six months post-discharge growth among children with SM and those at risk of malnutrition, assessed proteomic signatures associated with HIV in these children, and investigated how these systemic processes impact post-discharge growth in children with SM. Using SomaScanTM assay, 7335 human plasma proteins were quantified. Linear mixed models identified HIV-associated biological processes and their associations with post-discharge growth. Using structural equation modelling, we examined directed paths explaining how HIV influences post-discharge growth. Here, we show that at baseline, HIV is associated with lower anthropometry. Additionally, HIV is associated with protein profiles indicating increased complement activation and decreased insulin-like growth factor signalling and bone mineralisation. HIV indirectly affects post-discharge growth by influencing baseline anthropometry and modulating proteins involved in bone mineralisation and humoral immune responses. These findings suggest specific biological pathways linking HIV to poor growth, offering insights for targeted interventions in this vulnerable population.
Deep learning potential model of displacement damage in hafnium oxide ferroelectric films
Authors: Chen Hua , Zhang Yanjun , Zhou Chao , Zhou Yichun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA model for studying displacement damage in irradiated HfO2 ferroelectric thin films was developed using deep learning and a repulsive table, combining the accuracy of density functional theory with the efficiency of molecular dynamics. This model accurately predicts the properties of various HfO2 phases, such as PO (Pca21), T (P42/nmc), AO (Pbca), and M (P21/c), and describes the atom collision-separation process during irradiation. The displacement threshold energies for the Hf atoms, three-coordinated O atoms, and four-coordinated O atoms are 57.72, 41.93, and 32.89 eV, respectively. The defect formation probabilities (DFPs) for the O primary knock-on atoms (PKAs) and Hf PKAs increase with energy, reaching 1. Below 80.27 eV, the O PKAs are more likely to form point defects than the Hf PKAs. Above this energy, the Hf PKAs have a higher DFP because the O PKAs form replacement loops more easily, inhibiting the generation of point defects. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of defect formation, which is crucial for increasing the reliability of HfO2 ferroelectric devices under irradiation.
3D Heisenberg universality in the van der Waals antiferromagnet NiPS3
Authors: Plumley Rajan , Mardanya Sougata , Peng Cheng , Nokelainen Johannes , Assefa Tadesse , Shen Lingjia , Burdet Nicholas , Porter Zach , Petsch Alexander , Israelski Aidan , Chen Hongwei , Lee Jun-Sik , Morley Sophie , Roy Sujoy , Fabbris Gilberto , Blackburn Elizabeth , Feiguin Adrian , Bansil Arun , Lee Wei-Sheng , Lindenberg Aaron M. , Chowdhury Sugata , Dunne Mike , Turner Joshua J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractVan der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials are comprised of layers of atomically thin sheets, making them ideal platforms for studying magnetism at the two-dimensional (2D) limit. These materials are at the center of a host of novel types of experiments, however, there are notably few pathways to directly probe their magnetic structure. We confirm the magnetic order within a single crystal of NiPS3 and show it can be accessed with resonant elastic X-ray diffraction along the edge of the vdW planes in a carefully grown crystal by detecting structurally forbidden resonant magnetic X-ray scattering. We find the magnetic order parameter has a critical exponent of β ~ 0.36, indicating that the magnetism of these vdW crystals is more adequately characterized by the three-dimensional (3D) Heisenberg universality class. We verify these findings with first-principles density functional theory, Monte-Carlo simulations, and density matrix renormalization group calculations.