bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preclinical Evaluation of Ropivacaine in 2 Liposomal Modified Systems
Authors: Rennó Carolina C. , Papini Juliana Z. B. , Cereda Cintia Maria Saia , Martinez Elizabeth , Montalli Victor Angelo , de Paula Eneida , Pedrazzoli Júnior José , Calafatti Silvana Aparecida , Tofoli Giovana Radomille 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
Our research group has recently developed liposomes with ionic gradient and in a combined manner as donor and acceptor vesicles containing ropivacaine (RVC; at 2% or 0.75%). Looking for applications of such novel formulations for postoperative pain control, we evaluated the duration of anesthesia, pharmacokinetics, and tissue reaction evoked by these new RVC formulations.

METHODS:
The formulations used in this study were large multivesicular vesicle (LMVV) containing sodium acetate buffer at pH 5.5 or in a combined manner with LMVV as donor and large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) as acceptor vesicles with an external pH of 7.4. Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 6) and received sciatic nerve block (0.4 mL) with 6 formulations of RVC (LMVVRVC0.75%, LMVV/LUVRVC0.75%, LMVVRVC2%, LMVV/LUVRVC2%, RVC 0.75%, and RVC 2%). To verify the anesthetic effect, the animals were submitted to the pain pressure test and the motor block was also monitored. Histopathology of the tissues surrounding the sciatic nerve region was also assessed 2 and 7 days after treatment. Rats (n = 6) were submitted to a hind paw incision, and mechanical hypersensitivity was measured via the withdrawal response using von Frey filaments after injection of the 6 formulations. Finally, New Zealand white rabbits (n = 6) received sciatic nerve block (3 mL) with 1 of the 6 formulations of RVC. Blood samples were collected predose (0 minutes) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, and 540 minutes after injection. RVC plasma levels were determined using a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer.

RESULTS:
Duration and intensity of the sensory block were longer with all liposomal formulations, when compared to the plain RVC solution (P < .05). Histopathological evaluation showed greater toxicity for the positive control (lidocaine 10%), when compared to all formulations (P < .05). After the hind paw incision, all animals presented postincisional hypersensitivity and liposomal formulations showed longer analgesia (P < .05). LMVVRVC0.75% presented higher time to reach maximum concentration and mean residence time than the remaining formulations with RVC 0.75% (P < .05), so LMVV was able to reduce systemic exposure of RVC due to slow release from this liposomal system.

CONCLUSIONS:
All new liposomal formulations containing 0.75% RVC were able to change the pharmacokinetics and enhance anesthesia duration due to slow release of RVC from liposomes without inducing significant toxic effects to local tissues.
Propofol Regulates Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation via Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II/AMPK/ATF5 Signaling Axis
Authors: Liang Chao , Du Fang , Wang Jiaxing , Cang Jing , Xue Zhanggang 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:Propofol can cause degeneration of developing brain cells and subsequent long-term learning or memory impairment. However, at the early stage of embryonic development, the molecular mechanism of propofol-induced inhibition in neural stem cells (NSCs) neurogenesis is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of propofol in NSCs neurogenesis and, more importantly, to explore the underlying mechanism.METHODS:First, a single intraperitoneal injection of propofol was performed in pregnant mice, and 6 hours after administration of propofol, the hippocampus RNA and the protein of the embryos’ brains was extracted to analyze the expression of neuron-specific markers. Second, the primary NSCs were isolated from the hippocampus of mouse embryonic brain and then treated with propofol for cell viability, immunostaining, and transwell assays; more importantly, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and q-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to identify genes regulated by propofol; the Western blot, small interfering RNA (SiRNA), and luciferase reporter assays were used to study the effects of propofol on calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMk) II/5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) signaling pathway.RESULTS:Our results indicated that propofol treatment could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of NSCs. The results of RNA-seq assays showed that propofol treatment resulted in downregulation of a group of Ca2+-dependent genes. The following mechanism studies showed that propofol regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of NSCs through the CaMkII/phosphorylation of serine at amino acid position 485 (pS485)/AMPK/ATF5 signaling pathway.CONCLUSIONS:The results from study demonstrated that propofol inhibits the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of NSCs, and these effects are partially mediated by CaMkII/pS485/AMPK/ATF5 signaling pathway.
Dexamethasone Is Superior to Dexmedetomidine as a Perineural Adjunct for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block: Systematic Review and Indirect Meta-analysis
Authors: Albrecht Eric , Vorobeichik Leon , Jacot-Guillarmod Alain , Fournier Nicolas , Abdallah Faraj W. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
Both dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine are effective peripheral nerve block (PNB) perineural adjuncts that prolong block duration. However, each is associated with side effects. With paucity of head-to-head comparisons of these adjuncts, the question of the best adjunct to mix with local anesthetics (LA) for PNB is unanswered. This meta-analysis aims to inform current practice and future research by identifying the superior adjunct by comparing dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine.

METHODS:
Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, trials comparing the combination of perineural dexamethasone or dexmedetomidine with LA to LA alone for PNB were sought. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the methodological quality of trials, and indirect or network meta-analyses using random-effects modeling were planned. We designated duration of analgesia as a primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included sensory and motor block durations, sensory and motor block onset times, and the risks of hypotension, sedation, and neurological symptoms.

RESULTS:
Fifty trials were identified, including only 1 direct comparison, precluding a network meta-analysis. Indirect meta-analysis of 49 trials (3019 patients) was performed. Compared to dexmedetomidine, dexamethasone prolonged the duration of analgesia by a mean difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 148 minutes (37–259 minutes) (P = .003), without prolonging sensory/motor blockade. Dexmedetomidine increased rates of hypotension (risk ratio [95% CI], 6.3 [1.5–27.5]; P = .01) and sedation (risk ratio [95% CI], 15.8 [3.9–64.6]; P = .0001). Overall risk of bias was moderate, and publication bias was noted, resulting in downgrading evidence strength.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is low-quality evidence that both adjuncts similarly prolong sensory/motor blockade. However, dexamethasone may be a superior adjunct; it improves the duration of analgesia by a statistically significant increase, albeit clinically modest, equivalent to 2.5 hours more than dexmedetomidine, without the risks of hypotension or sedation. Future direct comparisons are encouraged.
The DNA Duplex as an Aqueous One-Dimensional Soft Crystal Scaffold for Photochemistry
Authors: Asanuma Hiroyuki , Murayama Keiji , Kamiya Yukiko , Kashida Hiromu 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this account, we demonstrate that DNA duplex is an ideal scaffold for photochemistry, particularly for comparison of photochemical theory with experiments. The well-defined structure of a DNA duplex can be regarded as an aqueous one-dimensional soft crystal composed of a chromophore-like base-pair assembly. When any base pair in the duplex is replaced with a chromophore, orientation, distance, and association number of chromophores can be precisely controlled. We have developed a new methodology for introduction of chromophores into DNA duplexes using d-threoninol. By using the DNA duplex as a scaffold, experiments on exciton interactions of chromophore assemblies can be compared with molecular exciton theory. A fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) system was also constructed by introducing donor pyrene and acceptor perylene into the DNA duplex using d-threoninol monomers. Using this system, we demonstrated orientation-dependent FRET. We found that theories on both exciton interaction and FRET qualitatively coincide with experimental data and revealed the limitation of the point-dipole approximation. We also evaluated the intrinsic quantum yield of photodimerization of stilbene derivatives by suppressing a side reaction. We propose that there is a correlation of quantum yield of photodimerization with the energy gap of HOMO or LUMO, a hypothesis that deserves theoretical investigation.
Using machine learning to guide targeted and locally-tailored empiric antibiotic prescribing in a children's hospital in Cambodia
Authors: Oonsivilai Mathupanee , Mo Yin , Luangasanatip Nantasit , Lubell Yoel , Miliya Thyl , Tan Pisey , Loeuk Lorn , Turner Paul , Cooper Ben S. 
Published: October 2018

Background: Early and appropriate empiric antibiotic treatment of patients suspected of having sepsis is associated with reduced mortality. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance reduces the efficacy of empiric therapy guidelines derived from population data. This problem is particularly severe for children in developing country settings. We hypothesized that by applying machine learning approaches to readily collect patient data, it would be possible to obtain individualized predictions for targeted empiric antibiotic choices.Methods and Findings: We analysed blood culture data collected from a 100-bed children's hospital in North-West Cambodia between February 2013 and January 2016. Clinical, demographic and living condition information was captured with 35 independent variables. Using these variables, we used a suite of machine learning algorithms to predict Gram stains and whether bacterial pathogens could be treated with common empiric antibiotic regimens: i) ampicillin and gentamicin; ii) ceftriaxone; iii) none of the above. 243 patients with bloodstream infections were available for analysis. We found that the random forest method had the best predictive performance overall as assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The random forest method gave an AUC of 0.80 (95%CI 0.66-0.94) for predicting susceptibility to ceftriaxone, 0.74 (0.59-0.89) for susceptibility to ampicillin and gentamicin, 0.85 (0.70-1.00) for susceptibility to neither, and 0.71 (0.57-0.86) for Gram stain result. Most important variables for predicting susceptibility were time from admission to blood culture, patient age, hospital versus community-acquired infection, and age-adjusted weight score.Conclusions: Applying machine learning algorithms to patient data that are readily available even in resource-limited hospital settings can provide highly informative predictions on antibiotic susceptibilities to guide appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy. When used as a decision support tool, such approaches have the potential to improve targeting of empiric therapy, patient outcomes and reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance.
Reduction of word-final obstruent-liquid-schwa clusters in Parisian French
Authors: Brand Sophie , Ernestus Mirjam 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis corpus study investigated pronunciation variants of word-final obstruent-liquid-schwa (OLS) clusters in nouns in casual Parisian French. Results showed that at least one phoneme was absent in 80.7% of the 291 noun tokens in the dataset, and that the whole cluster was absent (e.g., [mis] forministre) in no less than 15.5% of the tokens. We demonstrate that phonemes are not always completely absent, but that they may leave traces on neighbouring phonemes. Further, the clusters display undocumented voice assimilation patterns. Statistical modelling showed that a phoneme is most likely to be absent if the following phoneme is also absent. The durations of the phonemes are conditioned particularly by the position of the word in the prosodic phrase. We argue, on the basis of three different types of evidence, that in French word-final OLS clusters, the absence of obstruents is mainly due to gradient reduction processes, whereas the absence of schwa and liquids may also be due to categorical deletion processes.
A diachronic perspective on near-synonymy: The concept of sweet-smelling in American English
Authors: Pettersson-Traba Daniela 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a diachronic analysis of the attributive uses of four synonymous adjectives which designate the concept ofsweet-smelling(fragrant, perfumed, scented, andsweet-smelling) in the latter part of Late Modern and Present-day American English. By drawing on data from theCorpus of Historical American English(COHA) and applying a Hierarchical Configural Frequency Analysis (HCFA), it delineates the internal semantic structure of this set of synonyms, paying special attention to their noun collocates. The results show that the concept ofsweet-smellingexperiences major changes over the time span examined (1850–2009), from being used mostly to qualify entities which can exhibit anaturalpleasant smell (e.g. flowers and trees) to modifying objects which areartificiallysweet-smelling (e.g. oils and shampoos). Moreover,fragrantandperfumed, which initially were the most frequent adjectives, are gradually replaced byscented, thus reflecting a change in the relation between the synonyms over time. The study constitutes the first diachronic approximation to synonymy from the perspective of cognitive semantics and provides equally effective results as previous synchronic research in the field.
Growth and Fruit Biochemical Characteristics of Three Strawberry Genotypes under Different Potassium Concentrations of Nutrient Solution
Authors: Tohidloo Ghasem , Souri Mohammad Kazem , Eskandarpour Samaneh 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A nutrient solution experiment was performed to evaluate the growth, yield and fruit biochemical characteristics of strawberry under different potassium levels of nutrient solution. Potassium concentrations including 235 (control), 350, 450 and 600 mg L-1 were applied to three strawberry genotypes of Camarosa, Selva and Parus under hydroponic culture. In the three genotypes, the maximum leaf area was observed at 350 mg L-1 K, and the maximum shoot fresh weight was either at 350 mg L-1 (in Camarosa and Parus) or at 400 mg L-1 (in Selva). In Selva, higher yield was produced by higher K concentrations than control (17-33%) and in Camarosa, the maximum yield was produced at 350 mg L-1 (16%), whereas fruit yield in Parus was not affected by K concentrations. In Selva and Parus application of 350 mg L-1 potassium produced more fruits than control. The maximum fruit vitamin C content in Camarosa and Selva was at 350 mg L-1, and in Parus at 450 mg L-1, while the significant lowest in three genotypes was at 600 mg L-1. Fruit titratable acidity and pH in Camarosa and Selva, and fruit TSS in Parus were not affected by K levels. Fruit total soluble solids (TSS) in Camarosa and Selva were maximum in 350 and 450 mg L-1. Increasing K concentrations of nutrient solution increased leaf and fruit K concentration than control. The results indicate that overall plant growth and fruit quality of three strawberry genotypes were increased by 350 mg L-1 potassium, while application of 600 mg L-1 reduced most traits than control. The Selva genotype had also a better response to higher concentration of K than two other genotypes.
Service Life Prediction Method for Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridges under Chloride-Aggressive Environments
Authors: Huang Ying , Wei Jun , Dong Rongzhen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The behavior of concrete and prestressed concrete bridges under chloride-aggressive environments during their service life is influenced not only by load (especially fatigue forces) but also by the corrosion environment. At present, the research of working performance and life prediction of bridges mainly focuses on the role of force or takes a single parameter as failure criterion, such as chloride ion concentration and steel bar depassivation. In this article, the service life prediction model of concrete and prestressed concrete bridges subjected to chloride-aggressive environments and fatigue is established, and the interaction of environmental effects and fatigue is taken into full account based on the mechanism of heat and mass transfer in porous media, the metal corrosion theory, and the classical mechanics theory. Taking depassivation as a demarcation point, the calculation method for the service life of concrete and prestressed concrete bridges is developed by analyzing the service life evolution process and determining the failure criterion. The service life of concrete bridges in coastal areas is calculated by the self-compiled program with MATLAB software (MathWorks, Natick, MA), and the results show good agreement with those in the project example. According to the results of the service life calculation with different increments of the number of fatigue loading cycles, ΔN, the increment of the number of fatigue loading cycles ΔN has an influence of no more than 5 % on the service life. This indicates that the calculation is converged and stable and that the calculation results are reliable. The service life of bridges is shortened with the increase of surface chloride concentration of concrete, daily vehicle traffic volume and load level, and the decrease of the concrete cover thickness. The study results are referred to predict the service life of concrete and prestressed concrete bridges under chloride-aggressive environments.
Gaps in Well-Child Care Attendance Among Primary Care Clinics Serving Low-Income Families
Authors: Wolf Elizabeth R. , Hochheimer Camille J. , Sabo Roy T. , DeVoe Jennifer , Wasserman Richard , Geissal Erik , Opel Douglas J. , Warren Nate , Puro Jon , O’Neil Jennifer , Pecsok James , Krist Alex H. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
It is unclear which specific well-child visits (WCVs) are most frequently missed and whether age-specific patterns of attendance differ by race or insurance type.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children 0 to 6 years old between 2011 and 2016 within 2 health networks spanning 20 states. WCVs were identified by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and 10th Revisions and Current Procedural Terminology codes. We calculated adherence to the 13 American Academy of Pediatrics–recommended WCVs from birth to age 6 years. To address data completeness, we made 2 adherence calculations after a child’s last recorded WCV: 1 in which we assumed all subsequent WCVs were attended outside the network and 1 in which we assumed none were.

RESULTS:
We included 152 418 children in our analysis. Most children were either publicly insured (77%) or uninsured (14%). The 2-, 4-, and 6-month visits were the most frequently attended (63% [assuming no outside care after the last recorded WCV] to 90% [assuming outside care]), whereas the 15- and 18-months visits (41%–75%) and 4-year visit (19%–49%) were the least frequently attended. Patients who were publicly insured and uninsured (versus privately insured) had higher odds of missing WCVs. Hispanic and Asian American (versus non-Hispanic white) patients had higher odds of attending WCVs.

DISCUSSION
The 15- and 18-month WCVs as well as the 4-year WCV are the least frequently attended WCVs. The former represent opportunities to identify developmental delays, and the latter represents an opportunity to assess school readiness.
Relação entre a qualidade da assistência pré-natal e a prematuridade: Uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Wachholz Vanessa Andréia , Costa Melissa Guterres , Kerber Nalú Pereira da Costa , Gonçalves Carla Vitola , Ramos Diego Vasconcelos , Sena Francielle Garcia 
Published: October 2018

A prematuridade é um dos grandes problemas de saúde pública, por contribuir fortemente para a elevada taxa de morbimortalidade infantil. Possíveis fatores de risco que colaboram para sua ocorrência têm sido investigados, dentre eles a assistência pré-natal, pois a mesma é elencada em virtude de, por meio dela, ser possível prevenir, diagnosticar e tratar eventos indesejáveis que possam resultar em danos para mãe e o recém-nascido. Objetivou-se identificar a produção cientifica sobre a associação entre a prematuridade e a qualidade da assistência pré-natal. Revisão integrativa com coleta de dados realizada de março a junho de 2014 utilizando o descritor trabalho de parto prematuro nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library Online e Literatura Internacional em Ciências da Saúde. Os artigos foram organizados conforme o assunto abordado, sendo criadas três categorias: fatores de risco para o parto prematuro, prevenção ao parto prematuro e assistência pré-natal e parto prematuro. Embora tenham sido encontrados poucos estudos relacionando o parto prematuro e a realização do pré-natal, cabe ressaltar a importância da realização de uma assistência pré-natal adequada, de acordo com o que o Ministério da Saúde preconiza por meio de uma rotina mínima. Ela é importante para detectar e tratar precocemente determinadas complicações que levam, entre outros desfechos indesejáveis, ao parto prematuro. Relationship between the quality of service pre -natal and a prematurity: An integrative reviewAbstract: Prematurity is a one of the major problem of public health, for contributing to the high rate of infant morbidity and mortality. Possible risk factors that collaborate to their occurrence have been investigated, including prenatal assistance, because through it, be possible to prevent, diagnose and treat adverse events that may result in damage to mother and the newborn. The objective identify the scientific production on the association between prematurity and the quality of prenatal care. Integrative review with data collection carried out from March to June 2014 using the descriptor preterm labor in databases Scientific Electronic Library Online and International Literature on Health Sciences. The articles were organized according to the subject matter, being created three categories: risk factors for preterm birth, preterm labor prevention and prenatal care and preterm birth. Although they have been found few studies relating the premature birth and the completion of prenatal care, it is important to stress the importance of a proper prenatal care, according to the Ministry of Health recommends using a minimum routine. It is important to detect and treat early certain complications that lead, among other undesirable outcomes, to premature birth.