bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The energy flux spectrum of internal waves generated by turbulent convection
Authors: Couston Louis-Alexandre , Lecoanet Daniel , Favier Benjamin , Le Bars Michael 
Published: September 2018

We present three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of internal waves excited by turbulent convection in a self-consistent, Boussinesq and Cartesian model of mixed convective and stably stratified fluids. We demonstrate that in the limit of large Rayleigh number ($Ra\in [4\times 10^{7},10^{9}]$) and large stratification (Brunt–Väisälä frequencies$f_{N}\gg f_{c}$, where$f_{c}$is the convective frequency), simulations are in good agreement with a theory that assumes waves are generated by Reynolds stresses due to eddies in the turbulent region as described in Lecoanet & Quataert (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., vol. 430 (3), 2013, pp. 2363–2376). Specifically, we demonstrate that the wave energy flux spectrum scales like$k_{\bot }^{4}\,f^{-13/2}$for weakly damped waves (with$k_{\bot }$and$f$the waves’ horizontal wavenumbers and frequencies, respectively), and that the total wave energy flux decays with$z$, the distance from the convective region, like$z^{-13/8}$.
Norms and the Flexibility of Moral Action
Authors: FeldmanHall Oriel , Son Jae-Young , Heffner Joseph 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA complex web of social and moral norms governs many everyday human behaviors, acting as the glue for social harmony. The existence of moral norms helps elucidate the psychological motivations underlying a wide variety of seemingly puzzling behavior, including why humans help or trust total strangers. In this review, we examine four widespread moral norms: Fairness, altruism, trust, and cooperation, and consider how a single social instrument—reciprocity—underpins compliance to these norms. Using a game theoretic framework, we examine how both context and emotions moderate moral standards, and by extension, moral behavior. We additionally discuss how a mechanism of reciprocity facilitates the adherence to, and enforcement of, these moral norms through a core network of brain regions involved in processing reward. In contrast, violating this set of moral norms elicits neural activation in regions involved in resolving decision conflict and exerting cognitive control. Finally, we review how a reinforcement mechanism likely governs learning about morally normative behavior. Together, this review aims to explain how moral norms are deployed in ways that facilitate flexible moral choices.
THE INNER LIVES OF EARLY MODERN TRAVEL
Authors: WILLIAMS MARK R. F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article assesses the role of memory, interiority, and intergenerational relations in the framing of early modern experiences and narratives of travel. It adopts as its focus three generations of the Clerk family of Penicuik, Scotland, whose travels through Europe from the mid-seventeenth century onward proved formative in the creation of varied ‘cosmopolitan’ stances within the family. While such widely studied practices as the ‘Grand Tour’ have drawn on discourses of encounter and cultural engagement within the broader narratives of the ‘long’ eighteenth century, this article reveals a family made deeply anxious by the consequences of travel, both during and after the act. Using diaries, manuscript correspondence, memoirs, and material objects, this article reveals the many ways in which travel was fashioned before, during, and long after it was undertaken. By shifting focus away from the act of travel itself and towards its subsequent afterlives, it explores the ways in which these individuals internalized what they experienced in the course of travel, how they reconciled it with the familiar, quotidian world to which they returned, and how the ‘cosmopolitan’ worldviews they brought home were made to inform the generations that followed.
Some Comments on the Enforcement Committee's Jurisdiction in the Adjudication and Settlement of Market Manipulation Cases: Pather and Another v Financial Services Board and Others [2014] 3 All SA 208 (GP)
Authors: Chitimira Howard 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe article examines the court judgment in Pather and Another v Financial Services Board and Others [2014] 3 All SA 208 (GP) to explore the Enforcement Committee (EC)’s jurisdiction to settle market abuse cases in South Africa.
Enhancing water productivity using alternative rice growing practices: a case study from Southern India
Authors: Deelstra J. , Nagothu U. S. , Kakumanu K. R. , Kaluvai Y. R. , Kallam S. R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSaving water in irrigated agriculture is a high priority in areas with scarce water resources and impacted by climate change. This paper presents results of measurements on water productivity (WP) under alternative rice growing practices such as alternating wetting and drying, direct seeded rice, modified systems of rice intensification and conventional paddy rice (NI) in two selected districts (Guntur in Andhra Pradesh and Nalgonda in Telangana, India). Under alternative practices, the yields varied from 5.72 to 6.11 t/ha compared with 4.71 t/ha under paddy rice. The average water application varied from 991 to 1494 mm under alternative practices while average application in conventional paddy rice was 2242 mm. Higher yield and lower water application led to an increase in WP varying from 0.45 to 0.59 kg/m3 under alternative practices compared with 0.22 kg/m3 under conventional paddy rice. The measurements showed that less water can be used to produce more crop under alternative rice growing practices. The results are important for water-scarce areas, providing useful information to policy makers, farmers, agricultural departments and water management boards in devising future climate-smart adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Stapedotomy using a 4 mm endoscope: any advantage over a microscope?
Authors: Bhardwaj A , Anant A , Bharadwaj N , Gupta A , Gupta S 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo ascertain the feasibility of endoscopic (4 mm) stapedotomy, and compare intra- and post-operative variations with microscopic stapedotomies.MethodsForty otosclerosis patients were scheduled for microscopic or endoscopic stapedotomy. Intra-operative variables compared were: incision, canalplasty, canal wall curettage for ossicular assessment, chorda tympani manipulation, ability to perform stapes footplate perforation before its supra-structure removal, and operative time. Post-operative variables compared were ear pain and hearing improvement.ResultsOf the 20 microscopy patients, 4 required endaural incision and canalplasty because of canal overhangs, and 7 required canal wall curettage for ossicular assessment. None of the 20 endoscopy patients required these procedures. Chorda tympani was manipulated in 13 and 6 patients in the microscopy and endoscopy groups respectively, while the stapes footplate could be perforated in 5 and 11 patients respectively. Mean operative time was 50.25 and 76.05 minutes in the microscopy and endoscopy groups respectively. In the endoscopy group, mean air–bone gap was 37.12 and 10.73 dB pre- and post-operation respectively; in the microscopy group, these values were 35.95 and 13.81 dB.ConclusionEndoscopic stapedotomy has comparable hearing outcomes. Sinonasal endoscope serves as a better tool for: minimal incision, canalplasty avoidance, less chorda tympani mobilisation, and stapes footplate perforation ability.
Position analysis, singularity loci and workspace of a novel 2

P

R

P

U Schoenflies-motion generator
Authors: Simas Henrique , Di Gregorio Raffaele 
Published: September 2018

SUMMARYPick-and-place applications need to perform rigid body displacements that combine translations along three independent directions and rotations around one fixed direction (Schoenflies motions). Such displacements constitute a four-dimensional (4-D) subgroup (Schoenflies subgroup) of the 6-D displacement group. The four-degrees of freedom (dof) manipulators whose end effector performs only Schoenflies motions are named Schoenflies-motion generators (SMGs). The most known SMGs are the serial robots named SCARA. In the literature, parallel manipulators (PMs) have also been proposed as SMGs. Here, a novel single-loop SMG of type 2PRPU is studied. Its position analysis, singularity loci and workspace are addressed to provide simple analytic and geometric tools that are useful for the design. The proposed single-loop SMG is not overconstrained, its actuators are on or near the base and its end effector can perform a complete rotation. These features solve the main drawbacks that parallel SMG architectures have in general and make the proposed SMG a valid design alternative.
Changes in climate and vegetation with altitude on Mount Batilamu, Viti Levu, Fiji
Authors: Anderson Jacynta , Keppel Gunnar , Thomson Sophie-Min , Randell Anthony , Raituva Jone , Koroi Iliesa , Anisi Ramokasa , Charlson Tanya , Boehmer Hans Juergen , Kleindorfer Sonia 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:To investigate changes in vegetation and climate with altitude, we established forest plots and recorded climatic data at 100-m intervals between 550–1100 m asl on the western slopes of Mount Batilamu, Mount Koroyanitu range, Viti Levu, Fiji. Trees with a dbh ≥10 cm were identified and measured in 21 10 × 10-m plots, starting at 750 m altitude. Temperature and relative humidity sensors were deployed in two habitats, leaf litter and 50 cm above the ground, and two vegetation types, grasslands and forest, at six altitudes over a 48-h period. Two significantly distinct forest types, lowland and montane, were present. Montane forest was found at higher elevations (>950 m asl) and had significantly higher stem density. Mean temperature decreased significantly with altitude and was strongly moderated by vegetation type (lower average and less variation in forest). While average relative humidity significantly increased with altitude, it was strongly moderated by both habitat and vegetation type (higher average and less variation in leaf litter and forest). The lapse rate varied with time of day (higher during the day) and vegetation type (higher in grasslands). Therefore, vegetation and microhabitats create unique microclimates, and this should be considered when investigating current or future climatic patterns along altitudinal gradients on forested mountains.
Estimation of the burden of flu-association influenza-like illness visits on total clinic visits through the sentinel influenza monitoring system in Senegal during the 2013–2015 influenza seasons
Authors: Niang M. N. , Barry M. A. , Talla C. , Mbengue A. , Sarr F. D. , Ba I. O. , Hedible B. G. , Ndoye B. , Vray M. , Dia N. ,   for the 4S Network Group
Published: September 2018

AbstractKnowing the burden of influenza is helpful for policy decisions. Here we estimated the contribution of influenza-like illness (ILI) visits associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza among all clinic visits in a Senegal sentinel network. ILI data from ten sentinel sites were collected from January 2013 to December 2015. ILI was defined as an axillary measured fever of more than 37.5 °C with a cough or a sore throat. Collected nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for influenza viruses by rRT-PCR. Influenza-associated ILI was defined as ILI with laboratory-confirmed influenza. For the influenza disease burden estimation, we used all-case outpatient visits during the study period who sought care at selected sites. Of 4030 ILI outpatients tested, 1022 were influenza positive. The estimated proportional contribution of influenza-associated ILI was, per 100 outpatients, 1.2 (95% CI 1.1–1.3), 0.32 (95% CI 0.28–0.35), 1.11 (95% CI 1.05–1.16) during 2013, 2014, 2015, respectively. The age-specific outpatient visits proportions of influenza-associated ILI were higher among children under 5 years (0.68%, 95% CI: 0.62–0.70). The predominant virus during years 2013 and 2015 was influenza B while A/H3N2 subtype was predominant during 2014. Influenza viruses cause a substantial burden of outpatient visits particularly among children under 5 of age in Senegal and highlight the need of vaccination in risk groups.
Regulating Poor Migrants in Border Regions: A Microhistory of Out-Parish Relief in Bulskamp (1768–96)
Authors: SCHEPERS MARJOLEIN 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:The regulation of poor migrants increasingly became a problem for local governments in eighteenth-century West Flanders and Flandres Maritime. Conflicts arose about which parish migrants should address for requesting poor relief. Migrants moreover physically moved over the boundaries of the different national French and Flemish legislative systems. This article will analyse how local parishes dealt with these problems in practice by focusing on a local agreement: the Concordat of Ypres of 1750. This Concordat offers an abundance of archival material and provides a unique insight into the practices of settlement and poor relief in continental Ancien Régime Europe. The aim of the article is to understand how out-parish relief functioned within the agreement. With that aim in mind, I will analyse, inter alia, the micro practices of how out-parish relief was paid (for example, removal or out-parish relief), how it reached the poor and, more importantly, how the number, expenses on and spread of out-parish poor evolved through the years. This article strengthens the claim that extensive relief practices were not unique to England and Wales. It also provides further insights into the relations between rural and urban areas (as most migration and settlement literature had either an urban or a rural focus) and sheds light on the differences of interests between local and central administrations.
‘The Troublesome Word of Crisis’: Discourse on the Agricultural Crisis of the 1930s in the Belgian Parliament
Authors: ESKENS LAURA 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe concept of a ‘crisis’ was omnipresent in the period of economic depression in the 1930s. What is more, the agricultural crisis was part of a never previously experienced despair in Europe and the whole of the Western world. Historians have extensively researched the crisis in agriculture, however, without reflecting on the consequences of the use of the concept and the discourse related to it. In this article – inspired by refreshing historical research on parliamentary practices – I investigate the language and figures of speech used in the Belgian Parliament to frame the agricultural question in a particular way. The case of Belgium is unique because farmers’ associations were well represented in parliament, in spite of the declining importance of agriculture in the active population and national economy. Since 1840 onwards, Belgian governments had embraced free trade and pursued an economic policy with little or no trade obstructions, dictated by the interests of the export industry. The depression of the 1930s urged a re-evaluation of the relationship between the state and the economy, which extended to agriculture. The Belgian free trade tradition – already exceptionally abandoned during and immediately after the Great War to cope with food scarcity – seemed to crumble during the interwar period as farmers’ associations asked for protectionist measures from 1929 onwards. This article contributes to our understanding of this paradigm shift from free trade towards agricultural protectionism. Furthermore, it gives an insight into the complexity of the interest groups campaigning for agricultural protectionism and using specific metaphors and discourse to influence politics.
‘An Arena of Glorious Work’: The Protection of the Rural Landscape Against the Demands of Britain's Second World War Effort
Authors: WILLIS GARY 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:This article explores the development of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England's (CPRE) policy response to the increasing demands for rural land by the armed forces and other war effort-related government departments prior to and during the Second World War. The CPRE was supportive of Britain's war effort, but nevertheless throughout the war sought to remain an effective advocate for the preservation of the rural landscape – a landscape that was regularly evoked by state propaganda to stimulate the population's support for the war effort, yet was subject to alteration and degradation by that very effort. The result was a generally private campaign of lobbying characterised by opposition to some war effort-related proposals for rural land use, acquiescence to others, and consistent efforts to seek to ensure that requisitioned land was returned to its prewar use. Central to the CPRE's capacity to influence was a consultative mechanism created by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1938, which established the CPRE as a stakeholder that government ministries were required to consult with over their proposed use of land in rural areas for airfields, training camps, war industry, and other purposes. The immediate postwar legacy of this work, both for the CPRE and the rural landscape, is also examined. This article therefore contributes, albeit from a tangential perspective, to the growing historiography on the militarisation of landscapes, defined by Coates et al. as ‘sites that have been fully or partially mobilised for military purposes’.2
Le triple fonctionnement de l'adverbe honnêtement en français contemporain: propriétés et liens avec les marqueurs d'attitude énonciative
Authors: ALVAREZ-PRENDES EMMA 
Published: September 2018

RÉSUMÉDans ce travail nous proposons un examen des emplois de l'adverbe honnêtement en français contemporain, ainsi que de leurs propriétés les plus saillantes et des liens existant entre ces emplois et la catégorie sémantique des marqueurs d'attitude énonciative. Notre hypothèse de départ est qu'honnêtement connaît aujourd'hui un triple fonctionnement: 1. comme adverbe qui caractérise la réalisation de l'action évoquée par le verbe de l’énoncé (i.e. Il essayait de faire honnêtement son travail; Michel Houellebecq, 2010, La carte et le territoire); 2. comme adverbe qui montre l'attitude du locuteur vis-à-vis de sa propre énonciation (i.e. Honnêtement, je ne pouvais pas les laisser là. N'importe qui aurait pu les voler; Daniel Pennac, 1999, Aux fruits de la passion); 3. et comme un adverbe qui indique un degré moyen, ou un peu plus élevé que la moyenne, du contenu de l'adjectif qu'il modifie (i.e. Le passage s'est fait dans l'euphorie factice d'un réveillon organisé chez Pinaud. C’était bon et honnêtement copieux; Benoîte et Flora Groult, 1994, Journal à quatre mains). Pour atteindre notre objectif nous avons eu recours à une série de tests linguistiques (de type foncièrement syntaxique et sémantique) qui ont été appliqués à un corpus personnel de deux centaines d'occurrences tirées de la base de données FRANTEXT.
Pragmatic Neuroethics: Lived Experiences as a Source of Moral Knowledge
Authors: PAVARINI GABRIELA , SINGH ILINA 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:In this article, we present a pragmatic approach to neuroethics, referring back to John Dewey and his articulation of the “common good” and its discovery through systematic methods. Pragmatic neuroethics bridges philosophy and social sciences and, at a very basic level, considers that ethics is not dissociable from lived experiences and everyday moral choices. We reflect on the integration between empirical methods and normative questions, using as our platform recent bioethical and neuropsychological research into moral cognition, action, and experience. Finally, we present the protocol of a study concerning teenagers’ morality in everyday life, discussing our epistemological choices as an example of a pragmatic approach in empirical ethics. We hope that this article conveys that even though the scope of neuroethics is broad, it is important not to move too far from the real life encounters that give rise to moral questions in the first place.
Call of Duty at the Frontier of Research: Normative Epistemology for High-Risk/High-Gain Studies of Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: BITTLINGER MERLIN 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:Research participants are entitled to many rights that may easily come into conflict. The most important ones are that researchers respect their autonomy as persons and act on the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Since 2014, research subjects from numerous states in the United States of America also have a legal “right to try” that allows them, under certain circumstances, to receive experimental (i.e., preliminarily tested) interventions, including medical devices, before official approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration. In the context of experimental interventions, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Alzheimer’s disease, this article argues that research participants ought never to have a legal “right to try” without a corresponding “right to be sure.” The latter refers to external epistemic justification construed in terms of reliance on reliable evidence. This article demonstrates that the mere complexity of intervention ensembles, as in the case of DBS for Alzheimer’s disease which serves as a paradigm example, illustrate how unanswered and/or unasked open questions give rise to a “combinatorial explosion” of uncertainties that require epistemic responses that no single research team alone is likely able to provide. From this assessment, several epistemic asymmetrical relations between researchers and participants are developed. By elucidating these epistemic asymmetries, this article unravels the reasons why open science, transparent exhaustive data reporting, preregistration, and continued constant critical appraisal via pre- and postpublication peer review are not scientific virtues of moral excellence but rather ordinary obligations of the scientific work routine required to increase reliability and strength of evidence.
Do New Neuroimaging Findings Challenge the Ethical Basis of Advance Directives in Disorders of Consciousness?
Authors: FRIEDRICH ORSOLYA , WOLKENSTEIN ANDREAS , JOX RALF J. , ROGGER NIEK , BOZZARO CLAUDIA 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:Some authors have questioned the moral authority of advance directives (ADs) in cases in which it is not clear if the author of the AD is identical to the person to whom it later applies. This article focuses on the question of whether the latest results of neuroimaging studies have moral significance with regard to the moral authority of ADs in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOCs). Some neuroimaging findings could provide novel insights into the question of whether patients with DOCs exhibit sufficient psychological continuity to be ascribed diachronic personal identity. If those studies were to indicate that psychological continuity is present, they could justify the moral authority of ADs in patients with DOCs. This holds at least if respect for self-determination is considered as the foundation for the moral authority of ADs. The non-identity thesis in DOCs could no longer be applied, in line with clinical and social practice.
Neuroethics: A Conceptual Approach
Authors: FARISCO MICHELE , SALLES ARLEEN , EVERS KATHINKA 
Published: September 2018

Abstract:In this article, we begin by identifying three main neuroethical approaches: neurobioethics, empirical neuroethics, and conceptual neuroethics. Our focus is on conceptual approaches that generally emphasize the need to develop and use a methodological modus operandi for effectively linking scientific (i.e., neuroscience) and philosophical (i.e., ethics) interpretations. We explain and assess the value of conceptual neuroethics approaches and explain and defend one such approach that we propose as being particularly fruitful for addressing the various issues raised by neuroscience: fundamental neuroethics.