bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean involves a reprogramming of the phenylpropanoid pathway and up‐regulation of antifungal activity targeting ergosterol biosynthesis
Authors: Ranjan Ashish , Westrick Nathaniel M. , Jain Sachin , Piotrowski Jeff S. , Ranjan Manish , Kessens Ryan , Stiegman Logan , Grau Craig R. , Conley Shawn P. , Smith Damon L. , Kabbage Mehdi 
Published: January 2019

SummarySclerotinia sclerotiorum, a predominately necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a broad host range, causes a significant yield‐limiting disease of soybean called Sclerotinia stem rot. Resistance mechanisms against this pathogen in soybean are poorly understood, thus hindering the commercial deployment of resistant varieties. We used a multiomic approach utilizing RNA‐sequencing, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics and chemical genomics in yeast to decipher the molecular mechanisms governing resistance to S. sclerotiorum in soybean. Transcripts and metabolites of two soybean recombinant inbred lines, one resistant and one susceptible to S. sclerotiorum were analysed in a time course experiment. The combined results show that resistance to S. sclerotiorum in soybean is associated in part with an early accumulation of JA‐Ile ((+)‐7‐iso‐jasmonoyl‐L‐isoleucine), a bioactive jasmonate, increased ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species, and importantly, a reprogramming of the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to increased antifungal activities. Indeed, we noted that phenylpropanoid pathway intermediates, such as 4‐hydroxybenzoate, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid, were highly accumulated in the resistant line. In vitro assays show that these metabolites and total stem extracts from the resistant line clearly affect S. sclerotiorum growth and development. Using chemical genomics in yeast, we further show that this antifungal activity targets ergosterol biosynthesis in the fungus, by disrupting enzymes involved in lipid and sterol biosynthesis. Overall, our results are consistent with a model where resistance to S. sclerotiorum in soybean coincides with an early recognition of the pathogen, leading to the modulation of the redox capacity of the host and the production of antifungal metabolites.
Safety and diagnostic performance of pulmonologists performing electromagnetic guided percutaneous lung biopsy (SPiNperc)
Authors: Mallow Christopher , Lee Hans , Oberg Catherine , Thiboutot Jeffrey , Akulian Jason , Burks Allen C. , Luna Branden , Benzaquen Sadia , Batra Hitesh , Cardenas‐Garcia Jose , Toth Jennifer , Heidecker Jay , Belanger Adam , McClune Jason , Osman Umar , Lakshminarayanan Venkatesh , Pastis Nicholas , Silvestri Gerard , Chen Alexander , Yarmus Lonny 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectivePercutaneous lung biopsy for diagnostic sampling of peripheral lung nodules has been widely performed by interventional radiologists under computed tomography (CT) guidance. New technology allows pulmonologists to perform percutaneous lung biopsies using electromagnetic (EM) guided technology. With the adoption of this new technique, the safety, feasibility and diagnostic yield need to be explored. The goal of this study was to determine the safety, feasibility and diagnostic yield of EM‐guided percutaneous lung biopsy performed by pulmonologists.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, multicentre study of 129 EM‐guided percutaneous lung biopsies that occurred between November 2013 and March 2017. The study consisted of seven academic and three community medical centres.ResultsThe average age of participants was 65.6 years, BMI was 26.3 and 50.4% were females. The majority of lesions were in the right upper lobe (37.2%) and left upper lobe (31.8%). The mean size of the lesions was 27.31 mm and the average distance from the pleura was 13.2 mm. Practitioners averaged two fine‐needle aspirates and five core biopsies per procedure. There were 23 (17.8%) pneumothoraces, of which 16 (12.4%) received small‐bore chest tube placement. The diagnostic yield of percutaneous lung biopsy was 73.7%. When EM‐guided bronchoscopic sampling was also performed during the same procedural encounter, the overall diagnostic yield increased to 81.1%.ConclusionIn this large multicentred series, the use of EM guidance for percutaneous lung biopsies was safe and feasible, with acceptable diagnostic yield in the hands of pulmonologists. A prospective multicentre trial to validate these findings is currently underway (NCT03338049).
Cycling time trial performance is improved by carbohydrate ingestion during exercise regardless of a fed or fasted state
Authors: Learsi Sara K. , Ghiarone Thaysa , Silva‐Cavalcante Marcos D. , Andrade‐Souza Victor A. , Ataide‐Silva Thays , Bertuzzi Romulo , de Araujo Gustavo G. , McConell Glenn , Lima‐Silva Adriano E. 
Published: January 2019

PurposeWe tested the hypothesis that carbohydrate ingestion during exercise improves time trial (TT) performance and that this carbohydrate‐induced improvement is greater when carbohydrates are ingested during exercise in a fasted rather than a fed state.MethodsNine males performed 105 minutes of constant‐load exercise (50% of the difference between the first and second lactate thresholds), followed by a 10‐km cycling TT. Exercise started at 9 am, 3 hours after either breakfast (FED, 824 kcal, 67% carbohydrate) or a 15‐hour overnight fast (FAST). Before exercise, after every 15 minutes of exercise and at 5 km of the TT, participants ingested 2 mL kg−1 body mass of a non‐caloric sweetened solution containing either carbohydrate (8% of maltodextrin, CHO) or placebo (0% carbohydrate, PLA).ResultsIrrespective of the fasting state, when carbohydrate was ingested during exercise, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was lower throughout the constant‐load exercise, while the plasma glucose concentration and carbohydrate oxidation were higher during the last stages of the constant‐load exercise (P < 0.05). Consequently, TT performance was faster when carbohydrate was ingested during exercise (18.5 ± 0.3 and 18.7 ± 0.4 minutes for the FEDCHO and FASTCHO conditions, respectively) than when the placebo was ingested during exercise (20.2 ± 0.8 and 21.7 ± 1.4 minutes for the FEDPLA and FASTPLA conditions, respectively), regardless of fasting.ConclusionThese findings indicate that even when breakfast is provided before exercise, carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is still beneficial for exercise performance. However, ingesting carbohydrate during exercise can overcome a lack of breakfast.
Corticospinal excitability can discriminate quadriceps strength indicative of knee function after ACL‐reconstruction
Authors: Bodkin Stephan G. , Norte Grant E. , Hart Joseph M. 
Published: January 2019

PurposeTo investigate relationships between quadriceps strength and neural activity, and to establish a clinical threshold of corticospinal excitability able to discriminate between patients with quadriceps strength indicative of satisfactory and unsatisfactory knee function after ACLR.MethodsA total of 29 patients following primary, unilateral ACL‐reconstruction (11 female, 23.2 ± 8.1 years of age, 7.3 ± 2.5 months since surgery) participated. Subjective knee function was quantified using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective evaluation. Peak isokinetic knee extensor torque was assessed at 90°/s. Quadriceps corticospinal excitability was quantified via active motor threshold (AMT, %2‐Tesla) using transcranial magnetic stimulation during a 5% maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps. Pearson's r correlations were used to assess the relationship between peak knee extensor torque and AMT. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to establish a threshold of (a) mass‐normalized peak knee extensor torque to discriminate satisfactory knee function (IKDC ≥ 75.9%), and (b) AMT to discriminate quadriceps strength indicative of satisfactory knee function. Likelihood ratios (LR) and the magnitude of change in pre–post‐test probability were calculated for each threshold.ResultsActive motor threshold was negatively correlated with mass‐normalized peak knee extensor torque (r = −0.503, P = 0.005). Knee extensor torque ≥1.23 Nm/kg was an excellent discriminator of satisfactory knee function (AUC = 0.890, P = 0.002; (+)LR = 9.56). An AMT ≤50.5% was an excellent discriminator of quadriceps strength indicative of satisfactory knee function following ACLR (AUC = 0.839, P = 0.005; (+)LR = 23.75).ConclusionLower corticospinal excitability was associated with lower quadriceps strength. An AMT above 50.5% was found to decrease the probability of having satisfactory knee strength by over 62%.
In‐season adaptations to intense intermittent training and sprint interval training in sub‐elite football players
Authors: Hostrup Morten , Gunnarsson Thomas P. , Fiorenza Matteo , Mørch Kristian , Onslev Johan , Pedersen Kasper M. , Bangsbo Jens 
Published: January 2019

This study investigated the in‐season effect of intensified training comparing the efficacy of duration‐matched intense intermittent exercise training with sprint interval training in increasing intermittent running performance, sprint ability, and muscle content of proteins related to ion handling and metabolism in football players. After the first two weeks in the season, 22 sub‐elite football players completed either 10 weeks of intense intermittent training using the 10‐20‐30 training concept (10‐20‐30, n = 12) or sprint interval training (SIT, n = 10; work/rest ratio: 6‐s/54‐s) three times weekly, with a ~20% reduction in weekly training time. Before and after the intervention, players performed a Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo‐Yo IR1) and a 30‐m sprint test. Furthermore, players had a muscle biopsy taken from the vastus lateralis. Yo‐Yo IR1 performance increased by 330 m (95%CI: 178‐482, P ≤ 0.01) in 10‐20‐30, whereas no change was observed in SIT. Sprint time did not change in 10‐20‐30 but decreased by 0.04 second (95%CI: 0.00‐0.09, P ≤ 0.05) in SIT. Muscle content of HADHA (24%, P ≤ 0.01), PDH‐E1α (40%, P ≤ 0.01), complex I‐V of the electron transport chain (ETC) (51%, P ≤ 0.01) and Na+, K+‐ATPase subunits α2 (33%, P ≤ 0.05) and β1 (27%, P ≤ 0.05) increased in 10‐20‐30, whereas content of DHPR (27%, P ≤ 0.01) and complex I‐V of the ETC (31%, P ≤ 0.05) increased in SIT. Intense intermittent training, combining short sprints and a high aerobic load, is superior to regular sprint interval training in increasing intense intermittent running performance during a Yo‐Yo IR1 test and muscle content of PDH‐E1α and HADHA in sub‐elite football players.
Population coverage and factors associated with participation following a mass drug administration of azithromycin for trachoma elimination in Amhara, Ethiopia
Authors: Ebert Caleb D. , Astale Tigist , Sata Eshetu , Zerihun Mulat , Nute Andrew W. , Stewart Aisha E. P. , Gessese Demelash , Ayenew Gedefaw , Ayele Zebene , Melak Berhanu , Chanyalew Melsew , Gashaw Bizuayehu , Tadesse Zerihun , Callahan E. Kelly , Jenness Samuel M. , Nash Scott D. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryObjectivesMass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is a core component of the WHO‐recommended strategy to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, but low participation rates in MDA campaigns may undermine the effectiveness of this intervention. We explored factors associated with individual MDA participation at the individual, head of household and household levels in Amhara, Ethiopia.MethodsWe conducted four district‐level, multilevel cluster random coverage surveys to collect data on self‐reported MDA participation and predictors. Random‐effects logistic regression modelling was used to identify correlates of MDA participation while adjusting for nesting of individuals at the household and village level.ResultsThe district‐level self‐reported participation in the trachoma MDA ranged from 78.5% to 86.9%. Excellent and fair health status (Odds ratio [OR] = 5.77; 95% Confidence interval [CI]: 3.04, 10.95; OR = 7.08; 95% CI: 3.47, 14.46), advanced knowledge of the MDA campaign (OR = 2.93; 95% CI: 2.04, 4.21) and knowledge of trachoma (OR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.19) were all positively associated with MDA participation. When excluding heads of household from the model, correlates retained similar positive associations to participation, in addition to the head of household participation (OR = 3.34; 95% CI: 2.46, 4.54).ConclusionsTo increase the impact of MDA campaigns, MDA mobilisation strategies—including comprehensive trachoma and azithromycin messaging and MDA campaign awareness—should target heads of household, those in poorer health and older age groups.
Pretreatment with β‐glucan attenuates isoprenaline‐induced myocardial injury in rats
Authors: Çetin Ebru 
Published: January 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The study was designed to assess whether pretreatment with β‐glucan could exert any protective action against isoprenaline‐induced myocardial injury in rats.

What is the main finding and its importance?
β‐Glucan pretreatment could reduce myocardial injury by restoring cardiac biomarkers, antioxidant status, apoptosis and histopathological changes. Therefore, β‐glucan might have the potential to be used in the prevention and/or treatment of myocardial infarction.

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of pretreatment with β‐glucan, the glucose polymer derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, against isoprenaline (ISO)‐induced myocardial injury in rats by studying biochemical cardiac markers, antioxidant parameters, apoptosis, ECG and histopathological changes. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups, namely control, β‐glucan, isoprenaline and β‐glucan + isoprenaline. The β‐glucan treatment group received β‐glucan (50 mg kg−1 day−1, p.o.) for 10 days. Myocardial injury was induced by ISO administration (100 mg kg−1, s.c.) twice, at an interval of 24 h, on the 9th and 10th days. Isoprenaline administration resulted in a marked increase in heart rate, ST segment elevation, myocardial malondialdehyde content, cardiac marker levels (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase‐MB and high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T) and apoptotic index, and a significant decrease in R‐wave amplitude and myocardial superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. In addition, apoptosis, congestion, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and myofibrillar disorganization were observed histologically in myocardial tissue sections. The oral pretreatment with β‐glucan prevented almost all the parameters of isoprenaline‐induced myocardial injury in rats, and these findings were confirmed by the histopathological analysis. These findings provide evidence that β‐glucan could protect rat myocardium against ISO‐induced myocardial injury, and this was attributed to its antioxidant and anti‐apoptotic properties.
Motor units as tools to evaluate profile of human Renshaw inhibition
Authors: Özyurt Mustafa Görkem , Piotrkiewicz Maria , Topkara Betilay , Weisskircher Hans‐Werner , Türker Kemal Sitki 
Published: January 2019

Key points
To uncover the synaptic profile of Renshaw inhibition on motoneurons, we stimulated thick motor axons and recorded from voluntarily‐activated motor units.
Stimuli generated a direct motor response on the whole muscle and an inhibitory response in active motor units.
We have estimated the profile of Renshaw inhibition indirectly using the response of motor unit discharge rates to the stimulus.
We have put forward a method of extrapolation that may be used to determine genuine synaptic potentials as they develop on motoneurons.
These optimized techniques can be used in research and in clinics to fully appreciate Renshaw cell function in various neurological disorders.
AbstractAlthough Renshaw inhibition (RI) has been extensively studied for decades, its precise role in motor control is yet to be discovered. One of the main handicaps is a lack of reliable methods for studying RI in conscious human subjects. We stimulated the lowest electrical threshold motor axons (thickest axons) in the tibial nerve and analysed the stimulus‐correlated changes in discharge of voluntarily recruited low‐threshold single motor units (SMUs) from the soleus muscle. In total, 54 distinct SMUs from 12 subjects were analysed. Stimuli that generated only the direct motor response (M‐only) on surface electromyography induced an inhibitory response in the low‐threshold SMUs. Because the properties of RI had to be estimated indirectly using the background discharge rate of SMUs, its profile varied with the discharge rate of the SMU. The duration of RI was found to be inversely proportional to the discharge rate of SMUs. Using this important finding, we have developed a method of extrapolation for estimating RI as it develops on motoneurons in the spinal cord. The frequency methods indicated that the duration of RI was between 30 and 40 ms depending on the background firing rate of the units, and the extrapolation indicated that RI on silent motoneurons was ∼55 ms. The present study establishes a novel methodology for studying RI in human subjects and hence may serve as a tool for improving our understanding of the involvement of RI in human motor control.
Intake of Animal Protein Blend Plus Carbohydrate Improves Body Composition With no Impact on Performance in Endurance Athletes
Authors: Naclerio Fernando , Larumbe-Zabala Eneko , Larrosa Mar , Centeno Aitor , Esteve-Lanao Jonathan , Moreno-Pérez Diego 
Published: January 2019

The impact of animal protein blend supplements in endurance athletes is scarcely researched. The authors investigated the effect of ingesting an admixture providing orange juice and protein (PRO) from beef and whey versus carbohydrate alone on body composition and performance over a 10-week training period in male endurance athletes. Participants were randomly assigned to a protein (CHO + PRO, n = 15) or a nonprotein isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO, n = 15) group. Twenty grams of supplement mixed with orange juice was ingested postworkout or before breakfast on nontraining days. Measurements were performed pre- and postintervention on body composition (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), peak oxygen consumption (), and maximal aerobic speed. Twenty-five participants (CHO + PRO, n = 12; CHO, n = 13) completed the study. Only the CHO + PRO group significantly (p < .05) reduced whole-body fat (mean ± SD) (−1.02 ± 0.6 kg), total trunk fat (−0.81 ± 0.9 kg), and increased total lower body lean mass (+0.52 ± 0.7 kg), showing close to statistically significant increases of whole-body lean mass (+0.57 ± 0.8 kg, p = .055). Both groups reduced (p < .05) visceral fat (CHO + PRO, −0.03 ± 0.1 kg; CHO, −0.03 ± 0.5 kg) and improved the speed at maximal aerobic speed (CHO + PRO, +0.56 ± 0.5 km/hr; CHO, +0.35 ± 0.5 km/hr). Although consuming animal protein blend mixed with orange juice over 10 weeks helped to reduce fat mass and to increase lean mass, no additional performance benefits in endurance runners were observed.
Influence of Physical Characteristics and Match Outcome on Technical Errors During Rugby League Match Play
Authors: Johnston Rich D. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To explore the relationship between technical errors during rugby league games, match success, and physical characteristics. Methods: A total of 27 semiprofessional rugby league players participated in this study (24.8 [2.5] y, 183.5 [5.3] cm, 97.1 [11.6] kg). Aerobic fitness, strength, and power were assessed prior to the start of the competitive season before technical performance was tracked during 22 competitive fixtures. Attacking errors were determined as any error that occurred in possession of the ball that resulted in a handover to the opposition. Defensive errors included line breaks, penalties, and missed or ineffective tackles. Match outcome, the zone on the field in which each error occurred, and the number of errors in an error chain (≤60 s between errors) were assessed. Results: During a loss, there were more defensive errors in the 0- to 40-m zone than when a match was won (effect size = 0.99 [0.04–1.94]). Error chains were a predictor of conceding a try (P = .0001, r2 = .22), with the odds ratio increasing to 2.33 when there were 7 errors per chain. High lower-body strength was associated with fewer defensive errors for backs (Bayes factor = 3.67) and forwards (Bayes factor = 19.31); relative bench press was also important for backs (Bayes factor = 3.21). Conclusions: Fewer defensive errors occur in the 0- to 40-m zone during winning matches; lower-body strength is strongly associated with fewer defensive errors in rugby league players.
Associations Between Selected Training-Stress Measures and Fitness Changes in Male Soccer Players
Authors: Rabbani Alireza , Kargarfard Mehdi , Castagna Carlo , Clemente Filipe Manuel , Twist Craig 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between accumulated global positioning system–accelerometer-based and heart rate–based training metrics and changes in high-intensity intermittent-running capacity during an in-season phase in professional soccer players. Methods: Eleven male professional players (mean [SD] age 27.2 [4.5] y) performed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) before and after a 5-wk in-season training phase, and the final velocity (VIFT) was considered their high-intensity intermittent-running capacity. During all sessions, Edwards training impulse (Edwards TRIMP), Banister TRIMP, Z5 TRIMP, training duration, total distance covered, new body load (NBL), high-intensity running performance (distance covered above 14.4 km·h−1), and very-high-intensity running performance (distance covered above 19.8 km·h−1) were recorded. Results: The players’ VIFT showed a most likely moderate improvement (+4.3%, 90% confidence limits 3.1–5.5%, effect size 0.70, [0.51–0.89]). Accumulated NBL, Banister TRIMP, and Edwards TRIMP showed large associations (r = .51–.54) with changes in VIFT. A very large relationship was also observed between accumulated Z5 TRIMP (r = .72) with changes in VIFT. Large to nearly perfect within-individual relationships were observed between NBL and some of the other training metrics (ie, Edwards TRIMP, Banister TRIMP, training duration, and total distance) in 10 out of 11 players. Conclusions: Heart rate–based training metrics can be used to monitor high-intensity intermittent-running-capacity changes in professional soccer players. The dose–response relationship is also largely detected using accelerometer-based metrics (ie, NBL) to track changes in high-intensity intermittent-running capacity of professional soccer players.