bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field redefinitions and Kähler potential in string theory at 1-loop
Authors: Haack Michael , Kang Jin U 
Published: August 2018

AbstractField redefinitions at string 1-loop order are often required by supersymmetry, for instance in order to make the Kähler structure of the scalar kinetic terms manifest. We derive the general structure of the field redefinitions and the Kähler potential at string 1-loop order in a certain class of string theory models (4-dimensional toroidal type IIB orientifolds with$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 1 supersymmetry) and for a certain subsector of fields (untwisted Kähler moduli and the 4-dimensional dilaton). To do so we make use of supersymmetry, perturbative axionic shift symmetries and a particular ansatz for the form of the 1-loop corrections to the metric on the moduli space. Our results also show which terms in the low-energy effective action have to be calculated via concrete string amplitudes in order to fix the values of the coefficients (in the field redefinitions and the Kähler potential) that are left undetermined by our general analysis based on (super)symmetry.
Developing and piloting a community scientist academy to engage communities and patients in research
Authors: Stewart M. Kathryn , Spencer Nicola , Davis Anna H. , Hart Camille , Boateng Beatrice 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionEffective translational research requires engagement and collaboration between communities, researchers, and practitioners. We describe a community scientist academy (CSA) developed at the suggestion of our Clinical and Translational Science Awards’ (CTSA) community advisory board to engage and capacitate community members by (1) increasing community members’ and patients’ understanding about the research process and (2) increasing their access to opportunities to influence and participate in research. A joint CTSA/community planning committee developed this 8-hour workshop including sessions on: (1) research definitions and processes; (2) study design; (3) study implementation; and (4) ways to get involved in research. The workshop format includes interactive exercises, content slides and videos, and researcher and community presenters.MethodsCommunity-based information sessions allowed assessment of community interest before piloting. Two pilots of the CSA were conducted with community members and patients. Participant data and a pre/post knowledge and feedback survey provide evaluation data.ResultsThe pilot included 24 diverse participants, over half of whom had not previously participated in research. Evaluation data suggest knowledge gains. Post-CSA, one-third have reviewed CTSA pilot grants and over 80% want to attend further training.ConclusionsThe CSA can demystify the research process for those underrepresented in research and facilitate their engagement and influence within CTSAs.
Systems approach to assessing and improving local human research Institutional Review Board performance
Authors: Fontanesi John , Magit Anthony , Ford Jennifer J. , Nguyen Han , Firestein Gary S. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo quantifying the interdependency within the regulatory environment governing human subject research, including Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), federally mandated Medicare coverage analysis and contract negotiations.MethodsOver 8000 IRB, coverage analysis and contract applications initiated between 2013 and 2016 were analyzed using traditional and machine learning analytics for a quality improvement effort to improve the time required to authorize the start of human research studies.ResultsStaffing ratios, study characteristics such as the number of arms, source of funding and number and type of ancillary reviews significantly influenced the timelines. Using key variables, a predictive algorithm identified outliers for a workflow distinct from the standard process. Improved communication between regulatory units, integration of common functions, and education outreach improved the regulatory approval process.ConclusionsUnderstanding and improving the interdependencies between IRB, coverage analysis and contract negotiation offices requires a systems approach and might benefit from predictive analytics.
Pilot study of an intervention to increase cultural awareness in research mentoring: Implications for diversifying the scientific workforce
Authors: Byars-Winston Angela , Womack Veronica Y. , Butz Amanda R. , McGee Richard , Quinn Sandra C. , Utzerath Emily , Saetermoe Carrie L. , Thomas Stephen B. 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionInnovative evidence-based interventions are needed to equip research mentors with skills to address cultural diversity within research mentoring relationships. A pilot study assessed initial outcomes of a culturally tailored effort to create and disseminate a novel intervention titled Culturally Aware Mentoring (CAM) for research mentors.InterventionIntervention development resulted in 4 products: a 6 hour CAM training curriculum, a facilitator guide, an online pretraining module, and metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of CAM training.MethodParticipants were 64 research mentors from 3 US research-intensive universities. Quantitative pretraining and posttraining evaluation survey data were collected.ResultsParticipants found high value and satisfaction with the CAM training, reported gains in personal cultural awareness and cultural skills, and increased intentions and confidence to address cultural diversity in their mentoring.ConclusionsStudy findings indicate that the CAM training holds promise to build research mentors’ capacity and confidence to engage directly with racial/ethnic topics in research mentoring relationships.
Molecular epidemiology ofCryptosporidiumspp. in calves in Estonia: high prevalence ofCryptosporidium parvumshedding and 10 subtypes identified
Authors: Santoro Azzurra , Dorbek-Kolin Elisabeth , Jeremejeva Julia , Tummeleht Lea , Orro Toomas , Jokelainen Pikka , Lassen Brian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe investigated the molecular epidemiology ofCryptosporidiumspp. in Estonia by testing fecal samples from 486 calves aged <2 months, raised on 53 cattle farms, for the presence ofCryptosporidiumDNA. The parasites were identified and characterized by sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene and of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Moreover, using a questionnaire, we surveyed factors that could be relevant for animal-to-human and human-to-animal transmission ofCryptosporidiumspp. on the farms.Cryptosporidiumspp. were shed by 23% of the investigated calves and at least one shedding calf was found on 66% of the farms.Cryptosporidium parvumwas the most common species shed, whileC. bovisandC. ryanaewere also detected. More than half of the calves aged 8–14 days shedC. parvum. Nine previously describedC. parvumsubtypes (IIaA14G1R1, IIaA16G1R1, IIaA17G1R1, IIaA18G1R1, IIaA19G1R1, IIaA20G1R1, IIaA21G1R1, IIaA22G1R1 and IIaA16G2R1) and an apparently novel subtype IIlA21R2 were found. Calves from farms that reported spreading manure on fields during spring had 10 times higher odds to shedCryptosporidiumspp. in their feces than calves from farms that did not. Calves aged 8–14 days had higher odds to shed IIa18G1R1 as well as IIaA16G1R1 than younger calves.
Krull's principal ideal theorem in non-Noetherian settings
Authors: OLBERDING BRUCE 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLetPbe a finitely generated ideal of a commutative ringR. Krull's principal ideal theorem states that ifRis Noetherian andPis minimal over a principal ideal ofR, thenPhas height at most one. Straightforward examples show that this assertion fails ifRis not Noetherian. We consider what can be asserted in the non-Noetherian case in place of Krull's theorem.
On the Saxl graph of a permutation group
Authors: BURNESS TIMOTHY C. , GIUDICI MICHAEL 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLet G be a permutation group on a set Ω. A subset of Ω is a base for G if its pointwise stabiliser in G is trivial. In this paper we introduce and study an associated graph Σ(G), which we call the Saxl graph of G. The vertices of Σ(G) are the points of Ω, and two vertices are adjacent if they form a base for G. This graph encodes some interesting properties of the permutation group. We investigate the connectivity of Σ(G) for a finite transitive group G, as well as its diameter, Hamiltonicity, clique and independence numbers, and we present several open problems. For instance, we conjecture that if G is a primitive group with a base of size 2, then the diameter of Σ(G) is at most 2. Using a probabilistic approach, we establish the conjecture for some families of almost simple groups. For example, the conjecture holds when G = Sn or An (with n > 12) and the point stabiliser of G is a primitive subgroup. In contrast, we can construct imprimitive groups whose Saxl graph is disconnected with arbitrarily many connected components, or connected with arbitrarily large diameter.
THE PHILLIP ISLAND PENGUIN PARADE (A MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT)
Authors: DIPIERRO SERENA , LOMBARDINI LUCA , MIRAGLIO PIETRO , VALDINOCI ENRICO 
Published: August 2018

Penguins are flightless, so they are forced to walk while on land. In particular, they show rather specific behaviours in their homecoming, which are interesting to observe and to describe analytically. We observed that penguins have the tendency to waddle back and forth on the shore to create a sufficiently large group, and then walk home compactly together. The mathematical framework that we introduce describes this phenomenon, by taking into account “natural parameters”, such as the eyesight of the penguins and their cruising speed. The model that we propose favours the formation of conglomerates of penguins that gather together, but, on the other hand, it also allows the possibility of isolated and exposed individuals.The model that we propose is based on a set of ordinary differential equations. Due to the discontinuous behaviour of the speed of the penguins, the mathematical treatment (to get existence and uniqueness of the solution) is based on a “stop-and-go” procedure. We use this setting to provide rigorous examples in which at least some penguins manage to safely return home (there are also cases in which some penguins remain isolated). To facilitate the intuition of the model, we also present some simple numerical simulations that can be compared with the actual movement of the penguin parade.
Voter Reasoning Bias When Evaluating Statements from Female and Male Political Candidates
Authors: Madsen Jens Koed 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe article examines whether female political candidates are disfavored in terms of persuasiveness potential based on their expertise and trustworthiness. Using a Bayesian argumentation paradigm in which candidates endorse policies, this study shows that male voters regard female candidates as less persuasive than male candidates. A controlled between-subjects experiment among 202 potential voters in the United States suggests that female election candidates are subject to sex biases in two central ways. First, despite agreeing on their trustworthiness and expertise, male voters find highly credible female candidates less persuasive than identical male candidates. Second, female candidates are affected more adversely if they are perceived as lacking in trustworthiness. Male candidates, on the other hand, are affected more negatively if they are perceived as lacking in expertise. Whereas perceived lack of expertise is relatively easy to repair, trustworthiness may be difficult to regain once it is lost. In a political environment in which attack ads are prevalent, this may carry a greater negative impact for female candidates.
A low-profile triple-band circularly polarized wide slot antenna for wireless systems
Authors: Patil Shilpee , Singh A. K. , Kanaujia Binod K. , Yadava R. L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA simple design for triple-band circularly polarized (CP) wide slot antennas is proposed and experimentally investigated. The proposed antenna having a microstrip-fed rectangular patch with T-shaped notch for triple-band operation and a modified wide square slot on ground plane for CP operation. The measured 10 dB reflection bandwidths are 1.24% (≈340 MHz from 2.56 to 2.9 GHz), 9.63% (≈430 MHz from 4.25 to 4.68 GHz), and 5.34% (≈490 MHz from 8.93 to 9.42 GHz). The generated 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths of the proposed antenna are 7.54, 8.98, and 1.65% at operating frequencies around 2.65, 4.45, and 9.09 GHz, respectively. The measured peak gains within the 3 dB axial ratio bands are 3.03, 3.5, and 5.64 dBi. The simulated and measured results for the return loss, axial ratio, and antenna gain show a good agreement, which validate the antenna design.
Estimating CDOM Concentration in Highly Turbid Estuarine Coastal Waters
Authors: Zhao Jun , Cao Wenxi , Xu Zhantang , Ai Bin , Yang Yuezhong , Jin Guangzhen , Wang Guifen , Zhou Wen , Chen Yong , Chen Haiyun , Sun Zhaohua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe proposed a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to retrieve colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentration (using ag(443) as a proxy) in the highly turbid Pearl River estuary. Two band ratios, namely, Rrs(443)/Rrs(547) and Rrs(488)/Rrs(547), were used as inputs. Comparisons between the estimated and measured ag(443) illustrated high accuracy of the SVM algorithm, yielding R2s of 0.98 and 0.89, mean absolute percentage errors of 5.18% and 13.1%, and root‐mean‐square deviations of 0.012 and 0.034 m−1 for the training and validation data sets, respectively. The SVM algorithm was also evaluated against existing ones for the study area and gave the best accuracy with a R2 of 0.9, a mean absolute percentage error of 10.23%, and a root‐mean‐square deviation of 0.025 m−1. The diurnal dynamics of CDOM in the Pearl River estuary was revealed showing complicated variations and influenced by the combined effects of wind, tide, circulation, and river discharge. As for remote sensing applications, the SVM‐based CDOM product exhibited great potential to trace the Pearl River plume and the satellite‐derived plume area agreed well with the FVCOM model simulation result. SVM is an accurate and fast tool for retrieving CDOM concentration, especially in highly turbid estuarine coastal waters, and thus, river plume dynamics can be traced.
Seasonality of Nutrient Flux and Biogeochemistry in an Intertidal Aquifer
Authors: Liu Yi , Liang Wenzhao , Jiao Jiu Jimmy 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBiogeochemical reactions in coastal aquifers highly affect the nutrient flux associated with submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to the ocean, which subsequently influences the oceanic environment and ecology. This study investigates a seasonal variation of SGD‐derived nutrient flux to the ocean and nutrient biogeochemistry in an intertidal aquifer of Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong. The results show that the inventory of NOx− and PO43− in the intertidal aquifer has a clear seasonality with a large inventory in summer, a small inventory in spring, and a median inventory in autumn and winter, respectively. Differently, the inventory of NH4+ is large in winter and summer and small in spring and autumn, which results from the coupled effects of seasonal change of both production and removal of NH4+ in the aquifer. The SGD‐derived nutrient (NH4+, NOx−, and PO43−) flux is the highest in summer (271.71, 24.86, and 116.66 mmol·day−1·(m coastline)−1) and is the lowest in spring (114.83, 1.70, and 20.26 mmol·day−1·(m coastline)−1). The majority of SGD‐derived nutrient flux is supported by the local remineralization of organic matter along with seawater infiltration. In autumn, the recharge of seawater induced by tidal pumping significantly shifts the biogeochemical balance of nutrients and is the major source of groundwater nutrients in the intertidal aquifer. Among the various nutrient fluxes (SGD, river discharge, atmospheric deposition, and benthic sediment diffusion) to Tolo Harbor, SGD‐derived PO43− flux is the second major source of seawater PO43− in addition to benthic sediment diffusion. The PO43− loading via SGD is of significance to the primary production in the phosphorus‐limited environment in Tolo Harbor. After considering the natural attenuation of nutrients in a sandy/silty beach aquifer, this study suggests the overestimation of SGD‐derived nutrient loading estimated previously that simply use average nutrient concentration of fresh SGD endmember and saline SGD endmember as the nutrient concentration of total SGD endmember.
Complete polarization control in multimode fibers with polarization and mode coupling
Authors: Xiong Wen , Hsu Chia Wei , Bromberg Yaron , Antonio-Lopez Jose Enrique , Amezcua Correa Rodrigo , Cao Hui 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMultimode optical fibers have seen increasing applications in communication, imaging, high-power lasers, and amplifiers. However, inherent imperfections and environmental perturbations cause random polarization and mode mixing, causing the output polarization states to be different from the input polarization states. This difference poses a serious issue for employing polarization-sensitive techniques to control light–matter interactions or nonlinear optical processes at the distal end of a fiber probe. Here, we demonstrate complete control of polarization states for all output channels by only manipulating the spatial wavefront of a laser beam into the fiber. Arbitrary polarization states for individual output channels are generated by wavefront shaping without constraining the input polarization. The strong coupling between the spatial and polarization degrees of freedom in a multimode fiber enables full polarization control with the spatial degrees of freedom alone; thus, wavefront shaping can transform a multimode fiber into a highly efficient reconfigurable matrix of waveplates for imaging and communication applications.
NNMT depletion contributes to liver cancer cell survival by enhancing autophagy under nutrient starvation
Authors: Shin Ji Hye , Park Chang Wook , Yoon Gyesoon , Hong Sun Mi , Choi Kwan Yong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNicotinamide N-methyl transferase (NNMT) transfers a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to nicotinamide (NAM), producing 1-methylnicotinamide (1MNA). NNMT has been implicated in several cancer types and recently in metabolism, but its role in autophagy regulation has not yet been investigated. In this study, we determined that NNMT negatively regulated autophagy at the stage of ULK1 activation through protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. Specifically, NNMT knockdown increased PP2A methylation and subsequently enhanced phosphatase activity. Consequent p-ULK1 (S638) dephosphorylation derepressed ULK1 activity, resulting in autophagy induction. Accordingly, NNMT downregulation rescued tumor cells under nutrient deficiency in vivo, which was alleviated by ULK1 inhibitor treatment. In summary, our results suggest a novel mechanism by which tumor cells protect themselves against nutrient deprivation through NNMT suppression to accelerate autophagy.
Chromatin regulates IL-33 release and extracellular cytokine activity
Authors: Travers Jared , Rochman Mark , Miracle Cora E. , Habel Jeff E. , Brusilovsky Michael , Caldwell Julie M. , Rymer Jeffrey K. , Rothenberg Marc E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIL-33 is an epithelium-derived, pro-inflammatory alarmin with enigmatic nuclear localization and chromatin binding. Here we report the functional properties of nuclear IL-33. Overexpression of IL-33 does not alter global gene expression in transduced epithelial cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching data show that the intranuclear mobility of IL-33 is ~10-fold slower than IL-1α, whereas truncated IL-33 lacking chromatin-binding activity is more mobile. WT IL-33 is more resistant to necrosis-induced release than truncated IL-33 and has a relatively slow, linear release over time after membrane dissolution as compared to truncated IL-33 or IL-1α. Lastly, IL-33 and histones are released as a high-molecular weight complex and synergistically activate receptor-mediated signaling. We thus propose that chromatin binding is a post-translational mechanism that regulates the releasability and ST2-mediated bioactivity of IL-33 and provide a paradigm to further understand the enigmatic functions of nuclear cytokines.
Active nematics
Authors: Doostmohammadi Amin , Ignés-Mullol Jordi , Yeomans Julia M. , Sagués Francesc 
Published: August 2018

AbstractActive matter extracts energy from its surroundings at the single particle level and transforms it into mechanical work. Examples include cytoskeleton biopolymers and bacterial suspensions. Here, we review experimental, theoretical and numerical studies of active nematics - a type of active system that is characterised by self-driven units with elongated shape. We focus primarily on microtubule–kinesin mixtures and the hydrodynamic theories that describe their properties. An important theme is active turbulence and the associated motile topological defects. We discuss ways in which active turbulence may be controlled, a pre-requisite to harvesting energy from active materials, and we consider the appearance, and possible implications, of active nematics and topological defects to cellular systems and biological processes.
Spin and orbital structure of the first six holes in a silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dot
Authors: Liles S. D. , Li R. , Yang C. H. , Hudson F. E. , Veldhorst M. , Dzurak A. S. , Hamilton A. R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractValence band holes confined in silicon quantum dots are attracting significant attention for use as spin qubits. However, experimental studies of single-hole spins have been hindered by challenges in fabrication and stability of devices capable of confining a single hole. To fully utilize hole spins as qubits, it is crucial to have a detailed understanding of the spin and orbital states. Here we show a planar silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor-based quantum dot device and demonstrate operation down to the last hole. Magneto-spectroscopy studies show magic number shell filling consistent with the Fock–Darwin states of a circular two-dimensional quantum dot, with the spin filling sequence of the first six holes consistent with Hund’s rule. Next, we use pulse-bias spectroscopy to determine that the orbital spectrum is heavily influenced by the strong hole–hole interactions. These results provide a path towards scalable silicon hole-spin qubits.
Engineering the spin couplings in atomically crafted spin chains on an elemental superconductor
Authors: Kamlapure A. , Cornils L. , Wiebe J. , Wiesendanger R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMagnetic atoms on a superconductor give rise to Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states within the superconducting energy gap. A spin chain of magnetic adatoms on an s-wave superconductor may lead to topological superconductivity accompanied by the emergence of Majorana modes at the chain ends. For their usage in quantum computation, it is a prerequisite to artificially assemble the chains and control the exchange couplings between the spins in the chain and in the substrate. Here, using a scanning tunneling microscope tip, we demonstrate engineering of the energy levels of the YSR states by placing interstitial Fe atoms in close proximity to adsorbed Fe atoms on an oxidized Ta surface. Based on this prototype platform, we show that the interaction within a long chain can be strengthened by linking the adsorbed Fe atoms with the interstitial ones. Our work adds an important step towards the controlled design and manipulation of Majorana end states.