bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium/Calmodulin Regulated Cell Wall Regeneration in Zea mays Mesophyll Protoplasts
Authors: Abdel-Basset R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The composition of newly synthesized cell walls starting from enzymatically isolated Zea mays mesophyll protoplasts was studied. The contents of pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose in addition to the wall-associated proteins were followed in the presence of increasing con­centrations of calcium ions with or without the calcium channel blockers like lanthanum, lithium ions, verapamil, nifedipine and the calmodulin antagonist trifluperazine. Pectin accu­mulation was inhibited by all antagonists except lanthanum. Cellulose formation, however, was increased by organic antagonists trifluperazine, verapamil and maximally by nifedipine while it was not affected by the inorganic ions lanthanum or lithium. Hemicellulose accumu­ lated with nifedipine present but significantly decreased by all other antagonists. Added Ca2+ (5 -10 mᴍ) reversed most of the blockers-induced inhibition on pectin and hemicellulose. In the case of cellulose, however, calcium concentration which reversed the inhibitory action of these antagonists was dependent on the antagonist. Starch exhibited little alterations indicat­ ing its minor role in deposition of wall components. Cell wall-associated proteins were negatively affected by lanthanum and verapamil and positively by lithium and nifedipine. Gen­erally, this fraction was found in a negative correlation with pectin levels. Chlorophyll contents were lowered after growth for 48 h; this might be due to repeated cell division. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of antagonists and effects of calcium.
Ribosomal RNA Gene Restriction Fragment Diversity amongst Penner Serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli
Authors: Smith S. I. , Olukoya D. K. , Fox A. J. , Coker A. O. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Diversity based on ribosomal RNA gene-restriction endonuclease digest patterns was detected amongst forty-seven strains of Campylobacter made up of 38 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and 9 strains of Campylobacter coli. Restriction digests of chromosomal DNA prepared by treating with Hae III were probed with an oligonucleotide specific for Campylobacter 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Seventeen distinct hybridization patterns, each indicating the presence of 2 - 4 copies of the 16S rRNA gene are encoded in Campylobacter DNA. Differences in fragment patterns were observed not only between members of two species, but also between individual strains of the same species. Ribopattern fragments of 8.71, 7.56, 2.81 and 1.0 kb were characteristic of the majority of C. jejuni, whereas 7.59 and 4.68 kb fragments were commonly present in C. coli.
In conclusion, Hae III ribotyping was even more discriminatory than the Penner serotyping of C. jejuni and C. coli, as strains of the same serotype were distinguished.
2,5-DialkyItetrahydrofurans, Common Components of the Cuticular Lipids of Lepidoptera
Authors: Schulz Stefan , Beccaloni George , Nishida Ritsuo , Roisin Yves , Vane-Wright R. I. , McNeil Jeremy N. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In more than 50 lepidopteran species 2,5-dialkyltetrahydrofurans were identified as com­ponents of the cuticular lipids. The chain length of these compounds varies between C25 and C37 and both cis-and trans-compounds are present. In addition, previously unknown 2-alkyl-5-(1-hydroxyalkyl)tetrahydrofurans were found in some species. The identification procedure and synthesis of representative compounds are reported.
External Accumulation of Biflavonoids on Gymnosperm Leaves
Authors: Wollenweber Eckhard , Kraut Ludwig , Mues Rüdiger 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Biflavonoids are well known to occur in many Gymnospermae. Here we report on their occurrence in epicuticular material of a number of species. Several compounds are charac­terized by detailed NMR studies and FAB-MS. They are identified as amentoflavone, bilobe-tin, podocarpus-flavone A, sciadopitysin, dihydrosciadopitysin and cupressuflavone.
Preliminary Report on the Effects of Propolis on Wound Healing in the Dental Pulp
Authors: Bretz Walter A. , Chiego D. J. , Marcucci M. C. , Cunha I. , Custódio A. , Schneider L. G. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the antimicrobial and healing potential of propolis on direct dental pulp exposures. This study used 25 adult male rats. Pulp expo­sures were performed and animals were allocated to propolis and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 groups. Animals were killed on days 5, 7, 10, and 14. The teeth were routinely processed for histological evaluation. Non-parametric tests were employed to analyze the data. No significant differences were found between study groups on the wound healing of the dental pulp. Both substances were com parable in exhibiting normal reorganization of the pulp and no increased vascularity, and were equally efficacious in maintaining a low inflammatory and microbial cell population as well as in stimulating the formation of reparative dentin.
Cytostatic Activity of Some Phenolic Acids of Scrophularia frutescens L. var. frutescens
Authors: Garcia M. D. , Ahumada M. C. , Saenz M. T. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The cytostatic activity of seven phenolic acids: coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, gentisic, protocatechuic, syringic and isovanillic acid previously isolated from Scrophularia frutescens has been evaluated against Hep -2 cells (de­rived from a human epidermoid carcinoma of the lar­ynx) and McCoy cells (derived from the synovial fluid in the knee joint of a patient suffering from degenerative arthritis). The compounds belonging to the cinnamic group present the highest activity.
Gas Exchange Characteristics in Leaves of the Euphorbiacea Aleurites montana as Consequence of Growth under 700 ppm CO2 in Air A Study on Photosynthesis and Photorespiration in the Chinese Tung-Oil Tree
Authors: He P. , Bader K. P. , Radunz A. , Kahmann U. , Ruppel G. H. , Schmid G. H. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Three months old plants of the Chinese tung-oil tree Aleurites montana (Euphorbiaceae) were cultivated for 4 months in air containing 700 ppm CO2. These plants, which grow substantially better in the CO2-enriched atmosphere, were analyzed by mass spectrometry for photosynthesis and photorespiration together with control plants grown all the time in normal (350 ppm CO2) air. Thereafter part of the plants was subjected for two weeks to 0.3 ppm SO2 in the atmosphere and again analyzed for photosynthesis and photorespiration. Aleurites montana exhibits a strongly CO2-dependent photosynthesis which partially explains the observed stimulatory effect of 700 ppm CO2 on growth of the plant. In control plants grown in normal air, photorespiration measured simultaneously with photosynthesis via the uptake of l80 2 in the light, is much lower than in C3-plants like tobacco (H e et al., 1995, Z. Naturforsch. 50c, 781-788 ). In Aleurites grown in 700 ppm CO2, however, photorespiration is completely absent in contrast to tobacco when grown under 700 ppm CO2. In tobacco, photorespiration is not inhibited to the extent of the in vitro experiments in which plants grown at 350 ppm CO2 are measured under the increased CO2 content of 700 ppm. Gas exchange measurements carried out by mass spectrometry show that the ratio of O2 evolved to CO2 fixed is about 0.5. Apparently, part of the CO2 fixed is channelled into a metabolic path without concomitant O2-evolution. Although the plant has no succulent appearance (its leaves somehow resemble maple leaves) apparently a Crassulacean type metabolism is performed. When Aleurites plants grown all the time in normal air with 350 ppm, are exposed for two weeks to 0.3 ppm SO2 the treatment completely inhibits this CO2-fixing portion which is tentatively attributed to a Crassulacean type of metabolism. This is demonstrated by a normal C3-type ratio O2 evolved /CO2 fixed of 1. When Aleurites plants, grown for 4 months in a CO2-enriched atmosphere of 700 ppm CO2, are subjected for two weeks to 0.3 ppm SO2, the features of control plants show up again. When these plants are tested under 350 ppm CO2 the Crassulacean type CO2-fixation apparently is not inhibited by SO2. Photorespiration, although low, is present in the same activity as in the controls. Seemingly, an increased level of CO2 in air tends to alleviate the impact of the SO2 at least in the Chinese tung-oil tree.
ESR Study of the Liposome Membrane Physical Parameters in the Heating-Cooling Cycles
Authors: Podolak Marian , Mana Dariusz , Przestalski Stanislaw 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Changes of dynamic and structural parameters of egg yolk lecithin (EYL) liposome mem­branes in the heating-cooling cycles have been studied using the E S R spin probe method. The investigations were conducted in the range of temperatures from -18 °C to +60 °C. It has been found that in the range of temperatures -15 °C to +45 °C in both the heating and the cooling run the spectroscopic parameters changed practically along the same curve (re­versible changes). However, after exceeding this range of temperatures one of the parameters (partition coefficient of the spin probe 2,2,6,6 -tetramethylpiperidine -1-oxyl; TEMPO) changed along a closed curve, showing the phenomenon of thermal hysteresis. In the heating process the TEMPO content in liposome membranes was smaller than this in the cooling process. We assume that during the heating, the lipid molecules of the outer liposome layers dissolve in the aqueous medium. In the cooling process they can aggregate and form new liposomes, what in turn increases the surface of liposome membranes, accessible for the TEMPO probe (active surface).
Chemical Composition of Egyptian Propolis
Authors: Christov R. , Bankova V. , Hegazi A. , Hady F. Abd El , Popov S. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A sample from Egyptian propolis was investigated by TLC and GC/MS. 39 compounds were identified, 8 being new for propolis. Partial structures of four new esters of caffeic acid have been proposed.
Inhibition by Salix-Extracts and PhytodolorR of Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Destructions
Authors: Rohnert Ute , Koske Dagmar , Schneider Werner , Elstner Erich F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) by copper ions is strongly inhibited by dif­ ferent aqueous extracts (Salix spec (SE); Fraxinus-Solidago-Populus (PhytodolorR)(PD)) in a concentration range between 4 and 7 μg/ml. 10 to 50 μᴍ salicylic acid (SA) stimulate LDL-oxidation whereas higher concentrations (10 to 500 μᴍ) show no effect. Likewise ethene release from 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMB) is strongly inhibited by the above extracts in a reaction driven by dihydroxyfumarate (DHF) in the presence of copper ions. This system may represent som e features of the diabetic situation where DHF as an endiole may stand for certain Amadori products. In order to find out whether the inhibitory effects are due to copper chelation we tested the copper-dependent conversion of photodynamic ethane release from a-linolenic acid into ethene formation. Copper chelation is apparently only partially involved in inhibition of copper-dependent oxidations and only at a certain concentration of extracts from Salix spec (SE) or extracts from Fraxinus-Solidago-Populus (Phyto-dolorR)(PD).
Verticillium rexianum (SACC.) SACC., a New Producer of Monacolin K
Authors: Wagner Christian , Sterner Olov , Anke Heidrun 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
From the broth of submerged cultures of Verticillium rexianum (teleomorph: Nectriopsis exigua), a mycophilic fungus growing on myxomycetes, monacolin K was iso­lated as a weak inhibitor of pectate lyase. Monacolin K is the first secondary metabolite described from V. rexianum.
In vitro Influence of Phenylalanine on Acetylcholinesterase Activity and DNA
Authors: Schulpis Kleopatra H. , Karikas George A. , Tjamouranis Joana 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a significant compo­nent of the membrane contributing to the permeability changes during synaptic transmission and conduction. Phenylketonuria is a group of metabolic disorders in which phenylalanine (Phe) is highly elevated in blood (up to 0 .1 ᴍ) resulting in*mental retardation etc. AChE activity was measured spectrophotometrically after incu­ bation with various Phe concentrations. Phe interaction with DNA was evaluated with an established HPLC method. Phe was found to inhibit AChE almost 40% , at a concentration of 5 mᴍ, whereas a 62.5% DNA peak exclusion (molecular interaction) was observed when Phe was incubated with DNA at a concentration of 3 mᴍ. In addition the ratio of DNA: Phe determined the potency of the observed molecular effect.
Carbazole Antibiotics Synthesis in a Streptomyces tendae Bald Mutant, Created by Acriflavine Treatment
Authors: Grammel Hartmut , Wolf Heinz , Gilles Ernst-Dieter , Huth Felix , Laatsch Hartmut 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Acriflavine treatment on Streptomyces tendae generated a bald mutant (bid-1) with an altered antibiotic pattern. The parental strain produced nikkomycins and juglomycins, whereas the mutant bid-1 was only capable of juglomycin synthesis. The existence of a mutant defective in morphogenesis and in nikkomycin biosynthesis suggests a common regulation of these processes. An interesting finding of this study is that mutant bld-1 produced two carbazole derivatives, hitherto never seen in cultures of the parental strain. It seems likely that the DNA intercalating dye acriflavine, by mutagenesis, had activated cryptic genes which are involved in carbazole synthesis. The two carbazole derivatives were identified as the neuronal cell protecting compounds CS-79B and carquinostatin A, recently isolated from a wild-type of S. exfoliatus. We found that both substances showed antibacterial activity.
Biochemical Parameters as Biomarkers for the Early Recognition of Environmental Pollution in Scots Pine Trees. I. Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Hartling S. , Schulz H. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Pinus sylvestrish., Catechin, Ferulic Acid, p-Coumaric Acid, Picein Within a series of regular projects investigating the suitability of biochemical parameters as biomarkers for the early recognition of environmental pollution, the levels of selected phenolic compounds were determined in Scots pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) from young and adult trees at three field sites with different SO2 pollution (Rösa>Taura>Neuglobsow). Young trees showed no differences in the levels of soluble phenolics in case of increasing loads of SO2, whereas the concentration of the soluble phenolic component catechin in previous needles of adult trees altered significantly. In current year’ needles, differences were only found in the presence of high SO2 deposition. In contrast to catechin, picein and total phenolics remained unaffected. The concentration of catechin in the previous year’s needles of adult trees correlated positively with needle necroses.
The phenolic components of the cell walls of pine needles were also analysed. The main phenolic compounds were identified as p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Differences in the levels of p-coumaric acid were detected in the needles of adult trees between the three sites, with the highest levels being measured at the site with the lowest pollution (Neuglobsow). However, changes in the p-coumaric acid content in young trees were low. No site-related differences were found regarding ferulic acid in adult and young pines. The findings are discussed and compared with data reported in the literature.
Solutions for the Binding Problem
Authors: Roelfsema Pieter R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Visual cortical neurons are broadly tuned to one or a few feature dimensions, like color and motion. This is advantageous because broadly tuned neurons can contribute to the repre­sentation of many visual scenes. However, if there are multiple objects in a visual scene, the cortex is at risk to combine features of different objects as if they belong to a single object. The term “binding problem” was introduced to refer to the difficulties that may occur in sorting out those responses that are evoked by a single perceptual object. The present article reviews proposals suggesting that the binding problem is solved by labelling an assembly of neurons that is responsive to a single perceptual obejct. Evidence is reviewed in favor of two possible assembly-labels: rate enhancement due to visual attention and neuronal synchrony. Assembly-labels should be spread through the cortical network to all neurons that have to participate in an assembly The present article tries to shed light on the mechanisms that subserve such a selective spread of assembly labels. Moreover, it is suggested that assembly labels may fulfill an equivalent role in the motor system, since binding problems can also occur during the generation of useful patterns of motor activity.
Networks of Gene Regulation, Neural Development and the Evolution of General Capabilities, Such as Human Empathy
Authors: Gierer Alfred 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Gene Regulation, Brain Evolution, Neural Network, Empathy, Evolution of Altruism A network of gene regulation organized in a hierarchical and combinatorial manner is crucially involved in the development of the neural network, and has to be considered one of the main substrates of genetic change in its evolution. Though qualitative features may emerge by way of the accumulation of rather unspecific quantitative changes, it is reasonable to assume that at least in some cases specific combinations of regulatory parts of the genome initiated new directions of evolution, leading to novel capabilities of the brain. These notions are applied, in this paper, to the evolution of the capability of cognition-based human empa­thy. It is suggested that it has evolved as a secondary effect of the evolution of strategic thought. Development of strategies depends on abstract representations of one’s own pos­sible future states in one’s own brain to allow assessment of their emotional desirability, but also on the representation and emotional evaluation of possible states of others, allowing anticipation of their behaviour. This is best achieved if representations of others are con­nected to one’s own emotional centres in a manner similar to self-representations. For this reason, the evolution of the human brain is assumed to have established representations with such linkages. No group selection is involved, because the quality of strategic thought affects the fitness of the individual. A secondary effect of this linkage is that both the actual states and the future perspectives of others elicit vicarious emotions, which may contribute to the motivations of altruistic behaviour.
Polyphenols in Stachys and Betonica Species (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Bankova Vassya , Koeva-Todorovska Jordanka , Stambolijska Tatyana , Ignatova-Groceva Maria-Desislava , Todorova Daniela , Popov Simeon 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Above-ground parts and roots from four Stachys species (S. germanica L., S. sylvatica L. and the Balkan endemics S. thracica Dav. and S. plumosa Griseb.) as well as o f three Betonica species (B. officinalis L. and the Balkan endemics B. bulgarica Deg. et Neic. and B. scardica Griseb.) were screened for phenols (phenylethanoid glycosides, flavonoid glycosides and the phenolic diterpene betolide). Three phenylethanoid glycosides, a flavonoid glycoside and the phenolic diterpene betolide were isolated and identified, most of them for the first time in the investigated species. The results obtained support the view that Stachys and Betonica are well separated genera.
Metal Binding to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Azurin: a Kinetic Investigation
Authors: Naro Fabio , Tordi Maria G. , Giacometti Giorgio M. , Tomei Francesco , Timperio Anna M. , Zolla Lello 
Published: August 2018

The interaction between azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ag(I), Cu(II), Hg(II), was investigated as a function of protein state, i.e. apo-, reduced and oxidised azurin. Two different metal binding sites, characterized by two different spectroscopic absorbancies, were detected: one is accessible to Ag(I) and Cu(II) but not to Hg(II); the other one binds Ag(I) and Hg(II) but not copper. When added in stoichiometric amount, Ag(I) shows high affinity for the redox center of apo-azurin, to which it probably binds by the -SH group of Cys112; it can displace Cu(I) from reducedazurin, while it does not bind to the redox center of oxidizedazurin. Kinetic experiments show that Ag(I) binding to the reducedform is four times faster than binding to the apo-form. This result suggests that metal binding requires a conformational rearrangement of the active site of the azurin.
Interaction of A g(I) or Hg(II) ions to the second metal binding site, induces typical changes of UV spectrum and quenching of fluorescence emission.
Chemical Variability of the Volatile Metabolites from the Caribbean Corals of the Genus Gorgonia
Authors: Roussis Vassilios , Vagias Constantinos , Tsitsimpikou Christina , Diamantopoulou Nina 
Published: August 2018

The chemical composition of the investigated gorgonians showed a high level of individual variation and the colonies, according to their major contributors, were assigned to 10 distinct chemical profiles, among which A , C, E , and G were them ost abundant ones. From the metabolites identified in the present study, either by means of GC /MS or using NMR techniques after conventional separation procedures, the novel cyclic ether 5,10-epoxymuurolane is found in significant quantities in D and I chemical profiles. Furanotriene, isofuranotriene and furanodiene could be referred as the most common metabolites of the genus, since they are found in 6 out of 10 chemical profiles. Isosericenine is, also, a significant contributor of H and I chemical profiles. A number of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, such as curzerene, bicyclogermacrene, valencene, β-bourbonene and β -elemene, along with the oxygenated sesquiterpenes elemanolide and furoventalene, are present at varying concentrations in the majority of the chemical profiles. Metabolites of high discriminant value are: α-himachalene for the K chemical profile, α -santalene and its oxygenated derivatives for the G chemical profile and the three geometrical isomers of germacrone for the F chemical profile.
Several chemical profiles show ed narrow geographic distribution. Most of the chemical profiles are located in the north, while F inhabits mainly southern sites and the others are equally distributed. Finally, 91 % of the chemical profiles of the gorgonian colonies appeared to grow in all depths, while 9 % did not inhabit deep -water environments. Most chemical profiles are less frequent at higher water depths with the exception of chemical profiles A and C.