bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Idea ochrony gatunkowej roślin na znakach Poczty Polskiej
Authors: Gawryś Wiesław 
Published: March 2018

Idea ochrony gatunkowej roślin na znakach Poczty Polskiej
Pierwszą serię znaczków przedstawiającą rośliny chronione wydano w 1957 roku. Kolejne serie ukazywały się w 1962, 1967, 1990 i w 2001 roku. Ostatnią wydano w 2006 roku. Ochrona roślin to także organizacje i instytucje takie jak: Liga Ochrony Przyrody, Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne, parki narodowe i ogrody botaniczne. One też zostały upamiętnione na znaczkach, kartach pocztowych i stemplach okolicznościowych. Dotychczas Poczta Polska wydała tylko 6 serii (36 znaczków i 1 blok). Rośliny chronione prezentowane były także na znaczkach z serii, dotyczących turystyki oraz roślin ozdobnych i leczniczych. Łącznie ukazało się 15 takich znaczków w tym dwa z przywieszkami. Parkom narodowym poświęcono 8 znaczków, 25 kart pocztowych oraz kilka stempli okolicznościowych. Polskim ogrodom botanicznym poświęcono 15 całostek i 11 stempli okolicznościowych. Ogółem na znakach pocztowych przedstawiono zaledwie 47 gatunków roślin chronionych.
The idea of species protection of plants in stamps and related items of the Polish Post
The first series of stamps presenting protected plants was issued in 1957. Further series were published in 1962, 1967, 1990, and 2001. The latest one was issued in 2006. The idea of plant protection also includes organizations and institutions, such as the Nature Protection League, the Polish Botanical Society, national parks and botanical gardens, which also engage in nature protection activities. They too were commemorated in stamps, postcards and cachets. So far, the Polish Post has issued only six series (36 stamps and one block) connected with the subject. Protected plants have also been presented in stamps from series regarding tourism and ornamental and medicinal plants. In total, there have been 15 such stamps issued, including two with tablets. Eight stamps and 25 postcards and a few cachets have been devoted to national parks and 15 pieces of postal stationery and 11 cachets – to botanical gardens. Altogether, only 47 species of protected plants have been presented in philatelic items.
Wiarygodność reklam kosmetyków i żywności w świetle wiedzy botanicznej
Authors: Galera Halina , Krajewska Martyna 
Published: March 2018

Wiarygodność reklam kosmetyków i żywności w świetle wiedzy botanicznej
W 100 reklamach produktów kosmetycznych i spożywczych stwierdzono łącznie 112 taksonów roślin w randze rodzaju lub niższej. Wśród organów roślinnych najczęściej przedstawiane były owoce. Porównanie reklam kosmetyków i żywności wykazało duże podobieństwo pod względem bogactwa motywów roślinnych. Większe różnice dotyczyły składu gatunkowego i wynikały z odrębności składników roślinnych tych produktów. Nie udowodniono, by stwierdzone w pracy przypadki braku zgodności pomiędzy wykazem roślin przedstawionych w reklamie a zestawem surowców roślinnych deklarowanych w składzie produktu były efektem manipulacji. Zawarte w reklamach informacje z zakresu biologii i ekologii roślin są często nieścisłe, a niekiedy wręcz błędne.
The credibility of cosmetics and food advertisements in the light of botanical knowledge
A total of 112 plant taxa, in the rank of genus or lower, were found in 100 cosmetics and food advertisements. Fruits were the most often depicted plant organs. The comparison between cosmetics and food advertisements has shown a considerable similarity in terms of the richness of plant motifs. Food and cosmetic advertisements differed in species composition due to the distinctness of plant components of these products. In several cases, noncompliance between the list of plants presented in ads and the set of plant ingredients declared in the product composition was not proved to be a result of manipulation. Information on biology and ecology of plants contained in advertisements was often inaccurate and sometimes misleading.
Rural Electrification Program in Indonesia: Comparing SEHEN and SHS Program
Authors: Sambodo Maxensius Tri 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn 2014, the Indonesian government has targets to obtain 80% of electrification ratio and 98.9% of rural electrification ratio. Extending the grid and off-grid connection has been done to obtain the targets. This paper aims to compare two main programs on rural electrification namely Super Extra Energy Saving (Super Ekstra Hemat Energi, SEHEN) that is belong to PLN (state owned company in electricity) and the Solar Home System (SHS) that is financed by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR). Indonesia has started the rural electrification program in the late 1950s, but how to provide electricity in a sustainable ways both organizationally and institutionally still become a big challenge. The experiences from East Nusa Tenggara provinces showed that both SEHEN and SHS can instantly improve electrification ratio, but government needs to synchronize the technical, administrative, and financial aspect from the two programs. Without any improvements in designing the program, we argue that the existing program is not sustainable.Keywords: Electrification Ratio; Rural Electrification; SustainabilityAbstrakTahun 2014, Pemerintah Indonesia menetapkan target pencapaian rasio elektrifikasi sebesar 80% dan rasio elektifikasi perdesaan sebesar 98.9%. Perpanjangan jaringan grid dan off-grid telah dilakukan sepagai upaya pencapaian target. Tulisan ini bertujuan membandingkan dua program elktifikasi perdesaan yang utama, yaitu Super Ekstra Hemat Energi (SEHEN) yang dimiliki PLN (Badan Usaha Milik Negara di bidang kelistrikan) dan Solar Home System (SHS) yang didanai Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Indonesia telah memulai program elektrifikasi perdesaan sejak akhir 1950an,namun masih menghadapi tantangan dalam menemukan cara elektrifikasi yang berkesinambungan secara organisasional maupun institusional. Pengalaman dari Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur menunjukkan bahwa SEHEN maupun SHS dapat meningkatkan rasio elektrifikasi secara signifikan, namun pemerintah masih harus menyelaraskan aspek teknis, administratif, dan keuangan dari kedua program. Tanpa pembenahan dari sisi rancangan, kami berpendapat bahwa program yang telah ada tidak ada bertahan.Kata kunci: Rasio Elektrifikasi; Listrik Perdesaan; KeberlanjutanJEL classifications: O10; Q40
What are the Challenges in Designing An Effective Personal Income Tax System?
Authors: Raeni Raeni , Sari Astika 
Published: March 2018

This article aims to examine the challenges of designing individual’s income tax systems in general and particularly to observe taxpayers’ behaviour in developing countries. This study used case study approach to gain in depth understanding type of taxpayers’ attitude towards personal income tax systems. Based on the analyses, tax behaviour, which comprises the perception of fairness and motivation to comply, attracts urgent challenges in designing effective tax on personal income in every country and mainly underdeveloped countries. Every human being in each country has their social pattern towards tax policy. When the individual perception of fairness is significant, it will harmonise the ’client and service approach’ between taxpayers and governments. This condition would influence tax morale of individuals to comply with the policy and achieve high compliance rate. Therefore, it has argued that personal view of fairness and their motivation to comply with tax systems are becoming vital challenges in designing the tax policy on individual income. AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi tantangan-tantangan yang dihadapi dalam merancang sistem perpajakan untuk wajib pajak orang pribadi dan secara khusus menganalisa perilaku wajib pajak di negara-negara berkembang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi literatur untuk mendapatkan secara mendalam jenis perilaku wajib pajak penghasilan orang pribadi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis terkait perilaku pajak, yang terdiri dari persepsi keadilan dan motivasi untuk mematuhi memberikan tantangan tersendiri dalam merancang pajak yang berlaku atas penghasilan pribadi di setiap negara dan terutama negara-negara berkembang. Setiap individu memiliki pola yang berbeda ketika berinteraksi terhadap kebijakan pajak. Ketika persepsi individu terhadap keadilan adalah signifikan, hal itu akan menyelaraskan pendekatan ’client and service’ antara pembayar pajak dan pemerintah. Kondisi ini akan memengaruhi semangat individu untuk mematuhi kebijakan dan mencapai tingkat kepatuhan yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, asumsi bahwa pandangan individu terhadap keadilan dan motivasi untuk mematuhi sistem pajak menjadi tantangan penting dalam merancang kebijakan terhadap wajib pajak orang pribadi.Kata kunci: Pajak Penghasilan Orang Pribadi; Prinsip Keadilan; Moral Wajib PajakJEL classifications: E63
The Existence of Long-Run PPP: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Countries
Authors: Iskandar Sulistiadi Dono 
Published: March 2018

McNown & Wallace (1989) argued that PPP will tend to holds in less developed countries due to the domination of nominal factors in the economy. In this study we try to investigate the existence of long-run PPP in eight countries consisting four developed and developing countries. Here we show that there is a strong evidence that long-run PPP holds for Germany, United Kingdom, and Chile. Furthermore, the additional tests also show that symmetry and proportionality conditions seem to hold in the three economies. As for other five economies, long-run PPP seems to be absence. Although one step general Error Correction Model and Johansen-Juselius cointegration procedure generates conflicting result, the result of both technique do not show a tendency for PPP to hold in developing countries thus rejecting argument proposed by McNown and Wallace. AbstrakMcNown & Wallace (1989) mengemukakan argumen bahwa PPP akan cenderung berlaku di negara-negara yang belum maju disebabkan adanya dominasi faktor nominal dalam perekonomian. Dalam penelitian ini kami mencoba untuk menyelidiki keberadaan dari long-run PPP di delapan negara yang terdiri dari empat negara maju dan berkembang. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan adanya bukti kuat bahwa long-run PPP berlaku pada Jerman, Inggris, dan Cile. Hasil, tes lanjutan juga menunjukkan bahwa kondisi simetri dan proporsionalitas nampak bertahan di tiga negara tersebut. Sedangkan untuk lima negara lainnya, long-run PPP tidak nampak keberadaannya. Meskipun hasil pada one step Error Correction Model (ECM) dan Johansen-Juselius cointegration procedure menghasilkan hasil yang bertentangan, namun hasil dari kedua metode tersebut konsisten tidak menunjukkan kecenderungan akan eksistensi PPP di negara berkembang.Kata kunci: Purchasing Power Parity; Tes Kointegrasi; Negara Berkembang; Negara MajuJEL classifications: F31; F4
Curious creatures: a multi-taxa investigation of responses to novelty in a zoo environment
Authors: Hall Belinda A. , Melfi Vicky , Burns Alicia , McGill David M. , Doyle Rebecca E. 
Published: March 2018

The personality trait of curiosity has been shown to increase welfare in humans. If this positive welfare effect is also true for non-humans, animals with high levels of curiosity may be able to cope better with stressful situations than their conspecifics. Before discoveries can be made regarding the effect of curiosity on an animal’s ability to cope in their environment, a way of measuring curiosity across species in different environments must be created to standardise testing. To determine the suitability of novel objects in testing curiosity, species from different evolutionary backgrounds with sufficient sample sizes were chosen. Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) n = 12, little penguins (Eudyptula minor) n = 10, ringtail lemurs (Lemur catta) n = 8,red tailed black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus banksia) n = 7, Indian star tortoises (Geochelone elegans) n = 5 and red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) n = 5 were presented with a stationary object, a moving object and a mirror. Having objects with different characteristics increased the likelihood individuals would find at least one motivating. Conspecifics were all assessed simultaneously for time to first orientate towards object (s), latency to make contact (s), frequency of interactions, and total duration of interaction (s). Differences in curiosity were recorded in four of the six species; the Barbary sheep and red tailed black cockatoos did not interact with the novel objects suggesting either a low level of curiosity or that the objects were not motivating for these animals. Variation in curiosity was seen between and within species in terms of which objects they interacted with and how long they spent with the objects. This was determined by the speed in which they interacted, and the duration of interest. By using the measure of curiosity towards novel objects with varying characteristics across a range of zoo species, we can see evidence of evolutionary, husbandry and individual influences on their response. Further work to obtain data on multiple captive populations of a single species using a standardised method could uncover factors that nurture the development of curiosity. In doing so, it would be possible to isolate and modify sub-optimal husbandry practices to improve welfare in the zoo environment.
Experimental Evidence on the Dependence of the Standard GPS Phase Scintillation Index on the Ionospheric Plasma Drift Around Noon Sector of the Polar Ionosphere
Authors: Wang Y. , Zhang Q.‐H. , Jayachandran P. T. , Moen J. , Xing Z.‐Y. , Chadwick R. , Ma Y.‐Z. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Lester M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFirst experimental proof of a clear and strong dependence of the standard phase scintillation index (σφ) derived using Global Positioning System measurements on the ionospheric plasma flow around the noon sector of polar ionosphere is presented. σφ shows a strong linear dependence on the plasma drift speed measured by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars, whereas the amplitude scintillation index (S4) does not. This observed dependence can be explained as a consequence of Fresnel frequency dependence of the relative drift and the used constant cutoff frequency (0.1 Hz) to detrend the data for obtaining standard σφ. The lack of dependence of S4 on the drift speed possibly eliminates the plasma instability mechanism(s) involved as a cause of the dependence. These observations further confirm that the standard phase scintillation index is much more sensitive to plasma flow; therefore, utmost care must be taken when identifying phase scintillation (diffractive phase variations) from refractive (deterministic) phase variations, especially in the polar region where the ionospheric plasma drift is much larger than in equatorial and midlatitude regions.
New Caledonia Obducted Peridotite Nappe: Offshore Extent and Implications for Obduction and Postobduction Processes
Authors: Patriat Martin , Collot Julien , Etienne Samuel , Poli Sara , Clerc Camille , Mortimer Nick , Pattier France , Juan Caroline , Roest Walter R. ,   VESPA scientific voyage team
Published: March 2018

AbstractOne of the largest ophiolitic peridotite masses in the world covers a quarter of the island of Grande Terre, New Caledonia. The Peridotite Nappe was obducted during the Eocene, is weakly deformed, and corresponds to the highest of a structurally simple pile of thrust nappes. We present new marine seismic data that allow us to track the offshore continuation of the Peridotite Nappe along strike for a distance of more than 500 km south of New Caledonia and to image its preobduction, synobduction, and postobduction sedimentary records. Offshore, the Peridotite Nappe underlies a ~150 km wide and 2 km deep basin. Flat‐topped horsts of peridotite are clearly bounded by major normal faults; in contrast, faults are obscure onland. To the east, the Peridotite Nappe roots along the eastern margin of the Félicité Ridge (new name), a ~300 × 25 km dome‐shaped ridge, which we interpret as being the southern extension of the high‐pressure/low‐temperature metamorphic core complex observed in New Caledonia. Two alternative tectonic models address the relative timing and relationships between Peridotite Nappe emplacement, uplift of a metamorphic core complex, and extensional tectonics. These models provide new ideas for the understanding the formation of the eastern margin of the Zealandia continent. Our results contribute to an understanding of how oceanic mantle is emplaced onto continental margins.
A Novel Electromagnetic Power‐Based Characteristic Mode for Magnetodielectric Materials
Authors: Huang Shaode , Pan Jin , Yang Deqiang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the characteristics of electromagnetic power of characteristic modes (CMs) for magnetodielectric materials (MDM). A generalized integral form of Poynting's theorem is proposed. Based on the generalized integral form of Poynting's theorem, an explicit formulation for electromagnetic power of traditional volume integral equation‐based CM and Poggio, Miller, Chang, Harrington, Wu, and Tsai‐based CM of homogeneous MDM is presented for the first time. Furthermore, from the concept of electromagnetic power, a novel electromagnetic power‐based CM for MDM is proposed. Numerical results are given to show that the proposed CM is effective in solving scattering problem.
“Ni‐Less” Cathodes for High Energy Density, Intermediate Temperature Na–NiCl2 Batteries
Authors: Chang Hee‐Jung , Lu Xiaochuan , Bonnett Jeffery F. , Canfield Nathan L. , Son Sori , Park Yoon‐Cheol , Jung Keeyoung , Sprenkle Vincent L. , Li Guosheng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAmong various battery technologies being considered for stationary energy storage applications, sodium–metal halide (Na–MH) batteries have become one of the most attractive candidates because of the abundance of raw materials, long cycle life, high energy density, and superior safety. However, one of issues limiting its practical application is the relatively expensive nickel (Ni) used in the cathode. In the present work, the focus is on efforts to develop new Ni‐based cathodes, and it is demonstrated that a much higher specific energy density of 405 Wh kg−1 (16% higher than state‐of‐the‐art Na–MH batteries) can be achieved at an operating temperature of 190 °C. Furthermore, 15% less Ni is used in the new cathode formula than that in conventional Na–NiCl2 batteries. Long‐term cycling tests also show stable electrochemical performance for over 300 cycles with excellent capacity retention (≈100%). The results in this work indicate that these advances can significantly reduce the raw material cost associated with Ni (a 31% reduction) and promote practical applications of Na–MH battery technologies in stationary energy storage systems.
Growth of MoS2–MoO3 Hybrid Microflowers via Controlled Vapor Transport Process for Efficient Gas Sensing at Room Temperature
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Goel Neeraj , Mishra Monu , Gupta Govind , Fanetti Mattia , Valant Matjaz , Kumar Mahesh 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA nucleation controlled one‐step process to synthesize MoS2–MoO3 hybrid microflowers using vapor transport process and its application in efficient NO2 sensing at room temperature are reported. The morphology and crystal structure of the microflowers are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. A cathodoluminence mapping reveals that the core of the microflower consists of MoO3, and the flower petals as well as nanosheet are composed of a few layers of MoS2. Further, the MoS2–MoO3 hybrid microflower sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of ≈33.6% with a complete recovery to 10 ppm NO2 at room temperature without any extra stimulus like optical or thermal source. Unlike many earlier reports on MoS2 sensor, this advanced approach shows that the sensor is exhibited a low response time (≈19 s) with complete recovery at room tepmerature and excellent selectivity toward NO2 against various other gases. The efficient conventional sensing of the sensor is attributed to a combination of high hole injection from MoO3 to MoS2 and modulation of a potential barrier at MoS2–MoO3 interface during adsorption/desorption of NO2. It is believed that the modified properties of MoS2 by such composite could be used for various advanced device applications.
Nanoscience‐Based Strategies to Engineer Antimicrobial Surfaces
Authors: Rigo Serena , Cai Chao , Gunkel‐Grabole Gesine , Maurizi Lionel , Zhang Xiaoyan , Xu Jian , Palivan Cornelia G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMicrobial contamination and biofilm formation of medical devices is a major issue associated with medical complications and increased costs. Consequently, there is a growing need for novel strategies and exploitation of nanoscience‐based technologies to reduce the interaction of bacteria and microbes with synthetic surfaces. This article focuses on surfaces that are nanostructured, have functional coatings, and generate or release antimicrobial compounds, including “smart surfaces” producing antibiotics on demand. Key requirements for successful antimicrobial surfaces including biocompatibility, mechanical stability, durability, and efficiency are discussed and illustrated with examples of the recent literature. Various nanoscience‐based technologies are described along with new concepts, their advantages, and remaining open questions. Although at an early stage of research, nanoscience‐based strategies for creating antimicrobial surfaces have the advantage of acting at the molecular level, potentially making them more efficient under specific conditions. Moreover, the interface can be fine tuned and specific interactions that depend on the location of the device can be addressed. Finally, remaining important challenges are identified: improvement of the efficacy for long‐term use, extension of the application range to a large spectrum of bacteria, standardized evaluation assays, and combination of passive and active approaches in a single surface to produce multifunctional surfaces.
Die molekulare industrielle Revolution: zur automatisierten Synthese organischer Verbindungen
Authors: Trobe Melanie , Burke Martin D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDerzeit kündigt sich ein Wandel von der manuellen Synthese spezifischer Moleküle, die über individuell angepasste Routen verläuft, hin zu automatisch zusammenfügten Verbindungen unterschiedlichster Klassen mit nur einem Knopfdruck an. Die Entwicklung einer Maschine für die Herstellung unterschiedlichster organischer Moleküle je nach Bedarf ist eine komplexe Aufgabe, es sind aber bereits bedeutende Fortschritte auf Basis von zwei komplementären Ansätzen zu verzeichnen: 1) Automatisierung individueller Routen für die Synthese diverser Verbindungen, wobei viele unterschiedliche Reaktionstypen und spezifische Reagentien genutzt werden können, und 2) Automatisierung einer generellen Plattform, die die Herstellung unterschiedlicher Verbindungen ausgehend von diversen Bausteinen, die mit derselben Kupplungsreaktion verknüpft werden, ermöglicht. Fortschritte in diesen Bereichen bieten die Möglichkeit, Synthese‐Engpässe zu vermeiden und den Fokus molekularer Innovation auf die Entwicklung neuer Methoden zu lenken und so eine “molekulare industrielle Revolution” zu beschleunigen.