bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal anaemia in pregnancy. Iron and pregnancy - a haematologist's view
Authors: Letsky Elizabeth A 
Published: July 2002

As a haematologist I would like to present an alternative view to the belief that routine iron supplements during pregnancy are neither necessary or beneficial in developed countries and that advantages, if any, are far outweighed by widely publicized real and theoretical side effects.For most clinicians it is difficult to accept that in well nourished populations the extra requirements of pregnancy are not met by a normal mixed diet. The haemodilution which occurs in healthy pregnancy because of the dramatic expanse in plasma volume has encouraged the acceptance of abnormally low haemoglobin levels as being physiological. Traditionally, obstetricians have believed that the only manifestation of iron deficiency during pregnancy is maternal anaemia which results in very few clinical manifestations and there are no other adverse sequelae for the mother and none at all for the fetus and infant. These concepts are supported by the fact that controlled trials do not demonstrate any obvious benefit of iron supplementation, particularly if the neonate is not subjected to long-term follow-up. More indirect associations such as general maternal wellbeing, reduced fetal placental ratio, preterm deliveries, post-partum haemorrhage and recovery from blood loss at delivery have not been looked at in an objective manner.
Estimation of road salt use based on winter air temperature
Authors: Venäläinen Ari 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe annual amount of salt used to prevent slippery conditions on roads was estimated with the help of winter monthly mean air temperatures. Air temperature is measured reliably at almost all meteorological stations and the use of air temperature for the estimation of road maintenance conditions is a tempting alternative compared with the use of more complicated indices calculated using meteorological observations available at only a small number of stations. It was found that in Finnish climatological conditions, warmer than normal weather in November and March and colder than normal weather in December, January and February reduces the need for salting. Warm mid‐winter months mean slippery conditions and, consequently, an abundant use of salt. The temperature explained about 60% of the annual variation of salt use and thus gave surprisingly good estimates for the salting amounts. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Statistical verification of forecast icing risk indices
Authors: Carriere Jean‐Marie , Alquier Samuel , Le Bot Christine , Moulin Eric 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA statistical verification of a number of forecast icing algorithms is presented. The algorithms are based on gridded forecasts of temperature and humidity from the global model of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts. This study was undertaken with the use of a database of pilot reports issued from the Winter Icing and Storm Program and collected between 1993 and 1995 over the USA. The results are presented both in terms of percentage of detection and in terms of total surface of the forecast. They highlight the difficulty of having to make a choice between those two criteria. Taking into account vertical velocity in the algorithms reduces the percentage of detection, but the area where icing is forecast decreases to an even higher extent. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Introduction
Authors: Scott Stephen 
Published: July 2002

In the first part of the Forum on Play, in Volume 3,
Number 2, an overview of the functions of play was
provided by David Pellegrini and Peter Smith, and
the importance of play in the school playground was
emphasised by Peter Blatchford.In this, the second part of our forum, Anne Alvarez and
Asha Phillips start us off with a masterly exposition of the
importance of play in a clinical therapeutic relationship.
They show how analytic thinking about play has developed,
and add in a wider understanding from developmental
psychology. They give vivid examples of
what can happen during therapeutic sessions, and propose
that if a secure relationship can be established, the child
will then be safe to explore alternative ways of feeling and
being, free of fear.Allison James then brings us an anthropological perspective
on play. With examples, she develops the argument that children's

play is not merely a re-enactment
of adult values and rules. Rather, successful play with
other children is a finely tuned ‘act’ that requires sensitive

attunement in order to follow the niceties of the rules and
meanings that govern situations. These are complex and
differ according to the context the child is in, but are
specific to the child's own world and not merely generated
by adults.Finally, Peter Slade offers us a uniquely personal view of
how he has used play in drama therapy with children.
Reading it enables us to glimpse ways of thinking spanning
his 50 years of experience.To give a practitioner's perspective, we invited Ann
Cattanach to comment on the first two reviews in the
forum and Margaret Hunter to comment on the three
reviews in this issue. However, if any of these reviews or
commentaries sparks off opinions, reminiscences, or
experiences, please write to the Editors, so they can be
shared with the readership.
Could translocation aid hen harrier conservation in the UK?
Authors: Watson Mark , Thirgood Simon 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTranslocation is increasingly used in conservation to re‐establish or augment populations of threatened species or to remove individual animals from areas of human‐wildlife conflict. We assess the feasibility and utility of translocating hen harriers (Circus cyaneus) in the UK to enhance their distribution and abundance whilst simultaneously reducing the impact of harrier predation on red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) populations and shooting bags. Current knowledge of hen harrier feeding ecology, dispersal, survival and recruitment suggests that they would be suitable subjects for translocation with the aim of increasing their distribution in the UK. Assessment of habitat and food availability suggest that there are suitable recipient sites beyond the current range of the hen harrier in the UK. However, translocation would not be a sustainable method of reducing predation on grouse moors because it would have to continue indefinitely as long as grouse moors attracted harriers. Translocation of harriers to grouse moors where they have been locally extirpated would not be appropriate until levels of illegal control are reduced. Establishing new harrier populations through translocation away from grouse moors may become desirable if initiatives to reduce human‐raptor conflicts on grouse moors are unsuccessful, or as an interim measure to accelerate the recovery of hen harriers in the UK.
The Large srh Family of Chemoreceptor Genes in Caenorhabditis Nematodes Reveals Processes of Genome Evolution Involving Large Duplications and Deletions and Intron Gains and Losses
Authors: Robertson Hugh M. 
Published: July 2002

The srh family of chemoreceptors in the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans is very large, containing 214 genes and 90 pseudogenes. It is related to the str, stl, andsrd families of seven-transmembrane or serpentine receptors. Like these three families, most srh genes are concentrated on chromosome V, and mapping of their chromosomal locations on a phylogenetic tree reveals 27 different movements of genes to other chromosomes. Mapping of intron gains and losses onto the phylogenetic tree reveals that the last common ancestral gene of the family had five introns, which are inferred to have been lost 70 times independently during evolution of the family. In addition, seven intron gains are revealed, three of which are fairly recent. Comparisons with 20 family members in the C. briggsae genome confirms these patterns, including two intron losses in C. briggsae since the species split. There are 14 clear C. elegans orthologs for these 20 genes, whose average amino acid divergence of 68% allows estimation of 85 gene duplications in the C. elegans lineage since the species split. The absence of six orthologs in C. elegans also indicates that gene loss occurs; consideration of all deletions and terminal truncations of srh pseudogenes reveals that large deletions are common. Together these observations provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of this compact animal genome.[A truncated alignment of most annoted members of this protein family is available in Pfam v. 4.2 as family 7tm_5 (http://pfam.wustl.edu/); alignments of all translations are available as supplementary information at http://www.genome.org and can be opened with the program PAUP; alignments of all translations and genes are available athughrobe@uiuc.edu.]
Ancestral Multipartite Units in Light-Responsive Plant Promoters Have Structural Features Correlating with Specific Phototransduction Pathways
Authors: Arguello-Astorga G. R. , Herrera-Estrella L. R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Regulation of plant gene transcription by light is mediated by multipartite cis-regulatory units. Previous attempts to identify structural features that are common to all light-responsive elements (LREs) have been unsuccessful. To address the question of what is needed to confer photoresponsiveness to a promoter, the upstream sequences from more than 110 light-regulated plant genes were analyzed by a new, phylogenetic-structural method. As a result, 30 distinct conserved DNA module arrays (CMAs) associated with light-responsive promoter regions were identified. Several of these CMAs have remained invariant throughout the evolutionary radiation of angiosperms and are conserved between homologous genes as well as between members of different gene families. The identified CMAs share a gene superfamily-specific core that correlates with the particular phytochrome-dependent transduction pathway that controls their expression, i.e. ACCTA(A/C)C(A/C) for the cGMP-dependent phenylpropanoid metabolism-associated genes, and GATA(A/T)GR for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes. In addition to suggesting a general model for the functional and structural organization of LREs, the data obtained in this study indicate that angiosperm LREs probably evolved from complex cis-acting elements involved in regulatory processes other than photoregulation in gymnosperms.
Sugar Regulates mRNA Abundance of H+-ATPase Gene Family Members in Tomato
Authors: Mito N. , Wimmers L. E. , Bennett A. B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase energizes the secondary uptake of nutrients and may facilitate cell expansion by acidifying the cell wall. In yeast, Glc stimulates the accumulation of H+-ATPase mRNA, and the growth rate supported by various sugars is correlated with H+-ATPase protein abundance. Expression of three H+-ATPase genes, LHA1, LHA2, and LHA4, was previously detected in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). We have characterized the sequence of the LHA4 gene and examined the expression of these three tomato H+-ATPase genes in growing tissues and in response to exogenous sugars. LHA4 is a member of the H+-ATPase subfamily, including the Arabidopsis thaliana genes AHA1, AHA2, and AHA3. The 5[prime] untranslated region of the deduced LHA4 cDNA contains a short, open reading frame very similar to that in the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia gene PMA1. LHA4 transcript abundance in seedlings is correlated with cell growth, being 2.5 times greater in hypocotyls of dark- versus light-grown plants. The accumulation of both LHA4 and LHA2 mRNAs is induced by the addition of exogenous sugars and this induction appears to be dependent on sugar uptake and metabolism, because mannitol and 3–O-methylglucose do not stimulate mRNA acumulation. These results suggest that the induction of expression of H+-ATPase genes by metabolizable sugars may be part of a generalized cellular response to increased cell growth and metabolism promoted by the availability of an abundant carbon source.
Evidence for Transcriptional Regulation of Plastid Photosynthesis Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots
Authors: Isono K. , Niwa Y. , Satoh K. , Kobayashi H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Mechanisms underlying suppressed levels of transcripts for plastid photosynthesis genes in nongreen tissues such as roots and calli were analyzed in Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant suitable for further genetic dissection. A region encoding promoters of rbcL, the gene encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and the atpB/E operon for the [beta] and [epsilon] subunits of coupling factor one were cloned and sequenced. Transcripts for rbcL, atpB/E, and psbA, the gene for the D1 protein in the photosystem II reaction center, were barely detectable in roots of A. thaliana, whereas 16S rRNA was detected at a low level. The run-on transcription experiment revealed that expression of rbcL, atpB/E, and psbA was regulated at transcription. The copy number of plastid DNA in roots was one-fifth that in green leaves on the basis of total cellular DNA, suggesting that in the latter the DNA copy-number regulation also exists in plastid gene expression. Digestion of DNA with methyl-sensitive and -insensitive isoschizomeric endonucleases and subsequent polymerase chain reaction, as well as in vitro transcription of plastid DNAs with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, resulted in no evidence of regulation by DNA modification. In spite of predominant suppression of expression of rbcL, atpB/E, and psbA at transcription in roots and calli, 16S rRNA levels were decreased because of low RNA stability.
Cytoplasmic Free Ca2+ in Arabidopsis Roots Changes in Response to Touch but Not Gravity
Authors: Legue V. , Blancaflor E. , Wymer C. , Perbal G. , Fantin D. , Gilroy S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) have been proposed to be involved in signal transduction pathways in response to a number of stimuli, including gravity and touch. The current hypothesis proposes that the development of gravitropic bending is correlated with a redistribution of [Ca2+]i in gravistimulated roots. However, no study has demonstrated clearly the development of an asymmetry of this ion during root curvature. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the temporal and spatial changes in [Ca2+]i in roots of living Arabidopsis seedlings using ultraviolet-confocal Ca2+-ratio imaging and vertical stage fluorescence microscopy to visualize root [Ca2+]i. We observed no changes in [Ca2+]i associated with the graviresponse whether monitored at the whole organ level or in individual cells in different regions of the root for up to 12 h after gravistimulation. However, touch stimulation led to transient increases in [Ca2+]i in all cell types monitored. The increases induced in the cap cells were larger and longer-lived than in cells in the meristematic or elongation zone. One millimolar La3+ and 100 [mu]M verapamil did not prevent these responses, whereas 5 mM EGTA or 50 [mu]M ruthenium red inhibited the transients, indicating an intracellular origin of the Ca2+ increase. These results suggest that, although touch responses of roots may be mediated through a Ca2+-dependent pathway, the gravitropic response is not associated with detectable changes in [Ca2+]i.
Promoter Analysis and Expression of a Phospholipase D Gene from Castor Bean
Authors: Xu L. , Zheng S. , Zheng L. , Wang X. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The expression of a castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) phospholipase D (PLD; EC 3.1.4.4) gene has been studied by examining its promoter activity in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) carrying a PLD promoter-glucuronidase transgene and by monitoring the levels of PLD mRNA in castor bean. Sequence and the 5[prime] truncation analyses revealed that the 5[prime] flanking region from nucleotide -1200 to -730 is required for the regulation and basal function of the PLD promoter. The PLD promoter in vegetative tissues is highly active in the rapidly growing regions such as the shoot apex and the secondary meristem producing axillary buds and vascular tissues of young leaves and stems. The PLD promoter activity in floral tissues was high in stigma, ovary, and pollen grains, but low in petals, sepals, the epidermis of anthers, styles, and filaments. The PLD promoter activity was enhanced by abscisic acid. Northern-blot analysis of PLD in castor bean showed that the PLD mRNA levels were high in young and metabolically more active tissues such as expanding leaves, hypocotyl hooks, developing seeds, and young seedlings, and they decreased in mature tissues such as fully expanded leaves and developed seeds. These patterns of expression suggest a role of PLD in rapid cell growth, proliferation, and reproduction.
Tobamovirus and Potyvirus Accumulation in Minor Veins of Inoculated Leaves from Representatives of the Solanaceae and Fabaceae1
Authors: Shun Ding Xin , Carter Shelly A. , Michael Deom C. , Nelson Richard S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Virus invasion of minor veins in inoculated leaves of a host is the likely prelude to systemic movement of the pathogen and to subsequent yield reduction and quality loss. In this study we have analyzed the cell number and arrangement in minor veins within mature leaves of various members of the Solanaceae and Fabaceae families. We then monitored the accumulation pattern of several tobamoviruses and potyviruses in these veins at the time of rapid, phloem-mediated movement of viruses. Vascular parenchyma cells were the predominant and sometimes only cells to become visibly infected among the cells surrounding the sieve elements in minor veins containing 9 to 12 cells. In no instance did we observe a companion cell infected without a vascular parenchyma cell also being infected in the same vein. This suggests that the viruses used in this study first enter the vascular parenchyma cells and then the companion cells during invasion. The lack of detectable infection of smooth-walled companion or transfer cells, respectively, from inoculated leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and pea (Pisum sativum) during a period of known rapid, phloem-mediated movement suggests that some viruses may be able to circumvent these cells in establishing phloem-mediated infection. The cause of the barrier to virus accumulation in the companion or transfer cells, the relationship of this barrier to previously identified barriers for virus or photoassimilate transport, and the relevance of these findings to photoassimilate transport models are discussed.
Extending the Microtubule/Microfibril Paradigm1
Authors: Fisher Deborah D. , Cyr Richard J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The cortical microtubule array provides spatial information to the cellulose-synthesizing machinery within the plasma membrane of elongating cells. Until now data indicated that information is transferred from organized cortical microtubules to the cellulose-synthesizing complex, which results in the deposition of ordered cellulosic walls. How cortical microtubules become aligned is unclear. The literature indicates that biophysical forces, transmitted by the organized cellulose component of the cell wall, provide a spatial cue to orient cortical microtubules. This hypothesis was tested on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) protoplasts and suspension-cultured cells treated with the cellulose synthesis inhibitor isoxaben. Isoxaben (0.25–2.5 μm) inhibited the synthesis of cellulose microfibrils (detected by staining with 1 μg mL−1 fluorescent dye and polarized birefringence), the cells failed to elongate, and the cortical microtubules failed to become organized. The affects of isoxaben were reversible, and after its removal microtubules reorganized and cells elongated. Isoxaben did not depolymerize microtubules in vivo or inhibit the polymerization of tubulin in vitro. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that cellulose microfibrils, and hence cell elongation, are involved in providing spatial cues for cortical microtubule organization. These results compel us to extend the microtubule/microfibril paradigm to include the bidirectional flow of information.
Intracellular pH in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi1
Authors: Jolicoeur Mario , Germette Sophie , Gaudette Martin , Perrier Michel , Bécard Guillaume 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA method was developed to perform real-time analysis of cytosolic pH of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in culture using dye and ratiometric measurements (490/450 nm excitations). The study was mainly performed using photometric analysis, although some data were confirmed using image analysis. The use of nigericin allowed an in vivo calibration. Experimental parameters such as loading time and concentration of the dye were determined so that pH measurements could be made for a steady-state period on viable cells. A characteristic pH profile was observed along hyphae. For Gigaspora margarita, the pH of the tip (0–2 μm) was typically 6.7, increased sharply to 7.0 behind this region (9.5 μm), and decreased over the next 250 μm to a constant value of 6.6. A similar pattern was obtained for Glomus intraradices. The pH profile of G. margaritagerm tubes was higher when cultured in the presence of carrot (Daucus carota) hairy roots (nonmycorrhizal). Similarly, extraradical hyphae of G. intraradices had a higher apical pH than the germ tubes. The use of a paper layer to prevent the mycorrhizal roots from being in direct contact with the medium selected hyphae with an even higher cytosolic pH. Results suggest that this method could be useful as a bioassay for studying signal perception and/or H+ cotransport of nutrients by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae.
The Phytochrome Response of the Lemna gibba NPR1 Gene Is Mediated Primarily through Changes in Abscisic Acid Levels1
Authors: Weatherwax Sharlene C. , Williams Shirley A. , Tingay Sonia , Tobin Elaine M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two important signaling systems involved in the growth and development of plants, those triggered by the photoreceptor phytochrome and the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), are involved in the regulation of expression of the NPR1 gene of Lemna gibba. We previously demonstrated that phytochrome action mediates changes in ABA levels in L. gibba, correlating with changes in gene expression evoked by stimulation of the phytochrome system. We have now further characterized phytochrome- and ABA-mediated regulation of L. gibba NPR1 gene expression using a transient particle bombardment assay, demonstrating that regulatory elements controlling responses to both stimuli reside within 156 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start. Linker scan (LS) analysis of the region from −156 to −70 was used to identify two specific requisite and nonredundant cis-acting promoter elements between −143 to −135 (LS2) and −113 to −101 (LS5). Mutation of either of these elements resulted in a coordinate loss of regulation by phytochrome and ABA. This suggests that, unlike theL. gibba Lhcb2*1 promoter, in which phytochrome and ABA regulatory elements are separable, the phytochrome response of theL. gibba NPR1 gene can be attributed to alterations in ABA levels.