bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cranial Nerves of Chimæra monstrosa
Authors: Cole Frank J. 
Published: June 2019

This work was commenced at the suggestion of Prof. Ewart, F.R.S., to whose kindness I am indebted for the material used, and for much assistance and advice during the progress of the investigation. Prof. Ewart placed two specimens at my disposal—a male and a female, both of which were about 43 cm. long, excluding, of course, the lash. As, however, the male had been partly dissected for special points in connection with another investigation, it was only available for the study of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves; the main bulk of the present work, therefore, having been carried out on a single specimen. Hence there are several points on which my work will require confirmation.As the dissection of the cranial nerves of Chimæra elucidated facts of a more interesting character than I had anticipated, it was thought desirable to publish a preliminary statement containing a brief account of the facts, and to leave the full description with figures and morphological deductions for a future communication, which I hope to lay before the Eoyal Society in a few weeks' time. The present paper, therefore, pretends to be a brief review of the more important facts and nothing more.Having nothing new to describe with respect to the olfactory and optic nerves, I shall commence with the oculo-motor:—Third Nerve.—This is a large nerve, and arises from the crus cerebri by two principal roots just behind the pituitary body. On emerging from its foramen in the orbit, it immediately gives off a branch to the superior rectus muscle of the eye, and divides into two large dorsal and ventral branches running respectively over and under the optic nerve.
Preliminary Note on the Structure and Affinities of Phoronis
Authors: Masterman Arthur T. 
Published: June 2019

In spite of the great amount of attention which has been bestowed upon this group by many workers, it must still be said that our knowledge of its systematic position is very meagre and uncertain, and that there are points in its anatomy which require elucidation. Through the kindness of Professor M‘Intosh I have been enabled to examine some specimens of P. australis, and also a Phoronis, which appears to be a new species. I reserve a detailed account of my results for later publication, and here only refer very briefly to leading points. I may mention that Professor M‘Intosh has also allowed me the inspection of his serial sections of P. buskii. M‘Intosh, and after a careful comparison I have not the slightest doubt that this is a distinct species from P. australis—it has been usual to regard the distinction between these two forms as not of specific value.Divisions of the Body.—It is usual, in describing the structure of Phoronis, to refer to two different parts of the body which lie before and behind the septum respectively. I propose, for reasons shown later, to emphasise the division of the body into—(1) The epistome, lying dorsally to the mouth, and having very definite, though somewhat involved, relationship to the next part; (2) the tentacular region, which I prefer to call the collar, consisting of a ring round the mouth region, the oral part being produced into two arms or processes which bear tentacles and are coiled, and the aboral end being limited superficially by the nerve ring and fundamentally by the so-called septum; (3) the trunk, including all the region behind the septum.
On the Path of a Rotating Spherical Projectile. Part II
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

In addition to the authorities quoted in the first part of the paper, memoirs by Clerk-Maxwell and by Lord Rayleigh are referred to, also a passage in the Beiblätter zu den Ann. d. Physik. (1895, p. 289), which cites Hélie, Traíté de Balistique.The Author then considers the more obvious defects of the rudely approximate solution of the differential equations which is given in Part I., especially the omission of the direct gravitational effect on the speed, and shows how to take account of the effect of the observed gradual diminution of the angular velocity of the projectile. An improved solution of the problem of § 8 of the paper is also given.The Author stated that lie had occasionally succeeded in obtaining the kink spoken of in Part I., the projectile being a humming-top made of very thin metal. He had also occasionally obtained a cusp, thus exhibiting the paradoxical result of a projectile's path which is at no point concave downwards.
Note on Centrobaric Shells
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

It is singular to observe the comparative ease with which elementary propositions in attraction can be proved by one of the obvious methods, while the proof by the other is tedious.Thus nothing can be simpler than Newton's proof that a uniform spherical shell exerts no gravitating force on an internal particle. But, so far as I know, there is no such simple proof (of a direct character) that the potential is constant throughout the interior.On the other hand the direct proof that a spherical shell, whose surface-density is inversely as the cube of the distance from an internal point, is centrobaric is neither short nor simple. (See, for instance, Thomson and Tait's Elements of Natural Philosophy, § 491.) But we may prove at once that its potential at external points is the same as if its mass were condensed at the internal point.
On the Reproduction of some Marine Diatoms
Authors: Murray George 
Published: June 2019

The subject of the production within Diatoms of spores, en docysts, &c., has been worked at by several observers, principally Castracane in recent years, and before him O'Meara and Rabenhorst. Some of these observers have noted ciliated, spore-like bodies, probably parasitic or casual intrusive organisms; others, notably Castracane, have recorded oval and other cysts winch have not been figured and the characters of which are difficult to realise. Miquel has made an experimental examination of the subject without being able to confirm Castracane's results. Castracane has also recorded the presence, as he thinks, of “gonids or embryonal forms” within a fossil Diatom (Coscinodiscus punctatus) in a marine deposit of miocene age. During March of this year I tow-netted near the Bell Rock a large quantity of Coscinodiscus concinnus — with many dead valves separated at the girdle. These frequently contained not only other and smaller individuals of the same species, but other species of diatoms and casual objects as well, and the observation makes one cautious about accepting evidence of the character brought forward by Castracane as to his fossil form.Lauder, in describing forms of Bacteriastrum and Chœtoceros, observed the formation of endocysts. “At certain times, or under certain circumstances, the endochrome does not divide after the lengthening of the frustule, but secretes a siliceous envelope and becomes a gonidium or sporangium, consisting of a cell with two rounded ends, and a connecting hoop, one end being smaller than the other ….
Note on the Sensitiveness of the Skin to Weak Electric Currents, as compared with the Sensitiveness of a Telephone to the same Currents
Authors: McKendrick John G. 
Published: June 2019

On 7th December last, I showed to the Society a method by which the skin might be stimulated by electric shocks from an induction coil corresponding in rhythm and intensity to the notes and chords of music given off by the phonograph. The pressures from the disk of the phonograph act on a variable resistance microphone transmitter. and the current passing through the latter also passes through the primary coil of an induction machine. From the secondary coil wires pass to two strips of platinum, immersed each in a beaker containing ·75 per cent. of salt solution. When the fingers are dipped into the salt solution, and the phonograph is set in motion, thrills are felt by the fingers corresponding to the intensity and rhythm of the music.Deeming it of interest to have some data regarding this experiment, I have modified it in the way shown in the diagram, and the E. M. F. of the battery employed and the resistances of the various pieces of the apparatus were measured. Into the circuit of the secondary coil, f, a resistance box, g, and a telephone, t, were introduced; and the circuit was completed when the fingers were immersed in the salt solution h, i. When the phonograph was in action and gave out a well-known military march, the thrills could be felt in the fingers, and at the same time the telephone, which was fixed in a stand at the level of the ear, gave out the music.
A Research into the Nature of the Nucleins and Paranucleins of the Animal Cell
Authors: Milroy T. H. 
Published: June 2019

There are two constituents of the cell which have, during the last few years, attracted a great deal of attention, namely, the nucleins and paranucleins.The nucleins are essential constituents of the cell nucleus, appearing there in different forms of combination. The true nucleins possess at least three characters in common.In the first place, they have a high percentage of phosphorus. Secondly, they offer great resistance to the action of peptic digestion.Thirdly, they furnish nuclein bases on being subjected to the action of weak acids at moderate temperatures (about 100° C). They may be regarded as representing combinations between a rich phosphorus-holding acid—nucleic acid—and albumin. These combinations may either be of a firm or loose character, that is to say, in the case of the former it is difficult to split off the nucleic acid from the nuclein by the action of hot saturated baryta solutions, while in the latter the decomposition takes place easily.It seems probable that there are four or more different nucleic acids, according as they give on decomposition certain definite nuclein bases. In other words, each nuclein base may have its corresponding nucleic acid from which it is derived. From this it follows that there may be also different nucleins corresponding to each nucleic acid. As examples, one may take thymus nuclein, which gives in decomposition with weak acids adenin and guanin, while, from the nuclein of the pancreas, only guanin has been obtained. This acid constituent of the nuclein possesses the property of precipitating proteids out of their solutions.
On a New Form of Constant Volume Air Thermometer, which shows the Total Pressure directly, and may be graduated in degrees by Temperature
Authors: Murray J. R. Erskine 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. The thermometer described in the present communication is a constant volume one. Its advantages proceed mainly from a simple arrangement whereby the total pressure of the enclosed air, and hence its temperature, since these are proportional, is measured directly by the height of one column of mercury. The external atmospheric pressure is eliminated by the adjustment of an auxiliary reservoir of mercury.§ 2. In fig. 1, A is the air-bulb, B is the pressure-gauge, which is an ordinary barometer tube with a vacuum above the mercury connected at its lower end to the bent stem of the air-bulb and also by a flexible tube to the reservoir C. D is the constant volume mark on the stem of the air-bulb. The part of the instrument which is filled with mercury when the air is at 0° C. is shaded in the diagram.§ 3. To make an observation of temperature the mercury is adjusted to the mark D by raising or lowering the reservoir. The height of the column in B above the level of the mark D now gives the total pressure of the enclosed air. The air-bulb and pressure-gauge may be cut off entirely from external pressure by closing the stop-cock between the pressure-gauge and the reservoir. If the absolute temperature corresponding to any given value of the pressure be known, we can calculate that corresponding to any other pressure by simple proportion.Thus, in order to graduate the thermometer in degrees of temperature, it is only necessary to find the total pressure for any one temperature; that of melting ice, which we may take as 273° on the absolute scale of temperature, is the most convenient.
On Photo-Chemical Action
Authors: Gibson John 
Published: June 2019

A chief difficulty in the study of photo-chemical action lies in its variety, for it gives rise not merely to changes of a chemically simple kind, but also to the innumerable complex changes of plant-life and photography.The difficulty is further increased by the extremely small proportion of material substance, chemically altered in a limited time by the action of those vibrations of the ether which we call light. To this, perhaps, more than to any other cause, must be attributed our continued inability to ascertain the true nature of photo-chemical changes so constantly observed as the decomposition of silver haloids by light.Repeated attempts have been, made to connect particular chemical effects, such as oxidation and reduction, with greater or smaller wave-length; but all such attempts have ended in self-contradiction (1, 2).Now, if there be any single characteristic associating all photochemical actions together, this characteristic must be present in the simplest as well as in the most complex cases, and the consideration of the former seems, therefore, most likely to lead to definite conclusions.Perhaps the most striking and the most simple case that presents itself is the increased electric conductivity imparted to crystalline selenium on exposure to light.Monkmann has shown that pure soluble sulphur also acquires increased conductivity when exposed to light, though to a less degree than selenium (3).Ultra-violet light (4), and also the Röntgen rays, impart electric conductivity to the air.In these eases the change is a temporary one.
On Electrical Properties of Fumes proceeding from Flames and Burning Charcoal
Authors: Kelvin Lord , Maclean Magnus 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. Many experimenters have investigated the electrical properties of flames and incandescent solids. The methods usually employed have been (1) to examine the electric conductivity of different parts of the flame; (2) to measure the difference of potential between platinum wires in different positions in the same flame; (3) to find the leakage of a charged conductor when placed near, or in view of, a flame or an incandescent solid; (4) to observe the leakage of a conductor, raised to a red or white heat, by an electric current, and electrically charged; and (5) to observe the production of electrification or diselectrification by a glowing wire, through which a current is passing, in neighbouring insulated conductors separated from it by different gases.§ 2. This short communication divides itself into three separate inquiries: 〈1〉 to test by one of our electric filters the electric quality of the fumes from different flames and burnings (this method has not, we believe, been tried before); (2) to observe the difference of potential maintained between two wires of the same metal connected with a copper plate and a zinc plate when the fumes from different flames and burnings at different distances from the plates passed between them and round them; and 〈3〉 to observe the leakage between two parallel metal plates with any difference of electric potential when the fumes from flames and burnings were allowed to pass between them.
On the Expression of any Bordered Skew Determinant as a Sum of Products of Pfaffians
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

1. Cayley commences his third paper on Skew Determinants (May, 1854) by recalling his development of them in terms of Pfaffians, and then goes on to say:—“J'ai trouve recemment une formule analogue pour le developpement d'un déterminant gauche borde, tel queCette formule est:and he explains that the expressions 12, 1234, etc., are Pfaffians, whose law of formation is—12 = 12,1234 = 12·34 + 13·42 + 14·23,123456 = 12·34·56 + 13·45·62 + 14·56·23 + 15·62·34 + 16·23·45 + 12·35·64 + 13·46·25 +14·52·36 +15·63·42 + 16·24·53 + 12·36·45 + 13·42·56 + 14·53·62 + 15·64·23 + 16·25·34.No proof is given, and the law of formation of the development itself is not explained.
Experiments on the Electrical Phenomena produced in Gases by Röntgen Rays, by Ultra Violet Light, and by Uranium
Authors: Kelvin Lord , Beattie J. Carruthers , de Smolan M. S. 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. To test whether or not the Röntgen rays have any electrifying effect on air, the following arrangement was made.A lead cylinder 76 cms. long, 23 cms. diameter, was constructed; and both ends were closed with paraffined cardboard, transparent to the Röntgen rays. Outside the end distant from the electrometer (see diagram 1) a Röntgen lamp was placed. In the other end two holes were made, one in the middle, through which passed a glass tube (referred to below as suction pipe) of sufficient length to allow the end in the lead cylinder to be put into any desired place in the cylinder. By means of this, air was drawn through an electric filter by an air pump. The other hole, at a little distance from the centre, contained a second glass tube by which air was drawn through india-rubber tubing from the open-air quadrangle outside the laboratory.In one series of experiments the end of the suction pipe was kept in the axial line of the lead cylinder at various points 10 cms. apart, beginning with a point close to the end distant from the Röntgen lamp.In every case the air drawn through the filter was found to be negatively electrified when no screen or an aluminium screen was interposed between the Röntgen lamp and the near end of the lead cylinder. The air was found not electrified at all, or very slightly negative, when a lead screen was interposed.
On Supersaturation and its Dependence on Crystalline Form
Authors: Nicol W. W. J. 
Published: June 2019

The phenomenon of Supersaturation in certain well-marked instances is familiar to every student, and may briefly be defined as consisting in the retention in solution at a low temperature of a quantity of a substance sufficient to form a saturated solution at a higher temperature. So long as the temperature is not allowed to fall below a certain point, and the solution is not brought in contact with a particle of the solid substance or with a substance isomorphous with it, the solution is in perfectly stable equilibrium. The researches of Gernez and many others have established this now generally accepted fact, that, the temperature remaining constant, the sole cause which is able to disturb the equilibrium of the solution is contact with a crystal of the same form as that which will crystallise out from the solution.In a paper communicated to this Society nearly twelve years ago, I described a series of experiments on supersaturation which had forced me to the conclusion that in the strict sense of the word no solution is ever supersaturated, a conclusion which I found had been reached by Loewel nearly fifty years before, as the result of his investigations on the solubility of sodium sulphate. Shortly stated, the views of Loewel and myself were that a supersaturated solution is a saturated or non-saturated solution of the anhydrous salt, the term anhydrous being used by me as a convenient means of indicating that no definite hydrate exists in the solution, but that the whole of the water is in the same relation to the salt.
Note on the Calcutta Earthquake (June 12, 1897), as recorded by the Bifilar Pendulum at the Edinburgh Royal Observatory
Authors: Heath Thomas 
Published: June 2019

On the 12th of June a disastrous earthquake occurred in North-Eastern India. The violence of the shock was first felt in Calcutta (at least, the first report of it reached us from that quarter), and spread with destructive violence, north-easterly through Assam along the valley of the Brahmapootra, and north-westerly along the course of the Ganges and the base of the Himalaya Mountains. We may form some idea of the violence of the shock from the disastrous effects produced by it. From Calcutta it is reported that few houses have escaped without damage of some description, that part of the Cathedral spire has fallen, and that many public buildings have been injured. At Darjeeling many houses were destroyed, and the district left without railway communication. In Bengal the destruction of property was apparently not so great; but in Assam the shock is reported to have spread ruin far and wide, and to have been attended with serious loss of human life.The destructive energy of the earthquake appears to have been exhausted within the area thus briefly indicated. The undulatory movements set up by it in the earth's crust have, however, been detected at great distances from the centre of the disturbance, and already from three stations in Western Europe reports are to hand showing that seismographic apparatus have recorded the phenomenon beyond any possibility of doubt. These stations are Grenoble in South-Eastern France, Prof. Milne's Seismological Observatory in the Isle of Wight, and the Royal Observatory on Blackford Hill. Doubtless in time we shall hear of similar records obtained at many other places.
Observations on the Migratory Movements of Salmonidæ during the Spawning Season
Authors: Calderwood W. L. 
Published: June 2019

The fact that the salmon comes from the sea and spawns in the river has induced the supposition that this fish ascends the river only for the purpose of spawning. That the supposition is not always justifiable seems, however, sufficiently shown by the fact that clean-run salmon with undeveloped reproductive organs may be found in fresh water during the spawning season, and indeed at any season of the year, and also by the fact that a spring run of fish is usual. “When we regard the head waters of many of our rivers as localities for the natural propagation of the salmon, we find, however, that, except at the spawning season, adult fish are never present. When, at the same time, we remark that the fish which ascend to those waters during the winter months are all sexually ripe, we may fairly conclude that the fish are impelled to migrate to those head waters for the express purpose of spawning.It has been said that the shads (Clupea allosa, and C. finta) and the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are examples of fishes which have a spawning habit analogous to that of the salmon, since they also ascend rivers for the purpose of propagating their species. Their habit is, however, more analogous to that of the comparatively few salmon which penetrate at once to head streams and tributaries, than to the fishes which inhabit the lower reaches of a salmon river. They ascend for a limited period only, and seek again the salt water whenever the operation of spawning is completed. They are marine fishes which spawn in fresh water. The common eel may be taken as an example of a fresh water fish which spawns in sea water.
A Relation between Permanents and Determinants
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

1. If all the negative terms of the determinant ∣ a1b2c3 … ∣ be changed in sign, we obtain a symmetric function, dealt with by Borchardt and Cayley, known as a Permanent and denoted byThe more important elementary properties of such functions are given in a paper published in the Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., xi. pp. 409–418. As might be expected, relations are found to exist between them and determinants, an important instance being the theorem of § 7 of the said paper. Another theorem, not hitherto noted, deserves now to be put on record.2. For the case of the 2nd order it isthe truth of it being self-evident.For the case of the 3rd order it iswhich is easily verified by observing that the coefficients of a1, a2, a3 in the expression on the left-hand side are respectivelyand that by the previous case each of these vanishes.