bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AVALIAÇÃO DE PATENTES E INOVAÇÃO. MÉTODOS E PROBLEMAS
Authors: Aveni Alessandro , Carvalho Sônia Marise Salles 
Published: February 2018

<p>O presente trabalho parte do problema de avaliação da inovação. As avaliações clássicas usam um modelo econômico que se baseia sobre análise de mercado. Porém existe um paradoxo, o de Collidrige, que diz que a previsão dos efeitos da inovação <em>ex-ante</em> implica que seja possível avaliá-la antes que ela possa produzir seus efeitos. O artigo mostra como superar este paradoxo. Uma avaliação do valor imaterial se remete ao paradoxo avaliando um capital humano em relação a sociedade atual e não na base de qual seria a sociedade no futuro depois que a inovação terá produzidos seus efeitos na sociedade. A proposta de solução ao dilema que se encontra na avaliação do capital financeiro e do capital humano é considerar a inovação ligada ao processo empreendedor e suas avaliações pois é nele que há <em>lócus</em> em que a inovação se manifesta no seu potencial e se realiza como lucro empresarial.</p>
Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Caused by Solar Proton Events: The Role of the Polar Vortex
Authors: Denton M. H. , Kivi R. , Ulich T. , Clilverd M. A. , Rodger C. J. , von der Gathen P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOzonesonde data from four sites are analyzed in relation to 191 solar proton events from 1989 to 2016. Analysis shows ozone depletion (~10–35 km altitude) commencing following the SPEs. Seasonally corrected ozone data demonstrate that depletions occur only in winter/early spring above sites where the northern hemisphere polar vortex (PV) can be present. A rapid reduction in stratospheric ozone is observed with the maximum decrease occurring ~10–20 days after solar proton events. Ozone levels remain depleted in excess of 30 days. No depletion is observed above sites completely outside the PV. No depletion is observed in relation to 191 random epochs at any site at any time of year. Results point to the role of indirect ozone destruction, most likely via the rapid descent of long‐lived NOx species in the PV during the polar winter.
An Empirical Model of the Variation of the Solar Lyman‐α Spectral Irradiance
Authors: Kretzschmar Matthieu , Snow Martin , Curdt Werner 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe propose a simple model that computes the spectral profile of the solar irradiance in the hydrogen Lyman alpha line, H Ly‐α (121.567 nm), from 1947 to present. Such a model is relevant for the study of many astronomical environments, from planetary atmospheres to interplanetary medium. This empirical model is based on the SOlar Heliospheric Observatory/Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation observations of the Ly‐α irradiance over solar cycle 23 and the Ly‐α disk‐integrated irradiance composite. The model reproduces the temporal variability of the spectral profile and matches the independent SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment/SOLar‐STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment spectral observations from 2003 to 2007 with an accuracy better than 10%.
The 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake: A Complicated Event Occurred in a Young Fault System
Authors: Sun Jianbao , Yue Han , Shen Zhengkang , Fang Lihua , Zhan Yan , Sun Xiangyu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe Minshan Uplift Zone (MUZ) is located at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, which is the junction of three tectonic terranes. The observed discrepancy between a high uplifting and low shortening rate over the MUZ is attributed to the intrusion of a viscous lower crust. In the last 50 years, several significant earthquakes occurred at the boundaries of the MUZ, that is, the Huya and Mingjiang faults. On 8 August 2017, the Jiuzhaigou earthquake (Mw 6.5) occurred on the northern extension of the Huya fault. We adopt a joint inversion of the interferometric synthetic aperture radar and teleseismic body wave data to investigate the rupture process of this event. The obtained slip model is dominated by left‐lateral strike slips on a subvertical fault presenting significant shallow slip deficit. The rupture initiation is composed of both thrust and strike‐slip mechanisms producing a non‐double‐couple solution. We also resolve a secondary fault branch forming an obtuse angle with the main fault plane at its northern end. These phenomena indicate that the northern Huya fault is a young (less mature) fault system. Focal mechanisms of the regional earthquakes demonstrate that the northern and southern Huya faults present different combinations of strike‐slip and reversed motion. We attribute such discrepancy to the lateral extension of the viscous lower crust, which appears to extrude to the east beyond the northern Huya fault, in comparison with that confined under the MUZ near the southern Huya fault. This conceptual model is also supported by geomorphological and magnetotelluric observations.
New Model for Ionospheric Irregularities at Mars
Authors: Keskinen M. J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA new model for ionospheric irregularities at Mars is presented. It is shown that wind‐driven currents in the dynamo region of the Martian ionosphere can be unstable to the electromagnetic gradient drift instability. This plasma instability can generate ionospheric density and magnetic field irregularities with scale sizes of approximately 15–20 km down to a few kilometers. We show that the instability‐driven magnetic field fluctuation amplitudes relative to background are correlated with the ionospheric density fluctuation amplitudes relative to background. Our results can explain recent observations made by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft in the Martian ionosphere dynamo region.
Clayey Landslide Initiation and Acceleration Strongly Modulated by Soil Swelling
Authors: Schulz William H. , Smith Joel B. , Wang Gonghui , Jiang Yao , Roering Joshua J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLargely unknown mechanisms restrain motion of clay‐rich, slow‐moving landslides that are widespread worldwide and rarely accelerate catastrophically. We studied a clayey, slow‐moving landslide typical of thousands in Northern California, USA, to decipher hydrologic‐mechanical interactions that modulate landslide dynamics. Similar to some other studies, observed pore‐water pressures correlated poorly with landslide reactivation and speed. In situ and laboratory measurements strongly suggested that variable pressure along the landslide's lateral shear boundaries resulting from seasonal soil expansion and contraction modulated its reactivation and speed. Slope‐stability modeling suggested that the landslide's observed behavior could be predicted by including transient swell pressure as a resistance term, whereas modeling considering only transient hydrologic conditions predicted movement five to six months prior to when it was observed. All clayey soils swell to some degree; hence, our findings suggest that swell pressure likely modulates motion of many landslides and should be considered to improve forecasts of clayey landslide initiation and mobility.
Photometric Modeling and VIS‐IR Albedo Maps of Dione From Cassini‐VIMS
Authors: Filacchione G. , Ciarniello M. , D'Aversa E. , Capaccioni F. , Cerroni P. , Buratti B. J. , Clark R. N. , Stephan K. , Plainaki C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe report about visible and infrared albedo maps and spectral indicators of Dione's surface derived from the complete Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) data set acquired between 2004 and 2017 during the Cassini tour in Saturn's system. Maps are derived by applying a photometric correction necessary to disentangle the intrinsic albedo of the surface from illumination and viewing geometry occurring at the time of the observation. The photometric correction is based on the Shkuratov et al. (2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.06.011) method which yields values of the surface equigonal albedo. Dione's surface albedo maps are rendered at five visible (VIS: 0.35, 0.44, 0.55, 0.7, and 0.95 μm) and five infrared (IR: 1.046, 1.540, 1.822, 2.050, and 2.200 μm) wavelengths in cylindrical projection with a 0.5° × 0.5° angular resolution in latitude and longitude, corresponding to a spatial resolution of 4.5 km/bin. Apart from visible and infrared albedo maps, we report about the distribution of the two visible spectral slopes (0.35–0.55 and 0.55–0.95 μm) and water ice 2.050 μm band depth computed after having applied the photometric correction. The derived spectral indicators are employed to trace Dione's composition variability on both global and local scales allowing to study the dichotomy between the bright‐leading and dark‐trailing hemispheres, the distribution of fresh material on the impact craters and surrounding ejecta, and the resurfacing of the bright material within the chasmata caused by tectonism.
Can Large Oceanic Vortices Be Stable?
Authors: Benilov E. S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObservations show that radii of oceanic eddies often exceed the Rossby radius of deformation, whereas theoretical studies suggest that such vortices should be unstable. The present paper resolves this paradox by presenting a wide class of large geostrophic vortices with a sign‐definite gradient of potential vorticity (which makes them stable), in an ocean where the density gradient is mostly confined to a thin near‐surface layer (which is indeed the case in the real ocean). The condition of a thin “active” layer is what makes the present work different from the previous theoretical studies and is of utmost importance. It turns out that without it, the joint requirement that a vortex be large and have a sign‐definite potential vorticity gradient trivializes the problem by eliminating all vortices except nearly barotropic ones.
Statistical Study of Low‐Frequency Electromagnetic Cyclotron Waves in the Solar Wind at 1 AU
Authors: Zhao G. Q. , Feng H. Q. , Wu D. J. , Liu Q. , Zhao Y. , Zhao A. , Huang J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractElectromagnetic cyclotron waves (ECWs) near the proton cyclotron frequency are common wave activities in the solar wind and have attracted much attention in recent years. This paper investigates 82,809 ECWs based on magnetic field data from the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory‐A mission between 2007 and 2013. Results show that ECWs may last for just a few seconds or incessantly for several tens of minutes. The time fraction of ECW storms among all solar wind is about 0.9%; the storms are obtained with the duration threshold of 10 min, amplitude criterion of 0.032 nT, and time separation limit of 3 min for combination of intermittent ECWs. Most of ECWs have their amplitudes less than 1 nT, while some ECWs have large amplitudes comparable to the ambient magnetic field. The distributions of the durations and amplitudes of these ECWs are characterized by power law spectra, respectively, with spectrum indexes around 4. Statistically, there seems to be a tendency that ECWs with a longer duration will have a larger amplitude. Observed ECW properties are time dependent, and the median frequency of left‐hand ECWs can be lower than that of right‐hand ECWs in some months in the spacecraft frame. The percentage of left‐hand ECWs varies in a large range with respect to months; it is much low (26%) in a month, though it frequently exceeds 50% in other months. Characteristics of ECWs with concurrent polarizations are also researched. The present study should be of importance for a more complete picture of ECWs in the solar wind.
Curie Point Depth of the Iberian Peninsula and Surrounding Margins. A Thermal and Tectonic Perspective of its Evolution
Authors: Andrés J. , Marzán I. , Ayarza P. , Martí D. , Palomeras I. , Torné M. , Campbell S. , Carbonell R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this work the thermal structure of the Iberian Peninsula is derived from magnetic data by calculating the bottom of the magnetization, assumed to be the Curie‐point depth (CPD) isotherm, which accounts for the depth at which magnetite becomes paramagnetic (580°C). Comparison of the CPD with crustal thickness maps along with a heat flow map derived from the CPD provides new insights on the lithospheric thermal regime. Within Iberia, the CPD isotherm has thickness in the range of 17 to 29 km. This isotherm is shallow (<18 km) offshore, where the lithosphere is thinner. In continental Iberia, the NW Variscan domain presents a magnetic response that is most probably linked to thickening and later extension processes during the late Variscan Orogeny, which resulted in widespread crustal melting and emplacement of granites (in the Central Iberian Arc). The signature of the CPD at the Gibraltar Arc reveals a geometry consistent with the slab roll‐back geodynamic model that shaped the western Mediterranean. In offshore areas, a broad extension of magnetized upper mantle is found. Serpentinization of the upper mantle, probably triggered in an extensional context, is proposed to account for the magnetic signal. The Atlantic margin presents up to 8 km of serpentinites, which, according to the identification of exhumed mantle, correlates with a hyperextended margin. The Mediterranean also presents generalized serpentinization up to 6 km in the Algerian Basin. Furthermore, a heat flow map and a Moho temperature map derived from the CPD are presented.
Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World
Authors: Dean Joshua F. , Middelburg Jack J. , Röckmann Thomas , Aerts Rien , Blauw Luke G. , Egger Matthias , Jetten Mike S. M. , de Jong Anniek E. E. , Meisel Ove H. , Rasigraf Olivia , Slomp Caroline P. , in't Zandt Michiel H. , Dolman A. J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMethane (CH4) is produced in many natural systems that are vulnerable to change under a warming climate, yet current CH4 budgets, as well as future shifts in CH4 emissions, have high uncertainties. Climate change has the potential to increase CH4 emissions from critical systems such as wetlands, marine and freshwater systems, permafrost, and methane hydrates, through shifts in temperature, hydrology, vegetation, landscape disturbance, and sea level rise. Increased CH4 emissions from these systems would in turn induce further climate change, resulting in a positive climate feedback. Here we synthesize biological, geochemical, and physically focused CH4 climate feedback literature, bringing together the key findings of these disciplines. We discuss environment‐specific feedback processes, including the microbial, physical, and geochemical interlinkages and the timescales on which they operate, and present the current state of knowledge of CH4 climate feedbacks in the immediate and distant future. The important linkages between microbial activity and climate warming are discussed with the aim to better constrain the sensitivity of the CH4 cycle to future climate predictions. We determine that wetlands will form the majority of the CH4 climate feedback up to 2100. Beyond this timescale, CH4 emissions from marine and freshwater systems and permafrost environments could become more important. Significant CH4 emissions to the atmosphere from the dissociation of methane hydrates are not expected in the near future. Our key findings highlight the importance of quantifying whether CH4 consumption can counterbalance CH4 production under future climate scenarios.
Extreme Mesozoic Crustal Thinning in the Eastern Iberia Margin: The Example of the Columbrets Basin (Valencia Trough)
Authors: Etheve Nathalie , Mohn Geoffroy , Frizon de Lamotte Dominique , Roca Eduard , Tugend Julie , Gómez‐Romeu Júlia 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEastern Iberia preserves a complex succession of Mesozoic rifts partly or completely inverted during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic in relation with Africa‐Eurasia convergence. Notably, the Valencia Trough, classically viewed as part of the Cenozoic West Mediterranean basins, preserves in its southwestern part a thick Mesozoic succession (locally ≈10 km thick) over a highly thinned continental basement (locally only ≈3.5 km thick). This subbasin, referred to as the Columbrets Basin, represents a Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous hyperextended rift basin weakly overprinted by subsequent events. Its initial configuration is well preserved allowing us to unravel its 3‐D architecture and tectonostratigraphic evolution in the frame of the Mesozoic evolution of eastern Iberia. The Columbrets Basin benefits from an extensive data set combining high‐resolution seismic reflection profiles, drill holes, seismic refraction data, and expanding spread profiles. The interactions between halokinesis, involving the Upper Triassic salt, and extensional deformation controlled the architecture of the Mesozoic basin. The thick uppermost Triassic to Cretaceous succession displays a large‐scale “syncline” shape, progressively stretched and dismembered toward the basin borders. We propose that the SE border of the basin is characterized by a large extensional detachment fault acting at crustal scale and interacting locally with the Upper Triassic décollement. This extensional structure accommodates the exhumation of the continental basement and part of the crustal thinning. Eventually, our results highlight the complex interaction between extreme crustal thinning and occurrence of a prerift salt level for the deformation style and tectonostratigraphic evolution of hyperextended rift basins.
Differential Exhumation Across the Longriba Fault System: Implications for the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ansberque Claire , Godard Vincent , Olivetti Valerio , Bellier Olivier , de Sigoyer Julia , Bernet Matthias , Stübner Konstanze , Tan Xibin , Xu Xiwei , Ehlers Todd A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe deformation processes at work across the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau remain controversial. The interpretation of its tectonic history is often polarized between two deformation models: ductile flow in the lower crust and shortening and crustal thickening accommodated by brittle structures in the upper crust. Many geological investigations on this plateau margin focused on the Longmen Shan, at the western edge of the Sichuan Basin. However, the Longriba fault system (LFS) located 200 km northwest and parallel to the Longmen Shan structures provides an opportunity to understand the role of hinterland faults in eastern Tibet geodynamics. For this reason, we investigate the exhumation history of rocks across the LFS using (U‐Th)/He and fission track ages from apatite and zircon. Results show a significant contrast in cooling histories across the Maoergai fault, the southernmost fault of the LFS. South of the Maoergai fault, the bedrock records a rapid increase in exhumation rate since ~10–15 Ma. In contrast, the area north of the fault has experienced steady cooling since ~25–35 Ma. We attribute this cooling contrast to ~2 km of differential rock uplift across the Maoergai fault, providing the first evidence of activity of the LFS in the Late Cenozoic. Our results indicate that deformation of the eastern Tibetan margin has been partitioned into the LFS and the Longmen Shan over an ~200 km wide block, which should be incorporated in future studies on the region's deformation, and in both above‐mentioned deformation models.
Analysis of Tide and Offshore Storm‐Induced Water Table Fluctuations for Structural Characterization of a Coastal Island Aquifer
Authors: Trglavcnik Victoria , Morrow Dean , Weber Kela P. , Li Ling , Robinson Clare E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAnalysis of water table fluctuations can provide important insight into the hydraulic properties and structure of a coastal aquifer system including the connectivity between the aquifer and ocean. This study presents an improved approach for characterizing a permeable heterogeneous coastal aquifer system through analysis of the propagation of the tidal signal, as well as offshore storm pulse signals through a coastal aquifer. Offshore storms produce high wave activity, but are not necessarily linked to significant onshore precipitation. In this study, we focused on offshore storm events during which no onshore precipitation occurred. Extensive groundwater level data collected on a sand barrier island (Sable Island, NS, Canada) show nonuniform discontinuous propagation of the tide and offshore storm pulse signals through the aquifer with isolated inland areas showing enhanced response to both oceanic forcing signals. Propagation analysis suggests that isolated inland water table fluctuations may be caused by localized leakage from a confined aquifer that is connected to the ocean offshore but within the wave setup zone. Two‐dimensional groundwater flow simulations were conducted to test the leaky confined‐unconfined aquifer conceptualization and to identify the effect of key parameters on tidal signal propagation in leaky confined‐unconfined coastal aquifers. This study illustrates that analysis of offshore storm signal propagation, in addition to tidal signal propagation, provides a valuable and low resource approach for large‐scale characterization of permeable heterogeneous coastal aquifers. Such an approach is needed for the effective management of coastal environments where water resources are threatened by human activities and the changing climate.
Assimilation of Spatially Sparse In Situ Soil Moisture Networks into a Continuous Model Domain
Authors: Gruber A. , Crow W. T. , Dorigo W. A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGrowth in the availability of near‐real‐time soil moisture observations from ground‐based networks has spurred interest in the assimilation of these observations into land surface models via a two‐dimensional data assimilation system. However, the design of such systems is currently hampered by our ignorance concerning the spatial structure of error afflicting ground and model‐based soil moisture estimates. Here we apply newly developed triple collocation techniques to provide the spatial error information required to fully parameterize a two‐dimensional (2‐D) data assimilation system designed to assimilate spatially sparse observations acquired from existing ground‐based soil moisture networks into a spatially continuous Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) model for operational agricultural drought monitoring. Over the contiguous United States (CONUS), the posterior uncertainty of surface soil moisture estimates associated with this 2‐D system is compared to that obtained from the 1‐D assimilation of remote sensing retrievals to assess the value of ground‐based observations to constrain a surface soil moisture analysis. Results demonstrate that a fourfold increase in existing CONUS ground station density is needed for ground network observations to provide a level of skill comparable to that provided by existing satellite‐based surface soil moisture retrievals.