bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metacyclogenesis ofLeishmania (Viannia) guyanensis: a comprehensive study of the main transformation features in axenic culture and purification of metacyclic promastigotes by negative selection withBauhinia purpurealectin
Authors: Mendes Bárbara Pinheiro , da Silva Ildefonso Alves , DaMata Jarina Pena , Castro-Gomes Thiago , Vieira Leda Quercia , Ribeiro-Dias Fátima , Horta Maria Fátima 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLeishmania (Viannia) guyanensisis one species that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. The incidence of infections with this parasite is probably underestimated and few studies exist on this species, despite its epidemiological importance. In particular, there are no studies concerningL. guyanensismetacyclogenesis and no technique for obtaining metacyclic promastigotes for this species is presently available. Here, we have studiedL. guyanensismetacyclogenesis in axenic culture, describing the main changes that occur during this process, namely, in morphology and size, sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis, surface carbohydrates and infectivity to macrophages. We have shown that metacyclogenesis inL. guyanensispromastigotes is basically complete on the 4thday of culture, as determined by decreased body size, increased flagellum length, resistance to complement-mediated lysis and infectivity. We have also found that only a fraction of the parasites is agglutinated byBauhinia purpurealectin. The non-agglutinated parasites, which also peaked on the 4thday of culture, had all morphological traits typical of the metacyclic stage. This is the first report describing metacyclogenesis inL. guyanensisaxenic promastigotes and a simple and efficient method for the purification of metacyclic forms. Furthermore, a model of human macrophage infection withL. guyanensiswas established.
Diagnosis Prevalence and Comorbidity in a Population of Mobile Integrated Community Health Care Patients
Authors: Scharf Becca M. , Bissell Rick A. , Trevitt Jamie L. , Jenkins J. Lee 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionFrequent calls to 911 and requests for emergency services by individuals place a costly burden on emergency response systems and emergency departments (EDs) in the United States. Many of the calls by these individuals are non-emergent exacerbations of chronic conditions and could be treated more effectively and cost efficiently through another health care service. Mobile integrated community health (MICH) programs present a possible partial solution to the over-utilization of emergency services by addressing factors which contribute to a patient’s likelihood of frequent Emergency Medical Services (EMS) use. To provide effective care to eligible individuals, MICH providers must have a working understanding of the common conditions they will encounter.ObjectiveThe purpose of this descriptive study was to evaluate the diagnosis prevalence and comorbidity among participants in the Queen Anne’s County (Maryland USA) MICH Program. This fundamental knowledge of the most common medical conditions within the MICH Program will inform future mobile integrated health programs and providers.MethodsThis study examined preliminary data from the MICH Program, as well as 2017 Maryland census data. It involved secondary analysis of de-identified patient records and descriptive statistical analysis of the disease prevalence, degree of comorbidity, insurance coverage, and demographic characteristics among 97 program participants. Diagnoses were grouped by their ICD-9 classification codes to determine the most common categories of medical conditions. Multiple linear regression models and chi-squared tests were used to assess the association between age, sex, race, ICD-9 diagnosis groups, and comorbidity among program enrollees.ResultsResults indicated the most prevalent diagnoses included hypertension, high cholesterol, esophageal reflux, and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, 94.85% of MICH patients were comorbid; the number of comorbidities per patient ranged from one to 13 conditions, with a mean of 5.88 diagnoses per patient (SD=2.74).ConclusionOverall, patients in the MICH Program are decidedly medically complex and may be well-suited to additional community intervention to better manage their many conditions. The potential for MICH programs to simultaneously improve patient outcomes and reduce health care costs by expanding into larger public health and addressing the needs of the most vulnerable citizens warrants further study.ScharfBM, BissellRA, TrevittJL, JenkinsJL.Diagnosis prevalence and comorbidity in a population of mobile integrated community health care patients.Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):46–55.
On the Way Out: An Analysis of Patient Transfers from Four Large-Scale North American Music Festivals Over Two Years
Authors: Turris Sheila A. , Callaghan Christopher W. , Rabb Haddon , Munn Matthew Brendan , Lund Adam 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionMusic festivals are globally attended events that bring together performers and fans for a defined period of time. These festivals often have on-site medical care to help reduce the impact on local health care systems. Historically, the literature suggests that patient transfers off-site are frequently related to complications of substance use. However, there is a gap in understanding why patients are transferred to hospital when an on-site medical team, capable of providing first aid services blended with a higher level of care (HLC) team, is present.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to better understand patterns of injuries and illnesses that necessitate transfer when physician-led HLC teams are accessible on-site.MethodsThis is a prospective, descriptive case series analyzing patient encounter documentation from four large-scale, North American, multi-day music festivals.Results/DiscussionOn-site medical teams that included HLC team members were present for the duration of each festival, so every team was able to “treat and release” when clinically appropriate. Over the course of the combined 34 event days, there were 10,406 patient encounters resulting in 156 individuals being transferred off-site for assessment, diagnostic testing, and/or treatment. A minority of patients seen were transferred off-site (1.5%). The patient presentation rate (PPR) was 16.5/1,000. The ambulance transfer rate (ATR) was 0.12/1,000 attendees, whereas the total transfer-to-hospital rate (TTHR), when factoring in non-ambulance transport, was 0.25/1,000. In contrast to existing literature on transfers from music festivals, the most common reason for transfer off-site was for musculo-skeletal (MSK) injuries (53.8%) that required imaging.ConclusionThe presence of on-site HLC teams impacted the case mix of patients transferred to hospital, and may reduce the number of transfers for intoxication. Confounding preconceptions, patients in the present study were transferred largely for injuries that required specialized imaging and testing that could not be performed in an out-of-hospital setting. These results suggest that a better understanding of the specific effects on-site HLC teams have on avoiding off-site transfers will aid in improving planning for music festivals. The findings also identify areas for further improvement in on-site care, such as integrated on-site radiology, which could potentially further reduce the impact of music festivals on local health services. The role of non-emergency transport vehicles (NETVs) deserves further attention.TurrisSA,CallaghanCW,RabbH,MunnMB,LundA.On the way out: an analysis of patient transfers from four large-scale North American music festivals over two yearsPrehosp Disaster Med.2019;34(1):72–81.
THE SUPREME COURT AS THE FOUNTAIN OF PUBLIC REASON
Authors: Kogelmann Brian 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThe idea of public reason requires that citizens in their public deliberation employ considerations stemming from a shared conception of justice. One worry is that public reason's content will be incomplete, in that it does not contain sufficient material for adequate public debate. Rawls has a way of expanding the content of public reason to address such concerns—by including in public reason all those things you and I say in our justification of the conception of justice. After arguing that this strategy fails, a new way of expanding public reason's content is proposed. Instead of understanding the Supreme Court—which Rawls famously calls the “exemplar” of public reason—as an institution that appeals to exogenously determined public reasons, we should understand the judicial authority in a liberal democratic society as an endogenous fountain of public reason.
Using regulation to limit salt intake and prevent non-communicable diseases: lessons from South Africa’s experience
Authors: Kaldor Jenny Claire , Thow Anne Marie , Schönfeldt Hettie 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the policy process for the South African regulation setting upper limits for salt in thirteen commonly consumed food categories, to inform future policy action for prevention of non-communicable diseases.DesignSemi-structured interviews (n10) were conducted with key stakeholders from government, academia, non-governmental organisations and the food industry. Interviewees were asked about the content, context, process and actors involved in developing the regulation. Data were analysed according to Walt and Gilson’s health policy analysis triangle.SettingSouth Africa.ParticipantsKey actors and stakeholders in the policy process to develop the salt regulation.ResultsThe regulation was a response to research establishing the effectiveness of food supply interventions and to a shared perception that government regulation was the quickest way to address the problem of salt overconsumption. While the regulations were developed through a consultative process, food industry stakeholders perceived the consultation as inadequate. Implementation is currently underway, supported by a health promotion programme. Monitoring and enforcement were identified as the most likely challenges due to capacity constraints.ConclusionsComprehensive mandatory salt limits are an innovative approach to food reformulation. Factors that enabled regulation included robust scientific evidence, strong political and bureaucratic leadership, and the pragmatic use of existing regulatory instruments. The main challenges identified were disagreement over the appropriate nature and extent of food industry participation, and monitoring and enforcement challenges due to capacity constraints.
Factors underlying compliance with a healthy snacking initiative in the school environment: accounts of school principals in Montevideo (Uruguay)
Authors: Girona Alejandra , Iragola Valentina , Alcaire Florencia , Curutchet María Rosa , Pereira Pablo , Magnani Daiana , Barreto Patricia , Petingi Sofía , Allegue Gimena , Conzalo Gonzalo , Mosteiro Camila , Ares Gastón 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the implementation of the Uruguayan healthy snacking initiative in primary and secondary schools in the capital, and to explore the factors underlying compliance from the perspective of school principals.DesignA mixed-method approach was used, which included semi-structured interviews with school principals and a survey of the foods and beverages sold and advertised in the schools.SettingPrimary and secondary schools in Montevideo (the capital city of Uruguay).ParticipantsSchool principals.ResultsThe great majority of the schools did not comply with the initiative. Exhibition of non-recommended products was the main cause for non-compliance, followed by advertising of non-recommended products through promotional activities of food and beverage companies. Although school principals were aware of the healthy snack initiative and showed a positive attitude towards it, the majority lacked knowledge about its specific content. Factors underlying compliance with the healthy snacking initiative were related to its characteristics, characteristics of the schools, and external factors such as family habits and advertising.ConclusionsResults showed that the rationale underlying the selling of products at schools favours the availability of ultra-processed products and constitutes the main barrier for the promotion of healthy dietary habits among children and adolescents. Strategies aimed at facilitating the identification of unhealthy foods and beverages and provision of incentives to canteen managers to modify their offer are recommended.
Upscaling of Dynamic Capillary Pressure of Two‐Phase Flow in Sandstone
Authors: Tang Mingming , Zhan Hongbin , Ma Huifang , Lu Shuangfang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDynamic capillary pressure (DCP) is the capillary pressure defined under transient flow condition during displacement, and it is vital for predicting two‐phase behavior in porous media. This article studies the effect of pore scale force and interfacial area by using captivating Lattice Boltzmann method based on a pseudo‐potential model developed for simulating incompressible multiphase flow in porous media. We analyze the relationship between pore scale forces and DCP based on the energy conservation law and define DCP as a function of energy rate of pressure and viscosity of each phase. We present two‐phase displacement simulations on a computed tomography (CT) image‐based porous model and analyze the effects of injection rate and wettability on DCP based on the proposed upscaling method, where the wettability is defined as the contact angle of the nonwetting phase. The primary results show that (1) the DCP curves are higher than that of the quasi‐static capillary pressure, and a higher injection rate leads to a larger DCP and a faster saturation change. (2) Significant effects of wettability on DCP and the DCP coefficients are observed, where the DCP coefficient is defined as the ratio of the difference between DCP and static capillary pressure over the rate of change of saturation. A larger contact angle results in a higher DCP and a lower change rate of saturation, and consequently induces a larger DCP coefficient. The average DCP coefficient is found to vary from 4.56 × 106 to 3.55 × 105Pa · ms when the nonwetting phase contact angle changes from 140° to 105° in the saturation range of 0.3 to 0.8. This study indicates that the proposed upscaling method is valid to investigate the DCP of two‐phase flow in sandstone.
Impact Ejecta Plumes at the Moon
Authors: Bernardoni Edwin A. , Szalay Jamey R. , Horányi Mihály 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Lunar Dust Experiment, on‐board National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer, observed significant enhancements in impact rate measurements of lunar ejecta. These enhancements were attributed to the spacecraft crossing dense ejecta plumes generated by well‐timed and well‐placed interplanetary meteoroid impacts on the lunar surface. We have used a Monte Carlo approach to implement an initial speed distribution, derived from globally averaged Lunar Dust Experiment observations, in a 3‐D dynamical model describing the ballistic motion of ejecta particles. By matching this model to the observed enhancements, we constrained the initial ejecta angular distribution of these plumes. Our results indicate that lunar impact ejecta plumes reaching altitudes exceeding 24 km are far narrower than previously thought, with initial opening half angles of 8°±3°, suggesting that the high‐altitude lunar dust cloud may be dominated by reverse plumes.
On the Role of Dust‐Climate Feedbacks During the Mid‐Holocene
Authors: Hopcroft Peter O. , Valdes Paul J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA reduction in dust over North Africa during the mid‐Holocene “Green Sahara” period could have amplified precipitation, helping reconcile climate model simulations with paleo‐precipitation reconstructions. Here we test this using general circulation model simulations including interactive dust. We calculate a dust‐precipitation amplification factor using three different dust configurations to evaluate the sensitivity to dust optical properties and particle size range. The resultant amplification ranges from −20% to 50%. With more absorbing dust properties, there is a large negative net radiative effect and hence a larger impact on the hydrological cycle. With the inclusion of particles greater than 1 μm in radius, the precipitation amplification is reversed. Based on the simulations which best match observed Saharan dust properties, we conclude that there was a limited enhancement of precipitation due to reduced dust during the mid‐Holocene, meaning other aspects of the climate system should be the focus of future research.
Lidar Soundings of the Mesospheric Nickel Layer Using Ni(3F) and Ni(3D) Transitions
Authors: Gerding M. , Daly S. , Plane J. M. C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDuring six nights between January and March 2018 we observed the mesospheric Ni layer by lidar from Kühlungsborn, Germany (54°N, 12°E). For most of the soundings we utilized for the first time a transition from the low‐lying excited Ni(3D) state at 341 nm. For additional soundings we used the ground‐state Ni(3F) transition at 337 nm, giving similar results but a worse signal‐to‐noise ratio. We observed nightly mean Ni peak densities between ∼280 and 450 cm−3 and column abundances between 3.1·108 and 4.9·108 cm−2. Comparing with iron densities we get a Fe/Ni ratio of 38, which is a factor of 2 larger than the ratio in CI chondrites and factor of 32 larger than the Fe/Ni ratio observed by the only previous measurement of mesospheric Ni (Collins et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062716). The underabundance of Ni compared to CI chondrites suggests that Ni is more efficiently sequestered as Ni+ or neutral reservoir species than Fe.
A Positive Feedback Onto ENSO Due to Tropical Instability Wave (TIW)‐Induced Chlorophyll Effects in the Pacific
Authors: Tian Feng , Zhang Rong‐Hua , Wang Xiujun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTropical instability waves (TIWs) induce large physical and biological perturbations, which have a feedback onto the tropical Pacific climate and ecosystem. However, the extent to which TIW‐induced chlorophyll perturbations (ChlTIW) can influence El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remains unknown. Here we used a hybrid‐coupled model to investigate the ChlTIW effect on ENSO. Two experiments are conducted, one with the ChlTIW effect being represented in the control run (CTRL) and other with the ChlTIW effect being purposely excluded by filtering out ChlTIW signals (FILT). Results show that the amplitude of ENSO is increased by 27% in CTRL compared to FILT. ChlTIW tends to modulate the penetrative solar radiation in the upper ocean, acting to weaken the intensity of TIWs. Then, the weakened TIWs lead to a reduction in the equatorward meridional heat transport and consequently less warming effect on the cold tongue. Therefore, La Niña conditions tend to be intensified, and ENSO amplitude is increased.
Current Density in Saturn's Equatorial Current Sheet: Cassini Magnetometer Observations
Authors: Martin C. J. , Arridge C. S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe equatorial current sheet at Saturn is the result of a rapidly rotating magnetosphere. The sheet itself exhibits periodic seasonal and diurnal movements as well as aperiodic movements of a currently unknown origin, along with periodic thickening and thinning of the magnetodisc, and azimuthal changes in the thickness due to local effects in the magnetosphere. In this paper aperiodic movements of the magnetodisc are utilized to calculate the height‐integrated current density of the current sheet using a Harris current sheet model deformed by a Gaussian wave function. We find a local time asymmetry in both the radial and azimuthal height‐integrated current density. We note that the local time relationship with height‐integrated current density is similar to the relationship seen at Jupiter, where a peak of ∼0.04 A/m at ∼3 SLT (Saturn local time) is seen inside 20 RS. The divergence of the radial and azimuthal current densities are used to infer the parallel currents, which are seen to diverge from the equator in the prenoon sector and enter the equator in the premidnight sector.
Rock Characterization Using Gray‐Level Co‐Occurrence Matrix: An Objective Perspective of Digital Rock Statistics
Authors: Singh Ankita , Armstrong Ryan T. , Regenauer‐Lieb Klaus , Mostaghimi Peyman 
Published: December 2018

AbstractModeling flow and transport in porous media using pore‐scale modeling is reliant on rock properties derived from digital rock images using segmentation techniques. These digital rock images obtained using computed tomography incorporate the variation in the intensity of phases depending on the attenuation of X‐rays. A standard technique is the segmentation of tomographic images based on user‐selected grayscale thresholding, allowing the identification of different phases. This threshold is subjective based on the operator and results in loss of essential information about the grayscale variation after segmentation. This paper implements the gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) incorporating the full range of grayscale information. The GLCM captures the relative occurrence of grayscale values in a spatial map. These maps show visually connected/disconnected populations of different phases such as pore space, quartz grains, minerals, and other features. We show that each rock has its own GLCM signature depending on the variations in gray‐level intensities. Several statistical measures are calculated: (1) GLCM contrast describing local variation in the gray‐level intensities, (2) GLCM angular second moment, describing the rock homogeneity; (3) GLCM mean, describing weighted average of the probability of occurrence of features based on their location on the GLCM map; and (4) GLCM correlation, measuring the linear dependencies of grayscale values and the degree of (an) isotropy in the micro–computed tomographic images of each of the rock types. The GLCM method provides a pathway to alleviate user biases and allow automation of micro–computed tomography analyses.
Capturing variation impact on molecular interactions in the IMEx Consortium mutations data set
Authors:   The IMEx Consortium Curators, Khadake J. , Meldal B. , Panni S. , Thorneycroft D. , van Roey K. , Abbani S. , Salwinski L. , Pellegrini M. , Iannuccelli M. , Licata L. , Cesareni G. , Roechert B. , Bridge A. , Ammari M. G. , McCarthy F. , Broackes-Carter F. , Campbell N. H. , Melidoni A. N. , Rodriguez-Lopez M. , Lovering R. C. , Jagannathan S. , Chen C. , Lynn D. J. , Ricard-Blum S. , Mahadevan U. , Raghunath A. , del-Toro N. , Duesbury M. , Koch M. , Perfetto L. , Shrivastava A. , Ochoa D. , Wagih O. , Piñero J. , Kotlyar M. , Pastrello C. , Beltrao P. , Furlong L. I. , Jurisica I. , Hermjakob H. , Orchard S. , Porras P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe current wealth of genomic variation data identified at nucleotide level presents the challenge of understanding by which mechanisms amino acid variation affects cellular processes. These effects may manifest as distinct phenotypic differences between individuals or result in the development of disease. Physical interactions between molecules are the linking steps underlying most, if not all, cellular processes. Understanding the effects that sequence variation has on a molecule’s interactions is a key step towards connecting mechanistic characterization of nonsynonymous variation to phenotype. We present an open access resource created over 14 years by IMEx database curators, featuring 28,000 annotations describing the effect of small sequence changes on physical protein interactions. We describe how this resource was built, the formats in which the data is provided and offer a descriptive analysis of the data set. The data set is publicly available through the IntAct website and is enhanced with every monthly release.