bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Langmuir–Blodgett Nanowire Devices for In Situ Probing of Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Qin , Hao Zhimeng , Liao Xiaobin , Pan Xuelei , Li Shuxuan , Xu Lin , Mai Liqiang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn situ monitoring the evolution of electrode materials in micro/nano scale is crucial to understand the intrinsic mechanism of rechargeable batteries. Here a novel on‐chip Langmuir–Blodgett nanowire (LBNW) microdevice is designed based on aligned and assembled MnO2 nanowire quasimonolayer films for directly probing Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs) in real‐time. With an interdigital device configuration, a splendid Ohmic contact between MnO2 LBNWs and pyrolytic carbon current collector is demonstrated here, enabling a small polarization voltage. In addition, this work reveals, for the first time, that the conductance of MnO2 LBNWs monotonically increases/decreases when the ZIBs are charged/discharged. Multistep phase transition is mainly responsible for the mechanism of the ZIBs, as evidenced by combined high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy. This work provides a new and adaptable platform for microchip‐based in situ simultaneous electrochemical and physical detection of batteries, which would promote the fundamental and practical research of nanowire electrode materials in energy storage applications.
Windstorm risk assessment for offshore wind farms in the North Sea
Authors: Buchana Paul , McSharry Patrick E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe North Sea is becoming increasingly attractive to wind energy developers and investors, with 38 wind farms belonging to five different countries and representing over€35 billion of assets. Concerns about offshore wind turbines being damaged by extreme windstorms pose a challenge to insurers, investors and regulators. Catastrophe modeling can adequately quantify the risk. In this study, a Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to assess the number of turbines that buckle using maximum wind speeds reaching each wind farm. Damage assessment is undertaken for each wind farm using a log‐logistic damage function and a left‐truncated Weibull distribution. The risk to offshore wind power in the North Sea is calculated using an exceedance probability (EP) curve for the portfolio of wind farms. The European Union Solvency II directive requires insurance companies to hold sufficient capital to guard against insolvency. The solvency capital requirement (SCR) is based on a value‐at‐risk measure calibrated to a 99.5% confidence level over a 1‐year time horizon. The SCR is estimated at €0.049 billion in the case of yawing turbines. Simulations are repeated for different climate change scenarios. If wind speeds grow by 5% and the frequency of storms increases by 40%, the SCR is seen to rise substantially to €0.264 billion. Relative to the total value of assets, the SCR is 0.14% compared with 0.08% for European property, confirming that these wind farm assets represent a relatively high risk. Furthermore, climate change could increase the relative SCR to levels as high as 0.75%.
THz Properties of Typical Woods Important for European Forestry
Authors: Krügener K. , Sommer S. , Stübling E. , Jachim R. , Koch M. , Viöl W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTerahertz (THz) properties of seventeen types of wood typically growing within the European area are investigated. The samples include both coniferous and deciduous timbers. The determined properties can be useful for further THz studies on samples consisting completely or partially of wood, for example, art objects. Especially in the field of art conservation, THz spectroscopy is an excellent non-destructive evaluation method, which shows considerable analysis potential.
Constructing Statehood through Sport: Football, Kosovo, and the Court of Arbitration for Sport
Authors: GAUTHIER RYAN 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEntities seeking to establish statehood have used participation in sport to bolster their claims. Kosovo is the latest entity to use this strategy. Kosovo’s quest to join the Union of European Football Associations led to a 2017 Court of Arbitration for Sport decision examining whether Kosovo was sufficiently an “independent state.” This article considers how participation in sport plays a role in establishing a broader, contextual conceptualization of statehood. This article then applies this concept to case studies, with particular attention paid to Kosovo. Finally, the article examines sport’s gradual acceptance that it must work within the broader international political and legal world.
Mass balance of Trambau Glacier, Rolwaling region, Nepal Himalaya: in-situ observations, long-term reconstruction and mass-balance sensitivity
Authors: SUNAKO SOJIRO , FUJITA KOJI , SAKAI AKIKO , KAYASTHA RIJAN B. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWe conducted a mass-balance study of debris-free Trambau Glacier in the Rolwaling region, Nepal Himalaya, which is accessible to 6000 m a.s.l., to better understand mass-balance processes and the effect of precipitation on these processes on high-elevation Himalayan glaciers. Continuous in situ meteorological and mass-balance observations that spanned the three melt seasons from May 2016 are reported. An energy- and mass-balance model is also applied to evaluate its performance and sensitivity to various climatic conditions. Glacier-wide mass balances ranging from −0.34 ± 0.38 m w.e. in 2016 to −0.82 ± 0.53 m w.e. in 2017/18 are obtained by combining the observations with model results for the areas above the highest stake. The estimated long-term glacier mass balance, which is reconstructed using the ERA-Interim data calibrated with in situ data, is −0.65 ± 0.39 m w.e. a−1for the 1980–2018 period. A significant correlation with annual precipitation (r= 0.77,p< 0.001) is observed, whereas there is no discernible correlation with summer mean air temperature. The results indicate the continuous mass loss of Trambau Glacier over the last four decades, which contrasts with the neighbouring Mera Glacier in balance.
The Evolution of the Magnetic Inclination and Beam Radius of Pulsars
Authors: Wu Xinji , Xu Wen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA new parameter K is defined which becomes very important in our study of pulsar evolution. The distribution of pulsars in the K vs. logtc diagram reveals some constraints which can best be described by theoretical curves.The results show that the evolution of a pulsar is characterized by two different stages corresponding to the decrease of the emission-cone width and the alignment of the magnetic axis, respectively. The decay time of the alignment of the magnetic inclination is 1.5 X 107 yr. The time scale is 6 X 104 yr when the value of ρt drops to e times its final value (t → ∞). Investigation of the birth values α(0) lends support to a random orientation of the pulsar magnetic axis with respect to the spin axis. The evolution limit of ρ is shown to have a Gaussian distribution around a central value of 5.6° with σ = 2.0°. As a result of this K analysis, new methods are suggested to determine the birth values α(0), the final values of ρ0, and the pulsar's overall geometry.
A DC-Circuit Model of the Pulsar Magnetosphere
Authors: Shibata Shinpei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe structure of the pulsar magnetosphere is studied in terms of a DC-circuit analogy. We find (1) the pulsar's death results from the ‘disappearance’ of operating points of this DC-circuit, (2) the outer gap is necessary, (3) the kinetic energy flux of the pair plasma wind and the electromagnetic flux are comparable, and (4) for rapid pulsars only two types of structure (a wind dominated one and an outer-gap dominated one) are possible.
The Josephson Effect as a Possible Alternative Mechanism for Pulsar Radio Emission: Spectra, Pulse Structure, Polarization, And X-/γ-Ray Emission
Authors: Kovalev Yuri A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractResults and problems of the model for Josephson pulsars are summarized and discussed. In this model coherent radio emission is generated in the mantle of a neutron star by the Josephson effect. The matter from the mantle may flow along the magnetic field through cracks in the crust, forming a magnetized plasma wave guide. Radio emission propagates in this plasma flow as polarized normal wave-guide modes. A line-of-sight section gives the observed polarized structure of pulses. In some cases polarized X- and γ-ray emission may be generated in this flow in or over cracks. Such an approach allows us to avoid the typical problems and is in agreement with the main observational results.
On Nature of the High Frequency Cutoff in Pulsar Radio Spectra
Authors: Malov Igor F. , Malofeev Valerii M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUsing values of the frequencies vc for the high-frequency cutoffs of 31 pulsars obtained by other authors, we confirmed the relationship (obtained by us earlier) between vc and the period of pulsar P. The plot vc(χ) was drawn where χ is the relative angular distance between the line of sight and the center of the radiation cone. It is shown that pulsars with long periods cluster in the lower left corner of this diagram. Some geometrical and physical reasons causing high-frequency cutoffs are analyzed. The results can be explained by a model of thin plasma sheets. The interaction of these sheets causes generation of Langmuir waves at distances ~108 cm from the center of the neutron star. Pulsars without high-frequency cutoffs can be described by a model in which vc is very near the frequency of maximum in the spectra of these pulsars.
The Connection of Spectra with Other Pulsar Parameters
Authors: Malofeev Valerii M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAn analysis has been made of the connection of characteristic frequencies and spectral indices with the following parameters of pulsars: P, Ṗ, T, L400, B, and χ. It is shown that a number of pulsar spectra apparently demonstrate the presence of two emission regions at a short distance between levels in the magnetosphere of pulsars, where the effects of the low-frequency turnover (LFT) and the high frequency cutoff (HFC) take place.
Location of the Core and Conal Emission Regions in PSR 0329+54
Authors: Gil J. A. , Popov M. V. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe discuss the cross-correlation analysis of single pulses in the emission of PSR 0329+54 observed simultaneously at 102.5 and 1700 MHz. We have found that the observed correlations between the two frequencies are consistent with the model in which the subpulses in single pulses correspond to plasma excitations flowing from the neutron-star surface along dipolar magnetic field lines. The peaks of strongly correlated subpulses at the two frequencies correspond to the same field line at two different emission radii. We have found that the core (central) and the conal (outer) components of the pulse profile of PSR 0329+54 originate at the same distance from the neutron star.
Intensity Dependence of the PSR 0329+54 Pulse Profile
Authors: McKinnon M. M. , Hankins T. H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFollowing the analysis by Krishnamohan and Downs (1983) of the Vela pulsar, we have investigated the behavior of the core and outrider components of PSR 0329+54 by calculating pulse profiles at different pulse intensities. VLA observations of individual pulses from PSR 0329+54 at 1415 MHz were used in our analysis. Our investigation reveals the following dependencies upon increasing core peak intensity:(i)earlier core arrival times,(ii)decreasing separation of the left outrider relative to the core,(iii)increasing separation of the right outrider relative to the core,(iv)decreasing outrider-to-core peak intensity ratios, and(v)essentially constant core width.To explain these dependencies, we propose a simple model in which the location of the core centroid is altered near the neutron star surface. The model and data are consistent with the mode-switching signatures and magnetospheric absorption features known to exist in this pulsar.
Recycled Pulsars and Low Mass X-Ray Binaries
Authors: Bisnovatyi-Kogan G. S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA magnetized neutron star may appear as a radio pulsar or an X-ray source. The latter is connected with a binary system where accretion from a normal star onto the neutron star produces X-ray emission. At the end of the evolution of a normal non-massive star, accretion stops and the neutron star becomes a recycled radio pulsar. Further evolution may lead to an additional transition from a radio pulsar to a low mass X-ray binary (LMXB). The formation of a single recycled pulsar is considered and a new mechanism of “enhanced evaporation” in globular clusters is analyzed.
Nonstationary Processes in the Pulsar Magnetosphere
Authors: Gurevich A. V. , Istomin Yu. N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe investigate several instabilities which give different characteristic times for nonstationary processes. Several instabilities are connected with the mechanism of plasma generation in the polar cap gap region. Another nonstationary process is due to the nonlinear phenomenon arising in the magnetosphere during the propagation of the flux of electromagnetic radiation.
An Analysis of Pulsar Nulling Statistics
Authors: Biggs James D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe have sought correlations between the fraction of null pulses with other pulsar parameters for an ensemble of 72 pulsars using survival analysis methods. The strongest correlation was found between the null fraction and pulse period. Correlations were also found between other parameters that typically have strong dependencies on pulse period, and this tends to indicate that the null fraction increases with age as was first suggested by Ritchings (1976). However, no explicit correlation was found between pulsar characteristic age and null fraction. A significant anti-correlation was found between the angle subtended by the magnetic and rotation axes and the null fraction.Many of the pulsars presented here were found to null. In particular, all pulse profile classes in the scheme devised by Rankin (1983a) have members that null. Differences in the mean age of these pulsar classes are not very pronounced, and the influence of class on pulse nulling statistics is probably less than that suggested by Rankin (1986), but cannot entirely be ruled out. Also, there is considerable variation in the fraction of null pulses from pulsars within each class, but generally class St pulsars null the least. Of special note is the fact that two pulsars PSR 0833-45 and PSR 1556-44 apparently do not null. The upper limit for PSR 0833–45 is quite low; no nulls were detected in observations of over 120,000 pulses.The similarity of the nulling parameters of pulsars observed at two frequencies near 400 MHz and 843 MHz suggests that the pulsar emission mechanism is wide band over this frequency range.
Dynamic Autocorrelation Functions of Micropulse Radio Emission in PSR 0809+74
Authors: Kozak K. S. , Novikov A. Yu. , Popov M. V. , Soglasnov V. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDynamic autocorrelation functions for 2.56-ms adjusted intervals of single pulses of PSR 0809+74 have been analyzed. The observations were conducted at 102.5 MHz with 10μs resolution. We find that the neighboring 2.56-ms subpulse intervals seem to have independent microstructure parameters, although sometimes the tendency was observed for the occurrence of quasi-periodic structures of close or double periods within the same subpulse. The distribution of a number of well ordered micropulses in quasi-periodic structures was shown to agree with the hypothesis of a random origin of quasi-periodicities. No relation has been found between the microstructure parameters and subpulse longitude.
The Crab Pulsar Emission: Giant Pulses and a Possible Precursor to the Interpulse
Authors: Jeffrey Foster Friedman  , Boriakoff Valentín 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe have examined approximately 550,000 pulses from PSR 0531+21 and have detected 1814 giant pulses 6σ or more above the background noise level. We hae measured the relative arrival times and the energies of both the main pulse and interpulse, and have found that the giant pulses arrive somewhat earlier than the peaks in the average profile. Approximately 7% of the main pulse and 1% of the interpulse energy is in the form of giant pulses 8σ more above the background level. No giant pulses have been detected in the precursor at the 8σ level. In addition we have found a slight, although apparently real, rise in emission in the region where an interpulse precursor would be if the emission is symmetric.
Systematic Measurement Error in Election Violence Data: Causes and Consequences
Authors: von Borzyskowski Inken , Wahman Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhat are the causes and consequences of systematic measurement error in violence measures drawn from media-based conflict event data? More specifically, how valid are such event data for geocoding and capturing election violence? This study examines sub-national variation in election violence and uses original data from domestic election monitor surveys as a comparison to widely used sources of event data. The authors show that conventional data under-report events throughout the election cycle, particularly in sparsely populated areas and outside anticipated violence hotspots. Moreover, systematic measurement error of media-based event data for measuring election violence can generate significant relationships where none exist, and can result in different effect magnitudes. The article suggests areas for future research and indicates ways in which existing work on election violence may have been affected by systematic measurement error.
DOCUMENTING COMMUNITY IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Authors: Clements Henry 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article traces a conflict that erupted in the late 19th century between the Armenians and the Süryani. This conflict, I argue, precipitated nothing less than the creation of the Süryani community itself. The dispute began over the key to a closet in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but it quickly evolved. Soon, the Armenians and the Süryani were clashing over holy places all around Jerusalem. The dispute centered on an Ottoman administrative arrangement which had been institutionalized nearly 400 years earlier:yamaklık. The Ottoman investigators, however, were unfamiliar with this archaic arrangement and had to be reeducated as to its terms and its history. The Süryani and the Armenians offered divergent accounts. Where the Armenians furnished hard documentation, however, the Süryani could produce only claims to tradition and local practice. In this article I argue that, through this protracted conflict, the Süryani came to understand the importance of the documentary record in a post-Tanzimat Ottoman world. They thus turned to an alternative strategy that would conform to this documentary sensibility and render their community visible to the state: a series of petitions with thousands of Süryani signatures from around the Ottoman Empire.
Childlessness and union histories: evidence from Finnish population register data
Authors: Saarela Jan , Skirbekk Vegard 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFrom an evolutionary perspective, childlessness may be considered a failure, as it implies that there will be no direct transmission of one’s genetic material to later generations. It is also a pressing social issue, because in many contemporary advanced societies, levels of childlessness have increased, and particularly so among men. The absence of a partner is naturally a fundamental determinant of childlessness. Empirical evidence on how childlessness relates to individuals’ partnership histories is nevertheless limited. This issue was analysed with Finnish population register data, which allow the complete cohabitation and marriage histories of individuals from age 18 years to be observed. For women and men born between 1969 and 1971, logistic regression models were estimated for childlessness at age 40 by partnership histories in terms of various stages in the process of union formation and dissolution, and accounting for several socioeconomic variables. A strong link between union histories and childlessness was found, with short partnership spells raising the risk of not becoming a parent. Later age when leaving the parental home raised female childlessness, while a short first-union duration related more strongly to male childlessness. These findings may be considered as providing insights into how specific life-history strategies affect reproductive outcomes, and highlight the need to develop new approaches to understand this feature of social inequality.
Distribution and habitat modelling of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Correia Ana M. , Gil Ágatha , Valente Raul , Rosso Massimiliano , Pierce Graham J. , Sousa-Pinto Isabel 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe eastern North Atlantic (ENA) has many highly productive areas where several species of cetaceans have been recorded, with the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) being one of the most frequently sighted species. However, its spatial and temporal distribution in high seas is poorly known. The study presents the results from 5 years of cetacean monitoring in the ENA (2012–2016) aboard cargo ships that follow the routes from Continental Portugal to the Macaronesian archipelagos and north-west Africa. Common dolphin was the most frequently sighted cetacean with 192 occurrences registered on effort and an overall encounter rate of 0.36 sightings/100 nmi. The species was distributed in coastal and offshore waters, but absent from the Canaries and Cape Verde islands. Statistical ‘habitat’ models were developed to describe and explain the occurrence of sightings of the species: variables affecting detection of dolphins had a small impact and there were clear spatiotemporal distribution patterns, influenced to some degree by environmental variables. Predicted probability of occurrence was highest in coastal waters of continental Portugal and around the Azores. The models, combined with maps of distribution, were useful to identify important areas for the species, which could be the focus of future conservation efforts. Common dolphin presence was related to depth, distance to coast and seamounts, seabed slope, chlorophyll concentration, sea-surface temperature and sea level anomalies; the possible ecological significance of these relationships is explored.