bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferring the proportion of undetected cholera infections from serological and clinical surveillance in an immunologically naive population
Authors: Finger Flavio , Lemaitre Joseph , Juin Stanley , Jackson Brendan , Funk Sebastian , Lessler Justin , Mintz Eric , Dely Patrick , Boncy Jacques , Azman Andrew S 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Most infections with pandemic Vibrio cholerae are thought to result in subclinical disease and are not captured by surveillance. Previous estimates of the ratio of infections to clinical cases have varied widely (2 to 100 infections per case). Understanding cholera epidemiology and immunity relies on the ability to translate between numbers of clinical cases and the underlying number of infections in the population. We estimated the infection incidence during the first months of an outbreak in a cholera-naive population using a Bayesian vibriocidal antibody titer decay model combining measurements from a representative serosurvey and clinical surveillance data. 3,880 suspected cases were reported in Grande Saline, Haiti, between 20 October 2010 and 6 April 2011 (clinical attack rate 18.4%). We found that more than 52.6% (95% Credible Interval (CrI) 49.4-55.7) of the population ≥2 years showed serologic evidence of infection, with a lower infection rate among children aged 2-4 years (35.5%; 95%CrI 24.2-51.6) compared with people ≥5 years (53.1%; 95%CrI 49.4-56.4). This estimated infection rate, nearly three times the clinical attack rate, with underdetection mainly seen in those ≥5 years, has likely impacted subsequent outbreak dynamics. Our findings show how seroincidence estimates improve understanding of links between cholera burden, transmission dynamics and immunity.
A child with spontaneous resolution of idiopathic mid-aortic syndrome presented with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kim Beom Jae , Kim Gi Beom , Lee Sang Yun 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMid-aortic syndrome is an uncommon vascular disease characterised by lower thoracic and upper abdominal aorta stenosis and can occur even in neonatal or infant periods. Here, we report an interesting case of a 2-month-old female with diffuse hypoplasia of the lower abdominal aorta and secondary dilated cardiomyopathy. In our patient, her abdominal aortic narrowing spontaneously normalised over time with the administration of consistent and goal-directed heart failure therapy, supporting adequate growth and natural recovery.
How antipsychotics work in schizophrenia: a primer on mechanisms
Authors: Meyer Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Antipsychotics effective for schizophrenia approved prior to 2024 shared the common mechanism of postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptor antagonism or partial agonism. Positive psychosis symptoms correlate with excessive presynaptic dopamine turnover and release, yet this postsynaptic mechanism improved positive symptoms only in some patients, and with concomitant risk for off-target motor and endocrine adverse effects; moreover, these agents showed no benefit for negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. The sole exception was data supporting cariprazine’s superiority to risperidone for negative symptoms. The muscarinic M1/M4 agonist xanomeline was approved in September 2024 and represents the first of a new antipsychotic class. This novel mechanism improves positive symptoms by reducing presynaptic dopamine release. Xanomeline also lacks any D2 receptor affinity and is not associated with motor or endocrine side effects. Of importance, xanomeline treated patients with higher baseline levels of cognitive dysfunction in clinical trials data saw cognitive improvement, a finding likely related to stimulation of muscarinic M1 receptors. Treatment resistance is seen in one-third of schizophrenia patients. These individuals do not have dopamine dysfunction underlying their positive symptoms, and therefore show limited response to antipsychotics that target dopamine neurotransmission. Clozapine remains the only medication with proven efficacy for resistant schizophrenia, and with unique benefits for persistent impulsive aggression and suicidality. New molecules are being studied to address the array of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia; however, until their approval, clinicians must be familiar with currently available agents and be adept at prescribing clozapine.
Inside the multilingual and bidialectal mind: an investigation of the cognitive effect on executive function
Authors: Antoniou Kyriakos , Spanoudis George 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Whether speaking two or more languages (multilingualism) or dialects of one language (bidialectalism) affect executive function (EF) is controversial. Theoretically, these effects may depend on at least two conditions. First, the multilingual and bidialectal characteristics; particularly, (second) language proficiency and the sociolinguistic context of language use (e.g., Green & Abutalebi, 2013). Second, the EF aspects examined; specifically, recent accounts of the locus of the multilingual effect propose a general EF effect rather than an impact on specific processes (Bialystok, 2017). We compared 52 “monolingual” (with limited additional-language/dialect experience), 79 bidialectal and 50 multilingual young adults in the diglossic context of Cyprus, where bidialectalism is widespread and Cypriot and Standard Greek are used in different everyday situations. Three EF processes were examined via seven tasks: inhibition, switching and working memory (Miyake et al., 2000). We found better multilingual and bidialectal performance in overall EF, an effect moderated by high (second) language proficiency.
Bilingual speakers are less sensitive to gender stereotypes in their foreign language
Authors: Jankowiak Katarzyna , Naranowicz Marcin , Pawelczyk Joanna , Drążkowski Dariusz , Gruszecka Justyna 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Little is known about the interplay between the language of operation and gender stereotype processing. In this study, Polish–English (L1–L2) male and female bilinguals made meaningfulness judgments on L1 and L2 stereotypically congruent and incongruent as well as semantically correct and incorrect sentences. The results showed gender- and language-dependent modulations by sentence type within the N400 and Late Positive Complex (LPC) time frames. In females, semantically correct sentences converged with stereotypically congruent and incongruent conditions in both languages, indicating a deep-rooted internalization of gender stereotype-laden content. Conversely, males displayed a heightened gender-stereotypical bias only in L1. In L2, they exhibited a reduced sensitivity to gender stereotypes, whereby semantically incorrect sentences converged with both stereotypically congruent and incongruent conditions in the N400 time window and with stereotypically incongruent sentences in the LPC time frame. Altogether, the study extends the foreign language effect to the context of bilingual gender stereotype processing.
Verbal fluency in Greek: Performance differences between L1Greek-L2English late bilingual and Greek monolingual speakers
Authors: Lazaridou-Chatzigoga Dimitra , Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Verbal fluency data for semantic (animals, fruit and vegetables and objects) and formal fluency (X [Chi], Σ [Sigma] Α [Alpha]) were collected from 32 L1Greek-L2English late bilingual speakers and 32 Greek monolinguals. The verbal fluency task has been used in both language attrition and bilingualism studies. Language attrition studies, which mostly employ only the semantic task, show that bilinguals perform worse than monolinguals. In bilingualism studies, which employ both the semantic and formal tasks, we find greater variance and the results are mixed (bilinguals perform similarly, better or poorly compared to monolinguals). In our study, we investigated quantitative measures (number of correct responses) and strategic processes (clustering, switching). In the quantitative measures, monolinguals outperformed bilinguals in both tasks with the difference being more pronounced in the semantic task. In clustering, both groups behaved similarly, while in switching monolinguals performed better than bilinguals. The implications of these results are discussed.
Intersample variance of second-language readers should not be overlooked
Authors: Kuperman Victor 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Much of the literature on first (L1) second language (L2) reading agrees that there are noticeable behavioral differences between L1 and L2 readers of a given language, as well as between L2 speakers with different L1 backgrounds (Finnish vs German readers of English). Yet, this literature often overlooks potential variability between multiple samples of speakers of the same L1. This study examines this intersample variance using reading data from the ENglish Reading Online (ENRO) database of English reading behavior comprising 27 university student samples from 15 distinct L1 backgrounds. We found that the intersample variance within L2 readers of English with the same L1 background (e.g., two samples of Russian speakers) often overshadowed the difference between samples of L2 readers with different L1 backgrounds (Russian vs Chinese speakers of English). We discuss these and other problematic methodological implications of representing each L1 background with a single participant sample.
Psychometric properties of Farsi version of Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II) in Iranian cancer patients
Authors: Mousavi Nazanin , Piryaei Mandana , Nooripour Roghieh , Kissane David , Hooshyari Zahra , Effatpanah Mohammad , Ghanbari Nikzad 
Published: December 2024

AbstractObjectivesDemoralization, a prevalent form of psychological distress, significantly impacts patient care, particularly in terminally ill individuals, notably those diagnosed with cancer. This study aimed to assess psychometric properties of Farsi version of Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II) in Iranian cancer patients.MethodsThis study was descriptive-analytical cross-sectional research. The statistical population was cancer patients who sought treatment at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran throughout the 2021–2022. In the initial phase of the study, a preliminary sample comprising 200 patients was carefully selected through convenience sampling. After applying these criteria, 160 patients satisfactorily completed the questionnaires, forming the final study sample. They completed series of questionnaires that included sociodemographic information, DS-II, Scale of Happiness of the Memorial University of Newfoundland, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The evaluation included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), assessments of convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability.ResultsThe CFA revealed a 2-factor model consistent with the original structure. The specific fit indices, including the Comparative Fit Index, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, and Goodness-of-Fit Index, were 0.99, 0.051, and 0.86, respectively. Significant correlation coefficients (p < 0.05) were found between the DS-II and the Beck Depression and MUNSH Happiness scales. The internal consistency of the DS-II, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, yielded values of 0.91 for the meaning and purpose factor, 0.89 for the coping ability factor, and 0.92 for the total score.Significance of resultsThe Farsi version of DS-II has demonstrated reliability and validity in evaluating demoralization among cancer patients in Iran. This tool can offer valuable insights into the psychological problems of terminally ill patients. Further research opportunities may include conducting longitudinal studies to track demoralization over time and exploring the impact of demoralization on the overall well-being and care of terminally ill patients in Iranian society.
Delegated investment in retirement savings: is there value added?
Authors: Huang Tiancheng , Khemka Gaurav , Chong Wing Fung 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We study a discrete-time life cycle retirement planning problem for individual workers with four distinct investment options: self-management with dynamic investment (S), self-management with benchmark investment (B), hire-management with flexible allocation (

$\text{H}_{1}$

), and hire-management with alpha focus (

$\text{H}_{2}$

). We examine the investment strategies and consumption patterns during the defined contribution fund accumulation period, ending with a life annuity purchase at retirement to finance post-retirement consumption. Based on the calibrated model using US data, we employ numerical dynamic programming technique to optimize worker’s financial decisions. Our analysis reveals that, despite the agency risk, delegated investments can add value to a worker’s lifetime utility, with the

$\text{H}_2$

option yielding the best lifetime utility outcome. However, after taking the fund management fee into consideration, we find that both the

$\text{H}_1$

and

$\text{H}_2$

options may not offer additional value compared to the S option, yet they still surpass the B option in performance.
Financial hardship and caregiver and child mental health during the 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
Authors: Price Anna M.H. , Measey Mary-Anne , Goldfeld Sharon , Rhodes Anthea 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Household income and caregiver mental health are important drivers of children’s health and development. The COVID-19 pandemic created huge economic and mental health disruptions. This study examines financial hardship and its relationship with caregiver and child mental health using Australia’s only representative data spanning three years of the pandemic. Analysis of the repeated, cross-sectional National Child Health Poll included 12,408 caregivers and 20,339 children over six waves (June 2020–April 2023). Caregivers reported their income (dichotomised into low versus not) and deprivation (missing one or more of eight essential items, versus not) and mental health for themselves (Kessler-6, poor versus not) and each child (Self-Rated Mental Health, poor/fair versus good/very good/excellent). Binary logistic models were fitted to predict marginal probabilities of mental health measures by low income and deprivation, over time. Results show that while low income decreased from 41% to 34% over the study period, deprivation increased from 30% to 35%. Poor mental health peaked with stay-at-home orders in 2021 before recovering. Caregivers experiencing low income or deprivation had higher rates of poor mental health throughout the study and slower recovery compared to those without financial hardship. Children in families experiencing financial hardship had slightly higher proportions of poor/fair mental health in 2021–2022, but they were mostly equivalent in June 2020 and April 2023 (range 6–8%). Addressing financial hardship may offer an avenue for improving caregiver mental health. This has implications for post-pandemic recovery and addressing contemporary issues of increasing cost of living and limited mental health supports and services.
A New Method for Analyzing Storm Event Discharge‐Concentration Hysteresis: The Upper Yangtze River as an Example
Authors: Xue Juli , Chen Li , Zhang Wei , Yuan Jing , Dong Bingjiang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe analysis of hydrological and sediment dynamics during flood events offers a new perspective on material transport within basins and the management of rivers. The literature has highlighted the hysteretic nature of material transport at the event scale, which arises from temporal differences in the transport of materials (flow and sediment). Current hysteresis research methods fall short in effectively assessing the complex events. This study leverages suspended‐sediment and discharge data from the upper Yangtze River to show proof‐of‐concept for hysteresis studies using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm, a time series analysis tool. To evaluate the efficacy of the method, extensive assessments were undertaken using a combination of synthetic data and basin data with over 700 flood events. The proposed index effectively captures and quantifies hysteresis relationships associated with flood events, making it a versatile tool for hysteresis studies. We also similarly tested the robustness of the method and the application to complex events, and the results were satisfactory. Furthermore, we explored the hysteretic features of flood events in the studied basin. The results revealed that a proportion ranging from 50% to 60% flood events exhibit sediment peak leading pattern, indicating that in the upper Yangtze River, sediment peaks tend to occur in a leading pattern. The operation of reservoirs profoundly impacts the dynamics of sediment transport, resulting in an increased proportion (from 27% to 54%) of sediment peaks lagging behind discharge peaks. These study findings can be used to improve hysteresis study methods and contribute to the understanding of hydrological and sediment transport characteristics.
Improving Fully Distributed Snowpack Simulations by Mapping Perturbations of Meteorological Forcings Inferred From Particle Filter Assimilation of Snow Monitoring Data
Authors: Oberrauch Moritz , Cluzet Bertrand , Magnusson Jan , Jonas Tobias 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSnow plays a crucial role in the water balance of mountainous regions by affecting the timing and magnitude of runoff and, thus, water availability and flood hazards. However, estimating snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountainous regions is challenging due to its substantial spatial variability, the lack of accurate distributed measurements, and the uncertainties of snow models. Model uncertainties are primarily bound to uncertainties in the meteorological forcings. This study proposes an assimilation scheme to identify and correct spatiotemporal error patterns in the meteorological forcing data. Using a particle filter, we assimilated in situ snow depth observations from 444 stations across Switzerland into an ensemble simulated by the multi‐layer, physics‐based snow model FSM2OSHD. The ensemble is created by applying traceable, fixed perturbations to the energy input and the amount and phase of precipitation. This allows us to identify and correct errors in the meteorological forcing data for each station site and each 3‐day assimilation window. Leveraging spatial correlation in these errors, we distribute the corrections across the entire model domain using a weighted three‐dimensional spatial interpolation method. The refined meteorological data then serve as forcing for improved model runs, allowing unobserved grid points to benefit from the point assimilation. A leave‐one‐station‐out cross‐validation shows marked improvements in root‐mean‐squared error and bias for estimates of snow depth and SWE over the entire elevation range and multiple winter seasons. The proposed scheme is a promising step in developing comprehensive data assimilation solutions for large‐scale, fully distributed, near real‐time snow modeling applications, taking into account operational constraints and practical considerations.
Modeling Global Electron Precipitation Driven by Whistler Mode Waves: Integrating Physical and Deep Learning Approaches
Authors: Huang Sheng , Li Wen , Ma Qianli , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Capannolo Luisa , Chu Xiangning 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWhistler mode waves scatter energetic electrons, causing them to precipitate into the Earth's atmosphere. While the interactions between whistler mode waves and electrons are well understood, the global distribution of electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves needs futher investigations. We present a two‐stage method, integrating neural networks and quasi‐linear theory, to simulate global electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves. By applying this approach to the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm event, we reproduce the rapidly varying precipitation pattern over various phases of the storm. Then we validate our simulation results with POES/MetOp satellite observations. The precipitation pattern is consistent between simulations and observations, suggesting that most of the observed electron precipitation can be attributed to scattering by whistler mode waves. Our results indicate that chorus waves drive electron precipitation over the premidnight‐to‐afternoon sector during the storm main phase, with simulated peak energy fluxes of 20 erg/cm2/s and characteristic energies of 10–50 keV. During the recovery phase, plume hiss in the afternoon sector can have a comparable or stronger effect than chorus, with peak fluxes of ∼1 erg/cm2/s and characteristic energies between 10 and 200 keV. This study highlights the importance of integrating physics‐based and deep learning approaches to model the complex dynamics of electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves.
Accelerated Basal Melt Rates of Ice Shelves in North Greenland From 2013 to 2022 Estimated With the High‐Resolution ArcticDEM
Authors: Wang Genyu , Ke Chang‐Qing , Fan Yubin , Shen Xiaoyi , Nourani Vahid , Sankaran Adarsh , Mehr Ali Danandeh , Popov Sergey V. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBasal melting of ice shelves has become one of the main causes of mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet. However, most studies have focused on individual ice shelves, making it difficult to gain a more comprehensive understanding of basal melting across Greenland ice shelves. To address this issue, we utilized timestamped ArcticDEM strip data coregistered with ICESat‐2 data to estimate the basal melt rates of the ice shelves in North Greenland at a resolution of 150 m from 2013 to 2022, employing a mass conservation approach within the Lagrangian framework. Additionally, to investigate the influence of temperature on basal melt rates, a basic analysis correlating the basal melt rates with temperatures was conducted. Overall, the mass loss caused by basal melting of the six ice shelves has amounted to 27.86 ± 35.63 Gt yr−1, accounting for approximately 90% of the non‐calving mass loss, equivalent to a sea level rise of 0.08 ± 0.10 mm yr−1, far exceeding surface mass loss and glacier calving. The two larger ice shelves, Petermann and 79° North (79N), have contributed to 85% of the basal melt mass loss. Regarding the spatiotemporal distribution, the basal melt rates have gradually decreased from near the grounding line to the ice shelf front. Apart from the Ryder ice shelves, the basal melting of the other ice shelves is in a state of accelerated ablation. Moreover, compared to the skin temperature of the ice shelf, the sea water potential temperature has a greater impact on the basal melt rate.