bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-modal perception of human emotion in domestic horses (Equus caballus)
Authors: Nakamura Kosuke , Takimoto-Inose Ayaka , Hasegawa Toshikazu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHumans have domesticated many kinds of animals in their history. Dogs and horses have particularly close relationships with humans as cooperative partners. However, fewer scientific studies have been conducted on cognition in horses compared to dogs. Studies have shown that horses cross-modally distinguish human facial expressions and recognize familiar people, which suggests that they also cross-modally distinguish human emotions. In the present study, we used the expectancy violation method to investigate whether horses cross-modally perceive human emotions. Horses were shown a picture of a human facial expression on a screen, and they then heard a human voice from the speaker before the screen. The emotional values of the visual and auditory stimuli were the same in the congruent condition and different in the incongruent condition. Horses looked at the speaker significantly longer in the incongruent condition than in the congruent condition when they heard their caretaker’s voices but not when they heard the stranger voice. In addition, they responded significantly more quickly to the voice in the incongruent condition than in the congruent one. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that horses cross-modally recognized the emotional states of their caretakers and strangers.
Dengue envelope-based ‘four-in-one’ virus-like particles produced using Pichia pastoris induce enhancement-lacking, domain III-directed tetravalent neutralising antibodies in mice
Authors: Rajpoot Ravi Kant , Shukla Rahul , Arora Upasana , Swaminathan Sathyamangalam , Khanna Navin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDengue is a significant public health problem worldwide, caused by four antigenically distinct mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. Antibodies to any given DENV serotype which can afford protection against that serotype tend to enhance infection by other DENV serotypes, by a phenomenon termed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Antibodies to the viral pre-membrane (prM) protein have been implicated in ADE. We show that co-expression of the envelope protein of all four DENV serotypes, in the yeast Pichia pastoris, leads to their co-assembly, in the absence of prM, into tetravalent mosaic VLPs (T-mVLPs), which retain the serotype-specific antigenic integrity and immunogenicity of all four types of their monomeric precursors. Following a three-dose immunisation schedule, the T-mVLPs elicited EDIII-directed antibodies in mice which could neutralise all four DENV serotypes. Importantly, anti-T-mVLP antibodies did not augment sub-lethal DENV-2 infection of dengue-sensitive AG129 mice, based on multiple parameters. The ‘four-in-one’ tetravalent T-mVLPs possess multiple desirable features which may potentially contribute to safety (non-viral, prM-lacking and ADE potential-lacking), immunogenicity (induction of virus-neutralising antibodies), and low cost (single tetravalent immunogen produced using P. pastoris, an expression system known for its high productivity using simple inexpensive media). These results strongly warrant further exploration of this vaccine candidate.
Interleukin-9 promotes early mast cell-mediated expulsion of Strongyloides ratti but is dispensable for generation of protective memory
Authors: Reitz Martina , Hartmann Wiebke , Rüdiger Nikolas , Orinska Zane , Brunn Marie-Luise , Breloer Minka 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIL-9 is a cytokine with pleiotropic function that mediates allergic inflammation and immunity to intestinal helminth parasites. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-9 acts via both, initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses and direct activation of intestinal effector pathways. Here we use IL-9 receptor deficient mice on BALB/c and C57BL/6 genetic background to dissect effector and regulatory functions of IL-9 during infection with the parasitic nematodeStrongyloides ratti. IL-9 receptor-deficient mice displayed increased intestinal parasite burden and prolonged infection irrespective of the genetic background of the mice. Increased parasite burden was correlated to a reciprocally reduced early degranulation of mucosal mast cells, reduced intestinal IL-13 expression and caused by IL-9 receptor deficiency on hematopoietic cells. We observed additional significant changes in the adaptive immune response toS. rattiinfection in the absence of the IL-9 receptor that depended on the mouse strain. However, the generation of protective memory to a second infection was intact in IL-9 receptor-deficient mice, irrespective of the genetic background. In summary, our results support a central role for IL-9 as an early mast cell activating effector cytokine during intestinal helminth infection while non-redundant functions in the initiation and amplification of adaptive immune responses were not apparent.
Soil water content effects on net ecosystem CO2 exchange and actual evapotranspiration in a Mediterranean semiarid savanna of Central Chile
Authors: Meza Francisco J. , Montes Carlo , Bravo-Martínez Felipe , Serrano-Ortiz Penélope , Kowalski Andrew S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBiosphere-atmosphere water and carbon fluxes depend on ecosystem structure, and their magnitudes and seasonal behavior are driven by environmental and biological factors. We studied the seasonal behavior of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), Ecosystem Respiration (RE), and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) obtained by eddy covariance measurements during two years in a Mediterranean Acacia savanna ecosystem (Acacia caven) in Central Chile. The annual carbon balance was −53 g C m−2 in 2011 and −111 g C m−2 in 2012, showing that the ecosystem acts as a net sink of CO2, notwithstanding water limitations on photosynthesis observed in this particularly dry period. Total annual ETa was of 128 mm in 2011 and 139 mm in 2012. Both NEE and ETa exhibited strong seasonality with peak values recorded in the winter season (July to September), as a result of ecosystem phenology, soil water content and rainfall occurrence. Consequently, the maximum carbon assimilation rate occurred in wintertime. Results show that soil water content is a major driver of GPP and RE, defining their seasonal patterns and the annual carbon assimilation capacity of the ecosystem, and also modulating the effect that solar radiation and air temperature have on NEE components at shorter time scales.
HEV ORF3 downregulates TLR7 to inhibit the generation of type I interferon via impairment of multiple signaling pathways
Authors: Lei Qingsong , Li Lin , Zhang Shujun , Li Tianju , Zhang Xiaomei , Ding Xiaolin , Qin Bo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHepatitis E is the most common type of acute hepatitis prevalent worldwide. The open reading frame 3 protein of HEV (HEV ORF3) is proposed to create a favorable environment for viral replication and pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which HEV overcomes the effects of host immunity, particularly the role of ORF3, remain to be established. Expression of IFNα and IFNβ in supernatant and cell samples was examined via ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR. The protein levels of specific signaling factors in cells overexpressing HEV ORF3 were examined via western blot. Analyses of cells transfected with vectors expressing ORF3 demonstrated that HEV ORF3 significantly impairs the generation of endogenous type I interferon through downregulating TLR3 and TLR7 as well as their corresponding downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, inhibition of NFκB, JAK/STAT and JNK/MAPK signaling pathways contributed significantly to suppression of increased levels of TLR7. Levels of p-P65, p-STAT1 and p-JNK were markedly impaired in ORF3-expressing cells, even upon treatment with the respective agonists. HEV ORF3 inhibits the production of endogenous type I interferon through downregulation of TLR3 and TLR7. Furthermore, suppression of TLR7 is achieved through impairment of multiple signaling pathways, including NFκB, JAK/STAT and JNK/MAPK.
GM-CSF targeted immunomodulation affects host response to M. tuberculosis infection
Authors: Benmerzoug Sulayman , Marinho Fabio Vitarelli , Rose Stéphanie , Mackowiak Claire , Gosset David , Sedda Delphine , Poisson Emeline , Uyttenhove Catherine , Van Snick Jacques , Jacobs Muazzam , Garcia Irene , Ryffel Bernhard , Quesniaux Valerie F. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHost directed immunomodulation represents potential new adjuvant therapies in infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Major cytokines like TNFα exert a multifold role in host control of mycobacterial infections. GM-CSF and its receptor are over-expressed during acuteM.tuberculosisinfection and we asked how GM-CSF neutralization might affect host response, both in immunocompetent and in immunocompromised TNFα-deficient mice. GM-CSF neutralizing antibodies, at a dose effectively preventing acute lung inflammation, did not affectM.tuberculosisbacterial burden, but increased the number of granuloma in wild-type mice. We next assessed whether GM-CSF neutralization might affect the control ofM.tuberculosisby isoniazid/rifampicin chemotherapy. GM-CSF neutralization compromised the bacterial control under sub-optimal isoniazid/rifampicin treatment in TNFα-deficient mice, leading to exacerbated lung inflammation with necrotic granulomatous structures and high numbers of intracellularM.tuberculosisbacilli.In vitro, GM-CSF neutralization promoted M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype inM.bovisBCG infected macrophages, with reduced mycobactericidal NO production and higher intracellularM.bovisBCG burden. Thus, GM-CSF pathway overexpression during acuteM.tuberculosisinfection contributes to an efficient M1 response, and interfering with GM-CSF pathway in the course of infection may impair the host inflammatory response againstM.tuberculosis.
A solution to the misrepresentations of CO2-equivalent emissions of short-lived climate pollutants under ambitious mitigation
Authors: Allen Myles R. , Shine Keith P. , Fuglestvedt Jan S. , Millar Richard J. , Cain Michelle , Frame David J. , Macey Adrian H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWhile cumulative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions dominate anthropogenic warming over centuries, temperatures over the coming decades are also strongly affected by short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), complicating the estimation of cumulative emission budgets for ambitious mitigation goals. Using conventional Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) to convert SLCPs to “CO2-equivalent” emissions misrepresents their impact on global temperature. Here we show that peak warming under a range of mitigation scenarios is determined by a linear combination of cumulative CO2 emissions to the time of peak warming and non-CO2 radiative forcing immediately prior to that time. This may be understood by expressing aggregate non-CO2 forcing as cumulative CO2 forcing-equivalent (CO2-fe) emissions. We show further that contributions to CO2-fe emissions are well approximated by a new usage of GWP, denoted GWP*, which relates cumulative CO2 emissions to date with the current rate of emission of SLCPs. GWP* accurately indicates the impact of emissions of both long-lived and short-lived pollutants on radiative forcing and temperatures over a wide range of timescales, including under ambitious mitigation when conventional GWPs fail. Measured by GWP*, implementing the Paris Agreement would reduce the expected rate of warming in 2030 by 28% relative to a No Policy scenario. Expressing mitigation efforts in terms of their impact on future cumulative emissions aggregated using GWP* would relate them directly to contributions to future warming, better informing both burden-sharing discussions and long-term policies and measures in pursuit of ambitious global temperature goals.
Small sample sizes reduce the replicability of task-based fMRI studies
Authors: Turner Benjamin O. , Paul Erick J. , Miller Michael B. , Barbey Aron K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite a growing body of research suggesting that task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies often suffer from a lack of statistical power due to too-small samples, the proliferation of such underpowered studies continues unabated. Using large independent samples across eleven tasks, we demonstrate the impact of sample size on replicability, assessed at different levels of analysis relevant to fMRI researchers. We find that the degree of replicability for typical sample sizes is modest and that sample sizes much larger than typical (e.g.,N = 100) produce results that fall well short of perfectly replicable. Thus, our results join the existing line of work advocating for larger sample sizes. Moreover, because we test sample sizes over a fairly large range and use intuitive metrics of replicability, our hope is that our results are more understandable and convincing to researchers who may have found previous results advocating for larger samples inaccessible.
Reconstructing solar magnetic fields from historical observations
Authors: Virtanen I. O. I. , Virtanen I. I. , Pevtsov A. A. , Mursula K. 
Published: May 2018

Aims. Sunspot activity is often hemispherically asymmetric, and during the Maunder minimum, activity was almost completely limited to one hemisphere. In this work, we use surface flux simulation to study how magnetic activity limited only to the southern hemisphere affects the long-term evolution of the photospheric magnetic field in both hemispheres. The key question is whether sunspot activity in one hemisphere is enough to reverse the polarity of polar fields in both hemispheres.
Methods. We simulated the evolution of the photospheric magnetic field from 1978 to 2016 using the observed active regions of the southern hemisphere as input. We studied the flow of magnetic flux across the equator and its subsequent motion towards the northern pole. We also tested how the simulated magnetic field is changed when the activity of the southern hemisphere is reduced.
Results. We find that activity in the southern hemisphere is enough to reverse the polarity of polar fields in both hemispheres by the cross-equatorial transport of magnetic flux. About 1% of the flux emerging in the southern hemisphere is transported across the equator, but only 0.1%–0.2% reaches high latitudes to reverse and regenerate a weak polar field in the northern hemisphere. The polarity reversals in the northern hemisphere are delayed compared to the southern hemisphere, leading to a quadrupole Sun lasting for several years.
Enantioselective Vinylogous Reactions of 3-Alkylidene Oxindoles
Authors: Dalpozzo Renato , Mancuso Raffaella 
Published: May 2018

Oxindoles represent an important class of bioactive compounds and synthetic derivatives found in many natural products. Most of these compounds are chiral molecules and the challenge of their asymmetric synthesis has fascinated many research groups. In particular, the creation of chiral centers out of the oxindole ring by vinylogous addition to 3-alkylidene-substituted oxindoles (3-alkylidene-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ones) has emerged in recent years. This review aims to give an overview of this topic.1	Introduction2	Aldol and Mannich Reactions3	Addition to Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds4	Addition to Nitroalkenes5	Miscellaneous6	Conclusion
Supporting Community Pharmacies with Implementation of a Web-Based Medication Management Application
Authors: Turner Kea , Renfro Chelsea , Ferreri Stefanie , Roberts Kim , Pfeiffenberger Trista , Shea Christopher 
Published: May 2018

Objective Community pharmacists' role in clinical care is expanding in the United States and information systems are needed that extend beyond a dispensing workflow. As pharmacies adopt new systems, implementation support will be needed. This study identifies the barriers and facilitators experienced by community pharmacies in implementing a Web-based medication management application and describes the implementation strategies used to support these pharmacies.
Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 28 program and research staff that provides support to community pharmacies participating in a statewide pharmacy network. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC).
Results Findings suggest that leadership support, clinical training, and computer literacy facilitated implementation, while lack of system integration, staff resistance to change, and provider reluctance to share data served as barriers. To overcome the barriers, implementation support was provided, such as assessing readiness for implementation, developing a standardized and interoperable care plan, and audit and feedback of documentation quality.
Conclusion Participants used a wide array of strategies to support community pharmacies with implementation and tailored approaches to accommodate pharmacy-specific preferences. Most of the support was delivered preimplementation or in the early phase of implementation and by program or research staff rather than peer-to-peer. Implementing new pharmacy information system requires a significant amount of implementation support to help end-users learn about program features, how to integrate the software into workflow, and how to optimize the software to improve patient care. Future research should identify which implementation strategies are associated with program performance.
Global signal of top-down control of terrestrial plant communities by herbivores
Authors: Jia Shihong , Wang Xugao , Yuan Zuoqiang , Lin Fei , Ye Ji , Hao Zhanqing , Luskin Matthew Scott 
Published: May 2018

Significance
A focus in ecology is understanding the processes that govern ecosystem productivity and biodiversity. A multitude of co-occurring biological mechanisms shape these properties in plant communities, but the relative importance of specific processes remains ambiguous, such as competition among individuals and species for resources (bottom-up regulation) and the role of herbivory in controlling plant populations (top-down regulation). In this global synthesis of herbivore impacts on terrestrial plants, we find strong evidence that herbivores regulate most plant communities, but their positive effects on diversity may be contingent on a subset of animals and specific habitats. We conclude that the strength of top-down regulation in terrestrial ecosystems appears more variable and context-dependent than in aquatic systems.
A theta rhythm in macaque visual cortex and its attentional modulation
Authors: Spyropoulos Georgios , Bosman Conrado Arturo , Fries Pascal 
Published: May 2018

Significance
Theta rhythms, ≈3–8 Hz, have been found in many different parts of the brain. They are predominant in the rodent hippocampus, yet have also been described in the neocortex, primarily in frontal and parietal areas in relation to executive functions. Here, we show a ≈4-Hz theta rhythm in awake macaque monkey area V4 and primary visual cortex. This theta rhythm was spatially coextensive with visually induced gamma-band activity, and gamma power was modulated by theta phase. The strength of theta and of theta-rhythmic gamma modulation was markedly reduced by selective attention. Theta rhythmicity has been observed in microsaccade sequences, and microsaccades influence early visual activity. Yet, removing (the effects of) microsaccades did not influence the results.
Sequential activation of human signal recognition particle by the ribosome and signal sequence drives efficient protein targeting
Authors: Lee Jae Ho , Chandrasekar Sowmya , Chung SangYoon , Hwang Fu Yu-Hsien , Liu Demi , Weiss Shimon , Shan Shu-ou 
Published: May 2018

Significance
The universally conserved signal recognition particle (SRP) delivers ∼30% of the proteome to the appropriate cellular membrane. How SRP achieves efficient and selective protein targeting in eukaryotes remains elusive. Here, we show that a functional signal sequence on the nascent polypeptide confers a significant kinetic privilege to ribosome-bound SRP during the recruitment of SRP receptor, thereby enabling rapid and selective membrane targeting of SRP-dependent substrates. In addition, single-molecule spectroscopy revealed ribosome- and signal sequence-induced global conformational rearrangements in human SRP, which, together with biochemical analyses, provides a molecular model for substrate-induced activation of mammalian SRP. Analogous mechanisms have been described for replication, transcription, and translation, and may be envisioned for other pathways in which biological fidelity exceeds substrate binding specificity.
Doctrinal Reasoning as a Disruptive Practice
Authors: Allen Jessie 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLegal doctrine is generally thought to contribute to legal decision-making only to the extent it determines substantive results. Yet in many cases, the available authorities are indeterminate. I propose a different model for how doctrinal reasoning might contribute to judicial decisions. Drawing on performance theory and psychological studies of readers, I argue that judges’ engagement with formal legal doctrine might have self-disrupting effects like those performers experience when they adopt uncharacteristic behaviors. Such disruptive effects would not explain how judges ultimately select, or should select, legal results. But they might help legal decision makers to set aside subjective biases.
LiveKraken––real-time metagenomic classification of illumina data
Authors: Tausch Simon H , Strauch Benjamin , Andrusch Andreas , Loka Tobias P , Lindner Martin S , Nitsche Andreas , Renard Bernhard Y 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMotivationIn metagenomics, Kraken is one of the most widely used tools due to its robustness and speed. Yet, the overall turnaround time of metagenomic analysis is hampered by the sequential paradigm of wet and dry lab. In urgent experiments, it can be crucial to gain a timely insight into a dataset.ResultsHere, we present LiveKraken, a real-time read classification tool based on the core algorithm of Kraken. LiveKraken uses streams of raw data from Illumina sequencers to classify reads taxonomically. This way, we are able to produce results identical to those of Kraken the moment the sequencer finishes. We are furthermore able to provide comparable results in early stages of a sequencing run, allowing saving up to a week of sequencing time on an Illumina HiSeq in High Throughput Mode. While the number of classified reads grows over time, false classifications appear in negligible numbers and proportions of identified taxa are only affected to a minor extent.Availability and implementationLiveKraken is available at https://gitlab.com/rki_bioinformatics/LiveKraken.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.