bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Change
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Making Change: Youth Social Entrepreneurship as an Approach to Positive Youth and Community Development connects multiple fields of practices and scholarship to explore a youth-focused model for promoting social justice. Social entrepreneurship creates opportunities, especially for youth in marginalized communities where the opportunity gap, suppressed social mobility, and economic disparity are most profound. In such settings, engaging youth as leaders of social change offers the potentially exponential benefits of personal empowerment, community improvement, and economic transformation. Written for audiences in both academia and in the field of youth work, Making Change advances the fields of positive youth development and community enhancement by linking youth social entrepreneurship as a means to socially just impact.
The Problem in Youth Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter outlines central concerns to the book’s proposed model. This chapter highlights the lack of a clear definition and a common language to drive youth social entrepreneurship’s implementation and collaboration among stakeholders. It includes a review of original research into existing youth programs to suggest a typology within the youth social entrepreneurship field. Many example programs are described to help illustrate the suggested typology. Last, this chapter discusses the significant challenges to the measurement of youth social entrepreneurship’s impact and the noted necessity to identify evidence to move the field forward. Of particular note, the location-specificity for youth program effectiveness contributes to a lack of generalizability, an issue that needs to be resolved for measuring social impact of targeted practices.
The Potential of Youth Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes significant examples of anecdotal yet powerful findings that have been documented within this field. It reviews existing empirical studies in related areas of study that can lead to an initial understanding of youth social entrepreneurship as a model for positive youth development. Specifically, empirical studies in the area of youth entrepreneurial intent, tendencies, and environments are described. Another model of youth and community development that may offer a recognizable indication to scholars is Youth Participatory Action Research. Examples of this related research are also included in this chapter. Furthermore, research is included in the areas of youth activism and youth leadership because they are suspected to be significantly related to youth social entrepreneurship.
Youth Social Entrepreneurship as Youth Development for All Youth
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the universal elements of positive youth development; that is, explicating the basic foundations of healthy development that are important for all youth, regardless of context or background. Developmental psychology serves as a primary source for the perspectives presented here. Among the key components of this discussion are the principles of the field, a review of relational development theory, and an overview of adolescent brain development. Specific frameworks are included, such as the Five C’s of youth development, social-emotional learning (SEL), and youth interests (sparks). While all of these components are influenced by the broader contexts and environments of the youth, the set of ideas included in this chapter applies to a somewhat decontextualized form of youth development theory as applied to the promise of youth social entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how entrepreneurship has been structured and taught in educational settings. The chapter will add clarity to this dimension of youth social entrepreneurship. Whether or not a youth social entrepreneurship initiative includes a revenue-generating enterprise, this brief study of the principles of entrepreneurship can inform practice and help frame research and evaluation. This chapter includes an examination of design thinking and human-centered design as the newest, cross-sector movement related to entrepreneurship. This chapter asks the reader to explore the concepts, apply them to the model with youth thus far described, and imagine how diverse practices of innovation can advance the causes of social justice and where they may impede progress.
Economic Transformation
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the mechanisms for promoting the effects of youth economic experience, usually via employment. Since many, though not all youth social entrepreneurship activities include youth acting within “a job,” a more thorough investigation of the research supporting economic change for young people will equip the reader with frames within which to think about employment. Furthermore, there is an expected effect on community assets through youth social entrepreneurship, often an additional economic asset within which an enterprise operates. In this chapter, the reader will encounter a systems perspective about school-to-work efforts, considering how the youth social entrepreneurship paradigm dovetails with this traditional body of practice and what lessons can be learned. With an overall consideration of how human capital development impacts broader social system, this chapter situates youth social entrepreneurship as one approach to changing communities through individual economic improvement and future employment trajectory.
Peru
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A Consumer Coalition characterizes Peru. Labor and domestic Finance dominate the political landscape, while domestic Industry is relatively weak as a result of the economic crisis in the 1990s. Interviews reveal that both Labor and Finance prefer bilateral loans from Western governments. While Labor is less enthusiastic about private creditors than Finance, recent experiences with hyperinflation resulted in congruent preferences regarding this creditor as well. Qualitative evidence shows that Peruvian politicians are acutely aware of the need to satisfy the demands by local banks as well as the general population. Interviews suggest that politicians have much influence over the process of making borrowing decisions, allowing them to significantly shape the borrowing strategy. As a result, Peru relies more on bilateral loans from Western governments than its neighboring countries. It also uses private creditors, while loan offers by the Chinese government are rejected.
Introduction
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Introduction begins with a short discussion of reincarnation belief in the contemporary world among those who have no particular affiliation with religions that traditionally teach the doctrine. Highlighting some of the typical characteristics of such belief, such as the notion of ‘spiritual evolution’, it poses the question of why reincarnation has become popular in this particular form. The influence of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky is an important part of the answer. After outlining the main points of Blavatsky’s reincarnation doctrine, the Introduction discusses Blavatsky’s colourful personality and the writing of her enormous literary oeuvre. Her interpretations of Kabbalah and Egyptology found their way into her discussions of rebirth, but as these will not be discussed in detail in the book, they are mentioned here briefly. A chapter outline concludes the Introduction.
Isis Unveiled and Metempsychosis
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that despite scholarly protestations to the contrary, it is possible to elucidate Blavatsky’s position on rebirth in Isis Unveiled. On the basis of a systematic examination of her first major work alongside contemporaneous letters, the chapter shows that during this early period, she taught a doctrine she termed ‘metempsychosis’ that she coupled with the teaching that ‘reincarnation’ (understood in a very specific and limited sense) was occasionally possible, but only in exceptional circumstances. The chapter explains Blavatsky’s early doctrines of metempsychosis and occasional reincarnation in detail. It concludes with a consideration of other occasional forms of rebirth Blavatsky described, such as the creation of ‘terrestrial larvae’ and the ‘transfer of a spiritual entity’.
Spiritualism
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Through reference to books and Spiritualist periodicals, chapter 4 situates Blavatsky’s early theory of metempsychosis in relation to anti-reincarnationist currents in Anglo-American Spiritualism. It also explores Blavatsky’s debt to and tension with the French Spiritism of Allan Kardec (1804–1869), arguing that her rebirth theories must be understood in light of her simultaneous reception and rejection of certain specific elements present in Anglo-American Spiritualism as well as French Spiritism. It considers the similarities and differences between Blavatsky’s ideas on rebirth and those of Kardec, the American medium Cora Scott Tappan (1840–1923), the British medium Emma Hardinge Britten (1823–1899), the American magician Paschal Beverly Randolph (1825–1875), and the occult society the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor.
Science
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers how Blavatsky constructed science as a category and situates this construal within a world in which the boundaries of ‘legitimate’ science were more contested than they are today. The chapter demonstrates that Blavatsky’s conceptualisations of rebirth owe a considerable debt to the scientific theories under discussion at her time of writing. It explores her debt to the controversial physicists Balfour Stewart (1828–1887) and Peter Guthrie Tait (1831–1909), her hostility towards the popular materialist monism of Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), her hatred of Darwinism, and her preference for theories of evolution influenced by German Romanticism, such as the theories of orthogenesis proposed by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891), Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), and Darwin’s nemesis, Richard Owen (1804–1892).
Hindu and Buddhist Thought
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes Blavatsky’s activities in India and Ceylon. The chapter argues that it is reasonable to assume Indian influences contributed, at least in part, to Blavatsky’s eventual acceptance of reincarnation. It shows that Blavatsky framed her later ideas in Vedantic terms provided by notable early Indian Theosophists such as Mohini M. Chatterji (1858–1936) and Tallapragada Subba Row (1856–1890). These came together with other influences in a modernising depiction of Theosophy as the esoteric essence of Hinduism and Buddhism that was offered as an alternative to Ernst Haeckel’s materialist monism. The chapter reveals Blavatsky’s reincarnationism as involving an entanglement of Western philosophies with the interpretations of Vedanta of Western-educated Hindu elites alongside academic Orientalism.
Fielding: A Lifeworld of Books
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates how Sarah Fielding develops the kind of writing that leads readers to engage with the novel in a mode of reading that is both immersed and reflective. It traces this project through Fielding’s comments on novel reading in her critical writings, her translation of Xenophon’s Memoirs of Socrates, and her own experimental metafiction in the 1750s (also in collaboration with Jane Collier). Fielding, it is shown, brings novel reading and its immersive qualities into conversation with the debates between the ancients and the moderns and the transhistorical perspectives arising from the mock-heroic mode. Also the theatre, and in particular Fielding’s engagement with Shakespeare, is shown to contribute to her bid to create the kind of novel that can both immerse readers and make them think.
Conclusion
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The conclusion shows that several of the embodied aspects of writing fiction discussed for the eighteenth-century novel can be traced into the nineteenth century through an example from Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. It is shown that, like the earlier authors in the case studies in this book, Dickens features shifting embodied stances and involves elements of the media ecology of his day rather than deploying the concrete particulars that “formal realism” considers central to the novel. Links to larger arguments about the role of the novel in literary history are then drawn in contrast with accounts, based on Adorno/Habermas and Benjamin, that argue that eighteenth-century fiction becomes rationalised and disembodied with the novel and its culture industry. Rather than impoverishing experience, it is argued that the novel as a lifeworld technology depends profoundly on readers’ embodied engagements and that 4E cognition is a critical perspective that affords such an alternative take.
Megaregions and Coevolution in World Politics
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The rise of the New Silk Road is generating fierce debates over the emergence of new megaregions and their role in reshaping world politics. Chinese writers are avid consumers of and contributors to these discussions both at home and internationally. China’s growing interest in megaregional integration accompanied a sharp turn in foreign policy—from a defensive posture that feared provoking war with the United States toward a bold campaign to assert global leadership, economically and diplomatically. Gradually, Chinese leaders are beginning to realize that all of the emerging megaregions are developing lives of their own that cannot be directed by a hierarchical network centered in Beijing. This realization is forcing China’s policymakers to reconsider their traditional assumption that sovereignty belongs only to formal governments and the elites that control them rather than to the all of the citizens who comprise the national communities.
Turkey
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In building the New Silk Road, China is looking for partners, not rivals. But, in the case of Turkey, it has found both. After the fall of the Soviet Union, China and Turkey sparred for influence in Central Asia before Ankara decided to focus on Caspian Sea countries closer to home. During the reign of Recep Tayyip Erdoǧan, Turkey and China have traded accusations over recurrent violence in Xinjiang. In spite of these clashes, Turkey has moved closer to China’s overtures because both countries are eager to counterbalance what they view as mounting hostility from the United States and the European Union. Erdoǧan claims to welcome membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, hoping to dampen Western criticism of his antidemocratic behavior at home. But Chinese leaders are skeptical of allying with Erdoǧan because his domestic support is shrinking precisely when he is trying to grab dictatorial powers.
The Bitter and the Sweet
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The New Silk Road is filled with contradictions that diminish its idealistic allure because they undercut the core values its proponents claim to represent, particularly universalism, justice, and knowledge. If leaders around the world—and not merely in China—hope to rescue that allure, they will have to join in fashioning more humane political relations with the same energy they devote to pursuing breakthroughs in technology, commerce, and warfare. Proponents of globalization must confront feelings of exclusion among communities that the New Silk Road bypasses. They need to reduce the inherent inequalities that pervade exchanges between Western and non-Western civilizations. In addition, they have to counter the nationalistic and parochial tendencies that dominate the study of international politics. China and the United States can share a leading role in reforming global governance, but this will require both superpowers to cooperate more closely with a growing number of rising Muslim nations.
Contentious Rituals
Authors: Blake Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Why do people participate in controversial symbolic events that drive wedges between groups and occasionally spark violence? This book examines this question through an in-depth case study of Northern Ireland. Protestant organizations perform over 2,500 parades across Northern Ireland each year. Protestants tend to see the parades as festive occasions that celebrate Protestant history and culture. Catholics, however, tend to see them as hateful, intimidating, and triumphalist. As a result, parades have been a major source of conflict in the years since the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement. This book examines why, given the often negative consequences, people choose to participate in these parades. Drawing on theories from the study of contentious politics and the study of ritual, the book argues that paraders are more interested in the benefits intrinsic to participation in a communal ritual than the external consequences of their action. The book presents analysis of original quantitative and qualitative data to support this argument and to test it against prominent alternative explanations. Interview, survey, and ethnographic data are also used to explore issues central to parade participation, including identity expression, commemoration, tradition, the pleasures of participation, and communicating a message to outside audiences. The book additionally examines a paradox at the center of parading: while most observers see parades as political events, the participants do not. Altogether, the book offers a new perspective on politics and culture in the aftermath of ethnic violence.
Identity on Parade in Northern Ireland
Authors: Blake Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the history and political context of loyalist parades in Northern Ireland. It traces how parades have changed over the past two centuries in response to shifting political conditions. The chapter then shows how parades influence and are influenced by politics in the post–Good Friday/Belfast Agreement era. In the discussion of contemporary parading, the chapter presents data on the number of parades, paraders, and spectators, which demonstrate the prominence of the movement in Protestant society. It also describes the major parading organizations, including the Orange Order, the other loyal orders, and marching bands, and explains the main sources of disputes between Protestants and Catholics over parades.
Parading Mainly for Fun and Process
Authors: Blake Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the main reasons people participate in loyalist parades in Northern Ireland: identity expression, tradition, the pleasures of participation, and communication. It argues that the first three of these reasons are process-oriented and intrinsic to participation itself, while the fourth reason is outcome-oriented and instrumental. The chapter demonstrates that the intrinsic and instrumental reasons coexist and can sometimes seem to overlap, but that participants discuss intrinsic reasons more often and with more passion. Using evidence from interviews, a survey, and ethnographic observation, this chapter explores how participants use parades to express their collective identities; connect with the past via tradition; receive emotional rewards, especially pride; and send messages of unity to the Protestant in-group and opposition to the Catholic out-group. While the three process-oriented reasons are nearly ubiquitous, the instrumental reason (sending a message) is less commonly articulated.
Culture, Politics, and the Paradox of Anti-Politics
Authors: Blake Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores a paradox at the heart of Protestant discourse about loyalist parades in Northern Ireland: the claim that parades are anti-political. Most outside observers understand parades to be highly political because they make political claims and have significant political consequences. But the people who participate in the parades say they have nothing to do with politics. Using interview data, this chapter first describes the paradox. It shows that for participants, parades are cultural events, not political—categories they see as mutually exclusive. Next, it argues that the paradox of anti-politics does two things for paraders: it helps preserve their positive self-image and it provides a rhetorical tool for dismissing criticism of parades. It then explains how the ritual characteristics of parades help maintain the paradox and discusses other mechanisms for creating a politics of anti-politics.
Introduction
Authors: Blake Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter establishes the main questions to be addressed in the book and situates Northern Ireland’s parades in debates about contentious politics and ethnic conflict. It argues that prevailing theories do not fully explain participation in loyalist parades because they miss a crucial element of the parades themselves: they are rituals. The chapter presents the analytic advantages of viewing parades as rituals and introduces a central concept in the book: contentious rituals. Contentious rituals are repeated, symbolic actions that make contested claims and that are actively challenged by others in society. It then reviews the book’s data and methods and foreshadows the results of the analysis. Finally, the chapter summarizes the remaining chapters.
The Rise and Decline of Arab Statehood, 1919 to 2011
Authors: Ahram Ariel I. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 details how Arab states came of age in the midst of a global transformation in notions of sovereignty, self-determination, and statehood following World War I. The coupling of Wilsonian liberal norms with changes in the global balance of power afforded some local actors pronounced advantages in attaining and building statehood. New states, including Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Iraq, owe their independence to this change. For others, though, the new rules of the international system obstructed the pursuit of sovereignty. Kurds in Syria and Iraq, Christian communities, and others tried and failed to gain statehood. Struggles in the Arab world, accordingly, became more about vertical or centripetal tendencies and less about separatism.
Conclusion
Authors: Ahram Ariel I. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The conclusion takes a step back to examine the ultimate ends of separatist conflicts and efforts to break international borders. They struggle to realize the revolutionary potential of the Wilsonian moment in the Arab world remains unfulfilled. Separatists have tried, in various ways, to earn sovereignty. But it is up to the international community to form a new consensus about sovereignty, statehood, and the rights of peoples to self-determination. Without such a consensus, the states in the Arab world are likely to crumble, leaving an even more chaotic outcome than the prospects of allowing separatists to adjust borders and build new states. New political forms centered on tribes, clans, religious communities, and business networks, though, may emerge that offer a different kind of stability.