bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incidence of elongated styloid process in chronic tonsillitis
Authors: Pandurangarao Santosh Uttarkar , Panicker Raga , Jonnalagadda Dheeraj Kumar , Ramachandra Aravind Darga , Janarthanan Sridurga 
Published: May 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The styloid process is a conical projection of the temporal bone lateral to the jugular foramen, and is of variable length. The objective of this study is to know the incidence of elongated styloid process in patients presenting with chronic tonsillitis, and whether x-ray Towne’s view should be part of preoperative evaluation.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A prospective study was conducted on 160 patients who attended ENT OPD with symptoms of chronic tonsillitis. Towne’s view x-rays were taken and elongated styloid process looked for. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> 73.4% of patients with chronic tonsillitis have associated elongated styloid process.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> X-ray Towne’s view should be considered as part of routine preoperative evaluation in patients with chronic tonsillitis. </p>
The Influence Of Financial Literacy, Social Environment Factors And Cultural Factors To Consumption Behaviour (Survey on Faculty of Economics Students, Manado State University-Indonesia)
Authors: Watung Sjeddie Rianne 
Published: May 2018

This research aims at scrutinizing and analyzing how financial literacy, social environmental factors and cultural factors affect consumption behavior of the students of Economics Education Department, Faculty of Economics Universitas Negeri Manado. The research design applies quantitative approach with survey method. The samples consist of 67 students who are chosen as the respondent by using proportionate stratified random sampling. Research instrument is quetionnaire using likert scale as the measurement, and instruments are tested by using validity and reliability tests (SPSS 16 application). Data analysis includes; 1) descriptive analysis, 2) classical assumption test, and 3) multiple linear regression analysis. The results of research are as follows 1). Financial literacy has a significant influence to consumption behaviour of the students, and the magnitude of financial literacy to consumption behaviour of the students is 33.1%; 2). social environmental factors has a significant influence to consumption behaviour of the students, and the magnitude of social environmental factors to consumption behaviour of the students is 34.91% 3). Social environment factors has a significant influence to consumption behaviour of the students, and the magnitude of social environment factors to consumption behaviour of the students is 32.4%, and 4) Financial literacy, social environmental factors and cultural fctors have a significant influence to consumption behaviour of the students, and the magnitude of social environmental factors to consumption behaviour of the students is 83.5%. It can be concluded that financial literacy, social environmental factors and cultural factors partially and simultaneously affect consumption behaviour of the students of, Faculty of Economics Universitas Negeri Manado.
A Compensation Management (Case Study At District Government of Kutai Kartanegara)
Authors: Iswan Muhammad , Luddin Muchlis R. , Hanim Zaenab 
Published: May 2018

The objectives of this research are to describe the compensation management in District Government of Kutai Kartanegara that consists of planning compensation management, organizing compensation management, actuating compensation management, and controlling compensation management.The findings indicate that (1) Compensation management plan formulates the objectives and requirements that is to arrange employees, motivate improve performance, improve prosperity and spur and improve productivity and quality in providing services to the community and improve the orderly administration of local finance. (2) In Organizing, Procedure for the payment of additional income shall be made monthly, the procedure and the payment mechanism according to the prevailing laws and regulations. (3) Implementation of compensation management are the ongoing compensation process and compensation practice is provided. Requirements to be fulfilled by the employee in compensation (4) Control and evaluation shall be performed by each Local government agency (SKPD) for employees through performance and attendance performance to identify the beneficiary in accordance with the data provided by each local government agency (SKPD)
An Empirical Analysis Of The Determinants Of Exchange Rate In Nigeria
Authors: Ojo. Oke, Michale , Temitayo Adetan, Taiwo 
Published: May 2018

This study examined empirically the determinants of exchange rate in Nigeria using the ARDL Bounds test approach to co-integration for the period spanning 1986-2016. The result of the analysis shows that the gross domestic product (GDP), Interest rate (INT) and inflation rate (INF) have positive effect on exchange rate in Nigeria while degree of openness (DOP) recorded a negative effect on exchange rate (EXR) in Nigeria. The Error Correction Mechanism result appeared to be correctly signed and significant. The study therefore concluded that gross domestic product, interest rate and inflation rate are the major determinant of exchange rate in Nigeria under the study period. It is therefore recommended that government should focus more on production of goods and services that can be exported and also introduce policies that can discourage importation of goods into the country. The government must pursue a realistic and pragmatic exchange rate policy in the less free trade areas that would stem capital flight and ensure more investment in the Nigerian economy.
The Unmet Need of Rohingya Refugee Children in Bangladesh
Authors: Zinia Josinta - 
Published: May 2018

Rohingyas are a small Muslim ethnic group of Myanmar those who are not recognized as citizens or one of the 135 recognized ethnic groups in the country. They are the people without any identity, without any home. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the vulnerability of Rohingya refugee children and the military violence of Myanmar against Rohingya people that leads to the complete violation of global human right adopted by United Nations. The study was carried out by descriptive qualitative research techniques. To conduct the study, several Rohingya refugee camps were visited and different literature regarding Rohingya issues were reviewed. The result revealed that the ongoing genocide in Rakhaine state by Myanmar military force on helpless Rohingya people is a complete violation of human rights. Therefore, it can be concluded that the crisis make the Rohingya children homeless and lead them to an uncertain future.
MENIMBANG NASIB PEREMPUAN DALAM AGAMA & FEMINISME
Authors: Rofiq Aunur 
Published: May 2018

<p class="Bodytext20">The inhuman treatment of others, however, can not be tolerated. The acts of violence, sexual harassment, and injustice against women prevailing throughout the period are no longer compatible with human rights, and the demands of the development of the level of consciousness, the education that no longer recognize the gender limit, even the religion of Allah swt that is revealed for the freedom of human beings from the shackles of the fitrah. This paper deals with the treatment of violence against women by discussing it through various perspectives. Why violence against women can happen, what is the factor behind it? Many factors or motives behind the violence. Cultural, social, political, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious, and even gender biased factors can trigger violence. The efforts of women's liberation by Indonesian feminists, can be said to be very noble. Even so religious social and cultural factors need to be considered. However, the feminism of the West is a role model, not free from the content of sociological value, culture, ideology, philosophy born there. Thus it is not wise, if Indonesian feminism uses the paradigm, or ideology of Western femme in offering the best solution for women of the Eastern nations-especially Indonesia.</p><p class="Bodytext20"> </p><p class="Bodytext20">Perlakuan tidak manusiawi terhadap sesama, bagaimanapun tidak bisa dibiarkan. Tindak kekerasan, pelecehan seksual, dan ketidakadilan terhadap perempuan yang berlaku sepanjang kurun tidak lagi sesuai dengan HAM, dan tuntutan perkembangan tingkat kesadaran, pendidikan yang tidak lagi mengenal batas gender, bahkan agama Allah Swt yang diturunkan demi kebebasan manusia dari berbagai belenggu yang memasung fitrah. Tulisan ini mengangkat tentang perlakuan kekerasan pada perempuan dengan membahasnya melalui beragam perspektif. Mengapa kekerasan terhadap perempuan bisa terjadi, apa faktor di balik itu? Banyak faktor atau motif yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya kekerasan. Faktor budaya, sosial, politik, ideologi, ras, etnis, agama, bahkan pandangan bias gender bisa menjadi pemicu timbulnya kekerasan. Upaya pembebasan perempuan yang dilakukan para feminis Indonesia, bisa dikatakan sangat mulia. Sungguhpun begitu faktor sosial budaya timur yang religius perlu dipertimbangkan. Bagaimanapun lahimya feminisme Barat yang menjadi panutan, tidak bebas dari muatan nilai sosiologis, budaya, ideologi, filsafat yang lahir di sana. Dengan demikian tidaklah bijak, jika feminisme Indonesia menggunakan paradigma, atau ideologi femnisme Barat dalam menawarkan solusi terbaik untuk perempuan bangsa-bangsa Timur-khususnya Indonesia. </p>
Maps of Finland's Water Balance Elements
Authors: Lemmelä Risto , Solantie Reijo 
Published: May 2018

Maps of water balance elements, i.e. precipitation, water equivalent of snow cover on March 16, runoff and evapotranspiration are presented for the period 1931–1960.
Methods for preparing the precipitation, runoff and evapotranspiration maps are given, as well as information on the accuracy of the maps.
Treatment of Alkaline Wastewater from Lignite-Fired Power Plants
Authors: Dziubek Andrzej M , Kowal Apolinary L 
Published: May 2018

Given are characteristics of, and treatment methods for, alkaline wastewaters from the hydrotransport of the fly ash from a lignite-fired power plant. The principal component of the fly ash is CaO. The impact of this type of waste on the aquatic environment is considered.
Two treatment procedures are tested - CO2 recarbonation and aeration. The aeration of alkaline wastewaters yields good treatment efficiencies, bringing about the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Determined is the relationship between the duration of the treatment process and the chemical composition of the wastewater, as well as the aeration time required to achieve the desired decrease of the alkalinity and pH levels.
Odorous Compounds of Different Strains of Anabaena and Nostoc (Cyanobacteria)
Authors: Möhren S , Jüttner F 
Published: May 2018

The odorous compounds of different strains of Anabaena and Nostoc were identified by gas chroraatography and mass spectroraetry. The Anabaena and Nostoc strains used produced different patterns of volatile substances including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones.
A.oscillarioides produced high concentrations of compounds with Cg - skeletons with different substituents and unsaturations. The major compounds were oct-2-en-l-ol, oct-l-en-3-ol, octa-1,5-dien-3-ol and octa-1,trans 3, cis 5-triene. Together with numerous substances found in low concentrations, the two Nostoc strains produced acetone and butan-2-one. Anabaena PCC 7120 and A. flos-aquae produced trace amounts of different odorous compounds. Lack of nor-carotenoids such as β-ionone, β-cyclocitral and 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one is pointed out.
Dry Bed Filtration as a Second Biological Stage for the City of Mannheim (1,200,000 PE)
Authors: Seyfried CF 
Published: May 2018

Mannheim's large treatment plant (Qtr = 14.000 m3/h) is being expanded on the principle of dry bed filtration. In the first stage of expansion a filtration system of 32 filters covering a total area of 2.784 m2 is being added to the existing sludge plant. 24-h composite samples of the effluent have to meet the following specifications: 80 mg/l COD and 20 mg/l BOD5.
Before the contract was awarded extensive experiments were conducted on the plant grounds in Mannheim. The performance capability of the system was proven (see Prof. Ruffer's paper).
It was shown that at filtration rates of around 5 m3/m2·h, the suspended solids in the effluent could be kept under an average of 8-9 mg/l, the COD under 80 mg/l, and the B0D5 under 20 mg/l.
The advantage of the system lies in its ability to supply the biologically active filter with atmospheric oxygen, resulting in lower operating costs.
This system like other biologically operative ones has its limits in the short contact time; very high loading peaks show up again moderately in the effluent.
Fixed Activated Sludge Makes Sewage Treatment Simple
Authors: Mesdaghinia A. 
Published: May 2018

The objective of this research was to conduct a bench scale study of fixed activated sludge treating domestic sewage.
Two different units employing diffused aeration with plastic and aluminum media were studied in four separate phases.
Data indicated that the system could produce a high quality effluent without any requirements for sludge recycling through the system. Suspended solids concentrations of 3–6 mg/l, BOD5 concentrations of 4 – 12 mg/l and COD concentrations of 35–45 mg/l were found in the effluent with wastewater retentions ranging from 3–15 hours, whereas an indication of nitrification was observed in higher detention periods.
As far as the type of media was concerned, the plastic and aluminum media did not differ significantly once the microbes had grown on the media.
Reducing the Discharges to Water – Technical Objectives
Authors: Norrström Hans A. 
Published: May 2018

The main technical objective in reducing the discharges to water is to implement technology to maintain a desired level of priority pollutants. Several investigations indicate that the priority pollutants may be found in the chlorinated material discharged from the bleach plant.
Based on this assumption the state of art of production and abatement technology will be reviewed. Oxygen bleaching is in most cases the most efficient first step to reduce the discharge of chlorinated material. With appropriate process design and control the discharge of chlorinated material will be 3-4 kg/tonne (as TOC1).
If lower discharge levels are aimed at, the chlorination stage can be modified by applying lower chlorine charge alone or in combination with chlorine dioxide addition. The present Swedish environmental requirements of about 2 kg TOC1/tonne necessitate such measures. Careful process optimization is necessary to avoid changes in product quality. Modified cooking can be one way to create the extra flexibility necessary to maintain top quality.
To reduce the discharge levels further, new process technology has to be introduced. The Prenox process, membrane filtration of effluents, partial or complete recycle of bleach effluents, will be discussed and also external treatment methods.
Water Pollution Abatement in Small Paper Mills in India
Authors: Panneerselvam L. 
Published: May 2018

In order to reduce the demand for the forest based raw materials by the organised industrial sectors like the large integrated pulp and paper mills, the Government of India started promoting several small-scale pulp and paper mills based on non-wood agricultural residue raw materials. However promotion of these small mills has created another environmental problem i.e. severe water pollution due to non-recovery of chemicals. Because of the typical characteristics like high silica content etc. of the black liquor produced and the subsequent high capital investment needed for a recovery system, it is not economically feasible for the small Indian mills to recover the chemicals.
While the quantity of wastewater generated per tonne of paper produced by a small mill is same as from a large integrated pulp and paper mill with a chemical recovery system, their BOD load is four times higher, due to non recovery of chemicals. However the existing wastewater disposal standards are uniform for large and small mills for e.g. 30 mg BOD/l. To meet these standards, the small mills have to install a capital intensive wastewater treatment plant with heavy recurring operating costs. Therefore the feasible alternative is to implement various pollution abatement measures, with the objective of not only reducing the fibre/chemical loss but also to reduce the investment and operating costs of the final wastewater treatment system. To illustrate this approach, a case study on water pollution abatement and control in a 10 TPD mill, will be discussed.
Biofilms and Environmental Protection
Authors: Flemming Hans-Curt 
Published: May 2018

Biofilms are the result of adhesion and growth of microorganisms at interfaces. They consist mainly of water (70-95 % wet weight), held by the highly hydrated extracellular polymers (EPS, 70-95 % dry weight) in which the microorganisms are embedded. Adhering cells differ from their suspended counterparts in both activity and resistance to toxic substances. The cells are immobilized next to each other and form well organized consortia, capable of performing sequential degradation processes. Biofilms are ubiquitous and the majority of microorganisms on earth is living in biofilms.
The particular properties of biofilms are utilized for environmental protection in bioreactor technology, applied to sewage water and waste air purification, soil remediation and solid waste decomposition. Biofilms can have detrimental effects, inducing metal corrosion and microbially induced weathering of mineral materials such as stone or cement. Resulting damage, e.g., to oil tanks and pipelines and to concrete sewers, has lead to substantial pollution of soil, groundwater and surface water. Biofilm development on heat exchangers, filter materials and separation membranes leads to the application of large amounts of biocides. These cause waste water problems after use.
A deeper understanding of the particular properties and dynamics of biofilm development and processes could help to optimize the application of desired biofilms and to minimize the detrimental effects of undesired biofilms and of countermeasures.
Rehabilitation Concept for the Emscher System
Authors: Londong D. , Becker M. 
Published: May 2018

The densely populated Emscher basin (~ 800 km2) is embedded between the Ruhr and Lippe rivers in the North-West Germany. The sewerage from 2.5 million inhabitants, from a diversity of industrial plants and storm water is conveyed by a combined open sewer system to a central sewage treatment plant located at the mouth of the Emscher. The use of the natural drainage system as an open sewer was due to severe land subsidence caused by underground hard coal mining, which had a most deteriorating influence on flow conditions. After closing down most mines, land subsidence has been greatly reduced: consequently the open sewer concept can be abandoned and a general rehabilitation of the Emscher system is now in progress.
The rehabilitation concept is based on the separation of natural river flow and sewage, which will be conveyed via modified combined systems to decentralized treatment plants. A step-wise programme is necessary to complete the basic system rehabilitation through “learning by doing”. The realization period is expected to be 25-30 years. For the construction of sewer systems and plants, including stormwater treatment facilities, and for the reconstruction of the surface drainage system in a natural form, including flood retention measures, the expected investment cost amounts to about 8 billion DM (~ 4.7 billion US $).
Ammonia removal and discharges during storm events: integrated approach for a small WWTP and associated CSOs
Authors: Bertrand-Krajewski Jean-Luc , Lefebvre Myriam , Barker Jacqueline 
Published: May 2018

An experimental research has been carried out in a small WWTP in order to study the impact of storm events, with a global approach including all CSOs. Special attention has been devoted to the ammonia removal and discharges into the receiving water during storm events. More than 100 rainfalls have been measured between September 1993 and December 1994. The main results are:
- the mass of ammonia discharged by overflows without any treatment ranges from 50 to 90% of the total mass transferred in the sewer system during rainfall periods.
- the mass of ammonia treated in the WWTP ranges from 70 to 140% of the dry weather mass during the same duration, but with a mean concentration ranging from 24 to 76% of the dry weather concentration due to the dilution effect.
- the ammonia removal efficiency remains above 90% even for strong or long rainfall periods, thanks to the overdesign of the WWTP.
Establishing a network of on-line monitors at the purification works and in the distribution network of rand water
Authors: Du Preez L. A. , Husselmann A. J. , Acton N. R. , Lange L. 
Published: May 2018

More than 120 on-line instruments were installed in specially designed instrumentation kiosks throughout the Rand Water purification works during the past three years. This forms part of an ongoing expansion programme in which instrumentation is increasingly used for: (i) process monitoring, (ii) process automation and (iii) monitoring of final water quality. This programme is planned to cover the whole distribution network within the next ten years.
Output signals from all instrumentation are relayed via PLCs to run time servers and through the Ethernet to Hewlett Packard Unix systems in the control rooms where continuous monitoring and corrective action will be taken. The real time data will also be directly available via viewer nodes to Scientific and Engineering personnel in the near future for quality monitoring, trend analyses and feedback to consumers.
Report Card - Murray-Darling Basin - 2001
Authors: Goss K. 
Published: May 2018

Ongoing deterioration of the riverine environments of the Murray-Darling Basin led the Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council to introduce a Cap in 1995 to halt the growth in diversions of water for consumptive use. This initiative recognised the finite nature of water resources in the Basin and sought to introduce a balance between off-stream use of water and protection of the riverine environment.
But the cap is only one step, albeit a fundamental one, in restoring the Basin's rivers - it is a “stake in the ground”. Parties to the Murray-Darling Basin Initiative recognise the need to reverse decades of creeping decline if the Basin's rivers and riverine environments are to return to a more ecologically sustainable condition. In the last 12 months, Council and Commission have taken far-reaching decisions designed to restore the Basin's Rivers. Many of these decisions, even 10 years ago, would have been unimaginable. The Report Card will explain the need for a number of recent decisions that will impact on the future of the Basin's rivers. For example, Council's decision to establish an Environmental Manager function in the Office of the Commission was made in the context of the recently agreed Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) Policy, and supporting Sustainable Rivers Audit. The role of targets and accountabilities under the ICM Policy will also be discussed. The Report Card will also present a snapshot of the state of the Basin's rivers and the actions being taken at a range of scales and locations in response to identified problems. Because some of the key initiatives are still in development, this Report Card will set the scene by describing where our attention is being focused and why.