bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extent of Low‐Angle Normal Slip in the 2010 El Mayor‐Cucapah (Mexico) Earthquake From Differential Lidar
Authors: Lajoie Lia J. , Nissen Edwin , Johnson Kendra L. , Arrowsmith J Ramón , Glennie Craig L. , Hinojosa‐Corona Alejandro , Oskin Michael E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe investigate the 4 April 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah (Mexico) earthquake using three‐dimensional surface deformation computed from preevent and postevent airborne lidar topography. By profiling the E‐W, N‐S, and vertical displacement fields at densely sampled (∼300 m) intervals along the multisegment rupture and computing fault offsets in each component, we map the slip vector along strike. Because the computed slip vectors must lie on the plane of the fault, whose local strike is known, we calculate how fault dip changes along the rupture. A principal goal is to resolve the discrepancy between field‐based inferences of widespread low‐angle (<30°) oblique‐normal slip beneath the Sierra Cucapah, and geodetic and/or seismological models which support steeper (50°–75°) faulting in this area. Our results confirm that low‐angle slip occurred along a short (∼2 km) stretch of the Paso Superior fault—where the three‐dimensional rupture trace is also best fit by gently inclined planes—as well as along shorter (∼1 km) section of the Paso Inferior fault. We also characterize an ∼8‐km fault crossing the Puerta accommodation zone as dipping ∼60°NE with slip of ∼2 m. These results indicate that within the northern Sierra Cucapah, deep‐seated rupture of steep faults (resolved by coarse geodetic models) transfers at shallower depths onto low‐angle structures. We also observe a statistically significant positive correlation between fault dip and slip, with slip pronounced along steep sections of fault and inhibited along low‐angle sections. This highlights the important role of local structural fabric in controlling the surface expression of large earthquakes.
Assimilation of Global Total Chlorophyll OC‐CCI Data and Its Impact on Individual Phytoplankton Fields
Authors: Pradhan H. K. , Völker C. , Losa S. N. , Bracher A. , Nerger L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe coupled ocean circulation‐ecosystem model MITgcm‐REcoM2 is used to simulate biogeochemical variables in a global configuration. The ecosystem model REcoM2 simulates two phytoplankton groups, diatoms and small phytoplankton, using a quota formulation with variable carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll contents of the cells. To improve the simulation of the phytoplankton variables, chlorophyll‐a data from the European Space Agency Ocean‐Color Climate Change Initiative (OC‐CCI) for 2008 and 2009 are assimilated with an ensemble Kalman filter. Utilizing the multivariate cross covariances estimated by the model ensemble, the assimilation constrains all model variables describing the two phytoplankton groups. Evaluating the assimilation results against the satellite data product SynSenPFT shows an improvement of total chlorophyll and more importantly of individual phytoplankton groups. The assimilation improves both phytoplankton groups in the tropical and midlatitude regions, whereas the assimilation has a mixed response in the high‐latitude regions. Diatoms are most improved in the major ocean basins, whereas small phytoplankton show small deteriorations in the Southern Ocean. The improvement of diatoms is larger when the multivariate assimilation is computed using the ensemble‐estimated cross covariances between total chlorophyll and the phytoplankton groups than when the groups are updated so that their ratio to total chlorophyll is preserved. The comparison with in situ observations shows that the correlation of the simulated chlorophyll of both phytoplankton groups with these data is increased whereas the bias and error are decreased. Overall, the multivariate assimilation of total chlorophyll modifies the two phytoplankton groups separately, even though the sum of their individual chlorophyll concentrations represents the total chlorophyll.
First Map of Coherent Low‐Frequency Continuum Radiation in the Sky
Authors: Füllekrug Martin , Koh Kuang , Liu Zhongjian , Mezentsev Andrew 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLightning discharges and radio transmitters emit low‐frequency (∼3–300 kHz) electromagnetic waves with large electric field strengths and stable phases. This phase stability makes it possible to map the source locations of lightning and transmitters in the sky. Electromagnetic waves with smaller electric field strengths generally exhibit a reduced phase stability, caused by numerous simultaneous physical processes that blend into an underlying continuum radiation trapped inside the Earth‐ionosphere cavity. It is therefore currently not known whether the source locations of continuum radiation can be determined. Here we show the first map of coherent continuum radiation in the sky above an array of high‐precision radio receivers. The source locations of the coherent continuum radiation are found at elevation angles ∼30∘−60∘ above the horizon. The identified source locations are attributed to intermittent radio transmitters that emit electromagnetic waves with electric field strengths ∼2 orders of magnitude below the instrumental noise floor. The results demonstrate that it is possible to simultaneously map the signals from coherent continuum radiation, lightning discharges, and radio transmitters in the sky. This work thereby lays the foundation toward the discovery of many more coherent source locations of low‐frequency electromagnetic waves in the sky. It is expected that the identified source locations vary with time as a result of the impact of solar variability on the D‐region ionosphere. Future studies have therefore the potential to contribute to a novel remote sensing and an improved understanding of the D‐region ionosphere, influenced by the near‐Earth space environment.
The mineralocorticoid receptor is essential for stress axis regulation in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Faught Erin , Vijayan Mathilakath M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in mammals mediates the effects of aldosterone in regulating fluid balance and potassium homeostasis. While MR signalling is essential for survival in mammals, there is no evidence that MR has any physiological role in ray-finned fish. Teleosts lack aldosterone and emerging evidence suggest that cortisol mediates ion and fluid regulation by activating glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling. Consequently, a physiological role for MR signalling, despite its conserved and ancient origin, is still lacking. We tested the hypothesis that a key physiological role for MR signalling in fish is the regulation of stress axis activation and function. Using either MR or GR knockout zebrafish, our results reveal distinct and complementary role for these receptors in stress axis function. GR−/−mutants were hypercortisolemic and failed to elicit a cortisol stress response, while MR−/−mutants showed a delayed, but sustained cortisol response post-stressor. Both these receptors are involved in stress-related behaviour, as the loss of either receptors abolished the glucocorticoid-mediated larval hyperactivity to a light stimulus. Overall, the results underscore a key physiological role for MR signalling in ray-finned fishes, and we propose that the regulation of the highly conserved stress axis as the original function of this receptor.
Multigene phylogenetics of Polycephalomyces (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales), with two new species from Thailand
Authors: Xiao Yuan-Pin , Wen Ting-Chi , Hongsanan Sinang , Jeewon Rajesh , Luangsa-ard J. Jennifer , Brooks Siraprapa , Wanasinghe Dhanushka Nadeeshan , Long Feng-Yao , Hyde Kevin D. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPolycephalomyces (Ophiocordycipitaceae) species are found in subtropical regions and are parasitic or hyperparasitic on insects. Two new species, P. aurantiacus and P. marginaliradians, parasitic on Ophiocordyceps barnesii and larva of Cossidae respectively, are introduced in this paper. Morphological comparison with extant species and DNA based phylogenies from analyses of a multigene dataset support the establishment of the new taxa. Polycephalomyces aurantiacus, exhibiting a hyperparasitic lifestyle on Ophiocordyceps barnesii, differs from other species in producing orange conidia in mass and have longer β-phialides in culture. Polycephalomyces marginaliradians differs from other Ophiocordyceps species by producing single stromata with a stipe, smaller perithecia and branched α-phialides and catenate α-conidia and is parasitic on Cossidae. A combined nrSSU, nrLSU, ITS, tef-1a, rpb1 and rpb2 sequence data was analysed phylogenetically including Ophiocordyceps and Polycephalomyces taxa. The new species described herein are clearly distinct from other species in Polycephalomyces. We provide a key to the species of Polycephalomyces and discuss relevant interspecies relationships.
SOC program for dust continuum radiative transfer
Authors: Juvela Mika 
Published: December 2018

Context. Thermal dust emission carries information on physical conditions and dust properties in many astronomical sources. Because observations represent a sum of emission along the line of sight, their interpretation often requires radiative transfer (RT) modelling.
Aims. We describe a new RT program, SOC, for computations of dust emission, and examine its performance in simulations of interstellar clouds with external and internal heating.
Methods. SOC implements the Monte Carlo RT method as a parallel program for shared-memory computers. It can be used to study dust extinction, scattering, and emission. We tested SOC with realistic cloud models and examined the convergence and noise of the dust-temperature estimates and of the resulting surface-brightness maps.
Results. SOC has been demonstrated to produce accurate estimates for dust scattering and for thermal dust emission. It performs well with both CPUs and GPUs, the latter providing a speed-up of processing time by up to an order of magnitude. In the test cases, accelerated lambda iterations (ALIs) improved the convergence rates but was also sensitive to Monte Carlo noise. Run-time refinement of the hierarchical-grid models did not help in reducing the run times required for a given accuracy of solution. The use of a reference field, without ALI, works more robustly, and also allows the run time to be optimised if the number of photon packages is increased only as the iterations progress.
Conclusions. The use of GPUs in RT computations should be investigated further.
Produktion und Qualitätskontrolle von Radiopharmaka mittels zugelassener Kits
Authors: Gildehaus Franz 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungSeit Jahrzehnten ist die Präparation von kommerziellen Markierungskits mit 99 mTc etablierte Praxis. Mit der 15. Novelle des Arzneimittelgesetzes (AMG) kam es zu einer rechtlichen Neubewertung der Eigenherstellung dieser Kit-Radiopharmaka. So wird diese Tätigkeit nunmehr eindeutig als pharmazeutische Herstellung im Sinne des AMG eingestuft, die bei den zuständigen Behörden angezeigt werden muss und auch der behördlichen Inspektion unterliegen (kann). Da eine umfassende Qualitätssicherung der 99 mTc-Kits gemäß den gültigen pharmazeutischen Standards den meisten Betreibern unmöglich ist, muss man sich aber dennoch den Qualitätsanforderungen, die an selbst hergestellte Arzneimittel gestellt werden, bewusst sein. Als radioaktive Arzneimittel bezeichnet man radioaktive Verbindungen, die sowohl für diagnostische Fragestellungen als auch für therapeutische Interventionen bei verschiedensten Erkrankungen eingesetzt werden können. Im Allgemeinen besitzen sie keine pharmakologischen Effekte, da sie nur in sehr geringen Mengen (mikro- bis nanomolarer Bereich) verwendet werden. Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen treten im Gegensatz zu „normalen“ Pharmaka äußerst selten auf. Dennoch unterliegen sie als Parenteralia einer Reihe von biologischen Qualitätskriterien wie Sterilität und Pyrogenfreiheit, aber auch physikochemische Kriterien wie chemische, radiochemische Reinheit und Radionuklidreinheit müssen den Vorgaben entsprechen. Gerade die beiden letztgenannten sollten regelmäßig vom Anwender, der letztlich für die Bereitung der Markierungskits verantwortlich ist, überprüft werden. Dazu stehen eine Reihe schneller und einfacher Verfahren wie die Dünnschicht- oder Säulenchromatografie mittels Kartuschen zur Verfügung. Unter Verwendung dieser Methoden lässt sich ein einfaches und effizientes Qualitätssicherungssystem für das nuklearmedizinische Labor etablieren, das eine hohe Produktqualität garantieren kann.
Gut Hormone Responses to Mixed Meal Test in New-Onset Prediabetes/Diabetes After Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Pendharkar Sayali , Singh Ruma , Cervantes Aya , DeSouza Steve , Bharmal Sakina , Petrov Maxim 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe study was aimed to investigate gut hormone responses to mixed meal test in individuals with new-onset prediabetes or diabetes after acute pancreatitis (cases) compared with healthy controls, and the effect of body fat parameters. A total of 29 cases and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants were given standard mixed meal drink and blood samples were collected to measure dipeptidyl peptidase IV, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon like peptide-1, insulin, oxyntomodulin, and peptide YY. Body fat parameters were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Repeated measures and linear regression analyses were conducted in unadjusted and adjusted models. Gastric inhibitory peptide levels were significantly higher whereas oxyntomodulin levels were significantly lower in cases compared with controls in both the unadjusted (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) and adjusted (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) models. In cases, liver fat % contributed up to 13.4% (vs. 2.9% in controls) to variance in circulating levels of gastric inhibitory peptide whereas body mass index - up to 20.8% (vs. 9.9% in controls) in circulating levels of oxyntomodulin. New-onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis is characterised by increased levels of gastric inhibitory peptide and decreased levels of oxyntomodulin. Further, liver fat % and body mass index appear to be the body fat parameters that contribute most significantly to gastric inhibitory peptide and oxyntomodulin levels, respectively.
Artifacts and Technical Restrictions in 2D Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Bouchet Pierre , Gennisson Jean-Luc , Podda Andrea , Alilet Mona , Carrié Mathieu , Aubry Sébastien 
Published: December 2018

2 D shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) is the latest evolution of elastography techniques and allows real-time quantitative assessment of the medium stiffness. The aim of this review is to identify, describe, explain and illustrate some technical restrictions and artifacts in 2D-SWE. Encountered artifacts and technical restrictions may be categorized according to acquisition technique, medium, or operator:Clear knowledge of the underlying physical basis is necessary in 2D-SWE because radiologists have to deal with technical restrictions and a wide range of artifacts. Proper use of 2D-SWE ensures the reliability and reproducibility of the technique.
The Impella Device: Historical Background, Clinical Applications and Future Directions
Authors: Glazier James J. , Kaki Amir 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Impella device is a catheter-based miniaturized ventricular assist device. Using a retrograde femoral artery access, it is placed in the left ventricle across the aortic valve. The device pumps blood from left ventricle into ascending aorta and helps to maintain a systemic circulation at an upper rate between 2.5 and 5.0 L/min. This results in almost immediate and sustained unloading of the left ventricle, while increasing overall systemic cardiac output. The most common indications for using the Impella device are in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock and to facilitate high risk coronary angioplasty. Other indications include the treatment of cardiomyopathy with acute decompensation, postcardiotomy shock, and off-pump coronary bypass surgery. A growing body of observational and registry data suggest a potentially valuable role for the Impella system in reducing the mortality associated with cardiogenic shock. However, there are, as of yet, no randomized controlled trial data supporting this observation.
Diffuse Esophageal Leiomyomatosis in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review and Quality of Evidence Assessment
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis A. , Mylonas Konstantinos S. , Tsoulfas Georgios , Spartalis Eleftherios , Zavras Nikolaos , Nikiteas Nikolaos , Schizas Dimitrios 
Published: December 2018

Background Diffuse esophageal leiomyomatosis (DEL) is a rare disorder characterized by benign hypertrophy of esophageal smooth muscle cells. No rigorous summary of available evidence on how to best manage these patients exists.
Objective To define the clinical features and outcomes of pediatric patients with DEL.
Materials and Methods A systematic literature search of the PubMed and Cochrane databases was performed with respect to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (end-of-search date: October 6, 2018). The algorithm: “esophageal leiomyomatosis AND (children OR pediatric*)” was implemented.
Results Thirty-five studies including a total of 58 patients were analyzed. The female:male ratio was 1.45:1. Mean patient age was 8.54 ± 4.67 years. The most common disease manifestations were dysphagia and gastrointestinal symptoms (90.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 78.2–96.1), followed by failure to thrive (57.9%, 95% CI: 36.2–76.9) and pulmonary symptoms (56.4%, 95% CI: 41.0–70.7). Alport syndrome (AS) was seen in 57.7% (95% CI: 44.2–70.1) of the patients. The most commonly implemented procedure was esophagectomy (85.2%; n = 46/54; 95% CI: 73.1–92.6) with gastric transposition (37.8%; n = 17/45; 95% CI: 25.1–52.4). Postoperative complications developed in 33.3% (n = 15/45; 95% CI: 21.3–48) of the patients. All-cause mortality was 7.0% (95% CI: 2.3–17.2) and disease-specific mortality was 3.5% (95% CI: 0.3–12.6).
Conclusion DEL is an uncommon condition that typically occurs in the setting of AS. Esophagectomy with gastric transposition is the mainstay of treatment. Although complications develop in one-third of the patients, mortality rates are low.
The Comparison of Postoperative Outcomes Open and Closed Reduction for Patellar Fractures
Authors: Lee Si Young , Choi Jun Young , Lee Hyun Il , Lee Jung Min , Cho Jin Ho 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPatellar fractures account for approximately 1% of all human body fractures. This study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes of open reduction and closed reduction for patellar fractures. This retrospective study included 62 patients (63 cases) who underwent surgical treatment of patellar fractures from 2008 to 2013. Of the 63 cases, open and closed reductions were performed in 42 and 21 cases, respectively. Plain radiography was used to assess fracture healing. Comminuted patellar fracture was the most common fracture type in both groups. Tension band wiring and cannulated screw fixation were mainly used in the open and closed reduction groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in the modified hospital for special surgery score, visual analog scale score for pain, and range of motion between the two groups. The mean union time was 3.2 and 3.0 months in open and closed reductions, respectively. Postoperative knee stiffness was noted in five cases of open reduction and in three cases of closed reduction. One patient in the open reduction group had a refracture. There were no notable differences in treatment outcomes between open and closed reductions. Thus, closed reduction may not be inferior to open reduction as a surgical treatment for patellar fractures.
Long-Term Use of Antiplatelet Therapy in Real-World Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights from the PIPER Study
Authors: Degli Esposti Luca , Perrone Valentina , Veronesi Chiara , Buda Stefano , Rossini Roberta ,   on Behalf of a LHUs Group
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess long-term drug adherence and prognosis in real-world patients discharged on dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A retrospective cohort analysis using administrative databases kept by eight local health units was performed. DAPT exposure (defined as ≥ 2 prescriptions), adherence, and the occurrence of major adverse events (MACE) were analyzed during a 36-month follow-up. The analysis included 11,101 patients who were discharged alive with a primary diagnosis of AMI. Of these, 5,919 patients (53.31%) were discharged on DAPT without a diagnosis of cancer or anemia, without transient DAPT discontinuation, and represented the study population. DAPT discontinuation occurred in 2,200 patients (37.2%) and in 1,995 (33.7%) after the first 6 and 12 months, respectively, whereas 423 patients (7.1%) were still on DAPT after 36 months. Patients who maintained DAPT up to 12 months had a significantly lower overall mortality, compared with patients who discontinued DAPT after 6 months. Exposure to DAPT at 3 years was associated with reduced all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.067, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.027–0.162, p < 0.001) and reduced recurrent AMI (HR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.003–0.173, p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study shows that prolonged DAPT over 12 months is maintained in a relevant number of patients after AMI. However, adherence to antiplatelet therapy in first 12 months after AMI is still unsatisfactory and efforts to enhance patients' compliance are warranted. Exposure to prolonged DAPT at 3 years seems to be associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality and AMI.
Pilot Study of Pharyngoesophageal Dysmotility Mechanisms in Dysphagic Infants of Diabetic Mothers
Authors: Malkar Manish B. , Viswanathan Sreekanth K. , Jadcherla Sudarshan R. 
Published: December 2018

Objective Swallowing difficulties are common in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and mechanisms are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that pharyngoesophageal motility reflexes are distinct in IDMs compared with healthy controls in a pilot study.
Study Design Basal and adaptive pharyngoesophageal motility characteristics of 20 dysphagic IDMs and 10 controls were studied using purpose-built micromanometry system.
Results During basal swallows, IDMs had lower frequency of deglutition apneas (62.5 vs. 95.4%) and longer active upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relaxation duration (0.8 ± 0.1 vs. 0.4 ± 0.1 second), whereas during adaptive swallows, IDMs had longer response latency to esophageal peristalsis onset (24.4 ± 2.1 vs. 9.7 ± 2.9 seconds) and longer lower esophageal sphincter nadir duration (28.9 ± 3.2 vs. 12.9 ± 4.6) (all p < 0.05) compared with controls. Nine in the IDM group needed gastrostomy feeding tube at hospital discharge versus none in controls.
Conclusion Feeding difficulties in IDMs are likely to be associated with maladapted or maldeveloped vagal neuropathy mechanisms manifesting as dysregulation of pharyngeal–airway interactions, longer active UES relaxation response, delays in the activation of esophageal contractile apparatus during peristalsis, and prolonged inhibition at the gastroesophageal junction.