bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Athletes’ Values and Moral Disengagement in Sport, and Differences Across Gender, Level and Years of Involvement
Authors: Šukys Saulius , Jansonienė Aušra Janina 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The research focuses on university athletes’ values and moral disengagement in sport. Hypothetically moral and competence values would negatively correlate with moral disengagement in sport. Also, values in sport would differ across gender and sports mastery.Research aim was to examine the relationship between athletes’ values and moral disengagement in sport, and to determine the manifestation of athletes’ values and moral disengagement in sport by gender, sports mastery and sports experience.Research methods. The sample included 318 athletes recruited from Lithuanian universities. The participants completed the Youth Sport Value Questionnaire-2 (YSVQ-2; Lee et al., 2008) and the Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale-Short (MDSS-S; Boardley, Kavussanu, 2008).Research results. The positive correlation between values in sport and negative correlation between moral values and moral disengagement in sport were established. Moral values were more important to females compared to males (p < 0.01). Competence values were more important to international level athletes compared to the national level athletes (p < 0.01). ANOVA indicated the differences of years of involvement in sport in dependence on moral values (p < 0.05) and competence values (p < 0.01). Discussion and conclusions. Research established negative correlation between moral values and moral disengagement, but there were no correlations with status values. The study confirmed the hypothesis that female athletes’ scores on moral values would be higher comparing to those of male, but there were no differences comparing moral disengagement in sport. Athletes of higher levels of competition (international level athletes) scored higher on competence values. Research supported the hypothesis that athletes’ moral disengagement in sport would not differ across sport experience.Keywords: sport, athletes’ moral behavior, values in sport, moral disengagement in sport
Occupational Difficulties at Work of Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Trinkūnienė Laima , Kardelienė Laimutė 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. In recent years, the phenomenon of stress and burnout among physical education teachers has been evidenced by researchers from many countries. It should be noted that all those studies about work difficulties of physical education teachers are individual. However, despite a large number of studies conducted and the progress made in this area, a universally accepted survey identifying five most important difficulties in physical education teachers’ work usually defined in contemporary studies still does not exist. This is mainly because there is still no consensus either on the decisive factors causing those difficulties for physical education teachers or what the central symptoms actually are.Research aim was (a) to review and (b) to identify five most important difficulties in physical education teachers’ work usually defined in contemporary studies.Research methods. This review examines research literature concerning the causes of stress and burnout of physical education teachers from the year 1999 to 2009 applying computer-aided literature search. The keywords used for the electronic search were “stress” and “burnout” or “job satisfaction” and “physical education teacher”. The main method of our research was logical deductive research literature analysis.Discussion and conclusions. Research literature review allowed identifying physical education teachers’ work difficulties (we found 24 of them). We established that the five most important difficulties in physical education teachers’ work usually defined in contemporary studies were as follows: low status of physical education; limited equipment, facilities and supplies; lack of time; large class sizes and excessive daily workloads.Keywords: burnout, job satisfaction, physical education teacher, stress.
Design Characteristics of the Short Version Ei-Darl-V1 Of Original Emotional Intelligence Measurement Technique
Authors: Antinienė Dalia , Lekavičienė Rosita 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. In the absence of unanimous definition of emotional intelligence (EI), it is reasonable to integrate various concepts of this construct when constructing the new original EI research methodology. Therefore, a decision was made to provide the tasks in various ways, i. e. not only in the form of items, but also providing face mimic identification and emotional-social and interpersonal situation solution assignments, which would cover a larger part of the research phenomenon. Research aim was to present the short version of the created EI measurement technique – EI-DARL-V1 – based on the best practices of foreign scientists by identifying the problems of the construction methodology and providing psychometric characteristics. Research methods. While constructing EI measurement technique, the two following blocks of tasks were prepared: 1) the block of tasks that defines EI as a personality trait; 2) the block of tasks that define EI as a cognitive (ability) characteristic. 119 items were generated for the version EI-DARL-V1. The study data were collected in 2012–2013 from 1430 subjects (experimental group consisted of 1400 subjects and control-contrast (i. e. older age) group consisted of 30 subjects) in different regions in Lithuania. Subjects’ age of the main (experimental) sample was 19.7 years (SD = 3.29). Research results. The created EI measurement technique EI–DARL has two forms – the short (EI-DARL-V1) and the long (EI-DARL-V2) ones. The short version, presented in this article, consists of five scales (“Understanding your emotions”, “Your emotional control”, “Understanding emotions of the other person”, “Control of other emotions”, “Manipulations”), a 73-item questionnaire, where subjects reveal their degree of agreement with the items. Discussion and conclusions. The psychometric quality characteristics of the measurement technique subscales meet the requirements: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient values fluctuate from 0.73 to 0.89; the average inter-correlation among the measurement technique items is from 0.29 to 0.49; i/tt (resolution) indicators often exceed 0.5; the instrument has only those items, the factorial loadings exceed 0.3; factor’s overall explained dispersion ranges from 22 to 46%; KMO values range from 0.88 to 0.94. EI-DARL-V1 validity and reliability conditions are met.Keywords: emotional intelligence, psychometrics, validity, reliability.
Correlations of Physical Activity and Psychosomatic Complaints of 10–15-Year-Old Schoolchildren
Authors: Grinienė Elvyra , Jankauskaitė Gintarė 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The society is concerned not only about worsening student health, but also medically unexplainable psychosomatic complaints which can be the risk factor for various health and behavioural problems (WHO, 2006). Research aim was to determine the dependence of psychosomatic complaints experienced by 10–15-year-old students on their physical activity, age and gender. Research methods. With reference to the international questionnaire of student health and lifestyle (WHO, 2006), a questionnaire containing 31 questions was constructed for the research. Its answers about physical activity were coded from 1 – never to 5, 7, 8 – different variants of often. The questionnaire survey was conducted in February, 2012, in two schools of Kaunas city. The research participants were 293 V–VIII-grade 10–15-year-old students. The answers were analysed with reference to students’ physical activity, age and gender. Research results. Most respondents were moderately or intensively physically active: more of them were younger (10–12 years) than older (13–15 years), and there were more boys than girls. The students often exercised and did sports individually. Health self-assessment as good or even perfect was demonstrated by most physically active students. During the last 6 months they more rarely felt various psychosomatic complaints, especially related to negative emotions. Students of low physical activity felt more various psychosomatic complaints. Conclusion. Physically more active students rarely experienced psychosomatic complaints, which show that physical activity is a significant factor reducing negative psychosomatic emotions.Keywords: schoolchildren’s physical activity, health self-assessment, psychosomatic complaints.
The Effect of Hatha Yoga on Psychoemotional Characteristics in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Kasparavičiūtė Eglė , Šiupšinskas Laimonas , Poderys Jonas 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. There is a lack of evidence-based information about the effect of hatha yoga on psychoemotional characteristics of healthy people in recent scientific papers. Most of the researchers use self-reported methods to evaluate psychoemotional factors. We used objective method to find out what kind of effect could be found on psychoemotional characteristics of yoga practitioners. Hypothesis: hatha yoga practice has different effect on psychoemotional characteristics in beginners and advanced yoga practitioners.Research aim was to evaluate the effect of hatha yoga on psychomotoric tone, extra-introversity, aggression, emotional lability and anxiety in healthy subjects.Research methods. 40 healthy persons with no reported diseases participated in the research. Participants were divided into two groups: beginners (practicing yoga for not more than one year, n = 22) and advanced (practicing yoga for at least two years, n = 18) yoga practitioners. Psychoemotional characteristics: inborn and present psychomotoric tone, extra-introversity, aggression, emotional lability and anxiety were measured using the Myokinetic Psyhodiagnosis of D. Emilio Mira (Simon, 1943) test. The research data was compared with standard limits and between the beginners and advanced yoga practitioners groups.Research results. Hatha yoga had general effect on psychoemotional status in the beginners and advanced yoga practitioners. Psychomotoric tone increased and emotional lability decreased in both groups (p < 0.05). Psychomotoric tone, extra-introversity and emotional lability were within the standard limits. Anxiety and aggression were lower in both groups in 6-months period. Aggression and emotional lability in the beginners’ group was lower compared to those in the advanced yoga group (p < 0.05).Discussion and conclusions. Almost all psychoemotional characteristics were within the standard limits in both groups of yoga practitioners. The bigger effect of hatha yoga was found in the yoga beginners’ group. The evidence-based information in scientific literature about the effect of yoga on psychoemotional characteristics with objective measures is still missing.Keywords: hatha yoga, psychomotoric test, psychoemotional characteristics.
Didelio meistriškumo krepšinio komandų kai kurių žaidimo veiklos rodiklių tyrimas
Authors: Stonkus Stanislovas , Balčiūnas Mindaugas , Stupuris Tomas , Tamušauskas Mindaugas 
Published: May 2019

Metimų į krepšį technika ištirta pakankamai (Hayes, 1987; Hay, 1994 ir kt.), o rungtynių rezultato priklausomybė nuo metimų į krepšį vietos ir puolimo struktūros reikalauja išsamesnių tyrimų.Iškyla mokslinė problema: kokios metimų į krepšį vietos (krepšio ir nuotolio atžvilgiu) ir atakų trukmės bei pobūdžio sąsajos su rungtynių rezultatais. Treneriai per treniruotes ir rungtynes dažnai vadovaujasi intuicija, o ne objekty-viais duomenimis, todėl tiriamoji problema yra aktuali. Svarbu nustatyti metimų į krepšį kiekybinius ir kokybinius rodiklius greitojo bei pozicinio puolimo metu; ištirti, kaip kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai metimų į krepšį rodikliai lemia rungtynių rezultatus. Per Eurolygos 2004 / 2005 metų sezono rungtynes buvo tiriama didelio meistriškumo krepšinio komandų (n = 20) žaidimo veikla registruojant rodiklius kompiuterine programa „Kregis“. Registruota: tikslių metimų nuotolis, vieta; atakų trukmė ir veiksmingumas.Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti ir įvertinti didelio meistriškumo krepšinio komandų kiekybinius ir kokybinius metimų į krepšį rodiklius, nuotolio, aikštės vietos ir puolimo struktūros požiūriu bei jų sąsajas su rungtynių rezultatais.Tyrimo objektas — didelio meistriškumo krepšinio komandų metimų į krepšį veiksmingumas esant įvairiai puolimo struktūrai. Rungtynes laimėjusios komandos vidutiniškai pelnė po 86,5 taško: 57% metant iš artimo ir vidutinio, 24,2% iš tolimo nuotolio ir 18,8% — baudos metimais. Rungtynes pralaimėjusios komandos — atitinkamai 80,7 taško ir 52,5, 30,7 ir 16,8%. Rungtynes laimėjusios komandos, mesdamos iš kairės aikštės pusės, surinko 36,3, iš dešinės — 31,9 ir iš aikštės vidurio 31,7% visų taškų. Tirtos komandos per rungtynes surengė vidutiniškai po 79,4 atakas, kurių efekty-vumas 49,5%. Veiksmingiausios atakos — trukusios 2—5 s — 70%. Atliktas tyrimas rodo, kad pozicinis puolimas greitėja (10—15 s trukmės atakos) dėl gero iš anksto išmoktų derinių taikymo arba individualių puolančios komandos žaidėjų savybių, gebėjimų, pranašumų išnaudojimo.Raktažodžiai: puolimo struktūra, pozicinis puolimas, žaidimo veikla, kompiuterinė programa „Kregis“.
Didelio meistriškumo rankininkės įžaidėjos darbo intensyvumo kaita rungtyniaujant
Authors: Onusaitytė Gintarė , Skarbalius Antanas 
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti didelio meistriškumo rankininkės įžaidėjos varžybinės veiklos intensyvumo kaitą. Registruota didelio meistriškumo rankininkės įžaidėjos širdies veikla — širdies susitraukimų dažnis (ŠSD) — jai rung-tyniaujant 2006—2007 metų (per 10 rungtynių) Lietuvos moterų rankinio čempionate. Širdies susitraukimų dažnis buvo registruojamas 5 sekundžių intervalais pulso matuokliu „Polar S610i“ (Suomija) nuo pramankštos pradžios iki rungtynių pabaigos. Siekta nustatyti didelio meistriškumo rankininkės pramankštos, rungtynių pirmo ir antro kėlinio ﬁ zinio krūvio intensyvumą, pramankštos, rungtynių pirmo ir antro kėlinio ﬁ zinio krūvio intensyvumo kaitos priklausomumą nuo rungtynių baigties. Visų rungtynių metu (įskaičiuojant tik pirmą ir antrą rungtynių kėlinius) tiriamosios širdis susitraukė 9354 ± 884 kartus. Daugiausia kartų širdis susitraukė antro kėlinio metu, kai rungtynės buvo pralaimėtos (5073 ± 345 kartus). Mažiausiai — per antrą laimėtų rungtynių kėlinį (4192 ± 859 kartus). Didelio meistriškumo rankininkės įžaidėjos darbo intensyvumo kaita pramankštos metu — nuo 82 iki 191 tv. / min, ir ji buvo mažesnė negu pirmo (nuo 147 iki 193 tv. / min) ir antro (nuo 141 iki 192 tv. / min) kėlinio metu. Per pirmą ir antrą kėlinį krūvio intensyvumo amplitudė buvo beveik tokia pati, tačiau pirmo kėlinio darbo intensyvumas didesnis nei antro. Laimėtų rungtynių pramankštos darbo intensyvumo rodikliai pradėjo didėti 21 minutę ir nustojo likus penkioms minutėms iki rungtynių pabaigos, pralaimėtų — 25 minutę, o atsigauti pradėta pirmo kėlinio pirmomis minutėmis. Nepriklausomai nuo rungtynių baig-ties — laimėtos (nuo 148 iki 192 tv. / min) ar pralaimėtos (nuo 147 iki 193 tv. / min) — ŠSD intensyvumo amplitudė kito beveik vienodai. Per antrą rungtynių kėlinį ŠSD intensyvumas buvo didesnis tada, kai rungtynės pralaimėtos (nuo 141 iki 192 tv. / min), laimėtų (nuo 142 iki 187 tv. / min) buvo mažesnis.Raktažodžiai: moterų rankinis, širdies susitraukimų dažnis, darbo intensyvumas.
Does Performance of Speed-Accuracy Movements Depend on Gender and the Left or the Right Hand?
Authors: Motiejūnaitė Kristina , Mickevičienė Dalia , Skurvydas Albertas , Karanauskienė Diana , Mickevičius Mantas 
Published: May 2019

The aim of the study was to establish the differences in men and women’s performance of speed-accuracy movements with their left (LH) and right (RH) hands. The research participants were 24 healthy right-handed subjects: 12 males (aged 20.8 ± 1.1 years) and 12 females (aged 21.4 ± 1.0 years). The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Human Motor Control at the Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (LAPE) applying the analyzer of dynamic parameters of human leg and arm movement (DPA-1; Patent No. 5251; 2005 08 25), which is used for the qualitative estimation of the dynamic parameters of one arm and leg target movement, two arms and legs coordinated and independent target movements, when the resistance power and target are coded with different programmable parameters. The task was performed with the right and then with the left hand (50 repetitions with each hand). The subjects had two tasks: a) to react as quickly as possible (simple task); b) to react as quickly as possible and to hit the target on a computer screen quickly and accurately (complicated task). We registered the maximal and mean movement speed, reaction time, movement trajectory and intraindividual variability of the right and the left hands. Conclusions. There was no significant difference in accuracy between female and male subjects, thought female subjects performed speed-accuracy task more slowly than men. Both males and females performed the speed-accuracy task with their right hand faster and more accurately than with their left hand. Performing movements with different hands the indices of reaction time did not differ significantly. Both males and females performed movements with their right and left hands with the same intraindividual variability.Keywords: movement control, reaction time, speed-accuracy task, right and left hand, gender.
Analysis of Motor Coordination Alteration after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Jurevičienė Vilma , Kielė Dovilė , Jurevičius Ričardas , Česnaitis Tadas 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured ligament of the knee and its injuries result in significant functional impairment. Injury to the ACL is associated with altered knee joint loading and impaired neuromuscular control, which defined as the ability to produce well controlled movements and dynamic balance.Research aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate motor coordination and functional capacity of patients who received rehabilitation program following ACL reconstruction.Research methods. The study included 15 males aged 33.7 ± 2.49 years who had undergone unilateral ACL reconstruction with a semitendinosus/gracilis (STG) graft in Kaunas Clinical hospital. For objective functional testing, we used figure-of-eight movement coordination test. The Lysholm questionnaire was included as a disability outcome measure following ACL injury and reconstruction. The patients were assessed preoperatively and after 5 and 21weeks postoperatively.Research results. The results of this study indicated that motor coordination timescale showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the injured and the healthy legs before surgery and after 5 and 21 weeks. The movement coordination test data showed that there the timescale significantly longer on the injured knee compared with the noninjured knee. After 21 weeks of rehabilitation we found significantly lower (p < 0.05) values in injured knees compared with the preoperative data. In injured knee the timescale after 21 weeks of rehabilitation was significantly (p < 0.05) longer compared with noninjured knee.The Lysholm questionnaire scale indicated that there was a significant difference in the results for values (p < 0.05) before surgery and after 21 weeks of rehabilitation. The questionnaire scale data showed that after 21 weeks of rehabilitation results for values was significantly (p < 0.05) highest compared with before surgery and after 5 weeks.Discussion and conclusions. There was improvement in the injured leg in mean motor coordination timescale 21 weeks after ACL reconstruction, but the timescale was higher than in the uninjured leg. After 21 weeks of ACL reconstruction knee functional status in most patients was good or excellent.Keywords: knee joint, the Lysholm questionnaire, movement coordination test.
The Influence of Cryotherapy on the Lower Limb Spasticity for Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Sipavičenė Saulė , Damašauskas Antanas , Klizienė Irina , Krutulytė Gražina , Karpavičienė Aiva , Česnaitis Tadas 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Cryotherapy could reduce spasticity for children with cerebral palsy.Research aim. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cryotherapy on the lower limb spasticity for children with cerebral palsy.Research methods. Fourteen children with cerebral palsy spastic Diplegia aged 6–12 years were examined. The procedures of cryotherapy and physical therapy were applied to children in the test group (n = 7), and only physical therapy – for the members in the control group (n = 7). For all the subjects, the following procedures were performed before and after the research: foot extension measurements, the determination of the spasticity of flexors and selective foot motion, the estimation of balance and gross motor functions. Research results. After physical exercises foot extension showed improvement, spasticity of foot flexors reduced, foot selective movements, balance and gross motor functions improved. There was no statistical difference between the results in both groups.Discussion and conclusions. The influence of cryotherapy on the lower limb spasticity for children with cerebral palsy was not statistically significant.Keywords: spasticity, cryotherapy, physical exercises.
What Is “Tolerance” and “Tolerance Education”? Philosophical Perspectives
Authors: Saulius Tomas 
Published: May 2019

Research background. The notion of tolerance is used in various contexts, but nevertheless it remains ambiguous. The very fact that educators, politicians, and philosophers again and again face questions about the meaning of value term “tolerance”, stresses the vivid necessity of continuous attempts to elucidate the notion of tolerance at the theoretical level.Research aim was to provide relevant arguments for the thesis that tolerance is a context dependent notion and therefore the claims about tolerance “in general” are ambiguous, uninformative, and non-instructive.Research method. Our research methodology was philosophical reflection involving conceptual analysis and the application of the outcomes to education sciences.Research results. If we are to understand and define the concept of tolerance, we need a broader understanding of what is good and what is bad, understanding of what behaviour is expected from us under certain cultural circumstances.Discussion and conclusions. 1. In religious context, tolerance is a respectful attitude towards beliefs and practices of others – attitude which, in fact, can be grounded either by dogmatism or by scepticism. 2. In political context, emphasis is laid not on what others believe or think, but on what people do. 3. There is one common feature of tolerance conceptions which take shape in inter-religious discourse and in politics: it is believed that it is quite easy to understand the motives of actions performed by “others”; such understanding (“empathy”) is the main condition for tolerance. 4. In ethics and education, tolerance is the measurement (or objective assessment) of our beliefs keeping in mind possibilities of their alternatives. In this respect, tolerance is the realization of human rational nature.Keywords: tolerance, tolerance education, autonomy, ethics, rationality.