bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Hydration on Polytypism and Disorder in the Sulfate-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides of Li and Al
Authors: Pachayappan Latha , Kamath P. Vishnu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe double hydroxide of Li+ and Al3+ is an anionic clay comprising positively charged metal hydroxide layers and intercalated anions. While the structure of the iono-covalently bonded metal hydroxide layer is well known, relatively less knowledge is available regarding the manner in which the anions and water molecules are packed in the interlayer region. The sulfate ion is of special interest as it can potentially intercalate in a multiplicity of orientations and grow an extended hydration sphere. The sulfate-intercalated double hydroxide was synthesized by the imbibition of Li2SO4 into both the gibbsite and bayerite forms of Al(OH)3 to obtain layered double hydroxides with the nominal formula Li2Al4(OH)12SO4·nH2O (n = 4–8). The as-prepared compounds were poorly ordered and did not yield any structural information. Temperature-induced partial dehydration yielded ordered phases of different structures in the two systems. Simulation of the powder patterns of different model structures, followed by structure refinement in both direct and reciprocal spaces, showed that the gibbsite-derived phase yielded a two-layer polytype of hexagonal symmetry (space group P63/m). The local symmetry of the sulfate ion was close to D2d with one of the C2 axes of the SO42− being nearly parallel to the c axis of the crystal. The bayerite-derived phase yielded a one-layer polytype of monoclinic symmetry (space group C2/m). The sulfate ion was oriented with its C3 axes tilted away from the stacking direction. Cooling and rehydration (relative humidity ~70%) resulted in a reversible expansion of the basal spacing due to the ingress of water molecules from the ambient humidity into the interlayer region. Hydration in both cases resulted in turbostratic disorder. The disorder in the bayerite-derived phase was a result of random intergrowth of motifs with rhombohedral and monoclinic symmetries.
A model for overcoming challenges in academic pediatric medical device innovation
Authors: Fischer Gwenyth A. , Wells Sandra M. , Rebuffoni Jodi F. , Peterson Brittni M. , LeBien Tucker W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTechnological advancements in medical devices developed for adults far outpace the development of technologies designed for pediatric patients in the USA and other countries. This technology lag was previously reflected in a lack of pediatric-specific innovation within our academic institution. To address the institutional deficit of device innovation around pediatric patients, we formed unique partnerships both within our university and extending to the medical device industry, and developed novel programmatic approaches. The Pediatric Device Innovation Consortium (PDIC) bridges the medical device community and the University of Minnesota. Since 2014, the PDIC has supported 22 pediatric medical technology innovation projects, provided funds totaling more than $500,000, licensed two technologies, and advanced two technologies to patient use. Here, we describe the PDIC model and method, the PDIC approach to common challenges that arise in the development of small-market medical technologies at an academic institution, and iterations to our collaborative, multidisciplinary approach that have matured throughout our experience. The PDIC model continues to evolve to reflect the special needs of innovation for smaller markets and the unique role of clinician innovators. Our approach serves as a successful model for other institutions interested in creating support mechanisms for pediatric or small-market technology development.
Creating reasonable antibiograms for antibiotic stewardship programs in nursing homes: Analysis of 260 facilities in a large geographic region, 2016–2017
Authors: Fridkin Scott K. , Pack Jacob , Licitra Giancarlo , Zheng Ziduo , Watkins Russell , Price Steve , Camp Mayfield , Moore Renee 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To determine the best nursing home facility characteristics for aggregating antibiotic susceptibility testing results across nursing homes to produce a useful annual antibiogram that nursing homes can use in their antimicrobial stewardship programs.Design:Derivation cohort study.Setting:Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) certified skilled nursing facilities in Georgia (N = 231).Participants:All residents of eligible facilities submitting urine culture specimens for microbiologic testing at a regional referral laboratory.Methods:Crude and adjusted metrics of antibiotic resistance prevalence (percent of isolates testing susceptible) for 5 bacterial species commonly recovered from urine specimens were calculated using mixed linear models to determine which facility characteristics were predictive of testing antibiotic susceptibility.Results:In a single year, most facilities had an insufficient number of isolates tested to create facility-specific antibiograms: 49% of facilities had sufficient Escherichia coli isolates tested, but only about 1 in 10 had sufficient isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After accounting for antibiotic tested and age of the patient, facility characteristics predictive of susceptibility were: E. coli, region, year, average length of stay; K. pneumoniae, region, bed size; P. mirabilis, region; and for E. faecalis or P. aerginosa no facility parameter remained in the model.Conclusions:Nursing homes often have insufficient data to create facility-specific antibiograms; aggregating data across nursing homes in a region is a statistically sound approach to overcoming data shortages in nursing home stewardship programs.
Material stability and instability in non-local continuum models for dense granular materials
Authors: Li Shihong , Henann David L. 
Published: May 2019

A class of common and successful continuum models for steady, dense granular flows is based on the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$model for viscoplastic grain-inertial rheology. Recent work has shown that under certain conditions,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$-based models display a linear instability in which short-wavelength perturbations grow at an unbounded rate – i.e. a Hadamard instability. This observation indicates that$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$models will predict strain localization arising due to material instability in dense granular materials; however, it also raises concerns regarding the robustness of numerical solutions obtained using these models. Several approaches to regularizing this instability have been suggested in the literature. Among these, it has been shown that the inclusion of higher-order velocity gradients into the constitutive equations can suppress the Hadamard instability, while not precluding the modelling of strain localization into diffuse shear bands. In our recent work (Henann & Kamrin,Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 110, 2013, pp. 6730–6735), we have proposed a non-local model – called the non-local granular fluidity (NGF) model – which also involves higher-order flow gradients and has been shown to quantitatively describe a wide variety of steady, dense flows. In this work, we show that the NGF model also successfully regularizes the Hadamard instability of the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$model. We further apply the NGF model to the problem of strain localization in quasi-static plane-strain compression using nonlinear finite-element simulations in order to demonstrate that the model is capable of describing diffuse strain localization in a mesh-independent manner. Finally, we consider the linear stability of an alternative gradient–viscoplastic model (Bouzidet al.,Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 111, 2013, 238301) and show that the inclusion of higher-order gradients does not guarantee the suppression of the Hadamard instability.
Boundary-layer stability of supercritical fluids in the vicinity of the Widom line
Authors: Ren Jie , Marxen Olaf , Pecnik Rene 
Published: May 2019

We investigate the hydrodynamic stability of compressible boundary layers over adiabatic walls with fluids at supercritical pressure in the proximity of the Widom line (also known as the pseudo-critical line). Depending on the free-stream temperature and the Eckert number that determines the viscous heating, the boundary-layer temperature profile can be either sub-, trans- or supercritical with respect to the pseudo-critical temperature, $T_{pc}$. When transitioning from sub- to supercritical temperatures, a seemingly continuous phase change from a compressible liquid to a dense vapour occurs, accompanied by highly non-ideal changes in thermophysical properties. Using linear stability theory (LST) and direct numerical simulations (DNS), several key features are observed. In the sub- and supercritical temperature regimes, the boundary layer is substantially stabilized the closer the free-stream temperature is to $T_{pc}$ and the higher the Eckert number. In the transcritical case, when the temperature profile crosses $T_{pc}$, the flow is significantly destabilized and a co-existence of dual unstable modes (Mode II in addition to Mode I) is found. For high Eckert numbers, the growth rate of Mode II is one order of magnitude larger than Mode I. An inviscid analysis shows that the newly observed Mode II cannot be attributed to Mack’s second mode (trapped acoustic waves), which is characteristic in high-speed boundary-layer flows with ideal gases. Furthermore, the generalized Rayleigh criterion (also applicable for non-ideal gases) unveils that, in contrast to the trans- and supercritical regimes, the subcritical regime does not contain an inviscid instability mechanism.
Area changes of glaciers on active volcanoes in Latin America between 1986 and 2015 observed from multi-temporal satellite imagery
Authors: REINTHALER JOHANNES , PAUL FRANK , GRANADOS HUGO DELGADO , RIVERA ANDRÉS , HUGGEL CHRISTIAN 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTGlaciers on active volcanoes are subject to changes in both climate fluctuations and volcanic activity. Whereas many studies analysed changes on individual volcanoes, this study presents for the first time a comparison of glacier changes on active volcanoes on a continental scale. Glacier areas were mapped for 59 volcanoes across Latin America around 1986, 1999 and 2015 using a semi-automated band ratio method combined with manual editing using satellite images from Landsat 4/5/7/8 and Sentinel-2. Area changes were compared with the Smithsonian volcano database to analyse possible glacier–volcano interactions. Over the full period, the mapped area changed from 1399.3 ± 80 km2to 1016.1 ± 34 km2(−383.2 km2) or −27.4% (−0.92% a−1) in relative terms. Small glaciers, especially in tropical regions lost more of their area compared to large and extra–tropical glaciers. Interestingly, 46 out of 59 analysed glaciers (78%) showed a decelerating shrinkage rate in the second period (−1.20% a−1before 1999 and −0.70% a−1after 1999). We found a slightly higher (but statistically not significant) area loss rate (−1.03% a−1) for glaciers on volcanoes with eruptions than without (−0.86% a−1).
Stratigraphic and paleogeographic distributions of Devonian crinoids from Spain with description of new taxa from the Iberian Chains
Authors: Ausich William I. , Zamora Samuel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA new Lower Devonian fauna from the Iberian Chains (NE Spain) is described. Specimens have been collected from the shaley intervals of the Mariposas Formation dated as early Emsian. These include the camerates Acanthocrinus carsli n. sp., Platyhexacrinus santacruzensis n. sp., Culicocrinus breimeri n. sp., Camerata indeterminate, and an indeterminate eucladid. Compared with other faunas from Spain, this represents a low diversity crinoid assemblage that was probably concentrated in shallow, turbid environments. A summary of crinoids previously described from the Spanish Devonian is reported, which indicates that crinoid faunas become progressively more cosmopolitan during the Devonian.UUID: http://zoobank.org:pub/2debf9fa-11bf-46df-baf1-ab7926031051
The Relationship of the Resistance Curve and Gcto Specimen Configuration
Authors: Adams N J I , Munro H G 
Published: May 2019

SummaryFollowing a brief introduction, an examination is presented of the factors which define fracture toughness, resistance-curve relationships and the extent of stable crack extension in thin-sheet failure. Tests have been performed on three aluminium alloys to establish the variations in the shape of resistance curves, using both compliance-indicated and measured absolute values of crack length in compact tension specimens and centre crack sheets. The results show that both the toughness and the resistance curves of the two specimen types are different and that these differences cannot be explained wholly by consideration of crack tip plastic zone sizes.
A New Series of Aerofoil Sections Suitable for Aircraft Propellers
Authors: Bocci A J 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA series of advanced aerofoil sections suitable for aircraft propellers has been developed. The sections combine advanced supercritical now characteristics with good low-speed performance and are also directly applicable to other rotating aerodynamic machinery, such as low-solidity ducted fans, windmills, etc. The work has focused initially on propeller sections of around 6 per cent thickness/chord ratio, typical of the fundamental blade station where peak loading is usually carried (0.7 × radius). The complete section family covers a wide range of thickness/chord ratios, from 3 per cent to over 20 per cent. The profiles are defined by mathematical formulae and distort with thickness to achieve a shape having optimum performance characteristics at the flow conditions expected for that thickness. A subset of the family is defined for higher Mach number penetration, up to near sonic values. Practical applications of the new sections have shown notable gains.
The B-vitamins in malnutrition with alcoholism: A model of intervitamin relationships
Authors: Dastur D. K. , Santhadevi N. , Quadros E. V. , Avari F. C. R. , Wadia N. H. , Desai Meher M. , Bharucha E. P. 
Published: May 2019

1. The B-vitamin status of fifty-nine patients, mainly from the lower socio-economic classes in Bombay, with a history of chronic malnutrition, and of alcoholism of 1·5–20 years’ duration, was studied before and during treatment, and in relation to their clinical, especially neurological, condition. These patients were divided into two neurological categories: (1) those with peripheral neuropathy (mainly sensory and distal) alone, (2) those with mental changes (mainly confusion and disorientation) also. Both categories frequently showed pellagrous pigmentation and mucocutaneous signs of B-vitamin deficiency.2. Thiamin and erythrocyte transketolase (EC2.2.1.1) activity, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, total and pyridoxal fraction of vitamin B6, folate and total vitamin B12were estimated in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of these patients, and also in the blood of sixty-nine control subjects and in the CSF of some of them. The concentrations of all the vitamins, except vitamin B12, were highly significantly lower in the blood of patients of category 1 compared to the controls, and erythrocyte transketolase activity and pyridoxal concentration in patients of category 2 were significantly lower than those of category 1 patients. Blood pantothenic acid and folate concentrations were reduced less consistently.3. Serum vitamin B12concentration was significantly increased (though within normal range) in the patients compared to the control group, probably because of the moderate hepatic insufficiency (as assessed by liver function tests) in the former.4. The concentrations of thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and total vitamin B6were also highly significantly lower in the CSF in patients of category 1 compared with controls. Furthermore, thiamin, nicotinic acid and total vitamin B6concentrations were significantly lower in patients of category 2 than those of category 1 patients, indicating that CSF levels reflect better the neurological status of these patients.5. There was a moderate increase in the blood concentration of all the vitamins tested, after a relatively poor hospital diet alone. There was a concurrent increase in the blood levels of thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid after parenteral treatment with either thiamin or nicotinic acid. The administration of pyridoxine resulted in a significant increase in the blood levels of riboflavin and the pyridoxal fraction of vitamin B6.
The ileum of the sheep as a site of protein digestion
Authors: Ben-Ghedalia D. , Tagari H. , Bondi A. 
Published: May 2019

1. In order to study the ability of the ileum of the sheep to digest and absorb protein, casein or gluten were infused into the intestine of rams through cannulas inserted at distances of 0·05, 7, 9 and 15 m from the pylorus. Amounts of casein or gluten containing 10–20 g nitrogen were infused during 24 h, in animals given a low-N diet.2. N balance was negative during the preliminary period when no infusion was given; infusion of casein or gluten increased the daily N retention to 5–15 g.3. Infusion of proteins into the intestine did not induce an increased activity of pancreatic proteases in digesta withdrawn from the lower part of the intestine.4. The increased N retention after the infusion of proteins into the lower part of the intestine indicates a considerable capacity of this section of the intestine to digest and absorb proteins.
Influence of fructose feeding on individual enzymic reactions in the formation and metabolism of bile acids in rat liver homogenates
Authors: Carrella M. , Björkhem I. , Einarsson K. , Hellström K. 
Published: May 2019

1. Rats were maintained for 10 d on a semi-synthetic diet containing 700 g glucose or 700 g fructose/kg. Individual enzymie reactions in bile acid synthesis and metabolism were studied by measuring the 7α-hydroxylation of [4-14C]cholesterol, the 12α-hydroxylation of 7α-[6β-3H]hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, the 26-hydroxylation of 5β-[7β-3H]cholestane-3α,7α-diol and the 6β-hydroxylation of [3H]lithocholic acid in liver homogenates.2. The serum cholesterol level was approximately the same in both groups of animals, but the serum triglyceride level was almost twice as high in the fructose-fed rats compared to the glucose-fed rats.3. The 6β-hydroxylation of [3H]lithocholic acid was increased by about 20% in the fructose-fed rats compared to the glucose-fed animals. The activities of the other enzymic reactions studied did not differ significantly between the two groups of animals. The findings are discussed in relation to previous knowledge concerning mechanisms regulating triglyceride, pre-β-lipoprotein and bile acid synthesis.
Mud deposition and diagenesis within an Early Palaeozoic clinothem: Power Steps Formation, Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Denommee Kathryn C. , Harazim Dario , Bentley Samuel J. , Macquaker James H. , Lode Stefanie , Olanipekun Babatunde John 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe early Ordovician (∼385 Ma) Power Steps Formation, Newfoundland, Canada, exposes a well-preserved mudstone-dominated clinothem that serves as an excellent archive for understanding how mud has been produced, transported and converted into mudstone prior to the evolution of globally widespread, deep soil horizons. Sedimentological analysis of four sandstone and five mudstone facies, along the Ochre Cove clinothem, reveal that mud and sand were delivered by unidirectional currents and experienced episodic reworking by storm waves. Petrographic examination and X-ray diffraction from described mudstone facies reveal significant variability in the distribution of illite versus chlorite between the lower and upper part of the Ochre Cove clinothem. This research highlights that in the present-day clay mineral fraction, illite is often detrital whereas chlorite originated via the alteration of silt-sized, highly unstable, mafic (volcanoclastic?) grains. Throughout all sedimentologic facies, albeit in different proportions, these mafic lithic grains were diagenetically altered viain situweathering before significant compaction occurred, resulting in the precipitation of significant volumes of pore-bridging, silica- and iron-rich chlorite cement. Compositional, diagenetic and textural attributes across the Ochre Cove mud clinothem vary as a function of starting composition, hydrodynamic sorting and grain density. Given that a significant proportion of clay minerals has been generated viain situtransformation of a mafic, non-stable precursor assemblage, we recommend future studies to incorporate detailed petrographic description along with X-ray diffraction analyses when aiming to employ trends in whole-rock clay mineral data as a proxy in provenance and palaeoclimate studies of very old (pre-Devonian) mudstones and sandstones.
The Right to Demonstrate: A Comparative Study of Israel and the United States
Authors: Raffel Martin J. 
Published: May 2019

The right of the citizen to express his views publicly is a basic feature of the democratic system. However, the freedom of expression, and the closely related freedom of public assembly, do at times conflict with other major social interests. As a result, no society has accepted the theory that these freedoms should be absolute. The democratic process requires a balancing of these freedoms with other important values and public interests. Consequently, each state has placed various limitations on the freedom of expression and public assembly. If a government limits these freedoms too much, it may do irreparable damage to the democratic process. Likewise, the fact that the freedom is enshrined in some constitutional document does not ensure that it will be given any meaningful protection. Whether or not fundamental freedoms are really preserved, is the true test of a democracy.Demonstrations have traditionally been used as a vehicle for expressing dissent. A citizen who is generally satisfied with the social and politicalstatus quowill probably not feel a need to exhibit his satisfaction publicly.
A New Dimension in Collective Agreements
Authors: Ben-Israel Ruth 
Published: May 2019

From the late 19th century on, a series of social and economic changes have altered the system of labour relations. The transition of bargaining over terms of employment, from the individual to the collective sphere, was the culmination of the historical stages of development. Changes in labour relations have always been, and remain dynamic. Therefore, collective labour law, like the industrial relations system itself, is constantly taking new steps to formulate up-to-date patterns of thought and behaviour. Hence, the legal system finds it difficult to dictate firm policies, and can only try to catch up with the development bypost factumlegislation and theorization, which can set but a broad and flexible framework.The collective agreement is presented in this study as a universal phenomenon, resulting from the historical stages of development in labour relations. These stages have led to the crystallization of the collective agreement as it is known today, and to the formulation of its distinctive traits.
The Legal Condition of the Jews Under the Visigothic Kings Part III
Authors: Juster Jean 
Published: May 2019

We know nothing of the local organization of the Jews in the Visigothic kingdom. It seems likely that their communities (called conventus in the statutes) preserved the same framework as they had had under the Roman rule. Recognized by law as long as the Jewish cult was licit, the Jewish communities were to be deprived of their legal existence by those kings who compelled the Jewish to baptism.Thus we have no information about their internal organization during either the Arian or Catholic regimes, save for some fragmentary data which have reached us concerning two Jewish communal institutions.