bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Cervical Muscle Strains in Collegiate and High School Football Athletes, 2011–2012 Through 2013–2014 Academic Years
Authors: Lee Katherine M. , Kay Melissa C. , Kucera Kristen L. , Prentice William E. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: July 2019

ContextCervical muscle strains are an often-overlooked injury, with neck- and spine-related research typically focusing on spinal cord and vertebral injuries.ObjectiveTo examine the rates and distributions of cervical muscle strains in collegiate and high school football athletes.DesignDescriptive epidemiology study.SettingCollegiate and high school football teams.Patients or Other ParticipantsThe National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) collected data from collegiate football athletes. The High School National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (HS NATION) and High School Reporting Information Online (HS RIO) collected data from high school football athletes. Data from the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years were used.Main Outcome Measure(s)Athletic trainers collected injury and exposure data for football players. Injury counts, injury rates per 10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs), and injury rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsThe NCAA-ISP reported 49 cervical muscle strains (rate = 0.96/10 000 AEs), of which 28 (57.1%) were TL (time loss; rate = 0.55/10 000 AEs). High School NATION reported 184 cervical muscle strains (rate = 1.66/10 000 AEs), of which 33 (17.9%) were TL injuries (rate = 0.30/10 000 AEs). The HS RIO, which collects only TL injuries, reported 120 TL cervical muscle strains (rate = 0.51/10 000 AEs). The overall injury rate was lower in the NCAA-ISP than in HS NATION (injury rate ratio = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.79); when restricted to TL injuries, the overall injury rate was higher in the NCAA-ISP (injury rate ratio = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.11, 3.03). No differences were found when comparing TL injuries in HS RIO and the NCAA-ISP. Cervical muscle-strain rates were higher during competitions than during practices across all 3 surveillance systems for all injuries. Most cervical muscle strains were due to player contact (NCAA-ISP = 85.7%, HS NATION = 78.8%, HS RIO = 85.8%).ConclusionsThe incidence of cervical muscle strains in football players was low compared with other injuries. Nonetheless, identifying and implementing interventions, particularly those aimed at reducing unsafe player contact, are essential to further decrease the risk of injury and associated adverse outcomes.
Isolating the climate change impacts on air-pollution-related-pathologies over central and southern Europe – a modelling approach on cases and costs
Authors: Tarín-Carrasco Patricia , Morales-Suárez-Varela María , Im Ulas , Brandt Jørgen , Palacios-Peña Laura , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Air pollution has important implications for human health and associated external costs to society and is closely related to climate change. This contribution tries to assess the impacts of present (1996–2015) and future (2071–2100 under RCP8.5) air pollution on several cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies and estimate the difference in the costs associated with these health impacts on the European population. For this, air quality data from the regional chemistry–climate modelling system of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) are used, together with some epidemiological information from the European Commission. The methodology considered relies on the Economic Valuation of Air Pollution (EVA) exposure–response functions and economic valuations (Brandt et al., 2013a, b). Several hypotheses have been established, in order to strictly isolate the effects of climate change on air pollution and health: constant present-day emission levels and population density in the whole of Europe. In general, the number of cases for the pathologies considered will increase in the future (chronic bronchitis, heart failure, lung cancer, premature deaths), increasing the overall cost associated from EUR 173 billion per year to over EUR 204 billion per year at the end of the present century. Premature deaths are the most important problem in the target area in terms of costs (EUR 158 billion per year, increasing by 17 % in the future RCP8.5 2071–2100 projection) and cases (418 700 cases per year, increasing by 94 900 cases per year in the future). The most affected areas are European megacities, the Ruhr Valley and several cities in eastern Europe (e.g. Chişinău, Bucharest). For the RCP8.5 scenario, cases and costs will increase over southern and eastern Europe, while central and northern Europe could benefit from climate change variations (decreasing both cases and costs for the studied pathologies).
The impact of aerosols on photolysis frequencies and ozone production in Beijing during the 4-year period 2012–2015
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Li Xin , Shao Min , Hu Min , Zeng Limin , Wu Yusheng , Tan Tianyi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. During the period 2012–2015, photolysis frequencies were measured at the
Peking University site (PKUERS), a site representative of Beijing. We
present a study of the effects of aerosols on two key photolysis
frequencies, j(O1D) and j(NO2). Both j(O1D) and j(NO2)
display significant dependence on aerosol
optical depth (AOD; 380 nm) with a non-linear negative
correlation. With the increase in AOD, the slopes of photolysis frequencies
vs. AOD decrease, which indicates that the capacity of aerosols to reduce the
actinic flux decreases with AOD. The absolute values of slopes are equal to
4.2–6.9×10-6 and 3.4×10-3 s−1 per AOD unit for
j(O1D) and j(NO2) respectively at a solar zenith angle (SZA) of 60∘ and AOD
smaller than 0.7, both of which are larger than those observed in a similar,
previous study in the Mediterranean. This indicates that the aerosols in
Beijing have a stronger extinction effect on actinic flux than
absorptive dust aerosols in the Mediterranean. Since the photolysis
frequencies strongly depended on the AOD and the SZA,
we established a parametric equation to quantitatively evaluate the effect
of aerosols on photolysis frequencies in Beijing. According to the
parametric equation, aerosols lead to a decrease in seasonal mean
j(NO2) by 24 % and 30 % for summer and winter, respectively, and
a corresponding decrease in seasonal mean j(O1D) by 27 % and 33 %,
respectively, compared to an aerosol-free atmosphere (AOD =0). Based on
an observation campaign in August 2012, we used a photochemical box model
to simulate the ozone production rate (P(O3)). The simulation results
shows that the monthly mean daytime net ozone production rate is reduced by
up to 25 % due to the light extinction of aerosols. Through further
in-depth analysis, it was found that particulate matter concentrations
maintain a high level under the condition of high concentrations of ozone
precursors (volatile organic compounds, VOCs, and NOx), which inhibits the production of ozone to a large
extent. This phenomenon implies a negative feedback mechanism in the
atmospheric environment of Beijing.
Distribution of phosphorus fractions with different plant availability in German forest soils and their relationship with common soil properties and foliar P contents
Authors: Niederberger Jörg , Kohler Martin , Bauhus Jürgen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Repeated, grid-based forest soil inventories such as the
National Forest Soil Inventory of Germany (NFSI) aim, among other things, at
detecting changes in soil properties and plant nutrition. In these types of
inventories, the only information on soil phosphorus (P) is commonly the
total P content. However, total P content in mineral soils of forests is
usually not a meaningful variable with respect to predicting the availability of P to trees.
Here we tested a modified sequential P extraction according to Hedley (1982) to
determine the distribution of different plant-available P fractions in soil
samples (at depths of 0–5 and 10–30 cm) from 146 NFSI sites, encompassing a wide
variety of soil conditions. In addition, we analyzed relationships between
these P fractions and common soil properties such as pH, texture, and
soil organic carbon content (SOC). The total P content among our samples ranged from
approximately 60 to 2800 mg kg−1. The labile, moderately labile, and
stable P fractions contributed to 27 %, 51 %, and 22 % of the total P
content, respectively, at a depth of 0–5 cm. At a depth of 10–30 cm, the labile P
fractions decreased to 15 %, whereas the stable P fractions increased to
30 %. These changes with depth were accompanied by a decrease in the
organic P fractions. High P contents were related to high pH values.
While the labile Hedley P pool increased with decreasing pH in absolute
and relative terms, the stable Hedley P pool decreased in absolute and
relative terms. Increasing SOC in soils led to significant increases in all
Hedley P pools and in total P. In sandy soils, the P content across all
fractions was lower than in other soil texture types. Multiple linear
regression models indicated that Hedley P pools and P fractions were
moderately well related to soil properties (with r2 values that were mostly above
0.5), and that the sand content of soils had the strongest influence. Foliar P
contents in Pinus sylvestris were reasonably well explained by the labile and moderately
labile P pool (r2 = 0.67) but not so for Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica. Foliar P
contents in all three species could not be related to specific Hedley P
pools. Our study indicates that soil properties such as pH, SOC content, and
soil texture may be used to predict certain soil Hedley P pools with different
plant availability on the basis of large soil inventories. However, the foliar P
contents of tree species cannot be sufficiently well predicted by the soil
variables considered here.
High-Tech versus High-Tech: hoe digitale discriminatie digitaal te detecteren
Authors: Thijs Claartje 
Published: July 2019

High-Tech versus High-Tech: hoe digitale discriminatie digitaal te detecteren
De manier waarop vraag naar en aanbod van arbeid bij elkaar komen, is met de komst van het internet en sociale media drastisch veranderd. Dit brengt kansen met zich mee: werkgevers kunnen zich bij de werving veel directer op potentiële werknemers richten en zijn niet meer gebonden aan de doelgroep van bijvoorbeeld een dagblad. Het geeft echter ook risico’s, omdat het tot uitsluiting van groepen kan leiden. De positieve keerzijde van deze technologische medaille is dat algoritmes en big data weliswaar nieuwe manieren van discriminatie in de hand werken, maar dat ze tevens kunnen worden ingezet om deze discriminatie te traceren en te bestrijden. In dit artikel worden beide zijden van de medaille toegelicht.
La protección en la jurisdicción penal internacional del derecho a la cultura: los crímenes internacionales de destrucción del patrimonio cultural | The protection under international criminal jurisdiction of the right to culture: internacional crimes regarding destruction of cultural heritage
Authors: Torres Pérez María 
Published: July 2019

Resumen: El presente artículo pretender dar una visión global de la protección del derecho a la cultura a través del derecho internacional penal y en concreto, a través de la tipificación de los crímenes de destrucción del patrimonio cultural. La persecución de tales delitos internacionales ha seguido la senda de otros crímenes en derecho internacional penal, englobándose en un primer momento entre los crímenes de guerra para de forma posterior superar dicha tipificación para poder ser tratado como crímenes de lesa humanidad de persecución e incluso, como indicios de una conducta genocida. En el presente contexto internacional, la denegación del derecho a la cultura como método de guerra es innegable en los conflictos protagonizados por los nuevos actores internacionales por lo que la solución final del derecho internacional penal debe progresar para erigirse en un método de protección privilegiado.
Abstract: The present article intends to give a global vision of the protection of the right to culture through international criminal law and in particular, through the tipification of crimes of destruction of cultural heritage. The prosecution of such international crimes has followed the path of other crimes in international criminal law, initially included in the type of war crimes and later overcoming such tipification in order to be treated as a crime against humanity of persecution and even, as indications of a genocidal behavior. In the present international context, the denial of the right to culture as a method of warfare is undeniable in conflicts involving new international actors, so the final solution of international criminal law must progress to become a privileged method of protection.
Meta-SourceTracker: Application of Bayesian source tracking to shotgun metagenomics
Authors: McGhee Jordan J , Rawson Nick , Bailey Barbara A , Fernandez-Guerra Antonio , Kelley Scott T 
Published: July 2019

Background. Microbial source tracking methods are used to determine the origin of contaminating bacteria and other microorganisms, particularly in contaminated water systems. The Bayesian SourceTracker approach uses deep-sequencing marker gene libraries (16S ribosomal RNA) to determine the proportional contributions of bacteria from many potential source environments to a given sink environment simultaneously. Since its development, SourceTracker has been applied to an extensive diversity of studies, from beach contamination to studying human behavior.
Methods. Here, we developed metagenomic-SourceTracker (mSourceTracker), an expanded SourceTracker approach for shotgun metagenomic datasets. We tested mSourceTracker using sink samples from coastal marine environment metagenomes and source environment metagenomes collected from freshwater, marine, soil, sand and gut environments. We also implemented features for determining the stability of source proportion estimates using new techniques that split metagenomic data for domain-specific analyses (i.e., Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya and viruses). The added features allow users to visualize the precision of mSourceTracker and assess ways to optimize performance.
Results.Our results found mSourceTracker to be highly effective at predicting the composition of known sources using shotgun metagenomic libraries. In addition, we showed that different taxonomic domains sometimes presented highly divergent pictures of source origins. These findings indicated that applying mSourceTracker to separate domains may provide a deeper understanding of the microbial origins of complex, mixed-source environments, and further suggested that certain domains may be preferable for tracking specific sources of contamination.
Mitochondrial phylogeny and comparative mitogenomics of closely related pine moth pests (Lepidoptera:Dendrolimus)
Authors: Qin Jie , Li Jing , Gao Qiang , Wilson John-James , Zhang Ai-bing 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundPine moths,Dendrolimusspp. (Lasiocampidae), are serious economic pests of conifer forests. Six closely related species (Dendrolimus punctatus,D. tabulaeformis,D. spectabilis,D. superans,D. houi, andD. kikuchii) occur in China and cause serious damage to coniferophyte. The complete mito genomes ofDendrolimusgenus are significant to resolve the phylogenetic relationship and provide theoretical support in pest control.MethodsThe complete mitogenomes of three species (D. superans,D. houi, andD. kikuchii) were sequenced based on PCR-amplified with universal primers, which were used to amplify initial fragments. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out with 78 complete mitogenomes of lepidopteran species from 10 superfamilies.ResultsThe complete mitochondrial genomes of these three species were 15,417, 15,381, and 15,377 bp in length, separately. The phylogenetic analyses produced consistent results for sixDendrolimusspecies based on complete mitogenomes, two major clades were formed, one containingD. spectabilisclustered withD. punctatus+D. tabulaeformis, andD. superansas the sister group to this three-taxon clade, the other containingD. kikuchiiandD. houi. Comparative analyses of the congeneric mitochondrial genomes were performed, which showed that non-coding regions were more variable than the A+T rich region. The mitochondrial nucleotide diversity was more variable when compared within than among genus, and the concatenated tRNA region was the most conserved and the nd6 genes was the most variable.
A Study on Phytochemical and Anticancer Activities of Epiphytic Orchid Aerides odorata Lindl.
Authors: Katta Jhansi , Rampilla Venkatesh , Khasim S. M. 
Published: July 2019

Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical composition and anticancer activities of leaf extract of Aerides odorata Lour., a widely distributed epiphytic herb found in the Eastern Ghats of Vizianagram district.
Methodology: The solvents like n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were used to extract dried leaf material of A. odorata. These extracts were analysed for phytochemical constituents by GC-MS analysis and in vitro anticancer activity was done against two cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HeLa cell line) by using MTT assay.
Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, and terpenoids. GC-MS analysis determines presence of 15 compounds in ethyl acetate and 14 compounds in methanol extracts respectively. Among two extracts a total 13 compounds have anticancer activity. Both the solvent extracts exhibit significant cancer cell growth inhibition with IC50 value ranging between 26.211 µg/mL to 59.061 µg/mL.
Conclusion: Methanol about the best solvent and its activity. Our result showed A. odorata is a promising source of anticancer drugs.
Structural and functional analysis of an l‐serine O‐phosphate decarboxylase involved in norcobamide biosynthesis
Authors: Keller Sebastian , Wetterhorn Karl M. , Vecellio Alison , Seeger Mark , Rayment Ivan , Schubert Torsten 
Published: July 2019

Structural diversity of natural cobamides (Cbas, B12 vitamers) is limited to the nucleotide loop. The loop is connected to the cobalt‐containing corrin ring via an (R)‐1‐aminopropan‐2‐ol O‐2‐phosphate (AP‐P) linker moiety. AP‐P is produced by the l‐threonine O‐3‐phosphate (l‐Thr‐P) decarboxylase CobD. Here, the CobD homolog SMUL_1544 of the organohalide‐respiring epsilonproteobacterium Sulfurospirillum multivorans was characterized as a decarboxylase that produces ethanolamine O‐phosphate (EA‐P) from l‐serine O‐phosphate (l‐Ser‐P). EA‐P is assumed to serve as precursor of the linker moiety of norcobamides that function as cofactors in the respiratory reductive dehalogenase. SMUL_1544 (SmCobD) is a pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP)‐containing enzyme. The structural analysis of the SmCobD apoprotein combined with the characterization of truncated mutant proteins uncovered a role of the SmCobD N‐terminus in efficient l‐Ser‐P conversion.
The diverse structural landscape of quadruplexes
Authors: Lightfoot Helen L. , Hagen Timo , Tatum Natalie J. , Hall Jonathan 
Published: July 2019

G‐quadruplexes are secondary structures formed in G‐rich sequences in DNA and RNA. Considerable research over the past three decades has led to in‐depth insight into these unusual structures in DNA. Since the more recent exploration into RNA G‐quadruplexes, such structures have demonstrated their in cellulo existence, function and roles in pathology. In comparison to Watson‐Crick‐based secondary structures, most G‐quadruplexes display highly redundant structural characteristics. However, numerous reports of G‐quadruplex motifs/structures with unique features (e.g. bulges, long loops, vacancy) have recently surfaced, expanding the repertoire of G‐quadruplex scaffolds. This review addresses G‐quadruplex formation and structure, including recent reports of non‐canonical G‐quadruplex structures. Improved methods of detection will likely further expand this collection of novel structures and ultimately change the face of quadruplex‐RNA targeting as a therapeutic strategy.
Associations Between Calcaneal Enthesophytes and Osteoarthritis of the Hands and Feet
Authors: Menz Hylton B. , Marshall Michelle , Thomas Martin J. , Rathod‐Mistry Trishna , Peat George M. , Roddy Edward 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo examine associations between calcaneal enthesophytes and osteoarthritis (OA) in the hands and feet, and to provide insights into the role of biomechanical and systemic processes in the development of OA.MethodsAdults ages ≥50 years who were registered with 4 general practices were mailed a Health Survey. Responders reporting foot pain within the last 12 months underwent a detailed assessment, including hand and foot radiographs. Calcaneal enthesophytes (plantar and posterior) and OA features (osteophytes and joint space narrowing) were documented. Associations between enthesophytes and hand and foot OA (including OA phenotypes and OA features at individual joints) were explored using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index.ResultsData were available from 532 participants (298 women, mean ± SD age 64.9 ± 8.4 years). Calcaneal enthesophytes were not associated with hand OA phenotypes or OA at individual hand joints. In contrast, plantar calcaneal enthesophytes were positively associated with polyarticular foot OA (odds ratio [OR] 1.80 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.02–3.17]). When individual foot joints were examined, posterior enthesophytes were associated with talonavicular joint OA (OR 1.58 [95% CI 1.02–2.44]) and plantar enthesophytes were associated with first metatarsophalangeal joint OA (OR 0.67 [95% CI 0.49–0.98]) and navicular‐cuneiform joint OA (OR 2.30 [95% CI 1.40–3.79]). Patterns of association were similar for osteophytes and joint space narrowing.ConclusionCalcaneal enthesophytes are associated with foot OA but not hand OA. The pattern of association is indicative of a local, biomechanical rather than systemic bone‐forming process.
C−N Cross‐Coupling Reactions Under Mild Conditions Using Singlet Di‐Radical Nickel(II)‐Complexes as Catalyst: N‐Arylation and Quinazoline Synthesis
Authors: Sikari Rina , Sinha Suman , Chakraborty Gargi , Das Siuli , van Leest Nicolaas Petrus , Paul Nanda D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHerein we report a cost‐effective synthetic approach for C−N cross‐coupling reactions of a broad array of nitrogen nucleophiles and aryl halides under mild conditions. These reactions are catalyzed by an inexpensive, air‐stable, earth‐abundant and easy‐to‐prepare singlet di‐radical nickel(II)‐catalyst containing two antiferromagnetically coupled single‐electron oxidized diiminosemiquinonato type ligands. This protocol provides an alternative method for C−N cross‐coupling reactions avoiding nickel(0)/nickel(II) or nickel(I)/nickel(III) redox processes via cooperative participation of metal and ligand‐centered redox events. Besides a wide range of N‐arylation reactions, by judicious choice of aryl halides and nitrogen nucleophiles the synthesis of a variety of polysubstituted quinazolines has been achieved in moderate to good yields under relatively mild reaction conditions. Our catalyst has been found to be almost equally effective in quinazoline synthesis via C−N cross‐coupling of (i) 2‐bromobenzylamine with benzamide, and (ii) 2‐bromobenzylbromide with amidine. Control experiments and DFT studies were performed to improve the understanding of the cooperative participation of ligand and metal (nickel)‐centered redox events during oxidative addition/reductive elimination processes of the catalytic cycle and to shed light on the plausible mechanistic pathway of the C−N cross‐coupling reactions.magnified image