bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Key Tools of the Trade in Transnational Bribery Investigations and Prosecutions: Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) and Letters Rogatory
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The investigation of corruption, bribery, and similar transnational criminal conduct, like the discovery process for transnational civil proceedings, often involves gathering evidence located in foreign countries. However, national sovereignty, international treaties, and international law preclude U.S. law enforcement officials from simply flying to a foreign country to conduct searches, question suspects, obtain documents, and proceed with arresting individuals for trial in the United States. In the absence of a foreign country’s agreement to cooperate in a criminal investigation, U.S. prosecutors or civil litigation counsel have limited options. There are two primary means of obtaining evidence for use in transnational criminal proceedings: a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) and a letter rogatory.
Global Developments in, and Evolution of, Third-Party Due Diligence
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Third-party due diligence is a critical element in any anti-bribery compliance program. This chapter discusses the risks posed by the use of third-party agents and intermediaries and how those risks can be assessed, documented, and mitigated. It reviews best practices and procedures covering the full span of third-party interaction, from the initial selection through any potential termination. It includes an in-depth presentation of techniques and procedures for internal and external review, in varying intensity to suit the range of possible risk. With an awareness of common pitfalls and an attention to cost concerns, this chapter provides a thorough and practical overview for any company seeking to meet its ethical and legal obligations under transnational anti-bribery law.
Increasing Accountability and Reducing Corruption: the World Bank’s Anti-Corruption System
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As part of its development efforts, the World Bank has a fiduciary duty to ensure that its funds are used for their intended purposes and with due attention to economy and efficiency. In furtherance of this fiduciary duty, the Bank’s anti-corruption measures seek to incorporate processes that ensure standards of good governance and conformity with principles of the rule of law. Indeed, fraud and corruption weaken institutions and divert essential resources from those who are supposed to benefit the most: the poor. Since the mid-1990s, the World Bank has worked to develop a robust sanctions system that is efficient, effective, and fair, offering accused parties a fair process through which they can present their defense. The World Bank has also sought to work with its partners to deter and prevent misconduct from occurring in the first place. This chapter describes the history and evolution of the World Bank’s sanctions system and its efforts to combat fraud and corruption in its development activities.
Islam as Global Order
Authors: Bamyeh Mohammed A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Does the historical experience of Islam as a global religion offer general lessons about global order today? Muslims have historically referred to a world in which they could be citizens that was much larger than their locality: Dar al-Islam. This chapter identifies three properties that have lent deep and felt meaning to this otherwise amorphous concept: partial control, free movement, and cultural heteroglossia. Partial control meant that for Muslims the state was only one among many other authorities that were equally legitimate, and where multiple loyalties were the norm. Free movement of people was a natural corollary to the centrality of commerce in Muslim economies, pilgrimage routes, and the global structure of educational networks. Cultural heteroglossia refers to the ways by which the diversity of Muslim communities around the world appeared unproblematic, so that Muslims could continue to imagine themselves as a single global community, even though they rarely needed to act that way. The chapter concludes by exploring how those properties could be integral to a global order today.
Metaphysical Motivation
Authors: Gardner Sebastian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A defining characteristic of classical German philosophy is its preoccupation with the concept of freedom. One central moment in the post-Kantian debate concerning the metaphysical conditions of human freedom is Schelling’s assertion, in his 1809 essay, that these include the reality of evil. Human freedom is meaningful, Schelling argues, only if it comprises a choice between good and evil. On this basis Schelling rejects as inadequate the conception of autonomous agency found in Kant and Fichte, and restores human freedom to a theological setting. My aim in this chapter is to explore Schelling’s intriguing and provocative idea in the context of Crime and Punishment—in which, I suggest, Dostoevsky tries to show how and why autonomous agency, conceived in familiar late modern “Kantian” terms, discovers itself to have need of, and is forced to retrieve, a conception of evil that modern ethical thought takes itself to have surpassed.
Yardstick Competition among Governments
Authors: Salmon Pierre 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
When the existence of several jurisdictions (countries, regions, or cities) is acknowledged, the possibility arises that citizens compare what obtains in their own jurisdiction to what obtains in others. These cross-jurisdiction or yardstick comparisons can have an effect on citizens’ support of incumbents (yardstick voting) and, as a consequence, an effect on governments’ decisions, making them interact (political yardstick competition proper). Both effects have been mainly studied in the context of federalism and decentralization, with the policy variables concerned being mostly fiscal (taxes and expenditures). In that relatively simple setting, the two effects have been confirmed empirically. This book aims to document and analyze that achievement and also to extend the analysis to broader settings in terms of jurisdictions and policy domains. It is mostly in that broader context, especially when national governments are involved, that the systemic implications of yardstick competition come to the fore. With regard to electoral or downward accountability, the mechanism tends to re-empower citizens by mitigating the disabling effects of information asymmetry. With regard to policy-making, yardstick competition represents a force, latent or actual, that constrains or influences the decisions of governments. The mechanism is simple but the political settings in which it operates, crucial for its understanding, are definitely complex. A methodological justification of how the matter is treated is placed at the end of the book.
Yardstick competition and its cousins
Authors: Salmon Pierre 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter considers some mechanisms that interact with yardstick competition or that might be confused with it. Most attention is given to mobility-based competition and policy learning. Mobility-based competition is discussed mainly with regard to its relation with yardstick competition. For policy learning, the discussion is also about the way it is distinct from yardstick competition. On that matter, two differences are crucial: cross-jurisdiction comparisons are assumed to be made by citizens in the case of yardstick competition but by officials in the case of policy learning; officials are assumed to be concerned with both policies and policy outcomes while citizens are concerned only with policy outcomes—that is, at least as long as outcomes are comparatively satisfactory.
“Moving Forward, Looking Back”
Authors: ap Siôn Pwyll 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the influence of the Western classical tradition on Steve Reich’s musical language with reference to his important work Octet, composed in 1979 then subsequently reorchestrated and renamed Eight Lines. Previous scholarly accounts of this work have focused on Reich’s use of extended melodic lines, drawing on the composer’s own comments that these were derived from his immersion at the time in Hebrew cantillation. While acknowledging Reich’s debt to Jewish music, this chapter locates Eight Lines within the broader context of the European tours with his ensemble during the early to mid-1970s. The innovative melodic lines in Eight Lines are constructed around largely goal-oriented harmonic (that is to say, “Western”) structures as much as through the composer’s own immersion in cantillation music, suggesting that his style from this point onward can be read more as a synthesis of Western and non-Western influences.
Evolution, Religion, and Other Meaning Systems
Authors: Wilson David Sloan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Religions puzzle the scientific imagination for two reasons: First, why do people believe in the existence of supernatural agents, despite the absence of empirical evidence? Second, why do religious beliefs cause people to behave in ways that seem so costly, such as the willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son to his God? Evolutionists who study religion are faced with the same puzzle, but they have made more progress than traditional religious scholars because evolutionary theory is designed to answer questions about the presence and absence of functional organization. The most important insight to emerge from evolutionary theory, however, is that the study of religions must be nested within the more general study of meaning systems, defined as sets of beliefs and practices that receive environmental information as input and result in action as output. Almost everything that holds for religions (including adaptive fictions) also holds for other meaning systems.
The Role of Evolutionary Studies in Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Eirdosh Dustin , Hanisch Susan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) examines the emergence and persistence of complex adaptive systems, including human social-ecological systems. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) aims to empower students with the skills to develop and sustain human social-ecological systems that reflect the shared values of our species. The aims of EvoS and ESD have clear overlaps, and yet these two fields remain as distant islands of thought with few academic bridges between them. This chapter explores the connections between EvoS and ESD from historical, theoretical, and applied perspectives and presents the value of an integrated approach. The authors argue the strengths of this approach include its cumulative evidence base from wide-ranging disciplines, its explanatory power, and its overall simplicity.
Evolutionary Approaches to Health Issues and Behaviors Across the Life Course
Authors: Kruger Daniel J. , Kruger Jessica S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Health-related research is broad, diverse, and fragmented theoretically, methodologically, and across disciplines. The understanding and improvement of human health would be accelerated by establishing a universal and deep framework integrating varied undertakings. This framework is evolutionary theory, the most powerful explanatory system in the life sciences and the only framework that can unify knowledge in otherwise disparate fields of human research. Darwinian medicine has already made considerable progress in the practical understanding of human physiology and other areas informing medical care. Within evolutionary theory, life history theory in particular holds the promise of promoting understanding of variation in behavioral patterns related to health and why they vary consistent with environmental conditions. This chapter describes the current state of research exemplifying an evolutionary approach to health-related psychology and behavior and outlines directions for future research and intervention efforts.
Integrating Evolutionary Thinking into Medical Education and Curricula
Authors: Natterson-Horowitz Barbara , Blumstein Daniel T. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Evolutionary medicine takes a functional and contextual approach to understanding health and disease. The approach is applicable to all health disciplines and can be used to better understand a wide range of medical concerns. This chapter’s goal is to outline possible areas of medicine in which evolutionary and ecological logic and principles can make important contributions and to then discuss how one may begin to train the next generation of scholars and clinicians to generate and apply new knowledge. Such an approach has the potential to be genuinely transformative, but an impediment to success is a the field of medicine’s proximate explanatory orientation for thinking about health and disease, training clinicians and researchers, and conducting research. The authors propose a change model and utilization of a Tinbergen-esque approach to revolutionize biomedical research.
The Evolutionary Studies Summer Institute at New Paltz
Authors: Geher Glenn , Toback Aileen , Wedberg Nicole 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Since 2007, the Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) program at the State University of New York at New Paltz has provided an interdisciplinary undergraduate educational experience to students, gaining a reputation as a high-impact academic program with the capacity to expose students from a wide variety of disciplines to Darwinian principles. In the summer of 2015, the program hosted its first-ever week-long EvoS Summer Institute for teachers. The Institute was modeled after New Paltz’s EvoS program, offering units that connect evolution with a variety of topics, including genetics, human origins, behavior, health, the arts, and more. An extensive anonymous survey of the participants provided evidence that the Institute met its educational goals of providing an enriching, powerful, and broad evolution education that is perceived as having the capacity to help advance the teaching of evolution. In this chapter, the authors provide various perspectives in describing the structure of the Institute along with outcomes related to advancing evolution education.
Conundrums of War and Law
Authors: White G. Edward 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of “modern,” “total” war in late nineteenth- and twentieth-century America, and the relationship of modern war to traditional doctrines of the “law of war,” such as the treatment of “enemies,” “belligerents” and “nonbelligerents,” and prisoners of war, as well as the relationship of courts to the military in wartime.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review II
Authors: White G. Edward 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The constitutional jurisprudence of foreign relations law was transformed over a period from the mid-1930s to the 1960s. The Supreme Court adopted an increasingly deferential posture toward executive decision-making in foreign affairs as executive agreements with foreign nations that did not take the form of treatises became increasingly common. The Court’s widening of due process rights in domestic cases did not occur in foreign relations cases until the end of the century, when habeas corpus claims were made by aliens detained on U.S. soil.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review III
Authors: White G. Edward 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Supreme Court’s decisions interpreting the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments followed an uneven pattern in the period covered in this volume. From a posture of aggressive review in cases posing due process challenges to state and judicial legislation, the court retreated to one of deference when the legislation affected “social and economic transactions.” But in other cases, such as when free speech and freedom of religion were restricted by legislative or administrative policies, the Court retained an aggressive posture. Eventually, after initially announcing that it eschewed “substantive” interpretations of the Due Process Clauses, the Court began advancing those interpretations in cases involving restrictions on the use of contraceptives and abortion decisions.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review IV
Authors: White G. Edward 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Equal protection arguments were once described by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes as the “last resort” of persons making constitutional claims. The court’s reliance on the Equal Protection Clause was slight until the 1950s, in part because “equal protection” was understood only to implicate legislature classifications that were “partial” rather than general.” After the use of the Equal Protection Clause to invalidate racial segregation in public schools in Brown v. Board of Education, equal protection arguments became a staple of cases involving racial, gender, and sexual-preference discrimination.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review V
Authors: White G. Edward 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Of all the areas of twentieth-century constitutional jurisprudence, that of free speech has had the most dramatic transformation. From a state of insignificance, the First Amendment has been applied against the states in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and made the basis for invalidating restrictions on the expressive activities of political and religious minorities, corporations, contributors to political campaigns, and commercial advertisers.
Bodies and Heroes
Authors: Doak Brian R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 opens the terms of exploration for the study—defining the “hero” as one who acts at the intersection of warrior, royal, and founding roles. Biblical authors paid significant attention to the bodies of their heroes and saw the heroic body as a primal source of meaning. Moreover, these authors saw bodily features as communicating a message about that character’s story and fate. These heroic bodies eventually tell a story—narrating Israel’s composition as a corporate and national body, then the flourishing of that body in royal exemplars, and then the dissolution of that body. The chapter gives a genealogy of how various scholars have explored the body as a site of interpretation, highlighting the different ways biblical interpreters have engaged with body themes. Other key problems are explored, such as the reticence of ancient authors to describe bodies and problems associated with comparing ancient texts with one another.
Jacob
Authors: Doak Brian R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 illustrates how Jacob’s body functions as the most active, visible, and frequently represented body among the ancestors in Genesis 12–50, and it provides analysis for understanding how and why Jacob’s body appears and performs in the way that it does. The chapter offers a tour through Jacob’s body as it appears in the narrative at several critical moments, paradigmatic as his body is for Israel’s experience as a whole and even for some of the specific heroic-bodily themes explored in subsequent chapters of this book. From birth and his early experience with Esau all the way to his final cross-handed blessing, Jacob leads with this body. The story reaches a climax in Genesis 32, when the narrator presents us with the wounded, limping body of the ancestor Jacob at the most loaded possible moment for identifying the body of the founder with the nation of Israel.
Ritual, Moral Personhood, and Spirit Possession in The Tale of Genji
Authors: McMullen James 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The eponymous hero of The Tale of Genji has been frequently described as promiscuous and morally reprobate. This essay explores the construction of selfhood in the novel and suggests that Genji goes on a moral journey. It draws on the work of the American philosopher Herbert Fingarette, whose classic analysis of the Analects of Confucius posits ritual as the main influence in the construct of the person in the tradition associated with his name. The present essay uses the youthful Genji’s precocious achievements as a performer of ritual, music, calligraphy, and dance as a starting point. It suggests that initially his reflexes reflect concern with his own reputation and shame at discovery of transgression rather than inwardly directed guilt. As he grows older, however, partly under Buddhist influence, gradually he becomes more introspectively concerned with the impact of his behavior on others. The essay identifies several agencies that structure the moral world of the novel, including Buddhist notions of predestination, retribution, and spirit possession.
Flares in the Garden, Darkness in the Heart
Authors: Kamens Edward 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This essay explores various dimensions and manifestations of interiority and exteriority in The Tale of Genji, beginning with analogies to the subject and structure of Japanese screens (byōbu) that depict “scenes inside and outside the capital” and interior and exterior scenes in the Tale itself. It then moves on to suggest that names of characters and of chapters in the Tale also can be seen as aspects of its interiority and exteriority, just as can certain feature of its narrative structure, and then concludes with reflections on how the many poems that are on the surface of the text reveal its deepest interiors while at the same time making the Tale itself a container or “house” for and of them.
The Travelling Dancer
Authors: Meisner Nadine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Focusing on Petipa’s professional life before his arrival in Russia, this chapter deals with his time in the French provincial theatres of Nantes and Bordeaux, describing the conditions there, listing his early ballets and roles, outlining the importance of national or folk dance on the ballet stage. It follow this with his adventures—on stage and off—in Spain; he fought a duel and eloped with a young Spanish noblewoman, events described in his memoirs that appear, according to the evidence, to have really happened. The chapter also touches upon two other members of the Petipa family: his brother Lucien, star of the Paris Opera; and his father Jean, an eminent ballet master, who briefly joined a company on tour to New York.
Looking Back, Moving Forward
Authors: Meisner Nadine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
After Petipa’s marriage to his first muse, Maria Surovshchikova, and the death in Russia of his father, Jean, chapter 4 travels back in time to trace Jean’s career as a ballet master in Marseilles and in Brussels at the Théâtre de la Monnaie. It describes Marius’s early family life, his siblings, and the impact of the Belgian Revolution. Returning to Russia, it looks at Petipa’s impact as a teacher and his choreographic beginnings in St Petersburg, which included the one-act Parisian Market. This is the ballet the Petipas took with them to show at the Paris Opera with Maria Petipa dancing, a season which triggered two law-suits, one of them involving Petipa’s old friend Perrot. There then follows an account of the circumstances around The Pharaoh’s Daughter, the big ballet that brought Petipa to prominence.
At Home and at Work
Authors: Meisner Nadine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
After a description of Petipa’s home life and six children with his new partner, Liubov Savitskaya, chapter 7 continues the previous chapter’s subject of Petipa’s aesthetic. It examines his working methods, his dance language, the importance of the ballerina’s variation and her primacy in nineteenth-century ballet, to the point that women sometimes appeared en travesti. Petipa’s principal ballerina in the 1870s was Ekaterina Vazem, made prominent not only by her own talent, but by the decision not to invite foreign ballerinas. Although less important than the ballerina, the male dancer in Russia enjoyed more prominence than in the West. Even so, he was treated differently: where ballerinas fused the two components of dance and mime, for men they were often separated, the performer specializing in one or the other. Among the ballets, Mlada and its influence on La Bayadère are considered in detail. The chapter ends with Petipa’s ballet, Night and Day, for the coronation of Alexander III, following the assassination of Alexander II.