bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laryngeal Mask Insertion following Inhalational Induction in Children: A Comparison between Halothane and Sevoflurane
Authors: Kwek T. K. , Ng A. 
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to compare laryngeal mask insertion conditions following inhalational induction with either halothane or sevoflurane. Fifty-eight healthy children scheduled for dental extraction were randomly assigned to receive nitrous oxide 66% in oxygen and 3.0 MAC of either halothane or sevoflurane introduced in a stepwise fashion. The laryngeal masks were inserted when an adequate depth of anaesthesia was attained and the reactions and time to insertion noted. Inhalational induction was smooth in both halothane and sevoflurane groups. Induction time and time to laryngeal mask insertion were significantly faster with sevoflurane. The conditions for laryngeal mask insertion were generally good with 86.2% and 89.2% in the halothane and sevoflurane groups respectively having had no reactions to insertion. The complications to laryngeal mask insertion encountered were mild. The emergence time from the anaesthetic was found to be shorter for sevoflurane but the difference was not statistically significant.
The Third Five-Year Survey of Fellows (by Examination) of the Faculty of Intensive Care, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
Authors: Harrison G. A. , Byth P. L. , D'Este C. A. 
Published: January 2019

A questionnaire was sent to 126 Fellows who had passed the Fellowship Examination in Intensive Care up to and including the examination of October, 1995. The major objectives were to assess the continuing involvement of Fellows in Intensive Care and obtain feedback on training and the examinations. Only six Fellows failed to respond. Ninety-six per cent of responders had some involvement in Intensive Care and 89% had a current formal Intensive Care appointment. The median percentage of the week spent in the Intensive Care was high. Forty-seven per cent were practising some anaesthesia. Although there was considerable individual variation, the Fellows had not changed their median amount of Intensive Care practice over time. The responders provided feedback on their work patterns in the public and private systems, and their training and examinations. Overall, the training/examination system appears to satisfy Fellows although some fine tuning is required.
Quadriceps Strength and Volitional Activation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Lisee Caroline , Lepley Adam S. , Birchmeier Thomas , O’Hagan Kaitlin , Kuenze Christopher 
Published: January 2019

Context: Quadriceps function is a significant contributor to knee joint health that is influenced by central and peripheral factors, especially after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Objective: To assess differences of unilateral quadriceps isometric strength and activation between the involved limb and contralateral limb of individuals with ACLR and healthy controls. Data Sources: Web of Science, SportDISCUS, PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database were all used during the search. Study Selection: A total of 2024 studies were reviewed. Twenty-eight studies including individuals with a unilateral history of ACLR, isometric knee extension strength normalized to body mass, and quadriceps activation measured by central activation ratios (CARs) through a superimposed burst technique were identified for meta-analysis. The methodological quality of relevant articles was assessed using a modified Downs and Black scale. Results of methodological quality assessment ranged from low to high quality (low, n = 10; moderate, n = 8; high, n = 10). Study Design: Meta-analysis. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Data Extraction: Means, standard deviations, and sample sizes were extracted from articles, and magnitude of between-limb and between-group differences were evaluated using a random-effects model meta-analysis approach to calculate combined pooled effect sizes (ESs) and 95% CIs. ESs were classified as weak ( d < 0.19), small ( d = 0.20-0.49), moderate ( d = 0.50-0.79), or large ( d > 0.80). Results: The involved limb of individuals with ACLR displayed lower knee extension strength compared with the contralateral limb (ES, –0.78; lower bound [LB], –0.99; upper bound [UB], –0.58) and healthy controls (ES, –0.76; LB, –0.98; UB, –0.53). The involved limb displayed a lower CAR compared with healthy controls (ES, –0.84; LB, –1.18; UB, –0.50) but not compared with the contralateral limb (ES, –0.15; LB, –0.37; UB, 0.07). The ACLR contralateral limb displayed a lower CAR (ES, –0.73; LB, –1.39; UB, –0.07) compared with healthy control limbs but similar knee extension strength (ES, –0.24; LB, –0.68; UB, –0.19). Conclusion: Individuals with ACLR have bilateral CAR deficits and involved limb strength deficits that persist years after surgery. Deficits in quadriceps function may have meaningful implications for patient-reported and objective outcomes, risk of reinjury, and long-term joint health after ACLR.
Clinical and hemodynamic benefit of macitentan and riociguat upfront combination in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Sulica Roxana , Sangli Swathi , Chakravarti Aloke , Steiger David 
Published: January 2019

In this open‐label study, we evaluated the effect of upfront macitentan and riociguat combination in newly diagnosed pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. In 15 consecutive PAH patients, we collected clinical and hemodynamic data at baseline, visit 1 (median 4 months) and visit 2 (median 12 months). Survival and transplantation status were analyzed over 36 months. Statistical analysis included student t‐test and 95% confidence interval (CI) (t‐statistic or Clopper‐Pearson). Kaplan‐Meier was used to estimate survival rate. There were 11/15 women (mean age 56 years), in World Health Organization (WHO) functional class (FC) III (n = 14) or IV (n = 1). The 6 min walk distance increased from 281.6 m (baseline) to 315.7 m (visit 1) and visit 2 (313.9 m), representing a 34‐ and 32‐m change (P < 0.05), respectively, associated with Borg score improvements. Brain natriuretic peptide decreased: 318.2 pg/mL (baseline) to 122.0 pg/mL (visit 1) and 98.6 pg/mL (visit 2) (P < 0.05). WHO FC improved in eight patients (53%, 95% CI 27%–79%). Pulmonary vascular resistance (9.2 to 5.7 Wood Units) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (47.3 to 38.9 mmHg) decreased; cardiac index increased (2.3 to 3.0 L/min/m2) (baseline to visit 2, all P < 0.05). All patients had intermediate and high risk score (baseline); at 1‐year follow‐up, dual therapy led to reduction to low risk score in 7/15 (47%) patients. There were no unexpected or serious side effects. Three patients died due to unrelated causes; one patient received a lung transplant. Transplant‐free survival rate (36 months) was 85%. Preliminary evidence is provided for effectiveness of initial macitentan and riociguat combination therapy in PAH.
A survey of Canadian and Australian pharmacists’ stigma of suicide
Authors: Murphy Andrea L , O’Reilly Claire L , Ataya Randa , Doucette Steve P , Martin-Misener Ruth , Rosen Alan , Gardner David M 
Published: January 2019

Background: There is limited information available regarding community pharmacists’ stigma of suicide. Pharmacists regularly interact with people at risk of suicide and stigmatizing attitudes may impact care. Objective: To measure community pharmacists’ stigma of suicide. Method: Pharmacists in Canada and Australia completed an online survey with the Stigma of Suicide Scale–Short Form. Data were analysed descriptively and with univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Three hundred and ninety-six pharmacists returned completed surveys (Canada n = 235; Australia n = 161; female 70%; mean age = 38.6 ± 12.7 years). The rate of endorsement of stigmatizing terms was low overall. Canadian and Australian pharmacists differed (p < 0.05) for several variables (e.g. age, friend or relative with a mental illness, training in mental health crisis). Pharmacists without someone close to them living with a mental illness were more likely to strongly agree/agree with words describing those who die by suicide as pathetic, stupid, irresponsible, and cowardly. Those without a personal diagnosis of mental illness strongly agreed/agreed with the terms immoral, irresponsible, vengeful, and cowardly. More Australian pharmacists strongly agreed/agreed that people who die by suicide are irresponsible, cowardly, and disconnected. Independent variables associated with a higher stigma were male sex, Australian, and negative perceptions about suicide preventability. Conclusion: Community pharmacists frequently interact with people at risk of suicide and generally have low agreement of stigmatizing terms for people who die by suicide. Research should focus on whether approaches such as contact-based education can minimize existing stigma.
Blood group alters platelet binding kinetics to von Willebrand factor and consequently platelet function
Authors: Dunne Eimear , Qi Qin M. , Shaqfeh Eric S. , O’Sullivan Jamie M. , Schoen Ingmar , Ricco Antonio J. , O’Donnell James S. , Kenny Dermot 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Blood type O is associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction. Platelets play a critical role in myocardial infarction. It is not known whether the expression of blood group antigens on platelet proteins alters platelet function; we hypothesized that platelet function would be different between donors with blood type O and those with non-O. To address this hypothesis, we perfused blood from healthy type O donors (n = 33) or non-O donors (n = 54) over pooled plasma derived von Willebrand factor (VWF) protein and purified blood type–specific VWF at arterial shear and measured platelet translocation dynamics. We demonstrate for the first time that type O platelets travel farther at greater speeds before forming stable bonds with VWF. To further characterize these findings, we used a novel analytical model of platelet interaction. Modeling revealed that the kinetics for GPIb/VWF binding rate are significantly lower for type O compared with non-O platelets. Our results demonstrate that platelets from type O donors interact less with VWF at arterial shear than non-O platelets. Our results suggest a potential mechanism for the reduced risk of myocardial infarction associated with blood type O.
Applying quantitative appraisal analysis to the study of institutional discourse: the case of EU migration documents
Authors: Tupala Mira 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article addresses the methodological issues related to applying the appraisal framework quantitatively with a corpus of institutional texts. The aim is to explore how to best annotate evaluative expressions in official institutional documents which are usually considered as factual and formal rather than attitudinal and affectual. Using a corpus of migration documents of the European Union as a point of reference, I outline a way of analysis in which each case of appraisal is systematically accounted for and annotated accurately with regard to the socio-cultural context of the EU, serving to deepen and widen the scope of the appraisal analysis. Ultimately, the study of evaluative patterns used in institutional discourse can reveal the ways in which evaluation is integrated into the structures of formal institutional language and how evaluation towards different phenomena (e.g. migration) is constructed.
Bioactive calcium phosphate materials and applications in bone regeneration
Authors: Jeong Jiwoon , Kim Jung Hun , Shim Jung Hee , Hwang Nathaniel S. , Heo Chan Yeong 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Bone regeneration involves various complex biological processes. Many experiments have been performed using biomaterials in vivo and in vitro to promote and understand bone regeneration. Among the many biomaterials, calcium phosphates which exist in the natural bone have been conducted a number of studies because of its bone regenerative property. It can be directly contributed to bone regeneration process or assist in the use of other biomaterials. Therefore, it is widely used in many applications and has been continuously studied.

Mainbody
Calcium phosphate has been widely used in bone regeneration applications because it shows osteoconductive and in some cases osteoinductive features. The release of calcium and phosphorus ions regulates the activation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to facilitate bone regeneration. The control of surface properties and porosity of calcium phosphate affects cell/protein adhesion and growth and regulates bone mineral formation. Properties affecting bioactivity vary depending on the types of calcium phosphates such as HAP, TCP and can be utilized in various applications because of differences in ion release, solubility, stability, and mechanical strength. In order to make use of these properties, different calcium phosphates have been used together or mixed with other materials to complement their disadvantages and to highlight their advantages. Calcium phosphate has been utilized to improve bone regeneration in ways such as increasing osteoconductivity for bone ingrowth, enhancing osteoinductivity for bone mineralization with ion release control, and encapsulating drugs or growth factors.

Conclusion
Calcium phosphate has been used for bone regeneration in various forms such as coating, cement and scaffold based on its unique bioactive properties and bone regeneration effectiveness. Additionally, several studies have been actively carried out to improve the efficacy of calcium phosphate in combination with various healing agents. By summarizing the properties of calcium phosphate and its research direction, we hope that calcium phosphate can contribute to the clinical treatment approach for bone defect and disease.
Cosmeceutical activities of ethanol extract and its ethyl acetate fraction from coffee silverskin
Authors: Xuan Song Hua , Lee Keon Soo , Jeong Hyo Jin , Park Young Min , Ha Ji Hoon , Park Soo Nam 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Coffee silverskin is a thin film that covers the raw coffee bean. In general, coffee silverskin, which detaches during the coffee roasting process, is disposed as firelighters or dispatched to landfills and can cause serious environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using coffee silverskin as a functional material in cosmetics by evaluating its bioactive ingredients, antioxidative activity, cytoprotective effect, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)-inhibiting effect, and anti-melanogenesis effect.

Results
To this end, a 50% ethanol (EtOH) extract and its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction were prepared from coffee silverskin; caffeine was found to be the major compound in the extract. Both the 50% EtOH extract and its EtOAc fraction exhibited antioxidant activities. However, the EtOAc fraction showed a greater radical-scavenging activity and reducing power than that shown by the 50% EtOH extract. Furthermore, the EtOAc fraction increased cell viability in a UVB-irradiated human keratinocyte injury model and significantly suppressed UVB-induced MMP-1 expression and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated melanin production in HaCaT keratinocytes and B16F1 melanocytes, respectively. Interestingly, caffeine, the major component of the EtOAc fraction, did not show an inhibitory effect. Thus, the antioxidant capacity of the coffee silverskin extract may be attributable to some compounds that exhibit a high antioxidant capacity even at low concentrations or the total antioxidant capacity of various constituent phenolic compounds.

Conclusion
Our findings indicate that coffee silverskin has the potential for application as a natural functional material in multifunctional cosmetics.
Metallothionein expression on oysters (Crassostrea cuculata and Crassostrea glomerata) from the southern coastal region of East Java
Authors: Hertika Asus Maizar Suryanto , Kusriani Kusriani , Indrayani Erlinda , Yona Defri , Putra Renanda Baghaz Dzulhamdhani Surya 
Published: January 2019

Background:This study aimed to analyse levels of heavy metals (Pb, Hg and Cd) in the aquatic body, gills and stomach of the oystersCrassostrea cuculataandCrassostrea glomerata, the metallothionein (MT) level in the gills and stomach of both oysters, and relationships between heavy metals level (Pb, Hg and Cd) in the gills and stomach to MT level in both types of oysters.Methods:The research method utilized was a descriptive method. The oyster samples were taken from three stations: Sendang Biru, Popoh and Prigi beaches. MT values were assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The heavy metal levels were assessed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry method.Results:Both oyster heavy metal content obtained in the southern coastal waters exceeded the safe limit set by the State Minister of Environment No. 51 of 2004. In general, the expression of MT was found to be higher in gastric tissue compared to gill tissue.Conclusions:The relationship between levels of the heavy metals Pb, Hg, and Cd in oyster gills and stomach has a strong relationship with MT levels in the gills and stomach in both types of oysters.
Genetic and environmental determinants of stressful life events and their overlap with depression and neuroticism
Authors: Clarke Toni-Kim , Zeng Yanni , Navrady Lauren , Xia Charley , Haley Chris , Campbell Archie , Navarro Pau , Amador Carmen , Adams Mark J. , Howard David M. , Soler Aleix , Hayward Caroline , Thomson Pippa A. , Smith Blair H. , Padmanabhan Sandosh , Hocking Lynne J. , Hall Lynsey S. , Porteous David J. ,   Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Deary Ian J. , McIntosh Andrew M. 
Published: January 2019

Background: Stressful life events (SLEs) and neuroticism are risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, SLEs and neuroticism are heritable and genetic risk for SLEs is associated with risk for MDD. We sought to investigate the genetic and environmental contributions to SLEs in a family-based sample, and quantify genetic overlap with MDD and neuroticism. Methods: A subset of Generation Scotland: the Scottish Family Health Study (GS), consisting of 9618 individuals with information on MDD, past 6 month SLEs, neuroticism and genome-wide genotype data was used in the present study. We estimated the heritability of SLEs using GCTA software. The environmental contribution to SLEs was assessed by modelling familial, couple and sibling components. Using polygenic risk scores (PRS) and LD score regression (LDSC) we analysed the genetic overlap between MDD, neuroticism and SLEs. Results: Past 6-month life events were positively associated with lifetime MDD status (β=0.21, r2=1.1%, p=2.5 x 10-25) and neuroticism (β =0.13, r2=1.9%, p=1.04 x 10-37) at the phenotypic level. Common SNPs explained 8% of the phenotypic variance in personal life events (those directly affecting the individual) (S.E.=0.03, p= 9 x 10-4). A significant effect of couple environment was detected accounting for 13% (S.E.=0.03, p=0.016) of the phenotypic variation in SLEs. PRS analyses found that reporting more SLEs was associated with a higher polygenic risk for MDD (β =0.05, r2=0.3%, p=3 x 10-5), but not a higher polygenic risk for neuroticism. LDSC showed a significant genetic correlation between SLEs and both MDD (rG=0.33, S.E.=0.08 ) and neuroticism (rG=0.15, S.E.=0.07). Conclusions: These findings suggest that SLEs should not be regarded solely as environmental risk factors for MDD as they are partially heritable and this heritability is shared with risk for MDD and neuroticism. Further work is needed to determine the causal direction and source of these associations.
Uptake of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in Nigeria
Authors: Dairo David M , Adekunle Olajide A , Okedare Omowumi O 
Published: January 2019

Background: In 2000, the World Health Organization recommended the use of at least 2 doses of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) to reduce the burden of malaria in pregnancy. Aims: This research described the pattern of IPTp-SP uptake among pregnant women. Methods: This study involved re-analyses of the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey datasets for 2003 and 2008. Frequencies and chi-square (c2) (2x2) tests were used to describe the pattern of IPTp-SP uptake. Findings: The percentage of pregnant women who used any dosage of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and at least 2 doses of IPTp-SP increased significantly at P<0.05. There was significant increase whe classified by residence, region, socioeconomic status, education, literacy, partner's education, religion and employment status. Conclusions: Uptake of IPTp-SP is still low and calls for intensified improvement of awareness.
Low uptake of postnatal care services in northern Tanzania
Authors: Laisser Rose Mjawa , Matovelo Dismas , Kuzenza Flora , Kidenya Benson 
Published: January 2019

Background: High maternal and neonatal mortality is still a challenge in Tanzania. Postnatal care services are highly recommended to prevent these deaths; however, uptake of the services is unsatisfactory. Studies on health facility factors related to low use of postnatal care are also limited. Aims: To determine health facility factors that contribute to the low uptake of postnatal care services in 43 primary care facilities of Misungwi District, Tanzania. Methods: A validated checklist with secondary data from health facility records was used in data collection, which took place between April and June 2016. Findings: Findings showed that 40.6% of 2648 women who gave birth at the facilities returned for postnatal care. Inadequate numbers of midwives, medicines, beds and laboratory facilities were found. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to deploy midwives and improve non human resources for better maternal and infant outcomes.
Nigerian students' awareness of breast self-examination
Authors: Ohaeri Beatrice M , Achilonu Blessing O 
Published: January 2019

Background: Mortality rates for breast cancer could be reduced if detected early, but late presentation is common in Nigeria. Breast self-examination is associated with early detection; however, despite its significant role in prevention, the rate of practice is still low. Aims: To assess the level of awareness of breast self-examination among female senior secondary school students in Akinyele local government area, Ibadan. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 200 consecutively selected participants using a self-administered questionnaire. Findings: The majority (70%) had heard of breast self-examination, and commonly cited a painless lump (64.5%) and skin changes (60%) as symptoms. Many (50.5%) disagreed that obesity was a risk factor and could not identify the steps involved in breast self-examination. Conclusions: There was a high level of awareness of breast self-examination among participants; however, knowledge of risk factors and uptake of breast self-examination were low. Therefore, periodic intervention programmes targeting young females with information on breast self-examination should be encouraged.