bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stellar Properties of Active G and K Stars: Exploring the Connection between Starspots and Chromospheric Activity
Authors: Morris Brett M. , Curtis Jason L. , Sakari Charli , Hawley Suzanne L. , Agol Eric 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We gathered high resolution spectra for an ensemble of 55 bright active and inactive stars using the ARC 3.5 m Telescope Echelle Spectrograph at Apache Point Observatory (R ≈ 31,500). We measured spectroscopic effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities for most stars in the sample with SME and MOOG. Our stellar property results are consistent with the photometric effective temperatures from the Gaia DR2 pipeline. We also measured their chromospheric S and

indices to classify the stars as active or inactive and study the connection between chromospheric activity and starspots. We then inferred the starspot covering fractions on the active stars by modeling their spectra as a linear combination of hot and cool inactive stellar spectral templates. We find that it is critical to use precise colors of the stars to place stringent priors on the plausible spot covering fractions. The inferred spot covering fractions generally increase with the chromospheric activity indicator

, though we are largely insensitive to spot coverages smaller than f

S
≲ 20%. We find a dearth of stars with small

and significant spot coverages.
How Much Information Does the Sodium Doublet Encode? Retrieval Analysis of Non-LTE Sodium Lines at Low and High Spectral Resolutions
Authors: Fisher Chloe , Heng Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Motivated by both ground- and space-based detections of the sodium doublet in the transmission spectra of exoplanetary atmospheres, we revisit the theory and interpretation of sodium lines in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE), where collisions are not efficient enough to maintain a Boltzmann distribution for the excited and ground states of the sodium atom. We consider non-Boltzmann distributions that account for the ineffectiveness of collisions. We analyze the sodium doublet in transmission spectra measured at low (HAT-P-1b, HAT-P-12b, HD 189733b, WASP-6b, WASP-17b, and WASP-39b) and high (WASP-49b) spectral resolutions. Nested-sampling retrievals performed on low-resolution optical/visible transmission spectra are unable to break the normalization degeneracy if the spectral continuum is associated with Rayleigh scattering by small cloud particles. Using mock retrievals, we demonstrate that unnormalized ground-based, high-resolution spectra centered on the sodium doublet alone are unable to precisely inform us about the pressure levels probed by the transit chord and hence to identify the region (i.e., thermosphere, exosphere) of the atmosphere being probed. Retrievals performed on the HARPS transmission spectrum of WASP-49b support this conclusion. Generally, we are unable to distinguish between LTE versus NLTE interpretations of the sodium doublet based on the computed Bayesian evidence with the implication that LTE interpretations tend to underestimate the temperature probed by the transit chord. With the current low-resolution data, the sodium line shapes are consistent with Voigt profiles without the need for sub-Lorentzian wings. The retrieved sodium abundances are consistent with being subsolar to solar.
Anomaly in the Opacity of the Post-reionization Intergalactic Medium in the Lyα and Lyβ Forest
Authors: Eilers Anna-Christina , Hennawi Joseph F. , Davies Frederick B. , Oñorbe Jose 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We measure the intergalactic medium (IGM) opacity in the Lyα as well as in the Lyβ forest along 19 quasar sightlines between 5.5 ≲ z
abs ≲ 6.1, probing the end stages of the reionization epoch. Owing to its lower oscillator strength, the Lyβ transition is sensitive to different gas temperatures and densities than Lyα, providing additional constraints on the ionization and thermal state of the IGM. A comparison of our measurements to different inhomogeneous reionization models, derived from post-processing the Nyx cosmological hydrodynamical simulation to include spatial fluctuations in the ultraviolet background or the gas temperature field, as well as to a uniform reionization model with varying thermal states of the IGM, leads to two primary conclusions: First, we find that including the effects of spectral noise is key for a proper data to model comparison. Noise effectively reduces the sensitivity to high-opacity regions, and thus even stronger spatial inhomogeneities are required to match the observed scatter in the observations than previously inferred. Second, we find that models that come close to reproducing the distribution of Lyα effective optical depths nevertheless underpredict the Lyβ opacity at the same spatial locations. The origin of this disagreement is not entirely clear, but models with an inversion in the temperature–density relation of the IGM just after reionization is completed match our measurements best, although they still do not fully capture the observations at z ≳ 5.8.
Growth Rates of the Electrostatic Waves in Radio Zebra Models
Authors: Benáček Jan , Karlický Marian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Zebras were observed not only in the solar radio emission but also in radio emissions of Jupiter and the Crab Nebula pulsar. In their models, growth rates of the electrostatic waves play an important role. Considering the plasma composed from the thermal background plasma and hot and rare component with the Dory–Guest–Harris distribution, we compute the growth rates γ and dispersion branches of the electrostatic waves in the ω − k
⊥ domain. We show complexity of the electrostatic wave branches in the upper-hybrid band. In order to compare the results, which we obtained using the kinetic theory and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we define and compute the integrated growth rate Γ, where the “characteristic width” of dispersion branches was considered. We found a very good agreement between the integrated growth rates and those from PIC simulations. For maximal and minimal Γ we showed locations of dispersion branches in the ω − k
⊥ domain. We found that Γ has a maximum when the dispersion branches not only cross the region with high growth rates γ, but when the dispersion branches in this region are sufficiently long and wide. We also mentioned the effects of changes in the background plasma and hot component temperatures.
Challenges in the Development and Curation of Species-plot Datasets in South Africa: The National Vegetation Database of phytosociological plots as a case study
Authors: Daly Brenda 
Published: August 2019

The South African National Biodiversity Institute is the custodian of numerous national level botanical and zoological datasets that have been collated over several decades and is mandated to ensure that taxonomic and ecological data are made available to the public through responsible data sharing. This study describes the nature of, and presents/discusses relevant standards for, the case study of the National Vegetation Database; the process adopted in the development of a vegetation-plot database; and current data management practices being undertaken in relation to the various stages of research data management. Phytosociological data is a record of vegetation abundance, richness, density and the associated environmental variables within a specified area or plot which usually includes a record of locality. The study aims to review the diversity of approaches in storing species-plot information in databases and to provide minimum data standards for these datasets.
The surveying, classifying, and mapping of vegetation enables monitoring of ecosystems and ultimately can lead to improved conservation planning and land management. A coordinated and integrated approach is therefore needed to record, rectify, and manage these data and capture accurate metadata. Preliminary findings indicate that a lack of version control can impact the authenticity of the data if records are altered or deleted. Data affluence/abundance (currently comprised of 53 500 plots within 384 sample projects, totalling 1 064 770 species occurrence records) is a challenge because these data often differ in formats, varying methodologies, and metadata within these research projects. The curation of plot data requires a standardised approach in the different steps from data acquisition to provision of results. Species names need to coincide with currently accepted taxonomy, and although certain details are specific to a species-plot project depending on their research interest, various other data should be made consistent in terms of field names and formats to improve the quality of the resulting aggregated set of botanical records. All decisions to modify data records to achieve data consistency should be clearly explained in the metadata record for the dataset.
Speedy Palaeoanthropology: How virtual morphology, digital databases and open access policies boost research in human evolution
Authors: Bastir Markus 
Published: August 2019

The last two decades have seen the development of virtual morphology (ViMo), which emerged during the late 20th century through the application of medical imaging techniques to the study of fossil hominins (Spoor et al. 1994, Zollikofer et al. 1995, Conroy et al. 1998). The ViMo workflow has evolved successively by first building digital databases of fossil hominins, followed by digital reference collections, through the development of virtual 3D geometric morphometrics and, more recently, also 3D-printing (Fig. 1; Bastir et al. 2019). ViMo-workflows have led to a renaissance of morphological studies of diversity in evolutionary Earth and life sciences.
The aim of this presentation is to briefly present standard workflows in the Virtual Morphology Lab in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, and to show, more generally, how ViMo-technologies, together with paradigmatic changes in science (open access, digital data bases), contribute to boosting current research in human paleontology.
The accidental discovery, in 2013, of fossil remains of a new human species, Homo naledi, in the Rising Star cave system, South Africa, has produced a large and important collection documenting early hominin diversity (Berger et al. 2015) . In the light of the huge amount of fossil material, a new research strategy was decided: different kinds of social media and an open-access policy were used for the organisation of a workshop focussed on the study of this new fossil collection and based on data sharing and global collaborations.
Because of this modern strategy, H. naledi was published very soon after its discovery (Berger et al. 2015) and simultaneously, the digitized fossils were made available to the public via MorphoSource, an open-access database. As a consequence, only five years later, more than 30 scientific publications have yielded almost 600 citations. This productivity is much higher than in any other recently discovered hominin species. Thus, 13 years after “glasnost” was proclaimed for paleoanthropology (Weber 2001), H. naledi has provided the first real example illustrating how open-access to digital collections accelerates and modifies research and diffusion in human paleontology.
Individualisation du patrimoine au sein des couples : quels enjeux pour la fiscalité ?
Authors: Frémeaux Nicolas , Leturcq Marion 
Published: August 2019

Nous montrons dans cet article que la manière dont le patrimoine est détenu au sein des couples a profondément évolué au cours de la période 1998-2010, conduisant à une individualisation du patrimoine et à une augmentation des inégalités de patrimoine au sein des couples. Celles-ci accompagnent les changements majeurs dans les modes de vie en couple : généralisation de la cohabitation hors mariage, essor du Pacs comme alternative au mariage et recours plus fréquent à un contrat de mariage, qui ont pour conséquence une séparation du patrimoine au sein des ménages. Nous montrons ensuite que cette tendance à l’individualisation du patrimoine au sein des couples n’a cependant pas été prise en compte dans le système fiscal, qui tend à faire l’hypothèse d’une mise en commun des ressources au sein des ménages. Ce phénomène invite à se questionner sur les principes de justice qui sous-tendent l’imposition du patrimoine des couples, que ce soit à travers les revenus, la détention ou la transmission des patrimoines. La fiscalité actuelle fait preuve d’incohérences dans le traitement fiscal des couples. L’objet de cet article est de documenter ces faits et d’ouvrir des pistes de réflexions.
Un impôt immobilier tout en un : rendement, progressivité et faisabilité
Authors: Bérard Guillaume , Trannoy Alain 
Published: August 2019

Nous étudions la faisabilité d’un impôt foncier unique (IFU) sur le patrimoine foncier et immobilier des ménages qui remplacerait tous les impôts existants portant sur ce type de patrimoine, en particulier, la taxe foncière, l’IFI, les DMTO, la taxe sur les plus-values immobilières et l’impôt sur les revenus fonciers perçus par les propriétaires bailleurs. La valeur du patrimoine net de la dette immobilière, moins un abattement sur la valeur de la résidence principale de 50 000 euros, serait taxée au taux de 1 % jusqu’au seuil de l’IFI (soit 1,3 million d’euros) et à hauteur de 1,5 % au-delà. Les recettes seraient partagées entre l’État et les collectivités territoriales au moyen d’un fonds de péréquation. Après avoir présenté les raisons qui légitiment notre proposition de réforme, nous procédons à une première évaluation du rendement de l’impôt et du profil de la charge fiscale en fonction du revenu, de la taille familiale et de l’âge en mobilisant l’enquête Patrimoine de l’INSEE. La décorrélation partielle des revenus et des patrimoines immobiliers permet difficilement d’en faire un grand impôt de rendement, même si la recette fiscale espérée est équivalente à la recette perdue des impôts remplacés. Un plafonnement de l’IFU en termes de revenu disponible briderait assez rapidement son rendement.
Long-Term Effect of Anterior Chamber Depth on Endothelial Cell Density in Patients With Iris-Fixated Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Eldanasoury Alaa M. , Roozbahani Mehdi , Tolees Sherif , Arana Christina 
Published: August 2019

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the long-term endothelial cell density (ECD) change and its correlation with preoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD) and aqueous depth (AQD) in patients with iris-fixated phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs).

METHODS:
A total of 90 eyes from 57 patients who underwent pIOL implantation were retrospectively enrolled. Correlation between ACD and endothelial cell loss (ECL) was investigated. Optimal cut-off values for ACD and AQD were assessed.

RESULTS:

The average follow-up period was 11.8 ± 2.0 years (range: 9.1 to 17.3 years). Compared to the baseline data, the mean ECD change was −894 ± 732 cells/mm
2
(range: −2,281 to 389 cells/mm
2
). The mean ECD change from baseline was −53.5% ± 19.1% (range: −75.1% to −5.2%) in eyes with preoperative ACD of 3.20 mm or greater −26.0% ± 26.6% (range: −74.1% to 0.9%) in eyes with ACD of 3.21 to 3.49 mm, and −5.2 ± 8.7% (range: −21.3% to 16.8%) in eyes with ACD of 3.50 mm or greater (
P
< .001). No eyes with ACD of 3.50 mm or greater had significant endothelial cell loss (SECL), whereas 84% of the eyes with ACD of 3.20 mm or less experienced SECL (
P
< .001). There was a significant negative correlation between ECL and ACD (
r
= −0.70,
P
< .001) and AQD (
r
= −0.65,
P
< .001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that ACD of 3.35 mm provides 84% sensitivity and 88% specificity and AQD of 2.75 mm provides 88% sensitivity and 81% specificity for preventing SECL.

CONCLUSIONS:
Smaller ACD and AQD are significantly correlated with more ECL. Minimum ACD of 3.35 mm or AQD of 2.75 mm are recommended for better long-term endothelial safety.

[
J Refract Surg.
2019;35(8):493–500.]
Selection signature analysis reveals genes underlying sheep milking performance
Authors: Yuan Zehu , Li Wanhong , Li Fadi , Yue Xiangpeng 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Sheep milk is the most important feed resource for
newborn lambs and an important food resource for humans. Sheep milk production and ingredients are influenced by genetic and environmental
factors. In this study, we implemented selection signature analysis using
Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip data of 78 meat Lacaune and 103 milk Lacaune sheep, which have similar genetic backgrounds, from the Sheep HapMap project to identify candidate genes related to ovine milk traits. Since different
methods can detect different variation types and complement each other, we
used a haplotype-based method (hapFLK) to implement selection signature
analysis. The results revealed six selection signature regions showing signs of being selected (P<0.001): chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 13
and 18. In addition, 38 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to sheep milk performance were
identified in selection signature regions, which contain 334 candidate
genes. Of those, SUCNR1 (succinate receptor 1) and PPARGC1A (PPARG coactivator 1 alpha) may be the most significant genes that affect sheep milking performance, which supply a significant indication for future studies to investigate candidate genes that play an important role in milk production and quality.
Investigation of Arctic middle-atmospheric dynamics using 3 years of H2O and O3 measurements from microwave radiometers at Ny-Ålesund
Authors: Schranz Franziska , Tschanz Brigitte , Rüfenacht Rolf , Hocke Klemens , Palm Mathias , Kämpfer Niklaus 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. We used 3 years of water vapour and ozone measurements to study the dynamics in the Arctic middle atmosphere.
We investigated the descent of water vapour within the polar vortex, major and minor sudden stratospheric warmings and periodicities at Ny-Ålesund.
The measurements were performed with the two ground-based microwave radiometers MIAWARA-C and GROMOS-C, which have been co-located at the AWIPEV research base at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79∘ N, 12∘ E), since September 2015.
Both instruments belong to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC).
The almost continuous datasets of water vapour and ozone are characterized by a high time resolution of the order of hours.
A thorough intercomparison of these datasets with models and measurements from satellite, ground-based and in situ instruments was performed.
In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere the MIAWARA-C water vapour profiles agree within 5 % with SD-WACCM simulations and ACE-FTS measurements on average, whereas AuraMLS measurements show an average offset of 10 %–15 % depending on altitude but constant in time.
Stratospheric GROMOS-C ozone profiles are on average within 6 % of the SD-WACCM model, the AuraMLS and ACE-FTS satellite instruments and the OZORAM ground-based microwave radiometer which is also located at Ny-Ålesund. During these first 3 years of the measurement campaign typical phenomena of the Arctic middle atmosphere took place, and we analysed their signatures in the water vapour and ozone measurements.
Two major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) took place in March 2016 and February 2018 and three minor warmings were observed in early 2017.
Ozone-rich air was brought to the pole and during the major warmings ozone enhancements of up to 4 ppm were observed.
The reversals of the zonal wind accompanying a major SSW were captured in the GROMOS-C wind profiles which are retrieved from the ozone spectra.
After the SSW in February 2018 the polar vortex re-established and the water vapour descent rate in the mesosphere was 355 m d−1.
Inside of the polar vortex in autumn we found the descent rate of mesospheric water vapour from MIAWARA-C to be 435 m d−1 on average.
We find that the water vapour descent rate from SD-WACCM and the vertical velocity w‾* of the residual mean meridional circulation from SD-WACCM are substantially higher than the descent rates of MIAWARA-C.
w‾* and the zonal mean water vapour descent rate from SD-WACCM agree within 10 % after the SSW, whereas in autumn w‾* is up to 40 % higher.
We further present an overview of the periodicities in the water vapour and ozone measurements and analysed seasonal and interannual differences.
Understanding the potential of climate teleconnections to project future groundwater drought
Authors: Rust William , Holman Ian , Bloomfield John , Cuthbert Mark , Corstanje Ron 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Predicting the next major drought is of paramount interest to water
managers globally. Estimating the onset of groundwater drought is of
particular importance, as groundwater resources are often assumed to be more
resilient when surface water resources begin to fail. A potential source of
long-term forecasting is offered by possible periodic controls on
groundwater level via teleconnections with oscillatory ocean–atmosphere
systems. However, relationships between large-scale climate systems and
regional to local-scale rainfall, evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater are often complex and
non-linear so that the influence of long-term climate cycles on groundwater
drought remains poorly understood. Furthermore, it is currently unknown
whether the absolute contribution of multi-annual climate variability to
total groundwater storage is significant. This study assesses the extent to
which multi-annual variability in groundwater can be used to indicate the
timing of groundwater droughts in the UK. Continuous wavelet transforms show
how repeating teleconnection-driven 7-year and 16–32-year cycles in the
majority of groundwater sites from all the UK's major aquifers can
systematically control the recurrence of groundwater drought; and we provide
evidence that these periodic modes are driven by teleconnections. Wavelet
reconstructions demonstrate that multi-annual periodicities of the North
Atlantic Oscillation, known to drive North Atlantic meteorology, comprise up
to 40 % of the total groundwater storage variability. Furthermore, the
majority of UK recorded droughts in recent history coincide with a minimum
phase in the 7-year NAO-driven cycles in groundwater level, providing
insight into drought occurrences on a multi-annual timescale. Long-range
groundwater drought forecasts via climate teleconnections present
transformational opportunities to drought prediction and its management
across the North Atlantic region.