bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit motives and basic psychological needs
Authors: Schüler Julia , Baumann Nicola , Chasiotis Athanasios , Bender Michael , Baum Ingrid 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe present article starts with discussing similarities and differences between conceptualizations of human needs in self‐determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan [1985], Intrinsic motivation and self‐determination in human behavior; Deci & Ryan [2000], Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation) and motive disposition theory (MDT; McClelland, Human motivation, 1985). The second section focuses on the two‐process model of psychological needs (Sheldon [2011], Psychological Review, 118: 552), which aims to integrate the two approaches, whereas the third section highlights some aspects of both theories that are still decoupled or even contradictory, but nevertheless still have a high potential to be linked. These three aspects are (a) the noncorresponding concepts of implicit power motive (MDT) and basic need for autonomy (SDT); (b) the differentiation of needs into hope and fear components, which is theoretically embedded in MDT, but not in SDT; and (c) MDT researchers’ differentiation into an implicit and explicit motivational system, which is not included in SDT. Particularly, the last section highlights the potential for areas in which further integration is possible, which provides a foundation for comprehensive and exciting research on human motivation.
The robust pricing–hedging duality for American options in discrete time financial markets
Authors: Aksamit Anna , Deng Shuoqing , Obłój Jan , Tan Xiaolu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe investigate the pricing–hedging duality for American options in discrete time financial models where some assets are traded dynamically and others, for example, a family of European options, only statically. In the first part of the paper, we consider an abstract setting, which includes the classical case with a fixed reference probability measure as well as the robust framework with a nondominated family of probability measures. Our first insight is that, by considering an enlargement of the space, we can see American options as European options and recover the pricing–hedging duality, which may fail in the original formulation. This can be seen as a weak formulation of the original problem. Our second insight is that a duality gap arises from the lack of dynamic consistency, and hence that a different enlargement, which reintroduces dynamic consistency is sufficient to recover the pricing–hedging duality: It is enough to consider fictitious extensions of the market in which all the assets are traded dynamically. In the second part of the paper, we study two important examples of the robust framework: the setup of Bouchard and Nutz and the martingale optimal transport setup of Beiglböck, Henry‐Labordère, and Penkner, and show that our general results apply in both cases and enable us to obtain the pricing–hedging duality for American options.
Educators’ Target Language Varieties for Language Learners: Orientation Toward ‘Native’ and ‘Nonnative’ Norms in a Minority Language Context
Authors: Ó MURCHADHA NOEL , FLYNN COLIN J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTarget varieties for language learning are contentious in applied linguistics and sociolinguistics. Debates centre on the nature and utility of alternative norms. Approximation to ‘native speaker’ practices is the hallmark of language education. Thus, policy and pedagogy frequently orient toward achieving native‐like production. While many language learning stakeholders are committed to this model, it is also contested. Opponents point to the ideological assumptions about ‘native’ and ‘nonnative’ speech inherent in the model, and to the unrealistic aims it presents to teachers and learners. While much research focuses on learner preferences, little work exists on teacher attitudes. This article aims to address this dearth in the target variety debate. By focusing on Irish as a minority language, the article supplements the literature on classroom targets for English and other major languages. A thematic analysis of interviews with Irish language pedagogues is presented and reveals their engagement with target varieties for the language.
Role of C‐reactive protein in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury
Authors: Tang Ying , Mak Shiu‐Kwong , Xu An P , Lan Hui‐Yao 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAcute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by both non‐inflammatory and inflammatory process, and accumulating evidence has demonstrated that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of AKI. C‐reactive protein (CRP), an acute reactant produced by liver and many inflammatory cells, acts not only as an inflammation biomarker, but also as a pathogenic factor for AKI. Indeed, increased concentration of CRP is associated with poor outcome of varied etiologically related AKI patients. In recent years, the role of CRP is gradually recognized as an active participant in the pathogenesis and progression of AKI by exacerbating local inflammation, impairing the proliferation of damaged tubular epithelial cells and promoting fibrosis of injured renal tissue.
Mineral bone disorders in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Hou Yi‐Chou , Lu Chien‐Lin , Lu Kuo‐Cheng 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAs the GFR loss aggravates, the disturbed mineral metabolism worsens the bone microstructure and remodelling ‐ scenario, which is known as CKD‐mineral bone disease (MBD). CKD‐MBD is characterized by : (i) abnormal metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), or vitamin D; (ii) abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization, volume linear growth or strength; (iii) soft‐tissue calcifications, either vascular or extra‐osseous. Uremic vascular calcification and osteoporosis are the most common complications related to CKD‐MBD. Disregulated bone turnover by uremic toxin or secondary hyperparathyroidism disturbed bone mineralization and makes it difficult for calcium and inorganic phosphate to enter into bone, resulting in increased serum calcium and inorganic phosphate. Vascular calcification worsens by hyperphosphatemia and systemic inflammation. Since vitamin D deficiency plays an important role in renal osteodystrophy, supplement of nutritional vitamin D is important in treating uremic osteoporosis and vascular calcification at the same time. Its pleotropic effect improves the bone remodeling initiated by osteoblast and alleviates the risk factors for vascular calcification with less hypercalcemia than vitamin D receptor analogs. Therefore, nutritional vitamin D should be considered in managing CKDMBD.
Lupus nephritis: An update on treatments and pathogenesis
Authors: Yap Desmond YH , Yung Susan , Chan TAK MAO 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTImmunosuppressive therapies for lupus nephritis (LN) have improved significantly over the past few decades, resulting in growing number of choices for treatment individualization and improved renal and patient outcomes. Corticosteroids combined with mycophenolate or cyclophosphamide induces a satisfactory response in a high proportion of Asian and Caucasian patients, but the rate of improvement varies considerably between patients. Relatively low disease flare rate was observed in Chinese patients receiving low‐dose prednisolone and mycophenolate maintenance. Short‐term results with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are encouraging, attributed both to their immunosuppressive efficacy and the action of these agents on podocyte biology leading to more rapid proteinuria suppression. Additional data, especially on the avoidance of nephrotoxicity and metabolic side effects, is required to facilitate selection of patients appropriate for this treatment. Modifications of standard regimens such as reducing corticosteroid exposure or using enteric‐coated mycophenolate might help reduce treatment‐related toxicities without compromising efficacy. While clinical outcomes of patients have improved with recent therapeutic advances, individual and ethnic variations in disease manifestations and treatment response, as well as the prevention of infections and long‐term complications still present challenges to frontline clinicians. Recent data from histological examination and translational studies also suggest that complement activation via the alternative pathway, immune deposition on renal tubular basement membrane, and local inflammatory responses involving resident kidney cells are of pathogenic relevance in LN. The progress of clinical and translational studies has improved not only the understanding of disease mechanisms but also clinical decision making in the management of LN.
The first case of severe acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti‐Sc2
Authors: Lemay Anne‐Sophie , Tong Tik Nga , Branch Donald R. , Huang Mary , Sumner Christopher , Oldfield Lynne , Hawes Janice , Cserti‐Gazdewich Christine M. , Lau Wendy 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUNDAlloantibodies to the low‐frequency antigen Scianna‐2 (Sc2) have been implicated in cases of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn but never in hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs); thus, the clinical significance of anti‐Sc2 has yet to be fully addressed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA 26‐year‐old woman with thalassemia presented rigors, fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and hemolytic biochemistry after exposure to 75 mL of plasma‐reduced red blood cells (RBCs). The RBC unit was issued by electronic crossmatch but was 3+ incompatible on recrossmatch by gel indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). The patient had anti‐Sc2 previously identified, but considered to be clinically insignificant. The transfusion history was reviewed and a monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) was performed.RESULTSThe patient was investigated for a RBC reaction 9 years prior, when she developed symptoms of HTR. The RBC unit was crossmatched by immediate spin due to consistent screen negativity. Full crossmatch found the RBC 1+ incompatible by gel IAT with both pre/post samples, while direct antiglobulin test was negative (pre) and 1+ immunoglobulin G positive (post). The antibody remained unidentified and she was committed to gel IAT crossmatch. Two‐years later, the specificity to Sc2 was deduced when one RBC unit was found 3+ incompatible. Finally, the transfusion reaction reported herein occurred when she received by happenstance RBCs from the same donor who was associated with the remote reaction 9 years earlier. MMA yielded highly positive phagocytic indices only for Sc2+ RBCs, including the donor's RBCs that triggered the severe HTR.CONCLUSIONThis is the first case of HTR caused by anti‐Sc2 confirmed by clinical findings and MMA.
Language and empowerment
Authors: Webster Jonathan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEdwin Thumboo's poem Language as Power, written for Larry and Braj (L&B) provides the central theme for this paper written in remembrance of Larry. The poem is a composition in two movements, engaging readers aesthetically and spiritually. The poem's first movement is more like a hymn, celebrating the power of the Word. The second movement explores the impact of the phenomenon known as world Englishes. The paper concludes with two personal notes: the first explaining how the meaning‐making potential of language – what Halliday calls ‘grammatical energy’ – is employed by the poet to immortalize L & B; and the second, how our encounters with Larry's every good endeavor have enriched our lives and made us better human beings.
Technical and Tactical Discriminatory Factors Between Winners and Defeated Elite Karate Athletes
Authors: Tabben Montassar , Conte Daniele , Haddad Monoem , Chamari Karim 
Published: October 2018

Purpose: To assess the technical and tactical demands of elite karate athletes in relation to 3 match sequences (ie, advantage, disadvantage, and drawing) and match outcome (ie, win/defeat). Methods: One hundred twenty elite seniors’ (60 men and 60 women) World Karate Federation combats were analyzed during 2 World Championships (2012 and 2014). Specific karate attributes (strategy, technique, tactic, target, and effectiveness) were evaluated and classified into 3 sequences: advantage, disadvantage, and drawing. Results: Karatekas performed more combination techniques in disadvantage sequences than in drawing sequences (P = .011). A higher number of timed-attack actions were reported during advantage sequences than during drawing sequences (P = .048). Winners of the whole combat had higher lower-limb technique rate (1.0 [0.9] vs 0.1 [0.3]; P = .044) and less rate of timed attack (0.3 [0.5] vs 0.6 [1.0]; P = .030) than defeated karatekas during advantage and drawing sequences, respectively. Conclusions: Winners used higher lower-limb technique and less timed-attack rates than defeated karatekas in advantage and drawing sequences, respectively. Indeed, using lower-limb technique during advantageous situations could be a powerful strategy to increase the lead. Therefore, it seems fundamental for coaches of top elite karatekas to put their athletes in simulated situations and push them to increase their use of lower-limb techniques.
Dicaffeoylquinic and Dicaffeoyltartaric Acids Are Selective Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase
Authors: McDougall Brenda , King Peter J. , Wu Bor Wen , Hostomsky Zdenek , Reinecke Manfred G. , Robinson W. Edward 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Current pharmacological agents for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection include drugs targeted against HIV reverse transcriptase and HIV protease. An understudied therapeutic target is HIV integrase, an essential enzyme that mediates integration of the HIV genome into the host chromosome. The dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQAs) and the dicaffeoyltartaric acids (DCTAs) have potent activity against HIV integrase in vitro and prevent HIV replication in tissue culture. However, their specificity against HIV integrase in cell culture has been questioned. Thus, the ability of the DCQAs and DCTAs to inhibit binding of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 to CD4 and their activities against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV RNase H were studied. The DCQAs and DCTAs inhibited HIV-1 integrase at concentrations between 150 and 840 nM. They inhibited HIV replication at concentrations between 2 and 12 μM. Their activity against reverse transcriptase ranged from 7 μM to greater than 100 μM. Concentrations that inhibited gp120 binding to CD4 exceeded 80 μM. None of the compounds blocked HIV-1 RNase H by 50% at concentrations exceeding 80 μM. Furthermore, when the effects of the DCTAs on reverse transcription in acutely infected cells were measured, they were found to have no activity. Therefore, the DCQAs and DCTAs exhibit >10- to >100-fold specificity for HIV integrase, and their activity against integrase in biochemical assays is consistent with their observed anti-HIV activity in tissue culture. Thus, the DCQAs and DCTAs are a potentially important class of HIV inhibitors that act at a site distinct from that of current HIV therapeutic agents.
Atomic Force Microscopy: Application to Investigation of
Escherichia coli
Morphology before and after Exposure to Cefodizime
Authors: Braga Pier Carlo , Ricci Davide 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a recently developed technique that allows for the investigation of the surface morphology of a biological specimen at an unprecedented level of resolution. The aim of the present study was to explore some of the new opportunities offered by AFM by studying the morphological and surface alterations induced in
Escherichia coli
by supra-MICs and sub-MICs of a beta-lactam antibiotic (cefodizime). The underlying principle of AFM is the scanning and sensing of the topography of a sample by means of near-field microscopy that makes it possible to obtain simultaneous digital measurements of the
x
,
y
, and
z
coordinates of any point on the bacterial surface with great resolution (
x
and
y
, ∼20 Å;
z
, ∼1 Å). Unlike scanning electron microscopy, performance of AFM does not require a vacuum, drying to the critical point, or the coating of the bacterial surface with a metal layer. The digital storage of the information makes it easy to rotate the image, observe the bacterial surface and induced structural alterations from different points of view, and obtain a cross-section at any desired point with precise, automatic measurement of the heights and sizes of normal versus damaged bacteria. Use of the new and outstanding technique of AFM will make it possible for researchers to investigate biological samples immersed in biological fluids and will also make it possible for them to study the morphological alterations of living bacteria exposed to antibiotics as they are taking place.
Comparison of CO
2
Generation (BACTEC) and Viable-Count Methods To Determine the Postantibiotic Effect of Antimycobacterial Agents against
Mycobacterium avium
Complex
Authors: Zhanel George G. , Saunders Marilyn H. , Wolfe Joyce N. , Hoban Daryl J. , Karlowsky James A. , Kabani Amin M. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

The postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of antimycobacterial agents determined with a BACTEC TB-460 instrument (CO
2
production) and by a traditional viable-count method against
Mycobacterium avium
complex (MAC) were not significantly different (
P
> 0.05). The longest PAEs following a 2-h exposure to 2× the MIC were induced by amikacin (10.3 h), rifampin (9.7 h), and rifabutin (9.5 h), while the shortest PAEs resulted from clofazimine (1.7 h) and ethambutol (1.1 h) exposure. CO
2
generation is a valid and efficient means of determining in vitro PAEs against MAC.
Treatment of Enterococcal Pyelonephritis with Trovafloxacin and Rifampin: In Vitro-In Vivo Contrast
Authors: Montgomerie J. Z. , Schick D. G. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

The in vitro bactericidal interaction of trovafloxacin and rifampin against
Enterococcus
spp. has indicated that antagonism occurs between these two antimicrobial agents. This drug combination was examined in vivo in rats with experimental pyelonephritis. The rats received trovafloxacin, rifampin, or both drugs. On the basis of the mean log
10
CFU of
Enterococcus faecalis
from the kidneys, there was no evidence that trovafloxacin and rifampin were antagonistic in vivo.
Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of the DNA Gyrase
gyrA
Gene from
Serratia marcescens
and Characterization of Mutations in
gyrA
of Quinolone-Resistant Clinical Isolates
Authors: Kim Jeong Hoon , Cho Eun Hee , Kim Kwang Seo , Kim Hak Yeop , Kim Young Min 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

The sequence of the DNA gyrase
gyrA
gene of
Serratia marcescens
ATCC 14756 was determined. An open reading frame of 2,640 nucleotides coding for a polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 97,460 was found, and its sequence complemented the sequence of an
Escherichia coli gyrA
temperature-sensitive mutation. Analysis of the PCR products of the quinolone resistance-determining regions of
gyrA
genes from six quinolone-resistant clinical isolates revealed a single amino acid substitution, Ser-83 to Arg or Asp-87 to Tyr, in all six mutants, suggesting that a mutational alteration in
gyrA
is a common mechanism of quinolone resistance in
S. marcescens.
DNA Sequence Variation within
vanA
,
vanB
,
vanC-1
, and
vanC-2/3
Genes of Clinical
Enterococcus
Isolates
Authors: Patel Robin , Uhl Jim R. , Kohner Peggy , Hopkins Marlene K. , Steckelberg James M. , Kline Bruce , Cockerill Franklin R. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

We studied the DNA sequence variation of
van
genes of 34 isolates of
Enterococcus
spp. The isolates containing the
vanB
gene exhibited between 0 and 41 base pair changes per 801 bp studied when the
vanB
sequences were compared to that of the reference strain
Enterococcus faecalis
V583. The isolates carrying the
vanC-2
gene exhibited between 0 and 23 base pair changes per 346 bp studied when the
vanC-2
sequences were compared to that of the reference strain
E. casseliflavus
ATCC 25788. Little variation was noted in the
vanA
and
vanC-1
genes.
Therapeutic Effects of Water-Soluble Echinocandin Compounds on
Pneumocystis
Pneumonia in Mice
Authors: Furuta Takahisa , Muramatsu Hideyuki , Fujie Akihiko , Fujihira Shiro , Rain Abudullah Noor , Kojima Somei 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

The therapeutic effectiveness of water-soluble echinocandin compounds obtained from
Coleophoma empetri
F-11899, which has a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi, was examined in nude mice with experimental
Pneumocystis
pneumonia. The studies demonstrated the potential usefulness of the compounds.
Long-Circulating Immunoliposomal Amphotericin B against Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mice
Authors: Otsubo Takakazu , Maruyama Kazuo , Maesaki Shigefumi , Miyazaki Yoshitsugu , Tanaka Eitaro , Takizawa Tomoko , Moribe Kunikazu , Tomono Kazunori , Tashiro Takayoshi , Kohno Shigeru 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

We investigated the efficacy of long-circulating immunoliposomal amphotericin B (AmB) against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in mice using three types of liposomal AmB: conventional liposomal AmB (AmBisome), a long-circulating liposomal AmB and prepared by coating the liposome surface with polyethylene glycol (PEG; PEG-L-AmB), long-circulating immunoliposomal AmB (34A-PEG-L-AmB). The survival rates for mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis treated with an intravenous dose of 2 mg of AmBisome, PEG-L-AmB, or 34A-PEG-L-AmB per kg of body weight were 16.7, 83.3, and 100%, respectively. Treatment with 34A-PEG-L-AmB produced a marked reduction in the number of
Aspergillus fumigatus
organisms in the lungs. Pharmacokinetic studies showed the presence of high AmB concentrations in the plasma of mice treated with PEG-L-AmB (40.8 μg/ml) and in the lungs of mice treated with 34A-PEG-L-AmB (42.3 μg/g). We conclude that 34A-PEG-L-AmB, a long-circulating immunoliposomal AmB, is a promising form of AmB against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Postantibiotic Effect in
Escherichia coli
Determined with Real-Time Metabolic Monitoring
Authors: Libby Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Metabolic activity was used to quantify the delay in recovery of
Escherichia coli
after limited exposures to cefotaxime and piperacillin. This was measured with a microphysiometer, a device which measures changes in pH in the cellular environment, which in turn reflects the metabolic activity of the cells. The antibiotics were rapidly pumped into and flushed from each cellular environment. The length of time that the bacteria were exposed to either antibiotic was determined by programmed valve changes. Metabolic activity was measured during periods in which the instrument’s pumps were off. Graphical analysis of the data was used to determine the postantibiotic effect. The lengths of the postantibiotic effects of both drugs (95 to 101 min) determined with the microphysiometer corresponded with the reappearance of short, highly motile cells in significant numbers.