bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud Feedback Key to Marine Heatwave off Baja California
Authors: Myers Timothy A. , Mechoso Carlos R. , Cesana Gregory V. , DeFlorio Michael J. , Waliser Duane E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBetween 2013 and 2015, the northeast Pacific Ocean experienced the warmest surface temperature anomalies in the modern observational record. This “marine heatwave” marked a shift of Pacific decadal variability to its warm phase and was linked to significant impacts on marine species as well as exceptionally arid conditions in western North America. Here we show that the subtropical signature of this warming, off Baja California, was associated with a record deficit in the spatial coverage of co‐located marine boundary layer clouds. This deficit coincided with a large increase in downwelling solar radiation that dominated the anomalous energy budget of the upper ocean, resulting in record‐breaking warm sea surface temperature anomalies. Our observation‐based analysis suggests that a positive cloud‐surface temperature feedback was key to the extreme intensity of the heatwave. The results demonstrate the extent to which boundary layer clouds can contribute to regional variations in climate.
Remote Sensing of the Reconnection Electric Field From In Situ Multipoint Observations of the Separatrix Boundary
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Nakamura R. , Varsani A. , Genestreti K. J. , Baumjohann W. , Liu Y.‐H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA remote sensing technique to infer the local reconnection electric field based on in situ multipoint spacecraft observation at the reconnection separatrix is proposed. In this technique, the increment of the reconnected magnetic flux is estimated by integrating the in‐plane magnetic field during the sequential observation of the separatrix boundary by multipoint measurements. We tested this technique by applying it to virtual observations in a two‐dimensional fully kinetic particle‐in‐cell simulation of magnetic reconnection without a guide field and confirmed that the estimated reconnection electric field indeed agrees well with the exact value computed at the X‐line. We then applied this technique to an event observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission when crossing an energetic plasma sheet boundary layer during an intense substorm. The estimated reconnection electric field for this event is nearly 1 order of magnitude higher than a typical value of magnetotail reconnection.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Variations in Ganymede's Oxygen Atmosphere and Aurora
Authors: Molyneux P. M. , Nichols J. D. , Bannister N. P. , Bunce E. J. , Clarke J. T. , Cowley S. W. H. , Gérard J.‐C. , Grodent D. , Milan S. E. , Paty C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present high‐sensitivity Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph measurements of atmospheric OI 130.4‐nm and OI] 135.6‐nm emissions at Ganymede, which exhibit significant spatial and temporal variability. These observations represent the first observations of Ganymede using HST Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and of both the leading and trailing hemispheres within a single HST campaign, minimizing the potential influence of long‐term changes in the Jovian plasma sheet or in Ganymede's atmosphere on the comparison of the two hemispheres. The mean disk‐averaged OI] 135.6‐nm/OI 130.4‐nm observed intensity ratio was 2.72 ± 0.57 on the leading hemisphere and 1.42 ± 0.16 on the trailing hemisphere. The observed leading hemisphere ratios are consistent with an O2 atmosphere, but we show that an atomic oxygen component of ~10% is required to produce the observed trailing hemisphere ratios. The excess 130.4‐nm emission on the trailing hemisphere relative to that expected for an O2 atmosphere was ~11 R. The O column density required to produce this excess is determined based on previous estimates of the electron density and temperature at Ganymede and exceeds the limit for an optically thin atmosphere. The implication that the O atmosphere is optically thick may be investigated in future by observing Ganymede as it moves into eclipse or by determining the ratio of the individual components within the 130.4‐nm triplet.
Equatorial Ionospheric Disturbance Field‐Aligned Plasma Drifts Observed by C/NOFS
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Balan N. , Le Huijun , Chen Yiding , Zhao Biqiang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUsing C/NOFS satellite observations, this paper studies the disturbance field‐aligned plasma drifts in the equatorial topside ionosphere during eight geomagnetic storms in 2011–2015. During all six storms occurred in the solstices, the disturbance field‐aligned plasma drift is from winter to summer hemisphere especially in the morning‐midnight local time sector and the disturbance is stronger in June solstice. The two storms occurred at equinoxes have very little effect on the field‐aligned plasma drift. Using the plasma temperature data from DMSP satellites and Global Positioning System‐total electron content, it is suggested that the plasma density gradient seems likely to cause the disturbance winter‐to‐summer plasma drift while the role of plasma temperature gradient is opposite to the observed plasma drift.
Inferring Surface Albedo Prediction Error Linked to Forest Structure at High Latitudes
Authors: Bright Ryan M. , Eisner Stephanie , Lund Marianne T. , Majasalmi Titta , Myhre Gunnar , Astrup Rasmus 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPredicting the surface albedo of a forest of a given species composition or plant functional type is complicated by the wide range of structural attributes it may display. Accurate characterizations of forest structure are therefore essential to reducing the uncertainty of albedo predictions in forests, particularly in the presence of snow. At present, forest albedo parameterizations remain a nonnegligible source of uncertainty in climate models, and the magnitude attributable to insufficient characterization of forest structure remains unclear. Here we employ a forest classification scheme based on the assimilation of Fennoscandic (i.e., Norway, Sweden, and Finland) national forest inventory data to quantify the magnitude of the albedo prediction error attributable to poor characterizations of forest structure. For a spatial domain spanning ~611,000 km2 of boreal forest, we find a mean absolute wintertime (December–March) albedo prediction error of 0.02, corresponding to a mean absolute radiative forcing ~0.4 W/m2. Further, we evaluate the implication of excluding albedo trajectories linked to structural transitions in forests during transient simulations of anthropogenic land use/land cover change. We find that, for an intensively managed forestry region in southeastern Norway, neglecting structural transitions over the next quarter century results in a foregone (undetected) radiatively equivalent impact of ~178 Mt‐CO2‐eq. year−1 on average during this period—a magnitude that is roughly comparable to the annual greenhouse gas emissions of a country such as The Netherlands. Our results affirm the importance of improving the characterization of forest structure when simulating surface albedo and associated climate effects.
Recurrent hotspot mutations in HRAS Q61 and PI3K-AKT pathway genes as drivers of breast adenomyoepitheliomas
Authors: Geyer Felipe C. , Li Anqi , Papanastasiou Anastasios D. , Smith Alison , Selenica Pier , Burke Kathleen A. , Edelweiss Marcia , Wen Huei-Chi , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Schultheis Anne M. , Martelotto Luciano G. , Pareja Fresia , Kumar Rahul , Brandes Alissa , Fan Dan , Basili Thais , Da Cruz Paula Arnaud , Lozada John R. , Blecua Pedro , Muenst Simone , Jungbluth Achim A. , Foschini Maria P. , Wen Hannah Y. , Brogi Edi , Palazzo Juan , Rubin Brian P. , Ng Charlotte K. Y. , Norton Larry , Varga Zsuzsanna , Ellis Ian O. , Rakha Emad A. , Chandarlapaty Sarat , Weigelt Britta , Reis-Filho Jorge S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAdenomyoepithelioma of the breast is a rare tumor characterized by epithelial−myoepithelial differentiation, whose genetic underpinning is largely unknown. Here we show through whole-exome and targeted massively parallel sequencing analysis that whilst estrogen receptor (ER)-positive adenomyoepitheliomas display PIK3CA or AKT1 activating mutations, ER-negative adenomyoepitheliomas harbor highly recurrent codon Q61 HRAS hotspot mutations, which co-occur with PIK3CA or PIK3R1 mutations. In two- and three-dimensional cell culture models, forced expression of HRASQ61R in non-malignant ER-negative breast epithelial cells with or without a PIK3CAH1047R somatic knock-in results in transformation and the acquisition of the cardinal features of adenomyoepitheliomas, including the expression of myoepithelial markers, a reduction in E-cadherin expression, and an increase in AKT signaling. Our results demonstrate that adenomyoepitheliomas are genetically heterogeneous, and qualify mutations in HRAS, a gene whose mutations are vanishingly rare in common-type breast cancers, as likely drivers of ER-negative adenomyoepitheliomas.
Networks of genetic similarity reveal non-neutral processes shape strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: He Qixin , Pilosof Shai , Tiedje Kathryn E. , Ruybal-Pesántez Shazia , Artzy-Randrup Yael , Baskerville Edward B. , Day Karen P. , Pascual Mercedes 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPathogens compete for hosts through patterns of cross-protection conferred by immune responses to antigens. In Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the var multigene family encoding for the major blood-stage antigen PfEMP1 has evolved enormous genetic diversity through ectopic recombination and mutation. With 50–60 var genes per genome, it is unclear whether immune selection can act as a dominant force in structuring var repertoires of local populations. The combinatorial complexity of the var system remains beyond the reach of existing strain theory and previous evidence for non-random structure cannot demonstrate immune selection without comparison with neutral models. We develop two neutral models that encompass malaria epidemiology but exclude competitive interactions between parasites. These models, combined with networks of genetic similarity, reveal non-neutral strain structure in both simulated systems and an extensively sampled population in Ghana. The unique population structure we identify underlies the large transmission reservoir characteristic of highly endemic regions in Africa.
Proteomic analysis reveals that auxin homeostasis influences the eighth internode length heterosis in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Chen Yongqiang , Zhou Qingqian , Tian Runmiao , Ma Zhihui , Zhao Xiaofeng , Tang Jihua , Fu Zhiyuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEar height is an important maize morphological trait that influences plant lodging resistance in the field, and is based on the number and length of internodes under the ear. To explore the effect of internodes on ear height, the internodes under the ear were analysed in four commercial hybrids (Jinsai6850, Zhengdan958, Xundan20, and Yuyu22) from different heterotic groups in China. The eighth internode, which is the third aboveground extended internode, exhibited high-parent or over high-parent heterosis and contributed considerably to ear height. Thus, the proteome of the eighth internode was examined. Sixty-six protein spots with >1.5-fold differences in accumulation (P < 0.05) among the four hybrids were identified by mass spectrometry and data analyses. Most of the differentially accumulated proteins exhibited additive accumulation patterns, but with epistatic effects on heterosis performance. Proteins involved in phenylpropanoid and benzoxazinoid metabolic pathways were observed to influence indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis and polar auxin transport during internode development. Moreover, indole-3-acetic acid content was positively correlated with the eighth internode length, but negatively correlated with the extent of the heterosis of the eighth internode length.
TRPV1 and the MCP-1/CCR2 Axis Modulate Post-UTI Chronic Pain
Authors: Rosen John M. , Yaggie Ryan E. , Woida Patrick J. , Miller Richard. J. , Schaeffer Anthony J. , Klumpp David J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe etiology of chronic pelvic pain syndromes remains unknown. In a murine urinary tract infection (UTI) model, lipopolysaccharide of uropathogenic E. coli and its receptor TLR4 are required for post-UTI chronic pain development. However, downstream mechanisms of post-UTI chronic pelvic pain remain unclear. Because the TRPV1 and MCP-1/CCR2 pathways are implicated in chronic neuropathic pain, we explored their role in post-UTI chronic pain. Mice were infected with the E. coli strain SΦ874, known to produce chronic allodynia, and treated with the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. Mice treated with capsazepine at the time of SΦ874 infection failed to develop chronic allodynia, whereas capsazepine treatment of mice at two weeks following SΦ874 infection did not reduce chronic allodynia. TRPV1-deficient mice did not develop chronic allodynia either. Similar results were found using novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) to assess depressive behavior associated with neuropathic pain. Imaging of reporter mice also revealed induction of MCP-1 and CCR2 expression in sacral dorsal root ganglia following SΦ874 infection. Treatment with a CCR2 receptor antagonist at two weeks post-infection reduced chronic allodynia. Taken together, these results suggest that TRPV1 has a role in the establishment of post-UTI chronic pain, and CCR2 has a role in maintenance of post-UTI chronic pain.
Hemoglobin Levels Modulate Nitrite Toxicity to Daphnia magna
Authors: Eytcheson Stephanie A. , LeBlanc Gerald A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNitrogenous compounds enter the environment through various anthropogenic sources. Among these are nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) which can oxidize the heme moiety of hemoglobin and reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the molecule resulting in toxicity. Of the two anions, nitrite is more toxic. Hemoglobin levels are influenced by environmental conditions; thus, we hypothesized that hemoglobin levels would influence the toxicity of nitrite with low hemoglobin levels resulting in enhanced toxicity and high hemoglobin levels resulting in reduced toxicity. We tested this hypothesis by elevating hemoglobin levels with pyriproxyfen treatment and lowering hemoglobin levels using siRNA in Daphnia magna. Exposure to pyriproxyfen significantly elevated hemoglobin mRNA levels and induced copper coloration of the organisms, indicative of increased hemoglobin protein accumulation. siRNA treatment significantly reduced hemoglobin mRNA levels in both untreated and pyriproxyfen-treated organisms and attenuated copper coloration. Pyriproxyfen treatment increased the tolerance of daphnids to the acute toxicity of nitrite approximately 2-fold while siRNA treatment significantly decreased the tolerance of daphnids to nitrite toxicity. Results indicate that increased hemoglobin levels increase the tolerance of daphnids to nitrite toxicity which may serve to protect daphnids in environments subject to hemoglobin-elevating hypoxia or elevated temperatures.
Maximally nonlocal Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt scenarios
Authors: Urías Jesús , Méndez Martínez José Manuel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe key feature in correlations established by multi-party quantum entangled states is nonlocality. A quantity to measure the average nonlocality, distinguishing it from shared randomness and in a direct relation with no-signaling stochastic processes (which provide an operational interpretation of quantum correlations, without involving information transmission between the parties as to sustain causality), is proposed and resolved exhaustively for the quantum correlations established by a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt setup (or CHSH box). The amount of nonlocality that is available in a CHSH box is measured by its proximity to the nearest Popescu-Rohrlich set of causal stochastic processes (aka a PR box) in the no-signaling polytope, related by polyhedral duality to Bell’s correlation function. The proposed amount of average nonlocality is an entanglement monotone with a simple relation to concurrence. We provide the optimal setup vectors of a maximally nonlocal CHSH box for any entangled pair. The strongest nonlocality is the fraction $$\sqrt{2}-\,1\approx 0.414$$

2

−

1
≈
0.414
of a PR box, attained by maximally entangled qubit pairs. The most economical causal stochastic process reproducing any maximally nonlocal CHSH box is developed. Data produced by a computer implementation of the simulator agrees with the quantum mechanical formulas.
PrismPlus: a mouse line expressing distinct fluorophores in four different brain cell types
Authors: Gaire Janak , Lee Heui Chang , Ward Ray , Currlin Seth , Woolley Andrew J. , Coleman Jason E. , Williams Justin C. , Otto Kevin J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTo screen the complex central nervous system (CNS) injury responses, we created a quadruple-labelled ‘PrismPlus’ mouse line with a genetically encoded distinct fluorescent tag in oligodendrocytes, microglia, neurons, and astrocytes. Cx3cr1-gfp and Prism mice originally developed by Jung et al., 2000 and Dougherty et al., 2012, respectively, were cross-bred. First, we confirmed the presence of fluorophores in appropriate cell types in PrismPlus mice. PrismPlus mice were then used to examine the cellular responses to brain implanted micro-devices. We observed an increase in microglial response at earlier time points as compared to 4 weeks, a progressive astrocytic response, and fewer neurons at the vicinity of an implanted device. These results are similar to what has been described in literature using other rodent strains, previously attainable only through time-consuming and variable immunohistochemistry methods. Finally, we demonstrate the compatibility of PrismPlus brain tissue with CLARITY, an advanced tissue clearing technique, opening the door to future thick tissue imaging studies. This report confirms PrismPlus transgenic fluorescence and highlights the utility of these mice to study CNS injuries. The work herein seeks to establish a novel transgenic mouse line to improve experimental scope, consistency, and efficiency for CNS researchers.
Systematic analysis of DEMETER-like DNA glycosylase genes shows lineage-specific Smi-miR7972 involved in SmDML1 regulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza
Authors: Li Jiang , Li Caili , Lu Shanfa 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDEMETER-like DNA glycosylases (DMLs) initiate the base excision repair-dependent DNA demethylation to regulate a wide range of biological processes in plants. Six putative SmDML genes, termed SmDML1–SmDML6, were identified from the genome of S. miltiorrhiza, an emerging model plant for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) studies. Integrated analysis of gene structures, sequence features, conserved domains and motifs, phylogenetic analysis and differential expression showed the conservation and divergence of SmDMLs. SmDML1, SmDML2 and SmDML4 were significantly down-regulated by the treatment of 5Aza-dC, a general DNA methylation inhibitor, suggesting involvement of SmDMLs in genome DNA methylation change. SmDML1 was predicted and experimentally validated to be target of Smi-miR7972. Computational analysis of forty whole genome sequences and almost all of RNA-seq data from Lamiids revealed that MIR7972s were only distributed in some plants of the three orders, including Lamiales, Solanales and Boraginales, and the number of MIR7972 genes varied among species. It suggests that MIR7972 genes underwent expansion and loss during the evolution of some Lamiids species. Phylogenetic analysis of MIR7972s showed closer evolutionary relationships between MIR7972s in Boraginales and Solanales in comparison with Lamiales. These results provide a valuable resource for elucidating DNA demethylation mechanism in S. miltiorrhiza.
Significantly increased low shear rate viscosity, blood elastic modulus, and RBC aggregation in adults following cardiac surgery
Authors: Wu Yi-Fan , Hsu Po-Shun , Tsai Chien-Sung , Pan Pin-Cheng , Chen Yeng-Long 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOpen heart surgeries are common for treating ischemic and heart valve disease. During cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can temporarily take over the function of heart and lungs. However, elevated red blood cell (RBC) aggregation may lead to the common side-effects such as microinfarction. We investigated blood physical properties changes and the correlation between blood microstructure, viscoelastic response and biochemical changes following surgery with CPB. We examined shear-rate dependent blood viscosity, elasticity and RBC aggregate size in the pre-surgery disease state, post-surgery state and long-term recovery state of cardiac surgical patients. Within a week following surgery, the patient hematocrit was significantly lower due to CPB. Despite lower RBC concentration, the RBC aggregate shape became larger and more rounded, which is correlated to the elevated plasma fibrinogen related to systemic inflammatory response. During the same period, the hematocrit-adjusted low shear rate viscosity increased significantly, as did the yield stress, indicating more solid-like behavior for blood. Six months to one year later, all the physical and biochemical properties measured returned to baseline.
Cell-type specific expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressive microRNAs in the human prostate and prostate cancer
Authors: Kumar Binod , Rosenberg Avi Z. , Choi Su Mi , Fox-Talbot Karen , De Marzo Angelo M. , Nonn Larisa , Brennen W. Nathaniel , Marchionni Luigi , Halushka Marc K. , Lupold Shawn E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMiR-1 and miR-143 are frequently reduced in human prostate cancer (PCa), while miR-141 and miR-21 are frequently elevated. Consequently, these miRNAs have been studied as cell-autonomous tumor suppressors and oncogenes. However, the cell-type specificity of these miRNAs is not well defined in prostate tissue. Through two different microdissection techniques, and droplet digital RT-PCR, we quantified these miRNAs in the stroma and epithelium of radical prostatectomy specimens. In contrast to their purported roles as cell-autonomous tumor suppressors, we found miR-1 and miR-143 expression to be predominantly stromal. Conversely, miR-141 was predominantly epithelial. miR-21 was detected in both stroma and epithelium. Strikingly, the levels of miR-1 and miR-143 were significantly reduced in tumor-associated stroma, but not tumor epithelium. Gene expression analyses in human cell lines, tissues, and prostate-derived stromal cultures support the cell-type selective expression of miR-1, miR-141, and miR-143. Analyses of the PCa Genome Atlas (TCGA-PRAD) showed a strong positive correlation between stromal markers and miR-1 and miR-143, and a strong negative correlation between stromal markers and miR-141. In these tumors, loss of miR-1 and gain of miR-21 was highly associated with biochemical recurrence. These data shed new light on stromal and epithelial miRNA expression in the PCa tumor microenvironment.