bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasensitive NOX Detection in Simulated Exhaled Air: Enhanced Sensing via Alumina Modification of In‐Situ Grown WO3 Nanoblocks
Authors: Alam Suhaib , Ansari Mohammad Shaad , Banik Avishek , Ali Rafat , Verma Sandeep , Qureshi Mohammad 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSeedless growth of vertically aligned nanostructures, which can induce smoother transport and minimize Ohmic contact between substrate and semiconductor, can be fabricated by in situ growth utilizing modified hydrothermal methods. Such devices can be useful in designing non‐invasive ultrasensitive hand‐held sensors for diagnostic identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled air, offering pain‐free and easier detection of long‐term diseases such as asthma. In the present work, WO3 nanoblocks, with a high surface area and porosity, have been grown directly over transparent conducting oxide to minimize Ohmic resistance, facilitating smoother electron transfer and enhanced current response. Further modification with porous alumina (γ‐Al2O3), by electrodeposition, resulted in the selective and ultrasensitive detection of NOX in simulated exhaled air. Crystal phase purity of as‐fabricated pristine as well modified samples is validated with X‐ray diffraction analysis. Morphological and microstructural analyses reveal the successful deposition of porous alumina over the surface of WO3. Improved surface area and porosity is presented by porous alumina in the modified WO3 device, suggesting more active sites for the gas molecules to get adsorbed and diffuse through the pores. Oxygen vacancies, which are detrimental in the transport phenomenon in the presented sensors, have been studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. Gas sensing studies have been performed by fabricating chemiresistor devices based on bare WO3 and Al2O3‐modified WO3. The higher sensitivity for NOX gas in case of γ‐Al2O3‐modified WO3 based devices, as compared to bare WO3‐based devices, is attributed to the better surface area and charge transport kinetics. The presented device strategy offers crucial understanding in the design and development of non‐invasive, hand‐held devices for NO gas present in the human breath, with potential application in medical diagnostics.
Design and application of a KNX‐based home automation simulator for smart home system education
Authors: Toylan Mehmet Y. , Cetin Engin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNowadays, automation systems have a wide use in buildings to make smart applications. Hence, many automation protocols such as 1‐wire, BACnet, C‐Bus, CC‐link, DALI, and KNX are developed. Among these protocols, the KNX protocol is preferred thanks to its some specifications such as easy and fast installation, user‐friendly software, and adaptation to the existing system. With increasing demand to construct KNX‐based smart home systems, developing the KNX‐based automation system simulator for the training of engineering students is required. A KNX simulator should be modular and user‐friendly. In addition, this simulator should have an expansion slot to use it together with different devices compatible with KNX protocol. In this study, a KNX simulator for engineering students training on smart home systems is designed and installed. The modules of simulator and KNX software programming tool ETS are explained. Besides, sample scenarios for engineering students to enhance and realize their projects are given.
All‐cause mortality versus cancer‐specific mortality as outcome in cancer screening trials: A review and modeling study
Authors: Heijnsdijk Eveline A. M. , Csanádi Marcell , Gini Andrea , ten Haaf Kevin , Bendes Rita , Anttila Ahti , Senore Carlo , de Koning Harry J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAll‐cause mortality has been suggested as an end‐point in cancer screening trials in order to avoid biases in attributing the cause of death. The aim of this study was to investigate which sample size and follow‐up is needed to find a significant reduction in all‐cause mortality.MethodsA literature review was conducted to identify previous studies that modeled the effect of screening on all‐cause mortality. Microsimulation modeling was used to simulate breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer screening trials. Model outputs were: cancer‐specific deaths, all‐cause deaths, and life‐years gained per year of follow‐up.ResultsThere were large differences between the evaluated cancers. For lung cancer, when 40 000 high‐risk people are randomized to each arm, a significant reduction in all‐cause mortality could be expected between 11 and 13 years of follow‐up. For breast cancer, a significant reduction could be found between 16 and 26 years of follow‐up for a sample size of over 300 000 women in each arm. For colorectal cancer, 600 000 persons in each arm were required to be followed for 15‐20 years. Our systematic literature review identified seven papers, which showed highly similar results to our estimates.ConclusionCancer screening trials are able to demonstrate a significant reduction in all‐cause mortality due to screening, but require very large sample sizes. Depending on the cancer, 40 000‐600 000 participants per arm are needed to demonstrate a significant reduction. The reduction in all‐cause mortality can only be detected between specific years of follow‐up, more limited than the timeframe to detect a reduction in cancer‐specific mortality.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis Porous Organic Polymer as Precursor for Fe/Fe3C‐Embedded Hollow Nanoporous Carbon for Alkaline Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Xue Qingxia , Xu Zhilu , Jia Denghang , Li Xinjian , Zhang Meng , Bai Jingkun , Li Wenjing , Zhang Weifen , Zhou Baolong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA series of issues have been caused by the extensive use of volatile and toxic organic solvents in organics and polymers synthesis, i. e., increased production costs and irreversible damage to the environment. Hence, it is necessary to pioneer a synthesis method that is green, safe, and efficient to the sustainable development of society. Herein, a facile and controllable, but rational and effective, in situ solid‐phase synthesis method was developed to prepare a silica‐templated Fe‐phthalocyanine‐based porous organic polymer (POP), which can be further converted into an iron and nitrogen codoped porous carbon (HS‐Phth‐Fe‐900) upon carbonization and template removal. This innovative approach simultaneously provides a means to control the surface features, thereby tuning the catalytic property of obtained materials. The final HS‐Phth‐Fe‐900 with hierarchical pore structure exhibits hollow hemispheric morphology, large pore volume and surface area, significantly improving the mass transfer efficiency and promoting the accessibility of the active sites, achieving a high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity in alkaline media (0.1 M KOH). HS‐Phth‐Fe‐900 presents a competitive half‐wave potential of 0.823 V and limiting current of 4.887 mA/cm2 (vs. 0.833 V and 5.621 mA cm−2 for Pt/C) far beyond the catalysts prepared free of template (Phth‐Fe‐900). Furthermore, it also exhibits long‐time stability and methanol immunity surpassing the benchmark Pt/C in 0.1 M KOH. These results may open up new possibilities for the rational design and large‐scale preparation of POPs‐derived materials for electrochemical applications.
A C−N Coupling Polymerization on Ice‐Surface towards Decimeter‐Sized 2D Covalent Materials with High Catalytic Activity for Water‐Splitting
Authors: Cheng Ming , Li Ming 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCompared to other solid templates (metal, ceramic, carbon, etc.), polymerization on ice‐surface has many advantages. However, the popularity of this method has been impeded by the lack of appropriate polymerization reactions. To date, only few oxidation polymerizations have been reported to occur on ice‐surface, and unfortunately they can only produce supramolecular films rather than fully covalent films. Herein for the first time, 2D covalent materials have been created on ice‐surface even at −16 °C through a C−N coupling polymerization, and two free‐standing 2D polyarylamines (2DPA)s were synthesized. Both 2DPAs have decimeter‐size and nanometer thickness. This study provides the first polymerization reaction to synthesize 2D covalent materials on ice‐surface, which can be used to fabricate materials/tools/robots with specific 2D structure by copying ice morphologies. Furthermore, both 2DPAs exhibit higher hydrogen evolution reaction activity than many metal‐free catalysts and even some metal‐based catalysts, so this study also provides further insight for the development of metal‐free catalysts for water‐splitting.
Tuning of the Self‐Threading of Ring‐in‐Ring Structures in Aqueous Media
Authors: Neira Iago , Alvariño Cristina , Domarco Olaya , Blanco Víctor , Peinador Carlos , García Marcos D. , Quintela José M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA series of aryl‐extended N‐monoalkyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium salts L (aryl=1,4‐phenyl, 4,4′‐biphenyl, 2,6‐naphthyl and 9,10‐anthracenyl) have been implemented by PdII/PtII‐directed self‐assembly into constitutionally dynamic systems (CDSs). As a result, the intended processes produced not only (en)M2L2 (en=ethylenediamine) metallacyclic species but also (en)M4L4 ring‐in‐ring aggregates, in equilibrium with the former, as a consequence of the hydrophobic nature of the aryl rings within the 4,4′‐bipyridinium scaffold. The key feature of the obtained dynamic systems is the possibility of modulating their response against external stimuli by modifying the hydrophobic character of the ligand. While the different dynamic libraries follow the same trends upon changes in concentration, temperature, polarity of the medium, or addition of an aromatic chemical effector, subtle changes in the ligand hydrophobic core results in a fine‐tuning of the speciation when applying a certain degree of the different stimulus. The exception is the anthracene‐containing derivative, which does not form inclusion complexes or self‐threaded structures.
Electron Density Studies in Materials Research
Authors: Tolborg Kasper , Iversen Bo B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRational material design requires a deep understanding about the relationship between the structure and properties of materials, which are both intimately related to their chemical bonding. Through the experimentally observable electron density, chemical bonding can be understood from experimental and theoretical points of view on an equal footing, and advances in accurate X‐ray diffraction measurements and computational techniques over the past decades have provided access to electron density distributions in increasingly complex functional materials. In this Review, selected electron density studies from the literature on a wide range of materials classes are presented, including studies of thermoelectric materials, high pressure electrides, coordination polymers and non‐linear optical materials. These studies demonstrate how detailed analysis of chemical bonding based on the electron density provides important understanding of materials beyond arguments based on structure and simple chemical concepts. In cases such as understanding the conducting properties of Zintl semiconductors or the effect of mutual electrical polarization in host–guest systems, it is clearly imperative to go beyond structure and examine the chemical bonding in detail. In the Review, the complementarity between theory and experiment is underlined, which allows for mutual validation of new chemical bonding concepts, and indeed experiment and theory may challenge each other based on the different strengths and weaknesses of each method.
Fabrication of Liquid Crystal Droplet Patterns for Monitoring Aldehyde Vapors
Authors: An Zongfu , Jang Chang‐Hyun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA sensing method based on the pattern of liquid crystal droplets was developed for detecting and monitoring low levels of organic aldehyde vapors. Exposure of the LC droplet pattern covered with glycine solution to aldehyde vapors induced an optical signal transition from a bright fan shape to a dark cross appearance, as observed by polarized light microscopy. Aldehyde and glycine react at the air/solution interface to form a Schiff‐base compound, which controls the orientation of the LCs and induces a change in the optical signals of the LC droplet pattern. The results show that the glycine/LC droplet pattern system is particularly sensitive and selective to aldehydes. In the actual environment, the sensor is exposed to the aldehyde and the signal transition is completed within a few minutes (2–7 min). The LC‐based method has the advantages of simple construction, easy operation, convenient data reading, and shows excellent prospects for real‐time detection of aldehyde vapors.
Wildlife surveillance using deep learning methods
Authors: Chen Ruilong , Little Ruth , Mihaylova Lyudmila , Delahay Richard , Cox Ruth 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Wildlife conservation and the management of human–wildlife conflicts require cost‐effective methods of monitoring wild animal behavior. Still and video camera surveillance can generate enormous quantities of data, which is laborious and expensive to screen for the species of interest. In the present study, we describe a state‐of‐the‐art, deep learning approach for automatically identifying and isolating species‐specific activity from still images and video data.

We used a dataset consisting of 8,368 images of wild and domestic animals in farm buildings, and we developed an approach firstly to distinguish badgers from other species (binary classification) and secondly to distinguish each of six animal species (multiclassification). We focused on binary classification of badgers first because such a tool would be relevant to efforts to manage Mycobacterium bovis (the cause of bovine tuberculosis) transmission between badgers and cattle.

We used two deep learning frameworks for automatic image recognition. They achieved high accuracies, in the order of 98.05% for binary classification and 90.32% for multiclassification. Based on the deep learning framework, a detection process was also developed for identifying animals of interest in video footage, which to our knowledge is the first application for this purpose.

The algorithms developed here have wide applications in wildlife monitoring where large quantities of visual data require screening for certain species.
Ethylene facilitates boil‐peeling in fruits
Authors: Murakami Satoru , Yamaguchi Kazuki , Hashimoto Nozomi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBoil‐peeling is a common method of cooking or processing some horticultural crops. While boil‐peeling is possible in some horticultural crops, a comprehensive list of crops for which boil‐peeling is possible does not exist. According to a previous study, ethylene facilitates boil‐peeling of kiwifruits. Thus, we studied the effect of ethylene treatment on boil‐peeling in the kiwifruit variety “Rainbow red.” We found that with increasing ethylene concentration in the fruits, boil‐peeling success of kiwifruits increased. In the no‐ethylene treatment, flesh firmness of the fruits decreased and boil‐peeling could not be carried out successfully. Thus, it was clear that ethylene facilitates boil‐peeling in kiwifruit. Furthermore, boil‐peeling was possible after ethylene treatment in persimmon and Japanese pear, which had proved to be impossible so far. Kiwifruits, persimmon, and Japanese pear were classified as climacteric fruits that react with high ethylene sensitivity. Thus, ethylene may facilitate boil‐peeling in climacteric fruits. This finding can possibly suggest new application for ethylene during fruit processing or in processed fruits.
The impacts of zanubrutinib on immune cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
Authors: Zou Yi‐Xin , Zhu Hua‐Yuan , Li Xiao‐Tong , Xia Yi , Miao Kou‐Rong , Zhao Si‐Shu , Wu Yu‐Jie , Wang Li , Xu Wei , Li Jian‐Yong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIbrutinib, a first‐generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, could improve immunity of relapsed or refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) patients. Whether zanubrutinib, a second‐generation selective BTK inhibitor, has similar effects as ibrutinib remains to be determined. Dynamics of number and immunophenotype of immune cells during zanubrutinib treatment in 25 R/R CLL/SLL patients were examined by flow cytometry and blood routine tests. The expression intensity of programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) on total CD4+ (P < .01), total CD8+ (P < .01), and T helper cells (P < .05) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) on total CD4+ (P = .010) and regulatory T cells (P < .05) reduced after treatment. There were significant differences in expression intensity of CD19 (P < .01), C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) (P < .01), and CD49d (P < .05) on B cells before and after treatment. Downregulation of PD‐1 on T cells and CXCR5 and CD19 on B cells were observed in nearly all patients after zanubrutinib treatment. Programmed death‐ligand 1 expression downregulated, especially in the female, CLL, normal spleen, normal β2‐macroglobulin (β2‐MG) and abnormal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) subgroups, and CTLA‐4 expression on CD4+ T cells tended to decrease in the male, old, CLL, splenomegaly, abnormal β2‐MG, normal LDH, IGHV‐mutated and wild‐type tumor protein 53 subgroups after zanubrutinib treatment. These findings suggest that zanubrutinib can regulate immunity primarily by improving T cell exhaustion, inhibiting suppressor cells and disrupting CLL cells migration through downregulation of adhesion/homing receptors. Furthermore, favorable changes in cell number and immunophenotype were preferably observed in patients without adverse prognostic factors.
Identification of factors influencing hydrologic model performance using a top‐down approach in a large number of U.S. catchments
Authors: Massmann Carolina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInvestigating the performance that can be achieved with different hydrological models across catchments with varying characteristics is a requirement for identifying an adequate model for any catchment, gauged or ungauged, just based on information about its climate and catchment properties. As parameter uncertainty increases with the number of model parameters, it is important not only to identify a model achieving good results but also to aim at the simplest model still able to provide acceptable results. The main objective of this study is to identify the climate and catchment properties determining the minimal required complexity of a hydrological model. As previous studies indicate that the required model complexity varies with the temporal scale, the study considers the performance at the daily, monthly, and annual timescales. In agreement with previous studies, the results show that catchments located in arid areas tend to be more difficult to model. They therefore require more complex models for achieving an acceptable performance. For determining which other factors influence model performance, an analysis was carried out for four catchment groups (snowy, arid, and eastern and western catchments). The results show that the baseflow and aridity indices are the most consistent predictors of model performance across catchment groups and timescales. Both properties are negatively correlated with model performance. Other relevant predictors are the fraction of snow in the annual precipitation (negative correlation with model performance), soil depth (negative correlation with model performance), and some other soil properties. It was observed that the sign of the correlation between the catchment characteristics and model performance varies between clusters in some cases, stressing the difficulties encountered in large sample analyses. Regarding the impact of the timescale, the study confirmed previous results indicating that more complex models are needed for shorter timescales.
Serum anti‐Müllerian hormone is associated with oocyte dysmorphisms and ICSI outcomes
Authors: Azizi Elham , Naji Mohammad , Nazari Leila , Salehpour Saghar , Karimi Maryam , Borumandnia Nasrin , Shams Mofarahe Zahra 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between serum levels of anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) and oocyte dysmorphisms in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles.MethodsA retrospective study of data from 628 ICSI cycles with successful oocyte retrieval carried out at a single center in Tehran from November 2015 to July 2018. Cycles were divided into six groups by serum AMH level. Various oocyte dysmorphisms, quantity of retrieved oocytes, fertilization rates, cleavage‐stage embryos, and pregnancy rates were compared among the groups.ResultsSerum AMH was associated with cytoplasm granulation, abnormally amorphous oocytes (P˂0.01), extended perivitelline space (P˂0.001), granulated perivitelline space (P˂0.05), fragmented polar body (P˂0.001), and average of oocyte quality index (AOQI) (P˂0.01). The total number of aspirated and metaphase ΙΙ oocytes increased with increasing AMH levels (P<0.001). There was no difference in the rate of fertilization or cleavage‐stage embryos among the study groups; however, the pregnancy rate differed significantly (P<0.05).ConclusionsSerum levels of AMH were associated with specific oocyte dysmorphisms and AOQI. Serum AMH levels might influence both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the ovarian response to stimulation and also the pregnancy rate in ICSI cycles.
Phenotypes and markers of cesarean delivery among Colombian women
Authors: Alzate Mónica M. , Dongarwar Deepa , Matas Jennifer L. , Salihu Hamisu M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association of socioeconomic status (SES) components (education, occupation, and household wealth) with number (1 or ≥2) and timing (planned/emergency) of cesarean delivery (CD) in Colombia, rates of which are well above the levels recommended by the World Health Organization.MethodsA cross‐sectional study using the 2015 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of Colombia was carried out; 38 718 women answered the woman only module. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to generate estimates of the association between markers of SES and likelihood of CD, timing of CD, and number of CDs.ResultsThe analysis included 9977 women. Although education and wealth were strongly associated with CD (P<0.001), the association between occupation and CD suggested that women in agriculture were the least likely to experience CD (odds ratio [OR] 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44–1.03, P=0.061); and women in the “poorer” household wealth category were more likely to have emergency (OR 1.57, CI 1.29–1.90, P<0.001) and two or more (OR 1.64, CI 1.29–2.40, P<0.001) CDs.ConclusionMarkers of SES are associated with CD overuse in Colombia, as well as the number and timing of CD. More robust qualitative inquiry including additional questions to the DHS survey are needed to elucidate reasons driving the overutilization of CD in the country, particularly among vulnerable populations.