bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retro-Commissioning – Effective Energy Conservation Initiatives in Existing Buildings
Authors: Kong K W , Lam K W , Chan C , Sat P 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Hong Kong is a densely populated metropolitan city crowded with more than 7 million people. of the 42,000 buildings in Hong Kong, more than half (55%) of Hong Kong’s total annual energy end-use is in the form of electricity consumption and buildings take up about 90% of our total electricity consumption. Thus, energy saving in buildings is a key factor of addressing climate change and associated environmental issues of Hong Kong. In January 2017, the Environment Bureau of Hong Kong Special Administration Region Government (HKSARG) published “Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2030+” which set target to reduce our carbon intensity by 65-70% by 2030 compared with the 2005 level. With this ambitious vision, the whole community have to further endeavour to achieve energy conservation with concrete supporting measures. Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) of HKSARG is actively pursuing the cost-effective program of “Retro-commissioning (RCx)”, new energy saving initiative, to further encourage energy conservation works in existing buildings. RCx is a cost-effective and systematic process to periodically check the energy efficiency performance of existing building. EMSD has carried out numbers of pilot projects on both government and private buildings with Hong Kong Green Building Council (HKGBC); launched the “Technical Guidelines on Retro-commissioning [TG(RCx)]”; led and co-organized with different stakeholders on showcasing the government-industry collaboration and promoting effort of RCx training for the industry. The paper will introduce the framework and technical approach of TG(RCx), share the latest development and implementation programme of RCx in Hong Kong.
Identification of Characteristic Heat Load Profiles of Different Usage Units in Non-Residential Buildings
Authors: Matschi C , Vogt G , Nemeth I 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
For energy-efficient design of district heating networks and their components, knowledge about load profiles and the peak simultaneity are of crucial importance. Heating load profiles are needed in high temporal and spatial resolution as well as information about their composition. Due to high computational and temporal effort for transient calculations of a whole district heating network a less complex method is needed. For this reason different areas of use of non-residential buildings are analyzed separately to identify their characteristical variations and main influences on their individual load profiles to finally superpose their load profile in one overall building/district heat load profile. In a first step similar use areas in four buildings are calculated transiently and the deviation of the results were analyzed. Additionally, the building age and the associated structural-physical parameters are varied to get results for different building age classes. In a second step the profiles are superposed up to the district scale by using the area as scale factor. The gained district heat load profile is compared to time series of the observed consumption in order to assess the reliability of the method. The first results show promising conformity of modelled and measured energy demand. So the method will be applied to several buildings with varying structural-physical parameters and geometries.
Experimental Verification of Indirect Adiabatic Cooling by Ventilation Air
Authors: Nehasil O , Adamovský D 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Current efforts to reduce the energy consumption of buildings leads to savings in all categories of their operation. A traditional energy saving tool is low-energy cooling, based on the alternation of day/night temperatures, cold storage, or the use of high-temperature cold sources such as Earth’s semi-solid or groundwater. This paper deals with the less widespread method for cooling buildings, based on latent heat removal for converting water to vapour.
Within three years, approximately 150 operating states were measured for different temperatures and airflows and various types and numbers of humidifiers, as well as nozzle pressures and types of heat exchangers. The paper outlines the results of these experiments and shows the available cooling capacity coupled to the ventilation air. The fact is that cooling power increases with increasing outdoor temperature, which makes indirect evaporative cooling an interesting method of providing cold during the times when it is under greatest demand.
A Zero Energy House for and by Frank Gehry
Authors: Schuler M , Dvořáková K , Malík Z 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper presents an energy concept of set of two residential buildings: a main house and a guest house in Santa Monica, California of total floor area of 836 m2 The aim of this concept was to create a built environment with high comfort for users and the lowest possible impact on the environment. The architect and owner of the project Frank Gehry (88), see this as his statement in the discussion on sustainability. A site potential analysis has been performed, which then led to the proposal of optimal systems. For the energy supply a PV, highly efficient reversible heat pump/chiller with heat source/surplus heat sink by closed loop geothermal system as well as evacuated tube thermal collectors have been proposed. To increase internal comfort, movable ventilated internal shades, a wind driven solar chimney supported cross ventilation and an air quality controlled natural ventilation, or a radiant floor conditioning with high cooling and low heating temperatures are used. The concept also includes an individual zone adjustment possibility by gravity wall systems. To optimize the whole system, a set of simulations and mock-up tests has been carried out. The results are then compared in this paper with the measurement results from the occupied building operation and further optimization possibilities are presented.
Ecosystem Services Assessment Methods for Integrated Processes of Urban Planning. The Experience of LIFE SAM4CP Towards Sustainable and Smart Communities
Authors: Giaimo C , Salata S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Evaluation of Ecosystem Services (ES) supports the knowledge and the ability of politicians, administrators, planners and stakeholders to define urban regeneration strategies rather than sustainable spatial planning and design practices responding to climate change conditions and addressing the wellbeing of local communities. The analysis of ES allows for the study of the relationship between urban morphology and land cover/land use to define priorities that maximize the ability of urban systems to deliver multiple benefits (e.g.to store carbon and improve air quality).The recent research innovations made by DIST – Politecnico di Torino for LIFE + Program SAM4CP (2014-2018), moves towards the implementation of a theoretical and practical framework that integrates the process of planning and decision making with the analysis and assessments of ES. The framework has been conceived to support Municipalities to settle policies and monitoring procedures oriented at defining Nature-Based solutions (e.g. restoration strategies) assuming an urban ecology perspective. The project aims at providing a digital tool – a Simulator delivered to Local authorities – to evaluate the ES assessment in different land use scenarios to determine the environmental and economic costs, or benefits, that arise from alternative planning configurations. The evaluation of ES in a case of study area shows that the effective integration of ES evaluation and planning actions is a straightforward method that create awareness and increase the sustainability during decision-making phases for the planning process. The Simulator is available for free on the project website – www.sam4cp.eu – to allow administrators and public officials, as well as spatial planners, interested in such a kind of evaluation, to experiment and apply this methodology.
Study on Spatial Evolution of Chinese Green Building
Authors: Hao T , Wang J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Green building is an important part of ecological civilization construction in China, which is also a significant reflection of national developing under a new type of urbanization [1]. Since 2006, the number and total gross floor area of green building has achieved major development with the promulgation and implement of national and local standards and promotions of green building. However, this rapid development shows an obvious regional difference and imbalance. This paper conducts a quantitative study by using geospatial statistics theory and geographic information system technique. It aims to explore characteristics and the driven factor of green buildings’ spatial evolution so that the development level of green building could be evaluated based on much more scientific and reasonable method. It also aims at providing theory supporting as well as reference for policy making to stimulate green building development in a more balanced way.
Communities Shaping Sustainable Cities
Authors: Hořická J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The contribution introduces significance of local communities in global context of sustainable urban development. Since last decades, urban regeneration, redevelopment and improvements of stabilized localities has become the subject of attention, as the limits of land use and urban expansion has been understood and generally accepted. Recently, the role of community and citizens has been emphasized in international strategies, for instance UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (2015) or UNESCO Strategic Objectives of the World Heritage Convention, so called Five C’s (the fifth C representing Community added in 2007). Bottom-up initiatives and community activities have become important in urban revitalization and regeneration. The contribution aims to describe the activities and roles of various stakeholders, based on analysis of application project in Prague, Czech Republic inspired with a project in Basel, Switzerland, and characteristics of the evolution process heading towards community activation, which is important for the integrated planning processes, involving an interdisciplinary team and active public participation.
GIS-3D Platform to Help Decision Making for Energy Rehabilitation in Urban Environments
Authors: Izkara J L , Egusquiza A , Villanueva A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
One of the main current challenges of European cities is to become energy self-sufficient entities. One of the vectors for this challenge is to improve the energy efficiency of the buildings and to promote the generation of renewable energies in the urban environment. The article describes a tool based on GIS-3D technologies to support the identification of the energy rehabilitation potential of neighbourhoods based on the introduction of renewable energies. The platform is based on a urban 3D model that collects the geometry of buildings, together with relevant information for the identification of rehabilitation opportunities (e.g. surfaces, heights, orientations and slopes). The project includes the generation of a cloud-based repository, which incorporates active and passive innovative solutions with metrics that allow the comparison of the solutions and the applicability of them to the real environment. The identification of rehabilitation opportunities combines information resulting from the diagnosis of the current energy performance of the district’s buildings with the potential for renewable generation in the area. A multicriteria analysis process facilitates the identification of the most appropriate rehabilitation solutions for the analysed environment based on different criteria as energy, cost or applicability. The result can be visualized through a web tool that combines 2D and 3D information, with comparative information in a quantitative and geo-referenced manner. The flexibility of the architecture allows the application of the same approach to different urban challenges as the application of energy conservation measures to protected historic urban areas.
Can Buildings Save and Improve Municipal Infrastructure?
Authors: Kujawski W 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Architects, while creating the built environment, expand their knowledge by learning that buildings are more than places to live, work and play. Buildings can create a sense of community and add to the character of neighborhoods and cities. They can also support communities by either directly contributing to the infrastructure requirements or indirectly by reducing their demands and creating supply and treatment systems, thus increasing capacity in community energy, water treatment and stormwater systems for others. They can also reduce wastage by recapturing heat lost through inefficient systems, sewers, and by using municipal waste as a fuel source. Buildings can use a lot of energy delivered by conventional energy sources. The reduction potential for their high energy (and water) demand always represents an opportunity to decrease the potential impacts on municipal infrastructure. It is also a significant part of the challenge to reduce or cut emissions, mitigate the effects of climate change and save on resources. The paper explains how buildings can mitigate such impacts while also acting as contributors to the infrastructure. The examples demonstrate various urban and building related design concepts combined with some essential aspects of costs and savings incurring in sustainable buildings and communities. When buildings act as infrastructure they can benefit not just the developer, occupant or owner, they can also spread those benefits to the neighborhood and community and much further- to the entire planet.
Typology of Unclassified Buildings and Specifics of Input Parameters for Energy Audits in Latvia
Authors: Geikins A , Borodinecs A , Daksa G , Bogdanovics R , Zajecs D 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The aim of the study is to analysis renovation solutions for unclassified buildings. According to Latvian law definition, unclassified buildings are prisons, security forces, police and fire services buildings including barracks, warehouse etc. Such buildings has completely different heat gains and heat losses balance and usage profile in comparison to traditional public and apartment buildings. Unclassified buildings could have higher internal heat and moisture loads, more strict requirements to dress code (CLO level), human metabolic equivalent and limited possibility for staff adaptation to IAQ parameters. The one of important factors is safety of energy supply and operation of HVAC systems. Although the energy security is a top priority for unclassified buildings, it should not be a barrier for implementation of renewable energy sources and innovative energy efficient retrofitting solutions in unclassified buildings.
Development of a Modular Retrofitting System for Residential Buildings and Experience from Pilot Installation
Authors: Hejtmánek P , Sojková K , Volf M , Lupíšek A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In order to significantly reduce energy consumption of its building stock, Europe has to focus on energy retrofitting of existing buildings. A usual building retrofitting process is very labour intensive and time consuming. It usually takes several weeks or even months to replace old windows by new, install new thermal insulation layers on the external walls and roofs of buildings and renew the heat distribution systems or to attach renewable energy sources on the building’s envelope. To make refurbishment more efficient and allow its scaling up, a European project Development and Advanced Prefabrication of Innovative, Multifunctional Building Envelope Elements for Modular Retrofitting and Connections (MORE-CONNECT) has been initiated under H2020 program. This project developed a system of prefabricated retrofitting modules, that enable to cut primary energy consumption of a typical residential building by 80 %, reduce on-site installation time bellow two weeks and improve the indoor environmental quality. At the same moment, the project aimed on implementation of systemic quality control over the whole design, pre-production, production and installation process in order to significantly reduce the number of warranty claims by the clients. The paper describes the design process of the modular retrofitting system and a pilot installation made on a mock-up building to test the concept, and presents the experience made.
Energy Renovation of Social Housing: Finding a Balance Between Increasing Insulation and Improving Heating System Efficiency
Authors: Van De Moortel E , Allacker K , De Troyer F , Stijnen L , Schoofs E 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
As the budget of social housing companies is limited, reducing the energy use of their housing stock to be compliant with current standards and actions plans is an important challenge. Currently social housing companies in Flanders often prefer replacing the heating system to insulating the building envelope due to the lower investment cost and easy implementation. However, the investment in better heating systems has to be repeated several times during the service life of the building. This paper provides insights in the investment cost and life cycle cost of both renovation strategies. Moreover an environmental life cycle assessment provides insights in the environmental impact of the renovation strategies. The analysis reveals that it is recommended to replace heating boilers not earlier than at the end of their technical service life, both from an environmental and economic perspective. Sensitivity analyses show that changes in the estimated remaining building service life and increasing discount rate lead to changes in the life cycle costs but have no influence on the ranking of the renovation scenarios. Changes in the energy price, insulation level and original building type lead to changes in the costs and ranking of the renovation scenarios.
Acoustic Evaluation of the Air-Conditioning Unit in the Room
Authors: Králíček J , Kučera M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper deals with an acoustic simulation, evaluation and measurement of an indoor air-conditioning unit commonly used in hotel rooms. The unit is situated in the plaster board ceiling of a hotel room above the entrance of the hotel room. The first step was to create a model of the real indoor air-conditioning unit from the catalogue data of a manufacturer, then built the model for the simulation of the internal sound propagation in the hotel room. The second step was to mock-up the real hotel room. The goal of the paper is to compare the calculated data from the simulations with the measured data in-situ.
Assessment of the Indoor Environment for Education
Authors: Kraus M , Nováková P 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Indoor environment quality (IEQ) and its effect on well-being, productivity and performance are phenomena. Achieving suitable and comfortable indoor environment is a key factor in the creation and operation of the buildings in terms of basic principles of the sustainable development. The poor indoor environment is associated with the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). The occurrence of pollutants in the indoor environment brings health problems to occupants as well as affects their productivity and performance. The main aim of the contribution is the study of indoor environment for educational purposes. The ordinary university classrooms located on the outskirts of the city České Budějovice (Czechia) are analysed. The classrooms are places, where the students reading, calculating, writing, and solving the assigned tasks. Achieving and satisfying the comfort in the indoor environment for education purposes is necessary for these student’s activities. For example, insufficient air exchange and the CO2 concentration above of 1000 ppm, cause fatigue and decreased concentration. The assessment of physical-chemical parameters includes analysis of indoor air temperature [°C], relative humidity [%], Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentration [ppm], and illumination intensity [lx] in the university classrooms. The high-quality sensor for measuring air flow, temperature, humidity, pressure, heat radiation, CO2 concentration and illumination intensity Testo 480 with globe probe, IAQ probe, light probe and comfort level probe is used for measurement. The work is supported by the grant Specific University Research SVV 201802 Address identification and analysis of the determinants of the Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ).
A Commercial Building Lighting Demand-Side Management through Passive Solar Design
Authors: Overen O K , Meyer E L , Makaka G 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The commercial sector that comprises of schools, libraries, public and private offices is the third largest energy-consuming sector in South Africa. Lighting is a significant contributor to the overall energy consumption in this sector. The aim of this study is to analyse the indoor daylight illuminance of a passive solar office building and the potential demand-side management. A passive solar building in SolarWatt Park, Alice South Africa was used as a case study. The indoor illuminance that includes electric and day lightings were monitored by two sets of Li-210R photometric sensors. Four cool white fluorescent fittings with each containing two 58W lamps served as the electric lights of the office inner space. The average illuminance of the office space with all electric lights on and without daylight was found to be 460 lux. The indoor average daylighting illuminance was 910 and 170 lux on a typical clear sky and overcast days, respectively. A daily cumulative energy savings of 11.14 kWh on a clear sky day and 0.47 kWh on an overcast day was achieved, assuming the office inner space illuminance was maintained at 300 lux. The monetary savings due to the energy saved was estimated at 1285.36 USD per annum. Based on the findings of the study, daylighting through passive solar design reduces energy consumption without compromising the visual comfort of the occupants. Integration of passive solar design for daylighting with indoor daylight switch controller is recommended for optimum energy savings.
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Line with Historic Buildings and Their Heritage Protection
Authors: Novak E , Vcelak J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Historic buildings are often classified as highly energy-intensive buildings with low energy efficiency. Thanks to their overall percentage share in the European real estate market, it is important to focus on these dwellings with an innovative approach and functional, sensitive aesthetic solutions, thus significantly reducing their energy intensity, increasing their energy efficiency and improving the indoor living conditions. At the same time, it will greatly increase the chance to meet the new energy and emission targets currently proposed by the European Commission.