bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal changes of the flare activity of Proxima Centauri
Authors: Pavlenko Ya. V. , Suárez Mascareño A. , Zapatero Osorio M. R. , Rebolo R. , Lodieu N. , Béjar V. J. S. , González Hernández J. I. , Mohorian M. 
Published: May 2019

Context. We study temporal variations of the emission lines of Hα, Hɛ, H and K CaII, D1 and D2 NaI, He4026, and He5876 in the HARPS spectra of Proxima Centauri across an extended time of 13.2 yr, from May 27, 2004 to September 30, 2017.
Aims. We analyse the common behaviour and differences in the intensities and profiles of different emission lines in flare and quiet modes of Proxima activity.
Methods. We compare the pseudo-equivalent widths (pEW) and profiles of the emission lines in the HARPS high-resolution (R ~ 115 000) spectra observed at the same epochs.
Results. All emission lines show variability with a timescale of at least 10 min. The strength of all lines except He4026 correlate with Hα. During strong flares the “red asymmetry” appears in the Hα emission line indicating the infall of hot condensed matter into the chromosphere with velocities greater than 100 km s−1 disturbing chromospheric layers. As a result, the strength of the CaII lines anti-correlates with Hα during strong flares. The HeI lines at 4026 and 5876 Å appear in the strong flares. The cores of D1 and D2 NaI lines are also seen in emission. During the minimum activity of Proxima Centauri, CaII lines and Hɛ almost disappear while the blue part of the NaI emission lines is affected by the absorption in the extending and condensing flows.
Conclusions. We see different behaviour of emission lines formed in the flare regions and chromosphere. Chromosphere layers of Proxima Cen are likely heated by the flare events; these layers are cooled in the “non-flare” mode. The self-absorption structures in cores of our emission lines vary with time due to the presence of a complicated system of inward and outward matter flows in the absorbing layers.
Circulating FGF21 Levels in Human Health and Metabolic Disease
Authors: Keuper Michaela , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Staiger Harald 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHuman fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is primarily produced and secreted by the liver as a hepatokine. This hormone circulates to its target tissues (e. g., brain, adipose tissue), which requires two components, one of the preferred FGF receptor isoforms (FGFR1c and FGFR3c) and the co-factor beta-Klotho (KLB) to trigger downstream signaling pathways. Although targeting FGF21 signaling in humans by analogues and receptor agonists results in beneficial effects, e. g., improvements in plasma lipids and decreased body weight, it failed to recapitulate the improvements in glucose handling shown for many mouse models. FGF21’s role and metabolic effects in mice and its therapeutic potential have extensively been reviewed elsewhere. In this review we focus on circulating FGF21 levels in humans and their associations with disease and clinical parameters, focusing primarily on obesity and obesity-associated diseases such as type-2 diabetes. We provide a comprehensive overview on human circulating FGF21 levels under normal physiology and metabolic disease. We discuss the emerging field of inactivating FGF21 in human blood by fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and its potential clinical implications.
Visible-Light-Driven Organic Photochemical Reactions in the Absence of External Photocatalysts
Authors: Wei Yi , Zhou Quan-Quan , Tan Fen , Lu Liang-Qiu , Xiao Wen-Jing 
Published: May 2019

Visible-light-driven organic photochemical reactions have attracted substantial attention from the synthetic community. Typically, catalytic quantities of photosensitizers, such as transition metal complexes, organic dyes, or inorganic semiconductors, are necessary to absorb visible light and trigger subsequent organic transformations. Recently, in contrast to these photocatalytic processes, a variety of photocatalyst-free organic photochemical transformations have been exploited for the efficient formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds. In addition to not requiring additional photocatalysts, they employ low-energy visible light irradiation, have mild reaction conditions, and enable broad substrate diversity and functional group tolerance. This review will focus on a summary of representative work in this field in terms of different photoexcitation modes.1	Introduction2	Visible Light Photoexcitation of a Single Substrate3	Visible Light Photoexcitation of Reaction Intermediates4	Visible Light Photoexcitation of EDA Complexes between Substrates5	Visible Light Photoexcitation of EDA Complexes between Substrates and Reaction Intermediates6	Visible Light Photoexcitation of Products7	Conclusion and Outlook
A corpus-based analysis of so in written discourse: A comparison between L1 English speakers and
Japanese EFL learners
Authors: Sato Shie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This study examines the functional variability of so in essays written by 200 L1 English speakers
(ENSs) and 400 Japanese EFL learners (EFLs). Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study elucidates discourse marker
usage of so in each group, thereby establishing the normative patterns of use among ENSs and the features
specific to L2 English writers. The findings suggest that ENSs use so strategically as a preface to stance-taking
by carefully selecting and adjusting the information to be established as common ground with the reader. EFLs use
so in a manner distinctly different from ENSs, displaying varying degrees of understanding and difficulty in
utilising the word’s discoursal properties. The study concludes that it is important for L2 English learners to learn the uses of
so not only as a connective marker with resultative meaning but also as a resource for projecting stance and
assertion.
‘Thone vpon thother’
Authors: Nykiel Jerzy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A frequent result produced by a search of the digital corpora of Middle English (henceforth ME) for instances of reduced th’ is a nominal involving the pronouns one or other with initial th
- or t- attached. In this study I argue that two different mechanisms, that is reduction of the definite article and misanalysis of the preceding demonstrative, need to be taken into account when scrutinizing the emergence of what turns out to be four different pronouns, namely thone, thother, tone, and tother. First I flesh out the ways in which these pronouns were used in ME. Then I analyze textual evidence which sheds light on the question when and how these pronouns emerged. Finally I argue that while initial th- is always a definite determiner reduced as expected given the DP cycle, initial t
- can be either a definite determiner or, less likely, part of a lexicalized pronoun.
A corpus-based study on the development of dare in Middle English and Early Modern English
Authors: Bemposta-Rivas Sofia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This study argues that the changes undergone by dare in late Middle English cannot be explained solely in terms of the phonological similarity between dare and tharf, but also by the relationship between tharf and the verb need, plus the influence that the latter exerted on dare. The aim of this study is to analyse the semantic and structural changes that the verbs dare, tharf and need undergo in the period between Middle English and Early Modern English. The data are drawn from The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English and The Penn Corpus of Early English Correspondence. The analysis confirms that the verbs dare and tharf were confused in Middle English in non-assertive and 'fear' contexts. With the obsolescence of tharf, dare begins to occur more frequently in assertive contexts, and also starts to exhibit lexical features due to the influence exerted by need.
Conservatism or the influence of the semantics of motion situation in the choice of perfect
auxiliaries in Jane Austen’s letters and novels
Authors: Calvo Cortés Nuria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The present study focuses on the analysis of the choice of either be or have in combination with the past participles of eleven motion verbs (arrive, become, come, enter, fall, go, get, grow, pass, return and run) to form perfective structures in Jane Austen’s letters and novels. She has previously been considered conservative in her grammar, specifically in relation to her preference for be as opposed to have in this type of structure. A corpus-based study shows that although she could indeed be considered conservative, the option of the auxiliary might also have been motivated by the different components of the motion situation involved in each instance. The conclusions show that some tendencies can be observed in relation to the behaviour of some of these verbs, despite the low number of occurrences of some of the verbs included in the analysis.
What can we learn from constructed speech errors?
Authors: Kornexl Lucia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Due to her untiring and constantly failing attempts to enhance her social standing by employing highly extravagant diction, Mrs Malaprop in Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s The Rivals (1775) has given her name to a specific type of lexical misapplication exploited for humorous effect. While her ‘malapropisms’ have usually served as a starting point for scholarly investigations into similar speech errors produced by modern speakers, this paper asks what the original material, skilfully embedded in a ‘comedy of manners’, can tell us about the linguistic microstructure of such lexical mismatches, about their semantic relationship to the target words, and how this peculiar kind of material relates to modern speech error typologies. To examine these questions, the linguistic character of Mrs Malaprop’s malapropisms will be explored on the basis of some significant criteria applied in pertinent studies of Present-day English data. Sheridan’s material will also be seen in relation to relevant evidence provided by three leading 18th-century dictionaries and by the OED. I hope to show that, when examined in their original, late 18th-century context and tested against some major variables, Sheridan’s malapropisms are not so far away from linguistic reality as is often assumed. Yet however ‘authentic’ his constructed malapropisms may be, their skilful use for literary effect nevertheless calls for a special treatment.
Abstract concepts and the activation of mouth-hand effectors
Authors: Mazzuca Claudia , Borghi Anna Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Embodied and grounded approaches to cognition have compellingly demonstrated that we comprehend concrete words simulating their meaning through our sensorimotor system (Barsalou 2008). Abstract words, i.e., words that do not have a single and concrete referent, are more difficult to account for in a grounded perspective. According to the Words As social Tools (WAT) proposal (Borghi and Binkofski 2014), in the acquisition and representation of abstract words language plays a central role. Abstract words are indeed mainly acquired through linguistic-social experience (Wauters et al. 2003). We report a behavioral experiment showing that the elaboration of abstract words involves the mouth motor system, as embodied counterpart of the activation of linguistic information, and that the involvement of the mouth is flexibly modulated by the task.
Inferential processing with concrete vs. abstract words and visual cortex
Authors: Calzavarini Fabrizio 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, I discuss the neuroscientific evidence concerning the role of the visual cortex for inferential semantic processing of concrete vs. abstract words. Results of my review suggest that visual cortex activity not only systematically accompanies inferential processing of concrete words, but it is also an active (facilitating) component of it. This is consistent with the Simulation or Embodied accounts of lexical semantic competence, according to which language understanding in general just consists in imagery/simulation processes underpinned by dedicated areas of the brain (e.g., the visual cortex). However, I show that this is not the case for words referring to abstract concepts: inferential processing of abstract words does not seem to involve visual cortex. The theoretical consequences of this phenomenon are also discussed.
Is the acoustic modality relevant for abstract concepts?
Authors: Scerrati Elisa , Lugli Luisa , Nicoletti Roberto , Borghi Anna Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An emerging class of theories of knowledge assumes that the representation and processing of concepts is achieved by reactivating multiple aspects of experience. Abstract concepts such as freedom and justice constitute a challenge for these theories because they have no clearly identifiable referent that we can experience. The Words As social Tools theory (WAT) posits that while both concrete and abstract concepts activate sensorimotor networks, the linguistic network is activated more by abstract than by concrete concepts given that the mode of acquisition of abstract concepts relies more on language. In this chapter we extend this argument and report results from an experiment with the Extrinsic Simon task suggesting that when we process abstract words we re-enact the experience of their acquisition and/or explain to ourselves their meaning.
Metaphor in action
Authors: Panunzi Alessandro , Vernillo Paola 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Embodiment plays an essential role in both concrete and abstract semantic representation. As a consequence, action verbs are extensively involved in the conceptualization and linguistic encoding of figurative meanings. In the light of several theoretical frameworks, this chapter aims to investigate the mechanisms that enable verbs to acquire new abstract meanings. The analysis we present focuses specifically on the metaphorical variation of a cohesive group of five Italian action verbs codifying a movement along the vertical axis (alzare, abbassare, salire, scendere, sollevare). The results confirm the Invariance Principle worked out by Lakoff: the metaphorical mapping of an action verb is strictly constrained by the image schemas involved in its core and concrete meaning.
Abstract concepts in development
Authors: Rosenberg Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
For young children, grasping abstract concepts and words poses a challenge. This chapter reports a case-study in which I discuss the abstract concepts expressed by complex words (440 types) by a Swedish girl (1–3 years). The data show that complex adjectives expressing evaluative content emerged prior age 2. These types of adjectives might thus be one step towards the learning of abstract concepts. The child’s novel compounds, combining concepts on several variables, are proof of her ability to gradually abstract away from perception-based reality. They can therefore be another means in the process of building abstract representation. In conclusion, this study confirms a view of abstract representation being built up gradually by relying on multiple factors such as linguistic, experiential, and contextual information.
The non-translation strategy in translating ISIS radical discourse
Authors: Bazzi Samia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper examines the contribution of translation to the shaping of ISIS concepts and discourses circulated through its media machine, which includes Dabiq Magazine and the Al-Furqan Foundation. It will explore propaganda strategies used by ISIS to disseminate radical thought through professional digitalized media by drawing on a corpus of texts published in such outlets – including political speeches given by ISIS leaders, as well as online reports, all of which are translated by ISIS’ own translators, the mujtahidun (the industrious ones). A comparative analysis of the original and the translated texts reveals a number of translation strategies that ISIS deploys to construct radicalized knowledge, to serve a violent agenda, and to appeal to a large number of potential foreign fighters. It will be argued that non-translation is a particularly important strategy employed to achieve these objectives. It will also be suggested that Islamic concepts such as Khilāfah, Jamā’ah, Ummah, Hijra, Bay’ah, Da’wah, Jihād, tawāghīt, and other motifs saturated with an ancient Islamic register tend to be left untranslated as a way of reinforcing perceptions of Muslim unity, power, allegiance, and brotherhood against the enemy. The analysis further reveals that particular ideological concepts are left untranslated when ISIS propagandists advocate fighting against the “unbelievers”, arguably in an attempt to galvanize the group’s followers – whether by appealing to their religious fanaticism or by promoting the uncritical reproduction of symbolic discourses grounded in Islamic history. These strategies highlight a need for awareness of the importance of language use in the reproduction of radical systems of thought and the use of (non-)translation for recruitment purposes. This socio-political linguistic study draws on Critical Discourse Analysis – incorporating the work of Fairclough (1995), Gramsci (1971) and Bourdieu (1991) to unravel the connections that exist between language use and the power of ISIS as a group, and to illustrate how specific translation techniques are adopted to reinforce the Caliphate’s hegemony.
Gesturing the source domain
Authors: Lederer Jenny 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGesture is aptly described as a “backdoor” to cognition (Sweetser, 2007, p. 203). Co-speech gesture has been shown to aid in the representation of abstract concepts (Parrill & Sweetser, 2004) and, specifically, encode metaphorical source domains (Cienki, 1998). This paper examines how co-speech gesture aligns with spoken and written narrative to support a spatially based representation of gender identity. Repeated gestural patterns include inward facing palms used to mime fictive category boundaries, gestural mapping of motion across metaphorical gender regions, manual deictic reference to interior and exterior self, and distancing from past gender assignment signaled through emblematic scare quotes. The data examined in this paper confirm the important role gesture plays in supplementing the instantiation of the metaphorical models that organize transgender speakers’ experience with and discussion of gender and transition.
Figurative analogies and how they are resisted in British Public Bill Committee debates
Authors: Lavalette Kiki Y. Renardel de , Andone Corina , Steen Gerard J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper studies metaphor use in British Public Bill Committee debates. It focuses on the way in which
legislators frame their arguments in metaphorical terms under the form of figurative analogies. Because these figurative analogies
can be misleading by oversimplifying the issue under discussion, resisting them by putting forward counter-argumentation is a
crucial and necessary skill. The purpose of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of countering figurative analogies in
legislative debates, and to show that resistance to figurative analogies is a complex phenomenon comprising various types of
criticisms to different types of metaphor. To this end, we present qualitative analyses of a number of case studies of resistance
to figurative analogies found in the British Public Bill Committee debates on the Education Bill 2010–11 by employing the
three-dimensional model of metaphor (Steen, 2011) and the pragma-dialectical theory of
argumentation (Van Eemeren, 2010).
Research timeline. The role of instruction
Authors: Baten Kristof , Keßler Jörg-U. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of studies that have dealt with the role of instruction, and more particularly, its possible effect on altering the route of second language acquisition (SLA). In SLA, some have argued that the effects of instruction are limited, in that instruction will promote acquisition only if it occurs at a time when a learner is ‘ready’ for the forms instructed. One formalisation of this idea of learner readiness is Pienemann’s (1984) teachability hypothesis. The present timeline will discuss studies preceding the formulation of the teachability hypothesis as well as subsequent studies that confirm, adjust, challenge or refute it. The aim is to give a historical overview of findings relating to this research question, which remains significant and relevant today.
Are speech and writing teachable?
Authors: Dyson Bronwen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Does the teachability hypothesis (Pienemann 1984, 1989) apply to spoken and written L2 English questions? Given varied findings on this issue, the present chapter reports on a study of 20 postgraduate students, divided into experimental and comparison groups. The experimental group, which comprised ‘unready’ (stage X), ‘ready’ (stage X+1) and stage X+2 students, was taught X+2 question formation. This group’s post-test results demonstrated overall differences from the comparison group and that, in both skills, the ready learners moved up a stage and one unready learner did not. However, two of the experimental group’s unready students advanced two stages in both skills. The spoken and written results imply that instruction cannot make learners skip stages but may help unready learners progress.
The elicitation of oral language production data
Authors: Baten Kristof 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
To determine developmental stages, research based on the framework of Processability Theory (PT) commonly examines data from naturally occurring speech. This chapter will investigate whether experimentally elicited data can also be used as a valid basis for determining developmental stages. It reports on a study that tested predictions derived from PT regarding developmental stages of case markers in L2 German. The results show that data obtained from an Elicited Imitation Task (EIT) yields the same developmental order, as well as variation, that has previously been found in naturally occurring data. The study therefore suggests that the EIT affords a valid method to examine developmental stages. Positive and negative aspects of the elicited imitation task will be considered.
Grammatical accuracy and complexity in a speaking proficiency test
Authors: Agebjörn Anders 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

The Common European Framework of Reference has stimulated research on the relation between linguistic competence and communicative competence. Such studies have often used linguistic measures from the Complexity-Accuracy-Fluency (CAF) paradigm to objectively tap into the linguistic competence of language learners; others have used Processability Theory. This study contributes to this research by measuring grammatical accuracy and complexity, in terms of both CAF and level of processability, in learners of second language Swedish taking a speaking proficiency test. The results show that a higher level of processability primarily enables learners to use a more complex, rather than a more accurate, language. Nevertheless, assessors focus primarily on accuracy. This raises questions about the reliability of communicative language testing, and the article argues for a more psycholinguistic and experimental approach to language testing.
Acquisition of nominal morphology in Norwegian L2
Authors: Emilsen Linda Evenstad 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to examine certain trends and tendencies in the acquisition of nominal morphology in the spontaneous speech of three L1 Kurdish-speaking children acquiring Norwegian as an L2. This paper reports on variations in the children’s use of articles and suffixes at three different points along their paths of acquisition, from approximately 2:7 (age:months) to 8:8 years after the age of onset of acquisition (AoOA). The findings suggest that constructions paralleling those of adult L1 speakers are the main pattern in L2 production of the children in the present study. In addition, article omission in modified noun phrases (NPs), gender-agreement discrepancy, omission of the definite suffix in simple nominal phrases and omission of the indefinite article are other tendencies.