bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of national culture on financial crime
Authors: Yamen Ahmed , Al Qudah Anas , Badawi Ahmed , Bani-Mustafa Ahmed 
Published: April 2019

PurposeDespite the existence of laws, regulations and sanctions, financial crime remains widespread. The Panama leaks have proven that people from all over the world are participating in money laundering and other financial crimes. This study aims to investigate the influence of national culture on financial crimes across 78 countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses Hofstede’s cultural framework as a basis for its hypotheses on financial crime. It also uses the Basel anti-money laundering index as a proxy for measuring the incidence of financial crime across the countries under review.FindingsThe findings show that countries whose cultural profiles are characterized by low uncertainty avoidance, low individualism, high masculinity and low long-term orientation have high rates of financial crime. The finding also shows that countries whose cultural profiles are characterized by individualism or positive collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation have low rates of financial crime.Originality/valueLaws, regulations and sanctions are not the only factors that can help deter the crime; governments should also take a holistic approach that includes the cultural factors that encourage deterrence.
The SOMOAR operationalization: a holistic concept to travel decision modelling
Authors: Laesser Christian , Luo Jieqing , Beritelli Pietro 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
Most state-of-the-art approaches for the analysis of the process of travel decision-making follow Woodworth’s neo-behaviouristic S–R (stimulus–response) or S–O–R (stimulus–organism–response) model. However, within this model, scholars primarily focus on the S–R relationship, investigating specific decisions by describing or explaining an outcome as the result of an input of several stimuli. There is a lack of investigation into the “O” dimension of the S–O–R model. This paper aims to contribute towards closing of this gap by conceptually and holistically expanding existing models with new perspectives and components.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors base the conceptual process on a subjective/interpretative research paradigm, by combining outcomes from different theories and concepts into a new, more holistic approach; and challenging this approach by seeking counterarguments as well as supportive arguments at three conferences and workshops.

Findings
The paper expands the body of literature by positing a generic conceptual operationalization model focusing on the organism (“O”) domain of decision-making. To achieve this, and further to operationalize the S–O–R model, the paper proposes to integrate an M–O–A (motivation–opportunity–ability) approach.

Originality/value
The analysis of the body literature reveals that there is still a lack of analytical and especially workable models/approaches for the analysis of the process of tourist decision-making. The paper contributes to that discussion by offering an alternative and generic operationalization of the tourist decision-making process by inducing a theoretical framework from the deductions gleaned from a number of existing theories.
Psychometric evaluation of the Medicare Advantage and prescription drug plan disenrollment reasons survey
Authors: Martino Steven C. , Elliott Marc N. , Zaslavsky Alan M. , Orr Nate , Bogart Andy , Ye Feifei , Damberg Cheryl L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo develop and assess the reliability and validity of composite measures of reasons for disenrollment from Medicare Advantage (MA) and prescription drug plans (PDPs).Data SourceMedicare beneficiaries who responded to the Medicare Advantage and Prescription Drug Plan Disenrollment Reasons Survey.Study DesignSeparate multilevel factor analyses of MA and PDP data suggested groupings of survey items to form composite measures, for which internal consistency and interunit reliability were estimated. The association of each composite with an overall plan rating was examined to evaluate criterion validity.Principal FindingsFive composites were identified: financial reasons for disenrollment; problems with prescription drug benefits and coverage; problems getting information and help from the plan; problems getting needed care, coverage, and cost information; and problems with coverage of doctors and hospitals. Beneficiary‐level internal consistency reliability exceeded 0.70 for all but one composite (financial reasons); plan‐level internal consistency reliability exceeded 0.80 for all composites; average interunit reliability for plans with ≥ 30 survey completes exceeded 0.75 for 3 of 5 composites. As expected, greater endorsement of reasons for disenrollment was associated with lower overall plan ratings.ConclusionsThe Disenrollment Reasons Survey provides a reliable and valid assessment of beneficiaries' reasons for leaving their plans. Multiple reasons for disenrollment may indicate especially poor experiences.
Effective elimination of Staphylococcal contamination from hospital surfaces by a bacteriophage–probiotic sanitation strategy: a monocentric study
Authors: D'Accolti Maria , Soffritti Irene , Lanzoni Luca , Bisi Matteo , Volta Antonella , Mazzacane Sante , Caselli Elisabetta 
Published: April 2019

SummaryPersistent contamination of hospital surfaces and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as major causes of healthcare‐associated infections (HAI). We recently showed that probiotic‐based sanitation (PCHS) can stably decrease surface pathogens and reduce AMR and HAIs. However, PCHS action is slow and non‐specific. By contrast, bacteriophages have been proposed as a decontamination method as they can rapidly attack specific targets, but their routine application has never been tested. Here, we analysed the feasibility and effectiveness of phage addition to PCHS sanitation, aiming to obtain a rapid and stable abatement of specific pathogens in the hospital environment. Staphylococcal contamination in the bathrooms of General Medicine wards was analysed, being those areas the most contaminated and Staphylococci the most prevalent bacteria in such settings. Results showed that a daily phage application by nebulization induced a rapid and significant decrease in Staphylococcus spp. load on treated surfaces, up to 97% more than PCHS alone (P < 0.001), suggesting that such a system might be considered as a part of prevention and control strategies, to counteract outbreaks of specific pathogens and prevent associated infections.
The Danish Rural Eye Study: prevalence of strabismus among 3785 Danish adults – a population‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hultman Oscar , Beth Høeg Tracy , Munch Inger Christine , Ellervik Christina , la Cour Morten , Andersson Grönlund Marita , Buch Hesgaard Helena 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeTo determine the prevalence of strabismus among Danish adults and to find the frequency of history of strabismus and strabismus surgery. Furthermore, to evaluate the prevalence of strabismus‐associated amblyopia among participants with strabismus and to relate the results to the current national vision screening programme.MethodsIn total, 3785 adults in the Danish Rural Eye Study underwent an interview regarding eye health, visual acuity measurement, Hirschberg test and retinal photography. Participants were categorized into groups based on their birth date in relation to the introduction of the national vision screening programme.ResultsIn total, the prevalence of strabismus was 1.1% (41/3785; 95% CI: 0.8–1.5); no differences were found in relation to gender or screening status. The prevalence of exotropia (XT) was 0.3% (12/3785; 95% CI: 0.2–0.6) and of esotropia (ET) 0.8% (29/3785; 95% CI: 0.5–1.1), resulting in an XT:ET ratio of 1:2.7. A history of strabismus was present in 4.6% (174/3785; 95% CI: 4.0–5.3), and a history of strabismus surgery was present in 0.8% (32/3785; 95% CI: 0.6–1.2) of the participants. Among participants with manifest strabismus, 24% had strabismus‐associated amblyopia.ConclusionIn this first European population‐based study of strabismus prevalence in adults, the prevalence was similar to three out of five previous studies using cover test. The use of Hirschberg test may have led to an underestimation of the true prevalence. The prevalence was neither related to screening status nor gender. Our results are the first to display a predominance of ET among Caucasian Scandinavian adults.
Trial‐based cost‐effectiveness analysis of ultrathin Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (UT‐DSAEK) versus DSAEK
Authors: Simons Rob W.P. , Dickman Mor M. , van den Biggelaar Frank J.H.M. , Dirksen Carmen D. , Van Rooij Jeroen , Remeijer Lies , Van der Lelij Allegonda , Wijdh Robert H.J. , Kruit Pieter J. , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of ultrathin Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (UT‐DSAEK) versus standard DSAEK.MethodsA cost‐effectiveness analysis using data from a multicentre randomized clinical trial was performed. The time horizon was 12 months postoperatively. Sixty‐four eyes of 64 patients with Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy were included and randomized to UT‐DSAEK (n = 33) or DSAEK (n = 31). Relevant resources from healthcare and societal perspectives were included in the cost analysis. Quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) were determined using the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 questionnaire. The main outcome was the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER; incremental societal costs per QALY).ResultsSocietal costs were €9431 (US$11 586) for UT‐DSAEK and €9110 (US$11 192) for DSAEK. Quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) were 0.74 in both groups. The ICER indicated inferiority of UT‐DSAEK. The cost‐effectiveness probability ranged from 37% to 42%, assuming the maximum acceptable ICER ranged from €2500–€80 000 (US$3071–US$98 280) per QALY. Additional analyses were performed omitting one UT‐DSAEK patient who required a regraft [ICER €9057 (US$11 127) per QALY, cost‐effectiveness probability: 44–62%] and correcting QALYs for an imbalance in baseline utilities [ICER €23 827 (US$29 271) per QALY, cost‐effectiveness probability: 36–59%]. Furthermore, the ICER was €2101 (US$2581) per patient with clinical improvement in best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (≥0.2 logMAR) and €3274 (US$4022) per patient with clinical improvement in National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire‐25 composite score (≥10 points).ConclusionThe base case analysis favoured DSAEK, since costs of UT‐DSAEK were higher while QALYs were comparable. However, additional analyses revealed no preference for UT‐DSAEK or DSAEK. Further cost‐effectiveness studies are required to reduce uncertainty.
Perceived Similarity in Multiple Categorisation
Authors: Grigoryan Lusine 
Published: April 2019

As the diversity of modern societies becomes more structurally complex, the importance of studying multiple cross‐cutting group memberships increases as well. The present study investigates the causes and consequences of perceived similarity in multiple categorisation settings. In a factorial survey with six ethnic groups in Russia (N = 524 participants, 5,036 observations), this study examines the effects of eight real‐life social categories (ethnicity, religion, gender, age, education level, proficiency in Russian language, job skill level, and immigration background) on perceived similarity and attitudes. The findings show that ingroup membership on each categorisation dimension increases perceived similarity with the target and that high‐status others are evaluated as more similar even by participants who belong to a lower‐status group. Findings also suggest that all judgments of targets fall into two clusters, which can be described as “in‐group‐like” and “out‐group‐like” others. The implications for information processing in image formation are discussed. Finally, path analysis results indicate that participants’ attitudes towards the target person are mediated by perceived similarity for all categories. These findings provide strong evidence for the large explanatory power of perceived similarity in judgments of others when multiple group memberships are salient.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children – a 2019 update
Authors: Szajewska Hania , Kołodziej Maciej , Gieruszczak‐Białek Dorota , Skórka Agata , Ruszczyński Marek , Shamir Raanan 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundRecently, evidence from a large randomised controlled trial (RCT) negated efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children.AimTo review RCTs in which L rhamnosus GG was used to treat acute gastroenteritis in children.MethodsThe Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched from May 2013 (end of last search) to January 2019. The primary outcomes were stool volume and duration of diarrhoea.ResultsEighteen RCTs (n = 4208) were included. Compared with placebo or no treatment, L rhamnosus GG use had no effect on stool volume but was associated with a reduced duration of diarrhoea (15 RCTs, n = 3820, mean difference, MD −0.85 day, 95% CI −1.15 to −0.56). L rhamnosus GG was effective when used at a daily dose of ≥1010 CFU or <1010CFU; however, the latter produced results of borderline significance. L rhamnosus GG was more effective when used in European countries compared with non‐European countries, particularly when considered by region. L rhamnosus GG use was associated with a reduced duration of hospitalisation. One RCT found that L rhamnosus GG had no effect on the total clinical severity score at 14 days after enrolment.ConclusionsDespite a recent large RCT demonstrating no effect of L rhamnosus GG, current evidence shows that, overall, L rhamnosus GG reduced both the duration of diarrhoea (with a higher impact in European countries) and hospitalisation in inpatients. These findings should be viewed in the context of the high heterogeneity and methodological limitations of the included trials.
Effects of stocking density on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows
Authors: Lin Shi‐xin , Liu Jian‐xin , Wang Kai‐ying , Wang Di‐ming 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe current study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density (SD) on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows. Thirty‐two dairy cows were allocated into 16 blocks, basing on parity, previous milk yield, and body weight, and were then randomly assigned into one of the two treatments as follows: 75% (75SD) and 100% (100SD) SD. The cows were fed with same diet throughout the 8‐week experimental period. The milk yield and milk sample were collected on two consecutive days during the 8‐week experimental period weekly. Plasma samples were collected on fourth and eighth experimental weeks. Raw, energy‐corrected, and 4% fat‐corrected milk yield were significantly higher in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals, respectively. The milk somatic cell count was lower in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals. The levels of Na+, Na+/K+, bovine serum albumin and plasmin were lower in 75SD‐cows than those of 100SD‐cattle, respectively. The 75SD‐cows had reduced insulin and insulin/glucagon levels but higher prolactin and growth hormone concentrations, compared with those of 100SD‐animals, respectively. In conclusion, compared with low SD‐animals, early lactating cows with higher SD had higher oxidative stress status, which further led to a greater mammary gland permeability.
Pilot study to quantify the time to clear dexamethasone from plasma and urine of adult horses following a single nebulisation
Authors: Symonds NE , Dart AJ , Keledjian J , Lau M Liu , Ennis LC , McIver VC , Tsang AS , Biasutti SA , Jeffcott LB 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveTo quantify the time to clear dexamethasone from plasma and urine of horses following a single nebulisation.DesignExperimental using six Standardbred mares.MethodsDexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.04 mg/kg) diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride was administered as an aerosol using a Flexineb E2® nebuliser. Blood samples (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 32, 48, 72 and 96 h) and urine samples (0, 1, 4, 8, 24, 32, 48, 72 and 96 h) were collected for analysis using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.ResultsMaximum plasma concentrations (tmax) were reached by the earliest detection point (2 h) after nebulisation (0.6–1.8 ng/mL), but was no longer detectable at 48 h. However, in one horse 0.1 ng/mL was found at 96 h after three consecutive readings of 0 ng/mL. The tmaxin urine was reached by the earliest collection point (1 h) after nebulisation (3.2–23.8 ng/mL), but was no longer present in urine at 72 h in five horses, while detectable levels (0.1 ng/mL) were still present at 96 h in one horse.ConclusionsA single dose of 0.04 mg/kg of DSP administered as an aerosol through a FlexinebE2® mask was no longer detectable in blood at 48 h in six horses tested, but one horse returned a reading of 0.1 ng/mL at 96 h after having no detectable levels. Dexamethasone was not detectable in urine at 72 h in five horses but was detectable at a low concentration (0.1 ng/mL) at 96 h in one horse.
Confirmed case of Pneumocystis pneumonia in a Maltese Terrier × Papillon dog being treated with toceranib phosphate
Authors: Best MP , Boyd SP , Danesi P 
Published: April 2019

Case reportA 7‐year‐old female‐neutered Maltese Terrier × Papillon dog was presented with tachypnoea and weight loss following 12 months of therapy with toceranib phosphate for a metastatic, histologically‐low‐grade mast cell tumour.The dog was diagnosed with Pneumocystis canis based on PCR with supportive clinical, radiographic and cytological findings. No other clinical evidence of immunocompromise was identified through assessment of haematology and immunoglobulin quantification. Clinical signs completely resolved with a short course of potentiated sulfonamides and discontinuation of the toceranib.ConclusionTo the authors’ knowledge this represents the first case of Pneumocystis in a dog secondary to immunomodulatory drug therapy. It is also the first case of opportunist infection secondary to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in dogs.
Pharmacodynamics of rituximab on B lymphocytes in paediatric patients with autoimmune diseases
Authors: Pan Shan , Yu Huixin , Surti Ayesha , Cheng Iek , Marks Stephen D. , Brogan Paul A. , Eleftheriou Despina , Standing Joseph F. 
Published: April 2019

AimsRituximab is a chimeric IgG‐1 monoclonal antibody that depletes B cells, aiding in the treatment of several conditions including autoimmune diseases. It is not licensed for use in children. This study aimed to quantify the B cell‐related pharmacodynamics of rituximab in children with autoimmune disease.MethodsRoutine electronic health record data were collected at a large paediatric tertiary hospital in London, UK. Dosing protocols were either 2 × 750 mg/m2 intravenous infusions of rituximab on days 1 and 15, or 4 × 375 mg/m2 infusions on days 1, 8, 15 and 22. Rituximab pharmacokinetics (PK) were not measured but CD19+ lymphocyte counts were taken before and after rituximab treatment. A dose–response model was constructed describing the life cycle of CD19+ lymphocytes, with rituximab assumed to increase the death rate. Rituximab effect was assumed to decay by first‐order kinetics.ResultsIn total, 258 measurements of CD19+ lymphocyte counts were collected from 39 children with 8 autoimmune diseases. The elimination rate constant (% relative standard error) of rituximab effect decay was 0.036 (22.7%) days−1 and CD19+ turnover was 0.02 (41%) days−1 corresponding to half‐lives of 19 and 35 days respectively. Rituximab increased CD19+ death rate 35‐fold, with methotrexate and cyclophosphamide associated with further increases. Simulations suggested that a single infusion of 750 mg/m2 provides similar 6‐month suppression of CD19+ lymphocytes to current dosing.ConclusionsRituximab pharmacodynamics (PD) in paediatric autoimmune diseases has been described. Compared with rituximab alone, the additional effect of methotrexate or cyclophosphamide was statistically significant but small.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling for renal function dependent urinary glucose excretion effect of ipragliflozin, a selective sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, both in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Saito Masako , Kaibara Atsunori , Kadokura Takeshi , Toyoshima Junko , Yoshida Satoshi , Kazuta Kenichi , Ueyama Eiji 
Published: April 2019

AimsTo provide a model‐based prediction of individual urinary glucose excretion (UGE) effect of ipragliflozin, we constructed a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model and a population PK model using pooled data of clinical studies.MethodsA PK/PD model for the change from baseline in UGE for 24 hours (ΔUGE24h) with area under the concentration–time curve from time of dosing to 24 h after administration (AUC24h) of ipragliflozin was described by a maximum effect model. A population PK model was also constructed using rich PK sampling data obtained from 2 clinical pharmacology studies and sparse data from 4 late‐phase studies by the NONMEM $PRIOR subroutine. Finally, we simulated how the PK/PD of ipragliflozin changes in response to dose regime as well as patients' renal function using the developed model.ResultsThe estimated individual maximum effect were dependent on fasting plasma glucose and renal function, except in patients who had significant UGE before treatment. The PK of ipragliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients was accurately described by a 2‐compartment model with first order absorption. The population mean oral clearance was 9.47 L/h and was increased in patients with higher glomerular filtration rates and body surface area. Simulation suggested that medians (95% prediction intervals) of AUC24h and ΔUGE24h were 5417 (3229–8775) ng·h/mL and 85 (51–145) g, respectively. The simulation also suggested a 1.17‐fold increase in AUC24h of ipragliflozin and a 0.76‐fold in ΔUGE24h in T2DM patients with moderate renal impairment compared to those with normal renal function.ConclusionsThe developed models described the clinical data well, and the simulation suggested mechanism‐based weaker antidiabetic effect in T2DM patients with renal impairment.
Activism, Bioethics and Academic Research
Authors: Draper Heather 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article sketches a taxonomy of the activities in which bioethics academics engage, including activities that may make their own research more impactful, from little or no engagement outside academia to activism or extreme activism. This taxonomy, the first of its kind, may be useful in determining what obligations bioethics academics have in relation to activism and activities that fall short of activism.
Developing a Work‐Ready Social Media Marketing Analytics Course: A Model to Cultivate Data‐Driven and Multiperspective Strategy Development Skills
Authors: Kim Yuna 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThis article reports on an innovative Social Media Marketing Analytics course that was developed to respond to current industry needs for marketing analysts with data‐driven and multiperspective marketing strategy development skills. Teaching approaches, resources, and insights are shared to encourage future development of similar courses.