bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Smart Nutrition and Conditioning for Kids (SNACK) Program
Authors: Jakubowski Tami L. , Perron Tracy , Farrell Anne , Kenner Carole , Hullings Christy 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background:
The Smart Nutrition and Conditioning for Kids (SNACK) program was developed in response to the 2010 Childhood Obesity Study (Rutgers Center for State Health Policy, 2010) recognizing a 49% childhood obesity rate in Trenton New Jersey. Lifestyle influences contributing to childhood obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus include poor food choices, inadequate access to healthy foods, decrease in physical activity, and insufficient access to safe play environments.

Methods:
Second-grade students were selected by teachers to be in the SNACK intervention group or a control group based on their classroom assignment. The SNACK program integrated nutrition lessons to students in an urban and urban rim elementary school during regularly scheduled physical education class. Nutrition lesson plans were developed to educate the children on healthy eating in a fun, interactive manner. The SNACK intervention was performed twice a week for 8 weeks. Pre- and poststudy CATCH (CATCH [Coordinated Approach to Child Health] Global Foundation, 2017) Nutritional Knowledge surveys were completed by all of the participating children.

Results:
Students who were offered the nutrition-based lessons (SNACK intervention group) performed better on their Healthy Choices survey (p < 0.05), but not the Nutritional Knowledge survey (p = 0.87), when compared with control group students.

Conclusion:
Results suggest that the SNACK program was a partial success and is one example of an interdisciplinary approach to early intervention that can teach young children how to choose healthy foods.
Videography in Pediatric Emergency Research
Authors: Kerrey Benjamin T. , O'Connell Karen J. , Myers Sage R. , Rinderknecht Andrea S. , Frey Mary E. , Dyas Jenna R. , Boyd Stephanie , Mak Allison L. , Cochrane Niall , Donoghue Aaron J. 
Published: August 2018

Objectives
High-quality clinical research of resuscitations in a pediatric emergency department is challenging because of the limitations of traditional methods of data collection (chart review, self-report) and the low frequency of cases in a single center. To facilitate valid and reliable research for resuscitations in the pediatric emergency department, investigators from 3 pediatric centers, each with experience completing successful single-center, video-based studies, formed the Videography In Pediatric Emergency Research (VIPER) collaborative.

Methods
Our initial effort was the development of a multicenter, video-based registry and simulation-based testing of the feasibility and reliability of the VIPER registry. Feasibility of data collection was assessed by the frequency of an indeterminate response for all data elements in the registry. Reliability was assessed by the calculation of Cohen κ for dichotomous data elements and intraclass correlation coefficients for continuous data elements.

Results
Video-based data collection was completed for 8 simulated pediatric resuscitations, with at least 2 reviewers per case. Data were labeled as indeterminate by at least 1 reviewer for 18 (3%) of 524 relevant data fields. The Cohen κ for all dichotomous data fields together was 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.61–1.0). For all continuous (time–based) variables combined, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.96).

Conclusions
Initial simulation-based testing suggests video-based data collection using the VIPER registry is feasible and reliable. Our next step is to assess feasibility and reliability for actual pediatric resuscitations and to complete several prospective, hypothesis-based studies of specific aspects of resuscitative care, including of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, tracheal intubation, and teamwork and communication.
A National Patient Safety Curriculum in Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Authors: Stankovic Curt , Wolff Meg , Chang Todd P , Macias Charles 
Published: August 2018

Background
Patient safety has become an important and required topic in medical education. A needs assessment showed that pediatric emergency medicine program directors were interested in a common pediatric emergency-specific safety curriculum.

Objective
The objective of this study was to describe the development and performance of a web-based patient safety curriculum in pediatric emergency medicine.

Methods
A web-based curriculum was created by the Committee on Quality Transformation of the Section of Emergency Medicine for the American Academy of Pediatrics. The curriculum consisted of emergency-specific safety topic didactic sessions with a pretest and posttest assessment. Vignette-based scenarios were also included and were discussed locally by the program directors.

Results
Fifty-two percent (37/71) of US Pediatric Emergency Medicine fellowship programs enrolled their fellows in the patient safety curriculum. Overall, 183 Pediatric Emergency Medicine fellows participated in the curriculum. Only 22% (40/183) of fellow participants completed the entire curriculum. The curriculum showed significant improved safety knowledge based upon the pretest and posttest results. Sixty-five percent of responders thought more about safety topics after the curriculum was completed, and 85% witnessed a safety event in the past month, whereas only 48% reported them.

Conclusions
An online centralized curriculum is an effective platform for teaching content in quality and safety to a national group of physicians. Local oversight by program directors may improve compliance with curriculum completion.
Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy With Associated Hemorrhagic Lacrimation
Authors: Sneller Hannah , Vega Carolina , Zemel Lawrence , Chicaiza Henry P. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is a rare leukocytoclastic vasculitis that affects infants and children aged 4 to 24 months. We report a case of a 5-month-old girl with purpuric lesions with associated hemorrhagic lacrimation and epistaxis.
Outcome and Complications following Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap Surgery to Reconstruct Sacrectomy Defects
Authors: Houdek Matthew T. , Bakri Karim , Tibbo Meagan E. , Wagner Eric R. , Rose Peter S. , Sim Franklin H. , Moran Steven L. 
Published: August 2018

Background:
The vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap has been used to reliably reconstruct posterior soft-tissue defects following resection of high sacral tumors, providing skin and soft-tissue bulk. Current literature examining the use of these flaps for high sacral reconstruction is limited. The purpose of this study was to report the authors’ institution's outcome on the use of the vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap to reconstruct a high sacral defect following an oncologic resection.

Methods:
Eighty-seven patients (29 female and 58 male) underwent vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap surgery to reconstruct a posterior wound following high sacral tumor resection from 1994 to 2016. The mean age and body mass index were 52 years and 27.8 kg/m2, respectively. The mean follow-up was 6 years.

Results:
Sixty-eight patients (79 percent) sustained a complication, most commonly a wound complication [n = 41 (47 percent)]. Twenty patients (23 percent) sustained a donor-site wound complication, most commonly a wound dehiscence (n = 10). Complications resulted in a reoperation in 44 patients (51 percent), with total flap failure occurring in one (1 percent). Preoperative radiotherapy and obesity were found to increase the risk of wound complications (p = 0.004 and p = 0.02, respectively) and deep infection (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively).

Conclusions:
Complications were common following vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap surgery; however, total flap loss was not. Patients with obesity and preoperative radiotherapy should be cautioned on their increased risk of complications. Currently, the vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap is the authors’ preferred means of soft-tissue reconstruction following high sacral tumor resection.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Vulnerabilities at First Sex and Their Association With Lifetime Gender-Based Violence and HIV Prevalence Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Engaged in Sex Work, Transactional Sex, and Casual Sex in Kenya
Authors: Becker Marissa L. , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Blanchard James F. , Cheuk Eve , Isac Shajy , Musyoki Helgar K. , Gichangi Peter , Aral Sevgi , Pickles Michael , Sandstrom Paul , Ma Huiting , Mishra Sharmistha ,   on behalf of the Transitions Study Team
Published: August 2018

Background:
Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) experience high rates of HIV early in their sexual life course. We estimated the prevalence of HIV-associated vulnerabilities at first sex, and their association with lifetime gender-based violence (GBV) and HIV.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional biobehavioral survey among AGYW (14–24 years) in Mombasa, Kenya in 2015. We compared the prevalence of first sex vulnerabilities across AGYW who self-identified as engaging in sex work (N = 408), transactional sex (N = 177), or casual sex (N = 714) and used logistic regression to identify age-adjusted associations between first sex vulnerabilities and outcomes (GBV after first sex; HIV).

Results:
The median age at first sex was 16 years (interquartile range 14–18). A total of 43.6% received gifts or money at first sex; 41.2% and 11.2% experienced a coerced and forced first sex, respectively. First sex vulnerabilities were generally more common among AGYW in sex work. GBV (prevalence 23.8%) and HIV (prevalence 5.6%) were associated with first sex before age 15 [GBV adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0 to 1.9; HIV AOR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.3]; before or within 1 year of menarche (GBV AOR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.7; HIV AOR 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3 to 3.6); and receipt of money (GBV AOR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.5; HIV AOR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2 to 3.4).

Conclusions:
HIV-associated vulnerabilities begin at first sex and potentially mediate an AGYW's trajectory of risk. HIV prevention programs should include structural interventions that reach AGYW early, and screening for a history of first sex vulnerabilities could help identify AGYW at risk of ongoing GBV and HIV.
Addition of Anti-CD40 Monoclonal Antibody to Nonmyeloablative Conditioning With Belatacept Abrogated Allograft Tolerance Despite Induction of Mixed Chimerism
Authors: Oura Tetsu , Hotta Kiyohiko , Rosales Ivy , Dehnadi Abbas , Kawai Kent , Lee Hang , Benedict Cosimi A. , Kawai Tatsuo 
Published: August 2018

Background
We recently reported anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody and rapamycin (aCD40/rapa) to be a reliable, nontoxic, immunosuppressive regimen for combined islet and kidney transplantation (CIKTx) in nonhuman primates. In the current study, we attempted to induce allograft tolerance through the mixed chimerism approach using a conditioning regimen with aCD40 and belatacept (Bela).

Methods
Five CIKTx or kidney transplant alone recipients were treated with aCD40/rapa for 4 months. All recipients then received a conditioning regimen including horse antithymocyte globulin and aCD40/Bela. The results were compared with previous reports of recipients treated with Bela-based regimens.

Results
All 3 CIKTx recipients developed mixed chimerism, which was significantly superior to that observed in the previous Bela-based studies. Nevertheless, all CIKTx recipients in this study lost their islet and renal allografts as a result of cellular and humoral rejection on days 140, 89, and 84. The 2 kidney transplant-alone recipients were treated with the same conditioning regimen and suffered rejection on days 127 and 116, despite the development of excellent chimerism. B lymphocyte reconstitution dominated by memory phenotypes was associated with early development of donor-specific antibodies in 4 of 5 recipients. In vitro assays showed no donor-specific regulatory T cell expansion, which has been consistently observed in tolerant recipients with our mixed chimerism approach.

Conclusions
Despite displaying excellent immunosuppressive efficacy, costimulatory blockade with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (2C10R4) may inhibit the induction of renal or islet allograft tolerance via a mixed chimerism approach.
Unbiased Age-Appropriate Structural Brain Atlases for Chinese Pediatrics
Authors: Zhao Tengda , Liao Xuhong , Fonov Vladimir S. , Men Weiwei , Wang Yanpei , Qin Shaozheng , Tan Shuping , Gao Jia-Hong , Evans Alan , Tao Sha , Dong Qi , He Yong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of children brain development, structural brain atlases usually serve as important references of pediatric population in which individual images are spatially normalized into a common or standard stereotactic space. However, the existing popular children brain atlases (e.g., National Institutes of Health pediatric atlases, NIH-PD atlases) are made mostly based on MR images from Western populations, and are thus insufficient to characterize the brains of Chinese children due to the neuroanatomical differences that are relevant to genetic and environmental factors. By collecting high-quality T1- and T2- weighted MR images from 328 typically developing Chinese children aged from 6 to 12 years old, we created a set of age-appropriate Chinese pediatric (CHN-PD) atlases using an unbiased template construction algorithm. The CHN-PD atlases included the head/brain templates, the symmetric brain template, the gender-specific brain templates and the corresponding tissue probability atlases. Moreover, the atlases contained multiple age-specific templates with a one-year interval. A direct comparison of the CHN-PD and the NIH-PD atlases revealed remarkable anatomical differences bilaterally in the lateral frontal and parietal regions and somatosensory cortex. While applying the CHN-PD atlases to two independent Chinese pediatric datasets (N = 114 and N = 71, respectively), machine-learning regression approaches revealed higher prediction accuracy on brain ages than the usage of NIH-PD atlases. These results suggest that the CHN-PD brain atlases are necessary and important for future typical and atypical developmental studies in Chinese pediatric population. Currently, the CHN-PD atlases have been released on the NITRC website (https://www.nitrc.org/projects/chn-pd).
Enlarged and highly repetitive plastome of Lagarostrobos and plastid phylogenomics of Podocarpaceae
Authors: Sudianto Edi , Wu Chung-Shien , Leonhard Lars , Martin William F. , Chaw Shu-Miaw 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPodocarpaceae is the largest family in cupressophytes (conifers II), but their plastid genomes (plastomes) are poorly studied, with plastome data currently existing for only four of the 19 Podocarpaceous genera. In this study, we assembled the plastomes from representatives of eight additional genera, including Afrocarpus, Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos, Lepidothamnus, Microstrobos, Phyllocladus, Prumnopitys, and Saxegothaea. We found that Lagarostrobos, a monotypic genus native to Tasmania, has the largest plastome among any cupressophytes studied to date (151,496 bp). Plastome enlargement in Lagarostrobos coincides with increased intergenic spacers, repeats, and duplicated genes. Among Podocarpaceae, Lagarostrobos has the most rearranged plastome, but its substitution rates are modest. Plastid phylogenomic analyses clarify the positions of previously conflicting Podocarpaceous genera. Tree topologies firmly support the division of Podocarpaceae into two sister clades: (1) the Prumnopityoid clade and (2) the clade containing Podocarpoid, Dacrydioid, Microstrobos, and Saxegothaea. The Phyllocladus is nested within the Podocarpaceae, thus familial status of the monotypic Phyllocladaceae is not supported.
Generation of highly diverse peptide library by linear-double-stranded DNA based AND gate genetic circuit in mammalian cells
Authors: Li Shuai , Su Weijun , Zhang Chunze 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDNA-encoded peptide libraries are ideal functional peptide discovery platforms for their extremely large capacity. However, it’s still difficult to build high content peptide library in intact mammalian cells, which offer advantages associated with appropriate protein modification, proper protein folding, and natural status of membrane protein. Our previous work established linear-double-stranded DNAs (ldsDNAs) as innovative biological parts to implement AND gate genetic circuits in mammalian cell line. In the current study, we employ ldsDNA with terminal NNK degenerate codons as AND gate input to build highly diverse peptide library in mammalian cells. This ldsDNA-based AND gate (LBAG) peptide strategy is easy to conduct, only PCR reaction and cell transfection experiments are needed. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) results reveal that our new LBAG strategy could generate peptide library with both amino acid sequence and peptide length diversities. Moreover, by a mammalian cell two-hybrid system, we pan an MDM2 protein interacting peptide through the LBAG peptide library. Our work establishes ldsDNA as biological parts for building highly diverse peptide library in mammalian cells.
To block or not to block: the adaptive manipulation of plague transmission
Authors: Gandon S. , Heitzmann L. , Sebbane F. 
Published: August 2018

The ability of the agent of plague,Yersinia pestis, to form a biofilm blocking the gut of the flea has been considered to be a key evolutionary step in maintaining flea-borne transmission. However, blockage decreases dramatically the life expectancy of fleas, challenging the adaptive nature of blockage. Here we develop an epidemiological model of plague that accounts for its different transmission routes, as well as the within-host competition taking place between bacteria within the flea vector. We use this theoretical framework to identify the environmental conditions promoting the evolution of blockage. We also show that blockage is favored at the onset of an epidemic, and that the frequencies of bacterial strains exhibiting different strategies of blockage can fluctuate in seasonal environments. This analysis quantifies the contribution of different transmission routes in plague and makes testable predictions on the adaptive nature of blockage.Significance statementPlague transmission relies on the ability of infected fleas to inoculateY. pestisbacteria to vertebrate hosts. The production of a biofilm by the bacteria blocks the forgut of the flea and increases infectivity. But the adaptive nature of blockage remains controversial because it has a massive survival cost on the infected fleas and reduces dramatically the length of the infection: an extreme form of the classical virulence-transmission tradeoff. Here we develop a comprehensive model of the multiple routes of plague transmission, we determine when blockage can be viewed as an adaptive manipulation of its flea vector and we generate several testable predictions on the evolution of plague in both endemic and epidemic situations.
Demography and behaviour of polygyne nests of the supercolonial antCataglyphis niger: Does kinship matter?
Authors: Brodetzki Tali Reiner , Brodetzki Guy , Feinerman Ofer , Hefetz Abraham 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe basic ant colony is presumed to have evolved through kin selection. However, ants show a remarkable diversity in their social organization, from a monogynous-monandrous queen to the more derived states of polygyny with polyandrous queens. The existence of polygyny is an evolutionary enigma, since kin selection theory predicts that while queens should strive for reproductive monopoly, workers are predicted to favor their own matriline in rearing gynes. Using a barcoding system that enables tracking of individual interactions, along with polymorphic DNA microsatellite markers that indicate the matriline and patriline of all individuals, we demonstrate the complex social interactions in polygyne nests ofCataglyphis niger.C. nigeris not only polygyne but also constitutes a supercolony at the study site. Our pioneering findings that both queens and workers are not necessarily related to each other support the supercolony structure of the population. Also in line with supercoloniality, we demonstrate that the workers contribute equally to the nest production and rearing of the queens. Unlike invasive supercolonial species,C. nigeris native to Israel, raising questions about the driving forces, apart from kin selection, that stabilize this society.
Bclaf1 critically regulates the type I interferon response and is degraded by alphaherpesvirus US3
Authors: Qin Chao , Zhang Rui , Lang Yue , Shao Anwen , Xu Aotian , Feng Wenhai , Han Jun , Wang Mengdong , He Wanwei , Yu Cuilian , Tang Jun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractType I interferon response plays a prominent role against viral infection, which is frequently disrupted by viruses. Here, we report Bcl-2 associated transcription factor 1 (Bclaf1) is degraded during the alphaherpesvirus Pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections through the viral protein US3. We further reveal that Bclaf1 functions critically in type I interferon signaling. Knockdown or knockout of Bclaf1 in cells significantly impairs interferon-α (IFNα)-mediated gene transcription and viral inhibition against US3 deficient PRV and HSV-1. Mechanistically, Bclaf1 maintains a mechanism allowing STAT1 and STAT2 to be efficiently phosphorylated in response to IFNα, and more importantly, facilitates IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) binding with IFN-stimulated response elements (ISRE) for efficient gene transcription by directly interacting with ISRE and STAT2. Our studies establish the importance of Bclaf1 in IFNα-induced antiviral immunity and in the control of viral infections.
Dissecting splicing decisions and cell-to-cell variability with designed sequence libraries
Authors: Mikl Martin , Hamburg Amit , Pilpel Yitzhak , Segal Eran 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMost human genes are alternatively spliced, allowing for a large expansion of the proteome.The multitude of regulatory inputs to splicing limits the potential to infer general principles from investigating native sequences. Here, we created a rationally designed library of >32,000 splicing events to dissect the complexity of splicing regulation through systematicsequence alterations. Measuring RNA and protein splice isoforms allowed us to investigate bothcause and effect of splicing decisions, quantify diverse regulatory inputs and accurately predict (R2=0.75–0.85) isoform ratios from sequence and secondary structure. By profiling individual cells, we measure the cell-to-cell variability of splicing decisions and show that it can be encoded in the DNA and influenced by regulatory inputs, opening the door for a novel,single-cell perspective on splicing regulation.