bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralisation Problems in the PWV Complex – The Identification of Viable Solutions by Means of a Suite of Mathematical Models
Authors: Herold C E 
Published: May 2018

The Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV) complex, the most economically active region in southern Africa, depends for its water supply upon the Vaal river, which serves also as the sink for much of the pollution emanating from the complex. Over the past 45 years, the annual increase in water demand by the urban consumers has exceeded 7%, and the current rate of growth shows no sign of diminishing. The region is not richly endowed with waer resources and already considerable quantities of water have to be transferred into the Vaal basin from the adjacent Tugela basin.
Mineral pollutant loads, both from point and from diffuse sources, have risen to intolerable levels. With the onset of the rainy season, there is a pronounced “first flush” phenomenon, whereby salts accumulated in the catchment are washed off, causing unacceptably high TDS peaks in the primary water supply source. The problem is compounded by the feed-back effect whereby effluents are recycled into supply with consequent build- up of salinity. Without some form of numerical model it would not have been reasonably possible to plan measures to improve the position.
A suite of numerical models having meteorological data as basic input has been developed. The models simulate at key points in the system, for any demand horizon, monthly or daily salt concentrations associated with a wide variety of alternative management strategies. The models have been successfully calibrated and verified. Incorporated in the models are the economic parameters relating salinity in the water supply to the costs incurred by consumers in having to use water of poor quality. A method has been evolved whereby the costs and benefits to consumers resulting from various water resources and pollution control planning and management options can be objectively compared. Both present-day and probable levels of future pollution and of demand are taken into account in the evaluation of options.
Recent Developments in Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering
Authors: Cornier J C , Divet L , Moreaud H 
Published: May 2018

Government directives and sewage plant managers alike stress the great importance that should be attached to sludge treatment. The main objectives in this respect are:−to cut reagent and energy costs,−to facilitate maintenance and conservation of plant,−to favour sludge utilization.
Some recent examples, representative of these new trends, are outlined below.
Water Quality and the Discharge of Cooling Water into Rivers, Lakes and Coastal Waters
Authors: Gasparini R. 
Published: May 2018

This paper resumés some of the main findings and conclusions of a study group on cooling water problems (1) set up by UNIPEDE (2). The paper represents only the personal point of view of the author, in particular as chairman of the above mentioned group. The basic aim of the work was the study of the effects of the discharge of cooling water in the receiving water bodies (rivers, lakes and coastal waters). This type of assessment permits a more balanced and pragmatic approach to aspects such as thermal pollution, entrainment, impingement and pollution by antifouling agents.
The first part of the paper deals with the problem of damage to organisms entering a cooling system. An important factor in assessing the meaning of such aspect is the growing evidence that there is no reduction in fish population of the receiving water body associated with the operation of modern power plants despite the catch in the once through-cooling systems due to entrainment and impingement, that can be minimized, but not avoided.
The second part deals with the different methods of fouling prevention in power plants, with their possible environmental effects in the receiving water bodies.
The third part is a comprehensive review of the results of aquatic impact studies at power plants, that is the results of many experimental investigations carried out in the field to evaluate the effects of the operation of once through cooling systems sited on rivers, lakes, or coastal waters.
Biological Monitoring of Thermal Effects of Cooling Water Discharges from Danish Power Plants
Authors: Møller Bo , Dahl-Madsen K I 
Published: May 2018

In the years from 1970-1982 52 site studies and monitoring studies have been carried out at major existing and planned power plants. The results from the studies have been used in a planning system for water quality. This planning system, which is water quality related, is described in this paper. An important part of the planning system is the description of size and distribution of excess temperature fields and the related biological conditions.
In the biological monitoring, emphasis is placed on the benthic community as more vulnerable to the cooling water discharge. The studies have shown that the excess temperature field within the 1-2° isotherm can produce measurable changes in the benthic community.
The temperature effect in the pelagic zone is marginal, however, some effects are seen at sites with a deep water intake of nutrient rich water. Entrainment of fish and Zooplankton can be important in bays and estuaries.
Analysis of Effluents and Receiving Waters Arising from the Coal Fired Kasimpur Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Ajmal Mohammad , Nomani Azhar A , Khan Mujahid A 
Published: May 2018

The waters of the upper Ganga canal, discharged cooling water and the machine washings of 530 MW Kasimpur coal fired thermal power plant were analysed for different parameters like colour, turbidity, pH, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, nitrate-ammonia, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Metals zinc, lead, cadmium, iron, chromium, copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese were also determined in upstream, down stream, discharged cooling water, machine washings, sediment, plant and fish of the canal. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co and Mn in the upstream, downstream, cooling effluent and machine washings were found in the range 44.4-204, 1.33-26, 0.27-1.7, 49-208, 13.52-176. 11.5-79, 4.1-9, 4-8.1 and 42-68 µg/l; in the sediments 56.4-133, 1.22-28, 0.8-1.6, 9438-10595, 14.2-128, 13.6-15.0, 18.4-21, 7.3-16 and 320.7-392.2 µg/g; in the plants 21-25, 1.3-2.3, 0.05-0.08, 422-504, 3.5-11, 6.7-11.6, 3.3-7.9, 5.1-10.7 and 81-119 µg/g and in the fish 129.2-141.4, 2.1-3.82, 0.023-0.028, 234-242.1, 1.3-2, 7.8-11.3, 2.2-2.9, 2.6-3.0 and 108-114.6 ég/g on a dry weight basis. The sediments of the canal were analysed for pH, calcium carbonate, organic matter, potassium and phosphorus.
In addition, the effects of influent and effluent water on the physico-chemical properties of soil, germination of seeds and growth pattern of the plants were observed but the results were found to be insignificant.
Disposal of Waste Material – Evaluation in the KHM Project of Short and Long-Term Effects
Authors: Hartl Janén , Lundgren Tom 
Published: May 2018

One of the main objectives of the Swedish Coal-Health-Environment Project is to assess the short and long term effects of the disposal of coal wastes on the environment. The situation described below has been the basis for the discussions, laboratory leaching tests and field studies carried out in the KHM Project. The results of the laboratory works are reported to the conference in a paper by Liem et al, while this paper discusses the water balance and construction measures.
Certain trace elements in coal wastes are found in greater concentrations than in normal soils and rocks. As a result of the mineral alteration in the combustion process the mobility of some of the constituents may be higher in the waste than in the coal (or in sediments in general). On the other hand the alkaline properties of the waste reduce the mobility of many elements. Due to the continuous leaching out of buffering substances the pH of the leachate water will vary with time. The construction of trace elements in the leachate from a waste dump, exposed to acid rain, is governed by several factors. Beside the trace element composition and the leaching characteristic of the waste, the buffering capacity, the time and the water balance of the dump are judged to be the main controlling factors.
Dust Emission, Its Quantity and Composition, Depending on Dust Collector, Coal Quality and Other Factors
Authors: Falster Hans , Jacobsen Lars 
Published: May 2018

Dust emission measurements have been carried through at Danish coal-fired power stations. Investigations show that modern electrostatic precipitators can meet Danish emission standards even for high resistivity ash.
Modern electrostatic precipitators can reduce particulate emissions with a factor 10-20 compared to older precipitators.
Trace metals that are very strongly attached to the finest particulates (As, Cd, Mo, Pb etc.) show less reduction in emission.
Full Scale Phosphate Removal Experiences in the Umhlatuzana Works at Different Sludge Ages
Authors: Kerdachi D A , Roberts M R 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes full-scale phosphate removal at 69, 38 and 8 day sludge ages. The results of operation at 20 days are also mentioned, but were not monitored intensively. Exceptionally good results were obtained treating an unsettled domestic wastewater in a simple activated sludge plant, under optimum operating conditions in a soft water region. At sludge ages of 69 and 38 days, more than 92% of the influent carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were removed simultaneously and consistently without chemical addition or tertiary treatment.
The Authors attribute the extra-ordinarily high efficiency of phosphate removal to the functioning of two mechanisms which complement one another. There is sufficient practical evidence to suggest that the low concentration of residual phosphate is governed by the equilibrium kinetics of a solid phosphate phase and not by micro-organisms. Major findings have been that restricted oxygen input is associated with efficient phosphate removal and that it is possible to condition activated sludge anaerobically so that its behaviour changes gradually from the anaerobic phosphate release regime associated with luxury uptake by Acinetobacter to a regime of insignificant phosphate release associated with the most efficient phosphate removal.
Mercury Mobilization and Toxicity in Marine Microbial Food Chains
Authors: Berk S G , Colwell R R 
Published: May 2018

Transfer and accumulation of mercury were observed to occur in a three-component estuarine food web comprising bacteria, ciliated protozoa and copepods. Results of experiments designed to test trophic interactions revealed significant feeding of each predator on its prey. Two bacterial species readily accumulated mercury from media amended with 203HgCl2, with the Vibrio sp. accumulating more mercury at low initial concentrations than the Pseudomonas sp., even though the Vibrio sp. was less tolerant to elevated concentrations of mercury. The labeled bacteria were fed to the ciliate, Uronema nigrioans, and mercury transfer was monitored by liquid scintillation counting. The mercury concentration in protozoa was observed to be greater than that of the individual bacteria on which they fed, demonstrating magnification of the mercury concentration in the higher trophic level.
When labeled ciliates were fed to the copepod, Eurytemoxn affinis, the mercury concentration in the copepods was less than that of the ciliates, although greater than the initial concentration in the bacterial medium, indicating magnification above background level in the copepod. When sterile kaolinite clay to which 203HgCl2 had been added was fed to copepods, mercury transfer and retention in the copepods resulted, indicating that, in addition to biologically mediated uptake, non-biological transfer to and accumulation in copepods also occur.
The ciliates were found to acquire tolerance to mercury after being fed mercury-laden bacteria followed by exposure of washed suspensions of these ciliates to various concentrations of mercury in solution. The phenomenon of acquired mercury tolerance was demonstrated within a single generation time. Ciliates fed mercury-free bacteria and subsequently exposed to increasing levels of mercury in solution showed an elevated tolerance to concentrations which, on initial testing, resulted in mortality of 83% of the population. The effect of ingesting mercury-laden bacteria on growth rate of Uronema was examined, and results showed no significant differences in growth rates of both 3- and 14-day-old cultures of protozoa that had been fed mercury-laden and mercury-free bacteria. Ecological implications of acquired metal tolerance and use of ciliates as indicator organisms are discussed.
Sludge Dewatering with Filter Presses and Centrifuge Followed by Sludge Incineration at the Wastewater Treatment Plant Düsseldorf-Nord, F.R.G.
Authors: Kuhlmann H 
Published: May 2018

The wastewater of approx. 800 000 inhabitants and population equivalents is treated at the mechanical aeration wastewater treatment plant Düsseldorf-Nord. The dry-weather flow amounts to 145 000m3/d, of which 40 % is industrial waste water.
The combined sludge-primary sludge from the mechanical part and waste-activated sludge from the final settling tanks has been anaerobically stabilized, then chemically conditioned, dewatered in filter presses and to a large extent used agriculturally. Satisfactory performance could be obtained with this type of sludge treatment and no special problems occurred. As agricultural use has become more restricted due to new laws on sludges from treatment processes, and no adequate land-fill is available, the present plant has been expanded by a multiple hearth incinerator, to minimize the sludge volume. At the same time, a centrifuge, after which the dewatered sludge is mixed with ashes, has been installed in the dewatering plant. The construction costs for the installation of the multiple hearth furnace and centrifuge were approx. 18,5 million DM.
Introduction to the Delta Case Studies
Authors: Knoester M 
Published: May 2018

In 1953 a disastrous storm flood stroke the Dutch Delta Region. Since, an extensive program for safe-guarding the area is being carried out. Essential part of the program is to obtain a new primary defence against storm floods by building water barriers between the islands (the Delta Project).
The basins in between, formerly estuarine systems, are each affected in a different way. The matter is presented as a set of three papers, each one dealing with a large basin. Below a common introduction is given, including the motives and how the decision for the Delta Project was made.
Environmental Aspects of Reinforcements in Coastal Dune Areas
Authors: de Jong G J , Visser J 
Published: May 2018

Dune reinforcements are carried out in dunes, which are not strong enough according to safety standards for the coast-defence. This kind of interventions changes the existing landscape and its functional uses in a less or more extended way. More and more attention is paid to the landscape and ecological aspects in the preparation and the execution of reinforcement projects.
This paper will focus on a reinforcement project, in which engineers, landscape experts and ecologists have worked together. Based on the experience in this project and on a more fundamental theoretical concept conclusions and recommendations are made for this kind of projects.
Sedimentological and Biological Changes Associated with the Construction of the Oil Terminal of Antifer, France
Authors: Monbet Y 
Published: May 2018

A study was conducted to gain insight on actual sedimentological and biological effects associated with the construction of an oil Terminal designed to receive 500 000 d.w.t. tankers. Field investigations and subsequent laboratory analyses were organized to evaluate the nature and magnitude of environmental changes on benthic macrofauna, three years after the end of the construction.
Sediments were found to decrease dramatically in medium grain size in area sheltered by the newly built breakwater. Increase of percentage of silt and clays (90 % against 20 %) was observed leeward of the jetty.
The benthic fauna showed significant modifications. Although the same community (Pectinaria kareni Abra alba) recolonized the bottom after the dredging of up to 30 × 106 m3 of sediments, increase in abundance occured. Biomass remained at a constant level and decrease of diversity was observed. Considering the rate of siltation, and assuming a constant siltation rate equal to the rate observed from 1975 to 1978, a simple regressive model relating biomass to mean grain size of sediments has been developped. This model allowed the prediction of biomass and production of the two principal species for the period 1978 – 1981. Continuous siltation within the harbor leads to a maximum of biomass from years after the end of the construction, followed by a decrease of standing stock. This process may be explained by the respective tolerance of the two principal species to increase silt contant and also probably by the accumulation of organic matter which may impede the development of natural populations.
The Impact and Mitigation of Man-Made Canals in Coastal Louisiana
Authors: Turner R E , McKee K L , Sikora W B , Sikora J P , Mendelssohn I A , Swenson E , Neill C , Leibowitz S G , Pedrazini F 
Published: May 2018

Coastal landloss in the sedimentary deltaic plain of southern Louisiana is 0.8% annually and is rising geometrically with time. Landloss is directly correlated with man-made features, particularly canals. The local and indirect effects of canals are modified by the deltaic substrate, distance to the coast, and availability of new sediments. The local impacts are similar to those observed for mosquito ditching along the eastern Atlantic seaboard, even though the canals are typically 10 times larger than mosquito ditches.
Some cumulative impacts of land losses are increased saltwater intrusion, loss of the capacity to buffer the impact of storms and fertilizers and diminished fisheries.
The mechanism for the role of coastal engineering, particularly canal construction, probably involves an alteration in wetland hydrology, but a more complete understanding is presently lacking. Principles for modifying present canal construction projects are presented and include the rationale for: maintaining natural subsurface and overland waterflow patterns, reducing compaction by spoil banks, backfilling canals no longer needed, and the greater use of existing canal corridors in lieu of new canal construction.
The Spread of Pollutants from Harbour Sludge Depots
Authors: Loxham M , Weststrate F 
Published: May 2018

It is generally agreed that both the landfill option, or the civil techniques option for the final disposal of contaminated harbour sludge involves the isolation of the sludge from the environment. For short time scales, engineered barriers such as a bentonite screen, plastic sheets, pumping strategies etc. can be used. However for long time scales the effectiveness of such measures cannot be counted upon. It is thus necessary to be able to predict the long term environmenttal spread of contaminants from a mature landfill.
A model is presented that considers diffusion and adsorption in the landfill site and convection and adsorption in the underlaying aquifer. From a parameter analysis starting form practical values it is shown that the adsorption behaviour and the molecular diffusion coefficient of the sludge, are the key parameters involved in the near field. The dilution effects of the far field migration patterns are also illustrated.
Norwegian Activities on Collection and Research on Rainfall Data
Authors: Lindholm Oddvar 
Published: May 2018

There are ca. 50 pluviographs in Norway, based on the tipping bucket and recordings on magnetic tape. These pluviographs (called PLUMATIC) are maintained by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MI) which also process the data-tapes and distribute information and results from the stations.
Two research projects are running for the time being. One project compares spatial rainfall distribution with point measurements in Oslo. The other project deals with microwaves for monitoring spatial rain distributions.
Overflow Data of Rainwater Discharge Systems Determined from Run off Simulation of Pluviograph Records
Authors: Pecher R 
Published: May 2018

In the last years, the relieving activity of overflow structures in combined sewer systems was mainly determined by statistical analysis of rainfall data. Due to the rain lost on the surface of a drainage area and to the flow rétardation through the sewer network, the resulting runoff variation differs a lot from the rainfall variation. Therefore, the rainfall measurements of 4 rain gaging stations in Hamburg with a total of 67 recorded years and a rain gaging station in Berlin with 22 recorded years were used to carry out runoff simulations.
First of all, a rainfall statistical analysis was performed with the measured rainfall data in order to determine the annual rainfall durations, depths and frequencies in relation to the average rain intensity.
The annual overflow data from overflow structures (overflow weirs and overflow basins) of not prerelieved drainage areas were computed by means of a simplified runoff model. The so determined overflow data is considerably lower than the data of rainfall analysis. Hence, overflow data from overflow structures in combined sewer systems wouldn't be satisfying if they are derived from only statistical rainfall analysis. Recorded rainfall events should rather be transformed into runoff events and accordingly analysed.
As there were only 5 rain gaging stations available, a generalization of the computed overflow data is still impossible. However, these overflow data seem to be on the whole plausible if compared with rainfall data which were performed in the past only during the summer months.
Wastewater Characteristics
Authors: Virkola Nils-Erik , Honkanen Kristiina 
Published: May 2018

Forceful measures have been taken in the past decade to reduce the pollution loads of pulp and paper mills. Besides more effective external waste water treatment, internal arrangements have been made to reduce pollution loads, e.g. by closing water systems. New processes and technically improved machines and equipment have made it possible to utilize raw materials and chemicals more efficiently. This has also reduced the pollution loads of the mills. In the 1970s, pollution loads were restricted by environmental laws and regulations in many countries, and the restrictions will become tighter during the 1980s. This will require much research and development.
In this paper, characteristics of effluents (BOD, suspended solids, colour, TOC, COD, toxicity) discharged from chemical and mechanical pulping processes and from paper and board mills are presented in general terms and by mill department. Process developments and effects of these developments on pollution loads are described and future trends are discussed.