bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Has Yet to Test? A Risk Score for Predicting Never Having Tested for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Women and Men in Rural Malawi
Authors: Harrington Bryna J. , Turner Abigail Norris , Chemey Elly , Esber Allahna , Kwiek Jesse , Norris Alison H. 
Published: February 2019

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status awareness is important for preventing onward HIV transmission, and is one of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 goals. Efforts to scale up HIV testing have generally been successful, but identifying at-risk individuals who have never tested for HIV—a population necessary to reach improved HIV status awareness—remains challenging.

Methods
Using data from a community-based cohort of people living in rural central Malawi, we identified demographic, socioeconomic, and sexual health correlates of never having tested for HIV. Correlates were assigned values from the logistic regression model to develop a risk score that identified who had never tested for HIV.

Results
Among 1310 ever sexually active participants, 7% of the women and 13% of the men had never tested for HIV. Of those who had tested for HIV, about 30% had tested more than 12 months ago. For women, younger age and poorer sexual health knowledge were correlated with never having tested for HIV, and the c-statistic for the risk score was 0.83. For men, their partner having not tested for HIV, low socioeconomic status, and poor sexual health knowledge were correlated with never testing for HIV (c-statistic, 0.81). Among those with a score of 3 or greater, the sensitivity and specificity for never having tested for HIV were 81% and 77% for women, and 82% and 66% for men, respectively.

Conclusions
About 10% of participants had never tested for HIV. This risk score could help health professionals to identify never testers to increase HIV status awareness in line with 90-90-90 goals.
Case Report: Delayed Vitamin A Retinopathy Secondary to Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Bhakhri Raman , Ridder William H. , Adrean Sean 
Published: February 2019

SIGNIFICANCE
Although rare, vitamin A retinopathy should be considered by the clinicians in their differentials for conditions that can lead to nyctalopia, especially in those patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Patients must be educated on this potential delayed adverse effect of the surgery and possible lifelong vitamin A supplementation.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to report a rare case of delayed vitamin A retinopathy that occurred because of vitamin A malabsorption secondary to bariatric surgery.

CASE REPORT
A 55-year-old woman presented with nyctalopia and dark adaptation problems. The patient had a history of gastric bypass surgery 22 years earlier. Fundus examination revealed a large number of small white dots in the midperiphery of both eyes. Electrophysiology testing revealed flat-lined scotopic responses. Vitamin A levels were found to be severely reduced. Subsequent vitamin A supplementation resulted in the reversal of all signs and symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS
This case report demonstrates the importance of considering vitamin A deficiency in patients who present with symptoms of nyctalopia with a history of bariatric surgery. Clinicians should be aware of a possible delayed onset and refer for appropriate testing and treatment, as vitamin A retinopathy has been shown to be reversible. Because other conditions can present with nyctalopia and retinal white spots, clinicians also need to consider the appropriate differential diagnoses. Lifelong monitoring is indicated because reoccurrences have been reported.
Reasons for Laser in Situ Keratomileusis in China: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Xu Yanjiao , Li Shunping , Gao Zhongchun , Nicholas Stephen 
Published: February 2019

SIGNIFICANCE
Myopia is a major health issue in East Asian countries, especially in China. By identifying Chinese patients' motivations for laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery, our results are expected to help clinicians counsel patients before LASIK surgery and to maximize patients' post-operative LASIK surgery satisfaction, improving the quality of LASIK surgery services.

PURPOSE
Laser in situ keratomileusis has become a popular type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia worldwide. This study uses qualitative inquiry approaches to understand the motives and processes of patients' LASIK surgery decision making.

METHODS
A purposive sample of 45 patients who had decided to undergo LASIK was recruited. Our qualitative study used in-depth interviews and used content analysis to interpret the data.

RESULTS
Among 45 participants, 48.9% reported that career requirements were the most important reason for seeking LASIK surgery. The inconvenience of wearing glasses or lenses during activities of daily life was also a primary motive. Improving facial appearance was a main reason for female but not male respondents. Potential complications of spectacles and contact lenses in addition to maturation of LASIK technology were also reported motives to seek surgery. Participants gave multiple, overlapping reasons for LASIK surgery.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that motives to seek LASIK surgery are not only a desire to correct refractive error but also social factors and confidence in improved surgical technology. The implications for clinicians are to be aware of these multiple motives for LASIK to improve the quality and effectiveness of health services for myopia patients.
Unilateral Strength Training and Mirror Therapy in Patients With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Ehrensberger Monika , Simpson Daniel , Broderick Patrick , Blake Catherine , Horgan Frances , Hickey Paula , O'Reilly Joanne , Monaghan Kenneth 
Published: February 2019

Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of mirror-aided cross-education compared with cross-education alone in poststroke upper limb recovery.

Design
A pilot randomized controlled parallel group study was carried out. Thirty-two patients with chronic stroke followed a 4-wk isometric strength training program performed with the less-affected upper limb three times per week. Participants in the mirror and strength training group observed the reflection of the exercising arm in the mirror. Participants in the strength training only group exercised without a mirror entirely. Participant compliance, adverse effects, and suitability of outcome measures assessed feasibility. Effectiveness outcomes included maximal isometric strength measured with the Biodex Dynamometer, the Modified Ashworth Scale, and the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory.

Results
Compliance was high with no adverse effects. The use of the Biodex Dynamometer must be reviewed. Mirror therapy did not augment the cross-education effect (P > 0.05) in patients with chronic stroke when training isometrically.

Conclusions
This pilot trial established the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial comparing mirror-aided cross-education with cross-education alone for poststroke upper limb recovery. Mirror therapy did not augment cross-education when training isometrically. However, results indicate that the combination of interventions should be investigated further applying an altered training protocol.
Organizing a Multidisciplinary Research Team: Strategies, Execution, and Outcomes
Authors: Sterbenz Jennifer M. , Nasser Jacob S. , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: February 2019

Summary:
Maintaining a competitive edge is increasingly imperative for surgical research teams. To publish as efficiently and effectively as possible, research teams should apply business strategies and theories in everyday practice. Drawing from concrete examples in both the corporate and nonprofit worlds, and by reflecting on the practices of the Michigan Comprehensive Hand Center for Innovation Research, this article identifies important business theories that can be applied to plastic surgery research. These theories can potentially be applied in practice and include (1) development of a realistic vision and strategies, (2) effective execution of these strategies, and (3) reflective evaluation for continual improvement.
Getting the Best Results in Abdominoplasty: Current Advanced Concepts
Authors: Boudreault David J. , Sieber David A. 
Published: February 2019

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article and viewing the videos, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the safe techniques recommended for patients undergoing a lipoabdominoplasty. 2. Demonstrate safe planning techniques for marking a patient for a lipoabdominoplasty. 3. Summarize the various techniques for performing rectus plication. 4. State the current understanding of chemoprophylaxis for outpatient surgical patients. 5. Determine the appropriate placement and shape of the ideal umbilicus.

Summary:
Abdominoplasty and lipoabdominoplasty surgery is one of the core procedures performed by plastic surgeons in the United States. As with most plastic surgery, it is part art and part science. In this article, the authors try to summarize the science behind this procedure, and point to the generally accepted artistic aspects that are currently still under debate. As this procedure has one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates in the specialty, the authors have also reviewed safe practices.
Complementary Fat Graft Retention Rates Are Superior to Initial Rates in Craniofacial Contour Reconstruction
Authors: Denadai Rafael , Raposo-Amaral Cesar Augusto , da Silva Simone Alves , Buzzo Celso Luiz , Raposo-Amaral Cassio Eduardo 
Published: February 2019

Background:
The purposes of this study were to (1) assess complementary fat graft outcomes, (2) compare initial and complementary fat graft retention rates, and (3) evaluate the influence of different postoperative time points (3, 6, and 12 months after the initial procedure) for performing complementary fat grafting on fat graft outcomes.

Methods:
A prospective analysis was conducted on patients with unilateral craniofacial contour deformities (n = 115) who underwent initial and complementary fat grafting. Complementary fat grafting was performed 3, 6, or 12 months after the initial fat grafts. Standardized ultrasonographic craniofacial soft-tissue thickness measurements were performed blindly to determine the initial and complementary fat graft retention rates at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.

Results:
A significant (p < 0.05) reduction of fat graft retention was observed within the first 3 postoperative months, and a maintenance of retention (p > 0.05) was observed at 3 through 12 months after surgery for both initial and complementary procedures. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed in comparative analysis of the postoperative time points. Complementary retention rates were significantly (p < 0.05) superior to initial retention rates at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Complementary retention rates at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery were significantly (p < 0.05) superior to initial retention rates for patients aged 18 years or older, those with Parry-Romberg syndrome, those who had undergone previous craniofacial bone surgery, and those with a recipient site at the forehead unit.

Conclusion:
The complementary fat graft retention rates were superior to the initial retention rates, with no significant differences among the postoperative time points for performing complementary procedures.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
Achieving Reliable Diagnosis in Late Breast Implant Seromas: From Reactive to Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Di Napoli Arianna 
Published: February 2019

Summary:
Late onset of fluid collection surrounding breast implants may represent a serious issue when considering the possibility of breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, a newly recognized type of T-cell malignancy. However, many other factors, including trauma and infections, may be implicated in the formation of non-neoplastic periprosthetic delayed effusions. An appropriate management of late seromas, consisting of ultrasound-guided fluid drainage, cultures, cytology, and immunocytochemical and T-cell clonality studies, should be performed to achieve a correct and prompt diagnosis of breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Criticisms in the diagnosis of late peri-implant effusions are here discussed in detail.
Characteristics and Treatment of Advanced Breast Implant–Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Collins Meredith S. , Miranda Roberto N. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Silva de Meneses Marcelo Pinheiro , Iyer Swaminathan P. , Butler Charles E. , Liu Jun , Clemens Mark W. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) most commonly follows an indolent course; however, a subset of patients display more advanced disease marked by recurrent and disseminated growth refractory to treatment. This study evaluated outcomes of advanced disease, specifically bilateral disease, lymph node involvement, organ metastasis, and/or disease-related death.

Methods:
Published cases of BIA-ALCL from 1997 to 2018 and unpublished cases at the authors’ institution were retrospectively reviewed, and patients with advanced disease were selected. Treatment and outcomes were compared against a control of BIA-ALCL subjects without advanced disease.

Results:
Thirty-nine patients with advanced BIA-ALCL were identified who had bilateral disease (n = 7), lymph node and organ metastasis (stage IIB-IV, n = 24), and disease-related death (n = 8). Sixty-five patients were included in a comparison control group (stage 1A-1C). Treatment types for advanced disease patients were complete surgery, n = 16 (55.2%); limited surgery, n = 19 (65.5%); chemotherapy, n = 26 (89.7%); salvage chemotherapy, n = 11 (37.9%); radiation, n = 15 (51.7%); and autologous stem cell transplant, n = 6 (20.7%). The rates of complete remission for the bilateral and lymphadenopathy groups were 4 of 7 (57%, P < 0.001) and 16 of 24 (67%, P = 0.128), respectively. Compared with the control group, advanced disease patients had significantly longer time from diagnosis to definitive surgery (21 versus 8 months, P = 0.039) and a lower rate of complete surgery (59% versus 88%, P = 0.004).

Conclusions:
Advanced disease BIA-ALCL may be a consequence of a delay or suboptimal treatment of BIA-ALCL. Optimal adjuvant chemotherapy and indications for radiation for BIA-ALCL patients with advanced features are not yet clearly defined. Advanced disease is the end of the spectrum of cancer stages, and these patients substantiate the World Health Organization classification of BIA-ALCL as a lymphoma rather than benign or lymphoproliferative.
Breast Implant Illness: A Way Forward
Authors: Magnusson Mark R. , Cooter Rod D. , Rakhorst Hinne , McGuire Patricia A. , Adams William P. , Deva Anand K. 
Published: February 2019

Summary:
The link between breast implants and systemic disease has been reported since the 1960s. Although many studies have looked at either supporting or refuting its existence, the issue still persists and has now been labeled “breast implant illness.” The rise of patient advocacy and communication through social media has led to an increasing number of presentations to plastic surgeons. This article summarizes the history of breast implants and systemic disease, critically analyzes the literature (and any associated deficiencies), and suggests a way forward through systematic scientific study.
Two Distinct Immune Pathways Linking Social Relationships With Health: Inflammatory and Antiviral Processes
Authors: Leschak Carrianne J. , Eisenberger Naomi I. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT

Objective
Social relationships can both influence and be influenced by immune processes. Past work implicates two distinct pathways along which this interaction may occur: inflammatory processes and antiviral processes. This article reviews how social behavior is modulated by these two immune processes and how such processes may in turn regulate social behavior.

Methods
This narrative review outlines existing work on social behavior and both inflammatory and antiviral processes. We propose an evolutionary framework that aims to integrate these findings. Specifically, social isolation has evolutionarily increased the likelihood of wounding and therefore increased the need for inflammation, which works to promote healing. Conversely, broader social networks provide protection from physical threats but also lead to increased pathogen exposure, necessitating a more robust antiviral response.

Results
This review highlights that social adversity, such as social exclusion or loneliness, is associated with increased inflammation, whereas social contact is associated with increased antiviral immunity. Furthermore, increased inflammation leads to sensitivity to social stimuli, presumably to avoid hostile conspecifics and approach allies who may provide care while vulnerable. Individuals with inadequate antiviral immunity engage in behaviors that minimize pathogen exposure, such as reduced affiliative behavior.

Conclusions
This review suggests that adverse social experiences (social isolation, perceived social threat) may induce inflammatory responses while suppressing antiviral immunity, whereas positive experiences of social connection may reduce inflammation and bolster antiviral responses. Although acutely elevated inflammation would be adaptive under conditions where wounding is likely, chronic inflammation related to continued social adversity may have detrimental health consequences.
Lesser Known Facts of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Li Xin , Enzerra Michael , Smith Daniel Arnold , Rahnemai-Azar Amir Ata , Kikano Elias , Ramaiya Nikhil H. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Until recently, the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a malignancy classically described as having a robust response to first-line therapy with near-universal recurrence, has remained relatively unchanged. Advancements in the management of SCLC have lagged behind those seen for non–small cell lung cancers. As the era of precision medicine and targeted immunotherapy evolves, radiologists must be familiar with the modern treatment paradigms of SCLC and associated imaging patterns, including classic and nonclassic appearances of treatment complications.
Using Mirror Patients to Enhance Patient Safety
Authors: Harwayne-Gidansky Ilana , Culver Kathleen , Cavanaugh Sean , Panesar Rahul 
Published: February 2019

Summary Statement
Unannounced, in situ simulations offer opportunities for interprofessional teams to train for pediatric emergencies and uncover latent safety threats (LST). Simulation fidelity is an important component of in situ simulations. Threats to fidelity include creating a fictional patient vignette, which limits realism and the opportunity for patient handoffs. The “mirror patient” model may enhance in situ simulation fidelity by using actual patient profiles, thereby removing vignettes and allowing for handoffs. This model may also aid in discovering LSTs. The mirror patient was positively received by participants, who reported realistic and useful simulation experience that provided a safe and supportive learning environment. Uncovering, recording, and reviewing LSTs into an institutional safety event reporting system allowed for tracking and accountability, including process improvement, equipment changes, and provider training without risk to any real patient. This model may further improve means to enhance hospital patient safety.
Exploring the Influence of Language on Assessment Given a Mismatch Between Language of Instruction and Language of Practice
Authors: Diab Mohammad I. , Nasr Ziad G. , El-Hajj Maguy S. , Elewa Hazem , El-Geed Hager A. , Wilby Kyle John 
Published: February 2019

Summary Statement
A phenomenon is occurring in international settings where the language of program delivery and assessment does not match the primary language of practice. It is unknown whether determining competence in English disadvantages students for practice in non-English settings. As such, we conducted a pilot study to determine student performance and perceptions after completion of two Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) examinations, one conducted in English and one conducted in Arabic within an Arabic-speaking Middle Eastern setting. Twenty-two students completed both OSCEs. Overall scores were similar but student rankings differed. Students were more confident performing in Arabic, felt that the Arabic examination was more reflective of practice, and believed that use of Arabic OSCEs can promote better patient care. Findings support the notion that student success may be influenced by language of assessment and that we may need to rethink how we determine assessment validity in these emerging international education settings.
Preprocedural Administration of Simethicone and Otilonium Bromide Improves the Quality of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Prospective Randomized Trial
Authors: Somuncu Erkan , Sarici İnanc S. , Caliskan Yahya K. , Kalayci Mustafa U. 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) is performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with pancreaticobiliary diseases. We investigated the role of simethicone and concomitant otilonium bromide during ERCP.

Patients and Methods:
This prospective randomized study included 120 patients who underwent ERCP (study and control group=60 patients each). The study group received otilonium bromide and simethicone. The control group received no medication.

Results:
The quantity of duodenal foam and bubbles in the study group was significantly lesser than that in the control group. The duodenal motility score was 2.1±0.7 and 4.3±0.9 in the study and the control groups, respectively. Endoscopist satisfaction was good in 82%, moderate in 15%, and poor in 3% of ERCPs in the study group and good in 15%, moderate in 65%, and poor in 25% of ERCPs in the control group. The study group showed a shorter ERCP duration than the control group.

Conclusions:
Simethicone and otilonium bromide administered concomitantly reduce duodenal motility and foam/bubble formation, which facilitates papilla of Vater catheterization to reduce procedure time.