bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-World Examples
Authors: Powers Madison 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter utilizes four examples to highlight the characteristic features of structural injustice in a variety of settings around the world. The first section examines how structural injustice operates in environmental “sacrifice zones” both in the US and in low- and middle-income countries. The primary focus of this discussion is the impact on children and future generations. The second section provides a portrait of the kinds of mutually reinforcing mechanisms of structural injustice at work both in US cities and in the rapidly growing urban centers of low- and middle-income countries. The US urban context is examined primarily through the experience of communities of color, especially in areas of concentrated poverty. The experience of women is the centerpiece of the discussion of the slums of low- and middle-income countries. Each example emphasizes experiences and insights of social movement activists, investigative journalists, and non-governmental organizations.
Resistance to Injustice
Authors: Powers Madison 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines forms of justified resistance and other remedial strategies available directly to the aggrieved in circumstances in which states are unwilling or unable to secure human rights and address patterns of structural unfairness so often at the root of human rights violations. Forms of resistance involving direct action designed to halt unjust activities or force the divestment of undeserved benefits are central to the discussion. Several counterarguments are explored, including the contention that familiar forms of direct action constitute morally impermissible vigilantism or indiscriminately affect innocent beneficiaries. The chapter concludes with thoughts about how direct action, while far from the comprehensive kind of prevention and remedy that structural injustice demands, nevertheless can have value by enhancing the well-being of those who are deeply disadvantaged and relatively powerless.
Switched On Pop
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Switched On Pop: How Pop Music Works, and Why It Matters illuminates the essential musical concepts behind two decades of chart-topping songs. The book moves through close studies of sixteen modern pop classics by artists from Beyoncé to Zedd, each chapter bringing out key aspects of a particular song as well as introducing core concepts such as rhythm, melody, harmony, form, and timbre. As the book progresses, more complex concepts such as syncopation, counterpoint, rhyme, and modulation are covered, culminating in an examination of genre, identity, and musical meaning. Accessible prose and engaging illustrations break down pop hits and musical ideas in clear, jargon-free language, and point toward a new way of listening to the modern soundtrack of pop.
Science Denial
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses different interpretations of the denial of science consensus, with a focus on climate science denialism. It investigates whether, in addition to elite manipulation of public opinion, the system justification, personality, and identity-protective cognition approaches to understanding science denial may all have a role to play in understanding the phenomenon. Asymmetry Theory says that there are facts about political conservatives in particular that might make them more susceptible to ideological denialism. Arguments for and against this thesis are examined. The conclusion is that it is the nature of the topic of climate change—and potential solutions—that instigates denial in some groups more than others.
Religion
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter critically examines key historical and contemporary justifications for religious literalism. Reasons to believe in the literal truth of certain religious texts are divided into historical and contemporary evidence of miracles, the sensus divinitatis (or sense of God), and cosmological and teleological “proofs” of the existence of God. It finds that literalist religious belief is the product of motivated cognition, and can only be sustained by rationalization and denial. It further investigates ideas about how religious ideology may have originated, as well as how religious literalism can persist in the face of scientific advancements and cosmopolitan knowledge of other cultures.
Opera After the Zero Hour
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Opera after the Zero Hour argues that newly composed opera in West Germany after World War II was a site for the renegotiation of musical traditions during an era in which tradition had become politically fraught. The idea of the “Zero Hour,” which put a rhetorical caesura between National Socialism and postwar occupied and divided Germany, was belied by significant continuities with earlier periods and by repeated efforts at conservative restoration. Opera’s social, aesthetic, and political value systems made it an essential piece of this cultural ethos. Its conservatism was creative and multifaceted, and composers who wrote new operas developed a range of strategies to make opera modern while still drawing on the conventions of the genre. Different historical reference points and approaches to operatic tradition are exemplified through five case studies of works premiered in the first two postwar decades on the stages of West Germany. For these operas, this book presents source studies, close reading, and reviews as constellations to illuminate the politicized artistic environment that influenced both their creation and their reception. The argument also draws on historical information and the archives of German opera houses to contextualize new opera within institutions. Works written for postwar West German opera companies could be nuanced in their conception of and relationship to historic and modern ideas of what opera should be, and the reception of these works reveals tensions between particular interpretations of tradition, operaticism, and the future of opera.
Placement and Displacement
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical and institutional basis for the West German renewal of opera in the postwar period. The chapter presents narratives of individuals involved in the creation of opera to contextualize opera’s restoration after 1945. Significant personnel continuity in the operatic ecosystem before, during, and after the Third Reich meant that the postwar opera industry was populated by men and women whose recent experiences included National Socialist ideology, military service, Allied bombing, the loss of family members, displacement, hunger, forced labor, imprisonment, and denazification. The chapter also sketches the institutional basis of contemporary opera, discussing seven opera companies and surveying the position of new and recent works within the postwar repertoire. From this survey, we see how the production of new operas enhanced companies’ prestige and was motivated by a perceived duty to promote modern composers, to challenge audiences, and to advance opera as a living art form.
Italy, Atonally
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In König Hirsch, Henze imagined operatic tradition primarily as an Italian inheritance consisting of vocal beauty, formal artificiality, and emotional expression. König Hirsch mediated Henze’s experiences living and listening in Italy through the musical modernism in which he had been trained immediately following the war. Tributes to conventional operaticism included stylized incantations, moments of hysterical coloratura, a villainous Credo, and several instances of folk-music pastiche. A close reading of Henze’s characterization of the musician figure Checco, who expresses himself partly through diegetic “Neapolitan” song, shows the collision between Henze’s modernism and his newfound italianità. The opera’s arias later became emblems of the opera’s expressive excesses; the conductor of the premiere, Hermann Scherchen, subjected them to severe cuts, setting off a fight over the artistic status of traditions of vocalism and emotion that ensured Henze’s definitive break with the avant-garde.
The Opera Underneath
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Orff’s Oedipus der Tyrann recapitulated two cultural traditions simultaneously: first, the drive for opera to return to the imagined purity of ancient tragedy, and second, a German obsession with the Greeks. Setting Friedrich Hölderlin’s translation of Sophocles word for word in a declamatory vocal style with minimal, percussive accompaniment, Oedipus der Tyrann was estranged from opera and ascetic to the extent that some critics heard it as “an opera without music.” Orff eschewed intuition and operaticism, believing that a stripped-down approach would give him access to the universality of experience the classics had often represented for German culture. But the Germans’ Greeks were less apolitical and universal than Orff wanted to believe, and Orff inherited not only the elemental strengths of the “Greeks” but also the baggage of previous German appropriations of antiquity, from idealist philhellenism to the more recent nationalist reception of Greek culture during the Third Reich.
Epilogue
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Epilogue cites the famous 1967 interview with Pierre Boulez in Der Spiegel, notoriously titled “Blow up the Opera Houses,” to understand the fraught status of modern opera from the postwar period up to the present day. A conflict between the principles of modernism and the canonical idea of opera persists even as more recent composers have found increasingly innovative forms for contemporary opera to take. If musicologists want to fully account for opera’s significance as a public and civic art form, opera history must incorporate not only radical advancements in the genre but also its more moderate and conservative manifestations.
Cabinets, Ministers, and Gender
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCabinets, Ministers, and Gender explores why men have been more likely than women to be appointed to cabinet, why gendered patterns of appointment vary cross-nationally, and why, over time, women’s inclusion in cabinets has grown significantly. The book is innovative in conceiving of cabinet formation as a gendered process governed by rules that empower and constrain presidents and prime ministers as selectors of cabinet ministers, and rules that prescribe, prohibit, and permit a range of criteria (experiential, affiliational, and representational) that qualify individuals for inclusion in cabinet. Focusing on seven country cases (Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States) using three data sets—elite interviews, media data, and autobiographies—the book reveals the complex sets of rules governing cabinet formation in each country and demonstrates their gendered effects. The book shows how different types of rules empower and constrain selectors, and how these rules interact to create different opportunities and obstacles for women’s cabinet inclusion. The findings demonstrate how institutional change emerges from a complex iterative process through which political actors interpret and exploit ambiguity in rules to deviate from past practices of appointing mostly male cabinets. These selectors help to develop new rules about women’s inclusion, which constrain future leaders in assembling their cabinet. The authors coin the term “concrete floor” to capture the process by which minimum levels for women’s cabinet inclusion are established and become locked in over time, explaining how competing rules for cabinet appointments, changing norms, and women’s mobilization in political parties shape outcomes.
Article 103 of the UN Charter and Security Council Authorizations
Authors: Kolb Robert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article reviews various arguments relatively to the question whether the priority of obligations under the UN Charter as provided for in Article 103 of that instrument can be extended to action undertaken on the basis of Security Council authorizations according to Chapter VII of the Charter. The conclusion is that Article 103 can be applied to some conflicts between an action authorized by the Security Council and obligations under other treaties, in the perspective of a teleological, evolutionary and practice-oriented interpretation, which does not stop at the text of Article 103.
Age of Iron
Authors: Dueck Colin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Age of Iron attempts to describe the past, present, and possible future of conservative nationalism in American foreign policy. It argues that a kind of conservative US nationalism long predates the Trump presidency, and goes back to the American founding. Different aspects of conservative American nationalism have been incorporated into the Republican Party from its creation. Every Republican president since Theodore Roosevelt has tried to balance elements of this tradition with global US foreign policy priorities. Donald Trump was able to win his party’s nomination and rise to the presidency in part by challenging liberal internationalist assumptions. Yet in practice, he too has combined nationalist assumptions with global US foreign policy priorities. The long-term trend within the Republican party, predating Trump, is toward political populism, cultural conservatism, and white working-class voters—and this has international implications. Republican foreign policy nationalism is not about to disappear. The book concludes with recommendations for US foreign policy, based upon an understanding that the optimism of the post–Cold War quarter-century is over.
Plato on Laughter and Moral Harm
Authors: Trivigno Franco V. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Despite the prevalence of laughter in the dialogues, Plato’s explicit theorizing about laughter is mainly critical. This chapter examines exactly Plato’s views on the moral harmfulness of laughter, as expressed in his three distinct analyses: in Republic 3, Socrates argues that powerful laughter provokes a powerful change in character; in Republic 10, Socrates charges that comedy tempts even decent people to laugh at inappropriate jokes, thus strengthening the lower part of one’s soul; and in the Philebus, Socrates gives a definition of “the ridiculous” in terms of self-ignorance, and he provides an analysis of “derisive laughter,” on which it indulges an unjust emotion, phthonos (“envy” or “malice”). The chapter argues that these criticisms are mutually supporting and aimed at specific kinds of laughter, and then, turning to the Laws, provides an analysis of ethically appropriate laughter and lays out the educational benefits of comedy.
Humor as Philosophical Subversion
Authors: Bett Richard 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Positive philosophical projects and humor do not generally go together. When humor is used, it is often to draw attention to where one might go wrong: someone or something is made fun of. This point is first illustrated with cases in Aristotle. But if this is a major function of humor in philosophy, it offers special opportunities to those whose entire approach to philosophy is critical rather than constructive—those who are suspicious of the whole project of philosophy. This chapter examines a number of instances of this subversive form of humor in philosophy. For the reason just stated, it concentrates on the ancient Greek skeptics, both Academic and Pyrrhonian, with a particular focus on Sextus Empiricus, the only Greek skeptic of whom we have complete works. But Stoics and Epicureans (and, in passing, Plato) also receive some attention, and there are occasional comparisons with examples in more recent philosophy (Nietzsche and Gettier).
Clues to Human Creativity
Authors: Stagg Charlotte , Wiggins Geraint A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Creativity is one of the defining features of humanity. However, the mechanisms involved in the generation of novel and interesting ideas are not, at least from this perspective, extensively studied. Creativity as a property is easily (if subjectively) identified but notoriously hard to do define. One aspect on which most definitions agree is the necessity for domain knowledge: to be significantly creative in an area of endeavor, one needs knowledge of that area. Such a need entails the involvement of human memory and learning as a precursor to creative activity. In this chapter, the authors discuss the relationship between memory and creativity, looking at the potential for mathematical models and empirical study to elucidate the connections between them.
Creativity of the Dream and Sleep State
Authors: Stickgold Robert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep that evolved in part to provide a privileged time in each day when the brain is disconnected from sensory input and freed of intentional, directed thought. The neurochemistry and neurophysiology of the brain during REM sleep is optimized for the exploration of normally ignored connections and associations within the brain’s vast repertoire of stored information. This includes changes in the activity of dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and medial orbital frontal cortices and the hippocampus, and reductions in norepinephrine and increases in acetylcholine in the cortex. This exploration of normally weak associations is critical to the creative process, and REM sleep can thus be considered a period of unbridled creativity. Much of this creative process is reflected in the content of dreams. Even without waking dream recall, changes within associative networks produced by the brain mechanisms of dream construction can leave these brain networks—and the individual—primed for reactivation at a later time, leading to the “discovery” of creative insights. Some, but not all, of these brain changes are also seen during periods of quiet rest with activation of the default mode network (DMN). When active, this network can likewise provide a state of enhanced creativity. Nevertheless, REM sleep and dreaming provide a protected two hours every day when creative processes run at full speed.
Using Neuroscience to Image the Creative Brain
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The nature and sources of creativity have intrigued people for many years. During the early phases of this effort, people relied on anecdotal or historical accounts, but in the twentieth century the emphasis shifted to empirical studies. Assuming that high intelligence (“genius”) was associated with creativity, investigators relied on IQ tests to select subjects for study. In the mid-twentieth century the emphasis shifted to custom-designed tests that assessed more specific components of creative thinking. With the development of neuroscientific methods and neuroimaging, the emphasis has shifted to include methods that directly measure brain activity, based on the assumption that creative ideas are the product of brain activity.
Emotional Foundations of Creativity
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Emotion in the brain generated by subcortical brain circuits provides the foundation for creativity. Creativity is ultimately a higher brain process that is grounded in a variety of primal affective states of mind, mainly of the emotional variety. Of these emotional systems, the brain’s SEEKING system, arises from the medial forebrain bundle, which connects many regions of the lower brainstem and midbrain to the many higher regions of the brain, with especially rich innervation of the medial frontal cortex. This system, often known for prompting curiosity and exploration and giving rewards, is probably the most important brain engine for creativity. Animals share this core, primary emotional system with humans, despite the evolution of massive neocortices that are distinct for human creativity. But there are no intrinsic urges for creativity in the cortex itself. From an affective neuroscience perspective, the study of the emotional system in animal models can significantly serve for understanding the motivational sources of creativity in humans.
An Interview with Richard Powers
Authors: Nalbantian Suzanne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Richard Powers gives an exclusive interview about his creative process in novel-writing, drawn from the experience of writing twelve novels to date. Powers brings neuroscience and technology into his fiction writing for the twenty-first century. This is especially seen in his novel The Echo Maker, which shows how fiction can represent different aspects of human consciousness. Power’s artistic process is capsulated in a metaphor of “lock and key.” The “triggering stimulus” is the key to the endless possibility of insight. That trigger is less important than the techniques to keep the creative process unfolding—in the case of the novel, chapter by chapter, sentence by sentence, word to word. Along with the initial idea of inspiration, there is the repeated course of corrections along the way, which are “micro” inspirations. A flow state is needed that retains looseness in the progress of creativity. Thoughts and emotions are woven together, as Antonio Damasio has explained, in creativity, and this applies, says Powers, to creative writing. Memory is used in a creative way, reactivated, as shown in novels like Three Farmers, Plowing the Dark, and Galatea 2.2. This interview shows how the overlap between science and art can be demonstrated in the creative process.
Mr. Bernstein Goes to Tokyo
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Leonard Bernstein’s first Japan tour with the New York Philharmonic in 1961 was shaped by the politics of the Cold War. The US government’s interest was manifested in the sponsorship of the tour by the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), while Japan eagerly hosted the tour as part of the commemoration of the five hundredth anniversary of the city of Tokyo. The participation of emerging star Seiji Ozawa as Bernstein’s assistant conductor added special meaning for the Japanese audience. The tour was the much awaited occasion for Kazuko Amano to meet Bernstein in person for the first time.
The Return of Two Maestros
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In 1970, Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic returned to Japan for the second tour, again with Seiji Ozawa. The tour was organized partly in conjunction with the Osaka Expo ’70, symbolizing Japan’s rapid rise as an economic power and the expansion of the classical music fan base in the nation. Seiji Ozawa, now an international maestro in his own right, led the tour along with Bernstein and conducted Toru Takemitsu’s November Steps. During the tour, Kazuko Amano and her family enjoyed their second encounter with Bernstein, but her joyful time was cut short by her domestic obligations.
The Last Japan Tour
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In conjunction with the Pacific Music Festival, Bernstein was also leading the tour of the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) and had scheduled performances in Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka after leaving Sapporo. After a successful concert at Suntory Hall, however, Bernstein’s health worsened. The decision was made to fly him home immediately, leaving the remaining concerts to Michael Tilson Thomas and Eiji Oue. Hashimoto saw Bernstein off at the airport and, as was instructed by the maestro, looked after the conductors for the remainder of the tour. In early October, Bernstein announced his retirement from conducting, upon which Kazuko Amano sent a message of grave concern. Bernstein passed away on October 14, 1990.