bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deterioration of Cortical Bone Microarchitecture: Critical Component of Renal Osteodystrophy Evaluation
Authors: Sharma Ashish K. , Toussaint Nigel D. , Masterson Rosemary , Holt Stephen G. , Rajapakse Chamith S. , Ebeling Peter R. , Mohanty Sindhu T. , Baldock Paul , Elder Grahame J. 
Published: May 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Cortical bone is a significant determinant of bone strength and its deterioration contributes to bone fragility. Thin cortices and increased cortical porosity have been noted in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the “Turnover Mineralization Volume” classification of renal osteodystrophy does not emphasize cortical bone as a key parameter. We aimed to assess trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture by histomorphometry and micro-CT in patients with CKD G5 and 5D (dialysis). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Transiliac bone biopsies were performed in 14 patients undergoing kidney transplantation (<i>n</i> = 12) and parathyroidectomy (<i>n</i> = 2). Structural parameters were analysed by histomorphometry and micro-CT including trabecular bone volume, thickness (TbTh), number (TbN) and separation and cortical thickness (CtTh) and porosity (CtPo). Indices of bone remodelling and mineralisation were obtained and relationships to bone biomarkers examined. Associations were determined by Spearman’s or Pearson’s rank correlation coefficients. <b><i>Results:</i></b> By micro-CT, trabecular parameters were within normal ranges in most patients, but all patients showed very low CtTh (127 ± 44 µm) and high CtPo (60.3 ± 22.5%). CtPo was inversely related to TbN (<i>r</i> = –0.56; <i>p</i> = 0.03) by micro-CT and to TbTh (<i>r</i> = –0.60; <i>p</i> = 0.024) by histomorphometry and correlated to parathyroid hormone values (<i>r </i>= 0.62; <i>p</i> = 0.021). By histomorphometry, bone turnover was high in 50%, low in 21% and normal in 29%, while 36% showed abnormal patterns of mineralization. Significant positive associations were observed between osteoblast surface, osteoclast surface, mineralization surface and bone turnover markers. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Deterioration of cortical ­microarchitecture despite predominantly normal trabecular parameters reinforces the importance of comprehensive cortical evaluation in patients with CKD.
Resource variability and the collapse of a dominance hierarchy in a colour polymorphic species
Authors: Brown Dawson M. , Lattanzio Matthew S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntraspecific social dominance hierarchies should be influenced by environmental variation; however, in colour polymorphic species, dominance hierarchies are often assumed fixed, and thus insensitive to environmental variability. We ran a series of experiments using the colour polymorphic long-tailed brush lizard (Urosaurus graciosus) to challenge this assumption. We staged contests between orange and yellow morph males over a single heated perch, two perches at the same temperature, or two perches differing in temperature. Our first experiment revealed that orange-throated males are socially dominant. However, this hierarchy collapsed in our other experiments as yellow males became more aggressive. Interestingly, both males only ever secured their own perch where the perches differed in temperature. These findings mirror observations of morph behavioural flexibility in nature and studies of behaviour–environment interactions in non-polymorphic taxa. We conclude that colour morphs may have an underappreciated ability to assess resource-level changes and respond with concomitant flexibility in behaviour.
International Organizations as ‘Experts’ on Indicators and Measurements: Understanding the Politics of OECD’s Technocratization of Innovation
Authors: Singh Manasi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInternational Organizations (IOs) act as powerful actors in construction and constitution of knowledge. This role becomes even more critical as new agendas emerge for global governance in a multi-actor world, making the process of knowledge generation and dissemination even more contentious. One of the tools to exercise such organizational power is through rankings and ratings. These indicators, designed scientifically using expert knowledge, are increasingly being used as tools of statecraft. As good governance synonymizes good business, a technocratic lens has become a preferred practice of present day policymaking. This article attempts to exploreIOs’ role as authoritative knowledge actors, designing indicators for governmentality and policy advocacy. It particularly looks atOECD’s ‘utilitarian’ measurement of innovation based on a technocratic approach.
From Discourse to Action: An Analysis on Securitization Policies in Turkey
Authors: Kurgan Sarp 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article analyzes the results of two general elections in Turkey, June and November 2015, in light of the securitization policies applied by theAKPgovernment. The aim is to shed light on the reasons forAKP’s recovery between the two elections, despite ongoing economic, social, and political problems. The article explainsAKP’s grip on a strong support base through three interdependent reasons—the specter of the 1980 military coup, identity-based voting preferences, and successfully implemented securitization policies of theAKP. The first two reasons best explain the election successes of theAKPfrom 2002 to 2013, among other factors. In addition, these two factors constitute the political context in which theAKPmanaged to build an authoritarian regime.AKP’s implementation of securitization policies, on the other hand, is more adequate in explaining post-2013 policies and electoral successes, especially its recovery from June to November 2015. In addition, this article also aims to provide insights, based on the Turkish case, on how authoritarian governments manage to gather and secure public support, despite economic, social, and political turmoil and when and how securitization policies might fail and succeed.
Planning from the Margin—The European Union’s Potential Role in Spatial Planning for Managing Activities in the Marine Arctic
Authors: Langlet David 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The Arctic is subject to increasing levels of human activities and environmental stresses. The need to protect Arctic ecosystems and utilize the region’s resources sustainably necessitates effective and coordinated management of human activities. A potentially important instrument is marine spatial planning (MSP). The article analyses the potential of the European Union (EU) to contribute to the development and implementation of MSP, or related instruments, in the marine Arctic. Although we conclude that EU law relevant to MSP currently has very limited applicability in the region, either directly or through the so-called EEA EFTA States, there are still ways in which the EU may contribute to making activities in the marine Arctic more sustainable. In this context, the EU’s new ‘policy for the Arctic’ could be an important instrument, but it will not by itself affect the region’s development or even guarantee concerted action by the EU Member States.
“Religious Education” or “Teaching about Religion”? A Review of Compulsory Religious Culture and Ethics Lessons in Turkish Primary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Gündüz Turgay 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Religious Culture and Ethics (RCE), a compulsory course in Turkish primary and secondary schools, is a highly debated issue with respect to education on religion. Discussions focus on whether the class is “religious education” with a confessional approach or “religious culture and ethics teaching” that adopts a non-confessional view. Following a short history of religious education courses in Turkish primary and secondary education, this study analyses the curriculum and the content of the RCE course from the perspective of two Islamic sects (madhhab) and religious education approaches to discuss the principal educational approach applied in the country. The study also analyses the argument that holds that RCE is a non-confessional lesson in terms of both content and application; and that, accordingly, there is no problem with its presence among compulsory courses in primary education. It is rather concluded that, since its inclusion within the primary and secondary education curricula as a compulsory lesson, RCE has never been non-confessional in terms of including other religions and beliefs as well as other sects within Islam. An examination of the sectarian sources of information on worship provided in these courses reveals that the current textbooks are explicitly grounded in the Hanafi School with regard to issues of Muslim obligations.
Detection of Severe Weather Events in a High-Resolution Ensemble Prediction System Using the Extreme Forecast Index (EFI) and Shift of Tails (SOT)
Authors: Raynaud Laure , Touzé Benoît , Arbogast Philippe 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The extreme forecast index (EFI) and shift of tails (SOT) are commonly used to compare an ensemble forecast to a reference model climatology, in order to measure the severity of the current weather forecast. In this study, the feasibility and the relevance of EFI and SOT computations are examined within the convection-permitting Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME-France) ensemble prediction system (EPS). First, different climate configurations are proposed and discussed, in order to overcome the small size of the ensemble and the short climate sampling length. Subjective and objective evaluations of EFI and SOT for wind gusts and precipitation forecasts are then presented. It is shown that these indices can provide relevant early warnings and, based on a trade-off between hits and false alarms, optimal EFI thresholds can be determined for decision-making.
Demand management by electronic gatekeeping of test requests does not influence requesting behaviour or save costs dramatically
Authors: Pema Aarti K , Kiabilua Olivia , Pillay Tahir S 
Published: May 2018

Background Healthcare budgets face constraints, and laboratories have developed strategies to adapt to the concomitant increase in workload. Some of the tests (7.4%) may be attributed to unnecessary repeat testing. Electronic gatekeeping has been implemented at selected laboratories in South Africa to limit unnecessary repeat testing. We performed a study of chemistry tests subjected to electronic gatekeeping to determine its effectiveness as a sustainable demand management tool. Methods A 22-month retrospective study of chemistry test requests at a Pretoria hospital was performed. Tests violating electronic gatekeeping rules were rejected upon registration before analysis, and cost-savings were estimated from electronic gatekeeping-held tests. The impact of electronic gatekeeping on the test requesting pattern of clinicians was derived from the percentage cost of electronic gatekeeping-held tests. Results The total savings generated from electronic gatekeeping test rejections amounted to $84,380. Greatest savings were generated from high-cost tests: glycated haemoglobin ($14,139), urea ($8661) and thyroid-stimulating hormone ($7514). The average number of electronic gatekeeping-held tests as a percentage of their total requested number over 22 months was 3.18%. Discussion The savings from electronic gatekeeping-held tests were not as dramatic as anticipated, but were modest and may have some impact in a cost-constrained setting. Electronic gatekeeping was concluded not to have a substantial effect on the clinician test requesting pattern, demonstrated by the largely unchanged monthly percentage of electronic gatekeeping-held tests. As a solitary demand management strategy, electronic gatekeeping does not appear to be as effective as anticipated or as demonstrated in other studies.
Performance of an Additional Task During Level 2 Automated Driving: An On-Road Study Comparing Drivers With and Without Experience With Partial Automation
Authors: Solís-Marcos Ignacio , Ahlström Christer , Kircher Katja 
Published: May 2018

Objective: To investigate the influence of prior experience with Level 2 automation on additional task performance during manual and Level 2 partially automated driving. Background: Level 2 automation is now on the market, but its effects on driver behavior remain unclear. Based on previous studies, we could expect an increase in drivers’ engagement in secondary tasks during Level 2 automated driving, but it is yet unknown how drivers will integrate all the ongoing demands in such situations. Method: Twenty-one drivers (12 without, 9 with Level 2 automation experience) drove on a highway manually and with Level 2 automation (exemplified by Volvo Pilot Assist generation 2; PA2) while performing an additional task. In half of the conditions, the task could be interrupted (self-paced), and in the other half, it could not (system-paced). Drivers’ visual attention, additional task performance, and other compensatory strategies were analyzed. Results: Driving with PA2 led to decreased scores in the additional task and more visual attention to the dashboard. In the self-paced condition, all drivers looked more to the task and perceived a lower mental demand. The drivers experienced with PA2 used the system and the task more than the novice group and performed more overtakings. Conclusions: The additional task interfered more with Level 2 automation than with manual driving. The drivers, particularly the automation novice drivers, used some compensatory strategies. Applications: Automation designers need to consider these potential effects in the development of future automated systems.
The Cold War and the Transformation of Latin American Studies in the United States
Authors: Chilcote Ronald H. 
Published: May 2018

The Cold War assumptions of mainstream Latin American studies in the United States were challenged in the 1960s by a new generation of academics that opened up the field to progressive thinking, including Marxism. West Coast intellectuals played a major role in this transformation. These new Latin Americanists rejected the university-government-foundation nexus in the field and emphasized field research that brought them into close relationships with Latin Americans struggling for change and engaging with radical alternatives to mainstream thinking. In the course of this work, they confronted efforts to co-opt them and to discourage and even prevent their field research. Despite this they managed to transform Latin American studies into a field that was intellectually and politically vibrant both in theory and in practice. Los supuestos de la Guerra Fría dominantes en los estudios latinoamericanos en los Estados Unidos fueron cuestionados en la década de 1960 por una nueva generación de académicos que abrió el campo al pensamiento progresista, incluso el Marxismo. Los intelectuales de la costa oeste jugaron un papel importante en esta transformación. Estos nuevos latinoamericanistas rechazaron el nexo universidad-gobierno-fundación que caracterizó el campo y enfatizaron la investigación en el terreno que los ubicó en una estrecha relación con los latinoamericanos que luchan por el cambio y se enfrentan con alternativas radicales al pensamiento dominante. En el curso de este trabajo, confrontaron esfuerzos para cooptarlos y desalentar e incluso prevenir su investigación en el terreno. A pesar de esto, lograron transformar los estudios latinoamericanos en un campo que era intelectualmente y políticamente vibrante tanto en la teoría como en la práctica.
Brain perfusion evaluated by regional tissue oxygenation as a possible quality indicator of ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An experimental porcine cardiac arrest study
Authors: Bouček Tomáš , Mlček Mikuláš , Krupičková Petra , Huptych Michal , Belza Tomáš , Kittnar Otomar , Linhart Aleš , Bělohlávek Jan 
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Relationship between regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2) and microcirculatory changes during cardiac arrest (CA) are still unclear. Therefore, we designed an experimental study to correlate rSO2, microcirculation and systemic hemodynamic parameters in a porcine model of CA. Methods: Ventricular fibrillation was induced in 24 female pigs (50±3kg) and left for three minutes untreated followed by five minutes of mechanical CPR. Regional and peripheral saturations were assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy, sublingual microcirculation by Sidestream Dark Field technology and continuous hemodynamic parameters, including systemic blood pressure (MAP) and carotid blood flow (CF), during baseline, CA and CPR periods. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, the Friedman test and the partial correlation method were used to compare these parameters. Results: Brain and peripheral rSO2 showed a gradual decrease during CA and only an increase of brain rSO2 during mechanical CPR (34.5 to 42.5; p=0.0001), reflected by a rapid decrease of microcirculatory and hemodynamic parameters during CA and a slight increase during CPR. Peripheral rSO2 was not changed significantly during CPR (38 to 38.5; p=0.09). We only found a moderate correlation of cerebral/peripheral rSO2 to microcirculatory parameters (PVD: r=0.53/0.46; PPV: r=0.6/0.5 and MFI: r=0.64/0.52) and hemodynamic parameters (MAP: r=0.64/0.71 and CF: 0.71/0.67). Conclusions: Our experimental study confirmed that monitoring brain and peripheral rSO2 is an easy-to-use method, well reflecting the hemodynamics during CA. However, only brain rSO2 reflects the CPR efforts and might be used as a potential quality indicator for CPR.
Effect of pump type on outcomes in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring ECMO
Authors: Delaplain Patrick T. , Zhang Lishi , Nguyen Danh V. , Ashrafi Amir H. , Yu Peter T. , Di Nardo Matteo , Chen Yanjun , Starr Joanne , Ford Henri R. , Guner Yigit S. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: With the exception of neonatal respiratory failure, most centers are now using centrifugal over roller-type pumps for the delivery of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Evidence supporting the use of centrifugal pumps specifically in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains lacking. We hypothesized that the use of centrifugal pumps in infants with CDH would not affect mortality or rates of severe neurologic injury (SNI). Methods: Infants with CDH were identified within the ELSO registry (2000-2016). Patients were then divided into those undergoing ECMO with rollertype pumps or centrifugal pumps. Patients were matched based on propensity score (PS) for the ECMO pump type based on pre-ECMO covariates. This was done for all infants and separately for each ECMO mode, venovenous (VV) and venoarterial (VA) ECMO. Results: We identified 4,367 infants who were treated with either roller or centrifugal pumps from 2000-2016. There was no difference in mortality or SNI between the two pump types in any of the groups (all infants, VA-ECMO infants, VV-ECMO infants). However, there was at least a six-fold increase in the odds of hemolysis for centrifugal pumps in all groups: all infants (odds ratio [OR] 6.99, p<0.001), VA-ECMO infants (OR 8.11, p<0.001 and VV-ECMO infants (OR 9.66, p<0.001). Conclusion: For neonates with CDH requiring ECMO, there is no survival advantage or difference in severe neurologic injury between those receiving roller or centrifugal pump ECMO. However, there is a significant increase in red blood cell hemolysis associated with centrifugal ECMO support.
The first five years of neonatal and pediatric transports on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the center and south of Italy: The pediatric branch of the Italian “Rete Respira” network
Authors: Di Nardo Matteo , Lonero Margherita , Pasotti Elisabetta , Cancani Federica , Perrotta Daniela , Cecchetti Corrado , Stoppa Francesca , Pirozzi Nicola , La Salvia Ondina , Nicolini Antonella , Amodeo Antonio , Patroniti Nicolo’ , Pesenti Antonio 
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Neonatal and pediatric ECMO is a high-risk procedure that should be performed only in expert centers. Children who are eligible for ECMO and are managed in hospitals without ECMO capabilities should be referred to the closest ECMO center before the severity of illness precludes safe conventional transport. When the clinical situation precludes safe conventional transport, ECMO should be provided on site with the patient transported on ECMO. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our institutional database of all ECMO transports for neonatal and pediatric respiratory failure from February 2013 to February 2018. Results: Over the last 5 years, we provided 24 transports covering all requests from the center and south of Italy except for the islands. Of these transports, 20 were performed on ECMO and 4 without ECMO. No patient died during transportation. Five complications were reported only during the ECMO transports, and all of these were managed without compromising the patient’s safety. The preferred modes of transport were by ambulance (70%) and ambulance transported into the fixed wing aircraft (30%) for longer national distances. The survival to hospital discharge of the patients transported with ECMO was 75% among the neonatal transports and 83.3% among the pediatric transports. The survival to hospital discharge of the four patients transported without ECMO was 100% for both neonates and children. Conclusions: Neonatal and pediatric ECMO transports can be safely performed with a dedicated team that maintains stringent adherence to well-designed management protocols.
A systematic review on the use of deep venous stenting for acute venous thrombosis of the lower limb
Authors: Taha Mohamed AH , Busuttil Andrew , Bootun Roshan , Davies Alun H 
Published: May 2018

Objectives The aim is to evaluate venous stent patency, the development of post-thrombotic syndrome, recurrence, quality of life and the optimal post-procedural anticoagulation regimen in the treatment of iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Method and results EMBASE and Medline databases were interrogated to identify studies in which acute deep venous thrombosis patients were stented. Twenty-seven studies and 542 patients were identified. Primary, assisted primary and secondary patency rates 12 months after stent placement ranged from 74 to 95, 90 to 95 and 84 to 100%, respectively. The observed post-thrombotic syndrome rate was 14.6%. The incidence of stent re-thrombosis was 8%. In 26% of studies, patients received additional antiplatelet therapy. Quality of life questionnaires employed in 11% of studies, demonstrating an improvement in the chronic venous insufficiency questionnaire (22.67 ± 3.01 versus 39.34 ± 6.66). Conclusion Venous stenting appears to be an effective adjunct to early thrombus removal; however, further studies are needed to identify optimal anticoagulant regimen and effect on quality of life.