bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemplating the Divine
Authors: Gilby Emma 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Descartes’s more general articulation of our reliance on God, who alone, he says, can offer us continuing certainty. Descartes is struck by wonder at the beauty of God’s ‘immense light’, even if his own understanding is ‘shrouded in darkness’. In contemplating the divine, Descartes needs to come to terms with dramatic paradigms of necessity and contingency. Here, we consider Descartes’s statements about eternal truths. Like Virgil’s Jupiter, God simultaneously creates laws and sees them fulfilled. Contemporary debates about whether we can ‘univocally’ conceive of the divine and the human also return us, in this chapter, to themes of conversion, humility, and an attention that is strengthened even as it recognizes its own limits. Throughout, we observe cross-currents of association between philosophy, patristics, and poetics.
Grammar and Ontology
Authors: Egan David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Wittgenstein characterizes his investigations as ‘grammatical’ and emphasizes their difference from factual or empirical investigations. In particular, he claims, philosophical confusion arises when we regard philosophical questions as questions of fact. Wittgenstein’s emphasis on keeping distinct grammatical and factual investigations echoes Heidegger’s emphasis on what he calls the ‘ontological difference’, namely the distinction between ontic investigations of beings and ontological investigations of being. For both philosophers, keeping their investigations distinct from factual investigations means that they understand themselves not to be discovering and expressing novel truths but to be retrieving and clarifying an understanding that we already have. And for both of them, this retrieval calls for a careful examination of our everyday practices.
Attunement and Being-With
Authors: Egan David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Both Wittgenstein and Heidegger emphasize the public nature of the everyday: we not only share our world with others, but the intelligibility of that world finds public articulation. Wittgenstein emphasizes our attunement in sharing forms of life and constantly invokes the first person plural in talking about what ‘we’ do. This chapter offers a deflationary account of this ‘we’, resisting conventionalist and transcendental idealist readings. Heidegger’s account of Dasein as being-with takes on darker tones, as he describes the levelling influence of das Man, whereby we unreflectively align ourselves with what ‘one’ does. Contrary to some interpreters, the author argues that the influence of das Man, while inescapable, is not also suffocating, and that Heidegger’s account of distantiality allows us to see that we constantly maintain a necessary distance from das Man.
Heidegger’s Pursuit of Authenticity in Philosophy
Authors: Egan David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The concern with authenticity exhibited by both Heidegger and Wittgenstein applies reflexively to their work: being authentic and philosophizing authentically are deeply intertwined concerns. This chapter focuses on the way in which Heidegger attempts to extricate himself from traditional philosophical problematics, focusing primarily on the problematic of realism and idealism and on the concept of truth. Heidegger develops a method of formal indication by which he tries to direct us toward an ontological understanding without relying on the problematic form of the assertion. However, Heidegger attempts at points to articulate this ontological understanding—most notoriously when he asserts that Newton’s Laws were not true before Newton—in ways that work against him.
Tristram Shandy and the Divided Worlds of Politics
Authors: Havard John Owen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne engaged with politics. Beginning with Sterne’s fleeting involvement in Whig political journalism, the chapter shows how these early experiences as a writer coincided with dramatic changes to the organization of partisanship and the emergence of cynicism towards the political establishment as such. Tristram Shandy took shape, the chapter goes on to show, in relation both to the changing parameters of political activity and to a growing impulse to escape from politics altogether. Taking cues from a Dublin-published pamphlet that imagined Tristram entering into the fray of political activity, the chapter brings into focus the diverse political trajectories that Sterne incorporated into his fiction—and the ways they were subsequently closed down or rerouted by the ongoing composition and reception of his works and with the onset of his sentimental reputation.
Literary Leviathans
Authors: Havard John Owen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows how Samuel Johnson’s authorial persona focalized a larger crisis of political and literary authority during the period spanning the American War and the French Revolution. Where Johnson’s commitment to absolute sovereignty set him at odds with changing conceptions of power, the ‘warm Toryism’ of James Boswell allowed him to navigate the onset of Britain’s counter-revolutionary turn and its imperial correlatives with far greater success. These changing conceptions of authority converged in Boswell’s monumental biography, which thereby illuminates crucial changes to the relationship between literature and politics. Through Johnson’s reputation in America and posthumous satires about his views on popular revolution, the chapter shows how Johnson’s dogmatic views on authority, together with his volatile personality, infused both his writings and his politics with uncertainty. Boswell’s depiction of Johnson in his 1791 Life of Johnson in turn acquired heightened and transformed significance amidst fears of anti-royalist unrest and the explosion of plebeian political activity associated with the aftermath of the French Revolution, and, to an important and neglected degree, was the product of both this changing political atmosphere and changing conceptions of the literary domain.
Conclusion
Authors: Havard John Owen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion looks ahead to the political and literary changes that accompanied the transition into the Victorian age, drawing a contrast between recent critical discussions of the ‘liberal’ subject and this book’s more unsettled account of the interaction between literary forms and the political arena. The 1820s and ’30s—examined here with reference to contemporary accounts of Byron and Austen as well as George Eliot’s later Felix Holt (1866)—look ahead to subsequent efforts to harmonize literary and political domains and to subsume earlier political divides within changed conceptions of governance and of the political nation. As the Conclusion demonstrates, these appeals to a coming age of equipoise not only consigned the unrest around the French Revolution to a closed past; neglect of the directly preceding decades amounted, at least in places, to strategic erasure, as the Conclusion shows through a series of examples including the novels of Sir Walter Scott. By contrast with these later efforts to maintain an autonomous literary or artistic domain, the authors addressed in this book emphasize an account of authorship as in the thick or the margins of a messy political world (whether the authors in question liked this fact or not). Literature thereby helped, directly or otherwise, to introduce alternative possibilities into the political arena, if only as a reimagined role for literary authorship itself.
Introduction
Authors: Havard John Owen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Disaffected Parties offers a prehistory for modern political disaffection that underscores literature’s importance as a means of thinking about a diverse array of relationships with politics, in this period and beyond. The Introduction lays out some of the historical frameworks and changing conceptions of politics—including the understandings of disaffection and the expanded conception of political parties—employed in the book, while also looking to the wider questions posed by the disaffected stance and its bearing on the status of the literary. The opening section explores the political valences of disaffection from the mid-seventeenth century down to the present, employing the term’s historical and conceptual proximity to terms including disinterest, dissent, and indifference to reflect on the prospect of a literature of disaffection (defined by its aspiration to absolute withdrawal and disinterest, but also animated by disavowed investments). The Introduction goes on to explain the historical rationale for the book and to outline the book’s approach to literary form.
Praise and Blame
Authors: Mason Elinor 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the idea of blame, as an activity distinct from judging blameworthy but not equivalent to punishing. There are different sorts of blame, that correspond to different sorts of wrongdoing. Ordinary blame is communicative, and applies to agents who have acted subjectively wrongly. Ordinary praise is, likewise, communicative, and also depends on the agent knowing what she is doing. These can be contrasted with detached praise and blame, which apply to agents outside our moral community. Detached blame is a mixed bag, and this chapter offers a general account of how such blame reactions work. They are not communicative, rather they function from a distance. That does not entail that they are mere appraisals: they are genuinely a species of blame, in that they are a response to wrongdoing that goes beyond a mere judgment. This leads to a discussion of detached blameworthiness, which corresponds to detached blame.
Is the Citizen-Exclusive State an Agent?
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In light of the failure of the preferred model to count as a collective agent on the strong or moderate accounts, this chapter turns to the citizen-exclusive state. It outlines the structure of two versions of the model—one accounting for the separation of powers and one including only the smallest group with decision-making power in government. It argues that the bigger group is characterized by two important features: it has a hierarchical power structure, and it includes ‘nested’ agency (some of its members are collective agents rather than individuals). The chapter concludes with a general discussion of whether this group has both agency and moral agency, and argues that it does.
Early Fourteenth-Century Iberia
Authors: Linehan Peter 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Early fourteenth-century Iberia was a peninsula in chaos, with the kingdoms of both Castile and Portugal brought low by dynastic divisions, with the territorial nobility which was in the ascendant absorbing churchmen into their following. Both kingdoms had at least a century of struggle with the papacy behind them. With the beginnings of recovery in Castile (recently attributed to ‘Molinism’, so-called) hardly under way, secularist churchmen of both kingdoms were roundly denounced by Pope John XXII, while the year 1325, the beginning of the reign of Afonso IV and coming of age of Alfonso XI of Castile (king since the age of 13 months) gave early warning of an independent approach to their relationship with the papacy.
Portuguese Lineages and the Privatization of the Portuguese Church
Authors: Linehan Peter 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The history of the Portuguese episcopate reveals the extent of family ambitions at work in annexing ecclesiastical properties to the families of its temporary trustees, a conclusion justified by the gloomy analysis of the Franciscan bishop Álvaro Pais. The privatization of the Portuguese Church and the outburst of a royal bastard when faced with a church court that ‘he was a layman and had his own judge’ reveal the secular aspect of this. This chapter considers Bishop Egas of Viseu’s ‘Summa de libertate ecclesiastica’ and the issue of mortmain. It also examines Portugal’s eternal quadrilateral: Church, king, bishops, and nobility. The problems caused by the privatization of monastic land and consequent intrusion of unwelcome members of the new owners’extended families is the focus of the following section. Finally, the chapter touches on the inter-related questions of the new Portuguese stadium, the secular ethic, and the career of Miguel Vivas.
Nobility and Naturaleza
Authors: Linehan Peter 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter opens with an examination of the secular ethic in 1329, the Cortes of Madrid, the contest between crown and Church for supremacy, and the importance of the Assembly of Vincennes in the history of the Iberian peninsula. Matters dynastic that are covered are the defiance of the pope by Alfonso XI and his Portuguese wife, and by Alfonso XI and his mistress. The threat to the Church of Thomas Scot, the apostate friar, and events at Avignon are discussed, and the symptoms of schism surveyed in Paris, Portugal, and Castile. Papal letters and mysterious silences likewise are weighed, and the chapter concludes with the Castilian succession, and ‘liturgical innovation’ in 1332, culminating in the self-coronation of Alfonso XI.
J.M. Keynes as Sociologist
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with J.M. Keynes’s analysis of the rentier, the ‘functionless investor’ in Britain (and Europe) in the interwar years. Even though Keynes had no coherent idea of who the rentier was, he was central to Keynes’s economics and to his political sociology. The rentier was also essential to Keynes’s political-economic account of Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. Hence, Keynes was forced to a view that while the rentier remained unchained society would be based upon conflicting interests and social tensions. Such a view undermined Keynes’s original allegiances to the kind of Liberalism associated with the former Liberal prime minister, H.H. Asquith, and the argument Keynes sometimes presented, that economic policy was determined by an intellectual muddle, not warring interests. Asquithian Liberalism, however, depended on notions of political agreement and social harmony and that was, in practice, not something Keynes ever believed characterized modern capitalism.
Sport Between ‘Play’ and ‘System’
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Modern sport, though not wholly a British invention, very largely is so. It is one of Britain’s most important gifts to the modern world. But it is also representative of a whole social system, and sport in Britain has always been intimately connected to British social and political life. It is a powerful marker, of which the ‘amateur tradition’ and apparent class exclusiveness are the two most obvious marks. I argue, however, that Britain did not differ much from other comparable countries, except that its class exclusiveness was exaggerated, partly because it was more openly expressed and less obviously concealed. I also argue that the amateur spirit was an attempt by men to preserve the notion of ‘play’ as against the sporting ‘system’ which they themselves had created.
Sport as Religion and Emotion
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We frequently speak of sport as a religion and that sporting loyalties are religious. This chapter asks what exactly this means and suggests that it partly depends on how we define religion. The chapter argues that the definitions of religion and sport as religion overlap—something that common sense would support. The chapter attempts to define more closely sport as religion by looking at those sporting disasters which excited an apparently ‘religious’ response—two In Britain, one in Italy, one in Germany, and one in Australia—and compare them with similar events which did not seem to evoke a similar response. It offers explanations for this and what they tell us about sport as religion and about sporting emotions. It also argues that religion in sport is a product of sporting culture, not sport as such.
Do As I Say, Not As I Do?
Authors: Driediger-Murphy Lindsay G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter challenges the modern belief that augural theory permitted practitioners to create or nullify signs simply by making announcements about them, regardless of the empirical results of observation. It analyses the passages in ancient texts which have typically been seen as proof for this view, ranging from the Middle/Late Republic to Late Antiquity. Specific kinds of auspication such as the tripudium ritual and the auspication of investiture are discussed. The most important conclusions are (1) we have not paid sufficient attention to the context and genre of these statements, which do not all point in the same direction; (2) in the Republican period empirical observation remained a fundamental part of augury. This suggests that augural practitioners and their contemporaries did not believe Jupiter to be bound by their own announcements but instead saw themselves as vulnerable to the messages the god chose to send.
Out of Control?
Authors: Driediger-Murphy Lindsay G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers Roman augury in practice, arguing that the results of augury did not always cohere with human will and challenging the ‘alignment model’ of Roman divination. In modern scholarship on Roman divination, the dominant assumption remains that state divination procedures, including augury, were so contrived as to tell the individual magistrate/politician or the senate what they wanted to hear. The question posed here is whether it is true that augury never or seldom produced results which its users did not want. The shortcomings of the methodology used by proponents of the alignment model are highlighted. The chapter presents evidence that some Roman recipients chose to heed signs which they might have preferred to ignore and concludes that there was at Rome a religious dimension of ideas, motives, and activities which was separate from, and at odds with, the political.
Is Aristotle an Archimedean Naturalist?
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the evidence of the ethical treatises regarding Aristotle’s use of the appeal to human nature to provide substantive guidance or justification for the demands of ethics. The so-called function argument, the notion that human beings have a natural direction of development, and the references to natural virtue or natural justice are canvassed as possible grounds for believing that Aristotle was an Archimedean naturalist about ethics. The status and relationship of the various ethical treatises is also discussed, together with the place of ethics within the hierarchy of sciences, as necessary background to the examination of Aristotle’s views.
CJEU Case Law and the Interplay with Policy and Legislative Action in the DSM
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The final chapter tackles recent initiatives for a reform of the EU copyright acquis. In particular, it focuses on a number of selected areas in the proposed Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market (DSM), which require to be considered in light, not just of existing legislation, but also—and perhaps most importantly—existing case law. These areas are: the ‘value gap’ (‘transfer of value’) proposal, the press publishers’ right, fair compensation for private copying, and licensing of out-of-commerce works. The chapter discusses whether and to what extent the EU copyright reform may be regarded as a ‘codification’ of existing CJEU case law, or rather as a departure from it. Either way, the centrality of judicial interpretation of existing legislation is apparent also in the context of policy discourse.
Conclusion
Authors: Bennett Joshua 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The conclusion stands back from the themes of the individual chapters, to reflect on the wider tensions at work within the Victorians’ reliance upon history as their preferred approach for resolving contentious questions. It became very common for nineteenth-century commentators to regard the movements of history as recording the progressive Christianization of civilization, and as confirming Christian claims. But Mark Pattison hinted at a disturbing possibility when he argued that historical law determined the thought of successive ages, without itself guaranteeing the truth of any one system of religious belief. Progressive understandings of religious history helped Victorians to enter their own kind of modernity; and secularization was not the future most anticipated. Yet they struggled to realize their widespread conviction that historical study would ultimately yield a stable and commonly agreed religious foundation for society, which would prove capable of decisively repelling unbelief.
Conclusion
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In dialogue with Brian Robinette and Jürgen Moltmann, the chapter asks what kind of apologetics is appropriate to the subject matter of Jesus’ Resurrection. It argues that Jesus’ Resurrection does have “external grounds” for its truth. It can be considered credible even without supernatural faith. Yet, even if non-believers can reasonably affirm that Jesus’ Resurrection happened, such knowledge becomes truly living and powerful within the whole worldview of faith, what Lonergan calls the “horizon of love.” Behind this approach to theological apologetics stands the masterwork of John Henry Newman. In his Grammar of Assent, Newman remarks that certitude in historical matters comes from “the cumulation of probabilities, independent of each other, arising out of the nature and circumstances of the particular case which is under review.” This book provides such an accumulation of probabilities, which Newman deems to be sufficient (through what he calls the “illative sense”) for certitude.
Bewilderment in Dear Life
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This assessment of Alice Munro’s career begins by focusing on the way in which she moves increasingly toward a vision of narrative sequence that undercuts expectations for sequence itself. Turning first to “Amundsen” (from her last collection, Dear Life), the chapter explores her growing tendency towards displacement and indeterminacy, relying ever more on a narrative strategy that can begin anywhere in a finished story and read in either direction. Discussion then turns toward earlier stories, which anticipate her ­distinctive late style in achieving a sense of “chaos” and bewilderment that Munro finds essential. Stories are never “finished” for her (explaining so many revisions and republications), and character is never quite known, remaining a mystery, with plots that rarely sum up or resolve themselves into any clearer understanding.
Regulatory Competition and Utilitarianism
Authors: Stark Johanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The hypothesis this chapter sets out from is that regulatory competition is promising as a political strategy only if one shares a number of basic premises that are associated with political utilitarianism. The chapter thus discusses the following questions. In what way could regulatory competition be interpreted as being linked to utilitarianism? To what extent does the appeal of law markets depend on utilitarian assumptions that also underwrite welfare economics? An answer to these questions leads to the conclusion that problems with certain utilitarian assumptions translate into criticisms of regulatory competition as a policy approach. Two particular instances of regulatory competition are used to illustrate its utilitarian pedigree and associated problems. First, tax competition and its effects on states’ ability to implement policies leading to resource redistribution. Second, labour law regarding the employee involvement in corporate decision-making, particularly by mandatory co-determination.