bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
n-3 Canola oil effectively replaces fish oil as a new safe dietary source of DHA in feed for juvenile Atlantic salmon
Authors: Ruyter Bente , Sissener Nini H. , Østbye Tone-Kari , Simon Cedric J. , Krasnov Aleksei , Bou Marta , Sanden Monica , Nichols Peter D. , Lutfi Esmail , Berge Gerd M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLimited availability of fish oils (FO), rich in n-3 long-chain (≥C20) PUFA, is a major constraint for further growth of the aquaculture industry. Long-chain n-3 rich oils from crops GM with algal genes are promising new sources for the industry. This project studied the use of a newly developed n-3 canola oil (DHA-CA) in diets of Atlantic salmon fingerlings in freshwater. The DHA-CA oil has high proportions of the n-3 fatty acids (FA) 18 : 3n-3 and DHA and lower proportions of n-6 FA than conventional plant oils. Levels of phytosterols, vitamin E and minerals in the DHA-CA were within the natural variation of commercial canola oils. Pesticides, mycotoxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals were below lowest qualifiable concentration. Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate effects of two dietary levels of DHA-CA compared with two dietary levels of FO at two water temperatures. Fish increased their weight approximately 20-fold at 16°C and 12-fold at 12°C during the experimental periods, with equal growth in salmon fed the FO diets compared with DHA-CA diets. Salmon fed DHA-CA diets had approximately the same EPA+DHA content in whole body as salmon fed FO diets. Gene expression, lipid composition and oxidative stress-related enzyme activities showed only minor differences between the dietary groups, and the effects were mostly a result of dietary oil level, rather than the oil source. The results demonstrated that DHA-CA is a safe and effective replacement for FO in diets of Atlantic salmon during the sensitive fingerling life-stage.
Histone acetylation in refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients after intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion
Authors: Xie L , Hou J , Qi H , Dai Y , She W 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between the therapeutic effect of intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion and histone acetylation in refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss.MethodsThirty-four refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients were enrolled and treated with intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion. Pure tone average, acetylated histone H3, acetylated histone H4 and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and after intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion. Sixteen healthy volunteers were recruited to obtain normal reference values.ResultsPure tone average in sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients improved from 84.14 ± 13.54 dB to 73.56 ± 18.45 dB after intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion. Up-regulations in HDAC2 protein level, and down-regulations in histone H3 and H4 acetylation were observed in the intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion sensitive group (pure tone average gain of 15 dB or more), while no significant changes were observed in the intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion insensitive group (pure tone average gain of less than 15 dB).ConclusionIntratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion can improve hearing in a considerable number of refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients. The therapeutic effect is closely related to reduced histone acetylation.
The Emergence of the Informal Sector: Labour legislation and politics in South India, 1940–60
Authors: WIELENGA KARUNA DIETRICH 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe informal sector and informal employment relations occupy a prominent place in India's economy: one of their key features is the apparent absence of the state from labour regulation. This article seeks to trace the emergence of the division between the formal and informal sectors in India's economy from a historical perspective: it shows how the state, far from being absent, played a fundamental role in creating the dichotomy. This is done through a close study of labour legislation and the politics around it, taking South India as a case study. The article examines the enactment of four laws in Madras province in the late 1940s, ostensibly aimed at protecting workers, and their subsequent implementation by the Madras government. It shows how these laws ended by excluding workers from small unorganized industries (such as beedi-making, arecanut-processing, handloom-weaving, and tanning) from legal protection. It explores the ramifications of this exclusion and argues that the reinforcement of the formal–informal divide was the outcome of a complex political struggle between employers, workers' unions, and the state during this formative period.
Pluralism and the General Will: The Roman and Spartan Models in Rousseau'sSocial Contract
Authors: Oprea Alexandra 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHow should institutions be designed so that the votes of the people reflect the general will and not the corporate will of the politically powerful? Rousseau'sSocial Contractprovides us with two mutually exclusive solutions. The first is the more commonly discussed Spartan model where an encompassing public education system eliminates pluralism through social engineering. The second is the often overlooked Roman model of organizing the population into multiple overlapping electoral divisions and checking the power of various interest groups. Rousseau's discussion of Servius's electoral reforms anticipates Madison's arguments about controlling the effects of factions. By distinguishing these two institutional solutions, the article challenges the dominance of Sparta in readings of theSocial Contractand supports the broader antiutopian turn in Rousseau scholarship.
Aristotelian Realism: Political Friendship and the Problem of Stability
Authors: Cheng Eric 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper argues that the pursuit of stability is the primary concern of Aristotle's understanding of political friendship. Specifically, I argue that Aristotle chooses to understand political friendship to be a “special sort” of utility/advantage friendship, applicable to multiple regime types of varying degrees of (in)equality, because he fears what might happen when citizens in any polity develop mutual animosity. Turning to the contemporary liberal democratic context, I note that Aristotle provides us with a strong positive argument for why we ought to take political friendship seriously. However, I stipulate that contemporary liberal democracies present obstacles to the realization of classical political friendship. I thereby conclude by suggesting that citizens can potentially be political friends when they understand politics and their social relations through the “metaphor” of political friendship.
The Reader and the Resurrection in Prudentius
Authors: Pelttari Aaron 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn Prudentius, the bodily resurrection becomes a figure for poetic immortality. Just as the author believes that his God will one day raise him from the dead, he expects and invokes a Christian reader to authenticate and authorise the fragile verbal records of a poetry that is insistently human and fallen. In other words, Prudentius’ metapoetics are perfectly in sync with his theology. After (I) presenting Prudentius’ transformation at the end of hisPraefatioand setting out the terms and scope of the argument, this article (II) shows how the author puts himself at the mercy of his readers and patrons in thePeristefanonpoems and then (III) considers the body and the resurrection in theLiber Cathemerinon. A short section (IV) on fictionality and belief opens up the argument, and a conclusion (V) advances it through a reading of the end ofDe opusculis suis. This metapoetic reading of Prudentius reveals that the author's hopes for an afterlife are expressed in and through the creative imagining of poetic and fictional scenes.
Moral reasoning is the process of asking moral questions and answering them
Authors: Alfano Mark 
Published: September 2019

AbstractReasoning is the iterative, path-dependent process of asking questions and answering them. Moral reasoning is a species of such reasoning, so it is a matter of asking and answering moral questions, which requires both creativity and curiosity. As such, interventions and practices that help people ask more and better moral questions promise to improve moral reasoning.
Moral judgment as reasoning by constraint satisfaction
Authors: Holyoak Keith J. , Powell Derek 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMay's careful examination of empirical evidence makes a compelling case against the primacy of emotion in driving moral judgments. At the same time, emotion certainly is involved in moral judgments. We argue that emotion interacts with beliefs, values, and moral principles through a process of coherence-based reasoning (operating at least partially below the level of conscious awareness) in generating moral judgments and decisions.
Optimism in unconscious, intuitive morality
Authors: Clark Cory J. , Winegard Bo M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMoral cognition, by its very nature, stems from intuitions about what is good and bad, and these intuitions influence moral assessments outside of conscious awareness. However, because humans evolved a shared set of moral intuitions, and are compelled to justify their moral assessments as good and rational (even erroneously) to others, moral virtue and moral progress are still possible.
Baselines for human morality should include species typicality, inheritances, culture, practice, and ecological attachment
Authors: Narvaez Darcia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEmpirical studies involve WEIRD (Western, European, industrialized, rich, democratic) but also un-nested (raised outside humanity's evolved nest) and underdeveloped participants. Assessing human moral potential needs to integrate a transdisciplinary approach to understanding species typicality and baselines, relevant evolutionary inheritances beyond genes, assessment of cultures and practices that foster (or not) virtue, and ecological morality. Human moral reason (nous) emerges from all of these.
The space between rationalism and sentimentalism: A perspective from moral development
Authors: Rottman Joshua 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMay interprets the prevalence of non-emotional moral intuitions as indicating support for rationalism. However, research in developmental psychology indicates that the mechanisms underlying these intuitions are not always rational in nature. Specifically, automatic intuitions can emerge passively, through processes such as evolutionary preparedness and enculturation. Although these intuitions are not always emotional, they are not clearly indicative of reason.
An “Untrammeled Right”? The McCarran Immigration Subcommittee and the Origins of Presidential Authority to Suspend and Restrict Alien Entry Under §1182(f)
Authors: Friman H. Richard 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:The language of Section 212(e) of the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. §1182(f), contains a sweeping authorization of presidential discretion to suspend and restrict alien entry into the United States. Senator Pat McCarran (D-NV) first introduced the subsection in 1950 as part of the omnibus immigration bill drafted by his Judiciary Committee’s immigration subcommittee. The specific origins of the language and the original intent behind the subsection remain missing pieces in the extensive scholarly literature on the 1952 INA and legislative history as explored by the courts. This article reveals that the subcommittee modeled the subsection on the sixth proviso of the 1917 Immigration Act, the May 1918 Wartime Measure, and a selective interpretation of Supreme Court precedent. The article reveals further that the original intent behind the subsection was to close perceived loopholes in existing law enabling entry by displaced persons and Communist governmental officials.
How to evaluate machine translation: A review of automated and human metrics
Authors: Chatzikoumi Eirini 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article presents the most up-to-date, influential automated, semiautomated and human metrics used to evaluate the quality of machine translation (MT) output and provides the necessary background for MT evaluation projects. Evaluation is, as repeatedly admitted, highly relevant for the improvement of MT. This article is divided into three parts: the first one is dedicated to automated metrics; the second, to human metrics; and the last, to the challenges posed by neural machine translation (NMT) regarding its evaluation. The first part includes reference translation–based metrics; confidence or quality estimation (QE) metrics, which are used as alternatives for quality assessment; and diagnostic evaluation based on linguistic checkpoints. Human evaluation metrics are classified according to the criterion of whether human judges directly express a so-called subjective evaluation judgment, such as ‘good’ or ‘better than’, or not, as is the case in error classification. The former methods are based on directly expressed judgment (DEJ); therefore, they are called ‘DEJ-based evaluation methods’, while the latter are called ‘non-DEJ-based evaluation methods’. In the DEJ-based evaluation section, tasks such as fluency and adequacy annotation, ranking and direct assessment (DA) are presented, whereas in the non-DEJ-based evaluation section, tasks such as error classification and postediting are detailed, with definitions and guidelines, thus rendering this article a useful guide for evaluation projects. Following the detailed presentation of the previously mentioned metrics, the specificities of NMT are set forth along with suggestions for its evaluation, according to the latest studies. As human translators are the most adequate judges of the quality of a translation, emphasis is placed on the human metrics seen from a translator-judge perspective to provide useful methodology tools for interdisciplinary research groups that evaluate MT systems.
Discovering multiword expressions
Authors: Villavicencio Aline , Idiart Marco 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we provide an overview of research on multiword expressions (MWEs), from a natural language processing perspective. We examine methods developed for modelling MWEs that capture some of their linguistic properties, discussing their use for MWE discovery and for idiomaticity detection. We concentrate on their collocational and contextual preferences, along with their fixedness in terms of canonical forms and their lack of word-for-word translatatibility. We also discuss a sample of the MWE resources that have been used in intrinsic evaluation setups for these methods.
The Influence of Premorbid Adjustment and Autistic Traits on Social Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Authors: Bechi Margherita , Agostoni Giulia , Buonocore Mariachiara , Bosinelli Francesca , Spangaro Marco , Bianchi Laura , Cocchi Federica , Guglielmino Carmelo , Cavallaro Roberto , Bosia Marta 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectives:Premorbid dysfunction during childhood and adolescence is well documented in patients with schizophrenia. Literature pointed out multiple premorbid trajectories leading to different patients’ cognitive status, symptomatology, and global functioning after disease onset. This study aimed at identifying groups of premorbid trajectories and disentangling between group differences in clinical and cognitive measures, focusing on theory of mind (ToM) and autistic traits (ATs).Methods:Ninety-seven patients with schizophrenia were recruited and assessed for cognitive and ToM abilities, psychopathology, and ATs. A two-step cluster analysis identified three different groups of patients based on premorbid adjustment during childhood, adolescence, and late adolescence (i.e., stable-good, stable-poor, and “deteriorating”).Results:Compared to 66 healthy controls, results showed a widespread impairment in cognitive and ToM abilities among all groups of patients, except for affective ToM and executive functions in the stable-good group. Moreover, the stable-poor group exhibited more pronounced ATs and a more severe ToM impairment, compared to the other two groups of patients.Conclusions:Our findings highlight the existence of a group of patients with poor premorbid adjustment since childhood, more pronounced ATs and a severe ToM impairment affecting those basic mentalizing skills that are usually preserved in schizophrenia. Results might have intriguing implications in identifying underpinning endophenotypes and implementing cutting-edge rehabilitation programs.
Farmer perspectives and experiences introducing the novel perennial grain Kernza intermediate wheatgrass in the US Midwest
Authors: Lanker Marisa , Bell Michael , Picasso Valentin D. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractKernza® intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) is a novel perennial grain and forage crop with the potential to provide multiple ecosystem services, which recently became commercially available to farmers in the USA. The viability and further expansion of this promising crop require understanding how it may fit the needs of farmers’ livelihoods and the structure of their farming systems. However, no prior research has studied the perceptions and experiences of Kernza growers. The goals of this research were to understand why farmers grow Kernza, how Kernza fits into their systems and identify challenges for future research. We conducted in-depth interviews with ten growers in the North Central USA during the summer of 2017, who accounted for a third of the Kernza farmers in the USA at the time. All farmers had a positive attitude toward experimentation and trying new practices, and they were interested in Kernza for its simultaneous ecological and economic benefits. Kernza was marginal in terms of area, quality of fields and resources allocated in the farm systems, which also meant that farmers maintained low costs and risks. Growers utilized and valued Kernza as a dual-use crop (grain and forage), sometimes not harvesting grain but almost always grazing or harvesting hay and straw for bedding. Weeds were perceived as a challenge in some cases, but Kernza was valued as a highly weed-suppressive crop in others. Farmers requested information on optimal establishment practices, assessment of forage nutritive value, how to maintain grain yields over years, weed management, markets and economic assessment of Kernza systems. These results agree with other cases on sustainable practices adoption showing that engaging farmers in the research process from the beginning, identifying knowledge gaps and testing management alternatives are critical for the success and expansion of novel agricultural technologies.
Elite collective agency and the state
Authors: Ertürk Korkut Alp 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe paper explores how elites can develop capacity for collective agency through coordination.. The challenge for elites is to simultaneously deter the state from abusing power while at the same time relying on it to discipline defectors in their midst..The basic insight holds that the credibility of the state's threats depends on the cost of carrying them out, which elites can control. The elites can coordinate by being compliant when the ruler's threats serve their collective interest, which by reducing the cost of carrying them out make them more credible. On the other hand, their coordinated non-compliance has the opposite effect...
Characteristic mode-based compact circularly polarized metasurface antenna for in-band RCS reduction
Authors: Rajanna Puneeth Kumar , Rudramuni Karthik , Kandasamy Krishnamoorthy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a novel design of a low profile circularly polarized (CP) metasurface (MTS) antenna with in-band radar cross-section (RCS) reduction property. The MTS is loaded as a superstrate on slot antenna and it can be viewed as a polarization-dependent MTS (PDMTS). The rectangular patch-based PDMTS is analyzed using characteristic mode analysis to find two orthogonal degenerate modes, which produces CP waves. Linearly polarized slot antenna is used to excite the PDMTS. The performance of PDMTS loaded slot antenna is analyzed numerically using full-wave analysis method. The PDMTS CP antenna is fabricated and its performance is tested experimentally. The proposed antenna has a compact structure and it has an overall size of $0.52{\lambda _0}\times 0.52{\lambda _0} \times 0.078{\lambda _0}$ (where ${\lambda _0}$ is the free space wavelength). The measured results show that the PDMTS antenna achieves $-10\,{\rm dB}$ impedance bandwidth of 29.41$\%$, 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 9.05$\%$, broadside gain of 6.34 dB, and monostatic RCS reduction of $-30.2\,{\rm dBsm}$ at the resonant frequency of 5.86 GHz. The simulated results are in well agreement with the measured results and it is well suited for C-band Radar and Satellite communication.
Bermudagrass tolerance of indaziflam PRE applications in forage production
Authors: Hurdle Nicholas L. , Grey Timothy L. , McCullough Patrick E. , Shilling Donn , Belcher Jason 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBermudagrass is a major forage species throughout Georgia and the Southeast. An essential part of achieving high-yielding, top-quality forages is proper weed control. Indaziflam is a residual herbicide that controls many broadleaf and grass species by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis. Research conducted in Tift and Colquitt counties in Georgia determined optimal PRE rates for indaziflam for bermudagrass forage production. Treatments applied at spring greenup of established ‘Alicia’ bermudagrass included indaziflam at 47, 77, 155, or 234 g ai ha−1 PRE, pendimethalin at 4,480 g ha−1 PRE, a split application of indaziflam at 47 g ha−1 PRE followed by the same rate applied POST after the first cutting, and a nontreated control (seven treatments in all). Forages were machine harvested three times each year for each location beginning at least 47 d after treatment (DAT), with final cuttings up to 168 DAT. For all treatments, fresh- and dry-weight yields at each harvest and totals for the season did not differ from the nontreated control. Indaziflam at 155 and 234 g ha−1 did cause minor stunting at 44 DAT, but this was transient and not observed at the second harvest. Indaziflam applied PRE has the potential to provide residual control of troublesome weeds in bermudagrass forage and hay production, with ephemeral stunting at the recommended application rates.