bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of selective thermal denaturation and glycosylation on the textural properties and microstructure of vegetable tofu
Authors: Sun Dongxue , Li Tianqi , Ma Ling , Zhang Fengyang , Li Aili , Jiang Zhanmei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe impact of selective thermal denaturation and glycosylation on the textural properties and microstructure of vegetable tofu made from carrot and seaweed was investigated. Thermal denaturation treatment (80 °C for 5 min) could significantly enhance the hardness and gumminess of carrot–seaweed tofu (p < .05) and made its network structure more homogeneous and denser. Moreover, glycosylation treatment (1% glucose, 100 °C for 10 min) could remarkably improve the textural properties and network structure of carrot–seaweed tofu. Therefore, the thermal denaturation and glycosylation treatment of soymilk could be an effective way to improve the texture and microscopic structure of carrot–seaweed tofu.Practical applicationsTofu is a soybean protein gel with rich nutrition and can complement protein, vitamins, and minerals needed by human body. Vegetable tofu made from carrot and seaweed is a novelty tofu product with the beautiful color, rich nutrition value, and moderate taste, possessing better market application prospect. In addition, selective thermal denaturation and glycosylation can effectively improve the texture and microstructure of carrot–seaweed tofu. Accordingly, selective thermal denaturation and glycosylation can cater to consumer demand for tofu nutrition and diversity, besides producing the better quality carrot–seaweed tofu.
Pharmacological Management of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized Pragmatic Clinical Trial
Authors: Khan Babar A. , Perkins Anthony J. , Campbell Noll L. , Gao Sujuan , Farber Mark O. , Wang Sophia , Khan Sikandar H. , Zarzaur Ben L. , Boustani Malaz A. 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVEDelirium in the intensive care units (ICUs) is prevalent, with both delirium duration and delirium severity associated with adverse outcomes. We designed a pragmatic trial to test the efficacy of a pharmacological management of delirium (PMD) bundle in improving delirium/coma‐free days and reducing delirium severity among ICU patients.DESIGNA randomized pragmatic clinical trial.SETTINGMedical, surgical, and progressive ICUs of three tertiary care hospitals.PARTICIPANTSA total of 351 critically ill patients.INTERVENTIONA multicomponent PMD bundle consisting of reducing the exposure to 20 definite anticholinergic medications and benzodiazepines and prescribing low‐dose haloperidol.MEASUREMENTSThe primary outcomes were delirium/coma‐free days, measured through the Richmond Agitation‐Sedation Scale and the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM‐ICU), and delirium severity, measured through Delirium Rating Scale‐Revised‐98 and the CAM‐ICU‐7. Secondary outcomes were in‐hospital and posthospital discharge 30‐day mortality, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, and delirium‐related hospital complications.RESULTSWe randomized 351 critically ill delirious patients (mean age = 59.3 years [SD = 16.9 years]; 52% female, 42% African Americans) to receive the PMD bundle or usual care. There were no significant differences in median delirium/coma‐free days at day 8 (PMD vs usual care = 4 [interquartile range {IQR} = 2‐7] days vs 5 [IQR = 1–7] days; P = .888) or at day 30 (PMD vs usual care = 26 [IQR 19‐29] days vs 26 [IQR, 14–29] days; P = .991). There were no significant differences for decrease in delirium severity at day 8, but at hospital discharge, the intervention group showed a greater reduction in delirium severity (mean decrease in CAM‐ICU‐7 score for PMD vs usual care = 3.2 [SD = 3.3] vs 2.5 [SD = 3.2]; P = .046). No differences were observed between groups for ICU and hospital lengths of stay, mortality, and delirium‐related hospital complications. Similar results were observed when analyses were limited to patients 65 years or older and 75 years or older.CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCEImplementing the PMD bundle in the ICU did not reduce delirium duration or severity among critically ill patients.TRIAL REGISTRATIONclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00842608. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1057–1065, 2019.
Estimating emission coefficients and mass balances using economic data: A stochastic frontier approach
Authors: Hampf Benjamin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this article, we propose a stochastic formulation of mass balances that impose physical constraints on production technologies. The estimation of the model involves a composed error term structure that is commonly applied in the literature on stochastic frontier analysis of productive efficiency. Moreover, we discuss how ordinary least squares and maximum likelihood methods can be used to estimate emission coefficients based on the proposed model and compare the results to estimates based on linear programming techniques from input–output analysis. In contrast to previous approaches, our model allows one to estimate the physical limitations to production possibilities in the presence of statistical noise and depends on substantially weaker data requirements. We apply our approach to estimate emission coefficients for sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide using a sample of fossil‐fueled power plants in the United States.
IMBALANCE IN CHINA'S SEX RATIO AT BIRTH: A REVIEW
Authors: Chen Ruoyu , Zhang Lingxiang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFor decades, China's sex ratio at birth (SRB) has risen significantly. This trend was found in different provinces and between different parities. Three direct causes have led to the imbalanced SRB: underreporting of female births, which refers to girls who are alive but are hidden from the census count; high rates of female infanticide, which refers to the killing of female infants shortly after birth; and sex‐selective abortion, which refers to the selective abortion of female fetuses. In addition to these immediate causes, China's One‐Child Policy and the cultural preference for sons constitute underlying causes for the imbalanced SRB. Distortions in the SRB can have serious social and economic consequences, including the loss of potential population growth, a “marriage squeeze,” precipitated social instability, and an aging workforce. However, China can improve the status quo by taking appropriate measures such as relaxing fertility regulations and preventing sex‐selective abortions. Establishing a comprehensive pension system can help address the high SRB in the long run. However, a policy reversing the high SRB may have a negative effect on other demographic factors. China needs to find a way to reverse the SRB without harming other demographic indicators and has to do so soon.
Massive prolapsed submucous fibroid treated with laparoscopic surgery: A case report
Authors: Yabumoto Kazuya , Ito Fumitake , Matsushima Hiroshi , Mori Taisuke , Kusuki Izumi , Kitawaki Jo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractProlapsed uterine fibroids are pedunculated submucous fibroids that prolapse through the cervical canal. Herein, we describe the laparoscopic treatment of massive prolapsed submucous fibroids. A 47‐year‐old woman had experienced frequent urination and abnormal vaginal bleeding for 7 years. She presented with persistent lower abdominal pain. The uterine fundus was palpable at 3 cm above the umbilicus. Vaginal examination revealed a dark purple and easily bleeding mass in her vagina. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large mass prolapsing from the uterine endometrium, which occupied the cervical canal and vagina, without evidence of malignancy. Under a preoperative diagnosis of uterine fibroids with edematous degeneration, we performed laparoscopic uterine artery cutting, transvaginal removal of the fibroid by twisting, and total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Histopathological examination revealed leiomyoma with partial ischemia. Six days postoperatively, the patient was discharged without complications. This approach may be appropriate for the treatment of massive prolapsed submucous fibroids.
School Climate and Academic Achievement in Middle and High School Students
Authors: Daily Shay M. , Mann Michael J. , Kristjansson Alfgeir L. , Smith Megan L. , Zullig Keith J. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDEmergent evidence suggests a positive school climate may be a promising population‐level intervention to promote academic achievement and student well‐being. However, researchers have called for expanding the school climate evidence‐base to better describe how the construct is associated with student outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between 10 school climate domains and academic achievement among middle and high school students.METHODSANOVAs were used to analyze survey data from 6–12 grade students in a Mid‐Atlantic US state (n = 2405, response rate: middle school = 82.4%, 50.5% female; high school = 62.5%, 56.1% female).RESULTSSignificant main effects were found for all school climate domains and varied between middle and high school students apart from academic support. Effect sizes ranged from small to medium, with academic support demonstrating the strongest effects among both middle and high school students.CONCLUSIONSFindings suggest school climate is associated with academic achievement for both middle and high school students. Correctly identifying the role of key aspects of school climate by grade‐level may provide improved and developmentally appropriate recommendations for the delivery of instruction and school‐based interventions that promote positive school well‐being and student performance.
Broadly sampled assessment reduces ethnicity‐related differences in clinical grades
Authors: van Andel Chantal E E , Born Marise Ph , Themmen Axel P N , Stegers‐Jager Karen M 
Published: January 2019

ContextEthnicity‐related differences in clinical grades exist. Broad sampling in assessment of clinical competencies involves multiple assessments used by multiple assessors across multiple moments. Broad sampling in assessment potentially reduces irrelevant variances and may therefore mitigate ethnic disparities in clinical grades.ObjectivesResearch question 1 (RQ1): to assess whether the relationship between students’ ethnicity and clinical grades is weaker in a broadly sampled versus a global assessment. Research question 2 (RQ2): to assess whether larger ethnicity‐related differences in grades occur when supervisors are given the opportunity to deviate from the broadly sampled assessment score.MethodsStudents’ ethnicity was classified as Turkish/Moroccan/African, Surinamese/Antillean, Asian, Western, and native Dutch. RQ1: 1667 students (74.3% native Dutch students) were included, who entered medical school between 2002 and 2004 (global assessment, 818 students) and between 2008 and 2010 (broadly sampled assessment, 849 students). The main outcome measure was whether or not students received ≥3 times a grade of 8 or higher on a scale from 1 to 10 in five clerkships. RQ2: 849 students (72.4% native Dutch students) were included, who were assessed by broad sampling. The main outcome measure was the number of grade points by which supervisors had deviated from broadly sampled scores. Both analyses were adjusted for gender, age, (im)migration status and average bachelor grade.ResultsResearch question 1: ethnicity‐related differences in clinical grades were smaller in broadly sampled than in global assessment, and this was also seen after adjustments. More specifically, native Dutch students had reduced probabilities (0.87–0.65) in broadly sampled as compared with global assessment, whereas Surinamese (0.03–0.51) and Asian students (0.21–0.30) had increased probabilities of having ≥3 times a grade of 8 or higher in five clerkships. Research question 2: when supervisors were allowed to deviate from original grades, ethnicity‐related differences in clinical grades were reintroduced.ConclusionsBroadly sampled assessment reduces ethnicity‐related differences in grades.
A streak length‐based method for quantifying red blood cell flow in skeletal muscle arteriolar networks
Authors: Goldman Daniel , Farid Zahra , Jackson Dwayne N. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo develop an experimental method to quantify RBC flow throughout skeletal muscle arteriolar networks.MethodsData on arteriolar geometry were obtained using IVVM of the rat GM. RBC velocities and number densities were also obtained during these experiments using fluorescently labeled RBCs. Arteriolar and RBC data were combined to estimate blood volume flow rates, HT and HD values, and RBC volume flow rates. Validation of hematocrit and RBC flow results was performed at arteriolar bifurcations using both mass balance and comparisons to an established model of the PS effect.ResultsEstimated HT values were within the expected range (6%‐34%) for the arterioles considered (29‐130 μm). RBC mass balance error was 18 ± 16% (mean ± SD, n = 7 bifurcations). RBC outflow from diverging bifurcations as a function of RBC inflow was given by Y = 0.986*X + 0.331 with R2 = 0.987. Outflow HT as a function of the PS prediction was given by Y = 1.034*X + 0.004 with R2 = 0.691. RBC outflow as a function of the prediction was given by Y = 0.917*X + 0.804 with R2 = 0.891.ConclusionsAn experimental method has been developed and validated that can easily and accurately quantify RBC flow distribution in large skeletal muscle arteriolar networks and provides direct estimates of HT values.
More movement with evaluating colonic transit in humans
Authors: Bharucha Adil E. , Anderson Bradley , Bouchoucha Michel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundColonic functions (ie, absorption of fluids and electrolytes, digestion of selected nutrients, harbor for microbes, and elimination of excreta) necessitate complex patterns of storage and transit. Indeed, colonic transit accounts for a major part of the mouth‐to‐anus transit time. Colonic transit assessments are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of disease, the pharmacodynamic effects of new medications and to diagnose slow transit constipation. Currently, radiopaque markers, scintigraphy, and a colonic pH‐pressure capsule are used to measure overall colonic transit. Radioopaque markers, scintigraphy, and the electromagnetic capsule, which is a newer technique, also evaluate regional colonic transit. The pH‐pressure capsule also measures colonic pressures. Magnetic resonance imaging and a radio‐frequency identification‐based device are evolving methods for assessing colonic transit.PurposeThis mini‐review, which accompanies a study evaluating the assessment of colon transit with the electromagnetic capsule, evaluates and compares existing and evolving methods for evaluating colonic transit in humans (Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018; in press). In addition to overall and regional colonic transit, the electromagnetic capsule evaluates colonic motor patterns without radiation exposure. These patterns are summarized by analyzing the characteristics (ie, distance and velocity) of discrete antegrade and retrograde capsule movements as they travel in the colon. However, the electromagnetic capsule does not measure pressure or colonic wall movement (ie, contractions). The motor patterns identified by this capsule should be compared with motor patterns identified with manometry. The next challenge is to harness different techniques to evaluate the relationships between colonic pressures and transit or, even better, the trifecta of colonic contractions, pressure events, and transit.
Unsupervised trajectories of respiratory/allergic symptoms throughout childhood in the PARIS cohort
Authors: Bougas Nicolas , Just Jocelyne , Beydon Nicole , De Blic Jacques , Gabet Stephan , Lezmi Guillaume , Amat Flore , Rancière Fanny , Momas Isabelle 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundNatural course and co‐occurrence of asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis through childhood are still not fully documented. We aim to identify and characterize profiles based on the time course, severity, and apparent triggers of respiratory/allergy symptoms in school‐aged children.MethodsData on occurrence, severity, and triggers of asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis symptoms were collected annually during the follow‐up of the PARIS birth cohort. Children with similar symptom trajectories until 8‐9 years were grouped into profiles using multidimensional (all symptoms considered simultaneously) cluster analysis. Associations between profiles and different health outcomes were analyzed using logistic or linear regression models.ResultsSix distinct symptomatic profiles were identified. A profile was defined by persistent dermatitis symptoms, associated with sensitization to food and aeroallergens. Two profiles were characterized by wheezing: one with early transient wheezing and the other with persistent wheezing related to doctor‐diagnosed asthma, airway obstruction, and perennial aeroallergen sensitization. Three profiles were characterized by rhinitis symptoms: one non‐allergic and two allergic, either with persistent rhinitis symptoms related to allergic multimorbidity and sensitization to perennial aeroallergens, or with late‐onset symptoms, related to both pollen and perennial aeroallergens sensitization as well as low lung function.ConclusionThis study brings further insights into the developmental profiles of respiratory/allergic outcomes from birth to school age. The identified profiles clearly differed regarding objective features such as diagnosed morbidity, sensitization, or lung function measurements, thus highlighting their biologic and clinical relevance. Allergic rhinitis profiles deserve particular attention, since they were likely to be involved in multimorbidity patterns.
Risk factors of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis in China: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Feng Mei , Xu YuanGao , Zhang XiangYan , Qiu Qian , Lei ShiGuang , Li JinLan , Yuan Wei , Song QunFeng , Xu JinHong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundMultidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) brings major challenges to the health care workers (HCWs). This study is to determine the risk factors for MDR‐TB, latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and tuberculosis (TB) disease among HCWs in China.MethodsA meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for MDR‐TB, LTBI, and TB disease among HCWs using a random‐effects model, and the pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used as effect indicators.ResultsWe identified 46 eligible studies and found eight factors were associated with MDR. The ORs with 95% CI are migrant population 1.96 (95% CI, 1.50–2.57), low family income 2.23 (95% CI, 1.74–2.85), retreatment 7.22 (95% CI, 5.63–9.26), anti‐TB treatment history 5.65 (95% CI, 4.80–6.65), multiple episodes of treatment 3.28 (95% CI, 2.60–4.13), adverse reactions 3.48 (95% CI, 2.54–4.76), interrupted treatment 3.18 (95% CI, 2.60–3.89), and lung cavities 1.42 (95% CI, 1.14–1.77). Work duration as a HCW for 5 years and above increased the risk of LTBI and TB. HCWs aged 30 years and above were more susceptible to TB (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.37–2.09).ConclusionThe risk factors for MDR‐TB in China are possibly migrant population, low family income, retreatment, anti‐TB treatment history, adverse reactions, interrupted treatment, and lung cavities. Longer work duration and greater age are risk factors for LTBI and TB among HCWs.
Colour evolution within orchids depends on whether the pollinator is a bee or a fly
Authors: Shrestha M. , Burd M. , Garcia J. E. , Dorin A. , Dyer A. G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Orchids are a classic angiosperm model for understanding biotic pollination. We studied orchid species within two species‐rich herbaceous communities that are known to have either hymenopteran or dipteran insects as the dominant pollinators, in order to understand how flower colour relates to pollinator visual systems.

We analysed features of the floral reflectance spectra that are significant to pollinator visual systems and used models of dipteran and hymenopteran colour vision to characterise the chromatic signals used by fly‐pollinated and bee‐pollinated orchid species.

In contrast to bee‐pollinated flowers, fly‐pollinated flowers had distinctive points of rapid reflectance change at long wavelengths and a complete absence of such spectral features at short wavelengths. Fly‐pollinated flowers also had significantly more restricted loci than bee‐pollinated flowers in colour space models of fly and bee vision alike.

Globally, bee‐pollinated flowers are known to have distinctive, consistent colour signals. Our findings of different signals for fly pollination is consistent with pollinator‐mediated selection on orchid species that results from the distinctive features of fly visual systems.
The differential impact of HIV and antiretroviral therapy on gender‐specific tuberculosis rates
Authors: Hermans Sabine , Cornell Morna , Middelkoop Keren , Wood Robin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the impact of the HIV epidemic and the rollout of antiretroviral therapy (ART) from 2004 on the gender‐specific TB burden in Cape Town, we investigated temporal changes in TB notification rates, the HIV‐associated relative risk of TB and the population attributable risk fraction (PAF) of HIV by gender.MethodsAnnual TB notifications, mid‐year population and HIV prevalence estimates were used to calculate rates per 100 000 population stratified by gender and HIV. Annual rate ratios (RR) of TB associated with HIV and PAF were calculated by gender.ResultsPre‐HIV TB notification rates were lower among women than men (146/100 000 vs. 247/100 000). With the onset of the HIV, epidemic rates increased 5.3‐fold in women (to 778/100 000) and 3.7‐fold in men (to 917/100 000) to a peak in 2008, after which they declined by 25% in women (to 634/100 000) and 18% in men (to 755/100 000) by 2014. The HIV‐associated RR of TB was 25% higher in women than in men in 2006 (25 vs. 20), but decreased to the same level in 2014. HIV PAF declined between 2008 and 2014 from 56% to 50% and from 40% to 38% in women and men, respectively.ConclusionsThe HIV epidemic led to greater relative increases in TB rates among women than men. The increased HIV‐associated TB risk in women could be compatible with removal of the biological protection of female gender by HIV infection. The decline in RR and PAF in HIV‐positive women could be explained by increasing ART usage reversing female gender‐related susceptibility.
Blood transfusions, blood storage, and correlation with elevated pulmonary arterial pressures
Authors: Cullison Marilynn , Mahon Richard , McGwin Gerald , McCarron Richard , Browning Robert , Auker Charles 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUNDThe aim of this study was to determine if transfusion with RBCs is associated with a rise in mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and whether such a rise is influenced by the duration of RBC storage.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA retrospective chart review of intensive care unit patients with pulmonary artery catheters was conducted at two military medical centers.RESULTSRBC transfusion is associated with a sustained (≥4 hours) statistically significant 2‐ to 3‐mm Hg rise in MPAP relative to both pretransfusion levels (p < 0.05) and compared to asanguinous fluid infusions (p < 0.05). The magnitude of the rise (all infusions, RBCs, and asanguinous) correlates positively with in‐hospital mortality (p < 0.01) and hospital length of stay (p < 0.01). The duration of RBC storage was not statistically correlated with the magnitude of rise in the population studied. Mean infusion volume was greater for RBC (vs. asanguinous) infusions, but volume adjustment of MPAP values did not alter the pattern or statistical significance of the results.CONCLUSIONSAnalysis of retrospectively collected data suggests that transfusion of RBC‐containing fluids results in a sustained elevation of MPAP. In the patient population studied, the duration of RBC storage did not correlate with the magnitude of MPAP rise. Future prospective studies of transfusion effects should consider including assessment of MPAP and subpopulation analyses.