bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caught between two stools? Informal care provision and employment among welfare recipients in Germany
Authors: Hohmeyer Katrin , Kopf Eva 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn many countries, population ageing is challenging the viability of the welfare state and generating higher demands for long-term care. At the same time, increasing participation in the labour force is essential to ensuring the sustainability of the welfare state. To address the latter issue, affected countries have adopted measures to increase employment; e.g. welfare recipients in Germany are required to be available for any type of legal work. However, 7 per cent of welfare benefit recipients in Germany provide long-term care for relatives or friends, and this care-giving may interfere with their job search efforts and decrease their employment opportunities. Our paper provides evidence of the relationship between the care responsibilities and employment chances of welfare recipients in Germany. Our analyses are based on survey data obtained from the panel study ‘Labour Market and Social Security’ and on panel regression methods. The results reveal a negative relationship between intensive care-giving (ten or more hours per week) and employment for male and female welfare recipients. However, employment prospects recover when care duties end and are subsequently no longer lower for carers than for non-carers.
Polygenic differential susceptibility to prenatal adversity
Authors: Belsky Jay , Pokhvisneva Irina , Rema Anu Sathyan Sathyapalan , Broekman Birit F.P. , Pluess Michael , O'Donnell Kieran J. , Meaney Michael J. , Silveira Patrícia P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA recent article in this journal reported a number of gene × environment interactions involving a serotonin transporter–gene network polygenic score and a composite index of prenatal adversity predicting several problem behavior outcomes at 48 months (e.g., anxious/depressed, pervasive developmental problems) and at 60 months (e.g., withdrawal, internalizing problems), yet did not illuminate the nature or form these genetic × environment interactions took. Here we report results of six additional analyses to evaluate whether these interactions reflected diathesis–stress or differential–susceptibility related processes. Analyses of the regions of significance and proportion of interaction index are consistent with the diathesis–stress model, seemingly because of the truncated nature of the adversity score (which did not extend to supportive/positive prenatal experiences/exposures); in contrast, the proportion (of cases) affected index favors the differential–susceptibility model. These results suggest the need for future studies to extend measurement of the prenatal environment to highly supportive experiences and exposures.
Isolated cardiac hydatid cyst mimicking myocardial ischaemia in a female patient
Authors: Epçaçan Serdar , Ramoğlu Mehmet G. , Özdemir Fatih 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHydatid disease is a zoonotic parasitic infection endemic in livestock-raising countries. Isolated cardiac hydatid cyst is a very rare disease, and chest pain, palpitations, cough, and dyspnoea are the most common presenting symptoms. Here a case of isolated cardiac hydatid cyst in a female patient with chest pain and electrocardiographic changes mimicking myocardial ischaemia is presented.
Negotiating the Nuclear and Humanitarian Crisis on the Korean Peninsula: A Simulation and Teaching Guide
Authors: Fung Courtney J. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThis article describes a simulation scenario based on of-the-minute thinking about the Korean Peninsula crisis. The scenario highlights the tradeoffs and difficulties in addressing the nuclear and humanitarian crisis, tasking students to negotiate to reach consensus on track I and track II levels. Students are negotiators, gaining experience and exposure to key international relations and political science concepts through active learning. An optional media-teams and press-conference component also is discussed. The scenario, grading rubric, and supplemental materials are included to give instructors a resource that is easily modified across groups varying in size, ability, and composition.
Evidence for Highly Complex Redox Conditions and Strong Water‐Column Stratification in an Early Cambrian Continental‐Margin Sea
Authors: Zhang Zihu , Li Chao , Cheng Meng , Algeo Thomas J. , Jin Chengsheng , Tang Feng , Huang Junhua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough oxic surface, ferruginous deep, and euxinic intermediate waters have been documented, the redox heterogeneity of early Cambrian oceans remains largely unclear, precluding our understanding of the relationship between marine redox evolution and early animal diversification. In this study, we analyzed iron species, redox‐sensitive trace elements, and S‐N‐C isotopes of deepwater black shales in the Silikou section in the continental‐margin Nanhua Basin (South China), which represent extensive clastic input mainly from the Cathaysia Block during the early Cambrian (~541–509 Ma). Integrated data reveal a continuous shift in bottom‐water redox conditions at Silikou from euxinic in the lowermost black‐shale interval (BS1, 0–37.4 m) to oxic in the uppermost black‐shale interval (BS4, 296–372.9 m) accompanying a progressive movement of the O2/H2S redoxcline into the sediment. In between, most importantly, the BS2 interval (91–154 m) accumulated under manganous‐ferruginous conditions (i.e., Fe‐Mn reduction zone) characterized by an active Fe‐Mn particulate shuttle, and the BS3 interval (204–260 m) under nitrogenous conditions (i.e., nitrate reduction zone) characterized by strong denitrification processes, suggesting highly complex redox conditions in early Cambrian oceans. The observed sequence of redox conditions supports a strong lateral and depth‐related redox stratification in the early Cambrian ocean, including (from surface to deep and from nearshore to offshore) oxic, nitrate reduction, Fe‐Mn reduction, and euxinic zones, which were sequentially recorded at Silikou likely due to secular expansion of the oxic surface layer and/or long‐term relative sea level fall. Our study highlights the need for continued paleo‐redox studies to explore the redox heterogeneity of early Cambrian oceans.
Spatial Comparisons of Tremor and Slow Slip as a Constraint on Fault Strength in the Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone
Authors: Hall K. , Houston H. , Schmidt D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe measured displacement vectors from horizontal components of 80 Global Positioning System stations to analyze six major episodic tremor and slip (ETS) events from 2007 to 2016 in northern Cascadia and inverted for slip on a realistic plate interface. Our results indicate that slow slip of up to 2 cm extends updip of tremor by about 15 km beneath the Olympic Peninsula. In these ETSs, slow slip extends from the downdip portion of the tremorgenic region beyond the updip extent of tremor, although still downdip of the inferred locked megathrust. Slip updip of tremor is a persistent feature of all six ETS events. Inversions that restrict slip to occur only in regions that generated tremor produced slip distributions with unphysical characteristics, such as 8‐cm slip concentrated at the updip part of the tremor footprint. Updip slow slip without tremor may suggest that the gap between stress and strength widens updip above the observed limit of tremor. In these ETSs, the region updip of tremor may have undergone only limited ductile failure surrounding potentially tremorgenic patches. A widening gap between stress and strength in the updip direction is consistent with an observed along‐dip dependence of low‐frequency earthquake occurrence and numerical simulations of slow slip. Alternatively, rheological properties in the region updip of tremor may favor stable slip and not permit seismic slip (i.e., tremor). Additionally, we find that along‐strike variations in the amount of slow slip updip of tremor correspond to changes in lithology of the overlying crust.
Salinity Control of Thermal Evolution of Late Summer Melt Ponds on Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Kim Joo‐Hong , Moon Woosok , Wells Andrew J. , Wilkinson Jeremy P. , Langton Tom , Hwang Byongjun , Granskog Mats A. , Rees Jones David W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe thermal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice was investigated through a combination of autonomous observations and two‐dimensional high‐resolution fluid dynamics simulations. We observed one relatively fresh pond and one saline pond on the same ice floe, with similar depth. The comparison of observations and simulations indicates that thermal convection dominates in relatively fresh ponds, but conductive heat transfer dominates in salt‐stratified ponds. Using a parameterized surface energy balance, we estimate that the heat flux to the ice is larger under the saline pond than the freshwater pond when averaged over the observational period. The deviation is sensitive to assumed wind, varying between 3 and 14 W/m2 for winds from 0 to 5 m/s. If this effect persists as conditions evolve through the melt season, our results suggest that this imbalance potentially has a climatologically significant impact on sea‐ice evolution.
An Updated Solar Cycle 25 Prediction With AFT: The Modern Minimum
Authors: Upton Lisa A. , Hathaway David H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOver the last decade there has been mounting evidence that the strength of the Sun's polar magnetic fields during a solar cycle minimum is the best predictor of the amplitude of the next solar cycle. Surface flux transport models can be used to extend these predictions by evolving the Sun's surface magnetic field to obtain an earlier prediction for the strength of the polar fields, and thus the amplitude of the next cycle. In 2016, our Advective Flux Transport (AFT) model was used to do this, producing an early prediction for Solar Cycle 25. At that time, AFT predicted that Cycle 25 will be similar in strength to the Cycle 24, with an uncertainty of about 15%. AFT also predicted that the polar fields in the southern hemisphere would weaken in late 2016 and into 2017 before recovering. That AFT prediction was based on the magnetic field configuration at the end of January 2016. We now have two more years of observations. We examine the accuracy of the 2016 AFT prediction and find that the new observations track well with AFT's predictions for the last 2 years. We show that the southern relapse did in fact occur, though the timing was off by several months. We propose a possible cause for the southern relapse and discuss the reason for the offset in timing. Finally, we provide an updated AFT prediction for Solar Cycle 25 that includes solar observations through January of 2018.
The Lyman‐α Sky Background as Observed by New Horizons
Authors: Gladstone G. Randall , Pryor W. R. , Stern S. Alan , Ennico Kimberly , Olkin Catherine B. , Spencer John R. , Weaver Harold A. , Young Leslie A. , Bagenal Fran , Cheng Andrew F. , Cunningham Nathaniel J. , Elliott Heather A. , Greathouse Thomas K. , Hinson David P. , Kammer Joshua A. , Linscott Ivan R. , Parker Joel Wm. , Retherford Kurt D. , Steffl Andrew J. , Strobel Darrell F. , Summers Michael E. , Throop Henry , Versteeg Maarten H. , Davis Michael W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecent observations of interplanetary medium atomic hydrogen Lyman‐α emission in the outer solar system, made with the Alice ultraviolet spectrograph on New Horizons, are presented. The observations include regularly spaced great circle scans of the sky and pointed observations near the downstream and upstream flow directions of interstellar H atoms. The New Horizons Alice data agree very well with the much earlier Voyager UVS results, after these are reduced by a factor of 2.4 in brightness, in accordance with recent reanalyses. In particular, the falloff of interplanetary medium Lyman‐α brightness in the upstream‐looking direction as a function of spacecraft distance from the Sun is well matched by an expected 1/r dependence, but with an added constant brightness of ~40 Rayleighs. This additional brightness is a possible signature of the hydrogen wall at the heliopause or of a more distant background. Ongoing observations are planned at a cadence of roughly twice per year.
Magnetic Field Dipolarization and Its Associated Ion Flux Variations in the Dawnside Deep Inner Magnetosphere: Arase Observations
Authors: Nosé M. , Matsuoka A. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Teramoto M. , Keika K. , Yamamoto K. , Nomura R. , Fujimoto A. , Higashio N. , Koshiishi H. , Imajo S. , Oimatsu S. , Tanaka Y.‐M. , Shinohara M. , Shinohara I. , Miyoshi Y. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Arase satellite observed clear dipolarization signatures atr~4.3–4.6RE, GMLAT~16°–18°, and MLT~5.5–5.7 hr around 15:00 UT on 27 March 2017 whenDst~−70 nT. Strong magnetic field fluctuations were embedded and their characteristic frequency was close to the local gyrofrequency of O+ions. After the dipolarization, O+flux was enhanced at ≤15 keV, while H+flux showed no clear variations. These observations provide evidence for the direct supply of O+ions from the ionosphere. There were no clear signatures for the nonadiabatic local acceleration of O+ions. We consider that a bump‐on‐tail structure in the energy spectrum around 30–50 keV due to a combination of charge exchange loss and drift motion of ions masks the nonadiabatic acceleration. Occurrence of the magnetic field dipolarization at dawn, which is far from the well‐known premidnight occurrence peak, may be due to an eastward skewing of partial ring current during the storm main phase.
Intensification of the Daily Wet Day Rainfall Distribution Across Australia
Authors: Contractor Steefan , Donat Markus G. , Alexander Lisa V. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn Australia and globally, changes in the entire distribution of daily precipitation are poorly understood. An analysis of spatiotemporal changes in the intensity and frequency of wet and all day Australian rainfall between 1958–1985 and 1986–2013 is presented using three different gridded data sets of daily precipitation based on varying underlying station data and interpolation methods. Our analysis method provides a complete picture of changes in the entire distribution as well as a coherent picture of the spatial changes across Australia. We find that the spatial pattern of changes in total rainfall is similar to the pattern of change in wet day frequency but not to change in wet day intensity. Furthermore, more grids across Australia show statistically significant increases than decreases in rainfall intensity throughout the wet day distribution. This means that when it rains (i.e., limited to the wet day distribution), whether it is light, moderate, or extreme rainfall, it rains more.
Use of Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CyGNSS) Observations for Estimation of Soil Moisture
Authors: Kim Hyunglok , Lakshmi Venkat 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUsing the first full annual cycle of Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CyGNSS) observations, we investigated the limitations and capabilities of CyGNSS observations for soil moisture (SM) estimates (0–5 cm). A relative signal‐to‐noise ratio (rSNR) value from a CyGNSS‐derived delay‐Doppler map is introduced to improve the temporal resolution of SM derived from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) data. We then evaluated the CyGNSS‐derived rSNR using ground‐based SM measurements and the triple collocation method with SMAP and modeled SM products. We found that CyGNSS can provide useful SM estimates over moderately vegetated regions (correlation coefficient of the individual data: 0.77) but shows degraded performance over arid and densely vegetated regions (correlation coefficient of the individual data: 0.68 and 0.67). However, when rSNR data is combined with SM data from SMAP, daily SM estimates can be achieved. These results show that synergistic use of CyGNSS observations can improve on SM estimates from current satellite systems.
On the Emergence of Anthropogenic Signal in Extreme Precipitation Change Over China
Authors: Li Wei , Jiang Zhihong , Zhang Xuebin , Li Laurent 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe detection of anthropogenic influences on climate extremes at regional scale is important for the development of national climate change policy. Global climate simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario are used to examine the time at which an anthropogenic influence becomes detectable in extreme precipitation over China and the change in probability of extreme precipitation with certain magnitudes when the changes are detectable. Anthropogenic influence is not significantly detected over China in the observational record or simulations from 1961 to 2012 based on the test of field significance. Simulations indicate that such change would become detectable in the future by around 2035. Large changes would already manifest by the time of signal detection; for example, extreme precipitation events that occur on average once every 20, 50, and 100 years in current (1986–2005) climate would reduce to about 15, 34, and 63 years on average by the time of detection around 2035.
A Comparative Study of the Proton Properties of Magnetospheric Substorms at Earth and Mercury in the Near Magnetotail
Authors: Sun W. J. , Slavin J. A. , Dewey R. M. , Raines J. M. , Fu S. Y. , Wei Y. , Karlsson T. , Poh G. K. , Jia X. , Gershman D. J. , Zong Q. G. , Wan W. X. , Shi Q. Q. , Pu Z. Y. , Zhao D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe variations of plasma sheet proton properties during magnetospheric substorms at Earth and Mercury are comparatively studied. This study utilizes kappa distributions to interpret proton properties at both planets. Proton number densities are found to be around an order of magnitude higher, temperatures several times smaller, and κ values broader at Mercury than at Earth. Protons become denser and cooler during the growth phase, and are depleted and heated after the dipolarizations in both magnetospheres. The changes of κ at Earth are generally small (<20%), indicating that spectrum‐preserving processes, like adiabatic betatron acceleration, play an important role there, while variations of κ at Mercury are large (>60%), indicating the importance of spectrum‐altering processes there, such as acceleration due to nonadiabatic cross‐tail particle motions and wave‐particle interactions. This comparative study reveals important intrinsic properties on the energization of protons in both magnetospheres.
Design of Shaped Reflector Antennas for the Applications of Outdoor Base Station Antennas in LTE Mobile Communications
Authors: Chou Hsi‐Tseng , Kuo Li‐Ruei , Chou Sheng‐Ju 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the radiation characteristics of a shaped reflector antenna applied as an outdoor base station antenna for mobile communications. A simpler architecture in a reflector antenna can reduce the implementation cost and complexity of a base station antenna. The aim of this reflector antenna design is to resemble the required radiation characteristics of conventional base station antennas, which employ a single‐column phased array of antennas to radiate directional beam patterns for radio coverage in cell planning, while improving the existing drawback of overly large beam overlapping in adjacent sectors. It also discards the beam forming circuits of conventional base station antennas to reduce the level of passive intermodulation. This reflector antenna is fed by the elemental antenna of conventional base station antennas and is thus equipped with the functionalities of beam tilting and dual‐polarization radiation to fulfill the requirements of adaptive sectorized cell adjustment. Both numerical simulation and measurement results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility.
Solar Energetic Proton Access to the Magnetosphere During the 10–14 September 2017 Particle Event
Authors: O'Brien T. P. , Mazur J. E. , Looper M. D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe explore the penetration of >60 MeV protons into the magnetosphere during the 10–14 September 2017 solar energetic particle event. Solar energetic particles can cause single event effects and total dose degradation in spacecraft electronics. Therefore, it is important for satellite anomaly analysis to understand how deep into the magnetosphere these particles penetrate. Whereas most studies of geomagnetic cutoffs use low‐altitude data, we use data from the Relativistic Proton Spectrometer on National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Van Allen Probes, which is in a high‐altitude, elliptical orbit. We determine how the penetration depends on particle energy, location, and direction of incidence. We evaluate multiple published models of the geomagnetic cutoff to determine how well these models constrain the spectrum at the location of a spacecraft inside the magnetosphere given data outside the magnetosphere. We show that, compared to cutoff models, low‐altitude proton measurements are far superior for near‐real‐time monitoring of the geomagnetic cutoff in support of high‐altitude anomaly resolution.
Latitudinal and Longitudinal Patterns of Exhumation in the Andes of North‐Central Chile
Authors: Rodríguez María Pía , Charrier Reynaldo , Brichau Stephanie , Carretier Sébastien , Farías Marcelo , de Parseval Philippe , Ketcham Richard A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNew thermochronometric data provide evidence for an along‐strike diachronous building of the Andes in north‐central Chile (28.5–32°S). Geochronological (U‐Pb zircon) and thermochronological (apatite fission track and (U‐Th)/He) analyses of rock units were obtained in west‐to‐east transects across the western topographic front. Thermal models indicate that the area west of the topographic front was little exhumed since approximately 45 Ma. To the east of the western topographic front, the Main Cordillera shows both latitudinal and longitudinal differences in exhumation patterns. North of 31.5°S, Cenozoic exhumation began before approximately 40–30 Ma at the western and eastern limits of the Main Cordillera, building the Incaic Range. Later, accelerated exhumation focused on the core of the Main Cordillera and in the Frontal Cordillera at approximately 22–14 Ma and approximately 7 Ma, respectively. South of 31.5°S, accelerated exhumation in the Main Cordillera occurred mainly around 22–14 Ma, after an initial Eocene phase, and the locus of exhumation moved eastward by the late Miocene. Whereas accelerated exhumation in the early to mid‐Miocene correlates with the breakup of the Farallon Plate, late Miocene accelerated exhumation correlates with the onset of flat subduction. Latitudinal differences on the exhumation timing along the western topographic front of the Main Cordillera may be due to the absence of the Paleozoic crystalline core south of 31.5°S, which seems to have acted as a buttress for shortening during the Eocene.
Studying cancer immunotherapy using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) in humanized mice
Authors: Choi Yunsik , Lee Sanghyuk , Kim Kapyoul , Kim Soo-Hyun , Chung Yeun-Jun , Lee Charles 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCancer immunotherapy is a promising way to eliminate tumor cells by using the patient’s own immune system. Selecting the appropriate animal models to develop or validate preclinical immunotherapeutic trials is now an important aspect of many cancer research programs. Here we discuss the advantages and limitations of using genetically engineered immunodeficient mouse models, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and humanized mouse models for developing and testing immunotherapeutic strategies.