bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of rates of offer and treatment with sodium hydroxide or ammonia on intake, digestibility and selection of barley straw by goats
Authors: Alimon A. R. , Owen E. , Hosking B. J. , Rios G. 
Published: June 2019

Wahed and Owen (1986) showed that intake of untreated barley straw increased by up to 40% when the amount offered was increased to allow goats to refuse 50% of the amount offered instead of the 15-20% used in conventional ad libitum intake trials. The increase was attributed to greater opportunity to select the more digestible parts of the straw. The present experiment was made to see whether similar responses occur if digestibility of the straw is increased by alkali treatment.Thirty-six individually-fed Saanen-type castrates weighing 31-65 kg were used in a 3x2 (3 straw types, 2 rates of offer) factorial design experiment. Goats were blocked according to weight (M) and allocated randomly within block to one of 6 treatments. They were offered untreated barley (var. Triumph) straw (S), ammoniated barley straw (NH3-S) or NaOH-dip-treated barley straw (NaOH-S) at either 20 g DM per g M daily (L) or 50 g DM/kg M.d (H). Straw was ammoniated on 25th August 1987 by the Stack Method (Sundstol and Coxworth, 1984) using aqueous ammonia (35 g NH3/kg straw DM). The stack was opened 30 days later. NaOH-dip-treatment (Sundstol, 1981) involved dipping in a solution containing 15 g/kg NaOH and 7 g/kg urea. Straw was dipped daily and allowed to mature 3-4 d before feeding. Goats were supplemented with concentrates (g/kg DM: milled barley, 600; soya bean meal, 180; fish meal, 180; mineral mix, 40) at 18 g DM/kgM 0.75.d. They were fed twice daily (0800 and 1600 h), offered water ad libitum and individually penned with sawdust bedding.
Effect of complete diets or separate feeding of long straw and concentrates on the performance of beef cattle
Authors: Sinclair K D , Thomas S , MacDearmid A , Nemie G 
Published: June 2019

In a previous experiment, with different types of straw and different levels of concentrates in mixed diets, it was demonstrated that steers could achieve growth rates in excess of 1.2 kg/day using diets containing up to 0.45 straw, Kay et al (1988). Few farms are equipped for complete diet feeding and so an experiment was set up to ascertain whether similar performances could be achieved when feeding loose-mix concentrates with long straw.Thirty-six Hereford x Friesian heifers of 350 kg initial mean liveweight were allocated to one of four diets. The diets contained ammonia treated or untreated straw of the spring barley variety Doublet and were offered in either a complete mixed form containing 0.45 straw, or as long straw and concentrates fed separately with the concentrate mix consisting of barley, molassed beet pulp, fishmeal, urea, molasses and minerals. Ammonia treatment was carried out in an oven with 0.03 anhydrous ammonia for 24 hours. Complete diets were effected by processing straw through a tub grinder before transfer to a mixer wagon. Complete diets were offered ad libitum. Concentrates in the other diets were offered twice daily at a rate equivalent to that consumed by animals on the complete diets. Liveweight and feed intake data were recorded.
Molasses and fish meal for growing cattle
Authors: S Thomas  , A Mahmud  
Published: June 2019

There is evidence that silage may be utilised more effectively when supplemented with sugar rather than starch (Thomas and Rae, 1988). A trial was made to measure the effect of supplementing silage with a sugar-based feed (molasses) or a starch-based feed (barley), in combination with fish meal, on the performance of young growing cattle.Sixty four castrated male calves (Limousin x Friesian and Hereford x Friesian) initially weighing 129 kg were offered grass silage (DM, 200 g/kg; ME, 10.4 MJ/kg DM; CP, 144 g/kg DM) ad libitum with four dietary supplements.Daily supplementation was as follows:1.0.25 kg white-fish meal2.0.25 kg fish meal plus 0.4 kg molasses3.0.25 kg fish meal plus 0.8 kg molasses4.0.25 kg fish meal plus 0.75 kg bruised barleyThe levels of molasses and barley in Treatments 3 and 4 supplied the same amount of dry matter.
The Response of Intensively Finished Dairy Bred Bulls to Three Levels of Protein, and the Effect of Supplementing the Low Protein Ration with Lasalocid Sodium
Authors: Rigby I , Lodge N 
Published: June 2019

There is an increasing demand for heavy lean carcases and, at the same time, an increasing proportion of barley beef animals being finished as bulls. Bulls have a high potential for muscle growth and, therefore, have a high demand for dietary protein. In addition, since the banning of hormone implantation of beef animals, there has been increasing interest in the use of feed additives.This trial was designed to measure the response of Holstein/Friesian bulls to increasing protein content in barley beef rations, and to measure the benefits of including lasalocid sodium (a feed additive). Responses were measured in terms of improved liveweight gains and feed conversioin efficiencies but also of interest was the effect of treatments on the weights at which animals reached a given fat class at slaughter.
The effect of parity age and month of calving on milk fat and protein yield fat and protein percent for the five major dairy breeds
Authors: Joanne Bellamy H , Swanson G J T 
Published: June 2019

Records oolleoted from National Milk Reoords (NMR) are used by the Milk Marketing Board (MMB) to produoe genetio evaluations for bulls (Improved Contemporary Comparisons), cows (Cow Genetic Indices) and a management index for cows (Cow Production Index). It is Important to eliminate systematic environmental effects such as age at calving, month of calving and parity. The need for such adjustments and the factors involved have been documented by Schmidt and Van Vleck (1974). The purpose of this study was to calculate new adjustment factors for each dairy breed for inclusion In bull and cow evaluations.Sire identified milk reoords of at least 200 days from cows completing laotations in 1885/8S were seleoted from the NMR data base for Ayrshires (A), Jerseys U) and Guernseys (G). Shorthorn (S) records from 1984 were also selected in order to provide sufficient data for analysis. A 10% sample of records were selected for Friesian/Holsteins (F/H) from 1987. The first five lactations were Included. The analyses were performed upon 16,878 S, 37,668 A, 38,925 J, 26,008 G and 80,445 F/H reoords respectively The data were analysed using a least square analysis of varianoe (Harvey 1977).
Effect of an intramuscular injection of folic acid on concentrations of serum folates in gestating cow
Authors: Girard C.J. , Tremblay G.F. , Matte J.J. 
Published: June 2019

The ruminant is generally considered independent of an exogenous supply of folates; its synthesis by rumen microorganisms makes their inclusion in the diet unnecessary. According to Kon and Porter (1954), folates content of rumen is not affected by the quantity of folates in the diet. However, Dong and Oace (1975) reported that differences in feeding practices seem to be responsible for the variation of concentrations of folates in milk.In previous studies, we observed that concentration of serum folates of calves aged 2 weeks was half the concentration in 4-month old heifers (Girard et al., 1989). Moreover, a supplement of folic acid administered by intramuscular injections from the age of 2 weeks to 18 weeks improved growth performances (Dumoulin et al., 1988). An increase of placental transfer of folates and/or of concentration of milk folates could have a beneficial effect on calf performances.
The response of creole, friesian and friesian cross cows to concentrate supplementation on village smallholdings in mauritius
Authors: Boodoo A.A. , Ramjee R. , Hulman B. , Dolberg F. , Rowe J.B. 
Published: June 2019

Milk production in the villages of Mauritius can be characterised as follows: about 90% of the ‘dairy’ cows on the island are owned by villagers. Cattle-rearing is a side-line activity of the family. Most villagers own one cow With a calf. No forage is cultivated. Forage sources for the cattle include sugar cane tops from June to December (harvest season) and shrubs and mixed grasses from road sides and common lands all the year round. All forages are available free and are collected by hand. There is very little or no use of concentrate supplements.The cattle are a mixture of the local Creole breed, Friesians and their crosses. Artificial insemination is widely used. Milk production is generally low (1200-1500 litres per lactation) when compared with European dairy cows. Lactations are normally relatively short (225-250 days) and calving intervals long (15-18 months).Since these cattle contribute more than 90% of the national production of fresh milk it Was decided, within the context of a project financed by the United Nations Development Programme, to investigate the extent to Which their productivity could be improved.
Evaluation of a marking web device as an aid to detection of oestrus in cattle
Authors: Broadbent P J , Alfuraiji M M , Macdonald D C , Dolman D F 
Published: June 2019

A simple and reliable aid to detection of oestrus in cattle would help to improve reproductive efficiency particularly where AI or embryo transfer is being used. A marking web, devised by Mr P M P Lumbar, was reported (Farmers Weekly, p40, 10 June 1988) to perform this function satisfactorily.The marking web device is constructed simply from a piece of calico (8.5 cm x 8.0 cm) and a 8.5 cm x 2.5 cm strip of red household tape covered by a layer of black mastic stuck across the calico (Figure 1). The device is fixed to the sacral region of the heifer or cow using a suitable adhesive. Some of the devices were supplied by Mr Lumbar and the remainder were made by us. Pressure from the chest of the animal mounting peels the adhesive mastic from the underlying tape.The marking web devices (MWD) were evaluated using two groups of maiden Hereford x British Friesian heifers. These heifers were 15 to 18 mo. old, they had a live weight of 421 kg and were in body condition score 2.4 units on average. Group I heifers (n=134) were housed in straw-bedded pens at a stocking rate of 4-5 m2 per head and fed on cut grass ad libitum supplemented with minerals and vitamins. Group II heifers (n=22) were set stocked on pasture at 6 heifers per ha.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Bovine Milk Protein Genes
Authors: Perry B. N. , Savva D. , Radley E. , Skidmore C. J. , Lovell R. D. 
Published: June 2019

Genetic and technological studies have revealed correlations between different individual, or combinations of, alleles of milk proteins and parameters such as cheese yield, the compositional characteristics of milk and total lactation yield. The kappa casein B allele is better for cheese-making, for example (Table 1): the mutation may alter the mechanism by which this protein stabilises the micelles of the caldum-sensitive caseins against precipitation. When rennin cleaves kappa casein between amino acids 105 and 106 the micelle is destabilised and clotting of milk into curds ensues. Therefore, selection for defined alleles or haplotypes could be desirable.Until now selection for milk protein alleles was only possible by the analysis of the proteins in milk. For sire selection this required analysis of milk from daughters which is time consuming and expensive. However, phenotypic variation in the proteins arises from base substitutions in the DNA, as is illustrated in Figure 1 for the kappa casein gene.
The influence of glucosinolate content on the nutritive value for pigs of diets containing rape seed meal
Authors: Davis M. , Al Mammary M. , Ellis M. , Smithard R. 
Published: June 2019

In the United Kingdom, the use of rapeseed products in pig diets is limited, primarily because of the adverse effects of glucosinolates, a group of sulphur containing compounds which yield goitrogenic and toxic compounds on hydrolysis. Varieties of winter oilseed rape (B.napus) are now grown in the EC which have a much reduced level of glucosinolate in the meal. Rapeseed meal (RSM) contains other compounds principally sinapine,tannins and phytate which may reduce the nutritive value of diets into which it is incorporated.The pig trial reported here was designed to determine the effect on growing pig performance of diets containing a range of glucosinolate contents but with a fixed amount of rapemeal. A rat metabolism study was also conducted which was designed to assess the biological value (BV) of the protein in the two rapeseed meals used.
The use of sodium hydroxide or gaseous ammonia as sources of alkali in the improvement of the nutritive value of straw by hydrogen peroxide treatment
Authors: Adebowale E. A. , Ørskov E. R. , Shand W. J. 
Published: June 2019

Many different chemicals have been used for upgrading poor quality crop residues (sodium hydroxide, Jackson, 1977: ammonia, Sundstøl et al., 1988: Magadi soda, Nangole et al., 1983: organic waste ash, Adebowale, 1985: alkaline hydrogen peroxide, Gould, 1985; Lewis et al., 1987). Upgrading of crop residues by chemical treatment is the result of disruption of the cell wall structure to a point where the bacterial and fungal enzymes of the rumen can hydrolyse component of polysaccharides previously not accessible. One important constituent of cell walls acting as a barrier to the enzymes is lignin. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is known to degrade lignin via a sequence of free radical reactions which are optimal at a pH 11.5 (Gould and Freer, 1981; Gould, 1985). An associated problem of upgrading crop residues is the low nitrogen content of such feeds. To alleviate this deficiency both ammonia and urea are commonly used to raise nitrogen.levels. In this study, the effect of sodium hydroxide alone and sodium hydroxide plus hydrogen peroxide are compared. The effect of pretreating straw with hydrogen peroxide and subsequent treatment with anhydrous ammonia was also investigated.Expt. 1. Solutions of hydrogen peroxide were adjusted to pH 11.5 by addition of NaOH and added to straw to give 1 g H2O2/100 g straw. In order to achieve this pH 0.5 g of NaOH was used/g H202. In the second treatment therefore the NaOH was added without the H2O2- For treatment 3 10 g H2O2 was added per kg of straw and in order to achieve a pH of 11.5 5.5 g NaOH had to be used. Consequently in treatment 4 5-5 g NaOH was added without the H2O2.
Effect of forage type on the digestion of whole barley grain by ewes
Authors: Chestnutt D M B 
Published: June 2019

The feeding of whole barley grain to breeding ewes is widely recommended yet it is recognised that a proportion of the grain fed in this form is usually passed intact in the faeces. It is claimed that whole grain improves the rumen fermentation process because it is broken down more slowly than milled grain and this, together with the saving in the cost of processing, means that a loss of up to 0.10 of grain intake in the faeces is considered acceptable. However there have been claims that on silage-based diets the proportion of grain passing intact in the faeces may be higher than 0.10 (Vipond, Hunter and King, 1985). In a preliminary study at this Institute with ewes on silage based diets in late pregnancy 0.18 of grain consumed was recovered intact in the faeces.In 1988 45 ewes in late pregnancy were fitted with faecal collection bags as described by Vipond, Hunter and King (1985) during two 4-day periods 5 and 3 weeks before lambing and during a further 4-day period 3 weeks after lambing. In the two pre-lambing collection periods ewes were allocated at random from uniform groups to one of 5 forages (4 silages and 1 hay). Three of the silages were made from primary growths of a ryegrass pasture, one cut on 25 May with a single-chop harvester (SI) and two cut on 8 June, one with a single-chop (S2) and one with a precision-chop (S3) harvester. The fourth silage was a second cut, harvested on 29 June with a precision-chop harvester (S4). Hay was of medium quality and was bought in. All forages were offered. ad libitum so that intake was 0.9 of forage offered. Ewes were offered 250 and 600 g/d whole barley 5 and 3 weeks before lambing respectively and 800 g/d 3 weeks after lambing. In the faecal collection after lambing all ewes received the same roughage (silage S4) and values for the proportion of intact grain in the faeces at this stage were used to adjust values 5 and 3 weeks pre-lambing by covariance.
The effect of dose and method of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on fleece growth and body composition in young, fattening lambs
Authors: Johnsson I.D. , Butler-Hogg B.W. , Hathorn D.J. , Wilde R. 
Published: June 2019

Daily injections of bovine pituitary somatotropin (growth hormone) can markedly increase growth and muscle deposition in fattening lambs, although the optimal dose range for these effects is not known.This experiment was designed to assess the anabolic and lipolytic activities of biosynthetic somatotropin (produced by genetically-modified bacteria) in fattening lambs, and to determine the effects of dose and method of administration.Dorset Down x Finn-Dorset lambs were individually penned, fed a barley/soyabean meal diet ad libitum (C.P.=155g/kg DM) and allocated to one of six treatment groups, each containing 5 ewe and 5 wether lambs, such that each group had the same initial mean live weight (18 kg). Between 10 and 21 weeks of age, the lambs of each group received one of the treatments shown in Table 1, comparing 3 doses of somatotropin (0.025, 0.1 or 0.25 mg/kg live weight), dissolved in bicarbonate buffer and injected subcutaneously once each day, with the intermediate dose (0.1 mq/kg/day) given by continuous subcutaneous infusion or by daily subcutaneous injection as a suspension in olive oil.
Behavioural Processes underlying Retardation of Growth in Fostered Piglets
Authors: Horrell Ian , Hodgson Jane 
Published: June 2019

Fostering piglets at 7 days of aye influences the behaviour of ootn piglets and foster sow in many ways (ilorrell, 1932) and retards growth over the next week (Horrell & Bennett, 1981). The growth retardation is persistent and can occur to lesser degree in piglets fostered at 1 day and in resident piglets in the recipient litter (Horrell, Hodgson & LUNB, 1985). This investigation was designed to determine (a) tne behavioural effects in greater detail, and (b) the behavioural mechanisms retardation underlying the growth Pairs of sows-(Landrace/Large White derived hyurid) which had farrowed 3-12 piglets within 14 h of each other had equal numbers of piglets exchangeu between them. They were then observed for 3 n immediately afterwards and for 1.5 h on each of 1, 3 and 7 d later.
Effects of gross organic discharges to fresh waters
Authors: Solbe J F 
Published: June 2019

In 1984 the water authorities reported 2961 serious cases of freshwater pollution caused by farming, ca 75% by dairy farming. Liquor from insufficiently wilted silage, farmyard runoff and slurry washed off land or escaping from overflowing or leaking lagoons have all been implicated. The effects of these rich organic wastes on life in streams are described below.Farm wastes can place an enormous demand on the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of the stream water. Cow slurry is 40-80 and silage liquor 200 times stronger than untreated domestic sewage, so that one volume of silage liauor is capable of completely deoxygenating 40 000 volumes of previously air-saturated water. The wastes also (i) increase turbidity, which reduces the effective penetration of light and thus restricts photosynthesis and primary productivity, (ii) smother the stream bed with a layer of decomposing silt or solids resistant to degradation and (iii) are toxic due to ammonia.
Avoiding pollution from cattle units
Authors: Grundey J K 
Published: June 2019

Increasing public interest and more anti-pollution legislation sharpen the need to avoid pollution. Soil, water and air are at risk.Apart from plant nutrient considerations, secondary effects of water-logging and oxygen depletion of the soil can occur. Slurry tankers can cause damage to the field surface by rutting. Some tankers exert pressures of 70 psi on the soil and then are often used on wet soils. Such malpractices create extra costs to rectify extra problems created.
Grazing behaviour
Authors: Penning P D 
Published: June 2019

Intake of herbage by grazing animals is determined by the weight of herbage harvested per bite and the number of bites taken. A knowledge of ingestive behaviour can, therefore, play a valuable role in understanding animal responses to changes in sward conditions and management practices and thus aid the interpretation of results from grazing experiments. This paper will firstly consider briefly some methods of recording behaviour and, secondly, present some results illustrating the use of behaviour recording within a grazing experiment.Direct observation is the most frequently used method of recording behaviour. It is, however, laborious and often carried out under unpleasant conditions; it is difficult to record activities continuously and in some cases it is not possible to directly observe a particular behaviour. These limitations have led to numerous attempts to record grazing behaviour automatically.
Nutritional manipulation of fertility and fecundity
Authors: Cole D.J.A. , Close W.H. 
Published: June 2019

An examination of the influence of nutrition on the series of chronological events in the breeding lifetime has suggested that satisfactory breeding animals can be produced on a range of regimens in early life. For example, nutrition during the rearing phase has to be fairly severe (50% of ad libitum or less) to significantly delay puberty.Nutrition needs to serve the immediate reproductive needs of the animal and to ensure that the animal is in satisfactory body condition to reproduce throughout its breeding lifetime. Consequently, at certain stages there will be competition for energy and nutrients between the products of conception or lactation on the one hand and the maternal body tissues on the other.
British rapeseed meals in the diets of pregnant and lactating mature suffolk-mule ewes
Authors: Vincent Isobel C. , Hill R. , Williams H. LI. 
Published: June 2019

To investigate the suitability of using high levels of British (high glucosinolate) rapeseed meal (RSM), 80 adult Suffolk-Mule ewes of mean live-weight 64.8 kg (s.e. 0.5) were divided into four balanced groups. Three of the groups were allocated to a concentrate diet containing 20% RSM as the major protein supplement: extracted (B), expeller (C) and extruded (D). The control group (A) was given a diet containing 16.5% soyabean meal (SBM) as the only protein supplement. The remainder of these pelleted diets consisted of barley, molassine meal, oat husks, minerals and vitamins. All four diets contained similar levels of protein and energy.The ewes were fed 0.7 kg/day during maintenance, 1 kg/day durino mating and increasing amounts from late pregnancy up to a maximum of 2.5 kg/day during lactation. Barley straw was available ad libitum. The ewes were weighed twice monthly. Jugular blood samples were taken monthly for thyroxine (T4) and thiocyanate (-SCN) analyses of plasma, also every five days during mating and the first two months of pregnancy for profiles of progesterone in plasma. The ewes were exposed to raddled entire rams for six weeks during November and December.
The effect of supplementing silage with fish meal for finishing store lambs
Authors: Hughes G J , Mansbridge R J 
Published: June 2019

As the performance of store lambs on silage alone is often disappointing and feeding cereals reduces margins considerably, supplementing with fish meal offered an economic alternative for investigation.The aim of the system was to finish lambs indoors (gaining 8 - 10 kg over 3-4 months ie 90 g/day DLWG) on a mainly forage diet to achieve a gross margin of at least £5 per lamb.80 Suffolk x Scotch halfbred store lambs (AV 35 kg) were offered good quality precision chop grass silage at grass for three weeks. They were then divided into Control (C) and Treatment (T) groups at housing in mid November.