bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of exercise interventions on health and fitness of firefighters: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Andrews Katie L. , Gallagher Stephen , Herring Matthew P. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveThe present review synthesized the available empirical evidence to provide support of the effectiveness and feasibility of exercise interventions for improving health and fitness of firefighters.MethodsNine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before May 2018 were located using Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. RCTs involved 462 (18 Females) active‐duty firefighters, an exercise intervention, and reported changes in health and/or fitness. Hedges’ d effect sizes quantified the magnitude of the effects of exercise compared to control conditions. Aggregated mean effects for differential modes of exercise (aerobic exercise training (AET), resistance exercise training (RET), or combined (AET + RET)) were also calculated. Random effects models were used for all analyses.ResultsExercise significantly improved body fat percentage (Δ = 0.52, [95% CI: 0.16‐0.88] z = 2.81, P = 0.005, k = 4), aerobic capacity (Δ = 1.20, [0.52‐1.87] z = 3.48, P = 0.000, k = 8), endurance (Δ = 1.74, [0.94‐2.53] z = 4.03, P = 0.000, k = 10), strength (Δ = 1.27, [0.42‐2.11] z = 2.93, P = 0.003, k = 9), and power (Δ = 1.02, [0.52‐1.52] z = 4.00, P = 0.000, k = 2). Specifically, RET improved body fat percentage (Δ = 0.87, [0.38‐1.36] z = 3.47, P = 0.000, k = 2), aerobic capacity (Δ = 3.06, [2.37‐3.75] z = 8.65, P = 0.000, k = 2), endurance (Δ = 2.79, [1.48‐4.09] z = 4.19, P = 0.000, k = 6), strength (Δ = 1.44, [0.49‐2.39] z = 2.97, P = 0.002, k = 8), and power (Δ = 1.02, [0.52‐1.52] z = 3.99, P = 0.000, k = 2), while AET improved aerobic capacity (Δ = 0.69, [0.24‐1.15] z = 3.01, P = 0.000, k = 3), and AET + RET improved aerobic capacity (Δ = 0.52, [0.15‐0.89] z = 2.78, P = 0.005, k = 3) and endurance (Δ = 0.44, [0.19‐0.70] z = 3.41, P = 0.000, k = 3).ConclusionsThe present results provide evidence of the positive effects of exercise interventions, particularly RET, to improve outcomes of health and fitness associated with superior job performance and reduced risk of injury and CVD.
Emerging research on intergroup prosociality: Group members' charitable giving, positive contact, allyship, and solidarity with others
Authors: Louis Winnifred R. , Thomas Emma , Chapman Cassandra M. , Achia Tulsi , Wibisono Susilo , Mirnajafi Zahra , Droogendyk Lisa 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper describes an emerging body of work on intergroup prosociality, drawing together parallel literatures and highlighting some of the themes of the recent research. A broad distinction between benevolence and activism serves as the foundation to explore forms of intergroup prosociality, such as charitable giving, displays of empathy and affirmation (positive and supportive contact), allyship, and solidarity. Gaps and implications for future research are discussed. For example, we propose that it may be useful to distinguish allyship, defined as advocacy for others motivated by the values and norms of the ingroup for its own ends, from solidarity, defined as advocacy on behalf of others from the perspective of a shared, inclusive group. We propose that articulating the similarities between these various forms of intergroup prosociality, and testing the differences, will be a useful direction of future research.
Personally affected, politically disaffected? How experiences with public employment services impact young people's political efficacy
Authors: Shore Jennifer , Tosun Jale 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUnemployment experiences can have consequences for how people think about democracy and where they stand vis‐à‐vis the state. We investigate how young people's experiences with public employment services can shape levels of external political efficacy—the feeling that decision‐makers are responsive to citizen needs. The personal and direct experiences one gathers at this pivotal time in life can also leave their mark on political attitudes. We analyze an original dataset on German youth to test how encounters with such agencies affect young people's political efficacy, finding that perceptions of helpfulness and being treated fairly and with respect increase the likelihood of being politically efficacious. The findings highlight the importance of personal experiences and bureaucratic interactions for vulnerable young people's democratic attitudes.
MIND UPLOADING AND EMBODIED COGNITION: A THEOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Authors: Lorrimar Victoria 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOne of the more radical transhumanist proposals for future human being envisions the uploading of our minds to a digital substrate, trading our dependence on frail, degenerating “meat” bodies for the immortality of software existence. Yet metaphor studies indicate that our use of metaphor operates in our bodily inhabiting of the world, and a phenomenological approach emphasizes a “hybridity” to human being that resists traditional mind/body dichotomies. Future scenarios envisioning mind uploading and disembodied artificial intelligence (AI) share an apocalyptic category with more traditional religious eschatologies, though they differ markedly in content; therefore, the insights of embodied cognition and their uptake in technological innovation are considered as they apply to theological concerns. Theology often functions in debates over the technological future to critique or to caution. However, theologians may learn from their technological dialogue partners when it comes to the future of embodiment and its implications for the construction and practice of theology.
THE COEVOLUTION OF HUMAN ORIGINS, HUMAN VARIATION, AND THEIR MEANING IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Marks Jonathan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIdeas about biology, race, and theology were bound up together in nineteenth‐century scholarship, although they are rarely, if ever, considered together today. Nevertheless, the new genealogical way of thinking about the history of life arose alongside a new way of thinking about the Bible, and a new way of thinking about people. They connected with one another in subtle ways, and modern scholarly boundaries do not map well on to nineteenth‐century scholarship.
THE DEVIL IN TECHNOLOGIES: RUSSIAN ORTHODOX NEOCONSERVATISM VERSUS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
Authors: Skladanowski Marcin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOne of the interesting aspects of Russian self‐definition in opposition to the West is its attitude toward Western science. Russian distrust of scientific and technological progress in the West is an important force shaping contemporary Russian identity. This article touches on these issues in four parts. The first section characterizes two main conservative circles that are active in today's disputes over the significance of scientific development for Russian identity. The second demonstrates certain Russian contemporary concerns related to scientific and technological progress, which will enable us to explain the position of the Russian Orthodox Church. The third section presents the political, religious, and identity context for the suspicion toward science expressed by Russian conservatives. The final section, on the other hand, discusses the way in which Russian Orthodox neoconservatism uses Orthodox anthropology to raise suspicion toward scientific and technological achievements.
IN WHAT SENSE EXACTLY DID CHRISTIANITY GIVE US RACIAL SCIENCE?
Authors: Fehige Yiftach 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn my contribution to the interdisciplinary discussion of Terence Keel's study on the Christian roots of modern racial science, I focus on its philosophical assumptions and implications. My primary concern is to relate the findings of this study to recent appraisals of the philosophical notion of a secularized Western modernity. I raise a twofold question: in what sense can one say that traditional Christianity links intimately to modern racial science, and which historiographical decisions inform the substantiation of such links?
EXISTENTIAL HOPE AND EXISTENTIAL DESPAIR IN AI APOCALYPTICISM AND TRANSHUMANISM
Authors: Singler Beth 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDrawing on observations from on‐ and offline fieldwork among transhumanists and artificial superintelligence/singularity‐focused groups, this article will explore an anthropology of anxiety around the hoped for, or feared, posthuman future. It will lay out some of the varieties of existential hope and existential despair found in these discussions about predicted events such as the “end of the world” and place them within an anthropological theoretical framework. Two examples will be considered. First, the optimism observed at a transhumanist event will be examined to emphasize the positive affective aspects of certain apocalypse scenarios, especially those with an implicit eschatological direction. Second, an online location where examples of existential despair can be noted will be explored further to demonstrate the kinds of negative responses to certain superintelligence/singularity ideas. These examples of existential hope and despair will demonstrate the intrinsic role of anxiety in ideas about a future artificial intelligence apocalypse.
RACIAL SCIENCE AND “ABSOLUTE QUESTIONS”: REOCCUPATIONS AND REPOSITIONS
Authors: Neswald Elizabeth 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn Divine Variations, Terence Keel cites Hans Blumenberg's concept of “reoccupation” as way to approach the relationship between science and religion in racial science. This article explores the potential of a Blumenbergian framework for interpreting the changing forms of this science – religion nexus. It pays particular attention to the shift to quantitative methods, measurement, and descriptive statistics in physical anthropology and the social sciences in the late nineteenth century, which seem to be emphatically secular. Asking whether they too, have a place in the Blumenbergian framework, it proposes that Blumenberg's “reoccupation of the answer position” has as its counterpart a “repositioning of the question.”
RESPONSE TO MY CRITICS: THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN RACIAL FORMS IN MODERN SCIENCE
Authors: Keel Terence D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn what follows, I first deal with some of the major philosophical objections raised against my claim that Christian thought has given us racial science. Then, I take on points of dispute surrounding my use of Hans Blumenberg's notion of reoccupation to explain the recurrence of Christian forms within modern scientific thinking. Finally, I address some historiographic issues surrounding my assessment of Johann Blumenbach and the origins of racial science.
ASSESSMENT ON BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF MICROWAVE ON PITAYA PEEL
Authors: Mat Zain Norashikin , Nazeri Muhd Azlan , Azman Nurul Aini 
Published: February 2019

Over the years, a wide variety of natural colour sources have been identified. One source, the pitaya fruit is known to impart colours to products, such as food and drink. However, there have been limited studies done to determine phenolic compounds and antibacterial activity of the pitaya peel (H.polyrhizus) via Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method. Both this information can escalate the potential role of pitaya fruit as a natural colour source. This study aimed to identify the types of bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds) and antibacterial activity of pitaya peel. To achieve this objective, MAE was used to extract bioactive compounds from the pitaya peel as it maintained the integrity of the compound. Based on the results, 13 types of phenolic compounds were identified from the pitaya peel extract via qualitative research using library database matching which include quinic acid, cinnamic acid, quinic acid isomer, 3,4-dihydroxyvinylbenzene, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, myricetin rhamno-hexoside, 3,30-di-O-methyl ellagic acid, isorhamnetin aglycone monomer, apigenin, jasmonic acid, oxooctadecanoic acid, 2 (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-5-benzene propanoic acid and protocatechuic hexoside conjugate. The pitaya peel extract was also found to have small antibacterial effect on the Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Gram- negative, Escherichia coli (E.coli). The SEM demonstrated that cell wall disruption of pitaya peel caused by microwave radiation from MAE appeared to be the main reason for rapid extraction of bioactive compounds. In conclusion, the study established that pitaya peel extract is a natural colour source with an abundance of phenolic compounds and minimal antibacterial activity, which could be used in the food and cosmetic industries.
The King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease (KBILD) questionnaire: an updated minimal clinically important difference
Authors: Sinha Aish , Patel Amit Suresh , Siegert Richard J , Bajwah Sabrina , Maher Toby M , Renzoni Elizabeth A , Wells Athol U , Higginson Irene J , Birring Surinder S 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionThe King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease (KBILD) is a 15-item validated health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaire. The method of scoring the KBILD has recently changed to incorporate a logit-scale transformation from one that used raw item responses, as this is potentially a more linear scale. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the KBILD minimal clinically important difference (MCID) using the new logit -transformed scoring.Methods57 patients with interstitial lung disease (17 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF) were asked to complete the KBILD questionnaire on two occasions in outpatient clinics. At the second visit, patients also completed a 15-item global rating of change of health status questionnaire (GRCQ). The MCID was calculated as the mean of four different methods: the change in KBILD for patients indicating a small change in GRCQ, patients with a 7%–12% change in FVC, 1 SE of measurement of baseline KBILD and effect size (ES) of 0.3.ResultsThe mean (SD) KBILD total score for all patients was 55.3 (15.6). 16 patients underwent a therapeutic intervention. 36 patients reported a change in their condition on the GRCQ; 22 deteriorated, 14 improved and 21 were unchanged. There was a significant change in KBILD total score in patients reporting a change in GRCQ; mean (SD) 57.0 (13.6) versus 50.0 (9.7); mean difference 7.0; 95% CI of difference 3.0 to 11.0; p<0.01. The change in KBILD total score correlated with the GRCQ scale; r=−0.49, p<0.01. The mean KBILD total score MCID was 5. The MCID of KBILD domains were 6 for Psychological, 7 for Breathlessness and Activities, and 11 for Chest Symptoms.ConclusionThe KBILD is a responsive tool for longitudinal assessment of HRQOL in patients with ILD. The MCID of the KBILD total score is a 5-unit change.
Income inequality and firearm homicide in the US: a county-level cohort study
Authors: Rowhani-Rahbar Ali , Quistberg Duane Alexander , Morgan Erin R , Hajat Anjum , Rivara Frederick P 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveIncome inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms. We quantified the association between county-level income inequality and all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates among individuals aged 14–39 years.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study of US counties to examine the association of Gini Index (ranging from 0 [perfect income equality] to 1.0 [perfect income inequality]) separately measured in 1990 and 2000 with all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates in 2005–2015. Generalised linear mixed models with Poisson distribution including a random intercept for state provided IRRs and 95% CIs. Bayesian Poisson-lognormal hierarchical modelling with integrated nested Laplace approximations was used in exploratory spatial analyses. Models accounted for county-level age, sex and race/ethnicity composition, crime rate, deprivation, social capital, urbanicity, and firearm ownership.FindingsThe Gini Index was associated with firearm homicide rates among all races/ethnicities. After accounting for contextual determinants of firearm homicide, the association persisted among African–Americans. In this group, a 1 SD greater Gini Index in 1990 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) and 2000 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17) was associated with greater firearm homicide rates in 2005–2015. Exploratory spatial analyses did not materially change the results.ConclusionPolicies addressing the gap between the rich and the poor deserve further considerations for reducing firearm homicide rates. Incorporating income inequality to refine measures of socioeconomic position may advance public health and clinical research and practice for firearm violence prevention.
Change in the distribution of body mass index in Brazil: analysing the interindividual inequality between 1974 and 2013
Authors: Wagner Katia Jakovljevic Pudla , Boing Antonio Fernando , Cembranel Francieli , Boing Alexandra Crispim da Silva , Subramanian S V 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundBrazil is among the 10 countries with the highest prevalence of overweight in the world. The aim was to analyse the changes in the dispersion of body mass index (BMI) in the Brazilian population from the 1970s to 2013 in specific population groups.MethodsData were extracted from five national household surveys between 1974–1975 and 2013, including adults aged 20 to 64. We calculated SD, median, fifth and 95th percentiles of BMI for each sociodemographic category (sex, age, schooling) and survey year in order to explore whether changes in mean BMI are followed by changes in dispersion.ResultsDuring the period the mean BMI ranged from 22.7 kg/m2to 26.6 kg/m2, with a much higher variation in the 95th percentile (+6.1 kg/m2) when compared with the fifth percentile (+1.8 kg/m2). The within-group differences increased over time. The SD increased in all categories analysed and was higher among women, lower schooling groups and the oldest group. An increase of 1.0 kg/m2in the BMI mean was associated with an increase of 0.32 kg/m2in the SD, 0.45 kg/m2in the fifth percentile and 1.50 kg/m2in the 95th percentile of BMI.ConclusionsPopulation changes occurred in BMI are more complex than the simple increase of its average. Concomitant to the increase in BMI, there was an increase in the within-group differences, showing that growing inequalities are not driven solely by sociodemographic factors.
Short-term effects of grassland set-asides on soil properties in the Fraser River delta of British Columbia
Authors: Lussier Jason M. , Krzic Maja , Smukler Sean M. , Bomke Art A. , Bondar Drew 
Published: February 2019

Grassland set-asides (GLSA) in the Fraser River delta are fields that are taken out of crop production and seeded with a mixture of grasses and legumes for 1–4 yr. During this time, the farmer is compensated with a cost-share payment to recover a portion of the financial returns that could have been earned from cash crops. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effects of GLSA on soil properties during the initial two seasons of enrollment, (ii) determine how GLSA effects differ between fields that were considered productive and unproductive, and (iii) identify soil baseline indicators and preliminary soil thresholds for predicting GLSA vegetation responses. Out of eight fields entering the program, two were considered to be unproductive and exchangeable sodium had the strongest negative relationship to GLSA aboveground biomass (r = −0.61, P = 0.0002). During the second season of GLSA establishment, the mean weight diameter of water-stable soil aggregates was consistently higher in productive GLSAs than paired annual crop rotation (ACR) fields, being 21% higher in April, 14% in July, and 19% in September after crop harvest. After two seasons of GLSA enrollment, both aeration porosity and bulk density were improved by GLSA relative to ACR fields with aeration porosity being 24% greater and bulk density 7% lower in GLSA. The results suggest that GLSA rotations in productive agricultural fields within the Fraser River delta provide an alternative to continued ACR that can improve soil structure and reduce compaction after only two seasons of establishment.
Geochronology and geochemistry of Meso- to Neoarchean magmatic epidote-bearing potassic granites, western Dharwar Craton (Bellur–Nagamangala–Pandavpura corridor), southern India: implications for the successive stages of crustal reworking and cratonization
Authors: Jayananda M. , Guitreau Martin , Tarun Thomas T. , Martin Hervé , Aadhiseshan K. R. , Gireesh R. V. , Peucat Jean-Jacques , Satyanarayanan M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We present field and petrographical characteristics, zircon U–Pb ages, Nd isotopes, and major and trace element data for the magmatic epidote-bearing granitic plutons in the Bellur–Nagamangala–Pandavpura corridor, and address successive reworking and cratonization events in the western Dharwar Craton (WDC). U–Pb zircon ages reveal three stages of plutonism including: (i) sparse 3.2 Ga granodiorite plutons intruding the TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) basement away from the western boundary of the Nagamangala greenstone belt; (ii) 3.0 Ga monzogranite to quartz monzonite plutons adjoining the Nagamangala greenstone belt; and (iii) 2.6 Ga monzogranite plutons in the Pandavpura region. Elemental data of the 3.2 Ga granodiorite indicate their origin through the melting of mafic protoliths without any significant residual garnet. Moderate to poorly fractionated REE patterns of 3.0 Ga plutons with negative Eu anomalies and Nd isotope data with
ε
Nd
(T) = 3.0 Ga ranging from −1.7 to +0.5 indicate the involvement of a major crustal source with minor mantle input. Melts derived from those two components interacted through mixing and mingling processes. Poorly fractionated REE patterns with negative Eu anomalies of 2.6 Ga plutons suggest plagioclase in residue. The presence of magmatic epidote in all of the plutons points to their rapid emplacement and crystallization at about 5 kbars. The 3.2 Ga intrusions could correspond to reworking associated with a major juvenile crust-forming episode, whilst 3.0 Ga potassic granites correspond to cratonization linked to melting of the deep crust. The 2.6 Ga Pandavpura granite could represent lower-crustal melting and final cratonization, as 2.5 Ga plutons are absent in the WDC.
Water budget and partial melting in an Archean crustal column: example from the Dharwar Craton, India
Authors: Nicoli Gautier 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

The fluid budget of a composite crustal column is a critical parameter that influences many lithospheric processes. The amount of water introduced into the middle and lower crust can be quantified using phase equilibrium modelling. The Dharwar Craton, India, displays a now-exposed continuous crustal section from near-surface conditions to
c.
30 km depth. This section records the different steps of a
c.
15 myr-long high-temperature metamorphic event (60°C kbar
−1
) responsible for the formation of syn- to post-tectonic anatectic intrusions. The global water budget is assessed using thermodynamic modelling on bulk-rock compositions of an average early Proterozoic supracrustal unit and
c.
3.0 Ga felsic basement, the Peninsular gneisses. Results show the fast burial of a water-saturated supracrustal package (1.6 wt%) will release
c.
50% of its mineral-bound water, triggering water-fluxed partial melting of the basement. Modelled anatectic magma compositions match the observed granitoid chemistries, and distinction can be made between water-fluxed melting and water-absent melting in the origin of syn- to post-tectonic anatectic granites. Findings from this study show the importance of crustal pile heterogeneity in controlling the nature of partial melting reactions, the composition of the magmas and the rheology of the crust.