bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do changes along the risk chain affect flood risk?
Authors: Metin Ayse Duha , Dung Nguyen Viet , Schröter Kai , Guse Björn , Apel Heiko , Kreibich Heidi , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Merz Bruno 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Flood risk is impacted by a range of physical and socio-economic processes.
Hence, the quantification of flood risk ideally considers the complete flood
risk chain, from atmospheric processes through catchment and river system
processes to damage mechanisms in the affected areas. Although it is
generally accepted that a multitude of changes along the risk chain can occur
and impact flood risk, there is a lack of knowledge of how and to what extent
changes in influencing factors propagate through the chain and finally affect
flood risk. To fill this gap, we present a comprehensive sensitivity analysis
which considers changes in all risk components, i.e. changes in climate,
catchment, river system, land use, assets, and vulnerability. The application
of this framework to the mesoscale Mulde catchment in Germany shows that
flood risk can vary dramatically as a consequence of plausible change
scenarios. It further reveals that components that have not received much
attention, such as changes in dike systems or in vulnerability, may outweigh
changes in often investigated components, such as climate. Although the
specific results are conditional on the case study area and the selected
assumptions, they emphasize the need for a broader consideration of potential
drivers of change in a comprehensive way. Hence, our approach contributes to
a better understanding of how the different risk components influence the
overall flood risk.
Effect of Skin Maceration Treatment on Aroma Profiles of Kiwi Wines Elaborated with Actinidia deliciosa “Xuxiang” and A. chinensis “Hort16A”
Authors: Yiman Qi , Miaomiao Liu , Kun Yang , Mingtao Fan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Background: Kiwi has become an important and promising fruit to ferment kiwi wine in recent years in China. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of skin maceration treatment on aroma profiles of kiwi wine elaborated with two representative kiwi varieties (Actinidia deliciosa “Xuxiang” and A. chinensis“Hort16A”). Methods: Aroma profiles were characterized using solid-phase microextraction GC-MS method. Principal component analysis was used to separate and group the wines as well as for identifying the aroma components that best differentiate the wines. Results: Esters and alcohols were the two most abundant compounds in kiwi wine. Skin macerationtreatment gave rise to a positive effectof aroma profiles, resulting in a significant increase of terpenes. A total of 11 volatile compounds were found at concentrations higher than their odor threshold in kiwi wine samples. Conclusions:The study could play a role in laying a foundation for the development of the kiwi fruit wine industry. Highlights: Different aroma profiles were presented because of variety differences.Skin maceration treatment gave rise to a positive effect of aroma profiles, which resulted in a significant increase of terpenes.
Sample-level sound synthesis with recurrent neural networks and conceptors
Authors: Kiefer Chris 
Published: November 2018

Conceptors are a recent development in the field of reservoir computing; they can be used to influence the dynamics of recurrent neural networks (RNNs), enabling generation of arbitrary patterns based on training data. Conceptors allow interpolation and extrapolation between patterns, and also provide a system of boolean logic for combining patterns together. Generation and manipulation of arbitrary patterns using conceptors has significant potential as a sound synthesis method for applications in computer music and procedural audio but has yet to be explored.
Two novel methods of sound synthesis based on conceptors are introduced. Conceptular Synthesis is based on granular synthesis; sets of conceptors are trained to recall varying patterns from a single RNN, then a runtime mechanism switches between them, generating short patterns which are recombined into a longer sound. Conceptillators are trainable, pitch-controlled oscillators for harmonically rich waveforms, commonly used in a variety of sound synthesis applications. Both systems can exploit conceptor pattern morphing, boolean logic and manipulation of RNN dynamics, enabling new creative sonic possibilities. Experiments reveal how RNN runtime parameters can be used for pitch-independent timestretching and for precise frequency control of cyclic waveforms. They show how these techniques can create highly malleable sound synthesis models, trainable using short sound samples. Limitations are revealed with regards to reproduction quality, and pragmatic limitations are also shown, where exponential rises in computation and memory requirements preclude the use of these models for training with longer sound samples.
The techniques presented here represent an initial exploration of the sound synthesis potential of conceptors; future possibilities and research questions are outlined, including possibilities in generative sound.
A mixed-method study of chiropractic student clinical immersion placements in nonmetropolitan Western Australia: Influence on student experience, professional attributes, and practice destination
Authors: Amorin-Woods Lyndon G. , Losco Barrett E. , Leach Matthew J. 
Published: November 2018

Objective:
To explore the influence of nonmetropolitan clinical immersion placements (CIPs) on undergraduate chiropractic student experience, professional attributes, and practice destination.

Methods:
Students enrolled in an Australian undergraduate chiropractic program were invited to complete a service experience questionnaire and an open-ended reflective feedback form following a nonmetropolitan CIP (Part A). Online searches were performed to gather data on graduate practice location (Part B).

Results:
Sixty-four students participated in Part A. All agreed that the placement was educational and should be retained in the program. Students agreed that the placement enhanced respect for individuals and awareness of others in need, highlighted the importance of respect for all people, improved empathy for the disadvantaged, and provided an opportunity to improve communication skills. Most indicated that they were more likely to practice in a country setting as a result of their placement, with those participating in a country placement more likely to practice in nonmetropolitan regions after graduation.

Conclusion:
Many chiropractic programs around the world are adopting CIPs. This study is the 1st to investigate the possible influence of nonmetropolitan CIPs on the development of desirable attributes in Australian chiropractic students. It also discusses the potential influence of nonmetropolitan CIPs on future practice location decisions. These results support the utility of CIPs to help meet the educational objectives of chiropractic programs and possibly address the maldistribution of the chiropractic workforce in Australia.
Apraxias
Authors: Rajan Suraj , Pantelyat Alexander 
Published: November 2018

AbstractApraxia is defined as the difficulty or inability to perform learned skilled actions. Identifying apraxia in patients has prognostic implications. The praxis network is predominantly in the left hemisphere, and comprises parietal lobe regions that connect to several circuits involving the frontal, temporal and occipital cortices and the basal ganglia. This review discusses the types of apraxia and the disorders associated with apraxia, highlighting studies based on corticobasal syndrome and stroke as disease models. The evolution of historical concepts of praxis leading up to the current ‘pathway’ models is discussed in the context of neuroanatomical and imaging studies. Bedside testing and interpretation of apraxia are elucidated with examples.Key ConceptsApraxia is the difficulty in performing acquired actions and can be seen independent of other symbol‐mediated disorders such as aphasia.Apraxia is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders such as corticobasal syndrome, as well as with strokes and head trauma.There are several different forms of apraxia such as ideomotor, ideational and orofacial apraxia, and each is characterised by the specific manner in which action performance or interpretation is compromised.The praxis network involves circuits from frontal, temporal and parietal cortices and the basal ganglia.Left parietal lobe is pivotal for the praxis network.Newer models of praxis propose bilaterally represented ventral and dorsal processing streams, with the dorsal stream further subdivided into dorso‐dorsal and ventrodorsal substreams. The dorso‐dorsal or the ‘grasp’ system processes characteristics of a tool such as size, shape and orientation, while the ventrodorsal or the ‘use’ system stores object‐specific actions.In patients with left hemisphere damage, apraxia often coexists with aphasia; in patients with right hemisphere lesions, apraxia is often associated with a visuospatial disorder.Testing of apraxia at bedside is important for diagnostic and prognostic reasons.
Molecular Genetics of Frontonasal Dysplasia
Authors: Daphné Lehalle , Laurence Faivre 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Frontonasal dysplasias (FND) are facial malformations characterised by the association of hypertelorism, midline facial cleft and nasal abnormalities. They are caused by an abnormal development of the frontonasal process. FND are clinically and molecularly heterogeneous. Molecular bases have been identified in seven FND entities so far: mutations in the X‐linked
EFNB1
gene in craniofrontonasal syndrome; biallelic mutations in
ALX3
,
ALX4
and
ALX1
genes in frontonasal dysplasia type 1, 2 and 3, respectively; heterozygous recurrent mutation in
ZSWIM6
gene in acromelic frontonasal dysostosis; heterozygous mutations in
SPECC1L
gene in Teebi syndrome and heterozygous mutations in
TWIST1
gene in Sweeney–Cox syndrome. These genes are involved in different pathways. The molecular bases for other clinically described entities such as Pai or oculoauriculofrontonasal syndromes are still unknown despite international efforts to decipher their molecular basis using next‐generation sequencing technologies; almost all affected individuals are of sporadic occurrence. Most patients presenting with FND remain clinically unclassified. The rarity of these disorders and the multiple clinical overlaps account for their challenging and molecular clinical delineation.

Key Concepts

Frontonasal dysplasia consists of clinically and molecularly heterogeneous entities.

Molecular bases are known in a small subset of syndromic FND and still unknown in other clinically described disorders.

FND with known molecular bases are dominant, recessive, or X‐linked.

An accurate clinical diagnosis is essential for the patients and families management as well as for the identification of the causative molecular bases.

The genes involved in FND pathogenesis belong to different cellular pathways; most of their function is still poorly known.
Mechanism and Function of the Eukaryotic Chaperonin
CCT
Authors: Bueno‐Carrasco María T , Cuéllar Jorge 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Chaperonins are a family of molecular chaperones that utilise the cavity formed by its two rings for the folding of substrates. The eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin CCT or TRiC is thought to be involved in the folding of over 10% of newly synthesised proteins, although its major substrates are the cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and tubulin. CCT is the most complex of all chaperonins, with eight different subunits able to recognise specific sequences within substrate proteins, and it interacts with a variety of chaperones, cochaperones and cofactors to perform its activity. Substrate folding is mediated by an ATP‐driven cycle that induces conformational changes resulting in the opening or closing of the cavity. The different subunits are spatially arranged into an ATP‐binding and a substrate‐binding cluster, showing an asymmetric behaviour of the chaperonin. The increasing number of CCT substrates involved in cell signalling, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases suggest a central role of the chaperonin in the cellular proteostasis.

Key Concepts

CCT is a chaperonin composed of two rings of eight subunits each that form a cavity for substrate folding.

Each CCT subunit is divided into apical, intermediate and equatorial domains with specialised functions.

Actin and tubulin are the two main substrates of CCT and have driven the evolution of the chaperonin.

ATP hydrolysis induces the closing of the cavity required for substrate folding.

WD40 proteins have been described to be an important family of CCT substrates.

The folding process often requires collaboration with other chaperones, cochaperones or cofactors that are the key for CCT specificity.

CCT subunits display different affinities for ATP and substrates, leading to a spatial and functional clustering.
Endocannabinoidome
Authors: Arturo Iannotti Fabio , Fabiana Piscitelli 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The classical definition of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), at the turn of the century, was that of a complex pleiotropic system composed by: (1) the two cannabinoid receptors (CB
1
and CB
2
); (2) their endogenous ligands, the ‘endocannabinoids’ (EC) and (3) the five enzymes believed at that time to be uniquely responsible for EC biosynthesis and degradation. However, studies carried out during the last 10 years have revealed the potential existence of a high degree of redundancy for both the molecular targets and metabolic routes, and corresponding enzymes, of the ECs. Therefore, these new discoveries suggested that the time had come to expand our view of the ECS. In fact, other bioactive long chain fatty acid amides were identified, and their biosynthesis, inactivation and function investigated. Since this plethora of novel mediators has something more than a few chemical features in common with ECs, the name of ‘endocannabinoidome’ (eCBome) was proposed.

Key Concepts

The endocannabinoid system is an ever‐expanding pleiotropic signalling system with key role in several physiopathological conditions.

Studies carried out during the last 10 years have revealed the potential existence of a high degree of redundancy for both the molecular targets and metabolic routes, and corresponding enzymes, of the endocannabinoids.

Several
N
‐acyl‐ethanolamines (NAEs), monoacylglycerols,
N
‐acyl amino acids,
N
‐acyldopamines/taurines/serotonines were suggested to be part of this system.

These endocannabinoid‐like molecules may activate other molecular targets independently from cannabinoid receptors.

All these recent findings together with the discovery of new endocannabinoid‐like molecules have led us to expand the classical view of the eCB system and to look at it as the ‘endocannabinoidome’.
Tyrosine‐Rich Peptides as a Platform for Assembly and Material Synthesis
Authors: Lee Jaehun , Ju Misong , Cho Ouk Hyun , Kim Younghye , Nam Ki Tae 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe self‐assembly of biomolecules can provide a new approach for the design of functional systems with a diverse range of hierarchical nanoarchitectures and atomically defined structures. In this regard, peptides, particularly short peptides, are attractive building blocks because of their ease of establishing structure–property relationships, their productive synthesis, and the possibility of their hybridization with other motifs. Several assembling peptides, such as ionic‐complementary peptides, cyclic peptides, peptide amphiphiles, the Fmoc‐peptide, and aromatic dipeptides, are widely studied. Recently, studies on material synthesis and the application of tyrosine‐rich short peptide‐based systems have demonstrated that tyrosine units serve as not only excellent assembly motifs but also multifunctional templates. Tyrosine has a phenolic functional group that contributes to π–π interactions for conformation control and efficient charge transport by proton‐coupled electron‐transfer reactions in natural systems. Here, the critical roles of the tyrosine motif with respect to its electrochemical, chemical, and structural properties are discussed and recent discoveries and advances made in tyrosine‐rich short peptide systems from self‐assembled structures to peptide/inorganic hybrid materials are highlighted. A brief account of the opportunities in design optimization and the applications of tyrosine peptide‐based biomimetic materials is included.
Vinylidenation of Organoboronic Esters Enabled by a Pd‐Catalyzed Metallate Shift
Authors: Aparece Mark D. , Gao Chenpeng , Lovinger Gabriel J. , Morken James P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOrganoboron “ate” complexes undergo a net vinyl insertion reaction to give 1,1‐disubstituted alkenyl boronic esters when treated with stoichiometric allyl acetate and a palladium catalyst. Reactions that employ vinyllithium afforded good to excellent yields after one hour, while reactions that employ vinylmagnesium chloride furnished modest to good yields after 18 hours.
Leaving Group Assisted Strategy for Photoinduced Fluoroalkylations Using N‐Hydroxybenzimidoyl Chloride Esters
Authors: Zhang Weigang , Zou Zhenlei , Wang Yuanheng , Wang Yi , Liang Yong , Wu Zhengguang , Zheng Youxuan , Pan Yi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRedox‐active esters (RAEs) as alkyl radical precursors have been extensively developed for C−C bond formations. However, the analogous transformations of fluoroalkyl radicals from the corresponding acid or ester precursors remain challenging because of the high oxidation potential of the fluoroalkyl carboxylate anions. The newly developed N‐hydroxybenzimidoylchloride (NHBC) ester provides a general leaving group assisted strategy to generate a portfolio of fluoroalkyl radicals, and can be successfully applied in photoinduced decarboxylative hydrofluoroalkylation and heteroarylation of unactivated olefins. In addition, DFT calculations revealed that the NHBC ester proceeds by the fluorocarbon radical pathway, whereas other well‐known RAEs proceed by the nitrogen radical pathway.
Surrogate analyte‐based quantification of main endocannabinoids in whole blood using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Dong Xiaoru , Li Liliang , Ye Yonghong , Zhang Dingang , Zheng Lixing , Jiang Yan , Shen Min 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEndocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous ligands of the endocannabinoid system that are known to regulate several physiological and behavioral processes. Previous studies have developed methods for the detection of main eCBs including arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), mostly in serum or plasma. Whole blood is a superior biomaterial for eCBs analysis owing to the nature of the shortened isolation procedure and decreased risk of 2‐AG isomerization during preparation. In this study, a surrogate analyte‐based liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for the measurement of AEA, 2‐AG and its isomer 1‐arachidonoylglycerol (1‐AG) using a maximum of 100 μL whole blood. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a reverse‐phase column and a gradient elution. Detection was performed in selected reaction monitoring mode with an electrospray ionization source. The limits of detection of three eCBs were 0.05–0.1 ng/mL. Good linearity was observed over the concentration range. Intra‐ and inter‐assay accuracy and precision were ≤10.9 and ≤8.7% at four quality control levels. The response factor and parallelism experiment illustrated that the surrogate analytes were suitable for accurate quantification of the main eCBs in whole blood. This surrogate analyte approach was successfully applied to authentic blood samples obtained from alcohol negative drivers and those under the influence of alcohol.
Phenotypic stability of the human MG‐63 osteoblastic cell line at different passages
Authors: Staehlke Susanne , Rebl Henrike , Nebe Barbara 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOne of the most popular cell lines in osteogenesis studies is the human osteoblastic line MG‐63. For cell biological investigation, it is important that the cells remain stable in their phenotype over several passages in cell culture. MG‐63 cells can be used to provide fundamental insights into cell‐–material interaction. The aim of this study is to present a systematic characterization of the physiological behavior of MG‐63 cells in the range of passages 5–30. Significant cell physiology processes during the first 24 h, including cell morphology, availability of adhesion receptors, cell cycle phases, as well as the expression of the signaling proteins Akt, GSK3a/b, IkB‐α, ERK1/2, p38‐MAPK, and intracellular calcium ion mobilization, remained stable over the entire range of passages P5‐P30. Due to these stable characteristics in a wide range of cell culture passages, MG‐63 cells can be considered as a suitable in vitro model to analyze the biocompatibility and biofunctionality of implant materials.
Toward predictive modeling of catheter‐based pulmonary valve replacement into native right ventricular outflow tracts
Authors: Jolley Matthew A. , Lasso Andras , Nam Hannah H. , Dinh Patrick V. , Scanlan Adam B. , Nguyen Alex V. , Ilina Anna , Morray Brian , Glatz Andrew C. , McGowan Francis X. , Whitehead Kevin , Dori Yoav , Gorman Joseph H. , Gorman Robert C. , Fichtinger Gabor , Gillespie Matthew J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary insufficiency is a consequence of transannular patch repair in Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) leading to late morbidity and mortality. Transcatheter native outflow tract pulmonary valve replacement has become a reality. However, predicting a secure, atraumatic implantation of a catheter‐based device remains a significant challenge due to the complex and dynamic nature of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). We sought to quantify the differences in compression and volume for actual implants, and those predicted by pre‐implant modeling.MethodsWe used custom software to interactively place virtual transcatheter pulmonary valves (TPVs) into RVOT models created from pre‐implant and post Harmony valve implant CT scans of 5 ovine surgical models of TOF to quantify and visualize device volume and compression.ResultsVirtual device placement visually mimicked actual device placement and allowed for quantification of device volume and radius. On average, simulated proximal and distal device volumes and compression did not vary statistically throughout the cardiac cycle (P = 0.11) but assessment was limited by small sample size. In comparison to actual implants, there was no significant pairwise difference in the proximal third of the device (P > 0.80), but the simulated distal device volume was significantly underestimated relative to actual device implant volume (P = 0.06).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that pre‐implant modeling which assumes a rigid vessel wall may not accurately predict the degree of distal RVOT expansion following actual device placement. We suggest the potential for virtual modeling of TPVR to be a useful adjunct to procedural planning, but further development is needed.