bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
РОЗЧИННІСТЬ 2-, 3-, 4-КАРБОКСИМЕТИЛПІРИДИНІЮ, 2-АМІНО-4,6-ДИГІДРОКСИПІРИМІДИНІЮ ТА ОКТЕНІДИНУ ГЕКСАФТОРОСИЛІКАТІВ
Authors: Gelmboldt V. O. , Shyshkin I. O. 
Published: April 2019

Мета роботи. Визначення розчинності 2-, 3-, 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію, 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію та октенідину гексафторосилікатів як перспективних антикарієсних агентів.
Матеріали і методи. 2-, 3-, 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію, 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію та октенідину гексафторосилікати були синтезовані за описаними раніше методиками. Визначення розчинності гексафторосилікатів проводили відповідно до рекомендацій ДФУ. Ізотермічні умови експериментів за визначенням розчинності солей забезпечували за допомогою ультратермостату U15.
Результати й обговорення. Визначена розчинність у воді, метанолі, етанолі та диметилсульфоксиді нових потенційних антикарієсних агентів – 2-, 3-, 4-карбоксиметилпіридінію, 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію та октенідину гексафторосилікатів. Сіль 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію характеризується низькою розчинністю у всіх використаних розчинниках. Встановлено взаємозв’язок між розчинністю у воді вивчених гексафторосилікатів і характеристиками будови відповідних амонієвих катіонів.
Висновки. Встановлено, що 2-, 3-, 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію гексафторосилікати дуже легкорозчинні у воді, розчинні у ДМСО та малорозчинні у метанолі і етанолі. Сіль октенідину легкорозчинна у метанолі, розчинна у етанолі та дуже малорозчинна у ДМСО. Відповідна сіль 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію малорозчинна у воді та дуже малорозчинна в органічних розчинниках.
МАКРО- ТА МІКРОСКОПІЧНЕ ВИВЧЕННЯ CAMELINA SATIVA (L.) CRANTZ
Authors: Tsykalo T. O. , Trzhetsynskyi S. D. 
Published: April 2019

Мета роботи. Визначити діагностичні макро- і мікроскопічні ознаки сировини рижію посівного.
Матеріали і методи. Об’єкт – трава рижію посівного сорту Славутич. Мікропрепарати виготовляли зі свіжої та висушеної сировини, фіксованої в суміші спирт-гліцерин-вода (1:1:1) і досліджували загальноприйнятими методами з використанням мікроскопа Granum N-180 M, фотофіксацію результатів здійснювали за допомогою відеонасадки DC 1300.
Результати й обговорення. Рослина заввишки 30-80 см. Стебло тонке, прямостояче, просте або розгалужене, опушене жорсткими короткими волосками. Листя видовжено-ланцетне зі стрілоподібною основою, чергове, сидяче. Суцвіття – китиця. Квітки дрібні, правильні, роздільнопелюсткові, блідо-жовті. Чашечка з чотирьох видовженояйцеподібних, зелених чашолистків. Віночок з чотирьох оберненояйцеподібних пелюсток.
Листок. Листкова пластинка дорзо-вентрального типу. Епідерма однорядна. Клітини верхньої епідерми звивисті, оболонки клітин рівномірно потовщені. Продиховий апарат анізоцитного типу. Листкова пластинка амфістоматична. Нижня епідерма представлена більш звивистостінними клітинам, ніж верхня, що мають рівномірно потовщені оболонки. Волоски багаточисельні. Зустрічаються прості, одноклітинні, конічні волоски, з широкою основою, гострою верхівкою. Також зустрічаються двокінцеві та трикінцеві волоски.
Черешок. Головна жилка з округлою основою. На поперечному зрізі видно епідерму, під нею склеренхіма. Основну площу черешка займає паренхіма. Судинно-волокнистий пучок колатеральний.
Стебло. Епідерма стебла з прозенхімних, прямостінних клітин. Наявні багаточисельні короткі прості волоски, одно-, дво-, трикінцеві. На поперечному зрізі стебло має округлу форму. Епідерма одношарова. Під епідермою знаходиться механічна тканина – коленхіма, а під нею – первинна кора. Судинно-волокнисті пучки чергуються з ділянками механічних волокон. Над пучками розташовані групи склеренхімних волокон. Серцевина досить велика, з паренхімних тонкостінних клітин.
Квітка. Внутрішня епідерма пелюстки представлена паренхімними клітинами, наявні сосочкоподібні вирости. Зовнішня епідерма представлена звивистостінними клітинами. Судинно-волокнистий пучок з елементи ксилеми у вигляді спіральних судин.
Висновки. Вивчено морфолого-анатомічні ознаки рижію посівного сорту Славутич. Визначено основні макро- та мікроскопічні ознаки трави, які будуть використані при стандартизації лікарської рослинної сировини та розробці методів контролю якості на цю сировину.
МОРФОЛОГО-АНАТОМІЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТРАВИ АСТРАГАЛУ СОЛОДКОЛИСТОГО (ASTRAGALUS GLYCYPHYLLOS L.)
Authors: Lysiuk R. M. , Kovalska N. P. 
Published: April 2019

Мета роботи. Встановлення морфолого-анатомічних діагностичних ознак трави астрагалу солодколистого.
Матеріали і методи. Мікропрепарати виготов­ляли з фрагментів трави астрагалу солодколистого, фіксованих у розчині хлоралгідрату, і досліджували загально­прийнятими методами з використанням тринокулярного світлового мікроскопа ULAB при збільшенні в 40, 100 та 400 разів; фотофіксацію результатів здійснюва­ли за допомогою дзеркальної фотокамери Canon EOS 550.
Результати й обговорення. Діагностичними мікроскопічними ознаками сировини можна вважати трихоми, які складаються з 1-2 коротких базальних клітин та однієї великої видовженої термінальної клітини з бородавчастою кутикулою; термінальна клітина прикріплюється до ніжки з базальних клітин одним зі своїх країв, який заокруглений, інший її край загострений. Проведено дослідження фрагментів висушених та свіжозібраних листків, стебел, рахісу та квіток; у результаті проведення аналізу поперечних зрізів із свіжої трави астрагалу солодколистого встановлено особливості локалізації слизу, пектинів та фенольних сполук в аналізованій рослинній сировині.
Висновки. Встановлено морфологічні та анатомічні діагностичні ознаки надземної частини астрагалу солодколистого, перспективного нефропротекторного засобу. Отримані дані буде використано при розробці проекту методів контролю якості на нову лікарську рослинну сировину – «Трава астрагалу солодколистого».
Cardiovascular Risk and Risk Factor Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Wright Alison K. , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Emsley Richard , Buchan Iain , Mamas Mamas A. , Sattar Naveed , Ashcroft Darren M. , Rutter Martin K. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
With recent changes in the United Kingdom’s clinical practice for diabetes mellitus care, contemporary estimates of sex disparities in cardiovascular risk and risk factor management are needed.

Methods:
In this retrospective cohort study, using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to hospital and death records for people in England, we identified 79 985 patients with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) between 2006 to 2013 matched to 386 547 patients without diabetes mellitus. Sex-stratified Cox models were used to assess cardiovascular risk.

Results:
Compared with women without T2DM, women with T2DM had a higher cardiovascular event risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20 [95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.28]) with similar corresponding data in men (hazard ratio, 1.12 [1.06–1.19]), leading to a nonsignificant higher relative risk in women (risk ratio, 1.07 [0.98–1.17]). However, some important sex differences in the management of risk factors were observed. Compared with men with T2DM, women with T2DM were more likely to be obese, hypertensive, and have hypercholesterolemia, but were less likely to be prescribed lipid-lowering medication and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, especially if they had cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions:
Compared with men developing T2DM, women with T2DM do not have a significantly higher relative increase in cardiovascular risk, but ongoing sex disparities in prescribing should prompt heightened efforts to improve the standard and equity of diabetes mellitus care in women and men.
Investigation of the Hemodynamics Influencing Emboli Trajectories Through a Patient-Specific Aortic Arch Model
Authors: Malone Fiona , McCarthy Eugene , Delassus Patrick , Buhk Jan-Hendrick , Fiehler Jens , Morris Liam 
Published: April 2019

Background and Purpose—
Cardiogenic emboli account for 15% to 20% of acute ischemic stroke cases worldwide. However, the chance of such emboli, of varying sizes, causing a stroke under various flow types has not been evaluated.

Methods—
A patient-specific aortic arch model was fabricated from a medical image dataset of a 77-year-old male case, with atrial fibrillation and distal occlusion of the right M1 vessel. One hundred and eighty mammalian embolus analogs (EAs) were released one by one into the model under normal and atrial fibrillation flow conditions. A further 270 clots were fabricated using varying levels of thrombin (5–20 National Institutes of Health units thrombin). The effect of releasing several clots simultaneously was also examined by grouping EAs into 18 multiples of 5, 4, 3, and 2 clots, resulting in 504 EAs released.

Results—

EAs with a length of ≤10 mm were the most common geometry to travel through the common carotid arteries (44%); however, longer clots also traveled through these narrow vessels. Twenty two percent of EAs ranged from 10–20mm in length, 27% from 20–30mm and 7% were >30 mm in length. Higher density clots increased the propensity for clots to travel along the cerebral vessels (
P
<0.05). Releasing more clots during each test, increased the probability of at least one clot traveling through an aortic arch branching vessel.

Conclusions—
Embolus trajectory through the branching vessels of the aortic arch is not exclusively dependent on embolus size. EAs tend to travel proportionally with outlet flow rates, with a greater chance of a stroke caused by multiple breakaway emboli.
Unlexicalized Transition-based Discontinuous Constituency Parsing
Authors: Coavoux Maximin , Crabbé Benoît , Cohen Shay B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLexicalized parsing models are based on the assumptions that (i) constituents are organized around a lexical head and (ii) bilexical statistics are crucial to solve ambiguities. In this paper, we introduce an unlexicalized transition-based parser for discontinuous constituency structures, based on a structure-label transition system and a bi-LSTM scoring system. We compare it with lexicalized parsing models in order to address the question of lexicalization in the context of discontinuous constituency parsing. Our experiments show that unlexicalized models systematically achieve higher results than lexicalized models, and provide additional empirical evidence that lexicalization is not necessary to achieve strong parsing results. Our best unlexicalized model sets a new state of the art on English and German discontinuous constituency treebanks. We further provide a per-phenomenon analysis of its errors on discontinuous constituents.
Redescription of Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 (Tardigrada: Apochela) and a description of Milnesium inceptum sp. nov., a tardigrade laboratory model
Authors: MOREK WITOLD , SUZUKI ATSUSHI C. , SCHILL RALPH O. , GEORGIEV DILIAN , YANKOVA MARIA , MARLEY NIGEL J. , MICHALCZYK ŁUKASZ 
Published: April 2019

Intra- and interspecific variability, being at the very core of alpha taxonomy, has been a long-standing topic of debate among tardigrade taxonomists. Early studies tended to assume that tardigrades exhibit wide intraspecific variation. However, with more careful morphological studies, especially those incorporating molecular tools that allow for an independent verification of species identifications based on phenotypic traits, we now recognise that ranges of tardigrade intraspecific variability are narrower, and that differences between species may be more subtle than previously assumed. The taxonomic history of the genus Milnesium, and more specifically that of the nominal species, M. tardigradum described by Doyère in 1840, is a good illustration of the evolution of views on intraspecific variability in tardigrades. The assumption of wide intraspecific variability in claw morphology led Marcus (1928) to synonymise two species with different claw configurations, M. alpigenum and M. quadrifidum, with M. tardigradum. Currently claw configuration is recognised as one of the key diagnostic traits in the genus Milnesium, and the two species suppressed by Marcus have recently been suggested to be valid. In this study, we clarify the taxonomic status of M. alpigenum, a species that for nearly a century was considered invalid. We redescribe M. alpigenum, using a population collected from the locus typicus, by the means of integrative taxonomy, i.e. including light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ontogenetic observations, and genetic barcoding. Moreover, the redescription of M. alpigenum allowed us to verify the uncertain taxonomic status of two popular laboratory models that were originally considered to be M. tardigradum; though one was recently reidentified as M. cf. alpigenum. Our analysis showed that both laboratory strains, despite being morphologically and morphometrically nearly identical to M. alpigenum, in fact represent a new species, M. inceptum sp. nov. The two species, being disnguishable only by statistical morphometry and/or DNA sequences, are the first example of pseudocryptic species in tardigrades.
An Extreme Precipitation Categorization Scheme and its Observational Uncertainty over the Continental United States
Authors: Slinskey Emily A. , Loikith Paul C. , Waliser Duane E. , Goodman Alexander 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
An extreme precipitation categorization scheme, used to temporally and spatially visualize and track the multiscale variability of extreme precipitation climatology, is applied over the continental United States. The scheme groups 3-day precipitation totals exceeding 100 mm into one of five precipitation categories, or “P-Cats.” To demonstrate the categorization scheme and assess its observational uncertainty across a range of precipitation measurement approaches, we compare the climatology of P-Cats defined using in situ station data from the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily (GHCN-D); satellite-derived data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA); gridded station data from the Parameter-Elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM); global reanalysis from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2; and regional reanalysis from the North American Regional Reanalysis. While all datasets capture the principal spatial patterns of P-Cat climatology, results show considerable variability across the suite in frequency, spatial extent, and magnitude. Higher-resolution datasets, PRISM and TMPA, most closely resemble GHCN-D and capture a greater frequency of high-end P-Cats relative to the lower-resolution products. When all datasets are rescaled to a common coarser grid, differences persist with datasets originally constructed at a high resolution maintaining a higher frequency and magnitude of P-Cats. Results imply that dataset choice matters when applying the P-Cat scheme to track extreme precipitation over space and time. Potential future applications of the P-Cat scheme include providing a target for climate model evaluation and a basis for characterizing future change in extreme precipitation as projected by climate model simulations.
Long-Duration Freezing Rain Events over North America: Regional Climatology and Thermodynamic Evolution
Authors: McCray Christopher D. , Atallah Eyad H. , Gyakum John R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Freezing rain can cause severe impacts, particularly when it persists for many hours. In this paper, we present the climatology of long-duration (6 or more hours) freezing rain events in the United States and Canada from 1979 to 2016. We identify three focus regions from this climatology and examine the archetypal thermodynamic evolution of events in each region using surface and radiosonde observations. Long-duration events occur most frequently in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, where freezing rain typically begins as lower-tropospheric warm-air advection develops the warm layer aloft. This warm-air advection and the latent heat of fusion released when rain freezes at the surface erode the cold layer, and freezing rain transitions to rain once the surface temperature reaches 0°C. In the southeastern United States, a larger percentage of events are of long duration than elsewhere in North America. Weak surface cold-air advection and evaporative cooling in the particularly dry onset cold layers there prevent surface temperatures from rising substantially during events. Finally, the south-central United States has a regional maximum in the occurrence of the top 1% of events by duration (18 or more hours), despite the relative rarity of freezing rain there. These events are associated with particularly warm/deep onset warm layers, with persistent low-level cold-air advection maintaining the cold layer. The thermodynamic evolutions we have identified highlight characteristics that are key to supporting persistent freezing rain in each region and may warrant particular attention from forecasters tasked with predicting these events.
Setting clinical performance specifications to develop and evaluate biomarkers for clinical use
Authors: Lord Sarah J , St John Andrew , Bossuyt Patrick MM , Sandberg Sverre , Monaghan Phillip J , O’Kane Maurice , Cobbaert Christa M , Röddiger Ralf , Lennartz Lieselotte , Gelfi Cecilia , Horvath Andrea R ,   for the Test Evaluation Working Group of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Published: April 2019

Background Biomarker discovery studies often claim ‘promising’ findings, motivating further studies and marketing as medical tests. Unfortunately, the patient benefits promised are often inadequately explained to guide further evaluation, and few biomarkers have translated to improved patient care. We present a practical guide for setting minimum clinical performance specifications to strengthen clinical performance study design and interpretation. Methods We developed a step-by-step approach using test evaluation and decision-analytic frameworks and present with illustrative examples. Results We define clinical performance specifications as a set of criteria that quantify the clinical performance a new test must attain to allow better health outcomes than current practice. We classify the proposed patient benefits of a new test into three broad groups and describe how to set minimum clinical performance at the level where the potential harm of false-positive and false-negative results does not outweigh the benefits. (1) For add-on tests proposed to improve disease outcomes by improving detection, define an acceptable trade-off for false-positive versus true-positive results; (2) for triage tests proposed to reduce unnecessary tests and treatment by ruling out disease, define an acceptable risk of false-negatives as a safety threshold; (3) for replacement tests proposed to provide other benefits, or reduce costs, without compromising accuracy, use existing tests to benchmark minimum accuracy levels. Conclusions Researchers can follow these guidelines to focus their study objectives and to define statistical hypotheses and sample size requirements. This way, clinical performance studies will allow conclusions about whether test performance is sufficient for intended use.
Reconceiving Judicial Office Through a Labour Law Lens
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractJudges fulfil a fundamental constitutional role in democratic systems. Most research on judges, though, focuses on the public and constitutional significance of the judicial role, not the needs of individual judges. This article applies a labour law lens to help reconceive the judicial role in a way that balances the individual and collective needs of judges with the institutional and constitutional needs of the third arm of government, drawing on comparative analysis of Australia and the United Kingdom, and examples from common law countries. I argue that, while some progress has been made towards using labour law to structure and inform judicial roles, labour law offers new insights into how judges and judicial work might be supported. This may both assist judges in their individual capacity and support the judiciary as an institution. It therefore has significance for judges as individuals and the judiciary’s fundamental constitutional role.
Five-Year Outcomes and Return to Sport of Runners Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy for Labral Tears With or Without Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Chen Austin W. , Craig Matthew J. , Yuen Leslie C. , Ortiz-Declet Victor , Maldonado David R. , Domb Benjamin G. 
Published: April 2019

Background: Recent evidence has demonstrated a high rate of return to running after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement at short-term follow-up. The midterm outcomes and rates of continued running of these patients are unknown. Purpose: To evaluate midterm rates of return to running and outcomes after hip arthroscopy. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Data were prospectively collected for patients who underwent hip preservation surgery between July 2008 and November 2011. Patients were excluded for preoperative Tönnis osteoarthritis grade ≥2, previous ipsilateral hip conditions or hip surgery, or workers’ compensation status. All patients who participated in mid- to long-distance running before their surgery and intended on returning after their operation were considered for inclusion. Preoperative and minimum 5-year postoperative measures for the following patient-reported outcome scores (PROs) were necessary for inclusion in the final cohort: the modified Harris Hip Score, Non-arthritic Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score–Sports Specific Subscale, and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. All patients were counseled about the risks of continued running after hip arthroscopy. Results: Sixty patients (62 hips) were eligible for inclusion, of which 50 (83.3%; 52 hips) had minimum 5-year follow-up. There were 10 male hips and 42 female hips. Mean ± SD age at surgery was 32.4 ± 12.4 years (range, 14.9-62.4), and mean body mass index was 22.9 ± 3.2 (range, 17.7-30.1). Latest follow-up was recorded at a mean 69.3 ± 8.5 months (range, 60.0-92.1 months). Level of competition included 39 recreational, 7 high school, 4 collegiate, and 2 professional athletes. There were significant improvements in all PROs and VAS scores preoperatively to latest follow-up. Mean modified Harris Hip Score improved from 67.5 to 88.2; mean Non-arthritic Hip Score, from 65.9 to 88.3; mean Hip Outcome Score–Sports Specific Subscale, from 49.5 to 81.0; and mean VAS, from 5.2 to 1.5. At latest follow-up, patient satisfaction was 8.4. Thirty-nine patients (78.0%, 41 hips) had returned to running postoperatively. When stratified by level of competition, 79% (31 of 39) of recreational, 100% (7 of 7) of high school, 50% (2 of 4) of collegiate, and 50% (1 of 2) of professional athletes returned to running. Conclusion: Hip arthroscopy for all levels of runners is associated with a significant increase in PROs and a low risk of complications. The rate of return to running is moderately high after hip arthroscopy at midterm follow-up. Hip arthroscopy may be considered for runners presenting with symptoms of femoroacetabular impingement that fail nonoperative treatments. Patients should be educated on the rate of return to running over time and the risks of continued running after hip arthroscopy.