bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'efficacité de la dissuasion des opérations d'initiés
Authors: Obidzinski Marie 
Published: June 2018

Cet article analyse la répression des opérations d'initiés dans le cadre de la théorie de la mise en œuvre publique du droit (Polinsky and Shavell, 2007). Il revient sur la justification de la répression des opérations d'initiés, puis s'interroge sur les modalités de la dissuasion. Il contribue ainsi au débat sur l'efficacité respective de la dissuasion des opérations d'initiés par une autorité administrative ou une juridiction pénale. Par ailleurs, il s'interroge sur l'intérêt de la communication autour des sanctions de l'autorité administrative. Cette communication peut renforcer le rôle dissuasif de la sanction via la stigmatisation, informer les acteurs du marché et modifier les croyances quant à la nocivité des opérations d'initiés. Cependant la stigmatisation est un outil à manier avec mesure et précaution de par les coûts sous-jacents en termes de désutilité du stigma, la nature aléatoire de ces coûts, l'augmentation du risque de récidive et son effet négatif sur la fiabilité des informations transmises par les condamnations si le standard de preuve utilisé est modéré (comme cela est généralement le cas pour les autorités administratives). Classification JEL : G14, G18, K14, K22, K42.
Les investisseurs de détail dans la législation européenne sur les valeurs mobilières : du principe de responsabilité de l'acheteur à la protection accrue des investisseurs
Authors: Gnoni Salvatore , Maijoor Steven , Vuarlot-Dignac Sophie 
Published: June 2018

Cet article passe en revue les dispositions de la législation européenne en matière de protection des investisseurs de détail dans le cadre de la prestation de services d'investissement. Au fil du temps, l'UE a considérablement renforcé la protection des investisseurs de détail. Le principe de responsabilité de l'acheteur ( caveat emptor ) a été délaissé au profit d'un important renforcement de la protection des investisseurs. Entrée en vigueur il y a peu, la directive MiFID II comporte des mesures intrusives telles que des exigences en matière de gouvernance des produits et des pouvoirs d'intervention sur les produits. La nature transfrontalière des marchés financiers de l'UE ajoute encore à la complexité de la protection des investisseurs et il a donc été nécessaire de doter l'AEMF de divers outils assurant la convergence de la surveillance au sein de l'UE. Dans ce contexte, les évaluations menées par l'AEMF ont révélé la persistance de divergences des pratiques nationales de surveillance au sein de l'UE et d'une manière générale un nombre assez limité de décisions de sanctions. Pour terminer, cet article traite brièvement du droit des contrats. Dans ce domaine, les progrès en matière de convergence réglementaire sont nettement moins significatifs et d'importantes divergences persistent au sein de l'UE, notamment en ce qui concerne les possibilités de réparation pour les investisseurs de détail en cas de préjudice. Classification JEL : K22, G28, G18.
La soutenabilité de la dette publique française 2017-2027 et la hausse des taux d'intérêt
Authors: Gruson Pierre 
Published: June 2018

Quels sont les efforts à engager pour s'assurer de la soutenabilité de la dette publique française à l'horizon 2027 ? La première partie analyse la dette publique française portée par des titres négociables sur les marchés, en termes d'encours, de maturité et de coupon moyen. L'examen de ces critères met en lumière les facteurs de sa sensibilité face à une hausse des taux d'intérêt. La seconde partie examine les tableaux de financement prévisionnels de l'État sur la période 2017-2027 et les conditions de son équilibre au travers de son endettement. Le recensement des titres de dettes permet d'identifier les besoins de financement à venir en fonction d'hypothèses sur le solde budgétaire primaire, la croissance et l'inflation. Les déficits annuels mis à jour génèrent de nouvelles émissions qui sont analysées en tenant compte des intérêts qui les accompagnent et alourdissent les conditions de l'équilibre financier. La simulation évalue les excédents budgétaires à réaliser pour assurer la soutenabilité de la dette dans les dix ans, selon que les taux sont stables ou en augmentation. Classification JEL : E43, E63, F34, G01, G18, H63, H68.
Université et pouvoir politique en Turquie
Authors: Seni Nora 
Published: June 2018

Cet article questionne les effets de l’au-toritarisme du régime présidentiel de Recep Tayyip Erdogan sur les universités turques, la répression des enseignants, la disparition des libertés de penser et de transmettre indispensables au fonctionnement de l’ensei-gnement supérieur. Il interroge également l’influence cruciale des savants juifs allemands qui, contraints de quitter leur établissement lors de la montée du nazisme, sont venus enseigner à Istanbul et Ankara, et ont contribué de manière décisive à la fondation de l’université en Turquie.
Vincennes et le département de géographie
Authors: Lacoste Yves 
Published: June 2018

L’université de Vincennes fut celle dont la création et le lieu d’implantation furent géopolitiques. Après les événements de 1968, il fallait réformer le système universitaire et rapidement construire un nouveau centre universitaire pour accueillir les étudiants du baby-boom. Dès ses débuts, « Vincennes » suscita, en France, de profondes et durables discordes entre universitaires. Ce que j’écris sur « Vincennes » ne porte que sur le département de géographie, et c’est là, de façon indépendante, qu’a pris forme huit ans plus tard, avec Béatrice Giblin, le projet d’ Hérodote , dans ce contexte de liberté d’enseignement et d’interdisciplinarité qui régnait à Vincennes. Le fait que je le dirige et que le secrétariat soit formé par un groupe d’anciens étudiants de Vincennes, dont Béatrice Giblin, suscita l’ironie de mes collègues professeurs à Vincennes. Hérodote a fait scandale dans la corporation des géographes, avant de devenir une revue de référence.
Agroécologie politique et nouvelle ruralité communautaire : quelles complémentarités ? L’expérience du Nicaragua
Authors: Metereau Renaud , Figuière Catherine 
Published: June 2018

L’agroécologie politique se présente à la fois comme un mouvement radical, une discipline et un ensemble de pratiques. Parallèlement, la ruralité fait l’objet d’un renouvellement théorique. Les deux perspectives révèlent un intérêt partagé pour les questions d’autonomie, de diversification et d’autosuffisance. À partir d’une étude de terrain au Nicaragua, nous soutenons que les apports de la « nouvelle ruralité communautaire » peuvent constituer un cadre compréhensif pertinent pour les formes observées de pratiques agroécologiques.
Les motivations des agriculteurs pluriactifs du Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Authors: Ceriani-Baillif Clarisse , Djouak Amar 
Published: June 2018

La pluriactivité est une stratégie agricole ancienne et longtemps dénigrée, qui concerne aujourd’hui de plus en plus d’agriculteurs. Cette étude s’intéresse aux motivations et aux attentes des pluriactifs de la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais et en propose une typologie. Nos résultats montrent que la pluriactivité est souvent une stratégie durable permettant d’accroître les revenus du ménage et de combiner des ambitions différentes. La préservation du patrimoine joue un rôle important et aboutit parfois à une pluriactivité « managériale » avec des exploitants qui interviennent peu dans la ferme. Lors de l’installation, beaucoup d’agriculteurs semblent envisager la pluriactivité de façon temporaire mais les motivations évoluent, pour beaucoup, vers une pluriactivité durable et satisfaisante.
L’Observatoire de la compétitivité durable (OCD), un instrument au service de l’émergence et de la diversification en Afrique
Authors: Plane Patrick 
Published: June 2018

La compétitivité est une obsession quel que soit le niveau de développement. Les pays africains sont particulièrement sensibles au phénomène du fait des exigences de diversification et des besoins qui naissent de la croissance démographie. La Fondation pour les études et recherches sur le développement international ( ferdi ) a mis en place un Observatoire de la compétitivité durable ( ocd ) qui couvre l’ensemble de l’Afrique sur trois dimensions : vulnérabilités, attractivité et compétitivité-prix. L’article présente cet observatoire et situe son intérêt en traitant du renouveau de la Côte d’Ivoire.
The impact of organizational factors on-business adoption: An empirical analysis
Authors: García-Moreno Marta , García Moreno Susana María , Nájera-Sanchez Juan Jose , De Pablos-Heredero Carmen 
Published: June 2018

Purpose: Provide empirical validation of the model developed by García Moreno et al. (2016) on the factors influencing the adoption of e-business in firms.Design/methodology/approach: Consideration is given to the method for measuring each one of the variables included in the model. Use has been made of the e-Business Watch database, which contains measures for the theoretical model’s three categories: firm, technology, and environment. Multinomial logistic regression models have been provided.Findings: The variables included have revealed significant statistical relationships for the model in question, although the intensity of the relationships differs. the variables related to the environment also reveal statistically significant relationships, whereby the attitude of trading partners appears to have a relevant and growing impact on e-business adoption.Research limitations/implications: Data come from just one database: the e-Business Watch database/enriched data from alternative databases could be included. Practical implications: The infrastructure of information and communications technologies (ICTs) is confirmed to be a determining factor in e-business development. Nevertheless, the effect of competitor rivalry has a more erratic influence that is encapsulated in a significant relationship in intermediate models, with a sharper increase in the likelihood of being in the category of customer-focused firms, and less internally focused.Social implications: The human capital linked to ICTs is a driving force behind the adoption of these practices. Albeit with a more moderate effect, note should also be taken of the capacity for entering into relationships with third parties within the scope of ICTs, with significant effects that become more robust as they are tested in models that seek to explain the probability of recording higher levels of e-business adoption. Originality/value: The article presents a first empirical analysis to apply the previous developed model published in this journal in 2016.
Macrophages Switch Their Phenotype by Regulating Maf Expression during Different Phases of Inflammation
Authors: Kikuchi Kenta , Iida Mayumi , Ikeda Naoki , Moriyama Shigetaka , Hamada Michito , Takahashi Satoru , Kitamura Hiroshi , Watanabe Takashi , Hasegawa Yoshinori , Hase Koji , Fukuhara Takeshi , Sato Hideyo , Kobayashi Eri H. , Suzuki Takafumi , Yamamoto Masayuki , Tanaka Masato , Asano Kenichi 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Macrophages manifest distinct phenotype according to the organs in which they reside. In addition, they flexibly switch their character in adaptation to the changing environment. However, the molecular basis that explains the conversion of the macrophage phenotype has so far been unexplored. We find that CD169+ macrophages change their phenotype by regulating the level of a transcription factor Maf both in vitro and in vivo in C57BL/6J mice. When CD169+ macrophages were exposed to bacterial components, they expressed an array of acute inflammatory response genes in Maf-dependent manner and simultaneously start to downregulate Maf. This Maf suppression is dependent on accelerated degradation through proteasome pathway and microRNA-mediated silencing. The downregulation of Maf unlocks the NF-E2–related factor 2–dominant, cytoprotective/antioxidative program in the same macrophages. The present study provides new insights into the previously unanswered question of how macrophages initiate proinflammatory responses while retaining their capacity to repair injured tissues during inflammation.
Maximizing ozone signals among chemical, meteorological, and climatological variability
Authors: Brown-Steiner Benjamin , Selin Noelle E. , Prinn Ronald G. , Monier Erwan , Tilmes Simone , Emmons Louisa , Garcia-Menendez Fernando 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The detection of meteorological, chemical, or other signals in modeled or
observed air quality data – such as an estimate of a temporal trend in
surface ozone data, or an estimate of the mean ozone of a particular region
during a particular season – is a critical component of modern atmospheric
chemistry. However, the magnitude of a surface air quality signal is
generally small compared to the magnitude of the underlying chemical,
meteorological, and climatological variabilities (and their interactions)
that exist both in space and in time, and which include variability in
emissions and surface processes. This can present difficulties for both
policymakers and researchers as they attempt to identify the influence or
signal of climate trends (e.g., any pauses in warming trends), the impact
of enacted emission reductions policies (e.g., United States
NOx State Implementation Plans), or an estimate of the mean
state of highly variable data (e.g., summertime ozone over the northeastern
United States). Here we examine the scale dependence of the variability of
simulated and observed surface ozone data within the United States and the
likelihood that a particular choice of temporal or spatial averaging scales
produce a misleading estimate of a particular ozone signal. Our main
objective is to develop strategies that reduce the likelihood of
overconfidence in simulated ozone estimates. We find that while increasing
the extent of both temporal and spatial averaging can enhance signal
detection capabilities by reducing the noise from variability, a
strategic combination of particular temporal and spatial averaging scales can
maximize signal detection capabilities over much of the continental US. For
signals that are large compared to the meteorological variability (e.g.,
strong emissions reductions), shorter averaging periods and smaller spatial
averaging regions may be sufficient, but for many signals that are smaller
than or comparable in magnitude to the underlying meteorological variability,
we recommend temporal averaging of 10–15 years combined with some level of
spatial averaging (up to several hundred kilometers). If this level of
averaging is not practical (e.g., the signal being examined is at a local
scale), we recommend some exploration of the spatial and temporal variability
to provide context and confidence in the robustness of the result. These
results are consistent between simulated and observed data, as well as within a
single model with different sets of parameters. The strategies selected in
this study are not limited to surface ozone data and could potentially
maximize signal detection capabilities within a broad array of climate and
chemical observations or model output.
High-molecular-weight esters in α-pinene ozonolysis secondary organic aerosol: structural characterization and mechanistic proposal for their formation from highly oxygenated molecules
Authors: Kahnt Ariane , Vermeylen Reinhilde , Iinuma Yoshiteru , Safi Shalamzari Mohammad , Maenhaut Willy , Claeys Magda 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Stable high-molecular-weight esters are present in α-pinene ozonolysis
secondary organic aerosol (SOA) with the two most abundant ones corresponding
to a hydroxypinonyl ester of cis-pinic acid with a molecular
weight (MW) of 368 (C19H28O7) and a diaterpenylic ester of
cis-pinic acid with a MW of 358 (C17H26O8). However,
their molecular structures are not completely elucidated and their
relationship with highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) in the gas phase is
still unclear. In this study, liquid chromatography in combination with
positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been performed on
high-molecular-weight esters present in α-pinene ozonolysis SOA with
and without derivatization into methyl esters. Unambiguous evidence could be
obtained for the molecular structure of the MW 368 ester in that it
corresponds to an ester of cis-pinic acid where the carboxyl
substituent of the dimethylcyclobutane ring and not the methylcarboxyl
substituent is esterified with 7-hydroxypinonic acid. The same linkage was
already proposed in previous work for the MW 358 ester (Yasmeen et al.,
2010), but could be supported in the present study. Guided by the molecular
structures of these stable esters, we propose a formation mechanism from
gas-phase HOMs that takes into account the formation of an unstable
C19H28O11 product, which is detected as a major species in
α-pinene ozonolysis experiments as well as in the pristine forest
atmosphere by chemical ionization–atmospheric pressure ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry with nitrate clustering (Ehn et al., 2012,
2014). It is suggested that an acyl peroxy radical related to
cis-pinic acid (RO2⚫) and an alkoxy radical related to
7- or 5-hydroxypinonic acid (R′O⚫) serve as key gas-phase radicals
and combine according to a
RO2 + R′O⚫ → RO3R′ radical
termination reaction. Subsequently, the unstable C19H28O11
HOM species decompose through the loss of oxygen or ketene from the inner
part containing a labile trioxide function and the conversion of the unstable
acyl hydroperoxide groups to carboxyl groups, resulting in stable esters with
a molecular composition of C19H28O7 (MW 368) and
C17H26O8 (MW 358), respectively. The proposed mechanism is
supported by several observations reported in the literature. On the basis of
the indirect evidence presented in this study, we hypothesize that
RO2 + R′O⚫ → RO3R′ chemistry is at
the underlying molecular basis of high-molecular-weight ester formation upon
α-pinene ozonolysis and may thus be of importance for new particle
formation and growth in pristine forested environments.
The glacial isostatic adjustment signal at present day in northern Europe and the British Isles estimated from geodetic observations and geophysical models
Authors: Simon Karen M. , Riva Riccardo E. M. , Kleinherenbrink Marcel , Frederikse Thomas 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) signal at present day is constrained via the joint inversion of geodetic observations and GIA models for a region encompassing northern Europe, the British Isles, and the Barents Sea. The constraining data are Global Positioning System (GPS) vertical crustal velocities and GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) gravity data. When the data are inverted with a set of GIA models, the best-fit model for the vertical motion signal has a χ2 value of approximately 1 and a maximum a posteriori uncertainty of 0.3–0.4 mm yr−1. An elastic correction is applied to the vertical land motion rates that accounts for present-day changes to terrestrial hydrology as well as recent mass changes of ice sheets and glaciered regions. Throughout the study area, mass losses from Greenland dominate the elastic vertical signal and combine to give an elastic correction of up to +0.5 mm yr−1 in central Scandinavia. Neglecting to use an elastic correction may thus introduce a small but persistent bias in model predictions of GIA vertical motion even in central Scandinavia where vertical motion is dominated by GIA due to past glaciations. The predicted gravity signal is generally less well-constrained than the vertical signal, in part due to uncertainties associated with the correction for contemporary ice mass loss in Svalbard and the Russian Arctic. The GRACE-derived gravity trend is corrected for present-day ice mass loss using estimates derived from the ICESat and CryoSat missions, although a difference in magnitude between GRACE-inferred and altimetry-inferred regional mass loss rates suggests the possibility of a non-negligible GIA response here either from millennial-scale or Little Ice Age GIA.
Bathymetric controls on calving processes at Pine Island Glacier
Authors: Arndt Jan Erik , Larter Robert D. , Friedl Peter , Gohl Karsten , Höppner Kathrin ,   the Science Team of Expedition PS104
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Pine Island Glacier is the largest current Antarctic contributor to sea-level
rise. Its ice loss has substantially increased over the last 25 years through
thinning, acceleration and grounding line retreat. However, the calving line
positions of the stabilising ice shelf did not show any trend within the
observational record (last 70 years) until calving in 2015 led to
unprecedented retreat and changed the alignment of the calving front.
Bathymetric surveying revealed a ridge below the former ice shelf and two
shallower highs to the north. Satellite imagery shows that ice contact on the
ridge was likely lost in 2006 but was followed by intermittent contact
resulting in back stress fluctuations on the ice shelf. Continuing ice-shelf
flow also led to occasional ice-shelf contact with the northern bathymetric
highs, which initiated rift formation that led to calving. The observations
show that bathymetry is an important factor in initiating calving events.
GENETIC EVALUATION OF SEED GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDLINGS IN Ormosia excelsa Benth
Authors: Tomaz Jennifer Souza , Lopes Maria Teresa Gomes , Valente Mágno Sávio Ferreira , Lima Júnior Manuel De Jesus Vieira , Muniz Graciela Inês Bolzón de , Rosado Sulianne Idalior Paião 
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of Ormosia excelsa seeds based on germination traits, at different temperatures, in order to facilitate the selection of superior varieties of seeds for producing seedlings. Twenty six progenies collected in the municipality of Autazes (state of Amazonas, Brazil) were evaluated. The experiment was completely randomized, with four replications and 25 seeds per plot, totaling 100 seeds per progeny. The germination rate, mean germination time and the synchronization and speed germination indexes were determined at the temperatures of 30 and 35 °C. Seedling development was also evaluated under nursery conditions. The progenies of O. excelsa showed significant genetic variability for all traits. Both temperatures proved to be effective in producing germination close to 87%. Germination began between 1 and 4 days after sowing. However, for greater efficiency in the selection of superior progenies, each environment should be considered individually. The high heritability values obtained (> 65%) and the high genetic correlation favorable for selection, among all traits, resulted in significant gains according to the selection process used. Our results indicated that determining superior progenies for height and number of leaves was possible based on a single evaluation. The fact that 100% of seedlings planted in the field survived promotes a promising outlook to set up commercial nurseries for the species.