bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Building Robust Traffic Networks in Advanced Energy Storage Devices: A Focus on Composite Electrodes
Authors: Wang Yu , Fu Xuewei , Zheng Min , Zhong Wei‐Hong , Cao Guozhong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe charge transport system in an energy storage device (ESD) fundamentally controls the electrochemical performance and device safety. As the skeleton of the charge transport system, the “traffic” networks connecting the active materials are primary structural factors controlling the transport of ions/electrons. However, with the development of ESDs, it becomes very critical but challenging to build traffic networks with rational structures and mechanical robustness, which can support high energy density, fast charging and discharging capability, cycle stability, safety, and even device flexibility. This is especially true for ESDs with high‐capacity active materials (e.g., sulfur and silicon), which show notable volume change during cycling. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cost‐effective strategies to realize robust transport networks, and an in‐depth understanding of the roles of their structures and properties in device performance. To address this urgent need, the primary strategies reported recently are summarized here into three categories according to their controllability over ion‐transport networks, electron‐transport networks, or both of them. More specifically, the significant studies on active materials, binders, electrode designs based on various templates, pore additives, etc., are introduced accordingly. Finally, significant challenges and opportunities for building robust charge transport system in next‐generation energy storage devices are discussed.
A High Current Density Direct‐Current Generator Based on a Moving van der Waals Schottky Diode
Authors: Lin Shisheng , Lu Yanghua , Feng Sirui , Hao Zhenzhen , Yan Yanfei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTraditionally, Schottky diodes are used statically in the electronic information industry while dynamic or moving Schottky diode–based applications are rarely explored. Herein, a novel Schottky diode named “moving Schottky diode generator” is designed, which can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by means of lateral movement between the graphene/metal film and semiconductor. The mechanism is based on the built‐in electric field separation of the diffusing carriers in moving Schottky diode. A current‐density output up of 40.0 A m−2 is achieved through minimizing the contact distance between metal and semiconductor, which is 100–1000 times higher than former piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators. The power density and power conversion efficiency of the heterostructure‐based generator can reach 5.25 W m−2 and 20.8%, which can be further enhanced by Schottky junction interface design. Moreover, the graphene film/semiconductor moving Schottky diode–based generator behaves better flexibility and stability, which does not show obvious degradation after 10 000 times of running, indicating its great potential in the usage of portable energy source. This moving Schottky diode direct‐current generator can light up a blue light‐emitting diode and a flexible graphene wristband is demonstrated for wearable energy source.
Ultrasmall MoOx Clusters as a Novel Cocatalyst for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Huabin , Zhang Peng , Qiu Mei , Dong Juncai , Zhang Yongfan , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTo enhance the performance of semiconductor photocatalysts, cocatalysts are used to accelerate surface reactions. Herein, ultrasmall molybdenum–oxygen (MoOx) clusters are developed as a novel non‐noble cocatalyst, which significantly promotes the photocatalytic hydrogen generation rate of CdS nanowires (NWs). As indicated by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis, direct bonds are formed between CdS NWs and MoOx clusters, which guarantee the migration of photo‐generated charge carriers. Moreover, the MoOx clusters induce deep electron trap states owing to the unique atomic arrangement and configuration with the generation of long‐lived electrons to enhance the activity. These findings may guide the design of efficient cocatalytic materials for solar water splitting and open a new avenue toward practical applications of ultrasmall clusters.
Broadband Extrinsic Self‐Trapped Exciton Emission in Sn‐Doped 2D Lead‐Halide Perovskites
Authors: Yu Jiancan , Kong Jintao , Hao Wei , Guo Xintong , He Huajun , Leow Wan Ru , Liu Zhiyuan , Cai Pingqiang , Qian Guodong , Li Shuzhou , Chen Xueyuan , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAs emerging efficient emitters, metal‐halide perovskites offer the intriguing potential to the low‐cost light emitting devices. However, semiconductors generally suffer from severe luminescence quenching due to insufficient confinement of excitons (bound electron–hole pairs). Here, Sn‐triggered extrinsic self‐trapping of excitons in bulk 2D perovskite crystal, PEA2PbI4 (PEA = phenylethylammonium), is reported, where exciton self‐trapping never occurs in its pure state. By creating local potential wells, isoelectronic Sn dopants initiate the localization of excitons, which would further induce the large lattice deformation around the impurities to accommodate the self‐trapped excitons. With such self‐trapped states, the Sn‐doped perovskites generate broadband red‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) emission at room temperature due to strong exciton–phonon coupling, with a remarkable quantum yield increase from 0.7% to 6.0% (8.6 folds), reaching 42.3% under a 100 mW cm−2 excitation by extrapolation. The quantum yield enhancement stems from substantial higher thermal quench activation energy of self‐trapped excitons than that of free excitons (120 vs 35 meV). It is further revealed that the fast exciton diffusion involves in the initial energy transfer step by transient absorption spectroscopy. This dopant‐induced extrinsic exciton self‐trapping approach paves the way for extending the spectral range of perovskite emitters, and may find emerging application in efficient supercontinuum sources.
Experimental Observation of Toroidal Dipole Modes in All‐Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Xu Su , Sayanskiy Andrey , Kupriianov Anton S. , Tuz Vladimir R. , Kapitanova Polina , Sun Hong‐Bo , Han Wei , Kivshar Yuri S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe study of toroidal dipole modes has attracted a growing attention due to the specific properties of the toroidal electromagnetic response which differs from more familiar electric and magnetic dipole modes. Herein, toroidal dipole modes generated by metasurfaces composed of trimer clusters of high‐index dielectric particles are observed. Both far‐field transmission measurements and direct near‐field mapping of the electromagnetic fields are performed in microwave experiments, and two distinct types of the toroidal dipole modes are observed in a single geometry of the metasurface design, where the toroidal modes are generated either inside of the three‐particle clusters (the so‐called intra‐cluster toroidal modes) or between the neighboring particles in the clusters (inter‐cluster toroidal modes). A transient response of the toroidal dipole modes excited by a pulse is studied in detail. Since the metasurface is composed of simple dielectric disks without the use of any metallic components, the proposed design can be feasibly scalable to both micro‐ and nanometer‐size dielectric structures, and it can be employed in the flat‐optics platform for realizing the beams shaping and efficient light–matter interaction for multiple hotspot energy localization, nonlinear frequency conversion, and highly efficient trapping of light.
Poly(Ionic Liquid) Nanoparticles Selectively Disrupt Biomembranes
Authors: Ewins Eleanor , Lira Rafael B. , Zhang Weiyi , Yuan Jiayin , Antonietti Markus , Robinson Tom , Dimova Rumiana 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPolymer‐based nanoparticles have an increasing presence in research due to their attractive properties, such as flexible surface functionality design and the ability to scale up production. Poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) nanoparticles of size below 50 nm are very unique in terms of their high charge density and internal onion‐like morphology. The interaction between PIL nanoparticles and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of various surface charge densities is investigated. GUVs represent a convenient model system as they mimic the size and curvature of plasma membranes, while simultaneously offering direct visualization of the membrane response under the microscope. Incubating PIL nanoparticles with GUVs results in poration of the lipid membrane in a concentration‐ and charge‐dependent manner. A critical poration concentration of PILs is located and the interactions are found to be analogous to those of antimicrobial peptides. Microbial mimetic membranes are already affected at submicromolar PIL concentrations where contrast loss is observed due to sugar exchange across the membrane, while at high concentrations the collapse of vesicles is observed. Finally, a confocal microscopy–based approach assessing the particle permeation through the membrane is reported and a mechanism based on bilayer frustration and pore stabilization via particle integration in the membrane is proposed.
Nucleation‐Limited Ferroelectric Orthorhombic Phase Formation in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Thin Films
Authors: Lee Young Hwan , Hyun Seung Dam , Kim Hae Jin , Kim Jun Shik , Yoo Chanyoung , Moon Taehwan , Kim Keum Do , Park Hyeon Woo , Lee Yong Bin , Kim Baek Su , Roh Jangho , Park Min Hyuk , Hwang Cheol Seong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractVarious possibilities have been proposed as the cause of the doped‐ or undoped‐HfO2 thin film materials showing unusual ferroelectricity. These assumptions are based on empirical results, yet finding the origin of the unprecedented ferroelectricity within HfO2 has suffered from a serious gap between its theoretical calculation, mostly based on thermodynamic approach and the actual experimental results. To fill the gap, this study proposes to consider the kinetic energy, providing the evidence of the kinetic energy barrier upon a phase transformation from the tetragonal phase to the monoclinic phase affected by the TiN top electrode (capping layer). 10 nm thick Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films are deposited and annealed with or without the TiN capping layer with subsequent annealing at different time and temperature. Arrhenius plot is constructed to obtain the activation energy for the tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic phase transformation by calculating the amount of the transformed phase using X‐ray diffraction pattern. Johnson–Mehl–Avrami and nucleation‐limited transformation models are utilized to describe the characteristic nucleation and growth time and calculate the activation energy for the monoclinic phase transformation of the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin film. Both models demonstrate that the TiN capping layer provides a kinetic energy barrier for tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic phase transformation and enhances the ferroelectric property.
Enrichment of pathogenic variants in genes associated with inborn errors of metabolism in psychiatric populations
Authors: Sriretnakumar Venuja , Harripaul Ricardo , Vincent John B. , Kennedy James L. , So Joyce 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMany genetic conditions can mimic mental health disorders, with psychiatric symptoms that are difficult to treat with standard psychotropic medications. This study tests the hypothesis that psychiatric populations are enriched for pathogenic variants associated with selected inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). Using next‐generation sequencing, 2046 psychiatric patients were screened for pathogenic variants in genes associated with four IEMs, Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC), Wilson disease (WD), homocystinuria (HOM), and acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Among the 2046 cases, carrier rates of 0.83, 0.98, and 0.20%, for NPC, WD and HOM, and affected rates of 0.10 and 0.24% for NPC and AIP were seen, respectively. An enrichment of known and predicted pathogenic variants in the genes associated with NPC and AIP was found in the psychiatric cohort and especially in schizophrenia patients. The results of this study support that pathogenic variants in genes associated with IEMs are enriched in psychiatric populations. Underlying undiagnosed IEMs could account for the psychiatric symptomatology in a subset of psychiatric patients. Further studies are warranted to investigate the possibility that carriers for IEMs may have an increased risk for psychiatric disorders, particularly in the context of poor treatment response.
MnO2/Cr2O3/PANI nanocomposites prepared by in situ oxidation polymerization method: Optical and electrical behaviors
Authors: Mohammad Shafiee Mohammad Reza , Sattari Ahmad , Kargar Mahboubeh , Ghashang Majid 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTMetal oxide–polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite with spherical morphologies were prepared in a one‐pot oxidation–reduction method via various salts as reactive oxidants. Aniline monomers polymerize as a shell on the surface of one‐pot prepared metal oxides, when the aqueous solutions of aniline, a free‐radical oxidant, and/or a metallic salt were exposed together. The particle size and morphology of as‐prepared narrowly dispersed PANI nanocomposites were revealed by field emission scanning electron microscope images. Fourier transform infrared spectra of nanocomposites indicate that the PANI exists in the emeraldine form. The ultraviolet–visible analysis not only shows PANI is in the emeraldine form, but also indicates modified optical properties of PANI in the composite form. The hypsochromic shift of the n–π* and polaron transitions of PANI reveals the incorporation of PANI by metal oxides. The direct current (dc) electrical conductivity (σ) of as‐prepared nanocomposites was measured by a four‐probe method in the room temperature. Compared to PANI nanoparticles, the electrical conductivity of the composites increased with the presence of metal oxides in the nanocomposites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47219.
Dewetting and photochemical crosslinking of adhesive pads onto lithographically patterned surfaces
Authors: Samyn Pieter , Biesalski Markus , Prucker Oswald , Rühe Jürgen 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThe design of structured adhesive interfaces can be realized by dewetting of a liquid adhesive onto substrates with hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains followed by photochemical crosslinking. The latter allows the creation of well‐defined arrays of confined adhesive pads with a controlled geometry. In a first step, the surfaces are covered by a hydrophobic film and lithographically patterned through a mask with an array of spots with diameter of 2 mm. The adhesive can consequently be locally deposited by a dosing syringe and remains confined within the hydrophilic spots. By defining the volume of the adhesive droplets, the contact angle and height of the adhesive pads are controlled through pinning at the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface, which prevents further spreading. Alternatively, the dip coating and spontaneous dewetting of liquid adhesive over the patterned surface provide a continuous fabrication method for adhesive pad arrays. In a second step, the geometry of the deposited adhesive pads is stabilized by partial crosslinking during different times under UV light. Finally, an adhesive joint is created by applying the counterface followed by full cross‐linking. The adhesive strength and mechanical performance are further optimized by considering different crosslinking times and pattern designs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47321.
Reinforcement of wood flour/HDPE composite with a copolyester of p‐hydroxy benzoic acid and 2‐hydroxy‐6‐naphthoic acid
Authors: Hao Xiaolong , Zhou Haiyang , Wang Qingwen , Wang Haigang , Song Yongming , Xie Yanjun 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTVarious contents of copolyester of p‐hydroxy benzoic acid and 2‐hydroxy‐6‐naphthoic acid (HBA/HNA) were compounded with high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The reinforcing effect on the properties of the resulting wood/HDPE composites was determined. The results showed that incorporating HBA/HNA copolyester led to an increase by 340 and 30% in the impact strength of blends and composites, respectively. Improved toughness was also evidenced by the rough impact fractured surface observed by scanning electron microscope. HBA/HNA copolyester had a positive effect on both tensile and flexural properties in blends and composites. The presence of HBA/HNA copolyester enhanced the crystallization and melting temperature, though it did not change the crystal structure of the blends or composites. The dynamic mechanical property conformed with static property. These findings demonstrated that the incorporation of low amounts of HBA/HNA copolyester can substantially reinforce the wood flour/HDPE composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47338.
Synthesis, structure, and physical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)‐block‐poly(caprolactone) copolymers
Authors: Paszkiewicz Sandra , Szymczyk Anna , Irska Izabela , Pawlikowska Daria , Piesowicz Elżbieta 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThe series of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)‐block‐PCLT (PTT‐block‐PCLT) copolymers with different contents of PTT as rigid, and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) as flexible segments have been synthesized from dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), 1,3‐bio‐propanediol, and PCL diol) in a two‐step process involving transesterification and polycondensation in the melt. The weight amount of flexible PCLT segments varied from 0 (homopolymer PTT), 25, 35 to 45%. The molecular structure of the synthesized copolymers was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. According to Hoy's method, one confirmed that PTT and PCL are likely miscible, as the difference of the solubility parameters of PTT and PCL block pairs, equals to 3.15 MPa1/2. Moreover, the phase structure and mutual miscibility for the series of PTT‐block‐PCLT copolymers was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements. In copolymers with 35 and 45 wt % of flexible segments, the crystalline phase is formed during annealing above glass‐transition temperature of copolymer. These copolymers during cooling at the standard rate do not crystallize. It was also found that incorporation of PCLT flexible segments, due to the macrophase separated structure, cause the decrease of the melting point and glass‐transition temperature, along with the tensile modulus and tensile strength of PTT‐block‐PCLT copolymers, and at the same time cause an increase in the value of the elongation at break. As a result of copolymerization of PTT with PCLT, one obtained multiblock copolymers with a heterophase structure. By changing the PTT/PCLT ratio, one obtained copolymers that differ in hardness and tensile strength. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47341.
Preparation of a modified crosslinked chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol blended affinity membrane for purification of His‐tagged protein
Authors: Zeng Rong , Jin Bu‐Kun , Yang Zhong‐Hua , Guan Rong , Quan Can 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTBased on a crosslinked chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix membrane, an immobilized metal ion affinity membrane (IMAM) using Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions as affinity ligands was prepared for purification of the His‐tagged recombinant protein. The affinity membrane possessed a favorable membrane structure including 1.39 μm average pore size and 0.33 mL·cm−2·s−1 water flux under 0.08 MPa pressure at 25 °C. The Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions capacities immobilized on the IMAM were 155.6 and 137.3 μmol·disk−1, respectively. The IMAM had an excellent specific affinity to His‐tagged protein. About 10‐fold purification factor for the model protein was obtained in a batch adsorption, and serine hydroxymethyl transferase could be purified to a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis from its crude extract solution with an affinity membrane cartridge by a dynamic purification process. This work provides a promising IMAM for the purification of His‐tagged recombinant proteins. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47347.
Anisotropic films photopolymerized from aligned cross‐linkable gemini ammonium liquid crystals for ion conduction
Authors: Wang Caihong , Cao Siyu , Li Peiqi , Tan Shuai , Wu Yong 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTCross‐linkable gemini ionic liquid crystals are prepared by jacketing the diammonium moiety between two biphenyl benzoate mesogens. Anisotropic films are obtained by photopolymerization of the macroscopically aligned gemini ionic liquid crystals for ion conduction. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurements indicate that the monolayer nanostructure is formed in the films and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations reveal that the smectic layers are perpendicular to the film surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterization shows that the films exhibit strong anisotropy in ion conduction. The ion conduction across the film is enhanced while that within the plane of the film is impeded. The ionic conductivity in vertical direction of the film reaches up to 10−3 cm S−1 at 180 °C and the measured anisotropy (ratio of the measured conductivities in vertical direction of the film versus in parallel to the film) is 100–350. The photopolymerization of the cross‐linkable gemini ammonium liquid crystals offers excellent potential for the development of solid electrolytes for electrochemical devices. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47349.
Bayesian Fault Probability Estimation: Application in Wind Turbine Drivetrain Sensor Fault Detection
Authors: Habibi Hamed , Howard Ian , Habibi Reza 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the extension of the Bayesian framework for sensor fault detection of nonlinear systems proposed in [25] is studied utilizing particle filtering and the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm, in which the fault probability is calculated. The proposed algorithm is implemented on a wind turbine benchmark model to detect drivetrain sensor faults, which are one of the most addressed and likely faults in offshore wind turbines. The fault probability estimation effectively eliminates the need for installing identical redundant sensors. Indeed, because of the use of the unknown wind speed estimator, the residual signal, constructed based on the drivetrain estimated states, is not able to clearly signify the fault periods, a situation in which the fault probability accurately does this task. Also, using the proposed algorithm, the fault size for each sensor is estimated via a one‐step calculation, which decreases the complexity of this algorithm. The fault identification is performed using the recursive least square method and two other modifications, including exponentially weighted and windowed estimates. Additionally, in the fault accommodation step, the concept of a virtual sensor is used to remove the need for reconfiguring the current controller, which reduces complexity and expense. In the simulation section, using a real measured wind speed for two different fault scenarios, the proposed algorithm is evaluated and finally, conclusions are stated.