bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public and Professional Responses to the Visual Effects of Timber Harvesting: Different Ways of Seeing
Authors: Bradley Gordon A. , Kearney Anne R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study examines preferences and differences in preference among forest professionals and other forest stakeholders. Specifically, the study explores the underlying dimensions of preference and the stated rationale behind those preferences. Preferences were assessed for six different silvicultural treatments, including clearcutting, two-age cut, patch cut, group selection, commercial thin, and an unmodified control stand. Study participants were selected from six stakeholder groups: forest professionals, urban public, rural public, recreationists, environmentalists, and educators (n=210). Results show that people's preferences tend to follow the same general trend across all groups, with higher preference for less intense harvests. Foresters tended to show significantly greater preference than most other groups for treatments where tree removal left moderate to large openings; this difference was most striking with respect to clearcuts. Analysis of people's stated rationale behind the preference ratings suggests that differences in preference are a function of differences in how people interpret the scene. Foresters were more likely to see the management depicted in a scene and to interpret these signs of management in a favorable light; other groups were more likely to respond to the aesthetics of the scene or to processes perceived to be damaging to the landscape. Implications for these differences in preference and perception are discussed.
Repellency and Toxicity of Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by the Host Monoterpene Myrcene
Authors: Shirley Brian M. , Cook Stephen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seed orchards produce high-quality seed from selected tree genotypes. In the intermountain west, Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is a pest in seed orchards of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa (Laws). The effect of myrcene as a deterrent to coneattack by C. ponderosae in a ponderosa pine seed orchard was examined. Two factors were considered, timing of cone cluster attack and average brood production per cone cluster. There was a delayed attack by C. ponderosae on cones treated with vials of myrcene attached at thebase of cone clusters. During both 2003 and 2004, final brood production per cone was not affected significantly by the presence of myrcene. During 2003, brood production was influenced by the timing of attack, with later attacks resulting in fewer brood adults per cone cluster. The toxicity of myrcene to adult C. ponderosae was examined in a laboratory and compared with that of (+)-α-pinene, another host-produced monoterpene that acts as a synergist for the male attractant pheromone pityol.
Vertical Measurement Accuracy of Mapping-Grade Global Positioning Systems Receivers in Three Forest Settings
Authors: Wing Michael G. , Eklund Aaron 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Elevation or height differences are necessary measurements for many forest operation activities. We rigorously examined the vertical measurement performance of five mapping-grade GPS receivers in three forest settings representing open-sky,young-forest, and closed-canopy conditions. The mapping-grade GPS receivers collected data simultaneously at each of the three forest settings and had different hardware and data-collection configurations, including internal and external antennas, and real-time differential corrections. We evaluated the influence of forest setting and postprocessed differential corrections on all GPS receiver measurements, including those that were collected with real-time differential corrections. We also compared the effect of 1-, 30-, and 60-point averaging intervals on vertical measurement accuracy. We found average vertical accuracies for unprocessed GPS receiver measurements of 0.9, 1.7, and 2.8 m in the open-sky, young-forest, and closed-canopy settings, respectively. The influence of data postprocessing was inconsistent under closed canopy and resulted in average vertical GPS accuracies of 0.2, 0.4, 3.3 m in open-canopy, young-forest, and closed-canopy settings, respectively. Different point averaging intervals did not result in statistically significant differences in vertical accuracies for either unprocessed or postprocessed GPS data.
Estimating the Avoided Fuel-Treatment Costs of Wildfire
Authors: Donovan Geoffrey H. , Brown Thomas C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although the importance of wildfire to fire-adapted ecosystems is widely recognized, wildfire management has historically placed less emphasis on the beneficial effects of wildfire. We estimate the avoided fuel treatment cost for 10 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands on the Umatilla National Forest in the Pacific Northwest. Results show that fires in stands that show the greatest divergence from the archetypical ponderosa pine stand structure (large trees in an open, parklike stand) tend to have higher avoided costs. This is a reflection of the higher cost of fuel treatments in these stands: treatments designed to restore a stand to a desired condition are normally more expensive than treatments to maintain a stand in a desired condition.
Survival and Growth of Planted Yellow-Cedar Seedlings and Rooted Cuttings (Stecklings) near Ketchikan, Alaska
Authors: Hennon Paul E. , McClellan Michael H. , Spores Sheila R. , Orlikowska Ewa H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The survival and growth of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) seedlings and rooted cuttings (stecklings) were monitored for 6 years after planting at three sites near Ketchikan in southeast Alaska to determine whether stecklings could serve as a suitable planting stock. Survival for both seedlings and stecklings was >85% at the three sites. Survival, final diameter, and final height differed by site but not by the use or absence of Vexar as protection from browsing by Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis). Vexar produced a lower rate of browsing but contributed to form problems (especially leaving trees leaning and prostrate on the ground). Seedlings had significantly greater diameters than stecklings even though they experienced a higher rate of browsing at one site. Differences in diameter and height likely were due to genetic variation rather than seedling or steckling stock type. Stecklings appear to be a suitable source of planting stock; when used for large-scale reforestation efforts, genetic considerations are essential. Planting recommendations for maximizing yellow-cedar establishment during regeneration are given.
Incorporation of Genetic Gain into Growth Projections of Douglas-Fir Using ORGANON and the Forest Vegetation Simulator
Authors: Gould Peter J. , Marshall David D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth models for coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) are generally based on measurements of stands that are genetically unimproved (or woods-run); therefore, they cannot be expected to accurately project the development of stands that originate from improved seedlots. In this report, we demonstrate how early expected gain and genetic-gain multipliers can be incorporated into growth projection, and we also summarize projected volume gains and other aspects of stand development under different levels of genetic gain, site productivity, and initial planting density. Representative tree lists that included three levels of productivity (site index = 100, 125, and 150 ft; base = 50 years)and three initial planting densities (302, 435, and 602 trees/ac) were projected from ages 10 to 60 years under three scenarios using two regional growth models (Stand Management Cooperative version of ORGANON and the Pacific Northwest variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator). The two models projected similar percentage volume gains for improved seedlots. Seedlots with a genetic worth (GW) of 5% for height and diameter growth were projected to have volume gains of 3.3–5.8% over woods-run stands at 40 years and 2.1–3.2% at 60 years. Volume gains were projected to approximately double when GW was increased from 5 to 10%.
Density and Size of Snags, Tree Cavities, and Spruce Rust Brooms in Alaska Boreal Forest
Authors: Paragi Thomas F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To forecast the potential effects of forest management on wildlife habitat, I surveyed late-seral features in boreal forest near Fairbanks, Alaska. I sampled 75 randomly selected plots stratified among nine stand types to count and recorded physical characteristics of snags, cavitytrees, and Picea spp. trees with rust brooms. Snag density differed among some stand types (range, x = 10–72/ha) and increasedwith mean age of stand type, whereas cavity density (2–17/ha) and broom density (3–46/ha) showed no trend with stand age. Only 15% of 199 cavity openings were large enough (>50 cm2) and had a shape (width:height ratio, 0.5–1.5) that made them likely to besuitable for use by larger birds or arboreal mammals. The oldest and most valuable stand type for timber harvest (Picea glauca >23 cm dbh) often had trees with larger cavity openings and larger broom volumes than treesin other types. I recommend retention of rare specimens of late-seral features, considerations for feature recruitment in managed forests, and further documentation of wildlife use and associated fitness.
Does Raking Basal Duff Affect Tree Growth Rates or Mortality?
Authors: Noonan-Wright Erin , Hood Sharon M. , Cluck Danny R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mortality and reduced growth rates due to raking accumulated basal duff were evaluated for old, large-diameter ponderosa and Jeffrey pine trees on the Lassen National Forest, California. No fire treatments were included to isolate the effect of raking from fire. Trees were monitored annually for 5 years after the raking treatment for mortality and then cored to measure basal area increment. Results showed that raking basal duff and litter to mineral soil from the bole out to 60 cm had no effect on basal area increment or mortality for 5 years posttreatment. Results are pertinent to managers who question whether raking basal duff will decrease tree vigor or increase tree mortality of large and old ponderosa and Jeffrey pine trees in northern California.
Estimating Aboveground Biomass for Broadleaf Woody Plants and Young Conifers in Sierra Nevada, California, Forests
Authors: McGinnis Thomas W. , Shook Christine D. , Keeley Jon E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Quantification of biomass is fundamental to a wide range of research and natural resource management goals. An accurate estimation of plant biomass is essential to predict potential fire behavior, calculate carbon sequestration for global climate change research, assess critical wildlife habitat, and so forth. Reliable allometric equations from simple field measurements are necessary for efficient evaluation of plant biomass. However, allometric equations are not available for many common woody plant taxa in the Sierra Nevada. In this report, we present more than 200 regression equations for the Sierra Nevada western slope that relate crown diameter, plant height, crown volume, stem diameter, and both crown diameter and height to the dry weight of foliage, branches, and entire aboveground biomass. Destructive sampling methods resulted in regression equations that accurately predict biomass from one or two simple, nondestructive field measurements. The tables presented here will allow researchers and natural resource managers to easily choose the best equations to fit their biomass assessment needs.
Evaluating Potential Fire Behavior in Lodgepole Pine-Dominated Forests after a Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic in North-Central Colorado
Authors: Klutsch Jennifer G. , Battaglia Mike A. , West Daniel R. , Costello Sheryl L. , Negrón José F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A mountain pine beetle outbreak in Colorado lodgepole pine forests has altered stand and fuel characteristics that affect potential fire behavior. Using the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator, potential fire behavior was modeled for uninfested and mountain pine beetle-affected plots 7 years after outbreak initiation and 10 and 80% projected tree fall using measured and projected fuel and stand characteristics. Under 90th percentile weather conditions, uninfested plots exhibited proportionally more crown fire than infested plots. Plots predicted to have crown fire were composed mainly of nonhost conifer species and had a lower and more continuous canopy than infested plots. Where surface fire was predicted to occur, live lodgepole pine was the only conifer present, and plots had significantly lower tree mortality from fire than plots predicted to have crown fire. Mountain pine beetle-induced changes in stand and fuel characteristics resulted in increased intensity of surface fire behavior. Furthermore, with 80% infested tree fall, potential smoke production was predicted to be higher. Tree species composition of stands pre and postbark beetle outbreak is important when identifying mountain pine beetle-caused changes to potential fire behavior.
ACCEL: Spreadsheet-Based Cost Estimation for Forest Road Construction
Authors: Bruce Jarel C. , Han Han-Sup , Akay Abdullah E. , Chung Woodam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A computer program has been developed to aid forest engineers in the cost estimation of forest road construction activities. This new tool, called ACCEL, uses Visual Basic for Applications within Microsoft Excel to compute the costs of construction components using interactive sheets, automated tasks, and advanced computer routines. The user is guided through road construction components and prompted for cost data, earthwork quantities, survey information, and the conditions of the construction environment to estimate total construction cost. Road design elements and site characteristics are variables used to optimize earthwork allocation, improving on using the mass diagram method. The program also estimates clearing and grubbing areas, rock surfacing volumes, and culvert lengths. ACCEL was validated by comparing the results to those of RoadEng (by Softree), ensuring that formulas were input correctly and showing close agreement in results. This program was created in a recognizable format, i.e., Microsoft Excel, and builds on basic quantity and cost estimation techniques. ACCEL is intended to improve the decisionmaking process for experienced forestry practitioners in forest road construction regardless of region, company, or agency affiliation by accepting their inputs and performing the calculations for different route alternative or varying design specifications.
Hiker Diversity in Backcountry Areas—Implications for Planning and Management
Authors: Virden Randy J. , Schreyer Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The level of experience, desired psychological experiences, and management preferences were compared among hikers in three backcountry primitive areas. Significant differences in all three sets of variables among study areas suggest that recreationists choosing the same Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) land class are seeking a variety of experiences. The authors argue that more information is needed by managers and planners about the nature of in-class diversity, an issue which is often overlooked in current ROS planning. West. J. Appl. For. 3(2):49-52, April 1988.
Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation Fails to Improve Performance of Sitka Spruce Seedlings on Clearcuts in Southeastern Alaska
Authors: Loopstra Elaine M. , Shaw Charles G. , Sidle Roy C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hebeloma crustulini-forme (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel., Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., and Cenococcum geophilum (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker were established as ectomycorrhizae on container-grown Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) seedlings that, along with noninoculated controls, were planted in rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, and undisturbed duff on a recently clearcut site in southeastern Alaska. At planting, seedling heights differed significantly among all fungal treatments: the tallest were those inoculated with C. geophilum, the shortest with H. crustuliniforme. High fertilization controls, reared under a standard nursery regime, had significantly greater height and diameter than other treatments at out-planting. Four growing seasons after planting, seedling survival exceeded 99%. Total height and diameter after 4 years, as well as 4-year increments, did not differ significantly among fungal treatments and low fertilization controls. High fertilization controls had greater total heights and diameters than any other treatment; these differences were significant from seedlings inoculated with L. laccata or H. crustiliniforme. Although differences were not significant, seedlings planted in rotten wood, regardless of fungal treatment, had the smallest increase in height after 4 years (136%); those planted in undisturbed duff had the largest (162%). These data support earlier indications that prior colonization by these fungi provides little benefit to out-planted Sitka spruce seedlings on various microsites in southeastern Alaska clearcuttings. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):110-112, October 1988.
Habitat use of an Arizona Ponderosa Pine—Mixed Conifer Forest by Female Black Bears
Authors: Mollohan Cheryl , Brady Ward W. , LeCount Albert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fourteen adult female black bears were captured and radio-collared on the Mogollon Rim in north-central Arizona. Habitat use was sampled on 182 sites from May 1982-August 1984 using ground radio telemetry to identify habitat use sites. Eighty-eight sites were classified as feeding sites, and 94 sites contained beds. Analysis of use versus availability of vegetation types, topographic site characteristics, and percent slope classes showed significant differences. Females, with and without cubs, selected mixed conifer more frequently than ponderosa pine areas. Canyon walls were selected more frequently than ridgetops, especially for bedding sites. There were significant differences in amount of vegetative cover between feeding and bedding sites. Horizontal cover averaged 45 ft for bedding sites and 65 ft for feeding sites. Seventy four percent of the beds were on the uphill side of trees. Bed trees averaged 28.6 in. dbh. Habitat management recommendations are included. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1): 6-10, January 1989.
Fire Suppression Effectiveness for Simultaneous Fires: An Examination of Fire Histories
Authors: Bednar Larry F. , Mees Romain , Strauss David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined fire and weather records for areas of the western United States for the period 1970-1984 to determine the effects of simultaneous wildfire occurrence on fire suppression efforts. Burning conditions were accounted for by use of short strings of fires which involved simultaneous suppression efforts. These strings were matched with closely preceding isolated fires to form matched sets, which were used to examine the relative effects of simultaneous fire occurrence. Fires were predominantly lightning-caused, and within matched sets they showed little difference in burning conditions. The first-occurring fires in the strings showed significantly longer suppression times than the preceding isolated fires, and travel times to the sixth-occurring fires were significantly greater than times to the first-occurring fire. These effects are not entirely consistent with expectations of fire personnel, perhaps because of shortcomings in the fire history records, which are particularly deficient in reporting force allocation, fire progress, and fire location. West. J. Appl. For. 5(1):16-19.
Effects of the Tarif Number/Diameter Relationship on Volume and Height Estimates
Authors: Clendenen Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Volume estimates using the tarif system often assume a single mean tarif number for an even-aged stand. Consistent trends of tarif number with dbh within plots were found in a set of 67 plots in western Oregon and Washington. Effects of these trends on plot and diameter class volume estimates, and on heights estimated from these volumes, were examined. Total plot volume estimates were apparently not biased, but substantial biases were found in estimates of volumes and heights by dbh class. Height samples should be representative of the range of diameters, adequate to detect trends in tarif number, and adequate to support alternative methods of volume and height estimation. West. J. Appl. For. 5(1):9-12.
Ortet-Ramet Relationships of Wood-Specific Gravity in Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Yanchuk A. D. , Carlson M. R. , Murphy J. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two 8-year-old grafted ramets from 12 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) ortets (wild stand parent trees) were sampled at each of three sites and were assessed for specific gravity with small diameter cores. The broad-sense heritability estimate from the analysis of variance was 0.62, but estimates derived by regressing clone means from ramets on ortet values were 0.49 and 0.54 for juvenile and mature wood, respectively. This relatively high repeatability for specific gravity suggests wild-stand ortet values may be useful for identifying low specific gravity clones in seed orchards, or potential low specific gravity families in breeding populations of lodgepole pine. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):40-42, April 1990.
Effects of Shade and Competing Vegetation on Growth of Western Redcedar Regeneration
Authors: Adams David L. , Mahoney Ronald L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Naturally regenerated western redcedar (Thuja plicata) is almost always subordinate to associated species that grow more rapidly. Management of competing vegetation will greatly enhance early development of western redcedar. We examined the effects of two vegetation reduction treatments and three artificial shade treatments on subsequent growth of naturally established western redcedar seedlings. Complete removal of competing vegetation resulted in nearly three times greater height growth for unshaded seedlings than did removing only shade competition by tying back shrub and tree crowns but leaving the rooted plants to occupy growing space. The addition of artificial shade did not significantly impact height growth. The vegetation treatment results support the hypothesis that transpirational stress is a more significant factor in the growth of these seedlings than is light competition. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):21-22.
Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners in Idaho
Authors: Force Jo Ellen , Lee Harry W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Idaho's nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners were surveyed by mail to determine their sociodemographic characteristics, perceptions of the benefits received from owning forestland, use of forest management practices, harvesting plans, and use of forest management assistance. Data were reported for the entire state and also analyzed by ownership class. The sociodemographic profile of Idaho's NIPF owner is similar to that reported from other states. Major benefits of owning NIPF land were: wood for domestic use; esthetic enjoyment; and wildlife appreciation. Esthetics were more important to smaller landowners. Grazing and timber were benefits of importance to large landowners. Fifty-six percent of owners have harvested timber, varying from 35% of small holdings to 74% of large holdings. One-fourth of the owners say they will never harvest timber. Only 34% have ever sought professional forest management assistance. West. J. Appl. For. 6(2):32-36.