bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of SAPS II according to ICU length of stay: A Danish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Granholm Anders , Christiansen Christian Fynbo , Christensen Steffen , Perner Anders , Møller Morten Hylander 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundIntensive care unit (ICU) severity scores use data available at admission or shortly thereafter. There are limited contemporary data on how the prognostic performance of these scores is affected by ICU length of stay (LOS).MethodsWe conducted a nationwide cohort study using routinely collected health data from the Danish Intensive Care Database. We included adults with ICU admissions ≥24 hours between 1 January 2012 and 30 June 2016, who survived to ICU discharge and had valid ICU LOS and vital status data registered. We assessed discrimination of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II for predicting mortality 90 days after ICU discharge, followed by recalibration of the model and assessment of standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and calibration. Performance was assessed in the entire cohort and stratified by ICU LOS quartiles.ResultsWe included 44 523 patients. Increasing SAPS II was associated with increasing ICU LOS. Overall discrimination (area under the receiver‐operating characteristics curve) of SAPS II was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.70‐0.71), with decreasing discrimination from the first (0.75, 95% CI: 0.73‐0.76) to the last (0.64, 95% CI: 0.63‐0.65) ICU LOS quartile. SMRs were lower (less deaths) than expected in the first ICU LOS quartile and higher (more deaths) than expected in the last two ICU LOS quartiles. Calibration decreased with increasing ICU LOS.ConclusionsWe observed that discrimination and calibration of SAPS II decreased with increasing ICU LOS, and that this affected SMRs. These findings should be acknowledged when using SAPS II for clinical, research and administrative purposes.
Exile, World Literature, and Anthropology: A Reading of Three Swedish Narratives from Siberia
Authors: Viktorin Mattias 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article explores world‐making literary work through a reading of Siberian exile narratives from the early twentieth century. I focus on three books written in Swedish. This choice of texts helps illustrate that Siberian exile writing makes up a heterogeneous corpus that does not fit neatly within national or linguistic boundaries. Thus I approach narratives of Siberian exile, not as a subgenre of Russian literature, but as parts of an extensive world literature on travel and exile. Myths and stories on exile often tell us that a banished person cannot continue to exist in the same way as before, but must re‐create her sense of self and fashion a new world around her. I take this quality of exile seriously: that it invites, or even compels, particular kinds of intellectual thought. To translate such experiences into text demands literary work, and I pay particular attention to modes of writing developed in response to circumstances that at first appeared ineffable. This is also where world literature and anthropology meet: in a shared interest for how worlds appear, how they could be rendered visible, and—most importantly—what we might learn from comparing different such forms of world‐making.
Noninvasive ultrasound imaging for assessment of intact microstructure of extracellular matrix in tissue engineering
Authors: Morokov Egor , Khramtsova Elena , Kuevda Elena , Gubareva Elena , Grigoriev Timothei , Lukanina Ksenia , Levin Vadim 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDevelopment of artificial tissues or organs is one of the actual tasks in regenerative medicine that requires observation and evaluation of intact volume microstructure of tissue engineering products at all stages of their formation, from native donor tissues and decellularized scaffolds to recipient cell migration in the matrix. Unfortunately in practice, methods of vital noninvasive imaging of volume microstructure in matrixes are absent. In this work, we propose a new approach based on high‐frequency acoustic microscopy for noninvasive evaluation and visualization of volume microstructure in tissue engineering products. The results present the ultrasound characterization of native rat diaphragms and lungs and their decellularized scaffolds. Verification of the method for visualization of tissue formation in the matrix volume was described in the model samples of diaphragm scaffolds with stepwise collagenization. Results demonstrate acoustic microscopic sensitivity to cell content concentration, variation in local density, and orientation of protein fibers in the volume, micron air inclusions, and other inhomogeneities of matrixes.
Efficacy of atropine 0.01% for the treatment of childhood myopia in European patients
Authors: Sacchi Matteo , Serafino Massimiliano , Villani Edoardo , Tagliabue Elena , Luccarelli Saverio , Bonsignore Francesco , Nucci Paolo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of atropine 0.01% in slowing myopia progression in European paediatric patients.MethodsRetrospective, medical records review study. Medical charts of paediatric patients with a myopia progression > 0.5 D/year treated with atropine 0.01% for at least 1 year were included. Patients receive a complete ophthalmic examination before and 12 months after initiation of atropine treatment. A group of myopic untreated children serves as a control group. The rate of myopia progression at baseline and 12 months after treatment with atropine was evaluated. The rate of myopia progression in treated and untreated patients was also compared. Adverse events were recorded.ResultsMedical records of 52 treated and 50 control subjects were analysed. In the atropine group, the mean rate of myopia progression after 12 months of treatment (−0.54 ± 0.61 D) was significantly slower compared with the baseline progression (−1.20 ± 0.64 D; p < 0.0001) and to the progression in the control group (−1.09 ± 0.64; p < 0.0001). The responders patients were 41/52 (79%), whereas 11/52 patients (21%) showed a progression > 0.50 D despite treatment. The only adverse event was temporary photophobia in five patients (9.6%), severe adverse events were not reported, and none of the patients discontinued the treatment.ConclusionLow‐dose atropine significantly slowed the rate of myopia progression in European paediatric patients with a favourable safety profile.
Paediatricians play a key role in preventing early harmful events that could permanently influence the development of the gut microbiota in childhood
Authors: Goulet Olivier , Hojsak Iva , Kolacek Sanja , Pop Tudor Lucian , Cokugras Fugen Cullu , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo , Pettoello‐Mantovani Massimo , Fabiano Valentina 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimThe development of the gut microbiota occurs primarily during infancy, and growing evidence has emphasised its positive role and implications for human health. The aim of this review was to provide essential knowledge about the gut microbiota and to describe and highlight the importance of the factors that influence the gut microbiota in early life and their potential harmful effects later in life.MethodsThe European Paediatric Association, the Union of the National European Paediatric Societies and Associations, convened a panel of independent European experts to summarise the research on microbiota for general paediatricians. They used PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify studies published in English up to June 2018.ResultsA number of clinical conditions can disrupt the development of a stable gut microbiota. Changes in the microbiome have been documented in many chronic diseases, mainly immune‐mediated gastrointestinal and liver diseases, and distinct patterns have been associated with each specific disease. The gut microbiota can be positively modulated with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, paraprobiotics and postbiotics.ConclusionPaediatricians can play a key role in preventing harmful events that could permanently influence the composition and/or function of the gut microbiota. Various treatment strategies can be used.
Muscle atrophy and regeneration associated with behavioural loss and recovery of function after sciatic nerve crush
Authors: Grönholdt‐Klein Max , Altun Mikael , Becklén Meneca , Dickman Kahm Emelie , Fahlström Andreas , Rullman Eric , Ulfhake Brun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimTo resolve timing and coordination of denervation atrophy and the re‐innervation recovery process to discern correlations indicative of common programs governing these processes.MethodsFemale Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats had a unilateral sciatic nerve crush. Based on longitudinal behavioural observations, the triceps surae muscle was analysed at different time points post‐lesion.ResultsCrush results in a loss of muscle function and mass (−30%) followed by a recovery to almost pre‐lesion status at 30 days post‐crush (dpc). There was no loss of fibres nor any significant change in the number of nuclei per fibre but a shift in fibres expressing myosins I and II that reverted back to control levels at 30 dpc. A residual was the persistence of hybrid fibres. Early on a CHNR ‐ε to ‐γ switch and a re‐expression of embryonic MyHC showed as signs of denervation. Foxo1, Smad3, Fbxo32 and Trim63 transcripts were upregulated but not Myostatin, InhibinA and ActivinR2B. Combined this suggests that the mechanism instigating atrophy provides a selectivity of pathway(s) activated. The myogenic differentiation factors (MDFs: Myog, Myod1 and Myf6) were upregulated early on suggesting a role also in the initial atrophy. The regulation of these transcripts returned towards baseline at 30 dpc. The examined genes showed a strong baseline covariance in transcript levels which dissolved in the response to crush driven mainly by the MDFs. At 30 dpc the naïve expression pattern was re‐established.ConclusionPeripheral nerve crush offers an excellent model to assess and interfere with muscle adaptions to denervation and re‐innervation.
A framework for improving the cross‐jurisdictional governance of a marine migratory species
Authors: Miller Rachel L. , Marsh Helene , Benham Claudia , Hamann Mark 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMarine migratory species require collaborative decision‐making because individuals move across jurisdictional boundaries within and between countries. However, governance of these species is not always harmonized or truly collaborative. We analyzed the Recovery Plan for Marine Turtles in Australia 2017 (the Plan) and three of its subsidiary plans for evidence of collaborative governance using a two‐part gap analysis and interviews with environmental managers, scientists, and other stakeholders involved in the development of the Plan and in managing marine migratory species in Australia more generally. We applied existing adaptive and collaborative governance frameworks, which focused mainly on the social components of collaborative governance, and identified a need for a new, interdisciplinary framework for the collaborative governance of marine turtles in Australia. We applied our new framework to the Plan and identified that while the biological components of the Plan were well‐developed, stakeholder analysis and engagement details were largely missing. We recognize that recovery plans are inevitably silent about certain issues but suggest that plans would benefit from including better guidance on stakeholder engagement and analysis. Our framework is directly relevant to harmonizing the management of marine turtles across jurisdictions in Australia but it could also be applied to managing threats towards other migratory species that inhabit large marine jurisdictions.
Investigating the effects of muscle contraction and conditioning stimulus intensity on short‐interval intracortical inhibition
Authors: Hendy Ashlee M. , Ekblom Maria M. , Latella Christopher , Teo Wei‐Peng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA reduction in short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) has been shown to accompany acute or chronic resistance exercise; however, little is known about how SICI is modulated under different contraction intensities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of muscle contraction and conditioning stimulus intensity on the modulation of SICI. Single‐ and paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to the primary motor cortex (M1), and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the biceps brachii in 16 adults (10M/6F). A conditioning‐test stimulus paradigm (3 ms inter‐stimulus intervals) was delivered during 10%, 20%, 40% and 75% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). At each force level, conditioning stimulus intensities of 60%, 70% and 80% of active motor threshold (AMT) were tested. Single‐pulse MEPs were expressed as a proportion of the maximal muscle compound action potential, while SICI was quantified as a ratio of the unconditioned MEP. MEP amplitude increased with force output, with the greatest increase at 75% of MVIC. A reduction in SICI was observed from 40% to 75% of MVIC, but not 10%–40% of MVIC. There was no significant interaction between conditioning stimulus intensity and force level. The conditioning stimulus intensity (60%, 70% or 80% of AMT) did not alter the modulation of SICI. SICI was reduced at 75% of MVIC compared with the lower force outputs, and the magnitude of SICI in individual participants at different force outputs was not related. The findings suggest that strong muscle contractions are accompanied by less inhibition, which may have implications for neuroplasticity in exercise interventions.
Youths’ Individual Pathways Towards Contextual Well‐Being: Utilizing Electrodermal Activity as an Ethnographic Tool at a Theater After‐School Program
Authors: Eisenhauer Scarlett 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article addresses how youth (with their embodied, physical, and cognitive resources) traverse, in situ, experiential pathways and how this plays a role in the experience of well‐being at Green Door Theater's (GDT) after‐school program. Electrodermal activity (EDA) is used as part of a qualitative protocol to deepen our understanding of intracultural variation by highlighting individual attention and engagement during normative activities. After‐school programs, as with other cultural groups, involve negotiations between individuals and the community of practice. By comparing youth with higher and lower program engagement, it is shown that culturally shaped routine activities (performances and the “gospel circle”) are experienced differentially. Program staff strive for high‐engagement participation and want to achieve this through normative program scripts for activities, yet data reveal that well‐being can emerge in other ways as well. The article shows how the triangulation of evidence from each level of analysis (ethnography, EDA, and youth interpretations of their experiences) adds value to the overall understanding of the creation of well‐being in such programs.
Tracing the rise of malignant cell lines: Distribution, epidemiology and evolutionary interactions of two transmissible cancers in Tasmanian devils
Authors: James Samantha , Jennings Geordie , Kwon Young Mi , Stammnitz Maximilian , Fraik Alexandra , Storfer Andrew , Comte Sebastien , Pemberton David , Fox Samantha , Brown Bill , Pye Ruth , Woods Gregory , Lyons Bruce , Hohenlohe Paul A. , McCallum Hamish , Siddle Hannah , Thomas Frédéric , Ujvari Beata , Murchison Elizabeth P. , Jones Menna , Hamede Rodrigo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases are rising globally and understanding host‐pathogen interactions during the initial stages of disease emergence is essential for assessing potential evolutionary dynamics and designing novel management strategies. Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) are endangered due to a transmissible cancer—devil facial tumour disease (DFTD)—that since its emergence in the 1990s, has affected most populations throughout Tasmania. Recent studies suggest that devils are adapting to the DFTD epidemic and that disease‐induced extinction is unlikely. However, in 2014, a second and independently evolved transmissible cancer—devil facial tumour 2 (DFT2)—was discovered at the d’Entrecasteaux peninsula, in south‐east Tasmania, suggesting that the species is prone to transmissible cancers. To date, there is little information about the distribution, epidemiology and effects of DFT2 and its interaction with DFTD. Here, we use data from monitoring surveys and roadkills found within and adjacent to the d’Entrecasteaux peninsula to determine the distribution of both cancers and to compare their epidemiological patterns. Since 2012, a total of 51 DFTD tumours have been confirmed among 26 individuals inside the peninsula and its surroundings, while 40 DFT2 tumours have been confirmed among 23 individuals, and two individuals co‐infected with both tumours. All devils with DFT2 were found within the d’Entrecasteaux peninsula, suggesting that this new transmissible cancer is geographically confined to this area. We found significant differences in tumour bodily location in DFTD and DFT2, with non‐facial tumours more commonly found in DFT2. There was a significant sex bias in DFT2, with most cases reported in males, suggesting that since DFT2 originated from a male host, females might be less susceptible to this cancer. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding the epidemiological and evolutionary interactions of these two contemporary transmissible cancers and evaluating the effectiveness of potential management strategies.
Pancreatic lipase‐related protein 2 is responsible for the increased hepatic retinyl ester hydrolase activity in vitamin A‐deficient mice
Authors: Gao Yan , Lu Weiling , Sun Qi , Yang Xiao , Liu Junhao , Ge Wenhao , Yang Yunxia , Zhao Yang , Xu Xi , Zhang Jianfa 
Published: June 2019

The formation and hydrolysis of hepatic retinyl esters (RE) is a key process in maintaining serum retinol homeostasis. During vitamin A deficiency, the activity of RE hydrolases (REH) in liver increases to cope with the reduced dietary vitamin A intake. However, it remains unclear which REH is the main enzyme responsible for RE hydrolysis in the liver under physiological conditions. Our previous studies have shown that pancreatic lipase‐related protein 2 (PLRP2) is conditionally expressed in the liver and may be involved in the hydrolysis of hepatic RE. In the current study, we generated Plrp2−/− mice using transcription activator‐like effector nuclease technology to investigate the role of PLRP2 in the metabolism of hepatic RE. Compared with the mice fed normal diet, the hepatic REH activity of wild‐type (WT) mice fed vitamin A‐deficient diet (VAD) increased significantly, while this activity did not increase in Plrp2−/− mice fed VAD. Plrp2−/− mice showed higher residual RE content in liver and lower serum retinol level, compared with WT mice fed VAD. Hepatic metabolic profiling from 1H NMR‐based metabolomics suggested that Plrp2−/− mice were more sensitive to VAD. Docking analysis and enzyme activity assay revealed that retinyl palmitate was the substrate with higher affinity for PLRP2. Our results indicate that Plrp2 can be activated in the liver and is responsible for the increased REH activity in the liver of mice fed VAD.
Increasing the population of forage peanut in a mixed pasture by controlling the canopy height
Authors: Homem Bruno G. C. , Rosa Ailton D. , Ferreira Igor M. , Cruvinel Iury A. F. , Lara Márcio A. S. , Bernardes Thiago F. , Casagrande Daniel Rume 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine a temporary strategy for increasing the legume population in an established pasture of brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi). The treatments comprised four previous long‐term canopy heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) from the establishment (the first 32 months after treatment initiation). From September 2014, all of the experimental units were kept at 10 cm height. The pastures were evaluated for their forage harvest, forage mass, botanical composition and stolon and tiller density. The tiller density and brachiaria grass mass were maintained in all pastures since the first season of evaluation (p > 0.10). The stolon density and legume mass were initially lesser at 30 and 40 cm than those at 10 and 20 cm, early in the experiment, but progressively increased over time. After 1 year under 10 cm height, the population and mass of legume were similar in all treatments. Therefore, reducing the canopy height to 10 cm at the beginning of the rainy season is an efficient method to increase the botanical composition of forage peanut in mixed pastures with brachiaria grass.
RILKE, ROME, AND THE POETICS OF FOUNTAINS
Authors: Vilain Robert 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTRilke's relationship with Rome has received significantly less critical attention than his visits to Russia or his residence in Paris, partly because he is widely felt to have disliked the Italian capital and because his five visits seem not to have yielded much of a poetic response. However, Rilke's admiration for Roman fountains and the movement of water did have a lasting legacy, prompting nostalgic creative responses almost until he died. Looking at a number of poems from the Neue Gedichte via the Sonette an Orpheus to Vergers (and correcting some errors in the identification of the fountains in question), this article identifies a ‘fountain poetics’ related to a particular quality of dynamic ‘Stille’ or energetic ‘Ruhe’ that they exemplify and that is central to Rilke's view of the nature and function of art. The degree of consistency in this view across more than two decades suggests that more attention should be paid to the continuities between the different phases of Rilke's creative life than is customary.
SURVEILLANCE AND THE GDR'S CULTURAL SPHERE: FRANZ FÜHMANN, THE STATE, AND THE STASI
Authors: Costabile‐Heming Carol Anne 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTFranz Fühmann was one of the GDR's most prolific and celebrated writers, whose earliest texts were applauded for their strong support for GDR society. Over time, he became disillusioned with the stark contradiction between socialist ideology and the realities of everyday life. Because he provoked confrontations with cultural policy‐makers, some of his texts were subjected to censorship. Fühmann died in 1984, and as a result he never had the opportunity to view Party files, read Stasi documents or otherwise confront the legacy of the GDR's totalitarian regime. For this reason, he serves as an interesting case study illustrating how the strictures of GDR cultural policy succeeded in alienating an originally strong proponent. This essay examines two open letters Fühmann addressed to the Ministry of Culture and his failed attempt to publish an anthology of young writers, in order to highlight the ways in which the State conspired to prevent Fühmann's most decisive criticisms from entering the public sphere. Using unofficial informants within the publishing houses, the Stasi succeeded not just in censoring texts, but also in manipulating Fühmann and his writings for their own aims.