bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the cosmic ray population and magnetic field strength in the halo of NGC 891
Authors: Mulcahy D. D. , Horneffer A. , Beck R. , Krause M. , Schmidt P. , Basu A. , Chyży K. T. , Dettmar R.-J. , Haverkorn M. , Heald G. , Heesen V. , Horellou C. , Iacobelli M. , Nikiel-Wroczyński B. , Paladino R. , Scaife A. M. M. , Sridhar Sarrvesh S. , Strom R. G. , Tabatabaei F. S. , Cantwell T. , Carey S. H. , Grainge K. , Hickish J. , Perrot Y. , Razavi-Ghods N. , Scott P. , Titterington D. 
Published: April 2018

Context.Cosmic rays and magnetic fields play an important role for the formation and dynamics of gaseous halos of galaxies.Aims.Low-frequency radio continuum observations of edge-on galaxies are ideal to study cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) in halos via radio synchrotron emission and to measure magnetic field strengths. Spectral information can be used to test models of CRE propagation. Free–free absorption by ionized gas at low frequencies allows us to investigate the properties of the warm ionized medium in the disk.Methods.We obtained new observations of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 at 129–163 MHz with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and at 13–18 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) and combine them with recent high-resolution Very Large Array (VLA) observations at 1–2 GHz, enabling us to study the radio continuum emission over two orders of magnitude in frequency.Results.The spectrum of the integrated nonthermal flux density can be fitted by a power law with a spectral steepening towards higher frequencies or by a curved polynomial. Spectral flattening at low frequencies due to free–free absorption is detected in star-forming regions of the disk. The mean magnetic field strength in the halo is 7 ± 2μG. The scale heights of the nonthermal halo emission at 146 MHz are larger than those at 1.5 GHz everywhere, with a mean ratio of 1.7 ± 0.3, indicating that spectral ageing of CREs is important and that diffusive propagation dominates. The halo scale heights at 146 MHz decrease with increasing magnetic field strengths which is a signature of dominating synchrotron losses of CREs. On the other hand, the spectral index between 146 MHz and 1.5 GHz linearly steepens from the disk to the halo, indicating that advection rather than diffusion is the dominating CRE transport process. This issue calls for refined modelling of CRE propagation.Conclusions.Free–free absorption is probably important at and below about 150 MHz in the disks of edge-on galaxies. To reliably separate the thermal and nonthermal emission components, to investigate spectral steepening due to CRE energy losses, and to measure magnetic field strengths in the disk and halo, wide frequency coverage and high spatial resolution are indispensable.
Changes in Autonomic Tone in Premature Infants Developing Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Al-Shargabi Tareq , Reich Daniel , Govindan R. , Shankar Somya , Metzler Marina , Cristante Caitlin , McCarter Robert , Sandler Anthony , Said Mariam , Plessis Adre 
Published: April 2018

Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a complication of prematurity with a high mortality rate. Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers capable of identifying infants at risk for developing NEC. We sought to determine the autonomic nervous system antecedents of NEC in premature infants, using heart rate variability (HRV).
Materials and Methods HRV was quantified by retrieving archived electrocardiogram (EKG) data from 30 premature infants from 4 days prior, through 4 days after, the clinical NEC diagnosis. HRV metrics were compared with those on the diagnosis day using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
Results HRV metrics showed a depression of autonomic tone that preceded the clinical NEC diagnosis by 2 days, and which recovered to baseline by 2 days after diagnosis (area under the curve [AUC] < 0.7). The pattern of HRV change was significantly associated with the clinical severity of NEC (stage II vs. stage III).
Conclusion Our studies suggest that readily accessible metrics of autonomic depression might expedite the diagnosis of NEC and its severity in a clinically meaningful manner. Clearly, these studies need to be extended prospectively to determine the diagnostic utility of this approach.
Stürze bei Patienten mit leichtem und fortgeschrittenem Parkinson-Syndrom und ihre Prophylaxe durch Physiotherapie
Authors: Ziegler K. 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungStürze sind markante klinische Meilensteine der Parkinsonerkrankung. Sie treten hauptsächlich in fortgeschrittenen Phasen der Erkrankung auf, doch auch zu Beginn gibt es ein Sturzrisiko, das häufig unterschätzt ist. Verglichen zur gesunden, altersentsprechenden Bevölkerung ist das Sturzrisiko mindestens verdreifacht, und mit einer großen Gefahr von Frakturen, insbesondere des Femurhalses, verknüpft. Hohe Kosten, Krankenhauseinweisungen, Beeinträchtigungen der Lebensqualität von Patienten und Angehörigen sind die Folge. Prädiziert werden Stürze vor allem durch vorangegangene Ereignisse, Schwierigkeiten beim gleichzeitigen Ausführen von Zusatzaufgaben während des Gehens, Zuteilung zum Typ des postural-instability- gait-disorder (PIGD), Freezing und Gleichgewichtsdefiziten. Ein standardisiertes Assessment hilft, die Ursachen zu identifizieren und maßgeschneiderte Interventionen auszuwählen. Sturzprävention bedarf Elementen zum Kraft- und Gleichgewichtstraining, zur Vermeidung und Überwindung von Freezing, Wohnraumanpassung und Hilfsmittelversorgung. Sturzprophylaxe sollte in den frühen Stadien beginnen, da dann die Effektivität größer ist. Allgemeine Tipps zur Vorbeugung vor Bewegungsmangel, Gehtraining mit kognitiven Zusatzaufgaben sowie komplexe, die Balanceleistungen forcierende Bewegungsformen wie Tai Chi und Tanz sind geeignete Angebote.
Seltene neuroimmunologische Syndrome mit Autoantikörpern gegen ZNS-Antigene
Authors: Lerche H. , Leypoldt F. , Balint B. 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungDas klinische Spektrum von Erkrankungen mit Antikörpern gegen ZNS-Antigene expandiert rasch und umfasst sowohl neurologische als auch psychiatrische Manifestationsformen. Insbesondere autoimmune Syndrome assoziiert mit neu entdeckten Antikörpern gegen Oberflächenantigene auf Neuronen, wie z. B. Rezeptoren oder rezeptorassoziierte Proteine, erlangen zunehmend an Bedeutung, da die Antikörper pathogenetisch relevant sind und in ihrer Gesamtheit eine neue Gruppe von Erkrankungen definieren, die meist gut auf immunmodulierende Therapien ansprechen. Auch wenn diese Erkrankungen insgesamt als selten gelten, verdienen sie besondere Beachtung, da eine frühzeitige Therapie ein entscheidender prognostischer Faktor ist. Dementsprechend wichtig ist die Erkennung und Diagnosestellung.In diesem Übersichtsartikel behandeln wir das klinische Spektrum der Syndrome mit antineuronalen und -glialen Autoantikörpern, und beleuchten insbesondere charakteristische Präsentationen hinsichtlich Symptomatik und Altersgruppe, und gewisse Warnzeichen („red flags“), die entscheidende Hinweise auf die Diagnose darstellen.
The computational form of craving is a selective multiplication of economic value
Authors: Konova Anna B. , Louie Kenway , Glimcher Paul W. 
Published: April 2018

SignificanceCraving is a specific desire state that biases choice toward the desired object. Although extremely common, and in its pathological form a major contributor to negative health outcomes as in addiction and obesity, craving is not well understood. In a laboratory model of craving, we find “craving” is reflected in people’s momentary willingness to pay for the things they desire, and for subjectively similar things, consistent with a transient, good-selective change in subjective valuation. We further find the value of the desired goods increases multiplicatively, which might explain several escalation behaviors associated with craving in real-world environments. This opens more lines of research regarding the computational form of craving in health and disease, with implications for marketing actions and consumer choice.
Precise characterization of KRAS4b proteoforms in human colorectal cells and tumors reveals mutation/modification cross-talk
Authors: Ntai Ioanna , Fornelli Luca , DeHart Caroline J. , Hutton Josiah E. , Doubleday Peter F. , LeDuc Richard D. , van Nispen Alexandra J. , Fellers Ryan T. , Whiteley Gordon , Boja Emily S. , Rodriguez Henry , Kelleher Neil L. 
Published: April 2018

SignificanceTheKRASgene is frequently mutated in human cancer, especially in pancreatic, lung, and colorectal tumors. We developed an intact protein assay for the detection and quantitation of KRAS protein forms (proteoforms), enabling the measurement of how genetically encoded mutations affect posttranslational modifications on the same protein molecule. The modifications found are known to activate KRAS or interfere with membrane attachment, suggesting cellular mechanisms that control downstream KRAS activity. Analysis of wild-type and mutant-specific forms of the KRAS protein with complete molecular specificity is shown to be possible by top-down proteomics and enables future tests of how an individual’s KRAS proteoforms are linked to disease stage and chance of survival.
Intron retention induced by microsatellite expansions as a disease biomarker
Authors: Sznajder Łukasz J. , Thomas James D. , Carrell Ellie M. , Reid Tammy , McFarland Karen N. , Cleary John D. , Oliveira Ruan , Nutter Curtis A. , Bhatt Kirti , Sobczak Krzysztof , Ashizawa Tetsuo , Thornton Charles A. , Ranum Laura P. W. , Swanson Maurice S. 
Published: April 2018

Significance
A number of hereditary neurological and neuromuscular diseases are caused by the abnormal expansion of short tandem repeats, or microsatellites, resulting in the expression of repeat expansion RNAs and proteins with pathological properties. Although these microsatellite expansions may occur in either the coding or noncoding regions of the genome, trinucleotide CNG repeats predominate in exonic coding and untranslated regions while intron mutations vary from trinucleotide to hexanucleotide GC-rich, and A/AT-rich, repeats. Here, we use transcriptome analysis combined with complementary experimental approaches to demonstrate that GC-rich intronic expansions are selectively associated with host intron retention. Since these intron retention events are detectable in both affected tissues and peripheral blood, they provide a sensitive and disease-specific diagnostic biomarker.
China, the United States, and competition for resources that enable emerging technologies
Authors: Gulley Andrew L. , Nassar Nedal T. , Xun Sean 
Published: April 2018

Significance
Expanding demand for nonfuel minerals that enable pivotal technologies has elevated concerns regarding supply security, especially for nations that are highly import reliant. Although import reliance has become a prominent concern, few studies assess import reliance and none compare import reliance of countries concurrently. Doing so provides insights into resource interdependency and competition potential. Here, we compare the net import reliance of 42 minerals for the two largest national economies, China and the United States. We find that China relies on imports for over half of its consumption for 19 minerals, compared with 24 for the United States—11 of which are common to both. It is for these 11 minerals that competition between the United States and China may become the most contentious.
Myosin IIA interacts with the spectrin-actin membrane skeleton to control red blood cell membrane curvature and deformability
Authors: Smith Alyson S. , Nowak Roberta B. , Zhou Sitong , Giannetto Michael , Gokhin David S. , Papoin Julien , Ghiran Ionita C. , Blanc Lionel , Wan Jiandi , Fowler Velia M. 
Published: April 2018

Significance
The biconcave disk shape and deformability of the mammalian RBC are vital to its circulatory function and rely upon a 2D viscoelastic spectrin–F-actin network attached to the membrane. A role for nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) contractility in generating tension in this network and controlling RBC shape has not been tested. We show that NMIIA forms bipolar filaments in RBCs, which associate with F-actin at the membrane. NMIIA motor activity regulates interactions with the spectrin–F-actin network to control RBC biconcave shape and deformability. These results provide a previously undescribed mechanism for actomyosin force generation at the plasma membrane, and may apply to spectrin–F-actin–based membrane skeleton networks in other cell types, such as neurons and polarized epithelial cells.
Plasticity in early immune evasion strategies of a bacterial pathogen
Authors: Bernard Quentin , Smith Alexis A. , Yang Xiuli , Koci Juraj , Foor Shelby D. , Cramer Sarah D. , Zhuang Xuran , Dwyer Jennifer E. , Lin Yi-Pin , Mongodin Emmanuel F. , Marques Adriana , Leong John M. , Anguita Juan , Pal Utpal 
Published: April 2018

SignificanceBorrelia burgdorferiis one of the few extracellular pathogens capable of establishing persistent infection. We show that a spirochete surface protein of unknown function, BBA57, is an unorthodox regulator of multiple virulent determinants. The protein orchestrates unique host immune evasion strategies crucial for early spirochete infection in mammals. It suppresses host complement-mediated killing and neutrophil-derived microbicidal responses, including induction of antimicrobial peptides, and promotes pathogen dissemination by regulating type I interferon. In the absence of BBA57, spirochetes can undergo nonheritable transcriptional reprograming events ultimately favoring pathogen persistence. These studies highlight the evolution of plasticity in immune evasion strategies of atypical pathogens likeB. burgdorferi, which is remarkably adapted to persist in multiple hosts and on a long-term basis without host clearance.
Hominin skeletal part abundances and claims of deliberate disposal of corpses in the Middle Pleistocene
Authors: Egeland Charles P. , Domínguez-Rodrigo Manuel , Pickering Travis Rayne , Menter Colin G. , Heaton Jason L. 
Published: April 2018

Significance
Awareness of self-mortality is a uniquely human capacity. Ritualistic treatment of corpses reflects this realization. Two large assemblages of fossil human bones from Spain (Sima de los Huesos, SH) and South Africa (Dinaledi Chamber, DC) are offered as the earliest evidence for mortuary behavior. This interpretation implies that humans had developed a sense of mortal transience by ∼600,000 to 300,000 years ago. Machine-learning statistical analyses of the skeletal part representation data upon which hypotheses of deliberate disposal of corpses at SH and DC are based fail to falsify—but also do not provide unequivocal support for—those hypotheses. We thus argue that it is premature to assert that SH and DC shed particular light on the development of the “human condition.”
Second-order spinal cord pathway contributes to cortical responses after long recoveries from dorsal column injury in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Liao Chia-Chi , Reed Jamie L. , Qi Hui-Xin , Sawyer Eva K. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: April 2018

Significance
Recovery of cutaneous sensation after spinal cord injury relies on reestablishing effective somatotopic pathways from the skin to the cortex. We show that the recovery of cortical activity months after extensive damage to the primary touch pathway in the dorsal column depends on a few surviving primary axons, together with the greater number of preserved axons in a secondary touch pathway from spinal cord neurons. These surviving axons could be targeted for treatments that potentiate their roles in recovery after spinal cord injury.
Robust, linear correlations between growth rates and β-lactam–mediated lysis rates
Authors: Lee Anna J. , Wang Shangying , Meredith Hannah R. , Zhuang Bihan , Dai Zhuojun , You Lingchong 
Published: April 2018

Significance
How fast bacteria grow influences the efficacy of β-lactams, one of the most commonly used classes of antibiotics. However, the quantitative nature of this correlation is not well established. With precise measurements and analyses enabled by experimental automation, we found a robust relationship between growth and lysis rates that is generally applicable to diverse pairs of β-lactams and bacteria. That is, the growth rate of population serves as a reliable predictor for the lysis rate in response to a β-lactam. This quantitative correlation lays the foundation for predicting bacterial population dynamics during β-lactam treatments. This predictive capability is critical for designing effective antibiotic dosing protocols, in addressing the rising antibiotic resistance crisis.
Direct electrochemical observation of glucosidase activity in isolated single lysosomes from a living cell
Authors: Pan Rongrong , Xu Mingchen , Burgess James D. , Jiang Dechen , Chen Hong-Yuan 
Published: April 2018

Significance
The quantification of protein activity in individual lysosomes in living cells is realized using a nanocapillary designed to electrochemically analyze internal solution, in which a single lysosome is sorted from the cell and the target protein is reacted with the corresponding kit components to generate hydrogen peroxide for measurement. The ability to sort and assay multiple lysosomes from the same cell allows direct study of protein function at subcellular resolution and provides unprecedented information about the homogeneity within the lysosomal population of a single cell.
High-accuracy lagging-strand DNA replication mediated by DNA polymerase dissociation
Authors: Maslowska Katarzyna H. , Makiela-Dzbenska Karolina , Mo Jin-Yao , Fijalkowska Iwona J. , Schaaper Roel M. 
Published: April 2018

Significance
The accuracy (fidelity) by which cells are able to duplicate their chromosomal DNA before cell division is an important factor in the frequency at which they accumulate mutations. Because mutations are generally harmful, organisms have developed various mechanisms to minimize the frequency of errors during DNA replication. Replication is generally performed by large multiple subunit complexes (replicases), which simultaneously and in a coordinated fashion copy the two DNA strands. Due to the antiparallel nature of the two DNA strands, the replication enzymology of the two individual strands is slightly different, and our study demonstrates that the two strands are copied with different accuracies. Specifically, the discontinuous lagging strand is significantly more accurate than the more processive leading strand.
Learned immunosuppressive placebo responses in renal transplant patients
Authors: Kirchhof Julia , Petrakova Liubov , Brinkhoff Alexandra , Benson Sven , Schmidt Justine , Unteroberdörster Maike , Wilde Benjamin , Kaptchuk Ted J. , Witzke Oliver , Schedlowski Manfred 
Published: April 2018

Significance
Akin to other physiological responses, immune functions can be modified in humans through associative conditioning procedures as part of a learned placebo response. However, it is unclear whether learned immune responses can be produced in patient populations already receiving an immunosuppressive regimen. In the present study, we demonstrate in renal transplant patients who were already receiving immunosuppressive treatment that learned immunosuppressive placebo responses increased efficacy of immunosuppressive medication. These data demonstrate that behavioral conditioning of drug responses may be a promising tool that could be used as a placebo-based dose-reduction strategy in an ongoing immunopharmacological regimen, the aim being to limit unwanted drug adverse effects and to improve treatment efficacy.
Topological order in the pseudogap metal
Authors: Scheurer Mathias S. , Chatterjee Shubhayu , Wu Wei , Ferrero Michel , Georges Antoine , Sachdev Subir 
Published: April 2018

Significance
The copper oxide-based high-temperature superconductors display a mysterious “pseudogap” metal phase at temperatures just above the critical temperature in a regime of low hole density. Extensive experimental and numerical studies have yielded much information on the nature of the electron corrections, but a fundamental theoretical understanding has been lacking. We show that a theory of a metal with topological order and emergent gauge fields can model much of the numerical data. Our study opens up a route to a deeper understanding of the long-range quantum entanglement in these superconductors and to the direct detection of the topological characteristics of the many-body quantum state.
Soft self-assembly of Weyl materials for light and sound
Authors: Fruchart Michel , Jeon Seung-Yeol , Hur Kahyun , Cheianov Vadim , Wiesner Ulrich , Vitelli Vincenzo 
Published: April 2018

Significance
Soft materials self-assemble into complex structures that can replicate on a larger scale the symmetric arrangements of atomic crystals. Harnessing soft self-assembly for material synthesis requires controlling the symmetries of such structures, a job tailored for group-theoretical methods traditionally used to describe crystal symmetries and their breaking. We illustrate this approach by providing a blueprint for self-assembled materials with an exotic feature of wave propagation known as Weyl points. The presence of such topological objects means that, at certain wavelengths, light or sound can only propagate inside the material in a handful of directions. Most crucially, sound and light waves can propagate on the material surface without backscattering from imperfections.
Observation of acetyl phosphate formation in mammalian mitochondria using real-time in-organelle NMR metabolomics
Authors: Xu Wen Jun , Wen He , Kim Han Sun , Ko Yoon-Joo , Dong Seung-Mo , Park In-Sun , Yook Jong In , Park Sunghyouk 
Published: April 2018

Significance
We introduce an in-organelle live NMR metabolomics approach that allows for real-time metabolic monitoring of live human mitochondria. The approach also features more than an order of magnitude higher sensitivity and much less overlap than conventional methods. The real-time monitoring capability identified acetyl phosphate in human mitochondria and showed its biphasic kinetic profile typical of a reaction intermediate. The method also allowed for estimation of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in live mitochondria according to p53 status, independent of competing cytosolic metabolism. Our approach should be very useful in studies on mitochondrial-specific contributions to cancer metabolism, and can be straightforwardly extended to studies on other diseases with altered mitochondrial metabolism.
Identification of long-lived synaptic proteins by proteomic analysis of synaptosome protein turnover
Authors: Heo Seok , Diering Graham H. , Na Chan Hyun , Nirujogi Raja Sekhar , Bachman Julia L. , Pandey Akhilesh , Huganir Richard L. 
Published: April 2018

Significance
The majority of cellular proteins undergo rapid degradation and synthesis to minimize the toxic effect to cells and tissues and to guarantee normal cellular functions. It has been appreciated that proteins with longer half-lives exist in certain cells and tissues. Here we identify synaptic long-lived proteins by high-resolution mass spectrometry. In general, synaptic proteins exhibit slower turnover than cytosolic proteins, and synaptic protein turnover from mouse brain is enhanced by enriched environment exposure. Moreover, protein half-lives are dynamically regulated during changes in neuronal activity. These findings demonstrate the existence of long-lived proteins in synapses in the brain and support a potential role for them in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory.