bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
mTOR Complex 1 Signaling Regulates the Generation and Function of Central and Effector Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Sun Im-Hong , Oh Min-Hee , Zhao Liang , Patel Chirag H. , Arwood Matthew L. , Xu Wei , Tam Ada J. , Blosser Richard L. , Wen Jiayu , Powell Jonathan D. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has emerged as a critical integrator of signals from the immune microenvironment capable of regulating T cell activation, differentiation, and function. The precise role of mTOR in the control of regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation and function is complex. Pharmacologic inhibition and genetic deletion of mTOR promotes the generation of Tregs even under conditions that would normally promote generation of effector T cells. Alternatively, mTOR activity has been observed to be increased in Tregs, and the genetic deletion of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)–scaffold protein Raptor inhibits Treg function. In this study, by employing both pharmacologic inhibitors and genetically altered T cells, we seek to clarify the role of mTOR in Tregs. Our studies demonstrate that inhibition of mTOR during T cell activation promotes the generation of long-lived central Tregs with a memory-like phenotype in mice. Metabolically, these central memory Tregs possess enhanced spare respiratory capacity, similar to CD8+ memory cells. Alternatively, the generation of effector Tregs (eTregs) requires mTOR function. Indeed, genetic deletion of Rptor leads to the decreased expression of ICOS and PD-1 on the eTregs. Overall, our studies define a subset of mTORC1hi eTregs and mTORC1lo central Tregs.
Epithelial IL-15 Is a Critical Regulator of γδ Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Motility within the Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Hu Madeleine D. , Ethridge Alexander D. , Lipstein Rebecca , Kumar Sushil , Wang Yitang , Jabri Bana , Turner Jerrold R. , Edelblum Karen L. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) expressing the γδ TCR (γδ IELs) provide continuous surveillance of the intestinal epithelium. However, the mechanisms regulating the basal motility of these cells within the epithelial compartment have not been well defined. We investigated whether IL-15 contributes to γδ IEL localization and migratory behavior in addition to its role in IEL differentiation and survival. Using advanced live cell imaging techniques in mice, we find that compartmentalized overexpression of IL-15 in the lamina propria shifts the distribution of γδ T cells from the epithelial compartment to the lamina propria. This mislocalization could be rescued by epithelial IL-15 overexpression, indicating that epithelial IL-15 is essential for γδ IEL migration into the epithelium. Furthermore, in vitro analyses demonstrated that exogenous IL-15 stimulates γδ IEL migration into cultured epithelial monolayers, and inhibition of IL-2Rβ significantly attenuates the basal motility of these cells. Intravital microscopy showed that impaired IL-2Rβ signaling induced γδ IEL idling within the lateral intercellular space, which resulted in increased early pathogen invasion. Similarly, the redistribution of γδ T cells to the lamina propria due to local IL-15 overproduction also enhanced bacterial translocation. These findings thus reveal a novel role for IL-15 in mediating γδ T cell localization within the intestinal mucosa and regulating γδ IEL motility and patrolling behavior as a critical component of host defense.
Bcl2L12 Contributes to Th2-Biased Inflammation in the Intestinal Mucosa by Regulating CD4+ T Cell Activities
Authors: Li Mao-Gang , Liu Xiao-Yu , Liu Zhi-Qiang , Hong Jing-Yi , Liu Jiang-Qi , Zhou Cai-Jie , Hu Tian-Yong , Xiao Xiao-Jun , Ran Pi-Xin , Zheng Peng-Yuan , Liu Zhi-Gang , Yang Ping-Chang 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The Th2-biased inflammation and immune deregulation play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Recent studies indicate that the Bcl2-like protein 12 (Bcl2L12) is associated with immune deregulation of UC. This study aims to investigate the role of Bcl2L12 in the induction of aberrant Th2-biased inflammation. In this study, peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The Th2 cell activities were analyzed by flow cytometry, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Mice with Bcl2L12-knockout CD4+ T cells were used in the experiments. The results showed that the expression of Bcl2L12 was detected in peripheral CD4+ T cells, which was significantly higher in UC patients than in healthy subjects. A positive correlation between the expression of Bcl2L12 and Th2 cytokines was detected in CD4+ T cells from UC patients. Naive CD4+ T cells with Bcl2L12 overexpression were prone to differentiate into Th2 cells. Mice with Bcl2L12 deficiency failed to induce the Th2-biased inflammation in the intestine. Bcl2L12 bound GATA3 to form a complex to enhance the binding between GATA3 and the Il4 promoter to enhance the expression of IL-4 in CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells with Bcl2L12 overexpression were resistant to apoptosis. In conclusion, the Bcl2L12 is a critical factor in the induction of aberrant Th2 polarization by upregulating Th2 responses and downregulating Th2 cell apoptosis. Bcl2L12 may be a novel therapeutic target in the management of the disorders with Th2-biased inflammation.
C2 Domains of Munc13-4 Are Crucial for Ca2+-Dependent Degranulation and Cytotoxicity in NK Cells
Authors: Bin Na-Ryum , Ma Ke , Tien Chi-Wei , Wang Siyan , Zhu Dan , Park Seungmee , Turlova Ekaterina , Sugita Kyoko , Shirakawa Ryutaro , van der Sluijs Peter , Horiuchi Hisanori , Sun Hong-Shuo , Monnier Philippe P. , Gaisano Herbert Y. , Sugita Shuzo 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In the immune system, degranulation/exocytosis from lymphocytes is crucial for life through facilitating eradication of infected and malignant cells. Dysfunction of the NK cell exocytosis process has been implicated with devastating immune diseases, such as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms of such processes have remained elusive. In particular, although the lytic granule exocytosis from NK cells is strictly Ca2+-dependent, the molecular identity of the Ca2+ sensor has yet to be identified. In this article, we show multiple lines of evidence in which point mutations in aspartic acid residues in both C2 domains of human Munc13-4, whose mutation underlies familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3, diminished exocytosis with dramatically altered Ca2+ sensitivity in both mouse primary NK cells as well as rat mast cell lines. Furthermore, these mutations within the C2 domains severely impaired NK cell cytotoxicity against malignant cells. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed that the mutations strikingly altered Ca2+ dependence of fusion pore opening of each single granule and frequency of fusion events. Our results demonstrate that both C2 domains of Munc13-4 play critical roles in Ca2+-dependent exocytosis and cytotoxicity by regulating single-granule membrane fusion dynamics in immune cells.
Powers in Orbits of Rational Functions: Cases of an Arithmetic Dynamical Mordell–Lang Conjecture
Authors: Cahn Jordan , Jones Rafe , Spear Jacob 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLet$K$be a finitely generated field of characteristic zero. For fixed$m\geqslant 2$, we study the rational functions$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$defined over$K$that have a$K$-orbit containing infinitely many distinct$m$-th powers. For$m\geqslant 5$we show that the only such functions are those of the form$cx^{j}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}(x))^{m}$with$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}\in K(x)$, and for$m\leqslant 4$we show that the only additional cases are certain Lattès maps and four families of rational functions whose special properties appear not to have been studied before.With additional analysis, we show that the index set$\{n\geqslant 0:\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}^{n}(a)\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}(\mathbb{P}^{1}(K))\}$is a union of finitely many arithmetic progressions, where$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}^{n}$denotes the$n$-th iterate of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\in K(x)$is any map Möbius-conjugate over$K$to$x^{m}$. When the index set is infinite, we give bounds on the number and moduli of the arithmetic progressions involved. These results are similar in flavor to the dynamical Mordell–Lang conjecture, and motivate a new conjecture on the intersection of an orbit with the value set of a morphism. A key ingredient in our proofs is a study of the curves$y^{m}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}^{n}(x)$. We describe all$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$for which these curves have an irreducible component of genus at most 1, and show that such$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$must have two distinct iterates that are equal in$K(x)^{\ast }/K(x)^{\ast m}$.
A new look at the multi-G model for organic carbon degradation in surface marine sediments for coupled benthic–pelagic simulations of the global ocean
Authors: Stolpovsky Konstantin , Dale Andrew W. , Wallmann Klaus 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The kinetics of particulate organic carbon (POC) mineralization in marine surface sediments is not well constrained. This creates considerable uncertainties when benthic processes are considered in global biogeochemical or Earth system circulation models to simulate climate–ocean interactions and biogeochemical tracer distributions in the ocean. In an attempt to improve our understanding of the rate and depth distribution of organic carbon mineralization in bioturbated (0–20 cm) sediments at the global scale, we parameterized a 1-D diagenetic model that simulates the mineralization of three discrete POC pools (a multi-G model). The rate constants of the three reactive classes (highly reactive, reactive, refractory) are fixed and determined to be 70, 0.5 and ∼ 0.001 yr−1, respectively, based on the Martin curve model for pelagic POC degradation. In contrast to previous approaches, however, the reactivity of the organic material degraded in the seafloor is continuous with, and set by, the apparent reactivity of material sinking through the water column. Despite the simplifications of describing POC remineralization using G-type approaches, the model is able to simulate a global database (185 stations) of benthic oxygen and nitrate fluxes across the sediment–water interface in addition to porewater oxygen and nitrate distributions and organic carbon burial efficiencies. It is further consistent with degradation experiments using fresh phytoplankton reported in a previous study. We propose that an important yet mostly overlooked consideration in upscaling approaches is the proportion of the reactive POC classes reaching the seafloor in addition to their reactivity. The approach presented is applicable to both steady-state and non-steady state scenarios, and links POC degradation kinetics in sedimentary environments to water depth and the POC rain rate to the seafloor.
Tagging moisture sources with Lagrangian and inertial tracers: application to intense atmospheric river events
Authors: Pérez-Muñuzuri Vicente , Eiras-Barca Jorge , Garaboa-Paz Daniel 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Two Lagrangian tracer tools are evaluated for studies on atmospheric
moisture sources and pathways. In these methods, a moisture volume is
assigned to each particle, which is then advected by the wind flow. Usual
Lagrangian methods consider this volume to remain constant and the particle
to follow flow path lines exactly. In a different approach, the initial
moisture volume can be considered to depend on time as it is advected by the
flow due to thermodynamic processes. In this case, the tracer volume drag
must be taken into account. Equations have been implemented and moisture
convection was taken into account for both Lagrangian and inertial models. We
apply these methods to evaluate the intense atmospheric rivers that
devastated (i) the Pacific Northwest region of the US and (ii) the western
Iberian Peninsula with flooding rains and intense winds in early
November 2006 and 20 May 1994, respectively. We note that the usual
Lagrangian method underestimates moisture availability in the continent, while
active tracers achieve more realistic results.
ORCHIMIC (v1.0), a microbe-mediated model for soil organic matter decomposition
Authors: Huang Ye , Guenet Bertrand , Ciais Philippe , Janssens Ivan A. , Soong Jennifer L. , Wang Yilong , Goll Daniel , Blagodatskaya Evgenia , Huang Yuanyuan 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The role of soil microorganisms in regulating soil
organic matter (SOM) decomposition is of primary importance in the carbon
cycle, in particular in the context of global change. Modeling soil
microbial community dynamics to simulate its impact on soil gaseous carbon
(C) emissions and nitrogen (N) mineralization at large spatial scales is a
recent research field with the potential to improve predictions of SOM
responses to global climate change. In this study we present a SOM model called
ORCHIMIC, which utilizes input data that are consistent with those of global
vegetation models. ORCHIMIC simulates the decomposition of SOM by explicitly
accounting for enzyme production and distinguishing three different
microbial functional groups: fresh organic matter (FOM) specialists, SOM
specialists, and generalists, while also implicitly accounting for microbes
that do not produce extracellular enzymes, i.e., cheaters. ORCHIMIC and two other organic matter decomposition models,
CENTURY (based on first-order kinetics and representative of the structure of most current global soil carbon models)
and PRIM (with FOM accelerating the decomposition rate of SOM), were calibrated
to reproduce the observed respiration fluxes of FOM and SOM from the incubation experiments of
Blagodatskaya et al. (2014).
Among the three models, ORCHIMIC was the only
one that effectively captured both the temporal dynamics of the respiratory fluxes
and the magnitude of the priming effect observed during the incubation
experiment. ORCHIMIC also effectively reproduced the temporal dynamics of microbial
biomass. We then applied different idealized changes to the model input
data, i.e., a 5 K stepwise increase of temperature and/or a doubling of plant
litter inputs. Under 5 K warming conditions, ORCHIMIC predicted a 0.002 K−1
decrease in the C use efficiency (defined as the ratio of C allocated to
microbial growth to the sum of C allocated to growth and respiration) and a
3 % loss of SOC. Under the double litter input scenario, ORCHIMIC
predicted a doubling of microbial biomass, while SOC stock increased by less
than 1 % due to the priming effect. This limited increase in SOC stock
contrasted with the proportional increase in SOC stock as modeled by the
conventional SOC decomposition model (CENTURY), which can not reproduce the
priming effect. If temperature increased by 5 K and litter input was doubled,
ORCHIMIC predicted almost the same loss of SOC as when only temperature
was increased. These tests suggest that the responses of SOC stock to
warming and increasing input may differ considerably from those simulated by
conventional SOC decomposition models when microbial dynamics are included.
The next step is to incorporate the ORCHIMIC model into a global vegetation
model to perform simulations for representative sites and future scenarios.
Hysteresis analysis of a notched continuum manipulator driven by tendon
Authors: Yu Hong-Jian , Yang Wen-Long , Yang Zheng-Xin , Dong Wei , Du Zhi-Jiang , Yan Zhi-Yuan 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Continuum manipulators are widely used in minimally invasive surgical robot systems (MISRS) because of their flexibility and compliance, while their modelling and control are relatively difficult and complex. This paper proposes an improved hysteresis model of a notched continuum manipulator based on the classical Bouc–Wen model, which can reduce errors and increase the accuracy of the kinematic-mechanics coupled model. Then parameters are identified by the mean of genetic algorithm (GA). Hysteresis phenomenon of the mentioned manipulator is actually caused by many factors such as the hysteresis property of Hyperelastic Nitinol Alloy (HNA), the elastic deformation of tendon and the friction between the tendon and the tube. The results of both static and dynamic experiments show that the introduced hysteresis model can eliminate the positional difference between forward and reverse bending processes, and thus improve the forecast precision of deformation during motion. This model can also be used to compensate modelling errors caused by hysteresis of other similar systems.
Attitudes of High School Band Directors in the United States Toward Solo and Ensemble Activities
Authors: Meyers Brian D. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate attitudes of high school band directors in the United States toward solo and ensemble activities. Independent variables such as teaching experience, level of education, National Association for Music Education (NAfME) division, personal solo and ensemble experience, teaching assignment, and director-centered external factors were used to investigate potential differences in attitudinal responses. Subjects were high school band directors (N = 557) who completed an online researcher-designed questionnaire that gathered demographic and attitudinal information regarding directors’ perceptions of benefits to students from participation in solo and ensemble activities, their importance to directors, and perceptions of local, regional, and state events. Analyses indicated no significant differences in director’s perceptions of benefits to students according to any independent variables, but significant differences were found in the importance of solo and ensemble to directors and perceptions of solo and ensemble events according to NAfME division, directors’ experience with solo and ensemble as a student, and director-centered external factors. Results indicate directors understand and believe strongly in the benefits of solo and ensemble activities, but factors such as time constraints, job demands, program expectations, and festival and contest adjudication, format, and schedule may hinder directors’ use of solo and ensemble activities as an integral part of their program.
Giving Berth: Fiji, Black Women’s Internationalism, and the Pacific Women’s Conference of 1975
Authors: Swan Quito 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This essay is centered on Fiji’s Pacific Women’s Conference (PWC) of 1975. It adds to Africana scholarship by demonstrating how Black women’s internationalism weaved across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean worlds. Organized by Fijian women such as Amelia Rokotuivuna, Claire Slatter, and Vanessa Griffen, the conference was a unified berth for Pacifica women to address the interlocking regional issues of gender, neocolonialism, ecological justice, human rights, ethnicity, race, culture, and sovereignty. These women helped transform Suva, Fiji, into a hub for Pacifica nationalist movements, such as the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific Movement (NFIP). They also attended the United Nations World Conference on Women in Mexico City (1975). Slatter and Griffen edited NFIP’s newsletter, Povai, which became a collective voice for Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian anticolonial struggles. The PWC occurred at a critical moment of Indigenous, Global South women’s and anticolonial liberation struggles across the region. Conference participants represented political movements from across New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Tahiti, Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Australia, and the Americas. They denounced French, Australian, American, British, and Indonesian (neo)colonialism and imperialism in the South Pacific. This highlighted the relationships between Oceanic, Asian, African American, Caribbean, and African liberation struggles.
Abstract Contraflow Models and Solution Procedures for Evacuation Planning
Authors: Dhungana Ram Chandra , Pyakurel Urmila , Dhamala Tanka Nath 
Published: June 2018

The abstract flow model deals with the flow paths (routes) that satisfy the switching property. Contraflow is a widely accepted solution approach that increases the flow and decreases the evacuation time making the traffic smooth during evacuation by reversing the required road directions from the risk areas to the safe places. In this paper, we integrate the concepts of abstract flow and contraflow, give mathematical formulations of these models and present efficient algorithms for solving the abstract contraflow problems. The efficient solution procedures are presented for maximum dynamic, lexicographically maximum and earliest arrival abstract contraflow problems. This approach maximizes the flow value in given time and seeks to eliminate the crossing conflicts.
TEORIAS DO ACONTECIMENTO E CRISE ORGANIZACIONAL: um diálogo produtivo
Authors: OLIVEIRA Luciana , SIQUEIRA Laura Luiza Tupynambá 
Published: June 2018

As teorias do acontecimento têm sido muito utilizadas nos estudos da comunicação, notadamente para análise do jornalismo, das celebridades, dos grandes eventos, das catástrofes. A aplicação aos estudos da comunicação organizacional é restrita, para não dizer nula. Acreditando que o entendimento das crises organizacionais pode ganhar um novo impulso com tal abordagem teórico-metodológica, buscamos apresentar e explorar os fundamentos acerca dessa articulação, bem como os entrecruzamentos entre discursos oficiais e outros discursos presentes nas interações públicos-organizações e a propriedade da visada acontecimental para explicar fenômenos organizacionais, posto que, na situação de crise, são as organizações elas próprias acontecimentos ou catalisadoras da discussão de problemas públicos.
Hyperwriting, a multiscale writing with the method of loci
Authors: Aberkane Idriss 
Published: June 2018

Let us suppose that any media is the outsourcing of a mental function ; writing, then, is the outsourcing of working memory. For Dehaene and others, writing is a neural recycling by which populations specialized in form recognition are associated with sounds, thus forming a simple grapheme-phoneme association. Could there be other forms of writing then, or “neowriting”, and could they externalize other mental functions, such as say, episodic memory ? Here I propose a multiscale form of symbolic writing based on the method of loci, consisting of a loceme-noeme association endowed with a proto-grammar, which purpose is to externalize episodic memory, and allow for the mapping of noems onto space. I add that hyperwriting is not the only possible form of neowriting, thus posing the problem of the neuroergonomic optimality of existing media depending on their contents and cognitive purpose, and discuss its epistemological continuity with hypertext.
Approches du Brésil
Authors: Wormser Gérard 
Published: June 2018

La scène politique brésilienne est entrée dans une phase de confusion extrême.
Cela permettra t-il à notre enquête de sortir des clichés ? Après des mois de
guérilla parlementaire, le 17 mars 2016 restera une date marquante. Ce même jour, la
chambre des députés a constitué la commission qui statuera sur la possible
destitution de la présidente Dilma Rousseff, celle-ci a nommé à la tête de son
Cabinet l'ancien président Lula da Silva, un artifice de procédure a immédiatement
suspendu cette nomination à une décision de la Cour suprême brésilienne (Supremo
Tribunal Federal), dont les juges ont simultanément autorisé la diffusion d'écoutes
téléphoniques de Lula. Dès le soir, les médias ont ouvert un procès public de
l'ancien président. On parle de coup d'Etat.