bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stem Form Changes in Unthinned Slash and Loblolly Pine Stands Following Midrotation Fertilization
Authors: Jack Steven B. , Stone Earl L. , Swindel Benee F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Trees from fertilization experiments in four slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and two loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) stands were subjected to stem analysis. The stands were unthinned and were between 13 and 25 years old at time of treatment. Profiles of radial width and cross-sectional area were examined to determine whether fertilization changed stem form. Proportionally greater growth on the upper stems of fertilized trees in the years immediately after treatment led to underestimating response with conventional volume equations. After 5 or more years, however, form was little changed and a single volume equation was appropriate for both fertilized and unfertilized trees.² South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):90-97.
Matching Loblolly Pine Families to Regeneration Sites
Authors: Duzan Howard W. , Williams Claire G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The family block system has several advantages that make it a desirable method for deploying genetically improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Orchard and nursery productivity can be improved with family block management, and families can be matched to sites. Soil properties and productivity levels are criteria that should be used by foresters to decide where available families should best be planted. The appropriate strategy for matching individual families to sites is dependent on (1) the magnitude of genotype by environmental (G x E) interaction within the applicable breeding region, and (2) the identification of causal site factors. Given the absence of substantial family rank change, shorter orchard service life, and the high cost of edaphic screening, foresters are advised to plant the best half-sib families on the best sites. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):166-169.
Establishing Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Using Strip Site Preparation
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A long-term (>10 yr) study in the Georgia sandhills shows that strip site preparation is benefit-cost effective in establishing Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D. B. Ward) plantations. Costs can be reduced without detriment to survival or stand yield. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):178-181.
Using Break-even Analysis for Replanting Decisions in Damaged Pine Stands
Authors: Caulfield Jon P. , Teeter Lawrence D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A break-even technique based on land expectation value is used to evaluate the economic consequences of plantation replant/no-replant decisions following a catastrophic loss. The after-tax break-even point, defined as the percentage volume loss incurred before it pays to replant, initially increases with stand age, levels off for several years, then decreases late in the rotation. The cost of an incorrect replant/no-replant decision follows a similar pattern, and is small when actual mortality is close to the break-even point. The break-even point and the cost of a wrong decision at a given stand age are both strongly influenced by the cost of capital. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):186-189.
Impact of Fusiform Rust on Product Yields of Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Geron C. D. , Hafley W. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of fusiform rust on product yields from loblolly pine plantations are modeled in four stages: The additional mortality caused by the disease; additional infection observable after age five (the age from which increased mortality is estimated); a probability density function to describe gall heights on infected stems; and a merchandising routine based on specific milling practice assumptions and merchandising strategies. These processes are then incorporated into the North Carolina State University Managed Loblolly Pine Plantation Growth and Yield Simulator, and the effect of various levels of rust incidence on product yields in unthinned stands simulated. Yield of solid product decreased sharply across plantations with increasing infection. Pulp yields increased because of infected stem components that could only be utilized for this product. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):226-231
The Term Structure of Interest Rates and the Evaluation of Forestry Investments: A Note
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The forestry literature generally assumes that the appropriate discount rate to be used in the estimation of a given investment's net present value is the same over its lifetime. However, the values of many alternative investments such as stocks and bonds often reflect term structures that are not flat. That is, the relationship between the number of years to maturity of an investment and that investment's required rate of return is often a significant consideration. This note suggests a procedure for incorporating a consideration of the term structure of interest rates into the determination of a discount rate specific to each annual net cash flow associated with a given long-term forestry investment. Using an actual 10-year case analysis, it was found that the valuation of a timberland tract varied by approximately 11%, depending upon whether or not the term structure of interest rates was recognized. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):256-258.
Loblolly Pine Plantation Development is Influenced by Site Preparation and Soils in the West Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Haywood James D. , Burton James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Productivity of upland loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations was studied under seven site preparation treatments and five soil classes, with and without fertilizer, in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Generally, the chop-burn-harrow and shear-windrow-harrow treatments resulted in themost basal area (ave. 112 ft²/ac), but the chop-burn-harrow treatment produced the most fiber (2,109 ft³/ac) after 12 growing seasons. Harrowing as an additional treatment after chopping-and-burning increased productivity by 394 ft³/ac over the chop-burn treatment. The leastproductive treatments were underplant-inject and shear-windrow. Generally, basal area per acre was comparatively high on the silty, slowly permeable clay, and very slowly permeable clay soils (ave. 105 ft ²/ac). Two of the soils, silty and slowly permeable clay, had comparatively highvolume production (ave. 1,878 ft³/ac). The least productive sites had gravelly subsoils. Generally, phosphorus fertilization did not influence pine productivity. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):17-21.
Predicted Genetic Gains from one Generation of Slash Pine Tree Improvement
Authors: Hodge G. R. , White T. L. , Powell G. L. , De Souza S. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Gains over unimproved seed for progeny from first generation--un-rogued, first generation--rogued, and one and one-half generation orchards of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) for individual tree volume at 15 years are predicted to be 10%, 15%, and 19%, respectively. Rustinfection of orchard progeny on sites where unimproved material incurs 50% infection are predicted to be 49%, 41%, and 35% for the three orchard types. Using a growth and yield model that incorporates fusiform rust, gains in individual tree volume and increased rust resistance were combinedto estimate effects on per acre yields. Percent volume per acre gains are predicted to be 7.0%, 13.2%, and 18.0% for the three orchard types. Collection and deployment of the most rust resistant seed to high rust hazard sites raises the gain on these sites and becomes increasingly beneficialas the rust hazard increases. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1): 51-56.
Chemicals for Control of Common Insect and Mite Pests in Southern Pine Nurseries
Authors: Bacon Catherine G. , South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several pests of agricultural crops can cause low-level and occasionally catastrophic damage in southern pine nurseries. Although cultural control methods can help prevent or minimize pest damage, chemical control methods are sometimes needed. To effectively control these pests, nurserymanagers need up-to-date information on the rates and costs of the pesticides that are legal for use on trees. Pesticides currently labeled for controlling eight common pests of pine seedlings are listed along with their approximate costs. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):112-116.
Tree Size and Species, Stand Volume, and Tract Size: Effects on Southern Harvesting Costs
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Greene W. Dale , Lyon John P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Timber harvesting production rates and equipment and labor costs were used to estimate average logging costs for a variety of tract volumes and sizes, stand structures, and tree species. Average costs were estimated for conventional logging systems typical in the South. Regression analysiswas used to identify significant factors affecting the costs for each system. Highly mechanized systems were generally cheapest for harvesting southern pines, but were not much cheaper for harvesting hardwoods. Hardwoods were substantially more expensive to harvest, as were tracts of lessthan 250 cords in total volume. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):145-152.
Root Growth Potential, First-Year Survival, and Growth of Shortleaf Pine Seedlings Show Effects of Life Date, Storage, and Family
Authors: Hallgren S. W. , Tauer C. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Root growth potential (RGP), and first-year field survival and growth of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings were significantly affected by lift date, storage, and family. Seedlings lifted in December and January showed highest RGP, survival, and growth. Storage for 28 daysalways reduced survival and growth, and the effect was greatest for late-lifted seedlings. However, for late planting, the difference in performance between freshly lifted seedlings and earlier lifted and stored seedlings may be small. Large family differences existed for seasonal changesin RGP and survival, suggesting separate management by family may be beneficial. The presence of a terminal bud and secondary needles showed little value in predicting seedling performance, whereas RGP and number of primary lateral roots were strongly correlated with seedling survival. South.J. Appl. For. 13(4):163-169.
The Impact of Federal and State Income Taxes on Timber Income in the South Following the 1986 Tax Reform Act
Authors: Bettinger Pete , Haney Harry L. , Siegel William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 1988 federal and state income tax liabilities for hypothetical forest landowners in two federal income tax brackets, each with and without timber sale revenue, were calculated for the 14 southern states. At the medium income level, the state portion of total income tax liability(without timber sale revenue) ranges from 9% in Louisiana to 20% in North Carolina. With timber sale revenue, it ranges from 7% in Louisiana to 17% in North Carolina. At the high income level, the state portion of total income taxes (without timber sale revenue) ranged from 7% in Louisianato 16% in North Carolina, and with timber sale revenue, from 6% in Louisiana to 15% in North Carolina. Capital gains exclusions, deductions for federal income taxes, tax rates and schedules, standard deductions, and personal exemptions are the most important provisions for reducing state incometax liability. The installment sale method of reporting income was used as one alternative tax planning strategy for spreading timber sale revenue over a 2-year period. The purpose was to smooth cash flows and reduce the amount of income subject to higher marginal tax rates. Georgia taxpayerselecting the installment sale method of reporting in a hypothetical case saved $1,203 and $585 in total income taxes for the medium and high income levels, respectively. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):196-203.
Comparison of Slash Pine and Loblolly Pine Performance on Cutover Site-Prepared Sites in the Coastal Plain of Georgia and Florida
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Harrison William M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Age 8 measurements and analysis are reported and discussed for a large side-by-side loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)/slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) species comparison study. It is shown that loblolly pine performed better than slash pine in CRIFF soil groups A, D, F, and G whileslash pine and loblolly pine performed similarly in CRIFF soil groups B and C. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):204-207.
Basal Area Growth Estimators for Survivor Component: A Quality Control Application
Authors: Thomas Charles E. , Roesch Francis A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several possible estimators are available for basal area growth of survivor trees, when horizontal prism (or point plots (HPP) are remeasured. This study's comparison of three estimators not only provides a check for the estimate of basal area growth but suggests that they can provide a quality control indicator for yield procedures. An example is derived from remeasurements in Alabama for the Southern Forest Experiment Station by Forest Inventory and Analysis. Remeasurements are for 1962-72 and 1972-82. It is suggested that computation of two or perhaps all three of the estimators be routinely incorporated in analysis of remeasured HPP data. Use of the two elemental estimators can provide a quality assurance check on field procedures. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):12-18.
Effects of Pollen Viability and Vigor on Seed Production of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Moody W. R. , Jett J. B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Agar germination testing and pollen respiration were good predictors of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) pollen germination in vivo (R2 = 0.82 and 0.70) and total seed (R2 = 0.88 and 0.81). These tests were less accurate when used to predict percent filled seed (R2 = 0.79 and 0 85). Pollen age in this study (stored at 6-8% moisture and 3.30 C) was linearly related to percent empty seed (r2 = 0.65). South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):33-38.
Virginia Pines and Cattle Grazing—An Agroforestry Opportunity
Authors: Pearson Henry A. , Prince Thomas E. , Todd Clyde M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Virginia pines (Christmas trees) and cattle can be economically produced on the same land if the trees are protected with electric fences from grazing, trampling, and rubbing. Without protective the combined operation is uneconomical, supporting the concept that "Christmas trees and cattle do not mix." The results from this study are mainly applicable to situations where the landowner is already in the livestock business but interested in diversifying into other alternative enterprises which can improve economics and management or marketing flexibility. The reverse, adding cattle to a Christmas tree business, is not suggested due to the additional investments needed for land, facilities, and livestock. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):55-59.
An Economic Analysis of Southern Pine Beetle Suppression Activity on the Gulf Coastal Plain National Forests During 1985 and 1986
Authors: Redmond Clair H. , Nettleton Wesley A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 1985-1986 southern pine beetle suppression projects were analyzed on the national forests in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Project costs during that time were $11.6 million, and benefits of control were estimated at $45.5 million. Such a relationship yielded a benefit-cost ratio of 3.9:1 at a 4% real rate of return and 2.6:1 at 7 1/8%. Volume saved as a result of the suppression projects was estimated at 665,000 mbf (Scribner). Total cost per acre, including suppression and regeneration expenses, was $224. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):70-73.
Nursery Fertilization and Top Pruning of Slash Pine Seedlings
Authors: Duryea Mary L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Top pruning, growing-season fertilization, and fall fertilization were investigated in a Florida nursery to determine the effects on crop yield, morphology, nutrition, and field performance. Top pruning improved crop yield by reducing the number of cull seedlings. Top-pruned seedlings were smaller in diameter, height, and weight and had an increased number of multiple tops. In the field, top-pruned seedlings had the same survival and height growth, and after 3 years the percentage with multiple tops was the same as nonpruned seedlings. From these results, top pruning seems to be a nondetrimental practice for controlling height and producing a uniform crop in the nursery. Reducing growing-season fertilization slightly decreased shoot height, but not as much as top pruning. Also, these seedlings had reduced foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and content and grew less after 1 year in the field indicating that cutting back on N in the nursery may not be a beneficial way to control height. Fall fertilization in the nursery increased N in seedlings but did not affect growth or survival in the field. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):73-76.
An Economic Analysis of the Conservation Reserve Program in South Georgia
Authors: Redmond Clair , Cubbage Frederick W. , Ullrich Richard D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) pays farm landowners to plant trees or grasses instead of crops on highly erodible farm rand. We analyzed the returns to these investments for farm owners and the economic effects on farm communities. On a per-acre return on investment, trees usually had a superior discounted value to cash crops at both a 4% and 10% discount rate. The CRP policies reduced total regional income attributable to farmland in most years of a timber investment. These impacts ranged from 0.07% to - 0.76% on a "crop weighted average acre." In years in which trees were harvested, however, the CRP had a positive effect on the economy, ranging from 0.06% to 10.6%. We may assume that timber under the CRP will be harvested over a number of years rather than in a particular thinning and harvesting year; therefore, economic fluctuations are less severe. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):137-142.
Streamline Basal Application of Herbicide for Small-Stem Hardwood Control
Authors: Miller James H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effectiveness of low-volume basal application of herbicide—"streamline" application—was evaluated on 25 hardwood species and loblolly pine. Test mixtures were step-wise rates of Garlon 4 mixed in diesel fuel with a penetrant added. Most comparisons tested 10%, 20%, and 30% mixtures of Garlon 4, while tests with saplings and small trees used 20%, 30%, and 40%. Target stems ranged from 2 ft tall to 6 in. dbh. Applications were made in February, using pressure-regulated handguns equipped with straight stream nozzles attached to backpack sprayers. Two bands of the herbicide mixture were applied to two sides of all stems.
After 18 months, susceptible hardwood species with greater than 80% average control at all three Garlon rates were water oak (Quercus nigra), am. hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), boxelder (Acer negundo), huckleberry (Vaccinium elliottii), sumacs (Rhus spp.), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), and mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Tolerant species with less than 40% control were sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), titi (Cliftonia monophylia), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) (>1 in. groundline diameter). Treatment of loblolly pines resulted in an average of 22% mortality. Smaller stems were more readily killed than larger stems for all species. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):161-165.
Flower Stimulation Treatments in a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Wheeler N. C. , Bramlett D. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Flowering in conifer seed orchards may be sporadic and insufficient to meet reforestation needs at early ages. Consequently, considerable effort has been made to develop cultural treatments to enhance flowering in operational seed orchards. For a number of species, flower-promoting technology is well-defined. This study evaluated two known technologies, currently in use for other species, for flower-promoting effects in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). A replicated experiment was installed in a 10-year-old, second-generation loblolly pine seed orchard at Lyons, GA. Overlapping, saw-cut girdles and stem-injected GA4/7 were applied alone, and in combination, to main boles of ramets of four clones. Timing of treatments was evaluated using four treatment dates. All treatments significantly enhanced female flower production, relative to controls, although girdling was clearly the most effective single treatment. There was no treatment effect on pollen production. Timing of treatment is important but may require evaluation on a site-by-site basis. Tree health 1 year after treatment was excellent, although clonal sensitivity to some treatments was noted. Use of flower stimulation techniques is recommended, particularly for younger loblolly pine orchards. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):44-50.
Fusiform Rust Incidence in Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Arabatzis Alexandros A. , Gregoire Timothy G. , Lenhart J. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A method to predict the incidence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) in unthinned loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Englem.) plantations located on non-old-fields in East Texas is presented. In addition, procedures are described to estimate changes in rust incidence over time as: 1. A rust-free tree remains rust free, develops stem or branch galls, or dies. 2. A tree with branch galls remains with branch galls only, develops stem galls, or dies. 3. A tree with stem galls remains with stem galls, or dies. Multinomial logistic regression models utilizing basic plantation parameters as predictors were fit to estimate current rust incidence and, then, the change in rust condition over time. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):79-84.
Electrical Conductivity of Five Concentrations of Two Glyphosate-Containing Herbicides
Authors: Lautenschlager R. A. , Schaertl G. Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Measuring conductivity of spray solutions of amine herbicides helps assure proper mixing prior to application thus providing additional quality control to operational herbicide programs. Electrical conductivity was determined for seven concentrations (0-15% v:v) of Accord® and Accord® CR herbicides in aqueous solution with three concentrations (0-1% v:v) of either Cide-Kick II™ or Ortho X-77 Spreader® surfactants. Conductivity (μS cm-1) of these solutions, determined at five solution temperatures (5°-25°C), increased 738.7 μS cm-1 and 164.9 μS cm-1 for each 1% increase in herbicide concentration and each 1°C increase in temperature. Conductivity decreased 212.3 μS cm-1 for each 1% increase in surfactant concentration. The conductivity of Accord CR was 100.5 μS cm-1 greater than Accord; conductivity of Cide-Kick II was 82.3 μS cm-1 greater than X-77. The equations presented enable foresters to verify proper concentration and mixing of these herbicide and surfactant solutions for temperatures likely to occur in the field if water source conductivity is ≤300 μS cm-1. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):85-88.
Economic Comparison of Natural and Planted Regeneration of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Dangerfield Coleman W. , Edwards M. Boyd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The need for low cost, ecologically sound, pine regeneration alternatives for adoption on Non-Industrial Private Forest (NIPF) lands is urgent. Seed tree and shelterwood methods of loblolly pine regeneration were examined by profitability analysis. Each were shown to be good investments. Also, a profitability comparison was made between natural regeneration and planted stands. Natural loblolly regeneration is financially competitive with clearcut and plant silviculture. The internal rate of return (IRR) was 10.8% for natural regeneration and 10.1% for site preparation and planting, after taxes and adjustment for inflation. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):125-127.