bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral processing of hydrogels: Influence of food material properties versus individuals' eating capability
Authors: Krop Emma M. , Hetherington Marion M. , Miquel Sophie , Sarkar Anwesha 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFood material properties play an important role in sensory perception and consumer acceptance of foods. However, the actual oral processing behavior may depend on both the material properties of the food that is being consumed and individuals' oral capabilities. This study aimed to examine the relationships between intrinsic (oral capabilities of healthy participants) and extrinsic (food material properties of a set of hydrogels) variables to the real oral processing behavior. Three κ‐carrageenan hydrogels (κC), differing in fracture mechanics and oral tribology properties, were prepared: native κC, κC with added Na‐alginate, and a κC matrix with added Ca‐alginate beads of 300 μm. A composite score of eating capability (EC) was measured with non‐invasive techniques (maximum bite force and tongue pressure) using a panel of 28 untrained consumers. The oral processing behaviors (number of chews, oral residence time, and chewing rate) were analyzed with the same participants using frame‐by‐frame video analysis. It was found that the EC scores did not correlate with any of the oral processing behaviors. The number of chews and oral residence time showed a strong correlation with the fracture force and friction force at orally relevant speeds (10–100 mm/s), whereas chewing rate did not vary with these properties. The results from this study indicate that oral processing in healthy adults seems mainly motivated by food material properties, and the chewing rate seems to relate more to individual differences and EC than to food properties. Insights from this study, using model hydrogels, have helped to promote knowledge on oral processing behavior in healthy individuals; could bridge the gap between consumer science, psychology, and food science; and may be of interest to product developers in designing foods with pleasant texture properties.
Consumer textural food perception over time based on Mouth Behavior
Authors: Jeltema Melissa , Beckley Jacqueline , Vahalik Jennifer , Garza Jeff 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFood texture assessment is difficult because it is constantly being modified as a food is eaten. While texture has generally been statically assessed, methods aimed at measurement over time are becoming more common. However, even when texture is assessed over time, that assessment is based on averages across all individuals. This study shows that individuals with different Mouth Behaviors eat foods differently in an effort to develop a texture that suits their Mouth Behavior. Because of this, their texture assessments differ over the eating experience. Overall liking was driven by whether individuals were able to transform the product texture into one that aligned with their Mouth Behavior and how well they liked the dominant texture attribute.
Biblical Inspiration & Islamic Instrumental Causality: Thomas Aquinas on prophecy and the two authors of Sacred Scripture
Authors: Yardley Brett 
Published: August 2019

AbstractScripture, according to the Christian tradition, has two authors: God as the principal author and the Holy Fathers as instrumental authors. Thomas’s biblical inspiration is accomplished through instrumental causality—the theory of causal motion where the power of a principal agent works hiddenly through a lower cause to achieve an end beyond the lower cause’s natural powers. However, Thomas formulates a new account of instrumental causality by integrating Islamic causal accounts within Greek and Christian ones. After confirming that Thomas accounts for biblical inspiration with instrumental causality, I will show how Thomas’s Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard explains his theory of instrumental causality pertaining to the sacraments and how it neatly fits biblical inspiration. Finally, I will demonstrate that Thomas’s formulation of instrumental causality is novel incorporating Islamic influences through Arabic sources including: the Arabic Liber de Causis, Averroes’s two sources of motion, and Avicenna’s modes of efficient causation. The paper will thereby conclude that Thomas’s explanation on how Scripture comes to be is beholden to philosophical thinkers of the Arabic tradition.
Evaluation of squalene oxidation mechanisms in human skin surface lipids and shark liver oil supplements
Authors: Shimizu Naoki , Ito Junya , Kato Shunji , Eitsuka Takahiro , Saito Tetsuo , Nishida Hiroshi , Miyazawa Teruo , Nakagawa Kiyotaka 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSqualene is a terpenoid found in human skin surface lipids (SSLs) and foods that possesses beneficial properties. However, since oxidation of squalene causes various complications, it is necessary to identify the mechanisms by which squalene is oxidized. In this study, we aimed to determine the oxidation mechanisms of squalene in SSLs and shark liver oil (SLO) supplements by the analysis of squalene monohydroperoxide (SQOOH) isomers, on the basis of our previous finding that different oxidation mechanisms yield different SQOOH isomers. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of SQOOH isomers revealed that squalene in human SSLs was oxidized by singlet oxygen oxidation, whereas squalene in SLO was oxidized mainly by free radicals. As a result, we have presented the first evidence suggesting that the analysis of SQOOH isomers enables estimation of oxidation mechanisms. Estimating oxidation mechanisms by analyzing SQOOH isomers may provide a foundation for the prevention of skin diseases and food deterioration via regulation of squalene oxidation.
An exploration of how community‐dwelling older adults enhance their well‐being
Authors: Waterworth Susan , Raphael Deborah , Gott Merryn , Arroll Bruce , Benipal Jagpal , Jarden Aaron 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAim and objectivesTo explore community‐dwelling older adults approaches to enhancing their psychological well‐being.BackgroundOlder adults who are living with long‐term or chronic health conditions are particularly at risk of experiencing low psychological well‐being. Little attention has been paid to preventive strategies that enhance psychological well‐being and, in particular, to understanding how older adults enhance their own well‐being.MethodsUsing Seligman's PERMA model of well‐being (2011) as an organisational framework, this qualitative study interviewed 48 older people aged between 66 and 99 years. Of these, 17 men and 20 women participated in semi‐structured interviews. Additionally, 11 women, all widows with a mean age of 81 years, participated in a focus group. The data were analysed with reference to the five aspects of PERMA (Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment) with a focus on identifying what actions the older people were taking to enhance their well‐being. Further analysis involved coding the data into processes or practices and also influencing factors.FindingsMost participants used a range of strength‐based strategies or practices to enhance their well‐being. For a small number of participants (n = 3), these practices were supported by the presence of partners as carers. However, using PERMA as our conceptual model illustrated that despite Seligman's view that individuals can take positive action within each of the five aspects of PERMA to enhance well‐being, external factors, for example economic circumstances or mobility, can influence the ability of older adults to undertake well‐being practices.ConclusionsOlder adults have a range of strategies or practices that they use to enhance their well‐being. However, well‐being is not a static concept and it is important to recognise the influence of health, social and environmental factors as enablers and enhancers of well‐being.Implications for practiceNurses can play a central role in supporting older adults who may be at risk of lower well‐being. Nurses can do this by developing interventions to enhance well‐being and ensuring better person‐activity fit of strategies and practices. Our findings support the need for nurses to be involved in providing opportunities for older people to discuss well‐being to support the development of individual, as well as community, models of well‐being.
Who gives and receives more? Older couples' personality and spousal support
Authors: Lee Kyuho , Martin Peter 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study examined the effects of the Big Five personality traits on support/strain exchange within older couples. Data of 1,775 older couples aged between 50 and 85 years in 2014 from the Health and Retirement Study were assessed, and actor–partner interdependent models were used. For the actor effects, all the five factors predicted their report on the spousal support/strain from the spouse; some differences between husbands and wives, as well as support and strain, were detected. For the partner effects, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism predicted the support/strain provision reported by the partner. The findings of this study illustrate that certain personality factors work as predictors of spousal support/strain in older couples. The possible mechanism with regard to older adults' personality and marital relationship was discussed.
Philosophy and animal welfare science
Authors: Bruckner Donald W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough human well‐being is a topic of much contemporary philosophical discussion, there has been comparatively little theoretical discussion in philosophy of (nonhuman) animal well‐being. Animal welfare science is a well‐established scientific discipline that studies animal well‐being from an empirical standpoint. This article examines parts of this literature that may be relevant to philosophical treatments of animal well‐being and to other philosophical issues. First, I explain the dominant conceptions of well‐being in animal welfare science and survey some debates in that literature surrounding these competing conceptions. Second, I explain the empirical methods used to measure animal well‐being. Third, I argue for the philosophical relevance of the research in animal welfare science and outline some philosophical issues concerning animal welfare and its science that I claim are worthy of attention by philosophers.
Differential heavy metal sensitivity in seven algal species from the NIES culture collection based on delayed fluorescence assays
Authors: Ota Shuhei , Yamaguchi Haruyo , Vanel Faustine , Fuchida Shigeshi , Koshikawa Hiroshi , Yamagishi Takahiro , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Kawachi Masanobu 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARYSeafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are the target of available metallic resources. The toxic impacts of leachable metals from hydrothermal ore by mining operations in marine environments are a concern. However, ecotoxicological knowledge about marine algae, and particularly open ocean species, is still limited. Here, we evaluated the toxic effects of three leachable metals (i.e. Zn, Cu, and Pb) on seven marine algae, including cyanobacteria and eukaryotes, by a delayed fluorescence method. Cyanobacterial Synechococcus and Cyanobium species were sensitive to Zn and Cu, while eukaryotic algae showed various responses to heavy metal species. The prasinophycean Bathycoccus prasinos NIES‐2670 was sensitive to all metal species; this strain is a potential test strain to detect the leachable metals. A co‐culture experiment showed that the impact on community structure varies depending on leachable metal species. This study demonstrates that surveys across multiple taxonomic groups are necessary to assess the impact of SMS‐mining operations on marine ecosystems as a whole.
Alzheimer's deterioration in intellectual and neurobiological staging supports the retrogenesis model: a double dissociation between verbal/non‐verbal judgments and the left/right parieto‐temporal glucose metabolism. A retrospective data analysis from the Tajiri Project
Authors: Meguro Mitsue , Meguro Kenichi , Takahashi Kyoko , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Tashiro Manabu 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundAlzheimer disease (AD) patients demonstrate various clinical features reminiscent of children (the retrogenesis model). The Binet test is available for assessing mental development and deterioration. However, neuroimaging correlations remain to be clarified. Although AD patients also manifest social judgment disability, there are few cognitive tests, contrary to so many memory tests. Among the database, we noticed that the Binet test includes the subscale of social judgement using illogical sentences and pictures. The aim of this study is to clarify the neuroimaging correlations for the Binet test, especially for the illogical questions.MethodsForty participants were selected from the database of the Tajiri Project. The Tanaka‐Binet test was used to evaluate the mental age and the basic age. The latter is the age level at which the patient can completely accomplish all questions at the immediately lower age level and is used for calculating the mental age. Using the subtests of illogical sentences/pictures, logical judgment abilities were assessed. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we performed four‐grade visual evaluation for cortical atrophy. The cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRglc) was measured using an autoradiographic method of 18F‐fluoreodeoxyglucose – positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET).ResultsThere was a significant Spearman's correlation between the clinical stage and the basic age. Degree of frontal, temporal and hippocampal atrophy were correlated with the basic age. The entire grey matter and frontal and temporal CMRglc were associated with the basic age. The illogical sentences scores were correlated with the bilateral temporal, hippocampal and the left parieto‐temporal CMRglc, whereas the illogical picture scores were correlated with the right parieto‐temporal CMRglc.ConclusionsWe found that frontal and temporal atrophy as well as hypometabolism were associated with the basic age. Regarding the illogical judgment, the current PET data analysis disclosed that there may be a double dissociation between verbal/non‐verbal judgments and the left/right parieto‐temporal areas.
Habitat conditions at beaver settlement sites: implications for beaver restoration projects
Authors: Ritter Torrey D. , Gower Claire N. , McNew Lance B. 
Published: August 2019

Recognition that beavers are integral components of stream ecosystems has resulted in an increase in beaver‐mediated habitat restoration projects. Beaver restoration projects are frequently implemented in degraded stream systems with little or no beaver activity. However, selection of restoration sites is often based on habitat suitability research comparing well‐established beaver colonies to unoccupied stream sections or abandoned colonies. Because beavers dramatically alter areas they occupy, assessing habitat conditions at active colonies may over‐emphasize habitat characteristics that are modified by beaver activity. During 2015–2017, we conducted beaver activity surveys on streams in the upper Missouri River watershed in southwest Montana, United States, to investigate habitat selection by beavers starting new colonies in novel areas. We compared new colony locations in unmodified stream segments to unsettled segments to evaluate conditions that promoted colonization. Newly settled stream segments had relatively low gradients (β ± SE = −0.72 ± 0.27), narrow channels (β = −1.31 ± 0.46), high channel complexity (β = 0.76 ± 0.42), high canopy cover of woody riparian vegetation (β = 0.56 ± 0.21), and low‐lying areas directly adjacent to the stream (β = 0.36 ± 0.24), whereβdenotes covariate effect sizes. Habitat selection patterns differed between our new settlement site analysis and an analysis of occupied versus unoccupied stream segments, suggesting that assessing habitat suitability based on active colonies may result in misidentification of suitable site conditions for beaver restoration. Our research provides recommendations for beaver restoration practitioners to select restoration sites that will have the highest probability of successful colony establishment.
Economic advancement and reputation strategies: Seventeenth‐century Dutch women writing for profit
Authors: Geerdink Nina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis essay examines how economic circumstances and imperatives influenced strategies of self‐representation employed by women writing in the Dutch Republic. At the core of the analysis is the poetry of Maria Margaretha van Akerlaecken (1605–after 1662) and Katharina Lescailje (1649–1711). Economic advancement for literary authors in the Dutch Republic was defined by the marginality of literary patronage in court culture and few possibilities to profit through the market. Van Akerlaecken, however, succeeded in finding patrons abroad, and Lescailje, who ran a publishing house, could print her own works and thus profited directly from their sales. The respective modes of self‐representation of these women in their published works moved in opposite directions because of these differing modes of earning, but each can be traced back to the same issue: they were women and writers striving for economic advancement and this combination turned out to be a problematic one, asking for strategic reputation management.
Medical student imaging case files in the cloud
Authors: Lilly John F , Verma Neha , Jordan Sheryl G , Oldan Jorge D , Fordham Lynn A , Noone Peadar G , Beck Dallaghan Gary L 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBackgroundMillennial digital learners value meaningful work, immediate feedback, collaborative communication and technology implementation. A student‐produced digital imaging teaching case file‐centric flipped curriculum offers these benefits. Our questions included: (i) is a cloud‐based website platform supporting the online publication of student‐selected and student‐submitted teaching cases feasible; and (ii) what were the impressions of students of this educational intervention?MethodsAn open‐source medical student‐centric radiology website was created with limited‐access cloud upload capability, with site analytics continuously recorded. Medical students submitted de‐identified radiology cases on a topic of their choosing, for peer review and publication. By making the host site publicly accessible, we empowered students to list their publication(s) on resumes. Following six blocks of the 2018/19 academic year after implementation, an electronic survey was sent to the eligible medical student cohort who had were enrolled in a radiology elective in order to assess the effectiveness of the intervention (n = 107).ResultsThe survey response rate was 52% (n = 56), of which 98% participated (n = 55) and 75% completed a teaching file (n = 42). The students assessed their ability to systematically review imaging, communicate pertinent clinical information, appropriately order imaging, correctly use the ACR Appropriateness Criteria®, consider procedure costs, consider procedure risks, consider procedure benefits, evaluate effectiveness and identify who to direct questions to regarding correct study. Students reported answers on a seven‐point Likert scale. Data scores ranged from 5.28 (agree) to 6.71 (strongly agree) across all categories.ConclusionsOur successful student‐developed teaching file takes advantage of digital radiology and the educational tools favoured by millennials. This activity meets core competencies in self‐directed and lifelong learning.
Evaluation of reliability of self-collected vaginal swabs over physician-collected samples for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis, in a resource-limited setting: a cross-sectional study in India
Authors: Khan Zarine , Bhargava Aradhana , Mittal Pratima , Bharti Rekha , Puri Poonam , Khunger Niti , Bala Manju 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesSelf-collected vaginal swabs can facilitate diagnosis of vaginal discharge (VD) in resource-limited settings, provided reliability of the method is established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between self-collected and physician-collected vaginal swabs for aetiological diagnosis of VD and to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and trichomonas vaginitis (TV).MethodsA total of 550 females (median age: 32 years; range: 18–45 years) attending two sexually transmitted infection/reproductive tract infection (STI/RTI) clinics with VD from January 2015 to May 2016 were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent. Swabs were self-collected by patients after instructions and subsequently by a physician under speculum examination. Samples were processed for standard bedside tests, Gram staining, wet mount and culture (gold standard) according to the national guidelines. Concordance between the two methods was determined by the Cohen’s kappa value.ResultsBV, VVC and TV were diagnosed in 79 (14.4%), 144 (26.2%) and 3 (0.5%) patients, respectively. VVC coexisted with BV in 58 (10.5%) patients. There was no coinfection of TV with BV or VVC.Candida albicanswas isolated in 84 (58.3%) VVC cases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of self-collected swabs for diagnosing BV was 91.1%, 100%, 100% and 98.5%, respectively, while for theC. albicansVVC and TV, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV all were 100% as compared with physician-collected swabs. Highly concordant results were obtained between two methods by the Kappa values of 0.95 (BV), 0.99 (VVC) and 1.0 (TV).ConclusionThe comparative performance of self-collected and physician-collected vaginal swabs establishes self-collection of samples for BV, VVC and TV as a viable alternative tool in the management of STIs/RTIs, especially in peripheral and resource-constrained settings. This would be effective in implementing the diagnostic approaches for STIs/RTIs in community-based surveillance studies at national or regional level and therefore strengthening the National STI/RTI Control Programme.
Association between diabetes-specific health literacy and health-related quality of life among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes in rural Hunan Province, China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Hu Zhao , Qin Lulu , Xu Huilan 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo examine the association between diabetes-specific health literacy (DSHL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes in rural China.Design, setting and participantsThis cross-sectional study included 434 elderly individuals with pre-diabetes from 42 villages in rural China.Main outcome measuresHRQoL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. DSHL was measured by a validated questionnaire in China. Differences in HRQoL between groups with and without high DSHL were tested by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).ResultsThe prevalence of pre-diabetes was 21.5%. The average age of participants (n=434) was 69.4±6.4 years, and 58.5% were female. Bivariate analysis showed that those with high DSHL had increases of 2.9 points in the physical health component score and 4.4 points in the mental health component score (MCS) compared with those without. After adjustment for potential confounders, a significant MANCOVA model (Wilks’ λ=0.974, F=5.63, p=0.004) indicated that individuals with pre-diabetes who had high DSHL reported higher MCS (Mdiff=3.5, 95% CI 1.8 to 6.3, effect size=0.38). This remained significant across subscales: general health (p=0.028), vitality (p=0.014), social functioning (p=0.017) and mental health (p=0.005).ConclusionsLow DSHL was associated with worsening HRQoL among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes in rural China, particularly in the mental health components.Trial registration numberChiCTR-IOR-15007033.