bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actively tunable terahertz chain-link metamaterial with bidirectional polarization-dependent characteristic
Authors: Liu Pengyu , Liang Zihao , Lin Zhicheng , Xu Zefeng , Xu Ruijia , Yao Dongyuan , Lin Yu-Sheng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA tunable terahertz (THz) chain-link metamaterial (CLM) is presented, which is composed of a tailored Au layer fabricated on Si substrate. CLM exhibits bidirectional polarization-dependent characteristic by applying a direct-current (dc) bias voltage on device. This CLM device can be heated up the surrounding temperature to tune the corresponding resonance. The tuning range is 0.027 THz from 0.318 THz to 0.291 THz on the bias of 0.60 V to 1.32 V. By reconfiguring the gap between CLM, there are single-resonance with red-shift at TE mode, and multi-resonance with blue-shift and red-shift at TM mode, respectively. These characterizations of CLM are polarization-dependence and bidirectional tunability. These results show the electromagnetic responses of proposed CLM device is suitable for the uses for resonator, filter, switch, and sensor in the THz frequency range.
CHANG-ES
Authors: Schmidt Philip , Krause Marita , Heesen Volker , Basu Aritra , Beck Rainer , Wiegert Theresa , Irwin Judith A. , Heald George , Rand Richard J. , Li Jiang-Tao , Murphy Eric J. 
Published: July 2019

Context. Cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) originating from the star-forming discs of spiral galaxies frequently form extended radio haloes that are best observable in edge-on galaxies, where their properties can be directly investigated as a function of vertical height above the disc.Aims. For the present study, we selected two nearby edge-on galaxies from the Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies – an EVLA Survey (CHANG-ES), NGC 891 and 4565, which differ largely in their detectable halo extent and their star-formation rates (SFRs). Our aim is to figure out how such differences are related to the (advective and/or diffusive) CRE transport in the disc and in the halo.Methods. We use wide-band 1.5 and 6 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) observations obtained in the B, C, and D configurations, and combine the 6 GHz images with Effelsberg observations to correct for missing short spacings. After subtraction of the thermal emission, we investigate the spatially resolved synchrotron spectral index distribution in terms of CRE spectral ageing. We further compute total magnetic field strengths assuming equipartition between the cosmic-ray (CR) energy density and the magnetic field, and measure synchrotron scale heights at both frequencies. Based on the fitted vertical profiles of the synchrotron intensity and on the spectral index profile between 1.5 and 6 GHz, we create purely advective and purely diffusive CRE transport models by numerically solving the 1D diffusion–loss equation. In particular, we investigate for the first time the radial dependence of synchrotron and magnetic field scale heights, advection speeds, and diffusion coefficients, whereas previous studies of these two galaxies only determined global values of these quantities.Results. We find that the overall spectral index distribution of NGC 891 is mostly consistent with continuous CRE injection. In NGC 4565, many of the local synchrotron spectra (even in the disc) feature a break between 1.5 and 6 GHz and are thus more in line with discrete-epoch CRE injection (Jaffe–Perola (JP) or Kardashev–Pacholczyk (KP) models). This implies that CRE injection time-scales are lower than the synchrotron cooling time-scales. The synchrotron scale height of NGC 891 increases with radius, indicating that synchrotron losses are significant. NGC 891 is probably dominated by advective CRE transport at a velocity of ≳150 km s−1. In contrast, NGC 4565 is diffusion-dominated up toz = 1 kpc or higher, with a diffusion coefficient of ≥2 × 1028 cm2 s−1.
Training Organization, Physiological Profile and Heart Rate Variability Changes in an Open-water World Champion
Authors: Pla Robin , Aubry Anael , Resseguier Noémie , Merino Magali , Toussaint Jean-François , Hellard Philippe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis case study reports the training of an elite 25-km open-water swimmer and the daily heart rate variability (HRV) changes during the 19-week period leading to his world champion title. Training load was collected every day and resting HRV was recorded every morning. The swimmer’s characteristics were V̇O2max: 58.5 ml·min−1·kg−1, maximal heart rate: 178 beats per minute, and maximal ventilation: 170 L·min−1. Weekly training volume was 85±21 km, 39±8% was at [La]b<2 mmol · L−1 (Z1), 53±8% was at [La]b 2–4 mmol·L−1 (Z2), and 8±4% was at [La]b>4 mmol·L−1 (Z3). In the supine position, the increase in training volume and Z2 training were related to increases in rMSSD and HF. In the standing position, an increase in parasympathetic activity and decrease in sympathetic activity were observed when Z1 training increased. Seasonal changes indicated higher values in the LF/HF ratio during taper, whereas higher values in parasympathetic indices were observed in heavy workload periods. This study reports extreme load of an elite ultra-endurance swimmer. Improvements in parasympathetic indices with increasing Z2 volume indicate that this training zone was useful to improve cardiac autonomic activity, whereas Z1 training reduced sympathetic activity.
Should We Prefer Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Physical Examination in Meniscal Tears
Authors: Arıcan Gökhun , Özmeriç Ahmet , Şahin Özgür , İltar Serkan , Alemdaroğlu Kadir Bahadır 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and clinical examination in the diagnosis of meniscus tears with the findings obtained from the knee joint arthroscopy. A retrospective study was made of 452 patients who underwent knee arthroscopy due to meniscus tears between 2012 and 2017. Physical examination was performed using the Thessaly's, McMurray's, and Joint line tenderness tests (JLTT). On preoperative MRI, medial meniscal tears were observed in 292 patients, lateral meniscal tears in 96 patients, and medial and lateral meniscal tears in 64 patients. According to the arthroscopy results, 284 patients had medial meniscal tears, 108 patients had lateral meniscal tears, and 60 patients had medial and lateral meniscal tears. Sensitivity and specificity of the JLTT was determined as 93 and 86% respectively for medial meniscal tears and 94 and 89% for lateral meniscal tears. The McMurray's test was 60% sensitive, 68% specific for medial meniscal tears (MMT), and 73% sensitive and 68% specific for lateral meniscus tears (LMT). The Thessaly's test was 93% sensitive and 87% specific for medial meniscal tears; and 94% sensitive and 88% specific for LMT. Compared with the arthroscopic findings, MRI was observed to have sensitivity of 94% for MMT and 84% for LMT. For specificity, the values were 89% for MMT and 91% for LMT. Accuracy was 89% for MMT and 86% for LMT. In comparison with the arthroscopic findings, the triple test was determined to have sensitivity of 92% for MMT and 89% for LMT. The specificity was 88% for MMT and 91% for LMT. The results of this study showed that a combination of selected physical examination methods is as sensitive as MRI in the diagnosis of meniscus tears.
Interrogating Indus inscriptions to unravel their mechanisms of meaning conveyance
Authors: Ansumali Mukhopadhyay Bahata 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study conducts an epigraphic analysis of the yet undeciphered inscriptions of the ancient Indus Valley civilization and seeks to prove that just like proto-cuneiform administrative tablets of ancient Mesopotamia, or modern fiscal stamps and ration tokens, Indus seals and tablets too were formalized data-carriers that used both document-specific and linguistic syntaxes to convey messages. Analyzing various combinatorial patterns of Indus signs (e.g., typical co-occurrence restrictions present between some signs; tendency of some signs to form collocations; syntactic order(s) maintained between certain signs; strong positional preferences demonstrated by some signs; and the capability of certain signs to occur alone in inscriptions), this paper argues that Indus signs represented different content-morphemes and functional-morphemes—not phonograms used for spelling words—the majority of the inscriptions were logographic. Categorizing several Indus logograms into nine functional classes, it explores the way each sign-class has played unique functional roles for conveying complete messages through the brief inscriptions. By glossing the signs of the inscriptions using the names of their respective functional classes the study unravels the formulaic phrase-structures maintained by the majority of the inscriptions, where signs identified as phrase-final signs typically occur at the terminal positions of the semantic phrases, while signs used as connective-morphemes join semantically autonomous constituents in certain subordinating and coordinating ways, to form longer composite inscriptions. The study identifies certain Indus signs as numerical and metrological signs, which frequently collocate with specific lexemes, and clearly quantifying them in certain ways. This article also analyses the underlying relationships between certain metrological and phrase-final signs; examines the compositional nature of Indus collocations; and argues that some of the repeated sign-sequences were probable examples of linguistic reduplication. Analyzing the occasional occurrences of certain attributive quantifier signs as substantive lexemes, this paper suggests that in some inscriptional contexts those quantifier signs possibly represented certain commonly used metonyms of Indus civilization. Finally, this study explores the compositional semantics of Indus inscriptions without assigning any sound value to the signs and without speculating about whether the script encoded the speech of any specific ancient language.
Management at the service of research: ReOmicS, a quality management system for omics sciences
Authors: Lanati Antonella , Marzano Marinella , Manzari Caterina , Fosso Bruno , Pesole Graziano , De Leo Francesca 
Published: July 2019

AbstractManagement and research represent a binomial almost unknown, whose potentialities and requirements have not yet been fully exploited even if, recently, the scientific and social communities have felt the burden of producing results and data requiring at the same time reproducibility, reliability, safety and efficacy of the discoveries, as well as a profitable use of resources. A Quality Management System (QMS) could represent a valid tool for these purposes, improving the quality of the research. The research community could ask whether and how it is possible to apply this approach in a research laboratory without hindering their creativity, and what the possible benefits might be. On the other hand, an international standard for a quality management system appropriate for a research laboratory is yet to come. The choice, the design and the application of a QMS, inspired by the Good Laboratory Practices, in a research laboratory specialized on “omics” sciences, is fully described in this paper. Its application has already shown good outcomes as testified by specific metric of efficiency and effectiveness. The approach is innovative as there is no obvious requirement for research laboratories to develop and define quality objectives. The paper highlights how the QMS approach enhances the relationship with public and private sectors by increasing customer confidence and loyalty, as well as improving the overall performance of the laboratory in terms of throughput and value of research. These results encourage proposing it as a QMS model providing a new and scalable operational strategy to be applied in a research environment with the same target and even in a generic research laboratory.
White matter volume and white/gray matter ratio in mammalian species as a consequence of the universal scaling of cortical folding
Authors: Mota Bruno , Dos Santos Sandra E. , Ventura-Antunes Lissa , Jardim-Messeder Débora , Neves Kleber , Kazu Rodrigo S. , Noctor Stephen , Lambert Kelly , Bertelsen Mads F. , Manger Paul R. , Sherwood Chet C. , Kaas Jon H. , Herculano-Houzel Suzana 
Published: July 2019

Significance
The white matter of the cerebral cortex contains all axons that support long-range cortical connectivity and increases faster in volume than the gray matter, which contains the connected cortical neuronal cell bodies. We show that the ratio between volumes of white and gray matter scales universally according to the same factors that account for the degree to which the cortex folds, that is, the combination of cortical surface area and thickness. We postulate that the relative white matter volume is determined as the developing cortex settles in the most energetically favorable folded conformation, regardless of its number of neurons.
Evaluating the prevalence and quality of conference codes of conduct
Authors: Foxx Alicia J. , Barak Rebecca S. , Lichtenberger Taran M. , Richardson Lea K. , Rodgers Aireale J. , Webb Williams Evelyn 
Published: July 2019

SignificanceAcademic conferences encourage collaboration and ignite ideas but can have negative impacts that disproportionately affect historically marginalized groups. Conference codes of conduct can help protect against abuses and foster diversity, but less than one fourth of the biology conferences we studied from the United States and Canada had them. Of these, few codes addressed or denounced identity-based discrimination and sexual misconduct that fuels attrition of scientists from historically marginalized groups. Most codes did not provide clear or impartial reporting mechanisms. Only two thirds listed consequences for violations. We provide recommendations for codes of conduct at biology conferences to improve equity in more platforms of science.
Entropic colloidal crystallization pathways via fluid–fluid transitions and multidimensional prenucleation motifs
Authors: Lee Sangmin , Teich Erin G. , Engel Michael , Glotzer Sharon C. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
The transformation from a fluid to a crystal can be complicated and involve one or more precursors. Such multistep crystallization pathways occur in many chemical and physical systems, and the driving force for the appearance of the precursors has been explained by unique characteristics of the interactions among the system’s building blocks. Here we report 2-step crystallization pathways in hard particles, where interaction is dictated solely by building-block shape and thus entropy. We categorize our 2-step crystallization pathways based on the dimension of the prenucleation motifs, and discuss possible comparisons to other crystallization processes.
Validity of perturbative methods to treat the spin–orbit interaction: application to magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Authors: Blanco-Rey M , Cerdá J I , Arnau A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A second-order perturbation (2PT) approach to the spin–orbit interaction (SOI) is implemented within a density-functional theory framework. Its performance is examined by applying it to the calculation of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies (MAE) of benchmark systems, and its efficiency and accuracy are compared with the popular force theorem method. The case studies are tetragonal FeMe alloys (Me=Co, Cu, Pd, Pt, Au), as well as FeMe (Me=Co, Pt) bilayers with (111) and (100) symmetry, which cover a wide range of SOI strength and electronic band structures. The 2PT approach is found to provide a very accurate description for 3d and 4d metals and, moreover, this methodology is robust enough to predict easy axis switching under doping conditions. In all cases, the details of the bandstructure, including states far from the Fermi level, are responsible for the finally observed MAE value, sometimes overruling the effect of the SOI strength. From a technical point of view, it is confirmed that accuracy in the MAE calculations is subject to the accuracy of the Fermi level determination.
Enhanced Tc and multiband superconductivity in the fully-gapped ReBe22 superconductor
Authors: Shang T , Amon A , Kasinathan D , Xie W , Bobnar M , Chen Y , Wang A , Shi M , Medarde M , Yuan H Q , Shiroka T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In search of the origin of superconductivity (SC) in diluted rhenium superconductors and their significantly enhanced T
c compared to pure Be (0.026 K), we investigated the intermetallic ReBe22 compound, mostly by means of muon-spin rotation/relaxation (μSR). At a macroscopic level, its bulk SC (with T
c = 9.4 K) was studied via electrical resistivity, magnetization, and heat-capacity measurements. The superfluid density, as determined from transverse-field μSR and electronic specific-heat measurements, suggest that ReBe22 is a fully-gapped superconductor with some multigap features. The larger gap value,

Δ

0

l

=
1.78

k

B

T

c

, with a weight of almost 90%, is slightly higher than that expected from the BCS theory in the weak-coupling case. The multigap feature, rather unusual for an almost elemental superconductor, is further supported by the field-dependent specific-heat coefficient, the temperature dependence of the upper critical field, as well as by electronic band-structure calculations. The absence of spontaneous magnetic fields below T
c, as determined from zero-field μSR measurements, indicates a preserved time-reversal symmetry in the superconducting state of ReBe22. In general, we find that a dramatic increase in the density of states at the Fermi level and an increase in the electron–phonon coupling strength, both contribute to the highly enhanced T
c value of ReBe22.
Size/shape control of gold nanoparticles synthesized by alternating current glow discharge over liquid: the role of pH
Authors: Van Thai Phuoc , Abe Shinnosuke , Kosugi Kenichiro , Saito Nobuo , Takahashi Kazumasa , Sasaki Toru , Kikuchi Takashi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this study, we report the influence of pH level in HAuCl4 solution on the size and shape of gold nanoparticles synthesized by an alternating current glow discharge on liquid. The results indicate there have three distinct groups in the size/shape of gold nanoparticles due to varying pH, one at pH ≤ 8, one at pH 9 and the other at higher than 9. At pH ≤ 8, single spherical gold nanoparticles with an average size of 5.7 nm and coral-shaped clusters aggregated from these gold nanoparticles were formed after 10 min of alternating current glow discharge on liquids. In the case of pH 9, spherical AuNPs with the size of 120 nm and coral-shaped clusters with the size up to 100 nm were generated after 10 min of discharge. At pH ≥ 10, roughly spherical gold nanoparticles with an average size of 100 nm (at pH 10) to 30.6 nm (at pH 13) were generated after 10 min of discharge. There has a decrease in the average size of gold nanoparticles when pH increases from 10 to 13. Our findings open a new way to control the size/shape of gold nanoparticles synthesized by plasma over liquid via pH control in the precursor solution.
Cross-sectional Association between Walking and Sunburn: A Potential Trade-off between Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors
Authors: Tribby Calvin P , Berrigan David , Perna Frank M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
The positive association between physical activity and sunburn is a health behavior trade-off between the health benefits of physical activity and increased risk of skin cancer.

Purpose
We assessed walking, which is a common source of physical activity, and the prevalence of sunburn.

Methods
This research used the 2015 National Health Interview Survey of adults (N = 26,632), age ≥ 18 years. We defined four exclusive categories of walking: (a) those who reported not walking; (b) only transportation (to get some place, such as work, a store, or public transit stop); (c) only leisure (such as for fun, relaxation, or exercise); and (d) both categories. We estimated the adjusted prevalence of sunburn by walking category and separately for walking duration; we stratified by gender and sun sensitivity.

Results
The adjusted sunburn prevalence was not different between walking categories for women, but it was for men. Specifically, prevalence was lower for men who reported not walking, 34.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.2%–36.1%) compared to 38.8% (95% CI: 36.5%–41.2%) who walked for both purposes (p = .003). Walking duration was not associated with sunburn prevalence.

Conclusion
We could not determine whether sunburn occurred during walking trips because the questions were not asked as such. However, the results suggest that walking, unlike leisure-time physical activity (such as exercise, sports, or physically active hobbies), may not generally be associated with sunburn, except for the higher sunburn prevalence for men who walked for both leisure and transportation purposes.
Cloud Point Extraction in the Determination of Drugs in Biological Matrices
Authors: Kojro Grzegorz , Wroczyński Piotr 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCloud point extraction (CPE) is a simple, safe and environment-friendly technique used in the preparation of various samples. It was primarily developed for the assessment of environmental samples, especially analyzed for metals. Recently, this technique has been used in the extraction and determination of various chemical compounds (e.g., drugs, pesticides and vitamins), in various matrices (e.g., human plasma, human serum, milk and urine). In this review, we show that CPE is a reliable method of extraction and can be used in analytical laboratories in combination with other techniques that can be used in the determination of drugs and other chemicals in the human biological matrix. According to the literature, a combination of different methods provides good recovery and can be used in the simultaneous determination of many drugs in a single analysis. CPE can be optimized by changing its conditions (e.g., type of surfactant used, incubation temperature, pH and the addition of salts). In this review, we present the optimized CPE methods used in the determination of various pharmaceuticals and describe how the conditions affect the performance of extraction. This data might support future designing of the new CPE applications that are simple and more accurate. We compared CPE with other extraction methods and also showed the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction techniques along with a discussion on their environmental impact. According to the publications reviewed, it is obvious that CPE is an easy, safe, rapid and inexpensive method of extraction.