bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“How Foraging Works”: Let's not forget the physiological mechanisms of energy balance
Authors: Smulders Tom V. , Boswell Timothy , Henderson Lindsay J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAnselme & Güntürkün propose a novel mechanism to explain the increase in foraging motivation when experiencing an unpredictable food supply. However, the physiological mechanisms that maintain energy homeostasis already control foraging intensity in response to changes in energy balance. Therefore, unpredictability may just be one of many factors that feeds into the same dopaminergic “wanting” system to control foraging intensity.
Extending models of “How Foraging Works”: Uncertainty, controllability, and survivability
Authors: Hulme Oliver J. , Kvitsiani Duda 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe argue that How Foraging Works sketches a good foundational model, but it needs expanding to incorporate hierarchical and multiscale conceptions of uncertainty and to incorporate inference of environmental controllability. Most pressingly, its algorithmic implementation needs to be better justified in terms of its functional forms and, ultimately, to be more heavily constrained by survival optimality.
Complex social ecology needs complex machineries of foraging
Authors: Matsushima Toshiya , Amita Hidetoshi , Ogura Yukiko 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUncertainty is caused not only by environmental changes, but also by social interference resulting from competition over food resources. Actually, foraging effort is socially facilitated, which, however, does not require incentive control by the dopamine system; Zajonc's “drive” theory is thus questionable. Instead, social adjustments may be pre-embedded in the limbic network responsible for decisions of appropriate effort-cost investment.
Expression and intracellular localization of Nanos2-homologue protein in primordial germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells
Authors: Pandey Vivek , Tripathi Anima , Dubey Pawan K. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe decision by germ cells to differentiate and undergo either oogenesis or spermatogenesis takes place during embryonic development and Nanos plays an important role in this process. The present study was designed to investigate the expression patterns in rat of Nanos2-homologue protein in primordial germ cells (PGCs) over different embryonic developmental days as well as in spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Embryos from three different embryonic days (E8.5, E10.5, E11.5) and SSCs were isolated and used to detect Nanos2-homologue protein using immunocytochemistry, western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Interestingly, Nanos2 expression was detected in PGCs at day E11.5 onwards and up to colonization of PGCs in the genital ridge of fetal gonads. No Nanos2 expression was found in PGCs during early embryonic days (E8.5 and 10.5). Furthermore, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence data revealed that Nanos2 expression was restricted within a subpopulation of undifferentiated spermatogonia (As, single type A SSCs and Apr, paired type A SSCs). The same results were confirmed by our western blot and RT-PCR data, as Nanos2 protein and transcripts were detected only in PGCs from day E11.5 and in undifferentiated spermatogonia (As and Apr). Furthermore, Nanos2-positive cells were also immunodetected and sorted using flow cytometry from the THY1-positive SSCs population, and this strengthened the idea that these cells are stem cells. Our findings suggested that stage-specific expression of Nanos2 occurred on different embryonic developmental days, while during the postnatal period Nanos2 expression is restricted to As and Apr SSCs.
Religion and Democratic Citizenship: A Multilevel Examination
Authors: Bolzendahl Catherine , Schnabel Landon , Sagi Rottem 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe conduct a multilevel examination of the relationship between religiosity and democratic citizenship norms and behaviors using International Social Survey Program data. We analyze how democratic engagement varies according to individual and national average religious involvement in 28 predominantly-Christian democracies. We find that (1) individual-level religious attendance is positively linked to both what people say (norms) and what they do (participation); (2) nations with higher aggregate national attendance participate less politically; and (3) the relationship between individual-level religious engagement and citizenship varies by national religious context. More specifically, individual religious attendance matters more where it is more distinctive (i.e., in more secular countries). Individual-level religious participation is generally conducive to citizenship, but its impact is context-dependent.
Trends in pesticide suicide in South Korea, 1983–2014
Authors: Cha Eun Shil , Chang Shu-Sen , Choi Yeongchull , Lee Won Jin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Aims
Self-poisoning using pesticides is among the major methods of suicide worldwide, and accounts for one-fifth of suicides in 2006–2010 in South Korea. We investigated long-term trends in pesticide suicide rates in South Korea and factors related to these trends.

Methods
We calculated age-standardised rates of pesticide suicide in South Korea (1983–2014) using registered death data. We used graphical approach and joinpoint regression analysis to examine secular trends in pesticide suicide by sex, age and area, and a time-series analysis to investigate association of pesticide suicide rate with socioeconomic and agriculture-related factors. Age, period and cohort effects were examined using the intrinsic estimator method.

Results
Age-standardised rate of pesticide suicide fluctuated between 1983 and 2000 before it markedly increased in 2000–2003 (annual percent change 29.7%), followed by a gradual fall (annual percent change −6.3%) in 2003–2011. Following the paraquat ban (2011–2012), there was a marked reduction (annual percent change −28.2%) in 2011–2014. Trend in pesticide suicide was associated with divorce rate but not with other factors studied. Declines in pesticide suicide in 2003–2011 were most noticeable in younger groups and metropolises; by contrast, elderly adults aged 70+ living in rural areas showed an upward trend until after the 2011–2012 paraquat ban, when it turned downward. In the age–period–cohort modelling, having been born between 1938 and 1947 was associated with higher pesticide suicide rates.

Conclusions
Pesticide suicide trend changed substantially in South Korea over the last three decades. Effective prevention should include close monitoring of trends and strong regulations of toxic pesticides.
Q10 Coenzyme Supplementation can Improve Oxidative Stress Response to Exercise in Metabolic Syndrome in Rats
Authors: Chis Bogdan Augustin , Chis Ana Florica , Muresan Adriana , Fodor Daniela 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Background: The metabolic syndrome leads to high morbidity and mortality. Almost all pathological states are associated with oxidative stress (OS) disorders. This study evaluates the effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation on different lifestyles, in relation to serum and tissue OS parameters. Materials and methods: Twelve Wistar rat groups (10 rats/group) were equally divided in three types of diets: standard (St), high fat (HF), high sugar (HS); within each diet group there was one sedentary group with CoQ10 supplementation (100 mg/kg body weight), one sedentary without CoQ10, one trained group with CoQ10 and one trained group without CoQ10 supplementation. After 28 days blood samples were collected as follows: after 12 hours of fasting (T0), 1 hour postprandial (T1) and after 1 hour of exercise (T2) or sedentary postprandial time (T3). Thiol groups (SH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined from serum and liver homogenate. Results: Significant changes were observed in fasting MDA for HF (p = 0.024 for training, 0.028 for CoQ10). Postprandial, OS status altered, with highest MDA in HF sedentary non-CoQ10 group (3.92 ± 0.37 vs 2.67 ± 0.41 nmol/ml in St trained CoQ10). At T2 the untrained and non-CoQ10 groups had the highest MDA levels (up to 22.3% vs T1, p < 0.001 in HF) as SH dropped (34.4% decrease vs T1, p < 0.001 in HF). At T3 high MDA levels were observed, correlated with low SH (Pearson r = −0.423 overall), irrespective of the CoQ10 supplementation. CoQ10 improved the liver OS status (MDA and SH decreased), but not the exercise, in all diets. Conclusions: CoQ10 supplementation accompanied by chronic exercise improved the OS serum profile, irrespective of the daily diet. CoQ10 lowered liver MDA and SH concentrations.
On the Timescale of Magma Ocean Solidification and Its Chemical Consequences: 1. Thermodynamic Database for Liquid at High Pressures
Authors: Miyazaki Yoshinori , Korenaga Jun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present a new method to construct an internally consistent thermodynamic model using a compilation of high‐pressure melting experiments. The steepest descent method and Monte Carlo sampling are combined to constrain all model parameters simultaneously instead of determining each parameter sequentially from relevant experiments. Our approach is applied to the published melting experiments on mantle materials to obtain the thermodynamic parameters of the MgO‐FeO‐SiO2 ternary system. Inversion with the subsets of experimental data is conducted as well to investigate the source of discrepancy among existing studies, and the key parameters are found to be the thermal expansivity of SiO2 and the excess volume of mixing between MgO and SiO2. Mixing between FeO and SiO2 is only constrained with large uncertainty, which could also imply that oxides with low concentrations have minimal effects on melting. Constraining the thermodynamics of MgO and SiO2 will be important for a better understanding of mantle melting at high pressures.
Aftershock Patterns in Recent Central Apennines Sequences
Authors: Sebastiani G. , Govoni A. , Pizzino L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDuring the last 20 years, three seismic sequences affected the Apenninic belt (central Italy): Colfiorito (1997–1998), L'Aquila (2009), and Amatrice Visso‐Norcia Campotosto (2016–2017). They lasted for a long time, with a series of moderate‐to‐large earthquakes distributed over 40‐ to 60‐km‐long Apenninic‐trending segments. Their closeness in space and time suggested to study their aftershock sequences to highlight similarities and differences. Aftershock space migration and the distribution of aftershock interarrival times were studied. Mathematical Morphology and nonparametric statistics were applied to reduce the effect of spatial noise. Parametric analysis in time domain and spectral analysis were performed. Two different types of aftershock sequences were found. The L'Aquila sequence presented a continuous and periodic temporal variation (period ≃120 days) of aftershock activity center along the sequence axis, while the other two sequences showed a piecewise continuous pattern and a shorter duration. We also found two different types of temporal evolution of the mean radial distance between the aftershock hypocenters and the one of a reference event corresponding to the start of a large and fast increase of daily energy release. One type was well described by a simple exponential model, while a power law model was more appropriate for the other one. Furthermore, in the first case, the aftershock interarrival time was very well fitted by an exponential model, while noticeable deviations were present in the other case. A possible explanation was provided in terms of the local geological and hydrogeological properties, which depend on the region location with respect to the Ancona‐Anzio tectonic lineament.
Sea Surface Height and Current Responses to Synoptic Winter Wind in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas: Two Leading Coastal Trapped Waves
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Huang Daji 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the sea surface height (SSH) and current responses to synoptic winter wind in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas (BYES) using a numerical model. The basin‐scale responses are primarily interpreted as two leading coastal trapped waves (CTWs) identified through the complex empirical orthogonal function analysis of SSH. One CTW is a Kelvin wave (KW) explaining 76% of the total SSH variance; the other is a wind‐forced lowest shelf wave (SW1) explaining 17% of the total SSH variance. The KW dominates the current in the Bohai and Yellow Seas (BYS), and the SW1 dominates the current in the western East China Sea (ECS). The KW is a free relaxation response to large wind‐driven SSH variations and propagates cyclonically in the BYES around one SSH node. The SW1 propagates cyclonically in the semienclosed BYS around two nodes and southward along the western ECS with two nodes on the shelf. The wavelength and e‐folding scale of amplitude vary spatially, producing regionally distinct features and mechanisms. In the semienclosed BYS, the associated geostrophic current is along the cophase line of SSH, and its magnitude is proportional to both wave amplitude and wavenumber. In the western ECS, the associated geostrophic current is perpendicular to the cophase line of SSH, and its magnitude is proportional to the wave amplitude and inversely proportional to the e‐folding scale of amplitude. This study reveals not only the basin‐scale SSH and current variations in the BYES but also new features of CTWs in a semienclosed embayment.
Stochastic Space‐Time Downscaling of Rainfall Using Event‐Based Multiplicative Cascade Simulations
Authors: Raut Bhupendra A. , Reeder Michael J. , Jakob Christian , Seed Alan W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA multiplicative cascade model called High‐resolution Downscaling of Rainfall Using Short‐Term Ensemble Prediction System (HiDRUS) is developed and tested in the greater Melbourne region (Australia) by downscaling coarse‐resolution ERA‐I rainfall to 1‐km horizontal and 6‐min temporal resolutions. The parameters required for the cascade model are computed from radar observations of rain events during 2008–2015, and a library of rainfall events and their associated synoptic conditions created. Each day, the area‐averaged rainfall and synoptic conditions are taken from ERA‐I and compared with the library. From the library, similar days are chosen randomly and downscaled using the cascade model. Ensembles of 100 realizations per day are produced for the period 1995–2004. The downscaled rainfall is compared with 6‐min rain gauges and daily gridded rain gauge data at four locations in the greater Melbourne region. HiDRUS reproduces the monthly variability of rainfall, frequency distribution of daily and 6‐min rainfall, and the autocorrelation function satisfactorily. Changes in heavy rainfall are also captured by HiDRUS but with increasing uncertainty as the intensities increase.
Widespread Warming Before and Elevated Barium Burial During the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum: Evidence for Methane Hydrate Release?
Authors: Frieling J. , Peterse F. , Lunt D. J. , Bohaty S. M. , Sinninghe Damsté J. S. , Reichart G. ‐J. , Sluijs A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCurrent climate change may induce positive carbon cycle feedbacks that amplify anthropogenic warming on time scales of centuries to millennia. Similar feedbacks might have been active during a phase of carbon cycle perturbation and global warming, termed the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 56 million years ago). The PETM may help constrain these feedbacks and their sensitivity to warming. We present new high‐resolution carbon isotope and sea surface temperature data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 959 in the Equatorial Atlantic. With these and existing data from the New Jersey Shelf and Maud Rise, Southern Ocean, we quantify the lead‐lag relation between PETM warming and the carbon input that caused the carbon isotope excursion (CIE). We show ~2 °C of global warming preceded the CIE by millennia, strongly implicating CO2‐driven warming triggered a positive carbon cycle feedback. We further compile new and published barium (Ba) records encompassing continental shelf, slope, and deep ocean settings. Based on this compilation, we calculate that average Ba burial rates approximately tripled during the PETM, which may require an additional source of Ba to the ocean. Although the precipitation pathway is not well constrained, dissolved Ba stored in sulfate‐depleted pore waters below methane hydrates could represent an additional source. We speculate the most complete explanation for early warming and rise in Ba supply is that hydrate dissociation acted as a positive feedback and caused the CIE. These results imply hydrates are more temperature sensitive than previously considered, and may warrant reconsideration of the political assignment of 2 °C warming as a safe future scenario.
The Impact of Pre‐Salt Rift Topography on Salt Tectonics: A Discrete‐Element Modeling Approach
Authors: M. Pichel Leonardo , Finch Emma , Gawthorpe Rob L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGravity‐driven salt tectonics along passive margins is commonly depicted as comprising domains of updip extension and downdip contraction linked by an intermediate, broadly undeformed zone of translation. This study expands on recently published physical models using discrete‐element modeling to demonstrate how salt‐related translation over pre‐salt rift structures produce complex deformation and distribution of structural styles in translational salt provinces. Rift geometries defined by horsts and tilted fault‐blocks generate base‐salt relief affecting salt flow, diapirism and overburden deformation. Models show how flow across pairs of tilted fault‐blocks and variably‐dipping base‐salt ramps associated with pre‐salt faults and footwalls produce abrupt flux variations that result in alternation of contractional and extensional domains. Translation over tilted fault‐blocks defined by basinward‐dipping normal faults results in wide, low amplitude inflation zones above footwalls and abrupt subsidence over steep fault‐scarps, with reactive diapirs that are squeezed and extrude salt as they move over the fault. Translation over tilted‐blocks defined by landward‐dipping faults produces narrow inflation zones over steep fault‐scarps and overall greater contraction and less diapirism. As salt and cover move downdip, structures translate over different structural domains, being inverted and/or growing asymmetrically. Our models allow, for the first time, a detailed evolution of these systems in cross‐section and demonstrate the effects of variable pre‐salt relief, salt sub‐basin connectivity, width and slope of base‐salt ramps. Results are applicable to syn‐ and post‐rift salt basins; ultimately improving understanding of the effects of base‐salt relief on salt tectonics and working as a guide for interpretation of complex salt deformation.
Delineating Facies Spatial Distribution by Integrating Ensemble Data Assimilationand Indicator Geostatistics With Level‐Set Transformation
Authors: Song Xuehang , Chen Xingyuan , Ye Ming , Dai Zhenxue , Hammond Glenn , Zachara John M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe facies‐based approach has been widely adopted to delineate an aquifer into distinct geological units with unique distributions of hydraulic, physical, and/or chemical properties. The recent development in ensemble‐based data assimilation methods allows both the direct and indirect data to be used to improve facies delineation. A major difficulty in those applications is to honor the spatial continuity and avoid overfitting after data assimilation. We introduce a new facies delineation framework to integrate ensemble data assimilation with traditional transition probability‐based geostatistics. A level‐set concept is used to parametrize discrete facies indicators and for updating facies shape. During the iterative data assimilation process, we impose spatial continuity by conditioning facies field generation on points selected adaptively based on their sensitivity to observation data. This reconditioning step is a key step to maintain spatial continuity and overcome overfitting problems in inversion. We selected two examples to evaluate the performance of the new framework in estimating facies‐based permeability field. The first example is a two‐dimensional synthetic system with transient head data induced by pumping tests used for delineating two facies. The second example is a three‐dimensional case with three facies, conceptualized from a field tracer experiment within the Columbia River corridor in Washington State, USA. Both examples demonstrate that the new method can adequately capture the spatial pattern of hydrofacies with reconditioning, which leads to the improved prediction of system behaviors.
Relative Permeability Scaling From Pore‐Scale Flow Regimes
Authors: Picchi D. , Battiato I. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRelative permeability measurements are commonly fitted with the Corey and Brooks‐Corey correlations. Despite such correlations fit experimental data generally well, they are mostly of an empirical nature. Here, we propose a semiempirical model to determine relative permeabilities of the wetting and the nonwetting phases in real 3‐D porous media that accounts for pore‐scale flow regimes. The starting point is the homogenization framework proposed by Picchi and Battiato (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023172), where the upscaling is conducted for different spatial distributions of the flowing phases in the capillary tube setting. First, we extend the approach to realistic media by allowing pore‐scale flow regimes to coexist in a complex geometry while accounting for capillary and viscous limits in the dynamics. Then, we discuss the scaling behavior of normalized relative permeabilities in terms of the phases viscosity ratio and identify three classes which govern their scaling. We also derive an analytical expression for the fractional flow. Finally, we provide a detailed validation of the proposed model for both relative permeabilities and fractional flow against data from numerical simulations and experiments available in the literature. The data set used for validation covers a wide range of systems, ranging from brine‐CO2 to oil‐water flows. The equations derived capture well the trend of both numerical and experimental data.
Revisiting the Circulation of Hudson Bay: Evidence for a Seasonal Pattern
Authors: Ridenour Natasha A. , Hu Xianmin , Sydor Kevin , Myers Paul G. , Barber David G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Hudson Bay Complex is the outlet for many Canadian rivers, receiving roughly 900 km3/year of river runoff. Historically, studies found a consistent cyclonic flow year‐round in Hudson Bay, due to the geostrophic boundary current induced by river discharge and cyclonic wind forcing that was supported by available observations at that time. Using a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model, we show that in summer, the mean circulation is not cyclonic but consists of multiple small cyclonic and anticyclonic features, with the mean flow directed through the center of the bay. Absolute Dynamic Topography and velocity observations also show this seasonal flow pattern. We find that this summer circulation is driven by geostrophic currents, generated by steric height gradients, which are induced by increased river discharge during the spring freshet, and reinforced by anticyclonic seasonal wind patterns.