bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crystallization of Amorphous Calcium Carbonate is Kinetically Governed by Ion Impurities and Water
Authors: Albéric Marie , Bertinetti Luca , Zou Zhaoyong , Fratzl Peter , Habraken Wouter , Politi Yael 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMany organisms use amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and control its stability by various additives and water; however, the underlying mechanisms are yet unclear. Here, the effect of water and inorganic additives commonly found in biology on the dynamics of the structure of ACC during crystallization and on the energetics of this process is studied. Total X‐ray scattering and pair distribution function analysis show that the short‐ and medium‐range order of all studied ACC samples are similar; however, the use of in situ methodologies allow the observation of small structural modifications that are otherwise easily overlooked. Isothermal calorimetric coupled with microgravimetric measurements show that the presence of Mg2+ and of PO43− in ACC retards the crystallization whereas increased water content accelerates the transformation. The enthalpy of ACC with respect to calcite appears, however, independent of the additive concentration but decreases with water content. Surprisingly, the enthalpic contribution of water is compensated for by an equal and opposite entropic term leading to a net independence of ACC thermodynamic stability on its hydration level. Together, these results point toward a kinetic stabilization effect of inorganic additives and water, and may contribute to the understanding of the biological control of mineral stability.
A Material Perspective of Rechargeable Metallic Lithium Anodes
Authors: Li Bin , Wang Ying , Yang Shubin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRechargeable lithium‐based batteries are long considered as the most promising candidates for application in various electronic devices, electric vehicles, and even electrical grids owing to their ultrahigh energy densities. However, to date, metallic lithium‐based batteries are still far from practical applications due to the low Coulombic efficiency and fast capacity decay of lithium anodes. The poor electrochemical performances of metallic lithium anodes are inherently related to random growth of lithium dendrites and infinite volume charge of lithium anodes. In this review, the failure mechanisms of metallic lithium anodes are summarized and ascribed to the unstable and inhomogeneous solid electrolyte interphase, uneven distributions of electric field, and lithium‐ion flux during the lithium plating processes. Correspondingly, efficient strategies for mitigating these problems, including surficial engineering, electric field, and lithium‐ion flux regulation are discussed from the perspective of anode materials. Finally, an outlook is proposed for the design and fabrication of next‐generation rechargeable metallic lithium anodes that aims to address the intrinsic problems of metallic lithium anodes.
New prospects in the detection and comparative analysis of hybridization in the tree of life
Authors: Folk Ryan A. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. , Guralnick Robert 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAssessing the relative importance of the various pathways to diversification is a central goal of biodiversity researchers. For plant biologists, and increasingly across the spectrum of biological sciences, among these pathways of interest is hybridization. New methodological developments are moving the field away from questions of whether natural hybridization occurs or hybrids can persist and toward more direct assessments of the long‐term impact of hybridization on diversification and genome organization. Advances in theory and new data, especially phylogenomic data, have changed the face of this field, revealing extensive occurrences of hybridization at both shallow and deep levels, but lacking is a synthesis of these advancements. Here we provide an overview of methods that have been proposed for detecting hybridization with molecular data and advocate a time‐extended, comparative view of reticulate evolution. In particular, we pose three overarching questions, newly placed within reach, that are critical for advancing our understanding of hybridization pattern and process: (1) How often is introgression biased toward certain genomes and loci, and is this bias selectively neutral? (2) What are the relative rates of formation of hybrid species and introgressants, and how does this compare to their subsequent fates? (3) Has the frequency of hybridization increased under historical periods of greater dynamism in climate and geographic range, such as the Pleistocene?
The clinical implications of adopting new criteria for the grading of internal carotid artery stenosis
Authors: Curtis Nicole , Necas Martin , Versteeg Matthew 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionA patient's eligibility for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is determined primarily by the degree of carotid stenosis detected on duplex ultrasound. The Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine (ASUM) criteria are widely used to grade carotid stenoses in many practices throughout Australasia.MethodsWe sought to investigate the potential impact on the grading of carotid artery stenosis if practitioners switched from the ASUM criteria to the United Kingdom's joint recommendation (UKJR) criteria by reviewing 100 patients with a haemodynamically significant carotid artery stenosis.ResultsWe found agreement between the criteria in 100% of cases for stenoses <50%, in 80% of cases for stenoses 50–69%, in 89% of cases for stenoses ≥70% and in 100% of cases for stenoses ≥80%. While there was variation in grading of stenoses in 16% of cases, reclassification resulted in no change in the number of patients eligible for CEA. The UKJR guideline enabled more precise categorisation of haemodynamically significant stenosis into deciles.DiscussionBecause the UKJR guideline is more comprehensive, we believe that adopting this guideline would enable the ultrasound practitioner to grade carotid stenoses more precisely, better understand the nuances of carotid duplex imaging and more successfully navigate and interpret complex carotid examinations, without impacting the number of patients eligible for CEA.
Towards Sequence‐Controlled Antimicrobial Polymers: Effect of Polymer Block Order on Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Judzewitsch Peter R. , Nguyen Thuy‐Khanh , Shanmugam Sivaprakash , Wong Edgar H. H. , Boyer Cyrille 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSynthetic polymers have shown promise in combating multidrug‐resistant bacteria. However, the biological effects of sequence control in synthetic antimicrobial polymers are currently not well understood. As such, we investigate the antimicrobial effects of monomer distribution within linear high‐order quasi‐block copolymers consisting of aminoethyl, phenylethyl, and hydroxyethyl acrylamides made in a one‐pot synthesis approach via photoinduced electron transfer–reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation (PET‐RAFT). Through different combinations of monomer/polymer block order, antimicrobial and haemolytic activities are tuneable in a manner comparable to antimicrobial peptides.
Chemoselective Synthesis of Z‐Olefins through Rh‐Catalyzed Formate‐Mediated 1,6‐Reduction
Authors: Dada Raphael , Wei Zhongyu , Gui Ruohua , Lundgren Rylan J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractZ‐olefins are important functional units in synthetic chemistry; their preparation has thus received considerable attention. Many prevailing methods for cis‐olefination are complicated by the presence of multiple unsaturated units or electrophilic functional groups. In this study, Z‐olefins are delivered through selective reduction of activated dienes using formic acid. The reaction proceeds with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity (typically >90:10 and >95:5, respectively) and preserves other alkenyl, alkynyl, protic, and electrophilic groups.
Shape‐Tunable Colloids from Structured Liquid Droplet Templates
Authors: Luo Zhang , Liu Bing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractShaping colloidal building units is of paramount importance for their self‐assembly into complex objects. Continuous tuning of colloidal shapes is highly desired for understanding self‐assembly, but it still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a new template strategy for the shape‐tunable synthesis of anisotropic colloids with shapes that can be continuously tuned from discs (oblate spheroids) to spheres to theta shapes to dumbbells. This was realized by creating structured shape‐tunable droplets from patchy colloidal discs and using these droplets as templates. In particular, we found that a controlled dumbbell‐to‐eyeball droplet transformation can be used for the synthesis of eyeball‐shaped colloids. We also demonstrated the droplet transformation pathways and applied the method to the synthesis of colloidal molecules. These colloids provide possibilities for exploring their ordered packing structures, and the method based on the use of structured droplets can be adapted for the synthesis of other functional colloidal particles.
Antibacterial poly{(4‐vinyl phenylboronic acid)‐co‐[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]} copolymers and their application in water‐based paints
Authors: Cicek Hüseyin , Kocak Gökhan , Ceylan Özgür , Kutluca Emir Ahmet , Dikmen Zeynep , Bütün Vural 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTHerein, we report the synthesis of poly(4‐vinylphenylboronic acid) (PVPBA) and poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) homopolymers, copolymers, and their methyl, pentyl, and octyl quaternized forms as dopant in water‐based permanent antibacterial paints. Both quaternized and nonquaternized forms of P(VPBA‐co‐DMAEMA) copolymers have reflected higher MIC values relative to PDMAEMA homopolymers. High molecular weight copolymers were more active against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, contrarily, lower molecular weight copolymers showed higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The paint films prepared with quaternized PDMAEMA homopolymers with a weight of 10% showed better antibacterial activity in water and airborne tests than the copolymers. However, it has been shown that the inadequate anti‐biofilm properties of homopolymer‐containing paint films are overcome with the VPBA content of the copolymer structure and the most effective antibacterial and anti‐biofilm properties have been obtained with paint films containing P(VPBA‐co‐5QDMAEMA) copolymers. These paint films, which can maintain antibacterial and anti‐biofilm properties for at least 1 year, have the potential to be an alternative to Ag/Cl based solid surfaces which require the active substance to be regenerated. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46245.
How Does China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Show the Limitations of China's ‘One Belt One Road’ Model
Authors: Shah Abdur Rehman 
Published: February 2018

AbstractUnder ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative, China has introduced a new model of economic development of cross‐continental connectivity. With all its promising prospects, the initiative raises a question how such grand designs are going to impact the institutions of countries susceptible to potentially adverse impacts of Chinese investments. The case study of Pakistan — the closest ally of China — is a good example. China has started investing more than $50 billion in energy, industrial and communication infrastructure across the country. But the combination of too much and too quick Chinese investments — free of ‘governance‐related conditionalities’ normally attached with Western aid — and Pakistan's domestic issues has some adverse impacts on latter's internal politics and state institutions. Lack of transparency, civil‐military divide, ethnic differences, discrediting media, widening current account deficit, securitisation of trade and undoing the economic reforms (undertaken under International Monetary Fund program) are some of the unfavourable aspects of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.
Long‐term outcomes of proton therapy for prostate cancer in Japan: a multi‐institutional survey of the Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group
Authors: Iwata Hiromitsu , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Takagi Masaru , Okimoto Tomoaki , Murayama Sigeyuki , Akimoto Tetsuo , Wada Hitoshi , Arimura Takeshi , Sato Yoshitaka , Araya Masayuki , Mizoe Jun‐etsu , Gosho Masahiko , Nakamura Katsumasa , Shirato Hiroki , Sakurai Hideyuki 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis is the first multi‐institutional retrospective survey of the long‐term outcomes of proton therapy (PT) for prostate cancer in Japan. This retrospective analysis comprised prostate cancer patients treated with PT at seven centers between January 2008 and December 2011 and was approved by each Institutional Review Board. The NCCN classification was used. Biochemical relapse was based on the Phoenix definition (nadir + 2.0 ng/mL). Toxicities were evaluated with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. There were 215, 520, and 556 patients in the low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and high‐risk groups, respectively. The median follow‐up period of surviving patients was 69 months (range: 7–107). Among all patients, 98.8% were treated using a conventional fractionation schedule and 1.2% with a hypofractionation schedule; 58.5% and 21.5% received neoadjuvant and adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy, respectively. The 5‐year biochemical relapse‐free survival (bRFS) and overall survival rates in the low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and high‐risk groups were 97.0%, 91.1%, and 83.1%, and 98.4%, 96.8%, and 95.2%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the NCCN classification was a significant prognostic factor for bRFS, but not overall survival. The incidence rates of grade 2 or more severe late gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were 4.1% and 4.0%, retrospectively. This retrospective analysis of a multi‐institutional survey suggested that PT is effective and well‐tolerated for prostate cancer. Based on this result, a multi‐institutional prospective clinical trial (UMIN000025453) on PT for prostate cancer has just been initiated in order to define its role in Japan.
PRMT5 promotes cell proliferation by inhibiting BTG2 expression via the ERK signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Hai , Zhu Yue , Zhou Zhenyu , Xu Junyang , Jin Shaowen , Xu Kang , Zhang Heyun , Sun Qing , Wang Jie , Xu Junyao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that PRMT5, a protein arginine methyltransferase, has roles in cell growth regulation and cancer development. However, the role of PRMT5 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remains unclear. Here, we showed that PRMT5 expression was frequently upregulated in HCC tissues, and its expression was inversely correlated with overall survival in HCC patients. PRMT5 knockdown markedly inhibited in vitro HCC proliferation and in vivo tumorigenesis. We revealed that the mechanism of PRMT5‐induced proliferation was partially mediated by BTG downregulation, leading to cell cycle arrest during the G1 phase in HCC cells. Ectopic BTG2 overexpression decreased HCC growth, caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and downregulated Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1 protein expression. Furthermore, we found that PRMT5‐induced ERK phosphorylation regulated BTG2 expression in HCC cells, whereas pretreatment with a selective ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD184352) significantly reversed the effect of PRMT5 on BTG2 expression. Our results indicated that PRMT5 promotes HCC proliferation by downregulating BTG2 expression via the ERK pathway.
Milk fistula following puerperal breast abscess
Authors: Lim Geok Hoon , Ng Ruey Pyng 
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical MessageWe present the first reported video of milk fistula. Milk fistula is a rare complication secondary to abscess or breast intervention in lactating women. It is a clinical diagnosis and the treatment is usually conservative, which included cessation of breastfeeding, with a good prognosis.
Not everything is as it seems: neurosarcoidosis presenting as leptomeningitis
Authors: Galnares‐Olalde Javier Andrés , Berebichez‐Fridman Roberto , Gómez‐Garza Gilberto , Mercado Moisés , Moreno‐Sánchez Francisco , Alegría‐Loyola Marco Antonio 
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical MessageInvolvement of the central nervous system in sarcoidosis is rare; neurosarcoidosis, although unusual, can present as leptomeningitis. The diagnosis is usually difficult because of the vague and broad symptomatology; therefore, a prompt diagnosis should be made, and adequate treatment should be administered to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Hyperammonemic encephalopathy in a patient receiving fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy
Authors: Ihoriya Hiromi , Yamamoto Hirotsugu , Yamada Taihei , Tsukahara Kohei , Inoue Kanae , Yumoto Tetsuya , Naito Hiromichi , Nakao Atsunori 
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical MessageHyperammonemia is a rare adverse effect of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) therapy, but can be very serious, even fatal. Physicians must be aware that hyperammonemic encephalopathy sometimes develops as an adverse event after 5‐FU therapy.
A case of immunoglobulin G4‐related aortic diseases
Authors: Sugaya Akira , Misawa Yoshio , Ohki Shin‐ichi , Takazawa Ippei , Uesugi Satoshi 
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical MessageA 65‐year‐old man had histories of retroperitoneal fibrosis, membranous nephropathy, and acute coronary syndrome. Chest computed tomography showed an enlarged ascending aorta and type B aortic dissection, and he underwent ascending aorta and arch replacement. A pathological examination of the resected aorta showed immunoglobulin G4‐positive plasma cell infiltration.
A case of late orthostatic headache secondary to lumbar hidden dural fistula 20 months after epidural anesthesia
Authors: Ros Forteza F. J. , Dias da Costa M. A. , Pais R. P. 
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical MessageThe clinical recognition of CSF fistula is a clinical challenge. We report the case of a young woman, who presented with a late orthostatic headache 20 months after epidural anesthesia. She developed a lumbar dural fistula of CSF confirmed in myelography CT scanning and treated successfully with epidural blood patch.
Effect of Protective Agents upon the Catalytic Property of Platinum Nanocrystals
Authors: Yan Muyu , Wu Tong , Chen Lifang , Yu Yulv , Liu Bo , Wang Yuan , Chen Wenxing , Liu Yan , Lian Chao , Li Yadong 
Published: February 2018

Abstract“Unprotected” Pt nanocrystals were modified with triphenylphosphine (PPh3), octadecylamine (ODA), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and dodecanethiol (DT) to investigate the effect of protective agents on the intrinsic catalytic property of Pt nanocrystals. By evaluating the catalytic performance of these model catalysts for the hydrogenation of para‐chloronitrobenzene (p‐CNB), it was found that direct or indirect interaction between nanocrystals and protective agents imposed a great impact on the catalytic performance of the nanocrystals. Protective agents with different electron‐donating ability (PPh3, ODA, PVP, and PVA) directly altered surface electronic state of Pt nanocrystals to bring the surface Pt atoms into an electron‐rich state, which would exert influence on the hydrogenation course by changing the adsorption and the reactivity of reactant, intermediates, and products. In contrast, DT exerted an indirect influence on the Pt nanocrystals. The coordinated Pt atoms were oxidized by DT to generate cationic Pt species on the surface of nanocrystals, and the cationic species would simultaneously improve the hydrogenation rate and selectivity to para‐chloroaniline by polarizing the N=O bond in the −NO2 group of p‐CNB and altering the electronic state of Pt nanocrystals, respectively. This work provided further insights into nanocatalysis, which is helpful for further design and application of highly efficient nanocrystal catalysts.
Characteristics and Thermal Kinetics of Hydroxyapatite Crystals Doped with Tricarballylic Acid
Authors: Polat Sevgi , Sayan Perviz 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HAP) has attracted interest in many fields, e.g., catalysis, water treatment processes, and pharmaceutical industries. HAP crystallization was performed within a batch‐type crystallizer both with and without tricarballylic acid used as additive. The crystals produced in pure media and in the presence of tricarballylic acid were characterized and their thermal degradation was then accomplished in a thermal analyzer in an inert atmosphere. Experimental data was used to calculate the activation energies based on the Kissinger, Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa, Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose, and Starink kinetic models. The results revealed that tricarballylic acid was adsorbed onto the crystal surface, with significant effects on crystal morphology, thermal degradation behavior, and average activation energy.
Electrochemical Evidence for Two Sub‐families of FeNxCy Moieties with Concentration‐Dependent Cyanide Poisoning
Authors: Chung Min Wook , Chon Gajeon , Kim Hyungjun , Jaouen Frédéric , Choi Chang Hyuck 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIron‐nitrogen‐carbon (Fe−N−C) catalysts are one of the most promising family of materials for the successful replacement of noble Pt in low‐temperature fuel cells. Despite recent advances in the synthesis, activity, and site‐structure of Fe−N−C catalysts, further improved understanding of the nature of the Fe‐based active sites is still needed. In the present study, the existence of two sub‐families of FeNxCy moieties is revealed by the concentration dependence of cyanide poisoning on a Fe−N−C catalyst only comprising of atomically dispersed iron. The analysis of the activity decrease upon contact with various cyanide concentrations and activity recovery following rinsing with water reveals the presence of two sub‐groups of ORR‐active FeNxCy species. They are discriminated by the reversibility or irreversibility of the cyanide poisoning. From a Mössbauer spectroscopy study and poisoning test on a model compound, Fe(II) phthalocyanine (FePc), we hypothesize that the reversibility/irreversibility of cyanide poisoning is governed by the competitive adsorption of oxygen molecule and cyanide anion. It is proposed that FeNxCy moieties with Fe in low spin state reversibly adsorb cyanide, whereas those with a medium spin state irreversibly adsorb cyanide.