bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women students from Saudi Arabia in a study abroad
programme
Authors: Alfayez Hassna M. , Hüttner Julia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Most students taking part in Study Abroad (SA) programmes aim to
immerse themselves as fully as possible in the target language (TL) country and
so improve their TL proficiency, as well as their own personal development
towards independent adulthood. From a research perspective, the quality of
social networks involving TL speakers, and hence the social interactions the SA
students engage in, are seen as of paramount importance in determining the
ultimate success in TL attainment. This paper addresses a cohort of learners who
have not received a lot of attention in the SA literature, namely Saudi Arabian
female students, whose individual immersion into the TL context is limited by
cultural restrictions, importantly the need to be accompanied by a male guardian
(mahram). Based on a data set of a cohort of nine students
gathered over the period of one year, this study aims to establish the extent to
which these students engage in social interactions in the TL setting and how
these affect their overall language proficiency development. Data was gathered
pre-, during, and post-SA, using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative
instruments. These tested language proficiencies and surveyed the social
interactions and engagement with the TL of the students, using both
questionnaires (Language Engagement Questionnaire, Social Networking
Questionnaire) and semi-structured interviews. Findings suggest, firstly, that
despite the limitations on social interactions, these students clearly benefit
from SA. Findings show a complex set of relationships between language
development and interactions, with diverse strategies employed to access social
networks and thus engage in interactions. Overall, these results point to SA
settings as highly conducive learning environments, even for students who face
cultural restrictions in their interactions.
Adult second language learners’ social network development and perceived fluency gain in an intensive English program abroad
Authors: Bejarano Marie , Dewey Dan P. , Baker-Smemoe Wendy , Henrichsen Lynn E. , Hall Timothy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the social networks developed by language learners during 14 weeks of an intensive English as a second language (ESL) program using the Study Abroad Social Interaction Questionnaire (Dewey, Bown, Baker, Martinsen, Gold, & Eggett, 2014;Dewey, Bown, & Eggett, 2012). It also utilized native speaker judgments to evaluate ESL fluency development. Results showed that participants were successful in developing complex social networks, that their oral fluency increased significantly, and that fluency gains were related to L2 social networks. Density (average number of people in a social group) was the most important predictor of fluency gain when only social network variables were considered. In a hierarchical regression, initial proficiency level and percentage of native English speakers in one’s network were the most significant of the established variables in the first step, and overall network size and density were the most important of the added social network variables in the second step.
Eliciting specialized frames from corpora using argument-structure extraction techniques
Authors: Sánchez Cárdenas Beatriz , Ramisch Carlos 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFrame Semantics provides a powerful cross-lingual model to describe the conceptual structure underlying specialized language. Building specialized frames is challenging because of the complex nature of predicate-argument structures, and because of the domain-specific uses of general-language predicates. Our semi-automatic method elicits semantic frames from specialized corpora. It aims to discover lexical patterns that reveal the structure of specialized frames and to populate them with corpus-based data. Firstly, we automatically extracted verb-noun triples from corpora using bootstrapping to identify noun-verb-noun phraseological patterns. Secondly, we annotated each noun-verb-noun triple with the lexical domain of the verbs and the semantic class and role of the noun filling each argument slot. We then used these annotations and patterns to classify similar triples. Thus, the structure and the types of lexical units that belong to each specialized frames were inferred. Specialized corpora analysis of environmental science texts in English and in Spanish illustrate our methodology.
Non-native and Invasive Nylanderia Crazy Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World: Integrating Genomics to Enhance Taxonomic Preparedness
Authors: Williams Jason L , Lucky Andrea 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInvasive species have devastating economic and ecological impacts worldwide, but proactive monitoring programs are rare on the global stage. By definition, tramp ants are associated with disturbance and human-mediated dispersal, making them especially concerning invasive threats. A proactive—rather than reactive—approach to monitoring for, preventing, and managing invasive species depends on taxonomic preparedness, which enables rapid and accurate identification. Emerging tools and technologies, including genomic barcoding and interactive online keys, can aid in species delimitation and diagnosis. However, resolving tramp species’ identities remains the fundamental first step in invasive species management because diagnostic tools cannot be developed and disseminated until species names are stable. Diagnosis of morphologically difficult species requires basic knowledge of species boundaries, biogeography, and phylogenetic relationships. This review comprehensively synthesizes information available for 15 known and five potential tramp ant species in Nylanderia (Emery) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a globally distributed genus of over 130 described species, many of which are only diagnosable by subtle morphological characters. Nylanderia records were drawn from published literature, specimen databases, and museum collections to compile known distributions, biology, natural history, and taxonomy for each species. We review existing resources for visualizing known geographic ranges and high-resolution images of ants globally and encourage the use of these types of tools in support of invasive species diagnosis and distribution tracking. Finally, we discuss how taxonomic and life history information can be used synergistically with genomic and digital technology to develop tools for identification of these, and other emerging invasive insect species.
Prognostic Significance of Stromal and Intraepithelial Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jun Sun-Young , Park Eun Su , Lee Jae Jun , Chang Hee-Kyung , Jung Eun Sun , Oh Young-Ha , Hong Seung-Mo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesAssessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may predict the prognosis and therapeutic benefit of immunotherapy in small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIAC) patients.MethodsTILs were evaluated in 231 surgically resected SIACs and compared with microsatellite instability (MSI) and clinicopathologic variables. The average number of intraepithelial TILs (iTILs) and the average density of stromal TILs (sTILs) were calculated separately.ResultsHigh iTIL count (≥2 per high-power field) was associated with MSI-high, whereas high sTIL density (≥20% on ×200 magnification) was not. High iTIL count and high sTIL density were related to distal tumor location, medullary carcinoma, high Crohn-like lymphoid reaction counts, and fewer pancreatic invasions. SIAC patients with high iTIL count or high sTIL density had better survival than those with low values. On multivariate analysis, MSI, high sTIL density, proximal locations, lower N category, and absence of lymphovascular invasions and retroperitoneal seeding were the best independent prognostic predictors.ConclusionsHigh sTIL density can be used as a prognostic indicator and high iTIL count may provide a basis for the clinical use of targeted immunotherapy in SIAC patients.
Seventy Years of Tuberculosis Prevention: Efficacy, Effectiveness, Toxicity, Durability, and Duration
Authors: Salazar-Austin Nicole , Dowdy David W , Chaisson Richard E , Golub Jonathan E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been a leading infectious cause of death worldwide for much of human history, with 1.6 million deaths estimated in 2017. The Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health has played an important role in understanding and responding to TB, and it has made particularly substantial contributions to prevention of TB with chemoprophylaxis. TB preventive therapy is highly efficacious in the prevention of TB disease, yet it remains underutilized by TB programs worldwide despite strong evidence to support its use in high-risk groups, such as people living with HIV and household contacts, including those under 5 years of age. We review the evidence for TB preventive therapy and discuss the future of TB prevention.
Impact of Clinic-Based Blood Pressure Approaches on Blood Pressure Measurement
Authors: Juraschek Stephen P , Ishak Anthony , Mukamal Kenneth J , Cohen Marc L , Beach Jennifer L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Clinic-based blood pressure (BP) is a closely-tracked metric of health care quality, but is prone to inaccuracy and measurement imprecision. Recent guidelines have advocated for automated office blood pressure (AOBP) devices to improve clinic-based BP assessments.

METHODS
Patients from a single hypertension clinic underwent a 3-day evaluation that included a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), 2 manual clinic-based BP measurements (over 2 visits), and an unattended AOBP measurement (single visit). All measurements were compared to the average wake-time systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) from ABPM.

RESULTS
Among 103 patients (mean age 57.3 ± 14.8 years, 51% women, 29% black) the average wake-time SBP was 131.3 ± 12.3 mm Hg and DBP was 78.3 ± 9.2 mm Hg. The average of 2 manual BPs was significantly higher than wake-time ABPM with mean differences of 5.5 mm Hg (P &lt; 0.001) for SBP and 2.7 mm Hg (P = 0.002) for DBP. In contrast, the averages of the last 2 AOBP measurements did not significantly differ from ABPM with mean differences of 1.6 mm Hg (P = 0.21) for SBP and −0.5 mm Hg (P = 0.62) for DBP. The estimated prevalence of SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg based on wake-time ABPM was 27.2% vs. 49.5% based on the average of 2 manual measurements (difference 22.3%; P &lt; 0.001) and 31.1% based on the average of the last 2 AOBP measurements (difference 3.9%; P = 0.57).

CONCLUSIONS
A single visit, unattended AOBP more precisely estimated BP and the prevalence of stage 2 and uncontrolled hypertension than even the average of 2 manual clinic visits, supporting guideline recommendations to use AOBP for clinic-based BP measurements.
The Economic Humanities and the History of Financial Advice
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul , Knight Peter , Marsh Nicky 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article charts the emerging interdisciplinary field of the Economic Humanities, and highlights a recent research project on the history of US financial advice writing as an example of what this field might look like in practice. We begin by arguing that the Economic Humanities distinguishes itself from the New Economic Criticism that flourished in the 1990s by virtue of a broadened methodological scope, made possible by greater interaction with various economically oriented branches of the social sciences. We then discuss our History of Financial Advice project as one example of what the Economic Humanities might do, highlighting three especially significant moments in the development of this genre of US writing: the decades around the turn of the twentieth century, either side of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the era following the emergence of a canonical body of financial theory in the early 1970s. Finally, in a brief conclusion we point to key areas in which the Economic Humanities has potential to do important critical work in the coming years.
Associations of Metrics of Peak Inhalation Exposure and Skin Exposure Indices With Beryllium Sensitization at a Beryllium Manufacturing Facility
Authors: Virji M Abbas , Schuler Christine R , Cox-Ganser Jean , Stanton Marcia L , Kent Michael S , Kreiss Kathleen , Stefaniak Aleksandr B 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesPeak beryllium inhalation exposures and exposure to the skin may be relevant for developing beryllium sensitization (BeS). The objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with BeS to inform the prevention of sensitization, and the development of chronic beryllium disease (CBD).MethodsIn a survey of short-term workers employed at a primary beryllium manufacturing facility between the years 1994–1999, 264 participants completed a questionnaire and were tested for BeS. A range of qualitative and quantitative peak inhalation metrics and skin exposure indices were created using: personal full-shift beryllium exposure measurements, 15 min to 24 h process-specific task and area exposure measurements, glove measurements as indicator of skin exposure, process-upset information gleaned from historical reports, and self-reported information on exposure events. Hierarchical clustering was conducted to systematically group participants based on similarity of patterns of 16 exposure variables. The associations of the exposure metrics with BeS and self-reported skin symptoms (in work areas processing beryllium salts as well as in other work areas) were evaluated using correlation analysis, log-binomial and logistic regression models with splines.ResultsMetrics of peak inhalation exposure, indices of skin exposure, and using material containing beryllium salts were significantly associated with skin symptoms and BeS; skin symptoms were a strong predictor of BeS. However, in this cohort, we could not tease apart the independent effects of skin exposure from inhalation exposure, as these exposures occurred simultaneously and were highly correlated. Hierarchical clustering identified groups of participants with unique patterns of exposure characteristics resulting in different prevalence of BeS and skin symptoms. A cluster with high skin exposure index and use of material containing beryllium salts had the highest prevalence of BeS and self-reported skin symptoms, followed by a cluster with high inhalation and skin exposure index and a very small fraction of jobs in which beryllium salts were used. A cluster with low inhalation and skin exposure and no workers using beryllium salts had no cases of BeS.ConclusionMultiple pathways and types of exposure were associated with BeS and may be important for informing BeS prevention. Prevention efforts should focus on controlling airborne beryllium exposures with attention to peaks, use of process characteristics (e.g. the likelihood of upset conditions to design interventions) minimize skin exposure to beryllium particles, and in particular, eliminate skin contact with beryllium salts to interrupt potential exposure pathways for BeS risk.
Mycoheterotrophic Epirixanthes (Polygalaceae) has a typical angiosperm mitogenome but unorthodox plastid genomes
Authors: Petersen G , Darby H , Lam V K Y , Pedersen H Æ , Merckx V S F T , Zervas A , Seberg O , Graham S W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Fully mycoheterotrophic plants derive carbon and other nutrients from root-associated fungi and have lost the ability to photosynthesize. While mycoheterotroph plastomes are often degraded compared with green plants, the effect of this unusual symbiosis on mitochondrial genome evolution is unknown. By providing the first complete organelle genome data from Polygalaceae, one of only three eudicot families that developed mycoheterotrophy, we explore how both organellar genomes evolved after loss of photosynthesis.

Methods
We sequenced and assembled four complete plastid genomes and a mitochondrial genome from species of Polygalaceae, focusing on non-photosynthetic Epirixanthes. We compared these genomes with those of other mycoheterotroph and parasitic plant lineages, and assessed whether organelle genes in Epirixanthes experienced relaxed or intensified selection compared with autotrophic relatives.

Key Results
Plastomes of two species of Epirixanthes have become substantially degraded compared with that of autotrophic Polygala. Although the lack of photosynthesis is presumably homologous in the genus, the surveyed Epirixanthes species have marked differences in terms of plastome size, structural rearrangements, gene content and substitution rates. Remarkably, both apparently replaced a canonical plastid inverted repeat with large directly repeated sequences. The mitogenome of E. elongata incorporated a considerable number of fossilized plastid genes, by intracellular transfer from an ancestor with a less degraded plastome. Both plastid and mitochondrial genes in E. elongata have increased substitution rates, but the plastid genes of E. pallida do not. Despite this, both species have similar selection patterns operating on plastid housekeeping genes.

Conclusions
Plastome evolution largely fits with patterns of gene degradation seen in other heterotrophic plants, but includes highly unusual directly duplicated regions. The causes of rate elevation in the sequenced Epirixanthes mitogenome and of rate differences in plastomes of related mycoheterotrophic species are not currently understood.
Advanced X-ray CT scanning can boost tree ring research for earth system sciences
Authors: Van den Bulcke Jan , Boone Marijn A , Dhaene Jelle , Van Loo Denis , Van Hoorebeke Luc , Boone Matthieu N , Wyffels Francis , Beeckman Hans , Van Acker Joris , De Mil Tom 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsTree rings, as archives of the past and biosensors of the present, offer unique opportunities to study influences of the fluctuating environment over decades to centuries. As such, tree-ring-based wood traits are capital input for global vegetation models. To contribute to earth system sciences, however, sufficient spatial coverage is required of detailed individual-based measurements, necessitating large amounts of data. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning is one of the few techniques that can deliver such data sets.MethodsIncrement cores of four different temperate tree species were scanned with a state-of-the-art X-ray CT system at resolutions ranging from 60 μm down to 4.5 μm, with an additional scan at a resolution of 0.8 μm of a splinter-sized sample using a second X-ray CT system to highlight the potential of cell-level scanning. Calibration-free densitometry, based on full scanner simulation of a third X-ray CT system, is illustrated on increment cores of a tropical tree species.Key ResultsWe show how multiscale scanning offers unprecedented potential for mapping tree rings and wood traits without sample manipulation and with limited operator intervention. Custom-designed sample holders enable simultaneous scanning of multiple increment cores at resolutions sufficient for tree ring analysis and densitometry as well as single core scanning enabling quantitative wood anatomy, thereby approaching the conventional thin section approach. Standardized X-ray CT volumes are, furthermore, ideal input imagery for automated pipelines with neural-based learning for tree ring detection and measurements of wood traits.ConclusionsAdvanced X-ray CT scanning for high-throughput processing of increment cores is within reach, generating pith-to-bark ring width series, density profiles and wood trait data. This would allow contribution to large-scale monitoring and modelling efforts with sufficient global coverage.
Reproductive and genetic consequences of extreme isolation in Salix herbacea L. at the rear edge of its distribution
Authors: Carbognani M , Piotti A , Leonardi S , Pasini L , Spanu I , Vendramin G G , Tomaselli M , Petraglia A 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsAt the rear edge of the distribution of species, extreme isolation and small population size influence the genetic diversity and differentiation of plant populations. This may be particularly true for Arctic-alpine species in mid-latitude mountains, but exactly how peripherality has shaped their genetic and reproductive characteristics is poorly investigated. The present study, focused on Salix herbacea, aims at providing new insights into the causes behind ongoing demographic dynamics and their consequences for peripheral populations of Arctic-alpine species.MethodsWe performed a whole-population, highly detailed sampling of the only two S. herbacea populations in the northern Apennines, comparing their clonal and genetic diversity, sex ratio and spatial genetic structure with a reference population from the Alps. After inspecting ~1800 grid intersections in the three populations, 563 ramets were genotyped at 11 nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). Past demography and mating patterns of Apennine populations were investigated to elucidate the possible causes of altered reproductive dynamics.Key ResultsApennine populations, which experienced a Holocene bottleneck and are highly differentiated (FST = 0.15), had lower clonal and genetic diversity compared with the alpine population (RMLG = 1 and HE = 0.71), with the smaller population exhibiting the lowest diversity (RMLG = 0.03 and HE = 0.24). An unbalanced sex ratio was found in the larger (63 F:37 M) and the smaller (99 F:1 M) Apennine population. Both were characterized by the presence of extremely large clones (up to 2500 m2), which, however, did not play a dominant role in local reproductive dynamics.ConclusionsUnder conditions of extreme isolation and progressive size reduction, S. herbacea has experienced an alteration of genetic characteristics produced by the prevalence of clonal growth over sexual reproduction. However, our results showed that the larger Apennine population has maintained levels of sexual reproduction enough to counteract a dramatic loss of genetic and clonal diversity.