bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Third metacarpal bone mineral density assessment in the standing horse by dual X-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Delguste C. , Perona G. , Lebecque P. , Duboeuf F. , Lepage O. , Martin-Rosset W. , Donabedian M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBone mineral density (BMD) is correlated to mechanical properties of bone. In the horse, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has yet only been performed ex-vivo, but a new portable DXA device would be ideal for in-vivo BMD measurement. We explored field suitability, precision and accuracy of this device for in-vivo third metacarpal density assessment. Precision was analysed by calculating measurement variation under repeated measurement tests with (reproducibility) and without (repeatability) limb repositioning. Repeatability and reproducibility were tested ex-vivo, at the same time that intra- and inter-operator reproducibility were assessed in-vivo. In order to test accuracy, bone mineral content (BMC) of several bone samples determined by DXA and ashing were compared. Repeatability was 1.47% and reproducibility 1.69% ex-vivo. In-vivo reproducibility varied between 2.91 and 4.06% for intraoperator test and between 3.13 and 5.53% for interoperator test. BMC measured by DXA and ash weight were highly correlated (R2>0.99). In conclusion, under described conditions this DXA device is usable, accurate and precise. Its sensitiveness reaches 8.23% in an individual longitudinal monitoring. Using the third metacarpal bone as an example, we have shown that this device is suitable for experimental or clinical monitoring.
Biomechanical evaluation of a veterinary suture anchor in the canine cadaver pelvis and femur
Authors: Pijanowski G. , Wiley R. , Johnson A. L. , Siegel A. M. , Singer M. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA commercially available veterinary suture anchor was tested in the acetabula and femurs of canine cadavers. Size #2 suture anchor constructs were compared to a traditional screw and Teflon spiked washer constructs in a model of coxofemoral luxation repair. The screw/washer constructs failed at a higher maximum load than the #2 anchor constructs. In the acetabulum, significant differences in strength were also found in the position of the implant and in the direction of pull. The constructs in a more caudal position, and constructs pulled 90 degrees to the axis of insertion, failed at higher loads. The predominant mode of failure of the constructs was a suture failure. In the femur, size #5 suture anchors were used in a model of cranial cruciate ligament repair and collateral ligament repair. The anchor constructs failed predominantly by anchor pull-out in the distal femur. The constructs pulled 90 degrees to the axis of insertion were stronger than constructs pulled at 0 degrees to the axis of insertion. Varying the location of the implant in the femur did not affect the maximum load to failure.
Arthrodesis of the talocalcaneal joint for the treatment of two horses with talocalcaneal osteoarthritis
Authors: Adams S. B. , Blevins W. B. , Pauwels F. E. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTwo horses with lameness due to talocalcaneal osteoarthritis that failed to respond to conservative management were treated by talocalcaneal arthrodesis using cortex screws placed in lag fashion. The affected joint of one horse was arthrodesed by compressing and stabilizing the medial facet of the joint with three screws. In the second horse, the medial and lateral facets of the affected talocalcaneal joint were each compressed and stabilized with two screws. The lameness of both horses improved markedly following surgery.
Transient benign osteopetrosis in a calf persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus
Authors: Spiess A. , Hilbe M. , Sterr K. , Reiser M. , Matis U. , Nuss K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA two-day-old Simmental calf was admitted suffering from a fracture of the right femur. The radiographs showed striking changes in all bones, evident as alternating zones of dense and less dense tissue (bone-inbone) in the right femur and striped densities in the vertebral bodies. A stainless steel plate was used to repair the fracture, which healed well. The calf developed normally but was diagnosed as persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) virus. It was kept in isolation and examined physically and radiographically during the following 13 months. The radiographic changes diminished during the first three months and at 13 months were barely visible. The animal was euthanatized, and immunohistochemistry revealed BVD virus antigen in numerous tissues. The radiographic abnormalities seen in this case are similar to those of the transient form of osteopetrosis in humans. Osteopetrosis in humans is currently thought to have a genetical cause, whereas it appears to be associated with viral disease in animals.
Performance of a composite flow moulded carbon fibre reinforced osteosynthesis plate
Authors: Wieling R. , Magerl F. , Schneider E. , Steiner A. , Rohner B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryNon-metallic implants have the advantage over metallic implants of reduction in artefact with CT and MR diagnostic imaging. In-vivo performance of a carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone radiolucent plate (Snake Plate [SP]) with high stiffness, and fixed angle converging screws was compared with a seven-hole titanium Locking Compression Plate (LCP), using a sheep tibial osteotomy model (gap 0.6 mm). The sheep were divided into two groups, and the osteotomies were stabilized with a SP (n=6) or a LCP (n=6). The callus dimensions were measured radiographically at zero, two, four, six and eight weeks. The animals were euthanatized after eight weeks. Osteotomised and contralateral tibiae were tested in pairs torsion, to determine strength and stiffness. In the radii of six separate sheep, initial vascular disturbance after plate implantation was evaluated. All of the sheep of the SP and LCP groups showed maximal callus areas at six weeks. The differences between the groups, in callus dimension, were not significant at any time point. The median values for relative reduction (100 x [operated – contralateral] / contralateral) in strength of osteotomized tibiae was ™13.93% for the SP group and ™7.49% for the LCP group (p = 0.5228), and for stiffness it was ™24.44 % for the SP group and ™27.08% for the LCP group (p = 0.6481). Neither the SP nor LCP caused any notable disturbance in periosteal circulation. The SP appears to represent a valuable alternative to metallic implants for shaft fracture repair. The main advantages of the SP are radiolucency, high deformation resistance, internal fixator concept and converging screw configuration for optimal loading conditions in the bone-implant construct.
Comparison of anatomical tibial plateau angle versus observer measurement from lateral radiographs in dogs
Authors: Sanders M. , Guitan J. , Pead M. , Grierson J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis study was conducted to compare the anatomical tibial plateau angle (TPA) with that measured by observers from a lateral radiograph of the limb, the hypothesis being that there would not be any statistically significant differences between the observer measured TPA and the true anatomical TPA. Twelve pelvic limbs from skeletally mature greyhound cadavers, without any clinical or radiographic evidence of stifle pathology, were used in this study. The radiographs were taken of each limb in a lateral position with the primary beam centered over the tibial eminences and collimated to include the stifle and tarso-crural joints. For subsequent radiographs, Kirschner wires were inserted to enable identification of the tibial plateau. The TPA was then measured, by three observers, from the plain radiographs and by one observer from the marked radiographs. The mean observer TPA was 24.4° (range 17–30°) and the mean anatomical TPA was 23.8° (range 15–31°). The mean and median discrepancy between the anatomical TPA and the observer TPA was negative and very small (− 0.64° and 0°). The magnitude of the discrepancy between individual measurements made by the observers tended to overestimate small angles and underestimate the large ones, and this trend is statistically significant. These results suggest that the measurements made by observers accurately represent the anatomical slope of the tibial plateau. Therefore, observer TPA is suitable for the planning and assessment of TPLO procedures. However, as the anatomical TPA moves away from a median angle (23.25°) the magnitude of error in the measurement increases.
In vivo axial dynamization of canine tibial fractures using the Securos external skeletal fixation system
Authors: Gorman S. C. , Kraus K. H. , Keating J. H. , Tidwell A. S. , Rand W. M. , Parkington J. D. , Boudrieau R. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBilateral transverse mid-shaft tibial osteotomies, with a 4-mm gap, were performed in purpose-bred research dogs and stabilized using a Securos™ Type 2 external skeletal fixator (ESF). Full (100%) axial dynamization of one randomly selected ESF in each dog was performed at 31 days postoperatively. Caudo-cranial radiographs were obtained at weekly intervals, which were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated (densitometry and ImageJ analysis). The dogs were euthanatized 13 weeks postoperatively, at which time dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), mechanical testing in torsion, and qualitative histological analysis were performed. A two-tailed paired Student's t-test was performed for statistical analysis of all parameters of interest, with significance set at p<0.05. Three of five dynamized bones bridged quicker, and four of five dynamized bones appeared to have greater callus formation, however, statistically significant differences could not be definitively determined. Statistically significant differences were not found with densitometry (any time frame), DEXA, pQCT, torsional stiffness or maximum torque. Despite the lack of statistically relevant data, trends were observed with larger callus size and density in the dynamized tibiae. The dynamized tibiae appeared to fracture more consistently outside of the area of the healing callus as compared to the control tibiae. Histological evaluation showed greater remodelling in four of five control limbs when compared to the dynamized limb. Dynamization at 31 days postoperatively may delay bone remodelling, despite a trend towards a larger callus size. The results of this study failed to show a definitive role for early full axial dynamization.
Use of the ComPact UniLock System for ventral stabilization procedures of the cervical spine
Authors: Steffen F. , Montavon P. M. , Voss K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis study evaluates clinical application of the ComPact UniLock™ systema for ventral stabilization of the cervical spine. Patient material included 13 consecutive cases, 12 dogs and one cat, with cervical spinal instabilities secondary to disc-associated wobbler syndrome (six dogs), traumatic, iatrogenic, and disc-associated cervical spinal instability of small dogs (four cases), cervical spinal fractures (one dog and one cat), and congenital atlantoaxial instability (one dog). The 2.0 system was used in smaller patients and the 2.4 system was applied in large dogs. Implant failure was observed on follow-up radiographs in one dog with a healed C2 fracture and screw pullout occurred in one dog with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, necessitating revision surgery. Implants remained stable throughout the follow-up period in the other cases. ‘Good’ or ‘ excellent’ clinical outcome was achieved in 12 patients, including the dog with revision surgery. One dog had to be euthanatized due to postoperative deterioration of neurological status and development of pneumonia. The ComPact UniLock system was found to be a suitable implant for treating cervical instabilities of different origin in both small and large patients with lesions from C1/C2 to C6/C7. Some problems were encountered in the dogs with disc-associated Wobbler syndrome, such as lack or slow rate of vertebral fusion and partial collapse of the distracted intervertebral space on follow-up radiographs. A lack of adequate fusion was most likely related to grafting techniques used.
Outcome and prognostic factors in nonambulatory Hansen Type I intervertebral disc extrusions: 308 cases
Authors: Allen D. A. , Schertel E. R. , Barnhart M. D. , Wilson E. R. , Lineberger J. A. , Klocke N. W. , Lehenbauer T. W. , Ruddle T. L. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease is the most common cause of caudal paresis in dogs (1). Whilst the pathogenesis of the extrusion has been widely studied, treatment protocols and prognostic factors relating to outcome remain controversial. Recent studies have examined a multitude of factors relating to time to regain ambulation after decompressive surgery. Most intervertebral disc herniations occur in the thoracolumbar region, causing upper motor neuron signs in the rear limbs, which are thought to have a more favourable prognosis compared to the lower motor neuron signs created by herniation of an intervertebral disc in the caudal lumbar region. Due to the potential disruption of the lumbar intumescence, lower motor neuron signs have been reported as having a less favourable prognosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intervertebral disc space as a prognostic factor relating to ambulatory outcome and time to ambulation after decompressive surgery. Hansen Type I intervertebral disc extrusions were studied in 308 non-ambulatory dogs. Preoperative and postoperative neurological status, corticosteroid use, signalment, intervertebral disc space, postoperative physical rehabilitation, previous hemilaminectomy surgery, disc fenestration, return to ambulation, and time to ambulation were reviewed.
The Role of the External Bar in a 6-Pin Type 1 External Skeletal Fixation Device
Authors: Polio F. E. , Hyman W. A. , Hulse D. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryExternal skeletal fixation devices are commonly used in human and veterinary orthopedics. Although external fixators have proven useful over the years, their use is still associated with complications. The most frequently encountered complication is premature pin loosening with or without pin tract infection. Occasionally, implant failure involving the transla tion pins, pin clamps or external bar is seen. Each of these complications can contribute to patient morbidity through poor limb use, pain, loss of fracture reduction, and delayed unions or nonunions. A more thorough understanding of the biomechanics of external fixation devices may reduce the incidence of complications and associated patient morbidity. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the external connecting bar in a 6-pin type 1 external skeletal fixation device with respect to the forces transmitted to the surrounding bone for an axial load on the bone.The methods used were finite element computer analysis and in vitro experimentation using a bone analog. The results obtained in both the FEA and in the in vitro experiments was that the middle pins on each bone segment experienced axial tension while the remainder of the pins experienced axial compression. Furthermore, increasing the stiffness of the external bar decreased the axial loads on all the pins, and more evenly distributed the end shear load and end moment on the pins.The role of the external bar in a 6-pin type 1 ESF device was investigated using finite element computer analysis and in vitro experimentation. The results show that increasing the stiffness of the external bar decreases the axial loads and more equally distributes the end shear loads on the pins. Therefore, increasing the stiffness of the external bar may reduce the chance of complications related to excessive pin loads, such as pin loosening, pin breakage, and pin tract infection.
Fractures of the Scapula in Dogs: A Retrospective Review of 12 Cases
Authors: Dunning Dianne , Harari J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe case records of 12 dogs with scapular fractures were reviewed; feline patients were not identified. Fractures of the scapula were treated in approximately 2.4% of the total patients with fractures. Eleven of twelve dogs sustained a scapular fracture, following vehicular trauma. The most frequent type of fracture involved the body or spine of the scapula. Open surgical repair, or conservative non-surgical therapy, yielded successful clinical outcome by three months, in most of the cases. In 60% of the patients, concurrent thoracic injuries were reported, although complications were rare.Twelve dogs with scapular fractures were, treated surgically or by non-operative therapy. Although concurrent thoracic cavity lesions were frequent, successful clinical outcome was achieved, in most cases, by three months following injury.
The Use of Multiple Pin and Methylmethacrylate External Skeletal Fixation for the Treatment of Orthopaedic Injuries in the Dog and Cat
Authors: Matthiesen D. T. , Ross J. T. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMultiple pin and methylmethacry-late external fixation devices were applied in 74 animals to successfully treat several different types of orthopaedic injuries. The major advantages associated with use of the technique included increased versatility in the location and angle of fixation pin place-ment and greater ease in placement of the connecting bar when compared with conventional clamp and connecting bar systems, particularly with transarticular placement of a device. The major disadvantages associated with the technique included, increased difficulty compared to conventional K-E systems regarding postoperative adjustment of the device and difficulty in removing individual pins that were loose or infected. Generally, removal of the device was not a problem, provided sufficient space was left between the connecting bar and the skin surface.Complications associated with the technique were similar to studies which have evaluated other types of external fixation and include fixation pin loosening, pin tract drainage or infection, fixation failure, osteomyelitis, angular limb deformity, mal-union, delayed union and nonunion.The multiple pin and methylmethacrylate external fixator provides a useful and effective method of repair for a wide variety of orthopaedic injuries. The use of methylmethacrylate as a connecting bar is a helpful adjunct to standard external fixation systems.The use of multiple pin and methylmethacrylate external fixation (MPMF) increases the versatility of the external fixation technique in small animal orthopaedic injuries. Disadvantages include difficulty in removing or replacing individual fixation pins.
Repair of a Diaphyseal Fracture of the Metatarsus by Open Reduction and Internal Fixation in an Adult Bactrian Camel
Authors: Steenhaut M. , Gasthuys F. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis paper describes the treatment of a diaphyseal fracture of the metatarsus in an adult Bactrian camel. Application of a round hole plate, on the lateral side, by means of cortical screws in lag fashion on the proximal fragment, in combination with a dor-sally placed DCP plate resulted in delayed healing. Postoperatively a synthetic cast was placed up to the tarsal region to supply external immobilization. Local postoperative infection, noted two weeks after surgery, was successfully treated by the implantation of gentamicin pearls, in combination with systemic parenteral and oral antibiotics. Although delayed callus formation was observed radiographically, an acceptable degree of fracture healing was present after six months.This report describes the successful open reduction and internal fixation treatment of a diaphyseal fracture of the metatarsal shaft in a Bactrian camel.
Evaluation of an Instrumented Horseshoe System
Authors: Schnurr D. , Horney F. D. , Field J. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA commercially available instrumented horseshoe, designed to quantitate a fraction of the vertical component of the ground reaction force (Fz), underwent a series of mechanical evaluations. This followed the occurrence of considerable variability in transducer output in response to a given load.The mechanical evaluation of this system revealed many factors that contributed to the variability in transducer output. The primary factor appeared to be the disruption to the transducer required in its calibration in the laboratory and subsequent placement in the horse-mounted system. This requirement introduced significant (P <0.05) variability into the system.A preliminary evaluation of the system when mounted on horses only succeeded in adding to the variability in transducer output.In view of the many contributors to transducer output variability it is concluded that as the system is currently designed it does not allow for accurate or reproducible quantitation of force transmission, in either the laboratory or when mounted on horses.An instrumented horseshoe underwent a series of mechanical evaluations. Many factors contributed to variability in transducer output recorded. It was concluded that the system, as currently designed, does not provide accurate or reproducible quantification of the vertical force component (Fz).
Intramedullary Nailing of Experimental Femoral Midshaft Osteotomies in Cats with Biodegradable Rods of Polylactic Acid
Authors: Mero M. , Morelius M. , Rokkanen P. , Törmälä P. , Räihä J. E. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFracture repair by intramedullary support with one or several steel implants is a cheap and quick technique, especially suitable for simple femoral, tibial and humeral fractures in small animals. These implants, however, usually have to be removed due to their excessive rigidity causing migration or osteoporosis. The biodegradable implants of polylactic and polyglycolic acid available for fracture re-pair are usually too short to be used in the medullary canals of dogs and cats. A new extrusion technique has provided essentially unlimited length rods of left isomeric polylactic acid with strength values comparable to steel, but a stiffness modulus; close to bone.To test their use for intramedullary nailing such rods of diameter 1.1 and 2 mm were used to stack pin femoral osteotomies in four cats. Follow-up time was 24 weeks. All femurs healed, but with slight or moderate angulation or rotation and fair callus formation. Two had a bone loss defect at the lateral osteotomy line. Histology revealed minor foreign body reactions from the implants.This technique is being developed to involve only one implant with ability to prevent rotation and a stiffness of about 40 to 60 gigapascals (between bone and steel) to provide adequate initial stiffness before biodegrading.A new extrusion technique has enabled manufacturing of longer rods of totally biodegradable polylactic acid. These were tested for intramedullary use with a stack pinning technique in four cat femurs. All osteotomies healed with fair callus formation and slight or moderate deviations or rotations. Two femurs had a bone loss defect at the lateral osteotomy line. Histology revealed good tolerance to the foreign material.