bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering a Safer World
Authors: Leveson Nancy G. 
Published: December 2018

A new approach to safety, based on systems thinking, that is more effective, less costly, and easier to use than current techniques.
Engineering has experienced a technological revolution, but the basic engineering techniques applied in safety and reliability engineering, created in a simpler, analog world, have changed very little over the years. In this groundbreaking book, Nancy Leveson proposes a new approach to safety—more suited to today's complex, sociotechnical, software-intensive world—based on modern systems thinking and systems theory. Revisiting and updating ideas pioneered by 1950s aerospace engineers in their System Safety concept, and testing her new model extensively on real-world examples, Leveson has created a new approach to safety that is more effective, less expensive, and easier to use than current techniques.
Arguing that traditional models of causality are inadequate, Leveson presents a new, extended model of causation (Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes, or STAMP), then shows how the new model can be used to create techniques for system safety engineering, including accident analysis, hazard analysis, system design, safety in operations, and management of safety-critical systems. She applies the new techniques to real-world events including the friendly-fire loss of a U.S. Blackhawk helicopter in the first Gulf War; the Vioxx recall; the U.S. Navy SUBSAFE program; and the bacterial contamination of a public water supply in a Canadian town. Leveson's approach is relevant even beyond safety engineering, offering techniques for “reengineering” any large sociotechnical system to improve safety and manage risk.
New Digital Media and Learning as an Emerging Area and "Worked Examples" as One Way Forward
Authors: Gee James Paul 
Published: December 2018

A proposal to move the academic area of digital media and learning toward more coherence.
In this report, noted scholar James Paul Gee discusses the evolution of digital media and learning (DMAL) from its infancy as an “academic area” into a more organized field or coherent discipline. Distinguishing among academic areas, fields, disciplinary specializations, and thematic disciplines, Gee describes other academic areas that have fallen into these categories or developed into established disciplines. He argues that DMAL will not evolve until a real coherence develops through collaboration and the accumulation of shared knowledge. Gee offers a concrete proposal of one way scholars in DMAL could move the area forward to a more cohesive, integrated, and collaborative enterprise: the production of what he terms “worked examples.” In Gee's sense of a worked example, scholars attempting to build the new area of DMAL would publicly display their methods of valuing and thinking about a specific problem, proposing them as examples of “good work” in order to engender debate about what such work in DMAL might come to look like and what shape the area itself might take. The goal would not be for the proposed approach to become the accepted one but for it to become fodder for new work and collaboration. Gee concludes by offering a sample worked example that illustrates his proposal.
Acute effects of contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching of hip abductors and adductors on dynamic balance
Authors: Szafraniec Rafał , Chromik Krystyna , Poborska Amanda , Kawczyński Adam 
Published: December 2018

Background
Balance control has been shown to play a fundamental role both in everyday life and many athletic activities. An important component of balance control is the somatosensory information gained from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. The changes in the muscle-tendon unit stiffness could alter the ability to detect and respond promptly to changes of an unstable environment. One of the procedures affecting muscle stiffness is stretching, and contract-relax PNF stretching (CRS) is considered as one of the safest and most effective techniques. So far, there are no studies on the impact of CRS of hip adductor and abductor muscles on body balance. These muscle groups are responsible for maintaining mediolateral balance which is of particular interest, since it is more affected by ageing and disease and since its deterioration has been associated with an increased risk of falling. In light of the above, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a single dose of contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching of hip adductors and abductors on mediolateral dynamic balance.

Methods
The study involved 45 healthy individuals (age 19–23 years) assigned to the intervention group (IG) or the control group (CG). Balance testing was carried out before (Pre) and immediately after CRS in the intervention group or after 5-minute rest in the control group (Post). There were performed three repetitions of the CRS targeting the adductor and abductor muscles of the hip.

Results
Statistically significant differences between Pre and Post condition were observed only in the intervention group. The values of all measured variables defining the body’s dynamic balance were significantly lower immediately after the applied CRS, which indicates an improved body balance: Global Index (p = 0.0001), total area of sway (p = 0.0001), external area of sway (p = 0.00004), external time (p = 0.0004) and reaction time (p = 0.0003).

Conclusions
A single dose of contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching of the hip adductor and abductor muscles improved mediolateral dynamic balance.
Culture and Regimes: The Democratizing Force of Emancipative Values
Authors: Welzel Christian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis essay argues that high‐quality democracy cannot persist in the absence of emancipative values, as much as autocracy cannot persist in their presence. Support for democracy, by contrast, is an altogether misleading indicator of a public's affinity to democracy because what support for democracy means depends entirely on emancipative values: In the presence of emancipative values, people support democracy out of a genuine appreciation of the freedoms that define democracy; but in the absence of emancipative values, people typically misunderstand democracy in authoritarian ways that revert the meaning of support for democracy into its own contradiction: support for autocracy, that is. Hence, autocracy is often more legitimate in people's eyes than the support ratings for democracy suggest. Accordingly, the prospects of democracy are bleak where emancipative values remain weak. These insights provide good reasons to consider emancipative values as a study object of foremost importance, if we are to understand the cultural foundations of democracy.
Higher Education and the Exponential Rise of Science: Competition and Collaboration
Authors: Powell Justin J.W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHow we collaborate and compete to find solutions to the problems and challenges of our age vastly impacts our individual and group success and well‐being. Interdependent, the institutions of education and science have dramatically expanded. Today, scientists in nearly all countries contribute to our shared stores of knowledge, with research universities the driving force behind unexpected pure exponential growth in scientific production. Competition—regional, national, organizational, and individual—has become more potent—with performance measures, comparative indicators, and formal evaluations continuously generated and used in decision‐making. Simultaneously, collaboration across institutional, disciplinary, organizational, and cultural boundaries expands the possibilities of discovery and produces the most influential science. Competition and collaboration at the nexus of higher education and science demand enhanced attention as they shape the future of scientific innovation and production, with its understudied yet increasingly incontrovertible effects on individuals and societies.
Morality
Authors: Carter Michael J. , Rich Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract“Morality” represents normative expectations and codes of conduct regarding what is right or wrong, proper or improper, or appropriate or inappropriate in society. This entry discusses morality as it has been understood in sociology and related fields by addressing five general themes: (1) conceptions of morality in the classical era of sociology; (2) how morality is embedded in social institutions; (3) relationships among morality, power, and inequality; (4) morality as a practice that is embedded in everyday life via discourse, language, and narratives; (5) evolutionary perspectives on morality.
Pastiche
Authors: Matthews Christopher R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This entry briefly explores the development of pastiche as an idea within postmodern cultural studies before examining its usage within sociological research. In redeploying pastiche to help understand social identities and hegemonic power, sociologists have departed in important ways from its original usage. In this way, they have developed a useful and nuanced account of social power that focuses on reflexive microsociological interactions as the basis from which social structures are recast, recreated, and potentially subverted.
Transmedia
Authors: Kidd Jenny 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe term transmedia refers to the creation of rich and complex media storyworlds across multiple platforms. This approach has flourished within online and mixed media contexts where webs of content can be explored by (and coproduced with) curious audience members and fans. Emerging from media, culture, and communications contexts in the early years of the twenty‐first century, the term is increasingly being used to describe a broader suite of practices.
Clickbait
Authors: Kalveks Tatiana 
Published: December 2018

Abstract“Clickbait” is a pejorative name for usually insubstantial online content that bears a hyperbolic headline. Clickbait appeals to the reader's “curiosity gap,” a disjunction between information the reader already knows, and information the reader wants to know. Associated with post‐truth media, clickbait emerged in the early millennium, driven by the rise of online advertising, and has stylistic implications offline, for example in political discourse and academic publishing.
Secondary Deviance
Authors: Conyers Addrain , Buchanan Molly 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This entry describes an integral component to the labeling perspective: secondary deviance, a potential outcome that arises from social groups' reactions to individuals' deviant behaviors. Included in the entry is a brief account of the scholarly contributions that have gradually described and defined the processes for how labeling of individuals' primary deviance can counterproductively induce antisocial behaviors. As posited by key labeling scholars, three secondary deviance‐inducing processes include: labeled individuals' altered views of self, as well as diminished future access to prosocial opportunities (e.g., legitimate employment) or to prosocial groups (i.e., increased association with deviant peers).
Fitness Culture
Authors: Sassatelli Roberta 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn contemporary western societies, the “fit body” has replaced body decoration as a potent symbol of status and character, both for men and women. Fitness gyms and health centers have become highly visible as the sites where such a body is produced. They are at the core of a much broader fitness culture, comprising a variety of commodities and are key institutions of contemporary consumer culture. Fitness culture has attracted contrasting diagnoses from within a host of disciplines, often corresponding to disciplinary specializations in the study of sport and physical activity at large. As a culturally prized practice, fitness is often framed as a response to collective issues such as poor health, obesity, or aging bodies, while as a fundamentally individualized consumer culture promoted by profit‐seeking commercial institutions it may not help us to ask the crucial questions. This seems to require a critical perspective on rationalized, urban living, commercial relations, and fitness activities which goes beyond the promotional sirens portraying fitness training inside a gym as a quick fix solution for body and soul.
Kinship
Authors: Nordqvist Petra 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCulturally speaking, kinship is imagined as a “fixed” relationship based in nature. But sociological studies indicate that rather than understanding kinship as a “given” relationship, it is better understood as a relationship that is “done” in social life. This entry shows how people engage in “making” kinship happen, through everyday life, resuming or rejecting family responsibilities, and in families formed through new reproductive technologies.
Marriage
Authors: Scanzoni John 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUpdating Engels, the historical development of marriage is analyzed from pre‐patriarchy through patriarchy to the contemporary struggle between patriarchy and Enlightenment advocates. Advocates consist predominately of advantaged (well‐educated, upper‐middle‐class) persons (straight/gay) crafting egalitarian relationships (legal/nonlegal) blending sexual with emotional gratifications while optimizing access toproductionfor both genders and facilitating control overreproduction –especially by women. “Women's‐right” inproductionimplies that a girl/woman from all socioeconomic backgrounds/races/ethnicities would participate in educational/occupational experiences empowering her to become an economicallyautonomouswoman – able to provide her material needs and those of any dependents. “Women's‐right” inreproductionimplies women exercising ultimate control over its three facets–sexual enjoyment, contraception, and abortion/childbearing. Bringing less advantaged persons into this orbit implies empowering them to meet the stringent educational and occupational demands of the postindustrial era, as well as encouraging them to embrace both aspects of “women's‐right” based on the premise that doing so would help meet those stringent demands.
Matriarchy
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans) 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
There never has been a true matriarchy. Even as an ideal type model it is not very heuristic. The idea dates back to an outmoded way of thinking. We often use the term in a popular fashion, but it does not have analytical relevance for comparative historical sociological analysis. Knowing the history of the use of the term, however, does assist in understanding how the term patriarchy was originally used. The idea originally was that matriarchy was a stage of progressive evolution that preceded patriarchy. That idea has lingered in nonscholarly circles and is often used as a rhetorical device. The few examples of very small‐scale almost matriarchal situations do not justify viewing the concept as useful for historical study, despite the ideological use of the term in some feminist circles. Many societies, however, have been characterized by matrilineal descent and early gathering and hunting societies sometimes had a degree of cooperation. Hence, we also cannot necessarily posit patriarchy as the very first stage of an evolutionary chain of development.
Rustbelt
Authors: Hospers Gert‐Jan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Rustbelt areas have a glorious past but face an uncertain future. During their industrial heydays they used to be strong manufacturing centers, but since the second half of the twentieth century their position has been eroded in the global economy, leading to demographic and urban shrinkage. Today, Rustbelt areas are still recovering from the severe transformation processes they went through. Some revitalization strategies have paid off, but the growing inequality among residents continues to be a major issue.
An effective method to reduce the interplay effects between respiratory motion and a uniform scanning proton beam irradiation for liver tumors: A case study
Authors: Akino Yuichi , Wu Huanmei , Oh Ryoong‐Jin , Das Indra J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPurposeFor scanning particle beam therapy, interference between scanning patterns and interfield organ motion may result in suboptimal dose within target volume. In this study, we developed a simple offline correction technique for uniform scanning proton beam (USPB) delivery to compensate for the interplay between scanning patterns and respiratory motion and demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique in treating liver cancer.MethodsThe computed tomography (CT) and respiration data of two patients who had received stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma were used. In the simulation, the relative beam weight delivered to each respiratory phase is calculated for each beam layer after treatment of each fraction. Respiratory phases with beam weights higher than 50% of the largest weight are considered “skipped phases” for the next fraction. For the following fraction, the beam trigger is regulated to prevent beam layers from starting irradiation in skipped phases by extending the interval between each layer. To calculate dose‐volume histogram (DVH), the dose of the target volume at end‐exhale (50% phase) was calculated as the sum of each energy layer, with consideration of displacement due to respiratory motion and relative beam weight delivered per respiratory phase.ResultsFor a single fraction, D1%, D99%, and V100% were 114%, 88%, and 32%, respectively, when 8 Gy/min of dose rate was simulated. Although these parameters were improved with multiple fractions, dosimetric inhomogeneity without motion management remained even at 30 fractions, with V100% 86.9% at 30 fractions. In contrast, the V100% values with adaptation were 96% and 98% at 20 and 30 fractions, respectively. We developed an offline correction technique for USPB therapy to compensate for the interplay effects between respiratory organ motion and USPB beam delivery.ConclusionsFor liver tumor, this adaptive therapy technique showed significant improvement in dose uniformity even with fewer treatment fractions than normal USPB therapy.
Supersmooth Ta2O5/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ying Zhiqin , Chen Wei , Lin Yi , He Zhenfei , Chen Tian , Zhu Yudong , Zhang Xusheng , Yang Xi , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , He Zhubing 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAlthough it exhibits great potential as the rear transparent electrode (RTE) material in semitransparent devices, the ultrathin silver film still faces some significant challenges, such as surface plasmonic effect induced optical loss, the conflict between conductivity and transmittance, and the band level mismatch at device interfaces. In this work, a novel combination of ZrAcac/PEI/Ag/Ta2O5 is employed as the RTE of the semitransparent perovskite solar cells in the planar inverted device structure of “indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)/NiO
x
/MAPbI3/PC61BM/ZrAcac/PEI/Ag/Ta2O5.” Interface engineering with ZrAcac/PEI enables a significant increase in the device efficiency for 100 nm thick Ag electrode, from 17.48% to 18.84%. Ultrathin 9 nm Ag film coated on polyetherimide (PEI) exhibits a root‐mean‐square roughness of 0.7 nm and a sheet resistance of 8.7 Ω □−1, which results in the typical device conversion efficiency of 13.40% and an average transmittance (AT) of 43.75% in wavelength region from 500 to 1200 nm simultaneously. That remarkable enhancement in AT from 12.47% to 43.75% can be ascribed to the synergy effect of Ta2O5 and the ultrathin silver film in optics. The successful interface engineering of RTE paves an alternative and promising way for high performance semitransparent solar cells, and definitely broadens the scope of their applications.
Double‐blinded randomized controlled trial to evaluate a multimedia surgical care tour in improving patient satisfaction and knowledge after functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Ma Yue , Zeiger Josh , McKee Sean , Yang Anthony , Schaberg Madeleine , Del‐Signore Anthony , Govindaraj Satish , Iloreta Alfred 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundCurrent delivery of patient education is done during the clinic visit, where physicians or clinic staff have limited time for each patient. One potential solution is to provide a multimedia surgical care tour delivered to patients throughout the perioperative period. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this surgical care tour in enhancing patient knowledge and satisfaction after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).MethodsA total of 121 patients were enrolled and a double‐blinded randomized controlled trial was initiated. Patients in the experimental group received 4 educational videos and automated reminders to take medications. The control group received a sham platform. Patients were randomized by MEDUMO software, and physicians, clinic staff, and patients were blinded. Patient satisfaction was measured by Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Surgical Care Survey Version 2.0. Patient knowledge was graded by the blinded surgeon and clinic staff. Fischer's exact test and 2‐tailed independent samples Student t test were used to compare the satisfaction and patient knowledge outcomes, respectively.ResultsPatients in the experimental group were more likely to answer “Yes, definitely” to “Did these pictures drawings models or videos help you better understand your condition and its treatment?” (95.7% vs 74.1%, p = 0.011). The mean ± standard deviation clinic staff assessment of patient knowledge was 3.04 ± 1.05 in the control group and 3.68 ± 1.41 in the experimental group (p = 0.043).ConclusionA multimedia surgical care tour was developed and has promising effects on patient satisfaction and knowledge after FESS.
Ein dreigliedriges cyclisches Phosphasilen
Authors: Heider Yannic , Willmes Philipp , Mühlhausen Daniel , Klemmer Lukas , Zimmer Michael , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David 
Published: December 2018

AbstractKleine ungesättigte Phosphorcyclen sind aufgrund ihrer Ringspannung und der zusätzlichen Funktionalitäten der Doppelbindung und des freien Phosphor‐Elektronenpaars vielseitige Reagenzien. Wir berichten hier über die Synthese und Isolierung des kleinstmöglichen, cyclischen Phosphasilens als stabiles Addukt mit einem N‐heterocyclischen Carben (NHC). Erste Reaktivitätsstudien zeigen, (a) dass der PSi2‐Ring mittels des freien Elektronenpaares am Phosphor ein kompetenter Ligand für das Fe(CO)4 Fragment ist und (b) dass die Abstraktion des NHCs mit BPh3 zu einer raschen Kopf‐Kopf‐ oder Kopf‐Schwanz‐Dimerisierung der PSi2‐Einheit führt. Die relativ leichte NHC‐Abspaltung deutet die Verfügbarkeit der P=Si‐Doppelbindung für weitere Manipulationen an.
Drag reduction of a zero‐pressure gradient boundary layer flow by surfactants
Authors: Cai Shu‐peng , Wang Zhi‐neng , Duan Chuan‐wei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTo investigate drag reduction by a surfactant in a zero‐pressure gradient flat‐plate turbulent boundary layer flow, the velocities were measured by a two‐component laser Doppler velocimeter, and the buildup as well as relaxation of micelle shear‐induced structures in a simple shear flow was then analyzed by a strain‐controlled rheometer through applying and releasing a given constant shear strain rate. The surfactant was cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide mixed with sodium salicylate as a counterion in a molar ratio of 1:2 at 60 and 100 ppm by weight. It has been found that the drag reduction rate first increases and then decreases with decreasing wall shear stress in the streamwise direction for the two concentrations of solutions, which is totally different with that in a pipe flow. In addition, the drag reduction in a lower concentration solution boundary layer flow reaches the maximum earlier. Moreover, a shorter buildup time for the micelle shear‐induced structures makes the maximal drag reduction reach earlier in surfactant solution boundary layer flows.