bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revolting consumers: a revisionist account of the 1925 ban on photography in English and Welsh courts and its implications for debate about who is able to produce, manage and consume images of the trial
Authors: Mulcahy Linda 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper offers a revisionist history of the banning of photography in English and Welsh courts in 1925 and explores the contention that a complete rationale for the ban has never been adequately articulated. While existing accounts of the ban have placed emphasis on the outrage caused by press coverage of a handful of sensational murder trials, this paper offers the first comprehensive analysis of photographs of trial scenes in the decades leading up to the ban. In doing so, it argues that the exposure of the legal system to scrutiny by the press and public, made possible by new technologies and reporting practices, was much more pervasive than has previously been suggested. It also contends that, although parliamentarians claimed that the purpose of the ban was to protect vulnerable members of the public, it actually did a much better job of preserving the interests of the legal, political and social elite, including judges, against a backdrop of fears about an increasingly disrespectful populace. More particularly, it is suggested that the ban allowed the state to take back its monopoly over the production, management and consumption of images of judges and other key actors in the courtroom in an effort to re-impose social order and retain the mystery of law.
Global Nitrous Oxide Production Determined by Oxygen Sensitivity of Nitrification and Denitrification
Authors: Ji Qixing , Buitenhuis Erik , Suntharalingam Parvadha , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Ward Bess B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe ocean is estimated to contribute up to ~20% of global fluxes of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), an important greenhouse gas and ozone depletion agent. Marine oxygen minimum zones contribute disproportionately to this flux. To further understand the partition of nitrification and denitrification and their environmental controls on marine N2O fluxes, we report new relationships between oxygen concentration and rates of N2O production from nitrification and denitrification directly measured with 15N tracers in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Highest N2O production rates occurred near the oxic‐anoxic interface, where there is strong potential for N2O efflux to the atmosphere. The dominant N2O source in oxygen minimum zones was nitrate reduction, the rates of which were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of ammonium oxidation. The presence of oxygen significantly inhibited the production of N2O from both nitrification and denitrification. These experimental data provide new constraints to a multicomponent global ocean biogeochemical model, which yielded annual oceanic N2O efflux of 1.7–4.4 Tg‐N (median 2.8 Tg‐N, 1 Tg = 1012 g), with denitrification contributing 20% to the oceanic flux. Thus, denitrification should be viewed as a net N2O production pathway in the marine environment.
Estimates of Pliocene Tropical Pacific Temperature Sensitivity to Radiative Greenhouse Gas Forcing
Authors: Ford Heather L. , Ravelo A. Christina 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Western Equatorial Pacific (WEP) warm pool, with surface temperatures >28 °C and a deep thermocline, is an important source of latent and sensible heat for the global climate system. Because the tropics are not sensitive to ice‐albedo feedbacks, the WEP's response to radiative forcing can be used to constrain a minimum estimate of Earth system sensitivity. Climate modeling of pCO2‐radiative warming projections shows little change in WEP variability; here we use temperature distributions of individual surface and subsurface dwelling fossil foraminifera to evaluate past variability and possible radiative and dynamic climate forcing over the Plio‐Pleistocene. We investigate WEP warm pool variability within paired glacial‐interglacial (G‐IG) intervals for four times: the Holocene‐Last Glacial Maximum, ~2, ~3, and ~4 Ma. Our results show that these surface and subsurface temperature distributions are similar for all G‐IG pairs, indicating no change in variability, even as pCO2‐radiative forcing and other boundary conditions changed on G‐IG timescales. Plio‐Pleistocene sea surface temperature (SST) distributions are similar to those from the Holocene, indicating WEP SSTs respond to pCO2‐radiative forcing and associated feedbacks. In contrast, Plio‐Pleistocene subsurface temperature distributions suggest subsurface temperatures respond to changes in thermocline temperature and depth. We estimate tropical temperature sensitivity for the mid‐Pliocene (~3 Ma) using our individual foraminifera SST data set and a previously published high‐resolution boron isotope‐based pCO2 reconstruction. We find tropical temperature sensitivity was equal to, or less than, that of the Late Pleistocene.
Forecasting Periods of Strong Southward Magnetic Field Following Interplanetary Shocks
Authors: Salman T. M. , Lugaz N. , Farrugia C. J. , Winslow R. M. , Galvin A. B. , Schwadron N. A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLong periods of strong southward magnetic fields are known to be the primary cause of intense geomagnetic storms. The majority of such events are caused by the passage over Earth of a magnetic ejecta. Irrespective of the interplanetary cause, fast‐forward shocks often precede such strong southward Bz periods. Here we first look at all long periods of strong southward magnetic fields as well as fast‐forward shocks measured by the Wind spacecraft in a 22.4‐year span. We find that 76% of strong southward Bz periods are preceded within 48 hr by at least a fast‐forward shock, but only about 23% of all shocks are followed within 48 hr by strong southward Bz periods. Then, we devise a threshold‐based probabilistic forecasting method based on the shock properties and the pre‐shock near‐Earth solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field characteristics adopting a superposed epoch analysis‐like approach. Our analysis shows that the solar wind conditions in the 30‐min interval around the arrival of fast‐forward shocks have a significant contribution to the prediction of long‐duration southward Bz periods. This probabilistic model may provide on average a 14‐hr warning time for an intense and long‐duration southward Bz period. Evaluating the forecast capability of the model through a statistical and skill score‐based approach reveals that it outperforms a coin‐flipping forecast. By using the information provided by the arrival of a fast‐forward shock at L1, this model represents a marked improvement over similar forecasting methods. We outline a number of future potential improvements.
Examining the current standards for genetic discovery and replication in the era of mega-biobanks
Authors: Huffman J. E. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWith the recent deluge of mega-biobank data, it is time to revisit what constitutes “replication” for genome-wide association studies. Many replication samples are unavailable or underpowered, therefore alternatives beyond strict statistical replication are needed until the required resources become available.
Silicon as a ubiquitous contaminant in graphene derivatives with significant impact on device performance
Authors: Jalili Rouhollah , Esrafilzadeh Dorna , Aboutalebi Seyed Hamed , Sabri Ylias M. , Kandjani Ahmad E. , Bhargava Suresh K. , Della Gaspera Enrico , Gengenbach Thomas R. , Walker Ashley , Chao Yunfeng , Wang Caiyun , Alimadadi Hossein , Mitchell David R. G. , Officer David L. , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Wallace Gordon G. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSilicon-based impurities are ubiquitous in natural graphite. However, their role as a contaminant in exfoliated graphene and their influence on devices have been overlooked. Herein atomic resolution microscopy is used to highlight the existence of silicon-based contamination on various solution-processed graphene. We found these impurities are extremely persistent and thus utilising high purity graphite as a precursor is the only route to produce silicon-free graphene. These impurities are found to hamper the effective utilisation of graphene in whereby surface area is of paramount importance. When non-contaminated graphene is used to fabricate supercapacitor microelectrodes, a capacitance value closest to the predicted theoretical capacitance for graphene is obtained. We also demonstrate a versatile humidity sensor made from pure graphene oxide which achieves the highest sensitivity and the lowest limit of detection ever reported. Our findings constitute a vital milestone to achieve commercially viable and high performance graphene-based devices.
Comprehensive human cell-type methylation atlas reveals origins of circulating cell-free DNA in health and disease
Authors: Moss Joshua , Magenheim Judith , Neiman Daniel , Zemmour Hai , Loyfer Netanel , Korach Amit , Samet Yaacov , Maoz Myriam , Druid Henrik , Arner Peter , Fu Keng-Yeh , Kiss Endre , Spalding Kirsty L. , Landesberg Giora , Zick Aviad , Grinshpun Albert , Shapiro A. M. James , Grompe Markus , Wittenberg Avigail Dreazan , Glaser Benjamin , Shemer Ruth , Kaplan Tommy , Dor Yuval 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMethylation patterns of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) contain rich information about recent cell death events in the body. Here, we present an approach for unbiased determination of the tissue origins of cfDNA, using a reference methylation atlas of 25 human tissues and cell types. The method is validated using in silico simulations as well as in vitro mixes of DNA from different tissue sources at known proportions. We show that plasma cfDNA of healthy donors originates from white blood cells (55%), erythrocyte progenitors (30%), vascular endothelial cells (10%) and hepatocytes (1%). Deconvolution of cfDNA from patients reveals tissue contributions that agree with clinical findings in sepsis, islet transplantation, cancer of the colon, lung, breast and prostate, and cancer of unknown primary. We propose a procedure which can be easily adapted to study the cellular contributors to cfDNA in many settings, opening a broad window into healthy and pathologic human tissue dynamics.
Ribosome-induced RNA conformational changes in a viral 3′-UTR sense and regulate translation levels
Authors: Hartwick Erik W. , Costantino David A. , MacFadden Andrea , Nix Jay C. , Tian Siqi , Das Rhiju , Kieft Jeffrey S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStructured RNA elements, programmed RNA conformational changes, and interactions between different RNA domains underlie many modes of regulating gene expression, mandating studies to understand the foundational principles that govern these phenomena. Exploring the structured 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of a viral RNA, we discovered that different contexts of the 3′-UTR confer different abilities to enhance translation of an associated open reading frame. In one context, ribosome-induced conformational changes in a ‘sensor’ RNA domain affect a separate RNA ‘functional’ domain, altering translation efficiency. The structure of the entire 3′-UTR reveals that structurally distinct domains use a spine of continuously stacked bases and a strut-like linker to create a conduit for communication within the higher-order architecture. Thus, this 3′-UTR RNA illustrates how RNA can use programmed conformational changes to sense the translation status of an upstream open reading frame, then create a tuned functional response by communicating that information to other RNA elements.
A scalable peptide-GPCR language for engineering multicellular communication
Authors: Billerbeck Sonja , Brisbois James , Agmon Neta , Jimenez Miguel , Temple Jasmine , Shen Michael , Boeke Jef D. , Cornish Virginia W. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEngineering multicellularity is one of the next breakthroughs for Synthetic Biology. A key bottleneck to building multicellular systems is the lack of a scalable signaling language with a large number of interfaces that can be used simultaneously. Here, we present a modular, scalable, intercellular signaling language in yeast based on fungal mating peptide/G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pairs harnessed from nature. First, through genome-mining, we assemble 32 functional peptide-GPCR signaling interfaces with a range of dose-response characteristics. Next, we demonstrate that these interfaces can be combined into two-cell communication links, which serve as assembly units for higher-order communication topologies. Finally, we show 56 functional, two-cell links, which we use to assemble three- to six-member communication topologies and a three-member interdependent community. Importantly, our peptide-GPCR language is scalable and tunable by genetic encoding, requires minimal component engineering, and should be massively scalable by further application of our genome mining pipeline or directed evolution.
Computer-assisted diagnosis of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy
Authors: Zhao Yuan-Yuan , Xue Di-Xiu , Wang Ya-Lei , Zhang Rong , Sun Bin , Cai Yong-Ping , Feng Hui , Cai Yi , Xu Jian-Ming 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Background We developed a computer-assisted diagnosis model to evaluate the feasibility of automated classification of intrapapillary capillary loops (IPCLs) to improve the detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
Methods We recruited patients who underwent magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging for evaluation of a suspicious esophageal condition. Case images were evaluated to establish a gold standard IPCL classification according to the endoscopic diagnosis and histological findings. A double-labeling fully convolutional network (FCN) was developed for image segmentation. Diagnostic performance of the model was compared with that of endoscopists grouped according to years of experience (senior > 15 years; mid level 10 – 15 years; junior 5 – 10 years).
Results Of the 1383 lesions in the study, the mean accuracies of IPCL classification were 92.0 %, 82.0 %, and 73.3 %, for the senior, mid level, and junior groups, respectively. The mean diagnostic accuracy of the model was 89.2 % and 93.0 % at the lesion and pixel levels, respectively. The interobserver agreement between the model and the gold standard was substantial (kappa value, 0.719). The accuracy of the model for inflammatory lesions (92.5 %) was superior to that of the mid level (88.1 %) and junior (86.3 %) groups (P < 0.001). For malignant lesions, the accuracy of the model (B1, 87.6 %; B2, 93.9 %) was significantly higher than that of the mid level (B1, 79.1 %; B2, 90.0 %) and junior (B1, 69.2 %; B2, 79.3 %) groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusions Double-labeling FCN automated IPCL recognition was feasible and could facilitate early detection of ESCC.
Implication of yoga in noncommunicable diseases
Authors: Pandey Anil , Das Asim 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe significance of yoga in health and disease is so extensive and of such a general nature that it has become a necessity for doctors who will be practicing in the current and the coming centuries. A positive attitude and a peaceful mind are conductive to healing and happiness, whatever may be the nature of disease or illness. The evidence generated has made modern medicine accept the love, peace, joy, positive thinking, relaxation, hope, etc., as therapeutic tools. This is how yoga becomes a potent instrument for influencing the mind positively. Based on the above traditional as well as scientific thinking, some of the noncommunicable diseases are mentioned in this article, for which yoga may be used with a favorable effect in modern medicine. The need of the current time is to have an integrated approach toward complete therapy and to utilize yoga therapy in harmonization, cooperation, and collaboration with other systems of medicine such as modern medicine, Ayurveda, and naturopathy. The main aims of the therapeutic implications of yoga should be to increase parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic activities. This enables us to move from a state of ill health and sickness to one of fitness and well-being.
Periodontal characteristics of diabetic patients with tooth mobility
Authors: Ojehanon Patrick , Azodo Clement , Erhabor Paul , Orhue Vera 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Objective: To determine the periodontal characteristics of diabetic patients with tooth mobility attending the Periodontology Clinic of University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among diabetic patients with tooth mobility in the Periodontology Clinic in UBTH, Benin City, Nigeria. The indices recorded for the participants were gingival index, community periodontal index of treatment need, and Miller'sindex for tooth mobility.
Results: A total of 54 participants who met the inclusion criteria were approached, but only 49 of them consented and participated in this study giving a 90.7% recruitment rate. The age range and mean age of the participants were 42–84 years and 63.84 ± 1.31 years, respectively. The self-reported age of diagnosis was between 41 and 70 years with a mean age of 56.22 ± 6.88 years. About two-thirds (67.3%) of the participants were males. Less than half (38.8%) of patients were visiting the dentist for the first time. Mandibular arch housed about two-thirds (64.9%) of the mobile teeth and mandibular left quadrant housed about one-third of (34.5%) the mobile teeth. Central incisor (42.3%) constituted the most mobile teeth followed by the first molar (28.9%). A total of 17.0% of the mobile teeth were Miller's Grade 3 mobility. More than one-third (28.5%) (code 3 = 26.5%, code 4 = 2.0%) of the participants had periodontal pockets. More than half (52.7%) of participants had probing pocket depth of 5 mm and above. The gingival score which had mean as 1.60 ± 0.08 was significantly associated with age of the participants. The mean probing depth was 4.86 ± 0.21 mm. The probing depth was significant with age and duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) of the participants.
Conclusion: Data from this study revealed that age of diagnosis of diabetes with tooth mobility was higher than previously reported. The most mobile teeth and earliest teeth to become mobile were the mandibular incisors, and Grade 1 severity constituted the majority. DM with tooth mobility exhibited gingival score and probing depth that had a variable significant association with demographic characteristics.
Understanding the public temper through an evaluation of rumours: an ethnographical method using educational technology
Authors: Al Lily Abdulrahman Essa , Elayyan Shaher R. , Alhazmi Ahmed Ali , Alzahrani Saleh 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe power of rumours is that they can be broadly exchanged, generating a ‘public temper’ (which is everybody’s temper without being anybody’s temper in particular). This article, therefore, describes an approach to measuring the public temper, examining particularly the public temper of an Arab society, namely Saudi Arabia. It addresses the following research question: is it possible to analyse existing (scholarly) rumours to see if they can be used as informants of the public temper of the culture in which they exist? This question is answered ethnographically by analysing 579 Arabic online rumours collected by students as part of their critical engagement with educational technology. Having analysed the data, four categories emerged: theconcerns,interests,attitudesandvaluesof Saudi Arabia. According to the literature, these four categories, taken together, constitute theemotionaldomain (i.e., the public temper) of a society. Thus, a theoretical proposition (and contribution to the existing literature regarding sociology) is that rumours mirror the public temper of a culture, reflecting a range of emotions from simple to complex (from concerns, interests and attitudes to values). Simpler emotions (e.g., concerns) appear to be more easily affected by rumours than more complex emotions (e.g., values). An implication of this study is that rumours have ‘biographies’, which detail public tempers across space and time. Rumours are ‘records’ of public tempers that should be read in the same way archaeologists read landscapes and remains. Although rumours entailill-definedinformation, it is feasible towell definesociety through such ill-defined information, meaning that something can come out of its opposite. This study offers ethnographers a new method of understanding public tempers through rumours, alongside conventional meaning-making symbols (e.g., poems).
Who Will Benefit From Expanding HPV Vaccination Programs to Boys?
Authors: Qendri Venetia , Bogaards Johannes A , Berkhof Johannes 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Indications for human papillomavirus vaccination programs are expanding to boys. However, the rationale behind their inclusion is often not clear. Using a Bayesian synthesis framework and assuming equal vaccine coverage in both sexes, we assessed how the incremental number of cancer cases prevented and life-years gained from boys’ vaccination are distributed between women, heterosexual men, and men who have sex with men (MSM). Below 60% coverage, at least 50% of the gains from boys’ vaccination was attributable to cervical cancer prevention, whereas at 80% coverage, 50% of the gains was attributable to women, 15% to heterosexual men, and 35% to MSM. Above 90% coverage, 85–100% of the gains from boys’ vaccination was attributable to anal and oropharyngeal cancer prevention, mainly in MSM. Sex-neutral vaccination can be advocated on grounds of bolstering herd protection to women and directly protecting men, particularly MSM, with the clinical significance of either argument determined by the coverage.
Bio-inspired low-tortuosity carbon host for high-performance lithium-metal anode
Authors: Yin Yi-Chen , Yu Zhi-Long , Ma Zhi-Yuan , Zhang Tian-Wen , Lu Yu-Yang , Ma Tao , Zhou Fei , Yao Hong-Bin , Yu Shu-Hong 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Lithium metal is one of the most promising anode materials for high-energy-density Li batteries. However, low stability caused by dendrite growth and volume change during cycling hinders its practical application. Herein, we report an ingenious design of bio-inspired low-tortuosity carbon with tunable vertical micro-channels to be used as a host to incorporate nanosized Sn/Ni alloy nucleation sites, which can guide Li metal's plating/stripping and meanwhile accommodate the volume change. The pore sizes of the vertical channels of the carbon host can be regulated to investigate the structure–performance correlation. After compositing Li, the bio-inspired carbon host with the smallest pore size (∼14 μm) of vertical channels exhibits the lowest overpotential (∼18 mV at 1 mA cm−2), most stable tripping/plating voltage profiles, and best cycling stability (up to 500 cycles) in symmetrical cells. Notably, the carbon/Li composite anode is more rewarding than Li foil when coupled with LiFePO4 in full cells, exhibiting a much lower polarization effect, better rate capability and higher capacity retention (90.6% after 120 cycles). This novel bio-inspired design of a low-tortuosity carbon host with nanoalloy coatings may open a new avenue for fabricating advanced Li-metal batteries with high performance.