bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isocapnic hyperventilation provides early extubation after head and neck surgery: A prospective randomized trial
Authors: Hallén K. , Jildenstål P. , Stenqvist O. , Oras J. , Ricksten S.‐E. , Lindgren S. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundIsocapnic hyperventilation (IHV) shortens recovery time after inhalation anaesthesia by increasing ventilation while maintaining a normal airway carbon dioxide (CO2)‐level. One way of performing IHV is to infuse CO2 to the inspiratory limb of a breathing circuit during mechanical hyperventilation (HV). In a prospective randomized study, we compared this IHV technique to a standard emergence procedure (control).MethodsThirty‐one adult ASA I‐III patients undergoing long‐duration (>3 hours) sevoflurane anaesthesia for major head and neck surgery were included and randomized to IHV‐treatment (n = 16) or control (n = 15). IHV was performed at minute ventilation 13.6 ± 4.3 L/min and CO2 delivery, dosed according to a nomogram tested in a pilot study. Time to extubation and eye‐opening was recorded. Inspired (FICO2) and expired (FETCO2) CO2 and arterial CO2 levels (PaCO2) were monitored. Cognition was tested preoperatively and at 20, 40 and 60 minutes after surgery.ResultsTime from turning off the vapourizer to extubation was 13.7 ± 2.5 minutes in the IHV group and 27.4 ± 6.5 minutes in controls (P < .001). Two minutes after extubation, PaCO2 was 6.2 ± 0.5 and 6.2 ± 0.6 kPa in the IHV and control group respectively. In 69% (IHV) vs 53% (controls), post‐operative cognition returned to pre‐operative values within 40 minutes after surgery (NS). Incidences of pain and nausea/vomiting did not differ between groups.ConclusionsIn this randomized trial comparing an IHV method with a standard weaning procedure, time to extubation was reduced with 50% in the IHV group. The described IHV method can be used to decrease emergence time from inhalation anaesthesia.
Mapping QTL for production traits in segregating Piétrain pig populations using genome‐wide association study results of F2 crosses
Authors: Schmid M. , Maushammer M. , Preuß S. , Bennewitz J. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryIn this study, genome‐wide association study (GWAS) results of porcine F2 crosses were used to map QTL in outcross Piétrain populations. For this purpose, two F2 crosses (Piétrain × Meishan, n = 304; Piétrain × Wild Boar, n = 291) were genotyped with the PorcineSNP60v2 BeadChip and phenotyped for the dressing yield, carcass length, daily gain and drip loss traits. GWASs were conducted in the pooled F2 cross applying single marker mixed linear models. For the investigated traits, between two and five (in total 15) QTL core regions, spanning 250 segregating SNPs around a significant trait‐associated peak SNP, were identified. The SNPs within the QTL core regions were subsequently tested for trait association in two outcross Piétrain populations consisting of 771 progeny‐tested boars and 210 sows with their own performance records. In the sow (boar) dataset, five (eight) of the 15 mapped QTL were validated. Hence, many QTL mapped in the F2 crosses (with Piétrain as a common founder breed) are still segregating in the current Piétrain breed. This confirms the usefulness of existing F2 crosses for mapping QTL that are still segregating in the recent founder breed generation. The approach utilizes the high power of an F2 cross to map QTL in a breeding population for which it is not guaranteed that they would be found using a GWAS in this population.
Neonates colonized with pathogenic bacteria in the airways have a low‐grade systemic inflammation
Authors: Rahman Fink N. , Chawes B. L. , Thorsen J. , Stokholm J. , Krogfelt K. A. , Schjørring S. , Kragh M. , Bønnelykke K. , Brix S. , Bisgaard H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe development of childhood asthma is associated with neonatal colonization with pathogenic bacteria in hypopharynx. Furthermore, established asthma is associated with systemic low‐grade inflammation. We here report on the association between neonatal colonization with pathogenic bacteria in hypopharynx and the development of systemic low‐grade inflammation.MethodsBacterial colonization of the hypopharynx with Moraxella catharralis, Haemophilus influenzae, and/or Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed in asymptomatic children from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000 (COPSAC2000) cohort at age 1 month by culturing technique (N = 238) and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique (N = 249) and in the COPSAC2010 cohort by culturing at age 1 month (N = 622) and again at age 3 months (N = 613). Systemic low‐grade inflammation was determined in both cohorts at age 6 months by measuring plasma levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (lL‐6).ResultsIn both cohorts, bacterial colonization was associated with increased levels of hs‐CRP: COPSAC2000, 1 month culturing (geometric mean ratio of colonized/noncolonized [95% CI]), 1.39 [0.97‐2.01], P = .08; 1 month qPCR, 1.55 [1.14‐2.10], P < .01; COPSAC2010, 1 month, 1.52 [1.23‐1.87], P < .01; and 3 month, 1.57 [1.30‐1.90], P < .01. A multiparametric principal component analysis incorporating hs‐CRP, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 confirmed a systemic inflammatory profile in children colonized with M. catharralis, H. influenzae. and/or S. pneumoniae in the hypopharynx compared to noncolonized children (P‐values < .05).ConclusionThe composition of the upper airway microbiome in early life may cause systemic low‐grade inflammation.
Is Perceived Growth Associated with Momentary Indicators of Health and Well‐Being in People with Asthma or Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Authors: Jones Dusti R. , Johnson Jillian A. , Graham‐Engeland Jennifer E. , Park Crystal L. , Smyth Joshua M. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundPerceived growth (PG) refers to perceptions of positive changes that unfold over time after experiencing trauma. Higher PG is often associated with positive long‐term health, but the processes through which PG may influence health are unclear. The present study examines two potential pathways among individuals living with asthma or RA: (1) by promoting momentary indicators of health and well‐being in everyday life, and (2) by buffering against stress.MethodIn a micro‐longitudinal design, 128 participants with asthma (n = 97) or rheumatoid arthritis (n = 31) reported perceived growth using the Post‐Traumatic Growth (PTG) Inventory and subsequently completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) for one week. Participants were signaled five times a day to report on health‐related indicators, including affect, disease interference, social interactions, and stress.ResultsMultilevel modeling revealed that higher PTG was associated with significantly less negative affect and greater positive affect in everyday life. There were no significant associations between PTG and momentary disease interference, pleasantness of social interactions, or stress, nor evidence that PTG buffered against effects of stress on health‐related outcomes.ConclusionsThis research highlights the utility of examining PG in everyday life. Results suggest that closer examination of momentary affect as a process by which PG may facilitate positive health outcomes is warranted.
Evaluation of a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, PF‐04965842, in healthy subjects: A phase 1, randomized, placebo‐controlled, dose‐escalation study
Authors: Peeva Elena , Hodge Martin R. , Kieras Elizabeth , Vazquez Michael L. , Goteti Kosalaram , Tarabar Sanela G. , Alvey Christine W. , Banfield Christopher 
Published: April 2018

AimsTo determine the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the Janus kinase 1‐selective inhibitor, PF‐04965842.MethodsThis was a phase 1, first‐in‐human, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, combination single‐ and multiple‐dose escalation, parallel design study in healthy subjects (http://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01835197). Subjects received a single dose of placebo or 3, 10, 30, 100, 200, 400 or 800 mg PF‐04965842 (single ascending dose phase) and placebo or 30 mg once daily (QD), 100 mg QD, 200 mg QD, 400 mg QD, 100 mg twice daily (BID) or 200 mg BID PF‐04965842 for 10 consecutive days (multiple ascending dose phase). The primary objective was to determine the safety and tolerability of PF‐04965842.ResultsSeventy‐nine subjects were randomized and received study treatments. There were no deaths or serious adverse events. The most frequent treatment‐emergent adverse events were headache (n = 13), diarrhoea (n = 11) and nausea (n = 11). PF‐04965842 was absorbed rapidly (median time at which maximum plasma concentration occurred generally ≤1 h following either single‐ or multiple‐dose administration) and eliminated rapidly (mean t½ 2.8−5.2 h after 10 days of QD or BID administration in the multiple ascending dose phase). Increases in maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration–time curve were dose proportional up to 200 mg (single or total daily doses) with an apparent trend towards greater than proportional increases with higher doses. Less than 4.4% of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine. Changes in pharmacodynamic biomarkers were consistent with the known effects of Janus kinase signalling inhibition.ConclusionsThese results support further evaluation of PF‐04965842 for clinical use in patients with inflammatory diseases.
Core outcome sets in dermatology: report from the second meeting of the International Cochrane Skin Group Core Outcome Set Initiative
Authors: Kottner J. , Jacobi L. , Hahnel E. , Alam M. , Balzer K. , Beeckman D. , Busard C. , Chalmers J. , Deckert S. , Eleftheriadou V. , Furlan K. , Horbach S.E.R. , Kirkham J. , Nast A. , Spuls P. , Thiboutot D. , Thorlacius L. , Weller K. , Williams H.C. , Schmitt J. ,   on behalf of the International Cochrane Skin Group Core Outcome Set Initiative (CSG-COUSIN) group
Published: April 2018

Summary
Clinical trials are needed to find out whether drugs or other treatments work for people with skin diseases. People who take part in a clinical trial are often put into two groups. One group gets the test treatment and the other gets the control treatment. After the treatment has been tried over a period of time, the effect of the treatment in both groups is compared. The more the disease has improved, and the fewer the side effects, the better the treatment. It is very important to measure a person's response to treatment correctly, or else the study conclusions are useless. For instance, itch can be measured by asking the patient directly or by a doctor looking at scratch marks. Both “outcomes” give different information. It is equally important that researchers include the same outcomes when doing clinical trials in similar patient groups. In the field of atopic eczema for instance, it would be very difficult to compare the results of different treatments if one only measured skin redness, another measured itch and another measured only quality of life. You would think that by now, researchers over the world would have got together to sort our which outcomes should always be measured in certain skin diseases. But the reality is that everyone measures different things, making it almost impossible to combine the studies into something that makes sense. Now, a group of researchers, patients, and other experts are finally getting together to discuss how to best measure the treatment effects (or outcomes) in clinical trials of people with skin diseases. At an international meeting in Germany in January 2017, there was agreement about the best way to choose the “core” outcomes by looking at the best evidence and by asking lots of people. But some other things, such as how to best involve patients in making such decisions and how to reach agreement within a larger group of experts, turned out to be more tricky. The international CSG-COUSIN group are committed to following through their work and hope to come up with a set of core outcomes that should always be measured in people with different skin diseases, so that patients, doctors, nurses and those who pay for healthcare can make better sense of the hundreds of clinical trials that are being done today.
British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus, 2018
Authors: Lewis F.M. , Tatnall F.M. , Velangi S.S. , Bunker C.B. , Kumar A. , Brackenbury F. , Mohd Mustapa M.F. , Exton L.S. 
Published: April 2018

Summary
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic skin disease mainly affecting the anal and genital region. This article is a guideline, which means that the authors looked at all the available evidence about LS in scientific journals, and from this, put together up-to-date, evidence-based recommendations for the management of the disease in adults (18+ years), children (0–12 years) and young people (13–17 years). The guideline was written by a committee of the British Association of Dermatologists, following strict criteria they have for assessing all the different studies on the subject. The guideline helps to guide doctors and nurses working in primary care (which means a patient's first port of call when they have a health problem, e.g. GP clinics, walk-in centres) as well as in secondary care (meaning where GPs will send people for more specialist care, e.g. hospitals). The guideline covers a range of issues, from treatment options, to gaps in research that need to be addressed. From the guideline, an updated Patient Information Leaflet has been created and is available on the British Association of Dermatologists’ website (www.bad.org.uk). On the basis of these studies and expert consensus, 31 recommendations are made for the diagnosis and management of LS for both general practitioners and secondary care specialists. The recommended patient treatment pathways are presented as flow diagrams for men and women. All the evidence points to a potent topical steroid ointment as the most effective treatment for the condition. This is initially used for 3 months and then the frequency of treatment application is tailored to the individual patient to maintain good control of both symptoms and signs. Nine suggestions for future research studies are made to answer some outstanding questions and to fill gaps in current knowledge.
Investigation and management of a raised serum ferritin
Authors: Cullis Jonathan O. , Fitzsimons Edward J. , Griffiths William JH , Tsochatzis Emmanouil , Thomas D. Wayne ,   the British Society for Haematology
Published: April 2018

SummarySerum ferritin level is one of the most commonly requested investigations in both primary and secondary care. Whilst low serum ferritin levels invariably indicate reduced iron stores, raised serum ferritin levels can be due to multiple different aetiologies, including iron overload, inflammation, liver or renal disease, malignancy, and the recently described metabolic syndrome. A key test in the further investigation of an unexpected raised serum ferritin is the serum transferrin saturation. This guideline reviews the investigation and management of a raised serum ferritin level. The investigation and management of genetic haemochromatosis is not dealt with however and is the subject of a separate guideline.
Drainage integration and sediment dispersal in active continental rifts: A numerical modelling study of the central Italian Apennines
Authors: Geurts Anneleen H. , Cowie Patience A. , Duclaux Guillaume , Gawthorpe Rob L. , Huismans Ritske S. , Pedersen Vivi K. , Wedmore Luke N. J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractProgressive integration of drainage networks during active crustal extension is observed in continental areas around the globe. This phenomenon is often explained in terms of headward erosion, controlled by the distance to an external base‐level (e.g. the coast). However, conclusive field evidence for the mechanism(s) driving integration is commonly absent as drainage integration events are generally followed by strong erosion. Based on a numerical modelling study of the actively extending central Italian Apennines, we show that overspill mechanisms (basin overfilling and lake overspill) are more likely mechanisms for driving drainage integration in extensional settings and that the balance between sediment supply vs. accommodation creation in fault‐bounded basins is of key importance. In this area drainage integration is evidenced by lake disappearance since the early Pleistocene and the transition from internal (endorheic) to external drainage, i.e. connected to the coast. Using field observations from the central Apennines, we constrain normal faulting and regional surface uplift within the surface process model CASCADE (Braun & Sambridge, 1997, Basin Research, 9, 27) and demonstrate the phenomenon of drainage integration, showing how it leads to the gradual disappearance of lakes and the transition to an interconnected fluvial transport system over time. Our model results show that, in the central Apennines, the relief generated through both regional uplift and fault‐block uplift produces sufficient sediment to fill the extensional basins, enabling overspill and individual basins to eventually become fluvially connected. We discuss field observations that support our findings and throw new light upon previously published interpretations of landscape evolution in this area. We also evaluate the implications of drainage integration for topographic development, regional sediment dispersal and offshore sediment supply. Finally, we discuss the applicability of our results to other continental rifts (including those where regional uplift is absent) and the importance of drainage integration for transient landscape evolution.
What can mixed‐species flock movement tell us about the value of Amazonian secondary forests? Insights from spatial behavior
Authors: Mokross Karl , Potts Jonathan R. , Rutt Cameron L. , Stouffer Philip C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe value of secondary forest for rain forest species remains an important question for conservation in the 21st century. Here, we describe the spatial behavior of understory mixed‐species flocks in a heterogeneous landscape in central Amazonia. Understory mixed‐species flocks represent a diverse, highly organized component of the rich Amazonian avifauna. We recorded movements within 26 flock home ranges in primary forest, secondary forest, interfaces between forest types, and forest fragments. We describe frequency and movement orientation in relation to forest edges, movement patterns and proportion of use between secondary and primary forest, the relation between home range sizes and vegetation height, and home range configuration. Flocks visited only a small portion of forest edges, and showed a tendency for moving parallel to edges next to less‐developed secondary forest. Movement patterns in secondary forests did not show significant differences compared to primary forests. Time spent in secondary forests increased in proportion to mean canopy height. Flocks were consistently present in secondary forests where vegetation height averaged over 15 m, but home ranges were nearly twice as large compared to primary forest. Home range limits tended to be aligned with disturbed vegetation, essentially rearranging a territorial configuration normally adjusted by topography. The spatial behavior of this important subset of the Amazonian avifauna shows that secondary forests are tolerated above a certain development threshold, but perceived as suboptimal habitat until canopy height closely matches primary forests.
Quality of life in patients with adrenal disease: A systematic review
Authors: Ho Winnie , Druce Maralyn 
Published: April 2018

SummaryBackgroundEvaluating the patient with adrenal disease is challenging due to the lack of precise clinical and biochemical parameters for disease control. Quality of life (QOL) evaluation aims to measure the patient's subjective experience.ObjectiveTo describe how QOL is defined and measured in adrenal disease, critically appraise the use of QOL tools in published literature, discuss the implications of these findings and provide direction for further research in this field.Materials and methodsWe searched the Cochrane library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science databases to identify only primary studies where self‐reported QOL was measured as a parameter in adults with confirmed adrenal disease, and results presented in English. Key data were independently extracted from each study and adherence to reporting guidelines evaluated.ResultsA total of 117 studies involving 13 717 subjects were included. The vast majority of studies did not define QOL. The most common approach was to combine generic and domain‐specific tools, although disease‐specific tools are increasingly being used. Adherence to reporting guidelines was variable. A narrative synthesis of the findings was performed.ConclusionWe present the first systematic review of QOL in adrenal disease. Quality of life is reduced in patients with adrenal disease, irrespective of adrenal hyperfunction or hypofunction. Quality of life improved with therapy but was not completely reversed despite biochemical remission. Authors should adhere to consistent reporting practices which are interpretable by clinicians. Further research is required to explain the mechanisms driving impaired QOL and value of QOL evaluations in the clinical context.
Emerging diagnostic tests for vitreoretinal lymphoma: a review
Authors: Dawson Abby C , Williams Keryn A , Appukuttan Binoy , Smith Justine R 
Published: April 2018

AbstractVitreoretinal lymphoma, which most commonly is diffuse large B‐cell non‐Hodgkin in type, is a rare cancer with high morbidity and high mortality. Making a tissue diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma is a major challenge for clinicians due to biological and technical factors. Yet, the delay in start of treatment may have vision‐ and life‐threatening consequences, and there is considerable interest in the application of molecular assays to improve the accuracy of the diagnostic process: detection of a clonal immunoglobulin heavy‐chain rearrangements in lymphoma cells by polymerase chain reaction; measurement of vitreous or aqueous interleukin‐10 protein levels in ocular fluids; and identification of mutations in the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 in tumour cells. In this article, we review the historical development and current application of each of these molecular methods. We also discuss future opportunities for the molecular diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma through next‐generation sequencing technologies.