bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just Say ‘No’: Obligations to Voice Disagreement
Authors: Johnson Casey Rebecca 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIt is uncontroversial that we sometimes have moral obligations to voice our disagreements, when, for example, the stakes are high and a wrong course of action will be pursued. But might we sometimes also have epistemic obligations to voice disagreements? In this paper, I will argue that we sometimes do. In other words, sometimes, to be behaving as we ought, qua epistemic agents, we must not only disagree with an interlocutor who has voiced some disagreed-with content but must also testify to this disagreement. This is surprising given that norms on testimony are generally taken to be permissive, and epistemic obligations are usually taken to be negative. In this paper I will discuss some occasions in which epistemic obligations to testify may arise, and I will attempt to investigate the nature of these obligations. I'll briefly discuss the relationship between epistemic and moral norms. I'll offer an account of what it takes to discharge epistemic obligations to testify. Finally, I'll look at some accounts of epistemic obligation that might explain these obligations.
The Epistemology of Terrorism and Radicalisation
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper outlines and criticises two models of terrorism, the Rational Agent Model (RAM) and the Radicalisation Model (RAD). A different and more plausible conception of the turn to violence is proposed. The proposed account is Moderate Epistemic Particularism (MEP), an approach partly inspired by Karl Jaspers’ distinction between explanation and understanding. On this account there are multiple idiosyncratic pathways to cognitive and behavioural radicalisation, and the actions and motivations of terrorists can only be understood (rather than explained) by engaging with their subjectivity in a way that depends on a degree of empathy. Scepticism is expressed about attempts to model radicalisation and predict political violence. This scepticism is based on reflections concerning the nature of complex particulars. The implications of MEP for counterterrorism are briefly discussed.
Perceived barriers of tobacco dependence treatment: a mixed-methods study among primary healthcare physicians in Armenia
Authors: Harutyunyan Arusyak , Abrahamyan Armine , Hayrumyan Varduhi , Petrosyan Varduhi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundDespite compelling evidence that physicians play a prominent role in smoking cessation, most smokers do not receive the recommended smoking cessation counseling.AimTo identify perceived barriers that hinder primary healthcare physicians (PHPs) from providing smoking cessation treatment to patients in Armenia.MethodsA sequential exploratory mixed-methods study was conducted among PHPs from two Armenian cities (Yerevan and Gyumri). We implemented qualitative phase through focus group discussions (FGDs) using a semi-structured guide. For the subsequent quantitative phase, the data were collected through cross-sectional survey. A directed deductive content analysis technique was used to analyze the FGDs and questionnaires were analyzed descriptively. Following the data collection (March 2015–May 2016) and descriptive analysis, the qualitative and quantitative data sets were merged by drawing quantitative data onto qualitative categories.FindingsOverall, 23 PHPs participated in five FGDs and 108 participants completed the survey. Three main categories of barriers were identified: physician-based, patient-based, and system-based barriers. The main physicians-based barriers were insufficient knowledge and inadequate training on tobacco-dependence treatment. Lack of patients’ motivation to quit, poor compliance with the treatment, patients’ withdrawal symptoms were identified as patient-based disincentives. System-based barriers included lack of reimbursement for providing smoking cessation counseling, high price and low availability of smoking cessation medications. Most of the qualitative descriptions were confirmed by quantitative findings.ConclusionsTargeted interventions are needed to address barriers that limited PHPs’ involvement in providing smoking cessation services in Armenia. There is an urgent need to enhance PHPs’ knowledge and skills in delivering smoking cessation counseling, to increase patients’ demand for smoking cessation services, and to ensure availability and affordability of smoking cessation services in Armenia.
The Anglican Via Media: The Idea of Moderation in Reform
Authors: Holtzen T.L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis essay examines the concept of the Anglican via media and its historical development into its present form. It argues that the Anglican via media is properly understood not as a fixed program of reform, but as moderation in reform, following the classical notion of moderation as a mean between two extremes. The essay traces the theological theme of moderation in reform through the figures of Jewel, Parker, Hooker, Hall, Montagu, Cosin, Forbes, Bramhall, Puller, Knox, to Jebb’s idea of Anglican exceptionalism, and, ultimately, to Newman’s attempt to create the doctrine of the Anglican via media.
Stochastic modelling of hydraulic conductivity derived from geotechnical data; an example applied to central Glasgow
Authors: Williams J. D. O. , Dobbs M. R. , Kingdon A. , Lark R. M. , Williamson J. P. , MacDonald A. M. , Ó Dochartaigh B. É. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTCharacterising the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of hydraulic conductivity and its variability in the shallow subsurface is fundamental to understanding groundwater behaviour and to developing conceptual and numerical groundwater models to manage the subsurface. However, directly measuringin situhydraulic conductivity can be difficult and expensive and is rarely carried out with sufficient density in urban environments. In this study we model hydraulic conductivity for 603 sites in the unconsolidated Quaternary deposits underlying Glasgow using particle size distribution and density description widely available from geotechnical investigations. Six different models were applied and the MacDonald formula was found to be most applicable in this heterogeneous environment, comparing well with the few availablein situhydraulic conductivity data. The range of the calculated hydraulic conductivity values between the 5th and 95th percentile was 1.56×10–2–4.38mday–1with a median of 2.26×10–1mday–1. These modelled hydraulic conductivity data were used to develop a suite of stochastic 3D simulations conditioned to existing 3D representations of lithology. Ten per cent of the input data were excluded from the modelling process for use in a split-sample validation test, which demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach compared with non-spatial or lithologically unconstrained models. Our spatial model reduces the mean squared error between the estimated and observed values at the excluded data locations over those predicted using a simple homogeneous model by 73 %. The resulting 3D hydraulic conductivity model is of a much higher resolution than would have been possible from using only direct measurements, and will improve understanding of groundwater flow in Glasgow and reduce the spatial uncertainty of hydraulic parameters in groundwater process models. The methodology employed could be replicated in other regions where significant volumes of suitable geotechnical and site investigation data are available to predict ground conditions in areas with complex superficial deposits.
Geochemistry and related studies of Clyde Estuary sediments
Authors: Jones David G. , Vane Christopher H. , Lass-Evans Solveigh , Chenery Simon , Lister Bob , Cave Mark , Gafeira Joana , Jenkins Gareth , Leslie Alick , Breward Neil , Freeborough Katy , Harrison Ian , Kim Alexander W. , Lacinska Alicja , Milodowski Tony , Ridgway John , Riding Jim , Strutt Mick , Wagner Doris , Wilkinson Ian 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTGeochemical and related studies have been made of near-surface sediments from the River Clyde estuary and adjoining areas, extending from Glasgow to the N, and W as far as the Holy Loch on the W coast of Scotland, UK. Multibeam echosounder, sidescan sonar and shallow seismic data, taken with core information, indicate that a shallow layer of modern sediment, often less than a metre thick, rests on earlier glacial and post-glacial sediments. The offshore Quaternary history can be aligned with onshore sequences, with the recognition of buried drumlins, settlement of muds from quieter water, probably behind an ice dam, and later tidal delta deposits. The geochemistry of contaminants within the cores also indicates shallow contaminated sediments, often resting on pristine pre-industrial deposits at depths less than 1m. The distribution of different contaminants with depth in the sediment, such as Pb (and Pb isotopes), organics and radionuclides, allow chronologies of contamination from different sources to be suggested. Dating was also attempted using microfossils, radiocarbon and 210Pb, but with limited success. Some of the spatial distribution of contaminants in the surface sediments can be related to grain-size variations. Contaminants are highest, both in absolute terms and in enrichment relative to the natural background, in the urban and inner estuary and in the Holy Loch, reflecting the concentration of industrial activity.
Planning the city of tomorrow: bridging the gap between urban planners and subsurface specialists
Authors: Dick Gillian , Eriksson Ingelöv , de Beer Johannes , Bonsor Helen , van der Lugt Petra 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the process towards the integration of subsurface knowledge into urban planning for three cities – Rotterdam, Glasgow and Oslo – participating in the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action TU1206 Sub-Urban. These cities each have unique challenges in managing conflicts and opportunities in the subsurface in the planning process. The COST Sub-Urban Action has enabled a unique interaction between subsurface specialists and urban planners across over 20 European cities, and has laid the foundations for a new understanding between experts who develop subsurface knowledge and those who can benefit most from it – urban planners and decision makers. Common challenges identified include: improving planning policies, enhancing the level of awareness of the subsurface in city development and the modification of legislation to include the subsurface. The paper provides a review of the current status of subsurface planning in the three cities, each of whom are aiming to adapt their urban planning practice and legislation in light of emerging subsurface knowledge, and the current major knowledge gaps. In our opinion, there are two main routes to raise awareness that lead to improved understanding and the use of subsurface information in urban planning processes: (1) the development of a subsurface policy and (2) providing subsurface information. These measures should enable subsurface knowledge to be widely disseminated in order to manage risks and opportunities, and maximise the economic, social and environmental benefits of the urban subsurface and its services on which cities depend.
Wideband filtering power dividers with wide stopband rejection
Authors: Dong Gaoya , Wang Weimin , Zhang Bo , Liu Yuanan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA series of novel wideband filtering power dividers (WFPDs) with wide stopband rejection performances is proposed in this paper. The proposed WFPD structure consists of a parallel-coupled line, two transmission line (TL) sections, four loading terminations, and an isolation resistor. The coupled line is applied at the input port to provide wideband impedance transformation, while different types of loading terminations and TL sections are adopted to realize various out-of-band rejection performances. To verify the proposed concepts, three WFPDs operating at 3.0 GHz are designed and fabricated with 3 dB bandwidth of 79.7, 79.0, and 74.4%. In WFPD1, the measured out-of-band rejection of better than 13.4 dB extends to 2.57f0. Moreover, the measured out-of-band rejection of better than 17 dB extends to 2.47f0 (4.75f0) in WFPD2 (WFPD3), respectively. Good agreements between the simulated and measured results validate the presented ideas.
Being born small-for-gestational-age is associated with an unfavourable dietary intake in Danish adolescent girls: findings from the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Kampmann F. B. , Grunnet L. G. , Halldorsson T. I. , Bjerregaard A. A. , Granstrøm C. , Pires S. M. , Strøm M. , Vaag A. A. , Tetens I. , Olsen S. F. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIndividuals born small have an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Altered food preferences in these subjects seem to play a role; however, limited evidence is available on the association between being born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) at term and food intake in adolescence. Alterations in leptin, ghrelin and dopamine levels are suggested mechanisms linking SGA with later food intake. From a large prospective Danish National Birth Cohort, we compared dietary intake of adolescents being born SGA with normal-for-gestational-age (NGA) adolescents. Intake of foods and nutrients was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire in a subsample of 15,607 14-year-old individuals born at term. SGA was defined by birth weight (BW) <10th percentile (n = 1470) and NGA as BW between 10 and 90th percentile (n = 14,137) according to sex and gestational age-specific BW standard curves. Girls born SGA had a 7% (95% CI: 3–12%, P = 0.002) higher intake of added sugar and a 2–8% lower intake of dietary fibre, vegetables, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and total n−6, compared with NGA girls (P < 0.05). Adjusting for parental socio-occupational status, maternal smoking and diet in pregnancy did not substantially change the differences in dietary intake, except from dietary fibre, which were no longer statistically significant. No significant differences in dietary intake between SGA and NGA boys were found. In summary, girls born SGA had an unfavourable dietary intake compared with NGA girls. These differences persisted after controlling for potential confounders, thus supporting a fetal programming effect on dietary intake in girls born SGA at term. However, residual confounding by other factors operating early in childhood cannot be excluded.
Polyamine flux suppresses histone lysine demethylases and enhances ID1 expression in cancer stem cells
Authors: Tamari Keisuke , Konno Masamitsu , Asai Ayumu , Koseki Jun , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Kawamoto Koichi , Murai Noriyuki , Matsufuji Senya , Isohashi Fumiaki , Satoh Taroh , Goto Noriko , Tanaka Shinji , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki , Ogawa Kazuhiko , Ishii Hideshi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit tumorigenic potential and can generate resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A labeled ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, a rate-limiting enzyme involved in polyamine [PA] biosynthesis) degradation motif (degron) system allows visualization of a fraction of CSC-like cells in heterogeneous tumor populations. A labeled ODC degradation motif system allowed visualization of a fraction of CSC-like cells in heterogeneous tumor populations. Using this system, analysis of polyamine flux indicated that polyamine metabolism is active in CSCs. The results showed that intracellular polyamines inhibited the activity of histone lysine 4 demethylase enzymes, including lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1). Chromatin immunoprecipitation with Pol II antibody followed by massively parallel DNA sequencing, revealed the global enrichment of Pol II in transcription start sites in CSCs. Increase of polyamines within cells resulted in an enhancement of ID1 gene expression. The results of this study reveal details of metabolic pathways that drive epigenetic control of cancer cell stemness and determine effective therapeutic targets in CSCs.
Isatin-Schiff base-copper (II) complex induces cell death in p53-positive tumors
Authors: Bulatov Emil , Sayarova Regina , Mingaleeva Rimma , Miftakhova Regina , Gomzikova Marina , Ignatyev Yuri , Petukhov Alexey , Davidovich Pavel , Rizvanov Albert , Barlev Nickolai A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMedicinal bioinorganic chemistry is a thriving field of drug research for cancer treatment. Transition metal complexes coordinated to essential biological scaffolds represent a highly promising class of compounds for design of novel target-specific therapeutics. We report here the biological evaluation of a novel Isatin-Schiff base derivative and its Cu(II) complex in several tumor cell lines by assessing their effects on cellular metabolism, real-time cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Further, the impact of compounds on the p53 protein and expression of its target genes, including MDM2, p21/CDKN1A, and PUMA was evaluated. Results obtained in this study provide further evidence in support of our prior data suggesting the p53-mediated mechanism of action for Isatin-Schiff base derivatives and their complexes and also shed light on potential use of these compounds for stimulation of apoptosis in breast cancer cells via activation of the pro-apoptotic PUMA gene.
The evolutionary dynamics of microRNAs in domestic mammals
Authors: Penso-Dolfin Luca , Moxon Simon , Haerty Wilfried , Di Palma Federica 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMiRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression found across both the plant and animal kingdoms. While the number of annotated miRNAs deposited in miRBase has greatly increased in recent years, few studies provided comparative analyses across sets of related species, or investigated the role of miRNAs in the evolution of gene regulation. We generated small RNA libraries across 5 mammalian species (cow, dog, horse, pig and rabbit) from 4 different tissues (brain, heart, kidney and testis). We identified 1676 miRBase and 413 novel miRNAs by manually curating the set of computational predictions obtained from miRCat and miRDeep2. Our dataset spanning five species has enabled us to investigate the molecular mechanisms and selective pressures driving the evolution of miRNAs in mammals. We highlight the important contributions of intronic sequences (366 orthogroups), duplication events (135 orthogroups) and repetitive elements (37 orthogroups) in the emergence of new miRNA loci. We use this framework to estimate the patterns of gains and losses across the phylogeny, and observe high levels of miRNA turnover. Additionally, the identification of lineage-specific losses enables the characterisation of the selective constraints acting on the associated target sites. Compared to the miRBase subset, novel miRNAs tend to be more tissue specific. 20 percent of novel orthogroups are restricted to the brain, and their target repertoires appear to be enriched for neuron activity and differentiation processes. These findings may reflect an important role for young miRNAs in the evolution of brain expression plasticity. Many seed sequences appear to be specific to either the cow or the dog. Analyses on the associated targets highlight the presence of several genes under artificial positive selection, suggesting an involvement of these miRNAs in the domestication process. Altogether, we provide an overview on the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for miRNA turnover in 5 domestic species, and their possible contribution to the evolution of gene regulation.
Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensive patients aged 18 to 59 years old in the northeast of China
Authors: Lv Xin , Niu Huikun , Qu Yangming , Li Meiqi , Li Lu , Ma Xiaoyu , Jiang Shan , Gao Chunshi , Wang Rui , Zhang Peng , Li Bo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHypertension not only has a high prevalence, but also brings disease burden to the affected patients. To assess the level of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the northeast of China, we investigated the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and identified its related factors among hypertensive patients aged 18 to 59 years old in Jilin, China. The data (n = 4632) for the present study were extracted from a cross-sectional study in Jilin. Among individuals with hypertension, the standardized rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were 44.9%, 36.5%, 24.3%, respectively. The rates of awareness and treatment of hypertension among middle aged patients were higher than those among young patients. Compared to patients with normal Body Mass index (BMI), obese hypertensive patients had a higher rate of treatment (43.7% vs. 25.9%) and a lower rate of control (18.9% vs. 29.6%). Compared to patients with normal BMI, patients who were obese were more likely to take measures to treat hypertension (OR = 2.50, 95%CI: 2.05–3.05); but were less likely to have well-controlled blood pressure (OR = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.40–0.78). BMI is one of the influencing factors of hypertension awareness, treatment and control among patients 18 to 59 years old with hypertension.
Spatio-temporal cluster and distribution of human brucellosis in Shanxi Province of China between 2011 and 2016
Authors: Wang Ting , Wang Xiang , Tie Ping , Bai Yongfei , Zheng Yuhua , Yan Changfu , Chai Zhikai , Chen Jing , Rao Huaxiang , Zeng Lingjia , Chen Limin , Qiu Lixia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn recent years, the incidence of human brucellosis (HB) in the Shanxi province has ranked to be the top five among the 31 China provinces. HB data in Shanxi province between 2011 and 2016 were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Spatial and temporal distribution of HB was evaluated using spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time scan analysis. The global Moran’s I index ranged from 0.37 to 0.50 between 2011 and 2016 (all P < 0.05), and the “high-high” clusters of HB were located at the northern Shanxi, while the “low-low” clusters in the central and southeastern Shanxi. The high-incidence time interval was between March and July with a 2-fold higher risk of HB compared to the other months in the same year. One most likely cluster and three secondary clusters were identified. The radius of the most likely cluster region was 158.03 km containing 10,051 HB cases. Compared to the remaining regions, people dwelling in the most likely region were reported 4.50-fold ascended risk of incident HB. HB cases during the high-risk time interval of each year were more likely to be younger, to be males or to be farmers or herdsman than that during the low-risk time interval. The HB incidence had a significantly high correlation with the number of the cattle or sheep especially in the northern Shanxi. HB in Shanxi showed unique spatio-temporal clustering. Public health concern for HB in Shanxi should give priority to the northern region especially between the late spring and early summer.