bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segregation of dioctyl phthalate to the surface of polystyrene films characterized by ToF‐SIMS and XPS
Authors: Xie Wenjing , Weng Lu‐Tao , Yeung King Lun , Chan Chi‐Ming 
Published: September 2018

Polystyrene (PS)‐dioctyl phthalate (DOP) films were prepared by spin coating solutions of a mixture of PS and DOP on Si wafers and characterized by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). ToF‐SIMS depth profile results showed that DOP mainly segregated to the top 10 nm of the surface of the PS‐DOP film as well as to the interface between the film and the substrate. The normalized intensities of the ions corresponding to DOP on the surface increased as the annealing temperature increased and reached a maximum at the annealing temperature of 60°C, and then decreased as the annealing temperature increased. XPS results indicate that the maximum amount of DOP segregated to the top surface of the PS‐DOP film can reach to 39 wt% at the annealing temperature of 60°C. In addition, DOP evaporated at 25°C under ultra‐high vacuum conditions; hence, ToF‐SIMS and XPS analyses need to be carried out at low temperatures (e.g., −40°C).
α‐Benzyl‐β‐Alanine Containing Naphthalenediimide Promotes Photoresponsive Radical Anion
Authors: Paikar Arpita , Mondal Totan , Debnath Mintu , Haldar Debasish 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe introduction of a β‐amino acid namely α‐benzyl‐β‐alanine in naphthalenediimide enables the photoresponsive formation and isolation of an extraordinary ambient stable radical anion. The single crystal X‐ray reveals that both the phenylalanine (Phe) and β‐amino acid side chains are in trans position in the reported naphthalenediimides 1 and 2 respectively. In higher order packing, the diimide 1 forms exciplex by face to face π‐π stacking between naphthalenediimide core and aromatic ring of phenylalanine to generate a staircase like architecture. However, the β‐amino acid analogue 2 forms excimer by self‐assembly through face to face π‐π stacking between naphthalenediimide cores. There also exists edge to edge π‐π stacking interaction between electron deficient central naphthalene moiety and side chain aromatic ring. As a result the LUMO and HOMO energy of diimide 2 are lowered significantly which promotes the photo‐induced electron transfer process. The remarkable stability of this radical anion facilitates the complete characterization by various spectroscopic techniques which are also supported by quantum mechanical calculations at the B3LYP−D3/TZVP level theory.
Modification of α‐Zirconium Phosphate Synthesis – Effects of Crystallinity and Acidity on Eu(III) and Am(III) Ion Exchange
Authors: Wiikinkoski Elmo W. , Xu Junhua , Zhang Wenzhong , Hietala Sami , Koivula Risto T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe aim of an ongoing study is to develop ion exchange materials to be used in low pH in mineral acids for the uptake and separation of trivalent lanthanides and actinides. We present material development of α‐zirconium phosphate (ZrP), namely the effects of its crystallinity and acidity on other material properties and on Eu(III) and Am(III) trace ion exchange. One‐pot synthesis for three ZrP products having a time for (re)crystallization of 1 hour, 5 hours and 25 hours, is reported. Characterization techniques include X‐ray diffraction, solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, electron microscopy, pKa1 determination, and 152Eu(III) and 241Am(III) ion exchange studies, i. e. distribution‐, selectivity‐ and metal binding coefficient determinations. As crystallinity and crystallite size increase, so do Eu(III) and Am(III) metal binding coefficients. The acidity and Eu(III) and Am(III) distribution‐ and selectivity coefficients increase in the reverse order. Findings are discussed with separation in mind. Promising separation factors (Eu:Am) of up to 90 were achieved in pH less than 1 in nitric acid.
Facile Synthesis of Superthin Co3O4 Porous Nanoflake for Stable Electrochemical Supercapacitor
Authors: Li Jiangfeng , Hu Xinran , Chen Dandan , Gu Jun , Wu Qingsheng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSuperthin Co3O4 porous nanoflake was synthesized via a simple natural biomembrane support system at a mild reaction condition. Due to its high BET specific surface area (125 m2 g−1) and superthin porous nanoflake structure, the as‐obtained sample exhibits a remarkable electrochemical performance, including high specific capacitance (448 F g−1) and excellent electrochemical stability (94% capacitance retention from 0.5 A g−1 up to 10 A g−1).
Enhancing the Fe3+ Sensing Sensitivity by Energy Transfer and Phase Transformation in a Bimetallic Lanthanide Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Song Xue‐Zhi , Wang Yu‐Xiang , Yan Jia‐Wei , Chen Xi , Meng Yu‐Lan , Tan Zhenquan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTwo novel lanthanide metal‐organic frameworks (LnMOFs), {[Me2NH2]2[Eu4(L)5(SO4)2]⋅H2O}n (EuMOF‐1) and {[Me2NH2][Tb(L)(SO4)(H2O)]}n (TbMOF‐2), were successfully synthesized by using protonated pyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylic acid sulfate ligand (H3L+⋅1/2SO42−) under identical solvthermal conditions. To our delight, structural analyses indicate that these two LnMOFs (Ln=Eu or Tb) exhibit two extremely different structures in terms of three‐dimensional open framework and two‐dimensional stacking layered network, which is entirely different from the usual isostructures of LnMOFs (Ln=Eu and Tb). The “Gadolinium break” effect was unprecedentedly observed, leading to phase transformation from EuMOF‐1 to TbMOF‐2 by gradual decrease of Eu content. A serious of bimetallic EuxTb1−x MOFs (x=0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2) materials during phase transformation process were achieved. When evaluated as luminescent quenching sensors for Fe3+ ion, the KSV constant was increased by 36.6% from monometallic EuMOF‐1 to bimetallic Eu0.6Tb0.4 MOF. Additionally, the exclusive sensing and its enhancing mechanism towards Fe3+ are further discussed. This work would establish a new strategy for enhancing the sensing performance of luminescent lanthanide MOFs.
Corporate Boards in Europe and Japan: Convergence and Divergence in Transition
Authors: Yamanaka Toshiaki 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper clarifies the current convergence and divergence of corporate boards in Europe and Japan. To this end, it offers an overview of the legal settings governing boards in Japan in transition. Japan introduced the Stewardship Code and a third board structure as an option in the Companies Act in 2014 and the Corporate Governance Code in 2015. These recent amendments focus both on shareholders’ governance mechanisms through institutional investors and on outside directors within companies. Some converged elements appeared on corporate boards in Europe and Japan even though significant divergences are observed because of historical developments specific to Japan. These convergences and divergences remain to be discussed and clarified upon further amendment.
Topology of interacting coiled vortex rings
Authors: Kerr Robert M. 
Published: September 2018

Pairs of nested vortex rings, one with coils, are evolved numerically to compare their topological numbers to those of recent experiments reported in Scheeler et al. (Science, vol. 357, 2017, pp. 487–491). Included are the twist $Tw$, writhe $Wr$ and self-linking ${\mathcal{L}}_{S}$ numbers, plus centreline helicities ${\mathcal{H}}_{c}$. The questions are: can the experimental numbers be validated and do these numbers have roles in the dynamics of the global helicities ${\mathcal{H}}$ and enstrophies $Z$ with respect to cascades? Topological analysis of the experiments $t=0$ analytic centreline vortex trajectories validates only the writhe measurements, not their values of $Tw$ and ${\mathcal{L}}_{S}$, which obey $Tw\lesssim {\mathcal{L}}_{S}=m\gg Wr$ for $m$-coil rings. Not $Tw\ll Wr$. To suggest why the large twists do not contribute to ${\mathcal{H}}$, it is noted that the mapping of the coiled rings onto the mesh is to a first approximation a single pair of Clebsch potentials, whose self-helicity ${\mathcal{H}}_{S}\equiv 0$. Numerical rings with circulations $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$, including some single rings, show small initial helicities with ${\mathcal{H}}(0)\approx {\mathcal{H}}_{c}\sim (\text{1 to 2})Wr\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}^{2}$$\ll {\mathcal{L}}_{S}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}^{2}$. For time and velocity scales that are consistent with the experiments, as the coils evolve, their $Tw$, $Wr$, ${\mathcal{L}}_{S}$ numbers and their helicities are nearly static until reconnection. Nonetheless, $Wr$ and $Tw$ retain important complementary roles in the dynamics of the global helicity ${\mathcal{H}}$ and enstrophy $Z$, with the evolution of the torsion $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}(s)$ profile showing the beginnings of a cascade to small scales.
Modelling and verification of fatigue damage for compliant mechanisms
Authors: Liu Changli , Bi Zhuming , Ran Jilin , Gu Junjie , Wang Xuejun , Zhang Chris 
Published: September 2018

SUMMARYThis paper presents a model-based approach for the first time to identify the crack location for the hinge-based planar RRR compliant mechanism, a parallel micro-motion stage driven by piezoelectric (PZT) actuators. However, cracks more likely occur on a flexure hinge because it usually undergoes a periodic deformation in service, which eventually compromises mechanism's performance, positioning accuracy for instance. In this work, the pseudo-rigid-body method is used to develop kinematic and dynamic models of the RRR mechanism both in healthy and damaged conditions, where the crack is considered in terms of the rotational compliance of a flexible hinge. The crack location is determined by measuring PZT elongations, which represents the driving toque deviation because of the crack presence. Numerical simulation is conducted to verify the proposed approach, and the results show good match of the identified crack location with the assumed location. Finally, experiments on the RRR mechanism with a prefabricated crack is performed to further validate the proposed models; the experimental results yield a good consistence.
Examining interactions between genetic risk for alcohol problems, peer deviance, and interpersonal traumatic events on trajectories of alcohol use disorder symptoms among African American college students
Authors: Su Jinni , Kuo Sally I-Chun , Meyers Jacquelyn L. , Guy Mignonne C. , Dick Danielle M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNumerous studies have demonstrated that genetic and environmental factors interact to influence alcohol problems. Yet prior research has primarily focused on samples of European descent and little is known about gene–environment interactions in relation to alcohol problems in non-European populations. In this study, we examined whether and how genetic risk for alcohol problems and peer deviance and interpersonal traumatic events independently and interactively influence trajectories of alcohol use disorder symptoms in a sample of African American students across the college years (N = 1,119; Mage = 18.44 years). Data were drawn from the Spit for Science study where participants completed multiple online surveys throughout college and provided a saliva sample for genotyping. Multilevel growth curve analyses indicated that alcohol dependence genome-wide polygenic risk scores did not predict trajectory of alcohol use disorder symptoms, while family history of alcohol problems was associated with alcohol use disorder symptoms at the start of college but not with the rate of change in symptoms over time. Peer deviance and interpersonal traumatic events were associated with more alcohol use disorder symptoms across college years. Neither alcohol dependence genome-wide polygenic risk scores nor family history of alcohol problems moderated the effects of these environmental risk factors on alcohol use disorder symptoms. Our findings indicated that peer deviance and experience of interpersonal traumatic events are salient risk factors that elevate risk for alcohol problems among African American college students. Family history of alcohol problems could be a useful indicator of genetic risk for alcohol problems. Gene identification efforts with much larger samples of African descent are needed to better characterize genetic risk for alcohol use disorders, in order to better understand gene–environment interaction processes in this understudied population.
An Iterative Qualitative–Quantitative Sequential Analysis Strategy for Electron-Excited X-ray Microanalysis with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry: Finding the Unexpected Needles in the Peak Overlap Haystack
Authors: Newbury Dale E. , Ritchie Nicholas W. M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhen analyzing an unknown by electron-excited energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, with the entire periodic table possibly in play, how does the analyst discover minor and trace constituents when their peaks are overwhelmed by the intensity of an interfering peak(s) from a major constituent? In this paper, we advocate for and demonstrate an iterative analytical approach, alternating qualitative analysis (peak identification) and standards-based quantitative analysis with peak fitting. This method employs two “tools”: (1) monitoring of the “raw analytical total,” which is the sum of all measured constituents as well as any such as oxygen calculated by the method of assumed stoichiometry, and (2) careful inspection of the “peak fitting residual spectrum” that is constructed as part of the quantitative analysis procedure in the software engine DTSA-II (a pseudo-acronym) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Elements newly recognized after each round are incorporated into the next round of quantitative analysis until the limits of detection are reached, as defined by the total spectrum counts.
Growing ‘good food’: urban gardens, culturally acceptable produce and food security
Authors: Diekmann Lucy O. , Gray Leslie C. , Baker Gregory A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWith food security increasingly seen as an urban concern, urban agriculture (UA) has emerged as one strategy for improving access to healthy, affordable food within cities in the Global North. This research evaluates the contributions of three types of urban gardens in Santa Clara County, California, to food security. Survey, interview and harvest data were collected from home gardeners, community gardeners and gardeners participating in community food security (CFS) programs, which provide low-income families with the materials and training to grow their own vegetables. To assess food security we use a multi-dimensional framework that encompasses food availability, accessibility, nutritional adequacy and cultural acceptability as well as agency within the food system. Over the summer of 2015, median garden production ranged from 26 kg for participants in CFS programs to 56 kg for home gardeners. All garden types produced enough produce for at least one adult to consume the number of cups of vegetables recommended by federal nutritional guidelines. Gardening also increased some low-income gardeners’ access to healthy food, allowing them to have the diet they wanted—one high in organically grown vegetables—but could not otherwise afford to purchase. Interviews showed that gardeners do not think of cultural acceptability strictly in terms of the presence of certain types of cultural crops; they also articulated a broader set of values concerning the environmental and social conditions of food production. At all income levels, gardeners frequently described a set of food values related to knowledge, control, trust, freshness, flavor, organic production methods and sharing, which they were able to enact through gardening. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the nutritional contributions that urban gardens make but also highlight the importance that low-income gardeners place on having food that aligns with their cultural and ethical values and being able to exercise greater autonomy in making food choices. In conclusion, we suggest that more robust, holistic assessments of UA's contributions to food security will include the subjective aspects of food as well as quantitative measures related to food production.
Development of a Within-Subject, Repeated-Measures Ego-Depletion Paradigm
Authors: Francis Zoë , Milyavskaya Marina , Lin Hause , Inzlicht Michael 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Ego depletion is under scrutiny for low replicability, possibly reflecting the limited statistical power available in between-subject designs. In response, we created a within-subject, repeated-measures ego-depletion paradigm that repeatedly alternated depletion and recovery manipulations. Each manipulation was followed by measuring subjective fatigue, mood, and self-control performance. Across 12 studies (N = 754), participants reliably reported having lower energy and mood after depleting manipulations compared to after recovery manipulations. Depletion manipulations did not consistently affect behavioral self-control, although the depletion effect was meta-analytically significant (d = .045). Furthermore, unintended fatigue and practice effects occurred over the course of the paradigm, systematically interfering with the intended depletion effects. We recommend that depletion research takes advantage of within-subject designs across multiple sessions to avoid spillover effects between measurements.
Toward a Satellite‐Derived Climatology of Blowing Snow Over Antarctica
Authors: Palm Stephen P. , Kayetha Vinay , Yang Yuekui 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSatellite lidar remote sensing of the atmosphere has been ongoing for more than a decade providing the opportunity to study atmospheric processes in great detail. Here we use 12 years of Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization measurements to derive a climatology of blowing snow layer height, optical depth, and frequency over Antarctica for the period 2006–2017. Limited to the vertical resolution of the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization data, our climatology includes all blowing snow layers greater than about 30 m in thickness for clear or optically thin cloud regions. Our results show that blowing snow occurs over 50% of the time over large regions with frequencies often exceeding 70%. The overall pattern of blowing snow frequency is fairly consistent from year to year, but there are regional differences. We examined the data for temporal trends in blowing snow properties and found significant trends only in blowing snow frequency. A small area of East Antarctica with generally low blowing snow frequency shows a statistically significant increase in blowing snow frequency ranging from 10% to 100% per decade. No significant trends in frequency were found in regions of high (>50%) blowing snow frequency, and only isolated small areas exhibited a decrease in frequency through the study period.
Facultative dosage compensation of developmental genes on autosomes in Drosophila and mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Valsecchi Claudia Isabelle Keller , Basilicata M. Felicia , Semplicio Giuseppe , Georgiev Plamen , Gutierrez Noel Marie , Akhtar Asifa 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHaploinsufficiency and aneuploidy are two phenomena, where gene dosage alterations cause severe defects ultimately resulting in developmental failures and disease. One remarkable exception is the X chromosome, where copy number differences between sexes are buffered by dosage compensation systems. In Drosophila, the Male-Specific Lethal complex (MSLc) mediates upregulation of the single male X chromosome. The evolutionary origin and conservation of this process orchestrated by MSL2, the only male-specific protein within the fly MSLc, have remained unclear. Here, we report that MSL2, in addition to regulating the X chromosome, targets autosomal genes involved in patterning and morphogenesis. Precise regulation of these genes by MSL2 is required for proper development. This set of dosage-sensitive genes maintains such regulation during evolution, as MSL2 binds and similarly regulates mouse orthologues via Histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation. We propose that this gene-by-gene dosage compensation mechanism was co-opted during evolution for chromosome-wide regulation of the Drosophila male X.
Boosting potassium-ion batteries by few-layered composite anodes prepared via solution-triggered one-step shear exfoliation
Authors: Liu Yajie , Tai Zhixin , Zhang Jian , Pang Wei Kong , Zhang Qing , Feng Haifeng , Konstantinov Konstantin , Guo Zaiping , Liu Hua Kun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEarth-abundant potassium is a promising alternative to lithium in rechargeable batteries, but a pivotal limitation of potassium-ion batteries is their relatively low capacity and poor cycling stability. Here, a high-performance potassium-ion battery is achieved by employing few-layered antimony sulfide/carbon sheet composite anode fabricated via one-step high-shear exfoliation in ethanol/water solvent. Antimony sulfide with few-layered structure minimizes the volume expansion during potassiation and shortens the ion transport pathways, thus enhancing the rate capability; while carbon sheets in the composite provide electrical conductivity and maintain the electrode cycling stability by trapping the inevitable by-product, elemental sulfur. Meanwhile, the effect of the exfoliation solvent on the fabrication of two-dimensional antimony sulfide/carbon is also investigated. It is found that water facilitates the exfoliation by lower diffusion barrier along the [010] direction of antimony sulfide, while ethanol in the solvent acts as the carbon source for in situ carbonization.
Solubility-mediated sustained release enabling nitrate additive in carbonate electrolytes for stable lithium metal anode
Authors: Liu Yayuan , Lin Dingchang , Li Yuzhang , Chen Guangxu , Pei Allen , Nix Oliver , Li Yanbin , Cui Yi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe physiochemical properties of the solid-electrolyte interphase, primarily governed by electrolyte composition, have a profound impact on the electrochemical cycling of metallic lithium. Herein, we discover that the effect of nitrate anions on regulating lithium deposition previously known in ether-based electrolytes can be extended to carbonate-based systems, which dramatically alters the nuclei from dendritic to spherical, albeit extremely limited solubility. This is attributed to the preferential reduction of nitrate during solid-electrolyte interphase formation, and the mechanisms behind which are investigated based on the structure, ion-transport properties, and charge transfer kinetics of the modified interfacial environment. To overcome the solubility barrier, a solubility-mediated sustained-release methodology is introduced, in which nitrate nanoparticles are encapsulated in porous polymer gel and can be steadily dissolved during battery operation to maintain a high concentration at the electroplating front. As such, effective dendrite suppression and remarkably enhanced cycling stability are achieved in corrosive carbonate electrolytes.