bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound and Nano‐Catalysts: An Ideal and Sustainable Combination to Carry out Diverse Organic Transformations
Authors: Banerjee Bubun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe nano‐sized catalysts are more effective than the traditional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts in bulk state. On the other hand, ultrasound‐assisted strategy offers several advantages such as higher reaction rates, better yields, cost effective, environmentally benign as compared to traditional methods. Therefore, a fruitful combination of nano‐catalyst and ultrasound is one of the effective tools to carry out diverse organic transformations. The present review deals with the latest developments on various nano‐particles catalyzed organic synthesis under the influence of ultrasonic irradiation.
Selectfluor‐promoted Synthesis of 2,4‐ and 2,6‐Diarylpyridines Through Annulation of Aromatic Ketones with an Ammonium Source in DMF
Authors: Chen Jing , Ding Yuxin , Gao Yejun , Zhou Dongheng , Hider Robert , Ma Dr Yongmin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAn efficient one‐pot four‐component condensation and cyclization of ketones with DMF and ammonium acetate for the synthesis of 2,4‐diarylsubstituted pyridines promoted by Selectfluor has been achieved. Symmetrical pyridines were obtained selectively when non‐methyl ketones were used as the starting materials. Two C−C and C−N bonds are formed during the oxidative cyclization process.
Investigation on Template Etching Process of SBA‐15 Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbon on Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Duraisamy Velu , Selvakumar Karuppiah , Krishnan Rajasekar , Kumar Sakkarapalayam Murugesan Senthil 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOrdered mesoporous carbon (OMC) is a promising material for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells owing to its high surface area and more number of catalytic active sites. Herein, OMC was synthesized by hard template method, i. e., nanocasting of sacrificial silica template (SBA‐15) and then the sacrificial template was abolished using three different etching chemicals namely, hydrofluoric acid (HF), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) respectively, in order to study the etching effect. The etched OMCs derived from the SBA‐15 template was confirmed by various characterization techniques. In OMC, the porous nature, surface morphology and defect density changes with respect to etching chemicals were evidently determined. From the electrochemical studies, it has been concluded that the NaOH etched OMC showed higher electrocatalytic activity than others by exhibiting more positive onset (0.83 V), half‐wave potential (0.75 V), high current density (3.3 mA/cm2), Tafel slope (83 mV/dec) and n‐value (2.4). Eventually, the electrochemical impedance study (EIS) was performed to determine the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of various etched OMCs and has been found that NaOH etched OMC shows the lowest Rct value due to the presence of more defective sites and result in enhancing oxygen adsorption during ORR.
Highly Purified Human Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Stem Cells Alleviate Aging Cellular Phenotypes of Senescent Human Cells
Authors: Liu Senquan , Mahairaki Vasiliki , Bai Hao , Ding Zheng , Li Jiaxin , Witwer Kenneth W. , Cheng Linzhao 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, mediate intercellular communications and exert various biological activities via delivering unique cargos of functional molecules such as RNAs and proteins to recipient cells. Previous studies showed that EVs produced and secreted by human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can substitute intact MSCs for tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, we examined properties and functions of EVs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can be cultured infinitely under a chemically defined medium free of any exogenous EVs. We collected and purified EVs secreted by human iPSCs and MSCs. Purified EVs produced by both stem cell types have similar sizes (∼150 nm in diameter), but human iPSCs produced 16-fold more EVs than MSCs. When highly purified iPSC-EVs were applied in culture to senescent MSCs that have elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), human iPSC-EVs reduced cellular ROS levels and alleviated aging phenotypes of senescent MSCs. Our discovery reveals that EVs from human stem cells can alleviate cellular aging in culture, at least in part by delivering intracellular peroxiredoxin antioxidant enzymes. Stem Cells 2019;37:779–790
Advancing transformative sustainability: A comparative analysis of electricity service and supply innovators in the United States
Authors: Taminiau Job , Banks John P. , Bleviss Deborah , Byrne John 
Published: February 2019

The electricity sector is undergoing rapid and dramatic change. The momentum of sustainable energy technologies and business model innovation is giving rise to a “polycentric” framework of policy innovation and action organized by institutions that support customer choice and give customers the means to become electricity generators and service providers in their own right. These local experiments will have to deliver transformative change, flexibly address the electricity sector's legacy of political and administrative complexity, achieve scale and financial sustainability, and enable greater and wider stakeholder participation and choice. This article reviews the evidence to date of the importance of these experiments and examines three innovators—municipal utilities, community choice aggregators, and the sustainable energy utility—to gauge the capacity of pioneers to address climate‐driven and other challenges in the electricity market.This article is categorized under:

Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy
Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Energy Efficiency > Systems and Infrastructure
Integrated distribution system and urban district planning with high renewable penetrations
Authors: Doubleday Kate , Hafiz Faeza , Parker Andrew , Elgindy Tarek , Florita Anthony , Henze Gregor , Salvalai Graziano , Pless Shanti , Hodge Bri‐Mathias 
Published: February 2019

Recent efforts to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have resulted in the development of sustainable, smart districts with highly energy efficient buildings, renewable distributed energy resources (DERs), and support for alternative modes of transportation. However, there is typically little if any coordination between the district developers and the local utility. Most attention is paid to the district's annual net load and generation without considering their instantaneous imbalance or the connecting network's state. This presents an opportunity to learn lessons from the design of distribution feeders for districts characterized by low loads and high penetrations of DERs that can be applied to the distribution grid at large. The aim of this overview is to summarize current practices in sustainable district planning as well as advances in modeling and design tools for incorporating the power distribution system into the district planning process. Recent developments in the modeling and optimization of district power systems, including their coordination with multi‐energy systems and the impact of high penetration levels of renewable energy, are introduced. Sustainable districts in England and Japan are reviewed as case studies to illustrate the extent to which distribution system planning has been considered in practice. Finally, newly developed building‐to‐grid modeling tools that can facilitate coordinated district and power system design with utility involvement are introduced, along with suggestions for future research directions.This article is categorized under:
Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Policy and Planning > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Efficiency > Systems and Infrastructure
Effects of underburning on habitat use of mule deer during migration
Authors: Eckrich Carolyn A. , Coe Priscilla K. , Nielson Ryan M. , Clark Darren A. , Johnson Bruce K. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTMule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) populations have been declining throughout their range and deteriorating habitat conditions are likely one cause of these declines. Reductions in food and cover availability along traditional routes may especially influence habitat use during migration by mule deer. Forest management practices such as underburning, the practice of using low‐severity fires to reduce fuel loads, are often assumed to be beneficial to deer through enhancement of forage quality and quantity. However, these practices may be detrimental to mule deer through decreases in food and cover availability. Currently, little is known about the effects of underburning on habitat use by mule deer during migration. We analyzed Global Positioning System tracking data from 187 adult female mule deer in central Oregon, USA, from 2005 to 2012 in relation to 243 areas that were underburned between 1977 and 2009 to assess effects of underburning on habitat use during seasonal migrations. During spring migration, mule deer decreased use of recently underburned (i.e., ≤7 years‐since‐burned) areas compared with pretreatment use. There was not a difference in use of recently underburned areas before and after treatment during autumn migration. In spring, the proportion of used underburned areas declined postburn without recovering to preburn levels up to 20 years after treatment. The proportion of underburned areas used in autumn was much more variable, with use of postburn areas fluctuating above the preburn mean but never reaching the preburn maximum. We contend that reductions in forage and cover availability from underburning may negatively affect migrating mule deer, especially during spring. Thus, efforts should be taken to minimize burning large, continuous areas along migration routes and avoid burning adjacent areas during the same year to maintain a diverse mosaic of understory age classes, which will allow deer to make habitat use choices during migration. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
A comparison of three methods to evaluate otter latrine activity
Authors: Rivera Nelda A. , Totoni Samantha , Monick Kathryn , Tian Ting , Green Michelle L. , Novakofski Jan , Mateus‐Pinilla Nohra E. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTWe compared methods commonly used in the field of river otter (Lontra canadensis) ecology to estimate visitation rates. We evaluated visitation rates estimated from 2 survey protocols based on video detection—individual visitation rate (IVR) and recording visitation rate (RVR)—and one indirect method based on scat detection—scat visitation rate (SVR). From August 2011 through August 2012, overall scat detection and cumulative video data from 403 camera‐days in 2 latrine sites (River and Pond, at a study site adjacent to the Salt Fork of the Vermilion River near Fairmount, Illinois, USA) located <50 m apart did not reveal monthly or seasonal differences between SVR and video detection methods. We identified positive correlations among the 3 visitation rates and differences between overall IVR and RVR. All 3 methods resulted in peak visitation rates during winter. However, when these data were stratified by latrine site, we found both positive and negative correlations at the River latrine. Our work supports that SVR, IVR, and RVR are valuable methods to estimate otter visitation rates at latrine sites. However, it is clear that even within such a short distance between these 2 latrines, these methods detected differences in site utilization. The significant positive correlation observed between IVR and RVR (overall and by latrine site) suggests these methods can be used interchangeably. Otter detection using SVR may serve as a complementary assessment tool for IVR and RVR. To optimize cross‐study comparisons and interpretation of results, future studies should detail the type of otter detection and visitation rate used, how variables are measured, formulas used in the calculation of the visitation rates, and detailed descriptions of scat counting efforts when using scat as a tool to evaluate otter visitation rates. © 2019 The Authors. Wildlife Society Bulletin Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indirect costs of sheep depredation by large carnivores in Sweden
Authors: Widman Marit , Steen Margareta , Elofsson Katarina 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTCarnivore depredation gives rise to direct costs for killed and injured animals as well as indirect costs due to productivity losses and additional labor requirements. Our aim was to investigate indirect costs to sheep farmers in Sweden due to carnivore depredation and presence. We estimated these costs using survey data describing conditions in 2013. Reproduction and time spent on fence maintenance and taking care of animals were analyzed to isolate effects of carnivore exposure from other factors that affect these variables. Results indicate that both high carnivore densities and attacks are associated with comparatively lower sheep reproduction. Farmers who experienced an attack spent much more on labor for maintaining fences, searching for lost animals, and bringing the animals in for the night. Results suggest that the indirect cost per adult female sheep is EUR23 for nonattacked herds in areas with high carnivore densities; EUR71 in herds that were attacked and where sheep are kept on fenced grazing land; and EUR100 on attacked summer‐pasture farms, where free‐range grazing is applied. A flat rate compensation per adult female sheep, differentiated between herds in areas with high carnivore density that have not been attacked and herds that have been attacked could be used to compensate sheep farmers for these costs. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Estimating abundance of a cryptic social carnivore using spatially explicit capture–recapture
Authors: Roffler Gretchen H. , Waite Jason N. , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Zarn Katherine E. , Schwartz Michael K. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTEstimating population abundance of wolves (Canis lupus) in densely forested landscapes is challenging because reduced visibility lowers the success of methods such as aerial surveys and enumeration of group size using radiotelemetry. However, regular population estimates of wolves are necessary for population monitoring and sustainable management. We used noninvasive hair snaring and spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) to estimate wolf abundance on Prince of Wales Island (POW), Alaska, USA, during 2012–2015. We monitored 36–82 hair‐snare stations weekly for 9–11 weeks during autumn. The noninvasive study area covered 1,683 km2 during 2012–2013 and was expanded to 3,281 km2 during 2014–2015. We identified 57 individual wolves during the study period using DNA from hair follicles genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. We used population density estimates using SECR (2013: 24.5 wolves/1,000 km2 [95% CI = 14.4–41.9 wolves/1,000 km2], 2014: 9.9 wolves/1,000 km2 [95% CI = 5.5–17.7/1,000 km2], 2015: 11.9 wolves/1,000 km2 [95% CI = 7.7–18.5 wolves/1,000 km2]) to predict the autumn population for the POW management unit (2013: 221.1 wolves [95% CI = 130–378]; 2014: 89.1 wolves [95% CI = 49.8–159.4]; 2015: 107.5 wolves [95% CI = 69–167]). We detected and redetected more wolves and increased the precision of the density estimate after increasing the hair sampling intensity and sampling area in 2014–2015. Our results demonstrate that estimating wolf abundance using noninvasive sampling and SECR was feasible and reliably applied producing a statistically robust population estimate for monitoring wolf populations in densely forested areas. These methods have promise for application to widely ranging carnivores at population‐level scales and may be especially useful when regular density estimates are necessary for management and conservation. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Communication strategies for reducing lead poisoning in wildlife and human health risks
Authors: Schulz John H. , Wilhelm Stanis Sonja A. , Webb Elisabeth B. , Li Christine Jie , Hall Damon M. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTAlthough lead poisoning in North American waterfowl has been reduced, it persists among other wildlife. To address this issue, we review lead poisoning in wildlife and threats to human health, describe the recent socio‐political landscape, and develop a framework for reducing lead exposure related to hunting ammunition and fishing tackle. Despite substantial information about lead poisoning in wildlife, an explicit and strategic plan for using existing information to develop an effective communication program is lacking. Local and regional efforts encouraging hunters and anglers to voluntarily use nonlead alternatives could benefit from a nationally coordinated and strategic focus. We propose that the diffusion of innovation theory provides a useful framework for developing and implementing voluntary nonlead hunting ammunition and fishing tackle programs. Further, it can help communicators refine messages, increase efficiencies in developing communication materials, and monitor adoption of nonlead alternatives. The initial step in this process, however, is to engage stakeholders about the importance of the issue and leverage that concern as a catalyst for positive change. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
An efficient method of analysis of heat transfer during plane strain upsetting of a viscoplastic strip
Authors: Alexandrov Sergei , Miszuris Wiktoria , Lang Lihui 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA solution for the transient heat transfer during plane strain upsetting of a viscoplastic strip has been developed using a Lagrangian coordinate system and the Green's function available in the literature. A general approximate solution for stress and velocity found elsewhere has been used. In contrast to conventional viscoplastic models adopted in theoretical analyses of metal forming processes, the model considered in the present paper includes a saturation stress. This model used in the conjunction with the maximum friction law predicts the localization of plastic deformation in the vicinity of the friction surface. In turn, localized plastic deformation and temperature are responsible for the generation of a very narrow layer with drastically modified microstructure near the friction surface. The appearance of such layers is reported in numerous experimental works.
Development of an autotrophic fermentation technique for the production of fatty acids using an engineered Ralstonia eutropha cell factory
Authors: Li Zhongkang , Xiong Bin , Liu Li , Li Siwei , Xin Xiuqing , Li Zhi , Zhang Xueli , Bi ChangHao 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Massive emission of CO2 into atmosphere from consumption of carbon deposit is causing climate change. Researchers have applied metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques for improving CO2 fixation efficiency in many species. One solution might be the utilization of autotrophic bacteria, which have great potential to be engineered into microbial cell factories for CO2 fixation and the production of chemicals, independent of fossil resources. In this work, several pathways of Ralstonia eutropha H16 were modulated by manipulation of heterologous and endogenous genes related to fatty acid synthesis. The resulting strain B2(pCT, pFP) was able to produce 124.48 mg/g (cell dry weight) free fatty acids with fructose as carbon source, a fourfold increase over the parent strain H16. To develop a truly autotrophic fermentation technique with H2, CO2 and O2 as substrates, we assembled a relatively safe, continuous, lab-scale gas fermentation system using micro-fermentation tanks, H2 supplied by a hydrogen generator, and keeping the H2 to O2 ratio at 7:1. The system was equipped with a H2 gas alarm, rid of heat sources and placed into a fume hood to further improve the safety. With this system, the best strain B2(pCT, pFP) produced 60.64 mg free fatty acids per g biomass within 48 h, growing in minimal medium supplemented with 9 × 103 mL/L/h hydrogen gas. Thus, an autotrophic fermentation technique to produce fatty acids was successfully established, which might inspire further research on autotrophic gas fermentation with a safe, lab-scale setup, and provides an alternative solution for environmental and energy problems.
Hedging weather risk and coordinating supply chains
Authors: Brusset Xavier , Bertrand Jean‐Louis 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe sales of many products can be influenced by weather conditions, positively or negatively. For the manufacturers in question, one of their entrepreneurial risks is to incur lower than expected sales because of adverse weather conditions. The variability of weather conditions is expected to continue to rise because of climate change. Manufacturers can choose to do nothing and suffer the financial consequences, or transfer the weather risk partly or wholly to others. This paper presents an approach to transfer weather risks to risk takers and reduce sales volatility using weather index‐based financial instruments. In our approach, the risk of adverse weather conditions is calculated on the basis of adverse conditions observed in the past. We do not use forecasts of weather conditions. We illustrate our action design with case studies of three companies: a company manufacturing automotive replacement parts, a clothing company and a company producing of sunscreen products. We demonstrate its efficiency in reducing cash‐flow uncertainty and potential losses caused by adverse weather, and in influencing sales to the next tier.
Experimental investigation of the flow structures over a 40° swept wing
Authors: Zhang S. , Jaworski A. J. , McParlin S. C. , Turner J. T. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTFlow over a moderately swept wing is characterised by complex localised flow vortex topologies such as ‘closed’ separation bubbles or ‘open’ separation structures. A model of a complex cambered, twisted, tapered wing with 40° leading edge sweep, representative of those designed for manoeuvre at high subsonic Mach numbers, was investigated using the oil-film visualisation, stereo particle image velocimetry and force moment measurements. Wind-tunnel tests were conducted at a range of Reynolds number from 2.1×105 to 8.4×105 and at angles of incidence from −1° to 22°. Still images combined with video clips enable flow patterns over the wing model to be interpreted more clearly and accurately. Using successive images extracted from the video of flow visualisation, the movement of the oil pigment has been estimated. The influence of the Reynolds number and incidence angle was discussed through analysing the flow pattern over the wing surface. Additionally, the link between the flow structures present and the wing aerodynamic performance was studied.
Valuing Facebook
Authors: SUNSTEIN CASS R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a great deal of discussion of the welfare effects of digital goods, including social media. A national survey, designed to monetize the benefits of a variety of social media platforms (including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram), found a massive disparity between willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA). The sheer magnitude of this disparity reflects a ‘superendowment effect’. Social media may be Wasting Time Goods – goods on which people spend time, but for which they are not, on reflection, willing to pay much (if anything). It is also possible that in the context of the WTP question, people are giving protest answers, signaling their intense opposition to being asked to pay for something that they had formerly enjoyed for free. Their answers may be expressive, rather than reflective of actual welfare effects. At the same time, the WTA measure may also be expressive, a different form of protest, telling us little about the actual effects of social media on people's lives and experiences. It may greatly overstate those effects. In this context, there may well be a sharp disparity between conventional economic measures and actual effects on experienced well-being.