bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Für jeden Prozess die passende Signatur
Authors: Brinksmeier Ekkard , Reese Stefanie , Sölter Jens 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHärte, Eigenspannung und andere Randzoneneigenschaften von Bauteilen sind entscheidend für deren Funktionalität und Lebensdauer. Um die „Bauteilhaut” gezielt zu verbessern, wollen Ingenieurwissenschaftler genauer verstehen, welche physikalischen und chemischen Vorgänge bei der Fertigung ablaufen und wie sich darüber die Werkstoffeigenschaften verändern lassen.
RAGE in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle
Authors: Riuzzi Francesca , Sorci Guglielmo , Sagheddu Roberta , Chiappalupi Sara , Salvadori Laura , Donato Rosario 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests that the signalling of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) is critical for skeletal muscle physiology controlling both the activity of muscle precursors during skeletal muscle development and the correct time of muscle regeneration after acute injury. On the other hand, the aberrant re‐expression/activity of RAGE in adult skeletal muscle is a hallmark of muscle wasting that occurs in response to ageing, genetic disorders, inflammatory conditions, cancer, and metabolic alterations. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action and the ligands of RAGE involved in myoblast differentiation, muscle regeneration, and muscle pathological conditions. We highlight potential therapeutic strategies for targeting RAGE to improve skeletal muscle function.
Qualitative research on community experiences in large HIV research trials: what have we learned?
Authors: Camlin Carol S , Seeley Janet 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionVery few pragmatic and community‐level effectiveness trials integrate the use of qualitative research over all stages of the trial, to inform trial design, implementation optimization, results interpretation and post‐trial policy recommendations. This is despite the growing demand for mixed methods research from funding agencies and awareness of the vital importance of qualitative and mixed methods research for understanding trial successes and challenges.DiscussionWe offer examples from work we have been involved in to illustrate how qualitative research conducted within trials can reveal vital contextual factors that influence implementation and outcomes, can enable an informed adaptation of trials as they are being conducted and can lead to the formulation of theory regarding the social and behavioural pathways of intervention, while also enabling community engagement in trial design and implementation. These examples are based on published findings from qualitative studies embedded within two ongoing large‐scale studies demonstrating the population‐level impacts of universal HIV testing and treatment strategies in southern and eastern Africa, and a qualitative study conducted alongside a clinical trial testing the adaptation, acceptability and experience of short‐cycle therapy in children and adolescents living with HIV.ConclusionsWe advocate for the integration of qualitative with clinical and survey research methods in pragmatic clinical and community‐level trials and implementation studies, and for increasing visibility of qualitative and mixed methods research in medical journals. Qualitative research from trials ideally should be published along with clinical outcome data, either integrated into the “main” trial papers or published concurrently in the same journal issue. Integration of qualitative research within trials can help not only to understand the why behind success or failure of interventions in different contexts, but also inform the adaptation of interventions that can facilitate their success, and lead to new alternative strategies and to policy changes that may be vital for achieving public health goals, including the end of AIDS.
Salt‐Induced Constructions of Gemini‐like Surfactants at the Interface and Their Effects on the Interfacial Tension of a Water/Model Oil System
Authors: Jia Han , Huang Pan , Wu Hongyan , Ma An , Zhou Hongtao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt is an urgent issue to enhance oil recovery for unconventional reservoirs with high salinity. Focused on this topic, salt addition is a powerful tool to motivate the surfactant assembly at the water/oil interface and improve the interfacial activity. We used a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and an anionic salt dicarboxylic acid sodium (CnDNa) to construct gemini‐like surfactants at the interface and evaluated their ability to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between model oil (toluene and n‐decane, v:v = 1:1) and water. Interestingly, the fabrication of a (CTAB)2/C4DNa gemini‐like surfactant was hardly achieved at the fresh water/model oil interface, but accomplished at the brine/model oil interface. At a high NaCl concentration (100,000 mg L−1), the IFT value is reduced to 10−3 mN m−1 order of magnitude, which is generally desired in practical applications. The control experiments displacing the surfactant type and the spacer length further confirmed the NaCl effects on the interfacial assembly.
Delineating cerebellar mechanisms in DYT11 myoclonus‐dystonia
Authors: Sadnicka Anna , Galea Joseph M. , Chen Jui‐Cheng , Warner Thomas T. , Bhatia Kailash P. , Rothwell John C. , Edwards Mark J. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundRecent research has highlighted the role of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of myoclonus‐dystonia syndrome as a result of mutations in the ɛ‐sarcoglycan gene (DYT11). Specifically, a cerebellar‐dependent saccadic adaptation task is dramatically impaired in this patient group.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate whether saccadic deficits coexist with impairments of limb adaptation to provide a potential mechanism linking cerebellar dysfunction to the movement disorder within symptomatic body regions.MethodsLimb adaptation to visuomotor (visual feedback rotated by 30°) and forcefield (force applied by robot to deviate arm) perturbations were examined in 5 patients with DYT11 and 10 aged‐matched controls.ResultsPatients with DYT11 successfully adapted to both types of perturbation. Modelled and averaged summary metrics that captured adaptation behaviors were equivalent to the control group across conditions.ConclusionsDYT11 is not characterized by a uniform deficit in adaptation. The previously observed large deficit in saccadic adaption is not reflected in an equivalent deficit in limb adaptation in symptomatic body regions. We suggest potential mechanisms at the root of this discordance and identify key research questions that need future study. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A broadband negative refractive index meta‐atom for quad‐band and sensor applications
Authors: Hossain Mohammad J. , Faruque Mohammad R. I. , Alam M. J. , Mansor Mohd Fais , Islam Mohammad T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA new modified hexagonal design structure with broadband‐negative refractive index metamaterial was proposed in this manuscript. The proposed structure was composed of two symmetrical metallic layers which had same thickness and an FR4 dielectric layer that was sandwiched between these metallic layers. Frequency domain solver of CST microwave studio, which is commercially available was utilized to observe the results of the design structure. The design structure was analyzed by two orientations with respect to the incident plane wave. For normal wave incidence, the suggested structure displays broadband negative refractive index (3.18 GHz) and (0.9 GHz) with a higher effective medium ratio (17.26) that was indicated small electrical size of the structure, whereas for parallel wave incidence, broadband negative refractive index (2.45 GHz), (1.22 GHz), and (1.93 GHz) bandwidth with a higher effective medium ratio (28.01) was obtained. The negative refractive index was verified by simulation and measurement for quad‐band applications. Furthermore, the effective medium ratio (λ/a) of the proposed broadband negative refractive index metamaterial was considerably improved compared to previous suggested multiband metamaterials. In addition, the design structure can also be utilized as a pressure sensor.
Clinical analysis of first branchial cleft anomalies in children
Authors: Liu Wei , Liu Bing , Chen Min , Hao Jinsheng , Yang Yang , Zhang Jie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractImportanceFirst branchial cleft anomaly (FBCA) is a rare disease that is difficult to diagnose and is associated with a high rate of complications. However, the difference between two types of FBCA and how to avoid complications are not clear enough.ObjectiveWe retrospectively analyzed type I and II (Work's classification) FBCAs in children to demonstrate the difference between the two types of FBCAs, especially with respect to understanding the relationship between FBCAs and the facial nerveMethodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients with FBCAs who were treated in Beijing Children's Hospital from 2013 to 2017. The patients’ clinical data, relationship of the FBCA with the facial nerve, and postoperative complications were recorded.ResultsThe study included 70 patients with FBCAs. In total, 41 (58.6%) patients had a type I FBCA, and 29 (41.1%) had a type II FBCA. A cystic mass was present in 34 (48.6%) patients. Sixty‐two (88.6%) patients had a history of incision and drainage and nine (12.8%) had a history of excision surgery in other hospitals. The accuracy rate of magnetic resonance imaging was higher than ultrasound and much higher than computed tomography. Thirty‐eight (92.7%) type I FBCAs had no close relationship with the facial nerve. The facial nerve in 14 (48.3%) patients with type II FBCAs was located superficial to and above the mass. Fifteen (51.7%) type II facial nerves were located on the deep side of the mass. All patients in the study had an abnormal external auditory canal (EAC). Three patients had temporary facial palsy that resolved within one week. Eleven patients with type I FBCAs had mild EAC stenosis. No recurrence was observed.InterpretationType II FBCAs had a close relationship with the facial nerve, especially when the lesion was located in the mandible angle. All patients with FBCAs had an EAC abnormality. The abnormal skin and cartilage of the EAC should be excised together to avoid recurrence.
Implementation of Proteomics Biomarkers in Nephrology: From Animal Models to Human Application?
Authors: Klein Julie , Schanstra Joost P 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPreclinical animal models are extensively used in nephrology. In this review, the utility of performing proteome analysis of kidney tissue or urine in such models and transfer of the results to human application has been assessed. Analysis of the literature identified 68 relevant publications. Pathway analysis of the reported proteins clearly indicated links with known biological processes in kidney disease providing validation of the observed changes in the preclinical models. However, although most studies focused on the identification of early markers of kidney disease or prediction of its progression, none of the identified makers has made it to substantial validation in the clinic or at least in human samples. Especially in renal disease where urine is an abundant source of biomarkers of diseases of the kidney and the urinary tract, it therefore appears that the focus should be on human material based discovery studies. In contrast, the most valid information of proteome analysis of preclinical models in nephrology for translation in human disease resides in studies focusing on drug evaluation, both efficacy for translation to the clinic and for mechanistic insight.
Acceptance control and guardbanding for error‐prone individual measurements
Authors: Zhou Xin , Govindaraju Kondaswamy , Jones Geoff 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe concept of fractional nonconformance was recently proposed to assess the probability of conformance when measurements are error‐prone. Applications of fractional nonconformance assessment include acceptance sampling inspection and short‐run process control. In this study, we introduce a fractional nonconformance‐based one‐sided acceptance control chart to monitor a short‐run process as well as decide the acceptability of products manufactured from the process. The guardband technique is also incorporated in the proposed approach to reduce the impact of measurement errors. Guardband selection is investigated for both independent and autocorrelated processes. Our analysis shows that guardbanding is beneficial for short‐run production environments. The optimum guardbands obtained under risk and cost models are also found to be consistent.
Ammonium Vanadium Bronze as a Potassium‐Ion Battery Cathode with High Rate Capability and Cyclability
Authors: Xu Yang , Dong Huishuang , Zhou Min , Zhang Chenglin , Wu Yuhan , Li Wei , Dong Yulian , Lei Yong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractK‐ion batteries (KIBs) are a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries. Despite the rapid development of KIB anodes, cathodes have not developed to the same extent due to the sluggish kinetics of K‐ion intercalation. Here, ammonium vanadium bronze NH4V4O10 (NVO) is proposed as a potential KIB cathode material. The as‐synthesized NVO features a large interlayer spacing of 9.8 Å and self‐assembled flower‐like architecture. The cathode delivers a high capacity of 136 mAh g−1 (50 mA g−1) and a decay rate of 0.02% per cycle over 200 cycles in the range of 1–3.8 V. It retains 94% capacity (80 mAh g−1) after 200 cycles in the range of 2–3.8 V. Moreover, it exhibits fast rate capability by delivering 51 mAh g−1 at a rate as high as 3 A g−1 (2–3.8 V), being 90% of the capacity at 0.1 A g−1. Electrochemical mechanism studies suggest that K‐ion storage in NVO is a topotactic process, where transition between V4+ and V5+ occurs. They also show that prevention of deammoniation at a higher voltage toward 4.2 V is critical for the structural stability of NVO. This work may stimulate future exploitation of vanadium oxides in KIBs and more insights into the mechanisms of K‐ion storage.
The sonographic measurement of the spleen: A clinical audit
Authors: Farr Christina , Thoirs Kerry 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe spleen is an intra‐abdominal organ that increases in size (splenomegaly) due to a variety of hepatic and haematological pathologies. The measurement of its size is crucial for patient treatment and monitoring. This project sought to determine a standard technique for the sonographic measurement of the spleen through a retrospective clinical audit.MethodsSerial splenic measurements from 250 patients were retrospectively assessed for caliper placement and visualisation/technique. The measurements were graded according to caliper placement and splenic visualisation on ultrasound. Patients included had serial abdominal ultrasounds over the 3 years prior to audit.ResultsA literature review was performed to establish a benchmark for splenic measurement. This uncovered a wide variation in reported normal splenic length measurement values. The key point from the data collected along with the literature review is that a normal measurement of the spleen is 10–12 cm. Consistent results were found regarding the method sonographers used to measure the spleen.DiscussionTo standardise measurement method, the spleen should be imaged with the patient in the right posterior oblique position in the optimal respiratory phase for individual patient habitus.
Informing behavioural policies with data from everyday life
Authors: LADES LEONHARD K. , MARTIN LUCIE , DELANEY LIAM 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNaturalistic monitoring tools provide detailed information about people's behaviours and experiences in everyday life. Most naturalistic monitoring research has focused on measuring subjective well-being. This paper discusses how naturalistic monitoring can inform behavioural public policy-making by providing detailed information about everyday decisions and the choice architecture in which these decisions are made. We describe how the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) – a naturalistic monitoring tool popular in the subjective well-being literature – can be used to: (i) improve ecological validity of behavioural economics; (ii) provide mechanistic evidence of the everyday workings of behavioural interventions; and (iii) help us to better understand people's true preferences. We believe that DRM data on everyday life have great potential to support the design and evaluation of behavioural policies.
The Relationship Between Magnetism and Microstructure of Ethylene Pyrolysis Furnace Tubes after a Long-term Service
Authors: Guo Jingfeng , Cao Tieshan , Cheng Congqian , Meng Xianming , Zhao Jie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe magnetism and microstructure of Cr25Ni35Nb and Cr35Ni45Nb alloy tubes after 5 years of service were investigated in this paper. The saturation magnetization of the Cr25Ni35Nb alloy tube in the thickness direction is more than 20 emu/g, and the tube becomes ferromagnetic. The inner and outer walls of Cr35Ni45Nb alloy tubes also become ferromagnetic. But the saturation magnetization of the Cr35Ni45Nb alloy tubes approaches to zero in the center zone. The primary carbides M7C3 and NbC are changed into M23C6 and G phase at the outer region of the furnace tube. However, the M23C6-type carbides were replaced by carbon-rich carbides M7C3 at the carburization zone. Cr-depleted zones are formed at the inner and outer walls of the furnace tubes owing to oxidation. Carburization and oxidation reduce the Cr content of the matrix. Accordingly, the saturation magnetization is very high at the carburization zone and Cr-depleted zone. The magnetism of Cr25Ni35Nb and Cr35Ni45Nb alloy tubes has a high correlation with the Cr content of the matrix. Carburization and oxidation are the main reasons that make the paramagnetic ethylene pyrolysis furnace tube change to ferromagnetic.
Contribution of Hydroxymethane Sulfonate to Ambient Particulate Matter: A Potential Explanation for High Particulate Sulfur During Severe Winter Haze in Beijing
Authors: Moch Jonathan M. , Dovrou Eleni , Mickley Loretta J. , Keutsch Frank N. , Cheng Yuan , Jacob Daniel J. , Jiang Jingkun , Li Meng , Munger J. William , Qiao Xiaohui , Zhang Qiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPM2.5 during severe winter haze in Beijing, China, has reached levels as high as 880 μg/m3, with sulfur compounds contributing significantly to PM2.5 composition. This sulfur has been traditionally assumed to be sulfate, although atmospheric chemistry models are unable to account for such large sulfate enhancements under dim winter conditions. Using a 1‐D model, we show that well‐characterized but previously overlooked chemistry of aqueous‐phase HCHO and S(IV) in cloud droplets to form a S(IV)‐HCHO adduct, hydroxymethane sulfonate, may explain high particulate sulfur in wintertime Beijing. We also demonstrate in the laboratory that methods of ion chromatography typically used to measure ambient particulates easily misinterpret hydroxymethane sulfonate as sulfate. Our findings suggest that HCHO and not SO2 has been the limiting factor in many haze events in Beijing and that to reduce severe winter pollution in this region, policymakers may need to address HCHO sources such as transportation.
Crustal Density Structure, Lithosphere Flexure Mechanism, and Isostatic State Throughout the Qinling Orogen Revealed by In Situ Dense Gravity Observations
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Fu Guangyu , She Yawen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGravity and GPS hybrid measurements were conducted at 385 stations throughout the Qinling Orogen, China, to update Bouguer gravity anomalies and free‐air gravity anomalies of the area. The crustal density structure, lithosphere flexure mechanism, and isostatic state of the Qinglin Orogen were studied in detail via these in situ observations. Bouguer gravity anomalies in the study area are mainly negative, ranging from −410 mGal in the Tibetan Plateau to −100 mGal in the eastern Qinglin Orogen. The estimated crustal thickness ranges from 56 to 35 km and thins eastward along the Qinling Orogen. The optimal effective elastic thickness (Te) of the study area is 14 km, and the loading comes from the Earth's surface, the interface between the upper and lower crust, and the Moho. Vertical tectonic stress borne by the lithosphere varies observably in the study area. Downward stress reaches a peak of −14 MPa in the Liupanshan Mountains, whereas the highest value of upward stress (8 MPa) is attained in the middle Qinling Orogen. Considering distributions of crustal density structures and vertical tectonic stress of the lithosphere, in addition to the distinct loading ratios of the eastern and western Qinling Orogen, a piecewise combination model was developed to interpret the uplift of the Qinling Orogen. This model shows that the eastern part of the Orogen is thickened by the upward migration of mantle materials under the thrusting of the South and North China Blocks, whereas uplift of the western part results from lower crustal flow derived from the Tibetan Plateau.
Assessing Phytoplankton Activities in the Seasonal Ice Zone of the Greenland Sea Over an Annual Cycle
Authors: Mayot N. , Matrai P. , Ellingsen I. H. , Steele M. , Johnson K. , Riser S. C. , Swift D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn seasonal ice zones (SIZs), such as the one of the Greenland Sea, the sea ice growth in winter and subsequent melting in summer influence the phytoplankton activity. However, studies assessing phytoplankton activities over complete annual cycles and at a fine temporal resolution are lacking in this environment. Biogeochemical‐Argo floats, which are able to sample under the ice, were used to collect physical and biogeochemical data along vertical profiles and at 5‐day resolution during two complete annual cycles in the Greenland Sea SIZ. Three phytoplankton activity phases were distinct within an annual cycle: one under ice, a second at the ice edge, and a third one around an open‐water subsurface chlorophyll maximum. As expected, the light and nitrate availabilities controlled the phytoplankton activity and the establishment of these phases. On average, most of the annual net community production occurred equally under ice and at the ice edge. The open‐water subsurface chlorophyll maximum phase contribution, on the other hand, was much smaller. Phytoplankton biomass accumulation and production thus occur over a longer period than might be assumed if under ice blooms were neglected. This also means that satellite‐based estimates of phytoplankton biomass and production in this SIZ are likely underestimated. Simulations with the Arctic‐based physical‐biologically coupled SINMOD model suggest that most of the annual net community production in this SIZ results from local processes rather than due to advection of nitrate from the East Greenland and Jan Mayen Currents.