bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional CT Improves the Reproducibility of Stability Evaluation for Intertrochanteric Fractures
Authors: Cho Yi‐cheng , Lee Pei‐yuan , Lee Cheng‐hung , Chen Chih‐hui , Lin Yu‐min 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesFemoral intertrochanteric fractures are among the most common fractures in the elderly. There are various classification systems in intertrochanteric fractures. The aim of these classification systems is to help surgeons choose an appropriate treatment. The treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fractures depends on the results of a stability evaluation using imaging studies. However, it is difficult to evaluate the true fracture line using plain X‐ray films, especially on the sagittal plane and for intertrochanteric fractures with complex morphologies. The aim of the current study was to determine whether three‐dimensional CT (3DCT) improves the reproducibility of stability evaluation for femoral intertrochanteric fractures.MethodsThis was a single‐center observational study of intertrochanteric fractures. We retrospectively collected patients in our hospital with intertrochanteric fractures that underwent plain X‐ray (anteroposterior, lateral view) CT scans with axial images (2DCT) and 3DCT for an injured hip between 1 December 2011 and 30 November 2015. The exclusion criteria were pathological fractures (due to metastasis or primary bone tumors) and previous intertrochanteric surgery. During this period, 61 patients were enrolled. Two patients were excluded because lateral view X‐rays were not available. A total of 59 patients (27 women, 32 men) with an average age of 77 years (range, 55–96 years) were included in our final analysis. The stability evaluation (i.e. stable or unstable) and implant choices (i.e. dynamic hip screws or Gamma nail) were recorded independently by four observers (two attending physicians and two residents). All images were reviewed and classified using the AO/OTA and Evans modified by Jensen (EVJE) classification systems. The session was repeated after a 3‐month wash‐out period. The inter‐observer agreement was evaluated using the Kappa test.ResultsThe inter‐observer agreements, measured by the mean weighted kappa values (expressed as X‐ray vs 3DCT) were as follows: For stability evaluation, the mean kappa values for attending physicians and residents were 0.68 versus 0.76 and 0.55 versus 0.56. For implant choices, the mean kappa values for attending physicians and residents were 0.68 versus 0.76 and 0.57 versus 0.65. For AO/OTA classification, the values for attending physicians and residents were 0.67 versus 0.65 and 0.70 versus 0.81. For EVJE classification, the values for attending physicians and residents were 0.66 versus 0.63 and 0.56 versus 0.55.ConclusionsThree‐dimensional CT improved the reproducibility of stability evaluation for femoral intertrochanteric fractures. Preoperative CT scanning may provide a diagnostic benefit for evaluating the stability of intertrochanteric fractures.
Integrating farm and air pollution studies in search for immunoregulatory mechanisms operating in protective and high‐risk environments
Authors: Martikainen Maria‐Viola , Rönkkö Teemu J. , Schaub Bianca , Täubel Martin , Gu Cheng , Wong Gary WK , Li Jing , Pekkanen Juha , Komppula Mika , Hirvonen Maija‐Riitta , Jalava Pasi I. , Roponen Marjut 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundStudies conducted in farm environments suggest that diverse microbial exposure promotes children's lung health. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, and the development of asthma‐preventive strategies has been delayed. More comprehensive investigation of the environment‐induced immunoregulation is required for better understanding of asthma pathogenesis and prevention. Exposure to air pollution, including particulate matter (PM), is a risk factor for asthma, thus providing an excellent counterpoint for the farm‐effect research. Lack of comparable data, however, complicates interpretation of the existing information. We aimed to explore the immunoregulatory effects of cattle farm dust (protective, Finland) and urban air PM (high‐risk, China) for the first time using identical research methods.MethodsWe stimulated PBMCs of 4‐year‐old children (N = 18) with farm dust and size‐segregated PM and assessed the expression of immune receptors CD80 and ILT4 on dendritic cells and monocytes as well as cytokine production of PBMCs. Environmental samples were analysed for their composition.ResultsFarm dust increased the percentage of cells expressing CD80 and the cytokine production of children's immune cells, whereas PM inhibited the expression of important receptors and the production of soluble mediators. Although PM samples induced parallel immune reactions, the size‐fraction determined the strength of the effects.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the significance of using the same research framework when disentangling shared and distinctive immune pathways operating in different environments. Observed stimulatory effects of farm dust and inhibitory effects of PM could shape responses towards respiratory pathogens and allergens, and partly explain differences in asthma prevalence between studied environments.
Topical carbocysteine: A new option for the treatment of ichthyosis
Authors: Batalla Ana , Dávila‐Pousa Carmen , Feal Carlos , Flórez Ángeles 
Published: August 2018

AbstractN‐acetylcysteine in combination with urea is effective for the treatment of congenital ichthyosis. Although it is well tolerated, its foul smell may compromise treatment adherence. Carbocysteine is a similar molecule without that bad odor. Thus, we have tried a new formula with carbocysteine for the treatment of 4 patients with ichthyosis, with positive results.
Bullous sweet syndrome healing with prominent secondary anetoderma
Authors: Loyal Jameson , Shagalov Devorah R. , Vatanchi Marjon , Glick Jaimie B. , Ferzli Georgina M. , Heilman Edward , Glick Sharon A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA 15‐month‐old boy presented with 1‐4 cm, pink edematous plaques with overlying round erosions and hemorrhagic bullae in the setting of a gastrointestinal illness and was ultimately diagnosed with bullous‐type Sweet syndrome. Despite appropriate treatment with oral steroids, the patient's cutaneous lesions healed with secondary anetoderma. This case should prompt practitioners to be aware of bullous‐type Sweet syndrome and the possibility of lesions healing with postinflammatory scarring.
Couple interaction and child social competence: The role of parenting and attachment
Authors: Neppl Tricia K. , Wedmore Haley , Senia Jennifer M. , Jeon Shinyoung , Diggs Olivia N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe current study examined the association between positive couple interaction and child social competence as mediated through positive parenting and parent–child attachment security. Prospective, longitudinal data came from 209 mothers, fathers, and their biological child. Information regarding observed positive couple interaction, observed positive parenting, and parent–child attachment security were assessed when the child was 2–4 years old, and child social competence was assessed at 5 years old. Mothers and fathers were analyzed separately in the model. Results indicated that for both mothers and fathers, positive couple interaction was indirectly associated with child social competence through positive parenting and parent–child attachment. These pathways remained statistically significant even after child social competence at age 2–4 was taken into account. Results suggest that couple interaction spills over into parenting which impacts parent–child attachment, which is associated with positive child developmental outcomes.
Optimized processing for pathogen inactivation of double‐dose buffy‐coat platelet concentrates: maintained in vitro quality over 7‐day storage
Authors: Ohlsson S. , Diedrich B. , Uhlin M. , Sandgren P. 
Published: August 2018

Background and objectiveEfficient pathogen inactivation (PI) offers the possibility of increasing the number of buffy coats per pool without the concurrent increased risk of pathogen transmission. Here, we describe the findings of in vitro analyses of platelets from pools of eight buffy coats treated with amotosalen and UVA light (INTERCEPT Blood System for Platelets) using INTERCEPT disposable processing sets with plastic materials sourced from alternate suppliers and split afterwards to obtain two therapeutic transfusion doses.MethodsDouble‐dose platelet concentrates were prepared from pools of eight buffy coats in additive solution (SSP+) using either previous 6‐lead or new 8‐lead pooling sets and PI processing sets in previous or alternate supplier sourced plastics (AS). Platelets were treated with the INTERCEPT Blood System then stored for up to 7 days and tested for in vitro quality.ResultsAll tested units (n = 30) were in conformity with European guidelines. Using AS sets more effectively maintained glucose reserves (P < 0·01), reduced lactate production (P < 0·01), reduced CD62P expression (P < 0·01) and downregulated levels of surface CD42b (P < 0·01) overtime. AS set maintained JC‐positive cells (NS) between day 2 and day 7 and sustained platelet integrin activation (PAC‐1) between day 2 and day 7 (NS). Overall sCD40L and PGDF accumulated in an equivalent way (P < 0·01) within series.Summary/conclusionsIn summary, our data demonstrate that PI treatment using AS sets, in combination with the new pooling set for double‐dose platelet preparation, maintained the platelet in vitro quality over 7 days of storage.
EVOLUTION, CONTINGENCY, AND CHRISTOLOGY
Authors: Clayton Philip , Knapp Steven 
Published: August 2018

AbstractChristopher Southgate has made important contributions to theodicy and the theory of divine action in light of the contingency in evolution and the suffering of creation. What happens then when one thinks through the implications of contingency for Christology? One can admit that aesthetic and moral judgments are products of a contingent history and yet affirm that they really are valid. Similarly, we argue, one can acknowledge the contingency of Jesus’ existence, actions, and subsequent impact and still maintain that his will was uniquely united with the divine will. Following a critical engagement with the recent work of Keith Ward, we argue that a high Christology is compatible with the actual contingencies of evolutionary and social history, without the necessity of interventionist divine action.
Unconventional Techniques for the Analysis of Experimental Spiral Vibrations
Authors: Vania Andrea , Pennacchi Paolo , Chatterton Steven , Cangioli Filippo 
Published: August 2018

The occurrence of spiral vibrations in rotating machines is a well-known but not very common phenomenon. However, this kind of shaft vibration, usually caused by light rubs between rotating and stationary parts, may give rise to a slow considerable increase of the amplitude of the synchronous (1X) vibration. Owing to the rubs, the normal contact forces cause a friction-induced thermal bow, which in turn determines rather slow changes in amplitude and phase of the 1X vibration vector. The curve described in a polar plot by the tip of the vibration vector is a spiral. The occurrence of expansive vibrations may cause serious damage.
Many studies about this malfunction are focused on the stability analysis of spiral vibrations. Simplified or rather rigorous thermal models can be used to evaluate the friction-induced thermal bow of the shaft and the slow continuous migration of the hot spot generated on the external surface of the rotor. However, owing to the complexity of the problem, some basic parameters of the thermal models can be affected by a significant uncertainty.
This paper shows some unconventional techniques that can provide useful information for optimizing the rotor-to-stator contact modelling as well as for tuning some critical parameters of the thermal models that affect the velocity with which the hot spot moves around the circumferential surface of the shaft. The effectiveness of these techniques is shown by means of the analysis of the experimental spiral vibrations detected in a steam turbine power unit.
Performances of Gas Turbines in Oil and Gas Applications: Simple Thermodynamic Methods Help Predict Major Trends
Authors: Schuhler Thierry , Riche Mai , Orhon Dominique , Zoughaïb Assaad , Busco Alessia , Moliere Michel 
Published: August 2018

While reliability stays the most critical requirement for power generation in the Oil & Gas sector, energy effectiveness is becoming an increasingly important topic. Gas turbines are efficient and flexible tools both in electrical and mechanical drive applications as they cope with the multiple energy demand profiles of this sector. Aeroderivative gas turbines boast fast response and fast O&M procedures which fits with the exploitation of hydrocarbon fields. Heavy duty machines are robust and very popular in refinery utilities or as large mechanical drivers. However, it is sometimes desirable to boost GT performances: operators of the Oil & Gas sector may need to increase power output or wish to improve efficiency, especially during part load operation where the latter is degraded. While a number of commercial hardware, service and software products cover these needs, the operators may want to keep their own control on their production tools. To that end resorting to simple thermodynamic considerations enables rule-of-thumb evaluations of the impact of cycle changes on GT performances but this possibility is often unexploited.
This joint paper is intended to provide the energy community, especially the engineers of the Oil & Gas sector, with some basic methods for the estimation/anticipation of gas turbine performance changes.
On the Application of the Bay Model for Vortex Generator Flows
Authors: Manolesos Marinos , Papadakis Giorgos , Voutsinas Spyros G. 
Published: August 2018

Today, Vortex Generators (VGs) are becoming an integral part of a Wind Turbine blade design. However, the challenges that are involved in the computation of the flow around VGs are yet to be dealt with in a satisfactory manner. A large number of VG models for flow solvers have been proposed and among them, the BAY model is one of the most popular for its ease of use and relatively low requirements for user input.
In the present paper, a thorough investigation on the performance and application of the BAY model for aerodynamic Vortex Generator flows is presented. A Fully Resolved Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulation is validated against experiments and then used as the benchmark for the BAY model simulations. The Benchmark case is the flow past a wind turbine airfoil at Reynolds number 0.87e6. When the grid related errors are excluded, it is found that in the model simulations, the generated vortices are weaker than in the fully resolved computation. The latter finding is linked to an inherent deficiency of the model, which is explained in detail. As the vortex generation mechanism is different between the fully resolved and the BAY model simulation, so is the vortex evolution and interaction, even on the same numerical mesh. With regards to grid dependence, the integral BAY force depends on both grid density and grid architecture.
Evaluation of Impact on Lean Blowout Limit and Ignition Delay While Using Alternative Fuels on Gas Turbine Combustor
Authors: Ahmed Ihab , Zheng Lukai , Ubogu Emamode A. , Khandelwal Bhupendra 
Published: August 2018

Burning leaner is an effective way to reduce emissions and improve efficiency. However, this increases the instability of the combustion and hence, increases the tendency of the flame to blowout. On the other hand, the ignition delay of a jet fuel is a crucial factor of the instability feedback loop. Shorter ignition delay results in faster feedback loop, and longer ignition delay results in slower feedback loop. This study investigates the potential effect of ignition delay on the lean blowout limit of a gas turbine combustion chamber.
At the Low Carbon Combustion Centre of The University of Sheffield, a range of tests were carried out for a range of jet fuels on a Rolls-Royce Tay combustor rig. The ignition delay for each fuel was tested using Advanced Fuel Ignition Delay Analyser (AFIDA 2805).
Lean blowout tests (LBO) was conducted on various air flows rates. High speed imaging was recorded using a high speed camera to give further details of the flame behavior near blowout limit for various fuels. The instability level was observed using the pressure, vibration and acoustic fluctuation. This paper presents results from an experimental study performed on a small gas turbine combustor, comparing Lean Blowout limit of different conventional, alternative and novel jet fuels with various ignition delay characteristics. It was observed that at higher cetane number, the blowout is improved remarkably. The Ignition plays an important role in determining the average instability level, and as result determines the Lean Blowout limit of a fuel.
Film Cooling Measurements for a Laidback Fan-Shaped Hole: Effect of Coolant Crossflow on Cooling Effectiveness and Heat Transfer
Authors: Fraas Marc , Glasenapp Tobias , Schulz Achmed , Bauer Hans-Jörg 
Published: August 2018

Internal coolant passages of gas turbine vanes and blades have various orientations relative to the external hot gas flow. As a consequence, the inflow of film cooling holes varies as well. To further identify the influencing parameters of film cooling under varying inflow conditions, the present paper provides detailed experimental data. The generic study is performed in a novel test rig which enables compliance with all relevant similarity parameters including density ratio. Film cooling effectiveness as well as heat transfer of a 10-10-10deg laidback fan-shaped cooling hole are discussed. Data are processed and presented over 50 hole diameters downstream of the cooling hole exit.
First, the parallel coolant flow setup is discussed. Subsequently, it is compared to a perpendicular coolant flow setup at a moderate coolant channel Reynolds number. For the perpendicular coolant flow, asymmetric flow separation in the diffuser occurs and leads to a reduction of film cooling effectiveness. For a higher coolant channel Reynolds number and perpendicular coolant flow, asymmetry increases and cooling effectiveness is further decreased. An increase in blowing ratio does not lead to a significant increase in cooling effectiveness. For all cases investigated, heat transfer augmentation due to film cooling is observed. Heat transfer is highest in the near hole region and decreases further downstream. Results prove that coolant flow orientation has a severe impact on both parameters.
Three-Dimensional Blade Shape Optimization for a Transonic Axial Flow Compressor Through Incorporating Surrogate Model and Sequential Sampling
Authors: Wang Xuesong , Sun Jinju , Song Peng , He Youwei , Xu Da 
Published: August 2018

High level aerodynamic performance has been always expected for the axial flow compressors, and it is the consistent goal for axial flow compressor research. To achieve such a goal, the incorporation of CFD with optimization algorithm and surrogate model in blade geometry optimization has become a common practice and been used extensively. But the conventional surrogate model based on merely initial sampling often deviates from the real optimization problem during optimization process and then brings the optimizer to search locally, leading to the compromised optimal results. There are yet much to do to improve such optimization design method.
An optimization method of surrogate model being updated by sequential sampling strategy is developed to achieve global optimal design geometry and permit high-level of aerodynamic performance for axial flow compressor. Preliminary Kriging surrogate model is constructed with a small number of selected DOE samplings, where the multiple optimization objective functions are obtained based on CFD simulations. The optimization is performed on the surrogate model with NSGA-II optimization algorithm and Pareto fronts successively obtained. To improve the surrogate model, the MSE (Mean Squared Error) criteria is used to select the refinement point from the newest Pareto front, and it is used to update and improve the surrogate model gradually during the optimization. Such adaptive feature of the surrogate model has enabled the optimizer to search globally.
The method is used to optimize transonic Rotor 37 at design flow rate, where the blade shape is varied simultaneously in terms of sweep and lean, and the geometry is optimized. In the converged Pareto front, abundant candidate designs with significant performance gains are produced. Three points over the Pareto front are selected and analyzed to take an insight into the optimization effectiveness. Overall performance curves of optimized geometries are predicted over the entire flow range and they are significantly improved compared with the original ones. Significant overall performance gains arising from the blade optimization are supported by the improved flow behavior. The overall pressure ratio or efficiency gains of the optimized blades are attributed to the significant improvement in the radial distribution of aerodynamic parameters. Further research shows that the shock structure is changed and separation zone is reduced with the optimized blades, which are the major reasons for the improvement of the aerodynamic performance of optimized blades.
Surface Roughness Impact on Secondary Flow and Losses in a Turbine Exhaust Casing
Authors: Jonsson Isak , Chernoray Valery , Rojo Borja 
Published: August 2018

This paper experimentally addresses the impact of surface roughness on losses and secondary flow in a Turbine Rear Structure (TRS). Experiments were performed in the Chalmers LPT-OGV facility, at an engine representative Reynolds number with a realistic shrouded rotating low-pressure turbine (LPT). Outlet Guide Vanes (OGV) were manufactured to achieve three different surface roughnesses tested at two Reynolds numbers, Re = 235000 and Re = 465000. The experiments were performed at on-design inlet swirl conditions. The inlet and outlet flow of the TRS were measured in 2D planes with a 5-hole probe and 7-hole probe accordingly. The static pressure distributions on the OGVs were measured and boundary layer studies were performed at the OGV midspan on the suction side with a time-resolved total pressure probe. Turbulence decay was measured within the TRS with a single hot-wire.
The results showed a surprisingly significant increase in the losses for the high level of surface roughness (25–30 Ra) of the OGVs and Re = 465000. The increased losses were primary revealed as a result of the flow separation on the OGV suction side near the hub. The loss increase was seen but was less substantial for the intermediate roughness case (4–8 Ra). Experimental results presented in this work provide support for the further development of more advanced TRS and data for the validation of new CFD prediction methods for TRS.
Measurement of Pressures and Temperatures in a Cover-Plate Pre-Swirl System
Authors: Wu Heng , Liu Gaowen , Wu Zhipeng , Feng Qing , Yangang Wang 
Published: August 2018

A Pre-swirl system is used to supply cooling air to the rotating turbine blades where the pressure and temperature of the supplied air is crucial for blade cooling.
A test rig was designed to simulate the flow in a cover-plate Pre-swirl system. Some important performance parameters of a pre-swirl system were measured at different mass flow rate (Cw is up to 1.35 × 105), rotation speed (Maϕ is up to 0.744) and outlet pressure (210 kPa and 310 kPa). These parameters include discharge coefficient of pre-swirl nozzle, pressure ratios, temperature drop and rotor work consumption. To get rotor pressure boost ratio and temperature drop, pressures and temperatures on the rotating turbine disc were measured respectively by tiny pressure transducers and thermo-couples co-rotating with the axis and recorded by a customized data recorder co-rotating also. By measuring the inlet and outlet total temperature of the test rig, work consumption was estimated approximately with heat transfer ignored.