bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Production of Nutritional Macrocytic Anemia in Swine
Authors: CARTWRIGHT G. E. , TATTING BETTY , KURTH DORIS , WINTROBE M. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A total of 20 swine were fed a diet adequate in all known respects except that soybean protein was substituted for casein, succinylsulfathiazole and a folic acid antagonist were added, and vitamin B12 and pteroylglutamic acid were withheld from the vitamin supplement.
The animals developed macrocytic anemia, leukopenia and neutropenia, accompanied by erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow. Tue erythroblasts consisted mainly of immature macronormoblasts but a few atypical megaloblasts were also observed.
The anemia responded rapidly and completely to the administration of both vitamin B12 and pteroylglutamic acid. The administration of pteroylglutamic acid alone resulted in an immediate return of the blood and bone marrow to within normal limits but after several months there was a partial hematologic relapse in spite of continued therapy with this vitamin. The administration of vitamin B12 alone resulted in only partial remission of the anemia and the bone marrow remained macronormoblastic although the megaloblasts tended to disappear.
Growth of the animals was stimulated by the administration of either vitamin but the administration of both vitamins simultanseously resulted in the greatest rate of growth.
No manifestations of neurologic disturbances or of inscreased pigment excretion were observed in the deficient swine.
Serologic Properties of a Cold Hemolysin and an Acid Hemolysin Occurring in a Case of Syphilitic Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
Authors: PETERSON E. T. , WALFORD R. L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Two apparently separate hemolysins observed in a case of syphilitic paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria are described.
a. One hemolysin (cold hemolysin) is that responsible for the Donath-Landsteiner reaction.
b. The other (acid hemolysin) is a thermolabile antibody requiring a lowered pH for the production of hemolysis.
2. Review of the literature indicates that a similar acid hemolysin may have been encountered in other reported cases of this disease.
The Occurrence of Megaloblastic Erythropoiesis in Patients with Hemochromatosis
Authors: KOSZEWSKI B. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The occurrence of megaloblastic anemia in hemochromatosis was observed in 9 patients. The anemia was characterized by a macromegalocytic blood picture, a hyperactive macromegaloblastic erythropoiesis as well as a positive response to liver therapy. The bone marrow reticulum was hyperplastic and showed extensive hemosiderin phagocytosis. The hemosiderin was also stored in the plasma cells. This unusual finding was pathognomonic for megaloblastic anemia of hemochromatosis and distinguishes it from the other symptomatic megaloblastic anemias.
Megalocytic anemia occurs relatively frequently in hemochromatosis. Pigment cirrhosis of the liver and hemosiderotic changes in the gastro-intestinal tract seem to be responsible for its genesis. Disturbance in storage, absorption and formation of the antianemic principle favors the accompanying hematologic changes.
Studies on Abnormal Hemoglobins
Authors: SINGER KARL , FISHER BEN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. By transfusing sickle cell anemia erythrocytes with a relatively high concentration of F hemoglobin into normal recipients, it was demonstrated that the disappearance rates of the transfused cells and of their alkali resistant pigment consistently showed great discrepancies. These observations suggest an unequal distribution of the F pigment within the erythrocyte population. A nonuniform distribution of F hemoglobin could also be detected in vitro by exposing sickle cell anemia bloods to mechanical trauma for a longer period of time. The cells most resistant to trauma contained a higher percentage of F hemoglobin than the original blood specimen.
2. The red cell population of patients with sickle cell anemia seems to be composed of three main fractions: (1) cells containing S hemoglobin and no or little F hemoglobin, (2) cells containing both pigments and (3) cells containing F pigment with no or little S hemoglobin.
3. The erythrocytes carrying mostly S hemoglobin have the shortest life span, whereas the red cells containing mostly F hemoglobin have the longest survival time.
4. The significance of these findings in regard to clinical and genetic aspects of sickle cell anemia is discussed. No direct correlation is demonstrable in an individual patient between the absolute amounts of either type S or type F hemoglobin and the severity of the anemia. The latter depends on the variable size of the portion of red cells containing mostly S hemoglobin, and also on the ability of the marrow to replace this particular fraction.
Roles of Prothrombin Activity, Heparin-Protamine Titer and Platelet Concentration in Bleeding of Leukemia
Authors: FREEMAN GUSTAVE , HYDE JOHN S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A test for circulating "heparin-like" anticoagulants neutralizable by protamine has been studied in children with acute leukemia. Bleeding occurred with equal frequency among those with normal and those with elevated heparin-protamine titers. When the protamine titers are calculated on the basis of unit plasma volume, similar distributions of titers for both bleeding and nonbleeding leukemic individuals and identical medians for both groups are observed. The hemorrhagic diathesis in acute leukemia does not necessarily appear to be dependent on coagulation defects demonstrable by prothrombin time, although such defects often are present.
The regular association of circulating platelet levels below 50,000 to 60,000 per cu. mm. with bleeding in acute leukemia has been reaffirmed. Below this critical level, the rate of plasma coagulation is often, but not always, prolonged. Although critical thrombocytopenia appears to be essential to activation of the hemorrhagic diathesis, it seems not to be causative by itself. The relationships among bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and coagulation are discussed.
Blood Destruction in the Polycythemia Induced by Hypoxia
Authors: REISSMANN KURT R. , BURKHARDT WILLIAM L. , HOELSCHER BERNARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The hemoglobin catabolism during the development and during the disappearance of polycythemia induced by hypoxia was studied by measuring the total circulating hemoglobin and the daily bile pigment excretion in bile-fistula dogs before, during, and after prolonged periods of exposure to 20,000 feet simulated altitude.
1. The inscreased erythropoiesis during the first weeks of altitude exposure was accompanied by a signiflcant increase in bile pigment output. The possible sources of this pigment excretion are discussed.
2. The life spans of the red cells during altitude exposure was found to be about 115 days. No differences were observed in the longevity of the cells in animals at ground level and at altitude.
3. The normalization of the polycythemic blood levels took place within six to eight weeks after returns to ground level, and was achieved by the combined effect of a depressed erythropoiesis and of an increased blood destruction. The increase in red cell destruction observed under these conditions demonstrates the existence of an "active" mechanism of blood destrunction by which the organism is able to destroy normal blood cells before their life span is exhausted. This increased red cell destruction, however, accounted for only 21 to 39 per cent of the hemoglobin which disappeared from circulation after return to ground level. The major part of the normalization of altitude polycythemia was brought about by a temporary depression of erythropoiesis which was estimated to amount to 30 or 40 per cent of the normal cell production in the six weeks after the discontinuation of the altitude exposure.
Analytical Review: The Interpretation of Red Cell Survival Curves
Authors: DORNHORST A. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the article entitled "Analytical Review: The Interpretation of Red Cell Survival Curves," by A. C. Dornhorst (Blood 6: 1284-1292, 1951), an error in Equation 2, page 1285 occurred. Equation 2 should read:
See PDF for Equation
The Mechanism of Hemolysis in Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
Authors: JORDAN WILLIAM S. , PROUTY ROBERT L. , HEINLE R. W. , DINGLE JOHN H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Attacks of hemoglobinemia were induced in 2 patients with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH). The occurrence of slight neutropenia and erythrophagocytosis in the first patient occasioned more detailed observations of these phenomena in the second. The in vivo changes observed in Case 2 following three episodes of chilling were similar to those described by earlier investigators. Marked hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria occurred twice; mild hemoglobinemia once. The maximum number of phagocytes was observed at the time of maximum hemolysis. Leukopenia developed promptly during each attack, but the degree of leukopenia was not correlated with either the intensity of erythrocyte destruction or with the extent of phagocytosis.
Neutrophils and monocytes—the phagocytic cells—and eosinophiles were equal1y depressed, all decreasing by from 75 per cent to 80 per cent. Lymphocytes decreased by 33 per cent to 48 per cent. The neutrophils recovered within 2 hours, but the eosinophiles and lymphocytes remained depressed for 5 hours.
When PCH serum was chilled and warmed with complement and homologous or heterologous erythrocytes and leukocytes, erythrophagocytosis occurred, reaching its maximum at a time consistent with the development of leukopenia in vivo. Although PCH antibody was fixed to erythrocytes in the cold phase of the Donath-Landsteiner reaction, phagocytosis did not occur if complement, with the attending hemolysis, was absent in the warm phase.
Erythrophagocytosis was also produced in vitro when human isoantibodies acted as either agglutinins or hemolysins. Phagocytosis was most marked when the sensitized cells were lyzed, the degree of phagocytosis corresponding to the degree of hemolysis.
The in vivo and in vitro observations suggest that leukopenia occurs in persons with cold hemoglobinuria as part of the paroxysm of hemolysis, and that erythrophagocytosis operates to remove damaged erythrocytes and probably promotes the trapping of leukocytes in organ capillaries.
Observations on the Effects of Vitamin B12, Liver Extracts, Folic Acid and Thymine on the Maturation of Megaloblasts in Culture
Authors: THOMPSON R. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Folic acid has been demonstrated to have a direct maturing effect on cultures of megaloblasts obtained from patients suffering from pernicious anemia in relapse. No effect has been observed with either liver extracts, vitamin B12 or thymine.
Acanthrocytosis
Authors: SINGER KARL , FISHER BEN , PERLSTEIN MEYER A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Clinical and laboratory studies are reported on a 13½ year old boy, the offspring of a consanguinous marriage, who, after having been afflicted with a celiac syndrome in early childhood, developed a progressive ataxic neuropathy associated with a peculiar malformation of most of his circulating erythrocytes. Similar observations were previously described in the literature in two siblings also of consanguinous parents. The latter patients, however, had in addition, retinitis pigmentosa.
2. The erythrocytic anomaly consisted of an unusual type of "crenation"; the deformed red cells showed several, irregularly spaced, large and coarse projections on their surface which varied in width and length. Many of the cells resembled spherocytes with pseudopods. The term acanthrocyte (thorny red cell) is proposed for this particular type of misshapen erythrocyte.
3. The acanthrocytes exhibited a slightly decreased osmotic, a markedly increased lysolecithin and mechanical fragility, hut a normal heat and acid fragility.
4. The hemolytic index was within normal range, a finding which seems to preclude the existence of an exaggerated hemolytic process in vivo.
5. It is suggested that acanthrocytosis is genetically conditioned, and due to a mutant recessive allele for a gene which controls the normal architecture of the red cell.
6. Further observations are required to establish whether the association of acanthrocytosis, celiac disease in early childhood, and ataxic neuropathy with or without retinitis pigmentosa constitutes a new hereditary syndrome.
Resistance of Reticulocytes and Young Erythrocytes to the Action of Specific Hemolytic Serum
Authors: CRUZ W. O. , JUNQUEIRA P. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A photoelectric method is used to determine the degree of hemolysis produced by specific hemolytic serum on erythrocytes of dogs, taking as a standard the amount required for 50 per cent hemolysis. The requirement of the normal dog red blood cell is 1.2 cu. ml. (±0.7 cu. ml.) of hemolytic serum, under the conditions described in the method.
The red cells of dogs given a sufficient dose of acetylphenylhydrazine to produce a severe anemia, followed by an intense period of blood regeneration, required an amount of hemolytic serum about two to four times greater than in the normal animal (values from 3.0 to 4.8 cu. ml. of hemolytic serum are recorded). This result shows that the reticulocytes and young erythrocytes are much more resistant than the normal adult red cell to the action of hemolytic serum. It was possible by this technic to concentrate the reticulocytes in vitro, destroying selectively the adult erythrocytes of a sample of blood by an appropriate amount of specific hemolytic serum.
The relationship between these results and the high reticulocytosis observed during crisis in hemolytic jaundice is discussed.
A Method for Separating and Concentrating Platelets from Normal Human Blood
Authors: MINOR ALLEN H. , BURNETT LEE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method is described for the preparation of platelet concentrates from pint volumes of normal human blood collected in standard ACD bottles. Erythrocytes are removed by sedimentation with high molecular weight dextran, and platelets are concentrated by centrifugation in the presence of a surface-active agent, which permits their resuspension in a small volume of physiological fluid following prolonged centrifugation. The procedure results in the recovery of about 80 per cent of the total platelet complement of the blood. The platelets obtained are discrete and morphologically intact, and induce normal prothrombin consumption and clot retraction when added to platelet-poor plasma or thrombocytopenic blood. Transfusions of platelet concentrates given to thrombocytopenic patients have been followed by hemostatic effects lasting from 1 to 5 days.
Plasma Transfusions in Hemophilia
Authors: VAN CREVELD S. , PAULSSEN M. M. P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Transfusions of heparinized plasma have a greater and more lasting effect on the coagulation time of hemophiliacs than transfusions of citrated plasma. Both in vitro and in vivo, heparinized plasma causes in hemophiliacs a far greater consumption of prothrombin as determined with the two-stage method than citrated plasma. In using the one-stage method no important differences in prothrombin activity are found after transfusions of heparinized and of citrated plasma respectively. This fact was thought to be connected with the more or less rapid appearance of an accelerator. Its a hemophiliac with a circulating anticoagulant, transfusions of heparinized plasma were unable to shorten the coagulation time to any important degree, nor did these transfusions cause an important decrease of serum prothrombin as determined by the two-stage method.
The Effect of a Folic Acid Antagonist, A-Methopterin, on the Level of the Circulating Eosinophils in Humans
Authors: WRIGHT JANE C. , HJELT INGA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Daily eosinophil counts were obtained on a group of 10 normal individuals. This control group showed a moderate daily fluctuation in the count, with only 1 exception.
2. Daily eosinophil counts were obtained on 16 chronically ill or convalescent patients to whom A-Methopterin was administered. The eosinophil curves of 10 of these patients showed a fall of over 50 per cent at or prior to A-Methopterin toxicity. In 1 case, the count increased then decreased at toxicity to the initial level. In 3 cases definite evidence of toxicity was not demonstrable and the eosinophil level did not decrease.
3. Six patients showed a fall in their eosinophil counts before clinical evidence of A-Methopterin toxicity. Three patients showed a fall in their eosinophil counts of 75 per cent at the time of A-Methopterin toxicity.
4. Twelve of 16 cases (75 per cent), to whom A-Methopterin was administered showed definite falls in the curves of daily eosinophil counts. That cortisone and the adrenocorticotropic hormone do likewise suggests, but is not evidence, that the mechanisms are related.
The Effects of Cobalt, Liver Extract and Vitamin B12 on the Anemia Induced by Hypophysectomy in Adult Female Rats
Authors: CRAFTS ROGER C. , TURNBULL DOROTHY S. , WEBER PATRICIA R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hypophysectomized adult female rats of the Wistar strain were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg. of cobalt nitrate for 50 days. Most striking results were obtained with the largest dose. The erythrocyte count in the hypophysectomized rats was elevated from a preoperative level of 7.9 million cells per cu. mm. to 11.6 million cells; the hematocrit, from 45.8 per cent to 60.8 per cent; and the hemoglobin, from 16.0 Gm. per 100 cc. to 21.0 Gm. Normal animals responded in a similar manner. Cobalt nitrate, therefore, not only prevented anemia but actually induced a marked elevation in the number of erythrocytes and in hemoglobin. Vitamin B12 and liver extract were ineffective.
Familial Hypoplastic Anemia with Congenital Abnormalities (Fanconi’s Syndrome)
Authors: REINHOLD J. D. L. , NEUMARK E. , LIGHTWOOD R. , CARTER C. O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The published examples of Fanconi's syndrome are reviewed. The syndrome consists of familial hypoplastic anemia and is associated with pigmentation, microcephaly, strabismus, mental backwardness and other congenital anomalies. Two further examples occurring in a family of 7 children are described. Both sisters have macrocytic hypoplastic anemia, microcephaly and convergent strabismus; one has been treated by splenectomy. Three other siblings have microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities, but no anemia. There was no evidence of hemolysis. This condition is probably determined by a recessive gene.
Case Report: A Case of Erythremic Myelosis (Di Guglielmo’s Anemia)
Authors: MACKENZIE IAN , STEPHENSON A. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of erythremic myelosis is described which was characterized by a severe anemia from the beginning. There was irregular remitting fever, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. The peripheral blood showed immature erythroblasts, granulopenia and thrombocytopenia. The bone marrow showed hyperplasia of erythropoiesis with maturation arrest, and a persistent megaloblastic type of nucleus in abnormal red cells. There was also a well defined proliferation of the reticulo-endothelial system. The course was that of the subacute variety of erythremic myelosis, but it began with an acute phase and ended acutely.
A remission of nearly three months without transfusion followed a transfusion of fresh blood. While this may be coincidental with a spontaneous remission we feel that it is probable that a maturation factor in the fresh blood was responsible. For this reason we feel it is reasonable to suppose that other cases of erythremic myelosis will benefit more from fresh blood than from stored blood; and, as in our case, the inevitable fatal outcome after two months or less can be postponed for an appreciable number of months.
Fatal Transfusion Reaction Due to the Kell Factor
Authors: OTTENSOOSER F. , MELLONE O. , BIANCALANA A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A woman of type B, M, Rh1rh was transfused with blood of the same blood groups, but no direct compatibility tests were made. The patient developed a violent hemolytic reaction, became anuric, and subsequently received four compatible transfusions. The clinical course seemed satisfactory but after a week she died suddenly from a cerebrovascular accident. The donor was Kell positive and the patient Kell negative; the donor’s Kell positive cells had disappeared from her blood one day after the transfusion and her serum contained incomplete Kell antibody.
The patient’s husband and four children were Kell negative, but she had received twenty-three years previously, five transfusions from four donors. Three of these donors were located, two of whom were Kell positive. In tests of the patient’s serum with one hundred and eighty-two random bloods there were fourteen or 7.7 per cent positive reactions, an incidence which is characteristic of anti-Kell in caucasoids.
Case Report: Erythroblastic Anemia
Authors: NIEWEG H. O. , ARENDS A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Atrophy of the spleen was observed in 3 cases of nontropical sprue, 1 case of chronic glomerulonephritis and 1 case of Whipple's disease. The occurrence of orthochromatic normoblasts and Howell-Jolly bodies in the peripheral blood in the absence of splenectomy may be a manifestation of atrophy of the spleen. Folic acid therapy was tried in 1 case and resulted in the disappearance of the orthochromatic normoblasts and fragmentation of the Howell-Jolly bodies.
Some arguments are put forward in favor of the conception that atrophy of the spleen may be caused by a disturbance of cell regeneration due to a chronic folic acid deficiency.
Effects of Total Body X-Irradiation on the Peripheral Blood of the Monkey
Authors: ELDRED EARL , ELDRED BERGLIOT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In monkeys subjected to a single dose of LD/50 total body x-irradiation, the periods of initial fall, continued depression and subsequent recovery were determined for total white counts, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes and platelets.
In general, the effect of irradiation upon the blood picture in the monkey parallels closely that observed in lower animals. Discrepancies in the leukocyte recovery times between human atomic bomb casualties and animals, including the monkey, are noted.
Observations on eosinophils and lymphocytes which bear upon the role of irradiation as a stress stimulus are presented and discussed.
Differences in Antigenic Specificity of Human Normal Adult, Fetal, and Sickle Cell Anemia Hemoglobin
Authors: GOODMAN MORRIS , CAMPBELL DAN H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Small differences in the antigenic structures of human normal adult hemoglobin and sickle cell anemia hemoglobin were found to exist. A difference in the serologic behavior of these two hemoglobins attributable to a factor other than that of antigenic specificity was also demonstrated. This factor is thought to pertain to differences in the physicochemical properties of the 2 hemoglobins.
2. Rabbit antiserums failed to show a difference in antigenic specificity, but with chicken antiserums a difference was clearly demonstrated when the in vitro reactions were performed under conditions which produced maximal precipitation. Results suggest that these 2 hemoglobins have a predominance of common antigenic determinants but a small number that are unique for each of the types.
3. Relatively large differences in specificity were found to exist between fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin which suggest that only a few antigenic groups are shared in common by the 2 types.
4. The second, minor hemoglobin in patients with sickle cell anemia was shown to have an antigenic specificity that was either identical with or very similar to that of fetal hemoglobin.