bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wątek kształcenia dziewcząt w reformach szkolnych od czasów Komisji Edukacji Narodowej do II wojny światowej
Authors: Dormus Katarzyna 
Published: February 2019

Girls’ education as an element of school reforms from the Commission of National Education up to WWIIAt the end of the 18th century and during the partitions, the education of young females constituted a separate educational track. At elementary level, young females had access to regular schools. At secondary level, private and monastic schools dominated. The government’s first interference with the education of young females was, perhaps, the attempt by the Commission of National Education to establish the permanent supervision of certain female schools (under legislation from 1775). The laws regarding education in each partition were not commensurate with the growing educational aspirations of women and the general socio-economic conditions. The Russian Partition was characterised by the dual existence of Polish private schools and governmental schools focused on the Russification of young Polish females. In Galicia, the most controversial issue was the creation of female secondary schools, the ompletion of which would enable a young woman to pursue university studies. Only during the Second Polish Republic did female education achieve equality before the law.
Household borrowing constraints and monetary policy in emerging economies
Authors: Arruda Gustavo , Lima Daniela , Teles Vladimir Kühl 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Credit markets in emerging economies can be distinguished from those in advanced economies in many respects, including the collateral required for households to borrow. This work proposes a DSGE framework to analyze one peculiarity that characterizes the credit markets of some emerging markets: payroll-deducted personal loans. We add the possibility for households to contract long-term debt and compare two different types of credit constraints with one another, one based on housing and the other based on future income. We estimate the model for Brazil using a Bayesian technique. The model is able to solve a puzzle of the Brazilian economy: responses to monetary shocks at first appear to be strong but dissipate quickly. This occurs because income – and the amount available for loans – responds more rapidly to monetary shocks than housing prices. To smooth consumption, agents (borrowers) compensate for lower income and for borrowing by working more hours to repay loans and erase debt in a shorter time. Therefore, in addition to the income and substitution effects, workers consider the effects on their credit constraints when deciding how much labor to supply, which becomes an additional channel through which financial frictions affect the economy.
Understanding the recovery of Ruthenium from acidic feeds by oxidative solvent extraction studies
Authors: Verma Parveen Kumar , Gujar Rajesh Bhikaji , Mohapatra Prasanta Kumar 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Ruthenium (106Ru), a notorious fission product in nuclear reprocessing cycle, which gets partitioned at each step needs to be recovered. The recovery of Ru from acidic high level waste (HLW) is of great importance to the nuclear fuel cycle. Quantitative recovery of Ru was achieved from acidic feeds using oxidative trapping mechanism strategy where NaIO4 was used as an oxidant to convert different species of Ru in acidic phase to RuO4 while n-dodecane was used as trapping agent for RuO4. Stripping was attempted using NaOH and NaClO mixture. Attempt was made to optimize various parameters for 103Ru extraction and stripping. 103Ru tracer spiked simulated high level waste was used to understand the 103Ru behaviour in actual waste. The composition of stripping solution (alkaline hypochlorite) was also optimized to have >95% Ru into the aqueous phase in ca. 180 min.
New high temperature resistant heavy concretes for fast neutron and gamma radiation shielding
Authors: Aygün Bünyamin , Şakar Erdem , Korkut Turgay , Sayyed Mohammed Ibrahim , Karabulut Abdülhalik 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In the present work, we developed three new high temperature resistant heavy concretes as novel radiation shielding materials. For this purpose, chrome ore (FeCr2O4), hematite (Fe2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), limonite [FeO (OH) nH2O], siderite (FeCO3), barite (BaSO4), nickel oxide (NiO) materials and alumina cement were used. Mass combination ratios of components and total macroscopic cross sections (scattering, absorption, capture, fission) of the samples were calculated by using GEANT4 code. The resistances of the prepared samples were evaluated in terms of compression strength after exposure at the 1000 °C temperature. Neutron equivalent dose rate measurements were carried out by using 4.5 MeV 241Am-Be neutron source and BF3 detector. All results were compared with normal weight concrete and paraffin. The results of neutron dose indicate that neutron absorption ability of the new heavy concretes is higher than normal weight concrete and paraffin. In addition to neutron measurements, different γ-ray shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atom numbers (Zeff), half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) have been calculated using WinXCOM software in order to investigate the effectiveness of using the prepared concretes as a radiation shielding materials. Gamma-ray results were compared with concretes and Pb-based glass.
Contra-Hedonic Attitudes Toward Pleasant Emotions in China: Links to Hedonism, Emotion Expression, and Depression
Authors: Deng Xinmei , Ding Xuechen 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Contra-hedonic attitudes toward pleasant emotions are culturally dominant in Chinese culture, but less is known about its links with hedonism, emotion expression and depression.Method: We examined how attitudes toward pleasant emotions (measured by the Implicit Association Test) mediated the relation between hedonism and emotion expression (Study 1) and whether contra-hedonic attitudes toward pleasant emotions moderated the relation between emotion expression and depression (Study 2).Results: Chinese implicitly evaluated pleasant emotions as negative and valued hedonism less important in daily lives. As less important in Chinese culture, hedonism may shape individual emotion expression through the influence of implicit attitudes toward pleasant emotions. In line with prior research, emotion expression was associated with higher level of depression. However, this relation was moderated by the extent to which individual evaluated pleasant emotions as negative.Discussion: These findings highlight the importance of how people evaluate pleasant emotions to understand emotion expression and emotional states from a cultural perspective.
Cortical Tracking of Speech-in-Noise Develops from Childhood to Adulthood
Authors: Vander Ghinst Marc , Bourguignon Mathieu , Niesen Maxime , Wens Vincent , Hassid Sergio , Choufani Georges , Jousmäki Veikko , Hari Riitta , Goldman Serge , De Tiège Xavier 
Published: February 2019

In multitalker backgrounds, the auditory cortex of adult humans tracks the attended speech stream rather than the global auditory scene. Still, it is unknown whether such preferential tracking also occurs in children whose speech-in-noise (SiN) abilities are typically lower compared with adults. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the frequency-specific cortical tracking of different elements of a cocktail party auditory scene in 20 children (age range, 6–9 years; 8 females) and 20 adults (age range, 21–40 years; 10 females). During MEG recordings, subjects attended to four different 5 min stories, mixed with different levels of multitalker background at four signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs; noiseless, +5, 0, and −5 dB). Coherence analysis quantified the coupling between the time courses of the MEG activity and attended speech stream, multitalker background, or global auditory scene, respectively. In adults, statistically significant coherence was observed between MEG signals originating from the auditory system and the attended stream at <1, 1–4, and 4–8 Hz in all SNR conditions. Children displayed similar coupling at <1 and 1–4 Hz, but increasing noise impaired the coupling more strongly than in adults. Also, children displayed drastically lower coherence at 4–8 Hz in all SNR conditions. These results suggest that children's difficulties to understand speech in noisy conditions are related to an immature selective cortical tracking of the attended speech streams. Our results also provide unprecedented evidence for an acquired cortical tracking of speech at syllable rate and argue for a progressive development of SiN abilities in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBehaviorally, children are less proficient than adults at understanding speech-in-noise. Here, neuromagnetic signals were recorded while healthy adults and typically developing 6- to 9-year-old children attended to a speech stream embedded in a multitalker background noise with varying intensity. Results demonstrate that auditory cortices of both children and adults selectively track the attended speaker's voice rather than the global acoustic input at phrasal and word rates. However, increments of noise compromised the tracking significantly more in children than in adults. Unexpectedly, children displayed limited tracking of both the attended voice and the global acoustic input at the 4–8 Hz syllable rhythm. Thus, both speech-in-noise abilities and cortical tracking of speech syllable repetition rate seem to mature later in adolescence.
Actuality and potentiality in Dignāga’s understanding of immediate perception (nirvikalpaka pratyakṣa) according to his Pramāṇasamuccaya and Ālambanaparīkṣā
Authors: Lysenko Viktoria 
Published: February 2019

Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of SciencesOn the one hand, Dignāga supposes in his Pramāṇasamuccaya (part 1) that immediate perceptual experience at every given moment has as its object something that never goes beyond its own actually present content and thus may characterise only itself (svalakṣaṇa). In that respect, svalakṣaṇa appears as a kind of mere presence, sheer momentary actuality. It cannot undergo any external influence or exercise its own influence on other svalakṣaṇas. In other words, it cannot be extended to things other than itself, as is the case of mental constructions. First, I would like to ask whether there is a potentiality in the act of immediate perception according to the Pramāṇasamuccaya. On the other hand, in the Ālambanaparīkṣā, cognition is an entirely interior process manifests itself as a sense organ to an internal cognisable form. Second, I would like to dwell on the question concerning whether an immediate perception of svalakṣaṇas, free from mental constructions, is still possible in the Ālambanaparīkṣā.
Remembering the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Collective memory of post-war Japan
Authors: Okuda Hiroko 
Published: February 2019

Nanzan UniversityThis study examines the way in which Tokyo has exploited the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as a symbolic means of inducing post-war Japanese collective identity. To consider an effort on Tokyo’s part to integrate A-bomb memories into the country’s victim consciousness rather than to overcome the past, the study compares the A-bombed cities written with different Japanese forms, the peace parks, and the peace memorials. It also analyses the news coverage by two national daily papers on the A-bomb memorial days. By doing so, the study shows how the nation has been guided in its memory by the government.
Full Accuracy of Machine Learning for Differentiation between Optic Neuropathies and Pseudopapilledema
Authors: Ahn Jin Mo , Kim Sangsoo , Ahn Kwang-Sung , Cho Sung-Hoon , Kim Ungsoo 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Background: This study is to evaluate the accuracy of machine learning for differentiation between optic neuropathies and pseudopapilledema (PPE).
Methods: Two hundred and ninety-five images of optic neuropathies, 295 images of PPE, and 779 control images were used. Pseudopapilledema was defined as follows: cases with elevated optic nerve head and blurred disc margin, with normal visual acuity (>0.8 Snellen visual acuity), visual field, color vision, and pupillary reflex. The optic neuropathy group included cases of ischemic optic neuropathy (177), optic neuritis (48), diabetic optic neuropathy (17), papilledema (22), and retinal disorders (31). We compared four machine learning classifiers (our model, GoogleNet Inception v3, 19-layer Very Deep Convolution Network from Visual Geometry group (VGG), and 50-layer Deep Residual Learning (ResNet)). Accuracy and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were analyzed
Results: The accuracy of machine learning classifiers ranged from 95.89% to 98.63% (our model: 95.89%, Inception V3: 96.45%, ResNet: 98.63%, and VGG: 96.80%). A high AUROC score was noted in both ResNet and VGG (0.999).
Conclusions: Machine learning techniques can be combined with fundus photography as an effective approach to distinguish between PPE and elevated optic disc associated with optic neuropathies.
Keywords: Machine Learning; Pseudopapilledema; Optic neuropathy; Optic disc swelling.
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Unilateral Peripheral Cone Dysfunction Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Hasegawa Tetsuya , Tetsuka Soichi , Yamaguchi Aya , Kobashi Chieko , Sato Tomomi , Tanaka Yoshiaki , Kakehashi Akihiro 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Introduction: To report a case of unilateral peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome and evaluate associated clinicopathological changes using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).
Case Presentation: A 39-year-old Japanese woman reported a visual field defect of 2-years duration in the right eye. The patient underwent visual field testing, full-field electroretinography (ff-ERG), SS-OCT, and a routine ophthalmologic examination. The best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 bilaterally. The funduscopy examination was normal bilaterally. Visual field testing showed a relative paracentral scotoma in the right eye. SS-OCT scans showed an unclear interdigitation zone (IZ) throughout the posterior pole except for the foveal zone in the right eye. SS-OCT macular analysis showed thinning of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) corresponding to the region of the IZ defect. ff-ERG showed almost normal flash ERGs and normal rod responses bilaterally. The cone response and flicker ERG were decreased markedly only in the right eye.
Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of unilateral peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome in which SS-OCT showed pathological changes in the GCL and IPL. The OCT findings corresponded well to the ERG changes and visual field abnormality. Because foveal cone photoreceptor cells are connected in a one-to-one correspondence to retinal ganglion cells without connection to the horizontal cells or amacrine cells, the GCL and IPL were not present in the fovea. Based on this analysis, we speculated that the primary lesion of peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome is not in the cone photoreceptor cells but in the horizontal cells and/or amacrine cells. The clinicopathological changes in the ganglion cells and cone photoreceptor cells might be the subsequent pathologies in the horizontal cells in peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome.
Keywords: Cone dystrophy; Ganglion cell complex; Swept-source optical coherence tomography; Peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome; Peripheral cone dystrophy.
Physiochemical Analysis of Sandalwood (Santalum Album) Leaf Litters Degraded by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia
Authors: Bhati Praveesh , Nagar Ritu , Titov Anurag 
Published: February 2019

The decay of leaf litter by microflora and fauna furnish nutrient supply to the soil and also uphold ecological sustainability. Applying of proper technique and exploring of result provides information for the betterment of agricultural system. Vermicomposting of Sandalwood (Santalum album) leaf litters were studied with an emphasis of physio-chemical deviation during the process and also compared with 100 % cattle dung. Obtained result explore that temperate of 50 % leaf litter (LL) and 100 % cattle dung (CD) was slightly elevated (37ºC ±1 ºC and 35ºC ±1 ºC respectively) at beginning phase and later came down to ambient level (20ºC±1 ºC). The total organic carbon (TOC) exhausted 44 % in 50 % LL Vermicomposting mixture while 70 % in 100 % CD during the process. At the final stage, TOC found more in 50% LL as compared to 100% CD. Nitrogen content was found 1.02±0.1 in 50 % LL and 0.88±0.1 in 100 % CD at the initial phase but after completion of Vermicomposting, their level was increased up to 40 to 44 %. pH was also measured during vermicomposting and found 7.2±0.1 in 50% LL while 8.4±0.1 in 100% CD at the initial phase. The at the end of process pH raised and set up to 8.2 ±0.1 in 50% LL while in 100% CD it was found 8.0 ±0.1.
Grząskie podglebie kulturowe demokracji: Wokół teorii klasy rządzącej Gaetano Moski i „spiżowego prawa oligarchii” Roberta Michelsa
Authors: Kamiński Antoni , Kamiński Bartłomiej 
Published: February 2019

W niniejszym artykule autorzy dokonują oceny koncepcji Moski i Michelsa w perspektywie użyteczności w rozumieniu problemów współczesnego świata oraz poddają weryfikacji „spiżowe prawo oligarchii” wedle badań przeprowadzonych przez Lipseta, Trowa i Colemana. W przekonaniu autorów badania nad Międzynarodowym Związkiem Drukarzy (ITU), które miały wyjaśnić odstępstwo od „spiżowego prawa” Michelsa stanowią pośrednią weryfikację koncepcji Moski. Ukazują, że podglebiem dla demokratycznej struktury ITU, dzięki której uniknięto jej oligarchizacji, była silna podkultura stworzona przez środowisko drukarzy. Powyższe rozważania pozwoliły autorom na przeprowadzenie refleksji nad kondycją współczesnego świata Zachodu, w którym państwa liberalnego konstytucjonalizmu borykają się ze zjawiskiem oligarchizacji rządów oraz stopniowym rozkładem kulturowych podstaw instytucji publicznych. To z kolei doprowadziło autorów do postawienia pod znakiem zapytania przyszłość cywilizacji zachodniej a w szczególności możliwość jej konstruktywnego wyjścia z kryzysu cywilizacyjnego.
DETERMINED TO LEARN: ACCESSING EDUCATION DESPITE LIFE- THREATENING DISASTERS
Authors: SchWeber Claudine 
Published: February 2019

The ‘right to education’ proclaimed by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights requires access to learning as well as the support systems. Since access can be interrupted by various circumstances, the possibility of providing continuity despite external dangers by using online distance education, offers an intriguing and valuable option. For example, life-threatening disasters, such as war or hurricanes, can interrupt or halt ongoing higher education coursework. Despite that reality, some students remain determined to continue the learning. How can institutions respond to this determination fast enough to be of use and effective enough to maintain their educational reputations? Empire State College’s (New York) activities in its Lebanon Residence Program after the 2006 war and Xavier University in New Orleans’ actions in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina provide valuable answers. Together with the unique Sloan Semester—created to temporarily provide educational continuity for hurricane affected students—these programs also offer lessons on resilience and survival in a crisis.
POSITIONING ONLINE LEARNING AS A STRATEGIC ASSET IN THE THINKING OF UNIVERSITY PRESIDENTS AND CHANCELLORS
Authors: Smith Samuel H. “Pete” , Smith Samuel H. , Samors Robert , Mayadas Frank A. 
Published: February 2019

Online learning is becoming an increasingly popular way for students to take courses and for faculty to teach, with the number of students taking at least one online course growing more than ten times as rapidly as the head count enrollments in post-secondary education. Clearly, the time is right to reframe a national dialogue amongst the leaders of our traditional universities and colleges about this asset.Many of the earlier dialogues amongst presidents and chancellors relative to online learning focused on the quantity and, to a lesser extent, the quality of online instruction and its promised impact on our traditional campuses. Previously, online learning was also often associated with for-profit universities which to date remain in a growth phase and are developing academic acceptance.
Formation of Andrographlolide-BetaCyclodextrin Inclusion to Increase Solubility and Dissolution Rate
Authors: Prasetyo Bayu Febram , Wientarsih Ietje , Sajuthi Dondhin , Juniantito Vetnizah 
Published: February 2019

Andrographolide (AG) is a pure isolate of the chemical synthesis of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) which has various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. In order to improve the ability of AG to penetrate the membrane in transdermal use, an inclusion complex was formed using beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) by modifying the physical chemistry properties of AG, particularly the solubility in its base, partition, and distribution on the skin, as well as by changing the permeability of the stratum corneum. The inclusion complexes of AG with BCD were prepared by the solvent evaporation method in the mole ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The solid of the yield of AG inclusion complex in BCD has been tested with a solubility test until it reached equilibrium at 37 ± 5 °C for 24 hours and In vitro dissolution rate test using the II USP method (paddle type), then compared to a single AG compound, and a physical mixture of AG-BCD. Based on the solubility and dissolution rate tests, it showed that the formation of AG-BCD inclusion complex was obtained at the mole ratio of 1:2. Moreover, the AG solubility increased 38 timesand the dissolution rate in the 60th minute increased twice in the inclusion complex with BCD.Key words: andrographolide, inclusion complex, beta cyclodextrin, solubility, dissolution rate
Effect of Fermentation Time and Cassava Varieties on Water Content and the Yield of Starch from Modified Cassava Flour (MOCAF)
Authors: Diniyah Nurud , Subagio Achmad , Nur Lutfian Sari Riri , Gita Vindy Pradiska , Ainur Rofiah Alif 
Published: February 2019

MOCAF (modified cassava flour) is a high potential food product. This product can be used to replace wheat flour in the manufacture of various food products. However, there is no characterization of starch properties of MOCAF. The efforts to improve the quality of starch from cassava starch by fermentation process using a combination of enzymes and microbes from Lactic acid bacteria.The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of fermentation time to yield and moisture content. Single factor randomized block design with 3 (three) levels i.e fermentation time (0, 12, and 24 hours) with two group namely varieties of cassava Cimanggu and Kaspro. Cimanggu and Kaspro cassava varieties were used to compare the properties of starch due to different fermentation time (0, 12 and 24 hours) with triplicate. The results showed the yield and moisture content were affected by fermentation time. Average moisture content ranged from 13.3 to 13.8% with the starch yield is 38-59%. Application of starch MOCAF can be used for food, cosmetics, and medicines industry.Keywords : modified starch, cassava, fermentation, yield