bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-bat tiger moth sounds: Form and function
Authors: Corcoran Aaron J. , Conner William E. , Barber Jesse R. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The night sky is the venue of an ancient acoustic battle between echolocating bats and their insect prey. Many tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) answer the attack calls of bats with a barrage of high frequency clicks. Some moth species use these clicks for acoustic aposematism and mimicry, and others for sonar jamming, however, most of the work on these defensive functions has been done on individual moth species. We here analyze the diversity of structure in tiger moth sounds from 26 species collected at three locations in North and South America. A principal components analysis of the anti-bat tiger moth sounds reveals that they vary markedly along three axes: (1) frequency, (2) duty cycle (sound production per unit time) and frequency modulation, and (3) modulation cycle (clicks produced during flexion and relaxation of the sound producing tymbal) structure. Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups: one with low duty cycle and few clicks per modulation cycle that supports an acoustic aposematism function, and a second with high duty cycle and many clicks per modulation cycle that is consistent with a sonar jamming function. This is the first evidence from a community-level analysis to support multiple functions for tiger moth sounds. We also provide evidence supporting an evolutionary history for the development of these strategies. Furthermore, cross-correlation and spectrogram correlation measurements failed to support a “phantom echo” mechanism underlying sonar jamming, and instead point towards echo interference.
Developmental ecology of the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus
Authors: Botton Mark L. , Tankersley Richard A. , Loveland Robert E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
During spawning events, horseshoe crab eggs are released from the female's oviducts, and fertilized by one or more males. Eggs are shaped by the female into discrete clutches deposited in nests at depths of 10-20 cm on intertidal estuarine beaches. Distinguishing between fresh eggs and the early developmental stages is obfuscated by the large amount of dense, opaque yolk. The first unambiguous confirmation of development is the formation of the rudimentary prosomatic appendages at the "limb bud" stage. Several days thereafter, the outer chorion is shed and the developing embryo expands and undergoes a series of molts within the clear inner egg membrane. The trilobite (first instar) stage thus attained may remain within the beach sediments for several more weeks, until hatching is facilitated by environmental factors such as hydration, agitation, and osmotic shock that accompany the infiltration of seawater into the nests. Trilobites exhibit endogenous circatidal swimming rhythms that are entrained by mechanical agitation, suggesting that peaks in larval swimming are timed to coincide with periods of high water and the inundation of the nests. Larval swimming is limited and does not appear to result in long-distance dispersal. The limited dispersal of the larvae has important implications for the population dynamics of relatively isolated populations. The rate of larval development is highly plastic and is influenced by temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of pollutants. The broad environmental tolerances of horseshoe crab embryos and larvae are important in understanding their current geographic distribution and their evolutionary persistence.
Seasonal movements of American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire (USA)
Authors: Schaller Susanne Y. , Chabot Christopher C. , Watson Winsor H. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the year round movement patterns of American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire (USA) by using acoustic telemetry to track the movements of 37 adult Limulus, for periods ranging from 2 to 31 months. During the winter (December-March) horseshoe crabs moved very little. In the spring, when water temperatures exceeded 11oC, horseshoe crabs moved at least 1 km further up into the estuary to shallower subtidal areas about a month prior to spawning. The mean distance traveled during spring migrations was 2.6 ± 0.5 (n=20) km up the estuary. Mating occurred in May and June and during these months animals spent most of their time in shallow subtidal areas adjacent to mating beaches. In the summer (July-August), animals moved 1.5 ± 0.5 (n=26) km down the estuary, towards the ocean, and ranged widely, using extensive portions of the estuary. In the fall (September-November) movement was more limited (0.5 ± 0.5 km; n = 24) while animals settled into wintering locations, where they remained until spring. The mean annual linear range for all animals was 4.5 ± 0.3 km (n =35) and the maximum distance traveled by an individual horseshoe crab within one year was 9.2 km. There was no evidence that any of the horseshoe crabs tracked during this study left the estuary.
The age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index in minimally invasive mitral valve surgery
Authors: Minol Jan-Philipp , Dimitrova Vanessa , Petrov Georgi , Langner Robert , Boeken Udo , Rellecke Philipp , Aubin Hug , Kamiya Hiroyuki , Sixt Stephan , Huhn Ragnar , Sugimura Yukiharu , Albert Alexander , Lichtenberg Artur , Akhyari Payam 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Mitral valve repair is the preferred method used to address mitral valve regurgitation, whereas transcatheter mitral valve repair is recommended for high-risk patients. We evaluated the risk-predictive value of the age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (aa-CCI) in the setting of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery.

METHODS
The perioperative course and 1-year follow-up of 537 patients who underwent isolated or combined minimally invasive mitral valve surgery were evaluated for 1-year mortality as the primary end point and other adverse events. The predictive values of the EuroSCORE II and STS score were compared to that of the aa-CCI by a comparative analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves. Restricted cubic splines were applied to find optimal aa-CCI cut-off values for the increased likelihood of experiencing the predefined adverse end points. Consequently, the perioperative course and postoperative outcome of the aa-CCI ≥8 patients and the remainder of the sample were analysed.

RESULTS
The predictive value of the aa-CCI does not significantly differ from those of the EuroSCORE II or STS score. Patients with an aa-CCI ≥8 were identified as a subgroup with a significant increase of mortality and other adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS
The aa-CCI displays a suitable predictive ability for patients undergoing minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. In particular, multimorbid or frail patients may benefit from the extension of the objectively assessed parameters, in addition to the STS score or EuroSCORE II. Patients with an aa-CCI ≥8 have a very high surgical risk and should receive very careful attention.
Global Geographical and Temporal Patterns of Seasonal Influenza and Associated Climatic Factors
Authors: Dave Kunjal , Lee Patricia C 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Understanding geographical and temporal patterns of seasonal influenza can help strengthen influenza surveillance to early detect epidemics and inform influenza prevention and control programs. We examined variations in spatiotemporal patterns of seasonal influenza in different global regions and explored climatic factors that influence differences in influenza seasonality, through a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications. The literature search was conducted to identify original studies published between January 2005 and November 2016. Studies were selected using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The primary outcome was influenza cases; additional outcomes included seasonal or temporal patterns of influenza seasonality, study regions (temperate or tropical), and associated climatic factors. Of the 2,160 records identified in the selection process, 36 eligible studies were included. There were significant differences in influenza seasonality in terms of the time of onset, duration, number of peaks, and amplitude of epidemics between temperate and tropical/subtropical regions. Different viral types, cocirculation of influenza viruses, and climatic factors, especially temperature and absolute humidity, contributed to the variations in spatiotemporal patterns of seasonal influenza. The findings reported in this review could inform global surveillance of seasonal influenza and influenza prevention and control measures such as vaccination recommendations for different regions.
An evolutionary signal to fungal succession during plant litter decay
Authors: Vivelo Sasha , Bhatnagar Jennifer M 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Ecologists have frequently observed a pattern of fungal succession during litter decomposition, wherein different fungal taxa dominate different stages of decay in individual ecosystems. However, it is unclear which biological features of fungi give rise to this pattern. We tested a longstanding hypothesis that fungal succession depends on the evolutionary history of species, such that different fungal phyla prefer different decay stages. To test this hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis across studies in 22 different ecosystem types to synthesize fungal decomposer abundances at early, middle and late stages of plant litter decay. Fungal phyla varied in relative abundance throughout decay, with fungi in the Ascomycota reaching highest relative abundance during early stages of decay (P < 0.001) and fungi in the Zygomycota reaching highest relative abundance during late stages of decay (P < 0.001). The best multiple regression model to explain variation in abundance of these fungal phyla during decay included decay stage, as well as plant litter type and climate factors. Most variation in decay-stage preference of fungal taxa was observed at basal taxonomic levels (phylum and class) rather than finer taxonomic levels (e.g. genus). For many finer-scale taxonomic groups and functional groups of fungi, plant litter type and climate factors were better correlates with relative abundance than decay stage per se, suggesting that the patchiness of fungal community composition in space is related to both resource and climate niches of different fungal taxa. Our study indicates that decomposer fungal succession is partially rooted in fungal decomposers’ deep evolutionary history, traceable to the divergence among phyla.
Addition of pollen increases growth of nectar-living yeasts
Authors: Pozo María I , Jacquemyn Hans 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Nectar is frequently inhabited by a limited number of microorganisms. Nonetheless, these species can quickly attain relatively high cell densities. This is quite surprising because of the limited availability of nutrients and unbalanced Carbon/Nitrogen ratios. Because nectar yeasts commonly aggregate around pollen and pollen grains are particularly rich in proteins, it has been suggested that the presence of pollen in nectar contributes to enhanced growth of yeasts in nectar, but compelling experimental evidence is still lacking. In this study, we conducted in vitro growth experiments to investigate whether the addition of pollen to sugar water increased growth of yeasts that naturally occur in nectar and honey provisions: Metschnikowia reukaufii, Starmerella orientalis and Torulaspora delbueckii. Our results indicate that yeasts benefit from the addition of pollen to a sugar-dominated medium, but the effects depended on type of pollen used. Overall, these results demonstrate that pollen plays an important role in the population dynamics of nectar-inhabiting yeasts and supports the idea that the chemical composition and the concentration of dehisced pollen may be more important factors determining the population growth of nectar yeasts than the chemistry of the nectar itself.
Short- and Long-term Effects of Support Visibility on Support Providers' Negative Affect
Authors: Marini Christina M , Wilson Stephanie J , Tate Ashley M , Martire Lynn M , Franks Melissa M 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Seminal research with spouses of chronic pain patients indicates that providing patients with instrumental support can be either costly or beneficial for spouses' well-being. Drawing from the invisible support literature, this study evaluated the extent to which patients' recognition of spouses' support moderated daily and long-term associations between spouses' support provision and negative affect.

Method
Data came from a sample of spouses (N = 145) of knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and the patients themselves. Participants completed a baseline interview, 22 days of daily diaries, and two follow-up interviews 6 and 18 months after baseline. Multilevel models were estimated to test study hypotheses.

Results
As expected, support visibility moderated daily and long-term associations between spouses' instrumental support provision and negative affect. Spouses reported elevated levels of negative affect in response to providing patients with extra care and attention, but only when their support was not recognized (i.e., reported) by patients.

Discussion
Findings from the current study pinpoint support visibility as a protective factor that may mitigate negative short- and long-term effects of spousal instrumental support provision on spouses' negative affect. Promoting patients' awareness of their spouses' support may offset negative emotional consequences of caregiving in the context of chronic health stressors.
Differences in the Experience of Caregiving Between Spouse and Adult Child Caregivers in Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Authors: Rigby Taylor , Ashwill Robert T , Johnson David K , Galvin James E 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDementia caregiving has been associated with increased burden, depression, grief, a decreased sense of well-being and quality of life, and a weakening of social support. Little is known about the experience of caregiving in Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). The present study examines differences in the caregiving experience of spouse versus adult child caregivers of individuals with DLB.Research Design and MethodsIn this cross-sectional analytic study of spouses (n = 255) and adult children (n = 160) caregivers of individuals with DLB, participants completed an online survey of burden, grief, depression, well-being, quality of life, and social support.ResultsAdult child caregivers were more likely to care for women (p &lt; .001) and see the care recipient less often (p &lt; .001) than spouses. Adult child caregivers reported lower quality of life (p &lt; .001) and more caregiver burden (p &lt; .009), but also greater social support (p &lt; .001) than spouses. Between group analyses of caregiver type by disease severity demonstrated that spousal caregivers experience greater grief with advancing disease (p = .005), while adult child caregivers increase social support with advancing disease (p &lt; .001).Discussion and ImplicationsSpouses and adult children experience DLB caregiving differently. This was explained by the younger age of the adult child caregiver, frequency of contact with the care recipient, and differences in the care recipient’s characteristics, frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and disease severity. DLB caregiver support for this population should target psychoeducation for complicated neuropsychiatric symptoms in the care recipient. Screening all DLB caregivers for burden, grief, and depression is suggested to identify those that may benefit most from intervention. Spouses specifically may benefit from interventions that target increasing social support, while adult child caregivers may benefit from interventions aimed at mitigating burden and improving quality of life.
School policies and smoking intention in a Swiss sample of adolescents
Authors: Scalici Francesca , Schulz Peter J 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The majority of today’s adult smokers took up the habit during adolescence. The school community and the rules it imposes are important factors that can influence adolescents’ smoking intention and behaviour. Research on the effect of school tobacco policies on adolescents’ smoking concludes with mixed results. Our study aims to look at the influence of these policies on the intention to smoke and to know if this relation is mediated by individual and environmental factors. The study includes information on social norms, attitude towards smoking and smoking intention from 4515 students of 32 Ticino middle schools and on the tobacco policy implemented in this school. Linear regression indicates a marginal impact of school policy on intention to smoke. Schools that strongly enforce tobacco policy obtain an increase in their students’ intention to smoke, while schools that implement assistance programmes to overcome tobacco use decrease intention to smoke. Mediation models show that the influence of some of tobacco policy dimensions on the intention to smoke is mediated by personal attitudes towards smoking, beliefs about health consequences of smoking and perceived peers smoking. Increasing visibility of tobacco policies and having tobacco prevention programmes have stronger positive effects on smoking intention than other policy dimensions, but only through the mediation of individual and environmental factors.
Spatial heterogeneity of seasonal phytoplankton blooms in a marginal sea: physical drivers and biological responses
Authors: Song Hongjun , Ji Rubao , Xin Ming , Liu Ping , Zhang Zhaohui , Wang Zongling 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Satellite and in situ observations are used in this study to examine spatial heterogeneity in the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms in relation to local and remote physical processes in the Yellow Sea (YS), a marginal sea in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Satellite ocean colour data reveal that annual chlorophyll maximums vary significantly in both timing and magnitude over different subregions of the YS. Strong summer blooms were found off estuary regions, and widespread spring blooms were found in the central trough. Localized autumn and winter peaks were found in small patches around Jeju Island and in nearshore regions. A statistical analysis of in situ measurements of the western YS suggests that variability in hydrographic properties could explain most of the spatial heterogeneity observed in both bloom timing and magnitude. The spatial heterogeneity of hydrographic properties, such as stratification and nutrient availability, are controlled by a suite of physical forcings, including the extent of the YS Cold Water Mass, river discharge, warm slope water intrusion, and seasonal warming/cooling. Our results imply that the spatial heterogeneity of marginal seas must be carefully considered when assessing phytoplankton responses in the context of climate change, because of the complexity of underlying mechanisms.
Virtual Retraction Properties in Groups
Authors: Minasyan Ashot 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIf $G$ is a group, a virtual retract of $G$ is a subgroup, which is a retract of a finite index subgroup. Most of the paper focuses on two group properties: property (LR), that all finitely generated subgroups are virtual retracts; and property (VRC), that all cyclic subgroups are virtual retracts. We study the permanence of these properties under commensurability, amalgams over retracts, graph products, and wreath products. In particular, we show that (VRC) is stable under passing to finite index overgroups, while (LR) is not.The question whether all finitely generated virtually free groups satisfy (LR) motivates the remaining part of the paper, studying virtual free factors of such groups. We give a simple criterion characterizing when a finitely generated subgroup of a virtually free group is a free factor of a finite index subgroup. We apply this criterion to settle a conjecture of Brunner and Burns.
On Smooth Solutions to One Phase-Free Boundary Problem in ℝn
Authors: Liu Yong , Wang Kelei , Wei Juncheng 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We construct a smooth axially symmetric solution to the classical one phase free boundary problem in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, $n\geq 3.$ Its free boundary is of “catenoid” type. This is a higher dimensional analogy of the Hauswirth–Helein–Pacard solution [18] in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$. The existence of such solution is conjectured in [18, Remark 2.4]. This is the 1st nontrivial smooth solution to the one phase-free boundary problem in higher dimensions.
Antisense inhibition of lpxB gene expression in Acinetobacter baumannii by peptide–PNA conjugates and synergy with colistin
Authors: Martínez-Guitián Marta , Vázquez-Ucha Juan Carlos , Álvarez-Fraga Laura , Conde-Pérez Kelly , Bou Germán , Poza Margarita , Beceiro Alejandro 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundLpxB is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis pathway of lipid A, a component of LPS.ObjectivesTo evaluate the lpxB gene in Acinetobacter baumannii as a potential therapeutic target and to propose antisense agents such as peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as a tool to combat bacterial infection, either alone or in combination with known antimicrobial therapies.MethodsRNA-seq analysis of the A. baumannii ATCC 17978 strain in a murine pneumonia model was performed to study the in vivo expression of lpxB. Protein expression was studied in the presence or absence of anti-lpxB (KFF)3K-PNA (pPNA). Time–kill curve analyses and protection assays of infected A549 cells were performed. The chequerboard technique was used to test for synergy between pPNA and colistin. A Galleria mellonella infection model was used to test the in vivo efficacy of pPNA.ResultsThe lpxB gene was overexpressed during pneumonia. Treatment with a specific pPNA inhibited LpxB expression in vitro, decreased survival of the ATCC 17978 strain and increased the survival rate of infected A549 cells. Synergy was observed between pPNA and colistin in colistin-susceptible strains. In vivo assays confirmed that a combination treatment of anti-lpxB pPNA and colistin was more effective than colistin in monotherapy.ConclusionsThe lpxB gene is essential for A. baumannii survival. Anti-lpxB pPNA inhibits LpxB expression, causing bacterial death. This pPNA showed synergy with colistin and increased the survival rate in G. mellonella. The data suggest that antisense pPNA molecules blocking the lpxB gene could be used as antibacterial agents.
A novel plasmid-encoded mcr-4.3 gene in a colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strain
Authors: Martins-Sorenson Natacha , Snesrud Erik , Xavier Danilo Elias , Cacci Luciana Camila , Iavarone Anthony T , McGann Patrick , Riley Lee W , Moreira Beatriz Meurer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To identify the molecular mechanism of colistin resistance in an MDR Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strain isolated in 2008 from a meningitis case in Brazil.

Methods
Long- and short-read WGS was used to identify colistin resistance genes in A. baumannii strain 597A with a colistin MIC of 64 mg/L. MS was used to analyse lipid A content. mcr was cloned into pET-26b (+) and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(λDE3)pLysS for analysis.

Results
A novel plasmid (pAb-MCR4.3) harbouring mcr-4.3 within a Tn3-like transposon was identified. The A. baumannii 597A lipid A MS spectra showed a main molecular ion peak at m/z=2034, which indicated the addition of phosphoethanolamine to the lipid A structure. E. coli BL21 transformed with pET-26b-mcr-4.3 gained colistin resistance with a colistin MIC of 8 mg/L.

Conclusions
Colistin resistance in A. baumannii 597A was correlated with the presence of a novel plasmid-encoded mcr-4.3 gene.