bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary analysis of an uncharacteristic population of the Mountain Pygmy-possum(Burramys parvus)in the Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Hawke Tahneal , Bates Hayley , Hand Suzanne , Archer Michael , Broome Linda 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundThe Mountain Pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus) is a critically endangered marsupial, endemic to alpine regions of southern Australia. We investigated the diet of a recently discovered population of the possum in northern Kosciuszko National Park, NSW, Australia. This new population occurs at elevations well below the once-presumed lower elevation limit of 1,600 m.Goals and MethodsFaecal material was analysed to determine if dietary composition differed between individuals in the newly discovered northern population and those in the higher elevation southern population, and to examine how diet was influenced by rainfall in the southern population and seasonal changes in resource availability in the northern population.Results and DiscussionThe diet ofB. parvusin the northern population comprised of arthropods, fruits and seeds. Results indicate the diet of both populations shares most of the same invertebrate orders and plant species. However, in the absence of preferred food types available to the southern population, individuals of the northern population opportunistically consumed different species that were similar to those preferred by individuals in higher altitude populations. Differing rainfall amounts had a significant effect on diet, with years of below average rainfall having a greater percentage composition and diversity of invertebrates. Seasonal variation was also recorded, with the northern population increasing the diversity of invertebrates in their diet during the Autumn months when Bogong Moths (Agrotis infusa) were absent from those sites, raising questions about the possum’s dependence on the speciesConclusionsMeasurable effects of rainfall amount and seasonal variation on the dietary composition suggest that predicted climatic variability will have a significant impact on its diet, potentially impacting its future survival. Findings suggest that it is likely thatB. parvusis not restricted by dietary requirements to its current pattern of distribution. This new understanding needs to be considered when formulating future conservation strategies for this critically endangered species.
Clinical factors associated with circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in primary breast cancer
Authors: Zhou Yidong , Xu Yaping , Gong Yuhua , Zhang Yanyan , Lu Yaping , Wang Changjun , Yao Ru , Li Peng , Guan Yanfang , Wang Jiayin , Xia Xuefeng , Yang Ling , Yi Xin , Sun Qiang 
Published: January 2019

Noninvasive circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be used to predict breast cancer recurrence and prognosis. In this study, we detected 226 and 114 somatic variants in tumor DNA from 70 primary breast cancer (PBC) patients (98.59%) and ctDNA from 48 patients (67.61%), respectively. Gene frequencies of tumor DNA and ctDNA significantly correlated (R2 = 0.9532, P < 0.0001), and tumor‐derived variants were detectable in the blood of 43 patients. ctDNA was more often detected in locally advanced/metastatic and nonluminal patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that individual N stage (P < 0.001) and hormone receptor (HR) status (P = 0.001) could independently predict the detectability of tumor‐derived mutations in blood. The maximal variant allele frequency of ctDNA was significantly higher in patients with stage IV/M1 (P = 0.0136) and stage T3/T4 (P = 0.0085) cancers. Finally, clonal variants in tumor DNA were more easily traced in ctDNA than subclonal variants (84.62% vs 48.75%). In conclusion, ctDNA fragments concordant with tumor DNA can be consistently detected in the majority of tested PBC patients, which may enable noninvasive genomic profiling of PBC, particularly for patients with advanced‐stage tumors and positive HR status.
New Frontiers in Biocatalysis
Authors: Woodley John M. , Turner Nicholas J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhile biotechnology has developed at an increasing pace in recent years, the developments in the field of biocatalysis have been spectacular, driven by the opportunity to tune the catalytic properties of enzymes to particular reactions, using protein engineering. This opens new opportunities for synthetic organic chemists as well as chemical engineers. The design of processes now needs to incorporate the design of new pathways to existing or new products, from more sustainable feedstocks, as well as the design of the biocatalyst to match reactor requirements. Protein engineering also enables more stable catalysts to be developed allowing continuous reactor operation, as well as the application of more rigorous kinetic analysis. Each of these areas will be discussed in this chapter, which reveal several new and exciting areas at the interface of synthetic organic chemistry, protein engineering, and chemical engineering.
Comparing phase‐ and amplitude‐gated volumetric modulated arc therapy for stereotactic body radiation therapy using 3D printed lung phantom
Authors: Lee Minsik , Yoon KyoungJun , Cho Byungchul , Kim Su Ssan , Song Si Yeol , Choi Eun Kyung , Ahn SeungDo , Lee Sang‐Wook , Kwak JungWon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurposeTo compare the dosimetric impact and treatment delivery efficacy of phase‐gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) vs amplitude‐gated VMAT for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for lung cancer by using realistic three‐dimensional‐printed phantoms.MethodsFour patient‐specific moving lung phantoms that closely simulate the heterogeneity of lung tissue and breathing patterns were fabricated with four planning computed tomography (CT) images for lung SBRT cases. The phantoms were designed to be bisected for the measurement of two‐dimensional dose distributions by using EBT3 dosimetry film. The dosimetric accuracy of treatment under respiratory motion was analyzed with the gamma index (2%/1 mm) between the plan dose and film dose measured under phase‐ and amplitude‐gated VMAT. For the validation of the direct usage of the real‐time position management (RPM) data for respiratory motion, the relationship between the RPM signal and the diaphragm position was measured by four‐dimensional CT. By using data recorded during the beam delivery of both phase‐ and amplitude‐gated VMAT, the total time intervals were compared for each treatment mode.ResultsFilm dosimetry showed a 5.2 ± 4.2% difference of gamma passing rate (2%/1 mm) on average between the phase‐ vs amplitude‐gated VMAT [77.7% (72.7%–85.9%) for the phase mode and 82.9% (81.4%–86.2%) for the amplitude mode]. For delivery efficiency, frequent interruptions were observed during the phase‐gated VMAT, which stopped the beam delivery and required a certain amount of time before resuming the beam. This abnormality in phase‐gated VMAT caused a prolonged treatment delivery time of 366 s compared with 183 s for amplitude‐gated VMAT.ConclusionsConsidering the dosimetric accuracy and delivery efficacy between the gating methods, amplitude mode is superior to phase mode for gated VMAT treatment.
Radiation dose and image quality comparison during spine surgery with two different, intraoperative 3D imaging navigation systems
Authors: Nachabe Rami , Strauss Keith , Schueler Beth , Bydon Mohamad 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCareful protocol selection is required during intraoperative three‐dimensional (3D) imaging for spine surgery to manage patient radiation dose and achieve clinical image quality. Radiation dose and image quality of a Medtronic O‐arm commonly used during spine surgery, and a Philips hybrid operating room equipped with XperCT C‐arm 3D cone‐beam CT (hCBCT) are compared. The mobile O‐arm (mCBCT) offers three different radiation dose settings (low, standard, and high), for four different patient sizes (small, medium, large, and extra large). The patient's radiation dose rate is constant during the entire 3D scan. In contrast, C‐CBCT spine imaging uses three different field of views (27, 37, and 48 cm) using automatic exposure control (AEC) that modulates the patient's radiation dose rate during the 3D scan based on changing patient thickness. hCBCT uses additional x‐ray beam filtration. Small, medium, and large trunk phantoms designed to mimic spine and soft tissue were imaged to assess radiation dose and image quality of the two systems. The estimated measured “patient” dose for the small, medium, and large phantoms imaged by the mCBCT considering all the dose settings ranged from 9.4–27.6 mGy, 8.9–33.3 mGy, and 13.8–40.6 mGy, respectively. The “patient” dose values for the same phantoms imaged with hCBCT were 2.8–4.6 mGy, 5.7–10.0 mGy, and 11.0–15.2 mGy. The CNR for the small, medium, and large phantoms was 2.9 to 3.7, 2.0 to 3.0, and 2.5 to 2.6 times higher with the hCBCT system, respectively. Hounsfield unit accuracy, noise, and uniformity of hCBCT exceeded the performance of the mCBCT; spatial resolution was comparable. Added x‐ray beam filtration and AEC capability achieved clinical image quality for intraoperative spine surgery at reduced radiation dose to the patient in comparison to a reference O‐arm system without these capabilities.
Grades of brain arteriovenous malformations and risk of hemorrhage and death
Authors: Stefani Marco A. , Sgarabotto Ribeiro Diego , Mohr Jay P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationship of the grade of unruptured and untreated Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs), with the risk of subsequent stroke and death during follow‐up.MethodsThis prospective study was drawn from a cohort of adult patients with unruptured AVMs, who participated in the conservative treatment arm (medical management only for headache or seizures) of the randomized clinical trial of unruptured brain AVMs (ARUBA study). The grade of AVMs (Spetzler–Martin scale) was dichotomized into categories: AVMs of grades I and II were considered low grade; AVMs of grades III and IV were considered high grade. There were no grade V AVM patients in ARUBA. The primary outcome was symptomatic stroke (hemorrhagic or ischemic – documented by imaging) or death.ResultsThe conservative treatment group had 123 patients (“as treated” analysis). 71 (57.7%) had lesions characterized for this analysis as low‐grade lesions and 52 (42.2%) as high grade. From the total of 10 (8.13%) primary outcomes, three occurred (4.22%) in low‐grade AVMs and seven (13.46%) in high‐grade AVMs (P = 0.0942).InterpretationStatistical analysis of the cohort of patients with unruptured and untreated AVMs from ARUBA study showed that the graduation categories (Spetzler–Martin grades) were not associated with the outcome of subsequent stroke or death.
Fast Growth of Thin MAPbI3 Crystal Wafers on Aqueous Solution Surface for Efficient Lateral‐Structure Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Ye , Dong Qingfeng , Fang Yanjun , Lin Yuze , Deng Yehao , Huang Jinsong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSolar‐grade single or multiple crystalline wafers are needed in large quantities in the solar cell industry, and are generally formed by a top‐down process from crystal ingots, which causes a significant waste of materials and energy during slicing, polishing, and other processing. Here, a bottom‐up technique that allows the growth of wafer‐size hybrid perovskite multiple crystals directly from aqueous solution is reported. Single‐crystalline hybrid perovskite wafers with centimeter size are grown at the top surface of a perovskite precursor solution. As well as saving raw materials, this method provides unprecedented advantages such as easily tunable thickness and rapid growth of the crystals. These crystalline wafers show high crystallinity, broader light absorption, and a long carrier recombination lifetime, comparable with those of bulk single crystals. Lateral‐structure perovskite solar cells made of these crystals demonstrate a record power conversion efficiency of 5.9%.
Dynamic Screening and Slow Cooling of Hot Carriers in Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Joshi Prakriti Pradhan , Maehrlein Sebastian F. , Zhu Xiaoyang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAmong the exceptional properties of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) is the ultraslow cooling of hot carriers. Carrier densities below the Mott density for large polarons (≤ ≈1018 cm−3) are focused on here. As in other semiconductors, a nascent hot electron distribution initially cools down via emission of longitudinal optical (LO) phonons on the 10−14–10−13 s timescale. What distinguishes LHPs from conventional semiconductors is the exceptionally efficient screening in the former. The dielectric screening in LHPs on the 10−13 s timescale results in an order‐of‐magnitude reduction in the Coulomb potential upon the formation of a large polaron, likely with ferroelectric‐like local ordering. Further LO‐phonon emission is inhibited, and this leads to partial retention of hot electron energy on the 10−12 s timescale, more so in hybrid LHPs than in their all‐inorganic counterparts. Further cooling of hot polarons occurs on the 10−10 s timescale, and this can be attributed to the slow diffusion of heat out of the large polaron volume due to the low thermal conductivity of LHPs. Like other carrier properties, slow hot carrier cooling in LHPs can be intimately related to efficient screening in a soft, anharmonic, and dynamically disordered lattice.
Interplay between Composition, Electronic Structure, Disorder, and Doping due to Dual Sublattice Mixing in Nonequilibrium Synthesis of ZnSnN2:O
Authors: Pan Jie , Cordell Jacob , Tucker Garritt J. , Tamboli Adele C. , Zakutayev Andriy , Lany Stephan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe opportunity for enhanced functional properties in semiconductor solid solutions has attracted vast scientific interest for a variety of novel applications. However, the functional versatility originating from the additional degrees of freedom due to atomic composition and ordering comes along with new challenges in characterization and modeling. Developing predictive synthesis–structure–property relationships is prerequisite for effective materials design strategies. Here, a first‐principles based model for property prediction in such complex semiconductor materials is presented. This framework incorporates nonequilibrium synthesis, dopants and defects, and the change of the electronic structure with composition and short range order. This approach is applied to ZnSnN2 (ZTN) which has attracted recent interest for photovoltaics. The unintentional oxygen incorporation and its correlation with the cation stoichiometry leads to the formation of a solid solution with dual sublattice mixing. A nonmonotonic doping behavior as a function of the composition is uncovered. The degenerate doping of near‐stoichiometric ZTN, which is detrimental for potential applications, can be lowered into the 1017 cm−3 range in highly off‐stoichiometric material, in quantitative agreement with experiments.
Physically Coating Nanofiltration Membranes with Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots for Simultaneously Improved Water Permeability and Salt/Dye Rejection
Authors: Zhao Guoke , Hu Ruirui , He Yijia , Zhu Hongwei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA physically bound coating of graphene oxide quantum dots (GO QDs) on thin‐film composite polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membranes is prepared through a pressure‐assisted filtration method to simultaneously improve the membranes' water permeability and salt/dye rejection. It is the first attempt to use carbon‐based nanoparticles as surface coating to improve the efficiency of water filtration membranes. Influences of the GO QDs' coating on the hydrophilicity and surface charge of the membranes are investigated by water contact angle and zeta potential measurements. With the GO QDs' coating, the surface roughness and hydrophilicity of the membranes increase, and the membrane surface becomes more negatively charged. Water permeability and salt/dye rejection of GO QD–coated NF membranes increase simultaneously in model salt/dye aqueous solutions, and negatively charged methyl orange. The increased water permeability can be ascribed to the improved membrane surface hydrophilicity, while the increased salt/dye rejection can be attributed to the improved surface electronegativity. The detachment of GO QDs during testing is negligible, which is confirmed by a long‐time stability test with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations. The interactions between GO QDs' and NF membranes' surface are strong enough so that the coating exhibits good durability.
Aligned Ionogel Electrolytes for High‐Temperature Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Xinhua , Taiwo Oluwadamilola O. , Yin Chengyao , Ouyang Mengzheng , Chowdhury Ridwanur , Wang Baofeng , Wang Huizhi , Wu Billy , Brandon Nigel P. , Wang Qigang , Cooper Samuel J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIonogels are a new class of promising materials for use in all‐solid‐state energy storage devices in which they can function as an integrated separator and electrolyte. However, their performance is limited by the presence of a crosslinking polymer, which is needed to improve the mechanical properties, but compromises their ionic conductivity. Here, directional freezing is used followed by a solvent replacement method to prepare aligned nanocomposite ionogels which exhibit enhanced ionic conductivity, good mechanical strength, and thermal stability simultaneously. The aligned ionogel based supercapacitor achieves a 29% higher specific capacitance (176 F g−1 at 25 °C and 1 A g−1) than an equivalent nonaligned form. Notably, this thermally stable aligned ionogel has a high ionic conductivity of 22.1 mS cm−1 and achieves a high specific capacitance of 167 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 and 200 °C. Furthermore, the diffusion simulations conducted on 3D reconstructed tomography images are employed to explain the improved conductivity in the relevant direction of the aligned structure compared to the nonaligned. This work demonstrates the synthesis, analysis, and use of aligned ionogels as supercapacitor separators and electrolytes, representing a promising direction for the development of wearable electronics coupled with image based process and simulations.
Janitor workload and occupational injuries
Authors: Green Deirdre R. , Gerberich Susan G. , Kim Hyun , Ryan Andrew D. , McGovern Patricia M. , Church Timothy R. , Schwartz Adam , Arauz Rony F. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundThis study was designed to identify potential effects of workload and sleep on injury occurrence.MethodsQuestionnaires were disseminated to janitors in the SEIU Local 26 union; 390 responded and provided information on workload, sleep, and injury outcomes. Quantitative measurements of workload and sleep were collected via FitBit devices from a subset of 58 janitors. Regression techniques were implemented to determine risk.ResultsThirty‐seven percent reported increased workload over the study period Adjusted analyses indicated a significant effect of change in workload (RR: 1.94; 95%CI: 1.40‐2.70) and sleep hours (RR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.33‐3.66) on occupational injury. Among those with sleep disturbances, injury risk was greater for those with less than five, versus more than five, days of moderate to vigorous physical activity; RR: 2.77; 95%CI: 1.16‐6.59).ConclusionsIncreased workload and sleep disturbances increased the risk of injury, suggesting employers should address these factors to mitigate occupational injuries.
Intermolecular Nitrene Insertion by Bimetallic Catalysts
Authors: Ho Po‐Hsiun , Hung Chao‐Chun , Wang Yen‐Hsiang , Jing Chuang Gary 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn intermolecular nitrene insertion catalyzed by heterobimetallic Co−Pd complexes is reported herein. In a previous report, paddlewheel complex CoPd(OAc)4 was found to have similar reactivity with the well‐known catalyst, Rh2(OAc)4 in the intramolecular C−H amination. For the more challenging intermolecular reaction, biscarboxylate ligand esp acid was used for the Co−Pd core. The reactivity of CoPdesp2 was compared with its dirhodium counterparts in the aziridination of cyclic alkenes. Also, a biscarboxylate, HPH acid with the skeleton of xanthene was synthesized and tested on the dirhodium core in the aziridination reactions. Both of Rh2HPH2 and Rh2esp(OAc)2 were found to be competent catalysts in the intermolecular aziridination of cyclic alkenes.
Synthesis of Chiral α‐Mercapto‐β‐acylamido Esters via One‐Pot Asymmetric Hydrosilylation−transacylation of α‐Acylthio‐β‐Enamino Esters
Authors: Dai Xingjie , Liu Min , Huang Min , Zhang Jiayan , Xu Xiaoying , Yuan Weicheng , Zhang Xiaomei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChiral α‐mercapto‐β‐amino acid derivatives are highly significant for the development of new synthetic methodology and pharmaceutics. Until now, only a few catalytic asymmetric transformations for the synthesis of optically active α‐mercapto‐β‐amino acid derivatives have been developed. In continuation of our ongoing research on asymmetric hydrosilylation, herein we report a one‐pot asymmetric hydrosilylation‐transacylation of N‐unprotected α‐acylthio‐β‐enamino esters by employing a chiral picolinamide Lewis base as a catalyst. The reactions afforded a wide variety of α‐mercapto‐β‐acylamido esters with good yields (up to 99%) in good diastereoselectivities (>20 : 1 d.r.) and moderate to good enantioselectivities (up to 86% ee). Furthermore, the absolute configuration of one product was determined and the configurations of other products were assigned by analogy. Finally, based on the absolute configuration of the product, a mechanism was proposed.
Templat‐freie Synthese und selektive Befüllung von Janus‐Nanocups
Authors: Qiang Xiaolian , Steinhaus Andrea , Chen Chen , Chakroun Ramzi , Gröschel André H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWir berichten über die Herstellung von Janus‐Nanocups (JNCs) mit anisotroper Form und Oberfläche durch Selbstorganisation von ABC‐Triblock‐Terpolymeren im beengten Raum, induziert durch Lösungsmittel‐Verdampfung. Während der Mikrophasenseparation in sphärischer Begrenzung bildet das Triblock‐Terpolymer spontan hemisphärische Mikropartikel mit einer inneren Lamellen‐Lamellen(ll)‐Morphologie. Durch Vernetzung und nachträgliches Zerlegen der Mikropartikel entstehen JNCs mit unterschiedlicher Chemie auf der Innen‐ und Außenseite. Die mechanische Stabilität der JNCs lässt sich durch Variation der Länge des vernetzbaren Polymer‐Blocks kontrollieren. Die Stabilität ist dabei vor allem relevant, um das Öffnen/Schließen der Kavität zu steuern. Wir nutzen die Janus‐Eigenschaften zur selektiven Beladung, z. B. mit Polymeren oder Goldnanopartikeln. Dank ihrer gerichteten Eigenschaften könnten die JNCs als Mikroschwimmer, zur Wasserreinigung, als Wirkstofftransporter, als Template oder als Nanoreaktoren genutzt werden.
Four Oxidation States in a Single Photoredox Nickel‐Based Catalytic Cycle: A Computational Study
Authors: de Aguirre Adiran , Funes‐Ardoiz Ignacio , Maseras Feliu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe computational characterization of the full catalytic cycle for the synthesis of indoline from the reaction between iodoacetanilide and a terminal alkene catalyzed by a nickel complex and a photoactive ruthenium species is presented. A variety of oxidation states of nickel, Ni0, NiI, NiII, and NiIII, is shown to participate in the mechanism. Ni0 is necessary for the oxidative addition of the C−I bond, which goes through a NiI intermediate and results in a NiII species. The NiII species inserts into the alkene, but does not undergo the reductive elimination necessary for C−N bond formation. This oxidatively induced reductive elimination can be accomplished only after oxidation to NiIII by the photoactive ruthenium species. All the reaction steps are computationally characterized, and the barriers for the single‐electron transfer steps calculated using a modified version of the Marcus Theory.