bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Conductive, Stretchable, and Cell‐Adhesive Hydrogel by Nanoclay Doping
Authors: Tondera Christoph , Akbar Teuku Fawzul , Thomas Alvin Kuriakose , Lin Weilin , Werner Carsten , Busskamp Volker , Zhang Yixin , Minev Ivan R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractElectrically conductive materials that mimic physical and biological properties of tissues are urgently required for seamless brain–machine interfaces. Here, a multinetwork hydrogel combining electrical conductivity of 26 S m−1, stretchability of 800%, and tissue‐like elastic modulus of 15 kPa with mimicry of the extracellular matrix is reported. Engineering this unique set of properties is enabled by a novel in‐scaffold polymerization approach. Colloidal hydrogels of the nanoclay Laponite are employed as supports for the assembly of secondary polymer networks. Laponite dramatically increases the conductivity of in‐scaffold polymerized poly(ethylene‐3,4‐diethoxy thiophene) in the absence of other dopants, while preserving excellent stretchability. The scaffold is coated with a layer containing adhesive peptide and polysaccharide dextran sulfate supporting the attachment, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells directly on the surface of conductive hydrogels. Due to its compatibility with simple extrusion printing, this material promises to enable tissue‐mimetic neurostimulating electrodes.
Analog–Digital Hybrid Memristive Devices for Image Pattern Recognition with Tunable Learning Accuracy and Speed
Authors: Lin Ya , Wang Cong , Ren Yanyun , Wang Zhongqiang , Xu Haiyang , Zhao Xiaoning , Ma Jiangang , Liu Yichun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBrain‐inspired memristive artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been identified as a promising technology for pattern recognition tasks. To optimize the performance of ANNs in various applications, a recognition system with tunable accuracy and speed is highly desirable. A single WO3−x‐based memristor is presented in which analog and digital resistive switching (A‐RS and D‐RS) coexist according to a selectively executed forming process. The A‐RS and D‐RS mechanisms can be attributed to the modulation of the Schottky barrier on the interface and the formation/rupture of conducting filaments inside the film, respectively. More importantly, a new analog–digital hybrid ANN is developed based on the coexistence of A‐RS and D‐RS in the WO3−x memristor, enabling tunable learning accuracy and speed in pattern recognition. The spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity learning rules, as a learning base for image pattern recognition, are demonstrated using A‐RS and D‐RS devices with obviously different fluctuations and rates of change. The learning accuracy/speed can be improved by increasing the proportion of A‐RS/D‐RS in the crossbar array. A convenient method is provided for selecting an optimized pattern recognition scheme to meet different application situations.
Effect of cooling on the residual mechanical properties and cracking of plain and fibrous geopolymer concretes at elevated temperatures
Authors: Shaikh Faiz U. A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper presents the effects of various cooling methods on residual mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete and fiber reinforced geopolymer concretes (FRGC) after exposure to 200, 400, 600, and 800°C temperatures. Three types of cooling methods are considered namely, ambient air cooling, water spray cooling and rapid water cooling. Results show that irrespective of cooling methods, the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete decreases significantly after exposure to 400, 600, and 800°C temperatures compared to 200°C where only 10–15% reduction is observed. Among the three cooling methods, the compressive strength loss is slightly higher in rapid cooling and water spray cooling than the ambient air cooling at 400 to 800°C. However, at 200°C that loss is about 20–25%. In the case of indirect tensile strength, however, at 200°C no reduction in strength is observed due to rapid cooling and water spray cooling compared to ambient air cooling. Significant reduction in indirect tensile strength is observed in those two cooling methods at 400, 600, and 800°C. Strong correlations between indirect tensile strength and compressive strength of geopolymer concretes at all cooling methods are also observed. Rapid cooling and water spray cooling methods do not cause any significant cracking in geopolymer concretes at 200 and 400°C, followed by minor and significant cracking at 600 and 800°C, respectively. However, at 800°C the rapid cooling caused more cracking than those two cooling methods. Rapid cooling also showed higher reduction in compressive strength than ambient air cooling in both steel fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete (steel‐FRGC) and polyvinyl alcohol fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete (PVA‐FRGC) after exposure to 400 and 600°C temperatures. PVA‐FRGC exhibited more brittle failure behavior in compression than steel‐FRGC irrespective of cooling methods. The existing Eurocode overestimates the residual compressive and indirect tensile strengths of geopolymer concrete at 400 and 600°C temperatures compared to other temperatures. The same is also true in PVA‐FRGC. However, in steel‐FRGC the Eurocode 4 overestimates at 400°C but underestimates at 600 and 800°C.
The emergence of new Islamic economic and business moralities
Authors: Sencal Harun , Asutay Mehmet 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article aims to explore the sources of the observed transformation in the embeddedness of economic, business, and financial practices of Muslim individuals in comparison to premodern period Muslims. It argues that the predomination of instrumental reasoning in modern times, as opposed to substantive morality in everyday practice, is one of the main reasons behind the transformation of embeddedness of Muslim individuals. Instrumental reasoning, being the dominant methodology, leads to diminished submergence in social relations; that is not limited to interpersonal relationships, but further extended to the core religious acts. How such an emergent economic and business morality is reconciled with the Islamic substantive morality is examined. It is argued that “transformation of exception into norm” is the main method used to reconcile instrumental reasoning with Islamic law in fulfilling religious obligations, at least in terms of fulfilling the form and in complying with the necessities of modern life. This has led to the emergence of new economic and business moralities.
Nonlinear dynamics of uniformly loaded Elastica: Experimental and numerical evidence of motion around curled stable equilibrium configurations
Authors: Baroudi Djebar , Giorgio Ivan , Battista Antonio , Turco Emilio , Igumnov Leonid A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIt has been numerically observed and mathematically proven that for a clamped Euler's Elastica, which is uniformly loaded, there exist, in large deformations, some ‘undocumented’ equilibrium configurations which resemble a curled pending wire. Even if Elastica is one of the most studied model in mathematical physics, we could not find in the literature any description of an equilibrium like the one whose existence was forecast theoretically in [36].In this paper, we prove that this kind of equilibrium configurations can be actually observed experimentally when using ‘soft’ beams. We mean with soft beams: Elasticae whose ratio between the applied load intensity and the bending stiffness is large enough. Moreover, we prove experimentally that such equilibrium configurations are actually stable, by observing their oscillations around the considered nonstandard equilibrium configuration.To describe theoretically such oscillations we consider, instead of a ‘soft’ Elastica model, directly a Hencky‐type discrete model, i.e. a ‘masses‐springs’ finite dimensional Lagrangian model. In this way we formulate, avoiding the use of an intermediate continuum model, a model for which numerical simulations can be performed without the introduction of any further discretization. In this way, we can also predict quantitatively the motions of soft beams, in the regime of large displacements and deformations. Postponing to future investigations more careful quantitative measurements, we report here that it was possible to get a rather promising qualitative agreement between observed motions and predictive numerical simulations.
Environmental Deaths in the Northern Territory of Australia, 2003–2018
Authors: Tiemensma Marianne 
Published: April 2019

Introduction The Northern Territory is sparsely populated with a distinctive climate, geography, and wildlife compared with other states and territories in Australia. Environmental deaths (including drowning, heat-related deaths or environmental exposure, fatal animal attacks or envenomation, and lightning deaths) are reportable to the Northern Territory coroner for further investigation. Methods Databases of the Northern Territory coroner's office and the Royal Darwin Hospital Forensic Pathology Unit were searched to identify all environmental deaths over a 15-y period (July 1, 2003–June 30, 2018). Results A total of 4535 cases were reported to the Northern Territory coroner's office during the studied period, of which 167 (4%) were environmental deaths. Drowning was the most common type of environmental death, followed by heat-related deaths and fatal crocodile attacks. Deaths resulting from lightning and animals other than crocodiles are rare. Local resident, male victims in rural locations were the most commonly affected. Alcohol intoxication played a role in about one-third of cases, and in approximately one-third of cases a known underlying medical condition was identified. Conclusions The Northern Territory has a challenging environment that is hot, humid, remote, and isolated. Circumstantial information and thorough police investigations are essential in the medicolegal investigation of environmental deaths.
All-fiber high-power linearly polarized supercontinuum generation from polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibers
Authors: Tao Yue , Chen Sheng-Ping 
Published: April 2019

We demonstrate an all-fiber high-power linearly polarized supercontinuum source with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibers (PM-PCFs) as the nonlinear medium. The source exhibits an average output power of 3.8 W with a flat spectrum from 480 nm to 2100 nm at the $-$10 dB level, except for the residual pump peak. The polarization extinction ratio (PER) is measured to be greater than 20 dB at selected sample wavelength points (532 nm, 1064 nm and 1550 nm) at the highest pump power level and greater than 20 dB at all wavelengths from 800 nm to 1500 nm at the low pump power level. We also experimentally study the spectral properties when the pump light propagates along different axes of the PM-PCF. The results show that propagating parallel to the slow axis enables a broader spectrum in the PM-PCF in this case, probably due to matching of the dispersion properties with the pump light, which is qualitatively in accordance with the numerical simulation. To our best knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a watt-level linearly polarized supercontinuum source generated from PM-PCFs in an all-fiber structure.
Second harmonic generation of q-Gaussian laser beam in plasma channel created by ignitor heater technique
Authors: Gupta Naveen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a scheme for second harmonic generation (SHG) of q-Gaussian laser beam in plasma channel created by ignitor heater technique. The ignitor beam creates plasma by tunnel ionization of air. The heater beam heats the plasma electrons and establishes a parabolic density profile. The third beam (q-Gaussian beam) is guided in this plasma channel under the combined effects of density nonuniformity of the plasma channel and relativistic mass nonlinearity of the plasma electrons. The propagation of q-Gaussian laser beam through the plasma channel excites an electron plasma wave at pump frequency that interacts with the incident laser beam to produce its second harmonics. The formulation is based on finding the numerical solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger wave equation for the fields of the incident laser beams with the help of moment theory approach. Particular emphasis is put on dynamical variations of the spot size of the laser beams and conversion efficiency of the second harmonics with distance of propagation.
A fragment of a tenth-century English sacramentary
Authors: Hartzell K. D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn abiding concern for scholars of the presence of music in Anglo-Saxon England is whether parochial witnesses can reflect a more comprehensive reality. This article discusses a hitherto undiscovered source of information pertinent to this topic. Its conclusions are not as precise as one would want, due to the source's fragmentary nature, but they help us address music in a wider world nevertheless.
Domesday Book and the transformation of English landed society, 1066–86
Authors: Baxter Stephen , Lewis C. P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article presents the first fruits of a long-term project which aims to identify all the landholders named in Domesday Book, and to build up a picture of English landed society before and after the Norman conquest. The first part describes the project's methods and illustrates them with a selection of short profiles of individuals whose careers add distinctive colour to the emerging picture. The second offers firstly an analysis of the social distribution of landed wealth in England in 1066 and 1086, quantifying the numbers of landholders in different groups defined by the amount of the land assigned to them in Domesday. We then turn to a spatial analysis of landed society, using maps to illustrate the geographical distribution of landholding. In doing so, we offer fresh perspectives on the transformation of English landed society in the aftermath of conquest.
Disgust as an emotional driver of vaccine attitudes and uptake? A mediation analysis
Authors: Luz P. M. , Brown H. E. , Struchiner C. J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractResearch on the drivers of vaccine acceptance has expanded but most interventions fall short of coverage targets. We explored whether vaccine uptake is driven directly or indirectly by disgust with attitudes towards vaccines acting as a possible mediator. An online cross-sectional study of 1007 adults of the USA via Amazon's Mechanical Turk was conducted in January 2017. The questionnaire consisted of four sections: (1) items assessing attitudes towards vaccines and vaccine uptake, (2) revised Disgust Scale (DS-R) to measure Disgust Sensitivity, (3) Perceived Vulnerability to Disease scale (PVD) to measure Germ Aversion and Perceived Susceptibility, and (4) socio-demographic information. Using mediation analysis, we assess the direct, the indirect (through Vaccine Attitudes) and the total effect of Disgust Sensitivity, Germ Aversion and Perceived Susceptibility on 2016 self-reported flu vaccine uptake. Mediation analysis showed the effect of Disgust Sensitivity and Germ Aversion on vaccine uptake to be twofold: a direct positive effect on vaccine uptake and an indirect negative effect through Vaccine Attitudes. In contrast, Perceived Susceptibility was found to have only a direct positive effect on vaccine uptake. Nonetheless, these effects were attenuated and small compared to economic, logistic and psychological determinants of vaccine uptake.
Transgenerational associations between maternal childhood stress exposure and profiles of infant emotional reactivity
Authors: Hipwell Alison E. , Tung Irene , Northrup Jessie , Keenan Kate 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChildhood exposure to stress can induce prolonged negative effects on health, which in turn confer risks for the next generation, but greater specificity is needed to inform intervention. A first step is to measure individual differences in emotional reactivity to stress early in life in ways that can account for heterogeneity in child exposure. The present study tested the hypothesis that mothers’ childhood exposure to stress would be differentially associated with patterns of positive and negative emotional reactivity in their offspring, suggesting transmission of stress response across generations. Participants were 268 young mothers (age 14–23 years) followed longitudinally since childhood, and their infants aged 3–9 months. Latent class analysis of infant emotions expressed before and during the still-face paradigm yielded five subgroups that varied in valence, intensity, and reactivity. After accounting for sociodemographic factors, infant temperament, and postpartum depression, multinomial regression models showed that, relative to an emotionally regulated still-face response, infants showing low negative reactivity were more likely to have mothers exposed to childhood emotional abuse, and infants showing high and increasing negative reactivity were more likely to have mothers exposed to childhood emotional neglect. Mechanisms by which early maternal stress exposure influences emotional reactivity in offspring are discussed.
Improving Management of Limb Injuries in Disasters and Conflicts
Authors: Jensen Guy , Bar-On Elhanan , Wiedler Jane Thorley , Hautz Stefanie C. , Veen Harald , Kay Alan R. , Norton Ian , Gosselin Richard A. , von Schreeb Johan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIt has become clear that disaster relief needs to transition from good intentions or a charity-based approach to a professional, outcome-oriented response. The practice of medicine in disaster and conflict is a profession practiced in environments where lack of resources, chaos, and unpredictability are the norm rather than the exception. With this consideration in mind, the World Health Organization (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) and its partners set out to improve the disaster response systems. The resulting Emergency Medical Team (EMT) classification system requires that teams planning on engaging in disaster response follow common standards for the delivery of care in resource-constraint environments. In order to clarify these standards, the WHO EMT Secretariat collaborated with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC; Geneva, Switzerland) and leading experts from other stakeholder non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to produce a guide to the management of limb injuries in disaster and conflict.The resulting text is a free and open-access resource to provide guidance for national and international EMTs caring for patients in disasters and conflicts. The content is a result of expert consensus, literature review, and an iterative process designed to encourage debate and resolution of existing open questions within the field of disaster and conflict medical response.The end result of this process is a text providing guidance to providers seeking to deliver safe, effective care within the EMT framework that is now part of the EMT training and verification system and is being distributed to ICRC teams deploying to the field.This work seeks to encourage professionalization of the field of disaster and conflict response, and to contribute to the existing EMT framework, in order to provide for better care for future victims of disaster and conflict.Jensen G, Bar-On E, Wiedler JT, Hautz SC, Veen H, Kay AR, Norton I, Gosselin RA, von Schreeb J. Improving management of limb injuries in disasters and conflicts. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(3):330–334.
White Matter Correlates of Cognitive Performance on the UCSF Brain
Health Assessment
Authors: Alioto Andrea G. , Mumford Paige , Wolf Amy , Casaletto Kaitlin B. , Erlhoff Sabrina , Moskowitz Tacie , Kramer Joel H. , Rankin Katherine P. , Possin Katherine L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjective: White matter (WM) microstructural changes are
increasingly recognized as a mechanism of age-related cognitive differences.
This study examined the associations between patterns of WM microstructure and
cognitive performance on the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
Brain Health Assessment (BHA) subtests of memory (Favorites), executive
functions and speed (Match), and visuospatial skills (Line Orientation) within a
sample of older adults. Method: Fractional anisotropy (FA) in WM
tracts and BHA performance were examined in 84 older adults diagnosed as
neurologically healthy (47), with mild cognitive impairment (19), or with
dementia (18). The relationships between FA and subtest performances were
evaluated using regression analyses. We then explored whether regional WM
predicted performance after accounting for variance explained by global FA.
Results: Memory performance was associated with FA of the
fornix and the superior cerebellar peduncle; and executive functions and speed,
with the body of the corpus callosum. The fornix–memory association and
the corpus callosum–executive association remained significant after
accounting for global FA. Neither tract-based nor global FA was associated with
visuospatial performance. Conclusions: Memory and executive
functions are associated with different patterns of WM diffusivity. Findings add
insight into WM alterations underlying age- and disease-related cognitive
decline.
Cover crop seed preference of four common weed seed predators
Authors: Youngerman Connor Z. , DiTommaso Antonio , Losey John E. , Ryan Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInvertebrate seed predators (ISPs) are an important component of agroecosystems that help regulate weed populations. Previous research has shown that ISPs' seed preference depends on the plant and ISP species. Although numerous studies have quantified weed seed losses from ISPs, limited research has been conducted on the potential for ISPs to consume cover crop seeds. Cover crops are sometimes broadcast seeded, and because seeds are left on the soil surface, they are susceptible to ISPs. We hypothesized that (1) ISPs will consume cover crop seeds to the same extent as weed seeds, (2) seed preference will vary by plant and ISP species, and (3) seed consumption will be influenced by seed morphology and nutritional characteristics. We conducted seed preference trials with four common ISPs [Pennsylvania dingy ground beetle (Harpalus pensylvanicus), common black ground beetle (Pterostichus melanarius), Allard's ground cricket (Allonemobius allardi) and fall field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus)] in laboratory no choice and choice feeding assays. We compared seed predation of ten commonly used cover crop species [barley (Hordeum vulgare), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), forage radish (Raphanus sativus), cereal rye (Secale cereale), white mustard (Sinapis alba), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), red clover (Trifolium pratense), triticale (×Triticosecale) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa)] and three weed species [velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi)]. All four ISPs readily consumed cover crop seeds (P < 0.05), but cover crops with hard seed coats and seed hulls such as hairy vetch and barley were less preferred. Our results suggest that farmers should select cover crop species that are avoided by ISPs if they plan on broadcasting the seed, such as with aerial interseeding.