bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment and persistence/recurrence of sleep‐disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Nehme Joy , LaBerge Robert , Pothos Mary , Barrowman Nicholas , Hoey Lynda , Kukko Madelaine , Monsour Andrea , Katz Sherri L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveSleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) is common in children with Down syndrome, but the trajectory and long‐term outcomes are not well‐described. In a retrospective longitudinal cohort of children with Down syndrome, study objectives were to (1) characterize polysomnography (PSG), treatments received, and persistence/recurrence of SDB and (2) explore predictors of SDB persistence/recurrence.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted of children who underwent PSGs between 2004 and 2014. SDB was defined as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)‐mixed (apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI] >5 events/hour), central sleep apnea or hypoventilation. PSGs, interventions, and trajectory of SDB were described. Age, body mass index (BMI) Z‐score and AHI at first SDB diagnosis were evaluated as predictors of persistent/recurrent SDB.ResultsOf 506 children, 120 had ≥1 PSG; 54 had subsequent PSGs. Children with ≥2 PSGs were more likely to have higher total AHI (P = .02) and obstructive‐mixed AHI (P = .01). Thirty‐five of fifty‐four (65%) were initially diagnosed with OSA‐mixed SDB. After first PSG, 67 of 120 had OSA‐mixed SDB, of whom 25 (37.3%) underwent adenotonsillectomy (T&A), 13 (19.4%) received positive airway pressure (PAP). Those who underwent T&A after PSG were significantly younger than those who received PAP (median age 6.2 vs 12.5 years; P = .005). OSA‐mixed SDB persisted/recurred in 33 of 54 (73.3%) with ≥2 PSGs. Persistence/recurrence was not associated with age, AHI or BMI Z‐score at first SDB.ConclusionChildren with Down syndrome undergoing T&A for SDB were significantly younger than those treated with PAP. SDB persisted/recurred in three of four and was not predicted by age, SDB severity or BMI Z‐score. Longitudinal PSG assessment for persistence/recurrence of SDB is required in this population.
Effect of gas mixing on Xe ion currents from an ECR ion source
Authors: Mandal Anuvab , Thulasiram K.V. , Fernandes W. , Tribedi Lokesh C. 
Published: June 2019

Gas mixing technique has been used in order to increase the current of highly charged ions of Xe at the TIFR‐ECRIA. The He, N2, O2, Ne, and Ar are used as support gases, and their effect on output currents of Xe ions is studied. The effective ion charge and the total loss rate of ions are calculated from the measured currents. It is found that molecular gases, such as N2 and O2, exhibit better mixing effect in the enhancement of output of highly charged Xe ions. Furthermore, we describe this 14.5‐GHz ECR ion source mounted on a high voltage (400 kV) deck, with its four beamlines, as well as the control system for the remote operation.
Influence of microorganism and plant oils on the structure of mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) biosurfactants revealed by a novel thin layer chromatography mass spectrometry method
Authors: Beck Alexander , Haitz Fabian , Grunwald Saskia , Preuss Laura , Rupp Steffen , Zibek Susanne 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) are microbial glycolipid biosurfactants with great potential for application in cosmetics and household detergents. In current biotechnological processes, they are produced by basidiomycetous fungi, the Ustilaginaceae, as a complex mixture of different chemical structures. It was the aim of this paper to study the influence of producer organisms and substrates on the resulting MEL structures with a novel high-resolution HPTLC–MALDI-TOF method. Given the seven different microbes and four plant oils, our analysis revealed that the product concentrations varied strongly between organisms, while they were similar for the different substrates. Coconut oil presented an exception, since only one organism was able to synthesize MEL from this substrate in considerable yields. Analysis by GC-FID further showed that the chain length pattern of hydrophobic fatty acid side-chains was very specific for individual organisms, while substrates had only a minor influence on the chain length. Our novel HPTLC–MALDI-TOF combination method finally demonstrated the presence of multiple MEL sub-variants with differing acetylation and fatty acid chain lengths. It also revealed the production of a more hydrophilic biosurfactant mannosylmannitol lipid (MML) as a side-product in certain fungi. Overall, it was concluded that the pattern of produced biosurfactant structures are mainly governed by producer organisms rather than substrates.
Evaluating accuracy of sampling strategies for fluorescent gel monitoring of patient room cleaning
Authors: Rock Clare , Small Bryce A. , Hsu Yea-Jen , Gurses Ayse P. , Xie Anping , Scheeler Verna , Cummings Stephanie , Trexler Polly , Milstone Aaron M. , Maragakis Lisa L. , Cosgrove Sara E. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe compared the fluorescent gel removal rate using fewer high-touch surfaces (HTSs) and rooms and determined the optimum number of HTSs and rooms needed to ensure accuracy using 2,942 HTSs in 228 rooms on 13 units. Randomly selecting 3 HTS in 2 rooms predicted the optimal removal rate.
Effectiveness of a multisite personal protective equipment (PPE)–free zone intervention in acute care
Authors: Visnovsky Lindsay D. , Zhang Yue , Leecaster Molly K. , Safdar Nasia , Barko Lauren , Haroldsen Candace , Mulvey Diane L. , Nevers McKenna , Shaughnessy Catherine , Stratford Kristina M. , Drews Frank A. , Samore Matthew H. , Mayer Jeanmarie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjective:Determine the effectiveness of a personal protective equipment (PPE)-free zone intervention on healthcare personnel (HCP) entry hand hygiene (HH) and PPE donning compliance in rooms of patients in contact precautions.Design:Quasi-experimental, multicenter intervention, before-and-after study with concurrent controls.Setting:All patient rooms on contact precautions on 16 units (5 medical-surgical, 6 intensive care, 5 specialty care units) at 3 acute-care facilities (2 academic medical centers, 1 Veterans Affairs hospital). Observations of PPE donning and entry HH compliance by HCP were conducted during both study phases. Surveys of HCP perceptions of the PPE-free zone were distributed in both study phases.Intervention:A PPE-free zone, where a low-risk area inside door thresholds of contact precautions rooms was demarcated by red tape on the floor. Inside this area, HCP were not required to wear PPE.Results:We observed 3,970 room entries. HH compliance did not change between study phases among intervention units (relative risk [RR], 0.92; P = .29) and declined in control units (RR, 0.70; P = .005); however, the PPE-free zone did not significantly affect compliance (P = .07). The PPE-free zone effect on HH was significant only for rooms on enteric precautions (P = .008). PPE use was not significantly different before versus after the intervention (P = .15). HCP perceived the zone positively; 65% agreed that it facilitated communication and 66.8% agreed that it permitted checking on patients more frequently.Conclusions:HCP viewed the PPE-free zone favorably and it did not adversely affect PPE or HH compliance. Future infection prevention interventions should consider the complex sociotechnical system factors influencing behavior change.
Subsonic Compressible Flow Past Bluff Bodies
Authors: Longhorn A. L. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn this paper the Janzen-Rayleigh method is used to calculate the velocity potential for the steady subsonic flow of a compressible, inviscid fluid past a prolate spheroid. The fluid velocity at a point on the body is calculated. The analytic form obtained for this velocity differs, from that giving the velocity which an incompressible fluid would possess at the same point on the body, by a correction factor. The factor is an infinite series of first derivatives of Legendre functions of the first kind and odd order. The first three coefficients in this series are computed for bodies of certain axis ratios, and graphs of the values of these coefficients against axis ratio are plotted. The behaviour of the nth coefficient for large values of n is given. Results for slender ellipsoids, considering these as a limiting case of the family of ellipsoids just referred to, are obtained and are found to agree with the usual slender-body theory. Using these an attempt is made to continue the graphs of the first three coefficients in the correction factor series for the whole range of axis ratios of the ellipsoids in the system, namely zero to unity. The results obtained for the bluff-nosed ellipsoids may be used to estimate the effects of compressibility on the pressure distribution over the front of a general bluff-nosed body in steady flow.
A Note on the Numerical Solution of Fourth Order Differential Equations
Authors: Woods L. C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryAn old numerical method of solving fourth order differential equations is put in relaxation form. The higher order correction terms are included and the technique is illustrated by an example. The method has the advantage of being more rapidly convergent than the usual relaxation procedure for fourth order equations. Some comments are made on the numerical solution of the viscous flow equation.
Perturbations of Supersonic Nozzle Flows
Authors: Meyer R. E. 
Published: June 2019

SummarySmall, steady perturbations of general two-dimensional steady, shock-free, supersonic flows are studied and the perturbation fields of symmetrical nozzle flows are described in detail. The relation between errors in the shape of the supersonic part of the nozzle liners and the deviations from uniformity of the flow in the test section is given to an approximation sufficient for the treatment of a number of problems arising from experiment and in the design of nozzles.
Buckling of Columns in the Presence of Creep
Authors: Patel Sharad A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the solution of the creep buckling of columns. Instantaneous elastic and plastic deformations, as well as the transient and secondary creep, are considered. Formulae for the critical time at which a column fails are presented for integral values of the exponents appearing in the creep law.
The Behaviour of Damped Linear Systems in Steady Oscillation
Authors: Bishop R. E. D. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe classical theory of small harmonic vibrations of a linear damped system embodies the notion of “ viscous damping.” The equations of motion which result are somewhat complicated and, when there are more than two degrees of freedom, they are usually too unwieldy to be of much practical value. When the damping is small, however, approximating assumptions may be made which permit the treatment of systems which are near resonance as if they possess but one degree of freedom. But the effects of making these assumptions are by no means easily assessed, and even their justification is tedious.It is shown that these difficulties may be greatly diminished by postulating hysteretic damping instead of viscous damping; the concept of hysteretic damping has been dealt with in two previous papers. The equations then take a much simpler form and the justification for, and validity of, the foregoing approximations are more easily seen. Moreover, the effects of damping upon the principal modes which the system possesses in the absence of its damping may be elucidated in this way.
The Design of Intermediate Vertical Stiffeners on Web Plates Subjected to Shear
Authors: Rockey K. C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe correct design of intermediate vertical stiffeners on web plates subjected to shear becomes very important when the web plates are designed to operate at loads close to their buckling loads. This paper presents details of an extensive series of tests conducted on stiffened web plates subjected to shear. From the analysis of the results obtained from these tests, new empirical relationships between the flexural rigidity and spacing of the intermediate stiffeners and the buckling stress of the stiffened web plate have been obtained.One interesting and important feature of these new relationships is that they define more clearly than hitherto the difference in the behaviour of single-and double-sided stiffeners.
The Natural Frequencies of Thin Skew Plates
Authors: Kaul R. K. , Cadambe V. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryUsing Rayleigh's principle, the natural frequencies of thin isotropic rhombic plates, with three possible combinations of boundary conditions obtained by combining clamped-clamped and clamped-supported edge conditions, are determined in Part I of this paper. To introduce constant limits of integration, non-orthogonal co-ordinate systems are used and the wave shape for the vibrating plate is approximated by using normal functions representing mode shapes of corresponding bars. To estimate the accuracy of these eigenvalues, Kato's theorem is used and the lower bounds for the natural frequencies are determined in Part II of the paper. It is also shown that normal beam functions are not generally suitable for the determination of eigenfrequencies of skew plates with large skew angles.
Foreign Financing and the International Sources of Property Rights
Authors: Betz Timm , Pond Amy 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHow do firms protect themselves against infringements of their property rights by their own government? The authors develop a theory based on international law and joint asset ownership with foreign firms. Investment agreements protect the assets of foreign firms but are not available to domestic firms. This segmentation of the property rights environment creates a rationale for international financial relationships between firms. By forming financial relationships with foreign firms, domestic firms gain indirect coverage from the property rights available to foreign firms under investment agreements. If a government is less likely to violate the property rights of covered foreign firms, it is also less likely to violate property rights for assets held jointly by domestic and foreign firms. This article presents systematic evidence from data on the activities of firms in countries that have investment agreements with the United States. International financial relationships between firms, through mergers and acquisitions as well as through bond and equity issues, are more common where property rights are weak. The theory suggests a political logic to the fragmentation of firm-ownership stakes across jurisdictions, offers an institutional explanation of international financial flows, and identifies new distributional consequences of international law.
Le GATT et le problème du commerce d’état dans les pays à économie de marché: Le cas des monopoles provinciaux des alcools au Canada
Authors: Bernier Ivan 
Published: June 2019

We should beware of attempting to legislate too precisely to meet the case of State enterprises, not out of any feeling that State enterprises should be put in a privileged position, but rather from the feeling that the first essential of sound legislation is that we should be thoroughly familiar with what we are legislating about.II n’est pas rare, en droit international économique, de voir l’idée de commerce d’Etat associée essentiellement au problème du commerce avec les pays d’économie planifiée. Or, il faut préciser au point de départ que les dispositions actuelles du GATT sur ce sujet n’ont pas été conçues originalement pour répondre à ce problème. Dans le projet de Charte du commerce international présenté par les Etats-Unis en 1946, ces mêmes dispositions étaient destinées a résoudre les problèmes soulevés par le commerce d’Etat dans les économies de marché;
Annual Conference of the Canadian Council on International Law
Authors: McRae D. M. 
Published: June 2019

The Fourth Annual Conference of the Canadian Council on International Law was held at the University of Ottawa on October 24 and 25, 1975. The theme of the Conference was the international law of development and three sessions dealt with the evolving law of development, development aid and trade, and development and foreign assistance.The first session, chaired by Mr. Erik Wang, of the Department of External Affairs, began with a paper presented by Dr. Oscar Schachter, formerly Deputy Director of UNITAR and currently Professor of International Law at Columbia University. Dr. Schachter appropriately set the scene by responding to the question whether it is possible to speak of an international law of development.
L'Etat fédéré dans les relations internationales contemporaines: le cas du Canada
Authors: Jacomy-Millette Annemarie 
Published: June 2019

Les Relations Transnationales de l'état fédéré canadien s'intègrent dans le cadre global du système mondial dont elles suivent les fluctuations. Elles ne peuvent done être analysées sous leur aspect juridique sans un bref rappel de ces facteurs externes, en mettant l'accent sur les problèmes spécifiques aux Etats fédéraux.L'accroissement des liens internationaux et, de ce fait, l'interdépendance conflictuelle et l'impératif de la solidarité mécanique ou d'intérêts politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels constituent des facteurs essentiels pour l'étude des relations Internationales de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, comme en témoignent notamment le conflit du Moyen Orient, la récente crise de l'énergie, l'opposition Nord-Sud et la formulation d'un nouvel ordre économique mondial. Il implique un plus grand nombre d'acteurs sur la scène mondiale, Etats, organisations internationales, sociétés multinationales, divers groupes de pression, enfin les individus, chacune de ces entités étant impliquée directement ou indirectement dans l'élaboration d'une nouvelle hiérarchie de valeurs et la création d'une nouvelle société.
Les eaux territoriales du Canada au regard du Droit international
Authors: Morin Jacques-Yvan 
Published: June 2019

Baigné par trois océans et possédant l'un des littoraux les plus vastes du monde, le Canada porte un intérêt des plus soutenus au droit international de la mer et particulièrement aux règles qui définissent l'étendue et le régime des eaux intérieures, de la mer territoriale et de la zone contiguë.L'immense domaine maritime du pays comprend d'innombrables baies et fiords de toutes dimensions, de vastes estuaires et bras de mer, de nombreux détroits, plusieurs archipels, enfin des côtes bordées de glaces permanentes. Du fait de cette configuration géographique exceptionnellement variée, sont done soulevées toutes les questions débattues par les publicistes depuis que Grotius, Selden et Bynkershoek discutèrent les droits auxquels peuvent prétendre les Etats à l'égard des eaux qui ceinturent leurs côtes.
The Proposed Canada-United States Transboundary Air Pollution Agreement: The Legal Background
Authors: FitzGerald Gerald F. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLa présente note a pour objet d’exposer d’état de la pratique et du droit tant national qu’international applicable à la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis, plus particulièrement en matière de pluies acides.En 1980, les deux Etats ont signé un mémorandum déclaratif d’intention sur la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière. Ce mémorandum comporte un cadre et un calendrier spécifiques envisageant la négociation d’un accord bilatéral sur le sujet. Pourtant à la fin de 1982, ces négociations n’avaient pas abouti à la rédaction d’un tel accord.L’examen du cadre juridique de l’accord projeté suppose l’étude des sujets suivants: (1) l’établissement d’un régime de droits d’accès et de non-discrimination en matière de pollution transfrontière; (2) le règlement des différends.La note fait état des négociations se sont déroulées de 1980 à 1982. L’auteur en vient à la conclusion que l’adoption d’un programme efficace de lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière suppose une réelle volonté politique. L’absence d’une telle volonté risque de constituer le plus grand obstacle à la lutte contre les pluies acides.
Revisiting NGO Participation in WTO and Investment Dispute Settlement: From Procedural Arguments to (Substantive) Public Interest Considerations
Authors: Odumosu Ibironke T. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA nuanced analysis of relevant decisions suggests that some investment dispute settlement tribunals have gone beyond the World Trade Organizations (WTO) largely procedural approach to non-governmental organization (NGO) participation in their proceedings and have adopted a relatively more substantive approach. This article suggests that this difference of approach stems from three characteristic differences between international trade and foreign investment — the political economy of the international trade and foreign investment orders, the substantive effects of trade and investment activities, and their dispute settlement mechanisms. However, these general differences are by themselves insufficient to justify excluding a substantive public interest approach to NGO participation at the WTO, especially in view of the fact that WTO tribunals have conceded limited participatory privileges to these non-state actors.
Compliance with International Treaties: Selective Adaptation Analysis
Authors: Biukovic Ljiljana 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis comment revisits the debate on the reasons for compliance, or lack thereof, with the regulations and administrative rules that govern the current international trade regime. The research on which it is based is the first part of the five-year project on Cross-Cultural Dispute Resolution funded by the Major Collaborative Research Initiative program of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. It focuses on the cultural components of non-compliance based on analysis of the legislative internalization of World Trade Organization norms and case law in China, Canada, and Japan on the one hand and on individual perceptions of the international trade environment on the other. The main hypotheses are that the sharing of international practice rules does not necessarily indicate consensus on the normative order underlying those rules and that the behaviour of those who are involved in the interpretation and application of international rules is informed by (1) their perception of the purpose, content, and effect of nonlocal rules and their underlying norms; (2) those rules' and norms' complementarity with local rules and norms; and (3) the degree of legitimacy accorded by local communities to the processes of interpretation and application.