bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of altering sintering protocols on the optical and mechanical properties of zirconia: A review
Authors: Ahmed Walaa M. , Troczynski Tom , McCullagh Anthony P. , Wyatt Chris C. L. , Carvalho Ricardo M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveAs a result of advancements in chairside technology and speed sintering techniques and increased esthetic demands of patients, efforts have been made to produce monolithic zirconia restorations that are highly translucent, strong, and dense. While methods for processing zirconia are well known, there is a tendency to modify the process parameters with the aim of decreasing the overall processing time and, in particular, the sintering time. This review provides clinicians with scientific evidence of the effects of altering sintering parameters used for dental zirconia on its microstructure, phase transformation, and mechanical and optical properties.Materials and MethodsA systematic search of Embase and Medline using Boolean operators was performed to locate relevant articles.ResultsEleven articles were selected for this review. The following characteristics of monolithic zirconia have been confirmed to be affected by alterations in sintering: the microstructure, mechanical properties, optical properties, wear behavior, and low thermal degradation.ConclusionsThe alteration of sintering parameters has been found to alter the grain size, wear behavior, and translucency of zirconia. There is a lack of clinical studies that investigate the influence of altering sintering parameters or methods on the clinical performance of monolithic zirconia restorations.Clinical SignificanceAlteration of sintering parameters alters the microstructural, mechanical, and optical properties of zirconia. This will consequently impact the clinical performance of zirconia prostheses. Future clinical investigations are encouraged to support these in vitro findings.
Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin: Recent scientific evidence, possible mechanisms, and potential indications
Authors: Singh Kritarth Naman , Patil Saiprasad , Barkate Hanmant 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAstaxanthin is a naturally occurring ketocarotenoid which has been found to have numerous biological functions, with its strong antioxidant property being the prominent feature. The compound has attracted a great amount of interest with respect to its potential utilization in the betterment of human health. In the recent past, astaxanthin has been extensively studied with respect to its possible effect on skin health, with positive results. Astaxanthin has also shown to have anti‐inflammatory, immune‐modulating, and DNA repair properties, which have further encouraged its usage to maintain skin health and tackle skin damage. In this review article, we highlight the pharmacokinetic profile of the antioxidant in brief and describe the findings of various recent published research articles which studied the effect of astaxanthin in improvement of skin health. We also mention the possible mechanisms which form the basis of the positive dermatological effects of astaxanthin and the potential indications of the antioxidant molecule in cosmetology and dermatology.
Electromyographic analysis of the oral phase of swallowing in subjects with and without atypical swallowing: A case‐control study
Authors: Begnoni Giacomo , Cadenas de Llano‐Pérula Maria , Willems Guy , Pellegrini Gaia , Musto Federica , Dellavia Claudia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundSwallowing is a complex physiologic function developing mostly in the first years of life. After 6 years old, if mature deglutition is not achieved, swallowing persists as “atypical swallowing” (AS).ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to detect any electromyographical differences in the muscular activation pattern in patients with and without AS.Materials and methods38 adolescents and young adults were selected for this study: 20 with atypical swallowing (AS group) and 18 without (C group). Standardised surface electromyographic analysis was performed by the same operator to detect the activity of masseter (MM), temporalis (TA) and submental (SM) muscles. A Student t test for unpaired data was carried out to detect differences between the AS and C groups. A 1‐way ANOVA was performed to detect any differences between the three couples of muscles.ResultsWhen compared to controls, AS patients showed a significantly longer duration of activity for each couple of muscles and for the whole duration of swallowing act (P < 0.0001) as well as lower intensity of the SM activity (P < 0.05) than controls. Within the AS and C groups, masticatory muscles (MM and TA) showed lower duration of activation (P < 0.01) and lower intensity of the spike (P < 0.0001) than SM. Within the C group, masticatory muscles also reached their activation spike earlier (1‐way ANOVA, P < 0.01) than SM.ConclusionTwo different muscular performance models have been defined: patients with AS showed a longer activity of all the muscles involved with a lower intensity of SM activity than that of controls.
Effect of low‐ or high‐CP diet with cold‐pressed oil supplementation on growth, immunity and antioxidant indices of growing quail
Authors: Mohamed Laila A. , El‐Hindawy Mohamed M. , Alagawany Mahmoud , Salah Ayman S. , El‐Sayed Sabry A. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels and supplementation with two cold‐pressed oils on the performance, immunity and antioxidant indices of growing Japanese quails. A 3 × 4 factorial experiment, using 3 dietary crude protein (CP) levels (22%, 24% and 26%) and 4 supplemental herbal oils levels: control without additives, 250 mg marjoram (Mar), 250 mg thyme (Thy) and 125 mg Mar + 125 mg Thy per kg diet. A total of 720 unsexed, 7‐day‐old quail chicks were randomly distributed into twelve treatment groups (4 replicates per group of 15 chicks in each). The live body weight (LBW) on 42 days and body weight gain (BWG) from 7 to 42 days were significantly improved (p < 0.01 and 0.05) in chicks fed 24% or 26% CP compared with those of the 22% CP group. The groups fed diets supplemented with Mar or in combination with Thy oil exhibited significantly better LBW, BWG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control at all periods except BWG from 21 to 42 days and FCR from 7 to 21 days were not significant. Feed intake was gradually decreased with increasing dietary CP level or adding herbal oils during the periods 21–42 and 7–42 days of age. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, total lipids and malondialdehyde were decreased by cold‐pressed oils supplementation, but the activity of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase was increased (p < 0.01) compared with the control. In conclusion, quails fed a diet containing 24% or 26% CP or diets supplemented with Mar or Thy oils or both exhibited improvement in the performance, lipid profile, immunity and antioxidant capacity without any detrimental impacts on the other studied parameters.
Evaluating two multistrain probiotics on growth performance, intestinal morphology, lipid oxidation and ileal microflora in chickens
Authors: Kazemi Seyed Amin , Ahmadi Hamed , Karimi Torshizi Mohammad A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to investigate the supplementation of two commercially available multistrain probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics on growth performance, intestinal morphology, lipid oxidation and ileal microflora in broiler chickens. A total of 280‐day‐old ROSS 308 mixed‐sex broiler chickens with an average initial body weight of 42 ± 0.5 g were randomly divided into four treatments with five replicate cages of 14 birds each cage in a completely randomized design and fed with the following diets for 42 day: (a) control (CON) (antibiotic‐free diet), (b) antibiotic (ANT) (CON + Avilamycin 150 g/ton feed), (c) probiotic A (CON + Protexin® 150 g/ton feed) and (d) probiotic B (CON + Bio‐Poul® 200 g/ton feed). The results showed the broilers fed the ANT diet had greater average daily gain than broilers fed the CON diet during day 1–14 (p < 0.05). At day 42, two birds were randomly selected per replicate for evaluation intestinal morphology, lipid oxidation and ileal microflora. birds fed diet supplemented with probiotic A and probiotic B increased villus height and goblet cells numbers in the jejunum and villus height to crypt depth ratio and villus height in the ileum as compared to birds fed CON diet (p < 0.05). The malondialdehyde value was reduced (p < 0.05) in the ANT, probiotic B and probiotic A groups compared with the CON group. The Lactobacillus population was increased and Clostridium spp. population decreased in the ileum of broilers fed diets containing the probiotic B and probiotic A compared with those fed CON diet (p < 0.05). The results from this study indicate that the probiotic A (Protexin®) and probiotic B (Bio‐Poul®) used in this trial may serve as alternatives to ANT.
High indirect fitness benefits for helpers across the nesting cycle in the tropical paper waspPolistes canadensis
Authors: Southon Robin J. , Bell Emily F. , Graystock Peter , Wyatt Christopher D. R. , Radford Andrew N. , Sumner Seirian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExplaining the evolution of helping behaviour in the eusocial insects where nonreproductive (“worker”) individuals help raise the offspring of other individuals (“queens”) remains one of the most perplexing phenomena in the natural world.Polistespaper wasps are popular study models, as workers retain the ability to reproduce: such totipotency is likely representative of the early stages of social evolution.Polistesis thought to have originated in the tropics, where seasonal constraints on reproductive options are weak and social groups are effectively perennial. Yet, mostPolistesresearch has focused on nontropical species, where seasonality causes family groups to disperse; cofoundresses forming new nests the following spring are often unrelated, leading to the suggestion that direct fitness through nest inheritance is key in the evolution of helping behaviour. Here, we present the first comprehensive genetic study of social structure across the perennial nesting cycle of a tropicalPolistes—Polistes canadensis. Using both microsatellites and newly developed single nucleotide polymorphism markers, we show that adult cofoundresses are highly related and that brood production is monopolized by a single female across the nesting cycle. Nonreproductive cofoundresses in tropicalPolistestherefore have the potential to gain high indirect fitness benefits as helpers from the outset of group formation, and these benefits persist through the nesting cycle. Direct fitness may have been less important in the origin ofPolistessociality than previously suggested. These findings stress the importance of studying a range of species with diverse life history and ecologies when considering the evolution of reproductive strategies.
Factor substitution, long‐run growth, and speed of convergence in the one‐sector convex endogenous‐growth model
Authors: Gómez Manuel A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study the link between the elasticity of factor substitution, long‐run growth and the speed of convergence in the one‐sector convex growth model. Technology is such that the marginal product of capital is bounded away from zero leading to endogenous growth. In particular, we consider the CES, VES and Sobelow production functions. We show that for two economies differing uniquely in initial factor substitutability, the economy with the higher initial elasticity of substitution will feature a higher long‐run growth rate and a higher speed of convergence, irrespective of the specification of the production function.
A locally weighted machine learning model for generalized prediction of drift capacity in seismic vulnerability assessments
Authors: Luo Huan , Paal Stephanie German 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDrift capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) columns is an important indicator to quantify the seismic vulnerability of RC frame buildings; however, it is challenging to accurately predict this value as the nonlinear behavior can vary greatly by column type. This article proposes a novel, local machine learning (ML) model, called locally weighted least squares support vector machines for regression (LWLS‐SVMR), which integrates LS‐SVMR and locally weighted training criteria to enhance and generalize the prediction of the drift capacity of RC columns, regardless of the type. A database of 160 circular RC columns covering flexure‐, shear‐, and flexure–shear‐critical specimens was developed to train and test the proposed LWLS‐SVMR. The proposed LWLS‐SVMR was validated by comparison with popular existing global and local learning approaches as well as a traditional empirical equation, and the results demonstrated that the proposed LWLS‐SVMR is superior to all other approaches and thus, is a promising artificial intelligence technique for enhancing the prediction of drift capacity, universally across RC flexure‐, shear‐, and flexure–shear‐critical columns. The LWLS‐SVMR exhibits capabilities which may yield it a feasible approach to predict complex, nonlinear behavior in a broad‐spectrum manner.
Platelet mass index and prediction of severity of transient tachypnea of the newborn
Authors: Ilhan Ozkan , Bor Meltem 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundPlatelet mass index (PMI) is associated with platelet functionality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PMI in predicting the severity of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN).MethodsInfants with gestational age ≥37 weeks and birthweight ≥2,000 g who were given nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation for TTN ≤6 h after birth were retrospectively enrolled in this study. PMI was calculated using the following formula: PMI = platelet count × mean platelet volume/103 (fL/nL). The study infants (n = 101) were divided into two groups according to the duration of tachypnea: ≤48 h (n = 45) and >48 h (n = 56).ResultsThe PMI and platelet count were significantly lower in the group with tachypnea duration >48 h than in the tachypnea duration ≤48 h group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively). A negative significant correlation was noted between PMI and the duration of tachypnea (r = −0.43, P < 0.001). A PMI cut‐off of 1,562 fL/nL can predict prolonged tachypnea (>48 h) with a sensitivity of 62.5%, specificity of 68.9%, positive predictive value of 71.4%, and negative predictive value of 59.6% (area under the curve, 0.682 ± 0.053; P = 0.002).ConclusionsLower PMI and lower platelet count are associated with longer duration of tachypnea in patients with TTN.
A four‐dimensional agent‐based model: A case study of forest‐fire smoke propagation
Authors: Smith Alex K. , Dragićević Suzana 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDynamic geospatial complex systems are inherently four‐dimensional (4D) processes and there is a need for spatio‐temporal models that are capable of realistic representation for improved understanding and analysis. Such systems include changes of geological structures, dune formation, landslides, pollutant propagation, forest fires, and urban densification. However, these phenomena are frequently analyzed and represented with modeling approaches that consider only two spatial dimensions and time. Consequently, the main objectives of this study are to design and develop a modeling framework for 4D agent‐based modeling, and to implement the approach to the 4D case study for forest‐fire smoke propagation. The study area is central and southern British Columbia and the western parts of Alberta, Canada for forest fires that occurred in the summer season of 2017. The simulation results produced realistic spatial patterns of the smoke propagation dynamics.
A variant inOLFML3is associated with pectinate ligament abnormality and primary closed‐angle glaucoma in Border Collies from the United Kingdom
Authors: Oliver James A. C. , Wright Hattie , Massidda Paola A. , Burmeister Louise M. , Mellersh Cathryn S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurposeCanine primary closed‐angle glaucoma (PCAG) is a complex disease caused by multiple genetic factors. A c.590G>A variant inOLFML3was recently reported to be a candidate for pectinate ligament abnormality (PLA) and PCAG in the Border Collie. We investigated the association of this variant with PLA and PCAG in Border Collies from the United Kingdom.MethodsTheOLFML3variant was genotyped in 106 Border Collies comprising 90 with normal eyes (controls) and 16 with PLA (n = 11) and/or PCAG (n = 5) (cases). Genotyping was performed in an additional 103 Border Collies to estimate variant frequency within the population. To investigate the association of the variant with disease in other breeds, genotyping was performed in 337 non‐Border Collies with PLA and/or PCAG.ResultsOf the 90 controls, 71 were homozygous for the wild‐type allele, two were homozygous for the variant, and 17 were heterozygous. Of the 16 cases, three were homozygous for the wild‐type allele, 11 were homozygous for the variant, and two were heterozygous. The association of the variant allele with disease was significant (P = 1.1 x 10−9). We estimated the frequency of this variant to be 4.4% within the United Kingdom Border Collie population, and it was not identified in clinically affected dogs of any other breed.ConclusionsThis study confirms the association of theOLFML3variant with PLA and PCAG in Border Collies from the United Kingdom. DNA testing for the variant and selective breeding can reasonably be expected to result in a reduction of PLA and PCAG prevalence in the breed.
Lack of Consensus on Return-to-Sport Criteria Following Lateral Ankle Sprain: A Systematic Review of Expert Opinions
Authors: Wikstrom Erik A. , Mueller Cole , Cain Mary Spencer 
Published: May 2019

Context:Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) have one of the highest recurrence rates of all musculoskeletal injuries. An emphasis on rapid return to sport (RTS) following LAS likely increases reinjury risk. Unfortunately, no set of objective RTS criteria exist for LAS, forcing practitioners to rely on their own opinion of when a patient is ready to RTS.Purpose:To determine if there was consensus among published expert opinions that could help inform an initial set of RTS criteria for LAS that could be investigated in future research.Evidence Acquisition:PubMed, CINHL, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception until October 2018 using a combination of keywords. Studies were included if they listed specific RTS criteria for LAS. No assessment of methodological quality was conducted because all included papers were expert opinion papers (level 5 evidence). Extracted data included the recommended domains (eg, range of motion, balance, sport-specific movement, etc) to be assessed, specific assessments for each listed domain, and thresholds (eg, 80% of the uninjured limb) to be used to determine RTS. Consensus and partial agreement were defined, a priori, as ≥75% and 50% to 75% agreement, respectively.Evidence Synthesis:Eight domains were identified within 11 included studies. Consensus was reached regarding the need to assess sport-specific movement (n = 9, 90.9%). Partial agreement was reached for the need to assess static balance (n = 7, 63.6%). The domains of pain and swelling, patient reported outcomes, range of motion, and strength were also partially agreed on (n = 6, 54.5%). No agreement was reached on specific assessments of cutoff thresholds.Conclusions:Given consensus and partial agreement results, RTS decisions following LAS should be based on sport-specific movement, static balance, patient reported outcomes, range of motion, and strength. Future research needs to determine assessments and cutoff thresholds within these domains to minimize recurrent LAS risk.
Early Morning Training Impacts Previous Night’s Sleep in NCAA Division I Cross Country Runners
Authors: Benjamin Courteney L. , Adams William M. , Curtis Ryan M. , Sekiguchi Yasuki , Giersch Gabrielle E.W. , Casa Douglas J. 
Published: May 2019

The effects of training time on sleep has been previously studied; however, the influence on sleep in female collegiate cross-country runners is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of training time on self-reported sleep metrics. Eleven female collegiate cross-country runners (mean [M] age = 19 years, standard deviation [SD] age = 1 year; M [SD] body mass = 58.8 [9.6] kg; M [SD] height = 168.4 [7.7] cm; M [SD] VO2max = 53.6 [5.6] mL·kg−1·min−1) competing in the 2016 NCAA cross-country season were included in this study. Participants completed a sleep diary daily to assess perceived measures of sleep on days when training took place between the hours of 5:00–8:00 a.m. (AM), and when training did not take place during this time (NAM). Sleep quality questions utilized a 5-point Likert scale, in which a score of 1 is associated with the worst outcomes and a score of 5 is associated with the best outcomes. Sleep duration was significantly higher on NAM (M [SD] = 8.26 [1.43] h) compared to AM (M [SD] = 7.97 [1.09] h, p < .001). Sleep quality was significantly higher on NAM (M [SD] = 3.30 [1.01]) compared to AM (M [SD] = 3.02 [1.06], p < .001). The impairment of sleep quantity and quality the night prior to early morning training suggests that future considerations should be made to sleep schedules and/or training times to optimize perceived sleep quality.
Royal College of Ophthalmologists’ National Ophthalmology Database study of cataract surgery: report 6. The impact of EyeSi virtual reality training on complications rates of cataract surgery performed by first and second year trainees
Authors: Ferris John D , Donachie Paul H , Johnston Robert L , Barnes Beth , Olaitan Martina , Sparrow John M 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of EyeSi surgical simulators on posterior capsule rupture (PCR) rates of cataract surgery performed by first and second year trainee surgeons.DesignA Royal College of Ophthalmologists’ National Ophthalmology Database audit study of first and second year surgeons’ PCR rates over seven consecutive National Health Service (NHS) years. Participating centres were contacted to ascertain the date when their surgeons had access to an EyeSi machine and whether this was on-site or off-site. Operations were classified as before, after or no access to EyeSi.SettingThe study took place in 29 NHS Ophthalmology Units in a secondary care setting.ResultsTwo-hundred and sixty five first and second year trainee surgeons performed 17 831 cataract operations. 6919 (38.8%) operations were performed before access to an EyeSi, 8648 (48.5%) after access to an EyeSi and 2264 (12.7%) operations by surgeons with no access to an EyeSi. Overall, there was a 38% reduction in the first and second year surgeon’s unadjusted PCR rates from 4.2% in 2009 to 2.6% in 2015 for surgeons with access to an EyeSi, and a 3% reduction from 2.9% to 2.8% for surgeons without access to an EyeSi. The overall first and second year unadjusted PCR rates for before, after and no access to EyeSi were 3.5%, 2.6% and 3.8%, respectively. The decrease in the with-access to an EyeSi group PCR rate was similar for surgeons with access to an EyeSi ‘on site’ or ‘off site’.ConclusionsFirst and second year trainee surgeons’ unadjusted PCR rates have decreased since 2009 which has significant benefits for patients undergoing cataract surgery. This 38% reduction in complication rates aligns with the introduction of EyeSi simulator training.