bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast and slow thinking; and the problem of conflating clinical reasoning and ethical deliberation in acute decision‐making
Authors: Preisz Anne 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExpertise in a medical specialty requires countless hours of learning and practice and a combination of neural plasticity and contextual case experience resulting in advanced gestalt clinical reasoning. This holistic thinking assimilates complex segmented information and is advantageous for timely clinical decision‐making in the emergency department and paediatric or neonatal intensive care units. However, the same agile reasoning that is essential acutely may be at odds with the slow deliberative thought required for ethical reasoning and weighing the probability of patient morbidity. Recent studies suggest that inadequate ethical decision‐making results in increased morbidity for patients and that clinical ethics consultation may reduce the inappropriate use of life‐sustaining treatment. Behavioural psychology research suggests there are two systems of thinking – fast and slow – that control our thoughts and therefore our actions. The problem for experienced clinicians is that fast thinking, which is instinctual and reflexive, is particularly vulnerable to experiential biases or assumptions. While it has significant utility for clinical reasoning when timely life and death decisions are crucial, I contend it may simultaneously undermine the deliberative slow thought required for ethical reasoning to determine appropriate therapeutic interventions that reduce future patient morbidity. Whilst health‐care providers generally make excellent therapeutic choices leading to good outcomes, a type of substitutive thinking that conflates clinical reasoning and ethical deliberation in acute decision‐making may impinge on therapeutic relationships, have adverse effects on patient outcomes and inflict lifelong burdens on some children and their families.
Intestinal microbiota of broilers submitted to feeding restriction and its relationship to hepatic metabolism and fat mass: Fast‐growing strain
Authors: Lunedo Raquel , Furlan Luiz R. , Fernandez‐Alarcon Miguel F. , Squassoni Gustavo H. , Campos Daniel M. B. , Perondi Dani , Macari Marcos 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe present study was conducted to verify how feed restriction affects gut microbiota and gene hepatic expression in broiler chickens and how these variables are related to body weight gain. For the experiment, 21‐d‐old Cobb500TM birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments: T1. Control (ad libitum—3.176 Mcal/kg ME—metabolizable energy—and 19% CP—crude protein); T2. Energetic restriction (2.224 Mcal/kg ME and 19% CP) from 22 to 42 days with consumption equivalent to control; T3. Quantitative restriction (70% restriction, i.e., restricted broilers ingested only 30% of the quantity consumed by the control group—3.176 Mcal/kg ME and 19% CP) for 7 days, followed by refeeding ad libitum from 28 to 42 days. Ileum and caecum microbiota collections were made at 21, 28 and 42 days of age. Hepatic tissue was collected at 28 and 42 days old for relative gene expression analyses. At 43‐d‐old, body composition was quantified by DXA (Dual‐energy X‐ray Absorptiometry). Both feed restriction programmes decreased Lactobacillus and increased Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae counts. No differences were found in the refeeding period. Energetic restriction induced the expression of CPT1‐A (Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A) gene, and decreased body fat mass. Quantitative feed restriction increased lipogenic and decreased lipolytic gene expression. In the refeeding period, CPT1‐A gene expression was induced, without changing the broilers body composition. Positive associations were found between BWG (Body Weight Gain) and Lactobacillus and Clostridium cluster IV groups, and negatively associations with Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus bacterial groups. In conclusion, differences found in microbiota were similar between the two feed restriction programmes, however, hepatic gene expression differences were only found in quantitative restriction. Higher counts of Lactobacillus and Clostridium cluster IV groups in ileum are likely to be related to better broiler performance and low expression of lipogenic genes.
Respiratory polygraphy in children with sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Gudnadottir Gunnhildur , Hafsten Louise , Redfors Staffan , Ellegård Eva , Hellgren Johan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAt‐home respiratory polygraphy has been shown to be a reliable substitute for in‐laboratory polysomnography in adults for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea, but this is less well studied in children. One aim of this study was to examine the quality of at‐home respiratory polygraphy in children with sleep‐disordered breathing and to evaluate the interrater reliability of the results. Another aim was to study whether calibrated respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) flow can be used for the scoring of respiratory events when the airflow measurements are unreliable. Children aged 4–10 years, with sleep‐disordered breathing, underwent at‐home respiratory polygraphy. Of 113 polygraphies, only 46% were of acceptable quality, with missing nasal airflow being the most common problem (40%). The median recorded time with artifact‐free signal present in three traces simultaneously was 228 min (0–610 min). Seventeen polygraphy studies were selected for further study. Each study was scored by two independent scorers, with and without the nasal airflow signal present, the latter relying on RIP flow for the scoring of respiratory events. The apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) from the four different measurements was compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Comparison of the two scorers showed moderate agreement, with (ICC = 0.66) and without (ICC = 0.53) nasal airflow. One scorer had good agreement between AHI with and without nasal airflow (ICC = 0.81), whereas the other had poor agreement (ICC = 0.12). In conclusion, the scoring of respiratory events based on RIP flow is scorer dependent even for experienced scorers. The nasal airflow signal is frequently missing in paediatric respiratory polygraphies, which limits the usefulness of the method.
Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in the red‐eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Corum Orhan , Durna Corum Duygu , Atik Orkun , Altan Feray , Er Ayse , Uney Kamil 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of levamisole were determined in red‐eared slider turtles after single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administration. Nine turtles received levamisole (10 mg/kg) by each route in a three‐way crossover design with a washout period of 30 days. Blood samples were collected at time 0 (pretreatment), and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hr after drug administration. Plasma levamisole concentrations were determined by a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. Data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods. The mean elimination half‐life was 5.00, 7.88, and 9.43 hr for IV, IM, and SC routes, respectively. The total clearance and volume of distribution at steady state for the IV route were 0.14 L hr−1 kg−1 and 0.81 L/kg, respectively. For the IM and SC routes, the peak plasma concentration was 9.63 and 10.51 μg/ml, respectively, with 0.5 hr of Tmax. The bioavailability was 93.03 and 115.25% for the IM and SC routes, respectively. The IM and SC route of levamisole, which showed the high bioavailability and long t1/2ʎz, can be recommended as an effective way for treating nematodes in turtles.
The copyright reward system and content owners in the creative industry: A study of the Malaysian film and TV industry
Authors: Alavi Rokiah , Azmi Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe creative industry is identified as one of the key drivers to move Malaysia into a high income and knowledge‐based economy. Copyright law and complementary policies were used as measures to stimulate the creative industry. However, the industry's growth is far from the expectation. This leads to a two‐prong inquiry. First, the paper attempts to examine the adequacy of copyright rules and provisions in securing the rights of the creators and provide them with the motivation to produce more creative works. The aim is to explore the dynamics between the various copyright beneficiaries in the creative industry in Malaysia to understand what are the actual problems that deprive the copyright owners from reaping the full value of the exclusive rights granted to them. The second objective is to examine whether the copyright provisions are aligned with complementary policies implemented to boost the creative content industry. Our primary contention is that both the legal reforms and complementary policies used to support the industry need to be revisited. The legal reforms must be aligned with the structure and dynamics of power in the industry to give all the beneficiaries an equal bargaining plane to take advantage of the copyright system.
Emission permits and the dynamics of clean and dirty firms in an evolutionary competition model
Authors: Antoci Angelo , Borghesi Simone , Iannucci Gianluca , Russu Paolo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEmission Trading Systems (ETSs) are today regarded as the pillar of market‐based environmental policies in many countries. This paper studies the impact of an ETS on the dynamics of the market made up of two types of firms: clean and dirty. Using an evolutionary context, we study how the share of clean firms evolves at different parameter values, such as increasing values of the permits’ price floor, and show that an ETS can have positive effects on the diffusion of the clean technology. However, numerical simulations show that under specific parameter values the opposite result may emerge with clean firms leaving the market.
‘Blinded by the Desire of Riches’: Corruption, Anger and Resolution in the Two‐Part Notre Dame Conductus Repertory
Authors: WOODWARD REBEKAH E. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThis article examines anger and one of the ways it was expressed by the secular clergy at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. Applying Barbara Rosenwein's idea of an ‘emotional community’ to the secular clergy, I consider what we know about the authors and composers of the mostly anonymous conductus repertory and how these men might have acceptably expressed their anger at wrongdoing in the Church. I also examine George Lakoff and Zoltán Kövecses's responses to anger and discuss how the secular clergy react to feelings of anger through non‐prototypical responses. I examine briefly the texts of the nineteen two‐part conductus without melismas in the manuscript Florence, Biblioteca Medicea‐Laurenziana, Pluteus 29.1 (F), before focusing on five of these conductus, the texts of which convey anger. An analysis of the frequency and use of intervals in these works places their composition at the time when the celebrated theologian Peter the Chanter and his students were at Notre Dame; in addition, it demonstrates the way that intervals highlight significant words that convey the angry theme of the text. I also discuss the use of descending melodic motives, one of which occurs most frequently in the conductus with texts that express anger.
Role of echocardiography in the assessment of right ventricular function in the pediatric population
Authors: Kamra Komal , Punn Rajesh 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis review article summarizes the use of echocardiography in the evaluation of the right ventricle with special emphasis on pediatric patients. After reading this article, anesthesiologists will develop a better understanding of the anatomy and echocardiographic parameters for hemodynamic and functional assessment of the right ventricle. This knowledge will assist with the perioperative management of patients with cardiopulmonary disorder.
Idiopathic toxic epidermal necrolysis in an adolescent
Authors: O'Brien Kathleen F. , Maiman Rachel E. , Marathe Kalyani 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA 10‐year‐old girl, suspected 2 days prior to have streptococcal pharyngitis, presented with diffuse erythema, tense bullae, Nikolsky‐positive desquamation, as well as ulcerations of her oral and genital mucosa. She denied recent travel, sick contacts, or preceding and concurrent use of medications, including over‐the‐counter and herbal supplements. A comprehensive viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel, Mycoplasma pneumoniae PCR and IgM, streptococcal molecular antigen test, urine culture, blood culture, and rheumatologic serologies were negative. Based on the patient's clinical presentation and biopsy results, she was diagnosed with idiopathic toxic epidermal necrolysis.
The Perils of Parole Hearings: California Lifers, Performative Disadvantage, and the Ideology of Insight
Authors: Shammas Victor L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFollowing a series of transformative political and legal battles, California's overcrowded prison system has moved in the direction of moderate decarceration. A softer stance on punishment means that thousands of previously ineligible inmates serving indeterminate sentences are now being considered for release on parole. Drawing on ethnographic observations of twenty parole hearings in one California men's prison, this study outlines how rehabilitation has come to be enmeshed in a logic of punitivity, as parole commissioners subject inmates to an individualizing gaze that misrecognizes the socially embedded nature of their performance. Parole commissioners are tasked with assessing dangerousness, deploying a multifaceted conception of risk that combines formalized actuarial instruments and evaluative judgments to form the inchoate and contradictory notion of “insight.” Inmates are expected to demonstrate this if they are to be released, but what is insight? Parole boards assume that it is a valid indicator of future behavior and probable recidivism, and parole commissioners posit that successful inmates will be capable of demonstrating authentic remorse and insight, unimpeded by the constraints of an austere and dangerous carceral environment. However, the discretionary criteria established by the penal system are limited by the deleterious living conditions established by this same penal system.
Tinocladia sanrikuensis sp. nov. (Ectocarpales s.l., Phaeophyceae) from Japan
Authors: Hanyuda Takeaki , Takeuchi Kazusa , Kawai Hiroshi 
Published: April 2019

SUMMARYThe new species Tinocladia sanrikuensis sp. nov. H.Kawai, K.Takeuchi & T.Hanyuda (Ectocarpales s.l., Phaeophyceae) is described from the Pacific coast of the Tohoku region, northern Japan based on morphology and DNA sequences. The species is a spring–summer annual growing on lower intertidal to upper subtidal rocks and cobbles on relatively protected sites. T. sanrikuensis has a slimy, cylindrical, multiaxial erect thallus, slightly hollow when fully developed, branching once to twice, and resembles T. crassa in gross morphology. The erect thalli are composed of a dense medullary layer, long subcortical filaments, and assimilatory filaments of 11–35 cells, up to 425 μm long and curved in the upper portion. Unilocular zoidangia are formed on the basal part of assimilatory filaments. The species is genetically most closely related to T. crassa and has the same basic thallus structures but differs in having thinner and longer assimilatory filaments. DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cox1 and cox3, chloroplast atpB, psaA, psbA and rbcL genes support the distinctness of this species.
Abnormal performance monitoring but intact response inhibition in sensation seeking
Authors: Zheng Ya , Mei Shuting , Yi Wei , Li Qi , Liu Xun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe sensation‐seeking trait is a potential endophenotype for various addictive behaviors. Using a nonclinical sample, the current ERP study examined the effects of sensation seeking on performance monitoring and response inhibition. Twenty high sensation seekers and 21 low sensation seekers were selected from a large sample based on their sensation‐seeking score and performed a stop‐signal task while their EEG was recorded. High relative to low sensation seekers displayed similar response inhibition in terms of performance measure and stop‐P3 amplitudes. Compared to low sensation seekers, however, high sensation seekers exhibited a reduced stop‐N2 for unsuccessful, but not successful, inhibition. Moreover, an enhanced go‐N2 in response to go signals was observed for high versus low sensation seekers, irrespective of whether the go signals were followed by a stop signal or not. Together, our findings suggest that sensation seeking in nonclinical populations is related to individual variability in performance monitoring rather than response inhibition, which provides important implications for the prevention and intervention of addictive behaviors that are driven by trait sensation seeking.
Alternatives to post‐processing posterior predictive p values
Authors: Gåsemyr Jørund , Scheel Ida 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe posterior predictive p value (ppp) was invented as a Bayesian counterpart to classical p values. The methodology can be applied to discrepancy measures involving both data and parameters and can, hence, be targeted to check for various modeling assumptions. The interpretation can, however, be difficult since the distribution of the ppp value under modeling assumptions varies substantially between cases. A calibration procedure has been suggested, treating the ppp value as a test statistic in a prior predictive test. In this paper, we suggest that a prior predictive test may instead be based on the expected posterior discrepancy, which is somewhat simpler, both conceptually and computationally. Since both these methods require the simulation of a large posterior parameter sample for each of an equally large prior predictive data sample, we furthermore suggest to look for ways to match the given discrepancy by a computation‐saving conflict measure. This approach is also based on simulations but only requires sampling from two different distributions representing two contrasting information sources about a model parameter. The conflict measure methodology is also more flexible in that it handles non‐informative priors without difficulty. We compare the different approaches theoretically in some simple models and in a more complex applied example.
Suicidal Thinking and Behavior in Adolescents at Ultra‐High Risk of Psychosis: A Two‐year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Pelizza Lorenzo , Poletti Michele , Azzali Silvia , Paterlini Federica , Garlassi Sara , Scazza Ilaria , Chiri Luigi Rocco , Pupo Simona , Raballo Andrea 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveSuicide risk in subjects at Ultra‐High Risk of psychosis (UHR) has been rarely assessed in adolescence, but it is of obvious importance for prognostic and clinical care reasons. In this study, we aimed to prospectively assess suicide risk and behaviors in UHR adolescents.MethodWe examined 112 help‐seeking adolescents (13–18 years, 50% males, 83.9% Caucasian) that were enrolled in the Reggio Emilia At‐Risk Mental States (ReARMS) project and followed up for 2 years. Specific items derived from the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS) and the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) were used to assess suicide risk. Suicide attempts and completed suicides were also recorded.ResultsBaseline assessment detected 40 UHR adolescents, 32 FEP (first‐episode psychosis), and 40 non‐UHR/FEP. We found that 67.5% of UHR adolescents had suicidal ideation, and 18.5% to severe degree. Attempted suicide before enrollment was higher in the UHR group than in non‐UHR/FEP peers (17.5% vs. 2.5%). BDI‐II suicidal ideation severity was stable at 12‐month follow‐up and decreased at 24‐month follow‐up.ConclusionsA high prevalence of suicidal ideation among UHR adolescents was found and supports the routine monitoring of risk of self‐injurious thinking and behavior in this at‐risk population.
Association of self‐reported physical fitness with pain during pregnancy: The GESTAFIT Project
Authors: Marín‐Jiménez Nuria , Acosta‐Manzano Pedro , Borges‐Cosic Milkana , Baena‐García Laura , Coll‐Risco Irene , Romero‐Gallardo Lidia , Aparicio Virginia A. 
Published: April 2019

AimsTo explore the association of self‐reported physical fitness with bodily, lumbar and sciatic pain, and pain disability during pregnancy.MethodsThe present study sample comprised 159 pregnant women (32.9 ± 4.7 years old). Self‐reported physical fitness was assessed with the International Fitness Scale (IFIS), where higher scores indicate greater physical fitness. Bodily pain was assessed with the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), where higher scores indicate lower pain. Lumbar and sciatic pain were measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS). The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire was employed to assess the disability resulting from pain. Measures were assessed at 16th and 34th gestational weeks (g. w.).ResultsPregnant women showed low‐moderate pain during pregnancy course. Most of them showed medium self‐reported overall physical fitness. At 16th g. w., greater self‐reported overall physical fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with less bodily and lumbar pain, and pain disability (all, P < 0.05). Greater muscular strength was associated with less bodily pain and pain disability (both, P < 0.05). Greater speed‐agility was associated with less bodily pain (P < 0.01) and less pain disability (P < 0.05). Self‐reported flexibility was not associated with any outcome (P > 0.05). At 34th g. w., greater overall physical fitness and its components were associated with less bodily and sciatic pain (all, P < 0.05).ConclusionGreater self‐reported overall physical fitness and its components are associated with less bodily, lumbar and sciatic pain, and reduced pain disability during pregnancy. Future studies are needed to explore whether increasing physical fitness before and during pregnancy could decrease pain in this relevant stage.
High‐resolution quantitative acoustic microscopy of cutaneous carcinoma and melanoma: Comparison with histology
Authors: Youssef Sarah , Seviaryna Inna , Shum David , Maeva Elena , Malyarenko Eugene , Rahman Naila , Maev Roman Gr. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe increased incidence rate of skin cancers during the last decades is alarming. One of the significant difficulties in the histopathology of skin cancers is appearance variability due to the heterogeneity of diseases or tissue preparation and staining process. This study aims to investigate whether the high‐resolution acoustic microscopy has the potential for identifying and quantitatively classifying skin cancers.Material/MethodsUnstained standard formalin‐fixed skin tissue samples were used for ultrasonic examination. The high‐frequency acoustic microscope equipped with the 320 MHz transducer was utilized to visualize skin structure. Fourier transform was performed to calculate the sound speed and attenuation in the tissue.ResultsThe acoustic images demonstrate good concordance with the traditional histology images. All histological features in the tumour were easily identifiable on acoustic images. Each skin cancer type has its combination of ultrasonic properties significantly different from the healthy skin.ConclusionsHigh‐resolution acoustic imaging strengthened with quantitative analysis shows a potential to work as an auxiliary imaging modality assisting pathologists to lean to the particular decision in doubtful cases. The method can also assist surgeon to ensure the complete resection of a tumour.