bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phacotrabeculectomy using collagen matrix implant (Ologen®) versus mitomycin C: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wlaź Aleksandra , Wilkos‐Kuc Agnieszka , Rozegnał‐Madej Agnieszka , Żarnowski Tomasz 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeTo compare the efficacy and safety of collagen matrix implant (Ologen®; OLO) with mitomycin C (MMC) in phacotrabeculectomy.MethodsProspective, single‐centre, nonblinded, randomized controlled trial. A total of 53 eyes of 45 patients were enrolled in the study protocol with 27 eyes randomly assigned to OLO and 26 to MMC. The follow‐up was 12 months. The primary outcome measure was mean change from baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) in both groups after 12 months. The secondary outcome measures were cumulative success rates at 12 months with Kaplan–Meier analysis, change in number of medications, change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and bleb morphology assessed using Moorfields Bleb Grading System and anterior segment swept‐source optical coherence tomography.ResultsThe mean IOP decreased from 26.4 ± 6.1 mmHg to 13.7 ± 3.8 in the OLO group and from 23.4 ± 3.6 mmHg to 13.3 ± 2.8 in the MMC group at 1 year without significant intergroup differences. At 1 year, the overall success rates were 92.6% and 92.3% in the OLO and MMC groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in the overall success rates, BCVA, number of medications, morphology of the filtering blebs and rate of complications at the end of the follow‐up.ConclusionOlogen (OLO) provides similar surgical outcomes in phacotrabeculectomy compared with adjunctive MMC. It may be a new, safe and effective alternative to MMC for combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy surgery.
Our Democracy: Czech Adolescents Talk About the Meaning of Democracy and Attitudes Toward Immigrants
Authors: Scott Zuzana , Šmahelová Martina , Macek Petr 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to explore in depth how adolescents understand democracy and how they apply their ideas of democracy to attitudes toward immigrants. In order to research these topics, we conducted five focus groups at middle and high schools (9th and 10th grade) with a total number of 32 respondents. Utilizing thematic analysis, we identified the main themes related to definitions of democracy, such as emphasis on individual freedom, and democracy as rule by the people. Young people also discussed possible conflicts between democratic principles (e.g., majority rule vs. minority voice). Inclination toward majoritarian model was mostly present in adolescents’ attitudes toward immigrants, which were characterized mostly by endorsement of assimilation. We discuss these results in the light of the conflicting principles upon which democracy is built, such as equality versus freedom or majority rule versus minority rights.
Differences in preventing new‐onset cardiovascular events with statin therapy in seniors aged 75 years and over: A cohort study in the South Korean National Health Insurance Database
Authors: Kim Kyungim , Kwak Arim , Choi Cheol Ung , Kim Jae Hyun , Kim Myeong Gyu , Oh Jung Mi , Ji Eunhee 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe aim of this cohort study was to compare the effectiveness of statin regimens for primary prevention among seniors aged ≥ 75 years. Seniors aged 75‐100 years for whom statin therapies for primary prevention were newly initiated between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2011, and who continued the same statin regimen during the first year after the index date were identified using the claims data from the South Korean National Health Insurance Database. A propensity score matching and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model were developed to evaluate adjusted ischaemic cardiovascular‐cerebrovascular event (CCE) risk and all‐cause mortality risk for all patients, as well as for subgroups. A total of 5629 older patients aged 75‐100 years were included in the study population. Compared to moderate‐intensity statin therapy, low‐intensity statin therapy was significantly associated with increased risk of ischaemic CCEs, while high‐intensity statin therapy was associated with reduced risk of ischaemic CCEs; however, compared to moderate‐intensity statin therapy, both low‐intensity and high‐intensity statin therapies were associated with increased risk of all‐cause mortality. For the 4689 older patients who regularly received moderate‐intensity statin therapy including 10 mg atorvastatin, 20 mg atorvastatin, 10 mg rosuvastatin or 20 mg simvastatin for primary prevention, multivariable regression adjusting for potential covariates revealed no significant difference in ischaemic CCEs or all‐cause mortality between the moderate‐intensity statin users and 10 mg atorvastatin users both before and after propensity scoring matching. No significant heterogeneity was detected in the patient subgroups. The results of this study based on real‐world data can supply evidence‐based reasons for choice of statin regimen for the primary prevention of CCEs in older people aged ≥ 75 years.
VU0810464, a non‐urea G protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir3/GIRK) channel activator, exhibits enhanced selectivity for neuronal Kir3 channels and reduces stress‐induced hyperthermia in mice
Authors: Vo Baovi N. , Abney Kristopher K. , Anderson Allison , Marron Fernandez de Velasco Ezequiel , Benneyworth Michael A. , Daniels John Scott , Morrison Ryan D. , Hopkins Corey R. , Weaver Charles David , Wickman Kevin 
Published: March 2019

Background and PurposeG protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir3) channels moderate the activity of excitable cells and have been implicated in neurological disorders and cardiac arrhythmias. Most neuronal Kir3 channels consist of Kir3.1 and Kir3.2 subtypes, while cardiac Kir3 channels consist of Kir3.1 and Kir3.4 subtypes. Previously, we identified a family of urea‐containing Kir3 channel activators, but these molecules exhibit suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties and modest selectivity for Kir3.1/3.2 relative to Kir3.1/3.4 channels. Here, we characterize a non‐urea activator, VU0810464, which displays nanomolar potency as a Kir3.1/3.2 activator, improved selectivity for neuronal Kir3 channels, and improved brain penetration.Experimental ApproachWe used whole‐cell electrophysiology to measure the efficacy and potency of VU0810464 in neurons and the selectivity of VU0810464 for neuronal and cardiac Kir3 channel subtypes. We tested VU0810464 in vivo in stress‐induced hyperthermia and elevated plus maze paradigms. Parallel studies with ML297, the prototypical activator of Kir3.1‐containing Kir3 channels, were performed to permit direct comparisons.Key ResultsVU0810464 and ML297 exhibited comparable efficacy and potency as neuronal Kir3 channel activators, but VU0810464 was more selective for neuronal Kir3 channels. VU0810464, like ML297, reduced stress‐induced hyperthermia in a Kir3‐dependent manner in mice. ML297, but not VU0810464, decreased anxiety‐related behaviour as assessed with the elevated plus maze test.Conclusion and ImplicationsVU0810464 represents a new class of Kir3 channel activator with enhanced selectivity for Kir3.1/3.2 channels. VU0810464 may be useful for examining Kir3.1/3.2 channel contributions to complex behaviours and for probing the potential of Kir3 channel‐dependent manipulations to treat neurological disorders.
The phylogenetic origin and evolution of acellular bone in teleost fishes: insights into osteocyte function in bone metabolism
Authors: Davesne Donald , Meunier François J. , Schmitt Armin D. , Friedman Matt , Otero Olga , Benson Roger B. J. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTVertebrate bone is composed of three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, the latter being by far the most numerous. Osteocytes are thought to play a fundamental role in bone physiology and homeostasis, however they are entirely absent in most extant species of teleosts, a group that comprises the vast majority of bony ‘fishes’, and approximately half of vertebrates. Understanding how this acellular (anosteocytic) bone appeared and was maintained in such an important vertebrate group has important implications for our understanding of the function and evolution of osteocytes. Nevertheless, although it is clear that cellular bone is ancestral for teleosts, it has not been clear in which specific subgroup the osteocytes were lost. This review aims to clarify the phylogenetic distribution of cellular and acellular bone in teleosts, to identify its precise origin, reversals to cellularity, and their implications. We surveyed the bone type for more than 600 fossil and extant ray‐finned fish species and optimised the results on recent large‐scale molecular phylogenetic trees, estimating ancestral states. We find that acellular bone is a probable synapomorphy of Euteleostei, a group uniting approximately two‐thirds of teleost species. We also confirm homoplasy in these traits: acellular bone occurs in some non‐euteleosts (although rarely), and cellular bone was reacquired several times independently within euteleosts, in salmons and relatives, tunas and the opah (Lampris sp.). The occurrence of peculiar ecological (e.g. anadromous migration) and physiological (e.g. red‐muscle endothermy) strategies in these lineages might explain the reacquisition of osteocytes. Our review supports that the main contribution of osteocytes in teleost bone is to mineral homeostasis (via osteocytic osteolysis) and not to strain detection or bone remodelling, helping to clarify their role in bone physiology.
Moral Spaces and Sexual Transgression: Understanding Rape in War and Post Conflict
Authors: Porter Holly 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTWhen it comes to rape in war, evocative language describing rape as a ‘weapon of war’ has become commonplace. Although politically important, overemphasis on strategic aspects of wartime sexual violence can be misleading. Alternative explanations tend to understand rape either as exceptional — a departure from ‘normal’ sexual relationships — or as part of a continuum of gendered violence. This article shows how, even in war, norms are not suspended; nor do they simply continue. War changes the moral landscape. Drawing on ethnographic research over 10 years in northern Uganda, this article argues for a re‐sexualization of understandings of rape. It posits that sexual mores are central to explaining sexual violence, and that sexual norms — and hence transgressions — vary depending on the moral spaces in which they occur. In Acholi, moral spaces have temporal dimensions (‘olden times’, the ‘time of fighting’ and ‘these days’) and associated spatial dimensions (home, camp, bush, village, town). The dynamics of each help to explain the occurrence of some forms of sexual violence and the rarity of others. By reflecting on sexual norms and transgressions in these moral spaces, the article sheds light on the relationship between ‘event’ and ‘ordinary’, rape and war.
Efficacy of low‐ and very‐low‐energy diets in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of interventional studies
Authors: Kloecker David E. , Zaccardi Francesco , Baldry Emma , Davies Melanie J. , Khunti Kamlesh , Webb David R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsTo review systematically and quantify the weight loss achieved through low‐ (LEDs) and very‐low‐energy diets (VLEDs) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Materials and methodsStudies reporting the effects of diet‐only interventions of up to 1600 kcal/d in people with T2DM were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL up to July 2018. Changes in the primary (body weight and body mass index [BMI]) and secondary outcomes (glycated haemoglobin, blood lipids) according to energy restriction and duration of diet were modelled using restricted cubic splines.ResultsForty‐four studies (3817 participants) were included. The overall quality of the evidence was moderate and limited to short‐term interventions up to 4 months. Baseline mean weight and BMI were 92.1 kg and 36.6 kg/m2. VLEDs of 400 kcal/d led to 5.4% weight loss at 2 weeks, increasing to 17.9% at 3 months. More modest reductions of 7.3% were observed on LEDs of 1200 kcal/d and 2.0% on 1600 kcal/d after 3 months. No clear patterns emerged for secondary outcomes. Publication bias was significant for primary outcomes.ConclusionsThrough modelling, we were able to describe effective dietary deficit strategies to achieve weight reduction up to 4 months in people with T2DM. High‐quality studies are required to further support clinical practice with evidence‐based dietary interventions.
Structured activity and multiple group memberships as mechanisms of increased depression amongst young people not in employment, education or training
Authors: Berry Clio , Easterbrook Matthew J. , Empson Liza , Fowler David 
Published: March 2019

AimsYoung people Not in Employment, Education and Training (NEET) are at increased risk of depression, yet mechanisms of this association are poorly understood. We hypothesised that being NEET has both behavioural and social identity consequences and that reductions in structured activity and multiple group memberships underlie increased depression in this group. Our purpose was to assess first whether depression was greater for NEET compared to non‐NEET young people from the same geographical locality, and secondly, whether a loss of structured activity leading to a reduction in multiple group memberships explains the NEET‐depression association.MethodsThe present study was a cross‐sectional between‐groups design using convenience sampling. Measures of depression, structured activity and multiple group memberships were obtained from 45 NEET young people and 190 university students (non‐NEET).ResultsThe NEET group reported significantly more depression symptoms compared to the non‐NEET student control group. A path model specifying NEET status as a predictor of depression, with this association mediated by a reduction in structured activity and fewer multiple group memberships (standardised indirect = 0.03, unstandardised indirect = 0.62, P = 0.052, 95% bias corrected confidence intervals [0.21,1.44]), provided excellent fit to our data: χ2(3) = 0.26, P = 0.968, comparative fit index (CFI) = 1.00, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)<0.01, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.01).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that depression is elevated amongst NEET young people compared to non‐NEET students from the same locality. The association between NEET status and depression was partially mediated by reduced structured activity and its association with reduced multiple group memberships. Although using cross‐sectional data, our findings suggest social interventions may be a key resource in ameliorating depression amongst NEET young people; through preserving engagement in structured activity and the wellbeing benefits derived from arising multiple group memberships.
Critique of the 2017 epileptic seizure and epilepsy classifications
Authors: Lüders Hans , Akamatsu Naoki , Amina Shahram , Baumgartner Christoph , Benbadis Selim , Bermeo‐Ovalle Adriana , Bleasel Andrew , Bozorgi Alireza , Carreño Mar , Devereaux Michael , Fernandez‐Baca Vaca Guadalupe , Francione Stefano , García Losarcos Naiara , Hamer Hajo , Holthausen Hans , Jamal Omidi Shirin , Kalamangalam Giridhar , Kanner Andrés , Knake Susanne , Lacuey Nuria , Lhatoo Samden , Lim Shih‐Hui , Mani Jayanthi , Matsumoto Riki , Miller Jonathan , Noachtar Soheyl , Palmini André , Park Jun , Rosenow Felix , Shahid Asim , Schuele Stephan , Steinhoff Bernhard , Szabo Charles Ákos , Tandon Nitin , Terada Kiyohito , Van Emde Boas Walter , Widdess‐Walsh Peter , Kahane Philippe 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThis article critiques the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 2015‐2017 classifications of epilepsy, epileptic seizures, and status epilepticus. It points out the following shortcomings of the ILAE classifications: (1) they mix semiological terms with epileptogenic zone terminology; (2) simple and widely accepted terminology has been replaced by complex terminology containing less information; (3) seizure evolution cannot be described in any detail; (4) in the four‐level epilepsy classification, level two (epilepsy category) overlaps almost 100% with diagnostic level one (seizure type); and (5) the design of different classifications with distinct frameworks for newborns, adults, and patients in status epilepticus is confusing. The authors stress the importance of validating the new ILAE classifications and feel that the decision ofEpilepsiato accept only manuscripts that use the ILAE classifications is premature and regrettable.
Reoccurrence of a paranasal osteoma following surgical removal in a 6‐month‐old Warmblood filly
Authors: McGlinchey L. , Cole R. , Caldwell F. J. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryA 6‐month‐old Warmblood filly presented for evaluation of a left sided unilateral mucopurulent discharge of 5 weeks' duration. Upper airway endoscopy revealed a large, smooth mass in the region of the ethmoturbinates. Dorso‐ventral and lateral radiographs of the head revealed a large osseous mass in the left paranasal area. A biopsy was performed under general anaesthesia and an osteoma was diagnosed. A computed tomography (CT) examination was performed to guide surgical removal. Surgery was performed under general anaesthesia and a large mass was removed ~15 × 9 cm. A CT examination 3 months following surgery revealed three small areas of mineralisation. It was difficult to differentiate if these were areas of regrowth or portions of the original mass that were not entirely removed. A CT examination 8 months later revealed one of the areas had increased moderately in size. A second surgery was performed standing to remove the growth. A final CT 8 months later revealed no further evidence of a bone growth. This report describes the successful removal of an osteoma regrowth following initial surgical removal and, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is the first to describe the reoccurrence of an osteoma after surgical intervention. It also describes a successful rhinotomy in the standing equine patient. This case highlights the importance of serial follow‐up imaging after surgical removal as osteoma regrowth occurred in this case.
Exosomes derived from human dermal papilla cells promote hair growth in cultured human hair follicles and augment the hair‐inductive capacity of cultured dermal papilla spheres
Authors: Kwack Mi H. , Seo Chang H. , Gangadaran Prakash , Ahn Byeong‐Cheol , Kim Moon K. , Kim Jung C. , Sung Young K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDermal papillae (DP) play key roles in hair growth and regeneration by regulating follicular cell activity. Owing to the established roles of exosomes (Exos) in the regulation of cell functions, we investigated whether DP‐derived Exos, especially those from three‐dimensional (3D)‐cultured DP cells, affect hair growth, cycling and regeneration. Exos derived from 3D DP (3D DP‐Exos) promoted the proliferation of DP cells and outer root sheath (ORS) cells and increased the expression of growth factors (IGF‐1, KGF and HGF) in DP cells. 3D DP‐Exo treatment also increased hair shaft elongation in cultured human hair follicles. In addition, local injections of 3D DP‐Exos induced anagen from telogen and also prolonged anagen in mice. Moreover, Exo treatment in human DP spheres augmented hair follicle neogenesis when the DP spheres were implanted with mouse epidermal cells. Similar results were obtained using Exos derived from 2D‐cultured DP cells (2D DP‐Exo). Collectively, our data strongly suggest that Exos derived from DP cells promote hair growth and hair regeneration by regulating the activity of follicular dermal and epidermal cells; accordingly, these findings have implications for the development of therapeutic strategies for hair loss.
Amylose resistant starch (HAM‐RS2) supplementation increases the proportion of Faecalibacterium bacteria in end‐stage renal disease patients: Microbial analysis from a randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Laffin Michael R. , Tayebi Khosroshahi Hamid , Park Heekuk , Laffin Luke J. , Madsen Karen , Kafil Hossein Samadi , Abedi Behzad , Shiralizadeh Somayeh , Vaziri Nosratola D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroduction: Many of the deleterious effects associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are secondary to the resultant systemic inflammation. The gut microbial changes caused by CKD are thought to perpetuate systemic inflammation. Therefore, strategies aimed at modulating the gut microbiota may be helpful in reducing complications associated with CKD. We hypothesized that supplementation with high‐amylose maize resistant starch type 2 (HAM‐RS2) would beneficially alter the gut microbiome and lead to lower levels of systemic inflammation.Methods: A double‐blind, parallel, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial was performed comparing dietary supplementation of HAM‐RS2 with placebo in patients with end‐stage CKD. Fecal microbial data were obtained from a subset of patients after DNA extraction and 16s sequencing.Findings: Supplementation of HAM‐RS2 led to a decrease in serum urea, IL‐6, TNFα, and malondialdehyde (P < 0.05). The Faecalibacterium genus was significantly increased in relative abundance following HAM‐RS2 supplementation (HAM‐RS2‐Day 0: 0.40 ± 0.50 vs. HAM‐RS2‐Day 56: 3.21 ± 4.97 P = 0.03) and was unchanged by placebo (Control‐Day 0: 0.72 ± 0.72 vs. Control‐Day 56: 0.83 ± 1.57 P = 0.5).Discussion: Supplementation of amylose resistant starch, HAM‐RS2, in patients with CKD led to an elevation in Faecalibacterium and decrease in systemic inflammation. Microbial manipulation in CKD patients by using the prebiotic fiber may exert an anti‐inflammatory effect through an elevation in the bacterial genera Faecalibacterium.
Immediate treatment of acute HIV in a tertiary healthcare center: bridging gaps in communication using smartphones
Authors: Perez‐Patrigeon S , Camiro‐Zúñiga A , Jaramillo‐Jante MR , Belaunzarán‐Zamudio PF , Crabtree‐Ramírez B , Soto‐Ramírez LE , Calva JJ , Hernández‐León C , Mosqueda‐Gómez JL , Navarro‐Alvarez S , Sierra‐Madero JG 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesEarly initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV infection is associated with favourable clinical and epidemiological outcomes. Barriers to prompt treatment initiation limit the benefits of universal access to ART in Mexico. We sought to create an algorithm for the immediate detection and treatment of patients with acute HIV infection.MethodsA nationwide cohort of patients with acute HIV infection was created in 2015. In order to identify cases and treat them promptly at our centre, an interdisciplinary group coordinated through an instant‐messaging tool using smart phones was established. When a probable case was detected, a discussion was initiated to confirm the diagnosis and facilitate the administrative processes to initiate ART as soon as possible. We compared time to ART initiation with that in a comparison group of patients with chronic HIV infection enrolled during the same period (May 2015 to February 2017) through routine care, using survival analysis estimators and log‐rank tests.ResultsWe recruited 29 patients with acute HIV infection. The median time to ART initiation was 2 days in these patients, in contrast to 21 days for patients with chronic infection. There were no significant differences in the percentages of patients engaged in care, on treatment or virologically suppressed at 1 year of follow‐up.ConclusionsImplementing immediate ART initiation programmes is feasible in Mexico, in spite of the substantial administrative barriers that exist in the country. More extensive replication of this model in other centres and in patients with chronic infection is warranted to evaluate its effect on the continuum of care.