bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
River Crossing Problems
Authors: Danesi Marcel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The four river crossing problems in Alcuin’s Propositiones—numbers 17, 18, 19, and 20—deal with the fundamental nature of combinatorics, the mathematics of combinatorial structure. They are among Alcuin’s best-known problems. This chapter deals with these problems and their offshoots, including different cultural versions and more complex ones, such as the four-couple version. It also looks at combinatorics more generally, including problems in the field such as Kirkman’s Schoolgirls Problem. River crossing problems exemplify a recurring mathematical archetype—a problem that occurs in other languages and other eras, but with the same mathematical blueprint. The problems have a certain simple logic built into them that does not require any sophisticated training to understand. This may well have been Alcuin’s goal with these problems, showing that mathematical thinking is part of the human brain, manifesting itself in various cross-cultural ways. They are examples of how innate practical knowledge is transformed into theoretical knowledge by the brain, which is at the core of how mathematicians think.
Assembly and Partitioning Problems
Authors: Danesi Marcel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Three problems in Alcuin’s Propositiones—numbers 27, 28, and 29—involve assembly and partitioning. These are discussed in this chapter, along with the theoretical implications they bear for mathematics generally. Such problems have always intrigued mathematicians, having become, as well, staples of recreational mathematics, with their own subgenres, including assembly, partitioning, polyomino, tangram, and packing puzzles. Alcuin was likely aiming to impress upon his readers that three primary geometrical figures—a quadrilateral, a triangle, and a circle—constituted important figures in city design, because each type of shape can contain recurring structures within it. In a relevant article, Nikolai Yu Zolotykh actually considers these problems to be the earliest examples of packing problems in mathematics, given that they involve the placement of the figures according to an optimal pattern. As Alcuin seems to have known, assembly and partitioning problems are thought experiments that underlie how we devise plans in architecture and mathematics.
Improving Neck and Jawline Aesthetics With OnabotulinumtoxinA by Minimizing Platysma Muscle Contraction Effects: Efficacy and Safety Results in a Phase 3 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Shridharani Sachin M , Ogilvie Patricia , Couvillion Megan , Pavicic Tatjana , Lain Edward , Jierjian Edward , Lee Elisabeth , Park Grace S , Shimoga Sandhya , Tong Warren , Hopfinger René 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Platysma prominence (PP) describes the noticeable appearance of the platysma muscle upon contraction, causing a less defined jawline contour and vertical neck bands.

Objectives
The objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA for improvement of PP in adults.

Methods
Participants with moderate to severe (Grade 3 to 4) PP at maximum contraction received onabotulinumtoxinA or placebo on Day 1 and were monitored for 120 days. OnabotulinumtoxinA dosage (26, 31, or 36 U) was customized based on baseline PP severity on each side of the neck.

Results
Efficacy analyses were conducted in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population (all randomized participants), and modified ITT population (mITT; psychosocially impacted by PP appearance). Results from ITT and mITT populations were comparable. As assessed by investigators, 76.7% of onabotulinumtoxinA mITT participants achieved ≥1-grade improvement vs 21.2% in the placebo group, and 41.0% vs 2.2% (P &lt; .0001) achieved ≥2-grade improvement at Day 14. As assessed by participants, 79.9% of onabotulinumtoxinA mITT participants vs 21.8% in the placebo group and 40.8% vs 3.9% (P &lt; .0001) achieved ≥1- or ≥2-grade improvement, respectively, at Day 14. OnabotulinumtoxinA responder rates remained higher than placebo through Day 120, gradually declining over time. OnabotulinumtoxinA participants reported significantly higher satisfaction with treatment effect, less bother from jawline and vertical neck bands, and lower psychosocial impact from PP than placebo at Day 14 (P &lt; .0001). OnabotulinumtoxinA effectively improved self-perceived jawline definition and was well tolerated.

Conclusions
OnabotulinumtoxinA was well tolerated and effective at improving moderate to severe PP, including neck bands and jawline definition.

Level of Evidence: 1 (Therapeutic)
Significant spatial variation of upper crustal anisotropy in Southern Sichuan Basin, China: constraints from local shear wave splitting analysis
Authors: Qiang Zhengyang , Wu Qingju , Li Yonghua 
Published: October 2024

SUMMARY
The recent upsurge in seismic activity within the southern Sichuan Basin has garnered considerable public attention and simultaneously offers a valuable opportunity for investigating upper crustal anisotropy. Such investigations can provide critical insights into the stress field and crustal deformation in the region. We obtained a total of 1845 high-quality local shear wave splitting measurements at 15 stations and 2027 null measurements at 19 stations. These results indicate the presence of a single layer of anisotropy with a horizontal axis of symmetry at a depth of 3 to 7 km. The fast polarization directions display discernible spatial variations that are primarily influenced by the geographical location of earthquakes rather than changes over time. In the vicinity of the Baimazhen Syncline, the fast polarization directions coincide with the strike of the stratum, forming a circular pattern around the core of the syncline, suggesting that the observed anisotropy is structure-controlled. In contrast, stations situated in the southern Weiyuan Anticline and western Baimazhen Syncline display fast directions trending N171.7 °E and N45.9 °E, respectively. These directions are consistent with the P axes of the focal mechanism of earthquakes, signifying that the anisotropy in these areas is governed by the regional stress field. The findings of this study not only deepen our understanding of the intricate geological structures in the southern Sichuan Basin, but also indicate the need for greater caution when interpreting potential temporal changes in anisotropy in future research.
Arabidopsis KNS3 and its two homologs mediate endoplasmic reticulum-to-plasma membrane traffic of boric acid channels
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Nakamura Shunsuke , Yamasaki Arisa , Uehara Masataka , Takemura Shunsuke , Tsuchida Kohei , Kamiya Takehiro , Shigenobu Shuji , Yamaguchi Katsushi , Fujiwara Toru , Ishiguro Sumie , Takano Junpei 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Membrane proteins targeted to the plasma membrane are first transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. This study explored the mechanisms controlling plasma membrane trafficking of the boric acid channel AtNIP5;1 from the ER. Imaging-based screening using transgenic Arabidopsis identified six mutants in which GFP-NIP5;1 was localized in the ER in addition to the plasma membrane. Genetic mapping and whole-genome resequencing identified the responsible gene in four among the six mutants as KAONASHI3 (KNS3)/SPOTTY1/IMPERFECTIVE EXINE FORMATION. Among the plasma membrane-localized proteins tested, NIP5;1 and its homolog NIP6;1 were retained in the ER of the kns3 mutants. Our genetic analysis further discovered that two homologs of KNS3, KNSTH1 and KNSTH2, were also involved in the ER exit of NIP5;1. In Arabidopsis protoplasts and tobacco leaves, mCherry-fused KNS3 localized to the ER and Golgi, whereas KNSTH2 localized to the ER. The cytosolic C-terminal tail of KNS3 contains amino acids important for Golgi-to-ER trafficking. Furthermore, the ER-to-Golgi trafficking of KNS3 depended on KNSTH1 and KNSTH2, and the accumulation of these three proteins in Arabidopsis roots depended on each other. We propose that KNS3, KNSTH1, and KNSTH2 function as a cargo-receptor complex mediating the ER exit of NIP5;1.
A dark standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant following LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA O4a and previous runs
Authors: Bom C R , Alfradique V , Palmese A , Teixeira G , Santana-Silva L , Santos A , Darc P 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a new constraint on the Hubble constant ($H_0$) from the standard dark siren method using a sample of five well-covered gravitational wave (GW) alerts reported during the first part of the fourth observing run of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), the Virgo and Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector (KAGRA) collaborations (LVK) and with three updated standard dark sirens from third observation run in combination with the previous constraints from the first three runs. Our methodology relies on the galaxy catalogue method alone. We use a deep learning method to derive the full probability density estimation of photometric redshifts using the Legacy Survey catalogues. We add the constraints from well localized binary black hole mergers to the sample of standard dark sirens analysed in our previous work. We combine the $H_0$ posterior for 5 new standard sirens with other 10 previous events (using the most recent available data for the five novel events and updated three previous posteriors from O3), finding $H_0 = 70.4^{+13.6}_{-11.7}~{\rm km~s^{-1}~Mpc^{-1}}$ (68 per cent confidence interval) with the catalogue method only. This result represents an improvement of $\sim 23~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ comparing the new 15 dark siren constraints with the previous 10 dark siren constraints and a reduction in uncertainty of $\sim 40~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ from the combination of 15 dark and bright sirens compared with the GW170817 bright siren alone. The combination of dark and bright siren GW170817 with recent jet constraints yields $H_0$ of $68.0^{+4.4}_{-3.8}~{\rm km~s^{-1}~Mpc^{-1}}$, a $\sim 6~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ precision from standard sirens, reducing the previous constraint uncertainty by $\sim 10~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$.
Variational inference for acceleration of SN Ia photometric distance estimation with BayeSN
Authors: Uzsoy Ana Sofía M , Thorp Stephen , Grayling Matthew , Mandel Kaisey S 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are standarizable candles whose observed light curves can be used to infer their distances, which can in turn be used in cosmological analyses. As the quantity of observed SNe Ia grows with current and upcoming surveys, increasingly scalable analyses are necessary to take full advantage of these new data sets for precise estimation of cosmological parameters. Bayesian inference methods enable fitting SN Ia light curves with robust uncertainty quantification, but traditional posterior sampling using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is computationally expensive. We present an implementation of variational inference (VI) to accelerate the fitting of SN Ia light curves using the BayeSN hierarchical Bayesian model for time-varying SN Ia spectral energy distributions. We demonstrate and evaluate its performance on both simulated light curves and data from the Foundation Supernova Survey with two different forms of surrogate posterior–a multivariate normal and a custom multivariate zero-lower-truncated normal distribution–and compare them with the Laplace Approximation and full MCMC analysis. To validate of our variational approximation, we calculate the Pareto-smoothed importance sampling diagnostic, and perform variational simulation-based calibration. The VI approximation achieves similar results to MCMC but with an order-of-magnitude speed-up for the inference of the photometric distance moduli. Overall, we show that VI is a promising method for scalable parameter inference that enables analysis of larger data sets for precision cosmology.
A Comparison of Different Strategies for Optimizing the Selection of Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Pneumonia Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria in Intensive Care Units: Unit-Specific Combination Antibiograms Versus Patient-Specific Risk Factors
Authors: Wangchinda Walaiporn , Aitken Samuel L , Klatt Megan E , Lephart Paul R , Smith Aaron B , Pogue Jason M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Guidelines suggest dual antipseudomonal therapy for empiric treatment of pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Additionally, consideration of local susceptibility data and patient-specific risk factors for resistance is recommended for selecting optimal empiric regimens. However, data assessing how to best do this are lacking, and it is unclear whether a local susceptibility data–based or a patient-specific risk factor–based approach will better drive appropriate empiric treatment. This study aims to compare these 2 strategies.

Methods
This retrospective study was divided into 2 periods. In period I, gram-negative respiratory cultures from ICU patients were used to develop unit-specific combination antibiograms, and individual patient charts were reviewed to assess the impact of risk factors on antimicrobial susceptibility to develop a risk factor–based treatment algorithm. Optimal empiric regimens based on these 2 strategies were then defined. In period II, these regimens were hypothetically applied to patients to compare rates of appropriate empiric therapy and overuse by the 2 methods.

Results
Risk factor–based regimens had a higher appropriateness rate compared to regimens derived from antibiograms (89.9% vs 83.7%). Additionally, applying antibiogram-based regimens resulted in a higher prevalence of antibiotic overuse than a patient-specific risk factor–based approach (69.8% vs 40.3%), with excess overuse driven by a higher frequency of unnecessary use of combination therapy.

Conclusions
Both strategies provided high rates of appropriateness in empiric antibiotic selection. However, the patient-specific risk factor–based approach demonstrated a higher rate of appropriate therapy and offered advantages in reducing rates of unnecessary combination therapy.
T-cell and Soluble Co-inhibitory Receptor Expression in Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis Are Markers of Treatment Response and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Ademe Muluneh , Osorio Yaneth , Fikre Helina , Adane Desalegn , Mulaw Tadele , Travi Bruno L , Howe Rawliegh , Hailu Asrat , Abebe Tamrat , Melby Peter C 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Co-inhibitory receptors (immune checkpoints) regulate activated immune cells. Their expression on T cells can limit host defense. We hypothesized that chronic Leishmania donovani infection in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) leads to expression of co-inhibitory receptors that could be markers of treatment response and clinical outcome.

Method
A prospective cohort of 21 subjects with VL (7 with HIV coinfection) and 10 controls was established to measure T-cell expression of co-inhibitory receptors (PD-1, Tim-3, LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT) by flow cytometry in discarded remnants of diagnostic splenic or bone marrow aspirates and peripheral blood collected before and after treatment. Plasma levels of soluble co-inhibitory proteins (sPD-1, sTim-3, sLAG-3, and sCTLA-4) and selected cytokines were determined by immunoassay.

Results
Expression of co-inhibitory receptors in peripheral blood T cells generally reflected findings in spleen and bone marrow aspirates. PD-1 and Tim-3 were upregulated in CD4+ T cells in HIV-negative and HIV-positive subjects with VL compared to controls. CD8+ T cells from HIV-negative subjects with VL displayed a similar pattern. Plasma levels of sPD-1 and sTim-3 were also greater in VL patients than controls. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells coexpressing PD-1 and Tim-3 showed considerable decline with treatment. Mortality in HIV-negative VL patients was associated with increased CD8+ T cells coexpressing Tim-3 and PD-1, triple-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (PD-1+Tim-3+LAG-3+), and elevated sLAG3.

Conclusions
Tim-3 and PD-1 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and increased plasma sLAG-3, were markers of treatment response and clinical outcome in patients with VL.
Jurisdiction and Afro-Brazilian Legal Politics from Colonialism to Early Independence
Authors: Richards Jake Subryan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Every empire in the Americas developed a law of slavery that connected the forced transoceanic migration of enslaved people with land-based economic production and social life. Competing conceptions of jurisdiction over land and sea emerged from legal processes regarding slavery in the transition from colonial Portuguese rule to early independence in Brazil. Both the Portuguese monarch and post-independence Brazilian ministers sought to assert jurisdiction over residents inside the territory, including enslaved people. Their attempts to do so created social conflicts in which enslaved people put forth their own visions of jurisdiction and justice. Afro-Brazilian people developed a legal politics that drew upon diasporic maritime connections to overturn enslavement. The legal politics of cases regarding uprisings and contraband slave-trading animated concerns among judges and imperial administrators about effective legal order. A revolutionary movement in 1798 contested Portuguese colonial sovereignty with a vision of free-trade popular sovereignty. The monarch’s transfer from Portugal to Brazil in 1808 opened a small route for enslaved people to petition the crown for freedom based on innovative readings of free soil. A major case of capture in 1851 illuminated how the naval court judge adjudicated the case as the capture of an enemy. Captive African people testified in court to gain collective freedom in a liminal space. These claims to freedom raised important questions about legal equality and freedom from illegal trafficking for all people held in slavery in Brazil.
The Return of the Repressed: Political Deportation in the &#x2028;Indian Ocean during the Age &#x2028;of Revolutions
Authors: Morieux Renaud 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Between the second half of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Indian Ocean became a theatre of the global war waged by European imperial states. This article compares how three colonial powers, in French, Danish, and British colonial territories, dealt with interconnected political threats, in a region where the limits of imperial sovereignty and jurisdictions were often blurred and frequently renegotiated. Rather than a formally sanctioned doctrine and legal category, deportation should be understood as a crude tool for solving a variety of problems. Although the forced removal of criminals, religious minorities or political opponents was not a new instrument to the late eighteenth century, it is often ignored that political deportation was also a widely used legal practice in the Indian Ocean during the ‘age of revolutions’. In this region, deportation was used by imperial centres to get rid of political enemies, but also by regional authorities, without referring to metropolitan orders. It was usually not a judicial punishment, but an administrative measure justified in the name of political necessity. This article focuses on three small colonial enclaves, French Reunion, Danish Tranquebar, and British Pondicherry, where a siege mentality and fear of political sedition were omnipresent in this period. Contemporaries believed, with some justifications, that a single conspiracy linked these three colonial theatres, involving the same set of protagonists, who redeployed their projects as they were removed from one place to the next. But in these three sites and societies, deportation raises different issues. Dumping radicals on a foreign shore might have been a short-term fix, but it rarely solved problems in the long term: deportees often returned after some time, which was a direct consequence of the colonial authorities’ reluctance to take irreparable decisions, and of the entanglement of empires and polities in the Indian Ocean.
Comparative effects of biological and targeted synthetic DMARDs on incident chronic kidney disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Nishimura Nozomi , Onishi Akira , Yamamoto Wataru , Nagai Koji , Shiba Hideyuki , Okita Yasutaka , Son Yonsu , Amuro Hideki , Okano Takaichi , Ueda Yo , Hara Ryota , Katayama Masaki , Yamada Shinsuke , Hashimoto Motomu , Maeda Yuichi , Onizawa Hideo , Fujii Takayuki , Murata Koichi , Murakami Kosaku , Tanaka Masao , Matsuda Shuichi , Morinobu Akio 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The impact of individual biological/targeted synthetic DMARD (b/tsDMARD) on kidney function in patients with RA remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the comparative effects of b/tsDMARDs on chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence in patients with RA.

Methods
This multicentre cohort study included patients with RA who had baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and started a TNF inhibitor (TNFi), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4-Ig (CTLA4-Ig), interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor, or Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) in Japan. Multiple propensity score-based inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to adjust confounders. The incidence of CKD was compared among b/tsDMARDs using IPW mixed-effect Cox proportional hazards models and linear mixed-effect models with IPW-examined trajectories of eGFR.

Results
Among 2187 patients with 3068 treatment courses and up to 11 years of follow-up, CKD occurred in 275 cases. Compared with the CTLA4-Ig group, the TNFi group had a significantly lower CKD incidence [hazard ratio (HR) 0.67, 95% CI 0.46–0.97, P = 0.04], whereas the JAKi group had a significantly higher incidence (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.23–3.79, P = 0.01). The trajectory of eGFR was significantly greater in the JAKi group than in the CTLA4-Ig group (CTLA4-Ig: −1.28 ml/min/1.73 m2/year, JAKi: −2.29 ml/min/1.73 m2/year, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
TNFi use was associated with reduced CKD incidence, whereas JAKi showed a less protective association for kidney function in patients with RA.
Ten-Year Follow-Up After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Teubert Selina , Borgardts Klara , Steindor Friedrich , Borrelli Maria , Schrader Stefan , Geerling Gerd , Spaniol Kristina 
Published: October 2024

Purpose:
To examine clinical results up to 10 years after Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) and Triple-DMEK.

Methods:
Prospective study including 201 eyes, of which 54 eyes [38 DMEKs and 16 Triple-DMEKs; Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (n = 45), pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (n = 9)] reached the minimum follow-up of 5 years and were followed up for up to 10 years. We evaluated best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]), endothelial cell density (ECD, cells/mm2), minimal central corneal thickness (CCT, μm), central retinal thickness (μm), rebubbling, graft survival and re-DMEK rate, chamber angle alterations, and incidence of glaucoma.

Results:
Fifty-four eyes had a 5-year and 37 eyes an 8- to 10-year follow-up. Mean follow-up was 94.4 ± 12.1 months. Best-corrected visual acuity increased from 0.6 ± 0.3 logMAR to 0.1 ± 0.2 logMAR at 6 months (P ≤ 0.001) and was 539 ± 54 μm at long term. Endothelial cell density decreased from 2488 ± 320.9 (donor) to 980.1 ± 437 cells/mm2 with an average ECD loss/year of 4% and did not correlate with BCVA. Central corneal thickness decreased from 596.9 ± 82.2 μm to 498.6 ± 24.3 μm at 12 months (P ≤ 0.001) and remained stable (P = 1.000). Mean rebubbling rate was 0.3 ± 0.5/eye and did not correlate with BCVA. Eight eyes (14.8%) received at least 1 rebubbling. Primary graft failure/rejection rate was 1.5%/0% within the first postoperative year, and secondary graft failure rate was 12.4% at 7 years. Eight eyes (preoperative n = 3, de novo n = 5) had open-angle glaucoma without chamber angle changes (14.8%, P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions:
Although ECD decreases continuously in the long-term follow-up, excellent visual acuity can be preserved 10 years after DMEK and Triple-DMEK. The final outcome can be estimated 6 months after surgery.