bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Size Variation Amongst Protocells Leads to Survival and Growth Under Hypoosmotic Conditions
Authors: Lowe Lauren A. , Kaushik Natasha K. , Wang Anna 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMembrane growth is vital to the evolution of cellular life. For model protocells, this is typically achieved through competition between different protocell populations or by adding extra amphiphiles. This work demonstrates an alternative mechanism for protocell membrane growth: hypoosmotic shocks, which could have occurred naturally in the protocell environment, leading to the redistribution of lipids within a single population of vesicles. Here we report that, even without an additional lipid supply, nanoscale and giant fatty acid vesicles can withstand substantial osmotic pressures through membrane growth, whilst also retaining a significant portion of their contents. This stands in contrast to phospholipid systems, which burst and release their contents under the same conditions. Notably, the fatty acid giant vesicles retained contents following hypoosmotic shocks ten times higher than the predicted tolerance levels. The observed robustness is likely enabled by the membrane's incorporation of additional amphiphiles from smaller and less tense vesicles within the same population. The dynamic nature of these fatty acid‐based model protocells not only supports membrane growth but also enables protocell survival in hypoosmotic environments.
Dual Crystal‐Liquid Thermal Transport Behavior in MAPbCl3
Authors: Hu Jia‐Kai , Lee Yu‐Ju , Wu Cheng‐Chieh , Lee Chi‐Hung , Wu Chun‐Ming , Wu Hung‐Cheng , Nawa Kazuhiro , Kinjo Katsuki , Sato Taku J. , Wei Pai‐Chun 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPhonon dynamics in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) exhibit inherent complexity driven by the intricate interactions between rotatable organic cations and dynamically disordered inorganic octahedra, mediated by hydrogen bonding. This study aims to address this complexity by investigating the thermal transport behavior of MAPbCl3 as a gateway to the OIHPs family. The results reveal that the ultralow thermal conductivity of MAPbCl3 arises from a synergistic interplay of exceptionally low phonon velocities, short phonon lifetimes, and phonon mean free paths approaching the Regel‐Ioffe limit. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of MAPbCl3 approaches its theoretical amorphous limit across a broad temperature range, with its thermal transport behavior transitioning from crystal‐like to more liquid‐like during the orthorhombic‐to‐cubic phase transitions. Furthermore, a phonon drag effect is observed at 17 K, with Umklapp scattering serving as the predominant phonon resistive mechanism in the orthorhombic phase. In contrast, dynamic lattice distortions caused by the jumping rotation of MA+ cations become the primary factors influencing thermal transport in the cubic phase.
Parameter priority of stub and slender rectangular CFDST columns subjected to eccentric loading
Authors: Kalake Refiloe , Haas Trevor Neville 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis paper evaluates the behavior and ultimate load that previously identified parameters have on stub and long slender rectangular concrete‐filled double skin tubular (CFDST) columns subjected to eccentric loading. The investigation was performed using FE models that were calibrated and validated to eccentrically loaded experimental responses. A parametric investigation was thereafter conducted on seven parameters to establish the parameter priority on stub and long slender rectangular CFDST columns subjected to eccentric loading. The strong and weak axis minimally affects the parameter priority for a particular slenderness ratio. The investigation revealed that the parameter priority is different for stub and long slender columns. For load eccentricity, lateral curvature, steel strength, outer tube thickness, concrete strength, fixity, and inner tube thickness affect the ultimate load by 60.2%, 14.0%, 8.1%, 8.0%, 4.3%, 3.4%, and 2.1%, respectively, when compared to all parameters. For long slender columns, the load eccentricity, fixity, outer tube thickness steel strength, lateral curvature, concrete strength, and inner tube thickness affect the ultimate load by 70.7%, 10.6%, 6.2% 5.9%, 2.4%, 2.3%, and 2.0%, respectively, when compared to all parameters.
A regulatory gap analysis in transportation cybersecurity and data privacy
Authors: Hockstad Trayce , Rahman Mizanur , Jones Steven , Chowdhury Mashrur 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAlthough the need for regulatory and enforcement measures is dire, there is no all‐encompassing federal law or regulatory framework that governs cybersecurity or data privacy in the US transportation industry. The objective of this paper is to analyze the gaps that exist in US cybersecurity regulatory schematic as applied to transportation law and policy. As opposed to a theoretical approach, this study relies on a systematic gap analysis methodology to canvas a broad topic and distill specific insights that can be used as a foundation for establishing legislative and policy goals. Specifically, this paper attempts to answer: (i) what federal and/or state agencies are responsible for governing cybersecurity practices in the United States, including risk assessment, preventative measures, detection of breaches, and remedial enforcement; and (ii) how do industry experts assess the greatest risks/threats to ensuring cybersecurity in the transportation sector? The scope of selected legislative analysis is purposefully all‐encompassing of the transportation industry to highlight the scant nature of existing US law on the subject. Several states have enacted their own cybersecurity legislation, creating an unsynchronized approach nationwide that implicates jurisdictional issues, preemption problems, and inconsistent compliance requirements for national stakeholders. This paper next considers states' perspectives of transportation cybersecurity as assessed through a national survey of US state transportation agencies. Specific areas of concern identified as being important to the transportation industry but largely overlooked in the legislative spectrum include issues related to third‐party vendor liability, identifying cybersecurity tools, and supply chain risk management. Legislation covering workforce, ransomware, and cybersecurity‐related privacy issues saw more success, but low passage rates were still reflected with respect to the number of bills proposed. On the other hand, funding, insurance, and penalization issues appeared to be frequently prioritized. This paper presents the results of a gap analysis research approach identifying discrepancies between “what is” and “what should be” in transportation cybersecurity legislation.
Third Sector Research: The Construction of a Field of Study
Authors: Cordery Carolyn , Bassi Andrea , Aquino Alves Mario 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMore than 30 years ago, the ground-breaking work by Lester Salamon and Helmut Anheier launched global interest in research into the Third Sector. Yet the world is changing, and the relevance of the Social Origins Theory developed from the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project is now questioned. Third Sector organizations and movements remain vitally relevant and yet, the changing environment and definitions of the field, availability of new data sets, and gaps in the countries and topics studied, all point to the need to take stock and ensure that future Third Sector research is relevant and impactful. This chapter introduces the book, which aims to illustrate, comment and criticize the state of the art and to highlight future possible pathways in which Third Sector research could progress. It seeks an inclusive dialogue that, through encouraging diverse voices, shapes our collective understanding of the sector, its potentialities and hence can ameliorate prior difficulties. This book seeks to spur further research drawing on up-to-date databases and frameworks and to inspire new and seasoned researchers to undertake vital work.
Part II: Turning a Critical Lens on Nonprofit Classification: Opportunities and Challenges in the Digital Age
Authors: Rutherford A. C. , LePere-Schloop M. , Perai N. A. A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDefining who is in the nonprofit sector, and where they sit within that sector, is a powerful task. Any attempt to do it at an international scale must recognize the diversity of voluntary activity and civil society across cultures and contexts. In this chapter, we consider the challenges of applying classifications in different cultures, before going on to explore both the opportunities and challenges that new data and technologies offer for complex classification at scale. We conclude with some reflections on how the theory and application of classification might proceed in the future.
Capturing Data on Volunteering in a Global Dimension: A Window of Opportunity for Furthering Third Sector Research
Authors: Fonović Ksenija 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this chapter I address the state of the art and future potential for data aggregation on global level of volunteering (Wilson, 2000; Butcher Einolf, 2017; Guidi et al., 2021b), under the assumption that voluntary action (Fonović, 2023, pp. 21–42) of citizens for the common good is not merely a “renewable resource” of the nonprofits (Salamon et al., 2018) but the very “source” and the basic building block of civil society and of the Third Sector as such (UN, 2018). Therefore, the possibility to rely on “good” data on volunteering in globally comparable dimensions can contribute significantly to studying different facets of the Third Sector. Data on volunteering can be put to good use in a variety of disciplines, either as input, for example in approaches as diverse as development, democracy or management, or as output, for example in approaches as diverse as political history or psychology. The aim of the chapter is to clarify what comparable data can be generated by national statistical institutes following the ILO methodology on volunteer work (ILO, 2021) and to propose a method for a collaborative effort for refining and advancing this tool.
Technologies for Data Aggregation: An Overview of Technologies and Opportunities to Propel Third Sector Research
Authors: Santamarina Francisco J. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSome of the most impactful efforts to aggregate data around nonprofits, non-governmental organizations, and other participants of the Third Sector were undertaken by Anheier and Salamon through the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (CNP). In reflecting on the project’s shortcomings and opportunities for change and reinvigorated momentum, Anheier (2023) only briefly acknowledges the constellation of advances that have occurred since the CNP began. In particular, collective data aggregation efforts, open data initiatives and publicly available datasets, reductions in computing resource costs, and development and implementation of algorithms are among some of the innovations that can allow for the CNP’s progress to continue and expand in ways unimaginable at its founding. This chapter discusses an effort to engage in data aggregation efforts as described by Bloodgood (see Chap. 12 in this volume). It follows with an exploration of how new technologies and methods expand sense-making in Third Sector research, in particular around generating, implementing, and exploring concepts. It ends with a call to action for greater adoption of these technologies and approaches.
Theory of the Third Sector
Authors: Brandsen Taco , Mendonca Patricia , Smith Steven 
Published: December 2024

AbstractResearch on the Third Sector has been informed by many theories of the development of the Third Sector and its relationship to government and the citizenry. This chapter will review the major theories of the Third Sector, but pay special attention to the major comparative conceptual framework of the third sector, the social origins theory, proposed by Salamon and Anheier (1998). Overall, the chapter will place the different theoretical frameworks in context and highlight key issues for scholars of the Third Sector to consider in their future research, especially given the hybridization of the Third Sector and major shifts in public policy towards the third sector.
Third Sector: The Building of a Research Field
Authors: Bassi Andrea 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDefinitions are key elements of the scientific undertaken (journey) (Swedberg, Eur J Soc Theor 23(3):431–445, 2016). Definition consists of the tracing of a boundary of meaning, in order to distinguish what is inside and outside a specific research field. Definitions change along space and time.In the field of civil society organizations internationally many definitions have been developed world, recently there has been the tendency to gather the studies and research concerning the organized part of Civil Society under the label Third Sector. That seems to be more neutral and more easily recognized worldwide.The chapter is structured as follows. The first section introduces the topic of definition in social sciences. The second section deals with epistemological issues arising when dealing with the tough question of definitions. In the third section we will illustrate and comment on four main approaches to defining this research field. Finally, the fourth and last section presents concluding remarks.
Part I: The Classification of Civil Society, Nonprofit and Third Sector Organizations
Authors: Rutherford A. C. , Lepere-Schloop M. , Perai N. A. A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe classification of civil society organizations by their characteristics seems quite straightforward. But in practice there are real challenges in both agreeing and applying a classification system consistently, particularly if the process needs to be automated. In this chapter we explore what is meant by the classification of civil society, describe its history, and then set out some of the opportunities and challenges that advances in theory and methods might pose for developing classification in the coming years.
Fostering Social Cohesion in Multicultural Societies of the Gulf Cooperation Council
Authors: Lechtenberg-Kasten Sara 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe global pandemic has highlighted the importance of social cohesion in responding to traumatic events. While developing physical infrastructure that can withstand the effects of climate change is crucial, equal attention should be given to the social component of resilience in disaster mitigation strategies. Communities with strong social networks are better equipped to respond to immediate threats and recover after a disaster, but what factors contribute to social cohesion, and how can they be fostered in dynamic and multicultural societies in the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC)? This chapter reviews the foundational literature on social cohesion, explores the unique aspects related to the Gulf, and highlights opportunities to strengthen community bonds in the post-COVID era.
Resilience of Small Islands: Unveiling Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Futures
Authors: Hilmi Nathalie , Crisóstomo Matías , Bermudo Angela , Chami Ralph , Imbert Nicolas , Duarte Carlos M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores the inherent resilience of small islands in the face of multifaceted challenges and examines the pivotal role of nature-based solutions in securing their sustainable trajectories. Small islands, possessing unique ecosystems and cultural heritages, face heightened vulnerabilities due to their size, geographical isolation, and exposure to various environmental, social, and economic stressors. Amid these challenges, the concept of resilience emerges as a beacon of hope, representing the capacity of these islands to adapt, withstand, and transform.Drawing upon a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, this chapter investigates the diverse dimensions of resilience exhibited by small islands. It examines the intricate interplay between natural systems and human societies, showcasing how nature-based solutions serve as a catalyst for resilience-building. From leveraging ecosystem services to integrating traditional knowledge and innovative technologies, these solutions offer sustainable pathways that bolster the resilience of small islands.This chapter highlights the significance of nature-based approaches in mitigating the impacts of climate change, biodiversity loss, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. It sheds light on successful initiatives and best practices, elucidating their contributions to enhancing adaptive capacities and fostering sustainable development in small island contexts.Furthermore, this chapter emphasizes the need for holistic and participatory approaches, engaging local communities, policymakers, and stakeholders in co-designing and implementing nature-based solutions. It advocates for the integration of indigenous wisdom, community-based management, and innovative strategies aligned with local contexts to amplify resilience efforts.Ultimately, this chapter aims to underscore the importance of nature-based solutions as indispensable tools in fortifying the resilience of small islands. By recognizing and harnessing the intrinsic capacities of ecosystems, societies, and cultures, it advocates for a paradigm shift toward sustainable futures, where small islands thrive in harmony with nature.
Heat Resilience: A Matter of Both Adaptation and Mitigation for the GCC
Authors: El Mir Jamila 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the wider Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are also warming twice as fast as the global average, with temperatures already reaching a 2 °C scenario compared to preindustrial temperatures. According to the United Nations Environment Program, cooling generates around 7% of the global greenhouse gas emissions, while it is responsible for 70% of the peak electricity demand in the GCC. This highlights the prominence of heat as a key climate impact for the GCC region and it really is a matter of both climate mitigation as well as adaptation. Heat resilience and cooling therefore become priority action areas for the governments of the region to deliver on the Paris Goals in a locally responsive manner. This article aims to provide an overview of the impacts of increasing heat on the GCC region, current efforts to address them, and opportunities for enhanced climate action for a heat-resilient future. It highlights existing practices in mitigating the impacts of increased heat through urban planning, public realm design, and building design as well as workforce guidelines for outdoor jobs. It also identifies key areas requiring additional research within the region and key policy recommendations for countries in the GCC to better address the various impacts of increasing temperatures.
Weaving Resilience: The Enduring Threads of GCC Communities
Authors: AlShalan Mashael Saud , Al-Saud Noura Turki 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, the focus is on building social resilience to confront climate change. It examines how GCC countries can adapt to and mitigate climate risks weaving deep-rooted community bonds into evolving urban landscapes.This chapter discusses balancing strong communal ties with rising individualism due to global urbanization. Emphasis is placed on policies and infrastructure that support changing dynamics while reinforcing communal values.This narrative highlights how climate change can exacerbate global challenges such as pandemics and economic fluctuations, providing strategies to manage these issues within the GCC context. A framework for adapting international resilience practices to the GCC’s unique sociocultural and environmental landscape is introduced.This chapter serves as a resource for policymakers, urban planners, academics, and community leaders in the GCC, providing insights into fostering resilient urban systems to address both immediate and broader challenges posed by climate change.
Vector dark matter from the 5-dimensional representation of SU(2)L
Authors: Escalona Patricio , Acevedo Sebastián , Areyuna Paulo , Benítez-Irarrázabal Gonzalo , Solar Pablo , Zerwekh Alfonso 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The introduction of electroweak multiplets that transform under any representation of the standard SU(2)L gauge group suggests the existence of electrically neutral stable particles capable of serving as cold dark matter in the ΛCDM cosmological model. This paradigm, known as minimal dark matter, has primarily focused on spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles. We extend this study to the spin-1 case using the 5-dimensional real representation. We address unitarity concerns arising from the model’s interactions with electroweak and Higgs fields of the Standard Model, investigating implications for dark matter relic density, direct and indirect detection, including non-perturbative Sommerfeld enhancement for the latter. Collider signatures of the proposed model are also examined. Our findings suggest that the model remains consistent with experimental constraints, particularly for dark matter masses on the order of dozens of TeV, and could potentially be tested using γ-ray observatories such as CTA.
Central dopamine receptors: Radiotracers unveiling the Role of dopaminergic tone in obesity
Authors: Pais Marta Lapo , Crisóstomo Joana , Abrunhosa Antero , Castelo-Branco Miguel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Brain dopamine type 2 and 3 receptors (D2/3R) have been postulated to play a role in obesity. However, results from molecular neuroimaging studies exploring these receptors in obesity are not consensual. These inconsistencies may be due to the distinct characteristics of radiotracers that confound the interpretation of D2/3R assessment. Only three meta-analyses reported their results across radiotracers. Although all agree that obesity severity influences D2/3R availability, results vary for [11C]raclopride. Further, D2/3R assessment has been commonly interpreted as reflecting receptor density or availability. An alternative interpretation could be related to changes in endogenous central dopaminergic tone. The main question is whether the hypothesis of a quadratic relationship between dopaminergic tone and degree of obesity is suitable for the distinct characteristics of radiotracers. To answer this question and clarify the role of dopaminergic tone in obesity, we systematically reviewed this issue across radiotracers. Out of 514 articles, 15 articles were selected for review. Besides obesity severity, this study highlights the influence of radiotracer characteristics when assessing D2/3R. The tested hypothesis proved to be more suitable for radiotracers more susceptible to endogenous dopamine or with a lower affinity to D2/3R, supporting the quadratic relationship between dopaminergic tone and degree of obesity. While the role of D2/3R density in obesity may be relevant, dopaminergic tone seems to have a greater impact on the obesity-related differences found in these receptors. Finally, neuropsychological factors should be tested in addition to body mass index, as they may better reflect altered brain dopaminergic function.

Graphical Abstract
A culture of their own? culture in robot-robot interaction
Authors: Mansouri Masoumeh , Taylor Henry 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis paper presents a framework for studying culture in the context of robot-robot interaction (RRI). We examine the claim that groups of robots can share a culture, even independently of their relationship with humans. At the centre of our framework is a recognition that ‘culture’ is a concept that can be defined and understood in many different ways. As we demonstrate, which definition of ‘culture’ one employs has important consequences for the question of whether groups of robots can have their own culture, and what kind of culture they can have. We suggest that this argument has important consequences for robotics from an ethical/legal perspective.