bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D printing of Cordyceps flower powder
Authors: Teng Xiuxiu , Zhang Min , Bhandri Bhesh 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCordyceps militaris is a fungus that has been used as a functional food in China because it contains many kinds of active components (such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, ergosterol, mannitol, etc.). Cordyceps flowers are dried and also available in powder form with poor rehydration behavior. Considering taste, mouthfeel and appearance of printed products, the optimal printing formulation (powder: water: isomaltose: oil = 10:10:3:1) was obtained through response surface methodology. The rheological properties of rehydrated powder were enhanced due to the lubricating action of oil and the moisture absorption by isomaltose, reducing the line breakage but still showed structural collapse. Fortunately, the disadvantages of the above formulation were overcome by the addition of 1% (w/w powder) gum. The new formulation (powder: water: isomaltose: oil: agar = 10:10:3:1:0.1) exhibited the best printing results and there was a little effect on cordycepin content through 3D printing technology. The effectiveness of this new formulation as a printing ink was confirmed by low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance, rheological and textural measurements.Practical applicationsCordyceps flowers and isomaltose contain many functional factors. 3D printing technology has the ability to design an appealing appearance, and capability of producing variety of textures by manipulating the internal structure. The combination of the two provides consumers with rich functional factors while attracting consumers to increase their acceptability of Cordyceps flowers. This study provides new ideas for other variety of food printing materials and demonstrates the shape development of foods by 3D printing.
Size characterization of moringa (Moringa oleifera) seeds and optimization of the dehulling process
Authors: Fakayode Olugbenga Abiola , Akpan David Eyo , Ojoawo Olayemi Olubunmi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe size of moringa seeds was characterized, and the dehulling process parameters were optimized. The effects of moisture content, feed rate, operational speed, and beater‐drum clearance on dehulling efficiency were studied. A 4 × 5 central composite rotatable design was employed, and multiple linear regression was utilized for analyzing data at 5% significant level. Experimental results were used to validate predicted optimum conditions. Processing parameters were related to dehulling efficiency using developed mathematical models. Maximum dehulling efficiencies of 81.14, 85.66, and 96.03% were obtained for the small, medium, and big sizes respectively. The moringa seed size and other processing factors were found to have significant effect on the dehulling efficiency. Predicted optimum values of 83.62, 88.18, and 99.69% for small‐, medium‐, and big‐sized categories, respectively, were obtained at 9.38%wet basis moisture content, 1.35 kg/min feed rate, 844.61 rpm dehulling speed, and 6.38 mm beater‐drum clearance. The experimental values were 84.33, 88.97, and 99.76% for small‐, medium‐, and big‐sized categories, respectively, under the optimal conditions. Variations between values obtained experimentally and predicted were negligible and statistically insignificant; therefore, the selected models were adjudged to adequately predict the dehulling efficiencies for all the size categories.Practical ApplicationsDespite the benefits derived from moringa seeds, dehulling of the seeds has been a tedious operation. Considering this, a moringa dehuller was developed, and the performance was evaluated. However, for an efficient system, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms of the various important factors influencing the dehulling process and their interactions. The approach of considering one factor per time consumes time and is unrealistic to obtain the right optimal conditions; making it impractical to optimize the dehulling process using such approach. Considering this, RSM was employed to optimize the moringa dehulling process parameters. Mathematical models were developed to predict responses during the dehulling process using RSM. For efficient machine performance, the seeds were graded into various sizes and the effects of moisture content, feed rate, operational speed, and beater‐drum clearance on the dehulling efficiency were investigated and optimized. Results obtained in the study would be useful to moringa seed processors.
Microbiota of periodontal pockets and root canals in induced experimental periodontal disease in dogs
Authors: Gadê‐Neto Cícero R. , Rodrigues Ronaldo R. , Louzada Lidiane M. , Arruda‐Vasconcelos Rodrigo , Teixeira Fabrício B. , Viana Casarin Renato C. , Gomes Brenda P. F. A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the relationship between the microbiota of periodontal pockets (PP) and root canals (RC) in dogs submitted to experimental periodontal disease (ExPD).MethodsExPD was induced by combining cotton and wire ligatures. After 125 days, microbiological samples were collected from PP and RC. Strains isolated from 19 teeth were submitted to DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene amplification and gene sequencing. Pearson's χ2‐ and Fisher's exact tests and McNemar's test were used when appropriate.ResultsThe number of species in PP was greater than in RC, with prevalence of obligate anaerobes and Gram‐negative bacteria. In the PP predominated Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella loescheii, Campylobacter gracilis and Veillonella parvula. In the RC samples, 9 had microbial growth, with predominance of the following genera: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Neisseria. Eight genera were common to both sites in the same tooth. PP presented a greater number of species than the RC. No significant difference was observed in the species found in PP and RC in the same tooth.ConclusionMicrobial composition of the RC could be modulated by the presence of periodontal disease, especially in cases of severe periodontal destruction. RC microbiota was less complex and diverse than the PP.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma participates in the acquisition of brain ischemic tolerance induced by ischemic preconditioning via glial glutamate transporter 1 in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhao Cong‐Cong , Jiang Meng‐Yang , Zhang Ling‐Yan , Hu Yu‐Yan , Hu Zhen‐Jie , Zhang Meng‐Yue , Qi Jie , Su A‐Chou , Lou Nan , Xian Xiao‐Hui , Zhang Jing‐Ge , Li Wen‐Bin , Zhang Min 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGlial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT‐1) plays a vital role in the induction of brain ischemic tolerance (BIT) by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). However, the mechanism still needs to be further explained. The aim of this study was to investigate whether peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) participates in regulating GLT‐1 during the acquisition of BIT induced by IPC. Initially, cerebral IPC induced BIT and enhanced PPARγ and GLT‐1 expression in the CA1 hippocampus in rats. The ratio of nuclear/cytoplasmic PPARγ was also increased. At the same time, the up‐regulation of PPARγ expression in astrocytes in the CA1 hippocampus was revealed by double immunofluorescence for PPARγ and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Then, the mechanism by which PPARγ regulates GLT‐1 was studied in rat cortical astrocyte‐neuron cocultures. We found that IPC [45 min of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)] protected neuronal survival after lethal OGD (4 h of OGD), which usually leads to neuronal death. The activation of PPARγ occurred earlier than the up‐regulation of GLT‐1 in astrocytes after IPC, as determined by western blot and immunofluorescence. Moreover, the preadministration of the PPARγ antagonist T0070907 or PPARγ siRNA significantly attenuated GLT‐1 up‐regulation and the neuroprotective effects induced by IPC in vitro. Finally, the effect of the PPARγ antagonist on GLT‐1 expression and BIT was verified in vivo. We observed that the preadministration of T0070907 by intracerebroventricular injection dose‐dependently attenuated the up‐regulation of GLT‐1 and BIT induced by cerebral IPC in rats. In conclusion, PPARγ participates in regulating GLT‐1 during the acquisition of BIT induced by IPC.
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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14532.Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials BadgeFor more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/
Cordycepin improves behavioral‐LTP and dendritic structure in hippocampal CA1 area of rats
Authors: Han Yuan‐Yuan , Chen Zhao‐Hui , Shang Ying‐Jie , Yan Wen‐Wen , Wu Bao‐Yan , Li Chu‐Hua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCordycepin, an adenosine analog, has been reported to improve cognitive function, but which seems to be inconsistent with the reports showing that cordycepin inhibited long‐term potentiation (LTP). Behavioral‐LTP is usually used to study long‐term synaptic plasticity induced by learning tasks in freely moving animals. In order to investigate simultaneously the effects of cordycepin on LTP and behavior in rats, we applied the model of behavioral‐LTP induced by Y‐maze learning task through recording population spikes in hippocampal CA1 region. Golgi staining and Sholl analysis were employed to assess the morphological structure of dendrites in pyramidal cells of hippocampal CA1 area, and western blotting was used to examine the level of adenosine A1 receptors and A2A receptors (A2AR). We found that cordycepin significantly improved behavioral‐LTP magnitude, accompanied by increases in the total length of dendrites, the number of intersections and spine density but did not affect Y‐maze learning task. Furthermore, cordycepin obviously reduced A2AR level without altering adenosine A1 receptors level; and the agonist of A2AR (CGS 21680) rather than antagonist (SCH 58261) could reverse the potentiation of behavioral‐LTP induced by cordycepin. These results suggested that cordycepin improved behavioral‐LTP and morphological structure of dendrite in hippocampal CA1 but did not contribute to the improvement of learning and memory. And cordycepin improved behavioral‐LTP may be through reducing the level of A2AR in hippocampus. Collectively, the effects of cordycepin on cognitive function and LTP were complex and involved multiple mechanisms.
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Development of a new eczema‐like reconstructed skin equivalent for testing child atopic dermatitis–relieving cosmetics
Authors: Gu Hongjian , Zhu Yi , Jia Tinghan , Li Xiao , Lu Yongbo , Kaku Ken 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveAtopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, and it has serious effects on children's and families’ quality of life. We aimed to screen and evaluate the efficacy of different formulas on relieving of atopic dermatitis clinical symptoms by developing an eczema‐like reconstructed human skin equivalent in vitro.MethodSome research has reported that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. We developed an eczema‐like in vitro skin equivalent by coculturing the cocktails polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid sodium salt (poly(I:C)) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The eczema‐like skin equivalent was characterized by overexpression of TSLP and impaired skin barrier function. Three cosmetic formulas with the potential of anti‐inflammation and skin barrier promotion were topically applied onto the eczema‐like skin equivalent, mimicking in vivo application. The inhibitory effect on TSLP was examined by ELISA. Effects on tissue viability and skin barrier function were determined by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2‐H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method.ConclusionThe results show that eczema‐like skin equivalent induced by cocktails of poly(I:C) and LPS can mimic the skin characters of the atopic dermatitis. The cocktails can induce high TSLP expression, impaired cell viability, and skin barrier function. The cosmetic formulas with the potential of anti‐inflammation and skin barrier promotion were evaluated to be helpful to decrease and relieve the impact of AD with the decreased TSLP and the higher tissue viability than the eczema‐like skin equivalent without any cosmetic application. The eczema‐like skin equivalent can be used to screen and evaluate formulas on AD relieving.
Current understanding and treatment of intra‐amniotic infection with Ureaplasma spp.
Authors: Tantengco Ourlad Alzeus G. , Yanagihara Itaru 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConsiderable evidence has shown that intra‐amniotic infection with Ureaplasma spp. increases the risk of chorioamnionitis and preterm labor. Ureaplasma spp. are among the smallest organisms, and their isolation is uncommon in routine clinical practice because of their size and high auxotrophy. Although Ureaplasma spp. have been reported as causative agents of preterm birth, they also have a high incidence in vaginal swabs collected from healthy reproductive‐age women; this has led to questions on the virulence of Ureaplasma spp. and to them being considered as harmless commensal bacteria. Therefore, many efforts have been made to clarify the pathogenicity of Ureaplasma spp. at the molecular level. Ureaplasma spp. are surrounded by lipoproteins, including multiple‐banded antigen. Both multiple‐banded antigen and its derivative, that is, the synthetic lipopeptide, UPM‐1, induce an inflammatory response in a preterm mice model, which was adequate to cause preterm birth or stillbirth. In this review, we present an overview of the virulence mechanisms of Ureaplasma spp. and treatment of ureaplasma infection during pregnancy to prevent possible serious sequelae in infants. In addition, relevant mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in Ureaplasma spp. are discussed. Ureaplasma spp. are naturally resistant against β‐lactam antibiotics because of the lack of a cell wall. Azithromycin is one of the effective agents that can control intrauterine ureaplasma infection. In fact, macrolide‐ and fluoroquinolone‐resistant isolates of Ureaplasma spp. have already been observed in perinatal practice in Japan.
Overwork, Specialization, and Wealth
Authors: Aronson Brian , Keister Lisa A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective: This study examines how overwork and traditional household specialization—defined as households with one dedicated female homemaker and one dedicated male breadwinner—are associated with wealth across socioeconomic strata.Background: Although overwork and household specialization are clearly associated with income, less is known about how these behaviors affect household wealth. Household wealth is only moderately correlated with household income and is influenced by many factors that do not affect income, suggesting that overwork and specialization have different associations with wealth than with income. Moreover, because wealth is so unevenly distributed, overwork and specialization likely have different associations with wealth across socioeconomic strata.Method: With data from the Survey of Consumer Finances, a nationally representative survey of households that includes an oversample of high‐wealth households, the authors estimate unconditional quantile regression models to investigate how overwork and household specialization are associated with household wealth across socioeconomic strata and over time.Results: Overwork has the greatest absolute benefits at the top of the wealth distribution but the greatest relative benefits in lower portions of the wealth distribution. Specialization yields distinct advantages for high‐wealth households that have grown over time, whereas specialization comes with trade‐offs for low‐wealth households that outweigh its benefits.Conclusion: The financial trade‐offs associated with overwork and specialization vary considerably across the wealth distribution. Contrary to findings in income‐based research, overwork premiums appear most crucial to the financial well‐being of underprivileged households, whereas specialization premiums are evident only for the economic elite.
Peculiar lifespan changes of periodic leg movements during sleep in restless legs syndrome
Authors: Ferri Raffaele , DelRosso Lourdes M. , Silvani Alessandro , Cosentino Filomena I. I. , Picchietti Daniel L. , Mogavero Paola , Manconi Mauro , Bruni Oliviero 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe objective of this observational cohort study was to analyse the age‐related changes of periodic leg movements during sleep using the newest international scoring rules, to expand past analyses, including patients in the paediatric age range, and also to analyse the changes of short‐interval and isolated leg movements during sleep throughout the lifespan. One hundred and sixty‐five patients (84 women) with restless legs syndrome were recruited in the following age groups: 16 preschoolers (≤5 years of age), 29 school‐age children (6–12 years), 19 adolescents (13–17 years), 17 young adults (19–40 years), 47 adults (41–60 years) and 37 seniors (>60 years). Total, periodic, short‐interval and isolated leg movements during sleep and periodicity indexes were obtained by polysomnography. The total index showed (quartic polynomial interpolation) a decrease before 10 years, followed by a steady increase up to 30 years, a relatively stable period until 60 years, and a final increase up to 80 years. This course was almost entirely due to changes in periodic movements. Isolated movements did not change significantly and short‐interval movements showed only an increase in seniors. Our study indicates that, in restless legs syndrome, the total index shows a peculiar and unique course throughout the lifespan, mainly due to periodic movements. These age‐related changes may mirror developmental changes in network complexity known to occur in dopaminergic circuits. These data further confirm the need to better assess the periodicity of leg movements in sleep during the human development period, in order to obtain clinically useful information.
Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: A prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability
Authors: Visser Lance C. , Ciccozzi Marisa M. , Sintov Daniel J. , Sharpe Ashley N. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundBroadly applicable reference intervals (RIs) for measurements of left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) size and function generated prospectively using statistically appropriate methods are limited.ObjectivesTo generate body size‐independent RIs for linear, area, and volume measurements of LA size and LV size and function.AnimalsHealthy adult dogs (n = 122) of variable size and somatotype.MethodsProspective study. All dogs underwent an echocardiogram performed by the same examiner. Effects of body weight, sex, age, and heart rate were evaluated by regression and correlation analyses. Scaling exponents and prediction intervals were generated for linear measurements using the allometric equation. After normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits (each with 90% confidence intervals), respectively.ResultsLinear LA and LV measurements were strongly correlated (R2 ≥ 0.79) with body weight. Scaling exponents were close to the expected 1/3 (0.299‐0.392). Prediction intervals for linear measurements of LV chamber size were considerably narrower than previously reported. Weak correlations (r = −0.42 to −0.50) among LV fractional shortening, fractional area change, and ejection fraction and body weight were identified. No other meaningful relationships were identified between the measurements and sex, age, and heart rate.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBody size‐independent RIs for several linear, area, and volume measurements of LA and LV size and function were generated prospectively from a large and diverse reference population and are available for clinical use.
Effects of climate, soil, forest structure and land use on the functional composition of the understorey in Italian forests
Authors: Chelli Stefano , Simonetti Enrico , Wellstein Camilla , Campetella Giandiego , Carnicelli Stefano , Andreetta Anna , Giorgini Daniele , Puletti Nicola , Bartha Sandor , Canullo Roberto 
Published: July 2019

AbstractQuestionIn functional biogeography studies, generalizable patterns in the relationship between plant traits and the environment have yet to emerge. Local drivers (i.e., soil, land use, vegetation structure) can increase our understanding of the trait–environment relationship. What is the role of climate and local drivers in shaping abundance‐weighted trait patterns of forest understories at biogeographic scales?LocationItalian forests.MethodsWe selected 201 sites that are statistically representative for the heterogeneity of Italian forests across three biogeographic regions (alpine, continental, and mediterranean). Understorey vegetation was recorded for each site on an area of 400 m2, together with 25 environmental variables related to climate, soil, land use and forest structure. Specific leaf area (SLA), plant height (H) and seed mass (SM) were obtained from databases. Community‐weighted mean (CWM) values were calculated. Variance partitioning was used to identify the relative role of groups of environmental variables on the CWM of traits. Generalized Additive Models were used to assess the relationship between traits and single variables.ResultsClimate alone and climate–soil interactions explained the largest proportion of the variation of all the traits (13.7% to 22.8%). Temperature‐related factors as well as soil N and P availability were the climatic and edaphic explanatory variables most correlated to trait variation. Forest structure and land use accounted for a smaller percentage of the variation in traits. Land‐use factors alone were important in explaining only SLA variation.ConclusionsWhile climate plays a major role in trait–environment relationships in forest understories, our results highlighted the need to integrate at least soil properties as local drivers of trait variation in broad scale functional biogeography studies of these systems.
The Fukang pallasite: Characterization and implications for the history of the Main‐group parent body
Authors: DellaGiustina Daniella N. , Habib Namrah , Domanik Kenneth J. , Hill Dolores H. , Lauretta Dante S. , Goreva Yulia S. , Killgore Marvin , Hexiong Yang , Downs Robert T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe report the results of a study of the Fukang pallasite that includes measurements of bulk composition, mineral chemistry, mineral structure, and petrology. Fukang is a Main‐group pallasite that consists of semiangular olivine grains (Fo 86.3) embedded in an Fe‐Ni matrix with 9–10 wt% Ni and low‐Ir (45 ppb). Olivine grains sometimes occur in large clusters up to 11 cm across. The Fe‐Ni phase is primarily kamacite with accessory taenite and plessite. Minor phases include schreibersite, chromite, merrillite, troilite, and low‐Ca pyroxene. We describe a variety of silicate inclusions enclosed in olivine that contain phases rarely or not previously reported in Main‐group pallasites, including clinopyroxene (augite), tridymite, K‐rich felsic glass, and an unknown Ca‐Cr silicate. Pressure constraints determined from tridymite (<0.4 GPa), two‐pyroxene barometry (0.39 ± 0.07 GPa), and geophysical calculations that assume pallasite formation at the core–mantle boundary (CMB), provide an upper estimate on the size of the Main‐group parent body from which Fukang originated. We conclude that Fukang originated at the CMB of a large differentiated planetesimal 400–680 km in radius.