bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematics of the allotrope formation in elemental gallium films
Authors: Fischer Dieter , Andriyevsky Bohdan , Schön J Christian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Elemental gallium forms unusual allotropes, whose structures all differ distinctly from the close-packing of spheres typical for nearly all elemental metals. At standard pressure, four different crystalline allotropes are known where the α-Ga allotrope is the thermodynamically stable one. Since the other allotropes can only be obtained under special conditions such as spatial confinement or undercooling, the structural relations among the gallium allotropes are not well-explored. We present here a systematic investigation of the dependence of the crystal structure formation in elemental gallium films on the deposition temperature and the subsequent annealing procedures using in situ x-ray powder diffraction and Raman measurements, complemented by ab initio calculations. The films were prepared with the femtosecond pulsed-laser-deposition technique on a substrate kept at constant temperature in the range of –190 °C to 25 °C, followed by cooling + heating cycles in the same temperature range. Besides preparing α-, β-, γ- and amorphous Ga films as a single phase, a new gallium allotrope, β′-Ga, was synthesized, which is a distorted derivative of the β-Ga crystal structure. Furthermore, no direct transition between the α-Ga phase on one side and the β-, β′-, and γ-Ga phases on the other side was observed in the solid state. Surprisingly, at room temperature amorphous gallium and below –60 °C the α-Ga allotrope, respectively, is formed in the deposited films.
Study on the interface structure between in-situ reaction products and the aluminum matrix of Al-Ti-C-CuO-La2O3 system
Authors: Nie Baoxian , Huimin Liu , Qu Yuan , Hu Qilong 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The in situ particle reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites were manufactured by using the contact reaction method in Al-Ti-C-CuO-La2O3 system and 6063 aluminum alloy. The morphology and size of the in situ reaction products and the interface structures between in situ reaction products and the Al matrix were observed by TEM and HRTEM. The results show that the in situ reaction products are TiC, Al2O3 and Ti2Al20La. The shape of TiC is quadrangular and the size is nanosacle. TiC (200) // Al (111) and TiC forms a semi-coherent interface with the Al matrix. The shape of Al2O3 is elliptical and the size is submicron. It is found that Al2O3 (112̄0) // Al (111) and the interface between Al2O3 (112̄0) and Al (111) is in a coherent relationship. Al2O3 (011̄2) and (101̄2̄) form a non-coherent interface with the Al matrix. The shape of Ti2Al20La is square and the size is micron. It is also found that the Ti2Al20La (440) // Al (111) and its interface is in a semi-coherent relationship. The Ti2Al20La (311) // Al (111) and its interface is in a non-coherent interface relationship. Comparing with 6063 aluminum alloy, the hardness value of the Al-Ti-C-CuO-La2O3 system aluminum matrix composites increase from 16.8HB to 36.8HB.
BCS-BEC crossover and superconductor-insulator transition in Hopf-linked Graphene layers: Hopfene
Authors: Saito Shinichi , Tomita Isao 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We have proposed a topological carbon allotrope, named Hopfene, which has three-dimensional (3D) arrays of Hopf-links to bind 2D Graphene layers both horizontally and vertically without forming strong σ bonds between layers. Tight-binding calculations show unique band structures of this crystal, which predicts semi-metal characteristics with the existence of both Weyl and Dirac Fermions depending on the Fermi energy. Here, we have theoretically examined superconductivity of Hopfene based on the attractive Hubbard model. Regardless of its simplicity of the model, we found non-trivial competitions between Hartree–Fock mean-field contributions and Cooper-paring interactions to open semiconductor and superconducting energy gaps, respectively. Consequently, the superconducting order parameters are significantly reduced at every quarterly doping concentration, where the system is in the close vicinity of the quantum critical point, and we found superconductor-insulator transition in the strong coupling limit. Upon doping, we confirmed a classical scenario of a smooth crossover from weak coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductivity to strong coupling Bose–Einstein Condensation (BEC) of preformed pairs by increasing the interaction strength. We think the proposed Hopfene is a useful platform to investigate the impacts of the topological nature of the Fermi surfaces on the superconductivity and other orders, including charge-density-waves and magnetic orders, and possible quantum phase transitions among them.
DIRA-3D—a model-based iterative algorithm for accurate dual-energy dual-source 3D helical CT
Authors: Magnusson Maria , Björnfot Magnus , Tedgren Åsa Carlsson , Carlsson Gudrun Alm , Sandborg Michael , Malusek Alexandr 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Quantitative dual-energy computed tomography may improve the accuracy of treatment planning in radiation therapy. Of special interest are algorithms that can estimate material composition of the imaged object. One example of such an algorithm is the 2D model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm DIRA. The aim of this work is to extend this algorithm to 3D so that it can be used with cone-beams and helical scanning. In the new algorithm, the parallel FBP method was replaced with the approximate 3D FBP-based PI-method. Its performance was tested using a mathematical phantom consisting of six ellipsoids. The algorithm substantially reduced the beam-hardening artefact and the artefacts caused by approximate reconstruction after six iterations. Compared to Alvarez-Macovski’s base material decomposition, DIRA-3D does not require geometrically consistent projections and hence can be used in dual-source CT scanners. Also, it can use several tissue-specific material bases at the same time to represent the imaged object.
Economics and American Literary Studies in the New Gilded Age, or Why Study the History of Bad Predictions and Worse Rationalizations?
Authors: Seybold Matt 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis introduction to the special issue on Economics and American Literary Studies in The New Gilded Age traces an underexplored history of dissent within the discipline of economics through presidential addresses to the American Economic Association and writings by John Maynard Keynes. It acknowledges the “vexed history” of interdisciplinary engagement between economists and literature scholars, including a recent, halfhearted call for “narrative economics” from 2013 Nobel Laureate Robert Shiller. Seybold suggests that new brands of econo-literary criticism have risen to promise in the last decade and that contributors to this special issue demonstrate the importance of historicism to this subfield, despite its apparent presentist tendencies.
Discriminability of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes Based on Neuropsychological Test Outcomes from a Memory Clinic in Puerto Rico
Authors: Bengoa-de la Mota A , Colón-Díaz K , Rosado-Bruno M , Negrón-Otero A , Medina-Sustache E , Meléndez-Cabrero J 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study was to research test outcomes in Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2; Spanish adapted version), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE), and Geriatric Depression Scale short form (GDS-SF), as predictors of the different Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) subtypes.

Participants and Method
Our sample constituted of 169 total participants (113 females and 56 males), with ages ranging from 44 to 88 (M = 68.20, SD = 9.59). Educational level presented by sample included 67.5% with professional degrees, 21.9% with a high school diploma, and 10.1% with less than a high school education. We conducted hierarchical logistic regression analysis to generate predicted probabilities of the cognitive tests’ total scores in identifying MCI subtypes. We tested four individual models- each utilized a different MCI subtype (amnestic MCI, single; amnestic MCI, multiple; non-amnestic MCI, single; non-amnestic MCI, multiple) as the dependent variable. The MoCA, DRS-2, MMSE, and the GDS-SF total scores were used as predictors in each analysis.

Results
We found statistical significance in our four regression models: χ2(1) = 46.26, p &lt; .05 for the model with amnestic MCI, multiple; χ2 (1) = 17.62, p &lt; .05 for the model with amnestic MCI, single; χ2(1) = 15.35, p &lt; .05 for the model with non-amnestic MCI, multiple; and χ2(1) = 18.74, p &lt; .05 for the model with non-amnestic MCI, single.

Conclusions
Overall, the results in this study suggest that the DRS-2 and the MoCA, two relatively brief and comprehensive screening instruments, are able to discriminate between individuals with varying forms of cognitive impairment. Participants in the amnestic subtypes of MCI performed significantly lower on both of these tests. Our results also suggest that MMSE better discriminates for non-amnestic subtypes. Finally, the GDS-SF suggests better discriminability between memory related cognitive impairment and emotionally related cognitive impairment.
Neurocognitive Function in Persons with HIV and Healthy Controls from Tijuana, a Border Region in Mexico
Authors: Garcia Gomar M L , Negrete Cortes A J , Chavez Mendez R , Castillo Martinez N , Morlett Paredes A , Marquine M J 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
To examine neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in vulnerable HIV infected (HIV+) adults in Mexico.

Participants and Method
Twenty-eight adults (15 HIV+ and 13 HIV-) living in Tijuana (Mexico) participated in the study (Age: M = 40.5, SD = 11.1; 54% female; Education: M = 8.6, SD = 4.7). Participants with HIV were recruited from the board-and-care home “Las Memorias” (100% AIDS; 93% on ART; Years since HIV diagnosis: Median = 11, IQR = 5,16). Healthy controls, matched in age and education to HIV+ participants, were recruited from the same city. Participants completed a neuropsychological test battery which was comprised of the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, letter and animal fluency, Trail Making Test Parts A and B, Stroop Color-Word Test, and Symbol-Digit Test. Raw scores garnered from these tests were transformed to percentiles using norms for a Mexican population, and averaged to calculate scores on global cognition and on three cognitive domains (verbal fluency, processing speed and executive function). Wilcoxon rank sum tests were conducted to investigate group differences. NCI was defined as global percentile scores &lt; 16.

Results
HIV+ participants showed significantly lower scores in global cognition (p = .04, Cohen’s d = 0.86), as well as the domains of processing speed (p = .03, Cohen’s d = 0.87) and executive function (p = .04, Cohen’s d = 0.84), with no significant differences (but medium effect sizes) on verbal fluency (p = .10, Cohen’s d = 0.60). NCI was evident in 53% of HIV+ persons and 15% of healthy controls.

Conclusions
Approximately half of the persons living with HIV showed notable NCI, which is consistent with findings of prior studies of Latinos in the US with HIV. This pattern of neurocognitive function was also similar to those of prior studies in HIV. Future studies might examine key predictors of HIV-associated NCI in this vulnerable Mexican population, including biological and culturally relevant factors: such as deportation, and discrimination for sexual preference or HIV status.
C-14 Socially Responsible Neuropsychology (SRN) in Action: Assessment of a Highly Educated Bilingual Latina Older Adult
Authors: Yañez J , Diaz-Santos M , Rodes E , Cavanagh L , Suarez P , Miranda A , Cagigas X 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
Early identification of cognitive symptoms pathognomonic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in highly educated bilingual adults remains challenging. We present a clinical case illustrating the application of an SRN model in a 70-year-old highly educated, balanced bilingual Latina eventually diagnosed with moderate-severe stages of AD following an event of severe confusion and disorientation.

Method
An SRN model was applied to promote equitable care through evidence-based consideration of cognitive aging-reserve and its putative manifestation in neurodegenerative disorders. The patient underwent a neuropsychological assessment and structural/functional neuroimaging. Her educational background, linguistic proficiencies, acculturation level, social/behavioral comportment, and limitations in available neuropsychological tools/norms were integrated to reflect the complexity in conducting a reliable bilingual assessment and formulating differential diagnoses.

Results
The SRN model guided clinical decision-making to determine the appropriate target language for bilingual assessment, and to identify reliable normative anchors of impairment relative to premorbid estimates, resulting in incorporation of validated Spanish measures/norms. Neuroimaging revealed bilateral parietal-temporal hypometabolism, which was generally consistent with neuropsychological findings, and the patient was diagnosed with major neurocognitive disorder due to AD.

Conclusions
Given the advanced nature of this patient’s cognitive decline by the time of assessment, it was hypothesized that the combination of bilingualism and high education further masked the precipitous decline atypically observed in AD individuals with high cognitive reserve. Cognitive reserve theories, nonetheless, continue to be anchored strictly within a monocultural-monolingual framework. This complex case, therefore, highlights the urgent need to incorporate bilingualism in current models of cognitive reserve to boost sensitivity in detecting early expression of bilingual AD.
Drivers of variation in migration behavior for a linked population of long-distance migratory passerine
Authors: Bennett Ruth E , Rodewald Amanda D , Rosenberg Kenneth V , Chandler Richard , Chavarria-Duriaux Liliana , Gerwin John A , King David I , Larkin Jeffery L 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDespite advances in tracking technologies, migration strategies remain poorly studied for many small-bodied passerines. Understanding variation within a migration strategy is important as variation impacts a population’s resilience to environmental change. Timing, pathway, and stopovers vary based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that impact individual migration decisions and capacity. Here, we studied drivers of variation in migration across a linked population of Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) using data from 37 light-level geolocators. We tested if behaviors vary in response to extrinsic factors: season, year, and proximity to a large geographic barrier—the Gulf of Mexico—and intrinsic factors: age and wing chord. Spring migration was nearly twice as fast as fall migration, with tightly correlated arrival and departure dates that were consistent among years, in contrast to no correlation or consistency in fall. This aligns with predictions for selection to minimize time spent migrating in spring and a relaxation of that pressure in fall. Twenty-nine birds staged for multiple days (mean: 7.5, SE: 0.6) in stopover habitats before crossing the Gulf of Mexico in spring, but 6 individuals overwintering closer to the Gulf coast forewent the stopover and completed migration 8 days faster. These findings suggest birds capable of crossing the Gulf without a stopover may experience a selective advantage by minimizing total migration time. After crossing the Gulf, individuals reduced travel speed and stopover duration, indicating constraints on movement differ before and after the barrier. Wing chord, but not age, positively predicted the total distance and duration of migration, and neither varied with timing, suggesting migration distance impacts morphology, but strategies do not vary with age. Ultimately, we find undescribed stopover locations south of the Gulf are important for most of the population, while high variation in migration behaviors suggest potential resilience to changing environmental conditions.Causantes de variación en el comportamiento migratorio para una población vinculada de un paseriforme migratorio de larga distancia
Genital coupling, morphology and evolution of male holding structures in Cicadinae (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Authors: Ruschel Tatiana Petersen , Bianchi Filipe Michels , Campos Luiz Alexandre 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMale and female genitalia include some of the most complex and morphologically diverse structures in Metazoa. Ornamentations in genitalia have been studied in several groups, and a variety of functional roles have been proposed. Although complex features of the genitalia have been observed in internal genitalia in cicadas, their functions have not yet been elucidated. These ornamentations, together with precopulatory sexual selection, make cicadas good models for evolutionary studies on genital coupling. We explore the structural interaction of male and female genitalia in Guyalna bonaerensis (Berg) (Cicadinae) and the morphology of male ornamentations in Cicadinae generally. We group these ornamentations into two traits according to their inferred function: anchoring or gripping. We analyse the theca and vesica of 24 species and perform ancestral trait reconstruction under maximum likelihood and stochastic mapping on a Bayesian tree. Ornamentations of the male vesica and the female seminal ampoule possibly ensure male attachment by working as an active lock to avoid the premature termination of intercourse. These ornamentations emerged independently in different lineages in Cicadinae, reinforcing the suggestion that they are important adaptations to achieve complete copulation. Our results foster questions for the field of sexual selection and associated mechanisms shaping the evolution of male and female genitalia.
Enteral feeding is associated with longer survival in the advanced stages of prion disease
Authors: McNiven Kirsty , Nihat Akin , Mok Tze How , Tesfamichael Selam , O’Donnell Veronica , Rudge Peter , Collinge John , Mead Simon 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
To report the frequency, complications, survival and motivations for enteral feeding in UK patients with prion diseases. We analysed data from an ongoing prospective observational cohort study of UK patients with prion diseases (n = 635). Gastrostomy-treated cases were matched by age, gender, disease aetiology, severity, duration and a genetic predictor of survival (ratio 1:3.1). The main outcome was survival (unadjusted log-rank test); secondary outcomes were future functional impairments, complications and retrospective carer interviews to determine qualitative benefits and motivations. Enteral feeding is uncommon in UK patients with prion diseases (n = 26/635; 4.1%), but more frequent in acquired (7/41, 17.1%) and inherited (7/128, 5.5%) compared with sporadic disease (12/466, 2.6%; P = 3 × 10−5 chi-squared), and used mostly at advanced stages. Enteral feeding was complicated by infection and the need for reinsertions, but associated with markedly longer survival at advanced neurodisability (median 287 days, range 41–3877 versus 17 days, range 0–2356; log-rank test in three aetiologies each P &lt; 0.01). Interviews revealed different motivations for enteral feeding, including perceived quality of life benefits. We provide Class II evidence that enteral feeding prolongs the akinetic-mute phase of all aetiological types of prion disease. These data may help support decision making in palliative care. Enteral feeding is an important potential confounder in prion disease clinical trials that use survival as an endpoint.
AIN’t got no easy answers: recent advances and ongoing controversies around acute interstitial nephritis
Authors: Storrar Joshua , Woywodt Alexander , Arunachalam Cheralathan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a common cause of acute kidney injury that was first described in 1898. It is most commonly caused by drugs and infections, although other aetiologies are implicated. Here we review two papers published in this issue of Clinical Kidney Journal and provide an update on current advances and controversies relating to AIN. Nussbaum and Perazella describe the diagnostic tools (namely urinary and serum biomarkers) available for AIN and highlight that there is no single test that can accurately predict the diagnosis. As such, renal biopsy remains the gold standard. Wendt et al. present findings from a 20-year retrospective study of biopsy-proven AIN. They found that a high degree of inflammation was associated with a greater chance of renal recovery, in contrast to the presence of cortical scars, which were associated with a worse outcome. There was also a significant number who required renal replacement therapy. They advocate the use of a scoring system for AIN to help direct management. We also discuss new drugs associated with AIN (in particular new anticancer drugs) and unusual forms including granulomatous AIN. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for future research and how this may impact clinical practice.
Random-graph models and characterization of granular networks
Authors: Nauer Silvia , Böttcher Lucas , Porter Mason A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Various approaches and measures from network analysis have been applied to granular and particulate networks to gain insights into their structural, transport, failure-propagation and other systems-level properties. In this article, we examine a variety of common network measures and study their ability to characterize various two-dimensional and three-dimensional spatial random-graph models and empirical two-dimensional granular networks. We identify network measures that are able to distinguish between physically plausible and unphysical spatial network models. Our results also suggest that there are significant differences in the distributions of certain network measures in two and three dimensions, hinting at important differences that we also expect to arise in experimental granular networks.
Distance assessment of detours by jumping spiders
Authors: Aguilar-Arguello Samuel , Gerhard Daniel , Nelson Ximena J 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTo take an indirect route (detour) in order to reach a specific target requires complex cognitive processes. Yet more demanding, from the cognitive point of view, is when the goal is only visible at the beginning of the detour. In spiders from the family Salticidae, vision is a key sensory modality mediating navigation and prey search. Their acute vision allows them to perform complicated detours, possibly as a consequence of the multitude of potential routes in their typically complex 3-dimensional habitats. We used a 4-route choice test, in which routes differed in being either short or long and in the presence or absence of a lure of a prey item, to investigate route assessment in 2 salticid species, Trite planiceps and Marpissa marina. Although both species showed evidence of motivation to follow lured-routes, judging by the number of times they re-oriented toward them while detouring, we found that Trite chose short routes in preference to long routes, but did not prefer the lured-routes. In contrast, Marpissa exhibited random route choice, although it oriented toward lured-routes more often than control routes (lure absent). Our results suggest that decision-making processes about which route to take occurs before embarking on a route, but this is cognitively challenging. Spiders exhibited cognitive limitations in which the lack of visibility of the goal affected success. However, the severity of cognitive limitations depended on species. We suggest that variability in spatial ability across the Salticidae may be related to the habitat complexity inhabited by each species.