bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Cadmium on Oxidative Stress in Beta vulgaris
Authors: Rombel-Bryzek Agnieszka , Rajfur Małgorzata , Żuk Olga , Zając Patryk 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
As a heavy metal, cadmium has strongly toxic effects on plants and can induce oxidative stress. It is absorbed by the roots and transported to the stems and leaves. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of cadmium on the metabolic activity of Beta vulgaris and assess the dependence of these processes on the content of metal in the plants. To demonstrate the effect of cadmium on metabolism, protein and photosynthetic pigment content, lipid peroxidation, and the activity of enzymes specific for oxidative stress in roots and shoots were measured. Seeds of B. vulgaris were treated with different concentrations of Cd supplied via a CdCl2 solution: 0 (control), 200, 300 and 400 mg/dm3. Results of the present study revealed increased GPOX activity as cadmium concentration rose, while SOD activity was stimulated by a low Cd concentration (200 mg/dm3) and reduced by high levels of Cd. Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that GPOX in B. vulgaris played a more important role in ROS scavenging than SOD did and was able to reduce the level of lipid peroxidation in plants. Cadmium, in the concentration range used, did not show any significant effect on protein or photosynthetic pigment content.
Network Simulator for Botnet DoS Attacks
Authors: Aleksieva Y. , Valchanov H. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The most serious appearance of modern malware is Botnet. Botnet is a fast growing problem that is still not well understood and studied. One widely spreading variant of the botnet attacks is an IRC botnet. There are a number of techniques to detect botnet attacks and infections, but they do not have the functionality to prevent malicious botnet activity. The development of a quality equipment to detect and remove botnet infection needs a good simulation environment that is safe and fully meets the functionality of botnet DoS attacks. The paper presents the features of the implementation of network simulator for DoS attacks. The simulator allows creating different attacks with various parameters. Some performance experiences are performed and the obtained results are shown.
Mathematical Modelling and Extremum Seeking Control of Cascade of Two Bioreactors for Production of Hydrogen and Methane
Authors: Lakov V. , Chorukova E. , Simeonov I. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A mathematical model of a cascade of two continuously stirred anaerobic bioreactors is presented in this paper and the extremum seeking control is applied on it. The dilution rate of the first bioreactor is chosen as control action and the joint biogas flow rate both bioreactors is the measured output to be maximized. The concentration of inlet organics is accepted as the disturbance. The correction of the working volume of the second bioreactor is studied as the inner loop of the cascade control system. The outer control loop is represented by the extremum seeking controller, which finds the optimum control action and reacts to the disturbance. Computer simulation studies show the feasibility of this scheme.
Computer Simulations for Stability Analysis of a Numerical Procedure for Crossbar Packet Switch
Authors: Tashev T. , Monov V. , Tasheva R. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The paper is concerned with the problem of calculating the bound of the throughput (THR) of a crossbar packet switch. For this purpose a suitable numerical procedure is used. The input data for the procedure are the results of computer simulations executed on a grid-computational structure (www.hpc.acad.bg). The modeling of the THR uses MiMa-algorithm for a crossbar packet switch, specified by the apparatus of Generalized Nets. For studying the stability of the numerical procedure we use a modified family of patterns for i.i.d. Bernoulli uniform load traffic simulation. The obtained results show that the numerical procedure is stable which means that small input perturbations result in small changes in the output.
Long-Lasting Electrophysiological After-Effects of High-Frequency Stimulation in the Globus Pallidus: Human and Rodent Slice Studies
Authors: Luo Feng , Kim Linda H. , Magown Philippe , Noor M. Sohail , Kiss Zelma H.T. 
Published: October 2018

Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) is a highly effective therapy for movement disorders, yet its mechanism of action remains controversial. Inhibition of local neurons because of release of GABA from afferents to the GPi is a proposed mechanism in patients. Yet, high-frequency stimulation (HFS) produces prolonged membrane depolarization mediated by cholinergic neurotransmission in endopeduncular nucleus (EP, GPi equivalent in rodent) neurons. We applied HFS while recording neuronal firing from an adjacent electrode during microelectrode mapping of GPi in awake patients (both male and female) with Parkinson disease (PD) and dystonia. Aside from after-suppression and no change in neuronal firing, high-frequency microstimulation induced after-facilitation in 38% (26/69) of GPi neurons. In neurons displaying after-facilitation, 10 s HFS led to an immediate decrease of bursting in PD, but not dystonia patients. Moreover, the changes of bursting patterns in neurons with after-suppression or no change after HFS, were similar in both patient groups. To explore the mechanisms responsible, we applied HFS in EP brain slices from rats of either sex. As in humans, HFS in EP induced two subtypes of after-excitation: excitation or excitation with late inhibition. Pharmacological experiments determined that the excitation subtype, induced by lower charge density, was dependent on glutamatergic transmission. HFS with higher charge density induced excitation with late inhibition, which involved cholinergic modulation. Therefore HFS with different charge density may affect the local neurons through multiple synaptic mechanisms. The cholinergic system plays a role in mediating the after-facilitatory effects in GPi neurons, and because of their modulatory nature, may provide a basis for both the immediate and delayed effects of GPi-DBS. We propose a new model to explain the mechanisms of DBS in GPi.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDeep-brain stimulation (DBS) in the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) improves Parkinson disease (PD) and dystonia, yet its mechanisms in GPi remain controversial. Inhibition has been previously described and thought to indicate activation of GABAergic synaptic terminals, which dominate in GPi. Here we report that 10 s high-frequency microstimulation induced after-facilitation of neural firing in a substantial proportion of GPi neurons in humans. The neurons with after-facilitation, also immediately reduced their bursting activities after high-frequency stimulation in PD, but not dystonia patients. Based on these data and further animal experiments, a mechanistic hypothesis involving glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic synaptic transmission is proposed to explain both short- and longer-term therapeutic effects of DBS in GPi.
Win-Concurrent Sensory Cues Can Promote Riskier Choice
Authors: Cherkasova Mariya V. , Clark Luke , Barton Jason J.S. , Schulzer Michael , Shafiee Mahsa , Kingstone Alan , Stoessl A. Jon , Winstanley Catharine A. 
Published: October 2018

Reward-related stimuli can potently influence behavior; for example, exposure to drug-paired cues can trigger drug use and relapse in people with addictions. Psychological mechanisms that generate such outcomes likely include cue-induced cravings and attentional biases. Recent animal data suggest another candidate mechanism: reward-paired cues can enhance risky decision making, yet whether this translates to humans is unknown. Here, we examined whether sensory reward-paired cues alter decision making under uncertainty and risk, as measured respectively by the Iowa Gambling Task and a two-choice lottery task. In the cued versions of both tasks, gain feedback was augmented with reward-concurrent audiovisual stimuli. Healthy human volunteers (53 males, 78 females) performed each task once, one with and the other without cues (cued Iowa Gambling Task/uncued Vancouver Gambling Task:n= 63; uncued Iowa Gambling Task/cued Vancouver Gambling Task:n= 68), with concurrent eye-tracking. Reward-paired cues did not affect choice on the Iowa Gambling Task. On the two-choice lottery task, the cued group displayed riskier choice and reduced sensitivity to probability information. The cued condition was associated with reduced eye fixations on probability information shown on the screen and greater pupil dilation related to decision and reward anticipation. This pupil effect was unrelated to the risk-promoting effects of cues: the degree of pupil dilation for risky versus risk-averse choices did not differ as a function of cues. Together, our data show that sensory reward cues can promote riskier decisions and have additional and distinct effects on arousal.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAnimal data suggest that reward-paired cues can promote maladaptive reward-seeking by biasing cost-benefit decision making. Whether this finding translates to humans is unknown. We examined the effects of salient reward-paired audiovisual cues on decision making under risk and uncertainty in human volunteers. Cues had risk-promoting effects on a risky choice task and independently increased task-related arousal as measured by pupil dilation. By demonstrating risk-promoting effects of cues in human participants, our data identify a mechanism whereby cue reactivity could translate into maladaptive behavioral outcomes in people with addictions.
Volumetric Сapnography As a Tool for Evaluation of Alveolar Ventilation Effectiveness in Clinical Practice
Authors: Török P. , Depta F. , Donic V. , Nosál’ M. , Imrecze S. , Benová J. , Galková K. , Paulíková M. , Berešík M. , Jankajová M. , Paulíny M. 
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the study was to compare the relationship between the dead space volume and tidal volume (VD/VT) using volumetric capnography (VCap) during pressure controlled (PCV) and pressure supported (PSV) ventilation mode in the postoperative period.Materials and methods. 30 randomly assigned cardiac surgical patients undergoing CABG (coronary artery bypass grafting) using ECC (extracorporeal circuit) were included in an observational, prospective study. Patients were connected to the ventilator immediately after ICU admission. After that, monitoring VD/VT, CO2 production (VECO2) as well as ventilation parameters was carried out. The parameters during PCV and PSV mode were statistically evaluated using t-test.Results. Expiratory CO2 (ETCO2) concentration were not significantly different in both PCV or PSV (p=NS), although both VECO2 and minute ventilation (MV) increased during PSV mode (p<0.01). VD/VT in PSV mode was lower than in PCV. Gas exchange represented by alveolar ventilation (VA) was better during PSV (p<0.01). VA was also higher during PSV (p<0.05). The calculated VD/VT ratio differed between PCV and PSV mode (p<0.01).Conclusion. VCap represents a tool for monitoring of CO2 exchange effectivness. We registered a decrease in VD/VT with improved alveolar ventilation (VA) in PSV mode. VCap seems to be a suitable instrument for adjustment of protective lung ventilation.
Dynamics of Inhaled Tobramycin Concentration in Blood and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid during Nosocomial Pneumonia (Preliminary Report)
Authors: Kuzovlev A. N. , Shabanov A. K. , Tyurin I. А. 
Published: October 2018

This study was aimed to evaluate the dynamics of inhaled tobramycin concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood in victims with nosocomial pneumonia.Materials and Methods. The study is presented as a series of clinical observations: 5 patients with severe concomitant craniocerebral injury were included, who were treated in the general resuscitation unit (men 4 (87.5%), women 1 (12.5%); age 36Ѓ}12 years; Injury Severity Score (ISS) 40.9Ѓ}8.3; acute blood loss volume 2356Ѓ}997 ml; mean bed-days 12.50 days; mortality 16.7%). Statistical analysis of data obtained was carried out using Statistica 10.0 software. Difference was considered significant at p<0.05.Results. The dynamics of tobramycin concentrations was as follows: 1 hr. blood/BAL 0.96Ѓ}0.44 μg/ml / 49.6 μg/ml; 3 hrs. blood/BAL 0.98Ѓ}0.82 μg/ml / 15.5 μg/ml; 5 hrs. blood/BAL 0.79Ѓ}0.83 μg/ml / 3.5 μg/ml. Conclusion.The results obtained confirm significant local concentrations of tobramycin in sputum and low in blood, which corresponds to the results of pharmacokinetic studies and clinical studies of inhaled tobramycin efficacy. At present, gathering of material for the study continues.
Neurons Communication in the Hippocampus of Field CA3 of the White Rat Brain after Acute ischemia
Authors: Stepanov A. S. , Akulinin V. A. , Stepanov S. S. , Avdeev D. B. , Gorbunova A. V. 
Published: October 2018

The aim of this studywas to compare the pyramidal neurons, their processes and synapses in the stratum lucidum, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum of the molecular layer of the field CA3 of the hippocampus of the brain of white rats in the normal state and after acute ischemia caused by a 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries.Materials and methods.In the experiment, using histological methods (hematoxylin and eosin, staining by Nissle and immunohistochemistry for p38, MAP-2) and electron microscopy, the pyramidal neurons of field CA3, their processes and synapses in stratum lucidum, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum of the molecular layer were studied. The main group included animals in the reperfusion period (1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days;n=30), comparison group — falsely operated animals (n=20). Morphometric analysis was performed using ImageJ 1.46, the verification of statistical hypotheses — Statistica 8.0.Results.After occlusion of the common carotid arteries (CCAO) in the field CA3 of hippocampus, reactive, compensatory and reparative reorganization of pyramidal neurons and their communication structures was noted. On day 1, there was a decrease, and then (days 3—14) restoration of the total number of synapses and of P38-positive material within the area of synapses. According to electron microscopy, in the early post-ischemic period, the total numerical density of synaptic contacts in the stratum lacunosum of the molecular layer decreased by 44.8%, and after 14 days recovered to control. In stratum lucidum, the area of P38-positive material decreased by 8.8% after 1 day, and recovered after 3—7 days.Conclusion.After the CCAO, the communication systems of the pyramid neurons of the field CA3 hippocampus of white rats were reorganized. Neurons of the field CA3 had high tolerance to ischemia and ability to restore interneural relations after reperfusion. In the surviving neurons, high levels of the cytoskeleton (MAP-2) marker and synaptic vesicles (p38) were detected. Data demonstrate structural and functional safety of all components of the communication system of a significant part of pyramidal neurons in acute ischemia. After reperfusion, the most significant alterations included the reconstructed interneuron synapses in the stratum radiatum and the lacunosum molecular layer.
Infusion Therapy Optimization in Selective Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Smeshnoi I. A. , Pasechnik I. N. , Skobelev E. I. , Timashkov D. A. , Onegin М. A. , Nikiforov Yu. V. , Kontarev S. I. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose. Evaluation of the influence of intra-operative targeted infusion therapy managed by the monitoring of stroke volume variability on post-operative results of major surgeries of gastrointestinal organs.Materials and Methods. The prospective study included 80 patients subjected to selective operative interventions of abdominal organs involving entero-enteroanastomosis. In the experimental group (n=39), the infusion therapy was conducted according to the developed targeted therapy protocol, of which the key parameter was stroke volume variability. In the control group (n=41), infusion therapy was conducted based on routine hemodynamic monitoring (average arterial pressure, heart rate, blood loss level with regard to intra-operative situation). In both groups, operative intervention was carried out in identical conditions (combined anesthesia, identical drugs to induce and maintain anesthesia); the only differences included infusion therapy.Results. In the experimental group versus the control group the intra-operative infusion volume was smaller, the number of patients with complications and the total number of complications were reliably lower, and the gastrointestinal tract functional recovery occurred earlier. Conclusion. A targeted infusion therapy based on a stroke volume variability monitoring as the key parameter allows optimizing the infusion load and facilitates reduction of the number of patients with complications and earlier recovery of gastrointestinal tract functions after major operative abdominal interventions.
Mechanical response of outer frames in tuning fork gyroscope model with connecting diamond-shaped frame
Authors: The Vu Van , Dung Tran Quang , Trinh Chu Duc 
Published: October 2018

In tuning fork micro-gyroscopes, two outer frames are connected by using the linking elements. The driving vibrations of the two outer frames are required to be exactly opposite to generate the opposite sensing modes perpendicular to driving direction. These opposite driving vibrations are provided by a mechanical structure named the diamond-shaped frame. This paper presents mechanical responses of two outer frames in a proposed model of tuning fork gyroscope when an external force with different types is applied to them. The results show that the presence of a diamond-shaped frame guarantees the absolute anti-phase mode for the driving vibrations of outer frames.
COEFICIENTES DE CULTURA DO FEIJÃO CAUPI NA REGIÃO LITORÂNEA DO CEARÁ
Authors: Souza Maria Do Socorro Medeiros de , Bezerra Francisco Marcus Lima , Teófilo Elizita Maria 
Published: October 2018

Coeficientes de cultura do feijão caupi na região Litorânea do Ceará Maria do Socorro Medeiros de Souza1; Francisco Marcus Lima Bezerra1; Elizita Maria Teófilo21Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola/CCA/Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, msmsousa@hotmail.com 2Departamento de Fitotecnia/CCA/ Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 1 RESUMO A evapotranspiração e os coeficientes de cultura do feijão caupi cultivar Setentão foram estimados através de um conjunto de lisímetros de drenagem na região de Fortaleza, CE. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação/DENA/UFC. A evapotranspiração de referência ETo foi estimada pelos métodos Penman-Monteith FAO e tanque Classe A. Os dados mostraram que a evapotranspiração do caupi foi crescente em quase todo o ciclo da cultura, alcançando um valor máximo no estádio de floração. A lâmina total de água aplicada, aos 69 dias de estudo, foi de 447,2 mm e a evapotranspiração acumulada de 337,4 mm. Os valores dos coeficientes de cultura variaram de 0,42 a 1,52 e dependeram do método de estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência, embora tenham apresentado a mesma tendência de variação ao longo do ciclo, independente do método de estimativa de ETo, a qual variou de 3,71 a 5,79 mm dia-1 para o tanque Classe A e de 4,83 a 6,30 mm dia-1 para Penman-Monteith FAO. UNITERMOS: Vigna ungüiculata L., Balanço hídrico, lisímetro de drenagem, Penman-Monteith FAO. Souza, M. do S. M. de; Bezerra, F. M. L.; Teófilo, E. M. Coefficients of COWPEA BEAN culture in the COASTAL AREA of CEARÁ 2 ABSTRACT Evapotranspiration and the coefficients for cultivar Setentão of cowpea bean culture were estimated through a group of drainage lysimeters in the region of Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the laboratory of Hydraulics and Irrigation, DENA, UFC. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using the Penman-Monteith FAO method and a Class A pan. Data showed that the cowpea bean evapotranspiration increased during almost all the culture cycle and reached the maximum value in the blossoming stage. The total applied water sheet, at 69 days of the experiment, was 447.2 mm and accumulated evapotranspiration was 337.4mm. Culture coefficient values have ranged from 0.42 to 1.52 and depended on the reference evapotranspiration estimate methods, although they presented the same variation tendency throughout the cycle, independently of the ETo estimate methods. ETo ranged from 3.71 to 5.79 mm day-1 for the Class A pan and from 4.83 to 6.30 mm day-1 for Penman-Monteith FAO method. Keywords: Vigna ungüiculada L., water balance, drainage lysimeter, reference evapotranspiration, Penman-Monteith FAO.
CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO EXTRATO DE SATURAÇÃO DO SOLO A PARTIR DE EXTRATOS 1:2 PELO MÉTODO DO EIXO PRINCIPAL REDUZIDO
Authors: Dantas Daniel Da Costa , Matos José De Arimatea de , Medeiros José Francismar de , Porto Filho Francisco De Queiroz , Miranda Neyton De Oliveira 
Published: October 2018

CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO EXTRATO DE SATURAÇÃO DO SOLO A PARTIR DE EXTRATOS 1:2 PELO MÉTODO DO EIXO PRINCIPAL REDUZIDO Daniel da Costa Dantas; José de Arimatea de Matos; José Francismar de Medeiros; Francisco de Queiroz Porto Filho; Neyton de Oliveira MirandaDepartamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi Árido, Mossoró, RN, d1cdantas@bol.com.br 1 RESUMO Com o objetivo de estimar a condutividade elétrica de extratos de saturação do solo (CEes) em função de extratos do solo 1:2 (CE1:2), procedeu-se o monitoramento da salinidade do solo em um experimento com melão irrigado com água de diferentes níveis de salinidade (S1 = 0,6; S2 = 1,9; S3 = 3,2 e S4 = 4,5 dS m-1), aplicada de forma incremental ao longo do ciclo. Coletaram-se amostras de solo para análise em três profundidades (0-15, 15-30 e 30-45 cm), durante dois ciclos de cultivo, aos 70 dias após a semeadura (DAS) no primeiro ciclo e aos 30 e 70 DAS no segundo. Determinou-se a CE1:2 e a CEes em amostras compostas, resultante de 15 tratamentos com três profundidades para cada tratamento. Os dados foram ajustados por profundidade e em conjunto, através de funções lineares de regressão e pelo método do eixo principal reduzido (EPR). A equação CEes = 8,094 CE1:2 + 0,0149 (R2 = 0,9112), desenvolvida através do eixo principal reduzido para todos os dados, apresentou nível de estimabilidade semelhante às equações obtidas para as diferentes profundidades e épocas e que a CE é inversamente proporcional a razão entre água:solo. UNITERMOS: Cucumis melo, salinidade. DANTAS, D. da C.; MATOS, J. de. A. de; MEDEIROS, J. F. de; PORTO FILHO, F. de. Q.; MIRANDA, N. de. O.; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED EXTRACTSDETERMINED BY THE REDUCED MAJOR AXIS METHOD USING MIXTURES OF SOIL AND WATER IN A 1:2 RATIO 2 ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out aiming to estimate electrical conductivity of saturated water soil extracts (CEes) using mixtures of soil and water in a 1:2 ratio (CE1:2). Soil salinity was monitored in a field where melon was irrigated with water which salinity level was increasing during the cycle (S1 = 0.6; S2 = 1.9; S3 = 3.2 and S4 = 4.5 dS m-¹). Samples were taken from two consecutive melon cycles at three depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm). At 70 days after seeding (DAS) of the first cycle and at 30 and 70 DAS of the second CEes and CE1:2 were determined from compounded samples taken from 15 treatments with three depths each. Data were adjusted for all data and depth using linear regression and the reduced major axis method (RMA). The equation CEes = 8.094 CE1:2 + 0.0149 (R² = 0.9112) obtained using all data through RMA, showed a degree of predictability similar to the linear regression obtained for different depths and dates. Soil electrical conductivity was inversely correlated to the soil:water ratio. KEYWORDS: Cucumis melo, salinity