bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperation and coexpression: How coexpression networks shift in response to multiple mutualists
Authors: Palakurty Sathvik X. , Stinchcombe John R. , Afkhami Michelle E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA mechanistic understanding of community ecology requires tackling the nonadditive effects of multispecies interactions, a challenge that necessitates integration of ecological and molecular complexity—namely moving beyond pairwise ecological interaction studies and the “gene at a time” approach to mechanism. Here, we investigate the consequences of multispecies mutualisms for the structure and function of genomewide differential coexpression networks for the first time, using the tractable and ecologically important interaction between legume Medicago truncatula, rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. First, we found that genes whose expression is affected nonadditively by multiple mutualists are more highly connected in gene networks than expected by chance and had 94% greater network centrality than genes showing additive effects, suggesting that nonadditive genes may be key players in the widespread transcriptomic responses to multispecies symbioses. Second, multispecies mutualisms substantially changed coexpression network structure of 18 modules of host plant genes and 22 modules of the fungal symbionts’ genes, indicating that third‐party mutualists can cause significant rewiring of plant and fungal molecular networks. Third, we found that 60% of the coexpressed gene sets that explained variation in plant performance had coexpression structures that were altered by interactive effects of rhizobia and fungi. Finally, an “across‐symbiosis” approach identified sets of plant and mycorrhizal genes whose coexpression structure was unique to the multiple mutualist context and suggested coupled responses across the plant–mycorrhizal interaction to rhizobial mutualists. Taken together, these results show multispecies mutualisms have substantial effects on the molecular interactions in host plants, microbes and across symbiotic boundaries.
Comparison between incremental and thrice‐weekly haemodialysis: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Yueming , Zou Wenli , Wu Juan , Liu Lin , He Qiang 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTAimIncremental haemodialysis (HD) regimen has recently gained attention. However, its efficacy and safety, compared with conventional thrice‐weekly HD, are controversial and previous research results are not convincing. We sought to conduct a meta‐analysis to evaluate the benefits and limitations of incremental HD regimen in patients with end‐stage renal disease.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register databases for controlled trials published until January 2017. Outcomes of interest included baseline patient characteristics, mortality risk, renal function, urine volume, laboratory values, and hospitalization rate.ResultsOverall, 16 studies (n = 252 330), including 15 observational studies and 1 cross‐sectional study, were included. Incremental HD reduced mortality risk, compared with conventional HD (risk ratio [RR], 0.797; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.731–0.870; P < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Renal function (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.677, 95% CI: 0.035 to 1.318, P = 0.039; I2 = 92.7%) and urine volume (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 333.37, 95% CI: 86.81 to 579.93, P = 0.008; I2 = 92.7%) were also better preserved in patients on incremental HD. Other clinical outcomes, including serum levels of calcium, phosphate, albumin, haemoglobin, and hospitalization rate, were similar between groups.ConclusionAn incremental therapeutic approach as a beginning haemodialysis regimen is associated with lower mortality and better preservation of greater residual renal function.
Mylohyoid motor evoked potentials can effectively predict persistent dysphagia 3 months poststroke
Authors: Lee K. M. , Joo M. C. , Yu Y. M. , Kim M.‐S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the association between mylohyoid motor‐evoked potentials (MH‐MEP) and swallowing function and determine the value of MH‐MEP for predicting aspiration 3 months poststroke.MethodsSubacute patients within a month of their first stroke were enrolled up for 2 consecutive years. Videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS) were performed twice. Patients were evaluated during VFSS using the penetration aspiration scale (PAS) and videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale (VDS). MH‐MEP was recorded in the mylohyoid muscles. The active electrode was positioned submentally, 2 cm lateral to midline. Magnetic stimulation was performed on the contralateral motor cortex, 2‐4 cm anterior and 4‐6 cm lateral to the cranial vertex. The resting motor threshold (rMT), latency, and amplitude stimulation at 120% (amp120) and 150% (amp150) of the rMT were assessed. The ratio of each parameter was also estimated. The relationship between MH‐MEP and VFSS findings was analyzed.Key ResultsSixty‐eight patients completed the study. On VFSS at 3 months poststroke, 24 (35.3%) patients showed aspiration. The rMT, rMT ratio, amp120 and amp120 ratio were significantly correlated with the PAS and VDS (P < .05). The rMT ratio (OR = 1.208, P = .001) and amp120 ratio (OR = 0.821, P = .002) were independent predictors of aspiration at 3 months. The optimal cut‐off value of the rMT ratio was 126.1 (AUC = 0.94, sensitivity = 0.92, specificity = 0.89); that of the amp120 ratio was 66.5 (AUC = 0.89, sensitivity = 0.88, specificity = 0.86).Conclusions and InferencesMH‐MEP was well‐correlated with dysphagia severity assessed by VFSS. The rMT ratio and amplitude ratio of MH‐MEP can effectively predict persistent dysphagia 3 months poststroke.
Relationships between music training, speech processing, and word learning: a network perspective
Authors: Elmer Stefan , Jäncke Lutz 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNumerous studies have documented the behavioral advantages conferred on professional musicians and children undergoing music training in processing speech sounds varying in the spectral and temporal dimensions. These beneficial effects have previously often been associated with local functional and structural changes in the auditory cortex (AC). However, this perspective is oversimplified, in that it does not take into account the intrinsic organization of the human brain, namely, neural networks and oscillatory dynamics. Therefore, we propose a new framework for extending these previous findings to a network perspective by integrating multimodal imaging, electrophysiology, and neural oscillations. In particular, we provide concrete examples of how functional and structural connectivity can be used to model simple neural circuits exerting a modulatory influence on AC activity. In addition, we describe how such a network approach can be used for better comprehending the beneficial effects of music training on more complex speech functions, such as word learning.
Neural predictors of eating behavior and dietary change
Authors: Giuliani Nicole R. , Merchant Junaid S. , Cosme Danielle , Berkman Elliot T. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRecently, there has been an increase in the number of human neuroimaging studies seeking to predict behavior above and beyond traditional measurements such as self‐report. This trend has been particularly notable in the area of food consumption, as the percentage of people categorized as overweight or obese continues to rise. In this review, we argue that there is considerable utility in this form of health neuroscience, modeling the neural bases of eating behavior and dietary change in healthy community populations. Further, we propose a model and accompanying evidence indicating that several basic processes underlying eating behavior, particularly reactivity, regulation, and valuation, can be predictive of behavior change. We also discuss future directions for this work.
Costs and benefits of non‐random seed release for long‐distance dispersal in wind‐dispersed plant species
Authors: Treep Jelle , de Jager Monique , Kuiper Leandra S. , Duman Tomer , Katul Gabriel G. , Soons Merel B. 
Published: March 2018

The dispersal ability of plants is a major factor driving ecological responses to global change. In wind‐dispersed plant species, non‐random seed release in relation to wind speeds has been identified as a major determinant of dispersal distances. However, little information is available about the costs and benefits of non‐random abscission and the consequences of timing for dispersal distances.We asked: 1) to what extent is non‐random abscission able to promote long‐distance dispersal and what is the effect of potentially increased pre‐dispersal risk costs? 2) Which meteorological factors and respective timescales are important for maximizing dispersal? These questions were addressed by combining a mechanistic modelling approach and field data collection for herbaceous wind‐dispersed species.Model optimization with a dynamic dispersal approach using measured hourly wind speed showed that plants can increase long‐distance dispersal by developing a hard wind speed threshold below which no seeds are released. At the same time, increased risk costs limit the possibilities for dispersal distance gain and reduce the optimum level of the wind speed threshold, in our case (under representative Dutch meteorological conditions) to a threshold of 5–6 m s–1. The frequency and predictability (auto‐correlation in time) of pre‐dispersal seed‐loss had a major impact on optimal non‐random abscission functions and resulting dispersal distances.We observed a similar, but more gradual, bias towards higher wind speeds in six out of seven wind‐dispersed species under natural conditions. This confirmed that non‐random abscission exists in many species and that, under local Dutch meteorological conditions, abscission was biased towards winds exceeding 5–6 m s–1.We conclude that timing of seed release can vastly enhance dispersal distances in wind‐dispersed species, but increased risk costs may greatly limit the benefits of selecting wind conditions for long‐distance dispersal, leading to moderate seed abscission thresholds, depending on local meteorological conditions and disturbances.
Chronic cutaneous graft‐versus‐host disease in children: A report of 14 patients from a tertiary care pediatric dermatology clinic
Authors: Nanda Arti , Husain Maitham A. A. , Al‐Herz Waleed , Almekaimi Adla , Al‐Sabah Humoud , Al‐Otaibi Mohammad 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a treatment option for many life‐threatening disorders in children. Chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD) is a significant complication of HSCT, and its treatment is challenging. Skin is the most common organ affected in cGVHD, with protean manifestations posing a challenge in diagnosis and management. The objective was to have a better understanding of the spectrum of chronic cutaneous GVHD (cc‐GVHD) in children.MethodsHospital records of 14 children with cc‐GVHD, registered over 9 years, were reviewed.ResultsAll the patients had received HSCT from related donors. Median duration between HSCT and onset of cc‐GVHD was 7.5 months. Eighty‐six percent of the patients had a prior history of aGVHD, and 14% had de novo onset of cc‐GVHD. Of 14 patients, 71% had classic cc‐GVHD. Overlap syndrome was observed in 29%. Tandem occurrence of multiple morphologies was noticed in 6 (43%) patients. Of classic cc‐GVHD, lichen planus‐like cc‐GVHD was most common (57%) followed by scleroderma‐like (29%) and poikiloderma (7%). Rare variants included eczema‐like (14%) and psoriasis‐like (7%) cc‐GVHD. Mucosal involvement was seen in 78.6% of the patients, nail involvement in 50%, and hair abnormalities in 43%. After a median follow‐up of 4.8 years, complete remission was observed in 50% and mortality in 14%.ConclusionThe study signifies the diverse nature of cc‐GVHD and indicates the need for multicenter surveys including larger number of patients to have proper insight into and develop treatment guidelines for cc‐GVHD in children.
Long‐term prognosis of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Iesato Kotoe , Hori Tsukasa , Yoto Yuko , Yamamoto Masaki , Inazawa Natsuko , Kamo Kenichi , Ikeda Hiroshi , Iyama Satoshi , Hatakeyama Naoki , Iguchi Akihiro , Sugita Junichi , Kobayashi Ryoji , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundPatients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) frequently have HHV‐6 reactivation typically during the early phase following HSCT. The long‐term clinical complications and prognosis, however, remain unclear.MethodsBetween September 2010 and October 2012, whole blood samples from 105 patients collected weekly from prior to 6 weeks after HSCT underwent multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen for viral DNA, followed by real‐time PCR for quantitative estimation. In 48 patients, only HHV‐6 was detected in at least one sample. In 30 patients, no viral DNA was detected. Long‐term clinical records were reviewed in March 2016. All 48 HHV‐6‐positive patients, and 24 patients in whom no viral DNA detected, were followed up.ResultsMedian maximum HHV‐6 DNA load in the blood of the HHV‐6 reactivation group (n = 48) was 11 800 copies/μg peripheral blood leukocyte DNA (range, 52–310 000 000). Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) was diagnosed in two subjects with HHV‐6 reactivation. Acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) developed more frequently in patients with HHV‐6 reactivation than in patients without viral reactivation (P = 0.002), but there was no difference in incidence of chronic GVHD. There was no difference in engraftment of neutrophils and platelets between groups. There was also no difference in overall survival between groups. Onset of HPS, however, was associated with lower overall survival (P = 0.009).ConclusionsHuman herpesvirus 6 reactivation was associated with acute GVHD, but not with chronic GVHD, engraftment or overall survival. Onset of HPS, however, predicts lower overall survival.
Alliance Value and Status Enhancement: Canada's Disproportionate Military Burden Sharing in Afghanistan
Authors: Massie Justin , Zyla Benjamin 
Published: March 2018

In choosing not to free ride while the United States was in Afghanistan, second‐tier powers like Canada challenge conventional accounts of military burden sharing. To elucidate the puzzle posed by excessive military contributions, the article considers two explanatory factors: alliance value and status seeking. We pair them with insights on elite consensus to explain Canada's desire to have a large role in the war in Afghanistan. We argue that it is expected to support U.S.‐led military operations and contributes more than its relative power if it seeks recognition of an elevated status by valued alliance members. Absent elite consensus, however, state executives may have difficulty implementing their status enhancement objectives. We further demonstrate the value of our reasoning by confronting it with the ever‐increasing factor of threat perceptions. We conclude by stressing that ideational motivations for intra‐alliance burden sharing pose a serious challenge to conventional accounts of state contributions to U.S.‐led military interventions.Related Articles

Haar, Roberta. 2015. “” Politics & Policy 43 (): 287‐314. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12111/abstract

Dumbrell, John. 2006. “.” Politics & Policy 34 (): 452‐472. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2006.00021.x/abstract

Walsh, James I. 2005. “.” Politics & Policy 33 (): 642‐670. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2005.tb00217.x/full
Related Media
n.d. “Kandahar Journals.” http://www.cbc.ca/documentarychannel/docs/kandahar-journals

n.d. http://www.wagingpeacefilm.com/Home.html

2017. “Out of Afghanistan ‐ Canada's 12‐Year War.” http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/afghanistan
Does the Awareness of Mortality Shape People's Openness to Violence and Conflict? An Examination of Terror Management Theory
Authors: Vergani Matteo , O'Brien Kerry S. , Lentini Peter , Barton Greg 
Published: March 2018

Terror management theory (TMT) proposes that evoking death‐related thoughts (mortality salience; MS) in individuals or groups can lead to stronger worldview defence and greater support for extremist violence. In three experiments, we tested whether an MS manipulation, and associated moderators, increased support for extremist violence. In Australian university students, Study 1 found no statistically significant main or moderated effects for MS on measures of extremist violence. However, participants exposed to the MS manipulation reported increases in conservative religiosity (belief in divine power). In Study 2, the MS manipulation had no significant effect on support for extremist violence for Australian university students primed with an antiviolent extremism norm. And in young Australian Jewish people (Study 3), the MS manipulation did not increase support for violence against migrants. However, there was an increase in support for policies that act to fight against violent extremism in Iraq and Syria in those exposed to the MS manipulation. Across three studies, we find little support for the hypothesis that MS results in increased support for violent extremism. Larger more methodological sound studies are needed to address inconsistencies in the evidence surrounding TMT and the MS hypothesis, at least in regards to violence and extremism.
Hepatic steroid inactivating enzymes, hepatic portal blood flow and corpus luteum blood perfusion in cattle
Authors: Hart CG , Voelz BE , Brockus KE , Lemley CO 
Published: March 2018

ContentsProduction from the corpus luteum (CL) and/or hepatic steroid inactivation impacts peripheral concentrations of P4, which can alter reproductive performance. Our primary objective was to examine hepatic steroid inactivating enzymes, portal blood flow, and luteal blood perfusion at 10 days post‐insemination in pregnant versus non‐pregnant beef and dairy cows. Twenty early lactation Holstein cows and 20 lactating commercial beef cows were utilized for this study. At day 10 post‐insemination, hepatic portal blood flow and CL blood perfusion were measured via Doppler ultrasonography. Liver biopsies were collected and frozen for later determination of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), 2C (CYP2C), 3A (CYP3A), uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and aldo‐keto reductase 1C (AKR1C) activities. Pregnancy was determined at day 30 post‐insemination and treatment groups were retrospectively assigned as pregnant or non‐pregnant. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. Steroid metabolizing enzyme activity was not different (p > .10) between pregnant versus non‐pregnant beef or dairy cows. Hepatic portal blood flow tended (p < .10) to be increased in pregnant versus non‐pregnant dairy cows. Luteal blood perfusion was increased (p < .05) in pregnant versus non‐pregnant dairy cows. Pregnant dairy cows appear to have an increased rate of hepatic clearance of P4 in combination with increased synthesis from the CL. This could account for the lack of difference in peripheral P4 concentrations between pregnant and non‐pregnant dairy cows. This study highlights the relevance of further investigation into steroid secretion and inactivation and their impact on the maintenance of pregnancy in cattle.
Fibroblast–matrix interplay: Nintedanib and pirfenidone modulate the effect of IPF fibroblast‐conditioned matrix on normal fibroblast phenotype
Authors: Epstein Shochet Gali , Wollin Lutz , Shitrit David 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with poor prognosis. Activated fibroblasts are the key effector cells in fibrosis, producing excessive amounts of collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Whether the ECM conditioned by IPF fibroblasts determines the phenotype of naïve fibroblasts is difficult to explore.MethodsIPF‐derived primary fibroblasts were cultured on Matrigel and then cleared using ammonium hydroxide, creating an IPF‐conditioned matrix (CM). Normal fibroblast CM served as control. Normal fibroblasts were cultured on both types of CM, and cell count, cell distribution and markers of myofibroblast differentiation; transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling; and ECM expression were assessed. The effects of the anti‐fibrotic drugs nintedanib and pirfenidone at physiologically relevant concentrations were also explored.ResultsNormal fibroblasts cultured on IPF‐CM arranged in large aggregates as a result of increased proliferation and migration. Moreover, increased levels of pSmad3, pSTAT3 (phospho signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and Collagen1a were found, suggesting a differentiation towards a myofibroblast‐like phenotype. SB505124 (10 μmol/L) partially reversed these alterations, suggesting a TGFβ contribution. Furthermore, nintedanib at 100 nmol/L and, to a lesser extent, pirfenidone at 100 μmol/L prevented the IPF‐CM‐induced fibroblast phenotype alterations, suggesting an attenuation of the ECM–fibroblast interplay.ConclusionIPF fibroblasts alter the ECM, thus creating a CM that further propagates an IPF‐like phenotype in normal fibroblasts. This assay demonstrated differences in drug activities for approved IPF drugs at clinically relevant concentrations. Thus, the matrix–fibroblast phenotype interplay might be a relevant assay to explore drug candidates for IPF treatment.
Fluid Inclusion Studies of Comb Quartz and Stibnite at the Hishikari Au–Ag Epithermal Deposit, Japan
Authors: Shimizu Toru 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFluid inclusion microthermometry was conducted on late‐stage barren comb quartz and the latest stibnite at the Hishikari deposit to characterize the hydrothermal activity responsible for vein formation. Eight fluid inclusion assemblages (i.e. fluid inclusions trapped at the same time, ‘FIAs’) were studied to determine the formation fluid temperatures and salinities for the comb quartz in the Shosen No. 2 vein, Sanjin ore zone, and the stibnite in the Seisen No. 1–1 vein, Yamada ore zone.The average homogenization temperatures (the formation temperatures) of the seven FIAs from the comb quartz were between 207 and 230°C, while the average homogenization temperature (the formation temperature) of an FIA from the stibnite was 113°C. The measured fluid salinities of the seven FIAs from the comb quartz were low, ranging between 0.0 and 1.1 wt% NaCl equiv., indicating that dilute fluids were responsible for the comb quartz formation.By comparison with previous microthermometric data, the formation temperatures of the studied comb quartz were higher than those of columnar adularia and comb quartz at most other veins (generally around 200°C) but were similar to those of columnar adularia at Keisen veins (230°C) in the same ore zone. The higher formation temperatures both in the Shosen and the Keisen veins in the Sanjin ore zone indicate that the fractures corresponding to the vein system at the Sanjin ore zone were main conduits for hot ascending fluids.The low formation temperature of stibnite in the latest stage (113°C) indicates that stibnite precipitation occurred during a waning stage of hydrothermal activity. Combined with previous thermodynamic data on antimony solubilities, the large discrepancy between the formation temperature of the comb quartz (200–230°C) and that of the stibnite suggests that the stibnite may have precipitated as a result of a drastic cooling of the hydrothermal system.