bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidentiality in Formosan Languages
Authors: Pan Chia-jung 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter investigates evidentiality in Formosan languages. Five Formosan languages—Bunun, Paiwan, Kanakanavu, Saaroa, and Tsou—are discussed. Evidentiality in these languages is a grammatical category in its own right, and not a subcategory of epistemic or some other modality, or of tense-aspect. The system of grammatical evidentials in Formosan languages has a limited number of choices. Formosan languages with grammatical evidentials divide into types depending on how many information sources are assigned a distinct grammatical marking. Except for Tsou with the richest system of grammatical evidentials, other Formosan languages are relatively poor in evidentiality. In Formosan languages with grammatical evidentials, Tsou is the only language that requires information source to be obligatorily marked in grammar. Other Formosan languages optionally use evidentials in order to ensure efficient communication. This chapter is the first typological study of grammatical evidentiality in Formosan languages.
The Acquisition of Evidentiality
Authors: Fitneva Stanka A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHow do children learn the evidential system of their language? The primary goal of this chapter is to summarize existing research on this topic. Its secondary goal is to position this research within a broader framework of investigating language development focusing on the learner, the target language, and the environment as key explanatory factors. The chapter reviews both observational and experimental studies, the latter exploring the production and comprehension of evidentials as well as their use in assessing the reliability of information. This research provides insight primarily into the contributions of cognitive processes to children’s learning of evidentials. The data, however, also hint at how the environment, in particular socialization processes, could help children break the code of evidentials, suggesting that this may be the next frontier of research in the area.
The Slave Trade and Coastal West Africa
Authors: Kelly Kenneth G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Atlantic slave trade has been the focus of archaeological work in a number of West African countries. Much of the work has emphasized the impressive trade castles of the Ghana coast, where extensive European constructions demonstrate the importance of the slave trade in the regions’ history. Work has also been conducted on other settings, including in Bénin, where African agency manifested itself differently than on the Gold Coast of modern Ghana; Sierra Leone and Gambia, where European trading establishments were typically smaller; and Guinea, where the ‘illegal’ slave trade of the nineteenth century blossomed. Many of these sites of enslavement have become important parts of local heritage, as well as a global heritage of African-descended people and the heritage tourism associated with the African Diaspora.
Shell Middens and Seashores
Authors: Jerardino Antonieta 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Studies on Middle and Late Pleistocene hominin dietary adaptations have argued that aquatic foods played a key role during this evolutionary process. This chapter presents a summary account on the use and significance of marine resources, particularly shellfish, for early modern humans in southern Africa during oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 6–4. The methods used to identify, quantify, and compare archaeomalacological assemblages in South Africa and beyond, their drawbacks, as well as palaeoenvironmental, taphonomical and foraging considerations necessary to evaluate these data are discussed. The significance of diet broadening in the context of emerging modern humans about 160 ka and their exit out of Africa ~80–60 ka is reflected upon in the light of coastal adaptations by other early hominins groups elsewhere, such as Neanderthals in the Mediterranean Basin. The implications of longer residential permanence and higher population densities generally possible near productive shorelines are also examined.
Material Worlds
Authors: Hunter Fraser 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter considers material culture themes beyond any single region or country in order to look at recurring problems and possibilities across the European Iron Age. Often these are analogies (such as problems of taphonomic bias) rather than direct linkages, but large-scale issues in European prehistory are also considered, such as the development, selective adoption, and adaptation of new technologies, linkages to the Mediterranean world, and the role of art. Major areas of untapped research in the archaeology of the everyday are highlighted: the tools and other items which are often ignored beyond specialist reports can provide great insights into the changing lives of people in Iron Age Europe. Here, best practice in other areas and periods, along with experimental work, could cast fresh light on these fascinating material worlds.
Stable Fixation and Immediate Weight-Bearing After Combined Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing and Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Noncomminuted Distal Interprosthetic Femur Fractures
Authors: Hussain Mohammed S. , Dailey Steven K. , Avilucea Frank R. 
Published: March 2018

Summary:
With an aging population, treatment of interprosthetic femur fractures continues to pose a challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon. Retrograde intramedullary nailing combined with open reduction internal fixation using a tissue-preserving plating technique was used in our series of 9 patients with noncomminuted, distal femur fractures. No interfragmentary screws, cables, cerclage wires, or supplemental bone grafts of any type were used. Each patient initiated weight-bearing as tolerated after operative intervention. Every fracture healed at an average of 20 weeks (range 18–24 weeks). Use of a lateral locking plate combined with a retrograde intramedullary nailing enables immediate postoperative weight-bearing and stable fixation for patients with interprosthetic femur fractures.
Impact of Health Insurance Status on Prostate Cancer Treatment Modality Selection in the United States
Authors: Bledsoe Trevor J. , Park Henry S. , Rutter Charles E. , Aneja Sanjay , Nguyen Paul L. , Yu James B. 
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
A variety of treatment modalities are available for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer in the United States. In addition to clinical factors, treatment modality choice may be influenced by a patient’s insurance status. Using a national data set, we investigated the relationship between insurance status and prostate cancer treatment modality selection among nonelderly men in the United States.

Methods:
Nonelderly men age 18 to 64 years treated for localized prostate cancer from 2010 to 2014 were identified within the National Cancer Database. Patients with no insurance, Medicaid, or private insurance were included. The χ2 and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of insurance status, other demographic and facility factors, and D’Amico risk classification with treatment modality.

Results:
We identified 135,937 patients with either no insurance (2.8%), Medicaid (4.2%), or private insurance (92.9%) treated for prostate cancer who underwent cancer-directed treatment or active surveillance between 2010 and 2014. Patients with private insurance were more likely to receive minimally invasive surgery (61.4% vs. 35.4%, respectively; P<0.001) and less likely to receive external beam radiotherapy (10.9% vs. 26.9%, respectively; P<0.001) than patients with no insurance. On multivariable analysis, among patients with no insurance and private insurance, private insurance was the strongest predictor of receipt of minimally invasive surgery (adjusted odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 2.44-2.79; P<0.001).

Conclusion:
Insurance status is a strong predictor of prostate cancer treatment modality among nonelderly men in the United States.
Use of prescription opioids before and after an operation for chronic pain (lumbar fusion surgery)
Authors: Deyo Richard A. , Hallvik Sara E. , Hildebran Christi , Marino Miguel , O'Kane Nicole , Carson Jody , Van Otterloo Joshua , Wright Dagan A. , Millet Lisa M. , Wakeland Wayne 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Lumbar fusion surgery is usually prompted by chronic back pain, and many patients receive long-term preoperative opioid analgesics. Many expect surgery to eliminate the need for opioids. We sought to determine what fraction of long-term preoperative opioid users discontinue or reduce dosage postoperatively; what fraction of patients with little preoperative use initiate long-term use; and what predicts long-term postoperative use. This retrospective cohort study included 2491 adults undergoing lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative conditions, using Oregon's prescription drug monitoring program to quantify opioid use before and after hospitalization. We defined long-term postoperative use as ≥4 prescriptions filled in the 7 months after hospitalization, with at least 3 occurring >30 days after hospitalization. Overall, 1045 patients received long-term opioids preoperatively, and 1094 postoperatively. Among long-term preoperative users, 77.1% continued long-term postoperative use, and 13.8% had episodic use. Only 9.1% discontinued or had short-term postoperative use. Among preoperative users, 34.4% received a lower dose postoperatively, but 44.8% received a higher long-term dose. Among patients with no preoperative opioids, 12.8% became long-term users. In multivariable models, the strongest predictor of long-term postoperative use was cumulative preoperative opioid dose (odds ratio of 15.47 [95% confidence interval 8.53-28.06] in the highest quartile). Cumulative dose and number of opioid prescribers in the 30-day postoperative period were also associated with long-term use. Thus, lumbar fusion surgery infrequently eliminated long-term opioid use. Opioid-naive patients had a substantial risk of initiating long-term use. Patients should have realistic expectations regarding opioid use after lumbar fusion surgery.
Quantitative Elastography Versus Fine-needle Aspiration by Endoscopic Ultrasound for the Assessment of Pancreatic Solid Masses
Authors: Hernández Mondragón Oscar V. , Velez Resendiz Juan M. , Ruiz Rodolfo R. 
Published: March 2018

Background and Aims:
Pancreatic solid masses (PSM) are difficult to assess; endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) enables tissue acquisition, but has high false-negative rates. Quantitative elastography (QE) predicts diagnosis on the basis of the strain ratio (SR). We aimed to compare both methods to evaluate PSM.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective study, carried out between January and December 2016, included suspected PSM cases; those with advanced disease and cystic components were excluded. Both procedures were performed; histologic information was obtained for the final diagnoses. Diagnostic tests and receiver-operating characteristic curve were calculated. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
We included 134 patients (53% women; mean, 53±16.2 y). The median tumor size was 30 (10 to 78) mm, with 69.4% and 30.6% malignant and benign tumors (median SR: 19.5 vs. 7.5; P=0.000), respectively, and 87% were pancreatic adenocarcinoma. QE with SR cutoff ≥10 showed similar parameters to FNA in both PSM types: sensitivity, 94% in both; specificity, 85% versus 87%; positive predictive value, 93% versus 94%; negative predictive value, 87% in both; and accuracy, 92% for malignant and sensitivity, 85% versus 87%; specificity, 94% in both; positive predictive value, 87% in both; negative predictive value, 93% versus 94%; and accuracy, 92% for benign. The area under the curve was 0.96 (P<0.000; 95% confidence interval, 0.940-0.995). New classifications on the basis of positive likelihood ratio were grouped as follows: A ≤8.7 (benign tumor); B >8.7 to <15.5 (indeterminate); and C ≥15.5 (malignant).

Conclusions:
QE has similar capacity to FNA in PSM evaluation. However, the former can be used potentially as a substitute of the latter in certain cases on the basis of these new SR cutoff-based classifications.
Implementing Statewide Severe Maternal Morbidity Review: The Illinois Experience
Authors: Koch Abigail R. , Roesch Pamela T. , Garland Caitlin E. , Geller Stacie E. 
Published: March 2018

Context:
Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) rates in the United States more than doubled between 1998 and 2010. Advanced maternal age and chronic comorbidities do not completely explain the increase in SMM or how to effectively address it. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have called for facility-level multidisciplinary review of SMM for potential preventability and have issued implementation guidelines.

Implementation:
Within Illinois, SMM was identified as any intensive or critical care unit admission and/or 4 or more units of packed red blood cells transfused at any time from conception through 42 days postpartum. All cases meeting this definition were counted during statewide surveillance. Cases were selected for review on the basis of their potential to yield insights into factors contributing to preventable SMM or best practices preventing further morbidity or death. If the SMM review committee deemed a case potentially preventable, it identified specific factors associated with missed opportunities and made actionable recommendations for quality improvement.

Evaluation:
Approximately 1100 cases of SMM were identified from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2017, yielding a rate of 76 SMM cases per 10 000 pregnancies. Reviews were conducted on 142 SMM cases. Most SMM cases occurred during delivery hospitalization and more than half were delivered by cesarean section. Hemorrhage was the primary cause of SMM (>50% of the cases).

Discussion:
Facility-level SMM review was feasible and acceptable in statewide implementation. States that are planning SMM reviews across obstetric facilities should permit ample time for translation of recommendations to practice. Although continued maternal mortality reviews are valuable, they are not sufficient to address the increasing rates of SMM and maternal death. In-depth multidisciplinary review offers the potential to identify factors associated with SMM and interventions to prevent women from moving along the continuum of severity.
Effectiveness and Drug Survival of Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor α Therapies in Patients With Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Chiowchanwisawakit Praveena , Katchamart Wanruchada , Osiri Manathip , Narongroeknawin Pongthorn , Chevaisrakul Parawee , Kitumnuaypong Tasanee , Siripaitoon Boonjing , Louthrenoo Worawit 
Published: March 2018

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of the first anti–tumor necrosis factor α therapy (TNFi) and to identify the associated factors of drug discontinuation in patients with spondyloarthritis.

Methods
This was a medical records review study. Patients with spondyloarthritis who were prescribed the first TNFi between December 2009 and October 2014 in the Rheumatic Disease Prior Authorization registry were enrolled. Baseline clinical data were retrieved. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify factors associated with discontinuation of drugs.

Results
Among 138 patients, 97 had ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and 41 had psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The effectiveness of TNFi in AS and PsA was 55% to 59% at 4 months and 75% to 96% at 3 years, as measured by a 50% decrease in the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index from baseline. For PsA with peripheral arthritis, improvement of the joint count by 50% was observed in 61.8% of patients at 4 months and 100% at 3 years. Survival from TNFi was 63% for AS and 56% for PsA at 3 years. For AS, the factors associated with good response leading to discontinuation of TNFi were baseline patient global assessment 3 to 6/10 (hazard ratio [HR], 6.3) and the use of leflunomide (HR, 6.0) and infliximab (HR, 4.8). A good response (38.5%) was the most common cause of discontinuation of the first TNFi, followed by toxicity (28.2%), nonadherence (20.5%), and lack of effectiveness (12.8%).

Conclusions
Ankylosing spondylitis and PsA responded well to TNFi during the 3-year follow-up. The retention rate was approximately 60% for AS and PsA. A good response to the first TNFi was the most common reason for discontinuation.
Prominent Pulmonary Metastases Without Concurrent Intra-abdominal Metastasis in a Case of Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Cheng Junjun , Ou Xiaohong , Ye Yunxia 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Because ovarian cancer often advances by dissemination, pulmonary metastases are rarely unaccompanied by intra-abdominal metastases. We report a case of ovarian clear cell carcinoma having multiple bilateral lung metastases and without concurrent intra-abdominal lesions, as demonstrated by FDG PET/CT scan.
Another Strategy for the Treatment of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst: Totally Endoscopic Surgery by Breast Approach
Authors: Qu Rui , Wang Cunchuan , Dong Zhiyong , Li Jinyi , Liu Daosheng 
Published: March 2018

Objective:
Open surgery is the most common treatment of thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC), but it leaves obvious neck scarring. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and strategy of total endoscopic procedure by breast approach to avoid such scarring on the neck.

Materials and Methods:
This study reviewed 13 patients who underwent endoscopic resection of TGDC and 15 patients who underwent open resection of TGDC. We compared and analyzed factors including operative time, estimated blood loss, postoperative hospitalization, complications, and cosmetic effect.

Results:
The surgery by the endoscopic approach was successfully completed in 13 cases and no one was converted to an open procedure. Another 15 cases were successfully performed by an open procedure. There were no significant differences between the 2 procedures in the mean cyst size, drainage time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay. The cosmetic effect was better and the operative time was longer in the endoscopic approach. Two cases had swallowing discomfort after surgery in the endoscopic approach, whereas one case developed this complication in the open approach. On patient treated with each approach developed infection. One patient developed skin bruise and one patient developed subcutaneous hydros in the endoscopic approach, whereas no complications developed in the open approach. There were no incidences of uncontrolled bleeding, tracheal injury, dysphagia, salivary fistula, or asphyxia/dyspnea in both approaches, nor were there any deaths or recurrences of TGDC during the follow-up period.

Conclusion:
With strict indications, the total endoscopic breast procedure is feasible and effective for selected patients. This procedure can be another choice for patients who wish to avoid neck scarring when undergoing treatment for TGDC.
Splenectomy in Gaucher Disease: A Call for Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Freund Michael R. , Reissman Petachia , Zimran Ari , Alberton Joseph 
Published: March 2018

Objective:
The objective of this article was to demonstrate that Gaucher disease (GD) patients with refractory hypersplenism and massive splenomegaly may successfully undergo hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy (HALS).

Methods:
This was a retrospective audit conducted at the Gaucher clinic at a national referral center over a 10-year period.

Patient Population:
This study included 8 GD patients who underwent hand-assisted or conventional laparoscopic splenectomy for massive or complicated splenomegaly between the years 2007 and 2017.

Results:
Seven patients underwent an elective HALS procedure because of refractory hypersplenism, whereas 1 patient underwent an urgent conventional laparoscopic splenectomy because of torsion of a wandering spleen. Only 1 patient required conversion to open surgery because of multiple adhesions from a previous partial splenectomy. The mean weight of the removed spleens was 2373 g (range, 480 to 4900 g), mean craniocaudal length of the removed spleens was 25 cm (range, 20 to 33.5 cm), and mean operating time was 150 minutes (range, 96 to 280 min). Postoperative complications were limited to 2 patients and included thrombosis of the splenic vein stump in 1 patient, and propagation of a preoperative splenic vein thrombus to the portal system, as well as an accumulation of an intra-abdominal hematoma in another patient. There was no mortality. Mean length of hospital stay was 5 days (range, 2 to 11 d).

Conclusion:
HALS for GD patients with refractory hypersplenism and massive splenomegaly is safe and feasible in experienced hands.
Diversity of late Neogene Monachinae (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the North Atlantic, with the description of two new species
Authors: Dewaele Leonard , Peredo Carlos Mauricio , Meyvisch Pjotr , Louwye Stephen 
Published: March 2018

While the diversity of ‘southern seals’, or Monachinae, in the North Atlantic realm is currently limited to the Mediterranean monk seal,Monachus monachus, their diversity was much higher during the late Miocene and Pliocene. Although the fossil record of Monachinae from the North Atlantic is mainly composed of isolated specimens, many taxa have been erected on the basis of fragmentary and incomparable specimens. The humerus is commonly considered the most diagnostic postcranial bone. The research presented in this study limits the selection of type specimens for different fossil Monachinae to humeri and questions fossil taxa that have other types of bones as type specimens, such as forTerranectes parvus. In addition, it is essential that the humeri selected as type specimens are (almost) complete. This questions the validity of partial humeri selected as type specimens, such as forTerranectes magnus. This study revisesCallophoca obscura,Homiphoca capensisandPliophoca etrusca, all purportedly known from the Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina, in addition to their respective type localities in Belgium, South Africa and Italy, respectively.C. obscurais retained as a monachine seal taxon that lived both on the east coast of North America and in the North Sea Basin. However,H. capensisfrom North America cannot be identified beyond the genus level, and specimens previously assigned toPl. etruscafrom North America clearly belong to different taxa. Indeed, we also present new material and describe two new genera of late Miocene and Pliocene Monachinae from the east coast of North America:Auroraphoca atlanticanov. gen. et nov. sp., andVirginiaphoca magurainov. gen. et nov. sp. This suggests less faunal interchange of late Neogene Monachinae between the east and west coasts of the North Atlantic than previously expected.