bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forage Mass Production, Forage Nutritive Value, and Cost Comparisons of Three‐Way Cover Crop Mixes
Authors: Farney Jaymelynn K. , Sassenrath Gretchen F. , Davis Cathryn J. , Presley Deann 
Published: August 2018

Core Ideas
Oat/radish/clover and oat/turnip/clover are the lowest cost for tonnage and energy.
Cover crop mixes differ in protein but exceed requirements for cattle needs.
Cover crop mixes differ in fiber, but no effect on cattle intake is expected.
Biomass production in wetter and hotter environments results in slightly more tonnage.
The use of annual forage mixtures as a fall–winter cover crop offers multiple benefits for both livestock and the environment. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the quantity, quality, and cost of 16 three‐way cover crop mixtures for use as a fall cattle feed. The cover crop mixes were grown for 2 years (2014 and 2015) in a randomized complete block design where every mixture had one species of each: grass, brassica, and legume. Seeds were sown in August each year, and forages were clipped at approximately 45, 74, and 92 days after planting (DAP) and analyzed for nutritive value, forage mass production, and cost to produce a pound of forage, pound of protein, and pound of energy based on seed cost. Averaged across years and sampling dates, total forage mass production and crude protein (CP) varied by treatment (P = 0.001) with a range of ∼1,400 lb/acre from high to low forage mass production, and CP concentrations ranging from 18.6 to 24.7%. As plants matured, the forage nutritive value declined as indicated by increasing neutral detergent fiber (NDF), decreasing total digestible nutrients (TDN), and lower CP (P < 0.05). Cost per pound dry matter (DM) and energy produced per acre were different by treatments (P < 0.001) while the cost of producing each pound of protein was not (P = 0.44). Mixtures that included oat (Avena sativa) or the mix of barley (Hordeum vulgare)/turnip (Brassica rapa)/clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) were the most economical forage option for fall grazing by cattle.
Estimating Wheat Yield with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Fractional Green Canopy Cover
Authors: Goodwin Allen W. , Lindsey Laura E. , Harrison Steven K. , Paul Pierce A. 
Published: August 2018

Core Ideas
Normalized difference vegetation index and fractional green canopy cover best estimated wheat grain yield.
Normalized difference vegetation index and fractional green canopy cover measurements should be conducted prior to Feekes 6 growth stage.
Camera height should be adjusted to capture three rows of wheat in the image when using fractional green canopy cover to estimate wheat grain yield.
Producers are interested in methods for estimating wheat grain yield at earlier growth stages. Ability to estimate wheat yield early in the growing season could provide producers with the flexibility needed to decide whether to terminate their wheat crop to plant a more profitable alternative crop, such as soybean. The traditional assessment method, counting plants and tillers, is tedious and time consuming. There is a need to create easier methods to estimate wheat yield, such as normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) or fractional green canopy cover (FGCC). The objective of this study was to compare NDVI, FGCC, and stem count measurements at multiple wheat growth stages to estimate winter wheat grain yield. Trials were established during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons at two locations in Ohio. Treatment included wheat seeding rates of 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 million seeds/acre to mimic a poor to excellent wheat stand. Wheat stand assessment methods of NDVI, FGCC, and stem counts were conducted at Feekes 1 (emergence), Feekes 5 (leaf sheaths strongly erect), and Feekes 6 (first node visible) growth stages. Regression models were used to estimate wheat yield. Normalized difference vegetation index (R2 = 0.49) and FGCC (R2 = 0.45) best estimated wheat grain yield while stem count measurements accounted for 29% of the variability in yield. However, NDVI and FGCC measurements are time sensitive and should be conducted prior to Feekes 6 growth stage, and for FGCC, camera height should be adjusted to capture three rows of wheat in the image.
The Fate of Late‐Fall‐Applied Nitrogen in Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass
Authors: Frank Kevin W. , Nikolai Thomas A. , Hathaway Aaron , Williams Zhu 
Published: August 2018

Core Ideas
Research was conducted to determine the fate of late‐fall‐applied nitrogen in creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass.
Overall, the percentage of labeled fertilizer nitrogen recovered in November at 7 days after treatment was 55%, with 47% of this total recovered in soil.
Recovery of labeled fertilizer nitrogen in the plant from a November N application was low, 9% in 2010–2011 and 3% in 2011–2012.
Research was conducted to determine the fate of late‐fall‐applied nitrogen (N) in a creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. L. palustris (Huds.) Farw. ‘Penncross’] and annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. reptans L.) fairway. The soil was a Marlette sandy loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Glossoboric Hapludalfs) (66% sand, 23% silt, and 11% clay) with a pH of 7.4. Plots were treated with 15N double‐labeled urea (46N‐0P‐0K) (10 atom % excess) in solution at 1 lb N/1000 ft2 on 11 Nov. 2010 and 8 Nov. 2011 to facilitate fertilizer identification among verdure, roots, and soil. Different plot areas were used in 2010 and 2011. Overall, the percentage of labeled fertilizer nitrogen (LFN) recovered in November at 7 DAT was 55%, 47% of the total was recovered in the soil. By the April sampling, the percentage of LFN recovered in soil had declined to 22%, and there was not a corresponding increase in LFN recovered in the plant. Recovery of LFN in the plant from a November N application was low, 9% in 2010–2011 and 3% in 2011–2012. Although plant recovery of applied LFN was low, between species, a higher percentage of LFN was recovered in the verdure of annual bluegrass than creeping bentgrass, 3 and 2%, respectively.
Potential Efficiency of Grassy or Shrub Willow Buffer Strips against Nutrient Runoff from Soybean and Corn Fields in Southern Quebec, Canada
Authors: Hénault‐Ethier Louise , Lucotte Marc , Smedbol Élise , Gomes Marcelo Pedrosa , Maccario Sophie , Laprise Marie Eve Lamoureux , Perron Rachel , Larocque Marie , Lepage Laurent , Juneau Philippe , Labrecque Michel 
Published: August 2018

Riparian buffer strips (RBS) are encouraged to control agricultural diffuse pollution. In Quebec Province, Canada, a policy promotes 3‐m‐wide RBS. Abiding farmers minimally maintain herbaceous vegetation, but nutrient retention efficiency could be improved with woody biomass. This work aimed to assess if fast‐growing willows (Salix miyabeana Seemen ‘SX64’) could reduce nutrient loads to a stream, in addition to yielding biomass. Triplicate treatments of two Salix stem densities and a herbaceous control plot were monitored from 2011 to 2013 in a randomized block design on agricultural fields of the St. Lawrence Lowlands with sandy loam (Saint‐Roch‐de‐l’Achigan [SR]) and organic‐rich (Boisbriand [BB]) soils. Runoff, interstitial water, and water from the saturated zone were sampled 16 (SR) and 14 (BB) times to quantify nutrient buffering (NO3−, NH4+, P, and K). Sampling campaigns followed (i) snowmelt or ≥15‐mm natural precipitation events after (ii) fertilization and (iii) glyphosate‐based herbicide applications. Concentration reduction before and after the RBS was highest for nitrates (77–81% in runoff at BB, 92–98% at 35‐ to 70‐cm depth at SR) just after fertilization, when edge‐of‐field concentrations peaked. Total P removal was observed in runoff after fertilization at SR, and K removal was punctually witnessed at BB. Riparian buffer strips were inefficient for NH4 and dissolved P removal, and RBS effluents exceeded aquatic life protection standards. Salix plantations, irrespective of stem density, were not more efficient than herbaceous RBS. This shows that without fertilizer input reductions, narrow RBS are insufficient to protect streams from excess nutrients in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crops.Core Ideas
Riparian buffer strips (RBS) are promoted worldwide to preserve water quality.
Narrow RBS are commonly planted with herbaceous vegetation.
Salix RBS could play a dual role: water filtration and biomass production.
Narrow RBS remove some NO32− and total P and K, not dissolved P and NH4+.
Herbaceous and Salix RBS are equivalent in filtering diffuse nutrients from row crops.
Environmental Factors and Soil Amendment Affect the Decomposition Rate of Dazomet Fumigant
Authors: Fang Wensheng , Wang Qiuxia , Yan Dongdong , Huang Bin , Ren Zongjie , Wang Qian , Song Zhaoxin , Liu Xiaoman , Li Yuan , Ouyang Canbin , Cao Aocheng 
Published: August 2018

Dazomet (3,5‐dimethyl‐1,3,5‐thiadiazinane‐2‐thione) is widely used as a soil fumigant for controlling soil‐borne diseases and pests in China and other agricultural countries. The active ingredient of dazomet is its degradation product, methyl isothiocyanate. Little is known about the environmental conditions that affect the degradation of dazomet in soil. In this study, we conducted laboratory incubation experiments to test the effects of several environmental factors, including soil texture, water content, temperature, pH, and soil amendments, such as chicken manure or urea fertilizer, on the decomposition of dazomet. Results showed that dazomet degradation in soil is an abiotic process strongly dependent on soil texture, water content, temperature, and pH. Decomposition rates differed greatly in various soils, depending mainly on soil physicochemical properties such as pH and organic matter content. The degradation rate increased by 15 to 24 times and by 16 to 37 times when soil temperature increased from 5 to 45°C, and water content increased from 10 to 30%, respectively. Dazomet degraded faster in alkaline versus acidic soil. Both chicken manure and urea fertilizer moderately slowed dazomet degradation. Dazomet was degraded in soil mainly by hydrolysis. The results of our study contribute to a better understanding of the environmental behavior of dazomet, potentially leading to its more efficient, safe, profitable, and effective use by farmers.Core Ideas
Dazomet dissipation is highly dependent on soil type.
Temperature and soil water content had a large impact on the degradation of dazomet
Dazomet degraded faster in an alkaline soil than in acidic soil.
Chicken manure and urea fertilizer moderately slowed dazomet degradation.
Dazomet degradation is an abiotic process.
Effect of Rainfall on the Microbial Water Quality of a Tropical Urban Catchment
Authors: Fang Haoming , Vergara Genevieve Gabrielle Rose , Goh Shin Giek , Ang Cassandra Yu Lin , Gu Xiaoqiong , Gin Karina Yew‐Hoong 
Published: August 2018

Wet weather conditions have been associated with increased bacterial and viral counts in surface waters. Moreover, heavy rainfall and flooding were found to be the most common events preceding waterborne disease outbreaks associated with extreme weather conditions. This study aimed to examine the effect of rainfall on the quality of surface waters and to determine its suitability for primary contact recreation during wet weather conditions. A total of 228 catchment water samples were collected during wet and dry periods. Parameters that were found to increase with increasing rainfall were Escherichia coli, enterococci, somatic coliphages, and turbidity, whereas total dissolved solids were found to decrease. Positive correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between cumulative rainfall and geometric mean concentrations of E. coli, enterococci, somatic coliphages, and turbidity (r = 0.69–0.95), whereas a negative correlation was observed between cumulative rainfall and total dissolved solids (r = −0.58). In addition, a rapid decline in water quality was observed during heavy rainfall that resulted in failure to meet recreational water quality guidelines. In view of public health and safety, primary recreational activities in the water catchment may not be advisable during or immediately after a rainfall event due to poor water quality.Core Ideas
Rainfall has a significant impact on water quality in urban catchments.
E. coli, enterococci, and somatic coliphages in catchments correlated with rainfall.
Primary recreational activities in catchments are not advisable during or after rainfall.
Insights Into the Explication of Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors with Reference to Computational Studies
Authors: Parveen Naima , Ali Sharique Akhtar , Ali Ayesha Sharique 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Pigment melanin has primarily a photo defensive role in human skin, its
unnecessary production and irregular distribution can cause uneven skin tone ultimately results in
hyper pigmentation. Melanin biosynthesis is initiated by tyrosine oxidation through tyrosinase, the
key enzyme for melanogenesis. Not only in humans, tyrosinase is also widely distributed in plants
and liable for browning of vegetables and fruits. Search for the inhibitors of tyrosinase have been
an important target to facilitate development of therapies for the prevention of hyperpigmentary
disorders and an undesired browning of vegetables and fruits.

Methods:
Different natural and synthetic chemical compounds have been tested as potential tyrosinase
inhibitors, but the mechanism of inhibition is not known, and the quest for information regarding
interaction between tyrosinase and its inhibitors is one of the recent areas of research. Computer
based methods hence are useful to overcome such issues. Successful utilization of in silico tools
like molecular docking simulations make it possible to interpret the tyrosinase and its inhibitor’s
intermolecular interactions and helps in identification and development of new and potent tyrosinase
inhibitors.

Results:
The present review has pointed out the prominent role of computer aided approaches for
the explication of promising tyrosinase inhibitors with a focus on molecular docking approach.
Highlighting certain examples of natural compounds whose antityrosinase effects has been evaluated
using computational simulations.

Conclusion:
The investigation of new and potent inhibitors of tyrosinase using computational
chemistry and bioinformatics will ultimately help millions of peoples to get rid of hyperpigmentary
disorders as well as browning of fruits and vegetables.
Cytotoxicity of Sodium Arsenite-loaded Anti-HER2 Immunoliposomes Against HER2-expressing Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Afrakhteh Moslem , Kheirollah Alireza , Pourshohod Aminollah , Ghaffari Mohammad Ali , Jamalan Mostafa , Zeinali Majid 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Chemotherapy is a routine approach in treatment of patients with cancer,
while side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs are inevitable. To minimize side effects, specific targeting
of neoplastic cells is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Sodium arsenite is a metalloid
toxin with anti-neoplastic properties, but low selectivity and carcinogenic activity have limited its
clinical usage.

Methods:
Targeting of HER2-overexpressing (SK-BR-3) and HER2-low expressing (MCF-7) cancerous
breast cell lines by two different liposomal forms of sodium arsenite (bare liposome and
trastuzumab-conjugated liposome) was investigated in the current study. Levels of HER2 expression
in the above mentioned cell lines were confirmed by western blotting. Size and morphology of
the constructed liposomes were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light
scattering (DLS). Viability of the cells after treatment was assessed using MTT assay.

Results:
Sodium arsenite in the free and liposomal forms showed growth inhibitory effects against
both SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 cell lines in an examined concentration range of 1-20 µM, although this
effect was more significant in SK-BR-3 cell line. Loading of sodium arsenite in anti-HER2 immunoliposomes
significantly enhanced its cytotoxicity while the specificity was also improved. By
encapsulation of sodium arsenite in anti-HER2 immunoliposomes, its efficacy in ablation of SKBR-
3 cells was increased about 1.4-fold compared to the free or liposomal forms.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, targeted delivery of sodium arsenite using anti-HER2 immunoliposomes
can be considered as an alternative strategy for specific treatment of HER2-positive
breast cancers.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Thiophene-bearing Quinazoline Derivatives as EGFR Inhibitors
Authors: Zou Min , Jin Bo , Liu Yanrong , Chen Huiping , Zhang Zhuangli , Zhang Changzheng , Zhao Zhihong , Zheng Liyun 
Published: August 2018

Background:With the approval of gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, and osimertinib for clinical use, targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) has been intensively pursued. Similar to most therapies, challenges related to the treatment resistance against these drugs have emerged over time, so new EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) need to be developed. This study aimed to investigate the potential use of a series of thiophene-bearing quinazoline derivatives as EGFR inhibitors. We designed and synthesized nine quinazolin derivatives, among which five compounds (5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, and 5i) were reported for the first time. </P><P> Methods: Two cancer cell lines, A431 (overexpressing EGFR) and A549 (EGFR wild-type and Kras mutation), were treated by these compounds and subjected to MTT assay. The A431 cells were selected for further treatment (5e) and Western blot analysis.Results:Although the compounds exerted no obvious effects on the proliferation of A549 cells, seven out of the nine compounds significantly inhibited the growth of A431 cells. In particular, the IC50 values of 5e and erlotinib were nearly equal. Western blot results showed that 5e significantly inhibited EGFR autophosphorylation in A431 cells. Structure-activity relationships indicated that quinazolines bearing 6,7-side chains were more potent than those unsubstituted at the 6,7-positions. Moreover, electron-withdrawing hydrophobic groups on the 5-position of the thiophene were preferred, such as chlorine or bromine atom.Conclusion:Nine 4-aminoquinazolin derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated against A431 and A549 cell lines. Seven compounds significantly inhibited the growth of A431 cells. In particular, 5e possessed similar antitumor potency to that of erlotinib.
Identification of New Inhibitors of Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 2 through Molecular Similarity-based Virtual Screening
Authors: Yang Lijun , Pusch Stefan , Jennings Victoria , Ma Tianfang , Zhu Qihua , Xu Yungen , von Deimling Andreas , Zha Xiaoming 
Published: August 2018

Background:Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is an enzyme catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA). Evidences suggest that the specific mutations in IDH2 are critical to the growth and reproduction of severe tumors especially leukemia and glioblastoma. It is found that the inhibitors of mutant IDH2 are promising anti-tumor therapeutics.Methods:A virtual screening strategy combining molecular similarity search and molecular docking was performed in the binding site of AGI-6780. YL-16, YL-17 and YL-18 were identified as novel mutant IDH2 inhibitors for the reduction of (D)-2-hydroxyglutarate in cellular evaluation. In addition, all the three compounds showed inhibition against IDH2-R172K mutated HEK-293T cells, while weak inhibition against wide-type IDH2 (WT-IDH2) HEK-293T cells.Results:Significantly, YL-17 showed 84.55% inhibitory activity against IDH2-R172K at 1 µM and weak cytotoxicity to wide-type IDH2 at 50 µM.Conclusion:YL-17 was highlighted as a new mutant IDH2 inhibitor that could be further developed for therapeutic applications.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of N-(arylsulfonyl) Valine Hydrazones and Assistance of NMR Spectroscopy for Definitive 3D Structure
Authors: Şenkardeş Sevil , Tatar Esra , Nepravishta Ridvan , Cela Dorisa , Paci Maurizio , Özakpınar Özlem Bingöl , Şekerler Turgut , De Clercq Erik , Pannecouque Christophe , Küçükgüzel Ş. Güniz , Küçükgüzel İlkay 
Published: August 2018

Background:Hydrazide-hydrazones constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development. In this study, a series of 39 new acylhydrazones (3-41), derived from (2S)-3-methyl- 2-[[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]butanoic acid hydrazide were synthesized with further aim to achieve biologically active acylhydrazones carrying an amino acid side chain.Methods:Compounds 3-41 were synthesized by microwave-assisted method. All synthesized compounds have been tested for their anti-HIV activity compound 21 was subjected to a new set of 2DNMR analysis for the characterization of the isomers in solution and determination of its 3D structure.Results:The IC50 values for compounds 2-40 were found between >125-10.90 µg/ml against HIV- 1(IIIB) and HIV-2(ROD) strains in MT-4 cells. Compounds 3, 6, 10, 12, 23, 24, 27, 32, and 37 with CC50 values between 10.90-14.50 µg/ml were selected to evaluate for their antileukemia activity. IC50 values for these mentioned compounds were found as >100μM on human chronic myelogenous leukemia, K562 cell line.Conclusion:Some compounds with IC50 values between 10.90-14.50 μg/ml will be of benefit in the development of novel leads.
Exploring Energy Profiles of Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) Using DFT Method
Authors: Bapat Sanket , Vyas Renu , Karthikeyan Muthukumarasamy 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Large-scale energy landscape characterization of protein-protein interactions
(PPIs) is important to understand the interaction mechanism and protein-protein docking methods. The
experimental methods for detecting energy landscapes are tedious and the existing computational methods
require longer simulation time.

Objective:
The objective of the present work is to ascertain the energy profiles at the interface regions in
a rapid manner to analyze the energy landscape of protein-protein interactions.

Methods:
The atomic coordinates obtained from the X-ray and NMR spectroscopy data are considered
as inputs to compute cumulative energy profiles for experimentally validated protein-protein complexes.
The energies computed by the program were comparable to the standard molecular dynamics simulations.

Results:
The PPI Profiler not only enables rapid generation of energy profiles but also facilitates the
detection of hot spot residue atoms involved therein.

Conclusion:
The hotspot residues and their computed energies matched with the experimentally determined
hot spot residues and their energies which correlated well by employing the MM/GBSA method.
The proposed method can be employed to scan entire proteomes across species at an atomic level to
study the key PPI interactions.