bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitus, social elevation, and the channel of shame‐fear: The decision to expand Guinness advertising
Authors: Connolly John , Dolan Paddy 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article explains the relationship between social habitus, social mobility and shame feelings using Elias's theoretical frame of figurational sociology. Much work to date has centred on Bourdieu's theoretical formulations and while there are clear parallels with Elias, significant differences exist. Elias identified how shame functions as a key channel for the transmission of social tensions generated by the structure of social relations into the social habitus of individuals. We explain how apparently rational decision‐making in organisations obscures the emotional dynamics of shame and fear connected with processes of social elevation, habitus change and shifting power relations between social classes. Our empirical case concerns the brewer Arthur Guinness & Sons Ltd and the decision in 1927 to sanction a direct advertising campaign in Britain for the first time.
Psychometric evaluation of the simplified Japanese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale: The Fukushima Health Management Survey
Authors: Iwasa Hajime , Takebayashi Yoshitake , Suzuki Yuriko , Yagi Akiko , Zhang Wen , Harigane Mayumi , Maeda Masaharu , Ohira Tetsuya , Yabe Hirooki , Yasumura Seiji ,   the Mental Health Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe investigated the psychometric properties of the simplified Japanese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS‐SJ) using baseline data from the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Data from 22 878 men and 27 669 women aged 16 years and older were analysed (Mage = 52.9 ± 18.6). Participants lived in the Fukushima evacuation zone and experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake. The AIS‐SJ was used to assess participants’ insomnia symptoms, and its validity was examined by administering the Kessler 6‐item Psychological Distress Scale (K6) and assessing education, self‐rated health and disaster‐related experiences. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the two‐factor model was a better fit than the one‐factor model. The AIS‐SJ and its subscales had acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha, 0.81). Test of measurement invariance confirmed strict invariance across groups for the participants’ characteristics of gender and mental illness history, but not for participants’ age. AIS‐SJ scores exhibited a near‐normal distribution (skewness, 0.45; kurtosis, −0.89). There were significant age differences only among women, and gender differences in AIS‐SJ scores with small effect sizes. The AIS‐SJ scores had weak‐to‐moderate correlations with mental illness history, bereavement, experiencing the tsunami, experiencing the nuclear power plant incident, housing damage and losing one's job (polyserial correlations, 0.36, 0.17, 0.13, 0.18, 0.13, and 0.15, respectively), and strong correlations with self‐rated health (polyserial correlation, 0.51), psychological distress (rs, 0.60) and post‐traumatic stress disorder (rs, 0.60). The AIS‐SJ is a useful instrument for assessing community dwellers’ insomnia symptoms.
Segmentation of Highly Vocalic Speech Via Statistical Learning: Initial Results From Danish, Norwegian, and English
Authors: Trecca Fabio , McCauley Stewart M. , Andersen Sofie Riis , Bleses Dorthe , Basbøll Hans , Højen Anders , Madsen Thomas O. , Ribu Ingeborg Sophie Bjønness , Christiansen Morten H. 
Published: October 2018

Research has shown that contoids (phonetically defined consonants) may provide more robust and reliable cues to syllable and word boundaries than vocoids (phonetically defined vowels). Recent studies of Danish, a language characterized by frequent long sequences of vocoids in speech, have suggested that the reduced occurrence of contoids may make speech in it intrinsically harder to segment than in closely related languages such as Norwegian. We addressed this hypothesis empirically in an artificial language learning experiment with native speakers of Danish, Norwegian, and English. We tested whether artificial speech consisting of concatenated contoid–vocoid syllables is easier to segment than speech consisting of vocoid–vocoid syllables where the first segment is a semivowel and the second a full vowel. Contrary to what was expected, we found no effect of the phonetic makeup of the syllables on speech segmentability. Possible interpretations and implications of this result are discussed.Open PracticesThis article has been awarded Open Materials and Open Data badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework athttps://osf.io/rmjtg. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science:https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Contribution of a lectin, LecM, to the quorum sensing signalling pathway of Ralstonia solanacearum strain OE1‐1
Authors: Hayashi Kazusa , Kai Kenji , Mori Yuka , Ishikawa Shiho , Ujita Yumeto , Ohnishi Kouhei , Kiba Akinori , Hikichi Yasufumi 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe soil‐borne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum invades the roots and colonizes the intercellular spaces and then the xylem. The expression of lecM, encoding a lectin LecM, is induced by an OmpR family response regulator HrpG in R. solanacearum strain OE1‐1. LecM contributes to the attachment of strain OE1‐1 to the host cells of intercellular spaces. OE1‐1 produces methyl 3‐hydroxymyristate (3‐OH MAME) through a methyltransferase (PhcB) and extracellularly secretes the chemical as a quorum sensing (QS) signal, which activates QS. The expression of lecM is also induced by the PhcA virulence regulator functioning through QS, and the resulting LecM is implicated in the QS‐dependent production of major exopolysaccharide EPS I and the aggregation of OE1‐1 cells. To investigate the function of LecM in QS, we analysed the transcriptome of R. solanacearum strains generated by RNA sequencing technology. In the lecM mutant, the expression of positively QS‐regulated genes and negatively QS‐regulated genes was down‐regulated (by >90%) and up‐regulated (by ~60%), respectively. However, phcB and phcA in the lecM mutant were expressed at levels similar to those in strain OE1‐1. The lecM mutant produced significantly less ralfuranone and exhibited a significantly greater swimming motility, which were positively and negatively regulated by QS, respectively. In addition, the extracellular 3‐OH MAME content of the lecM mutant was significantly lower than that of OE1‐1. The application of 3‐OH MAME more strongly increased EPS I production in the phcB‐deleted mutant and strain OE1‐1 than in the lecM mutant. Thus, the QS‐dependent production of LecM contributes to the QS signalling pathway.
Teratosphaeria stem canker of Eucalyptus: two pathogens, one devastating disease
Authors: Aylward Janneke , Roets Francois , Dreyer Leánne L. , Wingfield Michael J. 
Published: October 2018

Summary
Background
Teratosphaeria gauchensis and T. zuluensis are closely related fungi that cause Teratosphaeria (previously Coniothyrium) stem canker disease on Eucalyptus species propagated in plantations for commercial purposes. This disease is present in many countries in which Eucalyptus trees are planted, and continues to spread with the international trade of infected plant germplasm.TaxonomyFungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae, Teratosphaeria.IdentificationThe causal agents form dark masses of pycnidia that are visible on the surface of distinct stem cankers that typically form on young green stem tissues. Accurate diagnosis of the causal agents requires DNA sequence data.Host rangeNine species of Eucalyptus are known to be affected. Of these, E. grandis and its hybrids, which include some of the most important planting stock globally, appear to be particularly vulnerable.Disease symptomsSmall necrotic lesions develop on young green stem tissue. These lesions coalesce to form large cankers that exude gum. Epicormic shoots develop below the girdling canker and, in severe cases, trees die.Useful websitesMycobank, https://www.mycobank.org; Publications of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), https://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/index.php/journals.
Vitamin D status in the tropics: Is sunlight exposure the main determinant?
Authors: Mendes M. M. , Hart K. H. , Botelho P. B. , Lanham‐New S. A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVitamin D is essential to bone health; severe and prolonged deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. As the main source of vitamin D is exposure of the skin to ultraviolet rays, it has long been assumed that living in a sunny country ensures adequate vitamin D levels (i.e. the optimum level of serum vitamin D to prevent detrimental effects to bone health). However, there is increasing evidence that vitamin D insufficiency may have been underestimated in low latitude, tropical countries. Brazil is a unique country to study as it is the only country in the world that has both the line of equator and that of the tropic of Capricorn running through its territory. Recent findings of a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in countries, such as Brazil, suggest that vitamin D deficiency may be increasing at a global level. More robust and large studies are needed for an accurate estimate of the prevalence of insufficient vitamin D levels in populations in sunny countries and the relative contribution of key influential factors, such as individual sun exposure, dietary intake, skin pigmentation and lifestyle.
Developing a scale to measure Japanese nurses' individual readiness for deployment to disasters
Authors: Maeda Takayo , Kotera Sayaka , Matsuda Nobuko , Huebner Carol A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractJapan is a disaster‐prone country, and Japanese registered nurses (RN) should be evaluated for their individual readiness for unexpected dispatches. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a scale for measuring individual readiness of Japanese RN for disasters. In our previous study in 2014, we developed a Japanese version of the Readiness Estimate and Deployability Index, which was originally developed in the USA in 1997. Considering the cultural and characteristic aspects of Japanese RN social skills, a preliminary version of the instrument was constructed in a pilot study. In the main survey, construct validity, internal consistency, and concurrent validity of the self‐evaluation instrument were assessed in a sample of 964 RN, and its psychometric properties were evaluated. A six dimensional, 37 item tool called the Japanese Disaster Nursing Readiness Evaluation Index (JDNREI) was developed. The Cronbach's alpha for the scale was .93. The reliability of the six dimensions was acceptable, and the validity was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The JDNREI, whose validity and reliability were evaluated, might enable RN to recognize and assess their level of individual readiness for future disasters.
Phylogeny and evolutionary history of diplobathrid crinoids (Echinodermata)
Authors: Cole Selina R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOrder Diplobathrida is a major clade of camerate crinoids spanning the Ordovician–Mississippian, yet phylogenetic relationships have only been inferred for Ordovician taxa. This has hampered efforts to construct a comprehensive tree of life for crinoids and develop a classification scheme that adequately reflects diplobathrid evolutionary history. Here, I apply maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic approaches to the fossil record of diplobathrids to infer the largest tree of fossil crinoids to date, with over 100 genera included. Recovered trees provide a framework for evaluating the current classification of diplobathrids. Notably, previous suborder divisions are not supported, and superfamily divisions will require significant modification. Although numerous revisions are required for families, most can be retained through reassignment of genera. In addition, recovered trees were used to produce phylogeny‐based estimates of diplobathrid lineage diversity. By accounting for ghost lineages, phylogeny‐based richness estimates offer greater insight into diversification and extinction dynamics than traditional taxonomy‐based approaches alone and provide a detailed summary of the ~150 million‐year evolutionary history of Diplobathrida. This study constitutes a major step toward producing a phylogeny of the Crinoidea and documenting crinoid diversity dynamics. In addition, it will serve as a framework for subsequent phylogeny‐based investigations of macroevolutionary questions.
A Comparative Study on the Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Dyes in the Presence of Low Generation Amino‐terminated Polyamidoamine Dendrimers
Authors: Grassano Micaela E. , Altamirano Marcela S. , Militello María P. , Arbeloa Ernesto M. , Previtali Carlos M. , Bertolotti Sonia G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe photophysical and photochemical properties of the xanthene dyes mercurochrome (MCr) and eosin‐Y (Eos); and the phenazine dye safranine‐O (SF) are evaluated in the presence of amino‐terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers of low generations. The dendrimers produce a red shift in the UV‐vis absorption spectra of the dyes, which increases with concentration and the size of the PAMAM molecule. The Stern–Volmer plots of fluorescence quenching for xanthenic dyes present a downward curvature. It is ascribed to a static mechanism involving a dye–dendrimer binding. A non‐linear fitting of the SV plots allows the calculation of the binding constants. For SF, the fluorescence is only slightly quenched by PAMAMs and the SV plots are linear. The binding constants are in the order Kbind (SF) ≪ Kbind (Eos) < Kbind (MCr). The difference must be due to important specific structural effects. A decrease in the triplet lifetime and an increase in the absorption of the semireduced form of the dyes are observed in the presence of dendrimers. While for the two xanthene dyes, the rate constants reach the diffusional limit for G2 and G3, for SF they are one order of magnitude lower. This is explained by a different quenching mechanism of the two types of dyes.
A Polarization Index for Overlapping Groups
Authors: Gigliarano Chiara , Nowak Daniel , Mosler Karl 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe well‐known index of income bipolarization proposed by Wolfson (1994) requires two groups to be split according to the median income and, therefore, to be non‐overlapping. The aim of this paper is to propose a new polarization index in the spirit of the Wolfson index. It allows for any possible partition of the population in two or more (also overlapping) groups. The new index maintains the simplicity and immediate comprehension of the Wolfson index, though being much more flexible. An application is then provided for German and Italian income data.
The development of interindividual differences in sympathy: The role of child personality and adults’ responsiveness to distress
Authors: Kienbaum Jutta , Zorzi Miriam , Kunina‐Habenicht Olga 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn a three‐wave longitudinal study of 85 children (43 girls) at 5, 6, and 7 years of age, the role played by child personality (inhibition, aggressiveness) and adults’ responsiveness to distress in children's sympathy was examined. At all three times, sympathy was measured via standardized observations as well as children's self‐reports. Child inhibition and aggressiveness were assessed with reports by teachers at T1 and T2. Parents’ and teachers’ responsiveness to distress were inferred from interviews with the children at T1 and T2. Longitudinal analyses via latent regression using structural equation models showed that earlier sympathy explained most of the variance in later sympathy. Additionally, higher inhibition at T1 predicted less sympathy at T2. Higher sympathy at T1 predicted more adult responsiveness at T2. Higher aggressiveness at T2 predicted less sympathy at T3. Within time, at T1, sympathy was positively related to adults’ responsiveness. At T2, inhibition and sympathy were negatively related. The discussion focuses on the question of how child personality as well as parental and non‐parental socialization experiences work in concert to explain interindividual differences in sympathy.
Gentrification As A Politico‐Economic Window: Reflections On The Changing State Of Gentrification
Authors: Hackworth Jason 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis essay provides some reflections on the ‘Changing State of Gentrification’ article published in 2001. I focus on three areas that have been raised as critiques of this article: (i) the issue of generalisability; (ii) the mechanics of ‘waves’; and (iii) the conceptualisation of the state. I reemphasise the importance of using gentrification as a window to wider politico‐economic change.
Dull Place or Green Idyll: Local Identity and Migration Intentions of Small City Youth
Authors: Gunko Maria , Medvedev Andrey 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNowadays small cities often lose population. In countries which are forerunners of the demographic transition, depopulation is mainly driven by out‐migration of youth. Through a case study of students from small Russian cities, this paper explores the nature of the association between local identity (LI) and migration intentions. The study suggests that young people with a stronger LI are on average more prone to return to their native cities after graduation. This ‘traditional’ relationship may be related to the difficulties in maintaining strong ties to a place of personal significance when not residing there in the Russian context. However, overall, youth tend towards a negative association with their cities and LI is formed as an opposition: the denial of place validity. Therefore, both way associations are possible. While a strong LI may influence the intention to migrate, it may also develop as an adaptation mechanism for those forced to return.
The structural and functional domains of plant thylakoid membranes
Authors: Koochak Haniyeh , Puthiyaveetil Sujith , Mullendore Daniel L. , Li Meng , Kirchhoff Helmut 
Published: October 2018

SummaryIn plants, the stacking of part of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane generates two main subcompartments: the stacked grana core and unstacked stroma lamellae. However, a third distinct domain, the grana margin, has been postulated but its structural and functional identity remains elusive. Here, an optimized thylakoid fragmentation procedure combined with detailed ultrastructural, biochemical, and functional analyses reveals the distinct composition of grana margins. It is enriched with lipids, cytochrome b6f complex, and ATPase while depleted in photosystems and light‐harvesting complexes. A quantitative method is introduced that is based on Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN‐PAGE) and dot immunoblotting for quantifying various photosystem II (PSII) assembly forms in different thylakoid subcompartments. The results indicate that the grana margin functions as a degradation and disassembly zone for photodamaged PSII. In contrast, the stacked grana core region contains fully assembled and functional PSII holocomplexes. The stroma lamellae, finally, contain monomeric PSII as well as a significant fraction of dimeric holocomplexes that identify this membrane area as the PSII repair zone. This structural organization and the heterogeneous PSII distribution support the idea that the stacking of thylakoid membranes leads to a division of labor that establishes distinct membrane areas with specific functions.
Glycinergic neurotransmission in the rostral ventrolateral medulla controls the time course of baroreflex‐mediated sympathoinhibition
Authors: Gao Hong , Korim Willian S. , Yao Song T. , Heesch Cheryl M. , Derbenev Andrei V. 
Published: October 2018

Key points
To maintain appropriate blood flow to various tissues of the body under a variety of physiological states, autonomic nervous system reflexes regulate regional sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure.
Our data obtained in anaesthetized rats revealed that glycine released in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) plays a critical role in maintaining arterial baroreflex sympathoinhibition.
Manipulation of brainstem nuclei with known inputs to the RVLM (nucleus tractus solitarius and caudal VLM) unmasked tonic glycinergic inhibition in the RVLM.
Whole‐cell, patch clamp recordings demonstrate that both GABA and glycine inhibit RVLM neurons.
Potentiation of neurotransmitter release from the active synaptic inputs in the RVLM produced saturation of GABAergic inhibition and emergence of glycinergic inhibition.
Our data suggest that GABA controls threshold excitability, wherreas glycine increases the strength of inhibition under conditions of increased synaptic activity within the RVLM.
AbstractThe arterial baroreflex is a rapid negative‐feedback system that compensates changes in blood pressure by adjusting the output of presympathetic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). GABAergic projections from the caudal VLM (CVLM) provide a primary inhibitory input to presympathetic RVLM neurons. Although glycine‐dependent regulation of RVLM neurons has been proposed, its role in determining RVLM excitability is ill‐defined. The present study aimed to determine the physiological role of glycinergic neurotransmission in baroreflex function, identify the mechanisms for glycine release, and evaluate co‐inhibition of RVLM neurons by GABA and glycine. Microinjection of the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine (4 mm, 100 nL) into the RVLM decreased the duration of baroreflex‐mediated inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity (control = 12 ± 1 min; RVLM‐strychnine = 5.1 ± 1 min), suggesting that RVLM glycine plays a critical role in regulating the time course of sympathoinhibition. Blockade of output from the nucleus tractus solitarius and/or disinhibition of the CVLM unmasked tonic glycinergic inhibition of the RVLM. To evaluate cellular mechanisms, RVLM neurons were retrogradely labelled (prior injection of pseudorabies virus PRV‐152) and whole‐cell, patch clamp recordings were obtained in brainstem slices. Under steady‐state conditions GABAergic inhibition of RVLM neurons predominated and glycine contributed less than 25% of the overall inhibition. By contrast, stimulation of synaptic inputs in the RVLM decreased GABAergic inhibition to 53%; and increased glycinergic inhibition to 47%. Thus, under conditions of increased synaptic activity in the RVLM, glycinergic inhibition is recruited to strengthen sympathoinhibition.