bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birds
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In myth and folklore, birds (and cranes in particular) have traditionally been symbols of transcendence and rebirth. The Sufi mystic Farid ud-Din Attar, in his The Conference of the Birds, offered a parable of birds going on pilgrimage to find the divine king of their dreams, openly to discover in the end that they were the mystery they had sought all along. The author reads this text on a trip to see sandhill cranes along the Platte River in Nebraska. These cranes fly 10,000 miles between Mexico and northern Alaska (and back) each year, stopping in March to feed for a few weeks. In the history of symbols, birds are routinely portrayed as omens of death, embodiments of departed spirits, or symbols of transcendent mystery. But of all birds, the crane—by the majesty of its size alone—inspires admiration. The huge white bird with a bright red crown is a symbol of longevity and good luck. It was believed to have a life span of a thousand years or more.
Wind
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Wind and breath are ancient symbols of “Spirit” in all faith traditions. In sacred stories everywhere, the divine takes joy in the raucous majesty of wind. God answers Job out of the whirlwind. “The fierce breath of the divine” (the kamikaze in the Japanese Shinto tradition) brings justice in medieval tales. Aeolus, the Greek storm god, gives Odysseus a bag full of captured winds that prove impossible to contain. Jesus’s disciples ask themselves, “What sort of man is this, that even the winds and the waves obey him?” A wandering nineteenth-century Russian monk popularized the “Jesus Prayer” in his recovery of the Philokalia, a classic treatise on prayer. The conscious, repetitive movement of breath was central to his practice. The author reflects on this work as he spends a night in a windstorm on a mountain in the Ozarks, asking about the parallels between the wind without and the breath within.
Trees
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Hildegard of Bingen was fascinated by the greening power of nature, seeing the mystery of the divine in all growing things. She admired trees in particular. In their magical work of photosynthesis, their ability to heal themselves, and their capacity for communicating with each other, they express nature’s interconnecting web—joining all things as one. The author explores this himself as he climbs and spends the night in the cottonwood tree he calls Grandfather. He also surveys recent research in forestry science, asking about the communicative character of trees as discussed in the work of Suzanne Simard, Peter Wohlleben, and Robin Wall Kimmerer. Trees fill the pages of classic spiritual texts. The Christian Bible begins with the Tree of Life and ends with the Tree of Paradise in the New Jerusalem. The Buddha went through 150 incarnations before being born as the historical figure we know; in forty-three of those he was a tree. Ancient Celts regarded a host of trees as sacred, including the oak and hazel.
Mountains
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Does a mountain topography lend itself to group solidarity, ecstatic spiritual experience, and social isolation? The author asks this question as he compares Pentecostal communities in the Arkansas Ozarks to the rise of the Hasidic movement in Carpathian Mountains of eighteenth-century Ukraine. Mountains have been universally revered as places of divine/human encounter—from Machu Picchu in Peru and Mount Olympus in Greece to Mount Sinai in Egypt and the five sacred mountains of China. Mountains are places of transformation. Alchemists in the Middle Ages regarded the mountain peak as “the philosopher’s oven.” The Baal Shem Tov, founder of the modern Hasidic movement, argued that authentic spiritual knowledge was best found among the simple, unpretentious people of the mountain villages. These were the shoemakers, chicken farmers, tailors, and innkeepers who made up his followers. He pointed out that God had appeared to Moses in an ordinary thorn bush, set aflame in the desert. “It is in the simple folk—the ‘lowly’ thorn-bush,” he said, “that this insatiable Divine flame is found.”
Caves
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
After his conversion, Ignatius of Loyola stopped in Manresa, Spain, on his way to the Holy Land. There he entered into a dark period of depression, staying in a cave for several months outside of town where he wrote his Spiritual Exercises. Caves evoke an uncommon terror even as they disclose a treasured wisdom. Tales of descending into a dark cave and finding your way out again run through the literature and folklore of many cultures—from Theseus in his labyrinth on Crete to the cave in the Misty Mountains where Bilbo Baggins found Gollum’s “Precious,” the ring of power. But the cave is also the womb of Mother Earth, a place of birth and renewal. In Plato’s myth of the cave, the philosopher moves through a world of shadows into the light of reason and beauty. St. Benedict lived in a cave in the mountains southeast of Rome for three years before starting his monastic community. Muhammad, in a cave on Mount Hira, heard the voice of the Angel Gabriel reciting the words of the holy Quran. The underground chamber becomes a portal between worlds—a place of illumination where the hero finds the dragon’s treasure, where new life emerges. The author explores this reality as he spends a night alone in the depths of a Missouri cave, entering into something of Ignatius’ own experience of Jesus.
Conclusion
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The conclusion deals with four pressing questions raised by the book—scientific, philosophical, theological, and ethical. Is this notion of a Great Conversation simply a fanciful idea or is it a truth whose time has come? How do we widen our skills in listening and responding to the “others”? How do we conceive of God as playing a role in this conversation? And given the current ecological crisis, what are the ethical implications of all this? Forest biologists like Suzanne Simard, Peter Wohlleben, and Robin Wall Kimmerer have done exciting work in researching the communicative capacities of trees. Creative efforts at interspecies communication in general have been pursued by Celia Deane-Drummond, Luther Burbank, Jim Nollman, and Buck Brannaman. Those who have explored God’s wild and creative relationship to nature include Annie Dillard, Wlater Kasper, and John Haught. Joanna Macy and Elizabeth Johnson emphasize the importance of our listening to the rest of the natural world as a starting point in the exercise of ecological responsibility.
Neither Gremlins nor Poltergeists
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter first discusses the serious moral flaws in higher education. Universities’ problems are deep and fundamental: Most academic marketing is semi-fraudulent, grading is largely nonsense, students do not study or learn much, students cheat frequently, professors and administrators waste students’ money and time to line their own pockets, professors pump out unemployable graduate students for self-serving reasons, and so on. This book argues that academia’s problems are ingrained. Bad behaviors result from regular people reacting to bad incentives baked into academia. Chapter 1 also lists seven basic economic ideas and principles that people—including people who write about higher education—routinely ignore.
Beyond Greenwash
Authors: van der Ven Hamish 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Modern consumers are confronted by a growing array of colorful eco-labels on everything from coffee to computers. Yet, not all of these eco-labels are trustworthy. Despite the existence of well-established best practices for eco-labeling, many labels remain little more than superficial exercises in “greenwash.” How can consumers separate greenwash from genuine attempts to address environmental challenges? Beyond Greenwash? systematically investigates the credibility of transnational eco-labeling in a global and cross-sectoral context. It brings original data, an innovative mixed-method research design, and a unique measure of procedural credibility in transnational governance to bear on one of the most salient questions in contemporary global environmental politics. In doing so, it reaches the important conclusion that the rigor and credibility of transnational governance depends as much on who is being governed as who is doing the governing. Beyond Greenwash? offers practical insights into the viability of eco-labeling as a form of transnational governance and makes a timely contribution to broader debates in political science and international relations about when and how emergent forms of transnational governance can succeed in achieving their stated objectives.
Credibility in Carbon Neutral Eco-Labeling
Authors: van der Ven Hamish 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter further tests the aiming big hypothesis by tracing the origin and evolution of four ELOs that certify carbon neutrality or carbon reduction efforts: The Carbon Trust, The CarbonNeutral Company, Enviro-Mark Solutions, and Carbonfund.org. Through comparative case studies and careful process tracing, illuminated by both interviews and primary document research, the chapter demonstrates that the decision to target large firms in global markets explains superior adherence to best practices in The CarbonNeutral Company and Enviro-Mark Solutions. Conversely, the narrow regional focus of The Carbon Trust and Carbonfund.org explains their comparative lack of best practice adherence. The cross-case comparison proves that a focus on the targets of governance offers more explanatory leverage than a focus on public versus private ownership or for-profit versus not-for-profit structure. The chapter concludes with implications for strengthening the credibility of carbon labels in the future.
Application of 360 Feedback for Leadership Development
Authors: McCauley Cynthia , Brutus Stéphane 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter highlights well-established practices for using 360 Feedback for individual leader development and emerging practices for its use in the collective development of leadership capacity. The practice of 360 Feedback is strongly rooted in efforts to develop leadership in organizations. Although feedback as a mechanism for improving leader performance has a long history, the practice of systematically collecting evaluations of a focal leader’s behaviors and skills from the perspective of that leader’s manager, peers, and direct reports is a more recent development. Organizations are increasingly making use of 360 Feedback as a regular talent process, much like annual performance evaluations or employee engagement surveys. This chapter also addresses the debate about whether 360 Feedback for leadership development should be used only for development purposes.
Team Development With Strategic 360 Feedback
Authors: Traylor Allison , Salas Eduardo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how 360 Feedback can be leveraged to support team development and learning. The chapter describes ways 360 Feedback can be applied to teamwork along with recommendations for strategic implementation of such programs targeted at the most fundamental determinants of team success. The team processes for which strategic 360 Feedback has the greatest potential for impact are detailed, providing practical implications for organizations implementing a 360 Feedback system and identifying targeted interventions to address antecedents and correlates of team development and performance. The most effective methods of feedback delivery to teams are identified, providing an overview of how organizations should structure their feedback systems to enhance team development.
The Legal Environment for 360 Feedback
Authors: Scott John C. , Scott Justin M. , Foster Katey E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Many organizations rely on 360 Feedback to drive their strategic talent agendas. Even when 360 is purposed for development only, organizations are frequently reluctant to limit it to this use. The 360 data represent unique input that informs several talent management processes, from high-potential identification and promotion to performance management and succession planning. When 360 results are extended beyond development only and affect an employee’s status, however, a host of psychometric standards and legal requirements emerge. Highlighted is a series of considerations, beginning with design limitations as a decision-making tool (i.e., assessing performance while supporting development) and including score equivalence (across languages/cultures) and perceived fairness. After providing an overview of the legal framework of human resource decision-making, it is applied to the 360 Feedback process, including disparate impact, adverse impact, validation, and alternative selection procedures. The chapter concludes with recommendations for 360 practices, from design to implementation to use in making talent management decisions.
Water Insecurity in Disaster and Climate Change Contexts
Authors: Resurrección Bernadette P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter applies a feminist political ecology lens to episodes of climate change-related water insecurity in three Southeast Asian peri-urban area sites affected by flooding, water shortages, and pollution induced by long dry spells and heavy precipitation. It presents highlights from a 3-year research project that examined the everyday lives of women as they “deal with water” in the context of increasing water pollution, water scarcity, and flooding compounded by neoliberal socioeconomic conditions. These accounts illustrate how in water- and climate-change contexts, the neoliberal logics of privatization, commercialization, and reified separation between “the natural” and “the social” engage closely with emotions and intersectional gender subjectivities. The use of a feminist political ecology lens offers more holistic and grounded ways of probing into people’s experiences of climate-related water insecurity and stresses, aspects of which are often missed: gendered violence, hierarchies of place, affect, and insecurity in everyday life.
Normalizing Discourses
Authors: Colette April L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Infrastructure development and planning practices, both materially and discursively, shape the unequal distribution of flood risk. Taking the city of Santa Fe, Argentina, to illustrate this point, this chapter shows that because of the complex relationship between climate and outcomes, different people experience different risks in the same city, even while facing the same hazard. The focus is on not only how infrastructure physically transforms the urban landscape but also how it produces and is produced by people’s (both government and individuals) notions of what and who is at risk. Discourse about risk and infrastructure shapes the construction of the material world, the social order of the city, and very much influences how government and individuals perceive and frame risk and, importantly, develop climate-related risk reduction solutions.
Moving Forward for Community Inclusion and Policy Change
Authors: Mason Lisa Reyes , Rigg Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes the book’s themes of contextualizing climate change in community realities, reflecting on the five climate reductionisms introduced in the opening chapter and taking actionable progress toward policy change. Though climate change is a wicked problem, characterized by uncertainty and complexity, the way forward for socially just solutions must include purposeful, meaningful partnerships with communities in ways that recognize their own inherent diversity, value their knowledge, and address their manifold needs. However, partnerships for policy change might be conceived as a wicked “solution”: They will involve many stakeholders, there is little precedent for how to make them successful, and there are still questions of whether they are needed in all phases of the policy process or for all policy decisions.
The People Beyond the Tag
Authors: Hertel Shareen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyzes the receptivity of local community members in the town of Villa Altagracia (Dominican Republic) toward the practice of stakeholder consultation. It draws on original qualitative interviews with residents of this manufacturing community where collegiate apparel is produced (i.e., clothing with college logos) and workers at one company (Alta Gracia Apparel) are paid triple the prevailing minimum wage. The chapter introduces the concept of “subjective socioeconomic status,” which enables us to compare how different respondents rate their own well-being compared to that of other people in their community. Villa Altagracia has a significant unemployment problem, and the surveys convey the challenges experienced by people beyond the factory’s employees. Listening to people at the grassroots level illuminates the limits of business and human rights promotion strategies, the structural roots of poverty, and the inherent complexity of poor communities central to global supply chains.
Essential Ingredients for Sign Bilingualism and Co-Enrollment Education in the Hong Kong Context
Authors: Kun-man Yiu Chris , Tang Gladys , Chi-man Ho Chloe 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Recent advancement in sign linguistics and sign language acquisition research has enabled us to reconsider the role that sign language may play in bringing up deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. The education approach of sign bilingualism and co-enrollment (SLCO) has been implemented in Hong Kong for over 10 years and aims to promote social integration and academic attainment of DHH children in an inclusive setting. Four key ingredients have been identified as essential for the SLCO approach: (1) a whole-school approach toward promoting deaf–hearing collaboration; (2) deaf individuals’ involvement in school practices, especially deaf–hearing co-teaching practices in the SLCO classroom; (3) an enriched linguistic context to support bimodal bilingual development of DHH and hearing students; and (4) DHH and hearing students’ active participation in school and social activities. This chapter summarizes how these four factors contribute to the whole-school development toward deaf–hearing collaboration.
Establishing a Bimodal Bilingual Co-Enrollment Program in Germany: Preconditions, Policy, and Preliminary Data
Authors: Hennies Johannes , Hennies Kristin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In 2016, the first German bimodal bilingual co-enrollment program for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students, CODAs, and other hearing children was established in Erfurt, Thuringia. There is a tradition of different models of co-enrollment for DHH children in a spoken language setting in Germany, but there has been no permanent program for co-enrollment of DHH children who use sign language so far. This program draws from the experience of an existing model in Austria to enroll a group of DHH children using sign language in a regular school and from two well-documented bimodal bilingual programs in German schools for the deaf. The chapter describes the preconditions for the project, the political circumstances of the establishment of bimodal bilingual co-enrollment, and the factors that seem crucial for successful realization.
Transcategorial Shift
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the literature dealing with the formal and functional features of the major grammatical categories noun and verb, focusing on the so-called “mixed” or “hybrid” structures known as deverbal nominalizations. It is argued that, to understand the peculiarities of these much-discussed constructions and, more generally, to investigate whether abstract linguistic concepts such as “noun” and “verb” are—as suggested in functionalist and cognitive linguistics—to a certain extent “iconic,” we should adopt an approach that devotes attention to structural as well as functional-semantic properties. The discussion will lead to the presentation of a theoretical model of functional-semantic nominality and verbality/clausality, which will serve as the core for further investigation of the functional-semantic organization of the English gerundive system.
Conceptual (In)Dependence and the Diachronic Nominalization of ing-Forms
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this final empirical chapter, it is shown that nominal and verbal gerunds differ in terms of their preferences for the type of verb that forms the head of nominal and verbal gerunds, with the more clause-like verbal gerund being more likely to be formed with a semantically light—and hence highly conceptually dependent—verb (e.g. Taking a shower vs. *The taking of a shower). Chapter 7, finally, also considers the semantic differences and similarities between ing-nominals with nominal and clausal structure from a broader perspective, including deverbal nominalizations in -ing that do not refer to events (and hence are not traditionally considered as nominal gerunds).
Planning to Fail
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The US wars in Vietnam (1965–1973), Iraq (2003–2011), and Afghanistan (2001–present) stand out for their endurance, resource investment, human cost, and common decisional failings. Despite its planning, the United States failed to meet its early objectives in every one of these conflicts. A profound myopia at four stages of intervention helps explain why the United States fought; chose to increase, decrease, or end its involvement in the conflicts; encountered a progressively reduced set of options; and ultimately settled for suboptimal results. US leaders were effectively planning to fail, whatever their hopes and thoughts at the time. American decision makers struggled less than they should have when conditions permitted good choices, and then struggled more than could matter when conditions left them with only bad choices. American policy makers allowed these wars to sap available capabilities, push US forces to the breaking point, and exhaust public support. They finally settled for terms of departure that they or their predecessors would have rejected at the start of these conflicts.
Three Long and Costly Wars
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The US wars in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan display a biased decisional pattern rooted in the non-rational tendencies of a “means-driven” process. Critical lessons from these three long wars emerge from examining decision-making in the four stages of these conflicts. Policy makers must recognize benefits in contingency plans, continuous assessment, and comprehensive policy evaluation. At the same time, they must acknowledge potential dangers in precipitous intervention; illusionary consensus; ad hoc argumentation, temporizing, and non-decisions; a lack of military preparedness; overconfidence about likely mission success; deference to costs in policymaking; and plans that can assume a life of their own.