bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Análisis académico jurisprudencial sede jurisdiccional de protección al consumidor
Authors: Casallas Bautista Sonia Esperanza , Muñoz Pedraza Laura Viviana , López González Juan Carlos , Salamanca Torres María Teresa 
Published: October 2019

La investigación adelantada por el grupo de alumnos de la Especialización de Seguros y Seguridad Social de la Universidad de la Sabana corresponde a una revisión y análisis bajo línea jurisprudencial de las Sentencias dictadas por la Delegatura de Protección al Consumidor Financiero de la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia, en virtud del atributo legal que le fuera conferido mediante la Ley 1480 de 2011, con la creación de la Acción de Protección al Consumidor, contemplada en los artículos 57 y 58 (Estatuto del Consumidor) y luego incorporada en el artículo 24 del Código General del Proceso.
El análisis incluye un marco conceptual, destacando en este el entorno de la labor que realiza la Delegatura de Protección al Consumidor, los antecedentes de la función jurisdiccional y el marco jurídico de los temas atendidos; así como los fundamentos de las decisiones confrontados con la posición de otras corporaciones.
La metodología que se empleó para llevar a cabo dicho análisis jurisprudencial fue la lectura del contenido de las providencias de manera individual; así como la reproducción de audios de las actuaciones adelantadas en los procesos para lograr identificar los aspectos generales que usualmente la Delegatura utiliza para afrontar y resolver la controversia y luego descender al caso en concreto. Dichas decisiones corresponden a actuaciones realizadas entre el año 2012, hasta algunas del año 2017.
Los resultados del análisis permitirán evidenciar las diferentes posiciones jurisprudenciales que ha adoptado la Delegatura de Protección al Consumidor a lo largo del desarrollo de su facultad jurisdiccional.
Sentencia Corte Suprema de Justicia – Sala Civil SC20950 – 2017 Diciembre 12 de 2017 Radicación: 05001-31-03-005-2008-00497-01 Magistrado Ponente: Ariel Salazar Ramírez
Authors: Isaza Posse Maria Cristina 
Published: October 2019

EL CASO:
Los hechos:

Un automotor colisionó con una motocicleta conducida por un hombre de 32 años, casado y padre de una niña de 2 años, quien administraba un bar y restaurante de su propiedad, recibiendo unos ingresos mensuales.
Como consecuencia del accidente el conductor de la motocicleta sufrió graves lesiones y falleció al día siguiente.
La Secretaría de Tránsito y Transporte de la zona sancionó como responsable de contravención al conductor del vehículo, exonerando de culpa al conductor de la motocicleta.
El automotor estaba asegurado mediante una póliza de seguro.
La esposa y la hija formularon la reclamación de los perjuicios sufridos a la aseguradora, quien objetó el pago y se rehusó a expedir copia del contrato de seguro.
Manufacturability Oriented Model Correction and Build Direction Optimization for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Ulu Erva , Gecer Ulu Nurcan , Hsiao Walter , Nelaturi Saigopal 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe introduce a method to analyze and modify a shape to make it manufacturable for a given additive manufacturing (AM) process. Different AM technologies, process parameters, or materials introduce geometric constraints on what is manufacturable or not. Given an input 3D model and minimum printable feature size dictated by the manufacturing process characteristics and parameters, our algorithm generates a corrected geometry that is printable with the intended AM process. A key issue in model correction for manufacturability is the identification of critical features that are affected by the printing process. To address this challenge, we propose a topology aware approach to construct the allowable space for a print head to traverse during the 3D printing process. Combined with our build orientation optimization algorithm, the amount of modifications performed on the shape is kept at minimum while providing an accurate approximation of the as-manufactured part. We demonstrate our method on a variety of 3D models and validate it by 3D printing the results.
Relationship Between Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spinal Alignments in Automotive Seated Posture
Authors: Sato Fusako , Miyazaki Yusuke , Morikawa Shigehiro , Perez Antonio Ferreiro , Schick Sylvia , Yamazaki Kunio , Brolin Karin , Svensson Mats Y. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments in one automotive occupant seated posture. An image dataset of the spinal column in the automotive seated posture, previously acquired by an upright open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, was re-analyzed in this study. Spinal alignments were presented by the geometrical centers of the vertebral bodies extracted from the image data. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments were analyzed separately with multidimensional scaling (MDS). Based on distribution maps of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments created by MDS, representative spinal alignment patterns of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines and the relationship between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments were investigated. As a result, this study found a correlation between cervical and thoracic spinal alignments in an automotive occupant seated posture. According to representative spinal alignment patterns illustrated by the distribution map of spinal alignments, subjects who had kyphotic cervical spinal alignment tended to have less kyphotic thoracic spinal alignment, while subjects who had lordotic cervical spinal alignment tended to have more kyphotic thoracic spinal alignment. For lumbar spinal alignments, no prominent relationship was found between cervical and thoracic spinal alignment in the seated condition of this study.
Stroke Prevents Exercise-Induced Gains in Bone Microstructure But Not Composition in Mice
Authors: Hanne Nicholas J. , Steward Andrew J. , Sessions Marci R. , Thornburg Hannah L. , Sheng Huaxin , Cole Jacqueline H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ischemic stroke induces rapid loss in bone mineral density that is up to 13 times greater than during normal aging, leading to a markedly increased risk of fracture. Little is known about skeletal changes following stroke beyond density loss. In this study, we use a mild-moderate middle cerebral artery occlusion model to determine the effects of ischemic stroke without bedrest on bone microstructure, dynamic bone formation, and tissue composition. Twenty-seven 12-week-old male C57Bl/6J mice received either a stroke or sham surgery and then either received daily treadmill exercise or remained sedentary for 4 weeks. All mice were ambulatory immediately following stroke, and limb coordination during treadmill exercise was unaffected by stroke, indicating similar mechanical loading across limbs for both stroke and sham groups. Stroke did not directly detriment microstructure, but exercise only stimulated adaptation in the sham group, not the stroke group, with increased bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness in the sham distal femoral metaphysis. Stroke differentially decreased cortical area in the distal femoral metaphysis for the affected limb relative to the unaffected limb, as well as endosteal bone formation rate in the affected tibial diaphysis. Although exercise failed to improve bone microstructure following stroke, exercise increased mineral-to-matrix content in stroke but not sham. Together, these results show that stroke inhibits exercise-induced changes to femoral microstructure but not tibial composition, even without changes to gait. Similarly, affected-unaffected limb differences in cortical bone structure and bone formation rate in ambulatory mice show that stroke affects bone health even without bedrest.
Statistics for Testing Under Adverse Conditions
Authors: Pease Leonard F. , Anderson Kevin K. , Bamberger Judith Ann , Minette Michael J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Here, we develop a statistical basis for limited adverse testing. This type of testing simultaneously evaluates system performance against minimum requirements and minimizes costs, particularly for large-scale engineering projects. Because testing is often expensive and narrow in scope, the data obtained are relatively limited—precisely the opposite of the recent big data movement but no less compelling. Although a remarkably common approach for industrial and large-scale government projects, a statistical basis for adverse testing remains poorly explored. Here, we prove mathematically, under specific conditions, that setting each independent variable to an adverse condition leads to a similar level of adversity in the dependent variable. For example, setting all normally distributed independent variables to at least their 95th percentile values leads to a result at the 95th percentile. The analysis considers sample size estimates to clarify the value of replicates in this type of testing, determines how many of the independent variables must be set to adverse condition values, and highlights the essential assumptions, so that engineers, statisticians, and subject matter experts know when this statistical framework may be applied successfully and design testing to satisfy statistical requisites.
Natural Frequency Analysis of Hydraulic Quadruped Robot and Structural Optimization of the Leg
Authors: Yang Qingjun , Zhu Rui , Niu Zhenguo , Chen Chen , Mao Qi , Zheng YuJie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hydraulic quadruped robots can adapt to very complex ground conditions, as they have good maneuverability and high load capacity and, therefore, have received great attention in military research fields all over the world. However, there is no mature theory on how to ensure stable, efficient, and fast walking of robots. In this paper, from the point of view of the natural frequency of the hydraulic system, we first calculate the natural frequency of the robot's legs during the whole motion period of the robot and verify the accuracy of calculation through system identification. Then, through the analysis of the state equation and transfer function matrix of the multiple-input multiple-output system, it is found that the zero and pole of the system are very close, this is why the natural frequency is low but the system response is acceptable and then we prove that no parameter for the simultaneous zero-pole cancelation of two hydraulic cylinders exists. With the goal of increasing the natural frequency, we optimized the leg structure of the robot to find the best structural parameters. Finally, a single-leg test bench was built. The experimental results show that the optimization of the structure can actually increase the natural frequency of the system and significantly improve the response characteristics of the robot.
Normalization of Early Isometric Force Production as a Percentage of Peak Force During Multijoint Isometric Assessment
Authors: Comfort Paul , Dos’Santos Thomas , Jones Paul A. , McMahon John J. , Suchomel Timothy J. , Bazyler Caleb , Stone Michael H. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To determine the reliability of early force production (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ms) relative to peak force (PF) during an isometric mid-thigh pull and to assess the relationships between these variables. Methods: Male collegiate athletes (N = 29; age 21.1 [2.9] y, height 1.71 [0.07] m, body mass 71.3 [13.6] kg) performed isometric mid-thigh pulls during 2 separate testing sessions. Net PF and net force produced at each epoch were calculated. Within- and between-session reliabilities were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficient of variation percentages. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficient of determination were calculated to examine the relationships between PF and time-specific force production. Results: Net PF and time-specific force demonstrated very high to almost perfect reliability both within and between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients .82–.97; coefficient of variation percentages 0.35%–1.23%). Similarly, time-specific force expressed as a percentage of PF demonstrated very high to almost perfect reliability both within and between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients .76–.86; coefficient of variation percentages 0.32%–2.51%). Strong to nearly perfect relationships (r = .615–.881) exist between net PF and time-specific net force, with relationships improving over longer epochs. Conclusion: Based on the smallest detectable difference, a change in force at 50 milliseconds expressed relative to PF > 10% and early force production (100, 150, 200, and 250 ms) expressed relative to PF of >2% should be considered meaningful. Expressing early force production as a percentage of PF is reliable and may provide greater insight into the adaptations to the previous training phase than PF alone.
Community social capital and the onset of functional disability among older adults in Japan: a multilevel longitudinal study using Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) data
Authors: Noguchi Taiji , Kondo Katsunori , Saito Masashige , Nakagawa-Senda Hiroko , Suzuki Sadao 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveThe present study examined the association between community social capital and the onset of functional disability among older Japanese people by using validated indicators of social capital and a prospective multilevel design.DesignProspective cohort studySettingWe used data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, established from August 2010 to January 2012 in 323 districts.ParticipantsThe target population was restricted to non-institutionalised people aged 65 years or older who were independent in activities of daily living. Participants included 73 021 people (34 051 men and 38 970 women) who were followed up over a 3-year period.Primary outcome measureThe primary outcome measure was the onset of functional disability, defined as a new registration in public long-term care insurance system records with a care-needs level of two or above, analysed with multilevel Cox proportional hazards regression models by community social capital (civic participation, social cohesion and reciprocity).ResultsThe mean age of participants was 73.3 years (SD=6.0) for men and 73.8 years (SD=6.2) for women. During the study period, the onset of functional disability occurred in 1465 (4.3%) men and 1519 (3.9%) women. Of three community social capital variables, social cohesion significantly reduced the risk of onset of functional disability (HR 0.910; 95% CI 0.830 to 0.998) among men, after adjusting for individual social and behavioural variables. There was no significant effect among women.ConclusionsLiving in a community with rich social cohesion is associated with a lower incidence of onset of functional disability among older Japanese men.
Facilitators and barriers to implement the family doctor contracting services in China: findings from a qualitative study
Authors: Yuan Shasha , Wang Fang , Li Xi , Jia Meng , Tian Miaomiao 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveTo identify the facilitators and barriers to implement family doctor contracting services in China by using Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to shed new light on establishing family doctor systems in developing countries.DesignA qualitative study conducted from June to August 2017 using semistructured interview guides for focus group discussions (FGDs) and individual interviews. CFIR was used to guide data coding, data analysis and reporting of findings.Setting19 primary health institutions in nine provinces purposively selected from the eastern, middle and western areas of China.ParticipantsFrom the nine sampled provinces in China, 62 policy makers from health related departments at the province, city and county/district levels participated in 9 FGDs; 19 leaders of primary health institutions participated in individual interviews; and 48 family doctor team members participated in 15 FGDs.ResultsBased on CFIR constructs, notable facilitators included national reform involving both top-down and bottom-up policy making (Intervention); support from essential public health funds, fiscal subsidies and health insurance (Outer setting); extra performance-based payments for family doctor teams based on evaluation (Inner setting); and positive engagement of health administrators (Process). Notable barriers included a lack of essential matching mechanisms at national level (Intervention); distrust in the quality of primary care, a lack of government subsidies and health insurance reimbursement and performance ceiling policy (Outer setting); the low competency of family doctors and weak influence of evaluations on performance-based salary (Inner setting); and misunderstandings about family doctor contracting services (Process).ConclusionsThe national design with essential features including financing, incentive mechanisms and multidepartment cooperation, was vital for implementing family doctor contracting services in China. More attention should be paid to the quality of primary care and competency of family doctors. All stakeholders must be informed, be involved and participate before and during the process.
Asceticism and Poverty in the Qurʾan
Authors: Bonner Michael 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWhile the Qurʾan approves of ascetic practices such as fasting and vigils, it does not insist on them. Nonetheless, Sloterdijk’s You Must Change Your Life may help us to identify an ascetic “training program” within the Qurʾan. This has as its main elements: hijra, in the sense of an ongoing attitude of separation and exile; jihad, in the sense of training for and engaging in combat, again as an ongoing attitude; and poverty, not in the sense of voluntarily undergoing deprivation, but of benefaction on a heroic scale recalling pre-Islamic Arabia. How do we contextualize this program and the Qurʾanic environment in general? While the historical narratives about Muhammad and the early community have plenty to say about these elements, they do not adequately account for the way they appear in the Qurʾan. We propose instead to use the chronological order of suras first proposed by Weil and Nöldeke, not to establish chronology but to identify diverse communities of reception within the Qurʾan, specifically with regard to poverty and generosity. The result is a simultaneous contrast and balance between values and practices based on reciprocity on the one hand, and requital/ reward on the other. Asceticism thus has a central role in a uniquely Qurʾanic system of economic and moral exchange.
Phylogeny and redescription of Laimaphelenchus pannocaudus Massey, 1966 (Rhabditida: Aphelenchoididae) intercepted from Canadian Picea glauca
Authors: Fang Yiwu , Maria Munawar , Sánchez-Monge Alcides , Gu Jianfeng 
Published: October 2019

Summary
Laimaphelenchus pannocaudus, isolated in Ningbo port from Picea gluaca, is redescribed based upon characteristic morphological details elucidated by light and scanning electron microscopy photographs. The recovered population is characterised by 907 (771-1024) μm long females with 11.2 (8.9-12.2) μm long stylet, four incisures in the lateral field, excretory pore located at the same level as, or slightly anterior to the nerve ring, vulva lacking a flap and located at 68.7 (63.9-73.4)% of the body, elongate post-vulval uterine sac 78.5 (55.6-101.1) μm long, and tail 40.6 (33.4-45.6) μm long. Males are common and characterised by 16.5 (15.7-17.8) μm long spicules (chord) with their condylus slightly recurved, squared to rounded in shape with a blunt rounded tip and rostrum triangular with a bluntly pointed tip, and six visible caudal papillae. The female tail is ventrally curved, conoid and bears a stalk-like terminus with 4-8 pedunculate projections. Phylogenetic analyses using partial 18S and 28S rDNA D2-D3 data revealed that L. pannocaudus formed a sister relationship with L. suberensis in both phylogenies.
Three Manila-Fujian Diplomatic Encounters: Different Aims and Different Embassies in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Busquets Anna 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During the second half of the seventeenth century, there were at least three embassies between the Spaniards of Manila and the Fujian based Zheng regime. The first embassy took place in 1656 ordered by the Spanish governor in Manila. The ambassadors were two captains of the city, and its aim was to re-establish trade relations, which had been severed many months before. In response, Zheng Chenggong sent his cousin to the Philippine islands to settle several business arrangements regarding Fujianese trade. In 1662, Zheng Chenggong took the initiative of sending the Dominican Victorio Riccio, who worked as missionary in the Catholic mission at Xiamen, as emissary to the Governor of the Philippines, don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara. The third embassy took place in 1663. Thereupon, Zheng Jing, Zheng Chenggong’s successor, sent Riccio to Manila for signing a peace pact and for re-establishing trade. The three embassies were related to the Zheng’s purpose of gaining economic and political supremacy over the Philippines and the South China Seas. In all three cases, the actors, the diplomatic correspondence, the material aspects and the results differed profoundly. The article analyzes the role of individuals as intermediaries and translators while considering the social and cultural effects that these embassies had on the Sino-Spanish relations in Manila.
Logique et existence
Authors: Cléro Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2019

Résumé
Dans Nécessité ou contingence, l’un des plus grands livres de Jules Vuillemin, on découvre que, bien avant les premiers calculs « réussis » au XVIIe siècle sur les probabilités, un terrain était mis en place pour les penser fondamentalement selon les divisions mêmes qui traverseront leur notion jusqu’à notre époque. Sortis de leur gangue historique, les problèmes sont élevés à quelque pureté logique. Une chose surprend alors : ainsi dégagés de toute situation réelle, les thèmes probabilistes consonnent avec des problèmes éthiques qui se posaient aux auteurs à chaque époque, mais aussi dans les années 1980 aux hommes qui s’affairaient aux problèmes de bioéthique. Vuillemin reste silencieux sur ce type d’application. Redoutable critique des positions « existentialiste », on le voit, paradoxalement, sous l’effet de sa réflexion touchant les probabilités, s’accorder avec Merleau-Ponty sur des positions importantes, alors que cette réflexion est totalement absente de l'oeuvre de son prédécesseur au Collège de France.
God and the Truth of Human Being
Authors: Benjamin Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to develop a conception of God that works with the identification of being-before-the-law and being-with-God. In addition, it argues that developing a rethinking of God along such lines necessitates, equally, the development of the concomitant political theology and philosophical anthropology that such a repositioning of God envisages. Processes of subject creation have to be thought in relation to any philosophical engagement with the law.