bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1‐Chloro‐2,3‐epoxypropane (Epichlorohydrin) [BAT Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Göen T. , Bader M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: February 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated EKA (exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances) for epichlorohydrin (CAS‐No
106‐89‐8
) in 2017. Available publications are described in detail.

In rodents, epichlorohydrin induces malignant lymphomas, hyperplasias, forestomach papillomas and carcinomas, subcutaneous fibromas and lung and pituitary tumours. Epichlorohydrin was classified in category 2 for carcinogenic substances. The substance can easily pass through the skin, so biological monitoring is indicated for a valid individual risk assessment.
In several biomonitoring studies the mercapturic acids derivatives N‐acetyl‐S‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐L‐cysteine (CHPMA) and N‐acetyl‐S‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)‐L‐cysteine (DHPMA) in urine as well as the hemoglobin adducts N‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl)valine and N‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)valine are suggested as biomarkers after epichlorohydrin exposure. Validated analytical procedures for their quantification are available. Data of a correlation of epichlorohydrin in the air and the CHPMA‐excretion in urine were considered for the evaluation of exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or end of shift and after long term exposure at the end of the shift after several shifts.
Chlorthalonil [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated chlorothalonil [1897‐45‐6], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.In several carcinogenicity studies, orally applied chlorothalonil causes kidney toxicity in mice and rats and kidney tubular carcinomas only in F344 rats, but not in Osborne‐Mendel or Sprague Dawley rats. The reason for this strain difference is unknown. In cells of the kidney proximal tubuli thiols are formed which inhibit mitochondrial breathing. This results in cytotoxicity and necrosis followed by cell proliferation, hyperplasia, and tumours. The thiols are generated via β‐lyase which is more active in rats than in humans. As the mechanism of the formation of kidney tumours is evaluated as non‐genotoxic and no carcinomas occurred in Osborne‐Mendel or Sprague Dawley rats at doses higher than those used in F344 rats, chlorothalonil is no longer classified in Category 3 B for carcinogens.Chlorothalonil is irritating to nose, eyes and throat of workers at about 0.3 to 1.2 mg/m3and corrosive to the eye of rabbits. A NOAEC after repeated inhalation in humans or animals is not known, therefore no maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) can be derived and chlorothalonil is assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT Values.Chlorothalonil shows a skin sensitizing potential in humans and animals and labelling with “Sh” (for substances which cause sensitization of the skin), but not with “Sa” (for substances which cause sensitization of the airways) is retained.Dermal absorption of chlorothalonil is low and does not contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
Glycerintrinitrat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of nitroglycerin [55‐63‐0].The critical effect in volunteers after a 25‐minute exposure to 0.05 ml/m3of a mixture of ethylene glycol dinitrate and nitroglycerin was vasodilation, as indicated by the development of headaches or decreases in blood pressure. In workers, headaches were reported at nitroglycerin concentrations of 0.03 to 0.11 ml/m3with a NOAEC below 0.01 ml/m3nitroglycerin. Based on this data, the MAK value for nitroglycerin was established at 0.01 ml/m3. As the MAK value is derived from experiences in workers, the increased respiratory volume at the work place is considered.The MAK value also applies to the sum of the concentrations of the three nitrate esters nitroglycerin, ethylene glycol dinitrate and propylene glycol dinitrate in the air. As systemic effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category II and the excursion factor of 1, due to the short half‐life, are retained.In rats, the NOAEL for developmental toxicity after oral application is 86 mg/kg body weight and day. After toxicokinetic scaling this dose corresponds to a concentration of 16 ml/m3at the work place. The difference of this concentration to the MAK value is sufficient, therefore, nitroglycerin remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and nitroglycerin continues to be designated with an “H”. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Destillate (Erdöl), mit Wasserstoff behandelte leichte [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: February 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of hydrotreated light petroleum distillates [
64742‐47‐8
].

Critical effect of the vapour phase of hydrotreated light petroleum distillates is CNS depression in exposed subjects. A MAK value of 50 ml/m
3
had been set taking into account the increased respiratory volume at the workplace as compared with volunteers at rest (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c). For the aerosol phase the critical effect is considered to be the lung toxicity seen in rats and mice. A MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
had been set as the respirable fraction (R). This value is now reaffirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace.

Hydrotreated light petroleum distillates had been classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C because the NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is 400 ml/m
3
, the highest concentration tested. There is no new data on developmental toxicity. This classification is retained even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace.
Thin Film Condensation on Nanostructured Surfaces
Authors: Oh Junho , Zhang Runyu , Shetty Pralav P. , Krogstad Jessica A. , Braun Paul V. , Miljkovic Nenad 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWater vapor condensation is a ubiquitous process in nature and industry. Over the past century, methods achieving dropwise condensation using a thin (<1 µm) hydrophobic “promoter” layer have been developed, which increases the condensation heat transfer by ten times compared to filmwise condensation. Unfortunately, implementations of dropwise condensation have been limited due to poor durability of the promoter coatings. Here, thin‐film condensation which utilizes a promoter layer not as a condensation surface, but rather to confine the condensate within a porous biphilic nanostructure, nickel inverse opals (NIO) with a thin (<20 nm) hydrophobic top layer of decomposed polyimide is developed. Filmwise condensation confined to thicknesses <10 µm is demonstrated. To test the stability of thin‐film condensation, condensation experiments are performed to show that at higher supersaturations droplets coalescing on top of the hydrophobic layer are absorbed into the superhydrophilic layer through coalescence‐induced transitions. Through detailed thermal‐hydrodynamic modeling, it is shown that thin‐film condensation has the potential to achieve heat transfer coefficients approaching ≈100 kW m−2 while avoiding durability issues by significantly reducing nucleation on the hydrophobic surface. The work presented here develops an approach to potentially ensure durable and high‐performance condensation comparable to dropwise condensation.
Lewis acid‐mediated defluorinative [3+2] cycloaddition/aromatization cascade of 2,2‐difluoroethanol systems with nitriles
Authors: Hsieh Min‐Tsang , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung , Kuo Sheng‐Chu , Lin Hui‐Chang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe properties of C−F bonds, including high thermal and chemical stability, make derivatization of organic fluorine‐containing compounds by the activation of the C−F bond and subsequent functionalization quite challenging. We herein report a Lewis acid‐mediated defluorinative cycloaddition/aromatization cascade of 2,2‐difluoroethanols with nitriles as a novel synthetic method for the preparation of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted oxazoles. This reaction, which involves cleavage of two C−F bonds and the consecutive formation of C−O and C−N bonds in a one‐pot fashion, features a broad substrate scope and moderate to high reaction yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction is initiated by the Lewis acid‐mediated ring closure of the 2,2‐difluoroethanol to produce the fluoroepoxide intermediate.magnified image
Recent updates in the surgical treatment of colorectal cancer
Authors: Matsuda Takeru , Yamashita Kimihiro , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Oshikiri Taro , Hosono Masayoshi , Higashino Nobuhide , Yamamoto Masashi , Matsuda Yoshiko , Kanaji Shingo , Nakamura Tetsu , Suzuki Satoshi , Sumi Yasuo , Kakeji Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBecause of recent advances in medical technology and new findings of clinical trials, treatment options for colorectal cancer are evolutionally changing, even in the last few years. Therefore, we need to update the treatment options and strategies so that patients can receive optimal and tailored treatment. The present review aimed to elucidate the recent global trends and update the surgical treatment strategies in colorectal cancer by citing the literature published in the last 2 years, namely 2016 and 2017. Although laparoscopic surgery is still considered the most common approach for the treatment of colorectal cancer, new surgical technologies such as transanal total mesorectal excision, robotic surgery, and laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection are emerging. However, with the recent evidence, superiority of the laparoscopic approach to the open approach for rectal cancer seems to be controversial. Surgeons should notice the risk of adverse outcomes associated with unfounded and uncontrolled use of these novel techniques. Many promising results are accumulating in preoperative and postoperative treatment including chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and targeted therapy. Development of new biomarkers seems to be essential for further improvement in the treatment outcomes of colorectal cancer patients.
Greatly reduced phylogenetic structure in the cultivated potato clade (Solanum section Petota pro parte)
Authors: Spooner David M. , Ruess Holly , Arbizu Carlos I. , Rodríguez Flor , Solís‐Lemus Claudia 
Published: February 2018

Premise of the StudyThe species boundaries of wild and cultivated potatoes are controversial, with most of the taxonomic problems in the cultivated potato clade. We here provide the first in‐depth phylogenetic study of the cultivated potato clade to explore possible causes of these problems.MethodsWe examined 131 diploid accessions, using 12 nuclear orthologs, producing an aligned data set of 14,072 DNA characters, 2171 of which are parsimony‐informative. We analyzed the data to produce phylogenies and perform concordance analysis and goodness‐of‐fit tests.Key ResultsThere is good phylogenetic structure in clades traditionally referred to as clade 1+2 (North and Central American diploid potatoes exclusive of Solanum verrucosum), clade 3, and a newly discovered basal clade, but drastically reduced phylogenetic structure in clade 4, the cultivated potato clade. The results highlight a clade of species in South America not shown before, ‘neocardenasii’, sister to clade 1+2, that possesses key morphological traits typical of diploids in Mexico and Central America. Goodness‐of‐fit tests suggest potential hybridization between some species of the cultivated potato clade. However, we do not have enough phylogenetic signal with the data at hand to explicitly estimate such hybridization events with species networks methods.ConclusionsWe document the close relationships of many of the species in the cultivated potato clade, provide insight into the cause of their taxonomic problems, and support the recent reduction of species in this clade. The discovery of the neocardenasii clade forces a reevaluation of a hypothesis that section Petota originated in Mexico and Central America.
Phenylselenylation of Ethers using Diphenyl Diselenide–Tributylphosphine–Molecular Oxygen System under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Sano Ryota , Kudo Asaki , Tsubogo Tetsu , Uchiro Hiromi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn efficient method for phenylselenylation of ethers using a diphenyl diselenide–tributylphosphine–molecular oxygen system has been successfully developed. The reactions proceed under mild conditions in good to high yield. A plausible reaction mechanism for the phenylselenylation via C(sp3)−H activation was also proposed, and a tributylphosphonium peroxide radical was assumed as an important intermediate in the C(sp3)−H activation.
Confinement Effects on the Benzene Orientational Structure
Authors: Falkowska Marta , Bowron Daniel T. , Manyar Haresh , Youngs Tristan G. A. , Hardacre Christopher 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLiquids under confinement exhibit different properties compared with their corresponding bulk phases, for example, miscibility, phase transitions, and diffusion. The underlying cause is the local ordering of molecules, which is usually only studied using pure simulation methods. Herein, we derive experimentally the structure of benzene confined in MCM‐41 using total neutron scattering measurements. The study reveals a layering of molecules across a pore, and four concentric cylindrical shells can be distinguished for a pore with the radius of 18 Å. The nanoscale confinement of the liquid has a major effect on the spatial and orientational correlations observed between the molecules, when compared with the structure of the bulk liquid. These differences are most marked for molecules in parallel configurations, and this suggests differences in chemical reactivity between the confined and bulk liquids.
Amyloid Polymorphism in the Protein Folding and Aggregation Energy Landscape
Authors: Adamcik Jozef , Mezzenga Raffaele 
Published: February 2018

AbstractProtein folding involves a large number of steps and conformations in which the folding protein samples different thermodynamic states characterized by local minima. Kinetically trapped on‐ or off‐pathway intermediates are metastable folding intermediates towards the lowest absolute energy minima, which have been postulated to be the natively folded state where intramolecular interactions dominate, and the amyloid state where intermolecular interactions dominate. However, this view largely neglects the rich polymorphism found within amyloid species. We review the protein folding energy landscape in view of recent findings identifying specific transition routes among different amyloid polymorphs. Observed transitions such as twisted ribbon→crystal or helical ribbon→nanotube, and forbidden transitions such helical ribbon↛crystal, are discussed and positioned within the protein folding and aggregation energy landscape. Finally, amyloid crystals are identified as the ground state of the protein folding and aggregation energy landscape.
PCEC hydrogel used on sustained‐release hyaluronic acid delivery with lubrication effect
Authors: Guo Junde , Li Yue , Lu Hailin , Li Yu , Li Xing , Qin Liguo , Dong Guangneng 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTInjection of bionic synovial fluid (BSF) is a conventional method to improve the lubricity of artificial joints, but BSF cannot maintain long due to the dilution and degradation of BSF in human body. To prolong the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid (HA), which is the major component of BSF, this study applies a temperature‐sensitive poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCEC) hydrogel loaded with HA to achieve long‐term lubrication. In addition, Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and gel permeation chromatography spectra were used to analyze the structure of the synthetic hydrogel. Rheological test and test tube inverting method were used to characterize the thermosensitivity. The lubrication properties of the released solution were characterized by UV–vis, tribological tests, SEM, and 3D laser confocal scanning microscope. The experimental results reveal that the triblock PCEC hydrogel contains both hydrophilic block and hydrophobic block, and both PCEC and PCEC/HA hydrogels have phase‐changed effect when the temperature increases from room temperature to body temperature. Moreover, the friction coefficient of the released solution from PCEC/HA hydrogel is approximatively 38% lower than that of phosphate buffer saline. And the ability of shear resistance and creep recovery of PCEC/HA hydrogel are better than that of PCEC hydrogel. This study provides an effective approach to achieve long‐time lubrication effect for artificial joints. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46228.
Tough, stable spiroacetal thiol‐ene resin for 3D printing
Authors: Sycks Dalton G. , Wu Tiffany , Park Hyun Sang , Gall Ken 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThough over 30 years old, 3D printing has seen an explosion of interest in recent years as technology has become sufficiently advanced and affordable, enabling widespread usage, and investigation of the technique as a method of manufacture. However, the materials commonly used for printing applications frequently suffer from poor mechanical properties and are only suitable for prototyping and non‐load‐bearing objects. We report a stable, tough resin formulation which incorporates spiroacetal molecules into the polymer backbone and displays widely varying and tunable mechanical properties. We characterize the system via (photo‐)DSC, rheology, and tensile testing; further, we detail a comprehensive heat treatment investigation to optimize material performance and elucidate the structure–property relationships present in the printed and non‐printed semi‐crystalline photopolymer. Annealing the material at 40 °C for 120 hours produced a tough thiol‐ene with a homogenous crystal structure. Printed samples exhibited comparable morphology their cast analogues, but suffered from reduced tensile properties as a result of interlayer adhesion. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46259.
A novel risk analysis methodology to evaluate the economic performance of a biorefinery and to quantify the economic incentives for participating biomass producers
Authors: Wang Yu , Ebadian Mahmood , Sokhansanj Shahab , Webb Erin , Zerriffi Hisham , Lau Anthony 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a novel risk analysis methodology is presented to evaluate the economic performance of a biorefinery given the volatility in the market price of the final product and the variability in the biomass delivered cost. In addition, potential economic incentives for participating biomass producers are quantified for different farm participation rates. The Monte Carlo simulation model, IBSAL‐MC, is used to estimate the biomass delivered cost distribution, and a modified risk heat map is used to visualize the expected return on investment (ROI) for various combinations of the market price of the final product and the biomass delivered cost. The developed methodology is applied to an under‐construction cellulosic sugar facility located in Sarnia, southwestern Ontario. Four farm participation rates of 20% (base‐case scenario), 30%, 40% and 50% are studied. The results show that the expected annual ROI for the base‐case scenario is estimated to be 1.3%. As the farm participation rate increases, the expected annual ROI increases from 1.3% at 20% farm participation rate to 3.4%, 4.6% and 5.1% at 30%, 40% and 50% rates, respectively. At high sugar market prices ($375–$525/tonne), the overall expected annual ROI increases to 9.5%, 11.4%, 12.6% and 13.0% in 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% farm participation rates, respectively. In this case, the economic incentives to share with biomass producers are estimated to be $14.10/dry tonne (dt), $15.77/dt and $16.33/dt by increasing the farm participation rate from 20% to 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Transcranial DC stimulation modifies functional connectivity of large‐scale brain networks in abstinent methamphetamine users
Authors: Shahbabaie Alireza , Ebrahimpoor Mitra , Hariri Ali , Nitsche Michael A. , Hatami Javad , Fatemizadeh Emad , Oghabian Mohammad Ali , Ekhtiari Hamed 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation tool suited to alter cortical excitability and activity via the application of weak direct electrical currents. An increasing number of studies in the addiction literature suggests thattDCSmodulates subjective self‐reported craving through stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The major goal of this study was to explore effects of bilateralDLPFCstimulation on resting state networks (RSNs) in association with drug craving modulation. We targeted three large‐scaleRSNs; the default mode network (DMN), the executive control network (ECN), and the salience network (SN).MethodsFifteen males were recruited after signing written informed consent. We conducted a double‐blinded sham‐controlled crossover study. Twenty‐minute “real” and “sham”tDCS(2 mA) were applied over theDLPFCon two separate days in random order. Each subject received both stimulation conditions with a 1‐week washout period. The anode and cathode electrodes were located over the right and leftDLPFC, respectively. Resting statefMRIwas acquired before and after real and sham stimulation. Subjective craving was assessed before and after eachfMRIscan. TheRSNs were identified using seed‐based analysis and were compared using a generalized linear model.ResultsSubjective craving decreased significantly after realtDCScompared to sham stimulation (p = .03). Moreover, the analysis shows significant modulation ofDMN,ECN, andSNafter realtDCScompared to sham stimulation. Additionally, alteration of subjective craving score was correlated with modified activation of the three networks.DiscussionGiven the observed alteration of the targeted functional brain networks in methamphetamine users, new potentials are highlighted fortDCSas a network intervention strategy and rsfMRIas a suitable monitoring method for these interventions.