bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species boundaries in the Trichophyton mentagrophytes / T. interdigitale species complex
Authors: Pchelin Ivan M , Azarov Daniil V , Churina Maria A , Scherbak Sergey G , Apalko Svetlana V , Vasilyeva Natalya V , Taraskina Anastasia E 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale are closely related species, causing superficial infections in humans and other mammals. The status of these taxa is a field of long-lasting debates. To clarify their phylogenetic relationships within the genus Trichophyton and sharpen the species boundaries, we performed sequencing of four T. mentagrophytes genomes and also evaluated three previously published multilocus data sets. We performed computational species delimitation analysis on all available in GenBank internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequences of Trichophyton spp. Phylogenomic data, phylogenetic network, and species delimitation analyses implied that T. mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale belong to the same phylogenetic species. However, we argue that taxonomic status quo should be retained, from the perspective of epidemiological data and the principle of taxonomic stability. Since there is a correlation between ITS genotype and epidemiological source of an isolate, restriction of T. interdigitale to purely anthropophilic ITS genotypes seems to be reasonable.
Physical properties of near-Earth asteroids with a low delta-v: Survey of target candidates for the Hayabusa2 mission
Authors: Hasegawa Sunao , Kuroda Daisuke , Kitazato Kohei , Kasuga Toshihiro , Sekiguchi Tomohiko , Takato Naruhisa , Aoki Kentaro , Arai Akira , Choi Young-Jun , Fuse Tetsuharu , Hanayama Hidekazu , Hattori Takashi , Hsiao Hsiang-Yao , Kashikawa Nobunari , Kawai Nobuyuki , Kawakami Kyoko , Kinoshita Daisuke , Larson Steve , Lin Chi-Sheng , Miyasaka Seidai , Miura Naoya , Nagayama Shogo , Nagumo Yu , Nishihara Setsuko , Ohba Yohei , Ohta Kouji , Ohyama Youichi , Okumura Shin-ichiro , Sarugaku Yuki , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Takagi Yuhei , Takahashi Jun , Toda Hiroyuki , Urakawa Seitaro , Usui Fumihiko , Watanabe Makoto , Weissman Paul , Yanagisawa Kenshi , Yang Hongu , Yoshida Michitoshi , Yoshikawa Makoto , Ishiguro Masateru , Abe Masanao 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Sample return from the near-Earth asteroid known as 25143 Itokawa was conducted as part of the Hayabusa mission, with a large number of scientific findings being derived from the returned samples. Following the Hayabusa mission, Hayabusa2 was planned, targeting sample return from a primitive asteroid. The primary target body of Hayabusa2 was asteroid 162173 Ryugu; however, it was also necessary to gather physical information for backup target selection. Therefore, we examined five asteroids spectroscopically, 43 asteroids spectrophotometrically, and 41 asteroids through periodic analysis. Hence, the physical properties of 74 near-Earth asteroids were obtained, which helped the Hayabusa2 backup target search, and also furthered understanding of the physical properties of individual asteroids and their origins.
What is the Privatization of Policing?
Authors: White Adam 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe politics of austerity have deepened market penetration across the UK policing sector, bringing into effect an array of new policing assemblages which cut across the public–private divide like never before and defy simple categorization. However, public discourse has not kept pace with this fast-changing reality, all too often reducing these assemblages into an amorphous singularity–‘privatization’–towards which one is either unambiguously for or against. This article accordingly sets out the analytical tools for developing a more nuanced discourse on the privatization of policing. It first develops a new typology of privatization across five categories: function, formulation of private sphere, trigger of privatization, regulatory influence of the state, and relationship to the ideal-type police monopoly. It then operationalizes this typology using four recent examples of privatization drawn from the UK policing sector. It lastly clarifies how this typology can be used to inform discourse on the privatization of policing.
Towards a Unifying Cognitive, Neurophysiological, and Computational Neuroscience Account of Schizophrenia
Authors: Heinz Andreas , Murray Graham K , Schlagenhauf Florian , Sterzer Philipp , Grace Anthony A , Waltz James A 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Psychotic experiences may be understood as altered information processing due to aberrant neural computations. A prominent example of such neural computations is the computation of prediction errors (PEs), which signal the difference between expected and experienced events. Among other areas showing PE coding, hippocampal-prefrontal-striatal neurocircuits play a prominent role in information processing. Dysregulation of dopaminergic signaling, often secondary to psychosocial stress, is thought to interfere with the processing of biologically important events (such as reward prediction errors) and result in the aberrant attribution of salience to irrelevant sensory stimuli and internal representations. Bayesian hierarchical predictive coding offers a promising framework for the identification of dysfunctional neurocomputational processes and the development of a mechanistic understanding of psychotic experience. According to this framework, mismatches between prior beliefs encoded at higher levels of the cortical hierarchy and lower-level (sensory) information can also be thought of as PEs, with important consequences for belief updating. Low levels of precision in the representation of prior beliefs relative to sensory data, as well as dysfunctional interactions between prior beliefs and sensory data in an ever-changing environment, have been suggested as a general mechanism underlying psychotic experiences. Translating the promise of the Bayesian hierarchical predictive coding into patient benefit will come from integrating this framework with existing knowledge of the etiology and pathophysiology of psychosis, especially regarding hippocampal-prefrontal-striatal network function and neural mechanisms of information processing and belief updating.
Status Eligibilities: The Eligibility to Exist and Authority to Act in Refugee–Host Relations
Authors: Kyriakides Christopher , McLuhan Arthur , Anderson Karen , Bajjali Lubna 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study of refugee resettlement contributes a novel conceptual framework to the sociology of forced migration. Drawing on interviews with Syrian refugees in their first year of resettlement in Ontario, Canada, we demonstrate how successful sponsorship counters the “non-person” status associated with refugee recognition. During displacement, refugees mobilize their pre-conflict roles to secure self-rescue against forces of conflict. During resettlement, refugees assert their eligibility to exist and authority to act as “persons” in a reception context that challenges the normative authority of their pre-conflict social roles. Refugee–host interactions that affirm pre-conflict social roles provide the basis for shared trust and enhance the experience of resettlement, confirming statuses which counter the structural violence of refugee role confinement.
The Persuasive Power of Protest. How Protest wins Public Support
Authors: Wouters Ruud 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHow do protest actions succeed in winning public support? In this paper, I theorize how features of protest can persuade citizens to support demonstrators. In particular, I argue that broadcasting an attractive collective identity by means of diverse, worthy, united, numerous and committed participants (dWUNC) triggers supportive reactions of observers through increasing identification with protesters. I test this argument by exposing respondents to manipulated television news items of a protest event in two video vignette experiments. Study 1 scrutinizes the effect of dWUNC displays in an asylum seeker demonstration on a sample of Belgian citizens. Study 2 replicates this design in the US for the Black Lives Matter issue of police brutality. Both studies show predispositions of citizens to strongly affect favorability towards protesters. On top of these potent receiver effects, however, also the dWUNC features prove persuasive. In both experiments, a consistent pattern of feature effects is found: demonstrations that mobilized more diverse participants, who behaved worthy and acted in unison, elicited more supportive reactions. Study 2 adds that these protest feature effects are in part mediated by increasing identification with the demonstrators. The heterogeneity of protest feature effects is explored.
Student and Faculty Experiences in the Flipped Learning Environment in Undergraduate Nursing
Authors: Harris Ware Katilya S. , Benson Angela D. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

AIM
The aim of the study was to describe student and faculty experiences in the flipped learning environment.

BACKGROUND
Studies of flipped instruction in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics reveal improvements in student performance. There is limited research related to student and faculty experiences in the learning environment.

METHOD
This study utilized a multiple-case study research design with two undergraduate nursing courses at two institutions.

RESULTS
Student participants in Case A felt the implementation of flipped learning reflected the pillars of flipped learning more than Case B participants. The strategies used to implement flipped learning in the two cases were different as were student experiences.

CONCLUSION
Three conclusions resulted from the study: flipped learning results in a shift in the student role that requires additional instructor support, instructors would benefit from guidance in the form of best practices, and nurse educators can use flipped learning to better meet the learning needs of their students.
Do Cervical Spine Surgery Patients Recall Their Preoperative Status?
Authors: Aleem Ilyas S. , Currier Bradford L. , Yaszemski Michael J. , Poppendeck Heidi , Huddleston Paul , Eck Jason , Rhee John , Bydon Mohamad , Freedman Brett , Nassr Ahmad 
Published: October 2018

Study Design:
This is a prospective cohort study.

Objective:
To characterize the accuracy of patient recollection of preoperative symptoms after cervical spine surgery.

Summary of Background Data:
Recall bias is a well-known source of systematic error. The accuracy of patient recall after cervical spine surgery remains unknown.

Methods:
Consecutive patients undergoing cervical spine surgery for myelopathy or radiculopathy were enrolled. Neck and arm numeric pain scores and Neck Disability Indices were recorded preoperatively. Patients were asked to recall their preoperative status at either short (<1 y) or long-term (≥1 y) follow-up. Actual and recalled scores were compared using paired t tests and relations were quantified using the Pearson correlation coefficients. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify factors impacting recollection.

Results:
In total, 73 patients with a mean age of 58.2 years were included. Compared with their preoperative scores, patients showed significant improvement in neck pain [mean difference (MD)=−2.9; 95% confidence intervals (CIs), −3.5 to −2.3], arm pain (MD, −3.4; 95% CI, −4.0 to −2.8), and disability (MD, −12.4%; 95% CI, −16.9 to −7.9). Patient recollection of preoperative status was significantly more severe than actual for neck pain (MD, +1.5; 95% CI, 0.8–2.2), arm pain (MD, +2.3; 95% CI, 1.6–3.0), and disability (MD, +5.8%; 95% CI, 2.4–9.2). Moderate correlation between actual and recalled scores with regard to neck (r=0.41), arm (r=0.50) pain, and disability (r=0.67) was seen. This was maintained across age, sex, and time between date of surgery and recollection. Over 30% of patients switched their predominant symptom from neck-to-arm pain or vice versa on recall of their preoperative symptoms.

Conclusions:
Relying on patient recollection does not provide an accurate measure of preoperative status after cervical spine surgery. Prospective and not retrospective collection of patient-reported outcomes remain the gold standard to measure and interpret outcomes after cervical spine surgery. Recall bias has the potential to affect patient satisfaction and requires further study.
In-Vivo Quantitative Mapping of the Perforasomes of Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforators
Authors: Leung Rachael , Chae Michael P. , Tobin Vicky , Hunter-Smith David J. , Rozen Warren M. 
Published: October 2018

Background:
There is limited understanding of anatomy of perforator angiosomes, or “perforasomes,” of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA). A perforasome is defined as the territory perfused by a single perforator vessel of a named artery, such as the DIEA. Given the clinical significance of this anatomical concept in microsurgical breast reconstruction, this study is a quantitative investigation of DIEA perforasome characteristics and patterns associated with perforasome size, perforator caliber, location and branching, using computed tomographic (CT) angiography.

Methods:
Twenty abdominal arterial-phase CT angiograms were analyzed in 3 dimensions using software (Horos). DIEA perforasomes were mapped, yielding data on 40 medial-row and 40 lateral-row perforasomes. Perforator branch extents and number were measured using 3-dimensional multi-planar reconstruction, and perforator caliber on axial slices.

Results:
Perforasomes exhibited eccentric branching distributions in horizontal and vertical axes, that is, a majority of perforators were not centrally located within their perforasomes. Lateral-row perforasomes displayed greater horizontal eccentricity than medial-row. There was a positive correlation between perforator caliber and perforasome size. Medial-row perforators had more branches and larger caliber than lateral-row.

Conclusions:
This is the first article to quantify relationships between perforators and their territories of supply in vivo, augmenting current understanding of perforasome theory. DIEA perforasomes can be readily visualized and mapped with CT angiography, which may enable effective preoperative flap planning in DIEA perforator flap breast reconstruction. Future investigation may highlight the importance of this information in improving surgical outcomes, including flap survival and fat necrosis reduction, through careful, perforasome-based flap design.
Preserving Orbicularis Branches of the Zygomatic Nerve with the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle—Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Flap Complex in Facelift Surgery
Authors: Ryu Min-Hee , Kahng David , Khoo Lee Seng , Lao William Wei-Kai 
Published: October 2018

Summary:
The orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) is sometimes incorporated with the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) flap to provide a stronger flap. While elevating the OOM flap, it is important to avoid injury to the orbicularis branches of the zygomatic nerve. When the orbicularis branches of the zygomatic nerve are identified during the OOM-SMAS flap elevation, a transverse OOM flap was created to preserve the nerve. Postoperative follow-up was 12 months. There was no functional impairment of the OOM in the follow-up period. There are anatomical variations of the orbicularis branches of the zygomatic nerve. When it is identified, a transverse OOM flap incorporating it can be raised to avoid inadvertent injury. Using this method, good results were achieved with virtually no complications.
Facial Malformation in Crouzon’s Syndrome Is Consistent with Cranial Base Development in Time and Space
Authors: Lu Xiaona , Forte Antonio Jorge , Sawh-Martinez Rajendra , Madari Sarika , Wu Robin , Cabrejo Raysa , Steinbacher Derek M. , Alperovich Michael , Alonso Nivaldo , Persing John A. 
Published: October 2018

Background:In Crouzon’s syndrome, cranial base deformities begin sequentially in the anterior cranial fossa initially, and later to the posterior cranial base. Facial characteristics are likely related to cranial base development. The temporal correlation between cranial base development and facial features is in need of clarification in Crouzon’s patients, to clarify initial sites of deformity, which may impact surgical decision making.Methods:Thirty-six computed tomography scans of unoperated Crouzon’s syndrome patients and 54 controls were included and divided into 5 age-subgroups. All the planes used for analysis were set as perpendicular to a defined “midplane” to offset the confounding factor caused by potential asymmetry.Results:The angle between Sella-Nasion plane and Frankfort horizontal plane was significantly increased before 6 months of age (P= 0.014), with an average 70% (P< 0.001) increase ultimately into adulthood. The angle between SN and maxillary plane and the angle between Sella-Nasion and occlusal planes increased consistently through infancy to adulthood (124% and 42%, respectively, bothP< 0.001). The relative angle of mandibular plane to Frankfort horizontal plane increased before 6 months (28%,P= 0.007) with a peak timeframe from 2 to 18 years. Facial lateral curvature related measurements indicate the whole face is inclined posteriorly and inferiorly direction in relation to the anterior cranial base.Conclusion:Crouzon’s facial malformation development is synchronous and positionally correlational with cranial base deformity. It transmitted from orbit to mandible, with the most evident morphologic changes are in the orbit and midface.
Comparisons of Health Promoting Behavior, Depression, and Life Satisfaction Between Older Adults in Rural Areas in South Korea Living in Group Homes and at Home
Authors: SOK Sohyune R. , CHEON Bo Kyeong , GU Min Kyung , KIM Ok Sun 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:
In South Korea, population aging is advancing at a more rapid rate in rural areas than urban areas, leading to a particularly high percentage of rural-dwelling older adults.

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to examine and compare health promoting behaviors, depression, and life satisfaction between rural-dwelling older adults who live, respectively, in group homes and at home.

Methods:
A cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed. Study participants included 160 older adults aged 65 years and older who were living in group homes (n = 80) and at home (n = 80) in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. The Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II was used to examine health promoting behaviors, the Korean Geriatric Depression Screening Scale was used to examine depression, and the Life Satisfaction Index was used to examine life satisfaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 21.0.

Results:
The data showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of health promoting behaviors (t = −9.035, p < .001), depression (t = 20.861, p < .001), and life satisfaction (t = −12.153, p < .001).

Conclusions/Implications for Practice:
The mean scores for health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction were higher, and the mean score for depression was lower in the group-home group than the at-home group. The findings from this study may be employed as basic data for establishing residence-appropriate nursing intervention protocols for older adults living in rural areas.
What Effect Does Smoking Have on the Surgical Closure of Tympanic Membrane Perforations? A Review
Authors: Visvanathan Vikranth , Vallamkondu Vamsidhar , Bhimrao Sanjiv K. 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:
The link between cigarette smoking and outcome following surgical repair of tympanic membrane perforation is unclear. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the link between smoking and success rate following surgical repair of tympanic membrane perforations.

Materials and Methods:
Systematic review performed using the following data sources: 1) Cochrane central register of controlled trials (1997 to April 30, 2018), 2) Medline (February 1948 to April 30, 2018), and 3) Embase (1975 to April 30, 2018). Inclusion criteria for this study was: 1) studies reporting surgical closure of tympanic membrane perforations in smokers, 2)primary and revision cases, 3) English language literature, 4) minimum follow-up period of 6 months, and 5) pre and postoperative audiogram. The exclusion criteria were: 1) no identifiable data on smokers in reported outcomes, 2) less than 6 months follow-up, 3) no audiometric outcomes, and 4) non-English language articles.

Results:
A total of 75 studies were identified on initial search and 8 were eligible for the study. All studies were of level 4 evidence. In these eight studies, overall surgical closure of tympanic membrane perforation was successful in 512/577 (88.7%) of nonsmokers and 151/197 (76.6%) in smokers. This difference was statistically significant.

Conclusions:
Smokers may have a lower success rate compared against nonsmokers for surgical repair of tympanic membrane perforations. Our review has limitations and more prospective high-quality controlled trials are required to further study this association.
Prevalence of Radiographic Cochlear–Facial Nerve Dehiscence
Authors: Song Yohan , Alyono Jennifer C. , Bartholomew Ryan A. , Vaisbuch Yona , Corrales Carleton Eduardo , Blevins Nikolas H. 
Published: October 2018

Objective:
To determine the prevalence of radiographic cochlear–facial nerve dehiscence (CFD).

Study Design:
Retrospective radiological study.

Setting:
Two tertiary-referral centers.

Patients:
Two hundred six temporal-bone computed tomography (CT) scans (405 total ears) of otology/neurotology patients from two academic institutions between the years 2014 and 2017.

Intervention:
Diagnostic.

Main Outcome Measures:
The cochlear–facial nerve partition width (CFPW) was measured on coronal CT sections and defined as the shortest distance between the cochlear basal turn and facial nerve (FN) labyrinthine segment. We used logistics regression analyses to determine positive predictors for radiographic evidence of CFD.

Results:
The overall prevalence of radiographic CFD was 5.4% (22/406 ears). 9.2% of patients (19/206) had CFD. Of these 19 patients, only one patient had mixed hearing loss that could not be explained by any other vestibular or auditory etiology. Three out of 206 patients had dehiscence in both ears (1.4%). The average CFPW was 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, and fallopian canal width was 1.1 ± 0.02 mm (n = 405). Older age, use of traditional CT scans, and thinner CT slice thickness were significant predictors for radiographic CFD.

Conclusions:
The radiographic prevalence of CFD is higher than what is reported in histologic studies, and may over-estimate the true prevalence of CFD. The clinician should keep this in mind when considering this as potential cause for third-window symptoms.