bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of a Solar Chimney With a Modified Collector Geometry: A Case Study From Erbil to the North of Iraq
Authors: Khidhir Dara Khalid , Atrooshi Soorkeu A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The principle of solar chimney power plant (SCPP) is based on harvesting the thermal spectrum of solar radiation and converting it to mechanical energy by the means of a collector, a wind turbine, and a chimney. In this work, a number of experiments were performed on a modified model made up of one-third of the circular collector area. Field data from selected clear, sunny days were recorded and studied. The analysis focused on time-temperature relations for ambient, near chimney entry point and the collector periphery, in addition to hourly solar radiation intensity and air velocity inside the chimney. The results show that for this geometry arrangement, the maximum temperature of the air entering the chimney is achieved before the ambient temperature reaches its peak value. Air velocity inside the chimney depends on the intensity of solar radiation and the temperature difference between the air temperature entering the chimney and the ambient temperature. Solar intensity directly affects the temperature of air beneath the collector, and a part of this energy is stored in the ground. Later, when the solar radiation is impaired, the stored energy can be utilized. Air velocity of 2.1 m/s is obtained after the solar noon, when the solar intensity is 737 W/m2 and the maximum temperature difference is 11.2 °C. Due to the unique geometrical shape of the rig, a minor temperature loss of up to 1.3 °C occurs for the air near the center of the chimney.
Sitting and Screen Time Outside School Hours: Correlates in 6- to 8-Year-Old Children
Authors: Downing Katherine L. , Salmon Jo , Timperio Anna , Hinkley Trina , Cliff Dylan P. , Okely Anthony D. , Hesketh Kylie D. 
Published: July 2019

Background: Although there is increasing evidence regarding children’s screen time, little is known about children’s sitting. This study aimed to determine the correlates of screen time and sitting in 6- to 8-year-old children. Methods: In 2011–2012, parents in the Healthy Active Preschool and Primary Years (HAPPY) study (n = 498) reported their child’s week/weekend day recreational screen time and potential correlates. ActivPALs™ measured children’s nonschool sitting. In model 1, linear regression analyses were performed, stratified by sex and week/weekend day and controlling for age, clustered recruitment, and activPAL™ wear time (for sitting analyses). Correlates significantly associated with screen time or sitting (P < .05) were included in model 2. Results: Children (age 7.6 y) spent 99.6 and 119.3 minutes per day on week and weekend days engaging in screen time and sat for 119.3 and 374.6 minutes per day on week and weekend days, respectively. There were no common correlates for the 2 behaviors. Correlates largely differed by sex and week/weekend day. Modifiable correlates of screen time included television in the child’s bedroom and parental logistic support for, encouragement of, and coparticipation in screen time. Modifiable correlates of sitting included encouragement of and coparticipation in physical activity and provision of toys/equipment for physical activity. Conclusions: Interventions may benefit from including a range of strategies to ensure that all identified correlates are targeted.
Using mobile technologies to support the training of community health workers in low-income and middle-income countries: mapping the evidence
Authors: Winters Niall , Langer Laurenz , Nduku Promise , Robson James , O'Donovan James , Maulik Pallab , Paton Chris , Geniets Anne , Peiris David , Nagraj Shobhana 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionThis paper maps the evidence published between 2000 and 2018 on the use of mobile technologies to train community health workers (CHWs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) across nine areas of global healthcare, including the neglected areas of disability and mental health.MethodsWe used an evidence mapping methodology, based on systematic review guidelines, to systematically and transparently assess the available evidence-base. We searched eight scientific databases and 54 grey literature sources, developed explicit inclusion criteria, and coded all included studies at full text for key variables. The included evidence-base was visualised and made accessible through heat mapping and the development of an online interactive evidence interface.ResultsThe systematic search for evidence identified a total of 2530 citations of which 88 met the full inclusion criteria. Results illustrate overall gaps and clusters of evidence. While the evidence map shows a positive shift away from information dissemination towards approaches that use more interactive learner-centred pedagogies, including supervision and peer learning, this was not seen across all areas of global health. Areas of neglect remain; no studies of trauma, disability, nutrition or mental health that use information dissemination, peer learning or supervision for training CHWs in LMICs were found.ConclusionThe evidence map shows significant gaps in the use of mobile technologies for training, particularly in the currently neglected areas of global health. Significant work will be needed to improve the evidence-base, including assessing the quality of mobile-based training programmes.
Are service and patient indicators different in the presence or absence of nurse practitioners? The EDPRAC cohort study of Australian emergency departments
Authors: Middleton Sandy , Gardner Glenn , Gardner Anne , Considine Julie , Fitzgerald Gerard , Christofis Luke , Doubrovsky Anna , Della Phillip , Fasugba Oyebola , D'Este Catherine 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of nurse practitioner (NP) service in Australian public hospital emergency departments (EDs) on service and patient safety and quality indicators.Design and settingCohort study comprising ED presentations (July 2013–June 2014) for a random sample of hospitals, stratified by state/territory and metropolitan versus non-metropolitan location; and a retrospective medical record audit of ED re-presentations.MethodsService indicator data (patient waiting times for Australasian Triage Scale categories 2, 3, 4 and 5; number of patients who did not-wait; length of ED stay for non-admitted patients) were compared between EDs with and without NPs using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for hospital and patient characteristics and correlation of outcomes within hospitals. Safety and quality indicator data (rates of ED unplanned re-presentations) for a random subset of re-presentations were compared using Poisson regression.ResultsOf 66 EDs, 55 (83%) provided service indicator data on 2 463 543 ED patient episodes while 58 (88%) provided safety and quality indicator data on 2853 ED re-presentations. EDs with NPs had significantly (p<0.001) higher rates of waiting times compared with EDs without NPs. Patients presenting to EDs with NPs spent 13 min (8%) longer in ED compared with EDs without NPs (median, (first quartile–third quartile): 156 (93–233) and 143 (84–217) for EDs with and without NPs, respectively). EDs with NPs had 1.8% more patients who did not wait, but similar re-presentations rates as EDs with NPs.ConclusionsEDs with NPs had statistically significantly lower performance for service indicators. However, these findings should be treated with caution. NPs are relatively new in the ED workforce and low NP numbers, staffing patterns and still-evolving roles may limit their impact on service indicators. Further research is needed to explain the dichotomy between the benefits of NPs demonstrated in individual clinical outcomes research and these macro system-wide observations.
Incidence of Lyme disease in the UK: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Cairns Victoria , Wallenhorst Christopher , Rietbrock Stephan , Martinez Carlos 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to estimate the annual incidence of Lyme disease (LD) in the UK.DesignThis was a retrospective descriptive cohort study.SettingStudy data were extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a primary care database covering about 8% of the population in the UK in 658 primary care practices.ParticipantsCohort of 8.4 million individuals registered with general practitioners with 52.4 million person-years of observation between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2012.Primary and secondary outcome measuresLD was identified from recorded medical codes, notes indicating LD, laboratory tests and use of specific antibiotics. Annual incidence rates and the estimated total number of LD cases were calculated separately for each UK region.ResultsThe number of cases of LD increased rapidly over the years 2001 to 2012, leading to an estimated incidence rate of 12.1 (95% CI 11.1 to 13.2) per 100 000 individuals per year and a UK total of 7738 LD cases in 2012. LD was detected in every UK region with highest incidence rates and largest number of cases in Scotland followed by South West and South England. If the number of cases has continued to rise since the end of the study period, then the number in the UK in 2019 could be over 8000.ConclusionsThe incidence of LD is about threefold higher than previously estimated, and people are at risk throughout the UK. These results should lead to increased awareness of the need for preventive measures.Trial registration numberThis study was approved by the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee for CPRD research (Protocol number 13_210R).
Taking an integrated knowledge translation approach in research to develop the CONSORT-Equity 2017 reporting guideline: an observational study
Authors: Jull Janet , Graham Ian D , Kristjansson Elizabeth , Moher David , Petkovic Jennifer , Yoganathan Manosila , Tugwell Peter , Welch Vivian A 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveWe describe the use of an integrated knowledge translation (KT) approach in the development of the CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials extension for equity (‘CONSORT-Equity 2017’), and advisory board-research team members’ (‘the team’) perceptions of the integrated KT process.DesignThis is an observational study to describe team processes and experience with a structured integrated KT approach to develop CONSORT-Equity 2017. Participant observation to describe team processes and a survey were used with the 38 team members.SettingUse of the CONSORT health research reporting guideline contributes to an evidence base for health systems decision-making, and CONSORT-Equity 2017 may improve reporting about health equity-relevant evidence. An integrated KT research approach engages knowledge users (those for whom the research is meant to be useful) with researchers to co-develop research evidence and is more likely to produce findings that are applied in practice or policy.ParticipantsResearchers adopted an integrated KT approach and invited knowledge users to form a team.ResultsAn integrated KT approach was used in the development of CONSORT-Equity 2017 and structured replicable steps. The process for co-developing the reporting guideline involved two stages: (1) establishing guiding features for co-development and (2) research actions that supported the co-development of the reporting guideline. Stage 1 consisted of four steps: finding common ground, forming an advisory board, committing to ethical guidance and clarifying theoretical research assumptions. Bound by the stage 1 guiding features of an integrated KT approach, stage 2 consisted of five steps during which studies for consensus-based reporting guidelines were conducted. Of 38 team members, 25 (67.5%) completed a survey about their perceptions of the integrated KT approach.ConclusionsAn integrated KT approach can be used to engage a team to co-develop reporting guidelines. Further study is needed to understand the use of an integrated KT approach in the development of reporting guidelines.
Antipsychotic initiation among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Ontario: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Gomes Tara , Khuu Wayne , Tadrous Mina , Vigod Simone , Cobigo Virginie , Lunsky Yona 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo describe factors associated with initiating antipsychotics and patterns of persistence to antipsychotic therapy in a large cohort of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingOntario, Canada.ParticipantsAdults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in Ontario.Outcome measuresWe used multivariable logistic regression to investigate patient characteristics associated with antipsychotic initiation. Patient characteristics studied included sociodemographic characteristics, measures of clinical comorbidity and health service use.ResultsAmong 39 244 individuals eligible for this study, 6924 (17.6%) initiated an antipsychotic over the accrual window, of whom 1863 (26.9%) had no psychiatric diagnosis in the prior 2 years. A number of factors were significantly associated with antipsychotic initiation, including male gender, residence in a group home, prior use of benzodiazepines, antidepressants or cognitive enhancers, a recent emergency department visit or mental health hospitalisation and a visit to a psychiatrist or family physician in the prior 90 days. In a secondary analysis, the association between antipsychotic initiation and age, prior diagnosis of diabetes or myocardial infarction and polypharmacy differed slightly on the basis of whether an individual had a previously diagnosed psychiatric disorder.ConclusionsFactors associated with the initiation of an antipsychotic differ according to the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis. Given the long duration of antipsychotic use in this population, future research is needed to understand the appropriateness of antipsychotic initiation among adults with IDD and the safety implications of long-term use of these products.
Prevalence and correlates of physical violence and rape among female sex workers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study with respondent-driven sampling from 11 major towns
Authors: Amogne Minilik Demissie , Balcha Taye Tolera , Agardh Anette 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveThis study examined the prevalence and correlates of physical violence and rape among female sex workers (FSWs) in Ethiopia.DesignA cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling technique.SettingEleven major towns in Ethiopia.Participants4900 FSWs.Main outcome measuresThe prevalence of experiences of physical beating and rape.ResultsAmong FSWs, 17.5% reported physical beating within the last year and 15.2% reported rape since they started selling sex. FSWs aged 35+ years (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.92) were less exposed to physical beating than those aged 15–24 years. FSWs working on the street (AOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.53 to 2.39), in red-light houses (AOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.38) and in local drinking houses (AOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.78) experienced more physical beating than FSWs working in bars/hotels. FSWs who consumed alcohol four or more days in a week (AOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.04), and who chewed khat frequently experienced more physical violence. Rape was associated with having a low monthly income, drinking alcohol four or more days per week (AOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.7), experience of heavy episodic drinking in a month (AOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.38) and chewing khat 3–4 days per week (AOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.98). Condom breakage was more frequent among FSWs who reported both physical beating (AOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.84) and rape (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.55).ConclusionFSWs in Ethiopia are vulnerable to physical and sexual violence, and the risk increases when they are younger, street-based and high consumers of alcohol or khat. Therefore, targeted efforts are needed for prevention and harm reduction.
Informed consent, shared-decision making and a reasonable patient’s wishes based on a cross-sectional, national survey in the USA using a hypothetical scenario
Authors: James John T , Eakins Darwin Jay , Scully Robert R 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveIn approximately half the states in the USA, and more recently in the UK, informed consent is legally defined as what a reasonable patient would wish to know. Our objective was to discern the information needs of a hospitalised, ‘reasonable patient’ during the informed-consent process.DesignWe performed a cross-sectional study to develop a survey instrument and better define ‘reasonable person’ in relation to informed consent in a hypothetical scenario where an invasive procedure may be an option.SettingA 10-question survey was administered from April 19 through 22 October 2018 to three groups: student nurses (n=76), health professions educators (n=63) and a US national population (n=1067).Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was the average intensity, on a 5-point scale, by which survey groups wished to have each of 10 questions answered. The secondary outcome was to discern relationships between survey demographics and the intensity by which participants wanted an answer.ResultsDespite substantial demographic differences in the nursing-student group and health-professions-educator group, the average intensity scores were within 0.2 units on nine of 10 questions. The national survey revealed a strong desire to have an answer to each question (range 3.98–4.60 units). It showed that women desired answers more than men and older adults desired answers more than younger adults.ConclusionsBased on responses to 10 survey questions regarding wishes of people in a situation where an invasive procedure may be necessary, the vast majority want an answer to each question. They wanted to know about all treatment options, risky drugs, decision aids, who will perform the procedure, and the cost. They wanted their advocate present, periodic review of their medical record, a full day to review documents and expected outcomes and restrictions after the procedure.
Effectiveness of a mobile preconception lifestyle programme in couples undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF): the protocol for the PreLiFe randomised controlled trial (PreLiFe-RCT)
Authors: Boedt Tessy , Dancet Eline , Lie Fong Sharon , Peeraer Karen , De Neubourg Diane , Pelckmans Sofie , van de Vijver Arne , Seghers Jan , Van der Gucht Katleen , Van Calster Ben , Spiessens Carl , Matthys Christophe 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionInfertility and in vitro fertilisation (IVF; with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection) result in considerable emotional and financial burden. Increasing evidence suggests that lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity and personal well-being, are associated with IVF-success rates. Currently, IVF is not routinely combined with a lifestyle programme. The preconception lifestyle (PreLiFe) randomised controlled trial (RCT) assesses the effects of a new mobile PreLiFe programme in couples undergoing IVF.Methods and analysisA multicentre RCT including 460 heterosexual couples starting IVF in Belgian fertility clinics. IVF couples are randomised between an attention control group or the PreLiFe programme for a period of 12 months or until an ongoing pregnancy is confirmed by ultrasound. The attention control programme includes a mobile application with treatment information (ie, appointments and medication instructions) in addition to standard care. The PreLiFe programme includes a mobile application with the same treatment information in combination with a lifestyle programme. This new lifestyle programme includes tailored advice and skills training on diet, physical activity and mindfulness in combination with text messages and telephone interaction with a healthcare professional trained in motivational interviewing. The primary outcome of this RCT is the cumulative ongoing pregnancy rate within 12 months after randomisation. Secondary outcomes include changes in diet, physical activity, emotional distress, body mass index, waist circumference, quality of life and other reproductive outcomes including IVF discontinuation, clinical pregnancy rate and time to pregnancy. Additionally, partner support and the feasibility (use and acceptability) of the PreLiFe programme will be evaluated in the intervention group. Analysis will be according to intention to treat.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Leuven University Hospital (Belgium) and the other recruiting clinics. The findings of this RCT will be disseminated through presentations at international scientific meetings and peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberNCT03790449; Pre-results.
Failure to administer recommended chemotherapy: acceptable variation or cancer care quality blind spot?
Authors: Ellis Ryan J , Schlick Cary Jo R , Feinglass Joe , Mulcahy Mary F , Benson Al B , Kircher Sheetal M , Yang Tony D , Odell David D , Bilimoria Karl , Merkow Ryan P 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundChemotherapy quality measures consider hospitals compliant when chemotherapy is recommended, even if it is not received. This may mask shortcomings in cancer care delivery. Objectives of this study were to (1) identify patient factors associated with failure to receive recommended chemotherapy without a documented contraindication and (2) assess hospital variation in failure to administer recommended chemotherapy.MethodsPatients from 2005 to 2015 with breast, colon and lung cancers who failed to receive recommended chemotherapy were identified using the National Cancer Database. Hospital-level rates of failure to administer recommended chemotherapy were calculated, and patient and hospital factors associated with failure to receive recommended chemotherapy were identified by multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 183 148 patients at 1281 hospitals were analysed. Overall, 3.5% of patients with breast, 6.6% with colon and 10.7% with lung cancers failed to receive recommended chemotherapy. Patients were less likely to receive recommended chemotherapy in all cancers if uninsured or on Medicaid (p<0.05), as were non-Hispanic black patients with both breast and colon cancer (p<0.001). Significant hospital variation was observed, with hospital-level rates of failure to administer recommended chemotherapy as high as 21.8% in breast, 40.2% in colon and 40.0% in lung cancers.Conclusions and relevanceThough overall rates are low, failure to receive recommended chemotherapy is associated with sociodemographic factors. Hospital variation in failure to administer recommended chemotherapy is masked by current quality measure definitions and may define a significant and unmeasured difference in hospital quality.