bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the nativeness of antibody sequences using long short-term memory networks
Authors: Wollacott Andrew M , Xue Chonghua , Qin Qiuyuan , Hua June , Bohnuud Tanggis , Viswanathan Karthik , Kolachalama Vijaya B 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAntibodies often undergo substantial engineering en route to the generation of a therapeutic candidate with good developability properties. Characterization of antibody libraries has shown that retaining native-like sequence improves the overall quality of the library. Motivated by recent advances in deep learning, we developed a bi-directional long short-term memory (LSTM) network model to make use of the large amount of available antibody sequence information, and use this model to quantify the nativeness of antibody sequences. The model scores sequences for their similarity to naturally occurring antibodies, which can be used as a consideration during design and engineering of libraries. We demonstrate the performance of this approach by training a model on human antibody sequences and show that our method outperforms other approaches at distinguishing human antibodies from those of other species. We show the applicability of this method for the evaluation of synthesized antibody libraries and humanization of mouse antibodies.
Poor Little Rich Kids? The Role of Nature versus Nurture in Wealth and Other Economic Outcomes and Behaviours
Authors: Black Sandra E , Devereux Paul J , Lundborg Petter , Majlesi Kaveh 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Wealth is highly correlated between parents and their children; however, little is known about the extent to which these relationships are genetic or determined by environmental factors. We use administrative data on the net wealth of a large sample of Swedish adoptees merged with similar information for their biological and adoptive parents. Comparing the relationship between the wealth of adopted and biological parents and that of the adopted child, we find that, even prior to any inheritance, there is a substantial role for environment and a much smaller role for pre-birth factors and we find little evidence that nature/nurture interactions are important. When bequests are taken into account, the role of adoptive parental wealth becomes much stronger. Our findings suggest that wealth transmission is not primarily because children from wealthier families are inherently more talented or more able but that, even in relatively egalitarian Sweden, wealth begets wealth. We further build on the existing literature by providing a more comprehensive view of the role of nature and nurture on intergenerational mobility, looking at a wide range of different outcomes using a common sample and method. We find that environmental influences are relatively more important for wealth-related variables such as savings and investment decisions than for human capital. We conclude by studying consumption as an overall measure of welfare and find that, like wealth, it is more determined by environment than by biology.
The Strategic Effects of Trademark Protection
Authors: Heath Davidson , Mace Christopher 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We study the effects of trademark protection on firms’ profits and strategy using the 1996 Federal Trademark Dilution Act, which granted additional legal protection to selected trademarks. We find that the FTDA raised treated firms’ operating profits and was followed by a spike in trademark lawsuits and lower entry and exit in affected product markets. Treated firms reduced R&D spending, produced fewer patents and new products, and recalled a higher number of unsafe products. Our results suggest that stronger trademark protection negatively affected innovation and product quality. (JEL D22, K2, L43, O31, O34, O38)
Authors have furnished code/data and an Internet Appendix, which are available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Performing aesthetic confidence: how contemporary art collectors maintain status
Authors: Wohl Hannah 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn cultural markets, where value is highly uncertain, intermediaries and consumers select products by using status signals, including public metrics and informal recommendations. However, certain intermediaries and consumers risk their statuses and access to informal recommendations if they appear to rely on these status signals. Drawing upon the case of contemporary art collectors in New York City, I reveal that collectors work to maintain their statuses while utilizing status signals through performances of ‘aesthetic confidence’. In these performances, they claim a willingness to choose artworks based on their independent and good taste. Collectors flexibly cite multiple and sometimes opposing qualities of their purchases and interactions as evidence of aesthetic confidence. Higher status collectors reinforce status hierarchies through their privileged access to resources for displaying aesthetic confidence and their policing of lower status collectors’ claims. Performances of aesthetic confidence are both influenced by status and necessary for displaying status.
Special Cluster Learning Practice from Texts: Jews and Medicine in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Cohen-Hanegbi Naama 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The study of the medical practices of medieval European Jews has tended to centre on the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion of Jews in European societies, with medical practices and non-learned practitioners within Jewish communities receiving less attention. Information is particularly lacking on the more rudimentary aspects of medical training and practice, daily medical care and household medicine. This essay highlights features of the historiography of Jewish activity in medicine that beckon new or renewed scholarly attention. The essay introduces a cluster of articles, which begin to fill this lacuna while charting methodological keys for future work in the field.
To Promote or Hire? How Racial Processes and Organizational Characteristics Affect Internal Promotions in NCAA Division I College Basketball Coaching
Authors: Seebruck Ryan , Savage Scott V 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe use data from 2008–2013 on the universe of internal promotion opportunities in the labor market of NCAA Division I men's college basketball coaching to examine how race and racial homophily affect the likelihood of internal promotion. We run probit regression analyses from the individual and organizational perspective, offering a robust test of six hypotheses. In line with the relational inequality perspective, we find that the racial match of assistants and head coaches explains discrepancies in internal promotion, with homogeneous white pairings seeing significantly increased odds compared to other racial combinations. In addition, our findings reveal that colleges and universities are more likely to promote internally as the racial composition of the staff more closely matches the race of the outgoing head coach, thereby underscoring how racial processes inform the micro-level interactions that shape organizational behavior.
In Utero and Lactational Exposure to Diisopentyl Phthalate Induces Fetal Toxicity and Antiandrogenic Effects in Rats
Authors: Curi Tatiana Zauer , Neubert da Silva Gabriela , Passoni Marcella Tapias , Lima Tolouei Sara Emilia , Meldola Heloísa , Romano Renata Marino , Grechi Nicole , Dalsenter Paulo Roberto , Martino-Andrade Anderson Joel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A previous study has demonstrated exposure of Brazilian pregnant women to diisopentyl phthalate (DiPeP), which reduces fetal rat testosterone production in a dose-responsive manner. In this study, we examined gene expression of steroidogenic proteins in rat fetal testes and investigated the effects of in utero and lactational DiPeP exposure on male rat reproductive development and function. For the prenatal experiment, we orally exposed pregnant Wistar rats to DiPeP or di-n-butyl phthalate (reference phthalate) at 0, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day from gestation day 14–18 and the fetal testis was evaluated for transcript expression of Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Cyp19a1, Insl3, Ar, Esr1, Esr2, and Gper1 by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Diisopentyl phthalate lowered mRNA levels of key steroidogenic proteins, lending support to the previously reported reductions in fetal testosterone production. Diisopentyl phthalate also lowered fetal testis transcript levels of Insl3 and changed gene expression of some steroid hormones receptors. For the postnatal experiment, pregnant rats were exposed orally to vehicle (canola oil) and 4 DiPeP doses (1, 10, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day) between gestation day 10 and postnatal day 21. Diisopentyl phthalate induced a range of reproductive and antiandrogenic effects that are typical of the rat phthalate syndrome, including reduced anogenital distance at the highest dose, reduced weight of seminal vesicles at 10 mg/kg/day and above, and testicular morphological and functional changes. Signs of fetal toxicity were observed at the highest dose. Together, our results indicate that DiPeP, a compound relevant to the human exposure scenario, is one of the most active antiandrogenic phthalates.
Prenatal Dexamethasone Exposure Induced Alterations in Neurobehavior and Hippocampal Glutamatergic System Balance in Female Rat Offspring
Authors: Huang Songqiang , Dong Wanting , Jiao Zhexiao , Liu Jie , Li Ke , Wang Hui , Xu Dan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEpidemiological investigations have suggested that periodic use of dexamethasone during pregnancy is a risk factor for abnormal behavior in offspring, but the potential mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the changes in the glutamatergic system and neurobehavior in female offspring with prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) to explore intrauterine programing mechanisms. Compared with the control group, rat offspring with PDE exhibited spatial memory deficits and anxiety-like behavior. The expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) increased, whereas histone H3 lysine 14 acetylation (H3K14ac) of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) exon IV (BDNF IV) and expression of BDNF decreased. The glutamatergic system also changed. We further observed that changes in the fetal hippocampus were consistent with those in adult offspring. In vitro, the administration of 0.5 μM dexamethasone to the H19-7 fetal hippocampal neuron cells directly led to a cascade of changes in the GR/HDAC2/BDNF pathway, whereas the GR antagonist RU486 and the HDAC2 inhibitor romidepsin (Rom) reversed changes caused by dexamethasone to the H3K14ac level of BDNF IV and to the expression of BDNF. The increase in HDAC2 can be reversed by RU486, and the changes in the glutamatergic system can be partially reversed after supplementation with BDNF. It is suggested that PDE increases the expression of HDAC2 by activating GR, reducing the H3K14ac level of BDNF IV, inducing alterations in neurobehavior and hippocampal glutamatergic system balance. The findings suggest that BDNF supplementation and glutamatergic system improvement are potential therapeutic targets for the fetal origins of abnormal neurobehavior.
The long-term changing dynamics of dengue infectivity in Guangdong, China, from 2008–2018: a modelling analysis
Authors: Zhao Shi , Musa Salihu S , Meng Jiayi , Qin Jing , He Daihai 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Dengue remains a severe threat to public health in tropical and subtropical regions. In China, over 85% of domestic dengue cases are in the Guangdong province and there were 53 139 reported cases during 2008–2018. In Guangdong, the 2014 dengue outbreak was the largest in the last 20 y and it was probably triggered by a new strain imported from other regions.

Methods
We studied the long-term patterns of dengue infectivity in Guangdong from 2008–2018 and compared the infectivity estimates across different periods.

Results
We found that the annual epidemics approximately followed exponential growth during 2011–2014. The transmission rates were at a low level during 2008–2012, significantly increased 1.43-fold [1.22, 1.69] during 2013–2014 and then decreased back to a low level after 2015. By using the mosquito index and the likelihood-inference approach, we found that the new strain most likely invaded Guangdong in April 2014.

Conclusions
The long-term changing dynamics of dengue infectivity are associated with the new dengue virus strain invasion and public health control programmes. The increase in infectiousness indicates the potential for dengue to go from being imported to becoming an endemic in Guangdong, China.
Preventing More “Missing Girls”: A Review of Policies to Tackle Son Preference
Authors: Kumar Sneha , Sinha Nistha 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn parts of Asia, the South Caucasus, and the Balkans, son preference is strong enough to trigger significant levels of sex selection, resulting in the excess mortality of girls and skewing child sex ratios in favor of boys. Every year, an estimated 1.8 million girls go “missing” because of the widespread use of sex selective practices in these regions. The pervasive use of such practices is reflective of the striking inequities girls face immediately, and it also has possible negative implications for efforts to improve women's status in the long term. Recognizing this as a public policy concern, governments have employed direct measures such as banning the use of prenatal sex selection technology, and providing financial incentives to families that have girls. This study reviews cross-country experiences to take stock of the direct interventions used and finds no conclusive evidence that they are effective in reducing the higher mortality risk for girls. In fact, bans on the use of sex selection technology may inadvertently worsen the status of the very individuals they intend to protect, and financial incentives to families with girls offer only short-term benefits at most. Instead, what seems to work are policies that indirectly raise the value of daughters. The study also underscores the paucity of causal studies in this literature.
16Performance, Theater, Drama
Authors: Kastleman Rebecca 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The year 2018 was an especially fruitful and wide-ranging one for theater and performance studies. Several major monographs deepened discussion in established subject areas within the field, while new methodological approaches emerged, opening fresh directions in scholarship. This review focuses on four major areas of conversation that shaped the field in 2018: 1. Expanding Performance Aesthetics; 2. Economic and Material Contexts of Performance; 3. Enacting Public Justice; and 4. Performance on the Move.
Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gao Burke , Dwivedi Shashank , Patel Shyam A. , Nwizu Chibuikem , Cruz Aristides I. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to systematically review and quantitatively analyze outcomes in operative versus nonoperative management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in pediatric and adolescent patients.

Data Sources:
Using the Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, systematic searches of PubMed and EMBASE were conducted to identify English-language studies reporting outcomes in displaced pediatric midshaft clavicle fractures from 1997 to 2018.

Study Selection:
Studies that reported on outcomes of operative and/or nonoperative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in patients younger than 19 years were included.

Data Extraction:
Patient and treatment characteristics, union rates, time to union, time to return to activity, patient-reported outcome measures, and complications were extracted.

Data Synthesis:
All extracted data were recorded and qualitatively compared. QuickDASH (Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) scores and Constant scores were pooled using random-effects modeling and compared among studies, which adequately reported data for hypothesis testing.

Conclusions:
Three thousand eight hundred ten articles were identified, and 12 met inclusion criteria. These studies encompassed 497 patients with an average age of 14.1 years (8–18 years, range). Both operative and nonoperative management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in this population provide excellent rates of union and patient-reported outcome measures. Compared with nonoperative management, operative management yielded faster return to activity, superior Constant scores, and equal QuickDASH scores. Operative management had higher complication rates and complications that required secondary operative treatment (mostly related to implant prominence).

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Conventional Versus Stereotactic Image-guided Pedicle Screw Placement During Posterior Lumbar Fusions
Authors: Pendharkar Arjun V. , Rezaii Paymon G. , Ho Allen L. , Sussman Eric S. , Veeravagu Anand , Ratliff John K. , Desai Atman M. 
Published: July 2019

Study Design.
Retrospective 1:1 propensity score-matched analysis on a national longitudinal database between 2007 and 2016.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to compare complication rates, revision rates, and payment differences between navigated and conventional posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) procedures with instrumentation.

Summary of Background Data.
Stereotactic navigation techniques for spinal instrumentation have been widely demonstrated to improve screw placement accuracies and decrease perforation rates when compared to conventional fluoroscopic and free-hand techniques. However, the clinical utility of navigation for instrumented PLF remains controversial.

Methods.
Patients who underwent elective laminectomy and instrumented PLF were stratified into “single level” and “3- to 6-level” cohorts. Navigation and conventional groups within each cohort were balanced using 1:1 propensity score matching, resulting in 1786 navigated and conventional patients in the single-level cohort and 2060 in the 3 to 6 level cohort. Outcomes were compared using bivariate analysis.

Results.
For the single-level cohort, there were no significant differences in rates of complications, readmissions, revisions, and length of stay between the navigation and conventional groups. For the 3- to 6-level cohort, length of stay was significantly longer in the navigation group (P < 0.0001). Rates of readmissions were, however, greater for the conventional group (30-day: P = 0.0239; 90-day: P = 0.0449). Overall complications were also greater for the conventional group (P = 0.0338), whereas revision rate was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Total payments were significantly greater for the navigation group in both the single level and 3- to 6-level cohorts (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion.
Although use of navigation for 3- to 6-level instrumented PLF was associated with increased length of stay and payments, the concurrent decreased overall complication and readmission rates alluded to its potential clinical utility. However, for single-level instrumented PLF, no differences in outcomes were found between groups, suggesting that the value in navigation may lie in more complex procedures.

Level of Evidence: 3
The Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Physical Function to Predict Outcomes Based on Body Mass Index Following Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Yoo Joon S. , Hrynewycz Nadia M. , Brundage Thomas S. , Singh Kern 
Published: July 2019

Study Design.
Retrospective.

Objective.
To determine clinical outcomes in obese patients compared with non-obese patients utilizing Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Physical Function (PROMIS PF) following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF).

Summary of Background Data.
Although obesity is a risk factor for poor outcomes after spinal fusion, there has not been a study to evaluate clinical outcomes of obese patients utilizing the PROMIS PF survey.

Methods.
Patients undergoing MIS TLIF were stratified into three cohorts: non-obese (body mass index [BMI] ≤ 29.9 kg/m2), obese I (BMI = 30.0–34.9 kg/m2), and obese II–III (BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m2). Demographic and perioperative characteristics were compared using chi-squared analysis and linear regression. Change in PROMIS PF scores was calculated using paired t tests. Differences in PROMIS PF scores at each postoperative timepoint and changes in PROMIS PF from baseline were compared using linear regression.

Results.
One hundred eighty-six patients were included: 101 were non-obese, 41 were classified as obese I, and 44 were classified as obese II–III. Obese patients were more likely to be diabetic. Otherwise, no significant differences in demographic and perioperative characteristics were identified. Patients with higher BMIs reported significantly lower PROMIS PF scores at preoperative and all postoperative timepoints. However, patients experienced similar improvements through 6-month follow-up in PROMIS PF scores regardless of BMI. For the non-obese cohort, the change in the postoperative PROMIS PF score from baseline was significant at every postoperative timepoint. However, for the obese I and obese II–III cohorts, the change in the PROMIS PF score from baseline was significant at the 3-month and 6-month timepoints, but not at the 6-week timepoint.

Conclusion.
Patients with higher BMI had lower preoperative PROMIS PF scores and experienced similar improvement in PROMIS PF scores in the postoperative period. This study established that PROMIS PF may be utilized to evaluate the recovery of obese patients following MIS TLIF.

Level of Evidence: 3