bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interplay of etiological knowledge and mental illness stigma on healthcare utilisation in the community: A structural equation model
Authors: Schnyder N. , Michel C. , Panczak R. , Ochsenbein S. , Schimmelmann B.G. , Schultze-Lutter F. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground:The stigma of mental illness, especially personal attitudes towards psychiatric patients and mental health help-seeking, is an important barrier in healthcare utilisation. These attitudes are not independent of each other and are also influenced by other factors, such as mental health literacy, especially the public’s causal explanations for mental problems. We aimed to disentangle the interrelations between the different aspects of stigma and causal explanations with respect to their association with healthcare utilisation.Methods:Stigma and causal explanations were assessed cross-sectional using established German questionnaires with two unlabelled vignettes (schizophrenia and depression) in a random-selection representative community sample (N = 1375, aged 16–40 years). They were interviewed through a prior telephone survey for current mental disorder (n = 192) and healthcare utilisation (n = 377). Structural equation modelling was conducted with healthcare utilisation as outcome and stigma and causal explanations as latent variables. The final model was additionally analysed based on the vignettes.Results:We identified two pathways. One positive associated with healthcare utilisation, with high psychosocial stress and low constitution/personality related causal explanations, via positive perception of help-seeking and more help-seeking intentions. One negative associated with healthcare utilisation, with high biogenetic and constitution/personality, and low psychosocial stress related explanations, via negative perception of psychiatric patients and a strong wish for social distance. Sensitivity analysis generally supported both pathways with some differences in the role of biogenetic causal explanation.Conclusion:Our results indicate that campaigns promoting early healthcare utilisation should focus on different strategies to promote facilitation and reduce barriers to mental healthcare.
Survey on the Contemporary Management of Intraoperative Urethral Injuries During Penile Prosthesis Implantation
Authors: Sexton Stephanie J. , Granieri Michael A. , Lentz Aaron C. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Background
Intraoperative urethral injury is an uncommon event during the placement of a penile prosthesis, and alternative management strategies have been proposed with continuation of implantation after urethral injury.

Aim
To evaluate surgeon practices in the management of intraoperative urethral injury.

Methods
An online survey was sent to the society listservs of the Genitourinary Reconstructive Surgeons (GURS) and the Sexual Medicine Society of North America (SMSNA). Physicians were queried on their fellowship training, experience with penile prosthesis implantation, and management of urethral injuries during prosthesis placement. The response data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The χ2 test and Fisher exact test were used to determine associations between variables.

Outcomes
Survey responses.

Results
131 survey responses were analyzed. Of the responders, 41.2% were GURS fellowship trained, 19.1% were SMSNA trained, 30.5% were non-fellowship trained, and 9.2% were trained in other fellowships. 25.4% of participants performed more than 50 implantations per year, 37.7% performed 20 to 50 per year, and 36.9% performed fewer than 20 per year. Urethral injury during prosthesis implantation was uncommon, with 26.2% reporting 0 injury, 58.5% reporting 1 to 3 injuries, and 15.4% reporting more than 3 career injuries. Injuries were most commonly encountered during corporal dilation (71.1%) compared with corporal exposure (12.5%) or penile straightening maneuvers (7.0%). There was no statistically significant difference with aborting or continuing implantation among GURS-trained, SMSNA-trained, other fellowship-trained, and non–fellowship-trained surgeons. Of all responders, 55% would abort the procedure after distal urethral injury, whereas 45% would continue the procedure with unilateral or bilateral insertion of cylinders. Patient factors that increased likelihood of terminating the procedure in the case of urethral injury included immunosuppression, spinal cord injury, and clean intermittent catheterization dependence.

Clinical Implications
A urethral injury during penile prosthesis implantation might not mandate termination of the procedure despite classic teaching.

Strengths and Limitations
The strength of this study is that it provides difficult to obtain epidemiologic data on the frequency and management of this clinically significant injury. Limitations include the inherent biases from a survey-based study including response bias and recall bias. The survey response rate could not be obtained.

Conclusion
Urethral injury during penile prosthesis implantation is a rare but clinically significant risk of the procedure, with many variations in management of the injury. Termination and delayed implantation might not be necessary after injury, although long-term outcome data are difficult to obtain.
Predicting 1 Repetition Maximum Using Handheld Dynamometry
Authors: Tan Alicia En Ling , Grisbrook Tiffany L. , Minaee Novia , Williams Sîan A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundIsometric assessment of muscular function using a handheld dynamometer (HHD) is frequently used in clinic environments. However, there is controversy in terms of the validity of isometric assessment to monitor changes in dynamic performance. One repetition maximum (1RM) is considered the gold standard for evaluating dynamic strength, though clinicians do not often use 1RM testing, preferring to be cautious with clients who have preexisting impairments. If strength testing using an HHD could be used to predict 1RM, this may have significant implications for the use of isometric testing to prescribe exercise in clinical environments.ObjectiveTo establish the relationship and agreement between 1RM and isometric strength scores measured using HHD for the biceps and quadriceps muscle groups and to determine if HHD measurements can be used to predict 1RM.DesignCriterion standard comparison.SettingTertiary institution gymnasium.ParticipantsConvenience sample of 50 healthy adults (26 women) aged 19‐33 years (mean 23.38 ± 3.11 years).MethodsMuscle strength of the biceps and quadriceps muscle groups measured by 1RM and isometric maximal voluntary contraction measured using an HHD.Main Outcome MeasuresStatistical analysis of the relation between the measures of strength was established using Pearson correlation and a Bland‐Altman plot. A linear regression analysis with included covariates (gender, age, resistance training history, and body mass index) was used to derive the prediction equations.ResultsA significant correlation was found between 1RM and HHD scores for the biceps (r = .83, P < .001) and quadriceps muscle groups (r = .82, P < .001). However, strength scores were not in agreement. Linear regression analysis found significance in predicting 1RM from all HHD scores (P < .001). Gender as a covariate significantly influenced the prediction of 1RM for the biceps (P = .005) and quadriceps (P = .003) muscle groups.ConclusionsThere is a significant relationship between 1RM and HHD measures of strength, and measures taken using an HHD can be used to predict 1RM in the biceps and quadriceps muscle groups. The use of an HHD may therefore provide a more accessible alternative to 1RM for muscle strength assessments. Further research is warranted to determine if results are applicable in clinical populations.Level of EvidenceNA
Sonographic Changes After Ultrasound‐Guided Release of the Transverse Carpal Ligament: A Case Report
Authors: Latzka Erek W. , Henning P. Troy , Pourcho Adam M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCarpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy, resulting in 500,000 carpal tunnel release (CTR) surgeries and a total cost of more than 2 billion dollars annually in the United States. Although initially performed via a large (3‐5 cm) palmar incision, CTR techniques have continually evolved to reduce incision size, recovery times, postoperative pain, and improve cosmesis and clinical outcomes. More recently, multiple authors have reported excellent results after ultrasound‐guided carpal tunnel release (USCTR) using a variety of techniques, and one prospective randomized trial reported faster recovery after USCTR compared with traditional mini‐open CTR. However, there is a paucity of data with respect to changes in the median nerve after USCTR. This case report presents the functional outcomes and pre‐ and postprocedure ultrasound images of a patient after USCTR with 3‐month follow‐up.Level of EvidenceV
Moving beyond Moody
Authors: Flack Karen A. 
Published: March 2018

Thakkar et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 837, 2018, R1) represents a significant advancement in the ability to computationally model rough wall flows. Direct numerical solution (DNS) of turbulent boundary layer flow over an industrial grit blasted surface at relevant roughness Reynolds numbers, from hydraulically smooth to fully rough regimes, is a path forward to parametrically study a wide range of surface roughness. The methodology described in this paper, coupled with validation experiments, ultimately should lead to improved frictional drag predictions.
Holocene Human Occupation of the Central Alaska Peninsula
Authors: Barton Loukas , Shirar Scott , Jordan James W 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe Alaska Peninsula is a landscape defined by volcanic, tectonic, and glacial processes, and life throughout is conditioned on the interactions among them. During the middle Holocene (ca. 4100–3600 yr ago), intense caldera-forming eruptions of the Aniakchak and Veniaminof volcanoes changed the shape of the central portion of the Peninsula dramatically, and had significant and perhaps devastating impacts on both terrestrial and marine biota. Here we evaluate the severity of these impacts by tracking human settlement patterns using 75 unique radiocarbon (14C) age determinations on buried cultural features from the central Alaska Peninsula. Coastal regions were re-colonized within a few hundred years while river systems most proximate to the volcanoes were uninhabited for up to 1500 years following the most severe eruptions. Patterns of human settlement may also document previously unrecorded landscape change throughout the region, and further contribute to our understanding of post-volcanic ecological succession.
The Cyclopean Walls at Tarragona
Authors: Santa-Olalla Julio Martinez 
Published: March 2018

If the description of the 6th century Massalian Periplus, preserved in the Ora Maritima of Rufus Festus Avienus,l does not refer to Tarragona, as almost all scholars agree with Professor Bosch Gimpera2 in believing, then one can only say that to no other city of the Spanish coast can that account of its walls be applied with greater appropriateness.Seldom does it happen, as at Tarragona, that the ancient walls retain intact throughout the ages the embodiment of history amid the modern life of the city, and nowhere else with such charm and grandeur as that of Cesse with its true Iberian atmosphere. Usually the huge blocks of the primitive cyclopean wall are overlaid with reconstructions and refacings of the Roman, Visigothic and Medieval periods and of the modern Spanish fortifications.
Leptin and adiponectin supplementation modifies mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte composition and functionality in suckling rats
Authors: Grases-Pintó Blanca , Abril-Gil Mar , Rodríguez-Lagunas Maria J. , Castell Margarida , Pérez-Cano Francisco J. , Franch Àngels 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAt birth, when immune responses are insufficient, there begins the development of the defence capability against pathogens. Leptin and adiponectin, adipokines that are present in breast milk, have been shown to play a role in the regulation of immune responses. We report here, for the first time, the influence of in vivo adipokine supplementation on the intestinal immune system in early life. Suckling Wistar rats were daily supplemented with leptin (0·7 μg/kg per d, n 36) or adiponectin (35 μg/kg per d, n 36) during the suckling period. The lymphocyte composition, proliferation and cytokine secretion from mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (on days 14 and 21), as well as intestinal IgA and IgM concentration (day 21), were evaluated. At day 14, leptin supplementation significantly increased the TCRαβ+ cell proportion in mesenteric lymph nodes, in particular owing to an increase in the TCRαβ+ CD8+ cell population. Moreover, the leptin or adiponectin supplementation promoted the early development CD8+ cells, with adiponectin being the only adipokine capable of enhancing the lymphoproliferative ability at the end of the suckling period. Although leptin decreased intestinal IgA concentration, it had a trophic effect on the intestine in early life. Supplementation of both adipokines modulated the cytokine profile during (day 14) and at the end (day 21) of the suckling period. These results suggest that leptin and adiponectin during suckling play a role in the development of mucosal immunity in early life.
The main determinants of iodine in cows’ milk in Switzerland are farm type, season and teat dipping
Authors: van der Reijden Olivia L. , Galetti Valeria , Hulmann Marie , Krzystek Adam , Haldimann Max , Schlegel Patrick , Manzocchi Elisa , Berard Joel , Kreuzer Michael , Zimmermann Michael B , Herter-Aeberli Isabelle 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMilk and dairy products are important iodine sources and contribute about 30–40 % of total iodine in the Swiss diet. Information about variation in milk iodine concentration (MIC) in Switzerland is limited. We examined MIC and its potential determinants in milk from organic and conventional farms. We collected bulk milk samples at 3-month intervals over 1 year from thirty-two farms throughout Switzerland and Aosta valley, North-West Italy. We sampled all feed components including tap water, collected information on farm characteristics, feeding and teat disinfection practices by questionnaire and estimated the cows’ winter and summer iodine intake. Iodine in milk and feed components was measured using inductively coupled plasma MS. The overall median MIC was 87 (range 5–371) µg/l. In multivariate analysis, predictors of MIC were as follows: (1) farm type: median MIC from organic and conventional farms was 55 and 93 µg/l (P=0·022); (2) season: 53, 97 and 101 µg/l in September, December and March (P<0·002); and (3) teat dipping: 97 µg/l withv. 56 µg/l without (P=0·028). In conclusion, MIC varied widely between farms because of diverse farming practices that result in large differences in dairy cow exposure to iodine via ingestion or skin application. Standardisation of MIC is potentially achievable by controlling these iodine exposures. In order for milk to be a stable iodine source all year round, dietary iodine could be added at a set level to one feed component whose intake is regular and controllable, such as the mineral supplement, and by limiting the use of iodine-containing teat disinfectants.
Higher dietary and serum carotenoid levels are associated with lower carotid intima–media thickness in middle-aged and elderly people
Authors: Wang Cheng , Qiu Rui , Cao Yi , Ouyang Wei-fu , Li Hua-bin , Ling Wen-hua , Chen Yu-Ming 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSeveral studies have suggested that higher carotenoid levels may be beneficial for atherosclerosis patients, but few studies have examined this relationship in the Chinese population. This cross-sectional study examined the association between the levels of carotenoids in diet and serum and carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) in Chinese adults aged 50–75 years in Guangzhou, China. Dietary intake was assessed using a FFQ. HPLC was used to assay the serum concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein+zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene. The IMT at the common carotid artery (CCA) and bifurcation of the carotid artery was measured by B-mode ultrasound. A total of 3707 and 2947 participants were included in the analyses of dietary and serum carotenoids. After adjustment for demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors, all the serum carotenoids levels except lycopene were found to be inversely associated with the IMT at the CCA and bifurcation (Ptrend<0·001 to 0·013) in both men and women. The absolute mean differences in the IMT between the subjects in the extreme quartiles of serum carotenoid levels were 0·034 mm (α-carotene), 0·037 mm (β-carotene), 0·032 mm (lutein+zeaxanthin), 0·030 mm (β-cryptoxanthin), 0·015 mm (lycopene) and 0·035 mm (total carotenoids) at the CCA; the corresponding values were 0·025, 0·053 0·043, 0·050, 0·011 and 0·042 mm at the bifurcation. The favourable associations were also observed between dietary carotenoids (except lycopene) and the CCA IMT. In conclusion, elevated carotenoid levels in diet and serum are associated with lower carotid IMT values (particular at the CCA) in Chinese adults.
Discrete modular serpentine robotic tail: design, analysis and experimentation
Authors: Saab Wael , Rone William S. , Ben-Tzvi Pinhas 
Published: March 2018

SUMMARYThis paper presents the design, analysis and experimentation of a Discrete Modular Serpentine Tail (DMST). The mechanism is envisioned for use as a robotic tail integrated onto mobile legged robots to provide a means, separate from the legs, to aid stabilization and maneuvering for both static and dynamic applications. The DMST is a modular two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) articulated, under-actuated mechanism, inspired by continuum and serpentine robotic structures. It is constructed from rigid links with cylindrical contoured grooves that act as pulleys to route and maintain equal displacements in antagonistic cable pairs that are connected to a multi-diameter pulley. Spatial tail curvatures are produced by adding a roll-DOF to rotate the bending plane of the planar tail curvatures. Kinematic and dynamic models of the cable-driven mechanism are developed to analyze the impact of trajectory and design parameters on the loading profiles transferred through the tail base. Experiments using a prototype are performed to validate the forward kinematic and dynamic models, determine the mechanism's accuracy and repeatability, and measure the mechanism's ability to generate inertial loading.
Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Authors: Mitich Larry W. 
Published: March 2018

“… To the ground, With solemn adoration, down they cast Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold. Immortal amaranth, a flower which once In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, Began to bloom.”–John Milton (1608–1676), Paradise LostRedroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), one of the New World's major weeds, was described in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Over three decades later (1789), the genu wa placed in Amaranthaceae by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836) (Britton and Brown 1898). Amaranthaceae belongs to Centrospermae, a group of familie that contain betalain pigments instead of the anthocyanins found in most other angiosperms; it is closely related to Chenopodiaceae (Heywood 1993).
Core beliefs in healthy youth and youth at ultra high-risk for psychosis: Dimensionality and links to depression, anxiety, and attenuated psychotic symptoms
Authors: Cowan Henry R. , McAdams Dan P. , Mittal Vijay A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCognitive theory posits that core beliefs play an active role in developing and maintaining symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychosis. This study sought to comprehensively examine core beliefs, their dimensionality, and their relationships to depression, anxiety, and attenuated psychotic symptoms in two groups of community youth: a group at ultrahigh risk for psychosis (UHR; n = 73, M age = 18.7) and a matched healthy comparison group (HC; n = 73, M age = 18.1). UHR youth reported significantly more negative beliefs about self and others, and significantly less positive beliefs about self and others. HC youth rarely endorsed negative self-beliefs. Exploratory factor analyses found that HC negative self-beliefs did not cohere as a single factor. We hypothesized specific links between core beliefs and symptoms based on cognitive models of each disorder, and tested these links through regression analyses. The results in the HC group were consistent with the proposed models of depression and anxiety. The results in the UHR group were consistent with proposed models of depression and negative psychotic symptoms, somewhat consistent with a proposed model of positive psychotic symptoms, and not at all consistent with a proposed model of anxiety. These findings add to a growing developmental literature on core beliefs and psychopathology, with important clinical implications.
Infusing an HtDP-based CS1 with distributed programming using functional video games
Authors: MORAZÁN MARCO T. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA Computer Science introduction course ought to focus on exciting students about the subject matter and on problem solving through the methodical design of programs. An effective way to achieve both is through the development of functional video games. As most students are interested in video games, their development adds an exciting domain to any introduction to programming. This article advocates that an exciting crowning achievement for students in such a course is the design and implementation of a multiplayer distributed video game. By exploiting a domain that is popular with students, they are taught about design principles, communication protocols, and pitfalls in distributed programming. This article puts forth a successfully used design recipe that places distributed programming well within the reach of beginning students and outlines the use of this design recipe in the classroom. For those teaching beginners, this article presents a model for developing their own distributed programming module. The success of the presented methodology is measured through student feedback on their distributed programming experience. The empirical results suggest that the design and implementation of distributed functional video games is effective and well-received by students. Furthermore, the data suggests that the presented methodology fails to exhibit the gender gap common in Computer Science and is effective regardless of the programming experience CS1 students bring to the classroom.
Doctrines and Dimensions of Justice: Their Historical Backgrounds and Ideological Underpinnings
Authors: HÄYRY MATTI 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Justice can be approached from many angles in ethical and political debates, including those involving healthcare, biomedical research, and well-being. The main doctrines of justice are liberal egalitarianism, libertarianism, luck egalitarianism, socialism, utilitarianism, capability approach, communitarianism, and care ethics. These can be further elaborated in the light of traditional moral and social theories, values, ideals, and interests, and there are distinct dimensions of justice that are captured better by some tactics than by others. In this article, questions surrounding these matters are approached with the hermeneutic idea of a distinction between “American” and “European” ways of thinking.