bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genomic basis for colonizing the freezing Southern Ocean revealed by Antarctic toothfish and Patagonian robalo genomes
Authors: Chen Liangbiao , Lu Ying , Li Wenhao , Ren Yandong , Yu Mengchao , Jiang Shouwen , Fu Yanxia , Wang Jian , Peng Sihua , Bilyk Kevin T , Murphy Katherine R , Zhuang Xuan , Hune Mathias , Zhai Wanying , Wang Wen , Xu Qianghua , Cheng Chi-Hing Christina 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
The Southern Ocean is the coldest ocean on Earth but a hot spot of evolution. The bottom-dwelling Eocene ancestor of Antarctic notothenioid fishes survived polar marine glaciation and underwent adaptive radiation, forming &gt;120 species that fill all water column niches today. Genome-wide changes enabling physiological adaptations and the rapid expansion of the Antarctic notothenioids remain poorly understood.

Results
We sequenced and compared 2 notothenioid genomes—the cold-adapted and neutrally buoyant Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni and the basal Patagonian robalo Eleginops maclovinus, representing the temperate ancestor. We detected &gt;200 protein gene families that had expanded and thousands of genes that had evolved faster in the toothfish, with diverse cold-relevant functions including stress response, lipid metabolism, protein homeostasis, and freeze resistance. Besides antifreeze glycoprotein, an eggshell protein had functionally diversified to aid in cellular freezing resistance. Genomic and transcriptomic comparisons revealed proliferation of selcys–transfer RNA genes and broad transcriptional upregulation across anti-oxidative selenoproteins, signifying their prominent role in mitigating oxidative stress in the oxygen-rich Southern Ocean. We found expansion of transposable elements, temporally correlated to Antarctic notothenioid diversification. Additionally, the toothfish exhibited remarkable shifts in genetic programs towards enhanced fat cell differentiation and lipid storage, and promotion of chondrogenesis while inhibiting osteogenesis in bone development, collectively contributing to the achievement of neutral buoyancy and pelagicism.

Conclusions
Our study revealed a comprehensive landscape of evolutionary changes essential for Antarctic notothenioid cold adaptation and ecological expansion. The 2 genomes are valuable resources for further exploration of mechanisms underlying the spectacular notothenioid radiation in the coldest marine environment.
Inequality, financialization, and the US current account deficit
Authors: Ivanova Maria N 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe US has run a persistent current account deficit since 1982. Its growth particularly accelerated in the early 2000s, and the deficit peaked at about 6% of US GDP in 2006. Coincidentally, the distribution of income and wealth has grown progressively unequal, while the so-called financialization of the US economy has deepened. This article argues that the concomitant processes of persistent current account deficits, rising inequality, and deepening financialization are not merely coincidental but can be traced to common causes arising from the global restructuring of US production through foreign direct investment and offshoring, which has underlain the structural transformation of the US economy since the 1980s. On the one hand, the US is the world’s biggest exporter of capital and recipient of foreign investment income; on the other hand, it is the biggest importer of foreign goods, often produced with the involvement of US capital. Ultimately, deindustrialization at home—a major factor behind the loss of middle-wage, middle-class jobs, and thus of rising income inequality—and the transnationalization of US production have boosted corporate profits, thereby propping up and accelerating the financialization of the US economy.
The 2013 Amendments to the Arab Investment Agreement
Authors: Hasaan Amr Arafa 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Since their first emergence in the 1950s, international investment agreements (IIAs) have been subject to periodic update and revision. Hence, some scholars have classified them into generations. In 1980, the Member States of the Arab League signed the Unified Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital in the Arab States, which was intended to enhance the encouragement and protection of foreign direct investment (FDI) among them. The practical application of IIAs sometimes resulted in unforeseen consequences for either investors or host States. There have also been changes in IIAs worldwide. In 2013, the Member States amended the Unified Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital in the Arab States. This article analyses the changes that the Member States sought through that modification. It also underlines comparison between the principles of promotion and protection precedent to the amendment and thereafter. It also covers the alteration of investor–State resolution mechanisms under the Agreement.
The Effects of Recombinant Human Lactoferrin on Immune Activation and the Intestinal Microbiome Among Persons Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Sortino Ornella , Hullsiek Kathy Huppler , Richards Elizabeth , Rupert Adam , Schminke Andrea , Tetekpor Namo , Quinones Mariam , Prosser Rachel , Schacker Tim , Sereti Irini , Baker Jason V 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Lactoferrin modulates mucosal immunity and targets mechanisms contributing to inflammation during human immunodeficiency virus disease. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial of recombinant human (rh) lactoferrin was conducted among 54 human immunodeficiency virus–infected participants with viral suppression. Outcomes were tolerability, inflammatory, and immunologic measures, and the intestinal microbiome. The median age was 51 years, and the median CD4+ cell count was 651/µL. Adherence and adverse events did not differ between rh-lactoferrin and placebo. There was no significant effect on plasma interleukin-6 or D-dimer levels, nor on monocyte/T-cell activation, mucosal integrity, or intestinal microbiota diversity. Oral administration of rh-lactoferrin was safe but did not reduce inflammation and immune activation.
Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01830595.
Successful deployment of drug-disease interaction clinical decision support across multiple Kaiser Permanente regions
Authors: Bubp Jeff L , Park Michelle A , Kapusnik-Uner Joan , Dang Thong , Matuszewski Karl , Ly Don , Chiang Kevin , Shia Sek , Hoberman Brian 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objective
The study sought to develop a criteria-based scoring tool for assessing drug-disease knowledge base content and creation of a subset and to implement the subset across multiple Kaiser Permanente (KP) regions.

Materials and Methods
In Phase I, the scoring tool was developed, used to create a drug-disease alert subset, and validated by surveying physicians and pharmacists from KP Northern California. In Phase II, KP enabled the alert subset in July 2015 in silent mode to collect alert firing rates and confirmed that alert burden was adequately reduced. The alert subset was subsequently rolled out to users in KP Northern California. Alert data was collected September 2015 to August 2016 to monitor relevancy and override rates.

Results
Drug-disease alert scoring identified 1211 of 4111 contraindicated drug-disease pairs for inclusion in the subset. The survey results showed clinician agreement with subset examples 92.3%-98.5% of the time. Postsurvey adjustments to the subset resulted in KP implementation of 1189 drug-disease alerts. The subset resulted in a decrease in monthly alerts from 32 045 to 1168. Postimplementation monthly physician alert acceptance rates ranged from 20.2% to 29.8%.

Discussion
Our study shows that drug-disease alert scoring resulted in an alert subset that generated acceptable interruptive alerts while decreasing overall potential alert burden. Following the initial testing and implementation in its Northern California region, KP successfully implemented the disease interaction subset in 4 regions with additional regions planned.

Conclusions
Our approach could prevent undue alert burden when new alert categories are implemented, circumventing the need for trial live activations of full alert category knowledge bases.
Conservation Conundrum: At-risk Bumble Bees (Bombus spp.) Show Preference for Invasive Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca) While Foraging in Protected Areas
Authors: Gibson Shelby D , Liczner Amanda R , Colla Sheila R 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn recent decades, some bumble bee species have declined, including in North America. Declines have been reported in species of bumble bees historically present in Ontario, including: yellow bumble bee (Bombus fervidus) (Fabricus, 1798), American bumble bee (Bombus pensylvanicus) (DeGeer, 1773), and yellow-banded bumble bee (Bombus terricola) (Kirby, 1837). Threats contributing to bumble bee population declines include: land-use changes, habitat loss, climate change, pathogen spillover, and pesticide use. A response to the need for action on pollinator preservation in North America has been to encourage ‘bee-friendly’ plantings. Previous studies show differences in common and at-risk bumble bee foraging; however, similar data are unavailable for Ontario. Our research question is whether there is a difference in co-occurring at-risk and common bumble bee (Bombus spp.) floral use (including nectar and pollen collection) in protected areas in southern Ontario. We hypothesize that common and at-risk species forage differently, predicting that at-risk species forage on a limited selection of host plants. We conducted a field survey of sites in southern Ontario, using observational methods to determine bumble bee foraging by species. The results of a redundancy analysis show a difference in foraging between common and at-risk bumblebee species. At-risk bumble bee species show a preference for foraging on invasive, naturalized Vicia cracca (tufted vetch). This finding raises the question of how to preserve or provide forage for at-risk bumble bees, when they show an association with an invasive species often subject to control in protected areas.
Determinants of Mammographic Density Change
Authors: Azam Shadi , Sjölander Arvid , Eriksson Mikael , Gabrielson Marike , Czene Kamila , Hall Per 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Mammographic density (MD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. We examined how breast cancer risk factors are associated with MD area (cm2) change across age.

Methods
We conducted a cohort study of 31 782 Swedish women ages 40–70 years at time of baseline mammogram. Lifestyle and reproductive risk factors were assessed by a web-based questionnaire. MD was measured as dense area using the STRATUS method (mean over the left and right breast). Linear regression analyses with adjustments for age, body mass index (BMI), and menopausal status at baseline were performed to assess the association between breast cancer risk factors and mean baseline MD. To investigate mean MD change across age, linear regression analyses with adjustments for age, BMI, menopausal status, and age at last mammogram were performed. All tests of statistical significance were two-sided.

Results
Except for oral contraceptive use, established lifestyle and reproductive risk factors for breast cancer were associated with baseline mean MD. The overall average annual MD change was −1.0 cm2. BMI and physical activity were statistically significantly associated with MD change. Lean women (BMI <20 kg/m2) had a mean MD change of −1.13 cm2 per year (95% confidence interval = −1.25 to −1.02) compared with −0.46 cm2 per year (95% confidence interval = −0.57 to −0.35) for women with BMI 30 or higher. The annual MD change was −0.4 cm2 larger in women who were very physically active compared with less physically active women.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that all risk factors for breast cancer, except oral contraceptive use, are associated with baseline MD but that only age, BMI, and physical activity are determinants of MD change.
Efficient formation route of the prebiotic molecule formamide on interstellar dust grains
Authors: Dulieu F , Nguyen T , Congiu E , Baouche S , Taquet V 
Published: January 2019

AbstractInterstellar complex organic molecules are thought to be the building blocks of more complex prebiotic compounds. In particular, formamide (or methanimide, NH2CHO), is presented as a multifunctional prebiotic precursor, the starting point of both pre-genetic and pre-metabolic species. NH2CHO is widely observed in different astrophysical media as well as in comets that may have had a crucial role in the delivery of exogenous material to Earth. In star-forming regions, gas phase synthesis of formamide is possible, even if it is still debated. In this paper we present laboratory experiments demonstrating formamide formation in interstellar ice analogues at astronomically relevant temperatures via simultaneous hydrogenation of NO and H2CO, two abundant molecules in star-forming regions. Inclusion of the experimental results in an astrochemical gas-grain model confirms the importance of the investigated solid-state reaction channel leading a high yield of formamide in dark interstellar clouds, and adds a valuable perspective about the way this refractory molecule may have been part of the prebiotic molecular building blocks delivered to the young Earth.
Incidence of Spontaneous Obliteration in Untreated Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Liew Jason A , Yang Wuyang , Mashouf Leila A , Li Sean , Caplan Justin M , Tamargo Rafael J , Huang Judy 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Spontaneous obliteration (SpO) of untreated arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is rare with fewer than 100 cases reported. The incidence and predisposing factors of SpO remain unclear, impeding our understanding of lesion progression in untreated patients.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the incidence rate and predisposing factors of SpO in a North American cohort.

METHODS
AVMs were retrospectively evaluated at our institution for over 25 yr. Untreated AVMs were divided into 2 groups: SpO-AVMs and non-SpO-AVMs. All statistical results were based on univariate analyses. Incidence was generated from counts of SpO over the untreated interval in patient years from birth until obliteration, treatment, or last follow-up.

RESULTS
One hundred fifty-four patients had untreated AVMs; SpO was observed in 4. Average ages were 49.0 ± 23.6 and 48.7 ± 20.4 yr in the SpO-AVM and non-SpO-AVM group, respectively (P = .98). Average AVM sizes were 2.0 ± 1.8 cm (SpO-AVMs) and 3.7 ± 2.6 cm (non-SpO-AVMs, P = .25). All SpO-AVMs and 40 (27.0%) non-SpO-AVMs had a ruptured presentation (P = .006). A single draining vein was observed in all SpO-AVMs and 39 (32.8%) non-SpO-AVMs (P = .01). Deep venous drainage was not observed in any SpO-AVMs, but in 81 (57.9%) non-SpO-AVMs (P = .04). Mean follow-up time was 37.0 ± 42.6 and 75.6 ± 161.7 mo in SpO-AVM and non-SpO-AVMs patients, respectively. Of the 2 SpO-AVM patients with postobliteration follow-up, 1 experienced recanalization. From a 672-patient cohort, the incidence of SpO over 28 961 patient years was 0.014%.

CONCLUSION
SpO-AVMs have an annual incidence rate of approximately 0.014% and tend to present with rupture, a single draining vein, and superficial venous drainage. Expectation of SpO for untreated AVMs is not justified, and patients should anticipate life-long hemorrhagic risk for untreated AVMs.
Interest Rates and Inflation Revisited
Authors: Fama Eugene F 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The continuously compounded (CC) interest rate on a one-month Treasury bill observed at the end of month t–1 is the sum of a CC expected real return and a CC expected inflation rate, Rt–1 = Et–1(rt) + Et–1(It). Two approaches are used to split Rt–1 between its two components. In the first, models for rt produce estimates of Et–1(rt), which are used to infer Et–1(It) as Rt–1 – Et–1(rt). The second approach models It to produce estimates of Et–1(It) and infer Et–1(rt) as Rt–1 – Et–1(It). By design, the estimates of Et–1(rt) and Et–1(It) from both approaches have the properties implied by rational bill prices.
Received October 10, 2018; Editorial decision December 31, 2018 By Editor Jeffrey Pontiff
Noncognitive Abilities and Financial Distress: Evidence from a Representative Household Panel
Authors: Parise Gianpaolo , Peijnenburg Kim 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper provides evidence of how noncognitive abilities affect financial distress. In a representative panel of households, we find that people in the bottom quintile of noncognitive abilities are 10 times more likely to experience financial distress than those in the top quintile. We provide evidence that this relation largely arises from worse financial choices and lack of financial insight by low-ability individuals and reflects differential exposure to income shocks only to a lesser degree. We mitigate endogeneity concerns using an IV approach and an extensive set of controls. Implications for policy and finance research are discussed.Received September 24, 2017; editorial decision September 26, 2018 by Editor Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Cash Transfers, Microentrepreneurial Activity, and Child Work: Evidence from Malawi and Zambia
Authors: de Hoop Jacobus , Groppo Valeria , Handa Sudhanshu 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Cash transfer programs are rapidly becoming a key component of the social safety net of many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The primary aim of these programs is to help households improve their food security and to smooth consumption during periods of economic duress. However, beneficiary households have also been shown to use these programs to expand their microentrepreneurial activities. Cluster-randomized trials carried out during the rollout of large-scale programs in Malawi and Zambia show that children may increase their work in the household enterprise through such programs. Both programs increased forms of work that may be detrimental to children, such as activities that expose children to hazards in Malawi and excessive working hours in Zambia. However, both programs also induced positive changes in other child well-being domains, such as school attendance and material well-being, leading to a mixed and inconclusive picture of the implications of these programs for children.
Effect of Dahuang Danpi Decoction on Lactobacillus bulgaricus growth and metabolism
Authors: Li Chaoqun , Zhang Jiayu , Xu Hua , Chen Yabin , Gao Shuoshuo , Guo Shu-ning , Huang Bang , Gao Ruyi , Long Zhicheng , Jiang Meirong 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Gut flora plays an essential role in disease and health. A traditional Chinese herb formula, Dahuang Danpi Decoction (DDD) can alleviate several gastrointestinal diseases.
In the present study, we assessed the effect of DDD on the growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. L bulgaricus was cultured in MRS with 40 mg/ml (high), 10 mg/ml (medium), and 2.5 mg/ml (low) of DDD, Ceftriaxone and blank (control). The growth of L bulgaricus was measured by optical density. The levels of L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid were also measured.
Compared to the control group, the concentrations of L bulgaricus in the medium and the high concentrations DDD groups were significantly higher (P < .001 for all), while the concentrations of L bulgaricus in the ceftriaxone groups were significantly lower. In the 3 DDD groups, the L- lactic acid levels were significantly higher than those in the control group and the ceftriaxone groups (P < .001 for all), and the L-lactic acid level was the highest in the high DDD group. Similarly, the D-lactic acid level in the high concentration DDD group was significantly higher than those in the medium and low concentration DDD groups, the control group and the ceftriaxone groups. Both the L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid levels were lower than those in the control group and the DDD groups.
DDD could dose-dependently promote the growth of L bulgaricus and enhance the secretion of L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, which suggests DDD may be able to interact with the probiotics, improve the gut microbiota, and serve in the prevention and treatment of dysbiosis.
Cytokines concentrations in aqueous humor of eyes with uveal melanoma
Authors: Cheng Yong , Feng Jing , Zhu Xuemei , Liang Jianhong 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the major intraocular malignancy in adults, of which the molecular biology is still unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the aqueous concentrations of angiogenic, inflammatory, and chemotactic cytokines in eyes with UM.
Aqueous humor samples were collected from 38 patients with UM and 22 patients undergoing cataract surgery. Interleukin 6, 8 (IL-6, IL-8, respectively), interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), placental growth factor1 (PIGF1), regulated on activation, normal T Cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), nerve growth factor-beta (NGF-β), epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelia growth factor A (VEGF-A) were assessed by multiplex bead assay.
In the study group, significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 (P = .006), IL-8 (P = .018), IP-10 (P = .004), RANTES (P = .008), MCP-1 (P = .02), NGF-β (P = .013), EGF (P < .001), PIGF1 (P = .01), bFGF (P = .016), and VEGF (P = .017) were measured, when compared with the control group.
Several angiogenic, inflammatory, and chemotactic cytokines are highly expressed in the aqueous humor of the UM eyes, which provides new insights into the pathophysiology of UM and could be potential targets for treatment.
Association of serum leptin with breast cancer
Authors: Gu Li , Wang Cheng-Di , Cao Chang , Cai Lin-Rui , Li De-Hua , Zheng Yu-Zhen 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background:
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that leptin is associated to the tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer (BC). However, these studies remain inconsistent. Thus, a meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the role of leptin in the patients with BC.

Method:
A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases was conducted up to September 1, 2017. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to pool the effect size. A funnel plot and Egger test were used to evaluate publication bias.

Results:
Finally, 43 eligible studies were included in the current meta-analysis. Overall, serum leptin levels in BC cases were significantly higher compared with the controls (SMD = 0.61, P <.0001). When subgroup analyses were restricted to ethnicity and menstrual status, higher serum leptin concentration was also detected in patients with BC. Moreover, BC cases with body mass index (BMI) >25 indicated significantly higher serum leptin levels (SMD = 1.48, P = .034). Furthermore, the BC cases with lymph node metastases showed significantly higher serum leptin concentration (SMD = 0.53, P = .015).

Conclusion:
The present meta-analysis suggests that the serum leptin may profiles as a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and metastasis of BC. In addition, leptin will provide useful information for a therapeutic target to treat BC.