bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conception of context in research of cognitive processes
Authors: Martišius Vaclovas 
Published: January 2019

The purpose of the research is to critically assess both the concept of context and interpretation of context
types that are used in the field of research of cognitive processes. Many different authors describe the concept of context differently. Some authors, particularly representatives of AI research trend, interpret the notion of context as means of both structurization of knowledge and using it in the process of problem solving, or the whole complex of important conditions and influences of the situation, which make one think of the situation as unique and understandable, while others interpret context as unconscious representations that make an influence on the experiences of individual. Psychologists note frequently that context should not be related with something that is in the centre of attention, i.e. stimulus, or target. Differences of interpretation of context, existing in the works of both AI specialists and psychologists, are, apparently, due to the fact that AI experts investigate intelligence in a rather general manner taking into account its every possible manifestation, while psychologists limit themselves to only making researches in both people’s and animals’ intellectual activities. As the case may be, there’s no reason to attribute the impact of context to only unconscious processes and automatism. It has been established that conscious context sometimes acts upon a target quite differently, compared with unconscious context.
Development of Situational Test for Sergeant Selection
Authors: Antanaitytė Neringa , Vabolytė Kristina , Valickas Gintautas 
Published: January 2019

The role of sergeants in military units is important as they are officers who deal with soldiers and are responsible for their wellbeing and military preparedness. Sergeants can be set for a variety of duties, therefore different kinds of personality traits and abilities are required. In Lithuania, sergeant selection is based on education, health report and reference letter. So there is no appropriate psychological criterion for the selection of sergeants. The purpose of the present research was to identify criteria of selection of leaders of small army units (section and squad) as well as develop a situational test for their psychological selection and testing their psychometric characteristics. The situational test was based on the leadership criterion. The total number of 369 respondents – soldiers, leaders of sections, leaders of squads and their supervisors – participated in the research. A job analysis questionnaire based on the evaluation of interviewdata and on job descriptions for section and squad leaders was developed, as well as a questionnaire for rating the attributes possessed by good leaders of small army units was compiled. Afterwards, one more questionnaire was made, in which the importance of the chosen attributes was assessed by linking them to the most important tasks of section and squad leaders. Factor analysis of data resulted in five selection criteria: target-oriented behaviour, leadership, military discipline, interpersonal competence, dutifulness. Within the initial version of the situational test, an interview with section and squad leaders and their supervisors was conducted. There were 29 problematic situations selected from their job. Experts assessed the relevance and difficulty of these situations. Finally, 15 situations were selected for the initial version of the situational test. Then the evaluation of test score reliability and concurrent validity was made. The level of difficulty and discriminative characteristics of each test item (problematic situation) was evaluated as well. Test score reliability and concurrent validity were significant (p < 0.01). Eleven situations were of sufficient difficulty and discriminative power level. The concurrent validity of the test was assessed after making some corrections by excluding four situations, and it was significant (p < 0.01).
Effects of video-feedback correction of infant–mother interaction on two-years-olds’ behaviour
Authors: Kalinauskienė Lina , Čekuolienė Danguolė , Kusakovskaja Inna , Kiltanavičiūtė Vaida 
Published: January 2019

Objective. A andomized control trial examined the effects of short-term, interaction focused and attachment-based video-feedback intervention (VIPP, Juffer et al., 2008) in infancy on children’s behaviour problems at the age of two years.Design. Intervention effect on children‘’s behaviour problems was assessed in a sample of N = 85 mother–infant dyads (only first-born healthy infants, living in intact families participated). Intervention effect on children’s behaviour problems was evaluatedin non-clinical, middle-class Lithuanian mothers by comparing three groups of mother–infant dyads: low-sensitive mothers, who participated in the intervention (N = 21), low sensitive mothers who did not participate in the intervention (N = 21), and a groupof sensitive mothers with a higher sensitivity (N = 43) who did not take part in the intervention.Intervention. The VIPP intervention consisted of five monthly sessions and was implemented between the 7th and 12th months of infant’s age. The intervention was conducted by two clinical psychologists after an extensive training.Method. Maternal sensitivity was evaluated from video-record of the free play sessions using the Ainsworth sensitivity scale. Children’s behaviour problems were assessed using CBCL 1/2-5 (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2000). Infants’ positive and negativereactivity (temperament) from observational data and maternal daily stress (Crnic and Greenberg, 1990) were assessed additionally.Results. Children of the intervention group mothers received similar scores on behaviour problems scales as did control group mothers and mothers with a higher sensitivity. Maternal sensitivity in all groups of infant–mother dyads did not correlate significantly with the scores on children’s internal, external and total behaviour problems’ scales. Maternal daily stress (related to child care) significantly correlated with children’s behaviour problems in the control group. In the group of mothers with higher sensitivity, family income, fathers’ age and occupation significantly correlated with the later children’s behaviour problems. We could speculate that in the low sensitive mothers’ intervention group we maybe did not find a correlation between maternal daily stress (related to child care) and later children’s behaviour problems, because the intervention served as a buffer for these mothers, while in low-sensitive mothers of the control group the mentioned correlation was moderate.Conclusion. Children’s behaviour problems at two years were not significantly affected by intervention in infancy.
Childern’s color preferences and color choices for completing drawings of human figures in primary school
Authors: Pranckevičienė Aistė , Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė Kristina , Soikinaitė Indrė 
Published: January 2019

Drawing techniques are popular tools in children’s psychological assessment. It is supposed that colors in the child’s drawing could reflect the emotional state or feelings which he or she holds towards the topic being drawn. However, there is a lack of research to validate these interpretations.The aim of this work was to analyse pupils’ color preferences in I–IV grades and to investigate whet-her children systematically use specific colors in their drawings in response to emotional characterization of the figure. 1307 children (648 boys and 659 girls) from mainstream schools of Kaunas region, aged between 6 years 4 months and 12 years 3 months, participated in a color preference, mood rating and drawing session. All children rated the set of 11 pencils (from the most liked to the most disliked color) and completed three drawings of differently characterized human figures (neutral, nice, and nasty).The results of the study revealed gender differences in color preferences. Girls preferred bright colors (pink, yellow, sky blue, spring green, orange), while boys preferred darker tones of colors (blue, green, brown, black). All results are significant at p < 0.05. However, the most liked colors for both genders were bright (pink and sky blue), what is in line with color stereotypes used in children’s clothing and toys. The most disliked color for both genders was black; girls chose black as the most disliked color more often (p < 0.001).The results of the study indicate that children use specific colors when completing nice and nasty figures (p < 0.001). The strongest relationship was observed between a nice figure and the yellow color and a nasty figure and the black color. However, the choice of the color was related to a child’s color preference. The more preferred colors were used for completing of neutral and nice figures (p < 0.0001), while less preferred colors were used for nasty figures (p < 0.0001). Although the results of the study confirm the general association between characteristics of the topic being drawn and colors, the observed gender differences and the importance of color preference indicate that color interpretations during child’s psychological assessment should be done with caution. The implications for further research are discussed.
Relationship between experienced compassion outcomes, burnout and health-related behaviour among psychologists
Authors: Aukštinaitytė R. , Zajančkauskaitė-Staskevičienė L. 
Published: January 2019

The profession of psychologist is based on compassion which may have positive and negative outcomes for a professional. The energy of compassion can be transformed either into fatigue or into satisfaction, depending on the psychologist’s skills to increase affect, resources, and self-care as well as to maintain a balance between personal and professional life. Compassion satisfaction is about the pleasure a psychologist derives from being able to do work well and feeling a pleasure to help others. Compassion fatigue is a direct result of exposure to client’s suffering and complicated by a lack of support in the workplace. Burnout is not directly related to compassion but associated with feelings of hopelessness and difficulties in dealing with conflicts between professional standards and personal feelings and values. Self-care is a potential mechanism to increase the positive and reduce negative outcomes of work on psychologists’ well-being.The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and burnout as well as correlations of these constructs with health-related behaviour among psychologists. 103 psychologists took part in the study. The Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL, Stamm, 1999–2000), Self Care and Lifestyle Balance Inventory (McKay, 2004) were used.The results have indicated that compassion fatigue positively correlates with burnout (r = 0.725, p < 0.001). In contrast, compassion satisfaction negatively correlates with burnout (r = –0.209, p = 0.035). Also, it has been found that self-care is related with a higher level of compassion satisfaction (r = 0.356, p < 0.001) and with a lower level of compassion fatigue (r = –0.195, p = 0.048). Significant positive correlations have been found among a greater level of compassion satisfaction and sleeping quality, listening to the signals of one’s own body, preservation of good working and communication skills and healthy limits when struggling for onerself, short brakes at work, time spent with trusted people, self-believe and believing in one’s own abilities and satisfaction with important things in life. Compassion fatigue negatively correlates with the ability to leave the working strain behind, hearing the signals of one’s own body, preservation of healthy limits when struggling for oneself and not allowing others to exhaust you and setting real goals of life and systematically reaching them. Positive correlation has been recognized between compassion satisfaction and workload (r = 0.211, p = 0.033). A greater level of compassion satisfaction is also associated with the participants of the study considering themselves believers and church visiting. Additionally positive correlation has been found between psychologists’ burnout and a greater length of time working in education section. Self-care negatively correlates with a greater number of employments.
Predictors of older schoolchildren’s psychological well-being
Authors: Šarakauskienė Ž. , Bagdonas A. 
Published: January 2019

The rising numbers of the adolescents’ psychological disorders, on the background of limited investments and available psychological services, awake interest in schoolchildren’s psychological well-being.The goal of the study was to determine which sociodemographic and personality variables are significant predictors of the older schoolchildren’s different psychological well-being dimensions. The dimensions of Lithuanian older schoolchildren’s (N = 655, from 21 general and professional education schools) psychological well-being (autonomy (Cronbach’s α = 0.72), environmental mastery (α = 0.62), personal growth (α = 0.60), positive relations with others (α = 0.72), purpose in life (α = 0.67), and self-acceptance (α = 0.74)) were measured, and with the help of multiple linear regression, the psychological well-being was found not to depend on an family composition, living place (41.8% were from five biggest cities, 36.8% from region towns, 21.4% from villages), attendance of extracurricular activities. It wasn’t possible to draw an unambiguous conclusion concerning psychological well-being independence on gender (58% were girls), age, and economic resources. Boys had higher scores than girls in environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance, 18-year-old schoolchildren had scored higher than younger ones in personal growth and purpose in life dimensions; the amount of money received for minor expenses had no relationship with the latter two dimensions of psychological well-being. The internal locus of control predicted higher psychological well-being. A higher learning success significantly positively predicted autonomy, personal growth, and purpose in life. Personality variables predicted schoolchildren’s psychological well-being stronger than did sociodemographic ones. Extraversion predicted higher psychological well-being in all six dimensions, and the consciousness factor positively impacted the environmental mastery and purpose in life scores. Emotional stability predicted higher environmental mastery, positive relations with others, and self-acceptance. Neuroticism was unrelated to autonomy and purpose in life. attention must be paid to the fact that the significant prognostic sociodemographic and personality variables analysed in the study accounted for only rather small amounts of psychological well-being dimension variance (from 16.5% in autonomy and personal growth to 28.6% in environmental mastery and positive relations with others).
Effective psychological treatment in psychotraumatology
Authors: Kazlauskas E. 
Published: January 2019

The present article gives an overview of the psycho­logical treatments of psychological trauma. The article is oriented towards practitioners who want to update their knowledge of the recent developments in psychotraumatology. The research findings, based on meta-analyses and good practice guidelines, are presented and the issues related to the implementation of evidence-based treatments are discussed.The study has shown that the critical stress incident debriefing developed by J. T. Mitchell in 1983 (or psychological debriefing) is not recommended imme­diately after trauma. Metaanalysis (Rose et al., 2003; van Emmeric et al., 2002) revealed no positive long-term effects of debriefing immediately after trauma, with indications of negative outcomes in some studies. Practical guidelines of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, as well as other guidelines, do not recommend debriefing as a regular procedure for all survivors. Practical, social, or legal assistance provided in an empathic way is recommended during the first month after the trauma. Meta-analytical studies published since 1998 concerning the effectiveness of posttraumatic stress disorder treatments demonstrated the efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapies (TF-CBT) and eye movement reprocessing and desen­sitization therapy (EMDR). Evidence from studies on the effects of brief eclectic psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (BEPP), developed by B. Gersons, internet-based treatments, and virtual reality are promising, and these treatments in the future are possible effective alternatives for TF-CBT and EMDR in evidence-based practice. Psychological treatments should be the first option for the treatment of PTSD, with medication used only when the appro­priate psychological treatments are unavailable or the client prefers medication over psychosocial treatment.While a number of RCT studies have shown the efficacy of TF-CBT and EMDR treatment for PTSD, there is still a gap between research and everyday clinical practice. From the practitioner’s point of view, the transfer of manual-based methods from RCT efficacy studies to daily practice is not easy. Clinicians are facing complicated cases, and comorbid disorders are widely prevalent with PTSD. We must also be aware that with the new treatments developed, training of these methods and particularly the availability of sys­tematic supervisions are not always easily accessible; this slows down the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based treatments. Clinicians have to take their own responsibility for selecting what is best for a particular client; however, practitioners also need to make decisions based on what science shows to be the most effective treatment.
Conceptions of the transition to adulthood in a sample of Lithuanian emerging adults
Authors: Vosylis Rimantas 
Published: January 2019

Almost two decades ago Arnett (1994, 1997, 2001) suggested that, from the perspective of youth, becoming an adult is not achieved through a series of role changes, such as getting married or starting a long-time career, but rather through the acquisition of individual character qualities, such as the ability to accept responsibility for the consequences of one’s actions, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent. This sparked a debate among social scientists on whether the “traditional” markers of adulthood (e.g., marriage, leaving the parental home) were still important. One limitation to the line of Arnett’s research is that most of it have been conducted using the USA white student samples. Similar research employing the same instruments, but conducted in different cultures or ethnic groups, showed that criteria for adulthood can vary cross-culturally (e.g., Nelson, Badger, & Wu, 2004). This evidence suggests that cross-cultural generalizations regarding the criteria of adulthood may be limited and, therefore, it is important to evaluate which criteria are perceived by youth as defining adulthood in a particular cultural context.The goal of this study was threefold: to examine the conceptions defining an adult person by Lithuanian emerging adults according to Arnett’s list of adult criteria, to evaluate gender differences in these conceptions, and to evaluate how the popularity of these criteria differ from the views of youth living in other Western industrialized countries. Arnett’s questionnaire on markers of adulthood (2001) was administered to a sample of 434 (age M = 22.5, SD = 1.91) emerging adults.Accepting responsibility for the consequences of one’s actions was viewed as the most necessary criterion for becoming an adult. Being capable of caring for children was the next most highly endorsed criterion for both women and men. The next most important criteria were “avoid drunk driving” (87.1%), “avoid committing petty crimes like vandalism and shoplifting” (82.9%), “decide on personal beliefs and values independently of parents or other influences” (82.0%), “become capable of keeping family physically safe (men)” (81.8%), “if a man, become capable of supporting a family financially” (81.3%), “if a woman, become capable of running a household” (80.2%) and “financially independent from parents” (79.5%). Role transitions, on the other hand, were endorsed only by about a third of the study participants. Taken together, the results suggest that becoming an adult among Lithuanian emerging adults, similarly to other Western countries, is perceived primarily as the acquisition of certain character qualities rather than going through role changes. However, contrary to Arnett’s findings with the US samples, capacities to maintain family responsibilities seem to be more important than achieving independence and self-sufficiency.
Study of dosimetry in CT using head phantom
Authors: Gomez Mauricio , Do Carmo Santana Priscila , Prata Mourão Arnaldo 
Published: January 2019

Non-invasive diagnosis methods based on x-ray attenuation, such as Computed Tomography (CT) has had since its discovery and the development of this technology, a rapid growth in radiology services. The quantity of dose deposited in patients, is still large, this type of examination is that reaches the highest levels of absorbed dose in the population. Legislation that regulates the levels of patient’s dose is only limited to a maximum amount deposited, depending the body region to be irradiated. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the amount of absorbed dose on patients depending on the protocols of routine used in radiology services for propose an optimization of these based on the principles of radiation protection. Experiments were conducted to determine the profile of dose deposited in head routine exams for adult, using a cylindrical head phantom made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). This standard phantom has four openings in peripheral and one central. Radiochromic film strips were introduced into each one of these openings to register the longitudinal dose profile in each region to determine the amount of deposited dose in the volume of the head phantom. A CT scanner with 64 channels of GE from the radiology department was used for scanning the head phantom. The scanning were done with voltages of 80, 100 and 120 kV, and dose index found were between 6.24 and 23.73 mGy. Analysis of image quality was performed, finding that all scan comply with the parameters acceptable in diagnosis for Brazilian legislation. It is propose an optimized protocol for exams by CT head for the voltage of 80 kV and images with 0.5% of noise index.
La Universidad de Costa Rica, la enseñanza del marxismo en los Estudios Generales y la defensa de la autonomía universitaria
Authors: Rovira Mas Jorge 
Published: January 2019

Este documento pasa revista y rememora uno de los momentos más importantes en la historia de la Universidad de Costa Rica en su defensa institucional de la autonomía universitaria y la libertad de cátedra, ocurrido en 1967 en el marco histórico de la Guerra Fría. La convocatoria a una mesa redonda realizada por la Cátedra de Filosofía de los Estudios Generales, para discutir sobre la filosofía marxista, generó críticas y ataques originados en una organización anticomunista militante, el Movimiento Costa Rica Libre, que procuraba cuestionar la libertad de pensamiento y debilitar el ejercicio académico en la única universidad del país, de carácter público. Como parte de este artículo, se transcribe la mesa redonda, como documento para la posteridad.
Experimental investigation on effects of varying volume fractions of SiC nanoparticle reinforcement on microstructure and mechanical properties in friction-stir-welded dissimilar joints of AA2024-T351 and AA7075-T651
Authors: Anil Kumar Karinanjanapura Shivamurthy , Murigendrappa Siddlingalli Mahadevappa , Kumar Hemantha 
Published: January 2019

Abstract