bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function
Authors: Mace Thomas A. , Ware Michael B. , King Samantha A. , Loftus Shannon , Farren Matthew R. , McMichael Elizabeth , Scoville Steven , Geraghty Connor , Young Gregory , Carson William E. , Clinton Steven K. , Lesinski Gregory B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSoybeans are a rich source of isoflavones that have been linked with anti-inflammatory processes and various health benefits. However, specific mechanisms whereby soy bioactives impact immune cell subsets are unclear. Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are metabolized by microbes to bioactive metabolites as O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) and equol, whose presence has been linked to health benefits. We examined how soy isoflavones and metabolites impact natural killer (NK) cell signaling and function. We observe no impact of isoflavones on viability of healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or NK cells, even at high (25 µM) concentrations. However, pre-treatment of PBMCs with physiologically-relevant concentrations of genistein (p = 0.0023) and equol (p = 0.006) decreases interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production versus controls. Detailed cellular analyses indicate genistein and equol decrease IL-12/IL-18-induced IFN-γ production by human NK cell subsets, but do not consistently alter cytotoxicity. At the level of signal transduction, genistein decreases IL-12/IL-18-induced total phosphorylated tyrosine, and phosphorylation MAPK pathway components. Further, genistein limits IL-12/IL-18-mediated upregulation of IL-18Rα expression on NK cells (p = 0.0109). Finally,in vivostudies revealed that C57BL/6 mice fed a soy-enriched diet produce less plasma IFN-γ following administration of IL-12/IL-18 versus control-fed animals (p < 0.0001). This study provides insight into how dietary soy modulates NK cell functions.
SuPAR correlates with mortality and clinical severity in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infections: results from a prospective, observational cohort study
Authors: Polzik Peter , Grøndal Olav , Tavenier Juliette , Madsen Martin B. , Andersen Ove , Hedetoft Morten , Hyldegaard Ole 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNecrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) have a 90-day mortality rate of 18–22%. Tools are needed for estimating the prognosis and severity of NSTI upon admission. We evaluated soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) levels at admission as a prognostic marker of NSTI severity and mortality. In a prospective, observational cohort study, suPAR was measured in 200 NSTI patients. We compared admission suPAR levels in survivors and non-survivors, patients with septic shock and non-shock, amputation and non-amputation, correlations with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Admission suPAR levels were higher in septic shock vs. non-septic shock patients (9.2 vs. 5.8 ng/mL, p-value < 0.001) and non-survivors vs. survivors (11 vs. 6.1 ng/mL, p-value < 0.001) and correlated with SAPS II (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) and SOFA score (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). Elevated suPAR upon admission was associated with 90-day mortality (log-rank test p < 0.001), however not after adjustment for age, sex, and SOFA score. The AUC for suPAR and 90-day mortality was 0.77. We found that suPAR is a promising candidate for prognosis and severity in patients with NSTI.
Bayesian Applications in Auditory Research
Authors: McMillan Garnett P. , Cannon John B. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
This article presents a basic exploration of Bayesian inference to inform researchers unfamiliar to this type of analysis of the many advantages this readily available approach provides.

Method
First, we demonstrate the development of Bayes' theorem, the cornerstone of Bayesian statistics, into an iterative process of updating priors. Working with a few assumptions, including normalcy and conjugacy of prior distribution, we express how one would calculate the posterior distribution using the prior distribution and the likelihood of the parameter. Next, we move to an example in auditory research by considering the effect of sound therapy for reducing the perceived loudness of tinnitus. In this case, as well as most real-world settings, we turn to Markov chain simulations because the assumptions allowing for easy calculations no longer hold. Using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, we can illustrate several analysis solutions given by a straightforward Bayesian approach.

Conclusion
Bayesian methods are widely applicable and can help scientists overcome analysis problems, including how to include existing information, run interim analysis, achieve consensus through measurement, and, most importantly, interpret results correctly.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7822592
The Evolution of Statistical Methods in Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences
Authors: Oleson Jacob J. , Brown Grant D. , McCreery Ryan 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
Scientists in the speech, language, and hearing sciences rely on statistical analyses to help reveal complex relationships and patterns in the data collected from their research studies. However, data from studies in the fields of communication sciences and disorders rarely conform to the underlying assumptions of many traditional statistical methods. Fortunately, the field of statistics provides many mature statistical techniques that can be used to meet today's challenges involving complex studies of behavioral data from humans. In this review article, we highlight several techniques and general approaches with promising application to analyses in the speech and hearing sciences.

Method
The goal of this review article is to provide an overview of potentially underutilized statistical methods with promising application in the speech, language, and hearing sciences.

Results
We offer suggestions to identify when alternative statistical approaches might be advantageous when analyzing proportion data and repeated measures data. We also introduce the Bayesian paradigm and statistical learning and offer suggestions for when a scientist might consider those methods.

Conclusion
Modern statistical techniques provide more flexibility and enable scientists to ask more direct and informative research questions.
Efficient hybrid approach to the electromagnetic design of resonant cavities for side‐coupled linacs
Authors: Laneve Dario , Falconi Mario Christian , Bozzetti Michele , Rutigliani Giovanni , Prisco Raffaele Andrea , Dimiccoli Vincenzo , Prudenzano Francesco 
Published: March 2019

A novel hybrid analytical/numerical approach, implemented via homemade code, is exploited to design the microwave cavities of a linear accelerator (linac) characterised by a very complex geometry. A finite element method‐based three‐dimensional investigation is integrated with a multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation technique in order to automatically design and optimise the geometry of the linac cavities. The cavity optimisation takes into account the typical figures of merit of a linac design. The hybrid approach is used to design a 27 MeV 3 GHz standing‐wave side‐coupled linac tank of 35 cavities including the end cells. The promising simulated results suggest that a global search approach is a useful and flexible tool for the electromagnetic design of accelerator cavities as well as other complex resonating multicavity structures.
Variability in X-ray line ratios in helium-like ions of massive stars: the wind-driven case
Authors: Ignace R. , Damrau Z. , Hole K. T. 
Published: March 2019

Context. High spectral resolution and long exposure times are providing unprecedented levels of data quality of massive stars at X-ray wavelengths.
Aims. A key diagnostic of the X-ray emitting plasma are the fir lines for He-like triplets. In particular, owing to radiative pumping effects, the forbidden-to-intercombination line luminosity ratio, R = f∕i, can be used to determine the proximity of the hot plasma to the UV-bright photospheres of massive stars. Moreover, the era of large observing programs additionally allows for investigation of line variability.
Methods. This contribution is the second to explore how variability in the line ratio can provide new diagnostic information about distributed X-rays in a massive star wind. We focus on wind integration for total line luminosities, taking account of radiative pumping and stellar occultation. While the case of a variable stellar radiation field was explored in the first paper, the effects of wind variability are emphasized in this work.
Results. We formulate an expression for the ratio of line luminosities f∕i that closely resembles the classic expression for the on-the-spot result. While there are many ways to drive variability in the line ratio, we use variable mass loss as an illustrative example for wind integration, particularly since this produces no variability for the on-the-spot case. The f∕i ratio can be significantly modulated owing to evolving wind properties. The extent of the variation depends on how the timescale for the wind flow compares to the timescale over which the line emissivities change.
Conclusions. While a variety of factors can ellicit variable line ratios, a time-varying mass-loss rate serves to demonstrate the range of amplitude and phased-dependent behavior in f∕i line ratios. Importantly, we evaluate how variable mass loss might bias measures of f∕i. For observational exposures that are less than the timescale of variable mass loss, biased measures (relative to the time-averaged wind) can result; if exposures are long, the f∕i ratio is reflective of the time-averaged spherical wind.
Influence of collisions on ion dynamics in the inner comae of four comets
Authors: Mandt K. E. , Eriksson A. , Beth A. , Galand M. , Vigren E. 
Published: March 2019

Context.Collisions between cometary neutrals in the inner coma of a comet and cometary ions that have been picked up into the solar wind flow and return to the coma lead to the formation of a broad inner boundary known as a collisionopause. This boundary is produced by a combination of charge transfer and chemical reactions, both of which are important at the location of the collisionopause boundary. Four spacecraft measured ion densities and velocities in the inner region of comets, exploring the part of the coma where an ion-neutral collisionopause boundary is expected to form.Aims.The aims are to determine the dominant physics behind the formation of the ion-neutral collisionopause and to evaluate where this boundary has been observed by spacecraft.Methods.We evaluated observations from three spacecraft at four different comets to determine if a collisionopause boundary was observed based on the reported ion velocities. We compared the measured location of the ion-neutral collisionopause with measurements of the collision cross sections to evaluate whether chemistry or charge exchange are more important at the location where the collisionopause is observed.Results.Based on measurements of the cross sections for charge transfer and for chemical reactions, the boundary observed by Rosetta appears to be the location where chemistry becomes the more probable result of a collision between H2O and H2O+than charge exchange. Comparisons with ion observations made by Deep Space 1 at 19P/Borrelly andGiottoat 1P/Halley and 26P/Grigg-Skjellerup show that similar boundaries were observed at 19P/Borrelly and 1P/Halley. The ion composition measurements made byGiottoat Halley confirm that chemistry becomes more important inside of this boundary and that electron-ion dissociative recombination is a driver for the reported ion pileup boundary.
V643 Orionis: A detached, evolved, post-mass-exchange eclipsing binary
Authors: Andersen J. , Torres G. , Clausen J. V. 
Published: March 2019

Context. One of the greatest uncertainties in modelling the mass-exchange phases during the evolution of a binary system is the quantity of mass and angular momentum that has been lost from the system. To constrain this problem, a favourable, evolved, and detached real binary system is valuable as an example of the end result of this process.
Aims. We study the 52-day post-mass-exchange eclipsing binary V643 Ori from complete uvby light curves and high-resolution spectra. V643 Ori is double-lined and shows total primary eclipses. The orbit is accurately circular and the rotation of the two stars is synchronised with the orbit, but the photometry from a single year (1993) shows signs of weak spot activity (0.02 mag) around the primary eclipse.
Results. We determined accurate masses of 3.3 and 1.9 M⊙ from the spectroscopic orbit and solved the four light curves to determine radii of 16 and 21 R⊙, using the Wilson-Devinney photometric code. The rotational velocities from the cross-correlation profiles agree well with those computed from the known radii and orbital parameters. All observable parameters are thus very precisely determined, but the masses and radii of V643 Ori are incompatible with undisturbed post-main-sequence evolution.
Conclusions. We have attempted to simulate the past evolutionary history of V643 Ori under both conservative and non-conservative Case B mass transfer scenarios. In the non-conservative case we varied the amounts of mass and angular momentum loss needed to arrive at the present masses in a circular 52-day orbit, keeping the two stars detached and synchronised as now observed, but without following the evolution of other stellar properties in any detail. Multiple possible solutions were found. Further attempts were made using both the BSE formalism and the binary MESA code in order to track stellar evolution more closely, and make use of the measured radii and temperatures as important additional constraints. Those efforts yielded no satisfactory solutions, possibly due to limitations in handling mass transfer in evolved stars such as these. We remain hopeful that future theoreticians can more fully model the system under realistic conditions.
Outgassing-induced acceleration of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Kramer T. , Läuter M. 
Published: March 2019

Context. Cometary activity affects the orbital motion and rotation state through sublimation-induced forces. The availability of precise rotation-axis orientation and position data from the Rosetta mission allows us to accurately determine the outgassing of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko/67P (67P).
Aims. We derived the observed non-gravitational acceleration of 67P directly from the trajectory of the Rosetta spacecraft. From the non-gravitational acceleration, we recovered the diurnal outgassing variations and study a possible delay of the sublimation response with respect to the peak of the solar illumination. This allowed us to compare the non-gravitational acceleration of 67P with expectations based on empirical models and common assumptions about the sublimation process.
Methods. We used an iterative orbit refinement and Fourier decomposition of the diurnal activity to derive the outgassing-induced non-gravitational acceleration. The uncertainties of the data reduction were established by a sensitivity analysis of an ensemble of best-fit orbits for comet 67P.
Results. We find that the Marsden non-gravitational acceleration parameters reproduce part of the non-gravitational acceleration, but need to be augmented by an analysis of the nucleus geometry and surface illumination to draw conclusions about the sublimation process on the surface. The non-gravitational acceleration closely follows the subsolar latitude (seasonal illumination), with a small lag angle with respect to local noon around perihelion. The observed minor changes of the rotation axis do not favor forced precession models for the non-gravitational acceleration.
Conclusions. In contrast to the sublimation-induced torques, the non-gravitational acceleration does not place strong constraints on localized active areas on the nucleus. We find a close agreement of the orbit-deduced non-gravitational acceleration and the water production that is independently derived from Rosetta in situ measurements.
ECCD operations in the second experimental campaign at W7-X
Authors: Zanini M. , Laqua H.P. , Stange T. , Brandt C. , Hirsch M. , Höfel U. , Marushchenko N. , Neuner U. , Rahbarnia K. , Schilling J. , Thomsen H. , Wolf R.C. ,   W7-X Team
Published: March 2019

In the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, up to 7MW of power are delivered to the plasma by an electron cyclotron resonance heating system consisting of ten 140 GHz gyrotrons [1].
Due to the flexible front steering mirror of each beam line, the power deposition can be varied over the whole plasma radius and is optionally combinable with additional current drive. This flexibility, together with small toroidal currents in the stellarator, makes W7-X a perfect testbed for electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) experiments, which have been successfully accomplished during the first two experimental campaigns OP1.1 and OP1.2a.
Long discharges (lasting up to 30s) have been performed in OP1.2a, thus allowing the study of the current drive time evolution and the possibility to compensate the bootstrap current.
ECCD efficiency has been studied using different power deposition profiles combined with a variation of the injection angles in relation to the magnetic field.
During ECCD experiments, saw-tooth-like oscillations have been observed. Depending on the driven current density, ECCD can significantly modify the rotational transform (iota) profile, which can locally reach low order rational, thus triggering plasma instabilities.
Different current density profiles have been tested, in order to try to understand the main trigger parameter for the instabilities. In particular, effects caused by current density gradient have been investigated producing both co- and counter-current drive at different radial positions: the total current drive is negligible, but a strong current gradient arises by driving currents in opposite directions.
In this work an overview of ECCD operations in OP1.2a is given and first results, comparing different diagnostics, are presented. An initial 1-D model, coupled with the ray tracer TRAVIS, is developed, in order to have an estimation of current diffusion times and the radial position where a low order rational crosses the disturbed iota profile.
Leontopodium alpinum Cass. – das Edelweiß
Authors: Latté Klaus Peter 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungEs steht unter Naturschutz und kann dank Kultivierung dennoch genutzt werden: das Edelweiß. Der Innsbrucker Arbeitsgruppe um Hermann Stuppner verdanken wir eine intensive Analytik der Inhaltsstoffe und ihrer pharmakologischen Aktivitäten.In der Alpenregion wurde das Kraut von Leontopodium alpinum Cass. bzw. daraus hergestellte Zubereitungen arzneilich eingesetzt bei Bauchschmerzen, Angina, Bronchitis, Diarrhoe und Dysenterie; heute werden Edelweiß bzw. daraus gewonnene Extrakte nur noch in homöopathischen Mitteln, in kosmetischen Zubereitungen und vereinzelt in Lebensmitteln angewendet. Die phytochemische Untersuchung der gesamten Pflanze ergab ein breites Spektrum an Naturstoffen, wobei die Leontopodiumsäuren, Caffeoylchinasäuren, Flavonoide, Lignane, Cumarine sowie ein ätherisches Öl mit zahlreichen Terpenkomponenten charakteristisch sind. Moderne pharmakologische Untersuchungen bestätigen für Extrakte aus Edelweiß und daraus isolierte Einzelstoffe antiinflammatorische, analgetische und antimikrobielle Wirkungen sowie eine Hemmung der Peristaltik des Gastrointestinaltrakts und damit letztendlich die volksmedizinischen Anwendungsgebiete der Krautdroge von L. alpinum.
Vermittler im Versorgungsdschungel
Authors: Illichmann Ulrike 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungDamit Patienten im komplexen Versorgungsdschungel nicht den Überblick verlieren,
unterstützen Case Manager sie dabei, ein individuell zugeschnittenes
Versorgungsangebot zu finden. Dabei fungiert der Case Manager als Vermittler und
hat auch immer die Anforderungen der unterschiedlichen Leistungserbringer im
Blick. Wir veranschaulichen anhand eines Fallbeispiels die einzelnen Prozesse
des Case Managements und zeigen, wie dabei die optimale Bewältigungsstrategie
für den Patienten gefunden wird.
Achtsame Trancen in der psychiatrischen
Pflege
Authors: Saenger Ulrich 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungTrancen können dabei behilflich sein, Kontakt zum unbewussten Wissen zu
entwickeln und in einen ressourcenreichen Zustand zu gelangen. Pflegende können
sie für sich selbst anwenden oder auch gemeinsam im Kontakt mit dem Patienten.
In unserem Interventionskoffer stellen wir das Handwerkszeug vor, mit dem Sie
achtsame Trancen in der Pflegepraxis umsetzen können.
Nicht erfolgreich, sondern lebenswert
altern
Authors: Gürtler Klaus 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungDas manchen Alterstheorien anhaftende Motto des „erfolgreichen Alterns“
impliziert auch die Möglichkeit des Scheiterns: bezüglich den eigenen Ansprüchen
an sich selbst, insbesondere im Vergleich mit anderen oder den falschen
Erwartungen an die Lebensphase Alter ganz allgemein 1. Wenn der „Erfolg“ – was immer das auch sein mag – ausbleibt, ist
das dann der Punkt, an dem ein Leben im Alter auf einmal nicht mehr lebenswert
erscheint? Darf diese resignierte, weil erfolglose Person selbst einen
Schlusspunkt setzen? Können selbst Angehörige, Freunde, Bekannte, Professionelle
ratlos werden? Oder gibt es doch noch Trost jenseits irdischer
Gedankengänge?
Antiplasmodial Lycorane Alkaloid Principles of the Plant Family Amaryllidaceae
Authors: Nair Jerald J. , van Staden Johannes 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe spread of malaria is thought to have followed human expansion out of Africa some 60 – 80 thousand years ago. With its prevalence in pantropical countries of the world and epicenter localized in Africa, malaria is now considered an unnecessary burden to overworked and under-resourced healthcare structures. Plants have long afforded a fertile hunting ground for the search and identification of structurally diverse antimalarial agents, such as quinine and artemisinin. This survey examines the antiparasitic properties of the family Amaryllidaceae via the antiplasmodial activities demonstrated for its lycorane alkaloid principles. Of these, 24 were natural compounds identified in 20 species from 11 genera of the Amaryllidaceae family, whilst the remaining 28 were synthetically derived entities based on the lycorane skeleton. These were screened against ten different strains of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, wherein the parent compound lycorine was shown to be the most potent with an IC50 of 0.029 µg/mL in the FCR-3 strain seen to be the best. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that good activities were detectable across both the natural compounds as well as the synthetically accessed derivatives. Such studies also highlighted that there are several inherent structural features that define the lycorane alkaloid antiplasmodial pharmacophore, such as the nature of its ring systems and properties of its substituents. Mechanistically, a limited number of studies confirmed that lycorane alkaloids manifest their action by targeting enzymes associated with the plasmodial FAS-II biosynthetic pathways. Overall, these alkaloids have provided useful, convenient, and accessible scaffolds for antimalarial-based drug discovery.