bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anorectal Malformations
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, family history, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of various types of isolated and syndromic anorectal malformations. Associated anomalies that are commonly encountered in infants with anorectal malformations are reviewed. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of anorectal malformations summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents (ART, maternal diabetes, obesity), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, recurrent microdeletions, cat-eye syndrome), and monogenic multiple malformation syndromes. The chapter provides recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features a term infant with anal atresia, who had severe respiratory failure secondary to alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins.
Hirschsprung Disease
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, sex ratio, genetics, family history, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of the various types of isolated and syndromic Hirschsprung disease. Distinctions that characterize long segment, short segment, zonal, total colonic, and total intestinal aganglionosis are reviewed. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease summarizes its common causes, including chromosome anomalies (Down syndrome and recurrent microdeletions), and Mendelian traits associated with isolated disease and syndromic aganglionosis with non-GI malformations. This chapter includes gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an SGA microcephalic infant who failed to pass meconium with Goldberg–Shprintzen syndrome.
Renal and Urinary Tract Anomalies
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of congenital anomalies of the renal and urinary tract (CAKUT) including hydronephrosis, horseshoe kidney, renal agenesis, multicystic dysplastic kidneys, and polycystic kidneys, congenital nephrotic syndromes, bladder and cloacal exstrophy, and obstructive uropathies. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of CAKUT summarizes common causes of various structural and functional renal anomalies and obstructive uropathies, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies, monogenetic renal anomalies, and multiple malformation syndromes. Mendelian renal disorders that feature associated nonrenal anomalies such as craniofacial disorders, eye anomalies, skeletal dysplasias, CNS anomalies, and ciliopathies are reviewed. The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with renal tubular dysgenesis.
Polydactyly
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the prevalence, sex ratio, genetics, recurrence risk and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic preaxial, postaxial and mesoaxial (central) polydactyly of the hands and feet. Various patterns of isolated and bilateral polydactyly and common associated malfomations (syndactyly, craniosynsostosis, GI anomalies, macrocephaly, mocrpcephaly, renal cysts) are described. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of polydactyly summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents, diabetic embryopathy, chromosome anomalies, and congenital malformation syndromes caused by Mendelian traits. It gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with tibial hypoplasia/aplasia with polydactyly (Werner mesomelic syndrome).
Skeletal Dysplasias
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses a general approach to diagnosing and preparing for the birth of an infant with a skeletal dysplasia. The discussion on the prenatal evaluation includes the importance of the gestational age at which US skeletal changes are apparent, the assessment of body proportions, as well as nd bone density and morphology. The ratio of long bone to chest circumference can guide a determination of viability or lethality. Rapid targeted prenatal exome testing may aid decision making. Formation of a prenatal birth plan is suggested. Recommendations on evaluating an infant with a skeletal dysplasia after birth include how and what to measure, what radiographs to order and how to pick the most relevant genetic testing approach. The importance of genetic follow up is stressed. The clinical case presentation features an infant with hypochondrogenesis.
Skeletal Dysplasias
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, genetics, recurrence risk, and the more common life-limiting skeletal dysplasias. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of these severe skeletal dysplasias summarizes their distinctive clinical and radiographic features and prognosis. The most common of these is Thanatophoric dysplasia. Other reviewed disorders include Campomelic dysplasia, Achondrogenesis, the Short Rib Polydactyly syndromes, Atelosteogenesis, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, and perinatal hypophoshatasia. The potential to alter the lethal natural history of formerly lethal hypophosphatasia by immediate treatment with asofostase alfa is highlighted. Recommendations for genetic panel testing, other evaluations, and parental counseling are provided. The clinical case presentation features an infant with Thanatophoric dysplasia.
Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
Authors: DeFrantz Thomas 
Published: February 2019

Born on 5 January 1931 in Rogers, Texas, the only child of parents who separated when he was two, choreographer Alvin Ailey (b. 1931–d. 1989) moved to Los Angeles with his mother in 1942. Shy from an itinerant Texas life, Ailey turned to dance when a high-school classmate introduced him to Lester Horton’s studio in 1949. He immersed himself in study and developed a weighty, smoldering performance style that suited his athletic body. Ailey moved to New York in 1954 to dance with Carmen DeLavallade in the Broadway production of House of Flowers. Performing success led him to found Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in 1958. The company began as a repertory company devoted to both modern dance classics and new works created by Ailey and other young artists. The critically acclaimed first concerts in 1958 and 1960 marked the beginning of a new era of dance performance devoted to African American themes. His dance Blues Suite (1958), set in and around a barrelhouse, depicts the desperation and joys of life on the edge of poverty in the South. Highly theatrical and immediately accessible, the dance contains sections of early-20th-century social dances, Horton dance technique, Jack Cole–inspired jazz dance, and ballet partnering. Early performances of Revelations (1960) established Ailey’s company as the foremost dance interpreter of African American experience. The dance quickly became the company’s signature ballet, eclipsing previous concert attempts at dancing to sacred Black music. Set to a series of spirituals and gospel selections, Revelations depicts a spectrum of Black religious worship, including richly sculpted group prayer (“I’ve Been Buked”), a ceremony of ritual baptism (“Wade in the Water”), a moment of introverted, private communion (“I Wanna Be Ready”), a duet of trust and support for a minister and devotee (“Fix Me, Jesus”), and a final, celebratory gospel exclamation, “Rocka My Soul in the Bosom of Abraham.” Ailey’s ballet Feast of Ashes (1962), created for the Harkness Ballet, is acknowledged as the first successful pointe ballet choreographed by a modern dancer. Major distinctions and honors followed Ailey throughout his choreographic career, which spanned the creation of more than fifty dances for his own company and others. The Ailey company continues as a highly successful operation after Ailey’s death, and is affiliated with a large dance complex in New York City that offers comprehensive courses in dance study as well as venues for performance.
Nonnus
Authors: Agosti Gianfranco 
Published: February 2019

Nonnus of Panopolis (approximately 400–460/470 ce) is the undisputed protagonist of the flourishing of Greek poetry in Late Antiquity. He composed the Dionysiaca, the longest extant Greek epic poem on the life of Dionysus, his war and triumph over the Indians, his progress from the Near East to Thebes, and his eventual apotheosis (more than twenty-one thousand verses, in forty-eight books, the sum of the Iliad and the Odyssey). The poem begins with the abduction of Europa and a long section about Cadmus, and then describes the birth and youth of Dionysus (Books 1–12). Books 13–24 are devoted to the first part of the war against Indians, with the catalogues of the troops and the first battles. After a second prologue, the conclusion of the war against Indians is narrated, with the final battle and the death of the Indian king Deriades (Books 25–40). This section “rewrites” the Iliad in a very innovative way. In Books 40–48 the poet deals with Dionysus’ return to Phrygia, his visits to Tyre and Beirut, and also Thebes, Naxos, and Phrygia again, and his apotheosis. Nonnus is also the author of a long metrical Paraphrase of St John’s Gospel, where he displays a deep theological knowledge (around 3,700 hexameters). Recent research demonstrated that the coexistence of a mythological and a Christian poem was perfectly acceptable. Nonnus was a Christian, addressing the cultivated mixed elites of Alexandria. He introduced into the tradition of epic poetry a new style, based on manneristic exuberance and imaginative language, as well as a reform of the hexameter based on regularity and stress accents. Nonnus was very popular in Late Antiquity. His style was followed by several poets of the 5th and 6th century ce, who recognized in him a new classic to imitate. Among these followers, there are Pamprepius of Panopolis, Musaeus, Colluthus of Lycopolis, Christodorus of Coptos, John of Gaza, Agathias, Paul the Silentiary and the “minor” epigrammatists of Agathias’s Cycle, as well as several metrical inscriptions and fragmentary poems transmitted by papyri. In the subsequent centuries, some Byzantine literates found it appealing and profited from its exuberant vocabulary. From the Renaissance onward Nonnus had his admirers (especially during the Baroque age). After a period of classicizing prejudice, in scholarship there is now a growing interest for his works.
Moderata Fonte
Authors: Magnanini Suzanne 
Published: February 2019

Moderata Fonte was the pseudonym of Modesta Pozzo (b. 1555–d. 1592), a gifted poet and proto-feminist who championed equal access to education for women. Her pen name (Moderate Fountain or Spring) suggests flowing water, an image often associated with eloquence, and it functions as a clever recasting of the still, unassuming waters suggested by her given name (Modest Well). Celebrated by her contemporaries for her poetic skill, today Fonte stands alongside other Venetian women writers, including Veronica Franco, Lucrezia Marinella, and Arcangela Tarabotti, as a seminal voice of European feminism. (See the separate Oxford Bibliographies articles in Renaissance and Reformation “Lucrezia Marinella” and “Arcangela Tarabotti.”) Orphaned at a young age, Fonte received her earliest education at the Venetian convent of Santa Marta and then through her maternal grandmother’s second husband, Prospero Saraceni, who granted her access to books and encouraged her literary endeavors. Sometime after 1576, Fonte joined the household of her step-grandfather’s daughter Saracena Saraceni and her husband Niccolò Doglioni, an active member in Venetian literary circles who promoted Fonte’s career. In 1581, Fonte published I Tredici canti di Floridoro (The Thirteen Cantos of Floridoro), a chivalric romance in the Ariostan tradition. Projected to be fifty cantos but never finished, Fonte’s poem foregrounds the actions and adventures of the female protagonists, whose depictions challenge both literary and gender norms. The same year her banquet play, Le feste (The Feast Days), was published and performed before the Doge Niccolò da Ponte, testifying to her status in Venice’s literary culture. Fonte’s most productive literary period coincided with the years she spent in Doglioni’s household before marrying the lawyer Filippo Zorzi in 1583, though she continued to write and publish throughout her life, including two religious poems, La passione di Christo (The passion of Christ) (1582) and La resurrettione di Giesu Christo nostro Signore (The resurrection of Jesus Christ our Lord) (1592). Today, Fonte is best known as the author of the witty dialogue Il merito delle donne (The Worth of Women), which she completed in 1592 shortly before dying from complications of the birth of her fourth child. The controversy sparked by Giuseppe Passi’s virulently misogynist treatise I difetti donneschi (The defects of women) (1599) provided Doglioni and Fonte’s children the perfect opportunity to publish her dialogue in 1600, which features seven women engaged in a dialogic game in which one group denounces all the vices and evil of men, while the other side seeks to defend them. During the second day of the dialogue, the discussion broadens to cover a vast array of subjects, as the women instruct each other in topics typically excluded from female education. Since the 1980s, interest in Fonte’s life and writings on the part of artists and scholars of literature, history, and philosophy has grown.
Edith Wharton
Authors: Totten Gary 
Published: February 2019

Edith Wharton (b. 1862– d. 1937) was born Edith Newbold Jones to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander in New York City. Her upper-class family background and the wealthy New York world in which she was raised would influence the themes of her fiction, in which she both celebrated and critiqued the cultural norms of her society. As a child, Wharton traveled through Europe with her parents. This experience instilled in her a lifelong interest in travel and her great interest and expertise in art. She eventually moved to France and lived the latter half of her life abroad. She married Edward (Teddy) Robbins Wharton in 1885, but the marriage was unhappy, and she had an affair with the journalist Morton Fullerton. Wharton and Teddy Wharton divorced in 1913. Wharton’s first book on interior design, The Decoration of Houses (1897), was coauthored with Ogden Codman Jr., and in 1902, she designed and built a home in Lenox, Massachusetts, known as the Mount. Her first major novel, The House of Mirth (1905), was a best seller exploring the exacting social codes of the upper classes and their effects on the young unmarried protagonist, Lily Bart. However, Wharton would also explore rural life in New England tales such as Ethan Frome (1911) and Summer (1917). She organized relief efforts for child refugees in France during World War I, and her experience of the war influenced her nonfiction and fiction. Many of her serialized novels and short stories appeared in major literary and popular magazines. Indeed, she became a skilled advocate for her work as she interacted with book and magazine editors, and she was heavily involved in the production and marketing of her writing. In 1921, she won the Pulitzer Prize for The Age of Innocence (1920), and she received an honorary doctorate degree from Yale University in 1923. In her 1920s and 1930s fiction, she explored issues of modern life, particularly as they affect her female characters. In addition to the novel, Wharton wrote in other genres, including the short story, drama, poetry, travel writing, and nonfiction. She is an incisive critic of her class and of American culture more generally, and although she was reluctant to be categorized as a feminist, her work often critiques patriarchal structures and norms while operating within them. Ongoing scholarship on and interest in her life and writing attests to the significance of her work.
Is a positive family history of spondyloarthritis relevant for diagnosing axial spondyloarthritis once HLA-B27 status is known?
Authors: van Lunteren Miranda , van der Heijde Désirée , Sepriano Alexandre , Berg Inger J , Dougados Maxime , Gossec Laure , Jacobsson Lennart , Ramonda Roberta , Rudwaleit Martin , Sieper Joachim , Landewé Robert , van Gaalen Floris A 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Objectives
A positive family history (PFH) of spondyloarthritis, in particular a PFH of AS or acute anterior uveitis, is associated with HLA-B27 carriership in chronic back pain patients. As it is unknown, the study aimed to investigate if a PFH contributes to diagnosing axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) once HLA-B27 status is known.

Methods
In axSpA-suspected patients from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS), DEvenir des Spondyloarthropathies Indifférenciéés Récentes (DESIR) and SPondyloArthritis Caught Early (SPACE) cohorts, logistic regression analyses were performed with HLA-B27 status and PFH according to the ASAS definition (ASAS-PFH) as determinants and clinical axSpA diagnosis as outcome at baseline. Analyses were repeated with a PFH of AS or acute anterior uveitis.

Results
In total, 1818 patients suspected of axSpA were analysed (ASAS n = 594, DESIR n = 647, and SPACE n = 577). In patients from the ASAS, DESIR and SPACE cohorts, respectively 23%, 39% and 38% had an ASAS-PFH, 52%, 58% and 43% were HLA-B27 positive, and 62%, 47% and 54% were diagnosed with axSpA. HLA-B27 was independently associated with an axSpA diagnosis in each cohort but an ASAS-PFH was not [ASAS cohort: HLA-B27 odds ratio (OR): 6.9 (95% CI: 4.7, 10.2), ASAS-PFH OR: 0.9 (95% CI: 0.6, 1.4); DESIR: HLA-B27 OR: 2.1 (95% CI: 1.5, 2.9), ASAS-PFH OR: 1.0 (95% CI 0.7, 1.3); SPACE: HLA-B27 OR: 10.4 (95% CI: 6.9, 15.7), ASAS-PFH OR: 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7, 1.5)]. Similar negative results were found for PFH of AS and acute anterior uveitis.

Conclusion
In three independent cohorts with different ethnical backgrounds, ASAS, DESIR and SPACE, a PFH was not associated independently of HLA-B27 with a diagnosis of axSpA. This indicates that in the vast majority of patients presenting with back pain, a PFH does not contribute to the likelihood of an axSpA diagnosis if HLA-B27 status is known.
Evaluation of the effects of biochar on diet digestibility and methane production from growing and finishing steers
Authors: Winders Thomas M , Jolly-Breithaupt Melissa L , Wilson Hannah C , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E , Watson Andrea K 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The objectives of these studies were to evaluate the effects of biochar (0%, 0.8%, or 3% of diet dry matter) on diet digestibility and methane and carbon dioxide production from cattle on growing and finishing diets. The growing diet consisted of 21% brome hay, 20% wheat straw, 30% corn silage, 22% wet distillers grains plus solubles, and 7% supplement. The finishing diet consisted of 53% dry-rolled corn, 15% corn silage, 25% wet distillers grains plus solubles, and 7% supplement. In both trials biochar replaced fine ground corn in the supplement. Six crossbred steers (initial body weight [BW] 529 kg; SD = 16 kg) were used in both the growing and finishing trial. The growing diets were evaluated over 6 periods followed by the finishing trial with 3 periods. Digestibility measures were taken over 4 d after at least 8 d of adaptation to diets followed by 2 d of gas emission measurements using headbox calorimeters. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P ≥ 0.43; 7.91 kg/d) by biochar inclusion in the growing study and increased quadratically (P = 0.07) in the finishing study with 0.8% biochar inclusion having the greatest DMI (12.9 kg/d). Organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility increased quadratically (P = 0.10) in the growing study whereas OM digestibility tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.13) and NDF digestibility was not affected (P ≥ 0.39) by biochar inclusion in the finishing diet. Digestible energy intake (Mcal/d) was not affected (P ≥ 0.25) by biochar inclusion in the growing or finishing study. Methane production (g/d) tended to decrease quadratically (P = 0.14) in the growing study and was decreased 10.7% for the 0.8% biochar treatment relative to the control. There were no statistical differences in methane production (g/d) in the finishing study (P ≥ 0.32) but cattle on the 0.8% biochar treatment produced numerically less (9.6%) methane than the control. Methane production as g/kg DMI of the 0.8% biochar treatment relative to the control was numerically reduced 9.5% and 18.4% in the growing and finishing studies, respectively (P ≥ 0.13). Carbon dioxide production (g/d and g/kg of intake) quadratically decreased (P ≤ 0.06) in the growing study but was not affected by treatment in the finishing study (P ≥ 0.34). Although biochar is not a U.S. Food and Drug Administration -approved feed for cattle, the initial research shows potential as a methane mitigation strategy in both growing and finishing diets.
Role Transition of Clinical Nurse Educators Employed in Both Clinical and Faculty Positions
Authors: Wenner Teresa A. , Hakim Amy Cooper 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

AIM
The aim of this study was to explore how nurses experienced the role transition from clinical expert to part-time clinical faculty member when they worked in both a clinical and academic setting.

BACKGROUND
In response to the current nurse faculty shortage and the anticipated return of a nationwide shortage of registered nurses, the use of part-time clinical nurse educators has been increasing.

METHOD
Fourteen RNs were interviewed using online video conferencing for this qualitative phenomenological study.

RESULTS
Study findings revealed seven key themes: different background-different experiences, guidance and support, challenges along the way, maintaining two work roles, influences of prior work experience, influence of personal attributes, and recommendations for successful transition.

CONCLUSION
This work-role transition was found to be highly individualized and multifactorial. Results of the study may be beneficial in future administrative decision-making.
Using Virtual Interactive Digital Simulator to Enhance Simulation Experiences for Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Betts Lorraine , Schmid Jacqueline , Sivaramalingam Suba , Verkuyl Margaret 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
It is increasingly difficult to find quality clinical placements that allow nursing students to work with high acuity patients. To address this need, simulation is recommended; however, human patient simulation is costly from a human and resource perspective. In a search for alternatives, we offered a simulation experience using a virtual interactive digital simulator and evaluated student outcomes. This emerging technology, although not intended to replace human patient simulation, shows promise in enabling easier, more self-directed access to simulation for students.
Measured Emotional Intelligence in Baccalaureate Nursing Education: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Cheshire Michelle H. , Strickland Haley P. , Ewell Patrick J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) includes the ability to perceive, facilitate, understand, and manage emotions. EI impacts the quality of care nurses provide to patients as members of the health care team. The purpose of this study was to determine if measured EI of nursing students changed during a professional nursing program. A quantitative longitudinal correlational design was used to measure EI scores of nursing students at the beginning and end of a baccalaureate nursing program. Findings include a statistically significant decrease of total EI scores over time, as well as a significant decrease in two of the ability subscales.