bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in chemical element compositions in different types of Holocene calcareous root tubes in the Tengger Desert, NW China, and their palaeoenvironmental significance
Authors: Zhu Ruixia , Li Zhuolun , Gao Youhong , Chen Qiujie , Yu Qiangjing 
Published: February 2019

Calcareous root tubes (CRTs) contain abundant information about palaeoenvironmental conditions and have been used for palaeoenvironmental studies in the desert hinterlands of arid regions. However, as subclasses of CRTs, calcareous sheaths and rhizocretions are formed by different processes, and it remains unclear whether these differences produce variations in the chemical element composition. Furthermore, it remains uncertain whether variations in chemical element concentrations amongst different subclasses of the CRTs can affect palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. In this study, we collected 54 CRT samples from the Tengger Desert of northwestern China. All samples were dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating, and the chemical element composition and concentration differences of the two CRT subclasses were determined using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. The CRT samples were dated to the Holocene. The calcareous sheath and rhizocretion samples contained varying concentrations of the same chemical elements. The rhizocretions had high concentrations of mobile elements (Ca, Mg and Sr) and P, whereas the calcareous sheaths had high concentrations of stable elements, including Al, Si, Ti, Zr, Rb and Ba. These differences were due to the different formation processes of the two subclasses of CRTs. Moreover, the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in the calcareous sheaths were higher than those in the rhizocretions from the same period, but these ratio differences had little effect on palaeo‐effective moisture reconstructions at the millennial scale during the Holocene. The reconstructions were not influenced by the various CRT subclasses. The Holocene millennial‐scale moisture changes in the Tengger Desert revealed by the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios showed that there was an arid period during the Early Holocene, a humid period during the Middle Holocene and a humid to arid period during the Late Holocene.
The effects of mindfulness training on suicide ideation among left‐behind children in China: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lu Runhao , Zhou Yuyang , Wu Qian , Peng Xiaoxue , Dong Jing , Zhu Zhi , Xu Wei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe population of left‐behind children is growing rapidly in China in recent years. Without parents' company, left‐behind children may develop severe emotional problems, which can trigger extreme behaviours such as self‐harm and suicide. Previous literature suggests that mindfulness‐based intervention could effectively alleviate a variety of sufferings such as anxiety and suicide ideation. The current study sought to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness‐based intervention on suicide ideation among left‐behind children in China.MethodsThis study investigated the effects of an 8‐week mindfulness training programme on suicide ideation of left‐behind children in China. Forty‐nine left‐behind children completed a pretest and posttest on mindfulness level, social anxiety, self‐esteem, and suicide ideation, with 21 in the mindfulness training group and 28 in the waitlist control group.ResultsAdjusting for pretest differences analyses of covariance found that, compared with waitlist control group, the mindfulness training group showed a significant improvement in mindfulness level and decreases in social anxiety and suicide ideation after the 8‐week mindfulness training.ConclusionThe findings from this study support that the use of mindfulness‐based intervention can effectively reduce the suicide ideation and social anxiety of left‐behind children in China.
Mitochondrial integrity in neurodegeneration
Authors: Cowan Katrina , Anichtchik Oleg , Luo Shouqing 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe mitochondrion is a unique organelle with a diverse range of functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathological process in several neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria are mostly important for energy production; however, they also have roles in Ca2+ homeostasis, ROS production, and apoptosis. There are two major systems in place, which regulate mitochondrial integrity, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy. These two processes remove damaged mitochondria from cells and protect the functional mitochondrial population. These quality control systems often become dysfunctional during neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and severe neurological symptoms.
Parental coping socialization is associated with healthy and anxious early‐adolescents’ neural and real‐world response to threat
Authors: Butterfield Rosalind D. , Siegle Greg J. , Lee Kyung Hwa , Ladouceur Cecile D. , Forbes Erika E. , Dahl Ronald E. , Ryan Neal D. , Sheeber Lisa , Silk Jennifer S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe ways parents socialize their adolescents to cope with anxiety (i.e., coping socialization) may be instrumental in the development of threat processing and coping responses. Coping socialization may be important for anxious adolescents, as they show altered neural threat processing and over reliance on disengaged coping (e.g., avoidance and distraction), which can maintain anxiety. We investigated whether coping socialization was associated with anxious and healthy adolescents’ neural response to threat, and whether neural activation was associated with disengaged coping. Healthy and clinically anxious early adolescents (N = 120; M = 11.46 years; 71 girls) and a parent engaged in interactions designed to elicit adolescents’ anxiety and parents’ response to adolescents’ anxiety. Parents’ use of reframing and problem solving statements was coded to measure coping socialization. In a subsequent visit, we assessed adolescents’ neural response to threat words during a neuroimaging task. Adolescents’ disengaged coping was measured using ecological momentary assessment. Greater coping socialization was associated with lower anterior insula and perigenual cingulate activation in healthy adolescents and higher activation in anxious adolescents. Coping socialization was indirectly associated with less disengaged coping for anxious adolescents through neural activation. Findings suggest that associations between coping socialization and early adolescents’ neural response to threat differ depending on clinical status and have implications for anxious adolescents’ coping.
Microhabitat preferences of fish assemblages in the Udzungwa Mountains (Eastern Africa)
Authors: Muñoz‐Mas Rafael , Sánchez‐Hernández Javier , Martínez‐Capel Francisco , Tamatamah Rashid , Mohamedi Shafi , Massinde Richard , McClain Michael E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEnvironmental flow assessment (EFA) involving microhabitat preference models is a common approach to set ecologically friendly flow regimes in territories with ongoing or planned projects to develop river basins, such as many rivers of Eastern Africa. However, habitat requirements of many African fish species are poorly studied, which may impair EFAs. This study investigated habitat preferences of fish assemblages, based on species presence–absence data from 300 microhabitats collected in two tributaries of the Kilombero River (Tanzania), aiming to disentangle differences in habitat preferences of African species at two levels: assemblage (i.e. between tributaries) and species (i.e. species‐specific habitat preferences). Overall, flow velocity, which implies coarser substrates and shallower microhabitats, emerged as the most important driver responsible of the changes in stream‐dwelling assemblages at the microhabitat scale. At the assemblage level, we identified two important groups of species according to habitat preferences: (a) cover‐orientated and limnophilic species, including Barbus spp., Mormyridae and Chiloglanis deckenii, and (b) rheophilic species, including Labeo cylindricus, Amphilius uranoscopus and Parakneria spekii. Rheophilic species preferred boulders, fast flow velocity and deeper microhabitats. At the species level, we identified species‐specific habitat preferences. For instance, Barbus spp. preferred low flow velocity shallow depth and fine‐to‐medium substratum, whereas L. cylindricus and P. spekii mainly selected shallow microhabitats with coarse substrata. Knowledge of habitat preferences of these assemblages and species should enhance the implementation of ongoing and future EFA studies of the region.
Acute endovascular reperfusion treatment in patients with ischaemic stroke and large‐vessel occlusion (Denmark 2011–2017)
Authors: Truelsen T. , Hansen K. , Andersen G. , Sørensen L. , Madsen C. , Diaz A. , Stavngaard T. , Hundborg H. H. , Højgaard J. , Hjort N. , Iversen H. K. , Johnsen S. P. , Simonsen C. Z. 
Published: February 2019

Background and purposeAcute endovascular reperfusion treatment (aERT) of stroke patients with large‐vessel occlusions is efficacious and safe according to several clinical trials. Data on outcome and safety of aERT in daily clinical routine are warranted and, in this study, we present national data from Denmark during 2011–2017.MethodsNational data for Denmark from 2011 to 2017 on all aERT procedures in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and computed tomography angiography/magnetic resonance angiography‐verified large‐vessel occlusion were derived from the Danish Stroke Registry, a national clinical quality registry to which reporting is mandatory for all hospitals treating stroke patients. Outcome (modified Rankin Scale score) after 3 months, including time of death, was assessed prospectively based on clinical examination or the Danish Civil Registration System.ResultsDuring the 7 years of observation, a total of 1720 patients were treated with aERT. The annual number of procedures increased from 128 in 2011 to 409 in 2017. The median age was 70 years, 58% were males and median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at baseline was 16. Median time from symptom onset to groin puncture was 238 min with a decreasing trend during the years. Successful recanalization was reported in 1306 (76%) patients. At 3‐month follow‐up, an modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2 was reported in 46% of patients, whereas 14% of patients had died.ConclusionRoutine data on aERT in acute ischaemic stroke in Denmark from 2011 to 2017 suggest that the procedure is safe and efficacious.
Uveitis and optic perineuritis in the context of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody seropositivity
Authors: Ramanathan S. , Fraser C. , Curnow S. R. , Ghaly M. , Leventer R. J. , Lechner‐Scott J. , Henderson A. , Reddel S. , Dale R. C. , Brilot F. 
Published: February 2019

Background and purposeAntibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have been identified in both children and adults with demyelination, with a strong association with bilateral or recurrent optic neuritis (ON). However, the full clinical spectrum of this newly described condition is unknown. We sought to describe non‐ON inflammatory ophthalmological presentations such as uveitis and optic perineuritis in the context of MOG antibody seropositivity.MethodsUsing a live cell‐based assay analysed by flow cytometry, we identified seropositive patients referred for MOG antibody testing in Australasia between 2014 and 2017. We identified four MOG antibody‐positive patients with non‐ON inflammatory ophthalmological presentations and present their detailed clinical information in this case series.ResultsThree patients had uveitis either in association with, or remote from, ON. One patient had optic perineuritis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis. We describe the presentation, examination, investigation findings and clinical course of these four patients.ConclusionsRecognition of these novel clinical associations may expand the clinical spectrum of MOG antibody‐associated presentations. An expedited diagnosis may guide the management of these complex patients.
Contrasting latitudinal gradients of body size in helminth parasites and their hosts
Authors: Dallas Tad , Gehman Alyssa‐Lois M. , Aguirre A. Alonso , Budischak Sarah A. , Drake John M. , Farrell Maxwell J. , Ghai Ria , Huang Shan , Morales‐Castilla Ignacio 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimWe examined body size scaling relationships for two developmental life stages of parasitic helminths (egg and adult) separately in relationship to latitude (i.e. Bergmann's rule), temperature and temperature seasonality. Given that helminth eggs experience environmental conditions more directly, whereas adults live inside infected host individuals, we predict stronger environmentally driven gradients of body size for eggs than for adults.LocationGlobal.Time periodPresent day.Major taxa studiedParasitic helminths.MethodsWe compiled egg size and adult body size data (both minimum and maximum) for 265 parasitic helminth species from the literature, along with species latitudinal distribution information using an extensive global helminth occurrence database. We then examined how the average helminth egg and adult body size of all helminth species present (minimum and maximum separately) scaled with latitude, temperature and temperature variability, using generalized linear models.ResultsBoth the egg size and the adult body size of helminths tended to decrease towards higher latitudes, although we found the opposite body size scaling pattern for their host species. Helminth sizes were also positively correlated with temperature and negatively, but more weakly, with temperature seasonality.Main conclusionsInstead of following the body size patterns of their hosts, helminth parasites are more similar to other ectotherms in that they follow the converse Bergmann's rule. This pattern did not differ between helminth developmental stages, suggesting that mean annual temperature and seasonality are unlikely to be related mechanistically to body size variation in this case.
Relationship between jaw‐opening force and neck circumference in healthy older individuals
Authors: Yoshida Saori , Tohara Haruka , Nakagawa Kazuharu , Hara Koji , Yamaguchi Kohei , Nakane Ayako , Yoshimi Kanako , Ariya Chantaramanee , Kurosawa Yukiko , Minakuchi Shunsuke 
Published: February 2019

AimIn recent years, the relationships of arm circumference and calf circumference with swallowing function have been reported. However, the efficacy of using the neck circumference, which is closer to the swallowing‐related muscles, has never been verified. Jaw‐opening force, an indicator of suprahyoid muscle strength, is known to be useful for screening for dysphagia. The aim of the present study was to identify the relationships between neck circumference and swallowing‐related muscle strength, and to clarify the association between these variables in older individuals.MethodsA total of 104 healthy, independent older individuals, aged ≥65 years (36 men, 68 women, mean age 71.5 ± 4.5 years, range 65–83 years), participated in the study. Neck circumference, arm circumference, calf circumference, jaw‐opening force and repetitive saliva swallowing test scores were measured. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between neck circumference and jaw‐opening force, between neck circumference and repetitive saliva swallowing test score, and to identify variables affecting jaw‐opening force and neck circumference.ResultsThe participants’ mean body mass index was 22.8 ± 2.9 (range 15.8–32.4). Sex and neck circumference, but not arm or calf circumference, were significant independent factors related to jaw‐opening force. Independent factors affecting neck circumference were sex, body mass index, jaw‐opening force and arm circumference, but not repetitive saliva swallowing test score.ConclusionsIn healthy older individuals, neck circumference was more strongly related to jaw‐opening force than were arm or calf circumference. This suggested that neck circumference could be useful for evaluating swallowing‐related muscle strength non‐invasively and easily. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 330–334.
Evolutionary origin of the type 2 corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor γ splice variant
Authors: De Groef Bert , Wawrzyczek Stanisław K. , Watanabe Yugo , Noy Ellyse B. , Reser David H. , Grommen Sylvia V. H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMany G protein‐coupled receptors have splice variants, with potentially different pharmaceutical properties, expression patterns and roles. The human brain expresses three functional splice variants of the type 2 corticotropin‐releasing hormone: CRHR2α, –β and –γ. CRHR2γ has only been reported in humans, but its phylogenetic distribution, and how and when during mammalian evolution it arose, is unknown. Based on genomic sequence analyses, we predict that a functional CRHR2γ is present in all Old World monkeys and apes, and is unique to these species. CRHR2γ arose by exaptation of an intronic sequence—already present in the common ancestor of primates and rodents—after retrotransposition of a short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) and mutations that created a 5′ donor splice site and in‐frame start codon, 32–43 million years ago. The SINE is not part of the coding sequence, only of the 5′ untranslated region and may therefore play a role in translational regulation. Putative regulatory elements and an alternative transcriptional start site were added earlier to this genomic locus by a DNA transposon. The evolutionary history of CRHR2γ confirms some of the earlier reported principles behind the “birth” of alternative exons. The functional significance of CRHR2γ, particularly in the brain, remains to be showed.
Haemophilia in Côte d’Ivoire (the Ivory Coast) in 2017: Extensive data collection as part of the World Federation of Hemophilia’s twinning programme
Authors: Lambert Catherine , Meité N’Dogomo , Sanogo Ibrahima , Lobet Sébastien , Adjambri Eusèbe , Eeckhoudt Stéphane , Hermans Cedric 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionIn sub‐Saharan African countries, research on haemophilia is limited. Since 2015, a partnership has been established through the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH)’s twinning programme between the haemophilia treatment centre (HTC) of the Centre Hospitalier universitaire of Yopougon in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, and the Cliniques universitaires Saint‐Luc of Brussels, Belgium.AimThis study sought to collect accurate, and detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory data on the whole identified Ivorian haemophilia population.MethodsA prospective study was conducted in 2017 in Yopougon’s HTC. Participants were assessed through multidisciplinary workups including interviews, logbook review, pedigree establishment, clinical examination and laboratory testing.ResultsData on 81 patients with haemophilia (PWH) (78 severe and moderate) were collected. Postcircumcision bleeding was the most common diagnosis reason (32%). Mouth bleeds and skin wounds accounted for 55.2% of bleeds. Pedigrees revealed 63 deaths in affected relatives among 33 families. Most PWHs (76.5%) were treated on demand, and 21% had never been exposed to clotting factor. Non‐substitutive therapies (tranexamic acid [43%], physiotherapy [11%] and DDAVP [0%]) were underused. Overweight was uncommon. Knees were the most clinically affected joints at the Hemophilia Joint Health Score. Inhibitors were present in 7.8% of previously treated PWHs.ConclusionsThis study highlights the value of simple, feasible and inexpensive tools to collect data in the Ivorian haemophilia population and provides the basis for developing and implementing locally appropriate strategies to improve screening, diagnosis, preventive care, treatment and education. It demonstrated the WFH twinning programme benefits for haemophilia care in the developing world.
Joining of silicon carbide ceramics using a silicon carbide tape
Authors: Kim Yong‐Hyeon , Jang Seung Hoon , Kim Young‐Wook 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper reports the joining of liquid‐phase sintered SiC ceramics using a thin SiC tape with the same composition as base SiC material. The base SiC ceramics were fabricated by hot pressing of submicron SiC powders with 4 wt% Al2O3–Y2O3–MgO additives. The base SiC ceramics were joined by hot‐pressing at 1800‐1900°C under a pressure of 10 or 20 MPa in an argon atmosphere. The effects of sintering temperature and pressure were examined carefully in terms of microstructure and strength of the joined samples. The flexural strength of the SiC ceramic which was joined at 1850°C under 20 MPa, was 343 ± 53 MPa, higher than the SiC material (289 ± 53 MPa). The joined SiC ceramics showed no residual stress built up near the joining layer, which was evidenced by indentation cracks with almost the same lengths in four directions.
Why is optimisation of antimicrobial use difficult at the end of life?
Authors: Broom Jennifer , Broom Alex , Good Phillip , Lwin Zarnie 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe antibiotic optimisation imperative is now ubiquitous, with national policy frameworks in Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries incorporating the requirement for antimicrobial stewardship within healthcare services. Yet in practice, the optimisation agenda often raises complex ethical‐ and practice‐based dilemmas. Antibiotic use at the end of life is multidimensional. It includes balancing complex issues, such as accuracy of prognostic estimates, benevolence to the individual versus the broader public health, personalised value judgement of time and quality of life and the right to treatment versus the right to die. It also occurs in an emotional context where the clinician and patient (and their family) collectively confront mortality. This provides a scenario where amplification of the already strong social and behavioural forces that drive overuse of antibiotics in many other clinical settings may occur. It therefore offers an important case for illustrating how antibiotic optimisation may be limited by social, value‐based and ethical dilemmas.
A case of persistent fever, cutaneous manifestations and pulmonary and splenic nodules: clinical experience and a literature review
Authors: Xu Ping , Cai Yazhou , Ying Xiaona , Shi Shiqiao , Song Weidong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare and recurrent ulcerating, non‐infectious, inflammatory dermatosis, with occasional concomitant extracutaneous manifestations. The pathogenesis and aetiology of PG are unknown. Moreover, early diagnosis is challenging because there are several visceral manifestations that may occur prior to the skin findings, such that misdiagnosis of PG as an infection is common. Here, we present a case of PG in which pulmonary and spleen lesions preceded the cutaneous manifestations. The correct diagnosis was made 6 months after multiple nodules were detected in the lung and spleen, based on the development of skin wound ulcers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PG in which pulmonary and splenic involvement preceded the appearance of skin lesions, without systemic disease. The patient was followed up for 5 years, during which time complete clinical and radiographic resolution was confirmed. This case demonstrates the challenges in the diagnosis of PG and the importance of using multiple diagnostic methods to determine the cause of unexplained clinical manifestations.
Lactation ketoacidosis: an easily missed diagnosis
Authors: Azzam Omar , Prentice David 
Published: February 2019

AbstractKetoacidosis is uncommon in non‐diabetic women, but occurs in the postpartum period as a rare complication of continuing to breastfeed during periods of acute illness. We report a case of a lactating woman who presented with severe symptomatic ketoacidosis in the early postpartum period. We also review the pathophysiology and management of lactation ketoacidosis.