bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination Therapy With Hyperbaric Oxygen and Erythropoietin Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis and Improves Recovery in Rats With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Zhou Yue , Su Peng , Pan Zhenzhen , Liu Dong , Niu Yanping , Zhu Weiqing , Yao Pengfei , Song Yue , Sun Yongming 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundApoptosis plays an important role in various diseases, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and erythropoietin (EPO) promote the recovery from SCI, but the relationship between apoptosis and the combination therapeutic effect is not completely clear.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of HBO and EPO on SCI and the mechanisms that underlie their therapeutic benefits.DesignThe study was designed to explore the effects of HBO and EPO on SCI through a randomized controlled trial.MethodsSixty young developing female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups of 12 rats receiving sham, SCI, HBO, EPO, or HBO plus EPO. The SCI model was modified with the Allen method to better control consistency. HBO was performed for 1 hour per day for a total of 21 days, and EPO was given once per week for a total of 3 weeks. Both methods were performed 2 hours after SCI. Locomotor function was evaluated with the 21-point Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale, an inclined-plane test, and a footprint analysis. All genes were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The level of cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst staining.ResultsThe results showed that HBO and EPO promoted the recovery of locomotor function in the hind limbs of rats by inhibiting the apoptosis of neurons. During this period, the expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 protein (Bcl-2) increased significantly, whereas the expression of Bcl-2–associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase 3 decreased significantly, indicating the inhibition of apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expression of G protein–coupled receptor 17 decreased, and that of myelin basic protein increased, suggesting that there may be a potential connection between demyelination and neuronal apoptosis.LimitationsThe limitations of the study include deviations in the preparation of SCI models; lack of reverse validation of molecular mechanisms; absence of in vitro cell experiments; and only one time point after SCI was studied.ConclusionsHBO and EPO treatments are beneficial for SCI, especially when the 2 therapies are combined.
Physical Therapist Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Individuals With Heart Failure
Authors: Shoemaker Michael J , Dias Konrad J , Lefebvre Kristin M , Heick John D , Collins Sean M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), in conjunction with the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Section of APTA, have commissioned the development of this clinical practice guideline to assist physical therapists in their clinical decision making when managing patients with heart failure. Physical therapists treat patients with varying degrees of impairments and limitations in activity and participation associated with heart failure pathology across the continuum of care. This document will guide physical therapist practice in the examination and treatment of patients with a known diagnosis of heart failure. The development of this clinical practice guideline followed a structured process and resulted in 9 key action statements to guide physical therapist practice. The level and quality of available evidence were graded based on specific criteria to determine the strength of each action statement. Clinical algorithms were developed to guide the physical therapist in appropriate clinical decision making. Physical therapists are encouraged to work collaboratively with other members of the health care team in implementing these action statements to improve the activity, participation, and quality of life in individuals with heart failure and reduce the incidence of heart failure-related re-admissions.
LOW FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELDS INSIDE CARS
Authors: Pääkkönen R , Korpinen L 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Magnetic fields were compared inside passenger seats of electric, petrol and hybrid cars. While driving about 5 km in an urban environment, values were recorded and compared between car types. The magnetic flux densities of the cars were less than 2.6 μT. The magnitudes of the magnetic fields of petrol cars and hybrid cars were about the same and slightly lower for electric cars. Based on our measurements, values were less than 3% of the guidelines given for the general population or people using pacemakers.
THE IMPACT ON THE EYE LENS OF RADIATION EMITTED BY NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES (LEAD-210) PRESENT IN RADIATION PROTECTION GLASSES
Authors: Osanai Minoru , Kudo Kohsei , Hosoda Masahiro , Tazoe Hirofumi , Akata Naofumi , Kitajima Maiko , Tsushima Megumi , Komiya Nobuhiro , Kudo Masaya , Tsujiguchi Takakiyo , Takagi Masafumi , Hosokawa Yoichiro , Saito Yoko 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Most radiation protection items made from modern lead contain 210Pb. This study estimated the impact on eye lens of radiation derived from the 210Pb in three types of radiation protection glasses. The counts from the glasses were measured using a Geiger–Müeller survey meter. The net count rate was 92 ± 1 cpm at a distance of 0.5 cm for one type of glasses. Additionally, we conducted a qualitative γ-ray spectrum analysis using a high-purity germanium semiconductor detector. The absorbed dose in the eye lens was related to 210Pb and its daughter radionuclide, 210Bi; this dose was calculated by applying dose conversion coefficients provided by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The absorbed dose rate in eye lens was conservatively calculated to be on the order of 10 nGy/h for the type of glasses containing the most 210Pb. The dose from β-rays accounted for &gt;99%. In addition, we investigated the dose-reduction effect using a thin acrylic plate. The count rate approximately decreased to background level by inserting a plate with a thickness of 1 mm. We conclude that the impact of 210Pb contained in radiation protection glasses is negligibly small, particularly considering the usefulness of the significant external exposure reduction.
RADON, THORON AND THEIR PROGENY DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE AND EXCESS LIFETIME CANCER RISK IN PANATHADY, KASARAGOD DISTRICT, KERALA
Authors: Mahamood K Nadira , Prakash V 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Radon and thoron are natural radioactive gases that tend to accumulate in the indoor environment and one of their major health implications is the ability to cause lung cancer. Present study comprises the quantification of radon and thoron activity concentrations and measurement of gamma exposure rates in different types of dwellings from the endosulfan-affected area, Panathady, Kasaragod district, Kerala. It is observed that, residents of this area were more prone to various diseases and health problems including cancer. The LR-115 type II solid state nuclear track detectors with single entry pin-hole based dosemeters have been used for the measurement of 222Radon and 220Rn activity concentrations. The assessment of radiological parameters such as annual effective doses and excess lifetime cancer risk has also been done in order to understand the dose level and the associated risk. The estimated values have been compared with the limit recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The average indoor radon and thoron activity concentrations observed in these dwellings were 134 ± 30 and 111 ± 28 Bq m−3, respectively. The estimated activity concentrations, effective doses, etc. are found to be within the recommended level by the UNSCEAR or ICRP.
NMDAR activation regulates the daily rhythms of sleep and mood
Authors: Burgdorf Jeffrey S , Vitaterna Martha H , Olker Christopher J , Song Eun Joo , Christian Edward P , Sørensen Laurits , Turek Fred W , Madsen Torsten M , Khan M Amin , Kroes Roger A , Moskal Joseph R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
The present studies examine the effects of NMDAR activation by NYX-2925 diurnal rhythmicity of both sleep and wake as well as emotion.

Methods
Twenty-four-hour sleep EEG recordings were obtained in sleep-deprived and non-sleep-deprived rats. In addition, the day–night cycle of both activity and mood was measured using home cage ultrasonic-vocalization recordings.

Results
NYX-2925 significantly facilitated non-REM (NREM) sleep during the lights-on (sleep) period, and this effect persisted for 3 days following a single dose in sleep-deprived rats. Sleep-bout duration and REM latencies were increased without affecting total REM sleep, suggesting better sleep quality. In addition, delta power during wake was decreased, suggesting less drowsiness. NYX-2925 also rescued learning and memory deficits induced by sleep deprivation, measured using an NMDAR-dependent learning task. Additionally, NYX-2925 increased positive affect and decreased negative affect, primarily by facilitating the transitions from sleep to rough-and-tumble play and back to sleep. In contrast to NYX-2925, the NMDAR antagonist ketamine acutely (1–4 hours post-dosing) suppressed REM and non-REM sleep, increased delta power during wake, and blunted the amplitude of the sleep-wake activity rhythm.

Discussion
These data suggest that NYX-2925 could enhance behavioral plasticity via improved sleep quality as well as vigilance during wake. As such, the facilitation of sleep by NYX-2925 has the potential to both reduce symptom burden on neurological and psychiatric disorders as well as serve as a biomarker for drug effects through restoration of sleep architecture.
Mechanisms of Chronic Fialuridine Hepatotoxicity as Revealed in Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroids
Authors: Hendriks Delilah F G , Hurrell Tracey , Riede Julia , van der Horst Muriëlle , Tuovinen Sarianna , Ingelman-Sundberg Magnus 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDrug hepatotoxicity is often delayed in onset. An exemplar case is the chronic nature of fialuridine hepatotoxicity, which resulted in the deaths of several patients in clinical trials as preclinical studies failed to identify this human-specific hepatotoxicity. Conventional preclinical in vitro models are mainly designed to evaluate the risk of acute drug toxicity. Here, we evaluated the utility of 3D spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) to assess chronic drug hepatotoxicity events using fialuridine as an example. Fialuridine toxicity was only detectable after 7 days of repeated exposure. Clinical manifestations, including reactive oxygen species formation, lipid accumulation, and induction of apoptosis, were readily identified. Silencing the expression or activity of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), implicated in the mitochondrial transport of fialuridine, modestly protected PHH spheroids from fialuridine toxicity. Interference with the phosphorylation of fialuridine into the active triphosphate metabolites by silencing of thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) provided substantial protection, whereas simultaneous silencing of ENT1 and TK2 provided near-complete protection. Fialuridine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was suggested by a decrease in the expression of mtDNA-encoded genes, which correlated with the onset of toxicity and was prevented under the simultaneous silencing of ENT1 and TK2. Furthermore, interference with the expression or activity of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which is critical to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool homeostasis, resulted in selective potentiation of fialuridine toxicity. Our findings demonstrate the translational applicability of the PHH 3D spheroid model for assessing drug hepatotoxicity events which manifest only under chronic exposure conditions.
Benefits and harms of increased inspiratory oxygen concentrations
Authors: Schwarte Lothar A. , Schober Patrick , Loer Stephan A. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
The topic of perioperative hyperoxia remains controversial, with valid arguments on both the ‘pro’ and ‘con’ side. On the ‘pro’ side, the prevention of surgical site infections was a strong argument, leading to the recommendation of the use of hyperoxia in the guidelines of the Center for Disease Control and the WHO. On the ‘con’ side, the pathophysiology of hyperoxia has increasingly been acknowledged, in particular the pulmonary side effects and aggravation of ischaemia/reperfusion injuries.

Recent findings
Some ‘pro’ articles leading to the Center for Disease Control and WHO guidelines advocating perioperative hyperoxia have been retracted, and the recommendations were downgraded from ‘strong’ to ‘conditional’. At the same time, evidence that supports a tailored, more restrictive use of oxygen, for example, in patients with myocardial infarction or following cardiac arrest, is accumulating.

Summary
The change in recommendation exemplifies that despite much work performed on the field of hyperoxia recently, evidence on either side of the argument remains weak. Outcome-based research is needed for reaching a definite recommendation.
Femoral Neck Shortening After Hip Fracture Fixation Is Associated With Inferior Hip Function: Results From the FAITH Trial
Authors: Felton Jessica , Slobogean Gerard P. , Jackson Sarah S. , Della Rocca Gregory J. , Liew Susan , Haverlag Robert , Jeray Kyle J. , Sprague Sheila A. , O'Hara Nathan N. , Swiontkowski Marc , Bhandari Mohit ,   on behalf of the FAITH Investigators
Published: August 2019

Objective:
To describe the distribution of femoral neck shortening after internal fixation and to determine whether shortening is associated with inferior hip function at 24 months after a hip fracture in patients 50 years of age or older.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
A secondary analysis of data from 81 clinical centers included in the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH) trial.

Participants:
Three hundred fifty patients, 50 years of age or older, who had an isolated femoral neck fracture and underwent timely operative fixation of the fracture.

Intervention:
Femoral neck shortening was measured as a categorical variable and classified into one of the following groups, as determined by the Central Adjudication Committee: no shortening, mild shortening (≤5 mm), moderate shortening (6–10 mm), or severe shortening (>10 mm).

Main Outcome Measurement:
The primary outcome for the current analysis was hip function, as measured by the Western Ontario & McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index questionnaire, at 24 months after injury.

Results:
Two-thirds of patients had no or mild shortening (≤5 mm), whereas one-third of patients had moderate or severe shortening (>5 mm). After adjusting for surgical treatment, a greater amount of femoral neck shortening was found to be associated with poorer hip function (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:
We found that increasing femoral neck shortening was associated with inferior hip function. Although internal fixation often results in successful union, patients who heal in a shortened position report poorer functional outcomes.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Nonoperated Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in the Middle Years
Authors: Watanabe Kei , Ohashi Masayuki , Hirano Toru , Katsumi Keiichi , Mizouchi Tatsuki , Tashi Hideki , Minato Keitaro , Hasegawa Kazuhiro , Endo Naoto 
Published: August 2019

Study Design.
A retrospective long-term follow-up study.

Objective.
To investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) status in middle-aged patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treated non-surgically.

Summary of Background Data.
The HRQOL status using various established questionnaires for non-operated AIS patients has not been fully investigated in long-term follow-up surveys.

Methods.
Inclusion criteria were non-surgical treatment for AIS, more than or equl to 30° major scoliosis at skeletal maturity (Risser grade ≥4), and age more than or equl to 30 years at the time of the survey. A total of 107 AIS patients were included and divided into three groups (single main thoracic [MT] curve group; n = 50, single thoracolumbar/lumbar [TL/L] curve group; n = 19, and double-major [DM] curve group; n = 38) based on curve location at skeletal maturity. Age- and sex-matched volunteers were selected as the control group.

Results.
There were no significant differences in age at survey, body mass index, bone mineral density of the femoral neck, and skeletal muscle mass index among the groups. In all groups, major scoliosis progressed by approximately 0.5°/yr from the time of skeletal maturity to the survey. The thoracolumbar (TL/L) and double-major (DM) groups showed significantly worse visual analog scale scores for low back pain compared with the main thoracice (MT) group (P < 0.05). The all-scoliosis groups showed significantly worse scores for self-image domain of the Scoliosis Research Society Outcome Instrument-22 (SRS-22) than the control group (P < 0.0001). The TL/L group showed significantly worse scores for walking ability and social function domains of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in Oswestory Disability Index and Short-Form-12 among the four groups.

Conclusion.
AIS patients with single MT curve maintain equal HRQOL status compared with healthy controls. Patients with structural TL/L curves are likely to experience greater annual TL/L curve progression and have substantial low back pain or worse low back pain-specific HRQOL status during middle age.

Level of Evidence: 4
Incidence of Surgical Site Infection After Spine Surgery
Authors: Zhou Jiaming , Wang Rui , Huo Xiaoyang , Xiong Wuyi , Kang Liang , Xue Yuan 
Published: August 2019

Study Design.
A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective.
The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) in patients following spine surgery and the rate of microorganisms in these cases.

Summary of Background Data.
Many studies have investigated the incidence and risk factors of SSI following spinal surgery, whereas no meta-analysis studies have been conducted regarding the comprehensive epidemiological incidence of SSI after spine surgery.

Methods.
We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant studies that reported the incidence of SSI after spine surgery, and manually screened reference lists for additional studies. Relevant incidence estimates were calculated. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias assessment were also performed.

Results.
Our meta-analysis included 27 studies, with 603 SSI cases in 22,475 patients. The pooled SSI incidence was 3.1%. Subgroup analysis revealed that the incidence of superficial SSI was 1.4% and the incidence of deep SSI was 1.7%. Highest incidence (13.0%) was found in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis among the different indications. The incidences of SSI in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine were 3.4%, 3.7%, and 2.7%, respectively. Compared with posterior approach surgery (5.0%), anterior approach showed a lower incidence (2.3%) of SSI. Instrumented surgery had a higher incidence of SSI than noninstrumented surgery (4.4% vs. 1.4%). Patients with minimally invasive surgery (1.5%) had a lower SSI incidence than open surgery (3.8%). Lower incidence of SSI was found when vancomycin powder was applied locally during the surgery (1.9%) compared with those not used (4.8%). In addition, the rates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococci in microbiological culture results were 37.9%, 22.7%, and 23.1%, respectively.

Conclusion.
The pooled incidence of SSI following spine surgery was 3.1%. These figures may be useful in the estimation of the probability of SSI following spine surgery.

Level of Evidence: 3
Nonpharmacologic Interventions to Prevent or Mitigate Adverse Long-Term Outcomes Among ICU Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis*
Authors: Geense Wytske W. , van den Boogaard Mark , van der Hoeven Johannes G. , Vermeulen Hester , Hannink Gerjon , Zegers Marieke 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
ICU survivors suffer from long-lasting physical, mental, and cognitive health impairments, also called “postintensive care syndrome”. However, an overview of the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or mitigate these impairments is lacking. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions.

Data Sources:
PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched from inception until July 19, 2018.

Study Selection:
(Non)randomized clinical trials, controlled before-after studies, and interrupted time series were included. Outcomes of interest included patients physical, mental and cognitive outcomes, quality of life, and outcomes such as social functioning and functional status, measured after hospital discharge.

Data Extraction:
Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Pooled mean differences and standardized mean differences were calculated using random-effect meta-analyses.

Data Synthesis:
After screening 17,008 articles, 36 studies, including 10 pilot studies, were included (n = 5,165 ICU patients). Interventions were subdivided into six categories: 1) exercise and physical rehabilitation programs; 2) follow-up services; 3) psychosocial programs; 4) diaries; 5) information and education; and 6) other interventions. Many outcomes favored the interventions, but significant differences were only found for diaries in reducing depression (two studies, n = 88; standardized mean difference, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.14–1.21) and anxiety (two studies, n = 88; standardized mean difference, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.01–0.87) and exercise programs in improving the Short Form Health Survey-36 Mental Component Score (seven studies, n = 664; mean difference, 2.62; 95% CI, 0.92–4.32).

Conclusions:
There is thin evidence that diaries and exercise programs have a positive effective on mental outcomes. Despite outcomes favoring the intervention group, other commonly used nonpharmacologic interventions in daily ICU practice are not supported by conclusive evidence from this meta-analysis. To improve recovery programs for ICU survivors, more evidence is needed from robust intervention studies using standardized outcomes.
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: molecular landscape and emerging therapeutic targets
Authors: Aziz-Bose Razina , Monje Michelle 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a fatal childhood brainstem malignancy. Despite advances in understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the tumor in the past decade, the dismal prognosis of DIPG has thus far remained unchanged. This review seeks to highlight promising therapeutic targets within three arenas: DIPG cell-intrinsic vulnerabilities, immunotherapeutic approaches to tumor clearance, and microenvironmental dependencies that promote tumor growth.

Recent findings
Promising therapeutic strategies from recent studies include epigenetic modifying agents such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) protein inhibitors, and CDK7 inhibitors. Tumor-specific immunotherapies are emerging. Key interactions between DIPG and normal brain cells are coming to light, and targeting critical microenvironmental mechanisms driving DIPG growth in the developing childhood brain represents a new direction for therapy.

Summary
Several DIPG treatment strategies are being evaluated in early clinical trials. Ultimately, we suspect that a multifaceted therapeutic approach utilizing cell-intrinsic, microenvironmental, and immunotherapeutic targets will be necessary for eradicating DIPG.