bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Aspen Performance and Genetic Gains
Authors: Li Bailian , Wyckoff Gary W. , Einspahr Dean W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The aspen hybrid breeding program has been active in the Lake States since 1955. This study summarizes long-term performance of aspen hybrids in six locations in Wisconsin and Upper Michigan. Interspecific hybrids of native bigtooth aspen and quaking aspen with other poplar species show improved growth when compared with native aspen species across a range of site quality. Quaking aspen hybrids with Populus tremula (XT-Ta) were the most promising based on growth, wood quality, and disease susceptibility. Individual tree volume growth for the XT-Ta hybrids was more than double that of progeny of pure quaking aspen parents (XT). Other aspen hybrids with P. davidiana, P. alba, and P. canescens parentage exhibited special growth potential on relatively poor and dry-sites, but were susceptible to a bronze leaf disease. Hybridization was more effective in improving aspen growth than breeding within pure species. Hybrid superiority was consistent across a range of site indexes, and showed the greatest potential on high-quality sites. Genetic gains for the XT-Ta hybrids, based on 15-yr height measurements, ranged from 29 to 34% across sites. Gain in volume growth is expected to be over 100%. Short-rotation (20-yr) commercial plantings with aspen hybrids are recommended on low-to medium quality northern hardwood sites. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3): 117-122.
The Effect of Peatland Drainage and Planting Position on the Growth of White Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Rothwell Richard L. , Woodard Paul M. , Rivard Paul G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of peatland drainage and planting position (peat hummock top, midslope, and bottom) on 2+0 barefoot white spruce seedling survival and growth and foliar nutrients were tested over a 2-yr period. Seedling survival was 44%-56% on hummock tops compared to 80%-96% on hummock midslopes and bottoms. Size of seedling at planting significantly affected survival. Final biomass on drained sites was 34%-53% greater than on undrained peatlands. Foliar nutrient levels were deficient on both drained and undrained peatlands. Foliar nitrogen, however, was significantly higher on the drained site and varied between the different planting positions. Seedling survival and growth was best on midslopes and hummock bottoms on the drained site, and best only on midslopes in the undrained site. Hummock tops were the least favorable planting position on both drained and undrained sites. North. J. Appl. For. 10(4):154-160.
Using a Geographic Information System to Plan a Forest Inventory that Respects the Spatial Distribution of Forest Strata
Authors: Bilodeau Jean-Marie , Bédard Yvan , Lowell Kim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Existing forest inventory techniques stratify a territory into forest types, determine a global sample size for the entire territory, and then partition this sample size by forest type. Sampling units are then located within the appropriate stratum in a fashion that will allow the field work to be conducted "efficiently." This final step inevitably leads to adjustments in the number of units per stratum and also does not account for the spatial distribution of a given stratum over an area. This paper demonstrates how, with the aid of a geographic information system, one can obtain a sample that is "adequately distributed" spatially in addition to being statistically representative. North. J. Appl. For. 10(4):161-165.
Logging in New England Need Not Cause Sedimentation of Streams
Authors: Martin C. Wayne , Hornbeck James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Erosion, sedimentation, and turbidity can be controlled during and after logging in New England forests by conscientiously following regulations and guidelines known as Best Management Practices (BMPs). This is demonstrated by comparing sediment yields and stream turbidities from cut and uncut watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in central New Hampshire. Sediment yields from uncut forests average about 40 kg/ha/yr, but are highly variable from year to year and from watershed to watershed. Disturbances due to cutting and logging can increase sediment yields. For example, in the first year after a whole-tree clearcut at Hubbard Brook, sediment yields increased 10- to 30-fold over uncut watersheds. However, total yields after cutting and skidding were still small and did not greatly affect stream turbidity. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1): 17-23.
Evaluation of Nine Taper Systems for Four Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Williams Thomas B. , Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Taper systems are useful for estimating the diameter at any height, the height at any diameter, and volume for any portion of tree boles. A test of nine systems on four Appalachian hardwoods was made to provide guidance in selection of the most appropriate equations. A model by Ormerod (1973) using coefficients by Martin (1981) was best for a total taper system. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1):24-26.
Revising Techniques for Estimating Land Parcel Characteristics using Digital Spatial Data
Authors: Lowell Kim E. , Kurtz William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Characteristics of individual land parcels were estimated for an area in Missouri using two methods: digital spatial data and an accepted system of landowner questionnaires. For the digital data, a geographically imprecise map of land ownership parcels was digitized for a 24210 ac study area. Using a GIS, this was overlaid on a classified digital satellite image in order to estimate parcel characteristics such as mean area, size distribution, and percent of a given ownership covered by forest and/or agriculture. At the same time, a currently used ground-based questionnaire survey which is used for the estimation of the same parameters as well as socioeconomic owner characteristics was conducted. Results from the two methods were comparable for estimating parcel characteristics. The digital approach is less costly and labor-intensive, but does not provide the same socioeconomic data provided by the questionnaire. North. J. Appl. For. 11(3):80-86.
RPGrow$: A Red Pine Analysis Spreadsheet for the Lake States
Authors: Hyldahl Carol A. , Grossman Gerald H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
RPGrow$ is a spreadsheet that interactively projects standlevel growth and yield with financial analysis of red pine plantations in the Lake States. Three types of commonly found conditions related to red pine management can be analyzed: (1) an entire rotation from initial planting to final harvest; (2) an existing stand from any point in time until final harvest; and (3) conversion of an existing stand to red pine (marginal analysis). Stand growth projections are for 70 yr. User input includes site index, stand age, initial basal area, trees per acre, thinning regime, costs associated with establishment and culture, tax rates, inflation rate, and discount rate. RPGrow$ calculates and values pulpwood and sawtimber volumes from user-defined stumpage prices. The financial analysis uses discounted cash flow methods to calculate results both with and without tax effects. Different stand management scenarios and economic factors can be compared easily through sensitivity analysis. North. J. Appl. For. 11(4):141-145.
An Interactive Thinning Simulation for Red Pine Stands
Authors: Rose Dietmar W. , Chen Chug Muh 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper describes a computer program, REDPTHIN, that permits the development of optimal thinning schedules for red pine plantations in the Lake States. The optimal schedules maximize total cubic foot volume production for any initial stand condition of age, site, and basal area stocking. These optimal schedules are derived via a special dynamic programming algorithm that the author developed. User specified thinning schedules can be simulated. Optimal biological rotation age and mean annual increment can be derived from the output table. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1):43-48.
Log Rule Conversions for Use in Pennsylvania Stumpage Price Reporting
Authors: Finley James C. , Rickenbach Mark G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Unbiased log rule conversion factors are essential for accurate stumpage price reporting. This paper outlines the development of log rule conversion factors between Doyle, Scribner, and International 1/4" (Int. 1/4") from existing Pennsylvania inventory data. The inventory data are used to calculate the dbh and merchantable height for the average tree. These average tree dimensions are then used to scale the volume in the three log rules. The ratios of the volumes are compared and conversion factors calculated. The conversion factors from the Doyle to Scribner, Doyle to Int. 1/4", and Scribner to Int. 1/4" are 1.462, 1.695, and 1.159, respectively. The reciprocal conversion factors (e.g., Scribner to Doyle) are simply the reciprocal of the above values (e.g., 1/1.462=0.684). The conversion factors were then compared using Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry sale information. The results showed close agreement with conversion factors developed in this study. Although geographic and temporal limitations exist to applying these conversion factors outside of Pennsylvania, the methods represent a standardized approach to developing log rule conversions. North. J. Appl. For. 13(3):110-115.
Double Sampling Saves Time When Cruising Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Merten Paul R. , Wiant Harry V. , Rennie John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Simulations based on data collected in five Appalachian hardwood sawtimber-size stands indicate double sampling using point sampling (BAF 10 and 20) compared to conventional point sampling would save 24 to 47% of time in the field. There was no significant bias in volume estimates using double sampling, and standard errors were within about 1% of those obtained with conventional point sampling. North. J. Appl. For. 13(3):116-118.
Relative Density and Growth of Eleven Norway Spruce Provenances in Central New Brunswick
Authors: Bujold Stephanie J. , Simpson J. Dale , Beukeveld John H. J. , Schneider Marc H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Variation in wood relative density, at 30 and 31 yr, of 11 provenances of Norway spruce planted in a replicated field test in central New Brunswick is presented. Relative density ranged from 0.339 to 0.361 with significant differences among provenances. Height was significantly different among provenances. Wood density was significantly correlated with provenance elevation. North. J. Appl. For. 13(3):124-128.
Multiple Regression-Based Transactions Evidence Timber Appraisal for Minnesota's State Forests
Authors: MacKay Donald G. , Baughman Melvin J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A transactions evidence appraisal system for timber tracts administered by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources was developed and tested. A multiple linear regression model was developed from data on timber tracts sold by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources at auction in fiscal year 1991. This model was tested on fiscal year 1992 auction sales for which prices were known. Factors related to tract sale price included: (1) volume of different products on the site, (2) tract location, (3) distance from the tract to the nearest mill, (4) stocking level, and (5) seasonal harvesting restrictions. The regression model predicted sale prices nearly as well as the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources appraisal system and required substantially less information. North. J. Appl. For. 13(3):129-134.
Cost Analysis of a Specialized Gypsy Moth Management Program for Suburban Parks
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Ridgway Richard L. , Tichenor Robert H. , Hedden Roy L. , King Joel A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The development of efficient and improved management programs for the gypsy moth requires detailed data on the benefits and costs of various treatment alternatives and program options. The objective of this study was to provide a cost analysis of a specialized gypsy moth management program for suburban parks. Cost data from the Maryland Department of Agriculture were used to perform a cost analysis of a hypothetical suburban park situation. The egg mass survey was assigned a cost of $24.68 per point. Most of the nonsurvey costs can be attributed to application (44% or $26.93/ha). Treatment material was the least costly component at 15% of total nonsurvey cost ($8.95/ha). Support and overhead accounted for the remaining 41% ($25.24/ha). The hypothetical suburban park would incur $2,158 in survey costs and $40,473 in application costs (roughly one-third from second applications). On the average, a suburban park had treatment costs of $42.85/ha (total park area, treated and untreated). North. J. Appl. For. 14(21):32-39.
Control of Insect Damage to Black Spruce Seed Cones with Neem
Authors: Kostyk Barry C. , Wanner Kevin W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A neem seed extract was applied to black spruce trees at two stages of reproductive development to control insect damage to the seed cones. Applied after pollination, neem had no effect on damage by the spruce cone maggot but did provide some protection against defoliation by the spruce budworm. Neem had no effect on the numbers of spruce budworm larvae for the first 9 days of the experiment, but after 23 days, populations declined on trees with two of three neem treatments compared to control trees. Neem reduced cone grazing damage by lepidopteran larvae when applied during the flowering stage. However, increased female flower abortion also resulted. The application of neem seed extract for controlling spruce budworm damage appears promising, but more information is needed on earlier applications in the field to determine if this product could be used operationally without causing substantial flower abortion. North. J. Appl. For. 14(1):40-43.
Long-Term Impacts of Forest Road Crossings of Wetlands in Pennsylvania
Authors: Miller Robert L. , Dewalle David R. , Brooks Robert P. , Finley James C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey was conducted of 70 forest road crossings of wetlands in Pennsylvania to describe the characteristics of these crossings and to evaluate the long-term impacts of the crossings on habitat quality, channel stability, vegetation, wetland width and channel sediment embeddedness above and below the crossings. Sampling was stratified into five physiographic provinces and three land ownership types. Difficulty was encountered in identifying sites for the survey especially in the glaciated northwest region and on private and industry lands. The majority of samples obtained were from unglaciated provinces and public lands. Wetlands identified were primarily linear riparian wetlands associated with first- and second-order channels. Crossings encountered were largely gravel-covered culverts used to provide access to adjacent management areas.
Only 35 of 814 comparisons of mean environmental conditions above and below the wetland crossings were found to be significant. Significant differences that did occur suggested that stream bed fine sediment levels were higher, basal area lower, and herbaceous cover higher in the immediate vicinity of some crossings simply due to the presence of the road and fill banks. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):109-116.
Computer Corner: Forester's Yield Curve Designer Software
Authors: MacLean David A. , Porter Kevin B. , Kerr Jeff 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Forester's Yield Curve Designer(FYCD) software is aimed at helping forest management planners and field foresters in the development and validation of timber volume yield curves. It uses a mouse-driven graphical user interface that facilitates the import and display of results from stand growth models, the comparison of potential curves with permanent sample plot data, and the creation of new curves by drawing, adjusting, and combining curves. FYCD addresses the problem of getting management plan volume yield curve information out to field foresters for validation against available data and experience, and facilitating feedback from the forester to the planner. FYCD also increases the usability of valuable data from permanent and temporary sample plots by allowing easy access and display. This paper describes the primary functionality of FYCD, the data formats used, and how to obtain this free software from the Canadian Forest Service. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):23-27.
Evaluating Changes in Yellow-Poplar Management in Response to New Low-End Markets
Authors: Pelkki Matthew H. , Arthaud Greg J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Optimal rotation length and thinning schedules for yellow-poplar were determined through the use of a dynamic programming simulation system. Economic and management responses to changing low-end markets for roundwood yellow-poplar were investigated as well as sensitivity to real price increases, interest rates, and number of allowed thinnings in a rotation. It was found that strong markets for low quality and small diameter yellow-poplar shorten rotation lengths and shift low-quality sawtimber into the roundwood markets. In all cases, improvement thinnings were shown to be a valuable thinning strategy and, in many cases, improvement thinning combined with a thinning from above produced the highest financial returns. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):37-42.
Response of Black Spruce to Thinning and Fertilization in a Drained Swamp
Authors: Hillman Graham R. , Takyi Sam K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A split-plot design experiment replicated in four blocks was established to determine the effects of thinning (main plots) and fertilization (subplots) on growth of a 50- to 60-yr-old stagnant stand of black spruce on a shallow peatland (swamp) in Alberta drained in the previous year in a large-scale experimental project to convert it to a future merchantable stand. The thinning treatments were selective hand-spacing to 1600 trees ha-1 and no thinning. The hand-broadcast fertilizer treatments were: no fertilizer, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), NP, PK, NK, and NPK. Nitrogen as NH4NO3 was applied at 200 kg ha-1, P as triplesuperphosphate at 100 kg ha-1, and K as potassium chloride at 100 kg ha-1. After six growing seasons, diameter at breast height, basal area, and volume growth were significantly greater in the thinned treatment than for the same number of large (dominant and codominant) trees in the unthinned treatment. Thinning had no significant effect on height growth. Nitrogen significantly increased dbh, height, basal area, and volume growth, and NP increased the basal area and volume growth. P, K, and PK treatments showed little effects on growth, and P applied alone tended to reduce growth. The results indicated it will be beneficial to supplement drainage with thinning or fertilization with N and N-containing fertilizers or with both shortly after drainage, particularly when other researchers have indicated black spruce may take several years to respond to drainage. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):98-105.
A Survey to Evaluate Crown Condition of Forest, Roadside, and Urban Maple Trees in Ontario, 1987-1995
Authors: Hopkin Anthony A. , Howse Gordon M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Surveys of sugar maple trees, conducted in Ontario between 1987 and 1995, showed a general improvement in crown condition after 1990. Plots on the shallow soils of the Precambrian shield in central Ontario showed the highest levels of crown dieback in all years. This area was also defoliated at moderate-to-severe levels in 1988. Dieback levels on undefoliated plots were high in 1987-1988, but plots improved after 1988. Defoliated plots showed no improvement, and dieback remained high through 1995. Crown dieback was lower in forest and urban situations than at roadside plots. Roadside plots showed high levels of dieback and should be considered poor indicators of forest condition. Pest damage was recorded on all plot types. Sugar maple in both urban and roadside locations had a higher incidence of stem defects, stem canker, and stem insect damage than trees in forest plots. Root rots were most prevalent at roadside locations. Stem cankers, stem defects, and root rot were most common in the northern forest plots. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3): 141-145.
Site Index of Balsam Poplar/Western Black Cottonwood in Interior and Southcentral Alaska
Authors: Shaw John D. , Packee Edmond C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem analysis data were obtained from 268 balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) and black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) trees on 67 sites in interior and southcentral Alaska during 1988-1990 for the purpose of height and volume growth analysis. A modified form of the Chapman-Richards growth model was used to produce polymorphic site index curves. Wide variations in curve shape, which were evident in region-to-region comparisons, required stratification of the data. Site index curves for balsam poplar north of the Alaska Range were produced using one equation and data from 35 sites. The remaining 32 sites, located south of the Range, were divided by landform (fluvial vs. upland). Sites on the middle and upper Susitna and Chulitna Rivers were placed in a separate fluvial class, giving three equations for sites south of the Range. The four equations produce the first polymorphic site index curves for poplars in Alaska. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):174-181.
Regeneration of Northern Red Oak in Relation to Ectomycorrhizae in Oak and Pine Stands after Overstory and Understory Manipulations
Authors: Zhou Minyi , Sharik Terry L. , Jurgensen Martin F. , Richter Dana L. , Gale Margaret R. , Drummer Thomas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in relation to colonization by indigenous ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was studied in oak and pine stands in northern Lower Michigan that were subjected to overstory and understory manipulations. Two stand types (oak and pine), three blocks of each stand type, four canopy cover treatments (clearcut, 25% cover (50% cover in the first year), 75% cover and uncut), and two understory treatments (shrub removal and untreated control) were involved in the experiment. Northern red oak acorns from a common seed source were sown in May 1991 to simulate natural regeneration. Seedling growth and its relation to percent ECM were evaluated for the first two growing seasons.
A significantly larger root-collar diameter of northern red oak seedlings was found in pine stands than in oak stands for the first growing season (P < 0.001). However, this difference could not be explained by overall ECM colonization. Seedling growth and ECM colonization were not affected by the shrub removal treatment during the first two growing seasons. In contrast, northern red oak seedling size and weight were strongly influenced by the overstory treatment, with lower levels of canopy cover resulting in larger seedlings. Seedlings had the greatest percent ECM in the partial cover treatment (25-50%) and the lowest percent ECM in the clearcut. After accounting for the effects of canopy cover, the relationship between total biomass of northern red oak seedlings and percent ECM was positively correlated (P = 0.001) during the first growing season and negatively correlated (P = 0.038) during the second growing season. A positive relationship between root/shoot ratio and percent ECM also existed in the first year (P = 0.003) in both oak and pine stands, but only in the oak stands in the second year (P = 0.039). These results indicate that ECM promoted more root development than shoot development, particularly underpartial canopy cover (25%-50%) treatments, where the greatest percent ECM and largest root/shoot ratio were found. Moreover, our results suggest that these partial canopy cover treatments provide a favorable balance between ECM abundance and northern red oak seedling development in both oak and pine stands on intermediate quality sites, and may lead to northern red oak regeneration success on such sites. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):182-190.