bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Neurological Burden of Tuberculosis
Authors: Das Mitashee , Dooley Kelly , Gupta Amita , Thakur Kiran 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCentral nervous system (CNS) involvement of tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe manifestation of TB and accounts for approximately 5 to 10% of all extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) cases and approximately 1% of all TB cases. TB meningitis (TBM) is the most common form of CNS TB, though other forms occur, often in conjunction with TBM, including intracranial tuberculomas, tuberculous brain abscesses, and spinal tubercular arachnoiditis. CNS TB often presents with nonspecific clinical features that mimic symptoms of other neurological conditions, often making diagnosis difficult. Defining neuroimaging characteristics of TBM include thick basal meningeal enhancement, hydrocephalus, and parenchymal infarctions most commonly involving the basal ganglia and internal capsule. Traditional cerebrospinal fluid sample analysis frequently requires lengthy times-to-result and have low sensitivity. Given the pitfalls of conventional CNS TB diagnostic methods, various molecular-based methods, including immunoassays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have emerged as alternative diagnostic tools due to their rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity. Expert panels on TBM have recently emphasized the need for standard research procedures with updated case definitions and standardized study methods, which will hopefully pave the way for more robust multicenter international studies. In this article, we review the epidemiology, diagnosis, molecular factors associated with disease presentation and outcome, and treatment of CNS TB.
B3GALNT2-Related Dystroglycanopathy: Expansion of the Phenotype with Novel Mutation Associated with Muscle-Eye-Brain Disease, Walker–Warburg Syndrome, Epileptic Encephalopathy-West Syndrome, and Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Al Dhaibani Muna , El-Hattab Ayman , Ismayl Omar , Suleiman Jehan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMutations in B3GALNT2, encoding a glycosyltransferase enzyme involved in α-dystroglycan glycosylation, have been recently associated with dystroglycanopathy, a well-recognized subtype of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). Only a few cases have been reported with B3GALNT2-related dystroglycanopathy with variable severity ranging from mild CMD to severe muscle-eye-brain disease. Here, we describe a child with a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in B3GALNT2. The affected child has severe neurological disease since birth, including muscle disease manifested as hypotonia, muscle weakness, and wasting with elevated creatine kinase, eye disease including microphthalmia and blindness, brain disease with extensive brain malformations including massive hydrocephalus, diffuse cobblestone-lissencephaly, deformed craniocervical junction, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. The clinical and radiologic findings are compatible with a diagnosis of severe muscle-eye-brain disease and more specifically Walker–Warburg syndrome. A more distinct aspect of the clinical phenotype in this child is the presence of refractory epilepsy in the form of epileptic spasms, epileptic encephalopathy, and West syndrome, as well as sensorineural hearing loss. These findings could expand the phenotype of B3GALNT2-related dystroglycanopathy. In this report, we also provide a detailed review of previously reported cases with B3GALNT2-related dystroglycanopathy and compare them to our reported child. In addition, we study the genotype–phenotype correlation in these cases.
Past and Present: A Review of Antenatal Corticosteroids and Recommendations for Late Preterm Birth Steroids
Authors: Too Gloria , Saade George , Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia , Dixon C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSince 1972, the beneficial neonatal effects of antenatal corticosteroids (ACSs) have been repeatedly demonstrated in pregnancies at risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation. While ACS utilization before 34 weeks has been high since the 1990s, knowledge gaps regarding the risks and benefits of ACS continue to exist. Recent evidence has been published regarding the benefit of ACS in the late preterm period. This review addresses the evidence and knowledge gaps for ACS use before and after 34 weeks' gestation. We also provide recommendations for ACS use in the late preterm period.
Changes in Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Response to Various Levels of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide in Healthy Patients under General Anesthesia
Authors: Kapoor Indu , Khandelwal Ankur , Mahajan Charu , Prabhakar Hemanshu , Bithal Parmod Kumar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Background Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is an essential component in management of traumatic brain-injured (TBI) patients. While invasive techniques are associated with many complications, noninvasive nature of ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is now becoming popular. Carbon dioxide (CO2) alters the ICP by changing the size of cerebral vasculature. We aimed to assess the effect of (hypercarbia and hypocarbia) different levels of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) on ONSD.
Methods Thirty adult patients aged between 18 and 65 years, undergoing brachial plexus injury surgery under general anesthesia, were enrolled. Following standard anesthetic protocol, ONSD was measured at different time points of EtCO2. ONSD was measured at EtCO2 of 40 and then 30 mm Hg to assess change in ONSD due to hypocarbia (Thypocarbia). Similarly, ONSD was measured at EtCO2 of 50 mm Hg to assess change in ONSD due to hypercarbia (Thypercarbia). The mean of three ONSD values at each time point was taken as the final value. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to analyze correlation between different levels of EtCO2 and ONSD.
Results The calculated 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference of two measures (Thypocarbia, EtCO2 40 and 30 mm Hg) on ONSD was −0.056 to −0.036, and the calculated CI for the difference of other two measures (Thypercarbia, EtCO2 40 and 50 mm Hg) on ONSD was 0.044 to 0.077, and thus were observed to be significant.
Conclusions ONSD changes significantly in response to different EtCO2 levels in healthy non-neurosurgical patients under general anesthesia.
Laterally confined growth of cells induces nuclear reprogramming in the absence of exogenous biochemical factors
Authors: Roy Bibhas , Venkatachalapathy Saradha , Ratna Prasuna , Wang Yejun , Jokhun Doorgesh Sharma , Nagarajan Mallika , Shivashankar G. V. 
Published: May 2018

Significance
In this study, we demonstrate a platform for reprogramming somatic cells with high efficiency in the absence of exogenous reprogramming factors. Sustained laterally confined growth of cells on micropatterned substrates results in sequential changes to the nucleus and chromatin with each cell division, leading to the progressive erasure of lineage specific characteristics and incorporation of pluripotency. After 10 days of confined growth, the cells exhibit stemness and have multilineage differentiation potential. Our observation highlights a previously unknown role of mechanical constraints in nuclear reprogramming. Our method provides a unique approach to greatly improve stem cell technologies for developing patient specific disease models and regenerative medicine.
Strategic investment explains patterns of cooperation and cheating in a microbe
Authors: Madgwick Philip G. , Stewart Balint , Belcher Laurence J. , Thompson Christopher R. L. , Wolf Jason B. 
Published: May 2018

SignificanceContributing to cooperation is costly, while its rewards are often available to all members of a social group. Therefore, cooperation is vulnerable to exploitation by individuals that do not contribute but nevertheless share the benefits. So why contribute to cooperation? This dilemma can be resolved if individuals modulate their ‟investment” into cooperation dependent on whether benefits go to relatives or nonrelatives, which maximizes the return on investment to their genes. To evaluate this idea, we derived a model for cooperative investment and tested its predictions using a social microbe that cooperatively builds a stalk to facilitate spore dispersal. We find that cooperative investment into stalk closely matches predictions, with strains strategically adjusting investment according to their relatedness to their group.
Identification of cytokine-specific sensory neural signals by decoding murine vagus nerve activity
Authors: Zanos Theodoros P. , Silverman Harold A. , Levy Todd , Tsaava Tea , Battinelli Emily , Lorraine Peter W. , Ashe Jeffrey M. , Chavan Sangeeta S. , Tracey Kevin J. , Bouton Chad E. 
Published: May 2018

Significance
Evolution conferred animals with molecular sensors that monitor cellular and organ function to detect changes in the environment. These activate sensory neural responses that drive the action of reflexes that maintain cellular and physiological homeostasis. Recent advances reveal that neural reflexes modulate the immune system, but it was previously unknown whether cytokine mediators of immunity mediate specific neural signals. Here we develop methods to isolate and decode specific neural signals recorded from the vagus nerve to discriminate between the cytokines IL-1β and TNF. This methodological waveform successfully detects and discriminates between specific cytokine exposures using neural signals.
Specificity and robustness of long-distance connections in weighted, interareal connectomes
Authors: Betzel Richard F. , Bassett Danielle S. 
Published: May 2018

Significance
Interareal communication occurs along physical pathways. The prevailing hypothesis is that long-distance connections reduce the processing length between brain areas, facilitating efficient communication. We show, in five weighted interareal network datasets, that the correlation of connection weight with distance implies that long-distance connections play only a minor role in reducing path length. Instead, long-distance connections add diversity to brain area inputs and outputs, leading to increasingly complex brain dynamics. These findings help to clarify our understanding of how brain structure contributes to interareal communication.
Flight motor networks modulate primary olfactory processing in the moth
Manduca sexta
Authors: Chapman Phillip D. , Burkland Rex , Bradley Samual P. , Houot Benjamin , Bullman Victoria , Dacks Andrew M. , Daly Kevin C. 
Published: May 2018

Significance
Across vertebrates and invertebrates, corollary discharge circuits (CDCs) project to and inform sensory networks about an animal’s movements, which directly impact sensory processing. Failure of CDCs likely underlie sensory hallucinations in schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and dyspnea, highlighting the fundamental importance of CDCs for successfully interpreting sensory cues to adaptively interact with the external world. Ultimately, understanding the role of CDCs in integrating sensory motor function will be vital to understand these diseases, but mechanistically little is known about how CDCs function. CDCs have been identified in most sensory domains except olfaction. Our findings indicate that a histaminergic CDC enhances the ability of the olfactory system to more precisely encode stimulus temporal structure, resulting in enhanced olfactory acuity.
T7 phage factor required for managing RpoS inEscherichia coli
Authors: Tabib-Salazar Aline , Liu Bing , Barker Declan , Burchell Lynn , Qimron Udi , Matthews Steve J. , Wigneshweraraj Sivaramesh 
Published: May 2018

SignificanceViruses that infect bacteria (phages) represent the most abundant living entities on the planet, and many aspects of our fundamental knowledge of phage–bacteria relationships have been derived in the context of exponentially growing bacteria. In the case of the prototypicalEscherichia coliphage T7, specific inhibition of the housekeeping form of the RNA polymerase (Eσ70) by a T7 protein, called Gp2, is essential for the development of viral progeny. We now reveal that T7 uses a second specific inhibitor that selectively inhibits the stationary phase RNA polymerase (EσS), which enables T7 to develop well in exponentially growing and stationary phase bacteria. The results have broad implications for our understanding of phage–bacteria relationships and the therapeutic application of phages.
AC Power at Power Frequencies: Bilateral comparison between SASO NMCC and TÜBİTAK UME
Authors: Çaycı Hüseyin , Yılmaz Özlem , AlRobaish Abdullah M , AlAnazi Shafi S , AlAyali Ahmed R , AlRumie Rashed A 
Published: May 2018

A supplementary bilateral comparison measurement on AC Power at 50/60 Hz between SASO NMCC (GULFMET) and TÜBİTAK UME (EURAMET) was performed with the primary power standards of each partner. Measurement methods and setups which are very similar of the participants, measurement results, calculation of differences in the results, evaluation of uncertainties are given within this report.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Carbon footprints of 13 000 cities
Authors: Moran Daniel , Kanemoto Keiichiro , Jiborn Magnus , Wood Richard , Többen Johannes , Seto Karen C 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
While it is understood that cities generate the majority of carbon emissions, for most cities, towns, and rural areas around the world no carbon footprint (CF) has been estimated. The Gridded Global Model of City Footprints (GGMCF) presented here downscales national CFs into a 250 m gridded model using data on population, purchasing power, and existing subnational CF studies from the US, China, EU, and Japan. Studies have shown that CFs are highly concentrated by income, with the top decile of earners driving 30%–45% of emissions. Even allowing for significant modeling uncertainties, we find that emissions are similarly concentrated in a small number of cities. The highest emitting 100 urban areas (defined as contiguous population clusters) account for 18% of the global carbon footprint. While many of the cities with the highest footprints are in countries with high carbon footprints, nearly one quarter of the top cities (41 of the top 200) are in countries with relatively low emissions. In these cities population and affluence combine to drive footprints at a scale similar to those of cities in high-income countries. We conclude that concerted action by a limited number of local governments can have a disproportionate impact on global emissions.
Microglia: An Intrinsic Component of the Proliferative Zones in the Fetal Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Barger Nicole , Keiter Janet , Kreutz Anna , Krishnamurthy Anjana , Weidenthaler Cody , Martínez-Cerdeño Verónica , Tarantal Alice F , Noctor Stephen C 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMicroglial cells are increasingly recognized as modulators of brain development. We previously showed that microglia colonize the cortical proliferative zones in the prenatal brain and regulate the number of precursor cells through phagocytosis. To better define cellular interactions between microglia and proliferative cells, we performed lentiviral vector-mediated intraventricular gene transfer to induce enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in fetal cerebrocortical cells. Tissues were collected and counterstained with cell-specific markers to label microglial cells and identify other cortical cell types. We found that microglial cells intimately interact with the radial glial scaffold and make extensive contacts with neural precursor cells throughout the proliferative zones, particularly in the rhesus monkey fetus when compared to rodents. We also identify a subtype of microglia, which we term ‘periventricular microglia’, that interact closely with mitotic precursor cells in the ventricular zone. Our data suggest that microglia are structural modulators that facilitate remodeling of the proliferative zones as precursor cells migrate away from the ventricle and may facilitate the delamination of precursor cells. Taken together, these results indicate that microglial cells are an integral component of cortical proliferative zones and contribute to the interactive milieu in which cortical precursor cells function.
Universal Series for Hilbert Schemes and Strange Duality
Authors: Johnson Drew 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
We show how the “finite Quot scheme method” applied to Le Potier’s strange duality on del Pezzo surfaces leads to conjectures (valid for all smooth complex projective surfaces) relating two sets of universal power series on Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces: those for top Chern classes of tautological sheaves and those for Euler characteristics of line bundles. We have verified these predictions computationally for low order. We then give an analysis of these conjectures in small ranks. We also give a combinatorial proof of a formula predicted by our conjectures: the top Chern class of the tautological sheaf on $S^{[n]}$ associated to the structure sheaf of a point is equal to $(-1)^n$ times the nth Catalan number.
Hospitals’ adoption of intra-system information exchange is negatively associated with inter-system information exchange
Authors: Vest Joshua R , Simon Kosali 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Introduction
U.S. policy on interoperable HIT has focused on increasing inter-system (ie, between different organizations) health information exchange. However, interoperable HIT also supports the movement of information within the same organization (ie, intra-system exchange).

Methods
We examined the relationship between hospitals’ intra- and inter-system information exchange capabilities among health system hospitals included in the 2010-2014 American Hospital Association’s Annual Health Information Technology Survey. We described the factors associated with hospitals that adopted more intra-system than inter-system exchange capability, and explored the extent of new capability adoption among hospitals that reported neither intra- or inter-system information capabilities at baseline.

Results
The prevalence of exchange increased over time, but the adoption of inter-system information exchange was slower; when hospitals adopt information exchange, adoption of intra-system exchange was more common. On average during our study period, hospitals could share 4.6 types of information by intra-system exchange, but only 2.7 types of information by inter-system exchange. Controlling for other factors, hospitals exchanged more types of information in an intra-system manner than inter-system when the number of different inpatient EHR vendors in use in health system is larger.

Conclusion
Consistent with the U.S. goals for more widely accessible patient information, hospitals’ ability to share information has increased over time. However, hospitals are prioritizing within-organizational information exchange over exchange between different organizations. If increasing inter-system exchanges is a desired goal, current market incentives and government policies may be insufficient to overcome hospitals’ motivations for pursuing an intra-system-information-exchange-first strategy.
Evaluating utility and compliance in a patient-based eHealth study using continuous-time heart rate and activity trackers
Authors: Speier William , Dzubur Eldin , Zide Mary , Shufelt Chrisandra , Joung Sandy , Van Eyk Jennifer E , Bairey Merz C Noel , Lopez Mayra , Spiegel Brennan , Arnold Corey 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Telemedicine has been used to remotely diagnose and treat patients, yet previously applied telemonitoring approaches have been fraught with adherence issues. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the adherence rates using a consumer-grade continuous-time heart rate and activity tracker in a mid-risk cardiovascular patient population. As a secondary analysis, we show the ability to utilize the information provided by this device to identify information about a patient’s state by correlating tracker information with patient-reported outcome survey scores. We showed that using continuous-time activity trackers with heart rate monitors can be effective in a telemonitoring application, as patients had a high level of adherence (90.0% median usage) and low attrition (0.09% decrease per day) over a 90-day period. Furthermore, data collected correlated significantly with clinically relevant patient surveys (r2=0.15 for PROMIS global health scores, p &lt; .00001), and therefore might provide an effective signal for identifying patients in need of intervention.
Conversational agents in healthcare: a systematic review
Authors: Laranjo Liliana , Dunn Adam G , Tong Huong Ly , Kocaballi Ahmet Baki , Chen Jessica , Bashir Rabia , Surian Didi , Gallego Blanca , Magrabi Farah , Lau Annie Y S , Coiera Enrico 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveOur objective was to review the characteristics, current applications, and evaluation measures of conversational agents with unconstrained natural language input capabilities used for health-related purposes.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and ACM Digital using a predefined search strategy. Studies were included if they focused on consumers or healthcare professionals; involved a conversational agent using any unconstrained natural language input; and reported evaluation measures resulting from user interaction with the system. Studies were screened by independent reviewers and Cohen’s kappa measured inter-coder agreement.ResultsThe database search retrieved 1513 citations; 17 articles (14 different conversational agents) met the inclusion criteria. Dialogue management strategies were mostly finite-state and frame-based (6 and 7 conversational agents, respectively); agent-based strategies were present in one type of system. Two studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 was cross-sectional, and the remaining were quasi-experimental. Half of the conversational agents supported consumers with health tasks such as self-care. The only RCT evaluating the efficacy of a conversational agent found a significant effect in reducing depression symptoms (effect size d = 0.44, p = .04). Patient safety was rarely evaluated in the included studies.ConclusionsThe use of conversational agents with unconstrained natural language input capabilities for health-related purposes is an emerging field of research, where the few published studies were mainly quasi-experimental, and rarely evaluated efficacy or safety. Future studies would benefit from more robust experimental designs and standardized reporting.Protocol RegistrationThe protocol for this systematic review is registered at PROSPERO with the number CRD42017065917.
Patient informaticians: Turning patient voice into patient action
Authors: Petersen Carolyn 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHistorically, patients have held a passive role within healthcare, seeking consultation from and following the directions of providers and their care teams. However, changes in culture, education, and technology are making it possible for patients to proactively develop and implement technologies and approaches for health management and quality of life enhancement—to act as patient informaticians. This perspective reviews the societal shifts facilitating the evolution of patient informaticians as discrete actors within healthcare, describes the work of patient informaticians and how this work differs from that of other patient roles (eg, patient advocates), considers examples of patient informaticians in action, and defines patient informaticians’ position relative to the healthcare system.