bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age-related differences in the attentional white bear
Authors: Ashinoff Brandon K. , Tsal Yehoshua , Mevorach Carmel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The cognitive aging literature suggests that aging populations exhibit impairments in the proactive inhibition of attention. Although proactive inhibition is often preceded by the allocation of attention toward the predicted or known spatial location of to-be-ignored stimuli, proactive allocation of attention has not been assessed in aging populations. In this study, an older and younger cohort engaged in the attentional-white-bear paradigm which measures proactive allocation of attention. In this task, on 80% of trials, participants must identify a centrally located letter surrounded by congruent or incongruent flanker letters. The flanker locations are fixed and predictable within each block of the study. On 20% of trials, they must identify which of two dots appear first on the screen. One dot appears in the same location as the flanker, and one appears in an empty location during the flanker task. The typical white-bear effect is that, despite the dots appearing at the same time, participants more often report the dot in the location of the flanker (i.e., the potentially to-be-ignored location) to appear first. The magnitude of this effect is interpreted as the magnitude of attentional allocation prior to inhibition. In Experiment 1, there was no difference in the magnitude of the attentional white bear between younger and aging cohorts. However, when the attentional system was sufficiently taxed by reducing the flanker presentation (Experiments 2a and 2b), age-related differences emerged. In particular, older participants showed a reduced white-bear effect, reflecting a potential impairment in the proactive allocation of attention toward the location of expected distractors.
Black Hole Spin Signature in the Black Hole Shadow of M87 in the Flaring State
Authors: Kawashima Tomohisa , Kino Motoki , Akiyama Kazunori 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Imaging the immediate vicinity of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and extracting a BH-spin signature is one of the grand challenges in astrophysics. M87 is known as one of the best targets for imaging the BH shadow and it can be partially thick against synchrotron self-absorption (SSA), particularly in a flaring state with a high mass accretion rate. However, little is known about influences of the SSA-thick region on BH shadow images. Here we investigate BH shadow images of M87 at 230 GHz properly taking into account the SSA-thick region. When the BH has a high spin value, the corresponding BH shadow image shows the positional offset between the center of the photon ring and that of the SSA-thick ring at the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) due to the frame-dragging effect in the Kerr spacetime. As a result, we find that a dark-crescent structure is generally produced between the photon ring and the SSA-thick ISCO ring in the BH shadow image. The scale size of the dark crescent increases with BH spin: its width reaches up to ∼2 gravitational radius when the BH spin is 99.8% of its maximum value. The dark crescent is regarded as a new signature of a highly spinning BH. This feature is expected to appear in flaring states with relatively high mass accretion rate rather than the quiescent states. We have simulated the image reconstruction of our theoretical image by assuming the current and future Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array, and have found that the future EHT including space–very long baseline interferometry in 2020s can detect the dark crescent.
Virial Ratio: Direct Evaluation from Molecular Cloud Data and the Challenges of Improving Accuracy
Authors: Singh Ayushi , Matzner Christopher D. , Jumper Peter H. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The virial ratio between kinetic and gravitational terms provides key insight into the balance of forces that confine a molecular cloud, but the clumpy and filamentary structures of resolved clouds make it difficult to evaluate this ratio in a consistent way. For clouds with resolved maps of column density as well as a line tracer, we demonstrate that the gravitational energy can be estimated directly from observations in a manner similar to the kinetic energy. This offers improved diagnostic power and consistency. Disentangling a cloud from foreground and background materials is a persistent challenge, for which we introduce a strategy based on Abel’s transform. We provide proofs of principle using simulated clouds.
O CONHECIMENTO E O SENTIDO DE REALIDADE NO PENSAMENTO DE SÁNDOR FERENCZI
Authors: Caropreso Fátima 
Published: June 2019

Nas últimas décadas, a obra do psicanalista húngaro, Sándor Ferenczi, tem sido redescoberta e a importância de suas ideias vem sendo reconhecida. No entanto, o autor é lembrado, sobretudo, por suas inovações técnicas e suas reflexões sobre o trauma, embora sua obra comporte muitas contribuições diversas. Pode-se encontrar, em seus escritos, uma sofisticada teoria epistemológica e metapsicológica, ainda pouco estudada e reconhecida. Trata-se de uma teoria que vai além da de Freud e permite um aprofundamento da compreensão dos processos psíquicos e da própria possibilidade do conhecimento. Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar e discutir as hipóteses de Ferenczi sobre o desenvolvimento do sentido de realidade, elaboradas em 'O desenvolvimento do sentido de realidade e seus estágios', de 1913, e 'O problema da afirmação do desprazer', de 1926. Procura-se demonstrar como ele desenvolve as hipóteses freudianas sobre a transição do princípio do prazer para o princípio de realidade e argumenta, de maneira original, que a autodestruição é condição para o conhecimento, enriquecendo as concepções metapsicológicas e a compreensão dos processos psíquicos fundamentais.
Access into professional degrees by students with disabilities in South African higher learning: A decolonial perspective
Authors: Ndlovu Sibonokuhle 
Published: June 2019

Background: Former historically disadvantaged social groups such as women, black people and those with disabilities are expected to participate in the skilled labour force that South Africa has pledged to produce for the 21st century. However, in the South African context, research widely neglects access of those into professional degrees in higher learning. There is a need for such an exploration because people with disabilities have been found to be excluded from professional employment.Objectives: Using decolonial theory, this empirical study sought to explore obstacles confronted by students with disabilities at entry in a specific institution of higher learning in South Africa. The aim was to unveil the invisible obstacles and their causes for an effective intervention.Method: A qualitative research design was adopted and in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data from the participants. This particular dimension of research method was chosen to enable dialogue and development of partnership, which is important for collecting rich data.Results: While policies of inclusion still enabled access of all students into professional degrees, there were however inequitable practices, alienation and inequality that excluded students with disabilities at entry. Obstacles seen at surface level were not the real ones; the real ones were the deep-seated issues of coloniality.Conclusion: If the underlying causes of obstacles at entry are not visible to students with disabilities themselves and the responsible stakeholders, students might continue to be oppressed on entry into the professional degrees and in higher learning generally. Obstacles can only be dismantled when there is an awareness about their deep-seated causes.
Link between prostate cancer diagnosis and stroke in the United States during 2007–2017
Authors: Rethemiotaki Irene , Rethemiotakis Andrew 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionThe main purpose of this work is to study prostate cancer and stroke in the United States during the years 2007–2017 and to find not only statistically significant predictors for cancer, but also a possible association between prostate cancer and stroke.Material and methodsThe statistical methods used to derive the results of this work are χ<sup>2</sup> test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), in order to check the statistical significance of prostate cancer in relation to socio-economic factors of patients. In addition, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used with the odds ratio (OR) to find statistically significant prognostic factors for both prostate cancer and stroke.ResultsAccording to multiple logistic regression analysis, males who are unemployed but have worked previously have 16 times higher risk of developing prostate cancer, while widowed men have five times higher risk for the occurrence of this type of cancer. In addition, marital status and employment proved to be also prognostic risk factors for stroke.ConclusionsOur results describe for the first time the importance of deprivation (of work and partner) as a primary prognostic risk factor for cancer. Moreover, the same factor proved to be the primary prognostic risk factor for stroke as well as for prostate cancer, a fact that implies a possible link between cancer and stroke.
The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among
Polish youths
Authors: Zielińska-Danch Wioleta 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionWaterpipe smoking is gaining popularity among the youth in Poland and is evaluated for the first time in this work. The authors address the social and demographic factors that motivate young people to smoke and attempt to determine which of them contribute to habit formation.Material and methodsThe data were collected among school and university students in Poland during a global survey on various forms of tobacco use. Multivariable regression models were applied for odds-ratio evaluation. The data concern waterpipe and cigarette smoking habits.ResultsThe survey was completed by 19,097 respondents. The survey included 144 schools and 32 universities from 16 voivodeships in Poland. Respondent gender exhibited the highest ORs (95% Cl), both in the case of current and ever WP users: 2.11 (2.10–2.12) and 2.16 (2.15–2.17), respectively. The other important factor was a place of living: 1.83 (1.82–1.84) and 2.17 (2.16–2.18), respectively. All ORs were statistically significant for p = 0.05.ConclusionsThe prevalence of tobacco smoking among Polish youths is high. Waterpipe tobacco smoking was found to be the second most popular habit after cigarette smoking. Moreover, young smokers use other non-tobacco products in waterpipes, and drink alcohol during smoking sessions. Many young people try waterpipe smoking without previous experience with cigarettes.
Comparing state anxiety and mindfulness between mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation whilst controlling for the effect of altruism and boredom
Authors: Ilies Iris-Anda , Egan Helen , Mantzios Michail 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundAlthough it has been determined that mindfulness meditations are positively related to personality constructs such as conscien-tiousness, there is no clear evidence of whether personality can influence the effectiveness of mindfulness intervention. The aim of the current research was to investigate the immediate effects of single sessions of mindfulness meditation (MM) and loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on state anxiety and state mindfulness and establish whether there is a difference between the out-comes of the two practices. Altruism and boredom were used as covariates to observe whether they have a significant impact on the final results.Participants and procedureUniversity students (N = 80) were randomly allocated to either the MM or LKM condition and were asked to complete the scales before and after they listened to audio guided meditation instructions. Prior to the meditation participants completed state mindfulness and state anxiety scales. Post-meditation participants again filled in state mindfulness and state anxiety scales, and trait scales on altruism and boredom.ResultsThe results indicated that both types of mindfulness-based practices successfully decreased the initial levels of anxiety and ele-vated state mindfulness. Non-significant differences between the outcomes of the meditative practices were observed when con-trolling for altruism and boredom.ConclusionsAlternative practices appeal more to some participants than to others. Clinical implications are discussed with a focus on the beneficial effects of both MM and LKM.
Foundational Frames: Descartes and Rand
Authors: Boydstun Stephen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article closely compares the opposing foundations of theoretical philosophy in René Descartes and Ayn Rand. The developmental course of Rand's foundations, with their continual opposition to Descartes, is tracked. Arguments particularly against Descartes are assembled in this article, and the bountiful contemporary scholarship on Descartes is engaged.
The Return of the Arbitrary: Peikoff's Trinity, Binswanger's Inferno, Unwanted Possibilities—and a Parrot for President
Authors: Campbell Robert L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLeonard Peikoff brought into Objectivist epistemology the doctrine that what is asserted arbitrarily (without adequate evidence) cannot be true or false. In 2008 the author gave a detailed critique of the doctrine; it has not received a published response. But there have been restatements by Harry Binswanger, Ben Bayer, and Gregory Salmieri. Their re-presentations do not refute any old arguments; their new arguments make the doctrine worse. The doctrine is being used to justify ignoring known possibilities, and to “prove” that the current president of the United States has a parrot's mind in a human body. Its public retraction is overdue.
Sistema de salud de Estados Unidos: ¿por qué no son los mejores?
Authors: Chilena de Salud Pública Revista 
Published: June 2019

Extractos de Temas de Coyuntura N° 56 Noviembre 2012, Asociación de Clínicas AG (disponible en http://www.clinicasdechile.cl/Coyuntura_56.pdf,
Evaluación económica del programa de fluoración del agua de beber en Chile
Authors: Mariño Rodrigo 
Published: June 2019

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue realizar un Análisis Costo-Efectividad (ACE), desde el punto de vista social, de añadir fluoruros al agua de beber para prevenir caries dentales en niños de 12 años de edad, versus el status-quo, en la realidad chilena. Método: En un ACE, los costos de programas alternativos se miden y los resultados se valoran en unidades de efectividad. Para el caso, dientes con historia de caries dental, usando el índice de dientes cariados, obturados o perdidos debido a caries dental (COPD). La comparación se hizo respecto de un grupo no expuesto a fluoruración del agua. Todos los costos y los beneficios se calcularon desde una perspectiva de análisis económico social. Los datos sobre efectividad se obtuvieron de la literatura. Los costos de tratamientos dentales se calcularon usando aranceles de referencia. Costos en gastos a nivel familiar en términos de pérdida de producción, viajes hacia/desde el dentista se tomaron en cuenta. Los costos y beneficios se descontaron usando una tasa de descuento del 3%. Resultados: El costo de la intervención, sobre la estrategia de no intervención se comparó con los beneficios obtenidos por la intervención. El cociente costo-efectividad indica que, en promedio, este programa dio lugar a ahorros en Pesos Chilenos (2009) (RCH$) de 8.930,49 por diente afectado por caries evitado. Esta mejora se alcanzó a un costo anual de RCH$ 841,33 por niño. Conclusiones: Considerando nuestros supuestos y para situaciones equivalentes a las que prevalecen en Chile, un programa de fluoruración del agua representa un uso eficiente de los recursos de la comunidad.
Best Practice Guidelines for Hip Arthroscopy in Femoroacetabular Impingement: Results of a Delphi Process
Authors: Lynch T. Sean , Minkara Anas , Aoki Stephen , Bedi Asheesh , Bharam Srino , Clohisy John , Harris Joshua , Larson Christopher , Nepple Jeffrey , Nho Shane , Philippon Marc , Rosneck James , Safran Marc , Stubbs Allston J. , Westermann Robert , Byrd J.W. Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Background:Treatment algorithms for the arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome remain controversial because of a paucity of evidence-based guidance. Consequently, notable variability in clinical practice exists between different practitioners, necessitating expert consensus. The purpose of this study is to establish best practice guidelines (BPG) using formal techniques of consensus building among a group of experienced hip arthroscopists driven by the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. The scope of these guidelines includes preoperative recommendations, intraoperative practices, and postoperative protocols.Methods:The validated Delphi process and the nominal group technique (NGT), used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the peer-reviewed orthopaedic literature, were used to formally derive consensus among 15 surgeons in North America. Participants were surveyed for current practices, presented with the results of a meta-analysis and systematic literature review, and asked to vote for or against the inclusion of nonleading, impartially phrased items during three iterative rounds while preserving the anonymity of participants' opinions. Agreement greater than 80% was considered consensus, and items near consensus (70% to 80% agreement) were further queried using the NGT in a moderated group session at the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine annual meeting.Results:Participants had a mean of 12.3 years of practice (range: 1 to 29 years) and performed an annual mean of 249 (range 100 to 500+) hip arthroscopies, with a combined total of approximately 52,580 procedures. Consensus was reached for the creation of BPG consisting of 27 preoperative recommendations, 15 intraoperative practices, and 10 postoperative protocols. The final checklist was supported by 100% of participants.Conclusion:We developed the first national consensus-based BPG for the surgical and nonsurgical management of FAI. The resulting consensus items can serve as a tool to reduce the variability in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative practices and guide further research for the arthroscopic management of FAI.
Ophiostoma ulmi DNA naturally introgressed into an isolate of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is clustered around pathogenicity and mating type loci
Authors: Et-Touil Abdelali , Dusabenyagasani Mathieu , Bouvet Guillaume F. , Brasier Clive M. , Bernier Louis 
Published: June 2019

The invasive fungal pathogensOphiostoma ulmiandO. novo-ulmihave caused two successive pandemics of Dutch elm disease since the beginning of the 20thcentury. In nature, the highly aggressiveO. novo-ulmimay hybridize with the less aggressiveO. ulmi. Growth rate and molecular analyses were conducted on an unusual, moderately aggressiveO. novo-ulmiisolate, AST27, carrying an introgressed pathogenicity gene,Pat1-m; on highly aggressiveO. novo-ulmiisolate H327; onO. ulmiisolates Q412T and W9; and on progeny from laboratory crosses between H327 and AST27. Genetic analysis indicated that thePat1andMat1(mating type) loci were in different linkage groups corresponding toO. novo-ulmiH327 chromosomes 1 and 2, respectively. Most of the molecular differences between the nuclear genomes of H327 and AST27 occurred in the vicinity ofPat1andMat1. In addition, two putative quanti-tative trait loci,Mgr1andMgr2, which influence mycelial growth rate at 21°C and 28°C, the optima forO. novo-ulmiandO. ulmi, were linked toMat1andPat1, respectively.
La mise en tourisme : un concept entre déconstruction et reconstruction
Authors: Kadri Boualem , Bondarenko Maria , Pharicien Jean-Phariste 
Published: June 2019

La diffusion du tourisme dans le monde aboutit à une transformation des lieux à but touristique pour tous les pays, régions et villes désireux de recevoir une partie de la manne procurée par le tourisme mondial. Ce processus demise en tourismeest davantage perçu comme économique (apports financiers) et spatial (transformation du lieu) alors qu’il touche aussi, sinon davantage, la société et les populations des territoires concernés. L’expression « mise en tourisme » apparaît ainsi comme une sorte « d’enchantement sémantique » visant à approcher un processus autrement plus complexe que sa réduction à une dimension économique, spatiale ou même de marketing. Comment appréhender la mise en tourisme dans le discours scientifique, notamment en matière de tourisme urbain ? Trois volets scientifiques sont proposés : d’une part, une lecture analytique des écrits francophones sur la mise en tourisme comparés aux écrits anglophones ; d’autre part, une analyse sémantique des définitions de mise en tourisme de la ville obtenues auprès de chercheurs francophones (Europe, Canada, Afrique du Nord) ; finalement, la définition modèle obtenue à travers l’analyse sémantique est révisée dans le contexte des écrits anglophones sur le processus de transformation des lieux à des fins touristiques.
Les secteurs sauvegardés : des outils de tourisme urbain durable avant l’heure ?
Authors: Férérol Marie-Eve 
Published: June 2019

Étude de cas centrée sur Bayonne, cet article porte sur la patrimonialisation de l’urbain et les conditions de la valorisation touristique. L’analyse de la compatibilité du tourisme urbain avec les principes du développement durable, soit un champ de recherches contemporain, sera plus particulièrement explorée. Pour ce faire, l’angle choisi est celui des secteurs sauvegardés. Par leur philosophie, par les aménagements et les réflexions qu’ils ont entraînés, ne peuvent-ils pas être considérés comme des outils de tourisme urbain durable avant l’heure ? Tout au long de l’article, nous aurons une approche historique, architecturale et urbanistique.
Le tourisme, une inquiétante évasion : Le tourisme international vu du Nord
Authors: Laplante Marc 
Published: June 2019

Sans en faire un polar, je veux reconstituer de façon alerte les cadres physiques et mentaux dans lesquels vivent la majorité des gens des sociétés riches, hyperindustrialisées, postmodernes, etc. Par la suite, je tracerai un portrait-robot des grandes et petites manœuvres de l’industrie internationale du loisir-tourisme. J’arriverai à comprendre – je l’espère – comment ces entreprises fabriquent et commercialisent des productions, des produits, des biens et des services capables de satisfaire plusieurs catégories de touristes diversement riches, instruits et jouissant de temps plus ou moins longs libérés d’obligations. Enfin, je poserai quelques questions troublantes : Quand on part en voyage d’agrément durant ses temps libres, est-ce qu’on sort vraiment de chez soi ? Est-ce qu’on sort vraiment de l’ordinaire ? Les autres touristes qu’on croise constamment sur les sites touristiques sont-ils vraiment des étrangers, des gens très différents de moi ? Les expériences proposées aux visiteurs sont-elles vraiment nouvelles ? Si les réponses à de telles questions sont négatives, il faudra accepter l’idée que le départ touristique est une évasion de la prison du quotidien. Et s’il s’agit d’une évasion, cela devrait inquiéter. Pourquoi ? Parce qu’une telle évasion ne soulage pas des maux qui l’ont provoquée, au-delà d’un bref moment de relaxation lié au décrochage de l’horloge des obligations ; parce qu’elle risque de s’étendre dans le temps comme dans l’espace