bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIV-9 Effect of carbohydrases on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbiota in weanling pigs fed reduced energy diet
Authors: Ahn Jemin , Ao Xiang , Sun Haoyang , Kim In Ho 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of carbohydrases on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbiota in weanling pigs fed reduced energy diet. A total of 160 cross-bred [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc)] weanling pigs with an initial BW of 7.23 ± 1.08 kg were used in this 42-day trial. Pigs were randomly allocated in 1 of the following 4 dietary treatments: (1) PC, positive diet (NE 2,545 kcal/kg); (2) NC, negative diet (NE 2470 kcal/kg); (3) NC1, NC + 0.1% carbohydrases; (4) NC2, NC + 0.2% carbohydrases based on the sex and BW. There were 8 replications (pens) per treatment with 5 pigs per pen. During d 0-7, pigs fed NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) than those fed PC and NC2 diets. NC group reduced (P < 0.05) ADG throughout the experiment compared with PC and NC2 groups. NC group reduced (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy. Taken together, reduced energy diet caused detrimental effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanlings, while the addition of carbohydrases (0.2%) can partially counteract these negative effects.
PSIV-1 Apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy and carbohydrates in hybrid rye and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs
Authors: McGhee Molly L , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, starch, and total dietary fiber (TDF), and the concentration of ME in 2 hybrids of rye (Bono and Brasetto) are not different from values for barley, wheat, corn, and sorghum. Twenty-four ileal cannulated barrows (28.1 ± 3.0 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to a 2-period experimental design with 6 diets and 4 replicate pigs in each 13-d period. Diets consisted of 97% of each grain, and no pig received the same diet twice. Urine and feces were collected for 4 d after 5 d of diet adaptation, and ileal digesta were collected on d 12 and 13 of each period. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of diet and the random effects of pig and period. The ME (DM basis) was greatest (P < 0.05) in corn and wheat, and least (P < 0.05) in barley, and the ME in Bono and Brasetto rye was 3,499 and 3,459 kcal/kg DM, respectively (Table 1). In all grains, the AID of starch was greater than 90%, and the ATTD of starch was nearly 100%. The AID of TDF was reduced (P < 0.05) in Bono rye compared with all other cereal grains, but the ATTD of TDF was greater (P < 0.05) in Bono and Brasetto rye than in the other grains. In conclusion, the current data indicate that rye results in reduced pre-cecal absorption of energy compared with wheat, corn, and sorghum, but hindgut fermentation of fiber is greater for pigs fed rye. The ME in hybrid rye is not different from values for barley and sorghum, but less than in wheat and corn.
PSIV-14 Effect of xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharides on growth performance and intestinal microbiota in piglets fed a corn-soybean meal based diet
Authors: Cordero Gustavo , Merriman Laura , de Brito Alexandre Barbosa , da Silva Caio Abercio , Callegari M A , González-Ortiz Gemma 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Xylanases are commonly used to improve nutrient digestibility and performance in pig diets. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are degraded in the gut primarily by Bifidobacteria, leading to an increase in butyrate production. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a blend of a xylanase and XOS (Signis, AB Vista) on growth performance and intestinal microbiota profile of weaning piglets. A total of 168 mixed sex PIC weaned piglets weighting between 4.5 and 6.7 kg (5.3 kg average weight) were allocated to 28 pens with 6 animals each and 14 pens per diet blocked by initial weight. Diets consisted of a control (based on corn-SBM) without and with 100 g/tonne Signis. The mash diets were fed over 2 phases: pre-starter (6-11 kg) and starter (11-25 kg). Feed samples were collected for xylanase activities analyses, and results were as expected. Liveability, average daily gain and feed intake were recorded, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated. Colon digesta samples were collected after 6 weeks of Signis supplementation for bacterial identification through 16S rRBA rRNA (V3-V4) sequencing. Results are presented as the relative operational taxonomic units (OTU) values for each bacteria sequenced. Overall, inclusion of Signis reduced (P = 0.05) FCR by 9 points (1.79 vs. 1.88; SEM=0.025) at 42 days post-weaning. No differences in the OTU values were observed between treatments, with Firmicutes making up the largest proportion of the colon microbiota, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Bacteroidetes tended (P < 0.10) to be higher in the Signis group (0.06 vs 0.22; SEM=0.058). Piglets supplemented with Signis had a trend (P < 0.10) to have higher concentration of uncultured Clostridium spp, which are involved in the fermentation of fiber. This suggests that Signis stimulates the development of a fibrolytic microbiome and thus piglet performance.
PSIV-25 Development of an indirect calorimetry system to determine heat production in individual lactating sows
Authors: Johnson Jay S , Zhang Sai , Morello Gabriela M , Maskal Jacob M , Trottier Nathalie L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Determining total heat production (THP) in individual sows and litters can be difficult and often requires the use of multiple animals to generate data on a per room basis. These systems may be costly to construct precluding their use by many researchers. The study objective was to develop a low cost indirect calorimetry system to determine THP in individual lactating sows and litters. Six indirect calorimeters were constructed to house 1 sow and litter in a crate throughout farrowing and a 21-d lactation period. Chamber accuracies for O2 and CO2 were evaluated by ethanol combustion. One-week pre-farrowing, 6 pregnant multiparous sows (parity 2.9 ± 0.9; 218.3 ± 38.6 kg BW) were housed individually in each farrowing crate and maintained in thermoneutral conditions (20.9 ± 2.6°C and 43.7 ± 18.6% relative humidity) throughout lactation. On lactation d 4, 8, 14, and 18, indirect calorimetry was performed on all sows and their litters, as well as 2 piglets from a sentinel litter to determine THP. Sentinel piglet data were used to estimate THP for the sows independent of the litter. Sow + litter THP (kcal/h) increased (P = 0.01; 16.6%) on d 8 compared to d 4 and was greater (27.3%) on d 14 and d 18 compared to d 4 and d 8. Sow THP was greater (P = 0.01) on d 8 (401.19 ± 17.15 kcal/h) and d 14 (430.79 ± 12.42 kcal/h) compared to d 4 (346.16 ± 16.62 kcal/h), and was greater on d 14 compared to d 8 and on d 18 (386.16 ± 20.02 kcal/h) compared to d 14. In summary, this cost-effective system can allow researchers to accurately evaluate THP in individual lactating sows and their litters
PSV-19 Effect of yeast bioactive compounds on the reproductive performance of sows
Authors: Garcia Ricardo M , Chaves Rhuan , Arruda Gabriel , Resende Maíra , Barbosa Jéssica , Oliveira Eduardo , Cantarelli Vinícius S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Prebiotics has been used in sow diets as an alternative to minimize the impacts of hyperprolificity, such as variability coefficient and poor litter performance. However, the additive inclusion is generally high and costly. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of the low inclusion of yeast bioactive compounds (YBC), in gestation and lactation diets, on sows reproductive performance. Five hundred sows were assigned in two treatments in a block design considering parity as a random factor, using each sow as an experimental unit with for gestation (n = 500) and lactation period (n = 80). The treatments were control diet (CON) and diet with 0.036% of YBC inclusion (YBC). Back fat thickness was measured at 30 and 70 days of gestation, at farrowing day, at 14 days of lactation and weaning day. Sows were weighted at the farrowing barn entry day and at weaning. The corporal mobilization was accessed following the equation: Body change = Weight at weaning - [Weight at lactation entry - (Litter weight at birth + Placenta weight)]. After cross-fostering and at weaning the litters were weighed to calculate the daily weight gain. Differences were considered significant when p ≤ 0.05 and tendencies were considered when p > 0.05 and p < 0.10. No difference was found regarding the reproductive performance (total born, born alive, mummified and stillborns) (P > 0.05). YBC tended to have greater litter final weight than CON group, 59.08 kg versus 56.70 kg (P = 0.057). Backfat thickness tended to be lower (5.20%) in YBC (16.03 mm) than CON group (16.91 mm) during gestation period (P = 0.075). However, at weaning day no difference for backfat thickness was found between treatments (P > 0.05). YBC had lower loss weight during lactation than CON group, 0.0 kg versus 4.99 kg, respectively (P = 0.011). Low inclusion of YBC enhances litter performance and improves body condition of lactating sows.
PSV-22 Effects of different fat sources and vitamin E levels/isoforms on growth performance, antioxidant status, and fatty acid profile in the liver of pigs grown to 150 kg
Authors: Wang Ding , Jang Young Dal , Rentfrow G K , Monegue H J , Azain M J , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The study objective was to assess the contribution of fat source and vitamin E (VE) supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, and fatty acid profile in the liver of pigs at heavy slaughter weight (148.09 ±1.64 kg). A total of 72 individually-fed pigs (36 barrows, 36 gilts; 28.55 ±1.16 kg) were randomly assigned to 12 dietary treatments in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement. Fat treatments were tallow and corn-oil. The VE treatments included four levels of α-tocopheryl-acetate (ATA; 11, 40, 100, and 200 ppm) and two levels of mixed tocopherols (primarily γ-tocopherol; 40 and 100 ppm). Liver samples were collected at slaughter. Data analysis were performed by ANOVA using GLM in SAS. No effect of dietary fat sources, isoforms of VE, and levels of γ-tocopherol were detected on growth performance or liver antioxidant status (GSH, GSSG, SOD, and MDA). Increasing dietary ATA linearly increased overall ADG (0.98, 1.02, 1.02, and 1.08 kg/day; P = 0.02) from 28 to 150 kg; overall ADG of pigs fed γ-tocopherol-diets was 1.07 and 1.04 kg/day, respectively. An interaction between fat sources and ATA was observed on cumulative ADG during Phase1-3 (28-100 kg; P = 0.04) and Phase1-4 (28-125 kg; P = 0.03) wherein pigs fed corn-oil-diet, but not tallow-diet, had increased ADG with increased dietary ATA. Increasing dietary ATA quadratically increased SOD activity (P < 0.05; highest at 100 ppm), and quadratically decreased MDA content (P < 0.05; lowest at 40 ppm) in the liver. Liver fatty acid profile was affected by fat source (P < 0.05) but not VE treatment, pigs fed corn-oil-diets had less SFA (34.23 vs. 35.45%; P = 0.02) and MUFA (11.98 vs. 18.38%; P < 0.0001), but more PUFA (49.14 vs. 40.78%; P < 0.0001) than pigs fed tallow-diets in the liver. Beneficial effects of dietary VE supplementation were observed on growth performance and antioxidant status of pigs under conditions of this study.
PSVI-3 Estimation of the optimal standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio required for growing-finishing pigs in low crude protein diets
Authors: Huang Q, , Pangeni D , Manu Hayford , Hanson L , Baidoo S K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Aim was to determine standardized ileal digestible Val to Lys ratios for growing - finishing pigs fed low CP diets on performance, BUN and carcass characteristics. SID Val to Lys ratios for BW 42.5 to 70.3 kg, 70.3 to 98.1 kg and 98.1 to 128.7 kg pigs. Pigs (n = 400, 10 pens / treatment, 8 pigs / pen) blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments. Diets were SID Val to Lys of 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70 and 0.75. Data analyzed as a RCBD with PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with pen (experimental unit), treatment (fixed effect), and BW block (random effect). In phase 1, linear and quadratic increase of ADG (Linear, P = 0.03; Quadratic, P = 0.04), BUN decreased (Linear, P = 0.01; Quadratic, P = 0.04). SID Val:Lys for ADG, linear broken-line and quadratic model were 0.64 and 0.66, respectively. BUN for SID Val:Lys were 0.63 (P = 0.01) and 0.70 (P = 0.04). In phase 2, ADG increased (Linear, P = 0.04; Quadratic, P = 0.01) and G:F increased (Linear, P = 0.02; Quadratic, P = 0.04). a linear (P = 0.04) and quadratic (P = 0.01) increase in ADG. SID Val:Lys ADG were 0.66 and 0.70. with the increase of SID Val:Lys ratios. SID Val:Lys for G:F were 0.70 and 0.75, respectively. In phase 3, the SID Val:Lys to maximize ADG were 0.67 (Linear, P = 0.04) and 0.72 (Quadratic, P < 0.01). as the SID Val:Lys increased. Supplementation of low CP diets with high levels of SID Val:Lys increase decreased (Linear, P = 0.02) fat depth, at 0.65. but no effect on other carcass characteristics. In conclusion, SID Val:Lys requirement for ADG in three phases were 0.64, 0.66, 0.67, and 0.66, 0.70, 0.72, using a linear broken-line and quadratic model respectively. BUN and fat thickness appears to be minimized at Val:Lys ratio of 0.65 and a potential to increase lean percentage.
PSVI-2 Identification of correlations between aldehyde profiles of thermally oxidized soybean oils and growth performance of broilers
Authors: Yuan Jieyao , Kerr Brian , Chen Chi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Feeding oxidized oils can cause adverse effects on the growth performance of broilers, which have largely attributed to the presence of lipid oxidation products (LOP) in oxidized oils. This study was conducted to identify the potential correlations between growth performance and aldehyde profiles of differently-prepared thermally oxidized soybean oils. Seventy-seven broilers were randomly assigned to one of seven diets containing 7.5% fresh soybean oil or thermally oxidized soybean oil (OSO), including 1) 22.5°C, 0h; 2) 45°C, 336h; 3) 67.5°C, 168h; 4) 90°C, 84h; 5) 135°C, 42h; 6) 180°C, 21h; 7) 225°C, 10.5h, respectively. Broilers were provided ad libitum access to experimental diets for 28 days. Broilers body weight (BW) and feed intake were recorded weekly to calculate the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed (GF) ratio. The aldehydes in these oils were determined by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The correlations between individual aldehydes and ADG, ADFI, or GF were examined by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Feeding 135°C, 42h oxidized oil significantly decreased the ADG, ADFI, and GF value compared with other groups (p < 0.001). Among 17 aldehydes identified in thermally oxidized soybean oils, C9-C11 unsaturated alkenals, including 2-decenal, 2-undecenal, 2,4-nonadienal, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2,4-decadienal, and 2,4-undecadienal, had better inverse correlations with growth performance than C5-C8 saturated alkanals in broilers, suggesting different toxic effects from these aldehydes.
PSVI-1 Evaluating the effects of feed form, with and without a nutritional water supplement, on the performance of piglets raised in a commercial research facility without feed grade antibiotics
Authors: Sandberg Fredrik , Soltwedel Kevin T , England Steve J , Bible Megan R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine whether feed form and water supplementation could jointly affect performance of newly weaned piglets. A total of 1319 PIC 359 piglets were randomly allocated to 2 dietary treatments and 2 water treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design. The diet was either a crumbled pellet (COMPLETE), or a diet formulated using the same crumbled pellet as 70% of the diet together with other ingredients, in meal form, to make an isonitrogenous ration (PARTIAL). No feed grade antibiotics were used and from d 21 all pigs received a common diet. Water treatments were straight water (WATER) or a probiotic nutritional supplement (Furst Water Boost, FWB) that was administered at 16 oz per gallon of stock solution for the first 2 and ½ days post-arrival, metered at 1:128. Pigs were allocated by environment, sex and BW with 33 pigs per pen and 10 replications per treatment. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed disappearance was recorded on d 0, 21, 41, and 54 and used to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Dead (% mortality) and pulled (% morbidity) pigs were recorded. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with a randomized complete block design of 2×2 factorial arrangement. Pen served as the experimental unit. There were no diet by water interactions for any measurement. COMPLETE x FWB had the numerically highest ADG and 54-d BW. Overall COMPLETE increased BW, ADG and G:F (P < 0.01) and FWB tended (P < 0.10) to increase BW and increased ADG (P < 0.05) with no effect on G:F. From d 21-41 COMPLETE improved ADG (P = 0.0021) and FWB tended to improve ADG (P = 0.067). In conclusion, effects on piglet performance by diet form and water supplementation were found to be additive, with no interactions.
PSVI-18 Establishing ideal inclusion rate of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in nursery rations
Authors: Knapp Joshua , Tsai Tsung Cheng , Knapp Joshua , Maxwell Hannah , Maxwell Charles V , Mercado A J , Bass2 Benjamin , Weeden T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
To determine the optimal level of fermented soybean meal (FSBM; Fermex 200, Purina Animal Nutrition, Arden Hills, MN) in nursery diets, a total of 176 weaned pigs (5.96 kg BW) were blocked by initial BW and allotted to 1 of 4 treatments: Control consisted of an enzymatic soybean protein (HP 300, Hamlet Protein, Horsens, Denmark)-poultry byproduct diet or formulated with 5%, 10% and 15% FSBM to achieve FSBM1, FSBM2, and FSBM3 treatments. Pigs remained on the same dietary treatment for phase 1 (d 0–14) and 2 (d 14–29), while a common diet was fed in phase 3 (d 29–40). Individual pig weights and pen feed disappearance were recorded weekly. Blood was taken via jugular venipuncture and analyzed for complete blood cell count on d 0, 14, 29 and 40 from one pig/pen (n = 44) that represented the average BW for each pen. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS (Cary, NC) with dietary treatment as the fixed effect, and initial BW block as the random effect. Orthogonal contrasts were performed to test for linear, quadratic and cubic responses to increasing levels of FSBM. A quadratic response to increasing FSBM was observed in ADG (P = 0.06) and ADFI (P = 0.04) during phase 1&2 (d 0–29). Moreover, the heaviest BW was observed in pigs fed 10% FSBM on d 29 (quadratic, P = 0.06), however the difference diminished by the end of the trial. A tendency for a linear increase with increasing level of FSBM was observed in overall feed efficiency (d 0–40, P = 0.07). Pigs fed 10% FSBM had the lowest WBC, neutrophil, and red blood cell count. Results of this study suggest FSBM fed to pigs improves growth performance and alters blood cell characteristics, and 10% is the optimal level of FSBM to include in early nursery diets.
PSVII-18 The influence of mealworm levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune response in weaning pigs
Authors: Oh Seung Min , Yoon SeYoung , Kim KwangYeol , Choi Jung Woo , Hosseindoust Abdolreza , Kim JinSoo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The aim of this trial was to determine the optimal supplementation mealworm on growth performance, apparent total tract retention of nutrients, hematological traits, immune response, and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. A total of 180 weaned pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc; 6.27 ± 0.15 kg) were randomly allotted to 3 treatments and 6 replicates on the basis of initial body weight and sex. The dietary treatments included a corn-based diet supplemented with 0, 2.5, or 5 % mealworm in 2 phases (0–14 and 15–28 d). The gain to feed ratio (G:F) was higher in pigs fed 2.5% mealworm compared with 2.5% during the first phase. Overall ADG was improved in pigs fed 2.5% mealworm compared with pigs fed 5% mealworm. No improvement in overall ADFI and G:F were observed. No digestibility responses were observed by adding mealworm to the diet, but the digestibility of DM and GE were tended to be higher in pigs fed 2.5% mealworm compared with control in phase 1. The number of monocytes tended to be increased in pigs fed 5% mealworm. The concentration of plasma IgG was higher in pigs fed mealworm, however, the plasma IL-6 was tended to be decreased when mealworm was added to the diet (P = 0.052). There was no change in intestinal morphology with increasing dietary levels of mealworm. The results showed that the dietary supplementation of 2.5% mealworm had beneficial effects on growth performance and immune system, however, no effects were detected on growth performance when 5% mealworm was added to the diet.
PSII-2 The impact of essential oil supplementation on sow milk composition and fecal dry matter
Authors: Dierking Shannon L , Monegue H J , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The transition from gestation to lactation greatly impacts the sow body. The expulsion of piglets, placenta, and fluids can result in dehydration and consequently constipation post-farrowing. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an EO product (tradename Absorbezz) on sow fecal dry matter and milk composition. A total of 101 late-gestation sows from three farrowing groups (Group 1: 110 ± 3 d GEST, 263 ± 28 kg initial BW, Group 2: 109 ± 1 d GEST, 259 ± 26 kg initial BW, Group 3: 73 ± 5 d GEST, 238 ± 30 kg initial BW) were allotted to one of two treatments based on parity and BW in each group (Groups 1 and 2: CON: No EO, TRT: 10 mL/d of EO top-dressed; Group 3 received the EO as part of their diet, with a range dependent on the individual sow’s daily feed intake). Sows remained on their respective dietary treatments throughout the remainder of gestation and lactation. Samples were collected from each group (feces; d 110 of gestation, d 4 to 6 and day 14 to 17 of lactation; milk (Group 2 and 3); d 14 to 17). Analysis of variance was performed using PROC GLM of SAS. The TRT group did not experience any differences in the components of fat, protein, and total solids (P > 0.10), there was an increase in lactose (5.97 vs 5.84, P = 0.04), but a decrease in solids non-fat (10.91 vs. 11.00, P = 0.07), and gross energy compared to those of the CON group (4.29 mJ/kg vs. 4.45 mJ/kg, P = 0.08). Fecal DM was not affected at any collection time (P > 0.10). Overall, the addition of EO did not affect fecal DM, but did influence several milk components.