bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous Absorption Contributes to Observed Interindividual Variability in Adalimumab Serum Concentrations in Crohn’s Disease: A Prospective Multicentre Study
Authors: Vande Casteele Niels , Baert Filip , Bian Sumin , Dreesen Erwin , Compernolle Griet , Van Assche Gert , Ferrante Marc , Vermeire Severine , Gils Ann 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background and Aim
Therapeutic drug monitoring is used to optimise adalimumab therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease [CD]. However, the interindividual variability in drug absorption and the quantitative effect on drug clearance of anti-adalimumab antibodies [AAA], measured with a drug-resistant assay, are unclear. We aimed to characterise adalimumab population pharmacokinetics [PopPK] and identify determinants of interindividual variability in patients with CD.

Methods
In a prospective multicentre open-label cohort study in 28 patients with CD starting adalimumab therapy peak, intermediate, and trough serum samples were analysed for adalimumab and AAA concentrations using a drug resistant assay. Adalimumab concentration-time data were analysed by non-linear mixed effects modelling and were adequately described by a PopPK model with first-order absorption and one-compartment disposition with linear elimination. Clinical remission at Week 12 [W12] was defined as a Harvey-Bradshaw index ≤4.

Results
The absorption rate, volume of distribution, and clearance estimates of a typical patient were respectively 0.343 /day, 7.8 L, and 0.330 L/day. A 4-fold difference in the range of adalimumab concentrations was observed 7 days after the first dose and found to be inversely correlated with baseline lean body weight [LBW], soluble tumour necrosis factor [s-TNF], and s-TNF receptor-1 whereas positive AAA and higher LBW were found to be important predictors of accelerated clearance. An adalimumab concentration at W12 of >7.3 µg/mL was significantly associated with achieving clinical remission at W12.

Conclusion
Variability in subcutaneous drug absorption is an important contributor to the observed interindividual variability in adalimumab concentrations, in addition to drug clearance [ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02450513].
Effectiveness of different debonding techniques and adjunctive methods on pain and discomfort perception during debonding fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review
Authors: Almuzian Mohammed , Rizk Mumen Z , Ulhaq Aman , Alharbi Fahad , Alomari Sawsan , Mohammed Hisham 
Published: February 2019

Summary

Background
Pain is an unpleasant side-effect that can be experienced during orthodontic procedures including debonding of fixed appliances. Pain experience can vary depending on the appliance, debonding technique, as well as adjunctive measures used.

Objectives
The primary objective of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of different debonding techniques and adjunctive methods on pain/discomfort perception during debonding procedure (PDP) of fixed orthodontic appliances. The secondary objective was to assess the effects of anatomic location and gender on PDP of fixed orthodontic appliances.

Search methods
Multiple electronic databases were searched from inception to August 2018. Reference lists of the included articles were manually screened.

Selection criteria
Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials were included.

Data collection and analysis
Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers according to Cochrane guidelines, with disputes resolved by a third reviewer. Clinical heterogeneity in study design and methodology prevented quantitative synthesis of the data.

Results
The search yielded 198 articles after the removal of duplicates. Seven studies were included in the final review with a total of 307 participants aged 12–60 years. Of the four studies comparing different debonding instruments of labial fixed appliances, two studies showed that the lift-off debonding instrument (LODI) produced lower PDP levels than ligature cutting pliers. Three studies compared adjunctive measures to reduce PDP of labial fixed appliances. Finger pressure and bite wafers significantly reduced PDP levels. Analgesics administration (ibuprofen + paracetamol tablets) 1 hour prior to debonding also reduced PDP. PDP was significantly higher in anterior segments and in females.

Limitations
The authors acknowledge that there was clinical heterogeneity among the included studies and that the potential effect of diurnal variation on pain during debonding was not considered in any of the included trials.

Conclusions and implications
There is weak evidence indicating that using the LODI may reduce PDP of labial fixed appliances. Adjunctive measures such as an intrusive force with finger pressure, bite wafers, and preoperative analgesia may further aid PDP control. Further well-designed parallel-group RCTs taking into consideration the diurnal variation in pain are required.

Registration
PROSPERO (CRD42017084474).

Funding
None.

Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Labour frictions in interwar Britain: industrial reshuffling and the origin of mass unemployment
Authors: Luzardo-Luna Ivan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article estimates the matching function of the British labour market for the period of 1921–1934. Changes in matching efficiency can explain both employment resilience during the Great Depression and the high structural unemployment throughout the interwar period. Early in the 1920s, matching efficiency improved due to the development of the retail industry. However, the econometric results show a structural break in March 1927, related to a major industrial reshuffling that reduced the demand for workers in staple industries. Since these industries were geographically concentrated, there was an increase in the average distance between the unemployed and vacancies, and matching efficiency declined.
Translation and cultural adaptation of the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT), developing a Danish and Norwegian version
Authors: Iversen Else Dalsgaard , Steinsbekk Aslak , Falbe Vind Birgitte , Bangsgaard Annemarie , Cold Søren , Ammentorp Jette 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Objective
To translate and cultural adapt the 14-item Communication Assessment Tool (CAT) into Norwegian and Danish, making them as similar as possible.

Design
This was a translation and validation study including individual interviews for content and face validity and a patient survey for internal consistency and floor-ceiling effect.

Setting
Outpatient clinic at the Department of Internal Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark and a Norwegian general practice.

Participants
Ten patients were included for individual interviews and 440 participants completed the survey.

Main Outcome Measure
Translation and validation of the CAT.

Results
Despite minor differences in the use of words in the translated versions of CAT, the final versions were very similar. Based on the content and face validation and after agreement with the developers, it was decided to include a ‘non-applicable’ answering option, not a part of the original version. The use of ‘non-applicable’ for each item ranged from 0% to 30% in Norway and from 0% to 6.1% in Denmark. The overall CAT score, i.e. items rated excellent, were 55.5% in Norway and 50.3% in Denmark. For each item, the CAT score ranged between 31.3% and 69.8% in Norway and 33.7% and 57.4% in Denmark.

Conclusion
The translated and validated CAT can be used to measure patients’ perspectives on clinicians’ communication skills in Denmark and Norway.
Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Adult Movement, Activity, and Oviposition Behavior in Maine Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium; Ericales: Ericaceae)
Authors: Drummond Francis A , Ballman Elissa , Collins Judith A 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Over a period of 5 yr (2012–2016), we conducted laboratory and field studies on activity, movement, and response to trap placement of adult Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton, fields in Maine. When measuring temporal patterns in fruit infestation, we found that D. suzukii females are most active in the morning and that they are 10 times more likely to lay eggs in blueberries at the top of the plant canopy compared with berries located in the lower part of the bush. Flies were found to be more abundant in fruit-bearing (crop) fields compared with pruned (vegetative) fields based on trap capture of adults. They are also most abundant along edges of fields compared with interiors. Trap efficiency is significantly better in traps 1.2 m above the ground and above the crop canopy of this low-growing crop plant than within the crop canopy. Three experiments involving the marking of laboratory-reared flies with fluorescent marker, their release, and capture with traps along a grid in fields suggest that: 1) fluorescent markers do not affect the distance moved of marked flies, 2) dispersal rates are not different between sexes, 3) there is little difference in the dispersal pattern through pruned fields and fruit-bearing fields, and 4) flies disperse at a low rate of 0.1–30 m per day, with an average of 5 m per day, but that long-distance dispersal over 1–2 km is feasible based on statistical model extrapolation.
The Kidney in Pregnancy
Authors: Yu Samuel Mon-Wei , Acharya Anjali 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Kidney function is essential to a healthy pregnancy. Both pregnancy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) can impact the outcome of the other. While pregnancy is possible in women with CKD, both the mother and the foetus are at a high risk for complications as well as progression of CKD. Recognizing the many physiologic as well as anantomic adaptations that occur in the kidney during pregnancy is essential to prevention, early identification, diagnostic evaluation as well as therapeutic interventions that can lead to a successful pregnancy. This chapter reviews the etiology, diagnosis and management of the full spectrum of kidney injury including acute kidney injury, CKD, patients with end stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy, pregnancy in patient’s with a renal graft and systemic illnesses associated with pregnancy.
Laboratory Investigation of the Kidney
Authors: Larson Timothy S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Kidney disease and injury is largely silent with few overt clinical manifestations until disease or injury is quite advanced. For this reason, laboratory testing is the mainstay of the assessment and monitoring of kidney injury or disease. A number of modalities have been used, some new, while others have been in place for many years. These laboratory testing modalities include routine urinalysis, assessment of proteinuria and albuminuria, markers of proximal tubule function and injury, and new markers for acute kidney injury. Additionally, several means are now available for the determination of glomerular filtration rate either through direct measurements using clearance markers or indirectly through empirically derived equations to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.
Fundamental of Kidney Pathology
Authors: Bagnasco Serena M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to provide a brief but comprehensive review of the pathologic features of renal disease in the native and transplanted kidney. A brief introduction describes the technical aspects of renal biopsy processing for pathologic examination. The main pathologic characteristics of light microscopy, immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy are described for different glomerulopathies and for tubulointerstitial and vascular diseases in the native kidney, including minimal change disease, glomerular tip lesion, focal segmental glomerulosclerosism, membranous nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, diabetes, hypertension, thrombotic microangiopathy, and renal disease associated with paraproteins and plasma cell dyscrasias. A separate section deals with the pathology of the renal allograft. Tables are included with summaries of current classification schemes for selected diseases.
Pharmacologic Renal Protection
Authors: Hussein Wael F. , Stack Austin G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. It is also associated with multiple complications that increase in frequency and severity as kidney function declines. The identification and treatment of factors that contribute to CKD progression offer huge opportunities to stem the growing tide of end-stage kidney disease. Control of hypertension is imperative to reduce risk of disease progression and cardiovascular complications. The prevention and reduction of proteinuria is an equally important goal to prevent the long-term risk of kidney failure. This review describes both existing and novel reno-protective strategies proven to slow or prevent CKD. The authors emphasize the potential benefit offered by newer pharmacologic agents in protecting kidney function. With the emergence of this global epidemic, it is now more important than ever before for the medical community to critically define factors that predict disease progression and determine the efficacy of targeted intervention strategies.
Renal Artery Stenosis and Revascularization
Authors: Messana Joseph A. , Townsend Raymond R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Stenosis of the renal arteries is a relatively common finding in patients with kidney function impairment, often in the setting of generalized atherosclerotic disease. Most cases of renal artery stenosis are atherosclerotic and found in smokers or elderly patients. Fibromuscular dysplasia is less common and occurs more in younger patients and in the distal segments of the renal artery. Although reasonably easy to find, it is challenging to know what to do when atherosclerotic renal disease is present. Correction of obstructing lesions has high technical success, with relatively low risk, but the controlled trial data comparing intervention with medical therapy in atherosclerotic renovascular disease shows similar outcomes on blood pressure and kidney function. Younger people with fibromuscular dysplasias, on the other hand, appear to benefit from intervention. Limitations in the field and areas of opportunity include determining what characterizes a clinically significant obstructive lesion and in which circumstances has ischemic disease rendered intervention inconsequential.
Choice of Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Samoni Sara , Ronco Claudio 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In the absence of any effective pharmacologic therapies, severe acute kidney injury (AKI) is usually managed through renal replacement therapy (RRT). According to evidence, RRT should be considered when renal capacity cannot guarantee a sufficient metabolic, electrolyte, and fluid balance. Once the initiation of RRT has been decided, physicians must address the vascular access placement and prescribe the modality, the dose, and the anticoagulation of the treatment. As RRT should be tailored to the patient, initial prescriptions should be varied according to the current patient’s need. Once the acute kidney insult has been solved, a full, partial, or no renal recovery may occur. Hence, different degrees of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may persist. It is generally accepted that AKI and CKD are closely linked in a highly complex relationship. The development of AKI and the worsening of CKD might recycle in the patient life until end-stage renal disease.
Preserving Residual Kidney Function
Authors: Dhruve Miten J. , Bargman Joanne M. , Bargman Joanne M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Residual kidney function is strongly associated with benefits in survival, morbidity, and quality of life in both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Possible explanations include better volume control in dialysis patients who maintain significant urine volume, better middle molecule and other toxin clearance by the kidneys, and a lower level of systemic inflammation associated with ongoing kidney function. The residual kidney function should be monitored and preserved if at all possible. Practices such as incremental dialysis, avoidance of interim hemodialysis in those choosing peritoneal dialysis, avoidance of peritonitis and nephrotoxic medications, use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade, and maintenance of transplant kidney function with ongoing low-level immunosuppression are all methods that can be implemented to help protect this vital function.
Principles of Drug Therapy in Reduced Kidney Function
Authors: Nguyen Timothy , Tran Tran , Dowling Thomas 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The prevalence of kidney disease is high. Most drugs are excreted by the kidneys and drug dosage adjustments are likely required in renal impairment to avoid accumulation and exposure-related toxicity. Kidney disease affects physiological changes and alterations in the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of many drugs. Glomerular filtration rate is considered the best overall index of kidney function. Kidney function can be assessed by using endogenous and exogenous markers such as serum creatinine, inulin, cystatin C, radionuclide-labeled, estimated equations for creatinine clearance such as Cockcroft-Gault, and estimated equations for GFR such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation, and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Epidemiology study equation. Applying good prescribing practice is important for limiting drug toxicities and improving patient care.
Contrast and the Kidney
Authors: Akbari Ayub , Hiremath Swapnil 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Iodinated contrast has revolutionized diagnosis and therapy but carries the risk of adverse effects, specifically acute kidney injury, in select high risk populations. This risk is substantially lower with the current generation of low- and iso-osmolar contrast media. Acute kidney injury in most cases is mild with favorable prognostic implications, and severe acute injury requiring dialysis is rare. Risk scores, typically including level of kidney function, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease status, can identify patients at high risk of developing acute kidney injury after contrast-enhanced procedures. Volume expansion with isotonic saline remains the most robust method of preventing acute kidney injury in select high risk patients.
Poisonings and Intoxications
Authors: Harbord Nikolas B. , Akhter Muhammad S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Nephrologists are involved in the treatment of poisoning, as extracorporeal removal may be essential in some intoxications. After addressing the epidemiology and management considerations regarding extracorporeal therapy, the chapter outlines the clinical presentation and management of common poisonings such as toxic alcohols (methanol and ethylene glycol), salicylates, toluene, and lithium are outlined. Specific treatment within the purview of the nephrologist includes recognition and treatment of acid-base derangements, enhanced elimination, and diffusive and convective clearance. Evidence-based recommendations for the role of dialysis in these poisonings is provided. Finally, the clinical presentation and unique renal pathophysiologic effects of toluene and Cleistanthus collinus poisoning are reviewed.
Hypertension and the Kidney
Authors: Sodhi Rupinder K. , Philipneri Marie D. , Schmitz Paul G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension or high blood pressure (defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) worldwide exceeds 30%, with a steep increase in patients &gt;50 years of age. For example, nearly 75% of patients &gt;80 years of age exhibit high blood pressure. Despite considerable evidence demonstrating the benefits of antihypertensive therapy, &lt;50% are controlled. This chapter will discuss the prevalence and detection of high blood pressure, with a special emphasis on the role of hypertension in progressive renal fibrosis. The authors cover classification and epidemiology of blood pressure control; the pitfalls of blood pressure control, including white coat hypertension, pseudohypertension, nocturnal blood pressure, masked hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, and blood pressure variability; hypertensive kidney disease; and clinical studies assessing the renal effects of hypertension, concluding with a discussion of control of blood pressure and CKD progression and future directions in research and therapy.
Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Shaikh Aisha , Campbell Kirk N. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is common manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. LN is a not a single-disease entity; on the contrary, it encompasses a wide array of renal histological patterns. The treatment options and outcomes vary with the type of renal histology. Proliferative LN remains the most aggressive histological form of LN and requires aggressive treatment. The goal of therapy for LN is to achieve clinical and histological remission and avoid progression to chronic kidney disease. Remission of LN not only improves renal outcomes but also results in significant improvement in overall patient mortality. Though much progress has been made in this arena, there is still a need for therapeutic agents that are less toxic and more effective than the currently available therapies.
Systemic Inflammatory Diseases and the Kidney
Authors: Monroy-Trujillo Jose Manuel , Geetha Duvuru 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The kidneys are targets of systemic autoimmunity as well as pathogenic immune responses against renal auto antigens. Systemic autoimmunity against ubiquitous antigens leading to renal inflammation is seen in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) associated vasculitis, immunoglobulin (Ig) A vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosis, scleroderma and IgG4 disease while immune responses against specific renal antigens is seen in antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Renal involvement can be the presenting feature in these diseases and can manifest as a rise in serum creatinine or asymptomatic urinary abnormalities or can present with rapidly progressive renal failure. For the majority of systemic inflammatory disorders, renal involvement heralds a poor prognosis and warrants timely initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. This chapter will review the clinical, laboratory, and histologic features and discuss management of renal disease associated with ANCA-associated vasculitis, IgA vasculitis, antiglomerular basement membrane disease, polyarteritis nodosa, scleroderma, and IgG4 disease.
Cast Nephropathy in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Authors: Manohar Sandhya , Leung Nelson 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Plasma cell dyscrasias are associated with a wide spectrum of renal lesions and clinical presentations. The most common is cast nephropathy, which clinically presents as severe acute kidney injury. It is usually seen in patients with multiple myeloma. In fact, the recent criteria of the International Myeloma Working Group from 2014 consider renal failure by light chain cast nephropathy as a myeloma defining event. Renal failure is a major cause of early mortality in patients with multiple myeloma, being second only to infection. Early diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma is the key to better outcomes in these patients. This chapter reviews, among other topics, the history of the terminology, mechanism of light chain cast formation and the clinical picture, precipitating factors, pathology, treatment, therapy, and future outlook for cast nephropathy.