bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of silage feeding value from the analysis of
the herbage at ensiling and effects of nitrogen
fertilizer, date of harvest and additive treatment on
grass silage composition
Authors: KEADY T. W. J. , MAYNE C. S. , FITZPATRICK D. A. 
Published: July 2002

The prediction of silage feeding value from the analysis of herbage at ensiling and the effects of rate
of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, date of harvest and treatment additive at ensiling on fermentation, dry
matter (DM) recovery and effluent production were evaluated in a factorial experiment. Herbage was
harvested from 75 plots, laid out in three replicate blocks of 25, from the primary growth of a
predominantly perennial ryegrass sward. The plots received 72, 96, 120, 144 or 168 kg N/ha and were
harvested on 10, 17, 24 or 31 May or 7 June. Herbage was ensiled for 176 days in laboratory silos
(6 kg capacity), either untreated or treated with formic acid or a bacterial inoculant, each applied at
3 ml/kg herbage. Increasing the rate of N fertilizer and delaying harvest date increased herbage DM
yield but decreased silage digestible organic matter digestibility (D-value) and intake potential
(P < 0·001).Increasing the rate of N fertilizer increased crude protein (CP), acid insoluble N (AIN) (P < 0·001),
acid detergent fibre (ADF) (P < 0·01) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations but had no
statistically significant effect (P > 0·05) on pH or the concentrations of ammonia N, lactic or volatile
fatty acids. Delaying harvesting date decreased CP, AIN and ADF concentrations (P < 0·001) and
effluent DM losses (P < 0·001). Treatment with either formic acid or inoculant decreased silage pH
and the concentrations of ammonia N, acetic acid and propanol and increased AIN, ethanol, neutral
detergent fibre (NDF), ADF and cellulose concentrations, effluent volume, DM losses and intake
potential. Formic acid treatment decreased D-value (P < 0·001), whereas inoculant treatment was not
statistically significant (P > 0·05). For potential silage and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes and D-
value, strong positive correlations (P < 0·001) were identified with herbage pH, buffering capacity
and concentrations of CP, AIN, true protein nitrogen (TP), while negative correlations (P < 0·001)
were identified with herbage yield and concentrations of NDF and hemicellulose. With untreated
silages, strong positive correlations (P < 0·001) were identified between silage pH and herbage pH
and concentrations of AIN, buffering capacity, ash, TP and negative correlations (P < 0·001) were
identified with herbage DM yield and concentrations of DM and WSC. Herbage yield and
concentrations of NDF, TP, DM and nitrate N provided the best linear relationship for predicting
potential ME intake of the resultant untreated silages (R2 = 0·94). It is concluded that delaying
harvest date had the most detrimental effect on silage feeding value, although this effect was partially
overcome by reducing the rate of fertilizer N and use of either an inoculant or formic acid additive.
Silage feed value was also highly correlated with the protein and fibre fractions, ash, buffering
capacity and pH of the herbage at ensiling.
International Politics and the
Establishment of Presbyterianism in
the Channel Islands: The Coutances
Connection
Authors: DAVIES C. S. L. 
Published: July 2002

In 1564 Artus de Cossé-Brissac, bishop of Coutances in Normandy, was
a member of a French diplomatic mission to Queen Elizabeth. He
took the opportunity to assert a claim to exercise episcopal jurisdiction
in the Channel Islands. The claim was less preposterous than it might
appear, since Coutances's jurisdiction in the islands had been
acknowledged throughout Henry viii's reign, and again in that of Mary.
Queen and Privy Council took the 1564 claim seriously enough to
demand a response from the islanders. After a good deal of prevarication
on their part, the crown eventually ruled against the bishop's claim, on the
grounds, as argued by the islanders, that they were subject to the bishop
of Winchester. In the event, Winchester was not to enjoy its newly
rediscovered rights for long. The islands were already in the process of
establishing their own churches, using French Calvinist forms of worship
and a fully synodical system of church government. From 1576 the
islanders governed themselves without reference to episcopal authority,
which was not to be re-established, in Jersey, until the reign of James i,
and in Guernsey that of Charles ii. When challenged the islanders
defended their position by claiming that they were indeed part of the
diocese of Coutances, and that they were following the best practice of the
reformed churches in that diocese.This story is well established in outline, largely through the labours of
island historians, but above all through the work of two impressive
nineteenth-century French historians. A. J. Eagleston made accessible a
good deal of this work, including his own researches, but unfortunately his
book had to be posthumously published and is therefore rather piecemeal.
D. M. Ogier has now published a valuable study of the Reformation in
Guernsey. It traces the internal history in depth, stressing the conservatism
of the bulk of the population and skilfully elucidating the crucial question
of ecclesiastical property, before going on to its main concern, the impact
of the Presbyterian discipline on island society. Although Ogier
acknowledges the significance of relations between the English crown and
various French parties in explaining events, he does little to elucidate
these interactions; nor does he display much interest in the personalities
involved in his story. This article will attempt to explain both the
reluctance of successive English governments to challenge the rights of the
bishop of Coutances, and the apparent inability of the Elizabethan
government to prevent French Protestant refugees moulding the island
churches in their own image. It will also look at some of the leading figures
involved, most notably one John Aster, dean of Guernsey, a prime mover
in the events of the 1560s, whose career in military administration before
his ordination at the age of fifty has not been noticed; and more generally
it will emphasise the link between militant Protestantism and the worlds
of diplomacy and espionage.
A laboratory study of baroclinic waves and turbulence in an

internally heated rotating fluid annulus with sloping endwalls
Authors: BASTIN MARK E. , READ PETER L. 
Published: July 2002

New laboratory experiments have been performed in a rotating fluid

annulus, subject

to internal heating and sidewall cooling, in which a radial depth gradient
has been

created by the inclusion of oppositely sloping boundaries. Endwall

configurations that

cause the fluid depth (D) to increase with radius

(∂D/∂r>0) and to decrease with radius

(∂D/∂r<0) have been studied, as the
former

is applicable to the terrestrial

atmosphere and oceans, while the latter may be relevant to deep atmospheres
such

as those of the giant planets.Even with the steepest boundary slopes, isolated or periodic chains
of stable

coherent eddies are observed with both endwall configurations, and

these regular eddy

modes are seen to drift relative to the walls of the convection chamber
concordant

with simple Rossby wave ideas. When the boundary slope (δ) is small,

no difference

is observed in the range of azimuthal wavenumbers seen in the regular wave
regimes

of the two endwall configurations. At larger values of δ, however,
this

symmetry is lost, since regular modes m=2 to 8 are observed with

∂D/∂r>0 endwalls,

while only a large vertically trapped anticyclonic gyre is seen with

∂D/∂r<0

endwalls. The other effects of the radial depth gradient are the observed
reduction

in both the lateral and vertical scale of the eddy features, and the formation
of

two independent trains of eddies within the gap width at sufficiently high
rotation

rates in the ∂D/∂r>0 endwall

experiments. The zonal mean flow is also found

to develop a significant barotropic component, superimposed on the vertically
and

horizontally sheared zonal jets generated by the non-monotonic thermal
gradient of

the experiment. This barotropic component is predominantly prograde (retrograde)

in the ∂D/∂r>0

(∂D/∂r<0) endwall experiments, and

confined close to the outer (inner) wall where the fluid depth is greatest.There is evidence of the formation of increased numbers of zonal jets
in the

∂D/∂r>0 endwall experiments above that

expected from the form of the thermal

forcing. These multiple zonal jets are highly localized in the vertical,
and

are trapped

close to the top boundary. Their radial scale is, nevertheless, close to
that

given by

the Rhines argument. No comparable increase in the radial wavenumber of
the mean

flow is observed in the ∂D/∂r<0 endwall

experiments in the present system.
Vortex structures generated by a coastal current

in harbour-like basins at large Reynolds numbers
Authors: GONCHAROV V. P. , PAVLOV V. I. 
Published: July 2002

It has been observed for a long time that under certain conditions

a vortex or even

a group of vortices forms in bays which have a narrow opening to the sea.
What

leads to the formation of such vortices confined in a quiet, almost closed
bay? Why

does their number vary? Can such vortices form in any specific bay with
known

hydrological conditions, coastal configuration and bottom topography? The
answers

to these questions are essential in practice because, if several vortices

form in a bay,

a sort of a ‘vortex cork’ is created which prevents the

outflow of pollution from the

bay. This pollution will be locked in the bay practically permanently.
The formation

of vortices can also very strongly modify the topology of the background
flow and

lead to the formation of structures which intensify such processes as beach
drifting,

silting, and coastal erosion.This article considers the topology of the vortex regimes generated

in harbour-like

basins by the external potential longshore current at large Reynolds numbers.
The

theory discusses the issues of what solution compatible with the

Prandtl–Batchelor

theorem for inviscid fluids, and under what conditions, may be realized
as an

asymptotic state of the open hydrodynamical system. The analysis is

developed based on the

variational principle, the most appropriate fundamental method of modern
physics

in this case, modified for the open degenerated hydrodynamical system.
It is shown

that the steady state corresponds to the circulational regime in

which the system has

minimal energy and enstrophy. This state is fixed by the Reynolds number.
The

relation between the Reynolds number, the geometry factor and

the topological number, characterizing the number of vortex cells, is found.
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and
neuropsychological functions in dementia of the Alzheimer type
Authors: PANTEL J. , SCHRÖDER J. , SCHAD L. R. , FRIEDLINGER M. , KNOPP M. V. , SCHMITT R. , GEISSLER M. , BLÜML S. , ESSIG M. , SAUER H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The aim of the present study was to investigate neuropsychological functions in
dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) with respect to morphological changes that were revealed
by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods. Twenty patients with DAT (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria) and 10 healthy age and sex
matched controls were included. The neuropsychological function was evaluated on a test
battery covering the severity of dementia, verbal and visual memory, concentration and
attention, language skills and general intelligence as well as activities of daily living. 3D MRI
sequences were acquired using a 1.5 T Siemens MAGNETOM. Whole brain volume, total
intracranial volume (TIV), volume of the frontal and temporal lobes and volumes of the
amygdalahippocampus complex (AHC) were assessed using the newly developed software NMRWin.Results. Apart from TIV all morphometric parameters differed significantly between the
diagnostic groups. AHC volumes discriminated best between the groups, with only a small overlap.
AHC atrophy exceeded generalized atrophy. These findings were confirmed when the data were
reanalysed after dividing the DAT patients into a mildly and moderately affected group. The
severity of dementia was significantly correlated with the volumes of the AHC and the volumes
of the temporal lobes bilaterally, but not with the whole brain volume and the volumes of the
frontal lobes.Conclusions. These results underline the important role of the temporal substructures for
aetiology and progression of DAT. They indicate that the volume of the AHC can be
monitored by MRI and may be used to follow up the disease process.
The risk for psychiatric disorders in relatives of schizophrenic
and control probands: a comparison of three independent studies
Authors: KENDLER KENNETH S. , GARDNER CHARLES O. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although replication is the heart of
science, psychiatric geneticists rarely have the opportunity to
replicate findings, especially more than once.Methods. This article reviews results from three
independent family studies of schizophrenia on which one of us
conducted diagnostic reviews: the Danish Adoption Study (DAS), the
Iowa 500 non-500 family study (IFS), and the Roscommon Family Study
(RFS). We utilized DSM-III or DSM-III-R criteria and meta-analysis
techniques.Results. The odds ratios (OR) in personally interviewed,
first degree biological relatives of schizophrenic and matched control
probands for schizophrenia, other non-affective psychoses (ONAP),
schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), unipolar affective illness
(UPAI), bipolar affective illness (BPAI), and anxiety disorders were
homogeneous across studies. For alcoholism, ORs were significantly
heterogeneous. Schizophrenia, SPD and ONAP strongly aggregated in
relatives of schizophrenic probands with decreasing common OR
estimates of 16·2, 5·0 and 4·0, respectively. The
common OR for anxiety disorders was 1·1, indicating no familial
co-aggregation. For UPAI and BPAI, the common ORs exceeded unity
(1·3 and 1·9, respectively), although only the former
was statistically significant.Conclusions. Schizophrenia strongly aggregates in families
and shares familial factors with SPD and ONAP but not anxiety
disorders. The familial factors of aetiological importance for
schizophrenia and affective illness may be weakly related. With the
exception of alcoholism, the patterns of psychiatric disorders in
relatives of schizophrenic and control probands in these three studies
were sufficiently similar that, despite their methodological
differences, they can probably be viewed as replications of one
another.
Psychological influences on the perception of immune function
Authors: PETRIE K. J. , BOOTH R. J. , ELDER H. , CAMERON L. D. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Perception of deficiencies in immunity are
common in a number of patient complaints.
However, little is known about the way in which individuals form perceptions
about the competence
of their immune system. In two studies we examined the relationship between
subjects' perceptions
of their immune functioning, physical symptoms, mood and measures of immunity.Methods. In Study 1, 20 healthy volunteers completed global
ratings of their immune system
functioning, as well as mood and symptom reports, twice a week for 5 weeks.
At the same time,
blood samples were taken to assess serum IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies.
In Study 2, another sample
of 58 subjects completed the same measures weekly for 5 weeks and their
blood was tested for
concentrations of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD16 lymphocytes.Results. We found perceptions of immune functioning to be unrelated
to the concentrations of
serum antibodies or blood lymphocytes. Immune perceptions were strongly
related to mood and in
particular, feelings of fatigue and vigour. The experience of recent physical
symptoms, while not as
strong as mood variables, was also important in perceptions of immune functioning.Conclusions. Mood seems to be an important determinant in the
perception of immune function,
and complaints about immune dysfunction in clinical situation should be
investigated with this
possibility in mind.
Prevalence of reported suicidal behaviour in the general population and mental health-care staff
Authors: RAMBERG INGA-LILL , WASSERMAN DANUTA 
Published: July 2002

Background. Higher rates of suicidal behaviour have been reported among staff in mental health care than in the general population. However, no studies of these two groups have been carried out simultaneously, using the same methods. This study aims to investigate whether they differ in terms of age- and sex-standardized prevalence of suicidal behaviour.Methods. Identical questions about suicidal behaviour were addressed in the same year to a random sample of the general population and to mental health-care staff in Stockholm. Life weariness among the latter was also investigated.Results. Age- and sex-standardized past year prevalences of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts were found to be similar among mental health-care staff and the general population. Lifetime prevalence of both suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts was significantly higher among mental health-care staff than among the general population. Psychologists/social workers have a higher probability of: lifetime thoughts of life is not worth living; death wishes; and, suicidal thoughts, than nurses/assistant nurses.Conclusions. Reports on lifetime prevalence of suicidal behaviour may be biased in populations that are not reminded of these problems in everyday life. Data on past year prevalence of suicidal behaviour show clearly the similarity between the general population and the mental health-care staff.
Time course of dreaming and sleep organization
Authors: Salzarulo Piero 
Published: July 2002

The complexity and mysteriousness of mental processes during sleep rule out thinking only in term of generators. How could we know exactly what mental sleep experience (MSE) is produced and when? To refer to REM versus NREM as separate time windows for MSE seems insufficient. We propose that in each cycle NREM and REM interact to allow mentation to reach a certain degree of complexity and consolidation in memory. Each successive cycle within a sleep episode should contribute to these processes with a different weight according to the time of night and distance from sleep onset. This view would avoid assuming too great a separation between REM and NREM functions and attributing psychological functions only to a single state.[Nielsen]
Home, hearth and table: a centennial
review of the nutritional circumstances of
older people living alone
Authors: LYON PHIL , COLQUHOUN ANNE 
Published: July 2002

Survey evidence on the living conditions of older people has a long and
creditable history in Britain. Booth's work alerted policy makers to the often
dire circumstances of older people, and accounts of their housing, diet,
domestic arrangements and general quality of life stiffened resolve to ensure an
adequate minimum standard of living in old age. At the start of what has been
termed the welfare state, there were two important studies of old age in the
works of Rowntree and Sheldon. In their depiction of the lives of independent
elderly people, they provided a useful mid-century benchmark on progress.The question of income and support infrastructure recurs over the decades
and, in many ways, these concerns are central to the question of adequate diets
with implications for health and wellbeing. The possibility, or otherwise, of
being able to afford, buy and prepare food which is of appropriate nutritional
and social quality, is fundamental to an independent life in old age. Using food
as a focus for review, this article maps what has been said about the
circumstances of independent elderly people and what has been done to
support them in the community. It is concluded that while considerable
progress has been made over the century, their relative position remains
problematic. This is especially the case for those living on their own in old age
and with a reliance on the basic state pension.
Gaussian estimates for heat kernels on Lie groups
Authors: MUSTAPHA SAMI 
Published: July 2002

Let G be a connected real Lie group and let [gfr ] be
its Lie algebra. We shall denote by [qfr ] ⊂ [gfr ] the radical of [gfr ].
Let [gfr ] = [qfr ] [ltimes ] [sfr ] (where [sfr ] is semisimple or 0) be a Levi
decomposition of [gfr ] (cf. [11]). When [sfr ] ≠ 0
we can apply the Iwasawa decomposition on [sfr ] (cf. [8])
[sfr ] = [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] [oplus ] [kfr ], where [nfr ] is nilpotent and [afr ]
is abelian and normalizes [nfr ] so that [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] is a soluble algebra.
Since [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] normalizes [qfr ] it is clear that
[rfr ] = [qfr ] [oplus ] [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] is a soluble Lie algebra of [gfr ].
By Lie's theorem (cf. [11]) we can find a basis on
[rfr ]c = [rfr ] [otimes ] C for which the adjoint
action of [rfr ] on [rfr ]c takes a triangular form. Let us denote by
λ1(x); λ2(x), …,
λn(x), x ∈ [rfr ] the corresponding
eigenvalues. The λj's can
be identified with elements of Homℝ([rfr ], C)
and are called the roots of the adjoint action of [rfr ]. Let us denote by
[Lscr ] = {L1, …, Lk}
the set of the non zero real parts of the λj's.
We shall say that the group G is a B-group if [Lscr ] ≠ &0slash; and if there exist
α1, …, αk [ges ] 0,
[sum ]kj=1 αj = 1, such that
[sum ]kj=1 αjLj = 0. Otherwise we say that G is an
NB-group. It can be shown that the above definition is independent of the particular
choice of the Levi and Iwasawa decompositions that are used (cf. [13]).We shall denote by dlg = dg
(resp. drg) the left (resp. right) Haar measure on
G and by m(g)
= drg/dlg
the modular function.Let [Xscr ] = {X1, X2, …,
Xn} be left invariant fields on G
that verify the Hörmander condition (cf. [15]) and let
Δ = −[sum ]X2j be the corresponding
sub-Laplacian. Δ is formally self adjoint on the Hilbert space
L2(G, drg) and the
spectral gap of Δ is defined byformula here
A reconsideration of the taxonomic status of Macrotrachela quadricornifera (Rotifera, Bdelloidea)
Authors: Ricci Claudia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe study focuses on the differences between large and small forms of a rotifer species, Macrotrachela quadricornifera (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), by reviewing the literature and adding further morphological differences. Evidence from life‐history traits, growth patterns and trophi (hard structures of the specialized rotifer pharynx) morphology suggests that the large and small forms of M. quadricornifera should not be considered the same species. Macrotrachela vanoyei Schepens, 1954 is re‐established as a good species, differing from M. quadricornifera in the smaller size of body, egg and trophi, as well as the number of proximal and distal teeth on the trophi.