bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferences on the timeline of reionization at z ∼ 8 from the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey
Authors: Mason Charlotte A , Fontana Adriano , Treu Tommaso , Schmidt Kasper B , Hoag Austin , Abramson Louis , Amorin Ricardo , Bradač Maruša , Guaita Lucia , Jones Tucker , Henry Alaina , Malkan Matthew A , Pentericci Laura , Trenti Michele , Vanzella Eros 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Detections and non-detections of Lyman alpha (Lyα) emission from z &gt; 6 galaxies (&lt;1 Gyr after the big bang) can be used to measure the timeline of cosmic reionization. Of key interest to measuring reionization’s mid-stages, but also increasing observational challenge, are observations at z &gt; 7, where Lyα redshifts to near infra-red wavelengths. Here we present a search for z &gt; 7.2 Lyα emission in 53 intrinsically faint Lyman Break Galaxy candidates, gravitationally lensed by massive galaxy clusters, in the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS). With integration times of ∼7–10 h, we detect no Lyα emission with signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) &gt; 5 in our sample. We determine our observations to be 80 per cent complete for 5σ spatially and spectrally unresolved emission lines with integrated line flux &gt;5.7 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2. We define a photometrically selected sub-sample of 29 targets at z = 7.9 ± 0.6, with a median 5σ Lyα EW limit of 58 Å. We perform a Bayesian inference of the average intergalactic medium (IGM) neutral hydrogen fraction using their spectra. Our inference accounts for the wavelength sensitivity and incomplete redshift coverage of our observations, and the photometric redshift probability distribution of each target. These observations, combined with samples from the literature, enable us to place a lower limit on the average IGM neutral hydrogen fraction of $\gt 0.76 \,\, (68{{\ \rm per\ cent}}), \,\, \gt 0.46 \,\, (95{{\ \rm per\ cent}})$ at z ∼ 8, providing further evidence of rapid reionization at z ∼ 6–8. We show that this is consistent with reionization history models extending the galaxy luminosity function to $M_ \rm {\small UV}\lesssim -12$, with low ionizing photon escape fractions, $f_\textrm{esc} \lesssim 15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$.
Reduction in acute kidney injury stage predicts survival in patients with type-1 hepatorenal syndrome
Authors: Wong Florence , Boyer Thomas D , Sanyal Arun J , Pappas Stephen C , Escalante Shannon , Jamil Khurram 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1), a form of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cirrhosis, has a median survival of days to weeks if untreated. The impact of reduction in AKI stage on overall survival in cirrhosis, independent of HRS reversal, is unclear.

Methods
The Randomized, placEbo-controlled, double-blind study to confirm the reVERSal of HRS-1 with terlipressin study assessed terlipressin versus placebo, both with albumin, as treatment for HRS-1 for ≤14 days. Renal dysfunction severity was categorized by AKI stage at enrollment. Baseline patient characteristics were evaluated as predictors of AKI improvement using a multivariate model; the association between AKI stage reduction and 90-day survival was assessed using linear regression.

Results
A total of 184 patients (terlipressin: n = 91; placebo: n = 93) with similar numbers in AKI Stages 1–3 (terlipressin/placebo, Stage 1: n = 25/26; Stage 2: n = 35/33; Stage 3: n = 31/34) were included. Predictors of AKI improvement were absence of alcoholic hepatitis, baseline serum creatinine and male gender. Overall survival was not significantly different across AKI stages (range 53–65%). In patients with no AKI worsening, 90-day survival was consistently better when AKI improved independent of HRS reversal, regardless of the initial AKI stage, with patients with Stage 1 at initial diagnosis achieving the greatest clinical benefit. A significant association was observed between AKI reduction and overall 90-day survival (P = 0.0022).

Conclusions
A reduction in AKI stage, independent of HRS reversal, was sufficient to improve overall survival in patients with HRS-1. The goal for HRS-1 treatment should be less stringent than absolute HRS reversal.
Linking atmospheric pollution to cryospheric change in the Third Pole region: current progress and future prospects
Authors: Kang Shichang , Zhang Qianggong , Qian Yun , Ji Zhenming , Li Chaoliu , Cong Zhiyuan , Zhang Yulan , Guo Junming , Du Wentao , Huang Jie , You Qinglong , Panday Arnico K , Rupakheti Maheswar , Chen Deliang , Gustafsson Örjan , Thiemens Mark H , Qin Dahe 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings are known as the Third Pole (TP). This region is noted for its high rates of glacier melt and the associated hydrological shifts that affect water supplies in Asia. Atmospheric pollutants contribute to climatic and cryospheric changes through their effects on solar radiation and the albedos of snow and ice surfaces; moreover, the behavior and fates within the cryosphere and environmental impacts of environmental pollutants are topics of increasing concern. In this review, we introduce a coordinated monitoring and research framework and network to link atmospheric pollution and cryospheric changes (APCC) within the TP region. We then provide an up-to-date summary of progress and achievements related to the APCC research framework, including aspects of atmospheric pollution's composition and concentration, spatial and temporal variations, trans-boundary transport pathways and mechanisms, and effects on the warming of atmosphere and changing in Indian monsoon, as well as melting of glacier and snow cover. We highlight that exogenous air pollutants can enter into the TP’s environments and cause great impacts on regional climatic and environmental changes. At last, we propose future research priorities and map out an extended program at the global scale. The ongoing monitoring activities and research facilitate comprehensive studies of atmosphere–cryosphere interactions, represent one of China's key research expeditions to the TP and the polar regions and contribute to the global perspective of earth system science.
The decline in volatility in the US economy. A historical perspective
Authors: Gadea María Dolores , Gómez-Loscos Ana , Pérez-Quirós Gabriel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we analyse the volatility of US GDP growth using quarterly series starting in 1875. We find structural breaks in volatility at the end of World War II and at the beginning of the Great Moderation period. We show that the Great Moderation volatility reduction is only linked to changes in expansions, whereas that after World War II is due to changes in both expansions and recessions. We also propose several methodologies to date the US business cycle in this long period. We find that taking volatility into account improves the characterization of the business cycle.
Small-scale motions in solar filaments as the precursors of eruptions
Authors: Seki Daikichi , Otsuji Kenichi , Isobe Hiroaki , Ishii Takako T , Ichimoto Kiyoshi , Shibata Kazunari 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Filaments, the dense cooler plasma floating in the solar corona supported by magnetic fields, generally exhibit certain activations before they erupt. In our previous study (Seki et al. 2017, ApJ, 843, L24), we observed that the standard deviation of the line-of-sight (LOS) velocities of the small-scale motions in a filament increased prior to its eruption. However, because that study only analyzed one event, it is unclear whether such an increase in the standard deviation of LOS velocities is common in filament eruptions. In this study, 12 filaments that vanished in Hα line center images were analyzed in a manner similar to the one in our previous work; these included two quiescent filaments, four active region filaments, and six intermediate filaments. We verified that in all the 12 events, the standard deviation of the LOS velocities increased before the filaments vanished. Moreover, we observed that the quiescent filaments had approximately 10 times longer duration of an increase in the standard deviation than the other types of filaments. We concluded that the standard deviation of the LOS velocities of the small-scale motions in a filament can potentially be used as a precursor of a filament eruption.
Growth curves: The experiences of Canadian paediatricians in their first 5 years of independent practice
Authors: Schrewe Brett , Patel Rikin , Rowan-Legg Anne 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Completing training is a rite of passage common to all physicians, yet our knowledge of the components in postgraduate paediatric education that equip learners for successful transition to practice is limited. In order to optimally design training programs, it is critical to develop a better sense of what early career paediatricians (ECPs) experience as they navigate this time of transition.

Methods
We created and distributed a 23-question survey via e-mail to 481 Canadian ECPs in September 2017, specifically to those who received Royal College certification in 2011 or later. Survey responses were obtained confidentially through an online platform (Survey Monkey). Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyze responses to closed-ended and free text questions, respectively.

Results
Response rate was 42% with nearly 70% of the respondents self-identifying as general paediatricians. Factors facilitating transition to practice included: dedicated mentorship; supportive new colleagues and workplace environment; and ease of finding work. Identified challenges included: billing, finances, and practice management; adjusting to a different scope of practice and learning local resources; managing comfort level; and achieving work–life balance. Nearly half of the respondents expressed interest in mentoring new ECP colleagues.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that ECPs find clear value in mentorship, but desire further support to adapt to new practice contexts and activities. As a result, we must consider strategies in both individual programs and nationally that effectively prepare learners prior to transition and align with needs in the first years of independent practice.
Hyperalgesia and Central Sensitization Signs in Patients with Cluster Headache: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Gil-Martínez Alfonso , Navarro-Fernández Gonzalo , Mangas-Guijarro María Ángeles , Díaz-de-Terán Javier 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate central sensitization (CS) in cluster headache (CH) and to evaluate its relationship with disease characteristics and psychological comorbidities.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingsWhether CS occurs in CH, as it does in other primary headaches, is a subject of debate. Few studies have evaluated the presence of CS and its relationship with psychological comorbidities in patients with CH.SubjectsTwenty patients with episodic or chronic CH and 16 healthy controls were recruited.MethodsThe variables evaluated included frequency, intensity and duration of headache attacks, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and wind-up (WU) ratios of pain bilaterally measured over trigeminal and extratrigeminal areas, and results of questionnaires regarding anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS], Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]), quality of life (Short Form-36 [SF-36]), headache impact (Headache Impact Test [HIT-6]), and allodynia (Allodynia Symptom Checklist [ASC]).ResultsPPT levels were significantly lower in the CH group compared with the healthy participants (all tested points, P &lt; 0.001). No differences were found in WU ratios between groups. However, differences in HADS (P &lt; 0.01), BDI (P &lt; 0.01), STAI (P &lt; 0.01), SF-36 (P &lt; 0.01), HIT-6 (P &lt; 0.001), and ASC (P &lt; 0.01) were observed between groups. The healthy group showed a moderate negative correlation between SF-36 and BDI (rho = –0.59, P = 0.03). Likewise, the CH group showed a moderate negative correlation between frequency and BDI (rho = –0.52, P = 0.03), a strong positive correlation between duration and HADS (rho = 0.86, P &lt; 0.01), and a moderate negative correlation between intensity and PPT over symptomatic V1 (rho = –0.66, P &lt; 0.01) and over asymptomatic V1 (rho = –0.65, P &lt; 0.01). The CH group also showed a moderate negative correlation between SF-36 and anxiety and depression variables.ConclusionsOur findings show that patients with CH have lower PPT levels at cranial and extracranial points, suggesting, as in other primary headaches, the presence of CS. We have also found a high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities that correlate with the length and frequency of attacks. These findings highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of patients with CH.
Prediabetes
Authors: Rariden Christina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:
Prediabetes continues to be a national and worldwide health concern, affecting 84 million adults in the US. Early identification and intervention have been successful in delaying and/or preventing the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To curb the increasing prevalence of T2DM, recognizing the importance of identifying and managing prediabetes is paramount.
Failure to Debrief after Critical Events in Anesthesia Is Associated with Failures in Communication during the Event
Authors: Arriaga Alexander F. , Sweeney Rachel E. , Clapp Justin T. , Muralidharan Madhavi , Burson Randall C. , Gordon Emily K. B. , Falk Scott A. , Baranov Dimitry Y. , Fleisher Lee A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Debriefing after an actual critical event is an established good practice in medicine, but a gap exists between principle and implementation. The authors’ objective was to understand barriers to debriefing, characterize quantifiable patterns and qualitative themes, and learn potential solutions through a mixed-methods study of actual critical events experienced by anesthesia personnel.

Methods
At a large academic medical center, anesthesiology residents and a small number of attending anesthesiologists were audited and/or interviewed for the occurrence and patterns of debriefing after critical events during their recent shift, including operating room crises and disruptive behavior. Patterns of the events, including event locations and event types, were quantified. A comparison was done of the proportion of cases debriefed based on whether the event contained a critical communication breakdown. Qualitative analysis, using an abductive approach, was performed on the interviews to add insight to quantitative findings.

Results
During a 1-yr period, 89 critical events were identified. The overall debriefing rate was 49% (44 of 89). Nearly half of events occurred outside the operating room. Events included crisis events (e.g., cardiac arrest, difficult airway requiring an urgent surgical airway), disruptive behavior, and critical communication breakdowns. Events containing critical communication breakdowns were strongly associated with not being debriefed (64.4% [29 of 45] not debriefed in events with a communication breakdown vs. 36.4% [16 of 44] not debriefed in cases without a communication breakdown; P = 0.008). Interview responses qualitatively demonstrated that lapses in communication were associated with enduring confusion that could inhibit or shape the content of discussions between involved providers.

Conclusions
Despite the value of proximal debriefing to reducing provider burnout and improving wellness and learning, failure to debrief after critical events can be common among anesthesia trainees and perhaps anesthesia teams. Modifiable interpersonal factors, such as communication breakdowns, were associated with the failure to debrief.
A Case of Dermatitis Herpetiformis With Fibrillar Immunoglobulin A Deposition: A Rare Pattern Not to Be Missed
Authors: Lilo Mohammed T. , Yan Shaofeng , Chapman Michael S. , Linos Konstantinos 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:
Dermatitis herpetiformis is a rare, chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by intense pruritic papules and vesicles, which can be associated with celiac disease and other autoimmune disorders. Its histologic characteristic is the accumulation of neutrophils within the papillary dermis with granular deposition of immunoglobulin A (IgA) observed under direct immunofluorescence. Herein, we report a 58-year-old woman who presented with a vesicular rash on the buttocks. The patient reported a recent history of genital herpes, Entamoeba histolytica colitis, recurrent hives, and eczema. A representative biopsy demonstrated features of spongiotic dermatitis and focal papillary dermal neutrophilic aggregates. Direct immunofluorescence revealed fibrillary IgA deposition in the papillary dermis, granular C3 deposition at the dermal–epidermal junction, and dermal papillae. The overall clinical, histologic, and DIF findings were consistent with those of dermatitis herpetiformis. The fibrillar IgA pattern is rare and easily overlooked by the unwary. Pathologists should be aware of this rare pattern, especially when the histologic findings are not classic.
Prognostic Impact of pT Stage and Peritoneal Invasion in Locally Advanced Colon Cancer
Authors: Baguena Gloria , Pellino Gianluca , Frasson Matteo , Roselló Susana , Cervantes Andres , García-Granero Alvaro , Giner Francisco , García-Granero Eduardo 
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND:
TNM stage has been identified as an independent variable for local recurrence and survival after colon cancer resection. It is still unclear whether peritoneal invasion (pT4a) is a risk factor for adverse oncologic outcome or whether these patients have better results compared with contiguous organs infiltration (pT4b), independent from nodal status (pN).

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to analyze whether peritoneal invasion is an independent risk factor for worse oncologic outcome after curative colon cancer resection.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective analysis with multivariate regression of a prospective database, according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted in a specialized colorectal unit of a tertiary hospital.

PATIENTS:
A consecutive series of pT3-pT4a-pT4b patients with colon cancer who underwent curative surgery (1993–2010) were included, and patients with metastasis were excluded.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to assess independent risk factors for 5-year local recurrence, peritoneal carcinomatosis-like recurrence, disease-free survival, and cancer-specific survival.

RESULTS:
A total of 1010 patients were analyzed (79.3% pT3, 9.9% pT4a, and 10.8% pT4b). At diagnosis, 22.0% had obstructive symptoms, and 10.5% had bowel perforation. A total of 72.2% of the surgeries were elective, and in 15.6% en bloc resection of contiguous organs was performed. Median follow-up was 62 months (38–100 mo). For the whole group, 5-year actuarial rates were 8.8% for local recurrence, 2.5% for peritoneal carcinomatosis, 75.5% for disease-free survival, and 81.8% for cancer-specific survival. At multivariate analysis, pT4a stage was an independent risk factor for local recurrence (p = 0.002; HR = 3.1), peritoneal carcinomatosis (p = 0.02; HR = 4.9), worse disease-free survival (p = 0.002; HR = 1.9), and cancer-specific survival (p = 0.001; HR = 2.2). When considering only the 566 patients with ≥12 nodes identified, T stage was still associated with higher local recurrence (p = 0.04) and carcinomatosis rate (p = 0.04), as well as worse disease-free (p = 0.009) and cancer-specific survival (p = 0.014).

LIMITATIONS:
This was a retrospective, single-center study.

CONCLUSIONS:
pT4a stage is an independent risk factor for worse oncologic outcome after curative colon cancer resection compared with pT3 and pT4b stages. The current pT4a-pT4b classification should be reconsidered. Of note, even in pT4a patients, 5-year carcinomatosis rate does not exceed 6%. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A926.
2-Methoxyestradiol Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension, Cardiovascular Remodeling, and Renal Injury
Authors: Salah Eman , Bastacky Sheldon I. , Jackson Edwin K. , Tofovic Stevan P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:
Estradiol may antagonize the adverse cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II (Ang II). We investigated the effects of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), a nonestrogenic estradiol metabolite, on Ang II-induced cardiovascular and renal injury in male rats. First, we determined the effects of 2-ME on Ang II-induced acute changes in blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, and excretory function. Next, we investigated the effects of 2-ME and 2-hydroxyestardiol (2-HE) on hypertension and cardiovascular and renal injury induced by chronic infusion of Ang II. Furthermore, the effects of 2-ME on blood pressure and cardiovascular remodeling in the constricted aorta (CA) rat model and on isoproterenol-induced (ISO) cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were examined. 2-ME had no effects on Ang II-induced acute changes in blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, or glomerular filtration rate. Both 2-ME and 2-HE reduced hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, proteinuria, and mesangial expansion induced by chronic Ang II infusions. In CA rats, 2-ME attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and reduced elevated blood pressure above the constriction. Notably, 2-ME reduced both pressure-dependent (above constriction) and pressure-independent (below constriction) vascular remodeling. 2-ME had no effects on ISO-induced renin release yet reduced ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. This study shows that 2-ME protects against cardiovascular and renal injury due to chronic activation of the renin–angiotensin system. This study reports for the first time that in vivo 2-ME reduces trophic (pressure-independent) effects of Ang II and related cardiac and vascular remodeling.
Plasticity in the dynamic pain connectome associated with ketamine-induced neuropathic pain relief
Authors: Rogachov Anton , Bhatia Anuj , Cheng Joshua C. , Bosma Rachael L. , Kim Junseok A. , Osborne Natalie R. , Hemington Kasey S. , Venkatraghavan Lakshmikumar , Davis Karen D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Therapeutic interventions for neuropathic pain, such as the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine, can vary widely in effectiveness. In this study, we conducted a longitudinal functional MRI study to test the hypothesis that the pain-relieving effect of ketamine is the result of reversal of abnormalities in regional low-frequency brain oscillations (LFOs) and abnormal cross-network functional connectivity (FC) of the dynamic pain connectome. We found that (1) ketamine decreased regional LFOs in the posterior cingulate cortex of the default mode network, (2) a machine-learning algorithm demonstrated that treatment-induced brain changes could be used to make generalizable inferences about pain relief, (3) treatment responders exhibited a significant decrease in cross-network static FC between the posterior cingulate cortex and regions of the sensorimotor and salience networks following treatment, (4) the degree of reduced cross-network FC correlated with the amount of pain relief, and (5) ketamine treatment did not produce significant differences in static or dynamic FC within the ascending nociceptive or descending antinociceptive pathway. These findings support the proposition that regional LFOs contribute to cross-network connectivity that underlie the effectiveness of ketamine to produce significant relief from neuropathic pain. Together with our recent findings that pretreatment dynamic FC of the descending antinociceptive pathway can predict ketamine treatment outcomes, these new findings indicate that pain relief from ketamine arises from a combination of flexible pretreatment FC of the descending antinocieptive pathway together with plasticity (reduction) of cross-network connectivity of the default mode network with sensorimotor and salience networks.