bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
47 Interaction of dietary protein and endophyte- infected Tall Fescue seed in stocker steers on finishing phase performance and carcass traits
Authors: Davis Matthew E , Poole Rebecca K , Poore Matthew H , Poole Daniel H , Pickworth Carrie L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted disease that negatively impacts cattle. It was hypothesized that exposure to endophyte-infected fescue during the stocker phase affects finishing phase growth and carcass characteristics. Eight-month-old steers were sorted by weight and randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments for 56 days in confinement: endophyte-free seed (0 ug/kg ergovaline) with either 18% (EF-18; n = 9) or 14% dietary protein (EF-14; n = 9) and endophyte-infected seed (500 ug/kg ergovaline) with 18% (EI-18; n = 9) or 14% dietary protein (EI-14; n = 9). Following fescue exposure calves were backgrounded on novel endophyte fescue pastures for 8 mo. At 18 mo, all steers were vaccinated, implanted, and reentered the feedlot for a 112 d growing phase and 52 d finishing phase. Body weight was recorded every 28 d and carcass data was collected at slaughter. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS for effects of BW, ADG, dressing percentage (DP), HCW, backfat, ribeye area (REA), KPH, USDA Yield grade (YG), and USDA Quality grade (QG). Statistical significance was determined at P > 0.05) HCW, BW, backfat, REA, DP, or QG. TheEI-14 had a greater ADG (1.69 kg/d) during the feedlot growing phase compared to the other treatment groups (1.53, 1.47, 1.55 for EI-18, EF-14, EF-18, respectively; P > 0.05). Steers stockered on 18% dietary protein had greater BW compared to steers previously fed at 14% (501.3±3.8 vs. 489.7±3.8; P = 0.0339). In addition, 18% protein in stocker diet resulted in greater KPH (2.3±0.2 vs. 1.78±0.2; P = 0.0129) and YG (3.4±0.1 vs. 3.0±0.1; P = 0.0168) compared with steers fed 14% dietary protein. Finishing growth and carcass characteristics were not affected by exposure to ergot alkaloids at weaning as much as dietary protein when cattle had a background period prior to feedlot entry
53 Comparison of digestibility of forages in Jersey steers supplemented with a yeast fermentation product on a high and low quality forage diet
Authors: Garcia Anissa R , Boyd Jamie , Splan Rebecca 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect on digestibility of forages using a daisy jar system with inoculum from steers supplemented with the yeast fermentation product Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Forages tested included ryegrass, wheat, orchard grass, alfalfa, and sorghum sudan hays. Samples were ground through a 1mm screen, placed in Ankom F57 bags, and run in triplicate to increase statistical significance. Two ruminally cannulated jersey steers were used in a switchback design. Animals were housed in a dry lot pen. The study consisted of 2 three-week periods, 2-week standardization followed by a 1-week test period. Diets offered for period 1 were steer A = 100% alfalfa hay w/o yeast product and steer B = 100% wheat hay w/o yeast product. Diets offered for period 2 were steer A =100% alfalfa hay +15g/h/d yeast product and steer B =100% wheat hay +15g/h/d yeast product. During the test week, rumen fluid contents were collected from each donor via rumen cannula approximately 4 h after feeding and taken to the lab to be composited. The samples were incubated for 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h. At the end of the incubation period bags were collected and cold shocked to stop microbial digestion. Samples were dried at 55oC and stored for later analysis. Model included trt (+/-yeast), forage, hr, and interactions forage*hr and forage*trt. No significant differences were observed (P = 0.38) on DM digestibility or NDF digestibility (P = 0.76) with the supplementation of yeast fermentation product. Forage*Trt was significant (P = 0.03 DMdig, P = 0.02 NDFdig). Implications of this study are the inclusion of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product at a rate of 15g/h/d may not impact overall forage NDF or DM digestibility but may impact types of forage differently in an in vitro system using composited inoculum from donors on a forage diet.
3 Deep Frame-based tracking on nursery pigs
Authors: Schmidt Ty , Psota Eric , Mote Benny , Perez Lance , Mittek Mateus 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Rapid identification of morbid/injured pigs is essential for swine producers to ensure the health and well-being of each individual pig and ensure production efficiency. As such, there is a need to develop advanced technology as a means to further ensure the health and well-being of pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel computer vision, Deep-Frame – Detection and Tracking Platform (DF–DTP), for the ability to automatically identify/maintain identity and continuously track the activities of group-housed pigs. Utilizing a depth-enabled camera and multi-ellipsoid expectation maximization technology, 28 nursery pigs were continuously evaluated during the first 42 d of the nursery phase. Over the 42-d nursery period, the DF–DTP was capable of achieving a 93.7% accuracy for identifying and maintaining the identity of individual pigs. Through visual validation (10,544 observations), 642 identification errors were detected. Of the identification errors, 82% occurred when pigs were lying, 7.8% standing, 2.1% walking, 7.2% at the feeder (at the feeder), and 1.0% at the waterer. The DF–DTP was capable of a 96.2% accuracy rate for classification of an individual pig’s activity. Accuracy for classification of activities was 96.3% for walking, 96.3 for standing, 99.1 for lying, 86.4% for at the feeder, and 73.6% for at the waterer. Across the 42-d trial, the average time pigs spent 77.8% (+ 0.02) lying, 8.6% (+ 0.32) standing, 2.9% (+ 0.09) walking and traveled 943.1 meters/d (+ 195.9). Over time (d 1 – d 42), the time pigs spent lying, standing, walking, and meters/d decreased (P 0.001). As d within the nursery phase increased, time at the feeder increased (P < 0.001), there was no change (P = 0.11) for time at the waterer. Results of the study indicate that the DF–DTP is capable of accurately identifying, maintaining the identity of and continuously tracking the activity of group-housed nursery pigs.
9 Behavioral and stress responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions
Authors: Manu Hayford , Lee S H , Huang Q , Pangeni D , Keyes M C , Cairns J , Baidoo S K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate behavioral and stress responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions. Eighteen sows (Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 226.10 ± 1.29 kg; parity 3.1 ± 0.42); were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding frequency regimes. Sows were fed corn-soybean meal-based diet 1× [0730 (Control, T1), 2× “[half ration at 0730 and 1530 h (T2)]” and then “[one-third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T3)]”. On average, sows received 7190 kcal ME d−1 during gestation from 2.25 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. Saliva samples were collected from 0630 to 1830 h, 2 hrs apart and assayed for cortisol using ELISA technique. Behavior data were collected for 7 d from d 53 of gestation by affixing a Remote Insights ear tag to each sow. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: “Active,” “Feed” or “Dormant”. The data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment as fixed effect and sow as random effect. Results were considered statistically significant when P < 0·05 and were considered as trends when P ≤ 0·10. Sow was the experimental unit. A 24 h area under the curve (AUC) was calculated by trapezoidal method. The P-values were adjusted for multiplicity based on Tukey Kramer’s method. A 24 h total activity and total feeding activity AUC were reduced in sows fed 2× daily compared with sows fed 1× and 3× daily (P < 0.01). A 12 h cortisol AUC was lower for sows fed 2× daily relative to treatment groups fed 1× and 3× daily (P < 0.02). In conclusion, feeding pregnant sows twice daily may improve sow welfare by reducing feeding activity, total activity, and the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
10 A field study to investigate the effect of Zuprevo administered alone or in combination with banamine transdermal on the health and well-being of transported feedlot calves on arrival at the feedlot
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Kleinhenz Michael , Kleinhenz Katie , Reppert Emily , Blasi Dale , Parks Timothy , Baysinger Angela , Hutcheson John , Coetzee Johann 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Long distance transportation can be a significant source of stress to cattle and is associated with increased risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been shown to reduce stress following long distance transport. The objective of this study was to compare production parameters, morbidity, and mortality between calves receiving either tildipirosin alone or in combination with transdermal flunixin on arrival at the feedlot. 384 head of polled, Continental x English and English crossbred bulls and steers were enrolled into one of two treatments: 1) tildipirosin only (PLBO) 2) tildipirosin in combination with transdermal flunixin (FTD). Tildipirosin was administered in the neck as a single dose of 4 mg/kg alone, or in combination with transdermal flunixin applied to the dorsal midline at the label dose of 3.3 mg/kg. Outcomes measured were performance parameters, dry mater intake and feed efficiency, morbidity and mortality, pen pulls and treatments, a daily visual analog scale (VAS) assessment and accelerometer data. Statistical analysis was performed using computer software (JMP 13, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). There were no significant differences in average lot weights between treatment groups (P = 0.415). There were no treatment effects on the determined dry matter intake (P = 0.51). There were no significant differences observed in morbidity and mortality between groups (P = 0.292). VAS pain assessment showed significant differences for time (P < 0.0001) and time by treatment interaction (P < 0.0001), with FTD calves having lower (VAS) scores. There were no significant differences between treatments for the acceleration data (P = 0.190). Calves administered transdermal flunixin had lower VAS scores indicating less pain the first 36 hours after drug application. Over the 63-d feeding period, no advantages in performance were observed following FTD administration.
16 Long-term immune and metabolic consequences of a disrupted early life microbiota
Authors: Willing Benjamin P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In the first weeks of life, the gastrointestinal tract changes dramatically in structure and function, including a rapid expansion and maturation of the immune cell population. Successful intestinal development comes at a significant energy cost yet is essential to subsequent performance and health. Many of the developmental changes in intestinal and immune development are dependent on the abundant and diverse population of microbes (microbiota) residing at the mucosal surface and in the intestinal lumen. We are now beginning to understand that the nature of the first exposures in the first days to weeks of life have a long-term impact on physiological processes important to metabolic health, as well as immune programming that impacts response to pathogen challenge. In this presentation I will discuss our key findings on the significant impacts early life microbial disruption have on intestinal, pancreatic, and immune function of the piglet. I will also discuss the consequences of excessive hygiene on disease resilience as well as the ability to mount a successful immune response in response to vaccination. Understanding the ability of the early life microbiota to program subsequent health provides a significant opportunity to support healthy pig production as we move away from antibiotic use in livestock production.
20 Nutritional strategies to manage gilt growth and optimize lifetime productivity
Authors: Lents Clay A , Supakorn China , Vallet Jeff , Dean Boyd R , DeDecker Ashley , Stalder Kenneth J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Improving gilt development is key to maximizing sow longevity. How to best manage and feed gilts during development is heavily debated. A series of studies were conducted to determine the optimal feeding program for gilts during development. The hypothesis was that metabolizable energy (ME) and standard ileal digestible lysine could be varied under commercial conditions (ad libitum feeding) to optimize body weight gain and composition, age at puberty, and mammary gland development to support increased productivity of gilts. Studies were conducted in commercial production facilities in Iowa and Utah using large numbers of maternal-line gilts that were monitored, under various dietary treatments from 100 to 200 d of age, for growth, body composition, age at puberty and development of reproductive organs and mammary glands. Varying the dietary Lysine:ME ratio (g:mcal) had modest effects on growth and body composition of gilts. Likewise, development of reproductive organs was minimally affected by diet, but slower growth delayed development of terminal lobular ductal units in mammary glands. Growth rates were slowed by reducing dietary lysine:ME ratio below the requirement and increasing fiber. Gilts still had adequate growth (> 600 g/d) and body composition (≥ 15 mm backfat) for good reproductive performance. Although dietary treatments did not affect the average age of puberty (205 d) or the total number of gilts that reached puberty, a greater percentage of gilts fed higher lysine diets exhibited puberty during the first 40 days of boar exposure. Gilts lost 2 to 3 mm backfat once moved from the development unit to the breeding farms, but pregnancy rates were ≥ 95%. Culling of gilts before first breeding did not vary with diet but was considerably higher than expected. Investigation of how these developmental traits affect productivity through subsequent parities is ongoing.
17 Effects of birth traits, physical or fenceline boar exposure and group size on pubertal measures and lifetime fertility of replacement gilts
Authors: Knox Robert V , Daniel Ashley , Patterson Jenny , Arend Lidia S , Foxcroft George 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In experiment 1, prepubertal gilts with (n = 264) and without (n = 43) birth records received Fenceline (FBE) or Physical (PBE) Boar Exposure (BE) in a Boar Exposure Area (BEAR). At 185 d of age, gilts (13/pen) received BE for 15 min/d for 3 wk. At the start of Week 3, anestrual gilts received PG600 or no-PG600 (Control). At estrus, females were moved into stalls and inseminated at 2nd heat. Gilts born in larger litters were lighter (r = -0.26) while heavier pigs grew faster to puberty (r = 0.25). PBE increased estrus in Week 1 (38%) over FBE (28%). In Week 3, PBE-PG600 increased estrus (79.9%) compared with PBE- Control (36.2%), while FBE-PG600 and Control did not differ (52.7 vs. 42.5%). By 6 wk, estrus tended to be greater (P < 0.08) for PBE (91.2%) than FBE (83.2%). Reduced fertility associated with: 1) small birth litter; 2) heaviest birthweight; 3) slower growth rate; 4) delayed puberty and age at 1st service; and 5) abnormal estrus interval. Experiment 2 tested the pubertal response to PBE or FBE with 10 or 20 gilts/pen. Gilts (n = 180) at 168 d with 1.8 m2 floor space received BE once/d for 15 min for 1–3 wk. At the start of Week 3, anestrual gilts received PG600. Estrus in Week 1 (7.3%) did not differ, but a BE x Pen effect occurred in Week 2 (estrus range: 15–34%). In Week 3, PG600 increased estrus (P < 0.03) in Pens of 10 (83.7%) compared to Pens of 20 (64.1%). BE method had no effect and Pens of 10 had greater estrus (P = 0.05) than Pens of 20 (88.3 vs 75.8%). These results indicated that use of PBE, a BEAR, smaller group size, and PG600 can be used in combinations to enhance puberty induction. Birth and pubertal measures influenced service and farrowing rate, litter size, and age at removal.
23 Dietary management of the transition animal: Perspectives from dairy cows to sows
Authors: Saun Robert Van 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Since the 1990s, the impact of late gestational nutrition and management on lactation and reproduction has become the focus of dairy management. Transition cow management has been credited with having greater influence on herd performance as compared to previous focus on lactation nutrition. Several seminal papers published in 1990s and early 2000s directed management practices of dry cows, rightly or wrongly, toward critical factors impacting calving and lactation. Dairy cow gestational protein requirements cited a 1956 study on Red Danish cows until Bell (1995) characterized the modern Holstein fetus’ chemical composition over the last 70 days of gestation. Recognized health effects of “fat cow syndrome”, similarly described for pigs, focuses late pregnant dairy cow management on body condition management starting in late lactation. Optimum condition was emphasized, recognizing negative impacts of excessive limited BC on lactation and reproduction. Maximizing dry matter intake was a nutritional goal for preventing energy-based metabolic challenges, until research indicated excessive energy during early, non-lactating period was more critical to managing postpartum metabolic derangements than the weeks prior to calving; which is like controlling energy intake of sows. Delivery of amino acids, estimated by metabolizable protein intake, has recently earned focus of research, relative to immune function, metabolic stability and reproductive success during early lactation. Identifying amino acids as critical fetal metabolic fuel, and consequences of excessive maternal protein mobilization, has become a focal point of swine and dairy transition nutrition. Although management of the transition cow has been greatly refined through nutritional research, improved cow performance has not yet been realized in the field. Recognition of the interplay between nutrition, environment and management relative to enhancing cow behavior has provided insight to the challenges of managing the transition cow. Metabolic, environmental and management challenges facing the physiologic transition from pregnancy into lactation occur in all production species. Although cows and sows procure essential nutrients by different digestive modes, cross-species applications can provide new or reinforcing perspectives on collective management approaches.
25 Evolution of the commercial sow
Authors: Rohrer Gary 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Swine production has dramatically changed in the past 30 to 40 years. The small producer that raised pigs with minimal investment when the economics were desirable (“part-timers”) has been replaced by full-time swine producers with massive capital investments. As this revolution in production practices has occurred, the optimal animal has evolved. Today’s market hog is leaner and weighs 20% more, yet goes to market at a similar age and consumes a similar quantity of feed. While these changes are impressive, they are dwarfed by the changes in the modern commercial sow, which births 30% more piglets and has 10% more litters/year. Today’s commercial sow is a culmination of research efforts in reproductive physiology, nutrition, facility design and animal management synergistically combined with modern genetic selection theory. She is a first-generation cross between a Landrace and a Yorkshire/Large White parent from lines that have been selected for superior reproductive performance and lean tissue growth. Selection has emphasized prolificacy, milk production and return to estrus in a lean, fast growing animal. While her current performance figures are impressive, there is still room to improve. She will continue to evolve to fit future production needs and environments to supply the world with nutritious pork products.USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
30 Mutli-omic data integration in quantitative genetics
Authors: Morota Gota 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The advent of high-throughput technologies has generated diverse omic data including single-nucleotide polymorphisms, copy-number variation, gene expression, methylation, and metabolites. The next major challenge is how to integrate those multi-omic data for downstream analyses to enhance our biological insights. This emerging approach is known as multi-omic data integration, which is in contrast to studying each omic data type independently. I will discuss challenging issues in developing algorithms and methods for multi-omic data integration. The particular focus will be given to the potential for combining diverse types of FAANG data and the utility of multi-omic data integration in association analysis and phenotypic prediction.
29 Introduction to functional annotation of animal genomes consortium
Authors: Tuggle Christopher K , Giuffra Elisabetta 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The annotation of the functional components of genomes is required for both basic and applied genomic research, yet farmed animal genomics are deficient in such annotation. This talk will introduce the Functional Annotation of ANimal Genomes (FAANG) consortium, which was initiated in 2014 to address this knowledge deficit. An overarching theme of early FAANG efforts is the collaborative approach required for such comprehensive research, thus another emphasis of this talk will be our community efforts to develop the environment for successful FAANG research. FAANG scientists have created a coordinated data collection and analysis enterprise crucial for success of this global effort, and funding of ~$20 million has been secured for current projects in several species, with an anticipated doubling of this support during 2019. Member FAANG consortium labs are producing genome-wide datasets on RNA expression, DNA methylation, chromatin modification, chromatin accessibility, and chromatin interactions for many agriculturally relevant animal species. The goal of a first-generation global chromatin state map for cattle, chicken, pig, and potentially other species is projected for completion in the next 3–5 years. These data will be used both to better understand animal genome function at the epigenetic level, as well as improve the precision and sensitivity of genomic selection for animal improvement. The functional annotation delivered by the FAANG initiative will add value and utility to the greatly improved genome sequences being established for domesticated animal species.