bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expected dust grain-size distributions in galaxies detected by ALMA at z > 7
Authors: Liu Hsin-Min , Hirashita Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
The dust properties in high-redshift galaxies provide clues to the origin of dust in the Universe. Although dust has been detected in galaxies at redshift z > 7, it is difficult to constrain the dominant dust sources only from the total dust amount. Thus, we calculate the evolution of grain-size distribution, expecting that different dust sources predict different grain-size distributions. Using the star formation time-scale and the total Baryonic mass constrained by the data in the literature, we calculate the evolution of grain-size distribution. To explain the total dust masses in ALMA-detected z > 7 galaxies, the following two solutions are possible: (i) high dust condensation efficiency in stellar ejecta and (ii) efficient accretion (dust growth by accreting the gas-phase metals in the interstellar medium). We find that these two scenarios predict significantly different grain-size distributions: in (i), the dust is dominated by large grains ($a\gtrsim 0.1\,{\mu m}$, where a is the grain radius), while in (ii), the small-grain ($a\lesssim 0.01\,{\mu m}$) abundance is significantly enhanced by accretion. Accordingly, extinction curves are expected to be much steeper in (ii) than in (i). Thus, we conclude that extinction curves provide a viable way to distinguish the dominant dust sources in the early phase of galaxy evolution.
A predicted correlation between age gradient and star formation history in FIRE dwarf galaxies
Authors: Graus Andrew S , Bullock James S , Fitts Alex , Cooper Michael C , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Weisz Daniel R , Wetzel Andrew , Feldmann Robert , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Quataert Eliot , Hopkins Philip F , Keres̆ Dus̆an 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We explore the radial variation of star formation histories (SFHs) in dwarf galaxies simulated with Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE) physics. The sample contains 26 field dwarf galaxies with Mstar = 105–109 M⊙. We find age gradients are common in our dwarfs, with older stars dominant at large radii. The strength of the gradient correlates with overall galaxy age such that earlier star formation produces a more pronounced gradient. The relation between formation time and strength of the gradient is driven by both mergers and star formation feedback. Mergers can both steepen and flatten the age gradient depending on the timing of the merger and SFHs of the merging galaxy. In galaxies without significant mergers, feedback pushes stars to the outskirts. The strength of the age gradient is determined by the subsequent evolution of the galaxy. Galaxies with weak age gradients constantly grow to z = 0, meaning that young star formation occurs at a similar radius to which older stars are heated to. In contrast, galaxies with strong age gradients tend to maintain a constant half-mass radius over time. If real galaxies have age gradients as we predict, stellar population studies that rely on sampling a limited fraction of a galaxy can give a biased view of its global SFH. Central fields can be biased young by Gyrs while outer fields are biased old. Fields positioned near the 2D half-light radius will provide the least biased measure of a dwarf galaxy’s global SFH.
The ASKAP EMU Early Science Project: radio continuum survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Joseph T D , Filipović M D , Crawford E J , Bojičić I , Alexander E L , Wong G F , Andernach H , Leverenz H , Norris R P , Alsaberi R Z E , Anderson C , Barnes L A , Bozzetto L M , Bufano F , Bunton J D , Cavallaro F , Collier J D , Dénes H , Fukui Y , Galvin T , Haberl F , Ingallinera A , Kapinska A D , Koribalski B S , Kothes R , Li D , Maggi P , Maitra C , Manojlović P , Marvil J , Maxted N I , O’Brien A N , Oliveira J M , Pennock C M , Riggi S , Rowell G , Rudnick L , Sano H , Sasaki M , Seymour N , Soria R , Stupar M , Tothill N F H , Trigilio C , Tsuge K , Umana G , Urošević D , van Loon J Th , Vardoulaki E , Velović V , Yew M , Leahy D , Chu Y-H , Michałowski M J , Kavanagh P J , Grieve K R 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We present two new radio continuum images from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) survey in the direction of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). These images are part of the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) Early Science Project (ESP) survey of the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds. The two new source lists produced from these images contain radio continuum sources observed at 960 MHz (4489 sources) and 1320 MHz (5954 sources) with a bandwidth of 192 MHz and beam sizes of 30.0 × 30.0 arcsec2 and 16.3 × 15.1 arcsec2, respectively. The median root mean square (RMS) noise values are 186 $\mu$Jy beam−1 (960 MHz) and 165 $\mu$Jy beam−1 (1320 MHz). To create point source catalogues, we use these two source lists, together with the previously published Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) point source catalogues to estimate spectral indices for the whole population of radio point sources found in the survey region. Combining our ASKAP catalogues with these radio continuum surveys, we found 7736 point-like sources in common over an area of 30 deg2. In addition, we report the detection of two new, low surface brightness supernova remnant candidates in the SMC. The high sensitivity of the new ASKAP ESP survey also enabled us to detect the bright end of the SMC planetary nebula sample, with 22 out of 102 optically known planetary nebulae showing point-like radio continuum emission. Lastly, we present several morphologically interesting background radio galaxies.
A significant feature in the general relativistic time evolution of the redshift of photons coming from a star orbiting Sgr A*
Authors: Saida Hiromi , Nishiyama Shogo , Ohgami Takayuki , Takamori Yohsuke , Takahashi Masaaki , Minowa Yosuke , Najarro Francisco , Hamano Satoshi , Omiya Masashi , Iwamatsu Atsushi , Takahashi Mizuki , Gorin Haruka , Kara Tomohiro , Koyama Akinori , Ohashi Yosuke , Tamura Motohide , Nagatomo Schun , Zenko Tetsuya , Nagata Tetsuya 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The star S0-2, orbiting the Galactic central massive black hole candidate Sgr A$^\ast$, passed its pericenter in 2018 May. This event is the first chance to detect the general relativistic (GR) effect of a massive black hole, free from non-gravitational physics. The observable GR evidence in the event is the difference between the GR redshift and the Newtonian redshift of photons coming from S0-2. Within the present observational precision, the first post-Newtonian (1PN) GR evidence is detectable. In this paper, we give a theoretical analysis of the time evolution of the 1PN GR evidence, under a presupposition that is different from used in previous papers. Our presupposition is that the GR/Newtonian redshift is always calculated with the parameter values (the mass of Sgr A$^\ast$, the initial conditions of S0-2, and so on) determined by fitting the GR/Newtonian motion of S0-2 with the observational data. It is then revealed that the difference of the GR redshift and the Newtonian one shows two peaks before and after the pericenter passage. This double-peak appearance is due to our presupposition, and reduces to a single peak if the same parameter values are used in both GR and Newtonian redshifts as considered in previous papers. In addition to this theoretical discussion, we report our observational data obtained with the Subaru telescope by 2018. The quality and the number of Subaru data in 2018 are not sufficient to confirm the detection of the double-peak appearance.
Personalized Pain Goals and Responses in Advanced Cancer Patients
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano , Adile Claudio , Aielli Federica , Gaetano Lanzetta , Mistakidou Kyriaki , Maltoni Marco , Soares Luiz Guilherme , DeSantis Stefano , Ferrera Patrizia , Rosati Marta , Rossi Romina , Casuccio Alessandra 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
To assess the personalized pain intensity goal (PPIG), the achievement of a personalized pain goal response (PPGR), and patients' global impression (PGI) in advanced cancer patients after a comprehensive pain and symptom management.

Design
Prospective, longitudinal

Setting
Acute pain relief and palliative/supportive care.

Subjects
689 advanced cancer patients.

Methods
Measurement of Edmonton Symptom Assessment Score (ESAS) and personalized pain intensity goal (PPIG) at admission (T0). After a week (T7) personalized pain goal response (PPGR) and patients' global impression (PGI) were evaluated.

Results
The mean PPIG was 1.33 (SD 1.59). A mean decrease in pain intensity of − 2.09 was required on PPIG to perceive a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). A better improvement corresponded to a mean change of − 3.41 points, while a much better improvement corresponded to a mean of − 4.59 points. Patients perceived a MCID (little worse) with a mean increase in pain intensity of 0.25, and a worse with a mean increase of 2.33 points. Higher pain intensity at T0 and lower pain intensity at T7 were independently related to PGI. 207 (30.0%) patients achieved PPGR. PPGR was associated with higher PPIG at T0 and T7, and inversely associated to pain intensity at T0 and T7, and Karnofsky level. Patients with high pain intensity at T0 achieved a favorable PGI, even when PPIG was not achieved by PPGR.

Conclusion
PPIG, PPGR and PGI seem to be relevant for evaluating the effects of a comprehensive management of pain, assisting decision-making process according to patients' expectations. Some factors may be implicated in determining the individual target and the clinical response.
A novel approach to the computation of one-loop three- and four-point functions: I. The real mass case
Authors: Guillet J Ph , Pilon E , Shimizu Y , Zidi M S 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article is the first of a series of three presenting an alternative method of computing the one-loop scalar integrals. This novel method enjoys a couple of interesting features as compared with the method closely following ’t Hooft and Veltman adopted previously. It directly proceeds in terms of the quantities driving algebraic reduction methods. It applies to the three-point functions and, in a similar way, to the four-point functions. It also extends to complex masses without much complication. Lastly, it extends to kinematics more general than that of the physical, e.g., collider processes relevant at one loop. This last feature may be useful when considering the application of this method beyond one loop using generalized one-loop integrals as building blocks.
The Association Between Hearing Impairment and Problem Behaviors in 11-Year-Old Pacific Children Living in New Zealand
Authors: Paterson Janis , Purdy Suzanne C. , Tautolo El-Shadan , Iusitini Leon , Schluter Philip J. , Sisk Rose 
Published: September 2019

Objectives:
Hearing impairment in childhood is a serious disability that can impose a heavy social and economic burden on individuals and families. It was hypothesized that hearing loss or middle ear disease in 11-year-old Pacific children living in New Zealand would be associated with higher levels of engagement in (1) delinquent behaviors, and (2) clinical level internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors than Pacific children with no hearing loss or middle ear disease. Based on earlier findings, peer pressure, self-perception, physical punishment (slapping), sex, and ethnicity were controlled for in the association between hearing difficulties and behavioral outcomes.

Design:
In the school setting, pure-tone audiometry and immittance audiometry assessments were used to establish the hearing level in 11-year-old Pacific children (n = 920). These children also completed multidisciplinary questionnaires, which included questions about involvement in delinquent behaviors, peer pressure, and self-perception. In the home setting, maternal reports were gathered on internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in their offspring, their parenting style, and sociodemographic details.

Results:
A significant effect of hearing level was detected for the odds of reporting mild delinquency versus no delinquency (odds ratio: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.05), and odds of moderate delinquency versus no delinquency (odds ratio: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.00). No significant effect was detected for hearing level and severe delinquency or internalizing or externalizing behavioral problems in the clinical range. Middle ear disease (abnormal tympanogram in the worse ear) was not significantly associated with delinquency at any level or with internalizing behaviors in the clinical range. However, children with middle ear disease were significantly less likely than all other participants to exhibit disruptive externalizing behavior in the clinical range.

Conclusions:
Relatively young children with hearing loss reported engagement in moderate levels of delinquency that represent serious antisocial and potentially violent acts. This finding provides evidence of the significant effect that hearing loss has on child behavior. This association between hearing loss and moderate delinquency requires ethnic-specific interventions that are targeted for maximum benefit at appropriate times in childhood to mitigate potentially long-term health, educational, and behavioral risks.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Carrier Rate in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Shaw Jordan T. , Whalen Christopher J. , Mitchell Joseph , Siy Alexander B. , Simske Natasha M. , Doro Christopher J. , Goodspeed David C. , Lang Gerald J. , Whiting Paul S. 
Published: September 2019

Objectives:
To identify the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrier rate among surgical patients on an orthopaedic trauma service and to determine whether screening is an effective tool for reducing postoperative MRSA infection in this population.

Design:
Prospective.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
Two hundred forty-eight patients with operatively managed orthopaedic trauma conditions during the study period. Two hundred three patients (82%) had acute orthopaedic trauma injuries. Forty-five patients (18%) underwent surgery for a nonacute orthopaedic trauma condition, including 36 elective procedures and 9 procedures to address infection.

Intervention:
MRSA screening protocol, preoperative antibiotics per protocol.

Main Outcome Measurements:
MRSA carrier rate, overall infection rate, MRSA infection rate.

Results:
Our screening captured 71% (175/248) of operatively treated orthopaedic trauma patients during the study period. The overall MRSA carrier rate was 3.4% (6/175). When separated by group, the acute orthopaedic trauma cohort had an MRSA carrier rate of 1.4% (2/143), and neither MRSA-positive patient developed a surgical site infection. Only one MRSA infection occurred in the acute orthopaedic trauma cohort. The nonacute group had a significantly higher MRSA carrier rate of 12.5% (4/32, P = 0.01), and the elective group had the highest MRSA carrier rate of 15.4% (4/26, P < 0.01). The odds ratio of MRSA colonization was 10.1 in the nonacute group (95% confidence interval, 1.87–75.2) and 12.8 for true elective group (95% confidence interval, 2.36–96.5) when compared with the acute orthopaedic trauma cohort.

Conclusions:
There was a low MRSA colonization rate (1.4%) among patients presenting to our institution for acute fracture care. Patients undergoing elective surgery for fracture-related conditions such as nonunion, malunion, revision surgery, or implant removal have a significantly higher MRSA carrier rate (15.4%) and therefore may benefit from MRSA screening. Our results do not support routine vancomycin administration for orthopaedic trauma patients whose MRSA status is not known at the time of surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Acinetobacter baumannii Is a Risk Factor for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children and Adolescents With a Tracheostomy
Authors: Grosse-Onnebrink Joerg , Rudloff Johanna , Kessler Christina , Werner Claudius , Dougherty Gerard W. , Kerschke Laura , Kahl Barbara C. , Omran Heymut 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) are a major cause of hospitalization for children and adolescents with a tracheostomy. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for LRI.

Methods:
In this retrospective study, we assessed the number of LRI and hospitalizations for LRI from 2004 to 2014 at the University Hospital Muenster Pediatric Department. We analyzed associations between LRI and clinical findings, and we cultured pathogens in tracheal aspirates (TAs) during noninfection periods. Univariable and multivariable negative, binomial regression analyses were applied to identify associations between possible risk factors and LRI.

Results:
Seventy-eight patients had 148 LRI, of which 99 were treated in hospital. The median number of LRI per year was 0.4. Six-hundred thirteen pathogens were detected in 315 specimens; Staphylococcus aureus (22.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.8%) and Haemophilus influenzae (6.2%) were most frequently detected. Acinetobacter baumannii is an independent risk factor for LRI (rate ratio, 1.792; P = 0.030) and hospital admissions for LRI (rate ratio, 1.917; P = 0.011).

Conclusions:
Children with a tracheostomy have frequent LRI. A. baumannii but not P. aeruginosa or S. aureus in TA is a risk factor for LRI in children with a long-term tracheostomy. This supports repetitive culture of TA for microbiologic workup to identify children and adolescents with an increased risk for LRI.
Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes Among Children in Rural Southern Mozambique
Authors: Moon Troy D. , Nacarapa Edy , Verdu M. Elisa , Macuácua Salésio , Mugabe Didier , Gong Wu , Carlucci James G. , Ramos Jose M. , Valverde Emilio 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Globally, tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious cause of morbidity and mortality for children. Mozambique is 1 of 30 high TB and TB/HIV burden countries. This study aimed to assess treatment outcomes of childhood TB in Chókwè District, Mozambique.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study of children <15-years-old treated for TB from 2006 to 2017 was conducted at Carmelo Hospital of Chókwè. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics. Treatment outcomes stratified by HIV status were compared with χ2. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of a favorable TB treatment outcome. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the cumulative incidence of death.

Results:
Nine hundred thirty-three cases of childhood TB were enrolled, 45.9% of which were female and 49.6% were <5-years-old. Five hundred sixty-five (62%) children were HIV positive. Seven hundred sixty-two (83.6%) cases had a favorable TB treatment outcome. In comparison to children 0–4 years, the 5–14 age group had a higher odds of a favorable outcome [odds ratio: 2.02, 95% confidence interval: 1.42–3.05]. Being 5–14 years was associated with lower risk of death (hazard ratio: 0.435; 95% confidence interval: 0.299–0.632). Those starting anti-TB treatment ≤3 months after antiretroviral therapy initiation had a survival probability of approximately 75% at 1 year compared with 95% for those who were HIV negative.

Conclusions:
Most children in this cohort had favorable TB treatment outcomes. Worse outcomes were observed for younger children and if anti-TB treatment started ≤3 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Rigorous screening for TB and isoniazid preventative therapy may reduce the burden of TB in this population and lead to better outcomes.
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors
Authors: Lemay Valérie , Caru Maxime , Samoilenko Mariia , Drouin Simon , Mathieu Marie-Eve , Bertout Laurence , Lefebvre Geneviève , Raboisson Marie-Josée , Krajinovic Maja , Laverdière Caroline , Andelfinger Gregor , Sinnett Daniel , Curnier Daniel 
Published: September 2019

Introduction:
More than two thirds of survivors have long-term adverse effects, and no study proposes a portrait of physical activity level in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. The aims of this study were to present the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels of survivors detailed overview sedentary activities portrait.

Methods:
A total of 247 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors were included in our study. Survivors underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test on ergocycle and completed physical activity and sedentary questionnaires to assess their leisure physical and sedentary activities and total daily energy expenditure.

Results:
Up to 67% of survivors (84% below 18 y and 60% 18 y of age or above) did not fulfill the physical activity guidelines. Their CRF was reduced by almost 16% in regard to their predicted maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Almost three quarters of the survivors (70% below 18 y and 76% 18 y of age or above) spent >2 hours/day in leisure sedentary activities. Adult survivors who received high doses of anthracyclines and those who received radiation therapy had decreased odds to spend ≥2 hours/day in sedentary activities.

Conclusions:
Our results showed that survivors, especially children, were not active enough and had a reduced CRF. This study highlights the importance of promoting physical activity in survivors, especially because they are exposed to an increased risk of chronic health problems, which could be mitigated by physical activity.