bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Drawdown on Ammonium and Iron Concentrations in a Coastal Mountain Reservoir
Authors: Perrin C.J. , Ashley K.I. , Larkin G.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Part way through a year-long water quality field survey, the Capilano Reservoir, located in the Greater Vancouver Water District, was drawn down to accommodate earthquake reinforcement work on the Cleveland Dam. This paper reports observations of the effect of drawdown on water quality in the reservoir, in the context of the original study. The drawdown exposed a large zone of deltaic material through which the Capilano River eroded a path up to 2.5 m deep. The deltaic material contained substantial amounts of nitrogen and iron (TKN, 4,470 mg kg-1; total iron, 21,800 mg kg-1). During drawdown, turbidity in the reservoir increased up to 25 times as compared to prior conditions. Ammonium (NH4+-N) and dissolved and particulate iron concentrations in the drawdown zone were up to two orders of magnitude higher than concentrations upstream. Both NH4+-N and dissolved iron were observed to travel the length of the reservoir. Persistence of NH4+-N in the highly oxygenated conditions may be explained by the presence of factors that inhibit nitrification. Persistence of NH4+-N and particularly dissolved iron may be due to adsorption and com-plexation reactions. Seasonally high concentrations of iron and ammonium at the water intake corresponded to the timing of complaints of taste, odour, turbid water, and staining in the distribution system. Observations made during this extreme drawdown suggest that transport of N and Fe from exposed deltaic sediments may play a role in the periodic increases in ammonium and iron observed in the Capilano Reservoir. Further understanding of the impacts associated with changing reservoir elevation should lead to the development of appropriate management strategies to maintain the high quality of GVWD water.
Urban Oil Spills as a Non-Point Pollution Source in the Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario
Authors: Li James , McAteer Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Being the economic engine of Canada and the home of 5 million people, the environmental health of the Golden Horseshoe is very important. Among various pollution sources into the lake, urban oil spills as a non-point pollution source have not caught the attention of most residents. These spills can cause terrestrial impacts by poisoning animals and plants, groundwater contamination by infiltration, and surface water pollution by algal bloom and fish kills and destruction of freshwater invertebrates and vertebrates. In order to investigate the significance of this pollution source, 10 years of spill records in the Golden Horseshoe have been compiled. On the average, about 1050 L per day of oil escaped to the land, water and air environment in this region. About one-third of these spills eventually entered Lake Ontario. Among various types of spilled oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel and furnace oil accounted for the highest reported volume. The former Metropolitan Toronto led the frequency and volume of spills, while Hamilton-Wentworth followed closely. Spills frequently occur on roads, at service stations and at electrical transformers, while the highest spill event volumes occur at bulk plants/terminals/depots and at refineries. The predominant causes of spills are related to leaks from containers, pipes and hoses, and cooling systems. However, the principal reasons for oil spills are human error and equipment failure. The transportation, public and petroleum sectors are responsible for 60% of the reported spill cases, while the petroleum sector alone accounts for nearly 50% of the reported spill volume. Given the significant volume of spilled oil, it is important that all levels of government and private industries increase their effort to promote pollution prevention such as preventive maintenance, improved employee training and/or retraining, and proper vigilant supervision. Additionally, control devices such as oil-water interceptors should be sized properly and implemented at strategic location across the Golden Horseshoe.
Characterizing Stormwater Sediments for Ecotoxic Risk
Authors: vanLoon G. , Anderson B.C. , Watt W.E. , Marsalek J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The characteristics of accumulated sediments were investigated, with a focus on selected trace metals, in three Stormwater management facilities and one natural site, all located in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, in Ontario, Canada. This study was conducted in response to concerns expressed by Environment Canada about possible ecosystem impacts by contaminants accumulated in these commonly utilized, passive treatment systems. Also of interest were the effects of facility configuration and operation and maintenance on particulate deposition patterns and resulting exposure risk. This was the first phase of a multidisciplinary study to quantify the risk of ecosystem effects in these systems, and results indicate that there were some significant potential risks present. In addition, results indicate that a simple comparison with provincial sediment quality guidelines may not be sufficient to alert facility owners and operators to these potential risks.
Urban Stormwater Management Strategy for the Severn Sound Remedial Action Plan
Authors: Mattson A. , Li J. , Sherman K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Urban Stormwater has been identified as a significant source of phosphorus to Severn Sound and a potential source of bacterial contamination which can affect recreational bathing areas within the Sound. In order to develop an effective remedial action plan, a cooperative study of urban Stormwater impacts was initiated in the Severn Sound Area of Concern (AOC) through a joint partnership that included Environment Canada (Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund), the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Simcoe County District Health Unit, and various municipalities in the Sound. The study objectives were (1) characterization of dry weather and runoff quantity and quality; (2) monitoring effects of Stormwater runoff on the bacterial concentrations at an urban bathing area; and (3) development of pollution control plans for the participating urban municipalities in the Severn Sound watershed with an overall goal of a 20% reduction of Stormwater phosphorus loads. In general, the event mean concentrations of most runoff pollutants lie either within the range or below ranges reported by previous storm-water studies in Canada and the U.S., while some runoff pollutant concentrations (e.g., E. coli, heavy metals and nutrients) exceed the Ontario provincial water quality objectives. The bathing area sampling program recorded E. coli concentrations exceeding 600 organisms/100 mL at an outfall right after storm events started. Based on the limited sampling, it appears that rain events of approximately 20 mm or more may result in impingement of water with elevated E. coli counts on this bathing area within 6 hours of the onset of a rain event In order to update pollution loading estimates and develop pollution control plans, a retrofit Stormwater management model was applied. The planning model estimates an annual phosphorus loading of 1083 kg/year and a 20% reduction of phosporus loading, using source controls such as downspout disconnections and oil/water interceptors, drainage system controls such as grassed ditches and exfiltration systems, and downstream control such as water quality ponds. Pollution control plans were developed for each participating municipality based on the retrofit opportunities identified through the modelling exercise. The estimated cost is about $4 million. These plans provide specific recommendations regarding the implementation of various Stormwater retrofit measures and their financial requirements. A water quality pond identified by the pollution control plan for the Town of Penetanguishene has since been implemented.
Stormwater Management Ponds and Wetlands Sediment Maintenance
Authors: Graham Edward I. , Lei Jian H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Effective long-term operation of Stormwater management ponds/wetlands requires maintenance. This study has evaluated many aspects related to such maintenance needs with respect to removal, methods of removal and disposal of removed sediments. This paper summarizes the study results that should be useful to owners/operators responsible for the maintenance of Stormwater management ponds/wetlands.
Local impacts of coal mines and power plants across Canada. I. Thallium in waters and sediments
Authors: Cheam V. , Garbai G. , Lechner J. , Rajkumar J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A Canada-wide survey was undertaken of sites associated with coal mines and coal-fired electrical generating stations. Several water samples were found to contain very high concentrations of thallium, iron and manganese. High thallium concentrations were found in several sites in Eastern Canada, in spite of the greater coal consumption and production in the western and central regions. The data suggest that coal type (rather than quantity) and/or regional geological contributions are responsible for the high Tl concentrations observed. Our findings, coupled with others around the world, strongly indicate that Tl is an environmental pollutant. In sediments, the observed high ratios of Tl/Hg suggest there is an enrichment of Tl by at least 25% when compared to crustal concentration ratios.
Local Impacts of Coal Mines and Power Plants across Canada. II. Metals, Organics and Toxicity in Sediments
Authors: Cheam V. , Reynoldson T. , Garbai G. , Rajkumar J. , Milani D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A Canada-wide survey was undertaken to study local impacts of coal mines and coal-fired electrical generating stations. The first part dealt with thallium in waters and sediments. This, Fart II, deals with metals and organics in sediments as well as sediment toxicity to four different organisms. Several elevated metal and PAH concentrations as well as high toxicity (based on biological sediment guidelines) were observed compared to uncontaminated sites. Based on Ontario's sediment guidelines, most of the studied sediments fell in the "marginally to significantly polluted" category of sediment quality, although two belonged to the "grossly polluted" class due to the extremely high concentrations of some metals. The observed diversity of PAHs and near-unity carbon preference indices indicate non-biological origins of the studied sediments. In this initial study, four different organisms, Chironomus riparius, Hyalella azteca, Hexagenia spp. (Hexagenia limbata) and Tubifex tubifex were used to determine sediment toxicity, which showed 50% of the tested sites were highly stressed.
Timing of Nitrate Leaching from Turfgrass after Multiple Fertilizer Applications
Authors: Roy J.W. , Parkin G.W. , Wagner-Riddle C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The leaching of nitrogen from surface-applied fertilizer to groundwater is an environmental concern. Nitrogen fertilizer is routinely applied to turfgrass from spring to late autumn in Canada. The main objective of this study was to determine the contribution of N applied in May, July and September to leaching. The leaching of applied chloride (May and September only) was also monitored and the transport of nitrate and chloride were simulated using the model LEACHM (within EXPRES) to assist in fulfilling the main objective. The accuracy of the model simulation for transport, not nitrogen losses, was also addressed. Field lysimeters (Guelph, Ontario) were packed with a three-horizon profile of a sandy loam soil, topped with Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) sod and monitored for 1 year. Based on soil water samples taken from suction samplers placed at depths of 10, 17, 29, 43, 54, 64 and 85 cm, part of the solute from spring/summer applications remained in the soil during the unusually dry summer. This residual solute was later transported downward with the ensuing infiltration front in late autumn, building upon the autumn application, resulting in excessive concentrations. Predictions by LEACHM of solute concentration profiles generally were similar to field measurements.
Humic substances: a valuable agronomic tool for improving crop adaptation to saline water irrigation
Authors: De Hita D. , Fuentes M. , García A. C. , Olaetxea M. , Baigorri R. , Zamarreño A. M. , Berbara R. , Garcia-Mina J. M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Availability of fresh water for crop irrigation is becoming scarce and rather expensive. In this context, the research about the potential reutilization of non-conventional water sources becomes highly relevant, principally in arid and semi-arid areas. On many occasions, these new water resources involve water with a moderate concentration of salt, making it necessary to improve plant growth under moderate saline conditions. Besides plant breeding techniques, the use of molecules able to improve plant adaptation to saline conditions has great interest. Between these molecules, humic substances (HS) have proven to be efficient as stress-protectors under specific conditions of stress intensity and moment of application. The HS are main components of the soil organic matter and dissolved organic matter resulting from the biotic and abiotic transformation of fresh organic matter in natural ecosystems. Although knowledge about their structure is still under open debate, HS contain aromatic and aliphatic domains presenting O-, N- and S- containing functional groups with high biological and chemical activities. The aim of this presentation is to summarize the main effects of humic acids (HA) applied either on the root or on the shoot, on the metabolism and hormonal balance of plants cultivated under normal and stressing conditions, from studies carried out for our group and collaborations during the last years. Summarizing, all these results show HA as a promising tool for improving crop adaptation to irrigation using moderate saline water sources.
Jordan’s Principle: Reconciliation and the First Nations Child
Authors: Sheppard Colleen 
Published: March 2019

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) was mandated to “document the individual and collective harms” of residential schools and to “guide and inspire a process of truth and healing, leading toward reconciliation.” The stories of survivors revealed the intergenerational and egregious harms of taking children from their families and communities. In seeking to redress the legacy of the residential schools era, the TRC Calls to Action include greater recognition of self-governance of Indigenous Peoples, as well as numerous recommendations for equitable funding of health, educational, and child welfare services.
HERBAL MEDICINES QUESTIONNAIRE AND EVALUATION OF ATTITUDE, PERCEPTIONS AND SELF-USE AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS IN RAK, UAE: PILOT STUDY
Authors: AL-AZZAWI AMAD M. , MEHDI NEHAD , AL-JUBOORI ALYAA G. , EJAZ ANAM , ALI HANEEN , SARHEED OMAR 
Published: March 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions of different healthcare professionals towards HM.
Methods: The 16-item questionnaire on the belief of health care professionals in herbal medicine was designed by the interdisciplinary task force. Eligible participants were health care providers who were English-and Arabic-literate. The response rate was 78% of participants (781 of 1000) were respondents. In total, 553 out of 781 (71%) participants indicated that they had previously used herbal medicines. The remaining 228 participants did not believe in herbal medicine due to lack of scientific evidence, ineffectiveness and other reasons.
Results: The findings of this study indicate that health care professionals including pharmacists believe they have a responsibility to provide information on HM to their patients. However, the current consensus among the respondents is that current HM-focused knowledge is inadequate for such an application.
Conclusion: Health care professionals believe in using HM for their needs and have a responsibility to provide information on HM to their patients.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF DULOXETINE
Authors: SAMAL LIPSA , PRUSTY AMARESH 
Published: March 2019

Objective: The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a simple UV spectroscopic method for the determination of duloxetine, which is a thiophene derivative and a selective neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor for serotonin, norepinephrine, and to lesser degree dopamine.
Methods: The UV Spectrophotometric analysis was performed using Shimadzu UV-1800 and Shimadzu UV-1700 spectrophotometer by using solvent system acetonitrile and water in the ratio of 8:2. Detection was performed at a wavelength of 290 nm. Method validation was carried out according to ICH Q2R1 guidelines by taking the parameters linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, and robustness, LOD and LOQ.
Results: The UV Spectrophotometric method was found linear in the range of 10-50 μg/ml. The method was rugged and robust with % relative standard deviation less than 2. The extraction recoveries were found to be higher than 99% in all experimental conditions.
Conclusion: Based upon the performance characteristics, the proposed method was found accurate, precise and rapid and suitable for the determination of Duloxetine for routine analysis.
BIOANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF IBRUTINIB IN BIOLOGICAL MATRICES BY LC-MS/MS
Authors: HEPSEBAH N. J. R. , KUMAR A. ASHOK 
Published: March 2019

Objective: The main aim of the research was to develop a fast and highly sensitive bioanalytical LC-MS/MS technique for the quantitation of ibrutinib in human plasma.
Methods: Chromatography has achieved on a reverse phase-symmetry C18 (75 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) column with gradient elution by acetonitrile, methanol and 0.1%v/v formic acid as the mobile phase. Chromatographic peaks were resolved with 0.7 ml/min flow rate. Drug was extracted with ethyl acetate solvent by liquid-liquid extraction method. Monitoring of transition of m/z 441.2 and 55.01 for ibrutinib and 446.5 and 60.01 for Ibrutinib-D5 were made on multiple reaction monitoring.
Results: Calibration curve of ibrutinib was linear over 1-600 ng/ml concentration range with a regression coefficient (r2) value of>0.99. The % RSD values were less than 8.5% for inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy. The method has excellent recovery and the percentage recovery values of lower quality control (LQC), median quality control (MQC) and higher quality control (HQC) samples were 101.86%, 102.8%, and 99.28% respectively.
Conclusion: The drug was stable for more time at variable stability conditions and method was successfully applicable to the regular analysis of ibrutinib in biological matrices.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GARLIC POWDER LOADED FLOATING MATRIX TABLET
Authors: PAWAR SHWETA 
Published: March 2019

Objective: The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate a stable, odour free garlic powder loaded floating matrix tablet for the treatment of peptic ulcers.
Methods: A gastro-retentive floating matrix tablet (FMT) formulation of garlic powder (GP) was prepared using various concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC K4 M) and effervescent system (sodium bicarbonate and citric acid in 1:1 % w/w) to achieve desirable floating time (FT), floating lag time (FLT) and drug release. Wet granulation method was selected using ethanol as a binder for preparation of tablet. 32 full factorial designs were used for selection of suitable polymer concentration and effervescent system. Nonenteric film coating was applied to mask GP odour.
Results: It was observed that FMT with optimum quantities of HPMC K4M and the effervescent system showed 97 % of drug release in 12 h with FT up to 10 h and minimum FLT of 3 min. There was no significant change in FLT, FT and drug content during the stability study of FMT.
Conclusion: A stable, sustained release FMT of GP tablets using HPMC K4M and an effervescent system was successfully prepared. This formulation can overcome problems of taste and odour masking, gastric irritation, and loss of active constituents present in garlic.
AN IMPROVED LC-MS/MS METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRANDOLAPRIL AND VERAPAMIL IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: RAVI YATHA , RAJKAMAL B. 
Published: March 2019

Objective: A simple, sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS technique was developed for the quantitation of trandolapril (TDL) and verapamil (VPL) in a biological matrix and validated.
Methods: Sample preparation processed by SPE (Solid Phase extraction) on phenomenex cartridge using Ledipasvir as an internal standard. Two drugs were eluted on waters symmetry-RP18 (5µ, 150 mm×4.0 mm) column with the mobile composition of 10 mmol ammonium formate and ACN(acetonitrile) in the ratio of 70:30 %V/V. Detection and quantitation were processed by electrospray ionization in positive ionization mode.
Results: The quantification approach was validated in 5-1500 ng/ml linear concentration range for TDL and 1-2000 ng/ml for VPL. The intraday and inter-day precision and accuracy were found to be 0.58% to 5.69% and 93% to 104% for two drugs. The average recoveries for TDL and VPL were found to be 92.9% and 93.5% respectively.
Conclusion: The developed work was validated and can be applicable to the routine analysis of TDL and VPL simultaneously in a biological matrix.
Polyhydroxybutyrate for Improved Oil Recovery: A Literature Review
Authors: Mohd Taib Norrulhuda , Achim Norfarisha , Hassan Zulkafli 
Published: March 2019

In this study the role of polymer flooding as one of the most efficient processes to enhance oil recovery (EOR) is discussed. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a bio-based polymer that has potential application for use in polymer flooding. This polymer is reviewed with particular emphasis on the effect of concentration, shear rate, salinity, hardness and temperature on polymer viscosity. Initial findings showed that PHB owned higher resistant as compared to mechanical degradation and thermal stability of HPAM as well as XG.