bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Peace and Security
Authors: Sidhu Waheguru Pal Singh 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of regional peace and security in Asia and the Pacific. Since the end of the Cold War and the resurgence of Asian economies, there has been significant movement in the establishment of peace and security institutions. Notable among them are the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum (ARF), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the East Asia Summit (EAS), the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). This movement was partly due to regional hegemons seeking a greater role in their neighbourhood and partly due to smaller states seeking to manage the regional hegemons. Simultaneously, China and India also began playing a crucial role in shaping the evolving norms relating to climate change, cyber security, energy security, trade, and outer space. The chapter also considers the impact of the United Nations Charter, the prohibition on the use of force, and collective security in the region.
Japan
Authors: Matsui Shigenori 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines international law in Japan. It begins by looking at Japan’s embroilment with international law in the course of its efforts to revise the unequal treaties which had been concluded with about a dozen Occidental states while Japan was categorized as one of the ‘barbarian’ states in the world. After gradually overcoming this unequal status, it became a late-coming big power around the end of World War I. This big power then plunged into World War II, with the result that it was then branded an aggressor state and was penalized in an international tribunal. After that defeat, it turned into both a serious complier of new—that is, post-World War II—international law and a state deeply obedient to the United States. These factors have brought about complex international law behaviour as well as serious constraints in Japan’s choice of international law action.
Cambodia
Authors: Mohan Mahdev 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies international law in Cambodia. Cambodia’s evolving relationship with public international law must be understood in the context of the nation’s unique history and circumstances, which are marked by colonization, conflict, Vietnamese occupation, territorial administration, civil war, transitional justice, and state-building. Cambodia’s legal system has undergone significant changes from the early days of unwritten customary laws, to the imposition of French civil law, and thereafter the ‘legal vacuum’ created by the ultra-Marxist Khmer Rouge regime that left Cambodia in a state of war and international isolation until the 1980s. The chapter then outlines key aspects of international law in and apropos Cambodia that illustrate Cambodia’s reception of public international law, and its position as an active participant in the international legal system. Cambodia has certainly taken strides in its participation in dispute resolution on the international plane. However, its tryst with international law is a fractious one.
Myanmar
Authors: Renshaw Catherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses international law in Myanmar. The efforts of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Commission of Inquiry to eradicate the use of forced labour in Myanmar, and the nature of the military regime’s response to these efforts, represent a remarkable chapter in the history of international law. Of note, first, is the determination of the ILO to test the limits of its power to enforce compliance with the resolutions of its governing body. Second, Myanmar’s engagement with the ILO clarified the vexed issue of what constitutes a peremptory norm of international law. Third, civil litigation in the United States around the issue of forced labour by transnational corporations in Myanmar uncovered the scope and potential for domestic courts to apply international law. Finally, Myanmar’s variable and often extreme responses to the Commission’s findings demonstrate the dynamics of state resistance to and engagement with international law.
Pakistan
Authors: Soofi Ahmer Bilal 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter evaluates international law in Pakistan. In the international arena, Pakistan was collectively recognized as a sovereign state within the community of nations by gaining membership of the United Nations. Pakistan is also a member of various other international and regional governmental organizations. Now enshrined in the country’s Constitution of 1973 are principles of policy for the state to ‘promote international peace and security, foster goodwill and friendly relations among all nations and encourage the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means’. With regards to its international law obligations, Pakistan operates as a dualist state: The Rules of Business 1973 empower the Cabinet to sign and ratify international treaties and agreements on behalf of the state, following which the Parliament is tasked with their incorporation via implementing legislation. The chapter then highlights Pakistan’s contribution to international law, through state practice or otherwise, as well as the role of international law in Pakistan’s domestic jurisprudence.
Central Asian States
Authors: Girshovich Marina 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the experiences of five Central Asian states—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—with international law over the past three decades, identifying some of the distinctive features of Central Asian states’ approaches towards international law. The commonalities in the stance of Central Asian states on matters of international law are determined by the context of their emergence as sovereign states at the end of the Cold War, their common history as former Soviet republics, their belonging to the Eurasian group of continental legal systems, and their common status as landlocked developing states. At the same time, each Central Asian state has its own specifics, with differences in their foreign policy priorities, levels of economic development, and resource endowment. The chapter then reviews the participation of Central Asian states in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), particularly their experiences with the CIS Economic Court.
South Pacific Island States
Authors: Corrin Jennifer 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores international law in the South Pacific Island states of Oceania. While there are some commonalities, the area is one of immense cultural and biological diversity. South Pacific Island states are beset by plural legal systems, where state laws coexist with non-state laws, at times operating side by side and at others overlapping or even intermingling. These competing domestic laws are not the only sources of law to contend with; international law plays an increasingly large role in these countries. While international law is traditionally regarded as the law governing the relationship between states, ‘modern’ international law includes rules relating to individuals and non-state bodies. This additional layer of law increases the complexities of the relationship between formal and customary laws. The chapter then focuses on international law in common law island states in the Pacific, specifically looking at the South Pacific Island states which have ratified the Pacific Island States Trade Agreement.
New Zealand
Authors: Keith Kenneth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter discusses New Zealand’s interaction with international law, adopting a chronological approach which takes account of the increasing authority of New Zealand’s institutions since 1840, when British colonization began. Over this period, New Zealand has developed and diversified its international trading, political, and strategic relations with other states, and has experienced the broadening and deepening of international law which has responded to massive scientific, technical, environmental, and geopolitical developments. The chronological approach also helps to identify major changes in New Zealand’s positions on, and contributions to, international law. Also central are New Zealand’s geography and population. It was first settled by Polynesians and later populated by Europeans, mainly British, who began to arrive only 200 years ago. Now, New Zealand has a rapidly diversifying population, with increasing numbers of people relocating from the Pacific and Asia.
ATLASGAL – physical parameters of dust clumps associated with 6.7 GHz methanol masers
Authors: Billington S J , Urquhart J S , König C , Moore T J T , Eden D J , Breen S L , Kim W-J , Thompson M A , Ellingsen S P , Menten K M , Wyrowski F , Leurini S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We have constructed the largest sample of dust-associated class II 6.7 GHz methanol masers yet obtained. New measurements from the the Methanol MultiBeam (MMB) Survey were combined with the 870 $\mu$m APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) and the 850 $\mu$m JCMT Plane Survey (JPS). Together with two previous studies we have now identified the host clumps for 958 methanol masers across the Galactic Plane, covering approximately 99 per cent of the MMB catalogue and increasing the known sample of dust-associated masers by over 30 per cent. We investigate correlations between the physical properties of the clumps and masers using distances and luminosities drawn from the literature. Clumps hosting methanol masers are significantly more compact and have higher volume densities than the general population of clumps. We determine a minimum volume density threshold of n(H2) ≥ 104 cm−3 for the efficient formation of intermediate- and high-mass stars. We find 6.7 GHz methanol masers are associated with a distinct part of the evolutionary process (Lbol/Mfwhm ratios of between 100.6 and 102.2) and have well defined turning on and termination points. We estimate the lower limit for the mass of embedded objects to be ≥6 M⊙ and the statistical lifetime of the methanol maser stage to be ∼3.3 × 104 yrs. This suggests that methanol masers are indeed reliable tracers of high mass star formation, and indicates that the evolutionary period traced by this marker is relatively rapid.
Imprints of temperature fluctuations on the z ∼ 5 Lyman-α forest: a view from radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of reionization
Authors: Wu Xiaohan , McQuinn Matthew , Kannan Rahul , D’Aloisio Anson , Bird Simeon , Marinacci Federico , Davé Romeel , Hernquist Lars 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Reionization leads to large spatial fluctuations in the intergalactic temperature that can persist well after its completion. We study the imprints of such fluctuations on the $z$ ∼ 5 Ly α forest flux power spectrum using a set of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that model different reionization scenarios. We find that large-scale coherent temperature fluctuations bring ${\sim}20\text{--}60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ extra power at k ∼ 0.002 s km−1, with the largest enhancements in the models where reionization is extended or ends the latest. On smaller scales (k ≳ 0.1 s km−1), we find that temperature fluctuations suppress power by ${\lesssim}10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. We find that the shape of the power spectrum is mostly sensitive to the reionization mid-point rather than temperature fluctuations from reionization’s patchiness. However, for all of our models with reionization mid-points of $z$ ≤ 8 ($z$ ≤ 12), the shape differences are ${\lesssim}20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (${\lesssim}40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) because of a surprisingly well-matched cancellation between thermal broadening and pressure smoothing that occurs for realistic thermal histories. We also consider fluctuations in the ultraviolet background, finding their impact on the power spectrum to be much smaller than temperature fluctuations at k ≳ 0.01 s km−1. Furthermore, we compare our models to power spectrum measurements, finding that none of our models with reionization mid-points of $z$ &lt; 8 is strongly preferred over another and that all of our models with mid-points of $z$ ≥ 8 are excluded at 2.5σ. Future measurements may be able to distinguish between viable reionization models if they can be performed at lower k or, alternatively, if the error bars on the high-k power can be reduced by a factor of 1.5.
Evidence for spots on hot stars suggests major revision of stellar physics
Authors: Balona L A 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
It has long been thought that starspots are not present in the A and B stars because magnetic fields cannot be generated in stars with radiative envelopes. Space observations show that a considerable fraction of these stars varies in light with periods consistent with the expected rotation periods. Here we show that the photometric periods are the same as the rotation periods and that starspots are the likely cause for the light variations. This discovery has wide-ranging implications and suggests that a major revision of the physics of hot stellar envelopes may be required.
Direct interplay between stereochemistry and conformational preferences in aminoacylated oligoribonucleotides
Authors: Polyansky Anton A , Kreuter Mathias , Sutherland John D , Zagrovic Bojan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo address the structural and dynamical consequences of amino-acid attachment at 2′- or 3′-hydroxyls of the terminal ribose in oligoribonucleotides, we have performed an extensive set of molecular dynamics simulations of model aminoacylated RNA trinucleotides. Our simulations suggest that 3′-modified trinucleotides exhibit higher solvent exposure of the aminoacylester bond and may be more susceptible to hydrolysis than their 2′ counterparts. Moreover, we observe an invariant adoption of well-defined collapsed and extended conformations for both stereoisomers. We show that the average conformational preferences of aminoacylated trinucleotides are determined by their nucleotide composition and are fine-tuned by amino-acid attachment. Conversely, solvent exposure of the aminoacylester bond depends on the attachment site, the nature of attached amino acid and the strength of its interactions with the bases. Importantly, aminoacylated CCA trinucleotides display a systematically higher solvent exposure of the aminoacylester bond and a weaker dependence of such exposure on sidechain interactions than other trinucleotides. These features could facilitate hydrolytic release of the amino acid, especially for 3′ attachment, and may have contributed to CCA becoming the universal acceptor triplet in tRNAs. Our results provide novel atomistic details about fundamental aspects of biological translation and furnish clues about its primordial origins.
Racial Differences in Clinical Phenotype and Hospitalization of Blastomycosis Patients
Authors: Anderson Jennifer L , Frost Holly M , King Jennifer P , Meece Jennifer K 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundDimorphic fungal infections, such as blastomycosis, cause significant morbidity and mortality. Historically, blastomycosis studies have focused on non-Hispanic whites, which limits our understanding of the clinical presentation and outcomes for patients of other races and ethnicities. We evaluated whether clinical presentation and disease severity varied across racial and ethnic groups.MethodsBlastomycosis patients were identified from Marshfield Clinic Health System and data were abstracted from electronic medical records. Blastomyces genotyping was performed for cases with available isolates. Bivariate analyses (χ 2 tests/analysis of variance) assessed associations of race and/or ethnicity, Blastomyces spp, and hospitalization status with demographics and clinical presentation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of race and/or ethnicity and hospitalization.ResultsIn total, 477 patients were included. Age differences were observed across race and ethnicity categories (P < .0001). Non-Hispanic whites were oldest (median, 48 years; interquartile range [IQR], 31–62) and Asians were youngest (26 years; IQR, 19–41). Non-Hispanic whites (55%) and African Americans (52%) had underlying medical conditions more frequently than Hispanic whites (27%) and Asians (29%). Odds of hospitalization were 2 to 3 times higher for Hispanic whites (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–1.7), American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) (aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0–5.5), and Asian (aOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0–3.6) patients compared with non-Hispanic white patients. Ninety percent of Blastomyces dermatitidis infections occurred in non-Hispanic whites, whereas blastomycosis in Hispanic whites, AIAN, and Asian patients was frequently caused by Blastomyces gilchristii (P < .0001).ConclusionsHispanic whites, AIAN, and Asian blastomycosis patients were younger and healthier but more frequently hospitalized. Patients in these racial and ethnic groups may need more aggressive treatment and closer therapeutic monitoring.
Delayed Intracranial Parenchymal Changes After Aneurysmal Coil Embolization Procedures for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Nakagawa Ichiro , Park Hun Soo , Kotsugi Masashi , Morisaki Yudai , Wada Takeshi , Aketa Shuta , Takayama Katsutoshi , Fujimoto Kenta , Deguchi Jun , Kichikawa Kimihiko , Nakase Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
With the recent advances in endovascular treatment devices, it has become standard in wide-neck or large intracranial aneurysms to perform coil embolization with adjunctive techniques. However, device-related perioperative complications have been reported because of the use of more complex systems.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate patients who developed multiple parenchymal lesions after undergoing coil embolization for treating an unruptured intracranial aneurysm.

METHODS
This study investigated 305 consecutive patients who underwent coil embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms between 2015 and 2017. Delayed inflammatory changes referred to the delayed observation of multiple cerebral white matter lesions on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at an area corresponding to the perfused area of the treatment target vessel. The timing and pattern of onset, device used, the combined use of adjunctive techniques, and the clinical course after steroid treatment were retrospectively investigated.

RESULTS
The 7 patients (2.3%) who showed delayed inflammatory changes were all women with a mean age of 59 yr. A mean duration from treatment to onset was 28 d. Symptoms were convulsions in 3 patients, hemiplegia in 2 patients, and homonymous hemianopia in 1 patient. All 7 patients were treated with adjunctive technique including stents, double catheter method, and balloon assist. Response to steroid treatment was satisfactory both clinically and on imaging in all 7 patients. Skin patch test was positive for nickel allergy in 2 patients.

CONCLUSION
Clinicians must be fully aware of symptomatic delayed inflammatory changes may occur after endovascular aneurysmal treatment with the use of various devices.
Jewish Literature of the Second Temple Period
Authors: Hogan Karina Martin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This essay showcases a sample of the diverse approaches to gender and sexuality that can be found in the literature of Second Temple Judaism. Within four of the major genres of Jewish literature during this period, it analyzes one example that makes particularly striking claims with respect to gender and sexuality: The Book of the Watchers, the Wisdom of Ben Sira, Jubilees, and Judith. Although all of the texts surveyed here come out of a culture with strong patriarchal tendencies, they do not all uphold patriarchal assumptions in equal measure or in the same ways. Taken together in their diversity, the texts demonstrate that the Jewish literary environment out of which the New Testament emerged was one in which sexuality was not a taboo subject but often provided an opportunity to reflect on the nature of the human person in relation to the divine.
Pauline Letters
Authors: Økland Jorunn 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents key terms and concepts in the study of ancient gender and sexuality. It outlines how knowledge of the terms and concepts’ historical developments as well as their internal relations in Pauline usage is essential in order to grasp Paul’s positions and his own praxis. It also demonstrates how issues of gender and sexuality are part of the core of Pauline theology. Rather than continuing the discussions of asceticism versus marriage in Pauline literature, the article suggests that a more recent term borrowed from gender studies, “intimacies,” may give new insights—not least into how Paul describes his own relationships to his most Significant Other(s). Key examples are Paul’s discussions of penises, foreskins, and circumcision and their attached privileges (hierarchy or equality? Galatians 3–4), and the role of asceticism (1 Corinthians). The chapter also includes a survey of how Paul describes his closest male and female partners.
Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Eyl Jennifer 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chapter examines the feminization of elite pagan men in Apocryphal Acts of Andrew. It argues that the ancient author constructs ascetic Christianity as the ideal realization of masculinity, whereby male and female converts control their passions and appetites. Simultaneously, elite pagan men are portrayed as appetitive, passionately emotional, and lacking self-control. Such ethical weakness was commonly thought to be characteristic of women. While attributing such ethical “femininity” to pagan men trades on ancient notions that women are prone to moral weakness, the author’s portrayal also dislodges ethical character from biological sex. Thus, men and women who take up Christianity in its ascetic forms are superior in ethics and gender, compared to those who reject ascetic Christianity.
Procreation, Children, and Family
Authors: von Thaden Robert H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter situates the rhetoric surrounding procreation, children, and family within the New Testament in its ancient context. Eschewing claims of uniqueness, it describes recent research into ancient understandings of family and children centered in the oikos, or household. It examines this rhetoric found in the Synoptic Gospels, Paul’s letters, and the Pastoral Epistles and the different ways that the communities that produced these texts participate in and reconfigure norms and expectations from surrounding Hellenistic, Roman, and Jewish cultures. It notes the tension, also found in non-Christian ancient cultures, between positive portrayals of family and children (as in the Household Codes) and negative evaluations of the same (in texts expressing an apocalyptic eschatological hope). It concludes by noting that early Christ-believing communities did not radically alter the situation of children in antiquity, even as they did create theological rationales for avoiding practices such as exposure and infanticide.
Sexual Slander
Authors: Drake Susanna 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This essay explores sexual slander in early Christian literature in order to show how it illuminates the Greek concept of porneia, the formation of religious and cultural identities, and the regulation of sexual practices within early Christian communities. Porneia is central to understanding sexual slander in the New Testament because it functioned as an umbrella term for a variety of sexual practices deemed shameful, sinful, or illicit. The essay suggests two related directions for future study. First, studies of sexual slander should take into account the strong ties between slavery, prostitution, sexuality, and social status in the ancient Mediterranean world. Second, more work is needed on the relation of sexual invective and violence. By understanding the early Christian contribution to the twin legacies of sexual polemic and violence, we move closer to a critical understanding of the use of dehumanizing rhetoric and sexualized representation in the justification of violence.