bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Area Exploration and Mapping in Underground Mine Environments by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Li Hang , Savkin Andrey V. , Vucetic Branka 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn this paper, we propose a method of using an autonomous flying robot to explore an underground tunnel environment and build a 3D map. The robot model we use is an extension of a 2D non-holonomic robot. The measurements and sensors we considered in the presented method are simple and valid in practical unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engineering. The proposed safe exploration algorithm belongs to a class of probabilistic area search, and with a mathematical proof, the performance of the algorithm is analysed. Based on the algorithm, we also propose a sliding control law to apply the algorithm to a real quadcopter in experiments. In the presented experiment, we use a DJI Guidance sensing system and an Intel depth camera to complete the localization, obstacle detection and 3D environment information capture. Furthermore, the simulations show that the algorithm can be implemented in sloping tunnels and with multiple UAVs.
ACE-Ankle: A Novel Sensorized RCM (Remote-Center-of-Motion) Ankle Mechanism for Military Purpose Exoskeleton
Authors: Hong Man Bok , Kim Gwang Tae , Yoon Yeo Hun 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis paper presents a novel three-degree of freedom (DOF) sensorized remote-center-of-motion (RCM) ankle module for a military-purpose lower-limb exoskeleton. A military-purpose exoskeleton should assist and follow the fast and dexterous motion of a soldier in rough terrain environments. Among the lower-limb joints, the ankle joint plays an important role in stabilizing walking motion during the stance phase. Thus, aligning the rotation center of the ankle module with the center of the wearer’s ankle is very important to reduce potential risks and fatigue of a soldier. To this end, the ankle exoskeleton was designed using two spherical chains. The two spherical chains were designed such that the intersection of all revolute pairs, which consist of the spherical chains, is located close to the rotation center of the wearer’s ankle. In addition, three encoders are attached to each of the three revolute pairs of a spherical chain to measure the three-DOF orientation of the ankle mechanism. For the design, the required range of motion is analyzed via gait analysis in three environment conditions. Forward and inverse kinematic relations are derived, and the workspace of the ankle is analyzed. For the prototype ankle mechanism, the range of motion and measurement performance are verified by a static experiment. In addition, comparative studies between the proposed RCM ankle and an ankle mechanism with offset rotation center are performed for three walking conditions: level walking, ascending and descending stairs, and a vertical slope. Via comparative study, it is confirmed that, compared to the ankle mechanism with offset center of rotation, the proposed RCM ankle is advantageous for sensing wearer’s ankle motion and reducing mechanical interference to wearer’s natural ankle motion.
Phosphorus fractionation in grasses with different resource-acquisition characteristics in natural grasslands of South America
Authors: Marques Anderson Cesar Ramos , Piccin Rogério , Tiecher Tales , Oliveira Leandro Bittencourt de , Kaminski João , Bellinaso Roque Junior Sartori , Krug Amanda Veridiana , Gatiboni Luciano Colpo , Quadros Fernando Luiz Ferreira de , Carranca Corina , Brunetto Gustavo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe natural grasslands in South America have soils with low phosphorus (P) availability (1.0 to 7.5 mg kg−1), possibly altering the absorption and accumulation of P in grasses. We evaluated the chemical fractionation of P in the leaves of the most important grasses present in these grasslands to better understand the mechanisms involved in the storage of P. The grasses studied wereAxonopus affinisandPaspalum notatum(fast tissue cycling and high nutrient demand) andAndropogon lateralisandAristida laevis(slow tissue cycling and low nutrient demand). They were grown in pots filled with an Ultisol with two levels of P: control, and addition of 50 mg P kg–1. The main P fractions were the inorganic soluble (44%) and P in RNA (26%). Addition of P increased the total P concentration, following the orderA. affinis(140%) >P. notatum(116%) >A. lateralis(81%) >A. laevis(21%). In conclusion, the speciesA.affinisandP.notatumresponded to P fertilization with high variation and accumulating P in less-structural chemical forms, such as inorganic P. The speciesA.lateralisandA.laevisshowed low variation in the concentration of P forms, with higher P concentrations in structural forms.
Looking at the World Bank’s safeguard reform through the lens of deliberative democracy
Authors: Houghton Ruth 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe sheer amount of non-state participation in the creation of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) is surely noteworthy. The aim of the Bank’s consultation was to get ‘global’ input and feedback, and with over 8,000 stakeholders from over 63 countries taking part, it is laudable. The extent of the participation challenges the positivist approach to international law-making, which views only states as having the power to make law and raises questions about how to legitimize such international soft-law making. Legitimacy is entangled with democracy, as scholars debate whether democracy is the required benchmark for decision-making processes at international organizations. This article uses deliberative democracy to analyse the ESF consultation process. Whilst, democratic legitimacy has been interpreted to mean inclusivity and participation, deliberative democracy raises a series of hard questions about equality and power that scholarship on global governance needs to grapple with. Although this participatory process at the World Bank challenges traditional narratives in international law, analysing it through a lens of deliberative democracy exposes the work that still needs to be done to discuss democracy in international decision-making.
Mechanisms of vitamin D action in skeletal muscle
Authors: Montenegro Karina Romeu , Cruzat Vinicius , Carlessi Rodrigo , Newsholme Philip 
Published: June 2019

AbstractVitamin D receptor expression and associated function have been reported in various muscle models, including C2C12, L6 cell lines and primary human skeletal muscle cells. It is believed that 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3(1,25(OH)2D3), the active form of vitamin D, has a direct regulatory role in skeletal muscle function, where it participates in myogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, regulation of protein synthesis and mitochondrial metabolism through activation of various cellular signalling cascades, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway(s). It has also been suggested that 1,25(OH)2D3and its associated receptor have genomic targets, resulting in regulation of gene expression, as well as non-genomic functions that can alter cellular behaviour through binding and modification of targets not directly associated with transcriptional regulation. The molecular mechanisms of vitamin D signalling, however, have not been fully clarified. Vitamin D inadequacy or deficiency is associated with muscle fibre atrophy, increased risk of chronic musculoskeletal pain, sarcopenia and associated falls, and may also decrease RMR. The main purpose of the present review is to describe the molecular role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle tissue function and metabolism, specifically in relation to proliferation, differentiation and protein synthesis processes. In addition, the present review also includes discussion of possible genomic and non-genomic pathways of vitamin D action.
The moderating effects of traumatic stress on vulnerability to emotional distress during pregnancy
Authors: Tung Irene , Keenan Kate , Stepp Stephanie D. , Hipwell Alison E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEmotional distress during pregnancy is likely influenced by both maternal history of adversity and concurrent prenatal stressors, but prospective longitudinal studies are lacking. Guided by a life span model of pregnancy health and stress sensitization theories, this study investigated the influence of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy on the association between childhood adversity and prenatal emotional distress. Participants included an urban, community-based sample of 200 pregnant women (aged 18–24) assessed annually from ages 8 to 17 for a range of adversity domains, including traumatic violence, harsh parenting, caregiver loss, and compromised parenting. Models tested both linear and nonlinear effects of adversity as well as their interactions with IPV on prenatal anxiety and depression symptoms, controlling for potential confounds such as poverty and childhood anxiety and depression. Results showed that the associations between childhood adversity and pregnancy emotional distress were moderated by prenatal IPV, supporting a life span conceptualization of pregnancy health. Patterns of interactions were nonlinear, consistent with theories conceptualizing stress sensitization through an “adaptive calibration” lens. Furthermore, results diverged based on adversity subdomain and type of prenatal IPV (physical vs. emotional abuse). Findings are discussed in the context of existing stress sensitization theories and highlight important avenues for future research and practice.
Reducing childhood malnutrition in Bangladesh: the importance of addressing socio-economic inequalities
Authors: Islam Md Rashedul , Rahman Md Shafiur , Rahman Md Mahfuzur , Nomura Shuhei , de Silva Angela , Lanerolle Pulani , Jung Jenny , Rahman Md Mizanur 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjective:To obtain projections of the prevalence of childhood malnutrition indicators up to 2030 and to analyse the changes of wealth-based inequality in malnutrition indicators and the degree of contribution of socio-economic determinants to the inequities in malnutrition indicators in Bangladesh. Additionally, to identify the risk factors of childhood malnutrition.Design:Cross-sectional study. A Bayesian linear regression model was used to estimate trends and projections of malnutrition. For equity analysis, slope index, relative index and decomposition in concentration index were used. Multilevel logistic models were used to identify risk factors of malnutrition.Setting:Household surveys in Bangladesh from 1996 to 2014.Participants:Children under the age of 5 years.Results:A decreasing trend was observed for all malnutrition indices. In 1990, predicted prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight was 55·0, 15·9 and 61·8 %, respectively. By 2030, prevalence is projected to reduce to 28·8 % for stunting, 12·3 % for wasting and 17·4 % for underweight. Prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight were 34·3, 6·9 and 32·8 percentage points lower in the richest households than the poorest households. Contribution of the wealth index to child malnutrition increased over time and the largest contribution of pro-poor inequity was explained by wealth index. Being an underweight mother, parents with a lower level of education and poorer households were the key risk factors for stunting and underweight.Conclusions:Our findings show an evidence-based need for targeted interventions to improve education and household income-generating activities among poor households to reduce inequalities and reduce the burden of child malnutrition in Bangladesh.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Suicide Prevention (CBT-SP) imagery intervention: a case report
Authors: Carey Marie , Wells Catherine 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Very little clinical work or research to date has focused on the prioritization of suicidal imagery intervention in the stabilization of risk. Current Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Suicide Prevention (CBT-SP) does not specifically address suicidal imagery as a priority intervention. This paper prioritizes imagery modification as the central task of therapy with the suicidal client. This is a single subject case review describing specific imagery interventions used to destabilize the comforting component of suicidal images, de-glamourize the suicidal image as a problem-solving method and the reconstruction of new images to offset the emotional grasp of both ‘flash-forward’ violent suicidal images and suicidal ‘daydreaming’ rumination. It is hypothesized that when suicidal images become less emotionally charged, the desire to act upon suicide decreases. Focusing on imagery intervention as a priority aims to stabilize risk in a more clinically specific and targeted way. Rob is a 19-year-old depressed young man with chronic suicidal ideation/images with repeated suicide attempts. All GP referrals are of a crisis nature since the age of 16. He was referred to a CBT clinician with specific training and experience in CBT-SP who proposed the following brief imagery intervention. Socialization to treatment rationale was pivotal at the outset to help facilitate strong therapeutic alliance, ‘buy-in’ to the intended de-glamourization of suicide planning/daydreaming/rumination and the effects of intrusive ‘flash-forward’ images on emotional well-being. Therapy was facilitated weekly, supported by telephone contact, on an out-patient basis in the HSE (Health Service Executive) Irish Adult Mental Health service. The care plan and interventions were supported by access to the 24-hour acute Adult Mental Health services, as required. There was no requirement for direct client engagement with the acute services. Rob engaged with five treatments of CBT-SP imagery intervention and full stabilization of risk to self by suicide was achieved. At the time of writing, Rob is alive, has no engagement with the services and no further GP referral requests for intervention. Despite Rob leaving therapy before full completion, brief targeted suicidal imagery intervention was observed to stabilize the risk of suicidal behaviour. This young man has completed his schooling, engaged in ‘life’ planning rather than ‘death’ planning and has not required further intervention from this service. Further research is required to engage frontline clinicians on the merits of suicidal imagery assessment in routine clinical practice.

Key learning aims

(1)
To assess for imagery and violent day dreaming in suicidal patients.

(2)
Conceptualizing suicidal rumination and daydreaming as being a maladaptive problem-solving technique in overcoming psychological pain.

(3)
Use of suicide-specific assessment.

(4)
Ask about the presence of suicidal imagery as part of routine mental health assessment with the suicidal client.
The Secular-Religious Competition Perspective in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Fox Jonathan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPolitical secularism is defined as “an ideology or set of beliefs advocating that religion ought to be separate from all or some aspects of politics or public life (or both).” In thesecular–religious competition perspective, I argue that political secularists compete with religious political actors to influence government policy around the world. Yet this competition is complicated by many factors. The contributions to this symposium demonstrate that this is the case in their examination of secular–religious tensions and state–religion relations in Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Turkey, and Tunisia. These cases show that government religion policy evolves over time and is deeply influenced by secular–religious competition but that this competition is a complex one involving many other factors and influences.
Rethinking political distrust
Authors: Bertsou Eri 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIncreasing political distrust has become a commonplace observational remark across many established democracies, and it is often used to explain current political phenomena. In contrast to most scholarship that focuses solely on the concept of trust and leaves distrust untheorized, this article makes a contribution by analysing political distrust. It argues that citizen distrust of government and political institutions poses a threat for democratic politics and clarifies the relationship between the distrust observed in established democracies and classical ‘liberal distrust’, which is considered beneficial for democracy. Further, it addresses the relationship between trust and distrust, identifying a series of functional asymmetries between the two concepts, with important implications for theoretical and empirical work in political science. The article suggests that a conceptualization of political distrust based on evaluations of incompetence, unethical conduct and incongruent interests can provide a fruitful ground for future research that aims to understand the causes, consequences, and potential remedies for political distrust.
Maternal physical activity-induced adaptive transcriptional response in brain and placenta of mothers and rat offspring
Authors: Fragoso Jéssica , Carvalho Jurema Santos Gabriela , Thomaz da Silva Helyson , Oliveira Nogueira Viviane , Loizon Emmanuelle , Vidal Hubert , Costa-Silva João Henrique , da Silva Aragão Raquel , Pirola Luciano , Leandro Carol Gois 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMaternal physical activity induces brain functional changes and neuroplasticity, leading to an improvement of cognitive functions, such as learning and memory in the offspring. This study investigated the effects of voluntary maternal physical activity on the gene expression of the neurotrophic factors (NTFs): BDNF, NTF4, NTRK2, IGF-1 and IGF-1r in the different areas of mother’s brain, placenta and foetus brain of rats. Female Wistar rats (n = 15) were individually housed in voluntary physical activity cages, containing a running wheel, for 4 weeks (period of adaptation) before gestation. Rats were classified as inactive (I, n = 6); active (A, n = 4) and very active (VA, n = 5) according to daily distance spontaneously travelled. During gestation, the dams continued to have access to the running wheel. At the 20th day of gestation, gene expression of NTFs was analysed in different areas of mother’s brain (cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cortex), placenta and the offspring’s brain. NTFs gene expression was evaluated using quantitative PCR. Very active mothers showed upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA in the cerebellum (36.8%) and NTF4 mRNA expression in the placenta (24.3%). In the cortex, there was a tendency of up-regulation of NTRK2 mRNA (p = 0.06) in the A and VA groups when compared to I group. There were no noticeable changes in the gene expression of NTFs in the offspring’s brain. Our findings suggest the existence of a developmental plasticity induced by maternal physical activity in specific areas of the brain and placenta representing the first investment for offspring during development.
Sleep Disorders and Risk of Incident Depression: A Population Case–Control Study
Authors: Byrne Enda M. , Timmerman Allan , Wray Naomi R. , Agerbo Esben 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe sought to investigate the risk of incident major depressive disorder (MDD) attributable to a range of sleep disorders in the Danish population. Data were obtained by linking longitudinal Danish population-based registers. A total of 65,739 individuals who had first onset of depression between 1995 and 2013 were selected as cases. For each case, a set of 20 controls of the same sex, birth month and year and who had not had depression by the date that the case was diagnosed were selected at random form the population (N = 1,307,580 in total). We examined whether there was an increased rate of prior sleep disorders in MDD cases compared to controls using conditional logistic regression. An increased risk of incident depression in cases was found for all sleep disorders analyzed. Highest incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were found for circadian rhythm disorders (IRR = 7.06 [2.78–17.91]) and insomnia of inorganic origin (IRR = 6.76 [4.37–10.46]). The lowest estimated IRR was for narcolepsy (IRR = 2.00 [1.26–3.17]). Those diagnosed with a sleep disorder in the last 6 months were at highest risk of developing depression compared to those with at least 1 year since diagnosis (3.10 vs. 2.36). Our results suggest that having any sleep disorder is a risk factor for incident depression. Depression screening should be considered for patients with sleep disorders, and where possible, long-term follow-up for mental health problems is advisable.
Lives Lived in “Someone Else's Hands”: Precarity and Profit-making of Migrants and Left-behind Children in the Philippines
Authors: Alipio Cheryll 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the labour brokerage state of systematic recruitment and export for the maximisation of labour, development, and profit, the Philippines continues to simultaneously fashion migrant workers as temporary, yet heroic and sacrificial. As the largest migrant-sending country in Southeast Asia and the third largest remittance recipient in Asia, the Philippines’ discourse of migrants as modern-day heroes and martyrs reveals the interplay of nationalist myths and cultural values, alongside the neoliberal favouring of finance and flexible labour, to craft filial migrants and celebrate mobile, capitalist subjects over migrants’ welfare and well-being. The article explores the contemporaneous institutionalisation of migrant labour and migrants’ institutionalised uncertainty lived every day to investigate how this profound precariousness in the Philippines is perpetuated historically to shape the resilience and realities of migrants and their left-behind children today. Drawing from news reports and films on migrant lives and ethnographic fieldwork in the Philippines, this article considers how the formation and deployment of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) turns from a focus on sustaining the nation to supporting migrant families and developing translocal communities. Through this examination, the paper seeks to uncover who profits and is indebted from the precarity created and sustained by the larger economic system built on transnational labour migration.
Intracloud Lightning Flashes Initiated at High Altitudes and Dominated by Downward Positive Leaders
Authors: Wu Ting , Wang Daohong , Takagi Nobuyuki 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntracloud (IC) lightning flashes are normally initiated below 10 km and start with upward negative leaders. In this paper, we report a special type of IC flash called “downward positive IC (+IC) flash” which is initiated at high altitudes (mainly above 12 km) and whose initial negative leaders do not propagate upward. Three‐dimensional location results of three downward +IC flashes are described in detail. It is demonstrated that downward +IC flashes start with positive leaders propagating downward with speeds on the order of 104 m/s and negative leaders propagating horizontally for only a short distance. Downward +IC flashes are produced in thunderstorms with deep convective updrafts (radar echoes of cloud tops typically higher than 14 km). The charge structure responsible for downward +IC flashes is inferred to be a positive dipole including a negative charge region at a normal altitude (near the −10 °C isotherm) and an upper positive charge region at a relatively high altitude (usually above the −50 °C isotherm), with downward +IC flashes likely initiated from the upper positive charge region. Further, lightning flashes in a thunderstorm producing a large number of downward +IC flashes are analyzed. Results show that normal IC flashes in this thunderstorm are also initiated at altitudes closer to the upper positive charge region and usually consist of downward positive leaders propagating for longer distances than upward negative leaders. Based on these results, we propose a relationship between the altitude of the upper positive charge region and initiation locations of IC flashes.