bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Native or non‐native? Historical biogeography of an emergent forest pest, Matsucoccus macrocicatrices
Authors: Whitney Thomas D. , Gandhi Kamal J. K. , Lucardi Rima D. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimA historically benign insect herbivore, Matsucoccus macrocicatrices, has recently been linked to dieback and mortality of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Previous reports indicated that its native range was restricted to New England, USA and southeastern Canada. Now, the insect occurs throughout an area extending from the putative native range, southward to Georgia, and westward to Wisconsin. Our goal was to evaluate whether its current distribution was due to recent introductions consistent with invasion processes. We considered two hypotheses: (a) if recent expansion into adventive regions occurred, those populations would have reduced genetic diversity due to founder effect(s); alternatively (b) if M. macrocicatrices is native and historically co‐occurred with its host tree throughout the North American range, then populations would have greater overall genetic diversity and a population structure indicative of past biogeographical influences.LocationEastern North America.MethodsWe developed nine M. macrocicatrices‐specific microsatellite markers de novo and genotyped 390 individuals from 22 populations sampled across the range of eastern white pine in the USA. We assessed genetic variability, relatedness, and population structure.ResultsThere were no signatures of founder effects. The only differences in genetic diversity occurred latitudinally, where the number of rare alleles and observed heterozygosity was highest in the southern range extent. Analyses of population structure indicated three distinct genetic clusters separated by the Great Lakes and the Blue Ridge Mountains.Main ConclusionsThe seemingly sudden ecological shift from benign herbivore to significant pest led us to suspect that M. macrocicatrices was non‐native. However, our findings suggest that this insect is native and has likely co‐occurred with its host tree since the last glacial maximum. Our study demonstrates the importance of historical biogeographical reconstruction to inform how to approach an emergent pest.
Geographic range and habitat reconstructions shed light on palaeotropical intercontinental disjunction and regional diversification patterns in Artabotrys (Annonaceae)
Authors: Chen Junhao , Thomas Daniel C. , Saunders Richard M. K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimThe biogeographical and habitat history of the species‐rich angiosperm genus Artabotrys is reconstructed to assess hypotheses relating to processes that underlie palaeotropical intercontinental disjunction (PID) and regional diversification patterns.LocationPalaeotropics.TaxonArtabotrys (Annonaceae).MethodsPhylogenetic relationships were estimated based on 53 Artabotrys species, using four chloroplast and 10 nuclear markers (c. 15.7 kb). Divergence times were estimated using two fossil calibrations and an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model. Ancestral range estimation was performed under a dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model while ancestral habitat reconstruction was conducted using the BAYAREALIKE model.ResultsArtabotrys is unequivocally monophyletic, with a species‐rich main Artabotrys clade (MAC) comprising distinct African and Asian sister clades, and an early divergent grade (EDG) comprising two African species. An ancestral range in Africa is inferred, with a single dispersal to Asia. The PID at the MAC crown occurred in the Miocene. A broad habitat tolerance spanning rain forests and seasonally dry forests/savannas was inferred at the MAC stem and crown nodes. Several shifts from rain forests to seasonally dry habitats were inferred, but there is no indication of a reverse transition.Main conclusionsThe most plausible explanation for the PID involves overland migration across Arabia in the Miocene, prior to subsequent climate deterioration. Long‐standing differences in climatic niche may have resulted in a significant yet porous biogeographical divide at the Isthmus of Kra, but Wallace's line does not reflect differences in climatic niches. Niche conservatism is an underlying pattern in Artabotrys, with local niche shifts occurring rather recently.
Time‐of‐day‐dependent sensitivity of the reproductive axis to RFamide‐related peptide‐3 inhibition in female Syrian hamsters
Authors: Gotlieb Neta , Baker Cydni N. , Moeller Jacob , Kriegsfeld Lance J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn spontaneously ovulating rodent species, the timing of the luteinising hormone (LH) surge is controlled by the master circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN initiates the LH surge via the coordinated control of two opposing neuropeptidergic systems that lie upstream of the gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system: the stimulatory peptide, kisspeptin, and the inhibitory peptide, RFamide‐related peptide‐3 (RFRP‐3; the mammalian orthologue of avian gonadotrophin‐inhibitory hormone [GnIH]). We have previously shown that the GnRH system exhibits time‐dependent sensitivity to kisspeptin stimulation, further contributing to the precise timing of the LH surge. To examine whether this time‐dependent sensitivity of the GnRH system is unique to kisspeptin or a more common mechanism of regulatory control, we explored daily changes in the response of the GnRH system to RFRP‐3 inhibition. Female Syrian hamsters were ovariectomised to eliminate oestradiol (E2)‐negative‐feedback and RFRP‐3 or saline was centrally administered in the morning or late afternoon. LH concentrations and Lhβ mRNA expression did not differ between morning RFRP‐3‐and saline‐treated groups, although they were markedly suppressed by RFRP‐3 administration in the afternoon. However, RFRP‐3 inhibition of circulating LH at the time of the surge does not appear to act via the GnRH system because no differences in medial preoptic area Gnrh or RFRP‐3 receptor Gpr147 mRNA expression were observed. Rather, RFRP‐3 suppressed arcuate nucleus Kiss1 mRNA expression and potentially impacted pituitary gonadotrophs directly. Taken together, these findings reveal time‐dependent responsiveness of the reproductive axis to RFRP‐3 inhibition, possibly via variation in the sensitivity of arcuate nucleus kisspeptin neurones to this neuropeptide.
Optic nerve sheath diameter in children with acute liver failure: A prospective observational pilot study
Authors: Das Mridul C. , Srivastava Anshu , Yadav Rajanikant K. , Yachha Surender K. , Poddar Ujjal 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsEarly detection of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) improves outcome in acute liver failure (ALF). We evaluated the feasibility of bedside, ultrasound‐guided measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in normal and ALF children and correlation of ONSD with grade of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), international normalized ratio (INR) and blood ammonia (BA).MethodsForty‐one ALF and 47 healthy children (5‐18 years) were prospectively enrolled and 12 hourly clinical evaluation was done. Laboratory parameters including INR and BA were recorded. ONSD was measured at admission, change in HE grade and at recovery in ALF, and once in controls.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐one ONSD measurements (ALF‐74, controls‐47) were taken without complications. ONSD was 4.2 (3.9‐4.3), 4.4 (4.0‐4.6), 5.2 (4.8‐5.8) and 3.9 (3.3‐4.1) mm in controls, ALF without HE, with HE and at recovery respectively. ONSD was significantly higher in ALF with HE than those without HE. ALF without HE and at recovery had ONSD similar to controls. ONSD was higher in ALF with the clinical signs of raised ICP than those without (5.4 [4.9‐5.7] vs 4.6 [4.1‐5.3] mm; P = .01). ONSD of 4.6 mm differentiated ALF with HE vs without HE and 5.1 mm between poor vs good non‐transplant outcome with ≥80% sensitivity and specificity. ONSD positively correlated with INR (r = .53, P < .001) and BA (r = .42, P = .002).ConclusionsONSD can be safely and easily measured in ALF children and correlates with HE grade, INR and BA. Normal ONSD in children (>4 years) is <4.5 mm and value of >5.1 mm in ALF requires urgent attention.
Phylogenomics of the genusPopulusreveals extensive interspecific gene flow and balancing selection
Authors: Wang Mingcheng , Zhang Lei , Zhang Zhiyang , Li Mengmeng , Wang Deyan , Zhang Xu , Xi Zhenxiang , Keefover‐Ring Ken , Smart Lawrence B. , DiFazio Stephen P. , Olson Matthew S. , Yin Tongming , Liu Jianquan , Ma Tao 
Published: September 2019

SummaryPhylogenetic analysis is complicated by interspecific gene flow and the presence of shared ancestral polymorphisms, particularly those maintained by balancing selection. In this study, we aimed to examine the prevalence of these factors during the diversification ofPopulus, a model tree genus in the Northern Hemisphere.We constructed phylogenetic trees of 29Populustaxa using 80 individuals based on re‐sequenced genomes. Our species tree analyses recovered four main clades in the genus based on consensus nuclear phylogenies, but in conflict with the plastome phylogeny. A few interspecific relationships remained unresolved within the multiple‐species clade because of inconsistent gene trees. Our results indicated that gene flow has been widespread within each clade and also occurred among the four clades during their early divergence.We identified 45 candidate genes with ancient polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection. These genes were mainly associated with mating compatibility, growth and stress resistance.Both gene flow and selection‐mediated ancient polymorphisms are prevalent in the genusPopulus. These are potentially important contributors to adaptive variation. Our results provide a framework for the diversification of model tree genus that will facilitate future comparative studies.
DWT1/DWL2 act together with OsPIP5K1 to regulate plant uniform growth in rice
Authors: Fang Fang , Ye Shiwei , Tang Jingyao , Bennett Malcolm J. , Liang Wanqi 
Published: September 2019

Summary

Uniform growth of the main shoot and tillers significantly influences rice plant architecture and grain yield. The WUSCHEL‐related homeobox transcription factor DWT1 is a key regulator of this important agronomic trait, disruption of which causes enhanced main shoot dominance and tiller dwarfism by an unknown mechanism.

Here, we have used yeast‐two‐hybrid screening to identify OsPIP5K1, a member of the rice phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate 5‐kinase family, as a protein that interacts with DWT1. Cytological analyses confirmed that DWT1 induces accumulation of OsPIP5K1 and its product PI(4,5)P2, a phosphoinositide secondary messenger, in nuclear bodies.

Mutation of OsPIP5K1 compounds the dwarf dwt1 phenotype but abolishes the main shoot dominance. Conversely, overexpression of OsPIP5K1 partially rescues dwt1 developmental defects. Furthermore, we showed that DWL2, the homologue of DWT1, is also able to interact with OsPIP5K1 and shares partial functional redundancy with DWT1 in controlling rice uniformity.

Overall, our data suggest that nuclear localised OsPIP5K1 acts with DWT1 and/or DWL2 to coordinate the uniform growth of rice shoots, likely to be through nuclear phosphoinositide signals, and provides insights into the regulation of rice uniformity via a largely unexplored plant nuclear signalling pathway.
The effect of altered head and tongue posture on upper airway volume based on a validated upper airway analysis—An MRI pilot study
Authors: Gurani Sirwan Fernandez , Cattaneo Paolo Maria , Rafaelsen Søren Rafael , Pedersen Malene Roland , Thorn Jens Jørgen , Pinholt Else Marie 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of altered head or tongue posture on upper airway (UA) volumes using MRI imaging based on a new objective and validated UA evaluation protocol.Setting and sample populationOne supine CBCT and five sagittal MRI scans were obtained from ten subjects in different head and tongue positions: (a) supine neutral head position (NHP) with the tongue in a natural resting position with the tip of the tongue in contact with the lingual aspect of the lower incisors (TRP); (b) head extension with TRP; (c) head flexion with TRP; (d) NHP with the tip of the tongue in contact with the posterior edge of the hard palate (THP); and (e) NHP with the tip of the tongue in contact with the floor of the mouth in contact with the caruncula sublingualis.Material and methodsBased on a validated CBCT UA analysis, the retropalatal, oropharyngeal and the corresponding total volumes were measured from each MRI scan. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was applied to determine the statistically significant difference in mean volume between the baseline head and tongue posture (NHP with TRP) and the other postures.ResultsFive females and five males with a mean age of 46.5 ± 13.7 years volunteered for this pilot study. UA volumes, particularly the oropharyngeal volume, increased significantly with head extension and NHP with THP and decreased significantly with head flexion.ConclusionAltered head and tongue posture proved to affect UA volumes, thus representing confounding variables during three‐dimensional radiographic image acquisition.
The Inferential Language Comprehension (iLC) Framework: Supporting Children's Comprehension of Visual Narratives
Authors: Kendeou Panayiota , McMaster Kristen L. , Butterfuss Reese , Kim Jasmine , Bresina Britta , Wagner Kyle 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe present an integrated theoretical framework guiding the use of visual narratives in educational settings. We focus specifically on the use of static and dynamic visual narratives to teach and assess inference skills in young children and discuss evidence to support the efficacy of this approach. In doing so, first we review the basis of the integrated framework, which builds on major findings of cognitive, developmental, and language research highlighting that (a) inference skills can be developed in non‐reading contexts using different media, (b) inference skills can transfer across different media, and (c) inference skills can be improved using questioning that includes scaffolding and specific feedback. Second, we review instructional and assessment approaches that align with the proposed framework; these approaches are designed to teach or assess inference making skills using visual narratives and interactive questioning. In this context, we discuss how these approaches leverage the unique affordances of static and dynamic visual narratives with respect to unit of meaning (by increasing opportunities to generate inferences), multimodality (by providing opportunities to generate inferences of higher complexity than text), and vocabulary/knowledge demands (by providing vocabulary/knowledge support), while also reviewing evidence for their usability, feasibility, and efficacy to improve educational outcomes. We conclude with important theoretical and practical questions about future work in this area.
Analysis of the Self-Excited Dynamics of a Heavy-Duty Annular Combustion Chamber by Large-Eddy Simulation
Authors: Meloni Roberto , Ceccherini Gianni , Michelassi Vittorio , Riccio Giovanni 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of large eddy simulation (LES) to predict the performance of an annular combustion chamber in stable operating conditions and in the presence of self-exited dynamics. The availability of high-accuracy data taken in a full-scale combustion test facility allowed an extensive validation of the prediction capability. The analysis focuses on a small size heavy duty annular gas turbine whose size allows to test and compute the entire 360 deg combustion chamber. The comparison with measurements confirms that, if the correct operating conditions are implemented, LES is capable to discern between stable and unstable operating conditions, as well as predict several other engineering relevant parameters, although the model is sometime affected by a limited shift in frequency.The post processing of LES results in presence of combustion dynamics is not a trivial task. Here, the results of the simulations have been postprocessed by means of a triple decomposition method to determine a mean flow, a deterministic unsteady flow at the main instability frequency, and a turbulent stochastic flow. Such decomposition indicated the instability triggering mechanism together with the cross-talk mechanism between different components. This approach is currently used for design phase, while further validation is on-going to include different geometries and operating conditions with the goal of reducing both risks and number of tests.
Blockade of Glutathione Metabolism in IDH1-Mutated Glioma
Authors: Tang Xiaoying , Fu Xiao , Liu Yang , Yu Di , Cai Sabrina J. , Yang Chunzhang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) 1 and 2 are common cancer-related genetic abnormalities. Malignancies with mutated IDHs exhibit similar pathogenesis, metabolic pattern, and resistance signature. However, an effective therapy against IDH1-mutated solid tumor remains unavailable. In this study, we showed that acquisition of IDH1 mutation results in the disruption of NADP+/NADPH balance and an increased demand for glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Moreover, the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a key protective role in IDH1-mutated cells by prompting GSH synthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging. Pharmacologic inhibition of the Nrf2/GSH pathway via brusatol administration exhibited a potent tumor suppressive effect on IDH1-mutated cancer in vitro and in vivo. Our findings highlight a possible therapeutic strategy that could be valuable for IDH1-mutated cancer treatment.
Optimal Head Position Following Intratympanic Injections of Steroids, As Determined by Virtual Reality
Authors: Ungar Omer J. , Handzel Ophir , Haviv Limor , Dadia Solomon , Cavel Oren , Fliss Dan M. , Oron Yahav 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesTo study optimal head position after intratympanic steroid injections to enhance drug bioavailability.Study DesignApplication of virtual and in vitro models of the intratympanic anatomy.SettingThe surgical 3‐dimensional printing laboratory of a tertiary academic medical center.Subjects and MethodsA high‐resolution computerized tomographic scan of healthy temporal bone and surrounding soft tissue was segmented and reconstructed to a 3‐dimensional model. The tympanic membrane was perforated in the posterior‐inferior quadrant. Methylene blue–stained 10‐mg/mL dexamethasone was administered to the middle ear cleft, after which a 3‐dimensional rotation in space was performed to hypothesize the optimal position in relation to gravity. The same stereolithography file used for the actual model was used for a digital virtual liquid flow simulation. The optimal head position was defined as the one with the maximum vertical distance between the round window membrane and the plane of the aditus ad antrum and eustachian tube orifice.ResultsThe virtual model yielded the following position of the head as optimal: 53º rotation away from the injected ear in the vertical axis (yaw), 27º rotation toward the noninjected ear in the longitudinal axis (roll), and 10º neck extension in the transverse axis (pitch).ConclusionsVirtual imaging determined that 53º and 27º yaw and roll, respectively, away and 10º pitch were the optimal position for drug delivery after intratympanic injection to the middle ear and that an erect head position provided optimal passage of steroids from the middle ear to the inner ear.
Searching for the ‘winner’ hip fracture patient: the effect of modifiable and non-modifiable factors on clinical outcomes following hip fracture surgery
Authors: Makridis Konstantinos G , Badras Leonidas S , Badras Stelios L , Karachalios Theofilos S 
Published: September 2019

Background: Various factors, other than the quality of surgery, may influence clinical outcomes of hip fracture patients. We aimed to evaluate the relative impact of several factors on functional outcome, quality of life, re-fracture and mortality rates following surgery for hip fractures. Methods: We studied 498 (62.2%) women and 302 (37.8%) men with a mean age of 81.3 years (range, 60–95) with hip fractures (femoral neck and pertrochanteric). The mean follow-up was 74 months (range 58–96). Various patient-related and surgery-related parameters were recorded and correlated to both objective and subjective mobility, functional recovery and quality of life scales. Mortality and re-fracture rates were also evaluated. Results: Using multiple regression analysis, age >80 years ( p = 0.000; 95% CI, 1.077–1.143) and ASA score III and IV ( p = 0.000; 95% CI, 2.088–3.396) (both non-modifiable factors) both proved to be independent (s.s.) factors affecting mortality rates. Age <80 years ( p = 0.000; 95% CI, 0.932–0.974), surgery delay less (modifiable factor) than 48 hours ( p = 0.046; 95% CI, 0.869–0.999), low dementia CDR index ( p = 0.005; 95% CI, 0.471–0.891) (non-modifiable factor), and osteoporosis medical treatment (modifiable factor) ( p = 0.006; 95% CI, 0.494–0.891) were shown to be independent (s.s.) factors affecting HOOS-symptoms. Osteoporosis medical treatment used proved to be an independent (s.s.) factor affecting HOOS-daily activities ( p = 0.049; 95% CI, 0.563–1.000) and quality of life (E-Qol-5D) ( p = 0.036; 95% CI, 0.737–1.325). Conclusions: A hip fracture patient aged <80 years old, with an ASA I-II, with low dementia CDR index and on osteoporosis medication has a better chance of an improved outcome (winner patient).