bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Deep Learning Algorithm of Neural Network for the Parameterization of Typhoon‐Ocean Feedback in Typhoon Forecast Models
Authors: Jiang Guo‐Qing , Xu Jing , Wei Jun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTwo algorithms based on machine learning neural networks are proposed—the shallow learning (S‐L) and deep learning (D‐L) algorithms—that can potentially be used in atmosphere‐only typhoon forecast models to provide flow‐dependent typhoon‐induced sea surface temperature cooling (SSTC) for improving typhoon predictions. The major challenge of existing SSTC algorithms in forecast models is how to accurately predict SSTC induced by an upcoming typhoon, which requires information not only from historical data but more importantly also from the target typhoon itself. The S‐L algorithm composes of a single layer of neurons with mixed atmospheric and oceanic factors. Such a structure is found to be unable to represent correctly the physical typhoon‐ocean interaction. It tends to produce an unstable SSTC distribution, for which any perturbations may lead to changes in both SSTC pattern and strength. The D‐L algorithm extends the neural network to a 4 × 5 neuron matrix with atmospheric and oceanic factors being separated in different layers of neurons, so that the machine learning can determine the roles of atmospheric and oceanic factors in shaping the SSTC. Therefore, it produces a stable crescent‐shaped SSTC distribution, with its large‐scale pattern determined mainly by atmospheric factors (e.g., winds) and small‐scale features by oceanic factors (e.g., eddies). Sensitivity experiments reveal that the D‐L algorithms improve maximum wind intensity errors by 60–70% for four case study simulations, compared to their atmosphere‐only model runs.
Evidence for Neutrals‐Foreshock Electrons Impact at Mars
Authors: Mazelle C. X. , Meziane K. , Mitchell D. L. , Garnier P. , Espley J. R. , Hamza A. M. , Halekas J. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackstreaming electrons emanating from the bow shock of Mars reported from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN/Solar Wind Electron Analyzer observations show a flux fall off with the distance from the shock. This feature is not observed at the terrestrial foreshock. The flux decay is observed only for electron energy E ≥ 29 eV. A reported recent study indicates that Mars foreshock electrons are produced at the shock in a mirror reflection of a portion of the solar wind electrons. In this context, and given that the electrons are sufficiently energetic to not be affected by the interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations, the observed flux decrease appears problematic. We investigate the possibility that the flux fall off with distance results from the impact of backstreaming electrons with Mars exospheric neutral hydrogen. We demonstrate that the flux fall off is consistent with the electron‐atomic hydrogen impact cross section for a large range of energy. A better agreement is obtained for energy where the impact cross section is the highest. One important consequence is that foreshock electrons can play an important role in the production of pickup ions at Mars far exosphere.
Interseismic Coupling‐Based Earthquake and Tsunami Scenarios for the Nankai Trough
Authors: Baranes H. , Woodruff J. D. , Loveless J. P. , Hyodo M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTheoretical modeling and investigations of recent subduction zone earthquakes show that geodetic estimates of interseismic coupling and the spatial distribution of coseismic rupture are correlated. However, the utility of contemporary coupling in guiding construction of rupture scenarios has not been evaluated on the world's most hazardous faults. Here we demonstrate methods for scaling coupling to slip to create rupture models for southwestern Japan's Nankai Trough. Results show that coupling‐based models produce distributions of ground surface deformation and tsunami inundation that are similar to historical and geologic records of the largest known Nankai earthquake in CE 1707 and to an independent, quasi‐dynamic rupture model. Notably, these models and records all support focused subsidence around western Shikoku that makes the region particularly vulnerable to flooding. Results imply that contemporary coupling mirrors the slip distribution of a full‐margin, 1707‐type rupture, and Global Positioning System measurements of surface motion are connected with the trough's physical characteristics.
Vertical and Oblique Ionosphere Sounding During the 21 August 2017 Solar Eclipse
Authors: Bullett Terence , Mabie Justin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOn 21 August 2017, a total solar eclipse crossed North America. Two Vertical Incident Pulsed Ionospheric Radar ionosondes were operated, one deployed under totality at Lusk, Wyoming, and another south of totality, 313 km away from the geomagnetic meridian in Boulder, Colorado. The two Vertical Incident Pulsed Ionospheric Radar systems were synchronized for precise observation of both vertical and oblique group and phase paths. Hand‐scaled values of virtual heights and critical frequencies are presented. Arrival angles were computed using phase interferometry and used to compute equivalent vertical critical frequencies at the oblique midpoint. Oblique propagation geometry and horizontal gradients allowed measurement of F2 layer during ionosphere G condition where foF1 exceed foF2 after totality.
Coral‐Derived Western Pacific Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures During the Last Millennium
Authors: Chen Tianran , Cobb Kim M. , Roff George , Zhao Jianxin , Yang Hongqiang , Hu Minhang , Zhao Kuan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractReconstructions of ocean temperatures prior to the industrial era serve to constrain natural climate variability on decadal to centennial timescales, yet relatively few such observations are available from the west Pacific Warm Pool. Here we present multiple coral‐based sea surface temperature reconstructions from Yongle Atoll, in the South China Sea over the last ~1,250 years (762–2013 Common Era [CE]). Reconstructed coral Sr/Ca‐sea surface temperatures indicate that the “Little Ice Age (1711–1817 CE)” period was ~0.7°C cooler than the “Medieval Climate Anomaly (913‐1132 CE)” and that late 20th century warming of the western Pacific is likely unprecedented over the past millennium. Our findings suggest that the Western Pacific Warm Pool may have expanded (contracted) during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (Little Ice Age), leading to a strengthening (weakening) of the Asian summer monsoon, as recorded in Chinese stalagmites.
Energetic Electron Pitch Angle Distributions During the Cassini Final Orbits
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Mitchell D. G. , Kollmann P. , Krupp N. , Roussos E. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPitch angle distributions (PADs) of very energetic electrons (110–365 keV) are examined during the ring‐grazing and proximal orbits of the Cassini spacecraft, from day 320 2016 (15 November) to day 257 2017 (14 September). These repeating orbits allowed a statistical evaluation of the PADs within the magnetopause on the nightside of Saturn. Along L‐shells (i.e., equatorial crossing distances of magnetic field lines) near and outside that of Titan and north of the equator, the electron fluxes were unidirectionally field‐aligned going away from Saturn. Along L‐shells inside Titan's and south of the equator, the electrons had bidirectional or pancake (trapping) PADs. This behavior suggests that the field lines within Titan's L‐shell are generally closed, while those outside of that L‐shell are generally open. This result strictly applies only to the nightside local times sampled during the final Cassini orbits, but one may infer a similar behavior at other times.
The effect of micro credit on life restoration and community formation in resettlement households affected by the tsunami – A Study on Resettlement with Housing Relocation in Sri Lanka after the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 Part 3
Authors: Maeda Masahiro , Takada Mitsuo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper analyzed the effect of micro credits in resettlement sites from the perspectives of the NGO staff and residents who participated in micro credit groups. The results are listed below. (i) Micro credits have economic effects for reconstructing life by providing loans for economic activities in resettlement sites in which economic activities are difficult due to the geographical and spatial features. (ii) Micro credits have social effects on community formations through micro credit activity and reorganizing household relationships in resettlement sites. NGO staff and residents organized micro credit groups through neighborhood and family/relative relationships, which succeeded from a previous settlement. Moreover, they created new relationships in addition to these existing relationships. (iii) These results show that micro credits may be a method for sustainable residence in resettlement sites that arise after natural disasters.
Comparative analysis of respiratory motion tracking using Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor
Authors: Silverstein Evan , Snyder Michael 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPurposeTo present and evaluate a straightforward implementation of a marker‐less, respiratory motion‐tracking process utilizing Kinect v2 camera as a gating tool during 4DCT or during radiotherapy treatments.MethodsUtilizing the depth sensor on the Kinect as well as author written C# code, respiratory motion of a subject was tracked by recording depth values obtained at user selected points on the subject, with each point representing one pixel on the depth image. As a patient breathes, specific anatomical points on the chest/abdomen will move slightly within the depth image across pixels. By tracking how depth values change for a specific pixel, instead of how the anatomical point moves throughout the image, a respiratory trace can be obtained based on changing depth values of the selected pixel. Tracking these values was implemented via marker‐less setup. Varian's RPM system and the Anzai belt system were used in tandem with the Kinect to compare respiratory traces obtained by each using two different subjects.ResultsAnalysis of the depth information from the Kinect for purposes of phase‐ and amplitude‐based binning correlated well with the RPM and Anzai systems. Interquartile Range (IQR) values were obtained comparing times correlated with specific amplitude and phase percentages against each product. The IQR time spans indicated the Kinect would measure specific percentage values within 0.077 s for Subject 1 and 0.164 s for Subject 2 when compared to values obtained with RPM or Anzai. For 4DCT scans, these times correlate to less than 1 mm of couch movement and would create an offset of 1/2 an acquired slice.ConclusionBy tracking depth values of user selected pixels within the depth image, rather than tracking specific anatomical locations, respiratory motion can be tracked and visualized utilizing the Kinect with results comparable to that of the Varian RPM and Anzai belt.
Venous Thromboembolic Events in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Occurrence and Relation to Disease Onset
Authors: Antovic Aleksandra , Notarnicola Antonella , Svensson John , Lundberg Ingrid E. , Holmqvist Marie 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the incidence of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), to compare the incidence of VTEs in IIM to the incidence in the general population, and to identify patient categories at high risk and investigate the development of risk in relation to a diagnosis of IIM.MethodsUsing nationwide registers, we identified a cohort of 440 individuals with newly diagnosed IIM and 4,459 individuals from the general population. Patients with IIM were diagnosed between 2005 and 2011. The start of follow‐up was the date of IIM diagnosis and the corresponding date in the general population. VTE was defined as hospital care with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision code indicating VTE, with a filled prescription for anticoagulant medication. Incidence rates including 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of VTE in patients with IIM to the risk in the general population.ResultsThe incidence of VTEs was higher in patients with IIM than in the general population and was highest in patients who previously had cancer, who were ages >71 years when diagnosed with IIM, or who had dermatomyositis. The overall hazard ratio (HR) of VTE comparing the IIM cohort to the general population was 7.81 (95% CI 4.74, 12.85). The HR was highest the first year after IIM diagnosis, with HR 26.6 (95% CI 10.4, 68.0).ConclusionPatients with IIM are at increased risk of VTE compared to the general population, especially during the first year after the diagnosis. Preventive measures should be focused on patients who previously have had cancer, who are ages >71 years when diagnosed, or who have dermatomyositis.
Nonfullerene Electron Transporting Material Based on Naphthalene Diimide Small Molecule for Highly Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 20%
Authors: Jung Su‐Kyo , Heo Jin Hyuck , Lee Dae Woon , Lee Seung‐Chul , Lee Seung‐Heon , Yoon Woojin , Yun Hoseop , Im Sang Hyuk , Kim Jong H. , Kwon O‐Pil 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study reports a new nonfullerene electron transporting material (ETM) based on naphthalene diimide (NDI) small molecules for use in high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These solar cells simultaneously achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 20% and long‐term stability. New NDI‐ID (N,N′‐Bis(1‐indanyl)naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic diimide) consisting of an N‐substituted indane group having simultaneous alicyclic and aromatic characteristics is synthesized by a low‐cost, one‐step reaction, and facile purification method. The partially flexible characteristics of an alicyclic cyclopentene group on indane groups open the possibility of low‐temperature solution processing. The conformational rigidity and aromaticity of phenyl and alicyclic groups contribute to high temporal stability by strong secondary bonds. NDI‐ID has herringbone packed semiconducting NDI cores that exhibit up to 0.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 electron mobility in field effect transistors. The inverted PSCs based on CH(NH2)2PbI3–xBrx with NDI‐ID ETM exhibit very high PCEs of up to 20.2%, which is better than that of widely used PCBM (phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester) ETM‐based PSCs. Moreover, NDI‐ID‐based PSCs exhibit very high long‐term temporal stability, retaining 90% of the initial PCE after 500 h at 100 °C with 1 sun illumination without encapsulation. Therefore, NDI‐ID is a promising ETM for highly efficient, stable PSCs.
Atmospheric Plasma Deposition of Methacrylate Layers Containing Catechol/Quinone Groups: An Alternative to Polydopamine Bioconjugation for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Czuba Urszula , Quintana Robert , De Pauw‐Gillet Marie‐Claire , Bourguignon Maxime , Moreno‐Couranjou Maryline , Alexandre Michael , Detrembleur Christophe , Choquet Patrick 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBioconjugation of enzymes on coatings based on polydopamine (PDA) layers is an appealing approach to control biological responses on biomedical implant surfaces. As alternative to PDA wet deposition, a fast, solvent‐free, and dynamic deposition approach based on atmospheric‐pressure plasma dielectric barrier discharge process is considered to deposit on metallic surfaces acrylic‐based interlayers containing highly chemically reactive catechol/quinone groups. A biomimetic approach based on covalent immobilization of Dispersin B, an enzyme with antibiofilm properties, shows the bioconjugation potential of the novel plasma polymer layers. The excellent antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis is comparable to the PDA‐based layers prepared by wet chemical methods with slow deposition rates. A study of preosteoblastic MG‐63 human cell line viability and adhesion properties on plasma polymer layers demonstrates early interaction required for biomedical applications.
Neutrophil‐Based Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Chu Dafeng , Dong Xinyue , Shi Xutong , Zhang Canyang , Wang Zhenjia 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhite blood cells (WBCs) are a major component of immunity in response to pathogen invasion. Neutrophils are the most abundant WBCs in humans, playing a central role in acute inflammation induced by pathogens. Adhesion to vasculature and tissue infiltration of neutrophils are key processes in acute inflammation. Many inflammatory/autoimmune disorders and cancer therapies have been found to be involved in activation and tissue infiltration of neutrophils. A promising strategy to develop novel targeted drug delivery systems is the targeting and exploitation of activated neutrophils. Herein, a new drug delivery platform based on neutrophils is reviewed. There are two types of drug delivery systems: neutrophils as carriers and neutrophil‐membrane‐derived nanovesicles. It is discussed how nanoparticles hijack neutrophils in vivo to deliver therapeutics across blood vessel barriers and how neutrophil‐membrane‐derived nanovesicles target inflamed vasculature. Finally, the potential applications of neutrophil‐based drug delivery systems in treating inflammation and cancers are presented.
Polypyridyl Metallo‐Organic Assemblies for Electrochromic Applications
Authors: Lahav Michal , van der Boom Milko E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractElectrochromic films undergo optical changes in response to a redox stimulus. This intriguing phenomenon can be used for a wide range of applications, including smart windows, sensors, color displays, and memory elements. Despite the rapid progress of late, designing suitable electrochromic materials that offer low‐cost production, appealing colors, and pronounced optical contrast with high efficiency, as well as long‐term stability remains an engineering challenge. Solid‐state metal oxides, liquid crystals, and organic polymers have been for many years the leading candidates, successfully making their way into commercial products. An alternative class of materials relies on metal complexes that can be processed from solution, offer a variety of colors, and have metal‐centered stable and reversible redox chemistry. These metallo‐organic materials possess a full range of electrochromic properties, including ultrahigh coloration efficiencies, and cyclic stability. Here, some of the recent scientific developments in this field are highlighted.
The Concept of “Noble, Heteroatom‐Doped Carbons,” Their Directed Synthesis by Electronic Band Control of Carbonization, and Applications in Catalysis and Energy Materials
Authors: Antonietti Markus , Oschatz Martin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCarbonization of organic compounds with a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level more positive than 1.3 V practically automatically results in highly sp2‐conjugated, heteroatom‐doped carbons. Due to the stability of the starting compounds, carbon bond formation is restricted to result in morphologies with a surprisingly high local order which as such are noble, i.e., they are hard to oxidize and combust. The work function of electrons in these systems is so positive that the systems usually accept electrons, i.e., they oxidize other matter rather than being oxidized. Such noble, heteroatom‐doped carbons have been proven to be efficient, metal‐free electrocatalysts, but can be also beneficially used in the manufacturing of carbon nanomaterials for energy applications or as highly active, non‐innocent catalytic supports.
From All‐Printed 2D Patterns to Free‐Standing 3D Structures: Controlled Buckling and Selective Bonding
Authors: Yin Lu , Kumar Rajan , Karajic Aleksandar , Xie Lingye , You Jung‐min , Joshuia Davina , Lopez Cristian Silva , Miller Jennifer , Wang Joseph 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCurrent methods to create 3D structures are limited to few materials and designs, are costly, and have low processing throughput. Planar designs (of printed sacrificial, flexible, and guiding layers) fabricated by thick film technique that can reversibly fold between their 2D and 3D forms through compressive buckling and selective bonding is reported in this work. Versatile ink compositions based on a wide variety of materials (e.g., carbonaceous, polymers, and nanomaterials) are used along with screen printing technique for creating variety of desired 3D structures, such as spirals, squares, and spikes. Various composite inks are printed onto substrates containing a printed sacrificial layer for selective binding, and the substrate can be prestretched for a controlled buckling process. Removal of the sacrificial layer and release of the strained substrate leads to the folding of the flat printed structures into targeted respective 3D architectures. Such use of planar screen‐printed layers to create 3D shapes brings several technological advantages, including broad selection of materials, large‐scale processing at low cost, and incorporation of numerous functional technologies. The successful control of such printed 3D architectures offers a promising route to enable numerous applications based on large variety of materials.
Progress in Scalable Coating and Roll‐to‐Roll Compatible Printing Processes of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Realization of Commercialization
Authors: Jung Yen‐Sook , Hwang Kyeongil , Heo Youn‐Jung , Kim Jueng‐Eun , Vak Doojin , Kim Dong‐Yu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOrganic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) have attracted worldwide attention due to their excellent photovoltaic properties, such as their proper bandgap, strong light absorption, long exciton diffusion length, and easy device fabrication with solution processes, suggesting a great potential for low‐cost, high‐performance solar cells. After a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.8% achieved in 2009, numerous efforts have been made to create PeSCs with high PCEs over 20% in small‐area cells. The next challenge is transition from the lab‐scale spin coating to a large‐scale coating/printing, which will preferably involve the cost‐competitive roll‐to‐roll manufacturing and vacuum‐free full‐printing process. This review provides a progress report on studies related to the scalable deposition methods for PeSCs, such as slot‐die coating, blade coating, spray coating, and various other methods, and to their processing strategies for morphology control in perovskite film formation and discusses the challenges and potential of commercialization of PeSCs in the future.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Serves as a Dual Synthon: Construction of 5‐Methyl Pyrimidine Derivatives via Four Component Oxidative Annulation
Authors: Xu Cheng , Jiang Shi‐Fen , Wen Xiao‐Hui , Zhang Qin , Zhou Zhi‐Wen , Wu Yan‐Dong , Jia Feng‐Cheng , Wu An‐Xin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn efficient potassium persulfate mediated four component reaction for the construction of 5‐methyl pyrimidine derivatives has been established from readily available methyl ketones, amidine hydrochlorides and dimethyl sulfoxide. This transformation features dimethyl sulfoxide as a dual synthon, acting as the precursors of the methyl and methine units. Four new chemical bonds, involving two C−C and two C−N bonds were formed sequentially during the intermolecular oxidative annulation process. This synthetic method offers several advantages including broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance and simplicity of operation.magnified image