bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing ultra‐high spatial resolution remote‐sensing methods in mapping peatland vegetation
Authors: Räsänen Aleksi , Juutinen Sari , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina , Aurela Mika , Virtanen Tarmo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractQuestionsHow to map floristic variation in a patterned fen in an ecologically meaningfully way? Can plant communities be delineated with species data generalized into plant functional types? What are the benefits and drawbacks of the two selected remote‐sensing approaches in mapping vegetation patterns, namely: (a) regression models of floristically defined fuzzy plant community clusters and (b) classification of predefined habitat types that combine vegetation and land cover information?LocationTreeless 0.4 km2 mesotrophic string–flark fen in Kaamanen, northern Finland.MethodsWe delineated plant community clusters with fuzzy c‐means clustering based on two different inventories of plant species and functional type distribution. We used multiple optical remote‐sensing data sets, digital elevation models and vegetation height models derived from drone, aerial and satellite platforms from ultra‐high to very high spatial resolution (0.05–3 m) in an object‐based approach. We mapped spatial patterns for fuzzy and crisp plant community clusters using boosted regression trees, and fuzzy and crisp habitat types using supervised random forest classification.ResultsClusters delineated with species‐specific data or plant functional type data produced comparable results. However, species‐specific data for graminoids and mosses improved the accuracy of clustering in the case of flarks and string margins. Mapping accuracy was higher for habitat types (overall accuracy 0.72) than for fuzzy plant community clusters (R2 values between 0.27 and 0.67).ConclusionsFor ecologically meaningful mapping of a patterned fen vegetation, plant functional types provide enough information. However, if the aim is to capture floristic variation in vegetation as realistically as possible, species‐specific data should be used. Maps of plant community clusters and habitat types complement each other. While fuzzy plant communities appear to be floristically most accurate, crisp habitat types are easiest to interpret and apply to different landscape and biogeochemical cycle analyses and modeling.
Ambient temperature provides an adaptive explanation for seasonal reproduction in a tropical mammal
Authors: McNutt J. W. , Groom R. , Woodroffe R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUnderstanding how reproductive timing has evolved to reflect climatic conditions is increasingly important as the climate changes, influencing species persistence and ecosystem dynamics. Among endotherms, seasonal reproduction is often linked to natural selection for reproducing when biotic conditions (e.g. food availability) are most favourable. In contrast, we present evidence that direct effects of an abiotic factor have selected for seasonal reproduction in a tropical mammal. We have shown previously that the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), a diurnally active coursing predator, has lower reproductive success at high ambient temperatures, when its hunting activity is constrained. We therefore hypothesized that natural selection would favour reproduction during cool weather conditions, in locations where such conditions occur predictably. We show that, as predicted, wild dogs reproduce seasonally at latitudes from 7 to 25°S, such that their pup‐rearing periods coincide with the coolest (but not the driest) weeks of the year. Wild dog reproduction is aseasonal at latitudes ≤2°. As the climate warms, some temperate‐zone species have tracked optimal conditions through altered phenology. However, in seasonally breeding wild dog populations, any alteration in phenology would require breeding in hotter weather, probably reducing reproductive success. This endangered species may thus have a limited ability to adapt to climate change. Seasonal reproduction might be a trait indicating climate change vulnerability among tropical species.
Long‐term dynamics of Alpine ungulates suggest interspecific competition
Authors: Corlatti L. , Bonardi A. , Bragalanti N. , Pedrotti L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStudies identifying interspecific competition require the investigation of negative long‐term effects between sympatric species showing overlap in resource use. A potential for competition exists between red deer Cervus elaphus and chamois Rupicapra spp., as revealed by the high dietary overlap observed throughout the range where the species co‐occur. Furthermore, some studies have recently reported negative demographic consequences on chamois populations living in sympatry with red deer. Using time series of counts spanning 35 years between 1984 and 2018 in the Stelvio National Park (Central Italian Alps), we tested for density dependence using state‐space models and explored the evidence of competitive interaction through Ricker‐like models on the growth rate of both species. We contrasted alternative hypotheses for the processes explaining the trends of (decreasing) chamois and (increasing) red deer populations. We expected chamois dynamics to be negatively affected by increasing deer abundance, while deer dynamics should be primarily affected by climate forcing and density dependence. We found evidence that resources were limiting for both species. In particular, growth rates were negatively affected by the synergistic effect of winter weather conditions and density dependence. The most important variable limiting the chamois population, however, was the increase in red deer numbers. The dynamics of this species was unaffected by chamois numbers. While causality cannot be inferred from the data, these results are consistent with the hypothesis of a negative effect of red deer on chamois dynamics, thus supporting the occurrence of interference or exploitation competition between sympatric mountain‐dwelling ungulates. Understanding the processes underlying temporal dynamics is pivotal for informed management of wildlife. Consequences of interspecific competition should be carefully evaluated where the populations of the weaker competitor are of conservation concern, especially in the light of the negative effects of anthropogenic environmental change on animal populations.
Water abundance in the Tagish Lake meteorite from TGA and IR spectroscopy: Evaluation of aqueous alteration
Authors: Gilmour Cosette M. , Herd Christopher D. K. , Beck Pierre 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHere, we evaluate the extent of aqueous alteration among five pristine specimens of the ungrouped Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite (TL5b, TL11h, TL11i, TL4, and TL10a) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and infrared (IR) transmission spectroscopy. Both TGA and IR spectroscopy have proven to be reliable methods for determining the extent of aqueous alteration among different carbonaceous chondrites, in particular the CM chondrites (e.g., Garenne et al. 2014), with which Tagish Lake shares some affinities. Using these two methods, our goal is to incorporate TL4 and TL10a into the known alteration sequence of TL5b < TL11h < TL11i (Herd et al. 2011; Blinova et al. 2014a). This study highlights the compositional variability of the Tagish Lake specimens, which we ascribe to its brecciated nature. Our TGA and IR spectroscopy results are congruent with the reported alteration sequence, allowing us to introduce the TL4 and TL10a specimens in the following order: TL4 < TL5b ≤ TL10a < TL 11h < TL11i. Notably, these two specimens appear to be similar to the least altered lithologies previously reported, and the alteration of Tagish Lake is similar to that experienced by lesser altered members of the CM chondrites (>CM1.6). Based on these findings, Tagish Lake could be considered a 1.6–2.0 ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite. Visible and near‐IR reflectance measurements of Tagish Lake were also acquired in this study to revisit the Tagish Lake parent body connection. While other studies have paired Tagish Lake with D‐ and T‐type asteroid parent bodies, the reflectance spectra acquired in this study are variable among the different Tagish Lake specimens in relation to their alteration sequences; results match with spectra characteristic of C‐, X‐, Xc‐, and D‐type asteroids. The heterogeneity of Tagish Lake coupled with its low albedo makes the parent body connection a challenge.
Genome structure predicts modular transcriptome responses to genetic and environmental conditions
Authors: Mark Stephanie , Weiss Joerg , Sharma Eesha , Liu Ting , Wang Wei , Claycomb Julie M. , Cutter Asher D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the plasticity, robustness and modularity of transcriptome expression to genetic and environmental conditions is crucial to deciphering how organisms adapt in nature. To test how genome architecture influences transcriptome profiles, we quantified expression responses for distinct temperature‐adapted genotypes of the nematodeCaenorhabditis briggsaewhen exposed to chronic temperature stresses throughout development. We found that 56% of the 8,795 differentially expressed genes show genotype‐specific changes in expression in response to temperature (genotype‐by‐environment interactions, GxE). Most genotype‐specific responses occur under heat stress, indicating that cold vs. heat stress responses involve distinct genomic architectures. The 22 co‐expression modules that we identified differ in their enrichment of genes with genetic vs. environmental vs. interaction effects, as well as their genomic spatial distributions, functional attributes and rates of molecular evolution at the sequence level. Genes in modules enriched for simple effects of either genotype or temperature alone tend to evolve especially rapidly, consistent with disproportionate influence of adaptation or weaker constraint on these subsets of loci. Chromosome‐scale heterogeneity in nucleotide polymorphism, however, rather than the scale of individual genes predominates as the source of genetic differences among expression profiles, and natural selection regimes are largely decoupled between coding sequences and noncoding flanking sequences that containcis‐regulatory elements. These results illustrate how the form of transcriptome modularity and genome structure contribute to predictable profiles of evolutionary change.
Lack of gene flow: Narrow and dispersed differentiation islands in a triplet of Leptidea butterfly species
Authors: Talla Venkat , Johansson Anna , Dincă Vlad , Vila Roger , Friberg Magne , Wiklund Christer , Backström Niclas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGenome scans in recently separated species can inform on molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes driving divergence. Large‐scale polymorphism data from multiple species pairs are also key to investigate the repeatability of divergence—whether radiations tend to show parallel responses to similar selection pressures and/or underlying molecular forces. Here, we used whole‐genome resequencing data from six wood white (Leptidea sp.) butterfly populations, representing three closely related species with karyomorph variation, to infer the species' demographic history and characterize patterns of genomic diversity and differentiation. The analyses supported previously established species relationships, and there was no evidence for postdivergence gene flow. We identified significant intraspecific genetic structure, in particular between karyomorph extremes in the wood white (L. sinapis)—a species with a remarkable chromosome number cline across the distribution range. The genomic landscapes of differentiation were erratic, and outlier regions were narrow and dispersed. Highly differentiated (FST) regions generally had low genetic diversity (θπ), but increased absolute divergence (DXY) and excess of rare frequency variants (low Tajima's D). A minority of differentiation peaks were shared across species and population comparisons. However, highly differentiated regions contained genes with overrepresented functions related to metabolism, response to stimulus and cellular processes, indicating recurrent directional selection on a specific set of traits in all comparisons. In contrast to the majority of genome scans in recently diverged lineages, our data suggest that divergence landscapes in Leptidea have been shaped by directional selection and genetic drift rather than stable recombination landscapes and/or introgression.
From folklore to patriotic and protest songs: Music, youth, and Basque identity during the 1960s
Authors: Lamikiz Jauregiondo Amaia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTaking a bottom‐up approach to the study of nationalism, the following pages constitute an attempt to shed light on the role singing played for a young generation of Basques who actively participated in the process of construction of Basque collective identity during the cultural revival movement of the 1960s. In doing so, this article aims at showing the fundamental role of active audiences, as well as their changing political and social context, in conforming the meaning of “Basque songs” as means to promote Basque nationalism and sustain opposition to the Franco regime. The study of the production, reception, and reinterpretation of Basque music during the cultural revival of the 1960s presented here intends to emphasize the interest of focusing on how ordinary people contribute to the recreation of the nation through their appropriation and interpretation of cultural symbols and practices.
A manual propofol infusion regimen for neonates and infants
Authors: Morse James , Hannam Jacqueline A. , Cortinez Luis Ignacio , Allegaert Karel , Anderson Brian J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsManual propofol infusion regimens for neonates and infants have been determined from clinical observations in children under the age of 3 years undergoing anesthesia. We assessed the performance of these regimens using reported age‐specific pharmacokinetic parameters for propofol. Where performance was poor, we propose alternative dosing regimens.MethodsSimulations using a reported general purpose pharmacokinetic propofol model were used to predict propofol blood plasma concentrations during manual infusion regimens recommended for children 0‐3 years. Simulated steady state concentrations were 6‐8 µg.mL−1 in the first 30 minutes that were not sustained during 100 minutes infusions. Pooled clinical data (n = 161, 1902 plasma concentrations) were used to determine an alternative pharmacokinetic parameter set for propofol using nonlinear mixed effects models. A new manual infusion regimen for propofol that achieves a steady‐state concentration of 3 µg.mL−1 was determined using a heuristic approach.ResultsA manual dosing regimen predicted to achieve steady‐state plasma concentration of 3 µg.mL−1 comprised a loading dose of 2 mg.kg−1 followed by an infusion rate of 9 mg.kg−1.h−1 for the first 15 minutes, 7 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 15 to 30 minutes, 6 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 30 to 60 minutes, 5 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 1 to 2 hours in neonates (38‐44 weeks postmenstrual age). Dose increased with age in those aged 1‐2 years with a loading dose of 2.5 mg.kg−1 followed by an infusion rate of 13 mg.kg−1.h−1 for the first 15 minutes, 12 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 15 to 30 minutes, 11 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 30 to 60 minutes, and 10 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 1 to 2 hours.ConclusionPropofol clearance increases throughout infancy to reach 92% that reported in adults (1.93 L.min.70 kg−1) by 6 months postnatal age and infusion regimens should reflect clearance maturation and be cognizant of adverse effects from concentrations greater than the target plasma concentration. Predicted concentrations using a published general purpose pharmacokinetic propofol model were similar to those determined using a new parameter set using richer neonatal and infant data.
A Novel Technique Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Supine and Prone Positions for Diagnosing Lumbar Adhesive Arachnoiditis: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Tsuchida Rikuhei , Sumitani Masahiko , Azuma Kenji , Abe Hiroaki , Hozumi Jun , Inoue Reo , Oshima Yasushi , Katano Shuichi , Yamada Yoshitsugu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundLumbar adhesive arachnoiditis is a debilitating neuropathic condition and is difficult to diagnose owing to lack of definitive diagnostic criteria. By focusing on the intrathecal mobility of nerve roots, we assessed whether useful diagnostic criteria could be established using MRI.MethodsSeventeen patients with a high risk for lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis and 18 no‐risk patients with chronic low back pain and/or leg pain participated in this study. The patients underwent MRI in both the supine and prone positions. Eleven axial T2‐weighted images between the L2 and L5/S levels were obtained, and the proportion of the low‐intensity area in the dorsal half to the total low‐intensity area in the dural sac was calculated for each axial view.ResultsAt some lumbar levels, the low‐intensity area in the dorsal half of the dural sac was relatively larger in patients with a high risk for lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis than in the no‐risk patients. In the no‐risk group, the proportion of the low‐intensity area in the dorsal half in the supine position was significantly higher than that in the prone position at all lumbar levels. However, in the high‐risk group, at some levels, the proportions were not significantly different in the dorsal half of the dural sac between the supine and prone positions.ConclusionIn patients with a known risk for lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis, nerve roots lose their potential to migrate in the dural sac in the gravitational force direction on MRI.
Biotechnological mechanism for improving plant remobilization of phosphorus during leaf senescence
Authors: Da Ros Letitia M. , Mansfield Shawn D. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryPhosphorus enrichment of aquatic ecosystems through diffuse source pollution is an ongoing issue worldwide. A potential solution lies in the use of fast‐growing, multipurpose feedstocks, such as trees, to limit the flow of phosphorus into riparian areas through luxury consumption. However, the perennial nature of trees and their use of leaves as storage organs for excess phosphorus may reduce the effectiveness of contaminant removal during periods of leaf abscission. In an attempt to improve phosphorus remobilization during autumnal senescence, transgenic hybrid poplar P39 (Populus alba × Populus grandidentata) and Arabidopsis thaliana harbouring a constitutively expressed low‐affinity potato phosphate transporter (35S::StPht1‐1) were generated using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. For both species, the highest expressing 35S::StPht1‐1 lines were grown alongside wild‐type plants and subjected to increasing phosphate applications. StPht1‐1 expression in A. thaliana led to a reduction in biomass when grown under high‐phosphate conditions and had no effect on phosphate remobilization during senescence. In contrast, StPht1‐1 constitutive expression in P39 resulted in increased leaf phosphate content in the highest expressing transgenic line and minimal to no effect on P resorption efficiency. Surprisingly, sulphate resorption showed the greatest improvement in all three transgenic poplar lines, displaying a 31%–37% increase in resorption efficiency. These results highlight the complexity of nutrient resorption mechanisms in plants.
A rice really interesting new gene H2‐type E3 ligase, OsSIRH2‐14, enhances salinity tolerance via ubiquitin/26S proteasome‐mediated degradation of salt‐related proteins
Authors: Park Yong Chan , Lim Sung Don , Moon Jun‐Cheol , Jang Cheol Seong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSalinity is a deleterious abiotic stress factor that affects growth, productivity, and physiology of crop plants. Strategies for improving salinity tolerance in plants are critical for crop breeding programmes. Here, we characterized the rice (Oryza sativa) really interesting new gene (RING) H2‐type E3 ligase, OsSIRH2‐14 (previously named OsRFPH2‐14), which plays a positive role in salinity tolerance by regulating salt‐related proteins including an HKT‐type Na+ transporter (OsHKT2;1). OsSIRH2‐14 expression was induced in root and shoot tissues treated with NaCl. The OsSIRH2‐14‐EYFP fusion protein was predominately expressed in the cytoplasm, Golgi, and plasma membrane of rice protoplasts. In vitro pull‐down assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that OsSIRH2‐14 interacts with salt‐related proteins, including OsHKT2;1. OsSIRH2‐14 E3 ligase regulates OsHKT2;1 via the 26S proteasome system under high NaCl concentrations but not under normal conditions. Compared with wild type plants, OsSIRH2‐14‐overexpressing rice plants showed significantly enhanced salinity tolerance and reduced Na+ accumulation in the aerial shoot and root tissues. These results suggest that the OsSIRH2‐14 RING E3 ligase positively regulates the salinity stress response by modulating the stability of salt‐related proteins.
Do all chlorophyll fluorescence emission wavelengths capture the spring recovery of photosynthesis in boreal evergreen foliage?
Authors: Zhang Chao , Atherton Jon , Peñuelas Josep , Filella Iolanda , Kolari Pasi , Aalto Juho , Ruhanen Hanna , Bäck Jaana , Porcar‐Castell Albert 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) is closely related to photosynthesis and can be measured remotely using multiple spectral features as solar‐induced fluorescence (SIF). In boreal regions, SIF shows particular promise as an indicator of photosynthesis, in part because of the limited variation of seasonal light absorption in these ecosystems. Seasonal spectral changes in ChlF could yield new information on processes such as sustained nonphotochemical quenching (NPQS) but also disrupt the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis. We followed ChlF and functional and biochemical properties of Pinus sylvestris needles during the photosynthetic spring recovery period to answer the following: (a) How ChlF spectra change over seasonal timescales? (b) How pigments, NPQS, and total photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorption drive changes of ChlF spectra? (c) Do all ChlF wavelengths track photosynthetic seasonality? We found seasonal ChlF variation in the red and far‐red wavelengths, which was strongly correlated with NPQS, carotenoid content, and photosynthesis (enhanced in the red), but not with PAR absorption. Furthermore, a rapid decrease in red/far‐red ChlF ratio occurred in response to a cold spell, potentially relating to the structural reorganization of the photosystems. We conclude that all current SIF retrieval features can track seasonal photosynthetic dynamics in boreal evergreens, but the full SIF spectra provides additional insight.