bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Be a Biological Racial Realist
Authors: Spencer Quayshawn 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Quayshawn Spencer shows that there is a widely used race talk in American English where race is a biological division and biologically real. That race talk is the Office of Management and Budget’s since 1997. Spencer shows that what race is, in this race talk, is just a set of five biological populations in the human species. After defending this qualified biological racial realism, Spencer shows how his qualified biological racial realism is helpful in answering the question of whether any folk racial scheme has epistemic value in medical genetics.
Is Race an Illusion or a (Very) Basic Reality?
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Joshua Glasgow argues in this chapter that ‘race’ in the ordinary sense is defined such that races are supposed to be large groups of humans organized according to certain visible traits, like skin color. Biology cannot validate the existence of such groups, even if it can identify other human populations. So Glasgow argues that race is not biologically real. And because the relevant traits do not change when social facts change, race is not a social construction. This suggests that race is not socially real, either. Consequently, it seems that race is not real. However, Glasgow also considers another possibility: that race is real, neither biologically nor socially, but in a more basic sense. According to this view, races are real by virtue of facts that find no home in any of the sciences, biological or social. Their only significance is that which people choose to give them. In the course of making his arguments, Glasgow explores how we should identify the meanings of our terms and how to proceed when scientific and ordinary meanings diverge. He concludes by leaving it open whether race is simply not real, or whether it is real in that basic sense.
New Urban Spaces
Authors: Brenner Neil 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The urban condition is today being radically transformed. Urban restructuring is accelerating, new urban spaces are being consolidated, and new forms of urbanization are crystallizing. How can these transformations be deciphered? In this book, critical urban theorist Neil Brenner argues that confronting this challenge requires not only intensive research on urban restructuring but new theories of urbanization. To this end, Brenner proposes an approach that breaks with inherited conceptions of the urban as a bounded settlement unit—the city or the metropolis—and explores the multiscalar constitution, political mediation, and ongoing rescaling of the capitalist urban fabric, from the local and the regional to the national and the planetary. New Urban Spaces offers a paradigmatic account of how rescaling processes are transforming inherited formations of urban life, the role of multiscalar state spatial strategies in animating them, and their variegated consequences for emergent patterns and pathways of urbanization. The book also advances an understanding of critical urban theory as radically revisable: key urban concepts, methods, and cartographies must be continually reinvented in relation to the relentlessly mutating worlds of urbanization they aspire to illuminate.
Restructuring, Rescaling, and the Urban Question
Authors: Brenner Neil 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Since the 1990s, the scalar dimensions of global urban restructuring have been reflexively explored within several major streams of critical urban studies. Against the background of earlier rounds of debate on the shifting spatialities of the urban question, this chapter offers a critical evaluation of these recent scalar turns. What is the theoretical specificity of a scalar approach to urban restructuring? A relatively narrow, but analytically precise, definitional proposal is put forward through a series of theoretical, epistemological, and methodological propositions. This approach aims to destabilize methodologically localist, city-centric understandings of the urban while also distinguishing processes of scalar structuration from other key dimensions of sociospatial relations related to place-making, territorialization, and networking. This relatively abstract definitional foray is the first of several efforts in this book to demarcate the proper conceptual parameters—and limits—of scale in relation to specific terrains of urban studies.
Cities and the Political Geographies of the “New” Economy
Authors: Brenner Neil 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter develops a scalar reinterpretation of contemporary political strategies to promote urban regeneration through the clustering of so-called new economy industries specialized in the production and deployment of advanced informational and communications technologies. In contrast to much of the hyperbole that has surrounded the new economy concept, this analysis of European trends suggests that urban growth strategies oriented toward such firms and sectors have generally involved rescaled, broadly market-disciplinary approaches to the regulation of uneven spatial development that seriously exacerbate, rather than resolve, the crisis tendencies and contradictions of post-Keynesian capitalism. However, despite their destabilizing macroeconomic consequences and the often vague, ideologically slippery spatial visions attached to projects to promote a new economy, such neoliberalizing regulatory rescalings continue to play a key role in the production of new urban spaces and new forms of urbanization.
A Thousand Layers: Geographies of Uneven Development
Authors: Brenner Neil 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The question of uneven spatial development has long been a central concern for critical sociospatial theorists. But how, precisely, is the spatiality of this process to be conceptualized? Drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s striking metaphor of social space as a mille-feuille—a flaky French pastry composed of “a thousand layers”—this chapter argues that the geographies of uneven development are best conceived as a polymorphic superimposition and interpenetration of sociospatial relations. Alongside its scalar dimensions, uneven spatial development is also mediated through the dynamics of territorialization, place-making, and networking. The morphologies of sociospatial relations under capitalism are too intricately interwoven to be reduced to a single dimension, scalar or otherwise. This chapter thus offers a series of autocritical reflections on the scalar analytics elaborated in the preceding chapters while also outlining several major challenges for future research on the variegated spatialities of capitalist urbanization.
Introduction
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
What exactly is “noise” in the urban space? With limited resources, often navigating within turbulent political and economic contexts, public officials prefer to regulate sounds that they: 1) can easily specify and identify; 2) hear as imbued with negative ramifications (for health, for the economy, for political stability, for safety, for morals, etc.), especially when they have the support of the citizenry; and 3) can combat under the auspices of scientific facts. This is not an easy task, however, as all three parameters constantly undergo change. The introduction discusses noise as entailed with spatial and ontological axes. It relates the concept of sound-politics to citizenship studies, particularly insurgent citizenship, differentiated citizenship, and microcitizenship.
Administrative Flows
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The chapter focuses on two law enforcement institutions. The first is the police, one of the most visible state actors in the city and a recurrent choice for dealing with community noise. The second institution is the Urban Silence Program (Programa de Silêncio Urbano, or PSIU), a municipal agency created in 1994. After tracing the administrative flows inside the police and the PSIU, I suggest a comparative analysis of the two institutions. By following sound as it circulates within each of these governmental bodies, I argue that, different than the groups considered so far, the main concern for the executive branch is not so much ontological or epistemological issues surrounding noise, but rather consolidating (1) legal-bureaucratic stability, (2) budgetary principles, and (3) political party affiliations.
“They Absolutely Took Their Skin Off”
Authors: Kolker Robert P. , Abrams Nathan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a clear and detailed chronology of the longest shoot in the history of filmmaking, which came about because its director wanted perfection in every scene. Performances, particularly those of the central characters, were carefully crafted, moving beyond realism to a heightened state. The length of the shoot caused actors like Harvey Keitel and Jennifer Jason Leigh to leave and to be replaced by Sydney Pollack and Marie Richardson. But the change of actors were only part of the churn of the production. Locations were dressed and then abandoned for others more suitable. The orgy was meticulously choreographed. Every element of the production had to suit Kubrick’s scrutiny and attention or be changed to do so.
On Inwardness and Place in Rilke’s Sonnets to Orpheus
Authors: Reid James D. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Rilke’s poetry can be read, under the influence of Heidegger, as entangled in the philosophy of subjectivity inaugurated by Descartes and brought to completion in the writings of Nietzsche, and so, by implication, belonging to a tradition to be overcome. The Sonnets occasionally appeal to human subjectivity as a creative source of the world’s being and meaning, but they also contest modern assumptions about subjectivity, and in ways that invite comparison with Heidegger’s own ambition to locate sources of significance beyond the Cartesian subject. This becomes especially palpable when one focuses on Rilke’s use of the language of space and place. The present chapter explores Rilke’s views on interiority and romantic inwardness and argues, against the grain of Heidegger’s interpretation, that the Sonnets develop a set of topological insights into the nonsubjective sources or places of human significance and the roots of an affirmative way of inhabiting the world.
The Modernism of The Sonnets to Orpheus
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Although Rilke does not fit neatly within any of the movements that made up European modernism, he nonetheless takes up the problems they identified and articulated: problems of the human relation to the world; the meaning of that world and the things in it; the potential loss of meaning in the face of various modes of alienation; the roots of alienation in objectifying modes of thought or the monumental shifts occasioned by technological advances; and the confrontation with human mortality and finitude in the absence of meaning-granting institutions. This essay argues that Rilke’s engagement with the visual arts offers some his most direct statements of how aesthetic making responds to these problems prior to demonstrating that The Sonnets to Orpheus are Rilke’s poetic working-through of how both the themes and specific language-use of poetry might help salvage world relations threatened by a stance of technological mastery and reduction to use value.
Telling
Authors: Halkitis Perry N. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Gay men experience the process of coming out to various groups of individuals, in myriad contexts, and throughout the course of their lives. For many gay men, telling one’s parents and families represents the most significant act of disclosure. Methods used for coming out to parents, circumstances by which the men came out, and reactions of their families in both the short and long term are explored. A variety of different approaches are evidenced in the life stories. The impact of these critical life events is considered in relation to the well-being and health of each of the men. Coming out to parents and family is challenging in every generation, but the circumstances related to coming out are influenced and shaped by both the sociopolitical contexts of the time and the crisis of each generation.
War and Order
Authors: Mara Gerald M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines how Thomas Aquinas and Niccolo Machiavelli relate war to political order. Both offer different substantive judgments and divergent methodological commitments. Aquinas’s political order is set within a comprehensive natural order that human beings should recognize and respect. Machiavelli’s is constructed by an aggressive praxis that seeks to harness human passions, always unsuccessfully. Philosophically, Aquinas depends on a theological teleology that Machiavelli rejects. If we read these texts comparatively we find that each author identifies dimensions of politics that the other overlooks. Further, their individual political narratives show the limitations of their theoretical frameworks. Comparing Aquinas with Machiavelli helps not only to reveal tensions between political philosophy’s two partners, but also to show why such tensions cannot be addressed by giving either one of these pre-eminence. These readings underscore questions about the relationship between political order and war that are muted in more contemporary analyses.
The Brain from Inside Out
Authors: Buzsáki György 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Brain from Inside Out takes a critical look at contemporary brain research and reminds us that theoretical framework does matter. Current technology-driven neuroscience is still largely fueled by an empiricist philosophy assuming that the brain’s goal is to perceive, represent the world, and learn the truth. An inevitable consequence of this framework is the assumption of a decision-making homunculus wedged between our perception and actions. In contrast, The Brain from Inside Out advocates that the brain’s fundamental function is to induce actions and predict the consequences of those actions to support the survival and prosperity of the brain’s host. Brains constantly test their hypotheses by producing actions rather than searching for the veridical objective world. Only actions can provide a second opinion about the relevance of the sensory inputs and provide meaning for and interpretation of those inputs. In this inside-out framework, it is not sensations that teach the brain and build up its circuits. Instead, the brain comes with a preconfigured and self-organized dynamics that constrains how it acts and views the world. Both its anatomical and physiological organizations are characterized by an enormous diversity which spans several orders of magnitude. The two ends of this continuous landscape give rise to apparently distinct qualitative features. A small core of strongly interconnected, highly active neurons provides fast and “good-enough” answers in needy situations by generalizations, whereas detailed and precise solutions rely on the contribution of the more isolated and sluggish majority. In this non-egalitarian organization, preexisting nonsense brain patterns become meaningful through action-based experience. The inside-out framework offers an alternative strategy to investigate how brain operations give rise to our cognitive faculties, as opposed to the outside-in approach that explores how our preconceived ideas map onto brain structures.
Internally Organized Activity During Offline Brain States
Authors: Buzsáki György 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A prime example of internally organized patterns is observed during sleep. The best studied of these is the sharp wave ripple in the hippocampus. Neuronal sequences during ripple events reach back to the past to replay snippets of waking experience at times when the brain is disengaged from the outside world. This process may consolidate episodic memories and stitch together discontiguous experiences, thereby giving rise to creative thoughts. In addition, neuronal assembly sequences during ripples also act as internalized, vicarious, trial-and-error mechanisms that can assist with subconscious optimization of future plans. Because the same neuronal substrate can perform both retrospective and prospective operations, it is not clear whether the traditional separation of postdiction (i.e., memory) from prediction (i.e., planning) is justified.
Assessment of Distress, Disorder, Impairment, and Need in the Population
Authors: Eaton William W. , Mojtabai Ramin , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Sheppard Leoutsakos Jeannie-Marie , Myllyluoma Jaana 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the most important devices for assessing the prevalence of mental disorders, as well as assessing levels of distress, impairment, and need. A brief discussion of the history of methods in psychiatric epidemiologic studies of prevalence is included. The assessment devices include those for screening, such as the K-6 scale, the CESD-r, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). Also included are assessment instruments designed for use by clinicians, such as the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis (SCID) and Structured Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). A brief section includes guidance for conducting field surveys of mental disorders in the general population. Methods of evaluating the measurement properties are discussed, and a review of studies of agreement between survey interviewers and clinicians is presented.
The Registration Challenge
Authors: Kennedy John James , Shi Yaojiang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The registration of households has a long history in China, from the imperial period to the People’s Republic of China. The baojia system of security and local registration was used in China from its inception during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) to the Republican period (1912–1949). After 1949, the Chinese Communist Party began massive registration campaigns. The household registration (hukou) law was introduced in 1958. Incessant problems associated with local leader autonomy and inconsistent reporting persisted from the traditional baojia into the current hukou system. Indeed, birth registration was a challenge for the Chinese Communist Party from the beginning and continued to be so into the reform era, especially with the massive administrative changes and decentralization in rural China that began in 1979. Uneven implementation meant that the birth registration process was inconsistent over time and geographically across rural China.
The Flow of Matter
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that matter flows. This is the first and central thesis from which the entire conceptual framework of kinesthetics follows. In order to understand what the minimal structure of the image is, such that it is capable of being in motion, we begin with its most basic aspect: the flow of matter. The flow of matter is defined by its movement and continuity; by its extensive and intensive features, by its pedesis, bifurcations, and confluences. The flow is the material condition for the emergence of images, which are defined by the folding of matters. In the concept of flow we have the necessary, but not yet sufficient, conditions for the emergence and mobility of the image.
The Concealed Influence of Custom
Authors: Garfield Jay L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This volume provides a reading of Hume’s Treatise as a whole, foregrounding Hume’s understanding of custom and its role in the Treatise. It shows that Hume grounds his understanding of custom in its usage in English legal theory, and that he takes custom to be the foundation for normativity in all of its guises, whether moral, epistemic, or social. The book argues that Hume’s project in the Treatise is to provide a socially inflected cognitive science—to understand how persons are constituted through an interaction of individual psychology and their social matrix—and that custom provides the ligature that ties together Hume’s naturalism and skepticism. In doing so, it shows that Hume is a consistent Pyrrhonian skeptic, but that he takes the positive part of the skeptical program seriously, showing not only that our practices have no foundation, but that they need none, and that custom alone serves to explain and to justify our practices.
The Passions and Human Nature
Authors: Garfield Jay L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the causes of the passions and their role in Hume’s psychology. I argue that the passions form the foundation of Hume’s naturalistic program to explain human nature and normativity. It also addresses the relationship between the passions and the idea of the freedom of the will, showing that the account of the passions undergirds Hume’s critique of the idea of freedom. This chapter also shows how central our social context is to the development of the passions, and to our psychology in general, in virtue of Hume’s argument that not only is our social nature determined by our passions, but that many of our passions are conditioned by social factors.
From Freedom Fighters to Jihadists
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This book examines the internal organization of armed groups, particularly their human resource practices. The authors look at the rebel armed groups through the prism of a labor market theory. In the Syrian civil war, extreme Islamist groups were able to siphon fighters off from moderate groups because they had better internal organization, took better care of fighters (physically and monetarily), and experienced less internal corruption. This book is based on more than six hundred survey-interviews with local civilians and fighters on the frontline in Syria (including members of al-Nusra and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant [ISIS]) and a dataset of human resource policies from forty armed groups based on qualitative interviews with group leaders. In addition, active and former foreign fighters with ISIS and Jubhat al-Nusra were interviewed in Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, and Central Asia (where many former ISIS foreign fighters were hiding). In search of deeper answers on ideological issues, the author also penetrated an ultra-radical sect of former ISIS fighters known as chain takfiris who had abandoned ISIS because its ideology was not religiously radical enough. The author interviewed members of this extreme sect and studied their books, lectures, forums, and closed channels on social media. The author also conducted extensive ethnographic research in 2016 and 2017 while embedded with Iraqi Special Operations Forces during the Mosul operation. This allowed her to observe the behavior of ISIS members in the field and collect valuable information from the group’s internal documentation and from fighters’ personal notebooks.
Funding the Fight
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In contrast to regular state armies, rebel armed groups do not have a budget assigned to them every year. Instead, it is the leaders’ responsibility to find money for the group. They must strategically choose and secure different funding sources at different times. Some leaders develop a portfolio of funding with enough resources not only to run day-to-day operations, but also to fund long-term projects such as medical care and social security benefits for their fighters. Other leaders take their groups down a completely different economic path, focusing on short-term planning. In a protracted war such as the one in Syria, the latter path leads to a lack of financial resources, bankruptcy, and absorption by other groups.