bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentary on “promoting positive communication environments: a service evaluation”: the communication partnership as a focus for change
Authors: Bunning Karen 
Published: November 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to debate the complexities of intervening with adults with learning disabilities and support staff in the natural environment and challenges of evaluating change.

Design/methodology/approach
A critical review of the relevance and amenability of communication partnerships for interventions that promote communication growth in context was carried out. Particular consideration was given to the mechanism for change and implications for research design.

Findings
The communication partnership is a reasonable focus for interventions aiming to promote the communication of adults with learning disabilities. Combining instructional training with in situ coaching appears to provide the most effective approach. Bringing about change within the dynamic context of communication is challenging and may benefit from an open, investigative design.

Originality/value
This paper synthesises the available evidence on intervening in the communication environment and debates the potential of realist evaluation as a context-focused research design.
Elevated pCO2 alters marine heterotrophic bacterial community composition and metabolic potential in response to a pulse of phytoplankton organic matter
Authors: James Anna K. , Kelly Linda W. , Nelson Craig E. , Wilbanks Elizabeth G. , Carlson Craig A. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryFactors that affect the respiration of organic carbon by marine bacteria can alter the extent to which the oceans act as a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide. We designed seawater dilution experiments to assess the effect of pCO2 enrichment on heterotrophic bacterial community composition and metabolic potential in response to a pulse of phytoplankton‐derived organic carbon. Experiments included treatments of elevated (1000 p.p.m.) and low (250 p.p.m.) pCO2 amended with 10 μmol L−1 dissolved organic carbon from Emiliana huxleyi lysates, and were conducted using surface‐seawater collected from the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre. To assess differences in community composition and metabolic potential, shotgun metagenomic libraries were sequenced from low and elevated pCO2 treatments collected at the start of the experiment and following exponential growth. Our results indicate bacterial communities changed markedly in response to the organic matter pulse over time and were significantly affected by pCO2 enrichment. Elevated pCO2 also had disproportionate effects on the abundance of sequences related to proton pumps, carbohydrate metabolism, modifications of the phospholipid bilayer, resistance to toxic compounds and conjugative transfer. These results contribute to a growing understanding of the effects of elevated pCO2 on bacteria‐mediated carbon cycling during phytoplankton bloom conditions in the marine environment.
‘Treat them into the grave’: cancer physicians’ attitudes towards the use of high‐cost cancer medicines at the end of life
Authors: Wiersma Miriam , Ghinea Narcyz , Kerridge Ian , Lipworth Wendy 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe prescribing of high‐cost cancer medicines at the end of life has become a focus of criticism, due primarily to concerns about the safety, efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of these medicines in this clinical context. In response to these concerns, a number of interventions have been proposed – frequently focused on improving physician–patient communication at the end of life. Underpinning these strategies is the assumption that the prescribing of high‐cost cancer medicines at the end of life is primarily the result of poor communication on the part of cancer physicians. In this paper, we explore the factors perceived by cancer physicians to be driving the use of high‐cost cancer medicines at the end of life. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews with 16 Australian oncologists and haematologists, we demonstrate that these physicians believe that the use of high‐cost medicines at the end of life is driven by multiple factors – including individual, interpersonal, socio‐cultural and public policy influences. We conclude that these factors, and their interactions, need to be taken into account in the development of public policy and clinical interventions to address the use of high‐cost medicines at the end of life.
Increased incidence of obstetric complications in women carrying mitochondrial DNA mutations: a retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary centre
Authors: Kuleva M , Ben Miled S , Steffann J , Bonnefont JP , Rondeau S , Ville Y , Munnich A , Salomon LJ 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate the obstetric outcome of women carriers of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disorder mutation.DesignA retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary centre.SettingA review of the obstetric history of women referred for prenatal screening of a mitochondrial disorder was performed.PopulationWomen were divided into three groups: (1) women carrying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations; (2) healthy women with a family history of mtDNA‐related OXPHOS disorder; and (3) healthy women carrying heterozygote nuclear DNA mutations.MethodsObstetric history and pregnancy complications were evaluated separately in the three groups and compared with the control group.Main outcome measures pregnancy complications.ResultsSeventy‐five women were included with 287 cumulative pregnancies. Groups 1 and 3 had a significantly greater proportion of terminations of pregnancy (20 and 13% versus 0.8%, P < 0.001), and a lower percentage of live births (52 and 72% versus 87%, P = 0.001), compared with controls. Apart from this, the rate of obstetric complications in group 3 did not differ from the controls. The obstetric history of women in group 1 was marked by higher rates of early miscarriages (26 versus 11%, P = 0.004), gestational diabetes (14 versus 3%, P = 0.02), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR, 10 versus 1%, P = 0.008), and postpartum haemorrhage than were reported for controls (12 versus 2%, P = 0.01).ConclusionWomen who are heteroplasmic for OXPHOS mutations have a higher incidence of pregnancy losses, gestational diabetes, IUGR, and post postpartum haemorrhage.Tweetable abstractWomen heteroplasmic for mitochondrial DNA mutations have a higher incidence of obstetric complications, compared with the control group.
Absorbable subcuticular staples versus suture for caesarean section closure: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Madsen AM , Dow ML , Lohse CM , Tessmer‐Tuck JA 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo compare outcomes of efficiency, safety, patient, and surgeon satisfaction between absorbable subcuticular staples and subcuticular suture for caesarean section skin closure.DesignA prospective, randomised, non‐blinded, parallel‐group trial.SettingMayo Clinic Family Birth Center in Rochester, MN, USA.PopulationAt least 18 years old and 24 weeks’ gestation, undergoing caesarean section. Exclusion criteria were body mass index >50, chorioamnionitis, intrauterine fetal death, and multifetal gestation.MethodsPatients were stratified by prior caesarean section, body mass index, and surgeon level and randomised to absorbable subcuticular staples or subcuticular suture. Electronic medical records and surveys were used.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were total operating time, from incision start to close. Secondary outcomes included subcuticular skin closure time, patient and surgeon satisfaction, percutaneous injuries, pain (analgesic use), cosmesis, and wound complications.ResultsOf 220 randomised patients, 206 were included in the final analysis (103 per group). Baseline characteristics were similar. The primary outcome of total operative time was not significantly different between groups [54.0 (44.9–63.6) versus 58.0 (50.4–68.2) minutes, P = 0.053]. The subcuticular staple group had shorter subcuticular skin closure time [median 2.6 (1.8–4.0) versus 8.5 (6.2–10.5) minutes, P < 0.001]. There were no differences in analgesic use, wound complications, cosmesis or patient satisfaction. One needlestick injury occurred with suture. Surgeons were more likely to recommend (97% versus 85%, P = 0.004) and use (98% versus 82%, P < 0.001) absorbable subcuticular staples.ConclusionFor caesarean section skin closure, absorbable subcuticular staples did not result in significantly different total operative times compared with sutures. Analgesic use, wound complications, and cosmesis were comparable. Patient and surgeon satisfaction were high with both methods.Tweetable abstractAbsorbable subcuticular staples associated with a similar total operative time compared with suture.
Trends in caesarean section rates between 2007 and 2013 in obstetric risk groups inspired by the Robson classification: results from population‐based surveys in a low‐resource setting
Authors: Hanson C , Betrán AP , Opondo C , Mkumbo E , Manzi F , Mbaruku G , Schellenberg J 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo describe caesarean section rates and neonatal mortality to assess change in access to life‐saving interventions in a rural low‐resource setting between 2007 and 2013.DesignPopulation‐based cross‐sectional study.SettingSouthern Tanzania.PopulationA total of 34 063 women from 384 549 households who gave birth in the previous year.MethodsUsing data collected in two geo‐referenced household surveys conducted in 2007 and 2013 in the context of two cluster‐randomized controlled trials, we describe trends in caesarean section and neonatal mortality in obstetric risk groups inspired by the 10‐group Robson classification.Main outcome measuresRates of self‐reported birth by caesarean section and neonatal mortality.ResultsPopulation‐based caesarean section rates increased from 4.0% in 2007 to 6.4% in 2013. In 2013, the lowest caesarean section rate was found in multipara whose labour was not induced or augmented [4.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.9–4.9], a group that showed a rate increase of over 50% from 2007 [adjusted prevalence ratio 1.57 (95% CI 1.34–1.82)]. Nullipara whose labour was not induced or augmented had rates of 6.2% in 2007 and 8.5% in 2013. Caesarean rates in multiple pregnancies were low at 8.1% (95% CI 5.6–10.5) in 2007, and 14.6% (95% CI 9.4–19.8) in 2013. Overall neonatal mortality was high: 3.5% in 2007 and 3.2% in 2013, with rates being lowest in multiparous women whose labour was not induced or augmented: 2.4% (95% CI 2.2–2.7) and 1.7% (95% CI 1.4–2.0) in 2007 and 2013, respectively.ConclusionAlthough use of caesarean section remains insufficient, and higher rates do not necessarily imply better quality of care, our analysis highlights improvements in reaching women with caesarean section. Rates in multiple birth remained low compared with high‐income settings.Tweetable abstractIn Southern Tanzania caesarean section rates increased over time, but the rate in high‐risk births remained alarmingly low.
The influence of the introduction of national guidelines on preterm birth prevention practice: UK experience
Authors: Care A , Ingleby L , Alfirevic Z , Sharp A 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo identify the current status of specialist preterm labour (PTL) clinics and identify changes in management trends over the last 5 years following release of the NICE preterm birth (PTB) guidance.DesignPostal Survey of Clinical Practice.SettingUK.PopulationAll consultant‐led obstetric units.MethodsA questionnaire was sent by post to all 187 NHS consultant‐led obstetric units. Units with a specialist PTL clinic were asked to answer a further six questions defining their protocol for risk stratification and management.Main outcome measuresCurrent practice in specialist PTL clinics. Changes in treatment trends over 5 years.ResultsThirty‐three PTL prevention clinics were identified, with 73% running weekly. NHS staff (84%) have replaced university staff as the lead clinicians (from 69% in 2012 to 21% in 2017), suggesting this clinic has become increasingly integrated with standard care for women at the highest risk of PTB. There has been a large shift from nearly half of clinics offering cerclage as primary treatment for short cervix to offering more choice (30%) between at least two of cerclage, vaginal progesterone or pessary and combinations of primary treatments (18%), demonstrating more equipoise among clinicians regarding therapies for short cervix.ConclusionsOver 5 years, there has been a 44% increase in the number of specialist PTL clinics in the UK. Although there is a better consensus over the target high‐risk population, there is increasing heterogeneity among first‐line treatments for short cervix.Tweetable abstractUK PTB prevention clinics have increased by 44% over 5 years, with increasing clinical equipoise to best Rx for short cervix.
Linking Biochemistry Concepts to Food Safety Using Yogurt as a Model
Authors: Zimmerman Tahl , Ibrahim Mariama , Gyawali Rabin , Ibrahim Salam A 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis laboratory activity was designed to strengthen our Food and Nutritional Science students’ knowledge of biochemistry concepts and the relationship between these concepts and food science. The result was a laboratory experience in which biochemistry concepts are taught using yogurt as a model, in order to link those concepts to food safety, an important area of food science. The students employed a colorimetric method to measure the lactase activity of bacterial strains found in commercial yogurts and were encouraged to relate the activity to bacterial lactic acid production, fermentation, and food safety. Students were assessed with pre‐ and post‐test exams, laboratory reports, class performance rubrics, and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). The result demonstrated that the students successfully completed the learning objectives and were motivated during the activity. This exercise could be used as a template for a simplified and engaging way to introduce food science majors, as well as other students, to complex biochemistry and molecular biology concepts using food, particularly yogurt, as a model.
Effect of Partial Hydrolysis with Papain on the Characteristics of Transglutaminase‐Crosslinked Tofu Gel
Authors: Li Chuanyun , Wu Xuefeng , Mu Dongdong , Zhao Yanyan , Luo Shuizhong , Zhong Xiyang , Jiang Shaotong , Li Xingjiang , Zheng Zhi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe effects of partial enzymatic hydrolysis of soymilk on the characteristics of transglutaminase (TG)‐crosslinked tofu gel were studied. SDS‐PAGE showed that the molecular weight of the partially hydrolyzed soybean protein was reduced to that of a digested peptide (less than 43.0 kDa) when papain was added at more than 50 μL/100 mL soymilk. The content of free sulfhydryls, β‐sheets, and random coils in papain‐treated soymilk increased. When TG was added to soy milk after papain treatment and tofu gel was formed, its storage modulus increased from 957.44 to 1241.39 Pa. The gel strength, water‐holding capacity, and nonfreezing water content of the tofu gel were greater than those without enzyme treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that limited papain hydrolysis stimulated TG‐catalyzed cross‐linking of soymilk to form a dense gel network structure, whereas an extended enzymatic hydrolysis of soymilk did not promote crosslinking by TG.Practical ApplicationThis work investigated the effect of partial hydrolysis on TG cross‐linked tofu gel. Partial hydrolysis of soybean protein with papain can promote TG cross‐linking reaction, thus form a dense network structure, increase gel strength, and water‐holding capacity. Therefore, it can be used to produce a good gel product with higher gel strength, springiness, water‐holding capacity, and a more dense microstructure.
Machine‐learning prediction of adolescent alcohol use: a cross‐study, cross‐cultural validation
Authors: Afzali Mohammad H. , Sunderland Matthew , Stewart Sherry , Masse Benoit , Seguin Jean , Newton Nicola , Teesson Maree , Conrod Patricia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackground and aimsThe experience of alcohol use among adolescents is complex, with international differences in age of purchase and individual differences in consumption and consequences. This latter underlines the importance of prediction modeling of adolescent alcohol use. The current study (a) compared the performance of seven machine‐learning algorithms to predict different levels of alcohol use in mid‐adolescence and (b) used a cross‐cultural cross‐study scheme in the training‐validation‐test process to display the predictive power of the best performing machine‐learning algorithm.DesignA comparison of seven machine‐learning algorithms: logistic regression, support vector machines, random forest, neural network, lasso regression, ridge regression and elastic‐net.SettingCanada and Australia.ParticipantsThe Canadian sample is part of a 4‐year follow‐up (2012–16) of the Co‐Venture cohort (n = 3826, baseline age 12.8 ± 0.4, 49.2% girls). The Australian sample is part of a 3‐year follow‐up (2012–15) of the Climate Schools and Preventure (CAP) cohort (n = 2190, baseline age 13.3 ± 0.3, 43.7% girls).MeasurementsThe algorithms used several prediction indices, such as F1 prediction score, accuracy, precision, recall, negative predictive value and area under the curve (AUC).FindingsBased on prediction indices, the elastic‐net machine‐learning algorithm showed the best predictive performance in both Canadian (AUC = 0.869 ± 0.066) and Australian (AUC = 0.855 ± 0.072) samples. Domain contribution analysis showed that the highest prediction accuracy indices yielded from models with only psychopathology (AUC = 0.816 ± 0.044/0.790 ± 0.071 in Canada/Australia) and only personality clusters (AUC = 0.776 ± 0.063/0.796 ± 0.066 in Canada/Australia). Similarly, regardless of the level of alcohol use, in both samples, externalizing psychopathologies, alcohol use at baseline and the sensation‐seeking personality profile contributed to the prediction.ConclusionsComputerized screening software shows promise in predicting the risk of alcohol use among adolescents.
Airway management research: a systematic review
Authors: Ahmad I. , Onwochei D. N. , Muldoon S. , Keane O. , El‐Boghdadly K. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryRecent controversy regarding the ethics of conducting airway research in patients led to disagreements concerning the value and frequency of manikin‐based investigation. However, no formal examination of the methodology of airway research has been undertaken. We, therefore, performed a systematic bibliometric review of airway management research to describe the conduct, quantify the subjects (patient vs. manikin vs. other), assess the reported outcomes and map global trends. We retrieved 1505 relevant studies published between 2006 and 2017, together recruiting 359,648 subjects, of which 341,233 were patients, the remaining being volunteers or subjects managing manikins, human cadavers, animals or bench models. There were 701 randomised controlled clinical trials (46.6%), 83 non‐randomised experimental clinical trials (5.5%), 298 observational studies (19.8%) and 423 non‐patient studies (28.1%). A total of 1082 studies (71.9%) were patient studies and 322 were manikin studies (21.4%). The total annual number of airway management studies increased over time, as did the annual number of patient studies, but there was no significant increase in the annual number of manikin studies over time. Of the patient studies, subject baseline characteristics were most likely to be ASA status 1–2 (n = 531, 49.1%), populations were most often elective surgical patients (n = 918, 84.8%) and the most common interventions studied were tracheal intubation (n = 820, 54.4%) or supraglottic airway device insertion (n = 257, 17.1%). There was a total of 77 different primary outcomes used in the included studies, the most commonly reported being success rate and procedure time. By understanding how and what has been previously studied these data can be used to form the basis for future priority setting exercises, core outcome set development, and could inform strategy on the future directions of airway management research.
A burden from birth? Non‐invasive prenatal testing and the stigmatization of people with disabilities
Authors: Rubeis Giovanni , Steger Florian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe notion of being a burden to others is mostly discussed in the context of care‐intensive diseases or end‐of‐life decisions. But the notion is also crucial in decision‐making at the beginning of life, namely regarding prenatal testing. Ever more sophisticated testing methods, especially non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), allow the detection of genetic traits in the unborn child that may cause disabilities. A positive result often influences the decision of the pregnant women towards a termination of the pregnancy. Thus, critics claim that these testing methods send a negative message to people with disabilities. At the core of this is what we call the burden assumption. This assumption claims that children with disabilities are necessarily a burden to others, especially to their parents and other family members. In this paper, we discuss what being a burden to others means in this context and how such an attitude can be avoided without restraining reproductive autonomy. A closer examination shows that the burden assumption is mostly based on misinformation and a false model of disability. Empirical studies as well as narrative evidence from parents who raise a child with disabilities show that the burden assumption is wrong. Raising a child with disabilities does not necessarily mean a decrease in the quality of life. We show how the burden assumption can be challenged through an advanced genetic counselling that combines empirical evidence with narratives from a first‐person perspective.
Exogenous IL‐19 attenuates acute ischaemic injury and improves survival in male mice with myocardial infarction
Authors: An Weishuai , Yu Yongsheng , Zhang Yuefan , Zhang Zhigang , Yu Yunhua , Zhao Xianxian 
Published: November 2018

Background and purposeMyocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death in China and often results in the development of heart failure. In this work, we tested the therapeutic role of Interleukin‐19 (IL‐19) in mice with MI and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism.Experimental approachMice were subjected to MI by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and treated with IL‐19 (10ng g‐1; i.p.).Key resultsProtein expression of IL‐19 and its receptor in myocardium were upregulated 24 hrs post‐MI in male mice. IL‐19 treatment decreased infarct and apoptosis in myocardium, accompanied by enhanced haem oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) activities and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Pretreatment with IL‐19 upregulated HO‐1 expression in cultured neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes and attenuated oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD)‐induced injuries in vitro. Furthermore, IL‐19 preserved cardiac function and improved survival of mice with MI. IL‐19 reduced inflammatory infiltrates and suppressed formation of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6. More importantly, IL‐19 inhibited polarization toward proinflammatory M1 macrophages and stimulated M2 macrophage polarization in myocardium of mice with MI. IL‐19 enhanced protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and promoted angiogenesis in myocardium of mice with MI. In addition, IL‐19 treatment increased DNA‐binding of the transcription factor STAT3 in myocardium of mice with MI.Conclusions and ImplicationsTreatment with exogenous IL‐19 attenuated acute ischemic injury and improved survival of mice with MI. The mechanisms underlying these effects involved induction of HO‐1, M2 macrophage polarization, angiogenesis, and STAT3 activation.