bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of plaice eggs and larvae in the Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Poxton M. G. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisInformation concerning the abundance and distribution of plaice Pleuronectet, platessa L. eggs and larvae has been gathered from the examination of old records and from cruises carried out for this precise purpose. Additional information on the spawning of plaice is presented from the capture of ripe specimens.Plankton samples have been taken in the Clyde Sea Area over many years by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland for a variety of purposes. All samples taken since 1950 have been examined and data on plaice eggs and larvae have been extracted and collated. The data have been standardised by expressing all the results in terms of number/100 m3.The data show that plaice spawn in the Clyde between February and April, with maximum concentrations of eggs and larvae occurring in early March and April, respectively. Although the eggs are widely distributed, they are commonest to the east of Arran, the greatest densities being found off the Heads of Ayr, in Ayr Bay, close to Ailsa Craig and in Irvine Bay. The distribution of eggs and larvae in relation to the position of the nursery grounds for the young fish is discussed.
Water consumption and slurry production of dry and lactating sows.
Authors: Lightfoot A.L. , Armsby A.W. 
Published: June 2019

This study measured the amount of water consumed by dry and lactating sows when available ad libitum and the amount of slurry produced. Limited information was available on both subjects and this required verification.In one room containing 12 farrowing crates the water supply to 6 crates was metered separately to washing down water. Sows used a nose operated drinker to dispense water into the feed rough so water usage recorded was consumed and not wasted.The rear third of each farrowing pen was perforated metal and the slurry produced was contained in a channel within the building and periodically pumped out for measuring.
Field Trials in Fixed Time Sheep A.I. in Ireland
Authors: Crosby T F , Boland M P , Gordon I 
Published: June 2019

Studies reported from this laboratory in the mid seventies showed that it was possible to achieve a conception rate of 73% to a single fixed-time insemination in the autumn breeding season in ewes previously treated with intravaginal progestagen and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). The present work was aimed principally at an examination of the AI technique in commercial flocks when applied over a period of three years (1979–81) and when applied in sheep of different breeds (Galways and Suffolk-cross).In the course of three successive breeding seasons, a total of 2,704 cyclic ewes in 87 farm flocks were bred to Texel or Suffolk rams by A.I. using a sperm dose of 400 million in 0.2 ml volume of a skim milk diluent; only semen samples showing a wave motion rating of 3.5 or higher were used and accepted samples were pooled. A further 525 ewes in 20 farm flocks were bred by natural service (ratio of 1 ram: 10 ewes) in one area covered by the AI work. Control of oestrus and ovulation was achieved by a 12-day treatment using commercially available progestagen sponges (Chronogest, Intervet. Ltd.; Veramix, Upjohn Ltd.); at sponge withdrawal a single intramuscular injection of 500 i.u. PMSG (Intervet. Ltd.) was administered.
Oestrus detection in dairy cows by milk temperature measurement
Authors: Fordham D.P. , McCarthy T.T. , Rowlinson P. 
Published: June 2019

The efficiency of oestrus detection is probably the most important factor determining the profitability of the dairy farming enterprise. With current trends towards larqer herds and fewer stockmen, achieving a 365 day calving interval has become increasingly difficult, with each oestrus missed representing considerable economic loss (Esslemont and Bryant, 1976). This highlights the need for an accurate method of oestrus detectionAn experiment was undertaken to evaluate the use of milk temperature as a method of oestrus detection.
A survey of factors effecting mortality and incidence of disease among purchased calves
Authors: Fallon R. J. , Hante F. J. 
Published: June 2019

A survey was conducted on 3200 purchased Friesian male calves to see if any easily measured parameters could provide an indication of possible problems in the subsequent rearing of the animalsThe survey was conducted at the Agricultural Institute farm at Grange in the period January 1976 to June 1982. The effects of serum immunoglobulin status, purchase weight, calf source and feeding system on calf mortality and incidence of disease were assessed. The following catagories were used in the analysis.1.Immunoglobulin status as indicated by the Zinc Sulphate Turbidity Test (ZST). Calves were categorised as “low” (less than 15 ZST units) or “high” (greater than 15 ZST units).2.Purchase weight: Calves were categorised as “light”(less than 40kg) or “heavy”(more than 40kg).3.Calf source: Calves were categorised as “farm” (purchased direct from farms) or “market“ (purchased in auction markets).4.Feeding systems: Calves were categorised as “bucket” (individually penned on straw and fed various quantities of milk replacer by bucket) or “ad libitum” (group penned on straw and fed their milk replacer allowance ad libitum by teat).
Incidence and Treatment of Hypothermia in the Young Lamb
Authors: Dickson I A , Eales F A , Lloyd Mary , Smith M E , Speedy A W 
Published: June 2019

New techniques developed for the detection and resuscitation of hypothermic lambs were evaluated in 1931 by farmers and shepherds on thirty farms varying widely in type and location in Scotland.Flock size varied from 60 to 2000 ewes. All lambs showing dullness or lack of vigour were to be examined and treatment determined by rectal temperature and by age if severely hypothermic. A prototype electronic thermometer was used indicating by coloured lights whether the lamb was not hypothermic (>39°C) , mildly hypothermic (37-39°C), or severely hypothermic (<37°C).
Effect of Silage dry Matter Content and Protein Supplementation on the Performance of In-Lamb Ewes
Authors: Done Diana L 
Published: June 2019

On the basis of experimental results, Forbes, Rees and Boas (1967) recommended that silage for pregnant ewes should have a DM content of at least 200 g/kg. Higher silage intakes and improved animal performance may be achieved by feeding silage of DM content in excess of this level.Increases in lamb birth weight have been achieved with additional protein supplementation to ewes on hay based rations in late pregnancy (Clark and Speedy, 1981). The response to protein supplementation on silage based diets is less well documented.In a 3 x 2 factorial experiment, 23A Border Leicester x Welsh Mountain in-lamb ewes, penned in groups of 18 or 21,were offered either an unwilted silage 199 g DM/kg) made with a formalin/formic acid additive (UA); a wilted, silage (287 g DM/kg) made with additive (WA) or a wilted silage (272 g DM/kg) made without additive (WO). The silages were offered ad-libitum from housing in January until lambing in mid-March.
Relationship between ultrasonic fat depth assessments of commercial breeding sows at the p2 and hip bone positions and herd performance
Authors: Simmins P.H. 
Published: June 2019

The reproductive performance of the sow may be associated with the amount of fat stored in the body and the rate at which fat may be depleted. As body fat represents the easily mobilisable reserves of energy, an accurate and practical measurement of fat content is crucial. King et al (1986) have shown that linear baekfat measurements are the best single predictors of body fat compared to any other indirect indices of body composition. However practical experience has also suggested that fat measurements over the tuber coxae of the ileum (hip bone) will also provide an assessment of the fat status of a sow although its relationship to back fat depth is uncertain. Furthermore ultrasound techniques have not been tested in commercial conditions and the effectiveness of normal commercial practice in maintaining body fat reserves has not been previously examined.The object of the investigation was to assess whether the fat status of the sow as determined by ultrasonic fat measurements at the P2 position (6.5 mm from the midline of the backbone at the last rib) and hip bone would give an objective assessment of the condition and performance of the sow. The effectiveness of normal commercial practice in maintaining herd condition was also assessed.
The Accidental Carriage of Insects on Board Aircraft
Authors: Laird Marshall 
Published: June 2019

SummaryAccidental dispersals of medically and agriculturally undesirable insects by sea and air transport are discussed, with attention to the relative importance of the roles of ships and aircraft. World-wide records of insects found on board aircraft and discovered to have been introduced at airfields are briefly reviewed, and consideration is given to ways of meeting the problem by insecticidal treatment and airport insect control. It is felt that the insecticidal treatment of aircraft, even when provided for by comprehensive international regulations and conscientiously undertaken, does not alone provide sufficient protection against insect introductions, and that greater attention should be paid to the preventive aspects of the problem, with particular regard to the control of insects of both medical and economic significance at international airports.
Global Power Shifts, Diversity, and Hierarchy in International Politics
Authors: Parmar Inderjeet 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLiberal internationalism is under the microscope as never before as it faces a world experiencing turbulence and anxiety. The specter of right-wing authoritarianism and even fascism haunt Western societies as struggles for recognition dominate domestic politics, while demands of (re)emerging states for international representation grow more compelling. Simultaneously, there is broader recognition of a growing legitimacy crisis of the American hegemon principally due to the mindsets and failures of its liberal hegemonic elites. Both developments are major advances in the understandings of how the West dominates “diversity regimes” and co-opts discourses universal in origin and character and of how the U.S. foreign policy establishment has brought the world to the current conjuncture. Yet, there are limitations still. Although central, the concepts of diversity, hierarchy, and elites need to be broadened out significantly, and rooted in corporate-class power, to fully comprehend the core crises of the international order today.
The Future Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Humans and Human Rights
Authors: Livingston Steven , Risse Mathias 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhat are the implications of artificial intelligence (AI) on human rights in the next three decades? Precise answers to this question are made difficult by the rapid rate of innovation in AI research and by the effects of human practices on the adaption of new technologies. Precise answers are also challenged by imprecise usages of the term “AI.” There are several types of research that all fall under this general term. We begin by clarifying what we mean by AI. Most of our attention is then focused on the implications of artificial general intelligence (AGI), which entail that an algorithm or group of algorithms will achieve something like superintelligence. While acknowledging that the feasibility of superintelligence is contested, we consider the moral and ethical implications of such a potential development. What do machines owe humans and what do humans owe superintelligent machines?
Artificial Intelligence: Power to the People
Authors: Roff Heather M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTo adequately estimate the beneficial and harmful effects of artificial intelligence (AI), we must first have a clear understanding of what AI is and what it is not. We need to draw important conceptual and definitional boundaries to ensure we accurately estimate and measure the impacts of AI from both empirical and normative standpoints. This essay argues that we should not conflate AI with automation or autonomy but keep them conceptually separate. Moreover, it suggests that once we have a broad understanding of what constitutes AI, we will see that it can be applied to all sectors of the economy and in warfare. However, it cautions that we must be careful where we apply AI, for in some cases there are serious epistemological concerns about whether we have an appropriate level of knowledge to create such systems. Opening the aperture to include such questions allows us to further see that while AI systems will be deployed in a myriad of forms, with greater or lesser cognitive abilities, these systems ought never to be considered moral agents. They cannot possess rights, and they do not have any duties.
The Trophic Role of Marine Microorganisms Through Time
Authors: Lipps Jere H. , Culver Stephen J. 
Published: June 2019

Microorganisms (prokaryotes and protists) seldom fossilize, but they form much of the trophic structure in marine pelagic and benthic environments, chiefly as primary producers and secondary consumers. The fossil record of unskeletonized groups is meager or non-existent. Skeletonized groups have excellent records but represent a small portion of the total microbial diversity.The evolution of trophic structures and roles of microorganisms can be reconstructed broadly for most of geologic history. When life first evolved, it had a trophic structure. The first microbial fossils appear to be benthic mats; these are abundant in the Precambrian but sparse later; body fossils are very rare. The Archean saw pelagic and benthic prokaryotes and possibly protists later on. Proterozoic trophic structures became increasingly complex as protists entered pelagic environments. Benthic assemblages likewise became complex, as prokaryotes and protists formed mats and stromatolites in many environments. At the end of the eon, animals appeared; microbial primary producers and predation on microorganisms and among animals fueled these assemblages. The fundamental trophic structures that developed then persisted with modification into modern times. Phanerozoic ecosystems became very complex as skeletonized animals and protists evolved. Among the important trophic developments in the Phanerozoic history of microorganisms were the early diversification of phytoplankton and siliceous micro-zooplankton (Cambrian), algal endosymbiosis with benthic metazoans (Cambrian to Recent) and rock-forming foraminifera (late Paleozoic to Recent), the radiation of pelagic skeletal primary producers and micro-zooplankton (mid-Mesozoic), and radiations in the deep sea, reefs, and shallow areas (Mesozoic and Cenozoic). Each evolutionary change increased trophic complexity by adding more species at each level, while episodic mass extinctions decreased species diversity and trophic complexity.Marine trophic structures evolved over immense intervals of geologic time, growing complex and then suffering destruction at major extinction events. The effects of human impact on these structures should be examined, for without them, Earth may change dramatically.
Against object agency 2. Continuing the discussion with Sørensen
Authors: Ribeiro Artur 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper expands upon some of the arguments and issues surrounding object agency that have been discussed in this journal (Lindstrøm 2015; 2017; Ribeiro 2016a; 2016b; Sørensen 2016; 2018). More specifically, it challenges Sørensen’s support of object agency in his latest discussion on the topic (2018). The paper is divided into three parts: first, it questions the relevance of replacing the conventional usage of ‘agency’, generally attached to sociological studies and reserved to describe human action, with one supported by the New Materialists; second, it identifies a series of contradictions in how agency is defined according to the New Materialisms, namely how it can be very labile and scalable yet simultaneously universal and applicable across all cultures and time periods; and lastly, it questions the quality of the philosophical ideas supporting the New Materialist conception of agency, and its disadvantages in light of the current re-emergence and repopularization of processual archaeology.
GM technologies – opportunities and threats of applying GM technology in less developed and developed countries. ‘Aladdin's Cave or Pandora's Box?’
Authors: Bennett A. 
Published: June 2019

Globalization describes the many processes by which society is becoming more interconnected and interdependent. It has many dimensions, trade, finance, information, culture, tourism, the spread of pests and diseases, migration, corruption, environmental change and the supply of food. It is here to stay and offers many opportunities for growth and change. The challenge must be, ‘can it be made to work for the reduction of poverty, instability and hunger?’The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) confidently predict that the demand for meat and animal products will increase by 50% between 2000 and 2020 and for eggs by 25% over the same period.
Nlte-Effects in Supernovae Type II Photospheres
Authors: Höflich P. , Wehrse R. , Shaviv G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn order to provide accurate fluxes of supernovae Type II as needed for the application of the Baade-Wesselink method we have constructed spherical model photospheres for these objects under the assumption that hydrogen and helium are in statistical equilibrium. Although the densities are very low it is found that NLTE effects on the continuum radiation are small, because the temperature stratification is sufficiently flat and the strong scattering makes the radiation field rather local.
Hipparcos – Tycho: Photometry & Astrometry for more than 500 000 Stars
Authors: Grewing M. , Høg E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Hipparcos star mapper will be used to determine magnitudes in two colours and the positions for about 500 000 stars. The typical accuracy for the mean values is about 0.03 mag and 0.03 arcsec respectively for a star of B = 11.0 mag and B-V = 0.7 mag. The photometric system and part of the data analysis are outlined.
Synthetic Photometry and the Calibration of the Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: Koornneef J. , Bohlin R. , Buser R. , Horne K. , Turnshek D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe combined Scientific Instruments (SIs) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) feature an extensive wavelength coverage in both photometric and spectrophotometric modes with an overall dynamic range of more than twenty-five magnitudes. We demonstrate how synthetic photometry techniques are to be used to establish and maintain their calibration. This approach makes efficient use of limited HST observing time by taking full advantage of pre-launch knowledge on the SI sensitivity functions and calibration targets.
Millisecond Pulsars
Authors: Krolik J.H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMillisecond pulsars are intrinsically interesting because they illustrate some of the most extreme physical conditions to be found anywhere in the Universe, and because their evolution exhibits several stages of great drama. It had been widely believed for several years that spin-up of an old neutron star by accretion from a close stellar companion explained their fast rotation, but the absence of companions in several cases cast doubt on that picture. This spring a millisecond pulsar in a close binary was discovered in which the companion appears to be evaporating, thus reconciling the existence of lone millisecond pulsars with the standard picture. Ongoing observations of this new system, and complementary calculations, promise to answer many of the questions remaining about this dramatic phase in stellar evolution.
Spatially Varying Optical Properties of the Zodiacal Dust
Authors: Hong S. S. , Kwon S. M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnalyses of both the zodiacal light in the visible and the zodiacal emission in the infrared have provided us with ample evidence to claim that the interplanetary dust particles are mixtures or coagulations of more than one constituents and their mixing ratios vary with the distance from the sun.
Some Salient Features of Evolving Models of Interstellar Clouds
Authors: Tarafdar S. P. , Ghosh S. K. , Heere K. R. , Prasad S. S. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTDifficulties faced by various models of interstellar clouds have been discussed. A new evolutionary model which uses energy equation instead of empirical temperature-density relation used in earlier models has been presented. This calculation shows that for a given initial density, the collapsing cloud has a minimum mass which is significantly smaller than the Jean's mass. The clouds with larger mass than the critical mass continue collapsing and physical and chemical evolution remain similar to earlier evolving models. Clouds with mass smaller than the critical mass initially collapse but ultimately bounce back, producing physically similar clouds in collapsing and expanding phases. The chemical evolution in these two physically similar clouds is different mainly due to differences in their lifetime. The lifetime of this oscillating cloud is also longer than the collapsing cloud.
Large Scale Jets in Class I and Class II Radio Sources and Quasars
Authors: Bicknell G.V. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe physics of large scale jets in class I and class II extragalactic radio sources and quasars is discussed. Class I jets appear to be turbulent, transonic jets which entrain the interstellar medium. The related jet deceleration causes a slow surface brightness decline which is usually observed. Class II jets are supersonic and terminate in an advancing shock against the external medium. Both types of jet are initially light but the ratio of jet density to external density of class I jets increases owing to entrainment. It is quite plausible that quasar jets are hypersonic and light and this may solve problems of confinement. The velocities of class I jets are of the order of a few thousand kilometers per second. Class II and quasar jets may be at least mildly relativistic. However, it is not clear whether the velocities of large scale jets in powerful sources are close to the speed of light. Recent depolarization measurements provide an interesting focus for discussion of this question.
The Science Program of the Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: Bahcall Neta A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHighlights of the science program to be carried out by the Hubble Space Telescope are reviewed. Some of the main scientific projects to be carried out by the General Observers (GOs) and the Guaranteed Time Observers (GTOs) during the early phases of the Space Telescope are discussed. The method and criteria for selecting science projects are also discussed.
“For Milliarcsecond or Better Accuracy”
Authors: Seidelmann P. K. 
Published: June 2019

The accuracies being achieved in astrometry, celestial mechanics, Earth Orientation, ephemerides and time have been improving significantly in recent years.The introduction of the improved astronomical constants, ephemerides, time scales and nutation as adopted from 1976 to 1984 has had the desired effect of permitting the investigation of systematic effects at precisions of an order of magnitude better than previously possible.Therefore, there have been many developments in observational data, in theories, and in astronomical computations that have promised, or claimed, to deliver accuracies of a milliarcsecond or better.Working Groups had been established with interrelationships in their scopes of activities. It did not appear that any of the working groups were prepared to present final recommendations that would be generally accepted.