bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gone with the wind: sequencing its type species supports inclusion of Cryptolechia in Gyalecta (Ostropales: Gyalectaceae)
Authors: LÜCKING Robert , MONCADA Bibiana , HAWKSWORTH David L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCryptolechia carneolutea is the type species of the genus Cryptolechia, a rare taxon classified as endangered in the UK, now largely confined to ancient Fraxinus trees. The only tree with abundant growth of the species in one of its strongholds, the Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve in Devon, was blown over in a storm in April 2017, making it possible to collect material for molecular studies and transplant specimens to other Fraxinus trees in the area. The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed C. carneolutea to be nested within the genus Gyalecta (Gyalectaceae). This further supports a broad circumscription of Gyalecta, after also including species previously placed in Belonia and Pachyphiale as proposed in other recent studies. It might be possible to introduce an alternative genus concept in Gyalectaceae, not schematically based on ascoma type and ascospore number, but presently not enough data are available to proceed with such a novel classification. A review of the taxonomic concept of Cryptolechia demonstrates that this name was used inconsistently in the past, and its possible inclusion in Gyalecta was anticipated by other authors. As the majority of species presently classified in Cryptolechia had been placed in Gyalecta before, only five new combinations are required to provide formal inclusion of all taxa in the latter genus: Gyalecta bicellulata (Kalb) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov., G. caudata (Kalb) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov., G. pittieriana (Kalb et al.) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov., G. saxatilis (Vězda) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov. and G. stellaris (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw. & Lücking comb. nov. We also supersede the previous lectotypification of Parmelia carneolutea Turner with the discovery of the holotype specimen in BM.
Towards an integrative taxonomy ofPhyllopsora(Ramalinaceae)
Authors: KISTENICH Sonja , BENDIKSBY Mika , EKMAN Stefan , CÁCERES Marcela E. S. , HERNÁNDEZ M. Jesús E. , TIMDAL Einar 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSpecies identification in the tropical lichen genusPhyllopsorais generally challenging and is based on ascospore morphology, vegetative dispersal units, thallus structure and secondary chemistry. As several type specimens are in poor condition and difficult to interpret, it is often unclear how these old names fit with the currently used taxonomy. In the present study, we aim to identify species boundaries inPhyllopsoras. str. supported by an integrative approach using multiple sources of evidence. We investigated a substantial amount of herbarium as well as freshly collected material and generated mtSSU and ITS sequence data from most of the described species, including several types. Species delimitation analyses are applied on the gene trees using mPTP and we construct a species tree of both markers with *BEAST, facilitating discussion of species delimitation and sister-relationships. Comparing morphology, chemistry and molecular data, we found that the mPTP analyses split established species repeatedly. Based on our integrative results, we exclude nine species from the genus, resurrect one (P. melanoglaucaZahlbr.), reduce two into synonymy with otherPhyllopsoraspecies and describe five as new to science:Phyllopsora amazonicaKistenich & Timdal (which shares the secondary chemistry (atranorin and terpenoid pattern) withP. haleichemotype 1, but differs, e.g., in having smaller areolae that are attached to a thinner, white prothallus, and in having more persistently marginate and less convex apothecia),Phyllopsora concinnaKistenich & Timdal (which shares the secondary chemistry (atranorin and parvifoliellin) withP. parvifoliellaandP. rappiana, but differs from both in forming larger isidia, having a white prothallus, apothecial margin paler than the disc, and longer and broader ascospores),Phyllopsora furfurellaKistenich & Timdal (which is here segregated fromP. furfuraceabased on having a white prothallus and in containing skyrin in the hypothecium (K+ red)),Phyllopsora isidosaKistenich & Timdal (which differs fromP. byssisedain forming a more crustose thallus with more delicate isidia, and fromP. isidiotylain forming somewhat coarser, less branched isidia) andPhyllopsora neotinicaKistenich & Timdal (a neotropical species here segregated from the now exclusively paleotropicalP. chodatinica, differing in containing an unknown xanthone (not chodatin)). Lectotypes are designated forBiatora pyrrhomelaenaTuck.,Lecidea leucophyllinaNyl.,L. pertextaNyl., andP. brachysporaMüll. Arg. In total, we accept 54 species in the genusPhyllopsora.
Racializing heterosexuality: Non-normativity and East Asian characters in James Bond films
Authors: Hiramoto Mie , Pua Phoebe 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article investigates how naturalized models of hegemonic masculinity affect race and sexuality in the James Bond film series. Through close analysis of film dialogue and paralinguistic cues, the article examines how the sexualities of East Asian female and male characters are constructed as oversexed and undersexed, respectively. The analysis therefore affirms Connell's (1995) conception of white heterosexual masculinity as exemplary: East Asian characters are positioned not only as racial Others, but as bodies upon which Bond's heterosexual masculinity is reflected and affirmed as normative and, by extension, ideal. In this way, race is curiously invoked to ‘explain’ sexuality, and Bond's unmarked white masculinity becomes the normative referent for expressions of heterosexual desire. By showing how the sexuality of East Asian characters is typecast as non-normative, the article gestures toward the possibility of theorizing racialized performances of heterosexuality as queer. (East Asia, James Bond, sexuality, race, masculinity, femininity, normativity, film)*
Fish oil plus wheat germ oil have no prominent effect on homocysteine levels and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Zakaria Hadeer , Mostafa Tarek M. , El-Azab Gamal A. , AH Sayed-Ahmed Nagy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Background: Elevated homocysteine levels and malnutrition are frequently detected in hemodialysis patients and are believed to exacerbate cardiovascular comorbidities. Omega-3 fatty acids have been postulated to lower homocysteine levels by up-regulating metabolic enzymes and improving substrate availability for homocysteine degradation. Additionally, it has been suggested that prevention of folate depletion by vitamin E consumption decreases homocysteine levels. However, data on the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or vitamin E on homocysteine levels and nutritional status have been inconclusive. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the effect of combined supplementation of fish oil, as a source of omega-3 fatty acids, with wheat germ oil, as a source of vitamin E, on homocysteine and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-six hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to two equally-sized groups; a supplemented group who received 3000 mg/day of fish oil [1053 mg omega-3 fatty acids] plus 300 mg/day of wheat germ oil [0.765 mg vitamin E], and a matched placebo group who received placebo capsules for 4 months. Serum homocysteine and different nutritional indices were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Twenty patients in each group completed the study. At the end of the study, there were no significant changes in homocysteine levels and in the nutritional indices neither in the supplemented nor in the placebo-control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fish oil and wheat germ oil combination did not produce significant effects on serum homocysteine levels and nutritional indices of hemodialysis patients.
Two Impacts of Arctic Rapid Tropospheric Daily Warming From Different Warm Temperature Advection on Cold Winters Over Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Wang Cen , Ren Baohua , Zheng Jianqiu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA number of previous studies show that the long‐term Arctic winter warming causes severe cold over East Asia and North America. We use the atmospheric data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis to define the Arctic rapid tropospheric daily warming (RTDW) events that in one day, Arctic average 1,000‐hPa air temperature is over 3σ warmer anomaly in situ winter. We find that main warm temperature advection of the RTDW events is from Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean, named the Atlantic pattern and the Pacific pattern, respectively. The RTDW events of different warm temperature advection have different vertical distributions of warming. Therefore, different polar vortex splitting is induced and the splitting of polar vortex means movement of the cold air mass. The impacts of RTDW events on the Northern Hemisphere cold winter are mainly through the Asia‐Europe path caused by the Atlantic pattern and the North America path caused by the Pacific pattern. As for the Asia‐Europe path, the cold air invades the northern hemisphere from northwest Europe to Southeast Asia throughout the entire Eurasian continent. In the case of the North America path, the negative temperature anomalies are located in the west of Canada and America. The different warm temperature advection of RTDW events leads to different regions of the polar cold air mass invasion through different paths. Our results may help find out where the severe cold events impact on after the Arctic RTDW events with the occurrence of different warm temperature advection.
Detection of New Dust Sources in Central/East Asia and Their Impact on Simulations of a Severe Sand and Dust Storm
Authors: Zhou Chunhong , Gui Hailin , Hu Jiangkai , Ke Huabing , Wang Yaqiang , Zhang Xiaoye 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInformation regarding dust concentrations and size distributions is very important for determining air quality and aerosol–radiation–cloud interactions. Only by using a correct erosion database can the sectional dust emission scheme resolve detailed size distributions and determine where and how dust will be emitted. In this paper, the bias and reasons for dust emission in China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment–Dust, an operational dust forecasting model, are analyzed using a heavy sand and dust storm episode. We used 18 years of routine sand and dust storm phenomena recorded at meteorological stations to retrieve and update the desertification details in the MBA sectional dust emission scheme adopted in China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment–Dust. New desertification details include decreased erodibility in the area adjacent to Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and southern Kazakhstan, where Kyzylkum, Karakum, and Aralkum are located in central Asia, and in the Chinese deserts of Onqin Daga, Mu Us, and Gurbantungut. New desertification also results in increased erodibility in northern Mongolia. Comparisons show that the new desertification database decreases overestimation of dust emission in central Asia, including western Mongolia. It improves the underestimation of dust emission in northern Mongolia and the Gobi desert in southeast Mongolia, and the Taklimakan desert in China. Consequently, it corrects the overestimated dust cloud in the source area and in areas impacted by dust transportation. The timing, quantitative mass concentrations, and dust size distributions determined here are all more reasonable and rational than those of the original case.
Thermal Conductivity of FeS and Its Implications for Mercury's Long‐Sustaining Magnetic Field
Authors: Manthilake G. , Chantel J. , Monteux J. , Andrault D. , Bouhifd M. A. , Bolfan Casanova N. , Boulard E. , Guignot N. , King A. , Itie J. P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe MESSENGER mission revealed that Mercury's magnetic field might have operated since 3.7–3.9 Ga. While the intrinsic magnetism suggests an active dynamo within Mercury's core, the mechanism that is responsible for sustaining the dynamo for prolonged period of time remains unknown. Here we investigated the electrical conductivity of Fe‐S alloys at pressure of 8 GPa and temperatures up to 1,700 K. We show that the electrical conductivity of Fe‐S alloys at 1,500 K is about 103 S/m, 2 orders of magnitude lower than the previously assumed value for dynamo calculations. The thermal conductivity was estimated using the Wiedemann‐Franz law. The total thermal conductivity of FeS is estimated to be ~4 Wm/K at the Mercurian core‐mantle boundary conditions. The low thermal conductivity suggests that a thermally driven dynamo operating on Mercury is more likely than expected. If coupled with chemical buoyancy sources, it is possible to sustain an intrinsic dynamo during time scales compatible with the MESSENGER observations.
Inner Edge of Habitable Zones for Earth‐Sized Planets With Various Surface Water Distributions
Authors: Kodama T. , Genda H. , O'ishi R. , Abe‐Ouchi A. , Abe Y. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhen planets receive insolation above a certain critical value called the runaway threshold, liquid surface water vaporizes completely, which forms the inner edge of the habitable zone. Because land planets can emit a large amount of radiation from the dry tropics, they have a higher runaway threshold than aqua planets do. Here we systematically investigated the runaway threshold for various surface water distributions using a three‐dimensional dynamic atmosphere model. The runaway threshold for the meridionally uniform surface water distribution increases from the typical value for the aqua planet regime (~130% S0) to one for the land planet regime (~155% S0) as the dry surface area increases, where S0 is the present Earth's insolation. Although this result is similar to the previous work considering zonally uniform surface water distributions, the runaway threshold for the land planet regime is quite low compared to that of the previous work. This is because a part of the tropical atmosphere is always wet for the meridionally uniform case. We also considered the surface water distributions determined by the Earth's, Mars's, and Venus's topographies. We found that their runaway thresholds are close to that for the meridionally uniform cases, and the amount of water at the boundary between an aqua planet regime and land planet regime is around 10% of the Earth's ocean. This clearly shows that the runaway threshold is not determined uniquely by the luminosity of the central star, but it has a wide range caused by the surface water distribution of the terrestrial water planet itself.
Long‐Wavelength Sinuosity of Linear Dunes on Earth and Titan and the Effect of Underlying Topography
Authors: Telfer M. W. , Radebaugh J. , Cornford B. , Lewis C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOn both Earth and Titan, some linear dunefields are characterized by curvilinear patterning atypical of the regularity and straightness of typical longitudinal dunefields. We use remotely sensed imagery and an automated dune crestline detection algorithm to analyze the controls on spatial patterning. Here it is shown that topography can influence the patterning, as dune alignments bend to deflect downslope under the influence of gravity. The effect is pronounced in a terrestrial dunefield (the Great Sandy desert, Australia) where substantial topography underlies, but is absent where the dunefield is underlain by subdued relief (southwestern Kalahari). This knowledge allows the inference of subtle topographic changes underlying dunefields from dunefield patterning, where other sources of elevation data may be absent. This methodology is explored using the Belet Sand Sea of Titan, where likely areas of topographic change at resolutions finer than those currently available from radar altimetry are inferred.
Dystrophin deficiency leads to dysfunctional glutamate clearance in iPSC derived astrocytes
Authors: Patel Abdulsamie M. , Wierda Keimpe , Thorrez Lieven , van Putten Maaike , De Smedt Jonathan , Ribeiro Luis , Tricot Tine , Gajjar Madhavsai , Duelen Robin , Van Damme Philip , De Waele Liesbeth , Goemans Nathalie , Tanganyika-de Winter Christa , Costamagna Domiziana , Aartsma-Rus Annemieke , van Duyvenvoorde Hermine , Sampaolesi Maurilio , Buyse Gunnar M. , Verfaillie Catherine M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results, beside muscle degeneration in cognitive defects. As neuronal function is supported by astrocytes, which express dystrophin, we hypothesized that loss of dystrophin from DMD astrocytes might contribute to these cognitive defects. We generated cortical neuronal and astrocytic progeny from induced pluripotent stem cells (PSC) from six DMD subjects carrying different mutations and several unaffected PSC lines. DMD astrocytes displayed cytoskeletal abnormalities, defects in Ca+2 homeostasis and nitric oxide signaling. In addition, defects in glutamate clearance were identified in DMD PSC-derived astrocytes; these deficits were related to a decreased neurite outgrowth and hyperexcitability of neurons derived from healthy PSC. Read-through molecule restored dystrophin expression in DMD PSC-derived astrocytes harboring a premature stop codon mutation, corrected the defective astrocyte glutamate clearance and prevented associated neurotoxicity. We propose a role for dystrophin deficiency in defective astroglial glutamate homeostasis which initiates defects in neuronal development.
Differential transcriptional response following glucocorticoid activation in cultured blood immune cells: a novel approach to PTSD biomarker development
Authors: Breen Michael S. , Bierer Linda M. , Daskalakis Nikolaos P. , Bader Heather N. , Makotkine Iouri , Chattopadhyay Mitali , Xu Changxin , Buxbaum Grice Ariela , Tocheva Anna S. , Flory Janine D. , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Meaney Michael J. , Brennand Kristen , Yehuda Rachel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition of stress reactivity, whose clinical manifestations are evident when patients are triggered following exposure to a traumatic event. While baseline differences in gene expression of glucocorticoid signaling and inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) have been associated with PTSD, these alterations do not fully recapitulate the molecular response to physiological triggers, such as stress hormones. Therefore, it is critical to develop new techniques that will capture the dynamic transcriptional response associated with stress-activated conditions relative to baseline conditions. To achieve this goal, cultured PBMCs from combat-exposed veterans with PTSD(+) (n = 10) and without PTSD(−) (n = 10) were incubated with increasing concentrations (vehicle, 2.5 nM, 5 nM, 50 nM) of dexamethasone (DEX). Across diagnosis and dosage, several genes and gene networks were reliable markers of glucocorticoid stimulation (FDR < 5%), including enhanced expression of FKPB5, VIPR1, NR1I3, and apoptosis-related pathways, and reduced expression of NR3C1, STAT1, IRF1, and related inflammatory and cellular stress-responsive pathways. Dose-dependent differential transcriptional changes in several genes were also identified between PTSD+ and PTSD−. Robust changes in expression were observed at 2.5 nM DEX in PTSD− but not PTSD+ participants; whereas, with increasing concentrations (5 nM and 50 nM), several genes were identified to be uniquely up-regulated in PTSD+ but not PTSD− participants. Collectively, these preliminary findings suggest that genome-wide gene expression profiling of DEX-stimulated PBMCs is a promising method for the exploration of the dynamic differential molecular responses to stress hormones in PTSD, and may identify novel markers of altered glucocorticoid signaling and responsivity in PTSD.
Significant contribution of metastable particulate organic matter to natural formation of silver nanoparticles in soils
Authors: Huang Ying-Nan , Qian Ting-Ting , Dang Fei , Yin Yong-Guang , Li Min , Zhou Dong-Mei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractParticulate organic matter (POM) is distributed worldwide in high abundance. Although insoluble, it could serve as a redox mediator for microbial reductive dehalogenation and mineral transformation. Quantitative information on the role of POM in the natural occurrence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is lacking, but is needed to re-evaluate the sources of AgNPs in soils, which are commonly considered to derive from anthropogenic inputs. Here we demonstrate that POM reduces silver ions to AgNPs under solar irradiation, by producing superoxide radicals from phenol-like groups. The contribution of POM to the naturally occurring AgNPs is estimated to be 11–31%. By providing fresh insight into the sources of AgNPs in soils, our study facilitates unbiased assessments of the fate and impacts of anthropogenic AgNPs. Moreover, the reducing role of POM is likely widespread within surface environments and is expected to significantly influence the biogeochemical cycling of Ag and other contaminants that are reactive towards phenol-like groups.
A critique of pure learning and what artificial neural networks can learn from animal brains
Authors: Zador Anthony M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractArtificial neural networks (ANNs) have undergone a revolution, catalyzed by better supervised learning algorithms. However, in stark contrast to young animals (including humans), training such networks requires enormous numbers of labeled examples, leading to the belief that animals must rely instead mainly on unsupervised learning. Here we argue that most animal behavior is not the result of clever learning algorithms—supervised or unsupervised—but is encoded in the genome. Specifically, animals are born with highly structured brain connectivity, which enables them to learn very rapidly. Because the wiring diagram is far too complex to be specified explicitly in the genome, it must be compressed through a “genomic bottleneck”. The genomic bottleneck suggests a path toward ANNs capable of rapid learning.
A new class of efficient randomized benchmarking protocols
Authors: Helsen Jonas , Xue Xiao , Vandersypen Lieven M. K. , Wehner Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRandomized benchmarking is a technique for estimating the average fidelity of a set of quantum gates. However, if this gateset is not the multi-qubit Clifford group, robustly extracting the average fidelity is difficult. Here, we propose a new method based on representation theory that has little experimental overhead and robustly extracts the average fidelity for a broad class of gatesets. We apply our method to a multi-qubit gateset that includes the T-gate, and propose a new interleaved benchmarking protocol that extracts the average fidelity of a two-qubit Clifford gate using only single-qubit Clifford gates as reference.
Global tissue-specific transcriptome analysis of Citrus sinensis fruit across six developmental stages
Authors: Feng Guizhi , Wu Juxun , Yi Hualin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCitrus sinensis fruit is a type of nonclimacteric fruit that mainly consists of four tissues: the epicarp, albedo, segment membrane and juice sac. The fruit quality is determined by the characteristics of these four tissues. However, our knowledge of the molecular processes that occur in these four tissues during citrus fruit development and ripening is limited. Tissue-specific transcriptomes provide a comprehensive and detailed molecular regulatory network of citrus fruit development and ripening. In our study, we collected four types of tissue from C. sinensis fruits at six developmental stages. A total of 72 libraries were constructed from 24 samples (each sample had three replicates), and the transcriptomes were sequenced by an Illumina HiSeq 4000. The comprehensive analyses of the transcriptomes from the four tissues and six developmental stages presented here provide a valuable resource for the discovery of the molecular networks underlying citrus fruit development and ripening.