bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hardwiring diagnostic stewardship using electronic ordering restrictions for gastrointestinal pathogen testing
Authors: Marcelin Jasmine R. , Brewer Charlotte , Beachy Micah , Lyden Elizabeth , Winterboer Tammy , Murphy Caitlin N. , Fey Paul D. , Hood Lauren , Van Schooneveld Trevor C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the impact of a hard stop in the electronic health record (EHR) on inappropriate gastrointestinal pathogen panel testing (GIPP).Design:We used a quasi-experimental study to evaluate testing before and after the implementation of an EHR alert to stop inappropriate GIPP ordering.Setting:Midwest academic medical center.Participants:Hospitalized patients with diarrhea for which GIPP testing was ordered, between January 2016 through March 2017 (period 1) and April 2017 through June 2018 (period 2).Intervention:A hard stop in the EHR prevented clinicians from ordering a GIPP more than once per admission or in patients hospitalized for >72 hours.Results:During period 1, 1,587 GIPP tests were ordered over 212,212 patient days, at a rate of 7.48 per 1,000 patient days. In period 2, 1,165 GIPP tests were ordered over 222,343 patient days, at a rate of 5.24 per 1,000 patient days. The Poisson model estimated a 30% reduction in total GIPP ordering rates between the 2 periods (relative risk, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.78;P< .001). The rate of inappropriate tests ordered decreased from 21.5% to 4.9% between the 2 periods (P< .001). The total savings calculated factoring only GIPP orders that triggered the hard stop was ∼$67,000, with potential savings of $168,000 when factoring silent best-practice alert data.Conclusions:A simple hard stop alert in the EHR resulted in significant reduction of inappropriate GIPP testing, which was associated with significant cost savings. Clinicians can practice diagnostic stewardship by avoiding ordering this test more than once per admission or in patients hospitalized >72 hours.
A comparative study of the velocity and vorticity structure in pipes and boundary layers at friction Reynolds numbers up to
Authors: Zimmerman S. , Philip J. , Monty J. , Talamelli A. , Marusic I. , Ganapathisubramani B. , Hearst R. J. , Bellani G. , Baidya R. , Samie M. , Zheng X. , Dogan E. , Mascotelli L. , Klewicki J. 
Published: April 2019

This study presents findings from a first-of-its-kind measurement campaign that includes simultaneous measurements of the full velocity and vorticity vectors in both pipe and boundary layer flows under matched spatial resolution and Reynolds number conditions. Comparison of canonical turbulent flows offers insight into the role(s) played by features that are unique to one or the other. Pipe and zero pressure gradient boundary layer flows are often compared with the goal of elucidating the roles of geometry and a free boundary condition on turbulent wall flows. Prior experimental efforts towards this end have focused primarily on the streamwise component of velocity, while direct numerical simulations are at relatively low Reynolds numbers. In contrast, this study presents experimental measurements of all three components of both velocity and vorticity for friction Reynolds numbers$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ranging from 5000 to 10 000. Differences in the two transverse Reynolds normal stresses are shown to exist throughout the log layer and wake layer at Reynolds numbers that exceed those of existing numerical data sets. The turbulence enstrophy profiles are also shown to exhibit differences spanning from the outer edge of the log layer to the outer flow boundary. Skewness and kurtosis profiles of the velocity and vorticity components imply the existence of a ‘quiescent core’ in pipe flow, as described by Kwonet al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 751, 2014, pp. 228–254) for channel flow at lower$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$, and characterize the extent of its influence in the pipe. Observed differences between statistical profiles of velocity and vorticity are then discussed in the context of a structural difference between free-stream intermittency in the boundary layer and ‘quiescent core’ intermittency in the pipe that is detectable to wall distances as small as 5 % of the layer thickness.
A content analysis of free smoking cessation mobile applications in the USA
Authors: Lee JuHan , Dallery Jesse , Laracuente Antonio , Ibe Ifeoma , Joseph Samantha , Huo Jinhai , Salloum Ramzi G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the quality and content of free smoking cessation apps and assess their adherence to the US Public Health Service guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence.MethodsIn total 180 apps were downloaded from the App Store and Google Play Store in January 2018; the top-ranking 30 apps were retrieved for the search terms: ‘smoking cessation’, ‘quit smoking’, ‘stop smoking’. Technical quality was rated using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) and by assessing other characteristics, behavioral change strategies and adherence to the 5As.Results/findingsA total 67 free-to-download apps were identified for full review (n = 40 from the Apple App Store and n = 27 from the Google Play Store). The average MARS score was 16.2/19.0: Engagement (3.3/5.0), Functionality (4.4/5.0), Aesthetics (4.0/5.0), and Information (2.6/5.0). Overall, 43 apps allowed sharing, 12 allowed for an app community, and five required a password. The following features were observed: assessment (n = 51), feedback (n = 38), information/education (n = 45), monitoring (n = 52), and goal setting (n = 23). Significant differences were found among apps adhering to the 5As: Ask (n = 44), Advise (n = 54), Assess (n = 30), Assist (n = 62), and Arrange (n = 0).ConclusionsGiven the growth in smoking cessation apps, future efforts should focus on improving their technical quality and adherence to the 5As.
Legal implications of smoking (bans) in English prisons
Authors: Maes Elise 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe high prevalence of tobacco smoking in prison, and certain aspects inherent in prison culture make smoking in that environment particularly difficult to regulate. Over the last decade, the UK government has adopted and sought to implement gradually its plan to make all prisons smoke-free nationwide. The UK Supreme Court recently ruled inBlackthat the Health Act 2006, which prohibits smoking in most enclosed public spaces, does not bind the Crown and consequently does not apply to public prisons. Both developments have implications for the human rights protection of smoking and non-smoking prisoners. This paper considers how English smoking and non-smoking prisoners’ (human) rights are currently protected, and what the legal implications are of a complete ban on smoking in English prisons. The paper reflects on whether an indoor smoking ban might strike a better balance between the competing rights and interests of smoking and non-smoking prisoners than a complete ban.
The massive Thirring system in the quarter plane
Authors: Xia Baoqiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe unified transform method (UTM) or Fokas method for analyzing initial-boundary value (IBV) problems provides an important generalization of the inverse scattering transform (IST) method for analyzing initial value problems. In comparison with the IST, a major difficulty of the implementation of the UTM, in general, is the involvement of unknown boundary values. In this paper we analyze the IBV problem for the massive Thirring model in the quarter plane, assuming that the initial and boundary data belong to the Schwartz class. We show that for this integrable model, the UTM is as effective as the IST method: Riemann-Hilbert problems we formulated for such a problem have explicit (x, t)-dependence and depend only on the given initial and boundary values; they do not involve additional unknown boundary values.
A Partial Chronological Sequence of Human Habitation for Pingelap Atoll (Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia)
Authors: Levin Maureece J , Seikel Katherine , Miles Aimee 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTPingelap Atoll, 1.8 km2 in area and nearly 70 km from the nearest island, presents a clear example of anthropogenic niche-building in physically isolated circumstances with limited resources. This paper presents the first radiocarbon (14C) dates (n=8) from an archaeological project examining settlement and subsistence practices on the atoll, specifically how Pingelapese people have constructed the environment to meet their needs over centuries of occupation. These dates confirm that human occupation of Pingelap occurred by 1700–1550 cal BP (2σ) at the latest, only a few centuries after the earliest securely-dated settlement of high islands in the region (Kosrae and Pohnpei), and with strikingly similar timing to another atoll in the region, Mwoakilloa. Evidence of early settlement includes shell tools, ornaments, extensive marine faunal remains, and charred botanical domesticates. These preliminary data build a framework for the settlement history and environment building of Pingelap.
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS, CIVILITY AND ARTIFICE
Authors: Simmonds N.E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe value of civility is grounded upon acceptance of the legitimacy of moral disagreement and the need for mutual respect and cooperation in the face of such disagreement. The distinction between rights and goods plays a fundamental role in the form of civility espoused by liberal society. Current models of constitutional rights and proportionality, in a variety of ways, erode that distinction and thereby place the liberal model of civility in jeopardy.
UNDERSTANDING AGENCY: A PROXY POWER DEFINITION
Authors: Leow Rachel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExisting definitions of agency are inadequate. In this paper, I offer a new definition of agency: a relationship is one of agency where the agent has a power to exercise at least one of the principal's own powers. I call this a “proxy power” for short. This definition brings with it three advantages. First, focusing on the agent's proxy power highlights the distinctive idea at the core of agency: that people can act through others at law, thereby expanding their legal personality in space. Second, that distinctive idea then helps identify the three reasons justifying when an agent has a proxy power: the principal's unilateral manifestation of will, the necessity of protecting the principal's interests, and where the principal is an artificial person who can only unilaterally manifest his will through an agent. Third, the definition vindicates prevailing intuitions about agency, and gives us a more transparent way to decide whether or one's invocation of “agency” is illegitimate or legitimate.
Embedding right-angled Artin groups into Brin–Thompson groups
Authors: BELK JAMES , BLEAK COLLIN , MATUCCI FRANCESCO 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe prove that every finitely-generated right-angled Artin group embeds into some Brin–Thompson groupnV. It follows that any virtually special group can be embedded into somenV, a class that includes surface groups, all finitely-generated Coxeter groups, and many one-ended hyperbolic groups.
Morales de la consommation en Pologne (1918-1989)
Authors: Mazurek Małgorzata 
Published: April 2019

RésuméCet article s’inscrit dans l’histoire de la mobilisation des consommateurs en faveur de régimes égalitaires de consommation. Il prend le cas de la Pologne au XXe siècle pour montrer comment les morales égalitaires de la consommation ont changé de sens. Il montre l’importance de la question de justice sociale dans les tentatives pour imposer un régime de redistribution et de régulation sociales contre un système orienté sur le profit, depuis l’entredeux- guerres jusqu’à la chute du communisme. Pendant toute cette période, la notion de « profiteur », d’argent gagné de façon immorale en abusant de la détresse d’autrui, évolue considérablement. Pendant l’entre-deux-guerres et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les conflits autour de l’accès à la nourriture s’organisent sur une base ethnique. Après-guerre, l’idéal d’une Pologne communiste et ethniquement homogène reconfigure ces conflits autour d’une catégorie autant fondée sur la classe que l’ethnie : l’intermédiaire profiteur. Dans les années 1950 et 1960, on remarque que les discours contre les profiteurs prennent une dimension genrée, alors que la croisade contre le commerce privé cède la place aux confrontations quotidiennes entre consommateurs et vendeuses des magasins. Enfin, la crise du bloc soviétique à partir des années 1970 voit un retour à l’entraide familiale et informelle, qui s’avérera un puissant facteur de démantèlement de l’État-providence communiste.
La nomenclature socio-professionnelle : une histoire revisitée
Authors: Amossé Thomas 
Published: April 2019

RésuméFruit d’un processus engagé au XIXe siècle, le code des catégories socio-professionnelles est élaboré en France entre 1951 et 1954 et n’a que peu été modifié depuis. Alors sans habillage théorique fort et d’une tonalité réaliste, il donne corps aux classes sociales dans la description de la société d’après-guerre. Lieu d’effervescence sociologique à l’occasion de sa « refonte » (1978-1981), il figure l’espace social à deux dimensions de la sociologie de Pierre Bourdieu et sert de laboratoire à la sociologie pragmatique de Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thévenot. Lors de sa « rénovation » (1995-2001), la prudence administrative des changements opérés contraste avec l’évolution du droit conventionnel et une ambition de pureté analytique soutenue par l’économétrie. L’histoire de la nomenclature rend compte de la situation d’un outil de représentation du monde censé demeurer inchangé quand rien ne l’est, ni l’institution qui en assure la gestion, ni les catégories ordinaires ou juridiques auxquelles il renvoie, ni les théories et usages sociologiques qui lui sont liés.
La naissance de l’humanisme comme mouvement au tournant du XVesiècle
Authors: Revest Clémence 
Published: April 2019

RésuméCet article propose une réflexion d’ensemble autour de la mutation fondamentale de l’humanisme en tant que « mouvement culturel », en distinguant une période charnière – les années 1400-1430 en Italie – et en interrogeant la notion même de mouvement comme catégorie d’analyse spécifique et stimulante pour l’histoire intellectuelle. Un effet de seuil décisif est caractérisé, fruit de processus mémoriels, sociologiques et savants corrélés. L’émergence d’une conscience de groupe ancrée dans un rapport réflexif à l’histoire, l’élaboration d’une gamme de pratiques et de références associée à la constitution d’une sociabilité dynamique, la fixation enfin de repères identitaires à la fois distinctifs et producteurs d’adhésion concourent à structurer un « espace des possibles » doté d’une puissante valeur symbolique, à partir du paradigme de la « redécouverte de l’Antiquité ». Dans l’interaction entre circulation des idées, pratiques sociales et imaginaires collectifs se joue l’essor d’un phénomène culturel de longue portée qui, au-delà des grands auteurs, se déploya de multiples façons et créa une « actualité » pensée comme telle.
Cœur de l'État, lieu de tension
Authors: Vivo Filippo De 
Published: April 2019

RésuméDepuis plusieurs années, une nouvelle tendance historiographique s’intéresse aux archives non pas comme simples réserves de documents, mais comme objets d’enquête à part entière. Certaines études analysent l’évolution de leur organisation et de leur administration, dans la mesure où s’y reflètent les présupposés politiques des institutions qui les contrôlent. Cet article prend acte de ce tournant documentaire et en offre une illustration tirée du célèbre cas de la Chancellerie vénitienne entre le XIVe et le XVIIe siècle, à un moment de fort développement de la gestion des archives. Il propose toutefois une approche plus large, replacée dans son contexte social, afin de montrer que les archives n’étaient pas seulement des instruments de pouvoir, mais aussi des lieux de conflits économiques, sociaux et politiques. Une lecture attentive fait apparaître, dans le document précis qui inspira l’image institutionnelle des archives vénitiennes comme « coeur de l’État », l’inquiétude des dirigeants patriciens concernant la fragilité de leurs archives et la fiabilité des notaires qui en avaient la charge. Cette perspective nous aide à expliquer la glorification des archives au Moyen Âge tardif et à l’époque moderne – représentation qui, dans son interprétation littérale, n’a cessé d’inspirer certaines analyses historiques, proposées encore aujourd’hui – en dévoilant les difficultés matérielles des pratiques de l’époque en matière de conservation. L’histoire des archives fait émerger un champ d’enquête prometteur, par sa capacité précise à éclairer à la fois l’histoire de l’État et le contexte social dans lequel ce dernier devait traiter.
Porteurs, mendiants, gentilshommes
Authors: Canepari Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

RésuméÀ travers l’utilisation de la notion de configuration de Norbert Elias et de modèles fondés sur la nature relationnelle du pouvoir (la relation patron-client, l’entrepreneur et le bigman), l’article a pour but de porter l’attention sur le rôle clé joué par les liens entre les élites et les couches populaires dans le processus de construction du pouvoir local. La forte mobilité sociale des élites romaines fait du quartier un espace politiquement ouvert: aucune liste officielle des membres de l’aristocratie n’existe avant le XVIIIe siècle, et le Statut de Rome (1580) se contente de définir le candidat aux charges municipales comme « un homme illustre du quartier ». Dans ce contexte, l’ancrage territorial est un élément essentiel dans la conquête du pouvoir local. Des chaînes d’interrelations unissent verticalement les couches les plus basses de la population aux familles de la noblesse. Grâce à des sources judiciaires, aux actes notariés et aux livres de comptes, l’article s’attache à montrer la forte personnalisation des échanges entre élites et couches populaires et l’enchevêtrement entre transactions économiques et relations sociales, ce qui est à la base de la formation de réseaux de clientèle locaux.
Accuracy of cardiac auscultation in detection of neonatal congenital heart disease by general paediatricians
Authors: Zhao Qu-ming , Niu Conway , Liu Fang , Wu Lin , Ma Xiao-jing , Huang Guo-ying 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground:Challenges remain in the judgement of pathological murmurs in newborns at maternity hospitals, and there are still many simple major CHD patients in developing countries who are not diagnosed in a timely fashion. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cardiac auscultation on neonatal CHD by general paediatricians.Methods:We conducted a prospective study at three hospitals. All asymptomatic newborns underwent auscultation, pulse oximetry monitoring, and echocardiography. Major CHD was classified and confirmed through follow-up. We evaluated the accuracy of various degrees of murmurs for detecting major CHD to determine the most appropriate standards and time of auscultation.Results:A total of 6750 newborns were included. The median age of auscultation was 43 hours. Cardiac murmurs were identified in 6.6% of newborns. For all CHD, 44.4% had varying degrees of murmurs. A murmur of grade ≥2 used as a reference standard for major CHD had a sensitivity of 89.58%. The false positive rate of murmurs of grade ≥2 for detecting major CHD was significantly negatively related to auscultation time, with 84.4% of false positives requiring follow-up for non-major CHD cardiac issues. Auscultation after 27 hours of life could reduce the false positive rate of major CHD from 2.7 to 0.9%.Conclusions:With appropriate training, maternity hospital’s paediatricians can detect major CHD with high detection rates with an acceptable false positive rate.
THEORIES OF VAGUENESS AND THEORIES OF LAW
Authors: Silk Alex 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIt is common to think that what theory of linguistic vagueness is correct has implications for debates in philosophy of law. I disagree. I argue that the implications of particular theories of vagueness on substantive issues of legal theory and practice are less far-reaching than often thought. I focus on four putative implications discussed in the literature concerning (i) the value of vagueness in the law, (ii) the possibility and value of legal indeterminacy, (iii) the possibility of the rule of law, and (iv) strong discretion. I conclude with some methodological remarks. Delineating questions about conventional meaning, legal content determination, and norms of legal interpretation and judicial practice can motivate clearer answers and a more refined understanding of the space of overall theories of vagueness, interpretation, and law.
The perception of school food-service professionals on the implementation of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Rida Zainab , Hall Elisha , Hasnin Saima , Coffey Jessie , Dev Dipti A 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo: (i) understand the nutrition attitudes, self-efficacy, knowledge and practices of school food-service personnel (SFP) in Nebraska and (ii) identify potential barriers that schools face in offering healthy school meals that meet the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrition standards.DesignConvergent parallel mixed-methods study.SettingKindergarten–12th grade schools in Nebraska, USA.ParticipantsSFP (260 survey participants; fifteen focus group participants) working at schools that participate in the USDA National School Lunch Program.ResultsMixed-methods themes identified include: (i) ‘Mixed attitudes towards healthy meals’, which captured a variety of conflicting positive and negative attitudes depending on the situation; (ii) ‘Positive practices to promote healthy meals’, which captured offering, serving and promotion practices; (iii) ‘Mixed nutrition-related knowledge’, which captured the variations in knowledge depending on the nutrition concept; and (iv) ‘Complex barriers’, which captured challenges with time, support and communication.ConclusionsThe study produced relevant findings to address the barriers identified by SFP. Implementing multicomponent interventions and providing training to SFP may help reduce some of the identified barriers of SFP.
Fabry‐Perot Interferometer Observations of Thermospheric Horizontal Winds During Magnetospheric Substorms
Authors: Cai L. , Oyama S. , Aikio A. , Vanhamäki H. , Virtanen I. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe high‐latitude ionosphere‐thermosphere system is strongly affected by the magnetospheric energy input during magnetospheric substorms. In this study, we investigate the response of the upper thermospheric winds to four substorm events by using the Fabry‐Perot interferometer at Tromsø, Norway, the International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects magnetometers, the EISCAT radar, and an all‐sky camera. The upper thermospheric winds had distinct responses to substorm phases. During the growth phase, westward acceleration of the wind was observed in the premidnight sector within the eastward electrojet region. We suggest that the westward acceleration of the neutral wind is caused by the ion drag force associated with the large‐scale westward plasma convection within the eastward electrojet. During the expansion phase, the zonal wind had a prompt response to the intensification of the westward electrojet (WEJ) overhead Tromsø. The zonal wind was accelerated eastward, which is likely to be associated with the eastward plasma convection within the substorm current wedge. During the expansion and recovery phases, the meridional wind was frequently accelerated to the southward direction, when the majority of the substorm WEJ current was located on the poleward side of Tromsø. We suggest that this meridional wind acceleration is related to a pressure gradient produced by Joule heating within the substorm WEJ region. In addition, strong atmospheric gravity waves during the expansion and the recovery phases were observed.