bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compromised Growth Among HIV-exposed Uninfected Compared With Unexposed Children in Nigeria
Authors: Jumare Jibreel , Datong Pam , Osawe Sophia , Okolo Felicia , Mohammed Sikiratu , Inyang Bukola , Abimiku Alash’le 
Published: November 2018

Background:
HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) children may be at an increased risk of impaired growth when compared with their HIV-unexposed and uninfected (HUU) counterparts. We compared the growth patterns of HEU to HUU children in Nigeria.

Methods:
Pregnant women with and without HIV infection were enrolled at the Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Infants born to these mothers were recruited at birth and the mother–infant pairs followed up for 18 months. Weight, length and head circumference of the infants were measured at each visit. Age- and sex-standardized Z scores were generated for each anthropometric measure using the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. Children with length-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z scores <−2 were classified as stunted, underweight and wasted, respectively.

Results:
Of 415 children (307 HEU and 108 HUU) recruited for this study, 117 (28.4%), 9 (2.2%) and 32 (7.8%) infants were stunted, underweight and wasted, respectively, at birth. In a multivariable longitudinal analysis, the odds of stunting were higher among HEU as compared with HUU children [adjusted odds ratio: 2.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.4–4.1)]. Similarly, odds of being underweight were higher among the HEU children [adjusted odds ratio: 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.2)].

Conclusions:
Linear and ponderal growth were more impaired among HEU as compared with HUU children in Nigeria during the first 18 months of life. Further studies are needed to explore the causal basis for these differences.
Prosthetic Knee Selection for Individuals with Unilateral Transfemoral Amputation: A Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Stevens Phillip M. , Wurdeman Shane R. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction
This guideline was developed to present the evidence and provide clinical recommendations on prosthetic knee selection for unilateral amputation at the knee disarticulation or transfemoral level.

Methods
The guideline is based upon the best available evidence as it relates to prosthetic knee selection after unilateral knee disarticulation or transfemoral amputation. Recommendations are drawn from systematic review, meta-analysis, and additional published practice guidelines.

Results
Recommendation 1. Fluid knee benefits and indications: Knees with hydraulic or pneumatic swing resistance are indicated for active walkers, permitting increased walking comfort, speed, and symmetry.
Recommendation 2. Microprocessor knee benefits: Compared with nonmicroprocessor knees:
a) With respect to self-report indices and measures, microprocessor knees are indicated to reduce stumbles, falls, and associated frustrations as well as the cognitive demands of ambulation.
b) With respect to self-report indices and measures, microprocessor knees are indicated to increase confidence while walking, self-reported mobility, satisfaction, well-being, and quality of life.
c) With respect to physical performance indices and measures, microprocessor knees are indicated to increase self-selected walking speed, walking speed on uneven terrain, and metabolic efficiency during gait.
Recommendation 3. Microprocessor knee equivalence: Given the comparable values observed with the use of microprocessor and nonmicroprocessor knees with regard to daily step counts, temporal and spatial gait symmetry, self-reported general health, and total costs of prosthetic rehabilitation, these parameters may not be primary indications in prosthetic knee joint selection.
Recommendation 4. Microprocessor knees for limited community ambulators: Among limited community ambulators, microprocessor knees are indicated to enable increases in level ground walking speed and walking speed on uneven terrain while substantially reducing uncontrolled falls and increasing both measured and perceived balance.

Conclusions
These clinical practice guidelines summarize the available evidence related to prosthetic knee selection for individuals with unilateral knee disarticulation or transfemoral amputation. The noted clinical practice guidelines are meant to serve on as "guides." They may not apply to all patients and clinical situations.
Practical Management: Brief Physical Examination for Sport-Related Concussion in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Haider Mohammad N. , Leddy John J. , Du William , J. Macfarlane Alexander , Viera Kaitlin B. , Willer Barry S. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:This article presents a brief, focused physical examination [PE, the Buffalo Concussion Physical Examination (BCPE)] for sport-related concussion (SRC) to be considered for use in the outpatient setting by sports medicine physicians, pediatricians, and primary-care physicians. This companion paper describes how to perform the PE, which was derived in a separate study presented in this journal. It is envisioned for use at the initial and follow-up outpatient visits both for acute concussions and in patients with prolonged symptoms. A pertinent PE, combined with other assessments, can help identify specific treatment targets in those with persistent symptoms after SRC. The BCPE includes orthostatic vital signs and examinations of the cranial nerves, oculomotor/ophthalmologic, cervical, and vestibular systems. Supplementary tests, including testing for exercise tolerance and neurocognitive function, may be performed if indicated. It is recommended that a PE be performed at the initial visit and every 1 to 2 weeks after SRC. On return of symptoms, cognition, and the PE to baseline, as well as normalization of any supplementary tests, patients can begin a return to play program.
Central control of gastrointestinal motility
Authors: Browning Kirsteen N. , Travagli R. Alberto 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
This review summarizes the organization and structure of vagal neurocircuits controlling the upper gastrointestinal tract, and more recent studies investigating their role in the regulation of gastric motility under physiological, as well as pathophysiological, conditions.

Recent findings
Vagal neurocircuits regulating gastric functions are highly plastic, and open to modulation by a variety of inputs, both peripheral and central. Recent research in the fields of obesity, development, stress, and neurological disorders highlight the importance of central inputs onto these brainstem neurocircuits in the regulation of gastric motility.

Summary
Recognition of the pivotal role that the central nervous system exerts in the regulation, integration, and modulation of gastric motility should serve to encourage research into central mechanisms regulating peripheral motility disorders.
Hospital Physician Engagement
Authors: Perreira Tyrone A. , Perrier Laure , Prokopy Melissa 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Literature on health system transformation highlights the importance of physician engagement, suggesting that it is a critical factor for lowering costs while improving efficiency, quality of care, patient safety, physician satisfaction and retention. “Engagement” in health care is often defined as a positive, fulfilling work-related state of mind, which is characterized by vigor, dedication and absorption. The aim of this scoping review is to identify factors associated with, and tools used to measure physician engagement.

Methods:
MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and gray literature were searched. Supplementary articles were obtained by searching article references. All quantitative and qualitative study designs were eligible that described factors associated with, and tools used to measure, hospital physician engagement. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. Groupings and clustering were conducted to determine dominant groups or cluster of characteristics. Conceptual mapping was then conducted to identify patterns.

Results:
A total of 15 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All were published between 2012 and 2017. Studies were predominantly conducted in Germany (n=8). Factors associated with physician engagement were synthesized into individual characteristics (n=7), work environment characteristics (n=7), and work outcomes (n=5). The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale was the most commonly used tool (n=14).

Conclusions:
This scoping review provides a strong evidence-based platform to further advance knowledge in the area of physician engagement. The identification of environmental factors assists hospital administrative leaders in understanding how they might intervene to affect engagement, while the identification of individual characteristics enable identification of vulnerable physicians, permitting identification of the most pertinent targeted areas for focus.
A Diagnostic Algorithm That Combines Quantitative 18F-FDG PET Parameters and Contrast-Enhanced CT Improves Posttherapeutic Locoregional Restaging and Prognostication of Survival in Patients With Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Tamandl Dietmar , Fueger Barbara , Haug Alexander , Schmid Rainer , Stift Judith , Schoppmann Sebastian F. , Ilhan-Mutlu Aysegül , Ba-Ssalamah Ahmed 
Published: November 2018

Purpose
The aim of this study was to determine whether the combination of contrast-enhanced CT (CE-CT) and quantitative 18F-FDG PET parameters improves locoregional restaging in esophageal cancer (EC) after neoadjuvant therapy.

Methods
Eighty-eight consecutive patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, who underwent restaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before esophagectomy, were included in this retrospective study. The diagnostic accuracy of CE-CT, visual 18F-FDG PET/CT (vPET/CT), and quantitative PET parameters was assessed for T and N staging. Histopathology was used as the reference standard. The prognostic value for recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival was assessed using Cox regression analysis.

Results
Sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy were 78.8%, 70.2%, and 59.0% (CE-CT), and 81.1%, 81.1%, and 68.2% (vPET/CT) for T staging as well as 59.5%, 75.9%, and 50.0% (CE-CT), and 70.2%, 93.7%, and 67.0% (vPET/CT) for N staging, respectively. Tumor length and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) exhibited an incremental increase with advancing T stages (P = 0.002 and 0.038). Contrast-enhanced CT had the highest sensitivity to differentiate advanced T stages (T3/4 vs 0–2; area under the receiver operating curve [AUC], 0.86; P < 0.001), whereas MTV at a threshold of 5.8 mL had the highest sensitivity to detect complete response (T0 vs 1–4; AUC, 0.77; P = 0.002). Contrast-enhanced CT and MTV combined had an even superior accuracy to predict complete response (AUC, 0.82; P < 0.001). The imaging American Joint Committee on Cancer stage provided a better prognostication of recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival than either T stage, N stage derived from CE-CT or vPET/CT, or quantitative PET parameters alone.

Conclusions
Combined CE-CT and MTV had the highest diagnostic accuracy to identify the posttherapeutic T stage, allowing for robust prediction of recurrence and survival.
An Easy and Sensitive Method to Profile the Antibody Specificities of HLA–specific Memory B Cells
Authors: Karahan Gonca E. , Krop Juliette , Wehmeier Caroline , de Vaal Yvonne J.H. , Langerak–Langerak Janneke , Roelen Dave L. , Lardy Neubury M. , Bemelman Frederike J. , ten Berge Ineke J.M. , Reinders Marlies E.J. , van Kooten Cees , Claas Frans H.J. , Heidt Sebastiaan 
Published: November 2018

Background.
Pretransplant immunological risk assessment is currently based on donor–specific HLA antibodies in serum. Despite being an excellent source for antibodies produced by bone marrow–residing plasma cells, serum analysis does not provide information on the memory B–cell compartment. Although B–cell culture supernatants can be used to detect memory B cell–derived HLA antibodies, low IgG concentrations can preclude detectability of HLA antibodies in luminex single–antigen bead (SAB) assays.

Methods.
Culture supernatants of polyclonally activated B cells from alloantigen exposed (n = 13) or nonexposed (n = 10) individuals were either concentrated 10–fold, or IgG was isolated by using a protein G affinity purification method to increase the IgG concentration. These processed culture supernatants, as well as paired serum samples were tested for the presence of HLA antibodies using luminex SAB analysis.

Results.
In immunized individuals, 64% were found to have HLA–specific B–cell memory in concentrated supernatants, whereas 82% showed HLA–specific B–cell memory when IgG isolated supernatants were used for HLA antibody detection. IgG–isolated supernatants showed higher mean fluorescence intensity values compared with concentrated supernatants without increased background. In some individuals, HLA–specific B–cell memory was detected in the absence of accompanying serum antibody specificities.

Conclusions.
We developed a novel, highly sensitive method to assess the HLA–specific memory B–cell compartment using luminex SAB technology. This assay allows direct comparison to the serum compartment and may therefore provide a more complete picture of the humoral alloimmune response in patients with a history of alloantigen exposure.
Update on obstructive sleep apnea for neuro-ophthalmology
Authors: Fraser Clare L. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasing in prevalence. The intermittent hypoxia of OSA has wide-ranging effects on a patient's general health outcomes. However, gold-standard investigations and treatment are expensive and a significant burden on patients. Therefore, OSA research remains focused on improving the means of diagnosing and treating OSA, in high-risk-associated conditions. This review is to provide an update on the advances in the field of OSA.

Recent findings
There has been recent debate about the best practice for diagnosis and treatment of OSA. Further work has been done on conditions associated with OSA including hypertension, atherosclerosis, various types of dementia and intracranial aneurysms. Inflammatory and vascular risk factors associated with OSA increase stroke risk and alter outcomes for recovery. OSA should definitely be considered in patients presenting with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and perhaps those with intracranial hypertension.

Summary
Newer home-based sleep-apnea testing can be implemented via physician clinics, with oversight by a certified sleep physician. Although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold-standard, management should include diet and exercise. It is important to test for, and treat OSA in patients with a range of neurological diseases. However, further studies into the long-term impact of CPAP on health outcomes are still needed.
Analysis of Movement-Related Beta Oscillations in the Off-Medication State During Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery
Authors: Kochanski Ryan B. , Shils Jay , Verhagen Metman Leo , Pal Gian , Sani Sepehr 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
Local field potential recordings from deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads provide insight into the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease (PD). We recorded local field potential activity from DBS leads within the subthalamic nucleus in patients with PD undergoing DBS surgery to identify reproducible pathophysiological signatures of the disease.

Methods:
Local field potentials were recorded in 11 hemispheres from patients with PD undergoing subthalamic nucleus-DBS. Bipolar recordings were performed off medication for 2 minutes at rest and another 2 minutes with continuous repetitive opening–closing of the contralateral hand. Spectral analysis and bicoherence were performed and compared between the two testing conditions.

Results:
In all hemispheres, predominance of the beta band frequency (13–30 Hz) was observed at rest and during movement. Beta peak energy was significantly (P < 0.05) increased during movement compared with rest in 6 of 10 hemispheres. Significant beta bicoherence was observed at rest and during movement in 5 of 10 hemispheres. The most robust local field potential recordings were observed at the DBS contact(s) independently chosen for programming in 9 of the 10 hemispheres.

Conclusions:
In patients with PD, beta activity that increases with repetitive movement may be a signature of the “off” medication state. These findings provide new data on beta oscillatory activity during the Parkinsonian “off” state that may help further define the local field potential signatures of PD.
Inverse Bayesian inference in swarming behaviour of soldier crabs
Authors: Gunji Yukio-Pegio , Murakami Hisashi , Tomaru Takenori , Basios Vasileios 
Published: November 2018

Animals making a group sometimes approach and sometimes avoid a dense area of group mates, and that reveals the ambiguity of density preference. Although the ambiguity is not expressed by a simple deterministic local rule, it seems to be implemented by probabilistic inference that is based on Bayesian and inverse Bayesian inference. In particular, the inverse Bayesian process refers to perpetual changing of hypotheses. We here analyse a time series of swarming soldier crabs and show that they are employed to Bayesian and inverse Bayesian inference. Comparing simulation results with data of the real swarm, we show that the interpretation of the movement of soldier crabs which can be based on the inference can lead to the identification of a drastic phase shift-like transition of gathering and dispersing.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dissipative structures in matter out of equilibrium: from chemistry, photonics and biology (part 2)’.
Spatially localized structures in the Gray–Scott model
Authors: Gandhi Punit , Zelnik Yuval R. , Knobloch Edgar 
Published: November 2018

Spatially localized structures in the one-dimensional Gray–Scott reaction–diffusion model are studied using a combination of numerical continuation techniques and weakly nonlinear theory, focusing on the regime in which the activator and substrate diffusivities are different but comparable. Localized states arise in three different ways: in a subcritical Turing instability present in this regime, and from folds in the branch of spatially periodic Turing states. They also arise from the fold of spatially uniform states. These three solution branches interconnect in complex ways. We use numerical continuation techniques to explore their global behaviour within a formulation of the model that has been used to describe dryland vegetation patterns on a flat terrain.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dissipative structures in matter out of equilibrium: from chemistry, photonics and biology (part 2)’.
Spiral wave initiation in excitable media
Authors: Zykov V. S. 
Published: November 2018

Spiral waves represent an important example of dissipative structures observed in many distributed systems in chemistry, biology and physics. By definition, excitable media occupy a stationary resting state in the absence of external perturbations. However, a perturbation exceeding a threshold results in the initiation of an excitation wave propagating through the medium. These waves, in contrast to acoustic and optical ones, disappear at the medium's boundary or after a mutual collision, and the medium returns to the resting state. Nevertheless, an initiation of a rotating spiral wave results in a self-sustained activity. Such activity unexpectedly appearing in cardiac or neuronal tissues usually destroys their dynamics which results in life-threatening diseases. In this context, an understanding of possible scenarios of spiral wave initiation is of great theoretical importance with many practical applications.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dissipative structures in matter out of equilibrium: from chemistry, photonics and biology (part 2)’.
Numerical path integral calculation of the probability function and exit time: an application to non-gradient drift forces
Authors: Mora Fernando , Coullet Pierre , Rica Sergio , Tirapegui Enrique 
Published: November 2018

We provide numerical solutions based on the path integral representation of stochastic processes for non-gradient drift Langevin forces in the presence of noise, to follow the temporal evolution of the probability density function and to compute exit times even for arbitrary noise. We compare the results with theoretical calculations, obtaining excellent agreement in the weak noise limit.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dissipative structures in matter out of equilibrium: from chemistry, photonics and biology (part 2)’.
From the Lugiato–Lefever equation to microresonator-based soliton Kerr frequency combs
Authors: Lugiato L. A. , Prati F. , Gorodetsky M. L. , Kippenberg T. J. 
Published: November 2018

The model, that is usually called the Lugiato–Lefever equation (LLE), was introduced in 1987 with the aim of providing a paradigm for dissipative structure and pattern formation in nonlinear optics. This model, describing a driven, detuned and damped nonlinear Schroedinger equation, gives rise to dissipative spatial and temporal solitons. Recently, the rather idealized conditions, assumed in the LLE, have materialized in the form of continuous wave driven optical microresonators, with the discovery of temporal dissipative Kerr solitons (DKS). These experiments have revealed that the LLE is a perfect and exact description of Kerr frequency combs—first observed in 2007, i.e. 20 years after the original formulation of the LLE—and in particular describe soliton states. Observed to spontaneously form in Kerr frequency combs in crystalline microresonators in 2013, such DKS are preferred state of operation, offering coherent and broadband optical frequency combs, whose bandwidth can be extended exploiting soliton-induced broadening phenomena. Combined with the ability to miniaturize and integrate on-chip, microresonator-based soliton Kerr frequency combs have already found applications in self-referenced frequency combs, dual-comb spectroscopy, frequency synthesis, low noise microwave generation, laser frequency ranging, and astrophysical spectrometer calibration, and have the potential to make comb technology ubiquitous. As such, pattern formation in driven, dissipative nonlinear optical systems is becoming the central Physics of soliton micro-comb technology.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dissipative structures in matter out of equilibrium: from chemistry, photonics and biology (part 2)’.