bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of methane additive on GaN growth using the OVPE method
Authors: Kitamoto Akira , Takino Junichi , Sumi Tomoaki , Kamiyama Masahiro , Tsuno Shintaro , Ishibashi Keiju , Gunji Yoshikazu , Imanishi Masayuki , Okayama Yoshio , Nobuoka Masaki , Isemura Masashi , Yoshimura Masashi , Mori Yusuke 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The oxide vapor phase epitaxy method is expected to be a useful technique for bulk GaN growth, because it allows long-term growth without producing a solid byproduct. However, thick GaN crystals have not been realized due to the growth inhibition caused by polycrystal formation resulting from high H2O partial pressure. In this study, we formed GaN crystals with CH4 gas to decrease the H2O partial pressure in a growth zone by the reaction of CH4 with H2O to produce CO and H2. As a result, H2O partial pressure decreased with increasing CH4 flow rate, and GaN layers could be grown without decrease of growth rate or degradation of the crystalline qualities at a flow rate of 50–100 sccm of CH4 gas. Furthermore, we obtained high crystalline 400-um thick GaN crystals after a growth period of 10 h.
Highly efficient beam splitter based on all-dielectric metasurfaces
Authors: Lin Yu , Wang Miao , Sui Zhanpeng , Zeng Zhongming , Jiang Chunping 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The recent exploration of metasurfaces reveals potential for developing virtually flat optics. In this work, a highly efficient beam splitter based on all-dielectric metasurfaces is demonstrated for visible light by finite-difference-time-domain simulations. The structure consists of a TiO2 nano-cylinder array and a layer-by-layer reflector with high efficiency separated by a SiO2 spacer. A conversion efficiency higher than 90% can be readily achieved over a wavelength range from 490 to 560 nm for the proposed device.
Cartografias imaginativas do Brasil nas brochuras turísticas alemãs e francesas: da exotização à mercantilização turística
Authors: Silveira Lélian Patrícia de Oliveira , Baptista Maria Manuel 
Published: May 2019

À luz dos Estudos Culturais e da teoria pós-colonial, o presente estudo propôs-se investigar de que forma a imagem do Brasil em brochuras turísticas que o promovem na Alemanha e na França nas temporadas 2014 e 2015 está condicionada pela mercantilização e exotização. A análise centrada no conteúdo visual das brochuras turísticas permitiu acessar as representações simbólicas envolvidas na percepção do Brasil como um Outro. Além disso, foi possível identificar o que se designou indistintamente, por cartografias ou paisagens culturais imaginativas nas representações do Brasil, centradas em três dimensões: cultura urbana, cultura rural e paisagem natural e, ainda, uma vertente social e humana. Em linhas gerais, as cartografias ou paisagens forneceram um conjunto de referências responsáveis pela caracterização dos destinos: a cartografia da cultura urbana vinculou-se diretamente com o patrimônio material, as manifestações culturais e os espaços “turistificados” que suportam a atividades; a cartografia da cultura rural e a paisagem natural relacionaram-se com a forma como a natureza foi representada e as múltiplas possibilidades do visitante vivenciar experiências; já a cartografia social humana ligou-se ao comportamento e estilo de vida do povo brasileiro.
NOCO
Authors: Kuroda Takashi , Boda Hideki , Odaira Sumiko 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGinza is the cultural and commercial center of Tokyo and has a great history as the Mecca of small‐scale handicraft businesses and also as the pioneer of noncombustible cities during the modernization of the Meiji era. NOCO is a commercial building located in the heart of Ginza, the façade of which is totally covered with layered wooden panels gradually changing at intervals. This idea of a wooden façade is the result of an effort to shift pedestrians’ attention from the lower floors to the higher floors while preserving the historical value of Ginza by using a completely natural but new material called “noncombustible wood.” It can be said that NOCO lays the groundwork for returning natural materials and natural colors to the cityscape of Ginza (Figure 1).
Single Cell Transcriptomes Derived from Human Cervical and Uterine Tissue during Pregnancy
Authors: Koh Winston , Wu Angela , Penland Lolita , Treutlein Barbara , Neff Norma F. , Mantalas Gary L. , Blumenfeld Yair J. , El‐Sayed Yasser Y. , Stevenson David K. , Shaw Gary M. , Quake Stephen R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis work presents the workflow for generating single cell transcriptomes derived from primary human uterine and cervical tissue obtained during planned cesarean hysterectomies. In total, a catalogue of 310 single cell transcriptomes are obtained, cell types present in these biopsies are inferred, and specific genes defining each of the cellular types present in the tissue are identified. Further validation of the inferred cell identity is also demonstrated via meta‐analysis of independent repositories in literature generated by bulk sequenced data of fluorescence‐activated cell sorting sorted cells.
Processed Tissue–Derived Extracellular Matrices: Tailored Platforms Empowering Diverse Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Krishtul Stasia , Baruch Limor , Machluf Marcelle 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTissue‐derived decellularized extracellular matrices (dECM) have gradually become the gold standard of scaffolds for tissue engineering, owing to their close mirroring of the intricate composition, architecture, and topology of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Intriguingly, further manipulation of these acellular tissues through various processing techniques has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to control their characteristics and impart them with ample valuable new traits, thereby expanding their applicability to a significantly wider spectrum of research and translational applications. Herein, state‐of‐the‐art processed dECM platforms and their potential applications are focused on. The ECM characteristics that make it so appealing for tissue engineering are presented, followed by a concise discussion on the main considerations for choosing a dECM source for such applications. The key methodologies for dECM processing, including hydrogel production, bioprinting, electrospinning, and production of porous scaffolds, microcarriers, and microcapsules, as well as their inherent advantages and challenges, are introduced. To demonstrate the use of processed dECM platforms for tissue engineering, selected in vivo and in vitro applications recently developed utilizing these platforms are highlighted. Finally, concluding remarks and a prospective outlook for future developments and improvements in the field of processed dECM‐based devices are given.
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction into Chemical Feedstocks: From Mechanistic Electrocatalysis Models to System Design
Authors: Kibria Md Golam , Edwards Jonathan P. , Gabardo Christine M. , Dinh Cao‐Thang , Seifitokaldani Ali , Sinton David , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of CO2 is a promising route to convert intermittent renewable energy to storable fuels and valuable chemical feedstocks. To scale this technology for industrial implementation, a deepened understanding of how the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) proceeds will help converge on optimal operating parameters. Here, a techno‐economic analysis is presented with the goal of identifying maximally profitable products and the performance targets that must be met to ensure economic viability—metrics that include current density, Faradaic efficiency, energy efficiency, and stability. The latest computational understanding of the CO2RR is discussed along with how this can contribute to the rational design of efficient, selective, and stable electrocatalysts. Catalyst materials are classified according to their selectivity for products of interest and their potential to achieve performance targets is assessed. The recent progress and opportunities in system design for CO2 electroreduction are described. To conclude, the remaining technological challenges are highlighted, suggesting full‐cell energy efficiency as a guiding performance metric for industrial impact.
Electron Transfer in Nanoscale Contact Electrification: Photon Excitation Effect
Authors: Lin Shiquan , Xu Liang , Zhu Laipan , Chen Xiangyu , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContact electrification (CE) (or triboelectrification) is a well‐known phenomenon, and the identity of the charge carriers and their transfer mechanism have been discussed for decades. Recently, the species of transferred charges in the CE between a metal and a ceramic was revealed as electron transfer and its subsequent release is dominated by the thermionic emission process. Here, the release of CE‐induced electrostatic charges on a dielectric surface under photon excitation is studied by varying the light intensity and wavelength, but under no significant raise in temperature. The results suggest that there exists a threshold photon energy for releasing the triboelectric charges from the surface, which is 4.1 eV (light wavelength at 300 nm) for SiO2 and 3.4 eV (light wavelength at 360 nm) for PVC; photons with energy smaller than this cannot effectively excite the surface electrostatic charges. This process is attributed to the photoelectron emission of the charges trapped in the surface states of the dielectric material. Further, a photoelectron emission model is proposed to describe light‐induced charge decay on a dielectric surface. The findings provide an additional strong evidence about the electron transfer process in the CE between metals and dielectrics as well as polymers.
Large‐Area 3D Plasmonic Crescents with Tunable Chirality
Authors: Goerlitzer Eric S. A. , Mohammadi Reza , Nechayev Sergey , Banzer Peter , Vogel Nicolas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChiral plasmonic nanostructures hold promise for enhanced chiral sensing and circular dichroism spectroscopy of chiral molecules. It is therefore of interest to fabricate chiral plasmonic nanostructures with tailored chiroptical properties over large areas with reasonable effort. Here, a colloidal lithography approach is used to produce macroscopic arrays of sub‐micrometer 3D chiral plasmonic crescent structures over areas >1 cm2. The chirality originates from symmetry breaking by the introduction of a step within the crescent structure. This step is produced by an intermediate layer of silicon dioxide onto which the metal crescent structure is deposited. It is experimentally demonstrated that the chiroptical properties in such structures can be tailored by changing the position of the step within the crescent. These experiments are complemented by finite element simulations and the application of a multipole expansion to elucidate the physical origin of the circular dichroism of the crescent structures.
Pb‐Reduced CsPb0.9Zn0.1I2Br Thin Films for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Hongrui , Zhang Jing , Gan Xinlei , Yu Luting , Yuan Haobo , Shang Minghui , Lu Chaojie , Hou Dagang , Hu Ziyang , Zhu Yuejin , Han Liyuan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFabrication of efficient Pb reduced inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSC) are an important part of environment‐friendly perovskite technology. In this work, 10% Pb reduction in CsPb0.9Zn0.1I2Br promotes the efficiency of PSCs to 13.6% (AM1.5, 1sun), much higher than the 11.8% of the pure CsPbI2Br solar cell. Zn2+ has stronger interaction with the anions to manipulate crystal growth, resulting in size‐enlarged crystallite with enhanced growth orientation. Moreover, the grain boundaries (GBs) are passivated by the Cs‐Zn‐I/Br compound. The high quality CsPb0.9Zn0.1I2Br greatly diminishes the GB trap states and facilitates the charge transport. Furthermore, the Zn4s‐I5p states slightly reduce the energy bandgap, accounting for the wider solar spectrum absorption. Both the crystalline morphology and energy state change benefit the device performance. This work highlights a nontoxic and stable Pb reduction method to achieve efficient inorganic PSCs.
Long‐term population monitoring of the threatened and endemic black‐headed squirrel monkey (Saimiri vanzolinii) shows the importance of protected areas for primate conservation in Amazonia
Authors: Paim Fernanda P. , El Bizri Hani R. , Paglia Adriano P. , Queiroz Helder L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPopulation monitoring of endangered species is essential to the improvement of their management and conservation plans. The black‐headed squirrel monkey (Saimiri vanzolinii) is a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List and has extreme geographical endemism, exhibiting the smallest known distribution among Neotropical primates (ca. 870 km2), over 90% of which occurs in white‐water flooded forests within the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR), Brazilian Amazonia. To assess the effectiveness of this protected area in conserving the species, we conducted population monitoring of black‐headed squirrel monkeys across five consecutive years (2009–2013) on nine trails 2 km each. Each year samples included both low and high river water periods. We used the distance sampling method, recording the distance to each observed social group as well as counting component individuals. We also calculated annual encounter rates based on the number of individuals sighted every 10 km traveled. Densities ranged from 256 individuals/km2(2011) to 453 individuals/km2(2013), and no seasonal differences were detected. Population size was estimated to be 147,848 mature individuals. Encounter rates ranged from 100 individuals/10 km (2010) to 179 individuals/10 km (2013); no significant difference among years was found. We found thatS. vanzoliniipopulations remained stable throughout the years, which indicates that the MSDR has been playing an essential role on protecting this species. Due to difficulties of fulfilling assumptions of the distance sampling method, we consider the encounter rate analysis to be more effective for monitoring this and otherSaimirispecies. Given the critical endemism and worrying conservation status ofS. vanzolinii, we suggest that monitoring of the species population should be carried out regularly.
A method of sexing the human os coxae based on logistic regressions and Bruzek's nonmetric traits
Authors: Santos Frédéric , Guyomarc'h Pierre , Rmoutilova Rebeka , Bruzek Jaroslav 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis study aims at proposing a visual method for sexing the human os coxae based on a statistical approach, using a scoring system of traits described by Bruzek (2002). This method is evaluated on a meta‐population sample, where the data were acquired by direct observation of dry bones as well as computed tomography (CT) scans. A comparison with the original Bruzek's (2002) method is performed.Materials and methodsFive hundred and ninety two ossa coxae of modern humans are included in the reference dataset. Two other samples, composed respectively of 518 ossa coxae and 99 CT‐scan images, are both used for validation purposes. The individuals come from five European or North American population samples. Eleven trichotomic traits (expressing female, male, or intermediate forms) were observed on each os coxae. The new approach employs statistical processing based on logistic regressions. An R package freely available online, PELVIS, implements both methods.ResultsBoth methods provide highly reliable sex estimates. The new statistical method has a slightly better accuracy rate (99.2%) than the former method (98.2%) but has also a higher rate of indeterminate individuals (12.9% vs. 3% for complete bones).ConclusionThe efficiency of both methods is compared. Low error rates were preferred over high ability of reaching the classification threshold. The impact of lateralization and the asymmetry of observed traits are discussed. Finally, it is shown that this visual method of sex estimation is reliable and easy to use through the graphical user interface of the R package.
The distinctive features of women in the Australian bankruptcy system: An empirical study
Authors: O’Brien Lucinda , Ramsay Ian , Ali Paul 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAccording to data published by Australian Financial Security Authority (AFSA), Australian women and men offer strikingly similar reasons for their entry into bankruptcy. Yet a more detailed analysis of AFSA's data indicates that women and men often go bankrupt in very different social and economic circumstances. This empirical study draws upon a unique dataset, obtained from AFSA, containing the de‐identified records of more than 28,000 individuals. It also draws upon a series of focus groups with the staff of three nonprofit organisations, including financial counsellors and consumer solicitors. It finds that, in general, women in bankruptcy are likely to be economically disadvantaged, relative to men, as measured by income, access to wages, reliance on government benefits, real estate ownership and utilities debt. It also finds that women in bankruptcy are much more likely than men to be single with dependants and that these women experience a greater degree of gendered disadvantage than other women in the bankruptcy system.
M−C Bond Homolysis in Coinage‐Metal [M(CF3)4]− Derivatives
Authors: Baya Miguel , Joven‐Sancho Daniel , Alonso Pablo J. , Orduna Jesús , Menjón Babil 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA comparative study of the homoleptic [M(CF3)4]− complexes of all three coinage metals (M=Cu, Ag, Au) reveals that homolytic M−C bond cleavage is favoured in every case upon excitation in the gas phase (CID‐MS2). Homolysis also occurs in solution by photochemical excitation. Transfer of the photogenerated CF3. radicals to both aryl and alkyl carbon atoms was also confirmed. The observed behaviour was rationalized by considering the electronic structure of the involved species, which all show ligand‐field inversion. Moreover, the homolytic pathway constitutes experimental evidence for the marked covalent character of the M−C bond. The relative stability of these M−C bonds was evaluated by energy‐resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS) and follows the order Cu<Ag≪Au. The qualitatively similar and rather uniform behaviour experimentally observed for all three coinage metals gives no ground to suggest variation in the metal oxidation state along the group.
A Bulky Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Nickel Catalyst Enables Enantioselective C−H Functionalizations of Indoles and Pyrroles
Authors: Diesel Johannes , Grosheva Daria , Kodama Shota , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn enantioselective nickel(0)‐catalyzed C−H functionalization of indoles and pyrroles that does not require the typical Lewis basic directing groups is disclosed. The reaction provides access to valuable tetrahydropyridoindoles and tetrahydroindolizines in high yields and enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. The process is characterized by a clear endo‐cyclization preference to yield the sought‐after six‐membered‐ring products. Key for the success of the activation and selectivity in the cyclization was the development of a novel chiral SIPr carbene ligand analogue with very bulky flanking groups.
Disproportionation Equilibrium of a μ‐Oxodiiron(III) Complex Giving Rise to C−H Activation Reactivity: Structural Snapshot of a Unique Oxoiron(IV) Adduct
Authors: Cordes (née Kupper) Claudia , Morganti Massimiliano , Klawitter Iris , Schremmer Claudia , Dechert Sebastian , Meyer Franc 
Published: May 2019

Abstractμ‐Oxodiiron(III) species are air‐stable and unreactive products of autoxidation processes of monomeric heme and non‐heme iron(II) complexes. Now, the organometallic [(LNHC)FeIII‐(μ‐O)‐FeIII(LNHC)]4+ complex 1 (LNHC is a macrocyclic tetracarbene) is shown to be reactive in C−H activation without addition of further oxidants. Studying the oxidation of dihydroanthracene, it was found that 1 thermally disproportionates in MeCN solution into its oxoiron(IV) (2) and iron(II) components; the former is the active species in the observed oxidation processes. Possible cleavage scenarios for 1 are shown by scrambling experiments and structural characterization of an unprecedented adduct of 1 and oxoiron(IV) complex 2. Kinetic analysis gave an equilibrium constant for the disproportionation of 1, which is very small (Keq=7.5±2.5×10−8 m). Increasing Keq might by a useful strategy for circumventing the formation of dead‐end μ‐oxodiiron(III) products during Fe‐based homogeneous oxidation catalysis.
Dislocations that Decrease Size Mismatch within the Lattice Leading to Ultrawide Band Gap, Large Second‐Order Susceptibility, and High Nonlinear Optical Performance of AgGaS2
Authors: Zhou Hui‐Min , Xiong Lin , Chen Ling , Wu Li‐Ming 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe essence of rational design syntheses of functional inorganic materials lies in understanding and control of crystal structures that determine the physical properties. AgGaS2 has the highest figure of merit for IR nonlinear optical interactions to date, but suffers low laser‐induced damage threshold (LIDT). The partial Li substitution of Ag atoms is now shown to push up the bottom of the conduction band and flatten the top of the valence band, leading to an ultrawide band gap of 3.40 eV (record high for AgGaS2, indicating a transparency edging nearly 180 nm shorter than that of AgGaS2), which gives Li0.60Ag0.40GaS2 a LIDT 8.6 times stronger when AgGaS2 is compared. Li0.60Ag0.40GaS2 exhibits 1.1 times stronger nonlinear susceptibility, which is because the energy‐favorable Li substitution gradually decreases the sulfur dislocation in the lattice, which allows a better geometric superposition of nonlinear optical tensors.
On‐Surface Evolution of meso‐Isomerism in Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Park Juyeon , Kim Ju‐Hyung , Bak Sunmi , Tahara Kazukuni , Jung Jaehoon , Kawai Maki , Tobe Yoshito , Kim Yousoo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChiral structures created through the adsorption of molecules onto achiral surfaces play pivotal roles in many fields of science and engineering. Here, we present a systematic study of a novel chiral phenomenon on a surface in terms of organizational chirality, that is, meso‐isomerism, through coverage‐driven hierarchical polymorphic transitions of supramolecular assemblies of highly symmetric π‐conjugated molecules. Four coverage‐dependent phases of dehydrobenzo[12]annulene were uniformly fabricated on Ag(111), exhibiting unique chiral characteristics from the single‐molecule level to two‐dimensional supramolecular assemblies. All coverage‐driven phase transitions stem from adsorption‐induced pseudo‐diastereomerism, and our observation of a lemniscate‐type (∞) supramolecular configuration clearly reveals a drastic chiral phase transition from an enantiomeric chiral domain to a meso‐isomeric achiral domain. These findings provide new insights into controlling two‐dimensional chiral architectures on surfaces.
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in an Organic Cocrystal: Narrowing the Singlet–Triplet Energy Gap via Charge Transfer
Authors: Sun Lingjie , Hua Weijie , Liu Yang , Tian Guangjun , Chen Mingxi , Chen Mingxing , Yang Fangxu , Wang Shufeng , Zhang Xiaotao , Luo Yi , Hu Wenping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHarvesting non‐emissive spin‐triplet charge‐transfer (CT) excitons of organic semiconductors is fundamentally important for increasing the operation efficiency of future devices. Here we observe thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in a 1:2 CT cocrystal of trans‐1,2‐diphenylethylene (TSB) and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB). This cocrystal system is characterized by absorption spectroscopy, variable‐temperature steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and first‐principles calculations. These data reveal that intermolecular CT in cocrystal narrows the singlet–triplet energy gap and therefore facilitates reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) for TADF. These findings open up a new way for the future design and development of novel TADF materials.