bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of SRMS 154 as Sustained Release Matrix for the Delivery of Stavudine: In vitro and in vivo Evaluation and Effect of Poloxamer 188 on the Properties of the Tablets
Authors: Chime S.A. , Attama A.A. , Onunkwo G.C. 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Stavudine is an antiretroviral therapy with so many side effects and has a
short half-life of 1.5 h. It degrades to thymine under hydrolytic, oxidative and photolytic conditions
hence has major formulation challenges.

Objectives:
To formulate sustained release lipid based stavudine and to study the properties of the
formulations by in vitro and in vivo methods.

Methods:
Stavudine tablets were formulated by moulding using validated tablets moulds. The carrier
used were solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS) made up of varying ratios of hydrogenated
palm oil and Phospholipid admixtures. Evaluation tests were carried out on the tablets using
both Pharmacopoeial and non Pharmacopoeial test. Drug release was studied in both simulated
gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.2). In vivo release was studied
using Wistar rats.

Results:
The results showed that stavudine tablets exhibited weight range of 372 ± 0.14 to 386 ±
0.52 mg, friability ranged from 0.00 to 0.13 % and hardness ranged from 4.27 ± 0.25 to 5.30 ±
0.21 Kgf. Tablets formulated with SRMS 1:2 had erosion time range of 60.80 ± 1.23 to 87.90 ±
2.33 min and was affected significantly by the presence of Poloxamer 188 (p < 0.05). The formulations
exhibited T100 % at 10 to13 h in SIF. Stavudine tablets showed the area under the curve
(AUC) of 854.0 μg/h/ml, significantly higher than the AUC of the reference (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Stavudine SRMS-based tablets had good stability and sustained release properties.
Formulations containing 1 % Poloxamer 188 exhibited enhanced in vivo absorption and hence
could be used once daily in order to enhance the bioavailability of this drug..
Multimedia pembelajaran berbasis web pada mata pelajaran akuntansi SMA untuk peningkatan motivasi dan hasil belajar
Authors: Danaswari Chezaria , Gafur Abdul 
Published: March 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan multimedia pembelajaran berbasis web untuk mata pelajaran Akuntansi SMA, dan mengetahui hasil belajar dan motivasi belajar dengan menggunakan multimedia pembelajaran berbasis web yang dikembangkan. Model pengembangan multimedia web menggunakan Alessi and Trollip melalui tiga tahapan, yakni perencanaan, desain, dan pengembangan. Uji coba evaluasi produk terdiri atas: evaluasi formatif meliputi uji alpha, yakni validasi produk oleh dua ahli materi dan dua ahli media, dan uji beta kesan siswa. Serta evaluasi sumatif meliputi uji coba hasil belajar dan motivasi belajar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) produk yang dihasilkan berupa website studioakuntansi.com layak digunakan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran berdasarkan hasil penilaian ahli materi, ahli media dan uji beta dengan skor 4,23 (kategori sangat baik); (2) peningkatan skor rata-rata pada pretest dan posttest hasil belajar seluruh siswa sebesar 0,43 (kategori sedang), peningkatan skor rata-rata pada pretest dan posttest motivasi belajar seluruh siswa sebesar 0,38 (kategori sedang). Terdapat peningkatan hasil belajar dan motivasi belajar siswa setelah menggunakan multimedia pembelajaran Akuntansi berbasis web.Kata kunci: pengembangan multimedia, pembelajaran berbasis web, multimedia web, pembelajaran Akuntansi WEB BASED TEACHING MULTIMEDIA IN ACCOUNTING SUBJECT OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FOR INCREASING MOTIVATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMESAbstractThe aims of this research are: (1) to produce web based teaching multimedia for accounting subject of senior high school (2) to find out the learning outcome and motivation by using web based teaching multimedia. The development of web based multimedia used Alessi and Trollip model consisting of three main phases: planning, design, developing. The product testing was held on: formative evaluation consisted of alpha testing involving validation by two subject material experts and two media experts, and beta testing of learners’ reaction, and sumative evaluation consisted of students’ learning outcome and motivation testing. The results of the research showed that: (1) the developed product was studioakuntansi.com website consisting of web based teaching multimedia in the accounting subject feasible to be used in classroom teaching and learning processes, based on the assessment by the subject material experts, media experts and also from the beta testing with the score of 4.23 (very good category), (2) the average gain score on the pretest and posttest of all students’ outcome was 0.43 (middle category), and the average gain score on the pretest and posttest of all students’ motivation was 0.38 (middle category). There was an increase on the students’ learning outcome and motivation after the use of the developed multimedia for accounting subject of senior high school.Keywords: multimedia development, web based learning, multimedia web, accounting subject
Kombinasi Maltodekstrin dan Whey sebagai Bahan Penyalut padaKarakteristik MikroenkapsulOleoresinKayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanii)
Authors: Hasna Tanalyna , Anandito Baskara Katri , Khasanah Lia Umi , Utami Rohula , Manuhara Godras Jati 
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence using combination of maltodextrin and whey (1:3, 2:2 and 3:1) as wall material due to quality characteristic of cinnamon (Cinnamon burmanii) oleoresin microencapsulan, including yield, water content, solubility in water, microstructure appeareance, cinnamaldehyde content, and residue of solvent. First of all, the oleoresin was reached from extraction using ethanol 96 % for 4 hours. Then the oleoresin emultion was dried using spray drying method. The experimental design used in this research was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor (rasio of wall material). The result showed that combination of wall material had significant effect to yield (14,98 - 22,69%), water content (6,20 - 7,04%), residue of solvent (00,50 - 0,63%), cinnamaldehyde content (26,18 - 43,90%), and microstructure appeareance, but unsignificantly affected to solubility in water (92,85 - 95,24%).
Effects of Different Weather Conditions and Addition of Mangosteen Peel Powder on Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Coconut Sap
Authors: Haryanti Pepita , Supriyadi Supriyadi , Marseno Djagal Wiseso , Santoso Umar 
Published: March 2019

Coconut sap is sweet, oyster-white and translucent liquid which can be obtained by tapping coconut flowers for 8 ̶ 12 hours. Since it contains sugar with nearly neutral pH, coconut sap is highly susceptible to spontaneous fermentation. In order to maintain the quality of the sap during the tapping process, coconut farmers usually add preservative substances. The preservatives can be produced either naturally, such as mixtures of lime, mangosteen peel and sliced jackfruit wood, or synthetic one, such as sodium metabisulphite. The chemical properties of coconut sap might be affected by weather conditions during the tapping process. This research aimed to determine the effect of weather conditions during tapping process and variations of mangosteen peel powder concentration on the chemical properties and antioxidant activity of the coconut sap. The results showed that the optimum preservative concentration of mangosteen peel powder was 0.84 g/L of coconut sap which was tapped in sunny weather condition. This treatment yielded sap with chemical properties i.e. pH value of 6.7; total soluble solids of 16.2 °brix; water content of 85.62%; reducing sugar of 0.04 g/100 g; sucrose content of 13.64 g/100 g; total free amino acids of 0.1738 g/100 g; total phenolic of 323.23 mgGAE/100 g; and vitamin C of 26.06 mg/100 g. The antioxidant activity of this treatment was 34.39 % RSA evaluated by DPPH method, this value, was relatively similar to that of the addition of 0.28 and 0.56 g/L mangosteen peel powder. The coconut sugar produced had reducing sugar of 5.01 g/100 g; total sugar of 86.50 g/100 g; total phenolic content of 470 mgGAE/100 g; browning index of 16254 IU (ICUMSA); and antioxidant activity of 61.05% RSA.
An Intraspeaker Variation Study of Scottish English /r/ Pharyngealisation
Authors: Purse Ruaridh , McGill Euan 
Published: March 2019

Pharyngealisation— the retraction of the tongue towards the pharynx— of prepausal and preconsonantal /r/ has been recognised as an emergent strategy of derhoticisation in Scotland’s Central Belt (Stuart-Smith 2007). However, previous studies have focused on the incidence of this phenomenon between speakers, with little attention paid to intraspeaker variation. The question remains: How does Scottish English derhoticisation behave in a situation of style shifting? We explore the intraspeaker variation of comedian Frankie Boyle, a recognisable speaker of Scottish English, comparing his production of apical and pharyngealised /r/ in prepausal and preconsonantal environments in two interview contexts. The acoustic correlates of /r/ pharyngealisation are characterised as a rise in F3 with reduced energy in the formant. This is quite different from the plummeting F3 associated with an apical realisation of /r/, allowing for a binary categorisation of pharyngeal and apical tokens as well as an analysis of F3 frequency as a continuous measure.We present evidence that Boyle makes significantly more frequent use of pharyngealisation when interviewed by Kevin Bridges, a fellow Glasgow native, than by Richard Osman, a Southern Standard British English (SSBE) speaker. Further, a secondary analysis of phonation quality shows that Boyle uses significantly more creaky voice with Osman than with Bridges, allowing for a fuller understanding of Boyle’s style in each context. Attempts to attribute the observed differences in pharyngealisation rate to factors other than interview context (e.g., linguistic factors or discussion topic) yielded insignificant results, further reinforcing the notion that the style shift is due to interview context. Even within the binary categories of pharyngeal vs. apical, an analysis of formant frequency found that, on average, Boyle produced “ more apical” apicals with Osman (lower plummeting F3) and “ more pharyngeal” pharyngeals with Bridges (higher rising F3), suggesting that these forms are dynamic and can be strategically produced to varying degrees. This evident style shift between interview contexts is an ideal platform for a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of various sociolinguistic theories. Ultimately, we conclude that audience design best captures the interactional effects observed, but reference to second order indexicality is required to understand what social meaning Boyle achieves through style shifting.
UPAYA MENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SNOWBALL THROWING
Authors: Simarmata Nada Naviana 
Published: March 2019

Pendidikan di Indonesia saat ini sebernanya masih banyak kekurangan guru dalam mengembangkan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran yang dibuatnya terutama dalam model pembelajaran yang digunakan terkadang guru hanya melakukan ceramah saja sehingga membuat peserta didik pasif dalam proses belajar mengajar. Disini penelitian yang dibuat menggunakan model pembelajaran Snowball Throwing dimana peserta didik diharapkan untuk aktif dalam model pembelajaran Snowball Throwing. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang ada di bagian pembahasan dan hasil penelitian ini menggunakan Snowball Throwing yang dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa yang memuaskan. Dimana Snowball Throwing mengajak siswa untuk aktif dan berfikir kritis kemudian dalam model pembelajaran ini siswa berfikir untuk membuat pertanyaan yang akan dilemparkan ke siswa lain. Model pembelajaran ini dibentuk menjadi beberapa kelompok sehingga siswa dapat mengeluarkan pendapat untuk memberikan pertanyaan ke siswa yang lainnya. Terutama di sekolah Dasar sangat berhasil jika menggunakan model pembelajaran seperti ini. Model pembelajaran snowball Throwing ini tidak langsung meningkat begitu saja hasil belajar dari peserta didik, melainkan secara bertahap.Kata kunci : Hasil Belajar, Snowball Throwing, Hasil, Pembelajaran
PENGARUH METODE PEMBELAJARAN COPERATIVE SCRIPT DAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR HISTORIS TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SEJARAH SMA NEGERI 2 KOTO XI TARUSAN KABUPATEN PESISIR SELATAN PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: Alwahid Ibnu Habib , Sarkadi Sarkadi , Umasih Umasih 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study aims to find and obtain empirical data the influence of cooperative script learning methods and the ability to think historically on the outcomes of SMA Negeri 2 Koto XI Tarusan Pesisir Selatan Regency in the Lesson Year 2017/2018. This research took place from February 2018 to March 2018. The method used in this research is the experimental method with design treatment by level 2x2. In this study the instruments used are for the ability of historical thinking and learning outcomes are bebrbentuk multiple choice test. The results of this study indicate that: 1) the result of learning history of students who follow cooperative script learning method is higher than students who follow the conventional learning method, 2) terrdapat interaction effect between learning methods with the ability to think historically on student learning outcomes, 3) students who are given cooperative script learning method with higher historical thinking ability than students given conventional learning method with high historical thinking ability. 4) the result of student history learning given cooperative script learning method with having low historical thinking ability lower than students are given conventional learning methods with low historical thinking ability.Keywords: Historical learning result, cooperative script learning method, historical thinking abilityAbstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendapatan data yang empiris pengaruh metode pembelajaran cooperative script dan kemampuan berpikir historis terhadap hasil belajar SMA Negeri 2 Koto XI Tarusan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Pada Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018. Penelitian ini berlangsung dari bulan februari 2018 sampai Maret 2018. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen dengan desain treatment by level 2x2. Dalam penelitian ini instrumen yang digunakan adalah untuk kemampuan berpikir historis dan hasil belajar adalah bebrbentuk tes pilihan ganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) hasil belajar sejarah siswa yang mengikuti metode pembelajaran cooperative script lebih tinggi dari siswa yang mengikuti metode pembelajaran konvensional, 2) terrdapat pengaruh interaksi antara metode pembelajaran dengan kemampuan berpikir historis terhadap hasil belajar siswa, 3) hasil belajar sejarah siswa yang diberikan metode pembelajaran cooperative script dengan memiliki kemampuan berpikir historis tinggi lebih tinggi dari siswa yang diberikan metode pembelajaran konvensional dengan memiliki kemampuan berpikir historis tinggi.4) hasil belajar sejarah siswa yang diberikan metode pembelajaran cooperative script dengan memiliki kemampuan berpikir historis rendah lebih rendah dari siswa yang diberikan metode pembelajaran konvensional dengan memiliki kemampuan berpikir historis rendah. Kata Kunci : Hasil belajar sejarah, Metode pembelajaran cooperative script, Kemampuan berpikir historis
PENERAPAN METODE MIND MAPPING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR KIMIA SISWA KELAS X MIA
Authors: Supadmi Ni Luh , Wiratma I Gusti Lanang , Merta Luh Maharani 
Published: March 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar siswa kela X MIA 6 SMA Negeri 4 Singaraja melalui metode mind mapping. Jenis penelitian ini tergolong penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri atas tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, tindakan, evaluasi, dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X MIA 6 SMA Negeri 4 Singaraja tahun ajaran 2016/2017 yang berjumlah 38 orang, terdiri dari 17 orang laki-laki dan 21 orang perempuan. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini berupa aktivitas belajar siswa dan hasil belajar siswa yang diambil dari penerapan metode pembelajaran mind mapping. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu lembar observasi, soal tes, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian dan analisis data pada siklus I dan siklus II diketahui bahwa terjadi peningkatan aktivitas dan hasil belajar siswa kelas X MIA 6 SMA Negeri 4 Singaraja tahun ajaran 2016/2017. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya peningkatan presentase aktivitas belajar siswa terhadap pelajaran kimia dari skor rata-rata 74,57 dengan kategori cukup aktif pada siklus I menjadi 82,68 dengan kategori aktif pada siklus II. Hasil belajar siswa juga meningkat dari persentase ketuntasan 63,15 % pada siklus I menjadi 89,47 % pada siklus II.
PROFIL MODEL MENTAL SISWA TENTANG LARUTAN ELEKTROLIT DAN NONELEKTROLIT
Authors: Suari Ni Nyoman Junitri 
Published: March 2019

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan profil model mental siswa tentang larutan elektrolit dan nonelektrolit di SMA Negeri 8 Denpasar. Penelitian menggunakan teknik survey di kelas X IPA dengan melibatkan 155 orang siswa. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pemberian tes model mental berbentuk pilihan ganda dua tingkat (two-tier test). Analisis data dilakukan dengan cara mengelompokan kemiripan jawaban siswa ke dalam tipe model mental tertentu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, bahwa profil model mental siswa kelas X IPA tentang larutan elektrolit dan nonelektrolit, sebanyak 12,85% tergolong model mental ilmiah dan 87,11% model mental alternatif, yang terdiri atas 63,85% benar sebagian, 19,63% miskonsepsi khusus, dan 3,63% tidak ada tanggapan. Dengan demikian, sebagian besar siswa belum memiliki model mental yang untuhuntuk memahami materi larutan elektrolit dan nonelektrolit.
PROFIL MODEL MENTAL SISWA SMA KELAS X TENTANG KONSEP-KONSEP DASAR KIMIA PADA KURIKULUM SAINS SMP
Authors: Yoni Anak Agung Sri , Suja I Wayan , Karyasa I Wayan 
Published: March 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan profil model mental siswa SMA Kelas X tentang konsep-konsep dasar kimia pada kurikulum sains SMP. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik sensus di kelas X SMA Negeri Sukasada dengan melibatkan 90 orang siswa. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pemberian tes diagnostik dua tingkat (two-tier). Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif melibatkan hubungan antara jawaban siswa dan argumentasinya dengan melibatkan tiga level kimia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, bahwa profil model mental siswa kelas X tentang konsep-konsep dasar kimia pada kurikulum sains SMP adalah 6,44% model mental ilmiah dan 93,56% model mental alternatif, yang terdiri atas 45,56% model mental benar sebagian, 44,22% model mental miskonsepsi khusus, dan 3,78% tidak ada tanggapan. Sehubungan dengan temuan tersebut, guru-guru sains di SMP perlu membekali diri dengan pemahaman konsep-konsep dasar kimia yang mencakup tiga level kimia dan interkoneksinya. Selain itu, guru kimia di SMA melakukan remidiasi berkaitan dengan konsep-konsep dasar kimia yang telah dipelajari siswa di SMP agar menjadi model konseptual.
Öğretmen Adaylarının Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme Eğilimleri ile Bireysel Yenilikçilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: YENİCE Nilgün , ALPAK TUNÇ Gizem 
Published: March 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretmen adaylarının yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri ile bireysel
yenilikçilik düzeylerini belirlemek
ve aralarındaki ilişkiyi incelemek olarak belirlenmiştir. Betimsel nitelikteki bu
çalışmada ilişkisel tarama modelinden
yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2017-2018 eğitim öğretim yılında
Türkiye’nin batı bölgesinde bulunan bir üniversitenin eğitim fakültesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 819 öğretmen adayı
oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak; “Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme Eğilimleri
Ölçeği” ve “Bireysel Yenilikçilik
Düzeyi Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır.
Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistiklerden yararlanılmıştır. Betimsel istatistiklere ek olarak, öğretmen
adaylarının yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri ile bireysel yenilikçilik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi
belirlemek için; Sperman Brown Sıra
Farkları Korelâsyonu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, öğretmen
adaylarının yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin yüksek olduğu buna karşın bireysel
yenilikçilik düzeylerinin düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte,
öğretmen adaylarının yaşam boyu öğrenme
eğilimleri ile bireysel yenilikçilik
düzeyleri toplam puanları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı; alt boyut puanları incelendiğinde ise anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu
sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde
edilen bulgular doğrultusunda bazı önerilere yer verilmiştir.
Chemical Constituents of the Insecticidal Active Extract of Tinospora crispa
Authors: Bakhari Nor Aziyah , Fadzillah Siti Nur Amirah Diana , Isa Norain 
Published: March 2019

Tinospora crispa Miers (Menispermaceae) is a climbing vine with stems rich in warts. The plant is called Akar Seruntum or Patawali in Malaysia and is widely used for treating skin complaints, malaria, bacterial abscess, high blood pressure and diabetes. In the present study, the stems of T. crispa were collected from the locality and succesively extracted with petroleum ether, followed by chloroform and ethanol. The insecticidal active extract (ethanol extract) was subjected to column chromatography of silica gel eluted with a gradient mobile phase containing hexane, chloroform and ethanol. Among the chemical constituents isolated are n-tetracosyl trans-ferulate and n-octacosyl alcohol, along with three known aporphine alkaloids; N-formylnornuciferine, N-acetylnornuciferine and lysicamine. All compounds were identified by comparing their spectroscopic data (UV, IR, 1H NMR, MS) with data from corresponding values in the literature. Isolation of n-tetracosyl trans-ferulate and n-octacosyl alcohol is reported the first time for T. crispa.
Overview of construction simulation approaches to model construction processes
Authors: Bokor Orsolya , Florez Laura , Osborne Allan , Gledson Barry J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Construction simulation is a versatile technique with numerous applications. The basic simulation methods are discrete-event simulation (DES), agent-based modeling (ABM), and system dynamics (SD). Depending on the complexity of the problem, using a basic simulation method might not be enough to model construction works appropriately; hybrid approaches are needed. These are combinations of basic methods, or pairings with other techniques, such as fuzzy logic (FL) and neural networks (NNs). This paper presents a framework for applying simulation for problems within the field of construction. It describes DES, SD, and ABM, in addition to presenting how hybrid approaches are most useful in being able to reflect the dynamic nature of construction processes and capture complicated behavior, uncertainties, and dependencies. The examples show the application of the framework for masonry works and how it could be used for obtaining better productivity estimates. Several structures of hybrid simulation are presented alongside their inputs, outputs, and interaction points, which provide a practical reference for researchers on how to implement simulation to model construction systems of labor-intensive activities and lays the groundwork for applications in other construction-related activities.