Mtor Complex 1 Plays Critical Roles in Hematopoiesis and Pten-Loss-Evoked Leukemogenesis
Authors: Kalaitzidis Demetrios , Sykes Stephen M. , Punt Natalie , Tang Yuefeng , Lane Steven W. , Clish Clary , Gilliland D. Gary , Scadden David T. , Guertin David , Armstrong Scott A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Abstract 391
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTor) is an evolutionary-conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that plays critical roles in energy homeostasis, and cell-decision processes, such as cell growth and proliferation. Genetic alterations that lead to increased mTor activity in humans and mouse models have suggested a critical role for this kinase and its signal-transduction pathway in hematopoietic-stem cell (HSC) biology as well leukemogenesis, and has garnered much attention as a therapeutic target in human hematopoietic diseases. Further confirmation for a critical function of mTor in hematopoiesis has been suggested through pharmacological inhibition with rapamycin. However, recent evidence has shown that rapamycin is an incomplete inhibitor of mTor and its two associated complexes (mTorc1 and mTorc2). We thus sought to definitively discern the role of mTorc1 in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis by utilizing mice containing inducible “knock-out” alleles of the essential mTorc1 component Raptor.
To conditionally ablate the Raptor gene, mice with flanking loxP sites (floxed) of exon 6 of raptor were crossed with mice expressing Cre under the interferon-inducible Mx promoter (MxCre), and deletion induced in 4–6 week old offspring with injections of polyIpolyC. Induced MxCre:raptor homozoygous mice (KO) and controls (WT) were then analyzed for hematopoietic pertubations. Deletion of raptor leads to a complete ablation of mTorc1 biochemical activity in HSC and progenitors (HSPC) as assessed by phosphoflow analysis of key mTorc1 substrates in response to stem-cell factor. Furthermore, cell-type specific pertubations of a major negative feedback loop from mTor to the Akt pathway were uncovered by this analysis, with increased pAkt levels apparent only in early monocytic cells. Loss of mTorc1 activity produced a non-lethal hematopoietic disorder characterized by leucopenia, transient hypochromic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow (BM) of KO mice was characterized by an apparent lack of normal hematopoiesis and a striking expansion of monoyctic cells at the expense of neutrophils and B lymphocytes. These data suggest a critical role for mTorc1 in the execution of myelomonocytic development. Splenomegaly was prevalent in KO animals, reflecting extramedullary hematopoiesis. As many of these hematopoietic alterations could result from defective HSPC function, we examined the HSPC compartment in more detail. Raptor loss leads to an accumulation of mostly G0 immunophenotypically-defined HSC and multi-potent progenitors in the BM. Metabolic and transcriptional profiling of HSC/MPP indicated pertubations in major metabolic pathways in the KO cells, including decreases in cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis, and alterations in transamination reactions, among others. Strikingly, loss of mTorc1 in HSC/MPP leads to alterations in expression of genes that play critical roles in HSC. To examine the relevancy of these findings to HSC function we performed a series of competitive transplantation experiments. Results from these experiments indicate that mTorc1 is required in a cell-autonomous manner for HSC fitness and proper myelomonocytic differentiation, likely through the control of key metabolic and gene-expression programs.
While mTorc1/Raptor loss resulted in profound hematopoietic dysfunction, KO mice survived for greater than 1 year after induced deletion of the raptor gene and maintained hematopoiesis in the absence of Raptor. We next asked whether loss of mTorc1 could be a reasonable therapeutic target in leukemia by generating mice with compound floxed alleles of both Raptor and the Pten gene (deleted again with Cre under the Mx promoter). While homozygous Pten deletion results in a rapidly-fatal myeloproliferative disease in both WT and induced Raptor heterozygous mice, homozygous deletion of Raptor leads to a significantly prolonged survival. Furthermore, through transplantation experiments, we show that mTorc1 is required in a cell-autonomous manner for Pten-loss-evoked leukemogenesis. These studies have demonstrated critical functions of mTorc1 in benign hematopoiesis, suggest rapamycin-independent functions of mTorc1 in this system, and imply that mTorc1 ablation can have beneficial effects in mouse models of leukemogenesis.

Disclosures:
Scadden: Fate Therapeutics: Equity Ownership. Armstrong:Epizyme: Consultancy.