bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autoinflammatory disease in the lung
Authors: Scambler Thomas , Holbrook Jonathan , Savic Sinisa , McDermott Michael F. , Peckham Daniel 
Published: April 2018

SummaryAscertaining the dominant cell type driving an immunological disease is essential to understanding the causal pathology and, therefore, selecting or developing an effective treatment. Classifying immunological diseases in this way has led to successful treatment regimens for many monogenic diseases; however, when the dominant cell type is unclear and there is no obvious causal genetic mutation, then identifying the correct disease classification and appropriate therapy can be challenging. In this review we focus on pulmonary immunological diseases where an innate immune signature has been identified as a predominant aspect of the immunopathology. We describe the molecular pathology of ‘autoinflammatory diseases of the lung’ and propose that small molecule and biological therapies, including recombinant interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist, that target key innate immune pathways, are likely be beneficial in the control of pulmonary and systemic inflammation in these conditions. In addition, the successful use of macrolide antibiotics to treat lung infections in these conditions further confirms that the innate immune system is the key conductor of inflammation in these pulmonary diseases, as there is a strong body of evidence that macrolides are able to modulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐18 secretion, both of which are central players in the innate immune response. Throughout this review we highlight the published evidence of autoinflammatory disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and rheumatoid lung disease and suggest that the fundamental pathology of these diseases places them towards the autoinflammatory pole of the immunological disease continuum.
CEO Duality and Firm Performance: Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Mediate the Relation?
Authors: Chang Kiyoung , Lee Junyoup , Shim Hyeongsop 
Published: April 2018

AbstractExploiting two exogenous shocks, we examine the relation between CEO–Chairman duality and firm performance. We report evidence that CEO duality benefits a firm when economic policy uncertainty is high. This implies that CEO–‐Chairman duality is an advantageous governance mechanism for coping with economic policy uncertainty. We show that the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act reduced firm performance if a firm had separate leadership in 2001. However, this negative effect was mitigated if a firm had combined leadership in 2001. The results suggest that CEO duality is complementary to board independence and that the value of CEO duality is contingent on a firm’s environment.
Channels of employee voice: complementary or competing for space?
Authors: McCloskey Christina , McDonnell Anthony 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article identifies the existence of employee voice channels and examines how they interact within the context of an overall organisational voice system. In so doing, we can better appreciate the disparities between the micro‐level reality and macro‐level rhetoric of employee voice for highly skilled employees in the knowledge intensive sector. Drawing on an instrumental, inductive case study involving managers and, most notably, employees, the research finds that the plurality of mechanisms provided for voice appears to cause some confusion that leads to a neglect of certain channels and others competing for attention. This raises the issue, which has not received attention thus far, as to whether the availability of multiple voice channels can have counter‐productive effects whereby they start to compete with rather than complement each other.
Legume endosymbionts: Drought stress tolerance in second‐generation chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds
Authors: Kumari V. , Germida J. , Vujanovic V. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractChickpea is an important leguminous crop grown worldwide due to its nutritional and economic value. However, abiotic stress, primarily caused by drought, has limited chickpea production. This study highlights endosymbiotic plant growth promotion as well as alleviation of abiotic stress in germinating chickpea seeds and seedlings under drought stress conditions. Seed produced by F1 endosymbiotic plants under controlled environment was used to conduct this second‐generation (F2) study in the greenhouse. Fungal and bacterial endosymbionts improved seed germination and enhanced root and shoot growth in second‐generation seeds produced by applying drought stress without endophytes. Expression levels of antioxidant genes, proline, SOD‐superoxide dismutase and dehydrin, were downregulated, which characterizes enhanced oxidative stress tolerance and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in host cells. The endosymbiont beneficial effect on plant resilience and improved phenotypes was translated into increased nutrient quality of second‐generation seed. This study indicates the potential of the fungal and bacterial endosymbionts to moderate drought stress in plants by triggering epigenetic changes inherited across chickpea generations which correlated with enhanced resilience and improved agricultural traits in this globally important crop.
Resource availability, mating opportunity and sexual selection intensity influence the expression of male alternative reproductive tactics
Authors: Ghislandi Paolo Giovanni , Pekár Stano , Matzke Magdalena , Schulte‐Döinghaus Sarah , Bilde Trine , Tuni Cristina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe expression of alternative reproductive tactics can be plastic and occur simultaneously depending on cues that vary spatially or temporally. For example, variation in resources and sexual selection intensity is expected to influence the pay‐off of each tactic and shape the decision of which tactic to employ. Males of the nuptial gift‐giving spider Pisaura mirabilis can adopt three tactics: offering a genuine prey gift, a ‘worthless’ non‐nutritious gift or no gift. We hypothesized that resources and/or male body condition, and mating opportunity and sexual selection intensity, vary over the course of the mating season to shape the co‐existence of alternative traits. We measured these variables in the field over two seasons, to investigate the predictions that as the mating season progresses, (i) males become more likely to employ a gift‐giving tactic, and (ii) the likelihood of switching from worthless to genuine gifts increases. Prey availability increased over the season and co‐varied with the propensity of males to employ the gift‐giving tactic, but we found no support for condition‐dependent gift giving. Males responded to an increase in female availability by increasing their mating effort (gift production). Furthermore, the frequency of genuine gift use increased with sexual selection intensity, consistent with the assumption that sperm competition intensity increases with time. Our results suggest that the frequency of alternative tactics is shaped by seasonal changes in ecological factors and sexual selection. This leads to relaxed selection for the gift‐giving tactic early in the season when females are less choosy and resources more scarce, and increased selection for genuine gifts later in the season driven by mating opportunity and risk of sperm competition.
Longevity of ceramic onlays: A systematic review
Authors: Abduo Jaafar , Sambrook Raelene Jo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to evaluate the longevity of ceramic onlays and identify the factors that influence their survival.Materials and methodsAn electronic search was conducted through PubMed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar and Cochrane Library, up to August 2017. The literature search aimed to retrieve all the clinical studies on the longevity of ceramic onlays. Ceramic onlay was defined as any partial ceramic restoration that covers at least one cusp.ResultsA total of 21 studies met the selection criteria and were deemed suitable for this review. The medium‐term studies (2–5 years) indicated a survival rate of 91‐100%, and the long term studies (more than 5 years) showed a survival rate of 71–98.5%. The most common reason of failure was fracture, followed by debonding and caries. The most common patterns of deterioration were loss of margin integrity and discoloration. Onlay longevity can be enhanced if the preparation allows for at least 2 mm occlusal ceramic thickness and incorporates additional retentive features. Restoring teeth that are nonvital, teeth in a more posterior region, or teeth for patients with parafunctional habits appears to be associated with greater ceramic failure. Fabrication materials and methods, and adhesive bonding system did not seem to influence onlay longevity.ConclusionsThe clinical performance of the ceramic onlay appears acceptable regardless of the follow‐up duration. Fracture of the ceramic onlay is the predominant cause of failure, and the most observed form of deterioration was associated with the restoration margin.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCECeramic onlay appears to be a reliable option to restore posterior teeth. The most common pattern of failure is fracture of the ceramic material. The risk of ceramic onlay failure seems to increase if the restored tooth is nonvital and the patient demonstrates parafunctional habits.
CaMKIIβ is localized in dendritic spines as both drebrin‐dependent and drebrin‐independent pools
Authors: Yamazaki Hiroyuki , Sasagawa Yoshio , Yamamoto Hideyuki , Bito Haruhiko , Shirao Tomoaki 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDrebrin is a major F‐actin binding protein in dendritic spines that is critically involved in the regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis, pathology, and plasticity. In this study, we aimed to identify a novel drebrin‐binding protein involved in spine morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity. We confirmed the beta subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIβ) as a drebrin‐binding protein using a yeast two‐hybrid system, and investigated the drebrin–CaMKIIβ relationship in dendritic spines using rat hippocampal neurons. Drebrin knockdown resulted in diffuse localization of CaMKIIβ in dendrites during the resting state, suggesting that drebrin is involved in the accumulation of CaMKIIβ in dendritic spines. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis showed that drebrin knockdown increased the stable fraction of CaMKIIβ, indicating the presence of drebrin‐independent, more stable CaMKIIβ. NMDA receptor activation also increased the stable fraction in parallel with drebrin exodus from dendritic spines. These findings suggest that CaMKIIβ can be classified into distinct pools: CaMKIIβ associated with drebrin, CaMKIIβ associated with post‐synaptic density (PSD), and CaMKIIβ free from PSD and drebrin. CaMKIIβ appears to be anchored to a protein complex composed of drebrin‐binding F‐actin during the resting state. NMDA receptor activation releases CaMKIIβ from drebrin resulting in CaMKIIβ association with PSD.
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The Kindness of Strangers? An Investigation into the Interaction of Funder Motivations in Online Crowdfunding Campaigns
Authors: Cox Joe , Nguyen Thang , Kang Soong Moon 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThis study investigates the interaction of motivations among contributors to online crowdfunding campaigns. Based on evidence from the literature on philanthropic behaviour, we argue that funder behaviour is likely to be driven by a combination of intrinsic, extrinsic and image enhancement motivations. We undertake an empirical investigation into the relationships between these factors by analysing data from an online rewards‐based crowdfunding platform. These data not only reveal the monetary values of individual contributions to fundraising campaigns but also indicate particular combinations of motivations based on the material reward selected (if any) and the decision as to whether or not to contribute anonymously. We find that extrinsically motivated funders generally make larger contributions than intrinsically motivated funders, which does not suggest the presence of a ‘crowding‐out’ effect given the presence of material incentives. We further show that named funders with intrinsic motivations contribute more than anonymous funders with intrinsic motivations, whereas the same pattern of behaviour is not observed among extrinsically motivated funders. The evidence from our study therefore suggests that image concerns interact with intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in different ways.
How Immigration Grease Is Affected by Economic, Institutional, and Policy Contexts: Evidence from EU Labor Markets
Authors: Guzi Martin , Kahanec Martin , Kureková Lucia Mýtna 
Published: April 2018

SummaryTheoretical arguments and previous country‐level evidence indicate that immigrants are more fluid than natives in responding to changing skill shortages across countries, occupation groups and industries. The diversity across EU member states enables us to test this hypothesis across various institutional, economic and policy contexts. Drawing on the EU LFS and EU SILC datasets, we study the relationship between residual wage premia as a measure of skill shortages in different occupation‐industry‐country cells and the shares of immigrants and natives working in these cells. We find that immigrants’ responsiveness to skill shortages exceeds that of natives in the EU15, in particular in member states with low GDP, higher levels of immigration from outside EU, and more open immigration and integration policies; but also those with barriers to citizenship acquisition or family reunification. While higher welfare spending seems to exert a lock‐in effect, a comparison across different types of welfare states indicates that institutional complementarities alleviate such effect.
Markers in time and space: A review of the last decade of plant phylogeographic approaches
Authors: Morris Ashley B. , Shaw Joey 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPlant studies comprise a relatively small proportion of the phylogeographic literature, likely as a consequence of the fundamental challenges posed by the complex genomic structures and life history strategies of these organisms. Comparative plastomics (i.e., comparisons of mutation rates within and among regions of the chloroplast genome) across plant lineages has led to an increased understanding of which markers are likely to provide the most information at low taxonomic levels. However, the extent to which the results of such work have influenced the literature has not been fully assessed, nor has the extent to which plant phylogeographers explicitly analyse markers in time and space, both of which are integral components of the field. Here, we reviewed more than 400 publications from the last decade of plant phylogeography to specifically address the following questions: (i) What is the phylogenetic breadth of studies to date? (ii) What molecular markers have been used, and why were they chosen? (iii) What kinds of markers are most frequently used and in what combinations? (iv) How frequently are divergence time estimation and ecological niche modelling used in plant phylogeography? Our results indicate that chloroplast DNA sequence data remain the primary tool of choice, followed distantly by nuclear DNA sequences and microsatellites. Less than half (42%) of all studies use divergence time estimation, while even fewer use ecological niche modelling (14%). We discuss the implications of our findings, as well as the need for community standards on data reporting.
Among‐year variation in selection during early life stages and the genetic basis of fitness in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Postma Froukje M. , Ågren Jon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIncomplete information regarding both selection regimes and the genetic basis of fitness limits our understanding of adaptive evolution. Among‐year variation in the genetic basis of fitness is rarely quantified, and estimates of selection are typically based on single components of fitness, thus potentially missing conflicting selection acting during other life‐history stages. Here, we examined among‐year variation in selection on a key life‐history trait and the genetic basis of fitness covering the whole life cycle in the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We planted freshly matured seeds of >200 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between two locally adapted populations (Italy and Sweden), and both parental genotypes at the native site of the Swedish population in three consecutive years. We quantified selection against the nonlocal Italian genotype, mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fitness and its components, and quantified selection on timing of germination during different life stages. In all 3 years, the local Swedish genotype outperformed the nonlocal Italian genotype. However, both the contribution of early life stages to relative fitness, and the effects of fitness QTL varied among years. Timing of germination was under conflicting selection through seedling establishment vs. adult survival and fecundity, and both the direction and magnitude of net selection varied among years. Our results demonstrate that selection during early life stages and the genetic basis of fitness can vary markedly among years, emphasizing the need for multiyear studies considering the whole life cycle for a full understanding of natural selection and mechanisms maintaining local adaptation.
God's Almightiness and the Limits of Theological Discourse
Authors: Vial Marc 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article argues that a Christian notion of God's almighty agency in the present world should be grounded in the consideration of the Easter event if speculation is to be avoided. Consequently, this essay introduces a sharp distinction between God's almightiness and mere omnipotence, and suggests that, if the Christian faith leads us to confess God's almightiness, it also forbids us to confess it in just any way we like: confession of God's almightiness necessarily takes the shape of hope and cannot be expressed in a mere assertive way. This is the reason why it is necessarily problematic, not on the level of its content, but as far as the mode of its confession is concerned.
“But will God indeed dwell on the earth?” God and Space
Authors: Lehmkühler Karsten 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe so‐called “spatial turn” has led to renewed interest in the question of space among theologians. Concerning the concept of divine omnipresence, classical positions (Aquinas, Luther) underlined that God is present in the created world through God's essence and creating power. Contemporary authors sometimes oppose a classic and pre‐Kantian “container model” and adopt preferentially a more modern “relational model” of space. This article argues that these two models are not mutually exclusive, and that an analogical approach, linking the “space of God” and “created space”, might help us understand the encompassing presence of God in God's creation.
Detection of alpha‐synuclein conformational variants from gastro‐intestinal biopsy tissue as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ruffmann C. , Bengoa‐Vergniory N. , Poggiolini I. , Ritchie D. , Hu M. T. , Alegre‐Abarrategui J. , Parkkinen L. 
Published: April 2018

AimsGastrointestinal (GI) α‐synuclein (aSyn) detection as a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenged by conflicting results of recent studies. To increase sensitivity and specificity, we applied three techniques to detect different conformations of aSyn in GI biopsies obtained from a longitudinal, clinically well‐characterized cohort of PD patients and healthy controls (HC).MethodsWith immunohistochemistry (IHC), we used antibodies reactive for total, phosphorylated and oligomeric aSyn; with aSyn proximity ligation assay (AS‐PLA), we targeted oligomeric aSyn species specifically; and with paraffin‐embedded tissue blot (AS‐PET‐blot) we aimed to detect fibrillary, synaptic aSyn.ResultsA total of 163 tissue blocks were collected from 51 PD patients (113 blocks) and 21 HC (50 blocks). In 31 PD patients, biopsies were taken before the PD diagnosis (Prodromal); while in 20 PD patients biopsies were obtained after diagnosis (Manifest). The majority of tissues blocks were from large intestine (62%), followed by small intestine (21%), stomach (10%) and oesophagus (7%). With IHC, four staining patterns were detected (neuritic, ganglionic, epithelial and cellular), while two distinct staining patterns were detected both with AS‐PLA (cellular and diffuse signal) and with AS‐PET‐blot (aSyn‐localized and pericrypt signal). The level of agreement between different techniques was low and no single technique or staining pattern reliably distinguished PD patients (Prodromal or Manifest) from HC.ConclusionsOur study suggests that detection of aSyn conformational variants currently considered pathological is not adequate for the diagnosis or prediction of PD. Future studies utilizing novel ultrasensitive amyloid aggregation assays may increase sensitivity and specificity.
Two ancestral genes shaped the Xanthomonas campestris TAL effector gene repertoire
Authors: Denancé Nicolas , Szurek Boris , Doyle Erin L. , Lauber Emmanuelle , Fontaine‐Bodin Lisa , Carrère Sébastien , Guy Endrick , Hajri Ahmed , Cerutti Aude , Boureau Tristan , Poussier Stéphane , Arlat Matthieu , Bogdanove Adam J. , Noël Laurent D. 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Xanthomonas transcription activator‐like effectors (TALEs) are injected inside plant cells to promote host susceptibility by enhancing transcription of host susceptibility genes. TALE‐encoding (tal) genes were thought to be absent from Brassicaceae‐infecting Xanthomonas campestris (Xc) genomes based on four reference genomic sequences.

We discovered tal genes in 26 of 49 Xc strains isolated worldwide and used a combination of single molecule real time (SMRT) and tal amplicon sequencing to yield a near‐complete description of the TALEs found in Xc (Xc TALome).

The 53 sequenced tal genes encode 21 distinct DNA binding domains that sort into seven major DNA binding specificities. In silico analysis of the Brassica rapa promoterome identified a repertoire of predicted TALE targets, five of which were experimentally validated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The Xc TALome shows multiple signs of DNA rearrangements that probably drove its evolution from two ancestral tal genes. We discovered that Tal12a and Tal15a of Xcc strain Xca5 contribute together in the development of disease symptoms on susceptible B. oleracea var. botrytis cv Clovis.

This large and polymorphic repertoire of TALEs opens novel perspectives for elucidating TALE‐mediated susceptibility of Brassicaceae to black rot disease and for understanding the molecular processes underlying TALE evolution.