bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sovereign Inequalities
Authors: Powers Allison 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains why the United States and Mexico returned to arbitration in 1923, when President Álvaro Obregón sought recognition for his government and President Warren G. Harding was eager to secure compensation for US property nationalized following the 1910–1920 Mexican revolution. Although State Department officials predicted that the arbitral tribunal would limit the redistributive potential of Mexico’s 1917 constitution by mandating market value compensation for US investors following any land or resource nationalizations, hundreds of Mexican citizens turned to the arbitration to bring denial of justice charges against the United States. By tracing the effects of their claims on diplomatic contests over meanings of sovereign equality, the chapter argues that interwar debates over mass resource nationalization did not only concern the property rights of US investors; they also exposed racialized violence within the US legal system.
The Specter of Compensation
Authors: Powers Allison 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Faced with the prospect of an arbitral tribunal ruling that the US legal system violated the international legal norms to which all putatively “civilized” nations were beholden, the State Department ultimately chose to abandon the arbitration rather than disavow state violence. This chapter tells the story of how and why they did so. By agreeing to a privately negotiated lump-sum settlement rather than allowing the 1923 Claims Commission to complete its work, the United States and Mexico smoothed over diplomatic conflicts without having to definitively rule on any of the key issues that claimants had raised concerning the inequities of US law enforcement. In doing so, the two powers erased from published diplomatic records evidence of how ordinary people used international law to challenge structural injustices within the US legal system.
Parties
Authors: Sorabji John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rules concerning parties to proceedings are consolidated in this Part. Rules are set out concerning party capacity and, where a party lacks capacity, the appointment of litigation friends and the Official Solicitor. Provision is made governing the status in which an individual party may bring proceedings. Provision is also made for natural persons to have capacity and for the possible future extension of capacity, as already is the case in some jurisdictions, to the environment (rivers, mountains) or animals. It also incorporates provision for intervenors, providing for the first time general rules governing such participants in proceedings. The role of advocates to the court (amicus curiae) is also codified.
Case Statements
Authors: Sorabji John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Case statements or pleadings play an integral role in defining the scope of any dispute. This Part maintains the established approach, which requires parties to plead facts. It makes provision for the use of Particulars of Claim, Defences, and further Statements of Case. It provides for rules concerning case statements in judicial review proceedings, consolidating them in this general Part rather than placing them within a discrete set of rules governing judicial review proceedings. Taking account of digitisation this Part does not make provision for the claim form to be separate from the Particulars of Claim; that historic approach being inappropriate where case statements are completed through a digital procedure. The Part also specifies the approach to be taken to party admissions, as well as the time limits for service of case statements. It also reintroduces the idea of closure of proceedings as a consequence of the digitisation of procedure.
Third Movement
Authors: Simpson Barbara 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This movement is comprised of an Intermezzo that examines Pragmatist thinking on conflict resolution, and an Étude that demonstrates the generativity of dialogue in the senior management team of an arts-based company. The Intermezzo draws primarily on Mary Parker Follett’s writing about different ways of resolving conflict, including domination, compromise, and her preferred solution, integration. It also includes a commentary on George Herbert Mead’s thinking about the generative potential of gestural communication. The Étude explores these Pragmatist ideas in the context of differences between the senior managers, and the ways in which these differences become productive as they work together to make new futures.
The Work Ethic
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The modern work ethic is the primary target of critics of work. Max Weber’s recounting of the rise of the work ethic at the start of the Industrial Revolution is for this reason a widely used reference in contemporary debates. This chapter summarizes the main features of Weber’s famous account, highlighting how it makes the centrality of work a key plank of its narrative, and examining the reasons that make it appealing to critics of work. The apparent force of the Weberian reference (and by extension the critical bite of the ‘work ethic’ reference) are questioned, notably because the extreme malleability of the ‘modern work ethic’ narrative makes it a category with no determinate content. Recent scholarship also calls into doubt the historical accuracy of Weber’s genealogy. In fact, in other studies Weber highlights dimensions of work that are precisely of the kind that demonstrate its significance.
Penman of the Founding
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This first complete and accurate biography of Founder John Dickinson gives a full account of his critical role in the establishment of the nation from the colonial period, through the earliest resistance to Britain, and into the Early Republic. Beginning with his childhood in Maryland and Delaware, it describes Dickinson’s Quaker family, heritage, and education in historical context. His family was wealthy enough to send him to Philadelphia and London for the best legal education in the British Empire. In England, he discovered his patriotic sentiments for America. Upon return to the colonies, he quickly rose to become a successful lawyer and legislator, which positioned him well for leadership of the American resistance to British taxation measures. From the 1765 Stamp Act Congress until 1776, Dickinson’s writings defined the response, creating a distinct sense of American identity and making Dickinson the first American celebrity. His agenda for reconciliation dominated the First and Second Continental Congresses. Because he did not want separation from Britain, he refused to vote on or sign the Declaration of Independence, but he nevertheless served as a colonel and a private in the Revolutionary War. He also advocated women’s rights and the abolition of slavery. Dickinson continued to serve in high office, as a delegate to Congress, president of Delaware and then Pennsylvania, chairman of the Annapolis Convention, delegate to the Federal Convention, president of the Delaware constitutional convention, and a Delaware state senator. In retirement, he remained active leading citizens’ groups, authoring pamphlets, writing and promoting legislation at the state and national levels, and engaging in philanthropy.
“The Noblest Aim of Human Abilities & Industry”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter Two describes the three years Dickinson spent receiving legal training at the Middle Temple in London’s Inns of Court. Together with his friend and kinsman Robert Goldsborough, he explored London and studied law. During the legal terms, Dickinson would attend one of the courts in Westminster Hall and take notes on the proceedings. Between terms, he would read case books all day. He worked so intensively that he became ill and was directed by doctors to stop studying, begin exercising, and use a standing desk, all of which brought him back to good health. When the French and Indian War began in the colonies, Dickinson witnessed hearings before the Board of Trade during which Quaker rule in Pennsylvania was challenged over their refusal to raise a militia to protect the inhabitants on the frontier. His deep introspection during this time, revealed in letters to his parents, showed his gratitude for the opportunities afforded to him as well as his deep patriotism for America. He resolved to maintain his virtue above all else and fight for justice whatever the personal cost to himself.
“By uniting We stand, by dividing We fall”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter Seven recounts Dickinson’s meteoric rise to international celebrity with the publication of his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania against the Townshend Acts. When he saw no indication that Americans were concerned about these new acts, he wrote with several purposes: to educate Americans about their rights and how to resist oppression peacefully; to encourage Americans to unify in their resistance; and to cultivate a sense of identity in them as Americans. Responses came even before all the letters had been published. Most significantly, the Massachusetts Assembly issued the famous circular letter that unified most of the colonies in a non-importation agreement. But Quaker Pennsylvania lagged behind, reluctant to resist. Accolades for the Farmer, as Dickinson was now known, poured in from around the Atlantic World. With his publication of America’s first patriotic song, “The Liberty Song,” he solidified his status as the spokesman for the American cause.
“Freedom or an honorable Death”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter Nine shows Dickinson at the height of his power and influence as he orchestrated unity among various factions in Pennsylvania and set the agenda for the Continental Congresses. With the Quaker Assembly refusing to mount resistance to Britain, and radical sentiment against Quakers mounting, Dickinson proposed a system of conventions and committees to bypass the Assembly. Although he joined the First Congress late, Dickinson’s plan for peaceful resistance prevailed nonetheless, evidenced by his authorship of four of the six documents Congress produced. In the Second Congress, his vision for resistance likewise dominated. He authored two seminal documents, the Olive Branch Petition and the Declaration on Taking Up Arms, both intended to prevent war and facilitate reconciliation. Dickinson also led the way in raising the militia in Pennsylvania and preparing the country for a civil war with Britain. In late 1775, his instructions to the delegates to Congress forbade them from voting in favor of independence.
“To bear my public Testimony”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter Sixteen describes how, although Dickinson was busy enough with his tenant properties, practicing a little law, and studying theology, he missed politics and could not resist involvement. While counseling Governor McKean on fair treatment for laboring people, his overwhelming concern was for the preservation of the Union, which he believed was in jeopardy from both Napoleon and Great Britain, and the internal threat of slave rebellion. He therefore continued to speak out against the expansion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory and pressed U.S. Senator George Logan to pass legislation forbidding trade with the new nation of Haiti in order to prevent a similar slave revolt in America. After the British attacked American seamen in the 1807 Chesapeake-Leonard Affair, Dickinson finally acceded to the pleas of his countrymen to stand for office again. He was relieved that he was not elected.
Urban Development (1)
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Expanding on the material of Chapter 5, Chapter 6 is the first of three chapters tracing the urban development of Constantinople in successive periods. The discussion uses the Notitia to trace the urban history of the city back in time to the archaic and Classical Greek city and its harbours on the northern side of the peninsula. The southwards expansion of Byzantium is then noted, culminating under the Severan emperors in the development of the area south of the acropolis by the construction of a new civic centre based on a colonnaded forum (or agora), great public baths, and possibly a hippodrome. The features of this development are paralleled in other cities, and seen as the monumental starting point of Constantine’s urban design. Also discussed is the course of the lost city walls of Constantine and the measurements provided by the Notitia of the area enclosed by them.
Urban Development (2)
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
See Chapter 6 for the contents of Chapters 7 and 8, which discuss the monumental and other developments of the times of Constantius II, Julian, Valens, and Theodosius I and II, and trace the westwards shift of economic and social focus in the city, based on the establishment of new forums and new harbours with their attendant facilities on its southern coastline. Particular attention is given in Chapter 7 to the visual evidence preserved in the narrative frieze of the column of Arcadius.
The Signing Singing Voice
Authors: Maler Anabel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the singing voice need not be an audible one: in sign language music, the signing performer may rarely or never produce any audible vocal sounds, and yet these pieces of music are unquestionably vocal. But what constitutes a signing singing voice? This chapter outlines the philosophical and musicological underpinnings that support the notion of a signing voice, as well as exploring concepts of voice within Deaf culture. It identifies several key elements of vocal delivery as they pertain to signing voices, focusing on prosody, mouth movements, facial expressions, eye gaze, body movements, and collectivity. It argues that the signing voice exists at the crossing of meaning, site, and motion, understanding the signing voice as moving through space, using the entire body, and emerging out of communal, reciprocal experiences between bodies.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Rumination Syndrome (CBT-RS)
Authors: Burton Murray Helen , Thomas Jennifer J. , Juarascio Adrienne S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
RS is as a condition characterized by repeated, effortless regurgitation of material. This book offers a comprehensive treatment approach for rumination syndrome (RS), cognitive–behavioral therapy for RS (CBT-RS). With case examples and a practical stepwise approach, this book enables clinicians to utilize CBT-RS in clinical settings to increase treatment access for RS. A corresponding workbook includes educational handouts and fillable worksheets.
Innovation Policy
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the various policies governments have used or might use to encourage or direct innovative activity in the public and private sectors. It discusses the various arguments for government policy in this area and derives the optimal subsidy using a simple model of underinvestment in innovation by the market. This optimum is impossible to achieve, of course, both because the model is too simple for the complexity of the problem, and because of the many actors involved. The chapter goes on to review the existing policies and their performance: direct subsidy, intellectual property instruments, tax credits, and so forth. A final section discusses the national innovation system framework.
Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the stylized facts about the use of IP by residents of developing countries and considers whether IP policy should vary as a function of a country’s level of economic development. After considering a couple of models of innovation and IP for trading countries at different levels of development, the empirical evidence on the impact of patent protection on technology transfer to a country, domestic innovation in that country, and its economic growth is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the impact of pharmaceutical product patents on product availability, as these are often the most important patents in the least developed countries.
Technology Standards and Standard Essential Patents
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers technology standards and standard essential patents (SEPs). It begins by discussing the role the patent system plays in the development and commercialization of technology standards, a role which has increased over time due to the increased importance of digital technologies. It describes standard-setting organizations and the features of SEPs that may lead to patent hold-up, royalty stacking, or patent hold-out. The choice of fair reasonably and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) royalty rates and the ways in which they might be computed in practice given the large number of patent and patent owners usually involved is reviewed. The chapter also presents the issues involved in this ongoing legal, economic, and policy debate.
Mixed Messages
Authors: Benford Tiffany 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Mixed Messages: Navigating the Intersections of Identity and Intergenerational Trauma” uses the author’s own personal story to explore how racial and gender oppression are internalized and reproduced through the family. It discusses how multiracial individuals are often forced to endure microaggressions levied at them from both the outside world and their own family members. It argues that recognizing how one has been intimately impacted by the systems of White supremacy and heteropatriarchy, and making a commitment to personal healing, is a critical step toward breaking the cycle of generational trauma within one’s family.
Fighting for Our Place
Authors: Omísadé Richardson Chateé 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
For Black people, the constant fight to simply exist and create a space of equal footing within American society has been an uphill battle. Not only has it been exhausting, but it has also created cultural fissures separating an entire group of people from their ancestral origins, and has caused a deep well of historical trauma that the community has been struggling to swim its way through in multiple contexts, but most notably in education. Education has not been difficult because of any inherent deficit as has been mischaracterized in a large body of literature. Education has been a challenge due to intentional external and institutionalized barriers. Critical race theory acknowledges that racism is endemic to the education system. With this assertion, academia as the bedrock and pinnacle of education is saturated in racist underpinnings that manifest as antiblackness. This chapter explores the existence and perpetuation of antiblackness in academia.
In the Wake of White Privilege
Authors: Coleman Jennifer A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“In the Wake of White Privilege” invites White readers to challenge how they think about their privilege. White privilege includes a host of benefits based on being born with White-colored skin in a society that tells itself that White is superior, with laws and policies that treat its citizens as such. Although race is a social construct, its impact is real. Systemic racism, privilege, and discrimination affect both mental and physical health and access to care, and thus lead to innumerable health disparities. This chapter reviews examples of health disparities based on systemic White privilege in the mental health and other fields, as well as outlines some action items for people who identify as White to use to become antiracist and dismantle this system.
Theorizing Illustration as an Artform
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter has two aims: to develop an account of the nature of visual illustration of philosophy and to undermine the denigration of illustration as an artform. The account of illustration posits a number of norms—most centrally fidelity and felicity—as necessary for an image to function as a visual illustration of a philosophical text. It also introduces the notion of an analogical illustration to supplement the more standard notion of a pictorial illustration. The second half of the chapter undermines the standard assumption that illustrations are an artform inferior to painting and sculpture. It does so by first demonstrating that Titian’s masterpiece, The Rape of Europa, is actually an illustration of Ovid’s description of that event, and second, by examining claims by critics that Norman Rockwell is no mere illustrator.
Frontispieces in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Changes in print technology brought about a new type of illustration of philosophical texts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: pictorial frontispieces. This chapter focuses on two important philosophical texts that contained such works: Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Emile. The frontispieces in these books function very differently. Bosse’s well-known frontispiece to Leviathan illustrates central theses of that work in visual form and serves as a paradigm of how a visual image can present a complex conceptual content to its viewers. The frontispieces to Rousseau’s book are mythological pictures that are not analogues of Rousseau’s claims in Emile. These fundamentally different approaches to illustrating philosophy mark a key moment in the evolving range of visual images used to accompany philosophical texts.
Art Inspired by Wittgenstein
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophical writing inspired a number of late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century artists to create works that illustrated his ideas. This chapter focuses on works by Joseph Kosuth, Bruce Nauman, Mel Bochner, Jasper Johns, Maria Bußmann ,and Eduardo Paolozzi that are inspired by Wittgenstein. One of the remarkable features of some of these works is that they return to an earlier tradition in which words play a significant role in an artwork, unlike works in the Modernist and earlier traditions that employed a purely pictorial space from which written language was eliminated. This inclusion is in keeping with the emphasis within twentieth century philosophy on language. In analyzing these works, the question of how they illustrate Wittgenstein’s ideas is paramount. These concept-based illustrations are among the most significant and challenging illustrations of philosophy.
Mel Bochner Illustrates On Certainty
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Abstract:This chapter continues my discussion of Wittgenstein-inspired artworks with a detailed examination of Mel Bochner’s illustrations for Wittgenstein’s book, On Certainty. To set the context for the works, Wittgenstein’s anti-skeptical argument in On Certainty is presented, showing Wittgenstein’s criticism of Descartes’s hyperbolic doubt but also of G. E. Moore’s attempt to refute skepticism by citing the truths he knows for certain. Bochner’s works, while having a precise beauty that emerges as one studies them in detail, are shown to provide visual analogues to Wittgenstein’s key ideas and arguments. These analogical illustrations are claimed to be some of the most significant illustrations of philosophy.