bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Water Quality Studies in Petroleum Refineries
Authors: Tertipis G. G. , Pyburn C. M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The general approach to water quality studies in Gulf Canada petroleum refineries is described and illustrated by typical results from one refinery. Some of the studies were carried out using a Mobile Water Conservation Laboratory on site whilst others involved grab sampling and transportation to a central laboratory. The studies were carried out with the objective of evaluating the efficiency of existing waste water treating systems to produce effluent of quality which will meet modern environmental requirements set by the Federal Government. These include oil, suspended solids, sulfide, ammonia, phenols, pH and a fish toxicity requirement. The quality of the effluents of several large and complex refineries was monitored, performance of waste water treating units was determined and pilot plant data of new packaged units was collected for future uses. Emphasis was placed on treating units which are used to treat waste streams and effluents for oil and suspended solids removal.
Residual Organics From Bio-Oxidation and Activated Carbon Adsorption of Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Bertrandy M-C. , Murphy K.L. , Benedek A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Organic compounds present in wastewater can be removed by established biological processes or by the recently developed physicochemical process wherein organics in the sewage are adsorbed on activated carbon after coagulation and sand filtration.
In both adsorption and bio-oxidation, residuals have been observed. Theoretically, a combination of both processes should remove these residuals, but to date, evidence is lacking to support this hypothesis. This study evaluated biological and adsorption residuals singly and in combination.
Impact of Dursban and Abate on Microbial Numbers and Some Chemical Properties of Standing Ponds
Authors: Butcher J. , Boyer M. , Fowle CD. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Eleven small ponds, lined with polyethylene, were used to assess the consequences of applications of *DursbanR at 0.004, 0.030, 0.100 and 1.000 ppm and AbateR at 0.025 and 0.100 ppm active ingredient.
The treated ponds showed a more pronounced long-term increase in pH and dissolved oxygen and decreasing total and dissolved carbon dioxide in comparison with untreated ponds. Algal blooms were of longer duration in treated ponds than in controls. Total photosynthetic productivity was higher in treated ponds but bacterial numbers did not change significantly. Photosynthetic productivity was estimated by following the changes in total carbon dioxide.
Dewatering Base Metal Mine Drainage Sludge
Authors: Campbell H. , Le Clair B.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Sludge dewatering studies were carried out at the Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corporation’s No. 12 mill as part of a pilot plant program on the removal of heavy metals from base metal mining effluents. A mobile sludge dewatering trailer located on site was used to assess the feasibility of basket centrifugation, solid bowl centrifugation, vacuum filtration and pressure filtration as possible methods of dewatering. The effect of control variables on performance, and the applicability of existing bench-scale methods to design were studied for each process.
Cake solids of 25% and suspended solids recoveries of 95% were attainable on all four pilot-scale dewatering units. The use of a basket centrifuge may not be practical due to very short cycle times which result from the high sludge feed solids concentration (7%). The addition of cationic polyelectrolyte was necessary to achieve recoveries in excess of 75% with the centrifuges, but was not required with either the vacuum filter or the filter press. The filter press, which produced a filter cake of 38 to 45% and a filtrate quality of 0 to 10 mg/1 of suspended solids, produced the best cake solids and effluent quality. However, the vacuum filter would require the lowest operating cost of units tested.
Bench-scale work included penetration tests, Buchner funnel tests, capillary suction time, leaf filter tests and bench filter tests. Scale-up from bench to pilot plant was not possible for centrifugation with existing methodology. Filter yields and pressing time were predicted from bench tests for the vacuum filter and pressure filter respectively, and compared with the results obtained. Specific sludge characteristics such as zeta potential, particle size distribution and rheology were also determined and related to solids concentration and level of polymer addition.
A Comparison Between the Effects of Sporadic and Continuous Loading From Sulphite Paper Mills on Attached Algae in the Ottawa River Near Ottawa, Canada
Authors: Dickman Mike 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Attached algal species composition and specific conductivity were monitored above and below two sulphite pulp and paper mills near Ottawa. Continuous monitoring of the river's specific conductivity below the upstream mill revealed sharp peaks at irregular intervals over the summer. These peaks were interpreted as indications of large scale effluent release by the company as they did not occur on the upstream conductivity monitors. Continuous monitoring of specific conductivity above and below a second (larger) sulphite mill revealed a steady release of effluent without large sporadic releases.
The reduction in the total number of periphyton species below each of these pulp mills was similar even though the upstream mill released nearly ten times less effluent than the downstream mill. Furthermore, periphyton species composition and density below the two mills was surprisingly similar even though the larger mill was continuously releasing its effluent. It was concluded that sporadic dumping of concentrated wastes is as harmful to most algal species as continuous release of these same wastes over an extended period of time. Environmental agencies invested with the responsibility of ensuring acceptable water quality conditions should therefore develop a comprehensive network of continuous monitors immediately below major industries which discharge into our lakes, rivers and oceans to discourage industries from shock loading.
Electrolysis of Wastewater - A Laboratory Study
Authors: Wei N.S. , Heinke G.W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper presents bench scale experimental results on the electrolysis of raw domestic wastewater. Studies carried out with consumable electrodes are discussed. A mathematical model of a small electrolytic sewage treatment unit for individual household application is developed. The energy consumption and cost of such a device are discussed.
Electrolysis can be described as a process in which chemical reactions are induced at each electro-liquid interface by applying an external electrical energy source to a system of electrodes immersed in a liquid. This paper deals only with electrolysis where a direct current power supply is used as the energy source. The process is governed by Faraday' s two laws on electrochemistry. The fundamental process parameter is the electrical charge density, measured as coulombs per litre (c/1) of wastewater treated.
There are two basic types of electrolysis depending on the choice of anode material.
When the anode is made of dissolvable metallic material such as iron, stainless steel and aluminum, the metal dissolves and goes into the sewage as metallic ions and forms hydrated metallic oxides which act as flocculating agents. The amount of metal dissolved is proportional to the quantity of electrical charges supplied to the system.
Results from a series of batch experiments showed that electrolysis with consumable electrodes is capable of removing significant amounts of organic pollutants. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal was found to be a function of charge density. Phosphate removal efficiency of 90 percent or higher was achieved at a relatively low charge density of 240 coulombs per litre with either iron or stainless steel anodes.
A mathematical model was derived in the conceptual design of a household electrolytic treatment unit. The model incorporates variables such as decomposition voltage of the electrodes and electrical conductivity of the wastewater as well as the physical configuration of the electrolytic cell. The energy requirement of such a unit can be calculated from the model.
It is suggested in this paper that an electrolytic waste treatment unit could be an alternative to the septic tank and tile bed system in areas where the latter is not applicable due to poor soil and terrain conditions.
Dual-Media Filtration for Treatment of Refinery Waste Water
Authors: Michniewicz T.E. , Kempling J.C. , Eng J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Waste water from refinery process units contains entrained oil and suspended solids which must be removed prior to discharge of the water. Primary gravity separation by an API separator reduces the oil and suspended solids concentrations. However, further treatment is usually required to make the water amenable to secondary treatment. Filtration is one of several processes which can be used in this service.
Pilot studies were made on site at an Imperial Oil refinery. The filter media consisted of a 2 ft. depth of anthracite on top of a 1 ft. depth of sand. The filtration rate was varied and the filter was operated downflow with gravity flow. The average oil and suspended solids reductions were 75% and 55%, respectively. Run lengths of 15 to 40 hours were observed (depending upon feed quality) before backwashing was required and the amount of backwash water was 1 to 2 vol % of the water filtered.
Based on these pilot data, a dual-media filter was constructed at an Imperial Oil refinery to treat 6,000 US gal/min. Data from the first year of operation show a very good agreement with the design values. The average percentage reductions of oil and suspended solids were 79% and 54%, respectively. The average effluent oil concentration is less than the design target. The filtration cycle length is 13 hours due to a slightly higher suspended solids in the feed than expected. No deterioration of the filter media has been observed with time. The backwash is treated by chemical flocculation to reduce its volume and the sludge is disposed of by incineration.
Application of Hyodrologic and Water Quality Models For Preliminary Screening of Urban Development Alternatives
Authors: Wisner P.E. , Jalal K.F. , Roake A.F. , Torrens L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this paper, several applications of STORM and SWMM are summarized in order to illustrate some of the potential uses of these models, and their role in a general planning study is discussed.
Relationships Between Soluble and Sediment Nutrient Losses, Land Use and Types of Soil in Agricultural Watersheds
Authors: Neilsen G.H. , Mackenzie A.F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Seven agricultural watersheds in southwestern Quebec and southeastern Ontario, ranging in area from 2,000 to 20,000 hectares, were monitored systematically during 1973–75 for soluble inorganic nitrogen, total soluble phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfate-sulfur, chemical oxidation demand, discharge, suspended sediment concentration, sediment Kjeldahl nitrogen, Bray extractable phosphorus, and ammonium acetate extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium.
For 1974–75, annual Kg/ha, loss rates were calculated for the soluble and sediment associated nutrients. Losses varied with nutrient and watershed, with volume of runoff being an important control of nutrient loss variation. Significant amounts of SO4−S in precipitation were suggested by an average watershed soluble N:P:S loss ratio of 10:1:92. Sediment nutrient losses were especially important for N and P, comprising over 40% of their total loss. The importance of spring snow-melt runoff was demonstrated by the high proportion of all nutrients lost at this time. Correlations of nutrient loss, land use and soils suggested that certain land uses resulted in increased stream nutrient losses while increased watershed area of soils with a high surface runoff potential was particularly conducive to increased soluble nutrient and sediment losses.
Chemical and Biological Changes in Nelson Lake, Ontario Following Experimental Elevation of Lake pH
Authors: Yan N.D. , Scheider W.A. , Dillon P.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Intensive studies of Nelson Lake, a Sudbury area lake of intermediate pH ~5.7), were begun in 1975. The chemistry of the lake was typical of that of most PreCambrian Shield lakes except that low alkalinities and high sulphate concentrations were observed along with elevated heavy metal levels.
After raising the pH of Nelson Lake to 6.4 by addition of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3, the metals were reduced to background concentrations. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton communities, which at pH of 5.7 were typical of PreCambrian lakes, were not affected by the experimental elevation of lake pH.
Small-Scale Variations in Precipitation Loading Near Dorset, Ontario
Authors: Jeffries D.S. , Snyder W.R. , Scheider W.A. , Kirby M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A five station network of on-lake precipitation collectors was established in 1976 on Red Chalk Lake, a small Precambrian shield lake near Dorset, Ontario. Collection of bulk precipitation (wet and dry fall) on an event basis was carried out during spring, summer, and fall of 1976 and 1977. Chemical analyses of pH, nutrients, and major ions were performed and loadings calculated. Two-way analysis of variance showed that significant variance in precipitation depth and chemical loading occurred between sample period but not between stations. The same result was obtained when the Red Chalk stations were compared to a similar station located on Harp Lake, 25 km. to the northwest. Comparison of the Red Chalk on-lake stations with 6 additional stations placed in the watershed showed significant variation between the on- and off-lake sets and between the individual off-lake stations themselves.
Removal of Trace Heavy Metals from Sewage Using the Lime-Magnesium Process
Authors: Oldham W.K. , MacLean B.H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The research described in this paper is directed toward optimizing conventional lime precipitation of heavy metals by the addition of small quantities of magnesium. Specifically, jar tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding various concentrations of Mg2+ to both raw sewage and primary effluent to improve the precipitation of metal ions at various reaction pH values. The desired pH levels (10.0, 10.6 and 11.4) were obtained by the addition of lime.
General results of the study, using Cr3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ in concentrations of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/l, indicated the following:
1. as expected, the higher the reaction pH, the greater the removal efficiency;
2. for a given reaction pH, the presence of some added Mg++ increased the removal efficiency for all metals tested except Ni2+;
3. on the average, a lime dosage of 220 mg/l (reaction pH=10.6) coupled with an Mg2+ concentration of 30 mg/l, give equivalent removals to high lime treatment at 400 mg/l (reaction pH=11.4);
4. the removal efficiencies varied between 10% and 35% for Ni2+, while the other metals gave results of 35% to 95%, depending upon treatment conditions.
It can be concluded that the addition of Mg2+ does indeed enhance the removal of many heavy metals although more work is needed to optimize the combinations for a given type of sewage and to subsequently investigate relative economics.
Sewage Disposal and Viral Pollution of the Ottawa River
Authors: Sattar S.A. , Springthorpe V.S. , Ramia S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The quality of water in the Ottawa River is being affected by the disposal of increased volumes of sewage into it. Some of the sewage disposal points are situated upstream of beaches and intake points for water purification plants. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of such waste disposal on the virological quality of recreational and drinking waters for the Ottawa area. A total of 132 weekly samples of raw sewage, chlorinated secondary effluents, raw and finished surface waters were examined for viruses from June to December 1977. In addition to these, ten samples of tap water, collected during the first two weeks of April 1978, were also included in this study. Virus concentration from these samples was carried out using the talc-Celite technique developed in the laboratory. Primary human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and BS-C-1 cells were used for the detection and quantitation of viruses present in the sample concentrates. Virus isolates were identified by their cytopathology, examination under the electron microscope and serology.
When 6 1. volumes were processed, nearly all the samples of raw sewage and 54% chlorinated effluent samples were found to be positive for virus. Approximately 50% of the surface water samples were also shown to contain virus using 40 1. sample volumes. Concentrates of some of the potable water samples showed virus-like degeneration in cell cultures. Although this degeneration was found to be transmissible, at this stage it is not possible to say if this effect was in fact due to a viral agent.
The following major conclusions were drawn from this study:
(a) All three major enteric virus groups were represented in the virus isolates. However, inherent limitations of sample concentration and virus isolation techniques may have resulted in the detection of only a small fraction of the viruses present in the samples.
(b) There was no apparent correspondence between the numbers of indicator bacteria and the presence or absence of detectable virus in the samples.
(c) Viruses detected in the recreational and raw water samples may be due to the presence of point sources of raw sewage discharge upstream. This could result in the dissemination of human pathogenic viruses through recreational and potable waters.
Investigation of the Contribution of Natural Organic Runoff to Dissolved Oxygen Depletion in the Red Deer River
Authors: Penttinen S.E. , Bouthillier P.H. , Hrudey S.E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Studies on the chronic low dissolved oxygen problems encountered under winter ice in the Red Deer River have generally been unable to account for dissolved oxygen depletion in terms of known manmade inputs. An experimental program was developed to assess the possible nature and approximate bounds of oxygen demand due to natural organic runoff carried to the Red Deer River by a small tributary stream, the Blindman River. The study employed an electrolytic respirometer on stream water samples subjected to prior concentration by vacuum evaporation.
Evaluation of carbon and nitrogen budgets in conjunction with the measured oxygen demand indicate that biochemical oxygen demand is originating with natural organic runoff in tributaries of the Red Deer River. The results provide a basis for estimation of the possible contribution to the observed oxygen demand in the Red Deer River originating from natural organic runoff.
Effets de sel sur l'extraction du phenol par solvants mixtes
Authors: Gravelle D.V. , Panayiotou C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
L'extraction du phénol de l'eau fut effectuée à l'aide des solvants mixtes n-octanol-acétate de butyle, n-octanol-éther isopropylique et benzène-éther isopropylique. Ces solvants semblent les plus prometteurs pour l'extraction du phénol à cause de leurs effets combinés de synergie et de relargage. Bien que les coefficients de partage du phénol soient plus élevés pour le solvant n-octonal-acétate de butyle, ce solvant se classe dernier en terme d'efficacité d'extraction sur une colonne à plateaux vibrants. Cependant, la présence d'un sel dans la phase aqueuse peut améliorer l'efficacité du solvant pour extraire le phénol.
La caracterisation de la performance du procede de boues activees par la variable carbone
Authors: Thérien N. , Perdrieux S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
L'analyse des différentes formes du carbone et en particulier la mesure de la concentration du carbone organique soluble et du carbone organique en suspension des divers écoulements d'une unité pilote de laboratoire pour le procédé des boues activées a été faite. Cette analyse, réalisée pour des conditions d'opération transitoire, a permis l'identification expérimentale de phénomènes établis dans la littérature courante mais rapportée en termes de mesures plus conventionnelles tels que la DBO5, la DCO et les SSV.
L'utilisation de la variable carbone pour un substrat synthétique puis pour une liqueur industrielle a montré que celle-ci est apte à décrire le comportement dynamique d'un tel procédé soumis à des perturbations réalistes à la fois dans la quantité et la qualité du substrat organique alimenté au procédé.
The Role of Protozoa in High Rate Wastewater Treatment Systems
Authors: Booth R. , Henry J.G. , Prasad D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Three continuous, laboratory scale, high rate biological wastewater treatment systems operating in a similar mode were evaluated. The feed was a synthetic sewage with a COD and BOD of approximately 300 mg/l and 200 mg/l, respectively. The total hydraulic retention time in each system was 2-1/4 hours - 40 minutes aeration, 95 minutes sedimentation. The applied food to microorganism ratios (F/M) were equal to or greater than one. Systems I and II employed a single aerobic reactor whereas System III employed two aerobic reactors in series each with a hydraulic retention time of 20 minutes. Sludge was returned to the second reactor only, thus establishing dispersed growth in the first reactor and a mixed microbial population in the second. System I was strictly a bacterial system isolated from atmospheric contamination. System II employed a mixed population of ciliated protozoa and bacteria.
Tests performed included soluble COD reduction, effluent, mixed liquor and return sludge suspended solids, SVI, pH, polysacharides, bacteria count, and protozoan count. Comparison of System I (bacterial) and System II (mixed population) revealed an improvement in effluent quality (SS, Total COD) as a result of the presence of ciliated protozoa. The higher effluent SS in System I was a result of the poor settleability of dispersed growth.
Based on the knowledge of the effects of protozoa on dispersed growth, System III (bacterial reactor and mixed population reactor in series) was established to determine if such a series arrangement would further improve treatment efficiency. Several different two stage reactor system configurations were investigated including sedimentation after the first reactor with the effluent passing to the second reactor. Such an arrangement proved impractical due to the poor settleability of the dispersed growth associated with a predominantly bacterial system. System III resulted in a vast improvement in sludge settleability while maintaining an effluent quality equal to that of System II. This improvement in sludge settleability indicates improved system stability and reduced handling costs.
The Fugacity Approach for Calculating Near-Source Toxic Substance Concentrations and Partitioning in Lakes
Authors: Mackay Donald , Paterson Sally 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
There is an obvious incentive to develop the capability of calculating the concentration of toxic substances in the water column, sediments, and biota in lakes as a function of the emission rate, the substances' partitioning and reaction properties, and the lake hydrodynamics. The fugacity approach is reviewed briefly as a method of calculating (i) the mass balance, (ii) partitioning and rates of exchange with air, biota, and sediment, (iii) advective loss, and (iv) degradation processes for a specimen toxic substance. The further problem of calculating concentration distribution in the lake as a result of locally high emission rates is treated and it is suggested that the methodology may be used to calculate concentrations in such near-source zones which may be designated for limited use as a result of relatively high levels of contamination.