bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional high‐intensity exercise training ameliorates insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Fealy Ciarán E. , Nieuwoudt Stephan , Foucher Julie A. , Scelsi Amanda R. , Malin Steven K. , Pagadala Mangesh , Cruz Lauren A. , Li Miranda , Rocco Michael , Burguera Bartolome , Kirwan John P. 
Published: May 2018

New FindingsWhat is the central question of this study?Does short‐duration, high‐intensity exercise training that combines functional aerobic and resistance exercises into training sessions lasting 8–20 min benefit individuals with type 2 diabetes?What is the main finding and its importance?Functional high‐intensity training improves insulin sensitivity and reduces cardiometabolic risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes. This type of exercise training may be an effective exercise mode for managing type 2 diabetes. The increase in insulin sensitivity addresses a key defect in type 2 diabetes.AbstractFunctional high‐intensity training (F‐HIT) is a novel fitness paradigm that integrates simultaneous aerobic and resistance training in sets of constantly varied movements, based on real‐world situational exercises, performed at high‐intensity in workouts that range from ∼8 to 20 min per session. We hypothesized that F‐HIT would be an effective exercise mode for reducing insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We recruited 13 overweight/obese adults (5 males, 8 females; 53 ± 7 years; BMI 34.5 ± 3.6 kg m−2, means ± SD) with T2D to participate in a 6‐week (3 days week−1) supervised F‐HIT programme. An oral glucose tolerance test was used to derive measures of insulin sensitivity. F‐HIT significantly reduced fat mass (43.8 ± 83.8 vs. 41.6 ± 7.9 kg;P < 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (80.2 ± 7.1 vs. 74.5 ± 5.8;P < 0.01), blood lipids (triglyceride and VLDL, bothP < 0.05) and metabolic syndromez‐score (6.4 ± 4.5 vs. ‐0.2 ± 5.2 AU;P < 0.001), and increased basal fat oxidation (0.08 ± 0.03 vs. 0.10 ± 0.04 g min−1;P = 0.05), and high molecular mass adiponectin (214.4 ± 88.9 vs. 288.8 ± 127.4 ng mL−1;P < 0.01). Importantly, F‐HIT also increased insulin sensitivity (0.037 ± 0.010 vs. 0.042 ± 0.010 AU;P < 0.05). Increases in high molecular mass adiponectin and basal fat oxidation correlated with the change in insulin sensitivity (ρ, 0.75,P < 0.05 and ρ, 0.81,P < 0.01, respectively). Compliance with the training programme was >95% and no injuries or adverse events were reported. These data suggest that F‐HIT may be an effective exercise mode for managing T2D. The increase in insulin sensitivity addresses a key defect in T2D and is consistent with improvements observed after more traditional aerobic exercise programmes in overweight/obese adults with T2D.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Stremmel Neil B. , Struck Christopher J. 
Published: May 2018

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC 1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To receive a copy of the latest Standards catalog, please contact asastds@acousticalsociety.org.
Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.
This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the national catalog of Acoustical Standards and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are available via the ASA home page: http://acousticalsociety.org.
Interaction of Bacterial Phenazines with Colistimethate in Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Mossine Valeri V. , Chance Deborah L. , Waters James K. , Mawhinney Thomas P. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are being increasingly treated in clinics with polymyxins, a class of antibiotics associated with adverse effects on the kidney, nervous system, or airways of a significant proportion of human and animal patients. Although many of the resistant pathogens display enhanced virulence, the hazard of cytotoxic interactions between polymyxin antibiotics and bacterial virulence factors (VFs) has not been assessed, to date. We report here the testing of paired combinations of four
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
VF phenazine toxins, pyocyanin (PYO), 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-HP), phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), and phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), and two commonly prescribed polymyxin drugs, colistin-colistimethate sodium (CMS) and polymyxin B, in three human airway cell lines, BEAS-2B, HBE-1, and CFT-1. Cytotoxicities of individual antibiotics, individual toxins, and their combinations were evaluated by the simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial metabolic, total transcriptional/translational, and Nrf2 stress response regulator activities in treated cells. Two phenazines, PYO and 1-HP, were cytotoxic at clinically relevant concentrations (100 to 150 μM) and prompted a significant increase in oxidative stress-induced transcriptional activity in surviving cells. The polymyxin antibiotics arrested cell proliferation at clinically achievable (<1 mM) concentrations as well, with CMS displaying surprisingly high cytotoxicity (50% effective dose [ED
50
] = 180 μM) in BEAS-2B cells. The dose-response curves were probed by a median-effect analysis, which established a synergistically enhanced cytotoxicity of the PYO-CMS combination in all three airway cell lines; a particularly strong effect on BEAS-2B cells was observed, with a combination index (CI) of 0.27 at the ED
50
. PCA, PCN, and 1-HP potentiated CMS cytotoxicity to a smaller extent. The cytotoxicity of CMS could be reduced with 10 mM
N
-acetyl-cysteine. Iron chelators, while ineffective against the polymyxins, could rescue all three bronchial epithelial cell lines treated with lethal PYO or CMS-PYO doses. These findings suggest that further evaluations of CMS safety are needed, along with a search for means to moderate potentially cytotoxic interactions.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Dickeya fangzhongdai Type Strain Causing Bleeding Canker of Pear Tree Trunks
Authors: Zhao Yuqiang , Tian Yanli , Li Xiang , Hu Baishi 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Dickeya fangzhongdai
DSM 101947
T
was isolated from pear trees (
Pyrus pyrifolia
) in Zhejiang Province, China, and is the causal agent of bleeding canker, a devastating disease of pear trees. Here, we provide the complete genome sequence of this bacterium, which has a 5,027,163-bp-long genome, including 4,375 protein-coding genes and 100 RNA genes. This strain possesses a number of genes encoding virulence factors of pathogens.
Complete Genome Sequences of the Potential Zoonotic Pathogens Staphylococcus felis and Staphylococcus kloosii
Authors: Mascarenhas dos Santos Anne Caroline , Jie Ruili , Antunes Godoy Helena , Alves Manuela , Pombert Jean-François 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are opportunistic pathogens frequently encountered in nosocomial infections. Animal-associated CoNS pose a zoonotic risk and constitute a potential reservoir for virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. To improve our knowledge of animal-associated CoNS, we sequenced the complete genomes of
Staphylococcus felis
(ATCC 49168) and
Staphylococcus kloosii
(ATCC 43959).
Draft Genome Sequence of Azospira sp. Strain I13, a Nitrous Oxide-Reducing Bacterium Harboring Clade II Type
nosZ
Authors: Suenaga Toshikazu , Aoyagi Tomo , Hosomi Masaaki , Hori Tomoyuki , Terada Akihiko 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

We report here a draft genome sequence of
Azospira
sp. strain I13 in the class
Betaproteobacteria
, a facultative anaerobic bacterium responsible for nitrous oxide (N
2
O) reduction. Deciphering this genome would pave the way for the use of
Azospira
sp. strain I13 to facilitate N
2
O consumption in a nitrogen-removing bioreactor emitting N
2
O.
Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus microti DSM 22147, Isolated from the Common Vole
Authors: Hu XinJun , Shang Yibing , Guo Jing , Zhang Huping , Liang Yalin , Sun Jifeng , Yue Feng 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus microti
DSM 22147 was isolated from viscera of common voles (
Microtus arvalis
Pallas) with generalized
Brucella microti
infection in the Czech Republic. To the best of our knowledge, the genome sequence of the species
S. microti
has not been previously studied. The complete genome sequence of strain DSM 22147 includes a genome of 2,381,859 bp (38.0% GC content) without any plasmids.
Efficient Delivery of Human Cytomegalovirus T Cell Antigens by Attenuated Sendai Virus Vectors
Authors: Kiener Richard , Fleischmann Markus , Wiegand Marian Alexander , Lemmermann Niels A. W. , Schwegler Christiane , Kaufmann Christine , Renzaho Angelique , Thomas Simone , Felder Eva , Niller Hans Helmut , Asbach Benedikt , Wagner Ralf 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) represents a major cause of clinical complications during pregnancy as well as immunosuppression, and the licensing of a protective HCMV vaccine remains an unmet global need. Here, we designed and validated novel Sendai virus (SeV) vectors delivering the T cell immunogens IE-1 and pp65. To enhance vector safety, we used a replication-deficient strain (rdSeV) that infects target cells in a nonproductive manner while retaining viral gene expression. In this study, we explored the impact that transduction with rdSeV has on human dendritic cells (DCs) by comparing it to the parental, replication-competent Sendai virus strain (rcSeV) as well as the poxvirus strain modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA). We found that wild-type SeV is capable of replicating to high titers in DCs while rdSeV infects cells abortively. Due to the higher degree of attenuation, IE-1 and pp65 protein levels mediated by rdSeV after infection of DCs were markedly reduced compared to those of the parental Sendai virus recombinants, but antigen-specific restimulation of T cell clones was not negatively affected by this. Importantly, rdSeV showed reduced cytotoxic effects compared to rcSeV and MVA and was capable of mediating DC maturation as well as secretion of alpha interferon and interleukin-6. Finally, in a challenge model with a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) strain carrying an HCMV pp65 peptide, we found that viral replication was restricted if mice were previously vaccinated with rdSeV-pp65. Taken together, these data demonstrate that rdSeV has great potential as a vector system for the delivery of HCMV immunogens.IMPORTANCEHCMV is a highly prevalent betaherpesvirus that establishes lifelong latency after primary infection. Congenital HCMV infection is the most common viral complication in newborns, causing a number of late sequelae ranging from impaired hearing to mental retardation. At the same time, managing HCMV reactivation during immunosuppression remains a major hurdle in posttransplant care. Since options for the treatment of HCMV infection are still limited, the development of a vaccine to confine HCMV-related morbidities is urgently needed. We generated new vaccine candidates in which the main targets of T cell immunity during natural HCMV infection, IE-1 and pp65, are delivered by a replication-deficient, Sendai virus-based vector system. In addition to classical prophylactic vaccine concepts, these vectors could also be used for therapeutic applications, thereby expanding preexisting immunity in high-risk groups such as transplant recipients or for immunotherapy of glioblastomas expressing HCMV antigens.
Glycoprotein 3 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Exhibits an Unusual Hairpin-Like Membrane Topology
Authors: Zhang Minze , Krabben Ludwig , Wang Fangkun , Veit Michael 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Glycoprotein 3 (GP3) of the arterivirus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) consists of a cleaved signal peptide, a highly glycosylated domain, a short hydrophobic region, and an unglycosylated C-terminal domain. GP3 is supposed to form a complex with GP2 and GP4 in virus particles, but secretion of GP3 from cells has also been reported. We analyzed the membrane topology of GP3 from various PRRSV strains. A fraction of the protein is secreted from transfected cells, GP3 from PRRSV-1 strains to a greater extent than GP3 from PRRSV-2 strains. This secretion behavior is reversed after exchange of the variable C-terminal domain. A fluorescence protease protection assay shows that the C terminus of GP3, fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), is resistant to proteolytic digestion in permeabilized cells. Furthermore, glycosylation sites inserted into the C-terminal part of GP3 are used. Both experiments indicate that the C terminus of GP3 is translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Deletion of the conserved hydrophobic region greatly enhances secretion of GP3, and fusion of this domain to GFP promotes membrane anchorage. Bioinformatics suggests that the hydrophobic region forms an amphipathic helix. Accordingly, exchanging only a few amino acids in its hydrophilic face prevents secretion of GP3 and in its hydrophobic face enhances it. Exchanging the latter amino acids in the context of the viral genome did not affect release of virions, but released particles were not infectious. In sum, GP3 exhibits an unusual hairpin-like membrane topology that might explain why a fraction of the protein is secreted.

IMPORTANCE
PRRSV is the most important pathogen in the pork industry. It causes persistent infections that lead to reduced weight gain of piglets; highly pathogenic strains even kill 90% of an infected pig population. PRRSV cannot be eliminated from pig farms by vaccination due to the large amino acid variability between the existing strains, especially in the glycoproteins. Here, we analyzed basic structural features of GP3 from various PRRSV strains. We show that the protein exhibits an unusual hairpin-like membrane topology; membrane anchoring might occur via an amphipathic helix. This rather weak membrane anchor explains why a fraction of the protein is secreted from cells. Interestingly, PRRSV-1 strains secrete more GP3 than PRRSV-2. We speculate that secreted GP3 plays a role during PRRSV infection of pigs: it might serve as a decoy to distract antibodies away from virus particles.
Using feeding to reduce pain during vaccination of formula-fed infants: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bos-Veneman Netty G P , Otter Marrit , Reijneveld Sijmen A 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness and potential side effects of formula feeding to reduce pain during vaccination among infants.Study designIn the setting of well-baby clinics we recruited a community-based sample of full-term born infants who were already formula fed by the choice of the parents (n=48, aged 4–10 weeks) and received their first DTaP-IPV-HepB-Hib and pneumococcal vaccinations and randomised them into two groups. To evaluate pain experienced during vaccination we compared infants who drank formula feeding before, during and after vaccination with infants who did not. Outcomes were observed cry duration and pain scores measured by means of the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale. Side effects of drinking during vaccination were recorded. We performed intention-to-treat analyses using regression models, crude and adjusted for sex and age of the infant.ResultsPain at the moment of the second injection did not differ between groups. Drinking infants cried 33.5 s shorter (−56.6; −10.3). In the first minute after injection drinking infants experienced a faster pain reduction on the NIPSΔt: regression coefficient 3.86 (95% CI 2.70 to 5.02) and FLACCΔt: 4.42 (95% CI 2.85 to 5.99).ConclusionsIn line with findings of previous studies regarding breast feeding, formula feeding reduced vaccination pain in the recovery phase in full-term born infants receiving their first vaccinations between ages 4 and 10 weeks with no adverse effects. Professionals should discuss this non-costly and feasible pain-reducing intervention with parents of infants who receive vaccinations.Trial registration numberIRCTN 31383, post-results
Risk assessment of the hospital discharge process of high-risk patients with diabetes
Authors: Pollack Teresa A , Illuri Vidhya , Khorzad Rebeca , Aleppo Grazia , Johnson Oakes Diana , Holl Jane L , Wallia Amisha 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesDescribe the application of a risk assessment to identify failures in the hospital discharge process of a high-risk patient group, liver transplant (LT) recipients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or hyperglycaemia who require high-risk medications.DesignA Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) of the hospital discharge process of LT recipients with DM and/or hyperglycaemia who required DM education and training before discharge was conducted using information from clinicians, patients and data extraction from the electronic health records (EHR). Failures and their causes were identified and the frequency and characteristics (harm, detectability) of each failure were assigned using a score of low/best (1) to high/worst (10); a Criticality Index (CI=Harm×Frequency) and a Risk Priority Number (RPN=Harm×Frequency×Detection) were also calculated.SettingAn academic, tertiary care centre in Chicago, Illinois.ParticipantsHealthcare providers (N=31) including physicians (n= 6), advanced practice providers (n=12), nurses (n=6), pharmacists (n= 4), staff (n=3) and patients (n=6) and caregivers (n=3) participated in the FMECA; EHR data for LT recipients with DM or hyperglycaemia (N=100) were collected.ResultsOf 78 identified failures, the most critical failures (n=15; RPNs=700, 630, 560; CI=70) were related to variability in delivery of diabetes education and training, care coordination and medication prescribing patterns of providers. Underlying causes included timing of patient education, lack of assessment of patients’ knowledge and industry-level design failures of healthcare products (eg, EHR, insulin pen).ConclusionMost identified critical failures are preventable and suggest the need for the design of interventions, informed by the failures identified by this FMECA, to mitigate safety risks and improve outcomes of high-risk patient populations.
Inaccuracy of serum bile acids to predict closure after surgical attenuation of a portosystemic shunt
Authors: Devriendt Nausikaa , Vandermeulen Eva , Or Matan , Paepe Dominique , de Rooster Hilde 
Published: May 2018

A four‐month‐old entire female miniature schnauzer became clinically normal after surgical attenuation of a portosystemic shunt was conducted using thin film banding. Postoperatively, preprandial and postprandial serum bile acids were within normal limits at repeated occasions. On the contrary, trans‐splenic portal scintigraphy at 3 and at 28 months postoperatively showed a shunt fraction of 7 and 89 per cent, respectively. This case report illustrates that preprandial and postprandial serum bile acids are not always reliable in determining shunt closure after surgical attenuation.
Movement vigor as a traitlike attribute of individuality
Authors: Reppert Thomas R. , Rigas Ioannis , Herzfeld David J. , Sedaghat-Nejad Ehsan , Komogortsev Oleg , Shadmehr Reza 
Published: May 2018

A common aspect of individuality is our subjective preferences in evaluation of reward and effort. The neural circuits that evaluate these commodities influence circuits that control our movements, raising the possibility that vigor differences between individuals may also be a trait of individuality, reflecting a willingness to expend effort. In contrast, classic theories in motor control suggest that vigor differences reflect a speed-accuracy trade-off, predicting that those who move fast are sacrificing accuracy for speed. Here we tested these contrasting hypotheses. We measured motion of the eyes, head, and arm in healthy humans during various elementary movements (saccades, head-free gaze shifts, and reaching). For each person we characterized their vigor, i.e., the speed with which they moved a body part (peak velocity) with respect to the population mean. Some moved with low vigor, while others moved with high vigor. Those with high vigor tended to react sooner to a visual stimulus, moving both their eyes and arm with a shorter reaction time. Arm and head vigor were tightly linked: individuals who moved their head with high vigor also moved their arm with high vigor. However, eye vigor did not correspond strongly with arm or head vigor. In all modalities, vigor had no impact on end-point accuracy, demonstrating that differences in vigor were not due to a speed-accuracy trade-off. Our results suggest that movement vigor may be a trait of individuality, not reflecting a willingness to accept inaccuracy but demonstrating a propensity to expend effort. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A common aspect of individuality is how we evaluate economic variables like reward and effort. This valuation affects not only decision making but also motor control, raising the possibility that vigor may be distinct between individuals but conserved across movements within an individual. Here we report conservation of vigor across elementary skeletal movements, but not eye movements, raising the possibility that the individuality of our movements may be driven by a common neural mechanism of effort evaluation across modalities of skeletal motor control.
Control of transitions between locomotor-like and paw shake-like rhythms in a model of a multistable central pattern generator
Authors: Parker Jessica , Bondy Brian , Prilutsky Boris I. , Cymbalyuk Gennady 
Published: May 2018

The ability of the same neuronal circuit to control different motor functions is an actively debated concept. Previously, we showed in a model that a single multistable central pattern generator (CPG) could produce two different rhythmic motor patterns, slow and fast, corresponding to cat locomotion and paw shaking. A locomotor-like rhythm (~1 Hz) and a paw shake-like rhythm (~10 Hz) did coexist in our model, and, by applying a single pulse of current, we could switch the CPG from one regime to another (Bondy B, Klishko AN, Edwards DH, Prilutsky BI, Cymbalyuk G. In: Neuromechanical Modeling of Posture and Locomotion, 2016). Here we investigated the roles of slow intrinsic ionic currents in this multistability. The CPG is modeled as a half-center oscillator circuit comprising two reciprocally inhibitory neurons. Each neuron is equipped with two slow inward currents, a Na+ current ( INaS) and a Ca2+ current ( ICaS). ICaS inactivates much more slowly and at more hyperpolarized voltages than INaS. We demonstrate that INaS is the primary current driving the paw shake-like bursting. ICaS is crucial for the locomotor-like bursting, and it is inactivated during the paw shake-like activity. We investigate the sensitivity of the bursting regimes to perturbations, using a pulse of current to induce a switch from one regime to the other, and we demonstrate that the transition duration is dependent on pulse amplitude and application phase. We also investigate the modulatory roles of the strength of various currents on characteristics of these rhythms and show that their effects are regime specific. We conclude that a multistable CPG is physiologically plausible and derive testable predictions of the model. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Little is known about how a single central pattern generator could produce multiple rhythms. We describe a novel mechanism for multistability of bursting regimes with strongly distinct periods. The proposed mechanism emphasizes the role of intrinsic cellular dynamics over synaptic dynamics in the production of multistability. We describe how the temporal characteristics of multiple rhythms could be controlled by neuromodulation and how single pulses of current could produce a switch between regimes in a functional fashion.