bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcription of PIK3CD in human brain and schizophrenia: regulation by proinflammatory cytokines
Authors: Hood Veronica L , Berger Ralph , Freedman Robert , Law Amanda J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
PIK3CD encodes the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit, p110δ, a lipid kinase linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). PIK3CD is regulated at the transcript level through alternate use of 5' untranslated exons (UTRs), promoters, and proinflammatory cytokines. Increases in global PIK3CD expression and downregulation by neuroleptics are observed in SZ, and preclinical efficacy of a p110δ-selective inhibitor is seen in rodent models of risk. Here, we cloned PIK3CD alternative transcripts in human brain and evaluated temporal- and tissue-specific expression. We quantified PIK3CD transcripts in B-lymphoblastoid cells from patients with SZ and examined 5' UTR transcriptional regulation by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL1β) in patient-derived fibroblasts. We report that PIK3CD transcripts are differentially expressed in human brain in a developmental-specific manner. Transcripts encoding 5' UTRs -2A and alternative exon -1 (Alt1), P37 and AS1 and AS2 were increased in SZ. Alt1, P37, and AS2 were also preferentially expressed in fetal brain, and all transcripts were regulated by TNFα and IL1β. Our findings provide novel insight into the complexity of PIK3CD regulation in human brain, implicate PIK3CD in human neurodevelopment, and identify isoform-specific disruption in SZ.
Cartesian Secularity: “Disengaged Reason,” the Passions, and the Public Sphere Beyond Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age (2007)
Authors: Sullivan Marek 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAlthough explicitly challenging overly simplistic dichotomies between secular reason and religious affect, Charles Taylor’s monumental genealogy A Secular Age (2007) downplays the role of the body in Descartes’s theory of agency and mistakenly projects this understanding of the “Cartesian” self upon the public sphere of the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through a careful reading of Descartes’s last work, Les Passions de l’Âme (1649), and drawing on existing work by Cottingham (2012), Kahn (2006), and Kirkebøen (2001), this article argues the Passions is better seen as an attempt to reinscribe politics in the body through Descartes’s theory of the habit. A focus on the latter yields a complex understanding of the emergence of the public sphere, not as a neutral space for the free exchange of rational speech acts, but as a power-driven environment shaped by the manipulation of habit-creating experiences. The article ends by considering some implications for the genealogy of our “secular age.”
The machine giveth and the machine taketh away: a parrot attack on clinical text deidentified with hiding in plain sight
Authors: Carrell David S , Cronkite David J , Li Muqun (Rachel) , Nyemba Steve , Malin Bradley A , Aberdeen John S , Hirschman Lynette 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
Clinical corpora can be deidentified using a combination of machine-learned automated taggers and hiding in plain sight (HIPS) resynthesis. The latter replaces detected personally identifiable information (PII) with random surrogates, allowing leaked PII to blend in or “hide in plain sight.” We evaluated the extent to which a malicious attacker could expose leaked PII in such a corpus.

Materials and Methods
We modeled a scenario where an institution (the defender) externally shared an 800-note corpus of actual outpatient clinical encounter notes from a large, integrated health care delivery system in Washington State. These notes were deidentified by a machine-learned PII tagger and HIPS resynthesis. A malicious attacker obtained and performed a parrot attack intending to expose leaked PII in this corpus. Specifically, the attacker mimicked the defender’s process by manually annotating all PII-like content in half of the released corpus, training a PII tagger on these data, and using the trained model to tag the remaining encounter notes. The attacker hypothesized that untagged identifiers would be leaked PII, discoverable by manual review. We evaluated the attacker’s success using measures of leak-detection rate and accuracy.

Results
The attacker correctly hypothesized that 211 (68%) of 310 actual PII leaks in the corpus were leaks, and wrongly hypothesized that 191 resynthesized PII instances were also leaks. One-third of actual leaks remained undetected.

Discussion and Conclusion
A malicious parrot attack to reveal leaked PII in clinical text deidentified by machine-learned HIPS resynthesis can attenuate but not eliminate the protective effect of HIPS deidentification.
Validity and Reliability of Turkish Version of the Burn-Specific Pain Anxiety Scale
Authors: Deniz Doğan, Sevgi , Arslan Sevban 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to adapt the Burn-Specific Pain Anxiety Scale (BSPAS) into Turkish, and to test its validity and reliability. The study was conducted between April 2016 and July 2017 in a university and a training/research hospital using the methodological research model. The population of the study consisted of patients hospitalized in burn units during the above-mentioned dates. The study was conducted with a total of 50 burn patients, who met the inclusion criteria, and who volunteered to participate in the study. Validity and reliability analyses were performed using language, content and construct validities, and a reliability analysis. The language validity of the BSPAS was tested using back translation method, and the content validity was tested using expert opinions. The results of exploratory factor analysis (0.727–0.910) demonstrated a single factor structure, and the factor loads were adequate. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the fit indexes were appropriate. To measure internal consistency of the scale, item total correlation was used, and the correlations were found to be adequate (0.59–0.96). The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the scale was 0.95. It was determined that the Turkish version of the BSPAS is a valid and a reliable assessment tool.
The weeping vocalization of the screaming hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus), a distress call
Authors: Amaya Juan P , Zufiaurre Emmanuel , Areta Juan I , Abba Agustín M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Distress calls are signals given by individuals experiencing physical stress such as handling by a predator. These calls have been recorded in numerous phylogenetically distant vertebrate species, and share certain acoustic features, such as high amplitude, broadband, and rich harmonic structure. Screaming hairy armadillos (Chaetophractus vellerosus) sometimes give a high-amplitude weeping call when captured by predators or disturbed by humans. We provide an acoustic characterization of this call using recordings of hand-held wild individuals, and test whether it constitutes a distress signal. The weeping call was a harsh, loud, broadband, long sound, composed of five note types: crying, inhaled, inhaled sobbing, exhaled sobbing, and grunt notes. Crying notes were the most common, distinctive, and loudest sounds. The proportion of armadillos that called when disturbed was between nearly five to seven times higher than when treated with care. Likewise, 223 hunters reported armadillos consistently weeping when trapped by dogs, and no weeping was heard in natural undisturbed conditions. Our data support a distress signal role for the weeping call.
Action-based models for dwarf spheroidal galaxies and globular clusters
Authors: Pascale Raffaele , Binney James , Nipoti Carlo , Posti Lorenzo 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTA new family of self-consistent distribution function (DF)-based models of stellar systems is explored. The stellar component of the models is described by a DF depending on the action integrals, previously used to model the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph). The stellar component may cohabit with either a dark halo, also described by a DF, or with a massive central black hole. In all cases we solve for the models self-consistent potential. Focussing on spherically symmetric models, we show how the stellar observables vary with the anisotropy prescribed by the DF, with the dominance and nature of the dark halo, and with the mass of the black hole. We show that precise fits to the observed surface brightness profiles of four globular clusters can be obtained for a wide range of prescribed velocity anisotropies. We also obtain precise fits to the observed projected densities of four dSphs. Finally, we present a three-component model of the Sculptor dSph with distinct DFs for the red and blue horizontal branch stars and the dark matter halo.
Black hole and neutron star mergers in galactic nuclei
Authors: Fragione Giacomo , Grishin Evgeni , Leigh Nathan W C , Perets Hagai B , Perna Rosalba 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Nuclear star clusters surrounding supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei contain large numbers of stars, black holes (BHs), and neutron stars (NSs), a fraction of which are likely to form binaries. These binaries were suggested to form a triple system with the SMBH, which acts as a perturber and may enhance BH and NS mergers via the Lidov–Kozai mechanism. We follow-up previous studies, but for the first time perform an extensive statistical study of BH–BH, NS–NS, and BH–NS binary mergers by means of direct high-precision regularized N-body simulations, including post-Newtonian (PN) terms up to order PN2.5. We consider different SMBH masses, slopes for the BH mass function, binary semimajor axis and eccentricity distributions, and different spatial distributions for the binaries. We find that the merger rates are a decreasing function of the SMBH mass and are in the ranges ∼0.17–0.52, ∼0.06–0.10, and ∼0.04–0.16 Gpc−3 yr−1 for BH–BH, BH–NS, and NS–NS binaries, respectively. However, the rate estimate from this channel remains highly uncertain and depends on the specific assumptions regarding the star formation history in galactic nuclei and the supply rate of compact objects (COs). We find that ${\sim } 10\!-\!20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the mergers enter the LIGO band with eccentricities ≳0.1. We also compare our results to the secular approximation, and show that N-body simulations generally predict a larger number of mergers. Finally, these events can also be observable via their electromagnetic counterparts, thus making these CO mergers especially valuable for cosmological and astrophysical purposes.
CRISPR repeat sequences and relative spacing specify DNA integration by Pyrococcus furiosus Cas1 and Cas2
Authors: Grainy Julie , Garrett Sandra , Graveley Brenton R , P. Terns Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAcquiring foreign spacer DNA into the CRISPR locus is an essential primary step of the CRISPR–Cas pathway in prokaryotes for developing host immunity to mobile genetic elements. Here, we investigate spacer integration in vitro using proteins from Pyrococcus furiosus and demonstrate that Cas1 and Cas2 are sufficient to accurately integrate spacers into a minimal CRISPR locus. Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified high frequency spacer integration occurring at the same CRISPR repeat border sites utilized in vivo, as well as at several non-CRISPR plasmid sequences which share features with repeats. Analysis of non-CRISPR integration sites revealed that Cas1 and Cas2 are directed to catalyze full-site spacer integration at specific DNA stretches where guanines and/or cytosines are 30 base pairs apart and the intervening sequence harbors several positionally conserved bases. Moreover, assaying a series of CRISPR repeat mutations, followed by sequencing of the integration products, revealed that the specificity of integration is primarily directed by sequences at the leader-repeat junction as well as an adenine-rich sequence block in the mid-repeat. Together, our results indicate that P. furiosus Cas1 and Cas2 recognize multiple sequence features distributed over a 30 base pair DNA region for accurate spacer integration at the CRISPR repeat.
Ocular Trematodiasis Caused by the Avian Eye Fluke Philophthalmus in Southern Texas
Authors: Sapp Sarah G H , Alhabshan Rashed N , Bishop Henry S , Fox Mark , Ndubuisi MacKevin , Snider Cathy E , Bradbury Richard S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A trematode identified as a Philophthalmus sp was extracted from the bulbar conjunctiva of a patient in southern Texas with short-distance travel to Mexico. This parasite is very rarely reported from humans, and species identification is challenging. Aspects of diagnosis, zoonotic transmission, and unresolved questions about Philophthalmus spp are discussed.
Foreign Affairs Federalism in Switzerland
Authors: Portmann Roland 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the role of federalism in Swiss foreign affairs. This role is threefold. First, the Cantons have a role through their general powers in policymaking in the Swiss constitutional system. Second, the Swiss Constitution expressly preserves a residual treaty-making capacity and autonomous foreign policy competence for the Cantons. Third, the Cantons have specific participation rights in the definition of Swiss foreign policy. In all these different roles, the principle of federalism in Swiss foreign affairs is closely connected to other main constitutional principles, especially to aspects of direct democracy and the popular referenda that are a major characteristic of the Swiss polity. Though idiosyncratic as a product of particular historical developments, it is worthwhile to compare Swiss federalism in foreign affairs to other federal systems. From such a comparative perspective, the chapter draws three interrelated conclusions. The first conclusion is that the inclusion of federalist principles into foreign affairs depends on foreign affairs being a formalized process on the international level through the conclusion of international agreements and work inside formal international organizations. The second conclusion is that the idiosyncratic Swiss aspect of specific participation rights of Cantons in foreign affairs may be one possible model in order to counterbalance developments such as increasing informal international decision- and lawmaking processes. The third conclusion is that there has to be a balance between the rights of the component parts in foreign affairs decisions by the federal government and their obligations to implement international obligations that result from these decisions.
Constitutionalism and Internationalism
Authors: Stephan Paul B. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyzes the law governing U.S. practice with respect to joining and working in international institutions. It explores the domestic and international politics that shape these actions through the framework of a two-level game. The chapter applies this framework to multilateral military operations, international regulatory cooperation, trade and investment, and international dispute resolution. U.S. foreign relations law allows the executive branch considerable flexibility as to joining an international cooperation project, but also imposes barriers to the implementation of decisions of international institutions within domestic law. Litigants who seek to invoke the actions of international institutions as the basis for governing law in domestic lawsuits typically must link those actions to a domestic enactment, certain narrow exceptions aside.
The Domestic Application of International Law in British Courts
Authors: Fatima Shaheed 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the use and application of international law in British courts. Consideration is given to developments that have led to the increasing use of such law and to the fact that compliance with international law is now a central part of evaluating the lawfulness of executive actions. The chapter explains that the primary underpinning of the dualist British system is the constitutional principle of Parliamentary sovereignty and the corollary that an exercise of the royal, executive, prerogative does not enable ministers to change the law, unless such a power is expressly conferred by statute. It explains that although this constitutional framework is clear as a matter of principle, the application of it, in discrete cases, gives rise to continuing debate. The chapter describes the use of treaties that are formally incorporated into domestic law (incorporated treaties), those that are not so incorporated (unincorporated treaties), and customary international law. Consideration is given to the way in which British courts approach treaty interpretation and the canons of interpretation that are deployed in relation to unincorporated treated (the presumption of compatibility and the principle of legality). The chapter notes that there are other cases that may raise issues of international law, such as where a British court is invited to adjudicate on the lawfulness of a foreign state’s conduct. It concludes that British courts have a flexible and open approach to the possibility of using and applying international law obligations and standards, especially in the context of assessing the lawfulness of executive action, subject to the important caveat that it must be constitutionally permissible and institutionally appropriate.
International law in Israeli Courts
Authors: Cohen Amichai 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the role of international law in Israeli courts. It traces the influence of the occupation of the territories on the development of Israeli jurisprudence in this area, and focuses on the contexts in which most of the judgments regarding the application of international law in Israeli law were written: the international law of occupation, the law of armed conflicts, and human rights law. As the chapter notes, there is a difference between the formal declared doctrine of the court, and the way in which international law was applied in practice. The formal doctrine of the court follows the U.K. dualist tradition, according to which customary international law is considered part of Israeli law, and international treaty law is not, unless incorporated by an express domestic statute. In practice, however, the courts relied on international treaties, especially in the area of the law of occupation, and the law of armed conflicts. Furthermore, the chapter details the approach of the Israeli courts toward interpretation of international law, and especially with regard to the attempts to create a “fusion” between international law and Israeli constitutional law. The chapter also contributes to existing scholarship by sketching the historical development of Israeli courts’ jurisprudence in the application of international law, including recent developments.
International law in Japanese Courts
Authors: Matsuda Hiromichi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines international law in Japanese courts in the context of separation of powers, treaty-making procedure, and transnational judicial dialogue under the Japanese Constitution. It analyzes international law in Japanese courts in the following four categories: (1) constitutional review of international law; (2) judicial application of international law; (3) consistent interpretation of statutory and constitutional law with international law; and (4) reliance on persuasive authority in constitutional interpretation. Although Japanese courts are reluctant to use international law as binding law, the Supreme Court of Japan recently began actively referring to foreign and international sources as persuasive authorities. Because of the practice of “implementing-legislation-perfectionism” and the relative lack of democratic legitimacy of international law, Japanese courts will probably continue to take a restrictive approach toward applying binding international norms. In contrast, the Supreme Court of Japan is expressing a positive attitude toward transnational dialogue. Japanese courts will probably expand and enhance transnational judicial dialogue in and out of the courtroom. This chapter concludes that Japanese courts have the potential to be one of the interesting benchmarks for whether any existing “global community of courts” can really be global and universal.
Foreign Relations Law in the Constitutions and Courts of Commonwealth African Countries
Authors: Ako Ernest Yaw , Oppong Richard Frimpong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the laws and jurisprudence in Commonwealth African countries that implicate their interactions with the rest of the world. It uses a qualitative comparative research approach to examine their laws and values relevant to such interactions. The chapter analyzes the status and relationship between international law and the constitutions of these states by examining themes such as the extent to which international values are reflected in their constitutions; how foreign relations authority is constitutionally allocated; and treaty-making powers and implementation mechanisms. The chapter discusses the extent to which courts in Commonwealth Africa are prepared to intervene or judicially review matters that may be deemed as pertaining to foreign relations. Although none of the constitutions in these countries give their courts an express role in foreign relations matters, the existing jurisprudence suggests that courts have a critical role to play and have intervened in some cases to ensure adherence to constitutional norms.
International Immunities in English Law
Authors: Webb Philippa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out the approach of the courts of England and Wales (English courts) to the immunities of states, foreign officials, and international organizations. It discusses similarities with and differences from other jurisdictions, with a focus on the United States as the other key influence in the development of the restrictive doctrine of state immunity. The United Kingdom has engaged in incremental development of the law on immunity as compared to the more sui generis developments in the North America and the activist approach driven by domestic constitutional norms or universal jurisdiction legislation in continental Europe. The United Kingdom State Immunity Act, underpinned by four decades of interpretation and practice, can be said to represent a middle ground in the evolving landscape of immunity.
Jurisdictional Immunities, Constitutional Values, and System Closures
Authors: Bianchi Andrea 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the invocation of constitutional norms and values to prevent the recognition of the effects of an international judgment in domestic law, against the background of the Italian Constitutional Court decision No. 238 of 2014. The chapter then explores more generally the significance and function of so-called “system closures” effectuated by judicial organs in domestic and international law. While less frequently resorted to by judicial organs than balancing or coordinating techniques in case of potential conflict between legal orders, system closures have become quite common. Although they perform important symbolic functions, domestic legal systems’ closures are detrimental to the role that domestic courts may play in implementing international law. This is why international adjudicators such as the International Court of Justice should give more consideration to the impact of their decisions on domestic legal orders.