bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Thought
Authors: Sypniewski Bernard , Frankel Sypniewski M. 
Published: August 2019

We have no system from ancient China comparable to Aristotelian logic or any other such system developed in the ancient Mediterranean world, but it cannot be said that the Confucian-era texts do not show that their authors were concerned to make cogent arguments—if not “arguments” in the strictly Western logical sense. We explore a way that might have satisfied the goal of presenting reasoned cases by analyzing a sample from a text known as the Da Xue(the Way of Great Learning), one of the five Confucian Classics. The Confucian Classics, especially the Da Xue, were roughly contemporary with the origins of Greek logical thought. This being so, they offer good examples of sophisticated, well-thought-out philosophical texts which were not subjected to Greek logical processes. The reader should be cautioned that we are not saying that this or any other classical Chinese text is illogical; we describe what we mean when we say that these texts exhibit a non-logical reasoning system. We assume that the Chinese author did not mimic other texts or oral statements without considerable thought. The text, which shows no non-Chinese influence, is heavily patterned. We contend that the patterns in the text are more than literary devices, but demonstrate non-Western reasoning.
Effects of Fluid Modernity on the Language Culture of Professional Communication
Authors: Zbróg Piotr 
Published: August 2019

This article presents the results of research into the language culture of professional communication given the fluid nature of modern communication. The scope of interest is direct linguistic relations between professional senders and recipients of texts. As in the general culture, in professional communication the paradigms which have been used until now (in which the observance of specific stylistic and correctness indicators is recommended) are being dropped. As such, many senders make use of different styles and varieties of utterance at the same time, combining them freely within one text (e.g., formal and informal, careful and colloquial, etc.). Colloquial lexis (e.g., ogarnij się, ruchy, pierdoły) and linguistic forms which are incorrect according to the contemporary norm (e.g., na wiosce, mi się to podoba) are being added to customarily careful utterances—sermons, news reports, and lectures at school and university. Using the language in a temporary way, without any limitations and rigid confines, is becoming the rule. Senders use this way of speaking both to gain acceptance and to surprise recipients with unusual stylistic and lexical combinations. These new linguistic customs are especially visible among the most skillful language users, those who have a broad stylistic workshop and a large store of rhetorical devices. They appears not to fear shaking up the language system in connection to the observed changes. In the fluid modernity there is a self-restraining mechanism: one’s responsibility to make every utterance comprehensible to the recipient. Professional communication would otherwise be impossible.
Between Nature and Culture: Lévi-Strauss’s Structural Analysis of Myth in the Light of Semiotics
Authors: Jankowska Tatiana 
Published: August 2019

This article presents the influence of Claude Lévi-Strauss’s research in the field of cultural antropology on the guidelines and concepts of semiotics. Much empirical research in semiotics, connected with different systems of signs and revealing their functions in archaic human cultures, has been conducted on the ground of structural analysis. They are connected, among other things, with different cultures and societies, diversified both spatially and temporally. Thus, the integrating role of myth, as well as its uniting functions in the case of the organization of an individual consciousness, have a primeval modeling impact on the semiotic systems. According to Lévi-Strauss, there is a certain regularity of behaviors that stand for the mechanism of human symbolic communication. This regularity exists as an extention of the theory of signs that was previously worked out in the fields of structural linguistics and semiology. Lévi-Strauss’s theory concerns the collective unconscious of “the human mind” and is devoted to the unconscious nature of cultural phenomena, with a focus on searching for universal rules of thinking that are appropriate to all human minds. The subject of semiotics is a group of sign systems developed in different cultures. A cultural text presents a certain model of the world that we read using codes. The system of mythological signs reveals the cosmological concept of reality with relation to the mythopoetic view of the world.
The “Arm’s Length” Principle in Lithuanian Cultural Policy
Authors: Rimkutė Audronė 
Published: August 2019

This article analyzes Lithuanian cultural policy, particularly the implementation of the “arm’s length” principle. The first part of the article describes the concept of the principle, gives an overview of its history, and examines its main instrument of implementation—the council for culture. The article compares the activity of similar councils in various countries and describes their most important functions and features. The second part of the article deals with the formation of the “arm’s length” cultural policy model in Lithuania. This model was chosen as the direction for cultural policy reform in the Lithuanian Government’s 1991 program, and was also recommended by the experts during Lithuania’s participation in the Council of Europe program National Cultural Policy Reviews 1996–1998. The process of forming the model lasted until 2013. The article analyzes public discussions about Lithuanian cultural policy, Lithuanian government programs, the main political documents, as well as the stages of the formation process and the causes of its slow progress. The third part deals with the operational problems of two Lithuanian “arm’s length” institutions that were established prior to the Lithuanian Council for Culture. Public comments on these two institutions and their activity reports are analyzed and the main weaknesses of their activity are discerned.
Алгебра гармонии. Гринбаум, О. Н., 2012. Роман А.С. Пушкина «Евгений Онегин»: ритмико-смысловой комментарий. Главы первая, вторая, третья, четвертая; Гринбаум, О. Н., 2013. Основы математико-гармонического анализа поэтических текстов
Authors: Shatin Yuri 
Published: August 2019

ГРИНБАУМ, О. Н., 2012. Роман А. С. Пушкина «Евгений Онегин»: ритмикосмысловой комментарий. Главы первая, вторая, третья, четвертая. СанктПетербург: СПбГУ. 328 с.;ГРИНБАУМ, О. Н., 2013. Основы математико-гармонического анализа поэтических текстов: Учеб. пособие. Санкт-Петербург: СПбГУ. 172 с.
American Sport and the Sports Heroes of the Roaring Twenties
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Michał 
Published: August 2019

The aim of the article is to show the role of sport in American society against the background of a very important—for many reasons—period of great social transformation in the United States, one which visibly gathered pace in the 1920s. The author presents different aspects of popular culture, which was in full bloom on account of the following factors: the joy after World War I, a sense of optimism, the development of the economy and industry, the growth of big cities, and the greater affluence of the citizens. The analysis of that unusual decade corroborates the role of sport and its great power of influence on society. In an age when technology and mass production had robbed experiences and objects of their uniqueness, sports provided some of the unpredictability and drama that people craved when looking for romance and adventure. The reasons for the popularity of sport in the USA are presented, as well as the major sports diciplines and heroes of American sport who, in a time when mass production seemed to be making individuals less significant, met with a favorable response — people clung to the heroic personalities of sports figures. The analysis of the beginnings of professionalism in sport, the beginnings of organized support, and sports broadcasting, leaves no doubt as to the significance of the period. As the article demonstrates, it was a time of rapid and profound transformation in the realm of sport. Every serious examination of phenomena in contemporary American sport—and this is also true in the case of other countries—without a knowledge of the specificity of sport in the 1920s, would be far from perfect.
The True Face of Pre-Colonial Africa in “Things Fall Apart”
Authors: Bekler Ecevit 
Published: August 2019

The Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe is known to be one of the most influential African writers and holds an important place in postcolonial studies. His main aim was to reconstructthe wrongly established beliefs, ideas, and thoughts of the Western world regarding Africa. To realize his aim, he made careful selections in his choice of language, which contributed greatly to sharing his observations, ideas, and beliefs with the rest of the world. He wrote his novels in English, believing that doing so would be more powerful in conveying the true face of pre-colonial Africa, rather than in Nigerian, which could not be as effective as the language of the colonizers. Achebe’s complaint was that the history of Africa had mainly been written by white men who did not belong to his continent and who would not judge life there fairly. With his novels, he changed the prejudices of those who had never been to Africa, and he managed to convert the negative ideas and feelings caused by the portrayal of his continent to positive ones. Things Fall Apart is a novel whose mission is to portray Africa in a very realistic and authentic environment, contrary to the one-sided point of view of the colonizers. The novel presents us, in very authentic language, with many details about the customs, rituals, daily life practices, ceremonies, beliefs, and even jokes of the African Igbos. Chinua Achebe thus realizes his aim in revealing that African tribes, although regarded as having a primitive life and being very far from civilization, in fact had their own life with traditions and a culture specific to themselves.
Racial and Ethnic Differences Over Time in Outcomes of Infants Born Less Than 30 Weeks’ Gestation
Authors: Boghossian Nansi S. , Geraci Marco , Lorch Scott A. , Phibbs Ciaran S. , Edwards Erika M. , Horbar Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVES:
To examine changes in care practices over time by race and ethnicity and whether the decrease in hospital mortality and severe morbidities has benefited infants of minority over infants of white mothers.

METHODS:
Infants 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation born between January 2006 and December 2017 at a Vermont Oxford Network center in the United States were studied. We examined mortality and morbidity rate differences and 95% confidence intervals for African American and Hispanic versus white infants by birth year. We tested temporal differences in mortality and morbidity rates between white and African American or Hispanic infants using a likelihood ratio test on nested binomial regression models.

RESULTS:
Disparities for certain care practices such as antenatal corticosteroids and for some in-hospital outcomes have narrowed over time for minority infants. Compared with white infants, African American infants had a faster decline for mortality, hypothermia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and late-onset sepsis, whereas Hispanic infants had a faster decline for mortality, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumothorax. Other morbidities showed a constant rate difference between African American and Hispanic versus white infants over time. Despite the improvements, outcomes including hypothermia, mortality, necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage remained elevated by the end of the study period, especially among African American infants.

CONCLUSIONS:
Racial and ethnic disparities in vital care practices and certain outcomes have decreased. That the quality deficit among minority infants occurred for several care practice measures and potentially modifiable outcomes suggests a critical role for quality improvement initiatives tailored for minority-serving hospitals.
Address and Impoliteness in Online Polylogues / Indelicadeza e tratamento linguístico em polílogos online
Authors: Faria Rita 
Published: August 2019

Abstract: This paper examines instances of address in European Portuguese and how these may connect to impoliteness in computer-mediated communication (CMC), namely online polylogues comprised of publicly-available commentaries left on Portuguese online newspapers in response to articles pertaining to the European Union. The paper posits an inclusive notion of address which takes into account the particular features of the medium and finds it to be heavily relational and complex, and resorting to both negotiated and conventional forms. Drawing from previous research on online impoliteness in polylogues, the paper examines impoliteness online and its intersections with address. Its main findings are that impoliteness does not seem to be a paramount communicative goal of participants and that, despite some coherent fit with address, the interaction between both is residual. It is the complexity of online address which conveys the heavily interpersonal, relational character of Portuguese CMC.Keywords: address; impoliteness; CMC; European Portuguese; polylogues.Resumo: O presente artigo visa examinar o tratamento linguístico em polílogos produzidos em português europeu e as suas possíveis conexões com a indelicadeza linguística no âmbito da comunicação mediada por computador (CMC), em particular comentários a artigos relativos à União Europeia publicados nas versões online de jornais portugueses. O artigo propõe uma noção inclusiva de tratamento linguístico que inclua as especificidades do medium, descreve o tratamento linguístico verificado no corpus e conclui que o mesmo é complexo e relacional, e que recorre a formas negociadas na interação, mas igualmente a formas convencionais. Tendo como substrato investigação prévia sobre indelicadeza em polílogos online, procura também examinar-se e descrever o fenómeno da indelicadeza e as suas interseções com o tratamento. Verifica-se que a indelicadeza não é um objetivo comunicativo fundamental dos participantes e que, apesar de alguma coerência com o tratamento linguístico, a interação entre os dois é residual. É a complexidade do tratamento online que demonstra, assim, a índole fortemente interpessoal e relacional da CMC em português europeu.Palavras-chave: tratamento linguístico; indelicadeza; CMC; português europeu; polílogos.
Eis que e vez que como conectivos causais: indícios de gramaticalização / Eis que and vez que as Causal Connectives: Evidences of Grammaticalization
Authors: Silva Renaldo César Bueno da , Viegas Maria do Carmo 
Published: August 2019

Resumo: Na análise das expressões eis que e vez que, objetivamos reunir algumas evidências de que, empregadas como conectivos causais, elas se realizam como itens funcionais (COELHO; VITRAL, 2010), sendo provenientes de itens lexicais que atingiram aquele estatuto por meio de processos de gramaticalização (HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003). Nosso procedimento metodológico consistiu em observar algumas alterações semânticas, fonéticas e principalmente morfossintáticas no percurso histórico dessas expressões. Utilizamos o corpus de Davies e Ferreira (2016) e o corpus de textos jurídico-judiciais descrito em Silva (2018), e buscamos ressaltar as peculiaridades decorrentes das alterações por elas sofridas que as distinguem como conectivos causais. Como as alterações se encaixam nos parâmetros de gramaticalização propostos por Lehmann (1982), concluímos que os aspectos analisados constituem indícios de elevado grau de gramaticalização desses itens.Palavras-chave: eis que; vez que; conectivos causais; variação; gramaticalização.Abstract: In the analysis of the expressions eis que and vez que, we aimed to gather some evidence that, when used as causal connectives, they are functional items (COELHO; VITRAL, 2010) which have derived from lexical items and have reached that status through processes of grammaticalization (HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003). Our methodological procedure consisted in observing some semantic, phonetic and mainly morphosyntactic changes through the historical course of these expressions, using the corpus of Davies and Ferreira (2016) and the corpus of judicial texts described in Silva (2018), highlighting the peculiarities arising from the changes that they have suffered, which distinguish them as causal connectives. As the changes fit the parameters of grammaticalization proposed by Lehmann (1982), we conclude that the analyzed aspects are evidence of a strong grammaticalization of these items.Keywords: eis que; vez que; causal connectives; variation; grammaticalization..Keywords: eis que; vez que; causal connectives; variation; grammaticalization.
Aspectos lexicográficos na ordem alfabética de Jerônimo Cardoso / Lexicographic Features in the Alphabetical Order of Jerônimo Cardoso’s Work
Authors: Viaro Mário Eduardo 
Published: August 2019

Resumo: Em dicionários do século XVI, a ordem alfabética comumente não é seguida de maneira estrita na ordenação de verbetes. Muitos outros fatores fonéticos, morfológicos e semânticos também são levados em consideração. O primeiro dicionário da língua portuguesa, de Jerônimo Cardoso, não é uma exceção a essa regra. O aspecto aparentemente caótico da ordenação, na verdade, revela decisões teóricas antes do estabelecimento da futura aplicação radical da ordem alfabética e, de modo algum, aponta para falta de conhecimento ou de habilidade do autor. Pretende-se, neste artigo, apresentar alguns critérios empregados por Cardoso e, com isso, contribuir para conhecer não apenas sua erudição, mas também alguns dos pressupostos linguísticos da sua época.Palavras-chave: Jerônimo Cardoso; lexicografia; historiografia da linguística; português quinhentista; ordem alfabética.Abstract: Dictionaries of the sixteenth century are generally not alphabetically ordered in a strict sense. Many other Phonetic, Morphologic and Semantic features are also taken into account. The first dictionary of the Portuguese language, by Jerônimo Cardoso, is not an exception to that rule. The apparently chaotic aspect of its ordering in fact reveals theoretical decisions before the future radical determination of the alphabetical order and there is absolutely no point in interpreting it as author’s lack of knowledge or ability. This paper aims to show some of the criteria used by Cardoso and to contribute to the knowledge not only of his erudition, but also of some of the sixteenth century linguistic presuppositions..Keywords: Jerônimo Cardoso; lexicography; historiography of linguistics; sixteenth century Portuguese language; alphabetical order.
Influencia de los medios de comunicación social en la percepción de la imagen
Authors: Rodríguez Tuñas Noelia 
Published: August 2019

El presente estudio pretende analizar la influencia que ejercen los medios de comunicación social en la formación de la imagen de un destino turístico. Concretamente, se presenta el caso de A Coruña y su reciente nombramiento por parte de la Unesco como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, a uno de los monumentos más emblemáticos de la ciudad, La Torre de Hércules. El trabajo tratará de conocer la repercusión e influencia de los medios de comunicación social sobre la percepción de la imagen de la Torre de Hércules antes y después de su nombramiento. Al ser un proyecto de tal envergadura se fijarán los esfuerzos en conocer la influencia de la prensa de información general y difusión diaria donde mayor presencia adquiere la noticias y averiguar si existe relación alguna entre las noticias generadas y el número de visitantes al citado monumento.
Hospital based study on etiopathogenesis and treatment of otomycosis: ethnic Kashmiri population
Authors: Sumbria Deepshikha , Yousuf Aamir , Ahmad Rauf 
Published: August 2019

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Otomycosis is the fungal infection of the external ear with bothersome symptoms. The target of the study was to verify the frequency and identification of fungi responsible for the otomycosis and to give the most appropriate treatment. The aims and objectives of the study was to study clinical profile, causative fungal organisms of otomycosis, detect in vitro efficacy of various antifungal solutions against the fungi detected and to establish clinical efficacy of various topical antimycotic solutions in otomycosis in Kashmir.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was conducted in the Department of ENT, GMC, Srinagar from February 2014 to July 2015. 152 clinically suspected otomycosis patients were subjected to mycological tests including Gram staining, 10% KOH staining, GTT, SDA and CBL stain to identify the organism. Clotrimazole, terbinafine, lulliconazole, sertaconazole and combination of 1% clotrimazole, chloremphenicol, beclomethasone were given randomly in equal number of these patients. Patients were followed for 4 weeks and results of different antifungals were evaluated clinically. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 152 patients 61.8% were females and most of the patients belonged to age group of 25-34 yrs.Most of the patients reported in summer season. Otalgia and itching was the most common symptom. <em>Aspergillus</em> was the most common species identified whereas <em>Candida albicans</em> was the most common individual organism isolated. Lulliconazole was most effective drug whereas combination of 1% clotrimazole, chloremphenicol, beclomethasone was least effective.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Clinical suspicion of otomycosis is important to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics. Diagnosis of otomycosis is usually made by clinical findings with pruritis being most common symptom followed by otalgia. In-vitro sensitivity test is of great importance to choose the most active antifungal agents. Patients are advised to avoid removing of ear wax by stiff materials.</p>