bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 30—Time, Form, and Effect of the Award
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores Article 30 of the ICDR Rules, which prescribes the basic requirements for the time, form, and effect of any ICDR arbitral award. The Article does not provide a comprehensive list of requirements for a valid award; rather, it prescribes certain general minimum standards, while also giving some deference to the potential application of the parties’ agreement and the specific demands of the law at the place of arbitration or where enforcement is sought. The text of Article 30 received a number of revisions during the 2014 amendments to the ICDR Rules. Many of these revisions were aimed at streamlining and internationalizing the language, but others incorporated existing ICDR practices such as review of the draft award by the ICDR or expanded the previous provisions such as establishing a deadline by which the award must be rendered.
Article 32—Settlement or Other Reasons for Termination
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 32 of the ICDR Rules. Article 23 addresses within its three paragraphs at least four situations in which the arbitration may be terminated other than by provision of a final award: termination upon settlement; termination upon settlement, but where the parties request that a ‘consent award’ be issued; termination because the continuation of the proceeding has become unnecessary or impossible due to non-payment; and termination because the continuation of the arbitration has become unnecessary or impossible for any other reason. The first scenario is probably the most typical, but in all scenarios—except for non-payment—the tribunal is likely to terminate the proceeding subject to payment of any outstanding fees or costs. Article 32(2), concerning suspension or termination for non-payment, is a new provision that was added to the text of this rule with the 2014 amendments.
Articles E-7 to E-9—The Proceedings Under the Expedited Procedures
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at Articles E-7 through E-9 of the ICDR Rules, which set out some basic procedural guidance for an arbitration proceeding the Expedited Procedures once the case has been transferred to the sole arbitrator. These articles grant the arbitrator with discretion to set the procedure and timetable for the arbitration. Unlike the comparable provisions in the main ICDR Rules, however, this provisions presume certain limitations on the procedure to promote the efficiency goals of the Expedited Procedures. Perhaps most notable is the presumption that an expedited arbitration will be decided on documents only, without an oral hearing. Other limitations include time limits on certain procedural benchmarks, such as the issuance of a procedural order, completion of written submissions, and time for an oral hearing, where necessary.
Non-dissipative photospheres in GRBs: spectral appearance in the Fermi/GBM catalogue
Authors: Acuner Zeynep , Ryde Felix , Yu Hoi-Fung 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A large fraction of gamma-ray burst (GRB) spectra are very hard below the peak. Indeed, the observed distribution of sub-peak power-law indices, α, has been used as an argument for a photospheric origin of GRB spectra. Here, we investigate what fraction of GRBs have spectra that are consistent with emission from a photopshere in a non-dissipative outflow. This is the simplest possible photospheric emission scenario. We create synthetic spectra, with a range of peak energies, by folding the theoretical predictions through the detector response of the FERMI/GBM detector. These simulated spectral data are fitted with typically employed empirical models. We find that the low-energy photon indices obtain values ranging −0.4 < α < 0.0, peaking at around −0.1, thus covering a non-negligible fraction of observed values. These values are significantly softer than the asymptotic value of the theoretical spectrum of α ∼ 0.4. The reason for the α values to be much softer than expected, is the limitation of the empirical functions to capture the true curvature of the theoretical spectrum. We conclude that more than a quarter of the bursts in the GBM catalogue have at least one time-resolved spectrum, whose α values are consistent with spectra from a non-dissipative outflow, releasing its thermal energy at the photosphere. The fraction of spectra consistent with emission from the photosphere will increase even more if dissipation of kinetic energy in the flow occurs below the photosphere.
Maintenance of translational elongation rate underlies the survival of Escherichia coli during oxidative stress
Authors: Zhu Manlu , Dai Xiongfeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo cope with harsh circumstances, bacterial cells must initiate cellular stress response programs, which demands the de novo synthesis of many stress defense proteins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a universal environmental stressor for both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. However, the physiological burden that limits the survival of bacterial cells during oxidative stress remains elusive. Here we quantitatively characterize the cell growth and translational elongation rate of Escherichia coli cells treated with different doses of hydrogen peroxide. Cell growth is immediately arrested by low to moderate levels of hydrogen peroxide, but completely recovers after a certain lag time. The lag time depends positively on the dose of hydrogen peroxide. During the lag time, translational elongation rate drops by as much as ∼90% at initial stage and recovers to its normal state later, a phenomenon resulting from the dramatic alteration in cellular tRNA pools during oxidative stress. However, translational elongation is completely stalled at a certain threshold-level of hydrogen peroxide, at which cells ultimately fail to resume growth. Although the mRNA transcription of oxidative defense genes in oxyR regulon is dramatically induced upon hydrogen peroxide treatment, the extreme slow-down of translational elongation during high levels of hydrogen peroxide has severely compromised the timely synthesis of those oxidative defense proteins. Our study demonstrates that the tRNA-limited translational elongation is a key physiological bottleneck that the bacteria must overcome to counteract ROS, and the maintenance of translational elongation rate for timely synthesis of stress defense proteins is crucial for cells to smoothly get over the oxidative stress.
Church-based interventions to address obesity among African Americans and Latinos in the United States: a systematic review
Authors: Flórez Karen R , Payán Denise D , Palar Kartika , Williams Malcolm V , Katic Bozena , Derose Kathryn P 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContextMultilevel church-based interventions may help address racial/ethnic disparities in obesity in the United States since churches are often trusted institutions in vulnerable communities. These types of interventions affect at least two levels of socio-ecological influence which could mean an intervention that targets individual congregants as well as the congregation as a whole. However, the extent to which such interventions are developed using a collaborative partnership approach and are effective with diverse racial/ethnic populations is unclear, and these crucial features of well-designed community-based interventions.ObjectiveThe present systematic literature review of church-based interventions was conducted to assess their efficacy for addressing obesity across different racial/ethnic groups (eg, African Americans, Latinos).Data Sources and ExtractionIn total, 43 relevant articles were identified using systematic review methods developed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The extent to which each intervention was developed using community-based participatory research principles, was tailored to the particular community in question, and involved the church in the study development and implementation were also assessed.Data AnalysisAlthough 81% of the studies reported significant results for between- or within-group differences according to the study design, effect sizes were reported or could only be calculated in 56% of cases, and most were small. There was also a lack of diversity among samples (eg, few studies involved Latinos, men, young adults, or children), which limits knowledge about the ability of church-based interventions to reduce the burden of obesity more broadly among vulnerable communities of color. Further, few interventions were multilevel in nature, or incorporated strategies at the church or community level.ConclusionsChurch-based interventions to address obesity will have greater impact if they consider the diversity among populations burdened by this condition and develop programs that are tailored to these different populations (eg, men of color, Latinos). Programs could also benefit from employing multilevel approaches to move the field away from behavioral modifications at the individual level and into a more systems-based framework. However, effect sizes will likely remain small, especially since individuals only spend a limited amount of time in this particular setting.
Resilience Policing: An Emerging Response to Shifting Harm Landscapes and Reshaping Community Policing
Authors: Mutongwizo Tariro , Holley Cameron , Shearing Clifford D , Simpson Nicholas P 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article situates contemporary developments in policing in the context of an emerging cross-disciplinary focus on ‘resilience’. We argue that an inchoate reimagining of how police, as security professionals, are engaging, and might engage, in the governance of safety with communities in response to emerging ‘harmscapes’ might be, and should be, conceptualized as ‘resilience policing’. We situate our analysis within the context of developments in community policing.
Biomarkers in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: review of the literature
Authors: Bonhomme Olivier , André Béatrice , Gester Fanny , de Seny Dominique , Moermans Catherine , Struman Ingrid , Louis Renaud , Malaise Michel , Guiot Julien 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSSc is a rare disease of unknown origin associated with multiple organ involvement. One of the major complications that drives the mortality of SSc patients is interstitial lung disease. The course of SSc-interstitial lung disease progression has a wide spectrum. Since the treatment is based on aggressive immunosuppression it should not be given to stable or non-progressing disease. The correct identification of disease with high risk of progression remains a challenge for early therapeutic intervention, and biomarkers remain urgently needed. In fact, eight categories of biomarkers have been identified and classified according to the different biological pathways involved. The purpose of this article is to describe the main biomarkers thought to be of interest with clinical value in the diagnosis and prognosis of SSc-interstitial lung disease.
APPLICATION OF TIME-AVERAGED AND INTEGRAL-BASED MEASURE FOR MEASUREMENT RESULTS VARIABILITY REDUCTION IN GSM/DCS/UMTS SYSTEMS
Authors: Šuka Darko , Pejović Predrag , Simić-Pejović Mirjana 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSince EMF levels from wireless telecommunication networks are non-stationary and exhibit large temporal variations, the use of continuous measurements during extended periods (preferably 24 h or longer) with a data-logging system is required. Because of the short-term variations of E field, the 6-min measurements and 6-min averaged results to obtain the mean level strength at a given place appear to be dependent on the time of measurements during the day. This paper presents a new (integral-based) measure to evaluate electromagnetic exposure. The new measure is a pure physical descriptor of the amount of exposed energy density (a parameter accumulated from instantaneous power density values in time). To confirm previous observations, continuous measurements with personal exposure metre were recorded 24 h a day for two weeks at every location in urban area, 14 different locations in total. Additionally, to check temporal variations and repeatability of exposure assessment, a week of prolonged measurements was taken 6 months later, making in total three weeks of measurements at 2 locations. Day-to-day repeatability of RF-EMF exposure was analysed through the time-averaged and integral-based measure. The analysis is based on approximately 5.1 million data samples (1.7 million for each band). The ratio between the maximum and minimum instantaneous (maximum and minimum 6-min averaged) E field values during the day could reach up to 25 dB (20 dB). Therefore, great variability in the results may occur. By applying the 24 h time-averaged and integral-based measure on a 24 h data set of measurements, the variability of daily exposure could stay within ±20% of the week mean level obtained either with the time-averaged or integral-based measure. Both, the time-averaged E field and integral-based power density exposures of the general public in all locations were found to be well below the general public exposure limits of the ICNIRP guidelines.
Age-related decline in positive emotional reactivity and emotion regulation in a population-derived cohort
Authors: Schweizer Susanne , Stretton Jason , Van Belle Janna , Price Darren , Calder Andrew J ,   Cam-CAN, Dalgleish Tim 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Human older age ushers in functional decline across the majority of cognitive domains. A notable exception seems to be affective processing, with older people reporting higher levels of emotional well-being. Here we evaluated age-related changes in emotional reactivity and regulation in a representative subsample (N = 104; age range: 23–88 years) of the population-derived Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience cohort. Performance on a film-based emotion reactivity and regulation task in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner showed an age-related decline in positive reactivity, alongside a similar decline in the capacity to down-regulate negative affect. Decreased positivity with age was associated with reduced activation in the middle frontal gyrus. These findings, from the largest neuroimaging investigation to-date, provide no support for age-related increases in positive emotional reactivity.
The Hyperfocusing Hypothesis: A New Account of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Authors: Luck Steven J , Hahn Britta , Leonard Carly J , Gold James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Impairments in basic cognitive processes such as attention and working memory are commonly observed in people with schizophrenia and are predictive of long-term outcome. In this review, we describe a new theory—the hyperfocusing hypothesis—which provides a unified account of many aspects of impaired cognition in schizophrenia. This hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia involves an abnormally narrow but intense focusing of processing resources. This hyperfocusing impairs the ability of people with schizophrenia to distribute attention among multiple locations, decreases the number of representations that can simultaneously be maintained in working memory, and causes attention to be abnormally captured by irrelevant inputs that share features with active representations. Evidence supporting the hyperfocusing hypothesis comes from a variety of laboratory tasks and from both behavioral and electrophysiological measures of processing. In many of these tasks, people with schizophrenia exhibit supranormal effects of task manipulations, which cannot be explained by a generalized cognitive deficit or by nonspecific factors such as reduced motivation or poor task comprehension. In addition, the degree of hyperfocusing in these tasks is often correlated with the degree of impairment in measures of broad cognitive function, which are known to be related to long-term outcome. Thus, the mechanisms underlying hyperfocusing may be a good target for new treatments targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Food insecurity and caregiver perceptions of food allergen risk by food purchase location in children with food allergies
Authors: Tackett Alayna P , Roberts Caroline M , Farrow Michael , McQuaid Elizabeth L 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMeeting nutritional needs of children with food allergy (FA) may be challenging without affordable, quality foods. Food purchase location may impact availability of FA-safe foods; however, no research examining food purchase location in families of children with FA exists. This study compared caregiver report of food insecurity (FIS; food insecure vs. food secure), FA risk, and history of food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) in families of children with FA, who primarily purchase food items at grocery/supermarkets (n = 140) or convenience marts/bodegas (CB; n = 32). Caregivers (N = 172; 49% mothers, 49% fathers, 2% grandparent/other relative) of children with FA (57% male; Mage = 7.5 years; 66% White [22% Latinx and 44% non-Latinx] and 23% Black) completed an online survey. Variables included demographics, history of FIA, and caregiver perceptions of FIS and FA risk. Caregivers who purchased food items from CB versus supermarkets reported higher perceived risk of accidental ingestion (χ2 = 20.49, p < .001, 94% vs. 50%), severe reaction (χ2 = 15.05, p < .001, 97% vs. 61%), death (χ2 = 27.48, p < .001, 91% vs. 49%), FIS (χ2 = 21.69, p < .001, 94% vs. 49%), and FIA (χ2 = 11.96, p = .001, 94% vs. 32%). Effect sizes were small–moderate (Cramer’s V = .26–.40). Families who purchased food at CB reported greater food allergen concerns and FIS than families who purchased food at supermarkets. Differences in FA-related perceived risks may reflect the health disparity and adversity these families face to meet basic nutritional needs, such as FA-related constraints. Point-of-care efforts are needed to provide early screening for families who may be at risk for experiencing FIS.
Scaling Up a Global Health and Disparities Path of Excellence Pilot Program at the University of Michigan Medical School
Authors: Hughey Katherine L. , Bell Jason D. , Mullan Patricia B. , Rana Gurpreet K. , Wagenschutz Heather M. , Skye Eric P. , Kolars Joseph C. , Mangrulkar Rajesh S. , Williams Brent C. 
Published: May 2019

Problem
Transforming medical school curricula to train physicians to better address society’s needs is a complex task, as students must develop expertise in areas other than clinical medicine.

Approach
In 2010, the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) launched the Global Health and Disparities (GHD) Path of Excellence as part of a larger curriculum transformation. The GHD Path is a co-curriculum with the goal of ameliorating health disparities in the United States and abroad. It was developed iteratively based on student and faculty feedback. Student feedback emphasized the value of the relationships with faculty and other students, the capstone project, and exposure to role models and professional networks. Faculty described the joy of interacting with students and the desire for recognition by their departments for their role as an advisor.

Outcomes
Informed by the GHD Path experience, UMMS embraced the Path model, which emphasized professional relationships, career development, and high-impact scholarly work, making it different from the traditional medical curriculum, and the school implemented 7 other Paths between 2013 and 2018. Elements common to all Paths include a capstone project, a longitudinal advisor separate from the capstone advisor, exposure to role models and leaders, and the dissemination of scholarly work to promote networking.

Next Steps
Next steps for the Paths of Excellence include developing methods to systematically monitor students’ progress, facilitating mentoring skills in and recognizing faculty advisors, and measuring the long-term impact of the Paths on students and society.
Am I Disadvantaged? How Applicants Decide Whether to Use the Disadvantaged Status in the American Medical College Application Service
Authors: Lowrance Adam M. , Birnbaum Matthew G. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
To add to the limited research on the Disadvantaged Status, a component in the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) primary application, the authors explored how applicants to a medical school between 2014 and 2016 determined whether they were disadvantaged and whether to apply as such.

Method
The authors used case study methodology to explore the experiences of students at a medical school in the Northeast. The authors derived data from transcripts of semistructured interviews with students and the students’ AMCAS applications. Transcripts and applications were analyzed using a constant comparative approach and considered in the context of social comparison and impression management theories.

Results
Overall, the 15 student participants (8 used the Disadvantaged Status) had difficulty determining whether they were disadvantaged and how applying as such would affect their prospects. Contributing factors included ambiguity around both the term disadvantaged and its use in the admissions process. Simply experiencing hardship during childhood was insufficient for most participants to deem themselves disadvantaged. Participants’ decision processes were confounded by the need to rely on social comparisons to determine whether they were disadvantaged and impression management to decide whether to apply as such.

Conclusions
The ambiguous nature of the Disadvantaged Status, comparisons with even more disadvantaged peers, and uncertainty about how shared information might affect admission decisions distorted participants’ understandings of identity within the context of the application. The authors believe that many applicants who have experienced significant hardships/barriers are not using the Disadvantaged Status.
The Validity of Skin Conductance For Assessing Acute Pain in Infants
Authors: Hu Jiale , Modanloo Shokoufeh , Squires Janet E. , Harrold JoAnn , Harrison Denise 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:Measuring pain in infants is important but challenging, as there is no “gold standard.” The measurement of skin conductance (SC) is considered to be a measure of stress and as a surrogate indicator of pain. The objectives of this study were to identify the extent of research conducted and to synthesize the validity evidence of SC for assessing acute pain in infants.Methods:The Arksey and O’Malley framework for scoping reviews was followed, and 9 electronic databases were searched. Data were analyzed thematically and presented descriptively including the following main categories: study information/details, sampling information, characteristics of participants and settings, SC outcome measures, and validity evidence.Results:Twenty-eight studies with 1061 infants were included, including 23 cross-sectional observation studies and 5 interventional studies. The most studied infants were those with mild severity of illness (n=13) or healthy infants (n=12). The validity evidence of SC was tested in relation to referent pain measures (13 variables), stimuli (13 variables), age (2 variables), and other contextual variables (11 variables). SC was not significantly correlated with vital signs, except for heart rate in 2 of the 8 studies. SC was significantly correlated with the unidimensional behavioral pain assessment scales and crying time rather than with multidimensional measurements. Fourteen of 15 studies (93.3%) showed that SC increased significantly during painful procedures.Conclusions:Inconsistent findings on validity of SC exist. Future research should aim to identify the diagnostic test accuracy of SC compared with well-accepted referent pain measures in infants, study the validity evidence of SC in critically ill infants, and utilize rigorous research design and transparent reporting.