bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in Prices for Erectile Dysfunction Medications—Are All Pharmacies the Same?
Authors: Mishra Kirtishri , Bukavina Laura , Mahran Amr , Bobrow Aidan , Buzzy Christina A. , Jain Nishant , Gnessin Ehud , Loeb Aram , Ponsky Lee E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
Variability in prices of medications is a well-known phenomenon; however, this variability has not been quantified in the realm of erectile dysfunction (ED) medications. ED medications are ideal for this quantification, because they are often not covered by insurances; therefore, the cost is the most direct reflection of price variability among pharmacies as they affect the patients.

Aim
To evaluate the variability in cash prices for phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDEIs) for ED. We also evaluated whether certain types of pharmacies consistently offer better pricing than others, and whether there was any correlation with demographic factors.

Methods
331 pharmacies were contacted within a 25-mile radius of our institution to obtain the cash price for 4 commonly used ED medications with prespecified doses. After exclusion, 323 pharmacies were categorized as chain, independent, wholesale, or hospital-associated. Cash prices for the specified medications were evaluated. In addition, we identified demographic and socioeconomic factors to determine if these had an impact on median drug pricing within each zip code.

Main Outcome Measure
The main outcome was the cost for patients to fill each prescription.

Results
Independent pharmacies provided the lowest cost for 3 of 4 of the PDEIs. The largest price difference for 10 tablets of 100 mg sildenafil between all pharmacies was 38,000%. The median cost difference between independent pharmacies and chain pharmacies for sildenafil was &gt;900%, and &gt;1,100% for independent pharmacies vs hospital-associated pharmacies. Demographic and socioeconomic factors had no impact on the cost.

Clinical Implications
Our goal is to promote patient counseling among practitioners and to empower patients to shop for the best prices for their medications.

Strength and Limitations
A strength of the study is the large cohort that was surveyed; however, a weakness is that the large majority of the cohort was comprised of chain pharmacies. Mail pharmacies could not be evaluated as they required a valid prescription before offering prices.

Conclusion
The drastic differences in cash prices for the PDEIs give us an insight into the variability and cost-inflation of medications in the United States. These patterns hold true for other essential medications as well, and improved transparency will allow patients to make informed decisions when choosing where to purchase their medications. It may also encourage certain pharmacies to provide medications at more affordable prices.
Fundamental equations for primary fluid recovery from porous media
Authors: Jin Yan , Chen Kang Ping 
Published: December 2018

Primary fluid recovery from a porous medium is driven by the volumetric expansion of thein situfluid. For production from a petroleum reservoir, primary recovery accounts for more than half of the total amount of recovered hydrocarbon. The primary recovery process is studied here at the pore scale and the macroscopic scale. The pore-scale flow is first analysed using the compressible Navier–Stokes equations and the mathematical theory for low-Mach-number flow developed by Klainerman & Majda (Commun. Pure Appl. Maths, vol. 34 (4), 1981, pp. 481–524; vol. 35 (5), 1982, pp. 629–651). An asymptotic analysis shows that the pore-scale flow is governed by the self-diffusion of the fluid and it exhibits a slip-like mass flow rate, even though the velocity satisfies the no-slip condition on the pore wall. The pore-scale density equation is then upscaled to a macroscopic diffusion equation for the density which possesses a diffusion coefficient proportional to the fluid’s kinematic viscosity. Darcy’s law is shown to be inapplicable to primary fluid recovery and it should be replaced by a new mass flux equation which depends on the porosity but not on the permeability. This is in stark contrast to the classical result and it can have important implications for hydrocarbon recovery as well as other applications.
CGRP in a gene–environment interaction model for depression: effects of antidepressant treatment
Authors: Angelucci Francesco , Ellenbroek Bart A , El Khoury Aram , Mathé Aleksander A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveGenetic and environmental factors interact in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). While neurobiological correlates have only partially been elucidated, altered levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) in animal models and in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients were reported, suggesting that CGRP may be involved in the pathophysiology and/or be a trait marker of MDD. However, changes in CGRP brain levels resulting from interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors and the response to antidepressant treatment have not been explored.MethodsWe therefore superimposed maternal separation (MS) onto a genetic rat model (Flinders-sensitive and -resistant lines, FSL/FRL) of depression, treated these rats with antidepressants (escitalopram and nortriptyline) and measured CGRP-LI in selected brain regions.ResultsCGRP was elevated in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala (but not in the hypothalamus) of FSL rats. However, MS did not significantly alter levels of this peptide. Likewise, there were no significant interactions between the genetic and environmental factors. Most importantly, neither escitalopram nor nortriptyline significantly altered brain CGRP levels.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that increased brain levels of CGRP are present in a well-established rat model of depression. Given that antidepressants have virtually no effect on the brain level of this peptide, our study indicates that further research is needed to evaluate the functional role of CGRP in the FSL model for depression.
Seasonal variations in proximate and fatty acid composition of sobaity sea bream (Sparidentex hasta) in Kuwait waters
Authors: Hossain M. A. , Al-Abdul-Elah K. , Yaseen S. B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe objective of the study was to investigate the seasonal variations in proximate and fatty acid composition of wild sobaity (Sparidentex hasta) for a one-year period during (i) pre-spawning (October–December), (ii) spawning (January–March), (iii) post-spawning (April–June) and summer (July–September). Five male and five female fish were collected from market each month and used for the study. Skinless fillets from both sides of sobaity were taken, chopped, minced, frozen and freeze dried. Freeze-dried ground male and female fish samples were pooled separately and homogenized for proximate composition and fatty acid analysis. The results of the investigation showed that the muscle proximate composition and fatty acid profile of sobaity differed significantly (P < 0.05) among different seasons with the highest muscle lipid during the pre-spawning and spawning season. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most dominant muscle fatty acid followed by oleic acid (C18:1n-9). The muscle docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) levels in pre-spawning and spawning seasons were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in other seasons. A good n-3/n-6 ratio (2.26–3.11) and the higher DHA levels (10.16–11.47%) observed in muscles during the pre-spawning and spawning season indicated a better nutritional value of sobaity at this time of the year.
CRUEL JOKES AND NORMATIVE COMPETENCE
Authors: Shoemaker David 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:Some moral responsibility theorists think that certain agents (like psychopaths) can be morally responsible—and morally criticizable—for their actions and attitudes even though they lack any competence in grasping or responding to moral norms (a blindness to moral reasons that is typically called “normative incompetence” or, more accurately, “moral incompetence”). In this essay, I provide a new argument against these theorists by exploring the intersection between two normative domains, the funny and the moral. There are, it turns out, interesting and significant ways that properties from each domain bear on reasons to respond in the other, and so there are interesting and significant ways in which people’s responses to cruel jokes or insult humor may be criticizable. I then survey various personality and psychological impairments that seem to undercut criticizability in this intersecting domain. Learning about these people and their impairments yields a wealth of information about what true normative competence actually requires, as well as why competence of the specifically moral variety really is required for moral criticizability.
SOCIAL NORMS OF COORDINATION AND COOPERATION
Authors: Mackie Gerry 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:The scholarly discourse on social norms in the tradition of Thomas Schelling (1960) often makes a sharp distinction between social norms and social conventions. In attempting to apply that distinction to actual practices and to teach it to practitioners and students I encountered frequent difficulties and confusions, and finally concluded that it is untenable. I recommend a return to some version of Ullman-Margalit’s (1977) distinction between social norms of cooperation and social norms of coordination. Social norms, I say, are distinguished by beliefs in a relevant group that the rule is typical among them and approved of among them. I describe four ways that social norms of coordination, including conventions of social meaning, are influenced by social approval and disapproval. I contend that the effort by Southwood and Eriksson (2011) to show that social conventions and social norms are essentially different breaks down because their conception of social norms is overly moralized. I present a more social conception of social norms that does without the regnant distinction between “social norm” and “social convention” and instead allows for social norms of cooperation, social norms of coordination, and other kinds of social norms.
RETRACTED – Determination of geometrical margins in external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Bencheikh Mohamed , Maghnouj Abdelmajid , Tajmouati Jaouad , Dadouch Ahmed , Benjelloun Zakariae 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe focus of this study is to find the optimal clinical tumour volume (CTV) to planning tumour volume (PTV) margins for precise radiotherapy treatment of prostate cancer. The geometrical shape of the target volume posses challenges in accurately identifying the CTV to PTV margins, especially when the organ affected by cancer demonstrates anatomical variations and the surrounding organs have high radio-sensitivity, in comparison to the organ of origin of the cancer.Materials and methodsThe geometrical margins of CTV to PTV are investigated using portal imaging, in three directions. This study is carried out on 20 patients treated by the external photon beam radiotherapy of prostate cancer using standard accelerator without stereotaxic and without prostate markers.Results and discussionBased on previous studies and the findings of our work, we propose CTV to PTV margin of 5·84 mm in the lateral direction, of 5·1 mm in the cranio-spinal direction and of 7·3 mm in the antero-posterior direction for external photon beam radiotherapy of prostate cancer.ConclusionThe proposed CTV to PTV margins ensure high radiotherapy treatment precision of prostate cancer.
Enhancing Resilience and Justice in Climate Adaptation Laws
Authors: Wenta Joseph , McDonald Jan , McGee Jeffrey S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractResilience thinking – an approach for understanding and managing change – is increasingly central to climate change adaptation law and policy. Yet the influence of adaptation law and policy on the distribution of climate impacts is often overlooked in studies of socio-ecological resilience to climate change. This article demonstrates how environmental justice scholarship helps to address this gap in the literature relating to adaptation law and resilience. Drawing on existing literature, the article identifies four principles to promote resilience and justice through climate adaptation laws. Climate adaptation laws must (i) prepare for, and respond to, change; (ii) address the distributive effects of climate change and adaptation; (iii) promote participation in adaptation processes; and (iv) cross sectors and scales. Each criterion can be implemented in part through existing legal processes, but might also be further supported by incremental law reform. Developing both resilience and justice dimensions will enhance the effectiveness of adaptation laws in addressing climate impacts.
Business experience of floods and drought-related water and electricity supply disruption in three cities in sub-Saharan Africa during the 2015/2016 El Niño
Authors: Gannon Kate Elizabeth , Conway Declan , Pardoe Joanna , Ndiyoi Mukelabai , Batisani Nnyaladzi , Odada Eric , Olago Daniel , Opere Alfred , Kgosietsile Sinah , Nyambe Mubita , Omukuti Jessica , Siderius Christian 
Published: December 2018

Non-technical summaryThe El Niño event in 2015/2016 was one of the strongest since at least 1950. Through surveys and interviews with key informants, we found businesses in the capital cities of Zambia, Botswana and Kenya experienced major disruption to their activities from El Niño related hydroelectric load shedding, water supply disruption and flooding, respectively. Yet, during the 2015/2016 El Niño, fluctuations in precipitation were not extreme considering the strength of the El Niño event. Results therefore highlight that even fairly moderate precipitation anomalies can contribute to major disruption to economic activity. Addressing the risk of disruption – and supporting the private sector to adapt – is a development priority.
In Situ Observations of Ice Particle Losses in a Young Persistent Contrail
Authors: Kleine J. , Voigt C. , Sauer D. , Schlager H. , Scheibe M. , Jurkat‐Witschas T. , Kaufmann S. , Kärcher B. , Anderson B. E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe describe results of in situ observations of a 1‐ to 2‐min‐old contrail in the vortex phase generated from soot‐rich exhaust (>1015 emitted soot particles per kilogram of fuel burned). Simultaneous measurements of soot (EIsoot) and apparent ice (AEIice) particle number emission indices show a pronounced anticorrelation in the vertical contrail profile. AEIice decrease by about 75% with increasing distance below the contrail‐producing aircraft, while EIsoot increase by an equivalent relative fraction, therefore strongly suggesting ice particle formation to be soot‐controlled and losses to be caused by sublimation. Quantifying these losses in measurements helps to validate and improve contrail parameterizations used to estimate the climate impact of contrails and contrail cirrus. Our study further demonstrates the challenges in the performance and interpretation of particle measurements in young contrails and lends itself to suggestions for improving contrail data evaluation.
The Complexity of the 2018 Mw 6.4 Hualien Earthquake in East Taiwan
Authors: Huang Mong‐Han , Huang Hsin‐Hua 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe use seismic and geodetic measurements to optimize the fault geometry as well as coseismic slip distribution from the 2018 Mw 6.4 Hualien earthquake. We find that at least three faults were involved in the earthquake. The earthquake initiated from a south‐dipping fault in offshore Hualien, and slip transferred into the main west‐dipping oblique fault. The slip finally triggered movement of the east‐dipping Milun fault at shallower depth and caused surface rupture. Although there is no offshore data constraints, our inverted slip distribution shows that the majority of slip occurred between 5‐ and 10‐km depth on the main west‐dipping fault, and 1‐ to 3‐m slip on the shallower part of the Milun fault. Additionally, we process 5 months of postseismic deformation time series and find more than 5‐cm postseismic displacement occurred along the Milun fault but is insignificant near the Coastal Range located south of the Hualien City.
Assessing the Catchment Storage Function Through a Dual‐Storage Concept
Authors: Carrer Gwenael E. , Klaus Julian , Pfister Laurent 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCatchment storage controls most ecohydrological processes by modulating, among other things, the hydrological connectivity between landscape units. However, little is known about the internal dynamics of storage and its feedback with hydraulic connectivity. Here we evaluate the capability of a combined lumped approach (i.e., combining catchment water balance and recession analysis) to partition total dynamic storage (from the water balance) into hydraulically connected (the part feeding stream estimated from recession analysis) and hydraulically disconnected components (i.e., the remaining storage driven by precipitation and evapotranspiration). Results from our combined approach were compared to a point measurement‐based estimation (using wells and soil moisture data) from the experimental Weierbach catchment in Luxembourg (0.45 km2). We found good agreement for the hydraulically connected storage but contrasted results for the hydraulically disconnected storage. During wet periods, the latter were characterized by opposite dynamics and our lumped approach showed step‐by‐step deviations. Overall, these results indicated a good capability of our approach to partition storage, as well as its sensitivity to systematic and random deviations. Considering these possible deviations, this new conceptualization of storage provides relevant and quantifiable information about catchment state (i.e., storage dominated or release dominated). This is further highlighted when represented in a dual‐storage plot (hydraulically disconnected vs. connected storage). Compared to classic storage‐discharge relationships, it allows catchment efficiency (capacity of the catchment to convert storage into streamflow) to be assessed without the need for additional data. We expect that this mechanistic conceptualization of the storage function will provide new opportunities for assessing catchment functioning and catchment classification.
Genetic data and cognitively defined late-onset Alzheimer’s disease subgroups
Authors:   EPAD Study Group, Mukherjee Shubhabrata ,   Investigators from ACT,   Investigators from ROS,   Investigators from MAP,   Investigators from ADNI,   Investigators from the University of Pittsburgh ADRC, Mez Jesse , Trittschuh Emily H. , Saykin Andrew J. , Gibbons Laura E. , Fardo David W. , Wessels Madeline , Bauman Julianna , Moore Mackenzie , Choi Seo-Eun , Gross Alden L. , Rich Joanne , Louden Diana K. N. , Sanders R. Elizabeth , Grabowski Thomas J. , Bird Thomas D. , McCurry Susan M. , Snitz Beth E. , Kamboh M. Ilyas , Lopez Oscar L. , De Jager Philip L. , Bennett David A. , Keene C. Dirk , Larson Eric B. , Crane Paul K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCategorizing people with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease into biologically coherent subgroups is important for personalized medicine. We evaluated data from five studies (total n = 4050, of whom 2431 had genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data). We assigned people to cognitively defined subgroups on the basis of relative performance in memory, executive functioning, visuospatial functioning, and language at the time of Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. We compared genotype frequencies for each subgroup to those from cognitively normal elderly controls. We focused on APOE and on SNPs with p < 10−5 and odds ratios more extreme than those previously reported for Alzheimer’s disease (<0.77 or >1.30). There was substantial variation across studies in the proportions of people in each subgroup. In each study, higher proportions of people with isolated substantial relative memory impairment had ≥1 APOE ε4 allele than any other subgroup (overall p = 1.5 × 10−27). Across subgroups, there were 33 novel suggestive loci across the genome with p < 10−5 and an extreme OR compared to controls, of which none had statistical evidence of heterogeneity and 30 had ORs in the same direction across all datasets. These data support the biological coherence of cognitively defined subgroups and nominate novel genetic loci.
Performance metrics and enabling technologies for nanoplasmonic biosensors
Authors: Oh Sang-Hyun , Altug Hatice 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNanoplasmonic structures can tightly confine light onto a material’s surface to probe biomolecular interactions not easily accessed by other sensing techniques. New and exciting developments in nanofabrication processes, nano-optical trapping, graphene devices, mid-infrared spectroscopy, and metasurfaces will greatly empower the performance and functionalities of nanoplasmonic sensors.
Synchronization of speed, sound and iridescent color in a hummingbird aerial courtship dive
Authors: Hogan Benedict G. , Stoddard Mary Caswell 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMany animal signals are complex, often combining multimodal components with dynamic motion. To understand the function and evolution of these displays, it is vital to appreciate their spatiotemporal organization. Male broad-tailed hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) perform dramatic U-shaped courtship dives over females, appearing to combine rapid movement and dive-specific mechanical noises with visual signals from their iridescent gorgets. To understand how motion, sound and color interact in these spectacular displays, we obtained video and audio recordings of dives performed by wild hummingbirds. We then applied a multi-angle imaging technique to estimate how a female would perceive the male’s iridescent gorget throughout the dive. We show that the key physical, acoustic and visual aspects of the dive are remarkably synchronized—all occurring within 300 milliseconds. Our results highlight the critical importance of accounting for motion and orientation when investigating animal displays: speed and trajectory affect how multisensory signals are produced and perceived.
Materials genomics methods for high-throughput construction of COFs and targeted synthesis
Authors: Lan Youshi , Han Xianghao , Tong Minman , Huang Hongliang , Yang Qingyuan , Liu Dahuan , Zhao Xin , Zhong Chongli 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMaterials genomics represents a research mode for materials development, for which reliable methods for efficient materials construction are essential. Here we present a methodology for high-throughput construction of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) based on materials genomics strategy, in which a gene partition method of genetic structural units (GSUs) with reactive sites and quasi-reactive assembly algorithms (QReaxAA) for structure generation were proposed by mimicking the natural growth processes of COFs, leading to a library of 130 GSUs and a database of ~470,000 materials containing structures with 10 unreported topologies as well as the existing COFs. As a proof-of-concept example, two generated 3D-COFs with ffc topology and two 2D-COFs with existing topologies were successfully synthesized. This work not only presents useful genomics methods for developing COFs and largely extended the COF structures, but also will stimulate the switch of materials development mode from trial-and-error to theoretical prediction-experimental validation.