bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bio‐physical models of marine environments reveal biases in the representation of protected areas
Authors: Roberts Kelsey E. , Duffy Grant A. , Cook Carly N. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The significant shortfall in global marine protection targets is likely to continue to drive rapid growth in marine protected areas (MPAs). Systematic conservation planning to fill gaps in marine protection requires sufficient knowledge of both the distribution of biodiversity and the threats to species and ecosystems. Yet such data are lacking for much of the marine environment, creating significant challenges for planning effective marine protection.
In the absence of habitat mapping data, critical environmental variables associated with species' distributions can be used to model the spatial distribution of different environments. Although this approach has been used in some jurisdictions to assist MPA planners, the increased availability and resolution of spatial data now provide an opportunity to improve assessments of MPA representation.
Capitalizing on advances in spatial data, this study uses a range of biological and physical environmental attributes to model the distribution of Australian marine environments. Given many Australian MPAs were implemented without knowledge of the distribution of species and benthic habitats, this Bio‐physical model is used to assess MPA coverage and equality of protection for Australian marine environments.
Results of the Bio‐physical model revealed that Australian MPAs overrepresent warm, offshore waters (such as the Coral Sea) and underrepresent temperate environments. Furthermore, the distribution of protection in Australian MPAs is heavily skewed, with no‐take protection disproportionately targeting tropical environments, leaving major gaps in the protection of both temperate and nearshore habitats.
Without comprehensive habitat mapping, the representativeness and adequacy of an MPA system cannot be accurately evaluated, nor can the required expansion of MPAs be planned effectively. In the interim, the biological and physical attributes chosen for this model provide useful proxies to assist in efforts to better target current and future protection based on the most up‐to‐date knowledge.
Fighting Aggregation‐Caused Quenching and Leakage of Dyes in Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticles: Universal Role of Counterion
Authors: Andreiuk Bohdan , Reisch Andreas , Bernhardt Eduard , Klymchenko Andrey S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDye‐loaded polymer nanoparticles (NPs) emerge as a powerful tool for bioimaging applications, owing to their exceptional brightness and controlled small size. However, aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) and leakage of dyes at high loading remain important challenges of these nanomaterials. The use of bulky hydrophobic counterions has been recently proposed as an effective approach to minimize ACQ and dye leakage, but the role of counterion structure is still poorly understood. Here, a systematic study based on ten counterions, ranging from small hydrophilic perchlorate up to large hydrophobic tetraphenylborate derivatives, reveals how counterion nature can control encapsulation and emission of a cationic dye (rhodamine B octadecyl ester) in NPs prepared by nanoprecipitation of a biodegradable polymer, poly‐lactide‐co‐glycolide (PLGA). We found that increase in counterion hydrophobicity enhances dye encapsulation efficiency and prevents dye adsorption at the particle surface. Cellular imaging studies revealed that ≥95 % encapsulation efficiency, achieved with most hydrophobic counterions (fluorinated tetraphenylborates), is absolutely required because non‐encapsulated dye species at the surface of NPs are the origin of dye leakage and strong fluorescence background in cells. The size of counterions is found to be essential to prevent ACQ, where the largest species, serving as effective spacer between dyes, provide the highest fluorescence quantum yield. Moreover, we found that the most hydrophobic counterions favor dye–dye coupling inside NPs, leading to ON/OFF fluorescence switching of single particles. By contrast, less hydrophobic counterions tend to disperse dyes in the polymer matrix favoring stable emission of NPs. The obtained structure‐property relationships validate the counterion‐based approach as a mature concept to fight ACQ and dye leakage in the development of advanced polymeric nanomaterials with controlled optical properties.
Predictive validity and interrater reliability of the FACE‐CARAS toolkit in a CAMHS setting
Authors: Evans Stephen A. , Young David , Tiffin Paul A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe FACE‐CARAS (Functional Analysis in Care Environments‐Child and Adolescent Risk‐Assessment Suite) toolkit has been developed to support practitioners in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in performing a structured risk assessment. It covers a number of risk domains including violence, suicide, self‐harm, experienced abuse, and exploitation. Interrater and internal reliability has already been established but not predictive validity.Aims/HypothesisOur aim was to establish the predictive validity of the FACE‐CARAS in a CAMHS population.MethodsRecords from 123 young people with FACE‐CARAS ratings completed by clinicians were examined in a retrospective file review to extract data on a relevant list of adverse outcomes at three and at 6 months following the assessment. Although this was not a prospective longitudinal study, researchers were blind to the clinicians' ratings, allowing valid testing of predictive power. Cases were drawn from across generic and specialist CAMHS teams in approximately equal proportions. Data were analysed using receiver operator characteristic statistics.ResultsAreas under the curve values in five of the seven risk areas approached or were greater than 0.8 indicated that the FACE‐CARAS profile score was a good potential predictor of risks of self‐harm, suicidal behaviours, serious self‐neglect, abuse or exploitation by others, and violence to others at both 3 and 6 months. It was weakly “predictive” of accidental self‐harm and no better than chance at signalling physical ill health.ConclusionsFindings support the use of the “profile summary” section of the tool as likely to generate clinically useful risk predictions. We were concerned that clinical use of the scale did not conform to research standards and often left subscales incompletely rated; however, the fact that the tool nonetheless proved a good predictor of most key adversities under scrutiny may add weight to its value in clinical practice. Further work with the FACE‐CARAS subscales is recommended.
In‐hospital outcome differences between transradial and transfemoral coronary approaches: Data from the Korean percutaneous coronary intervention registry
Authors: Ahn Sung Gyun , Lee Jun‐Won , Youn Young Jin , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Cho Jang Hyun , Kang Woong Chol , Park Jong‐Pil , Shin Won‐Yong , Lim Seong‐Hoon , Choi Yu Jeong , Kim Kyungsoo , Lim Do‐Sun , Chun Woojung , Kim Ju Han , Yoon Junghan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to investigate specific subgroups in which the benefit of transradial coronary interventions (TRIs) would be enhanced.BackgroundThe advantage of TRIs over transfemoral coronary interventions (TFIs) might differ according to a given clinical condition, urgency of the procedure, and operator volume pattern.MethodsUsing a cohort from the 2014 Korean Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Registry, in‐hospital outcomes of the TRI group (n = 22,993) were matched to those of the TFI group (n = 15,581). After propensity score matching, the composite endpoints between the groups and subgroups for all‐cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarctions (MIs), or transfusions were analyzed.ResultsThe composite endpoints occurred less frequently in the TRI group than the TFI group [2.1% vs. 5.5%, OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.55–0.72]. The TRI group had a lower rate of death (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.33–0.60) and nonfatal MI (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.54–0.81) than the TFI group. The TRI group required fewer transfusions than the TFI group (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59–0.88). TRI benefits were consistent across subgroups except patients with chronic kidney disease and those treated in low tertile PCI volume centers. The favorable outcome of TRI was greater in the elderly (≥75 years), patients with ST‐elevation MI, those who underwent emergent PCI, and those treated in high tertile PCI volume hospitals (P for the interaction <0.001 for all).ConclusionsCompared to TFI, TRI had favorable composite in‐hospital outcomes. TRI benefits were pronounced in high‐risk clinical settings and in high PCI volume centers.
Procedure failure of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention in an algorithm driven contemporary Asia‐Pacific Chronic Total Occlusion Club (APCTO Club) multicenter registry
Authors: Chan Chi Yuen , Wu Eugene B. , Yan Bryan P. , Tsuchikane Etsuo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveWith the evolution of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) technique and equipment, the success rate of CTO PCI has improved over the years. We examined the failed cases in this expert registry and looked at the mode of failure.MethodsIn 2016, consecutive CTO PCI performed by eight high volume CTO with an agreed CTO algorithm were examined in a registry.ResultsThere was a total of 485 patients with 497 CTOs were treated with technical and procedural success rates of 93.8% and 89.9%, respectively. The mean J‐CTO score was 2.9 ± 1.2. The main mode of failure in cases with only antegrade attempt was inability to wire to true lumen despite advanced antegrade wiring technique for example, parallel wiring or IVUS guided wiring (10 out of 11 cases). The mode of failure in retrograde attempt was: 30% was due to inability to wire the collateral channel; 30% was due to failed reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking (CART); 30% was due to inability to cross CTO by retrograde microcatheter. Four cases were terminated prematurely due to procedure complications.ConclusionSimilar to previous reported studies, primary failure mode of only antegrade attempt was inability to wire to true lumen. However, contrary to other registries where failure to cross the retrograde channel with wire was the predominant failure mode, the retrograde failure mode was equally divided between failure to cross the channel with wire, failure to do reverse CART, and failure to cross the CTO with the microcatheter.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma: Is reconstruction of the diaphragm necessary in left pleurectomy/decortication? A case report
Authors: Testori Alberto , De Simone Matilde , Bottoni Edoardo , Alloisio Marco , Voulaz Emanuele , Cioffi Ugo 
Published: January 2019

Key Clinical MessageWe describe a case of complete intrathoracic stomach and intestinal herniation after pleurectomy/decortication due to diaphragm reconstruction without mesh. Is reconstruction with mesh always necessary? Can lung sparing obviate the tension on residual diaphragm? These are the questions not well described to which we try to give an answer.
V4P6.98/VO(PO3)2 as an Efficient Non‐Noble Metal Catalyst for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Electrolyte
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Cong Meiyu , Wang Yong , Ding Xin , Liu Aihua , Gao Yan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractElectrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production shows great potential for developing hydrogen as an energy source, owing to its low energy consumption and high‐purity products. Developing non‐noble metal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts with a high activity for water splitting in alkaline media is urgent and challenging. Herein, we synthesized a flower‐like V4P6.98/VO(PO3)2 catalyst on a nickel foam substrate as an efficient non‐noble metal catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution in alkaline electrolyte. The catalyst showed high catalytic performance for HER, requiring an overpotential of 159 mV to achieve 10 mA/cm2, and displayed long‐term stability in alkaline medium. We report a low‐cost and high‐efficiency non‐noble metal HER catalyst beyond the commonly used transition metals (Ni, Co, Mo, Cu, and Fe), which expands the scope of non‐noble‐metal phosphide catalysts for water splitting.
8‐Aminoquinolines with an Aminoxyalkyl Side Chain Exert in vitro Dual‐Stage Antiplasmodial Activity
Authors: Leven Michael , Held Jana , Duffy Sandra , Alves Avelar Leandro A. , Meister Stephan , Delves Michael , Plouffe David , Kuna Krystina , Tschan Serena , Avery Vicky M. , Winzeler Elizabeth A. , Mordmüller Benjamin , Kurz Thomas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA series of novel 8‐aminoquinolines (8‐AQs) with an aminoxyalkyl side chain were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial properties against asexual blood stages, liver stages, and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. 8‐AQs bearing 2‐alkoxy and 5‐phenoxy substituents on the quinoline ring system were found to be the most promising compounds under study, exhibiting potent blood schizontocidal and moderate tissue schizontocidal in vitro activity.
Reduced Graphene Oxide–Refined Cu Matrix Composites: An Experimental and First‐Principles Study
Authors: Yan Shaojiu , Hong Qihu , Chen Xiang , Li Xiuhui , Nan Wenzhen , Peng Ping 
Published: January 2019

AbstractReduced graphene oxide/copper matrix composites (RGO/Cu) are successfully fabricated via powder metallurgy methods. Composite powders of electrolytic Cu and 0.5 or 1.0 wt% graphene oxide (GO) are prepared by high‐energy ball milling. The composites are then consolidated using hot‐press sintering with a pressure of 22 MPa at 800 °C under a vacuum of 2 × 10−2 Pa. Microstructural observations of the RGO formed from GO show that it is located along the Cu grain boundaries and CuO nanoparticles distributed inside the Cu grain. The average grain sizes are 30.11 (pure Cu), 24.75 (0.5 wt% RGO/Cu composites), and 19.66 µm (1.0 wt% RGO/Cu composites). The Vickers hardness and tensile strengths of the RGO/Cu composites are higher than those of pure Cu. Theoretical research based on first‐principles calculations shows that oxygen atoms from the decomposition of GO react with Cu to form CuO nanoparticles. This secondary phase behaves as a pin that hinders the growth of copper grains. The covalent bonding between RGO and Cu slightly limits the movement of neighboring Cu atoms. More importantly, the grain refinement mechanism is related to the RGO retarding the diffusion of Cu atoms along the interface of copper grains due to its large activation energy.
Quantum Chemical Study of the Mechanism of Water Oxidation Catalyzed by a Heterotrinuclear Ru2Mn Complex
Authors: Li Ying‐Ying , Gimbert Carolina , Llobet Antoni , Siegbahn Per E. M. , Liao Rong‐Zhen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe heterotrinuclear complex A {[RuII(H2O)(tpy)]2(μ‐[MnII(H2O)2(bpp)2])}4+ [tpy=2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine, bpp=3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolate] was found to catalyze water oxidation both electrochemically and photochemically with [Ru(bpy)3]3+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) as the photosensitizer and Na2S2O8 as the electron acceptor in neutral phosphate buffer. The mechanism of water oxidation catalyzed by this unprecedented trinuclear complex was studied by density functional calculations. The calculations showed that a series of oxidation and deprotonation events take place from A, leading to the formation of complex 1 (formal oxidation state of Ru1IVMnIIIRu2III), which is the starting species for the catalytic cycle. Three sequential oxidations of 1 result in the generation of the catalytically competing species 4 (formal oxidation state of Ru1IVMnVRu2IV), which triggers the O−O bond formation. The direct coupling of two adjacent oxo ligands bound to Ru and Mn leads to the production of a superoxide intermediate Int1. This step was calculated to have a barrier of 7.2 kcal mol−1 at the B3LYP*‐D3 level. Subsequent O2 release from Int1 turns out to be quite facile. Other possible pathways were found to be much less favorable, including water nucleophilic attack, the coupling of an oxo and a hydroxide, and the direct coupling pathway at a lower oxidation state (RuIVMnIVRuIV).
A Late Quaternary record of highstand shedding from an isolated carbonate platform (Juan de Nova, southern Indian Ocean)
Authors: Counts John W. , Jorry Stephan J. , Vazquez Riveiros Natalia , Jouet Gwenael , Giraudeau Jacques , Cheron Sandrine , Boissier Audrey , Miramontes Elda 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA 27 m core collected on the sea floor near Juan de Nova island at 1,909 m depth in the SW Indian Ocean preserves a high‐resolution record of carbonate sediment export to the deep sea over the past 1 Myr. Core chronology was established using calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal δ18O. Throughout the core, preserved highstand intervals (MIS 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 23 and 25) are marked by an increase in the aragonite content within the sediment. Aragonite is likely sourced from the nearby Juan de Nova carbonate platform ca 10 km to the south, and is interpreted as resulting from flooding of the platform top. Platform inundation allows carbonate muds to be winnowed from their original shallow‐water environment of deposition, suspended in the water column, and redeposited onto the proximal slopes and within the basin. Sharp increases in aragonite content at the beginning of each highstand interval can be used to estimate the approximate sea‐level range when platform flooding occurred; results show that the depth of the platform top has likely changed little over the past 1 Myr due to balanced aggradation and subsidence. Previously hypothesized large‐scale aragonite dissolution cycles are evidenced by a disproportionally low aragonite increase during MIS 11. This study provides a new, exceptionally long record of highstand shedding, expanding the known occurrences of the process to the southern Indian Ocean and supporting its importance as a globally significant depositional mechanism that impacts deep‐sea stratigraphic records.
Experimental study of loess disintegration characteristics
Authors: Wang Jiading , Gu Tianfeng , Zhang Maosheng , Xu Yuanjun , Kong Jiaxu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLoess structures with large joints and fissures often undergo natural disintegration when subjected to contact with water. The slaking of loess results in the formation of loess gullies, caves, and landslides. To study the disintegration properties and the factors influencing them, we carried out field and laboratory tests. First, we carried out an in situ disintegration test using different sample shapes obtained from Heifangtai and analysed the effect of soil sample shape on loess disintegration. We then developed an improved disintegrator and tested the effect of different factors on the disintegration of loess. The effects of water content, salinity, and composition on disintegration are discussed. The results show that the loess disintegration process can be divided into three broad stages – wetting, softening, and subsidence – the disintegration is mainly concentrated in the third stage, while the first two stages are short and show very weak disintegration. The main factors influencing the disintegration of loess samples are shape, size, and clay mineral content. During the in situ disintegration test, the edge angles of soil samples are disintegrated, to soften all their edges. Disintegration duration increases with increasing sample size, but the extent of disintegration was found to decrease. Disintegration duration is inversely proportional to the loess disintegration rate. The loess disintegration rate is positively correlated with water temperature within a certain range; however, the reverse is observed with soil sample size and initial water content, and salinity was found to have little effect on the disintegration rate. Higher clay content of cohesive soil and weaker permeability leads to a slower disintegration rate. Additionally, lower cementation may easily cause loess disintegration. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A “masked” source for the phosphaalkene MesP=CH2: Trapping, rearrangement, and oligomerization
Authors: Chen Leixing , Wang Shuai , Werz Patrick , Han Zeyu , Gates Derek P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe report the attempted synthesis of a “masked” phosphaalkene by treating MgA·3THF (A = anthracenide) with MesPCl(CH2Cl). Although the desired “masked” phosphaalkene could not be isolated, indirect evidence for its formation was obtained. The product of trapping MesP=CH2 with 1,3‐cyclohexadiene was detected. In addition, the oxide MesPO(Me)A was isolated and crystallographically characterized from the MgA·3THF and MesPCl(CH2Cl) experiment described above. Finally, the attempted isolation of “masked” phoshaalkene afforded P‐containing oligomers with a trimodal molecular weight distribution [Mn = 640, 1.7 × 103 and 7.4 × 103 Da].
Immunometabolism and innate immunity in the context of immunological maturation and respiratory pathogens in young children
Authors: Verhoeven David 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Although children growing from birth into young adulthood undergo rapid physiological maturation, their immune systems are also undergoing significant changes that may affect how they respond to microbes and especially respiratory pathogens. A key component of control over microbes is the innate immune system that sustains pathogen suppression/elimination until the adaptive immune system can instigate clearance. Here, this review will summarize key characteristics of the developing innate immune system of neonates, infants, and toddlers. In addition, a brief summary of how immunometabolism affects the innate immune system, and its ramifications on the developing innate immune cells will also be covered. Given the key differences between innate immunity of young children and older children/adults and the generally higher levels of morbidity associated with respiratory viral infections of the former, not many studies have examined how metabolic or mitochondrial differences may be influencing their generally limited responses. Further studies in immunometabolism in the young could elucidate keys mechanisms causing the typical diminished responses observed in this population.