bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking About Hiatal Hernia Recurrence After Laparoscopic Repair: When Should It Be Considered a True Recurrence? A Different Point of View
Authors: Braghetto Italo , Lanzarini Enrique , Musleh Maher , Korn Owen , Lasnibat Juan Pablo 
Published: May 2018

Background:High rates of recurrence after laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair have been published. Most of these recurrences are asymptomatic and only diagnosed by endoscopic or radiologic studies. The definition of hiatal hernia recurrence is still under discussion.Objective:This study aimed to define a true hiatal hernia recurrence using a score and classification criteria considering the presence of symptoms and size of the recurrence.Patients and Methods:A total of 153 patients with giant hiatal hernia larger than 10 cm in diameter underwent an operation using a laparoscopic approach. Of these patients, 129 had a complete follow-up (3–5 years) after surgery, and they were the only ones included in this study. The IT system of our hospital was our database for data registration. A score and classification were designed for definition of a “true” hiatal hernia recurrence, based on postoperative symptoms and the presence or not of a hiatal hernia in both radiologic and endoscopic evaluations.Results:Hiatal hernia recurrence based on endoscopic and/or radiologic hiatal hernia was found in 55 patients (42.6%), and only 28 of them (50.9%) had recurrent symptoms. Applying the score and proposed classification, no recurrence was considered in 18 patients (13.9%). Symptomatic and true recurrence were considered in 22.9% of patients (29 patients). Reoperation was needed for 7 patients (5.4%) because of symptomatic and radiologic recurrence.Conclusions:Postoperative symptoms, endoscopic findings, or radiologic findings are important for the definition of the type of recurrence and for the indication of appropriate treatment. The proposed score and classification are useful in order to specify the hiatal hernia recurrence and treatment.
Rho signaling research: history, current status and future directions
Authors: Narumiya Shuh , Thumkeo Dean 
Published: May 2018

One of the main research areas in biology from the mid‐1980s through the 1990s was the elucidation of signaling pathways governing cell responses. These studies brought, among other molecules, the small GTPase Rho to the epicenter. Rho signaling research has since expanded to all areas of biology and medicine. Here, we describe how Rho emerged as a key molecule governing cell morphogenesis and movement, how it was linked to actin reorganization, and how the study of Rho signaling has expanded from cultured cells to whole biological systems. We then give an overview of the current research status of Rho signaling in development, brain, cardiovascular system, immunity and cancer, and discuss the future directions of Rho signaling research, with emphasis on one Rho effector, ROCK*.

*The Rho GTPase family. Rho family GTPases have now expanded to contain 20 members. Amino acid sequences of 20 Rho GTPases found in human were aligned and the phylogenetic tree was generated by ClustalW2 software (EMBL‐EBI) based on NJ algorithm. The subfamilies of the Rho GTPases are highlighted by the circle and labeled on the right side. Rho cited in this review refers to the original members of Rho subfamily, RhoA, RhoB and RhoC, that are C3 substrates, and, unless specified, not to other members of the Rho subfamily such as Rac, Cdc42, and Rnd.image*The Rho GTPase family. Rho family GTPases have now expanded to contain 20 members. Amino acid sequences of 20 Rho GTPases found in human were aligned and the phylogenetic tree was generated by ClustalW2 software (EMBL‐EBI) based on NJ algorithm. The subfamilies of the Rho GTPases are highlighted by the circle and labeled on the right side. Rho cited in this review refers to the original members of Rho subfamily, RhoA, RhoB and RhoC, that are C3 substrates, and, unless specified, not to other members of the Rho subfamily such as Rac, Cdc42, and Rnd.
Transnational Capitalism
Authors: Struna Jason 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTransnational capitalism is a phase in the evolution of the capitalist mode of production marked by cross‐border social relations and significant interdependence in the world economy. Transnational corporations represent central institutional actors who exert substantial influence over local and transnational regulatory agencies and state structures. Disputes over the periodization of transnational capitalism exist in sociological and related literatures, but consensus on core concepts and influences point to important shared observations across perspectives. Transnational capitalism implies the expansion of related cultural tendencies and social structures to contexts beyond nation‐states or national societies.
Ethnocentrism
Authors: Sefiha Ophir 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Ethnocentrism commonly refers to the tendency to view the world through the lens of one's own culture. This perspective typically engenders feelings of cultural superiority and has been used to justify the prejudicial treatment of outsider groups. While ethnocentrism is closely associated with discrimination, ethnocentric thinking is not exclusively harmful as it serves a number of important individual and social functions. Ethnocentrism is generally considered a universal phenomenon and is studied both as a group and as an individual concept. Those who study other cultures attempt to limit ethnocentric thinking by practicing cultural relativity which involves judging other groups by their own cultural standards.
Female Masculinity
Authors: Sturgess Cyd 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe term “female masculinity” refers to a spectrum of traditionally masculine‐inflected behaviors, characteristics, and appearances that occur in biologically female‐sexed subjects. A highly politicized concept, this category both marks an intervention into the system of compulsive heterosexuality and into the strict societal dichotomization of gender and challenges the understanding of “masculine” and “feminine” as static categories within an oppositional dialectic. One of the most influential and comprehensive studies on the subject of female‐bodied masculinities has been produced by Judith Halberstam, who draws on ethnography, archival research, and textual criticism to explore the complexity of masculine embodiments that exist outside of the white male‐sexed subject.
Gerontology
Authors: Fisk Malcolm J. , Nash Paul 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe term “gerontology” was coined by the Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Metchnikoff in 1903. His definition was close to the one we accept today, over a century later. Gerontology has been faced by challenges that relate to both its boundaries and its focus. Its multidisciplinary nature is considered a strength by virtue of its enabling gerontologists to draw on theories and knowledge from a wide range of disciplines. This strength has been reaffirmed, as early theories that tended to focus on aging in relation to an independence–dependence axis have been increasingly discredited. Critical gerontology and cultural gerontology have been instrumental to developing this multidisciplinary theoretical perspective. They have freed gerontologists from their earlier focus on that axis and offer the potential to free them also from the limitations in thinking that can be associated with current structures, attitudes, institutions, and regimes.
Labor Movement
Authors: Ikebe Shannon 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe labor movement is a collective organization of workers in a capitalist society that seeks to enhance workers' welfare through a variety of means, including strikes, protests, workplace occupations, parliamentary representation, and revolutionary mobilizations. The modern labor movement emerged along with industrial capitalism, played a pivotal part in the rise of modern political democracy, and brought about vast improvements in living standards and working conditions. There is a great diversity of aims, strategies, ideologies and organizational forms within the labor movement – across countries, historically, and often within the same organizations. This entry covers the history of the labor movement in Europe and North America over the past two centuries, from a comparative perspective.
Leisure,Aging and
Authors: Liechty Toni , Genoe M. Rebecca 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLeisure plays an important role in the aging process. It provides a site for older adults to create meaning in life, adapt to age‐related changes, and improve or maintain physical, social, cognitive, and psychological health. Leisure has been identified as a site for reinforcing ageist stereotypes as well as a means of resistance against them. Researchers have utilized sociological theories including activity theory and continuity theory to better explain leisure and aging, particularly the role of leisure in adaptation to age‐related change; however, further research into experiences of aging and further theory development is needed to better understand this complex phenomenon and the experiences of diverse individuals.
Media and the Public Sphere
Authors: Carpentier Nico 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe reflections on media and the public sphere draw heavily on the interpretation given by Habermas to the latter concept. The alternative models that have been developed, such as Nancy Fraser's counterpublics model, also build on the Habermasian approach, although the influence of a more Mouffean agonist approach is increasing. The field of communication and media studies uses the public sphere concept to make sense of the role of communication in noninstitutionalized politics characterized by three dimensions: the normative versus the neutralized‐descriptive, the media‐centric versus the society‐centric, and the structural(ist) versus the cultural(ist).
MacIver,RobertMorrison (1882–1970)
Authors: Brewer John David 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRobert MacIver made a significant journey in sociology from birth on a small island off the Scottish mainland to become president of the American Sociological Association, Lieber Professor at Colombia University and president and chancellor of the New School of Social Research in New York. He was very influential for a time and the author of key textbooks.
Risk, Risk Society, Risk Behavior, and Social Problems
Authors: Curran Dean 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The sociology of risk has flourished since the early 1980s. This entry provides a critical review of the key approaches in the sociology of risk: the cultural approach, risk society, governmentality, systems approach, and edgework. In addition to introducing each of these approaches, this review points out some of the common criticisms of each of these approaches and how the state of the art continues to evolve in the face of new sets of risks that continue to emerge.
Social Capital
Authors: Tlili Anwar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The core idea of “social capital” is that one's group relations or memberships play a significant role in facilitating purposive action and attaining desirable ends; this has many precedents, but its conceptual salience is fairly recent and dates back to the 1980s. There has since been an explosion in the literature on social capital, and a spectacular uptake of the concept by many policy‐making constituencies. Despite the many variations in and uses of social capital, a polarization exists that tends to be either underplayed or overlooked, between Bourdieu's critical version on one hand, and Coleman's and its subsequent offshoots prominent in the English‐speaking world, on the other (e.g., Putnam). Although in its dominant version social capital can be ideologically invested and conceptually questionable, it is still important to reclaim it as a critical analytic tool to uncover and explain how social inequalities are sustained and reproduced via relational resources.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeted and Stimuli‐Responsive Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: A Review
Authors: Rahikkala Antti , Pereira Sarah A. P. , Figueiredo Patrícia , Passos Marieta L. C. , Araújo André R. T. S. , Saraiva M. Lúcia M. F. S. , Santos Hélder A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) exhibit the typical characteristics of inorganic materials that make them promising drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy. Their structural properties allow the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to enhance drug efficacy and reduce adverse effects. The functionalization of MSNs with targeting ligands to a specific tissue/cell and stimuli‐responsive capping materials to seal drugs inside the MSNs pores are widely studied for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, multiple stimuli‐responsive MSN‐based drug delivery systems are developed to enhance the delivery of anticancer drugs to their specific target and thereby improve the release of the drugs at the intended site. In addition, several toxicity studies are conducted to evaluate the biosafety and biocompatibility of MSNs. Although MSNs present reduced toxicity compared to colloidal silica, they can induce cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stress by increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased glutathione levels that can ultimately lead to cell death. However, different modifications to control morphology and surface composition can be applied to overcome the biocompatibility concerns. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the controlled synthesis, functionalization, targeting and biocompatibility of MSNs, as well as their biomedical application as a chemotherapeutic delivery system is provided.
Automated Expansion of Primary Human T Cells in Scalable and Cell‐Friendly Hydrogel Microtubes for Adoptive Immunotherapy
Authors: Lin Haishuang , Li Qiang , Wang Ou , Rauch Jack , Harm Braden , Viljoen Hendrik J. , Zhang Chi , Van Wyk Erika , Zhang Chi , Lei Yuguo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAdoptive immunotherapy is a highly effective strategy for treating many human cancers, such as melanoma, cervical cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia. Here, a novel cell culture technology is reported for expanding primary human T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. T cells are suspended and cultured in microscale alginate hydrogel tubes (AlgTubes) that are suspended in the cell culture medium in a culture vessel. The hydrogel tubes protect cells from hydrodynamic stresses and confine the cell mass less than 400 µm (in radial diameter) to ensure efficient mass transport, creating a cell‐friendly microenvironment for growing T cells. This system is simple, scalable, highly efficient, defined, cost‐effective, and compatible with current good manufacturing practices. Under optimized culture conditions, the AlgTubes enable culturing T cells with high cell viability, low DNA damage, high growth rate (≈320‐fold expansion over 14 days), high purity (≈98% CD3+), and high yield (≈3.2 × 108 cells mL−1 hydrogel). All offer considerable advantages compared to current T cell culturing approaches. This new culture technology can significantly reduce the culture volume, time, and cost, while increasing the production.
Surface, Bulk, and Interface: Rational Design of Hematite Architecture toward Efficient Photo‐Electrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Li Chengcheng , Luo Zhibin , Wang Tuo , Gong Jinlong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCollecting and storing solar energy to hydrogen fuel through a photo‐electrochemical (PEC) cell provides a clean and renewable pathway for future energy demands. Having earth‐abundance, low biotoxicity, robustness, and an ideal n‐type band position, hematite (α‐Fe2O3), the most common natural form of iron oxide, has occupied the research hotspot for decades. Here, a close look into recent progress of hematite photoanodes for PEC water splitting is provided. Effective approaches are introduced, such as cocatalysts loading and surface passivation layer deposition, to improve the hematite surface reaction in thermodynamics and kinetics. Second, typical methods for enhancing light absorption and accelerating charge transport in hematite bulk are reviewed, concentrating upon doping and nanostructuring. Third, the back contact between hematite and substrate, which affects interface states and electron transfer, is deliberated. In addition, perspectives on the key challenges and future prospects for the development of hematite photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting are given.
Bioinspired Infrared Sensing Materials and Systems
Authors: Shen Qingchen , Luo Zhen , Ma Shuai , Tao Peng , Song Chengyi , Wu Jianbo , Shang Wen , Deng Tao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBioinspired engineering offers a promising alternative approach in accelerating the development of many man‐made systems. Next‐generation infrared (IR) sensing systems can also benefit from such nature‐inspired approach. The inherent compact and uncooled operation of biological IR sensing systems provides ample inspiration for the engineering of portable and high‐performance artificial IR sensing systems. This review overviews the current understanding of the biological IR sensing systems, most of which are thermal‐based IR sensors that rely on either bolometer‐like or photomechanic sensing mechanism. The existing efforts inspired by the biological IR sensing systems and possible future bioinspired approaches in the development of new IR sensing systems are also discussed in the review. Besides these biological IR sensing systems, other biological systems that do not have IR sensing capabilities but can help advance the development of engineered IR sensing systems are also discussed, and the related engineering efforts are overviewed as well. Further efforts in understanding the biological IR sensing systems, the learning from the integration of multifunction in biological systems, and the reduction of barriers to maximize the multidiscipline collaborations are needed to move this research field forward.
Stabilization of Mesoporous Iron Oxide Films against Sintering and Phase Transformations via Atomic Layer Deposition of Alumina and Silica
Authors: Kraffert Katrin , Karg Matthias , Schmack Roman , Clavel Guylhaine , Boissiere Cedric , Wirth Thomas , Pinna Nicola , Kraehnert Ralph 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe stabilization of crystal phases and nanostructured morphologies is an essential topic in application‐driven design of mesoporous materials. Many applications, e.g. catalysis, require high temperature and humidity. Typical metal oxides transform under such conditions from a metastable, low crystalline material into a thermodynamically more favorable form, i.e. from ferrihydrite into hematite in the case of iron oxide. The harsh conditions induce also a growth of the crystallites constituting pore walls, which results in sintering and finally collapse of the porous network. Herein, a new method to stabilize mesoporous templated metal oxides against sintering and pore collapse is reported. The method employs atomic layer deposition (ALD) to coat the internal mesopore surface with thin layers of either alumina or silica. The authors demonstrate that silica exerts a very strong influence: It shifts hematite formation from 400 to 600 °C and sintering of hematite from 600 to 900 °C. Differences between the stabilization via alumina and silica are rationalized by a different interaction strength between the ALD material and the ferrihydrite film. The presented approach allows to stabilize mesoporous thin films that require a high crystallization temperature, with submonolayer quantity of an ALD material, and to apply mesoporous materials for high temperature applications.
Optically Transparent Wood: Recent Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Vasileva Elena , Sychugov Ilya , Popov Sergei , Berglund Lars 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTransparent wood is an emerging load‐bearing material reinvented from natural wood scaffolds with added light management functionalities. Such material shows promising properties for buildings and related structural applications, including its renewable and abundant origin, interesting optical properties, outstanding mechanical performance, low density, low thermal conductivity, and great potential for multifunctionalization. In this study, a detailed summary of recent progress on the transparent wood research topic is presented. Remaining questions and challenges related to transparent wood preparation, optical property measurements, and transparent wood modification and applications are discussed.
Quantum Measurements, Energy Conservation and Quantum Clocks
Authors: Gisin Nicolas , Zambrini Cruzeiro Emmanuel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA spin chain extending from Alice to Bob with nearest neighbors interactions, initially in its ground state, is considered. Assuming that Bob measures the last spin of the chain, the energy of the spin chain has to increase, at least on average, due to the measurement disturbance. Presumably, the energy is provided by Bob's measurement apparatus. Assuming that, simultaneously to Bob's measurement, Alice measures the first spin, it is shown that either energy is not conserved, – implausible – or the projection postulate doesn't apply, and that there is signalling. An explicit measurement model shows that energy is conserved (as expected), but that the spin chain energy increase is not provided by the measurement apparatus(es), that the projection postulate is not always valid – illustrating the Wigner–Araki–Yanase (WAY) theorem – and that there is signalling, indeed. The signalling is due to the non‐local interaction Hamiltonian. This raises the question of whether a suitable quantum‐information‐inspired model of such non‐local Hamiltonians can be developed.
Toward Two‐Dimensional π‐Conjugated Covalent Organic Radical Frameworks
Authors: Wu Shaofei , Li Minchan , Phan Hoa , Wang Dingguan , Herng Tun Seng , Ding Jun , Lu Zhouguang , Wu Jishan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractReported is the synthesis, characterization, and material properties of the first π‐conjugated two‐dimensional covalent organic radical framework (CORF), PTM‐CORF, based on the stable polychlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical. The covalent organic framework (COF) precursor (PTM‐H‐COF) was first synthesized by liquid/liquid interfacial acetylenic homocoupling of a triethynylpolychlorotriphenylmethane monomer, and showed crystalline features with a hexagonal diffraction pattern matching that of A‐B‐C stacking. Subsequent deprotonation and oxidation of the PTM units in PTM‐H‐COF gave PTM‐CORF. Magnetic measurements revealed that the neighboring PTM radicals in the PTM‐CORF are anti‐ferromagnetically coupled each other, with a moderate exchange interaction (J=−375 cm−1). The PTM‐CORF has a small energy gap (ca. 0.88 eV) and a low‐lying LUMO energy level (−4.72 eV), and exhibits high electrocatalytic activity and durability toward the oxygen reduction reaction.