bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First‐trimester ductus venosus velocity ratio as a marker of major cardiac defects
Authors: Wagner P. , Eberle K. , Sonek J. , Berg C. , Gembruch U. , Hoopmann M. , Prodan N. , Kagan K. O. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo examine ductus venosus (DV) flow in fetuses with and those without a cardiac defect and to evaluate different phases of DV flow in addition to the standard assessment of DV pulsatility index for veins (PIV) and the a‐wave.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of singleton pregnancies that underwent first‐trimester ultrasound screening, which included DV flow assessment, at the University of Tübingen (between 2010 and 2017) or the University of Cologne (between 2013 and 2016). The study population comprised normal fetuses and fetuses with major cardiac defects at a ratio of 10:1. For each fetus, the following parameters of the DV waveform were evaluated: qualitative assessment of the a‐wave, PIV measurement and ratios of flow velocities during the S‐wave (S) or D‐wave (D) and the a‐wave (a) or v‐wave (v). Reproducibility of DV‐PIV and DV flow ratios was evaluated in 30 fetuses in which the DV flow was assessed twice.ResultsOur study population included 480 anatomically normal fetuses and 48 with a cardiac defect. Median fetal nuchal translucency (NT) in the normal and in the affected group was 1.9 mm and 2.6 mm, respectively. In five (1.0%) of the normal and 18 (37.5%) of the affected cases, fetal NT thickness was above the 99th centile. In the normal group, the DV a‐wave was reversed in 15 (3.1%) cases and the DV‐PIV was above the 95th centile in 25 (5.2%). In the cases with cardiac defects, the a‐wave was reversed and the DV‐PIV measurement was above the 95th centile in 26 (54.2%). The reproducibility of measurement of the ratios of DV flow velocities was similar to that of the DV‐PIV. Most cardiac defects were associated with an abnormal a/S or a/D ratio. If the cut‐off for these two ratios was set at the 5th centile of the normal distribution, the detection rate of fetal cardiac anomalies would be 62.5%. This compares favorably with the DV‐PIV, which detects 26 (54.2%) of the affected fetuses for the same threshold.ConclusionIn the first trimester, the a/S ratio has the potential to detect approximately 60% of congenital cardiac defects for a false‐positive rate of 5%. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Ostomy Usage for Colorectal Trauma in Combat Casualties
Authors: Johnston Luke R. , Bradley Matthew J. , Rodriguez Carlos J. , Mcnally Michael P. , Elster Eric A. , Duncan James E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe role for diverting ostomy as a method to help reduce morbidity and mortality has been well established in the combat trauma population. However, factors that influence the type of ostomy used and which ostomies become permanent are poorly studied. We examine patterns of ostomy usage and reversal in a large series of combat trauma patients.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of combat casualties treated at our continental U.S. military treatment facility from 2003 to 2015. All patients who underwent ostomy formation were included. Clinical and demographic factors were collected for all patients including the type of ostomy and whether or not ostomy reversal took place. Patients were grouped and analyzed based on ostomy type and by ostomy reversal.ResultsWe identified 202 patients who had ostomies created. End colostomies were most common (N = 149) followed by loop colostomies (N = 34) and end ileostomies (N = 19). Casualties that underwent damage control laparotomy (DCL) were less likely to have a loop colostomy created (p < 0.001). Ostomy reversal occurred in 89.9% of patients. There was no difference in ostomy reversal rates by ostomy type (p = 0.080). Presence of a pelvic fracture was associated with permanent ostomy (OR = 3.28, p = 0.019), but no factor independently predicted a permanent ostomy on multivariate analysis.DiscussionDCL and a severe perineal injury most strongly influence ostomy type selection. Most patients undergo colostomy reversal, and no factor independently predicted an ostomy being permanent. These findings provide a framework for understanding the issue of fecal diversion in the combat trauma population and inform military surgeons about injury patterns and treatment options.
The Situation of Safe Surgery and Anaesthesia in Tanzania: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nyberger Karolina , Jumbam Desmond T. , Dahm James , Maongezi Sarah , Makuwani Ahmed , Kapologwe Ntuli A. , Nguhuni Boniface , Mukhopadhay Swagoto , Iverson Katherine R. , Maina Erastus , Kisakye Steve , Mwai Patrick , Hellar Augustino , Barash David , Reynolds Cheri , Meara John G. , Citron Isabelle 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundImprovement in the surgical system requires intersectoral coordination. To achieve this, the development of National Surgical, Obstetric, and Anaesthesia Plans (NSOAPS) has been recommended. One of the first steps of NSOAP development is situational analysis. On the ground situational analyses can be resource intensive and often duplicative. In 2016, the Ministry of Health of Tanzania issued a directive for the creation of an NSOAP. This systematic review aimed to assess if a comprehensive situational analysis could be achieved with existing data. These data would be used for evidence‐based priority setting for NSOAP development and streamline any additional data collection needed.MethodsA systematic literature review of scientific literature, grey literature, and policy documents was performed as per PRISMA. Extraction was performed for all articles relating to the five NSOAPS domains: infrastructure, service delivery, workforce, information management, and financing.Results1819 unique articles were generated. Full‐text screening produced 135 eligible articles; 46 were relevant to surgical infrastructure, 53 to workforce, 81 to service delivery, 11 to finance, and 15 to information management. Rich qualitative and quantitative data were available for each domain.ConclusionsDespite little systematic data collection around SOA, a thorough literature review provides significant evidence which often have a broader scope, longer timeline and better coverage than can be achieved through snapshot‐stratified samples of directed on the ground assessments. Evidence from the review was used during stakeholder discussion to directly inform the NSOAP priorities in Tanzania.
60 years of Rabinowicz’ criterion for adhesive wear
Authors: Popova Elena , Popov Valentin L. , Kim Dae-Eun 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
60 years ago, in 1958, Ernest Rabinowicz published a 5 page paper titled “The effect of size on the looseness of wear fragments” where he suggested a criterion determining the minimum size of wear particles. The criterion of Rabinowicz is based on the consideration of the interplay of elastic energy stored in “asperities” and the work of separation needed for detaching a wear particle. He was probably the first researcher who explicitly emphasized the role of adhesion in friction and wear. In a recent paper in Nature Communications, Aghababaei, Warner and Molinari confirmed the criterion of Rabinowicz by means of quasi-molecular dynamics and illustrated the exact mechanism of the transition from plastic smoothing to formation of wear debris. This latter paper promoted the criterion of Rabinowicz to a new paradigm for current studies of adhesive wear. The size arguments of Rabinowicz can be applied in the same form also to many other problems, such as brittle-ductile transition during indentation, cutting of materials or ultimate strength of nano-composites.
Development Status and Global Competition Trends Analysis of Maglev Transportation Technology Based on Patent Data
Authors: Gou Jinsong 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This study investigates magnetic levitation (maglev) transportation technology’s development status and global competition trends by mining patent data related to maglev transportation technology from five perspectives. It uses information collected from the Innography patent database: the number of annually registered patents throughout maglev’s development history, the key patent-contributing countries and their global distribution, the top 20 innovative organizations in maglev transportation technology, their organization type, and the technology distribution classifications of their patents, core patents, and their holders and registered regions. A comparison and analysis are carried out based on patent data. The study summarizes the development and main trends of maglev technology, the countries with strong competition, the markets with the most potential for maglev technology application, the focuses of technological research and development, and the future research directions of major innovative organizations and their core patents. The study offers suggestions and recommendations from both national/governmental (macro) and organizational (micro) perspectives.
Niche Parties and Social Movements: Mechanisms of Programmatic Alignment and Party Success
Authors: Blings Steffen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNiche parties often originate in social movements, yet the latter’s role in shaping these parties has received scant attention. I argue that movement roots can help niche parties achieve both vote- and policy-seeking goals by keeping core issues salient, bolstering issue ownership and securing allies in civil society. Employing interviews with movement, as well as Green and Pirate party leaders in Sweden and Germany, I identify three mechanisms (electoral pressure, grassroots linkage, elite orientation) that lead to programmatic alignment. This article extends an emerging research agenda that highlights how social movements shape party politics and offers evidence that niche party–movement interactions open new avenues for political representation counterbalancing mainstream parties’ increasing detachment from civil society.
On the Integral Degree of Integral Ring Extensions
Authors: Giral José M. , O'Carroll Liam , Planas-Vilanova Francesc , Plans Bernat 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLet A ⊂ B be an integral ring extension of integral domains with fields of fractions K and L, respectively. The integral degree of A ⊂ B, denoted by dA(B), is defined as the supremum of the degrees of minimal integral equations of elements of B over A. It is an invariant that lies in between dK(L) and μA(B), the minimal number of generators of the A-module B. Our purpose is to study this invariant. We prove that it is sub-multiplicative and upper-semicontinuous in the following three cases: if A ⊂ B is simple; if A ⊂ B is projective and finite and K ⊂ L is a simple algebraic field extension; or if A is integrally closed. Furthermore, d is upper-semicontinuous if A is noetherian of dimension 1 and with finite integral closure. In general, however, d is neither sub-multiplicative nor upper-semicontinuous.
The Crisis of Liberal Reform in India: Public opinion, pyrotechnics, and the Charter Act of 1833
Authors: EHRLICH JOSHUA 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article reveals the Charter Act of 1833 as a turning point in the history of British-Indian political thought, which foreclosed, for a generation, liberal efforts to reform Britain's avowedly despotic regime in India. Anticipating a victory in their transmarine campaign to make the state accountable to an Indian ‘public’, reformers were disillusioned to find instead that the new Act was founded on enlightened despotism. Attempting to gather popular support for the authoritarian vision of reform espoused by Thomas Babington Macaulay and the other framers of the Act, Governor-General William Bentinck organized a grand fireworks display in Calcutta. The failure of this event, however, compounded the initial backlash against the Act, widening the rift between state and ‘public’, and precipitating the latter's decline as an effective political formation.
Kinetostatic analysis and solution classification of a class of planar tensegrity mechanisms
Authors: Wenger P. , Chablat D. 
Published: August 2018

SUMMARYTensegrity mechanisms are composed of rigid and tensile parts that are in equilibrium. They are interesting alternative designs for some applications, such as modeling musculo-skeleton systems. Tensegrity mechanisms are more difficult to analyze than classical mechanisms as the static equilibrium conditions that must be satisfied generally result in complex equations. A class of planar one-degree-of-freedom tensegrity mechanisms with three linear springs is analyzed in detail for the sake of systematic solution classifications. The kinetostatic equations are derived and solved under several loading and geometric conditions. It is shown that these mechanisms exhibit up to six equilibrium configurations, of which one or two are stable, depending on the geometric and loading conditions. Discriminant varieties and cylindrical algebraic decomposition combined with Groebner base elimination are used to classify solutions as a function of the geometric, loading, and actuator input parameters.
The Role of Topographically Induced Form Drag on the Channel Flows Through the East/Japan Sea
Authors: Han Sooyeon , Hirose Naoki , Kida Shinichiro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe dynamics responsible for the East/Japan Sea throughflow are examined using the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model. Existing ocean data assimilation models (Δx ~10 km) present overestimates of the volume transport through the Tsugaru Strait, and the outflow partitioning between the Tsugaru and Soya/La Perouse Straits also differs depending on the models. We find that this overestimate occurs when the form drag that is induced by detailed bottom topographic features in the Tsugaru Strait is not adequately resolved. A range of experiments with different horizontal resolutions in the Korea/Tsushima, Tsugaru, and Soya/La Perouse Straits were conducted to examine how detailed bottom topographic features in these three straits may affect the throughflow. We find that the volume transport is highly sensitive to the spatial resolution at the Tsugaru Strait but not at the Korea/Tsushima and Soya/La Perouse Straits. The high‐resolution experiment showed a decreased outflow through the Tsugaru Strait and a reduction in the model bias. The outflow through the Soya/La Perouse Strait increased, while the inflow through the Korea/Tsushima Strait remained relatively unchanged. Additional experiments with modified topography further indicated that the abrupt change of the topography located at the upstream side of the Tsugaru Strait plays an important role in the outflow partitioning of the East/Japan Sea throughflow.
Tight Junction barriers in human hair follicles – role of claudin-1
Authors: Zorn-Kruppa Michaela , Vidal-y-Sy Sabine , Houdek Pia , Wladykowski Ewa , Grzybowski Stephan , Gruber Robert , Gorzelanny Christian , Harcup Jason , Schneider Stefan W. , Majumdar Amitabha , Brandner Johanna M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBarrier function of hair follicles (HFs) is of great interest because they might be an entry port for allergens/pathogens, but could on the other hand be used for drug delivery or vaccination. Therefore we investigated tight junction (TJ) barrier function in human HFs. We show that there is a TJ barrier in the outermost living layer bordering to the environment from the infundibulum to the lower central part and between Henle’s and Huxles layer of anagen HFs. In club hair typical for catagen and telogen HFs a TJ barrier is found surrounding the club. This demonstrates that there is a continuous TJ barrier along interfollicular epidermis and HFs in different phases of HF cycle. However, interestingly, in cell culture experiments we can show that barrier is less tight in HF keratinocytes compared to interfollicular keratinocytes. Knock-down of the TJ protein claudin-1, which we demonstrate here to be less expressed in HFs of lesional atopic dermatitis skin, results in impaired barrier function, decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of hair keratinocytes. This is in line with a hair growth phenotype in claudin-1 deficient patients (NISCH syndrome) and corresponding knock-out mice and indicates an important role of claudin-1 in HF barrier function and growth.
Sound transmission in a bamboo forest and its implications for information transfer in giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) bleats
Authors: Charlton Benjamin D. , Owen Megan A. , Keating Jennifer L. , Martin-Wintle Meghan S. , Zhang Hemin , Swaisgood Ronald R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough mammal vocalisations signal attributes about the caller that are important in a range of contexts, relatively few studies have investigated the transmission of specific types of information encoded in mammal calls. In this study we broadcast and re-recorded giant panda bleats in a bamboo plantation, to assess the stability of individuality and sex differences in these calls over distance, and determine how the acoustic structure of giant panda bleats degrades in this species’ typical environment. Our results indicate that vocal recognition of the caller’s identity and sex is not likely to be possible when the distance between the vocaliser and receiver exceeds 20 m and 10 m, respectively. Further analysis revealed that the F0 contour of bleats was subject to high structural degradation as it propagated through the bamboo canopy, making the measurement of mean F0 and F0 modulation characteristics highly unreliable at distances exceeding 10 m. The most stable acoustic features of bleats in the bamboo forest environment (lowest % variation) were the upper formants and overall formant spacing. The analysis of amplitude attenuation revealed that the fifth and sixth formant are more prone to decay than the other frequency components of bleats, however, the fifth formant still remained the most prominent and persistent frequency component over distance. Paired with previous studies, these results show that giant panda bleats have the potential to signal the caller’s identity at distances of up to 20 m and reliably transmit sex differences up to 10 m from the caller, and suggest that information encoded by F0 modulation in bleats could only be functionally relevant during close-range interactions in this species’ natural environment.
Developmental trajectory of rule management system in children
Authors: Harada Taeko , Tsuruno Motoharu , Shirokawa Tetsuya 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe ability to apply rules for environmental adaptation is crucial for human life. This capacity may require high-order cognitive control, such as when managing personal behavior by selecting among context-dependent internal rules. This process is poorly understood in children, especially in terms of the age at which multiple-rules processing becomes possible. We created a child-appropriate “rule management paradigm” to elucidate developmental changes in rule processing, and used it to investigate the trajectory of the rule management system in 322 children aged 4 to 6 years, with comparison to 57 adults. We found age-specific capacities in multiple-rules processing, with the majority of 4-year-olds failing at concurrent management of multiple-rules processing, a capacity that became well developed by age 6. Task performance in multiple-rules processing improved steeply with age and approached the adult level by late age 6. By contrast, single-rule processing on single-feature stimuli approached the adult level by age 5. Our main findings suggest that the critical period for the development of the multiple-rules processing system occurs before age 7, and is associated with the developmental period of the rule management system and other cognitive resources.
The double solid solution (Zr, Nb)2(Al, Sn)C MAX phase: a steric stability approach
Authors: Lapauw Thomas , Tunca Bensu , Potashnikov Daniel , Pesach Asaf , Ozeri Offir , Vleugels Jozef , Lambrinou Konstantina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe addition of Nb and Sn to Zr2AlC is investigated, targeting the synthesis of a Zr-rich bulk MAX phase free of ZrC. The 211 phase formation in the two quaternary Zr-Nb-Al-C and Zr-Al-Sn-C systems is evaluated. Solubility over the entire compositional range in (Zr, Nb)2AlC and Zr2(Al, Sn)C is observed. In terms of effectiveness, the addition of Sn is preferred over the addition of Nb, as the former is selectively incorporated into the 211 structure. A combinatorial approach results in the formation of phase-pure (Zr0.8, Nb0.2)2(Al0.5, Sn0.5)C. The effect of the added solutes on the microstructure and crystallographic parameters is investigated. The addition of Nb and Sn reduces the distortion parameter of the trigonal prism compared to pure Zr2AlC. Therefore, an attempt is made to establish a more general stability criterion for the M2AC structure based on the steric relationship between the atoms in the M6A trigonal prism. Inspired by the Hume-Rothery rules, it is suggested that comparable atomic radii of the M- and A-atoms provide a good starting point to obtain a stable 211 MAX phase.
Nucleation of quartz under ambient conditions
Authors: Buckley Phil , Hargreaves Natasha , Cooper Sharon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractQuartz nucleation normally requires harsh conditions; for instance, hydrothermal processes at 200–300 °C and 15–100 bar, where the high growth rate precludes selective formation of nanometer-sized quartz. Under ambient conditions, even quartz growth is considered to occur exceedingly slowly, requiring yearly timescales. Here we show that nanoquartz of size 1–5 nm can be nucleated from microemulsions under ambient conditions within 2 days. The nanoquartz particles are grown and annealed under mild hydrothermal conditions of 175 °C and autogenic pressure. This enables nanoquartz of size <10 nm and controllable structure to be obtained exclusively. Surface defects play a key role in determining the catalytic properties of the nanoquartz. Consequently, a similar two-stage microemulsion-hydrothermal synthesis strategy could provide significant benefits in optimizing nanocrystal catalysts.
Die Psychopathologie der Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard Schule und ihre Bedeutung für die aktuelle Psychiatrie
Authors: Jäger Markus 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard Schule stellt historisch eine Gegenströmung zur Psychopathologie im Sinne von Karl Jaspers und Kurt Schneider dar. Sie verfolgte das Ziel, psychopathologische und neurobiologische Aspekte miteinander zu verbinden. Ausgehend vom Modell verschiedener funktioneller neuronaler Systeme, die jeweils im Sinne einer Hypofunktion, Hyperfunktion oder Parafunktion gestört sein können, wurde eine umfangreiche Phänomenologie psychopathologischer Symptome und Syndrome entwickelt, die schließlich in den Verlaufsbeschreibungen von Karl Leonhard gipfelte. Hiervon können auch heute noch wichtige Impulse ausgehen. So können zum einen die hier formulierten neurobiologischen Modelle als Grundlage für weitere Forschungsprojekte dienen. Zum anderen lassen sich die psychopathologischen Krankheitsbeschreibungen möglicherweise auch im Sinne von typologischen Konstrukten interpretieren, die in einer pragmatischen Weise zur klinischen Entscheidungsfindung beitragen können.
Die ärztliche Behandlung aus juristischer Sicht
Authors: Ehlers Alexander , Bitter Horst 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungDas Recht geht nicht allein den Juristen an. Gerade auch dem Arzt müssen die rechtlichen Grundlagen seines Handelns bekannt sein. So findet sich in der aktuellen (Muster-)Weiterbildungsordnung der Bundesärztekammer die Anforderung des Erwerbs von Kenntnissen, Erfahrungen und Fertigkeiten in (…) rechtlichen Grundlagen ärztlichen Handelns als allgemeiner Inhalt der Weiterbildung. Dies legt einen entsprechenden juristischen Beitrag mit Zuschnitt auf die Ärzteschaft nahe.