bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on some Additional Fossils collected at Seymour Island, Graham's Land, by Dr Donald and Captain Larsen
Authors: Sharman George , Newton E. T. 
Published: June 2019

Dr Donald, who sailed on board the “Active” in the voyage of 1892–3, has given a short account of the discovery of a number of fossils by Captain Larsen on Seymour Island, to the north of Snow Hill, in January 1893 (Geographical Journal, vol. ii. p. 438, 1893). Some of these fossils were sent to Professor James Geikie, and at his request we gave an account of them to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, June 4, 1894 (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxvii. p. 707; see also Dr Murray, Geog. Journ., vol. iii. p. 11, note, 1894). The fossils do not appear to have been found in situ. Captain Larsen reports of the locality “that he found no traces of vegetation there, the surface being formed of volcanic débris and numbers of these fossils” (Dr Donald's notice, p. 438, loc. cit.).The condition of the fossils, however, would seem to indicate that the mother rock from which they were derived could not be at any great distance from the spot where they were picked up.As the few species of Mollusca represented by these fossils seemed to us to find their nearest allies among Lower Tertiary forms, and to be near to certain species known from Patagonia (Darwin, Geol. Obs. Sth. Am., 1846), we were led to conclude that these new discoveries indicated the occurrence of Lower Tertiary rocks in Seymour Island.
Observations on the Theories of Vowel Sounds
Authors: M'Kendrick John G. 
Published: June 2019

The quality of the human voice depends on the same laws as those determining the quality, klang-tint, or timbre of the tones produced by any musical instrument. Tones of a mixed character, that is to say, composed of a fundamental and partials, are produced by the vibrations of the true vocal cords, and certain of those partials are strengthened by the resonance of the air in the air-passages, and in the pharyngeal and oral cavities.So strongly may certain of these partials be reinforced, as to obscure or hide the fundamental tone, and give a peculiar character to the sound. These, however, are only general statements, and there are still many difficulties in the way of a true interpretation of voice-tones. In the first place, we observe that we may sing a scale, using one sound for each note, such as la, la, la, etc. Or, by putting the mouth in a certain position, we can pronounce the so-called vowels, a, e, i, o, u (ou as the u in prune), uttering the sounds ah, ā, ē, o, ou. As we do so, we notice that each sound appears to the ear to have a pitch of its own, different from that of the others.
On Electric Equilibrium between Uranium and an Insulated Metal in its Neighbourhood
Authors: Kelvin Lord , Beattie J. Carruthers , de Smolan M. Smoluchowski 
Published: June 2019

The wonderful fact that uranium held in the neighbourhood of an electrified body diselectrifies it was first discovered by H. Becquerel. Through the kindness of Prof. Moissan we have had a disc of this metal, about 5 cm. diameter and ½ cm. thickness, placed at our disposal.We made a few preliminary observations on its diselectrifying property. We observed first the rate of discharge when a body was charged to different potentials. We found that the quantity lost per half-minute was very far from increasing in simple proportion to the voltage, from 5 volts up to 2100 volts; the electrified body being at a distance of about 2 cm. from the uranium disc. [Added March 9, 1897.—We have to-day seen Prof. Becquerel's paper in Comptes Rendus for March 1. It gives us great pleasure to find that the results we have obtained on discharge by uranium at different voltages have been obtained in another way by the discoverer of the effect. A very interesting account will be found in Prof. Becquerel's paper, which was read to the French Academy of Sciences on the same evening, curiously enough, as ours was read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh.]These first experiments were made with no screen placed between the uranium and the charged body. We afterwards found that there was also a discharging effect, though much slower, when the uranium was wrapped in tinfoil. The effect was still observable when an aluminium screen was placed between the uranium, wrapped in tinfoil, and the charged body.
A Problem of Sylvester's in Elimination
Authors: Nanson E. J. 
Published: June 2019

1. Denoting by A, B, C, F, G, H the co-factors of a, b, e, f, g, h, in the determinantthe problem in question is to eliminate x, y, z from the three equationsand it lias been discussed by Sylvester, Cayley, Muir, Tait, and Lord M'Laren.Sylvester deduces from (1) this new systemand hence finds the dialytic eliminantthe expansion of which (an obvious error being corrected) he states to bewhereso that “rejecting the special (N.B., not irrelevant) factor abc, we obtain”
On the Ellipse-Glissette Elimination Problem
Authors: Nanson E. J. 
Published: June 2019

The problem in question is to determine the equation of the curve traced out by any point of an elliptic or hyperbolic disc which touches two fixed rectangular axes. Mechanically constructed figures of different forms of the curve have been given by Tait, who also showed that the same glissette can be traced either by means of an ellipse or a hyperbola. If p, q are the coordinates of the tracing point referred to the axes of the disc as axes of coordinates, the glissette is clearly the θ eliminant ofand Cayley stated that it would be found to be of order 8 in x, y. The actual elimination was first performed by Muir, who obtained in the first instance an equation of order 10. On dividing by an extraneous quadratic factor a lengthy equation of order 8 was obtained; and subsequently Lord M'Laren verified the accuracy of the terms of highest order in this equation.
On the Directions which are most altered by a Homogeneous Strain
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

The cosine of the angle through which a unit vector ρ is turned by the homogeneous strain ϕ isThis is to be a maximum, with the sole conditionDifferentiating, &c, as usual we haveOperate by S.ρ and we haveHence the required vector, its positions after the strain, and after a subsequent application of the conjugate strain, lie in one plane; and the tangent of the angle between ρ and its first distorted position is half of the tangent of the angle between it and its doubly distorted position.When the strain is pure, the required values of ρ are easily found. Let the chief unit vectors of ϕ be α, β, γ, and its scalars g1, g2, g3.
On the Nature of “Palladium Hydrogen”
Authors: Shields John 
Published: June 2019

Ever since the remarkable discovery by Graham in 1866 that palladium possesses the power of occluding hydrogen gas in large quantity, various views have from time to time been put forward to explain the true nature of the phenomenon. Whilst some observers regard hydrogenised palladium as an alloy or solid solution, others again consider it to be, or at least to contain, a definite chemical compound or hydride. Those who hold the latter opinion, however, are not agreed as to which compound or hydride is formed, as is proved by the fact that different formulae have been ascribed to it. Graham himself recognised the possibility that a definite chemical compound might be formed, for he says (Researches, 287) that in fully-charged palladium there exists one equivalent of palladium to 0·772 equivalent of hydrogen, or an approximation to single equivalents which would be represented by the formula PdH. His opinion was, nevertheless, opposed to the idea of such a definite chemical combination, one of his chief objections being that no visible change is occasioned to metallic palladium by its association with hydrogen. He regarded the product simply as an alloy of the volatile metal hydrogenium, in which the volatility of the one element is restrained by its union with the other, and which owes its metallic aspect equally to both constituents.Considerations of a purely chemical character have up to the present time proved insufficient to decide which of these views is correct.
Note on Crystalline Hydrates of Sodium Thiosulphate
Authors: Taylor W. W. 
Published: June 2019

During the winter session I had occasion to prepare several supersaturated solutions for lecture demonstration. Among them, was a solution made by fusing crystals of sodium thiosulphate. Next day this solution had deposited a considerable quantity of crystals, but had not solidified. The crystals were separated from, the liquid, washed, dried, and analysed. Their composition agreed approximately with the formula Na2S2O3, 2H2O. Other crystals having this composition were then obtained by driving off part of the water from fused crystals of the pentahydrate, and allowing the solution to cool.They were analysed by conversion into sodium sulphate.I.—1·2186 gm. substance gave 0·9027 gm. Na2SO4= 24·02 percent. Na.II.—1·3977 gm. substance gave 1·0320 gm. Na2SO4 = 23·95 percent. Na.In order to find out the temperature condition for the formation of this hydrate, a solubility curve was constructed from the data given by Mulder and by Kremers. There appeared to be a change in the curve between 50° C. and 60° C., but the data were insufficient to fix the temperature with accuracy.I therefore made a series of solubility determinations, extending, from 0°C. to 100°C. The form of apparatus used was that described by van't Hoff. The stirrer was driven at about 3000 revolutions a minute by means of an electric motor; and the temperatures were constant to 0·1°C. Below 50°C. the solutions were in contact with Na2S2O3, 5H2O; above 50°C. in contact with Na2S2O3, 2H2O; and at 50°C. solutions were prepared in contact with each of them, and found to have the same concentration.
The Action of Persulphates on Iodine
Authors: Marshall Hugh 
Published: June 2019

When solutions of potassium persulphate and potassium iodide are mixed, iodine is liberated and potassium sulphate formed. The reaction takes place somewhat slowly in the cold, much more rapidly on warming. It has generally been supposed that the equation2KI + K2S2O8 = I2 + 2K2SO4completely represents the action which takes place, and although I have had occasion to try the reaction very many times since I first noted it as a reaction for persulphates, it was only about a year ago that I observed a further change.A solution of potassium iodide was being boiled with ammonium persulphate (which is much more soluble than the potassium salt) in order to decompose it and drive off the iodine by sublimation. It was observed that the free iodine in the liquid seemed to disappear very rapidly, more so than corresponded to the amount volatilised, and that the final disappearance of the brown colour took place with unexpected suddenness. This pointed to the possible conversion of the iodine into some compound, probably by the oxidising action of the persulphate. This proved to be the case, because, on the cautious addition of sulphurous acid to the colourless solution, iodine again appeared; on standing, the liquid again became decolourised, and was again turned brown by sulphurous acid. These operations could be repeated so long as persulphate remained in the solution. The action takes place slowly in the cold, and at high temperatures there is considerable volatilisation of iodine; when a solution of potassium iodide was corked up with ammonium persulphate in a test tube at the ordinary temperature, the iodine which separated in the solid form gradually dissolved on further standing, and had entirely disappeared in the course of several days.
Determination of the Sign of a Single Term of a Determinant
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

(1) As is well known, the first rule given for ascertaining the sign of a single term of a determinant was made known by Cramer in his Introduction à l'Analyse des Lignes Courbes algèbriques, published at Geneva in 1750. On page 658 he says—“On donne a ces termes les signes + ou −, selon la Règle suivante. Quand un exposant est suivi dans le même terme, médiatement ou immediatement, d'un exposant plus petit que lui, j'apellerai cela un derangement. Qu'on compte, pour chaque terme, le nombre des dérangements: s'il est pair ou nul, le terme aura le signe +; s'il est impair, le terme aura le signe −. Par ex. dans le terme Z1Y2V3 il n'y a aucun dérangement: ce terme aura done le signe +. Le terme Z3Y1X2 a aussi le signe +, parce qu'il a deux derangements, 3 avant 1 & 3 avant 2. Mais le terme Z3Y2X1 qui a trois derangements, 3 avant 2, 3 avant 1, & 2 avant 1, aura le signe −.”According to Cramer, therefore, If δ be the number of derangements in the permutation corresponding to any term, the sign of the term is (−)δ.Instead of the word “dérangement,” Gergonne in 1813 used “inversion” in speaking of Cramer's rule: Cauchy did the same in 1841: and, consequently, the latter term or “inversion of order” has come into pretty general use. “Inverted-pair” is probably a still better expression.‡
Tidal Currents of the North Sea
Authors: Buchan Alexander 
Published: June 2019

In the article “Tides” in the Encyclopœdia Britannica, Professor George Darwin, quoting Sir George B. Airy, remarks that the tides of the North Sea present a very remarkable peculiarity. Along the eastern coast of England as far as the mouth of the Thames, the tide-wave, coming from the Atlantic round the Orkney Islands, flows towards the south. Thus, on a certain day, it is high water in the Moray Firth at 11 a.m., at Berwick at 2 p.m., at Flamborough Head at 5 p.m., and so on to the entrance to the Thames. Thus, on the day supposed, it will be high water off the Thames at 11 p.m., the tide having travelled in twelve hours from the Moray Firth.It is further stated that the North Sea is considerably deeper on the English side than on the German side; so much so, that the tide-wave coming from the north runs into a deep bay of deep water, bounded on the west side by the Scottish and English coasts as far as Newcastle, and on the east side by the great Dogger Bank. As far as the latitude of Hull, the English side is still the deep one; and though a species of channel through the shoal there allows an opening to the east, yet immediately on the south of it is the Wells Bank, which again contracts the deep channel to the English side.It is not stated here that the deeper water of the North Sea close to the Scottish and English coasts determines the course of the southward tidal flow to be close to these coasts; but for that course taken, no other cause is suggested.
Note on Polarisation Phenomena observed in Quantitative Electrolytic Determinations
Authors: Marshall Hugh 
Published: June 2019

The phenomena to which it is desired to call attention were first observed in the course of an investigation into the electrolytic methods of determining nickel, carried out in connection with the work of the British Association Committee on the Electrolytic Methods of Quantitative Analysis. The results of the investigation are given in the Report of last year's meeting (Bristol, 1898, p. 300), but the present matter is not referred to there, as it was first noticed only during the preparation of the report.The apparatus employed for most of the determinations consisted of the usual Classen form of cathode basins, with disc anodes. The current was drawn from storage batteries at 12 volts, variable resistances being used in the circuits. A Davies' ammeter could be introduced easily into any circuit at will, and a Davies' voltmeter was also used to indicate the difference of potential at the electrodes. These measuring instruments were so arranged and connected that the operation which introduced the ammeter into a circuit simultaneously brought the voltmeter into action; hence it happened that voltmeter readings were always taken conjointly with ammeter ones, although attention was paid almost entirely to the effects of varying the current density, and to any changes which might occur during the course of the experiment, with no special consideration of the potential involved.For the determination of quantities of nickel varying between 0·l and 0·5 gram, the conditions adopted as most generally suitable when employing the usual method were those given below:—Volume of solution, about 135 c.c. (giving about 100 sq. cm. of cathode area), containing 5 grams each of ammonium sulphate and of ammonia; current density at cathode (amp. per sq. decim.), 0·6–0·7; ordinary temperature; time necessary, about 4 hours.
Magnetic Twist in Nickel Tubes
Authors: Knott C. G. 
Published: June 2019

(1.) Introduction.—In previous papers I have had occasion to discuss at some length the relations between Joule's discovery of the elongations accompanying magnetization in iron and Wiedemainn's discovery of the twist produced in an iron wire under the combined influence of longitudinal and circular magnetizing forces. Following out a suggestion of Maxwell's as to the intimate connection between these two phenomena, I turned my attention to nickel, in the hope of finding the Wiedemann effect in it opposite to what it is in iron in low magnetic fields. The fact that, as Barrett ‡ had shown, nickel contracted in length when longitudinally magnetized, whereas, in low fields, iron elongated wds the ground for this hope, which experiment fully justified.In a recent paper on the strains produced in iron, steel, nickel, and cobalt tubes in the magnetic field (Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxix., 1898), I have obtained, on sufficiently reasonable assumptions, values for the strain coefficients at the inner and outer walls of these tubes. Hitherto, work by other experimenters on similar lines had been on ellipsoids, rods, or wires, solid through-out. The theoretical discussion of the Wiedemann Effect (as I have called it) was rendered the more difficult on this account, and also because the current producing the circular magnetization flowed through the magnetized material. In my paper of 1888 referred to above, I make an attempt to get a formula by means of which the Wiedemann effect may be calculated from the Joule effect.
On Duplicitas Anterior in an Early Chick Embryo
Authors: Bryce Thomas H. 
Published: June 2019

The literature of Duplicity in Birds affords, out of a total of about ninety-five recorded cases of multiple formations of all kinds on a single blastoderm, from the stage of the primitive streak to the fourth day of incubation, only a small proportion of instances of “duplicitas anterior.” Dareste (i.) in his atlas figures three; Gerlach (ii.) adds representations of three others—one case of his own, a second originally described by Ahlfeld, and a third by Reichert; Klaussner (iii.) gives a seventh case; and Bianchi (iv.) describes a monstrous embryo at a later stage (1°5 cm. in length).Most observers have been content with the partial information derived from the study of the whole object, and only three embryos of this class, which have been studied in serial sections, have been described:—1st. Erich Hoffman's (v.) with three somites.2nd. Mitrophanow's (vi.) with six somites.3rd. Kaestner's (vii.) with seven somites.
Evolutionary Patterns Within Fossil Lineages: Model-Based Assessment of Modes, Rates, Punctuations and Process
Authors: Hunt Gene 
Published: June 2019

Patterns of phenotypic change documented in the fossil record offer the only direct view scientists have of evolutionary transitions arrayed over significant durations of time. What lessons should be drawn from these data, however, has proven to be rather contentious. Although we as paleontologists have made great progress in documenting the geological record of phenotypic evolution with greater thoroughness and sophistication, these successes have been limited by the use of verbal models of how phenotypes change. Descriptive terms such as “gradual” have been understood differently by different authors, and this has led to completely incompatible summary statements about the fossil record of morphological evolution. Here I argue that the solution to this ambiguity lies in insisting that different evolutionary interpretations be represented as explicit, statistical models of evolution. With such an approach, the powerful machinery of likelihood-based inference can be help resolve long-standing paleontological questions.Here I first review this approach and some aspects of its implementation. Then, I show how this approach leads to new traction on important issues in evolutionary paleobiology, including: understanding modes of evolution and determining their relative importance, separating evolutionary mode from tempo, assessing the evidence for hypotheses of punctuated change, and detecting adaptive evolution in the fossil record.
Direct Evidence of Ancient Symbiosis Using Trace Fossils
Authors: Tapanila Leif 
Published: June 2019

Symbiotic associations are a poorly studied aspect of the fossil record, owing largely to the taphonomic biases that inhibit direct observation that two organisms shared an intimate association in life. A symbiosis between an infesting animal and a skeleton-producing host can form a bioclaustration cavity that directly preserves the association and has a high preservation potential. Identification of ancient mutuals and parasites must reject the null hypothesis of commensalism by demonstrating that the symbiosis correlates with a positive or negative change in host fitness as compared to a non-symbiotic relative of the host taxon. Reviews of the Paleozoic record of marine symbionts show that the majority are hosted by colonial animals, especially corals and calcareous sponges. These hosts include structural forms that have moderate to high levels of integration and can support bioclaustrations between clonal units, mitigating the negative effects of symbionts, and perhaps facilitating the symbiosis.The fossil record is biased toward recording long-lasting, widespread, equilibrated associations. By contrast, parasitisms that are especially negative to the host are expected to be fossilized rarely. The symbiotic associations that form bioclaustrations may also represent an endolithic adaptive strategy in response to biological antagonisms, such as predation and spatial competition. The Late Ordovician rise in symbiotic bioclaustrations joins burrows and borings as trace fossil examples of infaunalization strategies that accompany the Ordovician faunal radiation.