bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Structured Approach to LCA Improvement Analysis
Authors: Graedel Thomas E. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe third stage of life‐cycle assessment, interpretation analysis (and improvement analysis, one of its components), has received relatively modest attention from LCA developers, especially as regards approaches for effecting improvements. However, this latter step is crucial if the LCA is to produce environmental benefits. A structured approach to improvement analysis is proposed, in which it is recognized that decisions regarding the recommendations that flow from the first two LCA stages are based not only on the environmental aspects of the recommended actions but also on such factors as technical feasibility, economic benefit, implications for product management, and effects on customer perception. A prioritization technique based on these factors is developed, as are two prioritization diagrams, one segmented by action agent and one segmented by life stage.
DEUTERONOMY 31-32 AS A TEXTUAL MEMORIAL
Authors: Britt Brian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis essay analyzes the narrative of Deuteronomy 31–32 as the alternation between two narrative strands: (1) the death of Moses and commission of Joshua, and (2) the writing and reciting of the Torah and song. This alternating structure culminates in a passage that harmonizes the two strands: 32:44-47. In light of this structure, with its emphasis on the and song, I suggest the concept of memorial, based on the text's use of the term (witness), as a heuristic description of the text.
WHAT IF ZEDEKIAH HAD REMAINED LOYAL TO HIS MASTER?
Authors: Lemche Niels Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article works with two different examples of virtual history. The first describes the outcome of the events of 587 bce. What if Zedekiah had not revolted? Then there would have been no Babylonian Exile, no Judaism founded on the idea of an exile, no Christianity founded on Judaism, and no Islam. So perhaps Zedekiah's decision to revolt was the single most important decision made by any persion in the history of Western civilization. Whereas this first scenario is a mock scenario, the second is not. It concerns the virtual history constructed by the biblical historians who, among other things, created the myth of the Babylonian Exile as the foundation myth of their constructed nation, the new Israel. Seen in light of the extent of virtual history found in the Bible, the first scenario could easily—from an historian's point of view—be considered closer to the actual events in the southern Levant of the early sixth century bce.
"SHE IS NOT MY WIFE AND I AM NOT HER HUSBAND": A MATERIALIST ANALYSIS OF HOSEA 1–2
Authors: Yee Gale 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article is a materialist analysis of Hosea 1-2, involving an investigation of the eighth-century mode of production operative during Hosea's time (extrinsic analysis) and how this mode of production is ideologically embedded in Hosea's marriage metaphor for the God/Israelite relationship (intrinsic analysis). Hosea denounces a mode of production that involved a royal agribusiness and foreign policy, which exploited the peasantry, and was embodied in the public state veneration of the baals. Hosea directs his condemnation against the ruling élite, feminized in a metaphor of an adulterous wife who runs after her lovers (the foreign nations). Through this metaphor, Hosea theologically proclaims a polemical monolatry that places him in continuity with the YHWH-Alone movement that will become normative for Israel during the exilic and post-exilic periods.
MEMBERSHIP IN PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS IN PTOLEMAIC TEBTUNIS
Authors: Muhs Brian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCertain private associations in Ptolemaic Egypt engaged in distinctly Egyptian religious activities and compiled rules in native Demotic. These rules closely parallel those written in Greek and Latin, however, and examination of several rules from Tebtunis further suggests that their associations played social roles analogous to those played by associations elsewhere in the Graeco-Roman world. Certaines associations privées en Égypte ptolémaïque se consacrent à des activités religieuses typiquement égyptiennes et établissent des règlements en démotique. Ces règlements ressemblent toutefois à ceux qui sont rédigés en langues grecque et latine et l'étude de quelques textes relatifs à Tebtunis suggère, en outre, que ces associations jouent un rôle social analogue aux rôles joués par d'autres associations ailleurs dans le monde gréco-romaine.
Phidiae Putavi Martial und der Hercules Epitrapezios des Novius Vindex
Authors: Schneider Werner 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMartial introduces the sitting figure of a Hercules Epitrapezios in two epigrams of his ninth book (9. 43, 44). The first of them highlights the artistic qualities of the small statuette supposed to be of Lysippan origin. Its glory is further enhanced by the illustrious series of highborn predecessors whose table the little figurine had previously adorned. The verses of this first epigram are flamboyant in style with a strong epic colouring whereas the second epigram treats the same subject in a very different manner. The final point of this more modest piece with its allusion to Phidias remains unclear. A number of contentious explanations have been proposed, of which most fail to convince in as much as textual criticism of the passage has been unduly neglected by philologists and archaeologists. As a result of our proposal the name of the highly celebrated sculptor Phidias gives rise to a pun which makes reference to the small scale of the objet d'art.
THE REIGN OF SOLOMON IN THE MAKING: PSEUDO-CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 3 KINGDOMS AND CHRONICLES
Authors: Talshir Zipora 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe unit dedicated to the reign of Solomon in the Books of Kings is composed of an extraordinary mixture of different materials, presenting an excellent example of a work in the making whose process of formation is still clearly apparent. The parallel material in the Septuagint of 3 Kingdoms, on the one hand, and in the Books of Chronicles, on the other, show major differences in comparison with the Books of Kings. This article touches on the intriguing question of whether 3 Kingdoms (LXX) and Chronicles preserve stages previous or parallel to the formation of the Books of Kings or are rather later redactions based on a version similar to the canonical version. More specifically, it is argued that there are no straightforward interrelations between the seemingly similar features reflected in 3 Kingdoms and Chronicles - contra A.G. Auld's simplistic approach to the history of Kings versus Chronicles.
SENS ET FONCTION DE GEN. XXII 14
Authors:   Marx
Published: July 2002

AbstractEn rachetant son fils premier-né, Abraham manifeste sa volonté de faire de sa descendance le peuple de Yhwh. Gen. xxii 14 se rapporte aux obligations qui résultent de l'appartenance à Yhwh et singulièrement à celle faite à tous les hommes de se présenter régulièrement devant leur Seigneur.
THEONOMY AND BIOLOGY: TILLICH'S ONTOLOGY OF LOVE AS THE BASIS FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC
Authors: Drummy Michael 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this article, the thought of the late Protestant theologian, Paul Tillich, is considered as a resource for a contemporary environmental ethic. Tillich's ontology of love is revisited through the filter of the present global ecological crisis as a way of clarifying the various relationships that exist among the different forms of love. The paper concludes by going beyond Tillich's usage of agape love strictly as a form of love between human persons to include the non-human community within the orbit of humanity's unconditional concern for the 'other', that is, toward an ethic of 'bio-agape'.
EDIBLE BULLS AND DRINKABLE MICE: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TAXONOMY AND THE CRISIS OF EDEN
Authors: Mounsey Chris 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the eighteenth-century stampede to categorize and name the newly discovered flora and fauna of the world, kangaroos, platypuses and the Barbadoes wild olive trampled the classical taxonomic works of the Greek, Roman and Medieval worlds into the dust. Eden was no longer populated simply by cows, sheep, royal lions and the occasional snake. It was a dangerous place filled with rabbits the size of people, otters with a duck's bill and snails that looked like fruit. New and strange animals presented problems both for the classifiers, who fought among themselves to discover sites of taxonomic rigour, and for the religious, who, all at once, had to re-interpret the Pentateuch to take account of the fact that many more animals had avoided drowning in the universal deluge than had been hitherto thought. The latter led to an even more serious problem for the understanding of how language worked: if God had named the animals for Adam in Eden as the basis of language, what was this new deluge of species for? This paper explores how for one religious poet, Christopher Smart, the host of new species presented an ideal opportunity to put right some of the mistakes in the strictly Biblical Adamic theory of language, which had been brought to light by recent developments in Newtonian science.
THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL CONTEXT AND SOCIAL EXPERIENCE ON THE TERRITORIAL AGGRESSION OF MALE THREESPINE STICKLEBACK
Authors: Bolyard Kimberly , Rowland William 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
1. Territorial male threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, attacked their neighbors more and escaped from their neighbors less when at their own nests than when at their neighbors' nests. In this study, attacks decreased gradually and escape attempts increased gradually as males moved from the center to the edge of their territories. 2. As predicted by the conflict hypothesis, males performed head-down threat displays most at their territory boundaries. The conflict hypothesis holds that aggression and fear are two opposing tendencies that regulate the expression of attack and escape behavior. 3. This experiment did not find evidence for a threshold effect of aggression or fear in which new behaviors would abruptly replace attack or escape once a certain level of motivation had been activated. 4. Males in our study that had social experience outside of their territories, either fighting with a rival or spending time with a sympatric heterospecific, made fewer attacks overall in later encounters with their neighbors in their and their neighbors' territories than did males without social experience. This finding demonstrates that the influence of encounter site on territorial aggression is modified by a male's past experience. 5. Males with winning and losing experiences outside of their territories did not respond differently to their neighbors in later encounters.
TRADEOFFS BETWEEN PREDATION RISK AND FEEDING IN A LIZARD, THE BROAD-HEADED SKINK (EUMECES LATICEPS)
Authors: Cooper William 
Published: July 2002

AbstractForaging, feeding, and escape decisions may all be modified by threat of predation. Field experiments using a human simulated predator show that a lizard, the broad - headed skink, Eumeces laticeps, alters several aspects of feeding behavior in ways suggesting tradeoffs between predation risk and feeding. When food (cricket) was closer to the predator, the lizards more frequently did not attack it, and often retreated to safety before consuming it, reducing the duration of exposure to predation. The probability of attacking a cricket decreased with distance of the lizard from refuge, reflecting greater risk due to increased time required to reach refuge. Latency to attack increased with distance of the lizard from refuge, suggesting that lizards assessed the risk as acceptable after observing the predator's continued immobility. Large crickets were attacked with higher probability and shorter latency than small crickets, indicating that greater risk was acceptable for greater energetic benefit. The lizards more frequently carried large than small crickets to refuges before eating them, reducing duration of exposure because handling time was greater for larger crickets. Smaller crickets were consumed where captured, again indicating modification of feeding behavior in response to predation risk. The skinks also reduced risk by reducing handling time when closer to the predator. Escape was delayed until a predator approached closer when lizards were eating than when not eating. This delay may reflect a tradeoff between predation risk and acquisition of food.
HETEROSPECIFIC RESPONSES TO SCREAM CALLS AND VOCAL MIMICRY BY PHAINOPEPLAS (PHAINOPEPLA NITENS) IN DISTRESS
Authors: Chu Miyoko 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUsing playback experiments, I tested whether distress calls by phainopeplas attract heterospecifics and elicit mobbing of a predator decoy. Phainopeplas use two types of distress calls: loud scream calls and mimicry of other species' vocalisations. Screams and imitations together attracted significantly more heterospecifics than in the absence of distress calls. When broadcast alone, scream calls were more effective at eliciting heterospecific approach and mobbing behaviour than were imitations. Birds were significantly more likely to mob the predator decoy during broadcast of screams and imitations than during broadcast of screams with digitally scrambled imitations, even though there was no significant difference between treatments in the number of birds initially approaching. This suggests that precise mimicry does not play a key role in attracting heterospecifics but may elicit increased mobbing once they have arrived. Mimicry did not appear to be directed at the species whose calls were imitated; only 4 of the 19 species responding to distress calls were model (mimicked) species, and birds mobbed the predator decoy regardless of whether imitations of their own calls were used in playback trials.
RESPONSE OF COYOTES TO AVIAN DISTRESS CALLS: TESTING THE STARTLE-PREDATOR AND PREDATOR-ATTRACTION HYPOTHESES
Authors: Wise Kristi , Conover Michael , Knowlton Frederick 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

We tested two hypotheses proposed to explain why many birds emit distress calls when in the grasp of a predator: the startle-predator and predator-attraction hypotheses. Responses of captive coyotes to a starling distress call were compared between no-call and call trials to determine whether coyotes are startled by the call, and if so, whether they habituated to it. The coyotes were then paired and re-tested to determine whether the call incites a second coyote to approach and interfere with the attack of the initial coyote. Most coyotes exhibited a startle response during their first exposure to the distress call, their total startle response and total attack time significantly increased, and number of tugs on the prey significantly decreased in initial response to the call. However, distress calls may only startle naive or inexperienced predators because the coyotes habituated rapidly to the distress call playback. Although coyotes were attracted by the starling distress call, this study provided no evidence indicating that the call caused attracted coyotes to disrupt the attack of the first coyote. Furthermore, when an attracted coyote physically interfered, it frequently induced an intensified attack on the prey by the first coyote.
Experimental investigation of the effect of high-pH solutions on the Opalinus Shale and the Hammerschmiede Smectite
Authors: Taubald H. , Bauer A. , Schäfer T. , Geckeis H. , Satir M. , Kim J . I . 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe alteration and transformation behaviour of the Tertiary Hammerschmiede Smectite and the Jurassic Opalinus Shale in an alkaline solution was studied in column experiments. The Hammerschmiede Smectite is proposed as potential backfill material and the Opalinus Shale as host rock for the Swiss low-level nuclear waste storage site. Over a period of 18 months, the evolution of permeability, pH and solution concentrations were measured. After the experiment, the columns were cut into pieces to study the mineralogical and the chemical evolution of the clays. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed no significant appearance or disappearance of diffraction peaks at the end of the experiments. The scanning electron micrographs of the clays revealed that both clays exhibited a precipitation zone, which extends from 0 to 2 cm below the infiltration surface. Both clays showed significant differences in the evolution of pH and hydraulic conductivity. The solution front crossed the Opalinus Shale column entirely after only 11 weeks and the initial values for K+and Na+were conserved in the solution. For both clays, the salt concentrations in the percolating fluids mirror the evolution of pH.
Electrical conduction in layer silicates investigated by combined scanning tunnelling microscopy and atomic force microscopy
Authors: Lindgreen H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLayer silicates are generally assumed to be insulators, but electron transport may take place in nm thick particles. A combined scanning tunnelling-atomic force (STM-AFM) instrument using a conducting AFM tip has been constructed to investigate this conduction. Some layer silicates, e.g. micas (muscovite and biotite), are in fact semiconductors, conduction taking place through free electrons in the tetrahedral sheet (n-type semiconductivity) and probably through polaron hopping in the octahedral sheet. This implies that these minerals can be investigated by STM. Furthermore, micas show negative differential resistance (decreasing current with increasing voltage) at 2 – 5 V.
Magnetite and Co ferrite- based clay composites
Authors: Bourlinos A. B. , Devlin E. , Boukos N. , Simopoulos A. , Petridis D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of clay composites modified with magnetite and Co ferrite magnetic nanoparticles is described. The synthetic method relies on the adsorption of colloidal magnetite or Co ferrite particles onto the external surfaces of a Na-saturated clay mineral to give magnetic clay composites that can be converted easily, through ion exchange reactions, to valuable clay derivatives, e.g. organoclays, which maintain the magnetic properties of the parent composite. The magnetic solids were characterized by XRD, EPR, Mössbauer, magnetic measurement and TEM techniques.
An approach to the chemistry of pyroxenes formed during the firing of Ca-rich silicate ceramics
Authors: Dondi M. , Ercolani G. , Fabbri B. , Marsigli M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCarbonate-bearing ceramic bodies are frequently used in the manufacture of bricks, roofing tiles, wall and floor tiles, pottery and tableware. During the firing of these bodies, clinopyroxene is usually formed in very small crystals, 1-5 µm in diameter or less. In the literature this phase is generally referred to as diopside, but no quantitative data are available. In order to chemically characterize these ‘ceramic’ pyroxenes, nine industrial products were analysed by XRF and XRD (bulk sample) and SEM-EDS (fracture surface). Quantitative ZAF analyses of pyroxene crystals showed a certain chemical variability: SiO2 35-50%, Al2O3 9-20%, Fe2O3 1-15%, MgO 3-14%, and CaO 16-25%. Sodium, K and Ti are always <1%, while ferrous iron is always <0.2% in the bulk sample. Overall, ‘ceramic’ clinopyroxenes present wide chemical analogies with ‘fassaite’, e.g. the abundance of aluminium and ferric iron, and the excess ofwollastonite molecules with respect to the diopside-hedenbergite series.
Evidence for ice VI as an inclusion in cuboid diamonds from high P-T near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Kagi H. , Lu R. , Davidson P. , Goncharov A. F. , Mao H. K. , Hemley R. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNear infrared absorption (NIR) spectra of natural morphologically cubic polycrystalline diamonds (cuboid) were obtained at room temperature, and the stretching plus bending combination band of molecular water was observed. The spectrum consisted of the main band at 5180 cm-1 due to liquid water and a shoulder at 5000 cm-1. The 5000 cm-1 band suggests the presence of a phase with stronger hydrogen bonding in inclusions in the diamond. This shoulder absorption decreased on heating to 120°C. The combination band of H2O at high pressure and temperature was measured using a resistively heated diamond cell and the pressure dependence of the peak position was obtained. Comparison with the present experimental results indicates that the spectral changes induced by heating of the cuboid corresponded to melting of a high-pressure form of ice, and the shoulder absorption at 5000 cm-1 arises from ice VI at 1.9 GPa. On the other hand, the liquid water, a main component of the fluid inclusions in the cuboid, was not under high pressure judging from the frequency of the combination band. This contrast might relate to the texture of the cuboid diamond. The spectral observation enables us to estimate the residual pressure of mantle fluid encapsulated in these diamonds. The diamond-cell data also provide high-P-T NIR fingerprint spectra that could be useful for identifying H2O phases and confining pressures in other samples.
On the origin of anomalous birefringence in grandite garnets
Authors: Shtukenberg A. G. , Punin Yu. O. , Frank-Kamenetskaya O. V. , Kovalev O. G. , Sokolov P. B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe origin of anomalous birefringence of grossular–andradite (grandite) garnets from skarns in Mali and Russia was considered. The crystals had complex superposition of two phenomena: mismatch compositional strain (stress birefringence) and growth ordering of atoms (growth dissymmetrization). Study of the crystals using several experimental techniques (optical microscopy, microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction topography and X-ray single crystal diffraction) as well as calculations of anomalous birefringence has confirmed this hypothesis. Depending on the crystal composition and growth conditions, the relative magnitude of each phenomenon controls the various optical effects. As a result one can see two groups of crystals which are found to have fundamentally different anomalous optical properties: crystals with low (<0.001) and high (0.001–0.015) values of birefringence. The spatial distribution of birefringence within each group is different and this fact is related to different mechanisms causing optical anomalies: stress birefringence and growth dissymmetrization for these two groups, respectively.