bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Documents, Ethics, and the Disability Historian
Authors: Richards Penny , Burch Susan 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The factors driving research into disability history methodology in its practical dimensions (such as finding and analyzing sources and presenting findings), the cultural values that inform it, and who populates intended audiences all contribute to the invisible infrastructure of historical production. When historians of disability access a rich source of data, they also must ask who created it, who benefited from its preservation, and whose stories are left untold. Sharing knowledge—through preservation and dissemination—equally shapes disability historical work. In all of this, access and accessibility—from built spaces and source types to research aids and scholarly products—remain paramount. Ways to proceed with sensitivity and creativity in the exploration of disabled peoples’ and disability’s pasts are presented from the perspective of the United States.
Monstrous Births, Birth Defects, Unusual Anatomy, and Disability in Europe and North America
Authors: Reagan Leslie J. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
“Monstrous births,” anomalous newborn bodies, or stillbirths, have produced public and scientific reactions of fear and excited voyeuristic interest from the early modern period to the present in Europe and North America. During this time, the category of “monstrous births” expanded even if the term itself was replaced over time with “defectives,” “congenital malformations,” “birth defects,” and “disabilities.” Particular attention is given here to medicine, mothers of “monstrous births,” twentieth-century moments that brought birth defects to international attention (German measles and thalidomide), and gender. In addition, attention is given to the perspective of contemporary people whose sixteenth- and seventeenth-century predecessors (conjoined twins) were considered “monstrous births” and whose bodies are still preserved in museums.
Transnational Interconnections in Nineteenth-Century Western Deaf Communities
Authors: Murray Joseph J. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
A transnational approach to history brings new perspectives to nationally based historical narratives. In the case of deaf history, it uncovers new patterns of international interaction, resulting in a transnational deaf public sphere, which operated from the latter third of the nineteenth century. Through publications, travel by individual deaf people, and a series of international congresses that took place between 1873 and 1924, deaf Westerners exchanged strategies on how to live as deaf people in auditory societies. A central concern was the preservation of the right to use sign language in the face of ideologies that sought to remove this language from the education of deaf children. Deaf Westerners created transnational strategies of response to transnational ideologies of eugenics and normality. By doing so, they attempted to claim a space for “aberrant” bodies within nationalist ideologies.
Baptist Concepts of the Church and their Antecedents
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Baptist ecclesiology shows a substantial heritage from the English Separatist tradition, while its debt to the continental Anabaptist tradition is contested. Both sources are antecedents to a Baptist ecclesiology that has played a prominent part in dissent and nonconformity in England and Wales since the early seventeenth century. This chapter thus aims to bring Anabaptist, Separatist, and Baptist ecclesiologies into conversation with each other. A covenant ecclesiology envisages the local congregation as existing under the direct rule of Christ who gathers its members together, so that covenant is made simultaneously with each other and God. Two tensions are consequently typical of such an ecclesiology: first, a fluidity of oversight between congregation and officers within the local church; and second, a sharing of authority between local and wider manifestations of the church.
Feminist Critiques, Visions, and Models of the Church
Authors: Graham Elaine 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWomen have been vastly under-represented within the church’s ministries. Feminist ecclesiologies invariably begin from this situation of invisibility and discrimination, whilst arguing for the historic and contemporary legitimacy of women’s full participation alongside men. Feminist critiques and reconstructions have drawn on biblical and historical evidence in order to refute patterns of hierarchy and exclusion in favour of more egalitarian traditions of the church as a community of equals. The various strands of the ‘Women-Church’ movement have also been central to a practical feminist ecclesiology, in which women have sought new ways to name their everyday experience as sacred and to exercise new patterns of ministry and leadership. Institutionally-led initiatives, such as the World Council of Churches’ programme on The Community of Women and Men in the Church, have met with mixed success, although worship has been one of the most creative well-springs of feminist activity and renewal.
Anglican Ecclesiology
Authors: Avis Paul 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter begins by exploring the question of the distinctiveness of Anglican ecclesiology within the spectrum of the major Christian traditions. It continues by asking to what extent Anglican ecclesiology can be identified as (a) Protestant; (b) Catholic; (c) catholic and reformed; (d) a ‘middle way’. The chapter then examines the origin and meaning of the terms ‘Anglican’ and ‘Anglicanism’ and goes on to explain what is meant by the Anglican Communion as ‘a communion of churches’ in the sense of the New Testament terms koinōnia/communio and whether this ideal is sustainable in the present global context of radical differences in theology and ethics. The chapter concludes with an account of the origins of episcopacy and of the valuations that Anglicans place on it in the context of their total ecclesiology.
The Northern Black Sea and North Caucasus
Authors: Reinhold Sabine , Mordvintseva Valentina I. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter surveys the Iron Age in the region extending from the western Black Sea to the North Caucasus. As in many parts of Europe, this was the first period in which written sources named peoples, places, and historical events. The Black Sea saw Greek colonization from the seventh century BC and its northern shore later became the homeland of the important Bosporan kingdom. For a long time, researchers sought to identify tribes named by authors such as Herodotus by archaeological means, but this ethno-deterministic perspective has come under critique. Publication of important new data from across the region now permits us to draw a more coherent picture of successive cultures and of interactions between different parts of this vast area, shedding new light both on local histories and on the role ‘The East’ played in the history of Iron Age Europe.
A Guide to Reproducibility in Preclinical Research
Authors: Samsa Greg , Samsa Leigh 
Published: July 2018

Many have raised concerns about the reproducibility of biomedical research. In this Perspective, the authors address this “reproducibility crisis” by distilling discussions around reproducibility into a simple guide to facilitate understanding of the topic.
Reproducibility applies both within and across studies. The following questions address reproducibility within studies: “Within a study, if the investigator repeats the data management and analysis, will she get an identical answer?” and “Within a study, if someone else starts with the same raw data, will she draw a similar conclusion?” Contrastingly, the following questions address reproducibility across studies: “If someone else tries to repeat an experiment as exactly as possible, will she draw a similar conclusion?” and “If someone else tries to perform a similar study, will she draw a similar conclusion?”
Many elements of reproducibility from clinical trials can be applied to preclinical research (e.g., changing the culture of preclinical research to focus more on transparency and rigor). For investigators, steps toward improving reproducibility include specifying data analysis plans ahead of time to decrease selective reporting; more explicit data management and analysis protocols; and increasingly detailed experimental protocols, which allow others to repeat experiments. Additionally, senior investigators should take greater ownership of the details of their research (e.g., implementing active laboratory management practices, such as random audits of raw data [or at least reduced reliance on data summaries], more hands-on time overseeing experiments, and encouraging a healthy skepticism from all contributors). These actions will support a culture where rigor + transparency = reproducibility.
Six-Year Experience in Teaching Pelvic Floor Ultrasonography Using Pelvic Floor Phantoms
Authors: Jalalizadeh Mehrsa , Alshiek Jonia , Santoro Giulio A. , Wieczorek Andrzej Pawel , Shobeiri S. Abbas 
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To review our 6-year experience (2009–2015) in teaching three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasonography workshops that utilized pelvic floor phantoms in the setting of an Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills methodology.

METHODS:
Four-hour Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills workshops were given at several society meetings and involved a didactic session, a hands-on session using the pelvic floor phantoms, and a computer station session reviewing pelvic floor pathologies. We analyzed improvement in participants' diagnostic skills using a test with 60 illustrated questions of normal and pathologic findings in live human models.

RESULTS:
Two hundred forty-three attendees completed the 60-question test before and after attending the workshop. Paired t test showed a significant improvement in attendees' average scores after the workshop in all categories: anatomy, normal, or pathologic endovaginal imaging and normal or pathologic endoanal imaging (P<.001 for all). McNemar test showed a statistically significant increased number of correct answers in 50 of 60 (83%) questions.

CONCLUSION:
Our Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills workshops incorporating pelvic floor phantoms enhanced trainees' pelvic floor ultrasound diagnostic skills.
Factors Influencing Young Women's Preparedness for Their First Pelvic Examination
Authors: Bryan Ava Ferguson , Chor Julie 
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVE:To understand factors contributing to women's level of preparedness for their first pelvic examination.METHODS:We conducted semistructured interviews with young women, aged 18–24 years, who had undergone at least one pelvic examination. This analysis explored 1) gynecologic and health care experience before the first pelvic examination, 2) preprocedure expectations and concerns, and 3) preprocedure knowledge about the examination. Interviews were transcribed and computer-assisted content analysis was performed; salient themes are presented.RESULTS:Thirty women completed interviews. Thirteen women described feeling poorly prepared for their first pelvic examination and 17 women described feeling prepared for the examination. Factors influencing women's level of preparedness for their first pelvic examination included 1) age at first examination, 2) pre-examination knowledge of the examination, 3) medical trust or mistrust, 4) overall comfort with one's body, and 5) prior sexual experiences and trauma.CONCLUSION:Preparedness for the first pelvic examination emerges as a subjective concept shaped and determined by the interplay of many factors. Although some factors such as age and personal sexual and reproductive health history may not be modifiable by clinical practice, other factors, including information that young women receive before experiencing their first pelvic examination, may be modifiable by clinical practice.
Maternal Outcomes by Race for Women Aged 40 Years or Older
Authors: Booker Whitney A. , Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia , Sheen Jean-Ju , Wright Jason D. , Siddiq Zainab , D’Alton Mary E. , Friedman Alexander M. 
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To clarify how race is associated with adverse maternal outcomes and risk for women aged 40 years or older.

METHODS:
This retrospective cohort study used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 1998–2014. Women aged 40–54 years were included. Race and ethnicity were categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American, other, and unknown. Temporal trends in severe maternal morbidity and overall comorbid risk by race in women aged 40 years or older were evaluated as were common pregnancy complications including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and cesarean delivery. Adjusted models were created to assess factors associated with severe morbidity.

RESULTS:
A total of 1,724,694 deliveries were included in this analysis. Severe maternal morbidity increased over the study period from 1.6% in 1998–2000 to 3.0% from 2013 to 2014. Black women had the highest rates of severe morbidity at both the beginning (2.4% in 1998–2000) and the end (4.9% in 2013–2014) of the study period. During this same period, comorbid risk based on medical conditions and other factors increased overall and individually by race. Black women also experienced the absolute largest increase from 1998–2003 to 2010–2014 in risk for acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, transfusion, and hysterectomy. Pregnancy complications including preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and gestational diabetes were more common at the end compared with the beginning of the study for black, white, and Hispanic women. The adjusted risk ratio for overall severe morbidity for black compared with white race was 1.81 (95% CI 1.76–1.87). Black women had a substantially higher risk of death than white women (risk ratio 4.71, 95% CI 3.36–6.61), and Hispanic women had more than twice the risk of death (risk ratio 2.13, 95% CI 1.48–3.07) as white women.

CONCLUSION:
Although black women older than 40 years were at increased risk for adverse outcomes and severe morbidity, this differential was of smaller magnitude than reported mortality risk.
Acute Kidney Injury in the Age of Enhanced Recovery Protocols
Authors: Hassinger Taryn E. , Turrentine Florence E. , Thiele Robert H. , Sarosiek Bethany M. , McMurry Timothy L. , Friel Charles M. , Hedrick Traci L. 
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND:
Acute kidney injury is a prevalent complication after abdominal surgery. With increasing adoption of enhanced recovery protocols, concern exists for concomitant increase in acute kidney injury.

OBJECTIVE:
This study evaluated effects of enhanced recovery on acute kidney injury through identification of risk factors.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective cohort study comparing acute kidney injury rates before and after implementation of enhanced recovery protocol.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at a large academic medical center.

PATIENTS:
All of the patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery between 2010 and 2016, excluding patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease, were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Patients before and after enhanced recovery implementation were compared, with rate of acute kidney injury as the primary outcome. Acute kidney injury was defined as a rise in serum creatinine ≥1.5 times baseline within 30 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression identified risk factors for acute kidney injury.

RESULTS:
A total of 900 cases were identified, including 461 before and 439 after enhanced recovery; 114 cases were complicated by acute kidney injury, including 11.93% of patients before and 13.44% after implementation of enhanced recovery (p = 0.50). Five patients required hemodialysis, with 2 cases after protocol implementation. Multivariable logistic regression identified hypertension, functional status, ureteral stents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, operative time >200 minutes, and increased intravenous fluid administration on postoperative day 1 as predictors of acute kidney injury. Laparoscopic surgery decreased the risk of acute kidney injury. The enhanced recovery protocol was not independently associated with acute kidney injury.

LIMITATIONS:
The study was limited by its retrospective and nonrandomized before-and-after design.

CONCLUSIONS:
No difference in rates of acute kidney injury was detected before and after implementation of a colorectal enhanced recovery protocol. Independent predictors of acute kidney injury were identified and could be used to alter the protocol in high-risk patients. Future study is needed to determine whether protocol modifications will further decrease rates of acute kidney injury in this population. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A568.
3D Separable 2-layered Elastic Models of the Face for Surgical Planning of Local Flaps
Authors: Okamoto Toyoko , Hirota Yuka , Kimura Yusuke , Senda Erina , Ueda Koichi 
Published: July 2018

Summary:
Reconstruction with the use of local flaps always involves 3 dimensional movements. It is difficult to predict with 3D complex forms stereoscopic changes after local flap operations on the face. We have made 3-dimensional computer-assisted 2-layered elastic models of the face. The surface layer of the model can be detached from the inner layer. By observing the surface model after simulation surgery, it becomes possible to note the distortions caused by the flaps and to determine the tension of each stitch during suturing of the flap. For the simulation surgery, we used our model for a 73-year-old woman with basal cell carcinoma of the nose, selecting the best of several candidate flaps. The time of removal of the stitches could be delayed at the places with high tension. By using these separable 2-layered models of the face, we can choose the best reconstruction method. The actual operation can be performed smoothly, and the best time to remove the stitches can be determined.
INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING DURING PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: Yannuzzi Nicolas A. , Callaway Natalia F. , Sridhar Jayanth , Smiddy William E. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the visual and potential economic impact of primary internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in primary treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Methods:
A PubMed search was performed to extract data regarding the rate of epiretinal membrane formation and the rate of secondary pars plana vitrectomy with membrane peel after repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with or without ILM peeling. Data were aggregated and analyzed in a meta-analysis. This information was used to perform a cost analysis to determine the economic ramifications of primary ILM peeling.

Results:
Six included studies compared the outcomes of eyes receiving pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair with and without primary ILM peel. The cumulative rate of epiretinal membrane formation was 29% (86/295) in the eyes without ILM peel and 3% (8/289) in the eyes with ILM peel. The cumulative rate of secondary pars plana vitrectomy/membrane peel was 16% (22/141) in the eyes without ILM peel and 0% (0/158) in the eyes with ILM peel. The weighted summary point estimate odds ratio was 0.083 (95% confidence interval 0.042–0.164), indicating a statistically significant protective effect across the 6 studies of ILM peeling and the development of epiretinal membrane. Based on published data, the average dollars saved by conducting a primary ILM peel was $615 in a facility setting and $364 in an ambulatory surgical center.

Conclusion:
Published, mainly retrospective, data suggest that primary ILM peel in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair may have a significant reduction in the rate of postoperative epiretinal membrane and may lessen the need for secondary pars plana vitrectomy/membrane peel. Furthermore, from an economic perspective, the reduction in the need for secondary surgery may justify the higher cost with primary ILM peel.
5-Flouorouracil Is an Attractive Medical Treatment in Women With Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tranoulis Anastasios , Georgiou Dimitra , Laios Alexandros , Theophilou Georgios , Thangavelu Amudha , Hutson Richard Chanellor 
Published: July 2018

Objective
In the absence of standard guidelines, the management of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) remains a field of debate. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to ascertain the 5-flouorouracil (5-FU) effectiveness in this context.

Materials and Methods
A literature search was conducted throughout the PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Databases for relevant studies. We computed the summary proportions of women treated for VaIN with 5-FU for the outcomes of complete response and recurrence by random-effects meta-analysis. We also performed a subgroup analysis by computing the summary proportions for complete response among women with high-grade VaIN, persistent disease, and recurrence respectively.

Results
Fourteen observational studies reporting on 358 women included in the study. The study quality was moderate. The summary proportions of women who had complete response after the first 5-FU course were 82.18% (95% CI = 69.80%–88.82%). The summary proportions of women who recurred were 16.42% (95% CI = 7.39%–28.14%). The summary proportions of women with complete response in the high-grade VaIN, persistent disease, and recurrence subgroups were 77.53% (95% CI = 59.90%–91.15%), 53.92% (95% CI = 34.62%–72.61%), and 72.32% (95% CI = 48.12%–91.05%), respectively.

Conclusions
This is the first meta-analysis to date to provide a convincing overview of 5-FU efficacy on the VaIN treatment. Albeit a medium risk of bias warrants some caution with interpretation of the results, 5-FU can be an attractive alternative to surgery, especially among young women with multifocal and recurrent disease.
Esophageal varices are not predictive of patient prognosis after surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chang Chung-Yu , Hsieh Wei-Yao , Chau Gar-Yang , Chen Ping-Hsien , Su Chien-Wei , Hou Ming-Chih , Lei Hao-Jan , Huo Teh-Ia , Huang Yi-Hsiang , Lin Han-Chieh , Wu Jaw-Ching 
Published: July 2018

Objective
The predictive value of esophageal varices (EV) in determining the patient outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unresolved. We aimed to assess the impact of EV on the prognosis of HCC patients after surgical resection.

Materials and methods
We consecutively enrolled 446 treatment-naive HCC patients who underwent surgical resection and esophagogastroduodenoscopy from 2003 to 2015. Prognostic factors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model and a propensity score matching analysis.

Results
A total of 89 (20.0%) HCC patients presented with EV. Compared with those without EV, patients with EV had poorer preservation of liver function and higher rates of cirrhosis in the nontumor part of liver specimens. After a median follow-up period of 34.6 months (25–75 percentiles; 12.8–59.3 months), 130 patients had died. The cumulative 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 62.3 and 70.6% in patients with and without EV, respectively (P=0.102). A multivariate analysis showed that serum albumin level less than or equal to 4 g/dl (P=0.020), α-fetoprotein level greater than 20 ng/ml (P<0.001), as well as the presence of vascular invasion (P<0.001), but not the presence of EV, were independent risk factors associated with poor OS. Moreover, 67 patients were matched in each group using the one-to-one nearest-neighbor matching method. After matching, the OS rates were comparable between HCC patients with and without EV.

Conclusion
EV is not an independent risk factor predictive of poor prognosis for HCC patients after resection surgery if they have well-preserved liver function.