bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Refugee Integration on Migrant Labor in Jordan
Authors: Hartnett Allison Spencer 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBefore the Syrian civil war, Egyptians were the single largest migrant labor community in Jordan. Labor market pressures and changes to the Jordanian work permit system have resulted in the increasing vulnerability of Egyptian labor, who have been the primary labor force on Jordanian farms and construction sites since the late 1970s. Using new data from the 2015 Jordanian census, the 2010 and 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey, and field interviews conducted in Jordan from 2014 to 2018, I show that higher concentrations of Syrians at the subdistrict level are associated with higher rates of informal labor market participation for Egyptians. Furthermore, higher proportions of Syrians do not correlate with negative impacts on the formality or household wealth of Jordanian citizens, suggesting that Syrian labor does not directly compete with the Jordanian labor force. Given the importance of supporting host communities during refugee crises, this analysis sheds light on how mass forced migration affects other vulnerable segments of the migrant labor force in the Global South.
Who Endorses Amnesty? An Original Survey from Morocco's Casablanca Region Assessing Citizen Support for Regularizing Clandestine Migrants
Authors: Buehler Matt , Han Kyung Joon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTo deal with the growing migrant crisis in North Africa, several states have considered granting amnesty to foreign displaced persons (both economic migrants and potential refugees) who have entered their territories clandestinely. Morocco has taken the lead in this policy approach, launching two successful amnesty campaigns in 2014 and 2017 that regularized the status of approximately 40,000 displaced persons in total. While policymakers in many North African states increasingly see this policy as a viable solution, it is less understood how ordinary citizens view such regularization policies. Hence, this article inquires: under what conditions do ordinary native citizens support regularizing clandestine migrants and refugees? Further, what factors correlate with either higher or lower levels of public support for (or opposition to) regularization campaigns? Drawing on an original representative public opinion poll from Morocco's Casablanca-Settat region completed in 2017, this article finds that more than 59 percent of native citizens of Morocco support these regularization campaigns. Particularly, Moroccans who were wealthier, female, and ethnic minorities (black Moroccans) endorsed regularization more strongly. By contrast, Moroccans opposed regularization when they had concerns about whether displaced persons hurt the economy, undermine cultural traditions, and reduce stability.
Influence of management type and stage of lactation on the performance and milk fatty acid profile of dairy camels (Camelus dromedaries)
Authors: Ayadi Moez , Hammadi Mohamed , Casals Ramon , Atigui Moufida , Khorchani Touhami , Samara Emad M. , Abdoun Khalid A. , Al-Haidary Ahmed A. , Caja Gerardo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe current research paper addresses the hypothesis that management system (grazing vs. stabling) and/or stage of lactation (early- to late-lactation) can influence the lactation performance and milk fatty acid (MFA) profile in dromedary camels. The results obtained revealed that milk and protein yields of stabled camels were higher, while milk fat content was lower compared to grazing camels. In addition, stabled camels produced milk richer in short- and medium-chains fatty acids but lower in long-chain fatty acids and fatty acids linked with possible health benefits such as oleic acid, vaccenic acid (VA) and rumenic acid (RA), when compared to grazing camels. Moreover, atherogenicity index was higher, while overall Δ9-desaturase and health-promoting indices were lower in stabled camels. In a similar way, results demonstrated an increase in milk fat and protein contents as lactation advanced. In fact, camels at mid-lactation produced milk richer in short- and medium-chain fatty acids as well as total saturated fatty acids but poorer in oleic acid, VA, RA, long-chain fatty acids and total unsaturated fatty acids, when compared to milk samples collected at early stage of lactation. Moreover, compared to early- and late-lactations, atherogenicity index was higher while overall-Δ9-desaturase and health promoting indexes were lower at mid-lactation. In conclusion, the intensive stabling system and mid-lactation stage can alter lactation performance and MFA profile in dairy dromedary camels.
Effects of dietary supplementation of guanidino acetic acid on growth performance, thigh meat quality and development of small intestine in Partridge-Shank broilers
Authors: Ren Q. C. , Xuan J. J. , Yan X. C. , Hu Z. Z. , Wang F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe current experiment aimed at assessing the effects of dietary supplementation of guanidino acetic acid (GAA) on growth performance, thigh meat quality and development of small intestine in broilers. A total of 360 1-day-old female broiler chicks were distributed randomly to four groups of 90 birds each, and each group received GAA dosages of 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg of feed dry matter. During the whole experiment of 60 days, broilers hadad libitumaccess to water and feed and the feed intake was recorded daily. All broilers were weighed before and after the experiment, and 30 broilers of each group were selected randomly to slaughter at the end. Increasing dietary supplementation of GAA increased final live weight and daily body weight gain, gain-to-feed ratio, thigh muscle pH value and fibre diameter of broilers, but decreased daily feed intake, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force value, hardness, gumminess and chewiness of thigh meat. In addition, increasing supplementation of GAA quadratically increased duodenal, jejunal and ileal villus height and width and ratio of villus height to crypt depth, but decreased crypt depth. The results indicated that GAA as a feed additive may support better development of small intestine, thereby resulting in improvement of growth performance and meat quality of broilers.
Parsing components of auditory predictive coding in schizophrenia using a roving standard mismatch negativity paradigm
Authors: McCleery Amanda , Mathalon Daniel H. , Wynn Jonathan K. , Roach Brian J. , Hellemann Gerhard S. , Marder Stephen R. , Green Michael F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundMismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential (ERP) component reflecting auditory predictive coding. Repeated standard tones evoke increasing positivity (‘repetition positivity’; RP), reflecting strengthening of the standard's memory trace and the prediction it will recur. Likewise, deviant tones preceded by more standard repetitions evoke greater negativity (‘deviant negativity’; DN), reflecting stronger prediction error signaling. These memory trace effects are also evident in MMN difference wave. Here, we assess group differences and test-retest reliability of these indices in schizophrenia patients (SZ) and healthy controls (HC).MethodsElectroencephalography was recorded twice, 2 weeks apart, from 43 SZ and 30 HC, during a roving standard paradigm. We examined ERPs to the third, eighth, and 33rd standards (RP), immediately subsequent deviants (DN), and the corresponding MMN. Memory trace effects were assessed by comparing amplitudes associated with the three standard repetition trains.ResultsCompared with controls, SZ showed reduced MMNs and DNs, but normal RPs. Both groups showed memory trace effects for RP, MMN, and DN, with a trend for attenuated DNs in SZ. Intraclass correlations obtained via this paradigm indicated good-to-moderate reliabilities for overall MMN, DN and RP, but moderate to poor reliabilities for components associated with short, intermediate, and long standard trains, and poor reliability of their memory trace effects.ConclusionMMN deficits in SZ reflected attenuated prediction error signaling (DN), with relatively intact predictive code formation (RP) and memory trace effects. This roving standard MMN paradigm requires additional development/validation to obtain suitable levels of reliability for use in clinical trials.
Diophantine approximation on the parabola with non-monotonic approximation functions
Authors: HUANG JING–JING 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe show that the parabola is of strong Khintchine type for convergence, which is the first result of its kind for curves. Moreover, Jarník type theorems are established in both the simultaneous and the dual settings, without monotonicity on the approximation function. To achieve the above, we prove a new counting result for the number of rational points with fixed denominators lying close to the parabola, which uses Burgess’s bound on short character sums.
Priority areas for thein situconservation of crop wild relatives in South Africa
Authors: Holness Stephen , Hamer Michelle , Magos Brehm Joana , Raimondo Domitilla 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCrop wild relatives (CWR) are wild plant taxa that have broader genetic diversity than crops hence they are an excellent source of genes and traits to improve crops. The potential value of CWR for agriculture and the need to protect these plants in their natural habitats (in situ) have been recognized globally. South Africa has the richest temperate flora globally, and the checklist of food and fodder CWR for the country considers 258 taxa to be high priority for conservation. A systematic conservation planning approach was used for spatial prioritization forin situconservation actions for CWR. Protected areas were categorized on the basis of their CWR richness. The Kruger National Park has the highest number of CWR (66 taxa), but most of these are widespread and common. Fifty-seven protected areas, most of which are in the Western and Eastern Cape fynbos, are irreplaceable for protecting a number of endemic and threatened CWR. For priority CWR not adequately represented in existing protected areas, a spatial plan was developed to identify the smallest area that aligns with existing targets for the National Protected Areas Expansion Strategy, that are not transformed in terms of habitat, and that are projected to be climate change resilient. Mechanisms for ensuring uptake of the recommendations for thein situconservation of CWR have been documented in a National Strategy and Action Plan and these include making information and data available and promoting the inclusion of CWR in current management and monitoring activities.
A crop wild relative inventory for Southern Africa: a first step in linking conservation and use of valuable wild populations for enhancing food security
Authors: Allen E. , Gaisberger H. , Magos Brehm J. , Maxted N. , Thormann I. , Lupupa T. , Dulloo M.E. , Kell S.P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSuccessful conservation strategies require that taxa are prioritized because resources for planning and implementation are always limited. In this study, we created a partial checklist of crop wild relatives (CWR) that occur in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region and identified the taxa of highest priority for regional conservation planning based on their importance for food and economic security. We found that the region contains over 1900 wild relatives of species cultivated for food, beverages, ornamental, forage/fodder, forestry, medicinal, environmental and other uses. Prioritization of these species was based on two criteria: (i) the value of the related crop for human food and economic security in the region and/or globally, and (ii) the potential or known value of the wild relatives of those crops for crop improvement. The region contains 745 CWR species related to 64 human food and beverage crops that are of high socioeconomic importance and 100 of these are of immediate priority for conservation action. The results of this study show that the SADC region contains a wealth of CWR diversity that is not only of value for food and economic security within the region but also globally. Furthermore, this study represents the first step in developing a CWR conservation and sustainable use strategy for the region, where its implementation would contribute to food security and well-being.
Evolution of the Subauroral Polarization Stream Oscillations During the Severe Geomagnetic Storm on 20 November 2003
Authors: He Fei , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , Wang Wenbin , Pu Zu‐Yin , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Yao Zhonghua , Wei Yong , Ren Zhi‐Peng , Yue Xinan , Liu Libo , Wan Weixing 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe report multisatellite observations of the oscillations in the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) during a severe magnetic storm on 20 November 2003. The SAPS oscillations (SAPSOs) occurred during the main phase of the magnetic storm when the y component of the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF BY) turned from positive to negative. The SAPSOs were first observed in the premidnight sector and propagated toward the dusk sector. The formation and evolution of SAPSO corresponded well with the plasma sheet ions injection and precipitation, indicating that the SAPSOs are possibly generated by the interaction between the hot plasma sheet and the cold plasmasphere under particular conditions (e.g., change of the polarity of IMF BY accompanied with a sudden enhancement of plasma sheet ion density). The hemispheric asymmetry of the SAPS channels is suggested to be related to the hemispheric differences in the ionospheric plasma condition and the ionospheric convection.
Identification of Auroral Zone Activity Driving Large‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances
Authors: Lyons L. R. , Nishimura Y. , Zhang S.‐R. , Coster A. J. , Bhatt A. , Kendall E. , Deng Y. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe have used all‐sky imaging to relate different types of auroral oval disturbances to large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs). We selected eight nights with good all‐sky imaging and Global Positioning System total electron content coverage, including five non–storm time periods with isolated initiations of geomagnetic activity and three storm main phase periods with continuous activity. Periods with LSTIDs generally started and stopped with initiation and cessation of activity. We found evidence that individual LSTIDs often show 1‐1 correspondence with identifiable auroral disturbances, disturbances either being related to a substorm onset or to auroral streamers without a substorm. Since substorm ground magnetic depressions are directly related to the electric fields and electron precipitation of auroral streamers, we hypothesize that streamers may be the primary drivers of individual nightside LSTIDs with or without a substorm. Additionally, we found evidence that (1) LSTIDs detection is more likely near the longitude range of the initiating disturbance than further away, (2) the orientation of LSTID phase fronts depends on location relative to disturbance longitude, and (3) disturbance ionospheric current and magnetic latitude may influence whether a given disturbance leads to a detectable LSTID. Numerous LSTIDs (10 to 12 over 7‐ to 8‐hr periods) were detected during southward interplanetary magnetic field periods of coronal mass ejection storm main phases, the vast majority reflecting streamers in the absence of substorms. Less LSTIDs were seen during the one examined high‐speed‐stream storm. We have also found evidence that omega band disturbances may drive interesting TIDs that are distinct from the LSTIDs driven by the substorm and streamer disturbances.
Comparison of Global Downscaled Versus Bottom‐Up Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions at the Urban Scale in Four U.S. Urban Areas
Authors: Gurney Kevin R. , Liang J. , O'Keeffe D. , Patarasuk R. , Hutchins M. , Huang J. , Rao P. , Song Y. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSpatiotemporally resolved urban fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emissions are critical to urban carbon cycle research and urban climate policy. Two general scientific approaches have been taken to estimate spatiotemporally explicit urban FFCO2 fluxes, referred to here as “downscaling” and “bottom‐up.” Bottom‐up approaches can specifically characterize the CO2‐emitting infrastructure in cities but are labor‐intensive to build and currently available in few U.S. cities. Downscaling approaches, often available globally, require proxy information to allocate or distribute emissions resulting in additional uncertainty. We present a comparison of a downscaled FFCO2 emission data product (Open‐source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC)) to a bottom‐up estimate (Hestia) in four U.S. urban areas in an effort to better isolate and understand differences between the approaches. We find whole‐city differences ranging from −1.5% (Los Angeles Basin) to +20.8% (Salt Lake City). At the 1 km × 1 km spatial scale, comparisons reveal a low‐emission limit in ODIAC driven by saturation of the nighttime light spatial proxy. At this resolution, the median difference between the two approaches ranged from 47 to 84% depending upon city with correlations ranging from 0.34 to 0.68. The largest discrepancies were found for large point sources and the on‐road sector, suggesting that downscaled FFCO2 data products could be improved by incorporating independent large point‐source estimates and estimating on‐road sources with a relevant spatial surrogate. Progressively coarsening the spatial resolution improves agreement but greater than approximately 25 km2, there were diminishing returns to agreement suggesting a practical resolution when using downscaled approaches.
GEWEX Water Vapor Assessment: Validation of AIRS Tropospheric Humidity Profiles With Characterized Radiosonde Soundings
Authors: Trent Tim , Schröder Marc , Remedios John 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe tropospheric water vapor profile record from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) now spans over a decade, making it a valuable resource for climate studies. To be considered as a Climate Data Record, it is key that the ultimate performance of these observations are understood. The Global Energy and Water cycle Exchanges (GEWEX) water vapor assessment has been tasked with characterizing the current state of the art in water vapor products currently available for climate analysis. Within the scope of this exercise, water vapor profiles from AIRS have been assessed using collocated characterized in situ measurements of tropospheric water vapor between 2007 and 2012. We first show how previously published methods for correcting radiosondes can be applied to global records, which show high correlations to Global Climate Observing System Reference Upper‐Air Network (GRUAN) performance at pressures between the surface and 250 hPa. We go further and show the first comparison of uncertainties from both the newly created Characterized Radiosonde Measurement (CRM) and GRUAN data sets. Global estimates of AIRS water vapor profile (wet/dry) biases relative to GRUAN and CRM are within 6 ± 0.3% ppmv and 15 ± 0.1% ppmv below 300 hPa, respectively. The CRM record allows latitudinal analysis for the first time, which when examined shows sensitivity to changes in absolute concentration due to large‐scale circulation in the International Tropical Convergence Zone. This paper advances the use of state‐of‐the‐art in situ records for characterizing absolute performance, recognizing that long‐term stability needs further research.
Northwestward Migration of the Northern Edge of the East Asian Summer Monsoon During the Mid‐Pliocene Warm Period: Simulations and Reconstructions
Authors: Huang Xiaofang , Jiang Dabang , Dong Xinxin , Yang Shiling , Su Baohuang , Li Xiangyu , Tang Zihua , Wang Yongda 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe mid‐Pliocene (~3.3–3.0 Ma) was the most recent warm interval during which atmospheric CO2concentrations were similar to the present level of ~400 ppmv. Therefore, it is often regarded as an analog for a near‐future climate scenario. To examine the behavior of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the mid‐Pliocene warm period, the northern edge of the EASM, a sensitive indicator of the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon rainbelt, was analyzed using the output of the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1. The results show a ~150‐km‐northwestward migration of the northern edge of the EASM during the mid‐Pliocene compared to the preindustrial period, which is consistent with that derived from a comparison of geological records and modern observations. However, the geological records indicate a greater east‐west climatic contrast during the Pliocene than at present, which requires investigation in future modeling studies. The simulations also show a substantial increase in the large‐scale land‐sea thermal contrast between the East Asian mainland and the equatorial western Pacific during the interval of mid‐Pliocene warmth. This led to the intensification and westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high, causing a northwestward shift of the EASM and the resulting mitigation of drought in northern China. We suggest that global warming will shift the EASM northwestward mainly via changes in the position and intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high; this requires systematic studies in the future based on meteorological observations and simulations.
Effect of the Eyewall Cold Pool on the Inner Rainband of a Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Cai Qichao , Tang Xiaodong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe low‐level cold pool just under a tropical cyclone eyewall and its effect on the formation of inner rainbands are studied, through idealized convection‐permitting simulations. Analysis of the potential temperature budget indicates that the formation of the eyewall cold pool (ECP) results from the evaporation of eyewall rainfall. The ECP is a barrier to boundary layer inflow, which results in clear convergence and vertical updraft at its outer edge. A budget analysis of the vertical motion tendency also indicates that the sum of the buoyancy and vertical pressure gradient terms makes a large contribution to the vertical updraft at the outer edge of the ECP. This then promotes the formation of convection cells and an inner rainband. Two sensitivity experiments further verify that the intensity of the ECP‐triggered inner rainbands is positively correlated with the magnitude of the radial gradient of potential temperature at the outer edge of the ECP.