bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using electronic information resources to solve cultural translation problems
Authors: Olalla-Soler Christian 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of electronic information resources to solve cultural translation problems at different stages of acquisition of the translator’s cultural competence.

Design/methodology/approach
A process and product-oriented, cross-sectional, quasi-experimental study was conducted with 38 students with German as a second foreign language from the four years of the Bachelor’s degree in Translation and Interpreting at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and ten professional translators.

Findings
Translation students use a wider variety of resources, perform more queries and spend more time on queries than translators when solving cultural translation problems. The students’ information-seeking process is generally less efficient than that of the translators. Training has little impact on the students’ use of electronic information resources for this specific purpose, since all students use them similarly regardless of the year they are in.

Research limitations/implications
The study has been conducted with a small sample and only one language pair from a single pedagogical context. The tendencies observed cannot be generalised to the whole population of translation students.

Practical implications
This paper has implications for translator training, as it encourages the development of efficient information-seeking processes for the resolution of cultural translation problems.

Originality/value
Unlike other studies, this paper focusses on a specific translation problem type. It provides information related to the students’ information-seeking strategies for the resolution of cultural translation problems, which can be useful for translation training.
Student voice in secondary schools: the possibility for deeper change
Authors: Mitra Dana 
Published: August 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider the role of student voice in secondary school reform.Design/methodology/approachThrough a literature review, it defines the concept of student voice within bodies of research on youth participation internationally.FindingsIt notes the ways the USA is distinct and lagging behind. It then looks at the broadening scope of ways that young people have become involved in change efforts. It considers ways that student voice can deepen implementation efforts and strengthen classroom practice. It breaks this discussion into: outcomes for classroom instruction, organizational change, and the relationship between student voice and power. The paper ends with a discussion of the importance of attending to issues of power in youth–adult relationships, including ways to avoid the co-optation of young people.Originality/valueThis paper reviews the most recent work showing how student voice can impact change, with a particular focus when possible on urban secondary schools to fit with this special issue. It updates a previous review of the field conducted ten years ago (Mitra, 2006). Before beginning this review, however, it is important to understand how student voice varies across global contexts.
The ethical challenges of researching refugee education
Authors: Bailey Lucy , Williams Simon John 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the authors’ experiences of conducting research with refugees and asylum seekers in Malaysia over multiple research projects in order to identify limitations to current procedures for receiving ethical approval for a study. It argues that the moral complexity of working with marginalized and excluded groups is not reflected in existing approaches.

Design/methodology/approach
Ensuring that research is ethical is integral to any empirical study, using any research design. Procedures for ensuring ethics have been developed by professional bodies across many academic fields, predominantly drawing on western legal frameworks and conceptions of agency. However, these procedures may not have applicability to certain cultural, social and political settings. The discussion in this paper focuses on devising ethical approaches for research participants from marginalized and excluded communities in diverse parts of the world, including those with no possibility of legal recourse.

Findings
Problems with the use of established procedures for four aspects of ethical research are identified, namely, access and gatekeepers; consent; reciprocity; and confidentiality.

Originality/value
The paper develops a framework for continuous ethical reflexivity. It argues that this framework should replace the established procedural approach to ethics, approved by an Institutional Review Board or ethics committee. Instead, the IRB should assign an ethical mentor who is jointly responsible with the researcher for ensuring research ethics through the use of the framework.
Nutrition in extreme food specialists: An illustration using termites
Authors: Poissonnier Laure‐Anne , Arganda Sara , Simpson Stephen J. , Dussutour Audrey , Buhl Camille 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Recent nutritional ecology theories predict that an organism feeding on a single, highly predictable food should lack the typical active regulation of nutrient balance observed in all other organisms studied so far. It could instead limit itself to controlling the amount of food eaten alone. Such an animal would, however, be strongly affected by nutrient imbalances.

Termites are an ideal model animal to test those predictions, because they are extreme food specialists.

We investigated how the nutritional content of food affected termites’ intake and performance by constraining groups of Nasutitermes exitiosus to artificial diets varying in their macronutrient ratios.

We showed that (a) termites, contrary to other insects, did not compensate for nutrient imbalance by adjusting food collection; (b) longevity in workers was strongly influenced by carbohydrate intake, while in soldiers it depended almost entirely on the number of workers remaining to feed them; (c) tunnelling activity increased with the quantity of food collected; and (d) intake had very little influence on lipid and protein termite body contents.

We provide evidence that extreme food specialists might have lost the ability to regulate macronutrient intake. Our results highlight the importance of life history and ecology in the evolution of nutrient balancing strategies.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Phenology and the physiological niche are co‐adapted in a desert‐dwelling lizard
Authors: Sun Bao‐Jun , Ma Liang , Li Shu‐Ran , Williams Caroline M. , Wang Yang , Hao Xin , Du Wei‐Guo 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

A major goal of seasonal biology is to understand how selection on phenology and the physiological niche interact. In oviparous species, fitness variation across the growing season suggests that phenological shifts will alter selective environments experienced by embryos. We hypothesize that physiology could become co‐adapted with phenology; such that embryos perform better in the environmental conditions they are adapted to compared to embryos adapted to other environments (temporal matching).

Here, we tested for temporal matching to seasonal changes in the environmental temperatures with toad‐headed lizard, Phrynocephalus przewalskii, which inhabits the temperate desert steppe of China. We used a split‐clutch reciprocal experiment, by incubating eggs from early‐ and late‐breeding females at rising and falling temperature regimes, respectively, to separate the influence of intrinsic (genetic and parental) vs. extrinsic factors (developmental plasticity or acclimatization) on the performance and fitness of offspring.

Eggs from early‐breeding females were with higher quality than those from late‐breeding females, likely due to better maternal provisioning. Offspring from early‐breeding females had higher selected body temperatures and metabolic rates than those from late‐breeding females.

Falling temperatures that may indicate the end of the growing season, reduced incubation duration and increased metabolic rates for both early and late eggs, compared to rising temperatures. Late hatchlings had higher growth rates when incubated at falling compared to rising temperatures, while growth rates of early hatchlings were not sensitive to incubation temperature. Thus, growth and survival rates of late embryos were similar to early embryos under falling temperatures, despite early embryos being of generally higher quality.

Overall, our study confirms that “early is higher quality.” Intrinsic factors dominate offspring performance and fitness, with a general advantage for early embryos throughout the season. We found some support for temporal matching, demonstrating that late embryos with lower quality have physiological strategies that are specialized to late‐season environments, allowing them to attain similar fitness in late‐season environments to that of early embryos.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
An eco‐evolutionary feedback loop between population dynamics and fighter expression affects the evolution of alternative reproductive tactics
Authors: Croll Jasper C. , Egas Martijn , Smallegange Isabel M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Surprisingly, little is known about how eco‐evolutionary feedback loops affect trait dynamics within a single population. Polymorphisms of discrete alternative phenotypes present ideal test beds to investigate this, as the alternative phenotypes typically exhibit contrasting demographic rates mediated through frequency or density dependence, and are thus differentially affected by selection.

Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), like male fighters and sneakers, are an extreme form of discrete phenotype expression and occur across many taxa. Fighters possess weapons for male–male competition over access to mates, whereas sneakers are defenceless but adopt tactics like female‐mimicking. Because fighters in some species mortally injure conspecifics, this raises the question whether fighter expression can feed back to affect population size and structure, thereby altering the selection gradient and evolutionary dynamics of ART expression in an eco‐evolutionary feedback loop.

Here, we investigated how the eco‐evolutionary feedback loop between fighter expression and population size and structure affects the evolution and maintenance of ARTs. We introduced intraspecific killing by fighters in a two‐sex, two‐ART population model parameterized for the male dimorphic bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini) that includes life‐history differences between the ARTs and a mating‐probability matrix analogous to the classic hawk–dove game.

Using adaptive dynamics, we found that the intraspecific killing by fighters can extend the range of life‐history parameter values under which ARTs evolve, because fighters that kill other fighters decrease fighter fitness. This effect can be nullified when benefits from killing are incorporated, like increased reproduction through increased energy uptake.

The eco‐evolutionary feedback effects found here for a dimorphic trait likely also occur in other fitness‐related traits, such as behavioural syndromes, parental care and niche construction traits. Current theoretical advances to model eco‐evolutionary processes, and empirical steps towards unravelling the underlying drivers, pave the way for understanding how selection affects trait evolution in an eco‐evolutionary feedback loop.
Fully Symmetric Federalism—a Bold Idea, but One that's not Demanded: A Response to Bruce Ackerman
Authors: Matthews Felicity 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBritain, Bruce Ackerman argues, has ‘muddled its way into a curious arrangement’ of asymmetric devolution, which has dis‐united the Kingdom, disempowered a significant proportion of the populace, and disregarded the risks of what he describes as ‘mono‐cultural rivalry’. However, whilst Ackerman's diagnosis is correct, his prescription of ‘fully symmetric’ federalism is unlikely to remedy this democratic malaise. As this response shows, there is limited political consensus as to where regional boundaries should fall and there is little public appetite for an additional layer of regional governance. Therefore, rather than bolting another layer of governance onto a flawed substructure, we should instead focus on its repair by reforming Westminster's electoral system and revitalising local government. These two proposals may be more modest than Ackerman's bold vision, but if implemented they would provide solid foundations for the development of a more deliberative and consensual way of doing politics that UK so sorely lacks.
Presence of few PD‐1‐expressing tumor‐infiltrating immune cells is a potential predictor of improved response to salvage chemotherapy following nivolumab for non‐small cell lung cancer: An exploratory case series
Authors: Ogawara Daiki , Soda Hiroshi , Tomono Hiromi , Iwasaki Keisuke , Hara Takuya , Jinnai Saeko , Funayama Takatomo , Okuno Daisuke , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Yoshida Masataka , Harada Tatsuhiko , Umemura Asuka , Fukuda Yuichi , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Mukae Hiroshi 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThe combination of PD‐1 inhibitors and cytotoxic drugs is reported to enhance anti‐tumor activity in non‐small cell lung cancer; however, the underlying synergistic mechanisms remain uncertain. This retrospective case series was designed to investigate objective response and survival rates of salvage chemotherapy following nivolumab and explore the immunohistochemical profiles of tumor‐infiltrating immune cells.MethodsThe medical records of 37 patients administered nivolumab were retrospectively reviewed. Overall response rate and progression‐free survival were compared among three groups: salvage chemotherapy following nivolumab, nivolumab therapy alone, and chemotherapy preceding nivolumab.ResultsEight cases met the study criteria. Salvage chemotherapy following nivolumab improved the overall response rate to 62.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 34.4–90.6%; P = 0.004) and median progression‐free survival to six months (95% CI 4.6–7.4; P = 0.016), compared to nivolumab alone and preceding chemotherapy. The response to salvage chemotherapy was not associated with tumor PD‐L1 expression. A partial response was achieved in four cases with ≤ 5% and ≤ 2.9 cells/mm2 of PD‐1+ immune cells, whereas stable disease and progressive disease were observed in three cases with ≥ 30% and ≥ 12.7 cells/mm2. Responders had fewer PD‐1+ immune cells than non‐responders (percentage P = 0.028; density P = 0.034).ConclusionSalvage chemotherapy following nivolumab improved anti‐tumor activity regardless of tumor PD‐L1 status, but nivolumab following chemotherapy did not. The presence of few PD‐1+ tumor‐infiltrating immune cells may serve as a potential predictor of response to salvage chemotherapy. Further studies involving a large cohort are needed to clarify how nivolumab re‐sensitizes the tumor immune microenvironment to chemotherapy.
Wheat's wild relatives vary in their response to nitrogen and ozone
Authors: Brewster C. , Stevens C. , McAinsh M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe wild relatives of bread wheat (
Triticum aestivum
) are valued by plant breeders for their genetic diversity. However, increasing levels of nitrogen (N) deposition and ground‐level ozone (O3) threaten plant biodiversity in the Mediterranean and Near‐East, a hotspot for many crop wild relatives. Knowledge of the effect of these air pollutants in combination is still limited, but early indications are that effects vary depending on the level of pollutants, and on the sensitivity of the species to N and O3. This study examined the responses of four important wheat wild relatives (
Aegilops tauschii
,
Aegilops speltoides
, Triticum dicoccoides and
Triticum monococcum
) and one modern wheat cultivar (
T. aestivum
‘Cadenza’) to treatments of N (equivalent to 50 kg ha−1 year−1 ammonium nitrate) and O3 (100 ppb for 21 days), alone and in combination. Measurements included root, shoot and seed biomass, and electrolyte ratios. The O3 sensitivity of A. tauschii and T.
aestivum
‘Cadenza’ were exacerbated by the addition of N, while A. speltoides was found to be nitrophilous, with N ameliorating the negative effect of O3. Both T.
aestivum
‘Cadenza’ and
T. dicoccoides
produced immature seed heads, with the cultivar's seed head biomass reduced in response to O3 and N + O3 while that of
T. dicoccoides
was largely unaffected. These data suggest that all four wild relatives are likely to be affected when N and O3 air pollutants co‐occur, and there in situ populations may therefore be at risk. Equally, the results of this study can inform use of their beneficial traits by wheat breeders, and alert them to the inadvertent inclusion of N and O3 sensitivity.
Cobomarsen, an oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR‐155, co‐ordinately regulates multiple survival pathways to reduce cellular proliferation and survival in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Seto Anita G. , Beatty Xuan , Lynch Joshua M. , Hermreck Melanie , Tetzlaff Michael , Duvic Madeleine , Jackson Aimee L. 
Published: August 2018

SummarymiR‐155, a microRNA associated with poor prognosis in lymphoma and leukaemia, has been implicated in the progression of mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). In this study, we developed and tested cobomarsen (MRG‐106), a locked nucleic acid‐modified oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR‐155. In MF and human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1+) CTCL cell lines in vitro, inhibition of miR‐155 with cobomarsen de‐repressed direct miR‐155 targets, decreased expression of multiple gene pathways associated with cell survival, reduced survival signalling, decreased cell proliferation and activated apoptosis. We identified a set of genes that are significantly regulated by cobomarsen, including direct and downstream targets of miR‐155. Using clinical biopsies from MF patients, we demonstrated that expression of these pharmacodynamic biomarkers is dysregulated in MF and associated with miR‐155 expression level and MF lesion severity. Further, we demonstrated that miR‐155 simultaneously regulates multiple parallel survival pathways (including JAK/STAT, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT) previously associated with the pathogenesis of MF, and that these survival pathways are inhibited by cobomarsen in vitro. A first‐in‐human phase 1 clinical trial of cobomarsen in patients with CTCL is currently underway, in which the panel of proposed biomarkers will be leveraged to assess pharmacodynamic response to cobomarsen therapy.
The impacts of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle on the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia requiring treatment: historical cohort study of 130 454 men
Authors: Yoo Sangjun , Oh Sohee , Park Juhyun , Cho Sung Yong , Cho Min Chul , Jeong Hyeon , Son Hwancheol 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate the influences of lifestyle and metabolic syndrome (MetS) on the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) requiring treatment using a large historical cohort.Patients and methodsThis study included 130 454 men selected from the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea. Men were divided into the two groups according to the presence of MetS. A generalised estimating equation was used to assess the predictors of BPH requiring treatment after adjusting for other variables.ResultsThe prevalence of BPH requiring treatment was significantly higher in men with MetS, except in men aged <50 years. Multivariable analysis showed that MetS was associated with higher prevalence of BPH requiring treatment regardless of age, and that a low income was associated with a lower prevalence in men aged ≥60 years. Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with the prevalence of BPH requiring treatment in all age groups, except in men aged <50 years. Amongst the MetS components, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels showed the strongest association with the prevalence of BPH requiring treatment in all age categories, although all MetS components were correlated with an increased prevalence of BPH requiring treatment, particularly in men aged ≥50 years.ConclusionMetS and its components, particularly low HDL‐C levels, were strongly correlated with an increased prevalence of BPH requiring treatment. In addition, moderate alcohol intake and elderly men from lower socioeconomic strata were associated with a decreased prevalence of BPH requiring treatment in our cohort.
Incorporating basic needs to reconcile poverty and ecosystem services
Authors: Chaigneau Tomas , Coulthard Sarah , Brown Katrina , Daw Tim M. , Schulte‐Herbrüggen Björn 
Published: August 2018

AbstractConservation managers frequently face the challenge of protecting and sustaining biodiversity without producing detrimental outcomes for (often poor) human populations that depend on ecosystem services for their well‐being. However, mutually beneficial solutions are often elusive and can mask trade‐offs and negative outcomes for people. To deal with such trade‐offs, ecological and social thresholds need to be identified to determine the acceptable solution space for conservation. Although human well‐being as a concept has recently gained prominence, conservationists still lack tools to evaluate how their actions affect it in a given context. We applied the theory of human needs to conservation by building on an extensive historical application of need approaches in international development. In an innovative participatory method that included focus groups and household surveys, we evaluated how human needs are met based on locally relevant thresholds. We then established connections between human needs and ecosystem services through key‐informant focus groups. We applied our method in coastal East Africa to identify households that would not be able to meet their basic needs and to uncover the role of ecosystem services in meeting these. This enabled us to identify how benefits derived from the environment were contributing to meeting basic needs and to consider potential repercussions that could arise through changes to ecosystem service provision. We suggest our approach can help conservationists and planners balance poverty alleviation and biodiversity protection and ensure conservation measures do not, at the very least, cause serious harm to individuals. We further argue it can be used as a basis for monitoring the impacts of conservation on multidimensional poverty.