bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxation Measures under the Energy Charter Treaty after the Yukos Awards Articles 21(1) and 21(5) Revisited
Authors: Green Martínez Sebastián 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
As the number of investment arbitrations under the Energy Charter Treaty has soared in recent years, parties and arbitrators have faced arguments concerning its Article 21 on taxation measures, which had seldom been applied before.
In 2014, the tribunal ruling on the Yukos trilogy held that even though Article 21 excludes taxation from the scope of the treaty, the carve-out could apply “only to bona fide taxation actions, i.e., actions that are motivated by the purpose of raising general revenue for the State”. Article 21 also provides that in cases regarding expropriation “[t]he Investor or the Contracting Party alleging expropriation shall refer the issue of whether the tax is an expropriation or whether the tax is discriminatory to the relevant Competent Tax Authority. Failing such referral by the Investor” in cases of investor-state arbitration, the tribunal “shall make a referral to the relevant Competent Tax Authorities”. The Yukos tribunal considered said referral to be a futile exercise when it is unequivocal that the host State acted in bad faith towards the foreign investor. As a consequence of the Yukos trilogy, the Energy Charter Secretariat has published a report on the issue that recommends potential amendments to clarify Article 21. A number of investor-state arbitral tribunals have also addressed these issues since the Yukos trilogy.
Taking a public international law approach, this article critically explores awards and decisions rendered by those tribunals, paying particular attention to their findings on Article 21 vis-à-vis the sovereign power to tax. This article concludes that recent awards dealing with Article 21 arguments have struck an appropriate balance between the prerogatives of States and their obligations under the Energy Charter Treaty. Thus, the article affirms that no amendment seems necessary.
Post-partum acute kidney injury: sorting placental and non-placental thrombotic microangiopathies using the trajectory of biomarkers
Authors: Meibody Fleuria , Jamme Matthieu , Tsatsaris Vassilis , Provot François , Lambert Jérôme , Frémeaux-Bacchi Véronique , Ducloy-Bouthors Anne-Sophie , Jourdain Mercédès , Delmas Yahsou , Perez Pierre , Darmian Julien , Wynckel Alain , Rebibou Jean-Michel , Coppo Paul , Rafat Cédric , Rondeau Eric , Frimat Luc , Hertig Alexandre 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Among the severe complications of preeclampsia (PE), acute kidney injury (AKI) is problematic if features of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) are present. Although a haemolysis enzyme liver low-platelets syndrome is considerably more frequent, it is vital to rule out a flare of atypical haemolytic and uraemic syndrome (aHUS). Our objective was to improve differential diagnosis procedures in post-partum AKI.

Methods
A total of 105 cases of post-partum AKI, admitted to nine different regional French intensive care units from 2011 to 2015, were analysed. Analysis included initial and final diagnosis, renal features, haemostasis and TMA parameters, with particular focus on the dynamics of each component within the first days following delivery. A classification and regression tree (CART) was used to construct a diagnostic algorithm.

Results
AKI was attributed to severe PE (n = 40), post-partum haemorrhage (n = 33, including 13 renal cortical necrosis) and ‘primary’ TMA (n = 14, including 10 aHUS and 4 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). Congruence between initial and final diagnosis was low (63%). The dynamics of haemoglobin, haptoglobin and liver enzymes were poorly discriminant. In contrast, the dynamic pattern of platelets was statistically different between primary TMA-related AKI and other groups. CART analysis independently highlighted the usefulness of platelet trajectory in the diagnostic algorithm. Limitations of this study include that only the most severe cases were included in this retrospective study, and the circumstantial complexity is high.

Conclusion
Trajectory of platelet count between admission and Day 3 helps to guide therapeutic decisions in cases of TMA-associated post-partum AKI. Our study also strongly suggests that during the post-partum period, there may be a risk of transient, slowly recovering TMA in cases of severe endothelial injury in women without a genetic mutation known to induce aHUS.
Reoperation for Proximal Adjacent Segment Pathology in Posterior Cervical Fusion Constructs that Fuse to C2 vs C3
Authors: Xia Yuanxuan , Xu Risheng , Kosztowski Thomas A , Ramhmdani Seba , Ahmed A Karim , Lo Sheng-Fu L , Bydon Ali 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Few studies have described rates of proximal clinical adjacent segment pathology (CASP) after posterior cervical decompression and fusion (PCDF).

OBJECTIVE
To investigate rates of proximal CASP at C2 vs C3 in PCDFs for degenerative spine disease.

METHODS
A retrospective review of 380 cases of PCDF for degenerative disease with proximal constructs ending at C2 vs C3 was performed. Minimum follow-up was 12 mo. The primary outcome was proximal CASP requiring reoperation. Variable analysis included demographic, operative, and complication data.

RESULTS
There were 119 patients in the C2 group and 261 in the C3 group with no significant differences in age, gender, comorbidities, presenting symptoms, or complications. Vertebral artery injury rates were 0.8% in the C2 group and 0.0% in the C3 group (P = .12). No patients in the C2 group had reoperation for proximal CASP, while 5.0% of patients in the C3 group did (P = .01). Patients with arthrodesis up to C3 had an increased risk of proximal failure when the fusion construct crossed the cervicothoracic junction (P = .03). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed no factors that were independently associated with re-instrumentation for proximal CASP.

CONCLUSION
Instrumenting to the C2 level reduces the risk for proximal CASP compared to fusion only up to C3. The type of instrumentation used at these 2 levels, form of ASP disease at C1-C2, and natural motion of the relevant proximal adjacent joint may contribute to this difference. Furthermore, within the C3 cohort, fusion across the cervicothoracic junction increased the risk for proximal CASP.
Long-Term Effect of Decompressive Craniectomy on Intracranial Pressure and Possible Implications for Intracranial Fluid Movements
Authors: Lilja-Cyron Alexander , Andresen Morten , Kelsen Jesper , Andreasen Trine Hjorslev , Fugleholm Kåre , Juhler Marianne 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is used in cases of severe intracranial hypertension or impending intracranial herniation. DC effectively lowers intracranial pressure (ICP) but carries a risk of severe complications related to abnormal ICP and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation, eg, hygroma formation, hydrocephalus, and “syndrome of the trephined.”

OBJECTIVE
To study the long-term effect of DC on ICP, postural ICP regulation, and intracranial pulse wave amplitude (PWA).

METHODS
Prospective observational study including patients undergoing DC during a 12-mo period. Telemetric ICP sensors (Neurovent-P-tel; Raumedic, Helmbrechts, Germany) were implanted in all patients. Following discharge from the neuro intensive care unit (NICU), scheduled weekly ICP monitoring sessions were performed during the rehabilitation phase.

RESULTS
A total of 16 patients (traumatic brain injury: 7, stroke: 9) were included (median age: 55 yr, range: 19-71 yr). Median time from NICU discharge to cranioplasty was 48 d (range: 16-98 d) and during this period, mean ICP gradually decreased from 7.8 ± 2.0 mm Hg to –1.8 ± 3.3 mm Hg (P = .02). The most pronounced decrease occurred during the first month. Normal postural ICP change was abolished after DC for the entire follow-up period, ie, there was no difference between ICP in supine and sitting position (P = .67). PWA was markedly reduced and decreased from initially 1.2 ± 0.7 mm Hg to 0.4 ± 0.3 mm Hg (P = .05).

CONCLUSION
Following NICU discharge, ICP decreases to negative values within 4 wk, normal postural ICP regulation is lost and intracranial PWA is diminished significantly. These abnormalities might have implications for intracranial fluid movements (eg, CSF and/or glymphatic flow) following DC and warrants further investigations.
Pas de deux of electricity and magnetism: an interview with Sang-Wook Cheong
Authors: Zhao Weijie 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Materials can be ferroelectric, having a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by an external electric field, or they can be ferromagnetic, exhibiting spontaneous magnetization that is switchable by an applied magnetic field. However, until the 1960s, scientists did not expect that these two ferroic properties could co-exist in a single material. Today, materials exhibiting more than one of the primary ferroic properties are called multiferroics. Here, the primary ferroic properties can be ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, ferroelasticity, ferrotoroidicity or others. Basically, the multiferroic effect originates from the simultaneous breaking of space inversion and time-reversal symmetries. Multiferroics can be imagined as a pas de deux of electricity and magnetism. Recently, National Science Review interviewed Professor Sang-Wook Cheong from Rutgers University, who is one of the pioneering scientists in this field. Cheong talked about the multiferroics field, which has been fast developing since the early 2000s. His introductions and opinions on diverse multiferroic materials and potential multiferroic devices, as well as future research directions, may provide a useful resource for researchers both inside and outside the multiferroic research field.
Influence of bulk motion of an infalling plasma in line-forming region on cyclotron line in accreting X-ray pulsars
Authors: Nishimura Osamu 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We examine the effect of the bulk motion of an infalling plasma on the properties (energy, width and depth) of a cyclotron line, including the effect of gravitational light bending as well as variation of the magnetic field. The cyclotron line energy decreases with increasing bulk velocity. Moreover, the dependence of the line energy on viewing angle becomes stronger as bulk velocity increases. As a result, the amount of a variation of the line energy with angle increases with increasing bulk velocity. On considering the two-dimensional structure of an accretion column, the bulk velocity in the line-forming region that is expected to be located around the walls of an accretion column can be considerably different from that in the continuum-formation region because of the decrease in the radiation energy density near the walls of the accretion column. In addition, the bulk velocity in the line-forming region can considerably depend on the beam pattern generated in the continuum-forming region because the bulk velocity is decelerated by photons propagating not across the magnetic field but along it. In the present paper, we demonstrate that the observed amount of a variation of the line energy with pulse phase can be explained by a variation of the bulk velocity with beam pattern, i.e., luminosity, using a cylindrical geometry with an accretion mound where a continuum spectrum is formed.
Methotrexate persistence and adverse drug reactions in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Kearsley-Fleet Lianne , Vicente González Laura , Steinke Douglas , Davies Rebecca , De Cock Diederik , Baildam Eileen , Beresford Michael W , Foster Helen E , Southwood Taunton R , Thomson Wendy , Hyrich Kimme L ,   Biologics for Children with Rheumatic Diseases (BCRD) Study and the British Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology Etanercept Cohort Study (BSPAR-ETN)
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This analysis aims to calculate MTX monotherapy persistence and describe the occurrence of and factors associated with the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with MTX.

Methods
Patients with JIA starting MTX monotherapy from two UK studies were included. Patient characteristics, treatment details and ADR occurrence were collected at treatment start, 6 months, 1 year and annually. The following groups of ADRs were included: gastrointestinal, elevated liver enzymes, leukopenia, drug hypersensitivity, rash, needle phobia and any events leading to permanent MTX discontinuation. Treatment exposure was calculated from MTX start until MTX monotherapy cessation, last follow-up or 31 December 2017 (cut-off), whichever came first. Survival analysis assessed the time on MTX monotherapy and the time to the first ADR on MTX monotherapy within 2 years. Multivariable logistic regression assessed characteristics associated with any ADR and gastrointestinal ADRs.

Results
A total of 577 patients started MTX. At 2 years, 310 (54%) were no longer on MTX monotherapy. Reasons included ineffectiveness (60%; 161/185 started a biologic), adverse event (25%), remission (8%) and patient/family decision (3%). Over this time, 212 (37%) patients experienced one or more ADR; commonly gastrointestinal (68%) or elevated liver enzymes (26%). Lower physician global assessment and older age predicted any ADR and gastrointestinal ADR, respectively. Patients with polyarticular RF and JIA had reduced odds of both any ADR and a gastrointestinal ADR.

Conclusion
After 2 years, more than half the patients were no longer on MTX monotherapy, while more than one-third experienced one or more ADR, most commonly gastrointestinal. Research focusing on identifying which children will respond and/or experience ADRs is crucial to inform treatment decisions and management planning.
Financial Loss Aversion Illusion*
Authors: Merkle Christoph 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We test the proposition that investors’ ability to cope with financial losses is much better than they expect. In a panel survey of investors from a large bank in the UK, we ask for their subjective ratings of anticipated returns and experienced returns. The time period covered by the panel (2008–10) is one where investors experienced frequent losses and gains in their portfolios. This period offers a unique setting to evaluate investors’ hedonic experiences. We examine how the subjective ratings behave relative to expected portfolio returns and experienced portfolio returns. Loss aversion is strong for anticipated outcomes; investors are twice as sensitive to negative expected returns as to positive expected returns. However, when evaluating experienced returns, the effect diminishes by more than half and is well below commonly found loss aversion coefficients. This suggests that a large part of investors’ financial loss aversion results from an affective forecasting error.
Use of GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with T2DM and chronic kidney disease
Authors: Aldrich Sarah , Ashjian Emily 
Published: January 2019

Abstract:
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the US. An increasing number of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are available for diabetes management. Differences between medications in this class, as well as limited data on patients with CKD, underscore the importance of a patient-centered approach to care.
Pediatric Emergency Room Transfers: Are They Warranted?
Authors: Song Xuyang , Case Alexandria L. , Carroll Rory , Abzug Joshua M. 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Emergency room transfers to a higher level of care are a vital component of modern health care, as optimal care of patients requires providing access to specialized personnel and facilities. However, literature has shown that orthopaedic transfers to a higher level of care facility are frequently unnecessary. The purpose of this study was to assess the appropriateness of pediatric orthopaedic transfers to a tertiary care center and the factors surrounding these transfers.

Methods:
All pediatric orthopaedic transfers to the pediatric emergency department (ED) were evaluated over a 4-year period. A retrospective chart review was performed to assess the factors surrounding the transfer including patient demographics, time of transfer, day of transfer, insurance status, outcome of transfer, and diagnosis. Three independent variables were utilized to assess the appropriateness of the transfer: the need for an operative procedure, the need for conscious sedation, and the need for a closed reduction in the ED.

Results:
A total of 218 pediatric orthopaedic emergency room transfers were evaluated, of which 86% of them involved an acute fracture. Twenty-seven percent (59/218) of the transfers occurred on the weekend, with over half (61%) of these transfers being initiated between 6 pm and 6 am. Approximately half (47%) of the transfers involved patients with Medicaid. Fifty-five percent (120/218) of cases required a procedure in the operating room and 22% (49/218) had a closed reduction performed in the ED. Conscious sedation was provided in the ED for 22% (48/218) of patients. Twenty-two percent (47/218) of transfers did not require a trip to the operating room, conscious sedation, nor a closed reduction procedure in the ED.

Conclusion:
The vast majority of pediatric orthopaedic transfers are warranted as they required operative intervention, a closed reduction maneuver, or conscious sedation in the ED.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—Therapeutic.
The Saline Load Test is Effective at Diagnosing Traumatic Arthrotomies of the Wrist
Authors: Gittings Daniel J. , Fryhofer George W. , Hast Michael W. , Steinberg David R. , Levin L. Scott , Gray Benjamin L. 
Published: January 2019

Background:
The saline load test has previously been shown to be an effective tool to diagnose traumatic arthrotomies, but no studies have assessed the test’s efficacy in the wrist. The purpose of this study was to investigate the amount of fluid required during a saline load test to detect intra-articular wrist involvement of traumatic wounds with high sensitivity.

Methods:
A cadaveric study was conducted using 7 thawed, fresh-frozen forequarter amputations from 7 different donors (3 male, 4 female). Specimen age (mean: 67.7 y, range: 52 to 80 y), laterality (1 right, 6 left), body weight (mean: 164.3 lbs, range: 100 to 223 lbs), and wrist range of motion (ROM) was assessed before testing. The wrist capsule was punctured with an 11-blade scalpel through the 6R radiocarpal portal site under fluoroscopic guidance to ensure the injury was intra-articular. A 19-G needle was then placed through the 3,4 radiocarpal portal site and confirmed with fluoroscopy to ensure intra-articular placement. Normal saline was then injected at a steady rate into the 3,4 radiocarpal portal site until extravasation of the saline was observed from the 6R radiocarpal arthrotomy site. The volume of saline required for extravasation from the 6R radiocarpal arthrotomy was recorded as the volume required to detect the arthrotomy. A plot of saline volumes (by percentile) was created, and a logarithmic distribution was calculated. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare injection volumes between male and female specimens, and Pearson Coefficients were used to determine any correlations between injection volume and ROM.

Results:
The average amount of saline that resulted in extravasation was 4 mL (range: 2 to 7 mL). In order to identify 75%, 90%, 95%, and 99% of the simulated wrist arthrotomies, 5 (95% confidence interval: 3-7), 6 (4-9), 7 (4-10), and 9 (5-14) mL were required, respectively. Pretest ROM did not correlate with saline volume.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates the efficacy of the saline load test in detecting traumatic arthrotomies of the wrist joint with 95% sensitivity after loading 7 mL of saline. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of traumatic arthrotomies is paramount to guide management and optimize postinjury outcomes.
Ganciclovir Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Case Series
Authors: Märtson Anne-Grete , Touw Daan , Damman Kevin , Bakker Martijn , Oude Lansink-Hartgring Annemieke , van der Werf Tjip , Knoester Marjolein , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract:
This article presents 3 cases of immunocompromised patients for whom therapeutic drug monitoring of ganciclovir in combination with cytomegalovirus viral load measurement was used to guide treatment. The first patient is diagnosed with thymoma A, the second is a heart transplant recipient, and the third is an HIV-positive patient. These patients were all diagnosed with cytomegalovirus and treated with ganciclovir. Our case studies illustrate how therapeutic drug monitoring–guided dosing can be helpful in the management of these complex cases.
Keratometric, Pachymetric, and Surface Elevation Characterization of Corneas With Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy Treated With DMEK
Authors: Arnalich-Montiel Francisco , Mingo-Botín David , Diaz-Montealegre Ana 
Published: January 2019

Purpose:
To characterize pachymetric, keratometric, and surface elevation parameters in pseudophakic eyes with Fuchs dystrophy that underwent Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and to compare these characteristics with those in normal pseudophakic eyes.

Methods:
Postoperative corneal tomography with a median follow-up of 20 months was evaluated using the Pentacam tomographer on 46 DMEK eyes. Results were compared with data from an age-matched cohort of 46 normal eyes. Parameters included curvature analysis, keratometry values, corneal thickness (CT), pachymetric progression index, Ambrósio relational thickness, posterior elevation, and D-index values. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons.

Results:
CT at the apex (mean difference 41 μm; 95% confidence interval 28–54) and CT at the thinnest point (46 μm; 33–60) were statistically significantly lower in the DMEK group (P < 0.001), whereas pachymetric progression index average (0.47; 0.32–0.62), Ambrósio relational thickness maximum (172; 126–228), IHD (0.096; 0.005–0.014), and the global D-index (1.03; 0.51–1.56) were significantly higher in eyes with DMEK (P < 0.001). The mean CT along the vertical and horizontal meridians was significantly lower in the DMEK group within the central 5 mm. A quarter and one half of the DMEK eyes had a CT of less than 500 μm at the apex or at the thinnest point, respectively.

Conclusions:
Resolution of corneal edema after DMEK was associated with a thinner-than-normal central cornea, steeper pachymetric progression from the thinnest point to the periphery, and some high-end outliers for posterior elevation values. Caution should be exerted in planning corneal refractive surgery for residual refractive errors.