bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of the prevalence, impact and mitigating strategies for bullying, undermining behaviour and harassment in the surgical workplace
Authors: Halim U A , Riding D M 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
Bullying, undermining behaviour and harassment (BUBH) have been reported in entertainment, politics and sport. Such behaviours may also be common in surgery, and are frequently associated with poor patient care and inferior outcomes. The aim was to define the prevalence and impact of this behaviour in the international surgical workplace, and to explore counterstrategies.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted by searching EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in August 2017. Original research studies (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine levels 1–4) investigating the prevalence and impact of BUBH in surgery, and/or counterstrategies, were eligible for inclusion. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

Results
Of 2692 papers, 32 were eligible for inclusion. Twenty-two reported the prevalence of BUBH in surgery, 11 studied the impact of this behaviour and six investigated counterstrategies. Prevalence data showed that BUBH are common in the surgical workplace. Their impact can be profound, compromising mental health, reducing job satisfaction, and inducing suicidal ideation. Formal reporting systems were perceived as ineffective and even potentially harmful to victims.

Conclusion
Bullying, undermining behaviour and harassment are highly prevalent within surgery, and extremely damaging to victims. There is little high-quality research into counterstrategies, although professionalism training using simulated scenarios may be useful.
Establishment and application of a new HPLC qualitative and quantitative assay for Gentiana Macrophyllae Radix based on characteristic constituents of anofinic acid and its derivatives
Authors: Ding Wenzheng , Wang Hanxue , Zhou Quan , Wu Jinrong , Cheng Xuemei , Wang Changhong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractGentiana Macrophylla Radix (GMR) is officially used as traditional Chinese medicine, but easily confused with Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR) and adulterants. This study aimed to establish an HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of GMR based on characteristic components, anofinic acid and its derivatives. HPLC analysis was performed on a C18 column with gradient elution using acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid as mobile phase, and detected at 240 nm by conventional methodology validation. For fingerprint analysis, RSDs of relative retention times and relative peak areas of the characteristic peaks were within 0–1.10 and 0–4.08%, respectively. For determination of 2‐methoxyanofinic acid, the calibration curve showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9999) within the test range. The RSDs of precision, repeatability and stability test did not exceed 2.46, 0.83 and 1.11%, respectively. The average recoveries were between 95.08 and 103.05% with RSDs ≤2.29%. The results showed that there was no significant difference among the four species of GMR, but there were significant differences among GMR, GRR and spurious breeds by principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Anofinic acid and its derivatives, as the characteristic markers, could be used for the identification and quality control of GMR.
Electrochemical Diagnosis of Chemical Switch: Impact of Structural Changes on Charge Transport Mechanism of “Redox Anion Bound Polysilsesquioxane” Film
Authors: Silambarasan Krishnamoorthy , Joseph James 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHerein, we report the structurally dependent charge transport mechanism of ferrocyanide ions immobilized in a protonated amine functionalized polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) film (Redox polymer film). This redox polymer film shows anion actuated reversible “active to inactive” electrochemical interfaces when the electrolyte anion is changed from chloride to perchlorate as a result of swelling and hydrophobic collapse of the PSQ film, respectively. This concept was successfully applied for switchable electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid by a [Fe(CN)6]4−‐PSQ film. In addition, it was shown in cyclic voltammetric (CV) studies that the presence of HPO42− and CO32− is leading to strong irreversible structural collapse of the PSQ film, whereas, the presence of SO42− and S2O82− is leading to reversible structural changes of the PSQ film within chloride ion medium. Reversible structural transition between swelling and aggregation (voltammetric response reversibly changing from peak to sigmoidal shape) described in this work is new and provides mechanistic insight into redox polymer electrochemistry and allows differentiating electron hopping from physical motion of redox polymers. Moreover, ion‐exchange between bound redox anions and divalent anions in the electrolyte at fixed positive surface sites of PSQ film was explained in terms of Jones‐Dole B‐coefficient. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Contact angle measurement and UV‐visible spectroscopy analysis of above phenomenon were consistent with CV results.
Applying Multivalent Biomolecular Interactions for Biosensors
Authors: Choi Hyeongjoo , Jung Yongwon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMultivalent interactions between more than one interconnected biomolecule are easily found in diverse natural systems. With the cooperation of many interacting pairs, this clustered binding can achieve highly enhanced affinities. Whereas the binding of an individual pair remains reversible, the binding between multivalent biomolecules can become nearly irreversible. Although the underlying principles of the multivalent effect have yet to be revealed, this intriguing concept of multivalent interaction has been widely applied to diverse fields. Multivalency has become a key strategy to increase the potency of inhibitors against target pathogens and, more recently, enhanced target binding by multivalency has offered an attractive strategy for biosensing. In this article, the current status of multivalent interaction studies and their progress in the biosensing area will be discussed.
Organic Carbonyl Compounds for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives
Authors: Wang Heng‐guo , Zhang Xin‐bo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSodium–organic batteries, which use organic materials as the electrodes in sodium‐ion batteries, are an attractive alternative to conventional lithium‐ion batteries for next‐generation sustainable and versatile energy storage devices owing to the abundant sodium resources and environmental friendly features. However, organics used in sodium‐ion batteries also encounter some issues such as low redox potential, high solubility in the electrolyte, and low conductivity. In response, altering the aromatic system/attaching electron‐withdrawing groups, constructing polymers, and incorporating a conductive matrix are effective strategies. This review summarizes and briefly discusses recent organic carbonyl compounds for sodium‐organic batteries from the viewpoint of function‐oriented design, including function evolution from small‐molecule compounds to polymers, then composites, and finally flexible electrodes. In particular, as a timely overview, carbonyl‐based organic flexible electrodes for sodium‐organic batteries are also highlighted for the first time.
Nickel(II) Complexes with Tritopic NimineCNHCNamine Pincer Ligands
Authors: Ren Xiaoyu , Wesolek Marcel , Braunstein Pierre 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTritopic NCNHCN′ ligands containing a central N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donor flanked by two chemically‐different nitrogen donors (Nimine and Namine) were evaluated as potential tridentate pincer‐type ligands in NiII complexes. The imidazolium chloride [(ImH){C(Me)=NDipp}(C2NMe2)]Cl (1) and the ammonium‐imidazolium dichlorides [(ImH){C(Me)=NDipp}(C2NHMe2)]Cl2 (4) and [(ImH){C(Me)=NDipp}(C3NHMe2)]Cl2 (5), differing by the length (C2 or C3) of the alkyl spacer were used as precursors. Oxidative addition of 1 to [Ni(cod)2] afforded the dinuclear bis‐NHC NiII complex [Ni2Cl2{μ‐C(Me)=NDipp‐κ2Nimine,C}{μ‐Im(C2NMe2)‐κ3Namine,CNHC,Nimid}{Im[C(Me)=NDipp](C2NMe2)‐κ1CNHC}] (2) resulting from partial ligand rearrangement. A dinuclear byproduct 3 was also isolated. The salt [NiCl{Im[C(Me)=NDipp](C2NMe2)‐κ3Nimine,CNHC,Namine}]2[NiCl4] (6) containing two NimineCNHCNamine pincer NiII complex cations was obtained from 4. In contrast, the reaction of closely related 5 yielded [NiCl{Im[C(Me)=NDipp](C3NMe2)‐κ2Nimine,CNHC}{μ‐Im[C(Me)=NDipp](C3NMe2NiCl3}‐κ2Namine,CNHC}] (7 a), a dinickel(II) complex that contains a Nimine,CNHC‐chelating and a bridging κ2Namine,CNHC ligand. The molecular structures of 2, 3, 6, 7 a⋅THF, 7 b, an isomer of 7 a, and 8⋅CH2Cl2 have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Our results emphasize the often‐underestimated importance of seemingly minor changes in the length of the spacers connecting a NHC donor group to its N‐bound lateral functionalities.
Remote Nucleophilic Allylation by Allylrhodium Chain Walking
Authors: Groves Alistair , Martínez Jose I. , Smith Joshua J. , Lam Hon Wai 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMetal migration through a carbon chain is a versatile method for achieving remote functionalization. However, almost all known examples involve the overall net migration of alkylmetal species. Here, we report that allylrhodium species obtained from hydrorhodation of 1,3‐dienes undergo chain walking toward esters, amides, or (hetero)arenes over distances of up to eight methylene units. The final, more highly conjugated allylrhodium species undergo nucleophilic allylation with aldehydes and with an imine to give Z‐homoallylic alcohols and amines, respectively.
Expanding the Balz–Schiemann Reaction: Organotrifluoroborates Serve as Competent Sources of Fluoride Ion for Fluoro‐Dediazoniation
Authors: Mohy El Dine Tharwat , Sadek Omar , Gras Emmanuel , Perrin David M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe Balz–Schiemann reaction endures as a method for the preparation of (hetero)aryl fluorides yet is eschewed due to the need for harsh conditions or high temperatures along with the need to isolate potentially explosive diazonium salts. In a departure from these conditions, we show that various organotrifluoroborates (RBF3−s) may serve as fluoride ion sources for solution‐phase fluoro‐dediazoniation in organic solvents under mild conditions. This methodology was successfully extended to a one‐pot process obviating aryl diazonium salt isolation. Sterically hindered (hetero)anilines are fluorinated under unprecedentedly mild conditions in good‐to‐excellent yields. Taken together, this work expands the repertoire of RBF3−s to act as fluorine ion sources in an update to the classic Balz–Schiemann reaction.
Target‐specific forebrain projections and appropriate synaptic inputs of hESC‐derived dopamine neurons grafted to the midbrain of parkinsonian rats
Authors: Cardoso Tiago , Adler Andrew F. , Mattsson Bengt , Hoban Deirdre B. , Nolbrant Sara , Wahlestedt Jenny Nelander , Kirkeby Agnete , Grealish Shane , Björklund Anders , Parmar Malin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDopamine (DA) neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a promising unlimited source of cells for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). A number of studies have demonstrated functionality of DA neurons originating from hESCs when grafted to the striatum of rodent and non‐human primate models of PD. However, several questions remain in regard to their axonal outgrowth potential and capacity to integrate into host circuitry. Here, ventral midbrain (VM) patterned hESC‐derived progenitors were grafted into the midbrain of 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats, and analyzed at 6, 18, and 24 weeks for a time‐course evaluation of specificity and extent of graft‐derived fiber outgrowth as well as potential for functional recovery. To investigate synaptic integration of the transplanted cells, we used rabies‐based monosynaptic tracing to reveal the origin and extent of host presynaptic inputs to grafts at 6 weeks. The results reveal the capacity of grafted neurons to extend axonal projections toward appropriate forebrain target structures progressively over 24 weeks. The timing and extent of graft‐derived dopaminergic fibers innervating the dorsolateral striatum matched reduction in amphetamine‐induced rotational asymmetry in the animals where recovery could be observed. Monosynaptic tracing demonstrated that grafted cells integrate with host circuitry 6 weeks after transplantation, in a manner that is comparable with endogenous midbrain connectivity. Thus, we demonstrate that VM patterned hESC‐derived progenitors grafted to midbrain have the capacity to extensively innervate appropriate forebrain targets, integrate into the host circuitry and that functional recovery can be achieved when grafting fetal or hESC‐derived DA neurons to the midbrain.
Structure of the CoI Intermediate of a Cobalt Pentapyridyl Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Revealed by Time‐Resolved X‐ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Smolentsev Grigory , Soldatov Mikhail A. , Probst Benjamin , Bachmann Cyril , Azzaroli Nicolo , Alberto Roger , Nachtegaal Maarten , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCobalt polypyridyls are highly efficient water‐stable molecular catalysts for hydrogen evolution. The catalytic mechanism explaining their activity is under debate and the main question is the nature of the involvement of pyridyls in the proton transfer: the pentapyridyl ligand, acting as a pentadentate ligand, can provide stability to the catalyst or one of the pyridines can be involved in the proton transfer. Time‐resolved Co K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the microsecond time range indicates that, for the [CoII(aPPy)] catalyst (aPPy=di([2,2′‐bipyridin]‐6‐yl)(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanol), the pendant pyridine dissociates from the cobalt in the intermediate CoI state. This opens the possibility for pyridinium to act as an intramolecular proton donor. In the resting state, the catalyst returns to the original six‐coordinate high‐spin CoII state with a pentapyridyl and one water molecule coordinating to the metal center. Such a bifunctional role of the polypyridyl ligands can be exploited during further optimization of the catalyst.
Bimetallic NiMoN Nanowires with a Preferential Reactive Facet: An Ultraefficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Chang Bin , Yang Jing , Shao Yongliang , Zhang Lei , Fan Weiliu , Huang Baibiao , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFaceted nanomaterials with highly reactive exposed facets have been the target of intense researches owing to their significantly enhanced catalytic performance. NiMoN nanowires with the (100) facet preferentially exposed were prepared by an in situ N/O exchange and the morphology tuned by using a rationally designed NiMoO4 precursor. The facet‐tuned NiMoN nanowires exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under both alkaline and acidic conditions that was comparable to that of noble metal platinum. DFT calculations further revealed that the catalytic activity of NiMoN nanowires towards HER on the (100) reactive facet is significantly greater than that on the (001) or (101) facets, owing to the low adsorption free energy of H* (ΔGH*) on the (100) facet. The NiMoN nanowires also demonstrated outstanding activity towards the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction and an excellent durable activity for overall water splitting, with a cell potential as low as 1.498 V at 20 mA cm−2. This work provides insights into improving electrocatalytic activity and developing advanced non‐noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts.
Blood plasma level determination using an automated LC–MSn screening system and electronically stored calibrations exemplified for 22 drugs and two active metabolites often requested in emergency toxicology
Authors: Caspar Achim T. , Meyer Markus R. , Maurer Hans H. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFast and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative methods preferably by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and/or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) are needed to support the (differential) diagnosis of acute poisonings in emergency toxicology. One option is a commercially available qualitative screening solution based on LC–MSn (Bruker Daltonik Toxtyper™, TT). Identified and toxicologically relevant compounds should be quantified to assess severity of poisonings. The aim of the present study was to test the TT system for quantification simultaneous with the screening process in blood plasma exemplified for 22 relevant drugs and two active metabolites. A standard liquid–liquid extraction was used for sample work‐up followed by 1:5 dilution of the final extracts. They were analyzed using the TT system consisting of a Bruker amaZon speed ion trap and a Thermo Fisher Dionex Ultimate 3000 LC system. Plasma levels were assessed using full‐scan data and an electronically stored five‐point calibration. The calibration model was linear for the studied ranges and could be used for at least two months. The method was validated according to international guidelines. The acceptance criteria recommended for emergency toxicology for accuracy and precision were fulfilled for all tested compounds, but bromazepam, lorazepam, oxycodone, and prothipendyl could reliably be determined only above the therapeutic range. In conclusion, the presented procedure allowed the combination of a comprehensive LC–MSn screening with fast automated assessment of plasma levels for emergency toxicology of tested compounds.
Different responses of predator and prey functional diversity to fragmentation
Authors: Kissick Ashley L. , Dunning John B. , Fernandez‐Juricic Esteban , Holland Jeffrey D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe study of functional diversity, or the range of species’ ecological roles in a community, is a rapidly expanding area in ecology. Given the extent that ecosystems are being altered, effort should shift toward assessing variation in functional diversity across landscapes with the goal of improving land use management decisions. We construct a workflow that creates three‐dimensional surfaces and maps of functional diversity to examine changes in beetle functional diversity across an Indiana, USA landscape. We sampled 105 prey wood‐borer and predator beetle species along a gradient of forest fragmentation across Indiana and used a number of functional traits from literature sources to capture their functional roles. We developed newly measured functional traits to estimate several traits relevant to beetles’ ecological function that was unknown and not easily measured. Functional diversity indices (FRic, FDis, FDiv, and FEve) were calculated from species abundance and functional traits and used to assess changes in functional diversity along the fragmentation gradient. We predicted that habitat fragmentation would have a greater negative impact on predator beetle functional diversity than prey wood‐borer functional diversity. Landscape metrics most important to the functional diversity of both wood‐borer and predator beetle communities were landscape division index (LDI, an assessment of landscape subdivision) and mean shape index (MSI, a measure of patch shape complexity). Overall, three‐dimensional surfaces of functional diversity and functional diversity maps across the Indiana landscape revealed that beetle functional diversity was greatest with minimal landscape subdivision. Opposite to what we predicted, we found that the prey wood‐borer functional diversity was more negatively impacted by LDI than the predator beetle functional diversity. Furthermore, predator beetle functional diversity was greater with increasing MSI. The map predicted predator FRic to be highest in forested areas with intact habitat and also less sensitive to habitat fragmentation adjacent to more continuous forest. We propose that land management may be guided by revealing landscapes that are most appropriate for maximizing functional diversity of multiple communities or shifting the relative abundance within prey and beneficial predator beetle functional groups with the use of three‐dimensional plots or maps.
Seed mass diversity along resource gradients: the role of allometric growth rate and size‐asymmetric competition
Authors: DeMalach Niv , Kadmon Ronen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe large variation in seed mass among species inspired a vast array of theoretical and empirical research attempting to explain this variation. So far, seed mass variation was investigated by two classes of studies. One class focuses on species varying in seed mass within communities, while the second focuses on variation between communities, most often with respect to resource gradients. Here, we develop a model capable of simultaneously explaining variation in seed mass within and between communities. The model describes resource competition (for both soil and light resources) in annual communities and incorporates two fundamental aspects: light asymmetry (higher light acquisition per unit biomass for larger individuals) and growth allometry (negative dependency of relative growth rate on plant biomass). Results show that both factors are critical in determining patterns of seed mass variation. In general, growth allometry increases the reproductive success of small‐seeded species while light asymmetry increases the reproductive success of large‐seeded species. Increasing availability of soil resources increases light competition, thereby increasing the reproductive success of large‐seeded species and ultimately the community (weighted) mean seed mass. An unexpected prediction of the model is that maximum variation in community seed mass (a measure of functional diversity) occurs under intermediate levels of soil resources. Extensions of the model incorporating size‐dependent seed survival and disturbance also show patterns consistent with empirical observations. These overall results suggest that the mechanisms captured by the model are important in determining patterns of species and functional diversity.
Use of Interferon‐γ release assay for the diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis in Northwest China
Authors: Lu Xi , Li Chunmeng , Li Wangping , Long Xiaoheng , Fang Yanfeng , Sun Ruilin , Jin Faguang , Fu Enqing , Xie Yonghong 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundFemale genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is one of the major causes of infertility. However, nonspecific manifestations and the lack of easy access to gold‐standard diagnostic test render a diagnostic difficult for FGTB. The objective of this study was to determine T‐SPOT.TB (an interferon‐γ release assay, IGRA) performance in patients with FGTB.MethodsA total of 213 female patients with validated T‐SPOT.TB results were recruited in this retrospective study. Among which, 103 were confirmed FGTB, and 110 were excluded from tuberculosis (control). Of the confirmed FGTB patients, 52 were confirmed by microbiologically/histopathologically examination, while the remaining 51 were clinically confirmed (successfully responsive to anti‐tuberculosis treatment). T‐SPOT.TB test was performed in both FGTB and control group during the diagnostic procedure.ResultsThe overall sensitivity and specificity of T‐SPOT.TB were 86.41% and 75.45% respectively. Sensitivity of T‐SPOT.TB was significantly higher when compared with conventional tuberculosis diagnostic tests. Moreover, T‐SPOT.TB test using pelvic effusion (PE) showed higher sensitivity than using corresponding peripheral blood (PB) (94.44% vs 72.22%, P < 0.001). Mean value of spot forming cells (SFCs) of T‐SPOT.TB using PE was significantly higher than that of PB in FGTB group (193 (IQR 105‐280) SFCs/2.5 × 105 PEMCs vs 71 (IQR 36‐107) SFCs/2.5 × 105 PBMCs, P = 0.01), while this was not detected in control group (11 (IQR 0‐22) SFCs/2.5 × 105 PEMCs vs 9 (IQR 0‐18) SFCs/2.5 × 105PBMCs, P = 0.77).ConclusionThese results demonstrated that T‐SPOT.TB, especially PE T‐SPOT.TB, is an useful adjunct in FGTB diagnosis.