bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight status, physical activity and eating habits of young adults in Midwest Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Luciana Zaranza , Varela Andrea Ramirez , Lira Bruno Alves de , Contiero Leonardo Chagas , Carneiro Maria de Lourdes Alves , Souza Priscila de , Nóbrega Juliana Oliveira de Toledo , Júnior Francelino Braga 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To assess weight status and eating habits of undergraduate university students in relation to gender and examine the relationships between weight status, physical activity and eating habits.Design:Cross-sectional study conducted between October 2016 and May 2017.Setting:Young adults in Midwest Brazil.Participants:Undergraduate university students (n 2163) majoring in health care.Results:Among 2163 students, 69·3 % were female, 65·4 % were aged 20–29 years, 66·8% consumed alcohol and 44·2% did not achieve more than 150 min of physical activity per week. We found significant differences in the consumption of beans (P &lt; 0·04) and full-fat milk (P &lt; 0·01) between women and men. Women also had more sedentary lifestyles (P &lt; 0·01) and showed higher prevalence of overweight (33·8 %) and obesity (5·0 %) than men. Students who did not engage in physical activity were more overweight (P = 0·03), consumed more soft drinks (P &lt; 0·01) and meat with excess fat (P = 0·01). There was a positive association between weight status and fruit (P = 0·02), salad (P &lt; 0·01), greens/vegetables (P &lt; 0·01) and beans (P &lt; 0·01) intake.Conclusions:The low level of physical activity and unhealthy eating patterns reported by the study participants were inconsistent with the national recommendations for a healthy active lifestyle for adults and may contribute to the increasing rate of overweight and obesity in this population. A joint effort between universities and all relevant government agencies is needed to develop and promote school- and community-based interventions.
An update of the KIDMED questionnaire, a Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in children and adolescents
Authors: Altavilla Cesare , Caballero-Pérez Pablo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:The KIDMED questionnaire was published in 2004 to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in children and adolescents. In the last 14 years, several respected official dietetics and health organizations have recommended appropriate dietary habits, including eating whole grains and consuming whole fruit rather than fruit juice. We propose an update of the KIDMED questionnaire.Design:Based on the scientific evidence, the present commentary suggests some changes to the KIDMED questionnaire.Results:We suggest deleting ‘or fruit juice’ from the first question of the questionnaire, rewording the question as ‘Takes a fruit every day’, and assigning a positive value of +1. We suggest adding ‘whole-grain’ to the eighth question of the questionnaire, rewording the question as ‘Consumes whole-grain pasta or whole-grain rice almost every day (5 or more times per week)’, and assigning a positive value of +1. Further, we propose to add ‘whole cereals or whole grains’ to the ninth question of the questionnaire, reword the question as ‘Has whole cereals or whole grains (whole-meal bread, etc.) for breakfast’, and assign a positive value of +1.Conclusions:The present commentary examines some signs of a paradigm shift about fruit juice and whole grains after the development of the KIDMED questionnaire. The changes are of paramount importance in order to make the questionnaire an updated tool to evaluate adherence to the MD.
Nutrition literacy predicts adherence to healthy/unhealthy diet patterns in adults with a nutrition-related chronic condition
Authors: Taylor Matthew K , Sullivan Debra K , Ellerbeck Edward F , Gajewski Byron J , Gibbs Heather D 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To describe the relationship between adherence to distinct dietary patterns and nutrition literacy.Design:We identified distinct dietary patterns using principal covariates regression (PCovR) and principal components analysis (PCA) from the Diet History Questionnaire II. Nutrition literacy was assessed using the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument (NLit). Cross-sectional relationships between dietary pattern adherence and global and domain-specific NLit scores were tested by multiple linear regression. Mean differences in diet pattern adherence among three predefined nutrition literacy performance categories were tested by ANOVA.Setting:Metropolitan Kansas City, USA.Participants:Adults (n 386) with at least one of four diet-related diseases.Results:Three diet patterns of interest were derived: a PCovR prudent pattern and PCA-derived Western and Mediterranean patterns. After controlling for age, sex, BMI, race, household income, education level and diabetes status, PCovR prudent pattern adherence positively related to global NLit score (P &lt; 0·001, β = 0·36), indicating more intake of prudent diet foods with improved nutrition literacy. Validating the PCovR findings, PCA Western pattern adherence inversely related to global NLit (P = 0·003, β = −0·13) while PCA Mediterranean pattern positively related to global NLit (P = 0·02, β = 0·12). Using predefined cut points, those with poor nutrition literacy consumed more foods associated with the Western diet (fried foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat, processed foods) while those with good nutrition literacy consumed more foods associated with prudent and Mediterranean diets (vegetables, olive oil, nuts).Conclusions:Nutrition literacy predicted adherence to healthy/unhealthy diet patterns. These findings warrant future research to determine if improving nutrition literacy effectively improves eating patterns.
Public opinion and interest groups’ concerns for organizational survival
Authors: Hanegraaff Marcel , Poletti Arlo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA growing number of studies focus on the two-way channels connecting public opinion and interest groups, highlighting how public support affects interest groups’ mobilization, strategies, and influence, while also showing how interest groups manage to shape public opinion. We contribute to this debate, assuming that interest groups are fundamentally survival-maximizing organizations. First, we investigate whether public opinion bears on advocacy groups’ assessment of their own survival prospects. Second, we assess whether public opinion-driven mortality anxiety affects advocacy groups’ choices regarding different lobbying strategies. Empirically, we rely on data from the Comparative Interest Group Survey, including over 2500 interest group respondents across six European Union (EU) countries as well as groups working at the EU level. Our analysis shows that (1) public opinion crucially influences how advocacy groups estimate their chances of survival, particularly for citizen groups and (2) public opinion-related survival concerns stimulate greater relative use of outside lobbying by citizen groups.
Self-criticism, Strivings and Aggressive Behavior in Spanish Children: The Two Sides of Self-Oriented Perfectionism
Authors: Vicent María , Inglés Cándido J. , Gonzálvez Carolina , Sanmartín Ricardo , Aparicio-Flores María Pilar , García-Fernández José M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study analyzes the relationship between the two intrapersonal perfectionism dimensions (i.e., Self-Oriented Perfectionism-Critical, SOP-C, and Self-Oriented Perfectionism-Strivings, SOP-S) and the components of aggressive behavior (cognitive, emotional and motor) in a sample of 804 (48.3% females) Spanish students between the ages of 8 and 11 (M = 9.57; DE = 1.12). The Spanish versions of the SOP-C and SOP-S subscales of the Child/Adolescent Perfectionism Scale and the Aggression Questionnaire were used. Students with high SOP-C scored significantly higher (p < .001) than their peers with low SOP-C on all components of aggressive behavior. The magnitude of these differences (Cohen’s d index) ranged from .40 to .59. In contrast, non-significant statistical differences were found between students with high and low SOP-S. Moreover, logistic regression analysis revealed that SOP-C significantly and positively predicted high Hostility, Anger and Physical and Verbal Aggression, whereas none of these components were significantly predicted by SOP-S (95% CI). Results are discussed, taking into account the debate on the conceptualization and nature of intrapersonal perfectionism.
Mercury Cycling in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre as Revealed by Mercury Stable Isotope Ratios
Authors: Motta Laura C. , Blum Joel D. , Johnson Marcus W. , Umhau Blaire P. , Popp Brian N. , Washburn Spencer J. , Drazen Jeffrey C. , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia R. , Hannides Cecelia C. S. , Close Hilary G. , Lamborg Carl H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe oceans are an important global reservoir for mercury (Hg), and marine fish consumption is the dominant human exposure pathway for its toxic methylated form. A more thorough understanding of the global biogeochemical cycle of Hg requires additional information on the mechanisms that control Hg cycling in pelagic marine waters. In this study, Hg isotope ratios and total Hg concentrations are used to explore Hg biogeochemistry in oligotrophic marine environments north of Hawaii. We present the first measurements of the vertical water column distribution of Hg concentrations and the Hg isotopic composition in precipitation, marine particles, and zooplankton near Station ALOHA (22°45′N, 158°W). Our results reveal production and demethylation of methylmercury in both the euphotic (0–175 m) and mesopelagic zones (200–1,000 m). We document a strong relationship between Hg isotopic composition and depth in particles, zooplankton, and fish in the water column and diurnal variations in Δ199Hg values in zooplankton sampled near the surface (25 m). Based on these observations and stable Hg isotope relationships in the marine food web, we suggest that the Hg found in large pelagic fish at Station ALOHA was originally deposited largely by precipitation, transformed into methyl‐Hg, and bioaccumulated in situ in the water column. Our results highlight how Hg isotopic compositions reflect abiotic and biotic production and degradation of methyl‐Hg throughout the water column and the importance of particles and zooplankton in the vertical transport of Hg.
Modeling Ash Dispersal From Future Eruptions of Taupo Supervolcano
Authors: Barker S. J. , Van Eaton A. R. , Mastin L. G. , Wilson C. J. N. , Thompson M. A. , Wilson T. M. , Davis C. , Renwick J. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHazard analysis at caldera volcanoes is challenging due to the wide range of eruptive and environmental conditions that can plausibly occur during renewed activity. Taupo volcano, New Zealand, is a frequently active and productive rhyolitic caldera volcano that has hosted the world's youngest known supereruption and numerous smaller explosive events. To assess ashfall hazard from future eruptions, we have simulated atmospheric ash dispersal using the Ash3d model. We consider five eruption scenarios spanning magma volumes of 0.1–500 km3 and investigate the main factors governing ash dispersal in modern atmospheric conditions. Our results are examined in the context of regional synoptic weather patterns (Kidson types) that provide a framework for assessing the variability of ashfall distribution in different wind fields. For the smallest eruptions (~0.1‐km3 magma), ashfall thicknesses >1 cm are largely confined to the central North Island, with dispersal controlled by day‐to‐day weather and the dominance of westerly winds. With increasing eruptive volume (1–5‐km3 magma), ashfall thicknesses >1 cm would likely reach major population centers throughout the North Island. Dispersal is less dependent on weather patterns as the formation of a radially expanding umbrella cloud forces ash upwind or crosswind, although strong stratospheric winds significantly restrict umbrella spreading. For large eruptions (50–500‐km3 magma), powerful expansion of the umbrella cloud results in widespread ashfall at damaging thicknesses (>10 cm) across most of the North Island and top of the South Island. Synoptic climatology may prove a useful additional technique for long‐term hazard planning at caldera volcanoes.
The Effects of Localized Thermal Pressure on Equilibrium Magnetic Fields and Particle Drifts in The Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Artemyev Anton , Zhu Hui , Jordanova Vania K. , Zheng Liheng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLocalized injections of hot anisotropic plasma sheet particles into the inner magnetosphere can significantly deform the quiet time dipole‐like magnetic field and thus disturb electron and ion's drift paths and scattering rates. Although many details of magnetic field deformation can be inferred from empirical models, roles of different characteristics of injected plasma on the structure of such deformation require further investigation. In this study, we use the 2‐D axisymmetric equilibrium model to calculate self‐consistent magnetic field in force balance with a Gaussian thermal pressure distribution characterized by four input parameters: the ratio between plasma pressure and magnetic pressure (β) at the pressure peak β0, the radial location of the pressure peak L0, the width of the half peak pressure σ0, and the equatorial pressure anisotropy Ae. Using the modeled magnetic field, we find that the magnetic field perturbation increases with increasing β0 and decreasing σ0 while the magnetic curvature perturbation increases with increasing Ae, β0, and σ0 and decreasing L0. For energetic particles the change of magnetic gradient drift motion is much greater than that of curvature drift motion. The magnetic dip structure formation requires a critical β value that increases with increasing σ0 and decreasing L0. Despite the unavailability of observations in the existing literatures to check the condition of magnetic dip formation, such condition will be checked against observations as a future study. Finally, we also use 3‐D ring current‐atmosphere interactions model with self‐consistent magnetic field model to illustrate the effect of azimuthal pressure distribution, which is relevant to asymmetric ring current.
Patch Size Evolution During Pulsating Aurora
Authors: Partamies Noora , Bolmgren Karl , Heino Erkka , Ivchenko Nickolay , Borovsky Joseph E. , Sundberg Hanna 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe report both decreasing and increasing trends in the patch sizes during pulsating aurora events. About 150 pulsating auroral events over the Fennoscandian Lapland have been successfully analyzed for their average patch size, total patch area, and number of patches as a function of event time, typically 1–2 hr. An automatic routine has been developed to detect patches in the all‐sky camera images. In addition to events with decreasing and increasing average patch size evolution over the course of the pulsating aurora, events with no size trends and events with intermittently increasing and decreasing patch size trends were also found. In this study, we have analyzed a subset of events for which the average and total patch size systematically increase or decrease. The events with increasing patch size trend do not experience a decrease in the peak emission height, which was previously associated with the behavior of pulsating aurora precipitation. Furthermore, the events with increasing patch sizes have shorter lifetimes and twice as many substorm‐injected energetic electrons at geosynchronous orbit as the events with decreasing patch sizes. Half of the events with increasing patch sizes occur during substorm expansion phases, while a majority (64%) of the ones with decreasing patch sizes take place during the recovery phase. These findings suggest that the visual appearance of pulsating aurora may be used as an indication of the pulsating aurora energy deposition to the atmosphere.
Experimental Study of Dislocation Damping Using a Rock Analogue
Authors: Sasaki Yuto , Takei Yasuko , McCarthy Christine , Rudge John F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn order to explore the effects of dislocations on seismic velocity and attenuation, we conducted a series of forced oscillation and ultrasonic tests on rock analogue samples (polycrystalline borneol) that were predeformed under various differential stress Δσ. Additionally, creep experiments were conducted to determine the steady‐state flow law for borneol. The dominant deformation mechanism of polycrystalline borneol changes from diffusion to dislocation creep at about Δσ=2 MPa. At high stresses, power law creep with a stress exponent of ∼4 was measured. Microstructure of the deformed samples showed wavy grain boundaries due to dislocation‐induced migration and the occasional existence of microcracks. A borneol sample deformed in the dislocation creep regime showed a significant reduction in Young's modulus E and a slight increase in attenuation Q−1 at frequencies lower than 100 Hz, whereas E at ultrasonic frequency (106 Hz) did not reduce. Therefore, a major part of the dislocation creep‐induced anelastic relaxation is a peak with a characteristic frequency between 100 and 106 Hz, which is much higher than the range of grain boundary‐induced anelasticity of this material. Further experiments under higher confining pressure are needed to assess the relative contribution from dislocations and microcracks to this peak.
Stable Forearc Stressed by a Weak Megathrust: Mechanical and Geodynamic Implications of Stress Changes Caused by the M = 9 Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake
Authors: Wang Kelin , Brown Lonn , Hu Yan , Yoshida Keisuke , He Jiangheng , Sun Tianhaozhe 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRupture‐zone averaged static stress drop in the 2011 M=9 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake was less than 5 MPa, but it caused a stress reversal in most of the offshore forearc, although the reversal is less well constrained far offshore by earthquake mechanisms because of 20‐ to 30‐km errors in event depths. Using a finite element model of force balance, we demonstrate that the stress reversal unambiguously indicates (1) a very weak subduction megathrust and (2) very low differential stresses in the forearc. Prior to the reversal, the upper limit of megathrust strength could not be determined from forearc stresses. In the forearc, effects of megathrust friction and gravity are in a fragile balance, and stresses fluctuate around a neutral state in earthquake cycles. If most of the offshore forearc is to be compressive before but extensional after the earthquake, the effective friction coefficient of the megathrust must be ~0.032. Under low differential stresses associated with megathrust weakness, the forearc is generally well below yielding. Applying the concepts of dynamic Coulomb wedge, we show that the inner wedge, and by inference farther landward, stays stable throughout earthquake cycles. The outer wedge is stable most of the time but may occasionally enter a critical state during great earthquakes; its geometry suggests that complete stress drop of the underlying shallow megathrust is unlikely to have happened. We reason that the occurrence of earthquakes and active faulting under low stress in the stable forearc is due to heterogeneities in structure, stress, and/or pore fluid pressure.
Mountain Building or Backarc Extension in Ocean‐Continent Subduction Systems: A Function of Backarc Lithospheric Strength and Absolute Plate Velocities
Authors: Wolf Sebastian G. , Huismans Ritske S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe crustal structure of overriding plates in subduction settings around the world varies between a wide range of deformation styles, ranging from extensional structures and backarc opening as in the Tonga or Hellenic subduction zone to large, plateau‐like orogens such as the central Andes. Both end‐member types have been intensively studied over the last decades, and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain their characteristics. Here we model ocean‐continent collision using high‐resolution, upper mantle scale plane‐strain thermo‐mechanical models, accounting for phase changes of rocks that enter the eclogite stability field and the phase transition at the 660 km mantle discontinuity. We test model sensitivity to varying plate velocities and backarc lithospheric strength as the main variables affecting the strain regime of the overriding plate in subduction zones. With our small set of variables, we reproduce both overriding plate extension and shortening and provide insight into the dynamics behind those processes. We find that absolute plate velocities determine the possible strain regimes in the overriding plate, where overriding plate movement toward the trench inhibits backarc extension and promotes overriding plate shortening. Additionally, a weak and removed backarc lithospheric mantle is required for backarc extension and facilitates overriding plate shortening. Comparison of the models with natural subduction systems, specifically the Andes and Hellenic subduction zones, corroborates that lithospheric removal and absolute plate velocities guide overriding plate deformation.
Organic Matter Sources in North Atlantic Fjord Sediments
Authors: Faust J.C. , Knies J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo better constrain the global carbon cycle fundamental knowledge of the role of carbon cycling on continental margins is crucial. Fjords are particularly important shelf areas for carbon burial due to relatively high sedimentation rates and high organic matter fluxes. As terrigenous organic matter is more resistant to remineralization than marine organic matter, a comprehensive knowledge of the carbon source is critical to better constrain the efficiency of organic carbon burial in fjord sediments. Here we investigated highly productive fjords in northern Norway and compare our results with both existing and new organic carbon to organic nitrogen ratios and carbon stable isotope compositions from fjords in mid‐Norway, west Svalbard, and east Greenland. The marine organic carbon contribution varies significantly between these fjords, and the contribution of marine organic carbon in Norwegian fjords is much larger than previously suggested for fjords in NW Europe and also globally. Additionally, northern Norwegian fjords show very high marine carbon burial rates (73.6 gC · m‐2 · year‐1) suggesting that these fjords are probably very distinct carbon burial hotspots. We argue that the North Atlantic Current inflow sustains these high burial rates and changes in the current strength due to ongoing climate change are likely to have a pronounced effect on carbon burial in North Atlantic fjords.