bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissemination of the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pediatric Clone (ST5-T002-IV-PVL+) as a Major Cause of Community-associated Staphylococcal Infections in Bedouin Children, Southern Israel
Authors: Rokney Assaf , Baum Moti , Ben-Shimol Shalom , Sagi Orli , Anuka Einav , Agmon Vered , Greenberg David , Valinsky Lea , Danino Dana 
Published: June 2018

Introduction:
Pediatric community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are emerging worldwide. High CA-MRSA carriage rates were previously described in healthy Bedouin children. We assessed demographic, clinical and molecular characteristics of pediatric MRSA infections in southern Israel.

Methods:
The Soroka University Medical Center laboratory serves the entire population of southern Israel, divided into 2 ethnic groups, Bedouins and Jews. All in-hospital MRSA clinical isolates from children 0 to 18 years old obtained in 2016 were included. Health care–associated and community-associated infections were defined according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition. All isolates were evaluated for staphylococcal cassette chromosome, Panton–Valentine leukocidin, S. aureus protein A type, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Results:
Overall, 95 MRSA isolates (18% of all S. aureus), with 25 different MRSA strains, were identified. Twenty-eight isolates (29.5% of MRSA) belonged to the pediatric clone, rarely observed in Israel, staphylococcal cassette chromosome IV, Panton–Valentine leukocidin positive, S. aureus protein A type 002. All isolates demonstrated identical pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis fingerprints. Eighty-two percent of infections caused by this clone were community-acquired, mainly observed in young Bedouin children, causing skin and soft-tissue infections. The new clone infection characteristics were similar to those of other CA-MRSA. All isolates of the pediatric clone were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, rifampicin and vancomycin; 17.8% were nonsusceptible to erythromycin and clindamycin.

Conclusion:
The pediatric CA-MRSA clone, previously described only in sporadic cases in Israel, is emerging among healthy, young Bedouin children, typically causing skin and soft-tissue infections. Isolates are susceptible to a variety of non–beta-lactam antibiotics.
Emodin Attenuates Autophagy Response to Protect the Pancreas From Acute Pancreatitis Failure
Authors: Yu Xiaozheng , Li Chunyun , Song Hechao , Wang Xueyan , Guo Yinan , Cui Lijian , Liu Xiaoya , Chi Cheng , Liu Ruixia , Yin Chenghong 
Published: June 2018

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of emodin on attenuating autophagy response in acute pancreatitis (AP) models.

Methods
Acute pancreatitis was induced in Wistar rats by injecting 3% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct. Emodin (40 mg/kg per day) was then given intragastrically, administrated 2 hours after AP induction. Rats were killed 24 hours after AP induction. The pancreatic injury was assessed using biochemical and histological approaches. Autophagosomes in pancreatic acinar cells were observed by electron microscopy. The expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) B/A, beclin-1, and p62/SQSTM1 (p62) were detected by Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry in pancreatic tissues.

Results
Compared with non–emodin-treated rats, the pathological injuries of the pancreas of emodin-treated rats were significantly alleviated, and autophagy vacuole formation was reduced within pancreatic acinar cells. Administration of emodin led to a reduction in the autophagy-associated protein level of LC3 (B/A) and p62 but not beclin-1. The transcript levels of LC3B, beclin-1, and p62 were decreased in the emodin-treated rats compared with non–emodin-treated rats.

Conclusions
Our data demonstrate that emodin plays a critical role in ameliorating AP, possibly by down-regulating autophagic protein levels.
Illegal Uses of the Russian Maternity Capital
Authors: Russkikh Svetlana 
Published: June 2018

Svetlana Russkikh – PhD Student in Sociology, University of Paris Descartes; The Institute for Demographic Studies (INED). Address: 12 l’École de Médecine St., Paris, 75006, France. E-mail: vetlana.russkikh@gmail.com
Citation: Russkykh S. (2018) Illegal Uses of the Russian Maternity Capital. Mir Rossii, vol. 27, no 3, pp. 180–197. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-3-180-197

This paper deals with the contemporary Russian pro-natalist policy, focusing on the social benefit program “Maternity Capital”. The main goal of this program is to increase the fertility rate, especially the birth of a second child. I analyze the legal and illegal uses of this program. First, I identify how recipient families intend to improve their living standards with the Maternity Capital. To this end, three types of legal uses are introduced: the acquisition of a first home, the expansion of the living space and the funding of a building project. Secondly, I show that these uses sometimes conflict with administrative, economic and personal constraints. In order to overcome these difficulties, some families chose to use the Maternity Capital in an illegal way. Thirdly, I argue that these illegal uses belong to three categories: fraudulent use, diverted use and subverted use. My claim is that: 1) Maternity Capital has some limits in its practical application; and 2) families illegally use the Maternity Capital in order to circumvent practical difficulties, but not the intent of the program.
Права человека в России: общественные дискуссии и институт государственного правозащитника
Authors: Нездюров Александр Леонардович , Сунгуров Александр Юрьевич 
Published: June 2018

Александр Леонардович Нездюров – кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, Департамент прикладной политологии, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» (Санкт-Петербург). Адрес: 190008, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Союза Печатников, д. 16. E-mail: nezdyurov@gmail.com
Александр Юрьевич Сунгуров – доктор политических наук, профессор, Департамент прикладной политологии, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» (Санкт-Петербург). Адрес: 190008, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Союза Печатников, д. 16. E-mail: asungurov@mail.ru
Цитирование: Нездюров А.Л., Сунгуров А.Ю. (2018) Права человека в России: общественные дискуссии и институт государственного правозащитника // Мир России. Т. 27. № 3. С. 61–81. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-3-61-81

Статья посвящена процессу институционализации прав человека в современной России, причем основное внимание уделяется развитию института Уполномоченного по правам человека как на федеральном, так и на региональном уровнях. После краткого введения в саму концепцию универсальности прав человека и ее роли в современном мире формулируются четыре основных направления исследования институционализации прав человека: 1) анализ состояния нормативного поля, насколько концепция универсальности прав человека инкорпорирована в российское позитивное право; 2) степень включения концепции прав человека в широкую общественную дискуссию; уровень развития собственно правозащитных структур, как 3) государственных (прежде всего института Уполномоченного по правам человека), так и 4) общественных правозащитных организаций. Этот текст сфокусирован на втором и третьем из перечисленных выше направлений. В рамках второго направления анализируется реакция правозащитного сообщества на инициативу Митрополита Кирилла представить православную трактовку обсуждаемой концепции. Далее в тексте освещаются основные этапы развития института Уполномоченного по правам человека, а также проводится краткий социологический анализ сообщества региональных российских омбудсманов. В заключение рассматриваются особенности работы трех Уполномоченных по правам человека: в Самарской и Свердловской областях и в Пермском крае.
A Teoria dos Stakeholders na perspectiva jurídica da Teoria da Agência: um ensaio teórico
Authors: Cruz Jose Elenilson 
Published: June 2018

Permeando a questão que trata de quais interesses a administração deve privilegiar na condução de uma organização está o conflito de agência (HILL; JONES, 1992; JENSEN; MECKLING, 1976) e os recentes questionamentos feitos por Lan e Heracleous (2010); Heracleous e Lan (2012) e Wiseman, et al., (2012). Segundo Heracleous e Lan (2012), as soluções discutidas por eles para o conflito de agência reconhecem os interesses dos stakeholders. O presente texto foi elaborado por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica e articulação teórica entre três teorias organizacionais: a) teoria dos stakeholders, teoria da agência e teoria da governança corporativa, tendo por objetivo identificar se os pressupostos da teoria dos stakeholders são reforçados pelas soluções propostas por Heracleous e Lan (2012) para o conflito de agência. As soluções propostas não são inovadoras no campo da teoria organizaconal e não abordam o problema central da teoria dos stakeholders. Não obstante, suas propostas instigam pesquisadores a buscar novos mecanismos capazes de oferecer soluções consistentes para os problemas de agência e contribuem para legitimar questões defendidas pela teoria dos stakeholders. The agency conflict is present in the debate about what interests the management should privilege in business management (HILL; JONES, 1992; JENSEN; MECKLING, 1976) and the recent questions posed by Lan and Heracleous (2010); Heracleous and Lan (2012) and Wiseman et al., 2012). According to Heracleous and Lan (2012), the solutions they discuss to the agency conflict recognize the interests of stakeholders. this article makes a bibliographical review and theoretical articulation of three organizational theories: a) the theory of the stakeholders, agency theory and theory of corporate governance, aiming to identify if the assumptions of the theory of the stakeholders are reinforced by the solutions proposed by Heracleous and Lan (2012) for the agency conflict. The proposed solutions are not innovative in the field of organizational theory and do not address the central problem of stakeholder theory. Nonetheless, its proposals instigate researchers to seek new mechanisms capable of offering consistent solutions to agency problems and contribute to legitimizing the issues advocated by stakeholder theory.
Mechanistic prediction of post dryout heat transfer and rewetting
Authors: Cheng X. , Feuerstein F. , Klingel D. , Yu D. L. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Post dryout heat transfer and rewetting are important processes determining the level and the time duration of high temperature phase and the integrity of the fuel cladding. In spite of extensive studies in the past decades, reliable prediction methods are still missing due to the complexity of processes involved, which consist mainly of interaction between solid wall, main gas flow and droplets. In the present study, a phenomenological model is proposed considering the three individual heat transfer processes between the three parts. Main new features of the present model compared to the models available in the open literature are the mechanistic modeling of (a) droplet concentration and droplet size, (b) turbulent fluctuation velocity of droplets and its critical value, (c) evaporation rate of droplets arriving the wall. Comparison of the new model with selected experimental data shows at least qualitatively good agreement. The experimental behavior of wall temperature can be well explained. According to the new model the Leidenfrost effect results in the hysteresis behavior of wall temperature.
Activation of Fibrinolysis in Guinea-Pig Serum by Bile Acids
Authors: Olesen E. S 
Published: June 2018

SummaryVarious bile acids produced fibrinolytic activity in guinea-pig serum under similar conditions as previously established for various anionic polyelectrolytes [Olesen (1959 b,c)].“Tauroglycocholate“ furthermore produced fibrinolytic activity by simple addition to guinea-pig serum.These reactions probably depend on polyanion interactions with active and/or inhibitory components of the fibrinolytic system.The observations suggest that bile acids could be involved in producing fibrinolytic activity in the biliary system.
Upregulation of High Mobility Group Box 1 May Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Biliary Atresia
Authors: Ye Chun Jing , Wang Jiang , Yang Yi Fan , Shen Zhen , Chen Gong , Huang Yan Lei , Zheng Yi Jie , Dong Rui , Zheng Shan 
Published: June 2018

Introduction Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive inflammatory obstructive cholangiopathy in infants. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is known to play an important role as a late mediator of inflammation. However, it is not clear whether HMGB1 levels are of clinical significance in patients with BA. The aim of this study was to determine correlations between serum HMGB1 levels and the clinicopathologic features of BA.
Materials and Methods Serum samples were collected from 19 infants with BA, 7 infants with anicteric choledochal cysts (CC) and normal liver function, and 8 healthy controls. Serum HMGB1 levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Routine liver function tests were performed on serum samples. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were used to detect HMGB1 expression in BA liver biopsy tissues. Localization of HMGB1 expression in the hepatic lobule was determined by immunohistochemical analysis.
Results HMGB1 levels in serum collected from BA infants were significantly elevated compared with CC and healthy control patients. Furthermore, elevated serum levels of HMGB1 in BA infants positively correlated with gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. HMGB1 messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression levels were upregulated in BA liver biopsy tissues compared with CC patients. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed increased positive immunostaining for HMGB1 in BA liver tissues as compared with CC tissues.
Conclusion HMGB1 may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of BA. Additionally, the correlation of serum HMGB1 levels with gamma-glutamyl transferase levels may provide a novel marker for the diagnosis of BA.
Effectiveness of a Model Bundle Payment Initiative for Femur Fracture Patients
Authors: Lott Ariana , Belayneh Rebekah , Haglin Jack , Konda Sanjit , Egol Kenneth A. 
Published: June 2018

Objectives:
To analyze the effectiveness of a Bundled Payment for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative for patients who would be included in a future potential Surgical Hip and Femur Fracture Treatment bundle.

Design:
Retrospective cohort.

Setting:
Single Academic Institution.

Patients/Participants:
Patients discharged with operative fixation of a hip or femur fracture (Diagnosis-Related Group codes 480–482) between January 2015 and October 2016 were included. A BPCI initiative based on an established program for BPCI total joint arthroplasty was initiated for patients with hip and femur fractures in January 2016. Patients were divided into nonbundle (care before initiative) and bundle (care with initiative) cohorts.

Intervention:
Application of BPCI principles.

Main Outcome Measures:
Length of stay, location of discharge, and readmissions.

Results:
One hundred sixteen patients participated in the “institutional bundle,” and 126 received care before the initiative. There was a trend toward decreased mean length of stay (7.3 ± 6.3 days vs. 6.8 ± 4.0 days, P = 0.457) and decreased readmission within 90 days (22.2% vs. 18.1%, P = 0.426). The number of patients discharged home doubled (30.2% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.008). There was no difference in readmission rates in bundle versus nonbundle patients based on discharged home status; however, bundle patients discharged to a skilled nursing facility trended toward less readmissions than nonbundle patients discharged to a skilled nursing facility (37.3% vs. 50.6%, P = 0.402). Mean episode cost reduction due to initiative was estimated to be $6450 using Medicare reimbursement data.

Conclusion:
This study demonstrates the potential success of a BPCI initiative at 1 institution in decreasing postacute care facility utilization and cost of care when used for a hip and femur fracture population.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Metal-Insulator Transition of Solid Hydrogen by the Antisymmetric Shadow Wave Function
Authors: Calcavecchia Francesco , Kühne Thomas D. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We revisit the pressure-induced molecular-atomic metal-insulator transition of solid hydrogen by means of variational quantum Monte Carlo simulations based on the antisymmetric shadow wave function. For the purpose of facilitating the study of the electronic structure of large-scale fermionic systems, the shadow wave function formalism is extended by a series of technical advancements as implemented in our HswfQMC code. Among others, these improvements include a revised optimization method for the employed shadow wave function and an enhanced treatment of periodic systems with long-range interactions. It is found that the superior accuracy of the antisymmetric shadow wave function results in a significantly increased transition pressure with respect to previous theoretical estimates.
A Nissen-féle fundoplicatio sikeressége és az azt befolyásoló faktorok. Eredmények a Pécsi Tudományegyetemen az indikációk és tünetek függvényében
Authors: Varjú Péter , Horváth Örs Péter , Papp András , Gede Noémi , Czimmer József 
Published: June 2018

Abstract: Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases in developed countries. Besides the conservative modalities, surgery plays an increasing role in the treatment of the disease. Aim: Our aim was to investigate and compare the surgical and 6-month follow-up data of patients to the literature (quality control), who underwent Nissen fundoplication in the Medical Centre of Pécs between 2007 and 2014, and to assess the factors (especially psychiatric comorbidity and antidepressants) influencing the success. Method: In summary, data of 183 fundoplications of 166 patients were collected from the medical database of the University of Pécs. Statistical analysis: For data analysis, descriptive statistical methods (relative frequency) and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used. Results: The most frequent indication of fundoplications was hiatal hernia combined with the failure of conservative (proton-pump inhibitor, PPI) treatment (54%). Reoperation rate (8%) was similar to literature data (5–10%). 62% of the patients had postoperative complaints, which, except bloating, were more common among women. 93.67% experienced certain grade of improvement of reflux symptoms. Postoperative PPI treatment was necessary in 37% of patients and in 9% postoperative interventions had to be performed. Female gender and psychiatric comorbidity worsened, antidepressant medication improved the success rate. The results of reoperations were inferior compared to primary operations. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the success rate of fundoplications in our centre fits to the literature data and adequate antidepressant medication may improve the worse results of psychiatric patients postoperatively, however, more randomized clinical studies are needed in this issue. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(25): 1013–1023.
Orientação Empreendedora e o contexto dos Negócios Internacionais
Authors: Santos Jhunior Ronaldo De Oliveira , Vilela Nágila Giovanna Silva 
Published: June 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as bases teóricas e o atual cenário de pesquisas relacionadas à Orientação Empreendedora (OE). Visando a uma reflexão mais aprofundada sobre a temática, foi também realizada uma análise a respeito da Orientação Empreendedora no ambiente de pesquisas em negócios internacionais, tema com crescente presença nos estudos de estratégia organizacional. Em termos metodológicos, esse estudo consiste em uma pesquisa de abordagem exploratória e qualitativa, tendo sido feito o uso do método de revisão conceitual para a revisão de literatura realizada. No que se refere às fontes utilizadas, os trabalhos analisados foram coletados nas bases de dados Web of Science e ScienceDirect e abrangeu o período entre 2007 e 2017. Os resultados revelam que os estudos a respeito da Orientação Empreendedora mostram sinais de crescimento nos últimos anos e que o conceito de Orientação Empreendedora Internacional se apresenta como perspectiva capaz de possibilitar tal crescimento com novos rumos de investigação. The objective of this work is to present the theoretical bases and the current research scenario related to entrepreneurship orientation (OE). Aiming at a more in-depth reflection on the theme, an analysis was also made regarding the entrepreneurial orientation in the international business research environment, a topic with increasing presence in organizational strategy studies. In methodological terms, this study consists of an exploratory and qualitative research, using the conceptual review method to review the literature. Regarding the sources used, the analyzed works were collected in the Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases and covered the period between 2007 and 2017. The results show that the studies about the Entrepreneurial Orientation show signs of growth in the recent years and that the concept of International Entrepreneurial Orientation presents itself as a perspective capable of enabling such growth with new directions for research.
Wat is de toegevoegde waarde van de onafhankelijk deskundige bij beleidsdoorlichtingen?
Authors: Houppermans Meyken 
Published: June 2018

Wat is de toegevoegde waarde van de onafhankelijk deskundige bij beleidsdoorlichtingen?
In 2015 is de Regeling Periodiek Evaluatieonderzoek (RPE) ingevoerd, met vier methodologische kwaliteitscriteria waaraan beleidsdoorlichtingen moeten voldoen en waarop een onafhankelijk deskundige toetst. Uit een verkennende analyse van 164 beleidsdoorlichtingen van 2006 tot en met 2017 blijkt een kwart hieraan te voldoen. Sinds 2015 is de kwaliteit van beleidsdoorlichtingen niet verbeterd, noch is er meer inzicht in doelmatigheid en doeltreffendheid. De invoering van kwaliteitscriteria en de onafhankelijke toetsing daarop resulteren mogelijk, maar niet gegarandeerd in betere beleidsdoorlichtingen. De RPE blijkt geen werkbaar instrument om beleid door te lichten. Het beantwoorden van doorlichtingsvragen is onmogelijk bij gebrek aan onderliggend evaluatiemateriaal en resulteert in antwoorden die weinig inzicht geven in het beleid. Verruiming is nodig: de RPE moet stimuleren om via diverse wegen en soorten informatie te komen tot een gefundeerde onderbouwing van beleidseffecten. Richtinggevend, niet dwingend. Syntheseonderzoek volstaat niet, aanvullend onderzoek is nodig. De onafhankelijk deskundige moet vooral methodologisch expert zijn en vroegtijdiger worden betrokken bij de beleidsdoorlichting.
Der Einfluß von Zitrat und Liquemin auf die Blutkonservation
Authors: Fleisch Herbert 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungFrisches menschliches Blut wird unter sterilen Bedingungen, zum Teil mit Zusatz von Zitrat, zum Teil mit Zusatz von Liquemin, während 27 Tagen bei 4—6° C aufbewahrt, und in verschiedenen Zeitabständen werden die Intensität der Blutgerinnung, die Spontanhämolyse und die mechanische Resistenz der Erythrozyten bestimmt. Bei Zitratzusatz steigt die Blutgerinnung vom 2. Tag an schwach an. Die Spontanhämolyse und die mechanische Resistenz erfahren bis zum 10. Tage der Konservierungszeit keine nennenswerten Änderungen; danach nimmt die Spontanhämolyse und insbesondere die mechanische Resistenz der Erythrozyten stark zu.Blut mit Liquemin versetzt zeigt schon nach 1 Tage erhöhte Gersmnselbildung, die weiter rasch zunimmt. Die Spontanhämolyse steigt in den ersten 3 Tagen langsam an und wächst rapid weiter. Die Zerbrechlichkeit der Erythrozyten ist schon nach 24 Stunden erhöht und erfährt im weiteren Verlaufe die größte Zunahme.Alle 3 untersuchten Parameter zeigen bei Liqueminzusatz wesentlich größere Änderungen als bei Zitratzusatz.