bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hygrothermal assessment of internally insulated solid masonry walls fitted with exterior hydrophobization and deliberate thermal bridge
Authors: Jensen Nickolaj Feldt , Bjarløv Søren Peter , Rode Carsten , Odgaard Tommy Riviere 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRelative humidity (RH) and temperature were measured in several solid masonry walls with embedded wooden beams, fitted with autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) thermal insulation on the interior surface and exposed to a cool, temperate climate. The field study was based on the use of a 40‐feet insulated reefer container reconfigured with eight 1 × 2 m holes containing the solid masonry walls. The study investigated the influence of AAC thermal insulation on the interior side with a combination of exterior hydrophobization and a deliberate thermal bridge in front of the embedded wooden wall plate using a material with higher thermal conductivity. Validated HAM simulations were used to investigate the effect of controlling the indoor humidity, and how this would affect the theoretical risk predictions from the damage models. Experimental findings indicate that hydrophobization of solid masonry walls with internal insulation have both positive and negative effects on the moisture balance of the wall, in relation to moisture‐induced damage, and that a deliberate thermal bridge installed in front of the embedded wooden wall plate can reduce the moisture content in the wooden elements. Simulation findings indicate that a combination of exterior hydrophobization and decreased indoor moisture load can reduce the RH to acceptable levels in relation to moisture induced damage at the interface between existing wall and new insulation. No major changes were observed in relation to the risk of frost damage at the exterior surface.
Minimizing AAC production hard waste costs: A hybrid IMSD and DfE approach in machine‐building industry
Authors: Aldarrat Hatem , Cogum Billy Özer , Reupke Lorenz 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) products life cycle generates environmental impacts (1) from extracting and processing raw materials; (2) during manufacturing, assembly, and distribution; (3) due to their packaging, use, and maintenance; and (4) at the end of their life cycle. AAC machines builders and manufacturing firms were always concerned with meeting regulations that limited or prohibited the pollution and waste that is generated by manufacturing processes. However, nowadays new regulations are also focusing on the material content of the products that are sold in an effort to control the substances that enter the waste stream. In the present research paper some selected AAC machines and equipment's solutions used in minimizing the production hard waste in AAC industries will be presented and investigated by conducting a hybrid Industrial Machines and System Design concept and Design for Environment concept. This preliminary study will illustrate some examples of newly developed WKB Systems GmbH machinery and equipment that is constructed and used as a part of the AAC production processes of the blocks and reinforced panels and other AAC products.
Comparisons of confined and different types of reinforcement on the behavior of masonry shear walls
Authors: Jasiński Radosław 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a comparison of results for shear walls: unreinforced (three walls), confined (six walls), and reinforced with two different types of reinforcements (four walls). Masonry walls made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) had a thickness t = 0.18. Four series of different walls of the same length equal to l = 4.43 m and the height of h = 2.43 m were made and tested. Compressive strength of material masonry units and mortar for thin joints was equal to fb = 4.0 N/mm2 and fm = 6.1 N/mm2. Compressive strength of walls (according to EN 1052‐1:2000) was fc,mv = 2.97 N/mm2 and (fk = 2.48 N/mm2) and elastic modulus was Ecm = 2.040 N/mm2. Walls were tested at the same initial compressive stresses perpendicular to the plane of bed joints σc = 0.1, 0.75, and 1.0 N/mm2. In confined models, two external vertical cores and two horizontal beams were made and reinforced in accordance with the requirements of the European Standard EN‐1996‐1‐1. Steel truss‐type reinforcement and plastic grid placed in each bed joint were used in walls. The obtained values of stresses were compared at the time of cracking and destruction. The morphology of cracking and the mechanism of destruction were analyzed.
Testing boundary conditions determining the drying shrinkage behavior of AAC
Authors: Rzeczkowski Patrick , Lohaus Ludger 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe German application rules DIN 20000–404:2018‐04 for the use of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) according to DIN EN 771–4:2015‐11 state that the total value of the drying shrinkage as stated in DIN EN 680:2006‐03 must not exceed 0.40 mm/m. This value was set to determine the long‐term resistance due to carbonation. Such shrinkage tests, therefore, aim to distinguish critical from noncritical AAC blocks. The shrinkage curves of AACs tested in previous investigations differed from the behavior postulated in DIN EN 680:2006‐03. These deviations during shrinkage can be partly attributed to overlapping mechanisms, such as carbonation. In addition, the standard permits different storage conditions. The samples can be stored in either a room or cabinet with temperature and humidity control. In the present study, the possible testing boundary conditions according to DIN EN 680:2006‐03 are investigated to determine and evaluate the effects resulting from different testing boundary conditions and provide recommendations for performing the test. Furthermore, indications of processes in the material structure running parallel to shrinkage are to be derived. The investigations are accompanied by repeated shrinkage tests and thermogravimetric analyses.
Shaking table test study on a steel frame with autoclaved aerated concrete walls
Authors: Cheng Caiyuan , He Liusheng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper studies the seismic performance of a steel frame with autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) walls through full‐scale shaking table tests. In the tested single‐span two‐storey steel frame, two types of AAC walls, AAC panel, and AAC block masonry wall, were adopted. Damage distribution and progress, acceleration and displacement responses, and the effect of window openings and corresponding strengthening methods were investigated. Test results showed that good seismic performance of the model structure was achieved with using both types of AAC walls, the connection used between AAC walls and steel structure was reliable and the reinforcement applied for the wall near window openings was found effective.
Carbonation of autoclaved aerated concrete containing fly ash
Authors: Winkels Bernd , Nebel Holger , Raupach Michael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDue to the process of carbonation, the durability of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) may be affected. An adequate test method to assess the durability of AAC products in a short period currently does not exist. Hence, the German Institute for Building Technology (DIBt) has defined a limit value for drying shrinkage in order to prevent massive strength decrease of AAC products. In order to understand the deterioration mechanisms more in detail, investigations on the development of the compressive strength and the structural transformation of AAC have been carried out. Specimens taken from two different AAC products on the basis of quartz sand as well as fly ash were stored in different climate conditions. Shrinkage behavior was determined in normal climate (NC) of 20°C and 45% relative humidity. The compressive strength was determined at the beginning and additionally after about 180, 360, and 540 days. Phase analyses by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to correlate the structural transformation with compressive strength as well as shrinkage behavior in dependence of the silicate‐bearing raw materials.
Seismic performance of AAC masonry infill: From traditional systems to innovative solutions
Authors: Milanesi Riccardo R. , Morandi Paolo , Penna Andrea , Magenes Guido 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAccording to many post‐seismic event surveys and research investigations, the seismic response of masonry infills can cause considerable economic and downtime losses and can represent a serious threat to human lives. Although many researchers have developed innovative infill systems and new design criteria, a widely scientifically and practical recognized solution which can be adopted for every masonry type has not been achieved yet. Moreover, the increased use of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry infills thanks to its lightness, excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, and the fire resistance highlights the need of enhancing the knowledge about the seismic behavior of such infill material, and the possibility to develop improved systems that optimize the response of the AAC masonry in order to reduce detrimental issues of traditional infills. Within this paper, the experimental cyclic (in‐plane and out‐of‐plane) response of some traditional and enhanced infill solutions are presented together with a numerical simulation of the in‐plane tests on AAC unreinforced masonry infills. Furthermore, the main aspects affecting the seismic response, such as the in‐plane performance, the out‐of‐plane resistance, the local effects on adjacent reinforced concrete (RC) members, are discussed in order to indicate a possible path for future seismic resistant innovative solutions for AAC masonry infills.
Demolition waste and limit values for landfill
Authors: Walther Hartmut B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionDifferent building materials have been studied concerning their characteristic properties in the context of the European landfill directive and its implementation in Germany.MethodsContent analyses were amended by leaching tests and the full set of assignment criteria was always tested. 15 samples of different origins were studied, i.e. 8 samples of brick masonry, 4 samples of concrete, 1 sample of calcium silicate masonry and 2 samples of reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete panels.ResultsAll samples comply with the criteria of “inert waste” and “non‐hazardous waste” of the European landfill directive and with disposal site class I (“Deponieklasse I”) of the German landfill directive. Numerous samples do not comply with the criteria of “inert waste”, even if they consist of materials generally accepted to be inert.ConclusionThe waste material tested never exceeded the criteria of “non‐hazardous waste” disposal site class I. The compliance with the criteria of “inert waste” can only be achieved by testing the individual material, a general assignment does not seem possible.
Improvement of the mixing process and the influence on the AAC properties
Authors: Menzel Christoph 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe influence of the mixing process is normally not in the focus of the research of autoclaved aerated concrete. However, the homogeneous distribution of the individual raw material components plays a decisive role. Especially in bulk densities of less than 300 kg/m3, it is important to dissolve agglomerates and thus to allow optimal wetting of the solid particles with water. This is advantageous, for example, for the stability of the green cake, since the reactive surface of the binder particles increases and the hydration products therefore crosslink better. Another advantage of an ideal mixing process is the enhancement of the effect of additives used, especially if these are difficult to mix into water. The consequences are improved product properties or potential savings in terms of raw material costs.
Quality control of autoclaved aerated concrete by means of X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Paul Marcus 
Published: September 2018

AbstractX‐ray diffraction is a very powerful tool for the characterization of crystalline phases in multi‐phase materials. In recent years, this method has been established in numerous industrial branches for quality control in processes where materials consisting of crystalline phases are produced. For instance, cementitious materials exhibit up to 20 different phases of which each is responsible for certain physical and chemical properties of the product. Knowing and understanding the phase assemblage of a material and the effects on its behavior allows the optimization of a product with respect to properties, quality, and production costs. The cement industry is using this knowledge by characterizing the materials along the production chain from raw materials to the final products by means of X‐ray diffraction. Autoclaved aerated concretes (AACs) consist mainly of crystalline and non‐crystalline solids, and for that reason, they have been subject to many crystallographic studies using X‐ray diffraction. Although the phase assemblage is regularly investigated, only little knowledge gained from these studies is transferred to production sites in order to monitor the manufacturing process. The crystallographic phase assemblage of autoclaved aerated concrete could be examined by X‐ray diffraction on a routine basis in order to maintain constant product quality and, thus, even material properties. Another beneficial aspect of this method is that it enables choosing more economic raw materials and optimizing process parameters.
Length change characteristics of autoclaved aerated concrete and other porous media based on pore structure
Authors: Matsui Kunio , Asamoto Shingo , Ogawa Akihiro 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAutoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is an important building material and is a typical porous material. In this study, the moisture sorption and length change isotherms of AAC, Vycor glass, and a diatomaceous shale material were measured. Local minimum values of length change were observed at relative humidities (RH) from 60 to 90% during the desorption process in all cases. Significant hysteresis between desorption and adsorption occurred in this RH range. However, the length of each material changed with small moisture loss or gain and no hysteresis was observed at RH from 10 to 50%. The anomalous length change behavior above 60% RH was explained by capillary tension in inkbottle‐shaped pores, whereas the surface energy model was applied to the length change at low RH. The length change characteristics of the materials with different pore structures in our study can be explained by the pore size distribution.
Research of transformation process of barrier layers in antifriction bearing with solid lubricating filler at autoclave simulated operation
Authors: Perevertov Valeriy 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFor the time being, solutions to increase coupling durability are being searched for in a number of aspects: process design; physical and chemical, aimed at creating innovative and improving existing materials; physicometallurgical, aimed to find scientifically justified solutions to composition, structure, and property issues related to materials intended for production of components of friction assembly and methods to impact their near‐surface layers. An in‐depth study of kinetics of structural, phase and diffuse transformations is required in order to solve these problems. Researching the processes that occur when graphite‐based solid lubricants are in use, we will also examine strength and deformation properties of friction pair surface microvolumes. An objective of this paper is to study transformation processes of near‐surface layers in antifriction bearing while using solid‐antifriction lubricating fillers.
A novel cerebellar commissure and other myelinated axons in the Purkinje cell layer of a pond turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Daly Daniel T. , Ariel Michael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractParallel fibers in the molecular layer of the vertebrate cerebellum mediate slow spike conduction in the transverse plane. In contrast, electrophysiological recordings have indicated that rapid spike conduction exists between the lateral regions of the cerebellar cortex of the red‐ear pond turtle (Trachemys scripta). The anatomical basis for this commissure is now examined in that species using neuronal tracing techniques. Fluorescently tagged dextrans and lipophilic carbocyanine dyes placed in one lateral edge of this nonfoliated cortex are transported across the midline of living brains in vitro and along the axonal membranes of fixed tissues, respectively. Surprisingly, the labeled commissural axons traversed the cortex within the Purkinje cell layer, and not in the white matter of the molecular layer or the white matter below the granule cell layer. Unlike thin parallel fibers that exhibit characteristic varicosities, this commissure is composed of smooth axons of large diameter that also extend beyond the cerebellar cortex via the cerebellar peduncles. Double labeling with myelin basic protein antibody demonstrated that these commissural axons are ensheathed with myelin. In contrast to this transverse pathway, an orthogonal myelinated tract was observed along the cerebellar midline. The connections of this transverse commissure with the lateral cerebellum, the vestibular nuclear complex, and the cochlear vestibular ganglia indicate that this commissure plays a role in bilateral vestibular connectivity.
Risk Stratification of Prostate Cancer Using the Combination of Histogram Analysis of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Across Tumor Diffusion Volume and Clinical Information: A Pilot Study
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Xu Huazhi , Xue Yingnan , Li Jiance , Ye Qiong 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundThe effectiveness of quantitative MRI and clinical information in the risk stratification of prostate cancer (PCa) patients was evaluated separately in previous research; however, the differentiation power of combining quantitative MRI and clinical information has yet to be investigated.PurposeTo investigate the power of combining histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tumor diffusion volume (tDv) with clinical information for the differentiation of low‐grade (Gleason score [GS] ≤6) and high‐grade (GS ≥7) PCa.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationFifty‐nine PCa patients who underwent preoperative diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) (acquired with b = 0, 1000 mm2/s) and followed by radical prostatectomy within 6 months.SequencesT2‐weighted, DWI, and ADC images at 3.0T.AssessmenttDv defined with different ADC thresholds were analyzed for each patient and combined with age and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level. Binary logistic regression with backward feature selection was applied to determine the best discrimination and corresponding combination of parameters.Statistical TestsKolmogorov–Smirnov test; independent samples t‐test; Mann–Whitney U‐test; Spearman's rank correlation; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis; binary logistical regression.ResultsPSA and the 10th percentile ADC value of tDv defined with different diffusion thresholds were significantly different between low‐grade and high‐grade PCa groups (P < 0.05 for all). Median ADC of tDv based on a threshold of 1.008 × 10−3 mm2/s exhibited the best performance (AUC = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75–0.94), whereas binary logistic regression with backward feature selection achieved 97.20% accuracy with AUC = 0.978 (95% CI: 0.929–0.997).Data ConclusionThe discriminatory power of a single histogram variable of ADC in tDv was not significantly superior to that of a single clinical parameter. The combination of histogram analysis of ADC of tDv and clinical information using logistic regression might significantly improve the risk stratification of PCa and achieve reasonably high accuracy.Level of Evidence: 4Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:556–564.
Clinical epidemiology of infectious disease among patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Ishigami Junichi , Matsushita Kunihiro 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Infectious disease is recognized as an important complication among patients with end-stage renal disease, contributing to excess morbidity and health care costs. However, recent epidemiological studies have revealed that even mild to moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) substantially increase risk of infection. Regarding underlying mechanisms, evidence suggests various aspects of altered immune response in patients with CKD including impaired function of T cells, B cells and neutrophil. Multiple conditions surrounding CKD, such as older age, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are important contributors in the increased susceptibility to infection in this population. In addition, several mechanisms impairing immune function have been hypothesized including accumulated uremic toxins, increased oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, and mineral and bone disorders. In terms of prevention strategies, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are most feasible and important. Nevertheless, the extent of vaccine utilization in CKD has not been well documented. In addition, antibody response to vaccination may be reduced in CKD patients, and thus a vaccine delivery strategy (e.g., dose and frequency) may need to be optimized among patients with CKD. Through this review, we demonstrate that infection is a major but underrecognized complication of CKD. As CKD is recognized as a serious public health issue, dedicated research is needed to better characterize the burden of infectious disease associated with CKD, understand the pathophysiology of infection in patients with CKD, and develop effective strategies to prevent infection and its sequela in this high risk population.
Freeze-Out Mergers
Authors: Dalkır Elif , Dalkır Mehmet , Levit Doron 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Do freeze-out mergers mitigate the free-rider problem of corporate takeovers? We study this question in a tender offer model with finitely many shareholders. Under a freeze-out merger, minority shareholders expect to receive the original offer price whether or not they tender their shares. We show that the ability to freeze out shareholders increases the raider’s expected profit. However, as the number of shareholders gets arbitrarily large, the raider’s expected profit in equilibrium converges to zero for any freeze-out clause with an ownership threshold that is strictly above simple majority. In this sense, freeze-out mergers do not solve the free-rider problem.
Received September 17, 2016; editorial decision June 3, 2018 by Editor Francesca Cornelli.