bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential gene expression in HaCaT cells may account for the various clinical presentation caused by anthropophilic and geophilic dermatophytes infections
Authors: Deng Weiwei , Liang Panpan , Zheng Yue , Su Zhen , Gong Zijian , Chen Jiaqin , Feng Peiying , Chen Jian 
Published: October 2019

SummaryBackgroundDespite the worldwide prevalence of dermatophyte infections, only a few genes are reported to be related to dermatophyte infections. In addition, the mechanism by which different ecological dermatophytes infection leads to varying intensity of inflammation remains unclear.ObjectivesTo investigate the mechanism of varying intensity of skin inflammation caused by different ecological dermatophytes infection.MethodsWe infected HaCaT cells with anthropophilic and geophilic dermatophytes to mimic various ecological dermatophyte infections. RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) was employed to identify the change in the gene expression of HaCaT cells. To verify the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we selected 18 HaCaT cells genes to conduct qPCR experiments. In addition, immunoblotting was conducted to validate key genes from the MAPK signalling pathway.ResultsAfter HaCaT cells were infected with the anthropophilic Trichophyton rubrum (T rubrum) and the geophilic Microsporum gypseum (M gypseum), 118 and 619 differentially expressed genes were identified in HaCaT cells, respectively. These genes may provide a clue as to how keratinocytes respond to anthropophilic and geophilic dermatophytes. We also found that JUN may play a critical role in keratinocytes infected withM gypseum.ConclusionsDifferential gene expression in HaCaT cells may account for the various clinical presentation caused by anthropophilic and geophilic dermatophytes infections. In addition, the intense inflammatory reaction ofM gypseuminfection may be triggered by activating the JNK‐JUN signalling pathway.
C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism within a single leaf: deciphering key components behind a rare photosynthetic adaptation
Authors: Ferrari Renata C. , Bittencourt Priscila P. , Rodrigues Maria A. , Moreno‐Villena Jose J. , Alves Frederico R. R. , Gastaldi Vinícius D. , Boxall Susanna F. , Dever Louisa V. , Demarco Diego , Andrade Sónia C.S. , Edwards Erika J. , Hartwell James , Freschi Luciano 
Published: October 2019

Summary

Although biochemically related, C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) systems are expected to be incompatible. However, Portulaca species, including P. oleracea, operate C4 and CAM within a single leaf, and the mechanisms behind this unique photosynthetic arrangement remain largely unknown.

Here, we employed RNA‐seq to identify candidate genes involved exclusively or shared by C4 or CAM, and provided an in‐depth characterization of their transcript abundance patterns during the drought‐induced photosynthetic transitions in P. oleracea. Data revealed fewer candidate CAM‐specific genes than those recruited to function in C4. The putative CAM‐specific genes were predominantly involved in night‐time primary carboxylation reactions and malate movement across the tonoplast. Analysis of gene transcript‐abundance regulation and photosynthetic physiology indicated that C4 and CAM coexist within a single P. oleracea leaf under mild drought conditions.

Developmental and environmental cues were shown to regulate CAM expression in stems, whereas the shift from C4 to C4‐CAM hybrid photosynthesis in leaves was strictly under environmental control. Moreover, efficient starch turnover was identified as part of the metabolic adjustments required for CAM operation in both organs.

These findings provide insights into C4/CAM connectivity and compatibility, contributing to a deeper understanding of alternative ways to engineer CAM into C4 crop species.
Combined blockade of IL‐25, IL‐33 and TSLP mediates amplified inhibition of airway inflammation and remodelling in a murine model of asthma
Authors: An Gao , Wang Wenjun , Zhang Xin , Huang Qiong , Li Qin , Chen Shihao , Du Xiaonan , Corrigan Chris J. , Huang Kewu , Wang Wei , Chen Yan , Ying Sun 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveIsolated blockade of IL‐25, IL‐33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been shown to reduce airways inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in murine asthma model. The hypothesis that combined blockade of all three cytokines can accomplish this more effectively has never been addressed.MethodsWe studied a murine asthma model employing sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) or saline control. To discern the effects of IL‐33 blockade, we compared outcomes in strain identical, wild‐type and IL‐33 receptor (St2
−/−) gene‐deleted mice. We then examined, in the St2
−/− animals, the effects of additional, single or combined blockade of IL‐25 and TSLP with blocking antibodies. Outcomes included airways reactivity, inflammatory cellular infiltration, epithelial cell metaplasia, deposition of fibrosis‐related proteins, local Th2‐type cytokine expression and total and specific serum IgE concentrations measured by ELISA and quantitative immunohistochemistry.ResultsSt2
−/− gene deletion significantly reduced airways reactivity, inflammatory cellular infiltration, lung tissue expression of Th2 cytokines and fibrosis related proteins and serum total IgE in response to OVA sensitization and challenge. Additional administration of anti‐IL‐25 and anti‐TSLP blocking antibodies to the St2
−/− mice further significantly reduced inflammation, Th2 cytokine expression, airways fibrosis and IgE production, while anti‐TSLP alone reduced eosinophil infiltration and local IL‐4 expression. The airways inflammatory cellular infiltrate and lung tissue expression of Th2 cytokine, but not fibrosis‐related proteins were also reduced in the presence of isotype identical, control antibodies.ConclusionCombined blockade of these three cytokines may better ameliorate airways pathological changes in this murine asthma model, with implications for human asthma.
MYB81, a microspore‐specific GAMYB transcription factor, promotes pollen mitosis I and cell lineage formation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Oh Sung‐Aeong , Hoai Thuong Nguyen Thi , Park Hyo‐Jin , Zhao Mingmin , Twell David , Honys David , Park Soon‐Ki 
Published: October 2019

SummarySexual reproduction in flowering plants relies on the production of haploid gametophytes that consist of germline and supporting cells. During male gametophyte development, the asymmetric mitotic division of an undetermined unicellular microspore segregates these two cell lineages. To explore genetic regulation underlying this process, we screened for pollen cell patterning mutants and isolated the heterozygous myb81‐1 mutant that sheds ~50% abnormal pollen. Typically, myb81‐1 microspores fail to undergo pollen mitosis I (PMI) and arrest at polarized stage with a single central vacuole. Although most myb81‐1 microspores degenerate without division, a small fraction divides at later stages and fails to acquire correct cell fates. The myb81‐1 allele is transmitted normally through the female, but rarely through pollen. We show that myb81‐1 phenotypes result from impaired function of the GAMYB transcription factor MYB81. The MYB81 promoter shows microspore‐specific activity and a MYB81–RFP fusion protein is only expressed in a narrow window prior to PMI. Ectopic expression of MYB81 driven by various promoters can severely impair vegetative or reproductive development, reflecting the strict microspore‐specific control of MYB81. Our data demonstrate that MYB81 has a key role in the developmental progression of microspores, enabling formation of the two male cell lineages that are essential for sexual reproduction in Arabidopsis.
The conserved 3′ Angio‐domain defines a superfamily of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) in higher plants
Authors: Seibt Kathrin M. , Schmidt Thomas , Heitkam Tony 
Published: October 2019

SummaryRepetitive sequences are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic genomes affecting genome size and evolution as well as gene regulation. Among them, short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are non‐coding retrotransposons usually shorter than 1000 bp. They contain only few short conserved structural motifs, in particular an internal promoter derived from cellular RNAs and a mostly AT‐rich 3′ tail, whereas the remaining regions are highly variable. SINEs emerge and vanish during evolution, and often diversify into numerous families and subfamilies that are usually specific for only a limited number of species. In contrast, at the 3′ end of multiple plant SINEs we detected the highly conserved ‘Angio‐domain’. This 37 bp segment defines the Angio‐SINE superfamily, which encompasses 24 plant SINE families widely distributed across 13 orders within the plant kingdom. We retrieved 28 433 full‐length Angio‐SINE copies from genome assemblies of 46 plant species, frequently located in genes. Compensatory mutations in and adjacent to the Angio‐domain imply selective restraints maintaining its RNA structure. Angio‐SINE families share segmental sequence similarities, indicating a modular evolution with strong Angio‐domain preservation. We suggest that the conserved domain contributes to the evolutionary success of Angio‐SINEs through either structural interactions between SINE RNA and proteins increasing their transpositional efficiency, or by enhancing their accumulation in genes.
The role of FDI in structural change: Evidence from Mexico
Authors: Mühlen Henning , Escobar Octavio 
Published: October 2019

AbstractForeign direct investment (FDI) flows to Mexico are substantial and play an important role in the Mexican economy since the mid‐1990s. These investments reflect the activities of multinational firms that shape to some extent the economic landscape and sectoral structure in this host country. We illustrate that there is considerable variation in the amounts of FDI and structural change within the country and across time. Based on this, the paper's main purpose is to analyse whether there is a significant impact of FDI on structural change. We conduct an empirical analysis covering the period 2006–16. We use the fixed‐effects estimator where the unit of observation is a Mexican state for which we calculate structural change from the reallocation of labour between sectors. The results suggest that (if any) there is a positive effect from FDI on growth‐enhancing structural change. This effect depends critically on the lag structure of FDI. Moreover, there is some evidence that the positive effect (a) arises from FDI flows in the industry sector and (b) is present for medium and low‐skilled labour reallocation.
Removal processes of indicator organisms and opportunistic pathogens in an anaerobic digester‐constructed wetland system
Authors: Khouja Ibtissem , M’Hiri Fadhel , Ouzari Hadda‐Imene , Saidi Neila 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFactors affecting the removal of opportunistic pathogens were evaluated in a hybrid constructed wetland (CW2) treating rural wastewater. The correlations between the bacterial population and the environmental variables showed that bacteria discharge was the result of abiotic factors change such as temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), organic matter and nutrient availability, as well as biotic factors like antagonism and competition with the native microbial community. However, the contribution of each factor depends on bacteria nature, on the influence of wetland design, availability of oxygen, season, presence of plant, and wastewater composition. Higher removals rates of biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 (94.64 ± 3.92%), chemical oxygen demand COD (90.91 ± 6.81%), total suspended solids TSS (98.05 ± 1.18%), nitrogen (total Kjeldahl nitrogen TKN (81.78 ± 11.01%), ammonia nitrogen

(92.17 ± 6.56%), orthophosphate

(79.73 ± 10.41%) and bacteria (>98%) were observed in CW2.
Differences in neurocognitive performance and metabolic and inflammatory indices in male adults with obesity as a function of regular exercise
Authors: Tsai Chia‐Liang , Pan Chien‐Yu , Chen Fu‐Chen , Huang Tsang‐Hai , Tsai Meng‐Che , Chuang Chih‐Yao 
Published: October 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does regular exercise have benefits with regard to the neurocognitive problems related to obesity and are regular‐exercise‐induced neurocognitive changes associated with changes in the levels of metabolic/inflammatory biomarkers?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Although obese individuals with regular exercise showed higher C‐reactive protein levels as compared to the healthy‐weight individuals, only the obese individuals with a sedentary lifestyle showed deviant neurocognitive performance and higher metabolic and tumour necrosis factor‐α levels. The P3 amplitude was correlated with the levels of leptin in the obese individuals with regular activity, implicating that the potential mechanism of neurocognitive facilitation as a result of regular exercise could be reduced serum leptin levels.

AbstractObesity has been shown to be highly associated with deterioration in executive functions, elevated energy metabolic indices and low‐grade systemic inflammation. Exercise has the capacity to reduce these negative phenomena. This work examined the effect of regular exercise on neurocognitive deficits and metabolic/inflammatory markers in obesity. Fifty‐four participants were divided into three groups: healthy‐weight (HW), obesity with regular exercise (ORE) and obesity with sedentary lifestyle (OSL), according to their BMI and frequency of exercise. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry was applied to assess the whole‐body composition of the participants. The assessment included neurocognitive measures during the Posner paradigm test and fasting blood measurements. Relative to the HW group, only the OSL group showed significantly longer reaction times and smaller P3 amplitudes, even when controlling for the cardiorespiratory fitness co‐variable. Although the OSL group exhibited a greater N2 amplitude than the HW group, when controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness the difference between the two groups disappeared. The OSL group showed greater levels of metabolic indices (i.e. leptin, insulin and glucose) than the HW group. The three groups had comparable interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6 levels. However, the ORE and OSL groups showed higher levels of C‐reactive protein than the HW group. The OSL group exhibited higher tumour necrosis factor‐α levels than the HW and ORE groups. P3 amplitude was negatively correlated with the levels of leptin in the ORE group. Individuals with obesity can still obtain advantages with regard to neurocognitive and metabolic/inflammatory indices through engaging in regular exercise, possibly due to reduced serum leptin levels.
LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of low-U garnets reveals multiple episodes of skarn formation in the volcanic-hosted iron mineralization system, Awulale belt, Central Asia
Authors: Yan Shuang , Zhou Renjie , Niu He-Cai , Feng Yue-xing , Nguyen Ai Duc , Zhao Zhen-hua , Yang Wu-Bin , Dong Qian , Zhao Jian-xin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Volcanic-hosted iron deposits of the eastern Awulale metallogenetic belt in Central Asia possess a reserve of over 1.2 billion tons of iron ores and constitute one of the most important basements for high-grade iron resources in China. Skarns are widespread in these deposits and closely associated with iron mineralization. The ages of these skarns are unclear, and their genesis remains debated, preventing further investigation into their metallogenic processes. We focused on garnets in nine ore-bearing skarns from three large-scale iron deposits (Chagangnuoer, Dunde, and Beizhan) in the eastern Awulale belt. U-Pb dating was conducted on these garnets using our in-house reference material, the Taochong garnet (TC-13, Pb-Pb isochron age: 126.2 ± 2.3 Ma, initial 207Pb/206Pb ratio: 0.845 ± 0.022). Laser-ablation–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) was employed in the garnet U-Pb dating, and high-precision U-Pb ages (0.3%–1.6%) were obtained, highlighting the advantages of LA-MC-ICP-MS in dating low-U minerals. The garnet U-Pb ages of the nine skarn samples fall into three groups, i.e., 329.0 ± 5.1–326 ± 3.3 Ma (two samples), 316.3 ± 2.9–311.2 ± 2.4 Ma (six samples), and 295.6 ± 1.0 Ma (one sample), implying three episodes of skarn alteration in the volcanic-hosted iron mineralization system. The first and second episodes of skarns formed as a result of contact metasomatism between coeval volcanic rocks and limestone, and they have economically important iron mineralization. The third was likely caused by a local postcollision granitic intrusion, but its metallogenic potential deserves further assessment.
Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in northeast China: a cross-sectional study, 2017–2019
Authors: Xing Liying , Lin Min , Du Zhi , Jing Li , Tian Yuanmeng , Yan Han , Ren Guocheng , Dong Yingna , Sun Qun , Dai Dong , Shi Lei , Chen Hongyun , Liu Shuang 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) in northeast China.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey using a multistage, stratified and cluster random sampling method was conducted in Liaoning Province between September 2017 and March 2019. A total of 18 796 participants (28.9% urban, 71.1% rural) aged ≥40 years were included. All participants completed a questionnaire and underwent a physical examination and ECG. AF was diagnosed according to history and ECG findings.ResultsThe overall AF prevalence was 1.1%; it increased steeply with age. AF was more prevalent in men than in women (1.5% vs 0.9%, p<0.001); however, the difference between urban and rural areas was not significant (1.3% vs 1.1%, p=0.228). Among the AF population, the overall AF awareness rate was 52.6%, higher in women than in men (61.5% vs 44.1%, p=0.011); however, the difference between areas was not statistically significant (60.0% vs 49.0%, p=0.129). According to the CHA2DS-VASc score, almost all (90.2%, 194/215) of our subjects required oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy; however, only 4.1% actually received it. Moreover, hypertension (66.5%), dyslipidaemia (32.6%) and diabetes (24.2%) were highly prevalent in patients with AF, but their control rates were unacceptably low (7.0%, 8.6% and 28.8%, respectively).ConclusionsThe burden of AF in northeast China was substantial. Underuse of OAC therapy and uncontrolled comorbidities will likely contribute to the cardiovascular outcomes of patients with AF in the coming decades. Long-term management strategies for AF and related risk factors are required in northeast China.
Failure to reach uric acid target of <0.36 mmol/L in hyperuricaemia of gout is associated with elevated total and cardiovascular mortality
Authors: Pérez Ruiz Fernando , Richette Pascal , Stack Austin G , Karra Gurunath Ravichandra , García de Yébenes Ma Jesus , Carmona Loreto 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of achieving serum uric acid (sUA) of <0.36 mmol/L on overall and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in patients with gout.MethodsProspective cohort of patients with gout recruited from 1992 to 2017. Exposure was defined as the average sUA recorded during the first year of follow-up, dichotomised as ≤ or >0.36 mmol/L. Bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine mortality risks, expressed HRs and 95% CIs.ResultsOf 1193 patients, 92% were men with a mean age of 60 years, 6.8 years’ disease duration, an average of three to four flares in the previous year, a mean sUA of 9.1 mg/dL at baseline and a mean follow-up 48 months; and 158 died. Crude mortality rates were significantly higher for an sUA of ≥0.36 mmol/L, 80.9 per 1000 patient-years (95% CI 59.4 to 110.3), than for an sUA of <0.36 mmol/L, 25.7 per 1000 patient-years (95% CI 21.3 to 30.9). After adjustment for age, sex, CV risk factors, previous CV events, observation period and baseline sUA concentration, an sUA of ≥0.36 mmol/L was associated with elevated overall mortality (HR=2.33, 95% CI 1.60 to 3.41) and CV mortality (HR=2.05, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.45).ConclusionsFailure to reach a target sUA level of 0.36 mmol/L in patients with hyperuricaemia of gout is an independent predictor of overall and CV-related mortality. Targeting sUA levels of <0.36 mmol/L should be a principal goal in these high-risk patients in order to reduce CV events and to extend patient survival.
Functional Loss of ATRX and TERC Activates Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) in LAPC4 Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Graham Mindy K. , Kim Jiyoung , Da Joseph , Brosnan-Cashman Jacqueline A. , Rizzo Anthony , Baena Del Valle Javier A. , Chia Lionel , Rubenstein Michael , Davis Christine , Zheng Qizhi , Cope Leslie , Considine Michael , Haffner Michael C. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Meeker Alan K. , Heaphy Christopher M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

A key hallmark of cancer, unlimited replication, requires cancer cells to evade both replicative senescence and potentially lethal chromosomal instability induced by telomere dysfunction. The majority of cancers overcome these critical barriers by upregulating telomerase, a telomere-specific reverse transcriptase. However, a subset of cancers maintains telomere lengths by the telomerase-independent Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway. The presence of ALT is strongly associated with recurrent cancer-specific somatic inactivating mutations in the ATRX-DAXX chromatin-remodeling complex. Here, we generate an ALT-positive adenocarcinoma cell line following functional inactivation of ATRX and telomerase in a telomerase-positive adenocarcinoma cell line. Inactivating mutations in ATRX were introduced using CRISPR-cas9 nickase into two prostate cancer cell lines, LAPC-4 (derived from a lymph node metastasis) and CWR22Rv1 (sourced from a xenograft established from a primary prostate cancer). In LAPC-4, but not CWR22Rv1, abolishing ATRX was sufficient to induce multiple ALT-associated hallmarks, including the presence of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies (APB), extrachromosomal telomere C-circles, and dramatic telomere length heterogeneity. However, telomerase activity was still present in these ATRXKO cells. Telomerase activity was subsequently crippled in these LAPC-4 ATRXKO cells by introducing mutations in the TERC locus, the essential RNA component of telomerase. These LAPC-4 ATRXKO TERCmut cells continued to proliferate long-term and retained ALT-associated hallmarks, thereby demonstrating their reliance on the ALT mechanism for telomere maintenance.

Implications:
These prostate cancer cell line models provide a unique system to explore the distinct molecular alterations that occur upon induction of ALT, and may be useful tools to screen for ALT-specific therapies.