bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayān, Gesture, and Genre: Self-Positioning in al-Jurjānī’s Introductions
Authors: Miller Jeannie 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article examines the generic affiliations in the introductions to ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī’s (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081) Asrār al-balāgha and Dalāʾil al-iʿjāz, identifying their interlocutors, polemical purposes, and generic aspirations. Asrār al-balāgha aims to displace al-Jāḥiẓ (d. 255/868-9) as a theorist, while Dalāʾil al-iʿjāz addresses not only the Muʿtazilī theologian ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. ca. 415/1024), but also a group espousing an instrumentalist language theory, whom I identify as legal theorists (uṣūlīs) of all stripes. Al-Jurjānī’s critique alerts us to a history of instrumentalist language theory, and allows for a richer reexamination of the multifarious afterlife of al-Jāḥiẓ’s theory of communication (bayān), and his concept of gesture (ishāra). His critique of the instrumentalist group reflects a concern among fifth/eleventh-century legal theorists to ground their discipline more deeply in philology, especially grammar.
Throwing the Reins to the Reader: Hierarchy, Jurjānian Poetics, and al-Muṭarrizī’s Commentary on the Maqāmāt
Authors: Keegan Matthew L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article introduces al-Muṭarrizī’s (d. 610/1213) commentary on the Maqāmāt of al-Ḥarīrī (d. 516/1122), al-Īḍāḥ fī sharḥ al-maqāmāt. The commentary begins with a lengthy preface, which announces that it will provide the Maqāmāt’s reader with the interpretive tools necessary to recognize that al-Ḥarīrī’s Maqāmāt is an excellent, and possibly inimitable, text. The first portion of al-Muṭarrizī’s preface, examined in detail here, contains a collage of passages and paraphrases from the two major works on poetics by ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081). The article argues that al-Muṭarrizī, al-Jurjānī, and al-Ḥarīrī shared a common commitment to the idea that language ought to make apparent the intellectual hierarchies among readers. This overlooked aspect of Jurjānian poetics helps shed light on the reading and interpretive practices that informed the Maqāmāt’s enthusiastic reception as a text that was Qurʾān-like in its inimitability.
“What Are They Observing?”
Authors: Anthony Douglas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Three separate observer missions operated in Nigeria during the country’s 1967–1970 war against Biafran secession, charged with investigating allegations that Nigeria was engaged in genocide against Biafrans. Operating alongside UN and OAU missions, the four-country international observer group was best positioned to respond authoritatively to those allegations, but problems with the composition of the group and its failure to extend the geographical scope of its operations beyond Nigerian-held territory rendered its findings of limited value. This paper argues that the observer missions offer useful windows on several aspects of the war and almost certainly delivered some benefits to Biafrans, but also effectively abdicated their responsibility to Biafrans and the international community by allowing procedural politics to come before commitment to the spirit of the Genocide Convention.
Marriage in Islamic Interpretive Tradition: Revisiting the Legal and the Ethical
Authors: Al-Sharmani Mulki 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper tackles the vexed relationship between the ethical and the legal in the patriarchal construction of marriage and spousal rights in Islamic interpretive tradition and its modern manifestations (i.e. contemporary Muslim family laws and conservative religious discourses). I approach the issue from two angles. First, I examine the work of selected Muslim women scholars from different countries, who since the late 1980s and early 1990s have been engaging critically with Islamic interpretive tradition, to unpack and critique patriarchal interpretations and rulings on marriage and divorce rights, and provide alternative egalitarian readings that are grounded in Qurʾānic ethics. Second, I shed light on how this patriarchal construction of marriage and gender rights impacts the lived realities of ordinary Muslim women and men. I focus on two national contexts: Egypt and Finland. I show-through analysis of courtroom practices in family disputes, marriage practices, and ordinary women’s understandings of the sacred text-that the exegetical and juristic construction of spousal roles and rights is increasingly unsustainable in the lived realities of many Muslims as well as becoming a source of tension on an ethico-religious level.
Revising Athena’s Rage: Cassandra and the Homeric Appropriation of Nostos
Authors: Christensen Joel P. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article approaches the relationship between the Odyssey’s nostos and other Nostoi from the perspective of the epic’s treatment of Cassandra. In doing so, I emphasize two perspectives. First, rather than privileging either “lost” poems or our extant epic as primary in a “vertical” relationship, I assume a horizontal dynamic wherein the reconstructed poems and the Odyssey influenced each other. Second, I assume that, since little can be said with certainty about lost poems, references to other traditions attest primarily to the compositional methods and the poetics of our extant poem. After outlining the major narrative features of the story of Cassandra that were likely available to Homeric audiences, I argue that the suppression of her story in the Odyssey is both part of the epic’s strategy to celebrate Odysseus and Penelope and a feature of the enforcement of a male-dominated ideology.
The Corpse of Odysseus
Authors: Burgess Jonathan S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The topic is the burial of the corpse of Odysseus at Aeaea in the Telegony. I argue that in the Cyclic epic the corpse is buried at an Aeaea localized in Italy. The prophecy of Tiresias in Odyssey 11 may allude to some version of the Telegonus story, but the Homeric epic largely discounts such epichoric legends about Odysseus. Correspondences and differences between the Odyssey and the Telegony result from independent self-positioning within traditional Odyssean myth.
Agnoēsis and the Death of Odysseus in the Odyssey and the Telegony
Authors: Arft Justin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This essay explores the death of Odysseus in the Telegony and the Odyssey through the diction of agnoēsis (nonrecognition) and anagnōrisis (recognition). Agnoēsis is a motif in the stories of both Telegonus and the death of Odysseus, allowing the Odyssey’s presentation of agnoēsis to reference the Telegony tradition. Moreover, the deadly consequences of agnoēsis are inimical to the Odyssey’s vision of Odysseus’s kleos, and Odysseus’s death in the Telegony results in an alternative vision of his immortality. Examination of these contrasts between traditions sheds light on how the Odyssey negotiated dissonant elements from the Telegony tradition to enhance its own meaning.
Observations Utilizing Korea Ocean Research Stations and their Applications for Process Studies
Authors: Ha Kyung-Ja , Nam SungHyun , Jeong Jin-Yong , Moon Il-Ju , Lee Meehye , Yun Junghee , Jang Chan Joo , Kim Yong Sun , Byun Do-Seong , Heo Ki-Young , Shim Jae-Seol 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe main purposes for establishing the Korea ocean research stations (KORS) are for advancing an overall understanding of atmospheric and oceanic phenomena in the Yellow and East China Seas; for providing core scientific data for the studies on global environmental change, typhoon dynamics, biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems and fisheries, atmospheric chemistry involving Asian dust and aerosols, air–sea interaction processes including sea fog, and regional oceanographic process studies; and for functioning as ground stations of ocean remote sensing. Here, ocean–atmosphere time series observations with data service and case studies of KORS applications that will facilitate collaboration among researchers in the international atmospheric and oceanographic communities are presented.
A Unified Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux Approach for Modeling Atmospheric Convection
Authors: Suselj Kay , Kurowski Marcin J. , Teixeira Joao 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A fully unified parameterization of boundary layer and moist convection (shallow and deep) is presented. The new parameterization is based on the stochastic multiplume eddy-diffusivity/mass-flux (EDMF) approach, which distinguishes between convective plumes and nonconvective mixing. The convective plumes represent both surface-forced updrafts and evaporatively driven downdrafts. The type of convection (i.e., dry, shallow, or deep) represented by the updrafts is not defined a priori, but rather depends on the near-surface updraft properties and the stochastic interactions between the plumes and the environment through lateral entrainment. Consequently, some updrafts may contribute only to the nonlocal transport within the subcloud layer, while others may condense and form shallow or even deep convection. Such a formulation is void of trigger functions and additional closures typical of modular parameterizations. The updrafts are coupled to relatively simple warm-, mixed-, and ice-phase microphysics. Each precipitating updraft forms a downdraft driven by the evaporation of detrained precipitation. The downdrafts control the development of cold pools near the surface that can invigorate convection. The new parameterization is tested in a single-column model against large-eddy simulations (LESs) for cases representing weakly precipitating marine convection and the diurnal cycle of continental deep convection. The results of these EDMF experiments compare well with the LES reference simulations. In particular, the transitions between the different dominant convection regimes are realistically simulated.
Future Intensification of the Water Cycle with an Enhanced Annual Cycle over Global Land Monsoon Regions
Authors: Zhang Wenxia , Zhou Tianjun , Zhang Lixia , Zou Liwei 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
An integrated picture of the future changes in the water cycle is provided focusing on the global land monsoon (GLM) region, based on multimodel projections under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We investigate the reservoirs (e.g., precipitable water, soil moisture) and water fluxes (e.g., precipitation P, evaporation E, precipitation minus evaporation P − E, and total runoff) of the water cycle. The projected intensification of the water cycle with global warming in the GLM region is reflected in robust increases in annual-mean P (multimodel median response of 0.81% K−1), E (0.57% K−1), P − E (1.58% K−1), and total runoff (2.08% K−1). Both surface (−0.83% K−1) and total soil moisture (−0.26% K−1) decrease as a result of increasing evaporative demand. Regionally, the Northern Hemispheric (NH) African, South Asian, and East Asian monsoon regions would experience an intensified water cycle, as measured by the coherent increases in P, P − E, and runoff, while the NH American monsoon region would experience a weakened water cycle. Changes in the monthly fields are more remarkable and robust than in the annual mean. An enhanced annual cycle (by ~3%–5% K−1) with a phase delay from the current climate in P, P − E, and runoff is projected, featuring an intensified water cycle in the wet season while little changes or slight weakening in the dry season. The increased seasonality and drier soils throughout the year imply increasing flood and drought risks and agricultural yields reduction. Limiting global warming to 1.5°C, the low warming target set by the Paris Agreement, could robustly reduce additional hydrological risks from increased seasonality as compared to higher warming thresholds.
W-Band (95 GHz) Radar Attenuation in Tropical Stratiform Ice Anvils
Authors: Protat Alain , Rauniyar Surendra , Delanoë Julien , Fontaine Emmanuel , Schwarzenboeck Alfons 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAttenuation of the W-band (95 GHz) radar signal by atmospheric ice particles has long been neglected in cloud microphysics studies. In this work, 95-GHz airborne multibeam cloud radar observations in tropical stratiform ice anvils are used to estimate vertical profiles of 95-GHz attenuation. Two techniques are developed and compared, using very different assumptions. The first technique examines statistical reflectivity differences between repeated aircraft passes through the same cloud mass at different altitudes. The second technique exploits reflectivity differences between two different pathlengths through the same cloud, using the multibeam capabilities of the cloud radar. Using the first technique, the two-way attenuation coefficient produced by stratiform ice particles ranges between 1 and 1.6 dB km−1 for reflectivities between 13 and 18 dBZ, with an expected increase of attenuation with reflectivity. Using the second technique, the multibeam results confirm these high attenuation coefficient values and expand the reflectivity range, with typical attenuation coefficient values of up to 3–4 dB km−1 for reflectivities of 20 dBZ. The potential impact of attenuation on precipitating-ice-cloud microphysics retrievals is quantified using vertical profiles of the mean and the 99th percentile of ice water content derived from noncorrected and attenuation-corrected reflectivities. A large impact is found on the 99th percentile of ice water content, which increases by 0.3–0.4 g m−3 up to 11-km height. Finally, T-matrix calculations of attenuation constrained by measured particle size distributions, ice crystal mass–size, and projected area–size relationships are found to largely underestimate cloud radar attenuation estimates.
Numerical Simulations of Typhoon Hagupit (2008) Using WRF
Authors: Sun Jia , He Hailun , Hu Xiaomin , Wang Dingqi , Gao Cen , Song Jinbao 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We used a mesoscale atmospheric model to simulate Typhoon Hagupit (2008) in the South China Sea (SCS). First, we chose optimized parameterization schemes based on a series of sensitivity tests. The results suggested that a combination of the Kain–Fritsch cumulus scheme and the Goddard microphysics scheme was the best choice for reproducing both the track and intensity of Typhoon Hagupit. Next, the simulated rainfall was compared with microwave remote sensing products. This comparison validated the model results for both the magnitude of rainfall and the location of heavy rain relative to the typhoon’s center. Furthermore, the potential vorticity and vertical wind speed displayed the asymmetric horizontal and tilted vertical structures of Typhoon Hagupit. Finally, we compared the simulation of air–sea turbulent fluxes with estimations from an in situ buoy. The time series of momentum fluxes were roughly consistent, while the model still overestimated heat fluxes, especially right before the typhoon’s arrival at the buoy.
Relationship between carotid plaque characteristics and new ischemic lesions after stenting detected by computed tomography angiography
Authors: Qu Hongying , Zhang Xiaokun , Zhang Miao , Gao Yongan , Lu Jie 
Published: June 2019

Background Although carotid artery stenting achieves definite benefits, it carries a higher rate of embolization compared with carotid endarterectomy. The incidence of embolization may be related to plaque stability. Purpose To assess for any relationship between plaque characteristics and cerebral emboli following carotid artery stenting. Material and Methods Sixty-three patients with severe carotid stenosis underwent carotid artery stenting. They were divided into two groups according to whether new ischemic lesions were detected on diffusion-weighted imaging after carotid artery stenting. We evaluated the types and locations of calcification in plaques and extent of calcification. We then assessed for a correlation between each of these factors and occurrence of new lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging after carotid artery stenting. Results The locations of calcification, percentage of plaque enhancement, and the number of plaques with irregular surface or ulceration were significantly different between the two groups. A peripheral position of calcification (close to the adventitia), enhancing plaques, and plaques with irregular surfaces or ulceration were statistically significant predictors of intracerebral embolization after carotid artery stenting. No significant differences in type of plaque or degree of calcification were found between two groups. Conclusion Peripheral calcification, enhancing plaques, and plaques with irregular surfaces were risk factors for intracerebral embolization after carotid artery stenting. These plaque characteristics should be considered when choosing the optimal treatment for patients.
Changes in Cross-sectional Area and Signal Intensity of Healing Anterior Cruciate Ligaments and Grafts in the First 2 Years After Surgery
Authors: Kiapour Ata M. , Ecklund Kirsten , Murray Martha M. ,   BEAR Trial Team, Flutie Brett , Freiberger Christina , Henderson Rachael , Kramer Dennis , Micheli Lyle , Thurber Laura , Yen Yi-Meng , Fleming Braden C. 
Published: June 2019

Background: The quality of a repaired anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or reconstructed graft is typically quantified in clinical studies by evaluating knee, lower extremity, or patient performance. However, magnetic resonance imaging of the healing ACL or graft may provide a more direct measure of tissue quality (ie, signal intensity) and quantity (ie, cross-sectional area). Hypotheses: (1) Average cross-sectional area or signal intensity of a healing ACL after bridge-enhanced ACL repair (BEAR) or a hamstring autograft (ACL reconstruction) will change postoperatively from 3 to 24 months. (2) The average cross-sectional area and signal intensity of the healing ligament or graft will correlate with anatomic features of the knee associated with ACL injury. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Patients with a complete midsubstance ACL tear who were treated with either BEAR (n = 10) or ACL reconstruction (n = 10) underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Images were analyzed to determine the average cross-sectional area and signal intensity of the ACL or graft at each time point. ACL orientation, stump length, and bony anatomy were also assessed. Results: Mean cross-sectional area of the grafts was 48% to 98% larger than the contralateral intact ACLs at all time points ( P < .01). The BEAR ACLs were 23% to 28% greater in cross-sectional area than the contralateral intact ACLs at 3 and 6 months ( P < .02) but similar at 12 and 24 months. The BEAR ACLs were similar in sagittal orientation to the contralateral ACLs, while the grafts were 6.5° more vertical ( P = .005). For the BEAR ACLs, a bigger notch correlated with a bigger cross-sectional area, while a shorter ACL femoral stump, steeper lateral tibial slope, and shallower medial tibial depth were associated with higher signal intensity ( R2 > .40, P < .05). Performance of notchplasty resulted in an increased ACL cross-sectional area after the BEAR procedure ( P = .007). No anatomic features were correlated with ACL graft size or signal intensity. Conclusion: Hamstring autografts were larger in cross-sectional area and more vertically oriented than the native ACLs at 24 months after surgery. BEAR ACLs had a cross-sectional area, signal intensity, and sagittal orientation similar to the contralateral ACLs at 24 months. The early signal intensity and cross-sectional area of the repaired ACL may be affected by specific anatomic features, including lateral tibial slope and notch width—observations that deserve further study in a larger cohort of patients. Registration: NCT02292004 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)
Platelet-Rich Plasma Reduces Failure Risk for Isolated Meniscal Repairs but Provides No Benefit for Meniscal Repairs With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Everhart Joshua S. , Cavendish Parker A. , Eikenberry Alex , Magnussen Robert A. , Kaeding Christopher C. , Flanigan David C. 
Published: June 2019

Background: The effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the risk of meniscal repair failure is unclear. Current evidence is limited to small studies without comparison between isolated repairs and meniscal repairs with concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. It is also unclear whether the efficacy of PRP differs between preparation systems in the setting of meniscal repair. Purpose: (1) To determine whether intraoperative PRP affects the risk of meniscal repair failure. (2) To determine whether the effect of PRP on meniscal failure risk is influenced by ACL reconstruction status or by PRP preparation system. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The study entailed 550 patients (mean ± SD age, 28.8 ± 11.2 years) who underwent meniscal repair surgery with PRP (n = 203 total; n = 148 prepared with GPS III system, n = 55 prepared with Angel system) or without PRP (n = 347) and with (n = 399) or without (n = 151) concurrent ACL reconstruction. The patients were assessed for meniscal repair failure within 3 years. The independent effect of PRP on the risk of meniscal repair failure was determined by multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, ACL status, tear pattern, tear vascularity, repair technique, side (medial or lateral), and number of sutures or implants used. Results: Failures within 3 years occurred in 17.0% of patients without PRP and 14.6% of patients with PRP ( P = .60) (Angel PRP, 15.9%; GPS III PRP, 14.2%; P = .58). Increased patient age was protective against meniscal failure regardless of ACL or PRP status (per 5-year increase in age: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-1.0; P = .047). The effect of PRP on meniscal failure risk was dependent on concomitant ACL injury status. Among isolated meniscal repairs (20.3% failures at 3 years), PRP was independently associated with lower risk of failure (aHR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.03-0.59; P = .002) with no difference between PRP preparation systems ( P = .84). Among meniscal repairs with concomitant ACL reconstruction (14.1% failures at 3 years), PRP was not independently associated with risk of failure (aHR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.81-2.36; P = .23) with no difference between PRP preparation systems ( P = .78). Conclusion: Both PRP preparations used in the current study had a substantial protective effect in terms of the risk of isolated meniscal repair failure over 3 years. In the setting of concomitant ACL reconstruction, PRP does not reduce the risk of meniscal repair failure.