bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling sarcomeric cardiomyopathies with human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Sewanan Lorenzo R. , Campbell Stuart G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a unique opportunity to understand the pathophysiological effects of genetic cardiomyopathy mutations. In particular, these cells hold the potential to unmask the effects of mutations on contractile behaviour in vitro, providing new insights into genotype–phenotype relationships. With this goal in mind, several groups have established iPSC lines that contain sarcomeric gene mutations linked to cardiomyopathy in patient populations. Their studies have employed diverse systems and methods for performing mechanical measurements of contractility, ranging from single cell techniques to multicellular tissue‐like constructs. Here, we review published results to date within the growing field of iPSC‐based sarcomeric cardiomyopathy disease models. We devote special attention to the methods of mechanical characterization selected in each case, and how these relate to the paradigms of classical muscle mechanics. An appreciation of these somewhat subtle paradigms can inform efforts to compare the results of different studies and possibly reconcile discrepancies. Although more work remains to be done to improve and possibly standardize methods for producing, maturing, and mechanically interrogating iPSC‐derived cardiomyocytes, the initial results indicate that this approach to modelling cardiomyopathies will continue to provide critical insights into these devastating diseases.
image
Control of Net Radiative Heat Transfer With a Variable-Emissivity Accordion Tessellation
Authors: Mulford Rydge B. , Dwivedi Vivek H. , Jones Matthew R. , Iverson Brian D. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Origami tessellations have been proposed as a mechanism for control of radiative heat transfer through the use of the cavity effect. This work explores the impact of a changing projected surface area and varying apparent radiative properties on the net radiative heat transfer of an accordion fold comprised of V-grooves. The net radiative heat transfer of an accordion tessellation is obtained by a thermal energy balance at the cavity openings with radiative properties of the cavities given as a function of various cavity parameters. Results of the analytical model are experimentally confirmed. An accordion tessellation, constructed of stainless-steel shim stock, is positioned to achieve a specified fold angle and placed in a vacuum environment while heated by Joule heating. A thermal camera records the apparent temperature of the cavity openings for various fold angles. Results are compared to apparent temperatures predicted with the analytical model. Analytically and experimentally obtained temperatures agree within 5% and all measurements fall within experimental uncertainty. For diffusely irradiated surfaces, the decrease in projected surface area dominates, causing a continuous decrease in net radiative heat transfer for a collapsing accordion fold. Highly reflective specular surfaces exposed to diffuse irradiation experience large turn-down ratios (7.5× reduction in heat transfer) in the small angle ranges. Specular surfaces exposed to collimated irradiation achieve a turn down ratio of 3.35 between V-groove angles of 120 deg and 150 deg. The approach outlined here may be extended to modeling the net radiative heat transfer for other origami tessellations.
Anatomical characterization of the inferior petrosal sinus and adjacent cerebellopontine angle cistern for development of an endovascular transdural cerebrospinal fluid shunt
Authors: Heilman Carl B , Basil Gregory W , Beneduce Brandon M , Malek Adel M 
Published: January 2019

Background and purposeWe evaluated the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) and adjacent cerebellopontine angle (CPA) cistern as a potential implantation site for a novel venous endovascular transdural CSF shunt concept to treat communicating hydrocephalus. We analyzed the dimensions of the IPS, CPA cistern, and distances to adjacent neurovascular structures.Materials and methodsGadolinium enhanced T1 weighted brain MRI datasets of 36 randomly selected patients, aged 20–80 years, were analyzed with three-dimensional multiplanar reconstruction to measure IPS diameter and length, CPA cistern depth, and IPS proximity to the vertebrobasilar arteries and brainstem. Statistical analysis was used to assess gender, sidedness, and age dependence.ResultsMean IPS diameter ranged from 2.27 mm to 3.31 mm at three axial levels, with >90% larger than 1.46 mm. CPA cistern adjacent to the IPS exhibited a mean depth of 3.86 mm to 7.39 mm between the dura and brainstem at corresponding axial levels. There was no side dependence except for a longer distance from the IPS to the basilar artery on the left compared with the right (9.72 vs 7.28, P<0.019). Linear regression analysis showed that the distance from the IPS to the brainstem was statistically significantly increased with age (P<0.0002) and was greater in men, with little side variation (P=0.524).ConclusionOur results demonstrate sufficient CSF CPA cisternal space adjacent to the IPS and support the feasibility of an endovascular catheter delivered transdural implantable shunt. Such a device could serve to mimic the function of the arachnoid granulation by establishing a regulated path for CSF flow from the intracranial subarachnoid space to the venous system and provide a treatment for communicating hydrocephalus.
Application of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in understanding regional deformation, fabric development and granite emplacement: examples from Indian cratons
Authors: Mamtani Manish A. , Bhatt Sandeep , Rana Virendra , Sen Koushik , Mondal Tridib K. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

In this paper the authors review various applications of analysing fabric in granites from Indian cratons using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). First the general importance of AMS in identifying the internal fabric in massive granitoids devoid of visible foliations/lineations is highlighted. Subsequently, three important applications of AMS in granitoids are discussed. (a) The case of Godhra Granite (southern parts of the Aravalli Mountain Belt) is presented as an example of the robustness of AMS in working out the time relationship between emplacement/fabric development and regional deformation by integrating field, microstructural and magnetic data. (b) AMS orientation data from Chakradharpur Granitoid (eastern India) are compared with field-based information from the vicinity of the Singhbhum Shear Zone to highlight the use of AMS in kinematic analysis and vorticity quantification of syntectonic granitoids. (c) Magnetic fabric orientations from the Mulgund Granite (Dharwar Craton) are presented to document the application of AMS in recognizing superposed deformation in granitoids. Moreover, AMS data from Mulgund Granite are also compared with data from another pluton of similar age (
c.
2.5 Ga) from the Dharwar Craton (Koppal Granitoid; syenitic composition). This highlights the use of AMS from granitoids of similar absolute ages in constraining the age of regional superposed deformation.
Wave Climate from Spectra and Its Connections with Local and Remote Wind Climate
Authors: Jiang Haoyu , Mu Lin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWind-generated waves can propagate over large distances. Therefore, wave spectra from a fixed point can record information about air–sea interactions in distant areas. In this study, the spectral wave climate for a point in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean is computed. Several well-defined wave climate systems are observed in the mean wave spectrum. Significant seasonal cycling, long-term trends, and correlations with the Southern Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation, and the Antarctic Oscillation are observed in the local wave spectra, showing abundant climatic information. Projections of wind vectors on the directions pointing to the target location are used to connect the spectral wave climate and basin-scale wind climate, because significant correlations are observed between the wave spectra and the wind projections of both local and remote wind systems. The origins of all the identified wave climate systems, including the westerlies and the trade winds in both hemispheres, are clearly shown in wind projection maps. Some of these origins are thousands of kilometers away from the target point, demonstrating the validity of this connection. Comparisons are made between wave spectra and the corresponding local and remote wind fields with respect to seasonal and interannual variability and long-term trends. The results show that each frequency and direction of ocean wave spectra at a certain location can be approximately linked to the wind field for a geographical area, implying that it is feasible to reconstruct spectral wave climates from observational wind field data and monitor wind climates from observational wave spectra geographically far away.
Challenges in advancing the laser fiber through the great saphenous vein during endovenous ablation and strategies to overcome them
Authors: Gornati Vitor C , Utsunomia Karen , Labropoulos Nicos 
Published: January 2019

Objectives To determine the incidence of possible obstacles and patients’ characteristics when performing endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) and suggestions to improve the ability to overcome them. Method A prospective study with 215 limbs treated with EVLT. A sequence of maneuvers was performed to move the fiber forward when difficulty was found and if unsuccessful another entry site was punctured. Results In 29 of 215 (13.48%) limbs, resistance was encountered while navigating the fiber; 16 (55.17%) solved with lower limb extension; 13 (44.82%) needed ultrasound guided maneuvers; five (17.24%) needed a saline flush and in three patients (10.34%) another entry site was necessary. In 214 of 215 cases (99.53%), ablation was accomplished and no complications were observed. Conclusions Both obstruction and higher patients' BMI are the main obstacles during endovenous laser ablation and usually needs additional maneuvers to accomplish the procedure in our study and the use of tricks to overcome these issues is feasible.
Noise reduction and image quality in ultra-high resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone using advanced modeled iterative reconstruction
Authors: Hempel Johann-Martin , Niklas Bongers Malte , Braun Katharina , Ernemann Ulrike , Bier Georg 
Published: January 2019

Background The novel advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE) algorithm in ultra-high-resolution (UHR) computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone has not yet been systematically evaluated. Purpose To assess the potential of ADMIRE in temporal bone UHR CT. Material and Methods Forty-four patients who underwent UHR CT of the temporal bone using z-axis UHR protocol were retrospectively selected for analysis. Images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and ADMIRE with multiple strength levels. Regions of interest were drawn in the posterior fossa and petrous bone. The average density (in Hounsfield units [HU]) and the image noise (standard deviation of density values) were extracted. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were then calculated. Additionally, a subjective qualitative analysis was performed using a five-point Likert scale. The potential dose reduction was extrapolated from objective analysis and confirmed in an additional phantom study. Results The image noise was significantly lower, and the SNR and CNR were significantly higher in ADMIRE reconstructions levels A2–A5 than in FBP ( P < 0.001, respectively). Subjective image quality was significantly higher in ADMIRE levels A2–A5 than in FBP ( P < 0.001) and it was rated best in ADMIRE level A3. Confirmed by the results from the phantom study, a dose reduction of at least 40% was feasible while maintaining image quality. Conclusions The ADMIRE reconstruction algorithm significantly improves image quality and reduces noise on temporal bone UHR CT scans. Thus, it allows for substantial dose reduction.
Mucoactive Agents in the Therapy of Upper Respiratory Airways Infections: Fair to Describe Them Just as Mucoactive?
Authors: Scaglione Francesco , Petrini Orlando 
Published: January 2019

Background: Upper and lower respiratory tract infections are common conditions for which medical advice is sought, and their management relies on the use of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. Ambroxol, bromhexine, carbocysteine, erdosteine, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and sobrerol are mucoactive agents for which clinical trials have been conducted, have been awarded well-established status by regulatory authorities, and are available as OTC or prescription products. Objective: To briefly review the evidence-based efficacy and safety of these substances in the therapy of upper respiratory airways infections. Methods: We conducted searches in MEDLINE and other databases for clinical trials and reviews done on the efficacy and safety of ambroxol, bromhexine, carbocysteine, erdosteine, NAC, and sobrerol. Results: Clinical trials have shown that these mucolytics have an important place in the relief of cough symptoms by easing the elimination of mucus. All drugs have shown comparable efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of productive cough, with some shared characteristics and some specific features. Conclusions and relevance: All mucolytics reviewed have a good safety profile, although some precautions should be taken when using ambroxol and bromhexine, and the use of NAC and carbocysteine should be monitored in special patient groups. Overall, however, the available evidence from randomised, controlled, and observational trials, as well as pragmatic, real-life experience, suggests that these products are useful in the therapy of upper respiratory airways infections, including bronchitis, sinusitis, and rhinosinusitis.
Incidence and outcome of peri-procedural cardiogenic shock: results from the international Euro Heart Survey PCI registry
Authors: Weipert Kay F , Bauer Timm , Nef Holger M , Hochadel Matthias , Weidinger Franz , Gitt Anselm K , Zeymer Uwe , Hamm Christian W 
Published: January 2019

Background: There is a large body of literature on acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. However, very little is known about patients who are initially haemodynamically stable and develop cardiogenic shock during percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: A total of 47,407 consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled in the PCI Registry of the Euro Heart Survey Programme. We analysed interventions with peri-procedural complications that were classified as ‘shock induced by procedure’ on the case report form. Clinical and procedural characteristics as well as hospital outcomes of haemodynamically stable patients who developed cardiogenic shock during percutaneous coronary intervention were evaluated. Patients with haemodynamic instability at presentation prior to intervention were excluded. Results: A total of 68 patients (0.2%) developed cardiogenic shock as a complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. The majority of cases comprised acute coronary syndrome (60.3%) with complex lesions (93.1%). Most patients had multi-vessel disease (82.1%) and an ejection fraction less than 40% (58.1%). In the multivariate analysis, left main disease (odds ratio (OR) 9.51), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR 5.31) and multi-vessel disease without left main involvement (OR 3.32) were the strongest independent predictors of peri-procedural cardiogenic shock. Among these patients procedural success was low (66.1%) and in-hospital mortality was very high (39.7%). Conclusions: In this real-world registry the rate of haemodynamically stable patients who developed cardiogenic shock during percutaneous coronary intervention was very low. Patients at a priori high risk were more likely to be affected by this complication. The in-hospital mortality rate of these patients was very high.
Passive seismic event estimation using multiscattering waveform inversion
Authors: Song Chao , Wu Zedong , Alkhalifah Tariq 
Published: January 2019

Passive seismic monitoring has become an effective method to understand underground processes. Time-reversal-based methods are often used to locate passive seismic events directly. However, these kinds of methods are strongly dependent on the accuracy of the velocity model. Full-waveform inversion (FWI) has been used on passive seismic data to invert the velocity model and source image, simultaneously. However, waveform inversion of passive seismic data uses mainly the transmission energy, which results in poor illumination and low resolution. We developed a waveform inversion using multiscattered energy for passive seismic to extract more information from the data than conventional FWI. Using transmission wavepath information from single- and double-scattering, computed from a predicted scatterer field acting as secondary sources, our method provides better illumination of the velocity model than conventional FWI. Using a new objective function, we optimized the source image and velocity model, including multiscattered energy, simultaneously. Because we conducted our method in the frequency domain with a complex source function including spatial and wavelet information, we mitigate the uncertainties of the source wavelet and source origin time. Inversion results from the Marmousi model indicate that by taking advantage of multiscattered energy and starting from a reasonably acceptable frequency (a single source at 3 Hz and multiple sources at 5 Hz), our method yields better inverted velocity models and source images compared with conventional FWI.
Sources of stress in the practice of psychiatry: perspective from the Arab world
Authors: Abdul-Al Rudwan 
Published: January 2019

The main challenges faced by psychiatrists in the Arab world are stigma, shortage of resources, role of the family and effects of conflicts and migration. Psychiatrists practising in this region have to adapt to these challenges and use creative methods to provide a good service to their patients.A woman in her mid-20s presented to a private psychiatric out-patient clinic with a longstanding obsessive–compulsive disorder of contamination. She had fled her home country with her family because of an ongoing armed conflict. They were under temporary ‘visitor’ visas and the possibility of their stay not being renewed created immense anxiety. The patient was prone to bouts of anger on a regular basis, causing her to shout at her mother and brother. Her mother was concerned that the neighbours might complain, which might get the family into trouble with the police. The family were eager to know if the patient's condition was likely to improve with medication. They also asked if she could be admitted to an in-patient unit for treatment. Unfortunately, the psychiatric in-patient unit was not suitable for her needs and she could not go back to her home country because of safety concerns. The cost of treatment at a private clinic was expensive for the family. She was not eligible for state-funded healthcare.The psychiatrist had to manage a complex situation created by stigma, effects of war and migration, lack of appropriate resources and the role of family. He maintained a trusting relationship with the patient and made sure no information was given to her family without her consent. Regular contact with the family was maintained to increase awareness about the nature of the patient's symptoms and to support the family in coping with the difficulties mentioned above.
Impact of Peer Review on Use of Hypofractionated Regimens for Early-Stage Breast Cancer for Patients at a Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center and Its Community-Based Affiliates
Authors: Ganju Rohit G. , TenNapel Mindi , Chen Allen M. , Mitchell Melissa 
Published: January 2019

PURPOSE: Data have demonstrated that hypofractionated radiation therapy (HFRT) and conventionally fractionated radiation therapy regimens are equivalent with respect to outcomes. Efforts to increase HFRT use have had mixed success. We implemented a prospective peer review chart rounds integrating all practice sites and reviewed the use of HFRT in an attempt to identify potential predictors of use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients treated with whole-breast radiation therapy within our cancer care network from January 2016 to June 2017 were evaluated. Radiation courses with a dose per fraction of greater than 2 Gy were considered HFRT, whereas those with a dose per fraction of less than or equal to 2 Gy were considered as conventionally fractionated radiation therapy. Patient, provider, and tumor characteristics were categorized by use of HFRT and compared between groups using a χ2 test or two-tailed t test. RESULTS: A total of 349 consecutive patients were identified. All 120 patients treated at the main academic site received HFRT. There was significant variation in use of HFRT among community-based providers (28% to 100%; P < .001). There was increased use of HFRT after implementation of institution-wide prospective peer review (66% v 81% before and after implementation, respectively; P = .001). Age, tumor grade, chemotherapy receipt, surgeon type (academic v community), and treatment after implementation of peer review all correlated with HFRT use. On multivariable analysis, treatment after implementation of peer review ( P < .001) remained a significant predictor of HFRT use, as did age ( P = .005), tumor grade ( P = .013), and surgeon type ( P < .001). CONCLUSION: Significant variation persists in the use of HFRT among providers. Increased awareness and oversight through prospective peer review may be useful in improving compliance to HFRT. Expanding these efforts to include education of referring surgeons may be helpful.
Neuronal migration in the CNS during development and disease: insights from in vivo and in vitro models
Authors: Buchsbaum Isabel Yasmin , Cappello Silvia 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT
Neuronal migration is a fundamental process that governs embryonic brain development. As such, mutations that affect essential neuronal migration processes lead to severe brain malformations, which can cause complex and heterogeneous developmental and neuronal migration disorders. Our fragmented knowledge about the aetiology of these disorders raises numerous issues. However, many of these can now be addressed through studies of in vivo and in vitro models that attempt to recapitulate human-specific mechanisms of cortical development. In this Review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these model systems and suggest that a complementary approach, using combinations of in vivo and in vitro models, will broaden our knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie defective neuronal positioning in the human cerebral cortex.