bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computation and Characterization of Local Subfilter-Scale Energy Transfers in Atmospheric Flows
Authors: Faranda Davide , Lembo Valerio , Iyer Manasa , Kuzzay Denis , Chibbaro Sergio , Daviaud Francois , Dubrulle Berengere 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Atmospheric motions are governed by turbulent motions associated to nontrivial energy transfers at small scales (direct cascade) and/or at large scales (inverse cascade). Although it is known that the two cascades coexist, energy fluxes have been previously investigated from the spectral point of view but not on their instantaneous spatial and local structure. Here, we compute local and instantaneous subfilter-scale energy transfers in two sets of reanalyses (NCEP–NCAR and ERA-Interim) in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere for the year 2005. The fluxes are mostly positive (toward subgrid scales) in the troposphere and negative in the stratosphere, reflecting the baroclinic and barotropic nature of the motions, respectively. The most intense positive energy fluxes are found in the troposphere and are associated with baroclinic eddies or tropical cyclones. The computation of such fluxes can be used to characterize the amount of energy lost or missing at the smallest scales in climate and weather models.
Improvement of the Simulation of Cloud Longwave Scattering in Broadband Radiative Transfer Models
Authors: Tang Guanglin , Yang Ping , Kattawar George W. , Huang Xianglei , Mlawer Eli J. , Baum Bryan A. , King Michael D. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Cloud longwave scattering is generally neglected in general circulation models (GCMs), but it plays a significant and highly uncertain role in the atmospheric energy budget as demonstrated in recent studies. To reduce the errors caused by neglecting cloud longwave scattering, two new radiance adjustment methods are developed that retain the computational efficiency of broadband radiative transfer simulations. In particular, two existing scaling methods and the two new adjustment methods are implemented in the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM). The results are then compared with those based on the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer model (DISORT) that explicitly accounts for multiple scattering by clouds. The two scaling methods are shown to improve the accuracy of radiative transfer simulations for optically thin clouds but not effectively for optically thick clouds. However, the adjustment methods reduce computational errors over a wide range, from optically thin to thick clouds. With the adjustment methods, the errors resulting from neglecting cloud longwave scattering are reduced to less than 2 W m−2 for the upward irradiance at the top of the atmosphere and less than 0.5 W m−2 for the surface downward irradiance. The adjustment schemes prove to be more accurate and efficient than a four-stream approximation that explicitly accounts for multiple scattering. The neglect of cloud longwave scattering results in an underestimate of the surface downward irradiance (cooling effect), but the errors are almost eliminated by the adjustment methods (warming effect).
Scattering Calculations for Asymmetric Raindrops during a Line Convection Event: Comparison with Radar Measurements
Authors: Manić Sanja B. , Thurai Merhala , Bringi V. N. , Notaroš Branislav M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTwo-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) data from a line convection rain event are analyzed using the method of moments surface integral equation (MoM-SIE) via drop-by-drop polarimetric scattering calculations at C band that are compared with radar measurements. Drop geometry of asymmetric drop shapes is reconstructed from 2DVD measurements, and the MoM-SIE model is created by meshing the surface of the drop. The differential reflectivity Zdr calculations for an example asymmetric drop are validated against an industry standard code solution at C band, and the azimuthal dependence of results is documented. Using the MoM-SIE analysis on 2DVD drop-by-drop data (also referred to as simply MoM-SIE), the radar variables [Zh, Zdr, Kdp, ρhv] are computed as a function of time (with 1-min resolution) and compared to C-band radar measurements. The importance of shape variability of asymmetric drops is demonstrated by comparing with the traditional (or “bulk”) method, which uses 1-min averaged drop size distributions and equilibrium oblate shapes. This was especially pronounced for ρhv, where the MoM-SIE method showed lowered values (dip) during the passage of the line convection consistent with radar measurements, unlike the bulk method. The MoM-SIE calculations of [Zh, Zdr, Kdp] agree very well with the radar measurements, whereas linear depolarization ratio (LDR) calculations from the drop-by-drop method are found to be larger than the values from the bulk method, which is consistent with the dip in simulated and radar-measured ρhv. Our calculations show the importance of the variance of shapes resulting from asymmetric drops in the calculation of ρhv and LDR.
Information-Pooling Bias in Collaborative Security Incident Correlation Analysis
Authors: Rajivan Prashanth , Cooke Nancy J. 
Published: April 2018

Objective: Incident correlation is a vital step in the cybersecurity threat detection process. This article presents research on the effect of group-level information-pooling bias on collaborative incident correlation analysis in a synthetic task environment. Background: Past research has shown that uneven information distribution biases people to share information that is known to most team members and prevents them from sharing any unique information available with them. The effect of such biases on security team collaborations are largely unknown. Method: Thirty 3-person teams performed two threat detection missions involving information sharing and correlating security incidents. Incidents were predistributed to each person in the team based on the hidden profile paradigm. Participant teams, randomly assigned to three experimental groups, used different collaboration aids during Mission 2. Results: Communication analysis revealed that participant teams were 3 times more likely to discuss security incidents commonly known to the majority. Unaided team collaboration was inefficient in finding associations between security incidents uniquely available to each member of the team. Visualizations that augment perceptual processing and recognition memory were found to mitigate the bias. Conclusion: The data suggest that (a) security analyst teams, when conducting collaborative correlation analysis, could be inefficient in pooling unique information from their peers; (b) employing off-the-shelf collaboration tools in cybersecurity defense environments is inadequate; and (c) collaborative security visualization tools developed considering the human cognitive limitations of security analysts is necessary. Application: Potential applications of this research include development of team training procedures and collaboration tool development for security analysts.
PD‐1 Inhibition Minimally Affects Cisplatin‐Induced Toxicities in a Murine Model
Authors: Spielbauer Katie , Cunningham Lisa , Schmitt Nicole 
Published: April 2018

Immune checkpoint inhibition used in combination with standard cisplatin‐based chemotherapy regimens is currently under evaluation in clinical trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The impact of anti–PD‐1 therapy on cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity has not been established. Here we use a murine model of cisplatin‐induced hearing loss to investigate the impact of anti–PD‐1 immunotherapy on auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), serum creatinine, and hair cell and renal histology. We demonstrate only mild worsening of DPOAEs at 14.4 and 16 kHz as well as a mild increase in serum creatinine. Renal and hair cell histology as well as ABR measures were unchanged by PD‐1 inhibition. Thus, our data suggest that the use of PD‐1 inhibition in conjunction with cisplatin results in toxicities that are similar to those of cisplatin alone.
Laryngeal Force Sensor: Quantifying Extralaryngeal Complications after Suspension Microlaryngoscopy
Authors: Feng Allen L. , Song Phillip C. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesTo develop a novel sensor capable of dynamically analyzing the force exerted during suspension microlaryngoscopy and to examine the relationship between force and postoperative tongue complications.Study DesignProspective observational study.SettingAcademic tertiary care center.MethodsThe laryngeal force sensor is a designed for use during microphonosurgery. Prospectively enrolled patients completed pre‐ and postoperative surveys to assess the development of tongue‐related symptoms (dysgeusia, pain, paresthesia, and paresis) or dysphagia (10‐item Eating Assessment Tool [EAT‐10]). To prevent operator bias, surgeons were blinded to the force recordings during surgery.ResultsFifty‐six patients completed the study. Of these, 20 (36%) developed postoperative tongue symptoms, and 12 (21%) had abnormal EAT‐10 scores. The mean maximum force across all procedures was 164.7 N (95% CI, 141.0‐188.4; range, 48.5‐402.6), while the mean suspension time was 34.3 minutes (95% CI, 27.4‐41.2; range, 7.1‐108.1). Multiple logistic regression showed maximum force (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.29; P =. 019) and female sex (30.1%; 95% CI, 22.7%‐37.5%; P <. 001) as significant predictors for the development of tongue‐related symptoms. The only significant predictor of an abnormal postoperative EAT‐10 score was an increased maximum force (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.06; P =. 045).ConclusionsThe laryngeal force sensor is capable of providing dynamic force measurements throughout suspension microlaryngoscopy. An increase in maximum force during surgery may be a significant predictor for the development of tongue‐related symptoms and an abnormal EAT‐10 score. Female patients may also be at greater risk for developing postoperative tongue symptoms.
Trends in Pediatric Otolaryngology Disparities Research
Authors: Jabbour Jad , Doerfer Karl W. , Robey Thomas , Cunningham Michael J. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesTo describe trends in disparities research within pediatric otolaryngology as evidenced by major meeting presentations and to compare observed trends with those in the realm of patient safety and quality improvement (PSQI).Study DesignRetrospective review of presentations at national otolaryngology meetings.SettingOnline review of meeting programs.Subjects and MethodsMeeting programs from the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Triological Society, American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, and Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children from 2003 to 2016 were manually searched for pediatric oral and poster presentations addressing disparities and socioeconomic determinants of health, as well as PSQI. Presentation frequency was compared between categories and within each category over time.ResultsOf 11,311 total presentations, 3078 were related to the pediatric population, and 1945 (63.2%) of those were oral presentations. Disparities‐related presentations increased from 0 in 2003 to 17 in 2016. From 2003 to 2009, 9 of 656 (1.4%) presentations involved disparities, as opposed to 70 of 2422 (2.9%) from 2010 to 2016 (P =. 03). The proportion of presentations regarding PSQI also increased: from 42 of 656 (6.4%) in 2003‐2009 to 221 of 2422 (9.1%) in 2010‐2016 (P =. 01). PSQI presentations remain more common than disparities presentations (9.1% vs 2.9%, P <. 001).ConclusionHealth care disparities are increasingly addressed in pediatric otolaryngology meeting presentations. Compared with the well‐established realm of PSQI, disparities research remains nascent but is gaining attention. Health care reform and quality improvement efforts should recognize the role of socioeconomic factors and include strategies for addressing disparities.
Visual outcomes of pediatric traumatic cataracts
Authors: Jinagal Jitender , Gupta Gaurav , Gupta Parul C , Yangzes Sonam , Singh Rishiraj , Gupta Rohit , Ram Jagat 
Published: April 2018

Introduction: To report visual outcomes and risk factors of pediatric traumatic cataracts in a tertiary care referral center in northern India. Methods: We analyzed medical records of traumatic cataracts in the pediatric age group (1–15 years) operated for cataract surgery with or without posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation with or without primary posterior capsulotomy with anterior vitrectomy between 2004 and 2012. Causative agents, types of trauma, demographic factors, surgical interventions, complications, and visual acuity were recorded and compared among different groups. Results: A total of 147 children were documented to have undergone cataract surgery for traumatic cataract in the study period, male-to-female ratio being approximately 5:1. Mean age was 7.67 ± 3.30 years (range, 1–15 years). Type of primary insult was penetrating injury in 100 (68%) patients and blunt trauma in 47 (32%) patients. Mean interval between injury and cataract surgery in penetrating injury cases was 3.84 ± 7.05 months and in the blunt injury cases was 6.28 ± 11.13 months. Preoperatively, only 110 patients were cooperative for visual acuity. Out of them, none had vision better than 6/18 and only 21 patients (19.9%) had vision of ≥6/60. Visual acuity of 6/18 or better (was considered good visual outcome) was achieved by 87.9%, 97.3%, and 97.9% at 1, 6, and 36 months, postoperatively. Eyes which underwent primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy during cataract surgery showed statistically better visual outcome than those without it. Conclusion: Phacoaspiration with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation along with primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy and timely introduction of amblyopia therapy helped in gaining good visual outcome in pediatric traumatic cataract patients irrespective of the age of presentation and the type of injury.
Impact of known or new-onset atrial fibrillation on 2-year cardiovascular event rate in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the prospective EPICOR Registry
Authors: Zeymer Uwe , Annemans Lieven , Danchin Nicolas , Pocock Stuart , Newsome Simon , Van de Werf Frans , Medina Jesús , Bueno Héctor 
Published: April 2018

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased morbidity in acute coronary syndrome patients, but impact on outcomes beyond 1 year is unclear. Methods: This was a post-hoc analysis from the long-tErm follow-uP of antithrombotic management patterns In acute CORonary syndrome patients (EPICOR) registry (NCT01171404), a prospective, observational study conducted in Europe and Latin America, which enrolled acute coronary syndrome survivors at discharge. Antithrombotic management patterns, mortality, a composite endpoint of death/new non-fatal myocardial infarction/stroke and bleeding events were assessed after 2 years of follow-up in patients with or without AF. Results: Of 10,568 patients enrolled, 397 (4.7%) had prior AF and 382 (3.6%) new-onset AF during index hospitalisation. Fewer patients with AF underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (52.1% vs. 66.6%; P<0.0001). At discharge, fewer AF patients received dual antiplatelet therapy (71.6% vs. 89.5%; P<0.0001); oral anticoagulant use was higher in AF patients but was still infrequent (35.0% vs. 2.5%; P<0.0001). Use of dual antiplatelet therapy and oral anticoagulants declined over follow-up with over 50% of all AF/no AF patients remaining on dual antiplatelet therapy (55.6% vs. 60.6%), and 23.3% (new-onset AF) to 42.1% (prior AF) on oral anticoagulants at 2 years. At 2 years, mortality, composite endpoint and bleeding rates were higher in AF patients (all P<0.0001) compared to patients without AF. On multivariable analysis, the risk of mortality or the composite endpoint was significant for prior AF ( P=0.003, P=0.001) but not new-onset AF ( P=0.88, P=0.92). Conclusions: Acute coronary syndrome patients with AF represent a high-risk group with increased event rates during long-term follow-up. Prior AF is an independent predictor of mortality and/or ischaemic events at 2 years. Use of anticoagulants in AF after acute coronary syndrome is still suboptimal.
Late neuroprogenitors contribute to normal retinal vascular development in a Hif2a-dependent manner
Authors: Cristante Enrico , Liyanage Sidath E. , Sampson Robert D. , Kalargyrou Aikaterini , De Rossi Giulia , Rizzi Matteo , Hoke Justin , Ribeiro Joana , Maswood Ryea N. , Duran Yanai , Matsuki Takaaki , Aghaizu Nozie D. , Luhmann Ulrich F. , Smith Alexander J. , Ali Robin R. , Bainbridge James W. B. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
In the adult central nervous system, endothelial and neuronal cells engage in tight cross-talk as key components of the so-called neurovascular unit. Impairment of this important relationship adversely affects tissue homeostasis, as observed in neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In development, the influence of neuroprogenitor cells on angiogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we show in mouse that these cells interact intimately with the growing retinal vascular network, and we identify a novel regulatory mechanism of vasculature development mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 2a (Hif2a). By Cre-lox gene excision, we show that Hif2a in retinal neuroprogenitor cells upregulates the expression of the pro-angiogenic mediators vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin, whereas it locally downregulates the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin. Importantly, absence of Hif2a in retinal neuroprogenitor cells causes a marked reduction of proliferating endothelial cells at the angiogenic front. This results in delayed retinal vascular development, fewer major retinal vessels and reduced density of the peripheral deep retinal vascular plexus. Our findings demonstrate that retinal neuroprogenitor cells are a crucial component of the developing neurovascular unit.
Heterogeneous fates and dynamic rearrangement of regenerative epidermis-derived cells during zebrafish fin regeneration
Authors: Shibata Eri , Ando Kazunori , Murase Emiko , Kawakami Atsushi 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
The regenerative epidermis (RE) is a specialized tissue that plays an essential role in tissue regeneration. However, the fate of the RE during and after regeneration is unknown. In this study, we performed Cre-loxP-mediated cell fate tracking and revealed the fates of a major population of the RE cells that express fibronectin 1b (fn1b) during zebrafish fin regeneration. Our study showed that these RE cells are mainly recruited from the inter-ray epidermis, and that they follow heterogeneous cell fates. Early recruited cells contribute to initial wound healing and soon disappear by apoptosis, while the later recruited cells contribute to the regenerated epidermis. Intriguingly, many of these cells are also expelled from the regenerated tissue by a dynamic caudal movement of the epidermis over time, and in turn the loss of epidermal cells is replenished by a global self-replication of basal and suprabasal cells in fin. De-differentiation of non-basal epidermal cells into the basal epidermal cells did not occur during regeneration. Overall, our study reveals the heterogeneous fates of RE cells and a dynamic rearrangement of the epidermis during and after regeneration.
Coordinated directional outgrowth and pattern formation by integration of Wnt5a and Fgf signaling in planar cell polarity
Authors: Gao Bo , Ajima Rieko , Yang Wei , Li Chunyu , Song Hai , Anderson Matthew J. , Liu Robert R. , Lewandoski Mark B. , Yamaguchi Terry P. , Yang Yingzi 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
Embryonic morphogenesis of a complex organism requires proper regulation of patterning and directional growth. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is emerging as a crucial evolutionarily conserved mechanism whereby directional information is conveyed. PCP is thought to be established by global cues, and recent studies have revealed an instructive role of a Wnt signaling gradient in epithelial tissues of both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, it remains unclear whether Wnt/PCP signaling is regulated in a coordinated manner with embryonic patterning during morphogenesis. Here, in mouse developing limbs, we find that apical ectoderm ridge-derived Fgfs required for limb patterning regulate PCP along the proximal-distal axis in a Wnt5a-dependent manner. We demonstrate with genetic evidence that the Wnt5a gradient acts as a global cue that is instructive in establishing PCP in the limb mesenchyme, and that Wnt5a also plays a permissive role to allow Fgf signaling to orient PCP. Our results indicate that limb morphogenesis is regulated by coordination of directional growth and patterning through integration of Wnt5a and Fgf signaling.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring at High Altitude—Effects on Glucose Homeostasis
Authors: HILL NEIL E. , DEIGHTON KEVIN , MATU JAMIE , MISRA SHIVANI , OLIVER NICK S. , NEWMAN CARRIE , MELLOR ADRIAN , O’HARA JOHN , WOODS DAVID 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Exposure to high altitude has been shown to enhance both glucose and lipid utilization depending on experimental protocol. In addition, high and low blood glucose levels have been reported at high altitude. We hypothesized that gradual ascent to high altitude results in changes in glucose levels in healthy young adults.

Methods
Twenty-five adult volunteers, split into two teams, took part in the British Services Dhaulagiri Medical Research Expedition completing 14 d of trekking around the Dhaulagiri circuit in Nepal reaching a peak altitude of 5300 m on day 11 of the trek. Participants wore blinded continuous glucose monitors (CGM) throughout. Blood samples for C-peptide, proinsulin, and triacylglycerides were taken at sea level (United Kingdom) and in acclimatization camps at 3600, 4650, and 5120 m. Energy intake was determined from food diaries.

Results
There was no difference in time spent in hypoglycemia stratified by altitude. Nocturnal CGM readings (2200–0600 h) were chosen to reduce the short-term effect of physical activity and food intake and showed a significant (P < 0.0001) increase at 3600 m (5.53 ± 0.22 mmol·L−1), 4650 m (4.77 ± 0.30 mmol·L−1), and 5120 m (4.78 ± 0.24 mmol·L−1) compared with baseline altitude 1100 m (vs 4.61 ± 0.25 mmol·L−1). Energy intake did not differ by altitude. Insulin resistance and beta-cell function, calculated by homeostatic model assessment, were reduced at 3600 m compared with sea level.

Conclusions
We observed a significant increase in nocturnal CGM glucose at 3600 m and greater despite gradual ascent from 1100 m. Taken with the changes in insulin resistance and beta-cell function, it is possible that the stress response to high altitude dominates exercise-enhanced insulin sensitivity, resulting in relative hyperglycemia.