bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial variational characteristics analysis of heavy metals pollution in the water of the Caroni River system: case study from a tropical river
Authors: Banerjee Kailas Sekhar , Jittan Lera , Ramkalawan Shabian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the spatial variations in distribution of certain heavy metals in the Caroni River Basin, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, which is the most industrialized nation of the Caribbean. Until now, no detailed assessment has been carried out in this area to measure the accumulation indices and associated risks. This study can illustrate the movement and transportation of analysed heavy metals, and can be used for baseline information. Results from the study revealed that the concentration in the river water samples (in μg/L) varies: Cr (5.07 to 6.85), Co (3.47 to 6.07), Ni (5.23 to 9.38), Cu (4.56 to 10.11), Zn (2.13 to 60.91), As (3.97 to 5.7) and Pb (4.04 to 9.92). This study also revealed that these higher concentrations can be attributed to effluents from small-scale industries, unnoticed irrigation processes, and domestic wastes. The San Juan, St Joseph and Arouca rivers were found to be the most polluted, and Cu, Pb, Zn and As were the most abundant metals in the study area. Heavy metals analysed from most of the river-bed and river-bank positions showed very good correlation with respective river water samples (0.98 for river bed and 0.83 for river bank).
Evaluation of moving bed sand filter for denitrification, suspended solids removal and very low effluent total phosphorus concentrations
Authors: Rathnaweera S. S. , Rusten B. , Manamperuma L. D. , Gjevre J. , Tranum I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Continuously flushing moving bed sand filter was operated in pilot scale for phosphorus (P) and nitrogen removal with simultaneous particle removal. The wastewater tested was either final effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with nitrogen removal in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) followed by coagulation and dissolved air flotation (DAF) for P and suspended solids (SS) removal, or different mixtures of this final effluent and effluent from the MBBR-stage. The study focused on the applicability to achieve low total phosphorus (TP) concentrations (below 0.1 mg/L) and suspended solids concentrations (below 10 mg SS/L), plus good denitrification (removal rate over 750 g NO3-N/m3-d), by treating wastewater having variable concentrations of TP (from 0.19 to 7.3 mg/L), SS (from 3 to 169 mg/L) and total nitrogen (from 8 to 27 mg/L). The target effluent TP limit was easily achieved when adding coagulant to WWTP effluent. With correct coagulant dose (Al/TP-molar ratio &gt;4) and good particle removal the target effluent TP could also be reached when treating mixed WW with fairly high influent TP. Very high denitrification rates were achieved with adequate influent P concentration and external carbon source. Low denitrification rates were observed when limited by low concentrations of biodegradable carbon and phosphorus.
Screening for drought resistance during germination of modern and old Iberian wheat cultivars
Authors: Pavia Ivo , Rocha Luís , Moutinho-Pereira José , Lima-Brito José , Correia Carlos 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Climate change is expected to reduce water availability in several wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing areas. Drought, during and immediately after sowing can compromise germination, seedling development, and ultimately crop yield. Our study’s objective was to investigate early drought stress resistance and evaluate genetic diversity of four bread wheat cultivars – three modern elite germplasm lines (‘Antequera’, ‘Jordão’ and ‘Roxo’) and an ancient Portuguese cultivar (‘Mestiço’) – at five water potentials, ranging from 0 to –1.5 MPa. Germination was annotated daily during eight days. Dry and fresh weights as well as root and shoot growth were measured. Genetic variability among cultivars was evaluated using start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Overall, when water potential was lowered, germination rate and seedling growth were delayed. Final germination percentages were only affected by the higher stress intensity. This study reinforces the importance of research into ancient wheat cultivars, such as ‘Mestiço’. This cultivar showed the highest genetic difference when compared with the remaining cultivars. ‘Mestiço’ presented the highest coleoptile size, high vigor index values, and the lowest variation in water content due to stress conditions. Therefore, it may be able to germinate in extremly dry soil and be the least affected by drought stress. Still, due to the comparatively reduced yield of older wheat cultivars, stress tolerance should be researched within elite cultivars. Among these, Jordão revealed particularly good germination and early biomass development characteristics across water potentials, presenting a likely choice for future studies under drought stress conditions.
Phenolic profiles of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) leaf extracts obtained by different extraction methods
Authors: Persic Martina , Veberic Robert , Mikulic-Petkovsek Maja 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Extracts from quince leaves are a well-known home remedy used for treating diverse health problems. Most of the beneficial properties of quince leaf extracts may be assigned to their high content of phenolic compounds, particularly tannins. In this research, we have evaluated the efficiency of various methods for phenolic extraction from quince leaves and determined detailed phenolic profiles of different extracts. The results indicated that leaf drying is a suitable pretreatment for enhancing the extraction of phenolic compounds. Higher extraction of phenolics was achieved at higher temperatures (i.e. infusion or decoction). Phenolic profiles of quince leaf extracts differed among the extraction solvents and time of extraction. Flavanols prevailed in extracts obtained by decoction and ethanolic maceration, while extracts obtained by maceration in water and infusion were rich in phenolic acids. A highly concentrated quince leaf extract was attained by ethanolic maceration, using a standard ratio of solvent and leaf material.
A new variety of Plocama calabrica (Rubiaceae) from Denizli (Turkey) confirmed by morphological and molecular ISSR markers
Authors: Göktürk Ramazan Süleyman , Düşen Olcay , Kaya Ergun , Gürcan Betül , Sarpkaya Uygar 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Plocama calabrica (L.f.) M.Backlund & Thulin var. alba Göktürk, O.D.Düşen, B.Gürcan & U. Sarpkaya variety nova is described from South-West Anatolia. The new variety grows on limestone slopes between Akpınar and Yaylapınar villages in the Çameli district in Denizli. It is closely related to P. calabrica var. calabrica, and can be readily distinguished by morphological and molecular characters from the related variety. Taxonomic comments such as descriptive and diagnostic characters, distribution and ecology, phenology and proposed conservation status for this new variety are given in the current study. Morphological affinities and the inter-simple-sequence repeat (ISSR)-PCR based phylogenetic relationships between the new and the related variety are also discussed
Germination behavior of the extremely rare Hladnikia pastinacifolia Rchb. (Apiaceae) – a Pleistocene in situ survivor
Authors: Šajna Nina , Šipek Mirjana , Šuštar-Vozlič Jelka , Kaligarič Mitja 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The present-day diversity of European flora in temperate mountain ranges was mainly formed by the negative effects of Pleistocene glaciation, which caused extinctions, restricted survival in situ, and subsequent re-colonization. Only rarely can we find species that have retained the molecular information of in situ survival. One such example is the extremely rare H. pastinacifolia Rchb., a monotypic genus and a narrow endemic of a mountain plateau south-east of the Julian Alps (Slovenia). We investigated the germination behavior and dispersal indications, which are often closely related to rarity and persistence and thus valuable for species conservation. Additionally, results about H. pastinacifolia help us to understand better what kind of species survived glaciations in Europe in situ. Our results show that these seeds have an underdeveloped embryo and require an ecologically relevant moist chilling period of about 100 days. The temperature sequence of the colder period that H. pastinacifolia seeds received in nature was 20/15 °C (52 days), 10/5 °C (40 days), 5/0 °C (65 days), 10/0 °C (45 days), 15/5 °C (21 days). The germination rate was high, significantly increased by scarification, and therefore prevented long-term seed bank establishment. We found cryptic seed differences expressed by two types of dormancy, each related to the order of the umbel: simple and complex morphophysiological dormancy for the lateral and the main umbel, respectively. Seed dispersal was very much influenced by precipitation in autumn. The germination and dispersal characteristics could explain the rarity and at the same time the persistence of H. pastinacifolia.
Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on cadmium toxicity in black poplar (Populus nigra): physiological approaches
Authors: Cikili Yakup , Kulac Semsettin , Samet Halil , Filiz Ertugrul 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metallic contaminant that negatively affects plant metabolism and causes reductions in productivity. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that regulates various physiological processes and is involved in response to biotic/abiotic stresses. This work investigated the effects of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, application on Cd toxicity in black poplar (Populus nigra). Black poplars were exposed to individual/combined CdCl2and SNP treatments for 21 days by complete randomized design with three replications. Cd concentrations increased in leaves, bark, and roots at Cd treatments, whereas Cd + SNP applications had alleviative effects on Cd exposures, except for leaves. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylla,b,a + band carotenoids) reduced with Cd treatments in leaves, while they increased in Cd + SNP applications. Similarly, plant biomass was reduced with Cd treatments, but Cd + SNP application prevented these reductions. SNP also alleviated malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in leaves under Cd treatments. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activities were also affected by Cd and Cd + SNP applications. Cd exposure also decreased Zn2+, Fe2+and Mn2+levels in leaves, bark and roots, while it increased Cu2+level in leaves and roots. This study concludes that Cd toxicity caused a reduction of plant growth and mineral nutrition parameters. However, SNP indicates great potentials for improving the growth under Cd toxicity inP. nigra.
Nectar and pollen production of Helianthus tuberosus L. – an exotic plant with invasiveness potential
Authors: Denisow Bożena , Tymoszuk Karolina , Dmitruk Marta 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn Central Europe,Helianthus tuberosusL. is a late summer/autumn bloomer (August/November). The disc florets produce both nectar and pollen. Floral reward is available in male-phase flowers (pollen and nectar) and in female-phase flowers (nectar). The floral reward is attractive to a variety of insect visitors (honey bees, wasps, flies and butterflies). The season of blooming as well as the total sugar yield (25.4 – 47.4 kg ha−1) and pollen yield (57.8 – 212.7 kg ha−1) indicate thatH. tuberosusis important in the enhancement of food resources for pollinators. The generative reproduction inH. tuberosusis impaired (the species does not set seeds/fruits). However, due to its attractiveness for a variety of pollinators in both rural and urban areas, the spread ofH. tuberosusshould be monitored. Moreover, its propagation needs to be attended with restrictions.
Variation in morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of two Eucalyptus species under short-term water stress
Authors: Amrutha Sivanantham , Parveen Abdul Bari Muneera , Muthupandi Muthusamy , Sivakumar Veerasamy , Nautiyal Raman , Ghosh Dasgupta Modhumita 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The genus Eucalyptus occurs in a wide range of environmental conditions, including rainforests, subal-pine, arid/semi-arid and moist temperate zones. It includes species with the capacity to cope with extremely low water potential. This study aims to screen water stress tolerance in two Eucalyptus species under nursery conditions. Inter-specific variation in morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters in two Eucalyptus species (E. tereticornis and E. camaldulensis) with contrasting levels of tolerance to progressive short term water-deprived condition was evaluated. Water stress reduced growth measured in terms of root:shoot ratio and specific leaf area (SLA), photosynthetic parameters, leaf water potential and relative water content (RWC) in both genotypes. Biochemical parameters including total sugars, phenol, phytohormones (indole acetic acid and abscisic acid) and proline were found to significantly increase during stress in both genotypes. Water responsive transcripts like osmotin and DREB/CBF registered significant expression variation in the two genotypes, suggesting their key role in regulating water stress tolerance in Eucalyptus.
Agricultural Soil and Agricultural Land – Problems and Challenges from the View of Legal Regulation
Authors: Illáš Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
At present, the issue of agricultural land protection resonates in a wide range of scientific disciplines. Individual approaches to the subject are in line with the relevant field, but the basis should always be grounded in the current legislation. The paper is a technical description focused on identification of the basic terms, relations, problems, goals and challenges and possible legal or legislative solutions of the physical protection of the agricultural soil and the legal protection of the agricultural land as an object of legal relations in the Slovak Republic. Achievement the goals and their legal realisation is possible only if certain legal obstacles are resolved on the national level and level of European Union. This paper represents a basic analysis, which can possibly serve as a support for an attempt to resolve the defined problems by the legislative means.
The Notion of the European Union Trademark
Authors: Lazíková Jarmila 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The EU trademark law has recorded the important changes in the last years. The Community trademark in the past and the EU trademark at the present have become very popular legal measures not only in the EU Member States but also in the third countries. Its preferences are increasing year to year. The EU trademark may consist of a sign that fulfils two main attributes. Firstly, there is a distinctive character. Secondly, there is a capability of being represented on the Register of the EU trademarks. The second attribute is new and replaced the previous attribute - capability of being represented graphically. The interpretation of the above mentioned attributes is not possible without the judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is necessary to take into account the kind of trademark, list of the goods and services, which should be signed by the trademark, and its perception by the public. The paper includes the main judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union related to the interpretation of the sign that may be registered as the EU trademark. They are very helpful in the application practice of the European Union Intellectual Property Office and the national offices of the intellectual property as well.
Rural Landscape Development Policy in Poland – Some Aspects of Sustainability
Authors: Mosiej Józef 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the recent years, when it comes to topics concerning rural areas and agriculture, sustainability has become a key term resonating in the political, economical, social and environmental discussions. These issues are discussed across the globe and Poland is not an exception. There are many features that have impact on sustainability. Among others it is situation in agricultural production, employment in agriculture, access to the land and situation at the land market, aspects of the environmental protection or the administrative structure of the country. Therefore, the main objective of the presented paper is to a comprehensive summary of different aspects influencing rural development in Poland with an emphasis on sustainability. Based on the conducted analysis it can be stated that even though many positive changes have been implemented in the Polish reality, there are still many issues with need to be urgently addressed.
Structural and thermal properties of Zn-containing magnesium aluminate spinels obtained by wet chemical method
Authors: Kaygili Omer , Bulut Niyazi , Ates Tankut , Ercan Ismail , Koytepe Suleyman , Seckin Turgay , Tatar Cengiz , Gunduz Bayram , Kebiroglu Hanifi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the present study, the dopant effect of Zn on the crystal structure, thermal properties and morphology of magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel (MAS) structure was investigated. A pure and two Zn-containing MASs (e.g. MgAl1.93Zn0.07O4 and MgAl1.86Zn0.14O4) were synthesized for this purpose via a wet chemical method, and the as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy techniques. It was found that the crystal structure, thermal properties and morphology of the MAS system change with the increase in the amount of Zn. MgO phase formation was observed. The values of the lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size increased, and the crystallinity percentage decreased. The morphology was also affected by adding of Zn.
Iraq and the international and regional environment Read the challenges and opportunities
Authors: Kadhim Mohammed Karim 
Published: August 2019

The international and regional changes that the world and the Especially the Arab region, are still continuing, from the demise of old regimes and the replacement of new regimes with increasing anarchy and instability, such as the war on Yemen and the regional and international conflict in Syria, between countries that support change in political regimes and others opposed to this, Which is clearly defined and orientations according to international interests. The problem that is discussed in the research is the following questions: What is the location of Iraq in the midst of these challenges? Can Iraq, with these contradictions and internal crises, face these regional and international challenges? Through our study, We came out with a result That is "we must work to consolidate the relations between the regional neighboring countries, especially with the international parties that are friendly to both Iraq and neighboring countries, as with the United States of America, which can achieve politically, economically, military and security support to achieve national goals and interests, The Iraqi foreign policy-makers must try to determine what are the most important challenges facing the regional environment and work to confront them individually or cooperatively with the friendly countries and reach the Iraqi interest".
Impact of monetary policy on economic growth in developing countries for 1990-2015 (Malaysia model)
Authors: Awad Fadhel Jawid 
Published: August 2019

Monetary policy is an important part in the general economic policy, most countries seek various economic doctrines to make the tools of monetary policy leads compatible with its objectives, including economic policy and the adequacy of work to do so. The economic growth highlights the importance of a key indicator of economic activity in the country and whether it was in favor of the recession or prosperity and that the basic outcome of the development process, it is important that the study of the effect of monetary policy in the economic growth achieved.
Perceived from the facts that there was a relationship between the nature of the monetary policy adopted in the country and the economic growth achieved by it, the core of the problem of research is the following question: is there an effect of monetary policy in the growth performance and the nature of the impact, if any.
In the same subject, Malaysia is one of those states that seek to achieve development and economic growth. And there is a strong correlation between the success of monetary policy in the use of tools to achieve its objectives on the one hand and between economic growth and development, on the other.
The foundations of peaceful coexistence after the war ... Mosul is a model
Authors: Thanon Omar Hashim 
Published: August 2019

Since peaceful coexistence reflects in its various aspects the concept of harmony between the members of the same society with their different national, religious and sectarian affiliations, as well as their attitudes and ideas, what brings together these are the common bonds such as land, interests and common destiny. But this coexistence is exposing for crises and instability and the theft of rights and other that destroy the communities with their different religious, national, sectarian, ethnic aspects, especially if these led to a crisis of fighting or war, which produces only destruction and mass displacement, ttherefore, the process of bridging the gap between the different parts of society in the post-war phase through a set of requirements that serve as the basis for the promotion of peaceful coexistence within the same country to consolidate civil and community peace in order to create a general framework and a coherent basis to reconstruct the community again.
Hence the premise of the research by asking about the extent of the possibility and ability of the community of religious and ethnic diversity, which has been exposed to these crises, which aimed at this diversity, basically to be able to rise and re-integrate within the same country and thus achieve civil and community peace, and Mosul is an example for that, the negative effects of the war and the accomplices of many criminal acts have given rise to hatred and fear for all, leading to the loss of livelihoods, which in the long term may have devastating social and psychological consequences.
To clarify all of this, the title of the first topic was a review of the concept and origin of peaceful coexistence. While the second topic dealt with the requirements of peaceful coexistence and social integration in Mosul, the last topic has identified the most important challenges facing the processes of coexistence and integration in Mosul. All this in order to paint a better future for the conductor at all levels in the near term at the very least to achieve the values of this peaceful coexistence, especially in the post-war period.