bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The burden of HIV among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender women in Haiti: results from the 2016 Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts (PLACE) study
Authors: Zalla Lauren C , Herce Michael E , Edwards Jessie K , Michel Jacob , Weir Sharon S 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionDespite the higher risk of HIV among female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW), these populations are under‐represented in the literature on HIV in Haiti. Here, we present the first nationally representative estimates of HIV prevalence and the first care and treatment cascade for FSWs, MSM and TGW in Haiti. We also examine the social determinants of HIV prevalence in these groups and estimate FSW and MSM population size in Haiti.MethodsData were collected between April 2016 and February 2017 throughout the 10 geographical departments of Haiti. The Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts (PLACE) method was used to: (1) recruit participants for a behavioural survey; (2) provide rapid testing, counselling and linkage to care for syphilis and HIV; and (3) measure viral load using dried blood spots for participants testing HIV positive.ResultsStudy participants included 990 FSWs, 520 MSM and 109 TGW. HIV prevalence was estimated at 7.7% (95% CI 6.2%, 9.6%) among FSWs, 2.2% (0.9%, 5.3%) among MSM and 27.6% (5.0%, 73.5%) among TGW. Of participants who tested positive for syphilis, 17% of FSWs, 19% of MSM and 74% of TGW were co‐infected with HIV. Economic instability and intimate partner violence (IPV) were significantly associated with HIV among MSM; food insecurity, economic instability and history of rape were significantly associated with HIV among TGW. Fewer than one‐third of participants living with HIV knew their status, and more than a quarter of those who knew their status were not on treatment. While approximately four in five FSW and MSM participants on treatment for HIV were virally suppressed, viral suppression was less common among TGW participants at only 46%.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates a need for targeted interventions to prevent and treat HIV among key populations in Haiti. Potential high‐impact interventions may include venue‐based, peer navigator‐led outreach and testing for HIV and syphilis and improving screening and case management for structural violence and IPV. TGW are in urgent need of such interventions due to our observations of alarmingly high HIV prevalence and low frequency of HIV viral suppression among TGW.
Cost‐per‐diagnosis as a metric for monitoring cost‐effectiveness of HIV testing programmes in low‐income settings in southern Africa: health economic and modelling analysis
Authors: Phillips Andrew N , Cambiano Valentina , Nakagawa Fumiyo , Bansi‐Matharu Loveleen , Wilson David , Jani Ilesh , Apollo Tsitsi , Sculpher Mark , Hallett Timothy , Kerr Cliff , van Oosterhout Joep J , Eaton Jeffrey W , Estill Janne , Williams Brian , Doi Naoko , Cowan Frances , Keiser Olivia , Ford Deborah , Hatzold Karin , Barnabas Ruanne , Ayles Helen , Meyer‐Rath Gesine , Nelson Lisa , Johnson Cheryl , Baggaley Rachel , Fakoya Ade , Jahn Andreas , Revill Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionAs prevalence of undiagnosed HIV declines, it is unclear whether testing programmes will be cost‐effective. To guide their HIV testing programmes, countries require appropriate metrics that can be measured. The cost‐per‐diagnosis is potentially a useful metric.MethodsWe simulated a series of setting‐scenarios for adult HIV epidemics and ART programmes typical of settings in southern Africa using an individual‐based model and projected forward from 2018 under two policies: (i) a minimum package of “core” testing (i.e. testing in pregnant women, for diagnosis of symptoms, in sex workers, and in men coming forward for circumcision) is conducted, and (ii) core‐testing as above plus additional testing beyond this (“additional‐testing”), for which we specify different rates of testing and various degrees to which those with HIV are more likely to test than those without HIV. We also considered a plausible range of unit test costs. The aim was to assess the relationship between cost‐per‐diagnosis and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the additional‐testing policy. The discount rate used in the base case was 3% per annum (costs in 2018 U.S. dollars).ResultsThere was a strong graded relationship between the cost‐per‐diagnosis and the ICER. Overall, the ICER was below $500 per‐DALY‐averted (the cost‐effectiveness threshold used in primary analysis) so long as the cost‐per‐diagnosis was below $315. This threshold cost‐per‐diagnosis was similar according to epidemic and programmatic features including the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV, the HIV incidence and a measure of HIV programme quality (the proportion of HIV diagnosed people having a viral load <1000 copies/mL). However, restricting to women, additional‐testing did not appear cost‐effective even at a cost‐per‐diagnosis of below $50, while restricting to men additional‐testing was cost‐effective up to a cost‐per‐diagnosis of $585. The threshold cost per diagnosis for testing in men to be cost‐effective fell to $256 when the cost‐effectiveness threshold was $300 instead of $500, and to $81 when considering a discount rate of 10% per annum.ConclusionsFor testing programmes in low‐income settings in southern African there is an extremely strong relationship between the cost‐per‐diagnosis and the cost‐per‐DALY averted, indicating that the cost‐per‐diagnosis can be used to monitor the cost‐effectiveness of testing programmes.
Is knowledge of HIV status associated with sexual behaviours? A fixed effects analysis of a female sex worker cohort in urban Uganda
Authors: Ortblad Katrina F , Musoke Daniel K , Ngabirano Thomson , Salomon Joshua A , Haberer Jessica E , McConnell Margaret , Oldenburg Catherine E , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionFemale sex workers (FSWs) have strong economic incentives for sexual risk‐taking behaviour. We test whether knowledge of HIV status affects such behaviours among FSWs.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from a FSW cohort in urban Uganda, which was formed as part of an HIV self‐testing trial with four months of follow‐up. Participants reported perceived knowledge of HIV status, number of clients per average working night, and consistent condom use with clients at baseline, one month, and four months. We measured the association between knowledge of HIV status and FSWs’ sexual behaviours using linear panel regressions with individual fixed effects, controlling for study round and calendar time.ResultsMost of the 960 participants tested for HIV during the observation period (95%) and experienced a change in knowledge of HIV status (71%). Knowledge of HIV status did not affect participants’ number of clients but did affect their consistent condom use. After controlling for individual fixed effects, study round and calendar month, knowledge of HIV‐negative status was associated with a significant increase in consistent condom use by 9.5 percentage points (95% CI 5.2 to 13.5, p < 0.001), while knowledge of HIV‐positive status was not associated with a significant change in consistent condom use (2.5 percentage points, 95% CI −8.0 to 3.1, p = 0.38).ConclusionsIn urban Uganda, FSWs engaged in safer sex with clients when they perceived that they themselves were not living with HIV. Even in communities with very high HIV prevalence, the majority of the population will test HIV‐negative. Our results thus imply that expansion of HIV testing programmes may serve as a behavioural HIV prevention measure among FSWs.
Characterization of heart macrophages in rhesus macaques as a model to study cardiovascular disease in humans
Authors: Petkov Daniel I , Liu David X , Allers Carolina , Didier Peter J , Didier Elizabeth S , Kuroda Marcelo J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Rhesus macaques are physiologically similar to humans and, thus, have served as useful animal models of human diseases including cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to characterize the distribution, composition, and phenotype of macrophages in heart tissues of very young (fetus: 0.5 years, n = 6), young adult (2–12 years, n = 12), and older adult (13–24 years, n = 9) rhesus macaques using histopathology and immunofluorescence microscopy. Results demonstrated that macrophages were uniformly distributed throughout the heart in animals of all age groups and were more prevalent than CD3-positve T-cells and CD20-positive B-cells. Macrophages comprised approximately 2% of heart tissue cells in the younger animals and increased to a mean of nearly 4% in the older adults. CD163-positive macrophages predominated over HAM56-positive and CD206-positive macrophages, and were detected at significantly higher percentage in the animals between 13 and 24 years of age, as well as in heart tissues exhibiting severe histopathology or inflammation in animals of all age groups. In vivo dextran labeling and retention indicated that approximately half of the macrophages were longer lived in healthy adult heart tissues and may comprise the tissue-resident population of macrophages. These results provide a basis for continued studies to examine the specific functional roles of macrophage subpopulations in heart tissues during homeostasis and in cardiovascular disease for then developing intervention strategies.
Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index trajectories in HIV‐infected patients treated with different first‐line antiretroviral regimens
Authors: Gianotti Nicola , Muccini Camilla , Galli Laura , Poli Andrea , Spagnuolo Vincenzo , Andolina Andrea , Galizzi Nadia , Ripa Marco , Messina Emanuela , Piatti Pier Marco , Lazzarin Adriano , Castagna Antonella 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the trajectories of the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) index in a cohort of HIV‐1 infected patients during their first‐line antiretroviral (ART) regimen.MethodsRetrospective analysis of naïve patients who started ART from 2007 at the Infectious Diseases Unit of the San Raffaele Hospital, Milan. We included patients treated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs, tenofovir, abacavir, lamivudine or emtricitabine), and one anchor drug (ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitor [PI/r], non‐NRTI [NNRTI], or integrase strand transfer inhibitor [InSTI]), and with HOMA‐IR assessed both before and after the start of ART. Univariate and multivariate mixed linear models estimated HOMA‐IR changes during ART.ResultsAmong 618 patients included in the study, 218 received InSTI‐, 210 PI/r‐, and 190 NNRTI‐based regimens. Median follow‐up was 27.4 (16.3‐41.2) months. Adjusted mean change in HOMA‐IR index was significantly higher (P = .041) in patients treated with InSTI‐based regimens [0.160 (95% CI: 0.003‐0.321) units per year] compared with NNRTI‐based regimens [−0.005 (95% CI: −0.184‐0.074) units per year]; no difference was observed between patients treated with NNRTI‐ and PI/r‐based regimens or between INSTI‐based and PI/r‐based regimens.ConclusionInSTI‐based first‐line ARTs were independently associated with greater increases in HOMA‐IR index.
Differential Effector Response of Amnion‐ and Adipose‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Inflammation; Implications for Intradiscal Therapy
Authors: Borem Ryan , Madeline Allison , Bowman Mackenzie , Gill Sanjitpal , Tokish John , Mercuri Jeremy 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIntervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a progressive condition marked by tissue destruction and inflammation. The therapeutic effector functions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) makes them an attractive therapy for patients with IVDD. While several sources of MSCs exist, the optimal choice for use in the inflamed IVD remains a significant question. Adipose (AD)‐ and amnion (AM)‐derived MSCs have several advantages compared with other sources, however, no study has directly compared the impact of IVDD inflammation on their effector functions. Human MSCs were cultured in media with or without supplementation of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor‐α at concentrations reportedly produced by IVDD cells. MSC proliferation and production of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines were quantified following 24 and 48 h of culture. Additionally, the osteogenic and chondrogenic potential of AD‐ and AM‐MSCs was characterized via histology and biochemical analysis following 28 days of culture. In inflammatory culture, AM‐MSCs produced significantly more anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 (14.47 ± 2.39 pg/ml; p = 0.004) and larger chondrogenic pellets (5.67 ± 0.26 mm2; p = 0.04) with greater percent area staining positively for glycosaminoglycan (82.03 ± 3.26%; p < 0.001) compared with AD‐MSCs (0.00 ± 0.00 pg/ml; 2.76 ± 0.18 mm2; 34.75 ± 2.49%; respectively). Conversely, AD‐MSCs proliferated more resulting in higher cell numbers (221,000 ± 8,021 cells; p = 0.048) and produced higher concentrations of pro‐inflammatory cytokines prostaglandin E2 (1,118.30 ± 115.56 pg/ml; p = 0.030) and IL‐1β (185.40 ± 7.63 pg/ml; p = 0.010) compared with AM‐MSCs (109,667 ± 5,696 cells; 1,291.40 ± 78.47 pg/ml; 144.10 ± 4.57 pg/ml; respectively). AD‐MSCs produced more mineralized extracellular matrix (3.34 ± 0.05 relative absorbance units [RAU]; p < 0.001) compared with AM‐MSCs (1.08 ± 0.06 RAU). Under identical inflammatory conditions, a different effector response was observed with AM‐MSCs producing more anti‐inflammatories and demonstrating enhanced chondrogenesis compared with AD‐MSCs, which produced more pro‐inflammatory cytokines and demonstrated enhanced osteogenesis. These findings may begin to help inform researchers which MSC source may be optimal for IVD regeneration. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2445–2456, 2019
Synthesis, Surface Activity, and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Hydrogenated Cardanol‐Derived Positively Charged Asymmetric Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Huang Mengen , Ma Jingyi , Wu Xunshen , Zhao Min , Wang Limin , Che Fei , Qian Hui 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNine different hydrogenated cardanol‐based quaternary ammonium compounds including one conventional single‐tale single‐head surfactant, one bicephalic single‐tale double‐head surfactant, and seven asymmetric Gemini surfactants were synthetized using a simple process with high yields. Their structures were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and high‐resolution mass spectral studies. Their surface active properties were evaluated by the wilhelmy plate method at 25 °C and physical parameters like CMC, γCMC, πCMC, C20, τCMC, and Amin were calculated. The Krafft temperature values of C‐BP‐1, C‐BP‐4, and C‐BP‐6 are lower than 0 °C, suggesting high‐potential industrial application. All synthesized compounds but C‐BP‐F exhibit great antimicrobial ability against Gram‐positive bacteria (S. aureus [ATCC 25923] and C. glutamicum [ATCC 13032]) while inadequate antimicrobial ability against Gram negative strains (E. coli [ATCC 25922] and P. aeruginosa [ATCC 27853]).
Landscape‐scale greater prairie‐chicken–habitat relations and the Conservation Reserve Program
Authors: Adkins Kalysta , Roy Charlotte L. , Andersen David E. , Wright Robert G. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTBoth the abundance of greater prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) and the area of grassland enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in northwestern Minnesota, USA, have recently declined. Although wildlife conservation is a stated objective of the CRP, the impact of the CRP on greater prairie‐chicken populations has not been quantified. To address that information need, we evaluated the association between greater‐prairie chicken lek density (leks/km2), the number of males at leks (males/lek), and CRP enrollments in the context of landscape structure and composition in northwestern Minnesota. Using data from standardized prairie‐chicken surveys and land cover in 17 41‐km2 survey blocks during 2004–2016, we used a mixed‐effect model and a layered approach in an information‐theoretic framework at multiple spatial scales to identify covariates related to prairie‐chicken abundance. At the landscape scale, lek density was best explained by the amount of CRP grassland and wetland, grassland and wetland with long‐term conservation goals (state, federal, and The Nature Conservancy owned); other wetlands managed with variable or no continuity in conservation goals; the contiguity of grasslands; and the number of patches of grasslands and wetlands in each survey block each year. Increasing the amount of CRP grassland in 41‐km2 survey blocks by 1 km2 (2.4%) resulted in a corresponding increase of 6% in lek density. At the lek scale, the number of males per lek was best explained by the amount of CRP grassland and other grassland, CRP wetland and other wetland, forests, developed areas, shrubland, and the contiguity of CRP grassland. Increasing the amount of CRP grassland in the 2‐km breeding‐cycle habitat radius around a lek by 25% (3 km2) corresponded to a 5% increase in males per lek. Our results suggest that both increasing the quantity of grassland CRP and wetland CRP enrollments and aggregating CRP grassland enrollments may increase greater prairie‐chicken abundance. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Spatial‐temporal analysis of the climatic and anthropogenic influences on runoff in the Jucu River Basin, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Delmonte Oliveira Kenny , Tomasella Javier , Del'Arco Sanches Leda 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIsolating and quantifying the impacts of climate change and human influences on runoff in basins is one of the main challenges of hydrology due to nonstationarity and nonlinear character of the processes. As a result, new hydrological approaches have been proposed, leading to many assumptions for their implementation. Among these, it is worth mentioning the subjectivity in the choice of causal variables that compose climatic and anthropogenic factors and the definition of breakpoints that allows the conjoint analysis of the contribution of these factors on runoff. In this study, the quantification of the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors on runoff in the Jucu River basin was performed using a decompositional method based on the Budyko hypothesis with time‐varying parameters. For the parameterization of the equations, we considered a combination of 16 variables of a historical series of 47 years (1970–2017). The runoff at sub‐basins of different scales, climatic types, and soil uses was similarly affected by the influences factors. Changes on runoff were mainly due to anthropogenic factors with −18.6 mm (80.5%), followed by climatic factors with −4.5 mm (19.5%) for the whole period. Among all the land use variables considered, agriculture, forest, and pasture were predominantly responsible for the changes. In addition, graphical analysis of the time‐variation of the variables of the Budyko curve proved to be an efficient and low subjectivity approach to identify breakpoints in the conjoint analysis of hydrological variables.
Oncological outcomes of CO2 laser cordectomies for glottic squamous cell carcinoma with respect to anterior commissure involvement and margin status
Authors: Osuch‐Wójcikiewicz Ewa , Rzepakowska Anna , Sobol Maria , Bruzgielewicz Antoni , Niemczyk Kazimierz 
Published: July 2019

Background and ObjectivesControversial prognostic factors of primary CO2 laser cordectomy are anterior commissure involvement (ACI) and status of margin.Study Design/Materials and MethodsRetrospective analysis of oncological outcomes in 102 patients with early glottic cancer undergoing laser cordectomy between 2013 and 2015.ResultsThe T stages distribution included: 72.6% T1a, 14.7% T1b, and 12.7% T2. The ACI was diagnosed in 26 patients. The primary cordectomy was radical in 72 patients. The 2‐ and 5‐year disease free survival (DFS) for all patients were, respectively, 83.3% and 77.3%.The 2‐year DFS rates for T1a, T1b, T2 were, respectively, 91.7%, 66.7%, and 53.9% and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The 2‐year DFS rates according to the ACI and free anterior commissure tumors were, respectively, 65.4% and 89.2%, and the ACI indicated worse prognosis (P = 0.057). The 2‐year DFS rates according to margins status were higher for patients with close or positive margins, who had second resection (88.9%) compared with those of negative margins (80.9%) (P = 0.340). Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined treatment of low‐level laser therapy and phloroglucinol for inhibition of fibrosis
Authors: Lee Yeachan , Kim Hyejin , Hong Namgue , Ahn Jin‐Chul , Kang Hyun Wook 
Published: July 2019

Background and ObjectivesFibrosis is a highly prevalent disease, which is responsible for 45% of deaths through pathological effects in developed countries. Previous studies have reported that low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) can modulate fibrotic activity, but significant enhancement of therapeutic efficacy is still required for clinical translation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasible effect of LLLT combined with phloroglucinol (PHL) on the inhibition of fibrosis in vitro.Study Design/Materials and MethodsNIH/3T3 murine embryonic fibroblasts cells were cultured and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) was treated for transition of fibroblasts. After TGF‐β1 treatment, LLLT and PHL were used, respectively, and in combination to suppress fibrosis. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide and BrdU assays were performed to estimate the cell viability and proliferation. To evaluate the expression of fibrotic markers, we used confocal immunofluorescence and western blot.ResultsWhen compared with respectively treated groups, the group with the combined treatment of LLLT and PHL significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the combined group minimized more α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and type I collagen than the other groups. Western blot analysis showed that the combined treatment had significant decreases in α‐SMA, TGF‐β1, and type I collagen.ConclusionsPHL‐assisted LLLT may be an effective treatment to inhibit fibrosis due to its additive effects. The combined treatment has a potential to be an alternative treatment for fibrosis. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of Soft Shape Memory Polymer and Its Application as a Compliant Thermal‐Triggered Gripper
Authors: Li Hongze , Luo Yingwu , Gao Xiang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA shape memory polymer always experiences a large modulus change above and below its transition temperature. Cooling down below its transition temperature leads to a sharp modulus increase. That helps the temporary shape fixing, however, it also gives the material noncompliant character, which may be a harmful factor in some applications. In this work, an approach is proposed to prepare a soft shape memory polymer with low modulus even at low temperature. The realization of this polymer depends on the mixing of two raw materials through nano‐latex blending technique. By using styrene, meth acrylate, and n‐butyl acrylate as model monomer, two kinds of core–shell latexes are synthesized, which have a triblock structure as polystyrene‐b‐poly (styrene‐co‐meth acrylate)‐b‐polystyrene and polystyrene‐b‐poly (n‐butyl acrylate)‐b‐polystyrene, respectively. Blending in the unit of nano‐latex particle helps them mixing very homogenously and forms co‐continuous morphology. The blending ratio is tuned to prepare materials with modulus lower than 50 MPa at 20 °C, meanwhile with excellent shape memory performance. Such a soft shape memory polymer shows unique advantage as a compliant thermal‐triggered gripper to stick and place objects.