bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renovated Water Reuse from Rapid Infiltration System
Authors: ZhenBo Duan , ShaoTang Wang Shang , RuQi Li , XureQing Wu , Erjing Gao 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The use of renovated water from a rapid infiltration system for fish and duck farming was evaluated. It was concluded that the flesh of fish and duck was edible. The use of this approach is beneficial to the environment and economy, especially in developing countries. The production of fish and duck can offset the cost of wastewater treatment in many cases.
Recent Advances in Treatment of Selected Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Bewtra J.K. , Biswas N. , Henderson W.D. , Nicell J.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase, once activated by hydrogen peroxide, initiates the oxidation of a wide variety of aromatic compounds. The products of this reaction undergo a non-enzymatic polymerization to form water insoluble aggregates which are easily separated from solution. This process shows great promise for removing aromatic compounds from industrial wastewaters which are not efficiently removed through conventional treatment methods. The capability of solubilized horseradish peroxidase in catalyzing the precipitation of phenols from solution in batch reactors is discussed. Studies have been conducted on the biological sulfate reduction process to remove metals from synthetic and actual industrial wastewaters. Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria of the genera Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum produce hydrogen sulfide which reacts with metals to form metal sulfide precipitates. An anaerobic upflow fixed-film reactor with continuous flow was used to treat actual wastewater from a plating plant supplemented with lactate. The results indicate that soluble metals can be precipitated at efficiencies of up to 99%. The rates of organic conversion, sulfate reduction and metal removal have been found to be dependent on the hydraulic retention time.
Improving the Operation of Wastewater Treatment Systems by Automatic Control
Authors: Olsson Gustaf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Some basic ideas of process control applied to the activated sludge process are presented. The focus is rather on controller structures than on models. The main reason for the control is to dampen the influence of disturbances and load changes. Due to the wide span of time scales of the process, it is possible to decouple many control actions from each other. Some of the controllers are quite simple and do not require any model, while others are related to quality parameters and are based on model descriptions. By combining simple controllers, more complex structures can be obtained, such as cascaded control and feedforward control. For some control tasks the simple controllers are inadequate. Processes with time-variable parameters present special problems. Since many variables and parameters are not directly measurable, it is valuable to apply estimation techniques in order to obtain calculated variables indirectly. The interdisciplinary character of the problems has to be understood in order to find relevant solutions to the complex control problems.
Towards the Development of a Site-Specific Water Quality Objective for Atrazine in the Yamaska River, Quebec, for the Protection of Aquatic Life
Authors: Caux P.-Y. , Kent R.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The biological effects of xenobiotics in aquatic environments are often a function of the water quality of these systems. The aquatic green alga Selenastrum capricomutum was exposed to 11 concentrations of the herbicide atrazine in the range of 0.8 to 882 μg/L. The incubation media consisted of water collected from the Yamaska River Lac Brome (control) site in the spring and fall. Algae incubated in fall water displayed a significant increase in the intensity of fluorescence as compared to those incubated in spring water. This effect (Kautsky effect) was observed for six intermediate atrazine concentrations which are representative of those found in the field. In situ investigations were also performed on the water quality of four Yamaska River sites to measure both biotic and abiotic (physicochemical) parameters. Of the 35 water quality parameters analyzed, 32 differed significantly spatio-temporally. Of these, only atrazine levels (max. 40 μg/L) exceeded national water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life (2 μg/L). Two Yamaska tributaries experienced a reduction in populations of chlorophytic algae immediately following the atrazine application period in early June. These investigations show that herbicide spring “pulse” in river systems may alter the normal succession of phytoplankton communities. Local environmental biotic and abiotic variables likely affect the toxicity of atrazine in the Yamaska River. These results provide the initial basis towards the establishment of a site-specific objective for atrazine in this river basin.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners and Chlorinated Pesticides in Fish from the Yamaska River Basin, Quebec
Authors: Metcalfe-Smith Janice L. , Maguire R. James , Batchelor Suzanne P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Bottom-feeding fish from the Yamaska River in Quebec and its major tributary, the Noire River (5 female specimens from each site), were analyzed for residues of organochlorine pesticides and PCB congeners in liver, spleen, gonad, kidney, gall bladder, visceral fat and dorsal muscle. Significant quantities of target chemicals were found in the basic extracts as well as the acidic extracts of these fish tissues, suggesting that acidic digestion followed by saponification and extraction with an organic solvent may provide a more complete recovery of organic contaminants residues from biological tissues than conventional techniques. Residues were highest and least variable in fat, therefore this tissue was used to compare patterns of contamination between sites. Fish from the Noire River contained 6X as much ZDDT and 3X as much ZPCBs in their fat than fish from the Yamaska River (2800 versus 440 ng/g and 1700 versus 500 ng/g wet weight, respectively), but no differences between sites were observed for dieldrin, lindane or heptachlor epoxide. Noire River fish exhibited a less degraded pattern of PCB contamination, with proportionately more penta- (15% versus 4%) and less hexa- and heptachlorobiphenyls (70% versus 81%) plus nine more congeners in their fat. They also contained a higher proportion of the toxic congeners (28% versus 17%), had lower lipid contents and were in poorer condition. Thus, further investigation of the sources and effects of persistent organic contaminants in the Noire River basin may be warranted.
Application of Sulfate-Reducing and Sulfide-Oxidizing Bacterial Symbiosis for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Tare V. , Sabumon P.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This investigation attempted to advance the state of the art of the process which utilizes the symbiotic relationship between the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB) for degradation of organic matter present in wastewater. Major emphasis has been on the development of the desired microbial system without any external seed and comparative evaluation of the two types of multistage reversing flow bioreactor (MRB) systems. Biological vessels (BVs) in the MRB systems simulate conditions which correspond to configurations described as upflow sludge blanket and stationary fixed film. Two bench-scale models – one designed to achieve self granulation of sludge (SGS), and the second designed to promote growth of SRB/SOB on additional nonreactive surface – were set up and operated over a period of 4 months. Domestic wastewater supplemented with organic matter from sugar cane molasses was used as feed to develop the desired microbial population. Several visual and microscopic observations confirmed the presence of a significant number of SRB and SOB in all the biological vessels. Results indicated that it is possible to develop SGS and a microbial population of SRB and SOB which could attach to the nonreactive surface without any external seeding. Domestic wastewater could serve as a source of these organisms. Immobilized growth conditions and suspended growth conditions in BVs yield similar results in terms of organic matter utilization. The empirical formula for MRB biomass can be expressed as C11O12H36N5S.
Relationship between the Activated Carbon Surface Area and Adsorption Model Coefficients for Removal of Phenol from Water
Authors: Samaras Peter , Diamadopoulos Evan , Sakellaropoulos George P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between the activated carbon surface area, as measured by the BET nitrogen adsorption method, and its adsorptive capacity. Aqueous solutions of phenol at pH 7 were used. The activated carbons were produced in the laboratory from raw and demineralized lignite. Adsorption experiments took place under equilibrium or kinetic conditions and the results were simulated by mathematical modelling. Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to describe equilibrium, while the Peel-Benedek non-equilibrium model was applied for the kinetic study. The results showed that for activated carbons produced from different starting materials, the adsorptive capacities could not be solely explained by their BET surface area. While laboratory-made activated carbons with a surface area of 300 m2/g demonstrated similar capacities under equilibrium, their kinetic behaviour was different. Activated carbon produced from raw lignite showed faster kinetics, due to wider porosity, which was facilitated by the mineral matter during activation. These results were in agreement with the mass transfer coefficients in macropores and micropores estimated by the Peel-Benedek model. Comparison of a laboratory-made activated carbon, with a surface area of 500m2/g, with a commercial activated carbon having twice the surface area showed that the maximum adsorptive capacity under equilibrium of the commercial carbon was only 35% higher than that of the lab-made carbon. Yet, the mass transfer coefficients of the commercial carbon were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of the laboratory-produced carbon. Finally, the use of the qualitative D-R plots has been suggested to elucidate the porous structure of the activated carbons.
Sodium Hypochlorite: its Application and Stability in Bleaching
Authors: Bommaraju Tilak V. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
One of the end uses of chlorine and sodium hydroxide, both produced by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride, is in the manufacture of sodium hypochlorite, commonly called liquid “bleach.” This article outlines the methods of manufacturing liquid bleach, including the factors involved in the selection of materials of construction for handling chlorine, sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Experimental results were presented addressing the stability of sodium hypochlorite as influenced by temperature and pH, and by anionic impurities such as Cl−, ClO3−, CO3− and SO4−, and cationic impurities which include Ca++, Mg++, Cu++, Ni++ and Fe++. Various techniques were also outlined to minimize the formation of chlorates during storage and bleaching and to improve the quality and stability of sodium hypochlorite.
Investigation of Pesticides in Groundwater at Three Irrigated Sites near Outlook, Saskatchewan
Authors: McNaughton D.C. , Crowe A.S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
During 1987 and 1988, the pesticides 2,4-D, diclofop-methyl, dicamba, MCPA, triallate and bromoxynil were detected in shallow groundwaters beneath three irrigated research sites in the Outlook Irrigation District of Saskatchewan. All of the pesticide detections were below the limits set by the Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines. Meteorological and hydrogeological conditions are generally not conducive to pesticide leaching to the water table in this region. However, it is suspected that the pesticides applied at the surface were able to migrate to the water table through the numerous vertical fractures that exist in the tills and silts underlying the fields. When combined with irrigation that is applied at these sites, these two factors create a mechanism for the rapid movement of pesticide to a greater depth of leaching than would occur in unfractured soils and with typical precipitation. Further, it is suspected that storage of pesticide in the soil matrix and subsequent desorption during later intense recharge or irrigation events is responsible for observed pesticide detections weeks or months after a pesticide was applied.
Strategy for Phosphorus Control from Estimated Phosphorus Loads and Predicted Total Phosphorus Concentration in Penetang Bay, Georgian Bay, 1973 to 1992
Authors: Sherman R. Keith , Brown Sharon L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Cultural eutrophication has affected Penetang Bay, in southeastern Georgian Bay, since the 1960s. External sources of phosphorus were estimated and open water total phosphorus concentration was predicted in order to establish a rationale for an effective source control strategy for the bay. Seasonal loadings are greatest in the spring due mainly to the watershed sources, with 33-58% of the total annual load entering during the March to May period. Apart from this period, the two sewage plant effluent discharges are the largest sources of phosphorus loading to the bay. On an annual basis, the largest source of phosphorus to the bay is from treated sewage effluent (60%), followed by watershed, shoreline development and urban storm water, respectively. More than 80% of the estimated total annual loads was from sewage effluent, watershed and urban storm sources alone. These sources were estimated annually for the historical period of record (1973-1992). The trophic model predicted the long-term average total phosphorus concentration ([TP]) reasonably well. Predictions of [TP]Bay for individual years were within 1-49% of the measured [TP]Bay. The model predicted [TP]Bay to within 20% of measured values for 14 of the 20 years of record. The model as applied to Penetang Bay is sensitive to changes in sewage plant effluent loading and watershed loading. Model predictions indicate that significant reductions in open water [TP] can be expected following implementation of proposed source control actions. Total loading of phosphorus to the Bay of less than 1,000 kg/year should result in open water [TP]Bay of less than 15 µg/L.
Severn Sound Sediment Chemistry and Bioassessment, 1988–1990
Authors: Krantzberg G. , Sherman R.K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Fine-grained sediment in the embayments of Severn Sound contains metals that exceed the Ontario Ministry of the Environment's lowest effect level, the level at which some disturbance of the sediment dwelling community can be expected. Sediment in Penetang Bay has concentrations of Cr that are above the provincial Severe Effect Level, the level at which a compound is expected to be detrimental to the majority of benthic species. Nevertheless, chronic sediment bioassays resulted in little measurable sublethal toxicity. Based on evidence from weak acid extraction of metals from sediment, the lack of toxicity may be due to the limited bioavailability of metals.
The potential for metals to enter the food web was suggested by metal bioaccumulation observed for test species. Chromium and Ni concentrations in mayflies were significantly correlated with total Cr and Ni in sediment, and Zn and Cu tissue concentrations were not correlated with total metals in sediment. In general, the bioaccumulation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb by test species was more strongly correlated with extractable metals and with metals in the &lt;63 µm size fraction than with total metals in bulk sediment, demonstrating that the total sediment pool of metals was not biologically available.
Remedial actions for sediment in Severn Sound should focus on source control and natural sediment recovery, given the lack of sublethal chronic toxicity. Confirmation that active sources are not present and an ability to predict the natural recovery period for marginally contaminated regions would assist in fully restoring the sound.
Theoretical Study on Two-Stage Anaerobic-Aerobic Biological Treatment of a CTMP Effluent
Authors: Liu H.W. , Lo S.N. , Lavallée H.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Basic equations based upon the Monod kinetic model are presented for a two-stage, sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment system. The effects of operating conditions, such as hydraulic retention time, mean cell age, concentration of microorganisms and initial substrate concentration, on the behaviour of the two-stage system for the treatment of a CTMP effluent were studied theoretically. This was done in terms of removal of BOD5 and RFA, and sensitivity to changes in operating conditions. The study revealed that unstable operation of the anaerobic process could be due to the treatment being carried out in a time range in which the operation was very sensitive to the variation in either hydraulic retention time or mean cell age.
Theoretical Study on Two-Stage Anaerobic-Aerobic Biological Treatment of a CTMP Effluent: Part 2: Optimization of Treatment System
Authors: Liu H.W. , Lo S.N. , Lavallée H.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A general method based upon the Monod kinetic model for optimizing the two-stage sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment system was established. Using this method, the total treatment time required for a fixed overall treatment efficiency for a CTMP effluent was minimized with respect to the substrate removal in the anaerobic stage, and the corresponding optimal reactor volume ratio between the two stages was determined. The effects of the principal operating conditions (concentration of microorganisms and initial substrate concentration) on the minimum total treatment time and the optimal reactor volume ratio required for the two-stage treatment of the CTMP effluent were demonstrated. Procedures in consideration of both BOD5 and RFA removals for optimizing the two-stage treatment of the CTMP effluent are presented.
Major and Trace Element Content of Shallow Groundwater Associated with Dryland Saline Soils in Southern Alberta
Authors: Miller J.J. , Read B.J. , Wentz D.J. , Heaney D.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A survey of shallow groundwaters associated with 72 dryland saline sites in southern Alberta was conducted from 1990 to 1992 to determine the major and trace element concentrations in relation to the Canadian drinking and livestock water quality guidelines. The recommended limits for drinking water were exceeded at more than half the sites for total dissolved solids (100%), SO4-S (90%), Se (86%) and Mn (74%), at less than half the sites for As (48%), Fe (40%), Cd (39%), Pb (26%), Cl (22%), NO3-N (11%), B (1%) and Zn (1%), and at none of the sites for Cu. The recommended limits for livestock water were exceeded at more than half the sites for Se (86%), SO4-S (83%) and total dissolved solids (76%), at less than half the sites for As (43% when added and 2% when not added to feed), Pb (24%), Cd (18%), NO3-N (1%) and B (1%), and at none of the sites for Ca, Co, Cu, Mo and Zn. Topographic position, sampling year and cropping practice upslope and in the saline area had a significant (P&lt;0.05) effect on the concentrations of certain elements. We recommend that shallow groundwater near saline areas be tested before it is consumed by humans or livestock.
Valorisation des eaux de drainage minier acide pour la déphosphatation des eaux usées municipales
Authors: Bouchard C. , Sérodes J.-B. , Gélinas P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Les résultats d’une étude expérimentale de valorisation directe d’une eau de drainage minier acide comme agent de déphosphatation d’une eau usée municipale sont présentés dans cet article. Il ressort qu’une concentration égale à deux fois et demi la dose stoechiométrique en eau de drainage minier acide serait requise pour la déphosphatation d’une eau usée municipale partiellement traitée ce qui représente une dose légèrement supérieure à la dose requise en alun. Les concentrations en métaux lourds des eaux déphosphatées ainsi que celles des boues sont, dans la majeure partie des cas, en deça des normes et recommandations en vigueur ce qui indique, a priori, la faisabilité de cette valorisation. L’étude montre que le pH de l’effluent municipal ne serait pas significativement affecté par ce type de déphosphatation. Le développement d’un procédé de concentration de ce type d’effluent minier constitue la prochaine étape dans ce projet de valorisation.
Potential Contribution of Nutrients and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Creeks of Cootes Paradise Marsh
Authors: Chow-Fraser Patricia , Crosbie Barb , Bryant Douglas , McCarry Brian 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
During the summer of 1994, we compared the physical and nutrient characteristics of the three main tributaries of Cootes Paradise: Spencer, Chedoke and Borer’s creeks. On all sampling occasions, concentrations of CHL α and nutrients were always lowest in Borer’s Creek and highest in Chedoke Creek. There were generally 10-fold higher CHL α concentrations and 2 to 10 times higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chedoke Creek compared with Spencer Creek. Despite this, the light environment did not differ significantly between Spencer and Chedoke creeks because the low algal biomass in Spencer Creek was balanced by a relatively high loading of inorganic sediments from the watershed. Laboratory experiments indicated that sediments from Chedoke Creek released up to 10 µg/g of soluble phosphorus per gram (dry weight) of sediment, compared with only 2 µg/g from Spencer Creek. By contrast, sediment samples from Spencer Creek contained levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that were as high as or higher than those from Chedoke Creek, and much higher than those found in Borer’s Creek. The distribution of normalized PAH concentrations suggests a common source of PAHs in all three tributaries, most likely automobile exhaust, since there were high concentrations of fluoranthene and pyrene, both of which are derivatives of engine combustion.
Zonation of Contaminated Bottom Sediments in Hamilton Harbour as Defined by Statistical Classification Techniques
Authors: Poulton Donald J. , Morris William A. , Coakley John P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Hamilton Harbour, a 2,150-ha embayment at the western end of Lake Ontario, is the receiving water for a number of industrial and municipal effluents. Their accumulation over the past decades has resulted in a seriously degraded aquatic environment that is now being subjected to remedial actions. Chemical determinations of total and weak acid-extractable metals were carried out on 40 sediment samples from the harbour. These data were subjected to two multivariate statistical techniques to assess their ability to discriminate samples that could be associated with common sources or transport processes. The techniques used were ratio matching followed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The cluster analysis technique resolved six groups related to contaminant sources, sandy, relatively clean nearshore areas and a large contaminated central area. The principal components technique supported this by showing factors related to the large central area as a result of sediment focusing, plus a factor related to contaminant source input and one related to input of silt-sized particles rich in Ca and Sr. Two “outlier” samples were noted, one related to a heavily contaminated area near the steel industries and one consisting of virtually pure sand at the northeastern corner of the harbour.