bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Slight Fraud on the Contract: An Analytical Study of Article 189 of the UAE Civil Code
Authors: Jadalhaq Iyad Mohammad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) legislator has regulated gross fraud in the Civil Code, which derives its provisions from the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence. A penalty was adapted so that when gross fraud has an impact on a contract, the defrauded contracting party can terminate the contract in question. The legislation also regulates slight fraud, but only in two very specific cases. This article aims at determining the accuracy of Article 189 that regulates slight fraud, and then identifies its shortcomings by analysing the cases in which slight fraud affects a contract. It concludes that this text is inaccurate, and suggests the UAE legislator amend Article 189. In addition, we suggest a new definition of terminal illness.
Ficino, Lucretius and Atomism
Authors: Nicoli Elena 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this article, I retrace the genesis of Marsilio Ficino’s engagement with the Roman poet and philosopher Titus Lucretius Caro. I show that one of the reasons for Ficino’s early interest in and positive assessment of Lucretius’ philosophy was his favourable attitude toward atomistic notions in the early stages of his intellectual life. Having become acquainted with atomistic ideas through Platonic sources, the young Ficino initially considered atomism – and especially Lucretius’ version of it – perfectly compatible with his own finalistic view of nature and a vitalistic conception of matter. Over time, however, Ficino reconsidered his position and recognized that finalism and vitalism were not compatible with Lucretius’ materialist view. Only then did he begin his fierce attacks on the Latin philosopher, most notably in his Theologia Platonica.
Touch Me Not: Sense and Sensibility in Early Modern Botany
Authors: Giglioni Guido 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The history of early modern botany is studded with stories of discovery, identification, recognition, and accommodation. One of these stories refers to the plant known to early modern observers as ‘sensitive plant’ and mimosa pudica. Because of its tendency to fold its leaves when they are touched by an external agent, the plant was the subject of investigations that ranged from philosophical discussions on the nature of movement, perception and appetite to inquiries into the most general cycles of life. In this article, I show how the taxonomic, terminological, geographic and cultural profile of the mimosa emerged over the course of three centuries of discoveries, observations and discussions, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.
Moving from “Foreign Mission” to “World Mission” in South Korea and the United States
Authors: Yoo William 
Published: June 2019

This article traces the evolving attitudes and relationships of Korean Protestants and American missionaries after 1945 through an investigation of the rise of one Korean Presbyterian pastor, Kyung-Chik Han, as a renowned religious leader at home and abroad during the escalation of the Cold War in the 1950s, and the uneasy transitions within the American Presbyterian missions in Korea. The analysis of Han’s sermons and addresses in Korea and the West, popular American Protestant magazines, and American missionary documents illumines the creation of new transnational Christian partnerships, the presence of ongoing cross-cultural tensions, and the emergence of new challenges between Korean Protestants and American missionaries as the positions of authority started to shift. This study concludes with broader observations connecting the history of the relationships between Han and American Protestants to some of the problems with contemporary interpretations of the changing dynamics and mission flows in world Christianity.
本文追溯1945年后南韩基督徒和美国宣教士不断改变的态度及关系。这是透过对一位长老会牧者坤赤翰的升起的研究调查，以及在韩国的美国长老会宣教会经历的不易的转折而达成的。坤赤翰是五十年代逐渐升级的冷战期间在国内外著名的宗教领袖，对他的讲章，及其在韩国和西方，美国的基督教杂志及宣教文件里的发言的分析，我们可以发现新的跨国基督徒合作的开始，持续的跨文化张力的存在，以及当权力开始转移时韩国基督徒及美国宣教士所面临的新的挑战。这个研究得出更广义的结论，即是翰与美国基督徒之间关系的这段历史，可以联系到世界基督教不断改变的宣教流所面临的当代诠释问题。
Este artículo describe la relación y las actitudes que van surgiendo entre protestantes coreanos y misioneros estadounidenses desde1945 en adelante. Investiga el surgimiento del pastor coreano presbiteriano, Kyung-Chik Han, como líder religioso de renombre tanto en su país como en el extranjero durante la escalada de la Guerra Fría en la década de 1950. Trata, además, sobre las incómodas transiciones dentro de las misiones de presbiterianos americanos en Corea. El análisis de sermones y discursos de Han en Corea y occidente, de revistas populares norteamericanas, y documentos misioneros estadounidenses explica la creación de nuevas asociaciones cristianas transnacionales, la presencia de tensiones interculturales en curso, y la aparición de nuevos retos entre protestantes coreanos y misioneros estadounidenses cuando los lugares de autoridad empiezan a cambiar. Este estudio concluye con observaciones más amplias que relacionan la historia entre Han y los protestantes norteamericanos a algunos de los problemas con interpretaciones contemporáneas sobre la dinámica cambiante y los flujos de la misión en el cristianismo mundial.
This article is in English.
Contemporary Thinking on Conversion and Persecution: A Survey of Recent Missiological Compendia
Authors: Sauer Christof 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This essay surveys the state of research regarding the ample relations between conversion and persecution as reflected in two recent missiological collections of essays, namely Freedom of Belief and Christian Mission (2015), and Sorrow and Blood: Christian Mission in Contexts of Suffering, Persecution and Martyrdom (2012). The systematic categories emanate from examining conversion as a human right in the framework of freedom of religion or belief, with the guidance of the un Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. The essay covers missiological reflection on the right to convert; not to be forced to convert; and to try to convert others by means of non-coercive persuasion. It also discovers a lack of reflection on the rights of the child and of his or her parents in this regard. This is done against the background of the challenges to the enjoyment of these rights in various contexts and from multiple parties, often taking the form of harassment, discrimination or persecution. It becomes evident that a Christian theological and missiological perspective adds important further considerations to the human rights perspective on conversion and religious freedom or persecution.
The Persecution by Their Muslim Husbands of Female Converts in Cape Town: A Case for Mission-shaped Churches and a Missiology of Suffering
Authors: Ravelo-Hoërson Nicole 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Significant changes have occurred in South Africa since the first and free democratic election held on April 27, 1994. Freedom of religion in that country is now thought to be a widely accepted value. However, in that democratic country, female converts have been experiencing persecution at the hands of their Muslim husbands, in contravention of the national laws. This study examines the issue of conversion of Muslim women in Cape Town and its concomitant themes: contextual mission and persecution. It argues that mission-shaped local churches are crucial to express authentic Christocentric witness that speaks to the realities of their religious as well as socio-cultural settings and responds to the needs of their contexts. It also argues that although in popular perception the biblical texts on persecution cannot readily apply to democratic contexts such as South Africa, God’s call to Christians to costly discipleship is also a call to a missiology of suffering.
Belonging in the Land: Land, Landscape, and Image in Southern African Missionary Encounters ca. 1840–1915
Authors: Brown Clare 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
To choose a missionary life is to become a stranger at home and abroad, whilst at the same time attempting to construct new networks of belonging. Missionaries have at times identified profoundly with the “foreign,” through economic and political solidarity, or linguistic and cultural immersion, but mission conversely necessitates the attempt to draw the foreign Other into the sphere of Christian fraternal belonging. This paper employs primary textual and visual sources to explore the complex theme of missionary identity and belonging through the lens of landscape. Landscape and its images influenced and were utilized by missionaries, functioning as tokens of belonging, interpretative tools, and sites of territorial possession for example through burial. For indigenous peoples, missionary images of place could also betoken otherness, and conflict with alternative expressions of rooted belonging, for instance in the use of earth as part of the physical substance of indigenous religious art.
Images of Eastern Religions and Roman Catholic Identity
Authors: Beltramini Enrico 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
While in the past two decades the Roman Catholic Church has reaffirmed an inclusivist stance with respect to other religions, there is reason to explore the question of whether Catholic teaching is as much about offering a definition of what is true in other religions as it is about defining Catholic identity. In this article, I investigate the representations of Eastern religions within ordinary expressions of Catholic teaching between 1990 and 2000, and I show how Catholic teaching seems to adopt a binary ontology in which the representation of the Other serves to define oneself.
Gospel on the Box: Can Television Drama be Missional?
Authors: Heber-Percy Colin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In 2011 I wrote the television drama The Preston Passion for the BBC. The aim was to retell the story of Christ’s Passion in a series of provoking and unexpected ways. Pilate becomes a town mayor during a mill workers’ strike in nineteenth century England; Mary becomes a mother awaiting news of her son during World War I; Jesus is a young carer in contemporary Preston, a city in the north of England. Drawing on the experience of writing the drama, I aim to show how drama and mission are related enterprises, having a complex and nuanced relationship with one another and with the prevailing culture. These putative relationships find expression in shared prophetic modalities: truth-telling, challenge, and love. The article explores how these modalities are expressed in television drama and mission. I conclude by suggesting that both drama and mission also share a goal: personal and cultural transformation through bearing witness to the truth understood in a particular way.
Origin Narratives of the Tibetan Medical Tradition
Authors: McGrath William A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The three excerpts translated below were selected from two of the earliest sources depicting the origins of medicine in Tibet. Despite their differences in terms of detail, style, and genre, each narrative emphasizes the Buddhist origins of either the Tibetan medical tradition itself, the tradition of canonical Buddhist medicine that was transmitted from India to Tibet, or even the entire field of healing knowledge. Read separately, each narrative promotes a distinct account of the origin and transmission of medical knowledge among mythical, legendary, and historical figures in India and Tibet. Read together, however, these three accounts depict attempts at the reconciliation of several competing narratives that were developing in the medical schools of twelfth- and thirteenth-century Tibet and that continue to affect the representation of the Tibetan medical tradition today.
Recent Developments in the Regulation of Investor-State Dispute Resolution: Any Lessons for the Southern African Development Community?
Authors: Ngobeni Lawrence , Fagbayibo Babatunde 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In 2016, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) amended Annex 1 of the SADC Protocol on Finance and Investment (FIP) in order to remove investor access to international arbitration or Investor-State Dispute Resolution (ISDS). The recent formation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Agreement (T-FTA) are factors that will likely curtail SADC’s ability to regulate foreign investments. Both AfCFTA and T-FTA are supposed to have their own investment protocols. This means that SADC faces the loss of regulatory authority over foreign investments. The recent formation of the Pan African Investment Code (PAIC) has shown that some African Union (AU) Member States want to provide ISDS for their investors, while others including SADC Members States do not. This article intends to evaluate the lessons SADC can learn from other jurisdictions in terms of the effective regulation of ISDS.
Folk Etymology in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects
Authors: Mutzafi Hezy 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Although folk etymology is a common linguistic phenomenon, it has hitherto hardly been touched upon in lexicological and other works related to varieties of Neo-Aramaic. The present article concerns twelve cases of folk etymology selected from some of the dialects of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA), the largest and most variegated division of modern Aramaic. Among these are three folk-etymological interpretations that did not induce structural or other changes, as well as nine cases of folk-etymological processes that reshaped NENA lexical items.
Greek Loanwords in Samaritan Aramaic
Authors: Stadel Christian , Shemesh Mor 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
For the first time, we provide a comprehensive and annotated list of 74 certain, likely, and possible Greek loanwords in Samaritan Aramaic, paying due attention to the variegated distribution of the loans in the different textual genres and chronological stages of the dialect. Greek loanwords in Jewish and Christian Palestinian Aramaic as well as Rabbinic Hebrew are compared throughout. The study provides insights into the contact situation of Greek and Samaritan Aramaic in Late Antique Palestine. An appendix contains short discussions of 22 additional lexical items for which a Greek etymon has been proposed erroneously.
“Mary puts us all to shame”
Authors: Tyra Steven W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article examines Martin Luther’s interpretation of Saint Mary Magdalene throughout his career, from his Psalms lectures of 1513 to his sermons on John’s Gospel in 1529. In particular, it will be argued that Luther both adopted and reshaped the exegetical tradition flowing from the twelfth-century theologian, Bernard of Clairvaux. The final result was a Reformation reading of the Magdalene that was neither fully medieval nor “Protestant” as the tradition would later develop. Luther’s journey with the saint thus illumines his ambiguous place in the history of biblical interpretation, as well as his fraught relationship to the medieval past.
“Hail Luther’s Contribution”
Authors: Lenz Darin D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMartin Luther was and remains a controversial figure whose contentious legacy has been used to serve a variety of agendas over the centuries. Nowhere is this better seen than in the use of Luther as symbol during the Cold War years in the United States. As American Protestants responded to the social, cultural, and political changes that defined this period they re-interpreted Luther in surprising ways to suit their own needs. Drawing on film, Roman Catholic responses, debates among scholars, Pentecostal, ecumenical, and political representations, this essay argues that Luther’s memory, as a lieu de mèmoire, was used during the Cold War era to promote whatever cause or concern interpreters wanted to associate with his name and legacy.
Land in Revolt
Authors: Jekanowski Rachel Webb 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this article, I examine the politicization of natural resources like water and land, and the wider entanglement of environments and politics, in Egyptian cinematic imaginaries. I focus on Youssef Chahine’s film al-Ard (The land, 1969) and its politicization of agricultural land during the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser (1954–1970) and the British colonial occupation of Egypt (1882–1956). Because histories of colonialism and nationalism in the Arab world are rooted in the economic and political exploitation of material resources (including land, water, and people), I draw on eco-criticism as a method of critical reading to analyze the film’s depictions of these configurations of political power and resource management. I argue that al-Ard roots its depiction of the resistance of the Egyptian peasantry (fellahin) in environmental terms, namely, restrictions to resource access and the affective relationships of the peasants to the land. By tracing these imbrications, I seek to relocate environmental concerns in scholarship on political resistance with reference to Nasser-era cinema.
Etymologische Bemerkungen zu ahd. ruof ‚Dach, Abdeckung (auf dem Hinterschiff)‘
Authors: Schuhmann Roland 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
While the word group of OHG ruof m. ‘roof’ is generally derived from PGmc. *χrōfa-, the Old Swedish forms written with <gh> show that the reconstructed form must be *χrōƀa-. PGmc. *χrōƀa- belongs together with the Slavic word group of OCS stropъ m. ‘roof’ but must be separated from the Celtic word group of mir. cró m. ‘enclosure’. The Germanic and Slavic forms lead back to a root PIE *k̂rep- ‘to cover’. From this root also Lat. creper ‘dark’ is derived.
Investigation into Funding Strategies of Social Enterprises
Authors: Zheng Shengfen 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
It has been attracting growing attention of all sectors of society to support social enterprises with social investment. This article focuses on the four much-discussed funding strategies of venture philanthropy, social impact investment, social impact bonds and crowdfunding. For the research, a total of 186 questionnaires were distributed and 92 of them were returned and found valid, with the rate of recovery standing at 49.5%. It is found that among the four strategies, the more heard of, the clearer, but that a strategy is clear does not mean it is readily accepted by the people; and among the companies with the registered name including the wording of social enterprise and those logging in as social enterprises, there is no significant statistical difference in the funding strategy. The result manifests the social enterprises in Taiwan are in the start-up stage, and goes in line with this article’s observation of the funding strategies, i.e., the funding strategy of the social enterprise has a lot to do with its life cycle. On this account, this article holds that we should pay attention to the life cycle of the social enterprises, adopt appropriate funding strategies based on their development stage and build sustainable business modes.
Research on Fostering Urban Community Organizations
Authors: Lan Ying 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
With continuous expansion of cities, the contradiction between the limited government resources and residents’ diverse needs grows increasingly prominent and the urban government at the primary level faces mounting pressure. It has become an important attempt to address the tough issues of the community and reduce the government pressure to incubate and foster community organizations which help the residents to achieve self-organization, self-management and self-satisfaction. Over recent years, the practice across the country reveals various problems in the fostering of community organizations, like the difficulties in fostering them, the poor sustainability and being more in name than in reality. The article conducts a case study of the success of Community Y in Beijing to illustrate its experiences in fostering community organizations and presents the path for the fostering of such organizations. Proceeding from the residents’ needs, it makes the community organizations into responsible subjects, increases its capacity for resource allocation and thus achieves the objective of democratic governance of the organization.
The Folk Belief, Charitable Undertakings and Belief Economy of Chaoshan Charitable Temples: The Triple-Agent Model of Shantou XY Charitable Temple’s Operation as an Example
Authors: Lai Yulin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The article proposes the triple-agent model of Chaoshan charitable temples’ operation, which is characterized by the interactive relationship between charitable undertakings and folk belief and belief economy. First, folk belief including the belief in Master Dafeng and related religious concepts can inspire believers’ charity motives and urge them to participate in charitable undertakings. The charity motives of believers are mostly self-interested or altruistic self-interested. Second, charitable undertakings, in turn, can “euphemize” and “legitimate” folk belief. XY Charitable Temple highlights to the outside world its charitable undertakings and the charitable meaning of its folk belief to euphemize the religious meaning of its folk belief and thus to maintain its political legitimacy. Finally, the development of belief economy provides operating funds for charitable undertakings. Belief economy is composed of charitable temple economy, deity economy and folklore economy, and they all have important folk belief elements. In addition, the income from folklore service features XY Charitable Temple’s revenue, from which the strategy of “religious governance” of charitable temples’ operation can be observed.
How Social Media are Changing Nonprofit Advocacy: Evidence from the Crowdfunding Platform in Taiwan
Authors: Zhou Shulin , Kuo Chienliang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHow nonprofit organizations (NPO) utilize social media to engage in advocacy work is regarded as one of the most important challenges in the digital economy era. However, although current studies pay their attention to how NPO react to the prevalence of social media, less focus is paid on how social media help to shape NPO’s practices on advocacy work. To help close the gap between theory and practice, this research explores whether the alignment between NPO’s advocacy practices and features of social media determine the NPO’s usage on social media. In particular, how the crowdfunding platform, an emerging and powerful form of social media, is used by NPO is investigated. Those crowdfunding projects initiated by NPO in FlyingV, the most well-known crowdfunding platform in Taiwan, are taken as the data source for analysis in this paper. The findings reveal that crowdfunding platforms are beneficial to NPO in turns of gaining resources and attracting participants, which then fostering the realization of advocacy activities. As well, the efficiency of crowdfunded projects (or advocacy proposals) is mainly determined by the number of participants (or sponsors). However, based on the findings, it is argued that NPO so far have not realized the power of crowdfunding platforms, thus not yet regarding crowdfunding platforms as key social media or strategic weapons in strengthening their impact or contribution on advocacy work relevant to their missions.
Об одном эпизоде придворной борьбы времени царствования Михаила Романова в рассказе В. Н. Татищева
Authors: Pavlov A.P. 
Published: June 2019

This article examines unique information provided by the renowned eighteenth-century historian V.N. Tatishchev about a conflict that occurred at the court of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich and the rapid rise and fall of Prince Boris Aleksandrovich Repnin. Information reported by Tatishchev remains controversial and therefore needs corroboration. A detailed comparison of Tatishchev’s story about Prince Repnin with accounts found in other sources suggests that Tatishchev’s work reflected the reality of court life in Muscovy during the 1630s and 1640s. The author concludes that information reported by Tatishchev deserves much more attention and critical analysis.