bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Hydroxylation of Arenes Catalyzed by a Keggin Polyoxometalate with a Cobalt(IV) Heteroatom
Authors: Khenkin Alexander M. , Somekh Miriam , Carmieli Raanan , Neumann Ronny 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe sustainable, selective direct hydroxylation of arenes, such as benzene to phenol, is an important research challenge. An electrocatalytic transformation using formic acid to oxidize benzene and its halogenated derivatives to selectively yield aryl formates, which are easily hydrolyzed by water to yield the corresponding phenols, is presented. The formylation reaction occurs on a Pt anode in the presence of [CoIIIW12O40]5− as a catalyst and lithium formate as an electrolyte via formation of a formyloxyl radical as the reactive species, which was trapped by a BMPO spin trap and identified by EPR. Hydrogen was formed at the Pt cathode. The sum transformation is ArH+H2O→ArOH+H2. Non‐optimized reaction conditions showed a Faradaic efficiency of 75 % and selective formation of the mono‐oxidized product in a 35 % yield. Decomposition of formic acid into CO2 and H2 is a side‐reaction.
Consecutive Ring Expansion and Contraction for the Synthesis of 1‐Aryl Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Tetrahydrobenzazepines from Readily Available Heterocyclic Precursors
Authors: Hill Jessica E. , Matlock Johnathan V. , Lefebvre Quentin , Cooper Katie G. , Clayden Jonathan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydrobenzazepines were prepared by acid‐promoted ring contraction of cyclic ureas, which were themselves formed by ring expansion of indolines and tetrahydroquinolines. The consequent overall one‐carbon insertion reaction gives these 6‐ and 7‐membered heterocyclic scaffolds in three steps from readily available precursors. Other ring sizes may be formed by an alternative elimination reaction of bicyclic structures. Scalability of the method was demonstrated by operating it in a flow system.
Tripalmitin–Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Emulsion Droplet Liquid vs. Solid State Impacts in vitro Digestive Lipolysis
Authors: Huynh Sally , Wright Amanda J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractQuestions remain as to the impact of lipid structure, including crystallinity, on digestibility and metabolic response. This study was undertaken to determine the impact of triacylglycerol crystallinity on digestibility using undercooled (liquid emulsion, LE) and crystalline (solid emulsion, SE) particles exposed to an in vitro model simulating upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestive conditions. By hot microfluidization, 10 wt% tripalmitin oil‐in‐water emulsions (D3,2 ~ 0.115 nm) with 0.9 wt% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were prepared. SE demonstrated complex melting behavior, was predominantly in the beta polymorph, and consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of anisometric particles. In vitro duodenal lipolysis was more extensive for the spherically shaped LE droplets vs. SE (P < 0.05), despite the fact that exposure to simulated gastric conditions (at pH 2, but not at pH 7) induced partial crystallization. Therefore, lipid droplet physical state impacted and was impacted by exposure to gastrointestinal conditions, with differences observed in fatty acid digestive release and implications for lipid absorption.
Use of Essential Oils From Various Plants to Change the Fatty Acids Profiles of Lipids Obtained From Oleaginous Yeasts
Authors: Uprety Bijaya K. , Rakshit Sudip K. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe studied the ability of seven essential oils to alter the fatty acid composition of lipids produced by an oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. All of the essential oils, except thyme, significantly increased the stearic acid content of the lipids. The amount of essential oils in the media determined the fatty acid composition obtained. Subsequently, we studied the effect of the major monoterpenes present in these essential oils. When R. toruloides was grown on limonene, a major monoterpene in orange essential oil, the composition of lipid obtained was found to be quite similar to natural orange essential oil. This proved that limonene has a major role in the changes in fatty acid profiles of the lipids. The effect of orange essential oil on another oleaginous yeast, Cryptococcus curvatus, was also carried out. Although the effect of the essential oil on the fatty acid composition and biomass (cell mass) was similar for both these two yeasts, the reduction of the activity of some enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways was quite different. From these results, it can be concluded that the effect of essential oils differs with species and it is possible to produce lipids with alternate fatty acid profiles suitable for different applications and with good market value.
Effects of Vegetable Oil Composition on Epoxidation Kinetics and Physical Properties
Authors: Yan Mengguo , Frank Elizabeth M. , Cochran Eric W. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the role of triacylglycerol composition on the properties of epoxidized vegetable oils and the kinetics of the epoxidation process under conditions comparable to commercial epoxidation. Commodity soybean oil (24% oleic acid, 50% linoleic acid, and 7% linolenic acid), high‐oleic soybean oil (75% oleic acid, 8% linoleic acid, and 2.5% linolenic acid), and linseed oil (11% oleic acid, 15% linoleic acid, and 64% linolenic acid) were each epoxidized to various extents. Epoxidation rate, viscosity, differential calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction data are presented for these oils and interpreted in the context of their fatty acid profile (mostly oleic, linoleic, or linolenic). While fully epoxidized soybean oil is widely commercially available and used in an increasing array of industrial applications, information relating to partially epoxidized oils and epoxidized oils of other cultivars is less well known.
Enhanced thermal conductivity of PLA‐based nanocomposites by incorporation of graphite nanoplatelets functionalized by tannic acid
Authors: Lin Han , Pei Lixia , Zhang Lizhi 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTEnhancing thermal conductivity of polymeric nanocomposites remains a great challenge because of the poor compatibility between nanofillers and the polymeric matrix and the aggregation effect of nanofillers. We report the enhanced thermal conductivity of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)‐based nanocomposites by incorporation of graphite nanoplatelets functionalized by tannic acid. Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) were noncovalently functionalized with tannic acid (TA) by van der Waals forces and π–π interaction without perturbing the conjugated sp2 network, thus preserving the high thermal conductivity of GNPs. PLA‐based nanocomposites with different contents of TA‐functionalized GNPs (TA‐GNPs) were prepared and characterized, and the influences of TA‐GNPs content on the morphologies, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of the composites were investigated in detail. TA‐GNPs remarkably improved the thermal conductivity of PLA up to 0.77 W/(m K), showing its high potential as a thermally conductive filler for polymer‐based nanocomposites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46397.
Surface modification of UHMWPE/fabric composite membrane via self‐polymerized polydopamine followed by mPEG‐NH2 immobilization
Authors: Liu Rong , Wang Xinwei , Yu Junrong , Wang Yan , Zhu Jing , Hu Zuming 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTIn this work, a novel approach to improve the antifouling properties of membrane surfaces was developed. First, a polydopamine layer was attached onto the surface of an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/fabric composite microporous membrane based on dopamine self‐polymerization and adhesive behavior. Then, methoxy polyethylene glycol amine was covalently bonded with the polydopamine layer via a Schiff base reaction. The physicochemical properties of the modified composite membrane surface were investigated, and the results indicated this modification could effectively enhance the membrane surface hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the protein fouling resistance of both dopamine‐coated and methoxy polyethylene glycol amine immobilized composite membranes was evaluated. It was found that a dopamine coating cannot obviously enhance the membrane antifouling properties due to its strong bioadhesion behavior. However, the antifouling properties of the composite membranes were significantly improved after being immobilized with a methoxy polyethylene glycol amine layer. Consequently, a layer‐by‐layer modified composite membrane with excellent antifouling property was obtained. The pure water flux and flux recovery ratio of the resultant membrane were 764 L m−2 h−1 and 83%, respectively. The aim of this paper was to provide an effective approach to optimizing the separation efficiency and antifouling performance of the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/fabric composite membrane. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46428.
Donald Trump as Leader: Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Authors: Rudden Marie , Brandt Stephanie 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPsychoanalysts who study the internal processes of group formation and functioning have a good deal to offer in understanding Donald Trump's powerful appeal to a segment of American voters. In this paper, we examine how this politician has ignited the fierce loyalty of a dedicated group of followers. We further use group analytic concepts to consider the ways in which his followers in turn exert their influence on Trump himself. Finally, referring to the literature on group leadership, we consider the inevitable impact of a leader whose communications often stray from logic and demonstrable fact and which seem to intentionally promote group regression and fantasy. This analysis pertains to the effect he has on those staunch supporters who say there is little he could do to shake their faith in him.
Cultural Dislocation and Ego Functions: Some Considerations in the Analysis of Bi‐cultural Patients
Authors: Dajani Karim G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCultural dislocation – the removal of a person from a location organized by a particular set of cultural practices and placing them in another location organized by a substantially different set of cultural practices – can shock and alter the ego. I utilize the cultural anthropologist Pierre Bourdieu's definition of culture or habitus as “a set of durable transposable dispositions” inculcated from a collective in which an individual is embedded to describe the impact of cultural dislocation. Finally, I suggest that difficulty in mourning the loss of a “country” and “set of ideals” that can no longer adequately mediate the immigrant's new world leads to melancholic symptoms, particularly anhedonia (loss of feeling in the body) and a type of self‐loathing that emanates from deeply unconscious sources.
Sexual Dimorphism of Digit‐Length Ratio in a Viviparous Lizard: Influence of Age, but not Preservation State or Sex of Interuterine Twin
Authors: Woodhead Nikita , Hare Kelly M. , Cree Alison 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe existence of sex differences in digit‐length ratio (especially between the second and fourth digits, 2D:4D) is well established for humans from fetal life onwards, and has been linked with later performance. In rodents, the ratio is affected prenatally by exposure to androgens and estrogens, with some research suggesting an influence from sex of the neighbouring intrauterine fetus. However, the ubiquity and ontogenetic development of sexual dimorphism in digit ratios is not well established among wild amniotes. We report the first digit ratios for a gekkotan lizard, representing a speciose lineage in which viviparity has evolved independently from mammals and other reptiles. For the gecko Woodworthia “Otago/Southland”, in which up to two embryos develop in separate uteri, we found: (1) significant sexual dimorphism in adults in 2D:3D of the right hindlimb only (larger in males), but not in 2D:4D for any limb; (2) no dimorphism in ratios for young juveniles, with no influence of sex of the interuterine twin, and no relationship with sprint speed; (3) in preserved tissues of the same juveniles, no sexual dimorphism in ratios, but a change in relative lengths of some digits with preservation. The ontogenetic pattern might be explained by altered sex–steroid exposure at the transition to adulthood rather than during prenatal development. Our results support a phylogenetic hypothesis that sauropsids (birds and reptiles) differ from mammals in the direction of sex difference, if present. Experiments are needed to establish the roles of androgens and estrogens in establishing these sex differences in lizards. Anat Rec, 301:1169–1178, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fungal biofilm inhibition by piperazine‐sulphonamide linked Schiff bases: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation
Authors: Patil Rajendra H. , Kalam Khan Firoz A. , Jadhav Kaivalya , Damale Manoj , Akber Ansari Siddique , Alkahtani Hamad M. , Ali Khan Azmat , Shinde Shantanu D. , Patil Rajesh , Sangshetti Jaiprakash N. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe report the synthesis of some new piperazine‐sulphonamide linked Schiff bases as fungal biofilm inhibitors with antibacterial and antifungal potential. The biofilm inhibition result of Candida albicans proposed that the compounds 6b (IC50 = 32.1 μM) and 6j (IC50 = 31.4 μM) showed higher inhibitory activity than the standard fluconazole (IC50 = 40 μM). Compound 6d (MIC = 26.1 μg/mL) with a chloro group at the para position was found to be the most active antibacterial agent of the series against Bacillus subtilis when compared with the standard ciprofloxacin (MIC = 50 μg/mL). Compound 6j (MIC = 39.6 μg/mL) with an OH group at the ortho position showed more potent antifungal activity as compared to that of the standard fluconazole (IC50 = 50 μM) against C. albicans. Thus, the synthesized compounds 6a–k were found to be potent biofilm inhibitors as well as active antibacterial and antifungal agents. The molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds against the secreted aspartyl protease (SAP5) enzyme of C. albicans exhibited good binding properties. The in silico ADME properties of the synthesized compounds were also analyzed and showed their potential to be developed as potential oral drug candidates.
Modulation of Inflammatory Arthritis in Mice by Gut Microbiota Through Mucosal Inflammation and Autoantibody Generation
Authors: Jubair Widian K. , Hendrickson Jason D. , Severs Erin L. , Schulz Hanna M. , Adhikari Sumitra , Ir Diana , Pagan Jose D. , Anthony Robert M. , Robertson Charles E. , Frank Daniel N. , Banda Nirmal K. , Kuhn Kristine A. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveObservations of microbial dysbiosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have raised interest in studying microbial–mucosal interactions as a potential trigger of RA. Using the murine collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model, we undertook this study to test our hypothesis that microbiota modulate immune responses leading to autoimmune arthritis.MethodsCIA was induced by immunization of mice with type II collagen (CII) in adjuvant on days 0 and 21, with arthritis appearing on days 23 and 24. Intestinal microbiota were profiled by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing every 7 days during the course of CIA, and intestinal mucosal changes were evaluated on days 14 and 35. Then, microbiota were depleted either early (7 days before immunization) or late (day 21 after immunization) by administration of broad‐spectrum antibiotics. Disease severity, autoantibody and systemic cytokine production, and intestinal mucosal responses were monitored in the setting of microbial reduction.ResultsSignificant dysbiosis and mucosal inflammation occurred early in CIA, prior to visible arthritis, and continued to evolve during the course of disease. Depletion of the microbiota prior to the induction of CIA resulted in an ~40% reduction in disease severity and in significantly reduced levels of serum inflammatory cytokines and anti‐CII antibodies. In intestinal tissue, production of interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) and IL‐22 was delayed. Unexpectedly, microbial depletion during the late phase of CIA resulted in a >50% decrease in disease severity. Anti‐CII antibodies were mildly reduced but were significantly impaired in their ability to activate complement, likely due to altered glycosylation profiles.ConclusionThese data support a model in which intestinal dysbiosis triggers mucosal immune responses that stimulate T and B cells that are key for the development of inflammatory arthritis.
Mixtures of Berkson and classical covariate measurement error in the linear mixed model: Bias analysis and application to a study on ultrafine particles
Authors: Deffner Veronika , Küchenhoff Helmut , Breitner Susanne , Schneider Alexandra , Cyrys Josef , Peters Annette 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe ultrafine particle measurements in the Augsburger Umweltstudie, a panel study conducted in Augsburg, Germany, exhibit measurement error from various sources. Measurements of mobile devices show classical possibly individual–specific measurement error; Berkson–type error, which may also vary individually, occurs, if measurements of fixed monitoring stations are used. The combination of fixed site and individual exposure measurements results in a mixture of the two error types. We extended existing bias analysis approaches to linear mixed models with a complex error structure including individual–specific error components, autocorrelated errors, and a mixture of classical and Berkson error. Theoretical considerations and simulation results show, that autocorrelation may severely change the attenuation of the effect estimations. Furthermore, unbalanced designs and the inclusion of confounding variables influence the degree of attenuation. Bias correction with the method of moments using data with mixture measurement error partially yielded better results compared to the usage of incomplete data with classical error. Confidence intervals (CIs) based on the delta method achieved better coverage probabilities than those based on Bootstrap samples. Moreover, we present the application of these new methods to heart rate measurements within the Augsburger Umweltstudie: the corrected effect estimates were slightly higher than their naive equivalents. The substantial measurement error of ultrafine particle measurements has little impact on the results. The developed methodology is generally applicable to longitudinal data with measurement error.
Incorporating historical information in biosimilar trials: Challenges and a hybrid Bayesian‐frequentist approach
Authors: Mielke Johanna , Schmidli Heinz , Jones Byron 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFor the approval of biosimilars, it is, in most cases, necessary to conduct large Phase III clinical trials in patients to convince the regulatory authorities that the product is comparable in terms of efficacy and safety to the originator product. As the originator product has already been studied in several trials beforehand, it seems natural to include this historical information into the showing of equivalent efficacy. Since all studies for the regulatory approval of biosimilars are confirmatory studies, it is required that the statistical approach has reasonable frequentist properties, most importantly, that the Type I error rate is controlled—at least in all scenarios that are realistic in practice. However, it is well known that the incorporation of historical information can lead to an inflation of the Type I error rate in the case of a conflict between the distribution of the historical data and the distribution of the trial data. We illustrate this issue and confirm, using the Bayesian robustified meta‐analytic‐predictive (MAP) approach as an example, that simultaneously controlling the Type I error rate over the complete parameter space and gaining power in comparison to a standard frequentist approach that only considers the data in the new study, is not possible. We propose a hybrid Bayesian‐frequentist approach for binary endpoints that controls the Type I error rate in the neighborhood of the center of the prior distribution, while improving the power. We study the properties of this approach in an extensive simulation study and provide a real‐world example.
Development of N‐acetylneuraminic acid responsive biosensors based on the transcriptional regulator NanR
Authors: Peters Gert , De Paepe Brecht , De Wannemaeker Lien , Duchi Dries , Maertens Jo , Lammertyn Jeroen , De Mey Marjan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTranscriptional biosensors have various applications in metabolic engineering, including dynamic pathway control and high‐throughput screening of combinatorial strain libraries. Previously, various biosensors have been created from naturally occurring transcription factors (TFs), largely relying on native sequences without the possibility to modularly optimize their response curve. The lack of design and engineering techniques thus greatly hinders the development of custom biosensors. In view of the intended application this is detrimental. In contrast, a bottom‐up approach to design tailor‐made biosensors was pursued here. Novel biosensors were created that respond to N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), an important sugar moiety with various biological functions, by employing native and engineered promoters that interact with the TF NanR. This bottom‐up approach, whereby various tuned modules, e.g., the ribosome binding site (RBS) controlling NanR translation can be combined, enabled the reliable engineering of various response curve characteristics. The latter was validated by testing these biosensors in combination with various Neu5Ac‐producing pathways, which allowed to produce up to 1.4 ± 0.4 g/L extracellular Neu5Ac. In this way, the repertoire of biosensors was expanded with seven novel functional Neu5Ac‐responsive biosensors.
Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles
Authors: Chung Stanley , Tian Jun , Tan Zhijun , Chen Jie , Lee Jongchan , Borys Michael , Li Zheng Jian 
Published: March 2018

AbstractControlling the charge profile of therapeutic protein is a critical challenge in the current quality‐by‐design (QbD) paradigm, throughout all phases of biologics process development (PD): cell line development, upstream cell culture, recovery process, downstream purification, and analytical characterization. Charge variant profiles may influence efficacy and/or lead to unintended side‐effects. Thus, maintaining a consistent charge profile is of tremendous importance, and increasingly, researchers have focused efforts toward developing strategies to mitigate variability during cell culture and to improve separation and detection of charge variants. Current understanding of factors affecting charge variant formation during manufacturing remains inadequate, and sometimes, even substantial commitment of resources may still not fully achieve the desired or consistent profiles. As such, this review attempts to provide a comprehensive resource for the biologics community by summarizing the impact of charge variants and CQA management, analytical methods for charge variant detection, as well as strategies in downstream and upstream PD for controlling charge variant profiles.