bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The War Guilt Problem and the Ligue des droits de l'homme, 1914-1944
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book contributes in important ways to three distinct historical arguments. First and foremost, it is a significant addition to a still small, but growing, literature on the Ligue des droits de l’homme (LDH), an organization founded in 1898 at the height of the Dreyfus Affair which lay at the very centre of French Republican politics in the era of the two world wars. It posits that the Ligue was half-dead by its own hand by 1937—well before the Nazi invasion of May 1940—because of its inability to resolve the question of war guilt from the Great War. The issue of war origins and war guilt transfixed it from 1914 down to the Second World War. Secondly, this book expands our understanding of the aetiology of French pacifism, thereby allowing for a deeper awareness of the differences between French and Anglo-American pacifism. It argues that from 1916 onwards one can see a principled dissent from the Union sacrée war effort that occurred within mainstream French Republicanism and not on the syndicalist or anarchist fringes. Finally, the book proposes a new explanatory model to help us understand some of the choices made in Vichy France, moving beyond the usual triptych of collaboration, resistance, or accommodation. This study is based on substantial research in a large number of French archives, primarily in the papers of the LDH which were repatriated to France from the former Soviet Union in late 2001, but also on considerable research in German archives—something other historians of the Ligue have not done. There is thus an exciting primacy of discovery here.
War Origins
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The outbreak of the Great War in August 1914 surprised the Ligue des droits de l’homme which quickly adopted the position of virtually all French people of support for the Union sacrée. Despite the fact that the Ligue’s origins in the Dreyfus Affair lay in a rejection of the military ethos in French society, it reverted almost instantly to a neo-Jacobin crusading posture based on a deep antipathy to Germany. The case for German war guilt made by the Ligue’s vice-president, Victor Basch, was challenged by 1915, however, by a minority group within the Ligue which founded the ‘Société d’études documentaires et critiques sur la guerre’ (SEDCG). Central to the SEDCG’s concerns was the issue of French and Russian war guilt in the outbreak of war; in other words, of shared responsibility for the Great War.
Bridge over the Abyss?
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Ligue des droits de l’homme had several German interlocutors in the 1920s, ranging from the Deutsche Liga für Menschenrechte (DLfM) to the German Foreign Office to German public opinion. The leadership of the DLfM cosseted French republican opinion in the belief that all of Germany wanted to pay reparations for the destruction of northern France during the Great War, but there was hardly unanimity even within the German republican left on the issue of war guilt and reparations. The tangible political ramifications of the war guilt debate are to be seen, above all, in the fallout from the Ruhr Occupation of 1923 which could have destroyed the burgeoning relationship of the LDH and DLfM, but did not. It did, however, change the way France and the Ligue were viewed in Germany.
1937, or the Aventine Secession
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The 1937 Tours Congress, the theme of which was ‘How to Defend Both Democracy and Peace’, brought schism to the Ligue des droits de l’homme. The issues of contention were the Moscow Purge Trials, the Spanish Civil War, and the refusal to countenance mediation of the latter. The minority charged that the Ligue’s majority was refusing to admit the atrocities being committed in the Soviet Union in order to shore up the Popular Front in France. Refusal of mediation in the Spanish conflict was a replay of the refusal of mediation during the Great War. The link between the origins of the Great War and the European situation in 1937 was explicitly made. The latter was the misbegotten progeny of the former and the minority steadfastly refused to countenance another Union sacrée.
Conversational Exercitives
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that conversational contributions routinely enact norms for the conversation to which they contribute. When an utterance adds to a conversation, it enacts changes to the conversational score. This is because the score tracks everything relevant to the proper assessment and development of the conversation. Moreover, since what is appropriate or permissible in the conversation depends on the score, changing the score thereby changes what is permissible in that conversation and this involves the enacting of norms. Such conversational exercitives involve an important but overlooked mechanism of verbal norm enactment.
A Version of Moore’s Method
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at Moore’s distinctive method of refuting idealists and skeptics, and isolates and defends the most effective version of that method. The version is everywhere comparative and piecemeal: which is more credible, an abstract a priori philosophical premise, or the humdrum everyday proposition the idealist is concerned to attack? This version of the method is shown to resist all the standard objections to Moore (that he is being dogmatic, that he begs the question, that he privileges “common sense” in an arbitrary way, etc.). An appendix considers but prescinds from the “Very Strong” position that, in principle, no idealist argument could possibly succeed against Moore.
The Poverty of Philosophical Method
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Cartesian mind–body dualism is widely thought to have been simply refuted by sound argument. This chapter maintains that the case against dualism is very weak. There is no very good argument for materialism, and the objections to dualism are convincing only to materialists. In particular, the dreaded Interaction problem is not notably hard for a committed dualist to handle; and the other standard objections simply presuppose a third-person perspective that would not be tolerated by the dualist in the first place. Materialism is not significantly better supported than dualism. In the process, the chapter sets out a number of sociophilosophical observations that explain our impression that dualism has been simply shown to be untenable. The sociophilosophical observations, more generally, explain how an illusion is created to the effect that purely philosophical reasoning can either prove or refute a significant doctrine or claim.
The Evidential Status of Intuitions
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An intuition is an intellectual seeming, and this chapter argues that intuitions have evidential status. That claim is defended against objections: that an “intuition” is just a psychological fact about a person, that it merely reveals a lack of imagination, that it is already a tacit theory rather than a datum, that intuitions are malleable, and that they vary across communities. There is a further question of how intuitions might be shown to be reliable indicators of truth; this question is misguided, as it presupposes a competing epistemological theory that is rejected here. On the positive side, intuitions justify by way of what Goodman called reflective equilibrium. That method too has incurred objections, over and above those mentioned above, but they are deferred until Chapter 8.
Perpetrators, Fieldwork, and Ethical Concerns
Authors: Lekha Sriram Chandra 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the discussion within the field of perpetrator studies on how to study alleged perpetrators of international crimes. It does so by focusing upon ethical concerns and fieldwork in the shadow of potential trials at the domestic or international level. Drawing upon the extended fieldwork of the author, and presenting case studies from Africa, Asia, and South America, it argues that researchers should be more attentive to the power-relations between researcher and researched. It also discusses the need for researchers to be aware of the role that research plays in analysis of alleged perpetrators inside and outside of judicial processes.
Perpetration as a Process
Authors: Ümit Üngör Uğur 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter shifts its perspective from the study of perpetrators to perpetration. Whereas the former term refers to the agency of the individuals who have perpetrated forms of mass violence against civilians, the latter concept refers to the process of collective commission of mass violence. The advantage of taking a processual view is that it caters for the complexity of the process of perpetration: different layers of authority, motives of involvement, rules of engagement, and most importantly, the changes in these factors over time. This chapter approaches perpetration as a socio-ecological model containing three distinct analytical levels: top-level (architects), mid-level (organizers), and bottom-level (killers). The heuristic device in this chapter fleshes out and discusses each level of analysis and applies theoretical insights. It develops a temporal processual model that focuses on the power relationships between groups of people, especially between perpetrators and victims, but also within the perpetrator group.
Beyond Perpetrators
Authors: Jessee Erin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the life histories of three convicted génocidaires—the term for those individuals who had some degree of criminal complicity in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Since the genocide, the victorious Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) has, using a range of transitional justice mechanisms, disseminated an oversimplified official history of the genocide that divides the population into innocent Tutsi survivors or guilty Hutu perpetrators. However, convicted génocidaires’ actions surrounding the genocide were often more complex than the RPF’s official history acknowledges. For this reason, this chapter—building upon the work of Erica Bouris and Erin Baines—approaches génocidaires as ‘complex political actors.’ This framing allows for enhanced consideration of the individual circumstances that informed génocidaires’ actions. It similarly allows researchers to better comprehend génocidaires’ efforts to claim space as victims, bystanders, and survivors, for example, given the broader political, historical, and personal circumstances that informed their actions during the genocide.
The Female Tigers of Sri Lanka
Authors: Frerks Georg 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the motives and legitimation of female cadres of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) joining the fight against the Sri Lankan government. Tamil young women were, among others, motivated by grievances against the treatment of the Tamil minority by the government, their experience of sexual and gender-based violence by Sinhalese soldiers and Indian peacekeepers, and a wish to avenge the death of relatives. They also wanted to escape a suppressive and conservative Tamil culture that forced them into arranged marriages. The heroism and sacrificial martyrdom cultivated by the LTTE legitimized these women’s combat role among the Tamils in Northern and North-eastern Sri Lanka who admired their courage. Different societal and theoretical discourses exist concerning the supposedly victimizing, liberating, or empowering effects of female participation in armed struggle, but the situation in reality appears to be ambivalent, including both victimhood and emancipation.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Smeulers Alette 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the difficulties scholars can experience when studying perpetrators. These can be practical, moral, and ethical. Probably the most difficult issue scholars have to deal with are their own emotions. Sometimes scholars may be disgusted by the perpetrator’s crimes or their indifference, but sometimes (perhaps even more worrisome) cues of empathy towards the perpetrators may emerge. Understanding perpetrators is, however, not the same as excusing them. Even more difficult is the realization that the perpetrators are often very ordinary people who are not particularly different from ourselves. This is a troubling thought and something with which scholars studying perpetrators have struggled. The need to study perpetrators, however, remains important as understanding perpetrators might be our best option to stop and prevent them committing further atrocities in the future.
How Can Regulation Help?
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores how regulation might help to alleviate the burden on poor workers and reduce the incidence of informal work. Informal work is understood in this study as a regulatory problem or conundrum. The chapter explores insights and concepts from the regulatory literature in order reflect upon the reason why labour regulation is failing so many workers around the world, leaving them stranded in a state of informality. The chapter proposes, first, that traditional state-based labour law is not responding to the various forms of work that have proliferated in recent years. Second, it is not responding to advances in the structures of production and relations of distribution that work occurs within. Third, it is not employing tools that are appropriate to or effective in regulating new working relationships. And fourth, it is not creating incentives for compliance which overcome the countervailing disincentives which arise from private and informal regulation, culture, and informal institutions. Having established the problem, it then draws on various literatures to set up the conceptual framework for examining how institutional change could occur so that a more responsive labour regulation could be generated.
Four Experiments in Reducing Informality
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 compares the four innovations described in the case study chapters (Chapters 4–7) and draws out lessons about the way that institutional change occurs. None of the models entail comprehensive reform of the way work is regulated in a nation. Nor do they fundamentally challenge the international institutional arrangements, which have altered and undermined the power of national institutions to regulate work, and which were seen to be at play in each of the case studies. They have instead sought solutions which were politically feasible and improved the conditions of a specific group of workers—homeworkers, head-load workers, and garment workers. They arose out of particular political moments and institutional trajectories. The initiatives have in common that they (a) expand or sidestep the employment relationship so as to encompass broader forms of work (with the exception of the Cambodian initiative); and (b) increase the strength of regulation in order to push against countervailing pressures which lower working conditions. However, each initiative has achieved this in different ways and to different extents. This chapter compares these different methods and explores why some levers are stronger than others.
Backgazing: Reverse Time in Modernist Culture
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The focus of this book is on how time is represented in reverse forms throughout modernist literature and culture, from about 1900 until the middle years of the twentieth century. It is particularly concerned with how antipodean reorientations of chronological scale reconfigure ways in which the conventional temporal categories of modernism are understood. It treats time neither as a philosophical nor as a theological concern but, rather, as a phenomenon shaped by material forces across different spatial and temporal trajectories. By foregrounding the antipodean slant of this project, it not only integrates the literature of Australia and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere into the broader trajectories of modernism, but also considers ways in which canonical narratives might productively be considered in relation to their antipodean dimensions, thereby opening up modernist narratives to various forms of systematic reversal. Backgazing thus reads canonical authors (Proust, Conrad, Joyce, Woolf, Eliot, Mann, Auden) in relation to Australasian modernist writers (Mansfield, H. H. Richardson, Dark, White, and others), and it considers how the shape of modernism appears different if viewed from an antipodean perspective. It also considers various neglected modernist writers (Cunard, Farrell, Powell, Slessor, R. D. FitzGerald) and suggests how their modernist idiom becomes more recognizable in relation to an aesthetics of backwardness and burlesque.
Organicist Time
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces how an organicist version of time was developed during the interwar period, how it reached its philosophical apogee in the work of Martin Heidegger and was treated sympathetically by American novelist Thomas Wolfe. However, this organicist impulse was kept at a distance by the writing of Theodor Adorno, Thomas Mann, and H. G. Wells, all of whom engage in dialectics with fascism. This chapter also considers how organicist models of temporal sequence inform the fixation on time in William Faulkner’s fiction, and how Sartre’s existentialism attempted to disavow what he saw as Faulkner’s backward-looking nostalgia. This kind of organicist imagination continued to resonate widely even after 1945, as we see from Anthony Powell’s sequence of novels A Dance to the Music of Time, and organicist time formed an integral backbone to many dimensions of modernist culture, even if its visibility became partially suppressed after World War II.
Invalid Modernism
Authors: Davidson Michael 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Invalid Modernism contributes to an intersectional moment in disability studies by looking at aesthetics through non-conforming bodies and minds. It also offers an intersectional understanding of modernism by studying the representation of physical and cognitive difference during a period marked by progressive reforms in health, labor, and welfare. Readings of texts by Henry James, Samuel Beckett, Virginia Woolf, William Carlos Williams, James Joyce, Djuna Barnes, Oscar Wilde, F. T. Marinetti, Jean Toomer, an opera by Alexander Zemlinsky, and paintings and constructions of Dadaists and Surrealists are set against historical developments in sexology, medical discourse, and eugenics and anthropometry. Modernist works are well known for challenging formal features of narration and representation, but this challenge has often been enabled by shell-shocked veterans, tubercular heroines, blind soothsayers, invalid aesthetes, and neurasthenic women. Such figures complicate an aesthetics of autonomy by which modernism is often understood. Since its evolution in the eighteenth century modern aesthetics has been seen in terms of judgments based on detached appreciation. What begins as a private sensory response to an object or natural formation results in a disinterested judgment about the value of that response. By looking at modernist aesthetics through a disability optic, Invalid Modernism attempts to restore the missing body to aesthetic discourse through figures marked by medical discourse of the period as “invalid” subjects.
Private Benefit, Public Finance?
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the way in which developments in the apparently rather narrow field of undergraduate finance tell us something about perceptions of the university in the late twentieth century and, more importantly, about how debates over higher education illuminate wider attitudes to the relationship between the individual, the state, and civil society. It also uses these debates—and the legislation they inspired—to discuss the difficulties the state and other actors faced in dealing with higher education in an era characterized by anxieties about Britain’s perceived decline, and about inequities in British society. The tangled and tortured development of student finance in the last four decades of the twentieth century illustrates the value of Jose Harris’s approach, whilst also enabling historians to trace the longer-lasting legacy of idealist thought.
Reshaping the Welfare State?
Authors: Davis John 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This essay looks at evolving approaches to urban deprivation in 1960s and 1970s London, a period when poverty was ‘rediscovered’ and attention drawn to the holes in the established welfare state. New social organizations sprang up in response to new urban problems and to the reality of multiple deprivations in London’s twilight zones. These new organizations answered contemporary calls for a revival of civic involvement through greater grass-roots participation in public life. They brought energy and innovative methods to the task of tackling poverty, but in the process they frequently placed themselves in opposition to the existing statutory agencies, with the result that social action as a whole lost focus and direction as it succumbed to public/private turf wars and ideological conflict. The ‘mixed economy of welfare’ was tottering even before Margaret Thatcher entered Downing Street.
John Thelwall’s School of Eloquence
Authors: Zimmerman Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Thelwall could not escape the ghosts of his radical past as a political speaker who had been tried for treason. In reinventing himself as a speech therapist and lecturer on elocution he channeled his previous democratic commitments into teaching how to represent oneself through effective speaking. As he expanded the role of poetry in his elocution lectures, Thelwall developed a distinctive literary criticism that was particularly suited to public lectures. His key criterion for judging poetry was how well it lent itself to being read aloud or recited. At his London school he institutionalized this critical perspective, but his preference for extemporaneity left it vulnerable to loss in the historical record. Collecting the newspaper advertisements and other surviving texts of his literary lectures can help piece together a speculative account of his Romantic-era critical manifesto.
Acting Like an Author
Authors: Zimmerman Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
William Hazlitt was steeped in a 1790s culture of radical speaking. Listening to Coleridge as a Dissenting preacher and hearing him recite his verse fostered Hazlitt’s hopes in political and aesthetic reform. In Lectures on the English Poets (1818) he responded to the dashing of those hopes by developing an aesthetic agenda that might renew them and a conversational prose that would become his signature as a critic. He advocated looking to the earliest British poets for examples of how to achieve lasting fame and, rejecting Coleridge’s extemporaneity, honed a delivery style that emphasized qualities he associated with the kind of authorship he championed by preparing full scripts and adopting a studied distance from auditors. In assuming the role of lecturer Hazlitt attempted to supplant his former mentor and assume his own cultural authority.