bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Deaf Learners’ Language Progress in School
Authors: Mann Wolfgang 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The needs of increasingly diverse deaf learners in special schools and mainstream programs pose a challenge to researchers and practitioners, especially when it comes to assessment. There has been progress in developing standardized psychometric tests that are more appropriate for deaf children, for example in the form of sign language assessments. However, these tests continue to have certain limitations: they provide information about a child’s learning outcome but not the learning process, and children have a limited opportunity to contribute to the assessment process. This chapter highlights the potential of using dynamic assessment (DA), an interactive approach to psychological assessment that embeds intervention within the assessment procedure, with deaf learners. After providing background on language assessment of deaf learners and an introduction to the concept behind DA, the author discusses the relevant research and examines ways for teachers to make DA meaningful in the classroom.
Word Identification and Adolescent Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Readers
Authors: Trussell Jessica W. , Rivera M. Christina 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Many deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) high school students graduate with reading abilities that leave them poorly prepared for postsecondary settings. In college, reading ability is an important predictor of graduation rates and level of degree attained, and the postsecondary degree a DHH student completes will affect his or her future earnings, upward mobility, and job satisfaction. Considering how important reading is to a DHH student’s future, this chapter will review the evidence base surrounding the foundational building block of reading, decoding. Researchers suggest that decoding instruction for adolescents should occur not only during language arts classes but also in the content areas (i.e., math, science, and social studies). This chapter reviews successful decoding strategies and suggests decoding strategies that teachers can use to support adolescents in various content-area disciplines. The authors discuss how teachers and parents can make strategic decisions when implementing decoding interventions that have no available evidence base.
Implications of Cross-Modal and Intramodal Plasticity for the Education and Rehabilitation of Deaf Children and Adults
Authors: Heimler Benedetta , Pavani Francesco , Amedi Amir 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Exploring the environment without the auditory modality elicits wholesale reorganizations at both the behavioral and the neural levels throughout life. This chapter reviews changes in brain organization and behavior arising from early deafness. It depicts a multifaceted framework in both domains: the performance of deaf persons has been shown to be comparable to, better than, as well as worse than that of hearing participants. They also show brain modifications ascribable both to intramodal (within the visual system) and cross-modal plasticity (the recruitment of the deprived auditory cortex by intact sensory modalities). The authors discuss the implications of these results for sensory rehabilitation and highlight the benefits of multisensory systematic training programs to boost recovery.
Embodied Cognition in Prelingually Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants
Authors: Castellanos Irina , Pisoni David B. , Yu Chen , Chen Chi-hsin , Houston Derek M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The theory of embodiment postulates that cognition emerges from multisensory interactions of an agent with its environment and as a result of multiple overlapping and time-locked sensory-motor activities. In this chapter, we discuss the complex multisensory system that may underlie young children’s novel word learning, how embodied attention may provide new insights into language learning after prelingual hearing loss, and how embodied attention may underlie learning in the classroom. We present new behavioral data demonstrating the coordination of sensory-motor behaviors in groups of young children with prelingual hearing loss (deaf, early implanted children with cochlear implants and hard-of-hearing children with hearing aids) and without hearing loss (two control groups of peers matched for chronological and hearing age). Our preliminary findings suggest that individual differences and variability in language outcomes may be traced to children’s coordination of auditory, visual, and motor behaviors with a social partner.
The Development of Young Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: Dirks Evelien 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Early parent–child interactions influence children’s later linguistic, social-emotional, and cognitive development. Since deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children are more at risk for difficulties in their development than hearing children, the caregiving environment is an important context to enhance their development. This chapter describes different aspects of parent–child interactions that are related to the development of young DHH children. Parental language input, mental state language, and sensitivity are related to young DHH children’s language skills, social-emotional development, and executive functions. The chapter addresses parent-based interventions to promote DHH children’s linguistic, social-emotional, and cognitive development.
Social-Emotional Problems in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children from an Executive and Theory-of-Mind Perspective
Authors: Vissers Constance Th. W. M. , Hermans Daan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The implications of a hearing loss can go far beyond the linguistic domain. Several studies have revealed that deaf and hard-of-hearing children are at risk in their social-emotional development. This chapter argues that executive functions and theory of mind are two central underlying cognitive factors in people’s social-emotional functioning. We briefly review what is currently known about executive functioning and theory-of-mind development in deaf and hard-of-hearing children and adolescents and then present a cognitive model with a central role for inner speech in relation to executive functioning and theory of mind. We hypothesize that inner speech both enables and urges the regulation of oneself (executive function) and also the mentalization of one’s own and others’ inner worlds (theory of mind). We discuss the implications for assessing and treating social-emotional problems in deaf and hard-of-hearing children and adolescents.
Importance of Technology for Education of Deaf Students
Authors: Stinson Michael 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Technology is playing an increasing role in the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students. This chapter discusses two uses of technology to provide communication access for DHH students (real-time captioning in classrooms and messaging and related technologies to facilitate communication in small groups) and two ways that technology is used for instruction of these students (multimedia materials for development of literacy and online tutoring). Several studies on real-time captioning and multimedia materials indicate that these approaches are beneficial in the education of DHH students. The limited work to date on messaging to support communication in groups with DHH and hearing students and online tutoring indicates that they are potentially important because they address unmet needs of DHH students. It is important to conduct additional studies to determine the effectiveness of these latter two approaches because current findings are preliminary.
Online Learning and Deaf Students
Authors: Cawthon Stephanie W. , Mitchell Jessica I. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Recent advances in online education platforms have the potential to increase access and equity for deaf students. This chapter examines what we know about accessibility in online learning for deaf individuals. Online learning is broad in its reach, including instruction that parallels or is in addition to traditional face-to-face instruction. Discussions about the future of online learning are situated in a larger context of the importance of direct communication for deaf learners, the use of video platforms for dialog, and the role and function of media as a flexible, empowering, and constructed space for learning in multiple language modalities. Yet the capacity of online education to deliver on its potential requires careful attention to the way the education environment is designed. This chapter provides historical and conceptual context for accessibility; summarizes research on critical issues, including captioning, synchronous and asynchronous communication, and accommodations; and offers recommendations for further investigation.
Mind the Gap!
Authors: Knoors Harry , de Klerk Annet , Marschark Marc 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Research is continually adding to the evidence base for successful education of deaf students, but improved education does not automatically follow from well-conducted research. It requires a combination of the talents of individual students, proper support from parents, and adequate instruction by teachers. Research will have an impact only if it enhances the effectiveness of teaching practices and student learning. While early intervention generally leads to better development of deaf and hard-of-hearing students, for some learners, better may not be good enough. Those students need specific interventions. The fact that many teachers of deaf students in regular and special schools seem to ignore available and relevant research evidence points to a considerable gap between research and practice. This chapter summarizes relevant research and discusses what actions can be taken to close the gap between research and practice. We conclude that professional development is a key factor.
The Aesthetic Animal
Authors: Hogh-Olesen Henrik 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The Aesthetic Animal answers the ultimate questions of why we adorn ourselves; embellish our things and surroundings; and produce art, music, song, dance, and fiction. Humans are aesthetic animals that spend vast amounts of time and resources on seemingly useless aesthetic activities. However, nature would not allow a species to waste precious time and effort on activities completely unrelated to the survival, reproduction, and well-being of that species. Consequently, the aesthetic impulse must have some important biological functions. An impulse is a natural, internal behavioral incentive that does not need external reward to exist. A number of observations indicate that the aesthetic impulse is exactly such an inherent part of human nature, and therefore it is a primary impulse in its own right with several important functions. The aesthetic impulse may guide us toward what is biologically good for us and help us choose the right fitness-enhancing items in our surroundings. It is a valid individual fitness indicator, as well as a unifying social group marker, and aesthetically skilled individuals get more mating possibilities, higher status, and more collaborative offers. This book is written in a lively and entertaining tone, and it presents an original and comprehensive synthesis of the empirical field, synthesizing data from archeology, cave art, anthropology, biology, ethology, and experimental and evolutionary psychology and neuro-aesthetics.
Countershading
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCountershading is a coloration pattern where the exterior surfaces most exposed to light, typically dorsal surfaces, are more darkly coloured than those oriented away from light, typically ventral surfaces. Countershading is widely discussed as a camouflage defence, although other functions—such as thermoregulation, abrasion resistance, and protection from ultraviolet light—may also select for countershading. In terms of camouflage, countershading is thought to work by up to six distinct mechanisms. We discuss several key examples of countershading and counterillumination that give insight into some of this complexity, before reviewing the evidence for the effectiveness of each of the six mechanisms. These include relatively simple effects, such as background matching dorsal surfaces against dark oceanic depths when viewed from above and ventral surfaces against downwelling light when viewed from below, but also more complex mechanisms, such as the concealment of cues to three-dimensional shape created by an animal’s self-cast shadows. Following this are sections on the evolution and genetics of countershading, before the chapter concludes with ecological considerations and suggestions for future research.
Batesian mimicry and masquerade
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis chapter concerns Batesian mimicry, which is the resemblance of a palatable species to an unpalatable or otherwise unprofitable species. Often these unprofitable models have warning signals, which the mimic has evolved to copy. The chapter also considers another well-known form of deception, namely masquerade, which is the resemblance of a palatable species to the cues of an object of no inherent interest to a potential predator such as leaves, thorns, sticks, stones, or bird droppings. Batesian mimicry and masquerade share many properties, and both can be considered examples of ‘protective deceptive mimicry’. We begin by briefly reviewing some well-known examples of protective deceptive mimicry. We then compare and contrast the various theories that have been proposed to understand them. Next, we examine the evidence for the phenomenon and its predicted properties, and finally we address several important questions and controversies, many of which remain only partly resolved.
Dazzle camouflage
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDazzle camouflage is a putative anti-predator adaptation that works to reduce predation by camouflaging movement itself, comprising coloration that interferes with predator perception of prey speed and trajectory. Accurately estimating speed and trajectory is essential for any predator that needs to know where its prey is likely to be in the near future so that it can position itself to intercept. The dazzle hypothesis is that prey coloration can interfere with these judgements. Experimental support for dazzle camouflage is currently very mixed, and we are not yet clear whether dazzle effects occur in natural systems. Here we first discuss illustrative examples of putative disruptive effects in biological and military design. Then we identify where firm and less firm conclusions can be made on the role of pattern contrast, pattern orientation, and internal object motion, before moving on to consider the evolution and ecology of dazzle camouflage.
Between Live Performance and Mediated Narrative
Authors: Bacon Eli T. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers how the history and development of battle rapping has influenced the wider trajectory of hip hop music and culture. Starting with a history of battle rap, told with an eye toward changes in the purpose(s), communicative practices, and modes of circulation of battles, the chapter labels three distinct eras: the Party Era (1970–1981), Lyricist Era (1981–1999), and Theatrical Era (1999 to present). These three eras trace the shift to written and rote preparations within rap battle culture, the more prominent role of visual discourse within battles, and a musical shift to an a cappella format. Moving from the very center of hip hop culture, to the peripheries, and back to somewhere in between, rap battling has come to be framed as a subculture within hip hop. Within this frame, the communicative strategies of battle rappers require “decoding,” as does the relationship between battle rap subcultures and hip hop culture. To explicate this argument, the second section decodes some of the communicative practices of a contemporary written battle.
“Playas” and Players
Authors: Austin Michael 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Video games have long been scrutinized and criticized as sites of identity formation and exploration for video game players. This chapter argues that hip hop–themed video games afford players the opportunity to adopt hip hop identities through the use of avatars within the game, an endeavor that can be problematic when considering the politics of representation (and specifically the politics of race and ethnicity) at play. It also investigates ways in which hip hop spaces are represented within video games, and ways in which video games and their music operate as a site of resistance for hip hop artists.
Statistical Discrimination and Duration Dependence in the Job Finding Rate
Authors: Jarosch Gregor , Pilossoph Laura 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article models a frictional labour market where employers endogenously discriminate against the long-term unemployed. The estimated model replicates recent experimental evidence which documents that interview invitations for observationally equivalent workers fall sharply as unemployment duration progresses. We use the model to quantitatively assess the consequences of such employer behaviour for job finding rates and long-term unemployment and find only modest effects given the large decline in callbacks. Interviews lost to duration impact individual job finding rates solely if they would have led to jobs. We show that such instances are rare when firms discriminate in anticipation of an ultimately unsuccessful application. Discrimination in callbacks is thus largely a response to dynamic selection, with limited consequences for structural duration dependence and long-term unemployment.
Bayesian Trees for Automated Cytometry Data Analysis
Authors: Ji Disi , Nalisnick Eric , Qian Yu , Scheuermann Richard H. , Smyth Padhraic 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCytometry is an important single cell analysis technology in furthering our understanding of cellular biological processes and in supporting clinical diagnoses across a variety hematological and immunological conditions. Current data analysis workflows for cytometry data rely on a manual process calledgatingto classify cells into canonical types. This dependence on human annotation significantly limits the rate, reproducibility, and scope of cytometry’s use in both biological research and clinical practice. We develop a novel Bayesian approach for automated gating that classifies cells into different types by combining cell-level marker measurements with an informative prior. The Bayesian approach allows for the incorporation of biologically-meaningful prior information that captures the domain expertise of human experts. The inference algorithm results in a hierarchically-structured classification of individual cells in a manner that mimics the tree-structured recursive process of manual gating, making the results readily interpretable. The approach can be extended in a natural fashion to handle data from multiple different samples by the incorporation of random effects in the Bayesian model. The proposed approach is evaluated using mass cytometry data, on the problems of unsupervised cell classification and supervised clinical diagnosis, illustrating the benefits of both incorporating prior knowledge and sharing information across multiple samples.
The Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of CTX-M-9 Group Producing Enterobacteriaceae infections in children
Authors: Logan Latania K. , Medernach Rachel L. , Domitrovic T. Nicholas , Rispens Jared R. , Hujer Andrea M. , Qureshi Nadia K. , Marshall Steven H. , Nguyen David C. , Rudin Susan D. , Zheng Xiaotian , Weinstein Robert A. , Bonomo Robert A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe pandemic of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing-Enterobacteriaceae (Ent) is strongly linked to the dissemination of CTX-M-type-ESBL-Ent. We sought to define the epidemiology of infections in children due to an emerging resistance type, CTX-M-9-group-producing-Ent (CTX-M-9-grp-Ent).MethodsA multi-centered case-control analysis of Chicago children with CTX-M-9-grp-Ent infections was performed. Cases were defined as children possessing extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) infections. PCR and DNA analysis assessed beta-lactamase (bla) genes, multi-locus sequence types (MLST) and phylogenetic grouping of E. coli. Controls were children with ESC-susceptible (ESC-S)-Ent infections matched 3:1 by age, source, and hospital. The clinical-epidemiologic predictors of CTX-M-9-grp-Ent infection were assessed.ResultsOf 356 ESC-R-Ent isolates from children (median age 4.1 years), CTX-M-9-group was the solely detected bla gene in 44(12.4%). The predominant species was E. coli (91%) of virulent phylogroups D(60%) and B2(40%). MLST revealed multiple strain types. On multivariable analysis, CTX-M-9-grp-Ent occurred more often in E. coli (OR 7.0), children of non-black-white-Hispanic race (OR 6.5), and outpatients (OR 4.5) which was a very unexpected finding for infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Residents of South Chicago were 6.7 times more likely to have CTX-M-9-grp-Ent infections than those in the reference region (West), while residence in Northwestern Chicago was associated with an 81% decreased risk. Other demographic, comorbidity, invasive-device, and antibiotic use differences were not found.ConclusionsCTX-M-9-grp-Ent infection is strikingly associated with patient residence and is occurring in children without traditional in-patient exposure risk factors. This suggests that among children, the community environment may be a key contributor in the spread of these resistant pathogens.
The wildlife-livestock interface modulates anthrax suitability in India
Authors: Walsh Michael G. , Mor Siobhan M. , Hossain Shah 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAnthrax is a potentially life-threatening bacterial disease that can circulate in wild and domestic animals and subsequently spillover to human contacts with devastating consequences for human and animal health, as well as livestock economies and ecosystem conservation. India has a high annual occurrence of anthrax in some regions, but a country-wide delineation of risk has not yet been undertaken. The current study modeled the geographic suitability of anthrax across India and its associated environmental features using a biogeographical application of machine learning. Both biotic and abiotic features contributed to risk across multiple scales of influence and the wildlife-livestock interface, using elephants as a wildlife sentinel species, was the dominant feature in delineating anthrax suitability. In addition, water-soil balance, soil chemistry, and historical forest loss were also influential. These findings suggest that the wildlife-livestock interface plays an important role in the cycling of anthrax in India. Prevention efforts targeted toward this interface, particularly within anthropogenic ecotones, may yield successes in reducing ongoing transmission between animal hosts and subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.