bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the Fractional Excretion of Urea in an Azotemic Nonoliguric State: Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Diskin James B , Walker Christopher Brandon , Oberle Michael D , Diskin Charles J 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe fractional excretion of urea is a useful tool to evaluate renal function in oliguric states; however, it remains unexplored in nonoliguric states. We evaluated its use to predict responses in patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome. This was a prospective observational study of 116 patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome referred over a 4‐year period. Fractional excretion of urea and sodium, ejection fraction, mean arterial pressure, age, sex, diabetes, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), serum sodium and blood urea nitrogen were analyzed for effects upon serum creatinine and survival. Improvement of renal function correlated most significantly with FeUrea (P = 0.00001) followed by the FeNa (P = 0.005) but no other variable studied reached significance. Survival was best predicted by improvement of the serum creatinine at 24 h (P = 0.005) and 7 days after all inotropes were stopped (P = 0.001). A limitation of this study is that it cannot be extrapolated to all cardiorenal syndrome patients other than type 1. Also, the study was not randomized and those with potentially worse disease have had worse outcomes due merely to worse underlying disease. The success of the FeUrea may possibly be related to interference of dobutamine on creatinine levels. Despite being a nonoliguric state, the FeUrea appears to provide insight to those patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome whose renal function (as measured by serum creatinine) and survival might improve.
PRISON OFFICER LEGITIMACY, THEIR EXERCISE OF POWER, AND INMATE RULE BREAKING*
Authors: STEINER BENJAMIN , WOOLDREDGE JOHN 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPrison officers are directly responsible for transmitting penal culture and prison policy to the confined, yet few studies of officers’ impact on inmate behavior have been conducted. We examined the effect of inmates’ perceptions of officer legitimacy on rule breaking within prisons, as well as the effects of officers’ reliance on different power bases on rates of rule breaking across prisons. The findings from bi‐level analyses of data from inmates and officers from 33 prisons revealed that inmates who held stronger views regarding officer legitimacy committed fewer nonviolent infractions but that perceived legitimacy did not affect the number of violent offenses inmates committed. We also examined a subsample of inmates encountered by officers for a rule violation and found no relationship between perceived legitimacy and subsequent rule breaking, although stronger perceptions of procedural justice related to the incident did directly and indirectly (through perceived legitimacy) coincide with lower odds of nonviolent misconduct. At the prison level, we found that prisons in which officers exercised their authority more lawfully and fairly (positional power) or by relying more on their skills and expertise (expert power) had lower rates of violent or nonviolent rule violations. Prisons in which officers relied more on coercion had higher levels of nonviolent infractions.
Study of the Interactions Occurring During the Encapsulation of Sesamol within Casein Micelles Reformed from Sodium Caseinate Solutions
Authors: Santos Basurto Manuel A. , Cardador Martínez Anaberta , Castaño Tostado Eduardo , Bah Moustapha , Reynoso Camacho Rosalía , Amaya Llano Silvia L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA casein micelle is a natural structure found in milk, based on the association between individual caseins and colloidal calcium phosphate, which can be used as vehicle for the encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds. In this project the capacity of micelles to encapsulate sesamol, a powerful antioxidant present in roasted sesame seeds, was evaluated. The micelles were reformed from sodium caseinate solutions at 2% or 5% (w/v) concentration, and then 1 or 2 mg/mL sesamol were added. A significant increase on the encapsulation efficiency was observed as caseinate concentration increased, going from 28% to 35% of sesamol encapsulated, while the encapsulation yield was greater in all cases for micelles from solutions with lower caseinate concentration. The average size of micelles ranged from 150 to 165 nm with an average zeta potential of −27.3 ± 1.86 mV. FTIR and fluorescence analysis confirm interactions within the casein chains and sesamol molecules with a bathochromic shift which suggests a predominant hydrophilic nature of such interactions. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed that denaturation enthalpy tended to decrease as sesamol concentration increased, suggesting that sesamol molecules may be displacing the water molecules associated with the casein chains, reinforcing the idea of predominant hydrophilic interactions. Based on the results from encapsulation efficiency, it is estimated that about 7 g of casein micelles reformed from 2% (w/v) caseinate solutions with 2 mg/mL of added sesamol may provide the recommended daily dose and may be useful for the development of new functional food products.Practical ApplicationsThe development of a nanodelivery system for different bioactives will allow the enrichment of foods and drinks to develop new functional products that will satisfy consumers’ demands. Additionally, the study of interactions between these molecules will allow us to understand how sesamol is being incorporated within the reformed micelles and how this process can even be improved.
Ethnographic Accounting Research: Field Notes from the Frontier
Authors: Kalyta Pavlo , Malsch Bertrand 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEthnographic fieldwork in accounting is scarce and remains a “frontier” methodology, unfamiliar to most accounting researchers. Building on our field research project on corporate accountability and stakeholder engagement, set in the Canadian Arctic, we illustrate in this article the use and explanatory power of ethnographic methods for studying social groups and individual actors in the broader accounting universe. We share our fieldwork strategies and provide a few practical tips for conducting ethnographic research in both corporate and community environments. We then argue that ethnographies provide accounting researchers with untapped opportunities to discover vast reservoirs of knowledge inaccessible to other research methods, and offer a path to humanize accounting research.
Current Trends within Social and Environmental Accounting Research: A Literature Review
Authors: Chung Jieun , Cho Charles H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGiven the recent rise in the evolution and maturity of social and environmental accounting (SEA) research and scholarship, we provide a literature review of the current trends within this area in a concise and harmonized manner for a wider audience in academia and practice. More specifically, we visit the current state of scholarly work, which can be useful in facilitating future research questions and further development of SEA research associated with relations between corporate social performance (CSP), corporate social disclosure (CSD), and corporate financial performance (CFP). Our goal is to offer insights to the current state of SEA research that is informative to both novice and expert SEA scholars, with the hope to promote and stimulate further advancement of research in this particular area. Drawing knowledge from relevant disciplines such as accounting, management, finance, and economics, this article visits the current trends within SEA research in terms of definition, research topics, theoretical viewpoints, methodological approaches, as well as suggestions for future research.
The Effect of Environmental Risk on the Efficiency of Negotiated Transfer Prices
Authors: Arnold Markus C. , Gillenkirch Robert M. , Hannan R. Lynn 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThis study investigates whether environmental risk affects the efficiency of negotiated transfer prices. We analyze a setting where the buyer faces environmental risk but the seller does not. From the risk‐neutral firm's perspective, the transfer should be made in our setting because the expected value of the buyer's profit is greater than the certain opportunity cost of the seller from the transfer. We develop hypotheses to predict that, as environmental risk increases, it becomes more difficult for buyers and sellers to reach agreement. Such difficulty reduces efficiency in terms of both firm profit and negotiation time. We test our hypotheses via an experiment in which buyer and seller dyads negotiate over the transfer of a resource at six levels of environmental risk. Results show that, as predicted, environmental risk decreases efficiency. Specifically, as environmental risk increases, the frequency of agreement decreases, thereby reducing expected firm profit. Further, environmental risk increases negotiation time for those dyads that are able to reach an agreement. Data suggest that the cause of the decreased efficiency is that buyers and sellers use different reference points for determining a fair transfer price and environmental risk exacerbates the effects of such differences.
Information‐Processing Costs and Breadth of Ownership
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Bon , Li Bing , Liu Zhenbin 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTUsing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's mandate of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) as a natural experiment, this study investigates whether and how the decreased information‐processing costs brought about by XBRL influence firms’ breadth of share ownership. We find that the XBRL mandate is associated with an increase in the total number of a firm's shareholders. This finding is consistent with the notion that XBRL facilitates a more transparent environment and decreases information‐processing costs, thereby attracting more shareholders in general. More interestingly, we find that while XBRL adoption is associated with an increase in share ownership of individual and non‐U.S. foreign institutional investors, it is associated with a decrease in share ownership of U.S. domestic institutional investors. Further evidence shows that this asymmetric shift in share ownership is more pronounced for more complex firms. Our findings, taken together, suggest that the decreased information‐processing costs brought about by XBRL help firms establish a level playing field by reducing the information disadvantages of individual and foreign institutional investors over domestic institutional investors. Our results are robust to potential endogeneity concerns and alternative research designs.
A generic remote sensing approach to derive operational essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) for conservation planning
Authors: Alleaume Samuel , Dusseux Pauline , Thierion Vincent , Commagnac Loïc , Laventure Sylvio , Lang Marc , Féret Jean‐Baptiste , Hubert‐Moy Laurence , Luque Sandra 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

The open access availability of satellite images from new sensors characterized by various spatial and temporal resolutions provides new challenges and possibilities for biodiversity conservation. Methodologies aiming at characterizing vegetation type, phenology, and function can now benefit from metric spatial resolution imagery combined with an improved revisit capability. Here, we test hybrid methods and data fusion, using very high spatial resolution (VHSR) sensors in different complex landscapes encompassing three French biogeographical regions.

The methodological approach presented herein has a generic value in response to national conservation targets based on the concept of essential biodiversity variables accessed by remote sensing (RS‐enabled EBVs). We focused on deriving five RS‐enabled EBVs from natural and seminatural open ecosystems: (1) ecosystem distribution, (2) land cover, (3) heterogeneity, (4) primary productivity and (5) vegetation phenology. The challenge was to develop a method that would be technically feasible, economically viable, and sustainable in time.

We demonstrated that it is possible to derive key parameters required to develop a set of EBVs from remote sensing (RS) data. The combined use of remote sensing data sources with various spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions is essential to obtain different indicators of natural habitats.

One major current challenge for an improved contribution of RS to conservation is to strengthen multiple collaborative frameworks among remote sensing scientists, conservation biologists, and ecologists in order to increase the efficiency of methodological exchange and draw benefits for successful conservation planning strategies.
Sex Differences in Motivation to Self‐Administer Alcohol After 2 Weeks of Abstinence in Young‐Adult Heavy Drinkers
Authors: Plawecki Martin Henry , White Kurt , Kosobud Ann E. K. , Grahame Nicholas , Zimmermann Ulrich S. , Crabb David , O'Connor Sean 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundStudies in animal models document that forced abstinence from usual consumption of alcohol changes subsequent seeking and consumption, with increases or decreases depending on the species, duration of abstinence, number of deprivations, and sex. Human laboratory‐based alcohol deprivation studies are rare.MethodsWe conducted a 2‐session, within‐participant, randomized‐order comparison of intravenous, progressive ratio, alcohol self‐administration during 2.5 hours of progressive work for alcohol and/or vehicle; once while the participants pursued their usual drinking habits and once after 2 weeks of closely monitored, voluntary outpatient abstinence from alcohol. The schedule of work for rewards and the incremental increases in breath alcohol concentration following completion of an alcohol work‐set were identical across participants. Fifty young‐adult (27 men), heavy‐drinking participants completed both sessions. Our primary hypothesis was that motivation to work for alcohol after 2 weeks of abstinence would be greater in participants with a weekly binge pattern of drinking, compared to those who regularly drink heavily, and we intended to explore associations with biological family history of alcoholism and sex.ResultsWe detected no change in work for alcohol associated with recent drinking history. However, females, on average, increased their work for alcohol upon resumption after 2 weeks of abstinence (mean ± SEM = +16.3 ± 9.6%), while males decreased that work (−24.8 ± 13.8%). The sex difference was substantial and significant (p < 0.03), with a medium effect size (Cohen'sd = 0.63).ConclusionsWe believe a more comprehensive study of mechanisms underlying the sex differences in the human postabstinence response is warranted.
Refuge as major habitat driver for wolf presence in human‐modified landscapes
Authors: Grilo C. , Lucas P. M. , Fernández‐Gil A. , Seara M. , Costa G. , Roque S. , Rio‐Maior H. , Nakamura M. , Álvares F. , Petrucci‐Fonseca F. , Revilla E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDespite severe population declines and an overall range contraction, some populations of large carnivores have managed to survive in human‐modified landscapes. From a conservation perspective, it is important to identify the factors allowing for this coexistence, including the relevant habitat characteristics associated with the presence of large carnivores. We evaluated the role of several environmental factors describing habitat quality for wolves Canis lupus in the humanised Iberian Peninsula, which currently holds an important wolf population at European level. We used maximum entropy and generalized linear model approaches in a nested‐scale design to identify the environmental factors that are related to wolf presence at three spatial scales and resolutions: (1) distribution range: wolf presence on a 10 × 10 km grid resolution, (2) wolf habitat use: wolf occurrence on a 2 × 2 km grid and (3) dens/rendezvous sites: breeding locations on a 1 × 1 km grid. Refuge availability, as defined by topography, seemed to be the key factor determining wolf presence at the multiple scales analysed. As a result, wolf populations may coexist with humans in modified landscapes when the topography is complex. We found that a significant amount of favourable habitat is not currently occupied, suggesting that the availability of suitable habitat is not the limiting factor for wolves in the Iberian Peninsula. Habitat suitability outside the current range indicates that other factors, such as direct persecution and other sources of anthropogenic mortality, may be hampering its expansion. We suggest that priorities for conservation should follow two general lines: (1) protect good quality habitat within the current range; and (2) allow dispersal to unoccupied areas of good quality habitat by reducing human‐induced mortality rates. Finally, we still need to improve our understanding of how wolves coexist with humans in modified landscapes at fine spatiotemporal scales, including its relationship with infrastructures, land uses and direct human presence.
Assessment of global polar bear abundance and vulnerability
Authors: Hamilton S. G. , Derocher A. E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEstimates of abundance and trend are central to assessing population status; yet, are often challenging to obtain or unavailable, suffer from wide confidence intervals and may be collected at irregular intervals. Polar bearsUrsus maritimushave become an iconic species for climate change, yet information on abundance and status for significant parts of their range is unknown. We examine the existing information on subpopulation abundance of polar bears across their range to assess past monitoring. We model the relationship between subpopulation densities and ecological parameters including latitude, continental shelf habitat, prey diversity, sea ice extent and the length of the ice‐free season. Of the 19 subpopulations across the circumpolar Arctic, 14 have estimates (range: 161–2826 bears). Excluding three subpopulations that were regularly monitored, the mean interval between consecutive estimates was 10.9 years (range: 1–36 years), with only six subpopulations having estimates <10 years old. Subpopulation density estimates ranged from 0.57 to 9.30 bears per km2with a mean of 2.36 bears per 1000 km2and a median of 1.71 bears per 1000 km2. Our regression analysis found prey diversity as the only significant correlate with polar bear density. Based on this relationship, we estimate the global population at 23 315 bears (range: 15 972–31 212). An assessment of each subpopulation's vulnerability to climate change based on subpopulation size, amount of continental shelf habitat, prey diversity and changing ice conditions indicates that the Southern Beaufort Sea, Northern Beaufort Sea and Arctic Basin subpopulations are the most vulnerable followed by the Laptev Sea and Viscount Melville Sound subpopulations. With ongoing Arctic warming and the deleterious effects of sea ice loss on polar bears, we recommend that subpopulation assessments be conducted with greater frequency and in subpopulations lacking abundance estimates such that meaningful subpopulation monitoring can proceed.
Trigeminal neuropathic pain: Evidence of central changes from human brain imaging investigations
Authors: Henderson Luke A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractChronic neuropathic pain imposes enormous economic and social burden on Australia and can occur following relatively minor surgical procedures. The precise mechanisms that result in one individual developing chronic pain and another individual not, following seemingly identical surgical procedures, remain unknown. However, over the past few decades, numerous preclinical and human brain imaging studies have begun to reveal possible mechanisms responsible for the development of neuropathic pain following nerve injury. In this review, the latest human brain imaging results are canvassed and an overall series of events that might occur following nerve injury and how these events may lead to the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain is outlined.
Medical, pharmacological and neurosurgical perspectives on trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Dexter Mark , Aggarwal Arun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTrigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal cranial nerve. The typical or ‘classic’ form of the disorder (called ‘Type 1’ or TN1) causes sudden electric‐shock‐like pain that lasts anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes. These attacks can last up to 2 h. There can be months or years between attacks, but in some patients, pain is not well controlled and can lead to a chronic pain syndrome. The ‘atypical’ form of the disorder (called ‘Type 2’ or TN2), is characterised by constant rather than intermittent aching, burning, stabbing pain.
Cell‐based therapies and natural compounds for pain
Authors: Shparberg Rachel , Vickers Edward R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCell‐based therapies and natural compounds are increasingly being acknowledged for their potential roles in managing a variety of conditions, including pain. Stem cells have gained attention over the years for their contribution to our understanding of normal and abnormal physiology, their capacity to assist in efficient drug design and screening and their role in regenerative medicine. This chapter will review our current understanding of the complex pathophysiology of pain using adult, embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells as models. In addition, this chapter outlines several natural compounds that are used in the treatment of neuropathic pain, with a focus on evidence‐based information of the polyphenols, polyamines and endocannabinoids derived from plants and food sources. Advantages of these compounds are the higher margins of safety, low incidence of side effects. Recent evidence shows several polyphenols can induce differentiation of healthy stem cells yet inhibit cancer stem cells.
Pulp microenvironment and mechanisms of pain arising from the dental pulp: From an endodontic perspective
Authors: Yu Christine Y. , Abbott Paul V. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe dental pulp has a rich microvasculature and a dense innervation to maintain homoeostasis of the pulp microenvironment and to preserve the integrity of the pulpo‐dentine complex. In a hostile oral environment, the dental pulp is equipped with its neurovascular and cellular mechanisms to face the challenges of bacteria, trauma and functions, despite its lack of collateral blood supply and its low‐compliance microenvironment. Dentine sensitivity and inflammatory pain are the two mechanisms involved in pain arising from the dental pulp and they are mediated by different types of pulp nerve fibres with their own characteristics. Clinicians are often faced with patients who have toothaches that are elusive and evade accurate diagnosis. This review aims to help clinicians gain insights into the dynamic interaction of the pulp nerves, microvasculature and cells in the pulp microenvironment, and to offer clinicians valuable aids in understanding the mechanisms that cause and modulate pain arising from the dental pulp. Various connections are made between biological science and clinical scenarios in relation to diagnosis of painful pulp conditions.