bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S‐Doped Carbon Fibers Uniformly Embedded with Ultrasmall TiO2 for Na+/Li+ Storage with High Capacity and Long‐Time Stability
Authors: Chen Changmiao , Li Pengchao , Wang Taihong , Wang Shuangyin , Zhang Ming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBuilding a rechargeable battery with high capacity, high energy density, and long lifetime contributes to the development of novel energy storage devices in the future. Although carbon materials are very attractive anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), they present several deficiencies when used in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The choice of an appropriate structural design and heteroatom doping are critical steps to improve the capacity and stability. Here, carbon‐based nanofibers are produced by sulfur doping and via the introduction of ultrasmall TiO2 nanoparticles into the carbon fibers (CNF‐S@TiO2). It is discovered that the introduction of TiO2 into carbon nanofibers can significantly improve the specific surface area and microporous volume for carbon materials. The TiO2 content is controlled to obtain CNF‐S@TiO2‐5 to use as the anode material for SIBs/LIBs with enhanced electrochemical performance in Na+/Li+ storage. During the charge/discharge process, the S‐doping and the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles into carbon fibers promote the insertion/extraction of the ions and enhance the capacity and cycle life. The capacity of CNF‐S@TiO2‐5 can be maintained at ≈300 mAh g−1 over 600 cycles at 2 A g−1 in SIBs. Moreover, the capacity retention of such devices is 94%, showing high capacity and good stability.
Analytical techniques for Nizatidine: A review
Authors: Rathore Seema S. , G. A. Navyashree , Doijode Manyatha , Sathyanarayana Sunil 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNizatidine is a histamine H2receptor antagonist. This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2,4‐di‐substituted thiazoles. These are the compounds containing a thiazole ring. It inhibits the action of histamine mediated by H2receptors such as gastric acid and pepsin output and the drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. This review presents an overview about the different analytical methods for the analysis of Nizatidine and its metabolite in biological fluids, commercial products, and simultaneous estimation of other H2receptor antagonist in commercial products. The most commonly used analytical method for Nizatidine is high‐performance liquid chromatography. This review also gives information about pharmacokinetics, its application and susceptibility of H2receptor antagonist to metabolism by gastrointestinal flora.
Persistence of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor or conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug monotherapy or combination therapy in psoriatic arthritis in a real-world setting
Authors: Mease Philip J. , Accortt Neil A. , Rebello Sabrina , Etzel Carol J. , Harrison Ryan W. , Aras Girish A. , Gharaibeh Mahdi M. F. , Greenberg Jeffrey D. , Collier David H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study described treatment patterns in a psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patient registry for new or ongoing tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) monotherapy, conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (csDMARD) monotherapy, or TNFi/csDMARD combination therapy. This retrospective analysis included adults with PsA who enrolled in the Corrona PsA/spondyloarthritis registry between March 21, 2013 (registry initiation), and January 31, 2017, and received an approved TNFi and/or csDMARD as “existing use” starting before registry entry or “initiated use” starting on/after registry entry. Therapy persistence was defined as index therapy use for ≥ 12 months without a treatment gap of ≥ 30 days. Among the evaluable patients with existing TNFi monotherapy (n = 251), csDMARD monotherapy (n = 225), and combination therapy (n = 214), 93, 87, and 87% were persistent for ≥ 12 months, and another 6, 5, and 5%, respectively, had no change with < 12 months of follow-up after first use. Among evaluable patients who initiated use of TNFi monotherapy (n = 26), csDMARD monotherapy (n = 35), and combination therapy (n = 15), 50, 43, and 53% were persistent for ≥ 12 months, and another 27, 20, and 20%, respectively, had no change with < 12 months of follow-up after first use. After initiation of index therapy, most changes (19–27% of patients) were discontinuation; 4–13% switched biologic therapy during follow-up. The results of this analysis of real-world treatment patterns in a PsA patient registry suggest that nonpersistence for TNFi monotherapy, csDMARD monotherapy, or TNFi/csDMARD combination therapy occurs more commonly after initiation of therapy than in patients with existing therapy. Trial registration: NCT02530268.
The Art Experience
Authors: McCallum Kate , Mitchell Scott , Scott-Phillips Thom 
Published: July 2019

AbstractArt theory has consistently emphasised the importance of situational, cultural, institutional and historical factors in viewers’ experience of fine art. However, the link between this heavily context-dependent interpretation and the workings of the mind is often left unexamined. Drawing on relevance theory—a prominent, cogent and productive body of work in cognitive pragmatics—we here argue that fine art achieves its effects by prompting the use of cognitive processes that are more commonly employed in the interpretation of words and other stimuli presented in a communicative context. We describe in particular how institutional factors effectively co-opt these processes for new ends, allowing viewers to achieve cognitive effects that they otherwise would not, and so provide cognitivist backing for an Institutional Theory of Art, such as that put forward by Arthur Danto (1964). More generally, we situate and describe the Western fine art tradition as a phenomenon that is a consequence of both the cognitive processes involved in communication, and of cultural norms, practices and institutions.
Too tough at the top: Using latent class growth analysis to assess cool status during middle school
Authors: Yun Hye‐Young , Graham Sandra 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionObtaining and maintaining high social status in one's peer group is often a critical developmental goal during adolescence. The present study investigated factors that predict trajectories of cool status for middle school adolescents as well as how different cool status trajectories affect depressive symptoms.MethodsThe participants were 5,991 adolescents (52% girls) from 26 urban middle schools in California. Using latent class growth analysis, baseline assessment occurred in the fall of sixth grade, and repeated assessments occurred in the spring of sixth, seventh, and eighth grades.ResultsThree cool status trajectories were identified: (1) a high ascending cool status group (5% of the sample); (2) a decreasing cool status group (25%); and (3) a maintaining low cool status group (70%). Differences in the three groups were explained by GPA and having a reputation as aggressive at the beginning of middle school and the level of depression at the end of middle school. Those in the high ascending cool status group experienced the most depressive symptoms at the end of 8th grade.ConclusionsThe findings suggest the need for a more nuanced perspective on maintaining cool status during adolescence that considers both its risks and benefits.
The Development of Cognitive and Affective Skills Through a Sexual and Reproductive Health Medical Education Unit
Authors: de Oliveira Renato , Montagna Erik , Zaia Victor , Torres Bayardo Baptista , Barbosa Caio Parente 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Although better medical training on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is an unquestionable global need, and recent research has emphasized the importance of SRH education, few studies have presented alternative teaching models to conventional approaches.

Aim
To examine the structure and evaluation of a curricular unit that uses an active teaching and learning strategy, and to evaluate both the cognitive and affective student learning outcomes.

Methods
This study used retrospective and cross-sectional analyses of a curricular unit with 8 weekly lessons structured into individual activities before the class, group activities monitored in class, feedback, and the development of medical empathy.

Main Outcome Measure
Student performance was evaluated through summative and formative activities. The process was evaluated quantitatively by a questionnaire containing Likert-type and open-ended questions with speech analysis and with categorical evaluation.

Results
The final average of the analyzed group was 7.95 ± 0.5 on a scale of 10. Likert-type assessment (Cronbach's α = 0.86) revealed strong student adherence and, through responses to open-ended questions, positive evaluations of the proposed SRH teaching model. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy showed a high index of self-reported general empathy (117.3 ± 11), with a significantly higher index for female students (P = .019) than male students; however, this gender difference disappeared after the intervention (P = .086).

Conclusions
The curriculum model was developed and continuously adjusted based on grounded theory for teaching SRH and included both cognitive and affective stimuli; the results showed favorable student evaluation of the unit, and it proved feasible to implement in the time available.
Reserve and Alzheimer's disease genetic risk: Effects on hospitalization and mortality
Authors: Filshtein Teresa Jenica , Brenowitz Willa D. , Mayeda Elizabeth Rose , Hohman Timothy J. , Walter Stefan , Jones Rich N. , Elahi Fanny M. , Glymour M. Maria 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionCognitive reserve predicts delayed diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and faster postdiagnosis decline. The net impact of cognitive reserve, combining both prediagnosis and postdiagnosis risk, on adverse AD‐related outcomes is unknown. We adopted a novel approach, using AD genetic risk scores (AD‐GRS), to evaluate this.MethodsUsing 242,959 UK Biobank participants age 56+ years, we evaluated whether cognitive reserve (operationalized as education) modified associations between AD‐GRS and mortality or hospitalization (total count, fall‐related, and urinary tract infection–related).ResultsAD‐GRS predicted mortality and hospitalization outcomes. Education did not modify AD‐GRS effects on mortality, but had a nonsignificantly (interaction P = .10) worse effect on hospitalizations due to urinary tract infection or falls among low education (OR = 1.07 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.12]) than high education (OR = 1.01 [0.95, 1.07]) individuals.DiscussionEducation did not convey differential survival advantages to individuals with higher genetic risk of AD, but may reduce hospitalization risk associated with AD genetic risk.
Study protocol of the self‐monitoring activity program: Effects of activity on incident dementia
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki , Lee Sangyoon , Doi Takehiko , Bae Seongryu , Makino Keitaro , Chiba Ippei , Arai Hidenori 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionNumerous studies have focused on nonpharmacological interventions on cognitive function and the effects of cognitive function on daily living. However, effects of behavior change techniques that promote physical, cognitive, and social activities on cognitive function and incident dementia in the elderly are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to design a single‐blind, randomized controlled trial to study dementia prevention effects of behavior change techniques, using an accelerometer and a newly developed daily activity booklet in community‐living older adults.MethodsThe study cohort comprised 5390 individuals aged 65 years and older who were randomized into one of the following three groups: accelerometer group (n = 1508), accelerometer and daily activity booklet group (n = 1180), or a control group (n = 2702; vs. accelerometer group [n = 1509] vs. accelerometer and daily activity booklet group [n = 1193]). Incident dementia was diagnosed based on the Japanese Health Insurance System data. The participants without dementia at baseline, who are diagnosed with dementia over a 36‐month follow‐up period, are considered to have incident dementia. The participants of the accelerometer group were asked to wear the accelerometer everyday and visit a site having data readers to download the accelerometer data every month. The subjects of the booklet group were requested to not only wear the accelerometer but also record the physical, cognitive, and social activities. The participants receive a feedback report from the data of the accelerometer and booklet.DiscussionThe study has the potential to provide the first evidence of effectiveness of the self‐monitoring tools in incident dementia. In case our trial results suggest a delayed dementia onset upon self‐monitoring interventions, the study protocol will provide a cost‐effective and safe method for maintaining a healthy cognitive aging.
Difficult training improves team performance: an empirical case study of US college basketball
Authors: KAPPES HEATHER BARRY , ALTER ADAM L. , EDWARDS GRIFFIN S. , BERRI DAVID J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne major challenge facing policy-makers is to design education and workplace training programs that are appropriately challenging. We review previous research that suggests that difficult training is better than easy training. However, surveys we conducted of students and of expert sport coaches showed that many prescribed easy rather than difficult training for those they coached. We analyzed the performance of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball teams in postseason tournaments to see whether the existing research, largely on individuals in short-term situations, would generalize to teams in the long run. Indeed, playing difficult nonconference (training) games modestly improved performance for NCAA teams in the postseason. Difficult training particularly benefitted teams that lost many nonconference games, and the effect of difficulty was positive within the range of difficulty NCAA teams actually encounter, making it clear that difficult training is superior. We suggest that our results can be generalized beyond sports, although with careful consideration of differences between NCAA basketball teams and other teams that may limit generalizability. These results suggest that policy-makers might consider amplifying the difficulty of team training exercises under certain conditions.
A randomized controlled pilot study of the University of Minnesota mentoring excellence training academy: A hybrid learning approach to research mentor training
Authors: Weber-Main Anne Marie , Shanedling Janet , Kaizer Alexander M. , Connett John , Lamere Michelle , El-Fakahany Esam E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Research mentor training is a valuable professional development activity. Options for training customization (by delivery mode, dosage, content) are needed to address the many critical attributes of effective mentoring relationships and to support mentors in different institutional settings.Methods:We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate a hybrid mentor training approach consisting of an innovative, 90-minute, self-paced, online module (Optimizing the Practice of Mentoring, OPM) followed by workshops based on the Entering Mentoring (EM) curriculum. Mentors (n = 59) were randomized to intervention or control arms; the control condition was receipt of a two-page mentoring tip sheet. Surveys (pre, post, 3-month follow up) and focus groups assessed training impact (self-appraised knowledge, skills, behavior change) and participants’ perceptions of the blended training model.Results:The intervention (∼6.5 hours) produced significant improvements in all outcomes, including skills gains on par with those reported previously for the 8-hour EM model. Knowledge gains and intention-to-change mentoring practices were realized after completion of OPM and augmented by the in-person sessions. Mentors valued the synergy of the blended learning format, noting the unique strengths of each modality and specific benefits to completing a foundational online module before in-person engagement.Conclusions:Findings from this pilot trial support the value of e-learning approaches, both as standalone curricula or as a component of hybrid implementation models, for the professional development of research mentors.
Turbulent drag reduction by anisotropic permeable substrates – analysis and direct numerical simulations
Authors: Gómez-de-Segura G. , García-Mayoral R. 
Published: July 2019

We explore the ability of anisotropic permeable substrates to reduce turbulent skin friction, studying the influence that these substrates have on the overlying turbulence. For this, we perform direct numerical simulations of channel flows bounded by permeable substrates. The results confirm theoretical predictions, and the resulting drag curves are similar to those of riblets. For small permeabilities, the drag reduction is proportional to the difference between the streamwise and spanwise permeabilities. This linear regime breaks down for a critical value of the wall-normal permeability, beyond which the performance begins to degrade. We observe that the degradation is associated with the appearance of spanwise-coherent structures, attributed to a Kelvin–Helmholtz-like instability of the mean flow. This feature is common to a variety of obstructed flows, and linear stability analysis can be used to predict it. For large permeabilities, these structures become prevalent in the flow, outweighing the drag-reducing effect of slip and eventually leading to an increase of drag. For the substrate configurations considered, the largest drag reduction observed is ${\approx}$20–25 % at a friction Reynolds number $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{+}=180$.
An introduction to the Rhynie chert
Authors: Garwood Russell J , Oliver Heather , Spencer Alan R T 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe terrestrialization of life has profoundly affected the biosphere, geosphere and atmosphere, and theGeological Magazinehas published key works charting the development of our understanding of this process. Integral to this understanding – and featuring in one of theGeological Magazinepublications – is the Devonian Rhynie chert Konservat-Lagerstätte located in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Here we provide a review of the work on this important early terrestrial deposit to date. We begin by highlighting contributions of note in theGeological Magazineimproving understanding of terrestrialization and Palaeozoic terrestrial ecosystems. We then introduce the Rhynie chert. The review highlights its geological setting: the Caledonian context of the Rhynie Basin and its nature at the time of deposition of the cherts which host its famous fossils. There follows an introduction to the development of the half-graben in which the cherts and host sediments were deposited, the palaeoenvironment this represented and the taphonomy of the fossils themselves. We subsequently provide an overview of the mineralization and geochemistry of the deposit, and then the fossils found within the Rhynie chert. These include: six plant genera, which continue to provide significant insights into the evolution of life on land; a range of different fungi, with recent work starting to probe plant–fungus interactions; lichens, amoebae and a range of unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes (algae and cyanobacteria); and finally a range of both aquatic and terrestrial arthropods. Through continued study coupled with methodological advances, Rhynie fossils will continue to provide unique insights into early life on land.
Review of recent developments in aeolian dust signals of sediments from the North Pacific Ocean based on magnetic minerals
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Liu Qingsong , Sun Youbin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe North Pacific Ocean (NPO) has received abundant aeolian dust transported by westerlies from the Asian inland. The aeolian components preserved in NPO sediments record information on palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes in Asian source areas at different timescales. Previous studies have systematically investigated the source–sink effect of aeolian dust using the sedimentology, geochemistry, isotope and magnetic methods. In this study, we focus more on recent developments of aeolian signals in NPO sediments obtained by magnetic approaches. Generally, aeolian components contain a mixture of magnetite, maghemite, hematite and goethite of different origins. Magnetic properties (mineral category, concentration and particle size) of these minerals are modulated primarily by climatic/environmental conditions in source areas and sorting effects during the transportation process. Compared with the other methods, magnetic measurements have the advantages of non-sample destruction, high sensitivity and high efficiency. Finally, future studies are also discussed to address the importance of magnetism for tracing the dynamic transportation processes of the aeolian dust.
Online representations of nursing-home life in Sweden: perspectives from staff on content, purpose and audience
Authors: Carlstedt Elisabeth , Jönson Håkan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe article is based on a study of how social media and other types of online representations of nursing homes are described by staff. The study proceeds from a qualitative thematic analysis of 14 interviews with nursing-home representatives. The article addresses a key finding that was apparent in the interviews: the online representations’ form and content were adjusted to fit the demands of residents’ relatives. Given the peripheral role attributed to relatives in official Swedish eldercare policies, the motives for the online representations are systematically examined. Two motives are found to be central: marketing and assurance. Residents’ relatives, specified as adult children, were perceived pre-admission as customers in charge of the process of choice and placement; post-admission, relatives requested proof that social activities were provided for their parents. The article discusses how online representations strategically construct a version of ‘reality’ by adjusting to relatives’ unrealistic expectations, only showing residents as involved in social activities. Finally, the need to examine the actual role of relatives in Swedish eldercare is discussed.