bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging of pain in animal models: a review of recent literature
Authors: Da Silva Joyce T. , Seminowicz David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Neuroimaging of pain in animals allows us to better understand mechanisms of pain processing and modulation. In this review, we discuss recently published brain imaging studies in rats, mice, and monkeys, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), manganese-enhanced MRI, positron emission tomography, and electroencephalography. We provide an overview of innovations and limitations in neuroimaging techniques, as well as results of functional brain imaging studies of pain from January 1, 2016, to October 10, 2018. We then discuss how future investigations can address some bias and gaps in the field. Despite the limitations of neuroimaging techniques, the 28 studies reinforced that transition from acute to chronic pain entails considerable changes in brain function. Brain activations in acute pain were in areas more related to the sensory aspect of noxious stimulation, including primary somatosensory cortex, insula, cingulate cortex, thalamus, retrosplenial cortex, and periaqueductal gray. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments modulated these brain regions in several pain models. On the other hand, in chronic pain models, brain activity was observed in regions commonly associated with emotion and motivation, including prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and nucleus accumbens. Neuroimaging of pain in animals holds great promise for advancing our knowledge of brain function and allowing us to expand human subject research. Additional research is needed to address effects of anesthesia, analysis approaches, sex bias and omission, and potential effects of development and aging.
Delineating conditions and subtypes in chronic pain using neuroimaging
Authors: Holmes Scott A. , Upadhyay Jaymin , Borsook David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Differentiating subtypes of chronic pain still remains a challenge—both from a subjective and objective point of view. Personalized medicine is the current goal of modern medical care and is limited by the subjective nature of patient self-reporting of symptoms and behavioral evaluation. Physiology-focused techniques such as genome and epigenetic analyses inform the delineation of pain groups; however, except under rare circumstances, they have diluted effects that again, share a common reliance on behavioral evaluation. The application of structural neuroimaging towards distinguishing pain subtypes is a growing field and may inform pain-group classification through the analysis of brain regions showing hypertrophic and atrophic changes in the presence of pain. Analytical techniques such as machine-learning classifiers have the capacity to process large volumes of data and delineate diagnostically relevant information from neuroimaging analysis. The issue of defining a “brain type” is an emerging field aimed at interpreting observed brain changes and delineating their clinical identity/significance. In this review, 2 chronic pain conditions (migraine and irritable bowel syndrome) with similar clinical phenotypes are compared in terms of their structural neuroimaging findings. Independent investigations are compared with findings from application of machine-learning algorithms. Findings are discussed in terms of differentiating patient subgroups using neuroimaging data in patients with chronic pain and how they may be applied towards defining a personalized pain signature that helps segregate patient subgroups (eg, migraine with and without aura, with or without nausea; irritable bowel syndrome vs other functional gastrointestinal disorders).
Positron emission tomography imaging of endogenous mu-opioid mechanisms during pain and migraine
Authors: DaSilva Alexandre F. , Zubieta Jon-Kar , DosSantos Marcos F. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe enormous advancements in the medical imaging methods witnessed in the past decades have allowed clinical researchers to study the function of the human brain in vivo, both in health and disease. In addition, a better understanding of brain responses to different modalities of stimuli such as pain, reward, or the administration of active or placebo interventions has been achieved through neuroimaging methods. Although magnetic resonance imaging has provided important information regarding structural, hemodynamic, and metabolic changes in the central nervous system related to pain, magnetic resonance imaging does not address modulatory pain systems at the molecular level (eg, endogenous opioid). Such important information has been obtained through positron emission tomography, bringing insights into the neuroplastic changes that occur in the context of the pain experience. Positron emission tomography studies have not only confirmed the brain structures involved in pain processing and modulation but also have helped elucidate the neural mechanisms that underlie healthy and pathological pain regulation. These data have shown some of the biological basis of the interindividual variability in pain perception and regulation. In addition, they provide crucial information to the mechanisms that drive placebo and nocebo effects, as well as represent an important source of variability in clinical trials. Positron emission tomography studies have also permitted exploration of the dynamic interaction between behavior and genetic factors and between different pain modulatory systems. This narrative review will present a summary of the main findings of the positron emission tomography studies that evaluated the functioning of the opioidergic system in the context of pain.
Critical Assessment of Surveys in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chung William H. J. , Gudal Ryan A. , Nasser Jacob S. , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Surveys are a fundamental research tool used in the field of plastic surgery. Although inherent biases within surveys have been recognized, the extent to which this problem exists in the plastic surgery literature remains unknown. The authors aim to (1) determine the extent to which common survey biases occur in plastic surgery surveys and (2) identify areas of improvement for survey researchers.

Methods:
The authors conducted a systematic review of surveys in the plastic surgery literature from 1997 to 2017. After applying their inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reviewers examined a total of 199 studies containing a survey. A modified checklist based on the published literature was used to determine the presence, type, and severity of biases in plastic surgery surveys.

Results:
The mean percentage of biased questions in each survey was 24 percent. The most common biases were moderate- (12 percent) and low-impact biases (10 percent). Specifically, the most common biases were forced choice questions (6 percent), horizontal responses (6 percent), and double-barreled questions (1 percent). Only 13 percent of the articles that fit the authors’ inclusion criteria contained a full-length survey.

Conclusions:
Although surveys in plastic surgery do not contain high-impact biases, the authors have identified areas of improvement for surveys used in this specialty. The authors found that the surveys contain biases in question structure and the survey design, which can be improved through minor revisions to the question stem or responses. Moreover, journals should require researchers to submit a full-text survey for research transparency.
The Reconstruction of the Central Tubercle in Bilateral Cleft Lips
Authors: Chung Jeehyeok , Lim Joonho , Kim Sukwha , Koo Yountaek 
Published: August 2019

Background
There are various methods to correct the whistle deformity in bilateral cleft lip. In case of the central deficiency with concomitant lateral excess, local tissue rearrangement can be used to reposition the lateral tissue. We designed bilateral lateral advancement flap with reinforcement of the orbicularis oris muscle.

Method
Thirteen bilateral cleft lip patients with whistling lip deformity from July 2009 to February 2017 underwent our method of tubercle formation. Vertical upper lip measurements of upper lip were recorded. Augmentation percentage was documented using follow-up measurements compared with preoperative measurements. The average follow-up period was 16.2 months (range, 9–26 months). The axis of the flap and central incision were placed on the red line (wet-dry vermilion border). Dissection was performed through the submucosal plane. After entire dissection, inter-orbicularis oris muscle suture on both medial edge of the flap was performed. In case it was necessary, back-cutting incision on both curvature of the central orbicularis oris could facilitate central augmentation. Elevated superior and inferior trap-door flaps were trimmed to make natural central lip line along with the lateral mucosal flaps. Both lateral parts of vermilions were closed in V-Y advancement fashion.

Result
The vertical height of central tubercle (T) had a mean increase of 136.9%, which was significantly different from preoperative measurement (P < 0.05). There were no surgical complications.

Conclusions
Our surgical method is safe, useful, and effective to correct the whistle deformity of the central deficiency with concomitant lateral excess.
Long-term Outcomes of Self-Management Gellhorn Pessary for Symptomatic Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Authors: Chien Chih-Wei , Lo Tsia-Shu , Tseng Ling-Hong , Lin Yi-Hao , Hsieh Wu-Chiao , Lee Shu-Jane 
Published: August 2019

Objective
The aim of this study is to estimate the long-term survival and to identify adverse events associated with the use of Gellhorn pessaries over a 9-year period.

Methods
This was a retrospective case series study at a tertiary urogynecology unit in Taiwan. Between January 2009 and June 2017, 93 patients who opted for self-management Gellhorn pessaries to treat symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and who were continuously followed-up were enrolled. Long-term use was defined as use for longer than 1 year. Length of use, factors that predicted discontinuation, and adverse events were analyzed and reviewed by chart or telephone inquiry.

Results
The cumulative probabilities of continued pessary use at 1 and 5 years were 62.4% and 47.2%, respectively. Of those who discontinued use, 34 (70.8%) participants discontinued use within 1 year, and the mean duration of use was 13.7 months (range, 0–75 months; median, 5 months). Most of the participants stopped using the pessary because of bothersome adverse events such as pessary expulsion, vaginal pain, de novo urinary incontinence, and erosion/infection.

Conclusions
Self-management Gellhorn pessary was safe and relatively effective and increased patients’ autonomy and ability to manage their POP. One third of the patients discontinued use by 1 year, and half of the patients discontinued use at 5 years.
SREDA: A Rare but Confusing Benign EEG Variant
Authors: Azman Iste Filiz , Tezer Filik F. Irsel , Saygi Serap 
Published: August 2019

Introduction:
Subclinical rhythmic EEG discharges in adults (SREDA) is a very rare benign EEG pattern. The electrophysiological features and atypical variants of SREDA has wide spectrum and they are poorly known. It resembles ictal discharges, and overinterpretation of SREDA may lead to misdiagnosis of epilepsy. Herein, we aimed to report patients with SREDA to identify the frequency and characterized clinical, demographic, electrophysiological features.

Methods:
We reviewed 22,234 EEG reports that are reported by the same experienced clinical neurophysiologists, between 2012 and 2018. The EEGs with SREDA were reevaluated blindly by three clinical neurophysiologists. The demographic, clinical characteristics, and neuroimaging features of the patients were reviewed.

Results:
Subclinical rhythmic EEG discharges in adults was present in 14 EEG records (0.06%), in nine patients. The mean age of patients was 52.1 ± 17.7 (range, 21–71) years. The patients had been diagnosed with several neurologic diseases, including cerebrovascular disease, epilepsy, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, mental retardation, Alzheimer disease, and transient global amnesia. One patient had unilateral lesion, in whom SREDA had appeared on contralateral side of the lesion, whereas other patients with normal or nonlateralized lesions had SREDA bilaterally and symmetrical. This variant had been misdiagnosed as an ictal discharge in previous EEGs in three patients.

Conclusions:
This study indicates that SREDA is difficult to associate with any specific condition. The pathophysiology of SREDA can not be explained by a single mechanism. Even if it is mostly observed in older adults, it is also observed in young adults in this study. It is important to differentiate SREDA from ictal discharge to prevent misdiagnosis of epilepsy especially in nonepileptic paroxysmal events.
Sampling to elucidate the dynamics of infections in reservoir hosts
Authors: Plowright Raina K. , Becker Daniel J. , McCallum Hamish , Manlove Kezia R. 
Published: August 2019

The risk of zoonotic spillover from reservoir hosts, such as wildlife or domestic livestock, to people is shaped by the spatial and temporal distribution of infection in reservoir populations. Quantifying these distributions is a key challenge in epidemiology and disease ecology that requires researchers to make trade-offs between the extent and intensity of spatial versus temporal sampling. We discuss sampling methods that strengthen the reliability and validity of inferences about the dynamics of zoonotic pathogens in wildlife hosts.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
Ecological indicators of mammal exposure to Ebolavirus
Authors: Schmidt John Paul , Maher Sean , Drake John M. , Huang Tao , Farrell Maxwell J. , Han Barbara A. 
Published: August 2019

Much of the basic ecology of Ebolavirus remains unresolved despite accumulating disease outbreaks, viral strains and evidence of animal hosts. Because human Ebolavirus epidemics have been linked to contact with wild mammals other than bats, traits shared by species that have been infected by Ebolavirus and their phylogenetic distribution could suggest ecological mechanisms contributing to human Ebolavirus spillovers. We compiled data on Ebolavirus exposure in mammals and corresponding data on life-history traits, movement, and diet, and used boosted regression trees (BRT) to identify predictors of exposure and infection for 119 species (hereafter hosts). Mapping the phylogenetic distribution of presumptive Ebolavirus hosts reveals that they are scattered across several distinct mammal clades, but concentrated among Old World fruit bats, primates and artiodactyls. While sampling effort was the most important predictor, explaining nearly as much of the variation among hosts as traits, BRT models distinguished hosts from all other species with greater than 97% accuracy, and revealed probable Ebolavirus hosts as large-bodied, frugivorous, and with slow life histories. Provisionally, results suggest that some insectivorous bat genera, Old World monkeys and forest antelopes should receive priority in Ebolavirus survey efforts.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
Mobile phone-based surveillance for animal disease in rural communities: implications for detection of zoonoses spillover
Authors: Thumbi Samuel M. , Njenga M. Kariuki , Otiang Elkanah , Otieno Linus , Munyua Peninah , Eichler Sarah , Widdowson Marc-Alain , McElwain Terry F. , Palmer Guy H. 
Published: August 2019

Improving the speed of outbreak detection and reporting at the community level are critical in managing the threat of emerging infectious diseases, many of which are zoonotic. The widespread use of mobile phones, including in rural areas, constitutes a potentially effective tool for real-time surveillance of infectious diseases. Using longitudinal data from a disease surveillance system implemented in 1500 households in rural Kenya, we test the effectiveness of mobile phone animal syndromic surveillance by comparing it with routine household animal health surveys, determine the individual and household correlates of its use and examine the broader implications for surveillance of zoonotic diseases. A total of 20 340 animal and death events were reported from the community through the two surveillance systems, half of which were confirmed as valid disease events. The probability of an event being valid was 2.1 times greater for the phone-based system, compared with the household visits. Illness events were 15 times (95% CI 12.8, 17.1) more likely to be reported through the phone system compared to routine household visits, but not death events (OR 0.1 (95% CI 0.09, 0.11)). Disease syndromes with severe presentations were more likely to be reported through the phone system. While controlling for herd and flock sizes owned, phone ownership was not a determinant of using the phone-based surveillance system, but the lack of a formal education, and having additional sources of income besides farming were associated with decreased likelihood of reporting through the phone system. Our study suggests that a phone-based surveillance system will be effective at detecting outbreaks of diseases such as Rift Valley fever that present with severe clinical signs in animal populations, but in the absence of additional reporting incentives, it may miss early outbreaks of diseases such as avian influenza that present primarily with mortality.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
Aging-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence metazoan longevity
Authors: Debès Cédric , Papadakis Antonios , Grönke Sebastian , Karalay Özlem , Tain Luke , Mizi Athanasia , Nakamura Shuhei , Hahn Oliver , Weigelt Carina , Josipovic Natasa , Zirkel Anne , Brusius Isabell , Sofiadis Konstantinos , Lamprousi Mantha , Lu Yu-Xuan , Huang Wenming , Esmaillie Reza , Kubacki Torsten , Späth Martin R. , Schermer Bernhard , Benzing Thomas , Müller Roman-Ulrich , Antebi Adam , Partridge Linda , Papantonis Argyris , Beyer Andreas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPhysiological homeostasis becomes compromised during aging, as a result of impairment of cellular processes, including transcription and RNA splicing. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to the loss of transcriptional fidelity are so far elusive, as are ways of preventing it. Here, we profiled and analyzed genome-wide, aging-related changes in transcriptional processes across different organisms: nematode worms, fruit flies, mice, rats and humans. The average transcriptional elongation speed (Pol-II speed) increased with age in all five species. Along with these changes in elongation speed we observed changes in splicing, including a reduction of unspliced transcripts and the formation of more circular RNAs. Two lifespan-extending interventions, dietary restriction and lowered insulin/Igf signaling, both reversed most of these aging-related changes. Genetic variants in Pol-II that reduced its speed in worms and flies increased their lifespan. Similarly, reducing Pol-II speed by overexpressing histone components, to counter age-associated changes in nucleosome positioning, also extended lifespan in flies and the division potential of human cells. Our findings uncover fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying animal aging and lifespan-extending interventions, and point to possible preventative measures.
SIDT2 RNA transporter promotes lung and gastrointestinal tumor development
Authors: Nguyen Tan A , Bieging-Rolett Kathryn T , Putoczki Tracy L , Wicks Ian P , Attardi Laura D , Pang Ken C 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARYRNautophagy is a newly-described type of selective autophagy whereby cellular RNAs are transported into lysosomes for degradation. This process involves the transmembrane protein SIDT2, which transports double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) across the endolysosomal membrane. We previously demonstrated that SIDT2 is a transcriptional target ofp53, but its role in tumorigenesis – if any - is unclear. Unexpectedly, we show here thatSidt2−/−mice with concurrent oncogenicKrasG12Dactivation develop significantly fewer tumors than littermate controls in a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Consistent with this observation, loss of SIDT2 also leads to enhanced survival and delayed tumor development in anApcmin/+mouse model of intestinal cancer. Within the intestine,Apcmin/+;Sidt2−/−mice display accumulation of dsRNA in association with increased phosphorylation of eIF2α and JNK as well as elevated rates of apoptosis. Taken together, our data demonstrate a role for SIDT2 - and by extension RNautophagy - in promoting tumor development.
Improved chemistry restraints for crystallographic refinement by integrating the Amber force field into Phenix
Authors: Moriarty Nigel W. , Janowski Pawel A. , Swails Jason M. , Nguyen Hai , Richardson Jane S. , Case David A. , Adams Paul D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe refinement of biomolecular crystallographic models relies on geometric restraints to help address the paucity of experimental data typical in these experiments. Limitations in these restraints can degrade the quality of the resulting atomic models. Here we present an integration of the full all-atom Amber molecular dynamics force field into Phenix crystallographic refinement, which enables a more complete modeling of biomolecular chemistry. The advantages of the force field include a carefully derived set of torsion angle potentials, an extensive and flexible set of atom types, Lennard-Jones treatment of non-bonded interactions and a full treatment of crystalline electrostatics. The new combined method was tested against conventional geometry restraints for over twenty-two thousand protein structures. Structures refined with the new method show substantially improved model quality. On average, Ramachandran and rotamer scores are somewhat better; clash scores and MolProbity scores are significantly improved; and the modelling of electrostatics leads to structures that exhibit more, and more correct, hydrogen bonds than those refined with traditional geometry restraints. We find in general that model improvements are greatest at lower resolutions, prompting plans to add the Amber target function to real-space refinement for use in electron cryo-microscopy. This work opens the door to the future development of more advanced applications such as Amber-based ensemble refinement, quantum mechanical representation of active sites and improved geometric restraints for simulated annealing.IMPORTANTthis document contains embedded data - to preserve data integrity, please ensure where possible that the IUCr Word tools (available from http://journals.iucr.org/services/docxtemplate/) are installed when editing this document.SynopsisThe full Amber force field has been integrated into Phenix as an alternative refinement target. With a slight loss in speed, it achieves improved stereochemistry, fewer steric clashes and better hydrogen bonds.