bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diatoms in Saline Lakes Paleoclimate and Paleoecology Interpretations
Authors: Ekdahl Erik J. 
Published: June 2019

Average global temperatures are predicted to rise over the next century and changes in precipitation, humidity, and drought frequency will likely accompany this global warming. Understanding associated changes in continental precipitation and temperature patterns in response to global change is an important component of long-range environmental planning. For example, agricultural management plans that account for decreased precipitation over time will be less susceptible to the effects of drought through implementation of water conservation techniques.A detailed understanding of environmental response to past climate change is key to understanding environmental changes associated with global climate change. To this end, diatoms are sensitive to a variety of limnologic parameters, including nutrient concentration, light availability, and the ionic concentration and composition of the waters that they live in (e.g. salinity). Diatoms from numerous environments have been used to reconstruct paleosalinity levels, which in turn have been used as a proxy records for regional and local paleoprecipitation. Long-term records of salinity or paleoprecipitation are valuable in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate, and are important in terms of developing mitigation strategies for future global climate change. High-resolution paleoclimate records are also important in groundtruthing global climate simulations, especially in regions where the consequences of global warming may be severe.
Al-Bustānī's Approach to the Arabic Language: From Theory to Practice
Authors: ZACHS FRUMA , DROR YEHUDIT 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBuṭrus al-Bustānī (1819–1883) was one of the leading figures of theNahḍaperiod. In most studies on theNahḍa, his activities, work and projects are seen as having made an important contribution to the revival of the Arabic language by transforming it to meet the needs of modern times. Although his lexical contribution has been researched there is no comprehensive research on his grammatical contribution to the Arabic language. This article shows that al-Bustānī's Encyclopedia reflects a conservative approach toward grammar in that he confined himself to abridging the grammatical rules enshrined by traditional grammarians. However, he took a liberal and reformist approach to the lexicon that drew on both classical and Western sources.
Diet determination of cattle grazing in the Sanyati communal areas in Zimbabwe
Authors: Hansen Hanne H. , Madsen Jørgen 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe diet of cattle grazing in the Sanyati communal area, Zimbabwe was determined using plant particle identification from faeces from intact animals, and faeces and oesophageal extrusa from fistulated animals. A total of 130 plant genus, species and types were identified. The twenty most frequently occurring species in the samples comprised between 76 and 90% of the identifiable diet. The most frequent grass species were more than half of the identified diet in the dry season while they were half or less of the identified diet in the wet season. There were more plant species identified in the wet season than in the dry season. Significant differences were found when comparing the plant species identified in faeces to those in oesophageal extrusa from fistulated animals. This may be due to incomplete recovery of ingesta in the bags, or to the loss of identifiable particles in the faeces when compared to oesophageal extrusa because of digestibility. More research is needed to validate the use of oesophageal extrusa for diet botanical determination.
Limitations in assessment of forage intake and diet composition of steers grazing tropical pastures with short-term intake rate and oesophageal fistulated steers
Authors: Hess H. D. , Lascano C.E. , Kreuzer M. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryTwo grazing trials were carried out to compare the grazing selectivity of oesophageal fistulated and intact steers, and to measure short term grazing behaviour and daily intake of steers in pastures (six pasture types) based on Brachiaria humidicola and Arachis pintoi. During the rainy season, the composition of the pasture affected the proportion of legume in the diet selected by the two groups of steers. The property of the pasture best related to legume selected by the intact steers was the legume mass in the forage available. The proportion selected by the fistulated steers was best related to the proportion of legumes in the pasture. The legume proportion selected by the two groups of steers was related to the bulk density of legumes in the forage, but the type of relationship varied between the groups. The relationship for the fistulated steers was linear, and that for the intact steers was exponential with an asymptote. During the dry season the relationships for the fistulated animals were similar to those observed during the rainy season, but the proportion of legume in the diet of the intact animals was not affected by attributes of the pasture. The pattern of intake in the short term was not affected by the height or amount of forage available during the rainy season, but during the dry season the weight per bite, and short-term intake was related to the height and amount of forage available. Daily herbage intake was not related to short-term intake.The results of the first experiment confirmed that the selection of legumes by grazing steers can vary considerably between intact and fistulated steers. Furthermore it was suggested that the difference resulted partially from the different reactions of the two groups of experimental animals to changes in the attributes of the pasture. The second experiment showed that the daily intake of forage is not necessarily related to intake behaviour in the short term.
In vitro fermentation of four tropical browse legumes: estimation of the effect of tannins by gas production
Authors: Rodríguez Rafael , Mota Mariano , Fondevila Manuel , Fuente Gabriel de la 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe microbial fermentation of the tropical leguminous browses Acacia cornigera (ACA), Albisia lebbekoides (ALB), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (ENT) and Leucaena leucocephala (LEU) was estimated in vitro as the final production of gas. ACA gave the greatest final (asymptotic) gas volume (D; 179 ml/g DM) and fractional rate constant (0.070). Although ENT showed the greatest rate constant (0.87), reaching half its maximum gas production in 7.8 h, it produced less gas than ACA by 9 h incubation, and did not differ from LEU by 24 h ALB gave the lowest gas production. In another trial the negative effect of tannins was estimated over 48 h as ameliorated by the addition of PEG. The effect was variable between species, the greatest being with ALB (Restriction of 0.60-0.68 of the potential gas volume due to the presence of tannins) and increasing slowly, reaching its’ maximum at 12 or 24 h with ACA (0.33) or LEU (0.16). There was no response to the addition of PEG with ENT indicating that other secondary compounds distinct from the condensed tannins were affecting microbial utilisation.
Evaluation of a fat protection method (Ca-soap) with an in vitro gas production system
Authors: Magaña-Sevilla H , Sandoval-Castro CA , Capetillo-Leal C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryAn in vitro gas production technique was used to evaluate a fat protection method (Ca-soap). The Ca-soaps were prepared by incorporation of oil into a slaked lime solution which had been prepared immediately before. The proportions employed were 10:1 (oil:slaked lime). A feed sample of 0.5g was incubated in a N-rich medium, using 6 ml ruminal liquor and 54 ml medium. A factorial design 2x3 (2 inoculum sources from cows fed with and without Ca-soap x 3 diets) was employed. Diets were A) Control: 70% grass (Pennisetum purpureum var. Taiwan), 30% sorghum grain; B) Soybean lecithin: 70% grass, 20% sorghum, 10% Lecithin; and, C) Ca-soap: 70% grass, 20% sorghum 10% Ca-soap (made from lecithin). Total gas production, DM and OM in vitro digestibility were measured. A 10% reduction (approximately) (P<0.05) on IVDMD and IVOMD with the oil diet was found, but no differences were found (P>0.05) between Control and Ca-soap diets. No effect was found due to inoculum source (P>0.05). Compared with the Control diet, the total gas production was reduced (P<0.05) in the oil diet and was intermediate in Ca-soap diet (P>0.05). It was concluded that Ca-soap diets are a source of rumen inert fat for both the in vitro incubation and the animals fed with this supplement. Ca-soap had no effect on IVDMD and IVOMD. In vitro gas production techniques can be useful tools to evaluate dietary fats at ruminal level.
The effect of supplementary feeding in browsing Criollo kids and hair sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes
Authors: Torres-Acosta Juan Felipe de Jesús 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe objective was to highlight the role of supplementary feeding on resilience and resistance of browsing small ruminants against natural gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. GIN infections have a negative impact on productivity of browsing Criollo kids especially during the wet season of Yucátan. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the threat of GIN infectivity in the native vegetation available for browsing goats. Control of GIN in browsing ruminants is threatened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes strains in the local flocks. Browsing trials with kids and lambs have shown that supplementary feeding (100–108g/day) improved resilience and resistance of Criollo kids against GIN. Supplements used successfully include sorghum:soybean meal (74:26 respectively), maize:soybean meal (74:26) and maize only (108g/day). The later result showed that animals might benefit from supplementation with rumen fermentable energy that could improve utilization of available browsing legumes by the goats. Wet season trials showed that, in spite of supplementation, infected animals have lower productivity compared to non-infected animals. However, the combined use of supplementation and copper oxide wire particles or tactic anthelmintic treatment, can improve growth rate of infected kids to maximum production levels. Short-term supplementation strategies have shown to be less effective than long-term strategies in achieving better resilience against GIN in kids. Lambs are more resistant but less resilient against GIN infections than kids. Improved resistance of lambs seemed to require more nutrients than in goats. In conclusion, supplementary feeding can play an important role in improving both resilience and resistance of growing small ruminants in the tropics but it can be further improved through the complementary use of other strategies leading to a more sustainable integrated parasite control strategy.
Changes in lying behaviour and activity during the peri-parturient period in primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Bowe S , Blackie N , Bleach E C L 
Published: June 2019

The peri-parturient period is unsettling for dairy cows as they move from the dry period, through parturition, cow-calf separation and into the milking herd. The changes in physiological state, environment and social grouping through this period are likely to be particularly manifest in primiparous cows. Lactating dairy cows may be expected to spend up to 13.8 hours/day lying (Tucker and Weary, 2007), this has been shown to alter through the peri-parturient period (Huzzey et al (2005). The mean lying time for healthy cows at this farm was 11 hours day (Blackie et al, 2008).The aim of the present study was to assess the changes in activity levels of first parity cows before and after calving as compared to their multiparous herd mates.
The Potential Impact on Investment Arbitration of the ILC’s Work on Customary International Law
Authors: Sharpe Jeremy K. 
Published: June 2019

A primary goal of the International Law Commission’s work on the identification of customary international law is to offer “guidance to those called upon to identify the existence of a rule of customary international law,” particularly national court judges. The ILC report, however, should be no less useful to participants in international adjudication. The report’s impact might be particularly significant in investment arbitration, which, given the field’s growing importance and impact, could greatly facilitate the ILC’s principal mandate of promoting the “progressive development of international law.”Investment arbitration is proving hugely significant for the development of international law. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development reported that, at the end of last year, there were 568 known cases brought under international investment agreements, including 57 cases brought in 2013 alone. There have been 98 different State respondents, including the United States, which reportedly is the ninth most frequent respondent State.
A Crossroads in the Fight against Human Trafficking? Let’s take the Structural Route: A Response to Janie Chuang
Authors: Bravo Karen E. 
Published: June 2019

Even ten years ago, the phrase “human trafficking” might have evoked blank stares in many circles. Today, the existence of a contemporary trade in human beings has blossomed fully into public awareness. Discussion of and expositions about human traffickingappear not only in sensationalist media reports, but also in many other arenas, such as film dramas, documentaries, books and articles by scholars from a variety of disciplines, activist NGO websites, and legislative chambers across the globe.However, some legal scholars as well as other scholars in the human trafficking sphere admit to a growing unease. Why? There is the sense that the label is a mushrooming monster that encompasses or swallows up all forms of human exploitation, identifies or creates stereotypical bad guys and innocent victims, and yet leaves relatively untouched the root causes of the exploitation.
Demographic Seasonality
Authors: Fellman Johan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe seasonality of demographic data has been of great interest. It depends mainly on the climatic conditions, and the findings may vary from study to study. Commonly, the studies are based on monthly data. Thepopulation at riskplays a central role. For births or deaths over short periods, the population at risk is proportional to the lengths of the months. Hence, one must analyze the number of births (and deaths) per day. If one studies the seasonality of multiple maternities, the population at risk is the total monthly number of confinements and the number of multiple maternities in a given month must be compared with the monthly number of all maternities. Consequently, when one considers the monthly rates of multiple maternities, the monthly number of births is eliminated and one obtains an unaffected seasonality measure of the rates. In general, comparisons between the seasonality of different data sets presuppose standardization of the data to indices with common means, mainly 100. If one assumes seasonality as ‘non-flatness’ throughout a year, a chi-squared test would be an option, but this test calculates only the heterogeneity and the same test statistic can be obtained for data sets with extreme values occurring in consecutive months or in separate months. Hence, chi-squared tests for seasonality are weak because of this arbitrariness and cannot be considered a model test. When seasonal models are applied, one must pay special attention to how well the applied model fits the data. If the goodness of fit is poor, nonsignificant models obtained can erroneously lead to statements that the seasonality is slight, although the observed seasonal fluctuations are marked. In this study, we investigate how the application of seasonal models can be applied to different demographic variables.
Die Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale-Situational (CDS-S) zur Erfassung von situationsabhängigem Depersonalisationserleben
Authors: Schweden Tabea L. K. , C. Konrad Annika , Hoyer Jürgen 
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Depersonalisations- / Derealisationssymptome sind während der Konfrontation mit angstbesetzten Reizen oder Situationen häufig. Zur Erfassung dieses situationsbezogenen Depersonalisationserlebens wurde die Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale adaptiert. Die psychometrischen Gütekriterien der CDS-Situational (CDS-S) wurden in 2 Studien untersucht. 53 Patientinnen und Patienten mit Sozialer Angststörung und 32 gesunde Kontrollprobandinnen und Kontrollprobanden führten zweimal im Abstand von 4 Monaten den Trier Social Stress Test durch und schätzten anschließend die Schwere der Depersonalisation / Derealisation (CDS-S) und der Angst während des Tests ein. Ferner bearbeiteten 26 Studierende mit Prüfungsangst und 43 Studierende ohne Prüfungsangst die CDS-S direkt nach einer mündlichen Prüfung sowie 7 Tage später. Je nach Studie waren Cronbachs α (α ≥ .88), Item-Trennschärfen, Split-Half-Reliabilität ( rtt ≥ .74) und Retest-Reliabilität ( rtt = .40 – .88) zufriedenstellend bis sehr gut. Die Überprüfung der Veränderungssensitivität, Konstruktvalidität und faktoriellen Validität ergab zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. Die CDS-S erfasste in 2 Studien situationsbezogenes Depersonalisations- / Derealisationserleben hinreichend reliabel und valide und ist zur Messung von Depersonalisations- / Derealisationssymptomen im sozialen und Leistungskontext zu empfehlen.
A Statistical Study of the Force Balance and Structure in the Flux Ropes in Mercury's Magnetotail
Authors: Zhao J. T. , Sun W.‐J. , Zong Q. G. , Slavin J. A. , Zhou X. Z. , Dewey R. M. , Poh G. K. , Raines J. M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study presents a statistical investigation of the force balance and structures in the flux ropes in Mercury's magnetotail plasma sheet by using the measurements of MErcury Surface, Space ENviroment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER). One hundred sixty‐eight flux ropes were identified from the 14 hot seasons of MESSENGER from 11 March 2011 to 30 April 2015, and 143 of them show clear magnetic field enhancements with the core field being ≥20% higher than the background magnetic field. The investigation on the force balance of these 143 flux ropes shows that magnetic pressure gradient force cannot be solely balanced by magnetic tension force, implying that thermal plasma pressure gradient force cannot be neglected in the flux ropes. We employ a non‐force‐free model considering the contribution of thermal pressure to resolve the physical properties of flux ropes in Mercury's magnetotail. Twenty‐eight flux ropes are obtained through the fitting to the non‐force‐free model. The flux ropes are found to be consistent with the flattened structures, in which the mean semimajor is ∼851 km and semiminor is ∼333 km, both are several times the local proton inertial length. The average core field is estimated to be ∼57.5 nT, and flux content is ∼0.019 MWb, much larger than the previous results obtained from force‐free flux rope model. The importance of thermal pressure gradient in the force balance of the flux ropes and the flattened structure indicates that the flux ropes in Mercury's magnetotail plasma sheet are mostly in early stage of the evolution, and still contain enough plasma to affect their magnetic structures.
Links Between the Large‐Scale Circulation and Daily Air Quality Over Central Eastern China During Winter
Authors: Ge Wanru , Yin Yuening , Wright Jonathon S. , Huang Wenyu , Jia Beixi , Wang Yuxuan , Yang Zifan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe examine relationships between day‐to‐day variations in the large‐scale atmospheric circulation and the occurrence, intensity, and duration of haze during several recent winters, beginning with a focused examination of Beijing in 2013–2017 and then evaluating the extent to which the findings applied to other urban areas in China in 2015–2017. Composite analysis for Beijing indicates that haze preferentially occurred when the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM; based on potential vorticity) and Siberian High (SH; based on sea level pressure) were weak. Daily variations in EAWM and SH are cross‐correlated but have different relationships with conditions that affect haze development. EAWM is more strongly anticorrelated with boundary layer humidity, suggesting a greater influence on particulate growth. SH, by contrast, has stronger relationships with thermodynamic stability and near‐surface wind speed. A linear combination of these two indices provides a simple but effective indicator of heightened pollution risk over much of central eastern China. The particular value of the EAWM index is supported by its applicability to a broader area and its links to air quality in Beijing during the winter of 2017–2018. Clean conditions during November–February coincided with a persistent strong EAWM despite the SH deviating little from its climatology. The EAWM weakened in March, when air quality reverted to conditions typical of the previous four winters. These results confirm and help to clarify links between the large‐scale circulation and air quality at daily to weekly time scales and provide an empirical foundation for evaluating models used to simulate air quality in this region.
Uncertainties in Trends of Young Hot Spot Tracks
Authors: Wang Chengzu , Gordon Richard G. , Zhang Tuo , Zheng Lin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUncertainties in trends of hot spot tracks are investigated using a relationship between trend uncertainty and the mapview dimensions of a hot spot track. Prior estimates of Δt (the time span averaged in estimating the trend of a hot spot track), combined with an observed average track width of σwidth = 33 km, indicate that uncertainties in track trend are larger than estimated before, especially for hot spot tracks on slow‐moving lithosphere. Measured values of σwidth of different hot spot tracks differ insignificantly from one another. Track widths show no significant differences between oceanic and continental tracks and between tracks of deep plumes and tracks of shallow plumes. We find that motion between groups of hot spots on different plates is slow. Nominal speeds vary from 0 to 6 mm/a with a lower bound of zero and upper bounds of 4 to 13 mm/a for the eight best constrained hot spot groups.
Joint Inversion of Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity, Particle Motion, and Teleseismic Body Wave Data for Sedimentary Structures
Authors: Li Guoliang , Niu Fenglin , Yang Yingjie , Tao Kai 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMapping seismic structures of sedimentary basins is of great importance to better evaluate energy resources and seismic hazards. In this study, we develop a joint Bayesian Monte Carlo nonlinear inversion method that utilizes the complementary nature of Rayleigh wave phase velocity, Rayleigh wave particle motion, and teleseismic P wave in responding to sedimentary structures. Synthetic tests demonstrate that our joint inversion can retrieve the input sedimentary models better than inversions with surface or body wave data alone. We apply our method to waveform data of two broadband stations inside the Songliao Basin in northeast China to invert for sedimentary structures beneath the two stations. We verify our results by successfully isolating the Moho P‐to‐S conversion from sediment reverberations in surface receiver functions with a wavefield‐downward‐continuation technique. We further demonstrate that we can extend our method to single‐station inversions by excluding the Rayleigh wave phase velocity in the inversion.