bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation Between Tenofovir Drug Levels and the Renal Biomarkers RBP-4 and ß2M in the ION-4 Study Cohort
Authors: Chan Austin , Park Lawrence , Collins Lauren F , Cooper Curtis , Saag Michael , Dieterich Douglas , Sulkowski Mark , Naggie Susanna 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Concomitant dosing of ledipasvir (LDV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) results in an increased tenofovir (TFV) area under the curve (AUC). The aim of this study was to examine whether there was a correlation between the renal biomarkers retinol binding protein–4 (RBP-4) and β2 microglobulin (β2M) and tenofovir AUC.

Methods
The ION-4 trial enrolled HIV/hepatitis C virus–coinfected patients on nonpharmacologically boosted antiretroviral regimens with TDF-containing backbones. We assessed for a correlation between tenofovir AUC and urinary biomarkers and also for changes in serologic biomarkers with respect to clinically relevant changes in renal function (creatinine clearance decrease &gt;25%, change in creatinine &gt;0.2 mg/dL, change in proteinuria from negative/trace to ≥1+).

Results
Three hundred thirty-five patients were enrolled in the ION-4 study; their demographic characteristics have been previously described. Both RBP-4 and β2M exhibited positive correlations with tenofovir AUC. Baseline and study levels of RBP-4 and β2M were higher for patients with increases in urine proteinuria and an absolute creatinine increase.

Conclusions
TFV exposure is associated with increased proximal tubule urine biomarkers in participants on ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and nonpharmacologically boosted TDF-based antiretroviral regimens. Baseline proximal tubule biomarkers may predict nephrotoxicity risk if events are prevalent. Further studies assessing the predictive role of these urine biomarkers may help guide medical decision-making and risk/benefit assessments in patients with risk factors for renal dysfunction.
Computational Approaches to Human Performance in Moderate and Extreme Settings
Authors: Trujillo Logan T. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The field of human factors studies the interaction between humans and technological systems in order to optimize human–system performance, research that has traditionally been focused on observation and experiment in laboratory and real-world settings. However, a multidisciplinary subfield of human factors called human performance modeling has recently emerged that involves the development and application of mathematical models, computer simulation techniques, and computational data analysis methods to the study of human performance. This chapter provides an introduction to the use of computational modeling, simulation, and analysis techniques in human factors research, with an eye toward how such methods may be used to optimize human performance in extreme settings.
Trial Stages
Authors: Margulies Ivone 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Rithy Pahn’s S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine and its disturbing tableaus featuring the ex-guards of S21 reenacting acts of torture and reciting documents extracted under duress at the very site where these atrocities were committed. Following an interest in the dissonant effects of spare, empty sites, this chapter explores the affinity between contemporary reenactment film and juridical and psychoanalytic discourse; it considers the theatrical effects of the perpetrators’ affectless behavior in relation to notions of traumatic reenactment, and it posits, through close readings of a number of scenes, a parajuridical aesthetics based on a triangulation between performance, recitation, and a narrating figure that serves as judge/professor. Panh’s articulation of an indicting, evidentiary structure and of a disturbing witnessing position for the viewer are analyzed in contrast to documentaries made around and about the International Court of Cambodjian Crimes, including juridical reconstructions at the site.
Time Will Tell
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book. It addresses major themes and terms such as synchrony, entrainment, and driving and driven rhythms, all of which are likely to be novel to the intended reading audience. The basic ideas that underlie the dynamic attending involving modes of synchrony, manifest in entrainment, are sketched. For each chapter, certain relevant constructs are previewed and briefly described. This chapter also outlines the rationale for developing a dynamic approach to attending. This involves providing contrasting view of attention that are currently prominent in psychology. Finally, this chapter provides a brief outline of each chapter in the book and discusses the rationale for its organization.
The Tunable Brain
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces some elementary entrainment concepts such as phase space, phase portrait, bifurcation, and attractors. Limit cycle oscillations are introduced. It also provides a simplified overview of cortical activities in the human brain. It introduces concepts related to the synchrony between a pair of oscillations (endogenous entrainment), including examples of mode-locking synchronicities. Furthermore, it discusses the possibility of synchronous activities among whole configurations of cortical oscillations. The main aim of this chapter is to show the potential of brain oscillations to entrain to one another in various ways (modes of synchrony). Hence, a variety of forms of endogenous entrainment are discussed. Finally, the concept of attractors as abstract states of synchrony to which neighboring nonsynchronous states are drawn is introduced.
Labor market flexibility and income security
Authors: Leschke Janine , Finn Mairéad 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In all European countries, young people are both more likely to be unemployed than adults and to account for comparatively higher shares of the workers in temporary employment. Moreover, they have more difficulty fulfilling eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, including minimum contributory periods and means testing in secondary benefit schemes. Aggregate European Labour Force Survey data are used to estimate the access of young people to unemployment benefits as well as their participation in short-time working schemes. This analysis is complemented by an institutional analysis using databases such as LABREF and MISSOC to chart recent changes in unemployment benefit criteria directly or indirectly targeted at youth. Our results show that benefit coverage among youth has decreased further in a number of countries in the wake of the crisis, highlighting the weaknesses in protection for young people against economic shocks.
Income sharing and spending decisions of young people living with their parents
Authors: Medgyesi Márton , Nagy Ildikó 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines income sharing by young adults living with their parents. Using data from EU-SILC 2010, the chapter explores the determinants of contributions to household expenses among young adults (aged 18–34 years) living with their parents in 17 European Union countries. The examination finds that income sharing in the household tends to attenuate income differences between household members and to help members with low resources. The results also show inequalities in young adults’ experience of co-residence with parents: young adults in low-income households tend to contribute more to the household than do those in higher income homes. In addition, the results show that the majority of young adults benefit from intra-household sharing of resources. There is, however, a minority of young adults whose income is lower when the actual extent of income pooling is taken into account in the calculation of equivalized household income.
Integrating perspectives on youth labor in transition
Authors: O’Reilly Jacqueline , Leschke Janine , Ortlieb Renate , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin , Villa Paola 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an integrated analysis of the findings from this volume. It discusses the challenges presented from comparing youth transitions across countries, the importance of using a wider range of indicators, and a more comprehensive policy focus. The chapter argues that the concept of economic production encapsulates some of the key dimensions and focus for policy initiatives related to labor market flexibility, mobility, and reforms to vocational education and training systems. It contends that an exclusive focus on this domain risks undervaluing the continued importance of the sphere of social reproduction, the role of family legacies, and how these affect established and emerging forms of inequality. It proposes that given the complexity and variety of youth transitions, policy initiatives need to simultaneously focus on both dimensions to develop multifocused strategies to ensure successful youth transitions. Finally, it identifies key issues for future research resulting from this comprehensive analysis.
Social Work Science in the Context of Social Work Ideas
Authors: Fong Rowena , Uehara Edwina 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the evolution of social work science in relationship to the development of the Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiative. The two initiatives, which took root in the field in close to the same period, created a mutually supportive, synergistic environment that benefitted both. Social work science, grounded in critical realism, embraces methodological approaches supportive of the fundamental principles of the social work profession and contributes to both the scientific identity needed for the stewards of the profession of social work and the scientific pipeline for the Grand Challenges for Social Work. An initiative of the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare, the Grand Challenges for Social Work delineate bold innovations and collective action powered by proven and evolving scientific interventions to address critical social issues facing society today. This chapter discusses how this work helps to both develop and derive support from social work science.
Rigor and Relevance in Social Work Science
Authors: Palinkas Lawrence A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Rigor and relevance are essential features of social work science. However, they are often misperceived as being in opposition to one another. Conducting social work research that is both rigorous and relevant requires changes in traditional perspectives, priorities, and practices. The chapter begins with a discussion of the definition and standards of rigor as practiced by scientists and of relevance as practiced by practitioners and policymakers. It then illustrates differences in priorities assigned to rigor and relevance when deciding the extent to which evidence-based practices should be implemented with fidelity or adapted to meet the needs of specific populations, agencies, and contexts, and suggests solutions for accommodating both priorities. The chapter then examines the challenges that must be addressed in bringing rigor and relevance together and how these challenges can be addressed through accommodation and negotiation.
Activists at risk
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 assesses the more clearly negative trend in global civil society: the increasing attacks meted out by regimes against activists. As this phenomenon becomes more serious and widespread, so activists intensify their efforts to develop new and informal forms of activism as a means to decrease their vulnerability to repression. The chapter critically examines the extent to which new civic activism can help mitigate these attacks against global civil society.
Many waves II: Fourier
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the sum of many plane waves propagating at different angles. It is shown that the sum of many plane waves (Fourier optics) is mathematically equivalent to a sum of many curved waves (the Huygens–Fresnel principle). The Fourier approach is exploited to solve a range of common diffraction problems, including diffraction by a regular array.
Spatial filtering
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter exploits the Fourier relationship between the fields at different positions for modifying images. Firstly, apodization is considered, where a filter is added in the plane of the lens to modify the spatial distribution in the focal plane. Secondly, spatial filtering is analysed, where a two-lens system is used to allow the manipulation of an image by modifying its Fourier transform.
Organization as Chaosmos
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Drawing on the philosophy of Cornelius Castoriadis, I argue that organization is an ever incomplete effort to shape chaos and formlessness. More specifically, organization consists of three ontological components, each pointing to a different function/process: representation, meaning-making, and improvisation. First, portions of the world need to be re-presented in terms of the ensidic logic for an entity to become organized. Secondly, while through representation human actions are sought to be decontextualized, they are necessarily rooted in the practice of a particular community, through which they acquire collectively shared meanings. Thirdly, both syntax (rules) and semantics (meanings) are applied by concrete people in a concrete world, which is infinitely more complex than its representations. There is always a phronetic gap between representations and the world, which is filled in through actors improvising. When a human system is said to be organized, all three functions/processes must be in place.
A Dialogical Approach to the Creation of New Knowledge in Organizations
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Despite several insightful empirical studies on how new knowledge is created in organizations, there is still no satisfactory answer to this question. The purpose of this chapter is to address the question by focusing on direct social interaction. By reinterpreting several organizational examples, as well as findings from organizational knowledge research, the chapter illustrates the process by which new knowledge in organizations originates and develops using a dialogical perspective. When productive, dialogue leads to self-distanciation, namely to individuals taking distance from their customary and unreflective ways of acting as practitioners. Dialogue is productive depending on the extent to which participants engage relationally with one another. When this happens participants are more likely to actively take responsibility both for the joint tasks in which they are involved and for their relationships with others.
Theory as Therapy
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that a representationalist view of theory in an applied or practical science, such as Organization and Management Theory (OMT), is unrealistic and misleading, since it fails to acknowledge theory’s ineradicable dependence on the dynamics of the lifeworld within which it has its “currency.” It explores some of the difficulties raised by the use of representational theorizing in OMT, and the nature of a more reflective form of theorizing. Reflective theorizing invites practitioners to attend to the grammar of their actions, namely to the rules and meanings that actors draw upon in their participation in social practices. It works to draw their attention to aspects of people’s interactions in organizations not usually noticed; to bring to awareness unconscious habits, confusions, prejudices, and pictures that hold practitioners captive. This view of theory—as perceptually reorienting rather than as cognitively explaining—is illustrated by looking at Karl Weick’s sensemaking theory.
Practice Theory
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to articulate the philosophical underpinnings of the perspective commonly known as “practice theory.” The latter originates and has grown out from the long-standing philosophical critique of the logic of scientific rationality, which underlies a large majority of theories within organization and management theory, and social science more generally. Practice theory aims to capture the basic understandings manifested in how actors and materials are entwined in a relational whole over time. Seeing actors as embedded in practices orients researchers to explore how actors follow rules and handle their experiences in enacting the practices they partake in. This chapter explores the philosophical underpinnings of practice theory, with a particular focus on Wittgenstein and Heidegger, and distinguishes three approaches to the study of practice: commonsensical theories, general theories, and domain-specific theories.
Craving for Generality and Small-N Studies
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question: “How can findings from case studies and ethnographies be generalized?” It advances an epistemological defence of small-N studies in the context of organization and management theory by drawing on Wittgenstein, and argues that the distinctive theoretical contribution of small-N studies stems from seeing particular cases as opportunities for further refining our conceptualization of general processes. Theorizing is an analogical process: small-N studies researchers notice analogies with processes described in other studies and, in an effort to account for the specificity of the particular case under study, draw new distinctions and thus further refine what is currently known. It is not so much analytical generalization that small-N studies aid as heuristic generalization (or analytical refinement). By doing so, the craving for generality is the craving for a clearer view. They aid generic understanding without annihilating the epistemic significance of the particular.
Troubled Neighbourhoods: Encounters with Housing Authorities
Authors: Koch Insa Lee 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyses tenants’ encounters with social housing providers in their daily attempts to maintain neighbourhoods that they consider fit for living. Social housing tenants’ view of what constitutes ‘neighbour trouble’ is often fundamentally out of sync with what the authorities refer to as ‘nuisance’ and ‘anti-social behaviour’. For social housing providers and their partners, the language of ‘nuisance’ and ‘anti-social behaviour’ denotes individualized conflicts between tenants. However, this language tends to silence the decades of material neglect that have deeply marked Britain’s housing estates. This decline is the primary cause of what tenants refer to as ‘trouble’: badly insulated walls and ceilings, cramped living conditions, and poorly maintained communal areas give rise to tensions between neighbours living in close proximity to one another. While tenants learn to use the language of ‘anti-social behaviour’ and ‘nuisance’ to frame their claims for help, this chapter argues that these forms of state-citizen engagement further depoliticize the structural problems that tenants face, while reinforcing a climate of suspicion and mistrust between tenants.
Democracy as Punishment: Brexit and Austerity Politics
Authors: Koch Insa Lee 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 asks what the implications of classed state control are for liberal democracy at large. It takes as a point of departure the referendum on leaving the European Union in June 2016 and the rise of what has been labelled ‘popular authoritarianism’. Residents on the housing estate experience government as something that is ‘not for them’: negative experiences with the authorities, including since 2010 the shift towards ‘austerity’ politics, translate into a deep-seated sense that politicians and politics are the antithesis of ordinary personhood and sociality. This justifies widespread withdrawal from electoral processes. However, unlike an ordinary election, some residents perceived the EU referendum as an opportunity to say ‘no’ to a government tout court. The chapter argues that an ethnographic understanding of ‘Brexit’ in terms of residents’ daily experiences of government uncovers the liberal state’s disavowal of its moral and political responsibilities towards its most disenfranchised populations. It also underlines the risk of right-wing populism at a time when alternative mechanisms for capturing working-class people’s voices are either weak or absent.
Confessional Mobility and English Catholics in Counter-Reformation Europe
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In the wake of England’s break with Rome and gradual reformation, English Catholics took root outside of the country, in Catholic countries across Europe. Their arrival and the foundation of convents and colleges on the Continent has attracted scholarly attention. However, we need to understand their impact beyond that initial moment of change. Confessional Mobility, therefore, looks at the continued presence of English Catholics abroad and how the English Catholic community was shaped by these cross-Channel connections. This study proposes a new interpretative model of ‘confessional mobility’. Changing perspective opens up our study to include pilgrims, Grand Tour travellers, students, and mobile scholars alongside exiles. The diversity of mobility highlights that those abroad were never cut off, isolated on the Continent. Rather, through correspondence and constant travel they created a community without borders. This cross-Channel community was not defined by its status as victims of persecution, but provided the lifeblood for English Catholics for generations. Confessional Mobility also incorporates minority Catholics more closely into the history of the Counter-Reformation. Long sidelined as exceptions to the rule of a hierarchical, triumphant, territorial Catholic Church, English Catholics have seldom been recognized as an instrumental part in the wider Counter-Reformation. Attention to movement and mission in the self-understanding of Catholics incorporates minority Catholics alongside extra-European missions and reinforces current moves to decentre Counter-Reformation scholarship.