bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dryland continental mudstones: Deciphering environmental changes in problematic mudstones from the Upper Triassic (Carnian to Norian) Mercia Mudstone Group, south‐west Britain
Authors: Milroy Paul , Wright V. Paul , Simms Michael J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe sedimentology, petrography and mineralogy of the seemingly monotonous Late Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group across the Severn Basin and Bristol Channel region reveals a bipartite division of mudrock facies above and below the Arden Sandstone Formation. Frequently cryptic sedimentary and pedogenic features reveal diverse alluvial, aeolian, playa‐lacustrine and pedogenic processes operating at different times, locations and scales probably in response to climate change. The current study found no evidence of significant marine influence in either of the two mudrock facies associations that are described here. Blocky claystones dominate the lower Mercia Mudstone Group (Sidmouth Mudstone Formation), with pedogenic features such as slickensides, mottling, tubules and carbonate/sulphate nodules common and widespread. The claystones are of alluvial/lacustrine origin with subordinate sheet sandstones, themselves overprinted by pedogenic features, reflecting occasional high intensity rainfall events. These facies reflect a seasonal (wet/dry) semi‐arid climate favouring development of transformed/neoformed (smectite‐rich) clay minerals of intrabasinal origin. Massive to weakly stratified silty mudstones dominate the upper Mercia Mudstone Group (Branscombe Mudstone Formation). Commonly conchoidally weathered, locally gypsiferous, but with distinct sedimentary structures scarce, they alternate with subordinate blue‐grey laminated silty mudstones. Together they reflect fluctuating hydrological conditions within extensive saline mudflats and ephemeral playa lakes, with laminated facies deposited under subaqueous conditions during more humid phases whereas massive mudstones reflect modification through interstitial growth/dissolution of sulphates and deflation of surface sediments during drier episodes. These facies reflect increased aridity during deposition of the upper Mercia Mudstone Group compared with the lower Mercia Mudstone Group, favouring development of detrital/transformed (illite–chlorite) clay minerals of extrabasinal origin. The described facies associations and the sedimentary fabrics and structures that characterize them, occur widely in the Mercia Mudstone Group across the United Kingdom and comparable facies associations may be anticipated in other fine‐grained red bed successions. Recognition of these facies may aid palaeoenvironmental interpretation of such sequences on Earth and, potentially, on Mars also.
Comparison of cardiovascular screening guidelines for middle‐aged/older adults
Authors: Ermolao Andrea , Gasperetti Andrea , Rigon Alberto , Patti Alessandro , Battista Francesca , Frigo Anna Chiara , Duregon Federica , Zaccaria Marco , Bergamin Marco , Neunhaeuserer Daniel 
Published: May 2019

PurposeAlthough both European (EACPR) and American (ACSM) Scientific Societies have devised cardiovascular protocols for the assessment of “middle‐aged/older” individuals who are about to participate in sports or physical exercise, there are no data regarding the guidelines' sensitivity of these measures. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of different international screening protocols.MethodsThis observational cross‐sectional study evaluated 525 subjects (80% males; median age 50 [35‐85] years) seeking medical certification before participating in sports or regular exercise. The screening protocol consisted in completing a personal history profile, a physical examination, a resting ECG, a maximal exercise test, and, when required, additional instrumental evaluations. The effectiveness of the current EACPR as well as the former and new ACSM guidelines was thereby analyzed.ResultsThe full screening protocol uncovered 100 previously undetected cardiovascular conditions (main pathologies detected: 21 coronary artery disease (CAD), 14 arterial hypertension, 38 complex arrhythmias). When the European guideline was used, 49% of these conditions went undetected, including 10 CAD. When the former American guideline was used, 29% (6 CAD) went undetected; when the recently updated edition was used, 50% including 11 CAD went undetected.ConclusionThe former ACSM guideline demonstrated a higher diagnostic sensitivity than the newer version and the EACPR guideline. Current screening protocols might be adapted for subjects performing high‐intensity exercise due to their higher risk for cardiovascular and exercise‐associated adverse events. The use of an incremental ECG‐monitored maximal exercise test seems to improve these screening outcomes.
A call for weed research in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L)
Authors: Sandler L N , Gibson K A 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIndustrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is grown in more than 30 countries for fibre, seed and flowers, and acreage of cultivation is increasing globally. Hemp has long been promoted as a crop that competes well with weeds and requires little intervention to prevent yield losses. We conducted a literature review and found little peer‐reviewed research to support this claim. We identified only three articles that specifically addressed weed management under field conditions and none provided information on hemp yield losses from weeds. These findings highlight a clear need for research‐based information on interactions between weeds and hemp to address potential yield losses under various production conditions and provide a research‐based framework for weed management in industrial hemp.
Cerapan Istiwa' Matahari Dalam Penentuan Arah Kiblat di Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad Zaki Nurulhuda , Anwar Nawawi Mohd Saiful , Abdul Wahab Raihana , Abdul Niri Mohammaddin 
Published: May 2019

Qibla is the direction in which Muslims have to follow when performing their prayers. As claimed by the Islamic Shari’a, when performing prayers, the qibla direction must be accurate towards the Kaaba. This claim is not an issue for Muslims living near Mecca but for Muslims living in distant countries from the Mecca, the qibla direction accuracy is a problem that requires immediate settlement decision. Geographically, Malaysia is located 5000 km away from the Mecca, and if the qibla direction deflected for only one degree, it will stray up to 180 km from the Kaaba. The objective of this study is to examine and compare the accuracy of smartphones, theodolites and the istiwa’ sticks during the istiwa’ a’dzam phenomenon because it is the best method of revision to obtain the accurate qibla direction. In this study, istiwa’ a’dzam observations have been conducted at Kuala Lumpur Islamic Center Complex on July 16th 2016 at 5:28 pm. The observation results showed that the direction shown by the theodolite is accurate while the use of smart phones showed a difference up to 2° from the actual direction of the Kaaba (Baitullah).
Coexpression of Inhibitory Receptors Enriches for Activated and Functional CD8+ T Cells in Murine Syngeneic Tumor Models
Authors: Xiong Huizhong , Mittman Stephanie , Rodriguez Ryan , Pacheco-Sanchez Patricia , Moskalenko Marina , Yang Yagai , Elstrott Justin , Ritter Alex T. , Müller Sören , Nickles Dorothee , Arenzana Teresita L. , Capietto Aude-Hélène , Delamarre Lélia , Modrusan Zora , Rutz Sascha , Mellman Ira , Cubas Rafael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Exhausted T cells have been described in cancer patients and murine tumor models largely based on their expression of various inhibitory receptors. Understanding of the functional attributes of these cells is limited. Here, we report that among CD8+ T cells in commonly used syngeneic tumor models, the coexpression of inhibitory receptors PD-1, LAG3, and TIM3 defined a group of highly activated and functional effector cells. Coexpression of these receptors further enriched for antigen-specific cells with increased T-cell receptor clonality. Anti–PD-L1 treatment increased the number and activation of these triple-positive CD8+ T cells without affecting the density of PD-1− cells. The intratumoral density of CD8+ T cells coexpressing inhibitory receptors negatively correlated with tumor burden. The density ratio and pretreatment phenotype of CD8+ T cells coexpressing inhibitory receptors was positively correlated with response across a variety of tumor models. Our results demonstrate that coexpression of inhibitory receptors is not a signifier of exhausted T cells, but rather can define a group of activated and functional effector cells in syngeneic tumor models. In the cancer setting, these cells could represent a heterogeneous population of not only exhausted but also highly activated cells responsive to treatment.
Effectiveness of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HEADS UP coaches’ online training as an educational intervention
Authors: Daugherty Jill , DePadilla Lara , Sarmiento Kelly 
Published: May 2019

Background: Concussions are common among youth athletes. Responsibility for the recognition and management of concussion is often put on coaches. To equip coaches with appropriate knowledge and skills, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched the HEADS UP: Concussion in Youth Sports online training. Objectives: To determine whether HEADS UP coaches’ training improves knowledge, attitudes and behavioural intentions. Methods: Knowledge questions were grouped into scales by level of difficulty. Differences between pre- and post-test scores were calculated based on the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Z-score and effect sizes were interpreted. Results: Coaches displayed a high level of knowledge in the pre-test. While lower difficulty questions did not show improvement from pre- to post-test, moderate and high difficulty questions did. Use of the training was associated with improved knowledge about symptom resolution, return-to-play recommendations and under-reporting of incidents of concussion. Coaches demonstrated improvement in five of the seven concussion-related attitude and behavioural intention items post training. Conclusion: HEADS UP training improved coaches’ knowledge on select topics and helped them feel more comfortable about responding to concussion among their athletes. This study provides insight into how to better focus future HEADS UP concussion health education efforts to fit coaches’ informational needs.
Assessing Distraction Potential of Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays for Vehicle Drivers
Authors: Kim Hyungil , Gabbard Joseph L. 
Published: May 2019

Objective: To develop a framework for quantifying the visual and cognitive distraction potential of augmented reality (AR) head-up displays (HUDs). Background: AR HUDs promise to be less distractive than traditional in-vehicle displays because they project information onto the driver’s forward-looking view of the road. However, AR graphics may direct the driver’s attention away from critical road elements. Moreover, current in-vehicle device assessment methods, which are based on eyes-off-road time measures, cannot capture this unique challenge. Method: This article proposes a new method for the assessment of AR HUDs by measuring driver gaze behavior, situation awareness, confidence, and workload. An experimental user study ( n = 24) was conducted in a driving simulator to apply the proposed method for the assessment of two AR pedestrian collision warning (PCW) design alternatives. Results: Only one of the two tested AR interfaces improved driver awareness of pedestrians without visually and cognitively distracting drivers from other road elements that were not augmented by the display but still critical for safe driving. Conclusion: Our initial human-subject experiment demonstrated the potential of the proposed method in quantifying both positive and negative consequences of AR HUDs on driver cognitive processes. More importantly, the study suggests that AR interfaces can be informative or distractive depending on the perceptual forms of graphical elements presented on the displays. Application: The proposed methods can be applied by designers of in-vehicle AR HUD interfaces and be leveraged by designers of AR user interfaces in general.
Human Otopathology of Cochlear Implant Drill‐out Procedures
Authors: Trakimas Danielle R. , Ishai Reuven , Kozin Elliott D. , Nadol Joseph B. , Remenschneider Aaron K. 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveHuman otopathology following drill‐out procedures for cochlear implantation (CI) in cases with labyrinthitis ossificans (LO) has not been previously described. This study uses the high sensitivity of histopathology to (1) evaluate surgical drill‐out technique with associated intracochlear findings and (2) quantify spiral ganglion neuron populations in a series of patients with LO who underwent CI.Study DesignRetrospective otopathology study.SettingOtopathology laboratory.Subjects and MethodsTemporal bone (TB) specimens from cases with evidence of preoperative intracochlear fibroossification that required a drill‐out procedure for CI electrode array insertion were included. All cases were histopathologically evaluated and 3‐dimensional reconstructions of the cochleae were performed to interpret drilling paths and electrode trajectories.ResultsFive TB specimens were identified, of which 4 underwent drill‐out of the basal turn of the cochlea and 1 underwent a radical cochlear drill‐out. In multiple TBs, drilling was imprecise with resultant damage to essential structures. Two TBs showed injury to the modiolus, which was associated with substantially decreased or even absent neuronal populations within these areas. In addition, 2 cases with inadequate drill‐out or extensive LO of the basal turn resulted in extracochlear placement of electrode arrays into the vestibule due to persistent obstruction within the basal turn.ConclusionOtopathology highlights the challenges of drill‐out procedures in cases of LO. Imprecise drilling paths, due to distortion of normal cochlear anatomy, risk injury to the modiolus and adjacent neurons as well as extracochlear placement of electrode arrays, both of which may contribute to poorer hearing outcomes.
Global brain volume reductions in a sub-chronic phencyclidine animal model for schizophrenia and their relationship to recognition memory
Authors: Doostdar Nazanin , Kim Eugene , Grayson Ben , Harte Michael K , Neill Joanna C , Vernon Anthony C 
Published: May 2019

Background: Cognitive deficits and structural brain changes co-occur in patients with schizophrenia. Improving our understanding of the relationship between these is important to develop improved therapeutic strategies. Back-translation of these findings into rodent models for schizophrenia offers a potential means to achieve this goal. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of structural brain changes and how these relate to cognitive behaviour in a sub-chronic phencyclidine rat model. Methods: Performance in the novel object recognition task was examined in female Lister Hooded rats at one and six weeks after sub-chronic phencyclidine (2 mg/kg intra-peritoneal, n=15) and saline controls (1 ml/kg intra-peritoneal, n=15). Locomotor activity following acute phencyclidine challenge was also measured. Brain volume changes were assessed in the same animals using ex vivo structural magnetic resonance imaging and computational neuroanatomical analysis at six weeks. Results: Female sub-chronic phencyclidine-treated Lister Hooded rats spent significantly less time exploring novel objects ( p<0.05) at both time-points and had significantly greater locomotor activity response to an acute phencyclidine challenge ( p<0.01) at 3–4 weeks of washout. At six weeks, sub-chronic phencyclidine-treated Lister Hooded rats displayed significant global brain volume reductions ( p<0.05; q<0.05), without apparent regional specificity. Relative volumes of the perirhinal cortex however were positively correlated with novel object exploration time only in sub-chronic phencyclidine rats at this time-point. Conclusion: A sustained sub-chronic phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficit in novel object recognition is accompanied by global brain volume reductions in female Lister Hooded rats. The relative volumes of the perirhinal cortex however are positively correlated with novel object exploration, indicating some functional relevance.
The Decline of Child Sexual Abuse in Canada: Evidence From the 2014 General Social Survey
Authors: Shields Margot , Tonmyr Lil , Hovdestad Wendy E. 
Published: May 2019

Objective: To provide evidence of trends in child sexual abuse (CSA) in Canada. Methods: Using data from 15,801 males and 18,669 females who responded to the 2014 General Social Survey (GSS), we compared the prevalence of CSA by age cohorts. Age cohort patterns were examined for several sub-populations including males, females, Indigenous peoples, and people living in low-income households. Results: After an increase in the post-World War II period, there has been a decline in CSA in Canada since the early 1990s. Findings indicate a decline for both sexes; although, the evidence is more compelling for females. There is also evidence of a decline for Indigenous peoples, for those living in low-income households, and regardless of the relationship to the perpetrator (i.e., family member, a teacher/professor/tutor, a babysitter, a nanny, other non-family member but known to the respondent, or a stranger). Conclusions: In Canada, evidence from 3 retrospective population surveys suggests a decline in CSA since the early 1990s. However, given the associated harm, continued progress to the eradication of CSA is essential.
Multicenter Early Radiographic Outcomes of Triplanar Tarsometatarsal Arthrodesis With Early Weightbearing
Authors: Ray Justin J. , Koay Jennifer , Dayton Paul D. , Hatch Daniel J. , Smith Bret , Santrock Robert D. 
Published: May 2019

Background: Hallux valgus is a multiplanar deformity of the first ray. Traditional correction methods prioritize the transverse plane, a potential factor resulting in high recurrence rates. Triplanar first tarsometatarsal (TMT) arthrodesis uses a multiplanar approach to correct hallux valgus in all 3 anatomical planes at the apex of the deformity. The purpose of this study was to investigate early radiographic outcomes and complications of triplanar first TMT arthrodesis with early weightbearing. Methods: Radiographs and charts were retrospectively reviewed for 57 patients (62 feet) aged 39.7 ± 18.9 years undergoing triplanar first TMT arthrodesis at 4 institutions between 2015 and 2017. Patients were allowed early full weightbearing in a boot walker. Postoperative radiographs were compared with preoperative radiographs for hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), tibial sesamoid position (TSP), and lateral round sign. Any complications were recorded. Results: Radiographic results demonstrated significant improvements in IMA (13.6 ± 2.7 degrees to 6.6 ± 1.9 degrees), HVA (24.2 ± 9.3 degrees to 9.7 ± 5.1 degrees), and TSP (5.0 ± 1.3 to 1.9 ± 0.9) from preoperative to final follow-up ( P < .001). Lateral round sign was present in 2 of 62 feet (3.2%) at final follow-up compared with 52 of 62 feet (83.9%) preoperatively. At final follow-up, recurrence was 3.2% (2/62 feet), and the symptomatic nonunion rate was 1.6% (1/62 feet). Two patients required hardware removal, and 2 patients required additional Akin osteotomy. Conclusion: Early radiographic outcomes of triplanar first TMT arthrodesis with early weightbearing were promising with low recurrence rates and maintenance of correction. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
PLATOON: Premature Loss of bAby Teeth and its impact On Orthodontic Need - protocol
Authors: Brown Lucy R , Barber Sophy , Benson Philip E , Littlewood Simon , Gilthorpe Mark S , Wu Jianhu , Nikolova Silviya , Al-Nunuaimi Eman , Mason Dan , Waiblinger Dagmar , McEachan Rosemary RC , Day Peter F 
Published: May 2019

Objective: To investigate the impact of premature extraction of primary teeth (PEPT) on orthodontic treatment need in a cohort of children participating in the Born in Bradford (BiB) longitudinal birth cohort. Design: Observational, cross-sectional cohort. Participants: We aim to recruit 1000 children aged 7–11 years: 500 with a history of PEPT and 500 matched non-PEPT controls. Methods: After informed consent/assent, orthodontic records will be collected, including extra and intra-oral photographs and alginate impressions for study models. Participants will also complete a measure of oral health-related quality of life (COHIP-SF 19). The records will be used to quantify space loss, identify other occlusal anomalies and assess orthodontic treatment need using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. For each outcome, summary statistics will be calculated and the data for children with and without PEPT compared. The records of the children identified to be in need of orthodontic treatment will be examined by an expert orthodontic panel to judge if this treatment should be undertaken at the time of the records or delayed until the early permanent dentition. Collecting robust records in the mixed dentition provides the clinical basis to link each stage of the causal chain and enable the impact of PEPT on orthodontic need to be characterised. This study is the first to provide the foundations for future longitudinal data collection allowing the long-term impact of PEPT to be studied.
Empoderamiento y búsqueda de atención en salud: un factor ignorado de la mortalidad materna en una comunidad indígena mexicana
Authors: Amaya-Castellanos Claudia Isabel , Shamah-Levy Teresa , Escalante-Izeta Ericka Ileana , Turnbull Plazas Bernardo , Nuñez Urquiza y Rosa María 
Published: May 2019

Resumen: Objetivo: Indagar la vinculación entre expresiones del empoderamiento (autonomía y poder de decisión) y las prácticas de autocuidado y de búsqueda de atención durante el embarazo y posterior al parto, en relación con la mortalidad materna, en mujeres indígenas del municipio de Santa María Temaxcaltepec, Oaxaca, México. Métodos: se realizaron seis grupos focales: dos con mujeres embarazadas; dos con madres de niños <3 años de edad, y dos con hombres quienes en los últimos tres años fueron padres. Resultados: la hegemonía masculina en el contexto familiar y en las instituciones de salud, dificulta la autonomía y el poder de decisión de las mujeres sobre su salud reproductiva. Esto impacta directamente en la búsqueda de atención durante el embarazo y el parto. Conclusiones: la falta de autonomía y de poder de decisión femenino se relaciona indirectamente, con resultados adversos del embarazo. Estos hallazgos son útiles para orientar el diseño de estrategias que promuevan el empoderamiento de las mujeres y la equidad de género en el contexto de los servicios y programas comunitarios y llamar la atención de tomadores de decisiones hacia la presencia, de factores no-médicos de la muerte materna en comunidades indígenas.