bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The recent formulation of “having reasonable grounds to believe”
Authors: Wilson Claire 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to analyse the challenges in devising a suitable formulation to determine whether a person had reasonable grounds to believe that property dealt with represented the proceeds of an indictable crime in the context of money laundering offences. The paper also examines the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal’s recent formulation in HKSAR v. Yeung Ka Sing, Carson (decided July 2016) and evaluates international standards.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology adopted is partly a technical analysis of the various interpretations of “having reasonable grounds to believe” alongside a comparative approach drawing on international standards of the mens rea threshold and the position in the UK.

Findings
The findings are that the Court of Final Appeal’s formulation of “having reasonable grounds to believe” is the best possible outcome given the confines of the statutory provisions. The study confirms that the threshold set by the Court of Final appeal surpasses international standards; however, it argues that current international standards are in need of review.

Originality/value
This paper offers insight into the latest mens rea threshold of “having reasonable grounds to believe” in the context of Hong Kong’s anti-money laundering laws and compares international standards of the mens rea threshold. The discussion is of value to a wide audience both in Hong Kong and globally. It aims to provide guidelines to legal practitioners, law enforcement personnel, persons in the private and public sectors, academics and members of the public. This paper also seeks to provoke discussion as to whether international standards on the mens rea threshold should be reviewed with a view to strengthening international cooperation on the prevention of money laundering.
Creating and building a post-conflict fiscal state through global wealth chains
Authors: Waris Attiya 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to assess using a historical approach the challenges facing Somaliland and analyze how the Somalilanders are in the twenty-first century using the globalized financial architecture and system of wealth chains to finance their nascent state and move the debate forward on the calls for self-determination.Design/methodology/approachResearch on this paper included not just a desk review but two research trips to Somaliland and over 20 interviews of politicians, government officials and the private sector and academia.FindingsToday the global wealth chains flowing in and out of Somaliland include some complex ones which include the interactions with other members of the Somali diaspora whether they are in the USA or in Australia where money moves in and out of bank accounts in different countries finally ending up in either Dubai or Djibouti where it is finally transferred through the money transfer agencies into Hargeisa and finally withdrawn by the relative of a diaspora member. The similar wealth chains are those going between traders such as those that already maintain companies in Djibouti because of the war period and continue to live and trade there but have branches in Somaliland. There are simple direct transfers that are easily understood.Research limitations/implicationsTranslators had to be used, as some parliamentarians only spoke Kisomali.Originality/valueNo papers have been written on the global banking and finance system with specific reference to Somaliland.
Anti-money laundering effectiveness: assessing outcomes or ticking boxes?
Authors: Pol Ronald F. 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThis article aims to constructively critique the new global methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of anti-money laundering regimes against defined outcomes.Design/methodology/approachWith surprisingly little discussion at the intersection of the money laundering and policy effectiveness and outcomes scholarship and practice, this article combines elements of these disciplines and recent peer-review evaluations, to qualitatively assess the Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF’s) anti-money laundering “effectiveness” methodology.FindingsFATF’s “effectiveness” methodology does not yet reflect an outcome-oriented framework as it purports. Misapplication of outcome labels to outputs and activities miss an opportunity to evaluate outcomes, as the impact and effect of anti-money laundering policies.Practical implicationsIf the “outcomes” of the “effectiveness” framework do not match the crime and terrorism prevention policy goals of nation states, the new “main” component for assessing the effectiveness of anti-money laundering regimes potentially detracts focus and resources from, rather than towards, intended policy objectives.Originality/valueThere is a dearth of scholarship whether the global anti-money laundering “effectiveness” framework is sufficiently robust to assess effectiveness as it purports. This article begins addressing that gap.
China’s dirty laundry – international organizations posing a risk to China’s AML systems
Authors: Naheem Mohammed Ahmad 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to review some of the current challenges that international money laundering schemes are posing in the Chinese banking sector. Anti-money laundering (AML) systems in China are relatively new, and customer due diligence checks and other AML systems are underdeveloped in some areas.Design/methodology/approachThe paper considers a particular case example of a multi-company organization that has known links to China. This company has been the target of both European and US investigations for suspected embezzlement and money laundering, and yet is still in operation.FindingsThe paper considers the complexities of this organization and how a seemly innocent link to a used clothing charity can fund an international organization spanning several countries. The paper offers a list of basic indicators of risk that could be applied to a risk-based system used within the Chinese banking context by using this group as an example.Originality/valueThe paper uses empirical and academic studies from other authors working in this region and supports many of the findings of the need to develop stronger risk-based, as opposed to rules-based, systems for managing AML risk assessment. Previous work by the author and suggestions from other authors are both used to suggest a basic framework for AML risk assessment. The paper concludes by reiterating the fact that China, like all other countries, is now operating in an international banking context, in much the same way that international organized crime is also operating at a global level.
Illicit financial flows: HSBC case study
Authors: Naheem Mohammed Ahmad 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThis paper provides examples of how illicit financial flows (IFFs) are occurring through the formal banking and financial services sector. The purpose of this paper is to explore which elements of anti-money laundering (AML) compliance need to be addressed to strengthen the banking response and reduce the impact of IFFs within the banking sector.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a number of sources of secondary data including the Swiss leaks data for HSBC and also the Permanent Sub Committee Report on HBUS in the USA, the OECD report on money laundering compliance and Financial Action Task Force (FATF) guidelines on beneficial ownership. It links this information to the relevant IFF reports produced through Global Financial Integrity to highlight the connection between banking AML compliance and IFF transfers through the banking sector.FindingsThe main findings from the analysis are that banks have a greater legal responsibility towards detecting and reporting suspicious transactions than they would have previously considered. This includes identifying the source and purpose of fund transfers and establishing the beneficial ownership of recipients.Research limitations/implicationsThe research topic is new; therefore, analysis papers and other academic writing on this topic are limited.Practical implicationsThe research paper has identified a number of implications to the banking sector on addressing AML deficiencies, especially the need to improve standards of beneficial ownership verification and customer due diligence (CDD) checks for politically exposed persons.Social implicationsThis paper has implications for the international development and the global banking sector. It will also influence approaches to AML regulation, risk assessment and audit within the broader financial services sector.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper is the link between the HSBC cases and IFFs and the implications this will have for future AML compliance processes across the banking sector.
Hidden treasure: a study of unclaimed property management by state government
Authors: Wilson Darrin , Slagle Derek 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
Unclaimed property is an important part of state government operations, yet very little research has been conducted on the function of returning unclaimed property to owners or the related public administration operation of unclaimed property. The purpose of this paper is to offer an exploratory study of unclaimed property in the USA and the factors that influence management.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use Agency Theory to examine the role of unclaimed property in state government budgeting and operations. The data consisted of a 2011 survey of state unclaimed property agencies, which was utilized for a regression model.

Findings
Results showed: type of uniform code used to govern unclaimed property; and presence and size of marketing staff in the agency had a significant relationship with extent of property returned to owners.

Originality/value
This is the first comprehensive study on how state governments manage unclaimed property. This study can provide practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with a better insight into unclaimed property management.
Can health benefit outcomes benefit public health budget professionals
Authors: Candreva Phillip , Eger Robert 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
To assist in achieving cost effective health care allocations in a collective choice setting, the purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of a tool not common in the public budgeting literature but is common in the health economics literature.

Design/methodology/approach
Through a meta-analysis of the health care spending literature that computed the value of quality-adjusted life years, the authors provide an alternative approach for budgeters and policymakers.

Findings
The authors provide an alternative approach for budgeters and policymakers for weighing the benefits of alternative health care spending allocations.

Originality/value
The authors introduce an alternative approach for weighing the benefits of alternative health care spending allocations. As a tool for budgeting professionals, cost per QALY allows for the opportunity to raise cost-effectiveness of public health expenditures as a tool for governments to allocate resources based on outcomes, rather than inputs.
Self-selection bias or decision inertia? Explaining the municipal bond “competitive sale dilemma”
Authors: Liu Gao 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
Although most empirical studies find that competitive bidding can reduce the interest cost, the municipal bond primary market is dominated by negotiating offerings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this dilemma by empirically testing two hypotheses: self-selection bias and decision inertia hypotheses.

Design/methodology/approach
Logistic regressions and Heckman procedures are used to examine data from the California municipal bond primary market.

Findings
The paper finds that while information asymmetry does affect the selection of underwriting approach, self-selection bias cannot explain the cost difference between the two sale approaches. On the other hand, decision inertia has the highest explanatory power in the selection of sale approaches.

Originality/value
This paper provides a new explanation for the “competitive sale dilemma” from the perspective of decision inertia. The authors document that state and local governments show a greater propensity of adhering to previous choices, particularly in a context in which the outcome is uncertain or actors have little knowledge in comparing the outcome of the alternatives.
Basin tectonic history and paleo‐physiography of the pelagian platform, northern Tunisia, using vitrinite reflectance data
Authors: Cavailhes Thibault , Rotevatn Atle , Monstad Ståle , Khala Atef Ben , Funk Erich , Canner Kathryn , Looser Mirko , Chalabi Ali , Gay Aurélien , Travé Anna , Ferhi Faycel , Skanji Ahmed , Chebbi Riadh Mohamed , Bang Nils 
Published: March 2018

AbstractConstraining the thermal, burial and uplift/exhumation history of sedimentary basins is crucial in the understanding of upper crustal strain evolution and also has implications for understanding the nature and timing of hydrocarbon maturation and migration. In this study, we use Vitrinite Reflectance (VR) data to elucidate the paleo‐physiography and thermal history of an inverted basin in the foreland of the Atlasic orogeny in Northern Tunisia. In doing so, it is the primary aim of this study to demonstrate how VR techniques may be applied to unravel basin subsidence/uplift history of structural domains and provide valuable insights into the kinematic evolution of sedimentary basins. VR measurements of both the onshore Pelagian Platform and the Tunisian Furrow in Northern Tunisia are used to impose constraints on the deformation history of a long‐lived structural feature in the studied region, namely the Zaghouan Fault. Previous work has shown that this fault was active as an extensional structure in Lower Jurassic to Aptian times, before subsequently being inverted during the Late Cretaceous Eocene Atlas I tectonic event and Upper Miocene Atlas II tectonic event. Quantifying and constraining this latter inversion stage, and shedding light on the roles of structural inheritance and the basin thermal history, are secondary aims of this study. The results of this study show that the Atlas II WNW‐ESE compressive event deformed both the Pelagian Platform and the Tunisian Furrow during Tortonian‐Messinian times. Maximum burial depth for the Pelagian Platform was reached during the Middle to Upper Miocene, i.e. prior to the Atlas II folding event. VR measurements indicate that the Cretaceous to Ypresian section of the Pelagian Platform was buried to a maximum burial depth of ~3 km, using a geothermal gradient of 30°C/km. Cretaceous rock samples VR values show that the hanging wall of the Zaghouan Fault was buried to a maximum depth of <2 km. This suggests that a vertical km‐scale throw along the Zaghouan Fault pre‐dated the Atlas II shortening, and also proves that the fault controlled the subsidence of the Pelagian Platform during the Oligo‐Miocene. Mean exhumation rates of the Pelagian Platform throughout the Messinian to Quaternary were in the order of 0.3 mm/year. However, when the additional effect of Tortonian‐Messinian folding is accounted for, exhumation rates could have reached 0.6–0.7 mm/year.
Anaemia and thyrotoxicosis: The need to look for an alternative cause
Authors: Sehgal S. , Tamatea J.A.U. , Conaglen J.V. , Elston M.S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObjectivesAnaemia and thyrotoxicosis are both relatively common. It is unclear whether thyrotoxicosis results in anaemia in the absence of other causes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of anaemia in patients with thyrotoxicosis.DesignA prospective cohort study of patients with thyrotoxicosis.Patients: 353 patients referred to a regional endocrinology centre in New Zealand from March 2013 to November 2014 for new‐onset thyrotoxicosis.MeasurementsDetailed assessment including thyroid function tests, full blood count, inflammatory markers, haematological parameters and coeliac serology. Anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin value <115 g/L (woman) or <130 g/L (men).ResultsAnaemia was present in 31 (8.7%) patients at diagnosis. Of these, pre‐existing anaemia was present in 10, and a further 11 had one or more identifiable underlying cause(s) for the anaemia. Only 10 patients (2.8% of the entire cohort) had anaemia not clearly attributable to another cause. Median free thyroid hormone levels were higher in those with anaemia of unknown cause compared to patients with thyrotoxicosis alone. The median duration of anaemia was shorter in patients with thyrotoxicosis‐associated anaemia compared to those with anaemia due to an underlying cause (1 vs 6 months, P = .001). In all patients with thyrotoxicosis‐associated anaemia, the anaemia resolved, either prior to, or on becoming euthyroid.ConclusionAnaemia coexisting with thyrotoxicosis is less common than previously reported and is mild and transient. Patients with thyrotoxicosis and significant anaemia should be investigated for other potential causes, particularly when anaemia persists.
Enhancing amplification of late‐outgrowth endothelial cells by bilobalide
Authors: Liu Shuqin , Hou Xiaoye , Chen Lina , Hu Hao , Sun Qiang , Zhao Feng , Liu Chuanhao 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTransfusion of autologous late‐outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) is a promising treatment for restenosis after revascularization. Preparing cells by in vitro amplification is a key step to implement the therapy. This study aimed to demonstrate that bilobalide, a terpenoid, enhances the OEC amplification. Human‐, rabbit‐ and rat OECs and a mouse femoral artery injury model were used. Expanding OECs used endothelial growth medium‐2 as the standard culture medium while exploring the mechanisms used endothelial basal medium‐2. Proliferation assay used MTT method and BrdU method. Migration assay used the modified Boyden chamber. Intracellular nitric oxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical/peroxynitrite and H2O2 were quantified with DAF‐FM DA, dihydroethidium, hydroxyphenyl fluorescein and a H2O2 assay kit, respectively. Activated ERK1/2 and eNOS were tested with the Western blot. Bilobalide concentration‐dependently enhanced OEC number increase in vitro. Transfusion of bilobalide‐based human OECs into femoral injured athymia nude mouse reduced the intimal hyperplasia. Bilobalide promoted OEC proliferation and migration and increased the intracellular nitric oxide level. L‐NAME, a NOS inhibitor, inhibits but not abolishes OEC proliferation, migration and ERK1/2 activation. Bilobalide concentration‐dependently enhanced the eNOS Ser‐1177 phosphorylation and Thr‐495 dephosphorylation in activated OECs. Bilobalide alleviates the increase in hydroxyl radical/peroxynitrite, superoxide anion and H2O2 in proliferating OECs. In conclusion, nitric oxide plays a partial role in OEC proliferation and migration; bilobalide increases OEC nitric oxide production and decreases nitric oxide depletion, promoting the OEC number increase; Bilobalide‐based OECs are active in vivo. The findings may simplify the preparation of OECs, facilitating the implementation of the autologous‐OECs‐transfusion therapy.
Elder Abuse Identification in the Prehospital Setting: An Examination of State Emergency Medical Services Protocols
Authors: Namboodri Brooke L. , Rosen Tony , Dayaa Joseph A. , Bischof Jason J. , Ramadan Nadeem , Patel Mehul D. , Grover Joseph , Brice Jane H. , Platts‐Mills Timothy F. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo describe statewide emergency medical service (EMS) protocols relating to identification, management, and reporting of elder abuse in the prehospital setting.DesignCross‐sectional analysis.SettingStatewide EMS protocols in the United States.ParticipantsPublicly available statewide EMS protocols identified from published literature, http://EMSprotocols.org, and each state's public health website.MeasurementsProtocols were reviewed to determine whether elder abuse was mentioned, elder abuse was defined, potential indicators of elder abuse were listed, management of older adults experiencing abuse was described, and instructions regarding reporting were provided. EMS protocols for child abuse were reviewed in the same manner for the purpose of comparison.ResultsOf the 35 publicly available statewide EMS protocols, only 14 (40.0%) mention elder abuse. Of protocols that mention elder abuse, 6 (42.9%) define elder abuse, 10 (71.4%) describe indicators of elder abuse, 8 (57.1%) provide instruction regarding management, and 12 (85.7%) provide instruction regarding reporting. Almost twice as many states met each of these metrics for child abuse.ConclusionStatewide EMS protocols for elder abuse vary in regard to identification, management, and reporting, with the majority of states having no content on this subject. Expansion and standardization of protocols may increase the identification of elder abuse.
Use of the Physician Orders for Scope of Treatment Program in Indiana Nursing Homes
Authors: Hickman Susan E. , Sudore Rebecca L. , Sachs Greg A. , Torke Alexia M. , Myers Anne L. , Tang Qing , Bakoyannis Giorgos , Hammes Bernard J. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo assess the use of the Indiana Physician Orders for Scope of Treatment (POST) form to record nursing home (NH) resident treatment preferences and associated practices.DesignSurvey.SettingIndiana NHs.ParticipantsStaff responsible for advance care planning in 535 NHs.MeasurementsSurvey about use of the Indiana POST, related policies, and educational activities.MethodsNHs were contacted by telephone or email. Nonresponders were sent a brief postcard survey.ResultsNinety‐one percent (n=486) of Indiana NHs participated, and 79% had experience with POST. Of the 65% of NHs that complete POST with residents, 46% reported that half or more residents had a POST form. POST was most often completed at the time of admission (68%). Only 52% of participants were aware of an existing facility policy regarding use of POST; 80% reported general staff education on POST. In the 172 NHs not using POST, reasons for not using it included unfamiliarity with the tool (23%) and lack of facility policies (21%).ConclusionAlmost 3 years after a grassroots campaign to introduce the voluntary Indiana POST program, a majority of NHs were using POST to support resident care. Areas for improvement include creating policies on POST for all NHs, training staff on POST conversations, and considering processes that may enhance the POST conversation, such as finding an optimal time to engage in conversations about treatment preferences other than a potentially rushed admission process.
Optimal privatization and uniform subsidy policies: A note
Authors: Lin Ming Hsin , Matsumura Toshihiro 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe privatization neutrality theorem states that the share of public ownership in a firm does not affect welfare under an optimal uniform tax‐subsidy policy. We revisit this neutrality result. First, we investigate the case in which the private firm is domestic. We show that this neutrality result does not hold unless public and private firms have the same cost function. Next, we investigate a case in which both domestic and foreign investors own the private firm. We show that the optimal degree of privatization is never zero, and thus, the neutrality result does not hold, even when there is no cost difference between public and private firms.