bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A case of malignant lymphoma of the extrahepatic bile duct diagnosed by detailed imaging examination and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration
Authors: Iijima Noriaki , Nakamura Shinya , Ishii Yasutaka , Tatsukawa Yumiko , Ikemoto Juri , Miyamoto Sayaka , Nakamura Kazuki , Furukawa Masaru , Arihiro Koji , Oka Shiro 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A 70-year-old woman presented to our hospital with abdominal pain. Imaging examinations showed diffuse and extensive wall thickening at the perihilar bile duct; however, the degree of stricture was mild, and the mucosal epithelium was smooth. A transpapillary biopsy was performed considering cholangiocarcinoma and IgG4 sclerosing cholangitis as differential diagnoses; however, no pathologic diagnosis was obtained. Peroral cholangioscopy revealed a regular epithelium at the stricture, and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of the enlarged lymph node confirmed the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Multiagent chemotherapy was administered, which led to complete remission. Because primary bile duct malignant lymphomas are rare and specific, clinical, and imaging findings are lacking, and many of those reported so far have been diagnosed by postoperative pathology. As chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for malignant lymphoma, obtaining an accurate diagnosis is crucial. Our findings support that smooth and mild biliary strictures with mainly submucosal wall thickening may be characteristic imaging findings of primary bile duct malignant lymphoma, and that peroral cholangioscopy and EUS-FNA may be helpful for an accurate diagnosis.
Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC ‘92 predictions vs. practical measurements
Authors: Quackatz Lukas , Westin Elin Marianne , Griesche Axel , Kromm Arne , Kannengiesser Thomas , Treutler Kai , Wesling Volker , Wessman Sten 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ‘92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FNs). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ‘92 diagram for weld metals with FN > 50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been coated using physical vapor deposition (PVD) with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FeriteScope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ‘92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals.
Tyrosinases: a family of copper-containing metalloenzymes
Authors: Pretzler Matthias , Rompel Annette 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTyrosinases (TYRs) are a family of copper-containing metalloenzymes that are present in all domains of life. TYRs catalyze the reactions that start the biosynthesis of melanin, the main pigment of the animal kingdom, and are also involved in the formation of the bright colors seen on the caps of mushrooms and in the petals of flowers. TYRs catalyze the ortho-hydroxylation and oxidation of phenols and the oxidation of catechols to the respective o-quinones. They only need molecular oxygen to do that, and the products of TYRs—o-quinones—are highly reactive and will usually react with the next available nucleophile. This reactivity can be harnessed for pharmaceutical applications as well as in environmental and food biotechnology. The majority of both basic and applied research on TYRs utilizes “mushroom tyrosinase”, a crude enzyme preparation derived from button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) fruiting bodies. Access to pure TYR preparations comes almost exclusively from the production of recombinant TYRs as the purification of these enzymes from the natural source is usually very laborious and plagued by low yields. In this text an introduction into the biochemistry of the enzyme TYR will be given, followed by an overview of available structural data of TYRs, the current model for the catalytic mechanism, a survey of reports on the recombinant production of this important metalloenzyme family, and a review of the applications of TYRs for the synthesis of catechols, as biosensors, in bioremediation, for the cross-linking of proteins and medical hydrogels as well as for melanoma treatment.
Graphical Abstract
ChatGPT as a modern tool for Bible teaching in confessional religious education: a German view
Authors: Chrostowski Mariusz , Najda Andrzej Jacek 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Biblical didactics is an important element of confessional religious education. In traditional settings, it is primarily associated with working with the text, alone or in groups, in plenary discussion or pantomime. Nowadays, however, young people are increasingly acquiring their knowledge—including about the Bible—on the Internet, using new technologies such as conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI), of which ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformers) is perhaps the best-known example. In this context, the following article seeks to answer the question of whether, and if so to what extent, ChatGPT can be a helpful tool for teaching the Bible in the classroom. To answer this question, the authors present a theoretical framework that encompasses both foundational insights into conversational AI and ChatGPT, as well as their implications for religious education and biblical teaching in Germany. In the next step, based on J. Theis’ five-step model of Bible didactics [(1) initial perception; (2) analysis of the text; (3) in-depth reflection; (4) critical interpretation; (5) creative assimilation], ways of using ChatGPT in biblical teaching in the classroom are presented and their potential limitations are discussed. The article concludes with six final theses that summarise the investigation findings and offer some suggestions for the future.
Probing the High-Entropy Concept Through the Irradiation Response of Near-Equimolar (CrNbTaTiW)C Ceramic Coatings
Authors: Osinger Barbara , Tunes Matheus A. , Willenshofer Patrick , Greaves Graeme , Ström Petter , Malinovskis Paulius , Vishnyakov Vladimir M. , Lewin Erik , Fritze Stefan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHigh-entropy ceramics have been studied as potential candidates for applications in extreme environments, such as nuclear fusion reactors. Their beneficial properties and increased radiation tolerance are often attributed to their compositional complexity achieved through equimolarity. A near-equimolar (CrNbTaTiW)C carbide, obtained by magnetron sputtering, was investigated using in situ TEM whilst being exposed to 300-keV Xe heavy ion irradiation at 573 K. The material did not show structural changes or amorphisation after irradiation to 8.5 dpa. The pristine material showed partial elemental segregation of Cr and Ti and after irradiation redistribution and homogenisation of the solid solution was observed. Furthermore, the coating showed signs of erosion damage near the surface and along some of the grain boundaries, likely due to sputtering during the energetic particle bombardment. This work suggests the response to irradiation in these novel multicomponent ceramics to be multifaceted—determined by an interplay of composition, microstructure, and constituent elements’ chemistry—going beyond simply equimolarity.
Effects of Mesoscale Eddies on Southern Ocean Biogeochemistry
Authors: Keppler Lydia , Eddebbar Yassir A. , Gille Sarah T. , Guisewhite Nicola , Mazloff Matthew R. , Tamsitt Veronica , Verdy Ariane , Talley Lynne D. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Southern Ocean is rich in highly dynamic mesoscale eddies and substantially modulates global biogeochemical cycles. However, the overall surface and subsurface effects of eddies on the Southern Ocean biogeochemistry have not been quantified observationally at a large scale. Here, we co‐locate eddies, identified in the Meta3.2DT satellite altimeter‐based product, with biogeochemical Argo floats to determine the effects of eddies on the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), nitrate, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper 1,500 m of the ice‐free Southern Ocean, as well as the eddy effects on the carbon fluxes in this region. DIC and nitrate concentrations are lower in anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and increased in cyclonic eddies (CEs), while dissolved oxygen anomalies switch signs above (CEs: positive, AEs: negative) and below the mixed layer (CEs: negative, AEs: positive). We attribute these anomalies primarily to eddy pumping (isopycnal heave), as well as eddy trapping for oxygen. Maximum anomalies in all tracers occur at greater depths in the subduction zone north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) compared to the upwelling region in the ACC, reflecting differences in background vertical structures. Eddy effects on air–sea exchange have significant seasonal variability, with additional outgassing in CEs in fall (physical process) and additional oceanic uptake in AEs and CEs in spring (biological and physical process). Integrated over the Southern Ocean, AEs contribute 0.01 Pg C (7 ) to the Southern Ocean carbon uptake, and CEs offset this by 0.01 Pg C (2 ). These findings underscore the importance of considering eddy impacts in observing networks and climate models.
Effect of Regional Housing Hardship on Spatial Variation in Cancer Incidence: Does Housing Stress Increase Cancer Incidence?
Authors: Yu Haishi , Huang Jinyu , Wang Yang , Yue Xiaoli , Wu Yingmei , Zhang Hong'ou 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHousing hardship can create a range of health issues. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between housing hardship and cancer incidence. This study examines the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) in China as a case study to develop a model of factors related to housing hardship that can affect cancer incidence. This study employs spatial regression models to investigate the correlation between housing hardship and cancer incidence and further explores the variation in the correlation between urban areas (UAs) and non‐urban areas (NUAs). The research conclusions are as follows: (a) a palpable correlation exists between housing hardship and cancer incidence. The housing price‐to‐income ratio (HPIR) and the rental household proportion (RHP) are positively correlated to cancer incidence, whereas the per capita living area (PCLA) has a negative correlation with cancer incidence. (b) The differences in the impact of housing hardship on cancer incidence between the UAs and the NUAs are reflected mainly in the differences in the PCLA and the RHP. The PCLA has a strong association with cancer incidence in the UAs, whereas the RHP demonstrates a strong correlation with cancer incidence in the NUAs. (c) Significant spatial heterogeneity is observed in housing hardship in the YREB.
Weakened and Lowered Sensitivity of Extreme Precipitation Over the Global Land Monsoon Regions During the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Kong Xiaohan , Yan Qing , Wei Ting 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) provides an opportunity to estimate how extreme precipitation may respond to large radiative forcing and hence the constraints for its future behavior. Using daily outputs from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project, we illustrate a decrease in extreme precipitation intensity over the global monsoon regions during the LGM relative to preindustrial, accompanied by increased extreme precipitation frequency, although regional differences exist. The weakened extreme precipitation is dominated by the thermodynamics (∼92%) linked to change in temperature, with the dynamic component linked to change in vertical velocity contributing to regional differences. Furthermore, we show a ∼3.6% decrease in extreme precipitation per 1°C cooling during the LGM, lower than the sensitivity (∼5%/°C) in future warming scenarios. Our results are in line with the proxies‐based drier conditions and lower equilibrium climate sensitivity during the LGM, and may advance understanding of extreme precipitation variation in a warmer future.
Attribution of the Record‐Breaking Extreme Cold Event Over Northern East Asia in December 2023
Authors: Gong Hainan , Ma Kangjie , Wang Lin , Chen Wen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of global warming, Northern East Asia experienced a record‐breaking extreme cold event during December 13 to 19 in 2023. The mechanisms behind this extreme cold event remain unclear. This study uses the circulation projection method to detect and quantify the contributions of various factors to this extreme cold event. The findings indicate that large‐scale atmospheric circulation anomalies are the predominant factors triggering this cold wave. The Polar‐Eurasian (POL)‐like teleconnection pattern is identified as a key driver for the cold anomalies, contributing approximately 85% of total cold anomalies in Northern East Asia in this event. Although the POL‐like teleconnection is largely internally generated, the preceding low sea ice levels in the Barents and Kara Seas can strengthen and maintain POL teleconnection. Additionally, preceding November increased snow cover in Northern East Asia can further amplify this cold event by enhancing local surface albedo and reducing incoming solar shortwave radiation.
Sorting and Weathering Trends of Soil at Gale Crater, Mars: Implications for Regional Pedological Processes
Authors: Shi Yutong , Zhao Siyuan , Karunatillake Suniti , Cousin Agnes , Zhao Jiannan , Xiao Long 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDetailed soil characterization at Gale crater based on in situ observations has revealed compositional trends within soils, while the physical and chemical processes underlying the compositional trends remain to be evaluated. Here we use the grain‐morphometrical and geochemical trends across the Wentworth‐classes of 48 in situ soil targets at Gale crater to evaluate underlying pedological processes and potential chemical weathering signatures. The concentration of olivine minerals within the ∼250 to ∼500 μm size range indicates the prevalence of heavy mineral sorting in a granulometric sense in Gale soils that surpasses the possible effect of the cratering‐induced mixing processes. The extent of olivine sorting in soils varies spatially and is influenced by the targets' aeolian setting. The finest portion of Gale soils (<125 μm) is likely a mixture of allochthonous sediment, globally sourced from atmospheric suspension, and autochthonous counterparts from the weathering of local rocks, while the coarser soils (>125 μm) are mostly sourced from local rocks, with possible inputs from both the unaltered parent rock of the Stimson formation and the bedrocks that have undergone diagenetic alteration. If applicable globally, this would reinforce prior inferences that even dust‐mantled regions are geochemically heterogeneous owing to a substantial fraction of soils derived from underlying lithology. The low chemical weathering intensity and coupling of mobile elements in soils suggest localized, low pH and low water‐to‐rock ratio aqueous weathering conditions under predominantly cold and arid climates, which may occur either during post‐pedogenetic alteration in soils or during the acidic alteration of source rocks.
Improving Prediction of Marine Low Clouds Using Cloud Droplet Number Concentration in a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Cao Yang , Zhu Yannian , Wang Minghuai , Rosenfeld Daniel , Zhou Chen , Liu Jihu , Liang Yuan , Huang Kang‐En , Wang Quan , Bai Heming , Wang Yichuan , Wang Hao , Zhang Haipeng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMarine low clouds play a crucial role in cooling the climate, but accurately predicting them remains challenging due to their highly non‐linear response to various factors. Previous studies usually overlook the effects of cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) and the non‐local information of the target grids. To address these challenges, we introduce a convolutional neural network model (CNNMet‐Nd) that uses both local and non‐local information and includes Nd as a cloud‐controlling factor to enhance the predictive ability of daily cloud cover, albedo, and cloud radiative effects (CRE) for global marine low clouds. CNNMet‐Nd demonstrates superior performance, explaining over 70% of the variance in these three cloud variables for scenes of 1° × 1°, a notable improvement over past efforts. CNNMet‐Nd also accurately replicates geographical patterns of trends in marine low clouds from 2003 to 2022. In contrast, a similar model without Nd (CNNMet) struggles to predict long‐term trends in cloud properties effectively. Permutation importance analysis further highlights the critical role of Nd in CNNMet‐N's predictive success. Further comparisons with an artificial neural network (ANNMet‐Nd) model, which uses the same inputs but without considering spatial dependence, show CNNMet‐Nd's superior performance with R2 values for cloud cover, albedo, and CRE being 0.16, 0.12, and 0.18 higher, respectively. This highlights the importance of incorporating non‐local information, at least on a daily scale, into low cloud predictions to enhance climate model parameterizations.
Imaging of the Ionosphere and Plasmasphere Using GNSS Slant TEC Obtained From LEO Satellites
Authors: Schreiter Lucas , Brack Andreas , Männel Benjamin , Schuh Harald , Arnold Daniel , Jäggi Adrian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSatellites with dual‐frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers can measure integrated electron density, known as slant Total Electron Content (sTEC), between the receiver and transmitter. Precise relative variations of sTEC are achievable using phase measurements on L1 and L2 frequencies, yielding an accuracy of around 0.1 TECU or better. However, CubeSats like Spire LEMUR, with simpler setups (e.g., patch antennas) and code noise in the order of several meters, face limitations in accuracy. Their precision, determined by phase observations, remains in the 0.1–0.3 TECU range. With a substantial number of observations and comprehensive coverage of lines of sight between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and GNSS satellites, global electron density can be reconstructed from sTEC measurements. Utilizing 27 satellites from various missions, including Swarm, Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment Follow‐On, Jason‐3, Sentinel 1/2/3, COSMIC‐2, and Spire CubeSats, a cubic B‐spline expansion in magnetic latitude, magnetic local time, and altitude is employed to model the logarithmic electron density. Hourly snapshots of the three‐dimensional electron density are generated, adjusting the model parameters through non‐linear least squares based on sTEC observations. Results demonstrate that including Spire significantly enhances estimates, showcasing exceptional agreement with in situ observations from Swarm and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program LEO satellites. The model outperforms contemporary climatological models, such as International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)‐2020 and the neural network‐based NET model. Validation efforts include comparisons with ground‐based sTEC measurements, space‐based vertical TEC from Jason‐3 altimetry, and global TEC maps from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe and the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ).
The Growth and Decay of Intense GNSS Amplitude and Phase Scintillation During Non‐Storm Conditions
Authors: Madhanakumar Mahith , Spicher Andres , Vierinen Juha , Oksavik Kjellmar , Coster Anthea J. , Huyghebaert Devin Ray , Martin Carley J. , Häggström Ingemar , Paxton Larry J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA multi‐instrument study is conducted at the dayside polar ionosphere to investigate the spatio‐temporal evolution of scintillation in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals during non‐storm conditions. Bursts of intense amplitude and phase scintillation started to occur at 9 MLT and persisted for more than 1 hour implying the simultaneous existence of Fresnel and large‐scale sized irregularities of significant strength in the pre‐noon sector. Measurements from the EISCAT radar in Svalbard (ESR) revealed the presence of dense plasma structures with significant gradients in regions of strong Joule heating/fast flows and soft precipitation when scintillation was enhanced. Plasma structuring down to Fresnel scales were observed both in the auroral oval as well as inside the polar cap with the associated amplitude scintillation exhibiting similar strengths regardless of whether the density structures were in regions of active auroral dynamics or not. The observations are placed within the context of different sources of free energy, providing insights into the important mechanisms that generate irregularities capable of perturbing GNSS signal properties in the dayside ionosphere. Furthermore, a strong negative excursion in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) component during the northward turning of led to the transport of a depleted region of plasma density into the post‐noon sector that significantly weakened both amplitude and phase scintillation.