bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Preservatives and Pasteurization Time on Physicochemical Characteristics of Ground Red Chili
Authors: Sunarmani  , Setyadjit  , Kamsiati E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Red chili (Capsicum annum) is one of many kinds of vegetables produced in Indonesia. Red chili has high moisture content so it is easy to be rotten and decay. Red chili can be processed to be preserved-ground chili to maintain its shelf life and ease of use. The objective of this research was to understand the physicochemical character of ground red chilli, when during the production was used preservatives and pasteurization. The design of this research was completely randomized design with three treatments including a control. The treatment was preservative types (5% salt; 5% salt + 0.05% potassium sorbate and control), while pasteurization were 20 and 30 minutes. Parameters observed were moisture content, ash content, Total Soluble Solid (TSS), pH, water activity, chroma, dietary fiber, fat, protein, vitamin C and crude fiber. The results showed that the type of preservative had significantly effect on moisture, ash, dietary fiber, crude fiber, fat, protein, vitamin C content, TPT, pH and Aw. The moisture, dietary fiber, crude fiber and protein content, Aw, pH were decreased with the using of preservatives. Vitamin C, TPT, ash and protein content increase with the use of preservatives. Pasteurization time significantly effects on the decrease of dietary and crude fiber, The best ground chilli is obtained from a combination of 5% salt and 20 minute pasteurization that has characteristics 68.46% moisture content, 5,79% ash content, 2.13% fat content, 2.78% protein content, 171.83 ppm vitamin C, crude fiber 12.51%, 2.62% dietary fiber, 20.57° Brix TSS, 4.61 pH, and 0.92 Aw..
Drying Characteristic of Blanched Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potato Under Microwave Vacuum Drying
Authors: Marzuki S U , Fardenan D , Nguyen L T 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The commercial microwave oven was modified in order to make a lab scale microwave vacuum dryer. The dryer was used to investigate drying characteristic of purple-fleshed sweet potato slices. Two levels of power and two kinds of blanched pre-treatment was applied to the tuber slices. The experimental results showed that the lab scale microwave vacuum dryer was successfully made from the commercial microwave oven. The drying time under microwave vacuum drying was done in the very short amount of time, e.g 7 minutes to reach approximately 7.5% of moisture content in dry basis. Two drying phases were found in the drying curve which was the constant drying rate and falling drying rate. The best model for explaining the dying characteristic of the tuber slices was the Page model with R square (R2) value more than 0.995. Highest effective diffusivity (3.83E-07 m2/s) was obtained at 800 W with steam blanching pre-treatment. Steam blanching pre-treatment resulted in a more similar color of the dried slices compared to the fresh color of the tuber slices. Combination of the microwave vacuum drying and steam blanching pre-treatment resulted in the very fast drying process and better color retention compared to the combination of the microwave vacuum drying with hot water blanching.
Application of Calcium Hydroxide Concentration and Immersion Duration Towards Tomato Sweets Quality
Authors: Trisnawati W , Aurum F S , Sugianyar M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tomatoes flesh texture is tender, l eading to mussy texture when cooked and immersed in sugar solution during the sweets processing. Therefore, this research used calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to aid the proper texture formation of tomatoes sweets during processing. The aim of this research was to observe the proper concentration of Ca(OH)2 and duration of immersion according to the quality and sensorial properties of tomatoes sweets. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design with two factors, i.e. Ca(OH)2 concentrations (5, 10, and 15 % (w/v)) and immersion duration (2, 6, 12, and 24 hours). Each treatment was done in three replications. Moisture content, vitamin C, total acid, texture and sensorial parameter test was evaluated. The research results showed significant difference between the Ca(OH)2 and immersion duration treatments. Moisture content and texture score increased along with the addition of Ca(OH)2 concentration and immersion duration, but it had negative correlation with vitamin C and total acid content. The tomatoes sweets treated with 15% Ca(OH)2 and immersion duration of 2 hours was the most preferred by panelists. The best treatment of tomatoes sweets from the sensory perspective contained 46.64% moisture content, 52.99 mg/100g vitamin C, 1.26% total acid, and 2.3 kg/cm2 texture score.
Evaluation of Corn Grit Quality from Farmer-Scale Trial Production
Authors: Hidayah N , Adiandri R S , Rahayu E , Nugraha S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Corn grit is one of the corn products can be used as staple food for rice substitution in order to support food diversification program. This research conducted to identify the quality of corn products produced from the production trial at farmer level. Corn grit production trial was conducted at corn centre production area in Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara. The research was conducted in three stages: 1) milling process of corn, 2) corn grit processing, and 3) Identification of corn product quality, including aflatoxin content, moisture content, ash content, fat content, protein, carbohydrate, dietary fibre and organoleptic properties. Two types of corn used in this research were white and yellow corn. Corn grit processing was conducted to produce 3 types of corn grit that were original corn grit, parboiled corn grit and premium corn grit.The results showed that yellow corn had higher yield and milling capacity than white corn that was 86.44% and 19.43 kg grit/hour corn. Measurement of quality corn grit products showed that the parboiled corn had the highest total aflatoxin content of 17.08 ppb in white corn and 20.95 ppb for yellow corn, although the value was still below the safe threshold for consumption. Parboiled corn grit also showed the highest of carbohydrate content, protein content and total energy of 82.87%, 8.83% and 386.49 kcal on white corn; and 85.42%, 8.74% and 392.82 kcal on yellow corn. However, based on the preference test for colour parameters, flavour, aroma and overall appearance showed no significant difference between treatments.
Xylan Production from Corn Cobs for Isolation of Xylanase-Producing Bacteria
Authors: Sasmitaloka K S , Arif A B , Juniawati  , Winarti C , Hayuningtyas M , Ratnaningsih  , Richana N 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Xylan can be enzymatically degraded to establish environmentally tolerable and eco- friendly processes for the production of alcohol and others. It can be produced from agro- industrial wastes which is rich in lignocellulosic content, like corn cobs. However, there is still problem with the purity. This study investigated production of xylan from corn cobs for isolation of xylanase-producing bacteria. Raw material used in this study was corn cobs. The experiment was set up in complete randomized design with treatments of water soaking ratio (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) and soaking repetitions (1, 2, and 3), in three replications. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that between water soaking ratio and soaking repetitions have significantly different of their physicochemical characteristics (p<0.05). The best water soaking ratio and soaking repetitions was 1:2 for three soaking, with NaCl content of 0.17%, yield of 6.66%, and water content of 5.62%. Xylan produced from the best treatments used for isolation of xylanase- producing bacteria. Xylan with concentration of 1% can be used for isolation of xylanase- producing bacteria from specimens of mixture of decayed wood and sand, with potential index of 0.71, enzyme activity of 140.85 U/ml, specific enzyme activity of 319.788 U/mg protein and namely Bacillus pumilus B21.
The Successes and Failures of Economic Reform in Nigeria’s Post-Military Political Settlement
Authors: Usman Zainab 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
There are limitations in the explanatory power of prevailing theories on the political economy of Africa’s growth without industrialization that emphasize the resource-curse, ethnicity, neopatrimonialism, and the developmental state. This article uses a political settlements approach to explain the institutional underpinnings of Nigeria’s economic transition. It shows how external constraints on ruling elites interact with the distribution of power and institutions to stimulate episodic reforms in an ‘intermediate’ Nigerian state. Rather than a ‘developmental’ state presiding over industrial upgrading or a ‘predatory’ state operating solely on neopatrimonial basis, this intermediate state presides over selective reforms and bursts of economic growth and diversification. Thus, specific constraints in Nigeria’s post-military political settlement from 1999 generated the initial impetus for successful telecoms liberalization, while inhibiting growth in the oil sector. This article contributes to advancing the political settlements framework in applying it to resource-rich countries, by outlining the four dimensions of the distribution of power and the constraints for institutional persistence or change, and their varying economic implications. It also reclaims the concept of ‘elite bargains’ as a defining feature of the horizontal distribution of power and demonstrates its centrality to the durability or fragility of institutions, especially at critical junctures of resource booms and busts.
Intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal are diverse and pervasive
Authors: Schupp Eugene W , Zwolak Rafal , Jones Landon R , Snell Rebecca S , Beckman Noelle G , Aslan Clare , Cavazos Brittany R , Effiom Edu , Fricke Evan C , Montaño-Centellas Flavia , Poulsen John , Razafindratsima Onja H , Sandor Manette E , Shea Katriona 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThere is growing realization that intraspecific variation in seed dispersal can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, we do not have a good understanding of the drivers or causes of intraspecific variation in dispersal, how strong an effect these drivers have, and how widespread they are across dispersal modes. As a first step to developing a better understanding, we present a broad, but not exhaustive, review of what is known about the drivers of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal, and what remains uncertain. We start by decomposing ‘drivers of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal’ into intrinsic drivers (i.e. variation in traits of individual plants) and extrinsic drivers (i.e. variation in ecological context). For intrinsic traits, we further decompose intraspecific variation into variation among individuals and variation of trait values within individuals. We then review our understanding of the major intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal, with an emphasis on variation among individuals. Crop size is the best-supported and best-understood intrinsic driver of variation across dispersal modes; overall, more seeds are dispersed as more seeds are produced, even in cases where per seed dispersal rates decline. Fruit/seed size is the second most widely studied intrinsic driver, and is also relevant to a broad range of seed dispersal modes. Remaining intrinsic drivers are poorly understood, and range from effects that are probably widespread, such as plant height, to drivers that are most likely sporadic, such as fruit or seed colour polymorphism. Primary extrinsic drivers of variation in seed dispersal include local environmental conditions and habitat structure. Finally, we present a selection of outstanding questions as a starting point to advance our understanding of individual variation in seed dispersal.
Literature Review: Psychological Resilience Factors in People with Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Ovaska-Stafford Noora , Maltby John , Dale Maria 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Psychological distress is frequently observed in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) having a significant impact on function, quality of life (QOL), caregiver burden, and illness cost. As higher psychological resilience can protect against negative outcomes and aid in the successful adjustment to illness, identifying resilience factors is important. Understanding what enhances or lowers psychological resilience allows us to offer support/interventions to people with NDDs and their carers starting early in the disease process.

Objective
To investigate factors associated with psychological resilience in NDDs by completing a systematic review of relevant studies.

Method
Five electronic databases were searched for studies relating to psychological resilience in NDDs. Eighteen articles were reviewed using a narrative synthesis approach.

Results
Studies with varied aims and methodologies were found. The identified factors were categorized into core, internal, and external resilience. Regarding core factors contradicting evidence was found about the relationship between resilience and physical function. Fatigue, however, appears to be associated with less resilience. A limited number of studies focused on pain and demographics. Of internal resilience factors, studies found positive associations between higher resilience and improved mental health, even over time. Resilience appears to correlate positively with various psychological and QOL factors. Importantly, external resilience factors (e.g., social connectedness and intervention) were discovered to be linked to resilience. The evidence for resilience-enhancing intervention suggests that resilience can be modified.

Conclusion
Various factors were identified to be associated with psychological resilience in NDDs. As resilience appears to be modifiable, it is important to focus on resilience-enhancing interventions for people with NDDs.
Ending the Epidemic in America Will Not Happen if the Status Quo Continues: Modeled Projections for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Incidence in 6 US Cities
Authors: Nosyk Bohdan , Zang Xiao , Krebs Emanuel , Min Jeong Eun , Behrends Czarina N , Del Rio Carlos , Dombrowski Julia C , Feaster Daniel J , Golden Matthew , Marshall Brandon D L , Mehta Shruti H , Metsch Lisa R , Schackman Bruce R , Shoptaw Steven , Strathdee Steffanie A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We estimated 10-year (2020–2030) trajectories for human immunodeficiency virus incidence in 6 US cities. Estimated incidence will only decrease in 2 of 6 cities, with the overall population-weighted incidence decreasing 3.1% (95% credible interval [CrI], ˗1.0% to 8.5%) by 2025, and 4.3% (95% CrI, ˗2.6% to 12.7%) by 2030 across cities. Targeted, context-specific combination implementation strategies will be necessary to meet the newly established national targets.
Antibiotic Prescribing Before and After the Diagnosis of Comorbidity: A Cohort Study Using Primary Care Electronic Health Records
Authors: Rockenschaub Patrick , Hayward Andrew , Shallcross Laura 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Comorbidities such as diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increase patients’ susceptibility to infections, but it is unclear how the onset of comorbidity impacts antibiotic use. We estimated rates of antibiotic use before and after diagnosis of comorbidity in primary care to identify opportunities for antibiotic stewardship.

Methods
We analyzed UK primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Adults registered between 2008–2015 without prior comorbidity diagnoses were eligible for inclusion. Monthly adjusted rates of antibiotic prescribing were estimated for patients with new-onset stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, asthma, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, or COPD in the 12 months before and after diagnosis and for controls without comorbidity.

Results
106 540/1 071 943 (9.9%) eligible patients were diagnosed with comorbidity. Antibiotic prescribing rates increased 1.9- to 2.3-fold in the 4–9 months preceding diagnosis of asthma, heart failure, and COPD before declining to stable levels within 2 months after diagnosis. A less marked trend was seen for diabetes (rate ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.48–1.61). Prescribing rates for patients with vascular conditions increased immediately before diagnosis and remained 30%–39% higher than baseline afterwards. Rates of prescribing to controls increased by 17%–28% in the months just before and after consultation.

Conclusions
Antibiotic prescribing increased rapidly before diagnosis of conditions that present with respiratory symptoms (COPD, heart failure, asthma) and declined afterward. Onset of respiratory symptoms may be misdiagnosed as infection. Earlier diagnosis of these comorbidities could reduce avoidable antibiotic prescribing.
Trafficking: A Development Approach
Authors: Kotiswaran Prabha 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Trafficking is considered to be an urgent problem of global proportions warranting a robust transnational legal response. Almost twenty years since the adoption of the Palermo Protocol on Trafficking, scholars, activists and governments alike have debated criminal law, human rights and labour law approaches to the problem. With the incorporation of trafficking in the Sustainable Development Goals, this article goes beyond these conventional approaches to argue for a development approach to trafficking. It suggests that SDG 8 cannot be achieved by rehashing older debates on development in the key of trafficking. Instead, we must account for the expanding welfare functions of the postcolonial developmental state, reimagine labour laws from the vantage point of the informal economy and protect and enforce indigenous responses to extreme exploitation rather than exacerbate the negative externalities of a carceral approach in developing world contexts where the criminal justice system is built on a colonial edifice.
WS-BD-Based Two-Level Match: Interesting Sequential Patterns and Bayesian Fuzzy Clustering for Predicting the Web Pages from Weblogs
Authors: Prakash Pg Om , Jaya A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The rapid increase in information and technology has led to the increased amount of web pages, which raises the complexity in sticking to relevant web pages, and the visitor suffers due to wastage of time resulting in lack of satisfaction. This paper proposes a web page prediction method using a weighed support and Bhattacharya distance-based (WS-BD) two-level match. The major aim of the proposed method is to attain customer satisfaction. Initially, interesting sequential patterns are obtained using the weighed support that filters the sequential patterns obtained using a PrefixSpan algorithm based on the frequency, duration and recurrence of the web pages. Interesting sequential patterns are clustered using the proposed dice similarity-based Bayesian fuzzy clustering, and the web page is predicted using the two-level match based on Bhattacharya distance. The experimentation is performed using the CTI and MSNBC data which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method shows 9.59, 21.22 and 10.17% improvement than the existing FCM-KNN in terms of precision, recall and F measure for the CTI dataset. Also, the proposed method shows 2.58, 22.17 and 7.83% improvement than the existing FCM-KNN in terms of precision, recall and F measure for the MSNBC dataset.
A Discussion of Vintage Optimization Models in Forest Economics
Authors: Piazza Adriana 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Optimal forest harvesting is a problem that dates back many centuries. Modern forest-management needs models taking into account the relatively long rotation, the multiaged structure, the age-dependent timber content of trees, and the multiple services forests provide. Approaches to characterize the optimal management policy range from models that represent the forest by a unique state variable that can usually be solved analytically (i.e., models that consider forests composed by a unique even-aged stand or allow a uneven aged forest but only consider its total biomass), to much more sophisticated linear and integer programming harvest scheduling models. In this survey, we focus on dynamic optimization problems where the forest is represented with an age-class structure. These models present richer dynamics than one-variable models while preserving their analytic tractability to some extent.
O-glycosylation on cerebrospinal fluid and plasma apolipoprotein E differs in the lipid-binding domain
Authors: Flowers Sarah A , Grant Oliver C , Woods Robert J , Rebeck G William 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe O-glycoprotein apolipoprotein E (APOE), the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, associates with lipoproteins. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) APOE binds only high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), while plasma APOE attaches to lipoproteins of diverse sizes with binding fine-tuned by the C-terminal loop. To better understand the O-glycosylation on this critical molecule and differences across tissues, we analyzed the O-glycosylation on APOE isolated from the plasma and CSF of aged individuals. Detailed LC-MS/MS analyses allowed the identification of the glycosite and the attached glycan and site occupancy for all detectable glycosites on APOE and further three-dimensional modeling of physiological glycoforms of APOE. APOE is O-glycosylated at several sites: Thr8, Thr18, Thr194, Ser197, Thr289, Ser290 and Ser296. Plasma APOE held more abundant (20.5%) N-terminal (Thr8) sialylated core 1 (Neu5Acα2–3Galβ1–3GalNAcα1-) glycosylation compared to CSF APOE (0.1%). APOE was hinge domain glycosylated (Thr194 and Ser197) in both CSF (27.3%) and plasma (10.3%). CSF APOE held almost 10-fold more abundant C-terminal (Thr289, Ser290 and Ser296) glycosylation (36.8% of CSF peptide283–299 was glycosylated, 3.8% of plasma peptide283–299), with sialylated and disialylated (Neu5Acα2–3Galβ1–3(Neu5Acα2–6) GalNAcα1-) core 1 structures. Modeling suggested that C-terminal glycosylation, particularly the branched disialylated structure, could interact across domains including the receptor-binding domain. These data, although limited by sample size, suggest that there are tissue-specific APOE glycoforms. Sialylated glycans, previously shown to improve HDL binding, are more abundant on the lipid-binding domain of CSF APOE and reduced in plasma APOE. This indicates that APOE glycosylation may be implicated in lipoprotein-binding flexibility.