bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genesis of Two Zoned Pegmatites of the Bihar Mica Belt: A Fluid Inclusion Study
Authors: Santosh M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Two pegmatites, namely, Bandarcbua and Kharonia, show ideal mineralogical zoning with a massive quartz core surrounded by a muscovite plagioclase-perthite quartz and muscovite-quartz zone. Aqueous two phase inclusions with 40% vapour and three phase inclusions with C02(liquid)+CO2 (gas)+H20(liquid) occur as primary inclusions in quartz from the feldspathic zone. Aqueous three phase inclusions with NaCl daughter mineral coexisting with gaseous inclusions with 60-80% vapour occur as pseudosecondary inclusions in quartz from the feldspathic zone and as primary inclusions in quartz from the muscovite-quartz zone. Quartz from migmatitic gneisses show the common occurrenee of monophase carbonic inclusions. Heating-freezing data assign CO2 densities of 0.81-0.90 g/cm3 for the peak metamorphic fluids which were entrapped at 4.2 Kb pressure at a temperature of 680°C. The feldspathic zone crystallized from moderate density (0.6 g/cm3) and salinity (10 wt, % NaCI) fluids. Coexisting H20 and CO2-H20 inclusions record a temperature of 630°C and a pressure of 2.4 Kb for the equilibration of the feldspathic zone. Subsequent adiabatic decompression resulted in the boiling of fluids with enhanced density (1.O g/cm3) and salinity (32 wt, % NaCl). Boiling, which precipitated bulk of the mineralization, occurred at temperatures of 360°C to 320°C and at pressures of 110-90 bars, corresponding to 1100-850 metres depth. The fluid characters suggest a probable relationship between regional metamorphism and the genesis of the mineralized pegmatites of the Bihar mica belt.
Mineral Chemistry of the Silicate Mineral Phases of Banded Iron-Formation of High-Grade Region, Karnataka
Authors: Mahabaleswar B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Analytical data on the silicate mineral phases, namely, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, lamellar pyroxene, pyroxenoid, gamet, amphibole and biotite of ironformation from high-grade region, Karnataka are presented. It is inferred that Opx and Cpx of the iron-formation are ferro-hypersthene and ferro-augite respectively, whereas the pyroxenoid is a pyroxferroite. Garnets belong to pyralspite series. Amphiboles are represented by grunerite, edenite and ferroan pargasitic hornblende. Lamellar pyroxenes are represented by clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene containing lamellae which are Ca-poor and Ca-rich respectively. The lamellar nature of the pyroxene appears to be related to silica activity, P-T and oxygen fugacity. Orthopyroxene and garnet are rich in Mn content, which may be due to bulk composition of the host rock and oxygen fugacity. Pressure and Temperature estimates give values of 7 to 8 kbars and 600° to 650°C.
Banded Iron-Formation and Associated Manganiferous Horizons of the Sargur Supracrustals, Southern Karnataka
Authors: Janardhan A. S. , Shadakshara Swamy N. , Capdevila R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
High-grade Archaean Sargur supracrustals are made up of quartzites, pelites, carbonates, BIF and manganiferous horizons and have been metamorphosed to upper amphibolite facies. The BIF and manganiferous horizons form thin but persistent bands. Iron-manganese-carbonate association is characteristic. Ten samples of BIF and spessartine-rich manganiferous horizons were analysed for major, trace and rare earth elements. Low trace and REB abundances characteristic of these bands agree well with the data of Archaean iron-formations elsewhere. Chemistry of Sargur BIF is distinctly different from that of the Algoma and Superior types. The positive Eu anamoly shown by the iron-formation indicates oxygenic conditions. The low content of some trace elements indicates shallow water environment of deposition. The REE concentrations of manganiferous-horizons are relatively higher than that of the BIF with anomalous behaviour of Ce and Eu. The present data show that the iron and manganese separation had taken place even in the Early Archaean.
Depositional Environments and Tectonic Settings of the Cherty Iron-Formations of the Canadian Shield
Authors: Dimroth Erich 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Two types of cherty iron-formations of the Canadian Shield are distinguished by their environmental and tectonic setting. Platform iron-formations form major stratigraphic units, hundreds of meters thick, and continuous for hundreds of kilometers, in some, but not ~[l all, Early Proterozoic geosynclines. Their sedimentary textures and structures indicate deposition in shelf environments ranging from the peritidal zone to well below wave base. They occur at the top of platform sequences and are overlain by black shales and turbidites.
Pelagic iron-formations generally form small units, rarely over 10 m thick and rarely continuous for over 10 km. They are intercalated between submarine volcanic rocks, between black shale, or between siliciclastic or volcaniclastic turbidites. Gradations between pelagic iron-formations and turbidites prove that the pelagic iron-format ions were deposited by settling from dilute suspensions.
Archean supracrustal sequences contain only pelagic iron-formations, but both types and their transitions occur in some Early Proterozoic geosynclines. These transitions prove that both types are genetically related.
Determination of Manganese in Pyrolusites by Neutron Activation Analysis Using Low Flux 241Am-Be Neutron Source
Authors: Batra R. J. , Garg A. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A neutron activation analysis method based on thermal neutron irradiation from 241Am-Be source is suggested for the determination of Mn in pyrolusites. The method uses 55Mn (n, γ) 56Mn reaction and counting of 0.847 MeV γ-rays on NaI (Tl) detector coupled with single channel analyzer. The method has been employed for the analysis of pyrolusites and results were found in good agreement with those from conventional chemical methods. The method is fast, non-destructive and economic and can be used for the determination of Mn in its ores.
Game Theory Analysis of a Groundwater Contamination Dispute
Authors: Dagnino Aldo , Hipel Keith W. , Fraser Niall M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Environmental disputes arise due to opposing views of various groups about their environmental concerns and their economic or developmental interests. Bargaining constitutes a very effective mechanism to resolve environmental disputes and to reach a compromise solution among decision makers. A new game theoretic model for analyzing bargaining situations in which more than two decision makers are involved is presented in this paper. The model is referred to as the Cooperative Conflict Analysis System (CCAS) and is based on concepts from conflict analysis and bargaining theory. To demonstrate how the model can be effectively used in practice, it is applied to a real world environmental dispute involving the petrochemical groundwater contamination of the Cohansey Aquifer in the State of New Jersey in the U.S. Additionally, the Zeuthen's bargaining model is employed to analyze the conflict from a different perspective.
Granulite Facies Rocks of Brazil: A Review of their Geologic Setting, Geochronological Evolution, Petrographic and Geochemical Characteristics
Authors: Iyer S. S. , Choudhuri A. , Cordani U. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An attempt to assemble the available data on the granulite facies rocks spread around Brazil is made with a view to discuss their geological setting, geochronological evolution, petrographic and geochemical evolution. The isotopic ages of the granulites fall into different groups ranging from Archaean to Late Proterozoic. The geotectonic evolution of these rock types is discussed in terms of their being either fragments of geochemically differentiated lower crustal layers or eroded segments of modern Cordilleran (Himalayan) type collision belts. The geochemical feature of the rock types demonstrates the non-systematic fractionation of trace elements.
Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of the Munnar Carbonatite, Central Kerala
Authors: Santosh M. , Thampi P. K. , Iyer S. S. , Vasconcellos Marina B. A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rare earth element abundance in carbonatite associated with the 740 Ma old alkaline complex of Munnar is reported. High values of La (up to 232 ppm) and Ce (up to 261 ppm), moderate Sm (upto 11 ppm), with low Tb (up to 1.1 ppm), Yb (upto 3 ppm) and Lu (up to 0.6 ppm) are observed, comparable with similar values for carbonatites from other regions. The chondrite normalised patterns exhibit a steep slope from LREE to HREE, with (La/Lu)cn ranging upto 191. A genetic model involving CO2 degassing from the mantIe and ion exchange reactions with deep crustal rocks is envisaged, with the carbonatites probably representing a late immiscible fraction that separated from a polymerized alkali silicate melt. REE geochemistry of the carbonatite substantiates the view of a Late Precambrian alkaline magmatic regime in this part of the Indian Shield.
Geomorphological and Quaternary Geological Studies Along the Coastal Plain in Parts of Cannanore and Kasargod Districts, Kerala
Authors: Krishnan Nair K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The area studied represents coastal plain of Kerala forming parts of Cannanore and Kasargod districts. The coastal plain in this area is narrow, having an average width of about 6 km and consists of depositional landforms. Five depositional surfaces and one erosional surface, each characterised by a particular morphology and lithostratigraphy are identified in the coastal plain. The strandlines and sand barriers throw some light on the nature of the former coastal plain and the marine regression. The shell-bearing black clay deposit below the flood-plain deposit is an evidence of palaeolagoonal environment.
Fringing the coastal plain, towards east, are laterite-capped plateaus which represent remnants of a former planation surface. This surface is seen developed over the Mio-Pliocene (Warkalli) Formation as well as over the crystallines and is tentatively dated as the Pliocene surface. An attempt is made to discuss the neotectonic activity along the coastal plain with the help of geomorphic data.
Evolution of the Western Ghats, India- A Simple Model
Authors: Subrahmanya K. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The nature of origin of Western Ghats is being debated for several decades. In the light of modern developments in the field of earth sciences, this paper postulates that the western margin of India originated due to a combination of the following factors:
a) Crustal doming and rifting which preceded the drifting of the Indian subcontinent, resulting in an initial escarpment along the western margin of India.
b) Recession of the Ghats to the east due to marine erosion;
c) Withdrawal of the sea during the glacial period exposing part of the continental shelf as a coastal plain.
d) Development of westerly drainage.
e) Fluvial erosion of western ghats and coastal plain, and
f) Gradual post glacial rise in sea level resulting in drowned valleys, estuaries and lagoons.
This model is substantiated by a few evidences and offers a satisfactory explanation for the controversy concerning the origin of western ghats.
Gravity Field and Its Significance to the Origin of the Bengal Anorthosite
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Manoj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Bengal anorthosite is the only known major anorthosite occurrence in India outside the Eastern Ghats province. The characteristic Eastern Ghats gravity 'high', however, continues northward across the Bengal anothosite. Recent gravity mapping shows that this anorthosite is associated with a Significant positive anomaly of 20 mgal amplitude and 25 km width. The gravity high also extends far another 100 km westward into the Chhotanagpur gneissic terrain. Gravity interpretation suggests a more mafic phase of the anorthosite underlying its southern part, the mafic mass being of gabbroic composition. The mafic mass is inferred to have the form of an inverted cone, at least 3.3 km thick, below a thin veneer of anorthositic rocks, but its thickness reduces westward inside the Chhotanagpur gneisses where the mafic mass assumes a more tabular form. Two large granitic stocks, upto 1.8 km thick and 20km wide, are inferred to have intruded the country rocks to the immediate south of the anorthosite suite. The granites are supposedly derived by palingenesis of in situ leptynites.
Quaternary Valley-Fill Deposits of the Ravi Drainage Basin in Chamba, Western Himalaya: Definition, Lithostratigraphy and Depositional Framework
Authors: Joshi D. D. , Tandon S. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Quaternary deposits in the Himalaya fall into two major categories: Group 1-lntra-montane basinal fills occurring in various tectonic zones, and valley-fill sequences of limited width along the linear extent of major Himalayan drainages and Group 2-Sub-montane basinal fills in the foot-hills zone. The Mangla Formation (250m thick) is being defined from one of the major Himalayan drainages-the Ravi river. It is divided into six members representing paraglacial fan and braided stream deposits. The 'glacial' history of the sequence has been inferred from the physical environment of the terrain. and by relating the deposits to the gross geomorphological features.
Attempts to correlate the Mangla Formation with the glacial deposits in the Himalayan region, particularly Swat Kohistan and the southern slopes of the Dhauladhar range, are beset with difficulties in the absence of a proper chronology of Quaternary glacial events in the Himalaya. Two major ice advances have been interpreted in the Dhauladhar Range. In the absence of datable materials, no meaningful temporal relationships can be established for the ice advances.
Iron-Titanium Oxide Minerals In The Mayurbhanj Basic Intrusion, Orissa, India
Authors: Das S. K. , Mukherji S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Electron probe data arc presented for coexisting ilmeno-magnetite and hemoilmenite for three samples along with the two published analytical results. The Mol % ulv and hem are plotted in T-fo2 diagram and compared with the results of DubJabera and Skaergaard. The oxides of the five samples equilibrated at 710°C to 1050°C with fo2 ranging between 10-9.2 to 10-17.5 atm. The lower temperature of formation indicated by three samples is probably due to external granule exsolution process and high water content of the magma which is responsible for widespread deuteric and hydrothermal alteration of the genetically associated rock types.
Analytical Studies of Stream Sediments of Sri Lanka for Identification of Gold-Bearing Areas and Delineation of Ultramafic Bodies
Authors: Ramakrishnal R. S. , Dharmadasa D. , Brooks R. R. , Ryan D. E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Trace element analyses of stream sediments in Sri Lanka have been carried out to identify existtncc of ultrarnafic rocks in areas other than those demarcated as serpentinite zones. Residual soil analysis was used to confirm the results of delineation of a scrpentinite zone by photogrammetric study. Inter-element correlations are shown to be significant in these studies. The analyses also indicate anomalous levels of gold (&gt;20 ng/g), along the Highland Group and the Highland-Eastern Vijayan boundary as demarcated by Abeysinghe.
U-Th-Mo Mineralisation in Quartz Syenite from Maturigiri-Dhurakantagiri, West Garo Hills District, Meghalaya, India
Authors: Basu A. N. , Sharma G. S. , Varma H. M. , Dhana Raju R. , Dougall N. K. , Raju N. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
At Maturigiri and Dhurkantagiri, mineralised coarse-grained quartz syenite bodies (up to 10 x 2 m) occur as intrusives along the NNW-SSE trending joints in the gneissic country rock. Mineralogically. the quartz syenite is characterised by over 50% K-feld-spar, lesser plagioclase, quartz, mica, garnet and chlorite, together with accessory uraninite, monazite, molybdenite and pyrite. Uraninite occurs as euhedral to subhedral inclusions and mineralisation is syngenetic. Two types of monazite, Th-poor and Th-rich, are present. Molybdenite occurs as veins along fractures and appears to be of late hydrothermal origin. The mineralogical and textural features suggest that quartz syenite was formed from a residual melt of granitic magma of crustal origin.
An Interpretation of Regional Structures of Kumaun-Garhwal Himalaya Based on LANDSAT-I Imagery
Authors: Goel O. P. , Garhia S. S. , Mehta J. S. , Kandpal G. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A preliminary study and interpretation of LANDSAT-I imagery, covering a large area of Kumaun-Garhwal Himalaya. lying between 79° - 80°30' East longitude and 29°0' - 30°30' North latitude, reveals the presence of four dominant directions of lineaments trending NS, NE-SW, NW/WN-SE/ESE and E-W. The lineament fabric of the region represents axial directions of major folds, regional strike trends of thrusts and of transverse or strike-slip faults. The study is supplemented by detailed structural analysis of mesoscopic folds, planar and linear features present in rocks of three sections of the Kumaun Himalaya and it is suggested that the deformation in rocks of the region was the result of both compressional, tensional, and vertical uplift.
Effects of Industrial Effluents on the Water Quality of River Hindon, District Saharanpur, U.P.
Authors: Singhal B. B. S. , Mathur R. P. , Singhal D. C. , Mathur B. S. , Minocha V. K. , Seth A. K. , Sinha S. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
To assess quantitatively the effect of organic load from the Star Paper Mill on the quality of Hindon water, a dissolved oxygen sag model is developed by using Streeter-Phelps equation for a stretch of 7 km down-stream of the paper mill effluent and Hindon confluence. The critical DO deficit and critical time for minimum dissolved oxygen have been computed. The study reveals that severe anaerobic condition prevails in the river between a distance of 2.2 km to 3.6 km from the confluence of Paper Mill effluent with the Hindon river. The sag in dissolved oxygen curve is not fully apparent in the observed model; though the occurrence of reducing condition is correlated by field observations.
Environmental Geology of Peninsular River Basins of India
Authors: Subramanian V. , Biksham G. , Ramesh R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An attempt is made to evaluate the environmental geology of non-Himalayan rivers of India. These twenty river basins including eleven medium basins together drain nearly 25 per cent of the sub-continent. The annual transport of suspended sediments and dissolved salts by these rivers have been estimated to be around 370 million tonnes and 61 million tonnes respectively. The rate of physical erosion among these basins range from 799 tonnes/km2/yr to 16 tonnes/km2/yr. Similarly, chemical erosion ranged from 110 tonnes/km2/yr to 22 tonnes/km2/yr.
Among the rivers considered, the chemical composition of water indicates that Cauvery carries a large silica load (39 ppm), while the TDS is low (172 ppm), whereas Sabarmati has the highest TDS (352 ppm). Krishna waters show the highest alkalinity. In all the rivers, conductivity shows good correlation with TDS. Sediment chemistry indicates that Cauvery river sediments are most siliceous while that of Godavari are least siliceous. In both these cases, average SiO2 is higher than the Indian average river sediment. Similarly, Fe in southern river sediments is very high while P is very low compared to the Indian or world average. Apparently local geology (Shield area hard rocks in southern India and Deccan Traps in central India) control the water and sediment characteristics of the peninsular rivers.
Godavari Basin - A Geophysical Study
Authors: Mishra D. C. , Gupta S. B. , Rao M. B. S. V. , Venkatarayudu M. , Laxman G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Detailed gravity and magnetic surveys in and around the Godavari basin have helped in delineating the subsurface structures which, in turn, facilitated reconstructing its evolution. The general NW-SE trend of the magnetic and the gravity anomalies towards north takes a swift turn along an E-W line south of Bhadrachalam. This may be attributed to a deep-seated fault dividing the basin into Godavari and Chintalapudi sub-basins. The same fault may be responsible for limiting the southern extent of Pakhal sediments. A similar deep-seated fault north of Bhadrachalam along the Mailaram 'high' is also indicated. Modelling of some critical gravity and magnetic anomalies indicates the maximum thicknesses for Gondwana and Sullavai sediments as 4.5-5 km and 1.5-2 km respectively. A large gradient in the Bouguer anomaly on the eastern side of the Gondwana basin suggests the existence of a long continuous normal fault which is the master fault of the Gor.dwana rift valley. The other side of the basin is characterised by variations in the gradient of the Bouguer anomaly suggesting enechelon faulting.
The Gondwana basin is flanked on either side by heavy rocks of density 2.95 g/cm3 between the depths of 6km to 13 km which might be due to the block uplift of the lower crust forming the 'shoulders' of the rift valley or large sub-basic intrusions in the region. The definite magnetic anomalies in this region providing a high susceptibility of 0.1-0.2 emu almost at the same depth as obtained from the Bouguer anomaly further substantiate them. The subsequent uplifts of the basin is apparent from 'highs' in Bouguer anomaly inside the basin such as around Chinnur which shows sharp gradients on either side suggesting faulted margins. The Regional Bouguer anomaly separated from the observed field along a few representative profiles suggests the presence of a high density (3.1 g/cm3) material along the Moho between the depths of 30km to 38km.
The magnetic data reveals several basement ridges and intrusions as far west as. Manthani and Sirpur-Kagaznagar which are transverse to the general trend of the Gondwana basin and almost parallel to the eastern ghat trends suggesting that they may be the subsurface reflections of eastern ghat orogeny. A well-defined magnetic anomaly in the Chintalapudi sub-basin suggests the depth to the basic intrusion in the basement as 3.1 kilometres. There are high magnetic anomalies along the Precambrian faults defining the Purana basin suggesting basic intrusions along them. The basin as a whole depicts a high heat flow specially its southern part which might be due to several intrusive bodies as inferred from the magnetic and the gravity studies. The Godavari basin is a typical rift structure formed during the Gondwana period. The high density material along the Moho and in the upper crust suggests the diapiric upwelling of the asthenosphere as the main cause for the development of a typical continental graben in this region and subsequent uplifts along the shoulders.
Implication of Shale Diagenesis on Cementation of Reservoir Sandstones in the Neogene Surma Group of the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh
Authors: Imam Md. Badrul 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Late Fe-calcite and quartz overgrowths are the two most widespread and important cements in the Surma sandstones and are most responsible for damaging their reservoir properties. This paper suggests that the burial diagenesis of Surma shales has significantly influenced the cementation of adjacent sandstones by supplying ion charged water expelled during shale compaction and dewatering. The diagenetic conversion of smectite to illite layer in the illite/smectite mixed layer clay mineral in the Surma shales release Si4+ and Ca2+ that migrate up with expelled water and form important sources of quartz overgrowth and late calcite cement respectively in the overlying sandstones. This is compatible with the correlatable relation between the higher degree of illitization plus greater volume of shale and the zone of increased sandstone cementation in the deeper subsurface. The ferroan nature of the calcite cement may have been related to the availibility of Fe2+ ions, also released by the illitization reaction. The diagenetic dissolution of calcite in shales in the subsurface and its migration upward may have been an additional source of the late Fe-calcite cement in the Surma sandstones.