bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using dynamic relative climate impact curves to quantify the climate impact of bioenergy production systems over time
Authors: de Jong Sierk , Staples Mark , Grobler Carla , Daioglou Vassilis , Malina Robert , Barrett Steven , Hoefnagels Ric , Faaij André , Junginger Martin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe climate impact of bioenergy is commonly quantified in terms of CO2 equivalents, using a fixed 100‐year global warming potential as an equivalency metric. This method has been criticized for the inability to appropriately address emissions timing and the focus on a single impact metric, which may lead to inaccurate or incomplete quantification of the climate impact of bioenergy production. In this study, we introduce Dynamic Relative Climate Impact (DRCI) curves, a novel approach to visualize and quantify the climate impact of bioenergy systems over time. The DRCI approach offers the flexibility to analyze system performance for different value judgments regarding the impact category (e.g., emissions, radiative forcing, and temperature change), equivalency metric, and analytical time horizon. The DRCI curves constructed for fourteen bioenergy systems illustrate how value judgments affect the merit order of bioenergy systems, because they alter the importance of one‐time (associated with land use change emissions) versus sustained (associated with carbon debt or foregone sequestration) emission fluxes and short‐ versus long‐lived climate forcers. Best practices for bioenergy production (irrespective of value judgments) include high feedstock yields, high conversion efficiencies, and the application of carbon capture and storage. Furthermore, this study provides examples of production contexts in which the risk of land use change emissions, carbon debt, or foregone sequestration can be mitigated. For example, the risk of indirect land use change emissions can be mitigated by accompanying bioenergy production with increasing agricultural yields. Moreover, production contexts in which the counterfactual scenario yields immediate or additional climate impacts can provide significant climate benefits. This paper is accompanied by an Excel‐based calculation tool to reproduce the calculation steps outlined in this paper and construct DRCI curves for bioenergy systems of choice.
The climatic drivers of normalized difference vegetation index and tree‐ring‐based estimates of forest productivity are spatially coherent but temporally decoupled in Northern Hemispheric forests
Authors: Seftigen Kristina , Frank David C. , Björklund Jesper , Babst Flurin , Poulter Benjamin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimRadial growth and foliage dynamics of trees both play a significant role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Yet, crucial knowledge gaps exist in how these two growth components are linked. Our goal is to help bridge these gaps by providing a Northern Hemispheric survey of the connections between, and drivers of, inter‐annual wood and canopy–landscape dynamics and phenology.LocationNorthern (>30° N) forest ecosystems.MethodsWe compared a multispecies network of ca. 700 annually resolved radial tree‐growth records with the global inventory modelling and mapping studies‐normalized difference vegetation index (GIMMS‐NDVI) estimates of foliage greenness between 1982 and 2012. Tree‐ring data were assimilated into the simple process‐based Vaganov–Shashkin Lite model to derive xylem phenology on a monthly basis and were contrasted against NDVI estimates of canopy phenology. We additionally determined the response of all these vegetation measures to temperature and precipitation.ResultsWe found broad‐scale agreement in the phenology and growing season climate response between radial tree growth and seasonally integrated canopy–landscape dynamics. On a monthly basis, however, a temporal asynchrony in the climate signals at mid‐ and high latitudes was observed, where the strongest climate response of the NDVI record occurred around leaf flush, whereas an early‐ to mid‐growing season signal dominated the tree‐ring growth.Main conclusionsOur comprehensive study helps to elucidate the unique contributions of foliar and radial growth to terrestrial carbon cycling and the time‐scales at which they operate. Although we observed that both measures have similar overall climate constraints, these two growth components are sensitive to distinct seasonal windows. Our study suggests that joint assessment of both leaf and stem growth is required to address productivity of forests and demonstrates that these seasonal sensitivities must be considered before combining and interpreting these two metrics.
Where Does the Good Shepherd Go? Civic Virtue and Sorting into Public Sector Employment
Authors: Ayaita Adam , Yang Philip , Gülal Filiz 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Several studies have analyzed motives to work in the public versus private sector. However, research on prosocial motivation in the context of public sector employment has largely neglected civic virtue, the motive to contribute to society. This study considers civic virtue in addition to other possible motives, using a representative, longitudinal dataset of employees in Germany including 63,180 observations of 13,683 different individuals. We find that civic virtue relates positively to public sector employment beyond altruism, risk aversion, laziness and (low) financial motivation. The result holds within different branches and is explained by sorting into the sector.
Coexisting different types of zoned garnet in kyanite‐quartz eclogites from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt: Evidence of deformation‐induced lithological mixing during prograde metamorphism
Authors: Enami Masaki , Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Tsuboi Motohiro , Kouketsu Yui , Nagaya Takayoshi , Huang Shuaimin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGarnet grains in Sanbagawa quartz eclogites from the Besshi region, central Shikoku commonly show a zoning pattern consisting of core and mantle/rim that formed during two prograde stages of eclogite and subsequent epidote–amphibolite facies metamorphism, respectively. Garnet grains in the quartz eclogites are grouped into four types (I, II, III, and IV) according to the compositional trends of their cores. Type I garnet is most common and sometimes coexists with other types of garnet in a thin section. Type I core formed with epidote and kyanite during the prograde eclogite facies stage. The inner cores of types II and III crystallized within different whole‐rock compositions of epidote‐free and kyanite‐bearing eclogite and epidote‐ and kyanite‐free eclogite at the earlier prograde stage, respectively. The inner core of type IV probably formed during the pre‐eclogite facies stage. The inner cores of types II, III, and IV, which formed under different P–T conditions of prograde metamorphism and/or whole‐rock compositions, were juxtaposed with the core of type I, probably due to tectonic mixing of rocks at various points during the prograde eclogite facies stage. After these processes, they have shared the following same growth history: (i) successive crystal growth during the later stage of prograde eclogite facies metamorphism that formed the margin of the type I core and the outer cores of types II, III, and IV; (ii) partial resorption of the core during exhumation and hydration stage; and (iii) subsequent formation of mantle zones during prograde metamorphism of the epidote–amphibolite facies. The prograde metamorphic reactions may not have progressed under an isochemical condition in some Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks, at least at the hand specimen scale. This interpretation suggests that, in some cases, material interaction promoted by mechanical mixing and fluid‐assisted diffusive mass transfer probably influences mineral reactions and paragenesis of high‐pressure metamorphic rocks.
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone treatment in indeterminate form of chronic Chagas disease: Reduced intensity of tissue parasitism and inflammation—A histopathological study
Authors: Scarim Cauê B. , de Andrade Cleverton R. , da Rosa João A. , dos Santos Jean L. , Chin Chung M. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryHydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a nitrofurazone prodrug effective in vivo during acute infections, and it has less hepatotoxicity effect than the standard drug benznidazole (BZN) which has been used during short‐ and long‐term treatment. In the present study, we induced the indeterminate form of Chagas disease in mice with a Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and analysed the histopathological data about the effects of NFOH and BZN on different tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, colon, spleen and brain. After infection, BALB/c mice were treated with NFOH (150 mg/kg) and BZN (60 mg/kg) for 60 days and then submitted to immunosuppression using dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Two trained analysts, as part of a blind evaluation, examined the results using serial sections of 3 mm diameter in two different moments. The results showed reactivation of the disease only in the infected nontreated group (POS). After treatment, amastigote nests were found in the heart, colon, liver and skeletal muscle in the POS group and in the heart and liver of the BZN group. Interestingly, amastigote nests were not found in the NFOH and NEG groups. The histopathological analysis showed fewer tissue lesions and parasite infiltrates in the NFOH group when compared with the BZN and POS groups. We have not observed any increase in the levels of hepatocellular injury biomarkers (AST/ALT) in the NFOH group. These in vivo studies show the potential for NFOH as an effective and safe compound useful as an anti‐T. cruzi agent.
Frailty in Chinese older adults with hypertension: Prevalence, associated factors, and prediction for long‐term mortality
Authors: Ma Lina , Zhang Li , Sun Fei , Li Yun , Tang Zhe 
Published: October 2018

Hypertension and frailty are associated and often coexist in older adults. Few studies have examined the association between hypertension and frailty in Chinese population. We explored the prevalence of and the factors associated with frailty as well as whether frailty could identify patients at risk of adverse outcomes among older adults with hypertension. Data were from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging. A total of 1111 hypertensive participants aged ≥60 years old who completed the comprehensive geriatrics assessment were included. All participants were followed up for 8 years. The total number of deaths was 604. Frailty was assessed by the 68‐item frailty index. Stepwise forward logistic regression was used to explore the association between the associated factors and frailty in hypertensive participants. The prediction for mortality was assessed using the adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Two hundred and eighteen older adults were determined as frail (prevalence rate: 19.6%). Frail older adults with hypertension had worse physical performance, worse psychological, and social function, as well as worse lifestyle habits, compared to nonfrail older adults with hypertension. Chair stand test failure, balance test failure, fracture, disability, depression, and physical frailty measured with modified frailty phenotype were independently associated with frailty. Frailty was associated with a higher 8‐year mortality, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.40, adjusted for age and sex, HR = 2.61. Frailty is associated with poorer physical function and higher mortality in community‐dwelling hypertensive older adults in China. These findings emphasize the importance and need for frailty intervention and prevention in older adults with hypertension.
Relationship of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms with Falls in Alzheimer's Disease – Does Exercise Modify the Risk?
Authors: Roitto Hanna‐Maria , Kautiainen Hannu , Öhman Hannareeta , Savikko Niina , Strandberg Timo E. , Raivio Minna , Laakkonen Marja‐Liisa , Pitkälä Kaisu H. 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVESTo explore how neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are associated with number of falls and how exercise modifies the risk of falling in community‐dwelling people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NPS.DESIGNSecondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.SETTINGCommunity.PARTICIPANTSCommunity‐dwelling individuals with AD (N=210) who completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) (N = 179).INTERVENTIONParticipants were randomized into 3 groups: group‐based exercise (4‐hour sessions with approximately 1 hour of training) and tailored home‐based exercise (1 hour of training) twice a week for 1 year and a control group receiving usual community care. In this secondary analysis, we merged the home‐based and group‐based exercise groups and compared this group with the control group.MEASUREMENTSNPS were measured using the NPI at baseline, and spousal caregivers recorded falls in daily fall diaries during 1 year of follow‐up.RESULTSThe number of falls increased linearly with NPI score in the control group. Fall rates were 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.26–1.73) per person‐year in the intervention group and 2.87 (95% CI=2.43–3.35) in the control group. Adjusted for age, sex, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score, incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 0.48 (95% Cl=0.39–0.60, p < .001). Main effects for fall rate were significant for group (p < .001) and NPI total (p < .02); the interaction effect was also significant (p = .009) (adjusted for sex, age, MMSE score, SPPB score, and psychotropic medication use).CONCLUSIONExercise may decrease the risk of falling in community‐dwelling individuals with AD and NPS. Future exercise trials should confirm this finding in participants with significant NPS.TRIAL REGISTRATIONACTRN12608000037303. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2377–2381, 2018.
Weight improvement with the use of protein and energy enriched nutritional formula in infants with a prolonged PICU stay
Authors: Eveleens R. D. , Dungen D. K. , Verbruggen S. C. A. T. , Hulst J. M. , Joosten K. F. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundReaching an optimal nutritional intake is challenging in critically ill infants. One possible way to minimise nutritional deficits is the use of protein and energy‐enriched (PE)‐formulas. We aimed to describe weight achievement and gastrointestinal symptoms in infants admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) while receiving PE‐formula for a prolonged period.MethodsRecords from infants admitted to a multidisciplinary PICU and using PE‐formula were analysed retrospectively. Infants were eligible if they received PE‐formula daily for at least 2 weeks. Weight achievement was determined as the difference between weight‐for‐age (WFA) Z‐scores at the start and end of PE‐formula use. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including gastric residual volume, constipation and vomiting, were evaluated as tolerance parameters.ResultsSeventy infants with a median [interquartile range (IQR)] age of 76 (30–182) days were eligible. The PICU duration was 50 (35–83) days during which they received PE‐formula for 30 (21–54) days. Predominant admission diagnoses were post‐cardiac surgery, respiratory and cardiac diagnosis. A significant mean (SD) WFA Z‐score increase of 0.48 (1.10) (P < 0.001) and a median (IQR) weight gain of 5.80 (3.28–9.04) g kg−1 day−1 was observed. Multivariate regression showed that a lower WFA Z‐score at start was associated with a higher WFA Z‐score increase during PE‐formula use (β −0.35 (95% confidence interval = −0.50 to −0.19); P < 0.001). The maximum 24‐h gastric residual volume was 8.1 mL (IQR = 2.2–14.3) for each 1 kg in bodyweight. Three (4%) infants were treated for diarrhoea and three infants were treated for vomiting.ConclusionsThe majority of infants with a prolonged PICU stay showed weight improvement when using PE‐formula. PE‐formula was well tolerated because gastrointestinal symptoms only occurred in few infants.
Classification of intellectual disability according to domains of adaptive functioning and between‐domains discrepancy in adults with epilepsy
Authors: van Ool J. S. , Snoeijen‐Schouwenaars F. M. , Tan I. Y. , Schelhaas H. J. , Aldenkamp A. P. , Hendriksen J. G. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth edition (DSM‐5), the diagnostic criteria of intellectual disability (ID) include three domains of adaptive deficits: the conceptual, social and practical. Substantial intra‐individual differences between domains can be considered an ID domain discrepancy.MethodWe explored the associations between ID domains, discrepancies and epilepsy in 189 adults (mean age = 47.9; SD = 15.6). Each DSM‐5 ID domain was assessed separately, using subscales of the Vineland II for the social and practical domains, and psychological instruments, including intelligence tests, for the conceptual domain. A set of standardised criteria is proposed to identify an ID domain discrepancy.ResultsAn ID domain discrepancy seemed to be present in about one‐third of subjects and was particularly present in subjects with moderate ID (53.4%). Impairment in the social domain was most often the reason for the discrepancy. The presence of a discrepancy was significantly related to a focal (localised) epilepsy type (OR = 2.3, P = .028) and a mixed seizure type (OR = 1.4, P = .009). Epilepsy characteristics that are indicative of a more severe and refractory epilepsy, including various seizure types, a high seizure frequency, a combined epilepsy type (both focal and generalised epilepsy) and an early age at onset, were significantly related to more severe impairments in conceptual, social and practical adaptive behaviour (all P values <.01).ConclusionsWith a substantial proportion of the subjects who had both ID and epilepsy with an ID discrepancy, professionals should be aware of this and take all domains of ID into account when studying or working with this vulnerable population.
Exploring the potential of neutron imaging for life sciences on IMAT
Authors: BURCA G. , NAGELLA S. , CLARK T. , TASEV D. , RAHMAN I.A. , GARWOOD R.J. , SPENCER A.R.T. , TURNER M.J. , KELLEHER J.F. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryNeutron imaging has been employed in life sciences in recent years and has proven to be a viable technique for studying internal features without compromising integrity and internal structure of samples in addition to being complementary to other methods such as X‐ray or magnetic resonance imaging. Within the last decade, a neutron imaging beamline, IMAT, was designed and built at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, UK, to meet the increasing demand for neutron imaging applications in various fields spanning from materials engineering to biology. In this paper, we present the first neutron imaging experiments on different biological samples during the scientific commissioning of the IMAT beamline mainly intended to explore the beamline's capabilities and its potential as a noninvasive investigation tool in fields such as agriculture (soil‐plants systems), palaeontology and dentistry.Lay DescriptionNeutrons form a highly penetrating radiation passing through matter without damaging or structurally modifying it, a property that makes them the ideal tool for many kinds of complementary material investigations. Moreover, the strong interaction of neutrons with hydrogen and their ability to distinguish between hydrogen and deuterium with no radiation damage make neutrons a good probe for imaging biological specimens. The recent technological developments of sources and detectors improved the capabilities of neutron imaging instruments and also have facilitated the use of neutron imaging on a much wider scale than before. Neutron imaging is proving its advantages as being complementary to other known methods of investigation such as X‐ray imaging or magnetic resonance imaging and it is no surprise that it is not only employed in engineering or archaeology, but also in life sciences. This definitely opens new perspectives for a more interdisciplinary approach in contemporary science. Within the last decade a neutron imaging beamline, IMAT, was designed and built at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, UK, to meet the increasing demands of researchers from different fields, spanning from materials engineering to biology. The results presented here, acquired from first measurements on different biological samples during the scientific commissioning of IMAT beamline show the instrument capability and its suitability to palaeontology, agriculture (soil–plants systems) or dentistry applications.
Serving Time: Volunteer Work, Liminality and the Uses of Meaningfulness at Music Festivals
Authors: Laura Toraldo Maria , Islam Gazi , Mangia Gianluigi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDrawing from a participant‐observer study of volunteering in the context of UK music festivals, we examine how the sense of meaningfulness and community relate to instrumental goals of consumption and efficiency. We argue that the liminal nature of the festival setting supports an ambivalence in which meaningfulness is established through constructions of community, while the commodification of community feelings leads to heterogeneous understandings of the work setting. Our findings reveal heterogeneous ways in which work was rendered meaningful by festival volunteers, ranging from (1) A commodity frame, characterizing work as drudgery seeking ‘fun’ through consumption (2) A ‘communitas’ frame, emphasizing a transcendental sense of collective immediacy and (3) A cynical frame, where communitas discourse is used instrumentally by both managers and workers. We discuss meaningful work as caught between creative community and ideological mystification, and how alternative workspaces vacillate between emancipatory principles of solidarity and neo‐normative forms of ideological control.
Evaluation of Radiopacity of Luting Cements Submitted to Different Aging Procedures
Authors: Junqueira Rafael B. , Carvalho Rodrigo F. , Yamamoto Felipe A.G.F. , Almeida Solange M. , Verner Francielle S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the radiopacity of luting cements submitted to different aging procedures.Materials and MethodsTwenty discs (1 × 4 mm) of each of the following cements were prepared: zinc phosphate, RelyX Luting 2, Variolink 2, AllCem, RelyX U200, Multilink, Panavia F2.0, and RelyX ARC. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10/group), according to the aging procedure: thermal cycling group and water storage group. Before and after aging procedures, specimens were x‐rayed with an aluminum step‐wedge (11 steps, 1 mm thick each) and three dental slices (1 mm thick). The radiopacity was evaluated by means of optical density, which was measured using ImageJ software. The values were converted into millimeters of aluminum with a logistic regression calibration curve. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey post‐hoc test (α = 0.05).ResultsIn the thermal cycling group, RelyX Luting 2, RelyX U200, and Panavia F2.0 showed a statistically significant reduction in radiopacity (p < 0.05). In the water storage group, all cements showed a significant reduction in radiopacity (p < 0.05), and RelyX Luting 2 and Panavia F2.0 performed below the desired ISO 4049 standard.ConclusionsThe radiopacity of luting cements can decrease after aging, especially after 1‐year water storage.