bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree Cavity Resources for Dependent Cavity-Using Wildlife in West Virginia Forests
Authors: Kahler Harry A. , Anderson James T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We assessed and compared tree cavity resources for dependent wildlife among various forest cover types of West Virginia. The study was conducted in the Greenbrier and Potomac Ranger Districts of the Monongahela National Forest (MNF). From the fall of 1999 through the spring of 2001, 25 50-m radius study plots were established in each of a Society of American Foresters (SAF) central hardwood, northern hardwood, and subalpine forest cover type. Cavity tree abundance significantly differed among the three forest cover types (P < 0.0001), with the highest cavity tree abundance in the central hardwood type (x¯ = 16.4; SE = 5.3), followed by the northern hardwood type (x¯ = 12.7; SE = 6.8), and lastly the subalpine type (x¯ = 7.2; SE = 3.6). Relative cavity likelihood was highest for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), followed by American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). American beech cavity numbers currently may be influenced by increased mortality from recent outbreaks of beech bark disease, initiated by the beech scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga). Management of red spruce (Picea rubens) forests should consider numbers of nearby large hardwoods to provide cavity resources for dependent wildlife.
Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: Controlling Effects of American Beech, Striped Maple, and Hobblebush
Authors: Nyland Ralph D. , Bashant Amy L. , Bohn Kimberly K. , Verostek Jane M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum L.), and hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.) become dense in the understory they interfere with regeneration of other species. This review identifies threshold levels that causeproblems in regenerating desirable hardwoods in northeastern North America, and summarizes methods for controlling the interference in conjunction with a reproduction method cutting. It also forwards some ideas about management based on information in published sources.
Snag Longevity in Managed Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Yamasaki Mariko , Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Little information on standing snag and coarse woody debris longevity exists for New England forest types. Forest managers thus lack the information on changes over time of the habitat components influenced by the decay process. We examined the fate of 568 snags that occurred on a long-termhardwood growth study on the Bartlett Experimental Forest, NH. Approximately one-third of the oldest dense hardwood sawtimber snags were still standing 20 to 25 years after death and 17% were still visible on the ground. Seventeen percent of the older moderately dense hardwood sawtimbersnags were standing 15 to 20 years after death, 50% were still visible on the ground, and 33% had decomposed. Pole-sized snags appear to stand for shorter times than sawtimber and large sawtimber snags. Percentage of decomposed poles increased steadily throughout the time periods.These results can be most useful in predicting future wildlife habitat conditions in managed stands, as well as providing better rates of decomposition information when modeling coarse woody debris.
A Comparison of Prism Plots and Modified Point-Distance Sampling to Calculate Tree Stem Density and Basal Area
Authors: Thompson Ian D. , Ortiz Darcy A. , Jastrebski Christopher , Corbett Daniel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two common methods of measuring forest stand woody stem attributes include prism plots for basal area and modified point-distance for stem density. The data from each method can be used for the other calculation; that is, prism data can provide stem density, and point-distance datacan provide estimated basal area. We examined data from the same 10 stands using the two techniques to determine whether the results for each calculation were comparable and/or consistent. There was a significant correlation between the estimated tree (defined as stems >10 cm) basal areas,and between tree stem densities, derived from the two methods (P < 0.01). Prism plots provided significantly higher estimated tree stem densities (+23.5%; P < 0.05) compared to estimates from the point-distance technique, but there was no difference between estimated treebasal area. For all stems, that is also including stems <10 cm dbh, there was no difference between the two methods for estimated basal area or stem density. There was no correlation between total stem densities derived from the two methods. This is likely because the prism plot method(two-factor metric prism) sampled relatively few trees with small diameters, whereas the point distance technique, as used, sampled small trees independently from trees using a diameter distinction. When we removed two young stands with <50 trees/ha, there was no difference in estimatesof stem density. We concluded that, for boreal forest stands with a normal density of trees (i.e., >10 cm dbh and 900 to 3,000 stems/ha), either method would provide comparable estimates of stem density and basal area. We found no time difference in conducting surveys using either method.
Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: The Effects of Raspberries (Rubus spp.) Following Clearcutting and Shelterwood Methods
Authors: Donoso Pablo J. , Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Rubus often becomes the most prominent vegetation within 2–3 years following heavy overstory disturbances at mesic sites within temperate forests of northeastern North America. This review draws together available literature about its dynamics and effects, focusing primarilyon raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis Porter). It covers some key ecologic functions of raspberries related to nutrient leaching, microclimate near the ground, and organic matter decomposition. It also summarizes published information about the potentialinterference with desirable tree regeneration at northern hardwood sites within the region. The review concentrates on raspberry (Rubus spp.) dynamics and effects following clearcutting, shelterwood method, and other heavy overstory disturbances. Findings indicate that raspberries commonlydevelop into a dense cover after cutting and other overstory disturbances reduce the stocking of northern hardwood stands by 40% or more. Ecologically, they shade the ground, intercept and transpire water, and reduce the rate of litter decomposition and nutrient cycling, all of whichreduce leaching from a site. On poorly drained, droughty, and shallow soils, raspberries have reportedly delayed the development of hardwood regeneration. However, by 5–7 years, rapidly developing hardwood species have normally grown through the Rubus at most other sites, andthe emerging tree community has formed a closed canopy by 10–15 years. The presence of abundant, well-developed, and well-distributed advance tree regeneration ensures prompt restocking of new hardwoods, seems to minimize the potential for interference by raspberries, and precludes anyneed to release the tree seedlings from a raspberry cover. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):288 –296.
Thinning Response of a White Pine Stand on a Reclaimed Surface Mine in Southwestern Virginia
Authors: Casselman Chad N. , Fox Thomas R. , Burger James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
White pine (Pinus strobus L.) is planted extensively following reclamation of surface-mined land in the eastern coalfields. Little information exists on the productive potential of forests growing on reclaimed mined land and the response of these forests to intermediate stand treatments such as thinning. A thinning study was established in a 17-year-old white pine stand growing on a reclaimed surface mine in Wise County in southwest Virginia. A random complete block design was used to evaluate the growth response 9 growing seasons after thinning, when the stand was 26 years old. Stand parameters were projected to age 30 using a stand table projection. Site index of the stand was found to be 105 ft at a base age of 50 years. Thinning increased the diameter growth of the residual trees to 0.3 in. year−1 compared with 0.2 in. year−1 for the unthinned treatment; however, at age 26, there was no difference in volume or value per acre. When projected to age 30, the unthinned treatment had a volume of 6,530 ft3 ac−1 but was only worth $3,564 ac−1, whereas the thinned treatment was projected to have 6,654 ft3 ac−1, which was worth $4,559 ac−1 due to a larger percentage of the volume in sawtimber size classes. These results indicate that commercial forestry is a viable alternative for reclamation of surface-mined lands and that stands growing on reclaimed mined land can respond well to intermediate stand treatments.
Development of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Regeneration under a Reserve Shelterwood after Intermediate Removals and Windthrow
Authors: Krueger Jerome A. , Zenner Eric K. , Puettmann Klaus J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We followed the growth response of naturally regenerated 12-year-old white pine for 4 years after a shelterwood removal cut in a mixed red and white pine stand having an overstory that was significantly reduced by windthrow at the beginning of our study. Postrelease overstory density was reduced to levels (4.5 m2 ha) that did not significantly influence any regeneration growth parameter while understory woody competitors taller than sample trees negatively influenced growth. Analyses revealed differential response to release based on prerelease growth rates with slower-growing trees responding fastest. Release shock persisted for the fastest prerelease growers up to 4 years after harvest.
Cavity Trees, Snags, and Selection Cutting: A Northern Hardwood Case Study
Authors: Kenefic Laura S. , Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although traditional application of the selection system includes a focus on high-value trees that may reduce cavities and snags, few studies have quantified those habitat features in managed uneven-aged stands. We examined the effects of single-tree selection cutting on cavity trees and snags in a northern hardwood stand immediately prior to the second cutting. Marking followed guidelines proposed by Arbogast, C., Jr. (1957. Marking guides for northern hardwoods under selection system. US For. Serv. Res. Pap. 56, Lake States Forest Experiment Station. 20 p.), with the objective of improving stand quality for timber production while maintaining a balanced diameter distribution. The stand contained seven species of cavity trees and snags; sugar maple and American beech were most common, the latter comprising 20% of snags and 26% of cavity trees despite its relatively minor (7%) contribution to stand basal area. We found that 92% of cavity trees were live, underscoring the value of living trees as sources of cavities. Precut cavity tree density (25.2 live cavity trees per hectare) was more than twice that found in other studies of selection stands, although density of snags (11.0 snags per hectare) was comparable or lower. More than 50% of sampled cavity trees were designated for removal in the second selection cut, reducing projected postcut density to 11.0 live cavity trees per hectare, a density similar to that found in other studies. Postcut density of large cavity trees (3.3 live trees >45 cm dbh per hectare) exceeded published guidelines for northern hardwoods (0.25 to 2.5 live cavity trees >45 cm dbh per hectare). We speculate that the relatively high maximum diameter (61 cm dbh) and long cutting cycle (20 years) used to define the target stand structure may have contributed to the number of cavity trees observed. Nevertheless, selection cutting as applied in this study will likely reduce cavity abundance unless retention of trees with decay is explicitly incorporated into the management strategy.
Visual Simulations of Forest Wildlife Habitat Structure, Change, and Landscape Context in New England
Authors: DeGraaf Richard M. , Lester Anna M. , Yamasaki Mariko , Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Visualization is a powerful tool for depicting projections of forest structure and landscape conditions, for communicating habitat management practices, and for providing a landscape context to private landowners and to those concerned with public land management. Recent advances in visualization technology, especially in graphics quality, ease of use, and relative ease of learning, make it readily usable by natural resource managers. Concerns about the appearance of even-aged practices, which have the greatest potential to enhance wildlife diversity, have constrained forest management. We developed realistic visual simulations to display the outcomes of forest management practices used to create and maintain a range of wildlife habitat conditions in New England, and to project future landscape appearance for periods up to 100 years. We describe the simulation process so that it can be used elsewhere. Realistic visual images can be a useful tool to clearly display habitat management alternatives for landowners and participants in public land management and to improve communication about the long-term appearance of the landscape as periodic treatments are applied.
Forestry Consulting Fees and Services in West Virginia
Authors: Nelli Dheeraj , McGill David W. , Arano Kathryn G. , Grushecky Shawn T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Consulting foresters in West Virginia were surveyed in the summer of 2005 to document their firms' organizational characteristics, services offered, and fees charged and to examine how firm characteristics may influence the average fees charged for the services. The questionnaire mailed to 127 foresters resulted in a 56% response rate. The most common fee structure is payment by the hour with exceptions for timber-sale administration, where fees were reported most commonly as a percentage of timber-sale revenues, and for forest stewardship plan preparation that is charged on a per acre basis. Timber-sale administration was the most frequently offered service, with an average fee of 12% of the sale revenues. Average hourly fees charged for all services ranged from $30 to 70/hour. The two primary challenges currently reported by West Virginia consulting foresters are the cost of doing business and competition. Firm characteristics such as number of foresters employed, availability of liability insurance, number of clients, type of ownership, and years in business significantly influenced the amount charged for certain forestry services.
A Typology of Family Forest Owners in North Central Indiana
Authors: Ross-Davis Amy , Broussard Shorna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Patterns of forest cover across the United States partly reflect the diverse and dynamic ownership motivations and management behaviors of family forest owners. The objectives of this study were to (i) identify distinct types of landowners with regard to ownership motivations and other ownership characteristics and (ii) compare these types of landowners in terms of (a) use of specific forest management practices, (b) information seeking, (c) familiarity with and participation in private forest conservation programs, and (d) ownership and sociodemographic characteristics. A two-step cluster analysis of responses to a mail questionnaire distributed to family forest owners in north central Indiana revealed three distinct types of landowners. Forest managers attributed importance to diverse values with regard to owning their forest. New forest owners owned their properties for the least amount of time and attributed importance to all ownership motivations with the exception of producing timber. Passive forest owners owned the smallest forested acreages and attributed importance to none of the ownership motivations operationalized in this research with the exception of enjoying scenery. Results are discussed in terms of typologies previously described in the literature and the implications of the relationships among landowner types with regard to management.
Low-Density Management of White Pine Crop Trees: A Primer and Early Research Results
Authors: Seymour Robert S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growing white pines at low density after pruning appears to offer many advantages over more conventional silvicultural systems. This article describes how to design and implement a low-density thinning schedule using published relationships between crown architecture and stemwood growth; empirically, appropriate crown development can be maintained by keeping Wilson's spacing/height ratio between 0.4 (before thinning) and 0.5 (residual stand). Short-term results from a replicated thinning study in east central Maine show that diameter growth of heavily released crop trees was 2.8 times that of similar trees in the unthinned controls and 1.6 times that of similar trees in plots thinned to the B line on the pine stocking guide. Despite the important differences in tree development between thinning methods, total stemwood volume growth per acre of the low-density treatment was only 5% less (and not statistically different) than the B-line treatment. Gross stemwood growth was strongly and linearly related to four parameters of stand density; no evidence of an optimum density zone (the Langsaeter hypothesis) was found. The traditional B line on the white pine stocking guide is shown to have little relevance to either low-density or high-production thinning schedules and should be replaced by a more flexible, less prescriptive approach.
Origin of Small Understory Beech in New York Northern Hardwood Stands
Authors: Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
I sampled understory beech with heights that were 4 ft tall or less to determine their origin in 22 northern hardwood stands in New York. The proportion of seedling-origin beech ranged from 5 to 75% across sites. However, in 20 stands, the majority of beech (58–91%) with heights of 2–4 ft tall had a root sucker origin. Coupled with other information from published sources, findings suggest four possibilities about beech regeneration: (1) seed production and/or early seedling survival may have a clonal linkage, with some genotypes producing little viable seed, or with few seedlings surviving after germination; (2) a prevalence of root suckers among the taller understory beech suggests their higher potential for long-term survival and development and limited shifts in the genetic makeup of that species within a stand; (3) at some level of stocking, taller understory beech root suckers may interfere with survival and development of seedling regeneration; and (4) because the taller understory beech has a root sucker origin at most sites, root suckers may just develop more rapidly than seedlings.
Base–age Invariant Polymorphic Height Growth and Site Index Equations for Peatland Black Spruce Stands
Authors: Newton Peter F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop base–age invariant polymorphic height growth and site index equations for peatland black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.]; BSP) stands situated within the western portion of the Northern Clay section of the Canadian Boreal Forest region. Procedurally, equation parameters were estimated via ordinary least squares analysis using 291 mean dominant height − mean stand age (Hd − As) data pairs derived from 42 permanent sample plots (PSPs). The predictive ability of the resultant height growth equation was evaluated by examining mean absolute and relative errors and associated 95% prediction intervals over 5-, 15-, 25-, 35-, and 45-year projection periods. Furthermore, using an independent data set consisting of 129 Hd − As data pairs derived from 24 PSP, the new height growth equation was compared with two preexisting equations. Overall, the results indicated that the predictions derived from the new equation were unbiased irrespective of error type or projection period length and that the new equation exhibited greater predictive accuracy and was more consistent with expected dominant height development patterns than the preexisting equations. Consequently, the new equations are recommended for use when describing height growth patterns or quantifying site quality within peatland black spruce stands.
Effects of Preceding Stand Age on Nutrient Availability in Postharvest Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Stands
Authors: Thompson Trent G. , Rothstein David E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Because of the long time periods involved, empirical data on the effects of preceding stand age on nutrient availability in the succeeding stand are scarce. We took advantage of a unique management situation in the jack pine forests of northern Lower Michigan to assess the effects of preceding stand age (24‐76 years) on postharvest soil nutrient availability. We found that potentially mineralizable nitrogen (N) and extractable phosphorus (P) increased with increasing age of the preceding stand. In contrast, we observed no response of total organic carbon (C) and N or extractable base cations to preceding stand age. Together, our results demonstrate that harvesting these forests at younger ages results in decreased availability of N and P immediately following harvest.
Characteristics of New York's Logging Businesses and Logging Business Owners
Authors: Egan Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite the importance of the forest products industry to New York's manufacturing sector, concerns about reductions in logging capacity, and attention given to logging communities in other states, there has been a lack of systematically gathered data about the state's logging community. A mailed survey, informed by focus groups, key informant interviews, and previous research, was used to solicit information from logging business owners on issues such as occupational choice and prestige, familial attachment, logger training, and barriers to maintaining their logging businesses. Most New York logging business owners cited positive aspects of their work as reasons for becoming loggers, but they sensed both a lack of occupational prestige associated with logging and a lack of understanding among the general public of the logging profession and its contributions to theeconomy. There were some significant differences between loggers who worked in the Adirondack region and those from the rest of the state, especially related to the effects of forest ownership changes on their businesses. As with similar studies of the logging communities in other states in the northeast, this study provides background information on loggers and logging businesses in New York that may be useful to the state's forest products industry, department of labor, logger training entities, and legislature. In addition, this research represents a reference point from which future studies of the state's logging workforce may be more clearly understood, providing an opportunity to track changes in this important forestry-sector workforce over time.