bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covalently Linked Bis(Amido‐Corroles): Inter‐ and Intramolecular Hydrogen‐Bond‐Driven Supramolecular Assembly
Authors: Orłowski Rafał , Cichowicz Grzegorz , Staszewska‐Krajewska Olga , Schilf Wojciech , Cyrański Michał K. , Gryko Daniel T. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFour bis‐corroles linked by diamide bridges were synthesized through peptide‐type coupling of a trans‐A2B‐corrole acid with aliphatic and aromatic diamines. In the solid state, the hydrogen‐bond pattern in these bis‐corroles is strongly affected by the type of solvent used in the crystallization process. Although intramolecular hydrogen bonds play a decisive role, they are supported by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and weak N−H⋅⋅⋅π interactions between molecules of toluene and the corrole cores. In an analogy to mono(amido‐corroles), both in crystalline state and in solutions, the aliphatic or aromatic bridge is located directly above the corrole ring. When either ethylenediamine or 2,3‐diaminonaphthalene are used as linkers, incorporation of polar solvents into the crystalline lattice causes a roughly parallel orientation of the corrole rings. At the same time, both NHCO⋅⋅⋅NH corrole hydrogen bonds are intramolecular. In contrast, solvation in toluene causes a distortion with one of the hydrogen bonds being intermolecular. Interestingly, intramolecular hydrogen bonds are always formed between the –NHCO– functionality located further from the benzene ring present at the position 10‐meso. In solution, the hydrogen‐bonds pattern of the bis(amido‐corroles) is strongly affected by the type of the solvent. Compared with toluene (strongly high‐field shifted signals), DMSO and pyridine disrupt self‐assembly, whereas hexafluoroisopropanol strengthens intramolecular hydrogen bonds.
Interaction between Spirosilanes and Lewis Bases: from Coordination to Frustration
Authors: Medici Fabrizio , Maury Julien , Lemière Gilles , Fensterbank Louis 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this work, the interaction between Lewis bases, especially N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), and hindered neutral silicon derivatives featuring high Lewis acidity is described. The formation of normal and abnormal Lewis adducts could be controlled by varying the acidity of the corresponding tetravalent spiro organosilane. Some DFT calculations permitted to gain insight into the thermodynamics of the NHC–spirosilane interaction featuring various NHCs differing in size and σ‐donor capacity. Spirosilanes are introduced as new Lewis partners in frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry and some FLP‐type reactivities are presented, in particular the activation of formaldehyde that could occur with both hindered NHCs and phosphines.
A non‐intrusive Smart metering system: Analytics and simulation of power consumption
Authors: Fecil'ak Peter , Pekár Adrián , Ádám Norbert , Baláž Anton , Chovancová Eva 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThis contribution deals with the design and experimental implementation of a Smart Metering Architecture which supports different transport technologies, ie, Ethernet, WiFi, and LoRa. Appropriate methods for measuring electrical quantities have been analysed, which resulted in a couple of prototypes. The contribution describes the design and implementation of two versions of measuring devices, which were used for the purpose of experimental implementation. The test results have shown that the latest version of the measuring device based on a Teridian on‐chip metering system is more precise in terms of measuring accuracy. The presented paper shares the results of the data analytics based on NIALM algorithm and power profile disaggregation in a test environment. Simulation tool, which helps us to predict the power consumption of the defined location based on realistic behaviour and in combination with realistic data from the developed Smart metering prototypes, has been also documented in this research paper.
Aseptic Technique
Authors: Bykowski Tomasz , Holt Jonathan F. , Stevenson Brian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article describes common laboratory procedures that can reduce the risk of culture contamination, collectively referred as “aseptic technique.” Two major strategies of aseptic work are described: using a Bunsen burner and a biosafety cabinet. Both methods are presented in the form of general protocols applicable to a variety of laboratory tasks such as pipetting and aliquotting, preparation of growth media, inoculation, passaging, and spreading microorganisms on petri dishes. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enantiospecific Pharmacogenomics of Fluvastatin
Authors: Hirvensalo Päivi , Tornio Aleksi , Neuvonen Mikko , Kiander Wilma , Kidron Heidi , Paile‐Hyvärinen Maria , Tapaninen Tuija , Backman Janne T. , Niemi Mikko 
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate how variability in multiple genes related to pharmacokinetics affects fluvastatin exposure. We determined fluvastatin enantiomer pharmacokinetics and sequenced 379 pharmacokinetic genes in 200 healthy volunteers. CYP2C9*3 associated with significantly increased area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) of both 3R,5S‐fluvastatin and 3S,5R‐fluvastatin (by 67% and 94% per variant allele copy, P = 3.77 × 10−9 and P = 3.19 × 10−12). In contrast, SLCO1B1 c.521T>C associated with increased AUC of active 3R,5S‐fluvastatin only (by 34% per variant allele copy; P = 8.15 × 10−8). A candidate gene analysis suggested that CYP2C9*2 also affects the AUC of both fluvastatin enantiomers and that SLCO2B1 single‐nucleotide variations may affect the AUC of 3S,5R‐fluvastatin. Thus, SLCO transporters have enantiospecific effects on fluvastatin pharmacokinetics in humans. Genotyping of both CYP2C9 and SLCO1B1 may be useful in predicting fluvastatin efficacy and myotoxicity.
Dentists' decisions regarding the need for cuspal coverage for endodontically treated and vital posterior teeth
Authors: Abu‐Awwad Motasum 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesDeciding when cuspal coverage is needed for posterior teeth is considered a challenge for dentists. The aims were to assess dentists' decision making regarding the need for cuspal coverage for vital teeth (VT) and endodontically treated teeth (ETT) with varying amounts of tooth structure loss and to identify clinical situations of dissimilarity and uncertainty in decision making.Materials and MethodsA random sample of 182 dentists were invited to participate in the survey. The survey included photos of 13 posterior teeth: six VT and seven ETT. The clinical situations selected were based on a hypothetical scale of typodont teeth with ascending amounts of tooth structure loss. A brief description of each situation was provided. Each dentist was asked to decide whether cuspal coverage is needed, not needed, or unsure. Descriptive analyses using SPSS were conducted. Seventy‐five percent was chosen as a cutoff point for assessing similarity in decision making. The unsure answer reflected uncertainty. Associations were assessed using chi‐square test.ResultsOne hundred twenty dentists participated (65.9% response rate, 70 females). Median for years of experience was 3.5 (interquartile range 1.1–10.8). Analyses revealed a similarity percentage of <75% in decision making among dentists for six clinical situations: four VT and two ETT. More similarity was observed for situations at both ends of the scale with minimal and severe amounts of tooth structure loss and more for ETT than for VT. The highest percentages of uncertainty were more for VT than for ETT. Clinical conditions of VT were more likely to receive the “not sure” decision compared with those of ETT (χ2, P < .001). No association was detected with gender (χ2, P = .509) or years of experience (χ2, P = .223).ConclusionsDissimilarity and uncertainty in deciding when cuspal coverage is needed were observed especially for VT and teeth with a moderate amount of structure loss.
Facial skin blood perfusion change based liveness detection using video images
Authors: Ukai Kazutoshi , Rahman Rashedur , Kobashi Syoji 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFacial recognition has been employed as a user‐friendly person authentication method, and facial spoofing attack has become a common problem. Although there are two kinds of facial spoofing attacks, 2D spoofing and 3D spoofing, almost studies evaluate the performance only for 2D spoofing. Temporal change of face color will be a possible characteristic to detect liveness against to 3D spoofing attack because there is a relationship between the skin blood perfusion change and the temporal color change in facial video images. This paper proposes two features, R‐G correlation feature and interarea correlation feature, to detect liveness using video images. Also, liveness detection method using support vector machine is demonstrated. The performance was evaluated by accuracy (ACC) for classifying liveness face and three types of spoofing face—2D printed image, 2D monitor image, and 3D doll. The ACC was 99.2% at the lighting condition of room light, 99.5% at sunlight illuminating the face, and 98.6% at sunlight illuminating the back of the head.
Simulating the effects of climate variability on waterbodies and wetland‐dependent birds in the Prairie Pothole Region
Authors: McIntyre N. E. , Liu G. , Gorzo J. , Wright C. K. , Guntenspergen G. R. , Schwartz F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUnderstanding how bird populations respond to changes in waterbody availability in the climatically variable Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America hinges on being able to couple hydrological and climate modeling to represent potential future landscapes. Model experiments run with the Pothole Complex Hydrologic Model using downscaled climate data (variables relating to precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration at 1/8° spatial resolution under four general circulation climate models and two gas emissions scenarios) were used to forecast the abundances of six focal wetland‐dependent bird species in the Missouri Coteau portion of the PPR, providing ensemble scenarios at a spatial scale relevant to resource management. Although the projected number of May ponds (waterbodies present during bird breeding season) fluctuated through time with some decadal periodicity (and with the number present in a given year reflecting abundance over the previous three years), the ensemble model average indicated an increase in the average number of waterbodies present by the turn of the next century. Overall, the model experiments conservatively projected an 11.75% increase in the number of waterbodies present by 2090–2099 compared to a baseline period from 1967 to 2005 in the PPR. Wetland‐dependent bird occurrence and abundance were significantly associated with temporal patterns and decadal periodicity in waterbody dynamics. Because of the strong associations between wetland‐dependent bird occurrence and abundance and the number of prairie potholes, projected waterbody increases are forecasted to result in an 11.97% overall increase in occurrence and 8.63% increase in abundance of the six focal species by the end of the 21st century; these results contrast with forecasted drought‐associated declines in waterbodies and birds in the PPR. This integrated hydrological–climatological approach offers a means of assessing how wetland‐dependent bird populations may respond to changes in wetland habitat availability due to a changing climate. Our results provide information that can help managers decide how to mitigate the effects of climate shifts on the distribution of wetland habitat and biota.
Quantifying risk of whale–vessel collisions across space, time, and management policies
Authors: Crum Nathan , Gowan Timothy , Krzystan Andrea , Martin Julien 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTransportation industries can negatively impact wildlife populations, including through increased risk of mortality. To mitigate this risk successfully, managers and conservationists must estimate risk across space, time, and alternative management policies. Evaluating this risk at fine spatial and temporal scales can be challenging, especially in systems where wildlife–vehicle collisions are rare or imperfectly detected. The sizes and behaviors of wildlife and vehicles influence collision risk, as well as how much they co‐occur in space and time. We applied a modeling framework based on encounter theory to quantify the risk of lethal collisions between endangered North Atlantic right whales and vessels. Using Automatic Identification System vessel traffic data and spatially explicit estimates of right whale abundance that account for imperfect detection, we modeled risk at fine spatiotemporal scales before and after implementation of a vessel speed rule in the southeastern United States. The expected seasonal mortality rates of right whales decreased by 22% on average after the speed rule was implemented, indicating that the rule is effective at reducing lethal collisions. The rule's effect on risk was greatest where right whales were abundant and vessel traffic was heavy, and its effect varied considerably across time and space. Our framework is spatiotemporally flexible, process‐oriented, computationally efficient and accounts for uncertainty, making it an ideal approach for evaluating many wildlife management policies, including those regarding collisions between wildlife and vehicles and cases in which wildlife may encounter other dangerous features such as wind farms, seismic surveys, or fishing gear.
Plant community responses to stand‐level nutrient fertilization in a secondary tropical dry forest
Authors: Waring Bonnie G. , Pérez‐Aviles Daniel , Murray Jessica G. , Powers Jennifer S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe size of the terrestrial carbon (C) sink is mediated by the availability of nutrients that limit plant growth. However, nutrient controls on primary productivity are poorly understood in the geographically extensive yet understudied tropical dry forest biome. To examine how nutrients influence above‐ and belowground biomass production in a secondary, seasonally dry tropical forest, we conducted a replicated, fully factorial nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization experiment at the stand scale in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The production of leaves, wood, and fine roots was monitored through time; root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi and the abundance of N‐fixing root nodules were also quantified. In this seasonal forest, interannual variation in rainfall had the largest influence on stand‐level productivity, with lower biomass growth under drought. By contrast, aboveground productivity was generally not increased by nutrient addition, although fertilization enhanced growth of individual tree stems in a wet year. However, root growth increased markedly and consistently under P addition, significantly altering patterns of stand‐level biomass allocation to above‐ vs. belowground compartments. Although nutrients did not stimulate total biomass production at the community scale, N‐fixing legumes exhibited a twofold increase in woody growth in response to added P, accompanied by a dramatic increase in the abundance of root nodules. These data suggest that the relationship between nutrient availability and primary production in tropical dry forest is contingent on both water availability and plant functional diversity.
Contrasting vegetation states do not diverge in soil organic matter storage: evidence from historical sites in tundra
Authors: Stark Sari , Egelkraut Dagmar , Aronsson Kjell‐Åke , Olofsson Johan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEcosystems where severe disturbance has induced permanent shifts in vegetation and soil processes may represent alternative stable states. To date, little is known on how long‐lasting changes in soil processes are following such disturbances, and how the changes in plant and soil processes between the alternative states eventually manifest themselves in soil organic matter (SOM) storage. Here, we analyzed plant density, the shrub : forb ratio, microbial respiration, extracellular enzyme activities and SOM stocks in soils of subarctic tundra and historical milking grounds, where reindeer herding induced a vegetation transition from deciduous shrubs to graminoids several centuries earlier but were abandoned a century ago. This provides the possibility to compare sites with similar topography, but highly contrasting vegetation for centuries. We found that enzymatic activities and N:P stoichiometry differed between control and disturbed sites, confirming that culturally induced vegetation shifts exert lasting impacts on tundra soil processes. Transition zones, where shrubs had encroached into the historical milking grounds during the past 50 yr, indicated that microbial activities for N and P acquisition changed more rapidly along a vegetation shift than those for microbial C acquisition. Although plant and soil processes differed between control and disturbed sites, we found no effect of historical vegetation transition on SOM stock. Across the study sites, soil SOM stocks were correlated with total plant density but not with the shrub : forb ratio. Our finding that SOM stock was insensitive to a centennial difference in plant community composition suggests that, as such, grazing‐induced alternative vegetation states might not necessarily differ in SOM sequestration.
Nitrogen fixation does not balance fire‐induced nitrogen losses in longleaf pine savannas
Authors: Tierney Julie A. , Hedin Lars O. , Wurzburger Nina 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFire is a critical force in structuring ecosystems, but it also removes substantial amounts of nitrogen (N), which can limit plant growth. Biological N fixation (BNF) may alleviate fire‐induced N deficiencies that inhibit ecosystem recovery, yet if and how BNF achieves this under frequent fire is unclear. This problem is further complicated in the context of modern human influences (such as land‐use history and atmospheric N deposition), which may confound the relationship between fire and fixation. Here, we investigate whether BNF supplies the N necessary to replace fire‐induced N losses in restored longleaf pine savannas, and, if so, what factors control fixation. We established 54 1‐ha plots of longleaf pine capturing 227 yr of forest recovery and a broad gradient of fire return interval (1.5–20 yr) at two sites in the southeastern United States. We quantified N fixation from three functional groups (herbaceous legumes, soil crusts, and asymbiotic N fixing bacteria), N losses from individual fire events and ecosystem dynamics of N supply and demand. We found that BNF rates were low but sustained over stand age but were substantially below estimated rates of atmospheric N deposition. While fire temporarily stimulated BNF from herbaceous legumes, neither BNF nor atmospheric N deposition were sufficient to balance N losses from fire and soil N stocks declined over stand age. However, rates of N mineralization were surprisingly high and tree productivity was unrelated to N availability, questioning the importance of N limitation in these temperate savannas. While it is possible that progressive N losses signal a decline in ecosystem resiliency, N enrichment from multiple land‐use transitions and anthropogenic N deposition may suppress rates of BNF or diminish its importance as a long‐term N balancing source in these pyrogenic ecosystems. In this case, fire may be acting as relief mechanism, critical for returning the modern longleaf pine landscape to its historical oligotrophic condition.
Distinguishing characteristics of delirium in a skilled nursing facility in Spain: Influence of baseline cognitive status
Authors: Franco José G. , Trzepacz Paula T. , Gaviria Ana M. , Sepúlveda Esteban , Viñuelas Eva , Palma José , Grau Imma , Vilella Elisabet 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveMild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia (DEM) are prevalent in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), confounding delirium detection. We report characteristics of delirium in an SNF to ascertain distinguishing features for delirium diagnosis, despite challenges of comorbidity with MCI and DEM.MethodsCross‐sectional study of 200 consecutive patients from an SNF in Catalunya, Spain, assessed within the first 24 to 48 admission hours by independent experts with Spanish‐Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (for MCI‐DEM), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) delirium criteria, and Delirium Rating Scale Revised‐98 (DRS‐R98) for delirium phenomenology. Delirium characteristics were modeled in successive steps, according to the presence of delirium and MCI‐DEM, with analysis of variance (ANOVA), receiver operator characteristic analyses, and conditional logistic regression.ResultsThe final model produced symptoms that represented each of the three delirium core domains (ie, cognitive, higher order thinking, and circadian). The DRS‐R98 items rated these symptoms as moderate‐severe attention/vigilance, mild‐severe language, and moderate‐severe sleep‐wake cycle alterations. The delirium discriminant accuracy of the three symptoms together was high: 84.6% in the MCI‐DEM group to 92.8% in the No MCI‐DEM group.ConclusionsImpairments of attention, language, and sleep‐wake cycle indicate delirium in SNF patients regardless of the underlying MCI‐DEM status. Because delirium is underdetected in SNFs, where nursing staff/patient ratios are low, brief simple tools that measure these symptoms could potentially enhance delirium detection.
Sarcopenic obesity predicts nonremission of late‐life depression
Authors: Kokkeler Kitty J.E. , van den Berg Karen S. , Comijs Hannie C. , Oude Voshaar Richard C. , Marijnissen Radboud M. 
Published: April 2019

Background/objectivesAging‐related physiological changes like metabolic dysregulation and physical frailty are associated with depression and worsen its prognosis. Since central obesity is a key component of the metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia of physical frailty, we examined the association of sarcopenic obesity with depression cross‐sectional and over time.MethodsCohort study of depressed patients and a nondepressed comparison group.SettingPrimary and secondary mental health care.ParticipantsThree hundred seventy‐eight older (≥60 y) depressed patients of which 285 were followed up at 2 years and 132 nondepressed persons participating in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older (NESDO) persons.MeasurementsSarcopenic obesity was based on predefined cutoffs for both maximum handgrip strength (assessed with a dynamometer) and waist circumference (dichotomous) as well as the product term of handgrip strength by waist circumference (dimensional). Depressive disorder according to DSM‐IV‐TR criteria was assessed with fully structured psychiatric interview at baseline and 2‐year follow‐up.ResultsSarcopenic obesity was more prevalent among depressed patients compared with nondepressed participants (18.9% versus 10.7%, P = 0.030). Neither the dichotomous nor dimensional operationalization of sarcopenic obesity was associated with baseline depressive disorder when adjusted for covariates. Nonetheless, among depressed patients, logistic regression showed that the interaction of handgrip strength by waist circumference was associated with remitted depression at 2‐year follow‐up (P = 0.044). Only among patients with a low handgrip strength, a higher waist circumference predicted nonremission.ConclusionAmong depressed patients, sarcopenic obesity predicts nonremission of depression. Therefore, combined exercise and nutritional interventions might be effective for depressed patients with sarcopenic obesity.