bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Histomorphometric Comparison of the Effects of Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin on Cancellous Bone in Rats
Authors: Muir Jeffrey M. , Hirsh Jack , Weitz Jeffrey I. , Andrew Maureen , Young Edward , Shaughnessy Stephen G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Long-term heparin treatment causes osteoporosis through, an as yet, undefined mechanism. To investigate this phenomenon and to determine the relative benefits of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) use, we treated rats with once daily subcutaneous injections of either unfractionated heparin (1.0 U/g or 0.5 U/g), the LMWH, Tinzaparin (1.0 U/g or 0.5 U/g), or placebo (saline) for a period of 32 days. The effects on bone were then compared both histomorphometrically and biochemically by measuring urinary type I collagen cross-linked pyridinoline (PYD) and serum alkaline phosphatase, markers of bone resorption and formation, respectively. Histomorphometric analysis of the distal third of the right femur, in the region proximal to the epiphyseal growth plate, demonstrated that both heparin and LMWH decrease cancellous bone volume in a dose-dependent fashion, but that heparin causes significantly more cancellous bone loss than does LMWH. Although both heparin and LMWH decrease osteoblast and osteoid surface to a similar extent, only heparin increases osteoclast surface. In support of these histomorphometric findings, biochemical markers of bone turnover demonstrated that both heparin and LMWH treatment produce a dose-dependent decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase, consistent with reduced bone formation, whereas only heparin causes a transient increase in urinary PYD, consistent with an increase in bone resorption. Based on these observations, we conclude that heparin decreases cancellous bone volume both by decreasing the rate of bone formation and increasing the rate of bone resorption. In contrast, LMWH, causes less osteopenia than heparin because it only decreases the rate of bone formation.
A Patient With Type 2N von Willebrand Disease Is Heterozygous for a New Mutation: Gly22Glu. Demonstration of a Defective Expression of the Second Allele by the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Gu J. , Jorieux S. , Lavergne J.M. , Ruan C. , Mazurier C. , Meyer D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe report the case of a Chinese patient who has subnormal von Willebrand factor (vWF ) level and normal vWF multimeric pattern, but a lack of vWF capacity to bind factor VIII (FVIII). Exons 18 to 20 of the patient's vWF gene were analyzed by DGGE and a G2354 → A substitution which changes the encoded amino acid sequence from Gly22 to Glu was identified. The patient is heterozygous for this substitution, creating a unique Sac I restriction site. Recombinant vWF (rvWF ) containing the candidate mutation was transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. It was processed and secreted normally but failed to bind FVIII. FVIII binding ability of hybrid rvWF, obtained by cotransfection of normal and mutated expression vectors and corresponding to a heterozygous genotype, was moderately decreased. To explain this functional discrepancy between patient's plasma vWF and hybrid rvWF, we used anti-vWF monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) as capture in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. MoAb 32B12 recognized both wild-type and mutated rvWFs whereas MoAb 418 did not recognize mutated rvWF. Because MoAb 418 also failed to capture the plasma vWF from propositus, it means that his second nonmutated allele is not expressed or expressed at a very low level.
Restricted Use of Cationic Germline VH Gene Segments in Human Rh(D) Red Cell Antibodies
Authors: Boucher Gérard , Broly Hervé , Lemieux Réal 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe human red cell Rh(D) antigen elicits the production of high-affinity IgG antibodies, which can prevent blood transfusion and cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. It has been known for 20 years that Rh(D) antibodies are among the most positively charged human serum IgGs. Analysis by IEF of 9 human anti-Rh(D) monoclonal antibodies showed that their isoelectric points (pI) (8.3 to 8.6) were also significantly higher than the average pI of serum IgGs (7.0 to 8.5). Sequencing of the anti-Rh(D) H and L chains cDNAs showed a preferential use of VH1 , VH3, JH6, and Vκ1 gene segments. The high pIs in IEF were correlated with a higher number of cationic amino acid residues in the H chain V regions without clustering in the complementary determining region. Computer analysis indicated that the germline VH used in anti-Rh(D) was selected among the most cationic segments available in the human VH repertoire or expressed in normal B cells. These results indicate that the selection of cationic VH segments may be an important early step in the formation of clinically relevant anti-Rh(D) and other red cell antibodies, possibly to facilitate epitope binding in the negatively charged red cell membrane environment.
Prognostic Value of Metaphase-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Follow-up of Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Remission
Authors: El-Rifai Wa'el , Ruutu Tapani , Elonen Erkki , Volin Liisa , Knuutila Sakari 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The presence of residual leukemic cells was studied using metaphase-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 22 patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with chemotherapy only or chemotherapy followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The patients were followed up during their complete remission (CR) for 4 to 108 months (median, 21 months). A total of 88 BM samples was studied. In most of the samples more than 1,000 metaphase cells were analyzed. Residual leukemic cells were detected in 9 of 22 patients (41%). All patients who had an increasing and/or persisting level of abnormal cells in two or more subsequent samples or whose initial samples contained more than 1% of abnormal cells relapsed with one exception, in whom the later subsequent samples showed disappearance of abnormal cells. The time span before the first positive sample seems to be insignificant with regard to the outcome of relapse. Absence or single occurrence of abnormal cells followed by their disappearance was in agreement with CR in all the cases (16 patients). Our results indicate that metaphase-FISH is a reliable tool in the quantitation of residual leukemic cells and provides valuable prognostic information for patients with AML.
Use of Arsenic Trioxide (As2O3 ) in the Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL): II. Clinical Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics in Relapsed Patients
Authors: Shen Zhi-Xiang , Chen Guo-Qiang , Ni Jian-Hua , Li Xiu-Shong , Xiong Shu-Min , Qiu Qian-Yao , Zhu Jun , Tang Wei , Sun Guan-Lin , Yang Kan-Qi , Chen Yu , Zhou Li , Fang Zhi-Wen , Wang Yan-Ting , Ma Jun , Zhang Peng , Zhang Ting-Dong , Chen Sai-Juan , Chen Zhu , Wang Zhen-Yi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3 ) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was evaluated among 15 APL patients at relapse after all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induced and chemotherapy maintained complete remission (CR). As2O3 was administered intravenously at the dose of 10 mg/d. Clinical CR was achieved in nine of 10 (90%) patients treated with As2O3 alone and in the remaining five patients treated by the combination of As2O3 and low-dose chemotherapeutic drugs or ATRA. During the treatment with As2O3 , there was no bone marrow depression and only limited side effects were encountered. Pharmacokinetic studies, which were performed in eight patients, showed that after a peak level of 5.54 μmol/L to 7.30 μmol/L, plasma arsenic was rapidly eliminated, and the continuous administration of As2O3 did not alter its pharmacokinetic behaviors. In addition, increased amounts of arsenic appeared in the urine, with a daily excretion accounting for approximately 1% to 8% of the total daily dose administered. Arsenic contents in hair and nail were increased, and the peak content of arsenic could reach 2.5 to 2.7 μg/g tissue at CR. On the other hand, a decline of the arsenic content in hair and nail was observed after withdrawal of the drug. We conclude that As2O3 treatment is an effective and relatively safe drug in APL patients refractory to ATRA and conventional chemotherapy.
Recurring Structural Chromosome Abnormalities in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients With Mycosis Fungoides/Sézary Syndrome
Authors: Thangavelu Maya , Finn William G. , Yelavarthi Krishna K. , Roenigk Henry H. , Samuelson Ellen , Peterson LoAnn , Kuzel Timothy M. , Rosen Steven T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures from 19 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF )/Sézary syndrome (SS) stimulated with either phytohemagglutinin, a conventional mitogen, or a combination of interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus IL-7. The use of both PHA-stimulated and IL-2 plus IL-7–stimulated cultures enhanced the ability to identify clonal abnormalities. Clonal abnormalities were observed in 11 patients (53%) including one with monosomy for the sex chromosome as the sole abnormality. Five of the 11 patients with clonal abnormalities had normal peripheral white blood cell counts, indicating detectability of clones in the absence of frankly leukemic disease. The presence of clonal abnormalities correlated with advanced stage disease and a significantly reduced survival duration from the time of cytogenetic studies. Clonal abnormalities involving chromosomes 1 and 8 were observed in six cases. In five cases with aberrations of chromosome 1, loss of material involved the region between 1p22 and 1p36. In an additional case, a reciprocal translocation involving 1p33 was observed. Clonal abnormalities involving chromosomes 10 and 17 were observed in 5 cases, clonal abnormalities involving chromosome 2 in 4 cases, and clonal abnormalities involving chromosomes 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 15, 19, and 20 in 3 cases. In 2 cases a der(8)t(8; 17)(p11; q11) was observed. Regions of the genome that encode T-cell receptors were not involved in abnormalities. The region between 1p22 and 1p36 is identified as a region of the genome that requires detailed analysis toward the identification of potential gene(s) involved in the process of malignant transformation and/or progression in MF/SS.
Involvement of CED-3/ICE Proteases in the Apoptosis of B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Bellosillo Beatriz , Dalmau Mireia , Colomer Dolors , Gil Joan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractB-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of long-lived B lymphocytes that express high levels of Bcl-2. We examined the involvement of CED-3/ICE-like proteases in the apoptosis of B-CLL cells. One of the substrates of these proteases is poly(ADP [adenosine 5′-diphosphate]-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The effect of different factors that induce the apoptosis of B-CLL cells on the proteolytic cleavage of PARP has been studied. Treatment of B-CLL cells with different concentrations of dexamethasone (1 to 1,000 μmol/L) induced in a dose-dependent manner the cleavage of PARP. Dexamethasone induced PARP cleavage after 12 hours of incubation, which was almost complete at 48 hours. PARP cleavage during apoptosis of B-CLL cells was studied in cells from eight patients and a correlation was found between cell viability and the degree of PARP cleavage. Incubation in vitro of B-CLL cells with fludarabine for 48 hours induced PARP cleavage in all the cases studied. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation with 100 nmol/L TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) or incubation with interleukin-4 (10 ng/mL) prevented either dexamethasone- or fludarabine-induced proteolysis of PARP. Incubation of B-CLL cells with the CED-3/ICE–like protease inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk inhibited spontaneous and dexamethasone-induced PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Z-VAD.fmk prevented the cytotoxic effect of dexamethasone. These results indicate that CED-3/ICE–like proteases play an important role in the apoptosis of B-CLL cells.
An Electron Microscope Study of Sectioned Cells of Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow
Authors: KAUTZ JEAN , DEMARSH Q. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
White blood cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow have been sectioned for study in the electron microscope. Methods of fixation and handling are described. Most of the usual blood cell types have been tentatively identified, and their fine structure is described. The high resolving power of the electron microscope promises to reveal details previously unsuspected, as well as to extend and clarify existing knowledge concerning the cytology of blood cells, both normal and pathologic.
Ultra-thin sectioning, while still a very difficult art, appears to be the best method currently available for visualizing the fine structure of white blood cells, which would otherwise be too thick for penetration by the electron beam. Conditions of satisfactory fixation and dehydration are extremely critical, and care must be exercised in the interpretation of all results in order to separate gross fixation artifacts from the finer precipitation of protoplasmic material which may approximate a true picture of the living cell.
Thalassemia—Hemoglobin C Disease
Authors: ZUELZER WOLF W. , KAPLAN EUGENE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An unusual type of severe chronic hypochromic microcytic anemia in a Negro is described and attributed to the interaction of the hemoglobin C gene with the thalassemia gene. The patient and his father were shown to be carriers of the C trait, the mother and several siblings of the thalassemia gene.
Observations on the Nature of the Erythropoietic Serum Factor
Authors: ERSLEV ALLAN J. , LAVIETES PAUL H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Serum and plasma from anemic rabbits were found to contain a factor capable of inducing a reticulocytosis when injected into normal animals. This erythropoietic factor seems to be attached to, or to behave like, a serum albumin, alpha globulin or beta globulin.
The production of the erythropoietic factor was found to be normal in rabbits in which the lymphatic and the hematopoietic tissues had been damaged through the administration of nitrogens mustard.
Differences in Susceptibility of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Several Species to Alteration by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Serum: Application to a More Sensitive L. E. Phenomenon Test
Authors: CARRERA ANA E. , REID MAY VIRGINIA , KURNICK N. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Recent investigations have demonstrated that the lupus erythematosus cell phenomenon is influenced, among other things, by intracellular factors. The hypothesis was formulated that leucocytes from different animal species would react with different degrees of intensity to the same L. E. serum. Leucocytes from twelve animal species were tested by counting the number of L. E. cells, "globs" (free homogeneous basophilic masses), droplets and rosettes per 1000 white blood cells and per 1000 P.M.N. after 2 hours’ incubation in the L. E. serum. Controls consisted of similar preparations using normal human serum and homologous plasma. There was a wide range of susceptibility among the various species tested. The chicken and the horse were the most susceptible species, while man fell low in the scale of susceptibility. Classical L. E. cells were produced from leucocytes of most species tested. It is felt that a highly sensitive L. E. test can be performed, using chicken, horse, guinea pig, or dog, instead of human leucocytes.
The Clotting Action of Russell Viper Venom
Authors: RAPAPORT SAMUEL I. , AAS KNUT , OWREN PAUL A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. It has been shown that Russell viper venom in the presence of lipoid cofactor can clot hemophilia A plasma, hemophilia B plasma and proconvertin deficient plasma within 5 seconds. It is unable to clot proaccelerin deficient plasma rapidly. Thus the clotting behavior of venom-lipoid is similar to convertin.
2. A rapid presumptive test for hypoproconvertinemia is simply to do a Quick clotting time with brain thromboplastin and then with viper venom. Proconvertin deficient plasma will give a prolonged brain thromboplastin time but a normal venom time. Prothrombin or proaccelerin deficient plasma will give long clotting times with both agents.
3. The observation that Russell viper venom acts independently of the proconvertin content of plasma explains the differences between the venom and brain thromboplastins. It also explains the failure of venom to measure the full effect of dicumarol administration.
Combined Inheritance of Purpura Simplex and Ptosis in Four Generations of One Family
Authors: FISHER BEN , ZUCKERMAN GERALD H. , DOUGLASS ROBERT C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Clinical observations are presented on 11 members of a family in which hereditary familial purpura simplex and congenital ptosis coexist in 6. These persons represent 4 generations of dominant genetic transmission of both traits.
The Sickle Cell Trait in Jamaica
Authors: JELLIFFE D. B. , STUART K. L. , WILLS V. G. , JELLIFFE E. F. P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A survey was undertaken to determine the incidence of the sickle cell trait among two thousand one hundred and sixteen Jamaican children and adults of different racial groups. The following positives were found: average Jamaican children (Afro-Caucasian mixtures) 5.7 per cent; population of rural Jamaican village 3.9 per cent; Maroon schoolchildren 3.6 per cent; East Indian schoolchildren 0.7 per cent; Chinese children and adults 0 per cent; Caucasian schoolchildren 0 per cent; Caucasaian (Jamaican German) schoolchildren 0 per cent.
2. In the group of one thousand and sixty-seven average Jamaican children, no significant difference could be found between the different age-groups (i.e. infants, younger children, older children), or between the predominantly African and lesser Afro-Caucasian mixtures.
3. The incidence of the sickle cell trait in the other West Indian islands is noted.
4. The possible spread of the sickle cell trait from India to Africa, and its present uneven distribution in Africa is discussed.
The Anemia of Infection
Authors: KRAMMER A. , CARTWRIGHT G. E. , WINTROBE M. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The amount of free coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin its the erythrocytes of twenty normal male subjects was found to be 0.76 ± 0.26 and 31.3 ± 11.9 µg./100 ml. of packed RBC, respectively. In ten normal female subjects the values were 0.71 ± 0.23 and 44.6 ± 19.6 µg./100 ml. of packed RBC, respectively.
2. In eighteen male patients with chronic infection, mean values of 1.53 ± 0.61 µg./100 ml. of packed RBC for free erythrocyte coproporphyrin and 181.2 ± 90.6 µg./100 ml. of packed RBC for free erythrocyte protoporphyrin were found.
Autohemolysis and Other Changes Resulting from the Incubation in Vitro of Red Cells from Patients with Congenital Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: SELWYN J. G. , DACIE J. V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Observations were made on the changes in volume, osmotic fragility, and cation contents of red cells incubated in serum at 37 C. for 24 and 48 hours. The results show that spontaneous autohemolysis is not due to progressive swelling of the cells, but is probably due to degenerative changes in the cell membranes.
On incubation, normal red cells increase in volume during the first 24 hours due to a gain in sodium and water; the cells lose potassium but at a slower rate than they gain sodium. During the second 24 hours of incubation the loss in potassium exceeds the gain in sodium and the cells shrink to near their original volume. These cation changes and the autohemolysis are greatly reduced if glucose is present throughout the 48 hours of incubation.
Red cells from several different types of congenital hemolytic anemia were also studied; important deviations from the normal pattern were observed. In hereditary spherocytosis the rates of autohemolysis, of increase in osmotic fragility, and of potassium loss are greater than normal. The continued presence of glucose during incubation markedly retarded these changes.
In hereditary elliptocytosis trait the red cells behaved normally on incubation. In one case of elliptocytosis with hemolytic anemia, autohemolysis was normal but there was an increased potassium loss. In another patient with hemolytic anemia and increased osmotic fragility autohemolysis was greatly increased. In all these cases of elliptocytosis, glucose reduced the autohemolysis moderately but not to a normal degree.
Four cases of congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia were studied. In two patients (type 1) autohemolysis, osmotic fragility and cation changes on incubation were normal; glucose had a normal effect on the fragility and cation changes, but only slightly reduced the autohemolysis. In the two other patients (type 2) autohemolysis, increase in osmotic fragility, and loss of potassium were markedly increased. Glucose did not retard any of these changes and it was found that the cells were unable to utilize glucose at the normal rate.
The Hematologic Response to Wounding and to Resuscitation Accomplished by Large Transfusions of Stored Blood
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. , HOWARD JOHN M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. During the third winter campaign in Korea, the hematologic reaction to wounding was studied in thirty-seven casualties at the time of initial resuscitation.
2. Of particular interest was the effect of massive transfusions of stored blood. The results of storage of blood—high plasma hemoglobin and potassium, low labile factor activity, nonviable platelets and leukocytes—had little deleterious effect on patients who received as much as 20 to 30 pints in less than six hours. The loss of transfused red cells because of nonviability was no more than expected.
3. At the time of resuscitation and shortly thereafter, there was a remarkable loss of circulating red cell mass in patients with wounds that involved much tissue destruction. It is believed that the loss was due to hemolysis but the mechanism is unknown. The loss of red cells may be so rapid that a patient with bilateral traumatic amputation of the legs and an adequate hemostasis would become severely anemic if one hesitated to use large, rapid transfusions. Patients with severe shock whose wounds involved less tissue damage (lacerated colon, for example) did not destroy red cells in this fashion. After moderate transfusions such patients often became polycythemic. Transfusions had to be carried out rather gingerly because of a tendency to develop signs of congestion.
4. During the early days of recuperation from severe wounds the patients often tended to become anemic. The anemia appeared to be the result of hemolytic processes plus a relative inhibition of red cell formation.
5. Universal donor blood, group O, was used in all transfusions. In patients who are not group O the massive transfusions resulted in the virtual replacement by red cells of another group. The patient’s plasma sometimes contained antibodies against red cells of his hereditary blood group. Gradual hemolysis of native red cells by transfused antibodies was observed. This was not a clinical hemolytic reaction and did not appear to be detrimental to the patient. The presence of the foreign antibodies made it impossible in some cases to crossmatch the patient with blood of his hereditary group and suggested a source of danger in attempting such transfusions. After transfusion with the universal donor blood has begun, it is recommended that no change be made to blood of another group until at least two weeks have elapsed.
6. No incompatible transfusion reactions were encountered. Several hemoclastic reactions may have been caused by gross contamination of the blood stream from the site of wounds or from the peritoneal cavity.