bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Stigma as a Multidimensional Barrier to Uptake Among Women Who Attend Planned Parenthood
Authors: Calabrese Sarah K. , Dovidio John F. , Tekeste Mehrit , Taggart Tamara , Galvao Rachel W. , Safon Cara B. , Willie Tiara C. , Caldwell Abigail , Kaplan Clair , Kershaw Trace S. 
Published: May 2018

Background:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake has lagged among US women. PrEP stigma is a recognized barrier to uptake among men who have sex with men but remains largely unexplored among women. This study examined the pervasiveness of PrEP stigma among US women and its implications for uptake.

Setting/Methods:
In a 2017 online survey of Planned Parenthood patients drawn from the 3 cities with the highest numbers of new HIV infections in Connecticut, 597 heterosexually active, HIV-negative, PrEP-inexperienced women reported background characteristics, 2 dimensions of anticipated PrEP stigma (PrEP-user stereotypes and PrEP disapproval by others), and 3 indicators of potential PrEP uptake (interest in learning more about PrEP, intention to use PrEP, and comfort discussing PrEP with a provider).

Results:
Participants commonly perceived PrEP-user stereotypes, with many believing that others would regard them as promiscuous (37%), HIV-positive (32%), bad (14%), or gay (11%) if they used PrEP. Thirty percent would feel ashamed to disclose PrEP use. Many participants expected disapproval by family (36%), sex partners (34%), and friends (25%). In adjusted analyses, perception of PrEP-user stereotypes was uniquely associated with less comfort discussing PrEP with a provider. Expected PrEP disapproval by others was uniquely associated with less PrEP interest, less intention to use PrEP, and less comfort discussing PrEP with a provider. Exploratory moderation analyses suggested that intention to use PrEP was greatest when participants anticipated low levels of both PrEP-user stereotypes and PrEP disapproval by others.

Conclusions:
Findings highlight the need for positive messaging targeting potential PrEP users and their social networks to increase PrEP acceptance and uptake.
Differences in Cognitive Function Between Women and Men With HIV
Authors: Maki Pauline M. , Rubin Leah H. , Springer Gayle , Seaberg Eric C. , Sacktor Ned , Miller Eric N. , Valcour Victor , Young Mary A. , Becker James T. , Martin Eileen M. ,   for the Neuropsychology Working Groups of the Women's Interagency HIV Study and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
Published: May 2018

Background:
Women may be more vulnerable to HIV-related cognitive dysfunction compared with men because of sociodemographic, lifestyle, mental health, and biological factors. However, studies to date have yielded inconsistent findings on the existence, magnitude, and pattern of sex differences. We examined these issues using longitudinal data from 2 large, prospective, multisite, observational studies of US women and men with and without HIV.

Setting:
The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) and Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).

Methods:
HIV-infected (HIV+) and uninfected (HIV−) participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study and Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study completed tests of psychomotor speed, executive function, and fine motor skills. Groups were matched on HIV status, sex, age, education, and black race. Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine group differences on continuous and categorical demographically corrected T-scores. Results were adjusted for other confounding factors.

Results:
The sample (n = 1420) included 710 women (429 HIV+) and 710 men (429 HIV+) (67% non-Hispanic black; 53% high school or less). For continuous T-scores, sex by HIV serostatus interactions were observed on the Trail Making Test parts A & B, Grooved Pegboard, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. For these tests, HIV+ women scored lower than HIV+ men, with no sex differences in HIV− individuals. In analyses of categorical scores, particularly the Trail Making Test part A and Grooved Pegboard nondominant, HIV+ women also had a higher odds of impairment compared with HIV+ men. Sex differences were constant over time.

Conclusions:
Although sex differences are generally understudied, HIV+ women vs men show cognitive disadvantages. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying these differences is critical for tailoring cognitive interventions.
Influence of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents on Tissue Sodium Quantification in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Paschke Nadia Karina , Neumann Wiebke , Uhrig Tanja , Winkler Manuel , Neumaier-Probst Eva , Fatar Marc , Schad Lothar Rudi , Zöllner Frank Gerrit 
Published: May 2018

Objectives
Sodium magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides noninvasive insights to cellular processes by measuring tissue sodium concentration (TSC). Many clinical studies combine sodium MR imaging with clinical standard MR procedures, in which contrast media is frequently administered. This work investigates the influence of gadolinium-based contrast agents on quantification of TSC. Thus, either scan pauses between early and late contrast-enhanced acquisitions can be used efficiently or sodium imaging can be performed as the final scan after dynamic contrast-enhanced acquisition.

Materials and Methods
For this study, 2 gadolinium-based contrast agents, Dotarem and Gadovist, were diluted with saline solution covering contrast agent concentrations in a clinical range. In addition, agarose-based sample series were created to simulate tissue relaxation time behavior. In vivo, the influence of Dotarem on sodium acquisition and TSC quantification was investigated in 1 ischemic stroke patient.

Results
Proton relaxation times decreased for increasing contrast agent concentrations as hyperbolic functions. Sodium relaxation times displayed a negative slope in regression analysis in most cases. The largest influence (−1.52 milliseconds per mmol/L contrast agent) was measured for sodium T1. Worst case calculations in ultrashort echo time sequence signal analysis showed a signal drop of (1.21% ± 0.56%) on tissue sodium quantification. In vivo sodium brain acquisitions of a stroke patient before and after Dotarem injection resulted in statistically nonsignificant differences in TSC quantification of relevant tissues and stroke areas (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Our study showed a quantitative influence of Dotarem and Gadovist on sodium relaxation times. However, quantification of TSC was not impaired, which was proven by worst case calculations and nonsignificant differences in vivo in an ischemic stroke patient. We suggest performing sodium imaging in useful clinical positions in protocols regardless of included Dotarem or Gadovist administrations. Being flexible in the study protocol design will strengthen ongoing sodium imaging investigations for various pathologies.
Anatomic Study of Craniocervical Junction and Its Surrounding Structures in Endoscopic Transoral-Transpharyngeal Approach
Authors: Zhong Sheng , Ren Jiaxin , Zhang Yuan , Li Weihang , Li Hui , Song Siying , Zhao Gang , Cheng Ye 
Published: May 2018

Purpose:
This study aims to provide accurate and comprehensive data of craniocervical junction and its peripheral structures in order to provide a profound insight of craniocervical junction as well as to avoid complications during surgical procedures related to it.

Methods:
Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) images of 120 individuals were reviewed, the measurements were performed on coronal, sagittal, and axial planes after 3-dimensional volume reconstruction. The authors measured pharyngeal tubercle, foramen magnum, and tuberculum anterius atlantis, which located based on the position of incisor. The anatomic features of other important bony landmarks, internal carotid artery, and vertebral artery were also fully studied so as to avoid being injured during the transoral-transpharyngeal procedure.

Results:
During the endoscopic surgery to craniocervical junction, the bending angle of neuroendoscopy should be 14.27 ± 4.51° and the entering depth should be about 72.57 ± 8.72 mm. It is safe to work within the angle of 77.73 ± 3.15° in axial plane and the safe penetration width from the axial midline is 20.05 ± 3.11 mm in the level of foramina magnum. The distance from axial middle line to hypoglossal canal, external opening of carotid canal, and inner edge of jugular foramen was 9.78 ± 0.72, 24.50 ± 1.26, and 24.33 ± 1.68 mm, respectively.

Conclusions:
These data in this study are valuable for neurosurgeons in clinical practice to reduce the possibility of complications and maximize the safety of surgeries; these data also contribute to the understanding of the anatomy of craniocervical junction and its surrounding structures.
The Effect of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis on Weight Velocity in Infants With Severe Pierre Robin Syndrome
Authors: Luo Dongyuan , Chen Yiyang , Wang Hongtao , Li Ting , Fan Li , Wenli Wu , Jiayu Liu , Jiansuo Hao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) effectively improves airway obstruction in Pierre Robin syndrome (PRS) patients. However, whether or not early MDO is beneficial to the development of children is still controversial. To observe the influence of PRS patient age at the time of MDO on their development, the authors retrospectively analyzed preoperative and postoperative body weight in 41 children with PRS who underwent MDO treatment from 2014 to 2016. The body weight of the infants at the time of birth, first visit, MDO surgery, distractor removal, and palatoplasty surgery was recorded. The body weight percentile significantly fell from 34.4 ± 5.8 at birth to 13.1 ± 3.6 at the time of MDO (P < 0.001), and increased to 28.3 ± 5.3 at distractor removal (P < 0.05) following MDO, finally reaching 42.4 ± 6.5 at palatoplasty surgery (P < 0.001). The infants who accepted MDO treatment at <1 month of age maintained a significantly higher body weight percentile than those who accepted MDO surgery at 1 to 3 months or 4 to 7 months of age, at the time of both MDO and palatoplasty surgeries (P < 0.05). After the MDO procedure, the body weight percentiles of the PRS infants with a cleft palate were comparable to those without a cleft palate at the time of palatoplasty surgery. The body weight percentile quickly climbed to 74.0 ± 35.2 at the time of distractor removal, from 46.7 ± 18.2 at the time of MDO. In conclusion, early MDO was beneficial in severe cases of PRS for patients to recover body weight and to allow for earlier palatoplasty surgery.
Hydrogen-Rich Saline Attenuates Acute Lung Injury Induced by Limb Ischemia/Reperfusion via Down-Regulating Chemerin and NLRP3 in Rats
Authors: Zou Run , Wang Mao-Hua , Chen Ye , Fan Xin , Yang Bo , Du Juan , Wang Xiao-Bin , Liu Ke-Xuan , Zhou Jun 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Limb ischemia/reperfusion (LI/R) injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The hypothesis of this study is that hydrogen-rich solution could attenuate
acute lung injury and improve mortality via chemerin and NLRP3 after LI/R in rats. A rat model of LI/R was performed by clamping the bilateral femoral arteries for 3 h followed by reperfusion. Hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) was administered intraperitoneally (10 mL/kg or 2.5 mL/kg) when the atraumatic micro clips were released. The rats were euthanized at 2 h after reperfusion and then the arterial blood and lung specimens were harvested for further analyses. Meanwhile, survival rate was observed. The results showed that HRS improved the survival rate and attenuated pulmonary edema, injury, and apoptosis. HRS also decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in serum and lung after the LI/R event. HRS downregulated the expression of chemerin and NLRP3 in lung. The study demonstrated that chemerin and NLRP3 could serve as important response factors that were involved in the lung injury following LI/R. HRS could significantly attenuate LI/R-mediated acute lung injury, at least in part, by inhibiting the activated chemerin/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
The novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have worse outcomes compared with warfarin in patients with intracranial hemorrhage after TBI
Authors: Zeeshan Muhammad , Jehan Faisal , O’Keeffe Terence , Khan Muhammad , Zakaria El Rasheid , Hamidi Mohammad , Gries Lynn , Kulvatunyou Narong , Joseph Bellal 
Published: May 2018

INTRODUCTION
Novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) use is increasing in trauma patients. The reversal of these agents after hemorrhage is still evolving. The aim of our study was to evaluate outcomes after traumatic brain injury in patients on NOACs.

METHODS
3-year (2014–2016) analysis of our prospectively maintained traumatic brain injury (TBI) database. We included all TBI patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on anticoagulants. Patients were stratified into two groups, those on NOACs and on warfarin, and were matched in a 1:2 ratio using propensity score matching for demographics, injury and vital parameters, type, and size of ICH. Outcome measures were progression of ICH, mortality, skilled nursing facility (SNF) disposition, and hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS).

RESULTS
We analyzed 1,459 TBI patients, of which 210 patients were matched (NAOCs, 70; warfarin, 140). Matched groups were similar in age (p = 0.21), mechanism of injury (p = 0.61), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (p = 0.54), Injury Severity Score (p = 0.62), and type and size of ICH (p = 0.09). Patients on preinjury NOACs had higher rate of progression (p = 0.03), neurosurgical intervention (p = 0.04), mortality (p = 0.04), and longer ICU LOS (p = 0.04) compared with patients on warfarin. However, there was no difference in hospital LOS (p = 0.22) and SNF disposition (p = 0.14). On sub-analysis of severe TBI patients (GCS ≤ 8), rate of progression (p = 0.59), neurosurgical intervention (p = 0.62), or mortality (p = 0.81) was similar in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of NOACs generally carries a high risk of bleeding and can be detrimental in head injuries with ICH. NOAC use is associated with increased risk of progression of ICH, neurosurgical intervention, and mortality after a mild and moderate TBI. Primary care physicians and cardiologists need to reconsider the data on the need for anticoagulation and the type of agent used and weigh it against the risk of bleeding. In addition, development of reversal agents for the NOACs and implementation of a strict protocol for the reversal of these agents may lead to improved outcomes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic studies, level III.
Domino Liver Transplant in Maple Syrup Urine Disease: Technical Details of Cases in Which the First Surgery Involved a Living Donor
Authors: Roda Karina M. O. , Vincenzi Rodrigo , Fonseca Eduardo A. , Benavides Marcel , Turine Plínio , Afonso Rogerio C. , Tonon Tassia , Schwartz Ida , Miura Irene K. , Pugliese Renata , Porta Gilda , Chapchap Paulo , Seda Neto Joao 
Published: May 2018

Background.
Data describing the technical aspects of living donor (LD) domino liver transplantation (DLT) in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) are limited. The largest published series includes only 3 cases. One great challenge of this procedure is to ensure adequate vascular stumps for the LD, the MSUD patient, and the recipient of the domino graft. Here, we describe our experience in 11 cases of LD-DLT in MSUD, highlighting the technical aspects of LD-DLT.

Methods.
From September 2012 to September 2017, 11 patients with MSUD underwent LD liver transplantation at our institution, and MSUD livers were used as domino grafts in 11 children.

Results.
(1) MSUD patients: 10 patients received a left lateral segment. The donor’s left hepatic vein (HV) was anastomosed to the confluence of the recipient’s 3 HVs. No vascular grafts (VG) were required for portal vein (PV) anastomosis. Single arterial anastomosis was performed with microsurgery in 10 of 11 patients. (2) MSUD graft recipients: In 8 cases, HV reconstruction was performed between the graft’s HV confluence and the recipient’s HV confluence, and in 3 cases, a vena cava triangulation was necessary; 6 MSUD grafts required HV venoplasty. No VG were needed for HV reconstruction. VG were used for PV reconstruction in 3 cases due to sclerotic PV. In 2 cases, double arterial anastomoses were performed in the MSUD liver. All patients remain alive and well.

Conclusions.
Living donor liver transplantation followed by DLT for MSUD is a complex procedure and demands technical refinement. Special attention must be paid to vascular reconstruction.
Donating Another Person’s Kidney: Avoiding the Discard of Organs by Retransplantation
Authors: Veale Jeffrey L. , Lum Erik L. , Cowan Nicholas G. , Wong Melissa , Skovira Kelly A. , Armijo Mauri J. , Danovitch Gabriel M. , Mone Thomas D. 
Published: May 2018

Background
Procurement and retransplantation of a previously transplanted kidney reclaim a functioning organ that would otherwise have been discarded.

Methods
Case series of 3 retransplantation cases within the course of 1 calendar year.

Results
These cases illustrate how to overcome the immunological, logistical, and technical barriers that have thus far limited the potential of this approach. Within this series, we report kidney reuse weeks and years after the original transplantation, as well as the previously undescribed “living donation of a deceased donor kidney”.

Conclusions
Retransplantation of previously transplanted kidneys can be performed successfully and should be considered in the face of the current organ shortage.
Week-long imaging of cell divisions in the Arabidopsis root meristem
Authors: Rahni Ramin , Birnbaum Kenneth D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCharacterizing the behaviors of dynamic systems requires capturing them with high temporal and spatial resolution. Owing to its transparency and genetic tractability, theArabidopsis thalianaroot lends itself well to live imaging when combined with cell and tissue-specific fluorescent reporters. We developed a novel 4D imaging method that utilizes simple confocal microscopy and readily available components to track cell divisions in the root stem cell niche and surrounding region for up to one week. This new setup allows us to finely analyze meristematic cell division rates that lead to patterning. Using this method, we performed a direct measurement of cell division intervals within and around the root stem cell niche. The results reveal a short, steep gradient of cell division in proximal stem cells, with progressively more rapid cell division rates from QC, to cells in direct contact with the QC (initials), to their immediate daughters, after which division rates appear to become more homogeneous. These results provide a baseline to study how perturbations in signaling could affect cell division patterns in the root meristem.
Human and Rodent Temporal Lobe Epilepsy is Characterized by Changes in O-GLCNAC Homeostasis that can be Reversed to Dampen Epileptiform Activity
Authors: Sanchez Richard G. , Parrish R. Ryley , Rich Megan , Webb William M. , Lockhart Roxanne M. , Nakao Kazuhito , Ianov Lara , Buckingham Susan C. , Cunningham Mark , Broadwater Devin R. , Jenkins Alistar , De Lanerolle Nihal C , Eid Tore , Riley Kristen , Lubin Farah D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTemporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is frequently associated with changes in protein composition and post-translational modifications (PTM) that exacerbate the disorder. O-linked-β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a PTM occurring at serine/threonine residues that integrate energy supply with demand. The enzymes O-GlcNActransferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) mediate the addition and removal, respectively, of the O-GlcNAc modification. The goal of this study was to determine whether changes in OGT/OGA cycling and disruptions in protein O-GlcNAcylation occur in the epileptic hippocampus. We observed reduced global and protein specific O-GlcNAcylation and OGT expression in the kainate rat model of TLE and in human TLE hippocampal tissue. Inhibiting OGA with Thiamet-G elevated protein O-GlcNAcylation, and decreased both seizure duration and epileptic spike events, suggesting that OGA may be a therapeutic target for seizure control. These findings suggest that loss of O-GlcNAc homeostasis in the kainate model and in human TLE can be reversed via targeting of O-GlcNAc related pathways.
Limited One-time Sampling Irregularity Map (LOTS-IM): Automatic Unsupervised Quantitative Assessment of White Matter Hyperintensities in Structural Brain Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Rachmadi Muhammad Febrian , Valdés-Hernández Maria del C. , Li Hongwei , Guerrero Ricardo , Meijboom Rozanna , Wiseman Stewart , Waldman Adam , Zhang Jianguo , Rueckert Daniel , Komura Taku 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present a complete study of limited one-time sampling irregularity map (LOTS-IM), a fully automatic unsupervised approach to extract brain tissue irregularities in magnetic resonance images (MRI), including its application and evaluation for quantitative assessment of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin and assessing multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion progression. LOTS-IM is unique compared to similar other methods because it yields irregularity map (IM) which represents WMH as irregularity values, not probability values, and retains the original MRI’s texture information. We tested and compared the usage of IM for WMH segmentation on T2-FLAIR MRI with various methods, including the well established unsupervised WMH segmentation Lesion Growth Algorithm from the public toolbox Lesion Segmentation Toolbox (LST-LGA), conventional supervised machine learning schemes andstate-of-the-artsupervised deep neural networks. In our experiments, LOTS-IM outperformed unsupervised method LST-LGA, both in performance and processing speed, thanks to the limited one-time sampling scheme and its implementation on GPU. Our method also outperformed supervised conventional machine learning algorithms (i.e., support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF)) and deep neural networks algorithms (i.e., deep Boltzmann machine (DBM) and convolutional encoder network (CEN)), while yielding comparable results to the convolutional neural network schemes that rank top of the algorithms developed up to date for this purpose (i.e., UResNet and UNet). The high sensitivity of IM on depicting signal change deems suitable for assessing MS progression, although care must be taken with signal changes not reflective of a true pathology.
Compensatory evolution drives multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Central Asia
Authors: Merker Matthias , Barbier Maxime , Cox Helen , Rasigade Jean-Philippe , Feuerriegel Silke , Kohl Thomas A. , Diel Roland , Borrell Sonia , Gagneux Sebastien , Nikolayevskyy Vladyslav , Andres Sönke , Nübel Ulrich , Supply Philip , Wirth Thierry , Niemann Stefan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBacterial factors favoring the unprecedented multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) epidemic in the former Soviet Union remain unclear.We utilized whole genome sequencing and Bayesian statistics to analyze the evolutionary history, temporal emergence of resistance and transmission networks of MDR-MTBC strains from Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan (2001-2006).One MTBC-clone (termed Central Asian outbreak, CAO) with resistance mediating mutations to eight anti-TB drugs existed prior the worldwide introduction of standardized WHO-endorsed directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS). DOTS implementation in Karakalpakstan in 1998 likely selected for these CAO-strains, comprising 75% of sampled MDR-TB strains in 2005/2006. CAO-strains were also identified in a previously published cohort from Samara, Russia (2008-2010). Similarly, transmission success and resistance development was linked to mutations compensating fitness deficits associated with rifampicin resistance.The genetic make-up of these outbreak clades threatens the success of both empirical and standardized guideline driven MDR-TB therapies, including the newly WHO-endorsed short MDR-TB regimen in Uzbekistan.