bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loading with Oral P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors: To Crush or Not to Crush?
Authors: Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Dragasis Stylianos , Kafkas Nikolaos 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOral P2Y12 receptor inhibitors represent a mainstay treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. In the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction, when early platelet inhibition is highly desirable, the onset of action of oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitors is, however, delayed, likely due to delayed drug absorption. Crushing the tablets, which are to be used for patient loading with an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, has been shown to provide earlier platelet inhibition than standard, integral tablets administration. Chewed ticagrelor tablets may also result in a similar effect. Such findings should be interpreted with caution, mainly due to the small number of patients enrolled and the nature (pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic) of the respective studies. Furthermore, in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, who remain comatose, crushing tablets is commonly applied in clinical practice for platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibition. In this review, we focus on current evidence regarding the role of crushed P2Y12 receptor inhibitor pills, analyzing clinical scenarios where most of the promise exists along with future expectations from this type of formulation. Large randomized studies are needed to draw firm conclusions regarding the clinical benefit of ‘crushing’ over the usual ‘not-crushing’ practice.
Development and Validation of an Ischemic and Bleeding Risk Evaluation Tool in East Asian Patients Receiving Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Kang Jeehoon , Park Kyung Woo , Ki You-Jeong , Park Jiesuck , Rhee Taemin , Kim Chee-Hoon , Han Jung-Kyu , Yang Han-Mo , Kang Hyun-Jae , Koo Bon-Kwon , Nakamura Masato , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Yokoi Hiroyoshi , Cohen David , Kim Hyo-Soo 
Published: May 2019

Background The ischemic/bleeding risk of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is still uncertain. We sought to develop a tool to predict ischemic and bleeding events in East Asians receiving 2nd generation drug-eluting stents (DESs) PCI.
Methods A pooled cohort of 13,172 East Asian patients receiving PCI with 2nd generation DES (the Grand DES cohort) was analyzed to develop a scoring system. A net score was calculated by subtracting the bleeding score from the ischemic score. External validation was performed in the HOST-ASSURE and NIPPON trials.
Results Among the total population, ischemic and bleeding events occurred in 195 patients (1.5%) and 166 patients (1.3%), respectively. The score to predict ischemic events included previous myocardial infarction (MI) or PCI, presentation as acute MI, anemia, stent diameter < 3 mm, and total stent length of ≥30 mm, while that for bleeding events included older age, low creatinine clearance, and anemia. C-statistics of the ischemic and bleeding model was 0.708 and 0.665, respectively. Patients with a net score of ≥1 had a higher ischemic risk compared with bleeding risk, and patients with a net score of ≤–1 had a higher bleeding risk compared with ischemic risk. The validation cohort showed a C-statistic of 0.647 for ischemic events and 0.633 for bleeding events.
Conclusion We developed a tool to predict ischemic and bleeding events in East Asian patients received PCI with 2nd generation DES. This system can be used to assess clinical event risks, and to determine the adequate duration of DAPT in East Asians.
Rhizosphere priming of two near-isogenic wheat lines varying in citrate efflux under different levels of phosphorus supply
Authors: Xu Qiao , Wang Xiaojuan , Tang Caixian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Backgrounds and Aims
The rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) has been explained from the perspective of microbial responses to root exudates and nutrient availability. This study introduced a chemical process that could also contribute to RPE: root exudates (organic acid ligands) could liberate mineral-protected carbon (C) in soil for microbial degradation.

Methods
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) near-isogenic lines varying in citrate efflux were grown for 6 weeks in a C4 soil supplied with either low (10 μg g–1) or high P (40 μg g–1). Total below-ground CO2 was trapped and partitioned for determination of soil organic C decomposition and RPE using a stable isotopic tracing technique. Mineral dissolution was examined by incubating soil with citric ligand at a series of concentrations.

Key Results
High P increased RPE (81 %), shoot (32 %) and root biomass (57 %), root-derived CO2-C (20 %), microbial biomass C (28 %) and N (100%), soil respiration (20 %) and concentrations of water-extractable P (30 %), Fe (43 %) and Al (190 %), but decreased inorganic N in the rhizosphere. Compared with Egret-Burke, wheat line Egret-Burke TaMATE1B with citrate efflux had lower inorganic N, microbial biomass C (16 %) and N (30 %) in the rhizosphere but greater RPE (18 %), shoot biomass (12 %) and root-derived CO2-C (low P 36 %, high P 13 %). Egret-Burke TaMATE1B also had higher concentrations of water-extractable P, Fe and Al in the rhizosphere, indicating the release of mineral-protected C. In addition, citrate ligand facilitated Fe and Al release from soil, with their concentrations rising with increasing ligand concentration and incubation time.

Conclusions
While high P supply increased microbial growth and RPE possibly due to higher total root exudation, citrate efflux from the root might have facilitated the liberation of mineral-bound C, leading to the higher RPE under Egret-Burke TaMATE1B. Mineral dissolution may be an important process that regulates RPE and should be considered in future RPE research.
Rotation equivariant and invariant neural networks for microscopy image analysis
Authors: Chidester Benjamin , Zhou Tianming , Do Minh N , Ma Jian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMotivationNeural networks have been widely used to analyze high-throughput microscopy images. However, the performance of neural networks can be significantly improved by encoding known invariance for particular tasks. Highly relevant to the goal of automated cell phenotyping from microscopy image data is rotation invariance. Here we consider the application of two schemes for encoding rotation equivariance and invariance in a convolutional neural network, namely, the group-equivariant CNN (G-CNN), and a new architecture with simple, efficient conic convolution, for classifying microscopy images. We additionally integrate the 2D-discrete-Fourier transform (2D-DFT) as an effective means for encoding global rotational invariance. We call our new method the Conic Convolution and DFT Network (CFNet).ResultsWe evaluated the efficacy of CFNet and G-CNN as compared to a standard CNN for several different image classification tasks, including simulated and real microscopy images of subcellular protein localization, and demonstrated improved performance. We believe CFNet has the potential to improve many high-throughput microscopy image analysis applications.Availability and implementationSource code of CFNet is available at: https://github.com/bchidest/CFNet.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Assumption of Responsibility: Four Questions
Authors: Nolan Donal 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Although the assumption of responsibility concept pervades the English law of negligence, its meaning remains hazy and its significance contested. While the courts employ the language of assumption of responsibility on a regular basis, no clear judicial definition of it has emerged. And commentators are divided as to whether assumption of responsibility is a distinct ground on which liability is imposed, or merely a foil for policy arguments – or for another, more general, test for the recognition of duties of care. Matters are complicated by the fact that assumption of responsibility does not fit neatly within the orthodox categories of ‘tort’ and ‘contract’, but hovers uncertainly between the two. The aim of this article is to try to bring some clarity to the controversies surrounding assumption of responsibility. Four questions frame the analysis. What does assumption of responsibility mean? When does it matter? Why do we need it? And where does it belong? Although the answers to some of these questions are necessarily tentative, at least one conclusion should become clear, namely that assumption of responsibility is a meaningful and distinctive basis on which to impose negligence liability.
Right ventricular free-wall scar: an exceptional source of post-infarction ventricular tachycardia. A case report
Authors: Tritto Massimo , Renzullo Elvira , Zagari Domenico , Moretti Paolo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
In patients with coronary artery disease, ventricular tachycardia (VT) is usually related to left ventricular (LV) post-infarction scars.

Case summary
A case of a 78-year-old man with post-infarction VT originating from the right ventricular (RV) free wall is described. Following recurrent episodes of VT with left bundle branch block morphology and left superior axis deviation, a patient with prior myocardial infarction was submitted to catheter ablation. Two areas of abnormal bipolar electrograms were observed at 3D electroanatomical mapping: one located at the basal aspect of the posterior and postero-septal LV, and the other one extending from the antero-lateral to the posterior mid-basal RV free wall. Ventricular late potentials (LPs) were recorded within both scars, but only pacing from those located in the RV resulted in long stimulus-to-QRS latency and optimal pace-mapping. Accordingly, this substrate was deemed the culprit of the clinical VT. Radiofrequency catheter ablation aimed at eliminating all LPs recorded from both scars was effective in preventing VT recurrences at follow-up.

Discussion
A post-infarction RV free-wall scar may exceptionally be responsible of VT occurrence. Right ventricular mapping should be considered in selected cases based on 12-lead electrocardiogram VT morphology and prior RV infarct.
Familial spontaneous pneumothorax: importance of screening for Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome
Authors: Liu Yanguo , Xing Huajie , Huang Yu , Meng Shushi , Wang Jun 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome in patients with familial spontaneous pneumothorax (FSP) and the clinical characteristics of pneumothorax related to BHD syndrome compared with those of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

METHODS
A total of 37 families diagnosed with FSP from 2007 to 2017 were enrolled in this study. The FLCN gene, which is responsible for BHD syndrome, was sequenced using the Sanger method in 25 probands. For the patients with confirmed BHD syndrome-related pneumothorax, clinical characteristics including the median onset age of pneumothorax, the male-to-female ratio, the mean height and body mass index (BMI) and the recurrence rate after different treatment modalities were obtained and compared with those of patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

RESULTS
Of the 25 probands with FSP, 16 [64.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 43.8–84.2%] harboured FLCN germline mutations. In the patients with BHD syndrome-related pneumothorax, the median onset age of pneumothorax was 34 years; the male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1; and the mean height and BMI were 167.0 ± 8.6 cm and 23.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2, respectively. These characteristics were significantly different from those in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax from the same centre. The recurrence rate of BHD syndrome-related pneumothorax after conservative therapy was 53.1% (95% CI 38.6–67.5%) compared with 9.1% (95% CI 0–19.4%) after surgical treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
BHD syndrome is one of the most common causes of FSP. Patients with FSP should be recommended for mutation screening for the FLCN gene to facilitate early diagnosis and proper intervention.
Parallel Molecular Evolution in Pathways, Genes, and Sites in High-Elevation Hummingbirds Revealed by Comparative Transcriptomics
Authors: Lim Marisa C W , Witt Christopher C , Graham Catherine H , Dávalos Liliana M 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHigh-elevation organisms experience shared environmental challenges that include low oxygen availability, cold temperatures, and intense ultraviolet radiation. Consequently, repeated evolution of the same genetic mechanisms may occur across high-elevation taxa. To test this prediction, we investigated the extent to which the same biochemical pathways, genes, or sites were subject to parallel molecular evolution for 12 Andean hummingbird species (family: Trochilidae) representing several independent transitions to high elevation across the phylogeny. Across high-elevation species, we discovered parallel evolution for several pathways and genes with evidence of positive selection. In particular, positively selected genes were frequently part of cellular respiration, metabolism, or cell death pathways. To further examine the role of elevation in our analyses, we compared results for low- and high-elevation species and tested different thresholds for defining elevation categories. In analyses with different elevation thresholds, positively selected genes reflected similar functions and pathways, even though there were almost no specific genes in common. For example, EPAS1 (HIF2α), which has been implicated in high-elevation adaptation in other vertebrates, shows a signature of positive selection when high-elevation is defined broadly (>1,500 m), but not when defined narrowly (>2,500 m). Although a few biochemical pathways and genes change predictably as part of hummingbird adaptation to high-elevation conditions, independent lineages have rarely adapted via the same substitutions.
Barriers to accessing maternal healthcare among ethnic minority women in Western China: a qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Huang Yuan , Martinez-Alvarez Melisa , Shallcross David , Pi Li , Tian Fan , Pan Jay , Ronsmans Carine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractQuantitative evidence suggests that ethnic disparities in maternal healthcare use are substantial in Western China, but the reasons for these remain under-researched. We undertook a systematic review of English and Chinese databases between January 1, 1990 and February 23, 2018 to synthesize qualitative evidence on barriers faced by ethnic minority women in accessing maternal healthcare in Western China. Four English and 6 Chinese language studies across 8 provinces of Western China and 13 ethnic minority groups were included. We adapted the ‘Three Delays’ framework and used thematic synthesis to categorize findings into six themes. Studies reported that ethnic minority women commonly held traditional beliefs and had lower levels of education, which limited their willingness to use maternal health services. Despite the existence of different financial protection schemes for services related to delivery care, hospital birth was still too costly for some rural households, and some women faced difficulties navigating reimbursement procedures. Women who lived remotely were less likely to go to hospital in advance of labour because of difficulties in arranging accommodation; they often only sought care if pregnancies were complicated. Poor quality of care in health facilities, particularly misunderstandings between doctors and patients due to language barriers or differences in socio-economic status, and clinical practices that conflicted with local fears and traditional customs, were reported. The overall evidence is weak however: authors treated different ethnicities as if they belonged to one homogeneous group and half of the studies failed in methodological rigour. The current evidence base is very limited and poor in quality, so much more research elucidating the nature of ‘ethnicity’ as a set of barriers to maternal healthcare access is needed. Addressing the multiple barriers associated with ethnicity will require multi-faceted solutions that adequately reflect the specific local context.
Promoting Inclusion, Diversity, Access, and Equity Through Enhanced Institutional Culture and Climate
Authors: Piggott Damani A , Cariaga-Lo Liza 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAdvancing the health of all members of the global community remains core to the mission of the infectious diseases profession. Training, research, healthcare-delivery, and other infectious diseases–related institutions play a central role in meeting this goal. The promotion of inclusion, diversity, access, and equity (IDA&E) is critical to harnessing the full range of human creativity, innovation, and talent necessary to realizing the education, research, patient care, and service missions that constitute the principal objectives of such institutions. Strong and positive institutional cultures and climates are essential to achieving these IDA&E goals. We discuss opportunity gaps that exist in leveraging institutional culture and climate to optimize IDA&E. We further identify effective strategies to address these gaps and achieve excellence in education, research, patient care, and service in infectious diseases and the broader healthcare and biomedical space. We discuss the importance of both local and global context in conceptualizing IDA&E to best achieve these aims.
The Territorialization of Cyberspace*
Authors: Lambach Daniel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere are widespread worries about the impending fragmentation of the internet. Reviewing the IR literature on cyberspace and internet governance, this paper demonstrates that these debates rest on very traditional understandings of territory and the state, focusing on ways that hard-shelled “power containers” are recreated in cyberspace. Using a practice-oriented conceptual framework drawing on insights from critical geography, the paper highlights how state, corporate, and private actors deterritorialize and reterritorialize cyberspace. Results indicate that there are multiple ways to territorialize cyberspace beyond the reconstruction of the “national territory” and that a multitude of actors engage in territorializing practices. This allows for a more nuanced reevaluation of the “internet fragmentation” discourse.
Dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature in galaxies at z ≥ 5: a view from the FIRE-2 simulations
Authors: Ma Xiangcheng , Hayward Christopher C , Casey Caitlin M , Hopkins Philip F , Quataert Eliot , Liang Lichen , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Feldmann Robert , Kereš Dušan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We present a suite of 34 high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations consisting of thousands of haloes up to $M_{\rm halo}\sim 10^{12}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ ($M_{\ast }\sim 10^{10.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) at z ≥ 5 from the Feedback in Realistic Environments project. We post-process our simulations with a three-dimensional Monte Carlo dust radiative transfer code to study dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature within these simulated z ≥ 5 galaxies. Our sample forms a tight correlation between infrared excess (IRX ≡ FIR/FUV) and ultraviolet (UV)-continuum slope (βUV), despite the patchy, clumpy dust geometry shown in our simulations. We find that the IRX–βUV relation is mainly determined by the shape of the attenuation law and is independent of its normalization (set by the dust-to-gas ratio). The bolometric IR luminosity (LIR) correlates with the intrinsic UV luminosity and the star formation rate (SFR) averaged over the past 10 Myr. We predict that at a given LIR, the peak wavelength of the dust spectral energy distributions for z ≥ 5 galaxies is smaller by a factor of 2 (due to higher dust temperatures on average) than at z = 0. The higher dust temperatures are driven by higher specific SFRs and SFR surface densities with increasing redshift. We derive the galaxy UV luminosity functions (UVLFs) at z = 5–10 from our simulations and confirm that a heavy attenuation is required to reproduce the observed bright-end UVLFs. We also predict the IR luminosity functions (IRLFs) and UV luminosity densities at z = 5–10. We discuss the implications of our results on current and future observations probing dust attenuation and emission in z ≥ 5 galaxies.
Designing and implementing at-scale programs to improve complementary feeding
Authors: Frongillo Edward A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Advancing knowledge about how to improve complementary feeding at large scale is a high priority. This article identifies strategies for designing and implementing programs to improve complementary feeding at large scale, drawing on lessons learned from three initiatives: Alive & Thrive, which implemented large-scale programs in 3 countries; a low-burden intervention in Mexico that used scripted messages; and Estrategia Integral de Atención a la Nutrición, which is introducing large-scale programs tied to Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program. These initiatives illustrate different ways of designing and implementing large-scale programs, with lessons about the importance of having partnerships and alliances; well-grounded understanding from research; a public health strategy; scalable program modes and elements; using existing systems where possible; monitoring, learning, and evaluating; and adopting a model aimed at successfully implementing programs at scale. Improving complementary feeding globally is challenging because of the complex behaviors involved, and the development of specific programs geared to complementary feeding is necessary. Designing and implementing such specific programs at large scale is achievable with the intention, commitment, appropriate strategies, and financial support to do so from the outset.
Sedentary behaviors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, depending on the insulin therapy used
Authors: Czenczek-Lewandowska Ewelina , Leszczak Justyna , Weres Aneta , Baran Joanna , Wyszyńska Justyna , Grzegorczyk Joanna , Lewandowski Bogumił , Mazur Artur 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Assessment of sedentary behaviors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D), relative to the method of insulin therapy used, and in comparison to healthy controls.
The study group consisted of 215 children with T1D, including 109 (50.7%) insulin pen and 106 (49.3%) insulqsain pump users. The control group comprised 115 healthy children. The subjects’ sedentary time was measured with a tri-axial accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X+, used continuously for 7 days.
The diabetes group was characterized by a significantly higher “% in sedentary time” score (P = .024) and a lower “mean daily breaks in sedentary time” result (P = .007), which means that they spent much more time on sedentary activities compared to the control group. There were no significant differences between the children using insulin pump and insulin pen in the “% in sedentary time” score (P = .294) and “mean daily breaks in sedentary time” (P = .251).
The T1D is a serious encumbrance, leading to longer duration of sedentary time, in comparison to healthy controls. The type of insulin therapy did not significantly affect the percentage of the wear-day spent in sedentary time and mean daily breaks in sedentary time.