bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission: an analysis of the strategies, policies for net-zero emissions and sustainability
Authors: Sambasivam Balasubramanian , Narayana Sarma Rakesh 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Green hydrogen (GH2) is emerging as a promising option for decarbonizing the energy, transport, and industrial sectors, playing a critical role in addressing climate change. India aims to achieve energy independence by 2047 and net-zero emissions by 2070. To realize these goals, the country has launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission, with a vision to become a global leader in GH2 production, electrolyzer manufacturing, and export. This article provides an overview of the National Green Hydrogen Mission’s initiatives, state-level policies supporting GH2, and key projects undertaken by public and private sector organizations. As part of the mission, India plans to establish a GH2 production capacity of at least 5 million metric tonnes per year and develop 60–100 GW of electrolyzer capacity. The government has initiated pilot projects focusing on the use of GH2 in shipping, long-haul mobility, and the steel industry. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis of hydrogen energy in India is presented. The challenges posed by high equipment costs and the need for more indigenous technologies have been highlighted. The possibility of reducing fossil fuel imports, enhanced energy security, and the availability of a skilled workforce present significant opportunities and strengths. Key policy recommendations for enhancing GH2 production in India include encouraging all states to support the development, offering interest-free loans and incentives, and promoting Research and Development by establishing centres of excellence and fostering international collaboration.
Negligent Warfare
Authors: Abraham Haim 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Following the argument in Chapter 2, while engaging in belligerent activities, combatants and states owe an ordinary duty of care to avoid wrongfully interfering with individuals’ rights. This chapter shows that concerns that a duty of care in tort would result in over-deterrence are not supported by theoretical and empirical studies of the impact of liability on state actors. Furthermore, arguments that a duty of care in tort would be unjust due to an inability to exercise judgment during armed conflicts are outweighed by rule of law considerations. There are, therefore, sufficient reasons to recognize a legal duty of care in belligerent activities. The chapter also argues that it is possible to deduce the relevant standard of care by examining what international humanitarian law and the rules of engagement require of combatants and states. Lastly, the chapter demonstrates that while warfare can raise complex causal issues, these issues could be addressed through ordinary doctrines, such as joint and several liability, and shifting the burden of proof.
Short-Term Effects of Poly-L-Lactic Acid-b-Polyethylene Glycol Microsphere Injection on Different Adipose Tissue Types in Rats
Authors: Yang Wei , Niu Huanyun , He Tong , Zhang Zilin , Wang Shiwei , Ren Shuang , Wang Lin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Wrinkles and sagging, characteristics of aging, are associated with reductions in collagen and fat. Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is widely used clinically as a tissue filler owing to its good biocompatibility and ability to improve wrinkles and signs of aging. Despite extensive studies of the mechanism of action of PLLA when used as a dermal filler, few studies have examined its effects on adipose tissue.

Objectives
The short-term effects of PLLA-b-polyethylene glycol (PEG) microspheres implanted in subcutaneous back adipose tissue (BAT) and visceral epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) of rats were examined.

Methods
The authors divided 15 male Sprague–Dawley rats into 5 groups based on implantation time, and PLLA-b-PEG microspheres were implanted into the BAT (3 groups were sampled at 6, 8, and 12 weeks) and EAT (2 groups were sampled at 6 and 12 weeks) of rats. Tissue samples were collected at different time points postimplantation and subjected to histological analyses using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunofluorescence staining.

Results
Implantation of PLLA-b-PEG microspheres into different adipose tissues resulted in a mild and persistent inflammatory reaction, increased fibrous connective tissue, and noticeable collagen regeneration. Immunofluorescence showed the upregulation of uncoupling protein (UCP) 1 and UCP2 in the visceral adipose tissue surrounding the implant.

Conclusions
PLLA-b-PEG microspheres exhibited good tissue compatibility and induced an increase in fibrous connective tissue postimplantation, potentially mitigating oxidative damage and improving adipose tissue quality.

Level of Evidence: 5 (Therapeutic)
Tranexamic Acid Application in Facial Aesthetic Surgery: An Umbrella Review
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed Badie , Assami Deemah , Nasrallah Dima , Saoud Al-Mohannadi Fatima , Al-Maraghi Salwa , Ahmed Abdelrahman Badie , Alsherawi Abeer 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent that is considered as one of the latest interventions currently being investigated in the field of facial aesthetic surgeries, as it is predicted to be effective in reducing intraoperative and postoperative complications of facial aesthetic surgeries. This review focuses on giving readers a comprehensive overview regarding the use of TXA in facial aesthetic surgeries. In this umbrella review, data were extracted from existing systematic reviews and meta-analysis that focused on the use of TXA in facial aesthetic surgeries. The authors searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases. The data were extracted using a standard format, and the AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) tool was used to assess the quality of the included reviews. In total, this study included 14 systematic reviews and meta-analyses all of which evaluated the effect of TXA on facial aesthetic surgeries, which included rhinoplasty, septorhinoplasty, rhytidectomy, and blepharoplasty. The majority of the included studies focused on reporting the effect of TXA on blood loss volume (BLV) and duration of surgery (DOS) as well as other postoperative complications. Eleven out of the 12 studies that focused on rhinoplasty showed that TXA used reduced BLV. In addition, in 8 studies that were focusing on DOS, the majority showed a reduction in DOS with TXA use. While in the case of septorhinoplasty, 3 studies revealed that TXA use decreased BLV. Moreover, in the case of rhytidectomy, 3 out of 6 systematic reviews showed reduction in BLV, while 2 reported reductions in DOS. Finally, the authors conclude that the use of TXA is indeed efficient in reducing BLV and DOS, in addition to some of the complications that can occur during or after facial aesthetic surgeries. However, in order to reach a final decision on the implication of the use of TXA in facial aesthetic surgeries, further studies should be established using a standardized protocol in assessing the desired outcomes.
Altered gait speed and brain network connectivity in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Wang Shichan , Xiao Yi , Hou Yanbing , Li Chunyu , Lin Junyu , Yang Tianmi , Che Ningning , Jiang Qirui , Zheng Xiaoting , Liu Jiyong , Shang Huifang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Slow gait speed and disrupted brain network connectivity are common in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to clarify the relationship between gait speed and clinical characteristics in PD, and explore the underlying brain network mechanisms. Forty-two PD patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Statistical independent component analysis and correlation analysis were employed to investigate underlying neural mechanisms and relationships. PD patients exhibited significantly slower gait speed, which showed a significant negative correlation with postural instability and gait disturbance scores. Network connectivity analysis revealed decreased intranetwork functional connectivity (FC) within visual network (VN) and cerebellum network (CN), but increased internetwork FC between CN and both sensorimotor network (SMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN) in PD patients compared to HC. The slow gait speed PD subgroup demonstrated increased intranetwork FC within SMN and VN, along with decreased FC between VN and both FPN and default mode network. Correlation analyses revealed negative correlation between gait speed and FC of CN and positive correlation to FC of CN-SMN. Our study identified relationships between gait speed and clinical characteristics, and corresponding network connectivity alterations in PD patients, providing insights into the neural mechanisms underlying gait impairments in PD.
Neuroanatomical correlates of subjective tinnitus: insights from advanced cortical morphology analysis
Authors: Pandey Himanshu R , Keshri Amit , Sinha Neeraj , Kumar Uttam 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Subjective tinnitus, characterized by the perception of phantom sounds in the absence of external stimuli, presents significant challenges in both audiology and neurology. Once thought to primarily involve aberrant neural activity within auditory pathways, it is now understood to engage a broader array of neuroanatomical structures. This study investigated the connections between auditory, cognitive, and sensory processing regions, which are crucial for unraveling the complex neurobiological basis of tinnitus. Using high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, we compared 52 individuals with subjective tinnitus with 52 age-matched healthy controls, focusing on cerebral cortex features, including fractal dimensionality, gyrification, and sulcal depth. Covariate analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between tinnitus duration, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores, anxiety score, and neuroanatomical changes. We found significant alterations in key brain regions involved in sensory processing, cognition, and emotional regulation, including the insula, lateral occipital cortex, middle frontal gyrus, and superior parietal lobule. These neuroanatomical changes were strongly correlated with the severity and chronicity of tinnitus symptoms. Our findings reveal profound structural changes in the brain associated with subjective tinnitus, offering valuable insights into the condition’s underlying mechanisms and providing a potential framework for guiding future research and therapeutic interventions.
Neurophysiological characteristics of reward processing in individuals at different levels of gaming
Authors: Peng Yanjie , Wu DanTong , Tian Mingyuan , Zhou Yanyin , Peng Xiaohong , Peng Zhenlei , Gong Ke , Liu Kezhi , Chen Jing , Lei Wei 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Altered reward processing has been repeatedly reported in Internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, it remains unclear whether these changes are linked to the severity of addictive symptoms or the extent of gaming experience. This study examined the neurophysiological responses regarding reward anticipation and consummation in individuals at different levels of gaming (including 22 casual gamers, 31 regular gamers, and 27 individuals with IGD) through a monetary incentive delay task. Three event-related potential components during reward anticipation—cue-related P300 (Cue-P3), contingent negative variation, and stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN)—and two during reward consummation—feedback-related negativity and feedback-related P300 (FB-P3)—were measured. We found that IGD individuals exhibited greater Cue-P3 but lower SPN amplitude compared to casual gamers, while regular gamers fell between the two without significant differences. Regressions indicated that more extensive gaming experience, rather than the severity of the symptoms, primarily contributed to the increased Cue-P3 in IGD. No group differences were found during reward consummation. Our results highlight disrupted reward anticipation processing in IGD, characterized by increased attention bias toward reward cues (Cue-P3) but diminished cognitive resources for reward anticipation (SPN) and emphasize the role of gaming experience in increased attention bias in IGD.
Neurophysiological evidence of motor contribution to vicarious affective touch
Authors: Butti Niccolò , Urgesi Cosimo , Makris Stergios , McGlone Francis P , Montirosso Rosario , Cazzato Valentina 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Understanding observed interpersonal touch, particularly the so-called affective touch targeting the CT fibers, is essential for social interactions. Research has documented that observing other people being touched activates the same cortical areas involved in direct tactile experiences. However, observing interpersonal touch also activates an inner simulation of the movements in the observer’s motor system. Given the social and affective significance of CT-optimal touch, the present study tested the hypothesis that observing stroking touches targeting or not targeting the CT fibers system might distinctly influence motor resonance to vicarious touch. With this aim, we used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and motor-evoked potentials recording while participants observed video clips of interpersonal touch events at different stroking velocities. We found a modulation of motor system activity, particularly a decrease in corticospinal excitability, when observing CT-optimal touch as opposed to non-CT-optimal velocities, a mechanism that might aid in understanding the touchee’s feelings during vicarious interpersonal touch. Moreover, participants with higher reliance on bodily cues to be emotionally aware showed greater motor suppression for CT-optimal compared to non-CT-optimal velocities. These results shed light on the complex interplay between motor and somatosensory systems in social touch perception and emphasize the importance of affective touch in human social interactions.
Extending the scope of instrumental variable methods
Authors: Chesher Andrew , Rosen Adam M 
Published: November 2024

Summary
Since Philip Wright’s proposal of the linear instrumental variables (IV) estimator in 1928, the scope of application of IV models has greatly expanded. There are now nonlinear IV models in use with both additive and nonadditive latent variables, employing both semiparametric and nonparametric specifications. A notable feature of Wright’s linear IV estimator is that it is applicable to incomplete models that leave the genesis of endogenous explanatory variables unspecified. However, inversion of the linear model enables the value of unobservable heterogeneity to be expressed as a function of observable variables. Only recently has the application of incomplete IV models been extended to cases in which this inversion produces a non-singleton set of values of unobservable variables. This situation arises in many models such as those featuring discrete choice, counts, or censored outcomes, or when there are multiple sources of heterogeneity as in random coefficient models, or when economic considerations result in inequality restrictions on values taken by observed and unobserved variables. This paper provides an introduction to the methods set out for analysing such generalized instrumental variable models in Chesher and Rosen (2017). An illustrative example is provided in which an outcome is determined by a random coefficients linear model with an endogenous explanatory variable and instrumental variable exclusion and independence restrictions.
Intercontinental insights into autism spectrum disorder: a synthesis of environmental influences and DNA methylation
Authors: Kuodza George E , Kawai Ray , LaSalle Janine M 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a broad range of symptoms. The etiology of ASD is thought to involve complex gene–environment interactions, which are crucial to understanding its various causes and symptoms. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that potentially links genetic predispositions to environmental factors in the development of ASD. This review provides a global perspective on ASD, focusing on how DNA methylation studies may reveal gene–environment interactions characteristic of specific geographical regions. It delves into the role of DNA methylation in influencing the causes and prevalence of ASD in regions where environmental influences vary significantly. We also address potential explanations for the high ASD prevalence in North America, considering lifestyle factors, environmental toxins, and diagnostic considerations. Asian and European studies offer insights into endocrine-disrupting compounds, persistent organic pollutants, maternal smoking, and their associations with DNA methylation alterations in ASD. In areas with limited data on DNA methylation and ASD, such as Africa, Oceania, and South America, we discuss prevalent environmental factors based on epidemiological studies. Additionally, the review integrates global and country-specific prevalence data from various studies, providing a comprehensive picture of the variables influencing ASD diagnoses over region and year of assessment. This prevalence data, coupled with regional environmental variables and DNA methylation studies, provides a perspective on the complexities of ASD research. Integrating global prevalence data, we underscore the need for a comprehensive global understanding of ASD’s complex etiology. Expanded research into epigenetic mechanisms of ASD is needed, particularly in underrepresented populations and locations, to enhance biomarker development for diagnosis and intervention strategies for ASD that reflect the varied environmental and genetic landscapes worldwide.
Homo sapiens, Neanderthals and speciation complexity in palaeoanthropology
Authors: Meneganzin Andra , Stringer Chris 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Tracking the origins of new species and delimiting taxa across space and time present well-trodden sources of controversy for palaeoanthropology. Although biological diversity comes with frustratingly elusive boundaries, the task of describing and understanding diversity remains no less crucial, and palaeotaxonomy no more dispensable. This is epitomized by recent developments in discussions on our species’ origins and the extent to which Middle Pleistocene hominin forms represent distinct lineages. While it is tempting to think that progress in such debates is only hampered by the paucity of fossil and genomic data, we argue that problems also lie with unrealistic assumptions in theory. In particular, we examine ongoing discussions on whether Homo sapiens and Neanderthals deserve distinct species status as a means to advocate for the necessity of reframing speciation in palaeoanthropology in a more biologically plausible way. We argue that available palaeontological evidence is best interpreted under a framework that sees speciation as an evolutionary process that starts in space, thereby involving a geographical dimension, and progresses in time, thereby involving a diachronic dimension, with an incremental accumulation of relevant characters at different phases of the process. We begin by discussing evidence about species-level differentiation of H. sapiens and Neanderthals and analyse major sources of taxonomic disagreement, before illustrating the potential of this perspective in making progress on the earliest stages of H. sapiens speciation within Africa.
Diverse Genome Structures among Eukaryotes May Have Arisen in Response to Genetic Conflict
Authors: Sterner Elinor G , Cote-L’Heureux Auden , Maurer-Alcalá Xyrus X , Katz Laura A 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In contrast to the typified view of genome cycling only between haploidy and diploidy, there is evidence from across the tree of life of genome dynamics that alter both copy number (i.e. ploidy) and chromosome complements. Here, we highlight examples of such processes, including endoreplication, aneuploidy, inheritance of extrachromosomal DNA, and chromatin extrusion. Synthesizing data on eukaryotic genome dynamics in diverse extant lineages suggests the possibility that such processes were present before the last eukaryotic common ancestor. While present in some prokaryotes, these features appear exaggerated in eukaryotes where they are regulated by eukaryote-specific innovations including the nucleus, complex cytoskeleton, and synaptonemal complex. Based on these observations, we propose a model by which genome conflict drove the transformation of genomes during eukaryogenesis: from the origin of eukaryotes (i.e. first eukaryotic common ancestor) through the evolution of last eukaryotic common ancestor.
Why nature evolved GPI-anchored proteins: unique structure characteristics enable versatile cell surface functions
Authors: Zhang Qi , Fujita Morihisa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
It remains a mystery why nature evolved the unique structural characteristics of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) and continues to sustain the complex, energy-intensive process of synthesizing these proteins. GPI-APs, despite their small size, rely on the coordinated activity of nearly 30 genes for their synthesis and remodeling, raising important evolutionary questions. The biological advantages of GPI-APs lie in their ability to rapidly redistribute across the cell membrane, localize within lipid rafts, utilize unique intracellular trafficking pathways, and function as both membrane-bound and soluble proteins. These properties allow GPI-APs to participate in diverse cellular processes such as synaptic plasticity, immune regulation, and signal transduction, highlighting their indispensable roles. Additionally, the shedding capability of GPI-APs extends their functional reach, adding further versatility to their biological roles. This review not only summarizes these key insights but also explores the broader implications of GPI-APs in cell signaling and disease. By understanding the evolutionary necessity of GPI-APs, we can better appreciate their complexity and potential as therapeutic targets.
Variation in second-grade reading in children who are deaf and hard-of-hearing
Authors: Couvee Sascha , Wauters Loes , Knoors Harry , Verhoeven Ludo , Segers Eliane 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We investigated relations between kindergarten precursors and second-grade reading skills in deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children, and aimed to identify subgroups based on reading skills, in order to explore early signs of later reading delays. DHH children (n = 23, Mage kindergarten = 6.25) participated from kindergarten-second grade. They were tested on phonological awareness, letter knowledge, spoken vocabulary, speechreading, fingerspelling, and sign vocabulary in kindergarten, and word decoding and reading comprehension in second grade. In second grade, word decoding scores were low-average while reading comprehension scores were below average compared to hearing norms. Word decoding correlated with phonological awareness, letter knowledge, and spoken vocabulary. Reading comprehension correlated with all measures except fingerspelling. Cluster analysis identified three second-grade-reading subgroups; group-1: below-average word decoding and reading comprehension; group-2: high-average word decoding, below-average reading comprehension; group-3: average word decoding and reading comprehension. Furthermore, group-1 differed from group-2 and group-3 on word decoding, group-1 and group-2 differed from group-3 in reading comprehension. Regarding kindergarten measures, group-1 scored below group-2 on letter knowledge, and below group-3 on spoken and sign vocabulary. We found that particularly letter knowledge and spoken and sign vocabulary seem to be crucial for the development of reading skills 2 years later.