bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopist-Directed Propofol as an Adjunct to Standard Sedation: A Canadian Experience
Authors: Heron Valérie , Golden Charlotte , Blum Seymour , Friedman Gad , Galiatsatos Polymnia , Hilzenrat Nir , Stein Barry L , Szilagyi Andrew , Wyse Jonathan , Battat Robert , Cohen Albert 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Sedation practices vary widely by region. In Canada, endoscopist-directed administration of a combination of fentanyl and midazolam is standard practice. A minority of cases are performed with propofol.

Aims
To describe the safety of nonanaesthetist administered low-dose propofol as an adjunct to standard sedation.

Methods
This was a single-centre retrospective study of patients having undergone endoscopic procedures with propofol sedation between 2004 and 2012 in a teaching hospital in Montreal. Procedures were performed by gastroenterologists trained in Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. Sedation was administered by intravenous bolus by a registered nurse, under the direction of the endoscopist. Outcomes of procedures were collected in the context of a retrospective chart review using the hospital’s endoscopy database.

Results
Of patients undergoing endoscopies at our centre, 4930 patients received propofol as an adjunct to standard sedation with fentanyl and midazolam. Cecal intubation rate for colonoscopies (n = 2921) was 92.0%. Gastroscopies (n = 1614), flexible sigmoidoscopies (n = 28), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (n = 331) and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion (n = 36) had success rates, defined as successful completion of the procedure within anatomical limits, of 99.0, 96.4, 94.0 and 91.7%, respectively. The average dose of propofol used for each procedure was 34.5 ± 20.8 mg. Fentanyl was used in 67.4% of procedures at an average dose of 94.3 ± 17.5 mcg. Midazolam was used in 92.7% of cases at an average dose of 3.0 ± 0.7 mg. Reversal agents (naloxone or flumazenil) were used in 0.43% of the cases (n = 21). Patients who received propofol were discharged uneventfully within the usual postprocedure recovery time. One patient required sedation-related hospitalization. For patients having received propofol in addition to standard sedation agents, 99.6% experienced no adverse events. There were no mortalities.

Conclusion
The use of low-dose propofol as an adjunct to fentanyl and midazolam, administered by a registered nurse under the direction of the endoscopist was safe and effective in patients at our centre.
Genetic Control of Facultative Parthenocarpy in Nicotiana tabacum L.
Authors: Dexter-Boone Abigail , Humphry Matt , Shi Rui , Lewis Ramsey S 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInvestigation of parthenocarpy, the production of fruit without fertilization, in multiple plant species could result in development of technologies for conferring seedless fruits and increased stability of fruit formation in economically important plants. We studied parthenocarpy in the model species Nicotiana tabacum L., and observed variability for expression of the trait among diverse genetic materials. Parthenocarpy was found to be partially dominant, and a single major quantitative trait locus on linkage group 22 was found to control the trait in a doubled haploid mapping population derived from a cross between parthenocarpic cigar tobacco cultivar “Beinhart 1000” and nonparthenocarpic flue-cured tobacco cultivar, “Hicks.” The same genomic region was found to be involved with control of the trait in the important flue-cured tobacco cultivar, “K326.” We also investigated the potential for the production of maternal haploids due to parthenogenesis in parthenocarpic tobacco seed capsules. Maternal haploids were not observed in parthenocarpic capsules, suggesting a requirement of fertilization for maternal haploid production due to parthenogenesis in N. tabacum.
Sequent calculus for 3-valued paraconsistent logic QMPT0
Authors: Nide Naoyuki , Goto Yuki , Fujita Megumi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe present a sequent calculus of a paraconsistent logic QMPT0, which has the paraconsistent-type excluded middle law (PEML) as an initial sequent. Our system shows that the presence of PEML is essentially important for QMPT0. It also has special rules when the set of constant symbols is finite. We also discuss the cut-elimination property of our system.
The Shape and Structure of the ‘Usable Past’: An Empirical Analysis of the Use of Precedent in International Adjudication
Authors: Ridi Niccolò 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
How do international adjudicators use precedent? This question has been addressed several times in the literature, but doctrinal accounts have generally failed to consider the aggregate dimension of the phenomenon. This article seeks to provide an alternative outlook by offering a large-scale computational analysis of the body of jurisprudence of three international fora (the ICJ, the WTO Appellate Body and investment arbitration tribunals) and comparing their citation patterns with those of other judicial bodies—national and international. Building on a very large dataset (comprising over 200,000 citations), it employs network analysis tools to measure the evolution of international law citation networks. It then unpacks this emerging complexity by considering what, in a precedent, holds ‘citing value’, highlighting the expansion of the range of precedential resources as well as the consecration of established authorities. Finally, the article considers three examples of computational analysis of citations to precedent in order to better gauge the level of engagement with the past.
Arbitration Costs
Authors: Franck Susan D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Investment treaty arbitration (sometimes called ISDS or investor-state dispute settlement) has become a flashpoint in the backlash against globalization, with costs becoming an area of core scrutiny. Yet “conventional wisdom” about costs is not necessarily wise. To separate fact from fiction, this book reality tests claims about investment arbitration and fiscal costs against hard data so that policy reforms can be informed by scientific evidence, rather than intuition or cognitive illusions. The exercise is critical, as investment treaties grant international arbitrators the power to order states—both rich and poor—to pay potentially millions of dollars to foreign investors when states violate the international law commitments made in the treaties. Meanwhile, the cost to access and defend the arbitration can also be in the millions of dollars. This book uses cognitive psychology insights and hard data to explore the reality of investment treaty arbitration, identify core demographics and basic information on outcomes, and drill down on the costs of parties’ counsel and arbitral tribunals. It offers a nuanced analysis of how and when cost-shifting occurs, parses tribunals’ rationalization (or lack thereof) of cost assessments, and models the variables most likely to predict costs, using data to point the way toward evidence-based normative reform. With an intelligent interdisciplinary approach that speaks to ongoing reform at entities such as the World Bank’s ICSID and UNCITRAL, this book provides the most up-to-date study of investment treaty dispute resolution costs, offering new insights that will shape the direction of investment treaty and arbitration reform more broadly.
The Sound and Smell of Suffering
Authors: Otis Laura 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Despite cultural pressures to “suck up” one’s pain, some rebellious literary characters make their suffering known. In E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View, the aging spinster Charlotte Bartlett makes her unhappiness audible through well-timed sighs. Forster represents his characters’ emotions through metaphors of frozen or flowing water, darkness and sunlight, and rushing electric trams. In Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, history tutor Doris Kilman resents her unjust dismissal from school due to her Germanic background. Woolf describes Doris’s emotions through metaphors of awkward movements, sensations of bursting, and bad smells. Doris and Charlotte make sure that the more prosperous, conventional characters in these novels can see, hear, and smell their unhappiness. By making their misery known, they remind readers of the injustice in societies where the main characters are enjoying privileges that others do not.
The Great Conversation
Authors: Lane Belden C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Thomas Berry lamented that humans have dropped out of the Great Conversation with the rest of the natural world. We’ve objectified a world of things—imagining they exist solely for human use. If nature speaks, we are no longer listening. Yet the saints of the great spiritual traditions have long perceived trees, islands, rivers, and canyons as teachers, mirroring the inner world of the soul. Hildegard of Bingen attended to the greening power of trees. Ignatius Loyola was shaped by a cave experience. The Baal Shem Tov spoke the languages of birds, plants, and clouds. Focusing on a cottonwood tree as his own principal tutor, Belden Lane asks how the masters incorporated these earthy mentors into their spiritual lives. He backpacks into wild terrain to experience the power these nature archetypes had for them. Hiking through a recently burned Wyoming forest, for example, he understands Catherine of Siena’s fascination with fire as an image of the Divine. The book asks how spiritual guides in nature can serve us at various stages of our lives: As the child longs to fly like a bird; the adolescent seeks to flame out like a star; the adult needs the river’s flow; the elder ascends the mountain. All of these demand intensive soul work. Reconnecting with nature is the great ecological and spiritual necessity of our times. The earth and our souls depend upon it. As Stephen Jay Gould affirms, “We won’t fight to save what we haven’t learned to love.”
Basic Premises and Method
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The reigning method in moral philosophy is the search for reflective equilibrium. An interesting feature of contemporary moral philosophy is how much weight most theorists put on matching intuitions in test cases, rather than finding plausible, relevant, high-level moral principles that can be used to generate mid-level principles and judgments in particular situations. This chapter covers four themes in two groups. The first group concerns the author’s general approach to moral theory. It includes the role of theory and cases in the author’s own work and the role of evidence and facts in justification. The second group concerns two topics specifically relevant to just war theory: reductive individualism and the distinctive causal structure of eliminative killing.
Intervening Agency and the Right of Non-Sacrifice
Authors: Walen Alec D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues for the extension of an idea from the previous chapter, that of a right of non-sacrifice. It argues that this right exists in certain cases of intervening agency: when the intervening agent presents the primary agent with a choice either to submit to suffering a harm or to resist, knowing that the intervening agent will then harm others. The argument proceeds in four parts. First, the chapter explains why such a case is puzzling; second, it dismisses two unsuccessful attempts to resolve the puzzle; third, it explains why intervening agency sometimes has the effect of changing the nature of the causal structure in which an agent acts, though noting as well that intervening agency is not unique in having that effect; and finally, it explores how these ideas might be relevant to just war theory and eliminative killing in that context.
Introduction
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A Thanksgiving Day pageant at Plymouth Harbor, Massachusetts, in 1970 revealed the extent to which modern Americans have forgotten an important chapter of their early past. Though profoundly significant in the political, economic, and cultural development of both Native and colonial societies in the Northeast, the history of Wabanaki sea power has been intentionally and inadvertently overlooked by myriad peoples. New Englanders in the era of the American Revolution ignored their history of victimhood at the hands of Indians and their dependency on the British Empire to mitigate it. The story has since been buried deeper by popular and academic writing informed by historical assumptions about American Indians, the Atlantic world, and piracy.
New Waves, New Prospects
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Over the course of the seventeenth century, sail facilitated a new Wabanaki identity, from the Mi’kmaq coasts of Acadia to the Abenaki woodlands of southern Maine. The technology afforded them the mobility through which they recognized their shared experience of English expansion and the seapower with which they orchestrated a coordinated campaign of violence and theft against intruding colonists from New England. The destruction strategically coincided with a wider conflagration ravaging southern New England in 1675, King Philip’s War. By the time chief-sagamore Madockawando agreed to cease hostilities in 1677, the new Native alliance had succeeded in reducing the neighboring English presence to a tributary vassalage and enriching the emergent headquarters at Penobscot with plundered sailing technology, artillery, and captives.
Glorious Revolutions, 1678–1699
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
To its Native signatories, the Casco Bay Treaty of 1678 recognized a post-war order where the Dawnland’s rightful inheritors commanded deference and cooperation from its colonial neighbors. By accepting their status as a dependent community whose presence represented a revocable privilege granted by Native leaders such as Madockawando, outsiders gained access to a newly regenerated northeast and began building new lives alongside its first people. But peace proved ephemeral. The rapid expansion of English colonialism after 1680 reintroduced many of the problems that antagonized Indian-settler relations earlier in the century. New evils compounded the old. Desperately hoping to win back the confidence of its people, especially those employed in the increasingly vital fishing industry, New England authorities implemented an aggressive policy for coastal security by severing Native access to the ocean. Within a decade of its formal recognition in the peace treaty of 1678, Wabanaki sovereignty over land and sea faced threats new and old.
Imperial Breakdown and the Crisis of Confederacy, 1727–1763
Authors: Bahar Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
From the end of Father Rale’s War in 1727 to the end of the Seven Years’ War in 1763, Wabanaki political interests fractured along generational and regional lines as sagamores in Massachusetts and Acadia struggled to navigate increasingly disparate geopolitical contexts. To perpetuate the gains secured in Father Rale’s War and enshrined in Dummer’s Treaty, Penobscot leaders embarked on a course of nonviolent diplomacy with the English in the late 1720s and 1730s. Warriors and hunters found themselves caught between an ocean declared off limits by their own leaders and an interior stripped of its resources by a nonsustainable fur trade. By retiring the old way of the sea for a future of imagined prosperity ashore, headmen ultimately jeopardized the economic viability and social cohesion of Wabanakia. Hastening the collapse of their Native dominion was the collapse of their French ally’s North American empire in the Seven Years’ War.
Beyond the rapist
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The final chapter provides a summary of the book’s key claims. It also applies the arguments developed in previous chapters to other cases, including gun violence on U.S. campuses, the legal standard “deliberate indifference,” and USA Gymnastics’ problems with sexual assault. In so doing, it shows not only how the book’s arguments transfer to other contexts, but also how a feminist new materialist approach can guide U.S. university responses to high rates of assault. The chapter includes concrete suggestions for how campuses can move “beyond the rapist.” Moreover, through these recommendations and analyses of other cases, the chapter shows how a feminist new materialist approach can build theory about the complex relationships among violence, organization, and communication.
Climate Change, Social Justice
Authors: Mason Lisa Reyes , Rigg Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Climate change is a physical process but also a profoundly social and political challenge with many social justice issues. People who have contributed the least to climate change already suffer the worst consequences. This chapter makes a case for grounding climate change questions and solutions in community inclusion—in engagement of and partnership with people whose lives are directly affected—based on the principles of social justice. It then describes five intersecting dimensions of “climate reductionism” that must be addressed to articulate why climate change must be contextualized and understood through the lens of local social, economic, and political contexts. The chapter highlights the guiding questions and organization of the book’s chapters, and it concludes with a call to address the “wicked problem” of climate change in partnership with communities and in ways that value local expertise in policy pursuits.
Urban Development, Vulnerabilities, and Disasters in Indonesia’s Coastal Land Reclamations
Authors: Padawangi Rita 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban development redistributes environmental impacts, shifts disaster vulnerabilities, and transforms socioeconomic landscapes of the city. Does social justice matter in urban development discourse? If so, to whom? And what are the implications to urban development? This chapter examines two case studies in Indonesia—land reclamation projects in Jakarta and Bali—as representations of development pressures with considerable impact on the environment. It reviews social and spatial justice literature and its application to Southeast Asia; analyzes data from interviews, news articles, and policy documents to identify elements of social justice in existing development discourses; and concludes with a discussion of how social justice is used by civil society actors but absent in policy documents and official development practices. Implementation of social justice in policies, which includes the voices of marginalized groups through anti-reclamation social movements, provides possible policy suggestions for a more just future.
Infinity and Life
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to trace some of the major steps Leibniz takes before drawing the line between living and nonliving things. The author first presents a brief sketch of the way in which Leibniz uses infinity initially to describe, and ultimately to define, living beings. In so doing, the author traces the development of the way Leibniz uses two concepts—infinity and life—that initially seem disparate, until they come together in his distinction between natural and artificial machines. As will become clear in this brief survey, according to Leibniz, to be living and active turns out to be a prerequisite for being a real entity. In other words, Leibniz comes to associate being with being animate, or being activated by some soul-like thing—anima, entelechy, or substantial form, as he variously terms the source of activity and life in living beings.
Categoriality in Language Change
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This study presents the first elaborate attempt to set out a functional-semantic definition of diachronic transcategorial shift between the major classes “noun”/“nominal” and “verb”/“clause.” In English, speakers have different options to refer to an event by using “deverbal nominalization” strategies (e.g., Him guessing her size/His guessing of her size (was incredibly lucky)). Interestingly, not only do these strategies each resemble “prototypical” nominals to varying extents, it also has been observed that some of these strategies increasingly resemble clauses and decreasingly resemble prototypical nominals over time, as if they are gradually shifting categories. Thus far, the literature on such cases of diachronic categorial shift has mainly described the processes by focusing on form, leaving the reader with a clear picture of what and how changes have occurred. Yet, the question of why these formal changes have occurred is still shrouded in mystery. This study tackles this mystery by showing that the diachronic processes of nominalization and verbalization can also involve functional-semantic changes. The aim of this study is both theoretical and descriptive. The theoretical aim is to present a model that allows one to study diachronic nominalization and verbalization as not just formal or morpho-syntactic but also functional-semantic processes. The descriptive aim is to offer “workable” definitions of the abstract functional-semantic properties of nominals and verbs/clauses, and subsequently apply them to one of the most intriguing deverbal nominalization systems in the history of English: the English gerund.
The Intelligibility of Nature
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn response to Cartesian physics and occasionalist metaphysics, Leibniz consciously initiates a naturalizing project. This project takes shape, in particular, in Leibniz’s responses to Malebranche and other Cartesians. It is in this context that Leibniz develops his principle of continuity, which becomes a methodological principle for the remainder of Leibniz’s life. However, the commitment to continuity alone is not sufficient to dismiss occasionalism. This chapter considers what additional reasons Leibniz has for rejecting occasionalism as non-natural, which will demonstrate further naturalizing constraints on the theory. In support of the claim that naturalism is a thesis about intelligibility, we shall see that Leibniz requires an explanation in terms of the natures of finite substances involved. And this will be ultimately grounded in Leibniz’s appeal to the principle of sufficient reason and the principle of the best.
Perceptual Distinctness and Mental Activity
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLeibniz explains both activity and sensation in terms of the relative distinctness of perception. There is some worry that by applying distinctness in this way, Leibniz fails to articulate a univocal and coherent account of the distinctness of perception. This chapter argues that the systematic connection between activity and sensation is actually illuminated by Leibniz’s use of distinctness. This chapter argues that there is a way to resolve some interpretive difficulties by taking seriously Leibniz’s claims about mind–body parallelism and the mediation of perceptions via the body. To do so, we will need to modify Leibniz’s theory of expression even further in order to account for his theory of perceptual distinctness. By supplementing Leibniz’s account of expression with a mediation relation, the systematic nature of his thought is brought out more fully.