bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N-body chaos and the continuum limit in numerical simulations of self-gravitating systems, revisited
Authors: Di Cintio Pierfrancesco , Casetti Lapo 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTWe revisit the role of discreteness and chaos in the dynamics of self-gravitating systems by means of N-body simulations with active and frozen potentials, starting from spherically symmetric stationary states and considering the orbits of single particles in a frozen N-body potential as well as the orbits of the system in the full 6N-dimensional phase space. We also consider the intermediate case where a test particle moves in the field generated by N non-interacting particles, which in turn move in a static smooth potential. We investigate the dependence on N and on the softening length of the largest Lyapunov exponent both of single particle orbits and of the full N-body system. For single orbits, we also study the dependence on the angular momentum and on the energy. Our results confirm the expectation that orbital properties of single orbits in finite N systems approach those of orbits in smooth potentials in the continuum limit N → ∞ and that the largest Lyapunov exponent of the full N-body system does decrease with N, for sufficiently large systems with finite softening length. However, single orbits in frozen models and active self-consistent models have different largest Lyapunov exponents and the N-dependence of the values in non-trivial, so that the use of frozen N-body potentials to gain information on large N systems or on the continuum limit may be misleading in certain cases.
Quantifying the impact of small molecule ligands on G-quadruplex stability against Bloom helicase
Authors: Maleki Parastoo , Mustafa Golam , Gyawali Prabesh , Budhathoki Jagat B , Ma Yue , Nagasawa Kazuo , Balci Hamza 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
G-quadruplex (GQ) stabilizing small molecule (SM) ligands have been used to stabilize human telomeric GQ (hGQ) to inhibit telomerase activity, or non-telomeric GQs to manipulate gene expression at transcription or translation level. GQs are known to inhibit DNA replication unless destabilized by helicases, such as Bloom helicase (BLM). Even though the impact of SM ligands on thermal stability of GQs is commonly used to characterize their efficacy, how these ligands influence helicase-mediated GQ unfolding is not well understood. Three prominent SM ligands (an oxazole telomestatin derivative, pyridostatin, and PhenDC3), which thermally stabilize hGQ at different levels, were utilized in this study. How these ligands influence BLM-mediated hGQ unfolding was investigated using two independent single-molecule approaches. While the frequency of dynamic hGQ unfolding events was used as the metric in the first approach, the second approach was based on quantifying the cumulative unfolding activity as a function of time. All three SM ligands inhibited BLM activity at similar levels, 2–3 fold, in both approaches. Our observations suggest that the impact of SM ligands on GQ thermal stability is not an ideal predictor for their inhibition of helicase-mediated unfolding, which is physiologically more relevant.
Expanding the Indications for Flow Diversion: Treatment of Posterior Circulation Aneurysms
Authors: Adeeb Nimer , Ogilvy Christopher S , Griessenauer Christoph J , Thomas Ajith J 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Posterior circulation aneurysms are often associated with a higher risk of rupture and compressive symptoms compared to their anterior circulation counterpart. Due to high morbidity and mortality associated with microsurgical treatment of those aneurysms, endovascular therapy gained ascendance as the preferred method of treatment. Flow diversion has emerged as a promising treatment option for posterior circulation aneurysms with a higher occlusion rate compared to other endovascular techniques and a lower complication rate compared to microsurgery. While treatment of saccular and dissecting aneurysms is often associated with comparatively good outcomes, fusiform and dolichoectatic aneurysms should be carefully selected prior to treatment to avoid devastating thromboembolic complications. Occlusion of covered posterior circulation branches showed no correlation with ischemic complications, and appropriate antiplatelet regimen and switching Clopidogrel nonresponders to different antiplatelet agents were associated with lower complication rates following flow diversion of posterior circulation aneurysms.
Household bargaining, spouses’ consumption patterns and the design of commodity taxes
Authors: Cremer Helmuth , Lozachmeur Jean-Marie , Roeder Kerstin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We study optimal commodity taxes under household bargaining. We focus on the taxation of ‘female’ and ‘male’ products. The expressions for the tax rates include Pigouvian and incentive terms. When the female spouse has the lower bargaining weight, the Pigouvian term calls for a subsidization of the ‘female good’, and a taxation of the ‘male good’. The incentive term depends on the distribution of bargaining weights across couples. When the bargaining weight of the female spouse increases with wages, the female good will be consumed in larger proportion by more productive couples. In this case the Pigouvian term is mitigated.
Investigation of the origin of the anomalous microwave emission in Lambda Orionis
Authors: Bell Aaron C , Onaka Takashi , Galliano Frédéric , Wu Ronin , Doi Yasuo , Kaneda Hidehiro , Ishihara Daisuke , Giard Martin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The anomalous microwave emission (AME) still lacks a conclusive explanation. This excess of emission, roughly between 10 and 50 GHz, tends to defy attempts to explain it as synchrotron or free–free emission. The overlap with frequencies important for cosmic microwave background explorations, combined with a strong correlation with interstellar dust, drive cross-disciplinary collaboration between interstellar medium and observational cosmology. The apparent relationship with dust has prompted a “spinning dust” hypothesis. The typical peak frequency range of the AME profile implicates spinning grains on the order of 1 nm. This points to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We use data from the AKARI/Infrared Camera (IRC), due to its thorough PAH-band coverage, to compare AME from the Planck Collaboration astrophysical component separation product with infrared dust emission in the λ Orionis AME-prominent region. We look also at infrared dust emission from other mid-infrared and far-infrared bands. The results and discussion contained here apply to an angular scale of approximately 1°. We find that dust mass certainly correlates with AME, and that PAH-related emission in the AKARI/IRC 9 μm band correlates slightly more strongly. Using hierarchical Bayesian inference and full-dust spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling we argue that AME in λ Orionis correlates more strongly with PAH mass than with total dust mass, lending support for a spinning PAH hypothesis within this region. We emphasize that future efforts to understand AME should focus on individual regions, and a detailed comparison of the PAH features with the variation of the AME SED.
Fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5)-related signal transduction pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells: a potential therapeutic target
Authors: Naeem Abdulghani A , Abdulsamad Saud A , Rudland Philip S , Malki Mohammed I , Ke Youqiang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this short communication, a novel fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5)-related signal transduction pathway in prostate cancer is reviewed. In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells, the FABP5-related signal transduction pathway plays an important role during transformation of the cancer cells from androgen-dependent state to androgen-independent state. The detailed route of this signal transduction pathway can be described as follows: when FABP5 expression is increased as the increasing malignancy, excessive amounts of fatty acids from intra- and extra-cellular sources are transported into the nucleus of the cancer cells where they act as signalling molecules to stimulate their nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The phosphorylated or biologically activated PPARγ then modulates the expression of its downstream target regulatory genes to trigger a series of molecular events that eventually lead to enhanced tumour expansion and aggressiveness caused by an overgrowth of the cancer cells with a reduced apoptosis and an increased angiogenesis. Suppressing the FABP5-related pathway via RNA interference against FABP5 has produced a 63-fold reduction in the average size of the tumours developed from CRPC cells in nude mice, a seven-fold reduction of tumour incidence, and a 100% reduction of metastasis rate. Experimental treatments of CRPC with novel FABP5 inhibitors have successfully inhibited the malignant progression of CRPC cells both in vitro and in nude mouse. These studies suggest that FABP5-related signal transduction pathway is a novel target for therapeutic intervention of CRPC cells.
Age and Origin of Deep Crustal Meta-igneous Xenoliths from the Scottish Midland Valley: Vestiges of an Early Palaeozoic Arc and ‘Newer Granite’ Magmatism
Authors: Badenszki Eszter , Daly J Stephen , Whitehouse Martin J , Kronz Andreas , Upton Brian G J , Horstwood Matthew S A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Deep crustal felsic xenoliths from classic Scottish Midland Valley localities, carried to the surface by Permo-Carboniferous magmatism, are shown for the first time to include metaigneous varieties with dioritic and tonalitic protoliths. Four hypotheses regarding their origin have been evaluated: (1) Precambrian basement; (2) Permo-Carboniferous underplating; (3) ‘Newer Granite’ magmatism; (4) Ordovician arc magmatism. U–Pb zircon dating results rule out the Precambrian basement and Permo-Carboniferous underplating hypotheses, but establish that the meta-igneous xenoliths represent both ‘Newer Granite’ and Ordovician (to possibly Silurian) arc magmatism. The metadiorite xenoliths are shown to have protolith ages of c. 415 Ma with εHft zircon values ranging from +0·1 to +11·1. These are interpreted to represent unexposed ‘Newer Granite’ plutons, based on age, mineralogical, isotopic and geochemical data. This shows that Devonian ‘Newer Granite’ magmatism had a greater impact on the Midland Valley and Southern Uplands crust than previously realized. Clinopyroxene–plagioclase–quartz barometry on the metadiorites from the east and west of the Midland Valley yielded a similar pressure range of c. 5–10 kbar, and a metadiorite from the east yielded a minimum two-feldspar temperature estimate of c. 793–816°C. These results indicate that the metadiorites once resided in the middle–lower crust. In contrast, two metatonalite xenoliths have a Late Ordovician protolith age (c. 453 Ma), with zircon εHft values of +7·8 to +9·0. These are interpreted as samples of a buried Late Ordovician magmatic arc situated within the Midland Valley. Inherited zircons with similar Late Ordovician ages and εHft=453 values (+1·6 to +10·8) are present in the metadiorites, suggesting that the Devonian ‘Newer Granites’ intruded within or through this Late Ordovician Midland Valley arc. A younger protolith age of c. 430 Ma from one of the metatonalites suggests that arc activity continued until Silurian times. This validates the long-standing ‘arc collision’ hypothesis for the development of the Caledonian Orogen. Based on U–Pb zircon dating, the metatonalite and metadiorite xenoliths have both experienced metamorphism between c. 400 and c. 391 Ma, probably linked to the Acadian Orogeny. An older phase of metamorphism at c. 411 Ma was possibly triggered by the combined effects of heating owing to the emplacement of the ‘Newer Granite’ plutons and the overthrusting of the Southern Uplands terrane onto the southern margin of the Midland Valley terrane.
Transition from Plume-driven to Plate-driven Magmatism in the Evolution of the Main Ethiopian Rift
Authors: Feyissa Dejene Hailemariam , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Bizuneh Tesfaye Demissie , Tanaka Ryoji , Kabeto Kurkura , Nakamura Eizo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
New K–Ar ages, major and trace element concentrations, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data are presented for Oligocene to recent mafic volcanic rocks from the Ethiopian Plateau, the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), and the Afar depression. Chronological and geochemical data from this study are combined with previously published datasets to reveal secular variations in magmatism throughout the entire Ethiopian volcanic region. The mafic lavas in these regions show variability in terms of silica-saturation (i.e. alkaline and sub-alkaline series) and extent of differentiation (mafic through intermediate to felsic). The P–T conditions of melting, estimated using the least differentiated basalts, reveal a secular decrease in the mantle potential temperature, from when the flood basalt magmas erupted (up to 1600 °C) to the time of the rift-related magmatism (&lt;1500°C). Variations in the Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the mafic lavas can account for the involvement of multiple end-member components. The relative contributions of these end-member components vary in space and time owing to changes in the thermal condition of the asthenosphere and the thickness of the lithosphere. The evolution of the Ethiopian rift is caused by a transition from plume-driven to plate-driven mantle upwelling, although the present-day mantle beneath the MER and the Afar depression is still warmer than normal asthenosphere.
Cash and the Economy: Evidence from India’s Demonetization*
Authors: Chodorow-Reich Gabriel , Gopinath Gita , Mishra Prachi , Narayanan Abhinav 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We analyze a unique episode in the history of monetary economics, the 2016 Indian “demonetization.” This policy made 86% of cash in circulation illegal tender overnight, with new notes gradually introduced over the next several months. We present a model of demonetization where agents hold cash both to satisfy a cash-in-advance constraint and for tax evasion purposes. We test the predictions of the model in the cross-section of Indian districts using several novel data sets including: the geographic distribution of demonetized and new notes for causal inference; night light activity and employment surveys to measure economic activity including in the informal sector; debit/credit cards and e-wallet transactions data; and banking data on deposit and credit growth. Districts experiencing more severe demonetization had relative reductions in economic activity, faster adoption of alternative payment technologies, and lower bank credit growth. The cross-sectional responses cumulate to a contraction in aggregate employment and night lights–based output due to the the cash shortage of at least 2 percentage points and of bank credit of 2 percentage points in 2016Q4 relative to their counterfactual paths, effects that dissipate over the next few months. Our analysis rejects monetary neutrality using a large-scale natural experiment, something that is still rare in the vast literature on the effects of monetary policy.
Microaggression in Academia: Consequences and Considerations
Authors: Ro Kumhee , Villarreal Joshua 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Microaggression as a concept has received significant attention in the popular media as well as in literature. The concept has yet to be addressed, however, in the context of health care education or academia. In this article, current thoughts on racial microaggressions are reviewed with a focus on implications for nursing faculty and academia. The role of implicit bias and microaggressions on faculty diversity and promotion is discussed, and recommendations for next steps are reviewed.
The Effect of Surgical Decompression on Functional Balance Testing in Patients With Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Authors: Haddas Ram , Ju Kevin L. , Boah Akwasi , Kosztowski Thomas , Derman Peter B. 
Published: September 2019

Study Design:
A prospective cohort study.

Objective:
Quantify the extent of change in dynamic balance and stability in a group of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) after cervical decompression surgery and to compare them with matched healthy controls.

Summary of Background Data:
CSM is a naturally progressive degenerative condition that commonly results in loss of fine motor control in the hands and upper extremities and in gait imbalance. Whereas this was previously thought of as an irreversible condition, more recent studies are demonstrating postoperative improvements in balance and stability.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty subjects with symptomatic CSM and 25 matched asymptomatic controls between the ages of 45 and 75 years underwent functional balance testing using a 3D motion capture system to gather kinematic and spatiotemporal parameters. CSM subjects underwent testing 1 week before surgery and again 3 months postoperatively.

Results:
Patients with CSM exhibited markedly diminished balance as indicated by increased sway on a Romberg test and requiring significantly more time and a wider stance to complete tandem gait tests. The surgical intervention resulted in improved balance at the 3-month postoperative time point; however, kinematic and spatiotemporal parameters did not completely normalize to the levels observed in asymptomatic controls.

Conclusions:
Human motion video capture can be used to robustly quantify balance parameters in the setting of CSM. Compared with healthy controls, such patients exhibited increased standing sway and poorer performance on a tandem gait task. The surgical intervention resulted in significant improvement in many of the measures of functional balance, but overall profiles had not completely returned to normal when measured 3 months after surgery. These data reinforce the importance of operative intervention in the treatment of symptomatic CSM with the goal of halting disease progress but the expectation that balance may actually improve postoperatively.
The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Keratoconus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Heydarian Samira , Hooshmand Elham , Saatchi Mohammad , Yekta Abbasali , Aghamirsalim Mohamadreza , Valadkhan Mehrnaz , Mortazavi Mehdi , Hashemi Alireza , Khabazkhoob Mehdi 
Published: September 2019

Purpose:
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for keratoconus worldwide.

Methods:
In this meta-analysis, using a structured search strategy from 2 sources, 4 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus) and the reference lists of the selected articles were searched from inception to June 2018 with no restrictions and filters. The outcome of the study was the prevalence of keratoconus and its risk factors, including eye rubbing, family history of keratoconus, atopy, allergy, asthma, eczema, diabetes type I and type II, and sex.

Results:
In this study, 3996 articles were retrieved, of which 29 were analyzed. These 29 articles included 7,158,241 participants from 15 countries. The prevalence of keratoconus in the whole population was 1.38 per 1000 population [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–1.62 per 1000]. The prevalence of keratoconus was 20.6 per 1000 (95% CI: 11.68–28.44 per 1000) in men and 18.33 per 1000 (95% CI: 8.66–28.00 per 1000) in women in studies reporting sex. The odds ratio of eye rubbing, family history of keratoconus, allergy, asthma, and eczema was 3.09 (95% CI: 2.17–4.00), 6.42 (95% CI: 2.59–10.24), 1.42 (95% CI: 1.06–1.79), 1.94 (95% CI: 1.30–2.58), and 2.95 (95% CI: 1.30–4.59), respectively.

Conclusions:
The results of this study, as the most comprehensive meta-analysis of keratoconus prevalence and risk factors, showed that keratoconus had a low prevalence in the world and eye rubbing, family history of keratoconus, allergy, asthma, and eczema were the most important risk factors for keratoconus according to the available evidence.
Improving Skin Cancer Knowledge and Awareness in Cosmetology Students
Authors: Haughtigan Kara , House Sonya , Main Marie Eve 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States and includes melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Cosmetologists have reoccurring access to individuals presenting for services, and the clients are seen in good lighting where skin changes in the head and neck could be observed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an educational intervention to increase cosmetology students’ skin cancer knowledge, personal practices, and client-directed skin observation behaviors. A single-group pretest–posttest design was used to examine knowledge, personal practices, client-directed skin observation behaviors, and confidence. A 20-minute face-to-face presentation and printed educational handouts on skin cancer were provided for participants. Statistically significant increases in knowledge (p < .0001), personal practices (p < .0001), and confidence (p < .025) were found; however, no statistically significant increases were found in client-directed skin observation behaviors (p < .057). The results of this study suggest that an educational intervention can increase cosmetology students’ skin cancer knowledge and awareness. Skin cancer knowledge could be used to increase opportunistic monitoring of customer skin health and early detection of skin changes.
High Dose of Intratympanic Steroids for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Salvage
Authors: Taha Ahmed , Shlamkovitch Nathan , Abu-Eta Rani , Yeheskeli Eyal , Muallem-Kalmovich Limor , Gavriel Haim , Pitaro Jacob 
Published: September 2019

Objective:
Intratympanic (IT) steroid administration for sudden sensorineural hearing loss is offered as salvage to patients who failed systemic steroid treatment. Our objective was to study the audiometric and clinical outcomes of patients given salvage therapy with high-dose IT steroids instilled via ventilation tube.

Study Design:
Retrospective case review.

Setting:
Academic secondary medical center.

Patients:
One hundred three patients >18 years of age with sudden sensorineural hearing loss who failed systemic steroids and received IT treatment between 2010 and 2018.

Intervention:
Following ventilation tube insertion, 1 ml of 10 mg/ml dexamethasone was instilled, twice daily, for 7 days.

Outcome Measures:
Hearing assessment immediately before and after treatment. Tinnitus and vertigo complaints and risk factors were also retrieved.

Results:
Tinnitus had improved in 53 (52%) patients, vertigo in 4 (4%), and aural fullness sensation in 56 (55%) (p < 0.001, p = 0.344, p < 0.001, respectively). The mean pure-tone threshold difference across frequencies following treatment was between 0 and 6 dB. A significant improvement was observed at 250, 500, 1000 Hz (p < 0.001 in all), and at 2000 Hz (p = 0.035). No significant difference was found at 4000 and 8000 Hz (p = 0.055, p = 0.983 respectively). Mean pure-tone average improvement of 4.5 dB was detected in 61 (59%) patients (p = 0.001). The mean speech discrimination score improved by 7% (p = 0.001). Four (22%) diabetic and nine (20%) hypertensive patients had pure-tone average ≥10 dB improvement (p = 0.759, p = 0.852 respectively).

Conclusion:
Although more than half of the patients improved clinically, the significance of the slight audiometric improvement should be weighed against the treatment protocol's complications.