bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of Heat‐Pulse Tracer Tests for Characterization of Three‐Dimensional Velocity Fields in Hyporheic Zone
Authors: Zlotnik Vitaly , Tartakovsky Daniel M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHeat‐pulse tracers are a promising field method to measure Darcy flux in the hyporheic zone. Interpretation of data collected from such tests typically assumes knowledge of the direction of local Darcy flux (vertical) and relies on simplified heat transport models with one‐dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer. These assumptions are seldom valid due to complex flow geometry, heterogeneity, and the presence of localized heat sources. We derive a set of analytical expressions that obviate the need for these simplifying assumptions, thus substantially improving the capabilities of existing field instruments without requiring additional measurements. These closed‐form solutions account for tensorial nature of heat‐transfer parameters, and are obtained by using Green's functions and rotational coordinate transformations. The approach simplifies data collection, estimates three‐dimensional Darcy flux, relates fluid flow to heat‐transfer properties of the host medium, and can facilitate inverse modeling. Field applications of our solutions and their ramifications for data collection and analysis are discussed.
Recent Decline in Extratropical Lower Stratospheric Ozone Attributed to Circulation Changes
Authors: Wargan Krzysztof , Orbe Clara , Pawson Steven , Ziemke Jerald R. , Oman Luke D. , Olsen Mark A. , Coy Lawrence , Emma Knowland K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe 1998–2016 ozone trends in the lower stratosphere are examined using the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA‐2) and related National Aeronautics and Space Administration products. After removing biases resulting from step changes in the MERRA‐2 ozone observations, a discernible negative trend of −1.67 ± 0.54 Dobson units per decade (DU/decade) is found in the 10‐km layer above the tropopause between 20°N and 60°N. A weaker but statistically significant trend of −1.17 ± 0.33 DU/decade exists between 50°S and 20°S. In the Tropics, a positive trend is seen in a 5‐km layer above the tropopause. Analysis of an idealized tracer in a model simulation constrained by MERRA‐2 meteorological fields provides strong evidence that these trends are driven by enhanced isentropic transport between the tropical (20°S–20°N) and extratropical lower stratosphere in the past two decades. This is the first time that a reanalysis data set has been used to detect and attribute trends in lower stratospheric ozone.
Transport Between Palau and the Eastern Coral Triangle: Larval Connectivity or Near Misses
Authors: Monismith Stephen G. , Barkdull Mallory K. , Nunome Yuta , Mitarai Satoshi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPhysical connectivity by transport of larvae between different habitats plays a fundamental role in marine population dynamics and is often assessed using circulation models assuming that computed large‐scale connectivity describes the actual connectivity. This paper presents observations of drifters released into the Philippine Sea offshore of the western lagoon of Palau that were tracked as were first carried by the Mindanao Eddy toward Mindanao and other parts of the Celebes and Sulu Seas, where they were removed from the water. While following expected transport pathways for this region, our drifters remained at least several kilometers offshore of the various islands they passed by, suggesting that larvae moving similarly would have been too far offshore to recruit to nearshore reefs. Thus, estimates of connectivity made using large‐scale models must be taken as upper bounds to connectivity across ocean basins.
Radiative Feedbacks From Stochastic Variability in Surface Temperature and Radiative Imbalance
Authors: Proistosescu Cristian , Donohoe Aaron , Armour Kyle C. , Roe Gerard H. , Stuecker Malte F. , Bitz Cecilia M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEstimates of radiative feedbacks obtained by regressing fluctuations in top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) energy imbalance and surface temperature depend critically on the sampling interval and on assumptions about the nature of the stochastic forcing driving internal variability. Here we develop an energy balance framework that allows us to model the different impacts of stochastic atmospheric and oceanic forcing on feedback estimates. The contribution of different forcing components is parsed based on their impacts on the covariance structure of near‐surface air temperature and TOA energy fluxes, and the framework is validated in a hierarchy of climate model simulations that span a range of oceanic configurations and reproduce the key features seen in observations. We find that at least three distinct forcing sources, feedbacks, and time scales are needed to explain the full covariance structure. Atmospheric and oceanic forcings drive modes of variability with distinct relationships between temperature and TOA radiation, leading to an effect akin to regression dilution. The net regression‐based feedback estimate is found to be a weighted average of the distinct feedbacks associated with each mode. Moreover, the estimated feedback depends on whether surface temperature and TOA energy fluxes are sampled at monthly or annual time scales. The results suggest that regression‐based feedback estimates reflect contributions from a combination of stochastic forcings and should not be interpreted as providing an estimate of the radiative feedback governing the climate response to greenhouse gas forcing.
Global Contributions of Incoming Radiation and Land Surface Conditions to Maximum Near‐Surface Air Temperature Variability and Trend
Authors: Schwingshackl Clemens , Hirschi Martin , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe evolution of near‐surface air temperature is influenced by various dynamical, radiative, and surface‐atmosphere exchange processes whose contributions are still not completely quantified. Applying stepwise multiple linear regression to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) model simulations and focusing on radiation (diagnosed by incoming shortwave and incoming longwave radiation) and land surface conditions (diagnosed by soil moisture and albedo) about 79% of the interannual variability and 99% of the multidecadal trend of monthly mean daily maximum temperature over land can be explained. The linear model captures well the temperature variability in middle‐to‐high latitudes and in regions close to the equator, whereas its explanatory potential is limited in deserts. While radiation is an essential explanatory variable over almost all of the analyzed domain, land surface conditions show a pronounced relation to temperature in some confined regions. These findings highlight that considering local‐to‐regional processes is crucial for correctly assessing interannual temperature variability and future temperature trends.
Trends in flood losses in Europe over the past 150 years
Authors: Paprotny Dominik , Sebastian Antonia , Morales-Nápoles Oswaldo , Jonkman Sebastiaan N. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAdverse consequences of floods change in time and are influenced by both natural and socio-economic trends and interactions. In Europe, previous studies of historical flood losses corrected for demographic and economic growth (‘normalized’) have been limited in temporal and spatial extent, leading to an incomplete representation of trends in losses over time. Here we utilize a gridded reconstruction of flood exposure in 37 European countries and a new database of damaging floods since 1870. Our results indicate that, after correcting for changes in flood exposure, there has been an increase in annually inundated area and number of persons affected since 1870, contrasted by a substantial decrease in flood fatalities. For more recent decades we also found a considerable decline in financial losses per year. We estimate, however, that there is large underreporting of smaller floods beyond most recent years, and show that underreporting has a substantial impact on observed trends.
Enhanced efficacy of combined temozolomide and bromodomain inhibitor therapy for gliomas using targeted nanoparticles
Authors: Lam Fred C. , Morton Stephen W. , Wyckoff Jeffrey , Vu Han Tu-Lan , Hwang Mun Kyung , Maffa Amanda , Balkanska-Sinclair Elena , Yaffe Michael B , Floyd Scott R , Hammond Paula T 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEffective treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) is limited by the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and rapid resistance to single agent therapies. To address these issues, we developed a transferrin-functionalized nanoparticle (Tf-NP) that can deliver dual combination therapies. Using intravital imaging, we show the ability of Tf-NPs to traverse intact BBB in mice as well as achieve direct tumor binding in two intracranial orthotopic models of GBM. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with Tf-NPs loaded with temozolomide and the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 leads to increased DNA damage and apoptosis that correlates with a 1.5- to 2-fold decrease in tumor burden and corresponding increase in survival compared to equivalent free-drug dosing. Immunocompetent mice treated with Tf-NP-loaded drugs also show protection from the effects of systemic drug toxicity, demonstrating the preclinical potential of this nanoscale platform to deliver novel combination therapies to gliomas and other central nervous system tumors.
Factor XIIIA—expressing inflammatory monocytes promote lung squamous cancer through fibrin cross-linking
Authors: Porrello Alessandro , Leslie Patrick L. , Harrison Emily B. , Gorentla Balachandra K. , Kattula Sravya , Ghosh Subrata K. , Azam Salma H. , Holtzhausen Alisha , Chao Yvonne L. , Hayward Michele C. , Waugh Trent A. , Bae Sanggyu , Godfrey Virginia , Randell Scott H. , Oderup Cecilia , Makowski Liza , Weiss Jared , Wilkerson Matthew D. , Hayes D. Neil , Earp H. Shelton , Baldwin Albert S. , Wolberg Alisa S. , Pecot Chad V. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and lung squamous carcinomas (LUSC) represent about 30% of cases. Molecular aberrations in lung adenocarcinomas have allowed for effective targeted treatments, but corresponding therapeutic advances in LUSC have not materialized. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors in sub-populations of LUSC patients have led to exciting responses. Using computational analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas, we identified a subset of LUSC tumors characterized by dense infiltration of inflammatory monocytes (IMs) and poor survival. With novel, immunocompetent metastasis models, we demonstrated that tumor cell derived CCL2-mediated recruitment of IMs is necessary and sufficient for LUSC metastasis. Pharmacologic inhibition of IM recruitment had substantial anti-metastatic effects. Notably, we show that IMs highly express Factor XIIIA, which promotes fibrin cross-linking to create a scaffold for LUSC cell invasion and metastases. Consistently, human LUSC samples containing extensive cross-linked fibrin in the microenvironment correlated with poor survival.
Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information
Authors: Suchotzki Kristina , Gamer Matthias 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a well-validated means to detect whether someone possesses certain (e.g., crime-relevant) information. The current study investigated whether alcohol intoxication during CIT administration influences reaction time (RT) CIT-effects. Two opposing predictions can be made. First, by decreasing attention to critical information, alcohol intoxication could diminish CIT-effects. Second, by hampering the inhibition of truthful responses, alcohol intoxication could increase CIT-effects. A correlational field design was employed. Participants (n = 42) were recruited and tested at a bar, where alcohol consumption was voluntary and incidental. Participants completed a CIT, in which they were instructed to hide knowledge of their true identity. BAC was estimated via breath alcohol ratio. Results revealed that higher BAC levels were correlated with higher CIT-effects. Our results demonstrate that robust CIT effects can be obtained even when testing conditions differ from typical laboratory settings and strengthen the idea that response inhibition contributes to the RT-CIT effect.
Synaptic mechanisms of interference in working memory
Authors: Kilpatrick Zachary P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInformation from preceding trials of cognitive tasks can bias performance in the current trial, a phenomenon referred to as interference. Subjects performing visual working memory tasks exhibit interference in their responses: the recalled target location is biased in the direction of the target presented on the previous trial. We present modeling work that develops a probabilistic inference model of this history-dependent bias, and links our probabilistic model to computations of a recurrent network wherein short-term facilitation accounts for the observed bias. Network connectivity is reshaped dynamically during each trial, generating predictions from prior trial observations. Applying timescale separation methods, we obtain a low-dimensional description of the trial-to-trial bias based on the history of target locations. Furthermore, we demonstrate task protocols for which our model with facilitation performs better than a model with static connectivity: repetitively presented targets are better retained in working memory than targets drawn from uncorrelated sequences.
A logic-based method to build signaling networks and propose experimental plans
Authors: Rougny Adrien , Gloaguen Pauline , Langonné Nathalie , Reiter Eric , Crépieux Pascale , Poupon Anne , Froidevaux Christine 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWith the dramatic increase of the diversity and the sheer quantity of biological data generated, the construction of comprehensive signaling networks that include precise mechanisms cannot be carried out manually anymore. In this context, we propose a logic-based method that allows building large signaling networks automatically. Our method is based on a set of expert rules that make explicit the reasoning made by biologists when interpreting experimental results coming from a wide variety of experiment types. These rules allow formulating all the conclusions that can be inferred from a set of experimental results, and thus building all the possible networks that explain these results. Moreover, given an hypothesis, our system proposes experimental plans to carry out in order to validate or invalidate it. To evaluate the performance of our method, we applied our framework to the reconstruction of the FSHR-induced and the EGFR-induced signaling networks. The FSHR is known to induce the transactivation of the EGFR, but very little is known on the resulting FSH- and EGF-dependent network. We built a single network using data underlying both networks. This leads to a new hypothesis on the activation of MEK by p38MAPK, which we validate experimentally. These preliminary results represent a first step in the demonstration of a cross-talk between these two major MAP kinases pathways.
B-periodic oscillations in the Hall-resistance induced by a dc-current-bias under combined microwave-excitation and dc-current bias in the GaAs/AlGaAs 2D system
Authors: Liu Han-Chun , Reichl C. , Wegscheider W. , Mani R. G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe report the observation of dc-current-bias-induced B-periodic Hall resistance oscillations and Hall plateaus in the GaAs/AlGaAs 2D system under combined microwave radiation- and dc bias excitation at liquid helium temperatures. The Hall resistance oscillations and plateaus appear together with concomitant oscillations also in the diagonal magnetoresistance. The periods of Hall and diagonal resistance oscillations are nearly identical, and source power (P) dependent measurements demonstrate sub-linear relationship of the oscillation amplitude with P over the span 0 < P ≤ 20 mW.
The modulation of acetic acid pathway genes in Arabidopsis improves survival under drought stress
Authors: Rasheed Sultana , Bashir Khurram , Kim Jong-Myong , Ando Marina , Tanaka Maho , Seki Motoaki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Arabidopsis histone deacetylase 6 (HDA6) mutant exhibits increased tolerance to drought stress by negatively regulating the expression of ALDH2B7 and PDC1. Therefore, it was logical to determine if transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing PDC1 or ALDH2B7 using a suitable promoter would also exhibit tolerance to drought stress. An analysis of published microarray data indicated the up-regulation of the TSPO gene, which encodes an outer membrane tryptophan-rich sensory protein (TSPO), by drought stress. RT-qPCR, as well as GUS analysis of the promoter, confirmed the up-regulation of TSPO by drought stress in Arabidopsis roots and shoots. Thus, the TSPO promoter was used to drive drought-responsive expression of ALDH2B7 and PDC1. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that the expression of PDC1 and ALDH2B7 was up-regulated, relative to WT plants, by drought stress in homozygous pTSPO-PDC1 and pTSPO-ALDH2B7 plant lines. pTSPO-ALDH2B7 and pTSPO-PDC1 transgenic lines showed prolonged survival under drought stress. Microarray analyses revealed transcriptomic changes related to metabolism in pTSPO-PDC1 plants, indicating that selective regulation of metabolism may occur; resulting in the acquisition of drought stress tolerance. These results confirmed that TSPO promoter can be used to elevate the expression of acetic acid biosynthesis pathway genes; ensuring prolonged survival under drought stress in Arabidopsis.
Knockdown of RNA interference pathway genes impacts the fitness of western corn rootworm
Authors: Davis-Vogel Courtney , Ortiz Angel , Procyk Lisa , Robeson Jonathan , Kassa Adane , Wang Yiwei , Huang Emily , Walker Carl , Sethi Amit , Nelson Mark E. , Sashital Dipali G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWestern corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is a serious agricultural pest known for its high adaptability to various management strategies, giving rise to a continual need for new control options. Transgenic maize expressing insecticidal RNAs represents a novel mode of action for rootworm management that is dependent on the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways of the insect for efficacy. Preliminary evidence suggests that western corn rootworm could develop broad resistance to all insecticidal RNAs through changes in RNAi pathway genes; however, the likelihood of field-evolved resistance occurring through this mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, eight key genes involved in facilitating interference in the microRNA and small interfering RNA pathways were targeted for knockdown in order to evaluate impact on fitness of western corn rootworm. These genes include drosha, dicer-1, dicer-2, pasha, loquacious, r2d2, argonaute 1, and argonaute 2. Depletion of targeted transcripts in rootworm larvae led to changes in microRNA expression, decreased ability to pupate, reduced adult beetle emergence, and diminished reproductive capacity. The observed effects do not support evolution of resistance through changes in expression of these eight genes due to reduced insect fitness.
Synchronised dual-wavelength mode-locking in waveguide lasers
Authors: Zhang Wen Qi , Lancaster David G. , Monro Tanya M. , Vahid Shahraam Afshar 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present a novel approach to study continuous-wave mode-locking in a waveguide laser in the presence of a gain profile with complex features. We introduce a new simulation approach where we separate the role of gain, nonlinearity, dispersion and saturable absorption elements to provide a better understanding of the interplay between these elements. In particular, we use the simulation to explain synchronised dual-wavelength mode-locking. The results show that despite the existence of dispersion which tends to form separate pulse trains in the laser cavity, the saturable absorber plays a critical role in keeping the different wavelength components synchronised. This work, for the first time, provides insight into existing experimental results. It also demonstrates new methods for studying lasers, especially mode-locking laser, with short laser cavities.
Calcimimetic acts on enteric neuronal CaSR to reverse cholera toxin-induced intestinal electrolyte secretion
Authors: Tang Lieqi , Jiang Lingli , McIntyre Megan E. , Petrova Ekaterina , Cheng Sam X. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTreatment of acute secretory diarrheal illnesses remains a global challenge. Enterotoxins produce secretion through direct epithelial action and indirectly by activating enteric nervous system (ENS). Using a microperfused colonic crypt technique, we have previously shown that R568, a calcimimetic that activates the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), can act on intestinal epithelium and reverse cholera toxin-induced fluid secretion. In the present study, using the Ussing chamber technique in conjunction with a tissue-specific knockout approach, we show that the effects of cholera toxin and CaSR agonists on electrolyte secretion by the intestine can also be attributed to opposing actions of the toxin and CaSR on the activity of the ENS. Our results suggest that targeting intestinal CaSR might represent a previously undescribed new approach for treating secretory diarrheal diseases and other conditions with ENS over-activation.
Polarization-independent circulator based on ferrite and plasma materials in two-dimensional photonic crystal
Authors: Xi Xiang , Lin Mi , Qiu Wenbiao , Ouyang Zhengbiao , Wang Qiong , Liu Qiang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe propose a type of polarization-independent circulator based on ferrite and plasma materials in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) slab. First, on the basis of analyzing the wave equations in ferrite and plasma materials, TE and TM circulators are realized with ferrite and plasma in PhCs, respectively. Then, by properly combining these two types of circulators together, a polarization-independent circulator is achieved and investigated. The results show that, for both polarizations, the insertion loss and isolation for the polarization-independent circulator are less than 0.15 dB and more than 20 dB, respectively. Finite-element method is used to calculate the characteristics of the circulators and Nelder-Mead optimization method is employed to obtain the optimized parameters. The idea presented here may have potential applications in integrated photonic circuits and devices.
Different Responses of Left Atrium and Left Atrial Appendage to Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: a Follow Up MRI study
Authors: Kim Yun Gi , Shim Jaemin , Oh Suk-Kyu , Park Hee-Soon , Lee Kwang-No , Hwang Sung Ho , Choi Jong-Il , Kim Young-Hoon 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) is known to cause adverse remodeling of left atrium (LA). Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of AF is associated with decrease in LA volume. However, the impact of RFCA on left atrial appendage (LAA) volume and hemodynamic function is not fully understood. We analyzed 123 patients who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation before and after RFCA in Korea University Anam Hospital. LA and LAA volume were measured before and after RFCA based on cardiac MRI. Baseline LA volume was 99.5 ± 38.4 cm3 and decreased to 74.6 ± 28.5 cm3 after RFCA (p < 0.001). LA diameter measured with transthoracic echocardiography was also decreased after RFCA (43.3 ± 6.2 mm at baseline and 39.9 ± 5.9 mm at follow up; p < 0.001). However, LAA volume was significantly increased after RFCA (19.4 ± 8.5 cm3 at baseline and 23.7 ± 13.3 cm3 at follow up; p < 0.001). Total ablation time and additional substrate modification was associated with change in LA volume. After RFCA, average LAA velocity measured by transesophageal echocardiography was increased to 51.0 cm/sec from 41.1 cm/sec (p < 0.001). In conclusion, LAA volume was increased after RFCA in contrast to LA volume. Our data raise a concern about worsening hemodynamics of LA and LAA following RFCA and long term clinical significance of enlarged LAA after RFCA needs further evaluation.