bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Censors Get Smart: Evidence from Psiphon in Iran
Authors: Deibert Ronald , Oliver Joshua , Senft Adam 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInformation controls are actions intended to deny, disrupt, monitor, or secure information for political ends. They can be implemented using a wide variety of technical and nontechnical means. Political contests over the control of information are heightened around important events, such as major anniversaries, armed conflicts, protests, and elections. In this paper, we offer a comparative case study of online censorship of the circumvention tool Psiphon during the Iranian elections in 2016 and 2013, drawing on unique access to analytics data from Psiphon. We find that the Iranian regime developed its censorship approach in two ways, deploying blocking that was more targeted and strategically timed in the more recent case. Evidence suggests that the regime relaxed censorship of Psiphon during the official campaign period for the 2016 election. The apparent objective of this new approach was to control access to information while minimizing the political consequences of doing so.
Caries prevalence and experience in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta: A cross‐sectional multicenter study
Authors: Ma Mang Shin , Najirad Mohammadamin , Taqi Doaa , Retrouvey Jean‐Marc , Tamimi Faleh , Dagdeviren Didem , Glorieux Francis H. , Lee Brendan , Sutton Vernon Reid , Rauch Frank , Esfandiari Shahrokh 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveDentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI) forms a group of dental abnormalities frequently found associated with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), a hereditary disease characterized by bone fragility. The objectives of this study were to quantify the dental caries prevalence and experience among different OI‐types in the sample population and quantify how much these values change for the subset with DI.MethodsTo determine which clinical characteristics were associated with increased Caries Prevalence and Experience (CPE) in patients with OI, the adjusted DFT scores were used to account for frequent hypodontia, impacted teeth and retained teeth in OI population. For each variable measured, frequency distributions, means, proportions and standard deviations were generated. Groups means were analyzed by the unpaired t‐test or ANOVA as appropriate. For multivariate analysis, subjects with caries experience of zero were compared with those with caries experience greater than zero using logistic regression.ResultsThe stepwise regression analysis while controlling for all other variables demonstrated the presence of DI (OR 2.43; CI 1.37‐4.32; P = 0.002) as the significant independent predictor of CPE in the final model.ConclusionThis study found no evidence that CPE of OI subjects differs between the types of OI. The presence of DI when controlled for other factors was found to be the significant predictor of CPE.
Anthropometric labial analysis of Han Chinese young adults
Authors: Wang Yan , Guo Shu , Sun Qiang , Jin Shi‐feng , Zhang Xin , Xiao Ming , Wang Chen‐chao , Sun Xu , Lv Meng‐zhu , Li Ke‐zhu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundFacial features vary in size and proportions between different races. This study aimed to measure the anthropometric variables of the labial region in Han Chinese young adults.Materials and MethodsA total of 900 college students (475 male and 425 female) of Chinese Han ethnicity from the northern China were included. Measurements of the labial region included 14 linear items and seven proportions.ResultsAll the linear measurements of the males were significantly higher than those of the females (all P < 0.001). Significant gender differences were found in the philtrum morphology, philtrum width, upper vermilion‐cutaneous lip, lower vermilion‐cutaneous lip, and vermilion. There are significant differences in the anthropometric variables of the labial region between male and female Han Chinese young adults.ConclusionsThese data may be used as a reference standard for labial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.
Age‐related biophysical changes of the epidermal and dermal skin in Korean women
Authors: Cho Changhui , Cho Eunbyul , Kim Nahee , Shin Juhee , Woo Sanga , Lee Eunyoung , Hwang Jaesung , Ha Jaehyoun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe clinical characteristics of skin were investigated to study the inter‐relationship and changes in the biophysical properties of the epidermal and dermal layers associated with aging using noninvasive methods.MethodsOur study included 100 healthy women aged between the early 20s and late 60s. Biophysical characteristics of skin such as color (brightness and spots), transparency, wrinkle on crow's feet, elasticity, hydration, sebum content, glossiness, and transepidermal water loss measured under controlled conditions.ResultsThis study performed in a Korean population demonstrated that aging significantly affects human skin in terms of parameters such as wrinkles, skin color, elasticity, and epidermal hydration. Age‐related changes in skin hydration showed varying patterns between the epidermis and dermis. Skin color showed heterogeneous characteristics between the upper and lower epidermal layers associated with aging. Skin elasticity and wrinkles were observed to show and inversely proportional relationship in the early 40s.ConclusionsWe confirmed the significant influence of aging on the biophysical properties of skin and determined the distinct age‐related biophysical changes in the epidermal and dermal layers of skin using noninvasive method. This study indicates the need for further research to investigate the distinctive age‐related changes in characteristics of the epidermal and dermal layers of human skin.
Effectiveness of acyclovir prophylaxis against varicella zoster virus disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wada‐Shimosato Yuko , Tanoshima Reo , Hiratoko Kanako , Takeuchi Masanobu , Tsujimoto Shin‐Ichi , Shiba Norio , Ito Shinya , Yamanaka Takeharu , Ito Shuichi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundVaricella zoster virus (VZV) disease is a common complication after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The mortality rate for disseminated VZV infection is 34%. Acyclovir has been used for the prophylaxis of VZV disease after HCT, but the effectiveness of prophylaxis is controversial. We conducted a meta‐analysis of the incidence of VZV disease within the first 1 year after acyclovir prophylaxis had been discontinued and assessed the risk of VZV disease during acyclovir prophylaxis.MethodsMedline, EMBASE plus EMBASE classics, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were used for a systematic search. The inclusion criteria were both randomized controlled trials and cohort studies that described the effectiveness of acyclovir as prophylaxis against VZV disease after allogeneic HCT.ResultsWe included seven studies involving a total of 2265 patients. No mortality by VZV was identified. Acyclovir prophylaxis significantly reduced the rate of VZV infection within the first 1 year after discontinuation (risk ratio: 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29‐0.51). The risk of VZV disease during acyclovir prophylaxis was also reduced (risk ratio: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.12‐0.24). Both short–term and long–term prophylaxis reduced the incidence of VZV infection (RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.30‐0.86 vs RR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22‐0.54). Low–dose acyclovir (<400 mg/d) is sufficient to reduce the risk of VZV disease.ConclusionThis study showed that acyclovir prophylaxis reduced VZV infection after HCT with no fatal cases and acyclovir prophylaxis is beneficial. No significant adverse effects occurred and no delayed VZV disease was identified.
Fatal disseminated visceral varicella zoster virus infection in a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Loftus Michael J. , Yong Michelle K. , Wilson Scott , Peleg Anton Y. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe report a case of fatal disseminated varicella zoster virus (VZV) with delayed–onset rash in a 66‐year‐old female more than 2 years following uncomplicated deceased donor renal transplantation. Whilst on a stable regimen of maintenance immunosuppression, the patient presented with chest and abdominal pain with concomitant hepatitis and pancreatitis. After pursuing multiple other potential causes of her symptoms, the correct diagnosis of VZV was only suspected after the development of a widespread vesicular rash—11 days after her initial symptoms. Despite antiviral therapy and inotropic support in the intensive care unit, the patient died. Simultaneous VZV hepatitis and pancreatitis in solid organ transplant recipients is uncommon. The new inactivated VZV vaccines have the potential to prevent post‐transplant infections, with promising early clinical data on safety and efficacy in renal transplant recipients. VZV is an important preventable infection that should be considered in immunocompromised patients, even in the absence of rash.
The Use of Data Collected From mHealth Apps to Inform Evidence‐Based Quality Improvement: An Integrative Review
Authors: Radbron Emma , Wilson Valerie , McCance Tanya , Middleton Rebekkah 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe global acceptance and use of technology in health care has resulted in an abundance of mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) available for use in the delivery and improvement of care. With so many apps available to patients and clinicians, it is important to understand how data from apps are being used to inform quality improvement in practice.AimThe aim of this integrative review is to establish current knowledge of how mHealth apps are used to produce data to inform quality improvement in health care.MethodsScopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Medline Plus Full Text databases were searched for peer‐reviewed papers written in English. The inclusion criteria comprised of full‐text, empirical research studies relating to mobile health application use (not development) in clinical care.ResultsNineteen studies met inclusion criteria. The functions of the apps outlined in the studies can be summarized into four different categories: communication, illness management, clinical management, and education/information. The types of data collected by the apps included numerical, textual, photographic, and graphical with several apps able to collect a variety of data types. Analysis of the studies showed that although data collection is rarely outlined as the explicit purpose of mHealth apps, data collected through such technology are and can be used to inform practice change both in real time and retrospectively.Linking Evidence to ActionThis review highlights while this is an emerging area, data obtained from mHealth apps can and are being used to inform quality improvement in health care. Further research is required in this area to adequately understand how data from mHealth apps can be used to produce quality improvement, specifically in relation to nursing. This review also highlights a need for the development of apps that aim to capture data to inform quality improvement, particularly from the patient perspective.
Gene expression variability in human skeletal muscle transcriptome responses to acute resistance exercise
Authors: Bonafiglia Jacob T. , Menzies Keir J. , Gurd Brendon J. 
Published: February 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does exercise, independent of random error and within‐subject variability, contribute to the variability in gene expression responses to an acute bout of resistance exercise?

What is the main finding and its importance?
A reanalysis of publicly available microarray data revealed that variability in observed gene expression responses for a subset of genes could be partially attributable to an effect of acute resistance exercise. These finding support the notion that individual responsiveness explains a portion of the variability in observed gene expression responses to acute resistance exercise.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to use publicly available transcriptomic data to determine whether variability in gene expression responses to an acute bout of acute resistance exercise (ARE) can be attributable to an effect of ARE per se. We examined microarray data from a previous study that collected skeletal muscle biopsies before and 24 h after ARE or a no‐exercise time‐matched control period (CTL). By subtracting the standard deviation in the observed responses to CTL from ARE, we determined that ARE contributed to the variability in the observed gene expression responses for many (∼31,000), but not all, transcripts included on the Affymetrix Human Genome chips. ARE had a large effect on variability in the observed gene expression responses in 1290 genes that was not attributed to any technical/biological variability associated with repeated measurements. Pathway analysis using WebGestalt revealed that several of these 1290 genes are involved in pathways known to regulate skeletal muscle adaptations to chronic resistance training. These results suggest that variability in the observed gene expression responses for a subset of genes could be partially attributable to an effect of ARE.
Respiratory disturbances in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Oliveira Luiz M. , Oliveira Maria A. , Moriya Henrique T. , Moreira Thiago S. , Takakura Ana C. 
Published: February 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Clinical reports have described and suggested central and peripheral respiratory abnormalities in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients; however, these reports have never addressed the occurrence of these abnormalities in an animal model.

What is the main finding and its importance?
A mouse model of PD has reduced neurokinin‐1 receptor immunoreactivity in the pre‐Bӧtzinger complex and Phox2b‐expressing neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus. The PD mouse has impairments of respiratory frequency and the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Lung collagen deposition and ribcage stiffness appear in PD mice.

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative motor disorder characterized by dopaminergic deficits in the brain. Parkinson's disease patients may experience shortness of breath, dyspnoea, breathing difficulties and pneumonia, which can be linked as a cause of morbidity and mortality of those patients. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether a mouse model of PD could develop central brainstem and lung respiratory abnormalities. Adult male C57BL/6 mice received bilateral injections of 6‐hydroxydopamine (10 μg μl−1; 0.5 μl) or vehicle into the striatum. Ventilatory parameters were assessed in the 40 days after induction of PD, by whole‐body plethysmography. In addition, measurements of respiratory input impedance (closed and opened thorax) were performed. 6‐Hydroxydopamine reduced the number of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the density of neurokinin‐1 receptor immunoreactivity in the pre‐Bӧtzinger complex and the number of Phox2b neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Physiological experiments revealed a reduction in resting respiratory frequency in PD animals, owing to an increase in expiratory time and a blunted hypercapnic ventilatory response. Measurements of respiratory input impedance showed that only PD animals with the thorax preserved had increased viscance, indicating that the ribcage could be stiff in this animal model of PD. Consistent with stiffened ribcage mechanics, abnormal collagen deposits in alveolar septa and airways were observed in PD animals. Our data showed that our mouse model of PD presented with neurodegeneration in respiratory brainstem centres and disruption of lung mechanical properties, suggesting that both central and peripheral deficiencies contribute to PD‐related respiratory pathologies.
PocketWeb
Authors: Lymberopoulos Dimitrios , Riva Oriana , Strauss Karin , Mittal Akshay , Ntoulas Alexandros 
Published: February 2019

The high network latencies and limited battery life of mobile phones can make mobile web browsing a frustrating experience. In prior work, we proposed trading memory capacity for lower web access latency and a more convenient data transfer schedule from an energy perspective by prefetching slowly-changing data (search queries and results) nightly, when the phone is charging. However, most web content is intrinsically much more dynamic and may be updated multiple times a day, thus eliminating the effectiveness of periodic updates.
This paper addresses the challenge of prefetching dynamic web content in a timely fashion, giving the user an instant web browsing experience but without aggravating the battery lifetime issue. We start by analyzing the web access traces of 8,000 users, and observe that mobile web browsing exhibits a strong spatiotemporal signature, which is different for every user. We propose to use a machine learning approach based on stochastic gradient boosting techniques to efficiently model this signature on a per user basis. The machine learning model is capable of accurately predicting future web accesses and prefetching the content in a timely manner. Our experimental evaluation with 48,000 models trained on real user datasets shows that we can accurately prefetch 60% of the URLs for about 80-90% of the users within 2 minutes before the request. The system prototype we built not only provides more than 80% lower web access time for more than 80% of the users, but it also achieves the same or lower radio energy dissipation by more than 50% for the majority of mobile users.
Iterative optimization for the data center
Authors: Chen Yang , Fang Shuangde , Eeckhout Lieven , Temam Olivier , Wu Chengyong 
Published: February 2019

Iterative optimization is a simple but powerful approach that searches for the best possible combination of compiler optimizations for a given workload. However, each program, if not each data set, potentially favors a different combination. As a result, iterative optimization is plagued by several practical issues that prevent it from being widely used in practice: a large number of runs are required for finding the best combination; the process can be data set dependent; and the exploration process incurs significant overhead that needs to be compensated for by performance benefits.Therefore, while iterative optimization has been shown to have significant performance potential, it is seldomly used in production compilers.
In this paper, we propose Iterative Optimization for the Data Center (IODC): we show that servers and data centers offer a context in which all of the above hurdles can be overcome. The basic idea is to spawn different combinations across workers and recollect performance statistics at the master, which then evolves to the optimum combination of compiler optimizations. IODC carefully manages costs and benefits, and is transparent to the end user. We evaluate IODC using both MapReduce and throughput compute-intensive server applications. In order to reflect the large number of users interacting with the system, we gather a very large collection of data sets (at least 1000 and up to several million unique data sets per program), for a total storage of 10.7TB, and 568 days of CPU time. We report an average performance improvement of 1.48×, and up to 2.08×, for the MapReduce applications, and 1.14×, and up to 1.39×, for the throughput compute-intensive server applications.
Chameleon
Authors: Panneerselvam Sankaralingam , Swift Michael M. 
Published: February 2019

The rise of multi-core processors has shifted performance efforts towards parallel programs. However, single-threaded code, whether from legacy programs or ones difficult to parallelize, remains important. Proposed asymmetric multicore processors statically dedicate hardware to improve sequential performance, but at the cost of reduced parallel performance. However, several proposed mechanisms provide the best-of-both-worlds by combining multiple cores into a single, more powerful processor for sequential code. For example, Core Fusion merges multiple cores to pool caches and functional units, and Intel's Turbo Boost raises the clock speed of a core if the other cores on a chip are powered down.
These reconfiguration mechanisms have two important properties. First the set of available cores and their capabilities can vary over short time scales. Current operating systems are not designed for rapidly changing hardware: the existing hotplug mechanisms for reconfiguring processors require global operations and hundreds of milliseconds to complete. Second, configurations may be mutually exclusive: using power to speed one core means it cannot be used to speed another. Current schedulers cannot manage this requirement.
We present Chameleon, an extension to Linux to support dynamic processors that can reconfigure their cores at runtime. Chameleon provides processor proxies to enable rapid reconfiguration, execution objects to abstract the processing capabilities of physical CPUs, and a cluster scheduler to balance the needs of sequential and parallel programs. In experiments that emulate a dynamic processor, we find that Chameleon can reconfigure processors 100,000 times faster than Linux and allows applications full access to hardware capabilities: sequential code runs at full speed on a powerful execution context, while parallel code runs on as many cores as possible.
Relyzer
Authors: Hari Siva Kumar Sastry , Adve Sarita V. , Naeimi Helia , Ramachandran Pradeep 
Published: February 2019

Future microprocessors need low-cost solutions for reliable operation in the presence of failure-prone devices. A promising approach is to detect hardware faults by deploying low-cost monitors of software-level symptoms of such faults. Recently, researchers have shown these mechanisms work well, but there remains a non-negligible risk that several faults may escape the symptom detectors and result in silent data corruptions (SDCs). Most prior evaluations of symptom-based detectors perform fault injection campaigns on application benchmarks, where each run simulates the impact of a fault injected at a hardware site at a certain point in the application's execution (application fault site). Since the total number of application fault sites is very large (trillions for standard benchmark suites), it is not feasible to study all possible faults. Previous work therefore typically studies a randomly selected sample of faults. Such studies do not provide any feedback on the portions of the application where faults were not injected. Some of those instructions may be vulnerable to SDCs, and identifying them could allow protecting them through other means if needed.
This paper presents Relyzer, an approach that systematically analyzes all application fault sites and carefully picks a small subset to perform selective fault injections for transient faults. Relyzer employs novel fault pruning techniques that prune faults that need detailed study by either predicting their outcomes or showing them equivalent to other faults. We find that Relyzer prunes about 99.78% of the total faults across twelve applications studied here, reducing the faults that require detailed simulation by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude for most of the applications. Fault injection simulations on the remaining faults can identify SDC causing faults in the entire application. Some of Relyzer's techniques rely on heuristics to determine fault equivalence. Our validation efforts show that Relyzer determines fault outcomes with 96% accuracy, averaged across all the applications studied here.