bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrum Auction and Investment in Telecom Industry: A Suggested Policy
Authors: Datta Debabrata 
Published: June 2019

Recently, Indian telecommunication industry has passed through an auction process of 3G spectrum, which has enabled the government to collect hefty license fees. The successful bidders are expected to borrow this bid amount from the commercial banks and repay from the revenue to be generated from the new services. This paper looks at this issue theoretically. The telecommunication firms operate on the basis of acquisition of airwave space, which is licensed by the government. The usual policy practice is to distribute the available spectrum by an ascending auction. As per the economic theory, auction has two merits. Firstly, auction ensures that spectrum goes to the most efficient firm, which is by definition the firm that makes the maximum profit among all. This firm by virtue of their maximum profit bids the highest amount in the auction and gets the spectrum. Secondly, spectrum auction ensures revenue maximization of the government. This result of efficiency optimization however holds under the assumption of perfect information and no uncertainty. Uncertainty and irrationality like over-optimism can lead to problems like ‘winners‘ curse' or ‘broke winners’ under auction. Still auction is market-based and less controversial than discretionary distribution. However, this paper argues that high amount of auction bid can result in several deficiencies in the telecom industry. An issue of debate is whether high auction bid will result in higher price for the services. Under the assumption of infinite time horizon, high license fee is a sunk cost and therefore does not raise price. But this paper shows that a high license fee can raise the lending bank�s interest charge for which not only price rises but the infrastructural investment in the telecom industry suffers. After the acquisition of spectrum through auction the industry needs infrastructural investments to roll out the quality services. Inadequate investment in infrastructural activities like procurement of quality equipments, erection of tower, etc., may result in lower quantum of services with degraded qualities. This is in fact a reality in India where not only rural telecom infrastructure is vastly inadequate, the urban telecom infrastructure is also under severe stress. In this paper, using the tool of game theory we show how capacity and quantity choice game of firms ends up in high auction bid and sub-optimal investment on infrastructure. Then how can the social planners simultaneously achieve the twin objective of growth and revenue maximization? The paper shows that these objectives are realized if a part of the license fee is spent for the subsidization of infrastructural investment in the telecom industry.
Upward Switches on BSE: An Explanation for Anomalous Stock Price Behaviour
Authors: Gill Suveera 
Published: June 2019

Stock exchanges in developed markets provide multiple equities platform for a sophisticated equity trading worldwide. The trading system on stock exchanges in developing countries, however, is typically two-tiered so as to segregate trading interest on a wider spectrum of investor�s interest. The stock exchange authorities with such trading structures monitor the financial health of their listed companies and take a switch decision by moving a company from a low- or high-class segment to a high-or low-class segment based on certain factors. This paper attempts to discern the general pattern of market behaviour of 38 common stocks around up-switches from Group ‘B’ to Group ‘A’ on the Bombay Stock Exchange during 2008–2010. In addition, an attempt was made to examine the effect of preswitching trading volume on the pattern of returns around up-switching. Standard event methodology using the market-adjusted model was used to examine the market behaviour around the two event dates, i.e., announcement and actual switching. The same estimation period of -210 to -51 days was used for both event dates. Three tests, namely, a sign test, a matched-pairs t-test, and a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test were used to examine differences in volume and risk before and after switching. Finally, other contemporaneous announcements which might have had an effect on the results for low and high sub-sample companies were also checked. The results confirm that subtle differences exist in market behaviour around up-switches. The market responds weakly but positively to the announcement of an up-switch. However, in the days around the actual up-switch, the companies earn negative abnormal returns though not significant. Further, over the total test period, the cumulative abnormal results of the low volume group are significantly lower than those of the high volume group at the five per cent level over days -10 to +10. Thus, the results show that around the up-switch, the market response is more favourable to stocks with high volume than their low volume counterparts. A further examination of trading volume, beta, as well as other corporate announcements helped in discerning the underlying cumulative abnormal return patterns. The present paper distinguishes itself from the previous studies on the subject as it goes beyond documenting the abnormal returns around up-switches by presenting probable explanations for their existence. It provides researchers and others valuable understanding regarding the market segment change anomalies and the role of other pre-switching attributes in explaining market behaviour around switching.
Mediator Analysis of Employee Engagement: Role of Perceived Organizational Support, P-O Fit, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Biswas Soumendu , Bhatnagar Jyotsna 
Published: June 2019

Given the multi-determinability of individual affect and attitudes, this paper seeks to explicate their display through some construct that captures the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components of work-related roles. Employee engagement is found to be one such explanatory variable. This paper assesses the mediating role of employee engagement between perceived organizational support (POS) and person-organization fit (P-O fit) as the antecedents and organizational commitment and job satisfaction as the consequences. It tests the path model by using data from six Indian organizations and a sample of 246 Indian managers. The findings help find a direct effect of P-O fit and POS, which affects employee engagement and leads to variance in organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Further, the paper attempts to establish discriminant validity between employee engagement and organizational commitment. Yet, because of the similarity of wordings of the items measuring the employees� ratings of the two constructs, the authors conducted a confirmatory factor analysis leading to discriminant validity establishment to examine whether employee engagement and organizational commitment were distinct. AMOS software (version 17.0) was used to compare the fit of two nested models: (a) a one-factor model incorporating both the constructs and (b) a two-factor model distinguishing employee engagement and organizational commitment. It also provides empirical support to job satisfaction and its linkage with employee engagement. The findings suggest that when individuals perceive positive levels of organizational collaboration, they are intrinsically encouraged towards exerting considerably higher levels of effort. The notion that P-O fit deals with the congruence between employees� personal values and those of the organization makes for greater meaningfulness and psychological safety leading to higher levels of employee engagement. Furthermore, when individual values are perceived to fit organizational norms, the former are entrusted with greater responsibilities and are made to feel more empowered. A high level of employee engagement reflects a greater trust and loyal relationship between the individual and the organization. This suggests the building up of higher degree of commitment by the employee towards their employing organization. The paper contributes to theory building in the employee engagement and organizational commitment domains.
Does adding an integrated physical therapy and neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy to standard rehabilitation improve functional outcome in elderly patients with pneumonia? A randomised controlled trial
Authors: López-López Laura , Torres-Sánchez Irene , Rodríguez-Torres Janet , Cabrera-Martos Irene , Ortiz-Rubio Araceli , Valenza Marie Carmen 
Published: June 2019

Objective: To compare the effects of an integrated programme of physical and electrical therapy to standard rehabilitation to improve physical and functional performance in elderly patients with pneumonia. Design: Randomized clinical trial. The study was registered in the ClinicalTrial.gov website (identifier: NCT02515565). Setting: University Hospital. Subjects: In total, 185 elderly patients with pneumonia were eligible for the study, of which 95 were finally randomized. Interventions: Patients were randomized to a control group which received the standard treatment or to an intervention group which received additionally an integrated programme of physical and electrical therapy. Main measures: Demographic and clinical information was acquired. Pulmonary function, length of hospital stay, handgrip strength, independence levels and comorbidities were assessed as descriptive outcomes. The main outcome measure was functional and physical performance, evaluated with the short physical performance battery. Secondary outcome measures were respiratory symptoms including dyspnoea, fatigue and cough. Results: Mean age of patients was 74.92 (11.03) years in the intervention group and 72.53 (9.24) years in the control group. Significant between groups differences ( P < 0.05) were found in short physical performance battery chair stand test (2.17 (0.97) vs. 0.58 (0.61)) and total score (5.91 (3.61) vs. 4.15 (3.15)). The intervention group showed better performance than the control group in both cases. Fatigue (32.04 (18.58) vs. 46.22 (8.90)) and cough (18.84 (2.47) vs. 17.40 (3.67)) showed higher improvement in the intervention group, and significant differences were observed between the groups. Conclusion: An integrated programme of physical and electrical therapy during hospitalization improves physical and functional performance in patients with pneumonia.
Volume of white matter hyperintensities increases with blood pressure in patients with hypertension
Authors: Zhao Yu , Ke Zunyu , He Wenbo , Cai Zhiyou 
Published: June 2019

Objective Hypertension is a risk factor for development of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). However, the relationship between hypertension and WMHs remains obscure. We sought to clarify this relationship using clinical data from different regions of China. Methods We analyzed the data of 333 patients with WMHs in this study. All included patients underwent conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. A primary diagnosis of WMHs was made according to MRI findings. The volume burden of WMHs was investigated using the Fazekas scale, which is widely used to rate the degree of WMHs. We conducted retrospective clinical analysis of the data in this study. Results Our findings showed that WMHs in patients with hypertension were associated with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, history of cerebral infarct, and plasma glucose and triglyceride levels. Fazekas scale scores for WMHs increased with increased blood pressure values in patients with hypertension. Conclusion This analysis indicates that hypertension is an independent contributor to the prevalence and severity of WMHs.
In Which Arm Position Is a Hill-Sachs Lesion Created?
Authors: Kawakami Jun , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Hatta Taku , Shinagawa Kiyotsugu , Itoi Eiji 
Published: June 2019

Background: It has been believed that a Hill-Sachs lesion (HSL) is created with the arm in abduction and external rotation at the time of dislocation. However, no studies have clarified the arm position in which an HSL is created. Purpose: To determine the arm position in which an HSL is created. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The computed tomography images of 100 shoulders of 100 patients (72 males and 28 females; mean age, 30 years old) with recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder were investigated using an image analyzing software. Three-dimensional surface bone models of the scapula and humerus were created separately. The humerus was moved so that the HSL perfectly fit the anterior rim of the glenoid. This arm position was recorded 3-dimensionally. Results: Considering the scapulohumeral rhythm, the average arm position in which the HSL and the anterior glenoid rim best fit was 74° of abduction, 27° of external rotation, and 3° of horizontal flexion relative to the trunk. Conclusion: The arm position when an HSL and the anterior glenoid rim best fit is 74° of abduction, 27° of external rotation, and 3° of horizontal flexion, which seems to be the arm position when the HSL has been created. This result suggests 2 possibilities: dislocation occurred in this midrange position or HSL was not created at the time of dislocation but later in the mid–range of motion. However, as we have no information on the arm position at the time of dislocation, we cannot conclude which of these possibilities is true in our study. Clinical Relevance: This study gives us a better understanding of the timing of HSL occurrence. Shoulder dislocation may occur at the end range of motion or in the mid–range of motion, but an HSL is created in the mid–range of motion.
Teaching and Learning Pharmacy Services: A Teaching Method for Developing Competencies for Patient-Centered Care Through Experiential Learning in a Real Workplace
Authors: Foppa Aline Aparecida , Oliveira Gomes Lenyta , Raijche Mattozo Rover Marina , dos Santos Rosana Isabel , Rocha Farias Mareni , Leite Silvana Nair 
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Considering the transformation process that has been occurring in pharmacy education and the urgent need to address social health needs, proposals of teaching methods for the development of competences and skills in patient-centered care have become an issue worth discussing. The study describes and discusses the method that has been used for developing of these competencies through experiential learning in a university pharmacy in Brazil. Educational Activity: The Teaching and Learning of Pharmacy Services (TLPS) method encompasses 2 components: theoretical-reflexive one (developing protocols covering the patient care process) and practical-reflexive one (using the protocols with real patients). TLPS connects the 2 components in a way to enable students to acquire and apply theoretical knowledge for a comprehensive assessment of the patients’ needs and understand how clinical reasoning and decision-making take place. The assessment process is performed, by the supervisor, which evaluates the behaviors necessary for good professional performance. Discussion: The active learning methodologies have been effectively used in the classroom as a way to stimulate critical thinking, problem-solving, and clinical reasoning. However, experiential learning is considered a central point in the learning process and essential for knowledge building. Thus, the method herein described is shown as an innovative tool to promote self-learning, consolidation and interrelation of the acquired knowledge, easier identification of patients’ needs, normalization of behaviors, and improvement in the quality of care.
Unemployment and the rate of psychoactive-substance-related psychiatric hospital admission in regional Queensland: An observational, longitudinal study
Authors: Bui Tuan Anh , Wijesekera Ninel 
Published: June 2019

Objectives: To examine the relationship between a regional economic downturn (indicated by the rise of population unemployment rate) and the rate of psychoactive-substance-induced psychiatric hospital admissions in the population in a rural/regional setting. Methods: Hospital admission records from January 2013 to December 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. All patients with admissions to the Mackay inpatient psychiatric unit with diagnosis of mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use were recorded using (ICD-10) F10-F19 codes. The relationship between the regional unemployment rate and the hospital admission rate was analysed using linear regression analysis. Results: A statistically significant regression was found (F(1,46) = 39.46, p < 0.0001), R2 = 0.46). The predicted number of admissions per 100,000 population in a month was observed to increase on average by 3.13 per month (95% CI = 2.12–4.13, p < 0.0001) for each percentage increase in the regional unemployment rate. Conclusions: There was a statistically significant association between the population unemployment rate and the rate of substance induced psychiatric hospital admissions. Implications for regional Australian service provision and unmet needs were discussed. Further research is required to confirm this observation.
Influence of Tibial Component Position on Altered Kinematics Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty During Simulated Gait
Authors: Saito Guilherme H. , Sturnick Daniel R. , Ellis Scott J. , Deland Jonathan T. , Demetracopoulos Constantine A. 
Published: June 2019

Background: Ankle and hindfoot kinematics following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) are poorly understood and it is unclear whether patients can replicate physiologic motion after TAA. Furthermore, the effect of implant position on TAA kinematics is unknown. The objective of this study was to compare ankle and hindfoot kinematics pre- and post-TAA during simulated gait and determine to what degree tibial component position correlated with variations in ankle kinematics. Methods: Eight midtibia cadaveric specimens were utilized in this institutional review board–approved study. The stance phase of gait was simulated both pre- and post-TAA in each specimen using a 6 degrees of freedom robotic platform. Ankle and hindfoot kinematics were measured from reflective markers attached to bones via surgical pins. The effect of tibial component position on absolute differences in ankle kinematics was assessed using linear regression. Results: No differences were observed in ankle sagittal and coronal plane motion between the intact and TAA conditions. Differences in ankle joint kinematics were identified in the transverse plane, where internal talar rotation was significantly increased following TAA compared with the native condition. The medial-lateral position of the tibial component was found to correlate with the altered transverse plane motion observed after TAA (β = 1.861 degrees/mm, R2 = 0.72, P = .008). No significant differences in subtalar and talonavicular joint kinematics in any plane were observed comparing the pre- and post-TAA condition. Conclusion: This study demonstrated an increased internal rotation of the ankle in the transverse plane following TAA. This increase was correlated with the medial-lateral position of the tibial implant. Clinical Relevance: This finding could have clinical implications for how tibial components are positioned during the operative procedure, and how implant design and position may affect ankle kinematics following TAA.
Effects of famciclovir in cats with spontaneous acute upper respiratory tract disease
Authors: Kopecny Lucy , Maggs David J , Leutenegger Christian M , Johnson Lynelle R 
Published: June 2019

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the effects of famciclovir administration in cats with spontaneously acquired acute upper respiratory tract disease. Methods Twenty-four kittens with clinical signs of acute upper respiratory tract disease were randomly allocated to receive doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h) alone (group D; n = 12) or with famciclovir (90 mg/kg PO q12h; group DF; n = 12) for up to 3 weeks. Clinical disease severity was scored at study entry and daily thereafter. Oculo-oropharyngeal swabs collected at study entry and exit were assessed using quantitative PCR for nucleic acids of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), Chlamydia felis, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma felis. Results The median (range) age of cats was 1.5 (1–6) months in group D vs 1.6 (1–5) months in group DF ( P = 0.54). Pathogens detected in oculo-oropharyngeal swabs at study entry included FCV (n = 13/24; 54%), M felis (n = 8/24; 33%), FHV-1 (n = 7/24; 29 %), C felis (n = 7/24; 29%) and B bronchiseptica (n = 3/24; 12%). Median (range) duration of clinical signs was 11.5 (3–21) days in group DF and 11 (3–21) days in group D ( P = 0.75). Median (range) total disease score at the end of the study did not differ between groups (group D 1 [1–1] vs group DF 1 [1–3]; P = 0.08). Conclusions and relevance This study revealed no significant difference in response to therapy between cats treated with doxycycline alone or with famciclovir; cats improved rapidly in both groups. However, identification of FHV-1 DNA was relatively uncommon in this study and clinical trials focused on FHV-1-infected cats are warranted to better evaluate famciclovir efficacy.
Uterine Contraction Parameters Before and During the Pre-Epidural Fluid Bolus: A Pilot Study
Authors: Benfield Rebecca , Feng Du , Salstrom Jan , Edge Melydia , Brigham Denise , Newton Edward R. 
Published: June 2019

Background: The first stage of labor is significantly longer with epidural analgesia use, implying an alteration in uterine contractility. Although the pre-epidural fluid bolus is used with every epidural and affects as many as 80% of laboring women, its effects on uterine contraction parameters are unknown. Design: Using a retrospective descriptive repeated measures design, we compared uterine contraction parameters including frequency, duration, peak intensity, resting tone, and Montevideo units at baseline and during the intravascular pre-epidural fluid bolus (Bolus) epochs for healthy laboring women at term gestation undergoing augmentation or induction. Method: Contraction parameters were compared using data from fetal monitor strips with intrauterine pressure catheter instrumentation. Results: No significant differences were found between epochs for women receiving constant Pitocin dosages ( n = 10) using Wilcoxon signed rank tests at .05 α level, but all parameters trended in the direction of improved contractility except frequency, which was unchanged. Conclusions: These pilot study findings do not support the proposal that the pre-epidural fluid bolus is a contributor to decreased uterine contractility in any parameter. It is possible that the bolus improved myometrial perfusion and metabolic function in the contracting and resting states in less hydrated women.