bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Ultra-Low Interfacial Tension Nanofluid for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Super-Low Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Xu Derong , Bai Baojun , Meng Ziyu , Zhou Qiong , Li Zhe , Lu Yao , Wu Hairong , Hou Jirui , Kang Wanli 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The exploration and development of super-low permeability reservoirs have become a global focus in recent years. However, conventional flooding systems commonly face problems of high injection pressure and poor displacement efficiency in super-low permeability reservoirs. Thus, it is imperative to find new flooding agents that tackle such problems.
In this study, a novel ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT) nanofluid was formulated, consisting of surfactants to achieve ultra-low IFT and silica nanoparticles to reduce injection pressure. The compatibility test between the surfactants and silica nanoparticles in 10,000 mg/L NaCl solution at 90 °C was conducted to ensure their adaption to harsh reservoir conditions. Also, the effects of silica nanoparticles on the IFT and emulsion stability of the surfactant solution as well as wettability of reservoir rock were evaluated to determine the optimum concentration of nanoparticles. Finally, oil displacement efficiency of the nanofluid was assessed and compared from respective nanofluid flooding, surfactant flooding and surfactant-free nanofluid flooding.
The compatibility results showed that the ultra-low IFT surfactant solution with silica nanoparticles remained clear and stable at 90 °C for one month. The surfactant solution can effectively emulsify oil, and the stability of the oil emulsion could be further improved in the presence of silica nanoparticles. In addition, the solution could achieve lower IFT at both low and high temperature with the addition of 0.01% silica nanoparticles. The silica nanoparticles could effectively alter the wettability of the rock, making it become more water-wet with increasing silica nanoparticle concentration. The displacement experiments through 0.2–0.3 mD tight cores indicated that the enhanced oil recovery could reach 21.12%OOIP by the nanofluid flooding after water flooding, higher than that of surfactant flooding (18.84% OOIP), and much higher than that of surfactant-free nanofluid flooding (3.48% OOIP). Moreover, the injection pressure difference was able to decrease nearly 50% after nanofluid injection in comparison with the occurrence of an increase in pressure along the surfactant solution injection. Thus, the combined surfactant and nanoparticles behaved excellent synergistic effect.
The newly formulated surfactant based silica nanofluids can efficiently enhance oil recovery in comparison with water flooding, and significantly lower the injection pressure compared with the surfactant flooding. This work lays the foundation for the application of ultralow IFT nanofluid flooding technology in super-low permeability reservoirs.
Increasing Coal Seam Gas Field Productivity with Horizontal Well Technology: A Case Study
Authors: Lin Xuejun , Sutherland Graham , Cumming Duncan , Thomas Brian , Sani Ali 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A Coal Seam Gas Field, operated by Origin Energy as upstream operator of the APLNG project in Queensland, Australia has been on commercial production since 2005. From inception to 2012 the development concept used vertical cavitated wells or vertical fracture stimulated wells. Four pilot surface to in-seam well pairs were successfully drilled and commissioned in 2012 and 2013. Based on the performance of these pilots, further development of the coal seam gas field converted from stimulated vertical wells to horizontal wells from 2015 onwards. Surface-in-seam (SIS), high-angle-sump-horizontals (HASH), and multi-laterals wells drilled with coil tubing technologies were implemented in the field. The paper describes horizontal wells drilling, completion and geo-steering technology. The optimal operational strategies of horizontal wells are also described and the production performance of horizontal wells are compared to the vertical well performance. The key factors contributing to the success of horizontal drilling in the field are presented.
Evaluation of Frac Hit Risks in Aishwarya Barmer-Hill Field Development Utilising GIS Platform
Authors: Pathak Shashank , Tibbles Raymond , Bohra Avinash , Tiwari Shobhit , Godiyal Preeti , Deo Aniket 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Frac Hit is an inter-well communication event where an offset well is affected by the pumping of a hydraulic fracturing treatment in a new well. Close well spacing, increased fracture density (number of fracs per well), and larger fracture treatments increase the chance of a Frac Hit. This paper demonstrates how a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in the Barmer Hill oil reservoir to quantify the risks of a Frac Hit on a well by well basis.
The Aishwarya Barmer Hill (ABH) field (&lt;1 mD/cp) overlies the prolific Aishwarya Fatehgarh (AF) field (&gt;3 Darcy's). The AF field was developed first with 71 wells. All of these wells for AF reservoir penetrated through shallower ABH reservoir at an average spacing of ∼100 m. The ABH field development plan calls for 1000 m long horizontal laterals with a ∼180 m distance between the wells to efficiently drain the entire ABH structure. The hydraulic fractures planned in ABH wells had an average fracture half-length of ∼100 m with 10 stages per well. With the spacing equal to the fracture half length, the likelihood of a Frac Hit between ABH horizontal wells was high. The presence of the nearby AF wells only added to the risk.
GIS enabled software was used to evaluate the risk magnitude and the observations were used to prepare a mitigation plan. All the well trajectories for both reservoirs were mapped inside the 3D reservoir structure. As a first case, a potential strike zone (PSZ) with a radius equal to the frac half-length was generated around the planned ABH wells. Wells were considered at risk if a PSZ intersected another well or another PSZ. Then all of the planned hydraulic fractures were mapped in 3 dimensions using the known fracture propagation azimuth (from appraisal well micro-seismic data) and the simulated fracture dimensions (Half-lengths & heights) using fully 3D frac modeling software.
The procedure clearly identified the cases (well/stage) which had a high potential for a Frac Hit. After identifying the high-risk cases, appropriate steps were taken to minimize the risk. The available options were to change the well trajectory, modify the fracture location (shift or remove stages), or propose additional surveillance.
The Frac Hit phenomena is a sub-surface integrity related concern which has been reported on in many technical papers. This work proposes a method for quantifying and minimizing the risks using a GIS platform. A method for categorizing the various risk cases based on well spacing, perforation and fracture initiation points is proposed. This method was studied for the ABH wells during the well planning phase and shall be applied in order to minimize Frac Hit risks. The information provided could also be directly utilized for in-fill development project for tight fields.
The First Application of Seismic While Drilling Technology in HTHP Offshore Exploration Well of South China Sea
Authors: Guo Shusheng , Gao Yongde , Chen Ming , Liu Peng , Chen Yanyan , Zhang Lei , Huang Zheyuan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
D block in the South China Sea is challenging to drill due to both high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) concerns. Well D2 is a wild-cat exploration well in this HTHP area. The target formation is HTHP and the safe mud window is narrow. To drill safely, it is required to predict target zone depth accurately and monitor pore pressure ahead of bit while drilling.
Seismic-While-Drilling (SWD) technology was evaluated and applied for the first time in the D2 well of the South China Sea. In this well, with the checkshot data and seisimic waveforms from SWD, an integrated solution was provided, including updates of the time-depth relationship, depth prediction for the high-pressure problem formations, pore pressure monitoring and updated prediction ahead of the bit. All results were updated in real-time while drilling, helping to optimize the mud weight in a tight mud window scenario and to determine the final target depth of the open hole section and the casing depth.
The real-time and memory waveforms were processed and the resultant corridor stack was compared with surface seismic section for marker correlation. The predicted depth of the high pressure zone estimated from the SWD udpates was within 3 meters of the actual depth from drilling data.
Pore pressure and fracture gradient were also estimated in real-time with SWD data and the results were found to be consistent with the pore pressure measurement from wireline formation tester, obtained post drilling. By using the real-time target zone depth prediction and abnormal high pore pressure predictions based on SWD data, the D2 well was successfully completed without severe drilling issues. The casing was set to the proper depth which formed a solid foundation for the safe drilling of the next openhole section.
This case study is the first application of SWD in the sediments of the South China sea, especially within an HTHP environment. The results clearly show the effecacy of SWD in this specific geological environment.
Improving Polymer Flooding by Addition of Surface Modified Nanoparticles
Authors: Corredor Laura , Maini Brij , Husein Maen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of improving the performance of EOR polymers by adding surface modified silica nanoparticles (NP). The nano-polymer sols were prepared by mixing different types of surface modified silica NP and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) or xanthan gum (XG) solutions. It is well known that the compatibility between organic polymer-inorganic oxide filler increases when the surface of the inorganic filler is chemically modified. To generate different interfacial interactions, the silica NP were treated by chemical grafting with carboxylic acids and silanes. The properties of the modified silica NP were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the properties of the nano-polymer sols were investigated with viscometry and ζ-potential measurements. The non-Newtonian behavior of the nano-polymer sols was represented by Oswald-de Waele model.
Areal sweep efficiency of viscous oil displacements by nano-polymer sols was measured at 25°C in a Hele-Shaw cell representing one-quarter of a five-spot pattern. The fingering patterns of all XG samples were characterized by the formation of branched structures (at earlier growth stage) which by merging and coalescing formed stable interfaces. It was the expected behavior considering the high shear-thinning strength of the XG polymer and nano-polymer sols (n values between 0.17 and 0.27). However, the HPAM solutions and nano-polymer sols exhibited different fingering patterns with tip-splitting or suppressed tip-splitting and side-branching. This difference was attributed to different interactions between the modified NP and the polymeric chains of the two polymers.
The areal sweep efficiency of the HPAM polymer solutions did not improve by the addition of any type of NP because of the reduction of the viscosity of the polymer solution and the reduction of the interfacial tension between the injection fluid and oil. However, the XG polymer solutions, modified with the addition of 1.0 and 2.0 wt.% NP provided considerably improved sweep efficiency. The results are promising and show good potential for improving the performance of polymer flooding with Xanthan gum by addition of silica NP.
Laminaria – Corallina: Application of an Advanced Methodology for Accurate Metering Provides New Reservoir Insights and Better Facility Planning
Authors: Lange Nick , Gilbert Dave , Soh Martin , Teng Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper presents an advanced method to accurately calculate oil and gas production from the Laminaria and Corallina fields produced by the Northern Endeavour FPSO on the Timor Sea, where direct metering has become unreliable or unavailable. The entire production data history was reconstructed, and results applied for better understanding of the reservoir and enabling better facility planning.
The newly developed allocation methodology is based upon PVT correlations that map liquid/gas ratios from production separator conditions to plant products. Mass balance at component level was applied to ensure sources and uses of gas + LPG were fully accounted for. Instead of the conventional approach where a simple oil shrinkage is applied, this method accounts for oil shrinkage which varies with process operating parameters, gas lift rate and back produced gas. The light oils from the Laminaria and Corallina fields are particularly susceptible to these effects.
Before any reconciliation, the total oil from these two fields calculated by this independent method compares closely with cumulative field life exported oil, and monthly reconciled rundown. Oil allocations between fields were rebalanced based on the mass allocation approach. Additionally, gas production figures were affected after discovering that a significant quantity of previously injected gas + LPGs had not been back-produced and was instead captured in the reservoir flow path. The reallocated production data and improved metering of current gas and LPG production rates enables a more representative reservoir model of remaining oil, gas and LPG ultimate recovery, well free-flowing limits, timing for infill wells and evaluation of the potential for alternate fuel availability based on mass reallocation of LPGs.
Insights from this work have provided key inputs into decisions on facility modifications and upgrade projects to maintain production and extend field life. The correlations and the workflow from this work have also been programmed into the Process Historian Database for better real-time monitoring and automation. The methodology described is applicable to other light oil or gas condensate fields to significantly improve metering, leading to better reservoir understanding and facility planning.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of Smart Stability-Indicating Spectrophotometric Methods Based on Mathematical and Statistical Processing of the Obtained Results Via Different Manipulating Pathways
Authors: Lotfy Hayam Mahmoud , Fayez Yasmin Mohamed , Michael Adel Magdy , Nessim Christine Kamal 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Smart different stability-indicating spectrophotometric methods have been
established for the assay of chlordiazepoxide and clidinium bromide without the intervention of alkaline
degradate of clidinium via various and different manipulating pathways without previous separation
steps.

Objective:
The specificity of the established methods was inspected by analysing mixtures of cited
drugs in the existence of the alkali-induced degradation product.

Methods:
These methods were employed either on scanned zero-order absorption spectra using absorbance
subtraction, dual wavelength and Q-absorbance ratio or the amplitudes of the ratio spectra of
zero-order absorption spectra like amplitude modulation and by derivative techniques to the ratio spectra
as a derivative ratio method. In addition, the absorbance of the recovered zero-order absorption spectra
was applied by successive ratio subtraction coupled with constant multiplication. Finally, the pathway
depends on the amplitudes of the derivative spectra, successive derivative subtraction coupled with
constant multiplication. The ranges of linearity were (1-12µg/mL) for chlordiazepoxide and (3-
12µg/mL) for clidinium bromide.

Results:
The outcomes achieved by the prospective methods were in consent with those of the official
and reported methods when statistically compared using student’s t test, F-test and one-way ANOVA
where no significant difference was detected with suitable precision, proving the absence of any important
difference in accuracy and precision between them. They were confirmed in accordance with International
Conference on Harmonization guidelines.

Conclusion:
The established methods can be considered as alternative methods for the routine determination
of this fixed dose combination with minimum sample preparation.
A Novel Potentiometric PVC-membrane Cysteamine-Selective Electrode Based on Cysteamine-Phosphomolybdate Ion-Pair
Authors: Tumur Merve , Kanberoglu Gulsah Saydan , Coldur Fatih 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Cysteamine is used as an orphan drug in the treatment of cystinosis to prevent
long-term cystine accumulation in lysosomes. Dosing in cysteamine treatment is extremely important
and overdose may cause some side effects. Up to now, various analytical methods have been used for
cysteamine determination. Many of these methods require sophisticated instruments, expert operators,
time-consuming measurement procedures and manipulation steps, expensive supplies and long analysis
time.

Aims and Objective:
The present study deals with the development of a potentiometric PVC-membrane
cysteamine-selective electrode based on an ion-pair of cysteamine and its application in a
pharmaceutical formulation.

Methods:
Cysteamine (Cys)-Phosphomolybdate (PM) ion-pair was synthesized by mixing the equal
volumes of 10-2 M Cysteamine HCl and sodium phosphomolybdate aqueous solutions. The obtained
precipitate was used as ionophore in the structure of PVC-membrane.

Results and Discussion:
The electrode exhibited a linear response in the concentration range of 1.0×10-
1-1.0×10-5 M cysteamine with a slope of 51,7 mV per decade and detection limit of 1.0×10-5 M. The
potentiometric response of the electrode was very rapid (5 s), adequately repeatable, stable and selective.
pH working range and life-time of the electrode were also determined as 3.0-7.0 and 25 days, respectively.

Conclusion:
A PVC-membrane cysteamine selective electrode was easily prepared. Cysteamine determination
in a pharmaceutical formulation was performed. Analysis results indicated that it can be successfully
used in drug quality control laboratories for routine analysis of cysteamine in pharmaceutical
preparations alternative to more sophisticated, expensive and time-consuming analytical methods.
Determination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Two Major Degradation Products by Stability Indicating High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Bernardi Larissa Sakis , Júnior Pedro Nicolau Severino , Barreto Biscaia Isabela Fanelli , da Silva Sangoi Maximiliano , Todeschini Vitor , Mendes Cassiana , Silva Marcos Antônio Segatto , Oliveira Paulo Renato 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic which comprises two sulfonamide
groups. The literature is not clear regarding the identification of the chromatographic peaks of
its two major related substances: chlorothiazide and 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide
(DSA).

Methods:
In the present study, a simple, sensitive, and selective HPLC method was developed and validated
for the assay of HCTZ, Chlorothiazide and DSA. The method was carried out on a C18 column,
maintained at 40ºC. The mobile phase was composed of monobasic potassium phosphate buffer 0.02M
pH 3.0/acetonitrile/methanol (82:9:9, v/v/v), run at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection at
270 nm.

Results:
All related compounds including processing impurities and degradants from stressed samples
were well separated from each other. The performance of this method was validated in accordance to
the ICH guidelines and included specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy,
precision and robustness.

Conclusion:
Based on the results, the HCTZ degradation pathway was proposed and the validated
HPLC method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of HCTZ in pharmaceutical formulations,
contributing to improve quality control, to assure therapeutic efficacy and to clarify the literature.
Modifications of Midfacial Soft-Tissue Thickness Among Different Skeletal Classes in Italian Children
Authors: Gibelli Daniele , Zago Matteo , Cappella Annalisa , Dolci Claudia , Sforza Chiarella 
Published: October 2018

Background:
The anatomical assessment of the arrangement of facial soft tissues has important applications in different fields from orthodontics to plastic surgery. One of the issues concerns the relationship between facial soft tissue thickness and skeletal class. Literature mainly deals with adult populations, whereas very few studies have been focused on children.

Objective:
This study aims at investigating the relationship between midline facial soft tissue thickness and skeletal classes in Italian pre-treatment orthodontic child patients.

Methods:
Lateral cephalometric X-ray films were obtained from 220 healthy Caucasoid children (91 males and 129 females), aged between 6 and 18 years (Class I: 41 males and 70 females; Class II: 18 males and 25 females; Class III: 32 males and 34 females). All the films were digitized and 14 soft tissue thicknesses were measured on the midface; in addition, the skeletal class was assessed according to the corrected ANB angle (ANBc). Differences in facial soft tissue thickness according to sex and skeletal class were assessed through two-way ANOVA test (p<0.01).

Results:
Statistically significant differences according to sex were found for labrale superius, stomion and labrale inferius, with thicker soft tissues in males than in females (p<0.01). Only measurements at labrale superius and gnathion showed statistically significant differences according to skeletal class, with thicker soft tissues in Class III children and thinner ones in Class II children (p<0.01).

Conclusion:
The limited number of investigations, as well as the differences in protocols, renders the comparison of results from different studies difficult, suggesting further investigations to enlighten this complex and debated anatomical issue.
PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI ERA GLOBALISASI: Antara Konsepsi dan Aplikasi
Authors: Basyar Syaripudin 
Published: October 2018

Penelitian ini akan memaparkan “Pendidikan Islam di Era Globalisasi: Antara Konsepsi dan Aplikasi” yang diawali permasalahan fital mengapa pendidikan Islam di Era Globalisasi niscaya dikaji secara konsepsi dan aplikasi? dengan tujuan penelitian mengekspolasi keniscayaan pendidikan Islam di Era Globalisasi dikaji secara Konsepsi dan Aplikasi. Sedangkan penelitian ini dapat memberikan kontribusi teoritis dan kontribusi praktis. Dimana kontribusi teoritis dapat dijadikan paradigma baru bagi peneliti berikutnya untuk melakukanstudi tentangpendidikan Islam di Era Globalisasi: Antara Konsepsi dan Aplikasi. Sementara kontribusi praktis, bahwa pendidikan Islam sangat relevan dan representatif untuk direalisasikan secara konsepsi dan aplikasi di era globalisasi saat ini, dimana disiplin ilmu ini selalu muttakhir, aktual, berkembang serta update pada setiap era dan generasi.Selanjutnya, penelitian ini merupakan studi kepustakaan (library research) dengan cara menela’ah berbagai literatur terkait dengan “Pendidikan Islam di Era Globalisasi: Antara Konsepsi dan Aplikasi”, secara prioritas literatur yang ditulis oleh para pakar pendidikan Islam klasik dan kontemporer. Sedangkan metode yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptifdananalisis. Sementara prosedur pengolahan data, digunakan Content Analysis. Mencermati paparan di atas, maka temuan penelitian yang diharapkan adalah “Desain Pendidikan Islam di Era Globalisasi”, dimulai dari desain tujuan pendidikan Islam, desain kurikulum pendidikan Islam, dan desain lembaga pendidikan Islam.