bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulp and Paper Environmental Effects Monitoring in Canada: An Overview
Authors: Walker Sherry L. , Hedley Kathleen , Porter Edward 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Environmental effects monitoring (EEM) is a requirement for pulp and paper mills in Canada discharging effluent directly into receiving environments under the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations of the Fisheries Act. The objective of the EEM program is to assess effects on fish, fish habitat and the use of fisheries resources by humans, potentially affected by the deposit of mill effluent in aquatic receiving environments. The information provided by the monitoring program will contribute to assessing the adequacy of the regulations. Difficulties encountered in the first round of monitoring led to an extensive science review of key components and resulted in improvement to process, scientific defensibility of the monitoring data and site-specific flexibility of the EEM program. The second cycle of EEM was, overall, markedly more successful than Cycle 1. However, problems were still evident for fish surveys conducted in marine and estuarine environments. The adoption of improved alternative monitoring approaches (e.g., caged bivalves, mesocosms) should alleviate many of these problems. An overview of the EEM program, results to date, alternative monitoring approaches, and research priorities to fill data gaps are presented.
Effluent Characterization, Water Quality Monitoring and Sediment Monitoring in the Metal Mining EEM Program
Authors: Parker Roy , Dumaresq Charles 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The metal mining Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program will require mines to conduct effluent characterization and water quality monitoring on an ongoing basis. Samples will be collected four times a year, and will be analyzed for a range of parameters. This information will be used to aid in the design and interpretation of fish surveys and benthic invertebrate community surveys. There are also a number of water quality monitoring methods that may be used to help determine the cause of any effects identified by the EEM program. Mines will also be required to collect sediment samples for determination of particle size distribution and total organic carbon. This information will be used in the design and interpretation of benthic invertebrate community surveys. A range of sediment monitoring techniques are available to aid in the determination of the causes of effects on the benthic invertebrate community.
Trends in the Distribution of PCBs Compared to PACs in Sediments and Mussels of Halifax Harbour
Authors: Hellou Jocelyne , King Thomas L. , Steller Sean E. , Yeats Philip 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Surficial sediments and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were collected around the perimeter of Halifax Harbour. Samples were analyzed for the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), ranging from mono- to decachloro congeners, and results compared to the presence of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The objective was to explore the relationship between contaminant profiles in sediments and in mussels, and the possibility of deducing their sources, patterns of deposition, circulation and bioavailability. IUPAC hexachlorobiphenyls 138/158/160/163 (unresolved) and 153/132/168 were the most abundant congeners in both sets of matrices, ranging in concentration between &lt;0.5 to 46 and 4.5 to 25.5 ng/g (dry weight) in sediments and mussels, respectively. PCBs profiles point to a combination of commercial sources superimposed on some weathering. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF, concentration in mussels, dry weight/concentration in sediments, dry weight, and lipid/TOC normalized) varied throughout the harbour and per congener. Some similarities were observed between the most contaminated sites previously analyzed for PACs and presently analyzed for PCBs, while BSAF were highest at the entrance to the harbour, for PACs and PCBs.
Complying with Effluent Toxicity Regulation in Canada
Authors: Kovacs Tibor , Gibbons J. Sharon , Naish Valerie , Voss Ron 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A questionnaire was sent to 75 mills in Canada requesting information on compliance in 1999 with respect to the toxicity regulation for liquid discharges. This regulation requires that at least 50% of rainbow trout and Daphnia magna survive in the discharge from the mill in toxicity tests. Of the 74 mills that responded, 81% and 74% reported no toxicity failures for process effluents in rainbow trout and Daphnia magna tests, respectively. For mills with infrequent or no toxicity episodes during the year (1 or 0 for trout; 1–4 or 0 for Daphnia magna), 89% and 92% of the mills met this criterion for trout and Daphnia magna tests, respectively. In addition to process effluents, 28 mills had separate cooling water discharges and, of these, ten experienced at least one episode of cooling water toxicity. Ammonia and accidental spills were most frequently cited by the mills as likely causes of process effluent toxicity. The most frequent causes cited for cooling water toxicity were chlorine and accidental contamination from other sources.
Vers une méthode de mesure du transfert d'oxygène en biofiltres
Authors: Amiel Christophe , Gillot Sylvie , Roustan Michel , Héduit Alain 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
L'objectif du travail présenté était d'une part de préciser les conditions d'adaptation aux biofiltres des méthodes de mesure “usuelles” en eau claire du transfert d'oxygène, d'autre part, de déterminer si l'addition de cobalt pouvait être évitée pour ralentir l'oxydation du sulfite. Trois méthodes de mesure ont été mises en oeuvre en eau claire et comparées sur colonne à bulles et en pilote biofiltre : la méthode de réoxygénation, la méthode des bilans gazeux et la méthode du dosage du sulfite. Les essais réalisés à différents débits d'air en présence d'une forte concentration en sulfite de sodium (2000 mg.L-1) ont montré que l'ajout de cobalt induisait un important facteur d'accélération du transfert d'oxygène. En milieu diphasique, la méthode des bilans gazeux (sans ou avec cobalt) fournit des résultats comparables à la méthode de référence (réoxygénation avec cobalt). Dans les conditions expérimentales, la méthode du dosage de sulfite fournie des résultats sous estimés. En pilote biofiltre, la méthode la mieux adaptée pour l'estimation du rendement d'oxygénation global en eau claire est la méthode des bilans gazeux sans addition de cobalt.
Sulfate Removal from Water
Authors: Darbi Ashref , Viraraghavan Thiruvenkatachari , Jin Yee-Chung , Braul Larry , Corkal Darrell 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Sulfate occurs naturally in groundwater. Concerns regarding the health effects from sulfate in drinking water have been raised because of reports that diarrhea may be associated with water that contains high levels of sulfate. In the livestock production industry, there is a concern that high levels of sulfate in water can adversely affect productivity. Different methods can be used to remove sulfate from water. Proven technologies are ion-exchange, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. A few earlier studies have shown that the use of bentonite/kaolinite for sulfate removal has produced encouraging results. Experimental work was undertaken to examine in detail the feasibility of such processes. Laboratory studies using bentonite showed poor or no removal in the case of high sulfate water. Ion exchange and nanofiltration were found to be very effective in removing sulfate. Ion exchange is likely to be more reliable than nanofiltration because of the sensitivity of the nanofiltration process to total dissolved solids and biofouling.
An Assessment of Variability of Pulp Mill Wastewater Treatment System Bacterial Communities using Molecular Methods
Authors: Baker Christopher J.O. , Fulthorpe Roberta R. , Gilbride Kimberley A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The DNA fingerprinting techniques, 16S-restriction fragment length polymorphism (16S-RFLP), ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) and repetitive extragenic palindrome PCR (Rep-PCR), were used for analyzing the bacterial communities of seven pulp and paper wastewater treatment systems. All three methods generate DNA fingerprints that can be compared using the computer-assisted program, Gelcompar©. Community similarity coefficients were based on quantitative determinations of both the positions of the DNA bands and the band intensities in order to compare the relative differences in the populations. Unique 16S-RFLP DNA fingerprints were observed for each mill suggesting that individual mills contained phylogenetically different communities. However this method was not sensitive enough to detect differences within a mill treatment system from different locations or from different sampling times. The RISA method, which generated more complex fingerprints than 16S-RFLP, could, for some mills, discern differences between samples. The Rep-PCR technique, however, showed the highest degree of resolution and produced not only distinct patterns for each mill but also distinct fingerprints for the temporal and spatial samples from some of the treatment systems. The sensitivity of this method might potentially be used to monitor the stability of the bacterial community within a secondary treatment system.
Binding of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants to Humalite-Derived Aqueous Humic Products, with Implications for Remediation
Authors: Van Stempvoort Dale R. , Lesage Suzanne , Steer Helena 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In order to assess the potential of commercial humic products in environmental remediation, their binding to heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, hexachloroethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and n-hexane was measured. The binding was similar in tests with two colloidal-phase humic products prepared from humalite (naturally occurring, oxidized organic deposits found adjacent to coal) from Alberta, Canada (Luscar Ltd.). There were minor or negligible changes in binding strength for these two products over the full range of aqueous concentrations tested (1.67 to 33.4 g organic C/L), and for Aldrich humic acid. Aldrich humic acid was a stronger binder of the hydrophobic organic compounds than the two Luscar humic products, by factors of approximately 3 to 7. The binding of hydrophobic organics to the two Luscar humic products was similar in strength to that predicted for humic substances that occur in natural aquatic environments. Our binding data suggest that the use of concentrated Luscar humic products as colloidal-phase flushing agents would increase the aqueous concentrations of some hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils or aquifers by up to several hundred fold.
Physiological Response of Rainbow Trout to Sediment Released during Open-Cut Pipeline Water Crossing Construction
Authors: Reid Scott M. , Isaac Glenn , Metikosh Serge , Evans Jim 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The physiological response of rainbow trout exposed to elevated suspended sediment concentrations downstream of two open-cut pipeline water crossings was investigated. Trout held in cages downstream of construction had increased respiration rates and shorter times till loss of equilibrium during sealed jar bioassays. Differences in blood hematocrit levels between experiments and transects is attributed to sediment concentration and particle size. Sediment exposure did not result in gill damage or fish mortality. The observed level of physiological effect was consistent with the predictions of the sediment-effects dose-response equation for salmonids.
Impact of Proposed Burlington and Hamilton Sewage Discharges in Western Lake Ontario
Authors: Rao Yerubandi R. , Murthy Raj C. , Chiocchio Fausto , Skafel Michael G. , Charlton Murray N. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The alternate strategy of open-lake discharge may alleviate the need for unusually stringent treatment needed to meet water quality goals of the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan (RAP). The latest update of the RAP recommended a study of the possibility of offshore discharges. A study conducted for the City of Burlington has proposed a location for outfall in Lake Ontario. This paper utilizes a combination of physical limnological data and mathematical models to predict the waste plume characteristics for the proposed outfall in the lake. Near-field dilutions obtained from a mixing zone model show that, for treated effluents with a discharge condition of 2 m3/s at the proposed outfall site at Burlington, the dilution ratios are in the range of 13:1 to 28:1 for weak to moderate currents during summer stratification. Winter dilution ratios increased to 21:1 to 96:1 for moderate currents. The recommended site for open-lake outfall provides acceptable near-field dilutions for treated effluents under typical lake currents and density structure. The extension of outfall to a location farther offshore is only marginally beneficial. With the proposed Burlington outfall location and discharge conditions, no far-field contamination is observed near the beaches or nearby water intakes for typical summer and winter conditions. Thus, this study indicates that by discharging the treated sewage from an outfall in Lake Ontario it is possible to achieve the Hamilton Harbour RAP goals.
An Investigation on the Use of Venturi Weirs as an Aerator
Authors: Baylar Ahmet 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The most classic example of a hydraulic structure where gas transfer occurs is a weir. Transfer of gases between the atmosphere and river water can occur in a free overfall jet from a weir. A free overfall jet from a weir plunging into downstream water causes entrainment of air bubbles if the free overfall jet velocity exceeds the critical value where aeration occurs. This paper investigates the free overfall jets from Venturi and rectangular notch weirs and their effect on air entrainment rate. A Venturi weir was placed at the upstream channel end in order to increase the flow velocity of the free overfall jet and, in turn, to increase air entrainment. It was demonstrated that the air entrainment rate of the Venturi weir is significantly better than the rectangular notch weir, and this advantage becomes more pronounced as the throat width of the Venturi weir is decreased. These results demonstrated that Venturi weirs can be used as highly effective aerators in streams, rivers, constructed channels, fish hatcheries, water treatment plants, etc. Moreover, a regression equation was obtained for the Venturi weirs, relating air entrainment rate to unit discharge, weir crest width, drop height and throat width of Venturi weir. There was good agreement between the measured air entrainment rates and the values computed from the predictive equation.
Use of QSARs to Promote More Cost-Effective Use of Chemical Monitoring Resources. 1. Screening Industrial Chemicals and Pesticides, Direct Food Additives, Indirect Food Additives and Pharmaceuticals for Biodegradation, Bioconcentration and Aquatic Toxicity Potential
Authors: Walker John D. , Knaebel David , Mayo Kelly , Tunkel Jay , Gray D. Anthony 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Monitoring studies are expensive to conduct. To promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) are proposed as methods to identify chemicals that could be found in, and cause adverse effects to, organisms in water, sediment and soil from the Great Lakes basin. QSARs were used to predict the biodegradation, bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity potential of 2697 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 1146 direct food additives, 967 indirect food additives and 282 pharmaceuticals that could be released to the Great Lakes basin. The QSARs identified 47 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 20 direct food additives, 13 indirect food additives and 7 pharmaceuticals with bioconcentration or aquatic toxicity potential or potential to not biodegrade readily. Most of these chemicals were predicted to partition to sediments. Using QSARs to identify chemicals with potential to persist, bioconcentrate or partition to sediments will promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources by allowing researchers to focus their analytical techniques on measuring chemicals predicted to persist in water or soil, bioconcentrate in fish or partition to sediments so that the effects of these chemicals can be assessed on indigenous organisms.
Microbiological Quality and Genotypic Speciation of Heterotrophic Bacteria Isolated from Potable Water Stored in Household Tanks
Authors: Tokajian Sima , Hashwa Fuad 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Upon storage, a statistically significant increase in heterotrophic plate count (HPC) was detected in samples from household tanks. The most consistent correlate of regrowth was found to be storage time, however, temperature and the microbiological quality of the influent water were also important. Total and fecal coliforms were detected in the influent water and in the household storage tanks. Coliforms growing at 37°C were a small but significant part (about 0.002%) of the total heterotrophic population. In the influent, 92% of the coliforms (11 colony forming units/100 mL) at 44°C were Escherichia coli, while in the household tanks it was 86%. The majority of isolates from the influent and the household tanks recovered on R2A agar formed pigmented colonies and were Gram-negative belonging to the α-, β-, and γ-subclasses of Proteobacteria. Overall, the α-subclass was the dominant type representing 61% of the recovered HPC, and 40 to 50% of the organisms based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis were members of the family Sphingomonadaceae. The presence of E. coli and the isolation of opportunistic pathogens as a significant part of the HPC population from both influent and household tanks indicated a potential health hazard to consumers.
Lessivage des fluorures et des métaux a partir d'une cendre à charbon
Authors: Moufti Ahmed , Mountadar Mohammed 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Le lessivage des fluorures à partir des cendres volantes a été étudié à différentes conditions (taux de cendre/eau distillée, température variable et pour un intervalle du pH bien précis). Les teneurs des éléments en traces dans les eaux de lessivage ont été également évaluées. Dans cette étude, on démontre que le lessivage dépend principalement de la température et du pH. A température ambiante (22°C) et à des pH supérieurs à 4.5, on a moins de lessivage du F- et des métaux à l'état de trace. Pour des pH acides (pH &lt; 2,5), la teneur en fluorures est influencée par la réaction de complexation avec Fe3+ et Al3+. Cette étude a montré que le calcium est combiné avec les carbonates et la majorité des métaux sont sous formes des sulfates.
Origin of Salinity of the Shallow Aquifer of Guelmime, South Morocco: Hydrogeochemical Study
Authors: Bouhlassa Saidati , Aiachi Abdelkader 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The economy of the Guelmime region is primarily dependent on agriculture and herding. Population growth and economic development result in an increase in water demand and the generation of additional pollution sources. The shallow aquifer of Guelmime is the main reservoir for drinking water supplies and plays a major role in the local economy. The aquifer corresponds geologically to a tectonic depression with Plio-Quaternary fill. In the aquifer, groundwater is characterized by chemical facies of type: Mg-HCO3, Mg-Cl and Na-Cl. The spatial distribution of total dissolved solids (TDS) shows a widening gradient with an increase in salinity downstream of the Oumlaachar and Seyyad sub-basins.
The primary processes controlling groundwater evolution in the basin-fill aquifer, using hydrogeochemical analysis of the behaviour of major ions, are: (i) dissolution of evaporites of the Plio-Quaternary formations, (ii) dedolomitization phenomena, and (iii) the return flow of irrigation.
Development and Survivorship of Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens) and Green Frogs (Rana clamitans) Exposed to Contaminants in the Water and Sediments of the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall, Ontario
Authors: McDaniel Tana V. , Harris Megan L. , Bishop Christine A. , Struger John 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
High levels of contamination in the aquatic environment and wildlife within the Ontario portion of the St. Lawrence River at the Cornwall Area of Concern (AOC) have raised questions about potential impacts on wildlife health. Northern leopard frog embryos were raised in two wetland sites within the AOC and at two reference sites to assess differences in water and sediment quality on survivorship and deformity rates. Chlorinated hydrocarbons (total polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nutrients and heavy metals were measured in sediment and/or water from the study sites. Levels of some metals such as aluminium, cadmium, chromium and copper, exceeded federal and provincial guidelines for the protection of aquatic life, especially in the two AOC wetlands. Early stage tadpole survivorship was significantly lower and deformity frequency significantly higher at wetlands within the AOC; however, differences were likely not biologically significant. Survivorship and deformity rates of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) at metamorphosis did not differ significantly among sites. Onset of metamorphosis was accelerated in tadpoles raised in wetlands within the AOC. Tadpoles raised in wetlands within the St. Lawrence River AOC took significantly less time to complete metamorphosis (53–55 days) than did tadpoles raised at reference sites (61–64 days). The phenology of metamorphosis was also more synchronous in tadpoles raised in the AOC, with all tadpoles reaching metamorphosis within a space of 3 to 7 days, as compared to 9 to 12 days at reference wetlands; these differences could not be accounted for by water temperature. Differences in development and survivorship rates between AOC and reference sites may be related to contaminant concentrations in water and sediment. However, no strong evidence for beneficial use impairment in terms of reproductive impairments or elevated deformity rates were seen from caged leopard frogs in the two AOC wetlands.
Comparison of Mercury and Lead Sediment Concentrations in Lake Ontario (1968-1998) and Lake Erie (1971–1997/98) using a GIS-Based Kriging Approach
Authors: Forsythe K. Wayne , Dennis Michael , Marvin Chris H. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This research analyzed sediment contamination concentrations for mercury and lead in Lakes Ontario and Erie using a GIS-based kriging approach. Environment Canada provided sediment survey data for Lake Ontario (1968 and 1998) and Lake Erie (1971 and 1997/98). Collation and mapping of point measurement data without the application of interpolation methods does not allow for spatial data trends to be fully analyzed. The kriging technique enables the creation of interpolated prediction surfaces, with the advantage that the results can be statistically validated. Although data normality is not required, the kriging results for the historical datasets suggest that it may be desirable, as statistical validity was reduced due to some individual stations having very high contaminant concentrations. Three of the four models developed for the 1997/98 data were statistically valid. For both lakes, the more recent data reveal reduced concentrations of mercury and lead, and there has been an overall reduction in contamination levels. However, sediments in some areas still exceeded Canadian sediment quality guidelines. The areas of greatest sediment contamination in Lake Ontario were within the major depositional basins, presumably as a result of historical industrial activities in watersheds along the southern and western shoreline including the Niagara River. In Lake Erie, areas of greatest sediment contamination continue to be located in the western and south central portions of the lake in proximity to the Detroit River and major urban/industrial centres.