bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of a High-Concentration Microtracking Photovoltaic System
Authors: Brulo Gregory S. , Grede Alex J. , Ren Andrew J. , Rahn Christopher D. , Giebink Noel C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
High-concentration photovoltaic systems can provide power conversion efficiency that is nearly double that of conventional solar panels. Concentrating photovoltaics (CPV) cannot compete with fixed silicon panels for rooftop installations due to the complexity and cost of CPV two-axis pedestal tracking systems. Fixed optic designs have recently been proposed to have a transparent middle sheet with small, widely spaced, and highly efficient solar cells sandwiched between a fixed lenslet array on the top and a fixed reflector array on the bottom. Precision actuators position the middle sheet at the focal points of the lenslet/reflector array to microtrack the sun throughout the day. This paper discusses the kinematic design and control of shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators used for the first time in this solar microtracking application. SMA actuators have the potential to be less expensive, easier to integrate, and lower power than electric motors. The kinematic design maintains upper and lower bounds on wire tension to prevent failure and ensure reversible actuation, respectively. The SMA actuators under quasi-linearized proportional integral directive (PID) control can position the middle sheet with ± 7 mm of range in the vertical and horizontal directions while ensuring less than 1.9 µm of steady-state error in SMA actuator stroke. The middle sheet position and orientation errors, however, exceed 1 mm and 0.5 deg, respectively. These relatively large errors are due to flexibility in the suspension system, friction at wire supports, and large kinematic gains at extreme positions and indicate the need for middle sheet error measurement and feedback control.
Retrospective observational study of the impact on emergency admission of telehealth at scale delivered in community care in Liverpool, UK
Authors: van Berkel Cees , Almond Peter , Hughes Carol , Smith Maurice , Horsfield Dave , Duckworth Helen 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of a real world, ongoing telehealth service on the use of secondary healthcare.DesignA retrospective observational study with anonymous matched controls.SettingPrimary and community healthcare. Patients were recruited over 4 years in 89 general practices in Liverpool, UK and remotely managed by a dedicated clinical team in Liverpool Community Health.Participants5154 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure or diabetes were enrolled in the programme, of whom 3562 satisfied the inclusion criteria of this study.InterventionAt least 9 weeks of telehealth including vital sign collection, questionnaires, education, support and informal coaching by clinical staff.Primary outcomeReduction in the number of emergency admissions in the 12 months after start, compared with the year before start. Secondary subgroup analysis to improve future targeting and personalisation of the service.ResultThe average number of emergency admissions for the intervention group at baseline is 0.35, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.38. The differential decrease in emergency admissions in the intervention group in comparison with the control group, the average treatment effect, is 0.08, 95 CI 0.05 to 0.11, corresponding to an average percentage decrease of 22.7%. In subgroup analysis, a score is calculated that can be used prospectively to predict individual benefit from the intervention. Patients with an above median score (37%) are predicted average reduction in emergency admissions of 0.15, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.2, corresponding to a percentage decrease in admissions of 25.3%.ConclusionThe telehealth intervention has a positive impact across a wide cohort of patients with different diseases. Prospective scoring of patients and allocation to targeted telehealth interventions is likely to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the service.
Ability of fitness testing to predict injury risk during initial tactical training: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tomes Colin D , Sawyer Sally , Orr Robin , Schram Ben 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveTactical personnel (Military, Law Enforcement, Emergency Responders) require physical fitness levels sufficient for training and occupational duty. Physical conditioning aimed at increasing fitness levels during training presents an injury risk, but unfit trainees may struggle to meet occupational performance standards, further increasing injury risk to themselvesor others. Therefore, the aim of this review was to determine if fitness, asquantified by tactical fitness tests, effectively predicts injury risk during training.MethodsLiterature databases were search and relevant articles extracted. 27 Publications were included for qualitative review and seven studies reporting a timed run were included in meta-analysis.ResultsThe combined risk ratio was 2.34 (95% CI 2.02 to2.70). Muscular endurance tests were less conclusive in their predictive abilities. Functional strength or power tests were effective predictors, but few studies reported on strength or power, indicating a need for further study inthis area.ConclusionsThe meta-analysis results are supported by the occupational relevance of run tests; tactical trainees are required to perform frequent bouts of distance weight bearing activity. However, given the diverse physical requirements of tactical personnel, measures of strength and power should alsobe evaluated, especially given their effectiveness in the studies that included these measures.
If you write it better, you will say it better
Authors: Yaffe Philip 
Published: August 2019

Each "Communication Corner" essay is self-contained; however, they build on each other. For best results, before reading this essay and doing the exercise, go to the first essay "How an Ugly Duckling Became a Swan," then read each succeeding essay.
Preparing a good text for reading and preparing a good text for speaking are often considered to be unrelated activities. This is incorrect. A good text for reading and a good text for speaking are distinct, but they are not alien. They are complementary.
The complexities of nasal airflow: theory and practice
Authors: O’Neill Graham , Tolley Neil Samuel 
Published: August 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nasal valve area, valve stiffness, and turbinate region cross-sectional area on airflow rate, nasal resistance, flow limitation, and inspiratory “hysteresis” by the use of a mathematical model of nasal airflow. The model of O’Neill and Tolley ( Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 13: 273–277, 1988) describing the effects of valve area and stiffness on the nasal pressure-flow relationship was improved by the incorporation of additional terms involving 1) airflow through the turbinate region, 2) the dependence of the flow coefficients for the valve and turbinate region on the Reynolds number, and 3) effects of unsteady flow. The model was found to provide a good fit for normal values for nasal resistance and for pressure-flow curves reported in the literature for both congested and decongested states. Also, by showing the relative contribution of the nasal valve and turbinate region to nasal resistance, the model sheds light in explaining the generally poor correlation between nasal resistance measurements and the results from acoustic rhinometry. Furthermore, by proposing different flow conditions for the acceleration and deceleration phases of inspiration, the model produces an inspiratory loop (commonly referred to as hysteresis) consistent with those reported in the literature. With simulation of nasal flaring, the magnitude of the loop, the nasal resistance, and flow limitation all show change similar to that observed in the experimental results.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present model provides considerable insight into some difficult conundrums in both clinical and technical aspects of nasal airflow. Also, the description of nasal airflow mechanics based on the Hagen–Poiseuille equation and Reynolds laminar-turbulent transition in long straight tubes, which has figured prominently in medical textbooks and journal articles for many years, is shown to be seriously in error at a fundamental level.
Internal Jugular Vein as Alternative Access for Implantation of a Wireless Pulmonary Artery Pressure Sensor
Authors: Abraham Jacob , McCann Patrick , Wang Lian , Schnell Heringer Amanda , Paulsen Jeff , Chappell Jay , Remick Joshua , Westerdahl Daniel , Lewis Rebecca , Callis Katherine , Spinelli Kateri J. , Klein Liviu 
Published: August 2019

Background:
A wireless pulmonary artery pressure sensor (CardioMEMS) is approved for implantation via the femoral vein. The internal jugular vein (IJ) is an attractive alternative access route commonly used in pulmonary artery catheterization.

Methods and Results:

Retrospective chart review was performed for all sensor implants from 10 providers at 4 centers from September 2016 to June 2018. To compare procedural outcomes and discharge efficiency between groups, multivariate analyses incorporating potential confounders were performed. Seventy-three (28%) patients had femoral access, and 189 (72%) had IJ access; demographics were similar between the groups. Complications, including one case of hematoma and 4 cases of mild hemoptysis, and 30-day mortality (2%–3%) did not differ between groups. Provider preference for IJ access substantially increased over time, with IJ accounting for 90% of cases in 2018. After risk-adjustment, IJ cases had 20% (5%–33%) shorter fluoroscopy time (
P
=0.01) and 24% (7%–38%) lower contrast volume (
P
=0.008). Compared with outpatient femoral cases, outpatient IJ cases had 62% (52%–69%) faster needle-to-door time and were 34 times (6–235) more likely to have same-day discharge (
P
<0.001 for both).

Conclusions:
IJ access for CardioMEMS implant is a safe alternative associated with superior procedural and discharge outcomes. Implanters at 4 high-volume centers adopted IJ access as the preferred implant approach.
Development of EST-SSR markers and genetic diversity analysis among three Artemia species from different geographic populations
Authors: Han Xuekai , Xu Ruyi , Zheng Yuyu , Gao Meirong , Sui Liying 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Artemia is one of the most important live food items used in larviculture. In order to study the genetic diversity of Artemia in China, 170 novel simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers were identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the transcriptome library of Artemia parthenogenetica. Of these, 8 microsatellite loci were developed to characterize three geographical populations of Artemia. The results showed the expected and observed heterozygosity varied from 0.43 to 0.50 and from 0.59 to 0.64, respectively. The PIC (polymorphic information content) ranged from 0.37 to 0.45. These observations indicated that the Yuncheng population has the highest genetic diversity, whereas the Shuanghu population has the lowest. The Fst value (genetic differentiation coefficient) indicated that the three populations are highly differentiated. Genetic identity analyses revealed that the Yuncheng and Shuanghu populations have the closest relationship. The SSR markers described here will serve as a valuable tool for further studies in population and conservation genetics on Artemia.
The Role of Tropical Heating and Internal Variability in the California Response to the 2015/16 ENSO Event
Authors: Swenson Erik T. , Straus David M. , Snide Chelsea E. , Fahad Abdullah al 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEnsemble reforecast experiments are performed for the boreal winters of 2015/16 (an El Niño year) and 2016/17 in order to understand the origin of the highly unexpected low precipitation over Southern California (SoCal) during 2015/16. The specific hypothesis tested is that the December–March anomalies in (i) SoCal precipitation (highly negative) and (ii) the 200-hPa height field in the Pacific–North American (PNA) region (unusual for an El Niño year) were forced by tropical diabatic heating, as estimated from reanalysis fields. Ten-member ensemble reforecasts for November–March for each year were carried out using the Community Earth System Model and the Climate Forecast System, version 2, models. They were repeated with diabatic heating fields added to the temperature tendencies produced by the models over the tropical Indo-Pacific region throughout the reforecasts. These added fields were obtained from an iterative process that greatly reduces the error in the seasonal mean, trend, and parabolic fit of the model heating (compared to reanalysis estimates). The SoCal precipitation and PNA height field ensemble-mean differences between 2015/16 and 2016/17 for the control and added-heating experiments showed a strong El Niño–like response in both models, including high SoCal precipitation anomalies. Using partial least squares regression to relate variations in SoCal precipitation to the PNA height field within the reforecasts, we further confirm that the observed anomalies are due to noise, and do not constitute a response forced by the seasonal-mean tropical diabatic heating in the Indo-Pacific region.
Using the Translation Speed and Vertical Structure of Gust Fronts to Infer Buoyancy Deficits within Thunderstorm Outflow
Authors: Hutson Abby , Weiss Christopher , Bryan George 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study investigates whether the thermodynamics of supercell rear-flank outflow can be inferred from the propagation speed and vertical structure of the rear-flank gust front. To quantify the relationship between outflow thermodynamic deficit and gust front structure, CM1 is applied as a two-dimensional cold pool model to assess the vertical slope of cold pools of varying strength in different configurations of ambient shear. The model was run with both free-slip and semislip lower boundary conditions and the results were compared to observations of severe thunderstorm outflow captured by the Texas Tech University Ka-band mobile radars. Simulated cold pools in the free-slip model achieve the propagation speeds predicted by cold pool theory, while cold pool speeds in the semislip model propagate slower. Density current theory is applied to the observed cold pools and predicts the cold pool speed to within about 2 m s−1. Both the free-slip and semislip model results reveal that, in the same sheared flow, the edge of a strong cold pool is less inclined than that of a weaker cold pool. Also, a cold pool in weak ambient shear has a steeper slope than the same cold pool in stronger ambient shear. Nonlinear regressions performed on data from both models capture the proper dependence of slope on buoyancy and shear, but the free-slip model does not predict observed slopes within acceptable error, and the semislip model overpredicts the cold pool slope for all observed cases, but with uncertainty due to shear estimation.
Gut microbiome in chronic rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases: Similarities and differences
Authors: Salem Fatouma , Kindt Nadège , Marchesi Julian R , Netter Patrick , Lopez Anthony , Kokten Tunay , Danese Silvio , Jouzeau Jean-Yves , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Moulin David 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionInflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and chronic rheumatic diseases (CRDs) are systemic chronic disorders sharing common genetic, immune and environmental factors. About half of patients with IBD develop rheumatic ailments and microscopic intestinal inflammation is present in up to half of CRD patients. IBD and CRD patients also share a common therapeutic armamentarium. Disequilibrium in the complex realm of microbes (known as dysbiosis) that closely interact with the gut mucosal immune system has been associated with both IBD and CRD (spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis). Whether dysbiosis represents an epiphenomenon or a prodromal feature remains to be determined.MethodsIn an attempt to further investigate whether specific gut dysbiosis may be the missing link between IBD and CRD in patients developing both diseases, we performed here a systematic literature review focusing on studies looking at bacterial microbiota in CRD and/or IBD patients.ResultsWe included 80 studies, with a total of 3799 IBD patients without arthritis, 1084 CRD patients without IBD, 132 IBD patients with arthropathy manifestations and 12 spondyloarthritis patients with IBD history. Overall, this systematic review indicates that an increase in Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Proteus genera, as well as a decrease in Faecalibacterium, Roseburia genera and species belonging to Verrucomicrobia and Fusobacteria phyla are common features in IBD and CRD patients, whereas dozens of bacterial species are specific features of CRD and IBD.ConclusionFurther work is needed to understand the functions of bacteria and of their metabolites but also to characterize fungi and viruses that are commonly found in these patients.
Combined-Indications Significance Level of Multiple Related Indications Developed Simultaneously
Authors: Yuan Jiacheng , Zhu Ray , Jia Daniel , Palm Ulo , Koch Gary 
Published: August 2019

Background: Typically, regulatory requirements include 2 confirmatory studies, each at a 1-sided .025 significance level, for a medicine to be approved for a specific indication. When the same medicine has been approved in related indications, 1 confirmatory study at a 1-sided .025 significance level could constitute adequate evidence of efficacy for a new indication. Methods: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. For multiple related indications developed simultaneously to constitute sufficient evidence of clinical efficacy, the combined-studies significance level can be set at the same level as if those indications are developed sequentially. Results: This article establishes possible strategies to develop a few related indications at the same time for marketing registration approval, maintaining a desired combined-studies significance level; for example, 1-sided .0000156 for 2 indications, with 1 option having each indication assessed with 1 confirmatory study at .00395 significance level. Conclusion: It is possible to develop a few indications at the same time for marketing registration approval, where the combined-studies significance level is less stringent than that of the usual paradigm with 2 confirmatory studies each at 1-sided .025 significance level for every indication.
Assessment of clayey materials from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) for preparation of peloids
Authors: Cerqueira Ângela , Costa Cristiana , Terroso Denise , Sequeira Cristina , Rocha Fernando 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThere is growing interest in the use of natural materials as alternatives to medicinal products composed of chemicals. For this reason, it is important to study materials which fill this need (e.g. the formulation of peloids). Historically, the Azores archipelago has long been visited for its mud baths, mainly on São Miguel Island, where volcanic muds demonstrate beneficial properties. The volcanic muds are scarce, however. Thus, residual clay materials of Santa Maria Island were studied to assess their suitability for the formulation of peloids. The results of tests from 20 samples, collected from all over the island, presented evidence that they are very favourable for peloid formulations, due to their mineralogical, chemical and technological properties. The materials showed good potential for blending with the São Miguel volcanic muds. The deposits studied show extensive outcrops.
The Debt-Contracting Value of Accounting Numbers and Financial Covenant Renegotiation
Authors: Dou Yiwei 
Published: August 2019

Building on incomplete contract theory, I investigate whether the likelihood of renegotiating financial covenants is affected by the debt-contracting value of borrowers’ accounting numbers. The debt-contracting value captures the inherent ability of accounting numbers to predict credit quality. Using a large sample of private credit agreements, I hypothesize and find that a higher debt-contracting value gives rise to smaller ex post measurement errors in accounting numbers used in covenants, and thus borrowers and lenders are less likely to renegotiate financial covenants. This effect is stronger when the financial covenant intensity is higher. Consistent with the notion that renegotiation improves contracting efficiency by eliminating errors in financial covenants, I show that the distance of the covenant variable to its new contractual threshold better predicts a borrower’s creditworthiness than does the distance to the original threshold absent the renegotiation. This paper was accepted by Shiva Rajgopal, accounting.
Learning Through Crowdfunding
Authors: Chemla Gilles , Tinn Katrin 
Published: August 2019

We develop a model in which reward-based crowdfunding enables firms to obtain a reliable proof of concept early in their production cycle: they learn about total demand from a limited sample of target consumers preordering a new product. Learning from the crowdfunding sample creates a valuable real option because firms invest only if updated expectations about total demand are sufficiently high. This is particularly valuable for firms facing a high degree of uncertainty about consumer preferences, such as developers of innovative consumer products. Learning also enables firms to overcome moral hazard. The higher the funds raised, the lower the firms’ incentives to divert them, provided third-party platforms limit the sample size by restricting campaign length. Although the probability of campaign success decreases with sample size, the expected funds raised are maximized at an intermediate sample size. Our results are consistent with stylized facts and lead to new empirical implications. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Deferred Prosecution Agreements in Singapore: What Is the Appropriate Standard for Judicial Approval?
Authors: Chua Eunice , Chan Benedict 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Originating from the US, deferred prosecution agreements (“DPAs”) have made their way to the UK through the Crime and Courts Act 2013 and Singapore through the Criminal Justice Reform Act 2018. The Singapore model for approval of DPAs draws heavily from the UK and both require proof to a court that DPAs are in the “interests of justice” and that their terms are “fair, reasonable and proportionate” before DPAs can be approved. This paper considers the theoretical basis for the court’s approval of DPAs, critically examines the application of the tests for approval of DPAs in the UK and considers Singapore’s likely approach. Where appropriate, it also draws on the experience of the US and identifies lessons that can be learnt for Singapore.
Inverse nodal problems for integro-differential operators with a constant delay
Authors: Sat Murat , Shieh Chung Tsun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We study inverse nodal problems for Sturm–Liouville operator perturbed by a Volterra integral operator with a constant delay. We have estimated nodal points and nodal lengths for this operator. Moreover, by using these data, we have shown that the potential function of this operator can be established uniquely.