bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable and cost‐effective teenage breast awareness campaigns: Insights from a Nigerian high school intervention study
Authors: Ifediora Chris O. , Azuike Emmanuel C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundWith limited government‐sponsored breast screening programmes in developing countries, breast awareness remains the only realistic survival hope for millions. Poor levels of knowledge and preventive practices remain in these countries, and early enlightenment to empower teenage high school girls has been advocated for, recently. This study evaluates ways to ensure sustainability for such an approach.MethodA 6‐month longitudinal, interventional cohort study of 432 high school female students in South‐eastern Nigeria. The efficacies of a video‐assisted face‐to‐face intervention, as well as the use of printed handouts, were evaluated.ResultsA total of 317 (73.4%) and 301 (69.7%) valid responses were received from the pre‐intervention (16.8 ± 1.5 years) and post‐intervention (17.2 ± 1.6 years) surveys, respectively.Logistic regression revealed that participants who were “engaged” with the campaigns, either through symposium attendance or by reading handouts, showed significant improvements on most aspects of knowledge regarding the cancer's early symptoms and risk factors, as well as breast self‐examination (BSE). However, the monthly practice of BSE was not significantly increased (Attendees: OR = 1.44, P = 0.18; Handout‐readers: OR = 1.52; P = 0.17).Also, when “engagement” to the respective empowerment activities was disregarded, a chi‐squared analysis comparing the pre‐intervention and post‐intervention groups showed significant improvements on specific knowledge regarding risk factors and early symptoms of breast cancer, as well as BSE techniques and regular monthly practice: χ2 (1, N = 596) = 46.703, P < 0.001.Across multiple parameters, the impact of exclusive face‐to‐face participation was not different to that from the reading of handouts.ConclusionFace‐to‐face and handout were both effective and of similar impact. However, sustained impact on monthly BSE is doubtful. To surmount this, strategies to ensure ongoing engagements are vital. Perhaps adjusting existing high school curricula to allow repeated yearly teachings on breast cancer and BSE, along with in‐built‐in evaluation systems like examinations and quizzes, are ways of ensuring engagement.
Preparing our future workforce: a qualitative exploration of dietetics practice educators’ experiences
Authors: Morgan K. , Campbell K. L. , Sargeant S. , Reidlinger D. P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundDietetics practice educators are instrumental in the development of future dietitians. The present study aimed to explore dietetics practice educators’ experiences of, and challenges faced in, dietetics workforce preparation.MethodsThis study was guided by interpretive description methodology. Purposive and maximum variation sampling were used to recruit 18 dietetics practice educators from a variety of practice areas and locations across Australia. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were digitally recorded then transcribed verbatim and inductive coding of data was managed with nvivo (QSR International Pty Ltd, Doncaster, VIC, Australia). Multiple researchers analysed the data to develop preliminary themes using template analysis before final themes were identified.ResultsThree main themes were developed: nurturing others; seeing the flaws; and soldiering on. Practice educators take great satisfaction in witnessing students develop and are focused on cultivating future practitioners with authentic learning activities. However, they are impacted by perceived shortcomings of the systems in which they operate and consider that broadening the scope of dietetics placements to better align with contemporary practice could benefit graduates and the profession. Despite these challenges, practice educators are pragmatic in getting on with their roles and recognise the advantages gained from student placements.ConclusionsDespite facing numerous challenges, practice educators derive benefits from their role in workforce preparation. Evidence is required on how students can demonstrate competence in contemporary areas of practice and on how to enable the scope of student placements to be broadened. Such strategies could support practice educators to overcome challenges and help ensure the dietetics profession of tomorrow is relevant and responsive.
Changes in dietary intake, plasma carotenoids and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in breast cancer survivors after a lifestyle intervention: results from a single‐arm trial
Authors: Buckland G. , Travier N. , Arribas L. , del Barco S. , Pernas S. , Zamora E. , Bellet M. , Cirauqui B. , Margelí M. , Muñoz M. , Tusquets I. , Arcusa A. , Javierre C. , Moreno F. , Valverde Y. , Jansen E. , Chajès V. , Castro C. , Agudo A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe influence of nutrition on breast cancer prognosis is still inconclusive and therefore dietary interventions incorporating dietary biomarkers are needed to confirm compliance with dietary goals and clarify biological mechanisms. The present study assessed whether a lifestyle intervention in breast cancer survivors could affect dietary biomarkers of fruit and vegetables and fatty acids.MethodsIn this phase II single‐arm trial, 37 overweight/obese early stage breast cancer patients completed a 12‐week diet and exercise intervention. The intervention involved 1‐h weekly diet sessions delivered by a dietician and 75‐min bi‐weekly physical activity sessions of moderate‐to‐high intensity led by trained monitors. Before and after the intervention, three 24‐h dietary recalls were carried out to calculate nutrient intakes and, in addition, blood samples were taken to measure plasma carotenoids, vitamin E and retinol concentrations and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (EFA) composition. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to assess changes in dietary and biomarkers measurements over the intervention period.ResultsAfter the intervention, there was a significant increase in the intake of dietary carotenoids (+15.1% compared to baseline) but not plasma carotenoids levels (+6.3%). Regarding the EFA levels, we observed a significant decrease in percentage of saturated fatty acids (−1.4%) and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (−2.9%) and an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids (1.7%) and total and long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (by 13.1% and 13.7%, respectively). A favourable decrease in the ratio of long‐chain n‐6 to n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (−9.1%) was also observed.ConclusionsAfter a short‐term diet and exercise intervention in overweight/obese breast cancer survivors, we observed significant changes in dietary nutrients and fatty acid biomarkers, suggesting positive dietary changes that could be relevant for breast cancer prognosis.
Influence of overweight/obesity, socioeconomic status, and oral hygiene on caries in primary dentition
Authors: Elger Wieland , Kiess Wieland , Körner Antje , Schrock Annett , Vogel Mandy , Hirsch Christian 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to investigate possible influences of overweight (OW)/obesity on caries in primary dentition. Socioeconomic status (SES) and quality of oral hygiene were also considered.MethodsIn the present study, 1628 children between the ages of 6 months and 9 years were included. In addition to dental examinations regarding the decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) index in primary dentition and the evaluation of oral hygiene, the body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) was determined, and SES was recorded.ResultsThe presence of OW/obesity was associated with higher caries prevalence (P < 0.001). A lower SES and non‐optimal oral hygiene were also associated with increased dmft. The Poisson regression also showed a significantly higher risk in the combination of a high SES and OW/obesity (βlow‐high = 0.21, P = 0.01). The increase was evident in both good and poor oral hygiene. In contrast, there was no difference between the lower and middle social strata (βlow‐medium = 0.03, P = 0.6). With increasing age, the BMI influence decreased (βage:BMI SDS = −0.06, P < 0.001).ConclusionsBMI, oral hygiene, and SES are important factors in caries prevalence. In the highest social class, however, increased body weight has an adverse effect regardless of oral hygiene.
Quantitative interaction proteomics reveals differences in the interactomes of amyloid precursor protein isoforms
Authors: Andrew Robert J. , Fisher Kate , Heesom Kate J. , Kellett Katherine A. B. , Hooper Nigel M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe generation of the amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential proteolysis by β‐ and γ‐secretases is a key pathological event in the initiation and propagation of Alzheimer's disease. Aβ and the transcriptionally active APP intracellular domain are generated preferentially from the APP695 isoform compared to the longer APP751 isoform. As the Aβ and amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain produced from cleavage of APP695 and APP751 are identical we hypothesised that the two isoforms have differences within their interactomes which mediate the differential processing of the two isoforms. To investigate this, we applied a proteomics‐based approach to identify differences in the interactomes of the APP695 and APP751 isoforms. Using stable isotope labelling of amino acids in cell culture and quantitative proteomics, we compared the interactomes of APP695 and APP751 expressed in human SH‐SY5Y cells. Through this approach, we identified enrichment of proteins involved in mitochondrial function, the nuclear pore and nuclear transport specifically in the APP695 interactome. Further interrogation of the APP interactome and subsequent experimental validation (co‐immunoprecipitation and siRNA knockdown) revealed GAP43 as a specific modulator of APP751 proteolysis, altering Aβ generation. Our data indicate that interrogation of the APP interactome can be exploited to identify proteins which influence APP proteolysis and Aβ production in an isoform dependent‐manner.
image
Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14504.
15 keto fluprostenol isopropyl ester (80 µgr/mL) gel for cosmetic eyelash growth and enhancement
Authors: Fabbrocini Gabriella , Napolitano Alessandro , Masarà Anna , Cacciapuoti Sara 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundEyelashes have both a protective and an aesthetic function. Hypotrichosis of the eyelashes may negatively influence an individual's self‐perception.ObjectiveTo evaluate efficacy and safety of topical administration of a new cosmetic preparation containing 15 keto fluprostenol isopropyl ester (80 µgr/mL) for the treatment of idiopathic hypotrichosis of the eyelashes.MethodsThis is a monocentric, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled study. Forty patients (18 years) with idiopathic hypotrichosis (GEA 1 or 2), who also exhibit feelings of low confidence, based on the ESQ score, were divided into two groups. Group 1: twenty women treated with once‐daily 15 keto fluprostenol isopropyl ester gel and Group 2: twenty women treated only with the vehicle gel.ResultsGroup 1: The average difference in eyelash length measured at the midpoint of palpebral margins between T0 and T2 for Group 1 was 1633 mm and for Group B was 0.25 (P < 0.0001). Comparing the ESQ questionnaires of Groups 1 and 2 from T0 to T2, only the 80% of the patients of Group 1 declared to dedicate less time to the application of cosmetic mascara, having longer and darker lashes at T2 vs patients of Group 2, of which only 20% reported longer and darker eyelashes at T2. About safety, only one patient of Group 1 experienced sensation of ocular sensation heaviness and headache. No other side effects were referred.Conclusions15 keto fluprostenol isopropyl ester gel was effective in enhancing eyelash growth, with an excellent safety profile.
INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE TAX AVOIDANCE: A REVIEW OF THE CHANNELS, MAGNITUDES, AND BLIND SPOTS
Authors: Beer Sebastian , de Mooij Ruud , Liu Li 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper reviews the rapidly growing empirical literature on international tax avoidance by multinational corporations. It surveys evidence on the main channels of corporate tax avoidance including transfer mispricing, international debt shifting, treaty shopping, tax deferral, and corporate inversions. Moreover, it performs a meta‐analysis of the extensive literature that estimates the overall size of profit shifting. We find that the literature suggests that, on average, a 1 percentage‐point lower corporate tax rate will expand before‐tax income by 1%—an effect that is larger than reported as the consensus estimate in previous surveys and tends to be increasing over time. The literature on tax avoidance still has several unresolved puzzles and blind spots that require further research.
Drugs in lactation
Authors: Verstegen Ruud H. J. , Ito Shinya 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAlthough most medications can be taken safely during breastfeeding, potential risks of infant toxicity do exist because all medications will be excreted into the breast milk to some extent. The amount of medication excreted in the milk depends mainly on (i) within‐drug variation, such as dosing; (ii) between‐drug variation including chemical characteristics of the medication; and (iii) host factors, such as maternal pharmacokinetics (PK), including variations of pregnancy‐associated changes and their post‐partum recovery. Neonatal drug exposure is usually assessed by calculating an expected total infant daily dose through breast milk and comparing it to the normal therapeutic dose. However, clinical PK studies in this population are challenging to conduct. Recently, research methods using population PK analyses and physiologically‐based PK modeling and simulation techniques have been recognized as a complementary approach to the conventional PK studies in this field. These efforts are important for rational risk assessment balancing the toxicity risk against the benefits of human milk. Health benefits of lactation for both mother and child are significant and a decision to withhold from this should not be taken lightly. In case limited information is present, additional expertise from pharmacists or clinical pharmacologist with expertise in this area should be sought.
Innate and adaptive immune responses against human Puumala virus infection: immunopathogenesis and suggestions for novel treatment strategies for severe hantavirus‐associated syndromes
Authors: Klingström J. , Smed‐Sörensen A. , Maleki K. T. , Solà‐Riera C. , Ahlm C. , Björkström N. K. , Ljunggren H. G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTwo related hyperinflammatory syndromes are distinguished following infection of humans with hantaviruses: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) seen in Eurasia and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) seen in the Americas. Fatality rates are high, up to 10% for HFRS and around 35%–40% for HPS. Puumala virus (PUUV) is the most common HFRS‐causing hantavirus in Europe. Here, we describe recent insights into the generation of innate and adaptive cell‐mediated immune responses following clinical infection with PUUV. First described are studies demonstrating a marked redistribution of peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) to the airways, a process that may underlie local immune activation at the site of primary infection. We then describe observations of an excessive natural killer (NK) cell activation and the persistence of highly elevated numbers of NK cells in peripheral blood following PUUV infection. A similar vigorous CD8 Tcell response is also described, though Tcell responses decline with viraemia. Like MNPs, many NK cells and CD8 T cells also localize to the lung upon acute PUUV infection. Following this, findings demonstrating the ability of hantaviruses, including PUUV, to cause apoptosis resistance in infected target cells, are described. These observations, and associated inflammatory cytokine responses, may provide new insights into HFRS and HPS disease pathogenesis. Based on similarities between inflammatory responses in severe hantavirus infections and other hyperinflammatory disease syndromes, we speculate whether some therapeutic interventions that have been successful in the latter conditions may also be applicable in severe hantavirus infections.
The Role of CT Perfusion in Defining the Clinically Relevant Core Infarction to Guide Thrombectomy Selection in Patients with Acute Stroke
Authors: Shaker Hussam , Khan Muhib , Mulderink Todd , Koehler Tracy J. , Scurek Raymond , Tubergen Tricia , Packard Laurel , Singer Justin , Mazaris Paul , Min Jiangyong , Wees Nabil , Khan Nadeem , Abdelhak Tamer 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEInfarct core assessment on presentation is important to evaluate salvageable tissue to select patients for thrombectomy. Our study aims to evaluate the correlation between infarct core volume measured by computed tomography (CT) perfusion (CTP) and magnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted imaging (MR‐DWI) in patients with acute large‐vessel occlusion.METHODSWe studied patients who underwent CTP on presentation to the emergency department for stroke symptoms. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), collateral status, symptomatic vessels, and modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days were collected. Admission infarct core volume was measured on initial relative cerebral blood volume and final infarct core volume on follow‐up DWI. The correlation between two measures was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.RESULTSSeventy‐four patients were studied of which 41.9% were female. Median NIHSS was 13 (2‐30). Middle cerebral artery occlusion was present in 53 (71.6%) patients and 54 (72.9%) had good collaterals. Good functional outcome of mRS 0‐2 was achieved by 60.8% at 90 days. There was a strong correlation between CTP and MR‐DWI (r = .94). There was no significant difference between volume (in milliliters) on CTP (54.1 ± 69.8) and volume on DWI (50.3 ± 59.7; P = .18) using the paired t‐test.CONCLUSIONCTP provides a good estimation of the core infarct volume. It performs well within the clinically relevant thresholds for patient selection for thrombectomy.
A Full‐Digital Technique to Mount a Maxillary Arch Scan on a Virtual Articulator
Authors: Lepidi Luca , Chen Zhaozhao , Ravida Andrea , Lan Tingting , Wang Hom‐Lay , Li Junying 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMounting casts accurately on an articulator is a prerequisite for the treatment planning/execution of complex dental cases that require occlusal rehabilitation. A full digital approach to transfer the position of maxillary dentition to a virtual articulator, by using intraoral scans and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) files is presented. This technique offers reduced chairside time and the flexibility of choosing the orientation plane. It can be used in orthognathic surgeries, complex interdisciplinary treatments requiring a CBCT scan with a large field of view, or treatments that already have the head CT or CBCT scans from previous diagnosis/treatment.
Identifying and critically examining government legislation relevant to children's dental caries in Calgary, Alberta, Canada: a health inequities lens
Authors: Weijs Cynthia , Gobrail Sara , Lucas Jack , Zwicker Jennifer , McLaren Lindsay 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesChildren's dental caries is an important and urgent public health concern that is largely preventable. Using a social equity framework, our objectives were to identify and critically examine government legislation relevant to the issue of children's dental health in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.MethodsWe conducted a systematic, gray literature search of federal, provincial (Alberta), and municipal (Calgary) statutes and bylaws related to children's dental caries, through the relevant law databases. Eligibility criteria were applied for document screening and selection. Data extraction and synthesis pertained to objectives of the legislation (policy task), relevant agent or actor (level of government), and upstream or downstream focus, in terms of potential impact on social inequities in health.ResultsLegislation (n = 114) was retrieved and grouped into eight policy tasks. Most legislation fit under the policy tasks: protection of public safety and health promotion (n = 40) and benefits and compensation (n = 27). Federal and provincial governments have greater involvement in children's dental caries than municipal (Calgary) government. The majority of legislation was classified as upstream in orientation (e.g., improving living and working conditions; macro‐level policies).ConclusionsAnalysis of legislation relevant to children's dental caries reveals policies that are more often upstream in nature, and unsurprisingly are multijurisdictional. Despite this, there remains a high prevalence and inequitable distribution of children's dental caries in Canada. This suggests that the nature of upstream involvement and fragmented government involvement is ineffective in tackling this pervasive and urgent public health issue. Implications for children's dental health are discussed.
Variation in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transcription profiles among and within eight population crosses from British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Toews Shelby D. , Wellband Kyle W. , Dixon Brian , Heath Daniel D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhenotypic differences among populations within a species have been reported for a variety of traits, ranging from life history to physiology to gene transcription. Population‐level phenotypic variation has been attributed to genetic differences resulting from genetic drift and/or local adaptation as well as environmental differences resulting from plasticity. We studied population‐ and family‐level variation in gene transcription for 22 fitness‐related genes, comprising immune, growth, metabolic, and stress processes in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We created hybrid Chinook salmon families from eight populations and treated them with an immune stimulus, a handling stress challenge, and held some as a no‐treatment control group. Population effects, sire effects, and narrow‐sense heritability (h2) were calculated for each candidate gene within each treatment group. We expected population to have a significant effect on gene transcription for many of our genes; however, we found a population effect for transcription at only one immune gene at rest. The limited number of significant population effects on gene transcription, combined with significant additive genetic variance within each population does not support the expectation of past strong selection pressures acting on heritable transcription profiles among populations. Instead, our results indicate that Chinook salmon likely adapt to their local environment through transcriptional plasticity rather than fixed differences. The expectation for fixed population‐level differences in gene transcription at fitness‐related genes, reflecting accepted models of local adaptation is high; however, comparisons among multiple populations using half‐sibling breeding designs are rare. Our work fills an important gap in our growing understanding of the process of among and within‐population divergence.