bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between body mass index, lifestyle habits, and locomotive syndrome in young- and middle-aged adults: A cross-sectional survey of workers in Japan
Authors: Ohtsuki Makoto , Nishimura Akinobu , Kato Toshihiro , Sokejima Sigeru , Shibata Tomiko , Okada Hiromi , Nagao-Nishiwaki Rie , Sudo Akihiro 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Although many studies have examined locomotive syndrome (LS) among elderly people, few studies have examined LS in young- and middle-aged adults. This study aimed to provide basic data on the epidemiological characteristics of LS, including in young- and middle-aged adults.

Method
We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a nonrandom sample of 852 adults aged 18–64 (678 males, 174 females) working in five companies in Japan, between December 2015 and February 2018. LS stage was determined using the criteria proposed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA). LS stage 0 was defined as No-LS, and stages 1 and 2 were defined as LS. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent relationship between LS and sociodemographic, smoking, alcohol drinking (AD), frequency of breakfast consumption (FBC), dietary variety score (DVS), and the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score after adjusting for age and sex.

Results
We found that 23.1% of participants were evaluated as LS, including 21.5% of males and 29.3% of females (P &lt; 0.05). Participants aged ≥45 years exhibited higher rates of LS (males: 23.1%, females: 43.6%) compared with those aged &lt;45 years (P &lt; 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, body mass index (BMI), AD, UCLA activity score, and FBC were also related to LS.

Conclusion
Education initiatives about LS should be targeted not only to elderly populations but also to young- and middle-aged adults in the workplace.
The correlation between possible RBD and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease patients in China
Authors: Yan Ya‐yun , Lei Ke , Li Yuan‐yuan , Liu Xiu‐feng , Chang Ying 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveCognitive impairment is an important symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) and seriously affects patients’ quality of life and prognosis. However, its cause is still uncertain. In about one‐third of patients, PD is associated with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which is an independent risk factor for PD‐associated dementia; but whether or not it relates to the cognitive function of patients with nondemented PD is still controversial.MethodsThe data from 89 enrolled PD patients were retrospectively analyzed. The RBD Questionnaire Hong‐Kong (RBD‐HK) was used to diagnose possible RBD (pRBD). There are 46 patients with possible RBD (the PD‐pRBD) and 43 without (the PD‐npRBD). PD disease severity, neuropsychological function, overall cognitive function, and various cognitive functions were assessed.ResultsThere were significant between‐group differences in scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Digit Symbol Test (DST), Trail Making Test‐A (TMT‐A)‐Time, TMT‐Trail Making Test‐B (TMT‐B)‐Time, Stroop Color‐word Test, Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Boston Naming Test (BNT), Verbal Fluency Test (fruit), etc. (P < 0.05).InterpretationPatients in the PD‐pRBD group had more cognitive impairment.
Microstructured Actuation of Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks
Authors: Ge Feijie , Zhao Yue 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSmart microstructured materials enable functions such as actuation, detection, transportation, and sensing with potential applications ranging from robotics and photonics to biomedical devices. Of the many materials systems, liquid crystal polymer networks (LCN) are fascinating owing to their ability to exhibit reversible macroscopic deformation driven by a molecular order–disorder phase transition. LCN have been increasingly explored for their utility in the design and fabrication of smart actuating devices capable of complex shape changes or motions upon external stimulation of humidity, heat, light, and other stimuli, and recent studies in this field show that their actuation complexity can be enriched and actuation performance enhanced by having some sort of microstructures. Herein, the recent progress in microstructured actuation of LCN materials with substructures in scale ranging from micrometer to millimeter is reported, placing the emphasis on the main approaches to generating a microstructure in LCN, which include patterned LC director fields, patterned chain crosslinking in LCN with uniaxial orientation of mesogens, 3D/4D printing, and replica molding. The potential applications in microstructured 3D actuators and devices as well as functional LCN surfaces are also highlighted, with an outlook on important issues and future trends in smart microstructured LCN materials and actuators.
A High‐Performance Self‐Regenerating Solar Evaporator for Continuous Water Desalination
Authors: Kuang Yudi , Chen Chaoji , He Shuaiming , Hitz Emily M. , Wang Yilin , Gan Wentao , Mi Ruiyu , Hu Liangbing 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEmerging solar desalination by interfacial evaporation shows great potential in response to global water scarcity because of its high solar‐to‐vapor efficiency, low environmental impact, and off‐grid capability. However, solute accumulation at the heating interface has severely impacted the performance and long‐term stability of current solar evaporation systems. Here, a self‐regenerating solar evaporator featuring excellent antifouling properties using a rationally designed artificial channel‐array in a natural wood substrate is reported. Upon solar evaporation, salt concentration gradients are formed between the millimeter‐sized drilled channels (with a low salt concentration) and the microsized natural wood channels (with a high salt concentration) due to their different hydraulic conductivities. The concentration gradients allow spontaneous interchannel salt exchange through the 1–2 µm pits, leading to the dilution of salt in the microsized wood channels. The drilled channels with high hydraulic conductivities thus function as salt‐rejection pathways, which can rapidly exchange the salt with the bulk solution, enabling the real‐time self‐regeneration of the evaporator. Compared to other salt‐rejection designs, the solar evaporator exhibits the highest efficiency (≈75%) in a highly concentrated salt solution (20 wt% NaCl) under 1 sun irradiation, as well as long‐term stability (over 100 h of continuous operation).
Artificial Neuron and Synapse Realized in an Antiferromagnet/Ferromagnet Heterostructure Using Dynamics of Spin–Orbit Torque Switching
Authors: Kurenkov Aleksandr , DuttaGupta Samik , Zhang Chaoliang , Fukami Shunsuke , Horio Yoshihiko , Ohno Hideo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEfficient information processing in the human brain is achieved by dynamics of neurons and synapses, motivating effective implementation of artificial spiking neural networks. Here, the dynamics of spin–orbit torque switching in antiferromagnet/ferromagnet heterostructures is studied to show the capability of the material system to form artificial neurons and synapses for asynchronous spiking neural networks. The magnetization switching, driven by a single current pulse or trains of pulses, is examined as a function of the pulse width (1 s to 1 ns), amplitude, number, and pulse‐to‐pulse interval. Based on this dynamics and the unique ability of the system to exhibit binary or analog behavior depending on the device size, key functionalities of a synapse (spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity) and a neuron (leaky integrate‐and‐fire) are reproduced in the same material and on the basis of the same working principle. These results open a way toward spintronics‐based neuromorphic hardware that executes cognitive tasks with the efficiency of the human brain.
Sex and Laterality Differences in Medullary Humerus Morphology
Authors: Drew Alex J. , Tashjian Robert Z. , Henninger Heath B. , Bachus Kent N. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTPercutaneous osseointegrated (OI) prosthetic limb attachment holds promise for transhumeral amputees. Understanding humeral medullary morphology is necessary for informed design of upper extremity OI systems, and is beneficial to the field of megaprosthetic reconstruction of the distal humerus where diaphyseal fixation is desired. The purpose of this study was to quantify the sex and laterality differences in humerus morphology, specifically over the diaphysis. Three‐dimensional surface reconstructions of 58 pairs of cadaveric humeri (43 male, 15 female) were generated from CT data. Measures describing periosteal and medullary morphology were collected relative to an anatomic coordinate system. Sex and laterality differences in biomechanical length (BML) were observed (P ≤ 0.001 and 0.022, respectively). Head radius was larger in males than females (P ≤ 0.001). Retroversion was increased in right humeri relative to left (P ≤ 0.001). Canal orientation exhibited a conformational shift from anteversion to retroversion distally at approximately 65% BML. Right humeri exhibited larger medullary diameters than left in the 1st and 2nd principal directions (P ≤ 0.024). Males displayed larger diameter medullary canals proximally (P ≤ 0.029) and an increased rate of divergence of the endosteal cortex in the proximal diaphysis (P ≤ 0.009). Females exhibited higher canal aspect ratios at mid‐shaft (P ≤ 0.014) and lower mean cortical thickness (P ≤ 0.001). Human humeral diaphysis morphology exhibits sex and laterality differences, which are dependent on position along the diaphysis. Understanding humeral morphology is necessary to achieve adequate primary stability and bone apposition in design of endoprosthetic stems for percutaneous OI implants, and distal humerus replacement. Anat Rec, 302:1709–1717, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association for Anatomy
The relation between parent verbal responsiveness and child communication in young children with or at risk for autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Edmunds Sarah R. , Kover Sara T. , Stone Wendy L. 
Published: April 2019

Among preschool‐age children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing children, parents' verbal responsiveness (PVR) has long been shown to predict children's later language ability. However, before the age of three, when language develops most rapidly, the early social communication deficits associated with ASD may impact parents' opportunities to facilitate early language development. The aim of this review was to characterize the relation between PVR and the vocal communication ability of children with or at high risk for ASD early in development. Specifically, we examined whether the relation between PVR and child communication varied by type of PVR and by child diagnostic status, as well as whether interventions increased PVR. A systematic multi‐database search yielded 25 empirical studies (804 parent–toddler dyads; 30 effect sizes) that met inclusion criteria and related a variable of PVR to a variable of child vocalization or language. Meta‐regression analyses revealed that the relation between PVR and child communication was significant regardless of PVR type or child diagnostic status. To date, interventions targeting both PVR and child communication were found to significantly increase PVR, but not child communication, for these populations. Future research should examine parent–child communication in a transactional, longitudinal manner. In addition, these findings have implications for interventions designed to target parents' responsiveness and child communication. Autism Research 2019, 12: 715–731. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryFor families with children under 3 years old who are at risk for or diagnosed with ASD, this study revealed empirical evidence of a robust relation between parents'’ verbal responsiveness to their children's play and communication and children's communication ability. This relation is similar to that reported in research on typically developing children. Interventions designed to improve parent–child interaction in children with or at risk for ASD may be effective in increasing parents' responsiveness.
Germline mutation landscape of Chinese patients with familial breast/ovarian cancer in a panel of 22 susceptibility genes
Authors: Wang Jiayu , Li Weiwei , Shi Yujian , Huang Yan , Sun Tao , Tang Lili , Lu Qing , Lei Qiumo , Liao Ning , Jin Feng , Li Hui , Huang Tao , Qian Jun , Pang Danmei , Wang Shusen , Fan Peizhi , Wu Xinhong , Lin Ying , Qin Haiyan , Xu Binghe 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGenetic testing for germline mutations in BRCA1/2 of patients with breast cancer (BC) is part of routine patient care. However, BRCA1/2 mutations account only for a fraction of familial BC. A custom panel of 22 gene sequencing was performed on each patient. Among the 481 female patients, 135 patients were detected to carry pathogenic (P)/likely pathogenic (LP) mutations (28.1%), which corresponded to 12 different cancer predisposition genes [14.6% (70/481) on BRCA1 gene, 5.0% (24/481) on BRCA2 gene, 8.5% (41/481) on non‐BRCA1/2 genes]. Moreover, 24.7% (119/481) of patients had mutation of unknown significance (VUS) in these genes. The most common (8/481) pathogenic mutation is BRCA1 c.5470_5477del, while BRIP1 2392 C > T of patients was detected. All the mutations detected were mainly seen in the homologous recombinant repair pathway. Compared to BRCA2 mutation, BRCA1 mutation is higher in younger female patients (P < 0.01). Some pathogenic mutations were detected in the patients’ familiy members without the past history of tumor and 92 novel mutations were detected (31 on BRCA including 2 P, 16 LP, 13 VUS; 61 on non‐BRCA1/2 including 9 LP, 52 VUS). The detection rate of BRCA1/2 mutations was higher in patients with three or more cancer family members than those with one or two. However, the difference was not statistically different. The results suggest that multigene panel testing can increase mutation detection rate for high‐risk BC patients. Detailed family history can help to categorize new mutations.
Deciphering the ‘Elixir of Life’: Dynamic Perspectives into the Allosteric Modulation of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase by J147, a Novel Drug in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Emmanuel Iwuchukwu A. , Olotu Fisayo A. , Agoni Clement , Soliman Mahmoud E. S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe discovery of J147 represented a significant milestone in the treatment of age‐related disorders, which was further augmented by the recent identification of mitochondrial ATP synthase as the therapeutic target. However, the underlying molecular events associated with the modulatory activity of J147 have remained unresolved till date. Herein, we present, for the first time, a dynamical approach to investigate the allosteric regulation of mATP synthase by J147, using a reliable human αγβ protein model. The highlight of our findings is the existence of the J147‐bound protein in distinct structural associations at different MD simulation periods coupled with concurrent open↔close transitions of the β catalytic and α allosteric (ATP5A) sites as defined by Cα distances (d), TriCα (Θ) and dihedral (φ) angular parameters. Firstly, there was an initial pairing of the αγ subunits away from the β subunit followed by the formation of the ‘non‐catalytic’ αβ pair at a distance from the γ subunit. Interestingly, J147‐induced structural arrangements were accompanied by the systematic transition of the β catalytic site from a closed to an open state, while there was a concurrent transition of the allosteric site from an open αE conformation to a closed state. Consequentially, J147 reduced the structural activity of the whole αγβ complex, while the unbound system exhibited high atomistic deviations and structural flexibility. Furthermore, J147 exhibited favorable binding at the allosteric site of mATP synthase with considerable electrostatic energy contributions from Gln215, Gly217, Thr219, Asp312, Asp313, Glu371 and Arg406. These findings provide details on the possible effects of J147 on mitochondrial bioenergetics, which could facilitate the structure‐based design of novel small‐molecule modulators of mATP synthase in the management of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Transition Metal‐dinitrogen Complex Embedded Graphene for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yang Yulu , Liu Jiandong , Wei Zengxi , Wang Shuangyin , Ma Jianmin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractConversion of nitrogen to ammonia (NH3) is one of the most important issue in the modern chemical industry. Transition metals (TM) have the special unoccupied and occupied d orbitals to accept the electrons from and backdonate to N2, which is crucial in effective nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Herein, we propose TMN4 (TM=Fe, Co, Mo, W, Ru, Rh) embedded graphene as the catalysts for NRR by using the density functional theory calculations. Our results revealed that MoN4 embedded graphene exhibited outstanding catalytic activity for ammonia synthesis at ambient conditions along with small reaction energy barrier of 0.67 eV, as well as against hydrogen evolution reaction. These findings provide a potential paradigm for NRR.
Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles‐Fused Azasilines by Palladium‐Catalyzed Si‐Si Bond Activation
Authors: Noël‐Duchesneau Ludovik , Maddaluno Jacques , Durandetti Muriel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAzasilines fused nitrogen heterocycles are prepared in excellent yields (from 74 to 98 % according to the structures) for the first time in one operation with high regio‐ and stereoselectivities. The key step consists of an intramolecular palladium‐catalyzed cyclisation reaction of heteroaryl disilane cores, bearing double or triple bond. We first studied the reactivity of pyridyl heterocycles, using xylenes as solvent and Pd(dba)2‐P(OEt)3 as catalyst at 130 °C. The Z configuration of the adducts suggested that the reaction proceeds following a syn addition on the alkyne. This strategy has then been illustrated by the synthesis of complex polyheterocyclic scaffolds (phenothiazine, indole, carbazole, quinoline and tetrahydroquinoline) starting from other nitrogen heteroaryl compounds, to demonstrate the potential of the process, in order to obtain promising biological scaffolds.
Successful defibrillation verification in subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator recipients by low‐energy shocks
Authors: Biffi Mauro , Ziacchi Matteo , Angeletti Andrea , Castelli Andrea , Massaro Giulia , Martignani Cristian , Lovecchio Mariolina , Valsecchi Sergio , Diemberger Igor 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (S‐ICD) is an effective alternative to the transvenous one. Defibrillation efficacy depends on maximum device output and on the optimal device location at device implantation.HypothesisWe sought to investigate the defibrillation safety margin in real life clinical practice.MethodsWe sought to understand what is the efficacy of induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) termination at S‐ICD implantation using lower energies than the recommended 65 J.ResultsSixty‐four consecutive S‐ICD recipients underwent VF termination attempts at implantation with energies ranging from 20 to 50 J. Overall, VF termination occurred in 84% of patients with ≤40 J, in 88% with 45 J, and in 100% with 60 J. Intermuscular S‐ICD placement was associated with 94% VF termination at ≤40 J. An ejection fraction <35% was associated to higher energy requirement for defibrillation; however, an intermuscular S‐ICD placement conferred 90% defibrillation efficacy at 31 ± 5 J in this patients subset.ConclusionsThis is a hypothesis‐generating observation that prompts a methodologically correct investigation to prove that a 60 J output S‐ICD can provide an adequate safety margin to terminate VF in clinical practice. This would enable superior device longevity and/or device downsizing for pediatric/small size patients.
Calculation of Larmor precession frequency in magnetically heterogeneous media
Authors: Ruh Alexander , Kiselev Valerij G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCalculation of the Larmor frequency of NMR‐reporting spins is reviewed in detail, including the Fourier transformation of the dipole field and the Lorentz sphere construction. Special attention is paid to the physical picture, which helps to keep calculations simple and to resolve apparently mathematical problems. The paper is thought as a comprehensive recipe for practical applications and includes a review on the recent progress in understanding the phase contrast in the human brain.
Sensitivity analysis for the mechanics of tendons and ligaments: Investigation on the effects of collagen structural properties via a multiscale modeling approach
Authors: Hamdia Khader M. , Marino Michele , Zhuang Xiaoying , Wriggers Peter , Rabczuk Timon 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe effects of the stochasticity of collagen‐related structural properties on the biomechanical properties of tendons and ligaments are investigated in this study. The tissue mechanics is modeled by means of a macroscale constitutive model based on a multiscale structural approach. This rationale allows to introduce model parameters directly associated with tissue structural and biochemical features, opening to physically motivated parametric studies. Variance and density‐based global sensitivity analyses are employed, together with the quantification of output uncertainty due to stochastic variations of parameters. Novel insights on tissue structure‐mechanics relationship are provided, quantifying the dependence between mechanical output quantities on specific collagen‐related structural features. Moreover, the uncertainty quantification shows that model predictions provided by the multiscale structural approach are reliable with respect to inevitable uncertainties in tissue structure. Addressing rat tail tendons, the use of average values in tissue properties returns a constitutive response that fits well‐available experimental data, and it is robust with respect to parameter stochasticity.
Generation of Macrophages from Cynomolgus‐Monkey Bone Marrow as a Model to Evaluate Effects of Drugs on Innate Immunity
Authors: Li Nianyu , Ludmann Susan A. , Anest Lisa , He Ching , Narayanan Padma Kumar 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMacrophages are innate immune cells that play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Evaluation of pro‐inflammatory effects of drugs on macrophages has become commonplace in preclinical drug development prior to human clinical trials. Despite their body‐wide distribution, tissue macrophages are often difficult to collect from large animals and humans in a noninvasive manner. Therefore, in vitro–differentiated macrophages are important tools to facilitate cross‐species analysis of macrophage function. Although cynomolgus monkeys are an essential non‐rodent species for preclinical research, in vitro differentiation of cynomolgus‐monkey macrophages has been poorly characterized. In the present unit, we describe a protocol to differentiate cynomolgus‐monkey macrophages from isolated bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs). In contrast to monocytes, cynomolgus‐monkey BMMCs show robust expansion in the presence of macrophage colony–stimulating factor in vitro, which allows expansion of many cells from a single animal donor. Macrophages differentiated from BMMCs retain many of the macrophage phenotypes and functions, including phagocytosis and cytokine release, and therefore can be used as a surrogate to assess effects of drugs on cynomolgus‐monkey macrophages. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.