bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus Pool Composition in Soils and Sediments of Transitional Ecotones under the Influence of Agriculture
Authors: Neidhardt Harald , Achten Florian , Kern Simon , Schwientek Marc , Oelmann Yvonne 
Published: August 2019

Transitional ecotones such as vegetated buffer strips, stream banks, and streambeds retain phosphorus (P) in the immediate surroundings of farmland. Yet the fate of P in these ecotones remains unclear. Our objectives were to (i) test the difference in the P pool composition of soil and sediment between sites surrounded by agriculture and forestry and (ii) test whether specific P pools differ among transitional ecotones. Phosphorus pools (by a modified Hedley fractionation scheme) and the degree of P saturation (DPS) were determined in 33 soil and sediment samples from eight farmland and three forest sites. At farmland sites, total P in soil and sediment was more than twofold higher as compared to forestry sites. The proportion of labile inorganic P (Pi) and the DPS were significantly larger in transitional ecotones close to farmland. We further used normalized values for comparing the respective ecotones at the sites. The deviation of each transitional ecotone relative to the respective site average revealed that the normalized total P concentration and proportions of labile and moderately labile Pi were significantly smaller in bed sediment adjacent to farmland as compared to respective stream bank and buffer strip soil, whereas the stable Ca‐Pi proportion was larger. The results reflected a decreased Pi sorption capacity in combination with Pi desorption and transfer of Pi into secondary Ca‐Pi minerals in bed sediment. In summary, the influence of agriculture increases labile P pools in soil and sediment, which are then subject to a succession of dynamic processes resulting in a partial loss of Pi to the aqueous phase as well as fixation of Pi in the Ca‐Pi pool.Core Ideas
Agriculture has a pronounced impact on P status and pools in transitional ecotones.
Labile Pi and degree of P saturation significantly increased in buffer strips, stream banks, and beds.
We found more Ca‐Pi but less labile P in streambeds than in stream banks and buffer strips.
There is presumable transfer of labile P into the Ca‐Pi pool but also in the dissolved phase.
Further knowledge of P pool changes is needed to manage legacy P in catchments.
Lignin Contribution to Aliphatic Constituents of Humic Acids through Fungal Degradation
Authors: Khatami Seyyedhadi , Deng Ying , Tien Ming , Hatcher Patrick G. 
Published: August 2019

To investigate how fungi transform lignin in soil during humification, a naturally brown‐rotted wood was subjected to additional fungal degradation by the white‐rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry showed that fungal degradation, an integral part of the soil humification process, transformed lignin‐derived aromatic molecules and simultaneously created many new aliphatic molecules. The majority of these new aliphatic molecules were chemically different from aliphatic molecules already existent in the lignin precursor extract and in the P. chrysosporium biomass. Our results strongly suggest that humification by white‐rot fungi in soil transforms lignin to humic substances with a predominant aliphatic character. This challenges the concept that only aromatic structures are expected from humification of lignin by fungi. This finding also reverses current views that aliphatic constituents of soil humic materials are not principally derived from lignin.Core Ideas
ESI‐FTICR‐MS analysis opens a new window for examining the fate of lignin in nature.
Fungi play an important role in humification of plant material in soil.
Formation of aliphatic molecules from lignin via fungal degradation is observed.
Evaluating Hydrologic Response in Tile‐Drained Landscapes: Implications for Phosphorus Transport
Authors: Macrae M. L. , Ali G. A. , King K. W. , Plach J. M. , Pluer W. T. , Williams M. , Morison M. Q. , Tang W. 
Published: August 2019

Phosphorus (P) loss in agricultural discharge has typically been associated with surface runoff; however, tile drains have been identified as a key P pathway due to preferential transport. Identifying when and where these pathways are active may establish high‐risk periods and regions that are vulnerable for P loss. A synthesis of high‐frequency, runoff data from eight cropped fields across the Great Lakes region of North America over a 3‐yr period showed that both surface and tile flow occurred year‐round, although tile flow occurred more frequently. The relative timing of surface and tile flow activation was classified into four response types to infer runoff‐generation processes. Response types were found to vary with season and soil texture. In most events across all sites, tile responses preceded surface flow, whereas the occurrence of surface flow prior to tile flow was uncommon. The simultaneous activation of pathways, indicating rapid connectivity through the vadose zone, was seldom observed at the loam sites but occurred at clay sites during spring and summer. Surface flow at the loam sites was often generated as saturation‐excess, a phenomenon rarely observed on the clay sites. Contrary to expectations, significant differences in P loads in tiles were not apparent under the different response types. This may be due to the frequency of the water quality sampling or may indicate that factors other than surface‐tile hydrologic connectivity drive tile P concentrations. This work provides new insight into spatial and temporal differences in runoff mechanisms in tile‐drained landscapes.Core Ideas
Activation of surface runoff and tile flow differ with soil texture and season.
Timing of flow path activation was used to infer hydrological processes.
Connectivity between the surface and tiles exists on clay soil during growing season.
Rapid connectivity between the surface and tiles occurs less frequently on loam.
A Review of the Latest in Phosphorus Fertilizer Technology: Possibilities and Pragmatism
Authors: Weeks Joseph J. , Hettiarachchi Ganga M. 
Published: August 2019

The development of highly concentrated phosphorus (P) fertilizers, such as triple superphosphate, by the Tennessee Valley Authority helped mark the beginning of a revolution in the way we manage food crop nutrition. Since then, scientists, with the help of farmers, have made great advancements in the understanding of P fate and transport across many environments but largely have failed to produce a new generation of products and/or application techniques that are widely accepted and that vastly improve plant acquisition efficiency. Under certain conditions, important advancements have been made. For example, applying liquid formulations of phosphates in lieu of dry granules in some highly calcareous soils has dramatically reduced precipitation as sparingly soluble calcium phosphate minerals, but other attempts, such as the co‐application of humic substances, sorption to layered double hydroxides, or use of nanoparticles, have not generated the kind of results necessary to continue economically increasing crop yields without further environmental cost. New sources of fertility will need to be affordable to produce, transport, and furnish P to soil solution in a manner well synchronized with crop demand. This paper provides a review of recent literature on cutting‐edge phosphorus fertilizer technology. The goal is that this synthesis will be used as a starting point from which a larger discussion on responsible nutrient management and increased P use efficiency research can be built.Core Ideas
Reaction with some soil constituents limits P availability and crop yield.
A variety of approaches to improve fertilizer use efficiency are being explored.
Ideally, P availability should be well synchronized to crop demand.
More innovation along with mechanistic and field‐scale trials is required.
Impact of Hydrofluoric Acid Treatment on Humic Acid Properties Extracted from Organic Soils and an Organic Amendment: A Technical Evaluation
Authors: Audette Yuki , Smith D. Scott , Parsons Christopher T. , Longstaffe James , Chen Weibin , Rezanezhad Fereidoun , Evans Les J. , Van Cappellen Philippe 
Published: August 2019

The chemical and physical characteristics of humic acids (HA) may differ depending on their source, and the ideal extraction method should not modify the characteristics of HA. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is often used in HA extraction methods to remove inorganic substances that are often present in the sample in addition to the organic molecules of interest. Organic soils contain up to 90% of organic matter and some may think that the necessity of the HF treatment is not crucial when extracting HA from organic soils. In this study, HA were extracted from turkey litter compost (TLC), an agricultural organic soil (AOS) and a riparian soil (RS), and the impact of HF on the properties of the extracted HA was assessed. HF decreased the ash content and the concentration of inorganic components in extracted materials, especially in the HA from RS, which had higher concentrations of aluminosilicates and amorphous Si. For TLC, no significant difference in either the total charge or charge distribution was observed with HF treated samples compared to untreated samples, while the HF treatment decreased the proton binding capacity at alkaline pH (≥7) in the HA from the two soils. We assume that aluminosilicates, amorphous Si and iron oxides left in the samples interacted with protons at alkaline pH, thus increasing the proton binding capacity. Therefore, HF treatment should be included when samples containing these mineral constituents even for materials rich in organic matter.Core Ideas
Hydrofluoric acid did not affect functional group distribution or C concentration in humic acids.
Proton binding capacity at alkaline pH of soil humic acids decreased after hydrofluoric acid treatment.
Hydrofluoric acid did not affect characteristics of humic acids extracted from turkey litter compost.
Humic acids from turkey litter compost had lower proton binding capacity than those from soils.
Archaea Enhance the Robustness of Microbial Co‐occurrence Networks in Tibetan Plateau Soils
Authors: Shi Yu , Fan Kunkun , Li Yuntao , Yang Teng , He Jin‐Sheng , Chu Haiyan 
Published: August 2019

Microbial co‐occurrence is a ubiquitous ecological phenomenon, yet we know surprisingly little of the relative importance of bacteria, fungi, and archaea for structuring their co‐occurrence network, especially in natural ecosystems. Here, we present a visualization of the soil microbial co‐occurrence network pattern based on a sampling from across the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We found more intra‐kingdom than inter‐kingdom links within the network, and most of these links were positive. Compared with module hubs and network hubs, the connectors had more connections with environmental variables, and among the microbial groups the archaea built more connections than did bacteria or fungi, which pointed to the greater ecological importance of the archaea in constructing the overall network. Omitting the archaea resulted in a lower natural connectivity, suggesting this group is crucial for enhancing the robustness of the microbial co‐occurrence network. Taken together, our results suggest that the archaea play a critical role in constructing soil microbial co‐occurrence networks in the Tibetan plateau, and possibly also in other similar climate change‐sensitive regions.Core Ideas
Connectors had more correlations with environments than module and network hubs.
Archaea built more connections than bacteria and fungi.
The absence of archaea resulted in a lower natural connectivity.
Archaea are more important in constructing soil microbial co‐occurrence network.
Changes in the Density of Corneal Endothelial Cells in Elderly Diabetic Patients After Combined Phacovitrectomy and Ex-PRESS Glaucoma Implants
Authors: Lyssek-Boroń Anita , Krysik Katarzyna , Kijonka Magdalena , Osuch Mateusz , Grabarek Beniamin O. , Dobrowolski Dariusz 
Published: August 2019

Background & Objective:Corneal endothelial cells (ECD) are characterized by limited regenerative potential, which is additionally impaired in patients with diabetes. This retrospective study included 27 patients aged 58.1±13.6, 16 female and 11 males, who underwent 23-gauge vitrectomy in combination with cataract surgery (phacovitrectomy) and further Ex-PRESS shunt implantation throughout 2013-2017 at St. Barbara Hospital in Sosnowiec, Poland.Methods:In our study, we distinguished 4 periods: initial period; post phacovitrectomy and removal of oil tamponade; and 3 and 12 months post implantation of the Ex-PRESS shunt. Statistical analysis was performed at the level of statistical significance of p<0.05. It included an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc test in order to determine the differences in the density of ECD cells/mm2 between the periods of observation. The paired-samples t-Student test was also performed to determine whether the differences in visual acuity values before and after PPV and before and after Ex-PRESS shunt were statistically significant.Results:The initial count of ECD cells was 2381.1±249, which decreased to 1872.8±350.7 cell/mm2 and finally to 1677.9±327 at the endpoint. Differences in the density of ECD cells/mm2 were observed to be statistically significant between the periods: after PPV vs. initial number of ECD (p = 0.000138); before 3 months after Ex-PRESS shunt vs. initial number of ECD (p = 0.000138); 12 months after Ex- PRESS shunt vs. initial number of ECD (p = 0000138). Analyzing the changes in visual acuity, we observed a deterioration both before and 3 months after Ex-PRESS shunt (p = 0.007944) and before and after PPV (p = 0.060334). In turn, correlation analysis indicated that there is a statistically significant, moderate, positive relationship. The relationship between visual acuity after Ex-PRESS shunt and ECD cells/mm2 density turned out to be statistically significant (r = +0.521381; p < 0.05).Conclusion:Regardless of the period of observation and the choice of ophthalmic treatment of diabetic complications, we observed a decrease in the number of ECD cells and a deterioration in visual acuity. It is, therefore, reasonable to provide the patient with complete information about the proposed procedures and to consider the risk-benefit balance.
Effect of Fruit Secondary Metabolites on Melanoma: A Systematic Review of In vitro Studies
Authors: de O. Raphaelli Chirle , Azevedo Jéssica G. , Dalmazo Gabriel O. , Vinholes Juliana R. , Braganhol Elizandra , Vizzotto Márcia , Nora Leonardo 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer and is responsible for the
majority of the deaths related to this pathology. Recently, different studies have identified naturally
occurring compounds of fruits with chemopreventive action. This systematic review aims to investigate
the protective role of fruit phytochemicals against melanoma skin cancer from in vitro studies.

Methods:
The articles were selected using the search terms string "skin neoplasms" OR “melanoma”
AND “fruit” in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Bireme, Web of Science and ScienceDirect.

Results:
Out of an initial database search of 391 titles and/or abstracts, 115 full-text articles were eligible
and after final evaluation 49 were selected for further assessment. Almost all analysed articles reveal
that compounds of different classes (alkaloid, alkane, benzopyrone, cyclopenta[b]benzofuran, ester,
flavonoid, tocotrienols, phenolic, phenylpropanoid, phloroglucinol derivative, terpenoids and betalain)
possess anti-melanoma in vitro activity. The benzopyrone (α-mangostin) and stilbene (resveratrol) were
effective in inhibiting melanoma cell metastasis, essential to stop the progression of malignant cells.

Conclusion:
Phytochemicals that possess anticancer properties are present in both, common and exotic
fruits. Some of these novel compounds are considered as promising starting points for the discovery of
effective new drugs.
Microscopic Analysis of Pottery Fragments from the Corded Ware Culture at Sites 11, 15 and 20 in Święte, Jarosław District
Authors: Rauba-Bukowska Anna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For microscopic examination, 22 pottery fragments from sites 11, 15 and 20 in Święte, Jarosław District were selected. The pottery types included beakers (N=19) and amphorae (N=3). The goal of the petrographic analysis was to identify mineralogical composition of ceramic fabric, sources of raw materials, and intentional additives to the clay. The analysis yielded data that helped determine ceramic fabrics types and preparation methods, as well as pottery firing conditions and approximate firing temperature.
In all samples analysed, ceramic fabrics were prepared in a similar way, using heavy clay poor in muscovite, with grog deliberately added. Crystalline material present in some of the samples is most likely a natural component of raw materials used in the production process. No sand is added to the clay. No other method for preparing pastes was identified for the amphorae type. Previous observations on amphorae firing are confirmed: amphorae are fired in oxidizing conditions. The ceramic fabrics of two vessels have a deliberate admixture of bones in addition to grog and argillaceous rock intraclasts. Vessels decorated with cord impressions and vessels with herringbone or other incised patterns are more often made from paste type A (inclusion and grog) and paste type B (grog), respectively.
Chronometry of the Final Eneolithic Cemeteries at Święte, Jarosław District, from the Perspective of Cultural Relations Among Lesser Poland, Podolia and the North-Western Black Sea Region
Authors: Włodarczak Piotr 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The research on archaeological materials from sites 11, 15, and 20 at Święte produced a series of 13 radiocarbon dates for niche graves of the Corded Ware culture (CWC). The results are coherent and point to a range of 2550-2350 BC. This corresponds well with other results obtained for nearby CWC cemeteries in the Rzeszów Foothills, and is consistent with dates obtained for CWC graves in other regions in Lesser Poland: the Lesser Poland Upland, the Sokal Ridge, and the Lublin Upland. At the same time, the obtained absolute age range corresponds with a wave of influences from the North Pontic circle of steppe cultures and the Middle Dnieper culture. It can be synchronized with the beginning of the development of the classic variants of the Catacomb culture: the Ingul and Doniec variants.
Cytogenetic karyotype analysis in selected species of the Erinaceidae family
Authors: Grzesiakowska Anna , Baran Przemysław , Kuchta-Gładysz Marta , Szeleszczuk Olga 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Comparative analysis of the karyotype structure was made in two hedgehog species: the northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) and the African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris).

Material and Methods
The cytogenetic analysis used differential staining techniques (DAPI, Ag-NOR, and C-banding/DAPI) and sequential QFQ/FISH banding with NOR20 and TEL20 probes which showed 45S rDNA and (TTAGGG)n repeat sequences, respectively, on hedgehog chromosomes.

Results
It was confirmed that the somatic cells of the hedgehogs have a constant number of chromosomes (2n = 48,XY). Differences were observed in the NOR number between the species. NORs were identified on three autosome pairs in the northern white-breasted hedgehog and on only two pairs in the African pygmy hedgehog. Chromosome analysis by C-banding/DAPI showed large segments of heterochromatin rich in A-T pairs on three autosome pairs in both the northern white-breasted and African pygmy hedgehogs. The heterochromatin segments encompassed large fragments of the longer arm of chromosome pairs 13, 14 and 20. The (TTAGGG)n repeat sequences on the hedgehog chromosomes were only observed in the terminal position of all the chromosomes in both species.

Conclusion
Our observations provide new information on the level of diversity within the Erinaceidae family.
Riding the wave of distrust and alienation – new parties in Serbia after 2008
Authors: Dušan Spasojević 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Serbian party system is in the phase of reconfiguration which can be perceived as the outcome of domestic incentives (crisis of democratic transition and of democratic rule) and the international one (economic and migrant crisis). On one side, this reconfiguration includes emergence of predominant ruling party (Serbian Progressive Party, SNS) with strong leader and popular support; on the other side, the opposition camp has been atomized into number of smaller parties. Most of these parties are the new one (including the SNS) and founded after 2008 elections and creation of pro-EU consensus among relevant parties; post-2008 period has been characterized by the decline of almost all old parties, followed by emergence, partial success and fast decline of a large number of new actors. In this paper I am investigating if these new parties can be explained as the unexpected consequence of ideological and political stability after 2008 elections, tactical narrowing of the ideological space and cartelization of the party system. Analysis will focus at populist and anti-partisan ideas, their interplay and different ideological interpretation.
Food Safety Challenges in the Tourism Processes
Authors: Zsarnoczky Martin Balazs , Zsarnoczky-Dulhazi Fanni , Adol Gogo Fredrick Collins , Barczak Mariusz , David Lorant Denes 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The modern food industry is among the key partners of today’s global tourism. As part of the tourism processes, tourists buy and consume local food in the local catering facilities. Furthermore, tourists are usually willing to try out gastronomy specialties during their travels. Food safety is important for tourists although it is not always part of their conscious behavior in the destination. Food safety standards are regulated by international contracts based on the analysis of more half a century’s experiences. Within processes related to the changes in the external environment, there are emerging issues – although in different intensity - like chemical and microbiological contamination or food terrorism. Due to the immense number of participants in tourism, it is of key importance to raise awareness of threats like food decay, infections and other negative impacts, because food safety if a basic need in all tourism destinations. The amount of waste food is increasing dramatically at a global scale. The study will introduce the findings of a food safety research in Hungary, providing useful knowledge to all stakeholders of the tourism industry.