bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes of distress-induced emotional eating
Authors: van Strien Tatjana 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Distress is associated with both increased and decreased food intake, with eating less being the typical and predominant response. Distress is normally associated with physiological reactions that are designed to prepare the individual for a fight or flight response, thereby suppressing feelings of hunger. However, so-called emotional eaters show the atypical response to distress of eating similar or larger amounts of food. The present chapter explores possible causes of distress-induced emotional eating in terms of mechanisms and etiology. Possible mechanisms that are discussed are stress-induced hunger, interoceptive awareness, alexithymia, and changes in the stress responses of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (cortisol). Etiology, that is, the emergence of emotional eating in adolescence will be examined by presenting studies on increases in emotional eating in association with inadequate parenting and depressive feelings in interaction with genetic vulnerability (the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) or serotonin transporter gene (SCL6A4/5-HTT)). Finally, emotional eating as a mediator between depression and both body mass index and weight gain will be examined and suggestions for obesity interventions and future research will be given.
Contract
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter begins the history of contract at common law with the actions of covenant and debt. Covenant was based on an agreement in words, whereas debt was based either on words or on an exchange (quid pro quo). The courts decided around 1300 that words could not be proved without deeds (written documents under seal), and this restricted the action of covenant to formal contracts. The reason for this change is explored. Debt would lie on an oral contract, with quid pro quo, but the defendant could then usually escape liability by oath-taking (wager of law). It also lay to enforce acknowledgments of debt under seal, which were widely used in the form of conditional bonds with penalties. The machinery of the bond is explained, and also the steps taken in law and equity to prevent penalties being exacted unconscionably.
The Collectivist Conception of Culture
Authors: Huddleston Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers a certain collectivist idea of culture, which is the sort relevant when Nietzsche thinks about a culture as something potentially valuable for its own sake. The chapter outlines Nietzsche’s conception of such a culture. It argues that it is wrong to read Nietzsche as giving up on culture after his early works and placing all his stock in isolated great individuals instead. For even at the very end of his career, Nietzsche, the chapter argues, views not just great individuals, but entire cultures (e.g. the Roman Empire) as potential bearers of value in their own right as well. Great cultures should not be understood as simply a means to great individuals, nor for that matter great individuals understood as simply a means to great cultures. Both are independent sources of value.
Cultural Criticism
Authors: Huddleston Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 considers Nietzsche’s important work as a cultural critic. This is approached by way of a case study, considering one of the cultural phenomena that occupied Nietzsche most—namely, the Christian-moral outlook—and looking to his critique of it. One interpretation of this critique would be causal in nature, holding that Nietzsche criticizes this outlook on account of its deleterious effects. But, as this chapter argues, we also find in Nietzsche’s work a strenuous objection to the Christian-moral outlook that is leveled on different grounds. Nietzsche will, it is suggested, see the cultural practices and institutions—those of morality foremost among them—as being replete with content, which can be philosophically unearthed, interpreted, and criticized. For Nietzsche, the Christian-moral outlook insidiously enshrines what by his lights are deeply objectionable values and ideals—and these are objectionable independently of their pernicious (and sometimes beneficial) effects.
China’s Light Manufacturing and Africa’s Industrialization
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Xu Jiajun 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to explore whether and how China’s light manufacturing transfer can help to drive Africa’s industrialization. First, it examines the opportunities and challenges presented by the transfer of light manufacturing from contemporary China to low-wage developing countries from the historical perspective of the ‘flying geese’ pattern. Second, it uses first-hand survey data to explore how Chinese light manufacturing firms have coped with rising labour costs, what types of firms are more likely to relocate their manufacturing capacity to low-wage destinations, and where firms tend to relocate their production line. Third, it examines how ‘pilot’ Chinese light manufacturing firms have overcome first-mover challenges. Finally, it employs the analytical framework of New Structural Economics to make policy recommendations on how to mitigate binding constraints to help African countries seize the window of opportunity of industrial transfer from China to achieve economic structural transformation.
“No. Please Understand”
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The return of direct rule to Northern Ireland in 1972 and its mechanisms and conduct are outlined in this chapter. Their impact upon the local political party system is treated at length, as are the first consociational initiatives pursued under Conservative and Labour governments in the UK. The failure of the first peace process is considered, as well as Britain’s counterinsurgency policies and their limits. Criminalization, Ulsterization, and Normalization were the policies begun under Callaghan’s government and continued by the Conservatives until they were broken by the republican hunger strikes. The new consociational initiatives after the hunger strikes are examined.
The Long Negotiation
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains how both the IRA and the DUP were fully incorporated into the 1998 Agreement, even if the former saw it as transitional, whereas the latter pretended it was not working within its provisions. The striking success of simply having a sustained period of cooperative power-sharing is celebrated, and a full comparison is made with the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973–4. The Rise and Fall of the House of Paisley is considered. Sinn Féin’s Martin McGuinness’s interactions with his DUP opposite numbers Peter Robinson and Arlene Foster are assessed. The turbulent implementation of the agreement between 2003 and 2015 is considered. Unresolved controversies over languages and flags and over assessing the conflict are evaluated.
The Global Rise of Diaspora Institutions
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a descriptive overview of the data. It defines the forms and functions of diaspora ministries, departments, extra-territorial voting provisions, and discretionary consular functions. The chapter charts the rise of these and other diaspora institutions over the course of the mid-twentieth century and into the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It identifies three phases in their spread: one associated with the acceleration of post-colonial nation-state building projects beginning in the wake of World War II and culminating in the disintegration of the Soviet Union; a second associated with the coalescence of the EU and similar regionalization schemes as templates for globalization from the mid-1990s; and a third phase characterized by the standardization and diffusion of ‘models’ and ‘best practices’ for engaging diasporas as part of global migration governance dynamics from the mid-2000s.
Exile Ingathering: An Exposition
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines Phase 1 of the process in which post-colonial states sought to gather their ethnic constituents into the process of independent nation-state building. It began during the turbulent disintegration of the nineteenth-century European empires, and culminated in the wake of the collapsed Soviet empire of the 1990s. To explain these exile ingathering strategies, the chapter introduces the notion of ‘regime shock’: a new concept denoting moments disruption to prevailing configurations of territoriality, sovereignty, and/or citizenship that define a specific place, and which lead to the questioning and redrawing of the lines of social and political membership, along with changes in the structure of authority.
Human Geopolitics in the Black Sea and Beyond
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 maps a region in which the dynamics of state competition over populations have grown particularly tense since the mid-1990s, as states in the Black Sea shatterbelt have used their diaspora policies to jockey for position between regional hegemons of Europe, Russia and Turkey. The Black Sea zone is the region perhaps most affected by geopolitical competition between Europe and Eurasia in recent decades. The multiple, overlapping regional integration processes associated with this competition have been accompanied by a proliferation of new diaspora institutions across the Black Sea region and Eurasia beyond, many of them involved in the overlapping and competing sovereignty claims that characterize human geopolitics.
Orchestrating a Migration Regime
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 shows how the widespread adoption of diaspora institution models and best practices has been orchestrated by international organizations, and supported by the actions of a ‘diaspora engagement industry’ of professional consultants, think tanks, and NGOs working on the topic. The chapter shows how and why key international organizations consumed and assimilated models of diaspora engagement, and how they ‘orchestrated’ the dissemination of these policy models and best practices to states around the world. The discussion also highlights how international organizations have used mechanisms such as ‘donor menus’ to retain credibility as disinterested experts, and also how such mechanisms have concealed the role of powerful donor state interests in shaping this supposedly disinterested advice.
Following Diaspora Policies
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 studies how states have taught and learned from each other as they simultaneously attempt to secure international legitimacy by implementing the recommendations of international organizations and experts. The chapter provides clear evidence of many cases where states’ diaspora institutions have been driven not by their national interests, but by their conformity to changing international norms. The chapter investigates the impacts of these dynamics on the spread and policy convergence of state diaspora institutions around the world through processes such as ‘benchmarking loops’. The chapter draws on the growing human geography literature on policy mobilities in order to understand the global movement and mutation of migration policy models and best practices.
Introduction: Word Warriors and Political Action
Authors: Hendrix Burke A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This is a book about political action within conditions of persistent injustice. The introduction outlines questions about the ethics of political action, and it describes the model of political theorizing to be used throughout the book. To give these questions greater immediacy, the chapter draws on Dale Turner’s argument that Aboriginal scholars and political actors should see themselves as “word warriors,” adopting a watchful and strategic attitude toward state political structures and major social institutions. It outlines the grounds that Aboriginal actors have for approaching politics in this way, and it describes the course that the book’s chapters will follow.
The Ethics of Political Action
Authors: Hendrix Burke A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter frames questions about the ethics of political action in relation to Rawlsian ideal theory, which generally does not address those who are directly suffering from injustices. While Rawls defended civil disobedience within nearly just societies, the chapter argues that a broader palette of political strategies seems permissible where significant injustices continue to exist. It argues that those facing persistent injustice have special permissions for forms of political action that are not available to others. The second half of the chapter focuses on the ways in which political opportunity structures set parameters for political action, and examines the ways in which those who undertake political action may transform themselves without realizing this. The chapter concludes by considering how to proceed in evaluating political action when an effective ideal theory does not yet exist for Aboriginal rights.
Envisioning the Future
Authors: Hendrix Burke A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that those facing persistent injustice have extended permissions to experiment with the social arrangements to be built for future generations, since profound injustices predictably frustrate human flourishing and blockade choices about how to balance multiple aspects of social life. At the same time, it suggests reasons for caution about strongly detailed ideals of what the future should hold, since such blueprints can lead to the pursuit of political goals that are neither achievable nor desirable. The chapter argues that ideal visions can help to make vivid the implications of certain values and their relation to one another, but that such visions should be treated as akin to literary works, which expand the imagination without directly describing a world to be brought about. It argues for the viability of Aboriginal “self-determination” as a protean, midrange goal that maintains space for continued agency and experimentation over time.
Conclusion: Political Philosophy and Political Change
Authors: Hendrix Burke A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The political environment to which Aboriginal people must respond has been constructed by others, and it does not respond easily or quickly to deliberative calls for change. Rather, it must be navigated instead, despite the difficulties and discomfort associated with doing so. The concluding chapter revisits the central claims of the book as a whole, arguing for the importance of careful normative analysis where the political choices of disadvantaged political actors are involved. It defends the importance of strongly contextualized work on the ethics of political action by groups facing particular patterns of persistent injustice and responding to particular political opportunity structures, while recommending nuanced comparative work on the ethical choices available to groups facing different patterns of injustice than those experienced by Aboriginal peoples (e.g., African Americans in the United States).
Incorporation and Corporate Representation
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a general discussion of incorporation and corporate representation. General incorporation requires a formal process that company promoters have to go through, at the end of which the company or corporation emerges as a separate legal entity. Since investors will have access only to the corporate property, a certain degree of publicity is required in order to facilitate a clear attribution of assets and liabilities to a specific corporate entity. Disclosure is therefore an important element of the incorporation process, and remains significant throughout the duration of the company. Once incorporated, the company or corporation conducts its business by contracting and transacting with other market participants. This requires the attribution of the acts of natural persons to the corporation, causing the corporate property to be subject to, or released from, liability, or to be increased or decreased by the receipt or disposal of assets.
Constraints on Discretion: Part 2—Shareholders
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between the constraints imposed on the majority or controlling shareholder in the context of business operations that affect the minority detrimentally but do not result in a change in ownership of the business, and in sale of control transactions, such as a merger, sale of all or almost all of the company’s assets, or a takeover. In both cases, agency problems arise between majority and minority shareholders, but legal systems provide for distinct solutions that reflect the different economic importance of the two types of transactions and the fact that minority shareholders are particularly vulnerable to collective action problems when control of the company changes hands.
Corporate Insolvency
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the termination of the corporate existence and in particular the issue of corporate insolvency. There are many reasons for ending the corporate existence such as corporate failure, a merger, or formation of the corporation for only a limited period of time which has expired. In all these incidences, corporate law has to provide a process that ensures that pre-existing contractual entitlements are respected in accordance with the idea of creditor preference and shareholder residuarity. The remainder of the chapter discusses the special case of insolvency, in particular concepts of insolvency, the transition regimes from corporate governance to bankruptcy governance, and insolvency and restructuring options under the legal systems under consideration here. It concludes that the rise of the ‘rescue culture’ has resulted in a remarkable convergence of insolvency and restructuring law on both sides of the Atlantic.
Extinction and dust/gas ratio in the H i ridge region of the LMC based on the IRSF/SIRIUS near-infrared survey
Authors: Furuta Takuya , Kaneda Hidehiro , Kokusho Takuma , Ishihara Daisuke , Nakajima Yasushi , Fukui Yasuo , Tsuge Kisetsu 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We present a dust extinction AV map of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) in the H i ridge region using the InfraRed Survey Facility (IRSF) near-infrared (IR) data, and compare the AV map with the total hydrogen column density N(H) maps derived from the CO and H i observations. In the LMC H i ridge region, the two-velocity H i components (plus an intermediate velocity component) are identified, and the young massive star cluster is possibly formed by collision between them. In addition, one of the components is suggested to be an inflow gas from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) which is expected to have even lower metallicity gas (Fukui et al. 2017, PASJ, 69, L5). To evaluate dust/gas ratios in the H i ridge region in detail, we derive the AV map from the near-IR color excess of the IRSF data updated with the latest calibration, and fit the resultant AV map with a combination of the N(H) maps of the different velocity components to decompose it successfully into the three components. As a result, we find difference by a factor of 2 in AV/N(H) between the components. In additon, the CO-to-H2 conversion factor also indicates difference between the components, implying a difference in the metallicity. Our results are likely to support the scenario that the gas in the LMC H i ridge region is contaminated with an inflow gas from the SMC with a geometry consistent with the on-going collision between the two-velocity components.
Long-term Safety and Tolerability of NKTR-181 in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Low Back Pain or Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Phase 3 Multicenter, Open-Label, 52-Week Study (SUMMIT-08 LTS)
Authors: Gudin Jeffrey , Rauck Richard , Argoff Charles , Agaiby Eva , Gimbel Joseph , Katz Nathaniel , Doberstein Stephen K , Tagliaferri Mary , Tagliaferri Margit , Potts Jeffrey , Wild James , Lu Lin , Siddhanti Suresh , Hale Martin , Markman John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the long-term safety of NKTR-181, a novel mu-opioid receptor agonist that may have reduced human abuse potential, in patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain (CLBP) or other chronic noncancer pain (CNP).

Design
Uncontrolled, multicenter, open-label, long-term study of NKTR-181 comprised of three periods: screening (≤21 days), treatment (52 weeks), and safety follow-up (∼14 days after the last dose of NKTR-181).

Setting
Multicenter, long-term clinical research study.

Methods
NKTR-181 administered at doses of 100–600 mg twice daily (BID) was evaluated in opioid-naïve and opioid-experienced patients. Patients were enrolled de novo or following completion of the randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 efficacy study (SUMMIT-07). Safety assessments included adverse event documentation, measurements of opioid withdrawal, and clinical laboratory tests. Effectiveness was assessed using the modified Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (mBPI-SF).

Results
The study enrolled 638 patients. The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were constipation (26%) and nausea (12%). Serious TEAEs, reported in 5% of patients, were deemed by investigators to be unrelated to NKTR-181. There were no deaths or reported cases of respiratory depression. A sustained reduction in mBPI-SF pain intensity and pain interference from baseline to study termination was observed throughout treatment. Only 2% of patients discontinued NKTR-181 due to lack of efficacy, and 11% discontinued due to treatment-related AEs. NKTR-181 doses of up to 600 mg BID were generally well tolerated, and patients experienced low rates of opioid-related adverse events.

Conclusions
The study results support the premise that NKTR-181 is a safe and effective option for patients with moderate to severe CLBP or CNP.
Duality and self-duality of the spin-1 model in the covariant operator formalism
Authors: de Gracia G B , Pimentel B M , Rabanal L 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We perform the covariant operator quantization of the spin-$1$ model in $2+1$ spacetime dimensions to rigorously establish its dualities. For this purpose, the Kugo–Ojima–Nakanishi formalism, based on an indefinite metric Hilbert space in the Heisenberg picture, is used. We show that it is possible to extract a massive physical excitation constructed from a linear combination of the vector field $A_{\mu}$ and the $B$-field. In turn, we also show that this excitation generates the Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory. This is achieved by exploring the two-point function of the vector field.
Liquidity Affects Job Choice: Evidence from Teach for America*
Authors: Coffman Lucas C , Conlon John J , Featherstone Clayton R , Kessler Judd B 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCan access to a few hundred dollars of liquidity affect the career choice of a recent college graduate? In a three-year field experiment with Teach For America (TFA), a prestigious teacher placement program, we randomly increase the financial packages offered to nearly 7,300 potential teachers who requested support for the transition into teaching. The first two years of the experiment reveal that although most applicants do not respond to a marginal $600 of grants or loans, those in the worst financial position respond by joining TFA at higher rates. We continue the experiment into the third year and self-replicate our results. For the highest-need applicants, an extra $600 in loans, $600 in grants, and $1,200 in grants increase the likelihood of joining TFA by 12.2, 11.4, and 17.1 percentage points (or 20.0%, 18.7%, and 28.1%), respectively. Additional grant and loan dollars are equally effective, suggesting a liquidity mechanism. A follow-up survey bolsters the liquidity story and also shows that those drawn into teaching would have otherwise worked in private-sector firms.