bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Driven Rise in Extreme Sub-Hourly Rainfall
Authors: Bürger G. , Pfister A. , Bronstert A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEstimates of present and future extreme sub-hourly rainfall are derived from a daily spatial followed by a sub-daily temporal downscaling, the latter of which incorporates a novel, and crucial, temperature sensitivity. Specifically, daily global climate fields are spatially downscaled to local temperature T and precipitation P, which are then disaggregated to a temporal resolution of 10 min using a multiplicative random cascade model. The scheme is calibrated and validated with a group of 21 station records of 10-min resolution in Germany. The cascade model is used in the classical (denoted as MC) and in the new T-sensitive (MC+) version, which respects local Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) effects such as CC scaling. Extreme P is positively biased in both MC versions. Observed T sensitivity is absent in MC but well reproduced by MC+. Long-term positive trends in extreme sub-hourly P are generally more pronounced and more significant in MC+ than in MC. In units of 10-min rainfall, observed centennial trends in annual exceedance counts (EC) of P &gt; 5 mm are +29% and in 3-yr return levels (RL) +27%. For the RCP4.5-simulated future, higher extremes are projected in both versions MC and MC+: per century, EC increases by 30% for MC and by 83% for MC+; the RL rises by 14% for MC and by 33% for MC+. Because the projected daily P trends are negligible, the sub-daily signal is mainly driven by local temperature.
Effects of Neural Mechanisms of Pretask Resting EEG Alpha Information on Situational Awareness: A Functional Connectivity Approach
Authors: Kaur Ardaman , Chaujar Rishu , Chinnadurai Vijayakumar 
Published: August 2019

Objective In this study, the influence of pretask resting neural mechanisms on situational awareness (SA)-task is studied. Background Pretask electroencephalography (EEG) information and Stroop effect are known to influence task engagement independently. However, neural mechanisms of pretask resting absolute alpha (PRAA) and pretask resting alpha frontal asymmetry (PRAFA) in influencing SA-task which is undergoing Stroop effect is still not understood. Method The study involved pretask resting EEG measurements from 18 healthy individuals followed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition during SA-task. To understand the effect of pretask alpha information and Stroop effect on SA, a robust correlation between mean reaction time, SA Index, PRAA, and PRAFA were assessed. Furthermore, neural underpinnings of PRAA, PRAFA in SA-task, and functional connectivity were analyzed through the EEG-informed fMRI approach. Results Significant robust correlation of reaction time was observed with SA Index (Pearson: r = .50, pcorr = .05) and PRAFA (Pearson: r = .63; pcorr = .01), respectively. Similarly, SA Index significantly correlated with PRAFA (Pearson: r = .56, pcorr = .01; Spearman: r = .61, pcorr = .007), and PRAA (Pearson: r = .59, pcorr = .005; Spearman: r = .59, pcorr = .002). Neural underpinnings of SA-task revealed regions involved in visual-processing and higher-order cognition. PRAA was primarily underpinned at frontal-temporal areas and functionally connected to SA-task regions pertaining to the emotional regulation. PRAFA has correlated with limbic and parietal regions, which are involved in integration of visual, emotion, and memory information of SA-task. Conclusion The results suggest a strong association of reaction time with SA-task and PRAFA and strongly support the hypothesis that PRAFA, PRAA, and associated neural mechanisms significantly influence the outcome of SA-task. Application It is beneficial to study the effect of pretask resting information on SA-task to improve SA.
The malnutrition in polytrauma patients (MaPP) study: Research protocol
Authors: Dijkink Suzan , Meier Karien , Krijnen Pieta , Yeh D Dante , Velmahos George C , Arbous M Sesmu , Salim Ali , Hoogendoorn Jochem M , Schipper Inger B 
Published: August 2019

Background: Polytrauma patients are at risk of considerable harm from malnutrition due to the metabolic response to trauma. However, there is little knowledge of (the risk of) malnutrition and its consequences in these patients. Recognition of sub-optimally nourished polytrauma patients and their nutritional needs is crucial to prevent complications and optimize their clinical outcomes. Aim: The primary objective is to investigate whether polytrauma patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) who have or develop malnutrition have a higher complication rate than patients who are and remain well nourished. Secondary objectives are to determine the prevalence of pre-existent and in-hospital acquired malnutrition in these patients, to assess the association between malnutrition and long-term outcomes, and to determine the association between serum biomarkers (albumin and pre-albumin) and malnutrition. Methods: This international observational prospective cohort study will be performed at three Level-1 trauma centers in the United States and two Level-1 centers in the Netherlands. Adult polytrauma patients (Injury Severity Score ≥16) admitted to the ICU of one of the participating centers directly from the Emergency Department are eligible for inclusion. Nutritional status and risk of malnutrition will be assessed using the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) scale and Nutritional Risk in Critically Ill (NUTRIC) score, respectively. Nutritional intake, biomarkers and complications will be collected daily. Patients will be followed up to one year after discharge for long-term outcomes. Conclusions: This international prospective cohort study aims to gain more insight into the effect and consequences of malnutrition in polytrauma patients admitted to the ICU.
The effect of mechanical traction on low back pain in patients with herniated intervertebral disks: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cheng Yu-Hsuan , Hsu Chih-Yang , Lin Yen-Nung 
Published: August 2019

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of traction in improving low back pain, functional outcome, and disk morphology in patients with herniated intervertebral disks. Data Source: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from the earliest record to July 2019. Review methods: We included randomized control trials which (1) involved adult patients with low back pain associated with herniated disk confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, (2) compared lumbar traction to sham or no traction, and (3) provided quantitative measurements of pain and function before and after intervention. Methodological quality was assessed using the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale and Cochrane risk of bias assessment. Results: Initial searches for literature yielded 3015 non-duplicated records. After exclusion based on the title, abstract, and full-text review, 7 articles involving 403 participants were included for quantitative analysis. Compared with the control group, the participants in the traction group showed significantly greater improvements in pain and function in the short term, with standard mean differences of 0.44 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11–0.77) and 0.42 (95% CI: 0.08–0.76), respectively. The standard mean differences were not significant to support the long-term effects on pain and function, nor the effects on herniated disk size. Conclusion: Compared with sham or no traction, lumbar traction exhibited significantly more pain reduction and functional improvements in the short term, but not in the long term. There is insufficient evidence to support the effect of lumbar traction on herniated disk size reduction.
Metodi di campionamento negli studi epidemiologici
Authors: Franco Francesco , Di Napoli Anteo 
Published: August 2019

Sampling methods in epidemiological studies Sampling allows researchers to obtain information about a population through data obtained from a subset of the population, with a saving in terms of costs and workload compared to a study based on the entire population. Sampling allows the collecting of high quality information, provided that the sample size is large enough to detect a true association between exposure and outcome. There are two types of sampling methods: probability and non-probability sampling. In probability sampling the subset of the population is extracted randomly from all eligible individuals; this method, as all subjects have a chance of being chosen, allows researchers to generalize the findings of their study. In non-probability sampling, some individuals have no chance of being selected, because researchers do not extract the sample from all eligible subjects of a population; the sample is probably non-representative, the effect of sampling error cannot be estimated, so that the study produces non-generalizable results. Examples of probability sampling methods are: simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and clustered sampling. Examples of non-probability sampling methods are: convenience sampling, judgement sampling.
Group Versus Individual Culturally Tailored and Theory-Based Education to Promote Cervical Cancer Screening Among the Underserved Hispanics: A Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Calderón-Mora Jessica , Byrd Theresa L. , Alomari Adam , Salaiz Rebekah , Dwivedi Alok , Mallawaarachchi Indika , Shokar Navkiran 
Published: August 2019

Purpose: To determine whether group education is as effective as individual education in improving cervical cancer screening uptake along the US–Mexico border. Design: Cluster randomized controlled study. Setting: El Paso and Hudspeth Counties, Texas. Participants: Three hundred women aged 21 to 65 years, uninsured, due for a Pap test, no prior history of cervical cancer or hysterectomy. Intervention: Theory-based, culturally appropriate program comprised of outreach, educational session, navigation services, and no-cost cervical cancer testing. Measures: Baseline, immediate postintervention, and 4-month follow-up surveys measured knowledge and theoretical constructs from the Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, and the Social Cognitive Theory. Analysis: Relative risk regression analyses to assess the effects of educational delivery mode on the uptake of screening. Mixed effect models to analyze changes in psychosocial variables. Results: One hundred and fifty women assigned to each educational group; 99% Hispanic. Of all, 85.7% completed the follow-up survey. Differences in screening rate at follow-up were analyzed by education type. Overall screening rate at follow-up was 73.2%, no significant difference by education type (individual: 77.6%, group: 68.9% P = .124). Significant increases among group education at follow-up for knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, and subjective norms and significant decrease for perceived benefits. Conclusion: This study provides evidence to support the effectiveness of group education to promote cervical cancer screening among vulnerable Hispanic women and offers an additional method to address cervical cancer disparities.
Nexus between Openness to Trade and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation of Afghanistan
Authors: Wani Nassir Ul Haq 
Published: August 2019

The notion that the international trade is the foundation of economic growth dates long back, and even now, an irresistible body of literature confirms a strong and positive link between trade openness and economic growth. However, most of these studies are focused on developed countries. Indeed literature from developing countries are scant, those from under developed and a landlocked country like Afghanistan are almost non-existent. This article endeavours to innovatively scrutinize the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth in Afghanistan, using biannual data for the period 1995–2016 and thus evaluates the comparative effect of three different measures of trade openness on the economic growth by using more rigorous econometric techniques. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method, JJ CO-integration and ordinary least square (OLS) results suggest significant positive long-run relationship between export and economic growth. In contrast, total volume of trade and imports have significant negative effect on the economic growth. The addition of variables and results of fully modified OLS suggest that the results are robust. The Granger causality and variance decomposition analysis indicate the unidirectional causality between trade openness and economic growth. In export model, causality runs from export to growth. Whereas, in the model with total volume of trade and import, causality runs from growth to total volume of trade and imports in Afghanistan. From the findings, it is concluded that the policymakers should focus on export promotion strategy to enhance the economic growth in Afghanistan. Besides, efficient utilization of capital goods should be ensured and reliance on non-capital goods should be less in order to ensure high domestic production in the country. JEL: F10, F43, C22
Structural alterations and markers of endothelial activation in pulmonary and bronchial arteries in fatal asthma
Authors: Rossi Renata Calciolari , Anonni Raquel , Ferreira Diogenes Seraphim , da Silva Luiz Fernando Ferraz , Mauad Thais 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
There is interest in better understanding vessel pathology in asthma, given the findings of loss of peripheral vasculature associated with disease severity by imaging and altered markers of endothelial activation. To date, vascular changes in asthma have been described mainly at the submucosal capillary level of the bronchial microcirculation, with sparse information available on the pathology of bronchial and pulmonary arteries. The aim of this study was to describe structural and endothelial activation markers in bronchial arteries (BAs) and pulmonary arteries (PAs) of asthma patients who died during a fatal asthma attack.

Methods
Autopsy lung tissue was obtained from 21 smoking and non-smoking patients who died of an asthma attack and nine non-smoking control patients. Verhoeff–Masson trichrome staining was used to analyse the structure of arteries. Using immuno-histochemistry and image analyses, we quantified extracellular matrix (ECM) components (collagen I, collagen III, versican, tenascin, fibronectin, elastic fibres), adhesion molecules [vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)] and markers of vascular tone/dysfunction [endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2)] in PAs and BAs.

Results
There were no significant differences in ECM components, ICAM-1, ET-1 or AT2 between asthma patients and controls. Smoking asthma patients presented with decreased content of collagen III in both BA (p = 0.046) and PA (p = 0.010) walls compared to non-smoking asthma patients. Asthma patients had increased VCAM-1 content in the BA wall (p = 0.026) but not in the PA wall.

Conclusion
Our data suggest that the mechanisms linking asthma and arterial functional abnormalities might involve systemic rather than local mediators. Loss of collagen III in the PA was observed in smoking asthma patients, and this was compatible with the degradative environment induced by cigarette smoking. Our data also reinforce the idea that the mechanisms of leukocyte efflux via adhesion molecules differ between bronchial and pulmonary circulation, which might be relevant to understanding and treating the distal lung in asthma.
Evaluating short and long term outcomes following pediatric Myringoplasty with Gelfoam graft for tympanic membrane perforation following ventilation tube insertion
Authors: Song Jin Soo , Corsten Gerard , Johnson Liane B. 
Published: August 2019

Background Myringotomy with ventilation tube (VT) insertion to treat recurrent acute otitis media and chronic secretory otitis media has become one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children. Although contemporary literature has detailed the various patient and perioperative factors that affect successful pediatric myringoplasty, there is still limited evidence surrounding the increasing number of graft material options. In particular, gelfoam patching has arisen as a simple and efficient modality for perforation closure, but has a paucity of evidence particularly in pediatric cohorts. Our study aims to evaluate the clinical and audiometric outcomes following gelfoam myringoplasty for TMP following prolonged VT insertion in an urban pediatric population. Methods A retrospective review of pediatric patients who underwent myringoplasty between 2013 and 2018 following ventilation tube insertion. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and graft material were correlated with audiometric and clinical outcomes on follow up examination. Results One hundred twenty patients underwent myringoplasty, with 61 (50.8%) males with a mean age of 8.9 years old. 101 (84.2%) of patients eventually underwent successful tympanic membrane (TM) closure, with 93 (77.5%) demonstrating closure at initial follow up. In the gelfoam cohort, 77 (90.6%) of patients demonstrated successful TM closure at initial follow up. Overall mean time to closure was 5.6 (standard error (SE) 0.9) months. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated none of the covariates including graft material significantly affected TM closure. Mean change in air conduction threshold were comparable between graft materials. Conclusions Pediatric myringoplasty with gelfoam graft material is a safe and viable alternative with favorable short and long term clinical and audiometric outcomes.
The Natural History of a Man With Ovotesticular 46,XX DSD Caused by a Novel 3-Mb 15q26.2 Deletion Containing NR2F2 Gene
Authors: Carvalheira Gianna , Malinverni Andrea M , Moysés-Oliveira Mariana , Ueta Renata , Cardili Leonardo , Monteagudo Patrícia , Mathez Andreia L G , Verreschi Ieda T , Maluf Miguel A , Shida Márcia E F , Leite Mila T C , Mazzotti Diego , Melaragno Maria Isabel , Dias-da-Silva Magnus R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Gonadal sex determination is a complex genetic process by which an embryonic primordium is driven to form an ovary or a testis, which requires a delicate dosage balance involving many genes. Disruption in this molecular pathway can lead to differences of sex development (DSD). Although some genetic mechanisms leading to 46,XY DSD have been elucidated, little is known about copy-number variation (CNV) causing testicular or ovotesticular 46,XX DSD. We describe a 20-year natural history of a man with SRY-negative 46,XX who was born with atypical male external genitalia, aortic coarctation, and bilateral blepharophimosis-ptosis. The molecular study identified a de novo heterozygous 3-Mb 15q26.2 deletion, a gene-poor locus containing NR2F2, which encodes the nuclear receptor COUP-TFII that is highly expressed in ovary and cardiac arteries. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the low COUP-TFII expression on his ovotestis tissue. Monosomy of 15q26.2, encompassing the NR2F2 gene, may act as a Z-factor regulating the male sex determination negatively. This finding supports a novel type of CNV resulting in DSD in an individual who developed male puberty spontaneously.
Multinomial Logistic Model for Coinfection Diagnosis Between Arbovirus and Malaria in Kedougou
Authors: Loum Mor Absa , Poursat Marie-Anne , Sow Abdourahmane , Sall Amadou Alpha , Loucoubar Cheikh , Gassiat Elisabeth 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn tropical regions, populations continue to suffer morbidity and mortality from malaria and arboviral diseases. In Kedougou (Senegal), these illnesses are all endemic due to the climate and its geographical position. The co-circulation of malaria parasites and arboviruses can explain the observation of coinfected cases. Indeed there is strong resemblance in symptoms between these diseases making problematic targeted medical care of coinfected cases. This is due to the fact that the origin of illness is not obviously known. Some cases could be immunized against one or the other of the pathogens, immunity typically acquired with factors like age and exposure as usual for endemic area. Thus, coinfection needs to be better diagnosed. Using data collected from patients in Kedougou region, from 2009 to 2013, we adjusted a multinomial logistic model and selected relevant variables in explaining coinfection status. We observed specific sets of variables explaining each of the diseases exclusively and the coinfection. We tested the independence between arboviral and malaria infections and derived coinfection probabilities from the model fitting. In case of a coinfection probability greater than a threshold value to be calibrated on the data, long duration of illness and age are mostly indicative of arboviral disease while high body temperature and presence of nausea or vomiting symptoms during the rainy season are mostly indicative of malaria disease.
Zur Entwicklung der Verbstellung im mittelniederdeutschen Relativsatz
Authors: Ihden Sarah 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Der vorliegende Aufsatz widmet sich der diachronen Entwicklung der Verbstellung im mittelniederdeutschen Relativsatz und setzt damit an einem noch immer bestehenden Desiderat im Bereich der mittelniederdeutschen Syntax an. Auf der Basis eines Korpus aus sechs nordniedersächsischen Rechtstexten aus der Zeit vom 13. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert werden zunächst verschiedene Verbstellungstypen im Relativsatz ermittelt. Anschließend werden mit der Folge Finitum vor Infinitum im Verbalkomplex, der Nachfeldbesetzung sowie den afiniten Konstruktionen drei Phänomene genauer in den Blick genommen, die eine absolute Verbletztstellung im mittelniederdeutschen Relativsatz verhindern. Im Aufsatz soll das Vorkommen dieser Phänomene in Rechtstexten verschiedener Entstehungszeiten präsentiert und auf dieser Basis die Frage beantwortet werden, ob eine diachrone Zunahme der absoluten Verbletztstellung im mittelniederdeutschen Relativsatz festzustellen ist.
Eine diachrone Korpusanalyse der rhetorischen Figur Litotes
Authors: Neuhaus Laura 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einem Aspekt der mehrfachen Negation, der in der historischen Linguistik bisher kaum Beachtung gefunden hat. Bei dem hier thematisierten Phänomen, das oft mit dem rhetorischen Begriff Litotes in Zusammenhang gebracht wird, sind die beiden Negationselemente semantisch aufeinander bezogen (nicht unlieblich). Behaghel (1918: 244) geht in einer Nebenbemerkung von lateinischem Einfluss und einem Eindringen ins Deutsche ab dem 18 Jh. aus. Im vorliegenden Beitrag weist eine Korpusanalyse des DTA unter Einbezug des REM und des FnhdC bereits frühere Verwendungen nach. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die in Neuhaus (2016a) skizzierten synchronen pragmatischen Verwendungsweisen (Verneinung, Mitigation, Understatement) und quantitative Ergebnisse aus Neuhaus (2019) sich parallel im DTA zeigen. Die Rolle des Lateinischen und die Einordnung als Lehnphänomen wird darüber hinaus kritisch evaluiert. Diese Analyse leistet somit einen Beitrag zu einer formorientierten und empirischen historischen Pragmatik.