bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of a Non-Saccharomyces Yeast with Improved Functional Characteristics for Ethanol Production
Authors: Kaur Sandeep , Oberoi Harinder Singh , Phutela Rajpal 
Published: February 2019

Aim: To isolate a thermotolerant yeast strain with fermentation potential at elevated temperatures.
Study Design: Lab experimental design was used in the study.
Methodology: Yeasts were isolated from over-ripened fruits and naturally fermenting sugarcane juice. Four isolates showing relatively higher fermentation ability were screened for their fermentation potential. The selected strain was tested for its thermotolerance, osmotolence as well as to work at varied pH.
Results: Isolate Y-4 produced relatively higher ethanol than the other isolates from 15 gl-1 glucose. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of isolate Y-4 showed oval to spherical cells with diameter ranging from 4.5 to 6.2 µm. On the basis of the SEM images and 28s rRNA gene sequencing, isolate Y-4 was identified as Pichia kudriavzevii and designated as P. kudriavzevii SK1. P. kudriavzevii SK1 metabolized glucose, galactose, mannose, maltose and fructose. It showed the potential to grow at a glucose concentration of 300 gl-1 and ferment at 45°C, though the best results were obtained from 15-20 gl-1 glucose at 35°C. Reference strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 11815 produced low concentrations of ethanol under similar conditions. With 200 gl-1 initial glucose concentration 86.1 and 87.9 gl-1 ethanol was obtained in shake flasks and laboratory batch fermenter experiments, respectively at pH 5 at 35°C. This study revealed that P. kudriavzevii SK1 could be utilized for pilot scale fermentation for high gravity fermentations.
Confounding – Structure
Authors: Hernán Miguel A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Confounding is a bias due to the presence of common causes of the exposure and the outcome. Subject‐matter knowledge can be used to draw causal directed acyclic graphs, and graphical rules such as the backdoor path criterion can then be used to identify confounding and confounders. Although confounding can also be defined as lack of exchangeability of the exposed and the unexposed, statistical associations detected in the data are not enough to characterize confounding.
Medicare Data
Authors: Ash Arlene S. , Virnig Beth A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMedicare is a federal health insurance program for nearly all Americans aged 65 and over, for younger persons entitled to Social Security disability payments for at least 2 years, and for people with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in the US Department of Health and Human Services. In 2016, persons with entitlement due to these mandates numbered over 48 million, 8.8 million, and 525 000, respectively. Medicare, especially the program's extensive repository of enrollment and administrative claims information, are a unique resource for health services research, owing to the program's size, national representativeness, continuity of enrollment, presence of race and date‐of‐death data, well‐documented history of use in research, and the help available for researchers wishing to use the data for studies of potential benefit to Medicare beneficiaries.
Prediction of Injury Risk in Sports
Authors: Ivarsson Andreas , Stenling Andreas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSport injuries are a major problem associated with sport participation. To develop preventive strategies and programs, it is important to identify factors that will increase the likelihood of sport injuries. In most sport injury risk factor research, statistical analyses are performed; however, many of the most common statistical analyses provide limited information about predictors of sport injury risk. The common analyses used in previous studies do not acknowledge the complexity associated with investigating risk factors for sport injuries. To better capture this complexity, suggested in most theoretical frameworks, more appropriate of statistical approaches should be used. In this article we present how latent profile analysis, latent change score analysis, and latent growth curve analysis can be used to overcome some of the limitations with more traditional analyses. Lastly, we also elaborate on future directions for analyses in sport injury risk factor research. More specifically, we present how advanced statistical models, such as classification and regression trees (CART) analysis and random forest analysis, can be used to provide researchers and clinicians with results that are more clinically meaningful.
Manifold‐Based Learning: Linear Methods
Authors: Huo Xiaoming , Cao Shanshan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractManifold‐based learning is a major tool in dimensionality reduction, which is widely used for feature extraction and feature selection in data mining and statistical learning. It combines techniques from various fields, such as geometry, algorithm, and statistics. The objective of manifold‐based learning is to recover the low‐dimensional structure that is embedded in a higher dimensional space. The focus in this article is on linear methods, where the underlying embedded structure is a linear subspace. We mainly survey the algorithms for manifold‐based learning methods under the unsupervised learning setting. Other nonlinear methods for manifold‐based learning are briefly discussed. We will provide the readers more references for more details on nonlinear manifold‐based learning methods. Our survey emphasizes their linear algebra formulations. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the learning methods. More applications can be found in the literature provided in this article.
Multistate Start‐Up Demonstration Tests
Authors: Griffith William S. , DePoy Smith Michelle L. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Start‐up demonstration tests have been used over the past few decades to decide whether or not equipment should be accepted or rejected. The increase in research on this subject has led to more complex start‐up demonstrations being introduced and implemented. The early literature on start‐up demonstration tests only allowed for binary state outcomes such as a success or failure for a start‐up. A natural extension to binary start‐up demonstration tests are multistate start‐up demonstration tests, which allow for more than two outcomes per start‐up. This article discusses the various types of multistate start‐up demonstration tests, which allow for varying degrees of successes and/or failures for an individual start‐up.
Development of a Cloud‐Based Epidermal MoSe2 Device for Hazardous Gas Sensing
Authors: Guo Shiqi , Yang Dong , Zhang Sheng , Dong Quan , Li Baichen , Tran Nam , Li Zhenyu , Xiong Yujie , Zaghloul Mona E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractToxic gases such as NO2 and irritant gases such as NH3 are two of the harshest aspects that trigger the exacerbation of the respiratory system for asthma patients. Monitoring and recording high‐risk gases are very important for tracking disease and alerting patients because humans can be exposed to a vulnerable environment with inconspicuous gases. Current detectors suffer from lack of portability and cannot provide daily real‐time detection. This work develops a light, inexpensive epidermal gas sensor based on ultralarge MoSe2 nanosheets. MoSe2 nanosheets are obtained using a gold‐assisted exfoliation method and the electrical and optical properties of the film are characterized. A high‐performance gas sensor for NO2 and NH3, which can be integrated onto human skin, is fabricated and shows great stability with up to 30% tensile strain. In particular, the device is able to detect down to 1 part per million with fast response (<200 s). The system is effective in providing timely warnings and the sensing data are uploaded to a cloud‐based terminal so that a medical institute can easily access them and provide a more accurate diagnosis.
NPC1L1‐Targeted Cholesterol‐Grafted Poly(β‐Amino Ester)/pDNA Complexes for Oral Gene Delivery
Authors: Liu Yuan , Chen Dan , Li Jialin , Xia Dengning , Yu Miaorong , Tao Jinsong , Zhang Xinxin , Li Li , Gan Yong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGene vectors for oral delivery encounter harsh conditions throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and the continuous peristaltic activity can quickly remove the vectors, leading to inefficient intestinal permeation. Therefore, vectors have demanding property requirements, such as stability under various pH and, more importantly, efficient uptake in different intestinal segments. In this study, a functional polymer, cholesterol‐grafted poly(β‐amino ester) (poly[hexamethylene diacrylate‐β‐(5‐amino‐1‐pentanol)] (CH‐PHP)), is synthesized and electrostatically interacted with plasmid DNA to form a CH‐PHP/DNA complex (CPNC). This complex is designed to target the Niemann–Pick C1‐like receptor, a cholesterol receptor, to improve oral gene delivery efficacy. With the presence of cholesterol, CH‐PHP shows mitigated cytotoxicity, enhanced enzyme resistance, and improved gene condensing ability. CPNC further contributes to ≈43.1‐ and 2.3‐fold increases in luciferase expression in Caco‐2 cells compared with PNC and Lipo 2000/DNA complexes, respectively. In addition, the in vivo transfection efficacy of CPNC is ≈4.1‐, 2.1‐, and 1.6‐fold higher than that of Lipo 2000/DNA complexes in rat duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively. Therefore, CPNC may be a promising delivery vector for gene delivery, and using a cholesterol‐specific endocytic pathway can be a novel approach to achieve efficient oral gene transfection.
Bacterial Adhesion on Soft Materials: Passive Physicochemical Interactions or Active Bacterial Mechanosensing?
Authors: Straub Hervé , Bigger Claudio M. , Valentin Jules , Abt Dominik , Qin Xiao‐Hua , Eberl Leo , Maniura‐Weber Katharina , Ren Qun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe influence of mechanical stiffness of biomaterials on bacterial adhesion is only sparsely studied and the mechanism behind this influence remains unclear. Here, bacterial adhesion on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples, having four different degrees of stiffness with Young's modulus ranging from 0.06 to 4.52 MPa, is investigated. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are found to adhere in greater numbers on soft PDMS (7‐ and 27‐fold increase, respectively) than on stiff PDMS, whereas Staphylococcus aureus adheres in similar numbers on the four tested surfaces. To determine whether the observed adhesion behavior is caused by bacteria‐specific mechanisms, abiotic polystyrene (PS) beads are employed as bacteria substitutes. Carboxylate‐modified PS (PS‐COOH) beads exhibit the same adhesion pattern as E. coli and P. aeruginosa with four times more adhered beads on soft PDMS than on stiff PDMS. In contrast, amine‐modified PS (PS‐NH2) beads adhere in similar numbers on all tested samples, reminiscent of S. aureus adhesion. This work demonstrates for the first time that the intrinsic physicochemical properties associated with PDMS substrates of different stiffness strongly influence bacterial adhesion and challenge the previously reported theory on active bacterial mechanosensing, which provides new insights into the design of antifouling surfaces.
High‐Performance Materials for 3D Printing in Chemical Synthesis Applications
Authors: Kotz Frederik , Risch Patrick , Helmer Dorothea , Rapp Bastian E. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract3D printing has emerged as an enabling technology for miniaturization. High‐precision printing techniques such as stereolithography are capable of printing microreactors and lab‐on‐a‐chip devices for efficient parallelization of biological and biochemical reactions under reduced uptake of reactants. In the world of chemistry, however, up until now, miniaturization has played a minor role. The chemical and thermal stability of regular 3D printing resins is insufficient for sustaining the harsh conditions of chemical reactions. Novel material formulations that produce highly stable 3D‐printed chips are highly sought for bringing chemistry up‐to‐date on the development of miniaturization. In this work, a brief review of recent developments in highly stable materials for 3D printing is given. This work focuses on three highly stable 3D‐printable material systems: transparent silicate glasses, ceramics, and fluorinated polymers. It is further demonstrated that 3D printing is also a versatile technique for surface structuring of polymers to enhance their wetting performance. Such micro/nanostructuring is key to selectively wetting surface patterns that are versatile for chemical arrays and droplet synthesis.
Enhancing Electrocatalytic Water Splitting by Strain Engineering
Authors: You Bo , Tang Michael T. , Tsai Charlie , Abild‐Pedersen Frank , Zheng Xiaolin , Li Hong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting driven by sustainable energy such as solar, wind, and tide is attracting ever‐increasing attention for sustainable production of clean hydrogen fuel from water. Leveraging these advances requires efficient and earth‐abundant electrocatalysts to accelerate the kinetically sluggish hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER). A large number of advanced water‐splitting electrocatalysts have been developed through recent understanding of the electrochemical nature and engineering approaches. Specifically, strain engineering offers a novel route to promote the electrocatalytic HER/OER performances for efficient water splitting. Herein, the recent theoretical and experimental progress on applying strain to enhance heterogeneous electrocatalysts for both HER and OER are reviewed and future opportunities are discussed. A brief introduction of the fundamentals of water‐splitting reactions, and the rationalization for utilizing mechanical strain to tune an electrocatalyst is given, followed by a discussion of the recent advances on strain‐promoted HER and OER, with special emphasis given to combined theoretical and experimental approaches for determining the optimal straining effect for water electrolysis, along with experimental approaches for creating and characterizing strain in nanocatalysts, particularly emerging 2D nanomaterials. Finally, a vision for a future sustainable hydrogen fuel community based on strain‐promoted water electrolysis is proposed.
Stoichiometric Engineering of Chalcogenide Semiconductor Alloys for Nanophotonic Applications
Authors: Piccinotti Davide , Gholipour Behrad , Yao Jin , MacDonald Kevin F. , Hayden Brian E. , Zheludev Nikolay I. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA variety of alternative plasmonic and dielectric material platforms—among them nitrides, semiconductors, and conductive oxides—have come to prominence in recent years as means to address the shortcomings of noble metals (including Joule losses, cost, and passive character) in certain nanophotonic and optical‐frequency metamaterial applications. Here, it is shown that chalcogenide semiconductor alloys offer a uniquely broad pallet of optical properties, complementary to those of existing material platforms, which can be controlled by stoichiometric design. Using combinatorial high‐throughput techniques, the extraordinary epsilon‐near‐zero, plasmonic, and low/high‐index characteristics of Bi:Sb:Te alloys are explored. Depending upon composition they can, for example, have plasmonic figures of merit higher than conductive oxides and nitrides across the entire UV–NIR range, and higher than gold below 550 nm; present dielectric figures of merit better than conductive oxides at near‐infrared telecommunications wavelengths; and exhibit record‐breaking refractive indices as low as 0.7 and as high as 11.5.
Elucidating the Mechanism Involved in the Performance Improvement of Lithium‐Ion Transition Metal Oxide Battery by Conducting Polymer
Authors: Kim Taehoon , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSurface treatments with conducting polymers are effective in ameliorating charge capacities and cycling performances for a wide range of lithium‐ion batteries such as Li‐layered transition metal oxide, Li‐sulfur, and Li‐air batteries. So far, however, very little is known about the key process directly involved with the improvement of cell performance and stability. The present study examines how a conducting polymer can contribute to charge capacity enhancement, employing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene‐sulfonate) coating on the lithium‐layered transition metal oxide cathode. The property of the electrode interface layer is studied on the basis of the local atomic environments. The conducting polymer not only hinders the formation of LiF, carbonates, and semicarbonates compounds but also renders the nature of the solid‐electrolyte interphase layer formed during electrochemical cycles. Furthermore, it inhibits the dissolution of the active material into the electrolyte and preserves the initial atomic states including the active material bulk. The coating enables good consistency in the local atomic environment with depth at the electrode interface, which in turn impedes the phase mismatch resulting from the surface reconstruction on the layered oxide electrode. This further mitigates the phase transformation of the active material, resulting in a lower voltage decay on charge–discharge.
Small‐Sized CuS Nanoparticles/N, S Co‐Doped rGO Composites as the Anode Materials for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ding Xueda , Lei Song , Du Chengfeng , Xie Zailai , Li Jianrong , Huang Xiaoying 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this work, small‐sized CuS nanoparticles/N, S co‐doped rGO composites (CuS@N/S‐G‐Cn) are synthesized by a facile route with the metal‐containing ionic liquids (MILs) [CnMMim]2[CuCl4] (n is 6, 8, 10 representing the number of C atoms in the alkyl chain of imidazolium cation) as the precursors. In the composites, the CuS nanoparticles with small size of sub‐20 nm are homogeneously dispersed in nitrogen and sulfur co‐doped reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The highly dispersed nanosized CuS are embedded on excellent conductive doped rGO substrates to supply not only large quantity of accessible active sites for lithium‐ion insertion but also short diffusion length for lithium ions, while the N and S co‐doping in rGO can efficiently restrain the polysulfides dissolution and circumvent the volume expansion/contraction associated with lithium insertion/extraction during charge–discharge processes. Bestowed by these advantages, the CuS@N/S‐G‐Cn composites exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium storage. Especially, when [C6MMim]2[CuCl4] is chosen as the precursor, the obtained electrode material CuS@N/S‐G‐C6 delivers a reversible capacity as high as 603.5 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 300 cycles and 530 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 1000 cycles.
Strain Sensing with Metamaterial Composites
Authors: Everitt Henry O. , Tyler Talmage , Caraway Bill D. , Bingham Chris M. , Llopis Antonio , Heimbeck Martin S. , Padilla Willie J. , Smith David R. , Jokerst Nan M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMapping strain fields in visually opaque structural composites—for which failure is often sudden, irreparable, and even catastrophic—requires techniques to locate and record regions of stress, fatigue, and incipient failure. Many composite materials are transparent in the terahertz spectral region, but their strain history is often too subtle to recover. Here, terahertz metamaterials with strain‐severable junctions are introduced that can identify structurally compromised regions of composite materials. Specifically, multilayer arrays of aluminum meta‐atoms are designed and fabricated as strip dipole antennas with a terahertz frequency resonance and a strong response to cross‐polarized radiation that disappears when local stress irreversibly breaks their bowtie‐shaped junction. By spatially mapping the local polarimetric response of this metamaterial as a function of global strain, the regions of local stress extrema experienced by a visually opaque material may be visualized. This proof‐of‐concept demonstration heralds the opportunity for embedding metamaterial laminates within composites to record and recover their strain‐dependent history of fatigue.
Cavity Enhanced Organic Photodiodes with Charge Collection Narrowing
Authors: Yazmaciyan Aren , Meredith Paul , Armin Ardalan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractColor discrimination in photodetection is conventionally achieved using broadband‐absorbing inorganic semiconductors with passive optical filters. Organic semiconductors show promise to deliver narrowband spectral responses due to their tunable optical properties. While achieving narrow‐absorbing organic semiconductors is an ongoing endeavor in the synthetic chemistry community, charge collection narrowing is introduced as a “material‐agnostic” technique to realize narrowband spectral responses using broadband absorbers such as blends of organic semiconductors, inorganic nanocrystals, and perovskites in a photodiode architecture. Charge collection narrowing in organic semiconductors demands photoactive junction thicknesses on the order of a few micrometers causing fabrication difficulties and limitations in device metrics such as frequency bandwidth. In this work it is shown that electrical inversion can result in charge collection narrowing in organic photodiodes with active layer thicknesses on the order of hundreds of nanometers and hence much easier to achieve via high throughput solution processing techniques. Additionally, it is shown that an indium tin oxide/gold electrode with modified work function acts as a cavity mirror, further narrowing the spectral response and at the same time delivering an extremely selective cathode, suppressing the dark current dramatically. Nearly voltage independent detectivities of 1013 Jones are achieved with an active sensing area of 0.2 cm2.
Switchable All‐Dielectric Metasurfaces for Full‐Color Reflective Display
Authors: Liu He , Yang Hao , Li Yuanrui , Song Boxiang , Wang Yifei , Liu Zerui , Peng Liang , Lim Haneol , Yoon Jongseung , Wu Wei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHigh energy consumption and lack of readability under bright sunlight of conventional transmissive display technology greatly limit the user experience of mobile and wearable devices. To solve this issue, a hybrid display by overlaying a full‐color reflective display on top of a transmissive display is invented. The key component of this technology is a full‐color reflective display based on tandem switchable all‐dielectric metasurfaces. The switchable all‐dielectric metasurfaces in large size (average area ≈5 cm2) are invented and fabricated by low‐cost and high‐throughput nanoimprint lithography. Each switchable metasurface is formed by an array of TiO2/SiO2 hybrid nanopillars on top of a SiO2 substrate, which could reflect a unique color (blue, green, or red) light with high efficiency (bandwidth ≈100 nm and reflectance ≈80%). They become highly transparent (switched‐off) upon high‐index liquid injection. These metasurfaces demonstrate great characteristics such as polarization independence, large viewing angle (up to 60°), and ultra‐high resolution (over 6000 pixels per inch). This kind of full‐color reflective display can be combined with traditional transmissive display to achieve a low‐power hybrid display that performs well from totally dark to bright sunlight conditions. That resolves one of the biggest challenges in mobile and wearable device industry.