bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Big Music, Big Dance
Authors: Meisner Nadine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Tchaikovsky and Glazunov collaborations and the late-flowering of Petipa’s genius, facilitated by Ivan Vsevolozhsky. At the age of seventy-two, Petipa created his greatest ballet, The Sleeping Beauty, and, with Lev Ivanov, Swan Lake and The Nutcracker. The often-asked question of whether he suppressed Ivanov’s talent gets a further airing, before moving on to Petipa’s penultimate big ballet, Raymonda, set to Glazunov’s first ballet score. For these ballets, Petipa made use of two more Italian dancers: Carlotta Brianza and, the greatest of all, Pierina Legnani. In 1899 Vsevolzhsky, who had written the Sleeping Beauty’s libretto and designed the costumes, was removed from his post and with his departure came the beginning of Petipa’s problems.
Clark on Language, Cognition, and Extended Cognition
Authors: Aizawa Kenneth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Some years ago, Clark broached a complementarian model of language, in contrast to a more traditional translation model, which he then linked to the hypothesis of extended cognition. This chapter’s review of this theory begins with an invitation to clarify the complementarian model with respect to a traditional distinction between cognition and behavior. It will next provide some reason to revise, or perhaps merely clarify, the putative role of language in the exercise of some metacognitive abilities. Then it will revisit what looks to be a problematic argument for extended cognition.
Museums, Memorials, and Novels as Sites of War Knowledge
Authors: Sylvester Christine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Curations of war objects and stories can direct observers to a culturally prescribed view of America’s wars in Vietnam and Iraq; or, contrarily, they can challenge, revise, and destabilize associations and memory politics around these wars. This chapter focuses on the role of cultural institutions and material object practices in curating and re-curating America’s wars in Vietnam and Iraq. Examples appear from a Smithsonian museum and the Australia War Memorial and museum, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and traveling facsimile, pop-up exhibitions critical of the war in Iraq, displays at Arlington National Cemetery, and selected novels about the two wars.
Monks, Masters, and Missionaries
Authors: Fedyukin Igor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the development of schools in Muscovy in the seventieth century, as well as Peter I’s own views on education and schooling. It argues that rather than in schools, instruction during this period was largely conducted in the form of traditional teachership: teaching “masters” trained the pupils gathering around them in the same way as masters-artisans instructed their own apprentices. Contrary to the received wisdom, the early proposals to establish more institutionalized schools did not come from the state and, in fact, were met with indifference by Muscovy’s rulers. Rather, the introduction of such schools was driven by a variety of enterprising individuals—first, the Greek and Ukrainian monks, and later on by the Jesuits and the Pietists, among others. Peter I himself, however, shared the traditional understanding of schools as informal workshops run by individual “masters,” and of learning as apprenticeship.
The Navigation School and the “Profit-Maker”
Authors: Fedyukin Igor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter surveys the early history of the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation, one of the most notable educational projects of Peter I’s reign. The school is famous for its secular, mathematics-oriented curriculum and for the role played in its establishment by the tsar himself, who personally hired the first teachers for it in England. Upon closer inspection, however, it turns out that the evidence of the tsar’s direct involvement in the design, establishment, or running of the Navigation School is extremely limited. The documents, however, bear witness to the key role played in shaping the school by Aleksei Kurbatov (1663–1721), a notorious “profit-maker,” that is, an “inventor” of new revenue sources for the treasury. As the chapter demonstrates, Kurbatov used this project to harness resources and administrative opportunities for himself, as well as to support his own circle of clients, drawn from the ranks of Moscow’s “Latinizing” literati.
The Noble Cadet Corps and the “Germans,” 1730s
Authors: Fedyukin Igor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the establishment of the Noble Land Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg (1731), the most important educational institution for the nobility in Russia in the eighteenth century, in the context of court politics of the era. The creation of a military school and its design might be expected to naturally follow from the needs of the army. Instead, the chapter demonstrates that the Corps served as instrument for the self-promotion efforts of its ambitious founder, Field Marshal von Münnich, and that it is due to his unique standing at the court that the school enjoyed imperial patronage and received funding on a scale unimaginable under Peter I. Once established, the Corps became a platform for the enterprising efforts of its faculty and staff and, insofar as these were recruited largely through the Pietists networks, also for their pedagogical experiments that defined the educational profile of this elite school.
Consciousness in Animals
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An animal is phenomenally conscious if there is something it is like to be that animal. There are excellent scientific reasons for thinking that many animals are phenomenally conscious. In humans, consciousness is strongly correlated with widespread, relatively fast, low-amplitude interactions in the thalamocortical region of the brain. When the brains of many animals are examined, precisely this sort of activity in these areas is found. The primary philosophical objection to the idea that animals are phenomenally conscious is based on the higher-order thought (HOT) model of consciousness, according to which mental state is conscious when, and only when, the individual who has it is conscious of it. The HOT account suffers from a number of fatal difficulties.
A Clear and Present Danger for the 21st Century
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This opening chapter of The Three Pillars of Radicalization provides an in-depth analysis of the problem of radicalization and identifies the psychological questions that it raises. It contextualizes the current spread of violent extremism around the globe and discusses the two main approaches to counterterrorism: the hard approach, also referred to as kinetic, which involves military and police operations to defeat extremists on the ground, and the soft approach, which seeks to convince supporters of violent extremism through argumentation and social influence to abandon their aggression-justifying beliefs and/or relinquish their engagement in violence. Noting the insufficiency of military and policing means to stem the present tide of international extremism, the authors emphasize the importance of understanding the psychological bases of radicalization in the effort to effectively counteract it.
The Rise of Contemporary Violent Islamist Extremism
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical context of the current wave of extremism, recounting the unfolding of the war on terror declared by President George W. Bush in the aftermath of the tragic attacks by Al Qaeda on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon. It discusses the fight against Al Qaeda core in the Pakistan–Afghanistan region and the spread of Al Qaeda’s spirit and influence to the Middle East and North Africa, as well as Central and Southeast Asia. It notes the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the spread of its influence around the globe, and the successes it had in inspiring scores of foreign fighters to join its ranks. Finally, it assesses the likely future developments in the war on terror and its likely impact on world politics and international relations.
Other Theories of Radicalization
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter contains a review of major prior theories of radicalization that adopt sociological, political science, or psychiatric perspectives. The chapter then compares the previous theories with the authors’ 3N theory, which posits that radicalization occurs due to a convergence of individuals’ needs, the narrative to which they are exposed, and the networks in which they are embedded. A comparative analysis reveals that those previous conceptualizations do not actually constitute rival alternatives to the 3N model but rather address some of its specific features. In this sense, the 3N model constitutes an integration of prior psychological proposals concerning the nature of radicalization; it depicts the general psychological factors underlying radicalization of which prior theories and conceptualization are specific cases.
Empirical Evidence for Significance Quest Theory
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines cutting-edge empirical evidence related to the psychology of terrorism. This evidence is gleaned through a variety of methods that include surveys and experiments carried out in the laboratory and in the field. It contains samples from a variety of locations and conflict zones such as the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States. Different types of data are described that bear on relations between variables identified in the authors’ 3N theory of radicalization. This includes published evidence that relates individuals’ feelings of humiliation and significance loss to their tendency to identify as members of a collectivity and to their support for violence. Not only attesting to the power of the network to solidify individuals’ world views, the chapter also shows that the relation between significance loss and extreme attitudes is qualified by the group to which the individual belongs.
Profiles in Violent Extremism
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes 10 instances of radicalization in which individuals committed or attempted to commit politically motivated acts of extreme violence against others. What strikes one about these depictions is that the perpetrators’ backgrounds and circumstances couldn’t be more different: They varied vastly in age, gender, culture, and beliefs. This might create the impression that the search for a common psychology of violent extremism is a “will-o’-the-wisp” doomed in advance to fail because each case is different and of its own kind. Contrary to that view, the authors argue that the apparent substantial differences conceal fundamental similarities and that, at a deeper level, the basic psychological determinants of violent extremism are similar, despite the surface differences.
The Deradicalization Process
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the phenomenon of deradicalization, the reversal of radicalization. Is deradicalization even possible? Has it ever happened? If so, how can it occur? And what may prevent it from taking place? Addressing these questions, the authors propose that the movement toward moderation is determined by the same general factors as the movement toward extremism, though the specifics are different. In other words, deradicalization too is affected by variables in the need, narrative, and network categories of the 3N theory of radicalization, but the specific need, narrative, and network factors can be different from those that produced radicalization. From this perspective, the chapter examines spontaneous and systematic attempts to bring about deradicalization as these are implemented in various rehabilitation programs that have been instituted in the last decades in various countries and world locations.
Assessing Radicalization and Deradicalization
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a new evaluation tool for determining the degree of success of deradicalization programs. This battery consists of elements that represent the 3N pillars: It contains tools for assessing individuals’ quest for significance, their adherence to an ideological narrative that supports violence, and their membership in social networks that adhere to those narratives. The proposed tool consists of a triangulation of two methodologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages that collectively compensate for each other. One methodology consists of a self-report measure in form of a survey that target individuals (suspected or at risk of radicalization) fill out. The second methodology consists of an observational system focused on the same 3N elements and carried out by persons in close contact with those target individuals.
Looking at Rocks Together
Authors: Welshon Rex 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses a cluster of issues surrounding the roles played in cognitive evolution by reflexive conscious experience, symmetric joint attention, transitive planning, and representational cognition. After defining these terms, the chapter reviews archaeological findings on knapped tool production. These findings provide a platform for understanding the ways in which the key terms support Wynn’s claim that cognitive evolution in the Paleolithic consists of a set of enhancements to working memory. The chapter’s primary claim is that the deepening temporal, causal, and social dimensions required for stone tool production imply both working memory enhancements and the development of increasingly social and offline kinds of conscious cognition that go beyond augmenting working memory. However, while the discussed cognitive enhancements help explain the appearance of new kinds of planning, monitoring, mind sharing, and reliable cognitive experience, they are not, without augmentation, enough to explain the emergence of symbolic activity, much less spoken language.
Flake-Making and the “Cognitive Rubicon”
Authors: Moore Mark W. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Stone tools have a continuous record extending some 3.3 million years. Our hominin ancestors engaged in relatively simple stone flaking, and stone tools of extreme complexity were produced by cognitively modern humans in the Pleistocene and Holocene. For this reason, stone tools offer a tangible means for tracking the evolution of cognition in our genus. This chapter discusses a recent series of experiments controlled for modern flintknapper intent, the results suggesting that aspects of ancient tool forms sometimes viewed as deliberate can in fact be produced with no more intention than that seen in the removal of individual flakes. But the removal of individual flakes is itself a cognitively challenging task, one that places the earliest hominin flintknappers across the “cognitive Rubicon” from their primate relatives.
Knapping in the Dark
Authors: Cole James 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Understanding the cognitive abilities of ancestral hominins remains challenging, despite the many advances of recent years, including new fossil discoveries and paleogenetic data. However, the primary route to accessing the behavioral and cognitive worlds of our hominin ancestors still remains firmly rooted in the archaeological record, particularly stone tools, the direct products of hominin actions grounded in the physical, social, and cognitive worlds occupied by the knappers. A theory of mind (ToM) has long been considered a key component of the human condition, linked to both language and the development of abstract thought. There must therefore be a point (or perhaps multiple points) in our evolutionary history when hominins gained a ToM. This ability should, in turn, be reflected in the archaeological record. To date, however, only limited attempts have been made to correlate the two. This chapter thus explores the relationship between the various stone tool traditions and ToM.
Cannon Fodder for the Crown (Europe 1600–1776)
Authors: Togman Richard 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the origins of natalist thought, tracing thinking on fertility to the scientific revolutions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in which modern forms of power and knowledge rose in tandem. Mercantilist attempts to grow the population for the greater glory of the monarch are documented, as is the discourse on fertility, which motivated and legitimized government behavior. In addition, the transnational nature of natalism is analyzed. Thinkers such as Englishman John Graunt and the French scientist Adolphe Quetelet cross-pollinated intellectually, and statesmen as diverse as Frederick the Great and Benjamin Franklin drew from the same narratives to understand the size and growth of the population and its significance for the state.
To Breed or Not to Breed, That Is the Question (Europe 1776–1870)
Authors: Togman Richard 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the rise of the natalist discourses that proliferated from 1776 to 1870. The works and disciples of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and Friederich Engels are analyzed to illuminate the birth of new narratives on natality and revolutionary ideas on the meaning of population growth to the body politic. In addition, the birth of demography as a science is discussed. The modern tools of statistics, the census, and secular recordkeeping of population data were pioneered during this era. Discourse was complemented by policy during this period by the new truths on population, which became embedded in the minds of government officials and policymakers. The disconnect between macro conceptualizations of the population and the real behaviors of individuals is examined to begin the process of uncovering the truth about the consistent failure of policy across states.
Populate or Perish (Europe 1870–1945)
Authors: Togman Richard 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates the birth of a new era in population politics in the years 1870–1945, focusing on France, Germany, and Russia/Soviet Union. The militarization and securitization of childbearing are explored to reveal how and why governments of all stripes chose to manipulate the breeding habits of their people in the name of the greater glory of the state. The chapter explores the creation of Mother’s Day as a national holiday; the execution of a woman in Vichy France for having performed abortions; the Stalinist “Medal of Maternity” for women who had large numbers of children; and Nazi SS breeding camps, where the German elite could pair with young women willing to fulfill their patriotic procreative duties.
Jay Gatsby, Justice Douglas, and the Significance of Class in American Society
Authors: Driver Justin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter juxtaposes the tales of two ambitious men, both born in the American West, who moved east to New York in an effort to make names for themselves during the 1920s. The ambitions of Jay Gatsby—as recounted in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby—and William O. Douglas—as recounted in his autobiography, Go East, Young Man—led the two men in very different directions. Where Gatsby turned to lawlessness, Douglas instead turned to law. The distinct journeys and distinct fates that Gatsby and Douglas experience yield insight into the significance of class within the United States, and also offer significant complications of the American Dream.
Wealth and Warfare in the Novels of Jane Austen
Authors: Datta-Barua Seebany , Masur Jonathan S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Numerous characters in Austen’s novels have commissions in the army or militia, and several central characters enlist in the navy. There was an important distinction between these two services. Officers in the army and militia were paid wages. Sailors, on the other hand, were entitled not just to wages but also to a share in the value of any “prizes” that they captured at sea. We theorize that this prize system existed because naval officers and crew needed to be given equity shares in their endeavors in order to create incentives for aggressive action. This distinction between how soldiers and sailors were paid has a profound effect on the development of Austen’s characters. The army is a force for the status quo. The navy, on the other hand, is an avenue for true social advancement. Austen also uses the choice between services to show the character of the individuals who enlist.
Commerce, Law, and Revolution in the Novels of Elizabeth Gaskell and Charlotte Brontë
Authors: LaCroix Alison L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The 1840s and 1850s witnessed the publication of three great “condition of England” novels: Charlotte Brontë’s Shirley (1849) and Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1855). All three novels examine the consequences of the Industrial Revolution in England, and all are critical in their appraisal of its effects on individuals, society, and the national—and even the international—realm. All three focus on the world of commerce and manufacturing, but the realm of law is never far away. Yet there are differences: in Shirley, Brontë delves into the interior lives of two very different female protagonists, while Gaskell’s narratives are more concerned with economic and social injustice. Brontë set Shirley during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s, a period of British imperial struggle and ultimate triumph. Gaskell placed the action of Mary Barton a decade prior to its writing, but in North and South she depicted her current moment, with a consequent sharpening of her critique. This essay examines the novels’ treatment of a set of interconnected themes: commerce, law, and revolution, with reference to related questions of politics, gender, and time.
Money and Art in Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward
Authors: Baird Douglas G. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Edward Bellamy’s utopian novel, Looking Backward, was the second most popular American novel of the nineteenth century after Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Bellamy imagines Boston in the year 2000. Equality prevails, while money and law have disappeared. This essay focuses on Bellamy’s account of how literature thrives in this society and shows that it is fundamentally flawed. First, to explain how literature is produced, Bellamy is forced to introduce a form of money into his society after all. Moreover, he has no way to explain why the logic that leads to the introduction of money in order to make literature possible does not apply to producing everything else a well-lived life requires. Second, the literature that Bellamy envisions suggests that his world is no utopia at all. It is instead a dull dystopian place in which neither literature nor art is likely to flourish.