bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common and unique Arabidopsis proteins involved in stomatal susceptibility to Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: Rodrigues Oblessuc Paula , Vaz Bisneta Mariana , Melotto Maeli 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Salmonella enterica is one of the most common pathogens associated with produce outbreaks worldwide; nonetheless, the mechanisms uncovering their interaction with plants are elusive. Previous reports demonstrate that S. enterica ser. Typhimurium (STm), similar to the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, triggers a transient stomatal closure suggesting its ability to overcome this plant defense and colonize the leaf apoplast. In order to discover new molecular players that function in the stomatal reopening by STm and Pst DC3000, we performed an Arabidopsis mutant screening using thermal imaging. Further stomatal bioassay confirmed that the mutant plants exo70h4-3, sce1-3, bbe8, stp1, and lsu2 have smaller stomatal aperture widths than the wild type Col-0 in response to STm 14028s. The mutants bbe8, stp1 and lsu2 have impaired stomatal movement in response to Pst DC3000. These findings indicate that EXO70H4 and SCE1 are involved in bacterial-specific responses, while BBE8, STP1, and LSU2 may be required for stomatal response to a broad range of bacteria. The identification of new molecular components of the guard cell movement induced by bacteria will enable a better understanding of the initial stages of plant colonization and facilitate targeted prevention of leaf contamination with harmful pathogens.
Characterization of six recombinant human RNase H2 bearing Aicardi-Goutiéres syndrome causing mutations
Authors: Nishimura Takuto , Baba Misato , Ogawa Saori , Kojima Kenji , Takita Teisuke , Crouch Robert J , Yasukawa Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Mammalian RNase H2 is a heterotrimeric enzyme consisting of one catalytic subunit (A) and two accessory subunits (B and C). RNase H2 is involved in the removal of a single ribonucleotide embedded in genomic DNA and removal of RNA of RNA/DNA hybrids. In humans, mutation of the RNase H2 gene causes a severe neuroinflammatory disorder Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). Here, we examined the activity and stability of six recombinant human RNase H2 variants bearing one AGS-causing mutation, A-G37S (Gly37 in the A subunit is replaced with Ser), A-N212I, A-R291H, B-A177T, B-V185G, or C-R69W. The activity of A-G37S was 0.3–1% of that of the wild-type RNase H2 (WT), while those of other five variants were 51–120%. In circular dichroism measurement, the melting temperatures of variants were 50–53°C, lower than that of WT (56°C). These results suggested that A-G37S had decreased activity and stability than WT, while other five variants had decreased stability but retained activity. In gel filtration chromatography of the purified enzyme preparation, WT migrated as a heterotrimer, while A-R291H eluted in two separate peaks containing either the heterotrimer or only the A subunit, suggesting that some AGS-causing mutations affect the heterotrimer-forming stability of RNase H2.
No evidence for Wolbachia infection (Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsiales) in the threatened freshwater crustacean AeglaLeach, 1820 (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae)
Authors: Puli Gislaine , Maria Andrielli P , Zimmermann Bianca L , Santos Sandro , Bartholomei-Santos Marlise L 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Wolbachia bacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales) are worldwide endosymbionts infecting arthropods and nematodes, which, among other effects, interfere with reproduction and the mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of their hosts. Among crustaceans, the bacteria have been mainly found in isopods, but its complete range of hosts is still unknown. We investigated the presence of Wolbachia in 10 species of AeglaLeach, 1820, a freshwater anomuran endemic to southern South America. We found no evidence for the presence of the bacteria, ensuring the reliability of studies employing mitochondrial DNA as molecular markers in aeglids.
Scientific Education and Innovation: From Technical Diplomas to University Stem Degrees
Authors: Bianchi Nicola , Giorcelli Michela 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the effects of university STEM education on innovation and labor market outcomes by exploiting a change in enrollment requirements in Italian STEM majors. University-level scientific education had two direct effects on the development of patents by students who had acquired a STEM degree. First, the policy changed the direction of their innovation. Second, it allowed these individuals to reach top positions within firms and be more involved in the innovation process. STEM degrees, however, also changed occupational sorting. Some higher-achieving individuals used STEM degrees to enter jobs that required university-level education, but did not focus on patenting.
Survival in Early Phase Immuno-Oncology Trials: Development and Validation of a Prognostic Index
Authors: Day Daphne , Guo Christina , Kanjanapan Yada , Tran Ben , Spreafico Anna , Joshua Anthony M , Wang Lisa , Abdul Razak Albiruni R , Leighl Natasha B , Hansen Aaron R , Butler Marcus O , Siu Lillian L , Desai Jayesh , Bedard Philippe L 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Immuno-oncology (IO) is rapidly evolving in early drug development. We aimed to develop and prospectively validate a prognostic index for patients treated in IO phase I trials to assist with patient selection.

Methods
The development cohort included 192 advanced solid tumor patients treated in 13 IO phase I trials, targeting immune checkpoint and/or co-stimulatory molecules. A prognostic scoring system was developed from multivariate survival analysis of 10 clinical factors, and subsequently validated in two independent validation cohorts (n = 152 and n = 80).

Results
In the development cohort, median age was 57.5 years (range = 20.4–84.8 years). Median progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) were 13.4 and 73.6 weeks, respectively, 90-day mortality was 16%, and overall response rate was 20%. In multivariate analysis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status greater than or equal to 1 (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8 to 5.7; P &lt; .001), number of metastatic sites greater than 2 (HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3 to 3.1; P = .003), and albumin less than the lower limit of normal (HR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2 to 2.7; P = .007) were independent prognostic factors; comprising the Princess Margaret Immuno-oncology Prognostic Index (PM-IPI). Patients with a score of 2–3 compared with patients with a score of 0–1 had shorter OS (HR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.9 to 6.1; P &lt; .001), progression-free survival (HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.7 to 3.2; P &lt; .001), higher 90-day mortality (odds ratio = 8.1, 95% CI = 3.0 to 35.4; P &lt; .001), and lower overall response rate (odds ratio = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2 to 0.8; P = .019). The PM-IPI retained prognostic ability in both validation cohorts and performed better than previously published phase I prognostic scores for predicting OS in all three cohorts.

Conclusions
The PM-IPI is a validated prognostic score for patients treated in phase I IO trials and may aid in improving patient selection.
Errant Boys and Accidental Falls: Ontological Exegesis in Dickinson’s Old Testament Poems
Authors: Freedman Linda 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article reads several of Dickinson’s Old Testament poems in a way that suggests her exegesis was not just concerned with epistemic limit, as scholarship to date has emphasised, but also with the ontological effects of biblical narrative and interpretation: the extent to which hermeneutics both shape and reflect a way of being in the world. It discusses the ways in which Dickinson tests the reach of revisionary, poetic, exegesis, situates Dickinson in relation to a 19th-century shift from Providence to circumstance and asks whether narratives of chance function that differently to the received narrative of Providence.
Eigenfunctions of Galactic phase space spirals from dynamic mode decomposition
Authors: Darling Keir , Widrow Lawrence M 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate the spatiotemporal structure of simulations of the homogeneous slab and isothermal plane models for the vertical motion in the Galactic disc. We use dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) to compute eigenfunctions of the simulated distribution functions for both models, referred to as DMD modes. In the case of the homogeneous slab, we compare the DMD modes to the analytic normal modes of the system to evaluate the feasibility of DMD in collisionless self-gravitating systems. This is followed by the isothermal plane model, where we focus on the effect of self-gravity on phase mixing. We compute DMD modes of the system for varying relative dominance of mutual interaction and external potential, so as to study the corresponding variance in mode structure and lifetime. We find that there is a regime of relative dominance, at approximately 4 : 1 external potential to mutual interaction where the DMD modes are spirals in the (z, vz) plane, and are nearly un-damped. This leads to the proposition that a system undergoing phase mixing in the presence of weak-to-moderate self-gravity can have persisting spiral structure in the form of such modes. We then conclude with the conjecture that such a mechanism may be at work in the phase space spirals observed in Gaia Data Release 2, and that studying more complex simulations with DMD may aid in understanding both the timing and form of the perturbation that lead to the observed spirals.
Trends in Social Norms Towards Smoking Between 2002 and 2015 Among Daily Smokers: Findings From the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC 4C)
Authors: East Katherine A , Hitchman Sara C , McNeill Ann , Ferguson Stuart G , Yong Hua-Hie , Cummings K Michael , Fong Geoffrey T , Borland Ron 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess trends in daily smokers' social norms and opinions of smoking between 2002 and 2015 in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia.MethodData were from wave 1 (2002) to wave 9 (2013–2015) of the longitudinal International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia), involving 23 831 adult daily smokers. Generalized estimating equation logistic regression models, adjusted for demographics and survey design effects, assessed associations of wave and country with outcomes: (A) over half of five closest friends smoke, (B) agreeing that people important to you believe you should not smoke, (C) agreeing that society disapproves of smoking, and (D) negative opinion of smoking.ResultsBetween 2002 and 2015, adjusting for covariates, (A) over half of five closest friends smoke did not change (56% vs. 55%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.95 [95% Confidence Interval = 0.85–1.07]), (B) agreeing that people important to you believe you should not smoke generally decreased (89% vs. 82%; AOR = 0.54 [0.46–0.64]) despite an increase around 2006–2007, (C) agreeing that society disapproves of smoking increased between 2002 and 2006–2007 (83% vs. 87%; AOR = 1.38 [1.24–1.54]) then decreased until 2013–2015 (78%; AOR = 0.74 [0.63–0.88]), and (D) negative opinion of smoking decreased between 2002 and 2010–2011 (54% vs. 49%; AOR = 0.83 [0.75–0.91]) despite an increase around 2005–2006 and at the final wave (2013–2015). Except friend smoking, Canada had the greatest, and the United Kingdom the lowest, antismoking social norms and opinions.ConclusionsExcept friend smoking and opinion of smoking, daily smokers' social norms became less antismoking between 2002 and 2015 despite increases around 2006–2007. Several potential explanations are discussed yet remain undetermined.ImplicationsIncreasingly comprehensive tobacco control policies alongside decreasing smoking prevalence in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia have led to the assumption that smoking has become denormalized in these countries. Absent from the literature is any formal assessment of social norms towards smoking over time. Contrary to our hypotheses, this study found that the injunctive social norms of daily smokers became less antismoking between 2002 and 2015, despite increases around 2006–2007. There was no change over time in the proportion of daily smokers who report that over half of their five closest friends smoke.
Youth Access to Cigarettes Across Seven European Countries: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Nuyts Paulien A W , Hewer Rebecca M F , Kuipers Mirte A G , Lorant Vincent , Grard Adeline ,   SILNE-R Consortium, Kunst Anton E , Schreuders Michael , Clancy Luke , Breslin Elisabeth , Kinnunen Jaana M , Alves Joana , Leao Teresa , Mlinaric Martina , Hoffmann Laura , Kunst Anton E , Schreuders Michael , Clancy Luke , Breslin Elisabeth , Kinnunen Jaana M , Alves Joana , Leao Teresa , Mlinaric Martina , Hoffmann Laura , Hill Sarah , Amos Amanda 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite widespread age-of-sale restrictions on tobacco, adolescents continue to obtain cigarettes and experiment with smoking. This mixed-methods study aimed to understand how European adolescents access cigarettes and how the policy context may influence this process, using a realist evaluation approach. This is the first study to assess access to cigarettes across various European contexts.MethodsA survey of 4104 students was combined with qualitative data from focus groups among 319 adolescents aged 14–19 across seven European countries. Data were synthesized to explore mechanisms via which young people obtain cigarettes despite age-of-sale restrictions.ResultsWhile purchasing cigarettes from supermarkets was widely regarded as difficult, many participants purchased cigarettes from noncompliant retailers (often in smaller shops or cafes). Other contra-mechanisms included circumventing age checks, proxy purchases, and/or social sources. Dominant forms of access differed across the seven contexts, with direct purchases more common where perceived enforcement was low (eg, Belgium) and proxy purchases more important where perceived enforcement of age-of-sale laws was high (eg, Finland). The effectiveness of age-of-sale restrictions in reducing youth access appears to be influenced by a range of contextual factors including retailer compliance, the availability of vending machines, and the specific minimum age-of-sale.ConclusionsOur findings illustrate the relevance of programme theory in understanding the contra-mechanisms that undermine the effectiveness of age-of-sale laws in discouraging youth smoking. Young people’s access to cigarettes could be further limited by addressing these contra-mechanisms, including an increase in the legal sales age (particularly in Belgium), banning vending machines, and strengthening enforcement.ImplicationsDespite widespread implementation of age-of-sale laws, a substantial proportion of minors continue to access cigarettes. Young people use a number of contra-mechanisms to circumvent age-of-sale restrictions. These include accessing cigarettes via social sources, proxy sales or by circumventing age checks. Our findings show that in contexts where perceived enforcement of age-of-sale restrictions is high, young people are more reliant on irregular forms of access such as proxy sales. Young people’s access to cigarettes may be further reduced by policy interventions that address these contra-mechanisms—for example, banning vending machines, strengthening enforcement of age-of-sale laws, and increasing the minimum age-of-sale.
Inflation Expectations and Firm Decisions: New Causal Evidence*
Authors: Coibion Olivier , Gorodnichenko Yuriy , Ropele Tiziano 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We use a unique design feature of a survey of Italian firms to study the causal effect of inflation expectations on firms’ economic decisions. In the survey, a randomly chosen subset of firms is repeatedly treated with information about recent inflation whereas other firms are not. This information treatment generates exogenous variation in inflation expectations. We find that higher inflation expectations on the part of firms leads them to raise their prices, increase demand for credit, and reduce their employment and capital. However, when policy rates are constrained by the effective lower bound, demand effects are stronger, leading firms to raise their prices more and no longer reduce their employment.
Measuring Sovereign Bond Market Integration
Authors: Chaieb Ines , Errunza Vihang , Gibson Brandon Rajna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We find that the degree and dynamics of sovereign bond market integration across 21 developed and 18 emerging countries is significantly heterogeneous. We show that better spanning can significantly enhance market integration through dissipating local risk premiums. Integration of the sovereign bond markets increases by about 10% on average, when a country moves from the 25th to the 75th percentile as a result of higher political stability and credit quality, lower inflation and inflation risk, and lower illiquidity. The 10% increase in integration leads to, on average, a decrease in the sovereign cost of funding of about 1% per annum.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
REGEN LAB SA v ESTAR MEDICAL LTD
Authors:   PATENTS COURT
Published: September 2019

Abstract
H1 Patents – European Patents – Validity – Infringement – Numerical values – Identification of the skilled team – Common general knowledge – Novelty – Prior user – Inventive step – Mosaic of documents on website – Insufficiency – Scope of claim – Normal construction – Equivalents – Single or multiple variants – Barrell jurisdiction.
DEVELOPMENT OF A JAPANESE INFANT HEAD–CHEST PHANTOM AND INVESTIGATION OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF INFANT HEAD CT EXAMINATIONS IN JAPAN
Authors: Yamauchi-Kawaura C , Fujii K , Yamauchi M , Imai K , Ikeda M , Narai K , Shimizu H 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a head–chest phantom that could mimic the physique of a Japanese 0.5-year-old child and to investigate the current status of exposure dose in infant head computed tomography examinations in Japan. The phantom was produced by machine processing, and radiophotoluminescence glass dosemeters were installed in the phantom for dose measurement. Organ doses were measured for seven different head scan protocols routinely used in three hospitals. In this study, the average dose of the brain and lens within the scan region was equivalent to that measured using infant phantoms in previous studies. In contrast, the doses of both salivary glands and thyroid glands adjacent to the scan region were 1.4–1.8 times higher than those in previous studies. Expansion of the scan area accompanied by a transition of the scan mode from non-helical to helical may have resulted in the differences in organ doses.
Characterizing and Comparing Phylogenetic Trait Data from Their Normalized Laplacian Spectrum
Authors: Lewitus Eric , Aristide Leandro , Morlon Hélène 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The dissection of the mode and tempo of phenotypic evolution is integral to our understanding of global biodiversity. Our ability to infer patterns of phenotypes across phylogenetic clades is essential to how we infer the macroevolutionary processes governing those patterns. Many methods are already available for fitting models of phenotypic evolution to data. However, there is currently no comprehensive nonparametric framework for characterizing and comparing patterns of phenotypic evolution. Here, we build on a recently introduced approach for using the phylogenetic spectral density profile (SDP) to compare and characterize patterns of phylogenetic diversification, in order to provide a framework for nonparametric analysis of phylogenetic trait data. We show how to construct the SDP of trait data on a phylogenetic tree from the normalized graph Laplacian. We demonstrate on simulated data the utility of the SDP to successfully cluster phylogenetic trait data into meaningful groups and to characterize the phenotypic patterning within those groups. We furthermore demonstrate how the SDP is a powerful tool for visualizing phenotypic space across traits and for assessing whether distinct trait evolution models are distinguishable on a given empirical phylogeny. We illustrate the approach in two empirical data sets: a comprehensive data set of traits involved in song, plumage, and resource-use in tanagers, and a high-dimensional data set of endocranial landmarks in New World monkeys. Considering the proliferation of morphometric and molecular data collected across the tree of life, we expect this approach will benefit big data analyses requiring a comprehensive and intuitive framework.
Visual Prognosis in the Better-seeing Eyes of Patients with Unilateral Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Authors: Kim Jae Hui , Kim Jong Woo , Kim Chul Gu , Lee Dong Won 
Published: September 2019

SIGNIFICANCE
In patients initially diagnosed as having unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, the visual prognosis of the better-seeing eye is highly favorable. If patients are overly pessimistic regarding their vision in the future, physicians can encourage patients by informing them of the small possibility for visual deterioration in the better-seeing eye.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term changes in the visual acuity of the better-seeing eyes in patients with unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

METHODS
This retrospective, single-institution study was performed with 221 patients who were diagnosed as having unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and who were treated with intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor. Only patients with an initially uninvolved eye best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 or better and who were followed up for at least 24 months were included. The changes in the BCVAs of the initially involved and uninvolved eyes as well as the better-seeing eyes were measured. For patients with three or more lines of uninvolved eye visual deterioration, the cause for the visual deterioration was identified.

RESULTS
Patients were followed up for a mean of 43.1 ± 11.8 months after diagnosis. During the follow-up period, three or more lines of deterioration in the BCVA were noted in 61 initially involved eyes (27.6%) and 11 uninvolved eyes (4.9%). The reasons for uninvolved eye visual deterioration were neovascularization (n = 8), retinal vein occlusion (n = 2), and posterior capsule opacification (n = 1). At diagnosis, the BCVA of the better-seeing eye was 0.05 ± 0.08 (Snellen equivalents, 20/22). During the follow-up period, three or more lines of deterioration in the BCVA for the better-seeing eye were noted in eight patients (3.6%).

CONCLUSIONS
Visual acuity of the better-seeing eye over time remained stable in most patients who were initially diagnosed as having unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. As a result, the visual prognosis of the better-seeing eye is highly favorable in this condition.