bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capillary and Venous Blood Glucose Accuracy in Blood Glucose Meters Versus Reference Standards: The Impact of Study Design on Accuracy Evaluations
Authors: Macleod Kirsty , Katz Laurence B. , Cameron Hilary 
Published: August 2018

Background: Anecdotal blood glucose assessments conducted by health care professionals (HCPs) in the field have highlighted differences in results when methodology used is not according to best practices for measuring blood glucose. This study assessed the impact on accuracy of blood glucose measurements when methodology deviates from the recommended study design and recommended reference instrument. Methods: Adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes provided capillary and venous blood samples for accuracy assessments using OneTouch® Verio® (Verio) and OneTouch® Ultra 2® (Ultra) blood glucose meters (BGM) and two different reference instruments. Results: Increases in mean bias were observed when comparing capillary to venous samples tested on the BGMs and the recommended reference instrument. Mean bias was even greater when a hospital blood glucose analyzer was used to measure venous plasma glucose. Increases in mean bias observed for Ultra BGM when testing venous blood on the meter compared to the recommended reference instrument was likely due to the interfering effects of low oxygen levels in the venous blood sample. Conversely, Verio meters, which are insensitive to low oxygen levels, showed little difference from baseline when testing venous blood on the meter compared to results from the same venous sample measured on a reference instrument. Conclusions: Deviations from the best practice study design of comparing capillary blood glucose results tested on the blood glucose meter with the manufacturer’s stated reference instrument will affect accuracy of blood glucose measurements.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Parameters at 1 Year Correlate With Clinical Outcomes Up to 17 Years After Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: McCarthy Helen S. , McCall Iain W. , Williams John M. , Mennan Claire , Dugard Marit N. , Richardson James B. , Roberts Sally 
Published: August 2018

Background: The ability to predict the long-term success of surgical treatment in orthopaedics is invaluable, particularly in clinical trials. The quality of repair tissue formed 1 year after autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in the knee was analyzed and compared with clinical outcomes over time. Hypothesis: Better quality repair tissue and a better appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1 year after ACI lead to improved longer-term clinical outcomes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Repair tissue quality was assessed using either MRI (11.5 ± 1.4 [n = 91] or 39.2 ± 18.5 [n = 76] months after ACI) or histology (16.3 ± 11.0 months [n = 102] after ACI). MRI scans were scored using the whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging score (WORMS) and the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) score, with additional assessments of subchondral bone marrow and cysts. Histology of repair tissue was performed using the Oswestry cartilage score (OsScore) and the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) II score. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified Lysholm score preoperatively, at the time of MRI or biopsy, and at a mean 8.4 ± 3.7 years (maximum, 17.8 years) after ACI. Results: At 12 months, the total MOCART score and some of its individual parameters correlated significantly with clinical outcomes. The degree of defect fill, overall signal intensity, and surface of repair tissue at 12 months also significantly correlated with longer-term outcomes. The presence of cysts or effusion (WORMS) significantly correlated with clinical outcomes at 12 months, while the presence of synovial cysts/bursae preoperatively or the absence of loose bodies at 12 months correlated significantly with long-term clinical outcomes. Thirty percent of repair tissue biopsies contained hyaline cartilage, 65% contained fibrocartilage, and 5% contained fibrous tissue. Despite no correlation between the histological scores and clinical outcomes at the time of biopsy, a lack of hyaline cartilage or poor basal integration was associated with increased pain; adhesions visible on MRI also correlated with significantly better histological scores. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that MRI at 12 months can predict longer-term clinical outcomes after ACI. Further investigation regarding the presence of cysts, effusion, and adhesions and their relationship with histological and clinical outcomes may yield new insights into the mechanisms of cartilage repair and potential sources of pain.
Neural Mechanisms of Negative Symptoms
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C. 
Published: August 2018

When Kraepelin originally defined and described dementia praecox, he assumed that it was due to some type of neural mechanism. He hypothesised that abnormalities could occur in a variety of brain regions, including the prefrontal, auditory, and language regions of the cortex. Many members of his department, including Alzheimer and Nissl, were actively involved in the search for the neuropathological lesions that would characterise schizophrenia. Although Kraepelin did not use the term ‘negative symptoms', he describes them comprehensively and states explicitly that he believes the symptoms of schizophrenia can be explained in terms of brain dysfunction:“If it should be confirmed that the disease attacks by preference the frontal areas of the brain, the central convolutions and central lobes, this distribution would in a certain measure agree with our present views about the site of the psychic mechanisms which are principally injured by the disease. On various grounds, it is easy to believe that the frontal cortex, which is specially well developed in man, stands in closer relation to his higher intellectual abilities, and these are the faculties which in our patients invariably suffer profound loss in contrast to memory and acquired ability.” Kraepelin (1919, p. 219)
The Involvement of Serotonin in Psychiatric Disorders and Behaviour
Authors: López-Ibor Juan J. 
Published: August 2018

There is evidence that serotonin (5-HT) is involved both in a wide range of psychiatric conditions and in specific behaviours which, in themselves, cannot be considered pathological. Besides the affective disorders (both depressive and manic, and both in full-blown episodes and during the intervals between these, which are seen as vulnerability to relapse) several other conditions need to be considered (Table I). There are also claims that serotonin metabolites or structurally related substances are involved, in their role as false neurotransmitters, in delusions and psychedelic phenomena, as in the case of LSD (Mantegazzini, 1960) or 5-hydroxytryptolines in delusions related to alcoholism (Daviset al, 1967).This wide range of conditions raises the questions of how specific is the involvement of serotonin, and of what artifacts are present in attempts to investigate its actions. Page, who isolated 5-HT in 1948, stated (1968) that “serotonin has many functions but few have been sharply defined. The great variety of suggested roles can be said to be a tribute to man's ingenuity and his unquestionable willingness to write papers”. Since then, many more roles have been proposed for the involvement of 5-HT in functions of the central nervous system. Nevertheless, good evidence does exist that serotonin has some specific relationships to psychiatric disorders which are worth pursuing, in spite of great methodological difficulties.
Fluoxetine, a Highly Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor: A Review of Preclinical Studies
Authors: Schmidt Michael J. , Fuller Ray W. , Wong David T. 
Published: August 2018

The chemical structure of fluoxetine, (±)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]propylamine, as shown in Fig. 1, lacks the three-fused ring system contained in tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs) such as imipramine and amitriptyline. The p-trifluoromethyl substituent on the phenoxy ring of fluoxetine is an important determinant of its potency and its specificity as a serotonin-uptake inhibitor, e.g. the analogue having an o-trifluoromethyl substituent on that ring is only about one-hundredth as potent as fluoxetine in inhibiting serotonin uptake (Wong et al, 1975a). Nisoxetine (Wong et al, 1975b) and tomoxetine (Wong et al, 1982) are analogues differing from fluoxetine only in having an o-methoxy or an o-methyl substituent respectively, in place of the p-trifluoromethyl substituent on the phenoxy ring. Nisoxetine (LY94939) and tomoxetine (LY 139603) are potent and highly selective inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake (Wong et al, 1975b, 1982), differing strikingly from fluoxetine in specificity of uptake inhibition.Fluoxetine has been shown to be a potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake in laboratory animals; it is orally effective and has a long duration of action. This compound has been a valuable pharmacological tool to study the mechanisms of serotonergic neurotransmission and physiological functions of brain serotonin neurons (Fuller & Wong, 1977; Wong et al, 1985a; Fuller & Wong, 1987). The present paper summarises some of the pre-clinical studies which have characterised fluoxetine as a selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake.
Depression in people with first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Addington Donald , Addington Jean , Patten Scott 
Published: August 2018

Background Depression has been described in people presenting with first-episode schizophrenia, a group at high relative risk of suicide.Method This was a longitudinal cohort study of 113 people during an acute relapse and 13 having a first episode. Follow-up occurred at three months and at one year. This report compares level of depression in the first episode and in the relapsing group. Levels of depression were assessed using the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS).Results The median CDSS score was statistically significantly higher in the first-episode group both during the acute phase and at three month follow-up. At one year the first-episode group continued to have higher levels of depression than the multiple episode group.Conclusions For people with a first episode of schizophrenia, depression is a major problem during the initial acute phase and during the first year of illness. In light of the high risk of suicide in this population, recognition and treatment of depression requires greater attention.
Group programmes for recovery from early psychosis
Authors: Albiston Dianne J. , Francey Shona M. , Harrigan Susan M. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundWe evaluate the impact of a group-based, transitional, psychosocial programme, within a comprehensive service (the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre, EPPIC), on recovery from first-episode psychosis.MethodIndividuals using the service (and meeting study criteria) were assessed on a range of symptom and functioning instruments at entry, after 6 weeks and 6 months. Participants received comprehensive case management and services according to their identified needs. Thirty-four people who had attended the group programme were compared at 6 month follow-up with 61 EPPIC patients who had not attended.ResultsThe people attending the group programme had a lower level of premorbid adjustment than the comparison group, and a trend towards exhibiting a higher level of negative symptoms, prior to commencing the group programme. However, at 6 month follow-up, no significant differences were found between the groups.ConclusionsInvolvement in the group programme may have had a positive impact on a subgroup of EPPIC subjects with poor level of premorbid adjustment, by providing a ‘holding pattern’ in the critical period following the emergence of first-onset psychosis, and thus prevented deterioration and the development of disability.
Role of serotonin in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Baumgarten H. G. , Grozdanovic Z. 
Published: August 2018

Background Serotonin may play a role in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) because of the anti-obsessional effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRJs).Method The literature is reviewed on knowledge of the role of serotonergic neurons in brain function, studies on monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), various stress neuropeptides, neuroendocrine and behavioural challenge after administration of direct and indirect serotomimetic compounds, and neuroanatomical data on brain circuits organising behaviour.Results In most of the OCD cases analysed, CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid concentrations do not significantly differ from age-corrected controls. However, a relationship appears to exist between pre-treatment levels of these metabolites and clinical response to drugs acting on the serotonin transporter. Abnormalities in CSF arginine vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin and somatostatin levels have been reported in OCD. Long-term treatment with high-doses of clomipramine, fluvoxamine, and fluoxetine tend to correct these neuropeptide abnormalities.Conclusions We hypothesise that continuous treatment with SSRJs alters serotonin turnover and neuropeptide expression patterns in OCD-entertaining functional forebrain/midbrain circuits.
Out–patient, multimodal behaviour therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Hand Iver 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundWith regard to long-term outcome, behaviour therapy is the first choice treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), with or without concomitant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication. Yet, results from research trials, usually restricted to exposure with response-preventions and other symptom-directed techniques, may not be generalisable to people with OCD in community health care services.MethodFor more than 20 years we have delivered out-patient behaviour therapy to unselected people with OCD from the community, including those with motivational and compliance problems. Prospective–retrospective follow-ups were carried out from 1–13 years after treatment.ResultsThis paper describes the applied multimodal, strategic-systemic behaviour therapy, and our partially new model of OCD. Compliant patients achieved the usual success rate of 65–70%, but this drops to 50% if all patients treated are included in the analysis.ConclusionsFor major subgroups of OCD, behaviour therapy is a very effective treatment modality. Exposure is essential, but additional (‘causal’) interventions are equally important in about half of the patients from unselected samples. Both behaviour therapy and drug-treatments need to be improved and predictive variables for outcome of either of them are urgently needed.
Neurosurgical treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Jenike M. A. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundCase reports suggest that neurosurgical operations can improve symptoms in patients with severe treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is unclear which procedure is best and which may produce the most side-effects.MethodI review the literature on the efficacy and complications of four frequently used neurosurgical procedures (cingulotomy, capsulotomy, limbic leucotomy and subcaudate tractotomy) that are used to treat refractory OCD.ResultsSince the vast majority of patients who underwent surgery were severely and chronically disabled, it is likely that these procedures were of assistance in alleviating some of their symptoms. It is currently impossible to determine which surgical procedure is the best for a particular patient.ConclusionsDespite a lack of controlled data and inconsistencies in the literature, it appears that when nonsurgical treatments have failed to improve OCD symptoms significantly in severely ill patients, at least partial relief can be obtained by some people with OCD by neurosurgery Results of cumulative studies strongly support the need for continued research in this area.
Establishing Cancer Treatment Programs in Resource-Limited Settings: Lessons Learned From Guatemala, Rwanda, and Vietnam
Authors: Wagner Claire M. , Antillón Federico , Uwinkindi François , Thuan Tran Van , Luna-Fineman Sandra , Anh Pham Tuan , Huong Tran Thanh , Valverde Patricia , Eagan Arielle , Binh Pham Van , Quang Tien Nguyen , Johnson Sonali , Binagwaho Agnes , Torode Julie 
Published: August 2018

Purpose The global burden of cancer is slated to reach 21.4 million new cases in 2030 alone, and the majority of those cases occur in under-resourced settings. Formidable changes to health care delivery systems must occur to meet this demand. Although significant policy advances have been made and documented at the international level, less is known about the efforts to create national systems to combat cancer in such settings. Methods With case reports and data from authors who are clinicians and policymakers in three financially constrained countries in different regions of the world—Guatemala, Rwanda, and Vietnam, we examined cancer care programs to identify principles that lead to robust care delivery platforms as well as challenges faced in each setting. Results The findings demonstrate that successful programs derive from equitably constructed and durable interventions focused on advancement of local clinical capacity and the prioritization of geographic and financial accessibility. In addition, a committed local response to the increasing cancer burden facilitates engagement of partners who become vital catalysts for launching treatment cascades. Also, clinical education in each setting was buttressed by international expertise, which aided both professional development and retention of staff. Conclusion All three countries demonstrate that excellent cancer care can and should be provided to all, including those who are impoverished or marginalized, without acceptance of a double standard. In this article, we call on governments and program leaders to report on successes and challenges in their own settings to allow for informed progression toward the 2025 global policy goals.
Fat-free Mass Characteristics of Muscular Physique Athletes
Authors: TINSLEY GRANT M. , GRAYBEAL AUSTIN J. , MOORE M. LANE , NICKERSON BRETT S. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTPurposeSimple body composition models, such as two-compartment models, use assumptions which may be violated in specific athletic populations (e.g., the constancy of fat-free mass density [DFFM] and hydration [TBW:FFM]). The present analysis examined FFM characteristics of muscular physique athletes.MethodsTwenty-six athletes (16 males: 94.5 ± 9.9 kg, 12.2% ± 4.2% fat; 10 females: 63.8 ± 5.7 kg, 19.7% ± 4.9% fat) completed duplicate assessments of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), and single-frequency and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (SFBIA; MFBIA). Fat-free mass was calculated via five-compartment (5C) model, and FFM characteristics (i.e.,DFFM, TBW:FFM, FFM mineral, FFM protein) were compared between sexes and between the sample and reference values (RV) from cadaver analysis. TBWBIS:FFM5Cwas designated as the reference TBW:FFM model, and alternate models were produced using BIS, MFBIA, SFBIA, impedance-based equations, and DXA output.ResultsMales had lower TBW:FFM and FFM mineral, but higher FFM protein than females (P< 0.05).DFFMwas significantly lower than RV in males (1.096 ± 0.006 g·cm−3, RV: 1.103 ± 0.013 g·cm−3;P< 0.001) and appeared higher in females (1.093 ± 0.012 g·cm−3, RV: 1.087 ± 0.021 g·cm−3;P= 0.17). TBW:FFM did not differ from RV in females (75.3% ± 4.0%; RV, 75.7% ± 4.4%;P= 0.74) or males (72.7% ± 1.9%; RV, 72.7% ± 3.1%;P= 0.97). Fat-free mass mineral was lower than RV in males (5.5% ± 0.4%; RV, 6.8% ± 0.8%;P< 0.001) and higher in females (6.5% ± 0.5%; RV, 6.1% ± 0.8%;P= 0.04). Fat-free mass protein was significantly greater than RV in males (21.9% ± 1.8%; RV, 20.6% ± 2.6%;P= 0.014), but the difference from RV in females was not statistically significant (18.3% ± 4.1%; RV, 17.1% ± 4.5%;P= 0.39). Alternate TBW:FFM models varied substantially in their agreement with RV.ConclusionsThe FFM characteristics were shown to differ between male and female physique athletes. These results may have implications for optimal body composition assessment methods when atypical physique characteristics are present.
Increasing Epstein-Barr virus infection in Chinese children: A single institutional based retrospective study.
Authors: Devkota Kiran , He Maio , Liu Meng Yi , Li Yan , Zhang You Wei 
Published: August 2018

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common virus in humans and the most common causative agent of Infectious Mononucleosis. EBV primary infection has recently risen in some countries and children below 2 years of age are highly susceptible. The clinical manifestations in children with EB virus infection involve multiple systems, causing severe illness, meaning attention should be paid during diagnosis and treatment. Objective: This single institution based retrospective study was carried out with the aim of estimating the overall prevalence of EBV infection and identifying high-risk age group among children. Methods: This study include total 253 patients under 15 years of age found to be positive for EBV DNA by PCR who were admitted to the Pediatrics Department of Renmin Hospital,(Shiyan, China) during a 4-year period from 2014 to 2017. Patients were divided into three groups; 0-<4years, 4-<6years and 6-<15years. We then calculated the percentage and prevalence of EBV DNA-positive cases. Results: The yearly EBV prevalence rate was 4.99 per 1000 admissions in 2014, 6.97 per 1000 admissions in 2015, 10.42 per 1000 admissions in 2016, and 12.16 per 1000 admissions in 2017. Out of 253 EBV-positive cases, those under 4 years had the highest rate of EBV infection (74.7%). The rate drops to 11.06% in the 4-6 years group, and was 14.22% in the 6-15 years group. Those between 6 months and 1 year are those at the highest risk. Conclusion: The rate of hospital admission of children due to EBV infection is increasing day by day. Children under 4 years of age are highly susceptible to infection and children of age between 6 months and 1 year are the high-risk group for EBV infection.
Learning from Your Friends’ Check-Ins: An Empirical Study of Location-Based Social Networks
Authors: Qiu Liangfei , Shi Zhan (Michael) , Whinston Andrew B. 
Published: August 2018

Recently, mobile applications have offered users the option to share their location information with friends. Using data from a major location-based social networking application in China, we estimate an empirical model of restaurant discovery and observational learning. The unique feature of repeat customer visits in the data allows us to examine observational learning in trials and repeats and to separate it from non-informational confounding mechanisms, such as homophily, using a novel test based on the empirical model. The empirical evidence supports a strong observational learning effect. We also find that the moderating role of the geographical locations of users and their friends on the magnitude of observational learning is critical. These findings suggest a nuanced view for local merchants to boost observational learning with the advancement of location-based technology. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0769 .