bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in adolescents’ motivations for indirect, direct, and hybrid peer defending
Authors: Pronk Jeroen , Olthof Tjeert , Goossens Frits A. , Krabbendam Lydia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAdolescents’ defending of peers who are being bullied—or peer defending—was recently found to be a heterogeneous behavioral construct. The present study investigated individual differences in adolescents’ motivations for executing these indirect, direct, and hybrid defending behaviors. In line with the literature on bullying as goal‐directed strategic behavior, we adopted a social evolution theory framework to investigate whether these peer‐defending behaviors could qualify as goal‐directed strategic prosocial behaviors. A sample of 549 Dutch adolescents (49.4% boys; Mage = 12.5 years, SD = 0.6 years) participated in this study. Their peer reported defending behaviors (including bullying behavior as a control variable) and the following behavioral motivations were assessed: (a) agentic and communal goals (self‐report), (b) prosocial and coercive social strategies (peer report), and (c) altruistic and egocentric motivations for prosocial behavior (self‐report). The outcomes of hierarchical linear regression analyses suggest that adolescents’ motivations for executing the different subtypes of peer defending partially overlap but are also different. While indirect defending was fostered by genuine concerns for victims’ well‐being, direct defending was more motivated by personal gains. Hybrid defending combined favorable aspects of both indirect and direct defending as a goal‐directed, strategic, and altruistically motivated prosocial behavior. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Parents’ perceptions of bedside teaching
Authors: Khoo Erwin Jiayuan , Parameshwara Neela , Kutzsche Stefan 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackgroundBedside teaching (BST) in a hospital setting can play an important role during medical students’ clinical placements in paediatrics. Parents often feel obliged to allow their child to participate, even if they are reluctant. The aim of this study was to examine the perceptions of parents who, with their children, were involved in medical students’ BST.MethodsConsenting parents participated in a semi‐structured interview assessing their experience of having their child involved in BST. The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Parents were assured that their children's treatment would not be negatively affected in the case of withdrawal from the study.ResultsA total of 54 parents responded and discussed their experience of their children's participation in clinical teaching. The majority of parents were keen to support medical students’ learning, and felt that they could develop better insight into their child's health in association with the teaching session. Some parents found the sessions tiring; their interest increased when they were more actively involved in planning the BST sessions.DiscussionThis study emphasises children's and adolescents’ autonomy as a main principle in making decisions about involving them in BST. Clinical teachers often face problems attempting to properly plan and conduct BST sessions. Parents appreciate having an active role in planning the sessions and are supportive of medical student education. Clinical teachers must ensure that they protect the best interests of paediatric patients and their parents. At the same time, they should advocate for the obvious benefits of BST.
Fixed dose combinations of anti‐tubercular, antimalarial and antiretroviral medicines on the Indian market: critical analysis of ubiquity, sales and regulatory status
Authors: Ligade Virendra S. , Thakar Tanmay M. , Dengale Swapnil J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the proportion and sales of unapproved Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) of anti‐tubercular, antimalarial and antiretroviral medicines available on the Indian market.MethodsAvailable FDCs of anti‐tubercular, antimalarial and antiretrovirals were screened against the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) database of approved FDCs. The FDC sales information in the given categories was obtained from AIOCD AWACS PharmaTrac, a market database. FDCs available in India were also screened against the National List of Essential Medicines India 2015 and the Orange Book Database of products approved by USFDA.ResultsOf 110 available first‐ to fourth‐line anti‐tubercular FDCs, only 32 were approved. Of 20 antimalarial FDCs available, eight were approved. However, almost 95% of available antiretroviral FDCs and branded products were approved. The sales volume of all anti‐tubercular drugs was 730 million units of which 71% were unapproved, amounting to 14.30 billion rupees in sales value (58%). Almost half of the sales value and volume of antimalarials was generated by unapproved products. About 1% of sales volume of antiretroviral FDCs came from unapproved formulations, accounting for 5% of sales value.ConclusionA large proportion of FDC formulations available in India has never been approved by CDSCO, hence raising the doubts about their safety and efficacy. An opaque regulatory framework and ambiguity over licensing powers have contributed to the problem. The rationality of unapproved FDCs should be reviewed and irrational formulations should be banned.
Nature and causes of errors in the blood transfusion chain – a step towards patient safety
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Kaur Gagandeep , Kaur Paramjit 
Published: November 2018

Background and objectivesA wide range of errors (all deviations from standard operating procedures) occur at various steps of the transfusion process. This study was conducted to identify the nature and cause of errors in the process of blood transfusion.Materials and methodsA prospective study was conducted in the department of Transfusion Medicine at a tertiary care hospital in India over a period of 18 months. All the errors that occurred during the process of blood transfusion starting from the donor phlebotomy till the transfusion of blood component to the patient were reported and analysed.ResultsA total of 156 errors were found during the study period. The actual events which include no‐harm and adverse events were 10% and 5%, respectively, whereas near‐miss events were 85% (ratio of actual to near miss was 1:5.6). Laboratories were found to have the highest level of error occurrence (48% of all errors). Wrong blood in tube errors was found to be 1 per 3308 samples received. Frequency of haemolytic transfusion reactions due to ABO incompatibility was found to be 1 in 6770. The majority of errors (74.4%) were recovered due to system check built within the departmental standard operating procedures (SOPs), and thus, recovery was planned. However, the remaining 25.6% events were discovered only after the product was issued.ConclusionThe data obtained through this study highlight the various critical steps where errors can occur in the long chain of blood transfusion.
Blood donor behaviour, motivations and the need for a systematic cross‐cultural perspective: the example of moral outrage and health‐ and non‐health‐based philanthropy across seven countries
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn , Dorner Laszlo , France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Masser Barbara , Lam Michael , Marta Elena , Alfieri Sara , Merz Eva‐Maria , Adams Byron , Huis in ’t Veld Elisabeth , Scerri Josianne 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundBlood donation is a prosocial altruistic act that is motived by the mechanisms that underlie altruism (e.g. warm‐glow, reciprocity, fairness/trust). Because there is consistent evidence that altruism and its mechanisms show cross‐cultural variability, in the present paper we make the case for a cross‐cultural perspective in blood donor research.MethodsWe analyse a subset of variables from a larger study, with samples drawn from seven countries (England, Malta, the Netherlands, Australia, the USA, Hungary, Italy: average N per country = 282). This subset of variables focuses on health (organ donor registration) and non‐health (volunteering, donating money) philanthropy, family traditions of helping and moral outrage as predictors of blood donor status.ResultsWe show two cross‐cultural universals: (1) organ donor registration in opt‐in countries is positively associated with blood donor status and (2) non‐health philanthropy is generally unrelated to blood donor status. We also show two country‐specific effects: (1) a family tradition for helping is associated with blood donor status in Italy only and (2) moral outrage is a predictor only in the USA.ConclusionsWe contend that these findings provide proof of principle why a cross‐cultural perspective on blood donor behaviour is needed.
A mixing‐length‐scale‐based analytical model for predicting velocity profiles of open‐channel flows with submerged rigid vegetation
Authors: Tang Xiaonan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn open‐channel flows with submerged vegetation, the vertical velocity profile can often be described by two layers: the vegetation layer in the lower region and the surface layer in the upper non‐vegetated region. In this paper, a new mixing‐length scale of eddy is proposed for predicting the vertical velocity profile of flow in an open‐channel with submerged rigid vegetation. The analytical model of velocity profile is based on the momentum equation of flow where the turbulent eddy viscosity is assumed to have a linear relationship with the local velocity. The proposed model was tested against different datasets from the literature. The 22 datasets used cover a range of submergence [flow depth (H)/vegetation height (h) = 1.25 ~ 3.38], different vegetation densities of ah = 0.11 ~ 1.85 (a defined as the frontal area of the vegetation per unit volume) and bed slopes (So = 1.8 × 10−6 ~4.0 × 10−3). This study showed that the proposed model can predict the velocity profiles well against all datasets, and that the mixing length scale of eddies (λ) is well related with both vegetation height (h) and flow depth of surface layer (i.e. the height of non‐vegetation layer, H–h). Close examination of λ in the proposed model showed that when λ = 0.03, the model predicts vertical velocity profiles well for all datasets used except for very shallow submergence (i.e. H/h < 1.5).
A cluster analysis of attitudes to English in Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Edwards Alison , Fuchs Robert 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAlthough English is becoming increasingly entrenched in Western Europe, large‐scale comparative studies of attitudes among the general public to this development are scarce. We investigate over 4,000 Dutch and Germans’ attitudes towards English based on responses to an attitudinal questionnaire. Respondents saw English as a useful additional language, but not generally as a threat to their national language. Using k‐means, an unsupervised clustering algorithm, we identified two attitudinal groups per country. Respondents with positive attitudes towards English, regardless of nationality, tended to be younger, urban, better educated and more proficient in English than their compatriots with more negative views of English. These within‐country differences outweighed between‐country ones, for example, that Germans were more confident in the status of their L1, whereas Dutch showed signs of ‘English fatigue’. The findings thus appear to confirm the previously identified divide between elite ‘haves’ versus ‘have‐nots’ of English.
The relationships and interactions between age, exercise and physiological function
Authors: Lazarus Norman R. , Lord Janet M. , Harridge Stephen D. R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis brief review focuses on the relationships and interactions between human ageing, exercise and physiological function. It explores the importance of the selection of participants for ageing research, the strengths and deficiencies of both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies, and the complexities involved in understanding time‐dependent, lifelong physiological processes. As being physically active is crucial to fostering healthy ageing, it is essential that participants in health and ageing research are defined in terms of their physical activity/exercise status as well as other lifestyle factors. Comparisons of exercisers with non‐exercisers has suggested that there is a mosaic of regulation of ageing both within and across physiological systems. We suggest that four broad categories exist which encompass this regulation. These are (i) systems and indices that are age dependent, but activity independent; (ii) systems that are age dependent, but also malleable by exercise; (iii) systems that are not age affected but are altered by exercise; and (iv) systems that are neither age nor activity dependent. We briefly explore the concept of a mosaic of regulation in a selection of physiological systems. These include skeletal muscle, the immune and endocrine systems, gastrointestinal as well as cognitive function. We go onto examine how these categories might fit within the broad framework of understanding the physiology of human ageing.
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Development of Fatigue Design Standards for Marine
Structures
Authors: Lotsberg Inge 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Fatigue design standards for offshore structures became needed with development of offshore structures in harsh environments like the North Sea during the 1970s. The need for fatigue design of ship structures became increased as more high strength steel was being used in these structures during the 1970s. New types of structures and structural components have been developed such as tension leg platforms and floating production platforms and support structures for wind turbines. These structures are subjected to significant dynamic loading such that fatigue design becomes the main issue and relevant fatigue design standards are needed. This paper gives an overview of the development of fatigue design standards for marine structures over the last 40 years.
Interconnect Fatigue Failure Parameter Isolation for Power Device Reliability Prediction
Authors: Marbut Cody J. , Montazeri Mahsa , Huitink David 
Published: November 2018

Flip chip (FC) packaging techniques in modern power electronics have enabled increased power density in module performance, but mechanical stresses induced by thermal expansion during inherent operating conditions in the power devices and packages create a need for understanding thermomechanical fatigue mechanisms that lead to reliability concerns. Moreover, in actual use, these mechanical stresses impact the reliable lifetime alongside thermal factors (such as diffusion and microstructural transformation) and other process history effects. This amalgam of damage inducing phenomena make development of a concise association between damage, fatigue, and stress factors difficult to determine. For reliability demonstration under fatigue loading, accelerated life testing (ALT), such as Thermal Cycling (TC), are commonly used in industry; however, long duration and expensive equipment required for TC limit its utility, especially when considering the high cost of wide-bandgap devices and modules, and the limitation of high temperature (> 150°C) testing standards. As a result, alternative test methodologies are needed to provide faster, cheaper, and design integrable reliability determination. In this work, an accelerated test methodology is introduced and designed to simulate these mechanical stresses at isothermal conditions, which is demonstrated using test chips that are analogous to power devices. By stressing these devices in a controlled environment, mechanical stresses become de-coupled from the design and temperature, such that useful lifetimes can be predictable. Mechanical shear stress was cyclically applied directly to device-relevant, flip-chip solder interconnects while monitoring cycles-to-failure (CTF).
Also, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to extract various damage metrics of different solder materials (including PbSn37/63, SAC305 and Nano-silver) in both thermal operation and the introduced alternative mechanical testing conditions. In doing so, test protocol translations to common qualification tests (or use condition thermal profiles) can be determined and are validated using the mechanical shear stress testing method. Plastic work density and maximum shear were calculated in the critical solder interconnects for different isothermal mechanical testing temperatures (22°C, 75°C, 100°C and 125°C) and the results are compared with the simulation results of different TC test conditions. This reliability determination with failure parameter isolation allows for improved integration with FEA modeling for a priori reliability prediction during the design process.
Multifunctional Chip for Use in Thermal Analysis of Power Systems
Authors: Gonzalez-Nino David , Boteler Lauren , Urciuoli Damian P. , Kierzewski Iain M. , Ibitayo Dimeji , Quintero Pedro O. 
Published: November 2018

Many military electronic systems experience thermal transient pulses, in the sub-second range, during operation. Transient thermal solutions are being developed to address these transient pulses. In order to determine the performance of these thermal solutions, precise measurement of device junction temperature during the pulse is critical. Researchers have been patterning heaters onto chips using high temperature coefficient of resistance materials, thus allowing the use of the heater as a resistance temperature detector (RTD). For a given RTD material, in order to increase the sensitivity, a high resistance value is required; however, this equates to high voltages needed to get high heat fluxes. This work aims to design a test chip which balances between the instrumentation preferring a large resistance and the desire to maintain reasonable input voltages prompting a low resistance.
This work demonstrates a novel multi-functional thermal test chip, which consists of 25 high resistance RTDs connected in parallel. This parallel connection strikes the desired balance by allowing a small overall chip resistance while allowing probing on a much higher resistance single RTD. Furthermore, this design allows optional temperature sensing at multiple locations on the chip’s surface, the possibility to create thermal gradients by controlled powering of individual resistors at different locations on the chip’s surface, and uniform heat flux over the entire chip surface.
The Effects of Curing Profile, Temperature, and Aging on the Mechanical Behavior of Solder Mask Materials
Authors: Chowdhury Promod R. , Suhling Jeffrey C. , Lall Pradeep 
Published: November 2018

In this work, the mechanical behavior of a typical UV curable solder mask material has been explored as a function of ultra violet (UV) curing time, testing temperature, and isothermal aging exposure. Mechanical testing has been performed using standard tensile testing. For the tensile testing, a specimen preparation procedure has been developed to make 80 × 3 mm uniaxial tension test samples with a defined thickness (e.g. 0.30 mm), and both stress-strain and creep tests were performed. The solder mask test specimens were prepared in a unique way and no release agent is required to extract them from the mold. The mechanical behavior changes of the solder mask material were recorded for different curing profiles including various durations of UV exposure and subsequent isothermal curing.
The results showed that an optimum UV exposure time was critical to provide acceptable mechanical properties. In addition, the stress-strain and creep behavior of the solder mask were recorded for various temperatures from 25 to 125 °C, and the mechanical properties were found to degrade significantly at elevated temperatures as expected. The experimental results showed that variations of thermal curing profile (curing temperature and time) also change the mechanical properties significantly, so that solder masks have a very small optimum processing window. Finally, the effects of isothermal aging at 100 °C on the material behavior were characterized for different aging times. Using the recorded data, the changes in the elastic modulus, strength, and creep rate were characterized as a function of aging time. Significant variations were observed in the elastic modulus (250%) and ultimate strength (150%) of the aged samples.
Thermal-Hydraulic Performance and Optimization of Tube Ellipticity in a Plate Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger
Authors: Yang Zhuo , Khan Tariq Amin , Li Wei , Zhu Hua , Sun Zhijian , Zhang Zhengjiang , Du Jincai , Zhou Jianxin 
Published: November 2018

The flow field inside the heat exchangers is associated with maximum heat transfer and minimum pressure drop. Designing a compact heat exchanger and employing various techniques to enhance its overall performance has been widely investigated and still an active research field. However, few researches deal with thermal optimization. The application of elliptic tube is an effective alternative to circular tube which can reduce the pressure drop significantly. In this study, numerical simulation and optimization of variable tube ellipticity is studied at low Reynolds numbers. The three-dimensional numerical analysis and a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) with surrogate modelling is performed. Two row tubes in staggered arrangement in fin-and-tube heat exchanger is investigated for combination of various elliptic ratio (e = minor axis/major axis) and Reynolds number. Tube elliptic ratio ranges from 0.2 to 1 and Reynolds number ranges from 150 to 750. The tube perimeters are kept constant while changing the elliptic ratio.
The numerical model is derived based on continuum flow approach and steady-state conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy. The flow is assumed as incompressible and laminar due to low inlet velocity. Results are presented in the form of Colburn factor, friction factor, temperature contours and streamline contours. Results show that increasing elliptic ratio increases the friction factor due increased flow blocking area, however, the effect on the Colburn factor is not significant. Moreover, tube with lower elliptic ratio followed by higher elliptic ratio tube has better thermal-hydraulic performance.
To achieve maximum heat transfer enhancement and minimum pressure drop, the Pareto optimal strategy is adopted for which the CFD results, Artificial neural network (ANN) and MOGA are combined. The tubes elliptic ratio (0.2 ⩽ e ⩽ 1.0) and Reynolds number (150 ⩽ Re ⩽ 750) are the design variables. The objective functions include Colburn factor (j) and friction factor (f). The CFD results are input into ANN model. Once the ANN is computed and its accuracy is checked, it is then used to estimate the model responses as a function of inputs. The final trained ANN is then used to drive the MOGA to obtain the Pareto optimal solution. The optimal values of these parameters are finally presented.
Randomised study comparing heart rate measurement in newly born infants using a monitor incorporating electrocardiogram and pulse oximeter versus pulse oximeter alone
Authors: Murphy Madeleine C , De Angelis Laura , McCarthy Lisa K , O’Donnell Colm Patrick Finbarr 
Published: November 2018

AimTo determine whether IntelliVue (ECG plus Masimo pulse oximeter (PO)) measures heart rate (HR) in low-risk newborns more quickly than Nellcor PO (PO alone).MethodsUnmasked parallel group randomised (1:1) study.ResultsWe studied 100 infants, 47 randomised to IntelliVue, 53 to Nellcor. Time to first HR was shorter with IntelliVue ECG than Nellcor (median (IQR) 24 (19, 39) vs 48 (36, 69) s, p<0.001). There was no difference in time to display both HR and SpO2 (52 (47, 76) vs 48 (36, 69) s, p=0.507). IntelliVue PO displayed initial bradycardia more often than the Nellcor (55% vs 6%). Infants monitored with IntelliVue were handled more frequently and for longer.ConclusionsIntelliVue ECG displayed HR more quickly than Nellcor PO. IntelliVue PO often displayed initial bradycardia. Infants monitored with IntelliVue were handled more often. Study of ECG in high-risk infants is warranted.