bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rising Trends of Prescription Opioid Sales in Contemporary Brazil, 2009–2015
Authors: Krawczyk Noa , Greene M. Claire , Zorzanelli Rafaela , Bastos Francisco I. 
Published: March 2018

Objectives. To present and discuss recent patterns of prescription opioid sales throughout Brazil. Methods. We graphed linear trends of opioid prescriptions sold from registered pharmacies across Brazil from 2009 to 2015. We then calculated the change in rate of prescriptions sold per 1000 persons in 2015 compared with 2009. Results. Opioid sales increased across Brazil from 1 601 043 prescriptions in 2009 to 9 045 945 prescriptions in 2015, corresponding to a 465% increase in 6 years. The largest absolute increase was for codeine products (rate ratio (RR) = 5.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.29, 5.31), accounting for more than 98% of prescriptions in both years. Oxycodone had the largest relative increase (RR = 11.39; 95% CI = 11.19, 11.59), and fentanyl products had the smallest absolute and relative increase (RR = 2.91; 95% CI = 2.78, 3.03). Conclusions. Given rapid increases in opioid sales across Brazil, it is critical to introduce effective prescribing and monitoring methods that allow patients to access necessary medications without escalating risk of opioid misuse and related consequences. Careful surveillance of supply and subsequent outcomes are needed to prevent the development of another devastating opioid epidemic in the Americas.
Respon Varietas Unggul Kacang Tanah terhadap Cekaman Salinitas Responses of Groundnut Varieties to Salinity Stress
Authors: Taufiq Abdullah , Kristiono Afandi , Harnowo Didik 
Published: March 2018

<p>Soil salinity has negative effect on crop growth and crop productivity. Information on the response of groundnut varieties to salinity is required for varietal selection adaptable to saline soil condition. The research was conducted at the greenhouse of Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (Iletri), Malang, East Java from July to September 2013. The objective of the research was to study the effect of salinity on groundnut growth.<br />Ten groundnut varieties, consisted of seven varieties of Spanish type and three varieties of Valencia type, were tested on six levels of soil salinity. The treatment combinations were arranged in randomized complete block design, replicated four times. The soil salinity level was obtained by treating soil media using sea water dilution. Observations were made on electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil, plant height, leaf chlorophyll content index, shoot<br />and root dry weight, number and dry weight of pods, and number and dry weight of normal seeds. Results showed that increasing the salinity level inhibited both vegetative and generative growth and the critical age to the plants affected by salinity was 45-65days after sowing. All variables of plant growth and yield components decreased with the increase of salinity level. The highest EC value of the soil for groundnut planting to produce pods and seeds was 1.60-1.84 dS/m. Based on the growth variables, varieties of Valencia-type semed to be more tolerant to salinity than did Spanish-type, but there was no tolerance difference based on crop yield and yield components between the two groundnut groups. Higher tolerance of Valencia type was probably due to its ability to absorb and translocate more K in saline conditions. Among the Valencia type varieties tested, Domba variety indicated the most tolerance.</p>
AKTUALISASI NILAI-NILAI AL-QUR’AN DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KERUKUNAN DAN PERDAMAIAN ANTAR UMAT MANUSIA
Authors: Baihaki Egi Sukma 
Published: March 2018

Abstract: Al-Qur'an is as Moslem guidance that taught more values. Recently, many more wars, conflicts, and dissensions are disharmony the social interaction. Those accidents brought religion to legitimate its actions and the verses of Qur’an are also used to excuse those ones. This paper explains how the values in Qur’an can be realized to construct human life peaceful
Buffalograss Exhibits Adequate Turf Tolerance to Postemergence Herbicides Applied During or Shortly After Greenup
Authors: Li Luqi , Sousek Matthew , Gaussoin Roch , Reicher Zachary 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Many postemergence herbicides can be safely applied during buffalograss greenup in early to mid‐April (0% greenup) with little chance of turf damage.
Herbicide that does not contain 2,4‐D can be safely applied during buffalograss greenup until 1 June (70‐85% greenup).
Herbicide containing 2,4‐D should be applied before the first week of May (10‐15% greenup) for turf safety concerns, or apply no later than third week of May (50‐60% greenup) for acceptable stand during the summer months.
Bradyrhizobium japonicum Inoculants Have Little Effect in Kentucky's Soybean‐Corn Rotation
Authors: Rod Katherine S. , Knott Carrie A. , Russell Kathleen , Lee Chad D. 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Bradyrhizobium japonicum soybean inoculants did not increase seed yield and number of root nodules.
Differences were detected for higher leaf N concentration in the R6 growth stage, but this did not result in increased seed yield.
Increasing the rate of B. japonicum soybean inoculants did not increase the seed yield nor the number of root nodules.
Mowing Timing Does Not Affect the Efficacy of Broadleaf Herbicides Applied to Control Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Authors: Thompson Cole S. , Braun Ross C. , Hoyle Jared A. , Ryzin Benjamin Van 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
More information is needed to precisely define mowing restriction recommendations for systemic broadleaf herbicides.
Sufficient leaf tissue remained after mowing to allow for herbicide absorption, translocation, and subsequent control of dandelion.
Mowing 4 days before to 4 days after herbicide treatment did not impact herbicide efficacy.
The Distribution of Road Salt in Private Drinking Water Wells in a Southeastern New York Suburban Township
Authors: Kelly Victoria R. , Cunningham Mary Ann , Curri Neil , Findlay Stuart E. , Carroll Sean M. 
Published: March 2018

We used a GIS analysis of sodium and chloride concentrations in private water wells in a southeastern New York township to describe the pattern of distribution of road salt in aquifers tapped for drinking water. The primary source of road salt was sodium chloride, and sodium and chloride concentrations were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.80, p < 0.01). Chloride concentrations in wells increased as the percentage of impervious surface cover (ISC) within a 250‐m radius around wells increased (r2 = 0.87, p < 0.01) and declined with increasing distance to the nearest road (r2 = 0.76, p < 0.01). Wells that were located lower in elevation than the nearest road had higher concentrations of chloride than wells that were higher than the nearest road, but this occurred only when the nearest road was >30 m from the wells (p < 0.01). Chloride concentrations were not affected by well depth or adjacent road type (major or minor roads). Surface geology and hydrologic soil class had significant effects (p < 0.01) on chloride concentrations in wells, with porous surface geology types and well‐drained soils having higher concentrations; these effects may be confounded by the fact that ISC was more likely to occur on these permeable surface geology and soil types. Hot and cold spot analysis revealed substantial unevenness in chloride concentrations. Results for sodium were similar to those for chloride. Overall, these results indicate that road salt contamination of groundwater is unevenly distributed and is affected by landscape factors that can be used to guide well testing and best management practices of deicing salt distribution.Core Ideas
Road salt in drinking water wells was related to road proximity, ISC, surface geology, and soil type.
Road salt in groundwater was not related to well depth or road type.
Road salt contamination of groundwater was clustered in some neighborhoods.
USEPA health standards for sodium were exceeded in more than half the wells sampled.
Cropping System, Landscape Position, and Topsoil Depth Affect Soil Fertility and Nutrient Buffering
Authors: Conway Lance S. , Yost Matt A. , Kitchen Newell R. , Sudduth Kenneth A. , Veum Kristen S. 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Depth to claypan, landscape position, and cropping system influence soil fertility and nutrient buffering.
Accounting for landscape‐variable depth to claypan could improve P and K management.
Cover crops can help increase soil organic matter content.
Cover crops may help reduce P requirements on claypan soils.
Precise nutrient management across claypan soil landscapes requires an understanding of how diversity in management practices impacts soil properties and nutrient buffering. Therefore, a study was performed at the Central Mississippi River Basin site of the USDA Long‐Term Agroecosystem Network from 2010 to 2016 to determine how depth to claypan (DTC), cropping system (CS), and landscape position (LP) affect soil properties, and whether accounting for these factors could improve fertility management. Treatments consisted of five CS {MTCS, mulch till corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; NTCS, no‐till corn–soybean; NTCSW, no‐till corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–cover crop; CCRP, cool season conservation reserve program; and HAY, cool and warm‐season hay} and three LP (summit, backslope, and footslope), each with a distinct DTC. Soil test P (STP) was 9 kg P ha–1 greater on footslopes than summits. Soil test K (STK) and soil organic matter content (SOM) were greatest on backslopes and averaged 384 kg K ha–1 and 20 g kg–1, respectively, Soil test P was ≥49% and STK was ≥10% lower in NTCSW than in MTCS or NTCS. However, crop diversity in NTCSW maintained STP and increased SOM 2 g kg–1 over MTCS. Soil test P, pHs, and SOM were similar between CCRP and HAY, while STK in CCRP was greater at all LP. Lastly, deeper DTC caused greater P buffering and less K buffering than shallower DTC. These results indicate that eroded sideslopes with shallow DTC likely need more or more frequent P and less K than other LP.
O PROTAGONISMO LOCAL POR MEIO DA DEMOCRATIZAÇÃO DA INFORMAÇÃO, UM ESTUDO DE CASO: CURSO AGENTE EM INCLUSÃO DIGITAL PROEJA-FIC.
Authors: Rodrigues Vantui rodrigues , De Souza Roberto Martins 
Published: March 2018

RESUMO: Discutir o advento do avanço tecnológico e sua influência no processo de democratização da produção e distribuição de informação na sociedade, passa no atual estágio, por considerar o conhecimento mínimo da operação de dispositivos digitais portáteis e do acesso às chamadas redes sociais. Levando em consideração o enfoque dos estudos em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS). O presente trabalho relata uma experiência de democratização da informação, na região da periferia de Paranaguá, possibilitada pelo Programa Nacional de Integração da Educação Básica com a Educação Profissional na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (PROEJA) de Formação Inicial e Continuada (FIC) em Agente de Inclusão Digital, organizado pelo Eixo PROEJA do Campus Paranaguá. Nessa proposta de educação profissional a finalidade é que os estudantes desenvolvam habilidades e competências para, dentre outros conteúdos, desenvolver a comunicação popular através da produção e distribuição de material de mídia local relacionado a denúncias sobre a precarização da infraestrutura pública dos bairros, bem como as formas de resistência dos sujeitos da periferia que constroem o espaço urbano em Paranaguá. O intuito da formação é contribuir para o processo social da democratização da informação e da comunicação por meio de uma reeducação do uso das redes sociais.Palavras-chave: Educação. Proeja-Fic. CTS. Rede social. Periferia.
Study on the effect of rainfall spatial variability on runoff modelling
Authors: Zhang Jun , Han Dawei , Song Yang , Dai Qiang 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Rainfall spatial variability was assessed to explore its influence on runoff modelling. Image size, coefficient of variation (Cv) and Moran's I were chosen to assess for rainfall spatial variability. The smaller the image size after compression, the less complex is the rainfall spatial variability. The results showed that due to the drawing procedure and varied compression methods, a large uncertainty exists for using image size to describe rainfall spatial variability. Cv quantifies the variability between different rainfall values without considering rainfall spatial distribution and Moran's I describes the spatial autocorrelation between gauges rather than the values. As both rainfall values and spatial distribution have an influence on runoff modelling, the combination of Cv and Moran's I was further explored. The results showed that the combination of Cv and Moran's I is reliable to describe rainfall spatial variability. Furthermore, with the increase of rainfall spatial variability, the hydrological model performance decreases. Moreover, it is difficult for a lumped model to cope with rainfall events assigned with complex rainfall spatial variability since spatial information is not taken into consideration (i.e. the VIC model used in this study). Therefore, it is recommended to apply distributed models that can deal with more spatial input information.
Analysis of the sediment remobilization phenomenon in a rain garden using CSTR theory
Authors: Shao Zhiyu , Li Shuang , Lv Bo , Chai Hongxiang , Ao Lianggen , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Li Wenqian , He Qiang 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
To investigate the impacts of inflow on overflow suspended solids (SS) concentration in rain gardens, field experiments were carried out in Guangming New District, Shenzhen, China. The pollutant degradation process was assumed to follow the first-order decay theory. Inflow rate and SS concentration data measured from a mild rainfall event were first used to calculate the decay constant based on the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) theory, in which sediment remobilization was assumed to be negligible due to small inflow. Then, SS release rates of other rainfall events were calculated based on the known decay constant and the CSTR equations. Results show that maximum SS release rate has a strong correlation with the maximum inflow rate. Furthermore, sediment remobilization was observed in general, especially in cases of large inflow rate. Analyses show that the SS release rate is proportional to the inflow velocity. However, in the later stage of rainfall events, SS release rate drops more rapidly than the inflow velocity. This indicates the existence of a critical point, at which the inflow velocity does not have enough momentum to remobilize sediments. The study also demonstrates that small sediment particle sizes and uneven distribution of inflow could trigger sediment remobilization even with low inflow velocity.
Recent Advances on Cellulose-Based Nano-Drug Delivery Systems: Design of Prodrugs and Nanoparticles
Authors: Dai Lin , Si Chuanling 
Published: March 2018

Background:Cellulose being the first abundant biopolymers in nature has many fascinating properties, including low-cost, good biodegradability, and excellent biocompatibility, which made cellulose a real potential material to create nano-drug delivery systems (nano-DDS). This review aims to present and discuss some remarkable recent advances on the drug delivery applications of cellulosebased prodrugs and nanoparticles.Methods:By searching the research literatures over last decade, a variety featured studies on cellulosebased nano-DDS were summarized and divided into prodrugs, prodrug nanoparticles, solid or derivative nanopartilces, amphiphilic copolymer nanoparticles, and polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles. Various methods employed for the functionalization, pharmacodynamic actions and applications were described and discussed.Results:Many types of cellulose-based nano-DDS can ensure efficient encapsulation of various drugs and then overcome the free drug molecule shortcomings. Among all the method described, cellulosebased amphiphilic nanoparticles are most frequently used. These formulations have the higher drug loading capability, a simple and flexible way to achieve multi-functional. Apart from hydrophilic or hydrophobic modification, cellulose or its derivatives can form nanoparticles with different small molecules and macromolecules, leading to a large spectrum of cellulose-based nano-DDS and providing some unexpected advantages.Conclusion:Thorough physicochemical characterization and profound understanding of interactions of the cellulose-based nano-DDS with cells and tissues is indispensable. Moreover, studies toward technics parameter optimization and scale up from the laboratory to production level should be undertaken. The development of intravenous and orally applicable cellulose-based nano-DDS will be an important research area, and these systems will have more commercial status in the market.
Cancer Chemotherapy by Novel Bio-active Natural Products: Looking Towards the Future
Authors: Prakash Om , Usmani Shazia , Singh Ruchi , Mahapatra Debarshi K. , Gupta Amresh 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and accounted for
8.8 million deaths annually in humans. Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer are the
most common types of cancer in men, while breast, colorectal, lung, cervix and stomach cancer
are the most common among women. Numerous drugs that the US Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) have approved for use in cancer therapy are derived from plants, including taxanes such as
paclitaxel and vinca alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine. Still, there is an intense need for
a search for numerous bioactive sources to develop a novel anti-cancer drug to overcome this
chronic disorder. About more than thirty plants derived natural products have been isolated till
date and are currently under clinical trials. As per literature survey from various journals and texts
has been found to be novel medicinal agents from bioactive sources are clinically active against
various types of cancer cells.

Conclusion:
Current review has been highlighted on the novel medicinal agents from plant
sources have potential effects against many types of cancer, which have been supported by clinical
trials. The main findings of these active novel medicinal agents were also summarized and
discussed here.
Skrining Lactobacillus plantarum Penghasil Asam Laktat untuk Fermentasi Mocaf
Authors: Noor Zulafa , Cahyanto Muhammad Nur , Indrati Retno , Sardjono Sardjono 
Published: March 2018

This study was aimed to select the best isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum from 6 (six) of local isolates obtained from culture collections isolated from traditional foods. Selection of isolates was based on the growth rate, the number of cells, changes in pH and lactic acid production during cell growth on the MRS-broth at 37 °C for 24 hours. The results showed that the growth rate of each isolate varied, as measured by the length of the log phase, ranging from 8-20 h. It showed that some isolates quite fast towards a stationary phase and some quite slow. The number of cell ranged from 8.81 to 9.74 log CFU/mL, while the pH at the beginning of cell growth from 5.2 to 5.8, and at the end of growth from 3.4 to 3.7. Lactic acid production by the end of the growth (24 h) is 0.76 to 0.98%. The results showed isolate of L. plantarum UA3 was best having the fastest growth rate (8 h of log phase), the highest cell number (9.74 log CFU/mL), and the highest lactic acid produced (0.92 %) for 14 h incubation on MRS-broth at 37 °C. Application of selected isolate of L. plantarum UA3 on solid substrate fermentation using media grated cassava yield in 0.92% lactic acid after fermentation for 60 h, with a cell number of 9.54 log CFU/mL. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memilih isolat Lactobacillus plantarum terbaik dari 6 (enam) macam isolat lokal yang diperoleh dari koleksi kultur yang berasal dari makanan tradisional. Pemilihan isolat didasarkan pada kecepatan pertumbuhan, jumlah sel, perubahan pH dan produksi asam laktat selama pertumbuhan pada media MRS-broth pada suhu 37 °C selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan pertumbuhan setiap isolat bervariasi, yang diukur dari lamanya fase log, yaitu berkisar antara 8–20 jam. Ini memperlihatkan bahwa beberapa isolat cukup cepat menuju fase stasioner dan beberapa lagi cukup lambat. Jumlah sel berkisar antara 8,81–9,74 log CFU/mL, sedangkan pH pada awal pertumbuhan sekitar 5,2–5,8, dan pada akhir pertumbuhan 3,4–3,7. Produksi asam laktat pada akhir pertumbuhan (24 jam) adalah 0,76–0,98%. Dari hasil tersebut isolat L. plantarum UA3 merupakan isolat terbaik dengan fase pertumbuhan log yang tercepat (8 jam), jumlah sel tertinggi (9,74 log CFU/mL), dan menghasilkan asam laktat paling tinggi (0,92%) pada inkubasi selama 14 jam dalam media MRS-broth suhu 37 °C. Aplikasi dari isolat terpilih L.plantarum UA3 dalam fermentasi substrat padat menggunakan media kasava parut menghasilkan asam laktat sebesar 0,92% setelah fermentasi selama 60 jam, dengan jumlah sel 9,54 logCFU/mL.
Serum Bicarbonate Concentration and Cognitive Function in Hypertensive Adults
Authors: Dobre Mirela , Gaussoin Sarah A. , Bates Jeffrey T. , Chonchol Michel B. , Cohen Debbie L. , Hostetter Thomas H. , Raphael Kalani L. , Taylor Addison A. , Lerner Alan J. , Wright Jackson T. , Rahman Mahboob ,   for the SPRINT Research Group
Published: March 2018

Background and objectives
Cognitive function worsens as kidney function declines, but mechanisms contributing to this association are not completely understood. Metabolic acidosis, a common complication of CKD, leads to neural networks overexcitation and is involved in cerebral autoregulation. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum bicarbonate concentration as a measure of metabolic acidosis, and cognitive function in hypertensive adults with and without CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Five cognitive summary scores were measured (global cognitive function, executive function, memory, attention/concentration, and language) in 2853 participants in the Systolic BP Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, systolic BP, medications, eGFR and albuminuria evaluated the cross-sectional association between bicarbonate and cognition at SPRINT baseline. In a subset (n=681) who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging, the models were adjusted for white matter hyperintensity volume, vascular reactivity, and cerebral blood flow.

Results
The mean age (SD) was 68 (8.5) years. Global cognitive and executive functions were positively associated with serum bicarbonate (estimate [SEM]: 0.014 [0.006]; P=0.01, and 0.018 [0.006]; P=0.003, respectively). Each 1 mEq/L lower bicarbonate level had a similar association with global cognitive and executive function as being 4.3 and 5.4 months older, respectively. The association with global cognition persisted after magnetic resonance imaging findings adjustment (estimate [SEM]: 0.03 [0.01]; P=0.01). There was no association between serum bicarbonate level and memory, attention/concentration, and language.

Conclusions
In a large cohort of hypertensive adults, higher serum bicarbonate levels were independently associated with better global cognitive and executive performance. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01206062).