bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary Eyewall Formation and Concentric Eyewall Replacement in Association with Increased Low-Level Inner-Core Diabatic Cooling
Authors: Chen Guanghua 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The role of increased diabatic cooling in secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) is examined using idealized numerical simulation. The experiment with the low-level inner-core diabatic cooling increased by 30% features the low-entropy air and downward motion in the inner-core region whereas the convergence and active convective updrafts are in the outer-core region. In collaboration with the favorable ambient dynamical conditions and boundary layer dynamical processes, the concentric convective ring is initiated with the aid of the outward expansion of strong wind field, and then contracts inward to replace the inner eyewall. Subsequently, the deep-tropospheric radial outflows driven by the large outward-directed agradient force related to the massive strong tangential wind generate a largely outward-tilted eyewall, eventually forming a large-eyed storm. The sensitivity to the strength and radial location of diabatic cooling shows that neither the 20% increase nor 10-km radially inward shift of the low-level cooling produces a pronounced SEF and ERC because of the lack of an evident moat region. In contrast, both the 40% increase and 10-km radially outward shift of cooling lead to the active outer rainbands occurring at a larger radius. In the former case, because of the deep-layer radial outflow above the boundary layer, the largely outward-tilted concentric eyewall shrinks slowly, directly creating a large-eyed structure. In the latter case, the formation of concentric eyewall is delayed because of the low inertial stability at a large radius, but experiences an expeditious ontraction because of the strong radial inflow.
On the Choice of Ensemble Mean for Estimating the Forced Signal in the Presence of Internal Variability
Authors: Frankcombe Leela M. , England Matthew H. , Kajtar Jules B. , Mann Michael E. , Steinman Byron A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this paper we examine various options for the calculation of the forced signal in climate model simulations, and the impact these choices have on the estimates of internal variability. We find that an ensemble mean of runs from a single climate model [a single model ensemble mean (SMEM)] provides a good estimate of the true forced signal even for models with very few ensemble members. In cases where only a single member is available for a given model, however, the SMEM from other models is in general out-performed by the scaled ensemble mean from all available climate model simulations [the multimodel ensemble mean (MMEM)]. The scaled MMEM may therefore be used as an estimate of the forced signal for observations. The MMEM method, however, leads to increasing errors further into the future, as the different rates of warming in the models causes their trajectories to diverge. We therefore apply the SMEM method to those models with a sufficient number of ensemble members to estimate the change in the amplitude of internal variability under a future forcing scenario. In line with previous results, we find that on average the surface air temperature variability decreases at higher latitudes, particularly over the ocean along the sea ice margins, while variability in precipitation increases on average, particularly at high latitudes. Variability in sea level pressure decreases on average in the Southern Hemisphere, while in the Northern Hemisphere there are regional differences.
What is the best lateral radiograph positioning technique for assessment of sagittal balance: A biomechanical study on influence of different arm positions
Authors: Sieh Koon-Man , Chan Yue-Yan , Ho Po-Yan , Fung Kwai-Yau 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of different arm postures from the physiological standing position using force plate analysis of the gravity line. Methods: Forty healthy volunteered university students were enrolled. Each subject assumed different standing positions including standing with arms resting on the side (control), with fist over the clavicle (clavicular position), with active shoulder flexion in 30°, 60° and 90° with elbows extended (active flexion A), with hand rest on a bar with a static support (passive flexion P), and with hand rest on a bar with a drip stand (passive flexion D). The offset of the gravity line from the heel was measured by force plate analysis. The offset of the gravity line in different arm positions was compared with the control using paired t-test. Results: The mean anterior offset of the gravity line in control position is 39.80% of the foot length. All testing positions showed anterior shift of the gravity line compared with the control position from 0.51% to 7.50%. There were statistically significant changes of the gravity line from the control position in all ( p < 0.05), except in the clavicular position ( p = 0.249). Conclusion: All testing positions cause anterior shifting of the center of gravity from the physiological standing position. Clavicular position is the best comparable posture to the physiological standing position in taking a lateral radiograph. We recommend using the clavicular position as the standard testing position in the assessment of the sagittal profile.
General practitioner referral of older patients to Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT): an exploratory qualitative study
Authors: Collins Noel , Corna Laurie 
Published: April 2018

Aims and methodTo understand general practitioner (GP) reticence to refer older patients to a local Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service providing mostly cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT)-based interventions. Semi-structured, hour-long interviews were conducted with eight GPs and then analysed by modified grounded theory and thematic analysis.ResultsGP views regarding the treatability of older adults with CBT influenced their willingness to refer to a CBT-based IAPT service. Perceptions of local IAPT assessment processes being distressing and onerous to older patients also motivated referral inaction. GPs expressed a preference to treat depressed older patients themselves (with medication and psychological approaches such as watchful waiting).Clinical implicationsAny strategy to increase referral rates of older adults to CBT-based IAPT services should address local GP concerns regarding assessment processes and the effectiveness of offered treatments.Declaration of interestNone.
Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependence with or without liver disease: multisite, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Morley Kirsten C. , Baillie Andrew , Fraser Isabel , Furneaux-Bate Ainsley , Dore Glenys , Roberts Michael , Abdalla Ahmed , Phung Nghi , Haber Paul S. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundThere are no available medications for the management of alcohol dependence for patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD).AimsTo conduct a multisite, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependence, with or without liver disease (trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01711125).MethodPatients (n= 104) were randomised to placebo, baclofen 30 mg/day or 75 mg/day for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes included survival time to lapse (any drinking), relapse (≥5 drinks per day in men and ≥4 in women), and the composite outcome of drinks per drinking day, number of heavy drinking days, and percentage days abstinent.ResultsThere was a significant effect of baclofen (composite groups) on time to lapse (χ2= 6.44,P<0.05, Cohen'sd= 0.56) and relapse (χ2= 4.62,P<0.05,d= 0.52). A significant treatment effect of baclofen was observed for percentage days abstinent (placebo 43%, baclofen 30 mg 69%, baclofen 75 mg 65%;P<0.05). There was one serious adverse event (overdose) directly related to medication (75 mg).ConclusionsBaclofen may be an effective treatment option for patients with ALD. However, given the profile of adverse events, the role for this medication might be best limited to specialist services.Declaration of interestNone.
Cumulative Risk Distribution for Interval Invasive Second Breast Cancers After Negative Surveillance Mammography
Authors: Lee Janie M. , Abraham Linn , Lam Diana L. , Buist Diana S.M. , Kerlikowske Karla , Miglioretti Diana L. , Houssami Nehmat , Lehman Constance D. , Henderson Louise M. , Hubbard Rebecca A. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose The aim of the current study was to characterize the risk of interval invasive second breast cancers within 5 years of primary breast cancer treatment. Methods We examined 65,084 surveillance mammograms from 18,366 women with a primary breast cancer diagnosis of unilateral ductal carcinoma in situ or stage I to III invasive breast carcinoma performed from 1996 to 2012 in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Interval invasive breast cancer was defined as ipsilateral or contralateral cancer diagnosed within 1 year after a negative surveillance mammogram. Discrete-time survival models—adjusted for all covariates—were used to estimate the probability of interval invasive cancer, given the risk factors for each surveillance round, and aggregated across rounds to estimate the 5-year cumulative probability of interval invasive cancer. Results We observed 474 surveillance-detected cancers—334 invasive and 140 ductal carcinoma in situ—and 186 interval invasive cancers which yielded a cancer detection rate of 7.3 per 1,000 examinations (95% CI, 6.6 to 8.0) and an interval invasive cancer rate of 2.9 per 1,000 examinations (95% CI, 2.5 to 3.3). Median cumulative 5-year interval cancer risk was 1.4% (interquartile range, 0.8% to 2.3%; 10th to 90th percentile range, 0.5% to 3.7%), and 15% of women had ≥ 3% 5-year interval invasive cancer risk. Cumulative 5-year interval cancer risk was highest for women with estrogen receptor– and progesterone receptor–negative primary breast cancer (2.6%; 95% CI, 1.7% to 3.5%), interval cancer presentation at primary diagnosis (2.2%; 95% CI, 1.5% to 2.9%), and breast conservation without radiation (1.8%; 95% CI, 1.1% to 2.4%). Conclusion Risk of interval invasive second breast cancer varies across women and is influenced by characteristics that can be measured at initial diagnosis, treatment, and imaging. Risk prediction models that evaluate the risk of cancers not detected by surveillance mammography should be developed to inform discussions of tailored surveillance.
Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Predicts Prognosis Independent of Histology
Authors: Nicolson Norman G , Murtha Timothy D , Dong Weilai , Paulsson Johan O , Choi Jungmin , Barbieri Andrea L , Brown Taylor C , Kunstman John W , Larsson Catharina , Prasad Manju L , Korah Reju , Lifton Richard P , Juhlin C Christofer , Carling Tobias 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Context
Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is classified into minimally invasive (miFTC), encapsulated angioinvasive (eaFTC), and widely invasive (wiFTC) subtypes, according to the 2017 World Health Organization guidelines. The genetic signatures of these subtypes may be crucial for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment but have not been described.

Objective
Identify and describe the genetic underpinnings of subtypes of FTC.

Methods
Thirty-nine tumors, comprising 12 miFTCs, 17 eaFTCs, and 10 wiFTCs, were whole-exome sequenced and analyzed. Somatic mutations, constitutional sequence variants, somatic copy number alterations, and mutational signatures were described. Clinicopathologic parameters and mutational profiles were assessed for associations with patient outcomes.

Results
Total mutation burden was consistent across FTC subtypes, with a median of 10 (range 1 to 44) nonsynonymous somatic mutations per tumor. Overall, 20.5% of specimens had a mutation in the RAS subfamily (HRAS, KRAS, or NRAS), with no notable difference between subtypes. Mutations in TSHR, DICER1, EIF1AX, KDM5C, NF1, PTEN, and TP53 were also noted to be recurrent across the cohort. Clonality analysis demonstrated more subclones in wiFTC. Survival analysis demonstrated worse disease-specific survival in the eaFTC and wiFTC cohorts, with no recurrences or deaths for patients with miFTC. Mutation burden was associated with worse prognosis, independent of histopathological classification.

Conclusions
Though the number and variety of somatic variants are similar in the different histopathological subtypes of FTC in our study, mutational burden was an independent predictor of mortality and recurrence.
Validation of Persian Caregivers' Report of Quality of Life questionnaire for adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: Yarmohammadi Narjes , Rassafiani Mehdi , Joveini Ghodsie , Rostami Hamid Reza , Mahani Mohammad Khayatzadeh , Behnia Fatmeh , Sahaf Robab , Yazdani Farzaneh 
Published: May 2018

Background/Aims: There is no tool in Persian to examine quality of life for adolescents with cerebral palsy based on their specific conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the caregivers' report of the Quality of Life questionnaire for adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP QOL). Methods: In this psychometric measurement study, the CP QOL (caregivers' report) was translated into Persian, and then its content validity, and construct validity were examined. A convenience sample of subjects including 82 parents of adolescents with cerebral palsy (13–18 years) were recruited for this study. Then, the relationship between the participants' quality of life and their level of gross motor and hand function was assessed. Findings: Internal consistency for all the questions of the questionnaire were high (0.78–0.92). There was also a significant and weak correlation between all domains of quality of life and the adolescents' gross motor function and manual abilities. Conclusions: The Persian version of the caregivers' report of the CP QOL-Teen has acceptable content validity. It is a useful tool for evaluating the quality of life of adolescents with cerebral palsy.
Population ageing and the labour market during the recent crisis in Portugal
Authors: de Albuquerque Paula Cristina A. Mateus 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The recent debt crisis has affected southern European countries particularly severely. One of its most negative effects has been the high level of unemployment. The ageing of populations complicates the functioning of social security systems, particularly owing to an increase in financial commitments to pay pensions. This creates pressure for larger budget deficits that, in turn, increase public debt, thus worsening the crisis and also the unemployment rate. Nevertheless, population ageing can also operate favourably in reducing the unemployment rate. Here we discuss the effects of ageing on the aggregate measures of labour market performance and call attention to the frequently forgotten positive direct effect of a change in the age structure of a population. We exemplify this with data from the period when Portugal was in crisis, Portugal being one of the countries that was not only affected by the severe debt crisis but also has a high proportion of elderly individuals in the population. In addition, we research the relative performance of the different age groups in terms of their labour market experiences.
Cultural networking: Rhetoric, policy and practice in Portugal
Authors: Silva Augusto Santos 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The article examines the content and functionality of the concept of cultural networking, considering the context of dense social and institutional processes and recurring to available empirical data. The assumption is that fruitful sociological comparison needs the consideration of real and specific cases, if one wants to avoid the mimesis of administrative jargon or the ritual repetition of empty generalities. For this test, an interesting case can be found in Portugal. It points out a balance between two main uses of the concept and method of networking. One refers to ‘macro-policies’, defined and implemented, in a rather top-down paradigm, by national authorities. The other one relates to meso- or micro-practices and to bottom-up strategies, whose protagonists are mainly local authorities, cultural institutions and artists. In both ways, networking proves to be an efficient tool both for policy and to cultural agency.
Revising the institutionalization of science policies: Historical contexts and competing models
Authors: Rollo Maria Fernanda , Brandão Tiago , Queiroz Maria Inês 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
It is relatively frequent within the social sciences, particularly the history of science, to recognize, with more or less focus, the role of institutionalization and professionalization processes in the development of science and technology. Differences between various scientific institutions are not yet sufficiently understood, including their profiles and the different historical contexts in which they have been created, reformed and/or recreated, which makes up different models and historical implications as regards the assumptions of national science policies. By studying comparative work in the history of the Portuguese science policy process the main purpose of this article is to understand, compare and differentiate the relevant national experiences related to different national science policies agencies, mainly across Europa and North America, during the twentieth century, but with particular focus on the inter-war period and afterwards.
Lisbon and its port: Urban planning and surveillance expectations and results
Authors: Pinheiro Magda 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The rapid urban growth had a strong impact on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the cities. Port Cities experienced significant urban growth in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Trade growth and technological changes in ships led to the construction of new port facilities that completely transformed the landscape of port cities. Portuguese governments hoped that the modernization of the port and the establishment of railways would enable transformation of Castile into a hinterland of the Lisbon port. Emerging problems in the early stages of this process were related to hygiene, traffic, safety and the urban image of the city. Due to their relations with the outside world, the impact of migration and the existence of a fluid labour population, port cities sometimes had the image of being dangerous and unsafe havens. It was difficult to survey the flows of population and to control for goods, people and diseases. The aims of this article are to assess the way in which Lisbon and its port followed this international path and to highlight why its actualization was far behind the authorities’ expectations.
Defence planning and alliances: Portugal in the early years of the Cold War (1945–59)
Authors: Rocha Jorge M. L. Silva 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This article looks at how Portuguese defence planning was executed in the years 1945–59, and seeks to assess to what extent this same planning was subject to constraints derived from the alliances established by the Portuguese government. During this period, Portugal was faced with internal and external issues of difficult resolution. Internationally, its interests and its obligations were focused on the Atlantic powers, the ones who had the necessary means and organization to counter the Soviet threat. At home, the Portuguese authorities considered that Portugal was first of all part of the Iberian peninsula and, as such, made common cause for its military defence with its turbulent and, at that time, less respectable Spanish neighbour.
Conflicts among peers in the playground in a group of Spanish elementary schools
Authors: Ros-Morente Agnès , Piqué M. Àngels Cabasés , Guiu Gemma Filella 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This study aimed to analyse and explore through systematic observation the conflicts that occur among peers during the playground in elementary schools in Spain. The study followed a non-experimental descriptive design and all conflicts were observed in their natural context of 44 schools. Among the 1691 conflicts detected in a sample of 2529 students, significant differences were found among the different types of conflicts (verbal, physical, social exclusion and sexual harassment), which depended on the course and sex of the protagonists. Furthermore, a different pattern emerged in the reactions that other peers and teachers had to the initial conflicts. Additionally, findings were consistent with the findings in previous studies in the literature regarding the need to train and prepare teachers to prevent future conflicts in the scholar context.
Quality of work research: A methodological review
Authors: Barroso Margarida M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The research on quality of work experienced remarkable resurgence during the noughties, partially as a result of the inclusion of the topic in European and international policy-making agendas. In the second half of the decade, the global economic crisis largely redirected the attention to the quantitative dimensions of labour market policy. Nonetheless, academic production on job quality has maintained its vitality over the years. As in many other relevant research topics, consensus over the conceptualization and measurement of quality of work has been difficult to achieve among academics and policy-makers. Apart from the lack of a commonly agreed definition, measurement also tends to be varied and supported by different methods. In fact, both academics and policy-makers claim the need for a more consensual definition as a way of improving the comparability between countries, sectors of activity or occupations. In this article, we compare the methodological designs of a selected group of quality of work studies to identify the degree to which there are significant discrepancies within the academic community and to assess progress regarding the challenge of conceptualizing and measuring quality of work. The article offers a review of the most-cited articles indexed at the Scopus database between 2000 and 2015, and a comprehensive analysis over the question of conceptualization and measurement.
Context of learning and second language development of Spanish vowels
Authors: Long Avizia Y. , Solon Megan , Bongiovanni Silvina 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The present study explored development in Spanish vowel production during a short-term study abroad program. The production patterns of a group of learners studying abroad in a 4-week program in the Dominican Republic were compared in terms of overall vowel quality, tendency to diphthongize /e/ and /o/, and vowel duration to those of a similar group of learners studying in the at-home context. Results revealed no significant changes or differences between groups in vowel quality or diphthongization, but a significant improvement (i.e., reduction) in vowel duration for /a/, /o/, and /u/ for the at-home group only. Findings are discussed in relation to previous research, and areas for future research are outlined.