bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of graded levels of Azadirachta indica seed oil on growth performance and biochemical profiles of broiler chickens
Authors: Mafouo Sonhafouo Vanessa , Kana Jean Raphaël , Nguepi Dongmo Kissel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBecause of speculated risk in generating antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microbiota, natural products from plant origin due to their diverse biological activities, have recently gained a great attention in animal nutrition. This study was designed to evaluate graded levels of neem seed oil on growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 400‐day‐old chicks were randomly allocated to five experimental treatment groups. Experimental rations consisted of supplementing basal diet (R0−) with 1 g antibiotic (R0 + ), 15, 20 and 25 g neem seed oil/kg of feed. Data were recorded on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and serum biochemical parameters. Result revealed that feeding broiler chicks with 25 g of neem oil/kg of feed resulted in a marked (P < 0.05) decreased in feed intake as compared to the other treatments in the starter phase. The average live body weight and the weight gain decreased with increasing level of neem oil in the ration. Supplementation of poultry feed with graded levels of neem oil has no marked (P > 0.05) effect on carcass yield and relative weight of organs except for liver weight which significantly (P < 0.05) increased with the highest dose of neem oil. Serum content in total proteins, total cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the graded levels of neem oil. LDL‐cholesterol significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with diets supplemented 20 g of neem oil/kg while triglycerides significantly increased with the highest doses of oil (20 and 25 g/kg) as compared to the negative and positive control rations. In conclusion, feeding broilers with Azadirachta indica seed oil has no beneficial effect on growth performance but may lead to the production of low‐cholesterol chicken meat as demand by health‐conscious consumers.
A new live trap for pocket gophers
Authors: Moore Nicholas B. , Duncan Sarah I. , Parsons Elizabeth I. , Pynne J. T. , Austin James D. , Mike Conner L. , Castleberry Steven B. , Gitzen Robert A. , McCleery Robert A. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTLive‐trapping is important for studying wildlife. In 2016 at Ordway‐Swisher Biological Station in Melrose, Florida, USA, we tested the efficacy of a modified pitfall trap designed to safely and effectively capture southeastern pocket gophers (Geomys pinetis). When compared with the commonly used Hart trap, the new design captured 92% of all live captures of southeastern pocket gophers. The novel trap has a simple, passive design that eliminates dependence on trigger mechanisms, allows for safe overnight trapping, and reduces on‐site hours by researchers. The new trap adds to the few live traps available to study ecologically important and understudied fossorial species. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Trace determination of uranium preconcentrated using graphene oxide by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Takahashi Hiroaki , Izumoto Yukie , Matsuyama Tsugufumi , Yoshii Hiroshi 
Published: March 2019

A new method based on dispersive microsolid phase extraction using graphene oxide (GO) as a solid adsorbent and total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry is proposed for trace determination of uranium. In the developed methodology, a suspension of GO was injected into uranium‐spiked multielement solutions including rubidium; after filtration, the membrane filter with collected GO was placed in a small volume of internal standard acid solution and the eluent containing uranium was deposited onto a fluorine resin‐coated slide glass, which is a disposable sample stage. Using GO was effective for removal of rubidium from the measurement solution to avoid interference between Rb Kα peak and U Lα peak. The high enrichment factor of 150 enables obtaining uranium detection limits of 0.042, 0.087, and 0.12 μg L−1 for ionic strength of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mol L−1, respectively. Such low detection limits were obtained by using a benchtop TXRF spectrometer with 5‐min measurement. The proposed method is suitable for trace uranium determination in water, including high salinity samples.
Treatment Strategies and Survival Trends for Anorectal Melanoma: Is it Time for a Change?
Authors: Taylor James P. , Stem Miloslawa , Yu David , Chen Sophia Y. , Fang Sandy H. , Gearhart Susan L. , Safar Bashar , Efron Jonathan E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundImmunotherapy advances for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma question its efficacy in treating anorectal mucosal melanoma (ARMM). We aimed to identify the prevalence, current management, and overall survival (OS) for ARMM.MethodsReview of patients with ARMM from 2004 to 2015 National Cancer Database. Factors associated with immunotherapy were identified using multivariable logistic regression. The primary outcome was 2‐ and 5‐year OS. Subgroup analysis by treatment type was performed.ResultsA total of 1331 patients were identified with a significant increase in prevalence (2004: 6.99%, 2015: 10.53%). ARMM patients were older, white, on Medicare, and from the South. The most common treatment was surgery (48.77%), followed by surgery + radiation (11.75%), surgery + immunotherapy (8.68%), and surgery + chemotherapy (8.68%). 16.93% of patients received immunotherapy, with utilization increasing (7.24%: 2004, 21.27%: 2015, p < 0.001). Patients who received immunotherapy had a significantly better 2‐year OS (42.47% vs. 49.21%, p < 0.001), and other therapies did not reveal a significant difference. Adjusted analysis showed no difference in 2‐ and 5‐year OS based on therapy type.ConclusionThe prevalence of ARMM has increased. The use of immunotherapy has increased substantially. Some survival benefit with the administration of immunotherapy may exist that has yet to be revealed. A more aggressive treatment paradigm is warranted.
Change in the Stability of First Premarital Cohabitation Among Women in the United States, 1983–2013
Authors: Lamidi Esther O. , Manning Wendy D. , Brown Susan L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The rapid growth in cohabitation over the past quarter-century necessitates studies of changes in the stability and outcomes of cohabitation. We utilized data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and the most recent NSFG data from 2011–2013 to examine the outcomes of two comparable cohorts of first premarital cohabiting women (1983–1988 and 2006–2013). Our results showed that cohabitations formed between 2006 and 2013 lasted longer—18 months, on average—than those formed in the mid-1980s, which lasted for an average of 12 months. We found that the lengthening of cohabitation over time cuts across sociodemographic characteristics—race/ethnicity, education, and motherhood status—and resulted mostly from the declining rate of transitioning to marriage. We found some support for the diverging destinies perspective in that disparities in the outcomes of cohabitation by education and by cohabiting birth have widened over time. Our analyses showed that changes in the outcomes of first premarital cohabiting unions over the past three decades were not due to compositional shifts in cohabitors. These results demonstrate the evolving dynamics of cohabitation over a 30-year window.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1–Loaded Polymeric Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic) Acid Microspheres Improved Erectile Function in a Rat Model of Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Injury
Authors: Haney Nora M. , Talwar Sudha , Akula Prasad K. , Reddy Amit G. , Pema Geoffroy Sanga , Ninh Thien V. , Rezk Bashir M. , Heidari Zahra , Bouljihad Mostafa T. , Sikka Suresh C. , John Vijay , Abdel-Mageed Asim B. , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Previous studies have documented improvement in erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) in rats with the use of pioglitazone. Our group determined this improvement to be mediated by the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway.

Aim
To eliminate the systemic effects of pioglitazone and evaluate the local delivery of IGF-1 by polymeric microspheres after BCNI in the rat.

Methods
Male Sprague–Dawley rats aged 10–12 weeks were assigned at random to 3 groups: sham operation with phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-loaded microspheres (sham group), crush injury with PBS-loaded microspheres (crush group), and crush injury with IGF-1–loaded microspheres (IGF-1 group). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microspheres were injected underneath the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). IGF-1 was released at approximately 30 ng/mL/day per MPG per rat.

Outcomes
Functional results were demonstrated by maximal intracavernosal pressure (ICP) normalized to mean arterial pressure (MAP). Protein-level analysis data of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were obtained using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry for both the cavernosal tissue and the MPG and cavernous nerve (CN).

Results
At 2 weeks after nerve injury, animals treated with IGF-1 demonstrated improved erectile functional recovery (ICP/MAP) at all voltages compared with BCNI (2.5V, P = .001; 5V, P &lt; .001; 7.5V, P &lt; .001). Western blot results revealed that up-regulation of the IGF-1R and ERK-1/2 in both the nervous and erectile tissue was associated with improved erectile function recovery. There were no significant between-group differences in nNOS protein levels in cavernosal tissue, but there was an up-regulation of nNOS in the MPG and CN. Immunohistochemistry confirmed these trends.

Clinical Translation
Local up-regulation of the IGF-1R in the neurovascular bed at the time of nerve injury may help men preserve erectile function after pelvic surgery, such as radical prostatectomy, eliminating the need for systemic therapy.

Strengths & Limitations
This study demonstrates that local drug delivery to the MPG and CN can affect the CN tissue downstream, but did not investigate the potential effects of up-regulation of the growth factor receptors on prostate cancer tissue.

Conclusion
Stimulating the IGF-1R at the level of the CN has the potential to mitigate erectile dysfunction in men after radical prostatectomy, but further research is needed to evaluate the safety of this growth factor in the setting of prostate cancer.
Factors Associated with Sexual Debut in Mexican Adolescents: Results of the National Survey on Drug Use among Students in 2014
Authors: Barragán Virginia , Berenzon Shoshana , Tiburcio Marcela , Bustos Marycarmen , Villatoro Jorge 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Although first sexual experience (understood as first sexual intercourse) is one of the most commonly assessed characteristics of adolescents, recent research emphasizes the importance of understanding other related social factors. This study highlights factors associated with first sexual experience in a nationally representative sample of adolescent students in Mexico.

Aims
The goals of this study were (i) to determine the proportion of adolescents aged 12–17 who had had their first sexual experience; (ii) to identify the factors associated with first sexual experience; and (iii) to analyze the conditions (condom use, substance use) in which first sexual experience takes place.

Method
The data presented in this study are drawn from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use in Students (Spanish acronym ENCODE), undertaken with the purpose of identifying the prevalence of drug use and associated variables, including sexual activity, in Mexican students. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate the probability of first sexual experience at a given age, taking sex as an outcome variable and age as a follow-up period. Logistic regression was used to assess possible factors for sexual initiation.

Main Outcome Measures
Validated standard questionnaires were used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, first sexual experience (framed as first sexual intercourse), frequency of sexual relations, sexual partners, sexual preference (framed as preferred sex of partners), substance use, having a physical illness or a behavioral problem, condom or other contraceptive use, as well as the absence or presence of parents, parents’ educational attainment, and parents’ substance use.

Results
A total of 26,187 students aged 12–17 participated. Of this total, 14.8% had already had their first sexual experience, at a median age of 15; 64.5% used some type of contraceptive, and 53.2% used condoms. Proportional probabilities for having first sexual experience using age as a follow-up period showed that the probability of having sex earlier was higher among boys than girls: the probability of having sex at age of 15 was 26.5% for boys and 13.9% for girls. Predictors of first sexual experience included substance use (alcohol OR = 2.5, tobacco OR = 2.6, and other drugs OR = 2.3), having a mother who used drugs (OR= 2.2), sexual preference (female homosexual, OR = 2.2), and sex (male, OR = 2.1).

Conclusions
Boys are more likely to have had a first sexual experience than girls. Future strategies should incorporate specifically targeted elements with different messages that consider adolescents’ sex and age.
Male Sexual Dysfunction Among Egyptian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Before and After Direct-Acting Antiviral Drugs
Authors: Elshimi Esam , Morad Wesam , Mohamad Noha Ezzat 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health burden that affects quality of life, with a negative impact on sexual functioning (SF).

Aim
To study male sexual dysfunction (MSD) among Egyptian men with chronic HCV infection and the impact of therapy with direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) on their sexual health.

Methods
The self-administered International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire was completed by 400 sexually active male patients with chronic HCV infection without liver cirrhosis before the initiation of therapy with DAAs and then again at the completion of therapy. We compared these baseline questionnaires with those completed by a similar number of age-matched and socioeconomic status–matched controls. In the patients with HCV infection, we also compared IIEF questionnaires completed before and after DAA therapy.

Main Outcome Measure
We determined the proportions of patients and controls who were dissatisfied with their sexual life and the impact of clearing HCV infection on MSD and evaluated the impact of DAA therapy on the total IIEF score and scores in all IIEF domains.

Results
Men with chronic HCV infection before DAA treatment had significantly higher erectile dysfunction (ED) scores compared with controls, and scores increased with age (P &lt; .0001). The average scores in all IIEF domains was significantly lower in the patients compared with controls in all age groups. Men with chronic HCV infection had significantly higher ED scores before cure than after cure (P &lt; .0001).

Clinical Implications
Given the high prevalence of MSD in patients with chronic HCV infection, and given that curing the HCV virus can improve the MSD associated with HCV infection, it is recommended that sexual quality of life in men with HCV be addressed as part of the evaluation protocol before initiation of DAA treatment and again after cure in an effort to improve this particular aspect of quality of life.

Strengths & Limitations
This is the first study to report on MSD in the era of DAA therapy in Egyptian men with chronic HCV infection before the development of cirrhosis, with a relatively large study population. The use of a detailed version of the IIEF questionnaire reinforces the validity of our study.

Conclusion
Chronic HCV infection negatively impacts MSD, affecting all domains of the IIEF, and effects increase with age. The MSD associated with HCV infection is significantly improved in patients who are cleared of the virus. These findings require further confirmation and need to be addressed as part of a comprehensive therapeutic plan to improve patients’ quality of life.
Bioarchaeological Practice and the Curation of Human Skeletal Remains in a Greek Context: The Phaleron Cemetery
Authors: Prevedorou Eleni-Anna , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTHuman skeletal remains constitute remarkably informative finds, both biologically and socioculturally. Their recovery, preservation, conservation, storage, and analysis are complex issues that need to be addressed within any given biocultural context. Given the country's geography and the long history of human occupation, Greek field archaeology is intense and ongoing, with both rescue and systematic excavations. Human burials are thus frequently encountered in excavations throughout Greece, resulting in the accumulation of osteological material. Some of the common challenges of bioarchaeological research in Greece consist of insufficient time, funding, and documentation in the field; unmet conservation needs and lack of storage space; as well as the long time-gap between excavation and analysis. Here, we give a brief overview of excavation, curation, and bioarchaeological practice within a Greek archaeological framework. We focus on the newly launched Phaleron Bioarchaeological Project on a vast necropolis from the wider Athens region in order to present our methodological approach. Finally, we consider the role of interdisciplinary collaboration in managing large-scale bioarchaeological projects and serving long-term heritage preservation goals.
Excavation and Curation Strategies for Complex Burials in Tropical Environments
Authors: Freiwald Carolyn 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBioarchaeologists often are faced with the challenge of managing field excavations and lab analyses of skeletal remains at the same time—along with student and staff training and curation of osteological remains—and cannot be in two places at once. This article presents strategies for the recovery of human remains useful for large projects where multiple burials must be recovered simultaneously, remains are poorly preserved, and complex burial practices such as seated body positions and commingled remains are present. The excavation and curation strategies are presented in the context of the seated burial practice in the Maya region, a funerary tradition that requires detailed documentation of the burial as well as the body in order to understand its meaning. Classic period (AD 250-900) seated burials do not fit a single biological profile; in fact, the taphonomic profile of one seated individual at Actuncan, Belize, suggests a closer relationship to body processing and/or context than to status. Tropical and semitropical environmental conditions also require modified curation procedures, which present ethical challenges as well as physical ones.
Implementing Photogrammetry in Three Bioarchaeological Contexts: Steps for In-Field Documentation
Authors: Novotny Anna C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHuman skeletal remains hold a wealth of information about past life-ways, but their documentation and recovery from archaeological contexts is challenging. Four challenges face bioarchaeological field work: poor skeletal preservation; complex mortuary traditions; sub-par excavation conditions; and excavation time limits. Poor preservation often prevents the collection of metric data from skeletons. This project tested whether a bioarchaeologist with basic photography skills and excavation equipment could address these challenges using photogrammetry. Photogrammetry was employed at the ancient Maya sites of Say Kah and Chan Chich, both located in northern Belize, to document human skeletal remains and their archaeological contexts. Steps are provided for implementing photogrammetry in the field, as well as addressing challenges for using the technique during burial documentation. This project produced only one adequate 3-D model and no metric data could be collected. Overall, photogrammetry seems to be a promising method for bioarchaeological research because it is low-cost, effective, and fairly straightforward to learn. The technique was faster than traditional line drawing, but sub-par excavation conditions and dark, small spaces hindered the creation of useful models. Photogrammetry provides an excellent alternative to traditional documentation addressing the challenges of poor skeletal preservation and holding potential for unraveling complex mortuary traditions.
Political-Legal Order and the Curious Double Character of
China’s Courts
Authors: LI Ling 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article provides an analytical account of how politics and law in China are
organically integrated in the institutional architecture of courts as designed
by the Chinese Communist Party (“the Party”). This design allows
the Party to retain its supreme authority in the interpretation, application,
and enforcement of the law through its institutional control over courts. At the
same time, the Party can, under this design, also afford to grant an autonomous
sphere where courts can perform their adjudicative functions with minimal
interference from the Party, as long as the Party is assured of full authority
to determine the scope of the “autonomous-zone,” to impose rules
on it, and to revoke it when necessary. Consequently, courts assume a double
character: a pliant political agent on the one hand and a legal institution of
its own agency on the other.
THE NO FREE LUNCH THEOREM: BAD NEWS FOR (WHITE'S ACCOUNT OF) THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWhite (2015) proposes an a priori justification of the reliability of inductive prediction methods based on his thesis of induction-friendliness. It asserts that there are by far more induction-friendly event sequences than induction-unfriendly event sequences. In this paper I contrast White's thesis with the famous no free lunch (NFL) theorem. I explain two versions of this theorem, the strong NFL theorem applying to binary and the weak NFL theorem applying to real-valued predictions. I show that both versions refute the thesis of induction-friendliness. In the conclusion I argue that an a priori justification of the reliability of induction based on a uniform probability distribution over possible event sequences is impossible. In the outlook I consider two alternative approaches: (i) justification externalism and (ii) optimality justifications.
THREE THINGS TO DO WITH KNOWLEDGE ASCRIPTIONS
Authors: Lossau Tammo 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTAny good theory of knowledge ascriptions should explain and predict our judgments about their felicity. I argue that any such explanation must take into account a distinction between three ways of using knowledge ascriptions: (a) to suggest acceptance of the embedded proposition, (b) to explain or predict a subject's behavior or attitudes, or (c) to understand the relation of knowledge as such. The contextual effects on our judgments about felicity systematically differ between these three types of uses. Using such a distinction is, in principle, open to both contextualist and pragmatic invariantist accounts of knowledge ascriptions. However, there are some implications pertaining to the use of the “method of cases” in the debate about knowledge ascriptions.