bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A martingale view of Blackwell’s renewal theorem and its extensions to a general counting process
Authors: Daley Daryl J. , Miyazawa Masakiyo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMartingales constitute a basic tool in stochastic analysis; this paper considers their application to counting processes. We use this tool to revisit a renewal theorem and give extensions for various counting processes. We first consider a renewal process as a pilot example, deriving a new semimartingale representation that differs from the standard decomposition via the stochastic intensity function. We then revisit Blackwell’s renewal theorem, its refinements and extensions. Based on these observations, we extend the semimartingale representation to a general counting process, and give conditions under which asymptotic behaviour similar to Blackwell’s renewal theorem holds.
On association and other forms of positive dependence for Feller processes
Authors: Tu Eddie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe characterize various forms of positive dependence, such as association, positive supermodular association and dependence, and positive orthant dependence, for jump-Feller processes. Such jump processes can be studied through their state-space dependent Lévy measures. It is through these Lévy measures that we will provide our characterization. Finally, we present applications of these results to stochastically monotone Feller processes, including Lévy processes, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, pseudo-Poisson processes, and subordinated Feller processes.
The limit distribution of the maximum probability nearest-neighbour ball
Authors: Györfi László , Henze Norbert , Walk Harro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLet X1, …, Xn be independent random points drawn from an absolutely continuous probability measure with density f in ℝd. Under mild conditions on f, wederive a Poisson limit theorem for the number of large probability nearest-neighbour balls. Denoting by Pn the maximum probability measure of nearest-neighbour balls, this limit theorem implies a Gumbel extreme value distribution for nPn − ln n as n → ∞. Moreover, we derive a tight upper bound on the upper tail of the distribution of nPn − ln n, which does not depend on f.
MicroRNAs in acquired sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Chen H H R , Wijesinghe P , Nunez D A 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis review summarises the current literature on the role of microRNAs in presbyacusis (age-related hearing loss) and sudden sensorineural hearing loss.MethodsMedline, PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases were searched for primary English-language studies, published between 2000 and 2017, which investigated the role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of presbyacusis or sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Quality of evidence was assessed using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool.ResultsNine of 207 identified articles, 6 of good quality, satisfied the review's inclusion criteria. In presbyacusis, microRNAs in pro-apoptotic and autophagy pathways are upregulated, while microRNAs in proliferative and differentiation pathways are downregulated. Evidence for microRNAs having an aetiological role in sudden hearing loss is limited.ConclusionA shift in microRNA expression, leading to reduced cellular activity and impaired inner-ear homeostasis, may contribute to the pathogenesis of presbyacusis.
Testing the deficient processing account of the spacing effect in second language vocabulary learning: Evidence from eye tracking
Authors: Koval Natalie G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe spacing effect refers to the learning benefit that comes from separating repeated study of target items by time or by other items. A prominent proposed explanation for this effect states that repeated exposures that occur closely together may not engage full attentional processing due to residual activation of the previous exposure and also, in an intentional learning context, due to a sense of familiarity that may result in strategic allocation of less study time to an item in massed repetitions. The present study used eye-tracking methodology to investigate the effects of temporal distribution of repeated exposures to novel second language words on attentional processing and learning of these words under intentional learning instructions. Adult native speakers of English read Finnish words embedded in English sentence contexts under massed and spaced conditions. The results showed that (a) massed repeated exposures received less attentional processing than spaced repeated exposures; (b) target words were better remembered in the spaced condition; and (c) attention was a significant mediator of the obtained spacing effect, in line with the predictions of the deficient processing account of the spacing effect. Implications for vocabulary learning are discussed.
Facilitating contemporary music in projects in schools – a qualitative study in Germany
Authors: Wieneke Julia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSince the late nineties, composition projects inviting artists and contemporary composers into schools and communities became more established and written about in German speaking countries (see for instance Henze, 1998; Schneider, Bösze & Stangl, 2000; Schneider, 2000; Schatt, 2009; Schlothfeldt, 2009; Schneider, 2012). Additionally, music education researchers have provided theoretical and didactical analysis of contemporary music teaching and learning in schools (Winkler, 2002; Weber, 2003). In this qualitative study, expert interviews were analysed using Grounded Theory Methodology to investigate structures and processes of current practises in collaborative composition projects. Apart from illustrating the seven structural factors and three main project sections that emerged, the article also discusses the main categoryfostering creative processes.
Caractéristiques environnementales favorisant la participation sociale: une enquête auprès d’aînés québécois
Authors: Naud Daniel , Hamel Mélanie , Caron Mélyna , Cardin Virginie , Roux Marie-Hélène D. , Levasseur Mélanie 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTWe document and compare the environmental characteristics potentially associated with social participation of older Quebecers, according to the level of rurality. A survey was carried out among older Quebecers aged 65 and over recruited by different senior groups and through social media. The Questionnaire their potential for social participation, developed from a systematic literature review, was completed by respondents. According to the 515 older participants, 71.5 years old on average, environmental characteristics linked to social participation, as well as user-friendliness of the city and neighborhood, are more favorably perceived in metropolitan and urban areas than rural areas. However, access to public transportation and the welcoming and openness of local residents are more appreciated by rural respondents. These results support the presence of inequalities in social participation according to level of rurality and offer some leads for action.
Strain variations in cone wavelength peaksin situduring zebrafish development
Authors: Nelson Ralph F. , Balraj Annika , Suresh Tara , Torvund Meaghan , Patterson Sara S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere are four cone morphologies in zebrafish, corresponding to UV (U), blue (B), green (G), and red (R)-sensing types; yet genetically, eight cone opsins are expressed. How eight opsins are physiologically siloed in four cone types is not well understood, and in larvae, cone physiological spectral peaks are unstudied. We use a spectral model to infer cone wavelength peaks, semisaturation irradiances, and saturation amplitudes from electroretinogram (ERG) datasets composed of multi-wavelength, multi-irradiance, aspartate-isolated, cone-PIII signals, as compiled from many 5- to 12-day larvae and 8- to 18-month-old adult eyes isolated from wild-type (WT) orroy orbison(roy) strains. Analysis suggests (in nm) a seven-cone, U-360/B1-427/B2-440/G1-460/G3-476/R1-575/R2-556, spectral physiology in WT larvae but a six-cone, U-349/B1-414/G3-483/G4-495/R1-572/R2-556, structure in WT adults. In roy larvae, there is a five-cone structure: U-373/B2-440/G1-460/R1-575/R2-556; in roy adults, there is a four-cone structure, B1-410/G3-482/R1-571/R2-556. Existence of multiple B, G, and R types is inferred from shifts in peaks with red or blue backgrounds. Cones were either high or low semisaturation types. The more sensitive, low semisaturation types included U, B1, and G1 cones [3.0–3.6 log(quanta·μm−2·s−1)]. The less sensitive, high semisaturation types were B2, G3, G4, R1, and R2 types [4.3-4.7 log(quanta·μm−2·s−1)]. In both WT and roy, U- and B- cone saturation amplitudes were greater in larvae than in adults, while G-cone saturation levels were greater in adults. R-cone saturation amplitudes were the largest (50–60% of maximal dataset amplitudes) and constant throughout development. WT and roy larvae differed in cone signal levels, with lesser UV- and greater G-cone amplitudes occurring in roy, indicating strain variation in physiological development of cone signals. These physiological measures of cone types suggest chromatic processing in zebrafish involves at least four to seven spectral signal processing pools.
Beyond Moral Efficiency: Effective Altruism and Theorizing about Effectiveness
Authors: Zuolo Federico 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this article I provide a conceptual analysis of an underexplored issue in the debate about effective altruism: its theory of effectiveness. First, I distinguish effectiveness from efficiency and claim that effective altruism understands effectiveness through the lens of efficiency. Then, I discuss the limitations of this approach in particular with respect to the charge that it is incapable of supporting structural change. Finally, I propose an expansion of the notion of effectiveness of effective altruism by referring to the debate in political philosophy about realism and the practical challenge of normative theories. I argue that effective altruism, both as a social movement and as a conceptual paradigm, would benefit from clarifying its ideal, taking into account the role of institutions, and expanding its idea of feasibility.
Dry permafrost over ice-cemented ground at Elephant Head, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica
Authors: McKay Christopher P. , Balaban Edward , Abrahams Simon , Lewis Nick 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDry permafrost - ground with temperature always below 0°C and containing negligible ice - overlying ice-cemented ground has been reported in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica and on Mars. Here we report on a new site (79°49.213'S, 83°18.860'W, 718 m elevation) located on the side of Mount Dolence in Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. Year-round temperature and humidity measurements indicate that dry permafrost is present between depths of 13.5 and 49.0 cm - the location of ice-cemented ground. The mean annual frost point of the ice-cemented ground is -17.0 ± 0.2°C and the mean annual frost point of the atmosphere is -22.7 ± 1°C. The corresponding mean annual temperatures are -19.2°C and -20.3°C. Neither the temperature of the ice-cemented ground nor the air rise above freezing. Both the dry permafrost and the ice table may be habitable. In the dry soil at 3 cm depth there are 80 hours in the summer when temperature exceeds -5°C and water activity exceeds 0.8. At the ice table, temperature exceeds -10°C and water activity exceeds 0.8 for 35 hours in the year. The ice table and the dry permafrost above it would be considered a ‘Special Region’ on Mars. Further microbial investigation of this site is indicated.
The Effect of Binding Commitments on Services Trade
Authors: Ciuriak Dan , Dadkhah Ali , Lysenko Dmitry 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt has long been established in theory that uncertainty impacts on firm behaviour. However, the empirical basis for quantifying the uncertainty-reducing effects of trade agreements has not been firmly established. In this paper, we develop estimates of the effect of reducing uncertainty regarding regulation of foreign services markets by making commitments that are bound under a trade agreement. Specifically, we identify the effect on services trade of services trade restrictions, as measured by the OECD's Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), and the separate effect of ‘water’ in binding commitments, as assessed by the difference between countries’ commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) or free trade agreements (FTAs) and applied levels of market access, as captured by STRI scores. Using a gravity model, we find that services trade responds positively but inelastically to reductions in services trade barriers, as measured by the STRI and, in our preferred regression, the response to actual restrictions is more than twice – specifically 2.4 times – as strong as the response to comparable reductions in uncertainty, as measured by water. Moving from GATS commitments to FTA commitments leads to a 4.7% increase in services trade because of the reduction in uncertainty.
Hydrographic and Biological Survey of a Surface‐Intensified Anticyclonic Eddy in the Caribbean Sea
Authors: van der Boog C. G. , de Jong M. F. , Scheidat M. , Leopold M. F. , Geelhoed S. C. V. , Schulz K. , Dijkstra H. A. , Pietrzak J. D. , Katsman C. A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the Caribbean Sea, mesoscale anticyclonic ocean eddies impact the local ecosystem by mixing of low salinity river outflow with the nutrient‐rich waters upwelling along the Venezuelan and Colombian coast. To gain insight into the physics and the ecological impact of these anticyclones, we performed a combined hydrographic and biological survey of one Caribbean anticyclone in February 2018. We found that the anticyclone had a radius of 90 km and was surface intensified with the strongest velocities (0.72 m/s) in the upper 150 m of the water column. Below, isopycnal displacements were found down to 700 dbar. The core of the anticyclone entrained waters from the Orinoco River plume and contained slightly elevated chlorophyll concentrations compared to the surroundings. At the edge of the anticyclone we observed higher densities of flying fish but not higher densities of predators like seabirds and cetaceans. Below the surface, a strong temperature inversion (0.98 °C) was present within a barrier layer. In addition, we found thermohaline staircases that originated from double diffusion processes within Tropical Atlantic Central Water.
High Thermal Inertia Zones on Ceres From Dawn Data
Authors: Rognini E. , Capria M. T. , Tosi F. , De Sanctis M. C. , Ciarniello M. , Longobardo A. , Carrozzo F. G. , Raponi A. , Frigeri A. , Palomba E. , Fonte S. , Giardino M. , Ammannito E. , Raymond C. A. , Russell C. T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThermal inertia is a key information to quantify the physical status of a planetary surface. We derive the thermal inertia of the surface of Ceres using spatially resolved data from the Dawn mission. For each location, this quantity can be constrained by comparing theoretical and observed diurnal temperature profiles from retrieved temperatures. We calculated Ceres's surface theoretical temperatures with a thermophysical model that provides temperature as a function of thermal conductivity and roughness, and we determined the values of those parameters for which the best fit with the observed data is obtained. Our results suggest that the area of crater Haulani displays thermal inertia values (up to 130–140 J·m−2·s−½·K−1) substantially higher than the very low to low values (from 1–15 to 50–60 J·m−2·s−½·K−1) derived for the overall surface of Ceres. The results are more ambiguous for the bright faculae located in the floor of crater Occator.
A New Planetary Boundary Layer Scheme Based on LES: Application to the XPIA Campaign
Authors: Senel Cem Berk , Temel Orkun , Porchetta Sara , Muñoz‐Esparza Domingo , van Beeck Jeroen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present a new planetary boundary layer scheme based on large‐eddy simulations for different atmospheric stability classes. Large‐eddy simulations results are compared with the wind speed measurements from the meteorological mast at the Test Centre for Large Wind Turbines at Høvsøre, Denmark. A generic formulation for the determination of mixing length scale is proposed and incorporated with the updated closure coefficients derived under realizability constraints by Temel et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.002). The new planetary boundary layer scheme is implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting model to perform mesoscale simulations for the Høvsøre test site as an idealized case as well as for a real‐data case at the eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment campaign. Results of the idealized case reveal that the proposed scheme, VKI01, well represents the potential temperature and wind speed characteristics. It decreases mean absolute errors for most of the stability levels despite a slight overestimation for near‐neutral stable and very stable conditions. Regarding the real‐data case, a significant improvement has been achieved by the VKI01 for both turbulence kinetic energy and its dissipation rate in comparison to sonic anemometer measurements for a 2‐day period during the eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment campaign.
Temporally Variable Stream Width and Surface Area Distributions in a Headwater Catchment
Authors: Barefoot Eric , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Allen George H. , Zimmer Margaret A. , McGlynn Brian L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHeadwater stream networks expand and contract in response to event‐driven and seasonal catchment wetness conditions. This dynamic behavior drives variability in the width, length, and surface area of streams, important parameters for constraining a range of ecological and biogeochemical processes, such as atmospheric gas exchange. While the longitudinal expansion and contraction of streams has been studied for some time, variability in stream widths remains poorly understood. Recent studies have found that stream widths at average baseflow conditions follow a log‐normal frequency distribution across diverse physiographies. To examine how the distribution of widths varies with flow conditions, we surveyed stream widths 12 times across a 48.4‐ha research watershed, located in the Duke Forest in central North Carolina, USA. Here, we show that as runoff increased from the 37th to 99th percentiles of flow, flowing streams widened across the network (“lateral expansion”) and streamflow simultaneously extended upstream to reactivate dry channels (“longitudinal expansion”). In general, as runoff increased, the marginal increase in stream surface area was equally divided between longitudinal and lateral expansion. Even so, the median stream width widens on average with increasing runoff, suggesting that longitudinal and lateral expansion affect the distribution of stream width differently. We find that the form of the relationship between stream width and runoff is a power law, which can be used to refine models for surface area estimation.
Factors Controlling Short‐Range Methane Migration of Gas Hydrate Accumulations in Thin Coarse‐Grained Layers
Authors: Wei Li , Cook Ann , Daigle Hugh , Malinverno Alberto , Nole Michael , You Kehua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNatural gas hydrate is often found in marine sediment in heterogeneous distributions in different sediment types. Diffusion may be a dominant mechanism for methane migration and affect hydrate distribution. We use a 1‐D advection‐diffusion‐reaction model to understand hydrate distribution in and surrounding thin coarse‐grained layers to examine the sensitivity of four controlling factors in a diffusion‐dominant gas hydrate system. These factors are the particulate organic carbon content at seafloor, the microbial reaction rate constant, the sediment grading pattern, and the cementation factor of the coarse‐grained layer. We use available data at Walker Ridge 313 in the northern Gulf of Mexico where two ~3‐m‐thick hydrate‐bearing coarse‐grained layers were observed at different depths. The results show that the hydrate volume and the total amount of methane within thin, coarse‐grained layers are most sensitive to the particulate organic carbon of fine‐grained sediments when deposited at the seafloor. The thickness of fine‐grained hydrate free zones surrounding the coarse‐grained layers is most sensitive to the microbial reaction rate constant. Moreover, it may be possible to estimate microbial reaction rate constants at other locations by studying the thickness of the hydrate free zones using the Damköhler number. In addition, we note that sediment grading patterns have a strong influence on gas hydrate occurrence within coarse‐grained layers.
Skillful Prediction of Monthly Major Hurricane Activity in the North Atlantic with Two‐way Nesting
Authors: Gao Kun , Chen Jan‐Huey , Harris Lucas , Sun Yongqiang , Lin Shian‐Jiann 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe investigate the monthly prediction of North Atlantic hurricane and especially major hurricane activity based on the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory High‐Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM). We compare the performance of two grid configurations: a globally uniform 25‐km grid and the other with an 8‐km interactive nest over the tropical North Atlantic. Both grid configurations show skills in predicting anomalous monthly hurricane frequency and accumulated cyclone energy. Particularly, the 8‐km nested model shows improved skills in predicting major hurricane frequency and accumulated cyclone energy. The skill in anomalous monthly hurricane occurrence prediction arises from the accurate prediction of zonal wind shear anomalies in the Main Development Region, which in turn arises from the sea surface temperature anomalies persisted from the initialization time. The enhanced resolution on the nested grid permits a better representation of hurricanes and especially intense hurricanes, thereby showing the ability and the potential for prediction of major hurricanes on subseasonal timescales.
Microscale Characterization of Fracture Growth and Associated Energy in Granite and Sandstone Analogs: Insights Using the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Vora Harsh B. , Morgan Julia K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe employ the Discrete Element Method to analyze the micromechanical response of numerical analogs of sandstone and granite to unstable failure. Calibrated particle‐based models of sandstone and granite are subjected to biaxial experiments under confining pressures of 0–50 MPa, leading to the development of shear fractures through interactions of microcracks occurring in shear and tensile modes. We document the mode and energy associated with emergent microcracks to analyze fracture growth patterns and quantify fracture energy. Shear fracture growth in our sandstone analog occurs through cooperative interaction between shear and tensile microcracks, with shear microcracks accounting 4–44% of total microcracks and 31–92% of fracture energy. Shear microcracking increases with confining pressure resulting in an increase in fracture energy, and a transition from dilatant to compactant fracture zones in our sandstone models. Shear fracture growth in our granite analog occurs through coalescence of tensile microcracks, which account for 96–98% of total microcracks and 87–93% of fracture energy. Tensile microcracking increases with confining pressure, resulting in an increase in fracture energy and formation of dilatant fracture zones in our granite models. Our simulations show that fracture energy increases with confining pressure, accounting for 10–15% of the total input mechanical energy in sandstone versus 16–47% in granite. We estimate that the work done against friction from intergranular and fracture sliding accounts for 69–86% of total input energy in our sandstone analogs and 46–81% in our granite analogs. Our results indicate that frictional deformation during fracture is a significant component of the energy budget.