bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Suprathermal Protons in the Heliosheath on the Global Structure of the Heliosphere and Heliotail
Authors: Heerikhuisen Jacob , Zirnstein Eric J. , Pogorelov Nikolai V. , Zank Gary P. , Desai Mihir 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In the interaction between the solar wind (SW) and the local interstellar medium, various processes create ions with energies up to ∼10 keV that are out of thermal equilibrium with the “core” population. Wave–particle interactions tend to isotropize the velocity distributions, but the collisionless nature of the SW precludes thermalization. Suprathermal protons can charge-exchange with interstellar hydrogen, producing energetic neutral atoms that are seen by the Interstellar Boundary EXplorer spacecraft. We have developed a model for the presence of several suprathermal populations in the SW downstream of the heliospheric termination shock. The model uses magnetohydrodynamics to satisfy the first three moments of the total ion distribution, and couples these through charge-exchange to neutral hydrogen, conserving mass, momentum, and energy in the combined system. The proton population is separated into a cool core and three suprathermal populations, and hydrogen atoms may charge-exchange with protons from any of those four populations. The phase-space properties of the pick-up ions are selected based on data and theoretical considerations. In this paper we quantify the impact of suprathermal protons on the global structure of the heliosphere by comparing our new model to a traditional Maxwellian fluid model, and a kappa-distribution model. We find that the differences in momentum and energy transfer rates from the protons onto neutral hydrogen between the models leads to different plasma properties in the heliotail, and also changes the size of the heliosphere. Including the energy-dependent charge-exchange cross section into the collision integrals reduces the magnitude of these differences.
Chandra Observations of the AS0295 Cluster
Authors: Pascut Aurelia , Hughes John P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We present deep (205 ks) Chandra observations of the AS0295 binary merging cluster (z = 0.30). In the X-ray image, the secondary component is clearly visible as a surface brightness peak, while the primary cluster has a flatter distribution. We found cool gas (∼6 keV) associated with the secondary, while the central temperature of the primary does not deviate significantly from the mean temperature of the cluster of ∼9.5 keV. In the vicinity of the primary’s core we found the hottest region in the cluster accompanied by a surface brightness discontinuity. We propose that this region corresponds to a shock, for which we estimate a Mach number of

. We found other merger signatures such as a plume of cool gas emerging from the primary cluster and a cold front and a possible bow shock (Mach number of

) leading the secondary cluster. Based on the observed properties in comparison to binary merger simulations from the literature we propose for AS0295 a low-mass ratio, off-axis merging scenario, with the secondary close to the first apocenter. Comparison of our results with strong-lensing observations of AS0295 from Cibirka et al. shows an offset between the total mass peak and the bulk of the gas distribution in the primary cluster. The properties of the merger and the existence of the offset between mass peak and gas make AS0295 a promising candidate for the study of mergers involving non-cool core clusters and the nature of dark matter.
Sur la destruction d’œuvres d’art au Moyen Âge
Authors: Wirth Jean 
Published: March 2019

Dans la chrétienté latine à laquelle cet article se limite, l’iconoclasme byzantin a été rejeté tant par le pape que par le pouvoir carolingien. La législation canonique qui obligeait à entretenir les églises et interdisait l’aliénation de leurs biens, tout comme l’absence de censure des images, limitèrent considérablement les destructions. Comme à d’autres époques, les guerres provoquèrent des dégradations. Avant la fin du Moyen Âge, les actes iconoclastes perpétrés par des hérétiques semblent avoir été très limités. C’est la rénovation somptueuse des édifices et du mobilier existant qui est la principale cause de destructions, qui n’ont pas été menées de bon cœur, comme en témoigne la fréquence des remplois, souvent des portails entiers dans le cas de l’architecture. Cette situation durable entraîne un accroissement continu du patrimoine ecclésiastique et de son décor, avec un effet de saturation de plus en plus critiqué à la fin du Moyen Âge. Chez les lollards et les hussites, l’iconoclasme ressurgit, ouvrant la voie à celui de la Réforme.
Reliability and Validity of a Functional Cognition Screening Tool to Identify the Need for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Edwards Dorothy Farrar , Wolf Timothy J. , Marks Timothy , Alter Sarah , Larkin Victoria , Padesky Braeden L. , Spiers Meredith , Al-Heizan Muhammad O. , Giles Gordon Muir 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Importance: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has identified the need to assess functional cognition as part of the postacute care planning process.
Objective: We examined the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the Menu Task (MT) as a screening measure of functional cognition to assess the need for occupational therapy services.
Design: Cross-sectional study testing a convenience sample of community-dwelling older adults (n = 130) and adults hospitalized for elective orthopedic surgery (n = 60). The MT and four neuropsychological screening tests—the Brief Interview of Mental Status, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Trail Making Tests A and B, and an instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale—were administered.
Setting: Community-dwelling participants were tested at the University of Wisconsin occupational therapy program and in community settings. Hospitalized participants were tested at the University of Missouri Orthopedic Institute.
Participants: We recruited healthy community-dwelling adults in Madison, WI (community sample; n = 130) and patients hospitalized for elective orthopedic surgery in Columbia, MO (hospital sample; n = 60). Inclusion criteria were age 55 yr or older, living in the community, and willingness to be tested in English; for the hospital sample, participants had to be referred for elective orthopedic surgery requiring a hospital stay and be independent in activities of daily living before being admitted for surgery.
Results: We found significant differences between groups classified as impaired or not impaired on the basis of MT scores. Participants classified as impaired on the MT performed significantly less well than those classified as not impaired on the neurocognitive and IADL measures.
Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the MT were supported.
What This Article Adds: The American Occupational Therapy Association and the occupational therapy experts advising CMS have stressed the importance of a brief performance-based screening tool to identify people who need more comprehensive occupational therapy evaluation. The implementation of a functional cognition screening tool as part of the required CMS assessment protocol should greatly increase the number of patients referred for occupational therapy evaluation and treatment. The MT has the capacity to address the gap in the proposed CMS assessment of Medicare recipients across postacute care settings.
¿Hasta dónde influyen las agendas internacionales en los sistemas educativos centroamericanos? Un marco teórico para su análisis
Authors: Salazar Vides Mónica E. 
Published: March 2019

En este ensayo se propone un marco teórico para el estudio del influjo internacional sobre los procesos de reforma educativa en Centroamérica iniciados en los años noventa, a partir de las particularidades políticas y culturales de los contextos centroamericanos. Se hizo el ejercicio de poner en diálogo la corriente «internacional» y «cultural» de la economía política crítica de la educación para comprender la influencia de los organismos internacionales y sus agendas educativas en los procesos de reforma educativa, en función de las dinámicas históricas nacionales. En otras palabras, para entender por una parte, la interacción entre la globalización como capitalismo global, y los sistemas educativos nacionales centroamericanos como parte de los Estados-Nación; y por otra, las relaciones de poder entre los actores nacionales y su capacidad de agencia para hegemonizar ideológicamente a través del proceso de reforma educativa, una visión de sociedad y ciudadano en tanto clase, etnia, religión y género en un país.
Palabras claveReformas educativas en Centroamérica, sociología de la educación, economía política, globalización, hegemonía ideológica
MAPEAMENTO DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DO USO DA TERRA URBANA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTOS (SP)
Authors: Martins Maria Isabel Figueiredo Pereira de Oliveira , Matias Lindon Fonseca 
Published: March 2019

O espaço urbano é [re]produzido pela sociedade por meio de acúmulos de processos socioeconômicos que se materializam e se tornam visíveis na distribuição dos usos da terra urbana no interior das cidades. Essa distribuição expressa as contradições, as exclusões e as particularidades de cada zona do espaço urbano. O município de Santos possui um espaço urbano adensado e concentrado na área insular, o que gera um processo constante de refuncionalização urbana, uma supervalorização de localidades específicas e uma supressão das poucas áreas com vegetação. A esse respeito, o artigo teve como principal objetivo compreender como que o uso da terra urbana se distribui no município de Santos (SP), Brasil. Para isso, foi mapeada a distribuição dos principais tipos de atividades encontradas no espaço urbano do município. No mapeamento foram empregadas técnicas de geotecnologias de classificação manual de polígonos e o estimador de intensidade Kernel. Estão presentes usos misto (24,36%), residenciais (24,09%), zona portuária (12,83%), serviços (12,57%), espaços livres (1,75%), comerciais (1,35%), vazios urbanos (0,77%), industriais (0,26%) e 15,89% de áreas com algum tipo de vegetação. Os usos mistos se distribuem em diversas zonas da cidade, enquanto que os demais se concentram em zonas específicas, tais como a zona portuária e as atividades de serviço. Os produtos cartográficos gerados evidenciaram que as metodologias cartográficas são técnicas que permitem a interpretação de como os usos da terra urbanas estão distribuídos e, assim, contribuir com instrumentos de gestão socioambientais urbanas.
Knowledge and health promoting lifestyle behaviors about menopause among perimenopausal female teachers
Authors: Alotaibi Samar , Yakout Sahar Mohammed Hassan , Moawad Salma M. 
Published: March 2019

Menopause is a critical period in a woman's life that not only marks the end of reproductive ability, but it also associated with multiple physical, vasomotor, psychological, and sexual complaints Many of the serious complications that women face during menopause are caused by their own poor lifestyles and their lack of knowledge about self-care. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and health promoting behavior at menopause among perimenopausal female teachers in Dawadmi City. The study applied cross sectional descriptive design with stratified random sampling used to obtain (348) female teachers statistically calculated from the total 3,708 teachers. A structured closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data consisting of three parts: demographic information, questions to assess knowledge of female teachers about the pre-menopausal symptoms and The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II to measures health-promoting behaviors. 58.9% of the subjects had poor knowledge, 30.7% had moderate knowledge and only 10.3% of teachers had Good and Excellent knowledge levels. Total mean score related to Health Promoting Behaviors was 130.05 ± 27.555 which considered medium in general. In general, socio-demographic variable of female teachers did not show significant correlations by using Pearson Chi-Square test and ANOVA test, also, did not show significant correlations for total knowledge level. Total Behaviors level, which also showed significant correlation with age (F = 1.358, p = .028) and weight during last year (F = 1.303, p = .049) categories. In conclusion, iidentifying the knowledge of women about menopause has an essential role in the development of women’s health during menopausal years. Results suggest that participants do not consistently include health-promoting behaviors into their lifestyle, especially physical activity. Therefore, certain policies should be designed and conducted to promote health behavior. Develop a process to promote worksite wellness programs, and to support behavioral changes intended to promote healthy lifestyles.
Association Between Year of Birth and 1-Year Survival Among Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden During 2004-2007 and 2014-2016
Authors: Norman Mikael , Hallberg Boubou , Abrahamsson Thomas , Björklund Lars J. , Domellöf Magnus , Farooqi Aijaz , Foyn Bruun Cathrine , Gadsbøll Christian , Hellström-Westas Lena , Ingemansson Fredrik , Källén Karin , Ley David , Maršál Karel , Normann Erik , Serenius Fredrik , Stephansson Olof , Stigson Lennart , Um-Bergström Petra , Håkansson Stellan 
Published: March 2019

ImportanceSince 2004-2007, national guidelines and recommendations have been developed for the management of extremely preterm births in Sweden. If and how more uniform management has affected infant survival is unknown.ObjectiveTo compare survival of extremely preterm infants born during 2004-2007 with survival of infants born during 2014-2016.Design, Setting and ParticipantsAll births at 22-26 weeks’ gestational age (n = 2205) between April 1, 2004, and March 31, 2007, and between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2016, in Sweden were studied. Prospective data collection was used during 2004-2007. Data were obtained from the Swedish pregnancy, medical birth, and neonatal quality registries during 2014-2016.ExposuresDelivery at 22-26 weeks’ gestational age.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was infant survival to the age of 1 year. The secondary outcome was 1-year survival among live-born infants who did not have any major neonatal morbidity (specifically, without intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3-4, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity stage 3-5, or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia).ResultsDuring 2004-2007, 1009 births (3.3/1000 of all births) occurred at 22-26 weeks’ gestational age compared with 1196 births (3.4/1000 of all births) during 2014-2016 (P = .61). One-year survival among live-born infants at 22-26 weeks’ gestational age was significantly lower during 2004-2007 (497 of 705 infants [70%]) than during 2014-2016 (711 of 923 infants [77%]) (difference, −7% [95% CI, −11% to −2.2%], P = .003). One-year survival among live-born infants at 22-26 weeks’ gestational age and without any major neonatal morbidity was significantly lower during 2004-2007 (226 of 705 infants [32%]) than during 2014-2016 (355 of 923 infants [38%]) (difference, −6% [95% CI, −11% to −1.7%], P = .008).Conclusions and RelevanceAmong live births at 22-26 weeks’ gestational age in Sweden, 1-year survival improved between 2004-2007 and 2014-2016.
Polymer Composites for Structural, Device, and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Gaur Anupama , Shukla Aparna , Saxena Dipti , Maiti Pralay 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article focuses on various polymer composites including their preparation, properties, and applications in three major fields like structural, device, and biomedical arena. The types of fillers used for the synthesis of composites and their properties have been discussed. The interactions, apparently the cause behind property improvement, between fillers and polymers have been revealed through different analytical techniques. The advantages of polymer composites are the major issues in this article, and the side effect of the filler has been highlighted. The improvement in various properties of the composites materials are discussed and compared with pure polymers. Applications of polymer composites in different fields are discussed in detail especially in structural, device, and biomedical fields. Structural applications focus on the use of composites for structural uses like building materials and in automobile industry. In device application, the use of polymer composites shed the light of energy harvesting to power the miniature devices and as sensor. Drug delivery and implants materials are summarized for biomedical applications using various composites.
Bacterial‐Cellulose‐Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Wang Jing , Tang Youhong , Huang Yuan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCellulose produced by some bacteria (bacterial cellulose, BC) represents an interesting emerging biocompatible nanomaterial.It has been widely used in tissue engineering. BC possesses unique properties, such as high mechanical properties, high purity, excellent microstructure, high water‐holding capacity, and high crystallinity. Despite the intensive research, application of BC has been limited, due to its biological activity and pore structure. This study summarized the modifications of structure and composition. Several biomaterials could be associated with BC, for example gelatin, chitosan, heparin, collagen, and hydroxyapatite, and several methods were used to control the microstructure of BC, namely, laser‐patterning technique and freeze‐drying technology. The results confirmed BC as a promising biomaterial with the potential to be an effective biopolymer in biomedical fields. These approaches will help researchers to develop new ideas in tissue engineering field.
Visible to Near‐Infrared Photodetection Based on Ternary Organic Heterojunctions
Authors: Li Wei , Xu Yalun , Meng Xianyi , Xiao Zuo , Li Ruiming , Jiang Li , Cui Lihao , Zheng Meijuan , Liu Chang , Ding Liming , Lin Qianqian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOrganic semiconductors have attracted tremendous attention in the past few years, thanks to their excellent flexibility, solution‐processability, low‐cost, chemical versatility, etc. Particularly, organic solar cells based on ternary heterojunctions have shown remarkable device performance, with the recent development of nonfullerene acceptor materials. These novel materials are also promising for photodetection. However, there are several key limits facing organic photodetectors, such as relatively large bandgaps, poor charge transport, and stability. In this work, a novel nonfullerene acceptor—COi8DFIC—is introduced, blended with a fullerene derivative and a donor to form ternary heterojunctions. After optimization, photodiodes based on such ternary blends exhibit compelling performance metrics, including low dark current, decent responsivity, large linear dynamic range, fast response, and excellent stability. This device performance is actually on a par with the established silicon technology, suggesting great potential for photodetection and imaging.
Mass‐Produced Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene for Ultrahigh Thermally Conductive Paper Using a Multimetal Electrode System
Authors: Kwon Yeon Ju , Kwon Youngkook , Park Ho Seok , Lee Jea Uk 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHerein, the development of a cost‐effective system is reported for the mass production of electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) using multiple graphite–stainless‐steel electrodes (multicells) in a series configuration and its application to heat transfer. Exfoliation using series‐configured multicells leads to the production of high‐quality graphene (a few layers of graphene sheets with a low oxygen content and a high C/O ratio of 16.2) at a rate of 30 g per half hour (one‐batch). Furthermore, EEG paper is fabricated by the vacuum filtration of the EEG dispersion, and further thermal annealing and mechanical‐compression processes are used to investigate the effects of heat and pressure on the thermal conductivities of the EEG paper. EEG paper with wide (100–1000 W m−1 K−1) and narrow (100–200 W m−1 K−1) ranges of thermal conductivity is obtained when thermally annealed and mechanically compressed, respectively, highlighting the high quality of the massively produced and solution processable graphene. This approach provides a cost‐effective process for the mass production of graphene, as well offering a feasible route to highly thermally conductive graphene paper for heat‐management applications, such as heat‐dissipating media in light‐emitting‐diode displays, and electronic and photonic devices.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Reduction of α‐Keto Thioesters with Hydrosilanes at Room Temperature: Divergent Synthesis through Reagent‐Controlled Chemoselectivities
Authors: Maity Rajib , Das Bhanuranjan , Das Indrajit 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe combination of hydrosilanes with a Brønsted or Lewis acid as a promoter can be used for the reagent‐controlled chemoselective reduction at room temperature of conjugated C=C bond, enone moiety, or the carbonyl of (β,γ‐unsaturated) α‐keto thioesters, providing facile access to β,γ‐saturated α‐keto thioesters, α‐hydroxy thioesters, or silyl ethers. The reaction pathway and the chemoselectivity can be fine‐tuned through the judicious choice of the hydrosilane or the reaction conditions. The reactions tolerate a wide range of functional groups including labile thioesters and the products are generally obtained in moderate to excellent yields. Unsymmetrical thioethers can also be synthesized using PMHS and catalytic B(C6F5)3 via reductive deoxygenation of both the carbonyl groups. The applicability has been highlighted by the amine‐mediated and coupling reagent‐free syntheses of saturated α‐keto amides from β,γ‐unsaturated α‐hydroxy thioesters and β,γ‐saturated α‐keto thioesters.magnified image
Transitional impact of short‐ and long‐term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate laparoscopic versus open surgery for colorectal cancer from Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0404
Authors: Fujii Shoichi , Akagi Tomonori , Inomata Masafumi , Katayama Hiroshi , Mizusawa Junki , Ota Mitsuyoshi , Saito Shuji , Kinugasa Yusuke , Yamaguchi Shigeki , Sato Takeo , Kitano Seigo ,   The Japan Clinical Oncology Group
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe JCOG0404 randomized controlled trial conducted to compare laparoscopic surgery (LAP) with open surgery (OP) for stage II/III colon cancer showed better short‐term outcomes and equal long‐term outcomes of LAP versus OP. Technical instrumentation of surgery and anticancer agents given during the registration period might have affected the outcomes.AimTo evaluate outcomes according to the registration periods.MethodsThe overall registration period was divided into three periods (first: 2004‐2005, second: 2006‐2007 and third: 2008‐2009). Short‐term and long‐term outcomes were compared between registration periods.ResultsIn total, 1057 patients were registered. Numbers of patients undergoing each approach for each of the three periods (1st/2nd/3rd) were 528 for OP (106/244/178) and 529 for LAP (106/246/177). Operation time (minutes) did not change between the periods for OP (160/156/161) or LAP (205/211/219). Blood loss (mL) gradually decreased in the latter two periods: (119/80/75) for OP and (35/28/25) for LAP. Incidence of complications (%) decreased in the latter periods for OP (27.6/20.3/21.3), whereas that for LAP remained consistently low (14.3/14.8/13.6). There was no particular trend in 5‐year overall survival and recurrence‐free survival depending on the period regardless of treatment. D3 dissection rates were 95% or more for all periods in both groups.ConclusionsOperation time and survival rates did not change over time, whereas blood loss in OP improved in the latter periods. Quality control applied in this trial might have been effective in producing such safe endpoints. (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00147134, UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, number C000000105.)