bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of vaping and smoking among adolescents in Canada, England, and the United States: repeat national cross sectional surveys
Authors: Hammond David , Reid Jessica L , Rynard Vicki L , Fong Geoffrey T , Cummings K Michael , McNeill Ann , Hitchman Sara , Thrasher James F , Goniewicz Maciej L , Bansal-Travers Maansi , O’Connor Richard , Levy David , Borland Ron , White Christine M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
To examine differences in vaping and smoking prevalence among adolescents in Canada, England, and the United States.

Design
Repeat cross sectional surveys.

Setting
Online surveys in Canada, England, and the US.

Participants
National samples of 16 to 19 year olds in 2017 and 2018, recruited from commercial panels in Canada (n=7891), England (n=7897), and the US (n=8140).

Main outcome measures
Prevalence of vaping and smoking was assessed for use ever, in the past 30 days, in the past week, and on 15 days or more in the past month. Use of JUUL (a nicotine salt based electronic cigarette with high nicotine concentration) and usual vaping brands were also assessed. Logistic regression models examined differences in vaping and smoking between countries and over time.

Results
The prevalence of vaping in the past 30 days, in the past week, and on 15 days or more in the past month increased in Canada and the US between 2017 and 2018 (P<0.001 for all), including among non-smokers and experimental smokers, with no changes in England. Smoking prevalence increased in Canada (P<0.001 for all measures), with modest increases in England, and no changes in the US. The percentage of ever vapers who reported more frequent vaping increased in Canada and the US (P<0.01 for all), but not in England. The use of JUUL increased in all countries, particularly the US and Canada—for example, the proportion of current vapers in the US citing JUUL as their usual brand increased threefold between 2017 and 2018.

Conclusions
Between 2017 and 2018, among 16 to 19 year olds the prevalence of vaping increased in Canada and the US, as did smoking in Canada, with little change in England. The rapidly evolving vaping market and emergence of nicotine salt based products warrant close monitoring.
Motivation as a mechanism underpinning exercise-based falls prevention programmes for older adults with cognitive impairment: a realist review
Authors: Booth Vicky , Harwood Rowan , Hancox Jennie E , Hood-Moore Victoria , Masud Tahir , Logan Phillipa 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesThis review aimed to identify mechanisms underlying participation in falls prevention interventions, in older adults with cognitive impairment. In particular we studied the role of motivation.DesignA realist review of the literature.Data sourcesEMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and PEDRO.Eligibility criteriaPublications reporting exercise-based interventions for people with cognitive impairment, including dementia, living in the community.Data extraction and synthesisA ‘rough programme theory’ (a preliminary model of how an intervention works) was developed, tested against findings from the published literature and refined. Data were collected according to elements of the programme theory and not isolated to outcomes. Motivation emerged as a key element, and was prioritised for further study.ResultsAn individual will access mechanisms to support participation when they think that exercise will be beneficial to them. Supportive mechanisms include having a ‘gate-keeper’, such as a carer or therapist, who shares responsibility for the perception of exercise as beneficial. Lack of access to support decreases adherence and participation in exercise. Motivational mechanisms were particularly relevant for older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia, where the exercise intervention was multicomponent, in a preferred setting, at the correct intensity and level of progression, correctly supported and considered, and flexibly delivered.ConclusionMotivation is a key element enabling participation in exercise-based interventions for people with cognitive impairment. Many of the mechanisms identified in this review have parallels in motivational theory. Clinically relevant recommendations were derived and will be used to further develop and test a motivationally considered exercise-based falls intervention for people with mild dementia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015030169.
Association of Parkinson’s disease and treatment with aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease: a cross-sectional study in a Spain drug dispensation records
Authors: Pinel Ríos Javier , Madrid Navarro Carlos Javier , Pérez Navarro María José , Cabello Tapia María José , Piña Vera María José , Campos Arillo Víctor , Gómez García María Rosario , Mínguez Castellanos Adolfo , Escamilla Sevilla Francisco 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesTo analyse the association between aminosalicylate-treated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) at population level.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe study was performed based on electronic drug prescription and dispensation records of the Andalusian Public Health System.ParticipantsAll individuals aged ≥50 years with at least one drug dispensation during December 2014 were identified from the records.Primary and secondary outcome measuresGroups were formed: ‘possible PD’ group, including all who received an anti-Parkinson agent; ‘possible IBD’ group, those treated with mesalazine and/or derivatives (5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)); and ‘possible PD and IBD’, including those receiving both anti-Parkinson agent and 5-ASA. Prevalence of possible PD was determined among those with possible IBD and among those without this condition. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted OR was calculated.ResultsWe recorded 2 020 868 individuals (68±11 years, 56% female), 19 966 were included in possible PD group (75±9 years, 53% female) and 7485 in possible IBD group (64±10 years, 47% female); only 56 were included in both groups (76±8 years, 32% female). The prevalence of possible PD was 0.7% among those with possible IBD and 1% among those without this condition (adjusted OR=0.94; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.23; p=0.657). OR was 0.28 in individuals aged ≤65 years (95% CI 0.10 to 0.74; p=0.01) and 1.17 in older individuals (95% CI 0.89 to 1.54; p=0.257).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, the results suggest a protective role for IBD and/or 5-ASA against PD development, especially among under 65-year olds. Further studies are warranted to explore this association given its scientific and therapeutic implications.
Functional health literacy in a population-based sample in Florence: a cross-sectional study using the Newest Vital Sign
Authors: Bonaccorsi Guglielmo , Lastrucci Vieri , Vettori Virginia , Lorini Chiara 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesTo assess the level of functional health literacy (HL) and its antecedents and consequences in an adult population-based sample, using the Italian version of Newest Vital Sign (NVS-IT).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingGeneral population.Participants984 people were randomly selected from the resident registers of 11 general practitioners; a total of 452 (46.2%) of the selected people completed the study. Inclusion criteria were the following: 18–69 years of age and Italian speaking. Exclusion criteria included cognitive impairment, severe psychiatric diseases and end-stage diseases.Outcome measuresHL levels as assessed by the NVS-IT and the following potential HL predictors and consequences were assessed using logistic regression models: sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index, presence of long-term illnesses, self-reported health status, health services use in the last 12 months.ResultsHigh likelihood of limited HL, possibility of limited HL and adequate HL were found in 11.5%, 24.6% and 63.9% of the sample, respectively. The results of the multivariate logistic model for the antecedents showed that the risk of having high likelihood or possibility of limited HL levels increases with age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.09), lower educational level (OR 4.03; 95% CI 3.41 to 7.49) and with worse financial situation (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.63). As far as health outcomes are concerned, HL resulted to be positively associated with self-reported health status (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.75 to 2.75).ConclusionsFindings show a good level of functional HL in the population. However, older, less educated and poorer population groups showed to have a higher likelihood of suffering from limited or inadequate HL. Efforts should be made to design and implement public health policies and interventions tailored to different HL levels.Trial registration numberCEAVC:10113.
Efficacy and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in clinical practice: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study using evidence from the UK Severe Asthma Registry
Authors: Burn Julie , Sims Andrew J , Patrick Hannah , Heaney Liam G , Niven Robert M 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesUse data from the UK Severe Asthma Registry (UKSAR) to assess the efficacy and safety of bronchial thermoplasty (BT) in routine UK clinical practice and to identify characteristics of ‘responders’.DesignProspective, longitudinal, cohort, multicentre registry study.SettingAll (11) UK centres performing BT.Participants and interventionPatients receiving BT in the UK between 01/06/2011 and 30/09/2016 who had consented to data entry into UKSAR (n=133). Efficacy data were available for 86 patients with a BT baseline and at least one follow-up record. Safety data were available for 131 patients with at least one BT procedure record.Primary and secondary outcome measuresEfficacy: AQLQ, ACQ, EuroQol, HADS anxiety and HADS depression scores, FEV1(% predicted), rescue steroid courses, unscheduled healthcare visits (A&E/Asthma clinic/GP), hospital admissions and days lost from work/school. Safety: peri-procedural events, device problems and any other safety-related findings. Responder analysis: differences in baseline characteristics of ‘responders’ (≥0.5 increase in AQLQ at 12 months) and ‘non-responders’.ResultsFollowing Bonferroni correction for paired comparisons, mean improvement in AQLQ at 12 months follow-up compared with BT baseline was statistically and clinically significant (0.75, n=28, p=0.0003). Median reduction in hospital admissions/year after 24 months follow-up was also significant (−1.0, n=26, p<0.0001). No deterioration in FEV1was observed. From 28 patients with AQLQ data at BTBL and 12-month follow-up, there was some evidence that lower age may predict AQLQ improvement. 18.9% (70/370) of procedures and 44.5% (57/128) of patients were affected by an adverse event; only a minority were considered serious.ConclusionsImprovement in AQLQ is consistent with similar findings from clinical trials. Other efficacy outcomes demonstrated improving trends without reaching statistical significance. Missing follow-up data impacted this study but multiple imputation confirmed observed AQLQ improvement. The safety review suggested BT is being performed safely in the UK.
Cohort profile: the West Sweden Asthma Study (WSAS): a multidisciplinary population-based longitudinal study of asthma, allergy and respiratory conditions in adults
Authors: Nwaru Bright I , Ekerljung Linda , Rådinger Madeleine , Bjerg Anders , Mincheva Roxana , Malmhäll Carina , Axelsson Malin , Wennergren Göran , Lotvall Jan , Lundbäck Bo 
Published: June 2019

PurposeThe West Sweden Asthma Study (WSAS) is a population-representative longitudinal study established to: (1) generate data on prevalence trends, incidence and remission of asthma, allergy and respiratory conditions, (2) elucidate on the risk and prognostic factors associated with these diseases, (3) characterise clinically relevant phenotypes of these diseases and (4) catalyse relevant mechanistic, genomic, genetic and translational investigations.ParticipantsWSAS comprised of randomly selected individuals aged 16 to 75 years who are followed up longitudinally. The first stage involved a questionnaire survey (>42 000 participants) and was undertaken in 2008 and 2016. A random sample (about 8000) of participants in the initial survey undergoes extensive clinical investigations every 8 to 10 years (first investigations in 2009 to 2012, second wave currently ongoing). Measurements undertaken at the clinical investigations involve structured interviews, self-completed questionnaire on personality traits, physical measurements and extensive biological samples.Findings to dateSome of our key findings have shown a 54% increase in the use of asthma medications between the 1990s and 2000s, primarily driven by a five-fold increase in the use of inhaled corticosteroids. About 36% of asthmatics expressed at least one sign of severe asthma indicator, with differential lung performance, inflammation and allergic sensitisation among asthmatics with different signs of severe asthma. Multi-symptom asthmatics were at greater risk of having indicators of severe asthma. In all adults, being raised on a farm was associated with a decreased risk of allergic sensitisation, rhinitis and eczema, but not asthma. However, among adolescents (ie, those 16 to 20 years of age), being raised on a farm decreased the risk of asthma. Personality traits were associated with both beliefs of asthma medication and adherence to treatment.Future plansFollow-up of the cohort is being undertaken every 8 to 10 years. The repeated clinical examinations will take place in 2019 to 2022. The cohort data are currently being linked to routine Swedish healthcare registers for a continuous follow-up. Mechanistic, genomic, genetic and translational investigations are ongoing.
Socioeconomic position and alcohol-related harm in Danish adolescents
Authors: Møller Sanne Pagh , Pisinger Veronica Sofie Clara , Christensen Anne Illemann , Tolstrup Janne S 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundIn adults, it has consistently been observed that with equal alcohol consumption levels, alcohol harms individuals with low socioeconomic position (SEP) more than individuals with high SEP. It is unknown if this so-called alcohol harm paradox is also present in adolescents. We aim to test the hypothesis that low SEP is associated with more alcohol-related harm as compared with higher SEP in Danish adolescents.MethodsWe used survey data from the Danish National Youth Study 2014 including 70 566 students from 119 high schools. Alcohol-related harm was measured by self-report as having been in a fight, involved in an accident, had problems with parents or friends, had sex that was regretted afterwards and done drugs that was regretted afterwards, because of alcohol. Further, a combined measure was constructed defined as having experienced any harm more than once within the last year. SEP was measured as parents’ educational level, family income, parents’ employment status and experiencing financial strain in the family. Analyses were adjusted by age, sex, perceived ethnicity, class type and binge drinking.ResultsLower SEP was associated with higher odds of experiencing alcohol-related harm more than once as compared with highest SEP, and lower SEP was associated with higher odds of having been in a fight, problems with parents or friends, sex and regretting afterwards or drugs and regretting afterwards, as compared with highest SEP. These associations were statistically significant. Adjustment for the frequency of binge drinking did not change results.ConclusionThe alcohol harm paradox exists in Danish adolescents, and this should be addressed in future prevention strategies to reduce the risk of alcohol-related harm among adolescents.
Latent classes of sexual risk and corresponding STI and HIV positivity among MSM attending centres for sexual health in the Netherlands
Authors: Slurink Isabel A L , van Benthem Birgit H B , van Rooijen Martijn S , Achterbergh Roel C A , van Aar Fleur 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesContinuing high STI positivity among men who have sex with men (MSM) attending centres for sexual health (CSH) indicates that high-risk behaviour is ongoing. The objective of this study was to gain a better insight into risk behaviours among MSM attending CSH and to explore STI and HIV positivity by subgroups.MethodsWe used national data routinely collected during CSH consultations for this study. From September to December 2017, questions on group sex, substance use and sex with HIV-positive partners were asked at each CSH consultation. We analysed latent classes of client-related factors and sexual risk behaviour among MSM attending CSH in this period. We examined STI positivity and prevalence ratios by latent classes.ResultsA total of six classes were identified in order of increasing risk: ‘overall low-risk behaviour’ (n=2974; 22.0%), ‘Western origin and multiple sex partners’ (MSP) (n=4182; 30.9%), ‘Non-Western origin and MSP’ (n=2496; 18.5%), ‘living with HIV’ (n=827; 6.1%), ‘group sex and HIV-positive partners’ (n=1798; 13.3%) and ‘group sex and chemsex’ (n=1239; 9.2%). The any STI positivity ranged from 14.0% in the overall low-risk behaviour class to 35.5% in the group sex and chemsex class. HIV positivity did not differ significantly between classes. The Western origin and MSP class was largest and accounted for the majority of STI and HIV infections.ConclusionsAlthough STI positivity increased with increased risky behaviours, considerable STI positivity was found in all six latent classes. Comparable HIV positivity between classes indicates risk reduction strategies among subgroups engaged in risky behaviours. The differences in risk behaviour and STI positivity require preventive strategies tailored to each subgroup.
First Strike–Second Strike Strategies in Metastatic Cancer: Lessons from the Evolutionary Dynamics of Extinction
Authors: Gatenby Robert A. , Zhang Jingsong , Brown Joel S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
While clinical cancer research has produced many highly effective drugs, the diversity and evolutionary capacity of most cancer populations remain insurmountable barriers to cure. Here, we propose that curative outcomes may, nevertheless, be achieved by sequencing therapies that are individually effective but noncurative. Basic principles for such an approach are derived from the eco-evolutionary dynamics of background extinctions in which a “first strike” reduces the size and heterogeneity of the population. When followed immediately by demographic and ecological “second strikes,” the population can be reduced below some minimum threshold, leading inevitably to extinction. This strategy bears strong similarity to the empirically-derived curative therapy in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Prolonged Cardiac Rhythm Monitoring and Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients With Cryptogenic Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Tsivgoulis Georgios , Katsanos Aristeidis H. , Grory Brian Mac , Köhrmann Martin , Ricci Brittany A. , Tsioufis Konstantinos , Cutting Shawna , Krogias Christos , Schellinger Peter D. , Campello Ana Rodriguez , Cuadrado-Godia Elisa , Gladstone David J. , Sanna Tommaso , Wachter Rolf , Furie Karen , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Yaghi Shadi 
Published: June 2019

Background and Purpose—
Although prolonged cardiac rhythm monitoring (PCM) can reveal a substantial proportion of ischemic stroke (IS) patients with atrial fibrillation not detected by conventional short-term monitoring, current guidelines indicate an uncertain clinical benefit for PCM. We evaluated the impact of PCM on secondary stroke prevention using data from available to date randomized clinical trials and observational studies.

Methods—
We performed a comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial), and conference proceedings to identify studies reporting stroke recurrence rates in patients with history of cryptogenic IS or transient ischemic attack (TIA) receiving PCM compared with patients receiving conventional (non-PCM) cardiac monitoring.

Results—

We included 4 studies (2 randomized clinical trials and 2 observational studies), including a total of 1102 patients (mean age: 68 years, 41% women). We documented an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation detection (risk ratio=2.46; 95% CI, 1.61–3.76) and anticoagulant initiation (risk ratio=2.07; 95% CI, 1.36–3.17) and decreased risk of recurrent stroke (risk ratio=0.45; 95% CI, 0.21–0.97) and recurrent stroke/TIA (risk ratio=0.49; 95% CI, 0.30–0.81) during follow-up for IS/TIA patients who underwent PCM compared with IS/TIA patients receiving conventional cardiac monitoring. In the subgroup analysis, according to study type, atrial fibrillation detection, anticoagulant initiation, and IS/TIA recurrence rates were comparable between PCM and non-PCM in randomized clinical trials and observational studies. No evidence of heterogeneity (
I
2
<12%) was documented across all the aforementioned subgroups.

Conclusions—
We provide preliminary evidence for a potential impact of PCM on secondary stroke prevention, as patients with cryptogenic IS/TIA undergoing PCM had higher rates of atrial fibrillation detection, anticoagulant initiation, and lower stroke recurrence.
Strengthening States’ and the International Community’s Responsibility to Protect Civilians: Revisiting the Prosecution of War Crimes Committed in Africa by the International Criminal Court (ICC)
Authors: Bamidele Seun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe silhouette of International Criminal Justice (ICJ) is fast changing across the globe. The change and transformation are connected to the criminalization of war, which has complicated the attraction of and engagement in the war for war-mongers. At least, the last few years had seen remarkable prosecution of war criminals in Africa. This is related to a relatively new thinking that informed the establishment of International Criminal Court (ICC) and global re-enforcement of war crime-related charges. Since the genocide in Rwanda, the establishment of the ICC has led to the prosecution of warlords. Also, the ICC has issued thirteen public warrants of arrest on war charges to actors and perpetrators in more than four African states. The case of President of Sudan, whose warrant of arrest had been issued regarding the crisis in Darfur, demonstrated that African leaders and war-mongers would be held responsible for their actions and atrocities they have committed. The lesson from the ICC is clear, war-mongers would be made to pay for their criminality. This article intends to examine the actions of the ICC on intra-state civil war crimes in Africa and assess whether ICC can act as deterrence on for intrastate war mongers in Africa.
An Odd Couple of Ancient China: ‘Fierce-Fire Oil’ and ‘Rose-Dew’ in Huang Zhong’s Hai yu 海語 (1536)
Authors: Bocci Chiara 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study examines two entries in Huang Zhong’s Words of the Sea: ‘fierce-fire oil’ and ‘tumi-dew’ (rose-water), whose connection goes back at least to the tenth century, when they were offered as tributes by the king of Champa. They continued to appear together down through the centuries, thus reinforcing the idea of a particular relation; a curious circumstance, given their utterly different nature: an incendiary medium to destroy enemies, and an intoxicating fragrance. Going back in time, one realizes that they shared a Middle Eastern origin: Byzantium, Persia and the Arabian Peninsula. As the sea-routes took on a more prominent role and new powers like Srivijaya emerged (see Kulke, 2016), they got to be appreciated along the shores of the Indian Ocean, where they generated such great profits that the locals learned to manufacture their own alternatives. Huang Zhong seems to be the first to name ‘tumi-flower dew’ this alternative rose-water.