bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community attitudes to emergency research without prospective informed consent: A survey of the general population
Authors: Furyk Jeremy , Franklin Richard , Watt Kerrianne , Emeto Theopilus , Dalziel Stuart , McBain‐Rigg Kris , Stepanov Nikola , Babl Franz E 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo give voice to the general public's views of prospective and retrospective (deferred) consent in the emergency research setting.MethodsA cross‐sectional, stratified population‐based, telephone survey was conducted in April to July 2016. A questionnaire consisting of standardised health and demographic details, and seven specifically designed, and pilot‐tested questions, five closed and two open text, based on literature review and previous surveys in the field was used. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used in the data analysis. This was a centrally coordinated national telephone survey in Australia, the 2016 National Social Survey, coordinated by Central Queensland University. Data for 1217 adult (18+ years) participants were included in the analysis, with a response rate of 26%. The sample demographics were broadly representative of the Australian population.ResultsThe majority of respondents were supportive of research in emergency circumstances without prospective informed consent. However, the type of research and level of risk influence its acceptability. Common themes in qualitative analysis included the critical or life‐threatening nature of the illness being researched, and the potential harms and benefits of participation.ConclusionsThis research provided the first opportunity for the community to contribute to discourse about prospective and retrospective (deferred) consent in the emergency research setting in Australia. Further work is needed to determine community expectations of how this process can be optimised and implemented, and to identify potential situations where this may not be acceptable.
BODY‐WORN CAMERAS AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF DEPOLICING: TESTING FOR CAMERA‐INDUCED PASSIVITY
Authors: WALLACE DANIELLE , WHITE MICHAEL D. , GAUB JANNE E. , TODAK NATALIE 
Published: May 2018

AbstractContentious debate is currently taking place regarding the extent to which public scrutiny of the police post‐Ferguson has led to depolicing or to a decrease in proactive police work. Advocates of the “Ferguson effect” claim the decline in proactive policing increased violent crime and assaults on the police. Although police body‐worn cameras (BWCs) are touted as a police reform that can generate numerous benefits, they also represent a form of internal and public surveillance on the police. The surveillance aspect of BWCs suggests that BWCs may generate depolicing through camera‐induced passivity. We test this question with data from a randomized controlled trial of BWCs in Spokane (WA) by assessing the impact of BWCs on four measures: officer‐initiated calls, arrests, response time, and time on scene. We employ hierarchical linear and cross‐classified models to test for between‐ and within‐group differences in outcomes before and after the randomized BWC rollout. Our results demonstrate no evidence of statistically significant camera‐induced passivity across any of the four outcomes. In fact, self‐initiated calls increased for officers assigned to treatment during the RCT. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of the findings for the ongoing dialogue in policing.
Scale versus scope in the diffusion of new technology: evidence from the farm tractor
Authors: Gross Daniel P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlthough tractors are now used in nearly every agricultural field operation and in the production of nearly all crops, they first developed with much more limited application. Early diffusion was accordingly rapid in these narrower applications but limited in scope until tractor technology generalized. The sequence of diffusion is consistent with a model of Research and Development (R&D) in specific‐ versus general‐purpose attributes and with other historical examples, suggesting that the key to understanding technology diffusion lies not only in explaining the number of different users, but also in explaining the number of different uses.
A Focus on Macitentan in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Bedan Martin , Grimm Daniela , Wehland Markus , Simonsen Ulf , Infanger Manfred , Krüger Marcus 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe approval of macitentan has increased the number of pharmacological treatments of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Here, we review the effect on PAH of macitentan compared to other endothelin receptor antagonists. Drugs targeting the endothelin (ET) pathway include the selective ETA receptor antagonist ambrisentan, the ETA/ETB receptor antagonists, bosentan and macitentan, which were recently approved for PAH treatment. Macitentan exhibits higher antagonistic potency than bosentan and ambrisentan in pulmonary smooth muscle cells. Compared to ambrisentan and bosentan, macitentan has a longer duration of action, reflected by the longer half‐life, as well as pharmacodynamics attributed to its active metabolite, ACT‐132577. The efficacy of macitentan on PAH was investigated in the phase III SERAPHIN trial (NCT00660179). Macitentan significantly reduced morbidity and mortality. It improved the 6‐min. walk distance (6MWD) among PAH patients. In the AMB‐320/321‐E (NCT00578786) study, ambrisentan improved exercise capacity. In the EARLY study (NCT00091715), bosentan showed improvements in 6MWD which were not statistically significant. Bosentan had an effect on PAH in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) in the BREATHE‐5 study (NCT00367770), while macitentan did not improve 6MWD in these patients, but there are differences regarding study size and functional class, and that 30% of the patients treated with macitentan were already in treatment with a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. Macitentan revealed a lower risk of developing peripheral oedema and hepatotoxicity in the SERAPHIN study. In summary, macitentan has an efficiency comparable to bosentan and ambrisentan in the treatment of PAH. Patients treated with macitentan exhibited less adverse effects compared to bosentan and ambrisentan. In patients with PAH associated with ES, the trials with bosentan and macitentan do not seem comparable, and it needs to be clarified whether these drugs are effective when administered as part of a combination treatment in this condition.
Solidarity as a national health care strategy
Authors: West‐Oram Peter 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Trump Administration's recent attempts to repeal the Affordable Care Act have reignited long‐running debates surrounding the nature of justice in health care provision, the extent of our obligations to others, and the most effective ways of funding and delivering quality health care. In this article, I respond to arguments that individualist systems of health care provision deliver higher‐quality health care and promote liberty more effectively than the cooperative, solidaristic approaches that characterize health care provision in most wealthy countries apart from the United States. I argue that these claims are mistaken and suggest one way of rejecting the implied criticisms of solidaristic practices in health care provision they represent. This defence of solidarity is phrased in terms of the advantages solidaristic approaches to health care provision have over individualist alternatives in promoting certain important personal liberties, and delivering high‐quality, affordable health care.
Diagnostic accuracy of whole slide imaging for cutaneous, soft tissue, and melanoma sentinel lymph node biopsies with and without immunohistochemistry
Authors: Sargen Michael R. , Luk Kevin M. , Stoff Benjamin K. , MacKelfresh Jaime , Patrawala Samit , Zhang Chao , Gutman David , Chen Suephy C. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundDiagnostic accuracy with whole slide imaging (WSI) for complex inpatient and outpatient dermatopathology cases with immunohistochemistry (IHC) is unknown.MethodsWSI (Leica Aperio AT2 Digital Pathology scanner, N = 151 cases) was performed for Emory inpatient and outpatient skin (N = 105), soft tissue (N = 30), and melanoma sentinel lymph node biopsies (N = 16) collected between 2000 and 2016. Resultant images were uploaded to an online cloud storage system for review by 2 board‐certified dermatopathologists (reviewers 1 and 2) with greater than 5 years of dermatopathology experience and 1 dermatopathology fellow (reviewer 3).ResultsReviewers 1 (diagnostic accuracy = 97%) and 2 (diagnostic accuracy = 95%) demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy with WSI. Diagnostic accuracy was greater than 90% for inpatient biopsies, melanocytic lesions, melanoma sentinel lymph node biopsies, and cases with immunohistochemistry, but was slightly lower for soft tissue cases (reviewer 1 = 89%; reviewer 2 = 89%). The dermatopathology fellow (reviewer 3) demonstrated lower diagnostic accuracy (84%).ConclusionsDiagnostic accuracy with WSI for skin, soft tissue, and melanoma sentinel lymph node biopsies with and without immunohistochemistry was greater than 95% for 2 reviewers with greater than 5 years of dermatopathology experience. Professional experience signing out dermatopathology cases may impact diagnostic accuracy with WSI.
Long‐term follow‐up of 2 patients treated with 90Y‐rituximab radioimmunotherapy for relapse of nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Golstein Sophie C. , Muylle Kristoff , Vercruyssen Marie , Spilleboudt Chloé , de Wind Alexandre , Bron Dominique 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare lymphoma (<5% of Hodgkin’s lymphomas) predominantly affecting the middle‐aged man, with an indolent behavior. Given the rare occurrence of this lymphoma, there are currently no clear guidelines for initial treatment or relapse. In this report, we present the follow‐up of 2 patients treated by radioimmunotherapy for first relapse of their NLPHL. Both patients were initially treated with rituximab and relapsed 1 year after the end of their treatment.
Effects of grazing on grassland communities of the forest‐steppe of northern Mongolia: A comparison of grazed versus ungrazed places
Authors: Takatsuki Seiki , Sato Masatoshi , Morinaga Yuki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOvergrazing of grasslands in the Mongolian steppes resulting from a transition from pastoral to sedentary livestock production has led to significant changes in plant communities. This study aimed to show how livestock grazing affects steppe vegetation in northern Mongolia by a good example of a long‐termed exclusion of grazing. The Bulgan Airport in northern Mongolia has been fenced since the 1950s and thus is suitable to compare grazed and ungrazed plant communities. We studied plots both inside and outside the fence with reference to community structure, species composition and growth form. Plant biomass for the outside plots averaged (40 g m−2) less than one‐seventh of that inside the fence (305 g m−2) and average species number per plot was about half of that inside the fence. Height of plants inside the fence ranged from the ground surface to 30–40 cm, whereas most of the plants outside were less than 10 cm tall. Erect, branched and tall tussock form plants were reduced outside the fence and short tussock and prostrate form plants became dominant. Microtopography resulted in different dominant plants inside the fence whereas only Carex duriuscula, a sedge and Potentilla acaulis, a short growing prostrate forb, prevailed outside. That is, grazing as a factor affecting plant communities prevailed and “masked” microtopography outside the fence. It was shown that the use of growth form is effective to evaluate vegetation changes by grazing.
Utility of immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins on colorectal polyps in the familial cancer clinic
Authors: Dow Eryn , Buchanan Daniel D. , Winship Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundImmunohistochemistry for loss of expression of one or more of the mismatch repair proteins is performed on colorectal cancer tissue as a screening test for Lynch syndrome; however, its role in pre‐malignant polyps remains controversial.AimTo determine the effectiveness of mismatch repair immunohistochemistry performed on pre‐malignant colorectal polyps in identifying Lynch syndrome, focusing on clinical utility and value.MethodsA retrospective audit was conducted of mismatch repair immunohistochemistry performed on non‐malignant polyps in patients who attended the Family Cancer Clinic at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Two hundred and six patient records over a 10‐year period (2006–2016) were reviewed. Personal and family history data were collected, including genetic testing results.ResultsOf the 57 patients who underwent polyp testing, the family histories comprised Amsterdam II Criteria (12.3%), Lynch syndrome‐associated malignancies (42.1%), Lynch syndrome‐associated malignancies and polyps (35.1%) and polyps only (8.8%); 10.5% of patients had no significant family history. Normal expression of the mismatch repair proteins was observed in 94.7% of patients; loss of expression was observed in three individuals with concordant germline variants in two patients (one PMS2 variant of unknown significance and one MSH6 mutation). Additional genetic testing in 21 patients with normal immunohistochemistry did not identify any additional Lynch syndrome cases.ConclusionThe clinical utility of mismatch repair immunohistochemistry on polyp tissue was low. No additional cases of Lynch syndrome were identified, and a large proportion of patients proceeded to germline testing despite normal polyp immunohistochemistry. We suggest there is no value in this approach.
Are Australian smokers with mental illness receiving adequate smoking cessation and harm reduction information?
Authors: Sharma‐Kumar Ratika , Meurk Carla , Ford Pauline , Beere Diana , Gartner Coral 
Published: May 2018

AbstractProvision of smoking cessation support in the form of advice and information is central to increasing quit rates, including among people with mental illness (MI), who have 3–5 times higher odds of smoking than those without MI. This study investigated the extent and perceived utility of quit smoking advice and information available to Australian smokers with MI through face‐to‐face, semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews with 29 current smokers with MI. Qualitative analysis identified four major sources of quit smoking advice and information: (i) mental health practitioners; (ii) Quitline; (iii) social networks; and (iv) Internet and media. All identified sources, including formal sources (mental health practitioners and Quitline), were perceived as providing inadequate information about quitting smoking, particularly regarding optimal usage of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Social networks emerged as a substantial source of quit smoking advice and information, especially for nontraditional methods such as vaping. Participants showed high interest in receiving support from peer‐led smoking cessation groups. A minority of participants reported that they had received quit smoking information from Internet and media; this was largely restricted to negative reports about e‐cigarettes and short advertisements for nicotine replacement therapy. Our findings suggest that more can be done to provide smokers with MI with practical smoking cessation advice and support. Comprehensive information resources tailored for smokers with MI should be developed and disseminated via multiple pathways. We also recommend a number of policy and practice reforms to promote smoking cessation among those with MI.
‘I‐as‐We’ – Powerful boundaries within the field of mental health coproduction
Authors: von Peter Sebastian , Schulz Gwen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTo date, there is little research on personal crisis experiences of mental health professionals. The aim of this study was to explore some of the reasons for why self‐disclosure is so difficult and how these difficulties may prevent productive forms of coproduction. These questions are addressed both from a psychiatrist's autoethnographic account and from the perspective of a peer worker who works in various coproductive relationships. It is shown that mental health professionals often revert to an “I‐as‐we”, speaking of themselves as a collective and thereby reifying the boundaries between ‘vulnerable users’ and ‘invulnerable professionals’. Ethnographic examples are given, of how these boundaries are produced by a continuous, often invisible, and powerful category work. It is discussed how the dichotomous logic of these boundaries can cause people on both sides to feel reduced to a representation of a certain species, which can take on an existential dimension. Ways out are identified for mental health professionals to self‐reflexively engage with their own crisis experience in coproductive and other relationships.
Vigilant attention to threat, sleep patterns, and anxiety in peripubertal youth
Authors: Ricketts Emily J. , Price Rebecca B. , Siegle Greg J. , Silk Jennifer S. , Forbes Erika E. , Ladouceur Cecile D. , Harvey Allison G. , Ryan Neal D. , Dahl Ronald E. , McMakin Dana L. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundVigilant attention to threat is commonly observed in anxiety, undergoes developmental changes in early adolescence, and has been proposed to interfere with sleep initiation and maintenance. We present one of the first studies to use objective measures to examine associations between vigilant attention to threat and difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep in an early adolescent anxious sample. We also explore the moderating role of development (age, puberty) and sex.MethodsParticipants were 66 peripubertal youth (ages 9–14) with a primary anxiety disorder and 24 healthy control subjects. A dot‐probe task was used to assess attentional bias to fearful relative to neutral face stimuli. Eye‐tracking indexed selective attentional bias to threat, and reaction time bias indexed action readiness to threat. Sleep was assessed via actigraphy (e.g. sleep onset delay, wake after sleep onset, etc.), parent report (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire), and child report (Sleep Self‐Report). The Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale assessed anxiety severity.ResultsEye‐tracking initial threat fixation bias (β = .33, p = .001) and threat dwell time bias (β = .22, p = .041) were positively associated with sleep onset latency. Reaction time bias was positively associated with wake after sleep onset (β = .24, p = .026) and parent‐reported sleep disturbance (β = .25, p = .019). Anxiety (severity, diagnosis) was not associated with these outcomes. Sex (β = −.32, p = .036) moderated the relation between initial threat fixation bias and sleep onset latency, with a positive association for males (p = .005), but not for females (p = .289). Age and pubertal status did not moderate effects.ConclusionsVigilant attention to threat is related to longer sleep onset and reduced sleep maintenance. These associations are not stronger in early adolescents with anxiety. Implications for early intervention or prevention that targets vigilant attention to threat to impact sleep disturbance, and vice versa, are discussed.
Prognostic Effect of Changes in Physical Function Over Prior Year on Subsequent Mortality and Long‐Term Nursing Home Admission
Authors: Gill Thomas M. , Han Ling , Gahbauer Evelyne A. , Leo‐Summers Linda , Allore Heather G. 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prognostic effect of changes in physical function at different intervals over the prior year on subsequent outcomes after accounting for present function.DesignProspective longitudinal study.SettingGreater New Haven, Connecticut, from March 1998 to January 2006.ParticipantsCommunity‐living persons aged 71 and older who completed an 18‐month comprehensive assessment (N=658).MeasurementsDisability in 13 activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, and mobility activities was assessed at the 18‐month comprehensive assessment and at 12, 6, and 3 months before 18 months. Time to death and long‐term nursing home admission, defined as 3 months and longer, were ascertained for up to 5 years after 18 months.ResultsIn the bivariate models, disability at 18 months and change in disability between 18 months and each of the 3 prior time‐points (12, 6, 3 months) were significantly associated with time to death. The risk of death, for example, increased by 24% for each 1‐point increase in 18‐month disability score (on a scale from 0 to 13) and by 22% for each 1‐point change in disability score between 18 months and prior 12 months (on a scale from –13 to 13). In a set of multivariable models with and without covariates, the associations were maintained for 18‐month disability but not for change in disability between 18 months and each of the 3 prior time‐points. The results were comparable for time to long‐term nursing home admission except that 2 of the associations were not statistically significant.ConclusionWhen evaluating risk of adverse outcomes, such as death and long‐term nursing home admission, an assessment of change in physical function at different intervals over the prior year, although a strong bivariate predictor, did not provide useful prognostic information beyond that available from current level of function.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of Conventional and Digital Impression Techniques for Implant Restorations
Authors: Moura Renata Vasconcellos , Kojima Alberto Noriyuki , Saraceni Cintia Helena Coury , Bassolli Lucas , Balducci Ivan , Özcan Mutlu , Mesquita Alfredo Mikail Melo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPurposeThe increased use of CAD systems can generate doubt about the accuracy of digital impressions for angulated implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of different impression techniques, two conventional and one digital, for implants with and without angulation.Materials and MethodsWe used a polyurethane cast that simulates the human maxilla according to ASTM F1839, and 6 tapered implants were installed with external hexagonal connections to simulate tooth positions 17, 15, 12, 23, 25, and 27. Implants 17 and 23 were placed with 15° of mesial angulation and distal angulation, respectively. Mini cone abutments were installed on these implants with a metal strap 1 mm in height. Conventional and digital impression procedures were performed on the maxillary master cast, and the implants were separated into 6 groups based on the technique used and measurement type: G1 – control, G2 – digital impression, G3 – conventional impression with an open tray, G4 – conventional impression with a closed tray, G5 – conventional impression with an open tray and a digital impression, and G6 – conventional impression with a closed tray and a digital impression. A statistical analysis was performed using two‐way repeated measures ANOVA to compare the groups, and a Kruskal‐Wallis test was conducted to analyze the accuracy of the techniques.ResultsNo significant difference in the accuracy of the techniques was observed between the groups. Therefore, no differences were found among the conventional impression and the combination of conventional and digital impressions, and the angulation of the implants did not affect the accuracy of the techniques.ConclusionsAll of the techniques exhibited trueness and had acceptable precision. The variation of the angle of the implants did not affect the accuracy of the techniques.