bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Control of Surface Friction on the Scales of Baroclinic Eddies in a Homogeneous Quasigeostrophic Two-Layer Model
Authors: Chang Chiung-Yin , Held Isaac M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn idealized models of the extratropical troposphere, both β and surface friction can control the equilibrated scales of baroclinic eddies by stopping the inverse cascade. A scaling theory on how surface friction alone sets these scales was proposed by Held in 1999 in the case of a quadratic drag law. However, the theory breaks down when friction is modeled by linear damping, and there are other reasons to suspect that it is oversimplified. An ideal system to test the theory is the homogeneous two-layer quasigeostrophic model in the β = 0 limit with quadratic damping. This study investigates some numerical simulations of the model to analyze two causes of the theory’s breakdown. They are 1) the asymmetry between two layers due to confinement of friction to the lower layer and 2) deviation from a spectrally local inverse energy cascade due to the spread of wavenumbers over which energy is input into the barotropic mode. The former is studied by comparing the simulations with drag appearing asymmetrically or symmetrically between the two layers. The latter is addressed with a heuristic modification of the theory. A regime where eddies equilibrate without an inverse cascade is also examined. A comparison is then made between quadratic and linear drag simulations. The connection to a competing theory based on the dynamics of equivalent barotropic vortices with thermal signatures is further discussed. Finally, we present an example of an inhomogeneous statistically steady state to argue that the diffusivity obtained from the homogeneous model has relevance to more realistic configurations.
Influence of an Island on Hysteresis of a Western Boundary Current Flowing across a Gap
Authors: Mei Huan , Qi Yiquan , Qiu Bo , Cheng Xuhua , Wu Xiangbai 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe investigate impact of an island on hysteresis of a western boundary current (WBC) flowing across a gap using a nonlinear 1.5-layer ocean model. The results of hysteresis curves show the island in the middle of the gap facilitates the WBC intrusion. The inserted (removed) island in the middle of the gap promotes the WBC to shed eddy (leap across the gap) when the WBC path transits from the periodic penetrating (leaping) to the leaping (periodic penetrating) regime without (with) an island. Vorticity balance analysis reveals that the WBC transition from the eddy-shedding (leaping) to the leaping (eddy-shedding) regime is induced by increased (decreased) meridional advection. Moreover, the critical Reynolds number of the WBC at the Hopf bifurcation is not sensitive to the size and location of the island when the total gap width is fixed. The critical Reynolds number of the WBC translating from the eddy shedding to the leaping regime increases when either the total gap width increases or the island’s meridional length increases; however, the critical Reynolds number is inversely proportional to the width of the southern gap with fixed total gap width and enlarged island length. The island promotes the WBC to shed eddy except when the island is near the northern barrier. The influence of an eastward-shifted island on the WBC transition from the eddy-shedding to the leaping regime is gradually reduced when the island is east of the Munk layer.
Comparison of Oceanic Multisatellite Precipitation Data from Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission and Global Precipitation Measurement Mission Datasets with Rain Gauge Data from Ocean Buoys
Authors: Wu Qiaoyan , Wang Yilei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThree satellite-derived precipitation datasets [the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) dataset, the NOAA Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) dataset, and the newly available Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) dataset] are compared with data obtained from 55 rain gauges mounted on floating buoys in the tropics for the period 1 April 2014–30 April 2017. All three satellite datasets underestimate low rainfall and overestimate high rainfall in the tropical Pacific Ocean, but the TMPA dataset does this the most. In the high-rainfall (higher than 4 mm day−1) Atlantic region, all three satellite datasets overestimate low rainfall and underestimate high rainfall, but the IMERG dataset does this the most. For the Indian Ocean, all three rainfall satellite datasets overestimate rainfall at some gauges and underestimate it at others. Of these three satellite products, IMERG is the most accurate in estimating mean precipitation over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, but it is less accurate over the tropical Atlantic Ocean for regions of high rainfall. The differences between the three satellite datasets vary by region and there is a need to consider uncertainties in the data before using them for research.
Endoscopic Management of Postradiation Dysphagia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Abu-Ghanem Sara , Sung Chin-Kwang , Junlapan Attapon , Kearney Ann , DiRenzo Elizabeth , Dewan Karuna , Damrose Edward J. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives: To systematically review the success rate and safety profile of the available endoscopic surgical options for radiation-induced dysphagia in head and neck cancer patients following organ preservation treatment, including upper esophageal sphincter (UES) dilation, cricopharyngeus (CP) myotomy (CPM), and CP intramuscular botulinum toxin (Botox) injection. Methods: A search of MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases was done to identify articles published between January 1980 and December 2017. Pediatric series, foreign language articles, series with Zenker’s diverticulum or following primary surgical treatment including laryngectomy, open UES/CP surgery, or samples with fewer than 5 patients were excluded. Results: An initial search identified 539 articles. All titles and abstracts were reviewed. One hundred and sixteen potentially relevant articles were inspected in more detail, and 14 retrospective studies met eligibility criteria. Dilation group included 10 studies on anterograde and/or retrograde dilation, with an overall 208 patients. Success rate ranged from 42% to 100%. The endoscopic CPM group included 3 studies with a total of 36 patients, and the success rate ranged from 27% to 90%. In the Botox group, 1 one study with 20 patients met our inclusion criteria, with an overall 65% success rate (13/20). Major complications were only reported in the dilation group, which included esophageal perforation and death. Conclusions: The lack of consistency across trials indicates insufficient evidence for guiding clinical practice. This systematic review suggests the need for greater standardization of outcomes and instruments. Future prospective evaluation should use validated patient-rated and clinician-rated assessment tools to optimally measure postoperative swallowing outcomes of head and neck cancer dysphagic patients following organ preservation therapy.
Silymarin and silymarin nanoparticles guard against chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depressive-like behavior in mice: involvement of neurogenesis and NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Ashraf Aya , Mahmoud Passant A , Reda Haidy , Mansour Salma , Helal Mehad H , Michel Haidy E , Nasr Maha 
Published: March 2019

Background: The neuropathology of depression is quite complex. Thus, treatment failures are frequent with current antidepressants, raising the need for more effective ones. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the influence of silymarin on depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Silymarin was formulated as nanostructured lipid carriers (a lipid-based type of nanoparticle with the advantages of physical stability, good release profile, and targeted delivery). Mice were subjected to CUMS paradigm during 14 days. During this period, mice received silymarin (200 mg/kg, p.o.) per se or in its nanoparticle form or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.). On the 15th day behavioral and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results: Oral administration of silymarin (200 mg/kg), particularly in its nanoparticulate form, exerted an antidepressant-like effect, comparable with fluoxetine in mice, as demonstrated in the behavioral despair tests. Silymarin also reversed prefrontal cortical and hippocampal CUMS-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, silymarin augmented neurotransmitter levels, enhanced neurogenesis and inhibited nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation. Silymarin nanoparticles were superior to silymarin in certain parameters probably due to significantly higher brain silybinin (the major active component of silymarin) concentration by 12.46 fold in the group administered silymarin nanoparticles compared with the mice which were administered silymarin per se. Conclusions: The antidepressant-like effect of silymarin can be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as increased neurogenesis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which delineates silymarin, especially in nanoparticle form, as a promising strategy for treatment of depression.
Epicrania Fugax as the presenting symptom of a cerebellar abscess
Authors: García-Azorín David , Dotor García-Soto Julio , Martínez-Pías Enrique , Guerrero-Peral Angel L 
Published: March 2019

Background Epicrania fugax is included in the appendix of the International Classification of Headache Disorders and is characterized as recurrent brief attacks of linear or zigzag pain moving across the cranial surface, commencing and terminating in the distribution of different nerves. We present a new case of epicrania fugax in which the headache was the presenting symptom of a cerebellar abscess. Case report We present a 58-year-old woman with prior history of Chiari I malformation who underwent suboccipital craniectomy. Two weeks after surgery, she experienced paroxysmal pain episodes of 1–3 seconds, with constant linear trajectory from the right occipital surface to the right orbital region, remaining pain free between episodes. Cranial tomography showed a hypodense intraaxial lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere. Magnetic Resonance Imaging exhibited intralesional bleeding and peripheral enhancement after gadolinium administration. Post-surgical cerebellar abscess was diagnosed and antibiotic therapy was started; the patient underwent urgent surgical drainage. Pain disappeared after the surgery and the patient remains pain free with 12 months of follow-up. Conclusion Posterior fossa abnormalities have been described as a possible cause of secondary epicrania fugax. The presence of red flags should encourage conducting of paraclinical tests to rule out a symptomatic form.
Performance and Return to Sport After Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major Tears Among Professional Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Erickson Brandon J. , Chalmers Peter N. , D’Angelo John , Ma Kevin , Romeo Anthony A. 
Published: March 2019

Background: Latissimus dorsi and teres major (LD/TM) tears are becoming an increasingly common cause of injury and disability among professional baseball pitchers. Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine performance and return to sport (RTS) among professional baseball pitchers after LD/TM tears treated operatively and nonoperatively and to compare the RTS rate and performance between pitchers who sustained an LD/TM tear and matched controls. The authors hypothesized a high RTS rate among professional baseball pitchers after LD/TM tears, with no significant difference in RTS rate or performance between cases and controls for operative and nonoperative treatment—specifically, in the primary performance outcome variables of WHIP ([walks + hits] / innings pitched), fielding independent pitching, and wins above replacement. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All professional baseball pitchers who sustained an LD/TM tear between 2011 and 2016 were identified with the Health and Injury Tracking System database of Major League Baseball. Demographic and performance data (before and after injury) were recorded for each player. Performance metrics were then compared between cases and matched controls by operative and nonoperative treatment. Results: Overall, 120 pitchers had a documented LD/TM tear; 42 (35%) were major league players. Most players (n = 107, 89.2%) were treated nonoperatively. Time to return to the same level of competition was 170 ± 169 days (mean ± SD) for pitchers treated nonoperatively and 406 ± 146 days for those treated operatively. The RTS rate among players treated nonoperatively and operatively was identical at 75%. Players treated nonoperatively had no change in fielding independent pitching or wins above replacement after injury but had a higher (ie, worse) WHIP after injury ( P = .039); they also performed significantly worse in several secondary performance metrics, including number of games played per year ( P < .001). Players treated operatively had no change in any measured performance metrics after surgery. No difference existed between cases and controls in the primary performance variables. Conclusion: The majority of LD/TM tears are treated nonoperatively. The RTS rate is 75% for professional baseball pitchers after LD/TM tears treated operatively or nonoperatively. Players treated nonoperatively saw a decline in several performance metrics, while players treated operatively had no significant difference in performance after surgery.
Acupuncture for symptoms management in Korean breast cancer survivors: a prospective pilot study
Authors: Kim Tae-Hun , Kang Jung Won 
Published: March 2019

Background: There is an unmet need for effective treatment of the various treatment-related symptoms experienced by breast cancer survivors. These symptoms could be alleviated by acupuncture. Although several lines of evidence in Western countries suggest that acupuncture has a beneficial effect on symptoms in breast cancer survivors, few relevant studies have been conducted in Korean patients. This pilot study assessed the feasibility of acupuncture for a variety of treatment-related symptoms in Korean breast cancer survivors. Method: From October 2015 to March 2016, we recruited patients who had undergone treatment for breast cancer and subsequently reported symptoms, including aromatase inhibitor-related knee pain, vasomotor symptoms, insomnia, sexual dysfunction and post-mastectomy pain in the chest wall or shoulder. The women received 4 weeks of symptom-specific acupuncture followed by a further 4 weeks of follow-up to evaluate the feasibility of acupuncture for this indication, and its impact on common and symptom-specific outcome variables. Results: Eight study participants were recruited over a period of 6 months, six of whom completed the planned acupuncture treatment and follow-up assessments. A total of 78 acupuncture sessions were performed. We found that acupuncture was feasible, with only six minor self-limiting acupuncture-related adverse events. Most of the women felt that they had benefitted from participation in the study. The preliminary analysis indicated improvement in common symptom-specific outcomes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that acupuncture is feasible, but low recruitment rates should be considered when considering future acupuncture research in Korean breast cancer survivors. Rigorous evaluation of this symptomatic treatment strategy is now needed in the Korean population.
“Too much too soon, let me out of here!” Psychiatric and obstetric implications of a child’s pregnancy
Authors: Ghosh Sunanda , Bruxner George , Kothari Alka 
Published: March 2019

Objective: Psychiatrists may become involved in circumstances where a child is seeking termination of pregnancy. Potential roles include capacity advice and advocacy, but ethical and legal uncertainties abound. This paper uses illustrative cases, in an Australian jurisdiction, to exemplify the issues. Conclusion: Termination of pregnancy at the youthful extreme raises unique challenges for all involved.
Two-dimensional and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of intestinal ischaemia in cats: four cases
Authors: Linta Nikolina , Baron Toaldo Marco , Del Magno Sara , Pey Pascaline , Quinci Manuela , Diana Alessia 
Published: March 2019

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the results of two-dimensional (2D) and contrast-enhancement ultrasound (CEUS) in four cats with intestinal ischaemia. Methods Data were collected from hospital records of all cats that had intestinal ischaemia between January 2012 and August 2018. The inclusion criteria were complete abdominal ultrasound examination, colour flow Doppler and CEUS of lesions, confirmation of intestinal ischaemia detected by visual assessment of avascular intestinal segment at surgery, and/or necropsy and histopathology. All images and video clips were reviewed by the same experienced operator. Results Four cats with different intestinal ischaemic lesions were included in the study: duodenal perforating ulcer, jejunal necrotising enteritis, necrosis secondary to jejunojejunal intussusception and iatrogenic damage of jejunal arteries. On the 2D ultrasound, all intestinal lesions were characterised by non-specific findings: focal hypoechoic wall thickening with loss of normal layering associated with hyperechoic mesentery surrounding the intestinal tract. CEUS showed a reduced or absent enhancement of the intestinal lesions in comparison to the surrounding perfused wall. Conclusions and relevance Intestinal ischaemia is a potentially fatal disorder. Grey-scale, colour and power Doppler ultrasonography are not sensitive for evaluating this condition. Our preliminary findings illustrate the usefulness of CEUS for the detection of intestinal wall impaired perfusion in cats.
Burnout in social workers and socio-demographic factors
Authors: Gómez-García Rogelio , Alonso-Sangregorio Margarita , Llamazares-Sánchez María L. 
Published: March 2019

Summary The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of burnout syndrome in a sample of Spanish social workers and analyse the influence of a series of socio-demographic variables that may potentially be related to the appearance and development of one of the three dimensions of burnout. A total of 947 Spanish social workers participated in the study. Findings 33.2% and 22.1 of Spanish social workers experienced high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, and 54.2% experienced low personal accomplishment at work. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that having been on sick leave in the preceding year was the most important predictor of emotional exhaustion. Moreover, full-time employment status was the most robust predictor of depersonalisation, and professional activity in specialised social services was the main predictor of personal accomplishment. The low percentages of total variance explained imply that although certain socio-demographic characteristics are significant predictors, their effects are very small. Applications Public and private organisations devoted to social services should be aware of the need to prevent this type of psychosocial risk to which social workers are exposed every day. This would help improve the health and quality of their lives as well as reduce the high costs which frequent worker turnover and sick leave entail, and would also enhance the effectiveness of the services provided.
Genetic knockdown of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the nervous system attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertension in mice
Authors: Zhang Zhongming , Zhang Yijing , Wang Yan , Ding Shengchen , Wang Chenhui , Gao Li , Johnson Alan , Xue Baojian 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) is expressed throughout the central nervous system and peripheral organs involved in the regulation of blood pressure, but the systemic effects of BDNF in the control of blood pressure are not well elucidated. Materials and methods: We utilized loxP flanked BDNF male mice to cross with nestin-Cre female mice to generate nerve system BDNF knockdown mice, nestin-BDNF (+/–), or injected Cre adenovirus into the subfornical organ to create subfornical organ BDNF knockdown mice. Histochemistry was used to verify injection location. Radiotelemetry was employed to determine baseline blood pressure and pressor response to angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg/min). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of renin–angiotensin system components in the laminal terminalis and peripheral organs. Results: Nestin-BDNF (+/–) mice had lower renin–angiotensin system expression in the laminal terminalis and peripheral organs including the gonadal fat pad, and a lower basal blood pressure. They exhibited an attenuated hypertensive response and a weak or similar modification of renin–angiotensin system component expression to angiotensin II infusion. Subfornical organ BDNF knockdown was sufficient for the attenuation of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Conclusion: Central BDNF, especially subfornical organ BDNF is involved in the maintenance of basal blood pressure and in augmentation of hypertensive response to angiotensin II through systemic regulation of the expression of renin–angiotensin system molecules.
Metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary with complete metabolic response following sorafenib-based chemotherapy
Authors: Usón Junior Pedro Luiz Serrano , Wagner Jairo , Corpa Marcus Vinicius de Nigro , Coelho Iracema Moraes , Nagourney Robert A , Yamaguchi Nise Hitomi 
Published: March 2019

Background: The treatment of carcinoma of unknown primary based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry is generally chemotherapy. The use of molecular markers, genetic profiling platforms, and personalized medicine is under active investigation. Case Report: We report the case of a 56-year-old patient who presented to medical attention with palpable axillary adenopathy. Biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Formal staging revealed extensive metastatic disease to bone and liver. Initial chemotherapy proved ineffective. We describe the diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and achievement of durable remission using a novel sorafenib-based drug combination that was chosen through the application of a functional analytic laboratory platform. Conclusion: The clinical management of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary continues to present a considerable challenge for practicing oncologists. Laboratory platforms capable of examining cellular response to injury, growth factor withdrawal, and cytotoxic insult at the level of cellular function may provide insights for drug selection in this patient population.