bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic Tongue and Consumer Sensory Evaluation of Spicy Paneer Cheese
Authors: Schlossareck Courtney , Ross Carolyn F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEvaluating sensory properties of spicy foods can be challenging due to how quickly individuals experience fatigue. Analytical methods, such as HPLC quantification of capsaicin, are accurate. However, they may not always be interchangeable with perception of spiciness by consumers. The electronic tongue (e‐tongue) offers a unique opportunity to simulate human perception of capsaicin pungency with an analytical method. This study evaluated consumer's and the e‐tongue ability to discriminate among paneer cheese samples containing different levels of capsaicin (1.875, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30 ppm). Over 2 days, using a blocked design to minimize fatigue, consumers (n = 110) evaluated samples using a difference from control sensory test. Consumers distinguished the spicy paneer sample from the control (0 ppm) at 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30 ppm (P < 0.05). Differences were found among sample 3.75, 7.5, and 15 ppm (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found between control and 1.875 ppm or between samples 15 and 30 ppm. Although these high and low concentrations were challenging for consumers, the e‐tongue resulted in a high degree of discrimination of 93% among all samples. On the principal component analysis plot created by the e‐tongue, PC1 explained 85.6% of the variability and was associated with spicy, sweet, salty, sour, and umami sensors. PC2 explained 7.96% and was associated with the bitter and metallic sensors. The 3.75 and 15 ppm samples were defined by PC1, while PC2 defined samples 1.875 and 30 ppm. These results conclude that the e‐tongue may be useful in qualitative discrimination among spicy paneer along with sensory evaluation.Practical ApplicationAs the market for spicy foods continues to grow, methods for rapid, accurate analysis of the sensory qualities of the food products is needed. As the electronic tongue discriminated effectively among spicy paneer cheese samples, the method could be used alongside sensory testing to evaluate spicy food samples without encountering the typical issues of fatigue common with evaluating spicy foods.
Needle tip tracking for ultrasound‐guided peripheral nerve block procedures—An observer blinded, randomised, controlled, crossover study on a phantom model
Authors: Kåsine Trine , Romundstad Luis , Rosseland Leiv Arne , Ullensvang Kyrre , Fagerland Morten Wang , Hol Per Kristian , Kessler Paul , Sauter Axel Rudolf 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundThe Onvision needle tip tracking (NTT) is a new technology consisting of a needle with an ultrasound sensor close to the needle tip and a console for computerised signal processing. The aim of the study was to evaluate NTT technology during ultrasound‐guided simulated peripheral nerve block procedures in a porcine phantom model.MethodsForty anaesthesiologists performed in‐plane and out‐of‐plane simulated nerve blocks with and without NTT guidance. The primary outcome measure was procedure time. Secondary outcomes were hand movements and the path length travelled by the hands measured by motion analysis, precision of the needle tip related to the target structure, success rates and violations of the target structure, and the participants confidence whether their procedure would be successful or not.ResultsProcedure time was reduced from 66.7 (SD = 47.5) seconds to 43.8 (SD = 29.2) seconds when NTT was used for out‐of‐plane procedures (P = 0.002). The number of movements of the needle hand was 13.9 (SD = 30.2) with NTT and 24.8 (SD = 30.0) without NTT (P = 0.019). No significant differences were registered during the performance of in‐plane procedures. The participants confidence in a presumed block success was increased with both in‐plane procedures (8.50 (SD = 1.18) with NTT vs 7.65 (SD = 1.96), P = 0.004) and out‐of‐plane procedures (8.50 (SD = 1.09) vs 7.10 (SD = 1.89), P = 0.0001).ConclusionsThe new NTT technology significantly reduced the procedure time and the number of hand movements for ultrasound‐guided out‐of‐plane PNB procedures. No significant differences were found for the in‐plane procedures.
Estimating the rank of a beta matrix: a GMM approach1
Authors: Ren Yu , Wang Qin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA full‐rank beta matrix is a necessary condition for correctly estimating the risk premia in linear asset pricing models. However, the true values of betas are unobserved in practice and must be estimated. In this paper, we propose a straightforward testing method based on the generalised method of moments to assess whether the beta matrix is of full rank. We show that our method has desirable finite sample properties and performs better than available alternatives. We apply our method to several popular factor models and find that most models have rank deficiency in several datasets.
Predictors of Substance Use Latent Classes Among American Indian Youth Attending Schools On or Near Reservations
Authors: Swaim Randall C. , Stanley Linda R. 
Published: May 2019

Background and ObjectivesIdentical latent classes of substance use for 7 to 8 grade and 9 to 12 grade American Indian (AI) youth living on or near reservations suggest that patterns of substance use are established early among these youth. This study examines relationships of substance‐related factors to latent class membership and whether these relationships differ by grade group.MethodsIn‐school surveys were administered to 1503 7 to 8 grade and 1995 9 to 12 grade students from 46 schools on or near reservations during the 2009/2010 to 2012/2013 school years. Four‐class latent class models of substance use were specified and five classes of substance‐related factors (peers, substance availability, perceived harm, family, early initiation), plus grade level and gender, were evaluated as predictors.ResultsFor 7 to 8 grade students, substance‐related factors differentiated nonusers from users, while for 9 to 12 graders, these factors also differentiated types of users. Early initiation and peer factors were strongly related to class membership, while other factors were less strongly related.Discussion and ConclusionsEarly initiation of alcohol or marijuana is strongly related to being in a substance‐using class for AI youth. Because these youth tend to initiate use earlier that other US youth, prevention resources should be targeted to reaching them and their families before age 12.Scientific SignificancePredictors of latent classes of substance use were identified for reservation‐based AI youth. While the classes were identical for 7 to 8 grade and 9 to 12 grade youth, predictors varied across grade group, which may inform how best to develop prevention efforts unique to middle and high school AI youth.
Screening for delirium after surgery: validation of the 4 A's test (4AT) in the post‐anaesthesia care unit
Authors: Saller T. , MacLullich A. M. J. , Schäfer S. T. , Crispin A. , Neitzert R. , Schüle C. , von Dossow V. , Hofmann‐Kiefer K. F. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryPostoperative delirium is common and has multiple adverse consequences. Guidelines recommend routine screening for postoperative delirium beginning in the post‐anaesthesia care unit. The 4 A's test (4AT) is a widely used assessment tool for delirium but there are no studies evaluating its use in the post‐anaesthesia care unit. We evaluated the performance of the 4AT in the post‐anaesthesia care unit in a tertiary German medical centre. Adults who were able to provide informed consent, were not scheduled for postoperative intensive care, and who did not have dementia or severe neuropsychiatric disorders underwent screening by trained research staff with the Nurse Delirium Screening Scale and a new German translation of the 4AT in a random order at the point of discharge from the post‐anaesthesia care unit. Reference standard assessment of delirium was psychiatric evaluation by experienced clinicians. Five hundred and forty‐three patients (mean age (SD) 52 (18) years) were analysed; 22 (4.1%) patients developed delirium. The sensitivity and specificity of the 4AT were 95.5% (95%CI 77.2–99.9) and 99.2% (95%CI 98.1–99.8), respectively. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.998 (95%CI 0.995–1.000). The Nursing Delirium Screening Scale had a sensitivity of 27.3% (95%CI 10.7–50.2) and specificity of 99.4% (95%CI 98.3–99.9), with an area under the curve of 0.761 (95%CI 0.629–0.894). These findings suggest that the 4AT is an effective and robust instrument for delirium detection in the post‐anaesthesia care unit.
Presence of Giardia lamblia in stools of six‐ to 18‐month old asymptomatic Malawians is associated with children's growth failure
Authors: Lehto Kirsi‐Maarit , Fan Yue‐Mei , Oikarinen Sami , Nurminen Noora , Hallamaa Lotta , Juuti Rosa , Mangani Charles , Maleta Kenneth , Hyöty Heikki , Ashorn Per 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimDespite high pathogen burden and malnutrition in low‐income settings, knowledge on relationship between asymptomatic viral or parasitic infections, nutrition and growth is insufficient. We studied these relationships in a cohort of six‐month‐old Malawian infants.MethodsAs part of a nutrient supplementation trial for 12 months, we documented disease symptoms of 840 participant daily and anthropometric measurements every three months. Stool specimens were collected every six months and analysed for Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium species and enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, parechovirus and rhinovirus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of the microbes was compared to the children's linear growth and the dietary.ResultsThe prevalence of the microbes was similar in every intervention group. All age groups combined, children negative for G. lamblia had a mean standard deviation (SD) of −0.01 (0.49) change in length‐for‐age Z‐score (LAZ), compared to −0.12 (0.045) among G. lamblia positive children (difference −0.10, 95% CI −0.21 to −0.00, p = 0.047). The LAZ change difference was also statistically significant (p = 0.042) at age of 18–21 months but not at the other time points.ConclusionAsymptomatic G. lamblia infection was mainly associated with growth reduction in certain three‐month periods. The result refers to the chronic nature of G. lamblia infection.
Exploring educators’ professional learning ecologies in a blended learning environment
Authors: Ranieri Maria , Giampaolo Mario , Bruni Isabella 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn recent years the concept of learning ecology has been interpreted in different ways to highlight its potential for learning and professional development. However, there are several aspects that still deserve to be understood such as, eg, the role that the different contexts come to play within a learning ecology. For this purpose, this paper presents and discusses the results of a study exploring the learning ecologies of educators in a blended programme delivered in higher education. The participants in the study were 85 professionals in the field of education aged between 28 and 58 years. The research design adopted here can be defined as a convergent mixed method where both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through an e‐portfolio. The study found that educators in the sample had different postures, of whom some more aware of their professional roles or Self than others. Moreover, different professional identities seemed to be linked to different learning ecologies, where elements like formal or informal education, cultural artefacts, personal experiences, colleagues or work experiences played a different role. Formal education emerged as having a questionable function, while colleagues came up as a crucial resource.
Clinical and radiographic indices around narrow diameter implants placed in different glycemic‐level patients
Authors: Alsahhaf Abdulaziz , Alshiddi Ibraheem F. , Alshagroud Rana Saud , Al‐Aali Khulud Abdulrahman , Vohra Fahim , Abduljabbar Tariq 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundStudies assessing peri‐implant clinical and marginal bone resorption (MBR) around narrow diameter implants (NDIs) placed in different glycemic levels are uninvestigated.ObjectiveThe present 3‐year retrospective follow‐up investigation was designed to explore clinical and radiographic status of NDIs placed in individuals with different glycemic control levels.Materials and MethodsPatients with serum hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels ≥6.5% (Group‐1), 5.7%‐6.4% (Group‐2), and 4.0%‐5.0% (Group‐3) were included. Clinical indices evaluating bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque scores (PI), peri‐implant probing depth (PD), and MBR were recorded around NDIs at 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year follow‐up. Serum HbA1c test was carried out for all patients to assess the profile of glycosylated hemoglobin at 1 and 3 years of follow‐up.ResultsA significant reduction in mean HbA1c levels from year 1 to year 3 follow‐up period was seen in Group‐1 only. PI varied from 0.40 in Group 1 at 2 year and 0.42 at 3‐year follow‐up to 0.18 at 2‐year (P = 0.032) and 0.17 at 3‐year (P = 0.018) follow‐up, respectively. Greater BOP was noted in Group 1 (0.53) as compared with Group 2 (0.42) and Group 3 (0.21) (P = 0.048) at 3‐year follow‐up. PD after 3 year ranged from 2.04 mm in Group 3 to 2.32 mm in Group 1 that showed statistically significant difference (P = 0.037). No statistical significant differences were observed in MBR at any time point between the groups.ConclusionThe results of this short‐term follow‐up study indicate that NDIs show clinical and radiographic stability, provided oral cleanliness and glycemic levels are relatively maintained. Further long‐term clinical studies are needed to evaluate implant stability over the period along with controlled glycemic status.
Continuous craniofacial growth in adult patients treated with dental implants in the anterior maxilla
Authors: Cocchetto Roberto , Pradies Guillermo , Celletti Renato , Canullo Luigi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn the Literature, there are several studies demonstrating that infraposition happens also in adult patients.PurposeTo conduct a retrospective evaluation of infraocclusion of implant‐retained crowns in the anterior maxilla of adult patients and of the patient awareness and perception of the problem.Material and MethodsFrom January to June 2017, all adult patients who in the last 5 to 20 years had received in the same clinic implant restorations in the upper anterior maxilla were recalled to assess the presence of crown infraocclusion. Ninety‐four patients were recalled. Twenty‐six males, 34 females, with 76 implants were included in the study. According to the age, patients were divided into group I (<30 years: 12 males, 14 female) and group II (>30 years: 14 males, 20 females). Digital photographs, taken at the time of final prosthesis delivery (T0) and at time of the study examination (T1) were compared by three blinded previously calibrated examiners. Cast models of the dental arches were taken at T1 and served as a reference for infraocclusion measurements. According to the Literature, cases were included in three categories: infraocclusion <0.5 mm, infraocclusion 0.5‐1.0 mm, and infraocclusion >1 mm. An awareness and perception score (APS) was prepared to classify patients in: “unaware patients” (0), “aware but disinterested patients” (1), “aware patients requiring explications” (2), and “aware patients requiring treatment” (3).ResultsInfraocclusion was present in 73.3% of all cases, 65.4% among males, 79.4% among females. Infraocclusion was less than 1 mm in 88.2% of males and in 85.1% of females. No significant differences were found for sex (P = .223).No significant differences were found for age: group I: 47.7%, group II: 52.2%, (P = .481).The overall APS was: “unaware patients” = 38.6%, “aware but disinterested patients” = 27.3%, “aware patients requiring explications” = 15.9%, “aware patients requiring treatment” = 18.2%.ConclusionWithin the limit of the study, infraocclusion might present a quite high prevalence. Data analysis failed to identify specific predisposing risk factors.
Osseointegration effect of biomimetic intrafibrillarly mineralized collagen applied simultaneously with titanium implant: A pilot in vivo study
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Zhang Shijian , Li Zheyi , Li Song , Liu Jiannan , Zhang Chenping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the promoting effects of biomimetic intrafibrillarly mineralized collagen (IMC) bone scaffold material on the osseointegration of a titanium implant simultaneously grafted into a critical‐sized bone defect as well as the underlying mechanisms involved.Materials and MethodsA critical‐sized bone defect was created in the rat femur, and a titanium (Ti) implant surrounded by IMC or extrafibrillarly mineralized collagen (EMC) bone scaffold material was placed in the defect. A blank group and a natural bone group were included as controls. Osseointegration was assessed by micro‐computed tomographic, histological, and biochemical evaluations at 12 weeks postoperatively. Microarray technology was applied for transcriptional profile analysis at days 7 and 14 postoperatively.ResultsSignificant bone regeneration and osseointegration were observed in the IMC and EMC groups according to μ‐CT and histological analyses. The bone volume (BV)/total volume (TV) fraction, bone‐to‐implant contact percentage, and bone area percentage as well as ultimate shear strength and maximal pull‐out force were all significantly higher in the IMC group than in the EMC group (allp < 0.05). Transcriptional analysis revealed overexpression of genes mainly associated with cell proliferation, immuno‐inflammatory response, skeletogenesis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and skeletogenesis‐related pathways during the early process of osseointegration in the IMC group.ConclusionOur data suggest that IMC placed simultaneously with a Ti implant may be a promising strategy in jawbone defect reconstruction. Several candidate genes that were found to be differentially expressed in the IMC group may be responsible for the superior osseointegration effects in this model.
Local inflammatory reaction to benign, pre‐malignant and malignant glottic lesions: A matched case‐control study
Authors: Lahav Yonatan , Shats Maya , Huszar Monica , Haimovich Yaara , Warman Meir , Halperin Doron , Shoffel‐Havakuk Hagit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo study the inflammatory infiltrates associated with the different stages of laryngeal carcinogenesis.DesignObservational, matched case‐control study of histopathologic specimens.SettingAn academic referral centre.ParticipantsA total of 45 patients who underwent removal of glottic lesions between 2008 and 2015. Patients were enrolled and categorised into three matched groups according to lesions' histopathologic diagnoses, 15 patients in each group: benign, pre‐malignant and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Matching was based on age, gender and pack‐years.Main outcome measuresImmunohistochemistry staining using monoclonal antibodies against CD4, CD8, CD68, CD20 and S100 representing T‐helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, respectively. Cell counts and distributions were measured and compared between groups. Correlations between the different cells were examined.ResultsThe predominant cell type was CD8+, followed by CD68+ and CD4+. All inflammatory cells increased significantly in number in SCC (P‐value < 0.001), with no significant difference between benign and pre‐malignant groups. Strong correlations between the different cells were demonstrated only in the malignant group. S100+ cells correlated with both T‐cell subsets, CD4+ (rho = 0.769, P‐value = 0.001) and CD8+ (rho = 0.697, P‐value = 0.0004). Infiltrates exhibited more extensive distribution in SCC compared to pre‐malignant and benign; CD8+ and CD68+ cells were demonstrated in both intraepithelial and stromal regions in 93% of SCC lesions (P‐value = 0.0001).ConclusionsLaryngeal carcinoma demonstrates a unique pattern of inflammatory infiltrates, with significant changes in cell counts and distribution. Leucocyte infiltrates increased significantly in the transition from laryngeal pre‐malignant lesion to malignancy while no significant differences were seen between benign and pre‐malignant lesions.
Ventriculo–arterial interaction may be assessed by Oscillatory Power Fraction
Authors: Tannvik Tomas Dybos , Rimehaug Audun Eskeland , Wigen Morten Smedsrud , Løvstakken Lasse , Kirkeby‐Garstad Idar 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe rate of energy transfer from the left ventricle to the aorta is viewed in terms of mean power (MP) and total power (TP). The difference between MP and TP is due to the pulsatility of the circulation and is known as oscillatory power (OP). OP is considered the energy spent to accelerate the blood flow. The aim of this study was to investigate the baseline left ventricular oscillatory power fraction (OP/TP) and how this was affected by acute cardiovascular dysfunction and altered preload. Twenty‐eight patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery were included. Before administration of anaesthesia, we simultaneously recorded an arterial pressure curve and instantaneous cardiac outflow with pulsed wave Doppler. Postoperatively, prior to extubation, these measurements were repeated in neutral, Trendelenburg and reverse‐Trendelenburg position. The final measurements were taken on the awake patient the day after the operation. TP is the mean of the instantaneous product of the flow and pressure curves. MP was calculated by multiplying mean arterial pressure with mean cardiac output. The oscillatory power fraction is therefore calculated as (TP‐MP)/TP. The oscillatory power fraction in neutral position decreased from 23% preoperatively to 16% immediately postoperatively (P<0·001) and increased again to 19% the first postoperative day (P = 0·001). The oscillatory power fraction also increased from 16% in neutral to 19% in Trendelenburg (P = 0·001) and decreased comparing to neutral, to 14% in reverse‐Trendelenburg (P = 0·04). The oscillatory power fraction is situation‐dependent and is influenced by both the operation and the altered preload.
Growth differentiation factor 11 inhibits adipogenic differentiation by activating TGF‐beta/Smad signalling pathway
Authors: Luo Hongke , Guo Yuchen , Liu Yuting , Wang Yuan , Zheng Rixin , Ban Yu , Peng Lin , Yuan Quan , Liu Weiqing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesGrowth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), an emerging secreted member of the TGF‐beta superfamily, plays essential roles in development, physiology and multiple diseases; however, its role during adipogenic differentiation and the underlying mechanisms remains poorly understood.Materials and methodsBone marrow‐derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes were induced with adipogenic culture medium supplementing with different concentrations of recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11 0, 10, 50, 100 ng mL−1). Oil Red O staining, qRT‐PCR analysis, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were performed to assay adipogenesis.ResultsFor both hMSCs and 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes, the presence of rGDF11 leads to a dose‐dependent reduction of intracellular lipid droplet accumulation and suppressed adipogenic‐related gene expression. Mechanically, GDF11 inhibits adipogenesis by activating Smad2/3‐dependent TGF‐beta signalling pathway, and these inhibitory effects could be restored by SB‐431542, a pharmacological TGF‐beta type I receptor inhibitor.ConclusionsTaken together, our data indicates that GDF11 inhibits adipogenic differentiation in both hMSCs and 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes by activating Smad2/3‐dependent TGF‐beta signalling pathway.