bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Flow in Nanoporous Organic Matter With Application to Coal and Gas Shale Systems
Authors: Song Wenhui , Yao Jun , Ma Jingsheng , Sun Hai , Li Yang , Yang Yongfei , Zhang Lei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFluid flow in nanoscale organic pores is known to be affected by fluid transport mechanisms and properties within confined pore space. The flow of gas and water shows notably different characteristics compared with conventional continuum modeling approach. A pore network flow model is developed and implemented in this work. A 3‐D organic pore network model is constructed from 3‐D image that is reconstructed from 2‐D shale SEM image of organic‐rich sample. The 3‐D pore network model is assumed to be gas‐wet and to contain initially gas‐filled pores only, and the flow model is concerned with drainage process. Gas flow considers a full range of gas transport mechanisms, including viscous flow, Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion, ad/desorption, and gas PVT and viscosity using a modified van der Waals' EoS and a correlation for natural gas, respectively. The influences of slip length, contact angle, and gas adsorption layer on water flow are considered. Surface tension considers the pore size and temperature effects. Invasion percolation is applied to calculate gas‐water relative permeability. The results indicate that the influences of pore pressure and temperature on water phase relative permeabilities are negligible while gas phase relative permeabilities are relatively larger in higher temperatures and lower pore pressures. Gas phase relative permeability increases while water phase relative permeability decreases with the shrinkage of pore size. This can be attributed to the fact that gas adsorption layer decreases the effective flow area of the water phase and surface diffusion capacity for adsorbed gas is enhanced in small pore size.
Denitrification Temperature Dependence in Remote, Cold, and N‐Poor Lake Sediments
Authors: Palacin‐Lizarbe Carlos , Camarero Lluís , Catalan Jordi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe reservoir size and pathway rates of the nitrogen (N) cycle have been deeply modified by the human enhancement of N fixation, atmospheric emissions, and climate warming. Denitrification (DEN) transforms nitrate into nitrogenous gas and thus removes reactive nitrogen (Nr) back to the atmospheric reservoir. There is still a rather limited knowledge of the denitrification rates and their temperature dependence across ecosystems; particularly, for the abundant cold and N‐poor freshwater systems (e.g., Arctic and mountain lakes). We experimentally investigated the denitrification rates of mountain lake sediments by manipulating nitrate concentration and temperature on field collected cores. DEN rates were nitrate limited in field conditions and showed a large potential for an immediate DEN increase with both warming and higher Nr load. The estimated activation energy (Ea) for denitrification at nitrate saturation was 46 ± 7 kJ mol−1 (Q10 1.7 ± 0.4). The apparent Ea increased with nitrate (μM) limitation as Ea = 46 + 419 [
]−1. Accordingly, we suggest that climate warming may have a synergistic effect with N emission reduction to readjusting the N cycle. Changes of nitrate availability might be more relevant than direct temperature effects on denitrification.
Spatiotemporal Responses of Groundwater Flow and Aquifer‐River Exchanges to Flood Events
Authors: Liang Xiuyu , Zhan Hongbin , Schilling Keith 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRapidly rising river stages induced by flood events lead to considerable river water infiltration into aquifers and carry surface‐borne solutes into hyporheic zones which are widely recognized as an important place for the biogeochemical activity. Existing studies for surface‐groundwater exchanges induced by flood events usually limit to a river‐aquifer cross section that is perpendicular to river channels, and neglect groundwater flow in parallel with river channels. In this study, surface‐groundwater exchanges to a flood event are investigated with specific considerations of unconfined flow in direction that is in parallel with river channels. The groundwater flow is described by a two‐dimensional Boussinesq equation and the flood event is described by a diffusive‐type flood wave. Analytical solutions are derived and tested using the numerical solution. The results indicate that river water infiltrates into aquifers quickly during flood events, and mostly returns to the river within a short period of time after the flood event. However, the rest river water will stay in aquifers for a long period of time. The residual river water not only flows back to rivers but also flows to downstream aquifers. The one‐dimensional model of neglecting flow in the direction parallel with river channels will overestimate heads and discharge in upstream aquifers. The return flow induced by the flood event has a power law form with time and has a significant impact on the base flow recession at early times. The solution can match the observed hydraulic heads in riparian zone wells of Iowa during flood events.
Intrinsic Constraints on Asymmetric Turbulent Transport of Scalars Within the Constant Flux Layer of the Lower Atmosphere
Authors: Li Dan , Katul Gabriel G. , Liu Heping 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA widely used assumption in boundary layer meteorology is the z independence of turbulent scalar fluxes Fs throughout the atmospheric surface layer, where z is the distance from the boundary. This assumption is necessary for the usage of Monin‐Obukhov Similarity Theory and for the interpretation of eddy covariance measurements of Fs when using them to represent emissions or uptake from the surface. It is demonstrated here that the constant flux assumption offers intrinsic constraints on the third‐order turbulent transport of Fs in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. When enforcing z independence of Fs on multilevel Fs measurements collected above different surface cover types, it is shown that increasing instability leads to a novel and universal description of (i) the imbalance between ejecting and sweeping eddy contributions to Fs and (ii) the ratio formed by a dimensionless turbulent transport of Fs and a dimensionless turbulent transport of scalar variance. When combined with structural models for the turbulent transport of Fs, these two findings offer a new perspective on “closing” triple moments beyond conventional gradient diffusion schemes. A practical outcome is a diagnostic of the constant flux assumption from single‐level Fs measurements.
The Self‐Ordered Lamellar Texture of MoS2 Transfer Film Formed in Complex Lubrication
Authors: Hou Kaiming , Yang Shengrong , Liu Xiaohong , Wang Jinqing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn virtue of the porous microstructure and permeability of a novel MoS2 coating constituted of loosely stacked nanosheets, low viscous polyalphaolefin‐4 lubricating oil is infused to form a solid–liquid complex lubrication coating. Compared with single lubrication mode, complex lubrication shows noticeable reduction of friction as the friction coefficient is just one‐fourth of that for solid coating and half of that for lubricating oil; meanwhile, the load‐carrying capability is drastically improved by more than six times and the lifetime is greatly prolonged from 1300 to beyond 16 000 cycles even under the high contact pressure of 0.5 GPa. Detailed microscopic observation and analysis are conducted to explore the reason behind this excellent performance. A thin, coherent MoS2 transfer film is found to cover the whole contact area on counter surface. The high‐resolution cross‐sectional view further shows there is highly ordered lamellar texture inside the transfer film. Through effective physical adhesion and reorientation, this self‐ordered texture plays a key role in lubrication process. It endows the MoS2 with high‐performance lubrication irrespective of the initial orientation. Meanwhile, this finding gives evidence that the lubricity of MoS2 strongly depends on the cleavage within the crystallites rather than intercrystallite slip.
Radial‐Grating Pendulum‐Structured Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and Tilting‐Angle Sensing
Authors: He Chuan , Chen Bao Dong , Jiang Tao , Xu Liang , Han Chang Bao , Gu Guang Qin , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA radial‐grating pendulum‐structured triboelectric nanogenerator (RP‐TENG) is demonstrated for energy harvesting and tilting‐angle sensing. By employing the pendulum structure, the RP‐TENG is applied to capture biomechanical energy from human motion or harness the energy in acceleration or deceleration processes of moving vehicles. The electrical performance of the RP‐TENG is systematically studied by simulating the repetitive movement of human arms and legs during walking at different repetition frequency. At the resonance frequency of 1.5 Hz, the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and short‐circuit current (ISC) produced are 83.6 ± 0.5 V and 8.46 ± 0.08 µA, respectively, and the maximum instantaneous power density is 35.2 mW m−2 at a load resistance of 10 MΩ. Through parallel‐connecting 4 pairs of triboelectric layers, the ISC can be increased from 4.45 µA for one pair of triboelectric layers to 12.83 µA. Furthermore, owing to its high sensitivity to minor changes from the vertical level (the lower detection limit of the RP‐TENG is 0.25°), a RP‐TENG integrated tilt sensing alarm system is developed, which can be applied in security or seismic monitoring systems.
Rheological Modification of Liquid Metal for Additive Manufacturing of Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Daalkhaijav Uranbileg , Yirmibesoglu Osman Dogan , Walker Stephanie , Mengüç Yigit 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOne of the challenges to rapidly manufacturing flexible electronics is the complexity involved in printing circuitry from stretchable conductors. Eutectic gallium alloys are typically used as the conductive material because they have unique high conductivity, self‐healing, and stretchable properties. However, limited 3D printing has been demonstrated by leveraging the structural stabilization provided by the thin gallium oxide film. Vertical structures are difficult to print with a liquid metal (LM) due to the low viscosity and high surface tension of the gallium alloy, which easily leads to coalescence. A method is presented to alter the physical structure of the liquid metal through the incorporation of a conductive nano‐ or micronickel fillers. The resulting rheological modification of the liquid metal to a paste drastically increases the fluidic elastic modulus and yield stress, rendering it 3D printable. Further, the modification retains the high electrical conductivity (3.9 × 106 ± 9.5 × 105 S m−1) and stretchability (over 350% strain) of pure liquid metal. The ability to print 3D standing structures using this highly conductive metal paste opens up new opportunities to manufacture more complex stretchable electronics.
Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Chinese women with gastric cancer
Authors: Wang Lu , Lu Hong , Li Ke‐Ke , Bai Chun‐Yue , Ma Zhan‐Bing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesDigit ratio, especially the second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), is a proxy indicator for prenatal exposure and sensitivity to sexual hormones which may influence the susceptibility to certain cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is a possible association between 2D:4D and gastric cancer (GCA) in north Chinese women.MethodsPhotographs of the left and right hands of 167 women (controls: 113; patients: 54) were collected. Left hand, right hand, and right minus left hand (Dr‐l) 2D:4D were analyzed and compared.ResultsThe GCA group presented significantly lower 2D:4D than controls (left: P < .01; right: P < .05). No significant difference was observed in Dr‐l between the two groups. In patients, there were no correlations between 2D:4D and age at GCA or tumor staging.ConclusionsDecreased 2D:4D (especially of the left hand) may suggest a higher prenatal testosterone (lower prenatal estrogen) exposure in north Chinese women with GCA.
Three‐dimensional anatomy of the anthropoid bony pelvis
Authors: Ward Carol V. , Maddux Scott D. , Middleton Emily R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesPelvic form is hypothesized to reflect locomotor adaptation in anthropoids. Most observed variation is found in the ilium, which traditionally is thought to reflect thoracic and shoulder morphology. This article examines the articulated bony pelvis of anthropoids in three dimensions (3D) to test hypothesized variation in pelvic anatomy related to overall torso form.Materials and MethodsSixty landmarks were collected on articulated pelves from 240 anthropoid individuals. Landmark data were subjected to a Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Principal Components Analysis was used to identify trends among taxa. Linear metrics were extracted, and bivariate allometric analysis was used to compare intergroup differences and scaling trends of specific dimensions.ResultsThe combination of 3D and bivariate allometric analysis demonstrates a complex pattern of locomotor/phylogenetic and allometric influences on pelvic morphology. Apes have relatively narrower dorsal interiliac spacing than do most monkeys, with relatively smaller spinal muscle attachment areas but only minimally wider ventral bi‐iliac breadths. Hylobatids and atelids have a relatively more cranial position of their sacra than do other taxa, and hylobatids and cercopithecids relatively more retroflexed ischia. Within groups, the three pelvic joints (lumbosacral, sacroiliac, and hip) become relatively closer together with increasing body size.ConclusionsA three‐dimensional consideration of the articulated pelvis in anthropoids reveals determinants of pelvic variation not previously appreciated by studies of isolated hipbones. This study provides no support for the hypothesis that the ape pelvis is mediolaterally broader than that of monkeys in relative terms, as would be expected if iliac shape is related to hypothesized differences in thoracic breadth and shoulder orientation. Instead, apes, especially great apes, have relatively narrow sacra and longer lower pelves, related to their shorter, stiffer lumbar spines and torsos. This difference, coupled with strong positive allometry of iliac breadth and negative allometry of key pelvic lengths, along with some variation in ischial morphology in certain taxa, explains much of the variation in pelvic form among anthropoid primates.
Do subjects with minimal motor features have prodromal Parkinson disease?
Authors: Chu Yaping , Buchman Aron S. , Olanow C. Warren , Kordower Jeffrey H. 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveUnderstanding the pathological changes underlying mild motor features of the eldery and defining a patient population with prodromal Parkinson disease (PD) are of great clinical importance. It remains unclear, however, how to accurately and specifically diagnose prodromal PD. We examined whether older adults with minimal parkinsonian motor features have nigrostriatal degeneration and α‐synuclein pathology consistent with prodromal PD.MethodsBrain sections were obtained from older adults with a clinical diagnosis of PD (n = 21) and without a clinical diagnosis of PD (n = 27) who underwent motor examination proximate to death. Cases without PD were further dichotomized into no motor deficit (n = 9) or minimal motor features (n = 18) groups using a modified Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. We performed quantitative unbiased stereological analyses of dopaminergic neurons/terminals and α‐synuclein accumulation in the nigrostriatal system.ResultsIn all subjects with minimal motor features, there were significant reductions in dopaminergic neurons and terminals in the substantia nigra and putamen that were intermediate between subjects with no motor deficit and PD. Phosphorylated α‐synuclein inclusions were observed in the substantia nigra that were of similar density to what was seen in PD. Furthermore, there was greater Lewy neuritic pathology in the putamen relative to PD patients. Lastly, neurons with α‐synuclein inclusions displayed reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase expression that were comparable in subjects with both minimal motor features and PD.InterpretationMinimal motor features in older adults may represent prodromal PD and identify at‐risk individuals for testing putative neuroprotective interventions that could slow or prevent PD progression. Ann Neurol 2018;83:562–574
Enantioselective Synthesis of the Spirotropanyl Oxindole Scaffold through Bimetallic Relay Catalysis
Authors: Jia Zhi‐Jun , Shan Gang , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Antonchick Andrey P. , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSpirotropanyl oxindole alkaloids like alstonisine and chitosenine show a wide range of bioactivites. We report the first enantioselective synthesis of the spirotropanyl oxindole scaffold by means of a bimetallic relay catalysis strategy. A new class of E‐oximino α‐diazo ketones was developed for the intramolecular generation of transient azomethine ylides catalyzed by an achiral RhII complex and a subsequent intermolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition catalyzed by a chiral N,N′‐dioxide NdIII Lewis acid complex. The enantioselectively catalyzed transformation has broad scope and yields the desired spirotropanyl oxindole cycloadducts in high yields and with very high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity.
A Naturally Encoded Dipeptide Handle for Bioorthogonal Chan–Lam Coupling
Authors: Ohata Jun , Zeng Yimeng , Segatori Laura , Ball Zachary T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractManipulation of biomacromolecules is ideally achieved through unique and bioorthogonal chemical reactions of genetically encoded, naturally occurring functional groups. The toolkit of methods for site‐specific conjugation is limited by selectivity concerns and a dearth of naturally occurring functional groups with orthogonal reactivity. We report that pyroglutamate amide N−H bonds exhibit bioorthogonal copper‐catalyzed Chan–Lam coupling at pyroglutamate‐histidine dipeptide sequences. The pyroglutamate residue is readily incorporated into proteins of interest by natural enzymatic pathways, allowing specific bioconjugation at a minimalist dipeptide tag.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Reductive Insertion of Alcohols into Aryl Ether Bonds
Authors: Wang Meng , Gutiérrez Oliver Y. , Camaioni Donald M. , Lercher Johannes A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPalladium on carbon catalyzes C−O bond cleavage of aryl ethers (diphenyl ether and cyclohexyl phenyl ether) by alcohols (R−OH) in H2. The aromatic C−O bond is cleaved by reductive solvolysis, which is initiated by Pd‐catalyzed partial hydrogenation of one phenyl ring to form an enol ether. The enol ether reacts rapidly with alcohols to form a ketal, which generates 1‐cyclohexenyl−O−R by eliminating phenol or an alkanol. Subsequent hydrogenation leads to cyclohexyl−O−R.
Does the Morphology of the Forelimb Flexor Muscles Differ Between Lizards Using Different Habitats?
Authors: Lowie Aurélien , Herrel Anthony , Abdala Virginia , Manzano Adriana S. , Fabre Anne‐Claire 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTLizards are an interesting group to study how habitat use impacts the morphology of the forelimb because they occupy a great diversity of ecological niches. In this study, we specifically investigated whether habitat use impacts the morphology of the forelimb flexor muscles in lizards. To do so, we performed dissections and quantified the physiological cross sectional area (PCSA), the fiber length, and the mass of four flexor muscles in 21 different species of lizards. Our results show that only the PCSA of the m. flexor carpi radialis is different among lizards with different ecologies (arboreal versus non‐arboreal). This difference disappeared, however, when taking phylogeny into account. Arboreal species have a higher m. flexor carpi radialis cross sectional area likely allowing them to flex the wrist more forcefully which may allow them climb and hold on to branches better. In contrast, other muscles are not different between arboreal and non‐arboreal species. Further studies focusing on additional anatomical features of the lizard forelimb as well as studies documenting how lizards use the arboreal niche are needed to fully understand how an arboreal life style may constrain limb morphology in lizards. Anat Rec, 301:424–433, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Morphology and Behavioral Correlates to Postcranial Musculature
Authors: Marchi Damiano , Hartstone‐Rose Adam 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTIn this the second issue of a two‐volume set of the Anatomical Record on the relationship between muscle functional morphology and behavior, the focus is on the postcranial musculature. Traditionally, when talking of the postcranium we think of the skeletal parts that primarily provide the lever system necessary for body movements. However, without the force produced by muscle, the postcranial skeleton could not perform these or most other tasks. In this special issue, our colleagues present ten papers that focus on postcranial muscle morphology and function from different perspectives. They include papers on forelimb and hindlimb muscle functional morphology of vertebrates, including lizards, bats, primates, a carnivoran and a rodent, and involved in different substrate use (arboreal, terrestrial, and flying) and locomotion behavior (quadrupedal, leaper, and suspensory) along with a historical overview to help bookend the contextualization of the issues. The picture that these papers provide is one of great liveliness in the field of muscle functional morphology where both young students and affirmed professors continue to contribute with both traditional approaches and new techniques to further our knowledge of muscle morphology and its relationship with animal behavior. Anat Rec, 301:419–423, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emerging role of the Jun N‐terminal kinase interactome in human health
Authors: Guo Xiao‐Xi , An Su , Yang Yang , Liu Ying , Hao Qian , Tang Tao , Xu Tian‐Rui 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs) are located downstream of Ras‐mitogen activated protein kinase signaling cascades. More than 20 years of study has shown that JNKs control cell fate and many cellular functions. JNKs and their interacting proteins form a complicated network with diverse biological functions and physiological effects. Members of the JNK interactome include Jun, amyloid precursor protein, and insulin receptor substrate. Recent studies have shown that the JNK interactome is involved in tumorigenesis, neuron development, and insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize the features of the JNK interactome and classify its members into three groups: upstream regulators, downstream effectors, and scaffold partners. We also highlight the unique cellular signaling mechanisms of JNKs and provide more insights into the roles of the JNK interactome in human diseases.