bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactivation of Erythropoiesis by Cobalt after Radiation Injury
Authors: SAIKKONEN JOUKO , MARTTINEN EINO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The ability of cobalt chloride to prevent the anemia following total body irradiation injury was tested. Laboratory albino rats were exposed to a single x-ray dose of 250 or 350 r. After the exposure, one-half of the rats were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of cobalt while the others were given saline injections at the same time. The first injection was administered 1 hour after the exposure and the daily dose consisted of 0.8 mg. of cobalt per Kg. of body weight. The treatment was continued over a period of 8 weeks. Hemoglobin and the erythrocyte count were measured once a week.
Rats exposed to 250 r and thereafter treated with cobalt showed reactivation of erythropoiesis after 1 to 2 weeks and the animals then rapidly developed polycythemia, in contrast to the similarly irradiated rats afterwards treated with saline, which after 8 weeks still had blood values below the original level. In rats irradiated with 350 r, the same phenomenon was seen, although the effect of cobalt became apparent slowly. The findings observed in the peripheral blood were confirmed by checking the bone marrow of rats given 350 r.
Besides the erythropoietic effect, toxic symptoms were observed. The toxicity and made of action of cobalt are discussed.
Deficient Activity of DPNH-dependent Methemoglobin Diaphorase in Cord Blood Erythrocytes
Authors: ROSS JEAN D. , Bevan-Pritchard Stephen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Activity of DPNH-dependent methemoglobin diaphorase was measured in the erythrocytes obtained from 54 cord bloods and 54 adult controls. There was a significantly lower mean level for this enzyme in the cord bloods and the defect was occasionally severe. Mean diaphorase values of smaller infants was less than that of larger infants, suggesting a greater degree of metabolic immaturity in the former group, even in the absence of prematurity. This transient deficiency of methemoglobin diaphorase is probably a major cause for the increased susceptibility of young infants to the development of acquired methemoglobinemia.
The Effect of Foreign Protein on the Blood and Reticuloendothelial System of the Hamster
Authors: FRIEDELL GILBERT H. , SHERMAN JOSEPH D. , RIGBY PERRY G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The injection of human plasma into hamsters over a period of 14 to 68 days induced splenomegaly, accompanied histologically by reticuloendothelial hyperplasia, plasmacytosis, increased erythropoiesis and hemosiderosis. These findings suggest both an antigen-antibody response and an abnormal increase in splenic hemolysis. The demonstration of positive erythroagglutination reactions when red cells from plasma-injected hamsters are tested also suggests an immunologic response by these animals. Mild anemia was present in some animals during the course of this study but at the termination of the experiment anemia was not present and the animals were apparently in a compensated state. It is clear that the reticuloendothelial system of the hamster is capable of responding to foreign protein. Apparent immunologic tolerance in this animal should not be attributed to inactivity of the reticuloendothelial system.
Occurrence of Leukemia and Lymphoma in Patients with Agammaglobulinemia
Authors: PAGE ARTHUR R. , HANSEN† ARILD E. , GOOD ROBERT A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1) Two case reports of children with congenital agammaglobulinemia who later developed malignant lymphoma are presented.
2) Two additional cases of malignant lymphoma developing in adult patients with hypogammaglobulinemia are reviewed.
3) The occurrence of diseases of this group among patients with this immunologic defect appears to be a greater-than-chance association. Possible reasons for the association are discussed.
Brief Note: Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia?
Authors: GHITIS JACOBO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of promyelocytic leukemia is presented. It was characterized by 1) a clinical picture of acute leukemia, 2) predominance of promyelocytes in the bone marrow smear, 3) predominance of promyelocytes (as the abnormal leukocyte) in the peripheral blood, 4) a rapidly fatal course and 5) necropsy findings of acute myelogenous leukemia. Unfortunately, the patient died before plasma fibrinogen and other clotting factors could be determined. Promyelocytic leukemia has only recently been considered as a distinct clinical entity. Fibrinogenopenia seems to be a constant finding. The use of 6-mercaptopurine plus corticosteroids apparently produced remissions in two of the 24 patients reported in the last 4 years.
Intranuclear Inclusions in Multiple Myeloma and Macroglobulinemia
Authors: BRITTIN GEOFFREY M. , TANAKA YASUKAZU , BRECHER GEORGE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Inclusion bodies in plasma cell nuclei of six patients with multiple myeloma and of three patients with macroglobulinemia have been studied histochemically. In three cases they have been studied with the electron microscope. The inclusions are readily identified in Giemsa stained smears of bone marrow and in paraffin sections. Their PAS positivity may be related to the hexose content of the patient’s abnormal serum protein. Evidence is presented that the inclusions are true nuclear inclusion bodies, that they represent nuclear elaboration of glycoprotein, and that they may be found in all three immunoelectrophoretic varieties of multiple myeloma, as well as in macroglobulinemia.
The Red Cell Chromium Elution Rate in Patients with Some Hematologic Diseases
Authors: CLINE MARTIN J. , BERLIN NATHANIEL I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the paper entitled "The Red Cell Chromium Elution Rate in Patients with Some Hematologic Diseases," by Martin J. Cline and Nathaniel I. Berlin (January BLOOD, pp. 63-69), equation (4), page 64, was printed incorrectly. The equation should read:
See PDF for Equation
Immunohistologic Localization of Gamma-1-Macroglobulins, Beta-2A-Myeloma Proteins, 6.6 S Gamma-Myeloma Proteins and Bence Jones Proteins
Authors: SOLOMON ALAN , FAHEY JOHN L. , MALMGREN RICHARD A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cellular localization of 6.6 S γ-globulins, β2A-globulins, γ1-macroglobulins and Bence Jones proteins was studied by immunohistochemical procedures in 21 patients with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinemia.
Each type of protein was identified by specific immunofluorescence in a variety of morphologic forms of malignant cells. Some cells were typically plasmacytic, some were lymphoid cells and others were immature forms. It was clear that γ, β2A, γ1M, and Bence Jones proteins were not associated exclusively with a single morphologic form of malignant cell. The variety of immunofluorescent positive cells in each patient was more restricted, however, than in a group of patients with a specific protein abnormality.
In patients with anomalous proteins, all or almost all of the malignant cells were found to contain the specific anomalous protein. The malignant cells contained either γ-myeloma protein, β2A-myeloma protein or γ1-macroglobulin in patients with these types of anomalous protein. Only one class of globulin was found in individual cells. In patients with Bence Jones proteins as the sole anomalous protein, all the malignant cells appeared to have Bence Jones protein. Where an anomalous serum globulin coexisted with Bence Jones proteins, indirect evidence indicated that the Bence Jones proteins and the larger globulin were formed in the same cells.
Variation in the Amount of Hemoglobin S in a Patient with Sickle Cell Trait and Megaloblastic Anemia
Authors: HELLER PAUL , YAKULIS VINCENT J. , EPSTEIN ROBERT B. , FRIEDLAND SIGMUND 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A patient with sickle cell trait and nutritional megaloblastic anemia was found to have a much smaller proportion of hemoglobin S during the megaloblastic phase than after recovery. This observation suggests preferential synthesis of hemoglobin A by megaloblastic bone marrow in the presence of the A-S trait.
Sickle Cell—Hemoglobin C Disease
Authors: MOVITT ELI R. , MANGUM JACK F. , PORTER WILLIAM R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Quantitative determinations of iron kinetics and hemoglobin synthesis were made on five patients with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease. The anemia was mild in all patients but one who had the hemoglobin of 10.1 Gm. per cent. All patients were in a steady state during the period of this study.
The ferrokinetic determinations demonstrated a hemolytic process in all cases. The mean erythrocyte life span in these patients was 18, 20, 29, 46 and 56 days respectively (normal range, 110-130 days). The hemoglobin synthesis was increased in all. Reduced to terms of daily hemoglobin production per liter of blood, the values were 2.2 Gm., 2.9 Gm., 3.6 Gm., 5.8 Gm. and 6.6 Gm. The latter figure represents a five fold increase over the normal mean value of daily hemoglobin synthesis of 1.3 Gm. (normal range, 1.0 to 1.6 Gm. of hemoglobin per liter of blood per day).
The results of the in vivo organ counts demonstrated a significant degree of sequestration of red blood cells in the spleen of two patients. The question of advisability of splenectomy in such patients was discussed.
Erythrocyte Glutathione Reductase
Authors: BEUTLER ERNEST , YEH MARY K. Y. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The physiologic roles of glutathione in the red cell and of glutathione reductase are reviewed briefly.
2. The partial purification of glutathione reductase by a combination of salting out, heating and chromatographic procedures is described.
3. Throughout purification, no appreciable change in the ratio of activity of the enzyme with DPN and TPN as a coenzyme has been found.
4. Potassium chloride and sodium chloride increased markedly the enzymatic activity when TPNH served as hydrogen donor. However, when DPNH was the hydrogen donor these salts caused a decrease in enzyme activity. Potassium phosphate buffer increased enzymatic activity with TPNH but produced little change with DPNH.
5. Michaelis-Menten constants were computed for the purified enzyme preparations.
6. The DPN-linked system did not result in GSSG reduction when lactate served as a substrate in intact erythrocytes.
Hemolysis and Erythropoiesis
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-MEDAL LUIS , LABARDINI JUAN , LORÍA ALVAR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of RBC hemolysates on the recovery from anemia due to blood removal was studied in four dogs. For that purpose each dog was bled on two occasions to obtain similar degrees of anemia, and the erythrocytic production was measured during the 14- to 18-day lapse following each bleeding. A 2- to 3-month interval was allowed between bleedings. The erythrocytic production was evaluated by Cr51 determinations of the circulating erythrocyte volume (EV) after each bleeding and at the end of the 14- to 18-day lapse. During the control study, the dogs received iron intramuscularly and saline intraperitoneally; the latter was substituted by hemolyzed RBC during the test study. The erythrocytic production, in terms of ml. of EV gained per Kg. and per day, in every animal was higher during the test study: 1.126 to 2.411 (mean, 1.568) times the production of the same dog during the control study.
The results furnish strong evidence that the products of erythrocytic destruction have an enhancing effect on the recovery of anemia induced by bleedings in dogs.
Clinical Studies with Vincristine
Authors: CARBONE PAUL P. , BONO VINCENT , FREI EMIL , BRINDLEY CLYDE O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Forty patients with malignant neoplastic disease received vincristine in an effort to define the toxicity, the tolerated dose, the effect of varying dose schedules, and the antitumor properties. The toxicity of vincristine is dose related, and the tolerated dose for the weekly schedule is 0.05 mg. per Kg. for the majority of patients. The tolerated dose per unit time is independent of the schedule of administration. The toxic manifestations relate primarily to the neuromuscular system and the gastrointestinal tract. At the tolerated dose or below, these manifestations are reversible and not accumulative. Hematologic toxicity is rare, and thrombocytosis occurs in some patients. Vincristine produces tumor regression in the majority of the patients with lymphoma where its activity compares favorably with that of the alkylating agents and vinblastine. There is suggestive evidence that cross-resistance between vincristine and the alkylating agents and between vincristine and vinblastine does not occur.
A Case of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with Circulating Cold Agglutinins Presenting for Many Years as "Hypersplenism" and Terminating in Leukemia
Authors: BEN-ISHAY D. , FREUND M. , GROEN J. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of splenomegaly of unknown origin with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (clinically classified as "hypersplenism") has been observed for 18 years. The blood showed a high sedimentation rate, hyperglobulinemia, cold agglutinins, cryofibrinogen, a false positive Wassermann reaction, a positive Coombs test and contained leukoagglutinins in high titer. The patient died of acute leukemia for which it is suggested that the preceding hematologic condition may have prepared the soil, possibly by a process of autoimmunization.
Purified Platelet Phospholipids and Blood Coagulation
Authors: FERGUSON JOHN H. , MARCUS AARON J. , ROBINSON A. JEAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Pure platelet phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are compared with brain cephalin (Ceph) in clotting-tests; (1) two-stage, using (a) stypven, (b) trypsin, (c) autoprothrombin-C; (2) PTT (partial thromboplastin time); (3) TGT (thromboplastin generation test); all showing "prothromboplastic" activity, except PE in the unmodified TGT. In validated bioassays (1a), log-log plots of end point clotting-times against phosphatide concentrations are rectilinear and parallel. End points related to equivalents of prothrombin-activated (EPA), or thrombin yield (ETY), make possible computation of reactivities in mixtures. Unlike brain PS ("antithromboplastic"), platelet P-lipids show no inhibitor but summate quantitatively with each other or with Ceph. Alterations in lipid reactivities include: (i) decrease during storage, (ii) increase in desoxycholate, (both assayable), (iii) anomalous ("oxidative") increase, in thromboplastic enzyme tests, invalidating bioassays. TGT’s (3) do not show (iii), but can quantitate certain reactivities. Besides suggesting the basis for a physiologic thromboplastic role of platelets, these methods offer means to explore biochemical bases of reactivities in identifiable lipids. These may be partly related to certain enzymes or intermediates in blood clotting reactions.
A Method of Reducing the Incidence of the Secondary Syndrome in Allogenic Marrow Transplantation
Authors: MATHÉ GEORGES , AMIEL JEAN-LOUIS , SCHWARZENBERG LÉON , MERY ANNE-MARIE , Lapeyraque F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Preservation of a graft of lymph node cells or semi-allogenic bone marrow cells at 37 C. in Tyrode’s solution for 2 hours, which reduces the percentage of cells not permeable to eosin by half, has a statistically significant reducing effect on the frequency of acute or chronic secondary syndromes which occur in irradiated recipients. Preservation at 18 C. for 6 hours, which in the same way increases the percentage of cells permeable to eosin, does not have the same effect.
These two methods of preserving bone marrow cells do not appreciably reduce the myeloid-restoring capacity of compatible or incompatible irradiated recipients.
Application of these results to bone marrow grafting in clinical medicine is discussed.
Possible Errors in the Use of P32 Orthophosphate for the Estimation of Platelet Life Span
Authors: GROSSMAN CHARLES M. , KOHN RICHARD , KOCH RITA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Specific activities of platelet lecithin, plasma lecithin, and plasma inorganic phosphate were followed in patients for 4-5 weeks following a single therapeutic injection of P32 orthophosphate, and were found to be of the same order of magnitude at any one specific time. Platelets labeled in vivo with P32 orthophosphate were incubated with non-radioactive plasma, and lost some of the labeled phosphatides to the plasma. Platelets incubated in vitro with P32 orthophosphate incorporated the label into some phosphatides. The findings suggest there is some intrinsic platelet metabolism, and that this must be considered when estimates of platelet life span are made using a P32 orthophosphate label.
The Binding of Cr51 to Hemoglobin I. In Vitro Studies
Authors: PEARSON HOWARD A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
By a number of different technics, confirmatory evidence has been obtained that Cr51 activity of Hb A1 tagged with Na2Cr51O4 in a ratio of approximately 1 mole chromium to 1000 mole of hemoglobin is largely associated with the β polypeptide chains. No significant difference in the site or strength of chromium binding could be demonstrated in abnormal hemoglobins resulting from point amino acid substitutions (Hbs S and C).
The results obtained with Hb F were very suggestive of γ chain binding, but an apparently weak Hb F-Cr51 bond or increased elution rate markedly hampered such studies.
The propensity of Cr51 for preferential tagging of β chains was seen not only when hemoglobin was tagged intact, but also when isolated β chains were tagged. This may indicate that there is a specific locus or chemical configuration within the β chains where Cr51 tagging occurs. Knowledge of the exact total amino acid sequence of α, β, and γ chains should soon be available and may permit a precise identification of such a Cr51 binding site.
Whether the results of this type of highly artificial manipulation of hemoglobin has significance in Cr51 red cell survival studies in clinical situations where large amounts of Hb F occur is uncertain. Conflicting results of red cell survival studies of the fetal red cells suggests that it may.27,28 Further investigation of this problem is currently in progress.
In Vitro Studies on Erythrophagocytosis
Authors: GREENDYKE ROBERT M. , BRIERTY ROBERT E. , SWISHER SCOTT M. , Trabold Norma , Ryser Richard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Two systems for the quantitative study of erythrophagocytosis in vitro are described.
2. The effects of a number of physical factors, cations, anticoagulants, and metabolic poisons in these systems are reported.
3. Existing views on the mechanism of action of factors influencing phagocytosis are briefly reviewed. The importance of the state of energy metabolism of the phagocyte is stressed.
4. The importance of physical, chemical, and metabolic aspects of erythrophagocytic systems is emphasized in connection with the use of erythrophagocytosis as a serologic tool in immunohematology.
Metabolism of Heterogenic Hemoglobins
Authors: LEVERE RICHARD D. , LICHTMAN HERBERT C. , Levine Joan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The relative rates of incorporation of Fe59 into heterogenic hemoglobins was studied in four patients with sickle cell trait. Three of the patients were free of superimposed disease, while one had active pulmonary tuberculosis. In all subjects there was a significantly greater incorporation of radioiron, per milligram of hemoglobin, into hemoglobin S than into hemoglobin A.
The data indicate that in sickle cell trait the rates of synthesis of the heterogenic hemoglobins are not proportional to their circulating concentrations. Two interpretations appear possible. Since the size of the intra-marrow pool of hemoglobin S was not known, it is possible that there exists a smaller preformed pool of the abnormal hemoglobin, with the isotope making its appearance first in hemoglobin S. However, it is also possible that hemoglobin S is synthesized at a rate which is greater than that reflected by its circulating concentration. This implies that the relative concentrations of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin A vary from erythrocyte to erythrocyte, and that those cells with the greatest proportion of hemoglobin S are selectively destroyed.
The Gastrointestinal Tract and Iron Absorption
Authors: WHEBY MUNSEY S. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. , Merrill Betty , Lawson Natalie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Using Fe59 and whole body counting, various aspects of gastrointestinal absorption of iron salts were studied in normal, iron-loaded, and iron-deficient rats.
2. Following a single intragastric dose of iron, peak small intestinal uptake was observed by 30 to 60 minutes with subsequent gradual loss over 24-hour period.
3. Iron absorption showed two phases, an initial period of rapid absorption lasting up to 2 hours during which 60 to 80 per cent of total absorption into carcass took place. The remainder took place at a slow rate over the subsequent 12 to 20 hours.
4. Depending on the relationship between body iron stores and dose of administered iron, the intestine may take up more iron than is ultimately transferred to plasma. A variable amount of this iron is lost when the epithelial cell is sloughed into the gastrointestinal lumen.
5. Regulation of iron absorption appears to involve two steps, mucosal uptake and transfer to the blood.
Identification of Catalase Following Electrophoresis on Acrylamide Gels
Authors: BAUMGARTEN ALEXANDER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During the performance of haptoglobin typing by a new technic described by the author, a clear zone was observed in the acrylamide gels used for electrophoresis. Investigations to determine the identity of this zone have shown it to be associated with catalase activity. Consequently, a new technic is presented for identifying catalase following electrophoretic separation of hemolysates. Twenty-five hemolysates from normal human subjects were investigated by this method and were found to contain catalase activity which had the same electrophoretic mobility in all cases. Six normal human sera did not contain this activity under the conditions employed. The catalase activity was found to migrate immediately behind the haptoglobin type 1-1 band.
Transformation of Lymphocytes in Cultures of Human Peripheral Blood
Authors: TANAKA YASUKAZU , EPSTEIN LOIS B. , BRECHER GEORGE , STOHLMAN FREDERICK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Previous tracer studies have demonstrated the lymphocytic origin of proliferating cells in blood cultures. Detailed morphologic observations are reported on the transformation of small lymphocytes into larger cells capable of division in tissue culture of human peripheral blood. The large cells have ample cytoplasm with multivesicular bodies, well-developed Golgi apparatus, scanty endoplasmic reticulum, ample ribosomes, and variable fat-laden vacuoles as well as peculiar granular inclusions, large and occasionally bizarre nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Under the condition of culture no further differentiation of these cells has occurred.
The potentialities of the small lymphocyte are discussed in the light of recent radiobiologic and cytogenetic investigations.
Pseudouridine Metabolism. IV. Excretion of Pseudouridine and Other Nitrogenous Metabolites in Chronic Leukemia
Authors: WEISSMAN SHERMAN M. , LEWIS MARVIN , KARON MYRON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Urinary pseudouridine, uric acid, and creatine have been estimated in a group of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and other diseases. The results indicate that there is a selective and specific overproduction of pseudouridine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.