bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uniform and lateral preferential flows under flood irrigation at field scale
Authors: Claes Niels , Paige Ginger B. , Parsekian Andrew D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFlood irrigation is globally one of the most used irrigation methods. Typically, not all water that is applied during flood irrigation is consumed by plants or lost to evaporation. Return flow, the portion of applied water from flood irrigation that returns back to streams either via surface or subsurface flow, can constitute a large part of the water balance. Few studies have addressed the connection between vertical and lateral subsurface flows and its potential role in determining return flow pathways due to the difficulty in observing and quantifying these processes at plot or field scale. We employed a novel approach, combining induced polarization, time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography, and time‐lapse borehole nuclear magnetic resonance, to identify flow paths and quantify changes in soil hydrological conditions under nonuniform application of flood irrigation water. We developed and tested a new method to track the wetting front in the subsurface using the full range of inverted resistivity values. Antecedent soil moisture conditions did not play an important role in preferential flow path activation. More importantly, boundaries between lithological zones in the soil profile were observed to control preferential flow pathways with subsurface run‐off occurring at these boundaries when saturation occurred. Using the new method to analyse time‐lapse resistivity measurements, we were able to track the wetting front and identify subsurface flow paths. Both uniform infiltration and preferential lateral flows were observed. Combining three geophysical methods, we documented the influence of lithology on subsurface flow processes. This study highlights the importance of characterizing the subsurface when the objective is to identify and quantify subsurface return flow pathways under flood irrigation.
Chrysin ameliorates ANTU‐induced pulmonary edema and pulmonary arterial hypertension via modulation of VEGF and eNOs
Authors: Wang Linlin , Wang Ye , Lei Zhang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlpha‐naphthylthiourea (ANTU), a rodenticide induces lung toxicity. Chrysin a flavonoid possesses antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antihypertensive potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chrysin against ANTU‐induced pulmonary edema (PE) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in laboratory rats. Sprague‐Dawley rats were used to induce PE (ANTU, 10 mg/kg, ip) and PAH (ANTU, 5 mg/kg, ip, 4 weeks). Animals were treated with chrysin (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) and various biochemical, molecular, and histological parameters were evaluated. Acute administration of ANTU induces PE revealed by significant (P < 0.05) increase in relative lung weight, pleural effusion volume, lung edema, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell counts, total protein, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), whereas pretreatment with chrysin (20 and 40 mg/kg, ip) significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated these ANTU‐induced biochemical and histological alterations. Repeated administration of ANTU caused induction of PAH evaluated by significant (P < 0.05) alterations in electrocardiographic, hemodynamic changes, and left ventricular function, whereas chrysin (20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated these alterations. ANTU‐induced hematological and serum biochemical (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, LDH, and creatinine kinase MB) alterations were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chrysin. It also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased elevated levels of oxido‐nitrosative stress in the right ventricle (RV) and lung. Chrysin significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated downregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase and upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA and protein expressions both in the RV and pulmonary artery. Chrysin inhibited ANTU‐induced PE and PAH via modulation of inflammatory responses (5‐HT, LDH, and GGT), oxido‐nitrosative stress, and VEGF and eNOs levels.
Fibronectin promotes cervical cancer tumorigenesis through activating FAK signaling pathway
Authors: Zhou Yuzhen , Shu Changzhen , Huang Yan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix, and it is the fourth most common cause of death in women. Overexpression of fibronectin 1 (FN1) was observed in many tumors and associated with the survival and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the mechanism by which FN1 promotes cervical cancer cell viability, migration, adhesion, and invasion, and inhibits cell apoptosis through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway remains to be investigated. Our results demonstrated that FN1 was upregulated in patients with cervical cancer and higher FN1 expression correlated with a poor prognosis for patients with cervical cancer. FN1 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited SiHa cell viability, migration, invasion, and adhesion, and promoted cell apoptosis. FN1 overexpression in CaSki cell promoted cell viability, migration, invasion, and adhesion, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Further, phosphorylation of FAK, a main downstream signaling molecule of FN1, and the protein expression of Bcl‐2/Bax, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9), and N‐cadherin was upregulated in CaSki cells with FN1 overexpression, but caspase‐3 protein expression was downregulated. The FAK phosphorylation inhibitor PF573228 inhibited FN1 overexpression‐induced expression of those proteins in CaSki cells with FN1 overexpression. In vivo experiment demonstrated that FN1 knockdown significantly inhibited FN1 expression, phosphorylation of FAK, and tumor growth in xenograft from the nude mice. These results suggest that FN1 regulates the viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and adhesion of cervical cancer cells through the FAK signaling pathway and is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cervical cancer.
Biological evidence of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and associated extragastric diseases
Authors: Zendehdel Abolfazl , Roham Maryam 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundGram‐negative bacterium, Helicobacter pylori is notorious for various pathologies like peptic ulcers, gastritis, functional dyspepsia, and various cancers.MethodsSystemic effects of its toxins have led scientists’ attention toward the extragastric pathologies associated with it. To date, it has been shown to have an effect on almost all the systems in the human body.ResultsVarious studies have been conducted to obtain the relation between H. pylori infection, and other diseases.ConclusionIn this review, we aim to discuss the extragastric diseases associated with H. pylori and the biological factors that relate them to it.
An immunosuppressive peptide from the horsefly inhibits inflammation by repressing macrophage maturation and phagocytosis
Authors: Chen Ran , Yuan Long , Cao Nengqi , Li Pengpeng , Chen Huilin , Zhou Jiaxin , Hao Xue , Liu Tong , Yang Wen‐Hao , Cui Shuzhong , Yan Xiuwen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEctoparasites repress host immune responses while they obtain nutrition from their hosts. Understanding the immunosuppressive mechanisms between ectoparasites and their hosts will provide new strategies to develop potential immunosuppressive drugs against immune disorder diseases. Previously, we have discovered that a small peptide, immunoregulin HA, from the horsefly (Hybomitra atriperoides) may play an immunosuppressive role in rat splenocytes. However, the targeting cells and detailed mechanisms of immunoregulin HA in immunosuppressive reactions are not well defined. Here, we show that immunoregulin HA reduces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Interestingly, we discover that the major cytokines repressed by immunoregulin HA are secreted by macrophages, rather than by T cells. Furthermore, immunoregulin HA inhibits macrophage maturation and phagocytosis. Mechanically, the activations of c‐JUN N‐terminal kinase and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase upon LPS stimulation are decreased by immunoregulin HA. Consistently, immunoregulin HA treatment exhibits an anti‐inflammatory activity in a mouse model of adjuvant‐induced paw inflammation. Taken together, our data reveal that immunoregulin HA conducts the anti‐inflammatory activity by blocking macrophage functions.
Atomic insight into prion disorder: An intricate detail gained by 0.5 μs molecular dynamics simulation of preventive G127V and deleterious D178V mutation in prion protein
Authors: Gharemirshamlu Fatemeh Rahimi , Bamdad Kourosh , Naeimi Sirous 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this study we are looking into two contradicting mutations found in prion protein (PrP) viz G127V and D178V, that are reportedly protective and pathogenic, respectively. Despite significant advances in comprehension of the role of pathogenic mutations, the role of protective mutation in amyloid fold inhibition still lacks a substantial basis. To understand the structural basis of protective mutation, molecular dynamics simulation coupled with protein‐protein docking and molecular mechanics/Poisson‐Boltzmann surface area analysis was used to understand the instant structural variability brought about by these mutations alone and in combination on PrP and prion‐prion complex. Atomic‐scale investigations successfully revealed that the binding pattern of prion‐prion varies differentially in protective and pathogenic mutations with secondary structure showing distinct contrasting patterns, which could supposedly be a critical factor for differential prion behavior in protective and pathogenic mutations. Considering the reported role of an amyloid fold in prion‐prion binding, the contrasting pattern has given us a lead in comprehending the role of these mutations and has been used in this study to look for small molecules that can inhibit amyloid fold for prion‐prion interaction in pathogenic mutant carrying PrP.
The carboxy‐terminus of the formin FMNL1ɣ bundles actin to potentiate adenocarcinoma migration
Authors: Miller Eric W. , Blystone Scott D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe formin family of proteins contributes to spatiotemporal control of actin cytoskeletal rearrangements during motile cell activities. The FMNL subfamily exhibits multiple mechanisms of linear actin filament formation and organization. Here we report novel actin‐modifying functions of FMNL1 in breast adenocarcinoma migration models. FMNL1 is required for efficient cell migration and its three isoforms exhibit distinct localization. Suppression of FMNL1 protein expression results in a significant impairment of cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of FMNL1ɣ, but not FMNL1β or FMNL1α, enhances cell adhesion independent of the FH2 domain and FMNL1ɣ rescues migration in cells depleted of all three endogenous isoforms. While FMNL1ɣ inhibits actin assembly in vitro, it facilitates bundling of filamentous actin independent of the FH2 domain. The unique interactions of FMNL1ɣ with filamentous actin provide a new understanding of formin domain functions and its effect on motility of diverse cell types suggest a broader role than previously realized.
Behavioral inhibition and posttrauma symptomatology: Moderating effects of safety behaviors and biological sex
Authors: McClure Kenneth E. , Blakey Shannon M. , Kozina Ryan M. , Ripley Adam J. , Kern Shira M. , Clapp Joshua D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesBehavioral inhibition is a trait‐level factor associated with posttraumatic stress. Safety behaviors may impact this link by interfering with anxiety habituation. The current study examined the unique and interactive effects of behavioral inhibition, safety behaviors, and participant sex on posttrauma symptom clusters.MethodParticipants (N = 131; 75.6% female; M = 19.9 years) completed a trauma history interview and questionnaires assessing behavioral inhibition, safety behavior, and posttrauma symptom severity.ResultsSafety behaviors were associated with intrusion (partial correlations [pr] = 0.319), avoidance (pr = 0.274), cognition‐mood (pr = 0.274), and arousal–reactivity (pr = 0.538) symptoms (all p ≤ 0.001). An interaction of sex and safety behaviors was noted for avoidance (p = 0.047, pr = −0.159) with a significant relation observed only among women (
p < 0.001, pr = 0.442). Safety behaviors also moderated the link between behavioral inhibition and arousal–reactivity (p = 0.002, pr = 0.272) with inhibition predicting symptoms at high levels of safety behavior (p = 0.024, pr = 0.171).ConclusionTrauma‐related safety behaviors are associated with greater posttrauma symptoms and evidence differential effects across individual symptom domains.
Drug‐Drug Interaction Studies of Methadone and Antiviral Drugs: Lessons Learned
Authors: Younis Islam R. , Lakota Elizabeth A. , Volpe Donna A. , Patel Vikram , Xu Yun , Sahajwalla Chandra G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDifferent views appear in the literature on the extent of specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) involvement in methadone metabolism. The aim of this work is to leverage knowledge from drug‐drug interaction (DDI) studies in new drug applications between methadone and antiviral medications to better understand methadone disposition and to inform design of future DDI studies with methadone. A database of DDI studies between all FDA‐approved human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus medications and methadone was constructed. The database contains data from 29 DDI studies. Sixteen of the 29 studies had statistically significant changes in methadone area under the concentration‐time curve. Methadone exposure was either decreased or unchanged when it was coadministered with weak to strong CYP3A inhibitors or a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Methadone exposure was reduced when it was coadministered with CYP2B6 inducers. The role of other enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6) cannot be fully elucidated from these studies. In conclusion, CYP2B6 plays a prominent role in methadone metabolism, although methadone exposure is not sensitive to CYP3A perturbation. In designing methadone DDI studies, (1) measuring R‐ and S‐methadone is more informative than measuring total methadone, and (2) CYP2B6 genotyping of subjects enrolled in methadone DDI studies should be considered. Finally, there is a need for the development of predictive models to determine the influence of medications on methadone disposition.
Characterization of the Effect of Hepatic Impairment on Upadacitinib Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Trueman Sheryl , Mohamed Mohamed‐Eslam F. , Feng Tian , Lacerda Ana Paula , Marbury Thomas , Othman Ahmed A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUpadacitinib is a selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor being developed for the treatment of several inflammatory autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. Upadacitinib is a nonsensitive substrate for metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes. This open‐label, single‐dose, multicenter study assessed the pharmacokinetics of upadacitinib following oral administration of a single 15‐mg dose of the upadacitinib extended‐release formulation in subjects with mild (n = 6) and moderate (n = 6) hepatic impairment relative to demographically matched healthy subjects (n = 6). Subjects were assigned to 1 of the 3 groups according to the Child‐Pugh classification. Relative to subjects with normal hepatic function, the ratios (90% confidence intervals) of upadacitinib area under the plasma concentration‐versus‐time profile from time 0 to infinity (AUCinf) for subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment were 1.28 (0.91‐1.79) and 1.24 (0.87‐1.76), respectively. The central ratios of upadacitinib maximum observed concentration (Cmax) were 1.04 (0.77‐1.39) and 1.43 (1.05‐1.95) in subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment, respectively, compared with subjects with normal hepatic function. No clinically significant changes in vital signs or hematology measurements were observed, and no new safety events were identified in this study. These results indicate that mild and moderate hepatic impairment has no clinically relevant effect on upadacitinib pharmacokinetics.
Histological description of immature Chironomus columbiensis (Diptera: Chironomidae): A potential contribution to environmental monitoring
Authors: Ospina‐Pérez Erika M. , Campeón‐Morales Oscar I. , Richardi Vinicius S. , Rivera‐Páez Fredy A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChironomids have been widely used in environmental monitoring and toxicity assays. Assessment criteria for chironomids range from the molecular‐biochemical level to the population level. However, the use of markers to evaluate cellular and anatomical changes in organs and systems of individuals under contaminant exposure is still incipient. In this study, we conducted a histological description of the main systems and organs of immature Chironomus columbiensis. We used fourth instar larvae, obtained from a standardized culture, and confirmed this state through morphological and molecular methods. Larvae were fixed in Duboscq solution for insects during 48 hr, dehydrated in increasing dilutions of ethanol, and embedded and mounted in historesin to obtain 3 μm sections. The digestive, nervous, excretory, and integumentary systems and the fat body and testicles were analyzed through longitudinal and transversal sections, stained with hematoxylin–eosin (HE), and further photographed and described through light microscopy. This is the first description of internal morphology performed for C. columbiensis and can help in future histopathological analysis, because through bioaccumulation some of these organs are contaminant targets. It can even be a great taxonomic tool, since the characteristics of the histological pattern of C. columbiensis presented differences compared to other descriptions made in chironomids.
Evaluation of dried blood spots for hepatitis B and D serology and nucleic acid testing
Authors: Jackson Kathy , Holgate Thomas , Tekoaua Rosemary , Nicholson Suellen , Littlejohn Margaret , Locarnini Stephen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAreas with the highest burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are often low‐middle‐income countries with limited access to diagnosis due to isolation, affordability, and/or feasibility. Dried blood spots (DBSs) provide an alternative for remote areas where collection and transportation of serum is impractical. In this study, the application of DBS for serological and molecular detection of HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV) was evaluated. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 87 of 91 (95.6%) DBS. Seventeen of 21 (81%) had detectable HBeAg and 52 of 71 (73.2%) were anti‐HBe positive. Anti‐HD was detectable in 11 of 12 (91.6%) spiked control DBS after an initial failure to detect in patient DBS. HBV DNA was detected from 50 of 70 (71.4%) DBS with serum loads greater than 200 IU/mL in an in‐house assay and 18 of 24 (75%) DBS with loads exceeding 389 IU/mL in a commercial assay. Using linear regression, HBV DNA loads from DBS were able to predict serum loads in 46 of 50 (92%) samples to within 1 log of actual serum load. HDV RNA was detected in 42 of 47 (89%) DBS with serum levels greater than 7200 IU/mL. DBSs are recommended for diagnosis of HBV, monitoring, and detection of high loads in pregnant women where peripheral blood testing remains unfeasible. Detection of HDV RNA from DBS may prove useful in endemic areas.
Climate variations over the southern Altai Mountains and Dzungarian Basin region, central Asia, since 1580 CE
Authors: Oyunmunkh Byambaa , Weijers Stef , Loeffler Joerg , Byambagerel Suran , Soninkhishig Nergui , Buerkert Andreas , Goenster‐Jordan Sven , Simmer Clemens 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn improved knowledge of long‐term climatic variations over the Altai‐Dzungarian region will increase our understanding of the current climate and help to predict the effects of global warming on future water availability in this region. We sampled 77 Larix sibirica Ledeb. trees at upper and lower treelines in the southern Mongolian Altai mountains and reconstructed temperature and precipitation for longer periods than previous studies from this area. We reconstructed mean June–July air temperatures for the period 1402–2012 and June–December precipitation for the period 1569–2012 based on tree ring width chronologies. The temperature and precipitation reconstructions explain 39.7 and 41.3% of the respective station observation variance during the common periods. The precipitation reconstruction shows alternating wet and dry conditions during the Little Ice Age (1580–1874) followed by more stable conditions until a late 20th century wetting. The temperature reconstruction attributes the warmest period to the 20th century, which follows cooler periods related to volcanic and low solar activities during the Little Ice Age. Long‐term climatic variation and change over the Altai‐Dzungarian region is inferred from the analysis of the combined temperature and precipitation reconstructions for the common period 1580–2012. Accordingly, this region has become warmer since 1875 as the number of warm/moist and warm/dry years increased by 2 and 14%, respectively, while the number of cool/moist and cool/dry years both decreased by 8% compared to the Little Ice Age. Our findings also reveal a late 20th century cool and wet period, which has also been observed across other mountainous areas of China and Nepal. This period was most probably caused by volcanic‐induced cooling and coincided positive phases of the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation promoting an intensified subtropical westerly jet and a positive summer rainfall anomaly over the Altai‐Dzungarian region.
Large‐scale climatic factors driving glacier recession in the Greater Caucasus, 20th–21st century
Authors: Toropov Pavel A. , Aleshina Maria A. , Grachev Alexei M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOver the past 30 years, there has been a catastrophic reduction of the glacierized area in the mountains of the Greater Caucasus, with the values reaching 0.69% per year. Physical mechanisms accountable for such intense melting are investigated in this study. The main trends in the temperature‐moisture regime of the Caucasus and adjacent areas for the period 1982–2015 were recovered based on instrumental data and the ERA‐Interim data reanalysis. It is demonstrated that there is statistically significant warming for the summer season in the region as a whole. No statistically significant changes were detected in the precipitation regime, despite the increase in the integral moisture content of the atmosphere and in the potential convective energy. The integral moisture content growth is compensated by the increase in the moisture divergence. This happens due to the intensification of large‐scale descending atmospheric motions. As a result, the seasonal and annual precipitation amounts do not change significantly. Such effects are possibly the consequence of the global process of “widening of the tropics.” This process is most clearly manifested in the expansion of the Hadley cell and the northward shift of its descending branch. This process can lead to an increased frequency of anticyclones over the southern regions of Europe during the warm part of the year. This, in turn, leads to a negative cloud cover trend as well as an increase in the closely related radiation balance. Apparently, this process is the cause of the intensive reduction of the glaciation area in the North Caucasus.