bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monoclinal flexure of an orogenic plateau margin during subduction, south Turkey
Authors: Fernández‐Blanco David , Bertotti Giovanni , Aksu Ali , Hall Jeremy 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGeologic evidence across orogenic plateau margins enables the discrimination of the relative contributions of orogenic, epeirogenic and/or climatic processes that lead to growth and maintenance of those plateaus and their margins. Here, we discuss the mode of formation of the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau (SCAP) and evaluate its time of formation using fieldwork in the onshore and seismic reflection data in the offshore. In the onshore, uplifted Miocene rocks in a dip‐slope topography show monocline flexure over >100 km, km‐scale asymmetric folds verging south, and outcrop‐scale syn‐sedimentary reverse faults. On the Turkish shelf, vertical faults transect the basal latest Messinian of a 10 km fold where on‐structure syntectonic wedges and synsedimentary unconformities indicate pre‐Pliocene uplift and erosion, followed by Pliocene and younger deformation. Collectively, Miocene rocks delineate a flexural monocline at plateau margin scale that is expressed along our on‐offshore sections as a kink‐band fold with a steep flank 20–25 km long. In these reconstructed sections, we estimate a relative vertical displacement of 3.8 km at rates of ca. 0.5 mm/y, and horizontal shortening values <1 %. We use this evidence together with our observations of shortening at outcrop, basin, plateau‐margin and forearc‐system scales to infer that the SCAP forms as a monoclinal flexure to accommodate deep‐seated thickening and shortening since >5 Ma, and to contextualize the plateau margin as the forearc high of the Cyprus subduction system.
Delayed Disaster Impacts on Academic Performance of Primary School Children
Authors: Gibbs Lisa , Nursey Jane , Cook Janette , Ireton Greg , Alkemade Nathan , Roberts Michelle , Gallagher H. Colin , Bryant Richard , Block Karen , Molyneaux Robyn , Forbes David 
Published: January 2019

Social disruption caused by natural disasters often interrupts educational opportunities for children. However, little is known about children's learning in the following years. This study examined change in academic scores for children variably exposed to a major bushfire in Australia. Comparisons were made between children attending high, medium, and low disaster‐affected primary schools 2–4 years after the disaster (n = 24,642; 9–12 years). The results showed that in reading and numeracy expected gains from Year 3 to Year 5 scores were reduced in schools with higher levels of bushfire impact. The findings highlight the extended period of academic impact and identify important opportunities for intervention in the education system to enable children to achieve their academic potential.
Adoption breakdown and adolescence
Authors: Paniagua Carmen , Palacios Jesús , Jiménez‐Morago Jesús M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAdoption breakdown has attracted an increasing amount of attention over recent years, and studies coincide in stating that the mean age at which this phenomenon occurs is early adolescence. Nevertheless, the specific factors which influence adoption breakdown, have never been empirically explored. The aim of this article is therefore to analyse these factors by comparing cases of adoption breakdown which occurred prior to the onset of adolescence with those occurring after the beginning of this developmental stage. The study explores 69 cases of adoption breakdown occurring over the course of a decade in one Spanish region, taking into consideration variables related to the adopted children, the adoptive parents, the parent–child relationship, and the professional support services provided to these families. The results reveal a clear difference in the profile of breakdowns occurring before and after the onset of adolescence and identify a series of factors which seem to have a stronger influence in each group, such as violence, timing of problems, and unrealistic expectations regarding the child. These findings have important implications for professional adoption services, such us the importance of early identification of difficulties and the provision of support during adolescence.
Batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation may promote venous sinus recanalization in cerebral venous thrombosis: A real‐world experience
Authors: Ding Jia‐Yue , Pan Li‐Qun , Hu Yan‐Yu , Rajah Gary B. , Zhou Da , Bai Chao‐Bo , Ya Jing‐Yuan , Wang Zhong‐Ao , Jin Ke‐Xin , Guan Jing‐Wei , Ding Yu‐Chuan , Ji Xun‐Ming , Meng Ran 
Published: January 2019

SummaryAimsThe objective of this study was to evaluate cerebral venous recanalization with magnetic resonance black‐blood thrombus imaging (MRBTI) in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) who underwent batroxobin treatment in combination with anticoagulation.MethodsA total of 31 CVT patients were enrolled in this real‐world registry study. The patients were divided into batroxobin (n = 21) and control groups (n = 10). In addition to the same standard anticoagulation as in the control group, patients in the batroxobin group underwent intravenous batroxobin for a total of three times.ResultsIn the batroxobin group compared with the control group, we found better odds of recanalization degree [adjusted OR (95%CI) of 8.10 (1.61‐40.7)] and segment‐stenosis attenuation [adjusted OR (95%CI) of 4.48 (1.69‐11.9)] with batroxobin treatment. We further noted a higher ratio of patients with the attenuation of stenosis [adjusted OR (95%CI) of 26.4 (1.10‐635)]; as well as a higher ratio of segments with stenosis reversion [adjusted OR (95%CI) of 4.52 (1.48‐13.8)]. However, neurological deficits between the two groups showed no statistical difference at 90‐day follow‐up (P > 0.05).ConclusionsBatroxobin may promote venous sinus recanalization and attenuate CVT‐induced stenosis. Further randomized study of this promising drug may be warranted to better delineate the amount of benefit.
National contributions to global ecosystem values
Authors: Coristine Laura E. , Colla Sheila , Bennett Nathan , Carlsson Anja M. , Davy Christina , Davies Kimberley T.A. , Favaro Brett , Flockhart D.T. Tyler , Fraser Kevin , Orihel Diane , Otto Sarah P. , Palen Wendy , Polfus Jean L. , Venter Oscar , Ford Adam T. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCurrent conservation templates prioritize biogeographic regions with high intensity ecosystem values, such as exceptional species richness or threat. Intensity‐based targets are an important consideration in global efforts, but they do not capture all available opportunities to conserve ecosystem values, including those that accrue in low intensity over large areas. We assess six globally‐significant ecosystem values—intact wilderness, freshwater availability, productive marine environments, breeding habitat for migratory wildlife, soil carbon storage, and latitudinal potential for range shift in the face of climate change—to highlight opportunities for high‐impact broadly‐distributed contributions to global conservation. Nations can serve as a cohesive block of policy that can profoundly influence conservation outcomes. Contributions to global ecosystem values that exceed what is predicted by a nation's area alone, can give rise to countries with the capacity to act as ‘conservation superpowers’, such as Canada and Russia. For these conservation superpowers, a relatively small number of national policies can have environmental repercussions for the rest of the world.
Using health insurance administrative data to explore patch testing utilization in Ontario, Canada—An untapped resource
Authors: Arrandale Victoria H. , Holness Dorothy L. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundPatch testing is the key diagnostic test for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis, but there is limited information on the use of patch testing at the population level.ObjectivesTo utilize Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) data to analyse trends in the rate of patch testing in Ontario.MethodsPatch testing billing data submitted to the OHIP between 1992 and 2014 were analysed. Two patch test billing codes were investigated: one for work‐related testing (G198), and one for non‐work‐related testing (G206). Rates of patch testing overall were calculated, and trends over time were described.ResultsThere were 51 576 patch test billings: 48 416 non‐work‐related and 3160 work‐related. The annual rate of non‐work‐related patch testing (G206) ranged from 11.9 per 100 000 people to 25.9 per 100 000 people, increasing over time. The rate of work‐related patch testing (G198) ranged from 0.17 to 2.32 per 1 000 000 people, and was relatively stable. The overall distribution of billing by specialty was 70% dermatology, 19% other medical subspecialties, and 10% paediatrics and family medicine.ConclusionsAdministrative health data can contribute to a more complete understanding of patch test utilization at the population level and, over time, can be used to track patch testing practices.
Predicting Efavirenz Concentrations in the Brain Tissue of HIV‐Infected Individuals and Exploring their Relationship to Neurocognitive Impairment
Authors: Srinivas Nithya , Joseph Sarah Beth , Robertson Kevin , Kincer Laura P. , Menezes Prema , Adamson Lourdes , Schauer Amanda P. , Blake Kimberly H. , White Nicole , Sykes Craig , Luciw Paul , Eron Joseph J. , Forrest Alan , Price Richard W. , Spudich Serena , Swanstrom Ronald , Kashuba Angela D.M. 
Published: January 2019

Sparse data exist on the penetration of antiretrovirals into brain tissue. In this work, we present a framework to use efavirenz (EFV) pharmacokinetic (PK) data in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue of eight rhesus macaques to predict brain tissue concentrations in HIV‐infected individuals. We then perform exposure‐response analysis with the model‐predicted EFV area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) and neurocognitive scores collected from a group of 24 HIV‐infected participants. Adult rhesus macaques were dosed daily with 200 mg EFV (as part of a four‐drug regimen) for 10 days. Plasma was collected at 8 time points over 10 days and at necropsy, whereas CSF and brain tissue were collected at necropsy. In the clinical study, data were obtained from one paired plasma and CSF sample of participants prescribed EFV, and neuropsychological test evaluations were administered across 15 domains. PK modeling was performed using ADAPT version 5.0 Biomedical Simulation Resource, Los Angeles, CA) with the iterative two‐stage estimation method. An eight‐compartment model best described EFV distribution across the plasma, CSF, and brain tissue of rhesus macaques and humans. Model‐predicted median brain tissue concentrations in humans were 31 and 8,000 ng/mL, respectively. Model‐predicted brain tissue AUC was highly correlated with plasma AUC (γ = 0.99, P < 0.001) but not CSF AUC (γ = 0.34, P = 0.1) and did not show any relationship with neurocognitive scores (γ < 0.05, P > 0.05). This analysis provides an approach to estimate PK the brain tissue in order to perform PK/pharmacodynamic analyses at the target site.
Clinical utility of ultrasonography‐measured visceral adipose tissue depth as a tool in early pregnancy screening for gestational diabetes: a proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Thaware P. K. , Patterson C. C. , Young I. S. , Casey C. , McCance D. R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimTo examine, in a proof‐of‐concept study, the ability of visceral adipose tissue depth and subcutaneous fat depth measured in early pregnancy to predict subsequent gestational diabetes, and to assess the performance of these measures as screening tests for gestational diabetes compared with use of the current UK criteria.MethodsA total of 100 women in early pregnancy were recruited from a maternity hospital in Belfast, UK. Visceral adipose tissue depth and subcutaneous fat depth were measured, and each participant underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test at 28 weeks’ gestation for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes using WHO 2013 criteria.ResultsEighty women completed the study, of whom 15 (19%) developed gestational diabetes. Increasing visceral adipose tissue depth, but not subcutaneous fat depth, was associated with greater gestational diabetes risk after adjusting for confounding factors (odds ratio for a 1‐sd rise 2.09, 95% CI 1.06–4.12; P=0.03). Visceral adipose tissue depth ≥4.27 cm had greater sensitivity compared with current National Institute of Health and Care Excellence criteria (87% vs 40%, respectively; P=0.02) and similar specificity (62% vs 74%, respectively; P=0.15) for identifying gestational diabetes.ConclusionsUltrasonography‐measured visceral adipose tissue in early pregnancy is a potential clinical tool for improving sensitivity of selective screening for gestational diabetes, which, compared with universal oral glucose tolerance testing, is likely to reduce by half the numbers requiring this test. Further larger studies are now required for confirmation, including investigation into impact on clinical outcomes.
Theory‐based diabetes self‐management education with pre‐selection of participants: a randomized controlled trial with 2.5 years’ follow‐up (ELDES Study)
Authors: Vos R. C. , van Heusden L. , Eikelenboom N. W. D. , Rutten G. E. H. M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the (cost‐)effectiveness of Beyond Good Intentions (BGI), a 12‐week group‐based, nurse‐led self‐management programme, in terms of cardiovascular risk factors, self‐management and quality of life, after 2.5 years of follow‐up in pre‐selected individuals with known Type 2 diabetes of up to 5 years’ duration.MethodsA parallel randomized controlled trial comparing BGI with usual care, based on a self‐management screening questionnaire, was conducted in 43 general practices after pre‐selection of participants. After 2.5 years of follow‐up, the between‐group changes in the abovementioned variables were assessed using analysis of covariance.ResultsA total of 108 participants (BGI group, n =56; control group, n =52) were included. Changes over time in BMI (–0.4 vs –0.5 kg/m2) were similar in the two groups. Median HbA1c [BGI group 47 mmol/mol (6.5%); control group: 49 mmol/mol (6.6%)] and mean systolic blood pressure (BGI group: 132±13 mmHg; control group: 133±14 mmHg) were well controlled at baseline and no intervention effect was found. LDL cholesterol levels decreased from 2.4 to 2.2 mmol/l in the control group and remained stable at 2.6 mmol/l in the intervention group (P=0.032). No intervention effect was found for self‐management or quality of life.ConclusionIn contrast to the first BGI study, we did not observe significant effects of the BGI intervention, despite pre‐selection of individuals. In diabetes populations with target levels for HbA1c, systolic blood pressure and LDL cholesterol, no further beneficial effects can be expected from self‐management programmes with regard to biomedical factors and quality of life.
Incidence of sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and numbers needed to screen: a systematic review
Authors: Groeneveld Y. , Tavenier D. , Blom J.W. , Polak B.C.P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the incidence of sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.BackgroundIn most countries, yearly or biennial screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy in people with Type 2 diabetes are recommended. Fewer screening sessions reduce the effort required of people with Type 2 diabetes and reduce healthcare costs.MethodsWe conducted a search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the COCHRANE Library for studies published betweeen 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2017. Eligible studies were those that included general populations of >100 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additional study population criteria were absence of moderate diabetic retinopathy or more severe diabetic retinopathy at last screening session and at least two gradable retinal screening sessions. Outcomes of interest in the included studies were moderate and severe non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy (R2), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (R3) or maculopathy (M1), collectively known as sight‐threatening or referable diabetic retinopathy.ResultsA total of 17 studies were included. In people with Type 2 diabetes without or with only mild diabetic retinopathy at baseline, the average incidence rates of sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy were ~1 per 100 person‐years and ~8 per 100 person‐years, respectively. The average numbers needed to screen to detect one case of sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy were 175 and 19 in people without and with mild retinopathy at last screening, respectively.ConclusionIn people with Type 2 diabetes without retinopathy at last screening, the incidence of severe sight‐threatening retinopathy at the subsequent screening session was low. In people with mild retinopathy, progression to sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy was nearly 10‐fold higher. This review supports lengthening of the screening interval of patients with Type 2 diabetes without retinopathy at last screening session.
Effects of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes on the protective microbiome of insects – a review
Authors: Zytynska Sharon E. , Meyer Sebastian T. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSymbiotic bacteria in herbivorous insects can have strong beneficial impacts on their host's survival, including conferring resistance to natural enemies such as parasitoid wasps or pathogens, while also imposing energetic costs on the host, resulting in cost‐benefit trade‐offs. Whether these trade‐offs favour the hosting of symbionts depends on the growth environment of the herbivore. Long‐term experimental grassland studies have shown that increasing plant species richness leads to an increased diversity of associated herbivores and their natural enemies. Such a change in natural enemy diversity, related to changes in plant diversity, could also drive changes in the community of symbionts hosted by the herbivorous insects. Aphids are one model system for studying symbionts in insects, and effects of host‐plant species and diversity on aphid‐symbiont interactions have been documented. Yet, we still understand little of the mechanisms underlying such effects. We review the current state of knowledge of how biodiversity can impact aphid‐symbiont communities and the underlying drivers. Then, we discuss this in the framework of sustainable agriculture, where increased plant biodiversity, in the form of wildflower strips, is used to recruit natural enemies to crop fields for their pest control services. Although aphid symbionts have the potential to reduce biological control effectiveness through conferring protection for the host insect, we discuss how increasing plant and natural enemy biodiversity can mitigate these effects and identify future research opportunities. Understanding how to promote beneficial interactions in ecological systems can help in the development of more sustainable agricultural management strategies.
Diversity indices for ecological networks: a unifying framework using Hill numbers
Authors: Ohlmann Marc , Miele Vincent , Dray Stéphane , Chalmandrier Loïc , O’Connor Louise , Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDescribing how ecological interactions change over space and time and how they are shaped by environmental conditions is crucial to understand and predict ecosystem trajectories. However, it requires having an appropriate framework to measure network diversity locally, regionally and between samples (α‐, γ‐ and β‐diversity). Here, we propose a unifying framework that builds on Hill numbers and accounts both for the probabilistic nature of biotic interactions and the abundances of species or groups. We emphasise the importance of analysing network diversity across different species aggregation levels (e.g. from species to trophic groups) to get a better understanding of network structure. We illustrate our framework with a simulation experiment and an empirical analysis using a global food‐web database. We discuss further usages of the framework and show how it responds to recent calls on comparing ecological networks and analysing their variation across environmental gradients and time.
Oesophageal ectasia as a cause of dysphagia and milk regurgitation in a neonatal foal
Authors: Wong D. M. , Ruby R. E. , Van Eerde E. , Miles K. G. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryDysphagia and milk regurgitation are relatively infrequently observed clinical signs in neonatal foals but, when present, can commonly arise from anatomic or functional disorders of the upper airway. Less commonly, milk regurgitation can be caused by anatomic or neuromuscular disorders of the oesophagus. In the report presented here, a neonatal foal was examined for milk regurgitation at 4 days of age and was diagnosed with transient oesophageal ectasia via oesophagoscopy and contrast radiography. Aspiration pneumonia was treated with broad‐spectrum antimicrobials and the owner was instructed to intermittently elevate the forelimbs to facilitate passage of milk out of the dilated oesophagus. The milk regurgitation resolved and reassessment of the foal at 6 weeks of age documented the absence of oesophageal ectasia and resolution of aspiration pneumonia. The foal was reported to be healthy and consuming food normally 6 months after initial examination and was in good body condition. This case is unique in that the oesophageal ectasia improved with time; furthermore, other potential causes of dysphagia and milk regurgitation of oesophageal origin in neonatal foals are discussed.
Spatial distribution of grassland soil organic carbon and potential carbon storage on the Qinghai Plateau
Authors: Du Yangong , Zhou Geng , Guo Xiaowei , Cao Guangmin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMapping the soil organic carbon (SOC) properties of terrestrial ecosystems is necessary to mitigate carbon flux. Here, we quantified grassland SOC contents and densities to evaluate the potential for increased storage through recovery on the Qinghai Plateau. The SOC contents of 41 paired soil profiles from areas of nondegraded and degraded grasslands were analyzed in 2012 using a dry oxidation method. The average SOC contents of nondegraded and degraded grasslands were 3.4 ± 0.3% and 2.4 ± 0.4% (p < 0.05). The SOC density changes varied from −5.5 to 13.2 kg/m2 in a future grassland restoration scenario. The predicted main regions of potential increasing SOC density were located in the counties Zhiduo, Qilian, Menyuan, Maduo, Gande and Zeku. Moreover, the potential SOC stock would increase by 0.83 pg due to grassland restoration, suggesting a key role of alpine grassland as carbon sink on the Qinghai Plateau.