bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Activity of Some Folic Acid Enzyme Systems in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: BERTINO JOSEPH R. , SIMMONS BARBARA M. , DONOHUE DENNIS M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Increased levels of activity for the formate activating enzyme and N5,N10-methylene FH4 dehydrogenase have been found in the leukocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis; in addition dihydrofolic reductase, an enzyme not found in mature circulating leukocytes, has been detected in infectious mononucleosis cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is less in infectious mononucleosis leukocytes than in normal leukocytes.
These findings are similar to the results obtained in acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia and indicate that the leukocytes seen in infectious mononucleosis have the enzymatic apparatus associated with synthesis of DNA.
The Effect of Reticulocytosis in the Rabbit on the Activities of Enzymes in Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
Authors: LOTZ MYRON , SMITH LLOYD H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Five sequential enzymes leading to the formation of uridine-5'-phosphate were studied in acetophenylhydrazine-induced reticulocytes in the rabbit. All of these enzymes—aspartate carbamyltransferase, dihydroorotase, dihydroorotic dehydrogenase, orotidylic pyrophosphorylase, and orotidylic decarboxylase—decreased markedly in activity during in vivo maturation and aging of the reticulocytes. In analogy to previous studies on purine nucleotide biosynthesis, it is concluded that the reticulocyte, but not the mature erythrocyte, is capable of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.
Influence of Salicylate Administration on Iron Metabolism
Authors: IZAK G. , GALEWSKY-STEIN K. , MENCZEL J. , GROEN J. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In nine patients with various diseases and in two normal subjects, administration of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in amounts of 3-4 Gm. per day produced a drop in serum iron. This drop could not be explained by chemical interference with the determination, by blood loss, impaired absorption or increased excretion of iron. In addition, it was shown that during administration of salicylates the survival time of the red cells was diminished. It is suggested that salicylates might produce anemia not only by gastrointestinal bleeding but also by interference with the metabolism of iron through some unknown mechanism.
A Speculative Approach to the Myeloproliferative Syndromes
Authors: BRODY JEROME I. , RODRIGUEZ FERNANDO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A survey of 66 cases of the myeloproliferative syndromes revealed two clinical conditions not associated specifically with this group of blood dyscrasias.
2. Of particular interest were an apparent increased incidence of diabetes mellitus, and myelofibrosis associated with scleroderma.
3. These combinations may reflect a biochemical or metabolic error which may be present in some of these patients (such as increased 5-HIAA) and which may be related to the course, progression, and symptomatology of these disorders.
Red Blood Cell Life Span Using DFP32 as a Cohort Label
Authors: CLINE MARTIN J. , BERLIN NATHANIEL I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the dog, the erythrocyte uptake of DFP32 was found to be dependent upon the dose of administered DFP32. Effective blocking of red cell uptake of isotopically-labeled DFP was achieved by prior administration of unlabeled DFP. By allowing a time interval between the administration of DFP and DFP32 the cohort of red cells synthesized in that interval could be labeled with DFP32. The cohort of erythrocytes synthesized in response to acute blood loss were so labeled and were found to have a shortened life span with a pattern of random destruction.
Hemopoietic Regeneration in Control and Recovered Heavily Irradiated Dogs Following Severe Hemorrhage
Authors: PERMAN VICTOR , SORENSEN DALE K. , USENIK EDWARD A. , BOND VICTOR P. , CRONKITE EUGENE P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dogs which had been heavily irradiated one to two years previously were severely bled. Both control and recovered dogs responded to the bleeding in a similar manner, indiciating complete functional recovery of the previously irradiated marrow.
Mitotic Indices of Human Bone Marrow Cells. I. Number and Cytologic Distribution of Mitoses
Authors: KILLMANN SVEN-ÅGE , CRONKITE EUGENE P. , FLIEDNER T. M. , BOND VICTOR P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The diurnal variation of mitotic index of human bone marrow has been studied. A diurnal variation has not been demonstrated but remains subject for further study.
2. Data on the distribution of hone marrow mitoses on cell lines and maturation stages are presented. From this and the gross mitotic index of the bone marrow, the mitotic indices of various cell types are computed.
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN MUSTARD ON MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES
Authors: HENSTELL HENRY H. , TOBER JEROME N. , NEWMAN BEN A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Six patients with mycosis fungoides, resistant to x-radiation, have been treated with nitrogen mustard.
2. Each patient showed a striking immediate response to the drug.
3. The extent of the remissions of the disease process, during the period of study (from 4 to 7 months), varied with the nature of the lesions and the biopsy findings: (a) Three patients with histories of prolonged premycotic stages and reticulo-endothelial cell hyperplasia on biopsy showed an excellent response to the drug. (b) One patient with a history of prolonged premycotic stage and biopsy findings of a dense polymorphic infiltrate, but with sparse numbers of reticulo-endothelial cells showed a partial response to treatment. (c) Two patients whose disease was of short duration with early nodule formation and ulceration with biopsy findings of rather few endothelial cells among the infiltrate showed rapid recurrences and progression of the disease.
4. Nitrogen mustard is an effective agent in the palliative treatment of mycosis fungoides.
5. It is suggested that the point of attack of the nitrogen mustard is on the neoplastic cell arising from the reticulo-endothelial system.
6. The response of mycosis fungoides to nitrogen mustard presents additional evidence of the neoplastic nature of the disease.
Leukocyte Kinetics Studied by Nitrogen Mustard Induced Alterations in DNA Phosphorus Labeling
Authors: WALKER RICHARD I. , HERION J. C. , PALMER J. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of a large dose of nitrogen mustard on total and differential leukocyte counts in rabbits has been studied in conjunction with the effect on DNA labeling with inorganic radiophosphorus. Considered together, the findings indicate that this dose of nitrogen mustard has a direct lethal effect on lymphocytes and effectively blocks P32 incorporation into leukocyte DNA for several days by killing the elements capable of division. The post-mitotic granulocyte reservoir seems to remain intact and is of sufficient size to replace those lost from the circulation for about 56 hours. Granulocyte circulating half-time under the conditions of these experiments falls between two and seven hours. The post-mitotic granulocyte reservoir is calculated to be 40 times the size of the circulating pool. During the period of rapid granulocyte recovery, leukocytes have been shown to exhibit a decreasing concentration of DNA label per element and maintainence of the same level of label per element depending on the availability of precursor P32. At present no conclusion about DNA labeling characteristics with inorganic P32 under steady state conditions is warranted.
Studies on Lymphocytes. I. Lymphopenia Produced by Prolonged Extracorporeal Irradiation of Circulating Blood
Authors: CRONKITE EUGENE P. , JANSEN CORNELIUS R. , MATHER GEORGE C. , NIELSEN NIELS O. , USENIK EDWARD A. , ADAMIK EMIL R. , SIPE CLYDE R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A method for extracorporeal irradiation of the circulating blood has been developed.
2. Extracorporeal irradiation of the blood will produce a lymphopenia promptly which persists for weeks.
3. Heparin in high doses in the calf produces a lymphocytosis and neutrophilic leukocytosis.
Electronic Measurement of Cellular Volumes. II. Frequency Distribution of Erythrocyte Volumes
Authors: LUSHBAUGH C. C. , BASMANN N. J. , GLASCOCK B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The frequency distribution of erythrocyte volumes of animals and man, determined electronically, showed a skew toward large volumes. Simple mathematical and computer analyses of these curves seemed to reveal the presence of two populations of erythrocytes with Gaussian distribution. One consisted of cells of relatively small volume and the other of cells of large volume. Study of avian erythrocytes revealed that in these species the two populations were sufficiently different volumetrically that their distributions did not completely overlap and their presence was not obscured in the total distribution curves. Analysis of pathologic states showed that, in most, the volumetric distributions shifted toward large volume as the disease developed. In severe erythroblastosis, for example, only the large population was demonstrable. Consequently, the larger-volumed population appeared to be composed of reticulocytes and young erythrocytes. These studies and those in progress indicate that this technic may afford another useful dimension to investigative and therapeutic hematology.
Hemoglobin MKankakee, A New Variant of Hemoglobin M
Authors: HELLER PAUL , WEINSTEIN HYMAN G. , YAKULIS VINCENT J. , ROSENTHAL IRA M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A new variant of hemoglobin M (hemoglobin MKankakee) has been detected in a family in Illinois.
2. The spectroscopic and electrophoretic features of this new mutant are described.
3. Hybridization with canine hemoglobin indicates the presence of abnormal α chains.
The Preservation of Human Red Blood Cell Agglutinogens in Liquid Nitrogen: Study of a Technic Suitable for Routine Blood Banking
Authors: BRONSON WILLIAM R. , MCGINNISS MARY H. , Eisel Robert J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple method for the preservation of red blood cells in liquid nitrogen suitable for routine laboratory use is described. With this method, erythrocyte antigens retain their integrity for at least six months and, after thawing, remain active for at least two weeks in Alsever’s Solution. A panel of cells preserved in liquid nitrogen is as satisfactory as fresh cells in defining irregular antibodies encountered in patient sera. The advantages of this technic over other methods of red blood cell preservation is discussed.
The Determination of Iron Absorption and Loss by Whole Body Counting
Authors: PRICE D. C. , COHN S. H. , WASSERMAN L. R. , REIZENSTEIN P. G. , CRONKITE EUGENE P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A technic for the study of radioiron absorption and loss is described employing an NaI (T1) crystal-detector whole body counter and 1-10 µc. Fe59 in 250 µg. elemental iron. Changes in whole body Fe59 activity during the first few hours and the next 90-100 days after oral ingestion are described and their significance discussed. Normal absorption with this technic ranges from 5.7-24.7 per cent of the administered tracer. In 14 patients with polycythemia vera, 12 previously phlebotomized and 2 with a recent history of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, iron deficiency as evidenced by increased iron absorption (20.6 per cent-96.9 per cent) correlates well with the extent of preceding phlebotomy, and relatively well with the plasma iron at the time of study. Although other parameters reflect iron deficiency, none correlate well with the absorption of radioiron. Next to increased iron absorption, depletion of iron stores in the marrow seems to be the earliest evidence of iron deficiency.
Iron absorption and erythrocyte incorporation of radioiron was also studied in several other hematologic disorders, including four heavily menstruating women, three cases of aplastic anemia, and a small number of other conditions. The findings are described and discussed.
Radioiron loss in three normal patients was 0.110 per cent, 0.110 per cent, and 0.182 per cent daily, and in two patients with aplastic anemia 0.103 per cent and 0.173 per cent daily, defining the normal range of tracer loss over days 20-100. Radioiron loss in the polycythemics ranged from 0-0.044 per cent daily. An unusual case of pyridoxine-responsive anemia with increased absorption of radioiron (69.1 per cent), but no red cell incorporation, lost only 0.026 per cent/day. Some problems in the interpretation of such data are discussed.
The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the technic of whole body counting in the study of various aspects of iron metabolism.
The Structure and Composition of Rat Reticulocytes. II. Phospholipid and Total Cholesterol in Reticulocytes
Authors: HALLINAN T. , EDEN E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The rat reticulocytes examined contain 6.7 ± 0.2 mg. of phospholipid per ml. of packed cells, 49 per cent more than rat erythrocytes.
2. Reticulocytes from anemic animals appear to contain the same concentration of phospholipid as those from normal animals.
3. The concentration of total cholesterol in the reticulocytes examined does not differ significantly from that in erythrocytes.
4. The phospholipid:cholesterol ratio in lipid from reticulocytes is significantly greater (P < 0.001) than the corresponding ratio in lipid from erythrocytes. This finding, together with previous observations on the ultrastructure of reticulocytes, leads to the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of the lipid of these cells may be associated with phospholipid-rich, cholesterol-poor, intracellular structures such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
A Survey of the Thymus and Its Relation to Lymphocytes and Immune Reactions
Authors: ARNASON BARRY G. , JANKOVIĆ BRANISLAV D. , WAKSMAN BYRON H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The thymus appears to be a principal source of the small lymphocyte population of blood, spleen and lymph nodes. It may, in addition, produce hormonal factors affecting lymphocyte production. It plays a major role, early in life and perhaps later as well, in maintaining the immunologic integrity of the organism.
The Effect of the Nitrite Ion on Intact Human Erythrocytes
Authors: HARLEY JOHN D. , ROBIN HELEN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The mode of action of the nitrite ion on intact human erythrocytes has been investigated under varying experimental conditions. Nitrite appeared to act directly to cause methemoglobin formation and GSH depletion. Evidence was presented to show that such depletion does not occur in the presence of a normal and active pentose phosphate pathway, and to suggest that methemoglobin formation buffers the erythrocyte against nitrite-induced oxidation of GSH.
Both in the presence and absence of glucose, nitrite in high concentration was found to cause increased rates of oxidative destruction of hemoglobin with Heinz body formation, and of loss of osmotic integrity. It was suggested that nitrite acts by "simple" oxidation of the -SH groups of globin and other erythrocytic components, and possibly by causing deamination of cellular proteins.
The results were discussed, with reference to the significance of cellular protective mechanisms under evolutionary or environmental conditions which involve intermittent exposure to high concentrations of the nitrite ion.
An Isotopic Method for the Determination of Vitamin B12 Levels in Blood
Authors: BARAKAT RUSSEL M. , EKINS ROGER P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Vitamin B12 is normally present in plasma mainly bound to a specific binding protein. Addition of exogenous vitamin ultimately results in saturation of protein binding sites and excess vitamin remains in free form. The ratio of free to bound fractions thus quantitatively depends upon the concentration of exogenous compound. This observation has been utilized to determine amounts of vitamin B12 extracted from the blood of normal subjects and of patients with certain pathologic conditions.
The method is simple and reproducible. The sensitivity of the method is such that vitamin levels down to roughly 20 µµg./ml. may be evaluated using labeled vitamin B12 of a specific activity of about 1 µc./µg. Repeated assays on identical specimens of normal plasma have shown a reproducibility of about 5-6 per cent. Results on 39 normal subjects gave a range of 330-1070 µµg./ml. with an average of 611 ± 167. Values observed in plasma taken from patients suffering from pernicious anemia were around 100 µµg./ml. or less. Results on subjects with other pathologic conditions are also presented and the limitations of the method are discussed.
Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia and the Philadelphia Chromosome
Authors: FITZGERALD P. H. , ADAMS ANGELA , GUNZ FREDERICK W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Twelve patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia were examined for the presence of the Ph1 chromosome abnormality at various stages of their disease. The abnormality was demonstrated either in the blood or marrow of all patients. Patients in relapse showed very high numbers of Ph1-positive mitoses in both blood and marrow; those in remission showed relatively few or no positives in the blood but sizeable numbers in the marrow. There was a positive correlation between the degrees of abnormality of blood and marrow on the one hand, and the percentage of Ph1-positive mitoses on the other. Direct examination of the marrow for the demonstration of the Ph1 appeared of particular value in the acute phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia.
It seemed likely that therapy depressed the number of abnormal (Ph1-positive) mitoses. There was, however, no evidence that these ever disappeared from the marrow, even in complete remission.
The findings presented and those in the literature did not make it possible to decide in what way the Ph1 chromosome abnormality is related to the onset of leukemia.
Endoreduplication in Acute Leukemia
Authors: BOTTURA CÁSSIO , FERRARI IRIS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chromosome studies were carried out on two occasions during the evolution of a case of acute myeloblastic leukemia. A normal karyotype was detected before treatment was started. A second analysis made while the patient was under treatment with 6-mercaptopurine showed a modal number of 44 chromosomes plus a small fragment. Apart from the abnormal karyotype, the leukemic cells showed a high incidence of endoreduplication and a cell with the feature of repeated endoreduplication was observed. The possible significance of these findings in acute leukemia is discussed.
The Importance of Activation of Antihemophilic Globulin and Proaccelerin by Traces of Thrombin in the Generation of Intrinsic Prothrombinase Activity
Authors: RAPAPORT SAMUEL I. , SCHIFFMAN SANDRA , PATCH MARY JANE , AMES SARA BETH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
There are two major time-consuming steps in intrinsic clotting in vitro. The importance of the first step—the triggering of intrinsic clotting through the generation of activation product (AP) activity—has been appreciated for several years. This paper has been concerned with the delineation of the second important time-consuming step—the generation of a trace of thrombin, which by activating both anti-hemophilic globulin (AHG, factor VIII ) and proaccelerin (factor V ), shifts the intrinsic clotting process into high gear. Data have been presented which indicate that when plasma contains AP, activated AHG (AHG'), activated proaccelerin (accelerin ) and free platelet factor 3-like activity, all of the remaining reactions required to generate powerful intrinsic prothrombinase activity take place within 7 to 12 seconds after recalcification. It may well be that AHG and proaccelerin must be activated by minute traces of thrombin before they can participate effectively in the generation of intrinsic prothrombinase activity.
Antigenic Analysis of Plasminogen and Plasmin
Authors: RIFÉ UBALDO , MILGROM FELIX , SHULMAN SIDNEY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Human plasminogen and plasmin preparations have been analyzed and compared for their antigenic properties. For the evaluation of such preparations, antisera to Kline plasminogen, prepared in rabbits, were used. Kline plasminogen revealed the presence of three distinct components. One of these was identical to gamma globulin of serum by both chemical and immunological criteria while the other two were in the beta-globulin mobility category. One of these latter could be identified with the proenzyme, plasminogen, itself; the other remained an unidentified component which could not be related to the proenzyme. Plasmin showed a similar pattern except for the absence of the gamma-globulin constituent. The two components of plasmin were antigenically identical to the corresponding components of plasminogen.
The Influence of Amino Acids on Iron Absorption
Authors: KROE DONALD , KINNEY THOMAS D. , KAUFMAN NATHAN , KLAVINS J. V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A series of experiments were devised to determine the effect of various amino acids upon the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract. This was done by introducing single amino acids and Fe59 into isolated loops of small intestine and measuring the serum for radioactivity and the uptake of Fe59 by the liver. It was found that under the conditions of the experiments all of the amino acids studied effected an increase in the serum iron and iron deposition in the liver.
Maternofetal Passage of Leukocytes and Platelets in Man
Authors: DESAI RAJENDRA G. , CREGER WILLIAM P. , Gausepohl Nancy , Loomis Maurice 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Human maternal whole blood was treated with Atabrine in vitro, and the cellular portion returned to the maternal circulation within 15 hours of the time of delivery in nine cases. In three cases no fluorescent forms were found in the cord blood. In six cases fluorescent forms were observed in the cord blood, in four instances platelets, in four granulocytes, and in three lymphocytes. Three normal controls received the supernatant, Atabrine-containing plasma from 350 ml. of their own whole blood to which had been added 50 or 100 mg. of Atabrine. No fluorescent forms were found in the buffy coats of these individuals over a 24-hour period.
The data are interpreted as suggesting human transplacental passage, from mother to fetus, of small numbers of leukocytes and platelets. Particular interest is thought to attach to the identification of labeled lymphocytes in the cord blood because of the evidence that some mononuclear leukocytes which normally circulate are still capable of multiplication and pluripotentiality.
The possibility of human lymphocytic chimerism on the basis of maternofetal transplacental passage is suggested, although no evidence for permanent colonization and immunologic function is presented. The relation of this concept to those human diseases in which autoimmunity is thought to play a major role is discussed.
Different Patterns of Remisson in Acute Myelocytic Leukemia
Authors: LEVIN ROBERT H. , BRITTIN GEOFFREY M. , FREIREICH EMIL J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Methyl-glyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone (methyl GAG) has induced complete hematologic remissions in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia. The hematologic pattern of remission was different from that observed for 6-mercaptopurine. Early lymphocytosis and increase in platelet counts occurred with both drugs. With methyl GAG the early granulation of immature cells and a relative rise in peripheral mature granulocytes developed. This could occur with persistent leukopenia and could precede the recovery of platelets. Repopulation of red cell precursors occurred at a similar rate with both drugs. Abnormal megaloblastoid erythropoiesis was seen in 11 of 14 patients treated with 6-MP; erythropoiesis was normoblastic in all patients treated with methyl GAG.
Recognition of the different patterns of remission characteristic of 6-MP and methyl GAG suggests different mechanisms of action for the two drugs. The criteria of impending remission observed with methyl GAG may make possible shortened administration of a toxic drug.