bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement factor of nuclear reactions in partially ionized plasmas and asymmetric mixtures
Authors: Arnault Philippe , Clérouin Jean , Desbiens Nicolas , White Alexander , Ticknor Christopher , Kress Joel D. , Collins Lee A. 
Published: February 2019

When hydrogen is mixed with heavy (high‐Z) elements, even as traces, such as iron in the sun, the plasma mixture transits from a weakly coupled state to the intermediate coupling regime of simultaneous weak and strong couplings due to charge asymmetry. In those circumstances, partial ionization is an important aspect to consider. We present a global approach for evaluating enhancement factors for thermonuclear reactions in such mixtures. We grounded our approach on extensive orbital free molecular dynamics (OFMD) simulations of hydrogen‐silver mixtures, chosen as a prototype of hydrogen—high‐Zmixtures, in a large range of temperature (100 < T < 1600 eV). By comparing a series of OFMD simulations to hyper‐netted chain calculations of effective binary ionic mixtures (eBIM), we set a general procedure for computing enhancement factors. The electron screening contribution is also included implicitly in the definition of the effective ionizations within the average atom framework. The agreement between the pair distribution functions of OFMD and eBIM validates a prescription in which each average atom representing a given species shares the same external electron density with the others (iso‐nerule). We checked that an interpolation formula between weak and strong couplings in BIM, due to Chugunov and DeWitt, is accurate enough to address the limit of extreme dilution of a heavy element.
Hawaiian picture‐winged Drosophila exhibit adaptive population divergence along a narrow climatic gradient on Hawaii Island
Authors: Eldon Jon , Bellinger M. Renee , Price Donald K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Anthropogenic influences on global processes and climatic conditions are increasingly affecting ecosystems throughout the world.

Hawaii Island’s native ecosystems are well studied and local long‐term climatic trends well documented, making these ecosystems ideal for evaluating how native taxa may respond to a warming environment.

This study documents adaptive divergence of populations of a Hawaiian picture‐winged Drosophila, D. sproati, that are separated by only 7 km and 365 m in elevation.

Representative laboratory populations show divergent behavioral and physiological responses to an experimental low‐intensity increase in ambient temperature during maturation. The significant interaction of source population by temperature treatment for behavioral and physiological measurements indicates differential adaptation to temperature for the two populations.

Significant differences in gene expression among males were mostly explained by the source population, with eleven genes in males also showing a significant interaction of source population by temperature treatment.

The combined behavior, physiology, and gene expression differences between populations illustrate the potential for local adaptation to occur over a fine spatial scale and exemplify nuanced response to climate change.
Multiple habitat use by declining migratory birds necessitates joined‐up conservation
Authors: Jackson Micha V. , Carrasco Luis R. , Choi Chi‐Yeung , Li Jing , Ma Zhijun , Melville David S. , Mu Tong , Peng He‐Bo , Woodworth Bradley K. , Yang Ziyou , Zhang Lin , Fuller Richard A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMany species depend on multiple habitats at different points in space and time. Their effective conservation requires an understanding of how and when each habitat is used, coupled with adequate protection. Migratory shorebirds use intertidal and supratidal wetlands, both of which are affected by coastal landscape change. Yet the extent to which shorebirds use artificial supratidal habitats, particularly at highly developed stopover sites, remains poorly understood leading to potential deficiencies in habitat management. We surveyed shorebirds on their southward migration in southern Jiangsu, a critical stopover region in the East Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF), to measure their use of artificial supratidal habitats and assess linkages between intertidal and supratidal habitat use. To inform management, we examined how biophysical features influenced occupancy of supratidal habitats, and whether these habitats were used for roosting or foraging. We found that shorebirds at four of five sites were limited to artificial supratidal habitats at high tide for ~11–25 days per month because natural intertidal flats were completely covered by seawater. Within the supratidal landscape, at least 37 shorebird species aggregated on artificial wetlands, and shorebirds were more abundant on larger ponds with less water cover, less vegetation, at least one unvegetated bund, and fewer built structures nearby. Artificial supratidal habitats were rarely used for foraging and rarely occupied when intertidal flats were available, underscoring the complementarity between supratidal roosting habitat and intertidal foraging habitat. Joined‐up artificial supratidal management and natural intertidal habitat conservation are clearly required at our study site given the simultaneous dependence by over 35,000 migrating shorebirds on both habitats. Guided by observed patterns of habitat use, there is a clear opportunity to improve habitat condition by working with local land custodians to consider shorebird habitat requirements when managing supratidal ponds. This approach is likely applicable to shorebird sites throughout the EAAF.
Serial assessment of spot urine sodium predicts effectiveness of decongestion and outcome in patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Biegus Jan , Zymliński Robert , Sokolski Mateusz , Todd John , Cotter Gad , Metra Marco , Jankowska Ewa A. , Banasiak Waldemar , Ponikowski Piotr 
Published: February 2019

AimsThe clinical significance of the measurement of urine sodium concentration (UNa+) in response to loop diuretic administration in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) is still unsettled. We studied the association of serial measurements of spot UNa+ during the first 48 h of AHF treatment with the indices of decongestion, renal function, and prognosis.Methods and resultsWe enrolled 111 AHF patients, all of whom received intravenous furosemide on admission. The mean spot UNa+ significantly increased in the 6 h sample (P < 0.05 vs. baseline) and returned to baseline values in the 24 and 48 h samples. Based on the increase or decrease/no change of UNa+ in the 6 and 48 h samples vs. baseline, patients were divided into two groups at each time point, respectively. Patients did not differ in baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics. Patients with a decrease/no change of UNa+ in the 6 and 48 h samples had a lower weight loss during hospitalization. Patients with a decrease/no change of UNa+ in the 48 h sample had a poorer diuretic response and a significant increase in the urinary levels of the tubular biomarkers: kidney injury molecule‐1 and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin. Low UNa+ and decrease/no change in UNa+ in the 6 and 48 h samples were independent predictors of higher risk of all‐cause mortality during 1‐year follow‐up (all P < 0.05).ConclusionIn AHF, low spot UNa+ and lack to increase UNa+ in response to intravenous diuretics are associated with poor diuretic response, markers of tubular injury and high risk of 1‐year mortality.
Effect of wake interaction on the response of two tandem oscillating hydrofoils
Authors: Ma Penglei , Wang Yong , Xie Yudong , Han Jiazhen , Sun Guang , Zhang Jianhua 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this study, using a hydraulic system couples 2 hydrofoils and fulfills the fully flow‐induced oscillating motion. Two hydrofoils have a tandem spatial configuration because in such arrangement allows the turbine to reach a higher efficiency. An iteration scheme is compiled to the solver to solve the coupling equations which are built based on the hydrofoil motions and hydrodynamic. Numerical investigations are carried out to analyze the response of 2 tandem oscillating hydrofoils. The objective of this study is to review the wake interactions between 2 tandem hydrofoils rather than to pursue the maximum power efficiency. It is found that the heaving amplitude and energy extraction performance of the upstream hydrofoil are greater than that of downstream hydrofoil, because the downstream hydrofoil operates in the wake of upstream hydrofoil. For the fully flow‐induced motion model presented in this study, both favorable and unfavorable strong wake vortices interactions are not observed, because the change in system response will weaken the strong wake interaction. Moreover, the difference between 2 hydrofoil responses does not necessarily decline with increasing inter‐hydrofoil spacing.
Effect of glycine betaine on chilling injury in relation to energy metabolism in papaya fruit during cold storage
Authors: Pan Yonggui , Zhang Shanying , Yuan Mengqi , Song Hanliang , Wang Tian , Zhang Weimin , Zhang Zhengke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract“Zhongbai” papaya fruit were treated with 15 mmol/L glycine betaine (GB) and then refrigerated at 6°C for 40 days to study the influence of GB on chilling injury (CI) and possible mechanism associated with energy metabolism. The results exhibited that GB treatment remarkably reduced the CI severity as indicated by lower CI index during storage. GB treatment lowered electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content, which accounted for maintenance of membrane integrity and reduced lipid peroxidation. Moreover, GB treatment improved the energy status as revealed by increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, energy charge, and activities of energy metabolism‐related enzymes including mitochondrial membrane H+‐adenosine triphosphatase (H+‐ATPase) and Ca2+‐adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+‐ATPase), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and cytochrome C oxidase (CCO). The results indicate that enhanced chilling tolerance in papaya fruit by GB treatment during cold storage might be ascribed to improved energy status in association with increased activities of energy metabolism‐related enzymes.
Royal jelly causes hypotension and vasodilation induced by increasing nitric oxide production
Authors: Pan Yongming , Rong Yili , You Mengmeng , Ma Quanxin , Chen Minli , Hu Fuliang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAmong royal jelly’s (RJ) various biological activities, its possible antihypertension and vasorelaxation effects deserve particular attention, but the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. Therefore, this study used the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) hypertension model and the isolated rabbit thoracic aorta rings model to explore the mechanisms underlying the hypotension and vasorelaxation effects of RJ. Rats were divided into the following groups (n = 6): WKY‐control group, SHR‐control group, and SHR‐RJ group. SHR‐RJ group was received 1 g/kg of RJ via oral administration daily for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and nitric oxide (NO) level were detected. In addition, the mechanism of vasodilation of RJ was investigated using an isolated rabbit aortic ring technique. RJ significantly reduced SBP and DBP as well as increased NO levels of SHR in vivo. RJ caused vasorelaxation of the isolated aorta rings, and this effect was inhibited by atropine (M3 receptor blocker), L‐NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), methylene blue (guanylate cyclase inhibitor), and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Moreover, RJ could markedly suppress the NE‐induced intracellular Ca2+ releases and high K+‐induced extracellular Ca2+ influx in denuded aortic rings. In addition, RJ can also increase cGMP levels and the production of NO in isolated aortic rings. The present study showed that RJ has antihypertensive effects and was associated with increased NO production. In addition, RJ contains muscarinic receptor agonist, possibly an acetylcholine‐like substance, and induces vasodilation through NO/cGMP pathway and calcium channels.
Alteration of the lipid of red carp (Cyprinus carpio) during frozen storage
Authors: Tenyang Noel , Tiencheu Bernard , Tonfack Djikeng Fabrice , Morfor Azia Theresia , Womeni Hilaire Macaire 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the oxidative stability of oil extracted from red carp fish frozen up to 9 months at −18°C. To assess oil stability of red carp fish, the analytical indexes and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used. These methodologies used provided similar conclusions. Before frozen storage, the composition of fatty acids showed that red carp oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (C18:2ω‐6: 5.29% of total fatty acid), linolenic acid (C18:3ω3: 3.53% of total fatty acid), arachidonic acid (C20:4ω6: 3.68% of total fatty acid), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5ω‐3, EPA: 4,06% of total fatty acid), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6ω‐3: 3.02% of total fatty acid). During frozen storage, the free fatty acid and peroxide value increased, respectively, from 1.35% to 8.06% in oleic acid and 3.77 to 18.62 meq O2/kg in lipid, while the ratio of PUFA/SFA and polyene index decreased, respectively, from 0.58 to 0.25 and 0.30 to 0.09. The triglycerides also decreased with frozen duration. Therefore, for good fish quality, red carp fish must be stored for <3 months at −18°C.
Chimeric vs composite flaps for mandible reconstruction
Authors: Silva Amanda K. , Humphries Laura S. , Maldonado Andrés A. , Gottlieb Lawrence J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundComposite mandibular reconstruction requires multiple tissue components inset in different planes. Intrinsic chimeric flap design provides this, and may be best suited for these reconstructions.MethodsA retrospective review of mandible reconstructions with composite, intrinsic chimeric, or 2 free flaps was performed. Patient and flap characteristics and complications were analyzed.ResultsSeventy‐five patients were reviewed. Defects reconstructed with intrinsic chimeric flaps had significantly more soft tissue needs than composite reconstructions. However, intrinsic chimeric bony defects were less complex. Despite significantly longer operative times for intrinsic chimeric flaps, there were no differences in complications or hospital stays. Intrinsic chimeric reconstruction resulted in significantly lower complication rates requiring an additional flap. This benefit was pronounced in through‐and‐through defects.ConclusionIntrinsic chimeric flaps are a better option than composite flaps for reconstruction of mandibular defects with large soft tissue needs with no increased complication risk despite longer operative time.
Rapid improvement of cognitive maps in the awake state
Authors: Craig Michael , Wolbers Thomas , Strickland Shannon , Achtzehn Johannes , Dewar Michaela 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPost‐navigation awake quiescence, relative to task engagement, benefits the accuracy of a new “cognitive map”. This effect is hypothesized to reflect awake quiescence, like sleep, being conducive to the consolidation and integration of new spatial memories. Sleep has been shown to improve cognitive map accuracy over time. It remained unknown whether awake quiescence can induce similar time‐related improvements in new cognitive maps, or whether it simply counteracts their decay. We examined this question via two experiments. In Experiment 1, using an established cognitive mapping paradigm, we reveal that map accuracy for a virtual town was significantly better in people whose memory was probed after 10 min of post‐navigation awake quiescence or ongoing cognitive engagement, relative to those whose memory was probed shortly after initial navigation. In Experiment 2, using a newly developed cognitive mapping task that involved a more complex and real‐life virtual town, we again found that map accuracy was superior in those whose memory was probed after 10 min of awake quiescence than those who were tested soon after navigation. These findings indicate that actual improvements in human memories are not restricted to sleep. Thus, contrary to conventional wisdom and theories, the passage of (day)time need not always result in forgetting.
Self‐assembling water‐soluble polymethacrylate–MTX conjugates: The significance of macromolecules architecture on drug conjugation efficiency, the final shape of particles, and drug release
Authors: Bernaczek Katarzyna , Mielańczyk Anna , Mielańczyk Łukasz , Neugebauer Dorota , Grzywna Zbigniew Jan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWater‐soluble polymer–methotrexate (MTX) conjugates were obtained via efficient carbodiimide‐mediated amidation (E = 17–100%). Binding abilities between water‐soluble V‐shaped or star‐shaped copolymers and MTX were studied by isothermal titration calorimetry spectroscopic (UV–vis, NMR) and microscopic (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) techniques. The efficiency of the amidation reaction has depended on the amount of pendant amino alcohol groups and zeta potential (ZP) values of polymeric carries. The sizes of aggregates formed by polymer–drug conjugates in water increased with the number of copolymer arms (202–774 nm at 37°C). Moreover, the conjugates with the high amount of bounded MTX molecules (nMTX > 78) exhibited negative ZP values. The drug release experiments revealed that the amount of the released MTX depends on pH and can be controlled via shape, topology, and composition of polymeric carrier. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies of V‐shaped‐MTX conjugate on human immortalized nontumorigenic keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells indicated cytocompatibility of the compound in a wide range of concentrations. The results of our studies have shown that physicochemical and drug release properties of obtained polymer–MTX prodrugs can be tailored via the structure and the topology of the polymeric carrier. Thus conjugates might find the application in a different type of treatment (cancer or psoriasis therapy) and administration (intravenous, dermal, or pulmonary). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2476–2487, 2019.
The Relative Impact of Income and Financial Literacy on Financial Inclusion in Nigeria
Authors: Adetunji Olubanjo Michael , David‐West Olayinka 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study uses survey data of over 22 000 respondents in Nigeria, to provide evidence for the impact of two key drivers of financial inclusion: financial literacy and income levels. The study shows that financial literacy significantly determines savings patterns with formal and informal financial institutions; however, income only drives the frequency of informal savings. The results also highlight the demographic groups suitable for financial literacy and other interventions aimed at improving financial access. The findings will support the market segmentation capabilities of financial services providers and also guide regulators in formulating policies that will improve and deepen financial access. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monocyte heterogeneity and functions in cancer
Authors: Olingy Claire E , Dinh Huy Q , Hedrick Catherine C 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Monocytes are innate immune cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system that have emerged as important regulators of cancer development and progression. Our understanding of monocytes has advanced from viewing these cells as a homogenous population to a heterogeneous system of cells that display diverse responses to different stimuli. During cancer, different monocyte subsets perform functions that contribute to both pro- and antitumoral immunity, including phagocytosis, secretion of tumoricidal mediators, promotion of angiogenesis, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, recruitment of lymphocytes, and differentiation into tumor-associated macrophages and dendritic cells. The ability of cancer to evade immune recognition and clearance requires protumoral signals to outweigh ongoing attempts by the host immune system to prevent tumor growth. This review discusses current understanding of monocyte heterogeneity during homeostasis, highlights monocyte functions in cancer progression, and describes monocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
Functional morphology of Trichadenotecnum male and female genitalia analyzed using μCT (Insecta: Psocodea: Psocomorpha)
Authors: Cheng Zixin , Yoshizawa Kazunori 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlthough the great genital diversity of the barklouse genus Trichadenotecnum has been described in previous studies, the specific function of the genital structures during the copulation process has received less investigative attention. We reconstructed 3D‐models of each structure of the male and female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum incognitum in copula and those of uncopulated male and female of Trichadenotecnum pseudomedium. By comparing the changes in male and female genital structures and related muscles in copulated and uncopulated states, the function of each genital structure can be described. During the copulation, we found that the female subgenital plate was hooked into the male body by the distal process on the male paraproct and was fixed by the male epiproct, hypandrium and phallosome. In addition, sexual coevolution was suggested by tightly contacting structures, that is, thorny male hypandrium and thickened membrane around the female spermapore plate. These results not only give us a new understanding copulation process of Trichadenotecnum, but also explain the reasons why genital structures are so divers in the genus.
Ethanol Lock Therapy for the Prevention of Nontunneled Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infection in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Lopes Bellisa Caldas , Borges Paulo Sérgio Gomes Nogueira , Gallindo Rodrigo Melo , Tenório Thuanne Beatriz Silva , Machado Lara Barreto , de Orange Flávia Augusta 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundEthanol lock therapy (ELT) has been reported as being effective in preventing central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) in tunneled (or long‐term) central venous catheters (CVCs). To the best of our knowledge, no studies have evaluated this therapy in relation to nontunneled (or short‐term) CVCs.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of ELT in preventing CLABSI in nontunneled CVC in pediatric patients.MethodsThis randomized clinical trial was conducted with children aged 0–5 years and >2 kg in weight, in whom a double‐lumen polyurethane nontunneled CVC had been inserted. Patients with catheters inserted in an emergency situation, critically ill patients, and/or those with a history of hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to ethanol were excluded from the study. The variables evaluated were CLABSI, etiological agents, adverse events, and the mechanical effects of ethanol on the catheter (breakage and obstruction).ResultsThe CLABSI rate was lower in the ELT group compared with the control group (P = 0.0177). However, when the occurrence of CLABSI was evaluated per 1000 catheter‐days, no significant difference was found between the groups (P = 0.077). The frequency of side effects and catheter breakage was greater in the ELT group (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0005, respectively).ConclusionsThe CLABSI rate was statistically significantly reduced in the ELT group compared with the controls, but the analysis of frequency per catheter‐day showed no significant difference between the groups. Thus, we should not recommend ELT for CLABSI prophylaxis in nontunneled polyurethane CVC, which requires further clinical trials.