bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Age of Innocence
Authors: Stuewer Roger H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Nuclear physics emerged as the dominant field in experimental and theoretical physics between 1919 and 1939, the two decades between the First and Second World Wars. Milestones were Ernest Rutherford’s discovery of artificial nuclear disintegration (1919), George Gamow’s and Ronald Gurney and Edward Condon’s simultaneous quantum-mechanical theory of alpha decay (1928), Harold Urey’s discovery of deuterium (the deuteron), James Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron, Carl Anderson’s discovery of the positron, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton’s invention of their eponymous linear accelerator, and Ernest Lawrence’s invention of the cyclotron (1931–2), Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie’s discovery and confirmation of artificial radioactivity (1934), Enrico Fermi’s theory of beta decay based on Wolfgang Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis and Fermi’s discovery of the efficacy of slow neutrons in nuclear reactions (1934), Niels Bohr’s theory of the compound nucleus and Gregory Breit and Eugene Wigner’s theory of nucleus+neutron resonances (1936), and Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch’s interpretation of nuclear fission, based on Gamow’s liquid-drop model of the nucleus (1938), which Frisch confirmed experimentally (1939). These achievements reflected the idiosyncratic personalities of the physicists who made them; they were shaped by the physical and intellectual environments of the countries and institutions in which they worked; and they were buffeted by the profound social and political upheavals after the Great War: the punitive postwar treaties, the runaway inflation in Germany and Austria, the Great Depression, and the greatest intellectual migration in history, which encompassed some of the most gifted experimental and theoretical nuclear physicists in the world.
Vienna and the Institute for Radium Research
Authors: Stuewer Roger H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Rutherford and Chadwick’s experiments and Rutherford’s explanation were vigorously challenged in 1922 by the Swede, Hans Pettersson and his Austrian partner, Gerhard Kirsch, working in the Institute for Radium Research in Vienna, which had been founded by an Austrian industrialist and philanthropist and officially opened in 1910. Its director, Rutherford’s friend Stefan Meyer, was a cultured Viennese of Jewish descent who created a family-like environment that was unusually supportive of women researchers. Its existence was seriously threatened by the postwar runaway inflation in Austria, whose devastating consequences were somewhat mitigated when Rutherford arranged to purchase the radium loaned to him on Meyer’s initiative by the Vienna Academy of Sciences before the war.
New Theories of Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Stuewer Roger H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Bohr, inspired by Fermi’s discovery of slow neutrons, conceived his theory of the compound nucleus by the end of 1935. He went on to speculate that if the energy of a neutron incident on a nucleus were increased to the fantastically high energy of 1000 million electron volts, the compound nucleus would explode. Using small wooden models Otto Robert Frisch had constructed, Bohr lectured widely on his theory on a trip around the world in the first half of 1937. By then, Russian-born theoretical physicist Gregory Breit and Hungarian-born theoretical physicist Eugene Wigner in Princeton had conceived their fundamentally equivalent theory of neutron+nucleus resonances. Together, their theory and Bohr’s transformed the theory of nuclear reactions. Orso Mario Corbino, Fermi’s mentor, friend, and protector, died on January 23, 1937, at age sixty. Ernest Rutherford, the greatest experimental physicist since Michael Faraday, died on October 19, 1937, at age sixty-six.
The New World
Authors: Stuewer Roger H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
On December 19, 1938, Otto Hahn wrote to Lise Meitner in Stockholm, asking her if she could propose some “fantastic explanation” for his and Fritz Strassmann’s finding of barium when bombarding uranium with neutrons. She and Otto Robert Frisch found such an explanation for what he called “nuclear fission” over the Christmas holidays, based on Gamow’s liquid-drop model of the nucleus. Bohr was astonished by this, but in 1936 he had speculated that the uranium nucleus would just explode. He, his son Erik, and his associate Léon Rosenfeld then took a ship to New York, arriving on January 16, 1939. Rosenfeld reported the discovery of fission that evening to the Princeton physics journal club. On January 26, physicists everywhere learned about this stunning discovery when Bohr and Fermi reported it at a conference in Washington, D.C. Physicists entered the New World of Nuclear Physics, taking Humanity with them.
Avoiding Attack
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAvoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It considers how potential prey avoid detection, how they make themselves unprofitable to attack, how they communicate this status, and how other species have exploited these signals. Using carefully selected examples of camouflage, mimicry, and warning signals drawn from a wide range of species and ecosystems, the authors summarize the latest research into these fascinating adaptations, developing mathematical models where appropriate and making recommendations for future study.This second edition has been extensively rewritten, particularly in the application of modern genetic research techniques which have transformed our recent understanding of adaptations in evolutionary genomics and phylogenetics. The book also employs a more integrated and systematic approach, ensuring that each chapter has a broader focus on the evolutionary and ecological consequences of anti-predator adaptation. The field has grown and developed considerably over the last decade with an explosion of new research literature, making this new edition timely.
Hip Hop as Martial Art
Authors: Rollefson J. Griffith 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines how hip hop exemplifies the instrumentalization of verbal arsenals, lyrical kung fu, and other rhetorical gestures to “words as weapons.” Indeed, this weaponization of knowledge may be thought of as the very premise of hip hop—of rap music as martial art. While this theorization will help explain hip hop’s enduring polycultural commitment to martial arts, the aim here is a more foundational one—to account for the ways that the trope of physical violence functions in hip hop discourses and performative practices. The chapter employs a political economy framework to argue that this translation from the discursive to the material is a counterhegemonic response to the conflation of the First and Second Amendments of the US Constitution: “the freedom of speech” and “the right to bear arms.” The chapter concludes by explaining why hip hop has proven an unlikely force for nonviolence in the Black Lives Matter moment.
Rhythm Technologies, Workflows, and Convergence Culture in Amateur Hip Hop Beat-Making YouTube Videos
Authors: Brett Thomas 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter traces a history of rhythm technologies in hip hop and examines the creative workflows in contemporary production practices through an analysis of three amateur beat-making instructional YouTube videos. The workflows in these case studies illustrate the online production and perception of hip hop as producers demonstrate techniques and tacit knowledge used to design dynamic grooves, and the fan discourse of viewers’ comments and questions help explain and legitimize the uses of rhythm technologies. Based on this work, the chapter suggests that hip hop instructional videos are a convergence culture in which amateur musicians blur the lines between fan and producer, engage the history and future of a vibrant musical art, and show how the guiding concepts and skill sets of beat-making are learned and circulated as aural tradition.
“I Still Don’t Understand Award Shows”
Authors: Colley Tara 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of the rapper, producer, fashion designer, and reluctant reality television personality Kanye West. An artist whose subject matter addresses personal anxieties and self-doubt in ways seldom seen in mainstream rap, West engages fame and celebrity in conflicting and often incongruous ways. Through the amateur creation and distribution of memes, gifs, hashtags, and other “viral” cultural articles, the public plays an unprecedented role in the construction—and destruction—of celebrity. Exploitation of this process, in which West consciously engages, constitutes a unique enactment of celebrity work. West’s interaction with the notion of celebrity—as an antihero, an activist, and an icon—speaks both to the changing role of hip hop in mainstream American culture and to the ongoing racial microaggressions of “post-race” America toward influential black celebrity.
Improving Infrastructure Resilience in Developing Countries
Authors: Rozenberg Julie , Bonzanigo Laura , Nicolas Claire 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Increasing the amount of resilient infrastructure investments in developing countries is key to achieving development goals. Two issues need to be addressed to better support investment decisions. First, analysts need to better integrate the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of investment decisions in their quantitative analyses, given the intertwined objectives of climate change adaptation and poverty reduction. Second, analysts and practitioners need to recognize that the future state of those three dimensions is deeply uncertain and that new techniques need to be used that look for robust investments—performing well under multiple future conditions—rather than an optimal solution under a single prediction of the future. Doing so can be achieved by beginning important decision processes with an integrated model representing technical and socioeconomic factors, and exploring various interventions under many possible futures.
Systematic two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of super-Eddington accretion flow and outflow: Comparison with the slim disk model
Authors: Kitaki Takaaki , Mineshige Shin , Ohsuga Ken , Kawashima Tomohisa 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
To what extent can the one-dimensional slim disk model reproduce the multi-dimensional results of global radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of super-Eddington accretion? With this question in mind, we perform a systematic simulation study of accretion flow onto a non-spinning black hole for a variety of black hole masses of (10–107) M⊙ and mass accretion rates of (1.4 × 102–5.6 × 103) LEdd/c2 (with LEdd and c being the Eddington luminosity and the speed of light). In order to adequately resolve large-scale outflow structure, we extensively expand a simulation box to cover the space of 3000 rS (with rS being the Schwarzschild radius), larger than those in most previous studies, so that we can put relatively large angular momentum on the gas injected from the outer simulation boundary. The adopted Keplerian radius, at which the centrifugal force balances the gravitational force, is rK = 300 rS. The injected mass first falls and is accumulated at around this radius and then slowly accretes toward the central black hole via viscosity. We simulate such accretion processes, taking inverse and bulk Compton scattering into account. The simulated accretion flow is in a quasi-steady state inside rqss ∼ 200 rS. Within this radius the flow properties are, on the whole, in good agreement with those described by the slim disk model except that the radial density profile of the underlying disk is much flatter, ρ ∝ r−0.73 (cf. ρ ∝ r−3/2 in the slim disk model), due probably to efficient convection. We find very weak outflow from inside r ∼ 200 rS, unlike the previous studies.
How large is the global living wage gap and the price increase needed to close it?
Authors: Hall Murray R , Suh Sangwon 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
We estimated the global living wage gap (LWG) as $US674 billion per year, which is comparable to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Switzerland. India (IND), the largest LWG country, contributed 32% of the global LWG. For a pair of jeans, closing the gap increases low-skilled cotton and textile wages in IND by 137% and 52%, respectively, while the retail price would increase only by 8% if consumed in Western countries. However, we found that most of the outputs with large LWGs from low-income countries are consumed domestically, suggesting that (a) closing the gap significantly increases the domestic price of products such as agriculture and textiles in low-income countries; and that (b) living wage premiums in high-income countries alone have a limited impact on closing the global LWG. The results highlight the need for both ethical trade and domestic living wage initiatives to close global LWGs.
An empirical Bayes method for serotype case-carrier ratios, with an application to Group B streptococcus
Authors: Lewnard Joseph A. , Cowley Lauren A. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundCase-carrier ratios quantifying the relative pathogenicity of serotypes can inform vaccine formulations for antigenically-diverse pathogens. However, sparse serotype-specific counts in epidemiologic datasets may undermine such analyses, most notably for rare serotypes that pose emergence risks in vaccinated populations. This challenge is well-illustrated in Group B streptococcus (GBS), where serotype III dominates in both carriage and disease.MethodsWe develop an empirical Bayes random-effects model based on conjugate Dirichlet-multinomial distributions of serotype frequencies in carriage and disease states. We validate the model using simulated datasets, and apply it to data from 15 paired sets of GBS isolates from intrapartum rectovaginal colonization (n=3403) and neonatal invasive disease (NID; n=1088), 16 from blood (n=2352) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=780) neonatal specimens, and 3 from fatal (n=173) and non-fatal (n=1684) neonatal invasive infections.ResultsOur method accurately recovers parameters in simulated datasets. Using this approach, we confirm that GBS serotype III exhibits the greatest invasiveness, followed by serotype Ia with a 75.3% (95%CrI: 43.7-93.8%) lower estimate. Enhanced invasiveness of serotypes III and Ia is most evident in late-onset disease. Non–hexavalent-vaccine serotypes, which are rare in carriage and disease, generally show lower invasiveness; serotype IX/non-typeable GBS, the most prevalent cause of non–vaccine-preventable disease, is 98.7% (81.7-99.9%) and 94.2% (13.9-99.6%) less invasive than serotypes III and Ia, respectively.ConclusionsWe present a strategy for measuring associations of serotype with carrier and disease states in the presence of sparse counts, avoiding biases that exist in common ad-hoc approaches.
Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia
Authors: Feldman Michal , Fernández-Domínguez Eva , Reynolds Luke , Baird Douglas , Pearson Jessica , Hershkovitz Israel , May Hila , Goring-Morris Nigel , Benz Marion , Gresky Julia , Bianco Raffaela A. , Fairbairn Andrew , Mustafaoğlu Gökhan , Stockhammer Philipp W. , Posth Cosimo , Haak Wolfgang , Jeong Choongwon , Krause Johannes 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAnatolia was home to some of the earliest farming communities. It has been long debated whether a migration of farming groups introduced agriculture to central Anatolia. Here, we report the first genome-wide data from a 15,000-year-old Anatolian hunter-gatherer and from seven Anatolian and Levantine early farmers. We find high genetic continuity (∼80-90%) between the hunter-gatherer and early farmers of Anatolia and detect two distinct incoming ancestries: an early Iranian/Caucasus related one and a later one linked to the ancient Levant. Finally, we observe a genetic link between southern Europe and the Near East predating 15,000 years ago that extends to central Europe during the post-last-glacial maximum period. Our results suggest a limited role of human migration in the emergence of agriculture in central Anatolia.
Exploring spatio-temporal neural dynamics of the human visual cortex
Authors: Yang Ying , Tarr Michael J. , Kass Robert E. , Aminoff Elissa M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe human visual cortex is organized in a hierarchical manner. Although a significant body of evidence has been accumulated in support of this hypothesis, specific details regarding the spatial and temporal information flow remain open. Here we present detailed spatio-temporal correlation profiles of neural activity with low-level and high-level features derived from a “deep” (8-layer) neural network pre-trained for object recognition. These correlation profiles indicate an early-to-late shift from low-level features to high-level features and from low-level regions to higher-level regions along the visual hierarchy, consistent with feedforward information flow. To refine our understanding of information flow, we computed three sets of features from the low-and high-level features provided by the neural network: object-category-relevant low-level features (the common components between low-level and high-level features), low-level features roughly orthogonal to high-level features (the residual Layer 1 features), and unique high-level features that were roughly orthogonal to low-level features (the residual Layer 7 features). Contrasting the correlation effects of the common components and the residual Layer 1 features, we observed that the early visual cortex exhibits a similar amount of correlation with the two feature sets early in time (60 to 120 ms), but in a later time window, the early visual cortex exhibits a higher and longer correlation effect with the common components/low-level task-relevant features as compared to the low-level residual features—an effect unlikely to arise from purely feedforward information flow. Overall, our results indicate that non-feedforward processes, for example, top-down influences from mental representations of categories, may facilitate differentiation between these two types of low-level features within the early visual cortex.
Towards identifying subnetworks from FBF binding landscapes inCaenorhabditisspermatogenic or oogenic germlines
Authors: Porter Douglas F. , Prasad Aman , Carrick Brian H. , Kroll-Connor Peggy , Wickens Marvin , Kimble Judith 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMetazoan PUF (Pumilio and FBF) RNA-binding proteins regulate various biological processes, but a common theme across phylogeny is stem cell regulation. InCaenorhabditis elegans, FBF (fem-3Binding Factor) maintains germline stem cells regardless of which gamete is made, but FBF also functions in the process of spermatogenesis. We have begun to “disentangle” these biological roles by asking which FBF targets are gamete-independent, as expected for stem cells, and which are gamete-specific. Specifically, we compared FBF iCLIP binding profiles in adults making sperm to those making oocytes. Normally, XX adults make oocytes. To generate XX adults making sperm, we used afem-3(gf)mutant requiring growth at 25°; for comparison, wild-type oogenic hermaphrodites were also raised at 25°. Our FBF iCLIP data revealed FBF binding sites in 1522 RNAs from oogenic adults and 1704 RNAs from spermatogenic adults. More than half of these FBF targets were independent of germline gender. We next clustered RNAs by FBF-RNA complex frequencies and found four distinct blocks. Block I RNAs were enriched in spermatogenic germlines, and included validated targetfog-3, while Block II and III RNAs were common to both genders, and Block IV RNAs were enriched in oogenic germlines. Block II (510 RNAs) included almost all validated FBF targets and was enriched for cell cycle regulators. Block III (21 RNAs) was enriched for RNA-binding proteins, including previously validated FBF targetsgld-1andhtp-1. We suggest that Block I RNAs belong to the FBF network for spermatogenesis, and that Blocks II and III are associated with stem cell functions.
Neuronal population correlates of target selection and distractor filtering
Authors: Astrand Elaine , Wardak Claire , Hamed Suliann Ben 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFrontal Eye Field (FEF) single-cell neuronal activity discriminates between relevant and irrelevant visual stimuli and its magnitude has been shown to predict conscious perception. How this is reflected at the population level in terms of spatial codes is unknown. We recorded neuronal population activity in the FEF while monkeys were performing a forced choice cued detection task with identical target and distractor stimuli. Using machine learning techniques, we quantified information about the spatial estimate of targets and distracters in the FEF population activity and we analyzed how these relate to the report of perception. We found that the FEF population activity provides a precise estimate of the spatial location of perception. This estimate doesn’t necessarily match the actual physical world. Importantly, the closer this prefrontal population estimate is to the veridical spatial information, the higher the probability that the stimulus was reported as perceived. This was observed both when the reported stimulus was a target (i.e. correct detection trials) or a distractor (i.e. false alarm trials). Overall, we thus show that how and what we perceive of our environments depends on the precision with which this environment is coded by prefrontal neuronal populations.
An Extreme Value Theory Model of Cross-Modal Sensory Information Integration in Modulation of Vertebrate Visual System Functions
Authors: Banerjee Sreya , Scheirer Walter J. , Li Lei 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe propose a computational model of vision that describes the integration of cross-modal sensory information between the olfactory and visual systems in zebrafish based on the principles of the statistical extreme value theory. The integration of olfacto-retinal information is mediated by the centrifugal pathway that originates from the olfactory bulb and terminates in the neural retina. Motivation for using extreme value theory stems from physiological evidence suggesting that extremes and not the mean of the cell responses direct cellular activity in the vertebrate brain. We argue that the visual system, as measured by retinal ganglion cell responses in spikes/sec, follows an extreme value process for sensory integration and the increase in visual sensitivity from the olfactory input can be better modeled using extreme value distributions. As zebrafish maintains high evolutionary proximity to mammals, our model can be extended to other vertebrates as well.