bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Game formulations for structural optimization under uncertainty
Authors: Thore Carl‐Johan , Alm Grundström Henrik , Klarbring Anders 
Published: August 2019

SummaryWe consider structural optimization (SO) under uncertainty formulated as a mathematical game between two players –– a “designer” and “nature”. The first player wants to design a structure that performs optimally, whereas the second player tries to find the worst possible conditions to impose on the structure. Several solution concepts exist for such games, including Stackelberg and Nash equilibria and Pareto optima. Pareto optimality is shown not to be a useful solution concept. Stackelberg and Nash games are, however, both of potential interest, but these concepts are hardly ever discussed in the literature on SO under uncertainty. Based on concrete examples of topology optimization of trusses and finite element‐discretized continua under worst‐case load uncertainty, we therefore analyze and compare the two solution concepts. In all examples, Stackelberg equilibria exist and can be found numerically, but for some cases we demonstrate nonexistence of Nash equilibria. This motivates a view of the Stackelberg solution concept as the correct one. However, we also demonstrate that existing Nash equilibria can be found using a simple so‐called decomposition algorithm, which could be of interest for other instances of SO under uncertainty, where it is difficult to find a numerically efficient Stackelberg formulation.
Proteome Analysis of Enriched Heterocysts from Two Hydrogenase Mutants from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Kourpa Katerina , Manarolaki Eftychia , Lyratzakis Alexandros , Strataki Vasso , Rupprecht Fiona , Langer Julian D. , Tsiotis Georgios 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes and play a crucial role in the Earth's carbon and nitrogen cycles. The photoautotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in heterocysts and produce hydrogen as a byproduct through a nitrogenase. In order to improve hydrogen production, mutants from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 are constructed by inactivation of the uptake hydrogenase (ΔhupL) and the bidirectional hydrogenase (ΔhoxH) in previous studies. Here the proteomic differences of enriched heterocysts between these mutants cultured in N2‐fixing conditions are investigated. Using a label‐free quantitative proteomics approach, a total of 2728 proteins are identified and it is found that 79 proteins are differentially expressed in the ΔhupL and 117 proteins in the ΔhoxH variant. The results provide for the first time comprehensive information on proteome regulation of the uptake hydrogenase and the bidirectional hydrogenase, as well as systematic data on the hydrogen related metabolism in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120.
Pyroxasulfone efficacy for annual ryegrass control is affected by wheat residue height, amount and orientation
Authors: Khalil Yaseen , Flower Ken , Siddique Kadambot HM , Ward Phil 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDPre‐emergent herbicides play an important role in conservation agriculture, however, crop residues on the soil surface in these systems can intercept a considerable amount of herbicide during application. Cutting crops relatively high at harvest has some advantages, such as allowing faster harvest, and this also means that there is less horizontal residue on the soil surface. This field study tested the impact of standing wheat residue height and amount of horizontal residue on the interception, leaching and weed‐control efficacy of the pre‐emergent herbicide pyroxasulfone in the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons.RESULTSSpray coverage of pyroxasulfone declined from 14.6% to 7.5% with increasing amounts (0 to 4 t ha−1) of horizontal wheat residue. Horizontal wheat residue at 1 t ha−1 had 10.3% spray coverage (more herbicide interception) compared with 15.4% for the equivalent amount of standing residue. Greater amounts of horizontal residue also significantly reduced the efficacy of pyroxasulfone in controlling ryegrass in the field and decreased pyroxasulfone concentrations in the soil. Rainfall after herbicide application increased herbicide efficacy for all residue amounts. Generally, cutting standing residue higher resulted a relatively small decrease in spray coverage at the soil surface and weed control efficacy, and this was significant only between nil stubble and 0.3 m cut height.CONCLUSIONCutting residue relatively high, leaving less on the surface, improves spray coverage and herbicide efficacy compared with having more horizontal residue. This research may assist farmers and advisors to maximize the efficacy of pre‐emergent herbicide in no‐tillage systems. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The nocturnal boundary layer transition from weakly to very stable. Part II: Numerical simulation with a second‐order model
Authors: Maroneze Rafael , Acevedo Otávio C. , Costa Felipe D. , Puhales Franciano S. , Demarco Giuliano , Mortarini Luca 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObservations of the vertical and temporal structure of the nocturnal boundary layer before and after a transition from the weakly to the very stable regime have been presented in Part I. Here, similar transitions are investigated using a one‐dimensional second‐order closure numerical model, with an energy budget solved at the surface. The transition is driven by a decreasing mean wind at the top of the domain, and simulations with different cloud covers and surface thermal properties are considered. The time of the transition depends on the wind speed at the top of the domain and on the “coupling strength” between the surface and the atmosphere, which is affected by the cloud cover and surface thermal properties. The vertical profiles and temporal evolutions of the terms of the budgets of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), heat flux and temperature variance are presented. Of these, only TKE budget presents the same dominant terms in both regimes. Absolute heat flux in the model is proportional to the cube of the wind speed in the very stable regime.
Reliability and maintenance strategy for systems with aging‐dependent components
Authors: Blokus Agnieszka , Kołowrocki Krzysztof 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn innovative approach is presented for the reliability analysis of aging multistate systems that considers the subsystems and their components' dependency. A reliability function is determined for an aging series system with the component dependency following the local load‐sharing rule, and a reliability function is determined for an aging “m out of n” system with the component dependency following the equal load‐sharing rule. Linking the results of those load‐sharing models, a mixed‐dependency model for multistate “m out of l”‐series systems is constructed by assuming the dependence between subsystems connected in series under the local load‐sharing rule and the dependence between their components under the equal load‐sharing rule. As a special case, the reliability of this system, modeled using piecewise exponential reliability functions, is considered, and the results are applied to characterize shipyard rope elevator reliability. Finally, the maintenance of this elevator as a repairable multistate system is analyzed with the time of renovation ignored.
Characterization of pharmaceutic structured triacylglycerols by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem high‐resolution mass spectrometry and its application to structured fat emulsion injection
Authors: Zheng Hao , Yang Rui , Wang Zhe , Wang Jue , Zhang Jinlan , Sun Huimin 
Published: August 2019

RationaleStructured triacylglycerols (STAGs) are a complex mixture of triacylglycerols which are esterified by long‐chain fatty acids and medium‐chain fatty acids with the same glycerol molecular backbone. As a kind of lipid pharmaceutic excipients, STAGs are used in the pharmaceutical industry as major components of structured fat emulsion injections and play an important role in pharmaceutic energy material because they improve nutritional status with faster elimination in a safe way. The composition and proportion of triacylglycerols in STAGs are closely related to the stability of pharmaceutical preparations and curative effects in the clinic. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize pharmaceutic STAGs using a rapid and accurate method.MethodsAn analytical method for rapid and accurate determination of triacylglycerols in pharmaceutic STAGs was developed using high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS). Triacylglycerol components could be well separated on a Waters Xterra MS C8 (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) column. Four‐dimensional HPLC/HRMS data (high‐resolution m/z, MS2 data, retention time and isotopic intensity distribution) were used to identify triacylglycerols using Lipid Data Analyzer (LDA) software and the LIPID MAPS database. Then, these identified triacylglycerol components were relatively quantified by their corresponding normalized peak areas using representative standard curves of structurally similar standard substances.ResultsForty‐seven kinds of triacylglycerol components in pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection were identified and relatively quantified by this method. It has been shown that their retention times are in good correlation with the number of carbon atoms and carbon–carbon double bonds. The main components in pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection were triacylglycerols containing both medium‐chain fatty acids and long‐chain fatty acids, while the other components, including triacylglycerols containing three medium‐chain fatty acids and triacylglycerols containing three long‐chain fatty acids, were relatively low.ConclusionsThis study has provided a rapid and accurate approach for the identification and quality control of pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection and this approach can be extended to other lipid pharmaceutic excipients and used as an effective and reasonable control to guarantee the quality of pharmaceutical preparations.
Nitrogen direct analysis in real time time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (N2 DART‐TOFMS) for rapid screening of forensic drugs
Authors: Song Liguo , Chuah Wei chean , Quick Jeffery D. , Remsen Edward , Bartmess John E. 
Published: August 2019

RationaleOver the last ten years, helium direct analysis in real time time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (He DART‐TOFMS) has become an established technique in rapid screening of forensic drugs to decrease the time necessary to triage forensic drug cases, therefore contributing to backlog reduction and more timely criminal prosecution. Recently, we demonstrated that N2 DART was able to efficiently ionize all polar compounds except for a few extremely small ones such as methanol and acetonitrile. Therefore, N2 DART‐TOFMS should be a suitable technique for rapid screening of forensic drugs.MethodsNitrogen direct analysis in real time time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (N2 DART‐TOFMS) was performed using a JEOL AccuTOF mass spectrometer with an IonSense DART‐100 ion source. A 3‐min analytical protocol was used for the analysis of each sample. Sample introduction was accomplished by moving the closed end of a melting point capillary where approximately 1 μL sample solution was deposited or the exposed inside of a freshly cut tablet across the N2 gas stream between the DART‐100 ion source and orifice 1 of the AccuTOF.ResultsTen commonly abused drugs, eight synthetic cannabinoids and four controlled prescription drugs (CPDs) were analyzed. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be approximately 10 μg/mL or 10 pg in quantities. All drugs at the LOD level were positively identified using their [M + H]+ ions with mass errors less than 5 mDa. The identification were further supported by in‐source fragment ions and characteristic N2 DART ions that are not commonly generated by He DART, e.g. [M + H + O]+ and [M + H + 2O]+ ions.ConclusionsIt was concluded that the 3‐min analytical protocol could be utilized in the analysis of seized drugs in the form of tablets and powders or prepared in solution. In consideration that N2 is readily available in the air and He is a non‐renewable resource, N2 DART‐TOFMS is a greener, cheaper and more convenient alternative to He DART‐TOFMS in rapid screening of forensic drugs.
Novel ionization reagent for the measurement of gas‐phase ammonia and amines using a stand‐alone atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source
Authors: Perraud Véronique , Li Xiaoxiao , Smith James N. , Finlayson‐Pitts Barbara J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRationaleContaminants present in ambient air or in sampling lines can interfere with the target analysis through overlapping peaks or causing a high background. This study presents a positive outcome from the unexpected presence of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, released from a PALL HEPA filter, in the analysis of atmospherically relevant gas‐phase amines using chemical ionization mass spectrometry.MethodsGas‐phase measurements were performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a modified atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source which allows sampling of the headspace above pure amine standards. Gas‐phase N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) emitted from a PALL HEPA filter located in the inlet stream served as the ionizing agent.ResultsThis study demonstrates that some alkylamines efficiently form a [NMP + amine+H]+ cluster with NMP upon chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure. The extent of cluster formation depends largely on the proton affinity of the amine compared with that of NMP. Aromatic amines (aniline, pyridine) and diamines (putrescine) were shown not to form cluster ions with NMP.ConclusionsThe use of NMP as an ionizing agent with stand‐alone APGC provided high sensitivity for ammonia and the smaller amines. The main advantages, in addition to sensitivity, are direct sampling into the APGC source and avoiding uptake on sampling lines which can be a significant problem with ammonia and amines.
Adaptive learning control for general nonlinear systems with nonuniform trial lengths, initial state deviation, and unknown control direction
Authors: Liu Chen , Shen Dong , Wang JinRong 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThis paper studies the iteration varying trail lengths problem for high‐order continuous‐time nonlinear systems, where the initial state may deviate from the desired value and the sign of input gain is unknown. First, to deal with the general nonlinear systems, a fuzzy approximation technique is applied for each dimension of the nonlinear function and the backstepping technique is then used for controller design and performance analysis. Moreover, to deal with the randomly varying trial length problem, we introduce a novel composite energy function for the asymptotic convergence analysis. Furthermore, the initial state deviation issue is resolved by introducing an initial state learning protocol such that the initial state tracking error converges to zero asymptotically. Last but not least, the unknown control direction is regulated by applying a Nussbaum function and the analysis in the presence of nonuniform trial lengths is strictly established. Based on these treatments, we prove that the tracking error converges to zero as iteration number increases and all signals are bounded. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is verified by numerical simulations.
Pt‐Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Electrodeposited over Polyaniline/Carbon Nanotube Composite for Effective Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Sun Xiaoyu , Yan Ruiwen , Cheng Chao , Jin Baokang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composites were prepared by electrochemical technique. These composites acted as supports for electrochemical co‐deposition Pt−Pd bimetallic nanoparticles to fabricate Pt−Pd nanoparticles/PANI/MWCNTs composites (PPPM) for the first time in this work. Its structure identification data demonstrated that the diameters were 210 nm of PANI/MWCNTs composites and 3–5 nm of Pt−Pd nanoparticles, respectively. The catalytic performance of PPPM was investigated by chronoamperometry (CA) and cyclic voltammetry (CVs) method. It has been concluded that the Pt52Pd48 nanoparticles have the highest catalytic activity in different proportions of Pt−Pd. Moreover, the Pt52Pd48 nanoparticles/PANI/MWCNTs composite has superior catalytic performance of methanol versus commercial Pt/C catalysts. The Pt52Pd48 nanoparticles/PANI/MWCNTs composite would have widely application as direct methanol fuel cells anode catalysts.
2D Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles: Recent Progress toward Preclinical/Clinical Nanomedicine
Authors: Cao Zhenbang , Li Bei , Sun Luyao , Li Li , Xu Zhi Ping , Gu Zi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract2D nanomaterials represent one of the next‐generation biomaterials with versatile physicochemical advantages that allow for diverse biomedical applications in disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. In particular, layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles, as a typical 2D nanomaterial, have recently shown unprecedented advances in controllable and simplified chemical construction, versatile surface engineering, and comprehensive biological investigation. To realize in vivo biomedical applications, recent efforts have been substantially devoted to a few critical aspects of LDH nanomedicine including nanoparticle stability in physiological environments, accumulation at the disease‐targeted site, selective biological response to the nanoparticle, systematic biosafety examination, integration with multiple diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and the adjuvant activity and suitability for gene‐based and protein‐based vaccines, which are herein comprehensively reviewed. The challenges and future development strategies of LDH nanomedicine are also discussed toward practical biomedical applications to benefit patients.
New Insights into the Ecology of Adfluvial Bull Trout and the Population Response to the Endangered Species Act in the North Fork Lewis River, Washington
Authors: Al‐Chokhachy Robert , Doyle Jeremiah , Lamperth James S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLike many other salmonids, Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus migratory life history expressions are becoming increasingly rare. A critical step in effectively refining management and conservation strategies is a robust assessment of the effectiveness of such strategies and key biological information used in monitoring and recovery planning. To address this need, we integrated long‐term monitoring data to evaluate how the demographics (abundance) and vital rates (survival) of a Bull Trout population shifted in response to their listing under the Endangered Species Act (1998). In addition, we employed mark–recapture data to investigate Bull Trout population dynamics and assessed the life history characteristics (aging, growth, spawning migrations, and iteroparity) to improve our understanding of Bull Trout ecology and diversity. Our abundance and survival data, which extends to the early 1990s, illustrated positive responses in survival and abundance following the protection of Bull Trout under the Endangered Species Act. Over this period, we found high interannual variability in both survival and abundance, and adult survival (average = 0.45; SE = 0.04) was surprisingly lower than that of subadult individuals (average = 0.66; SE = 0.04), suggesting limitations at this important life stage. Our mark–recapture data also suggested that the attributes driving the Bull Trout population trend (i.e., recruitment to the adult stage or adult survival) has varied through time, with declining trends in the relative contribution of recruitment. Bull Trout spawning migrations varied with body size, and a considerable portion of smaller adults (<650 mm) did not spawn each year. Additionally, most spawning individuals made only one spawning migration, while <13% made three or more spawning migrations. Our results provide important insights into the effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act listing and new information regarding the life history patterns of adfluvial Bull Trout and can serve as a template to consider factors potentially limiting this and other native salmonid populations.
Outcomes associated with under-dosing of rivaroxaban for management of non-valvular atrial fibrillation in real-world Japanese clinical settings
Authors: Ikeda Takanori , Ogawa Satoshi , Kitazono Takanari , Nakagawara Jyoji , Minematsu Kazuo , Miyamoto Susumu , Murakawa Yuji , Iwashiro Sanghun , Kidani Yoko , Okayama Yutaka , Sunaya Toshiyuki , Sato Shoichiro , Yamanaka Satoshi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe approved dose of oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in Japan is 15 mg once daily (od) in patients whose creatinine clearance is ≥ 50 mL/min, but recent real-world studies have demonstrated that these patients often received less than the recommended dose due to bleeding concerns. The effect of under-dosing on safety and effectiveness outcomes remains unclear. We used 1-year follow-up data from the XAPASS, a real-world Japanese prospective, single-arm, observational study. Of the 11,308 patients, 6521 patients who completed a 1-year follow-up and had a creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min were included in this sub-analysis. Primary endpoints were any bleeding and a composite of stroke/non-central nervous system systemic embolism (non-CNS SE)/myocardial infarction (MI). Among the 6521 patients, 4185 (64.2%; mean CHADS2 score: 1.8) received the 15 mg od (recommended dose), whereas 2336 (35.8%; mean CHADS2 score: 2.3) received 10 mg od (under-dose). After adjusting for patient characteristics by propensity scoring and inverse probability of treatment weighting, incidence rates of major bleeding were comparable between under-dosed patients and patients who received the recommended dose (1.34 vs. 1.63 events/100 patient-years, p = 0.197), although the incidence rates of stroke/non-CNS SE/MI were higher in under-dosed patients than in those who received the recommended dose (2.15 vs. 1.48 events/100 patient-years, p = 0.009). In Japanese clinical practice, some NVAF patients receive rivaroxaban doses inconsistent with the recommendation. Considering the total clinical benefit, the recommended dose may be preferable in terms of balance of safety and effectiveness.Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01582737.
State-of-the-art in plant component flow-induced vibration (FIV)
Authors: Miwa Shuichiro , Hibiki Takashi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFlow-induced vibration (FIV) continues to be a critical phenomenon for plant safety. Notably, the understanding of FIV generated by multiphase flow is still immature, and various accidents and troubles have been reported for the plant components including a steam generator, natural gas lines, piping systems, and so on. It is because FIV is complicated to be predicted during the plant’s design stage, and usually is first noticed in the operation stage. Hence, a practical solution for new types of FIV has been through post-processing by conducting the laboratory-scale experiment to simulate the prototype. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful tool to assess FIV, but the approach is still under development for multiphase flow case. It is partly due to the lack of experimental data, incomplete interfacial transfer terms included in the two-fluid model, as well as the difficulty to couple two-phase flow dynamics and structural dynamics in the simulation stage. Additionally, inadequate FIV database for the simulation benchmark also needs to be resolved for the advancement of CFD and finite-element-method (FEM) models. The present review summarizes fundamentals of FIV caused by gas-liquid two-phase flow, and recent FIV research activities ranging from experiment to simulation.