bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized comparison of three prandial insulin dosing algorithms for children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Lopez P. E. , Evans M. , King B. R. , Jones T. W. , Bell K. , McElduff P. , Davis E. A. , Smart C. E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimTo compare systematically the impact of two novel insulin‐dosing algorithms (the Pankowska Equation and the Food Insulin Index) with carbohydrate counting on postprandial glucose excursions following a high fat and a high protein meal.MethodsA randomized, crossover trial at two Paediatric Diabetes centres was conducted. On each day, participants consumed a high protein or high fat meal with similar carbohydrate amounts. Insulin was delivered according to carbohydrate counting, the Pankowska Equation or the Food Insulin Index. Subjects fasted for 5 h following the test meal and physical activity was standardized. Postprandial glycaemia was measured for 300 min using continuous glucose monitoring.Results33 children participated in the study. When compared to carbohydrate counting, the Pankowska Equation resulted in lower glycaemic excursion for 90–240 min after the high protein meal (p < 0.05) and lower peak glycaemic excursion (p < 0.05). The risk of hypoglycaemia was significantly lower for carbohydrate counting and the Food Insulin Index compared to the Pankowska Equation (OR 0.76 carbohydrate counting vs. the Pankowska Equation and 0.81 the Food Insulin Index vs. the Pankowska Equation). There was no significant difference in glycaemic excursions when carbohydrate counting was compared to the Food Insulin Index.ConclusionThe Pankowska Equation resulted in reduced postprandial hyperglycaemia at the expense of an increase in hypoglycaemia. There were no significant differences when carbohydrate counting was compared to the Food Insulin Index. Further research is required to optimize prandial insulin dosing.
Protecting the economic health of the poor in India: Are health mutuals the right medicine?
Authors: Madhur Sunit Kumar , Saha Somen 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn addition to government‐sponsored health insurance schemes (GSHIS), many microfinance institutions (MFIs) and community‐based organizations (CBOs) in India have started microinsurance health insurance schemes. These include health mutuals for the benefit of their members. This article explores these as an alternative health‐financing model in India. A literature search produced 926 relevant publications. After applying advanced search options and removing duplicates, abstracts of 324 papers were read and then 47 papers reviewed, and finally 29 were included in this review. Five key themes emerged: (1) “Health for all” arguments and opportunities in favour of micro health insurance schemes; (2) micro health insurance products; (3) impact of micro health insurance schemes; (4) systematic irregularities and regulatory framework; and (5) innovation. We also look at the emerging market patterns that will define micro health insurance products. Health mutuals can effectively provide mass health protection to the poor and not so poor through efficient business models, bespoke benefit packages and multiple payment plans. They can reduce financial vulnerability and improve health outcomes. While GSHIS can cover a substantial tranche of expected health‐related costs, the balance can be supplemented through innovative financial products that reduce financial risk.
Multimodal seizure detection: A review
Authors: Leijten Frans S. S. ,   the Dutch TeleEpilepsy Consortium
Published: June 2018

SummaryA review is given on the combined use of multiple modalities in non electroencephalography (EEG)‐based detection of motor seizures in children and adults. A literature search of papers was done on multimodal seizure detection with extraction of data on type of modalities, study design and algorithm, sensitivity, false detection rate, and seizure types. Evidence of superiority was sought for using multiple instead of single modalities. Seven papers were found from 2010 to 2017, mostly using contact sensors such as accelerometers (n = 5), electromyography (n = 2), heart rate (n = 2), electrodermal activity (n = 1), and oximetry (n = 1). Remote sensors included video, radar, movement, and sound. All studies but one were in‐hospital, with video‐EEG as a gold standard. Algorithms were based on physiology and supervised machine learning, but did not always include a separate test dataset. Sensitivity ranged from 4% to 100% and false detection rate from 0.25 to 20 per 8 hours. Tonic–clonic seizure detection performed best. False detections tended to be restricted to a minority (16%‐30%) of patients. Use of multiple sensors increased sensitivity; false detections decreased in one study, but increased in another.These preliminary studies suggest that detection of tonic–clonic seizures might be feasible, but larger field studies are required under more rigorous design that precludes bias. Generic algorithms probably suffice for the majority of patients.
Standards for testing and clinical validation of seizure detection devices
Authors: Beniczky Sándor , Ryvlin Philippe 
Published: June 2018

SummaryTo increase the quality of studies on seizure detection devices, we propose standards for testing and clinical validation of such devices. We identified 4 key features that are important for studies on seizure detection devices: subjects, recordings, data analysis and alarms, and reference standard. For each of these features, we list the specific aspects that need to be addressed in the studies, and depending on these, studies are classified into 5 phases (0‐4). We propose a set of outcome measures that need to be reported, and we propose standards for reporting the results. These standards will help in designing and reporting studies on seizure detection devices, they will give readers clear information on the level of evidence provided by the studies, and they will help regulatory bodies in assessing the quality of the validation studies. These standards are flexible, allowing classification of the studies into one of the 5 phases. We propose actions that can facilitate development of novel methods and devices.
Resisting sexism and speciesism in the social sciences: Using feminist, species‐inclusive, visual methods to value the work of women and (other) animals
Authors: Taylor Nik , Fraser Heather 
Published: June 2018

Visual methods offer social scientists some promising possibilities for valuing the work of women and animals in domestic homes and formal organizations, such as schools, hospitals, residential care facilities and other workplaces. In this article, we consider how visual methods might be used to ‘put women and animals in the frame’. We draw data and inspiration from our What is it About Animals study [2015–2016], which involved an online call for people over 16 years of age, to post pictures, poems, stories and videos depicting what animals mean to them. We pay attention to attempts to resist sexism and speciesism in the valuing of work, including emotional labour. We consider the possibility of post‐humanist methods for animal subject‐hood, and a sociology of animals, emotions and work. We end with a discussion of possible future visual methods projects to value the work of women and (other) animals.
JAK‐STAT signaling pathway inhibition: a role for treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis
Authors: Kahn Jared S. , Deverapalli Sandhya Chowdary , Rosmarin David M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundDiscoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and dermatomyositis (DM) are inflammatory autoimmune diseases that manifest primarily in the skin but can be linked to systemic complications. Although there is an in‐depth understanding of the clinical presentation of these two diseases, much less is known regarding the pathophysiology. This has limited the effective treatment options for patients.ObjectiveAn understanding of the pathogenesis of each disease in greater detail will lead to newer targeted medications with less morbidity. This review article endeavors to substantiate the use of new treatments which target the JAK‐STAT pathway while elaborating on the immunopathology as well.MethodsPubMed was searched for relevant review articles, case reports, case series reports, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), basic science articles. Appropriate key terms and MeSH terms were utilized in the search. Clinicaltrials.gov was used to find relevant and current clinical trials being conducted in DLE and DM patients.ResultsA review of the literature supports the proposal that though there are likely many components and pathways involved in the destruction of keratinocytes, the Th1 cell immune response and specifically the JAK‐STAT signaling pathway is common to both DLE and DM.ConclusionAlthough further study is needed to determine the efficacy and benefits of JAK inhibitors over conventional therapy, these medications should be considered in refractory cases.
Identification of antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory peptides obtained by simulated gastrointestinal digestion of three edible insects species (Gryllodes sigillatus, Tenebrio molitor, Schistocerca gragaria)
Authors: Zielińska Ewelina , Baraniak Barbara , Karaś Monika 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of heat treatment of edible insects on antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of peptide fractions from hydrolysates obtained by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion thereof. Identification of bioactive peptides from the edible insects and their chemical synthesis were carried out as well. The highest antiradical activity against ABTS•+ and DPPH• was noted for the peptide fraction from the Gryllodes sigillatus protein preparation (EC50 value 2.75 and 6.91 μg mL−1, respectively). This fraction exhibited the strongest LOX and COX‐2 inhibitory activity (IC50 value 0.13 and 0.26 μg mL−1, respectively). The peptide fraction from the Tenebrio molitor protein preparation showed the highest Fe2+ chelating ability (EC50 value 2.21 μg mL−1) and the highest reducing power (0.198). The heat treatment process has a positive effect on the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of peptides. All identified and synthesised peptides from insect protein showed antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity.
In situ enzymatic synthesis and purification of theaflavin‐3,3′‐digallate monomer and incorporation into nanoliposome
Authors: Ding Yangping , Zou Liqiang , Lu Changqi , Tong Huarong , Chen Bingcan 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe aim of this study was to develop a novel ethanol‐water based enzymatic synthesis coupled with column chromatography purification technique to synthesise theaflavin‐3,3′‐digallate (TFDG) using underutilised summer and autumn fresh tea leaves. Enzymatic synthesised TFDG was incorporated into nanoliposome using ethanol injection combined with dynamic high‐pressure microfluidisation technique at pH 5.5. TFDG with a purity of 90.5% at the gram level was achieved by applying ethanol with different concentrations as eluent, and the yield of TFDG was 36.00%. TFDG nanoliposome showed the great in vitro digestion stability, with the particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential being 59.43 ± 5.67 nm, 0.31 ± 0.025 and ‐8.28 ± 0.24 mV, respectively. Nanoliposome encapsulation can significantly improve the stability of TFDG as indicated by the greater resistance upon in vitro digestion studies under both the mild alkaline pH and simulated intestinal fluid. The current research laid a foundation for the further application of TFDG as functional ingredients in food industry.
A Proposed Timescale for the Evolution of Armophorean Ciliates: Clevelandellids Diversify More Rapidly Than Metopids
Authors: Vďačný Peter , Rajter Ľubomír , Stoeck Thorsten , Foissner Wilhelm 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMembers of the class Armophorea occur in microaerophilic and anaerobic habitats, including the digestive tract of invertebrates and vertebrates. Phylogenetic kinships of metopid and clevelandellid armophoreans conflict with traditional morphology‐based classifications. To reconcile their relationships and understand their morphological evolution and diversification, we utilized the molecular clock theory as well as information contained in the estimated time trees and morphology of extant taxa. The radiation of the last common ancestor of metopids and clevelandellids very likely occurred during the Paleozoic and crown diversification of the endosymbiotic clevelandellids dates back to the Mesozoic. According to diversification analyses, endosymbiotic clevelandellids have higher net diversification rates than predominantly free‐living metopids. Their cladogenic success was very likely associated with sharply isolated ecological niches constituted by their hosts. Conflicts between traditional classifications and molecular phylogenies of metopids and clevelandellids very likely come from processes, leading to further diversification without extinction of ancestral lineages as well as from morphological plesiomorphies incorrectly classified as apomorphies. Our study thus suggests that diversification processes and reconstruction of ancestral morphologies improve the understanding of paraphyly which occurs in groups of organisms with an apparently long evolutionary history and when speciation prevails over extinction.
DO ANALYSTS WHO MOVE MARKETS HAVE BETTER CAREERS?
Authors: Balashov Vadim S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this article I investigate the association between analysts’ ability to issue influential recommendations and their career outcomes. The fraction of recommendations that are defined as influential are linked to a higher probability of an analyst moving to a higher status brokerage house, and a lower probability of either being demoted to a lower status brokerage house or leaving the profession. Analysts who more often issue influential recommendations also have a higher chance of being ranked by Institutional Investor All‐America, having longer careers, and experiencing lower job turnover compared to peers.
Out of the outhouse: The impact of place‐based policies on dwelling characteristics in Appalachia
Authors: Grossman Daniel S. , Humphreys Brad R. , Ruseski Jane E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) administers and partially funds investment projects designed to improve economic conditions in the Appalachian region, an area of persistent poverty and reduced economic opportunity in the eastern United States in and around the Appalachian mountains. Previous research on the effectiveness of ARC programs is mixed. We analyze the impact of ARC investment projects related to expanding sewerage and waste water treatment on dwelling characteristics. Results from a difference‐in‐differences model using a quasi‐experimental approach show that ARC investment projects improved access to running water, and increased sewer hookups and indoor bathrooms in dwellings.
Respiratory virus detection and co‐infection in children and adults in a large Australian hospital in 2009–2015
Authors: Ching Natasha S , Kotsanas Despina , Easton Mee L , Francis Michelle J , Korman Tony M , Buttery Jim P 
Published: June 2018

AimThis hospital network‐based retrospective observational study aimed to describe the prevalence and seasonality of paediatric and adult viral respiratory pathogens and their rates of co‐infections, following the introduction of a rapid multiplex molecular diagnostic assay.MethodsAll nasopharyngeal samples tested in patients presenting to Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia, from August 2009 to July 2015 by means of multiplex tandem polymerase chain reaction using the Respiratory Pathogen 12Plex kit (AusDiagnostics) were included in the analysis.ResultsThere were 28 729 patient samples analysed after duplicate samples were excluded. Positive results were twice as likely in paediatrics, 7573/11 491 (65.9%), compared to adults, 5410/17 238 (31.4%). Co‐infection was more frequent in paediatrics, 1642/7573 (21.7% of positives), compared to adults 299/5410 (5.5%). Adenovirus had a high prevalence as a co‐infection, 639/990 (64.5%), in paediatrics. Testing frequency increased by 179% in the paediatric group and by 949% for adults over the 6 years of observation.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a significant difference in the positive detection rate of pathogens and co‐infections between the population groups. Adenovirus had a surprisingly high prevalence as a co‐infection, especially in paediatric patients. Over the study period, rapid uptake of the test was observed, especially in adults. This raises concerns about how we can ensure that testing remains rational and is able to be provided in a cost‐effective manner in the future.
First fossil record of Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau: Implications for morphological evolution and biogeography
Authors: Jia Lin‐Bo , Su Tao , Huang Yong‐Jiang , Wu Fei‐Xiang , Deng Tao , Zhou Zhe‐Kun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCedrelospermum Saporta is an extinct genus in the Ulmaceae with abundant fossil records in North America and Europe. However, so far, fossil records of this genus from Asia are sparse, which limits the interpretations of the morphological evolution and biogeographical history of the genus. Here we report well‐preserved fruits (Cedrelospermum tibeticum sp. nov.) and a leaf (Cedrelospermum sp.) of Cedrelospermum from the upper Oligocene Lunpola and Nyima basins in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). This is the first fossil record of Cedrelospermum in the QTP, showing that this genus grew in this region during the late Oligocene. Cedrelospermum tibeticum fruits are double‐winged, morphologically similar to the Eocene and Oligocene double‐winged Cedrelospermum species from North America. This supports the hypothesis that Cedrelospermum migrated to Asia from North America by way of the Bering Land Bridge. Given that Cedrelospermum was a typical element of Northern Hemispheric flora in the Paleogene and Neogene, the presence of this genus indicates that the central region of the QTP was phytogeographically linked with other parts of the Northern Hemisphere during the late Oligocene. The morphological observations of C. tibeticum fruits and other double‐winged Cedrelospermum fruits suggest an evolutionary trend from obtuse to acute apex for the primary wing. Cedrelospermum tibeticum likely had warm and wet climatic requirements. This type of an environment possibly existed in the central QTP in the late Oligocene, thereby supporting the survival of C. tibeticum.
Blood parasites prevalence of migrating passerines increases over the spring passage period
Authors: Emmenegger T. , Bauer S. , Hahn S. , Müller S. B. , Spina F. , Jenni L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhether long‐distance animal migration facilitates or hampers pathogen transmission depends on how infections affect the routes and timing of migrating hosts. If an infection directly or indirectly impedes migratory flight capacity, infected individuals lag behind their uninfected conspecifics. Although such temporal segregation can limit parasite transmission and thus play an important role for host–parasite interactions, empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we investigated haemosporidians – blood parasites commonly infecting birds – in four passerine species on spring passage and linked infection status to passage date. As a step towards identifying the mechanisms behind infection‐related delays, we incorporated sets of individual, energetic, haematological and biometric variables into the analysis. Haemosporidian prevalence virtually doubled between birds sampled at the beginning of the passage period with those sampled 1 month later. This indicates that infected individuals arrived later than uninfected individuals. Both the average prevalence and its increase over time varied among host species. In addition, the leucocyte counts of infected birds were elevated, suggesting that immune response may require resources which could otherwise be allocated to migratory flights. However, infection status was not related to any other variable such as body mass, energy stores, sex, age and feather length. Yet regardless of the underlying mechanisms, infection‐related differential timing might influence transmission and affect pathogen prevalence in wildlife populations year‐round.
Plasmodium falciparum subtilisin‐like ookinete protein SOPT plays an important and conserved role during ookinete infection of the Anopheles stephensi midgut
Authors: Armistead Jennifer S. , Jennison Charlie , O'Neill Matthew T. , Lopaticki Sash , Liehl Peter , Hanson Kirsten K. , Annoura Takeshi , Rajasekaran Pravin , Erickson Sara M. , Tonkin Christopher J. , Khan Shahid M. , Mota Maria M. , Boddey Justin A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryTransmission of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum involves infection of Anopheles mosquitoes. Here we characterize SOPT, a protein expressed in P. falciparum ookinetes that facilitates infection of the mosquito midgut. SOPT was identified on the basis that it contains a signal peptide, a PEXEL‐like sequence and is expressed in asexual, ookinete and sporozoite stages, suggesting it is involved in infecting the human or mosquito host. SOPT is predicted to contain a subtilisin‐like fold with a non‐canonical catalytic triad and is orthologous to P. berghei PIMMS2. Localization studies reveal that SOPT is not exported to the erythrocyte but is expressed in ookinetes at the parasite periphery. SOPT‐deficient parasites develop normally through the asexual and sexual stages and produce equivalent numbers of ookinetes to NF54 controls, however, they form fewer oocysts and sporozoites in mosquitoes. SOPT‐deficient parasites were also unable to activate the immune‐responsive midgut invasion marker SRPN6 after mosquito ingestion, suggesting they are defective for entry into the midgut. Disruption of SOPT in P. berghei (PIMMS2) did not affect other lifecycle stages or ookinete development but again resulted in fewer oocysts and sporozoites in mosquitoes. Collectively, this study shows that SOPT/PIMMS2 plays a conserved role in ookinetes of different Plasmodium species.
Abnormal gene methylation during embryonic development after preimplantation genetic testing increases risk of liver‐derived insulin resistance
Authors: Zheng Mei Mei , Cao Hua Rong , Zhang Wu Yue , Yan Pei Pei , Xu Jing Yi , Zhao Heng Li , Zhu Feng , Zhang Jing Jing , Li Yan , Zhu Hui 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe operations involved in preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) occur during the key stages of gametogenesis and early embryonic development, and the health of progeny following PGT (PGT‐born) is worthy of attention. In order to fully assess the potential risk of abnormal glucose metabolism in adult PGT‐born offspring and to evaluate possible mechanisms, we compared a mouse model of PGT (in vitro cultured embryos with biopsy, hereafter “PTG‐born mice”), an in vitro embryo manipulation mouse model (in vitro cultured embryos without biopsy), and normal mice. PGT‐born mice displayed increased fasting glucose, and decreased glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidative utilization in the liver. Moreover, PGT‐born mice also displayed reduced expression of insulin receptor, AKT, and insulin‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation (pAkt) in the liver. These results suggest a potential risk of insulin resistance in adult PGT‐born mice. By analyzing the DNA methylation profiles of 7.5 days postconception (dpc) embryos, we identified differentially methylated genes associated with liver development between PGT‐born and control groups; some of these genes are associated with glucose homeostasis and insulin response. These results suggest that abnormal methylation in embryos that develop after PGT may be a potential mechanism occurring during embryonic development that can influence the risk of liver‐derived insulin resistance in adulthood.