bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives of South African youth in the development of an implant for HIV prevention
Authors: Krogstad Emily A , Atujuna Millicent , Montgomery Elizabeth T , Minnis Alexandra , Ndwayana Sheily , Malapane Tsholofelo , Shapley‐Quinn Mary Kate , Manenzhe Kgahlisho , Bekker Linda‐Gail , van der Straten Ariane 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionImplants are a new dosage form in development for HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with potential for high adherence given that they are provider‐administered and are intended for long‐acting protection. Integrating end‐user preference into early stage product development may further overcome challenges with future product uptake and adherence. Hence, we sought to optimize the design of a PrEP implant in early‐stage development by gathering opinions about implant attributes from potential end‐users in South Africa.MethodsWe conducted 14 focus group discussions (FGDs) with young women and men aged 18 to 24 in Cape Town and Soshanguve, South Africa, inviting participants into discussion as co‐designers. FGDs were homogenous by gender and previous implant experience. During FGDs, we showed prototype devices and followed a semi‐structured guide with questions on history of contraceptive implant use, preferences for physical characteristics of an implant, implant biodegradability, insertion process, participant‐driven ideas for implant design, and social adoption considerations. FGDs were facilitated in English, isiXhosa, Tswana, isiZulu, or Tsonga, audio‐recorded, transcribed into English, and qualitatively coded and analysed.ResultsIn this qualitative sample of 105 youth (68 women and 37 men), 58 participants were from Soshanguve and 47 from Cape Town, and 23% had previously used contraceptive implants. Participants expressed preferences for several implant design features; specifically, longer duration (≥6 months) was more important to most participants than the size or number of devices implanted. A majority preferred a flexible versus stiff implant to minimize palpability, thereby increasing discreetness and comfort. Nearly all participants favoured a biodegradable implant to avoid removal and thus reduce clinic visits. Concerns about the implant centred on its possible side effects and the “plastic” look of the prototype displayed for demonstration.ConclusionsThis study offers preliminary insights into an implant for HIV prevention that provides long‐lasting protection may be well received among young South Africans. Additionally, flexibility, discreetness, and biodegradability may increase acceptability of the implant. Such end–user feedback is being incorporated into current implant designs in the hope of creating an effective long‐acting PrEP product that is likely to achieve high uptake and adherence in target populations.
Single scan quantitative gradient recalled echo MRI for evaluation of tissue damage in lesions and normal appearing gray and white matter in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Xiang Biao , Wen Jie , Cross Anne H. , Yablonskiy Dmitriy A. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting the human central nervous system (CNS) and leading to neurologic disability. Although conventional MRI techniques can readily detect focal white matter (WM) lesions, it remains challenging to quantify tissue damage in normal‐appearing gray matter (GM) and WM.PurposeTo demonstrate that a new MRI biomarker, R2t*, can provide quantitative analysis of tissue damage across the brain in MS patients in a single scan.Study TypeProspective.SubjectsForty‐four MS patients and 19 healthy controls (HC).Field Strength/Sequence3T, quantitative gradient‐recalled‐echo (qGRE), Magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo, fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery.AssessmentSeverity of tissue damage was assessed by reduced R2t*. Tissue atrophy was assessed by cortical thickness and cervical spinal cord cross‐sectional area (CSA). Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite was used for clinical assessment.ResultsR2t* in cortical GM was more sensitive to MS damage than cortical atrophy. Using more than two standard deviations (SD) reduction versus age‐matched HC as the cutoff, 48% of MS patients showed lower R2t*, versus only 9% with lower cortical thickness. Significant correlations between severities of tissue injury were identified among 1) upper cervical cord and several cortical regions, including motor cortex (P < 0.001), and 2) adjacent regions of GM and subcortical WM (P < 0.001). R2t*‐defined tissue cellular damage in cortical GM was greater relative to adjacent WM. Reductions in cortical R2t* correlated with cognitive impairment (P < 0.01). Motor‐related clinical signs correlated most with cervical cord CSA (P < 0.001).Data ConclusionReductions in R2t* within cortical GM was more sensitive to tissue damage than atrophy, potentially allowing a reduced sample size in clinical trials. R2t* together with structural morphometry suggested topographic patterns of regions showing correlated tissue damage throughout the brain and the cervical spinal cord of MS patients.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:487–498.
Local multiquadric scheme for solving two‐dimensional weakly singular Hammerstein integral equations
Authors: Assari Pouria , Asadi‐Mehregan Fatemeh 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe main purpose of this article is to present a numerical method for solving two‐dimensional Fredholm‐Hammerstein integral equations of the second kind with weakly singular kernels. The scheme utilizes locally supported (inverse) multiquadric functions constructed on scattered points as a basis in the discrete collocation method. The local (inverse) multiquadrics estimate a function in any dimensions via a small set of data instead of all points in the solution domain. The proposed method uses a special accurate quadrature formula based on the nonuniform Gauss‐Legendre integration rule for approximating singular integrals appeared in the scheme. In comparison with the globally supported (inverse) multiquadric for the numerical solution of integral equations, the proposed method is stable and uses much less computer memory. Moreover, the algorithm of the presented approach is attractive and easy to implement on computers. Since the scheme does not require any mesh generations on the domain, it can be identified as a meshless method. The error analysis of the method is provided. The convergence accuracy of the new technique is examined over several two‐dimensional Hammerstein integral equations and obtained results confirm the theoretical error estimates.
Maternal experience and adult neurogenesis in mammals: Implications for maternal care, cognition, and mental health
Authors: Medina Joanna , Workman Joanna L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe transition to motherhood encompasses physiological and behavioral adaptations essential for the initiation and maintenance of offspring care and feeding and includes widespread changes throughout the brain. The growth of new neurons occurs across the lifespan in distinct regions of mammalian brains and changes dynamically across reproductive events in female mammals. The subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus undergo high rates of neurogenesis in adulthood and are sensitive to hormonal fluctuations. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are associated with increased cell proliferation in the SVZ and interneuron survival in the olfactory bulb. In mice, peripartum prolactin signaling mediates SVZ neurogenesis and is important for enhanced olfactory recognition of offspring and maternal care. In contrast, cell proliferation and immature neuron survival decrease in the DG during the postpartum period. High baseline glucocorticoid concentrations suppress hippocampal neurogenesis, potentially representing an energetic trade‐off accompanying a reduced need for spatial navigation early postpartum. In women, hippocampal volume decline during pregnancy and partial recovery during the postpartum period could contribute to the risk of psychiatric illness. New evidence indicates that the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) is an additional site for adult neurogenesis sensitive to reproductive experience and offspring contact. In this review, we discuss the initial and lasting impact of maternal experience on adult neurogenesis. Because neurogenesis has been implicated in a variety of psychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses, understanding how reproductive experience alters new neuron production in maternal mammals has far‐reaching implications for women's health and wellness across the lifespan.
Identification, isolation, characterization, and UHPLC quantification of potential genotoxic impurities in linagliptin
Authors: Huang Yiwen , Lu Hui , Zhang Fuli , Min Chunyan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDuring the stress testing of linagliptin, one unknown degradation product (impurity I) on acidic conditions was detected by using high‐performance liquid chromatography and subsequently isolated, identified, and characterized by the spectral data (MS, MS/MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy) and finally subjected for mechanism analysis. The degradation product (impurity I) and another process‐related impurity (impurity II) of linagliptin were found to contain the structural alerts of N‐acylated aminoaryl and alkyl halide, respectively, which were both potential genotoxic substances. Hence, a rapid and facile ultra high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous determination of these two potential genotoxic impurities at ppm levels in linagliptin. The factors involved in the method development were discussed and this method was fully validated as per International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines, which proved the method sensitive, selective, and robust. The presented method has been successfully applied to the analysis of real samples from multiple batches. This study will help to risk management of possible genotoxic impurities present in linagliptin.
Recent advances in the preparation of adsorbent layers for thin‐layer chromatography combined with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass‐spectrometric detection
Authors: Kucherenko Elizaveta , Kanateva Anastasiia , Pirogov Andrey , Kurganov Alexander 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis review is focused on planar chromatography hyphenated with mass‐spectrometric detection for analysis of low‐molecular‐mass solutes. Various kinds of hyphenations are discussed with attention paid to the preparation of thin layer plates suited both for the mass‐spectrometric detection of the resolved solutes direct from thin‐layer plates and for indirect mass‐spectrometric detection of the resolved solutes, performed by scraping, extracting, purifying, and concentrating the analyte from the thin‐layer chromatography plate. Plates with monolithic layers are relatively new for thin‐layer chromatography but they can successfully be combined with mass‐spectrometric technique in a pursuit of comprehensive local sample composition information. Preparation of monolithic layers of different porosity and structure based on organic, inorganic, and composite materials is illustrated together with examples of successful separation and detection of low‐molecular‐mass solutes by means of matrix‐assisted and surface‐assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry.
Ocean acidification can interact with ontogeny to determine the trace element composition of bivalve shell
Authors: Norrie C. R. , Dunphy B. J. , Ragg N. L. C. , Lundquist C. J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe sought to determine how pCO2 will affect the incorporation of trace elements into bivalve shell. This was to validate that under high pCO2 conditions reconstruction of animal movements is still viable; and to investigate potential trace element proxies for ocean carbonate chemistry. Here, we examined shell of the bivalve Perna canaliculus formed under current CO2 (pCO2 = 400 μatm) conditions and those predicted to exist in 2100 (pCO2 = 1050 μatm). Seventeen trace element:calcium ratios were examined at two locations within shells. Elements that are typically most useful in determining connectivity patterns (e.g., Sr, Mn, Ba, Mg, B) were not affected by pCO2 in shell produced early in individual's lives. This suggests that the effects of ocean acidification on dispersal signatures may be dampened. However, cobalt, nickel, and titanium levels were influenced by pCO2 consistently across shells suggesting their role as potential indicators of CO2 level.
Evaluation of Salmonella presence in selected United States feed mills
Authors: Magossi Gabriela , Cernicchiaro Natalia , Dritz Steve , Houser Terry , Woodworth Jason , Jones Cassandra , Trinetta Valentina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSalmonella is a pathogen of public health concern. Each year, Salmonella infections cost to the food industry approximately $2.3 billion and 33% of the reported cases are associated with beef, poultry, or pork. Pathogen presence in feed mills can represent one of the many potential routes for entry and transmission into the food production chain. Nevertheless, little is known about Salmonella incidence and association with these types of environments. The objective of this study was to investigate Salmonella presence in different feed mills across the United States. Eleven facilities were selected in eight states and 12 sites were sampled within each feed mill. Samples were analyzed following the FSIS guidelines for isolation and identification of Salmonella. Positive isolates were further investigated by a PCR analysis targeting the invA gene to differentiate for Salmonella enterica. The total number of environmental samples collected was 237: 66% resulted culture positive and 13.1% were PCR positive. All sampled feed mills had at least one culture positive site and following production flow the number of positive samples decreased from ingredient receiving to final product. These preliminary results demonstrate the presence of Salmonella in selected United States feed mills and suggest their potential role as vehicle for pathogen transmission and spread into the food production chain.
Evidence for subtypes of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ehgoetz Martens Kaylena A. , Shine James M. , Walton Courtney C. , Georgiades Matthew J. , Gilat Moran , Hall Julie M. , Muller Alana J. , Szeto Jennifer Y. Y. , Lewis Simon J. G. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTBackground: The purpose of this study is to identify and characterize subtypes of freezing of gait by using a novel questionnaire designed to delineate freezing patterns based on self‐reported and behavioral gait assessment.Methods: A total of 41 Parkinson's patients with freezing completed the Characterizing Freezing of Gait questionnaire that identifies situations that exacerbate freezing. This instrument underwent examination for construct validity and internal consistency, after which a data‐driven clustering approach was employed to identify distinct patterns amongst individual responses. Behavioral freezing assessments in both dopaminergic states were compared across 3 identified subgroups.Results: This novel questionnaire demonstrated construct validity (severity scores correlated with percentage of time frozen; r = 0.54) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .937), and thus demonstrated promising utility for identifying patterns of freezing that are independently related to motor, anxiety, and attentional impairments.Conclusions: Patients with freezing may be dissociable based on underlying neurobiological underpinnings that would have significant implications for targeting future treatments. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Joint effect of smoking and NQO1 C609T polymorphism on undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk in a North African population
Authors: Moumad Khalid , Khaali Wafa , Benider Abdellatif , Ben Ayoub Wided , Hamdi‐Cherif Mokhtar , Boualga Kada , Hassen Elham , Ben Driss El Khalil , Corbex Marilys , Khyatti Meriem 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a higher incidence in North Africa than in most parts of the world. In addition to environmental factors such as Epstein–Barr virus infection and chemical carcinogen exposure, genetic susceptibility has been reported to play a key role in the development of NPC. NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 is a cytosolic enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage. A C to T transition at position 609 in the NQO1 gene (OMIM: 125860) has been shown to alter the enzymatic activity of the enzyme and has been associated with increased risk to several cancers. This study investigates for the first time the effect of this polymorphism on NPC susceptibility in a North African population.MethodsThe NQO1 C609T polymorphism was genotyped using PCR‐RFLP in 392 NPC cases and 365 controls from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.ResultsThe allele frequencies and distributions of genotypes did not differ between cases and controls (p > 0.05). When stratifying according to smoking status, we observed two‐fold higher NPC risk in ever‐smokers carrying the CT or TT genotype. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that there was a significant interaction between T allele and smoking status (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.20–3.19; interaction p = 0.007).ConclusionIn this North African population, the functional NQO1 polymorphism was associated with a significantly higher risk of NPC among smokers and did not affect the risk among nonsmokers.
Training patients for self‐administration of a new subcutaneous C1‐inhibitor concentrate for hereditary angioedema
Authors: Murphy Elyse , Donahue Christine , Omert Laurel , Persons Stephanie , Tyma Thomas J. , Chiao Joseph , Lumry William 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to provide recommendations for training patients with hereditary angioedema, based on nursing clinical trial experience, to self‐administer subcutaneous C1‐INH (C1‐INH[SC]) used as routine prophylaxis.BackgroundA volume‐reduced, subcutaneous C1‐INH concentrate (C1‐INH(SC); HAEGARDA®; CSL Behring) was recently FDA‐approved for the routine prevention of hereditary angioedema attacks. Nurses will play an important role in patient training.DesignReview of a phase 3, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover trial of C1‐INH(SC) (COMPACT) and summary of recommendations for training patients based on nurses’ “hands‐on experience.”MethodsA panel of nurses with clinical trial experience provided recommendations for patient training.ResultsPractical suggestions and guidelines were compiled regarding patient selection, product reconstitution and administration and patient follow‐up. Successful patient self‐administration of C1‐INH(SC) can be greatly facilitated by qualified nursing intervention. The information provided in this paper will be useful to nurses anywhere who have an opportunity to interact with patients dealing with hereditary angioedema.
Two‐Year Results of Think Health! ¡Vive Saludable!: A Primary Care Weight‐Management Trial
Authors: Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Morales Knashawn H. , Allison Kelly C. , Russell Localio A. , Sarwer David B. , Phipps Etienne , Fassbender Jennifer E. , Tsai Adam G. , Wadden Thomas A. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveThink Health! ¡Vive Saludable! evaluated a moderate‐intensity, lifestyle behavior‐change weight‐loss program in primary care over 2 years of treatment. Final analyses examined weight‐change trajectories by treatment group and attendance.MethodsAdult primary care patients (n = 261; 84% female; 65% black; 16% Hispanic) were randomly assigned to Basic Plus (moderate intensity; counseling by primary care clinician and a lifestyle coach) or Basic (clinician counseling only). Intention‐to‐treat analyses used all available weight measurements from data collection, treatment, and routine clinical visits. Linear mixed‐effects regression models adjusted for treatment site, gender, and age, and sensitivity analyses evaluated treatment attendance and the impact of loss to follow‐up.ResultsModel‐based estimates for 24‐month mean (95% CI) weight change from baseline were −1.34 kg (−2.92 to 0.24) in Basic Plus and −1.16 kg (−2.70 to 0.37) in Basic (net difference −0.18 kg [−2.38 to 2.03]; P = 0.874). Larger initial weight loss in Basic Plus was attenuated by a ~0.5‐kg rebound at 12 to 16 months. Each additional coaching visit was associated with a 0.37‐kg greater estimated 24‐month weight loss (P = 0.01).ConclusionsThese findings in mostly black and Hispanic female primary care patients suggest that strategies to improve treatment attendance may improve weight loss resulting from moderate‐intensity counseling.
Construction of the Pentacyclic Core and Formal Total Synthesis of (rac)‐Renieramycin T
Authors: Kimura Shinya , Saito Naoki 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInvited for this month's cover picture is the group of Professor Naoki Saito at the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University (Japan). They achieved the first total synthesis of renieramycin T in 2016, and they have been following an alternative route to supply a large amount of it in order to promote research of the next stage, such as structure–activity relationship studies. This paper reports a formal total synthesis in 21 steps from a known piperazine‐2,5‐dione derivative. The key step of this synthesis is the modified Pictet–Spengler cyclization of a primary amine with an oxomalonic acid ester derivative followed by decarboxylation, and stereo‐controlled protonation at C‐1 position of the enol intermediate from the less‐hindered face. Read the full text of their Full Paper at 10.1002/open.201800112.
Screening and determination for potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitory constituents from ginseng stem–leaf saponins using ultrafiltration (UF)‐LC‐ESI‐MS2
Authors: Yang Yinping , Liang Xinhe , Jin Ping , Li Na , Zhang Qiao , Yan Wei , Zhang Hui , Sun Jiaming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionPrevious studies have demonstrated that several ginsenosides have remarkable inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In the present study, ginseng stem–leaf saponins (GSLS) can improve learning and memory of Alzheimer's disease patients. However, much comprehensive information regarding AChE inhibition of GSLS and its metabolites is yet unknown.ObjectiveThe present study aims to screen and determine the potential of AChE inhibitors (AChEIs) from GSLS.MethodologyThe active fraction of the GSLS detected in vitro AChE inhibition assays was selected as a starting material for the screening of the potential of AChEIs using ultrafiltration liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (UF‐LC‐ESI‐MS2).ResultsThe results showed that 31 ginsenosides were identified with analysis using rapid resolution liquid chromatography with a diode array detector combined with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS2) from the active fraction, and there are 27 compounds with AChE binding activity. Among them, 11 ginsenosides were evaluated and confirmed using in vitro enzymatic assay, and ginsenosides F1, Rd, Rk3, 20(S)‐Rg3, F2 and Rb2 were found to possess strong AChE inhibitory activities.ConclusionThe proposed UF‐LC‐ESI‐MS2 method was a powerful tool for the discovery of AChEIs from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).