bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protocolo, historia y desarrollo de las Iglesias Protestantes
Authors: Somavilla Enrique 
Published: September 2018

El anglicanismo, cuyo origen se remonta a la Iglesia de Inglaterra, con Enrique VIII, constituye hoy una comunión de Iglesias de tipo episcopal que se mantienen unidas a la sede de Canterbury. La Iglesias Luteranas, provienen de la reforma del siglo XVI emprendida por Martín Lutero. Su lucha fue por la reforma de la Iglesia de Cristo. La Iglesias reformadas o presbiterianas son aquellas comunidades herederas del reformador Juan Calvino. Todas provienen del mismo tronco, pero su dispersión ha sido muy determinante. Es decisivo tener en cuenta cómo el conjunto de estas Iglesias, tratan de mantener ciertos vínculos con la Iglesia católica. Su liturgia ha ido perdiendo riqueza y fuerza ante la masiva depuración hecha por las distintas Iglesias y Comunidades eclesiales. Aún con todo poseen un protocolo y un ceremonial muy interesante, después de su separación de Roma, en el año 1520, fecha histórica de la cristiandad occidental.___________________________________________The Anglicanism, which origin goes back to the Church in England by the times of Henry VIII, constitutes a community of Episcopal churches in unity with Canterbury seat. The Luteran Churches come from the Reform in the XVI century with Martin Luther’s leading. Martin’s goal was to reform Christ’s Church. The Presbyterians and the Reformed Churches are the heiress communities of John Calvin’s Reform. All of them have the same origin, however their dispersion has been very important to determinate their outcomes. It is very important to take into account the way these groups of Churches tried to keep some kind of links with the Catholic Church. Their liturgy has lost richness and strength progressively due to the depuration made by the different churches and ecclesial communities. And yet, they have a very interesting protocol and ceremonial after their break-up with Rome in 1520, a historical date on the western Christianity.
Real Sitio de Covadonga: una joya para la corona
Authors: Lobeto Alvarez Ana María 
Published: September 2018

Covadonga une a su significado histórico y religioso, un profundo valor simbólico en relación al poder regio. La Corona descubrió a partir del reinado de Isabel II, el intenso efecto comunicador que para la dinastía podía tener la visita al Real Sitio. Isabel II, Alfonso XII y Alfonso XIII protagonizaron visitas acompañados por los príncipes de Asturias, y estos también lo hicieron en solitario.En todos los casos, se combinaron los actos religiosos con el adecuado y efectivo efecto comunicador, propiciando la identificación de la dinastía con los orígenes históricos del reino. La imposición de las insignias como príncipe de Asturias a Felipe de Borbón en 1977, indicaría una misma intención por parte de la dinastía recién instaurada de Juan Carlos, necesitada de legitimación histórica y, sobre todo, institucional._______________________ Covadonga unites its historical and religious significance, a deep symbolic value in relation to the royal power, which was discovered in times of the reign of Isabel II, and the intense communicative effect that for the dynasty could have the visit to the Royal Site . Elizabeth II, Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII carried out visits accompanied by the princes of Asturias, and also by themselves. In all cases, religious acts were combined with the appropriate and effective communicative effect, propitiating the identification of the dynasty with the historical origins of the kingdom. The imposition of the insignia as Prince of Asturias to Felipe de Borbón in 1976, would indicate the same intention on the part of the recently established dynasty of Juan Carlos I, in need of historical legitimation and, above all, institutional.
Netiqueta Institucional
Authors: Rubio Calero Diana 
Published: September 2018

A la hora de hablar de comunicación institucional, se entremezclan varios conceptos, donde debido a las nuevas maneras de comunicar, se encuentran las redes sociales. Según su utilización por parte de una institución, el mensaje que trasmitirá a los ciudadanos tendrá un enfoque u otro, pero, ¿Se tiene en cuenta la manera de escribir en estas herramientas? ¿Es importante tener una estrategia de comunicación online? ¿Las instituciones saben como comunicar en redes sociales? ¿Las cuentas de los máximos representantes también influyen en la imagen de la organización a la que representan? Con esta comunicación se pretenden abrir nuevas líneas de debate acerca de la importancia que la netiqueta tiene a la hora de fomentar unas positivas relaciones institucionales con los ciudadanos y otras organizaciones por parte de las instituciones públicas._____________________Regarding institutional communication, several concepts are intermingled, where new ways of communicating are included, like the social networks. According to its use by an institution, the message it will transmit to citizens will have one approach or another, but, Do they consider the way they write in these tools? Is it important to have an online communication strategy? Do institutions know how to communicate on social networks? Do the accounts of the chiefs also influence the image of the organization they represent? This paper is intended to open new lines of debate about the importance that netiquette has when promoting positive institutional relations with citizens and other organizations by public institutions.
Molecular identification of avian influenza virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in birds from farms and live bird markets and in respiratory patients
Authors: Tolba Hala M.N. , Abou Elez Rasha M.M. , Elsohaby Ibrahim , Ahmed Heba A. 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundAvian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been endemic in Egypt since 2006, and the co-circulation of high-pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 subtypes in poultry has been reported; therefore, Egypt is considered a hotspot for the generation of new subtypes and genotypes. We aimed to characterize AIVs circulating on commercial farms and in live bird markets (LBMs) during the winters of 2015 and 2016 in the study area and to identify H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in respiratory patients.MethodsIn total, 159 samples were collected from ducks, pigeons and quails on farms (n = 59) and in LBMs (n = 100) and screened by real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes. Clinical and postmortem examination was carried out on birds from the farms. Positive H5N1 samples were sequenced and analysed for mutations. Tracheal swabs were also collected from 89 respiratory patients admitted to respiratory hospitals in the same study area.ResultsOverall, H5N1 was identified in 13.6% of birds from farms, while it was detected in 17% of birds in LBMs. Subtype H9N2 was only identified from pigeons on farms (6.5%) and LBMs (11.4%). Sequencing of the haemagglutination gene (HA) in nine representative H5N1 isolates revealed a multi-basic amino acid motif at the cleavage site (321-PQGEKRRKKR/GLF-333), which is characteristic of highly pathogenic AIV, in five of our isolates, while the other four isolates showed an amino acid substitution (Q322K) at this cleavage site to make it (321-P K GEKRRKKR/GLF-333). All the isolates belonged to clade 2.2.1.2, and a comparison of HA sequences at the amino acid level showed 98.8–100% homology among the nine isolates, while they showed 94.1–96.1% identity with reference strains and the commonly used vaccine strain in Egypt. Out of 89 respiratory patients, 3.4% were positive for H5N1 and no patients were positive for H9N2.DiscussionOur results indicated the circulation of the endemic H5N1 and H9N2 viruses among poultry in 2015 and 2016. Birds on farms and in LBMs are reservoirs playing a role in the dissemination of the virus and producing a public health risk. The application of proper hygienic measures in farms and LBMs to control the exposure of birds and humans to the source of infection along with continuous monitoring of the circulating viruses will provide information on understanding the evolution of the viruses for vaccine studies.
Seismic response of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry infill walls under in‐plane and out‐of‐plane seismic demands
Authors: Binici Baris , Canbay Erdem , Demirel İsmail Ozan , Aldemir Alper , Uzgan Uğur , Eryurtlu Zafer , Yakut Ahmet 
Published: September 2018

AbstractInfill walls of reinforced concrete (RC) frames exhibit significant vulnerability when subjected to in‐plane (IP) and out‐of‐plane (OOP) seismic demands. Despite the vast number of tests investigating the behavior of brick masonry infill walls in RC frames, past research is concerned with infill walls made up of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks. In this study, six single‐bay, single‐story, half‐scaled RC frames were tested under the action of IP cyclic displacement excursions and/or OOP pressure. The objectives of the tests were to investigate the IP behavior of AAC infilled RC frames constructed with or without fiber mesh reinforced plaster to observe the influence of the OOP loads on the IP deformation capacity. It was found that AAC infill walls increased the strength and stiffness of the test frames compared to the bare frame specimen. The specimens without the plaster overlay experienced cracking at inter‐story drift ratio of about 0.35%. The ultimate drift ratio corresponding to a 20% lateral strength loss occurred at about 2% interstory drift ratio. The presence of plaster, on the other hand, delayed the visual cracking of the walls up until 1% interstory drift ratio. The OOP loads applied on the frame by using an airbag system was found to significantly reduce the IP deformation capacity of AAC framed infill walls. These results show that AAC infill walls may not sustain the IP and OOP seismic demands expected in RC frame buildings and innovative solutions are needed to limit the damage.
In situ seismic testing of a reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete building
Authors: Gokmen Furkan , Binici Baris , Canbay Erdem , Aldemir Alper , Ogdu Mustafa Kagan , Uzgan Uğur , Eryurtlu Zafer , Ozdemir Gulay 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAutoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) reinforced panels are used to construct easily erected, energy efficient, low‐rise prefabricated buildings. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the seismic response of reinforced‐AAC‐wall‐panel buildings. For this purpose, a full‐scale two‐story building constructed on a building site by using reinforced AAC panels was tested under two‐way cyclic displacement excursions up to near collapse. The test results showed that the test building had a lateral load capacity of 1.6 times its weight with a global displacement ductility of about 3.5. The first story of the building sustained significant damage due to the rocking of the building followed by panel crushing. The slab–wall connections did not sustain any damage during the test. Afterward, numerical models of AAC panels were calibrated by using component test results from the literature. Nonlinear static analysis was conducted on the test building by using the proposed modeling approach. A reasonably good agreement was observed between the test results and numerical model estimations both for the envelope and the cyclic response. Finally, incremental dynamic analyses were conducted on the test building in order to observe the response of the building under severe earthquake motions. The dynamic analyses results showed that AAC buildings are expected to behave in their pre‐yielding regions under design earthquakes. Furthermore, the reserved ductility and available over strength can enable AAC buildings survive the maximum considered earthquakes without collapse.
Tests of AAC walls subjected to vertical loads ‐ Part 2. Connection zone of perpendicular walls
Authors: Drobiec Łukasz 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article describes the results of testing autoclaved aerated concrete walls on a natural scale. The walls were made up of 18‐cm wide blocks and thin layer joints. Reinforced and nonreinforced walls were tested. Basalt grids and typical steel reinforcement (truss type) were used as reinforcements. The load was applied by a reinforced concrete rim beam. In the second part of the work, the unequally loaded zone of connection perpendicular walls was analyzed.
Sustainable building solutions with new generation autoclaved aerated concrete panel applications
Authors: van Boggelen Willem , van Boggelen Jop 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUntil now, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) was widely used in the construction industry mainly as a relatively simple (commodity) wall building material. The need and regulatory pressure for green, energy neutral buildings for residential housing and nonresidential constructions is becoming stronger every day. Consequently, we must challenge our construction designs and way of building to deal with increasing regulations, climatic and seismic conditions around world's geographical areas. This article presents new generation panel construction methods and a realized case study for a passive residential housing project designed with mid‐size modular AAC panels. The role and importance of this building method, applied with light‐ and heavy‐reinforcement panels, is also highlighted. The structural AAC panel design will be complemented and finished with autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC) blocks, drywall sheets, and AAC partition panels. This partnership of building materials with installation integration at early stage of the construction process results in excellent insulation, efficient building, and supports HVAC.
Autoclaved aerated concrete: Influence of heat storage capacity on thermal performance and thermal comfort
Authors: Schöndube Tim , Rashid Saif , Carrigan Svenja , Schoch Torsten , Kornadt Oliver 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe heat storage capacity of building materials can have a significant influence on energy consumption and thermal comfort of buildings.AimThis paper investigates the correlations between heat storage capacity and thermal performance.Materials and MethodsA test building made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) bricks was constructed in Kloster Lehnin/Emstal (Germany) with the same heat transition coefficient U for the walls, floor, and roof. The heating and ventilation of the building is controlled automatically. Xella and the Department of Building Physics/Low Energy Buildings of Technische Universität Kaiserslautern have been monitoring the test building since April 2017. The thermal performance and comfort of the AAC test building were investigated by measurements and simulations. The results were compared to simulations of a light weight building with the same geometry and heat transition coefficients U.ResultsThe examinations showed that the heat storage capacity of the AAC has a positive influence on summer heat protection and thermal comfort of buildings in comparison to light weight constructions (LWC).ConclusionIn summer, the increased heat storage capacity of AAC compared to LWC improves thermal comfort. During the heating period, AAC buildings with a higher heat storage capacity in comparison to LWC offer the advantage of a slower cooling down of the indoor air temperature.
From experiments to seismic design rules for structures built with reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete panels
Authors: Halici Omer Faruk , Dalgic Korhan Deniz , Ozeren Ozgun , Ugurlu Koray , Demir Cem , Comert Mustafa , Ilki Alper 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn the last few decades, many destructive earthquakes have taken place all around the world, causing fatal injuries, loss of lives, and severe damages on structures. A number of innovative construction techniques have been developed over the past years to mitigate these casualties. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, energy efficient building material with satisfactory mechanical properties. Therefore, the use of reinforced AAC panels as load‐bearing structural elements in low‐rise buildings is a potentially viable alternative to traditional construction practices to build cost‐effective structures with adequate seismic performance. In this paper, preliminary results of a number of experimental tests which were executed through a project led by the Turkish Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Association are presented. The experiments include AAC material tests, AAC member tests, and a seismic test of a full‐scale building constructed with AAC panel walls and floors. Finally, design provisions included in the new version of the Turkish Seismic Design Code 2018, which were adopted based on these experimental findings, are outlined.
Wall–floor–wall interaction considering fill units: Fill units can contribute to the vertical load transfer — A proposal
Authors: Schöps Peter 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAutoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry has excellent thermal insulation properties without needing an extra heat‐insulating layer. To keep the whole construction in a good thermal condition, the intersection of wall and slab had to be optimized for the heat transfer. The slab support becomes shorter and gets additional heat insulation on the outside. Because the final plaster needs a constant subsurface to prevent cracks, AAC‐fill units are covering the heat insulation. The short slab‐support leads to higher compressive stress and fill units could not be considered for the load transfer. But tests and numerical simulations have shown a significant participation. This paper presents a numeric parametric study with focus on fill units. A proposed equation gives the possibility to use a reserve of load‐bearing capacity. Finally, a calculation example is given.
Options for the implementation of new secondary raw materials in autoclaved aerated concrete
Authors: Černý Vít , Drochytka Rostislav , Šebestová Pavlína 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrently, the only material used as the primary siliceous component of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) in the Czech Republic is sand. Within the context of previously conducted research, this article evaluates the use of new types of secondary raw materials to achieve greater economic and ecological benefits during AAC production. The investigated secondary raw materials include fly and bottom ash, slag, and waste glass. AAC composite specimens with admixtures of secondary raw materials were cured by hydrothermal conditions in a laboratory autoclave for 7 and 12 h of isothermal durability 190°C. Of the secondary raw materials tested under laboratory conditions, the highest strength was obtained in the specimen with a 10% waste glass admixture. The other admixture that positively affected the mechanical characteristics of specimens was waste incinerator slag. It is clear from the results of this investigation that the use of secondary raw materials does not diminish strength, but improves mixture rheology and supports the formation of tobermorite.
Seismic out‐of‐plane behavior of unreinforced masonry walls
Authors: Lönhoff Moritz , Sadegh‐Azar Hamid 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUnreinforced masonry (URM) is one of the most used construction types in the world. In addition to the design for static loads, URM walls must also be designed for earthquake scenarios. In this load case, the out‐of‐plane loads (transverse to the plane) often have a significant impact on the load‐bearing capacity. In most practical applications, simplified methods are used to determine the out‐of‐plane capacity of URM walls. The estimations of these simplified models are often inaccurate since essential parameters are neglected. To determine out‐of‐plane capacity realistically, parameters such as vertical stiffness of the support, geometry, constraints, vertical loads, and dynamic effects must be taken into account. At the University of Kaiserslautern, shaking‐table tests with different conditions of upper support are performed. Real earthquake time histories are applied and increased until collapse of the wall. For numerical analyses of the deformation response of the wall, nonlinear single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems are developed and calibrated. In addition, results from simplified analysis models are compared with experimentally determined maximum acceptable earthquake accelerations. The comparison shows that the out‐of‐plane capacity is much higher than predicted by simplified models. The experimental, analytical, and numerical investigations on URM walls will be used to develop a simple and practical applicable engineering model in the next phase of the project.
Recycling of steel slag fines for the production of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)
Authors: Chen Ying‐Liang , Chang Juu‐En , Lai Yi‐Chieh , Ko Ming‐Sheng , Chen Yi‐Hsin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSteel slag is a by‐product of steel‐making processes in which excess lime is often added to remove impurities from liquid steel. Therefore, steel slag is normally rich in calcium compounds, and it thus has the potential for the production of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). In this study, a steel slag from the basic oxygen furnace process was examined, and the slag fines (<4 mm) were collected and used as an AAC raw material. The slag fines were divided into four particle size ranges, that is, <0.063 mm, 0.063–0.5 mm, 0.5–2 mm, and 2–4 mm, and their effects on the physical properties of AAC products were studied. The results showed that producing AAC with the slag particles <0.5 mm was successful, and the bulk density and compressive strength of AAC specimens were decreased with the amount of slag fines used. In contrast, the slag particles >0.5 mm had volume expansion after the autoclave curing, thus resulting in cracks of AAC specimens. By reducing the particle size or precuring the slag fines with an autoclave, the problem of AAC cracking can be solved.
UHPC–AAC facade elements: Structural design, production technology, and mechanical behavior
Authors: Miccoli Lorenzo , Fontana Patrick , Qvaeschning Dirk , Kreft Oliver , Hoppe Johannes , Meng Birgit 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a lightweight composite facade element for new buildings and for the refurbishment of existing facades. These composite elements have been developed combining an insulation layer of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) with an external ultrahigh‐performance concrete (UHPC) supporting layer. This solution allows avoiding the use of connectors and facilitates the production procedure. The structural behavior of the facade elements is mainly influenced by the presence of the upturning edges that are able to increase the stiffness of the element and reduce the thickness of the external layer. The insulation material has no influence on the structural behavior of the UHPC boxes. Flexural tests were carried out to investigate a potential detachment of the external layer from the upturning edge. The photogrammetric analysis used during the flexural tests essentially confirmed that the bond between the two UHPC layers cast in two steps is reliable. The quality of the bond between the external layer and the upturning edge is a key parameter to define the bearing capacity of the element.