bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reasonable Hope in Kant’s Ethics
Authors: Cureton Adam 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe most apparent obstacles to a just, enlightened and peaceful social world are also, according to Kant, nature’s way of compelling us to realize those and other morally good ends. Echoing Adam Smith’s idea of the ‘invisible hand’, Kant thinks that selfishness, rivalry, quarrelsomeness, vanity, jealousy and self-conceit, along with the oppressive social inequalities they tend to produce, drive us to perfect our talents, develop culture, approach enlightenment and, through the strife and instability caused by our unsocial sociability, push us towards justice, political equality and the highest good. What are we to make of these arguments, which seem to rely on questionable empirical assumptions, invoke dubious claims about natural teleology and sit uncomfortably with fundamental aspects of Kant’s ethical framework? I suggest that the arguments reveal one of Kant’s deep and important insights about the moral life by partially describing what a good and virtuous person reasonably hopes for.
Kant on Fine Art, Genius and the Threat of Private Meaning
Authors: Reiter Aviv 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWittgenstein’s private language argument claims that language and meaning generally are public. It also contends with our appreciation of artworks and reveals the deep connection in our minds between originality and the temptation to think of original meaning as private. This problematic connection of ideas is found in Kant’s theory of fine art. For Kant conceives of the capacity of artistic genius for imaginatively envisioning original content as prior to and independent of finding the artistic means of communicating this content to others. This raises the question of whether we can conceive of art as both original and meaningful without succumbing to privacy.
Pattern of geometric changes of parotid gland in conventional and intensity-modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal cancer patients
Authors: Zhang Yingting , Liu Xiaozhen , Lin Chengguang , Lee Shara W. Y. , Tam Shing-yau , Wu Vincent W. C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntroductionThis study compared the pattern of radiation induced parotid changes between conventional (ConRT) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.Methods56 adult NPC patients treated with IMRT (n=28) and conventional radiotherapy (n=28) were recruited. CT scans were acquired before radiotherapy, at 10th, 20th and 30th fractions, and 3 months after treatment. Parotid gland was delineated in the corresponding CT slices and its mean dose was calculated. The volumetric and geometric changes of the parotid gland at various time intervals were compared against the pre-treatment structure set. The pattern of changes was compared between the two techniques.ResultsThe mean parotid dose of IMRT (37.5±9.5 Gy) was significantly lower than ConRT (49.1±7.4 Gy). The parotid gland volume, DICE similarity coefficient and lateral dimension of patient head gradually decreased during the radiotherapy course and partially recovered in 3 months post-treatment. The differences between two groups were not significant until at 3 month after treatment, where IMRT showed significantly better volume recovery.ConclusionSimilar parotid gland size and location changes were observed during the treatment course in both ConRT and IMRT. However IMRT demonstrated better parotid volume recovery after treatment.
Development of understanding of DOHaD concepts in students during undergraduate health professional programs in Japan and New Zealand
Authors: Oyamada M. , Lim A. , Dixon R. , Wall C. , Bay J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEvidence in support of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis has reached the level where it can appropriately be used to inform practice. DOHaD informed interventions supporting primary noncommunicable disease risk reduction should target the pre- and periconceptional periods, pregnancy, lactation, childhood and adolescence. Such interventions are dependent on a health workforce (including dietitians, nurses, midwives, doctors, and nutrition teachers), that has a deep understanding of DOHaD concepts. This study assessed development of awareness of DOHaD concepts during undergraduate health professional training programs. Using a cross-sectional design, a standardized questionnaire was completed by Year 1–4 undergraduate students studying nutrition in Japan (n=309) and Year 1–3 nursing students in New Zealand (n=151). On entry to undergraduate study, most students had no awareness of the terms ‘DOHaD’ or ‘First 1000 Days’. While awareness reached 60% by Year 3 in courses that included DOHaD-related teaching, this remains inadequate. More than 95% of Year 1 undergraduates in both countries demonstrated an appreciation of associations between maternal nutrition and fetal health. However, awareness of associations between parental health status and/or nutritional environment and later-life health was low. While levels of awareness increased across program years, overall awareness was less than optimal. These results indicate evidence of some focus on DOHaD-related content in curricula. We argue that DOHaD principles should be one pillar around which health training curricula are built. This study indicates a need for the DOHaD community to engage with faculties in curriculum development.
Judicial Fact-Finding Initiatives in theSouth China Sea Arbitration
Authors: ESPENILLA Jacqueline Joyce F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe historic Award in theSouth China Sea Arbitrationgave much-needed clarity to many of the complex legal issues lying at the heart of the Philippines-China maritime dispute. Often overlooked, however, is the procedural significance of the case. This Comment submits that theSouth China Sea Arbitrationrepresents a shift towards the use of judicial fact-finding initiatives as a means to overcome the adjudicatory challenges inherent to highly technical and scientific cases where one Party fails or refuses to participate. Even more striking, the Tribunal’s independently acquired facts appear to be the basis for the majority of its conclusions in the Award. This Comment highlights the appropriateness and practicality of the Tribunal’s actions in view of its extraordinary obligation under Article 9 of Annex VII of the UNCLOS to “satisfy itself” that the Philippines’ claims are “well-founded in fact and law”.
Calibrating SuperDARN Interferometers Using Meteor Backscatter
Authors: Chisham G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAccurate geolocation of ionospheric backscatter measured by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) high‐frequency radars is critical for the integrity of polar ionospheric convection maps, which involve combining SuperDARN line‐of‐sight velocity measurements originating from multiple locations. Geolocation requires estimation of the propagation paths of the high‐frequency radio signal to and from the scattering volume. The SuperDARN radars comprise both a main and interferometer antenna array to allow the estimation of the elevation angle of arrival of the returning signal, and hence its most likely propagation path. However, over the history of operation of SuperDARN (>20 years) elevation angle data have not been routinely used owing to problems with the calibration of phase difference measurements. Instead, virtual height models have been used to estimate the most likely propagation paths, and these are often of limited accuracy. Here we present a method for calibrating SuperDARN interferometer measurements using backscatter from meteor trails measured in the near field‐of‐view of the SuperDARN radars. We present estimates of calibration factors for the SuperDARN radar in Saskatoon, Canada, at different temporal resolutions: 3 months, 10 days, and 1 day. The calibration factor varies over the 9‐year interval studied, such that employing a single value for the whole interval would lead to significant errors in elevation angle measurements at times. The higher‐resolution results show the ability of the technique to determine the calibration factor routinely at a high time resolution.
Stopping Solar Geoengineering Through Technical Means: A Preliminary Assessment of Counter‐Geoengineering
Authors: Parker A. , Horton J. B. , Keith D. W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCounter‐geoengineering is the idea that a country might seek or threaten to counteract the cooling effect of solar geoengineering through technical means. Although this concept has been mentioned with increasing frequency in commentary on geoengineering, it has received little scholarly attention. We offer a preliminary analysis. We begin by distinguishing two kinds of counter‐geoengineering: countervailing with a warming agent and neutralizing with a physical disruption. Based on this distinction, we review prior suggestions and describe novel methods by which either method might be accomplished, within the constraints imposed by deep technical uncertainties and substantial technical challenges. We then reflect on the strategic requirements and motivations for developing counter geoengineering and use a simple game‐theoretic framework to demonstrate how counter‐geoengineering might interact with the free‐driver dynamic of solar geoengineering to shape climate geopolitics. We find that any state that could credibly threaten counter‐geoengineering would effectively have a veto over the use of solar geoengineering, which could reduce the prospects of unilateral deployment. Alternatively, the development of geoengineering and counter‐geoengineering capabilities could lead to dangerous brinkmanship. We conclude that the development of counter‐geoengineering would face considerable practical obstacles and would signal continuing political failure to manage climate risks on a cooperative basis.
Volcano‐Tectonic Activity at Deception Island Volcano Following a Seismic Swarm in the Bransfield Rift (2014–2015)
Authors: Almendros J. , Carmona E. , Jiménez V. , Díaz‐Moreno A. , Lorenzo F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn September 2014 there was a sharp increase in the seismic activity of the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. More than 9,000 earthquakes with magnitudes up to 4.6 located SE of Livingston Island were detected over a period of 8 months. A few months after the series onset, local seismicity at the nearby (∼35 km) Deception Island volcano increased, displaying enhanced long‐period seismicity and several outbursts of volcano‐tectonic (VT) earthquakes. Before February 2015, VT earthquakes occurred mainly at 5–20 km SW of Deception Island. In mid‐February the numbers and sizes of VT earthquakes escalated, and their locations encompassed the whole volcanic edifice, suggesting a situation of generalized unrest. The activity continued in anomalously high levels at least until May 2015. Given the spatial and temporal coincidence, it is unlikely that the Livingston series and the Deception VT swarm were unrelated. We propose that the Livingston series may have produced a triggering effect on Deception Island volcano. Dynamic stresses associated to the seismic swarm may have induced overpressure in the unstable volcanic system, leading to a magmatic intrusion that may in turn have triggered the VT swarm. Alternatively, both the Livingston earthquakes and the VT swarm could be consequences of a magmatic intrusion at Deception Island. The Livingston series would be an example of precursory distal VT swarm, which seems to be a common feature preceding volcanic eruptions and magma intrusions in long‐dormant volcanoes.
Thermal and Energetic Ion Dynamics in Ganymede's Magnetosphere
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Fatemi S. , Khurana K. K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGanymede is the solar system's only known moon with an intrinsic, global magnetic field. This field is strong enough to stand off the incident Jovian magnetospheric flow to form a small, complex magnetosphere around the satellite. Ganymede's magnetosphere is thought to be responsible for variable surface weathering patterns, the production of a neutral exosphere, and the generation of UV aurorae near Ganymede's open‐closed field line boundaries; however, the exact details and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We use results from three‐dimensional hybrid models of Ganymede's magnetosphere and a three‐dimensional particle tracing model to quantify the dynamics of thermal and energetic Jovian ions as they interact with Ganymede's magnetosphere and precipitate to the surface. We identify the formation of quasi‐trapped ionic radiation belts in the model and variable surface weathering. Most of the particle precipitation occurs in Ganymede's polar caps, yet ions also precipitate onto Ganymede's equatorial region in lesser amounts due to particle shadowing of quasi‐trapped ions in Ganymede's ionic radiation belts. Model results predict that within Jupiter's central plasma sheet, total ion fluxes to Ganymede's polar, leading, and trailing hemispheres are 50 × 106, 10 × 106, and 0.06 × 106 cm−2 · s−1, respectively. Finally, convolution of incident ions fluxes with neutral sputtering yields for icy bodies predicts neutral sputtered fluxes in Ganymede's polar, leading, and trailing hemispheres of 1.3 × 109, 4.8 × 108, and 1.2 × 108 neutrals cm−2 · s−1, respectively. Together, we estimate that Ganymede loses 7.5 × 1026 neutral particles per second, or assuming a mean mass of 18 amu, approximately 23 kg/s, half that estimated for Europa.
Retrieval of Barometric Pressure from Satellite Passive Microwave Observations over the Oceans
Authors: Zhang Zijin , Dong Xiaolong , Liu Liling , He Jieying 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSea surface barometric pressure is one of the few key geophysical variables has not been derived from satellite observations. In this study, we investigate the retrieval of sea surface barometric pressure from passive microwave observations. The direct relationship between surface barometric pressure and upward‐emitted brightness temperature observed by a microwave radiometer is deduced and validated. A statistical retrieval algorithm based on the back‐propagation (BP) neural networks is proposed to estimate sea surface barometric pressure using the observations from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) onboard the Suomi‐National Polar‐Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Preparatory Project (SNPP) satellite. In situ buoy measurements and reanalysis data are used to assess the retrieval performance. Experimental results show that the proposed retrieval algorithm can estimate sea surface barometric pressure over mid‐to‐low latitude areas (
) with the root mean square errors of less than 2.0, 3.0, and 3.5 hPa for clear‐sky, cloudy, and rainy conditions, respectively. Several tropical cyclone retrieval experiments also show that the proposed retrieval algorithm behaves well under high wind conditions (15 m/s < wind speed < 28 m/s).
Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds
Authors: Oliveira D. M. , Arel D. , Raeder J. , Zesta E. , Ngwira C. M. , Carter B. A. , Yizengaw E. , Halford A. J. , Tsurutani B. T. , Gjerloev J. W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe occurrence of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) poses serious threats to modern technological infrastructure. Large GICs result from sharp variations of the geomagnetic field (dB/dt) caused by changes of large‐scale magnetospheric and ionospheric currents. Intense dB/dt perturbations are known to occur often in high‐latitude regions as a result of storm time substorms. Magnetospheric compressions usually caused by interplanetary shocks increase the magnetopause current leading to dB/dt perturbations more evident in midlatitude to low‐latitude regions, while they increase the equatorial electrojet current leading to dB/dt perturbations in dayside equatorial regions. We investigate the effects of shock impact angles and speeds on the subsequent dB/dt perturbations with a database of 547 shocks observed at the L1 point. By adopting the threshold of dB/dt = 100 nT/min, identified as a risk factor to power systems, we find that dB/dt generally surpasses this threshold when following impacts of high‐speed and nearly frontal shocks in dayside high‐latitude locations. The same trend occurs at lower latitudes and for all nightside events but with fewer high‐risk events. Particularly, we found nine events in equatorial locations with dB/dt > 100 nT/min. All events were caused by high‐speed and nearly frontal shock impacts and were observed by stations located around noon local time. These high‐risk perturbations were caused by sudden strong and symmetric magnetospheric compressions, more effectively intensifying the equatorial electrojet current, leading to sharp dB/dt perturbations. We suggest that these results may provide insights for GIC forecasting aiming at preventing degradation of power systems due to GICs.
Deubiquitinase function of A20 maintains and repairs endothelial barrier after lung vascular injury
Authors: Soni Dheeraj , Wang Dong-Mei , Regmi Sushil C. , Mittal Manish , Vogel Stephen M. , Schlüter Dirk , Tiruppathi Chinnaswamy 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cad) expression at endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) regulates vascular homeostasis. Here we show that endothelial A20 is required for VE-cad expression at AJs to maintain and repair the injured endothelial barrier. In endothelial cell (EC)-restricted Tnfaip3 (A20) knockout (A20
∆EC
) mice, LPS challenge caused uncontrolled lung vascular leak and persistent sequestration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMNs). Importantly, A20
∆EC
mice exhibited drastically reduced VE-cad expression in lungs compared with wild-type counterparts. Endothelial expression of wild-type A20 but not the deubiquitinase-inactive A20 mutant (A20C103A) prevented VE-cad ubiquitination, restored VE-cad expression, and suppressed lung vascular leak in A20
∆EC
mice. Interestingly, IRAK-M-mediated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling downstream of TLR4 was required for A20 expression in ECs. interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) knockdown suppressed basal and LPS-induced A20 expression in ECs. Further, in vivo silencing of IRAK-M in mouse lung vascular ECs through the CRISPR-Cas9 system prevented expression of A20 and VE-cad while augmenting lung vascular leak. These results suggest that targeting of endothelial A20 is a potential therapeutic strategy to restore endothelial barrier integrity in the setting of acute lung injury.
Plasma membrane LAT activation precedes vesicular recruitment defining two phases of early T-cell activation
Authors: Balagopalan Lakshmi , Yi Jason , Nguyen Tiffany , McIntire Katherine M. , Harned Adam S. , Narayan Kedar , Samelson Lawrence E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe relative importance of plasma membrane-localized LAT versus vesicular LAT for microcluster formation and T-cell receptor (TCR) activation is unclear. Here, we show the sequence of events in LAT microcluster formation and vesicle delivery, using lattice light sheet microscopy to image a T cell from the earliest point of activation. A kinetic lag occurs between LAT microcluster formation and vesicular pool recruitment to the synapse. Correlative 3D light and electron microscopy show an absence of vesicles at microclusters at early times, but an abundance of vesicles as activation proceeds. Using TIRF-SIM to look at the activated T-cell surface with high resolution, we capture directed vesicle movement between microclusters on microtubules. We propose a model in which cell surface LAT is recruited rapidly and phosphorylated at sites of T-cell activation, while the vesicular pool is subsequently recruited and dynamically interacts with microclusters.
Cross-plane coherent acoustic phonons in two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites
Authors: Guo Peijun , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Mao Lingling , Sadasivam Sridhar , Ketterson John B. , Darancet Pierre , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Schaller Richard D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTwo-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper organic–inorganic hybrid layered perovskites (2D RPs) are solution-grown semiconductors with prospective applications in next-generation optoelectronics. The heat-carrying, low-energy acoustic phonons, which are important for heat management of 2D RP-based devices, have remained unexplored. Here we report on the generation and propagation of coherent longitudinal acoustic phonons along the cross-plane direction of 2D RPs, following separate characterizations of below-bandgap refractive indices. Through experiments on single crystals of systematically varied perovskite layer thickness, we demonstrate significant reduction in both group velocity and propagation length of acoustic phonons in 2D RPs as compared to the three-dimensional methylammonium lead iodide counterpart. As borne out by a minimal coarse-grained model, these vibrational properties arise from a large acoustic impedance mismatch between the alternating layers of perovskite sheets and bulky organic cations. Our results inform on thermal transport in highly impedance-mismatched crystal sub-lattices and provide insights towards design of materials that exhibit highly anisotropic thermal dissipation properties.
High-throughput screening of prostate cancer risk loci by single nucleotide polymorphisms sequencing
Authors: Zhang Peng , Xia Ji-Han , Zhu Jing , Gao Ping , Tian Yi-Jun , Du Meijun , Guo Yong-Chen , Suleman Sufyan , Zhang Qin , Kohli Manish , Tillmans Lori S. , Thibodeau Stephen N. , French Amy J. , Cerhan James R. , Wang Li-Dong , Wei Gong-Hong , Wang Liang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFunctional characterization of disease-causing variants at risk loci has been a significant challenge. Here we report a high-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphisms sequencing (SNPs-seq) technology to simultaneously screen hundreds to thousands of SNPs for their allele-dependent protein-binding differences. This technology takes advantage of higher retention rate of protein-bound DNA oligos in protein purification column to quantitatively sequence these SNP-containing oligos. We apply this technology to test prostate cancer-risk loci and observe differential allelic protein binding in a significant number of selected SNPs. We also test a unique application of self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq) in characterizing allele-dependent transcriptional regulation and provide detailed functional analysis at two risk loci (RGS17 and ASCL2). Together, we introduce a powerful high-throughput pipeline for large-scale screening of functional SNPs at disease risk loci.
Super-resolution architecture of mammalian centriole distal appendages reveals distinct blade and matrix functional components
Authors: Yang T. Tony , Chong Weng Man , Wang Won-Jing , Mazo Gregory , Tanos Barbara , Chen Zhengmin , Tran Thi Minh Nguyet , Chen Yi-De , Weng Rueyhung Roc , Huang Chia-En , Jane Wann-Neng , Tsou Meng-Fu Bryan , Liao Jung-Chi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDistal appendages (DAPs) are nanoscale, pinwheel-like structures protruding from the distal end of the centriole that mediate membrane docking during ciliogenesis, marking the cilia base around the ciliary gate. Here we determine a super-resolved multiplex of 16 centriole-distal-end components. Surprisingly, rather than pinwheels, intact DAPs exhibit a cone-shaped architecture with components filling the space between each pinwheel blade, a new structural element we term the distal appendage matrix (DAM). Specifically, CEP83, CEP89, SCLT1, and CEP164 form the backbone of pinwheel blades, with CEP83 confined at the root and CEP164 extending to the tip near the membrane-docking site. By contrast, FBF1 marks the distal end of the DAM near the ciliary membrane. Strikingly, unlike CEP164, which is essential for ciliogenesis, FBF1 is required for ciliary gating of transmembrane proteins, revealing DAPs as an essential component of the ciliary gate. Our findings redefine both the structure and function of DAPs.