bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Reassertion of Robert Kennedy's Role as the President's ‘Indispensable Partner’ in the Successful Resolution of the Crisis
Authors: HAYES MATTHEW A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn commemoration of the 50th anniversary of his death, this article examines the role Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (RFK) played in the successful resolution of the Cuban missile crisis, drawing on significant new archival sources only made available in recent years. It challenges prevailing approaches to the Cuban missile crisis which attempt to downplay or diminish RFK's role in the successful resolution of this extraordinary thirteen‐day period, when the world stood on the brink of nuclear war. It reconciles two contrasting profiles of RFK: the dovish profile set forth by insider accounts and the hawkish one propounded by revisionist historians. This article reveals the role of RFK to have been far more complex, fluid and essential in the successful resolution of the crisis than such rigid demarcations can encompass. This article justifies its assertion across two aspects to RFK's role: firstly, as an advisor in his own right; and, secondly, as de facto Chief of Staff, presidential agent and intermediary for his brother. Quite apart from their individual contributions, taken collectively these amount to an idiosyncratic and unique role. This article argues that it was a role that could not have been fulfilled by any other individual, and without which the crisis may not have been averted.
Offshore Carbonate Facies Characterization and Reservoir Quality of Miocene Rocks in the Southern Margin of South China Sea
Authors: JANJUHAH Hammad Tariq , ALANSARI Abubaker 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCarbonate rocks are important hydrocarbon reservoirs around the globe and in Southeast Asia a key one, particularly, is the Central Luconia province. Understanding the internal characteristics, distribution, geometry and lateral extent of these rocks is essential for exploration and production success. Detailed work on Miocene carbonate reservoir facies, north of Bintulu, offshore Sarawak includes qualitative and quantitative analysis of photomicrographs and reservoir quality, considering especially microporosity. Stratigraphically, these carbonates are known as Cycles IV and V and are represented by eight major facies types (F‐1 to F‐8]. They comprise: coated grain packstone (F‐1) (av. Ø = 3%, av. Kh = 0.5 mD) (av = Average; Ø = total porosity, and Kh = permeability); massive coral lime grainstone (F‐2) (av. Ø = 14.7%, av. Kh = 6 mD); oncolite lime grain‐dominated packstone (F‐3) (av. Ø = 10%, av. Kh = 4 mD); skeletal lime/dolo‐packstone (F‐4) (av. Ø = 15%, av. Kh = 4.6 mD); coral (platy) lime mud‐dominated packstone (F‐5) (av. Ø = 4%, av. Kh = 0.5 mD); coral (branching) lime‐dominated pack‐grainstone (F‐6) (av. Ø = 15%, av. Kh = 1 mD); cross‐bedded skeletal lime packstone (F‐7) (av. Ø = 20%, av. Kh = 2 mD); and bioturbated carbonate mudstone/chalk (F‐8) (av. Ø = 8%, av. Kh = 0.8 mD). Study of thin sections reveals that red algae, foraminifera, and corals are the dominant fossil components with a minor admixture of skeletal fragments of echinoderms, bivalves, bryozoans, and green algae. All parameters, e.g., facies characterization, petrography, porosity–permeability value, and microporosity value were utilized to obtain a reliable reservoir quality. The microporosity value was quantified using digital image analysis software and is significant for recognition of good reservoir quality. Consideration of the presence of microporosity against the total porosity in the carbonate rocks has improved the correlation coefficient (R2) value, which has increased from 0.51 to 0.82.
Lessons from the genomes of lindane‐degrading sphingomonads
Authors: Nagata Yuji , Kato Hiromi , Ohtsubo Yoshiyuki , Tsuda Masataka 
Published: May 2019

SummaryBacterial strains capable of degrading man‐made xenobiotic compounds are good materials to study bacterial evolution towards new metabolic functions. Lindane (γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane, γ‐HCH, or γ‐BHC) is an especially good target compound for the purpose, because it is relatively recalcitrant but can be degraded by a limited range of bacterial strains. A comparison of the complete genome sequences of lindane‐degrading sphingomonad strains clearly demonstrated that (i) lindane‐degrading strains emerged from a number of different ancestral hosts that have recruited lin genes encoding enzymes that are able to channel lindane to central metabolites, (ii) in sphingomonads lin genes have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer mediated by different plasmids and in which IS6100 plays a role in recruitment and distribution of genes, and (iii) IS6100 plays a role in dynamic genome rearrangements providing genetic diversity to different strains and ability to evolve to other states. Lindane‐degrading bacteria whose genomes change so easily and quickly are also fascinating starting materials for tracing the bacterial evolution process experimentally in a relatively short time period. As the origin of the specific lin genes remains a mystery, such genes will be useful probes for exploring the cryptic ‘gene pool’ available to bacteria.
Design of a new pH‐activatable cell‐penetrating peptide for drug delivery into tumor cells
Authors: Zhang Yun , Li Li , Chang Linlin , Liu Hui , Song Jingjing , Liu Yue , Bao Hexin , Liu Beijun , Wang Rui , Ni Jingman 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been considered as potential drug delivery vectors due to their remarkable membrane translocation capacity. However, lack of specificity and extreme systemic toxicity hamper their successful application for drug delivery. Here, we designed a new pH‐activatable CPP, LHHLLHHLHHLLHH‐NH2 (LH), by substitution of all lysines and two leucines of LKKLLKLLKKLLKL‐NH2 (LK) with histidines. As expected, histidine‐rich LH could be activated and penetrate into cells at pH 6.0, whereas its membrane transduction activity could be shielded at pH 7.4. In contrast, LK showed no obviously different cellular uptake at both pH conditions. Importantly, LH was significantly less cytotoxicity compared with LK at both pH values, suggesting a better safety for further application. In addition, after conjugation of camptothecin (CPT) with LH, this conjugate displayed remarkably pH‐dependent antitumor activity than free CPT and LK‐CPT. This study provides a new tumor pH‐responsive CPP with low toxicity for selective anticancer drug delivery.
Impact of surgical approach on short‐term oncological outcomes and recovery following low anterior resection for rectal cancer
Authors: Hyde L. Z. , Baser O. , Mehendale S. , Guo D. , Shah M. , Kiran R. P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimThe aim was to evaluate the influence of operative approach for low anterior resection (LAR) on oncological and postoperative outcomes. Minimally invasive surgical approaches are increasingly used for the treatment of rectal cancer with mixed outcomes.MethodWe compared patients undergoing LAR in the National Cancer Database between 2010 and 2015 by surgical approach. Multivariable regression was used to identify risk factors associated with conversion rate, prolonged length of stay (LOS) and 30‐day unplanned readmission.ResultsDuring the study period, 41 282 patients underwent LAR: 6035 robotic‐assisted (RLAR) (14.6%), 13 826 laparoscopic (LLAR) (33.5%) and 21 421 open (OLAR) (51.9%). In propensity score matched analysis, RLAR compared to LLAR was associated with shorter LOS (6.3 vs 6.8 days, P < 0.0001), lower risk of prolonged LOS (22.1% vs 25.6%, P < 0.0001) and lower rate of conversion to open (7.5% vs 14.95%, P < 0.0001). Compared to OLAR, RLAR had shorter LOS (6.3 vs 7.8 days, P < 0.0001) and less prolonged LOS (14.1% vs. 20.9%, P < 0.0001). In multivariable analysis, for conversion to open, the laparoscopic approach was one of the risk factors; for prolonged LOS, conversion to open and non‐robotic approaches (i.e. LLAR and OLAR) were risk factors; and for unplanned 30‐day readmission, conversions and prolonged LOS were risk factors.ConclusionsFor patients with rectal cancer, RLAR shows recovery benefits over both open and laparoscopic LAR with reduced conversion to open compared with LLAR and less prolonged LOS compared with LLAR and OLAR. RLAR is associated with short‐term oncological outcomes comparable to OLAR, supporting its use in minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer.
Colorectal metastasis to the gallbladder mimicking a primary gallbladder malignancy: histopathological and molecular characteristics
Authors: de Bitter Tessa J J , van der Linden Ragna L A , van Vliet Shannon , Weren Fieke , Sie Daoud , Ylstra Bauke , van der Linden Hans C , Knijn Nikki , Ligtenberg Marjolijn J L , van der Post Rachel S , Simmer Femke , Nagtegaal Iris D 
Published: May 2019

AimsOutcomes of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment and survival have steadily improved during the past decades, accompanied by an increased risk of developing second primary tumours and metastatic tumours at unusual sites. Metastatic CRC can show mucosal colonisation, thereby mimicking a second primary tumour. This potential confusion could lead to incorrect diagnosis and consequently inadequate treatment of the patient. The aim of this study was to differentiate between metastatic CRC and a second primary (gallbladder cancer, GBC) using a combination of standard histopathology and molecular techniques.Methods and resultsTen consecutive patients with both CRC and GBC were identified in our region using the Dutch National Pathology Archive (PALGA). Two patients served as negative controls. Histology of GBC was reviewed by nine pathologists. A combination of immunohistochemistry, microsatellite analysis, genomewide DNA copy number analysis and targeted somatic mutation analysis was used to aid in differential diagnosis. In two patients, CRC and GBC were clonally related, as confirmed by somatic mutation analysis. For one case, this was confirmed by genomewide DNA copy number analysis. However, in both cases, pathologists initially considered the GBC as a second primary tumour.ConclusionsMetastatic CRC displaying mucosal colonisation is often misinterpreted as a second primary tumour. A combination of traditional histopathology and molecular techniques improves this interpretation, and lowers the risk of inadequate treatment.
Individuating information influences partisan judgments
Authors: Price‐Blackshear Mollie A. , Sheldon Kennon M. , Corcoran Michael J. , Bettencourt B. Ann 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThree studies examined whether Democrats and Republicans expressed favoritism toward an ingroup political candidate, even when the candidates were presented as positive and bipartisan. Participants rated electability and traits, after reading party consistent (Passage 1) and positive, bipartisan information (Passage 2). Conservatism (Studies 1–3), the cognitive reflection test (Studies 2–3), and ingroup loyalty (Study 3) were examined. Republicans showed initially higher favoritism after the first passage. Both Republicans and Democrats showed lower ingroup favoritism after reading the second passage, although Republicans continued to show more favoritism than Democrats in some circumstances. Conservatism was associated with greater favorability toward the Republican candidate. Our results showed no evidence that CRT or ingroup loyalty mediated these associations.
LncRNA MIR503HG inhibits cell migration and invasion via miR‐103/OLFM4 axis in triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Fu Jia , Dong Guanjun , Shi Hui , Zhang Junfeng , Ning Zhaochen , Bao Xingna , Liu Chenjie , Hu Jing , Liu Minghui , Xiong Bin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLong non‐coding RNA MIR503 host gene (MIR503HG) is located on chromosome Xq26.3, and has been found to be deregulated in many types of human malignancy and function as tumour suppressor or promoter based on cancer types. The role of MIR503HG in breast cancer was still unknown. In our study, we found MIR503HG expression was significantly decreased in triple‐negative breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, we observed low MIR503HG expression was correlated with late clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. In the survival analysis, we observed that triple‐negative breast cancer patients with low MIR503HG expression had a statistically significant worse prognosis compared with those with high MIR503HG expression, and low MIR503HG expression was a poor independent prognostic factor for overall survival in triple‐negative breast cancer patients. The study in vitro suggested MIR503HG inhibits cell migration and invasion via miR‐103/OLFM4 axis in triple negative breast cancer. In conclusion, MIR503HG functions as a tumour suppressive long non‐coding RNA in triple negative breast cancer.
Periodontal status of individuals with Down syndrome: sociodemographic, behavioural and family perception influence
Authors: Nuernberg M. A. A. , Ivanaga C. A. , Haas A. N. , Aranega A. M. , Casarin R. C. V. , Caminaga R. M. S. , Garcia V. G. , Theodoro L. H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to assess the periodontal condition of individuals with Down syndrome and the association with sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics and family perception of oral health.MethodsThis cross‐sectional observational study was performed at a referral centre for dental assistance to disabled persons in Araçatuba, Brazil. Parents of the individuals were interviewed, and the visible plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded by one periodontist in six sites per tooth of all teeth. The individual was the unit of analysis. The significance level was set at 5%.ResultsSixty‐four subjects (23.8 ± 8.3 years old) were included. Eighteen (28.1%) were diagnosed with gingivitis and 46 (71.9%) with periodontitis. In the multiple logistic regression final model, age and self‐reported oral hygiene practices were associated with the occurrence of periodontitis. The chance of having periodontitis was 4.7 times higher among individuals older than 20 years and approximately 4 times higher in patients whose oral hygiene was performed by themselves and their parents, compared with those who performed oral hygiene alone. Sex, follow‐up time in the centre, education, degree of participants' dependence, flossing and family history of periodontal disease were not associated with the occurrence of periodontitis. Higher levels of plaque and bleeding were observed for participants with parents reporting bad gingival health (76.2% and 46.9%) and deficient oral hygiene (79.5% and 47.3%). The perception of parents regarding gingival bleeding was correlated with higher bleeding detected clinically (P = 0.01; 50.1%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of periodontitis in individuals with Down syndrome is high and increases with age, even in the face of the parents' perception about their children's oral condition.
Activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor delta suppresses BACE1 expression by up‐regulating SOCS1 in a JAK2/STAT1‐dependent manner
Authors: Lee Won Jin , Ham Sun Ah , Lee Gyeong Hee , Choi Mi‐Jung , Yoo Hyunjin , Paek Kyung Shin , Lim Dae‐Seog , Hong Kwonho , Hwang Jung Seok , Seo Han Geuk 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNeuronal expression of beta‐secretase 1 (BACE1) has been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms that regulate BACE1 expression are unclear. Here, we show that peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor delta (PPARδ) decreases BACE1 expression by up‐regulating suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific PPARδ agonist, inhibited expression of BACE1. This effect was abrogated by shRNA‐mediated knockdown of PPARδ and by treatment with the PPARδ antagonist GSK0660, indicating that PPARδ is involved in GW501516‐mediated suppression of BACE1 expression. On the other hand, GW501516‐activated PPARδ induced expression of SOCS1, which is a negative regulator of cytokine signal transduction, at the transcriptional level by binding to a PPAR response element in its promoter. This GW501516‐mediated induction of SOCS1 expression led to down‐regulation of BACE1 expression via inactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. GW501516‐activated PPARδ suppressed the generation of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) in accordance with the decrease in BACE1 expression. Taken together, these results indicate that PPARδ attenuates BACE1 expression via SOCS1‐mediated inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signaling, thereby suppressing BACE1‐associated generation of neurotoxic Aβ.
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Surface contrast enhancement of integumentary structures in X‐ray tomography
Authors: Rühr Peter T. , Lambertz Markus 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMicro‐computed tomography (μCT) has become standard in the biological sciences to reconstruct, display and analyse 3D models of all kinds of organisms. However, it is often impossible to capture fine details of the surface and the internal anatomy at the same time with sufficient contrast. Here we introduce a new approach for the selective contrast‐enhancement of integumentary surface structures. The method relies on conventional and readily available sputter coaters to cover the entire sample with a thin layer of gold atoms. This approach proved successful on a diverse array of plants and animals. On average, we achieved a 14.48‐fold gain of surface contrast (ranging from 2.42‐fold to 86.93‐fold) compared with untreated specimens. Even X‐ray‐transparent samples such as spider silk became accessible via μCT. This selective contrast‐enhancement, makes it possible to digitally reconstruct fine surface structures with low absorbance while the tissue‐dependent grey value resolution of the inner anatomy is maintained and remains fully visualisable. The methodology is suited for a broad scientific application across biology and other sciences employing (μ)CT, as well as educative and public outreach purposes.
Voice resilience: Fostering future voice after non‐endorsement of suggestions
Authors: King Danielle D. , Ryan Ann Marie , Van Dyne Linn 
Published: May 2019

We draw on Gouldner's (1960, Am. Sociol. Rev., 25, 161) norm of reciprocity to accomplish three goals: (1) theoretically depict the employee voice process as an exchange relationship that is maintained when both parties provide benefits ‘in kind’ to each other; (2) introduce the notion of voice resilience, defined as subsequent engagement in voice despite adversity in the process (i.e., voice non‐endorsement); and (3) demonstrate the importance of voice safety as a key mechanism that facilitates voice resilience. When employees speak up to their leaders with suggestions for change, this behaviour is positively intended and represents a contribution to the leader and to the mutual relationship because voice is a risky behaviour. When leaders do not implement employee suggestions (non‐endorsement of voice) but reciprocate by providing adequate explanations for non‐endorsement, this should foster employee perceptions of voice safety and make it more likely that employees will speak up with suggestions in the future (subsequent voice). In sum, this mutual exchange of benefits, voice from the employee and adequate explanations for non‐endorsement from the leader, should foster voice resilience. Results across two studies (field and laboratory) demonstrate that sensitivity of explanations for non‐endorsement (not specificity) predicts follower's voice safety and subsequent voice. We discuss the theoretical implications of the more personal nature of sensitive explanations compared to the more descriptive and factual nature of specific explanations and consider the practical benefits of encouraging leaders and organizations to view the voice process as a mutual exchange relationship.Practitioner points

Organizations can offer training and development on how to maintain voice exchange relationships even when leaders do not endorse employee suggestions.

Our work demonstrates that it is critically important for leaders to exhibit sensitivity in their non‐endorsement responses to employee suggestions.

If explanations in the voice process are delivered in a sensitive manner, our research shows that voice resilience can be achieved by fostering voice safety such that employees are significantly more likely to engage in subsequent voice.
Ontogeny of the hyoid apparatus in Jamaican fruit bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in unraveling the evolution of echolocation in bats
Authors: Carter R. T. , Stuckey A. , Adams R. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHow echolocation and flight evolved in modern day bats is a compelling and largely unanswered question in biology. As laryngeal echolocation in bats is typified by a bony connection between the larynx and the auditory bulla via the hyoid apparatus, we developed an evolutionary‐developmental model of the hyoid to test hypotheses regarding the evolution of echolocation in bats. Using computed tomography of pre‐ and postnatal Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis), we showed that much of the hyoid apparatus was ossified prior to parturition. This includes the stereotypical articulation of the stylohyal bone with the auditory bulla found in laryngeal echolocating bats, where the cranial end of the stylohyal is flattened and wraps around the auditory bulla. Postnatally, thyrohyal ossification coincided with the development of increased echolocation call emission rate and the development of flight. We contend that the stepwise development of the hyoid apparatus of A. jamaicensis presented here serves as a proxy for the series of transitional forms that lead to the modern day hyoid apparatus and its cranial articulation with the auditory bulla in modern day laryngeally echolocating bats.
Intertidal gastropod assemblages shaped by key environmental variables across the northern Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Omanss
Authors: Amini‐Yekta Fatemeh , Shokri Mohammad Reza , Maghsoudlou Abdolvahab , Rajabi‐Maham Hassan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVariations in environmental factors can alter the species distribution pattern in intertidal rocky shores. The Persian Gulf (PG) and the Gulf of Oman (GO) vary substantially with respect to environmental and oceanographic conditions. The abundance and biodiversity of intertidal rocky gastropods in five locations across the northern PG and the GO were compared, and the environmental variables underlying the distribution pattern of these organisms were investigated. A total of 67 gastropod species were identified. The largest average density (294 ind./m2) and diversity (N = 43) for gastropods occurred in the Hotel Lipar station (LIP) located in Chabahar Bay in the GO. Clypeomorus bifasciata (107.43 ind./m2) followed by Cerithium caeruleum (94.67 ind./m2) were the most abundant species. Planaxis sulcatus and Siphonaria spp. occurred in all locations during both sampling occasions. Species richness and abundance of gastropods showed significant differences between LIP and remaining locations. A significant difference was found in assemblage structure across locations. In general, the species richness and density in the locations at GO were significantly larger than those locations in the PG, suggesting that the harsh environmental condition in the PG might be the forcing factor for this diminish. Distinct grouping was observed in both assemblage structure and species composition between locations in the PG and the GO. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of gastropods assemblages were significantly correlated with variation in salinity and substrate rugosity.