bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signals from the caudal diencephalon are required for the projection of the Interstitial Nuclei of Cajal
Authors: Solís‐S Juan C. , García‐Solís Pablo , Hernández‐Chan Nancy G. , Zamorano‐Martínez Daniela A. , Villagrán‐Herrera Ma. Elena , Hernández‐Puga Gabriela , Vergara‐Castañeda Haydé A. , Sánchez‐Tusie Ana A. , Varela‐Echavarría Alfredo , Hernández‐Montiel Hebert L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAxonal projection is controlled by discrete regions localized at the neuroepithelium, guiding the neurite growth during embryonic development. These regions exert their effect through the expression of a family of chemotropic molecules, which actively participate in the formation of neuronal connections of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Previous studies describe prosomere 1 (P1) as a possible organizer of axonal growth of the rostral rhombencephalon, contributing to the caudal projection of reticulospinal rhombencephalic neurons. This work studies the contribution of chemotropic signals from P1 or pretectal medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) neurons upon the caudal projection of the interstitial nuclei of Cajal (INC). By using in ovo surgeries, retrograde axonal labeling, and immunohistochemical techniques, we were able to determine that the absence of P1 generates a failure in the INC caudal projection, while drastically diminishing the reticulospinal rhombencephalic neurons projections. The lack of INC projection significantly decreases the number of reticulospinal neurons projecting to the MLF. We found a 48.6% decrease in the projections to the MLF from the rostral and bulbar areas. Similarly, the observed decrease at prosomere 2 was 51.5%, with 61.8% and 32.4% for prosomeres 3 and 4, respectively; thus, constituting the most affected rostral regions. These results suggest the following possibilities: i, that the axons of the reticulospinal neurons employ the INC projection as a scaffold, fasciculating with this pioneer projection; and ii, that the P1 region, including pretectal MLF neurons, exerts a chemotropic effect upon the INC caudal projection. Nonetheless the identification of these chemotropic signals is still a pending task.
The price of progress: Funding and financing Alzheimer's disease drug development
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey , Reiber Carl , Kumar Parvesh 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionAdvancing research and treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the search for effective treatments depend on a complex financial ecosystem involving federal, state, industry, advocacy, venture capital, and philanthropy funding approaches.MethodsWe conducted an expert review of the literature pertaining to funding and financing of translational research and drug development for AD.ResultsThe federal government is the largest public funder of research in AD. The National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and National Center for Advancing Translational Science all fund aspects of research in AD drug development. Non‐National Institutes of Health federal funding comes from the National Science Foundation, Veterans Administration, Food and Drug Administration, and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Academic Medical Centers host much of the federally funded basic science research and are increasingly involved in drug development. Funding of the “Valley of Death” involves philanthropy and federal funding through small business programs and private equity from seed capital, angel investors, and venture capital companies. Advocacy groups fund both basic science and clinical trials. The Alzheimer Association is the advocacy organization with the largest research support portfolio relevant to AD drug development. Pharmaceutical companies are the largest supporters of biomedical research worldwide; companies are most interested in late stage de‐risked drugs. Drugs progressing into phase II and III are candidates for pharmaceutical industry support through licensing, mergers and acquisitions, and co‐development collaborations.DiscussionTogether, the funding and financing entities involved in supporting AD drug development comprise a complex, interactive, dynamic financial ecosystem. Funding source interaction is largely unstructured and available funding is insufficient to meet all demands for new therapies. Novel approaches to funding such as mega‐funds have been proposed and more integration of component parts would assist in accelerating drug development.
Control of circular cylinder flow using distributed passive jets
Authors: Clapperton Ben L. , Bearman Peter W. 
Published: June 2018

A wind tunnel study has been carried out to investigate flow control around a hollow circular cylinder using passive jets driven by naturally occurring pressure differences. Flow enters the cylinder through spanwise holes along the stagnation line and exits through a spanwise distribution of holes at$\pm 65^{\circ }$. The diameter of the entry and exit holes were 1 % and 0.5 % of the cylinder diameter, respectively. Reynolds numbers were at the upper end of the subcritical regime and ranged from$3\times 10^{4}$to$2.8\times 10^{5}$. Jet spacings of 10 % and 20 % of the cylinder diameter were investigated, and the ratio of the average jet exit velocity to the cross-flow velocity at the boundary layer edge was found to rise to approximately 0.35 and 0.4, respectively, above a Reynolds number of$1.5\times 10^{5}$. Findings based on using the surface oil flow technique revealed a repeating, organised cellular pattern downstream of adjacent jet exit holes consisting of a primary counter-rotating vortex pair structure, followed by a secondary weaker pair. Downstream of adjacent exit holes, and centred midway between them, there exists a separation bubble which delays final flow separation compared with the flow directly downstream of a jet. The variation in the angular position of boundary layer separation across the span had the effect of suppressing von Kármán vortex shedding. This resulted in a drag coefficient, at the upper end of the Reynolds-number range studied, 14.5 % lower than that found using trip wires to initiate boundary layer transition.
Singular jets during the collapse of drop-impact craters
Authors: Thoroddsen S. T. , Takehara K. , Nguyen H. D. , Etoh T. G. 
Published: June 2018

When a drop impacts on a deep pool at moderate velocity it forms a hemispheric crater which subsequently rebounds to the original free-surface level, often forming Worthington jets, which rise vertically out of the crater centre. Under certain impact conditions the crater collapse forms a dimple at its bottom, which pinches off a bubble and is also known to be associated with the formation of a very fast thin jet. Herein we use two ultra-high-speed video cameras to observe simultaneously the dimple collapse and the speed of the resulting jet. The fastest fine jets are observed at speeds of approximately $50~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$ and emerge when the dimple forms a cylinder which retracts without pinching off a bubble. We also identify what appears to be micro-bubbles at the bottom of this cylinder, which we propose are caused by local cavitation from extensional stress in the flow entering the jet. The radial collapse of the dimple does not follow capillary-inertial power laws nor is its bottom driven by a curvature singularity, as has been proposed in some earlier studies. The fastest jets are produced by pure inertial focusing and emerge at finite dimple size, bypassing the pinch-off singularity. These jets emerge from the liquid contained originally in the drop. Finally, we measure directly the compression of the central bubble following the pinch-off and the subsequent large volume oscillation, which occurs at frequencies slightly above the audible range at approximately 23 kHz.
Dynamics of paleoenvironments in the Cis-Ural steppes during the mid- to late Holocene
Authors: Khokhlova Olga , Morgunova Nina , Khokhlov Alexander , Golyeva Alexandra 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe multi-layered settlement of Turganik in the Tok River valley (steppe region west of the Urals) has been studied using paleopedological and microbiomorphical methods. Early humans lived in the settlement during the Eneolithic epoch (the fifth millennium BC) and in the Early Bronze Age (the fourth millennium BC). The cultural layers attributable to the Atlantic period of the Holocene developed under conditions of a rather dry climate, with the landscapes being dominated by the grass and herb steppe. The settlement area was above the flood water level and was suitable for habitation. The soils in its vicinity were Kastanozems (Endosalic Protosodic). The final stages of the cultural layer formation bear traces of strong (though short-term) floods, with the deposits of the latter partly concealed traces of the preceding long-term arid phase. Maximum aridity was during the final interval of the Atlantic period. The Subboreal and Subatlantic periods were noted for meadow-chernozem soil formation (Luvic Chernozems [Stagnic]) and an increasing proportion of arboreal species in the pollen assemblages. Some phytoliths of aquatic plants were found in the assemblages dominated by those of meadow grasses. The climate was more humid and cool, although short episodes of aridity were possible.
Full and Special Colombeau Algebras
Authors: Grosser M. , Nigsch E. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe introduce full diffeomorphism-invariant Colombeau algebras with addedε-dependence in the basic space. This unites the full and special settings of the theory into one single framework. Using locality conditions we find the appropriate definition of point values in full Colombeau algebras and show that special generalized points suffice to characterize elements of full Colombeau algebras. Moreover, we specify sufficient conditions for the sheaf property to hold and give a definition of the sharp topology in this framework.
Comparison of clinical outcomes of three different packing materials in the treatment of severe acute otitis externa
Authors: Demir D , Yılmaz M S , Güven M , Kara A , Elden H , Erkorkmaz Ü 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the clinical outcomes of biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam versus ribbon gauze and ear wick in the treatment of severe acute otitis externa.MethodsNinety-two adults with severe acute otitis externa were randomly assigned to groups receiving ear wick (n= 28), ribbon gauze (n= 34) or biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam (n= 30). Clinical efficacy, in terms of otalgia, oedema, erythema and tenderness of the external auditory canal, was assessed before packing was applied and at follow up on the 3rd and 7th days of presentation.ResultsAll packing materials were associated with improved otalgia and oedema on the 3rd day; however, there were significant differences between biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam and the other packing materials, and there was no significant reduction in tenderness in the biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam group on the 3rd day. In the ribbon gauze and ear wick groups, improvements in all clinical efficacy scores were statistically significant for all pairwise comparisons.ConclusionThe three packing materials were all quite effective in treating severe acute otitis externa, but ear wick and ribbon gauze were superior to biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam for relieving signs and symptoms, especially on the 3rd day.
A vibration-driven planar locomotion robot—Shell
Authors: Zhan Xiong , Xu Jian , Fang Hongbin 
Published: June 2018

SUMMARYThis paper reports the design, analysis, and control of a miniature vibration-driven planar locomotion robot called Shell. A vibration-driven system is able to achieve locomotion based on internal oscillations and anisotropic friction forces. In this robot design, two parallel oscillators are employed to provide propelling forces, and a blade-like support is designed to generate anisotropic frictional contact with the ground. If the two parallel oscillators are of different frequencies and amplitudes, two-dimensional locomotion of the robot can be achieved. To predict the robot's planar locomotion, a dynamic model is developed. Controlling the robot's locomotion and especially, the locomotion modes can be achieved by adjusting the vibration frequencies of the two internal oscillators. Experimental results show that Shell can be controlled to move rectilinearly and along circles with certain curvatures. In addition, by combining these basic trajectories, Shell can move freely on a horizontal plane.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF A HEALTH TECHNOLOGY: A SCOPING REVIEW
Authors: Polisena Julie , De Angelis Gino , Kaunelis David , Shaheen Mackenzie , Gutierrez-Ibarluzea Iñaki 
Published: June 2018

Introduction:The Health Technology Expert Review Panel is an advisory body to Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) that develops recommendations on health technology assessments (HTAs) for nondrug health technologies using a deliberative framework. The framework spans several domains, including the environmental impact of the health technology(ies). Our research objective was to identify articles on frameworks, methods or case studies on the environmental impact assessment of health technologies.Methods:A literature search in major databases and a focused gray literature search were conducted. The main search concepts were HTA and environmental impact/sustainability. Eligible articles were those that described a conceptual framework or methods used to conduct an environmental assessment of health technologies, and case studies on the application of an environmental assessment.Results:From the 1,710 citations identified, thirteen publications were included. Two articles presented a framework to incorporate environmental assessment in HTAs. Other approaches described weight of evidence practices and comprehensive and integrated environmental impact assessments. Central themes derived include transparency and repeatability, integration of components in a framework or of evidence into a single outcome, data availability to ensure the accuracy of findings, and familiarity with the approach used.Conclusions:Each framework and methods presented have different foci related to the ecosystem, health economics, or engineering practices. Their descriptions suggested transparency, repeatability, and the integration of components or of evidence into a single outcome as their main strengths. Our review is an initial step of a larger initiative by CADTH to develop the methods and processes to address the environmental impact question in an HTA.
What is ‘footprint’ in Antarctica: proposing a set of definitions
Authors: Brooks Shaun T. , Jabour Julia , Bergstrom Dana M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFootprinthas become a common term in environmental research in Antarctica, yet after 25 years there is still no certainty about what it refers to. In relation to Antarctica, the closest definition has been ‘the spatial extent and intensity of disturbance’. Yet there is still confusion around what a ‘disturbance’footprintis actually measuring. This is evident within Committee for Environmental Protection documents, in which there have been over 80 mentions of footprint, with at least eight different meanings, since 1998. To improve clarity in its use by both scientists and policymakers, we first examine the development of the termfootprint, how it has been applied, and its usefulness in applications such as interpreting ‘minor or transitory’ activities. We then identify and define a suite of footprint types (disturbance, building, contamination, non-native species, noise, visual, visitation, risk, carbon, ecological, and human), with the aim of developing a common understanding of what the term refers to. Our goal is to ensure the concept of footprint can be a useful environmental tool to facilitate progressing environmental protection.
Interpreting biological variation: seeds, populations and sensitivity thresholds
Authors: Bradford Kent J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSeeds offer a unique perspective from which to view biology. An individual seed is an autonomous biological entity that must rely on its own resources (and resourcefulness) to persist after dispersal and to time its transition to germination and seedling growth to coincide with environmental opportunities for survival. At the same time, seed biology in agriculture and ecology is determined largely by the behaviours of populations of individual seeds. The percentage of seeds in a population that is in a particular state (e.g. dormant, germinated, dead) at a given time is a fundamental metric of seed biology. This duality of individual diversity underlying consistent population-wide behaviour patterns can be described quantitatively using population-based threshold (PBT) models. While conceptually simple, these models are highly flexible and can describe the wide diversity of responses of seed populations to temperature, water potential, hormones, oxygen, light, ageing and combinations of these factors. This seed behaviour is linked to respiratory rates of individual seeds, indicating that basic metabolic processes within seeds vary among individuals in accordance with PBT principles. Looking more broadly across microbial, plant and animal biology, examples of cellular diversity in hormonal sensitivity, gene expression, developmental responses and signalling abound. This variation often is termed ‘noise’, and analysis efforts are focused on extracting mean signals from this variation to understand regulatory pathways. However, extension of the PBT approach to the cellular and molecular levels suggests that population sensitivity distributions and recruitment phenomena may underlie many fundamental biological processes. Thus, concepts and quantitative approaches developed for the analysis of seed populations can be applied across biological scales from molecules to ecosystems to interpret inherent biological variation and provide mechanistic insights into the nature of biological regulatory systems.
Left aortic arch with right descending aorta and severe coarctation: an unusual “vascular clamp” with airway compression
Authors: Sheth Ronak , Varghese Roy , Sivakumar Kothandam 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLeft aortic arch with right descending aorta is a rare congenital anomaly. We describe the clinical presentation of this unusual anomaly associated with cardiorespiratory compromise from severe aortic obstruction and left main bronchus compression. The anatomical peculiarities, embryological basis, and surgical solutions are presented.
The Benefits and Pitfalls of Google Scholar
Authors: Jensenius Francesca R. , Htun Mala , Samuels David J. , Singer David A. , Lawrence Adria , Chwe Michael 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTGoogle Scholar (GS) is an important tool that faculty, administrators, and external reviewers use to evaluate the scholarly impact of candidates for jobs, tenure, and promotion. This article highlights both the benefits of GS—including the reliability and consistency of its citation counts and its platform for disseminating scholarship and facilitating networking—and its pitfalls. GS has biases because citation is a social and political process that disadvantages certain groups, including women, younger scholars, scholars in smaller research communities, and scholars opting for risky and innovative work. GS counts also reflect practices of strategic citation that exacerbate existing hierarchies and inequalities. As a result, it is imperative that political scientists incorporate other data sources, especially independent scholarly judgment, when making decisions that are crucial for careers. External reviewers have a unique obligation to offer a reasoned, rigorous, and qualitative assessment of a scholar’s contributions and therefore should not use GS.
Auroral Ionospheric E Region Parameters Obtained From Satellite‐Based Far Ultraviolet and Ground‐Based Ionosonde Observations: Data, Methods, and Comparisons
Authors: Knight H. K. , Galkin I. A. , Reinisch B. W. , Zhang Y. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA large number (~1,000) of coincident auroral far ultraviolet (FUV) and ground‐based ionosonde observations are compared. This is the largest study to date of coincident satellite‐based FUV and ground‐based observations of the auroral E region. FUV radiance values from the NASA Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics Global Ultraviolet Imager and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F16 and F18 Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager are included in the study. A method is described for deriving auroral ionospheric E region maximum electron density (NmE) and height of maximum electron density (hmE) from N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield radiances given in two channels using lookup tables generated with the Boltzmann 3‐Constituent (B3C) auroral particle transport and optical emission model. Our rules for scaling (i.e., extracting ionospheric parameters from) ionograms to obtain auroral NmE and hmE are also described. Statistical and visual comparison methods establish statistical consistency and agreement between the two methods for observing auroral NmE, but not auroral hmE. It is expected that auroral nonuniformity will cause the two NmE methods to give inconsistent results, but we have not attempted to quantify this effect in terms of more basic principles, and our results show that the two types of NmE observations are well correlated and statistically symmetrical, meaning that there is no overall bias and no scale‐dependent bias.
A Probabilistic Shear Wave Velocity Model of the Crust in the Central West Australian Craton Constrained by Transdimensional Inversion of Ambient Noise Dispersion
Authors: Yuan Huaiyu , Bodin Thomas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Capricorn Orogen in central Western Australia played important roles in initializing and finalizing the West Australian craton. Surface geological mapping and isotopic studies show that the crust has recorded over a billion years of tectonic history spanning from its crustal formation in the Archean to episodes of tectonothermal events during the Proterozoic cratonization processes. The region therefore provides us with an ideal laboratory to characterize the seismic signature associated with tectonic processes. We constructed a crustal shear wave velocity model of the core region of the orogen, the Glenburgh Terrane and its north boundary, by inverting the array group velocity dispersion data measured from a high‐density temporary array. A modified Bayesian transdimensional tomography technique, which incorporates a smooth‐varying regional reference velocity model and Moho topography, was used to invert for the crustal velocity variations. The inverted velocity model adds great detail to the intracrustal structure and provides complementary seismic velocity information to refine the regional tectonic processes. Distinct patterns in the velocity structure support that the Glenburgh Terrane is an Archean microcontinent and favor the role of Paleoproterozoic subductions/accretions during the assembly of the West Australian Craton.