bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexi work, financial well-being, work–life balance and their effects on subjective experiences of productivity and job satisfaction of females in an institution of higher learning
Authors: Jackson Leon T.B. , Fransman Edwina I. 
Published: March 2018

Background: Expressions such as ‘there are not enough hours in the day’ and ‘the 25 h workday’ or cliché statements such as ‘working 24/7’ have become common overtones in the way employees feel about time at work. Because of this ‘lack of time’ feeling, alternative work arrangements such as flexitime, telecommuting and practices such as work–life balance have emerged as popular topics for researchers, employees, organisations and the like in the past few decades. Setting: Women are still the main caregivers of family members and households, and compared to men, they are less likely to be granted flexitime by their employers. It therefore seems realistic to imagine that women would suffer more from work–life conflict. Women still earn, on average, less than men and are more likely to have part-time jobs. This has an impact on the financial well-being of women. These issues have yet to be investigated in an institution of higher learning in South Africa. Aim: This study was aimed at determining: (1) the relationship between flexi work, financial well-being and work–life balance, productivity and job satisfaction, (2) the role of flexible work, financial well-being and work–life balance in productivity and job satisfaction, and (3) the mediating effect of productivity (job satisfaction in the alternative model) in the relationship between flexible work, financial well-being and work–life balance and job satisfaction (productivity in the alternative model). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used with a convenience sample (n = 252) of female support employees, employed in a higher education institution in the North West province of South Africa. Results: Findings of the study indicated a statistically significant relationship between the variables. Results indicated that financial well-being, work–life balance and productivity were statistically significant predictors of job satisfaction, and in addition, subjective experiences of productivity serve as partial mediators in the relationship between financial well-being and work–life balance on the one hand, and job satisfaction on the other hand. Conclusion: It seems like financial well-being and work–life balance play a more important role in job satisfaction and that financial well-being and work–life balance are more important for job satisfaction through subjective experiences of productivity. It would therefore make sense to increase experiences of financial well-being and work–life balance to address experiences of low levels of job satisfaction and subjective experiences of productivity.
Private hospital expenditure and relation to utilisation: Observations from the data
Authors: Erasmus Marine , Kean Helen 
Published: March 2018

Background: This study contributes to the detailed understanding of the drivers of medical scheme expenditure on private hospitals in South Africa over 2006–2014. This is important in the context of various regulatory reforms that are being considered at present. Aim: The aim is to provide an updated analysis and description of the drivers of medical scheme expenditure on private hospitals in South Africa. Setting: Private hospital market, South Africa. Methods: Data from the three largest private hospital groups – which account for approximately 70% of the South African private hospital market share – are collected, aggregated and analysed. This study uses targeted descriptive and exploratory analyses, relying on a residual approach to hospital expenditure. Results: It is found that over time medical scheme beneficiaries, on average, are being admitted to private hospitals more frequently, as well as staying in hospital for longer during each admission. The data also indicate that over time older people are being admitted to hospital more often. Conclusion: This study’s findings contradict previous assertions that it is only prices driving increased medical scheme expenditure on private hospitals.
Similar HIV protection from four weeks of zidovudine versus nevirapine prophylaxis among formula-fed infants in Botswana
Authors: Powis Kathleen M. , Lockman Shahin , Ajibola Gbolahan , Hughes Michael D. , Bennett Kara , Leidner Jean , Batlang Oganne , Botebele Kerapetse , Moyo Sikhulile , Van Widenfelt Erik , Makhema Joseph , Petlo Chipo , Jibril Haruna B. , McIntosh Kenneth , Essex Max , Shapiro Roger L. 
Published: March 2018

Background: The World Health Organization HIV guidelines recommend either infant zidovudine (ZDV) or nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis for the prevention of intrapartum motherto-child HIV transmission (MTCT) among formula-fed infants. No study has evaluated the comparative efficacy of infant prophylaxis with twice daily ZDV versus once daily NVP in exclusively formula-fed HIV-exposed infants. Methods: Using data from the Mpepu Study, a Botswana-based clinical trial investigating whether prophylactic co-trimoxazole could improve infant survival, retrospective analyses of MTCT events and Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Grade 3 or Grade 4 occurrences of anaemia or neutropenia were performed among infants born full-term (≥ 37 weeks gestation), with a birth weight ≥ 2500 g and who were formula-fed from birth. ZDV infant prophylaxis was used from Mpepu Study inception. A protocol modification mid-way through the study led to the subsequent use of NVP infant prophylaxis. Results: Among infants qualifying for this secondary retrospective analysis, a total of 695 (52%) infants received ZDV, while 646 (48%) received NVP from birth for at least 25 days but no more than 35 days. Confirmed intrapartum HIV infection occurred in two (0.29%) ZDV recipients and three (0.46%) NVP recipients (p = 0.68). Anaemia occurred in 19 (2.7%) ZDV versus 12 (1.9%) NVP (p = 0.36) recipients. Neutropenia occurred in 28 (4.0%) ZDV versus 21 (3.3%) NVP recipients (p = 0.47). Conclusions: Both ZDV and NVP resulted in low intrapartum transmission rates and no significant differences in severe infant haematologic toxicity (DAIDS Grade 3 or Grade 4) among formula-fed full-term infants with a birthweight ≥ 2500 g.
Residents' Ratings of Their Clinical Supervision and Their Self-Reported Medical Errors: Analysis of Data From 2009
Authors: Baldwin DeWitt C. , Daugherty Steven R. , Ryan Patrick M. , Yaghmour Nicholas A. , Philibert Ingrid 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Background
Medical errors and patient safety are major concerns for the medical and medical education communities. Improving clinical supervision for residents is important in avoiding errors, yet little is known about how residents perceive the adequacy of their supervision and how this relates to medical errors and other education outcomes, such as learning and satisfaction.

Methods
We analyzed data from a 2009 survey of residents in 4 large specialties regarding the adequacy and quality of supervision they receive as well as associations with self-reported data on medical errors and residents' perceptions of their learning environment.

Results
Residents' reports of working without adequate supervision were lower than data from a 1999 survey for all 4 specialties, and residents were least likely to rate “lack of supervision” as a problem. While few residents reported that they received inadequate supervision, problems with supervision were negatively correlated with sufficient time for clinical activities, overall ratings of the residency experience, and attending physicians as a source of learning. Problems with supervision were positively correlated with resident reports that they had made a significant medical error, had been belittled or humiliated, or had observed others falsifying medical records.

Conclusions
Although working without supervision was not a pervasive problem in 2009, when it happened, it appeared to have negative consequences. The association between inadequate supervision and medical errors is of particular concern.
Normalized CES supply-side system approach: how to replicate Klump, McAdam, and Willman (2007)
Authors: Daniels Gerald Eric , Kakar Venoo 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This paper lays out a replication plan for the influential paper by Klump et al. (Factor Substitution and Factor-augmenting Technical Progress in the United States: a Normalized Supply-side System Approach 2007) on using a normalized CES supply-side system approach to estimate the value of the elasticity of substitution between factors of production and identify the growth patterns for biased technical progress. The authors begin with a general discussion of basic principles on carrying out a replication study. Further, they outline key steps to follow to replicate the chosen paper and establish criteria that can be used to determine if the replication confirms or disconfirms the original findings. This paper contributes to the increased interest in improving replications in economics research.
Uncertainty characterization of HOAPS 3.3 latent heat-flux-related parameters
Authors: Liman Julian , Schröder Marc , Fennig Karsten , Andersson Axel , Hollmann Rainer 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Latent heat flux (LHF) is one of the main contributors to
the global energy budget. As the density of in situ
LHF measurements over the global oceans is generally poor, the potential of remotely sensed LHF for meteorological
applications is enormous. However, to date none of the available satellite products have included estimates of systematic, random, and
sampling uncertainties, all of which are essential for assessing their quality. Here, the challenge is taken on by matching
LHF-related pixel-level data of the Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite (HOAPS) climatology
(version 3.3) to in situ measurements originating from a high-quality data archive of buoys and selected ships. Assuming the ground
reference to be bias-free, this allows for deriving instantaneous systematic uncertainties as a function of four atmospheric
predictor variables. The approach is regionally independent and therefore overcomes the issue of sparse in situ data densities over
large oceanic areas. Likewise, random uncertainties are derived, which include not only a retrieval component but also contributions
from in situ measurement noise and the collocation procedure. A recently published random uncertainty decomposition approach is
applied to isolate the random retrieval uncertainty of all LHF-related HOAPS parameters. It makes use of two combinations
of independent data triplets of both satellite and in situ data, which are analysed in terms of their pairwise variances of
differences. Instantaneous uncertainties are finally aggregated, allowing for uncertainty characterizations on monthly to
multi-annual timescales. Results show that systematic LHF uncertainties range between 15 and 50 W m−2 with
a global mean of 25 W m−2. Local maxima are mainly found over the subtropical ocean basins as well as along the western
boundary currents. Investigations indicate that contributions from qa (U) to the overall LHF uncertainty are
on the order of 60 % (25 %). From an instantaneous point of view, random retrieval uncertainties are specifically large over the
subtropics with a global average of 37 W m−2. In a climatological sense, their magnitudes become negligible, as do
respective sampling uncertainties. Regional and seasonal analyses suggest that largest total LHF uncertainties are seen
over the Gulf Stream and the Indian monsoon region during boreal winter. In light of the uncertainty measures, the observed
continuous global mean LHF increase up to 2009 needs to be treated with caution. The demonstrated approach can easily be
transferred to other satellite retrievals, which increases the significance of the present work.
COCAP: a carbon dioxide analyser for small unmanned aircraft systems
Authors: Kunz Martin , Lavric Jost V. , Gerbig Christoph , Tans Pieter , Neff Don , Hummelgård Christine , Martin Hans , Rödjegård Henrik , Wrenger Burkhard , Heimann Martin 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) could provide a cost-effective way to close gaps in the observation of the carbon cycle, provided that small yet accurate analysers are available. We have developed a COmpact Carbon dioxide analyser for Airborne Platforms (COCAP). The accuracy of COCAP's carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements is ensured by calibration in an environmental chamber, regular calibration in the field and by chemical drying of sampled air. In addition, the package contains a lightweight thermal stabilisation system that reduces the influence of ambient temperature changes on the CO2 sensor by 2 orders of magnitude. During validation of COCAP's CO2 measurements in simulated and real flights we found a measurement error of 1.2 µmol mol−1 or better with no indication of bias. COCAP is a self-contained package that has proven well suited for the operation on board small UASs. Besides carbon dioxide dry air mole fraction it also measures air temperature, humidity and pressure. We describe the measurement system and our calibration strategy in detail to support others in tapping the potential of UASs for atmospheric trace gas measurements.
The effect of subauroral polarization streams on the mid-latitude thermospheric disturbance neutral winds: a universal time effect
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Kedeng , Zheng Zhichao , Ridley Aaron James 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The temporal and spatial variations in thermospheric neutral winds at an altitude of 400 km in response to subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) are investigated using global ionosphere and thermosphere model simulations under the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) condition. During SAPS periods the westward neutral winds in the subauroral latitudes are greatly strengthened at dusk. This is due to the ion drag effect, through which SAPS can accelerate neutral winds in the westward direction. The new findings are that for SAPS commencing at different universal times, the strongest westward neutral winds exhibit large variations in amplitudes. The ion drag and Joule heating effects are dependent on the solar illumination, which exhibit UT variations due to the displacement of the geomagnetic and geographic poles. With more sunlight, stronger westward neutral winds can be generated, and the center of these neutral winds shifts to a later magnetic local time than neutral winds with less solar illumination. In the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, the disturbance neutral wind reaches a maximum at 18:00 and 04:00 UT, and a minimum at 04:00 and 16:00 UT, respectively. There is a good correlation between the neutral wind velocity and cos0.5(SZA) (solar zenith angle). The reduction in the electron density and enhancement in the air mass density at an altitude of 400 km are strongest when the maximum solar illumination collocates with the SAPS. The correlation between the neutral wind velocity and cos0.5(SZA) is also good during the northward IMF period. The effect of a sine-wave oscillation of SAPS on the neutral wind also exhibits UT variations in association with the solar illumination.
Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) reveals the elevation of urinary acetylcarnitine in non‐human primates (NHPs) exposed to radiation
Authors: Vera Nicholas B. , Chen Zhidan , Pannkuk Evan , Laiakis Evagelia C. , Fornace Albert J. , Erion Derek M. , Coy Stephen L. , Pfefferkorn Jeffrey A. , Vouros Paul 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAcetylcarnitine has been identified as one of several urinary biomarkers indicative of radiation exposure in adult rhesus macaque monkeys (non‐human primates, NHPs). Previous work has demonstrated an up‐regulated dose‐response profile in a balanced male/female NHP cohort. As a contribution toward the development of metabolomics‐based radiation biodosimetry in human populations and other applications of acetylcarnitine screening, we have developed a quantitative, high‐throughput method for the analysis of acetylcarnitine. We employed the Sciex SelexIon DMS‐MS/MS QTRAP 5500 platform coupled to flow injection analysis (FIA), thereby allowing for fast analysis times of less than 0.5 minutes per injection with no chromatographic separation. Ethyl acetate is used as a DMS modifier to reduce matrix chemical background. We have measured NHP urinary acetylcarnitine from the male cohorts that were exposed to the following radiation levels: control, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 10 Gy. Biological variability, along with calibration accuracy of the FIA‐DMS‐MS/MS method, indicates LOQ of 20 μM, with observed biological levels on the order of 600 μM and control levels near 10 μM. There is an apparent onset of intensified response in the transition from 6 to 10 Gy. The results demonstrate that FIA‐DMS‐MS/MS is a rapid, quantitative technique that can be utilized for the analysis of urinary biomarker levels for radiation biodosimetry.
Therapeutic effect of perinatal exogenous melatonin on behavioral and histopathological changes and antioxidative enzymes in neonate mouse model of cortical malformation
Authors: Azizi Maryam , Pasbakhsh Parichehr , Nadji Seyed Alireza , Pourabdollah Mihan , Mokhtari Tahmineh , Sadr Makan , Omidi Negar , Kashani Iraj Ragerdi , Zendehdel Adib 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundMelatonin, which is an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent, can be an effective treatment for neurological disorders. We assessed the effect of melatonin administration on histological changes, antioxidant enzyme levels, and behavioral changes in a neonate mouse model of cortical malformation.Materials and methodsCortical malformation was induced by two injections of 15 mg/kg methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on gestational day 15 (E15). Pregnant Balb/c mice were randomly divided into the following six groups: Control (CO), Melatonin (MEL), Luzindole (LUZ), MAM, MEL + MAM1 (co‐treatment), and MEL + MAM2 (pretreatment). Melatonin was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 10 mg/kg daily (from E15 until delivery of from E6 for 20 days after delivery). On postnatal day 31, the activity and anxiety of mice were assessed by open field and elevated plus maze tests, respectively. Histopathological changes in the neonate cortex were studied using hematoxylin and eosin staining and neurofilament immunohistochemistry. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the activity of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX).ResultsIn the behavioral assessment of neonate mice, a significant increase in the crossing activity and decrease in anxiety were recorded in groups treated with MAM plus melatonin. In histological examination, heterotopic, dysmorphic, and ectopic cells, as well as dyslamination, were seen in the MAM and LUZ groups. However, these defects were attenuated in the MAM plus melatonin groups. Significant reductions were recorded in the SOD and GPX levels in the MAM and LUZ groups compared to the control, while the NO level was increased in these groups. Groups that received MAM plus melatonin showed significant increases in the levels of SOD and GPX and a significant decrease in the level of NO, compared to the MAM group.ConclusionMelatonin increased the crossing activity and decreased the anxiety in the treated mice of the neonate mouse model of cortical malformation. Histologically, the administration of exogenous melatonin in pregnant mice and their neonates had a protective effect on the cerebral cortex of neonates. Also, this effect is elicited by decreasing NO and increasing antioxidative enzymes.
The Contested Appropriation of George Gervase's Martyrdom: European Religious Patronage and the Controversy over the Oath of Allegiance
Authors: Kelly James E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFrom the beginning of the seventeenth century, Englishmen professed as Benedictine monks in mainland Europe began returning to their homeland. Until that point, the Catholic mission to England had been run by secular clergy and Jesuits, relationships between the two clerical parties growing increasingly troubled over how the Catholic Reformation should be implemented in England. The arrival of the Benedictines saw the offering of a “third way” to England's proscribed Catholics. Yet with the various missions dependent on lay Catholic resources and support both in England and in mainland Europe, it was necessary for the Benedictines to justify their presence in this often fraught environment. As such, they forcefully laid claim to contemporary English Benedictine martyrs against rival claims by other clerical groups. These battles for validation reached a new level of intensity following James I's serving of the Oath of Allegiance. This article explores how competing groups of English missionary clergy sought to justify their presence in England. Taking the case of two conflicting images of the executed George Gervase, it argues that the contest for martyrs sheds new light on the ways in which martyrdom was exploited by different groups; it also contributes to debates about the Oath of Allegiance, which was threatening to derail the wider Catholic Reformation across mainland Europe. By placing these clashes over English religious identity in both domestic and international contexts, the article makes evident that events on the peripheries of mainland Europe affected discussions at its center.
On-chip temporal focusing of elastic waves in a phononic crystal waveguide
Authors: Kurosu M. , Hatanaka D. , Onomitsu K. , Yamaguchi H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe ability to manipulate acoustic and elastic waveforms in continuous media has attracted significant research interest and is crucial for practical applications ranging from biological imaging to material characterization. Although several spatial focusing techniques have been developed, these systems require sophisticated resonant structures with narrow bandwidth, which limit their practical applications. Here we demonstrate temporal pulse manipulation in a dispersive one-dimensional phononic crystal waveguide, which enables the temporal control of ultrasonic wave propagation. On-chip pulse focusing is realized at a desired time and position with chirped input pulses that agree perfectly with the theoretical prediction. Moreover, traveling four-wave mixing experiments are implemented, providing a platform on which to realize novel nonlinear phenomena in the system. Incorporating this dispersive pulse engineering scheme into nonlinear phononic crystal architecture opens up the possibility of investigating novel phenomena such as phononic solitons.
Origin of large plasticity and multiscale effects in iron-based metallic glasses
Authors: Sarac Baran , Ivanov Yurii P. , Chuvilin Andrey , Schöberl Thomas , Stoica Mihai , Zhang Zaoli , Eckert Jürgen 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe large plasticity observed in newly developed monolithic bulk metallic glasses under quasi-static compression raises a question about the contribution of atomic scale effects. Here, nanocrystals on the order of 1–1.5 nm in size are observed within an Fe-based bulk metallic glass using aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The accumulation of nanocrystals is linked to the presence of hard and soft zones, which is connected to the micro-scale hardness and elastic modulus confirmed by nanoindentation. Furthermore, we performed systematic simulations of HRTEM images at varying sample thicknesses, and established a theoretical model for the estimation of the shear transformation zone size. The findings suggest that the main mechanism behind the formation of softer regions are the homogenously dispersed nanocrystals, which are responsible for the start and stop mechanism of shear transformation zones and hence, play a key role in the enhancement of mechanical properties.