bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clyde Sea hydrography
Authors: Edwards A. , Baxter M. S. , Ellett D. J. , Martin J. H. A. , Meldrum D. T. , Griffiths C. R. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisA front on the Great Plateau separates tidally mixed water of the North Channel from quieter less saline surface layers of the Outer Firth. These water bodies exchange about 1·6 × 104m3 s−1, leading to a residence time of two months in the Outer Firth surface layers. The position of the front is determined by the balance of mixing and buoyancy supply. The wind modulates weak tidal currents in the Outer Firth by driving surface currents and setting up deeper compensation flows. Deep water in the Arran Deep and Kilbrannan Sound is irregularly renewed by inflow of dense water over the Eastern Plateau from autumn to spring of about 1 × 104m3 s−1 but stagnates in summer below a thermocline. A minor part of this renewal comes over the Davaar sill into Kilbrannan Sound.Bottom water of the fjordic sea-lochs is isolated in summer and renewed during the winter. The renewals occur by density currents flowing in from the sills and these produce a characterising grading of the bottom sediments from coarse to fine away from the sills.
A comparison of twin and triplet lamb rearing
Authors: Gallo C. B. , Davies D. A. R. 
Published: June 2019

In high prolificacy sheep production many ewes produce more than 2 lambs. The trial reported here was designed to look at triplet rearing as a system of dealing with the extra lamb. The effects of the method on both ewe and lamb performance were recorded.The trial involved 32 Cambridge and Suffolk x Cambridge ewes, aged 3 to 5 years, and their progenies (32 twin and 48 triplet lambs). From 8 to 36 days post partum the effect of rearing type was investigated in combination with the feeding of the ewe with a complete diet containing either 25% or 40% coarsely milled hay (table 1).
The effect of pattern of feed distribution during late pregnancy and lactation on sow productivity
Authors: Harker A.J. , Cole D.J.A. 
Published: June 2019

Catabolism of the sows’ maternal body tissues which commonly occurs during lactation starts not at parturition but during the latter part of the preceding pregnancy. An experiment was conducted to study the response of sows to the same amount of feed distributed differently between pregnancy and lactation.Two patterns of feed distribution taking account of the anabolic/catabolic change in late pregnancy were compared with a conventional system which makes the major change in feed level at parturition.
Effects of level of maize gluten feed in the diet on pig performance and carcass quality
Authors: Edwards S.A. , Prescott N.J. , MacDougall D.B. 
Published: June 2019

Maize gluten feed is a by-product available as an alternative ingredient in pig rations. This trial examined the effects of different inclusion levels of the product to determine the quantity which could be fed without detrimental effects.Diets containing 0, 10, 20 or 30% of maize gluten feed were formulated to have similar levels of digestible energy (12.9 MJ/kg) and lysine (0.9%).
D.I.Y. Cattle Pregnancy Detection using Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Hooper P.N. , Jeenes P. R. 
Published: June 2019

The isolation of non pregnant cows in a commercial dairy herd represents a substantial cost to the farmer. The majority of cattle pregnancy diagnoses (PD)'s in the U.K. are made from rectal palpation or by the use of (a) milk progesterone (b) milk oestrone sulphate or ( c) blood progesterone tests. A D.I.Y. pregnancy test has obvious advantages, namely:-1.Tests can be performed by farm stockmen at their own convenience.2.Diagnosis is made immediately.3.Tests can be made through complete pregnancy term.4.After initial capital outlay for equipment, the cost of tests is negligible.Such an alternative is the doppler ultrasound (DOP) system (per rectum) which utilises audible changes in frequency of ultrasound between the transmitted signals and their echoes when moving surfaces are contacted.
The Effect of Sward Surface Height on Ewe and Lamb Performance
Authors: Keeling B J , Mackie C K , King M E , Watt C W 
Published: June 2019

Sward Surface Height (SSH) can be used as a guide for grazing control and recommendations are available for target SSH at various times of the year and at different levels of performance (Hodgson et al 1986).188 mule ewes with Suffolk cross lambs were allocated to 2 target SSH, 1-6 cm and 6-8 cm. Each treatment was replicated twice and balanced for ewe age, liveweight and condition score and the age, sex and rearing status of the lambs. The areas grazed were under permanent grass (mainly perennial ryegrass) and received 255 kg N/ha applied in 4 dressings with balancing P. and K. The initial stocking rate was 14.7 ewes/ha with 23.2 lambs/ha. SSH was measured weekly using an HFRO swardstlck with 40 readings taken per area. SSH was maintained using a temporary electric fence to adjust the size of the grazing area. Adjustments were made on a pre-set pattern which took into account any difference between current and target SSH and any change in SSH over the previous week. The area adjustments are shown in Table 1.Lambs were weighed at fortnightly intervals initially and at weekly intervals from the beginning of July. Lambs were drawn for slaughter at constant condition (3L). Ewes were condition scored and weighed at turnout (12th May), 6 weeks after turnout and at weaning (11th August).
Air Transport in New Zealand and the South Pacific
Authors: Isitt Leonard 
Published: June 2019

The Seventh British Commonwealth and Empire Lecture, “Air Transport in New Zealand and the South Pacific,” by Air Vice-Marshal Sir Leonard Isitt, K.B.E., R.N.Z.A.F. (Ret'd.), was read before the Royal Aeronautical Society by Mr. T. A. Barrow, J.P., on 4th October 1951 at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London, S.W.I. Major G. P. Bulman, C.B.E., F.R.Ae.S., Past-President, presided.Major Bulman: He was sure that they would all regret that Major Halford was unable to be present; immediately after the reception following the Wilbur Wright Lecture, he had had an operation, and although it was successful he had to undergo a course of treatment which would keep him out of circulation for another five or six weeks. They hoped that at the end of that time they would enjoy his presence and leadership for the rest of his year of office.It was for him a very real pleasure, despite the sad reason, to take the chair for the second time at a British Commonwealth and Empire Lecture. These lectures—instituted originally by Mr. G. H. Dowty—were given alternately by a distinguished representative from the Mother Country and from the Dominions and Empire. They had had one from Australia, two from Canada and now New Zealand.Air Vice Marshal Sir Leonard Isitt had had a distinguished career in the Air Force, first with the R.F.C. and Royal Air Force and then with the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and had now turned his attention to civil aviation. He was Chairman of New Zealand National Airways Corporation and of Tasman Empire Airways and a Director of British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines. Unfortunately, because of the recent election in New Zealand he had found it impossible at the last minute to be with them. They had just received a cable from him: “Regret inability to be with you in England today. Please accept apology and best wishes.”In place of Sir Leonard Isitt they had the pleasure and privilege of welcoming Mr. T. A. Barrow, J.P., who would read Sir Leonard's paper. Mr. Barrow had been Secretary of the New Zealand Air Board since 1937. He was also Vice-Chairman of Tasman Empire Airways.
Experience in establishing a herd book for the local Nguni breed in South Africa
Authors: Scholtz M.M. , Ramsay K.A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryFor many years the performance of the indigenous livestock of Africa was regarded as inferior. It was only when the results of research and performance recording were published that the value of a breed such as the Nguni was acknowledged. This resulted in an interest in the breed from commercial farmers, which lead to the establishment of a breeder's society in 1986, but with no official pedigrees it was a challenge to establish a herd book.This article describes how the principles of upgrading were initially used to develop a herd book until the Nguni was recognized as an established breed in 1996. Subsequently a system of first registration was implemented. This system caters for emerging black farmers in South Africa who want to become seed stock breeders and allows for the good quality Nguni genetic material available to the communal black farmers to enter the seed stock industry.
Integrating policies for the management of animal genetic resources with demand for livestock products and environmental sustainability
Authors: Blackburn H.D. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryGlobal recognition of the need to conserve animal genetic resources comes at a time when the livestock sector faces significant challenges in meeting the growing demand for livestock products and the mitigation of negative environmental impacts caused by livestock. In developing regions it would seem that portions of the growing demand for livestock products are being met by increasing animal numbers instead of achieving increases in production efficiency. Concurrently, extensive grazing and mixed crop-livestock production systems are largely responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of environmental degradation. Under the growing demand and environmental sustainability rubric there exists a need to garner maximum benefit from diverse animal genetic resources. These three areas; growing demand on animal products, environmental issues, and conservation of AnGR form a nexus that national policies must simultaneously consider. To advance this integration, a policy framework is proposed that consists of incentives to produce, a secure resource base (e.g., genetic resources, land tenure) and access to markets for outputs and inputs including technology. Within this framework a set of potential policies are suggested that promote conservation, livestock sector growth and environmental sustainability.
Regulatory options for exchange, use and conservation of animal genetic resources: a closer look at property right issues
Authors: Tvedt M.W. , Hiemstra S.J. , Drucker A.G. , Louwaars N. , Oldenbroek J.K. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThree main areas for further development of policies or regulatory options for animal genetic resources (AnGR) were identified in a study on the exchange, use and conservation of AnGR (Hiemstra et al., 2006):1. how to halt the further erosion of genetic diversity and promote sustainable breeding and use,2. whether there is a need to further regulate the exchange of genetic material and3 how to balance different systems of property and use rights.This paper provides an in-depth analysis regarding the third challenge, that of addressing the problems and options available for balancing the different property right systems for AnGR.
Environmental determinism and archaeology. Understanding and evaluating determinism in research design
Authors: Arponen V. P. J. , Dörfler Walter , Feeser Ingo , Grimm Sonja , Groß Daniel , Hinz Martin , Knitter Daniel , Müller-Scheeßel Nils , Ott Konrad , Ribeiro Artur 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWith the emergence of modern techniques of environmental analysis and widespread availability of accessible tools and quantitative data, the question of environmental determinism is once again on the agenda. This paper is theoretical in character, attempting, for the benefit of drawing up research designs, to understand and evaluate the character of environmental determinism. We reach three main conclusions: (1) in a typical pattern of research design, studies seek to detect simultaneous shifts in the environmental and archaeological records, variously positing the former to have influenced, triggered or caused the latter; (2) the question of determinism involves uncertainty about the justification for the above research design in particular in what comes to biologism and the concept of environmental thresholds on the one hand and the externality of the drivers of transformation in human groups and societies on the other; (3) adapting the concepts of the social production of vulnerability and the social basis of hazards from anthropology may help to clarify the available research design choices at hand.
Genetic changes in ruminants: Historic trends and future prospects
Authors: McGuirk Brian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe major ruminant species, dairy and beef cattle and sheep, represent a rather heterogeneous group as regards genetic improvement, which to a large extent reflects their respective breeding structures. In the UK, the beef cattle and sheep industries still span many different breeds, have small herds/flocks, and have been relatively unaffected by agribusiness investment, and are assumed to have a traditional pyramid breeding structure, in which progress is determined by a small number of breeders. Recording of production information, which to date has focussed on terminal sire characteristics, is relatively recent, and until the use of across herd evaluations, genetic progress was probably limited. However in recent years there have been gains in both growth and muscling. There is little evidence or concern for undesired consequences in commercial flocks, partly because of the extensive use of crossbreeding in these industries, which exploits both breed complementarity and heterosis.By contrast, the dairy industry is now dominated by purebred Holsteins. Increasingly breeding activities are both global in scope and dominated by a small number of large breeding companies. Because most traits of interest are only expressed in the female, improvement programmes have continued to focus on progeny testing, with test daughters in many herds. Most recording schemes and promotional activities emphasise production and type traits. The dairy industry is also notable for the publication of bull progeny test results, so that top bulls can then be used as sires of the next generation of by all companies. These bull evaluations now extend to international rankings.Data from the US indicates continuing genetic progress for production traits in the Holstein, particularly since the 1960s, by when progeny testing had been established, frozen semen widely used, and adequate statistical procedures in place for evaluating bulls. Genetic progress is also evident for type traits. There is now growing concern and evidence of undesirable genetic changes in fertility, disease incidence and overall stress, despite improved nutrition and general management. Altering this situation will require both the recording of such traits and the use of that information by breeding companies, especially in sire selection.
The Angular Distribution of the Cosmic Background Radiation
Authors: Partridge R. B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCrucial cosmological information is provided by the observed angular distribution (isotropy) of the cosmic microwave background radiation. This report treats the current status of searches for anisotroples in this radiation on all angular scales from 180° (the dipole component) to 6″. With the exception of the dipole component, only upper limits (at ~ 10-4 in ΔT/T) are available, yet these upper limits have played an important role in refining models of the early Universe and of the origin of structure within it.
Starspots and Plages
Authors: Rodono Marcello 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe general methodology to detect and study solar-like surface inhomogeneities on stars is presented. The most significant observations and typical results are discussed with particular emphasis on the inferred physical characteristics of starspots and plages and differential rotation, as compared to solar values. On account of the present observation and modelling limits, the need for complementary photometry and spectroscopy with space-born instruments is stressed, as well as the scientific relevance of the so-called solar-stellar connection studies in today’s Astrophysics.
Problems of Observing Nearby Galaxies Visually
Authors: Evans Robert 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA review of progress made by amateurs in visual searching for supernovae in other galaxies reveals twelve discoveries made so far. A comparison between photographic and visual search methods reveals that each type of method has certain advantages and disadvantages. There are three minor problems and three major problems confronting visual searching. The main problem is the poor availability of good Survey photographs of many galaxies to amateurs and the restricted range of galaxies covered by available charts.
Supernovae in Flocculent and Grand Design Galaxies
Authors: McCall Marshall L. , Schmidt Fred H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe arm structure of supernova host galaxies has been studied in order to ascertain whether or not spiral density waves have an impact on supernovae frequencies. The ensembles of Type I and Type II supernova hosts were found to contain identical fractions of grand design spirals consistent with the representations in control samples chosen without regard to supernovae production. The results suggest that a density wave does not greatly enhance the massive star formation rate per unit luminosity of a galaxy. Instead, star formation in most galaxies may be dominated by stochastic processes.
Gravitational Radiation by a Collapsing Rotating Stellar Core
Authors: Yunqiang Yu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe reduction of the ratio between specific angular momentum and mass (a/m) due to gravitational radiation has been investigated for a model of collapsing rotating stellar core in a post-newtonian scheme. Results show that if the initial value of the ratio is significantly greater than one, it tends towards one and if the initial ratio is nearly one, no sharp reduction happens as the core collapses to the neutron star or black hole size.
Hipparcos – Activities of the Input Catalogue Consortium
Authors: Turon C. , Crifo F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Input Catalogue Consortium (INCA) is in charge of selecting the 100 000 stars to be observed by Hipparcos. In this paper the organisation of the Consortium is described, and the technical requirements to be met by the Input Catalogue for optimal scientific return are summarised. The various tasks of this long collective work are then reviewed including the identification process of the proposed stars, the progressive construction of a list without redundancies, and the definition of the ‘survey’. The final selection of the stars which will be observed by Hipparcos is being made using a numerical simulation which takes into account the observing constraints of the satellite, and a parameter called the ‘pressure’ which is calculated for each star. Finally, the organisation of working groups set up to deal with special objects (multiple stars, variable stars, minor planets, stars in dense areas, and stars for linking the Hipparcos system to an extragalactic reference system) are described. New photometric and astrometric programmes undertaken for stars with unsatisfactory precision on magnitudes and/or coordinates, a major part of the Consortium’s work, will be presented elsewhere.
Hipparcos – Link with Extragalactic Reference Frames
Authors: Argue A.N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe link of the Hipparcos Catalogue to an extragalactic reference system will be carried out on two time-scales: the first, coinciding with the duration of the mission, to provide data for immediate use by the data reduction consortia, and the second over a longer term to provide for subsequent reappraisal of the final Hipparcos catalogue. The first will be based on radio stars and on an indirect link to extragalactic objects by means of observations with the Hubble Space Telescope; for the second we hope for longer term programmes with the Hubble Space Telescope, together with a variety of ground-based links.
On the Absolute Energy Distributions of the Sun, of the “Solar Analogs” 16 CYG B, 16 CYG A, VB 64 and of Vega
Authors: Neckel H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn 1984 Neckel and Labs (1984) published improved absolute solar radiation data which followed from an absolute calibration of the Fourier-transform-spectra (FTS) obtained by J. Brault at Kitt Peak. Fig. 1 shows two pages of that special solar spectrum atlas which served to derive the diverse published spectral data. The upper spectrum concerns the disk-center, the lower one the disk-averaged intensity. Both spectra are plotted in the same absolute scale (numbers on the left ordinate axis). The right ordinate axis refers to the full disk spectrum only; it yields the solar irradiance at 1 AU. These spectra, which extend from 3300 to 12500 Å and are stored on magnetic tape, allow an easy derivation of any desired spectral data; e. g. of the spectral averages for successive, rectangular passbands (10, 20 or 50 Å wide) or for any arbitrary passbands used by other observers. The maxima in successive passbands can be used to localize the level of the ‘continuum’ (dashed lines in Fig. 1).
Evolution of Cataclysmic Binaries
Authors: Paczyński Bohdan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe minimum period of hydrogen rich cataclysmic binaries at about 80 minutes is due to evolution driven by gravitational radiation. The nature of the gap between 2 and 3 hour periods is less clear. Magnetic braking may be responsible, but this would be in contradiction with the hibernating nova scenario. It is interesting that contact binaries of W UMa type are subject to little or no magnetic braking.
A New Progenitor Model of Type Ia Supernovae
Authors: Hachisu Izumi , Kato Mariko , Saio Hideyuki 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA new progenitor model of Type la supernovae (SNe Ia) is proposed. The model consists of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf (0.8-1.2 M⊙) and a low-mass red giant star (0.8-1.5 M⊙) with a helium core (0.2-0.4 M⊙). When a red giant fills its inner critical Roche lobe and its mass transfer rate exceeds a critical value, a common envelope state is realized. Then the mass accretion rate onto the white dwarf, i.e., the mass transfer rate is tuned up to be Ṁ= 8.5 × 10−7 (MWD/M⊙-0.52) M⊙ yr−1, where MWD is the mass of the white dwarf. This rate is high enough to suppress the hydrogen shell flashes, but too low for carbon to be ignited off-center. When the carbon-oxygen core mass grows to the Chandrasekhar limit during the common envelope phase, a Type la supernova explosion is expected to occur.
Supernova 1987A: Light Curves and their Intepretation
Authors: Catchpole R M 
Published: June 2019

The Type II supernova SN1987A which occurred in the LMC is the brightest and most completely observed supernova ever recorded. Objective prism and UBV observations were made of the blue supergiant progenitor Sanduleak −69°202 and indicate that the visual absorption lies in the range 0.4<AV<0.6. Furthermore, the distance to the LMC is known in absolute units with a precision of about ± 15% (m-M = 18.45, Feast 1988) which combined with the above data and subseguent photometric observations permits detailed comparison with theory.Within 107 minutes of the Kamiokande 1MB neutrino event the region of the supernova was being observed by Albert Jones, although it was not until 0.8 days after the event that the supernova was officially discovered by Shelton. The first photoelectric observation was made at 1.1 days, by William Allen (1988) a New Zealand amateur. Other observations made during the first two days, have been conveniently tabulated by Arnett (1988). During this time the supernova steadily brightened in V, although theory predicts that it was rapidly fading bolometrically and cooling, after the intense heating that occurred when the shock wave reached the stellar surface about 3 hours after core collapse.