bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of three tribes of cloacinine nematodes (Strongylida: Chabertiidae) from macropodid marsupials
Authors: Chilton N.B. , Huby-Chilton F. , Koehler A. , Gasser R.B. , Beveridge I. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of 42 species of cloacinine nematodes belonging to three tribes (Coronostrongylinea, Macropostrongylinea and Zoniolaiminea) were examined based on sequence data of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. All nematodes examined are parasites of Australian macropodid marsupials. None of the three nematode tribes was monophyletic. Paraphyly was also encountered in three genera:Papillostrongylus,MonilonemaandWallabinema. Species within the genusThallostonemawere limited to a single host genus (i.e.Thylogale), whereas species within the five principal genera (Coronostrongylus,Macropostrongylus,Popovastrongylus,WallabinemaandZoniolaimus) were found to occur in multiple host genera. Potential modes of evolution among these nematodes are discussed.
Catherine Zuckert on Machiavelli's New Understanding of Politics
Authors: Sullivan Vickie B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCatherine Zuckert's Machiavelli's Politics offers an unprecedented interpretation of all of Machiavelli's major works. Her interpretation places Machiavelli in his historical context as he understood it and shows Machiavelli seeking a populist alternative in politics. Because her approach and her conclusion have been championed by scholars explicitly opposed to Strauss's interpretation of Machiavelli, she intervenes in the scholarly debates on Machiavelli by drawing seemingly opposed approaches closer together. Strauss acknowledges the importance of Machiavelli's historical situation and understands him as a type of democrat. Nevertheless, in highlighting the functioning of Machiavelli's republic, Zuckert directly challenges Strauss, who, she argues, focuses too narrowly on Machiavelli's war on Christianity to explicate fully Machiavelli's politics. Religion and politics, though, are inextricably linked in Machiavelli's thought, and his treatment of Christianity's ascendency offers insight into his new republicanism. Consideration of Montesquieu's commentary on Machiavelli underscores some of the excesses of the Florentine's political solutions.
Potassium iodate levels in processed edible salts available in retail shops throughout Kenya, 2013
Authors: Githinji Gerald Gikonyo , Njine Nancy , Njihia John , Mwihia John , Ransom James 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveIodine-deficiency disorders, due to insufficiency of iodine in the diet, are a global public health problem. The Kenyan Food, Drugs and Chemical Substances Act stipulates that processed retail-available edible salts contain 50–84 mg of potassium iodate (KIO3) per kilogram of salt. The present study determined the status of KIO3 levels in commercial salts, for public health action.Design/Setting/SubjectsAs part of the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2013, field workers collected salt samples from seven different local manufacturers/packers across eight regions of the country and sent them to the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) for KIO3 titration analysis.ResultsA total of 539 samples were collected and analysed at NPHL. The samples had a mean KIO3 of 62 mg/kg. Thirty-three (6 %) samples had KIO3 of <25 mg/kg; ninety-eight (18 %) had 25–49 mg/kg; 335 (62 %) had 50–84 mg/kg; and seventy-three (13 %) had KIO3 of >84 mg/kg.ConclusionsThe study found that 62 % of salts sampled met the Kenyan standards, 24 % were below the required limits and 13 % were above the recommended range. Continuous monitoring of edible salts at the retail level is important to detect brands not adhering to standards and trace them for remedy. However, governmental efforts should be directed to the quality control and quality assurance of the salt-manufacturing industries.
Assessment of the Barren Ground Caribou Die‐off During Winter 2015–2016 Using Passive Microwave Observations
Authors: Dolant C. , Montpetit B. , Langlois A. , Brucker L. , Zolina O. , Johnson C. A. , Royer A. , Smith P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn summer 2016, more than 50 Arctic Barren Ground caribous were found dead on Prince Charles Island (Nunavut, Canada), a species recently classified as threatened. Neither predator nor sign of diseases was observed and reported. The main hypothesis is that caribous were not able to access food due to a very dense snow surface, created by a strong storm system in spring. Using satellite microwave data, a significant increase in brightness temperature polarization ratio at 19 and 37 GHz was observed in spring 2016 (60% higher than previous two winter seasons). Based on microwave radiative transfer simulations, such anomaly can be explained with a very dense snow surface. This is consistent with the succession of storms and strong winds highlighted in ERA‐Interim over Prince Charles Island in spring 2016. Using several sources of data, this study shows that changes in snow conditions explain the caribou die‐off due to restricted foraging.
Mechanical Properties of the Sevier Desert Detachment: An Application of Critical Coulomb Wedge Theory
Authors: Yuan X. P. , Christie‐Blick N. , Braun J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLow‐angle normal faults are widely regarded as playing an important role in crustal extension. Among the most influential examples, the Sevier Desert detachment (SDD) has been imaged in seismic reflection profiles beneath the Sevier Desert basin of west‐central Utah. An extensional offset of as much as 47 km is thought to have occurred since the late Oligocene at or near its present dip of 11°. We use the palinspastic geometry of the preextensional Sevier orogen and critical Coulomb wedge (CCW) theory to constrain the friction coefficient, μD of the inferred detachment. It is assumed that the SDD is at least in part a reactivated strand of the Pavant thrust system. Compressive CCW theory suggests μD values of 0.2–0.24 for thrust faults when crustal shortening ceased in the early Paleocene. A decrease in the dip of the SDD from a maximum of 30° to its present‐day inclination of 11° and extensional CCW theory implies that μD decreased from 0.2–0.24 initially to 0.13 today. Salt, for which the normal‐stress dependence of the friction equation disappears with even shallow burial, is widespread in the Sevier Desert basin and presents locally also in Jurassic strata of central Utah. Elevated pore fluid pressure may have played a role in reducing the effective normal stress. Our model can be tested directly by coring across the detachment and by measuring material properties and the pore fluid pressure in the vicinity of the contact.
A Broadband Laboratory Study of the Seismic Properties of Cracked and Fluid‐Saturated Synthetic Glass Media
Authors: Li Yang , David Emmanuel C. , Nakagawa Seiji , Kneafsey Timothy J. , Schmitt Douglas R. , Jackson Ian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor better understanding of frequency dependence (dispersion) of seismic wave velocities caused by stress‐induced fluid flow, broadband laboratory measurements were performed on a suite of synthetic glass media containing both equant pores and thermal cracks. Complementary forced oscillation, resonant bar, and ultrasonic techniques provided access to millihertz‐hertz frequencies, ~1 kHz frequency, and ~1 MHz frequency, respectively. The wave speeds or effective elastic moduli and associated dissipation were measured on samples under dry, argon‐ or nitrogen‐saturated, and water‐saturated conditions in sequence. The elastic moduli, in situ permeability, and crack porosity inferred from in situ X‐ray computed tomography all attest to strong pressure‐induced crack closure for differential (confining‐minus‐pore) pressures <30 MPa, consistent with zero‐pressure crack aspect ratios <4 × 10−4. The low permeabilities of these materials allow access to undrained conditions, even at subhertz frequencies. The ultrasonically measured elastic moduli reveal consistently higher shear and bulk moduli upon fluid saturation—diagnostic of the saturated‐isolated regime. For a glass rod specimen, containing cracks but no pores, saturated‐isolated conditions apparently persist to subhertz frequencies—requiring in situ aspect ratios (minimum/maximum dimension) <10−5. In marked contrast, the shear modulus measured at subhertz frequencies on a cracked glass bead specimen of 5% porosity, is insensitive to fluid saturation, consistent with the Biot‐Gassmann model for the saturated‐isobaric regime. The measured dispersion of the shear modulus approaches 10% over the millihertz‐megahertz frequency range for the cracked and fluid‐saturated media—implying that laboratory ultrasonic data should be used with care in the interpretation of field data.
Upper Crustal Structure and Earthquake Mechanism in the Xinfengjiang Water Reservoir, Guangdong, China
Authors: He Lipeng , Sun Xinlei , Yang Hongfeng , Qin Jialing , Shen Yusong , Ye Xiuwei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Xinfengjiang Water Reservoir (XWR) in Guangdong, China, is one of the reservoirs that have triggered earthquakes of magnitudes greater than 6. Numerous earthquakes have occurred since the impoundment of the reservoir, making it one of the most active seismic zones in Guangdong. However, due to the lack of seismic stations, the detailed seismic structures and earthquake mechanisms within XWR have not been resolved, and the significance of XWR as a typical protracted earthquake location is not well judged. In this study, by collecting waveform data from both permanent and temporary stations from 2012 to 2015, we relocated 1,528 earthquakes and inverted both Vp and Vs structures from traveltimes of these earthquakes. Using waveform data, we also investigated focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitude greater than 1.5 in this region. Our results reveal fine crustal structure that has never been shown before and show complicated crust structure with several low‐velocity zones extending to 5–10 km depth under the major faults. Earthquake focal mechanisms show more dip‐slip faults than strike‐slip faults, and the two types of earthquakes are roughly divided by the reservoir boundary. The direction of principle stress of the earthquakes is northwest‐southeast, consistent with the direction of tectonic principal stress. Combining the above results, and investigation of historical earthquakes and water level change, we suggest that water loading cycle and diffusion play important role in XWR seismicity. They increase the pore pressure, make the earthquakes migrate to deeper depth, and change the type of earthquakes.
Energy Dissipation in the Inner Surf Zone: New Insights From LiDAR‐Based Roller Geometry Measurements
Authors: Martins K. , Blenkinsopp C. E. , Deigaard R. , Power H. E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe spatial and temporal variation of energy dissipation rates in breaking waves controls the mean circulation of the surf zone. As this circulation plays an important role in the morphodynamics of beaches, it is vital to develop better understanding of the energy dissipation processes in breaking and broken waves. In this paper, we present the first direct field measurements of roller geometry extracted from a LiDAR data set of broken waves to obtain new insights into wave energy dissipation in the inner surf zone. We use a roller model to show that most existing roller area formulations in the literature lead to considerable overestimation of the wave energy dissipation, which is found to be close to, but smaller than, the energy dissipation in a hydraulic jump of the same height. The role of the roller density is also investigated, and we propose that it should be incorporated into modified roller area formulations until better knowledge of the roller area and its link with the mean roller density is acquired. Finally, using previously published results from deepwater wave breaking studies, we propose a scaling law for energy dissipation in the inner surf zone, which achieves satisfactory results at both the time‐averaged and wave‐by‐wave scales.
Characterizing the Distributed Faulting During the 30 October 2016, Central Italy Earthquake: A Reference for Fault Displacement Hazard Assessment
Authors: Ferrario M. F. , Livio F. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractModerate to strong earthquakes (i.e., Mw > ~6.0) commonly produce a complex network of ground ruptures, which are responsible for significant damage. Distributed faulting can affect wide areas (tenths of square kilometers), and expected displacement can be estimated through a probabilistic approach, considering distance from the primary fault and earthquake magnitude. Other factors may have a role in driving the occurrence of distributed faulting; nevertheless, they are not adequately addressed in the current modeling, due to a sensible lack of information. We study the 30 October 2016, Central Italy earthquake (Mw 6.5), to analyze the spatial pattern and geometric characteristics of distributed faulting. We found that distance from the primary structure, fault geometry, and lithology are key factors controlling the distributed faulting occurrence; the local structural setting (i.e., synthetic versus antithetic normal faults systems and relay zones) drives the spatial distribution of faults and the partitioning of the deformation. We also examine other four events occurred in the Italian Apennines since 1980, confirming that traditional models can underestimate the probability of distributed faulting. We suggest that a purely distance‐based probabilistic approach should be integrated using additional parameters derived from earthquake deformation fields or considering the reactivation of preexisting faults.
Characteristics of the Mantle Flow System Beneath the Indochina Peninsula Revealed by Teleseismic Shear Wave Splitting Analysis
Authors: Yu Youqiang , Gao Stephen S. , Liu Kelly H. , Yang Ting , Xue Mei , Le Khanh Phon , Gao Jinyao 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNumerous geoscientific investigations have been conducted on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas for understanding crustal and mantle deformation associated with the indentation of the Indian Plate into Eurasia. A number of key issues, such as the causes of a sudden change of fast polarization orientations from N‐S to almost E‐W at approximately 26°N revealed by shear wave splitting (SWS) studies, and the geodynamic implications of the transition still remain enigmatic, partially due to the lack of sufficient SWS measurements on the Indochina Peninsula. Here we employ the SWS technique to systematically illuminate upper mantle anisotropy beneath the Indochina Peninsula with an unprecedented data coverage. The resulting 409 SWS measurements from 29 stations show that upper mantle anisotropy beneath the vast majority of the study area is characterized by dominantly E‐W fast orientations which are nearly orthogonal to the strike of most of the major tectonic features in the study area, ruling out significant lithospheric contributions to the observed anisotropy. This observation, when combined with results from seismic tomography, numerical modeling, surface movement, and focal mechanism investigations, suggests that the observed azimuthal anisotropy is mostly the consequence of absolute plate motion or the westward rollback of the oceanic Indian slab. The flow system induced by the rollback or absolute plate motion may experience regional alteration from mantle upwelling along the eastern edge of the slab and through a previously detected slab window, leading to local variations in the observed splitting parameters.
Deconvolving the Fate of Carbon in Coastal Sediments
Authors: Van der Voort Tessa S. , Mannu Utsav , Blattmann Thomas M. , Bao Rui , Zhao Meixun , Eglinton Timothy I. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCoastal oceans play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, and are increasingly affected by anthropogenic forcing. Understanding carbon cycling in coastal environments is hindered by convoluted sources and myriad processes that vary over a range of spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we deconvolve the complex mosaic of organic carbon manifested in Chinese Marginal Sea (CMS) sediments using a novel numerical clustering algorithm based on 14C and total OC content. Results reveal five regions that encompass geographically distinct depositional settings. Complementary statistical analyses reveal contrasting region‐dependent controls on carbon dynamics and composition. Overall, clustering is shown to be highly effective in demarcating areas of distinct organic facies by disentangling intertwined organic geochemical patterns resulting from superimposed effects of OC provenance, reworking and deposition on a shelf region exhibiting pronounced spatial heterogeneity. This information will aid in constraining region‐specific budgets of carbon burial and carbon cycle processes.
Coupling of the Quasi‐Biweekly Oscillation of the Tibetan Plateau Summer Monsoon With the Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Wang Meirong , Wang Jun , Duan Anmin , Liu Yimin , Zhou Shunwu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe intraseasonal variation of the Tibetan Plateau summer monsoon (TPSM) during 1979–2011 is investigated. The TPSM shows a dominant quasi‐biweekly oscillation (QBWO) in most summer seasons, and its active/break phases are closely related to more/less precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau. We suggest that the TPSM QBWO is associated with a southeastward propagating nonstationary wave train in the middle and upper troposphere. It shows equivalent barotropic vertical structures over the midlatitudes and a baroclinic structure over the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Wave activity flux analysis indicates that it originates from northern Europe, which is an active center of the summertime Arctic Oscillation (AO). The AO also shows significant QBWO signals and leads TPSM QBWO by about 13 days. Phase composite and wave activity flux analyses of AO QBWO confirmed that the wave train influences TPSM QBWO, suggesting that AO plays an important role in the TPSM on a 10‐ to 20‐day timescale.
A Novel Channel‐Synthesizing Method for Reducing Uncertainties in Satellite Radiative Transfer Modeling
Authors: Lu Yinghui , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMost sounding channels sensitive to atmosphere layers close to Earth's surface are also sensitive to Earth's surface properties. Biases and uncertainties in Earth's surface emissivity and skin temperature may degrade the values of these observations being assimilated into weather prediction models. A method that combines several individual channels into a synthesized channel is proposed here to reduce such uncertainties. The effectiveness of such channel‐synthesizing method is first demonstrated through perfect model experiments, where brightness temperatures are simulated and compared before and after noises added to surface emissivity and skin temperature. Real‐case experiments that compare simulated brightness temperature and satellite observations further show that the synthesized channel can effectively reduce the mean bias of simulated brightness temperature from 1 to 3 K for individual GOES‐R channels to near zero for the synthesized channel, suggesting great potential of the approach for more effective assimilation of surface‐sensitive sounding channels.
Topside Ionospheric Electron Temperature Observations of the 21 August 2017 Eclipse by DMSP Spacecraft
Authors: Hairston Marc R. , Mrak Sebastijan , Coley W. R. , Burrell Angeline , Holt Ben , Perdue Michael , Depew Matthew , Power Robert 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDuring the 21 August 2017 eclipse two separate DMSP spacecraft passed through the lunar penumbra at local afternoon (F16) and near local sunset (F17) in the topside ionosphere at an altitude of ~850 km. Measurements of the in situ electron temperature by the Langmuir probe on each spacecraft showed regions where the temperature decreased on the order of 500 to 1,000 K in the shadow. The patterns of these decreases were sporadic inside the shadow but generally showed the same overall shape in both passes. Comparing these patterns of temperature reductions with the projection of the gradient of the solar EUV radiation in the ionosphere suggests that these complex patterns are a result of the nonuniform distribution of the solar EUV radiation on the Sun at the time of the eclipse.
A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration
Authors: He Yanyi , Wang Kaicun , Zhou Chunlüe , Wild Martin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObservations show that the surface incident solar radiation (Rs) decreased over land from the 1950s to the 1980s and increased thereafter, known as global dimming and brightening. This claim has been questioned due to the inhomogeneity and low spatial‐temporal coverage of Rs observations. Based on direct comparisons of ~200 observed and sunshine duration (SunDu) derived Rs station pairs, meeting data record lengths exceeding 60 months and spatial distances less than 110 km, we show that meteorological observations of SunDu can be used as a proxy for measured Rs. Our revised results from ~2,600 stations show global dimming from the 1950s to the 1980s over China (−1.90 W/m2 per decade), Europe (−1.36 W/m2 per decade), and the United States (−1.10 W/m2 per decade), brightening from 1980 to 2009 in Europe (1.66 W/m2 per decade) and a decline from 1994 to 2010 in China (−1.06 W/m2 per decade). Even if 1994–2010 is well known as a period of global brightening, the observed and SunDu‐derived Rs over China still exhibit declining trends. Trends in Rs from 1923 to 1950 are also found over Europe (1.91 W/m2 per decade) and the United States (−1.31 W/m2 per decade), but the results in Europe may not well represent the actual trend for the European continent due to poor spatial sampling.
Predicting the Dominant Patterns of Subseasonal Variability of Wintertime Surface Air Temperature in Extratropical Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Lin Hai 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSkillfully predicting persistent extreme temperature anomalies more than 10 days in advance remains a challenge although it is of great value to the society. Here the two leading modes of subseasonal variability of surface air temperature over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere in boreal winter are identified with pentad (5 days) averaged data. They are well separated geographically, dominating temperature variability in North America and Eurasia, respectively. There exists a two‐pentad lagged correlation between these two modes, implying an intercontinental link of temperature variability. Forecast skill of these two modes is evaluated based on three operational subseasonal prediction models. The results show that useful forecasts of the Eurasian mode (EOF2) can be achieved four pentads in advance, which is more skillful than the North American mode (EOF1). EOF2 is found to benefit from the Madden‐Julian Oscillation signal in the initial condition.