bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fresh Look at an Old Problem-Age Discrimination in Employment: Is There A Demographic and Political Trap?
Authors: Hunter, Jr. Richard J. , Shannon John H. , Amoroso Henry J. 
Published: February 2018

This article asserts that age discrimination in the workplace remains a major problem in society today. The article traces the origin of legislation protecting older Americans from discrimination in the workplace from its earliest origins at the turn of the twentieth century and outlines the types of age discrimination and the remedies for violations of the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, better known as the ADEA. The article also describes the major exceptions to the legislation and issues relating to ADEA waivers. The article concludes with an analysis of several important legal cases which call into question the vitality of the ADEA today and also offers several suggestions for future legislative and administrative actions in order to assure that the rights of older Americans are fully protected in the workplace.
Avaliação da vulnerabilidade aos perigos naturais: o caso do estado do Ceará, Brasil
Authors: Olímpio João Luís Sampaio , Zanella Maria Elisa , Santos Jader de Oliveira 
Published: February 2018

A avaliação da vulnerabilidade pode ser entendida como uma estimativa da capacidade dos grupos sociais de resistir e de adaptar-se às adversidades, bem como de promover o seu bem-estar. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo da presente investigação é determinar os níveis de vulnerabilidade aos perigos naturais. Adotou-se um foco quantitativo que buscou aferir os graus de vulnerabilidade através de um índice que integrou indicadores demográficos, sociais, econômicos e de acesso aos serviços básicos. Como área de estudo foram selecionados os municípios do estado do Ceará, devido ao registro histórico de desastres naturais. Os dados foram levantados ao nível municipal e trabalhados com o uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento e da estatística, bem como da análise dos processos socioespaciais. Constatou-se que há o predomínio da classe de vulnerabilidade mediana com 47,3% dos municípios e que dez municípios possuem vulnerabilidade muito alta. A metodologia mostrou-se eficiente podendo ser adaptada para outros contextos geográficos.
Relationship between motivation and academic achievement
Authors: Sharma Deepika , Sharma Sushma 
Published: February 2018

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between motivation, self-concept and academic achievement. In addition,late childhood school students differences between self-concept, motivation and academic achievement were investigated. The study utilized a quantitative conceptual study. The study found that there were significant correlations between self-concept, motivation and academic achievement of late childhood school students. It was also found that female students are significantly more motivated than their male counterparts. The study concluded that the findings justify the importance of self-concept and motivation to academic achievement, and some recommendations were made regarding the enhancement of motivation and self-concept of late childhood school students.
30 anos de Encontros Nacionais de Geografia Agrária (ENGAs): um “raio X” da produção do conhecimento sobre a temática da relação cidade-campo
Authors: Travagim Viturino Neves Karina Fernanda 
Published: February 2018

Neste artigo apresentamos alguns dos resultados da pesquisa que foi defendida no curso de Mestrado em Geografia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica analisamos os anais dos Encontros Nacionais de Geografia Agrária (ENGAs) com o objetivo de investigar questões relativas à produção do conhecimento sobre a temática da relação cidade-campo no Brasil no âmbito da ciência geográfica. Investigamos os anais de todos os dezenove eventos realizados até a defesa da pesquisa, compreendendo o período de 1978-2009, e selecionamos 281 trabalhos que discutiam a temática da relação cidade-campo para compor nossa base de dados. Especificamente para esse artigo, reunimos os resultados referentes ao histórico e à importância dos ENGAs; à caracterização da fonte de dados da pesquisa bibliográfica e ao panorama da produção de conhecimento sobre a temática da relação cidade-campo no Brasil, a partir dos anais desse encontro científico.

Resumé

30 ANS DE RENCONTRES NATIONALES DE GEOGRAPHIE AGRAIRE (ENGAs): UN «RAYON X» DE LA PRODUCTION DE CONNAISSANCES SUR LE THÈME DE RELATION VILLE-CAMPAGNE

Dans cet article, nous présentons quelques résultats de la recherche qui a été défendu au cours de Master en Géographie de la Université Fédérale de Bahia. Par une recherche bibliographique nous avons analysé les annales des Rencontres Nationales de Géographie Agraire (ENGAs) afin d’enquêter des questions liées à la production de connaissances sur le thème de la relation ville-campagne au Brésil dans le cadre de la science géographique. Nous avons étudié les annales de tous les événements dix-neuf qui ont été effectués jusqu’à la finalization de la recherche, couvrant la période de 1978 à 2009 et nous avons selectionné 281 ouvrages qui traitait du thème de la relation ville-campagne pour composer notre base de données. Spécifiquement pour cet article, nous avons recueilli les résultats relatifs à l’histoire et l’impor- tance de Engas; l’identification des caractéristiques de la source des données de la recherche bibliographique et la exposition du panorama de la production de connaissances sur le thème de la relation entre ville et campagne au Brésil, dans les annales de cette rencontre scientifique.
Relations ville-campagne; Épistémologie de la Géographie; Géographie Agraire brésilienne; Rencontres Nationales de Géographie Agraire
Impacts and Uncertainties of +2°C of Climate Change and Soil Degradation on European Crop Calorie Supply
Authors: Balkovič Juraj , Skalský Rastislav , Folberth Christian , Khabarov Nikolay , Schmid Erwin , Madaras Mikuláš , Obersteiner Michael , van der Velde Marijn 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEven if global warming is kept below +2°C, European agriculture will be significantly impacted. Soil degradation may amplify these impacts substantially and thus hamper crop production further. We quantify biophysical consequences and bracket uncertainty of +2°C warming on calories supply from 10 major crops and vulnerability to soil degradation in Europe using crop modeling. The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model together with regional climate projections from the European branch of the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (EURO‐CORDEX) was used for this purpose. A robustly positive calorie yield change was estimated for the EU Member States except for some regions in Southern and South‐Eastern Europe. The mean impacts range from +30 Gcal ha−1 in the north, through +25 and +20 Gcal ha−1 in Western and Eastern Europe, respectively, to +10 Gcal ha−1 in the south if soil degradation and heat impacts are not accounted for. Elevated CO2 and increased temperature are the dominant drivers of the simulated yield changes in high‐input agricultural systems. The growth stimulus due to elevated CO2 may offset potentially negative yield impacts of temperature increase by +2°C in most of Europe. Soil degradation causes a calorie vulnerability ranging from 0 to 50 Gcal ha−1 due to insufficient compensation for nutrient depletion and this might undermine climate benefits in many regions, if not prevented by adaptation measures, especially in Eastern and North‐Eastern Europe. Uncertainties due to future potentials for crop intensification are about 2–50 times higher than climate change impacts.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Precipitation‐Modulated Landslide Deformation From Independent Component Analysis of InSAR Time Series
Authors: Cohen‐Waeber J. , Bürgmann R. , Chaussard E. , Giannico C. , Ferretti A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLong‐term landslide deformation is disruptive and costly in urbanized environments. We rely on TerraSAR‐X satellite images (2009–2014) and an improved data processing algorithm (SqueeSAR™) to produce an exceptionally dense Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ground deformation time series for the San Francisco East Bay Hills. Independent and principal component analyses of the time series reveal four distinct spatial and temporal surface deformation patterns in the area around Blakemont landslide, which we relate to different geomechanical processes. Two components of time‐dependent landslide deformation isolate continuous motion and motion driven by precipitation‐modulated pore pressure changes controlled by annual seasonal cycles and multiyear drought conditions. Two components capturing more widespread seasonal deformation separate precipitation‐modulated soil swelling from annual cycles that may be related to groundwater level changes and thermal expansion of buildings. High‐resolution characterization of landslide response to precipitation is a first step toward improved hazard forecasting.
Delayed Poroelastic Triggering of the 2016 October Visso Earthquake by the August Amatrice Earthquake, Italy
Authors: Tung S. , Masterlark T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTwo months after the 2016 Amatrice earthquake (AE), a strong (~M6) earthquake (Visso earthquake, VE) struck the town Visso, Italy, 20 km north of the AE epicenter. Between these two events, the aftershocks migrated gradually toward to the VE epicenter at a rate of ~0.4 km/d, indicating propagation of pore pressure front. We use finite element models to simulate the postseismic fully coupled poroelastic response. The results show that the pore fluid flows (up to 50 nm/s) both horizontally and vertically into the VE hypocenter since the AE and destabilized the area with extra ~70% of Coulomb failure stress. Majority of nearby aftershocks (>80%) tend to cluster within the zones of coseismic depressurization where fluid flow converges. A maximum ΔCFS of ~35 kPa is calculated at the VE hypocenter during its rupture by a crustal permeability, 10–16 ± 0.7 m2, suggesting that an intermediately fractured crust allows maximum rupture tendency for the VE during poroelastic fluid recovery.
Climate Response to Negative Greenhouse Gas Radiative Forcing in Polar Winter
Authors: Flanner M. G. , Huang X. , Chen X. , Krinner G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGreenhouse gas (GHG) additions to Earth's atmosphere initially reduce global outgoing longwave radiation, thereby warming the planet. In select environments with temperature inversions, however, increased GHG concentrations can actually increase local outgoing longwave radiation. Negative top of atmosphere and effective radiative forcing (ERF) from this situation give the impression that local surface temperatures could cool in response to GHG increases. Here we consider an extreme scenario in which GHG concentrations are increased only within the warmest layers of winter near‐surface inversions of the Arctic and Antarctic. We find, using a fully coupled Earth system model, that the underlying surface warms despite the GHG addition exerting negative ERF and cooling the troposphere in the vicinity of the GHG increase. This unique radiative forcing and thermal response is facilitated by the high stability of the polar winter atmosphere, which inhibit thermal mixing and amplify the impact of surface radiative forcing on surface temperature. These findings also suggest that strategies to exploit negative ERF via injections of short‐lived GHGs into inversion layers would likely be unsuccessful in cooling the planetary surface.
Radiation Weakens Idealized Midlatitude Cyclones
Authors: Schäfer Sophia A. K. , Voigt Aiko 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMidlatitude cyclones are strongly affected by diabatic processes. While the importance of latent heating is well established, the role of radiation has received little attention. Here we address this question for idealized cyclones by performing baroclinic life cycle simulations in the global atmosphere model ICON with and without radiation, and with transparent clouds. Radiation substantially weakens the simulated cyclone: peak eddy kinetic energy reduces by 50%, and minimum storm central pressure increases by 17 hPa. An analysis of the Lorenz energy cycle shows that the radiative weakening is not due to changes in the large‐scale environment alone but involves radiative processes within the cyclone. In fact, radiation warms the lower tropospheric part of the cyclone's warm conveyor belt and cools the upper tropospheric part. We hypothesize that radiation weakens the cyclone by destroying midtropospheric potential vorticity in the warm conveyor belt.
Soil Susceptibility to Macropore Flow Across a Desert‐Oasis Ecotone of the Hexi Corridor, Northwest China
Authors: Zhang Yongyong , Zhao Wenzhi , He Jianhua , Fu Li 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMacropore flow not only provides a fast pathway for water and solute transport and increases the risks of water and nutrient loss but also enhances soil aeration and groundwater recharge. However, macropore flow characteristics in irrigated oasis soils subject to continuous crop cultivation are poorly understood. This study was to investigate the effect of continuous cultivation on soil properties and macropore flow and to quantify the changes in macropore flow characteristics in an old oasis field (>50 years of cultivation, OOF), young oasis field (20 years, YOF), and adjacent uncultivated sandy area (0 year, USL) in Northwest China. Triplicate soil samples were collected from each site to investigate soil properties. Dye tracer experiments with also three replicates were conducted at each site. The degree of macropore flow (i.e., parameters of macropore flow) was highest at the OOF, intermediate at the YOF, and minimal at the USL. The macropore flow fraction (i.e., fraction of total infiltration flows through macropore flow pathways) at the OOF was 3.4 times greater than at the USL. The heterogeneous infiltration pattern at the OOF was dominated by macropore flow, while funnel flow was predominant at the USL. Long‐term irrigation with silt‐laden river water has increased silt + clay contents of the oasis soils. Irrigation and high‐input crop cultivation also increased organic matter. These changes in soil properties contributed to the interaggregate voids formation. The conversion of native desert soils to irrigated croplands increases the degree of macropore flow, which might enhance groundwater recharge in the desert‐oasis ecotone.
All‐Inorganic CsPbI3 Perovskite Phase‐Stabilized by Poly(ethylene oxide) for Red‐Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jeong Beomjin , Han Hyowon , Choi Yung Ji , Cho Sung Hwan , Kim Eui Hyuk , Lee Seung Won , Kim Jong Sung , Park Chanho , Kim Dongho , Park Cheolmin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDespite the excellent photoelectronic properties of the all‐inorganic cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) perovskite, which does not contain volatile and hygroscopic organic components, only a few CsPbI3 devices are developed mainly owing to the frequent formation of an undesirable yellow δ‐phase at room temperature. Herein, it is demonstrated that a small quantity of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) added to the precursor solution effectively inhibits the formation of the yellow δ‐phase during film preparation, and promotes the development of a black α‐phase at a low crystallization temperature. A systematic study reveals that a thin, dense, pinhole‐free CsPbI3 film is produced in the α‐phase and is stabilized with PEO that effectively reduces the grain size during crystallization. A thin α‐phase CsPbI3 film with excellent photoluminescence is successfully employed in a light‐emitting diode with an inverted configuration of glass substrate/indium tin oxide/zinc oxide/poly(ethyleneimine)/α‐CsPbI3/poly(4‐butylphenyl‐diphenyl‐amine)/WO3/Al, yielding the characteristic red emission of the perovskite film at 695 nm with brightness, external quantum efficiency, and emission band width of ≈101 cd m−2, 1.12%, and 32 nm, respectively.
Low‐Voltage, Optoelectronic CH3NH3PbI3−xClx Memory with Integrated Sensing and Logic Operations
Authors: Zhou Feichi , Liu Yanghui , Shen Xinpeng , Wang Mengye , Yuan Fang , Chai Yang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNonvolatile optoelectronic memories integrated with the functions of sensing, data storage, and data processing are promising for the potential Internet of things (IoT) applications. To meet the requirements of IoT devices, multifunctional memory devices with low power consumption and secure data storage are highly desirable. This study demonstrates an optoelectronic resistive switching memory integrated with sensing and logic operations by adopting organic–inorganic hybrid CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskites, which possess unusual defect physics and excellent light absorption. The CH3NH3PbI3−xClx cell exhibits low operation voltage of 0.1 V with the assistance of light illumination, long‐term retention property, and multiple resistance states. Its unique optoelectronic characteristics enable to perform logic operation for inputting one electrical pulse and one optical signal, and detect the coincidence of electrical and optical signal as well. This design provides possibilities for smart sensor in IoT application.
Stable Metal–Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Feng Liang , Wang Kecheng , Pang Jiandong , Bosch Matheiu , Lollar Christina , Sun Yujia , Qin Junsheng , Yang Xinyu , Zhang Peng , Wang Qi , Zou Lanfang , Zhang Yingmu , Zhang Liangliang , Fang Yu , Li Jialuo , Zhou Hong‐Cai 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of porous materials with potential applications in gas storage, separations, catalysis, and chemical sensing. Despite numerous advantages, applications of many MOFs are ultimately limited by their stability under harsh conditions. Herein, the recent advances in the field of stable MOFs, covering the fundamental mechanisms of MOF stability, design, and synthesis of stable MOF architectures, and their latest applications are reviewed. First, key factors that affect MOF stability under certain chemical environments are introduced to guide the design of robust structures. This is followed by a short review of synthetic strategies of stable MOFs including modulated synthesis and postsynthetic modifications. Based on the fundamentals of MOF stability, stable MOFs are classified into two categories: high‐valency metal–carboxylate frameworks and low‐valency metal–azolate frameworks. Along this line, some representative stable MOFs are introduced, their structures are described, and their properties are briefly discussed. The expanded applications of stable MOFs in Lewis/Brønsted acid catalysis, redox catalysis, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, gas storage, and sensing are highlighted. Overall, this review is expected to guide the design of stable MOFs by providing insights into existing structures, which could lead to the discovery and development of more advanced functional materials.
Reassembly of 89Zr‐Labeled Cancer Cell Membranes into Multicompartment Membrane‐Derived Liposomes for PET‐Trackable Tumor‐Targeted Theranostics
Authors: Yu Bo , Goel Shreya , Ni Dalong , Ellison Paul A. , Siamof Cerise M. , Jiang Dawei , Cheng Liang , Kang Lei , Yu Faquan , Liu Zhuang , Barnhart Todd E. , He Qianjun , Zhang Han , Cai Weibo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNanoengineering of cell membranes holds great potential to revolutionize tumor‐targeted theranostics, owing to their innate biocompatibility and ability to escape from the immune and reticuloendothelial systems. However, tailoring and integrating cell membranes with drug and imaging agents into one versatile nanoparticle are still challenging. Here, multicompartment membrane‐derived liposomes (MCLs) are developed by reassembling cancer cell membranes with Tween‐80, and are used to conjugate 89Zr via deferoxamine chelator and load tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl) porphyrin for in vivo noninvasive quantitative tracing by positron emission tomography imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT), respectively. Radiolabeled constructs, 89Zr‐Df‐MCLs, demonstrate excellent radiochemical stability in vivo, target 4T1 tumors by the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and are retained long‐term for efficient and effective PDT while clearing gradually from the reticuloendothelial system via hepatobiliary excretion. Toxicity evaluation confirms that the MCLs do not impose acute or chronic toxicity in intravenously injected mice. Additionally, 89Zr‐labeled MCLs can execute rapid and highly sensitive lymph node mapping, even for deep‐seated sentinel lymph nodes. The as‐developed cell membrane reassembling route to MCLs could be extended to other cell types, providing a versatile platform for disease theranostics by facilely and efficiently integrating various multifunctional agents.
Inherently Eu2+/Eu3+ Codoped Sc2O3 Nanoparticles as High‐Performance Nanothermometers
Authors: Pan Yue , Xie Xiaoji , Huang Qianwen , Gao Chao , Wang Yangbo , Wang Lingxiao , Yang Bingxiao , Su Haiquan , Huang Ling , Huang Wei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLuminescent nanothermometers have shown competitive superiority for contactless and noninvasive temperature probing especially at the nanoscale. Herein, we report the inherently Eu2+/Eu3+ codoped Sc2O3 nanoparticles synthesized via a one‐step and controllable thermolysis reaction where Eu3+ is in‐situ reduced to Eu2+ by oleylamine. The stable luminescence emission of Eu3+ as internal standard and the sensitive response of Eu2+ emission to temperature as probe comprise a perfect ratiometric nanothermometer with wide‐range temperature probing (77–267 K), high repeatability (>99.94%), and high relative sensitivity (3.06% K–1 at 267 K). The in situ reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ ensures both uniform distribution in the crystal lattice and simultaneous response upon light excitation of Eu2+/Eu3+. To widen this concept, Tb3+ is codoped as additional internal reference for tunable temperature probing range.
Dynamic Plasmonic Color Generation Based on Phase Transition of Vanadium Dioxide
Authors: Shu Fang‐Zhou , Yu Fang‐Fang , Peng Ru‐Wen , Zhu Ying‐Ying , Xiong Bo , Fan Ren‐Hao , Wang Zheng‐Han , Liu Yongmin , Wang Mu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPlasmonic color filtering and color printing have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their supreme performance in display and imaging technologies. Although various color‐related devices are designed, so far very few studies have touched the topic of dynamic color generation. In this article, dynamic color generation is demonstrated by integrating plasmonic nanostructures with vanadium dioxide based on its tunable optical properties through insulator–metal transition. Periodic arrays of silver nanodisks on a vanadium dioxide film are fabricated to realize different colors, relying on the excitation of localized and propagating surface plasmons, and Wood's anomaly. By tuning spatial periodicity of the arrays and diameter of the silver nanodisks, various colors can be achieved across the entire visible spectrum. Further, using insulator–metal transition of vanadium dioxide, the colors can be actively tuned by varying temperature. The approach of dynamic color generation based on the phase transition of vanadium dioxide can easily realize diverse color patterns, which makes it beneficial for display and imaging technology with distinct advantages of multifunctionality, flexibility, and high efficiency.