bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of the Supravital Method in a Study of Cells Susceptible to Damage in Smears of Normal and Regenerating Bone Marrow
Authors: ROSSE C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cells susceptible to damage during smearing were identified in the different cellular compartments of normal and regenerating bone marrow of the guinea pig by comparing differential counts on fixed dry smears and on supravitally stained wet preparations. The comparisons are considered valid since 1) the number of damaged cells was negligibly low in supravital preparations; 2) it could be shown that cell classification and 3) cell distribution corresponded on the two types of preparations. In smears of normal marrow the majority of damaged cells were myeloid cells, although the most fragile cell appeared to be the monocyte. In normal marrow, erythroblasts and lymphoid cells did not damage in significant numbers. During recovery from sublethal irradiation the number of damaged cells increased significantly in each cell compartment at the time when that compartment commenced its regeneration.
In contrast to normal marrow, at the time of lymphoid regeneration 60 per cent of transitional cells had damaged and at the start of erythroid and myeloid regeneration 40-50 per cent of erythroid and myeloid cells were concealed on smears by damage. Labeling with 3H-thymidine indicated that in smears of normal as well as of regenerating marrow, a large proportion of cells susceptible to damage in the various cell compartments was capable of proliferation.
Studies of the Fate of Platelets in Rats and Man
Authors: ASTER RICHARD H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The tissue distribution of 51Cr-labeled platelets and erythrocytes was determined in normal and asplenic rats. Two hours after injection, the distributions in tissues of RBC and platelet 51Cr were not significantly different except in the spleen which contained platelet 51Cr (12 per cent), significantly in excess of red cell 51Cr (1.4 per cent). As labeled platelets were removed from the bloodstream, 80.2 per cent of the injected 51Cr was deposited in the spleen, liver and marrow of normal animals. During the same interval, radioactivity in all other sites examined diminished to less than 10 per cent of initial values. In splenectomized animals, hepatic uptake of radioactivity was twice that observed in normal animals.
Studies in normal human subjects using external scintillation scanning suggest that similar quantitative considerations apply to man in that, normally, one-third of total platelets are sequestered in the liver and one-third in the spleen while in asplenic individuals two-thirds are destroyed in the liver.
These observations suggest that the majority of platelets are cleared from the circulation by the reticuloendothelial system after becoming "senescent" but they do not elucidate the nature of "senescence" or the circumstances leading to it.
Brief Report: Effect of Incubation Time on the L. Casei Bioassay of Folic Acid in Serum
Authors: STREETER A. M. , O’NEILL B. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It has been shown that the growth rate of L. casei differs in PGA and serum enriched media. Since the serum folic acid level is derived from a comparison of the optical densities in these media it follows that this comparison will yield changing results until growth has stopped due to exhaustion of the available folate. If the assay is terminated before this stage is reached, then nonreproducible results can be easily obtained. Variations in the number of viable organisms in the inocula from assay to assay (which are not easily avoidable) accentuate the possible error. Both these problems appear to be controlled if the usual incubation period is extended to the stage at which growth of the organism has ceased. Our normal range under these conditions is 4.5 ng./ml. to 12.4 ng./ml. with a mean of 7.1 ng./ml.
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in the Treatment of Acquired Aplastic Anemia
Authors: SANCHEZ-MEDAL L. , GOMEZ-LEAL A. , DUARTE LORENZO , RICO MARIA GUADALUPE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The results of the oral administration of high doses of anabolic hormones (oxymetholone, metholone or dromostanolone and methenolone) in the treatment of 69 patients (14 children and 55 adults) with aplastic anemia are presented. Remission rates were 48 per cent for the whole group and 70 per cent for those treated for more than two months. Twenty-two cases have been in remission for 1 to 5 years without maintenance therapy. Eight others relapsed 2 to 4 months after stopping therapy, but responded to the reinstitution of medication. However, four of them have had several relapses and appear to require permanent therapy. In the other four, the second remission has continued for 6 to 40 months. Clinical response was first noted after 0.6 to 6 months of therapy and was characterized by a rise of hemoglobin to normal levels with a variable degree of improvement in the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The number of neutrophils and platelets rose to normal levels in over a third of the cases which responded. Response to therapy was not related to age, sex, etiology, degree of pancytopenia or bone marrow cellularity. The three anabolic hormones seemed equally effective.
Nine patients became clinically jaundiced during therapy; four recovered and five died. Abnormalities in liver function existed before treatment in three of those who died. In four of these five cases, the liver lesion was due to an independent cause: viral hepatitis in one, gram negative septicemia and necrotic colitis in two and thiazide toxicity in the fourth. No autopsy was performed in the other case and the etiology of his liver damage could not be determined. Three of the fatal cases were taking a non-17-alkylated steroid. Other patients presented mild, subclinical and nonprogressive rises in serum direct bilirubin and in BSP retention. The frequency of liver function changes was greater (80 per cent) with oxymetholone than with the other two non-17-alkylated steroids (26 per cent). The changes induced with the former drug regressed completely when metholone or methenolone was substituted. Other side effects were amenorrhea and mild virilization; no growth retardation or changes in bone maturation were observed.
Our results suggest that some anabolic adrogenic steroids may be more useful than testosterone in the treatment of aplastic anemia.
Clinical Investigations in the Treatment of Meningeal Leukemia: Radiation Therapy Regimens vs. Conventional Intrathecal Methotrexate
Authors: SULLIVAN MARGARET P. , VIETTI TERESA J. , FERNBACH DONALD J. , GRIFFITH KENNETH M. , HADDY THERESA B. , WATKINS W. LORRAINE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Using IT MTX as standard therapy for CNS leukemia, the comparative effectiveness of three radiation therapy regimens and a combination radiation-IT MTX regimen was determined by the Pediatric Division of the Southwest Cancer Chemotherapy Study Group.
2. IT MTX, 0.5 mg./Kg. every 2-3 days until the spinal fluid mononuclear cell count decreased to 10/mm3 or less, produced spinal fluid remissions in 78 per cent of 51 children experiencing their first episode of CNS leukemia. The duration of remission ranged from 6-414 days (median 87 days). These figures are comparable to those previously reported for IT antifol therapy.
3. Radiation therapy to the entire cranium using tumor doses of 500 rads and 1000 rads was ineffective in normalizing the CSF, although symptomatic relief was often obtained.
4. Radiation of the entire cerebrospinal axis using a tumor dose of 1000 rads resulted in a spinal fluid remission rate of 92 per cent. Remissions persisted for 13-527 days (median 52 days). Six of seven children in marrow remission when radiation therapy was administered showed evidence of myelosuppression.
5. A combination therapy regimen with two injections of MTX preceding radiation of the entire cerebrospinal axis (750-1000 rads tumor dose for children in marrow remission and 250-500 rads tumor dose for children in marrow relapse) and one injection of MTX intrathecally following radiation resulted in spinal fluid remission in 100 per cent of the evaluable children in the treatment group. Symptomatic remissions occurred in 94 per cent of the children. The duration of remission, however, was similar to that obtained with conventional IT MTX therapy. Evidence of myelosuppression appeared in half of the children in bone marrow remission.
6. None of the radiation regimens was superior to IT MTX when the following parameters were considered: (1) duration of CNS remission; (2) duration of existing bone marrow remission; (3) survival from onset of meningeal leukemia; and (4) number of CNS relapses.
The Eosinophil Response to Toxoids and its Inhibition by Antitoxin
Authors: SPEIRS R. S. , TURNER M. X. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Intraperitoneal injections of specific toxoid induce a prolonged eosinophilia in the peritoneal exudate of BDF1 mice previously immunized with tetanus toxoid combined with an adjuvant of pertussis vaccine. An injection of diphtheria toxoid into tetanus-primed mice induces a transient local eosinophilia which peaks at 24 hours. A challenging injection of tetanus toxoid produced a greater 24 hour eosinophil response and, in addition, a persisting accumulation of eosinophils peaking at 3 days and still evident at days 5 and 7. Injections of heterologous antitetanus globulins or isologous immune serum did not affect the transient eosinophilia, but did suppress the accumulation of eosinophils during the second or prolonged phase of the response to challenge.
Since humoral antibody prevented the antigen from inititating the eosinophil response in animals primed to respond to a challenging injection, it was concluded that antigen-antibody reactions per se could not be responsible for the prolonged phase of the eosinophil response. It was suggested that antibody may block the antigen from complexing with sensitized cells, thereby preventing the release of eosinophilotactic factors.
Protein Synthesis in Human Leukocytes and Lymphocytes: 1. Effect of Steroids and Sterols
Authors: WERTHAMER SEYMOUR , HICKS CARL , AMARAL LEONARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The in vitro effects of sterols, cholesterol and 3-methyl cholanthrene and steroids, cortisol, prednisolone and testosterone on protein synthesis in separate popultions of human lymphocytes and leukocytes has been investigated. It has been shown that all agents used result in the inhibition of protein synthesis under these conditions. It has also been shown that the inhibitory mechanism of the steroid hormones requires the presence of plasma, presumably as a protein binding factor in order to achieve its effect. The sterol, cholesterol and 3-methyl cholanthrene, in the absence of plasma, still inhibit amino acid incorporation. However, in the case of cholesterol, the magnitude of inhibition is lower than that observed in the presence of plasma, perhaps indicating a partial plasma dependence. The results presented therefore support the hypothesis that the inhibition of lymphocyte protein synthesis by steroid hormones occurs only when the steroid is bound to a plasma protein. The physiologic role of the plasma protein-cortisol complex and its relation to the condition of lymphopenia in man is discussed.
Diisopropylfluorophosphate Is Not a Specific Label for the Red Cell Membrane
Authors: SEARS DAVID A. , WEED ROBERT I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
When red cells were labeled either in vitro or in vivo with DF32P, the label was attached primarily at intracellular, not membrane, sites. Thus, despite the fact that it binds to and inactivates the red cell membrane enzyme, acetylcholinesterate, DF32P is not a specific label for the red cell membrane.
Brief Report: Hemoglobin-Coated Charcoal Radioassay for Serum Vitamin B12. A Simple Modification To Improve Intrinsic Factor Reliability
Authors: HILLMAN R. S. , OAKES M. , FINHOLT C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Reliable binding of vitamin B12 by intrinsic factor (IF) is essential in the hemoglobin-coated charcoal radioassay for serum vitamin B12 as described by Lau et al.4 The fact that some IF preparations bind less B12 in the saline IF control tube than in those tubes containing serum can result in a falsely low measurement of unknown sera. This may be avoided by the simple substitution of 0.5 ml. of 5 per cent human albumin solution for the saline in the IF control tube.
Elevated Serum Iron, Low Unbound Transferrin and Candidiasis in Acute Leukemia
Authors: CAROLINE LEONA , ROSNER FRED , KOZINN PHILIP J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Patients with acute leukemia have been shown to have elevated serum iron levels and markedly diminished or absent unbound iron binding capacity (21 of 34 patients with myeloblastic and 2 of 6 patients with lymphoblastic leukemia). Four patients (2 myeloblastic and 2 lymphoblastic) developed systemic candidiasis with elevated Candida agglutination titers and positive precipitin tests against a somatic antigen of Candida albicans. It is postulated that high serum iron and/or low unbound transferrin predispose patients with acute leukemia to candidal infection by enhancing growth of this fungus. In vitro studies support this hypothesis.
Regulation of Erythropoiesis (XXIV). Studies on the Post-Hypoxic "Rebound" Phase
Authors: SHADDUCK RICHARD K. , KUBANEK BERNHARD , PORCELLINI ADOLFO , FERRARI LUIGI , TYLER WILLIAM S. , HOWARD DONALD , STOHLMAN FREDERICK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
After exposure to hypoxia there was only a moderate stimulation of erythropoiesis in a strain of mouse which produces minimal amounts of erythropoietin in response to such a stimulus. This was associated with minimal changes in bone marrow CFU’s, but there was a striking decrease in splenic CFU’s. This splenic depopulation seemed related to a specific effect of hypoxia rather than stem cell depletion secondary to erythroid differentiation. On return to ambient pressure there was a prompt onset of splenic red cell aplasia, but only a gradual decrease in marrow erythropoiesis. Despite the prompt splenic red cell aplasia, there was only a slow return to splenic CFU’s to normal levels during the first 4-5 days. Thereafter a slight rebound or overshoot was noted. Although differentiated erythroid elements were still present in the marrow on the fourth post-hypoxic day, a moderate rebound in marrow CFU’s to 150 per cent of control was evident. These findings might best be explained by a migration of stem cells during the post-hypoxic interval. Marrow lymphocytes decreased during hypoxia and rose gradually there-after following, rather than preceeding, the increase in bone marrow CFU’s.
The Monovalent Cation Content and Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity of Human Normal and Leukemic Granulocytes and Lymphocytes: Relationship to Cell Volume and Morphologic Age
Authors: LICHTMAN MARSHALL A. , WEED ROBERT I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Differences in volume, water content and weight of leukocytes of different morphologic type are described. These differences make it mandatory that the influence of those factors which contribute to the denominator in comparative studies of leukocyte characteristics be considered if different cell types are being compared. The influence of cell isolation on monovalent cation content is emphasized. Restoration of a high potassium, low sodium steady-state occurred at 37 C. after incubation in physiologic solutions. Inhibition of this cation restoration by ouabain, or deviations from optimal extracellular pH, optimal ambient temperature and optimal extracellular potassium concentration coupled with the presence of ouabain inhibitable monovalent cation activated adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis in vitro support the presence of active cation transport in all types of human leukocytes studied. It is likely that discrepant values for leukocyte cation content and absence of monovalent cation activated ATPase previously reported are related to technical factors.
Leukemic and normal granulocytes and lymphocytes of similar morphologic type do not differ in their monovalent cation content or in sodium-potassium ATPase activity. Cell volume of leukemic and normal small lymphocytes and PMNG’s parallels their cation content. Immature granulocytes and small lymphocytes have higher sodium-potassium ATPase activities than mature granulocytes. Sodium concentration and water content were also slightly higher in immature granulocytes and lymphocytes as compared to PMNG’s. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased sodium-potassium ATPase activity is a biochemical feature of leukocytes with the potential to divide and differentiate. The impaired mitotic capacity of human leukemic blast cells does not appear to be related to a deficiency in sodium-potassium ATPase activity or a resultant alteration in intracellular monovalent cation content.
Determinants of Erythrocyte Size in Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: KILBRIDGE THOMAS M. , HELLER PAUL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Serial determinations of red cell volumes were made with an electronic sizing device in 30 patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Variations in red cell volumes were correlated with other hematologic and clinical findings. The results of these studies suggest that volume macrocytosis in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis is either due to megaloblastosis of the bone marrow or to an accelerated influx of young red cells into the peripheral blood.
Chlorambucil Treatment of Patients With Cold Agglutinin Syndrome
Authors: HIPPE E. , JENSEN K. B. , OLESEN H. , LIND K. , THOMSEN P. E. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Four patients aged 62 to 78 years with the cold agglutinin syndrome have been treated intermittently or continuously with chlorambucil for one to seven years. This resulted in a decreased susceptibility to the cold so that Raynaud phenomena and hemoglobinuria were avoided in the winter. The hemoglobin value increased, the concentration of IgM-globulin in serum was nearly normalized, and the cold agglutinin titre decreased by a factor 3-30. The thermal amplitude was lowered by 2.2-7.2°C.
Erythrocyte Vitamin B12 Activity in Health, Polycythemia, and in Deficiency of Vitamin B12 and Folate
Authors: OMER A. , FINLAYSON N. D. C. , SHEARMAN D. J. C. , SAMSON R. R. , GIRDWOOD R. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method for the estimation of vitamin B12 in erythrocytes using E. gracilis is described. In 29 normal subjects the mean value was 158 pg./ml. (S.D. 31 pg.) packed cells.
Five of 14 patients with untreated primary polycythemia had very low erythrocyte vitamin B12 levels, and in the group as a whole the value was significantly less than normal. In eight patients with secondary polycythemia the erythrocyte vitamin B12 did not differ from normal, though two patients had values below the normal range.
In 19 cases of pernicious anemia the mean erythrocyte vitamin B12 level was 53 pg./ml. (S.D. 32 pg.) packed cells which was significantly reduced. There was no constant relation between the erythrocyte and plasma levels. In eight cases of folate deficiency the erythrocyte vitamin B12 level was significantly reduced, with a mean value of 95 pg./ml. (S.D. 57 pg.) packed cells.
Prophylactic Treatment of Factor VIII Deficiency
Authors: HIRSCHMAN RICHARD J. , ITSCOITZ SAMUEL B. , SHULMAN N. RAPHAEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two patients with classical hemophilia, and twins with a combination of classical hemophilia and von Willebrand’s disease, were treated prophylactically with cryopercipitate for periods up to two years. All had significantly fewer spontaneous hemorrhages during therapy. The prophylactic regimen required to prevent spontaneous hemorrhage was different in each case. Progressive enlargement of an inoperable hemophilic pseudotumor was arrested in one. Complications encountered included hepatitis in one case and occasional urticaria in another. Prophylactic treatment appears to be practical and indicated in selected cases.
DNA Metabolism and Development of Organelles in Guinea-Pig Megakaryocytes: A Combined Ultrastructural, Autoradiographic and Cytophotometric Study
Authors: PAULUS JEAN-MICHEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The thick and thin section technique was used to study guinea-pig megakaryocytes by electron microscopy, combined with either autoradiography or cytophotometric determination of DNA. Megakaryocytes engaged in polyploidization already showed granule formation, which began in the Golgi apparatus partially encircled by the nucleus. The ploidization phase stopped at the 8N, 16N or 32N level, after an average of 3 ± 0.5 (1 S.D.) genome duplications. Microtubules, myofibrils and demarcation membranes were also present in the immature megakaryocytes but organelles were formed in increasing amounts in non DNA-synthesizing cells. Platelet liberation, possible at the 8N, 16N or 32N stage, occurred in non DNA-synthesizing cells, principally at the 16N level.
Studies on the Regulation of Granulopoiesis. I. The Response to Neutropenia
Authors: MORLEY ALEC , STOHLMAN FREDERICK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mice were irradiated with one leg shielded in order to study the response of the protected marrow to neutropenia. The findings suggested that neutropenia increases the rate of release of segmented neutrophils from the marrow and also increases the rate of production of neutrophil precursors, possibly by increasing the rate of flux from a committed granulocytic stem cell compartment into the myeloblast-promyelocyte compartment. A humoral mechanism may be involved.
Evidence for Abnormal Red Cell Population in Refractory Sideroblastic Anemia
Authors: BEN-BASSAT ISAAC , SIMONI FRIDA BROK , RAMOT BRACHA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Red cell enzymes were studied in 11 patients with refractory sideroblastic anemia. Eight of the cases were of the primary idiopathic type while three had an underlying (?) disease. The red cells were separated into several density groups by different flotation with phthalate ester mixtures. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities and adenosine triphosphate contents were determined in each fraction, with special attention to the lightest and densest fractions.
It was found that the refractory anemia patients have a population of abnormal light red cells with a very high enzymatic activity, especially of hexokinase, a normal adenosine triphosphate content but relatively reduced surface charge. This abnormal population which so far seems typical to this disease, is probably another reflection of the disordered red cell proliferation and maturation seen in refractory anemia.
A Philippino Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Variant (G6PD Union) With Enzyme Deficiency and Altered Substrate Specificity
Authors: YOSHIDA AKIRA , BAUR ERNST W. , MOUTLSKY ARNO G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) associated with altered substrate specificity and severe deficiency of red cell enzyme activity was found in a Philippino male and in his relatives. The genetic pattern was consistent with X-linked inheritance. α-Thalassemia was found in the propositus and in several family members, but there was no interaction between G6PD deficiency and α-thalassemia. This G6PD variant has two pH optima, at pH 5.5 and pH 9.0, while the normal enzyme is inactive at pH 5.5. The substrate specificity of the variant enzyme is different from any known G6PD variant: 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate and galactose-6-phosphate are good substrates and deamino-NADP is a better coenzyme than NADP. Although G6PD activity in the variant red cells was only three per cent of normal, quantitative immunologic neutralization suggested that the specific activity of the variant enzyme might be at least ten per cent of that of the normal enzyme. This variant is named after the place of origin, Gd Union.