bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uddannelsesforståelser i læreruddannelsen - belyst gennem litteraturstudier og empiriske undersøgelser blandt undervisere
Authors: Lund Jens Hansen 
Published: June 2018

Baseret på kondensering af international forskning og empirisk materiale fra dansk læreruddannelse diskuteres begrebet uddannelsesforståelse i artiklen. Dette begreb anvendes som samlebetegnelse for grundlæggende antagelser om uddannelsen og artiklen tematiserer, hvordan aktører i og omkring læreruddannelsen løbende kan være i dialog om, reflektere over, udvikle og kritisere sådanne grundlæggende antagelser. Uddannelsesforståelse fremhæves som et nyere og indtil videre fagligt svagt funderet begreb, men der argumenteres for den afgørende betydning af eksplicit og kritisk refleksion over sådanne forståelser. Begrebet er kun i meget begrænset omfang adresseret internationalt, men baseret på en bredere litteratursøgning inden for feltet identificeres tre overordnede temaer, som formaterer litteratursøgningens resultater: 1) ”Sammenhæng” som en grundlæggende uddannelsesdidaktisk kategori, der er hyppigt og normativt anvendt men sjældent defineret. 2) Anbefalinger til læreruddannelsen som helhed er oftest baseret på et snævert fokus fx et bestemt fag eller en bestemt pædagogisk værdi. 3) Empiriske aktørperspektiver er sjældent anvendt og studenterperspektiver har dominans i de eksempler, der findes. På baggrund af disse tre tematiseringer udvikles der en række spørge- og opmærksomhedsfelter, som fremtidige studier i uddannelsesforståelser kan lade sig inspirere af. Som afslutning opstilles tre forskellige modeller for, hvorledes løbende kritiske drøftelser af grundlæggende antagelser om læreruddannelsen kan komme til stede i organiseringen af uddannelsens indhold og samarbejdet mellem underviserne.Abstract: Basic Beliefs in Teacher Education. Departing from international research literature and Danish empirical research, the article seek nuances in and discuss the notion of basic beliefs in and of teacher education. The research calls for this kind of discussions but the article also shows that both research and educational practices are rather poor of systematic approaches to the field of basic educational assumptions. Analysis of the literature identify a set of points for attention: 1) The notion of coherence is often used, but seldom defined in research about basic beliefs in teacher education. 2) General advice to teacher education is often based on more focused research i.e. a single subject ore a single pedagogical value. 3) Subject perspectives are seldom used in the research and if they are, student perspectives dominate. Finally, the article presents three different ways of anchoring discussions of basic beliefs in the practice of teacher education.
Rum for udvikling af praksis-, professions- og forskningsviden?
Authors: Molbæk Mette , Hølvig Mikkelsen Sidse 
Published: June 2018

Resumé Denne artikel adresserer muligheder og udfordringer i relationerne mellem læreruddannelse, profession og forskning og har til formål at undersøge, hvordan samspillet mellem den praksis (og teori), der er i folkeskolen, og den teori (og praksis), lærere og lærerstuderende møder på grund- og efteruddannelsen, kan faciliteres. Problemstillingen behandles teoretisk og empirisk med udgangspunkt i et forsknings- og udviklingsprojekt designet med intentionen om at skabe ligeværdige og udviklende møder mellem praksis-, professions- og forskningsviden. I artiklen præsenterer vi fund vedrørende den måde, vi organiserer forsknings- og udviklingsprojekter på, samt forhold omkring tid og muligheden for en dybere forståelse af praksis. Konklusionen er, at hvis vi vil facilitere møder mellem forskellige typer af viden og ad den vej skabe reel kompetenceudvikling for alle involverede aktører, er vi nødt til at rammesætte vores forsknings- og udviklingsprojekter, så de både understøtter en systematisk og differentieret tilgang, og vi må prioritere tid til fordybelse samt udvikle en samarbejdende kultur med fokus på en analyserende tilgang til udvikling af alle aktørers praksis. Vores fund og konklusioner indeholder endvidere nye perspektiver på, hvordan vi kan se og praktisere læreruddannelse.Abstract This article addresses challenges in the relations between teacher education, profession and research and aims to explore how we can increase the interaction between the practice (and theory) in schools and the theory (and practice) teachers and student teachers meet in pre- and inservice training. The problem area is discussed theoretically and empirically based on a research and development project designed with the aim to facilitate equal and developing meetings between practice knowledge, professional knowledge and research knowledge. In the article, we present findings regarding the way we organize research and development project as well as aspect of time and the opportunity for deeper understandings of practice. The conclusion is that if we want to facilitate meetings between different types of knowledge we need to frame our research and development projects so they support both a systematic and differentiated approach, we need to prioritize time and we need to create cultures of cooperation which stress an analyzing approach to all participants practices. Our findings and conclusion also entail new perspectives of how we should understand and practice teacher education.
Source apportionment of water use during vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Enhao Chang , Peng Li , Zhanbin Li , Lie Xiao , Guoce Xu , Binhua Zhao , Yuanyi Su , Zhaohong Feng 
Published: June 2018

Background. The Chinese government implemented the largest environmental recovery plan in the 1990s, the Grain for Green Project, on the Loess Plateau to prevent soil erosion. Extensive areas of cultivated land were abandoned and then gradually restored with communities of native vegetation. Little is known, however, about the successional development of these communities and their strategies of water use.
Methods. We collected soil and root samples from four vegetation communities at different stages of succession (Artemisia capillaris, A. sacrorum, Bothriochloa ischaemum and Lespedeza davurica) in the dry and wet seasons of 2015 in the Wangmaogou watershed of the Wuding River.
Results. Both the root systems and soil-water contents tended to increase with successional development and fluctuated with changes of the dry and wet seasons. Isotopic analysis indicated that the thawing of winter snow during the dry season in April provided sufficient soil water. The vegetation communities only used the water in the 0-20 cm soil layer during the early successional stage. This range increased to 0-100 cm as the succession developed, with strong seasonal variation; water was accessed from deeper soil during the dry season, and water was accessed from shallower soil during the wet season.
Discussion. Antecedent rainfall, soil-water content and root distribution strongly influenced the use of water in all four vegetation communities. In the process of restoration and succession of vegetation communities, the behavior characteristics and water absorption strategies of the root system are the important theoretical basis for optimizing the selection of species and accelerating the speed of ecological restoration in Chinese Loess Plateau.
Gastrointestinal transit time and heart rate variability in patients with mild acquired brain injury
Authors: Enevoldsen Johannes , Vistisen Simon T. , Krogh Klaus , Nielsen Jørgen F. , Knudsen Karoline , Borghammer Per , Andersen Henning 
Published: June 2018

Background
Constipation is suspected to occur frequently after acquired brain injury (ABI). In patients with ABI, heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced suggesting autonomic dysfunction. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with prolonged gastrointestinal transit time (GITT). The primary aim of this study was to investigate if GITT is prolonged in patients with ABI. Secondarily, HRV and its correlation with GITT was investigated.

Methods
We included 25 patients with ABI (18 men, median age: 61.3 years, range [30.7–74.5]). GITT was assessed using radio-opaque markers and HRV was calculated from 24-hour electrocardiograms. Medical records were reviewed for important covariates, including primary diagnosis, time since injury, functional independence measure, and use of medication. The GITT assessed in patients was compared to a control group of 25 healthy subjects (18 men, median age: 61.5 years, range [34.0–70.9]).

Results
In ABI patients, the mean GITT was significantly longer than in healthy controls (2.68 days, 95% CI [2.16–3.19] versus (1.92 days, 95% CI [1.62–2.22], p = 0.011)). No correlation was found between HRV and GITT.

Conclusion
Patients with mild to moderate ABI have prolonged GITT unrelated to the HRV.
Quantitative histological models suggest endothermy in plesiosaurs
Authors: Fleischle Corinna V. , Wintrich Tanja , Sander P. Martin 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundPlesiosaurs are marine reptiles that arose in the Late Triassic and survived to the Late Cretaceous. They have a unique and uniform bauplan and are known for their very long neck and hydrofoil-like flippers. Plesiosaurs are among the most successful vertebrate clades in Earth’s history. Based on bone mass decrease and cosmopolitan distribution, both of which affect lifestyle, indications of parental care, and oxygen isotope analyses, evidence for endothermy in plesiosaurs has accumulated. Recent bone histological investigations also provide evidence of fast growth and elevated metabolic rates. However, quantitative estimations of metabolic rates and bone growth rates in plesiosaurs have not been attempted before.MethodsPhylogenetic eigenvector maps is a method for estimating trait values from a predictor variable while taking into account phylogenetic relationships. As predictor variable, this study employs vascular density, measured in bone histological sections of fossil eosauropterygians and extant comparative taxa. We quantified vascular density as primary osteon density, thus, the proportion of vascular area (including lamellar infillings of primary osteons) to total bone area. Our response variables are bone growth rate (expressed as local bone apposition rate) and resting metabolic rate (RMR).ResultsOur models reveal bone growth rates and RMRs for plesiosaurs that are in the range of birds, suggesting that plesiosaurs were endotherm. Even for basal eosauropterygians we estimate values in the range of mammals or higher.DiscussionOur models are influenced by the availability of comparative data, which are lacking for large marine amniotes, potentially skewing our results. However, our statistically robust inference of fast growth and fast metabolism is in accordance with other evidence for plesiosaurian endothermy. Endothermy may explain the success of plesiosaurs consisting in their survival of the end-Triassic extinction event and their global radiation and dispersal.
Kinetic analysis and structural studies of a high‐efficiency laccase from Cerrena sp. RSD1
Authors: Wu Meng‐Hsuan , Lee Cheng‐Chung , Hsiao An‐Shan , Yu Su‐May , Wang Andrew H.‐J. , Ho Tuan‐Hua David 
Published: June 2018

A high‐efficiency laccase, DLac, was isolated from Cerrena sp. RSD1. The kinetic studies indicate that DLac is a diffusion‐limited enzyme. The crystal structure of DLac was determined to atomic resolution, and its overall structure shares high homology to monomeric laccases, but displays unique substrate‐binding loops from those in other laccases. The substrate‐binding residues with small side chain and the short substrate‐binding loop IV broaden the substrate‐binding cavity and may facilitate large substrate diffusion. Unlike highly glycosylated fungal laccases, the less‐glycosylated DLac contains one highly conserved glycosylation site at N432 and an unique glycosylation site at N468. The N‐glycans stabilize the substrate‐binding loops and the protein structure, and the first N‐acetylglucosamine is crucial for the catalytic efficiency. Additionally, a fivefold increase in protein yield is achieved via the submerged culture method for industrial applications.DatabaseThe atomic coordinates of the structure of DLac from Cerrena sp. RSD1 and structural factors have been deposited in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 5Z1X).
Lasers, Gas
Authors: Eichler Hans Joachim , Usenov Iskander 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article reviews the characteristics of gas lasers that are important as both scientific and industrial tools. The basic principles common to the operation of all gas lasers and a few of their general properties are discussed. The lasers are categorized according to the pumping mechanisms of the upper laser level: electron impact excitation (copper and gold lasers and argon‐ and krypton‐ion lasers), excitation transfer (He–Ne laser, He–Cd laser, and CO2laser), reactive collision lasers (excimer lasers: ArF, KrF, XeCl, and XeF), chemical lasers (HF and iodine laser), and other lasers in the far‐infrared (IR), ultraviolet, and X‐ray regions. Selected applications of pulsed and continuous gas lasers are presented in material processing, marking and laser evaporation, microlithography, photochemical processing, stereolithography, and medicine.
Pushing the Envelope: Achieving an Open‐Circuit Voltage of 1.18 V for Unalloyed MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells of a Planar Architecture
Authors: Wang Yajuan , Liang Yongqi , Zhang Yongfei , Yang Wei , Sun Licheng , Xu Dongsheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAfter an overwhelmingly fast increase during the period from 2009 to 2016, the power conversion efficiency of hybrid perovskite solar cells levels at ≈22% during the past two years. Every small advance to theoretical limits of the photovoltaic metrics will significantly deepen the understanding of internal processes inside the perovskite solar cells. Here, by introducing chloroform as the antisolvent, the one‐step deposition method to fabricate methylammonium lead tri‐iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite films under ambient air condition is optimized. With MAPbI3 solar cells of a planar architecture, a record high Voc of 1.18 V is obtained under simulated AM1.5 sunlight. The achievement helps pure MAPbI3 to reestablish its potential as a model compound for research in hybrid perovskite solar cells. After systematic comparison on different electron transport layers (SnO2 and TiO2) and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates of different roughness for photon trapping inside MAPbI3 solar cells, the remaining 0.14 V Voc loss is elucidated to be due to the poor luminescent property of the MAPbI3 films.
Ultrafine CoPx Nanoparticles Anchored on Nitrogen Doped Reduced Graphene Oxides for Superior Hydrogenation in Alkaline Media
Authors: Zheng Lingxia , Hu Wangwang , Shu Xuwei , Zheng Huajun , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCobalt phosphides based materials are considered as promising electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The catalytic performance can be further enhanced by improving the intrinsic catalytic activity, exposing more active sites and coupling with conductive support. Herein, a novel electrocatalyst based on nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxides decorates with uniformly distributed CoPx nanoparticles with a suitable P/Co ratio (x = 1.7) via a facile and mild condition. The optimized composite (CoPx/N‐rGO) exhibits superior electrocatalytic HER activities with a low overpotential of 104 mV (at 10 mA cm−2), a small Tafel slope of 65 mV dec−1, and long‐term stability in the alkaline media, comparable to the performance of other HER electrocatalysts. The remarkable HER performance can be ascribed to the good electrical conductivity of rGO and extra active sites created by nitrogen doping. In addition, the ultrafine nanostructure (average particle size ≈4 nm) and well‐dispersed CoPx nanoparticles also help expose more active sites for electrocatalytic reactions, largely hindering the agglomeration and exfoliation. This work provides a versatile route on the design of multifunctional composite materials for renewable energy research with low cost and high activity.
Origin and diversity of an underutilized fruit tree crop, cempedak (Artocarpus integer, Moraceae)
Authors: Wang Maria M. H. , Gardner Elliot M. , Chung Richard C. K. , Chew Ming Yee , Milan Abd Rahman , Pereira Joan T. , Zerega Nyree J. C. 
Published: June 2018

Premise of the StudyUnderutilized crops and their wild relatives are important resources for crop improvement and food security. Cempedak [Artocarpus integer (Thunb). Merr.] is a significant crop in Malaysia but underutilized elsewhere. Here we performed molecular characterization of cempedak and its putative wild relative bangkong (Artocarpus integer (Thunb). Merr. var. silvestris Corner) to address questions regarding the origin and diversity of cempedak.MethodsUsing data from 12 microsatellite loci, we assessed the genetic diversity and genetic/geographic structure for 353 cempedak and 175 bangkong accessions from Malaysia and neighboring countries and employed clonal analysis to characterize cempedak cultivars. We conducted haplotype network analyses on the trnH‐psbA region in a subset of these samples. We also analyzed key vegetative characters that reportedly differentiate cempedak and bangkong.Key ResultsWe show that cempedak and bangkong are sister taxa and distinct genetically and morphologically, but the directionality of domestication origin is unclear. Genetic diversity was generally higher in bangkong than in cempedak. We found a distinct genetic cluster for cempedak from Borneo as compared to cempedak from Peninsular Malaysia. Finally, cempedak cultivars with the same names did not always share the same genetic fingerprint.ConclusionsCempedak origins are complex, with likely admixture and hybridization with bangkong, warranting further investigation. We provide a baseline of genetic diversity of cempedak and bangkong in Malaysia and found that germplasm collections in Malaysia represent diverse coverage of the four cempedak genetic clusters detected.
Processes of Natural Mentoring that Promote Underrepresented Students’ Educational Attainment: A Theoretical Model
Authors: Hagler Matthew 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLongitudinal studies suggest that naturally occurring mentoring relationships are associated with positive, long‐term educational outcomes, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying these potential effects. Predominant theories and research methods portray natural mentoring as a static, one‐to‐one phenomenon and are removed from specific sociocultural and developmental contexts. Thus, the current paper critically reviews existing literature and proposes a dynamic, network‐based process model of mentoring. Building on Rhodes’ (2005, Handbook of youth mentoring, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 30) theoretical model, the proposed model integrates sociological, educational, and psychological research to examine developmental pathways through which natural mentoring relationships might promote underrepresented (e.g., low‐income, ethnic/racial minorities) students’ educational persistence and success. In particular, mentoring relationships might enhance students’ positive help‐seeking beliefs and trust in nonparent adults. These mentors may possess key cultural capital and knowledge that help underrepresented students navigate White, upper‐ or middle‐class cultural norms. Mentors may also cultivate students’ school‐relevant selves and bicultural identities, facilitating integration into mainstream academia while affirming cultures of origin. Through these processes, previous mentoring experiences may promote the formation of new mentoring relationships, enabling youth to build dynamic support networks. Unfortunately, on a larger scale, advantage and disadvantage persist due to inequitable access to mentoring in educational settings.
(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene‐mediated Selective Synthesis of α‐Azido Ketones or Acyl Azides from β‐Keto Acids
Authors: Zheng Zhao‐Jing , Yu Tian‐Yang , Xu Peng‐Fei , Wei Hao 
Published: June 2018

Abstract(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene‐mediated selective synthesis of α‐azido ketones or acyl azides from keto acids is developed. The selectivity depends on the amounts of the reagents used. Treatment of β‐keto acid derivatives with 1.2 or 2.2 equivalents of (diacetoxyiodo)benzene results in α‐azido ketone or acyl azide products, respectively. Initial mechanistic studies show that monobromomethyl ketone and dibromomethyl ketone are plausible intermediates in these reactions.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diboranes by Diborane Metathesis
Authors: Pécharman Anne‐Frédérique , Hill Michael S. , Mahon Mary F. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractReactions of readily accessible magnesium‐centered pinacolatoboryl nucleophiles with [(Ph2B)2O] result in B−O bond activation of the diphenylborinic anhydride. Although [pinBBPh2] is apparently generated when the nucleophilic boron unit is derived in situ from a magnesium diboranate, it cannot be isolated owing to its onward derivatization by a further {Bpin}− equivalent. A reaction with a terminal magnesium boryl species similarly provides a boryloxide byproduct. In this case, however, the unsymmetrical B(sp2)−B(sp3) diborane may be intercepted as its DMAP adduct.
Benzocyclobutadienes: An Unusual Mode of Access Reveals Unusual Modes of Reactivity
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Woods Brian P. , Xiu Wen , Hoye Thomas R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe reaction of an aryne with an alkyne to generate a benzocyclobutadiene (BCB) intermediate is rare. We report here examples of this reaction, revealed by Diels–Alder trapping of the BCB by either pendant or external electron‐deficient alkynes. Mechanistic delineation of the reaction course is supported by DFT calculations. A three‐component process joining the benzyne first with an electron‐rich and then with an electron‐poor alkyne was uncovered. Reactions in which the BCB functions in a rarely observed role as a 4π diene component in Diels–Alder reactions are reported. The results also shed new light on aspects of the hexadehydro‐Diels–Alder reaction used to generate the benzynes.
Eine ungewöhnliche intramolekulare Halogenbindung führt zu konformationeller Selektion
Authors: Tesch Roberta , Becker Christian , Müller Matthias Philipp , Beck Michael Edmund , Quambusch Lena , Getlik Matthäus , Lategahn Jonas , Uhlenbrock Niklas , Costa Fanny Nascimento , Polêto Marcelo D. , Pinheiro Pedro de Sena Murteira , Rodrigues Daniel Alencar , Sant'Anna Carlos Mauricio R. , Ferreira Fabio Furlan , Verli Hugo , Fraga Carlos Alberto Manssour , Rauh Daniel 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPIK‐75 ist ein α‐Isoform‐selektiver Phosphoinositid‐3‐Kinase(PI3K)‐Inhibitor mit hoher Potenz. Obwohl veröffentlichte SAR‐Daten die Wichtigkeit der NO2‐ und Br‐Substituenten in PIK‐75 zeigen, konnte bisher keine Studie die zugrundeliegende Ursache der Bedeutung korrekt bestimmen. In dieser Zuschrift beschreiben wir die erste Kristallstruktur von PIK‐75 im Komplex mit der Kinase GSK‐3β. Die Struktur zeigt eine ungewöhnliche U‐förmige Konformation von PIK‐75 innerhalb des aktiven Zentrums von GSK‐3β, die wahrscheinlich durch eine atypische intramolekulare Br⋅⋅⋅NO2‐Halogenbindung stabilisiert wird. NMR‐ und MD‐Simulationen zeigen, dass diese Konformation wahrscheinlich ebenfalls in Lösung vorliegt und zu einer bindungskompetenten Konformation des PIK‐75‐Moleküls führt, was wiederum seine hohe Potenz erklärt. Wir schlagen daher vor, dass der ortsspezifische Einbau von intramolekularen Halogenbindungen im Allgemeinen verwendet werden könnte, um konformationell eingeschränkte bioaktive Substanzen mit erhöhter Potenz zu generieren.