bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trajectories and predictors of risk for mental health problems throughout childhood
Authors: Vella Stewart A. , Gardner Lauren A. , Swann Christian , Allen Mark S. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundChildren fluctuate in their risk for mental health‐related problems. While children have demonstrated consistent trajectories for various types of mental health problems, the existence of developmental trajectories of overall risk of mental health problems has not been explored. This study aimed to identify distinct trajectories of overall mental health risk among children from ages 4–12 years. A secondary objective was to identify predictors of the mental health risk trajectories.MethodData from the first five waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) were used to assess mental health risk and potential predictors. The primary parent (n = 3717) completed questionnaires, time‐use diaries, and face‐to‐face interviews over the five waves. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct latent trajectories of mental health risk. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of the trajectories.ResultsSix distinct trajectories of mental health risk were identified: Low Difficulty (72.9%), Improvers (9.7%), Decliners (7.9%), Early Decliners/Late Improvers (4.7%), Early Improvers/Late Decliners (2.7%), and High Difficulty (2.2%). Child sex, sociability, parental warmth, sports participation, and household income were identified as significant predictors of mental health trajectories.ConclusionsThere are distinct trajectories of overall risk for mental health problems during childhood. Research should focus on the High Difficulties group and the Early Improvers/Late Decliners group to address the predictors and improve access to early mental health services.
Genetic profiles of transcriptomic clusters of childhood asthma determine specific severe subtype
Authors: Yeh Y.‐L. , Su M.‐W. , Chiang B.‐L. , Yang Y.‐H. , Tsai C.‐H. , Lee Y. L. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryBackgroundPrevious studies have defined transcriptomic subtypes of adult asthma using samples of induced sputum and bronchial epithelium; however, those procedures are not readily applicable in the clinic, especially for childhood asthma.ObjectiveWe aim to dissect the transcriptomic clusters of childhood asthma using highly variably expressed genes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) among patients.MethodsGene expression of PBMC from 133 asthmatic children and 11 healthy controls was measured with Illumina microarrays. We applied the k‐means clustering algorithm of 2048 genes to assign asthmatic children into clusters. Genes with differential expression between asthma clusters and healthy controls were used to investigate whether they could identify severe asthma of children and adults.ResultsWe identified 3 asthma clusters with distinct inflammatory profiles in peripheral blood. Cluster 1 had the highest eosinophil count. Cluster 2 showed lower counts of both eosinophils and neutrophils. Cluster 3 had the highest neutrophil count and the poorest treatment control. Compared with other patients, Cluster 3 exhibited a unique gene expression pattern which was associated with changes in the glucocorticoid signalling and activation of the T helper 1/T helper 17 (TH1/TH17) immune pathways. In the validation studies, an 84‐gene signature could identify severe asthma in children on leucocytes, as well as severe asthma in adults on CD8+ T cells.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceGene expression profiling of PBMC is useful for the identification of TH1/TH17‐mediated asthma with poor treatment control. PBMC and CD8+ T cells could be important targets for the investigation and identification of severe asthma.
Myocardial multilayer strain does not provide additional value for detection of myocardial viability assessed by SPECT imaging over and beyond standard strain
Authors: Orloff Elisabeth , Fournier Pauline , Bouisset Frédéric , Moine Thomas , Cournot Maxime , Elbaz Meyer , Carrié Didier , Galinier Michel , Lairez Olivier , Cognet Thomas 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the value of multilayer strain analysis to the assessment of myocardial viability (MV) through the comparison of both speckle tracking echocardiography and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. We also intended to determine which segmental longitudinal strain (LS) cutoff value would be optimal to discriminate viable myocardium.MethodsWe included 47 patients (average age: 61 ± 11 years) referred to our cardiac imaging center for MV evaluation. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography with measures of LS, SPECT, and coronary angiography.ResultsIn all, 799 segments were analyzed. We correlated myocardial tracer uptake by SPECT with sub‐endocardial, sub‐epicardial, and mid‐segmental LS values with r = .514 P < .0001, r = .501 P < .0001, and r = .520 P < .0001, respectively. The measurements of each layer strain (sub‐endocardial, sub‐epicardial, and mid) had the same performance to predict MV viability as defined by SPECT with areas under curve of 0.819 [0.778–0.861, P < .0001], 0.809 [0.764–0.854, P < .0001], and 0.817 [0.773–0.860, P < .0001], respectively. The receiver‐operating characteristic analysis yielded a cutoff value of −6.5% for mid‐segmental LS with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 76% to predict segmental MV as defined by SPECT.ConclusionsMultilayer strain analysis does not evaluate MV with more accuracy than standard segmental LS analysis.
The relationship between pulmonary artery wedge pressure and pulmonary blood volume derived from contrast echocardiography: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Monahan Ken , Lenihan Daniel , Brittain Evan L. , Saliba Linda , Piana Robert N. , Robison Leslie L. , Hudson Melissa M. , Armstrong Gregory T. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundPulmonary transit time (PTT) obtained from contrast echocardiography is a marker of global cardiopulmonary function. Pulmonary blood volume (PBV), derived from PTT, may be a noninvasive surrogate for left‐sided filling pressures, such as pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). We sought to assess the relationship between PBV obtained from contrast echocardiography and PAWP.MethodsParticipants were adult survivors of childhood cancer that had contrast echocardiography performed nearly simultaneously with right‐heart catheterization. PTT was derived from time‐intensity curves of contrast passage through the right ventricle (RV) and left atrium (LA). PBV relative to overall stroke volume (rPBV) was estimated from the product of PTT and heart rate during RV‐LA transit. PAWP was obtained during standard right‐heart catheterization. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between rPBV and PAWP.ResultsThe study population consisted of 7 individuals who had contrast echocardiography and right‐heart catheterization within 3 hours of each other. There was a wide range of right atrial (1–17 mm Hg), mean pulmonary artery (18–42 mm Hg), and PAW pressures (4–26 mm Hg) as well as pulmonary vascular resistance (<1–6 Wood Units). We observed a statistically significant correlation between rPBV and PAWP (r = .85; P = .02).ConclusionRelative PBV derived from contrast echocardiography correlates with PAWP. If validated in larger studies, rPBV could potentially be used as an alternative to invasively determine left‐sided filling pressure.
NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils: Role of the phosphorylation of its subunits
Authors: Belambri Sahra A. , Rolas Loïc , Raad Houssam , Hurtado‐Nedelec Margarita , Dang Pham My‐Chan , El‐Benna Jamel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNeutrophils are key cells of innate immunity and during inflammation. Upon activation, they produce large amounts of superoxide anion (O2−.) and ensuing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill phagocytized microbes. The enzyme responsible for O2−. production is called the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. This is a multicomponent enzyme system that becomes active after assembly of four cytosolic proteins (p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and Rac2) with the transmembrane proteins (p22phox and gp91phox, which form the cytochrome b558). gp91phox represents the catalytic subunit of the NADPH oxidase and is also called NOX2. NADPH oxidase‐derived ROS are essential for microbial killing and innate immunity; however, excessive ROS production induces tissue injury and prolonged inflammatory reactions that contribute to inflammatory diseases. Thus, NADPH oxidase activation must be tightly regulated in time and space to limit ROS production. NADPH oxidase activation is regulated by several processes such as phosphorylation of its components, exchange of GDP/GTP on Rac2 and binding of p47phox and p40phox to phospholipids. This review aims to provide new insights into the role of the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase components, that is gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox and p40phox, in the activation of this enzyme.
Locally invasive melanoma in the internal laminae of the hoof of a bay mule
Authors: Kay G. , McNeil P. , Knottenbelt D. , Tligui N. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryAn 8‐year‐old bay mule was presented with moderate right forelimb lameness and dark discolouration of the white line. Histopathology of the dark material indicated a melanoma. Extensive resection and debridement were not curative and the mule was subjected to euthanasia 70 days after presentation.
Successful outcome of a Standardbred filly after conservative treatment for a Salter–Harris typeIIIfracture of the distal femoral condyle
Authors: Valk N. , Schumacher J. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryA 10‐day‐old Standardbred filly sustained a complex Salter–Harris typeIIIfracture of the right, lateral, distal femoral condyle. The lateral condyle was fractured in transverse, sagittal and frontal planes. The filly was treated by restricting it and its dam to a small, level paddock until lameness was no longer apparent. The filly, when weaned at 7 months of age, was turned out to pasture with three other weanlings. The filly entered race training as a 2‐year‐old, qualified to race as a trotter, was placed second in its first start and won its third race. Conservative treatment should be considered as an option for a young horse with a minimally displaced, Salter–Harris typeIIIfracture of the distal lateral femoral condyle.
Importance of disturbance history on net primary productivity in the world's most productive forests and implications for the global carbon cycle
Authors: Volkova Liubov , Roxburgh Stephen H. , Weston Christopher J. , Benyon Richard G. , Sullivan Andrew L. , Polglase Philip J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAnalysis of growth and biomass turnover in natural forests of Eucalyptus regnans, the world's tallest angiosperm, reveals it is also the world's most productive forest type, with fire disturbance an important mediator of net primary productivity (NPP). A comprehensive empirical database was used to calculate the averaged temporal pattern of NPP from regeneration to 250 years age. NPP peaks at 23.1 ± 3.8 (95% interquantile range) Mg C ha−1 year−1 at age 14 years, and declines gradually to about 9.2 ± 0.8 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at 130 years, with an average NPP over 250 years of 11.4 ± 1.1 Mg C ha−1 year−1, a value similar to the most productive temperate and tropical forests around the world. We then applied the age‐class distribution of E. regnans resulting from relatively recent historical fires to estimate current NPP for the forest estate. Values of NPP were 40% higher (13 Mg C ha−1 year−1) than if forests were assumed to be at maturity (9.2 Mg C ha−1 year−1). The empirically derived NPP time series for the E. regnans estate was then compared against predictions from 21 global circulation models, showing that none of them had the capacity to simulate a post‐disturbance peak in NPP, as found in E. regnans. The potential importance of disturbance impacts on NPP was further tested by applying a similar approach to the temperate forests of conterminous United States and of China. Allowing for the effects of disturbance, NPP summed across both regions was on average 11% (or 194 Tg C/year) greater than if all forests were assumed to be in a mature state. The results illustrate the importance of accounting for past disturbance history and growth stage when estimating forest primary productivity, with implications for carbon balance modelling at local to global scales.
PHOX2B is a reliable immunomarker in distinguishing peripheral neuroblastic tumours from CNS embryonal tumours
Authors: Alexandrescu Sanda , Paulson Vera , Dubuc Adrian , Ligon Azra , Lidov Hart G 
Published: May 2018

AimsThe PHOX2B gene regulates neuronal maturation in the brain stem nuclei associated with cardiorespiratory function and in the autonomic sympathetic and enteric nervous system. PHOX2B expression is a reliable immunomarker for peripheral neuroblastic tumours; however, no systematic evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumours was included in the studies. We encountered two cases in which the differential diagnosis included neuroblastoma and CNS embryonal tumour, and we hypothesised that PHOX2B immunostain would be helpful in establishing the diagnosis.Methods and resultsPHOX2B immunostain was performed on 29 paediatric cases, with adequate controls: one retroperitoneal embryonal tumour in a child with retinoblastoma (index 1), one posterior fossa embryonal tumour in a child with a neuroblastoma (index 2), seven medulloblastomas, four atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (ATRT), four retinoblastomas, six pineoblastomas, four embryonal tumours with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) and two CNS embryonal tumours, not elsewhere classified. Cell lineage immunomarkers (GFAP, OLIG2, synaptophysin, NeuN, CRX, PGP 9.5), immunosurrogates for molecular alterations (beta‐catenin, INI1, Lin‐28), array CGH and OncoPanel were performed as needed. Medulloblastomas, ATRTs, ETMRs, retinoblastomas and CNS embryonal tumours not elsewhere classified were essentially negative for PHOX2B. Two of six pineoblastomas had significant PHOX2B expression, while the rest were negative. Index 1 was negative for PHOX2B and PGP 9.5 and positive for CRX, consistent with retinoblastoma. Index 2 had diffuse PHOX2B expression, MYCN amplification and no copy number changes of medulloblastoma, in keeping with neuroblastoma.ConclusionPHOX2B antibody is helpful in distinguishing between peripheral neuroblastic and CNS embryonal tumours, which are immunonegative, with the caveat that a subset of pineoblastomas has significant expression.
Does rotational thromboelastometry accurately predict coagulation status in patients with lupus anticoagulant?
Authors: Hensch L. , Kostousov V. , Bruzdoski K. , Losos M. , Pereira M. , de Guzman M. , Hui S. , Teruya J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntroductionRotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) is increasingly used as a tool for monitoring coagulation status. However, ROTEM is susceptible to misinterpretation due to particular coagulation abnormalities. Here, we report the effects of lupus anticoagulant (LA) on ROTEM.MethodsA prospective observational analysis was performed on 16 children with prior studies indicating the presence of LA or antiphospholipid antibodies. ROTEM analysis was performed, and samples were further analyzed by adding phospholipids (PL) to repeat ROTEM analysis if clotting time (CT) abnormalities were discovered with comparison to ROTEM using an equal volume of isotonic saline. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), dilute Russell's viper venom test (DRVVT), hexagonal phase phospholipid neutralization test (StaClot LA), and factor II activity studies were additionally performed.ResultsEighteen samples were analyzed by ROTEM. Prolonged CT on INTEM and EXTEM was observed for 11 samples. Samples with CT prolongation had high DRVVT ratios and prolonged APTT. Further, the addition of PL partially reversed this effect, demonstrating PL‐dependent inhibition as the cause of CT prolongation. No factor II deficiencies were identified, excluding LA hypoprothrombinemia syndrome as a cause of these findings.ConclusionStrongly positive LA can prolong the CT on ROTEM studies and lead to erroneous conclusions regarding coagulation status in this patient population.
Prognostic impact of the pretreatment aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase ratio in patients treated with first‐line systemic tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kang Minyong , Yu Jiwoong , Sung Hyun Hwan , Jeon Hwang Gyun , Jeong Byong Chang , Park Se Hoon , Jeon Seong Soo , Lee Hyun Moo , Choi Han Yong , Seo Seong Il 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesTo examine the prognostic role of the pretreatment aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase or De Ritis ratio in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving first‐line systemic tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.MethodsWe retrospectively searched the medical records of 579 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who visited Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from January 2001 through August 2016. After excluding 210 patients, we analyzed 360 patients who received first‐line tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Cancer‐specific survival and overall survival were defined as the primary and secondary end‐points, respectively. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify independent prognosticators of survival outcomes.ResultsThe overall population was divided into two groups according to the pretreatment De Ritis ratio as an optimal cut‐off value of 1.2, which was determined by a time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Patients with a higher pretreatment De Ritis ratio (≥1.2) had worse cancer‐specific survival and overall survival outcomes, compared with those with a lower De Ritis ratio (<1.2). Notably, a higher De Ritis ratio (≥1.2) was found to be an independent predictor of both cancer‐specific survival (hazard ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.13–2.30) and overall survival outcomes (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.19–2.39), along with male sex, multiple metastasis (≥2), non‐clear cell histology, advanced pT stage (≥3), previous metastasectomy and the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center risk classification.ConclusionOur findings show that the pretreatment De Ritis ratio can provide valuable information about the survival outcomes of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients receiving first‐line tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
The effect of labour market polarization on university students’ job market‐related outcomes in the Republic of Korea: Implications for youth unemployment
Authors: CHUNG Sungyup 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article aims to assess the effect of the labour market environment on university students’ labour market‐related behaviour in the Republic of Korea. Using data from the country's Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey for 2005–13, the author estimates the effect of macroeconomic variables on university students’ job market‐related outcomes. Results indicate that labour market polarization, as measured by the labour market polarization index developed by Chung and Jung (2016), has a significant effect on both the nominal and masked (through extension of university enrolment and university transfers) unemployment of university students. These findings imply that the labour market structure is a key element in understanding youth unemployment.
Delays to diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in Australia: healthcare professional perceptions of actual versus acceptable timeframes
Authors: Malalasekera Ashanya , Dhillon Haryana M. , Blinman Prunella L. , Kao Steven C. , Vardy Janette L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundStreamlined referral to specialist care impacts lung cancer outcomes.AimTo examine Australian healthcare professionals’ (HCP) perceptions of the timeliness of pathways to diagnosis and treatment for people with lung cancer, compared against timeframe guidelines.MethodsA 21‐item survey of HCP evaluating patient waiting times to diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer was distributed through two Australian conferences, a national Multidisciplinary Team directory and email. Main outcome measures were HCP estimates of actual and acceptable waiting times in their practice and factors contributing to perceived delays.ResultsA total of 135 responses was obtained from HCP working in secondary healthcare who had recent clinical experience treating lung cancer patients. While 79% believed a diagnosis of lung cancer should be obtained within 14 days of first clinical suspicion, only 56% estimated that this occurred in their practice due mainly to delays in primary care. Most HCP (81%) estimated that patients receive treatment within 28 days of seeing a specialist, but 28% believed a wait of >14 days to treatment was a ‘delay’, generally due to resource limitations. In general, most HCP estimates of time spent in primary care were longer than those in the literature, while estimates for secondary care were shorter.ConclusionsAustralian HCP treating lung cancer patients perceive a mismatch between acceptable and estimated waiting times to diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer due to patient, provider and system factors. If perceived delays are justified, it is unclear whether HCP overestimate times spent by patients in primary care or underestimate delays in secondary care. Variations in HCP expectations need to be addressed.
Review of phase stability in the group IVB and VB transition‐metal carbides
Authors: Weinberger Christopher R. , Thompson Gregory B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis review summarizes the phase stability in the group IVB (Ti‐C; Zr‐C; Hf‐C) and group VB (V‐C; Nb‐C; Ta‐C) transition‐metal carbides. The order parameter functional (OPF) method and density functional theory (DFT) method have been used to predict phase equilibria in these systems. Extensive experimental investigations have attempted to determine both phase stability as a function of composition as well the crystal structures present using X‐ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, electron backscatter detection, and selected area electron diffraction. These investigations have demonstrated that the structures that form are based on the close‐packing of the metal atoms and the arrangement of the carbon atoms in the octahedral interstices. In general, the rocksalt B1 phase is stable for all of the transition‐metal carbides, with their substoichiometry tolerance increasing with temperature; vanadium carbide is the exception due to its negative vacancy formation energy. Vacancy‐ordered M6C5 phases have been predicted and experimentally confirmed in both groups of carbides; however, kinetic limitations often inhibit the formation of vacancy‐ordered phases, which has contributed to controversy in phase identification. The vacancy‐ordered M4C3 phase has been predicted for select carbides and has only been observed in zirconium carbide. In contrast, the stacking fault phase ζ‐M4C3−x has been readily reported in the group VB carbides (but not in the group IVB carbides). The vacancy‐ordered M3C2 has been predicted by DFT for the group IVB carbides but not in the group VB carbides, whereas OPF predicts its stability in both carbides. Vacancy‐ordered M3C2 phases have been experimentally observed in the Ti‐C and Hf‐C systems. Finally, the M2C phase has been predicted in both group carbides, except for hafnium carbide, with an order‐disorder transition with temperature. These factors result in phase diagrams that are similar among all the carbides, but each phase diagram is unique due to subtle differences in bonding that result in slight differences in thermodynamically stable phases.