bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Rural Non-Farm Sector: A review
Authors: Sharma[1] Savera 
Published: February 2025

The Rural Non-Farm sector plays a pivotal role in enhancing household income and improving standard of living especially in rural areas. This review examines the importance of Rural Non-Farm Sector as a strategy to generate employment opportunities, income diversification, rural industrialization and poverty reduction among rural households. This study also focuses on the conceptual issues in among different words like off-farm, on-farm, non-farm, agriculture and non-agriculture. Additionally, the present study also investigates the factors due to which individuals participate in the Rural Non-Farm Sector. The study synthesizes findings from various secondary sources, including journal articles, books, policy briefs, and reports from national and international organizations. The findings indicate that Rural Non-Farm Sector helps in employment and income generation diversification which further reduces the poverty in rural areas. This study also revealed that factors like education, technical education, credit availability, gender, caste significantly affects the participation in Rural Non-Farm Sector. Currently, 50.57% of the rural persons are engaged in Rural Non-Farm Sector in India, highlighting their growing importance. This review underscores the need for a more comprehensive policy approach that integrates non-farm economic activities to strengthen rural livelihoods.

Keywords: Rural Non-Farm Sector, determinants, employment, poverty, Bihar.

[1]Savera Sharma, Research Scholar, Division of Economics & Agricultural Economics, A N Sinha Institute of Social Studies, Patna. Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna

Email: saverasharmanav101@gmail.com
Secure Intrusion Detection System using Advanced Technology
Authors:   Department of Computer Engineering JSPM’s JSCOE, Ingle Prof.M.D. 
Published: February 2025

- The increasing sophistication of cyber threats poses significant challenges to maintaining secure network infrastructures. Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) often struggle to balance detection accuracy, computational efficiency, and adaptability to emerging threats. This document presents an advanced IDS framework leveraging ensemble learning techniques, including Bagging (Random Forest, Extra Trees), Boosting, and Voting Classifiers, to enhance intrusion detection capabilities. The proposed system is designed to identify and classify various types of network intrusions, such as Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks and malware, with improved accuracy and robustness. The integration of multiple machine learning algorithms (Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree) ensures that the model effectively captures diverse attack patterns while mitigating overfitting and variance. Experimental evaluations on the dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the system, achieving high detection accuracy and outperforming individual machine learning models. The system’s scalability makes it suitable for dynamic and large-scale network environments, providing a reliable solution for safeguarding critical digital assets.

Keywords – NIDS, Data analysis, methodology, Cybersecurity, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree, Network Security, Anomaly Detection.
2016/36 Lower pay for employees under the age of 25 not discriminatory (DK)
Authors: Norrbom Mariann 
Published: February 2025

2016/36 Lower pay for employees under the age of 25 not discriminatory (DK)
The Danish Supreme Court has ruled that a provision in a collective agreement allowing employers to pay reduced allowances for working in the evenings, on nights and at weekends to employees under the age of 25 in full-time education and working no more than 15 hours a week was not in conflict with the Danish Anti-Discrimination Act since it was justified by a legitimate aim.
2016/47 Transferor’s undocumented practice of paying retirees more than required by law crosses to transferee, even though the transferee was unaware of the practice (GR)
Authors: Mitsopoulou Effie 
Published: February 2025

2016/47 Transferor’s undocumented practice of paying retirees more than required by law crosses to transferee, even though the transferee was unaware of the practice (GR)
A company’s unofficial practice of providing an extra amount on top of the statutory severance payable upon retirement is considered an acquired right which binds the new employer in the case of a transfer of the undertaking. This applies whether or not the transferee was aware of it.
Caracterização nutricional antes e após cozimento de vagens imaturas de genótipos de feijão-de-metro (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis)
Authors: Carvalho Lisandra Maria da Silva , Luz Marcos Serra , Franco Luis José Duarte , Damasceno-Silva Kaesel Jackson , Rocha Maurisrael de Moura 
Published: February 2025

O feijão-de-metro (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis) é um alimento bastante consumido em alguns estados da região Norte do Brasil, onde as suas vagens imaturas cozidas são utilizadas principalmente em saladas. No entanto, poucas são as informações na literatura sobre a qualidade nutricional das vagens cruas e nenhuma pesquisa sobre os teores de nutrientes após o cozimento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar vagens imaturas de genótipos de feijão-de-metro quanto a composição centesimal e valor energético total (VET), antes e pós cozimento. Foram avaliados cinco genótipos de feijão-de-metro, sendo duas linhagens e três cultivares. Foram determinados a composição centesimal (umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos) e o VET, conforme metodologia da AOAC. As médias entre os genótipos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05) e, entre os tratamentos (cru vs cozido), pelo teste t de Student (p<0,05). As vagens imaturas cruas e cozidas dos genótipos de feijão-de-metro avaliados apresentam teores elevados de umidade, proteínas, carboidratos e VET, e baixos teores de cinzas e lipídios. O cozimento provoca aumento nos teores de umidade, lipídios e valor energético total e diminuição no teor de cinzas, não afetando os teores de proteínas e carboidratos. As linhagens de feijão-de-metro 3943 e 3966 apresentam melhor perfil nutricional em termos de minerais (cinzas), proteínas, carboidratos e VET, com boa retenção dos nutrientes após o cozimento, constituindo-se em uma excelente opção para o mercado de feijão-vagem, tornando o seu consumo saudável para a população nordestina, podendo ser incluídos na dieta ou utilizadas em programas de combate à desnutrição.
FORMAÇÃO SOBRE TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO DO AUTISMO PARA ACADÊMICOS E PROFISSIONAIS DA SAÚDE E DA EDUCAÇÃO: EXPERIÊNCIA NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Barboza Bruno Ricardo Leite , de Aquino Bruna Ferreira , Nunes Lucas Pompeu , Fernandes Luana Bergamin , Alves Brenda Laleska Pinheiro , Almeida Mariana Espíndola de Castro , Vasconcelos Emmanuelle Souza , Costa Marla Cristina de Lima , Fernandes Paloma Lima Mendes Medeiros de Souza , Meira Naelka dos Anjos Fernandes , Rocha Juliana Fernandes Araújo , Duarte Márcia Socorro Silva Lima , Martins Tayane Moura , Monteiro José Rogério Souza , Coelho Aldine Cecília Lima 
Published: February 2025

Introdução: O Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA) é uma condição que afeta o desenvolvimento neurológico do indivíduo e se caracteriza pela presença de déficits na comunicação social e pela existência de movimentos repetitivos e estereotipados, sejam eles motores ou na fala. Embora essa condição clínica seja amplamente pesquisada e divulgada, ainda não é efetivamente conhecida pelos profissionais que podem estar envolvidos desde o rastreio até o acompanhamento multidisciplinar, sobretudo nas áreas da saúde e da educação. Por isso, em contexto local, buscou-se realizar um curso sobre o tema para o público supracitado. Objetivo: Relatar experiência sobre curso de formação sobre TEA para acadêmicos e profissionais da saúde e da educação. Relato de Experiência: O curso de capacitação foi promovido com a premissa de aprimorar o conhecimento do público-alvo, de modo a melhorar o atendimento aos autistas. A capacitação foi estruturada em dez encontros ao longo de três meses e ministrada por profissionais de diversas áreas e com experiência no atendimento às pessoas com TEA. Cada encontro teve duração de três horas e contava com a presença de profissionais especializados nos temas escolhidos. Foram registradas 3.012 inscrições de indivíduos oriundos de dez estados brasileiros. Discussão: O curso abordou sobre o autismo no contexto de dois setores importantes para a detecção e suporte desta condição. Além disso, primou-se pela exposição do tema a partir de uma ótica interdisciplinar e integral, observando o autista nas fases da vida. Considera-se que a formação foi um êxito, ao observar o número de participantes e o engajamento obtido nos encontros. Além dos espectadores, houve benefícios aos organizadores, a partir do aprimoramento de habilidades técnicas e humanísticas, necessárias na prática profissional. Considerações Finais: Com o sucesso obtido, depreende-se a necessidade de aplicação do curso em outros estados do Brasil a partir do contexto de primordialidade de obtenção do conhecimento sobre o TEA.
Microbial Fuel Cells for Sustainable Biofuel Production: Cutting-edge Technology
Authors: Korsa Gamachis , Bekele Gessesse Kebede , Beyene Abera , Alemu Digafe , Meka Abu Feyisa , Tibebu Solomon , Gutema Beamlak Teshome , Ayele Abate 
Published: February 2025

As of 2023, coal, oil, and natural gas, which are non-renewable fossil fuels, account for about 80% of the world’s energy consumption. This underscores the pressing necessity for alternative energy sources in light of the worsening climate crisis.
Apart from the problems, this review evaluates the potential of microbial fuel cells for biofuel production, which contributes to just 10–20% of the total energy consumption due to its relatively low environmental impact. The aim of this systematic review is to elucidate microbial fuel cells and their role in producing a range of bio-based fuels, including biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, and biobutanol. The findings are categorized into ten main areas: biomass conversion techniques, substrates and microbial strains, design components of microbial fuel cells, strain improvement through metabolic engineering, enhancements of nanomaterials for biofuel production, advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, integration in biorefineries, potential applications, the challenges and limitations, and future trends in microbial fuel cell technology. This review also underscores the promise of microbial fuel cells as a sustainable and eco-friendly option for bioenergy production, emphasizing the need for advancements in design and efficiency to compete with conventional fossil fuels. Harnessing innovative strategies pertaining to the technology of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can potentially transform energy generation into a more sustainable and commercially viable practice, positively impacting environmental conservation and public health.
Perspective Chapter: Job Creation as a Catalyst for Poverty Alleviation in South Africa
Authors: Evans Netshivhambe Ntshengedzeni 
Published: February 2025

Poverty remains a global challenge, exacerbated by economic downturns, national debt, and systemic inequalities, particularly in developing regions like Sub-Saharan Africa. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa’s 2024 G20 Summit address highlighted the urgent need to address these interconnected crises, emphasising Africa’s disproportionate vulnerability to global challenges such as economic stagnation, debt burdens, and climate change. This study critically examines poverty and inequality in South Africa, focusing on the structural barriers that perpetuate socio-economic divides despite the country’s classification as an upper-middle-income nation. Drawing on multidisciplinary sources, including public reports, academic literature, and political discourse, the research highlights the disconnect between public rhetoric by government officials and on-the-ground realities. Findings reveal that government interventions often default to short-term solutions like social grants, which, while providing immediate relief, fail to address the systemic roots of poverty, such as limited education, inadequate job creation, and unequal access to resources. The study argues for a paradigm shift from rhetorical commitments to actionable strategies, emphasising job creation, capacity building, and equitable resource distribution. The research calls for accountability, transparency, and community involvement in policy implementation to bridge the gap between rhetoric and results. By addressing structural inequality, it highlights how nations like South Africa can drive sustainable empowerment and hold global leaders accountable for meaningful poverty alleviation.
Mathematical Foundations of Machine Learning in Software Development
Authors: Rabia Abbas  , Muhammad Awais Arslan  , Muhammad Shoaib  , Khadija Shakoor  , Hoor Fatima Yousaf  
Published: February 2025

The study on the functional foods of the fundamental kind gives the formation of rules development and optimization in the Engineering software program. The computation study implements functionally integrated MAEs using the rules and their division into the developing and operating phases of the software platform. The technology used for the software platform is based on the knowledge of software technology and computational algorithms. This includes the creation of the required mathematical formulas responsible for making the program as efficient as possible. New study forces us to pay greater attention to the mathematical roots of linear algebra while teaching the increasing inclusion of ML in software systems, because ML needs a full understanding of the AI and the ML relationships as well as the ML mathematical foundation, such as the inclusion of the mathematical ideas of the software. The advantage of using mathematics in software systems is to make them important, become ubiquitous, and base accurate reasoning on them. This viewpoint is unexplored. It estimates the empirical performance of the course materials on real motors using static mathematical modeling to predict the forthcoming data sets produced. The present investigation shows that mathematical principles can boost machine learning model performance to an extent where software programmers can warrant the creation of even more efficient and stable software systems. To illustrate, optimization methods such as gradient descent, probabilistic model-based methods, and dimension reduction techniques such as PCA have been successful in managing version performance and computational functionality No wonder, the investigation affirms that the hassle is expressed in the processing of high-dimensional data and the large system understanding issues, and also points out the probable future research areas such as designing better algorithms and uncertainty control methods for real-world issues. To sum up, the research stresses the significance of the underpinning mathematical methodologies in the process of learning tools and software engineering disciplines.
البناء الفني لقصائد البرعي اليمني
Authors: علي آمين حسن  , د. محمد عبدالله محمد فضل الله  
Published: February 2025

خلفت الكوارث الطبيعية التي حدثت في العصر العباسي ابان فترة البحث، نتائج متنوعة على المستويين الاقتصادي والسكاني ، فمن نتائجها الاقتصادية القضاء على البنى التحتية البسيطة في الأصل من جسور وقناطر تكاد تتناسب مع واقع الحال والمعدات المتوفرة آنذاك، إلى غمر المساحات الزراعية بالمياه في فترة الفياضانات التي تتلف المحاصيل الزراعية، إلى غمر مدن بأكملها بالمياه والقضاء على الناس وأرزاقهم وبخاصة الحرفيين منهم ، إلى النتائج البشرية المتمثلة بالامراض والاوبئة وارتفاع عدد الوفايات وتهجير بعضهم وتغيير الديموغرافية السكانية والتأثير سلباً على الأوضاع الاجتماعية وان قامت الدولة بوسائل متعددة للمساعدة والتخفيف من نتائج الكارثة.
"إشكالية ولاية العرش في مملكة دارفور في القرن الثامن عشر"
Authors: الأمين هرون تاج الدين  
Published: February 2025

تمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في التساؤل الرئيسي الاتي :مامدى تأثير إشكالية ولاية العرش في مملكة دارفور؟ في القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي على الأوضاع السياسية والاجتماعية للمملكة،بهدف بيان ماهية إشكالية ولاية العرش ،وأسباب حدوثها ،وأثارها السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية .
اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج التاريخي،والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي وتم اختيار اداة الملاحظة لجمع وتحليل البيانات الأولية .
اظهرت النتائج أن ولاية العهد لأكثرمن واحد ،وشيوع ظاهرة قتل الامراء من أهم أسباب إشكالية ولاية العرش في مملكة دارفور، أكدت الدراسة أن استراتيجية الزواج السلطاني أدت إلى بروز نخب جديدة في بلاط مملكة الفور،واثبتت الدراسة أن المرآة قد لعبت دورا كبيرا في صناعة وتوجيه القرار السياسي في المملكة . كما كشفت الدراسة أن هنالك أثار سياسية واجتماعية واقتصادية كبيرة نتجت عن هذه الظاهرة ،وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة توصيات في خاتمتها.
تاثير التكنولوجيا الحديثة على التعليم
Authors: أ.م.د. : محمود أحمد  
Published: February 2025

يتسم العصر الحالي بالعديد من التبدلات والتحديثات المتسارعة والمتتابعة بسبب التقـدم التكنولوجي، وقربه من المعلومة، من خلال ما وفرته وسائل التواصل للمدرس والمتعلم تقنياً ممثلة في برمجيات الحاسب الآلي، والمواقـع التعليميـة، والـتعلم الإلكتروني؛ مما يسمح لهم سهولة التفاعل الذاتي والتواصل مع مواد تعليمية متنوعـة[1].
وتعد التقنية في تطورها المعاصر، حقبة ليس لها مثيل في السابق في التـاريخ البشـري، حقبـة تمتاز بالإثارة والتحديات والفرص الحقيقية لتغيير نهج الاتصال الإنساني كما وكيفـاً[2]. حقبـة بدأت لتوها، واستجابة لهذه التحديات والانفتاح العلمي الـذي كسـر العوائـق، وسـهل التواصل بين الشعوب، والتحوّل المتعجل الذي برز في جميع نواحي الحيـاة، إذ ألزم المؤسسات التعليمية السير على نهج الانتفاع بطرق التعليم ومسـتحدثاتها التكنولوجيـة، إذ أضاف هذا التقدم العلمي كثيرا من تقنيات التعليم الحديثة، التي يمكـن الانتفاع منها في سبيل تهيئة ساحات خبرة للمدرسين؛ حتى يتم إعدادهم وتأهيلهم لمجابهة تحديات العصر[3]، منها على سبيل المثال تحديات جائحة فيروس كورونا 2019-20 .
في ضوء هذه المستحدثات بدأ دور المعلم يتطور وينتقل من الملقن والناقل إلى الميسر والمرشد والقائد، بل تبدّلت عملية التعلم وبيئة التدريس من بيئة تقليدية تعتمد على التعلم التقليدي و حضور المعلم وسيطرته على الموقف، إلى خلق بيئة تطبق منهج العمل والتخطيط الجيد لكل مرحلة من مراحل عملية التعليم والتعلم، مع مراعاة اعتماد الطالب على نفسه وحقه في اكتساب المعلومات والمهارات المناسبة لقدراتهم ومواهبهم واتجاهاته؛ لتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة والانتقال من دور المتلقي السلبي إلى المتلقي النشط والباحث والمكتشف؛ بالممارسة التفكير الناقد وحل المشكلات[4].

[1] - نصر، د. حسن محمود أحمد ، تصميم البرمجيات التعليمية وإنتاجها ، كلية المعلمين، جامعة الملك عبد العزيز، ط2، 1434هـ/ 2011م، ص30.
[2] - “World Population to Hit Milestone With Birth of 7 Billionth Person”. PBS.org. 27 أكتوبر 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-09-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-07-31
[3] - نايف، نايف عبدالله، التعليم التقني وتحديات العصر، مجلة كلية بغداد للعلوم الإقتصادية، العدد22، 2012، ص6.
[4] - علي، فياض عبدالله؛ حسون، رجاء كاظم؛ التعليم الإلكتروني والتعليم التقليدي، كلية بغداد للعلوم الإقتصادية الجامعة، العدد19، 2009، ص4.،
Colmenas racionales y sus polizones
Authors: García Rosa , Porcel Adrián 
Published: February 2025

This article develops an analysis of various video art pieces created by Spanish and South Korean artists focused on the problems of the contemporary city and the complex relationship with its inhabitants. Video creation is used in this framework as a subversive tool to question and reinterpret the symbols and meanings that establish power hierarchies, exploring the logic that affects bodies. In this way, the sense of strangeness inherent in urban life and the ability of art to demonstrate it is emphasized. By directly capturing the reciprocal interaction between the city and the subjective experiences of individuals, its potential to generate counter-discourses is revealed, proposing narratives that confront and destabilize accepted truths and existing dynamics. The cultural exchange fostered by the selection of pieces aims to show unanimity about these concerns, highlighting that they are common, regardless of the contexts in which they arise.
Este artículo desarrolla un análisis de diversas piezas de videoarte creadas por artistas españoles y surcoreanos centradas en las problemáticas de la ciudad contemporánea y la compleja relación con sus habitantes. La videocreación se emplea en este marco como una herramienta subversiva para cuestionar y reinterpretar los símbolos y significados que establecen las jerarquías de poder, explorando las lógicas que afectan a los cuerpos. De esta manera, se enfatiza la sensación de extrañeza inherente a la vida urbana y en la capacidad del arte para evidenciarla. Al capturar de manera directa la interacción recíproca entre la ciudad y las experiencias subjetivas de los individuos, se revela su potencial para generar contradiscursos, proponiendo narrativas que confrontan y desestabilizan las verdades aceptadas y las dinámicas existentes. El intercambio cultural propiciado por la selección de piezas pretende mostrar unanimidad sobre estas preocupaciones, destacando que son comunes, independientemente de los contextos en las que surgen.
Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja dan Penggunaan Energi pada Framework React dan Vue
Authors: Wijaya Indra , Farisi Ahmad 
Published: February 2025

Pengembangan website yang optimal membutuhkan pemilihan framework yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kinerja dan efisiensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kinerja dan konsumsi energi framework React dan Vue, menggunakan metrik seperti FCP, LCP, SI, TBT, CLS dengan menggunakan Google Lighthouse. Kinerja rendering time, dan penggunaan memori menggunakan Google DevTools. Konsumsi energi diukur dengan menggunakan tools Globemallow. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode true-experimental research. Metode ini dipilih karena memungkinkan pengukuran sistematis dan objektif melalui variabel-variabel dalam kondisi terkontrol, sesuai tujuan penelitian. Eksperimen dimulai dari mengembangkan halaman website kemudian menyiapkan perangkat keras setelah itu melaksanakan skenario pengujian kemudian menganalisis dan menginterpretasikan data yang didapatkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Vue memiliki kinerja lebih unggul berdasarkan pengujian kinerja rendering time dan kinerja FCP, LCP, TBT, CLS, dan SI, sementara React lebih efisien dalam penggunaan memori, dan konsumsi energi. Temuan ini memberikan rekomendasi framework yang optimal berdasarkan kebutuhan kinerja dan keberlanjutan untuk pengembangan aplikasi web.

Kata kunci: React, Vue, Kinerja Website, Penggunaan Energi, Google Lighthouse.
Analisa Tata Letak Objek pada Ruang Koridor dengan Cellular Automata berbasis Perilaku Manusia
Authors: Mu'arifin Mu'arifin , Harsono Tri , Barakbah Ali Ridho 
Published: February 2025

Sebuah Sistem evakuasi yang baik diharapkan dapat memberikan dampak minimalnya korban ketika terjadi bencana. Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak dari tata letak objek dalam ruangan terhadap proses evakuasi pejalan kaki. Data simulasi dari dampak objek dalam ruangan akan dilakukan analisa pengaruhnya terhadap kepanikan. Perilaku panik ini dituangkan ke dalam perubahan parameter Ks dan Kd. Simulasi pengaruh objek dalam ruangan ini dituangkan ke dalam aplikasi simulasi dengan pemetaan berbentuk koridor. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa parameter Ks dan Kd memiliki pengaruh objek dalam melakukan evakuasi. Model dengan penghalang akan membawa pengaruh jika penghalang yang dibuat tegak lurus dengan pintu keluar. Hal ini terjadi karena perpindahan objek ditentukan dengan probabilitas perpindahan pada grid Cellular Automata.

Kata kunci: Penghalang, Panik, Perilaku, Cellular Automata, Pemodelan