bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TACTICS, TROPHIES, AND TITLES: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON ANCIENT MAYA RAIDING
Authors: Helmke Christophe 
Published: June 2019

AbstractArchaeological and epigraphic data have greatly increased our understanding of ancient Maya warfare in recent decades. Nevertheless, one of the aspects that has received relatively little attention is the disambiguation between the different types of wars waged. The procurement of human trophies as attested in the archaeological record and imagery, as well as the counts-of-captives and captive statements recorded textually, all provide tantalizing clues that raids formed an integral part of Classic Maya military tactics. This rings particularly true when we consider that the Classic Maya terms for “captive” and “bone” are one and the same, thereby betraying emic conceptions wherein captives were deemed to be an ideal source of bone; human trophiespar excellence. The features identified for the Classic Maya have to be set within a larger perspective since these are also found among other Mesoamerican cultures, as well as indigenous societies in both North and South America. In so doing, it becomes clear that raiding and the acquisition of captives and human trophies served to foster and heighten prestige, especially among societies that cultivated the warrior ethos. Therefore, raiding emerges as a shared Amerindian trait, rather than being the product of diffusion or independent innovation.
Reconstitution de la Société portugaise
Authors: Ador G. , Moynier G. 
Published: June 2019

Par un avis inséré dans notre dernier Bulletin (p. 80), nous vous faisions pressentir la reconstitution de la Société portugaise de la Croix-Rouge, et nous avons aujourd'hui le plaisir de pouvoir vous confirmer officiellement celte bonne nouvelle. Elle nous a été notifiée par une lettre que nous nous faisons un devoir de vous communiquer textuellement:« Monsieur le Président du Comité international de la Croix-Ronge, à, Genéve.
On Some Legal Incidents Affecting the Duration of base fees in the Hands of Purchasers
Authors: Bunyon C. J. 
Published: June 2019

As a wish has been expressed for some further information as to the manner in which a base fee created by the conveyance of a tenant in tail may be converted into a fee simple, it is proposed to consider the question in the following pages.It is well understood, that an estate in tail is an estate in fee inheritable by heirs special, namely by lineal descendants generally as heirs, or such descendants of a particular class, and that a tenant in tail may convert such an estate into a fee qualified to last so long as there shall be issue inheritable under the entail. Such a conversion may be made by any conveyance sufficient to pass a fee, and will in any such case bind the heir until entry by him,(a) but if enrolled in Chancery in the manner required by the Act for the Abolition of Fines and Recoveries will, notwithstanding the want of the consent of the protector of the settlement, wholly bar the issue in tail, leaving the estate absolute during their existence, and liable only to be defeated by the failure of issue, and then by the entry of the remainderman. When the protector consents in the manner prescribed by the Act, there is no base fee, but the estate tail is converted into a fee simple and the remainders are absolutely barred.
On the probable effect of Withdrawals on the Rate of Mortality among Assured Lives
Authors: Gray William Thomas , Sprague T.B. 
Published: June 2019

Questions as to the rate of mortality amongst assured lives, and enquiries based on re-arrangements of the mortality experience of life assurance companies collected by the Institute of Actuaries, have so frequently been discussed that I entertain some doubts as to whether the subject has not already been worn threadbare. Knowing, however, the kindness and consideration with which the Council receive contributions from junior members of the Institute, I venture to submit the results of some calculations I have lately made with a view of testing the probable effect of lapses and surrenders on the rate of mortality—a branch of the general question of mortality of assured lives which has not hitherto been directly dealt with.The subject of this paper was some years ago suggested to me by a careful perusal of Mr. Sprague's paper (J.I.A. xv, 328), entitled “On the Rate of Mortality prevailing among “Assured Lives as influenced by the length of time for which they “have been assured”; but, although I had frequently turned the matter over in my mind, it was only recently I saw my way to give practical effect to my ideas.
A Suggestion towards adding a New Feature of Usefulness to the Institute of Actuaries of Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Walford Cornelius 
Published: June 2019

That the Institute of Actuaries has, during the one-third of a century of its existence (1847-79), been of real utility to the Life Offices—directly by the training of experts, and by the compilation of the Actuaries Experience Tables; and indirectly by lending practical aid to the development of the science of life contingencies—is a fact which will readily be admitted by all who are conversant with its history. That another function may he added to its utility it is my purpose on the present occasion to show.The business of life insurance has, during the present generation, undergone a very complete transformation. The change began in the year 1844 with the passing of the Joint Stock Companies' Registration Act, 7 & 8 Vict., c. 110. Under this Act facilities were given for the formation of Joint Stock Insurance Companies such as had never before existed. The life insurance associations existing at that date were institutions of good repute; were, in fact, regarded as money-making projects of the highest class, and it was certain, therefore, that promoters would turn their attention in this direction. The failures which had resulted from the Joint Stock Company Epidemic of 1824-5 had passed out of remembrance; the course was clear for a new spurt in the same direction. Hence, a large number of new life offices were, in fact, founded; and in their struggle for existence, an amount of competition was engendered, which (while productive of good in widening the area of the insuring class, by bringing the practice down to the middle, and, gradually, to the lower ranks of the population) has eventuated in the evils whereof I here propose to speak, and concerning which it is my design to attempt a remedy.
On the Reserve that should be made for Policies on Recently Assured Lives
Authors: Teece Richard 
Published: June 2019

The question of the reserve which a life assurance society should hold, in order to meet the claims under the policies issued by it as they mature, is one of such vital importance that I am led to hope that, notwithstanding the many and valuable papers on the subject which have from time to time appeared in the Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, the following reflections may not be without interest, even though they may not throw much fresh light on the subject. I may premise by stating that the conclusions arrived at, and hereafter referred to, are the result of an investigation undertaken as a matter of curiosity, and carried on in the midst of laborious and urgent official duty; consequently the scheme propounded may appear somewhat crude and ill-defined, and doubtless lacks the completeness which a more mature consideration of the point taken up would possibly have developed. Further, the results given here were arrived at before Mr. Sprague's paper “On the Construction of Select Mortality Tables” (Journal of the Institute, vol. xxi, p. 229) appeared in print; otherwise I should probably not have undertaken the investigation.What I have aimed at is the discovery of some method of arriving at the requisite reserves for new policies, which shall be somewhat further removed from the realm of pure theory than some others which have been suggested; a method which can be readily applied in practice; and, what is of more importance, one which can be made intelligible to the ordinary man of business.
Notes on the Mortality of the Danish Clergy, from 1650 to 1878
Authors: Westergaard Harald 
Published: June 2019

A considerable number of investigations on mortality in times past has already been published, and without scarcely any exception they all go to show the same thing, that the mortality now-a-days is much smaller than it used to be. Some of these results are, however, only found by a sort of induction, in considering the conditions of life and the state of medical science in past centuries, and most of the statistical facts do not go farther back than to 1750; for more remote periods, the statistical information which has been gathered is scanty, untrustworthy, and dispersed.I therefore undertook the task of investigating a distinct class of society during as long a period as possible, hoping thus to be able to confirm or correct our notions on the variations of mortality. The materials were taken from an elaborate biographical work by the Rev. S. V. Wiberg, published 1870—71, with a supplement from 1879.I confess that the general impression of the results was that of a disappointment. In fact, the materials appeared so incorrect, that distinct numerical conclusions were not admissible. Still, I have thought it of interest to publish the chief results, hoping that, by-and-by, more correct materials may be at hand, and that the readers will consider the results here laid down as merely preliminary.
On a Certain Method of Distributing the Surplus among the Assured, and the Construction of an Equitable Scale of Office Premiums with reference thereto
Authors: Manly H. W. 
Published: June 2019

It is not my intention in this paper to travel over the same ground as that followed by Mr. Sprague in his paper in the 7th vol. of the Journal, p. 61, “On Certain Methods of Dividing the Surplus among the Assured in a Life Assurance Company; and on the Rates of Premium that should be Charged to Render them Equitable”, and that by Mr. Tucker, in the 9th vol., p. 245, “On the Rates of Premiums Required to Provide certain Periodical Returns to the Assured”, although the changes which have been introduced into the methods described by both writers, and the increased knowledge we possess of life assurance mortality statistics, would fully justify a revision and extension of their labours. Such a work, if undertaken, would fully repay the time spent upon it, and would prove a valuable addition to the information we already possess upon a very important subject.Both the above-mentioned gentlemen enlarged upon what “H. A. S.”, in the 8th vol. of the Journal, p. 167, describes as “The incongruity existing between the rates of premium charged at certain ages and the benefits accruing therefrom”; and they have shown that when the net cost of the assurances and bonuses is calculated upon a certain basis, the figures differ, often very materially, from those of the premiums charged.
On the Rate of Interest in Annuities-Certain
Authors: Hardy George F. 
Published: June 2019

The problem of finding the rate of interest corresponding to a given annuity-value, has engaged considerable attention at various times; and many formulas have been proposed for obtaining approximate solutions by the aid of existing tables of annuities. Most of these will be found in Mr. Sutton's paper on the Rate of Interest yielded by Foreign Loans (J.I.A., xix, 77). Of the 5 formulas there given, (2) is probably the most generally useful, (3), (4), and especially (5) (Prof. De Morgan's formula), involving a good deal of calculation. The object of the present short paper is to suggest 2 new formulas, which give very accurate results, and at the same time require but little work in their practical application.Let a be the value of an annuity for n years certain, at a rate of interest i, (which it is required to find), and let a1, a2, a3, be the tabulated annuity-values for the same term at the rates i1, i1 + h, i1 + 2h, where a lies between a1 and a2, and consequently i between i1 and i1 + h.
On the Adjustment of Mortality Tables
Authors: Higham John Adams 
Published: June 2019

Mr. John Finlaison's method of graduation (Journal, vol. xxi, page 50) deals with an irregularity, which, for convenience, may be assumed to be unity, in the following manner:—It diminishes the irregularity to a small fraction on its first appearance at one end of the formula; conducts it along the formula by easy stages, as over a double inclined plane; and dismisses it gently at the other end. The method has the advantage of simplicity in working and check, but it is correct to first differences only.Mr. Woolhouse's method is correct to third differences, and the irregularity glides over a curve; but the application of the formula requires sustained attention.The object of this paper is to combine the facility of the one method with the smoothness and correctness of the other.Let S be the sum of nine numbers, u0 to u8, increasing by third differences,the central term, whence .
On the Graduation of Mortality Tables
Authors: Higham John Adams 
Published: June 2019

It has been suggested that a formula given at page 17 of the present volume should be demonstrated, and its use in graduation more clearly explained.A series of numbers increasing by third differences is summed continuously p at a time, the results are summed q at a time, these results again r at a time, and so on, until all is collected into one term, S.
Temperature Evolution of the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool Over the Holocene and the Last Deglaciation
Authors: Moffa‐Sanchez Paola , Rosenthal Yair , Babila Tali L. , Mohtadi Mahyar , Zhang Xu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) contains the warmest surface ocean waters on our planet making it a major source of heat and moisture to the atmosphere. Changes in the extent and position of the IPWP likely impacted the tropical and global climate in the past and may also do in the future. With the aim to put recent ocean changes into a longer temporal context, we present new paleoceanographic sea surface temperature reconstructions from the heart of the Western Pacific Warm Pool, which is the warmest region within the IPWP, across the last 17,000 years. To provide an improved spatial and temporal regional context we use new and published sea surface temperature records from the IPWP and update previous compilation efforts (Linsley et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1920). We similarly conclude that the IPWP was warmer in the early Holocene compared to the late Holocene. However, with the new data we are able to argue against a western displacement/expansion of the IPWP and suggest a warmer southern IPWP in the early Holocene. We explore the potential drivers of the Holocene IPWP cooling and propose a combination of processes including changes in the monsoonal winds associated with the position of the rain belt, the tropical Pacific mean climate, and upper water column mixing. The proposed climatic processes differentially impacted the IPWP subregions resulting in spatially diverse trends. Additionally, the late deglacial section of the records mostly show a gradual IPWP warming similar in structure to the atmospheric CO2 and/or Antarctica rising temperatures.
The GIC and Geomagnetic Response Over Fennoscandia to the 7–8 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Rosenqvist L. , Hall J‐O. , Viljanen A. , Yordanova E. , Honkonen I. , André M. , Sjöberg E. C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBetween 7 and 8 September 2017, Earth experienced extreme space weather events. We have combined measurements made by the IMAGE magnetometer array, ionospheric equivalent currents, geomagnetically induced current (GIC) recordings in the Finnish natural gas pipeline, and multiple ground conductivity models to study the Fennoscandia ground effects. This unique analysis has revealed multiple interesting physical and technical insights. We show that although the 7–8 September event was significant by global indices (Dst∼150 nT), it produced an unexpectedly large peak GIC. It is intriguing that our peak GIC did not occur during the intervals of largest geomagnetic depressions, nor was there any clear upstream trigger. Another important insight into this event is that unusually large and rare GIC amplitudes (>10 A) occurred in multiple Magnetic Local Time (MLT) sectors and could be associated with westward and eastward electrojets. We were also successfully able to model the geoelectric field and GIC using multiple models, thus providing a further important validation of these models for an extreme event. A key result from our multiple conductivity model comparison was the good agreement between the temporal features of 1‐D and 3‐D model results. This provides an important justification for past and future uses of 1‐D models at Mäntsälä which is highly relevant to additional uses of this data set. Although the temporal agreement (after scaling) was good, we found a large (factor of 4) difference in the amplitudes between local and global ground models due to the difference in model conductivities. Thus, going forward, obtaining accurate ground conductivity values are key for GIC modeling.
Band‐by‐Band Contributions to the Longwave Cloud Radiative Feedbacks
Authors: Huang Xianglei , Chen Xiuhong , Yue Qing 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCloud radiative feedback is central to our projection of future climate change. It can be estimated using the cloud radiative kernel (CRK) method or adjustment method. This study, for the first time, examines the contributions of each spectral band to the longwave (LW) cloud radiative feedbacks (CRFs). Simulations of three warming scenarios are analyzed, including +2 K sea surface temperature, 2 × CO2, and 4 × CO2 experiments. While the LW broadband CRFs derived from the CRK and adjustment methods agree with each other, they disagree on the relative contributions from the far‐infrared and window bands. The CRK method provides a consistent band‐by‐band decomposition of LW CRF for different warming scenarios. The simulated and observed short‐term broadband CRFs for the 2003–2013 period are similar to the long‐term counterparts, but their band‐by‐band decompositions are different, which can be further related to the cloud fraction changes in respective simulations and observation.
The Effects of IMF Bz Periodic Oscillations on Thermospheric Meridional Winds
Authors: Zhang Kedeng , Liu Jing , Wang Wenbin , Wang Hui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPrevious studies mostly focused on ionosphere and thermosphere responses to strong southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz conditions. However, it is not clear how the ionosphere and thermosphere (IT) system responds to Alfvénic quasi‐periodic oscillating IMF Bz conditions. In this article, simulations by the Coupled Magnetosphere Ionosphere Thermosphere model have been used to investigate the effects of IMF Bz temporal variations with 10‐, 30‐, and 60‐min oscillation periods on the coupled IT system. The simulation results show that the cross polar cap potential and auroral peak electron energy flux are stronger when the IMF Bz oscillation frequency is lower. The relatively small periodic wind responses in the 10‐min IMF oscillation case indicates a low‐pass filter nature of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Two different thermospheric wind (Vn) responses are revealed. One is the almost simultaneous responses at all latitudes, and the other shows a typical traveling atmospheric disturbances signature with a time delay with respect to the latitude for all UTs. The simultaneous Vn responses at all latitudes appear in the daytime Northern Hemisphere, which are mainly caused by the ion drag force in association with penetration electric fields induced plasma density and ion drifts changes. The short‐period traveling atmospheric disturbances occurring in the nighttime of both hemispheres and the daytime of the Southern Hemisphere propagate from high to low latitudes showing latitudinal dependence. Both responses oscillate with the same frequencies as those of IMF Bz oscillations.
Robust Stress Drop Estimates of Potentially Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma: Evaluation of Empirical Green's Function
Authors: Yoshimitsu Nana , Ellsworth William L. , Beroza Gregory C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStress drop has important predictive value for ground motion intensity when determined reliably. Published measurements of stress drop, however, are strongly variable, even for well‐studied earthquake populations. Much of that variability arises from uncertainty in the corner frequency. In this study, we use a spectral ratio method to estimate stress drop and focus on assessing the fit to the data to understand trade‐offs among the parameters of the spectral model. We consider empirical Green's function events located within a 2‐km radius for events in the magnitude range 4.5 ≥ MW ≥ 4 near Cushing, Oklahoma, using an accurately relocated earthquake catalog from May 2013 to November 2016. We form composite S coda wave spectral ratios between mainshock–eGf pairs of events. We fit the Brune spectral model to the data over the frequency range from 0.5 to 30 Hz. To examine the characteristics of the spectral ratios, we evaluate the trade‐off among three estimated parameters—two corner frequencies and the moment ratio—from 1,000 bootstrap resamples of the data. We discard event pairs with a large trade‐off between any two parameters and assess the distribution of the residuals to test the suitability of candidate eGf events. Through these processes, we reduce the standard deviation of earthquake stress drop estimates. The stress drop estimates after the selection are similar to those of natural earthquakes in the central USA. We conclude that careful eGf event selection has the potential to increase substantially the accuracy of stress drop estimates derived from spectral ratios.
Size‐Independent Susceptibility to Transport in Aeolian Saltation
Authors: Martin Raleigh L. , Kok Jasper F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNatural wind‐eroded soils contain a mixture of particle sizes. However, models for aeolian saltation are typically derived for sediment bed surfaces containing only a single particle size. To nonetheless treat natural mixed beds, models for saltation and associated dust aerosol emission have typically simplified aeolian transport either as a series of noninteracting single particle size beds or as a bed containing only the median or mean particle size. Here we test these common assumptions underpinning aeolian transport models using measurements of size‐resolved saltation fluxes at three natural field sites. We find that a wide range of sand size classes experience “equal susceptibility” to saltation at a single common threshold wind shear stress, contrary to the “selective susceptibility” expected for treatment of a mixed bed as multiple single particle size beds. Our observation of equal susceptibility refutes the common simplification of saltation as a series of noninteracting single particle sizes. Sand transport and dust emission models that use this incorrect assumption can be both simplified and improved by instead using a single particle size representative of the mixed bed.