bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy AHP for selecting suppliers of construction materials
Authors: Biruk Slawomir , Jaskowski Piotr , Czarnigowska Agata 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The selection of suppliers is one of the key issues of supply logistics of any business entity. Due to the globalization of the economy and the rapid technological progress, the choice of products and the number of vendors is growing, which makes the selection process difficult. The specific character of the construction projects (one-off contracts with no incentives of the steady orders from one client, the need to adjust the batch size to the pace of the construction works whereas this pace is affected by risks and uncertainties, short time for planning, etc.) poses extra challenges to the suppliers’ production and transportation capacities and defines what “capable suppliers” mean for the project success. Therefore, the criteria of a construction project supplier selection go far beyond the obvious “price”. They need to refer to the supplier’s bid as well as the supplier’s own qualities (financial standing, reputation, flexibility). Though the selection process is expected to be based on unequivocal and objective input, in practice, it rests upon opinions and artificial measures used in lieu of the complete information. This input is, thus, fuzzy by nature and ignoring this fact may lead to wrong decisions. Therefore, the authors analyze the ways of quantifying supplier selection criteria and the methods of using them in the decision-making process presented in the literature. Then, they present a numerical example of supplier selection based on AHP with the fuzzy input, juxtaposing it with the results of the “classical” AHP with a crisp input. The results are different. Though this difference cannot be generalized, it indicates that the method of analysis may strongly affect the decision-makers choices.
Operational Problems in Structural Nodes of Reinforced Concrete Constructions
Authors: Szymczak-Graczyk Anna , Ksit Barbara , Laks Ireneusz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Reinforced concrete structures are frequently designed and executed in such facilities as: halls, warehouses, factories, multi-family buildings, single-family buildings, tanks, silos and many others. For this type of structures, it is particularly relevant to provide an appropriate thickness of concrete lagging, which aims at protecting reinforcement against corrosion, and to design it with appropriate spacing allowing the in-between space to be filled with a concrete mix. A frequent problem met while making reinforced concrete structures is such a density of reinforcing bars, particularly within structural nodes, that there is no possibility of filling the space between them with a concrete mix or it is not possible to vibrate the concrete mix in order to prevent segregation of mixture components. Structural nodes are points where special attention should be paid to careful compaction of concrete mixes and application of measures that prevent concrete from adhering to molds. The case study illustrates two structural nodes connecting a column with a bolt, located in a wall with a column-transom structure. During the modernisation works carried out in the production hall there were exposed two structural nodes completely unfilled with a concrete mix and with visible reinforcing bars that showed little buckling and the onset of corrosion. The columns, due to their location in the general static scheme of the wall, were subjected to compression or locally compressed and affected by bending. Particularly unfavourable was the fact that the columns did not feature the concrete lagging in the compression zone of the element. Removal of concrete lagging in the compression zone always results in decrease in the bearing capacity of a structure. It can be concluded that due to faulty workmanship the columns had a lower load bearing capacity than anticipated in the building permit design. The paper provides software-derived guidelines for repairing reinforced concrete columns so as to obtain the value of load bearing capacity equal or higher than expected in the design and on the assumption that repair works would be carried out on columns subjected to loading.
Air purification in highly-urbanized areas with the use of TiO2. New approach in designing urban public space with beneficial human condition
Authors: Januszkiewicz Krystyna , Kowalski Karol G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper deals with the possibilities of architectural design benefiting human conditions, which encompasses physical well-being, environmental quality of life in highly-urbanized areas. Nowadays, the urban pollution is rising on a global scale. The paper is focused on a new possibility to resolve the problem of air purification in big cities by advanced architectural design of public use spaces in the urban environment. The first part of the paper depicts possible usage of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) technology - nanoparticles of TiO2, as a building materials component. These components are the latest findings in the field of nanomaterials development, and their effectiveness due to the usage of the photocatalysis, which depends on eliminating various atmospheric pollutants and especially clears the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides. These components, together with calcium carbonate which neutralizes any acidic gasses that may be absorbed, are beneficial. Photoactive construction materials are mainly activated under UV light irradiation. The second part presents the results of the research program Climate Change Adapted Architecture and Building Structures, which has been conducted by Krystyna Januszkiewicz (the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture for a few years at West Pomeranian University of Technology (WPUT) in Szczecin). The presented designs were developed with co-operation of Magdalena Janus and Kamila Bogacz (Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering) as applications samples of titanium dioxide technology (photocatalytic active building materials) in the urban space. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the usage of titanium technology, as a construction materials component such as concrete and gypsum, or as a component of active membrane fabrics, opening a new way in architecture and structure designing in the urban public space. This is all indispensable to improve citizens’ health and to clear the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides or the volatile organic compounds. Moreover, it also serves as the basis for newly-built communities.
Halina Skibniewska’s Good Flat
Authors: Szustakiewicz Iwona 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The search for the best solutions in residential architecture has been one of the major areas of interest of architects connected with Warsaw University of Technology’s Faculty of Architecture ever since it was founded in 1915. Great achievements in the field were made by Halina Skibniewska (1921-2011), who designed many housing developments Warsaw: Sady Żoliborskie (1958-1963), Sadyba (1972-1974), Szwoleżerów (1974), the Winogrady estate in Poznań (1963-1964) and the Białołęka district of Warsaw (1975-1986). Her contribution to residential construction led her to receiving numerous awards, including the Mister Warsaw title given for the best building in the city, although the true measure of her success was the fact that all of her contemporaries wanted to “live at Skibniewska’s”. The article describes the most important objectives assumed by Halina Skibniewska when designing residential buildings and estates, illustrated with examples of her designs. It was her conviction that designing is the culmination of a long process and should be preceded by analysis, taking into account the local landscape conditions, and sociological, demographic, psychological and economic aspects. She valued direct social consultation just as much as she did scientific research, even carrying out discussions with children. She paid a great deal of attention to the structure of the family as the main users of residential buildings, and to the effects of this structure on the spatial and functional arrangement of the home, which was reflected in the doctoral dissertation. These studies resulted in the creation of the so-called open home model method, which is a concept of a flexible flat which can be modified in response to the changing needs of its users. Halina Skibniewska’s social sensitivity meant that she was the first person in Poland to analyse the problems of elderly and disabled people, and to design flats in response to the conditions shaped by the state of their health and how able-bodied they are. An extremely important question for Halina Skibniewska were the surroundings of buildings, which she considered a kind of extension of home. She became famous not only as a designer who was concerned with providing housing developments with the necessary services and facilities, but also as a zealous defender of existing nature, capable of changing the location of the stairs on a block of flats being designed in order to preserve two old mulberry trees for future residents. Not all the suggestions of this Warsaw architect proved possible to implement in the politicised economic conditions at that time, but many of her ideas were reflected in the architecture of housing developments and estates, which had and still has a positive influence on the residents’ quality of life. There is no doubt that many of her views are still valid today, and can be an inspiration for contemporary architects in their quests.
Behavior of glulam beams strengthened with BFRP bars
Authors: Rajczyk Marlena , Jonczyk Damian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Currently, FRP fiber composites are increasingly used in construction. They can be used in the form of: tapes, mats and bars. Composite rods are already widely used in reinforced concrete structures as replacements for steel rods. They are also used as elements for repairing various types of structures: reinforced concrete, timber, steel and masonry. It is much less popular to use composite rods as reinforcement elements for laminated timber beams at the production stage. The paper presents the results of experimental and numerical analysis of glued laminated timber beams, reinforced with BFRP basalt-epoxy rods to determine the effect of the distribution of composite reinforcement on the load-bearing capacity of reinforced joists. The tested elements were reinforced with bars of various diameters, arranged differently at the cross-section. The beams were made of GL24h wood, while basalt-epoxy bars with a diameter of 7 and 9 mm were used to strengthen the beams. During the experimental investigations, the deflection of beams, the value of the destructive force and the form of destruction, were investigated. Computer calculations based on the Finite Element Method (FEA) were also obtained, achieving good consistency of displacement results. In numerical studies, wood and composite rods have been modeled as an orthotropic material. The numerical analysis was carried out in the elastic range. In experimental studies, significant differences in the values of deflections and destructive forces in the scope of one research series were observed, which may be due to the inaccuracy of execution. Values of destructive forces in experimental studies were not directly related to the value of reinforcement percentage of different series of beams.
Visual Perception of Architecture According to the Theory of Juliusz Żórawski
Authors: Trebacz Pawel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Visual perception is the most important psychological process which allows to perceive an architectural object. Drawing on the principles of human perception, Juliusz Żórawski - a graduate of the Faculty of Architecture at the Warsaw University of Technology and a famous Polish architect of the interwar period - formed his theory during World War II. The purpose of this article is to introduce the main assumptions of his theory. According to Żórawski, every person perceives the world in an individual and unique way. Transmission of the perceived images to another person requires working out a simplified perception code. This code is not based on the meaning of context but on the sequence of perceptual decoding, common for all people. The most important element in this code is the arrangement of characteristic points, called “communication points,” which hold the viewer’s attention. Decoding the points as a sequence of glances, which move from a point to a point creates a set of straight lines. This set of straight lines is the code for reading the spatial structure of an architectural object. Therefore, an important element of any architectural design is to propose a set of highly explicit focal points. In conclusion, the essence of Juliusz Żórawski’s theory lies in the characteristics of the human psyche like the search for straight lines, trying to understand what is being seen, the perception of the outside world as a set of arrangements against the surrounding background. It should be emphasized that the main elements of his theory are confirmed by contemporary neuropsychological findings. This shows how many disciplines of science the art of architecture comprises.
Closure Solutions for a Non-Compliant Landfill: Case Study from Parța Non-Compliant Landfill, Timiș County, Romania
Authors: Ioana-Alina Cretan , Anca Moscovici 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Non-compliant landfills contain significant amounts of waste accumulated for years, representing significant sources of soil, air and groundwater pollution and population illness. All non-compliant urban landfills have closed storage before the year 2009. The non-compliant urban deposits in Timis County were unfinished and did not meet the conditions for the protection of environmental factors according to the Government Decision no. 349/2005 on waste disposal, Decision transposing Directive no. 1999/31 / EC on the storage of waste, therefore the required closure procedures that were finalized in the year 2015. The paper aims to present closing procedures that were taken to close the Parț a non-compliant landfill as part of the Integrated Waste Management System in Timis County, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the Sectoral Operational Program Environment 2007 - 2013, Priority Axis 2, “Development of integrated waste management systems and the rehabilitation of contaminated historical sites”
Influence of the Type of HMA and Free Space Content and the Thermal Conductivity Coefficient λ
Authors: Mieczkowski Pawel , Budzinski Bartosz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The surface temperature is diversified in cross-section and varies with external conditions. The dynamics of these changes depend on the possibility of taking over heat through the top layer and from its further flow to the lower layers of the structure. The heat transfer through pavements takes place due to convective heat exchange with air and radiation. Further heat transfer through the surface layers is due to conduction and is defined by the Fourier equation. The solution to the equation is the method of separating variables in the form of the product of two functions: time and space. The parameter decisive for the heat flow rate into the surface is the thermal conduction coefficient λ. For the purpose or type of HMA the value of this coefficient is not constant, assigned to the layer or type of asphalt mixture. It depends on the type of aggregate (its thermal properties), the volume shares of individual components (asphalt, aggregate), the structure of the material and the content of free spaces. The value of the thermal conductivity coefficient is also influenced by the degree of material moisture and temperature. The article presents the results of tests of the thermal conductivity coefficient of sixteen HMA. They were different due to the type of mixture (asphalt concrete, stone mastic asphalt, porous asphalt, macadam mix), the type of aggregate used (granite, diabase), the volume of free space and the temperature of the designation. The choice of aggregates was dictated by their diversity in terms of origin, acidity and thermal and physical properties. In both cases, they are igneous rocks, where the diabase belongs to the vein group (with a composition similar to basalts), and the granite to the deep-sea ones. They differ from each other in terms of acidity (diabase is a basic rock - alkaline, whereas granite is an example of acidic rock - salic), thermal parameters (thermal conductivity, specific heat and emissivity of radiation) and physical (density). The choice of the type of binder was conditioned by the intended use of the mixture. 50/70 asphalt was used for the abrasive layer, while the binding layer and foundation as well as the 35/50 asphalt macadam mix were used. The content of free spaces in the mixes ranged from 2.0% to 33.8%. The test was carried out at 20 ° C and 50 ° C. The obtained results indicate that concrete-type mixes (AC) are characterized by higher thermal conductivity coefficients than mixtures with an increased grit fraction (SMA, PA, Macadam). The basic parameter influencing the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient was the content of free spaces. With its increase, the heat conductivity decreased.
How different are dwellings whose energy efficiency impacts price formation?
Authors: Chen Ai , Marmolejo-Duarte Carlos 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Housing energy-efficiency has become a relevant issue since it is mandatory to exhibit an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) when transacting real estate in the European Union. A number of studies have focused on energy-efficiency marginal prices using hedonic models from cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. Some of them have found that the increase of relevance of EPC ranks (i.e. marginal prices) is not the same for all the A-G classes. This study aims to explore the differences in terms of architectonic and location attributes between the apartments depicting an increase of EPC ranking marginal prices regarding those where energy efficiency seems not to play a role in price formation. In doing so, a pooled spatial error hedonic model is done using selling information for multifamily housing in Barcelona for the years of 2014 and 2016. Furthermore, it is shown which EPC ranks do exhibit an increase in terms of marginal prices in the period studied. Finally, we compare the architectonic and locative attributes for the set of homes where the energy efficiency has increased in terms of price importance to the set of homes where it has not increased. The results suggest that dwellings with high and medium EPC ranks (e.g. A for 2014; and B, C and D for 2016) are more expensive, larger and boasting of better architectonic qualities than the rest of homes where EPC ranks failed to have a role in price formation. On the contrary, the location attributes are different: while A-ranked dwellings of 2014 are located on peripheries where new housing completions are placed; B, C and D-ranked homes of 2016 are located in more centric locations. These findings have implications for future analysis regarding the energy premium and energy poverty, since specific characteristics in different submarkets may have a different impact on housing prices.
On Innovative Concrete-Rubber Composite Blocks Reducing Effects of Dynamic Mechanical Impact: The Review of Structural Solutions
Authors: Kulinski Krzysztof 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this paper structural solutions concerning innovative precast concrete hollow blocks with rubber injects are discussed. Knowing that the concrete material has relatively low damping factor, injecting in blocks additional rubber layers improves the overall damping coefficient against propagation of mechanical waves. In order to prepare in the concrete block required hollows under the rubber injects, special form made of plastic or steel is required. Discussed solution is very cheap to achieve. Prepared form could be placed into the cuboid form, where concrete mix has already been poured. After the congeal process both forms could be removed and in the premade hollows, rubber material could be injected. According to that, production process is changed in only a small manner in comparison to the original concrete blocks production. Moreover, as an inject, recycled rubber material may be used. Research conducted by other researchers mainly concerns case, where crumbed rubber is added to the concrete mix in order to obtain desired composite parameters. In this paper different approach is discussed, where rubber is injected into hollow concrete blocks. There were and are performed dynamic and thermal numerical analyses with different shapes or rubber injects. One of the main aims of performed studies is to estimate the damping factor against propagation of mechanical wave in blocks. On the other hand, heat transfer of proposed blocks is also very important from the economical point of view. Despite of analysing single precast concrete-rubber hollow blocks, analyses concerning utilization of that blocks in three-layered wall have also been performed. ADINA code has been used, which is fully based on finite element method. As a concrete material describing hollow blocks C16/20 and C20/25 concrete strength classes have been adopted, which are the most popularly used in Poland. Rubber has been represented via Mooney-Rivlin and/or Zahorski material model. In order to use Zahorski model, special modification of ADINA material library has been introduced. Through the analyses, it has been shown that shape of rubber injects have significant influence on mechanical waves refraction and their dissipation. Moreover, due to relatively small volume of rubber injects in comparison to the whole concrete block, the reduction of block compressive strength would be insignificant. Presented in this paper prototype solutions may be treated as innovative because of rarely met combination of concrete with rubber as well as relatively easy and cheap implementation in the production process.