bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Optimization of Steam Flooding Pilot Test Project in Sudanese Oil Field Fula North East - Block 6
Authors: Rdwan M. F. , Elbaloula H. A. , Erpeng G. , Shahin A. F. , Mohammed H. A. , Fidial A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Steam flooding is acontinues steam injection heats a large portion of the reservoir while reducing oil viscosity and achieves the most efficient heavy oil recovery.
FNE oil field started production since 2009. In 2010 a pilot Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) was implemented and showed double oil production incremental. Then full field Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) was carried out, in September 2015 steam flooding pilot project was started with obvious increament.
In this paper, an evaluation and optimization are made for the pilot test project in line with design, implementation, and production performance of the steam flooding pilot test in Fula North East.
This paper will present the results from a study that done using advanced thermal software simulator on a sector model that extracted from FNE full field model, pilot area coverage 4 injectors and 9 producers. History matching and optimization was carried out along with perforation interval, steam intensity, steam quality and production rate. Optimum run case was determined among different sensitivity runs.
The results show that oil production performance of steam flooding had significant effect on enhancing oil production. Oil rate increased from 715.66 to 1733.8 BOPD and clear water cut dwindled. After the optimization of steam injection parameters and perforation intervals observable increment in production was achieved, oil production rate increased from 966 to 1160 BOPD and clear water cut decreased.
The Effect of the Presence of Oil on Polymer Retention in Porous Media from Clastic Reservoirs in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Wever D. A. , Bartlema H. , ten Berge A. B. , Al-Mjeni R. , Glasbergen G. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Polymer retention in porous media can significantly delay the arrival of the oil bank. This delay erodes value and affects the economics of any potential polymer project. In this paper, the effect of the presence of residual oil on polymer (partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide [HPAM]) retention is investigated. Various corefloods have been carried out using different sandstone reservoir rock material, both in single phase and at residual oil saturation. Corefloods without oil showed high polymer retention values, i.e. &gt; 100 µg/g. Experiments at residual oil saturation led to polymer retention values that were approximately 10 times lower for medium to low permeable cores, i.e. 271 vs. 28 µg/g for respectively single-phase and at residual oil saturation. For the high permeable cores, the polymer retention in the presence of oil was very low, i.e. between 0-11 µg/g. This was significantly lower compared to the value that was measured in the absence of oil (38 µg/g). Polymer retention consists of physical surface adsorption and mechanical entrapment. Physical adsorption is dependent on the adsorbing surface area. The presence of oil can reduce the available surface area for the polymer to adsorb onto, especially in an oil-wet or mixed-wet core.
The results of the coreflood experiments demonstrate the effect of the presence of oil on the retention of polymer in porous media. Corefloods without oil show polymer retention values that are much higher than values in the presence of oil.
This suggests that injecting polymer slugs below the oil-water contact could potentially result in a delay in the breakthrough of polymer and the arrival of the associated oil bank, which in turn could have significant detrimental effects on the economics of a commercial polymer project. In the experimental program to de-risk polymer flooding for full field commercial projects comprising polymer injection in oil legs, corefloods to assess polymer retention should always be executed with (residual) oil present.
Microemulsion Formation & Its Effect on Rheology Using Carbonate-Based Alkalis for AP or ASP Floods in the Matzen Field
Authors: Leitenmueller Verena , Toumi Oussema , Hofstaetter Herbert , Clemens Torsten 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Most of the crude oil is already recovered and discovering new oilfields tend to be challenging and difficult. Implementing an EOR method is essential to enhance the production life of mature oil fields and to make them economically more attractive. Especially, for heavy oil reservoirs chemical flooding is besides thermal methods promising. Only a limited number of alkali flood projects alone are reported worldwide. Phase screening represents the first step of experiments and gives information about the ability of various alkali solutions to generate in-situ surfactants at different concentration ranges.
In this study, carbonate-based alkalis were screened on their effect on in-situ soap generation. Two oil reservoirs both located in the Matzen oil field (Austria) were observed, where an alkali flood project will be realized in the near future. In lab scale, were phase experiments with various concentrations of carbonate-based alkalis (sodium and potassium carbonate) screened at the water-oil-ratio 5:5. Formulations with synthetic and real softened brine were compared, using dead oil and viscosity-matched oil with cyclohexane. Samples were observed over time (100 days) to figure out their equilibrium at reservoir temperature. Afterwards large-scale samples were prepared and viscosity measurements performed.
Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is not well investigated in the literature as an alkali agent yet. It showed very promising results in all performed trials and generated remarkably more amounts of in-situ surfactants compared to Na2CO3, which is the most frequently used alkali performer. Additionally, in most concentrations the micro emulsion viscosities were lower. Thus, potassium carbonate might be an interesting candidate in future alkali applications.
Reservoir Modeling and Simulation for Thermal Oil Recovery in Fractured Karst Carbonates in Bahrain
Authors: Lambert Mark , AlMuftah Ali , Yousif Maysa , Barni Sajeda , Ai Guang , Zhang Eamon 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Late Cretaceous Mishrif limestone is known locally in Bahrain as the "Rubble" due to extensive tectonic fracturing and karst brecciation which may have tens to hundreds of times the permeability of the tight matrix where most oil resides. If these secondary features are not properly managed, steam utilization during thermal heavy oil recovery is compromised, so heat transfer to viscous crude in the matrix is less effective. To address this challenge, field pilots are conducted across Awali field to apply customized thermal processes to varying geology.
Designing the thermal pilots uses 3D static and dynamic models representing the heterogenous reservoir to test various thermal processes (cyclic steam stimulation, forced imbibition, and steamflood). Initial geocellular models are multi-well secular models utilizing simplified erosional surface truncations and fault-fracture networks to optimize run times for multi-component thermal simulation. Reservoir properties are guided by well log data and geostatistics, whereas an effective permeability hierarchy accounts for historic well performance and observations. Additional inputs for simulation include thermal properties for rock and fluids, temperature-dependent relative permeability curves, temperature-viscosity relationships and vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios for each crude component, and injected steam quality.
Piloting in a sparsely fractured portion of Awali field gave unexpected results that required revisiting conceptual geologic models and testing new ideas with dynamic simulation. This effort was accelerated by multiple scenario playing with "pseudo-fractures" strategically relocated to honor dynamic data while remaining consistent with the known fault, fracture and karst trends.
This paper describes the results of this particular pilot and the versatile modeling approach taken to understand the outcomes. It recommends early quick multiple scenario playing to help guide subsequent time-intensive detailed fault-fracture-karst modeling.
Surfactants As Steam Foam Additives for Thermal EOR Processes
Authors: Nguyen Thu , Rommerskirchen Renke , Fernandez Jorge , Nguyen Quoc P. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Steam override and channeling due to high steam mobility during steam injection for heavy oil recovery can result in high operating costs and low oil recovery. The high steam mobility issue can be overcome with a sufficient increase in the apparent steam viscosity by surfactant stabilized foams. The objective of this research is to identify surfactants that are thermally stable and can generate stable foam at typical conditions of steam injection for thermal steam EOR processes. Proprietary surfactant structures were found to be stable at up to 250 °C for at least 2 weeks. It was also found that these surfactants at 0.5 wt% concentration were able to generate stable foam in the sandpack with steam at 75% quality (i.e. volume fraction of steam in the injected mixture of steam and surfactant solution) and up to 250 °C. Foam increased the apparent steam viscosity by three orders of magnitude without bitumen and by two orders of magnitude in the presence of bitumen. The results demonstrate that this type of surfactant significantly reduces steam mobility, which is needed to overcome steam gravity override and channeling issues. The study of structure-property relationship shows that the foaming efficiency and effectiveness depend on the temperature and the hydrophobicity of the surfactants. Past research reported in literature focused mostly on sulfonate surfactants as foaming agents for steam EOR processes at operating temperatures up to 200 °C and in the absence of oil. This work has extended the scope of steam foam research as it identified surfactants that are thermally stable and could stabilize foam at up to 250 °C even in the presence of oil. In addition, the structures of the identified surfactants in this study could be optimized with respect to surfactant hydrophobicity to tailor the transport and thermodynamic properties as well as the foam property of the surfactants to target specific reservoir temperature and salinity condition.
Biodegradation of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide HPAM Using Bacteria Isolated from Omani Oil Fields
Authors: Al-Moqbali Walaa , Joshi Sanket J. , Al-Bahry Saif N. , Al-Wahaibi Yahya M. , Elshafie Abdulkadir E. , Al-Bemani Ali S. , Al-Hashmi Abdulaziz , Soundra Pandian Sathish Babu 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In present study the biodegradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) by bacterial strains isolated from Omani oil fields was analyzed. HPAMs are extensively used in oil fields for enhanced oil recovery operations. The produced water after polymer flooding poses grave ecological problems, such as it could raise the difficulty of oil–water separation, producing toxic acrylamide that degrades naturally, which threatens the local environment. Biodegradation of HPAM by microbes may be an efficient way to solve those problems. Microbial biodegradation is considered an environmentally friendly safe technique. The isolation of microbes that are able to degrade HPAM from the oil field produced water was investigated in this study. The bacterial isolates were identified by MALDI-Biotyper and the biodegradation of HPAM was analyzed by LC-MS and reduction in viscosity by rheometer. Two HPAM degrading bacterial strains Bacillus sp. (NP-10) and Chelatococcus sp. (NP-11) were isolated from the polymer-flooding produced water. The removal efficiency of HPAM based on shear viscosity for NP10 andNP11 were 59.9% and 58.4%, respectively after 9-days treatment period, at pH 7.1, 40 °C and 160 rpm. The addition of glucose (0.5 g/l) did not improve the HPAM degradation for NP11. However, the degradation percentage by NP10 reached to 68.8%. HPAM samples after bacterial biodegradation were analyzed by LC-MS. The results showed the presence of acrylamide monomers in the culture after biodegradation. Three other isolated strains were identified as NP-9, NP-2 and NP-8 were able to reduce the concentration of acrylamide significantly. Present findings proved that both Bacillus sp. (NP-10) and Chelatococcus sp. (NP-11) could be suitable candidates for biodegradation of HPAM and NP-9, NP-2 and NP-8 strains as potential candidates for reducing the acrylamide concentrations, as an environmental friendly approach.
Canopy Development of Annual Legumes and Forage Sorghum Intercrops and Its Relation to Dry Matter Accumulation
Authors: Darapuneni Murali K. , Angadi Sangamesh.V. , Umesh M. R. , Contreras‐Govea Francisco E. , Annadurai K. , Begna Sultan H. , Marsalis Mark A. , Cole N. A. , Gowda Prasanna H. , Hagevoort G. Robert , Lauriault Leonard M. 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Canopy and light interception characteristics of forage sorghum and sorghum‐legume systems were evaluated.Intercropping with sorghum increased canopy coverage and light interception early in the growing season.Intercropping legumes with forage sorghum increased LAI compared with sole forage sorghum.LAI was an accurate growth predictor of light interception in sole sorghum and all sorghum‐legume systems.
Livestock production is an important agro‐industry in many semiarid regions of the world including the southern High Plains, USA. Therefore, objectives of this study were to understand how canopy development and light interception patterns impact biomass yield of several legume species when intercropped with forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown under irrigation. Field studies were conducted at Tucumcari and Clovis, NM in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Five annual legumes [cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), lablab (Lablab purpureus L.), and pole bean (P. vulgaris L.)] were intercropped between two rows of sorghum spaced at 0.75 m and compared with sole sorghum under irrigation. Intercropping legumes with sorghum increased leaf area index (LAI) compared with sorghum alone, at both locations. Intercropping legumes with sorghum resulted in faster canopy coverage and greater light interception early in the growing season compared with sorghum alone. Lablab, cowpea, lima bean, and pole bean were promising legumes to improve light interception when intercropping with sorghum. The LAI was an accurate growth predictor of light interception in all intercropping systems and sorghum alone (R2 > 0.94). Overall, optimum LAI (90% light interception) was lower in all intercropping systems compared with sorghum alone. Dry matter accumulation had strong correlations with LAI and light interception at both locations before canopy closure (58 d after planting). Overall, intercropping legumes in forage sorghum benefits producers by providing protein to livestock and reduces the need to purchase dietary supplements in their traditional livestock production systems.
Fertilizer Nitrogen and Corn Plants: Not all Volatilized Ammonia is Lost
Authors: Schoninger Evandro Luiz , González‐Villalba Hugo Abelardo , Bendassolli José Albertino , Ocheuze Trivelin Paulo Cesar 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Corn plants absorb volatilized ammonia from urea.Foliar area controls ammonia absorption.Not all N‐fertilizer emitted as ammonia can be considered lost.
Plants can absorb NH3 from the atmosphere through the foliage, potentially recovering part of the volatilized N from N fertilizers. To measure the extent of corn (Zea mays L.) foliar uptake of NH3 derived from surface applied urea at different growth stages and study the relationship between the amount of NH3 uptake and corn leaf area, a field experiment was set up during the 2011–2012 and the 2012–2013 growing seasons. The experiment was developed in a complete randomized blocks design with four replications. Treatments consisted of five sidedress N application times (growth stages V4, V6, V8, V10, and V12) using 15N‐labeled urea. The percentage of volatilized N (VN), the percentage of volatilized N recovered by the plant (PVNP), and the leaf area (LA) at each N application time were evaluated. Using the tray method, the VN varied from 23 to 68% of the total N applied, given these differences mainly related to climatic conditions (i.e., rainfall occurrence). On average for the two growing seasons, measured PVNP values were 3.4, 5.5, 6.2, 9.0, and 14.8% at V4, V6, V8, V10, and V12 growth stages, respectively. Approximately 90% of the total N uptake (15NH3, by the foliage) was allocated in the leaves and 10% in the stem. We found a high correlation between LA and PVNP (r2 = 0.92, p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, corn plants can take up part of the surface applied fertilizer‐derived (urea) NH3, up to values of 15% of the volatilized N–NH3.
Biomass and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Grain Sorghum with Nitrogen and Supplemental Irrigation
Authors: Sigua G. C. , Stone K. C. , Bauer P. J. , Szogi A. A. 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Effective use of water and N improved biomass and nutrient use efficiency of sorghum.Sorghum applied with N and 100% irrigation had the greatest biomass.Sorghum with 85 kg N ha–1 and 100% irrigation had the greatest nutrient use efficiency.
Poor rainfall distribution and poor soil fertility in the humid coastal plain region may affect grain crop production. Nitrogen insufficiency and water stress can both reduce crop yield, but little information is available on whether supplemental irrigation (SI) and N fertilization can alleviate both water stress and nutrient deficiency in humid regions. A field sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] study was conducted under a variable‐rate center pivot. The objective of our study was to determine the combined effects of N fertilization (0, 85, and 170 kg N ha−1) and SI (0, 50, and 100% of the full irrigation rate) on aboveground biomass (AB), nitrogen uptake (NU), and nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE) of two varieties (VAR) of grain sorghum in coastal plain region of the United States. Aboveground biomass and NU varied with SI (p ≤ 0.001) and levels of N (p ≤ 0.001). In irrigated treatments, the rates of 85 and 170 kg N ha−1 resulted in significantly higher AB, NU, and NUE. Averaged across years, VAR, N and SI, grain sorghum applied with 170 kg N ha−1 and 100% SI had the greatest AB of 3997 kg ha−1. Sorghum with 85 and 170 kg N ha−1 and 100% SI treatment had the greatest NUE of 60.5 and 57.1%, respectively. Our results support our hypothesis that negative impacts of water stress and nutrient deficiency could be mitigated by SI and N fertilization. Effective water use in irrigation and maintaining a sufficient amount of N will improve the AB, NU, and NUE of grain sorghum.
Role of Azoles in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Present and Future Perspectives
Authors: Ahmad Khurshid , Khan Mohd Kalim A. , Baig Mohammad Hassan , Imran Mohd , Gupta Girish Kumar 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Cancer has gradually become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The
incidence of cancer among the population has increased alarmingly over the last two decades, primarily due to
an increasing population of immune-compromised patients and the continuing rise in anti-cancer drug
resistance. Azole found privileged structure in medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical industry and also found
to be showing antioxidant; antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anticancer, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory,
anti-HIV, and antihypertensive activities.

Objective:
In this review, we highlight some areas of current interest in context to azoles and their derivatives as
potential chemotherapeutic agents and inhibitors.

Method:
A comprehensive literature search was performed for writing this review. An updated view on different
derivatives of azoles and use in cancer management has been discussed.

Results:
Here we have discussed the present scenario of azoles and their derivatives as potential
chemotherapeutic agents and inhibitors. Along with, the future perspectives of azoles in cancer prevention and
treatment are also discussed.

Conclusion:
The information provided in this review might be useful to researchers in designing of novel and
potent multifunctional azole analogues for the treatment of cancer and other multifactorial diseases.
Depletion of Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons Increases Cell Proliferation in the Adult Subventricular Zone
Authors: Arias-Carrion Oscar , Ortega-Robles Emmanuel , de Celis-Alonso Benito , Palasz Artur , Mendez-Rojas Miguel A. , Salas-Pacheco Jose , Murillo-Rodriguez Eric 
Published: March 2018

Background & Objective: Adult neurogenesis, a specific form of brain plasticity in
mammals that occurs in the subventricular zone, is subject to complex regulation. Hypocretin/orexin
neurons are implicated in the regulation of sleep and arousal states, among other functions. Here we
report for the first time the presence of orexinergic projections within the adult rat subventricular zone.
Post-mortem retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence indicated orexinergic projections
toward the subventricular zone. To establish the relationship between the depletion of orexin neurons
and the number of proliferating cells in the subventricular zone, we labeled mitotic cells. Histological
analysis revealed proliferating cells to be in close contact with orexinergic fibers. Neurotoxinlesioning
of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus significantly activated precursor cell proliferation
in the subventricular zone. Furthermore, cell proliferation in both normal and lesioned animals
failed to reveal newly born orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.

Conclusion:
Based on these findings, we suggest that the adult subventricular zone is affected by
orexinergic signaling, the functional implication of which must be further elucidated.
Effect of Short-term Quercetin, Caloric Restriction and Combined Treatment on Age-related Oxidative Stress Markers in the Rat Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Alugoju Phaniendra , V.K.D. Krishna Swamy , Periyasamy Latha 
Published: March 2018

Background & Objective: Aging is characterized by gradual accumulation of macromolecular
damage leading to progressive loss of physiological function and increased susceptibility to diverse
diseases. Effective anti-aging strategies involving caloric restriction or antioxidant supplementation
are receiving growing attention to attenuate macromolecular damage in age associated pathology.

Method:
In the present study, we for the first time investigated the effect of quercetin, caloric restriction
and combined treatment (caloric restriction with quercetin) on oxidative stress parameters, acetylcholinesterase
and ATPases enzyme activities in the cerebral cortex of aged male Wistar rats. 21
months aged rats were divided into four groups (n=6-8) such as group 1-fed ad libitum (AL); group
2-quercetin supplementation of 50 mg/kg b.w/day for 45 days fed ad libitum (QUER); group 3: caloric
restricted (CR) (fed 40% reduced AL for 45 days); group 4-fed 40% CR and 50 mg/kg b.w/day QUER
for 45 days (CR + QUER). Group 5-three month age old rats served as young control (YOUNG).

Results:
Our results demonstrate that combined treatment of caloric restriction and quercetin significantly
improved the age associated decline in the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes [such
as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and glutathione
(GSH) content and attenuated elevated levels of protein carbonyl content (PCC), lipid peroxidation,
lipofuscin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, it is also observed that
combined treatment ameliorated age associated alterations in acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and
adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) such as Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca+2-ATPase (but not Mg+2-
ATPase) enzyme activities.

Conclusion:
Finally, we conclude that combined treatment of caloric restriction and quercetin (but not
either treatment alone) in late life is an effective anti-aging therapy to counteract the age related accumulation
of oxidative macromolecular damage.