bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Impact and Cost-effectiveness of Extended Hepatitis C Virus Screening and Treatment with Direct-acting Antivirals in a Swiss Custodial Setting
Authors: Girardin François , Hearmon Natalie , Castro Erika , Negro Francesco , Eddowes Lucy , Gétaz Laurent , Wolff Hans 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) among people living in detention (PLD) is typically high in many countries including Switzerland, where it is estimated that the HCV prevalence rate is between 5.7% and 6.2%. In Switzerland, the existing screening strategy involves routine screening of PLD who indicate they are from HCV high-risk populations based on questionnaire responses upon entry to the detention center, rather than an offer to screen all PLD.MethodsA cost-effectiveness analysis from a Swiss healthcare provider perspective was conducted by combining a 5-year decision tree screening model with results from a Markov model of HCV treatment outcomes. This model explored the cost-effectiveness of increased HCV screening to cover all PLD compared to the current approach, using a standard test package and subsequent treatment with a single-tablet regimen in Swiss custodial settings. Sensitivity and scenario analyses examined the uncertainty of results.ResultsAt the willingness-to-pay threshold of 100 000 Swiss Francs (CHF) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), comprehensive general screening was cost-effective compared to current risk-based screening, with a base case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CHF 14 312 per QALY. The net monetary benefit of screening the whole PLD population was CHF 23 298 046 and CHF 4298 per person. The proportion of PLD tested was predicted to increase from 13.6% to 67.0% under comprehensive screening.ConclusionThe results showed that comprehensive screening strategies in detention centers in Switzerland can be cost-effective, with the probabilistic sensitivity analysis estimating an 82.3% probability of cost-effectiveness.
Comparison of the sustainability of mitral annular dynamics between two semi-rigid annuloplasty devices
Authors: Bouchez Stefaan , Timmermans Frank , Philipsen Tine , François Katrien , Bové Thierry 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The choice of annuloplasty device is fundamental at the time of mitral valve repair, the goal being to optimally restore the physiological 3-dimensional (3D) structure and dynamics of the mitral annulus (MA). This study evaluated MA dynamics after annuloplasty with 2 different semi-rigid devices.

METHODS
Thirty-three patients eligible for mitral valve repair were selected for annuloplasty with the Physio II ring (Edwards Lifesciences, Irving, CA, USA) (n = 17) or the Memo 3D ring (LivaNova, Saluggia, Italy) (n = 16). MA dynamics were assessed with transoesophageal 3D echocardiography intraoperatively and 1 year after repair.

RESULTS
The postoperative changes in the anteroposterior diameter {3.7% [standard deviation (SD) 2.7] vs 1.9% [SD 1.3]; P = 0.013} and in the annular height [27.7% (SD 8.7) vs 18.0% (SD 13.9); P = 0.003] were significantly larger with the Memo 3D ring during the cardiac cycle. The restoration of the saddle shape at baseline was superior with the Physio II ring, defined by a larger systolic annular height-to-commissural width ratio [15.1% (SD 2.3) vs 7.1% (SD 2.4); P < 0.001]. These observations of MA dynamics were sustained after 1 year, shown by a greater anteroposterior extension [5.1% (SD 1.0) vs 1.7% (SD 1.6); P = 0.002] and change in annular height-to-commissural width ratio [15.7% (SD 12.7) vs 3.1% (SD 3.0); P = 0.020] for the Memo 3D ring. There were no significant differences in mitral valve function between the 2 devices.

CONCLUSIONS
The MA dynamics after annuloplasty with the Physio II and Memo 3D rings demonstrated a better systolic 3D restoration of the saddle shape with the Physio II ring, whereas the saddle-shaped geometry improved significantly with the Memo 3D ring, as a dynamic phenomenon. The Memo 3D ring also showed increased anteroposterior annular mobility and folding dynamics throughout the cardiac cycle. Moreover, the observed differences in MA dynamics between both devices appeared to be sustainable 1 year after ring implantation.
Foreign capital in 19th century Spain’s investment boom†
Authors: Prados De La Escosura Leandro 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSpain’s investment boom (1850–1874) has been largely attributed to capital inflows. Sudrià challenged the consensus on the basis of Moro et al. capital balance estimates. Dishoarding of bullion and previous savings would have catered for an increasing investment demand. I argue that the empirical basis for Sudrià's claim is flawed. Moro et al. underestimated the net capital inflow and biased upwards the change in reserves. The current account deficit resulted from an inflow of capital that allowed investment to raise facilitating imports of capital goods and raw materials. Foreign capital contributed significantly to the investment boom.
The UN and Multilateralism under Siege in the “Age of Trump”
Authors: Weiss Thomas G 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis essay poses two questions: “Would the World Be Better without the UN?” and “Would the World Be Better without Donald Trump?” The answers are “No” and “Yes.” It begins by discussing the UN’s value and continues by probing the historical context of U.S. approaches to multilateralism and Washington’s unhesitating leadership during World War II, an era as fraught as ours. It then analyzes the implications of the Trump Administration’s “America First” policy on the United Nations and considers the possibilities for concerted international action without Washington. It concludes by examining the odds that the world body can become fitter-for-purpose.
Systemic investigation of bone and muscle abnormalities in dystrophin/utrophin double knockout mice during postnatal development and the mechanisms
Authors: Gao Xueqin , Tang Ying , Amra Sarah , Sun Xuying , Cui Yan , Cheng Haizi , Wang Bing , Huard Johnny 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The dystrophin−/−/utrophin−/−/ double knockout (dKO-Hom) mouse is a murine model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This study investigated the bone and muscle abnormalities of dKO-Hom mouse and mechanisms. We collected bone and skeletal muscle samples from control mice and three muscular dystrophic mouse models at different ages and performed micro-computer tomography and histological analyses of both bone and skeletal muscle tissues. Serum receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and sclerostin (SOST) levels, osteoclastogenesis and serum proteomics were also analyzed. Our results indicated that dKO-Hom mice developed skeletal muscle histopathologies by 5 days of age, whereas bone abnormalities developed at 4 weeks of age. Furthermore, our results indicated that the numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were decreased in the proximal tibia and spine trabecular bone of dKO-Hom mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, which correlated with a significant reduction in serum RANKL levels. The number of tibia cortical osteocytes also decreased, whereas serum SOST levels increased significantly in dKO-Hom mice than WT mice. Osteoblastic number was significantly lower, but osteoclast number increased, in the spine L6 of dKO-Hom mice than WT mice at 6 weeks of age, resulting in a decrease in bone formation and an increase in bone resorption. Serum proteomics results revealed abnormal proteome profiles in dKO-Hom mice compared to control mice. In conclusion, our study elucidated the timing of development of bone and muscle abnormalities. The bone abnormalities in dKO-Hom mice are correlated with lower serum RANKL and higher SOST levels that resulted in dysregulation of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis and bone loss.
Harmony and Resilience: US Democracy Promotion's Basic Premises
Authors: Poppe Annika Elena 
Published: January 2019

AbstractScholarship on US foreign policy regularly claims that US democracy promotion policy is informed by a coherent and harmonious set of basic premises. In this article, I first examine the validity of this claim for US post–Cold War administrations. I find operational in US foreign policy rhetoric three stable premises: that democracy is a universal(ly aspired to) principle, that external democracy promoters are legitimately involving themselves in another country's political affairs, and that this policy endeavor is in the best interest of all involved stakeholders. Following theoretical expectations that culture and cultural aspects are relatively stable and adaptable entities and promote stability in behavior, I then pursue the question of how these premises have fared in an environment particularly challenging to their validity, namely in the case of US democracy promotion in Egypt. I show how, even in light of contradictory evidence, the basic premises remain resilient and function as a discursive structure that enables and constrains policy options.
An NMR-based clay content evaluation method for tight oil reservoirs
Authors: Li Ziyue , Mao Zhiqiang , Sun Zhongchun , Luo Xingping , Wang Zhenlin , Zhao Peiqiang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn effective assessment of tight oil reservoirs requires accurate calculation of their clay content. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs play an important role in the evaluation process because of the abnormally high values of gamma-ray (GR) logs and the poor resolution of spontaneous potential (SP) logs in source reservoirs. In this study, an NMR method was proposed to determine the clay content in tight oil reservoirs. We analysed the NMR characteristics of the sandstone samples, which contained different types of main clay minerals, through various experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the transverse relaxation time (T2) cutoff value of clay-bound water varies with the type of clay. This indicates that different T2 cutoff values will be determined according to NMR logging while calculating the clay-bound water saturation in a specific area. Based on the cation-exchange capacity equation and the clay water saturation, a certain relation could be observed between the clay content and the remaining three parameters, including the clay water saturation, density logs and neutron logs. Further, we used the least-squares method for calculating the clay content based on this relation. The calculation result obtained from the field examples agreed well with the experimental measurements, thereby demonstrating the accuracy and usefulness of the proposed method.
SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists for nephroprotection and cardioprotection in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. A consensus statement by the EURECA-m and the DIABESITY working groups of the ERA-EDTA
Authors: Sarafidis Pantelis , Ferro Charles J , Morales Enrique , Ortiz Alberto , Malyszko Jolanta , Hojs Radovan , Khazim Khaled , Ekart Robert , Valdivielso Jose , Fouque Denis , London Gérard M , Massy Ziad , Ruggenenti Petro , Porrini Esteban , Wiecek Andrzej , Zoccali Carmine , Mallamaci Francesca , Hornum Mads 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major problem of public health. Currently, many of these patients experience progression of cardiovascular and renal disease, even when receiving optimal treatment. In previous years, several new drug classes for the treatment of type 2 DM have emerged, including inhibitors of renal sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Apart from reducing glycaemia, these classes were reported to have other beneficial effects for the cardiovascular and renal systems, such as weight loss and blood pressure reduction. Most importantly, in contrast to all previous studies with anti-diabetic agents, a series of recent randomized, placebo-controlled outcome trials showed that SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists are able to reduce cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, as well as progression of renal disease, in patients with type 2 DM. This document presents in detail the available evidence on the cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 analogues, analyses the potential mechanisms involved in these actions and discusses their place in the treatment of patients with CKD and DM.
Introduction
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central argument of the book: that a shift in governing is required if humans are to survive as a species on this planet. The planet’s ecosystems are under incredible stress, and while people are living longer than ever, there are numerous threats to health and well-being. The book’s overall contention is that governments too often opt for policies that will ensure profit for some, justifying the decision with the expectation that economic growth will bring benefits for the entire population in its wake. But wealth has not trickled down to the many—rather, it floats up to the few. The author explains that her motivation for writing the book is that she has personally experienced the benefits of a governance system that is equitable and designed to promote well-being.
Fiscal Policy
Authors: Baum Fran 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Fiscal policy is central to governing for health. It determines what resources are available, largely via taxation, to invest in health and well-being, and how equitably and effectively national resources are allocated. The decisions made by treasurers, finance ministers, and chancellors of the exchequers are vital to health, yet this is rarely recognized, and the economic sphere is treated as if it were somehow separate from the rest of society. This chapter argues that in order to govern for health, this view has to change, with economic decisions made to serve the health and well-being of society. In making this argument, the chapter starts with a consideration of the health-damaging effects of neoliberalism and then asserts and examines five action points that would lead to fiscal policies that support health and well-being.
Nutrition, Genetics, and Human Performance During Military Training
Authors: Gaffney-Stomberg Erin , McClung James P. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Military personnel train and conduct operations in environments that result in exposure to multiple stressors such as caloric deprivation, physical and psychological strain, and increased energy expenditure, which have profound effects on cognitive and physical performance. The objective of this chapter is to draw on the peer-reviewed literature, including laboratory studies, applied field studies, and controlled trials conducted in the military environment to detail the contribution of nutrition and genetics to human performance and protection from injury. In summary, relevant studies indicate that nutrition status and genetic factors hold promise as risk biomarkers and intervention targets for the development of tailored solutions to optimize human performance and prevent injury during occupationally demanding tasks.
Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Chottekalapanda Revathy U. , Greengard Paul , Sagi Yotam 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects more than 20 million people in the United States. Depression is comorbid with other psychiatric disorders and can increase risks of drug and alcohol abuse and suicide. Available antidepressants have limited efficacy and new therapeutic targets are needed. MDD and antidepressant responses are mediated via neurotransmitter signaling mechanisms and inflammatory responses involving an integrated network of limbic brain regions that include hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens. Although this limbic circuit is broadly described, researchers do not understand how the properties of neurons within the circuit are altered in depression. The authors present the regulation of the p11 signaling module in this circuit, describe the diagnostic aspects of p11 function, and lay out a cellular and molecular framework for the understanding of MDD and the development of novel antidepressant therapies.
Evolution of Physiological Status Monitoring for Ambulatory Military Applications
Authors: Tharion William J. , Friedl Karl E. , Buller Mark J. , Arango Natalia Henao , Hoyt Reed W. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes real-time physiological status monitoring, which provides key medical situational awareness of at-risk individuals. The information obtained enables military leaders to make better decisions with regard to mission management. These monitoring systems do not replace medical or leadership decision-making, but rather they provide objective information on which leadership can base their decisions to mitigate the risk of injuries and enhance performance. Commercial systems and research tools must be modified to meet the requirements of operational military personnel. These monitoring systems integrate wearable sensors, smart algorithms, computer and mobile user interfaces, and communications equipment to allow data-driven decisions to be made by appropriate personnel. This often requires data to be aggregated and sent from the wearer of the system to a decision-maker some distance away. This chapter describes the research and development efforts to meet the needs of military operational units.
Neuroprosthetics for Human Performance Optimization
Authors: Chang Yin-Jui , Krishna Gautam , Fernández Benito R. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Neuroprosthetics is a novel bioengineering technology able not only to replace or assist the damaged neurons but also to enhance the function of the neurons with external electrical circuitry. It may allow patients with a neurological disorder to retain some of their normal function. Cochlear implants that induced deaf patients to “re-hear” and visual prostheses that assisted blind patients to “re-see” are both successful cases. Moreover, augmentation of cognition such as attention, (working) memory, creative thinking, and more can be carried out through stimulation techniques. In recent years, brain chip implants have been proposed as the next-generation technologies that can achieve the whole neuroprosthetic system in a tiny chip implanted into the human brain. Such a breakthrough is expected to mitigate neurological impediments, restore lost functions, and even optimize human performance.
Mitigating Stress Response to Optimize Human Performance
Authors: Ness James , Wojciechowski Josephine Q. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Optimizing human performance is the expression of a desired phenotype to meet the challenges of a particular task. Desired phenotypes are expressed in response to canalizing experiences such as in acclimatization to environments. Here one’s biobehavioral system adapts to the challenges of the environment to reduce physiologic strain on the system. These adaptations are within the biobehavioral system’s repertoire of expressible phenotypes and are reversible. Desired phenotypes can be maintained, facilitated, or induced by canalizing experiences. In the desire to optimize performance, the canalizing experiences are often designed to induce or prolong phenotypic expression to meet the demands of a constructed task. In these cases, the canalizing experiences, whether pharmacological or other physiologically invasive, often lead to irreversible negative health consequences. This chapter discusses the effects of canalizing experiences in terms of the strains on the biobehavioral system. The chapter advances a concept of strong environment as a means to facilitate and maintain phenotypes, which are within the phenotypic expressible repertoire. The argument is made that leveraging the bio-behavioral system’s wild type rather than domesticating the system to express a supernormal phenotype yields greater agility and overall health in a population to overcome challenges.
Exoskeletons
Authors: Agarwal Priyanshu , Deshpande Ashish D. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a rapid explosion in research surrounding robotic exoskeletons due to their promising applications in medicine and human performance augmentation. Several advances in technology have led to the development of more energy efficient and viable prototypes of these devices. However, despite this rapid advancement in exoskeleton technology, most of the developed devices are limited to laboratory testing and a very few of them are commercially available for human use. This chapter discusses the advances in various constituting technologies including actuation, sensing, materials, and controls that made exoskeleton research feasible. Also presented are case studies on two state-of-the-art robotic exoskeletons, Harmony and Maestro, developed for rehabilitation of the upper body. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the ongoing challenges in exoskeleton design and ethical, social, and legal considerations related to the use of these devices and the future of exoskeletons.
Optimizing Cognitive PerformanceGenetic and Epigenetic Techniques
Authors: Martindale Valerie E. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Optimizing human cognitive performance by genetic and epigenetic means requires consideration of the goal and context of the desired cognitive performance. This chapter considers two examples to illustrate how optimization will depend on deciding what qualities are desired, defining such traits or phenotypes, and then considering the environment in which genes are expressed. The warrior/worrier gene provides a way to explore the alteration of a single gene with simple dominance. The most commonly desired genetic cognitive trait, intelligence, is considered as an example of a multigenic trait. The genetic techniques for optimization of human cognition are described using plasmid introduction, direct gene editing, and genetic alteration of the microbiome. The approval of three medical genetic therapies in 2017 indicates a high probability that genetic enhancement will become possible in less than 20 years.
Strategies to Improve Learning and Retention During Training
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Nestojko John F. , Smith Nicole S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Training is one of the most critical operations of every organization, particularly training of personnel who protect or save lives. Although training is meant to last in all settings, in these high-stakes settings the people who are trained must retain their knowledge and skills and be able to apply those skills across novel situations. Yet training often misses these crucial targets. Here we review evidence from cognitive psychology for durable, flexible learning produced by three principles of training: retrieval practice, distributed practice, and interleaved practice. The authors recommend (with evidence and suggestions) these three key principles as critical tools for training in operational settings, with a focus on military training. These scientifically backed techniques apply broadly across many educational and training settings and, when used appropriately, lead to durable and flexible knowledge and skills.
Noncognitive Amplifiers of Human Performance
Authors: Matthews Michael D. , Lerner Richard M. , Annen Hubert 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In addition to enhancing cognitive and physical performance, an emerging body of research focuses on noncognitive factors in human performance. Prior studies of human performance consistently suggest that cognitive factors (intelligence, learning, and specific cognitive abilities) account for about 25% of variation in measured performance. This chapter examines three streams of research focused on noncognitive amplifiers of human performance: grit and hardiness, core character strengths, and resilience. Research suggests that systematic efforts to train and develop these factors may represent a powerful approach to both optimizing human performance and improving emotional adjustment, especially in highly demanding and dangerous work contexts.