bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Very small insects use novel wing flapping and drag principle to generate the weight-supporting vertical force
Authors: Cheng Xin , Sun Mao 
Published: September 2018

The effect of air viscosity on the flow around an insect wing increases as insect size decreases. For the smallest insects (wing length$R$below 1 mm), the viscous effect is so large that lift-generation mechanisms used by their larger counterparts become ineffective. How the weight-supporting vertical force is generated is unknown. To elucidate the aerodynamic mechanisms responsible, we measure the wing kinematics of the tiny waspEncarsia formosa(0.6 mm $R$) in hovering or very slow ascending flight and compute and analyse the aerodynamic forces. We find that the insects perform two unusual wing motions. One is ‘rowing’: the wings move fast downward and backward, like stroking oars. The other is the previously discovered Weis-Fogh ‘fling’. The rowing produces 70 % of the required vertical force and the Weis-Fogh ‘fling’ the other 30 %. The oaring wing mainly produces an approximately up-pointing drag, resulting in the vertical force. Because each oaring produces a starting flow, the drag is unsteady in nature and much greater than that in steady motion at the same velocities and angles of attack. Furthermore, our computation shows that if the tiny wasps employed the usual wing kinematics of the larger insects (flapping back and forth in a horizontal plane), the vertical force produced would be only$1/3$of that by the real wing kinematics; i.e. they must use the special wing movements to overcome the problem of large viscous effects encountered by the commonly used flapping kinematics. We have observed for the first time very small insects using drag to support their weight and we explain how a net vertical force is generated when the drag principle is applied.
Out With the Old, In With the New? How Changes in Close Relationships Change the Self
Authors: Gore Jonathan S. , Tichenor Damon 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTwo studies investigated how the development and maintenance of old and new relationships predict spontaneous and reactive self-concept change. For Study 1 (n = 143), freshmen in their first 8 weeks of college completed a Twenty Statements Test (TST), and indicated how close they felt in their established and new relationships. Eight weeks later, they indicated which aspects on the TST had changed. The results showed that closeness to old relationships at Time 1 predicted fewer deletions to their Time 2 TST, whereas closeness to new relationships at Time 1 predicted more additions to their Time 2 TST. For Study 2 (n = 195), participants completed a Big Five personality measure and closeness measure at two time points. The results showed that decreased closeness in old relationships at Time 2 predicted overall change to personality profiles. Implications for the link between relationships and self-concept change are discussed.
Temporal Variation of Atmospheric Fossil and Modern CO2Excess at a Central European Rural Tower Station between 2008 and 2014
Authors: Major István , Haszpra László , Rinyu László , Futó István , Bihari Árpád , Hammer Samuel , Jull A J Timothy , Molnár Mihály 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn 2008, the atmospheric CO2measurements at the Hegyhátsál rural tower station were extended further by14CO2air sampling from two elevations (115 and 10 m a.g.l.), in cooperation with HEKAL (ICER). Since then, a complete six-year-long (2008–2014) dataset of atmospheric CO2, Δ14C, fossil, and modern CO2excess (relative to Jungfraujoch) has been assembled and evaluated. Based on our results, the annual mean CO2mole fraction rose at both elevations in this period. The annual mean Δ14CO2values decreased with a similar average annual decline. Based on our comparison, planetary boundary layer height obtained by modeling has a larger influence on the variation of mole fraction of CO2(relative to Jungfraujoch), than on its carbon isotopic composition, i.e. the boundary layer rather represents a physical constraint. Fossil fuel CO2excess at both elevations can rather be observed in wintertime and mainly due to the increased anthropogenic emission of nearby cities in the region. The mean modern CO2excess at both elevations was even larger in winter, but it drastically decreased at 115 m by summer, while it remained at the winter level at 10 m.
Obamacares: Candidate Traits, Descriptive Representation, and Black Political Participation
Authors: Stout Christopher T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhile a number of studies demonstrate that black candidates have the ability to increase black political participation, a growing literature is investigatingwhydescriptive representation matters. This paper contributes to this discussion by exploring whether perceptions of candidate traits play a mediating role between the presence of an African American candidate on the ballot and increases in black political activity. I test this trait hypothesis using data from the 1992–2012 American National Election Study, a survey experiment, and statistical mediation analysis. The results indicate that perceptions of black candidates as being better leaders, more empathetic, knowledgeable, intelligent, honest, and moral explain a substantial amount of why descriptive representation increases black political participation across a range of different political activities. In the conclusion, I discuss the importance of the psychological link between blacks and their co-racial representatives in inspiring higher levels of political participation.
When Philosophy Met Social Psychology
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Michal 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Polish Peasant in Europe and America is one of the foundational works of American and world sociology, famous for its innovative qualitative methodology. Its authors proposed new theoretical ideas, including a concept of social causality and a new theory of personality combining a biologistic concept of temperament with a culturalist concept of character. Interpreters of the book still disagree about the extent of each author’s actual contribution to the work and about its scientific status in light of modern sociological theories. This article claims that to understand the book one has to take into account the previous intellectual trajectories of both authors. As a theoretical dialogue between representatives of two contrary approaches, the work may serve as an alternative to the supposed theoretical “convergence” offered two decades later by Talcott Parsons.
Divorcing Marriage from Marital Assets: Why Equity and Women Fail in Property Readjustment Actions in Nigeria
Authors: Attah Michael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractApplicable statutes give Nigerian courts discretion to achieve fairness in marital property readjustment. Ironically, the courts’ approach has often been to adjudicate on the basis of formal title, resulting in a general failure to make any readjustments. This article offers two alternative explanations for this judicial behaviour: absence of a specific statutory marriage-centred definition of matrimonial property; and the courts’ failure to appreciate the implicit matrimonial property regime revealed by a perspicacious interpretation of the statutes. These factors lead the courts to exercise a title-finding jurisdiction instead of an adjustive one. This conservative approach results in the courts exercising an exclusionary prescription of property. These flaws ignore the socio-cultural underpinnings and environment of marriage that support patriarchy in Africa and generally “disable” women in relation to property rights. Sample court cases support this thesis and underscore the need for a statutory definition of matrimonial property, with marriage as its denominator.
The effects of dietary soybean isoflavone on immunity in Chinese yellow-feathered broilers challenged with infectious bursal disease virus
Authors: Jiang S. Q. , Jiang Z. Y. , Chen J. L. , Zhu C. , Hong P. , Chen F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTo investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) on immunity in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)-infected broilers, chicks were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0 (non-infected control), 0 (infected control), 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg SI for 44 days. At 21 days old, chickens were inoculated with bursal infectious dose causing 50% morbidity of the IBDV BC 6/85 strain by the eye-drop and nasal route (except for non-infected controls). Results showed that, over 1–23 days post-infection (dpi), there was a significant interaction between SI supplementation level and time: high-level SI supplementation increased peripheral T lymphocyte proliferation, percentages of CD3+, CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes, CD4+to CD8+ratio, serum concentrations of IgA, IgM and IgG, and IBDV antibody titres. Except for serum IgA and IgM, these variables increased over time with far higher values at 23 dpi than earlier. Compared with non-infected controls, IBDV inoculation decreased peripheral T lymphocyte proliferation at 3 dpi, percentages of CD3+, CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes, and serum IgG, IgM concentration at 23 dpi, and increased IBDV antibody titres at 7, 15 and 23 dpi. Supplemental SI quadratically increased peripheral T lymphocyte proliferation, CD4+to CD8+ratio and serum IgA concentration at 3 dpi, percentages of CD3+, CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes at 3 and 23 dpi, and serum IgM concentration and IBDV antibody titres at 23 dpi. These results indicate that dietary SI improved cellular and humoral immunity of IBDV-infected birds and may enhance resistance of Yellow-feathered broilers to infectious diseases.
Political Rationalism and the Theological Alternative in Alfarabi'sBook of Religion
Authors: Siddiqi Ahmed Ali 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis essay offers an interpretation of Alfarabi'sBook of Religion, in which the tenth-century philosopher addresses more directly than in any of his other works the relationship between human and divine wisdom. I argue that, despite his apparent silence about the orthodox view of divine law, Alfarabi's primary purpose in the work is to challenge precisely that view, along with the theological opinions on which it depends. To this end, theBook of Religionencourages the examination, by political science, of religion's claim to lead men to happiness. Previous scholarly work has not explored the extent to which theBook of Religioncontains a confrontation with orthodoxy and is therefore unable to explain how Alfarabi justifies his thoroughly rational account of religion. Based on the interpretation presented here, Alfarabi comes to light as a philosopher open to the most fundamental alternatives, rather than a dogmatic rationalist.
Operational performance analysis of spiral capsule robot in multiphase fluid
Authors: Liang Liang , Chen Bai , Tang Yong , Xu Yan , Liu Yu 
Published: September 2018

SUMMARYMinimally invasive surgery is a developing direction of modern medicine. With the successful development of controllable capsule endoscopies, capsule robots are very popular in the field of gastrointestinal medicine. At present, the study of intestinal robots is aimed at the pipeline environment of a single-phase liquid flow. But there exist food residues (i.e. solid particles) or liquid foods in the actual intestine, so intestinal fluid should be liquid–solid or liquid–liquid two-phase mixed fluid. For inner spiral capsule robots with different internal diameters and outer spiral capsule robots, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the operational performance indicators (i.e. axial thrust force, circumferential resisting moment and maximum pressure to pipeline wall) of spiral capsule robots are numerically calculated in the liquid–solid or liquid–liquid two-phase mixed fluid. By the orthogonal experimental optimization method, the optimum design of spiral capsule robots is obtained in the liquid–solid mixed fluid. The experimental verification has been also carried out. The results show that in the liquid–solid two-phase fluid, the axial thrust force and circumferential resisting moment of the spiral capsule robots decrease with the increase of the size or concentration of solid particles. In the same liquid–solid or liquid–liquid mixed fluid, the operational performance indicators of outer spiral robots are much higher than those of inner spiral robots, and the operational performance indicators of inner spiral robots with bigger internal diameters are higher than those with smaller internal diameters. Adding solid particles of high concentration in the pipeline containing liquid will reduce the drive performance of spiral capsule robots, but adding another liquid of high viscosity will improve the drive performance of spiral capsule robots.
A New Influence of Legal Scholars? The Use of Academic Writings at International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
Authors: STAPPERT NORA 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhat role have international legal scholars played in the development of international criminal law? Building on recent studies of the citation practices of international courts, the article provides an empirical assessment of the use and functions of citations to scholarly writings in the judgments of international criminal courts and tribunals. Using a mixed-methods approach, the article combines: a) a quantitative analysis of judgments interpreting the law of war crimes across four international and hybrid courts; with b) qualitative interviews with judges and legal officers at the International Criminal Court (ICC), thead hocTribunals, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). The article argues that scholarly writings have been strikingly visible in the judgments of international criminal courts and tribunals, and especially at the ICC, which entails significant implications for the functions of academic writings and the role of international legal scholars.
Can Serious Games Assess Decision-Making Biases?
Authors: Seo Kyoungwon , Ryu Hokyoung , Kim Jieun 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The limitations of self-report questionnaires and interview methods for assessing individual differences in human cognitive biases have become increasingly apparent. These limitations have led to a renewed interest in alternative modes of assessment, including for implicit and explicit aspects of human behavior (i.e., dual-process theory). Acknowledging this, the present study was conducted to develop and validate a serious game, “Don Quixote,” for measuring specific cognitive biases: the bandwagon effect and optimism bias. We hypothesized that the implicit and explicit game data would mirror the results from an interview and questionnaire, respectively. To examine this hypothesis, participants ( n = 135) played the serious game and completed a questionnaire and interview in a random order for cross-validation. The results demonstrated that the implicit game data (e.g., response time) were highly correlated with the interview data. On the contrary, the explicit game data (e.g., game score) were comparable to the results from the questionnaire. These findings suggest that the serious game and the underlying intrinsic nature of its game mechanics (i.e., evoking instant responses under time pressure) are of importance for the further development of cognitive bias measures in both academia and practice.
Numerical Simulation of Flow and Suspended Sediment Deposition Within and Around a Circular Patch of Vegetation on a Rigid Bed
Authors: Kim H. S. , Kimura I. , Park M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFlow and sediment transport around the patch of vegetation are closely linked to landform evolution, and the understanding of such processes allows effective river restoration and management. Numerical investigation of flow and suspended sediment (with size, ds, ranging between 10 and 40 μm) deposition within and around a circular patch of emergent vegetation was conducted using a two‐dimensional model, in which the vegetation was assumed as a porous zone. A von Kármán vortex street formed due to the interaction of the separated shear layers at solid volume fraction ≥ 0.1. As the flow blockage increased, the distance from the back of the patch (where the recirculation and large‐scale vortices developed) decreased. The suspended sediment deposition was observed within and downstream of the patch, where the velocity and turbulence were diminished. When the flow blockage was low, deposition in the wake region occurred over a long distance. When the flow blockage was large enough to develop the vortex street, the enhanced deposition occurred in two regions immediately downstream of the patch and within the recirculation zone. For sufficiently high flow blockages, however, the recirculation zone was the only location of enhanced deposition in the wake region. The region of enhanced deposition was observed both in the patch and the wake region as 0.84 ≤ u*/u*c (ratio of the friction velocity to the critical friction velocity) ≤ 1.35, whereas reduced deposition occurred in the wake region as u*/u*c (associated with sediment size) decreased. The deposited region in the wake region corresponded to the length scale of vortex formation regardless of sediment size.
Decision‐Making and Flood Risk Uncertainty: Statistical Data Set Analysis for Flood Risk Assessment
Authors: Collet L. , Beevers L. , Stewart M. D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFloods are a significant issue worldwide with over 1 billion people living in areas of potential flood risk. With climate change these risks are anticipated to increase, but there is great uncertainty associated with future projections, which poses challenges to those making decisions on flood management. Climate change projections which explicitly capture climate model parameters uncertainty are available in the United Kingdom; however, their use by practitioners, rather than researchers, has so far been limited. This paper takes an inclusive approach, working with end users, to answer practitioner relevant questions regarding future climate change influence for flood hazards. The method developed demonstrates the findings across Scotland, United Kingdom and investigates (i) the regional impacts to extreme flows and the associated uncertainty, (ii) the changes in extreme peak flows in terms of frequency, and (iii) the physical and hydroclimatic factors controlling these results. The method used industry standard statistical methods, driven by practitioner requirements, and explicitly includes the statistical uncertainty in the climate and extreme value distribution models in extreme flow estimates. Results are analyzed using hierarchical clustering and decision tree analysis, and the subsequent trends are shown to be constrained by different hydrological, climatic, and physical catchment characteristics. Results suggest that there is a high probability that low return period peak flow events would exceed the baseline extreme high return period event by the 2080s, which has significant implications for future‐proofing infrastructure design. This study provides a practical example and outputs resulting from collaboration between research and industry practices.
A Continental‐Scale Hydroeconomic Model for Integrating Water‐Energy‐Land Nexus Solutions
Authors: Kahil Taher , Parkinson Simon , Satoh Yusuke , Greve Peter , Burek Peter , Veldkamp Ted I. E. , Burtscher Robert , Byers Edward , Djilali Ned , Fischer Guenther , Krey Volker , Langan Simon , Riahi Keywan , Tramberend Sylvia , Wada Yoshihide 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study presents the development of a new bottom‐up large‐scale hydroeconomic model, Extended Continental‐scale Hydroeconomic Optimization (ECHO), that works at a subbasin scale over a continent. The strength of ECHO stems from the integration of a detailed representation of local hydrological and technological constraints with regional and global policies, while accounting for the feedbacks between water, energy, and agricultural sectors. In this study, ECHO has been applied over Africa as a case study with the aim of demonstrating the benefits of this integrated hydroeconomic modeling framework. Results of this framework are overall consistent with previous findings evaluating the cost of water supply and adaptation to global changes in Africa. Moreover, results provide critical assessments of future investment needs in both supply‐ and demand‐side water management options, economic implications of contrasting future socioeconomic and climate change scenarios, and the potential trade‐offs among economic and environmental objectives. Overall, this study demonstrates the capacity of ECHO to address challenging research questions examining the sustainability of water supply and the impacts of water management on energy and food sectors and vice versa. As such, we propose ECHO as useful tool for water‐related scenario analysis and management options evaluation.
Bright Prospects for Arctic Sea Ice Prediction on Subseasonal Time Scales
Authors: Zampieri Lorenzo , Goessling Helge F. , Jung Thomas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWith retreating sea ice and increasing human activities in the Arctic come a growing need for reliable sea ice forecasts up to months ahead. We exploit the subseasonal‐to‐seasonal prediction database and provide the first thorough assessment of the skill of operational forecast systems in predicting the location of the Arctic sea ice edge on these time scales. We find large differences in skill between the systems, with some showing a lack of predictive skill even at short weather time scales and the best producing skillful forecasts more than 1.5 months ahead. This highlights that the area of subseasonal prediction in the Arctic is in an early stage but also that the prospects are bright, especially for late summer forecasts. To fully exploit this potential, it is argued that it will be imperative to reduce systematic model errors and develop advanced data assimilation capacity.
Spermidine restores dysregulated autophagy and polyamine synthesis in aged and osteoarthritic chondrocytes via EP300
Authors: Sacitharan Pradeep K. , Lwin Seint , Gharios George Bou , Edwards James R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAgeing is the primary risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). A decline in the ageing-associated process of autophagy is suggested as a potential contributor to OA development. Polyamines such as spermidine decrease during ageing, contributing to impaired autophagy and reduced cellular function. However, the role of polyamines and their effect on the regulatory mechanism governing autophagy in aged and arthritic cartilage tissue has not been established. Elucidating if polyamine regulation of autophagy is impaired during ageing and OA in chondrocytes may lead to improved treatment approaches to protect against cartilage degradation. Our results indicate that polyamine synthesis was decreased in aged and OA cartilage, along with reduced autophagy activity, evidenced by decreased autophagy-related gene and protein expression and autophagosome formation. Importantly, spermidine treatment increased the expression of the acetyltransferase EP300, which binds to crucial autophagy proteins, Beclin1 and LC3, and elevates chondrocyte autophagy. Our data indicate spermidine prevents the ageing- and OA-related decrease in autophagy and may protect against OA development.