bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proletarian Politics Today: On the Perils and Possibilities of Historical Analogy
Authors: Ferguson James 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWhen contemporary dispossessed urban classes are figured as a “proletariat,” a potent historical analogy is activated in which the well-documented experience of the burgeoning industrial working classes of nineteenth-century Europe provides an implicit template for interpreting events and processes far removed in time and space. Yet Karl Marx's own deployment of the figure of the proletariat, which often provides the inspiration and model for such analogic moves, was itself in its own time already a complex historical analogy, invoking the social hierarchies of ancient Rome. Rethinking this doubly analogical intellectual history provides an occasion both for considering the uses and abuses of historical analogy, and for using a reflection on the original (Roman) proletarians as a conceptual lever for prying apart some outdated assumptions about the contemporary politics of certain propertyless urban populations, in southern Africa and beyond.
A Necessary Evil: Conceptualizing the Socialist Commodity under Mao
Authors: Coderre Laurence 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article traces the conceptual lineage of a statement, made by Mao Zedong and published in 1975, describing the contemporary economic system in the People's Republic of China as a commodity economy. Any surprise we might feel in the face of this verdict says more about our own narrow understanding of the (capitalist) commodity than it does about the political economy of the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). As I detail in this study, the continued existence and necessity of commodities under socialism had long been an important topic of conversation in Communist circles, with important ramifications for economic planning and political movements. This article focuses on the impact of Stalin's theory of the socialist commodity, as articulated in 1952, on Chinese political economy in the 1950s; Mao's particular engagement with Stalin's work in the context of the Great Leap Forward (1958–1960); and the emergence of a new, less benign view of the socialist commodity in the 1970s. I argue that political economic theory and its study were in fact critical to the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution as mass mobilization campaigns, calling into question much of what we think we know about modern Chinese history and Chinese socialism. The essay is intended to unsettle enduring and uncritical associations between the commodity-form and capitalism. How might we, following on the heels of the theorists I discuss, imagine the commodity otherwise?
Nation-Making at the Border: Zambian Diplomacy in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Larmer Miles 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHow and where were new African nations made at the moment of decolonization? Focusing on the periphery rather than the center provides an insightful answer to this question: imposing national identity in border regions with mixed and mobile populations, dynamic migrant flows, and cross-border linkages was a task fraught with contradiction. This article explores the establishment of Zambian political and diplomatic space in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the activities of Zambian political and diplomatic representatives in the southern Congolese city of Elisabethville in the early-to-mid 1960s. It does not assess how effective these officials were in imposing a sense of Zambian national identity, but rather what their efforts reveal about the ideas and values that informed state elites’ assertions of national identity and their relationship to history, local identities, and moral codes regarding, among other things, customary authority and gendered behavior. The article argues that nation-making in newly independent states involved the assertion of not only state sovereignty over territorial space but also symbolic power, the right to classify, and the moral and political notions that underlay ostensibly bureaucratic, disinterested state structures. Analysis of the attempts of Zambia's first diplomatic representatives to establish and assert their notion of Zambian-ness reveals the fragility of new national identities and the extent to which elites sought to underpin these identities by the assertion of moral certainties.
THE PHYSICAL STATURE OF MEN IN 19TH-CENTURY CHILE: ANOTHER CASE OF STAGNATION DURING AN EXPORT BOOM
Authors: Llorca-Jaña Manuel , Navarrete-Montalvo Juan , Araya-Valenzuela Roberto , Droller Federico 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article provides the first series of adult male height for 19th-century Chile. Our aim was not only to assess the trends indicated by height during this period, but also the relationship between stature and both GDPper capitaand exports. Having analysed our data, our primary conclusion is that there was a reduction in height for cohorts born in the 1850s and 1860s with respect to cohorts born between 1820 and 1840. Height stagnated thereafter, with small to no improvement towards the end of the 19thcentury, in line with other Latin American countries for which there is comparable evidence. The increase inper capitaGDP and exports during the second half of the century did not result in better biological welfare, as was the case in other Latin American countries during similar export booms.
Emergency Medical Services Experience With Barb Removal After Taser Use By Law Enforcement: A Descriptive National Study
Authors: El Sayed Mazen , El Tawil Chady , Tamim Hani , Mailhac Aurelie , Mann N. Clay 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundConducted electrical weapons (CEWs), including Thomas A. Swift Electric Rifles (TASERs), are increasingly used by law enforcement officers (LEOs) in the US and world-wide. Little is known about the experience of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers with these incidents.ObjectivesThis study describes EMS encounters with documented TASER use and barb removal, characteristics of resulting injuries, and treatment provided.MethodsThis retrospective study used five combined, consecutive National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS; Salt Lake City, Utah USA) public-release datasets (2011-2015). All EMS activations with documented TASER barb removal were included. Descriptive analyses were carried out.ResultsThe study included 648 EMS activations with documented TASER barb removal, yielding a prevalence rate of 4.55 per 1,000,000 EMS activations. Patients had a mean age of 35.9 years (SD=18.2). The majority were males (80.2%) and mainly white (71.3%). Included EMS activations were mostly in urban or suburban areas (78.3%). Over one-half received Advanced Life Support (ALS)-level of service (58.2%). The most common chief complaint reported by dispatch were burns (29.9%), followed by traumatic injury (16.1%). Patients had pain (45.6%) or wound (17.2%) as a primary symptom, with most having possible injury (77.8%). Reported causes of injury were mainly fire and flames (29.8%) or excessive heat (16.7%). The provider’s primary impressions were traumatic injury (66.3%) and behavioral/psychiatric disorder (16.8%). Only one cardiac arrest (0.2%) was reported. Over one-half of activations resulted in patient transports (56.3%), mainly to a hospital (91.2%). These encounters required routine EMS care (procedures and medications). An increase in the prevalence of EMS activations with documented TASER barb removal over the study period was not significant (P=.27).ConclusionAt present, EMS activations with documented TASER barb removal are rare. Routine care by EMS is expected, and life-threatening emergencies are not common. All EMS providers should be familiar with local policies and procedures related to TASER use and barb removal.El SayedM, El TawilC, TamimH, MailhacA, MannNC. Emergency Medical Services experience with barb removal after TASER use by law enforcement: a descriptive national study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):38–45.
Kinetic Control on the Depth Distribution of Superdeep Diamonds
Authors: Zhu Feng , Li Jie , Liu Jiachao , Lai Xiaojing , Chen Bin , Meng Yue 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSuperdeep diamonds contain unique information from the sublithospheric regions of Earth's interior. Recent studies suggest that reaction between subducted carbonate and iron metal in the mantle plays an important role in the production of superdeep diamonds. It is unknown if this reaction is kinetically feasible in cold slabs subducted into the deep mantle. Here we present experimental data on real‐time tracking of the magnesite‐iron reaction at high pressures and high temperatures to demonstrate the production of diamond at the surface conditions of cold slabs in the transition zone and lower mantle. Our data reveal that the diamond production rate has a positive temperature dependence and a negative pressure dependence, and along a slab geotherm it decreases by a factor of three at pressures from 14.4 to 18.4 GPa. This rate reduction provides an explanation for the rarity of superdeep diamonds from the interior of the mantle transition zone.
Seafloor Crustal Deformation on Ocean Bottom Pressure Records With Nontidal Variability Corrections: Application to Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand
Authors: Muramoto Tomoya , Ito Yoshihiro , Inazu Daisuke , Wallace Laura M. , Hino Ryota , Suzuki Syuichi , Webb Spahr C. , Henrys Stuart 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOcean bottom pressure (OBP) observations are a powerful tool for determining vertical crustal displacements, especially due to earthquakes and slow earthquakes, with centimeter‐level resolution. In these studies, removal of oceanographic noise (tens of centimeters) is required to identify centimeter‐level crustal deformation. We undertake barotropic modeling to remove oceanographic signals from data from an OBP array deployed offshore New Zealand in 2014/2015. We show that removing the nontidal component calculated from a barotropic ocean model reduces the variance in the data by about 66% and provides a feasible means to resolve pressure changes due to crustal deformation during the slow slip events. We also discuss the vertical displacements from slow slip events that occurred in late September to mid‐October 2014, and we outline our procedure for processing OBP data.
Galactic Cosmic Rays Access to the Magnetosphere of Saturn
Authors: Kotova A. , Roussos E. , Kollmann P. , Krupp N. , Dandouras I. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe megaelectron volt proton radiation belts of Saturn are isolated from the middle and outer magnetosphere, and the source of these high‐energy protons is thought to be linked to the access of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) in the system. To validate this hypothesis, it is first of all necessary to determine the realistic spectrum of GCRs at Saturn. Previously, only analytical attempts were performed in order to calculate the GCR spectra. In this letter we provide for the first time the numerical solution for the determination of the GCR access to the upper atmosphere and rings of Saturn. The proposed method is based on the charged particle tracing technique. As a result the GCRs access energies to the atmosphere and to the equatorial plane of the magnetosphere as a function of radial distance to the planet were obtained and the GCRs spectra were reconstructed. Dependencies of the spectral parameters such as the time or the incidence direction were also obtained offering all necessary information for simulating the interaction of GCRs with the Saturnian system during different phases of the Cassini mission.
Crustal Structure in Central‐Eastern Greenland From Receiver Functions
Authors: Kraft Helene A. , Thybo Hans , Vinnik Lev P. , Oreshin S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe crustal structure in the interior of Greenland is largely unknown because of its remote location below the up to 3.4‐km‐thick ice sheet. We present a model of the crustal velocity structure in central‐eastern Greenland based on simultaneous inversion of P and S receiver functions for data acquired at 23 broadband stations between the coast and the center of the ice sheet. The area is believed to mainly include Precambrian basement and includes a part covered by Tertiary volcanic rocks and some sedimentary basins. Our results show a westward deepening Moho from less than 20 km at the coast to 50 km below central Greenland. Crustal S wave velocities are generally 3.75 km/s through the whole crust which may be relatively small for Precambrian areas, and Vp/Vs is generally around 1.73, although slightly higher in central Greenland. In the coastal area we observe anomalously low velocities at the top of the crust. In the volcanic area south of Scoresbysund Fjord this layer has very high Vp/Vs (>2), which indicates a high mafic content and the presence of water‐filled cracks in the basaltic material. In the north, outside the volcanic area, Vp/Vs is normal and the low‐velocity layer probably is instead related to the presence of sedimentary basins. At stations in the center of our study area we find low Vs and high Vp/Vs in the lower crust. Based on the Moho topography, our results do not support Airy type isostasy as explanation of the high topography in eastern Greenland.
Single cell RNA analysis identifies cellular heterogeneity and adaptive responses of the lung at birth
Authors: Guo Minzhe , Du Yina , Gokey Jason J. , Ray Samriddha , Bell Sheila M. , Adam Mike , Sudha Parvathi , Perl Anne Karina , Deshmukh Hitesh , Potter S. Steven , Whitsett Jeffrey A. , Xu Yan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe respiratory system undergoes a diversity of structural, biochemical, and functional changes necessary for adaptation to air breathing at birth. To identify the heterogeneity of pulmonary cell types and dynamic changes in gene expression mediating adaptation to respiration, here we perform single cell RNA analyses of mouse lung on postnatal day 1. Using an iterative cell type identification strategy we unbiasedly identify the heterogeneity of murine pulmonary cell types. We identify distinct populations of epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells, each containing distinct subpopulations. Furthermore we compare temporal changes in RNA expression patterns before and after birth to identify signaling pathways selectively activated in specific pulmonary cell types, including activation of cell stress and the unfolded protein response during perinatal adaptation of the lung. The present data provide a single cell view of the adaptation to air breathing after birth.
Deeply subwavelength phonon-polaritonic crystal made of a van der Waals material
Authors: Alfaro-Mozaz F. J. , Rodrigo S. G. , Alonso-González P. , Vélez S. , Dolado I. , Casanova F. , Hueso L. E. , Martín-Moreno L. , Hillenbrand R. , Nikitin A. Y. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPhotonic crystals (PCs) are periodically patterned dielectrics providing opportunities to shape and slow down the light for processing of optical signals, lasing and spontaneous emission control. Unit cells of conventional PCs are comparable to the wavelength of light and are not suitable for subwavelength scale applications. We engineer a nanoscale hole array in a van der Waals material (h-BN) supporting ultra-confined phonon polaritons (PhPs)—atomic lattice vibrations coupled to electromagnetic fields. Such a hole array represents a polaritonic crystal for mid-infrared frequencies having a unit cell volume of $${\mathrm{10}}^{{\mathrm{ - 5}}}{\lambda}_{\mathrm{0}}^{\mathrm{3}}$$

10

-5

λ

0

3

(with λ0 being the free-space wavelength), where PhPs form ultra-confined Bloch modes with a remarkably flat dispersion band. The latter leads to both angle- and polarization-independent sharp Bragg resonances, as verified by far-field spectroscopy and near-field optical microscopy. Our findings could lead to novel miniaturized angle- and polarization-independent infrared narrow-band couplers, absorbers and thermal emitters based on van der Waals materials and other thin polar materials.
Holographic colour prints for enhanced optical security by combined phase and amplitude control
Authors: Lim Kevin T. P. , Liu Hailong , Liu Yejing , Yang Joel K. W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractConventional optical security devices provide authentication by manipulating a specific property of light to produce a distinctive optical signature. For instance, microscopic colour prints modulate the amplitude, whereas holograms typically modulate the phase of light. However, their relatively simple structure and behaviour is easily imitated. We designed a pixel that overlays a structural colour element onto a phase plate to control both the phase and amplitude of light, and arrayed these pixels into monolithic prints that exhibit complex behaviour. Our fabricated prints appear as colour images under white light, while projecting up to three different holograms under red, green, or blue laser illumination. These holographic colour prints are readily verified but challenging to emulate, and can provide enhanced security in anti-counterfeiting applications. As the prints encode information only in the surface relief of a single polymeric material, nanoscale 3D printing of customised masters may enable their mass-manufacture by nanoimprint lithography.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: A switch in the poly(dC)/RmlB complex regulates bacterial persister formation
Authors: Chen Xu , Li Gen , Liao Xuewei , Fang Jie , Li Bo , Yu Shanshan , Sun Mingming , Wu Jun , Zhang Lihao , Hu Yi , Jiao Jiaguo , Liu Ting , Xu Li , Chen Xiaoyun , Liu Manqiang , Li Huixin , Hu Feng , Sun Kouhong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBacterial persisters are phenotypic variants that tolerate exposure to lethal antibiotics. These dormant cells are responsible for chronic and recurrent infections. Multiple mechanisms have been linked to persister formation. Here, we report that a complex, consisting of an extracellular poly(dC) and its membrane-associated binding protein RmlB, appears to be associated with persistence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environmental stimuli triggers a switch in the complex physiological state (from poly(dC)/RmlB to P-poly(dC)/RmlB or RmlB). In response to the switch, bacteria decrease proton motive force and intracellular ATP levels, forming dormant cells. This alteration in complex status is linked to a (p)ppGpp-controlled signaling pathway that includes inorganic polyphosphate, Lon protease, exonuclease VII (XseA/XseB), and the type III secretion system. The persistence might be also an adaptive response to the lethal action of the dTDP-l-rhamnose pathway shutdown, which occurs due to switching of poly(dC)/RmlB.
Trans-ethnic kidney function association study reveals putative causal genes and effects on kidney-specific disease aetiologies
Authors: Morris Andrew P. , Le Thu H. , Wu Haojia , Akbarov Artur , van der Most Peter J. , Hemani Gibran , Smith George Davey , Mahajan Anubha , Gaulton Kyle J. , Nadkarni Girish N. , Valladares-Salgado Adan , Wacher-Rodarte Niels , Mychaleckyj Josyf C. , Dueker Nicole D. , Guo Xiuqing , Hai Yang , Haessler Jeffrey , Kamatani Yoichiro , Stilp Adrienne M. , Zhu Gu , Cook James P. , Ärnlöv Johan , Blanton Susan H. , de Borst Martin H. , Bottinger Erwin P. , Buchanan Thomas A. , Cechova Sylvia , Charchar Fadi J. , Chu Pei-Lun , Damman Jeffrey , Eales James , Gharavi Ali G. , Giedraitis Vilmantas , Heath Andrew C. , Ipp Eli , Kiryluk Krzysztof , Kramer Holly J. , Kubo Michiaki , Larsson Anders , Lindgren Cecilia M. , Lu Yingchang , Madden Pamela A. F. , Montgomery Grant W. , Papanicolaou George J. , Raffel Leslie J. , Sacco Ralph L. , Sanchez Elena , Stark Holger , Sundstrom Johan , Taylor Kent D. , Xiang Anny H. , Zivkovic Aleksandra , Lind Lars , Ingelsson Erik , Martin Nicholas G. , Whitfield John B. , Cai Jianwen , Laurie Cathy C. , Okada Yukinori , Matsuda Koichi , Kooperberg Charles , Chen Yii-Der Ida , Rundek Tatjana , Rich Stephen S. , Loos Ruth J. F. , Parra Esteban J. , Cruz Miguel , Rotter Jerome I. , Snieder Harold , Tomaszewski Maciej , Humphreys Benjamin D. , Franceschini Nora 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChronic kidney disease (CKD) affects ~10% of the global population, with considerable ethnic differences in prevalence and aetiology. We assemble genome-wide association studies of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function that defines CKD, in 312,468 individuals of diverse ancestry. We identify 127 distinct association signals with homogeneous effects on eGFR across ancestries and enrichment in genomic annotations including kidney-specific histone modifications. Fine-mapping reveals 40 high-confidence variants driving eGFR associations and highlights putative causal genes with cell-type specific expression in glomerulus, and in proximal and distal nephron. Mendelian randomisation supports causal effects of eGFR on overall and cause-specific CKD, kidney stone formation, diastolic blood pressure and hypertension. These results define novel molecular mechanisms and putative causal genes for eGFR, offering insight into clinical outcomes and routes to CKD treatment development.
Bimodal seismicity in the Himalaya controlled by fault friction and geometry
Authors: Dal Zilio Luca , van Dinther Ylona , Gerya Taras , Avouac Jean-Philippe 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that the Himalayan seismicity can be bimodal: blind earthquakes (up to Mw ~ 7.8) tend to cluster in the downdip part of the seismogenic zone, whereas infrequent great earthquakes (Mw 8+) propagate up to the Himalayan frontal thrust. To explore the causes of this bimodal seismicity, we developed a two-dimensional, seismic cycle model of the Nepal Himalaya. Our visco-elasto-plastic simulations reproduce important features of the earthquake cycle, including interseismic strain and a bimodal seismicity pattern. Bimodal seismicity emerges as a result of relatively higher friction and a non-planar geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault. This introduces a region of large strength excess that can only be activated once enough stress is transferred upwards by blind earthquakes. This supports the view that most segments of the Himalaya might produce complete ruptures significantly larger than the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake, which should be accounted for in future seismic hazard assessments.
A chemical biology toolbox to study protein methyltransferases and epigenetic signaling
Authors: Scheer Sebastian , Ackloo Suzanne , Medina Tiago S. , Schapira Matthieu , Li Fengling , Ward Jennifer A. , Lewis Andrew M. , Northrop Jeffrey P. , Richardson Paul L. , Kaniskan H. Ümit , Shen Yudao , Liu Jing , Smil David , McLeod David , Zepeda-Velazquez Carlos A. , Luo Minkui , Jin Jian , Barsyte-Lovejoy Dalia , Huber Kilian V. M. , De Carvalho Daniel D. , Vedadi Masoud , Zaph Colby , Brown Peter J. , Arrowsmith Cheryl H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractProtein methyltransferases (PMTs) comprise a major class of epigenetic regulatory enzymes with therapeutic relevance. Here we present a collection of chemical probes and associated reagents and data to elucidate the function of human and murine PMTs in cellular studies. Our collection provides inhibitors and antagonists that together modulate most of the key regulatory methylation marks on histones H3 and H4, providing an important resource for modulating cellular epigenomes. We describe a comprehensive and comparative characterization of the probe collection with respect to their potency, selectivity, and mode of inhibition. We demonstrate the utility of this collection in CD4+ T cell differentiation assays revealing the potential of individual probes to alter multiple T cell subpopulations which may have implications for T cell-mediated processes such as inflammation and immuno-oncology. In particular, we demonstrate a role for DOT1L in limiting Th1 cell differentiation and maintaining lineage integrity. This chemical probe collection and associated data form a resource for the study of methylation-mediated signaling in epigenetics, inflammation and beyond.