bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case of Parasitic Twinning or Caudal Duplication in a Dog
Authors: Grimes Janet A. , Hespel Adrien-Maxence , Cole Robert C. , Dillon A. Ray 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTA 6 mo old 13.5 kg (29.7 lb) male intact American Staffordshire terrier was evaluated for a history of supernumerary pelvic limbs, with malodorous discharge from a supernumerary penis. Imaging (radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and computed tomography with excretory urogram) showed a supernumerary pelvis with associated pelvic limbs, no osseous continuity with the primary spinal column, a colonic diverticulum extending to the supernumerary pelvis, an enlarged left kidney with a ureter connecting to a single bladder, right renal aplasia, a single descended testicle in the primary scrotum, an intra-abdominal cryptorchid testicle, and two unidentifiable soft tissue masses. At surgery, a single ileum was present with a primary and accessory cecum and colon and the accessory colon entering the supernumerary pelvis. The accessory cecum and colon, right kidney, two unknown soft tissue masses, and the single descended testicle were removed. The right kidney had a ureter that anastomosed with the accessory colon at its entry into the supernumerary pelvis. The supernumerary pelvis and hind limbs were not removed. Five months after surgery, the dog was reported to be doing well clinically. Caudal duplication is extremely rare in veterinary medicine. The appearance of supernumerary external structures may indicate internal connections as well.
Bicipital Tendinopathy and Carpal Valgus Following a Distant Direct Thoracoabdominal Skin Flap in a German Shepherd with Necrotizing Fasciitis
Authors: Mielke Benjamin , Kulendra Nicola , Halfacree Zoe , Kulendra Elvin 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTA 4 mo old German shepherd dog was presented following an acute onset lameness and swelling of the thoracic limb. Clinical signs, surgical findings, and culture results were consistent with a diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Initial management consisted of extensive surgical debridement, wound lavage, and bandaging. Surgical closure was achieved with an axillary fold flap and distant direct single-pedicle thoracoabdominal flap. Three mo later, following deterioration of the lameness that was associated with carpal valgus, carpal subluxation, and tendinopathy of the distal radial insertion of the biceps brachii tendon, a closing wedge pancarpal arthrodesis and tenotomy of the biceps brachii tendon was performed. We hypothesize that extensive soft tissue trauma and subsequent fibrosis and tendon contracture following soft tissue reconstruction contributed to the complications seen. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of carpal valgus deformity and biceps brachii tendinopathy following a distant direct skin flap and axillary skin fold flap.
A Pivotal Field Study to Support the Registration of Levothyroxine Sodium Tablets for Canine Hypothyroidism
Authors: Lewis Victoria A. , Morrow Carla M.K. , Jacobsen Johnny A. , Lloyd W. Eugene 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
A prospective, pivotal, multicenter field study to evaluate the dose regimen, effectiveness, and safety of levothyroxine sodium tablets, USP for the treatment of hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism-associated clinical signs in dogs was conducted. Ninety-two dogs diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism met the entrance criteria and were enrolled into the study. Levothyroxine sodium was administered to each dog on a daily basis either as the whole dose q 24 hr or as half the dose q 12 hr. Dosing started at 0.1 mg/10 lb (0.022 mg/kg) and continued for approximately 6 mo to Day 182. During this time, the thyroid status of each dog was evaluated at monthly intervals. For the determination of effectiveness, dogs classified as euthyroid at Day 182, based on their thyroid hormone values, were considered treatment successes. Results of the statistical analysis showed that there was no difference between the two dosing regimens (P = .11) and that when the data from both groups were pooled, the overall success rate was 75.64% (95% confidence interval = 66.34%). By Day 182, improvement and/or resolution of hypothyroidism-associated clinical signs was observed in all categories. No abnormal trends in the reported adverse events were observed.
Modules Whose Nonzero Endomorphisms Have E-small Kernels
Authors: DIALLO Abdoul , DIOP Papa , BARRY Mamadou 
Published: May 2018

Let $R$ be a commutative ring and $M$ an unital $R$-module. A submodule $L$ of $M$ is called essential submodule of $M$, if $L\cap K\neq\lbrace 0\rbrace$ for any nonzero submodule $K$ of $M$. A submodule $N$ of $M$ is called e-small submodule of $M$ if, for any essential submodule $L$ of $M$, $N+L= M$ implies $L=M$. An $R$-module $M$ is called e-small quasi-Dedekind module if, for each $f\in End_{R}(M),$ $ f\neq 0$ implies $Kerf$ is e-small in $M$. In this paper we introduce the concept of e-small quasi-Dedekind modules as a generalisation of quasi-Dedekind modules, and give some of their properties and characterizations.
A Feasibility Study of Novel “Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy with Loop Gastroileal Bypass” for Obesity: An Indian Experience
Authors: Vennapusa Amar , Panchangam Bhargav R. K. , Madivada Mukharjee S. S. 
Published: May 2018

Objective:This study is aimed to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of a novel technique: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with loop gastroileal bypass.Summary of Background Data:Standard bariatric surgeries, such as sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, although very effective, carry certain inherent limitations and inevitable sequelae. Newer bariatric/metabolic surgeries are required to address these limitations.Methods:Between February 2016 and February 2018, a total of 113 Indians suffering from obesity with or without type 2 diabetes underwent sleeve gastrectomy with loop gastroileal bypass. Meticulous analysis of prospectively documented data was performed.Results:Mean age was 40.74 ± 10.4 years, mean body mass index was 43.48 ± 7.57 kg/m2. A total of 54 of 113 patients (47.79%) had type 2 diabetes. Mean duration of surgery was 148.36 ± 38.56 minutes. Common channel length was 250 cm in 18 patients, 300 cm in 88 patients, and 350 cm in 7 patients. There were no major complications, such as major intra-abdominal bleeding, perforation, or leak. According to Indian standards, when 23 kg/m2 was taken as a cutoff upper limit for normal weight, percentage of excess weight loss was 25.04% ± 10.13%, 67.81% ± 23.17% and 94.33% ± 24.96%, respectively, at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery. A total of 51 of 54 patients with type 2 diabetes stopped using antidiabetes medications within 1 week after surgery.Conclusion:Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with loop gastroileal bypass appears to be a promising procedure to address limitations associated with standard bariatric procedures.
Descriptive Analysis of the Instructional Control of Teachers in a Classroom of Students with Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Eldar Eitan , Ayvazo Shiri , Hirschmann Michal 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTClassroom management still remains a topic of major apprehension for teachers, and especially for those teaching students who display challenging behaviors. This paper presents an empirical examination that supplemented an exceptional project of the ministry of education in a small Middle-East country to support students with severe problem behaviors in a unique self-contained classroom. The paper conceptualizes classroom management as instructional stimulus control manifested by superior identification of the discriminative stimulus, repertoire of responses, timing, and latency. The purpose of this study was to assess teachers' instructional control by identifying and measuring co-variations between their behaviors and students' behaviors. The teachers interchangeably taught a class of 12 boys, age 8-10 with severe problem behaviors. The variables measured were teaching behaviors (e.g., type of interaction with the students, reaction time, and proximity) and students' inappropriate behaviors. Data are presented and analyzed graphically. The discussion illuminates levels of inappropriate behavior in correspondence to the type of teaching behaviors displayed, and the differences between the teachers' instructional control. Possible implications for teacher training programs are provided.
Sexual Cultures inNordicCultures
Authors: Kontula Osmo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInhabitants of Nordic countries have in international comparisons liberal sexual values and attitudes. Nordic countries are more tolerant than other Europeans about accepting, for example, sex without love and they are exceptionally liberal also in approval of abortion and homosexuals. However, Nordic people are nowadays very strict concerning unfaithfulness. Nordic countries represent an advanced model of a comprehensive sex education program in Europe. Despite this background decreasing trends in the age at first intercourse started first in Nordic countries and was followed later in other western European countries. Young people are nowadays sexually active a long time before they start to cohabit.
LatinAmerican Queer Activism
Authors: Viehmann Avery 
Published: May 2018

AbstractQueer activism surfaced in Latin America in the 1970s as part of the movements toward progressive politics and democracy. It has seen a significant rise since that period and has made important strides since the early 2000s. Activism has been a major driving force toward increased legal rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals in many Latin American countries. However, social challenges still remain for these individuals and for the activism movements in general.
Gender Diversity: Trans, Transgender, Transsexual, and Genderqueer People
Authors: Devor Aaron H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTrans*, transgender, transsexual, and genderqueer people include those individuals who do not identify with the sex or gender assigned to them at birth. They may or may not take steps to better express their gender identities, which may include altering their appearances through social, hormonal, or surgical techniques. Trans*, transgender, transsexual, and genderqueer people suffer from institutionalized and systemic discrimination. Despite these barriers, many trans*, transgender, transsexual, and genderqueer people are successful and contributing members of society.
Aging, Demography of
Authors: Wang Rebecca , Wilmoth Janet 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe demography of aging primarily uses quantitative methods to document population aging worldwide and in the United States. In doing so, it provides a justification for studying older adults, identifies the demographic mechanisms driving population aging, and considers the various consequences of shifting population age structure. Demography of aging documents changes in mortality, morbidity, and disability, and identifies trends in the composition of the older adult population. Social demographers examine the social causes and consequences of demographic aging trends, as well as variation across different groups such as gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
Aging and Health Policy
Authors: Wallace Brandy Harris 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn many nations, people 65 and older are the fastest growing segment of the population, with the most rapid growth occurring among individuals aged 85 and older. Illness and disability are not an inevitable component of advancing age. Many people remain in good health into very old age, and early diagnoses and treatment of conditions associated with aging combined with healthy lifestyle choices can mitigate the effects of age‐related diseases and conditions. Nonetheless, population aging raises critical health policy issues because the elderly have more hospitalizations and chronic conditions than younger adults. Concerns about how governments will finance both the acute and chronic care costs of an aging population remain a central issue in most health policy debates. Healthcare policy‐making in the future is likely to involve some targeting of benefits to the older, poorer, more disabled population.
Alienation
Authors: Crowley Martha 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Alienation is a psychological condition reflecting disconnect from other people, institutions, or one's natural state of being. Rooted in Marxist theory, the concept traditionally focused on subjective work experiences, but its use has expanded to encompass separation from social, civil and political life – often drawing from Durkheimian or Durkheimian‐derived theory. The scope of alienation has expanded in workplace research as well, as scholars develop the concept for application across occupational sectors and over time.
Childcare
Authors: Xu Qiong , Harvell Janet 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe concept of care is developing over time. More specifically, the word “childcare” is most frequently used to describe the role of adults who take responsibility for the care of young children from birth to eight years. Traditionally, childcare has been seen as the responsibility of parents, with intervention only occurring when a child is deemed to be at risk of, or vulnerable to, abuse and/or neglect; although there are notable exceptions to this such as the Scandinavian countries. Within this context, it is used when discussing more familial childcare arrangements, provided by family members, which takes place within a home environment. More recently, it tends to refer to childcare undertaken by adults working within registered/regulated childcare settings such as childminders, nurseries, kindergartens/preschools, and children's centers as a result of the increasing participation of both parents in the labor market.
Cults: Social Psychological Aspects
Authors: Richardson James T. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract“Cults,” referred to by most scholars as new religious movements (NRMs), burst on the American scene in the late 1960s and 1970s, and then spread to other western nations and beyond, as some of the groups developed impressive international recruitment efforts. This entry will offer an analysis of how and why cults or NRMs happened. It will focus first on powerful myths that developed around the unexpected occurrence of many relatively affluent and well‐educated young people “getting religion.” These myths will be critiqued, and then some rather mundane social psychological theorizing will be applied to the NRM phenomenon that will demonstrate that what occurred with the development and spread of these groups was actually explicable through existing theories. The conclusion will be that esoteric ideas were needed for understanding what had occurred with the development of “cults” or NRMs.
Culture Industry
Authors: Cremin Colin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe concept of the culture industry, introduced by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in 1944, explains why, under conditions of servitude, people identify with interests that they ought logically to oppose. Adorno and Horkheimer's main interest is not culture industries themselves, but rather the adaptation of factory‐style techniques to aesthetic production for the purposes of exchange. This process leads to the standardization of culture and the reification of easily reproducible, interchangeable, and marketable qualities of artifacts – be they films, music, paintings, celebrities, and so on. Familiarity is key to popularity. By seeking out and consuming the ever same, the aesthetic sensibilities and intellectual capacities of the individual are stunted and they regress into a childlike state. To engender novelty, minor variations are factored into cultural production. By identifying with and recognizing him‐ or herself in these novelties, the person becomes a pseudo‐individual; anything substantive has been liquidated. Such people become, like their CV, facsimiles of a broader, mass‐produced sensibility. The consequences are profound and enduring, both for the individual and for society.
Culture of Poverty
Authors: Schaefer Richard T. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Culture of poverty, first formulated by Oscar Lewis after studying Latino families, describes a way of life that involves no future‐planning, no enduring commitment to marriage, and absence of the work ethic. So strong is this lifestyle, according to this argument, that it is passed on from generation to generation much like other elements of culture. Critics view this as another way of blaming the victim. The affluent are not responsible for social inequality, nor are the policy‐makers; it is the poor who are to blame for their own problems. This stance allows government and society to attribute the failure of antipoverty and welfare programs on poor people, rather than on the programs themselves.
Education, Social Functions of
Authors: Kantzara Vasiliki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEducation as an institution is related in multiple ways to organized society. The education system has been established recently in human history and, since then, has found itself in a reciprocal relationship with other societal institutions and with society as a whole. In the sociology of education, in particular, this relationship has been analyzed by employing the term “function.” The most important functions of education are socialization and qualification: New members of society are socialized into the mores and codes of the dominant culture and equipped with qualifications testifying to the knowledge and skills necessary for their subsequent social roles as citizens. At a broader scale, education contributes to social integration and cohesion and guarantees societal continuity, but it also helps to reproduce existing hierarchies and inequalities in future generations. Education, one could argue, oscillates between degrees of societal preservation and transformation.
Fans and Fan Culture
Authors: Bennett Lucy 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFans and fan culture raise important issues of power, creativity, and knowledge within media sociology and cultural studies. Digital technology in particular has altered the landscape of fandom, offering new forms of interaction with the object of fandom and the wider fan community, and enhanced possibilities for creativity – a vibrant sphere of fan culture. As it stands, fan cultures and fan studies scholarship is a dynamic discipline that can inform us richly about active audiences and engagement with texts, power, consumption, and more broadly about human behavior, understandings, and interactions. This entry traces the development of fandom and fan studies and considers the discussions, concerns, and research areas that are currently igniting the field.
Foucauldian Archaeological Analyses
Authors: McMahon Samantha , Harwood Valerie 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFoucauldian archeological analyses are useful for understanding how knowledge about a given topic is constructed. Because of this, Foucauldian archeology can be argued to be a powerful way to uncover the taken for granted and to inspire different ways of thinking about knowledge and the practices on which it is based. This entry provides a brief outline of Foucauldian archeology and then presents an example where this style of analysis was put to work to examine knowledge of “challenging behavior,” particularly how it is applied in teacher education.
Gender, Friendship and
Authors: Felmlee Diane H. , Peoples Crystal E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGender interacts in noteworthy ways with the vital bond of friendship. Women tend to emphasize self‐disclosure in friendships more often than men, whereas men stress shared activities and instrumentality. Patterns emerge among the social norms or expectations that characterize friendships. Thus women react more negatively than men to violations of trust and intimacy and have higher expectations from their friends, especially regarding communion; men have higher expectations concerning friends' agency. Both sociocultural and contextual structural factors contribute to gender discrepancies. Differences can be exaggerated, however, and it remains important not to discount similarities between women and men. Friendship ties also tend to be segregated by gender – that is, to exhibit gender homophily (i.e., friendships with those of the same gender); and this type of homophily contributes to the development of societal gender inequality. Cross‐gender and cross‐sexual orientation friendships, however, challenge traditional gender assumptions. Finally, the Internet represents a novel frontier in research on the intersections between gender and the crucial ties of friendship.
Posthumanism
Authors: Moore Lisa Jean , Moran Kyle 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Posthumanism seeks to overthrow anthropocentrism by drawing attention to the nonhuman objects that fundamentally shape social life. Whereas classical and contemporary sociological thought identified the human species as the force that determines the universal status of things, posthumanism maintains that this position is in dire need of reconsideration. In the western tradition, the human is viewed as the ultimate social/rational/political being: one that is able to perceive the world, think about it, and communicate it back to others.
Schumpeter,JosephA. (1883–1950)
Authors: Bögenhold Dieter 
Published: May 2018

AbstractJoseph A. Schumpeter (1883–1950) was an Austrian economist who had professorships in Austria and Germany before joining Harvard University in the early 1930s, where he spent the rest of his career. Although Schumpeter is widely classified as one of the world's most eminent economists of the twentieth century, his works fall into further thematic areas from today's point of view; over a time span of nearly 50 years Schumpeter published numerous articles and books. Schumpeter is regarded as one of the pioneers of evolutionary economics. He viewed capitalism as a form or method of economic change and hisCapitalism, Socialism, and Democracycontains the famous expression “creative destruction,” which has to be seen in a wider context of innovation and entrepreneurship for which Schumpeter is well known. He defined an entrepreneur as a person who comes up with new combinations (new goods, new methods of production, new markets, new sources of supply, new organizations of any industry, or combinations between these), which are commonly called innovation.
Tradition
Authors: Otto Ton 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Tradition refers to the process of handing down beliefs, institutions, and objects from one generation to the next. In popular usage it denotes cultural continuity and resistance to change. In social theory, tradition was originally used to characterize slowly changing societies in contrast to modern ones, and also to identify conservative institutions and beliefs within modern societies. Later research problematized this dichotomy between tradition and modernity and showed that traditions are often created in times of social change. Traditions are objectified forms of culture, referring to the past, that can be used as political and economic resources and that can function as means both to create stability and to legitimate change.