bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient Electromagnetic Investigations in a Tectonic Domain of the Kachchh Intraplate Region, Western India: A Morphotectonic Study of the Kachchh Mainland Fault
Authors: Pavan Kumar G. , Chaudhary Indu , Nagar Mehul , Chouhan Avinash Kumar , Prizomwala S. P. , Mahesh P. , Chopra Sumer 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Kachchh Mainland Fault (KMF) in the central position of the Kachchh paleo rift basin of the northwestern India is the main fault system where the reverse movement started along preexisting normal fault planes during postrift tectonic inversion at end of the Tertiary period. We present the analyses of transient electromagnetic data at 68 sites, distributed along nine traverses across the KMF zone within the Kachchh Mainland. The resistivity sections across the KMF zone do not only image the shallow subsurface geometry of the fault but also delineated synthetic and antithetic splays of the primary faults. An experimentally estimated scaling factor from the late‐time TEM response, which is a proxy for fracture density of the geological formation, is well coincides with the fault zones that are delineated in the present study. The subsurface resistivity structure infers in general north‐dipping reverse faulting along the various segments of the KMF. Some of the en echelon splays form flower structure scenario, suggesting either presence of localized preserved transtensional features in this regional compressive regime or a combination of both positive and negative flower structure scenarios. The observed anomalous deep conducive zones in the fault zone could qualitatively suggest neotectonic activity in the region. The study supports the presence of oblique to transverse faults that bisects the primary KMF. We opined that these transverse structures along with the splays could play a key role in transferring part of stress that being accumulating in the KMF zone.
An Investigation of Gas Exchange and Water Circulation in the Amundsen Sea Based On Dissolved Inorganic Radiocarbon
Authors: Kim Bumsoo , Lee SangHoon , Kim Minkyoung , Hahm Doshik , Rhee Tae Siek , Hwang Jeomshik 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe used radiocarbon isotope ratios in dissolved inorganic carbon to assess gas exchange and water circulation in the western Amundsen Sea. Radiocarbon isotope ratios indicate that Circumpolar Deep Water enters the basin along the seafloor and that the upper layer is formed through modification of this water mass. In the Amundsen Sea Polynya, radiocarbon isotope ratios of surface water are higher than those of underlying Winter Water, implying rapid absorption of atmospheric CO2. A CO2 absorption rate of 45 mmol m−2 d−1 calculated for a site in the central polynya is higher than that near the Dotson Ice Shelf (28 mmol m−2 d−1). The turnover time of water in the Dotson Trough region of the western Amundsen Sea is estimated to be 10–30 years, based on results from a box model and radiocarbon mass balance.
Widespread and Accelerated Decrease of Observed Mean and Extreme Snow Depth Over Europe
Authors: Fontrodona Bach A. , van der Schrier G. , Melsen L. A. , Klein Tank A. M. G. , Teuling A. J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAccumulated snow amounts are a key climate change indicator. It combines the competing effects of climate change‐driven changes in precipitation and stronger snowmelt related to increasing temperatures. Here we provide observational evidence from a pan‐European in situ data set that mean snow depth generally decreases stronger than extreme snow depth. Widespread decreases in maximum and mean snow depth were found over Europe, except in the coldest climates, with an average decrease of −12.2%/decade for mean snow depth and −11.4%/decade for maximum snow depth since 1951. These trends accelerated after the 1980s. This has strong implications for the availability of freshwater in spring, while extremes in snow depth, usually very disruptive to society, are decreasing at a slower pace.
Contrasting Mechanisms of Summer Blocking Over Western Eurasia
Authors: Drouard Marie , Woollings Tim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe formation of summer blocking events appears to have been mostly studied for a few individual events often associated with heat waves. Here we investigate summer blocking event dynamics in three areas over western Eurasia in order to draw some more general conclusions, mostly in terms of high‐ and low‐frequency processes. A 2‐D blocking event detection algorithm is applied to the 500‐hPa‐geopotential field from the ERA‐40 and ERA‐Interim reanalyses over the 1958–2017 period. It is shown that both high‐ and low‐frequency processes are important to initiate blocking events over southern central Europe. Blocking events over western Russia are preceded by a significant low‐frequency large‐scale wave train, and their formation and maintenance are dominated by low‐frequency processes only. Finally, it is shown that the risk of extreme seasons such as summer 2010 cannot be accurately estimated from the Poisson statistics of past events.
Characteristics, Occurrence, and Decay Rates of Remnant Belts Associated With Three‐Belt Events in the Earth's Radiation Belts
Authors: Pinto Victor A. , Bortnik Jacob , Moya Pablo S. , Lyons Larry R. , Sibeck David G. , Kanekal Shrikanth G. , Spence Harlan E. , Baker Daniel N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractShortly after the launch of the Van Allen Probes, a new three‐belt configuration of the electron radiation belts was reported. Using data between September 2012 and November 2017, we have identified 30 three‐belt events and found that about 18% of geomagnetic storms result in such configuration. Based on the identified events, we evaluated some characteristics of the remnant (intermediate) belt. We determined the energy range of occurrence and found it peaks at E = 5.2 MeV. We also determined that the magnetopause location and SYM‐H value may play an important role in the outer belt losses that lead to formation and location of the remnant belt. Finally, we calculated the decay rates of the remnant belt for all events and found that their lifetime gets longer as energy increases, ranging from days at E = 1.8 MeV up to months at E = 6.3 MeV suggesting that remnant belts are extremely persistent.
Melt Diversity and Magmatic Evolution in the Dali Picrites, Emeishan Large Igneous Province
Authors: Wu Ya‐Dong , Ren Zhong‐Yuan , Handler Monica R. , Zhang Le , Qian Sheng‐Ping , Xu Yi‐Gang , Wang Christina Yan , Wang Yu , Chen Lin‐Li 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPicrites are potentially near‐primary melts that offer rare insights into the earliest stages of magmatic evolution. However, without detailed investigation of magmatic processes, robust records of early melt evolution and mantle melting behavior cannot be acquired. Here petrological and geochemical interrogations of the Dali picrites were conducted to investigate the magmatic processes. Compositional variation observed in the Dali picrites is dominated by variable accumulation of a wehrlitic assemblage, transported by a low MgO carrier melt. Groundmass clinopyroxenes were produced by direct crystallization of the carrier melt. In contrast, compositions of olivine‐hosted melt inclusions and clinopyroxene macrocrysts indicate that olivine and clinopyroxene macrocrysts crystallized from diverse melt batches that are genetically related to the carrier melt, which formed as a consequence of magma mixing. The compositional range of melts in equilibrium with clinopyroxene macrocrysts with Mg# < 88 (> 88) is similar to (notably smaller than) the range of melt inclusions hosted in olivine macrocrysts with equivalent forsterite values. This observation can be explained by coupling between major and trace elements during partial melting in the mantle. Overall, a process involving periodic magma replenishment, tapping, and fractional crystallization in deep magma chamber(s) can explain the compositional variations recorded in the Dali macrocryst assemblage. Close genetic relationships between macrocrysts and carrier melts appear to be common to many primitive mafic rocks, which may reflect common deep magma chamber processes whereby diverse mantle‐derived melts are injected and evolved, and the primitive macrocrysts thus formed are subsequently transported by mixed liquids, producing macrocryst‐bearing primitive mafic rocks.
Impact of Different Kinematic Empirical Parameters Processing Strategies on Temporal Gravity Field Model Determination
Authors: Zhou Hao , Luo Zhicai , Zhou Zebing , Li Qiong , Zhong Bo , Lu Biao , Hsu Houze 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring temporal gravity field model determination, the kinematic empirical parameters are mainly designed to remove the strong bias, drift, and 1‐cycle per revolution variations in range‐rates. In practice, two different strategies are commonly used to process these empirical parameters. One is to determine the empirical parameters before solving spherical harmonic coefficients, called Pure Predetermined Strategy (PPS). The other is to simultaneously determine the empirical parameters and spherical harmonic coefficients, called Pure Simultaneous Strategy (PSS). In this study, apart from these two strategies, a novel processing strategy called Filter Predetermined Strategy (FPS) is also discussed. These different processing strategies may result in different solutions. With the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Level 1B data spanning 2005 to 2010, the impacts of different kinematic empirical parameters processing strategies were assessed in detail. The numerical results indicate that (1) using three different processing strategies and their hybrids can determine the temporal gravity field model, while (2) the solutions via PPS present apparent temporal signal attenuation, which is approximately 15% lower in annual amplitude in Amazon River Basin, and 15% lower in yearly trend in Greenland, and (3) the signal‐to‐noise ratios of the solutions via PPS are generally smaller than those of the solutions via FPS and PSS, and (4) the performance of FPS is superior in terms of postfit range‐rates, but compatible with PSS in terms of other cross comparisons. According to comprehensive comparison results in terms of temporal signals and noise, the performance of our Huazhong University of Science and Technology models determined via FPS is in excellent accordance with other representative temporal gravity field models, such as CSR RL05, GFZ RL05a, and JPL RL05.
Similarity of introduced plant species to native ones facilitates naturalization, but differences enhance invasion success
Authors: Divíšek Jan , Chytrý Milan , Beckage Brian , Gotelli Nicholas J. , Lososová Zdeňka , Pyšek Petr , Richardson David M. , Molofsky Jane 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe search for traits associated with plant invasiveness has yielded contradictory results, in part because most previous studies have failed to recognize that different traits are important at different stages along the introduction–naturalization–invasion continuum. Here we show that across six different habitat types in temperate Central Europe, naturalized non-invasive species are functionally similar to native species occurring in the same habitat type, but invasive species are different as they occupy the edge of the plant functional trait space represented in each habitat. This pattern was driven mainly by the greater average height of invasive species. These results suggest that the primary determinant of successful establishment of alien species in resident plant communities is environmental filtering, which is expressed in similar trait distributions. However, to become invasive, established alien species need to be different enough to occupy novel niche space, i.e. the edge of trait space.
Onsite GTP fuelling via DYNAMO1 drives division of mitochondria and peroxisomes
Authors: Imoto Yuuta , Abe Yuichi , Honsho Masanori , Okumoto Kanji , Ohnuma Mio , Kuroiwa Haruko , Kuroiwa Tsuneyoshi , Fujiki Yukio 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMitochondria and peroxisomes proliferate by division. During division, a part of their membrane is pinched off by constriction of the ring-shaped mitochondrial division (MD) and peroxisome-dividing (POD) machinery. This constriction is mediated by a dynamin-like GTPase Dnm1 that requires a large amount of GTP as an energy source. Here, via proteomics of the isolated division machinery, we show that the 17-kDa nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like protein, dynamin-based ring motive-force organizer 1 (DYNAMO1), locally generates GTP in MD and POD machineries. DYNAMO1 is widely conserved among eukaryotes and colocalizes with Dnm1 on the division machineries. DYNAMO1 converts ATP to GTP, and disruption of its activity impairs mitochondrial and peroxisomal fissions. DYNAMO1 forms a ring-shaped complex with Dnm1 and increases the magnitude of the constricting force. Our results identify DYNAMO1 as an essential component of MD and POD machineries, suggesting that local GTP generation in Dnm1-based machinery regulates motive force for membrane severance.
Identification of candidate genes for leaf scorch in Populus deltoids by the whole genome resequencing analysis
Authors: Zhuang Weibing , Liu Tianyu , Qu Shenchun , Cai Binhua , Qin Yalong , Zhang Fengjiao , Wang Zhong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLeaf scorch exists as a common phenomenon in the development of plant, especially when plants encounter various adversities, which leads to great losses in agricultural production. Both Jinhong poplar (JHP) and Caihong poplar (CHP) (Populus deltoids) are obtained from a bud sport on Zhonghong poplar. Compared with CHP, JHP always exhibits leaf scorch, poor growth, premature leaf discoloration, and even death. In this study, the candidate genes associated with leaf scorch between JHP and CHP were identified by the whole genome resequencing using Illumina HiSeqTM. There were 218,880 polymorphic SNPs and 46,933 indels between JHP and CHP, respectively. Among these, the candidate genes carrying non-synonymous SNPs in coding regions were classified into 6 groups. The expression pattern of these candidate genes was also explored in JHP and CHP among different sampling stages. Combined with the qRT-PCR analysis, the results showed that genes associated with transport of various nutritional elements, senescence and MYB transcription factor might play important roles during the process of leaf scorch in Populus deltoids. Four genes belonging to these three groups carried more than three SNPs in their coding sequence, which might play important roles in leaf scorch. The above results provided candidate genes involved in leaf scorch in Populus deltoids, and made us better understand the molecular regulation mechanism of leaf scorch in Populus deltoids.
VGF nerve growth factor inducible is involved in retinal ganglion cells death induced by optic nerve crush
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroto , Inagaki Satoshi , Morozumi Wataru , Nakano Yukimichi , Inoue Yuki , Kuse Yoshiki , Mizoguchi Takahiro , Nakamura Shinsuke , Funato Michinori , Kaneko Hideo , Hara Hideaki , Shimazawa Masamitsu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a polypeptide that is induced by neurotrophic factors and is involved in neurite growth and neuroprotection. The mRNA of the Vgf gene has been detected in the adult rat retina, however the roles played by VGF in the retina are still undetermined. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of VGF on the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of mice in the optic nerve crush (ONC) model, rat-derived primary cultured RGCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived RGCs. The mRNA and protein of Vgf were upregulated after the ONC. Immunostaining showed that the VGF was located in glial cells including Müller glia and astrocytes but not in the retinal neurons and their axons. AQEE-30, a VGF peptide, suppressed the loss of RGCs induced by the ONC, and it increased survival rat-derived RGCs and promoted the outgrowth of neurites of rat and human iPSCs derived RGCs in vitro. These findings indicate that VGF plays important roles in neuronal degeneration and has protective effects against the ONC on RGCs. Thus, VGF should be considered as a treatment of RGCs degeneration.
Garnet peridotites reveal spatial and temporal changes in the oxidation potential of subduction
Authors: Rielli Andrea , Tomkins Andrew G. , Nebel Oliver , Brugger Joël , Etschmann Barbara , Paterson David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChanges in the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the Earth’s mantle have been proposed to control the spatial and temporal distribution of arc-related ore deposits, and possibly reflect the evolution of the atmosphere over billions of years. Thermodynamic calculations and natural evidence indicate that fluids released from subducting slabs can oxidise the mantle, but whether their oxidation potential varied in space and time remains controversial. Here, we use garnet peridotites from western Norway to show that there is a linear decrease in maximum fO2 with increasing depth in the mantle wedge. We ascribe this relation to changes in the speciation of sulfur released in slab fluids, with sulfate, controlling maximum oxidation, preferentially released at shallow depths. Even though the amount of sulfate in the Precambrian oceans, and thus in subducted lithologies, is thought to have been dramatically lower than during the Phanerozoic, garnet peridotites metasomatised during these two periods have a comparable fO2 range. This opens to the possibility that an oxidised mantle with fO2 similar to modern-day values has existed since the Proterozoic and possibly earlier. Consequently, early magmas derived from partial melting of metasomatised mantle may have had suitable fO2 to generate porphyry Cu-Au and iron-oxide Cu-Au deposits.
Emergence of a cholecystokinin/sulfakinin signalling system in Lophotrochozoa
Authors: Schwartz Julie , Dubos Marie-Pierre , Pasquier Jérémy , Zatylny-Gaudin Céline , Favrel Pascal 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChordate gastrin/cholecystokinin (G/CCK) and ecdysozoan sulfakinin (SK) signalling systems represent divergent evolutionary scenarios of a common ancestral signalling system. The present article investigates for the first time the evolution of the CCK/SK signalling system in a member of the Lophotrochozoa, the second clade of protostome animals. We identified two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in the oysterCrassostrea gigas(Mollusca), phylogenetically related to chordate CCK receptors (CCKR) and to ecdysozoan sulfakinin receptors (SKR). These receptors, Cragi-CCKR1 and Cragi-CCKR2, were characterised functionally using a cell-based assay. We identified di- and mono-sulphated forms of oyster Cragi-CCK1 (pEGAWDY(SO3H)DY(SO3H)GLGGGRF-NH2) as the potent endogenous agonists for these receptors. The Cragi-CCK genes were expressed in the visceral ganglia of the nervous system. The Cragi-CCKR1 gene was expressed in a variety of tissues, while Cragi-CCKR2 gene expression was more restricted to nervous tissues. Anin vitrobioassay revealed that different forms of Cragi-CCK1 decreased the frequency of the spontaneous contractions of oyster hindgut. Expression analyses in oysters with contrasted nutritional statuses or in the course of their reproductive cycle highlighted the plausible role of Cragi-CCK signalling in the regulation of feeding and its possible involvement in the coordination of nutrition and energy storage in the gonad. This study confirms the early origin of the CCK/SK signalling system from the common bilaterian ancestor and delivers new insights into its structural and functional evolution in the lophotrochozoan lineage.
Palm Fruit Bioactives modulate human astrocyte activity in vitro altering the cytokine secretome reducing levels of TNFα, RANTES and IP-10
Authors: Weinberg Robert P. , Koledova Vera V. , Schneider Kirsten , Sambandan T. G. , Grayson Adlai , Zeidman Gal , Artamonova Anastasia , Sambanthamurthi Ravigadevi , Fairus Syed , Sinskey Anthony J. , Rha ChoKyun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, are becoming more prevalent and an increasing burden on society. Neurodegenerative diseases often arise in the milieu of neuro-inflammation of the brain. Reactive astrocytes are key regulators in the development of neuro-inflammation. This study describes the effects of Palm Fruit Bioactives (PFB) on the behavior of human astrocytes which have been activated by IL-1β. When activated, the astrocytes proliferate, release numerous cytokines/chemokines including TNFα, RANTES (CCL5), IP-10 (CXCL10), generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and express specific cell surface biomarkers such as the Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM), Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) and the Neuronal Cellular Adhesion Molecule (NCAM). Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) causes activation of human astrocytes with marked upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes. We show significant inhibition of these pro-inflammatory processes when IL-1β-activated astrocytes are exposed to PFB. PFB causes a dose-dependent and time-dependent reduction in specific cytokines: TNFα, RANTES, and IP-10. We also show that PFB significantly reduces ROS production by IL-1β-activated astrocytes. Furthermore, PFB also reduces the expression of ICAM and VCAM, both in activated and naïve human astrocytesin vitro. Since reactive astrocytes play an essential role in the neuroinflammatory state preceding neurodegenerative diseases, this study suggests that PFB may have a potential role in their prevention and/or treatment.
Electronic chirality inversion of lanthanide complex induced by achiral molecules
Authors: Wada Satoshi , Kitagawa Yuichi , Nakanishi Takayuki , Gon Masayuki , Tanaka Kazuo , Fushimi Koji , Chujo Yoshiki , Hasegawa Yasuchika 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA novel mechanism for chiroptical activity inversion based on the electronic structure of metal complexes without Λ- or Δ-type structure change was demonstrated spectroscopically and theoretically. To demonstrate the mechanism, a europium (Eu(III)) complex with chiral (+)-3-(trifluoroacetyl)camphor (+tfc) and achiral triphenylphosphine oxide (tppo) was prepared. The steric and electronic structures of the Eu(III) complex were adjusted by additional achiral tppo and coordinating acetone molecules, and were characterised by 1H NMR, photoluminescence, and emission lifetime measurements. The optical activity of the Eu(III) complex in solution was evaluated by circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) measurements. CPL sign inversion, which was independent of Λ- or Δ-type structure changes from the spectroscopic viewpoint, and a drastic CPL intensity enhancement were observed depending on the external achiral molecules around Eu(III) ion. These phenomena provide the first clarification of optical activity change associated with electronic structure rather than chiral coordination structure-type (Λ or Δ) under external environments.