bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The future of walnut–fruit forests in Kyrgyzstan and the status of the iconic Endangered apple Malus niedzwetzkyana
Authors: Wilson Brett , Mills Morena , Kulikov Maksim , Clubbe Colin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractForest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services, but are declining worldwide. Malus niedzwetzkyana, an Endangered wild relative of domesticated apples, is an important component of the walnut–fruit forests of Central Asia. Its iconic pink blossom and genetic properties give it special cultural and scientific significance, but livestock grazing and firewood collection threaten its survival. The conservation of the species and its native forest ecosystem is critical and urgent. This study provides information on the ecology and population of M. niedzwetzkyana and the threats affecting its habitat, improving our understanding of its distribution and proposing measures to reduce threats. We collected ecological data and assessed population structure and threats at four forest sites in southern Kyrgyzstan. We mapped 149 individuals, creating the largest known dataset for this species. We developed species distribution models for M. niedzwetzkyana to identify climatically suitable regions and potential areas for restoration. Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve contained the largest expanse of pristine forest and the most stable M. niedzwetzkyana population, followed by Kara-Alma Forestry Unit. Forests in the Gava Forestry Unit and Dashman Reserve were most extensively damaged by humans and livestock. The wild apple's favoured habitat was south-west facing slopes with a gradient < 30° and a relatively open canopy. Overall, the study population was vulnerable to extinction with limited regeneration potential. We recommend short-term population enhancement through planting projects and increased protection of individuals in pristine sites. Community-based conservation initiatives should be prioritized in extensively damaged sites, and larger-scale reforestation of these forests needs to be considered.
International Cooperation: A Critical Need for Bibliographic Control of Legal Materials
Authors: Mersky Roy M. 
Published: March 2019

The purposes of the United Nations are: … 3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character … Charter of the United Nations, Ch. I, Art. 1 (1964).It shall be the aim of the Community … to promote throughout the Community a harmonious development of economic activities … Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, Act. 2 (1957).
The Federal Court of Justice and Its Library in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Kirchner Hildebert 
Published: March 2019

A Short Historical Review of the German Judicial SystemThe history of a unified German judiciary structure emphasizes two major characteristics. It tells a story of a judicial system which is as discontinuous as it is old. The first truly imperial court, known as the “Reichskammergericht”, was created in 1495. Its significant features were a permanent seat and an independence of the judges. Their decisions were final and conclusive, and were binding on the emperors. This court remained in existence until the demise of the old German Empire in 1806. Thereafter, due to a rapid political fragmentation of the territory formerly constituting the empire, the individual German states were bound together in a loose confederation only, known as the “Deutscher Bund”. Enjoying complete sovereignty, the states passed their own and widely differing laws. Endeavors to bring about some semblance of uniformity in such laws were doomed to failure, except in some areas of commercial law. Equally, in spite of repeated attempts, the formation of a unified appellate court of last resort encountered insurmountable difficulties. This state of affairs continued until cessation of the confederation when Austria was compelled to withdraw from it in 1866 and a new North German Confederation was formed under the leadership of Prussia. A few years later, in 1871, the North German Confederation was united with the southern German states and the new union became known as the German Empire.
Law Librarians In the Federal Republic of Germany: Their Education and Prospects
Authors: Geh Hans-Peter 
Published: March 2019

Nearly all libraries in the Federal Republic of Germany are publicly owned, and their employees are placed in the same position as government servants. Library employees enjoy the same advantages and benefits as persons engaged in other branches of government, and their conditions of service are regulated in effect by the same or similar provisions of law. As the Federal Republic of Germany is a federation of several states (Länder), competence to make laws for the regulation of government employees rests concurrently in the federal legislature and the legislatures of the individual states. In this respect there are separate laws for the regulation of federal employees and the employees of the individual state governments, but for all practical purposes such federal and state laws are substantially similar. The respective laws establish systems of different ranks for government employees and prescribe educational qualifications as well as other requirements for the entry into employment at different service levels. There are no specific federal laws for the education and admission of library employees. According to the laws of the individual states, however, library employees are divided into four categories:
(1)Senior library service (Höherer Bibliotheksdienst) which is open to persons with academic qualifications (preference being given to persons with doctoral degrees according to the laws of most states) upon completion of a prescribed period of practical library training and a formal educational course in librarianship.(2)Advanced library service (Gehobener Bibliotheksdienst) which is available to persons who undertake a formal course of study in librarianship (which is different in content from the course established for the senior library service) upon completion of high school education.(3)Intermediate library service (Mittlerer Bibliotheksdienst) which does not require high school education but in several states a formal training in librarianship.(4)Subordinate library service (Einfacher Bibliotheksdienst) which does not require an secondary educational or practical qualifications.By way of a general guide to readers, who are not familiar with the German system of library positions, it should be added that this classification system does not have precise equivalents in the Anglo-American countries. The senior and to some extent the advanced library services may, however, be compared to professional library positions, and the intermediate and subordinate service levels to supporting staff positions in the United States libraries.
Rohn's World Treaty Index: Its Past and Future
Authors: Pearson Glenda J. 
Published: March 2019

The question of national self interest reconciled to the demands of a treaty obligation inevitably calls upon a different level ofperception than pure' self-interest, outside such a system, invites.Maxwell CohenThe World Treaty Index (WTI), first published in print form in 1974, has been a mainstay of treaty research for over a quarter of a century. A second edition was published in 1983 and a reprint of that edition appeared in 1997. Both editions of the print multi-volume set can be found in almost all major law libraries and in research institutes with an interest in international relations, area studies and globalization. The WTI lives on in electronic form and remains to this day the largest collection of treaty citations in the world, with well over 60,000 entries to date. Over the last decade, interdisciplinary scholarly research interests have increasingly focused on the kinds of information that can be extracted from The World Treaty Index.
Mapping the Social Life of the Law: An Alternative Approach to Legal Research
Authors: Gallacher Ian 
Published: March 2019

SummaryAs the law moves inexorably to a digital publication model in which books no longer play a role, the problem of how to continue to make the law available to all becomes more acute. Open access initiatives already exist, and more are on the way, but all are limited by their inability to provide more than self-indexed search options for their users. Self-indexing, although a powerful alternative to the traditional pre-indexed searching made possible by systems like West's “Key Number” digests, has inherent limitations which make it a poor choice as the sole means of researching the law. But developing a new pre-indexed legal digest would be a prohibitively expensive and complex undertaking, making it unlikely that open access legal information sites can develop and maintain a fully-implemented digesting approach to legal research. This article proposes a reconceptualization of the information already contained within most American judicial opinions in order to permit open access sites to offer a form of pre-indexed research to their users. By mapping a case's location in a graphical representation of the doctrinal development of an issue under consideration, this approach allows the court's citations to prior authority to act as a pre-indexing tool, allows the researcher to update the law by showing more recent cases that have cited to the target case, and gives the researcher the opportunity to trace network links in order to uncover connections between cases that might otherwise have been difficult to discern.
Understanding HIV-Specific Laws in Central America**
Authors: Frautschi Schuyler 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article explores HIV-specific laws in Central America: why they exist, where their terms come from, what choices have been made, and what the laws do. Part I outlines the influential work and standards of the U.N. and USAID. Part II presents contours of debate over AIDS law and policy in the United States. Part III reports on the HIV epidemics in Central America. Part IV compares the Central American laws, applying some of the lessons and theories presented in earlier Parts. The article concludes that HIV laws in the region do not function to provide the basis for claims of individual rights or impositions of responsibilities, the way U.S. laws often have. Rather, the Central American laws represent national aspirations toward a reasonable response to the epidemics. Central American aspirations toward safeguarding individual rights, while tracking heightening international standards, nonetheless are profoundly challenged as the epidemic is measured and expands: the law in Nicaragua, with its very low measured incidence of HIV infection, is very “rights” oriented, while the law in Honduras, where HIV incidence is relatively high, is very “duties” oriented.
The United Nations and Human Rights
Authors: Alfredsson Gudmundur 
Published: March 2019

International cooperation for the promotion and encouragement of human rights and fundamental freedoms is one of the very purposes of the United Nations, according to article 1 of the Organization's Charter. The mandate is clear. In order to live up to this purpose, much work has been undertaken by establishing international human rights standards and by encouraging and persuading states to comply with these same standards.This presentation, by way of an overview, briefly describes the international human rights instruments and the classification and contents of the standards contained therein. The methods employed by the United Nations and non-governmental organization (NGOs) for the realization of the standards are also outlined, including monitoring procedures, technical assistance and other activities concerned with the protection and promotion of human rights. Finally, the presentation identifies UN institutions where human rights issues and procedures are debated and decided upon.
Needles and Haystacks: Legal Information Sources in Ireland
Authors: Furlong John 
Published: March 2019

Ireland is a small common law jurisdiction with a devolved legal system. These two factors combine to present a number of significant problems with regard to legal information sources:• Devolution has promoted incremental and incidental change. There has been little systemic review and the law is a complex mix of amendment, addition and judicial review.• Much of our legislation is reactive to social or political requirements.• Until recently, sources of law have not been prioritized as an important national resource requiring investment in terms of review and access.• Consolidation is infrequent and ineffective. Codification has only recently been considered.• Current sources of modern Irish law have been substantially shaped by major historical events of the last three centuries. Today's Irish legal system and sources of contemporary law owe a lot to the pragmatic adoption and adaptation of the Westminster model and the English common law as it stood in the early twentieth century.
Library of Congress Islamic and Jewish Law Classification Schedule
Authors: Schwartz Elisheva 
Published: March 2019

Islamic and Jewish law has, for years, been the orphan of the Library of Congress classification scheme. Left without a place of its own it has been either shoehorned into the religion schedules, or set aside in homegrown organizational schemes. In either case access to these materials was often compromised, and retrieval difficult.Fortunately, LC, in its work on the law schedules, has finally been able to generate draft versions of KBM–Jewish Law, and KBP–Islamic Law. We are fortunate that someone of Jolande Goldberg's prodigious talent and incredible energy was assigned the task of developing both of these schedules. She has overcome numerous roadblocks, and found consensus where there seemed to be none. The new schedules, as you will see, are both elegant structures in themselves, as well as constructed in such a way as to be a powerful tool for comparative research.
Het raakvlak van anticipatoire attentie en motorische preparatie Deel III
Authors: Brunia C.H.M. 
Published: March 2019

SamenvattingIn een drietal artikelen wordt de overeenkomst besproken tussen processen die ten grondslag liggen aan twee verschillende functies: anticipatoire attentie en motorische preparatie. Beide functies zijn van belong voor een optimale afstemming op onze omgeving. Het achterste gedeelte van de hersenschors houdt zich voornamelijk bezig met binnenkomende informatie uit de buitenwereld en het eigen lichaam, terwijl het voorste deel essentieel is voor onze acties en reacties. Als bekend is wanneer wij met relevante informatie warden geconfronteerd en vermoed kan worden hoe daarop moet worden gereageerd, worden modaliteitsspecifieke sensorische en motorische kanalen geopend om zo een snelle en adequate reactie te garanderen. In deze tekst wordt gepostuleerd dat de achterste en voorste cortexhelften op vergelijkbare wijze vanuit de thalamus worden geactiveerd als onderdeel van motorische preparatie en anticipatoire attentie. Cruciaal is de inhiberende invloed die de nucleus reticularis (NR) uitoefent op de onderliggende thalamuskernen. De NR staat onder een dubbele controle: exciterend vanuit de prefrontale cortex, en inhiberend vanuit het neostriatum. Aangegeven wordt hoe selectie in de informatieverwerking via deze balans kan worden gerealiseerd, zowel in het sensorische als het motorische domein. Na het overzicht van de relevante anatomische structural in deel I, de presentatie van het model in deel II, komt in het ilenle artikel neuropsychologische evidentie aan de orde, waarna het psychofysiologisch onderzoek besproken wordt, dat geleid heeft tot de formulering van het model.
Exploring the perception of survivors on the bidirectional impact between cancer and their social contexts: A mixed-methods approach
Authors: Palmer Kelly Elizabeth , Agne Julia L. , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the current study was to use a mixed-methods approach to assess the perspective of cancer survivors on the bidirectional impact between cancer and their social contexts.MethodA fixed concurrent triangulation mixed-methods survey design was used with open- and closed-ended questions that were predetermined and administered to participants. Quantitative items included demographic questions and the Life Impact Checklist. Qualitative questions were designed to explore the bidirectional impact between the patient and specific contexts including spirituality/faith, the spousal/partner relationship, and the family. A cross-sectional descriptive approach was used to evaluate the quantitative items and the constant comparative method guided the analysis of open-ended questions.ResultAmong 116 participants (mean age 58.4 years), the majority were female (66.7%) with breast cancer (27.9%). Nearly one-half the respondents endorsed a positive impact of cancer on their spirituality/faith, but qualitative results suggested less of a bidirectional impact. The importance of the spouse/partner during the cancer experience was emphasized, including the subthemes of instrumental and emotional support; however, there was often a negative impact of cancer on the spouse/partner relationship, including sexual functioning. Survivors indicated family members provided instrumental and emotional support, but not as regularly or directly as a spouse/partner.Significance of resultsSocial contexts are important among cancer survivors, with many cancer survivors relying more on their spouse/partner than other family members for support. The cancer experience is stressful not only for survivors, but also for individuals in their social contexts and relationships.
Particle Beams in the Vicinity of Magnetic Separatrix According to Near‐Lunar ARTEMIS Observations
Authors: Grigorenko E. E. , Runov A. , Angelopoulos V. , Zelenyi L. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe study characteristics of ion and electron beams observed during 101 crossings of the near‐separatrix region by Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft in the magnetotail. We found that accelerated ion beams are observed under any level of geomagnetic activity. A duration of earthward moving ion beams is statistically longer (≤ 10 min) than a duration of tailward ion beams (≤ 4 min), which can be due to the transient character of ion acceleration in the vicinity of the near‐Earth neutral line (NENL). Energetic characteristics of earthward and tailward ion beams are similar indicating similar acceleration conditions at ion kinetic scales at both sides of an X line independently of its location. Conversely, electron velocity distributions observed near magnetic separatrix earthward of the distant neutral line (DNL) differ from those observed tailward of the NENL. Earthward of the DNL a scattered and thermalized electron population without energetic field‐aligned beams is observed near the separatrix. On the contrary, tailward of the NENL field‐aligned electron beams accelerated to a few kiloelectron volts are detected. These observations show that near DNL the electron scattering and thermalization dominate over the direct acceleration, whereas stronger electric fields in the NENL produce substantial population of field‐aligned kiloelectron volt electrons.
Genome-wide association study identifies genetic loci for self-reported habitual sleep duration supported by accelerometer-derived estimates
Authors: Dashti Hassan S. , Jones Samuel E. , Wood Andrew R. , Lane Jacqueline M. , van Hees Vincent T. , Wang Heming , Rhodes Jessica A. , Song Yanwei , Patel Krunal , Anderson Simon G. , Beaumont Robin N. , Bechtold David A. , Bowden Jack , Cade Brian E. , Garaulet Marta , Kyle Simon D. , Little Max A. , Loudon Andrew S. , Luik Annemarie I. , Scheer Frank A. J. L. , Spiegelhalder Kai , Tyrrell Jessica , Gottlieb Daniel J. , Tiemeier Henning , Ray David W. , Purcell Shaun M. , Frayling Timothy M. , Redline Susan , Lawlor Deborah A. , Rutter Martin K. , Weedon Michael N. , Saxena Richa 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSleep is an essential state of decreased activity and alertness but molecular factors regulating sleep duration remain unknown. Through genome-wide association analysis in 446,118 adults of European ancestry from the UK Biobank, we identify 78 loci for self-reported habitual sleep duration (p < 5 × 10−8; 43 loci at p < 6 × 10−9). Replication is observed for PAX8, VRK2, and FBXL12/UBL5/PIN1 loci in the CHARGE study (n = 47,180; p < 6.3 × 10−4), and 55 signals show sign-concordant effects. The 78 loci further associate with accelerometer-derived sleep duration, daytime inactivity, sleep efficiency and number of sleep bouts in secondary analysis (n = 85,499). Loci are enriched for pathways including striatum and subpallium development, mechanosensory response, dopamine binding, synaptic neurotransmission and plasticity, among others. Genetic correlation indicates shared links with anthropometric, cognitive, metabolic, and psychiatric traits and two-sample Mendelian randomization highlights a bidirectional causal link with schizophrenia. This work provides insights into the genetic basis for inter-individual variation in sleep duration implicating multiple biological pathways.
Divergent national-scale trends of microbial and animal biodiversity revealed across diverse temperate soil ecosystems
Authors: George Paul B. L. , Lallias Delphine , Creer Simon , Seaton Fiona M. , Kenny John G. , Eccles Richard M. , Griffiths Robert I. , Lebron Inma , Emmett Bridget A. , Robinson David A. , Jones Davey L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSoil biota accounts for ~25% of global biodiversity and is vital to nutrient cycling and primary production. There is growing momentum to study total belowground biodiversity across large ecological scales to understand how habitat and soil properties shape belowground communities. Microbial and animal components of belowground communities follow divergent responses to soil properties and land use intensification; however, it is unclear whether this extends across heterogeneous ecosystems. Here, a national-scale metabarcoding analysis of 436 locations across 7 different temperate ecosystems shows that belowground animal and microbial (bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists) richness follow divergent trends, whereas β-diversity does not. Animal richness is governed by intensive land use and unaffected by soil properties, while microbial richness was driven by environmental properties across land uses. Our findings demonstrate that established divergent patterns of belowground microbial and animal diversity are consistent across heterogeneous land uses and are detectable using a standardised metabarcoding approach.
Cryo-EM fibril structures from systemic AA amyloidosis reveal the species complementarity of pathological amyloids
Authors: Liberta Falk , Loerch Sarah , Rennegarbe Matthies , Schierhorn Angelika , Westermark Per , Westermark Gunilla T. , Hazenberg Bouke P. C. , Grigorieff Nikolaus , Fändrich Marcus , Schmidt Matthias 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSystemic AA amyloidosis is a worldwide occurring protein misfolding disease of humans and animals. It arises from the formation of amyloid fibrils from the acute phase protein serum amyloid A. Here, we report the purification and electron cryo-microscopy analysis of amyloid fibrils from a mouse and a human patient with systemic AA amyloidosis. The obtained resolutions are 3.0 Å and 2.7 Å for the murine and human fibril, respectively. The two fibrils differ in fundamental properties, such as presence of right-hand or left-hand twisted cross-β sheets and overall fold of the fibril proteins. Yet, both proteins adopt highly similar β-arch conformations within the N-terminal ~21 residues. Our data demonstrate the importance of the fibril protein N-terminus for the stability of the analyzed amyloid fibril morphologies and suggest strategies of combating this disease by interfering with specific fibril polymorphs.