bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disks around T Tauri Stars with SPHERE (DARTTS-S). I. SPHERE/IRDIS Polarimetric Imaging of Eight Prominent T Tauri Disks*
Authors: Avenhaus Henning , Quanz Sascha P. , Garufi Antonio , Perez Sebastian , Casassus Simon , Pinte Christophe , Bertrang Gesa H.-M. , Caceres Claudio , Benisty Myriam , Dominik Carsten 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We present the first part of our Disks ARound T Tauri Stars with SPHERE (DARTTS-S) survey: observations of eight T Tauri stars that were selected based on their strong (sub)millimeter excesses using SPHERE/IRDIS polarimetric differential imaging in the J and H bands. All observations successfully detect the disks, which appear vastly different in size, from ≈80 au in scattered light to >400 au, and display total polarized disk fluxes between 0.06% and 0.89% of the stellar flux. For five of these disks, we are able to determine the three-dimensional structure and the flaring of the disk surface, which appears to be relatively consistent across the different disks, with flaring exponents α between ≈1.1 and ≈1.6. We also confirm literature results with regard to the inclination and position angle of several of our disks and are able to determine which side is the near side of the disk in most cases. While there is a clear trend of disk mass with stellar ages (≈1 to >10 Myr), no correlations of disk structures with age were found. There are also no correlations with either stellar mass or submillimeter flux. We do not detect significant differences between the J and H bands. However, we note that while a high fraction (7/8) of the disks in our sample show ring-shaped substructures, none of them display spirals, in contrast to the disks around more massive Herbig Ae/Be stars, where spiral features are common.
The Halo Masses of Galaxies to z ∼ 3: A Hybrid Observational and Theoretical Approach
Authors: Conselice Christopher J. , Twite Jonathan W. , Palamara David P. , Hartley William 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We use a hybrid observational/theoretical approach to study the relation between galaxy kinematics and the derived stellar and halo masses of galaxies up to z = 3 as a function of stellar mass, redshift, and morphology. Our observational sample consists of a concatenation of 1125 galaxies with kinematic measurements at 0.4 < z < 3 from long-slit and integral field studies. We investigate several ways to measure halo masses from observations based on results from semi-analytical models, showing that galaxy halo masses can be retrieved with a scatter of ∼0.4 dex by using only stellar masses. We discover a third parameter, relating to the time of the formation of the halo, that reduces the scatter in the relation between the stellar and halo masses such that systems forming earlier have a higher stellar mass–to–halo mass ratio, which we also find observationally. We find that this scatter correlates with morphology such that early-type or older stellar systems have higher M
*/M
halo ratios. We furthermore show, using this approach and through weak lensing and abundance matching, that the ratio of stellar to halo mass does not significantly evolve with redshift at 1 < z < 3. This is evidence for the regulated hierarchical assembly of galaxies such that the ratio of stellar to dark matter mass remains approximately constant since z = 2. We use these results to show that the dark matter accretion rate evolves from dM
halo/d
t ∼ 4000

yr−1 at z ∼ 2.5 to a few 100

yr−1 by z ∼ 0.5.
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the C3Δ–X3Δ Transition of TiO in Support of Exoplanet Spectroscopy
Authors: Hodges James N. , Bernath Peter F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Recent limitations in the TiO line list used in cross-correlation detection schemes have made the detection and quantification of TiO in exoplanetary atmospheres challenging. The quality of the line list appears to degrade at wavelengths shorter than 630 nm. The C

–X

electronic transition has strong rovibronic bands near 500 nm. In an effort to improve the line list, a spectrum of TiO in a furnace at 1950 K is analyzed, and the assigned lines of the C

–X

transition are fit with the

Hamiltonian in the molecular spectrum fitting software, PGOPHER. Several newly determined molecular constants are reported and the average error in fitting the line positions is 0.017 cm−1 or ∼1 ppm relative error. The new line positions are expected to resolve any problems with cross-correlation templates near 500 nm.
Radio Emission from the Cocoon of a GRB Jet: Implications for Relativistic Supernovae and Off-axis GRB Emission
Authors: Colle Fabio De , Kumar Pawan , Aguilera-Dena David R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Relativistic supernovae constitute a subclass of Type Ic supernovae (SNe). Their nonthermal, radio emission differs notably from that of regular Type Ic supernovae as they have a fast expansion speed (with velocities ∼0.6–0.8 c) which cannot be explained by a “standard” spherical SN explosion, but advocates for a quickly evolving, mildly relativistic ejecta associated with the SN. In this paper, we compute the synchrotron radiation emitted by the cocoon of a long gamma-ray burst jet (GRB). We show that the energy and velocity of the expanding cocoon, and the radio nonthermal light curves and spectra are consistent with those observed in relativistic SNe. Thus, the radio emission from this events is not coming from the SN shock front, but from the mildly relativistic cocoon produced by the passage of a GRB jet through the progenitor star. We also show that the cocoon radio emission dominates the GRB emission at early times for GRBs seen off-axis, and the flux can be larger at late times compared with on-axis GRBs if the cocoon energy is at least comparable with respect to the GRB energy.
Two-zone Diffusion of Electrons and Positrons from Geminga Explains the Positron Anomaly
Authors: Fang Kun , Bi Xiao-Jun , Yin Peng-Fei , Yuan Qiang 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The recent HAWC observations of a very-high-energy γ-ray halo around Geminga and Monogem indicate a very slow diffusion of cosmic rays that results in a tiny contribution of positrons from these two pulsars to the local flux. This makes the cosmic positron excess anomaly observed by PAMELA and AMS-02 even more puzzling. However, from the boron-to-carbon ratio data one can infer that the average diffusion coefficient in the Galaxy should be much larger. In this work we propose a two-zone diffusion model in which the diffusion is slow only in a small region around the source, outside of which the propagation is as fast as usual. We find that this scenario can naturally explain the positron excess data with parameters even more reasonable than those in the conventional one-zone diffusion model. The reason is that during the lifetime of Geminga (∼300 kyr), the electrons/positrons have propagated too far away with a fast diffusion and led to a low local flux. The slow-diffusion region in the two-zone model helps to confine the electrons/positrons for a long time and lead to an enhancement of the local flux. So under the constraint of the HAWC observations, pulsars are still the probable origin of the cosmic-ray positron excess.
(Re)Inserting charity in education
Authors: Meganck Erik 
Published: August 2018

Background: Recently, charity (re)appears in cultural discourse. It is no longer confined to (moral) theology. Objectives: The aim of this article is to defend the acceptance of charity as a major and fundamental category in the formulation of professional learning goals and in the transformation and development of curricula in higher education, using historical and philosophical arguments. Methods: I first offer a philosophical survey of modernity as instrumentalisation and of late modernity as where charity (re)appears. Then I translate this analysis into an educational challenge and its promising effects. The transition from a culture that hinges on strict instrumentalisation into one that opens up to charity has not yet been integrated in official pedagogical and didactical directives. Results: The philosophical exploration of the cultural field shows the possibility as well as a desirability of integrating charity in (not only) higher education. Though the effects of this integration can only be considered forthcoming, a promise without any evidence, this philosophical reflection argues the probability of positive pedagogical results. Conclusion: The reappearance of charity in culture urges education to also look beyond its modern formats. One possible initiative is the ‘insertion’ of charity. Reflection on a care experience is a pedagogically justifiable form of this insertion. What was deemed irrelevant, private and optional before becomes core educational challenges now. The new meaning of the world, without changing the world, is precisely this: let us keep teaching economy, engineering, law, medicine, etc., but always against the backdrop of charity.
Tradeoffs Between Specific Investment and Optimal Resource Allocation: A Comparison of Different Transfer Pricing Policies
Authors: Sahay Savita A 
Published: August 2018

This paper uses a principal-agent framework to analyze the tension between incentives for specific investment by the agent, and resource allocation that is optimal from the principal’s perspective. The analysis considers a decentralized firm in which central management can institute different transfer pricing policies to motivate divisional managers to undertake investment and production decisions. Some well-known properties of the methods are identified: a transfer price that uses a markup over and above actual costs can provide investment incentives but leads to sub-optimal resource allocation; negotiated transfer pricing suffers from the problem of under-investment even though its ex post performance is optimal; and standard cost-based transfer pricing entails over-reporting of standards, which results in inefficient levels of trade as well as low investment. The paper establishes a clear ranking amongst the three methods studied. It is shown that the overall performance of actual cost-based transfer pricing is superior if the buying division’s investments are important, while negotiated transfer pricing dominates if those of the selling division are important. The overall performance of standard cost-based method is inferior to that of the actual cost-based method, even though the latter has weaker investment incentives.
2018/13 Discrimination based on perceived disability found unlawful (UK)
Authors: Minshall Sam 
Published: August 2018

2018/13 Discrimination based on perceived disability found unlawful (UK)
The Employment Appeal Tribunal (‘EAT’) has confirmed that, even if an employee is not actually disabled for the purpose of the relevant statutory test, it is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against that employee because of a perceived disability.
2018/15 (International) air carriers under Austrian Labour Constitution Law (AT)
Authors: Laimer Hans Georg , Wieser Lukas 
Published: August 2018

2018/15 (International) air carriers under Austrian Labour Constitution Law (AT)
The general protection against dismissal under Austrian labour law only applies if at least five employees are employed permanently. The special provisions for air carriers under Austrian law only apply to air carriers that have their principal place of business in Austria. Whether foreign businesses and their employees employed outside Austria should be afforded protection against dismissal remains unresolved.
Mortality resulting from undesirable behaviours in dogs aged under three years attending primary-care veterinary practices in England
Authors: Boyd C , Jarvis S , McGreevy PD , Heath S , Church DB , Brodbelt DC , O’Neill DG 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUndesirable behaviours (UBs) are common in dogs and can jeopardise animal and human health, leading to dog abandonment and euthanasia. Dogs exhibiting UBs may have compromised welfare from underlying emotional motivations for the behaviour (eg anxiety) or from the methods used by owners to resolve the problem (eg aversive techniques). The objective of this study was to estimate proportional mortality due to UBs and risk factors for death due to UBs, including death from road traffic accidents, in dogs under three years of age attending primary-care veterinary practices in England from 2009-2014. Cases were identified by searching de-identified electronic patient records from primary-care veterinary practices participating in the VetCompass Programme. The findings highlight that dogs under three years of age are at a proportionately high risk of death due to UBs (33.7%) compared with other specific causes of death (eg gastrointestinal issues: 14.5%). Male dogs had 1.40x the odds of death from UB compared with females. The proportional mortality from UB for male dogs where information on the cause of death was available was 0.41. Neutered dogs had 1.94x the odds of death due to a UB compared with entire dogs. Aggression was the most prevalent UB overall. Veterinarians had recommended referral in 10.3% of cases where dogs died due to exhibiting a UB and had dispensed nutraceutical, pheromone or pharmacological treatment to 3.0% of the UB cases that died. This study shows that undesirable behaviours require better preventive measures and treatment, through further research and education of veterinarians, other professionals within the dog industry and owners.
Are you for real? Exploring language use and unexpected process questions within the detection of identity deception
Authors: Jupe Louise Marie , Vrij Aldert , Leal Sharon , Nahari Galit 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe current study was to test whether reality monitoring and language use could distinguish identity liars from truth tellers when answering outcome questions and unexpected process questions. Truth tellers (n = 30) and liars (n = 30) discussed their identity in a recruitment interview. No differences emerged between truth tellers and liars in the details they provided. In terms of language use, liars used more positive language than truth tellers, whereas truth tellers used more cognitive process words than liars. However, neither were more pronounced when asking process questions. Overall, process questions elicited more cognitive process and cause words than outcome questions. Therefore, process questions may be able to contribute to the cognitive load approach. The findings suggest that reality monitoring may not be diagnostic when applied to identity deception. We discuss the language use differences in relation to impression management theory.
Yeast Metabolic Response as an Indicator of Radiation Damage in Biological Tissue
Authors: Yoon Chang Keun , Ochoa Manuel , Kim Albert , Rahimi Rahim , Zhou Jiawei , Ziaie Babak 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWearable radiation sensors for workers of radiation‐intensive industries provide a measure of radiation exposure but not of its effects on biological tissue. A biohybrid radiation sensing platform based on a new transduction mechanism for detecting biological radiation damage using the metabolic activity of a microorganism population is presented here. The sensor is a wearable, disposable, film‐type device fabricated on a paper substrate with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells patterned between two electrodes and used as a smart material. The device is sensitive to radiation when dry and is read by activating it with water. Yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells, that are exposed to ionizing radiation and subsequently allowed to ferment a glucose solution, exhibit an electrical conductivity that is lower than that of nonexposed yeast. The radiation damage to this microorganism is directly proportional to the measured impedance of the fermenting medium. An 18 × 18 mm2 and 0.57 mm thick sensors with ground yeast (3.09 mg cm−2 areal density filtered with a 50 µm mesh) shows a sensitivity of 4.5% Ω/Ω0decade‐rad upon exposure to Cs‐137. The minimum detectable dose (resolution) is 1 mrad. Fluorescence microscopy results suggest that it is primarily due to damaged membranes in the cell wall and mitochondria.
Ultrathin Surface Coating Enables Stabilized Zinc Metal Anode
Authors: Zhao Kangning , Wang Chenxu , Yu Yanhao , Yan Mengyu , Wei Qiulong , He Pan , Dong Yifan , Zhang Ziyi , Wang Xudong , Mai Liqiang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWith the rapid development of energy storage devices, aqueous battery with noncombustion properties and instinct safe features has received great attentions and Zn anode is investigated intensively due to its high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1), and low negative potential (−0.762 V vs SHE). However, the unavoidable gas evolution hinders the cyclability and the application in the commercial field. Herein, the atomic layer deposition of TiO2 coating is first demonstrated as the protection layer of metallic zinc anode. The corrosion of zinc plate is significantly suppressed, leading to less gas evolution and Zn(OH)2 byproduct formation. The reduced gas generation on the outer surface of the zinc plate will maintain the effective contact area between the electrolyte and anode and leads to an improved coulombic efficiency. In this way, the Zn anode with 100 ALD cycles TiO2 protection shows reduced overpotential (72.5 mV) at 1 mA cm−2 for Zn–Zn symmetrical battery and additionally, the protection of TiO2 extended the Zn–MnO2 battery cycling performance up to 1000 cycles with the capacity retention of 85% at current density of 3 mA cm−2. The novel design of atomic layer deposition protected metal zinc anode brings in new opportunities to the realization of the ultrasafe aqueous zinc metal batteries.
Improved Performance of Thick Films Based Binary and Ternary Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Devices Incorporated with Electrospinning Processed Nanofibers
Authors: Huang He Jun‐ning , Nan Hui Rong , Yang Ying Guo , Gao Xing Yu , Chen Fei , Chen Zhi‐Kuan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNanofibers (average diameter of ≈150–160 nm) consisting of both binary and ternary bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (BHJ‐OPV) donor‐acceptor pairs poly(3‐hexylthiophene):phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC61BM) and (P3HT/PTB7:PC61BM) are produced in a coaxial electrospinning process. Thick (≈260 nm) BHJ‐OPV devices are fabricated by incorporating the nanofibers. Compared to thin (140 nm) P3HT:PC61BM binary devices, thick devices with P3HT:PC61BM nanofibers achieve an improved performance, i.e., an improvement from 65.15 to 73.24% in filling factor (FF), from 3.32 to 4.71% in power conversion efficiency (PCE), and from 8.51 to 11.09 mA cm−2 in short‐circuit current density (Jsc); while compared to thin P3HT/PTB7:PC61BM ternary devices, thick devices with P3HT/PTB7:PC61BM nanofibers show an improvement from 5.1 to 5.68% in PCE, from 12.51 to 14.74 mA cm−2 in Jsc, and a decrease from 66.83 to 63.55% in FF. The improved performance is attributed to an enhanced optical absorption induced by prolonged light absorption path due to scattering from nanofibers, a favorable nanomorphology with optimum crystallinity of P3HT/PTB7 and their good mixing with PC61BM, as well as an increased in‐plane alignment of P3HT and PTB7 polymer chains for efficient exciton dissociation and carrier extraction, and improved charge transport in the vertical direction.
Doped‐MoSe2 Nanoflakes/3d Metal Oxide–Hydr(Oxy)Oxides Hybrid Catalysts for pH‐Universal Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Najafi Leyla , Bellani Sebastiano , Oropesa‐Nuñez Reinier , Ansaldo Alberto , Prato Mirko , Del Rio Castillo Antonio Esau , Bonaccorso Francesco 
Published: August 2018

AbstractClean hydrogen production is highly promising to meet future global energy demands. The design of earth‐abundant materials with both high activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and electrochemical stability in both acidic and alkaline environments is needed, in order to enable practical applications. Here, the authors report a non‐noble 3d metal Cl‐chemical doping of liquid phase exfoliated single‐/few‐layer flakes of MoSe2 for creating MoSe2/3d metal oxide–hydr(oxy)oxide hybrid HER‐catalysts. It is proposed that the electron‐transfer from MoSe2 nanoflakes to metal cations and the chlorine complexation‐induced neutralization, as well as the in situ formation of metal oxide–hydr(oxy)oxides on the MoSe2 nanoflakes' surface, tailor the proton affinity of the catalysts, increasing the number and HER‐kinetics of their active sites in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The electrochemical coupling between doped‐MoSe2/metal oxide–hydr(oxy)oxide hybrids and single‐walled carbon nanotubes heterostructures further accelerates the HER process. Lastly, monolithic stacking of multiple heterostructures is reported as a facile electrode assembly strategy to achieve overpotential for a cathodic current density of 10 mA cm−2 of 0.081 and 0.064 V in 0.5 m H2SO4 and 1 m KOH, respectively. This opens up new opportunities to address the current density versus overpotential requirements targeted in pH‐universal hydrogen production.
What can surveillance data and risk factor research contribute to a public health approach to preventing child sexual abuse?
Authors: Broadley Karen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe aim of this article was to consider how population‐level surveillance data and risk factor research might be applied to a public health approach to preventing child sexual abuse. The focus is on the collection of data in relation to ethnicity. By drawing from the four principles approach to ethical decision making developed by Beauchamp and Childress, the expected benefits of data collection are weighed against possible harms to individuals and communities. It concludes that the identification of high‐risk groups can inform prioritisation of resources, and the development of context‐specific and culturally sensitive child sexual abuse prevention and intervention programmes. However, it is crucial to explain why child sexual abuse is more prevalent in some ethnic communities than others. Explanations about causes can reduce the potential for stigmatisation and marginalisation of individuals and communities, as well as challenge widely held myths about biological determinism and inability to change.
Stress‐Transfer‐Induced In Situ Formation of Ultrathin Nickel Phosphide Nanosheets for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Shao‐Hai , Zhang Nan , Xie Xiuqiang , Luque Rafael , Xu Yi‐Jun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUltrathin two‐dimensional (2D) nanostructures have attracted increasing research interest for energy storage and conversion. However, tackling the key problem of lattice mismatch inducing the instability of ulreathin nanostructures during phase transformations is still a critical challenge. Herein, we describe a facile and scalable strategy for the growth of ultrathin nickel phosphide (Ni2P) nanosheets (NSs) with exposed (001) facets. We show that single‐layer functionalized graphene with residual oxygen‐containing groups and a large lateral size contributes to reducing the lattice strain during phosphorization. The resulting nanostructure exhibits remarkable hydrogen evolution activity and good stability under alkaline conditions.