bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A selection index for lean meat production in sheep
Authors: Simm G. , Dingwall W.S. 
Published: June 2019

It is generally accepted that leanness of terminal sire sheep breeds should be increased. However, it is very difficult to define formally a selection goal for these breeds. Put loosely, at a given age, we probably require terminal sires with as much extra lean meat as possible, whilst minimising any increase in fat weight. In the past, selection has been mainly on weight for age, but this may actually increase fatness at the age of selection.Intuitively we expect some in vivo measurements of carcass composition to help in achieving the selection goal. In practice, in vivo measurements of carcass composition in sheep are often imprecise, though the treatment of the animals can affect the relative precision. Ad libitum feeding on a high energy, high protein feed appears to increase the variation in carcass composition of ram lambs compared to those on a lower plane of nutrition (Simm et al, 1985 compared to Cuthbertson et al, 1983). Under these conditions we were able to predict carcass composition reasonably precisely from live weight and ultrasonic measurements (means and original and residual s.d.s for carcass lean weight: 18.30, 1.60 and l.00 kg and for fat weight 13.74, 2.70 and 0.96 kg).
The effect of variety, type of straw and ammonia treatment on digestibility and growth rate in steers
Authors: Reid G. W. , Ørskov E. R. , Kay M. 
Published: June 2019

The gross energy content of cereal straw is almost as high as that of grain, but, because straw is relatively indigestible even to ruminants, much of this energy passes right through the digestive system and so makes no contribution to nutrition. Treatment of straw with alkali (normally ammonia or sodium hydroxide) improves digestibility and thus increases the amounts of energy available to animals. Straw which has been improved in this way is often said to be of similar nutritional value to medium quality hay; but responses in terms of animal performance demonstrate that this is not always so.It has been observed that the nutritive values of straws of the various cereals and of the varieties within each cereal differ considerably and that, though alkali treatments generally improve the least digestible straws the most, the differences between improved straws may still be large enough to be important. Degradability measurements carried out on large numbers of wheat, barley and oat straws to obtain an indication of nutritive value, confirm this (Tuah et al. 1986), but further evidence was needed using feeding trials with animals to support these findings and demonstrate their practical significance.
Bertram of Metz the Author of ‘Elegantius in iure diuino’ (Summa Coloniensis)?
Authors: Gerbenzon P. 
Published: June 2019

In his chronicle of Bloemhof Abbey (Floridus Hortus) in Wittewierum Magister Emo of Huizinge inserts a treatise on simony in which the following passage is to be found:
Item Magister Bertoldus. Si cenobii paupertas sit in tantum, ut aucto numero personarum necesse sit augere patrimonium, ibi statum loci introitum petentibus significare non improbamus. Quidam plus dicunt, etiam taxationes, id est rei precium imponere licere, in hoc casu habentes, qua tueantur hanc suam opinionem, cenobitarum consuetudinem.
4. On some Quaternion Integrals
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn my paper on “Green's and other allied theorems” (Trans. R. S. E. 1869–70), I showed thatwhere P is any scalar function of ρ, and the single integral is extended round any closed curve, while the double integral extends over any surface bounded by the curve, ν being its normal vector.Writingthis gives at onceof which the scalar and vector parts respectively were, in the paper referred to, shown to be equal.
Introduction to the Paleontological Society Short Course ‘Geobiology of Echinoderms’
Authors: Lane N. Gary 
Published: June 2019

It was 17 years ago this month, 1980 in Atlanta, Georgia, that the first short course on echinoderms was held. The conveners were Johnny Waters and Tom Broadhead. The Sunday short courses had been started only two years before, in 1978, with the mollusks being the first short course and arthropods the second. Neither of these first two short courses had accompanying printed notes. Thus, we echinodermers were the ones who began this tradition of short course notes that has continued to this day.Those participants in that 1980 short course who are also on the program today are, in addition to Johnny Waters, a convener of both short courses, Dave Meyer, Jim Sprinkle, Bill Ausich, and Ron Parsley. Many new names and faces have appeared in the study of fossil echinoderms or those who study living echinoderms in such a manner that their work has bearing on the ancient record of these animals.
Paleocommunity and evolutionary ecology of Paleozoic crinoids
Authors: Holterhoff Peter F. 
Published: June 2019

Crinoids were a common component of Paleozoic benthic paleocommunities, yet they have been under-utilized in paleoecological analyses. Recent efforts to incorporate disarticulated ossicles into these analyses have greatly increased the robustness of paleoecological patterns noted for the Crinoidea. Analyses of crinoid functional morphology, particularly filtration dynamics, have provided testable hypotheses concerning the distribution of crinoids among benthic environments. These models predict that crinoids with dense-mesh filtration fans should be most common in high energy, shoreward paleoenvironments, whereas open-fan crinoids should be most common in low-energy, offshore paleoenvironments. Review of the Paleozoic fossil record appears to support these general predictions—from the Late Ordovician to the end of the Paleozoic, dense-fan crinoids are most abundant in nearshore paleoenvironments, whereas open-fan crinoids are most abundant offshore.The partitioning of crinoid diversity through the Paleozoic shifted through time. Beta diversity was highest in the Ordovician, implying that the early diversification of crinoids was focused on partitioning the benthic landscape among taxa. Beta diversity was quite low by the late Paleozoic, however, local and within-habitat alpha diversity was much greater than during the Ordovician. This resulted in generally higher levels of eurytopy in the late Paleozoic compared to the Ordovician. Patterns of faunal disassembly associated with regional extinctions in North America during the Ordovician and Permian underscore the differences in the paleoecology of these crinoid faunas.
Agricultural drought impacts on crops sector and adaptation options in Mali: a macroeconomic computable general equilibrium analysis
Authors: Montaud Jean-Marc 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn Mali's current context, where the crops sector is particularly exposed and vulnerable to agricultural drought, this study assesses the economy-wide impacts of such events and the potential effectiveness of some adaptation strategies. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model, we conduct counterfactual simulations of various scenarios accounting for different levels of intensity and frequency of droughts over a 15-year period. We first show how mild, moderate and intense droughts currently experienced by the country affect its economic performance and considerably degrade the welfare of its households. We also show how these negative impacts could be aggravated in the future by the likely increased number of intense droughts threatened by global climate change. However, we finally show that there appears to be some room for Mali to maneuver in terms of drought-risk management policies, such as fostering the use of drought-tolerant crop varieties, improving drought early warning systems or extending irrigation capacities.
The Epistemology of Unjust War
Authors: Putnam Hilary 
Published: June 2019

My friend Steven Wagner, a philosopher I very much admire, recently wrote me that he finds ‘Just War Theory’ in its present form wholly untenable. With his permission, I shall quote part of what he wrote:Here's what I meant about just war theory (JWT) and ontology. The formulations of JWT effectively identify three distinct objects: a population, a nation, and the high-level decisionmakers in the government. Therefore, even if JWT is invoked in the cause of peace, it surrenders the larger battle by buying into an authoritarian political ontology. So it's an irremediably spoiled tool for justice.
Do young adults value sustainable diet practices? Continuity in values from adolescence to adulthood and linkages to dietary behaviour
Authors: Larson Nicole , Laska Melissa N , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjective:To describe continuity over time in reports of valuing sustainable diet practices and investigate relationships between values, household meal behaviours and dietary intake.Design:Observational study. Participant ratings of how important it is for food to be produced as organic, not processed, locally grown and not GM were categorized to represent whether they valued (very/somewhat important) or did not value (a little/not at all important) each practice. Diet quality markers (e.g. fruit servings) were based on an FFQ.Setting:Mailed and online surveys.Participants:Young adults (n1620; 58 % female, mean age 31 (sd1·6) years) who were participating in Project EAT (Eating and Activity among Teens and Young Adults) and responded to follow-up surveys in 2003–2004 and 2015–2016.Results:One-third (36·1 %) of participants reported valuing &lt;2 practices at both assessments; 11·1 and 34·5 % respectively reported valuing ≥2 practices in 2003–2004 only and in 2015–2016 only; 18·3 % reported valuing ≥2 practices at both assessments. Regression models including demographics, parental status and vegetarian status showed that valuing ≥2 practices was associated with preparation of meals with vegetables at least a few times/week, less frequent purchase of family meals from fast-food restaurants, and higher diet quality in 2015–2016. For example, those who valued ≥2 practices consumed nearly one full vegetable serving more than other young adults on an average day and part of this difference was specifically associated with intake of dark green and red/orange vegetables.Conclusions:Addressing the sustainability of food choices as part of public health messaging may be relevant for many young adults.
Morphological Characteristics of the Developing Cecum of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: AbuAli Aalaa M. , Mokhtar Doaa M. , Ali Reda A. , Wassif Ekbal T. , Abdalla K. E. H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe current investigation was carried out to record the final stages of the development of both middle and distal parts of quail ceca,Coturnix coturnix japonicato understand the role of ceca in digestion, immune system, and absorption. The cellular and subcellular structures, including epithelial cell height, microvillus surface area, the proportion of goblet cells, the thickness of muscle layer, and cecum diameter showed great variations during the development. An undeveloped smooth muscularis mucosa was observed for the first time on the ED5. Primordia of glands were observed on the ED7. On the ED15, the middle part exhibited two shapes of mucosal villi: tongue-shaped villi and U-shaped. The plicae and crypts of Lieberkühn were demonstrated on the hatching day. The lymphatic tissues appeared in the wall of both parts of the ceca at the 4 weeks of age. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a great difference in the mucosal surface between different regions. Telocytes were observed in-between the muscle fibers and formed a network during the post-hatching period. Because of fermentation and other bacterial or chemical processes that have been shown to occur in the ceca, this study supports two hypotheses: the cecal development is related to diet and the cecal epithelium act as a site for primary absorption of nutrients or for re-absorption of electrolytes or amino acids derived from the urine.
Validation of the n–alkane technique to measure intake and digestibility in Alentejano pigs under “Montanheira”
Authors: Ferraz de Oliveira M. I. , Trigo A. P. , Neves J. A. , Cancela d´Abreu M. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn the traditional silvo–pastoral system, Alentejano pigs are fattened with acorns and pasture. Although this production system (“Montanheira”) has been characterised, there is a lack of knowledge on intake and digestibility of the diet, mainly due to the absence of tested methodologies in pigs. The n–alkane technique, extensively used in ruminants to estimate diet intake and digestibilitiy, has had less use in pigs. The objective of this experiment was to validate the n–alkane technique in Alentejano pigs. Faecal recoveries of natural and dosed n-alkanes, the diurnal variation of faecal n–alkane concentration, and the time span required to reach a steady state excretion of dosed alkanes were determined. Eight male Alentejano pigs (54.4±9.8 kg LW) were randomly allocated to two groups and placed in metabolic cages. They were fed 0.7 kg of pasture and 0.7kg of ground acorns daily as two meals. Pigs in Group-1 were given once daily artificial C32(40mg/d) and C36(40 mg/d) and those in Group-2 the same alkanes as two daily doses of 20 mg. Steady state excretion of both alkanes was reached 3 days after first dosing. Although no difference (P>0.05) was observed between treatments, the coefficient of variation of feacal alkane concentration when dosed twice daily was generally lower than when dosed once daily. Mean faecal recoveries of n–alkanes increased with increasing carbon-chain length (C25to C36) from 38 to 69%, but were not significantly different from C29, C32, C33and C36(mean 0.694 SEM 0.067). Faecal nalkanes in samples collected every four hours for three days showed no diurnal variation in patterns of excretion apart from a higher concentration of C324 hours after dosing once daily. However variation between animals was lower when artificial alkanes were dosed twice daily than when once daily. The results indicate that the n–alkane techique may be used to estimate intake and digestibility under “Montanheira”, although further validation work needs to be done.
Mean chewing time in horses fed different forages supplemented with concentrates
Authors: Noergard P. , Raff L. , Poulsgaard U. , Eriksen L. , Soeland T.M. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA 3 x 3 Latin square design was conducted with 3 trotters (mean weight 510 kg) fed concentrates supplemented with 5.0 kg wrap bale grass silage (WS), 7.0 kg mixed hay (H) or 6.0 kg barley straw (BS) daily. Amounts of concentrates were adjusted to cover maintenance energy requirements together with forage. Concentrates, WS, H and BS had 86, 80, 86, and 87% DM with 350, 560, 610 and 740 g NDF/kg DM, and 190, 350, 390 and 490 g ADF/kg DM, respectively. Forages and concentrates were fed twice daily, but during the 4 experimental days, the horses had access to one quarter of the daily forage ration for 60 minutes at 9 am, 11 am, 1 pm and 3 pm. Forages not eaten within each of the four meals were recorded and fed again at 4 pm. Eating behaviour was observed and jaw moments (JM) recorded from 7 am to 4 pm by measuring pressure oscillations (PO) in a tube filled with water positioned around the mouth. Effective time spent chewing (ECT) and the numbers of jaw movements (JM) were identified from the manual observations and JM with exclusion of small pauses without mastication. The number of JM, the effective chewing rate and the ECT values per kg forage DM, forage NDF and forage ADF differed significantly (P<0.01) between forages and between forages and concentrates (P<0.01). The mean ECT values ranged from 50±4.7 minutes per kg WS dry matter to 100±4.7 minutes per kg BS dry matter, and from 90± 6 minutes per kg WS NDF to 135±6 minutes per kg BS NDF. The highest chewing rate (1.45±0.06 Hz) was found during concentrate meals and the lowest during BS meals (1.20±0.05 Hz). The horses spent more time eating (min/kg NDF) forages compared with values reported from cattle eating forages, whereas the total ECT values of 90 to 135 minutes chewing time per kg NDF in horses range from 60 to 90% of the time dairy cows to spent masticating during eating plus ruminating.
Food intake regulation in late pregnancy and early lactation
Authors: Ingvartsen K. L. , Friggens N. C. , Faverdin P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe dip in food intake, which starts in late pregnancy and continues into early lactation, has traditionally been interpreted as a depression in intake due to physical constraints. However, the rôle of physical constraints on intake has been overemphasized, particularly in early lactation. There is mounting evidence that the presence and mobilization of body reserves in early lactation play an important rôle in regulating intake at this time.Conceptually, the dip in intake in early lactation observed when cows have access to non-limiting foods can be accounted for by assuming that the cow has a desired level of body reserves. When the cow is not compromised, the changes with time in body reserves and the dip in intake represent the normal case and provide the basis against which to assess true depressions in intake which may occur when the cow is compromised by limiting nutrition or environment.The regulation of body reserves and intake in the periparturient cow is orchestrated through nervous and hormonal signals. Likely factors that are involved in intake regulation are reproductive hormones, neuropeptides, adrenergic signals, insulin and insulin resistance and leptin. Furthermore, oxidation of NEFA in the liver may result in feedback signals that reduce intake. The relative importance of these is discussed. A better understanding of the physiological signals involved in intake regulation and their interrelations with body weight regulation may provide important indicators of the degree of compromise that periparturient cows may experience.
Uses and Required Characteristics of Reference Frames for Galactic Astronomy
Authors: Wielen Roland 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGalactic astronomy requires mainly accurate proper motions of stars, referred to a system which represents an inertial system as closely as possible. We discuss the required accuracy, give an outlook on forthcoming reference frames of use for galactic astronomy, and discuss observationally determined upper limits on the rotation of the extra-galactic reference frame.
On the Use of Natural References
Authors: Capitaine N. , Guinot B. , Souchay J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe catalogues of positions of radio-sources obtained by VLBI, their link with precise and dense star catalogues (HIPPARCOS) and the atomic time open an era where “natural” references in space and time will be quasi-ideal. Are our traditional concepts and usages adapted to this new situation?
Solar and Solar-Like Oscillations: Theory
Authors: Gough D.O. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSolar five-minute oscillations provide a means of testing theoretical models of the sun. By judiciously combining data from low-degree modes, properties of the central and surface regions of the sun can be inferred separately. In principle, it should be possible to draw similar inferences from other stars, once adequate data are available. Recent solar rotational splitting data imply that in the equatorial regions much of the radiative envelope of the sun is rotating more slowly than the photosphere.
Centenary of S Andromedae (SN 1885a)
Authors: van den Bergh Sidney 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObservations by Hartwig, Wolf, Dunér and Bigourdan are used to show that SN 1885a reached MV(max) = −18.8 ± 0.5 on 17 or 18 August 1885. The lightcurve of S And is found to have declined more rapidly after maximum than that of any other well-observed supernova. The existence of S And and the relatively young age of the supernova remnant Sgr A East appear to indicate that the supernova frequencies near the nucleus of M31 and the Galactic centre are respectively ∽102and ∽103times higher than expected. It is spectulated that S And may belong to a population of supernovae (“type 0”) that only occur near the nuclei of giant galaxies. Beyond the Local Group such objects might perhaps have been missed because of their fast decline and close proximity to luminous nuclei.
Coronal Activity at Radio Wavelengths
Authors: Kundu M.R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe describe the multifrequency radioheliograph of the Clark Lake Radio Observatory. Its use for studies of large scale structures of the corona at long radio wavelengths is discussed. We show that features corresponding to coronal streamers and coronal holes are readily apparent in the Clark Lake maps. We also present results on studies of microbursts at meter-Decameter wavelengths.
Cloud Collapse and Fragmentation
Authors: Boss A. P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInterstellar clouds are thought to undergo a rapid phase of collapse in the process of contracting to form stars. Break-up during this collapse phase is termed fragmentation. Computer codes capable of calculating the hydrodynamics of cloud collapse in three spatial dimensions have been used to study the fragmentation process. Fragmentation into binary or multiple protostellar systems is the preferred outcome of collapse; only very slowly rotating, high thermal energy clouds, or clouds starting from power-law initial density profiles, avoid fragmentation and form single stars.
Three Dimensional Hydrodynamical Simulation of Type II Supernova
Authors: Nagasawa Mikio 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAdiabatic supernova explosions of polytropic stars are investigated by a three dimensional Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. The evolution of thermal point explosions is almost spherically symmetric in a global sense, but they are found to be unstable against Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. The typical unstable wavelength, which grows in the nonlinear stage, is comparable to the thickness of the spherical shell. As a result, we find a porous density structure on the expanding shell. These results suggest the dumpiness of the ejecta of supernova explosions. The accompanying mixing motion in the expanding shell can explain the rapidly rising light curve of SN1987A. Because it may mix up the energy source 56Ni towards the outer layers of supernovae.
Non-Equilibrium Thermal X-Ray Emission in the Early Phase of Supernova Remnant
Authors: Hanami Hitoshi , Yoshida Tatsuo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe X-ray emission from the interaction of the ejecta with circumstellar matter (CSM) for SN1987A is investigated. The electron and the ion temperatures seem to be in non-equilibrium in the early phase of a SN remnant. We have studied the two-temperature model in the early phase of SNR and discuss the X-ray emission from SN1987A and its CSM.
Dust from the Comets
Authors: Mukai Tadashi 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWe have found a similarity between the size spectra of the observed interplanetary dust and the survived cometary dust, referring to the dynamical behaviour of the dust leaving the comet. As a result, we can suggest that short-period comets with relatively higher eccentricities are major source of the interplanetary dust, especially those with radii less than 10 µm. It is predicted, furthermore, that a supply rate of the dust, which move on bound orbits after leaving the comet, becomes about 8×10 g/s from 85 short-period comets, and nearly 3×104g/s from 101 long-period comets.