bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NUOVI E VECCHI PARTITI DI ESTREMA DESTRA IN EUROPA
Authors: Ignazi Piero 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneI sistemi di partito dell'Europa occidentale stanno attraversando una fase di trasformazioni (Crewe and Denver 1985, Dalton, 1988, Daltonet al.1984, Daalder e Mair 1983, Mair 1984, 1989a, 1989b, Wolinetz 1988). Questa trasformazione è individuabile a due diversi livelli di analisi, elettorale e partitico.
Frequency and Cause of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Rajput A.H. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Parkinson syndrome (PS) is a common disorder in the North American population. The annual incidence rate is 20.5/100,000 population and the mean survival after onset is approximately 12.3 years. The estimated prevalence rate is about 300/100,000 population. The incidence and prevalence rates rise with advancing age. Both the widespread use of levodopa and the improved health care in general have increased the longevity in PS. The survival in PS from the time of the first clinic visit is still significantly shorter when compared with the regional age and sex matched population. The cause of IPD may be related to some environmental factor(s) – most likely a toxin. Genetic factors are not the cause but in some families, may predispose to IPD.
Sustained Release Antiparkinson Agents: Controlled Release Levodopa
Authors: Gauthier Serge , Amyot Donna 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:The rationale for sustained release oral levodopa preparations is to deliver levodopa in the areas of maximal intestinal absorption in a slow and predictable way, leading to stable plasma levodopa levels and brain dopamine levels, therefore resulting in a lengthened duration of action. Sinemet CR is the prototype of such preparations, with demonstrated efficacy in decreasing periods of akinesia in parkinsonian patients with mild to moderate motor fluctuations. Total doses of levodopa are raised 10 to 30% because of the lowered bioavailability; diphasic dyskinesias may increase at the end of the day. Tolerance is good in de novo patients and studies are in progress to establish if early treatment with Sinemet CR delays the onset or attenuates the severity of motor fluctuations as compared to standard Sinemet.
Mechanism of Cerebral Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Monkeys
Authors: Macdonald R.L. , Weir B.K.A. , Grace M.G.A. , Chen M.H. , Martin T.P. , Young J.D. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:This paper reviews our recent studies on the mechanism of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in monkeys. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) vasospasm was maximal at 7 days, resolving by 14 days, and absent at 28 days after SAH. Arterial fibrosis was not detected during vasospasm, although there was intimal hyperplasia with fibrosis 28 days after SAH. On scanning electron microscopy, smooth muscle cells from vasospastic arteries had corrugated cell membranes and appeared similar to cells contracted pharmacologically, suggesting that vasospastic smooth muscle is contracted. Morphometric analysis of arteries obtained 7 days after SAH showed no significant increases in arterial wall area of vasospastic arteries compared with normal MCAs. The results suggest vasospasm in monkeys is not due to hypertrophy, hyperplasia, or fibrosis in the arterial wall. Vasospasm may be mainly vascular smooth muscle contraction, which damages the arterial wall, leading to secondary structural changes in the arterial wall which occur after angiographic vasospasm.
Symptomatic Dystonia: Clinical Profile of 46 Brazilian Patients
Authors: Ferraz Henrique B. , Andrade Luiz Augusto F. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Dystonia is a syndrome characterized by sustained muscle contraction, provoking twisting and repeti-tive movements or abnormal postures. It may be classified according to etiology, as idiopathic or symptomatic. We studied 122 Brazilian patients with a dystonic syndrome. Of these, 46 (37.7%) had symptomatic dystonia. The most frequent cause was tardive dystonia (34.8%) followed by perinatal cerebral injury (30.4%). Other causes were stroke (13.0%), encephalitis (6.5%) and Wilson’s disease (4.3%). Cranial trauma, mitochondrial cytopathy and psychogenic, were the least frequent causes with one patient in each category. The etiology in two patients could not be established. Perinatal cerebral injury and postencephalitic dystonia were seen in the younger age group, while post-stroke and tardive dystonia were seen in the older age group.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of the Effect of Temperature on Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Sutherland Garnette R. , Lesiuk Howard , Hazendonk Paul , Peeling James , Buist Richard , Kozlowski Piotr , Jazinski Andrzej , Saunders John K. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Transient forebrain ischemia was induced in rats whose brain temperature was 31, 33, 35, 38, or 40°C. The development of regional injury was followed using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with the ultimate extent of neuronal injury quantified histopathologically. Animals in the hypothermic groups showed minimal changes in MR images over 4 days; normothermic animals snowed intensity enhancement attributed to progressive edema developing in the striatum and, later, in the hippocampus. Ischemia at 40°C resulted in widespread edema formation by I day post-ischemia; animals in this group did not survive beyond 30 hours. Histopathological analysis at 4 days (1 day for the hyperthermic group) post-ischemia showed that neuronal damage in the normothermic group was confined to the hippocampus and striatum. Minimal damage was found in the hypothermic groups; damage in the hyperthermic group was severe throughout the forebrain. There were no differences in the pre-ischemia 31P MR spectra for the different groups. During ischemia, the increase in intensity of the Pi peak and the fall in tissue pH increased with temperature in the order hypothermic < normothermic < hyperthermic group of animals. Post-ischemia energy recovery was similar in all groups, while pH recovered more rapidly in hypothermic animals.
The Distinctive Clinical Features of Paraneoplastic Sensory Neuronopathy
Authors: Chalk Colin H. , Windebank Anthony J. , Kimmel David W. , McManis Philip G. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:A 15-year experience with paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy at the Mayo Clinic is reviewed. Of 26 patients with paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy, 19 had small cell lung cancer, 4 had breast cancer, and 3 had other neoplasms. There was a striking predominance of females (20:6). Neuropathic symptoms (pain, paresthesia, sensory loss) were asymmetric at onset, with a predilection for the upper limbs; in three patients, symptoms were confined to the arms. Electrophysiologic testing revealed absent sensory responses and normal or minimally altered motor responses. Slightly more than half the patients had associated autonomic, cerebellar, or cerebral abnormalities. In some patients, treatment of the neoplasm seemed to halt progression of the neuronopathy, but none had neurologic improvement and most continued to worsen, even when the oncologic response was good. Distinguishing between paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic sensory neuronopathies can be difficult, but prominent neuropathic pain, neurologic dysfunction involving more than the peripheral sensory system, or an increased cerebrospinal fluid protein value should prompt a careful search for a cancer.
Clinically Non-Functioning Human Pituitary Adenomas
Authors: Asa Sylvia L. , Kovacs Kalman 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas are morphologically classified into two groups, those which have hormone immunoreactivity and ultrastructural features of known adenohypophysial cell types but are clinically silent, and those composed of cells that do not resemble nontumorous adenohypophysial cell types. Among the fomer are the silent somatotroph adenomas, silent corticotroph adenomas and silent gonadotroph adenomas; the latter include the silent type III adenomas, null cell adenomas and oncocytomas. We review their histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features, the results of in situ hybridization to determine hormone synthesis by these tumors and data obtained from tissue culture characterizing their hormone release in vitro. Non-functioning adenomas represent a heterogeneous group. The discrepancies between morphology, immunoreactivity and lack of endocrine activity of silent adenomas are not clear. Oncocytomas are variants of null cell adenomas. We suggest that null cell adenomas and oncocytomas originate in uncommitted pluripotent precursor cells capable of undergoing multidirectional differentiation. The progenitor cells differentiate most frequently toward FSH / a-subunit producing cells; the mechanism of preferential differentiation is obscure.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Presenting as a Pituitary Mass Lesion
Authors: Fain Jonathan S. , Naeim Faramarz , Becker Donald P. , Van Herle Andre , Yan-Go Frisca , Petrus Leonard , Vinters Harry V. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:We describe a unique case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in a patient who presented with bitemporal hemianopsia, adrenal insufficiency, and gonadotrophin deficiency. Studies revealed an enhancing intrasellar mass with suprasellar extension and displacement of the optic chiasm. Peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies disclosed a monoclonal IgM kappa expressing B-cell CLL. Biopsy of the pituitary mass revealed dense infiltration of the pituitary gland by leukemic cells. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of CLL presenting as a pituitary mass lesion.
Prehospital Research
Authors: Yealy Donald M. 
Published: May 2019

Prehospital care experienced a “honeymoon” from the early 1970s until recently. Treatments usually were extrapolated directly from the hospital setting, even though the prehospital environment is markedly different. That honeymoon is over and emergency medical services (EMS) providers must prove what is beneficial. Additionally, academic prehospital care physicians interested in professional advancement, must show the same ability as do the more traditional medical academicians to expand the knowledge base of their chosen field.This manuscript will highlight the basic features and identify the potential benefits and pitfalls of prehospital research. This chapter is not a cookbook for EMS research, nor will it obviate the need for accessing other sources on research design. Other manuscripts within this series will focus on more specific topics; yet, it will be obvious that many of the points made here will be re-emphasized in the following papers. That simply is a reflection of the importance of these commonly overlooked perils and pitfalls.
Variations in Ocean Deoxygenation Across Earth System Models: Isolating the Role of Parameterized Lateral Mixing
Authors: Bahl A. , Gnanadesikan A. , Pradal M.‐A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractModern Earth system models (ESMs) disagree on the impacts of anthropogenic global warming on the distribution of oxygen and associated low‐oxygen waters. A sensitivity study using the GFDL CM2Mc model points to the representation of lateral mesoscale eddy transport as a potentially important factor in such disagreement. Because mesoscale eddies are smaller than the spatial scale of ESM ocean grids, their impact must be parameterized using a lateral mixing coefficientAREDI. The value ofAREDIvaries across modern ESMs and nonlinearly impacts oxygen distributions. This study shows that an increase in atmospheric CO2results in a decline in productivity and a decrease in ventilation age in the tropics, increasing oxygen concentrations in the upper thermocline. In high latitudes global warming causes shallowing of deep convection, reducing the supply of oxygen to the deep. The net impact of these processes depends onAREDI, with an increase in hypoxic volume yet smaller total deoxygenation in the low‐mixing models, but a decrease in hypoxic volume yet larger total deoxygenation in the high‐mixing models. All models show decreases in suboxic volume, which are largest in the low‐mixing models. A subset of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models exhibits a similar range of responses to global warming and similar decoupling between total deoxygenation and change in hypoxic volume. Uncertainty in lateral mixing remains an important contributor to uncertainty in projecting ocean deoxygenation.
Intensification of the North American Monsoon Rainfall as Observed From a Long‐Term High‐Density Gauge Network
Authors: Demaria Eleonora M. C. , Hazenberg Pieter , Scott Russell L. , Meles Menberu B. , Nichols Mary , Goodrich David 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs the atmosphere gets warmer, rainfall intensification is expected across the planet with anticipated impacts on ecological and human systems. In the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, the highly variable and localized nature of rainfall during the North American Monsoon makes it difficult to detect temporal changes in rainfall intensities in response to climatic change. This study addresses this challenge by using the dense, subdaily, and daily observations from 59 rain gauges located in southeastern Arizona. We find an intensification of monsoon subdaily rainfall intensities starting in the mid‐1970s that has not been observed in previous studies or simulated with high‐resolution climate models. Our results highlight the need for long‐term, high spatiotemporal observations to detect environmental responses to a changing climate in highly variable environments and show that analyses based on limited observations or gridded data sets fail to capture temporal changes potentially leading to erroneous conclusions.
Enhancing Pain Assessment in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease by Applying Quality Improvement Science
Authors: Sil Soumitri , Goldstein-Leever Alana , Travers Curtis , Gilleland-Marchak Jordan , Alexander Ashley , Thompson Beth , Griffin Anya , McCracken Courtney , New Tamara 
Published: May 2019

Objective: Standardized pain assessment and interventions are recommended for youth hospitalized for pain. This quality improvement project integrated into a pediatric psychology service aimed to increase the standardized assessment of pain-related functional ability for youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) hospitalized for pain. Method: Children and adolescents ( n = 102) with SCD referred for psychology consultation for poor coping in response to pain during hospitalization completed a validated self-report of functional ability in addition to pain intensity during inpatient psychology visits. At the time of the quality initiative, routine and standardized assessment of pain-related functional ability was not integrated into standard clinical care. Plan–do–study–act cycles determined the feasibility and addressed common barriers of routine assessment and documentation of pain-related functional ability among youth with SCD during inpatient psychology visits with the primary goal to increase assessment of functional ability to at least 85% among patients with SCD referred for pediatric psychology consultation to address pain management within 1 year. Results: Through iterative plan–do–study–act cycles, routine assessment of pain-related functional ability during psychology visits increased to an average of 93% over the course of 12 months. Routine, standardized assessment of functional ability was considered feasible within a pediatric psychology service. Conclusions/Lessons Learned: This project supported the feasibility of integrating standardized assessment of functional ability to enhance pain assessment for youth hospitalized for SCD pain as part of routine clinical care in a multidisciplinary setting regardless of psychology referral. Implications for Impact Statement This project illustrates that small systematic changes using an iterative quality improvement process can improve the assessment rates of pain-related functional ability for youth with sickle cell disease hospitalized for pain. Improved multidimensional pain assessment was feasible for clinicians to implement and for patients to complete.
Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Pica in a Typically Developing 3-Year-Old
Authors: Ness Emily , Strohmeier Craig W. , Ramazon Nicholas , O’Connor Julia T. 
Published: May 2019

Pica involves the persistent ingestion of nonfood and nonnutritive substances and may result in harmful consequences such as choking, poisoning, and even death. Most commonly, pica is observed in individuals diagnosed with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) where the cause is oftentimes reported as related to automatic reinforcement or the sensory consequences of ingesting substances. Objectives: In the IDD population, several well-established behavioral treatments are available for pica. Less often reported in the literature are cases of pica in typically developing individuals, in which case, medical interventions are more prevalent despite mixed reports of their success. The current study describes the behavioral treatment of pica for a typically developing 3-year-old female. Method: After a pretreatment functional assessment indicated that pica was maintained by attention from caregivers, a multiple baseline across settings single-case experimental design was used to demonstrate the effects of differential reinforcement, extinction, and a token economy treatment package to decrease rates of pica. Results: Reductions in pica were observed across all settings. Caregivers implemented the final treatment package, with high integrity, which continued to produce low rates of pica. Conclusions: This case report demonstrated that behavioral treatments may lead to reductions in pica in typically developing children when medical interventions are not effective. Implications for Impact Statement Treatments for pica in typically developing children usually involve medical interventions to address nutritional deficiencies (e.g., iron) that may be the cause of pica. This case report describes the successful use of behavioral assessment and treatment technology, commonly used for children with development disabilities, for a typically developing child when a medical intervention failed to resolve pica.
Participant-reported priorities and preferences for developing a home-based physical activity telemonitoring program for persons with tetraplegia: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Pekmezaris Renee , Kozikowski Andrzej , Pascarelli Briana , Handrakis John P. , Chory Ashley , Griffin Doug , Bloom Ona 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Study design
Focus group.

Objectives
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore perceptions and priorities of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) for physical activity and to incorporate their feedback to inform future development of a physical activity program delivered via a telemonitoring platform.

Setting
New York.

Methods
Qualitative data were collected from a purposive sample of adults with tetraplegia (N = 7). Two investigators led an audio-recorded focus group using a moderator’s guide. Data were analyzed using a six-phase thematic analysis approach.

Results
The discussion focused on two major areas, which resulted in multiple derived themes and subthemes. The first theme centered on the daily life of persons with tetraplegia, including changes after SCI, gain of function prioritization, and identification of psychosocial support systems that facilitate community reintegration after injury. The second theme centered on participant perceptions and recommendations for a physical activity program delivered via a telemonitoring platform. Desired design features included variations in schedule, diverse activities, or exercises included in each class, and optional two-way video to enable social interactions with classmates.

Conclusions
Participants favorably viewed the concept of a physical activity program delivered via a telemonitoring platform and contributed program design ideas. Although this was a small sample size, challenges to obtaining physical activity expressed by participants were consistent with those identified previously in larger studies of persons with tetraplegia. Therefore, we expect these concepts and their recommendations to be relevant to the greater SCI community.
miR-23b-3p suppressing PGC1α promotes proliferation through reprogramming metabolism in osteosarcoma
Authors: Zhu Ran , Li Xinpan , Ma Yanhong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMetabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis is a hallmark of osteosarcoma (OS). However, the mechanisms of the metabolic switch have not been completely elucidated. Here we reported that the miR-23b-3p was significantly upregulated in OS cells. Functional studies suggested that knockdown of miR-23b-3p could inhibit OS cell proliferation in vitro or in vivo. In addition, suppression of miR-23b-3p could lead to upregulation of OXPHOS and suppression of glycolysis. Mechanistically, miR-23b-3p promoted OS cell proliferation and inhibited OXPHOS in OS, at least in part, by directly targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC1α) and inhibiting its expression. Our data highlights important roles of miR-23b-3p and PGC1α in glucose metabolism reprogram of OS. The suppression of miR-23b-3p may provide effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of OS.
Thr55 phosphorylation of p21 by MPK38/MELK ameliorates defects in glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Seong Hyun-A. , Ha Hyunjung 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMurine protein serine-threonine kinase 38 (MPK38)/maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase, has previously been shown to interact with p53 and to stimulate downstream signaling. p21, a downstream target of p53, is also known to be involved in adipocyte and obesity metabolism. However, little is known about the mechanism by which p21 mediates obesity-associated metabolic adaptation. Here, we identify MPK38 as an interacting partner of p21. p21 and MPK38 interacted through the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) binding region of p21 and the C-terminal domain of MPK38. MPK38 potentiated p21-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a kinase-dependent manner by inhibiting assembly of CDK2-cyclin E and CDK4-cyclin D complexes via induction of CDK2-p21 and CDK4-p21 complex formation and reductions in complex formation between p21 and its negative regulator mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), leading to p21 stabilization. MPK38 phosphorylated p21 at Thr55, stimulating its nuclear translocation, which resulted in greater association of p21 with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), preventing the PPARγ transactivation required for adipogenesis. Furthermore, restoration of p21 expression by adenoviral delivery in diet-induced obese mice ameliorated obesity-induced metabolic abnormalities in a MPK38 phosphorylation-dependent manner. These results suggest that MPK38 functions as a positive regulator of p21, regulating apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and metabolism during obesity.