bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the number of spanning trees and normalized Laplacian of linear octagonal‐quadrilateral networks
Authors: Liu Jia‐Bao , Zhao Jing , Zhu Zhongxun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe normalized Laplacian makes a great contribution on analyzing the structure properties of nonregular graphs. Let On be a linear octagonal‐quadrilateral network. In this article, we first concern the normalized Laplacian spectrum of On based on the decomposition theorem for the corresponding matrices. Then we derive the closed‐term formulas of the degree‐Kirchhoff index and the number of spanning trees of linear octagonal‐quadrilateral networks on the basis of the relations between the roots and coefficients, respectively.
The apparatus composition and architecture of Erismodus quadridactylus and the implications for element homology in prioniodinin conodonts
Authors: Dhanda Rosie , Murdock Duncan J. E. , Repetski John E. , Donoghue Philip C. J. , Smith M. Paul 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe apparatus composition and architecture of prioniodinin conodonts is poorly understood, largely because few prioniodinin taxa are represented by articulated oral feeding apparatuses (natural assemblages) in the fossil record, but also due to the highly variable gradational morphology of their constituent elements that makes apparatus reconstruction problematic. We describe here a natural assemblage of Erismodus quadridactylus (Stauffer), a prioniodinin, from the Sandbian (Late Ordovician) of North Dakota, USA. The assemblage demonstrates that the apparatus architecture of Erismodus is similar to those of late Palaeozoic prioniodinins namely, Kladognathus Rexroad and Hibbardella Bassler, but also has similarities with ozarkodinin apparatuses. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that E. quadridactylus shares topological similarities to balognathid architecture, with respect to the position of its inferred P elements. The apparatus composition and architecture presented here indicate that, at least with respect to the M–S array, an ‘ozarkodinin‐type’ bauplan is probably more widely representative across prioniodontids. The assemblage demonstrates that element morphotypes traditionally considered to lie within the S array are M elements, whereas others traditionally interpreted as P elements are found in the S array. These observations are used as a basis for refining concepts of element homology among prioniodinin conodonts and their closest relatives.
Inhibition of mTOR by Rapamycin Aggravates Corneal Epithelial Stem Cell Deficiency by Upregulating Inflammatory Response
Authors: Park Jong Woo , Ko Jung Hwa , Kim Bo Hee , Ryu Jin Suk , Kim Hyun Ji , Kim Mee Kum , Oh Joo Youn 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is critical to the regulation of stem cell maintenance and function in a cell-type and context-dependent manner. However, the effects of mTOR signaling on corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs) under inflammatory conditions are not clear. Here, we demonstrate that mTOR inhibition with rapamycin promotes apoptosis of CESCs in a mouse model of sterile inflammation-induced CESC deficiency, and thereby aggravates the disease. Apoptosis induction in CESCs by rapamycin is not due to direct effect of rapamycin on the cells, but mediated by increase in neutrophilic inflammation. The interleukin (IL)-10/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 anti-inflammatory pathway was downregulated in a Toll-like receptor 2-independent manner after rapamycin treatment and IL-10 replenishment abrogated the effects of rapamycin on inflammation and CESC apoptosis. Hence, our data reveal that the mTOR signaling is implicated in the control of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance in the cornea and that mTOR inhibition with rapamycin is detrimental to CESCs by accelerating inflammation-induced collateral damage to the cells. Stem Cells 2019;37:1212–1222
Winter Survival, Habitat Use, and Hypoxia Tolerance of Montana Arctic Grayling in a Winterkill‐Prone Lake
Authors: Davis Michael N. , McMahon Thomas E. , Webb Molly A. H. , Ilgen Jason E. , Hitch Alan T. , Jaeger Matthew E. , Cutting Kyle A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWinter hypoxia in shallow, ice‐covered lakes can be a significant limiting factor for overwintering fish populations. In this study we tested the hypothesis that low overwinter survival due to winter hypoxia is a limiting factor for a rare, adfluvial population of native Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus inhabiting Upper Red Rock Lake, Montana. We used a combined laboratory and telemetry study to document the extent of hypoxia over two winters and to assess the physiological tolerance, behavioral response, and winter survival in relation to hypoxia. In the laboratory, we observed a significant behavioral and physiological response to dissolved oxygen (DO) levels ≤ 4.0 mg/L and determined acute 24‐h LC50 values (concentration lethal to 50% of test fish) of 0.75 mg/L DO for adults and 1.50–1.96 mg/L for juveniles at temperatures of 1–3°C. In the field study, we observed dynamic DO concentrations (DO < 1.0 to 10.0 mg/L) during winter ice cover, ranging from persistent near‐anoxic conditions near the bottom to DO concentrations > 4.0 mg/L in the epilimnion. Radiotelemetry indicated adult winter survival rate was high (0.97 in 2014, 0.95 in 2015) and that telemetered fish selected deeper (>1 m), more oxygenated habitat during ice cover. Our study demonstrated that Arctic Grayling have a high tolerance to acute hypoxia exposure and exhibit a physiological and behavioral stress response to DO concentrations ≤ 4.0 mg/L. Although hypoxia was present in parts of the lake, sufficient suitable habitat with DO > 4.0 mg/L was available in the lake epilimnion in both study winters. However, winter conditions more severe than those observed during our 2‐year study occur periodically in the lake, and thus winterkill could still be a limiting factor for the population.
Graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes nanocoating for improved scale inhibitor adsorption ability onto rock formation
Authors: Ishtiaq Umair , Muhsan Ali Samer , Rozali Ain Syahirah , Mohamed Norani M. , Badri Albarody Thar M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe formation of mineral scale has been a major constraint in the oilfield operations as it leads to numerous flow assurance issues. Scale deposition in the formation and production tubing can restrict the flow of hydrocarbon and interferes with the running and operation of downhole equipment. Scale inhibition squeeze treatment is one of the most common form of scale prevention. Although current squeeze treatment is the optimal way to prevent scale from depositing, it is still lack in certain aspect such as adsorption ability and retention time within the rock formation. This paper presents promising advantages of engaging nanotechnology to enhance current scale inhibition treatment. Experimental studies were carried out to examine the potential benefits of using graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes to increase the adsorption of conventional scale inhibitor, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on rock formation in a process called nano-carbon enhanced squeeze treatment (NCEST). This process involves treating the rock surface in the near wellbore region with nanomaterials that allow better adsorption capacity of scale inhibitor. Analysis testing using various techniques including field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer were conducted to study the adsorption, retention and bonding of the scale inhibitor with nanomaterials and rock. NCEST technique was observed to significantly increase the adsorption of EDTA on rock sample treated with nanomaterials with a maximum adsorption of 180 mg/g compared to 51 mg/g on rock sample without nanomaterials treatment. In terms of cost–benefit, it is estimated to have significant reduction in operating expenses (up to 50%) after implementing the NCEST technique compared to that of conventional squeeze treatment.
An inferentialist account of students’ collaboration in mathematics education
Authors: Seidouvy Abdel , Schindler Maike 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCollaboration is an increasingly popular topic in mathematics education due to its potential to foster students’ learning. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the semantic philosophical theory of inferentialism and its value for investigating students’ collaboration. We suggest that Brandom’s inferentialism can serve as a valuable theoretical resource to overcome certain issues of existing theoretical viewpoints on student collaboration. In particular, we argue that inferentialism may help to understand the individual and social nature of collaboration as intertwined. We illustrate our inferentialist approach using data from two scenes taken from video-recorded group work sessions from a fifth and seventh grade primary school class in Sweden. The topic in both classes was data generation in statistics.
Plasma amyloid β 40/42 ratio predicts cerebral amyloidosis in cognitively normal individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Vergallo Andrea , Mégret Lucile , Lista Simone , Cavedo Enrica , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Vanmechelen Eugeen , De Vos Ann , Habert Marie‐Odile , Potier Marie‐Claude , Dubois Bruno , Neri Christian , Hampel Harald ,   and the INSIGHT‐preAD study group,   for the Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI)
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionBlood‐based biomarkers of pathophysiological brain amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, particularly for preclinical target and large‐scale interventions, are warranted to effectively enrich Alzheimer's disease clinical trials and management.MethodsWe investigated whether plasma concentrations of the Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio, assessed using the single‐molecule array (Simoa) immunoassay, may predict brain Aβ positron emission tomography status in a large‐scale longitudinal monocentric cohort (N = 276) of older individuals with subjective memory complaints. We performed a hypothesis‐driven investigation followed by a no‐a‐priori hypothesis study using machine learning.ResultsThe receiver operating characteristic curve and machine learning showed a balanced accuracy of 76.5% and 81%, respectively, for the plasma Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio. The accuracy is not affected by the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, sex, or age.DiscussionOur results encourage an independent validation cohort study to confirm the indication that the plasma Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio, assessed via Simoa, may improve future standard of care and clinical trial design.
Case Of Víctor Velásquez Reyes
Authors: Riesenfeld Stefan A. 
Published: May 2019

The judgment of the Supreme Court of Colombia, rendered upon the petition by a citizen to declare Law 20 of 1974, approving the concordat between the Holy See and Colombia, to be unconstitutional, deals with one of the most controversial aspects of the interface between international law and constitutional law under many modern constitutions. In most contemporary constitutional systems, the conclusion of international agreements requires parliamentary participation. In the United States only one house—the Senate—must give its advice and consent, but in the majority of states with bicameral systems, including Colombia, the approval must be given by both houses, usually in the form of a statute, the so-called ratification law. According to Article 120, subsection 20, of the Constitution of Colombia,
it is the task of the President, as head of the state and highest administrative authority, to conduct the diplomatic and commercial relations with the other nations and entities under international law … and to conclude with other nations and entities under international law treaties and conventions, which are to be subject to approval by Congress.
“The Future Golden Day of the Race”: Millennialism and Black Americans in the Nadir, 1877–1901
Authors: Fulop Timothy E. 
Published: May 2019

At the turn of the century, Edward W. Blyden, resident of Liberia and former Presbyterian missionary from America, read to some African natives the following description from the New YorkIndependentof the burning of a black man in Georgia:Sam Hose was burned on Sunday afternoon in the presence of thousands of people. Before the fire had been kindled the mob amused themselves by cutting off the ears, fingers, toes, etc. to carry away as mementos. After the burning, and before the body was cool, it was cut to pieces, the heart and liver being especially cut up and sold. Small pieces of bone brought 25 cents, and “a bit of liver, crisply cooked, sold for 10 cents.” So eager were the crowd to obtain souvenirs that a rush for the stake was made, and those near the body were forced against and had to fight for their escape.
The 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons and the applicability of rules governing means of combat in a non-international armed conflict
Authors: Plattner Denise 
Published: May 2019

Having reached the tenth anniversary of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects, adopted on 10 October 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the 1980 Convention), we can measure the progress brought about by the treaty within the limits which the law sets for the suffering caused by war. Paradoxically, however, we are witnessing an increasing number of situations which, in form at least, fall outside the scope of application of the 1980 Convention, namely non-international armed conflicts.Yet international humanitarian law on methods and means of combat includes general rules applicable to all armed conflict, and hence to non-international armed conflicts too. The provisions of the 1980 Convention are an application of those general rules to the means of combat which the treaty is intended to regulate. The question thus arises whether some of the rules of conduct laid down in the 1980 Convention are applicable to all armed conflicts, whether international or non-international. In the present study, we shall attempt to reply at least to some extent to that question.
Market Overt in the Sale of Goods: Israeli Law in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Zamir Eyal 
Published: May 2019

Market overt deals with the conflict between thebona fidepurchaser of a chattel and the person whose rights in the property are injured by the sale. Schematically there are three people involved in this situation: the original owner, the seller and the purchaser. The most simple illustration is the case in which A steals goods belonging to B and sells them to C, who does not know of their origin. On the common assumption that A disappears or is insolvent (and even on the assumption that his whereabouts are known and it is possible to file a claim against him) the question arises, who is entitled to the goods, B or C, and who must bear the loss. In the absence of special circumstances, one is unable to say which of the two has a more “just” claim to title — both have an absolutely valid claim. The layman and the legalist are confounded by this situation, and are without even a clear intuition of whom to favour.The large variety of solutions to this dilemma offered by different legal systems is testimony to this conundrum. As in other questions, the Israeli legislature did not adopt a solution drafted by any particular foreign system, but drafted an original and independent rule. Elements of this rule are similar to the constituent elements in comparative rules in other systems, but the compilation of all these constituents is unique and different from all other rules.
Foundations of Rights Jurisprudence in Israel: Chief Justice Agranat's Legacy
Authors: Lahav Pnina 
Published: May 2019

“Liberty of the individual is a thing of the past, or the future, in Palestine”, wrote Bernard Joseph, a distinguished member of Israel's “government in the making” in 1948, shortly before Israel was inaugurated as a sovereign state. Joseph's “present” was the dusk of British rule in Palestine. Draconian Defence (Emergency) Regulations suspended conventional liberties ordinary westerners were accustomed to expect and turned Palestine into a police state.Precisely what “liberty of the individual” the esteemed jurist, who held degrees from both McGill University and the University of London, had in mind when he invoked the past of Palestine is not entirely clear. He could not have possibly meant liberty under the Ottoman regime which prevailed until 1918. Ottoman rule in Palestine was authoritarian, feudal and corrupt.
Forty Years of Public Law
Authors: Kretzmer David 
Published: May 2019

It would be impossible in a short lecture to give a comprehensive survey of all the changes that have occurred in the last forty years in that branch of law known as “Israel common law”. I will not, therefore, try to do so. Instead, I wish to single out the most distinctive phenomenon in this area of law. I refer to the conceptual/intellectual revolution in the outlook of the court regarding the nature of its judicial function. The original view, according to which the sole function of the court in the area of public law is to decide disputes between citizens and public authorities, has been abandoned and replaced by an outlook that views the court as an institution responsible for the legality of public administration, or, as the court itself is accustomed to defining the matter, for the rule of law.I shall divide my discussion into two parts. In the first part I will briefly discuss the prominent changes that have occurred in the judicial decisions regarding public law in recent years, and the judicial philosophy underlying these changes.
Family Law in Israel: The Struggle Between Religious and Secular Law
Authors: Shifman Pinhas 
Published: May 2019

When our Sages searched for an analogy to a situation in which a compromise or balance had to be found between two opposing forces pulling in opposite directions, they invoked the picturesque image of the “muleteer and the camel driver”. The muleteer runs behind the animal and prods him with the stick in his hand, whereas whoever drives the camel must walk in front of him, tugging gently at the halter. A person who has been charged with driving both a mule and a camel at the same time must, therefore, walk between the two and accustom himself to a middle way of walking which will more or less suit both beasts.This analogy came to mind when I was asked to review the main trends in family law in Israel. Here we have a system afflicted with legal schizophrenia, for within it, two different juridical systems — that of religious law (or laws) and that of secular law — are struggling and pulling in opposite directions. To find a balance or compromise between these two is the major part of the task with which the legislator, and also the judge, is charged, and it is a mission which is not always successfully accomplished.
Israel Civil Courts and Rabbinical Courts Under One Roof
Authors: Frimer Dov I. 
Published: May 2019

There can be no quarrel with Prof. Pinhas Shifman's essential thesis. The attempt to have two kings rule the same kingdom at one and the same time has undoubtedly failed. The “mixed marriage” between two legal systems, having different — and at times contradictory — philosophies of law, world outlooks and social goals, has given birth to a child which neither parent is eager to acknowledge. As is usually the case in failed marriages, here too each side blames the other for the failure; the civil system points an accusing finger at the religious system, and the Rabbinical Courts blame the civil courts. Prof. Shifman is certainly correct in his claim that the complexity of this situation has given rise to a certain tendentiousness among both the civil and the Rabbinical Court judges, with each group zealously seeking to enlarge its own kingdom.Although I do not find fault with the general picture sketched by Prof. Shifman, I cannot agree with some of the finer details; in particular, with certain examples cited by Prof. Shifman in support of his conclusions, which are correct in and of themselves.
Criminal Procedure and Evidence
Authors: Harnon Eliahu 
Published: May 2019

Once upon a time there was a lawyer who was most familiar with the rules of criminal procedure and of evidence in force in mandatory Palestine in May 1948. One day in June 1948, the lawyer disappeared. Some say he fell into a deep sleep for many years. Only after the passage of forty years he awoke.Turning to and fro, he will immediately recognize the Ottoman building that houses the courts in Jerusalem's Russian Compound. He will also feel at home with the basic hierarchy of the judiciary: two courts of first instance—magistrates' and district—and no intermediate court of appeal between the district level and the Supreme Court.
Issues in the Law of Torts
Authors: Gilead Israel 
Published: May 2019

In a recent article, Prof. Izhak Englard reviewed the salient developments in tort law over the last decade. These developments are:(a) Deciding the question of the internal structure of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance as regards the relationship between the general and the specific torts.(b) Extension of tortious liability for negligence, and the crystallization of the conceptual framework of that tort.(c) Expanding the scope of the tort of breach of a statutory duty by allowing the unimpeded inclusion of statutory duties within the scope of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance.(d) Removal of the umbrella erected by the case law in order to shield the State and its agencies from liability for negligence and the breach of a statutory duty, and the equation of the position of the State to that of other tortfeasors.
Forty Years of Contract Law
Authors: Shalev Gabriela 
Published: May 2019

With the establishment of the State of Israel and the enactment of sec. 11 of the Law and Administration Ordinance, 1948, Israeli law absorbed the Mandatory law which had applied prior to independence. Israeli contract law of forty years ago was comprised of two main components: Ottoman law and English law.The component of Ottoman law consisted primarily of theMejelleand of the substantive provisions of the Ottoman Code of Civil Procedure. Some of the books of theMejelleregulated important contractual transactions, such as sale and lease. The Ottoman Code of Civil Procedure included provisions concerning compensation for damage, but the most important and significant provision was sec. 64, which established, in our law, the principle of freedom of contract. By virtue of this section, validity was conferred upon all contracts made in Israel, except those contrary to statutory law, to morality or to public order, and the power of the parties to a contract to contract out of the provisions of theMejellewas accorded recognition.
Labour Law
Authors: Eliasoff Itzhak 
Published: May 2019

Anyone wishing to survey and evaluate the principal developments in Israeli labour law since the establishment of the State must relate both to the whole range of labour legislation, including legislation in the area of social security, and to the case law which has grown up alongside this legislation, which has interpreted it, and has completed and developed norms lacking in the legislation.Labour legislation in Israel, particularly in its initial stages, as Prof. Raday mentioned, was the outcome of a planned initiative. The legislation was designed to express the political and social independence of the State, to adopt the accepted international norms in this area, and to integrate Israel into the international community.