bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractional Composition of Phosphorus Forms in Sediments Related to Release
Authors: Furumai H , Ohgaki S 
Published: May 2018

The relation between the fractional composition of phosphorus forms in sediment and phosphorus release was investigated experimentally using incubation bottles. The validity of the sediment phsophorus fractionation method developed in the field of soil science was examined and it proved to be successful for fractionation of pure phosphate compounds which were added to sediments. The iron and aluminum phosphate and adsorbed phosphorus were recovered in NaOH (lN) extractable ortho-phosphate (NaOH-o-P) fraction, calcium phosphate in HC1 (lN) extractable ortho-phosphate (HCl-o-P) fraction, and organic phosphorus in MaOH extractable total-phosphorus except for ortho-phosphate (NaOH-[T-o]-P) fraction and residual (Res.-P) fraction. This method was used to identify the form of phosphorus in sediments collected from a lake and a canal. NaOH-o-P fraction was the main phosphorus constituent in both sediments.
The change in MaOH-o-P fraction accounted for most of the change in total sediment phosphorus. NaOH-o-P fraction in the sediment decreased during the period of incubation as the concentrations in the water increased but other fractions remained constant. The addition of iron phosphate and adsorbed phosphorus to the sediments promoted phosphorus release. Therefore, the changes in the fractional composition of the phosphorus forms indicated that NaOH-o-P fraction is the form of phosphorus which is most easily released under anaerobic condition. The amount of this fraction is the index of the phosphorus release potential of sediments.
Enterovirus Concentration Using Automated Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration
Authors: Belfort G , Paluszek A , Sturman L S 
Published: May 2018

The Automated Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration (AHFU) method is proposed here as a simple, efficient and rapid virus concentration technique from tap and drinking water sources.
The results reported here extend the testing of the AHFU method to include two Picornaviruses [Poliovirus 2 (vaccine) and Echovirus 1] and Reovirus 3. Their respective mean virus recoveries from between 3 and 100 l of tap water is 88 ± 26, 79 ± 60, and 104 ± 48%.
Various approaches including membrane surface modification, changes in backwash hydrodynamics, modification of the feed and backwash composition, and the use of S35-methionine labelled Poliovirus 2, are used to study the recovery of sorbed Poliovirus 2 from the hollow fiber/solution interface. An increase in the backwash pH to between 9.5 and 10.5 significantly improved Poliovirus 2 recovery. This, together with the labelled experiments, indicates that the virus-membrane interactions are probably electrostatic in nature. Convective polarization during filtration probably brings the virus close enough to the surface for these interactions to occur since virus losses were not detected for a non-permeation recycle experiment.
Because very low Reynold's numbers are used, the flow is in the creeping-flow-regime for both filtration and backwashing (axial and radial). Unless significantly higher Reynolds could be used, enhanced recovery due to purely hydrodynamic forces is unlikely. High Reynold's numbers, of course, are limited by the pressure constraints of the hollow fibers.
The Economic Impact on an Urban and Industrial Complex of Mineral Pollution in the Water Supply – A Case Study
Authors: Heynike J J C , McCulloch S F 
Published: May 2018

The only water source available to the most dense urban industrial and mining territory in the Republic of South Africa is subjected to increasing mineral pollution. Investigations of the causes and effects are referred to as well as to the mathematical modelling of the water system that could lead to improved water quality.
The economic effects and costs to the Community as a whole are described and quantified.
Application of the Marais - Ekama Activated Sludge Model to Large Plants
Authors: Nicholls H A 
Published: May 2018

The Marais-Ekama model was used to successfully predict the performance of two 50 000 m3/d five-stage nutrient removing activated sludge plants. The experimental data used to test the model was obtained by monitoring the feed, effluent and contents of each reactor in the process, every two hours for 4 days. In addition, a respirometer was developed to measure the oxygen utilisation rate automatically every 30 minutes. All data collected was found to be valid, as acceptable COD and nitrogen balances across the plants were possible. The data was then compared with the steady state and unsteady state responses of the model.
It was found that the model could successfully predict the COD, TKN, Ammonia and nitrate concentrations in the effluent and illustrate some shortcomings in the process layouts. This indicated that the model could be used by designers and operators of large-scale plants to predict performance and highlight problem areas.
An Integrated Low Cost System for Treatment of Potato Processing Wastewater Incorporating Anaerobic Fermentation and Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Parker J G , Lyons B J , Parker C D 
Published: May 2018

The pollution load from a modern potato processing plant represents a substantial wastewater treatment and disposal problem with considerable potential for process innovation. With continued increase in energy costs, recent developments in treatment of industrial organic wastes by direct anaerobic fermentation rather than conventional energy intensive aerobic processes, offer considerable cost savings for wastewater treatment in the potato and other food processing industries.
The development, through pilot plant investigations, of a low cost, integrated system incorporating anaerobic fermentation and phosphorus removal facilities is described. Details of full scale plant design, performance and costs, including aspects of utilization of treatment plant by-product biogas, and land disposal of residual phosphorus sludge as low grade fertilizer, are presented.
Operating data obtained since commissioning of the full scale plant in January, 1980 demonstrates consistent achievement of an overall B.O.D.5 removal efficiency of 90% and an overall phosphorus removal efficiency of 93%. Total annual treatment cost is $A0.15/kg B0D5 removed (1981 costs).
Simultaneous Pasteurization – Digestion (SPD-Process)
Authors: Kugel G 
Published: May 2018

As part of the regional sludge disposal system of recycling to land, which is integrated into the Niers river basin management of the Niersverband, FRG, pasteurization is done in combination with the anaerobical stabilisation of sludge in order to ensure a long-term agricultural disposal with respect to hygienic hazards which is in general much less expensive than any other alternative sludge handling and disposal.
During the past 15 years of Niersverband activity in liquid sludge recycling pasteurization has been done after digestion, mostly by flash heating along the CANZLER process with steam. Alternative heating by submerged combustion here has been proved reliable after nearly 10 years experience of several installations of this kind for raw sludge pasteurization with oil fuel supply.
Submerged combustion heating with digestion gas supply has been running at a medium sized sewage treatment plant (100.000 population equivalents) during the past two years. The pasteurization, which was first done after digestion, was now successfully put in front of the anaerobical stabilisation with sufficient gas yield, organic matter degradation, and stable low concentration of organic acids (CH3 COOH) in the digester at a positive gas energy balance.
Role of Equipment Suppliers
Authors: Bernard J 
Published: May 2018

Equipment represents one of the essential elements in the transfer of technology. The need for new equipment may have many different origins of technical, social or economical nature. The exchange of knowledge between searchers, designers, manufacturers and users is not equally easy in all cases but, in a free competition economy, the information is diffused very rapidly.
Depending on the countries and the final owners and users of works, the extent of technical knowledge and of the responsibilities demanded from equipment suppliers may be highly different and this influences the efficiency and rapidity of the transfer of technology.
Water Pollution Control in Developing Areas – Training and Education
Authors: Pöppinghaus K 
Published: May 2018

In training and further education in water pollution control areas in developing countries, the measures for substantial construction must be carried out as a long term strategy in the developing country and the measures for the elimination of acute emergencies as a short term strdzegy as well in the developing country and as in the donating countries.
Programmes and solutions for the elimination of the critical stage of training and for further education are derived from and presented in an analysis of the state of training and further education. The aspects of training within the targets of Water Decade are especially discussed. The bulk of aid in training and further education made by international organizations and by the Federal Republic of Germany is illustrated. The demands on the training of engineers and the training possibilities are derived.
Low-Cost Technology for Water Pollution Control in Developing Countries
Authors: Cillié G G 
Published: May 2018

An estimated 80 % of all illnesses in developing countries is in one way or another related to water. In order to alleviate this most serious condition, the united Nations has initiated the “International Water Decade”, for which the estimated costs are $600 000 million, a sum which is far beyond any available means. By application of “low-cost technology” this sum could be reduced to $100 000 million which brings the objective within the reach of possibility.
Details are given of the design and methods of construction of units which are best suited to the specific requirements and which would be simple, reliable and economical to operate. These can be constructed largely from local materials and by local labour.
The need for appropriate training of both operators and the user population is stressed.
Lime Treatment of Acid Mine Water and Associated Solids/Liquid Separation
Authors: Bosman D J 
Published: May 2018

Mine waters become contaminated to a varying degree with the oxidation products of pyritic materials associated with the minerals. Waters containing from 6 000 to 13 000 mg/L of sulphates and up to almost 5 000 mg/L of iron are reported. For practical or economical reasons it is not yet possible to prevent this contamination of mine water. Prevention of pollution of surface water in South Africa is mostly confined to the neutralisation of acid mine water with lime. The neutralisation reaction results in the precipitation of a voluminous sludge containing mostly iron hydroxide and calcium sulphate, when the latter is formed in excess of its solubility in water.
The sludge usually settles to volumes equal to 10 percent of the volume of the water treated, but volumes as high as 50 per cent have been found.
Through application of the “High Density Sludge” process, which comprises sludge recirculation and conditioning with lime in addition to conventional neutralisation and sedimentation, the volume of these sludges has been reduced to 0,4-2,0 per cent of the volume of water treated. The seeding of calcium sulphate resulting in a reduction of scale build-up on plant equipment seems to be an advantage of the process.
Dissolved air flotation was found an attractive alternative means of solids/liquid separation to gravity settling for water producing relatively low amounts of sludge (100 to 200 mg solids per litre). At hydraulic loadings of 7 m3/m2.h (seven times higher than gravity settling) the flotation process produced an effluent containing less than 15 mg/L suspended matter and a sludge with a density of 50 g/L.
The Environmental Impact of Coal Mining and Combustion in South Africa
Authors: Funke J W 
Published: May 2018

Tonnagewise, airborne pollutants from coal combustion by far exceed waterborne pollutants from coal mining and washing. About 1 mil.t/a of SO2, probably 1 mil.t/a of fly-ash, about 0,3 mil.t/a of NOx and a few 1000 t/a of trace elements are presently emitted by ESCOM and SASOL power stations as compared with 0,1 to 0,2 mil. t/a of waterborne total dissolved solids from all coalfields. The non-quantifiable amount of airborne pollution from burning discard dumps which is not included in the above estimate can be eliminated by proper stacking methods. Insufficient information is available to ascertain the effects of airborne pollution originating mainly from the Transvaal Highveld, and thereby to obtain guidance for the course of action to be taken.
The water in the Loskop Dam receiving all mine drainage from coalfields supplying over half total tonnage of coal mined in Southern Africa is still of good, but probably deteriorating quality.
Using Acid Mine Water for Removal of Phosphates from Sewage Effluent
Authors: van der Merwe P H , Maree J P , Basson N D 
Published: May 2018

An experiment was carried out at the Rondebult sewage purification works, regarding the use of underground mine water with a high iron content for phosphate removal from sewage effluents, to comply with a limit of 1 mg/ℓ soluble orthophosphates in the effluent.
The theory of iron phosphate precipitation is discussed and reference made to phosphate removal plants in Wisconsin, U.S.A. Iron and aluminium salts did not seem to harm biological life on the filter. The dosing of mine drainage appeared to inhibit nitrification, reduce the pH increase through the filters, increase TDS by about 500 mg/ℓ, but an equivalent dosage of 20 mg/ℓ Fe maintained the final P below 1 mg/ℓ at a cost of 0,1 c/m3, one-tenth of the cost if chemicals had been used.
Virus Concentration from Water Using High-Rate Tangential-Flow Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration
Authors: Dziewulski David M , Belfort Georges 
Published: May 2018

The efficacy of tangential flow hollow fiber Ultrafiltration (TFHFU) as a means of concentrating poliovirus 2 (Sabin) from large volumes of tap water was studied. Initially, hydrodynamic studies using 50-1 tap water feed solutions were conducted to evaluate transmembrane flux as a function of axial flow rates (or Reynold's numbers, Re). With increasing Reynold's number, flux-decline rates were reduced. As a result, experimental duration was shortened from 110 min at Re=300 to 30 min at Re=1728. In all cases, radial flow was assisted by a vacuum force applied to the outside of the hollow fibers. Virus recovery capability was evaluated using 20-, 50-, and 100-1 feed samples seeded with poliovirus 2 from 604 to 0.5 pfu/ml.
All virus experiments were conducted at Re=1728 and a vacuum force of 3.27 × 104 Pa. The mean duration of the 20-, 50-, and 100-1 experiments was 13, 42, and 79 minutes, respectively. The overall average virus recovery from all experiments was 69.1 ± 24.6%.
In operating the tangential-flow hollow fiber ultrafiltration module in its normal recycle-mode with low turbidity waters (&lt;10 NTU), the expected steady flux-decline resulting from membrane fouling was not observed. Instead, the transmembrane permeation flux was maintained at a relatively constant value especially near the end of the experiments when the solute concentration in the feed increased the fastest. Increased feed water temperature resulting from the addition of pumping energy during recycle is responsible for this unexpected advantage. Final temperatures never exceeded a point at which virus inactivation would occur. For high turbidity feed waters (75 to 85 NTU), obtained by the addition of kaolin clay, virus recoveries varied from 30 to 49%, Final turbidities at the termination of a 50-1 run were from 950 to &gt;1000 NTU. In spite of the high turbidity, the mean experiment duration for dehydrating 50 liters of turbid feed water was 39 minutes; approximately the same as for the low-turbidity tap water runs.
Monitoring of Excess Temperature Fields
Authors: Nielsen J. Bundgaard 
Published: May 2018

In the process of monitroing the impacts resulting from thermal pollution from power plants the excess heat is widely used as an indicator. One single environmental standard may however not be appropriate to cover the different physical aspects of locations for such plants.
This paper discusses various approaches (intensive and long-term measurements, modelling) and the interrelation to hydrographic conditions, and as the final result, the definition or revision of monitoring programmes.
The presentation is elucidated with examples from recent Danish monitoring programmes.
Seawater Scrubber Effluent from Flue Gas Treatment – An Evaluation of Possible Ecological Consequences
Authors: Bjerkeng B , Knutzen J 
Published: May 2018

Two alternative arrangements for scrubber effluent discharge are considered: to the surface layer together with the cooling water, or from a separate outlet at about 50 m depth. Effects are considered both for untreated effluent and with lime treatment and aeration of the effluent. The extention of water volumes with effluent concentrations above given limits are estimated for proposed power plant sites in the outer Oslofjord, and effects with respect to pH, oxygen, metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered.
The study indicates that mixed discharge of scrubber effluent and cooling water to the surface layer without treatment may harm the marine communities by causing mean pH reduction close to 0.5 units in the upper 10 m of the outer part of the Oslofjord. Treatment of the effluent will reduce the seriously affected area and volume of surface water masses by at least 90%. No significant harmful oxygen effects are indicated for a surface discharge. By deep water discharge of untreated scrubber effluent pH would be lowered only in intermediate layers, and in a relatively minor part of the total pelagic environment, making this discharge arrangement more acceptable as regards effects from acidification. The oxygen deficit will not be serious in the primary recipient area, but there may be unacceptable reduction of oxygen renewal in the deeper layers of the inner Oslofjord. Treatment will make pH-effects from a deep discharge negligible, and reduce oxygen demand by 80%, making the effluent acceptable in these respects for many recipients. Risk of metal effects seems moderate or small, while the data on discharge of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were too uncertain for conclusions at the time of the study.
Sulphur and Chloride Deposition and Ecosystem Transport in a Strongly Acidified Lake Watershed
Authors: Hultberg Hans , Grennfelt Peringe , Olsson Bengt 
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an attempt to synthesize deposition and ecosystem transport of sulphur and chloride through a strongly acidified lake watershed on the Swedish west coast. The results are based on field monitoring during a two-year period of concentrations in air, precipitation, streams and lakes. The water transport was monitored in three small watersheds and at the outlet of the total watershed.
The dry deposition was estimated from concentration measurements and deposition velocities. Besides, throughfall was monitored in one small forested watershed.
The estimated depositions into different subsystems were in good agreement with monitored outflows. The sulphur deposition to areas with coniferous forests were estimated to be 25-31 kg/ha·yr and to lake areas to about 19 kg/ha·yr. The marine part of the input is about 10%. The estimated retention of sulphur in the total watershed is 8-21%.
Biochemical Changes Associated with Luxury Phosphate Uptake in a Modified Phoredox Activated Sludge System
Authors: Potgieter D J J , Evans B W 
Published: May 2018

Several chemical and biochemical parameters were monitored for in a laboratory scale modified Phoredox activated sludge system fed with settled sewage. The influence of several substrates and pH on phosphate release under anaerobic conditions was investigated.
The significance of some chemical and biochemical parameters in relation to luxury phosphate uptake is discussed and related to a concept of imbalanced provision of intermediates and other nutrients as the primary cause of enhanced phosphate uptake.
Sludge Thickening and Dewatering in the Gruppenklårwerk I of the Niersverband, F.R.G.
Authors: Braun H J , Zingler E 
Published: May 2018

The Niersverband, a river basin management association, has been concerned with the agricultural utilization of liquid sludge since 1960. Altogether about 400,000 m3 of mostly digested sludge are annually transported to farmland.
The German “Law of Garbage and Waste Disposal” has caused some new restrictions in agricultural utilization; mainly they are:during growing seasons utilization is not allowed, transport to grass land is out of the question,limit values are given for heavy metal concentrations,the loadings of solid matter to farmland are limited (500 tons per km2 or 1259 tons per square mile in 3 years).
So in 1980 it was necessary to examine the technical possibilities of sludge handling during the growing season.
The construction of larger storage tanks was found to be very expensive. There were also some risks with the chromium content from leather and textile works. Moreover this alternative would include the disadvantages of additional staff and tankers.
The result of the examination has been an installation which enablessludge dewatering during growing seasons and deposition of the output in an intermediate storage basinsludge thickening by mixing liquid sludge with dewatered sludge from the storage basin or the dewatering machine
The favourable drainability of the digested sludge allows the use of centrifuges.
During the growing season the dewatered sludge is pumped by high-pressure pumps to the storage basin.
Out of the growing season the daily amount of liquid sludge is thickened in a ploughsharemixer by adding dewatered sludge. The initial solid matter concentration of about 5.3 % is increased to 10 %. Using this method no additional staff or tankers are necessary, although the annual time of agricultural utilization is shorter and the loading of solid matter on the fields has been reduced.
Finally it is pointed out that with some supplementary lime dosage the installation guarantees a final product which can be deposited on a refuse tip.
Guidelines for the Utilisation of Sewage Sludge on Land in the United Kingdom
Authors: Healey M G 
Published: May 2018

The paper outlines general policy on sludge disposal in the United Kingdom and administrative arrangements for water services. It indicates the legislative controls though good practice is achieved through observance of non-statutory guidelines. Statistics largely emanating from a recent survey are given.
The resource value of sewage sludge is placed in national context and an appraisal is made of the potential risk to health, the environment and crop yield, though years of experience have shown little risk so long as good practice is followed.
The UK guidelines are designed to encourage the utilisation of sewage sludge making recommendations on suitable uses and the precautions to be observed. General advice is given on good agricultural and sewage sludge disposal practice and on the monitoring of operations.
The paper concludes with reference to research being undertaken for the purpose of confirming or refining the guidelines.