bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unequally into “Us”: Characteristics of Individuals in Asymmetrically Committed Relationships
Authors: Stanley Scott M. , Rhoades Galena K. , Kelmer Gretchen , Scott Shelby B. , Markman Howard J. , Fincham Frank D. 
Published: October 2018

This study examined characteristics of individuals that are associated with being in asymmetrically committed relationships (ACRs), defined as romantic relationships in which there was a substantial difference in the commitment levels of the partners. These ACRs were studied in a national sample of unmarried, opposite‐sex romantic relationships (N = 315 couples). Perceiving oneself as having more potential alternative partners was associated with increased odds of being the less committed partner in an ACR compared to not being in an ACR, as was being more attachment avoidant, having more prior relationship partners, and having a history of extradyadic sex during the present relationship. Additionally, having parents who never married was associated with being the less committed partner in an ACR but parental divorce was not. Although fewer characteristics were associated with being the more committed partner within an ACR, more attachment anxiety was associated with increased odds of being in such a position compared to not being in an ACR. We also address how some findings change when controlling for commitment levels. Overall, the findings advance understanding of commitment in romantic relationships, particularly when there are substantial asymmetries involved. Implications for both research on asymmetrical commitment as well as practice (e.g., therapy or relationship education) are discussed.
Uneven winter snow influence on tree growth across temperate China
Authors: Wu Xiuchen , Li Xiaoyan , Liu Hongyan , Ciais Philippe , Li Yuanqiao , Xu Chongyang , Babst Flurin , Guo Weichao , Hao Bingyan , Wang Pei , Huang Yongmei , Liu Shaomin , Tian Yuhong , He Bin , Zhang Cicheng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWinter snow is an important driver of tree growth in regions where growing‐season precipitation is limited. However, observational evidence of this influence at larger spatial scales and across diverse bioclimatic regions is lacking. Here, we investigated the interannual effects of winter (here defined as previous October to current February) snow depth on tree growth across temperate China over the period of 1961–2015, using a regional network of tree ring records, in situ daily snow depth observations, and gridded climate data. We report uneven effects of winter snow depth on subsequent growing‐season tree growth across temperate China. There shows little effect on tree growth in drier regions that we attribute mainly to limited snow accumulation during winter. By contrast, winter snow exerts important positive influence on tree growth in stands with high winter snow accumulation (e.g., in parts of cold arid regions). The magnitude of this effect depends on the proportion of winter snow to pre‐growing‐season (previous October to current April) precipitation. We further observed that tree growth in drier regions tends to be increasingly limited by warmer growing‐season temperature and early growing‐season water availability. No compensatory effect of winter snow on the intensifying drought limitation of tree growth was observed across temperate China. Our findings point toward an increase in drought vulnerability of temperate forests in a warming climate.
The response of boreal peatland community composition and NDVI to hydrologic change, warming, and elevated carbon dioxide
Authors: McPartland Mara Y. , Kane Evan S. , Falkowski Michael J. , Kolka Randy , Turetsky Merritt R. , Palik Brian , Montgomery Rebecca A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWidespread changes in arctic and boreal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values captured by satellite platforms indicate that northern ecosystems are experiencing rapid ecological change in response to climate warming. Increasing temperatures and altered hydrology are driving shifts in ecosystem biophysical properties that, observed by satellites, manifest as long‐term changes in regional NDVI. In an effort to examine the underlying ecological drivers of these changes, we used field‐scale remote sensing of NDVI to track peatland vegetation in experiments that manipulated hydrology, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. In addition to NDVI, we measured percent cover by species and leaf area index (LAI). We monitored two peatland types broadly representative of the boreal region. One site was a rich fen located near Fairbanks, Alaska, at the Alaska Peatland Experiment (APEX), and the second site was a nutrient‐poor bog located in Northern Minnesota within the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment. We found that NDVI decreased with long‐term reductions in soil moisture at the APEX site, coincident with a decrease in photosynthetic leaf area and the relative abundance of sedges. We observed increasing NDVI with elevated temperature at the SPRUCE site, associated with an increase in the relative abundance of shrubs and a decrease in forb cover. Warming treatments at the SPRUCE site also led to increases in the LAI of the shrub layer. We found no strong effects of elevated CO2 on community composition. Our findings support recent studies suggesting that changes in NDVI observed from satellite platforms may be the result of changes in community composition and ecosystem structure in response to climate warming.
Ocean acidification increases iodine accumulation in kelp‐based coastal food webs
Authors: Xu Dong , Brennan Georgina , Xu Le , Zhang Xiao W. , Fan Xiao , Han Wen T. , Mock Thomas , McMinn Andrew , Hutchins David A. , Ye Naihao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractKelp are main iodine accumulators in the ocean, and their growth and photosynthesis are likely to benefit from elevated seawater CO2 levels due to ocean acidification. However, there are currently no data on the effects of ocean acidification on iodine metabolism in kelp. As key primary producers in coastal ecosystems worldwide, any change in their iodine metabolism caused by climate change will potentially have important consequences for global geochemical cycles of iodine, including iodine levels of coastal food webs that underpin the nutrition of billions of humans around the world. Here, we found that elevated pCO2 enhanced growth and increased iodine accumulation not only in the model kelp Saccharina japonica using both short‐term laboratory experiment and long‐term in situ mesocosms, but also in several other edible and ecologically significant seaweeds using long‐term in situ mesocosms. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of S. japonica revealed that most vanadium‐dependent haloperoxidase genes involved in iodine efflux during oxidative stress are down‐regulated under increasing pCO2, suggesting that ocean acidification alleviates oxidative stress in kelp, which might contribute to their enhanced growth. When consumed by abalone (Haliotis discus), elevated iodine concentrations in S. japonica caused increased iodine accumulation in abalone, accompanied by reduced synthesis of thyroid hormones. Thus, our results suggest that kelp will benefit from ocean acidification by a reduction in environmental stress however; iodine levels, in kelp‐based coastal food webs will increase, with potential impacts on biogeochemical cycles of iodine in coastal ecosystems.
Climate change opens new frontiers for marine species in the Arctic: Current trends and future invasion risks
Authors: Chan Farrah T. , Stanislawczyk Keara , Sneekes Anna C. , Dvoretsky Alexander , Gollasch Stephan , Minchin Dan , David Matej , Jelmert Anders , Albretsen Jon , Bailey Sarah A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractClimate change and increased anthropogenic activities are expected to elevate the potential of introducing nonindigenous species (NIS) into the Arctic. Yet, the knowledge base needed to identify gaps and priorities for NIS research and management is limited. Here, we reviewed primary introduction events to each ecoregion of the marine Arctic realm to identify temporal and spatial patterns, likely source regions of NIS, and the putative introduction pathways. We included 54 introduction events representing 34 unique NIS. The rate of NIS discovery ranged from zero to four species per year between 1960 and 2015. The Iceland Shelf had the greatest number of introduction events (n = 14), followed by the Barents Sea (n = 11), and the Norwegian Sea (n = 11). Sixteen of the 54 introduction records had no known origins. The majority of those with known source regions were attributed to the Northeast Atlantic and the Northwest Pacific, 19 and 14 records, respectively. Some introduction events were attributed to multiple possible pathways. For these introductions, vessels transferred the greatest number of aquatic NIS (39%) to the Arctic, followed by natural spread (30%) and aquaculture activities (25%). Similar trends were found for introductions attributed to a single pathway. The phyla Arthropoda and Ochrophyta had the highest number of recorded introduction events, with 19 and 12 records, respectively. Recommendations including vector management, horizon scanning, early detection, rapid response, and a pan‐Arctic biodiversity inventory are considered in this paper. Our study provides a comprehensive record of primary introductions of NIS for marine environments in the circumpolar Arctic and identifies knowledge gaps and opportunities for NIS research and management. Ecosystems worldwide will face dramatic changes in the coming decades due to global change. Our findings contribute to the knowledge base needed to address two aspects of global change—invasive species and climate change.
Sward patterns created by patch grazing are stable over more than a decade
Authors: Tonn Bettina , Raab Christoph , Isselstein Johannes 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUnder extensive grazing, a mosaic pattern of frequently defoliated short patches and rarely defoliated tall patches is often formed. The agronomic and ecological consequences of this patch‐grazing pattern strongly depend on its stability between successive years. We assessed patch structure and temporal stability under three intensities of cattle stocking (moderate, lenient and very lenient) in a cattle grazing experiment established in 2002. Aerial images of the whole area taken in 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2015 were classified into short and tall patches using random forest classification. These were complemented by annual sward height measurements (2007‐2017) at 10 permanent plots per paddock, which were classified into sward height classes. The mean proportion (0.72, 0.32, 0.19) and size of short patches decreased with stocking intensity, while size of tall patches increased. Inter‐annual stability depended on patch type and stocking intensity and was particularly high for the respective dominant patch type. Of the short patch area in 2015, 0.62, 0.29 and 0.30 were classified as short in all four aerial images under moderate, lenient and very lenient grazing, respectively; the corresponding proportions for tall patches were 0.10, 0.53 and 0.65. Our results imply that short and tall patches experience persistent differences in local grazing intensity over extended periods. The long‐term effects of this heterogeneity on soil properties and vegetation composition need to be monitored to assess agronomic sustainability and ecological potential of patch‐grazed pastures.
Meta‐analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri on fermentation, chemical composition and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage
Authors: Rabelo Carlos Henrique Silveira , Härter Carla Joice , Ávila Carla Luiza da Silva , Reis Ricardo Andrade 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe conducted a meta‐analysis to investigate the impact of Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation, chemical composition, and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage. Two databases that included 15 and 27 published articles (81 and 83 silages evaluated) were used to evaluate L. plantarum and L. buchneri, respectively. For each database, the means of the treatments compiled from the studies were classified into two categories: (a) sugarcane silage without inoculant (untreated) and (b) sugarcane silage inoculated with L. plantarum (1 × 105–1.8 × 106 cfu/g of fresh forage) or with L. buchneri (2.5 × 104–1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh forage; inoculated). Sugarcane silage inoculated with L. plantarum displayed increased ethanol concentration (+43.8%, p < 0.01) and dry matter (DM) loss (+9.6%, p = 0.03). In contrast, inoculation with L. buchneri increased the acetic acid concentration (+30.8%, p = 0.01), and decreased ethanol concentration (−58.8%, p < 0.01) and DM loss (−19.7%, p < 0.01). In vitro DM digestibility decreased following inoculation with L. plantarum (−5.7%, p = 0.05) or L. buchneri (−3.3%, p < 0.01). Aerobic stability was unaffected by inoculation with L. plantarum (p = 0.16) or L. buchneri (p = 0.48). The results show that L. plantarum impairs the fermentation of sugarcane silages; therefore, its utilization might not be recommended for ensiling this crop. Conversely, even with no additional gain on silage digestibility and aerobic stability, L. buchneri may be recommended for sugarcane ensiling because it reduces alcoholic fermentation and DM loss.
Developmental gene expression patterns in the brain and liver of Xenopus tropicalis during metamorphosis climax
Authors: Yaoita Yoshio , Nakajima Keisuke 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThyroid hormones (THs) induce metamorphosis in amphibians, causing dynamic changes, whereas mammalian newborns undergo environmental transition from placenta to open air at birth. The similarity between amphibian metamorphosis and the mammalian perinatal periods has been repeatedly discussed. However, a corresponding developmental gene expression analysis has not yet been reported. In this study, we examined the developmental gene expression profiles in the brain and liver of Xenopus tropicalis during metamorphosis climax and compared them to the respective gene expression profiles of newborn rodents. Many upregulated genes identified in the tadpole brain during metamorphosis are also upregulated in the rodent brain during the first three postnatal weeks when the TH surge occurs. The upregulation of some genes in the brain was inhibited in thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) knockout tadpoles but not in TRβ–knockout tadpoles, implying that brain metamorphosis is mainly mediated by TRα. The expression of some genes was also increased in the liver during metamorphosis climax. Our data suggest that the rodent brain undergoes TH‐dependent remodeling during the first three postnatal weeks as observed in X. tropicalis during the larva‐to‐adult metamorphosis.
Exploitation of high‐intensity ultrasound to modify the structure of olive oil organogel containing propolis wax
Authors: Sharifi Mahvash , Goli Sayed Amir Hossein , Fayaz Goly 
Published: October 2018

SummaryIn this research, the effect of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) on physico‐chemical properties of olive oil organogel containing propolis wax was studied. The experiment was accomplished by response surface method (RSM) in different ultrasonic power levels, ultrasonic times and cooling temperatures. Regarding to maximum firmness and minimum oil migration, 300 W ultrasonic power, 5 °C cooling temperature and 120 s ultrasonic time were introduced as the optimum HIU condition. Optimised HIU‐organogel was characterised in comparison to control. Results showed that HIU induced nucleation by creating small crystals led to form a strong network with high oil binding capacity. DSC analysis confirmed nucleation by high enthalpy for HIU‐organogel. XRD pattern revealed no polymorphism transformation. However, a slight increasing of peroxide value was observed for HIU‐modified organogel. These findings indicated that HIU could be a possible modification tool to produce appropriate organogel for food application such as margarine and shortening.
Bioactive peptides from collagen hydrolysates from squid (Dosidicus gigas) by‐products fractionated by ultrafiltration
Authors: Suárez‐Jiménez G. Miroslava , Burgos‐Hernández Armando , Torres‐Arreola Wilfrido , López‐Saiz Carmen M. , Velázquez Contreras Carlos A. , Ezquerra‐Brauer J. Marina 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe bioactive properties of peptide fractions obtained from the hydrolysis of squid (Dosidicus gigas) by‐products collagen, using Protease type XIV and ultrafiltration (UFI), were studied. The basic objective was to improve the bioactivity of squid hydrolysates via the application of UFI. Peptide fractions obtained after UFI had higher antioxidant and antimutagenic activities, but the antiproliferative activity did not improve after UFI. Peptides <5 kDa (Fraction F3) showed higher antioxidant and antimutagenic activities, as well as lower antioxidant and antiproliferative activities than both, peptides >10 kDa (F1) and those within the range of >5 to <10 kDa (F2). Band at lower field observed in FT‐IR spectra and proton‐peaks observed at higher 1H‐NMR fields, both associated to aromatic amino acids, as well as to other antioxidant amino acids such as hydroxyproline, glycine, arginine and lysine, may explain F3 bioactivity. Ultrafiltration can, therefore, be used to improve some bioactivities of squid collagen hydrolysates.
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the induction and resolution of tissue inflammation
Authors: Wallrapp Antonia , Riesenfeld Samantha J. , Burkett Patrick R. , Kuchroo Vijay K. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryType 2 immunity against pathogens is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate inflammatory responses that clear infection and prevent excessive tissue damage. Recent research has shown that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to steady‐state tissue integrity and exert tissue‐specific functions. However, upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, they also initiate and amplify type 2 inflammation by inducing mucus production, eosinophilia, and Th2 differentiation. In this review, we discuss the regulation of ILC2 activation by transcription factors and metabolic pathways, as well as by extrinsic signals such as cytokines, lipid mediators, hormones, and neuropeptides. We also review recent discoveries about ILC2 plasticity and heterogeneity in different tissues, as revealed partly through single‐cell RNA sequencing of transcriptional responses to various stimuli. Understanding the tissue‐specific pathways that regulate ILC2 diversity and function is a critical step in the development of potential therapies for allergic diseases.
JAK/STAT signaling in regulation of innate lymphoid cells: The gods before the guardians
Authors: Stabile Helena , Scarno Gianluca , Fionda Cinzia , Gismondi Angela , Santoni Angela , Gadina Massimo , Sciumè Giuseppe 
Published: October 2018

SummaryImmunity to pathogens is ensured through integration of early responses mediated by innate cells and late effector functions taking place after terminal differentiation of adaptive lymphocytes. In this context, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and adaptive T cells represent a clear example of how prototypical effector functions, including polarized expression of cytokines and/or cytotoxic activity, can occur with overlapping modalities but different timing. The ability of ILCs to provide early protection relies on their poised epigenetic state, which determines their propensity to quickly respond to cytokines and to activate specific patterns of signal‐dependent transcription factors. Cytokines activating the Janus kinases (JAKs) and members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway are key regulators of lymphoid development and sustain the processes underlying T‐cell activation and differentiation. The role of the JAK/STAT pathway has been recently extended to several aspects of ILC biology. Here, we discuss how JAK/STAT signals affect ILC development and effector functions in the context of immune responses, highlighting the molecular mechanisms involved in regulation of gene expression as well as the potential of targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in inflammatory pathologies.
The group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) regulatory network and its underlying mechanisms
Authors: Kabata Hiroki , Moro Kazuyo , Koyasu Shigeo 
Published: October 2018

SummaryGroup 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play critical roles in the induction of type 2 inflammation, response to parasite infection, metabolic homeostasis, and tissue repair. These multifunctional roles of ILC2s are tightly controlled by complex regulatory systems in the local microenvironment, the disruption of which may cause various health problems. This review summarizes up‐to‐date knowledge regarding positive and negative regulators for ILC2s based on their function and signaling pathways, including activating cytokines (IL‐33, IL‐25; MAPK, NF‐κB pathways), co‐stimulatory cytokines (IL‐2, IL‐7, IL‐9, TSLP; STAT5, IL‐4; STAT6, TNF superfamily; MAPK, NF‐κB pathways), suppressive cytokines (type1 IFNs, IFN‐γ, IL‐27; STAT1, IL‐10, TGF‐β), transdifferentiation cytokines (IL‐12; STAT4, IL‐1β, IL‐18), lipid mediators (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, PGD2; Ca2+‐NFAT pathways, PGE2, PGI2; AC/cAMP/PKA pathways, LXA4, LTB4), neuropeptides (NMU; Ca2+‐NFAT, MAPK pathways, VIP, CGRP, catecholamine, acetylcholine), sex hormones (androgen, estrogen), nutrients (butyrate; HDAC inhibitors, vitamins), and cell‐to‐cell interactions (ICOSL‐ICOS; STAT5, B7‐H6‐NKp30, E‐cadherin‐KLRG1). This comprehensive review affords a better understanding of the regulatory network system for ILC2s, providing impetus to develop new treatment strategies for ILC2‐related health problems.
Neuroendocrine regulation of innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Quatrini Linda , Vivier Eric , Ugolini Sophie 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe activities of the immune system in repairing tissue injury and combating pathogens were long thought to be independent of the nervous system. However, a major regulatory role of immunomodulatory molecules released locally or systemically by the neuroendocrine system has recently emerged. A number of observations and discoveries support indeed the notion of the nervous system as an immunoregulatory system involved in immune responses. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including natural killer (NK) cells and tissue‐resident ILCs, form a family of effector cells present in organs and mucosal barriers. ILCs are involved in the maintenance of tissue integrity and homeostasis. They can also secrete effector cytokines rapidly, and this ability enables them to play early roles in the immune response. ILCs are activated by multiple pathways including epithelial and myeloid cell‐derived cytokines. Their functions are also regulated by mediators produced by the nervous system. In particular, the peripheral nervous system, through neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, works in parallel with the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal and gonadal axis to modulate inflammatory events and maintain homeostasis. We summarize here recent findings concerning the regulation of ILC activities by neuroendocrine mediators in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions.