bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth Trends and Management Implications for West Virginia's Red Spruce Forests
Authors: Hornbeck James W. , Kochenderfer James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth trends determined from tree rings are reported for red spruce in three mature stands and three plantations in West Virginia. Annual growth rates in mature forests have stabilized after a period of decline that began around 1960 and lasted for 20-25 yr. Annual growth rates in plantations established between 1935 and 1942 show a gradual decline that can be reversed by thinning. Growth rates and stand basal areas suggest that red spruce forests in West Virginia are healthy and can be highly productive. Management options for expanding the area of red spruce forests include harvesting to encourage or release regeneration, and establishment by planting. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):197-202.
Sugar Maple Height-Diameter and Age-Diameter Relationships in an Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwood Stand
Authors: Kenefic Laura S. , Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) height-diameter and age-diameter relationships are explored in a balanced uneven-aged northern hardwood stand in central New York. Results show that although both height and age vary considerably with diameter, these relationships can be described by statistically valid equations. The age-diameter relationship compares favorably to one reported by Tubbs (1977) for sugar maple in unmanaged (virgin) northern hardwoods, suggesting that periodic cuttings improved growing conditions in our stand. Deliberate attempts to control size-class distribution and tree spacing should continue to increase diameter growth rates and decrease the time needed to reach certain threshold tree sizes. Growth rates that can be reasonably expected in this and similarly structured stands are provided. Lastly, a wide range of heights and diameters are documented, confirming the structural complexity associated with the balanced selection system. An equation to predict sugar maple height from diameter is provided and may prove useful when assessing habitat or visual characteristics of complex uneven-aged stands. North. J. Appl. For. 16(1):43-47.
Response of Immature Trembling Aspen to Season and Height of Cut
Authors: Bell F. Wayne , Pitt Douglas G. , Morneault Andrée E. , Pickering Susan M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest managers in Ontario have identified trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) as the most significant competitor of our commercially important spruce and pine crop. Although herbicides can be used to effectively control aspen, the public of Ontario would prefer to have herbicide alternatives, such as motor-manual cutting, used on public lands. Cutting of aspen has not been very successful, and research is required to improve its effectiveness. Effects of season and height of cutting to control the regrowth of young trembling aspen were studied on four sites in Ontario,Canada, with each location providing a replicate for the trial. Aspen stems, averaging 1.5 to 3.2 m in height, were cut in fall (October 1993), winter (February/March 1994), and summer (June/July 1994) at 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 cm above ground level. Density and height of new root suckers;number, point of origin, and growth of stem sprouts; and tissue mortality in cut stems were evaluated by analyses of variance with linear contrasts to determine the effects of cutting height, season of cutting, and their interactions. Two years of post-treatment data indicate that aspen regeneration may be reduced if manual cutting occurs in June/July, at a cutting height of 50 to 75 cm. This timing and cutting height provides maximum stem mortality with minimum number of sprouts per stem and minimum sucker regeneration. If aspen regeneration is the goal, cut in the fall at 25 cm for maximum regrowth. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):108-114.
Stand Structure in Evenaged Northern Hardwoods: Development and Silvicultural Implications
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand structure was examined in evenaged northern hardwoods in New Hampshire in terms of diameter distribution (numbers of trees by dbh class) and spatial distribution of basal area by species. Diameter distributions by species and for all species combined were graphed for stands varying in age class from 7-9 yr up to 60-68 yr. Over time, these northern hardwood stands develop a layered canopy structure with the intolerant and short-lived paper birch and aspen dominating the larger size classes and exhibiting a bell-shaped diameter distribution. Longer lived species, most abundant in the smaller size classes, exhibit flat or very skewed bell-shaped distributions. The usual silvicultural recommendation in such stands is to thin to prescribed stocking levels, leaving adequate stocking in larger stems of the longer lived species and gradually removing the intolerants as they reach maturity. However, appreciable spatial variation in the abundance of aspen-birch and longer lived species may prevent uniform application of this approach; i.e., some areas in certain stands do not have adequate stocking of the longer lived species once the aspen-birch is removed.In variable stands such as this, a gradual transition to group selection may be a better tactic. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):115-119.
Determinants of Land Use in Maine with Projections to 2050
Authors: Mauldin Thomas E. , Plantinga Andrew J. , Alig Ralph J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data on land use in Maine are assembled from USDA Forest Service inventories, the Census of Agriculture, and other sources. Regression analysis is used to estimate the relationships between land use and determinants of land use such as land rents and soil characteristics. The fitted models are used to project changes in land use to 2050. We project declines in private timberland area, though these losses are small on a percentage basis. Continued declines in agricultural land area and increases in urban land area also are projected. Land use policies that influence land rents such as preferential tax assessment programs can be used to deter socially undesirable land use changes. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):82-88.
Species Composition and Structure of a Northern Hardwood Stand After 61 Years of Group/Patch Selection
Authors: Leak W. B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 61-year results from a study of group/patch selection in New Hampshire (four entries, 0.5 ac average opening size) showed that this system will maintain a continued proportion of about 20% of the basal area in bitches and ash, or about one-third in all intolerant/intermediate species.The diameter distribution closely followed the J-shaped curve typical of unevenaged forests. There was a dead standing component of about 20 trees per acre including 3 sawtimber-sized stems. North. J. Appl. For: 16(3):151-153.
Assessing Scarcity of the North Central Veneer Log Resource
Authors: McGuire Mike , Stevens James , Potter-Witter Karen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest industry professionals have expressed concern about physical scarcity and diminishing quality in veneer logs of the preferred species, contradicting USDA Forest Service inventory results that report an expanding resource base. This study examined factors, influencing economic supply of select white oak, select red oak, hard maple, ash, black cherry, and black walnut veneer logs in the Lake States, Illinois, and Indiana. Increased competition due to international demand is placing additional pressure on available inventory. Changing demographics are acting to reduce supply as nontimber land uses increase in importance. Industry professionals were queried to quantify their perception of scarcity and determine which factors they consider most important. The dominant perception is that quality is decreasing. Profitable architectural and panel grade veneer logs are perceived to be diminishing while furniture grade veneer logs are not. Quantity is perceived to be decreasing in the large and medium diameter classes but increasing in the small diameter classes. Expectation is for future real prices 10 yr hence to increase between 20-30%. Factors for the perceived scarcity ranking highest in importance were increased international demand, previous high grading, landowner mistrust of loggers, and increased environmental regulations. Respondents agreed that the world demand for eastern hardwoods is strong and will continue to grow. North.J. Appl. For. 16(3):160-166.
Assessing Application and Effectiveness of Forestry Best Management Practices in New York
Authors: Schuler Jamie L. , Briggs Russel D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forty-two forestry best management practices (BMPs) were assessed to determine the extent of voluntary application and their effectiveness in preventing water quality impacts in New York State. These BMPs were evaluated on 61 timber-harvested sites in the Catskill region (CR), and 53 timber harvested sites in the Adirondack region (AR) during the summers of 1997 and 1998. The overall application of suggested BMPs was 78% for haul roads, 87% for landings, 59% for skid trails, 88% for equipment maintenance/operation, and 73% for buffer strips. Departures were common for BMPs concerned with draining water off haul roads and skid trails, and for stream crossings; more attention must be devoted to those practices. Effectiveness of BMPs was apparent when they were applied. Nonparametric statistical tests showed a strong relationship between BMP application and prevention of sediment movement. Limiting sediment movement protects surface water. In the CR, 27 of the 33 BMPs tested showed a statistically significant (P < 0.10) relationship between BMP application and sediment movement. Similar results were observed in the AR; 26 of the BMPs tested were significantly associated with sediment movement. Imperfect application of BMPs reduced effectiveness. Road drainage structures, for example, generally failed to adequately control erosion when spacing between drainage structures was excessive. North. J. Appl. For. 17(4): 125–134.
Heavy Grazing of Canadian Bluejoint to Enhance Hardwood and White Spruce Regeneration
Authors: Collins William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wet, disclimax stands of Canadian bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis [Michx.] Beauv.) created by logging were heavily grazed by cattle and horses years 5 through 8 after logging to weaken the grass and favor regeneration of hardwoods and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench.] Voss). Seedling densities of hardwoods and white spruce in heavily grazed stands were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from those in ungrazed stands. Heavy grazing reduced herbaceous cover and litter but was not detrimental to runoff water quality. Heavy grazing was not effective for increasing regeneration in wet disclimax stands of Canadian bluejoint where the grass had already increased following overstory removal, but earlier application and use in drier sites should be considered. North. J. Appl. For. 18(1):19–21.
Fuel Model Selection for BEHAVE in Midwestern Oak Savannas
Authors: Grabner Keith W. , Dwyer John P. , Cutter Bruce E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
BEHAVE, a fire behavior prediction system, can be a useful tool for managing areas with prescribed fire. However, the proper choice of fuel models can be critical in developing management scenarios. BEHAVE predictions were evaluated using four standardized fuel models that partially described oak savanna fuel conditions: Fuel Model 1 (Short Grass), 2 (Timber and Grass), 3 (Tall Grass), and 9 (Hardwood Litter). Although all four models yielded regressions with R2 in excess of 0.8, Fuel Model 2 produced the most reliable fire behavior predictions. North. J. Appl. For. 18(3):74–80.
Incidence of Annual Canker of Sugar Maple Studied with the Aid of a Geographic Information System
Authors: Bergdahl Dale R. , Sendak Paul E. , Tobi Donald R. , Bove James R. , Tritton Louise M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh) ≥ 2.0 in. dbh were evaluated for incidence of annual canker caused by Fusarium spp. A total of 1,880 trees were evaluated from 73 plots located on 635 ac of privately owned northern hardwood forest in north central Vermont. About 12% of the trees were dead and one-fourth of both living and dead trees had annual canker. A logistic regression model was used to assess the role of soil-site characteristics related to the incidence of annual cankering. Probability estimates from the estimated regression equation were used to generate a map of annual canker risk. The generality of the results obtained here are untested and need to be applied to a more extensive area for validation. However, the technique for forest disease risk assessment could have wide application. We found annual canker was more common on sites that maintained a high number of stems per acre, on sites that were shallow to bedrock, and on sites that were dominated by sugar maple. We believe these findings suggest that sites that have shallow soils that include sugar maple probably should not be managed to encourage sugar maple. Sugar maple probably should be managed in stands that contain ample stocking of other northern hardwood species, and cultural practices that encourage maple over other species probably should be avoided.
Evaluation of Four Herbicides and Tillage for Weed Control on 1-0 Planted Tree Seedlings
Authors: Seifert John R. , Woeste Keith 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Azafenidin, sulfometuron, pendimethalin, and simazine were applied alone and in combination to 1-0 seedlings of nine hardwood and one conifer species. Percent bare ground at 30, 60, and 90 days, diameter and height growth of the seedlings were determined for 16 herbicide treatments, tillage and a control. Azafenidin applications alone and in combination with sulfometuron resulted in about 85% bare ground 90 days post-treatment. There were significant differences for diameter, height growth, and volume among the treatments for every species. No single treatment ranked best for all species, but comparison of the mean ranks of the treatments for all species indicated that azafenidin and pendimethalin resulted in the most growth. Azafenidin-treated seedlings also had the greatest volume at the end of the season.
State Survey of Silviculture Nonpoint Source Programs: A Comparison of the 2000 Northeastern and National Results
Authors: Edwards Pamela J. , Stuart Gordon W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The National Association of State Foresters conducts surveys of silviculture nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control programs to measure progress and identify needs. The 2000 survey results are summarized here for the nation and for the 20-state northeastern region. Current emphasis of NPS pollution programs is on education, training, and monitoring. Educational efforts are used to make more landowners aware of their responsibilities to control pollution during timber harvesting and to make the public and lawmakers more aware of effective pollution control procedures for forestry. Training of foresters, loggers, and landowners in NPS pollution control expanded during the last 4 yr in part due to forest industry's Sustainable Forest Initiative and increased logger accreditation and forester licensing programs. Several states reported improved compliance and performance in controlling NPS pollution as a result of certification and licensing programs. Recommendations are made to continue the progress in NPS pollution control in forestry.
Germination Percentage and Germination Speed of European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) Seed After Prolonged Storage
Authors: David Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirty European larch seedlots stored in plastic, screw-capped containers at 4°C for 3 to 24 yr were tested for their viability. The average germination percentage was 26.7% per seedlot. Fifty percent of all germinating seeds germinated by the 20th day after sowing and 90% had germinated by the 26th day. Correlation analysis indicated there was a significant negative association between years in storage and germination percentage and a significant positive association between years of storage and the number of days required to reach 15% germination. Although one seedlot germinated no seeds after 10 yr in storage, 21 of 30 seedlots, ranging from 3 to 24 yr in storage, maintained a minimum germination percentage of 20%.
Raven Damage to Plastic Seeding Shelters in Interior Alaska
Authors: Putman William E. , Zasada John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two types of plastic seeding shelters are being tested in interior Alaska for regenerating white spruce. Raven damage to shelters has been observed on sites seeded shortly after burning. Damage averaged 68% with cones and 50% with funnels on a burned upland site, and 26% with funnels on a burned floodplain site. Damage was highly variable and appeared to be related to time of sowing and vegetation development near the seedspots. Care should be taken when considering use of seeding shelters after burning.
North J. Appl. For. 2:41-43, June 1985.
Effects of Cold Storage and Planting Date on Red Pine Survival and Growth
Authors: Emch Dallas J. , Carvell Kenneth L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Effects of cold storage and planting date on first-year survival and height growth of red pine seedlings were evaluated in a one-year study in north-central West Virginia. Both survival and height growth were reduced as time in cold storage increased. Good survival was obtained for plantings made as late as 25 June, after 73 days in cold storage. Satisfactory height growth occurred for plantings made as late as 23 July. There was no significant difference in survival before and after fall frost for any planting dates except the 20 August planting. Reduced height growth for the later plantings was probably a consequence of the short growing season remaining. There was no indication that the length of time in cold storage affected the period required for buds to break dormancy.
North J. Appl. For. 2:51-53, June 1985.
Ponderosa Pine Provenance Test for Windbreaks in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Schaefer Peter R. , Baer Norman W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ponderosa pine has been planted extensively in the northern Great Plains. Many of the plantings, however, have performed poorly or failed because of poor early survival and slow growth. A regional provenance test of 73 ponderosa pine sources was established in 1968 as one means of improving the performance of this species throughout the Great Plains. Results after 15 years indicated that three sources located in north central Nebraska and south central South Dakota were taller than all other sources. The three sources exhibited a height growth 30% above the plantation mean and an average survival 20% higher than that of the plantation as a whole. These sources have also been among the tallest and best survivors in similar tests throughout the Great Plains. Juvenile-mature correlations were strong for 5-year and 15-year height growth. The identification of a relatively small area from which to collect genetically improved ponderosa pine should greatly facilitate the incorporation of these seedlings into tree-planting efforts in the northern Plains.
North. J. Appl. For. 2:105-107, Dec. 1985.
STEMS Model Projection Capability with Plot and Tree Data Aggregation
Authors: Ek Alan R. , Randall Bryan L. , Hahn Jerold T. , Buchman Roland G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Projections of forest plot characteristics were made using the STEMS individual-tree based stand growth model for jack pine, red pine, maple-birch and aspen cover types from Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin for periods of up to 50 years. Tree lists were constructed from forest survey records using various plot and tree aggregation methods, then projected and compared to projections of the same data without aggregation. The loss in projection precision due to aggregation was then weighed against savings in computer processing time as compared to the unaggregated projections. Differences between aggregated and unaggregated projections increased with greater aggregation and with longer projection periods, but in most cases were less than 10% at 50 years when the plot data were aggregated by stand density class. The largest differences were observed for pulpwood and sawtimber volumes. However, these differences were in part a function of merchantability limits based on tree size. Results indicate that dramatic cost savings can be realized with little loss in precision.
North. J. Appl. For. 2:121-127, Dec. 1985.
To Thin or Not to Thin: Using the Forest Vegetation Simulator to Evaluate Thinning of Aspen
Authors: Gilmore Daniel W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thinning experiments are costly to install and take decades of monitoring. Computer simulation tools, however, allow for the creation of “virtual” thinning experiments that forest managers can use as a guide in prescribing thinnings. The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) was used to conduct a “virtual” thinning experiment to a range of residual densities (8, 10, 12, 15, and 20 ft spacings) at a range of thinning ages (5, 10, 25, and 40 yr) over a 50 yr time period. Stand level volume production was not enhanced through precommercial thinning, but average tree diameter was increased. Stand level volume was less after commercial thinnings but total volume production was increased if volumes removed during thinnings were considered. Tree diameter growth was greater when thinnings were performed at a younger age at and at a wider spacing. The greatest total volume production (removed during thinning and standing at age 50) was found to be nearly equal at 8 ft and 10 ft spacing with thinnings occurring at ages 10 or 25 on a site index of 80. North. J. Appl. For. 20(1):14–18.
Effect of Method of Thinning on Wood Production in a Red Pine Plantation
Authors: Smith David M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The total production of main-stem wood volume by a red pine plantation in New Hampshire did not differ during a 12 yr period between (a) low, (b) crown, and (c) selection thinning when the same amount of basal area was reserved in two successive thinnings. The reservation of larger trees in low and crown thinning improved production of board-foot volume and such trees suffered less mortality from annosus root disease. North. J. Appl. For. 20(1):39–42.
Germination and Survival of Spruce Seedlings Following Fire in Northwestern Alberta
Authors: Berger Carrie A. , Gilmore Daniel W 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirty semipermanent plots were established in a 10 ha (24.7 ac) spruce stand the spring following a winter harvest and subsequent prescribed burn to monitor germination by month and overwinter survival of spruce seedlings. Seventy percent of all germination occurred in June with regeneration densities as high as 800,000 germinants ha-1 (323,755 ac-1). Most germination occurred, and overwinter survival was highest in depressed microsites. Overwinter survival averaged 68,000 seedlings ha-1 (27,520 ac-1), with June germinants having greater survival then July or August germinants. Only three new germinants were detected the second spring following the prescribed burn. North. J. Appl. For. 20(1):45–47.