bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation
Authors: van Dijck Gijs , Aguilera Carlos , Chakravarthy Shashank M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe topic of annotating legal data has received surprisingly little attention. A key challenge of the annotation process is reaching a sufficient agreement between annotators and filtering mistakes from genuine disagreement. This study presents an approach that provides insights into and resolves potential disagreement amongst annotators. It (1) introduces different strategies to calculate agreement levels and compares (2) agreement levels between annotators (inter-annotator agreement) before and after a revision round and (3) agreement levels for annotators who annotate the same texts twice (intra-annotator agreement). The inter-annotator agreement levels are compared to a revision round in which an arbiter corrected the annotator’s labels. The analysis is based on the annotation of EU legislative provisions at two stages (initial annotations, after annotator revisions) and for various tasks (Definitions, References, Quantities, IF-THEN statements, Exceptions, Scope, Hierarchy, Deontic Clauses, Active and Passive Role) by multiple annotators. The results reveal that agreement levels vary based on the stage of measurement (before/after revisions), the nature of the task, the method of assessment, and the annotator combination. The agreement scores - along with some initial measurements—align with those reported in previous research but increase after each revision round. This suggests that annotator revisions can substantially reduce disagreement. Additionally, disagreements were found not only between but also among annotators. This inconsistency does not appear to stem from a lack of understanding of the guidelines or a lack of seriousness in task execution, as evidenced by moderate to substantial inter-annotator agreement scores. These findings suggest that annotators identified multiple valid interpretations, which highlights the complexity of annotating legislative provisions. The results underscore the significance of embracing, addressing, and reporting about (dis)agreement in different ways and at the various stages of an annotation task.
A middle-class nation? The middle class and its moral boundaries in post-dictatorial Uruguay
Authors: Ott Marlen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this article, I examine the middle class as a contested category in contemporary Uruguay and the role of moral boundaries in its formation and maintenance. I contend that amidst the economic fragility experienced by the middle class, both individuals and the state grapple with the precarious position of the middle class. In this scenario, moral boundaries function as a crucial mechanism for navigating this uncertainty. Through an analysis of parliamentary debates and public statements of politicians, I redraw how, in these discourses, the middle class emerges as a moralized national and cultural identity centering around work ethic and colonial history. Central to my analysis is an examination of the historical material and symbolic struggles that have shaped the emergence and evolution of the middle class in Uruguay. Thus, I pay attention to its formative role during the early nineteenth century in the emergence and stabilization of the nation, as well as to the impact of the dictatorship (1972–1985). Finally, I show how these notions intersect with conceptions of (un)deservingness, ultimately legitimizing increasing punitivism.
Effectiveness and Heterogeneous Effects of Purchase Grants for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Haan Peter , Santonja Adrián , Zaklan Aleksandar 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe evaluate German purchase subsidies for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) using data on new vehicle registrations in Germany during 2015-2022. We account for confounding time trends and interacting EU-level $$\text {CO}_{2}$$ standards using neighboring countries as a control group. We find that 40% of BEV and 25% of PHEV registrations were subsidy-induced. The program had strong distributional effects, with greater uptake in wealthier and greener counties. We estimate implied abatement costs of 870 euro per ton of $$\text {CO}_{2}$$ for BEVs and 2,470 euro for PHEVs, suggesting that policy makers should re-balance support schemes away from PHEVs.
Comparison of Middlewares in Edge-to-Edge and Edge-to-Cloud Communication for Distributed ROS 2 Systems
Authors: Zhang Jiaqiang , Yu Xianjia , Ha Sier , Peña Queralta Jorge , Westerlund Tomi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe increased data transmission and number of devices involved in communications among distributed systems make it challenging yet significantly necessary to have an efficient and reliable networking middleware. In robotics and autonomous systems, the wide application of ROS 2 brings the possibility of utilizing various networking middlewares together with DDS in ROS 2 for better communication among edge devices or between edge devices and the cloud. However, there is a lack of comprehensive communication performance comparison of integrating these networking middlewares with ROS 2. In this study, we provide a quantitative analysis for the communication performance of utilized networking middlewares including MQTT and Zenoh alongside DDS in ROS 2 among a multiple host system. For a complete and reliable comparison, we calculate the latency and throughput of these middlewares by sending distinct amounts and types of data through different network setups including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and 4G. To further extend the evaluation to real-world application scenarios, we assess the drift error (the position changes) over time caused by these networking middlewares with the robot moving in an identical square-shaped path. Our results show that CycloneDDS performs better under Ethernet while Zenoh performs better under Wi-Fi and 4G. In the actual robot test, the robot moving trajectory drift error over time (96 s) via Zenoh is the smallest. It is worth noting we have a discussion of the CPU utilization of these networking middlewares and the perfosrmance impact caused by enabling the security feature in ROS 2 at the end of the paper.
From marginal croplands to natural habitats: A methodological framework for assessing the restoration potential to enhance wild-bee pollination in agricultural landscapes
Authors: Torchio Gabriela María , Cimon-Morin Jérôme , Mendes Poliana , Goyette Jean-Olivier , Schwantes Amanda M. , Arias-Patino Miguel , Bennett Elena M. , Destrempes Catherine , Pellerin Stéphanie , Poulin Monique 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Context
Intensive agriculture increases crop yields, but harms biodiversity and associated ecosystem services such as pollination. To sustain wild-bee pollination in intensive agricultural landscapes, a minimum of (semi-) natural habitat is needed in the vicinity of crop fields. However, restoration of (semi-) natural habitat is a challenge, especially when most land is allocated to commodity production.

Objectives
To evaluate the restoration potential of marginal lands to enhance pollination in intensive agricultural landscapes.

Methods
We simulated restoration scenarios in marginal agricultural lands (abandoned and degraded fields, and field edges) in La Vallée-du-Richelieu (Quebec, Canada), aimed at enhancing pollination provision and increasing (semi-) natural habitat coverage by at least 20% within 1 km from crop fields, the estimated minimum amount required to sustain wild-bee populations. We then evaluated the extent to which restoration targets were reached in our scenarios.

Results
More than half of the agricultural region studied remained with less than 20% (semi-) natural area coverage, and wild-bee pollination provision could not be ensured across the whole agricultural region after restoration. However, our results show that there is still an important potential for increasing natural habitat coverage by restoring marginal agricultural lands alone.

Conclusion
Restoration of marginal lands has a key role to play in the transition towards multifunctionality of production landscapes but might not be sufficient to achieve goals such as those adopted at the COP15 (e.g., restoring 30% of degraded land). Our framework can assist landscape planners in evaluating the restoration potential of agricultural landscapes, as well as its limitations.
Is there a desired added worker effect? Evidence from involuntary job losses
Authors: Beckmannshagen Mattis , Glaubitz Rick 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWhile the existing evidence on added worker effects is mixed, most studies find no or only small effects. However, studies to date have mostly analyzed individuals’ actual labor supply responses to their partners’ job loss, neglecting to consider a potential mismatch between desired and actual labor supply adjustments. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we study individuals’ changes in actual and desired working hours after their partners’ involuntary job loss in an event study design. Our results show that actual and desired working hours only increase marginally and that these increases are of similar magnitude. Thus, we provide first evidence that the absence of more substantial added worker effects is in line with individuals’ stated labor supply preferences and is not the result of an inability to realize desired working hours.
Specification uncertainty: what the disruption index tells us about the (hidden) multiverse of bibliometric indicators
Authors: Leibel Christian , Bornmann Lutz 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFollowing Funk and Owen-Smith (Manag Sci 63:791–817, 2017), Wu et al. (Nature 566:378–382, 2019) proposed the disruption index (DI1) as a bibliometric indicator that measures disruptive and consolidating research. When we summarized the literature on the disruption index for our recently published review article (Leibel and Bornmann in Scientometrics 129:601–639, 2024), we noticed that the calculation of disruption scores comes with numerous (hidden) degrees of freedom. In this Letter to the Editor, we explain based on the DI1 (as an example) why the analytical flexibility of bibliometric indicators potentially endangers the credibility of research and advertise the application of multiverse-style methods to increase the transparency of the research.
Low-pressure and Temperature Oxidation of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Using Ozone and Metal-Loaded TiO2 Catalysts
Authors: Mkhize Nomthandazo , Rajasekhar Pullabhotla Viswandha Srirama 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
At low temperature and pressure (20 o C and 1 atm), the oxidation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene using ozone and metal (Mn, Ni, V, and Fe) supported on TiO2 catalysts was investigated in this study. The metal loaded on TiO2 catalysts were prepared using the wet impregnation method and characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET, TEM, and ICP-OES techniques. 1,2-dichlorobenzene was oxidized for 24 h and the sample aliquots were collected after 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h of ozonation. The ozonation products were identified using GC-MS and FT-IR techniques and the identified products were 3,4-dichloro-2,5-furandione (DHF) and mucochloric acid (MCA). The 2.5% Fe/TiO2 was found to be the most active catalyst with a percentage conversion of 73% after 24 h of ozonation. Among the identified products, MCA recorded the highest percentage selectivity after 24 h of ozonation in all the metal-supported TiO2 catalyzed ozonation reactions. The highest percentage of selectivity towards the formation of the main product was 97%.
Growth, physiological responses, and meat quality of feedlot-finished Bonsmara steers offered unprocessed Mucuna pruriens utilis seed meal with or without conventional and green zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Gamedze Nozipho Phila , Mthiyane Doctor Mziwenkosi Nhlanhla , Kgaswane Khomotso Sherdina , Mavengahama Sydney , Onwudiwe Damian Chinedu 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFeedlot finishing of beef cattle on commercial nutrient-dense diets based on expensive corn (maize), soybean meal (SBM) and other commonly used protein-rich ingredients is economically unsustainable, especially for smallholder farmers. Rich in energy and proteins, Mucuna pruriens utilis seed meal (MSM) could replace corn and protein-rich ingredients in beef cattle diets provided its problems of antinutritional factors (ANFs) and high fiber content that compromise animal growth performance are resolved. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effects of incorporation of conventional (C-Nano-ZnO) versus green (G-Nano-ZnO) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in the diets of feedlot-finished Bonsmara steers supplemented with 20% MSM (dry matter basis). In a completely randomized design, 28 Bonsmara steers were randomly allocated to 4 experimental diets [i.e., Control diet without MSM (C); C with 20% MSM replacing corn (partially) and the common protein-rich ingredients (CM); CM with 25 mg/kg C-Nano-ZnO (CM-C); and CM with 25 mg/kg G-Nano-ZnO (CM-G)] each with seven replicates for 98 days. Performance variables, carcass traits, hemato-biochemistry, and meat quality were then measured. All data were analyzed with SAS using one-way ANOVA applying the GLM procedure, with diet as the independent variable, except for growth performance data that were analyzed as repeated measures. Results showed that while dietary MSM did not affect (P > 0.05) meat quality and serum biochemistry, it decreased body weight gain (BWG; P < 0.01), feed intake (FI; P = 0.001), feed conversion efficiency (FCE; P < 0.01), carcass fatness (P = 0.05), hot carcass weight (HCW; P < 0.05), cold carcass weight (CCW; P = 0.05), blood MCV (P < 0.05), MCH (P < 0.01), and neutrophils (P < 0.01) as it increased blood lymphocytes (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the harmful effects of MSM were attenuated by C-Nano-ZnO and worsened by G-Nano-ZnO. In conclusion, feeding of high dietary unprocessed MSM did not affect Bonsmara beef meat quality and serum biochemistry but compromised their growth performance, carcass traits, and some hematology responses, and these were alleviated by C-Nano-ZnO and deteriorated by G-Nano-ZnO incorporation. We recommend feeding commercial diets supplemented with 20% MSM, replacing corn and commonly used protein-rich ingredients, plus 25 mg/kg of C-Nano-ZnO to feedlot-finishing beef cattle.
Comparing the effectiveness of multiple text reading and rereading on knowledge retention and metacognitive accuracy
Authors: Seban Peter , Urban Kamila , Sikl Radovan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAlthough learning approaches are designed to enhance individuals' ability to store and retrieve information, not all of them are considered effective. The goal of the present study was to experimentally compare the test performance as well as the accuracy of metacognitive judgements of a multiple text reading group, rereading group, and single reading group in a one-day vs. one-week delayed test (3 × 2 between subject design). A total of 186 psychology students (Mage = 20.76) participated in the experiment focused on reading comprehension, accuracy of metacognitive judgments and knowledge retention. Results of the knowledge test indicate that in the one-day delayed test, multiple text reading and rereading yield similar results: both deliver slightly better results than single reading. In the one-week delayed test, though, multiple text reading yields better results than rereading, and both these reading approaches outperform single reading. Moreover, multiple text reading results in fairly robust knowledge retention with only a slight decrease in scores between the one-day delayed and one-week delayed test. Regarding metacognitive monitoring, judgements of learning in the multiple text reading group remained relatively stable after each reading and participants were underconfident about their knowledge. In the rereading group, judgements of learning increased after each reading and participants were overconfident about their knowledge, especially on the one-day delayed test. These findings have implications for educational practices aimed at enhancing learning outcomes and promoting effective learning.
Eyes on phishing emails: an eye-tracking study
Authors: Ribeiro Liliana , Guedes Inês Sousa , Cardoso Carla Sofia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Objective
This study aims to explore susceptibility to phishing emails by analysing the visual patterns of individuals.

Method
A quasi-experimental study was developed, using 28 emails (13 phishing; 13 legitimate; 2 control) which were subdivided into two groups (G1; G2) and presented to the participants who looked at a set of 15 emails. The sample consisted of 70 participants.

Results
Phishing emails showed significantly higher average fixation times and total fixations in the sender’s area compared to legitimate emails. However, no significant correlations were found between fixation time, total number of fixations in various areas of the email, and the accuracy of email identification (both general and phishing).

Conclusion
This pioneering study within the Portuguese context lays the foundation for future research on analysing and accurately detecting different types of emails, including differentiating between them. It also supports the development of targeted training to improve the recognition of various emails cues.
Why some ‘inbreeder’ species among mostly outbreeders? conifer examples, a postulate, and research agenda
Authors: Burdon Rowland David 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBreeding systems vary widely in plants, but mostly cluster towards outbreeding or inbreeding extremes. Conifers, which are woody and generally long-lived perennials, are almost all classical outbreeders, but include occasional species characterised as inbreeders. The latter include some very narrow endemics, but narrow endemics include outbreeders. The inbreeders show high self-fertility, minimal inbreeding depression, typically low DNA polymorphism, and modest functional genetic variation, but self-fertilisation rates can be low. Seven such species are reviewed. It is widely (if often tacitly) assumed that inbreeders arise through severe population bottlenecks. It is proposed, more specifically, that inbreeders could arise through recessive resistance alleles of large effects being expressed, during biotic crises, through some inbreeding in the typically mixed mating systems of outbreeders. Such a crisis might produce not only a population bottleneck but also the conditions for recessive alleles to operate beneficially to make inbreeding advantageous. Avenues for probing the recessive-alleles hypothesis are: quantitative modelling to identify what are plausible conditions, examining genomic signatures of inbreeders, and empirical observation. Appropriate modelling appears challenging, as does seeking informative genomic signatures. Empirical observation, however, may be facilitated by biotic crises promoted by current global migration of pathogens and animal pests.
A Patient-centred Concept(ion) of Life’s Meaningfulness: Lessons from African Perspectives
Authors: Attoe Aribiah David 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe literature on the question of life’s meaning has primarily focused on agent-centred paths to meaningfulness. This path involves an individual making a concerted effort towards achieving meaningfulness in life. Thus, even in defining meaning or presenting a concept of meaning, philosophers often approach such a description from an agent-centred perspective. In this essay, I articulate a patient-centred approach to meaning particularly from the African philosophical perspective. Drawing chiefly from African relational viewpoints, I develop the “patient-centred variable”, which ought to be contemplated by any definition of what meaningfulness entails. This patient-centred variable is the idea that a life can be meaningful (at least, momentarily) if it receives from other people acts that are considered (within a particular societal context) acts of love, communion and/or kindness, which transcend normal relationality among human beings and elicit personal feelings of esteem and worthiness. I begin by extracting clues from African metaphysics and from practical ethical values, which all suggest the plausibility of received meaning. Then I conceptualise what I call the patient-centred variable (PcV), and present it as a plausible and necessary addition (not a stand-alone concept of meaning) to any conceptual analysis of meaning.
CD34+ and CD34− MM cells show different immune-checkpoint molecule expression profiles: high expression of CD112 and CD137 ligand on CD34+ MM cells
Authors: Fukui-Morimoto Ayano , Serizawa Kentaro , Fujimoto Ko , Hanamoto Aki , Iwata Yoshio , Kakutani Hiroaki , Kumode Takahiro , Hirase Chikara , Morita Yasuyoshi , Tatsumi Yoichi , Hanamoto Hitoshi , Tanaka Hirokazu , Matsumura Itaru 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Despite the introduction of new drugs, multiple myeloma (MM) still remains incurable. We previously reported that CD34+ MM cells, which are clonogenic and self-renewing, are therapy-resistant and persist as a major component of minimal residual disease, expanding during relapse. To investigate the effects of immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T therapy, and bispecific antibodies on CD34+ MM cells, we analyzed immune profiles of both MM cells and T cells from MM patients using microarrays and flow cytometry. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed 14 out of 289 canonical pathways were more active in CD34+ MM cells compared to CD34− cells, many of which were involved in inflammation and immune responses. Notably, PD-1 signaling-related genes were highly expressed in CD34+ MM cells. Among 10 immune-checkpoint molecules, CD34+ cells more frequently expressed CD112, CD137L, CD270, CD275, and GAL9 than CD34− cells in both newly diagnosed and relapsed/resistant patients. In addition, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells more frequently expressed TIGIT and CD137, suggesting that CD112/TIGIT and CD137L/CD137 interactions may suppress T-cell activity against CD34+ MM cells. Furthermore, our finding of higher FcRH5 expression on CD34+ MM cells is encouraging for future research into the efficacy of FcRH5-targeted therapy in MM.
Impact of the WHO-5 classification of haematolymphoid tumours on clinical practice
Authors: Brand Rosa , Simonitsch-Klupp Ingrid 
Published: November 2024

SummaryThe long-awaited 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours (WHO-5-HAEM) has finally been published as part of the IARC Blue Book series. This two-volume edition is significantly more comprehensive than its predecessors, reflecting the integration of extensive advancements in genetic and molecular understanding, alongside clinically relevant findings. This brief review will highlight the key changes in the classification of the most common B‑cell lymphoproliferative disorders, specifically follicular lymphomas and large B‑cell lymphomas (LBCL). It will also introduce new entities and summarize the most critical updates within these lymphoma categories.