bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic Differentiation by Business Models: Free-To-Air and Pay-TV
Authors: Calvano Emilio , Polo Michele 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Broadcasting markets are marked by the coexistence of outlets with radically different business models, some offering content free of charge and relying on advertising, others charging for access and airing few ads. We develop a model with competing broadcasters that leads to endogenous differentiation in business models. Differentiation is not driven by the heterogeneity of agents as in classic works. Rather it relates to the ‘two-sided’ nature of these markets. A key driver is a strong form of strategic substitutability induced by natural properties of technology that allows advertisers to reach viewers.
Meningococcal Meningitis Outbreaks in the African Meningitis Belt After Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine Introduction, 2011–2017
Authors: Fernandez Katya , Lingani Clément , Aderinola Olaolu Moses , Goumbi Kadadé , Bicaba Brice , Edea Zewdu Assefa , Glèlè Clément , Sarkodie Badu , Tamekloe Agbeko , Ngomba Armelle , Djingarey Mamoudou , Bwaka Ado , Perea William , Ronveaux Olivier 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
In 2010–2017, meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) was introduced in 21 African meningitis belt countries. Neisseria meningitidis A epidemics have been eliminated here; however, non-A serogroup epidemics continue.

Methods
We reviewed epidemiological and laboratory World Health Organization data after MACV introduction in 20 countries. Information from the International Coordinating Group documented reactive vaccination.

Results
In 2011–2017, 17 outbreaks were reported (31 786 suspected cases from 8 countries, 1–6 outbreaks/year). Outbreaks were of 18–14 542 cases in 113 districts (median 3 districts/outbreak). The most affected countries were Nigeria (17 375 cases) and Niger (9343 cases). Cumulative average attack rates per outbreak were 37–203 cases/100 000 population (median 112). Serogroup C accounted for 11 outbreaks and W for 6. The median proportion of laboratory confirmed cases was 20%. Reactive vaccination was conducted during 14 outbreaks (5.7 million people vaccinated, median response time 36 days).

Conclusion
Outbreaks due to non-A serogroup meningococci continue to be a significant burden in this region. Until an affordable multivalent conjugate vaccine becomes available, the need for timely reactive vaccination and an emergency vaccine stockpile remains high. Countries must continue to strengthen detection, confirmation, and timeliness of outbreak control measures.
Blue Screen Biosphere: The Absent Presence of Biodiversity in International Law
Authors: Burke Anthony 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFrom the social contract theory of Hobbes and Locke to the United Nations Charter, the sovereign state has formed the fulcrum of political order and law. Yet in the Anthropocene, this humanist political containment fails to grapple with humanity's dangerous enmeshment with the ecological systems of planet Earth. This article addresses one aspect of this dilemma by focusing on the international law and governance of biodiversity, which presents a “blue screen” biosphere: a material simulation that enables a double disappearance of biodiversity from the text of international law and from the actuality of the world. Through a critique of the figure of the “natural resource,” the article finds that the founding texts of international environmental law entrench a twofold humanism-as-statism that simultaneously supports the geopower of the state to facilitate the capitalist appropriation of the nonhuman and imports the modern metaphysics of the human domination of nature into international customary law. Such legal-political ontologies block a path to a more hopeful system of global ecological law and governance based on the “rights of nature” that might be able to honor the intrinsic value of the biosphere as a rich, agentic, and communicative whole, fundamental to the Earth's survival.
Seismic absolute acoustic impedance inversion with L1 norm reflectivity constraint and combined first- and second-order total variation regularizations
Authors: Guo Song , Wang Huazhong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAbsolute acoustic impedance (AI) is generally divided into background AI and relative AI for linear inversion. In practice, the intermediate frequency components of the AI model are generally poorly reconstructed, so the estimated AI will suffer from an error caused by the frequency gap. To remedy this error, a priori information should be incorporated to narrow down the gap. With the knowledge that underground reflectivity was sparse, we solved an L1 norm constrained problem to extend the bandwidth of the reflectivity section, and an absolute AI model was then estimated with broadband reflectivity section and given background AI. Conventionally, the AI model is regularized with the total variation (TV) norm because of its blocky feature. However, the first-order TV norm that leads to piecewise-constant solutions will cause staircase errors in slanted and smooth regions in the inverted AI model. To better restore the smooth variation while preserving the sharp geological structure of the AI model, we introduced a second-order extension of the first-order TV norm and inverted the absolute AI model with combined first- and second-order TV regularizations. The algorithm used to solve the optimization problem with the combined TV constraints was derived based on split-Bregman iterations. Numerical experiments that were tested on the Marmousi AI model and 2D stacked field data illustrated the effectiveness of the sparse constraint with respect to shrinking the frequency gaps and proved that the proposed combined TV norms had better performances than those with conventional first-order TV norms.
Species Composition and Abundance of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) in Peninsular Thailand
Authors: Lorn Sokchan , Ratisupakorn Sakda , Duvallet Gerard , Chareonviriyaphap Theeraphap , Tainchum Krajana 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Stable fly collections were conducted to study the species composition and daytime activity of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) in Peninsular Thailand (Songkhla, Trang, Pattalung, Nakon Si Thammarat, and Satun provinces). Vavoua traps were used for fly collections in wet and dry seasons each year. Four Stomoxys species were found, S. calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) being the most common with 2,512 specimens (87.43% of captures), followed by S. indicus (Picard) (Diptera: Muscidae) with 306 specimens (10.65%), S. sitiens (Rondani) (Diptera: Muscidae) with 44 specimens (1.53%), and S. uruma (Shinonaga and Kano) (Diptera: Muscidae) with 11 specimens (0.39%). Subsequently, Songkhla Province was further selected to be a potential collection site to conduct a 1-yr abundance study, due to mixed crop-livestock farming in one place. Stomoxys calcitrans was predominant from 0800 to 1000 h with 4,921 specimens (93.6%) while S. indicus with 317 specimens (6%) and S. sitiens with 19 specimens (0.4%) were numerically dominant from 0600 to 0800 and 1600 to 1800 h. A proportion of male and female of each species was also established. This overall finding could be used as an ideal for nationwide species distribution status for the guidance of appropriate fly control. This information can lighten the way for the future control measures program activity of stable flies in Thailand.
Feasibility of Home-Based Neurologic Music Therapy for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Holden Samantha K , Sheffler Julia , Stewart Rebekah , Thompson Sarah , Persson Justin , Finseth Taylor , Sillau Stefan , Kluger Benzi M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Family caregivers often feel ill-equipped to handle bothersome behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, such as agitation, apathy, and sleep disturbances, leading to increased caregiver distress and nursing home placement for people with dementia. Therapies for such symptoms are currently limited and non-pharmacological options are preferred, given potential side effects of medications. Neurologic music therapy (NMT) could provide an additional treatment option for managing behavioral and psychological symptoms for community-dwelling people with dementia and their caregivers. This pilot study sought to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of home-based NMT for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Eighteen persons with dementia-caregiver dyads were enrolled to receive one-hour weekly sessions of home-based NMT for 6 weeks. Demographic, quality of life, neuropsychiatric symptom, and caregiver burden and self-efficacy information was collected at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Seven dyads (38.9%) withdrew from therapy before completing all sessions; these participants had higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores and were of older age at baseline. For those who completed therapy, neuropsychiatric symptom scores improved at 6 weeks, an effect that was sustained at 12 weeks. No other outcome measures changed significantly after therapy. Initiating NMT too late in the course of dementia, when behavioral symptoms are already present, may be impractical for people with dementia and increase caregiver stress, even when provided within the home. Introducing and incorporating the principles of NMT earlier in the course of dementia could allow for increased comfort and benefit for people with dementia and their caregivers.
Spontaneous bleeding of the inferior pancreatic-duodenal artery in median arcuate ligament syndrome: do not miss the diagnosis
Authors: Rebelos Eleni , Cipriano Alessandro , Ferrini Laura , Trifirò Silvia , Napoli Niccolò , Santini Massimo , Napoli Vinicio 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is a rare condition in which the median arcuate ligament (MAL) causes compression of the coeliac trunk. The chronic compression leads to coeliac trunk luminal narrowing and reduced blood supply to the abdominal splanchnic organs with possible local complications such as pseudo-aneurysms and spontaneous bleeding. Its incidence is probably underestimated due to the poor availability of color Doppler ultrasonography (CD-US), especially in an Emergency Department (ED) setting.
A 44-year old woman presented to Pisa University Hospital ED with acute abdominal pain. An abdominal ultrasonography scan (US scan) was performed showing the presence of free liquid in the Douglas pouch. The abdominal computed tomography scan (CT scan) highlighted the presence of a large mesenteric hematoma. A CD-US revealed a significant stenosis of the coeliac artery. A selective angiography confirmed the diagnosis of MALS with a pseudo-aneurysm of the inferior pancreatic-duodenal artery, which was successfully embolized.
RESULTS OF THE JOINT IAEA/ARPANSA INTERCOMPARISON EXERCISE ON WHOLE BODY DOSEMETERS FOR PHOTONS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION
Authors: Rizk Chadia , Long Stephen , Okyar H Burçin , Baradaran Samaneh , Al Fares Elham , Sangau John Konsoh , Shah Buddha R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An intercomparison exercise (IC) on whole body dosemeters to determine the quantity personal dose equivalent Hp (10) in photon radiation fields was jointly organised and conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) for individual monitoring services (IMS) in Asia and the Pacific region. This was arranged to help the IMS in the region to achieve a more accurate dosimetry service and to improve their performance. Twenty-four IMS participated in this IC. Four sets of dosemeters were irradiated using X-ray and gamma radiation qualities at 0° and 20° angle of incidence, respectively. All the IMS provided results that were within the acceptable limits defined by the IAEA. However, only a minority of participants reported confidence intervals that included the reference dose, for each exposure scenario. For few systems, the overall performance could be significantly improved by reviewing calibration procedures.
Are Randomized Controlled Trials on Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy for Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia Comparable? A Systematic Review of Patient and Study Characteristics
Authors: Bighelli Irene , Leucht Claudia , Huhn Maximilian , Reitmeir Cornelia , Schwermann Felicitas , Wallis Sofia , Davis John M , Leucht Stefan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
We examined patient and study characteristics of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy trials to establish whether the effects of these 2 treatment strategies can be compared meaningfully.

Methods
We inspected all randomized controlled trials included in 2 recent meta-analyses on antipsychotics and psychotherapy in patients with positive symptoms of schizophrenia, searching EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Differences between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy trials were analyzed with Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney and chi-square tests.

Results
Eighty studies with 18 271 participants on antipsychotic drugs and 53 studies with 4068 participants on psychotherapy were included. Psychotherapy studies included less severely ill patients (P &lt; .0001), with a shorter duration of illness (P = .021), lasted for a longer period (P &lt; .0001), administered the intervention as add-on to antipsychotics (P &lt; .0001), had higher risk of bias in some domains including blinding of outcome assessment (P &lt; .0001), and were funded publicly more frequently (P &lt; .0001). Antipsychotic trials had larger sample sizes (P &lt; .0001) and more study centers (P &lt; .0001), included more males (P = .0001), inpatients (P &lt; .0001), and slightly older patients (P = .031), more often used diagnostic operationalized criteria (P = .006), and were sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. They did not differ in conflict of interest (P = .24).

Conclusions
We found key differences between the 2 groups of studies that encompass higher risk of bias in psychotherapy studies and the inclusion of more severe patients in drug trials. These differences imply that study and patient characteristics should be carefully taken into account before considering a network meta-analysis. In the interest of patients, psychopharmacologists and psychotherapists should optimize their treatments rather than seeing them in competition.
Secondary leaves of an outbreak-adapted tree species are both more resource acquisitive and more herbivore resistant than primary leaves
Authors: Fuenzalida Tomás I , Hernández-Moreno Ángela , Piper Frida I 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The magnitude and frequency of insect outbreaks are predicted to increase in forests, but how trees cope with severe outbreak defoliation is not yet fully understood. Winter deciduous trees often produce a secondary leaf flush in response to defoliation (i.e., compensatory leaf regrowth or refoliation), which promotes fast replenishment of carbon (C) storage and eventually tree survival. However, secondary leaf flushes may imply a high susceptibility to insect herbivory, especially in the event of an ongoing outbreak. We hypothesized that in winter deciduous species adapted to outbreak-driven defoliations, secondary leaves are both more C acquisitive and more herbivore resistant than primary leaves. During an outbreak by Ormiscodes amphimone F. affecting Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser forests, we (i) quantified the defoliation and subsequent refoliation by analyzing the seasonal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and (ii) compared the physiological traits and herbivore resistance of primary and secondary leaves. Comparisons of the NDVI of the primary and second leaf flushes relative to the NDVI of the defoliated forest indicated 31% refoliation, which is close to the leaf regrowth reported by a previous study in juvenile N. pumilio trees subjected to experimental defoliation. Primary leaves had higher leaf mass per area, size, carbon:nitrogen ratio and soluble sugar concentration than secondary leaves, along with lower nitrogen and starch concentrations, and similar total polyphenol and phosphorus concentrations. In both a choice and a non-choice bioassay, the leaf consumption rates by O. amphimone larvae were significantly higher (>50%) for primary than for secondary leaves, indicating higher herbivore resistance in the latter. Our study shows that secondary leaf flushes in outbreak-adapted tree species can be both C acquisitive and herbivore resistant, and suggests that these two features mediate the positive effects of the compensatory leaf regrowth on the tree C balance and forest resilience.
Recognizing autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Bartolotta Theresa , Rizzolo Denise 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), previously called autism, is a developmental condition that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges. Early symptoms of ASD can easily be overlooked. Clinicians who can recognize the symptoms of ASD can help children get prompt referral to specialists and early intervention, which is key to improving developmental outcomes for children with ASD.
Valgus Intertrochanteric Osteotomy for Femoral Neck Nonunion
Authors: Medda Suman , Jinnah Alexander H. , Marquez-Lara Alejandro , Araiza Edgar T. , Hasty Eddie K. , Halvorson Jason J. , Pilson Holly T. 
Published: July 2019

Summary:
Valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is an effective method of treating femoral neck nonunion by reducing shear forces at the fracture and correcting the neck-shaft angle. Good outcomes have been reported in the literature. Through careful preoperative planning and a precise operative technique, reliable healing of both the osteotomy and nonunion can be achieved.

Video available at:
http://links.lww.com/JOT/A799
Closed Reduction Percutaneous Pinning of a Pediatric Supracondylar Distal Humerus Fracture
Authors: Dineen Hannah A. , Stone Joseph , Ostrum Robert F. 
Published: July 2019

Summary:
Pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures are the most common type of fracture of the elbow in children. Treatment options for these fractures depend on the fracture type as well as the severity of the fracture; however, the standard of care is closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation for Gartland type 2 and 3 fractures. Controversy exists regarding the ideal pin configuration, size, and number of pins for best stabilization. We present a technique video illustrating our method of lateral entry-pinning of a type 3 supracondylar humerus fracture using three 2.0-mm smooth pins.

Video available at:
http://links.lww.com/JOT/A787
Examination Under Anesthesia for Evaluation of Hip Stability in Posterior Wall Acetabulum Fractures
Authors: Yee Michael A. , Davis Max E. , Perdue Aaron M. , Hake Mark E. 
Published: July 2019

Summary:
Posterior wall fractures of the acetabulum are the most common acetabular fracture pattern. Stable, congruous hips are amenable to nonoperative management, whereas any instability in the hip is an indication for operative management of the posterior wall fracture. Stability cannot adequately be predicted by static imaging alone. Therefore, the dynamic stress examination under anesthesia remains the gold standard in determining hip stability to guide treatment. This case-based video demonstrates a systematic technique for performing an examination under anesthesia and explains how to interpret the fluoroscopic imaging to differentiate stable and unstable hips.

Video available at:
http://links.lww.com/JOT/A795
Direct Anterior Approach for Hip Hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Wroblewski Andrew , Hoffman Dustin , Miller Eric T. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose:
The purpose of this video is to demonstrate a surgical technique for a hemiarthroplasty of the hip joint through a direct anterior approach. We have found this technique to be a viable option for the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures.

Methods:
Multiple approaches to the hip are described for arthroplasty. Direct anterior approach for hemiarthroplasty is a safe, reproducible approach.

Results:
The video displays our technique for performing a direct anterior approach to the hip joint for a hemiarthroplasty in the setting of a displaced femoral neck fracture.

Conclusions:
Hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fractures in the elderly population is becoming increasingly more common. The direct anterior approach to the hip joint provides a safe approach for this procedure. The following video demonstrates our key principles when performing this technique.

Video available at:
http://links.lww.com/JOT/A794
Capitellum Fracture Open Reduction and Internal Fixation With Headless Screws
Authors: Wolfson Theodore S. , Lowe Dylan , Egol Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2019

Summary:
Partial articular fractures involving the capitellum represent an injury to the lateral column of the distal humerus. Capitellum open reduction and internal fixation restores this portion of the distal humerus articular surface and biomechanical integrity to the lateral column. This video demonstrates open reduction and internal fixation of a type I capitellar fracture with headless compression screws through an extensile lateral approach.

Video available at:
http://links.lww.com/JOT/A789
Percutaneous Fixation of Calcaneal Tuberosity Avulsion Fracture
Authors: Blum Laura E. , Hundal Rajbir , Walton David , Hake Mark E. 
Published: July 2019

Summary:
There are little data published regarding percutaneous fixation of calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fractures, but tongue-type calcaneal fracture literature can be extrapolated to these injuries because they can be considered the extra-articular form of a tongue-type calcaneus fracture. Both injuries involve similar considerations regarding skin compromise and need for urgent management with similar percutaneous techniques to minimize further soft-tissue injury. Percutaneous fixation of tongue-type calcaneus fractures was first reported by Weshues and Gissane in their description of the Essex Lopresti maneuver as an alternative to open approaches to minimize the risk of soft-tissue complications and flap necrosis and provide a means of improving reductions in smokers and diabetics who may not otherwise be good operative candidates.

Video available at:
http://links.lww.com/JOT/A808
Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture With Syndesmotic Sprain: ORIF and Suture-Endobutton Repair
Authors: Shafiq Babar , Thamyongkit Sorawut 
Published: July 2019

Summary:
Syndesmosis sprain is not uncommon in unstable ankle fractures. Surgical stabilization of the syndesmosis can be achieved with either trans-syndesmotic screws or a suture-endobutton device. The suture-endobutton provides for potential advantages including more anatomical mobility of the joint, quicker return to weight-bearing, and no need for implant removal. In this article, we describe the indications and surgical technique for management of a bimalleolar ankle fracture requiring repair of the syndesmosis. This technique focuses on methods of intraoperative reduction and assessment using fluoroscopic imaging of the contralateral ankle for reference. We also demonstrate the use of a suture-endobutton for syndesmosis fixation.

Video available at:
http://links.lww.com/JOT/A805