bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filling the intervention gap: service evaluation of an intensive nonsurgical weight management programme for severe and complex obesity
Authors: McCombie L. , Brosnahan N. , Ross H. , Bell‐Higgs A. , Govan L. , Lean M. E. J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundWeight management including formula total diet replacement (TDR) is emerging as an effective intervention for severe and complex obesity, particularly with respect to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, no prospective audit and service evaluation of such programmes have been reported.MethodsFollowing initial feasibility piloting, the Counterweight‐Plus programme was commissioned across a variety of healthcare providers. The programme includes: Screening, TDR (formula low energy diet), food reintroduction and weight loss maintenance, all delivered by staff with 8 h of training, in‐service mentoring, ongoing specialist support and access to medical consultant expertise. Anonymised data are returned centrally for clinical evaluation.ResultsUp to December 2016, 288 patients commenced the programme. Mean (SD) baseline characteristics were: age 47.5 (12.7) years, weight 128.0 (32.0) kg, body mass index 45.7 (10.1) kg m−2, n = 76 (26.5%) were male and n = 99 (34.5%) had T2DM. On an intention‐to‐treat (ITT) basis, a loss of ≥15 kg at 12 months was achieved by 48 patients, representing 22.1% of all who started and 40% of those who maintained engagement. For complete cases, mean (95% confidence interval) weight loss was 13.3 (12.1–14.4) kg at 3 months, 16.0 (14.4–17.6) kg at 6 months and 14.2 (12.1–16.3) kg at 12 months (all P < 0.001), with losses to follow‐up of 10.8%, 29.3% and 44.2%, respectively. Mean loss at 12 months by ITT analyses was: single imputation –10.5 (9.5) kg, last observation carried forward –10.9 (11.6) kg and baseline observation carried forward –7.9 (11.1) kg. The presence of diabetes had no significant impact on weight change outcomes.ConclusionsThis nonsurgical approach is effective for many individuals with severe and complex obesity, representing an option before considering surgery. The results are equally effective in terms of weight loss for people with T2DM.
Extrasynaptic δ‐GABAA receptors are high‐affinity muscimol receptors
Authors: Benkherouf Ali Y. , Taina Kaisa‐Riitta , Meera Pratap , Aalto Asko J. , Li Xiang‐Guo , Soini Sanna L. , Wallner Martin , Uusi‐Oukari Mikko 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMuscimol, the major psychoactive ingredient in the mushroom Amanita muscaria, has been regarded as a universal non‐selective GABA‐site agonist. Deletion of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) δ subunit in mice (δKO) leads to a drastic reduction in high‐affinity muscimol binding in brain sections and to a lower behavioral sensitivity to muscimol than their wild type counterparts. Here, we use forebrain and cerebellar brain homogenates from WT and δKO mice to show that deletion of the δ subunit leads to a > 50% loss of high‐affinity 5 nM [3H]muscimol‐binding sites despite the relatively low abundance of δ‐containing GABAARs (δ‐GABAAR) in the brain. By subtracting residual high‐affinity binding in δKO mice and measuring the slow association and dissociation rates we show that native δ‐GABAARs in WT mice exhibit high‐affinity [3H]muscimol‐binding sites (KD ~1.6 nM on α4βδ receptors in the forebrain and ~1 nM on α6βδ receptors in the cerebellum at 22°C). Co‐expression of the δ subunit with α6 and β2 or β3 in recombinant (HEK 293) expression leads to the appearance of a slowly dissociating [3H]muscimol component. In addition, we compared muscimol currents in recombinant α4β3δ and α4β3 receptors and show that δ subunit co‐expression leads to highly muscimol‐sensitive currents with an estimated EC50 of around 1–2 nM and slow deactivation kinetics. These data indicate that δ subunit incorporation leads to a dramatic increase in GABAAR muscimol sensitivity. We conclude that biochemical and behavioral low‐dose muscimol selectivity for δ‐subunit‐containing receptors is a result of low nanomolar‐binding affinity on δ‐GABAARs.
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THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON THE LABOR MARKET
Authors: Edo Anthony 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe literature on the impact of immigration on the labor market is highly controversial. The aim of this paper is to review the existing literature and draw some general conclusions on how wages and employment respond to immigration. Economic studies indicate that the impact of immigration on the average wage and employment of native workers is null or slightly positive. However, because adjustments take time, the immediate labor market effects of unexpected (as opposed to expected) migration episodes can be detrimental. Immigration also can have distributional consequences. In particular, the skill composition of immigrants matters in determining their impact on native labor market outcomes. An inflow of immigrants will tend to reduce the wages of competing native workers (with skills similar to those of the migrants), and increase those of complementary workers (with skills that complement those of immigrants). By affecting the skill composition of the workforce, immigration can create winners and losers among native workers via changes in the wage structure.
Chronic recurrent osteomyelitis: A surgeon's enigma
Authors: Kudva Adarsh , Kamath Abhay T. , Dhara Vasantha , Ravindranath Vineetha 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundChronic recurrent forms of osteomyelitis of the mandible with their morbid clinical course have long been considered a challenge to maxillofacial surgeons in terms of both diagnosis and treatment. Various classifications and treatments have been established through the ages to define and manage the inflammatory symptoms occurring in adults and children. This paper discusses two such entities occurring in an adult and a child, highlighting the diagnostic and treatment challenges of recurrent osteomyelitis.MethodsA thorough workup which included clinical, radiographic, blood investigations was done, followed by administration of antibiotics and anti‐inflammatory with or without surgical debridement/adjuvant therapies. Correlation of our findings and treatment plan was done with evidence‐based literature and practice.ResultsComplete resolution of symptoms with radiographic evidence was achieved in both the cases. In the recurrence period, long‐term steroids, NSAIDs, antibiotics resulted in better outcomes.ConclusionThe evidence‐based protocol for osteomyelitis stresses on short inpatient stays predicated on efficient literature. Thorough clinical and radiographic evaluation with aggressive medical management and surgical intervention when necessary can result in longer symptom‐free periods. Thus understanding the disease, recurrence pattern and response to therapy is essential.
Examining the opinions of potential consumers about plant‐derived cosmetics: An approach combining word association, co‐occurrence network, and multivariate probit analysis
Authors: Yano Yuki , Kato Eri , Ohe Yasuo , Blandford David 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study explores the opinions of potential consumers of cosmetic products containing plant‐derived ingredients and examines the impact of personal characteristics on those opinions. A word association approach was used to collect opinions about plant‐derived cosmetics from 901 Japanese females. Word co‐occurrence network analysis was used to identify the main themes in responses, including sensory properties and efficacy of plant‐derived cosmetics. Multivariate probit analysis was performed using the themes identified as dependent variables and personal attributes of respondents as independent variables. The results indicate that while respondents viewed plant‐derived cosmetics to be gentle to the skin and safe to use, they also viewed such products to be expensive and to have a slow effect. Some respondents, especially older women, were concerned about potential negative effects. Older respondents, full‐time workers, and respondents with high household income were less likely to view plant‐based products as expensive.Practical applicationsThis study demonstrates that word co‐occurrence network analysis using a community detection method can be a useful tool for systematically identifying the main themes in responses to open‐ended survey questions. By combining this method with discrete choice analysis it is possible to examine the influence of characteristics of respondents on the occurrence of the themes identified. In the current study, the use of these two approaches provided valuable insights into the opinions of potential Japanese consumers about plant‐derived cosmetics and the impact of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of individuals on those opinions.
Hospital readmissions in paediatric trauma patients: A 10‐year Australian review
Authors: Unsworth Annalise , Curtis Kate , Mitchell Rebecca J 
Published: December 2018

AimReadmission of paediatric trauma patients is associated with increased hospital length of stay, additional operative procedures and significant costs to the health‐care system. The rates and causes of readmission of paediatric trauma patients are not well reported outside of the USA or single centres. This nation‐wide study is the first in Australia to examine the readmission rates, costs and characteristics of Australian paediatric trauma patients.MethodsThis was a retrospective examination of linked hospitalisation and mortality data for injured children aged 16 or younger from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2012, readmitted to hospital within 28 days of discharge. Data including injury severity, nature of injury, episodes of care and costs were extracted from hospitalisation data.ResultsThere were 37 603 injury children aged ≤16 years readmitted to hospital within 28 days during the 10‐year period, a readmission rate of 5.5%. The most common principal injury requiring readmission was fracture (52.6%) and burns (19.3%). A total of 66% of all patients had a readmission diagnosis of injury, complication of their initial injury or complication of surgical and medical care; 30% were readmitted for a specific procedure or follow‐up care. The total cost of readmissions was AU$108 million.ConclusionsHospital readmission rates of paediatric trauma patients in Australia are due to injury or a complication of injury and are associated with significant costs. Early identification of at‐risk patients and the prevention of complications are needed to prevent the ongoing burden of readmission.
The building blocks of precision oral health in early childhood: the ZOE 2.0 study
Authors: Divaris Kimon , Joshi Ashwini 
Published: December 2018

AbstractImproving children's oral health is a long‐standing area of priority and sustained efforts by many stakeholders. Despite these efforts, dental caries, particularly early childhood caries (ECC), persists as a clinical and dental public health problem with multilevel consequences. Despite recent successes in the non‐restorative management of dental caries, remarkably little has been done in the domain of ECC prevention. There is promise and expectation that meaningful improvements in early childhood oral health and ECC prevention can be made via the advent of precision medicine in the oral health domain. We posit that precision dentistry, including genomic influences, may be best examined in the context of well‐characterized communities (versus convenience clinical samples) and the impact of contextual factors including geography and social disadvantage may be explainable via mechanistic (i.e., biological) research. This notion is aligned with the population approach in precision medicine, which calls for the latter to be predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory. The article highlights research directions that must be developed for precision dentistry and precision dental public health to be realized. In this context, we describe the rationale, activities, and early insights gained from the ZOE 2.0 study – a large‐scale, community‐based, genetic epidemiologic study of early childhood oral health. We anticipate that this long‐term research program will illuminate foundational domains for the advancement of precision dentistry and precision dental public health. Ultimately, this new knowledge can help catalyze the development of effective preventive and therapeutic modalities via actions at the policy, community, family, and person level.
Primary care physician perspectives on barriers and facilitators to self-management of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Khairnar Rahul , Kamal Khalid M. , Giannetti Vincent , Dwibedi Nilanjana , McConaha Jamie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objectives
To assess physician perspectives on perceived barriers and facilitators to type 2 diabetes self-management (DSM) in a primary care setting.

Methods
The study utilized survey methodology to measure perspectives of primary care physicians on DSM and the challenges they face in managing patients with poor glycaemic stability. Demographic and practice site-related information of the physicians were also collected.

Key findings
Of the 21 physicians who responded (53.8% response rate), 71.2% were aged 50 years or older, 54.2% had ≥25 years of clinical experience, and 50% practiced in an urban setting. The physicians examined 5–60 patients with type 2 diabetes per week (mean = 20), and over 75% of them spent &lt;20 min on face-to-face visits. Approximately, 95% of physicians considered self-care activities such as regular moderate exercise, following a recommended diet, regular blood glucose testing, proper insulin administration and adherence to oral medication as extremely important. Practice-related aspects such as patient–physician communication, patient health literacy and patient follow-up were unanimously considered extremely important, and performance on these measures was rated positively. Interestingly, 66% of physicians felt responsible to some extent for their patient's failure to reach type 2 DSM goals. Physician perceived barriers that contributed to clinical inertia included cost of medications, lack of patient motivation and knowledge, non-compliance with diet and medications, polypharmacy and lack of time and social support.

Conclusions
The study results underscore the importance of DSM in the overall management of type 2 diabetes. Addressing the challenges faced by physicians may result in better self-management and improved clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes population.
Factors influencing recruitment and appearance of bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana (phylum Ochrophyta)
Authors: Dobkowski Katie A. , Flanagan K. Darby , Nordstrom Jessica R. 
Published: December 2018

The dynamics of annual species are strongly tied to their capacity for recruitment each year. We examined how competition and propagule availability influence recruitment and appearance and tracked survivorship of an annual species of marine macroalgae, the bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana), which serves as major biogenic habitat in the Salish Sea of Washington State. We hypothesized that (i) juvenile N. luetkeana would exhibit a seasonal appearance as a cohort in the spring and (ii) competition for space would be more limiting than propagules (spores) to recruitment at sites adjacent to established N. luetkeana beds. We tagged N. luetkeana recruits in the field to track appearance and survivorship across seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter), using a two‐factor crossed design to assess effects of competition and propagule availability on appearance of new N. luetkeana sporophytes. Survivorship of N. luetkeana recruits was low and, whereas most new individuals arose in the spring, some appeared in every season. New N. luetkeana recruits also appeared the earliest (median 8 weeks vs. >20 weeks) after experimental “seeding” in the spring as compared to other seasons. Eliminating macroalgal competitors (“clearing”) influenced the appearance of recruits more than enhancement of propagules in the spring. An improved understanding of factors regulating the seasonal appearance of new N. luetkeana sporophytes furthers our understanding of this crucial foundation species' appearance and persistence across seasons, which is increasingly important as global ocean conditions change, and highlights the importance of studying organisms with complex life histories across multiple stages and geographical regions.
Chemical profiling of mycosporine‐like amino acids in twenty‐three red algal species
Authors: Orfanoudaki Maria , Hartmann Anja , Karsten Ulf , Ganzera Markus 
Published: December 2018

Rhodophyta produce a variety of chemically different mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs), compounds that are known as some of the strongest ultraviolet (UV) absorbing molecules in nature. Accordingly, they primarily act as photoprotectants against harmful levels of solar ultraviolet radiation in the UV‐A and UV‐B range. In order to get a deeper understanding of the chemical diversity of MAAs in red algae, pure standards of eleven mycosporine‐like amino acids were isolated from three different species (Agarophyton chilense, Pyropia plicata and Champia novae‐zelandiae) using various chromatographic methods. Their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Four out of the eleven MAAs are reported for the first time in algae. In addition, a new high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the separation of all isolated MAAs and successfully applied for the analysis of twenty‐three red algal species of marine origin. All of them contained MAAs, the most abundant compounds were shinorine, palythine, asterina‐330 and porphyra‐334. For some samples, the direct assignment of MAAs based on their UV spectra was not possible; therefore, the target analytes were enriched by a simple concentration step, followed by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of the extracts. This approach enabled a deeper insight into the MAA pattern of red algae, indicating that not only the four dominant ones are synthesized but also many others, which were often described as unknown compounds in previous studies.
Pleistocene range expansions might explain striking disjunctions between eastern Brazil, Andes and Mesoamerica inLeandras.str. (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Reginato Marcelo , Michelangeli Fabián A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLeandras.str. clade has around 200 species nearly restricted to eastern Brazil. Most species in this group are narrow endemics, but a few present striking disjunct distributions between eastern Brazil and Andes or Mesoamerica. Given the predominantly “montane” distribution observed in mostLeandras.str., we hypothesized that cyclical range expansions during colder Pleistocene periods, followed by local extinctions during warmer interglacial periods, could have shaped the distribution of the disjunct species in this clade. In order to gather support for this biogeographical scenario in a phylogenetic framework, the species that occur outside eastern Brazil were identified, ages of the dispersal events estimated, climatic niche models for the disjuncts were generated, and the climatic envelope of these species compared. Our results place all dispersal events from eastern Brazil to Andes or Mesoamerica during the Pleistocene. Climatic niche modeling indicates a potential range expansion during the Pleistocene colder times for the disjunct species. Although the surpassing of the “dry diagonal” could have been facilitated during glacial periods, this open corridor is an effective barrier forLeandra, given the reduced number of species that dispersed beyond an eastern Brazilian origin. Additionally, the disjunct species do not present significant differences in their climatic envelopes to the non‐disjunct species. Our results provide support to a short‐dispersion/stepping‐stone migration scenario to account for the observed disjunctions in this clade. Range expansions during Pleistocene colder periods followed by local extinctions during interglacial periods could have shaped the distribution ofLeandras.str.
Nicotine increases sleep spindle activity
Authors: O'Reilly Christian , Chapotot Florian , Pittau Francesca , Mella Nathalie , Picard Fabienne 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Studies have shown that both nicotine and sleep spindles are associated with enhanced memorisation. Further, a few recent studies have shown how cholinergic input through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors can trigger or modulate sleep processes in general, and sleep spindles in particular. To better understand the interaction between nicotine and sleep spindles, we compared in a single blind randomised study the characteristics of sleep spindles in 10 healthy participants recorded for 2 nights, one with a nicotine patch and one with a sham patch. We investigated differences in sleep spindle duration, amplitude, intra‐spindle oscillation frequency and density (i.e. spindles per min). We found that under nicotine, spindles are more numerous (average increase: 0.057 spindles per min; 95% confidence interval: [0.025–0.089]; p = .0004), have higher amplitude (average amplification: 0.260 μV; confidence interval: [0.119–0.402]; p = .0032) and last longer (average lengthening: 0.025 s; confidence interval: [0.017–0.032]; p = 2.7e‐11). These results suggest that nicotine can increase spindle activity by acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and offer an attractive hypothesis for common mechanisms that may support memorisation improvements previously reported to be associated with nicotine and sleep spindles.
Comparison of apnoea–hypopnoea index and oxygen desaturation index when identifying obstructive sleep apnoea using type‐4 sleep studies
Authors: Senaratna Chamara V. , Lowe Adrian , Perret Jennifer L. , Lodge Caroline , Bowatte Gayan , Abramson Michael J. , Thompson Bruce R. , Hamilton Garun , Dharmage Shyamali C. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThe concordance of different indices from type‐4 sleep studies in diagnosing and categorising the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea is not known. This is a critical gap as type‐4 sleep studies are used to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea in some settings. Therefore, we aimed to determine the concordance between flow‐based apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHIflow50%) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI3%) by measuring them concurrently. Using a random sub‐sample of 296 from a population‐based cohort who underwent two‐channel type‐4 sleep studies, we assessed the concordance between AHIflow50% and ODI3%. We compared the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea of various severities as identified by the two methods, and determined their concordance using coefficient Kappa(κ). Participants were aged (mean ± SD) 53 ± 0.9 years (48% male). The body mass index was 28.8 ± 5.2 kg m−2 and neck circumference was 37.4 ± 3.9 cm. The median AHIflow50% was 5 (inter‐quartile range 2, 10) and median ODI3% was 9 (inter‐quartile range 4, 15). The obstructive sleep apnoea prevalence reported using AHIflow50% was significantly lower than that reported using ODI3% at all severity thresholds. Although 90% of those with moderate–severe obstructive sleep apnoea classified using AHIflow50% were identified by using ODI3%, only 46% of those with moderate–severe obstructive sleep apnoea classified using ODI3% were identified by AHIflow50%. The overall concordance between AHIflow50% and ODI3% in diagnosing and classifying the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea was only fair (κ = 0.32), better for males (κ = 0.42 [95% confidence interval 0.32–0.57] versus 0.22 [95% confidence interval 0.09–0.31]), and lowest for those with a body mass index ≥ 35 (κ = 0.11). In conclusion, ODI3% and AHIflow50% from type‐4 sleep studies are at least moderately discordant. Until further evidence is available, the use of ODI3% as the measure of choice for type‐4 sleep studies is recommended cautiously.