bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromospheric activity catalogue of 4454 cool stars
Authors: Boro Saikia S. , Marvin C. J. , Jeffers S. V. , Reiners A. , Cameron R. , Marsden S. C. , Petit P. , Warnecke J. , Yadav A. P. 
Published: March 2018

Context.Chromospheric activity monitoring of a wide range of cool stars can provide valuable information on stellar magnetic activity and its dependence on fundamental stellar parameters such as effective temperature and rotation.Aims.We compile a chromospheric activity catalogue of 4454 cool stars from a combination of archival HARPS spectra and multiple other surveys, including the Mount Wilson data that have recently been released by the NSO. We explore the variation in chromospheric activity of cool stars along the main sequence for stars with different effective temperatures. Additionally, we also perform an activity-cycle period search and investigate its relation with rotation.Methods.The chromospheric activity index, S-index, was measured for 304 main-sequence stars from archived high-resolution HARPS spectra. Additionally, the measured and archived S-indices were converted into the chromospheric flux ratio logRHK'. The activity-cycle periods were determined using the generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram to study the active and inactive branches on the rotation – activity-cycle period plane.Results.The global sample shows that the bimodality of chromospheric activity, known as the Vaughan-Preston gap, is not prominent, with a significant percentage of the stars at an intermediate-activity level aroundR'HK= −4.75. Independently, the cycle period search shows that stars can lie in the region intermediate between the active and inactive branch, which means that the active branch is not as clearly distinct as previously thought.Conclusions.The weakening of the Vaughan-Preston gap indicates that cool stars spin down from a higher activity level and settle at a lower activity level without a sudden break at intermediate activity. Some cycle periods are close to the solar value between the active and inactive branch, which suggests that the solar dynamo is most likely a common case of the stellar dynamo.
Lipid Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery of Serenoa repens CO2 Extract: A Study of Microemulsion and Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Guccione Clizia , Bergonzi Maria , Awada Khaled , Piazzini Vieri , Bilia Anna 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was the development and characterization of lipid nanocarriers using food grade components for oral delivery of Serenoa repens CO2 extract, namely microemulsions (MEs) and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) to improve the oral absorption. A commercial blend (CB) containing 320 of S. repens CO2 extract plus the aqueous soluble extracts of nettle root and pineapple stem was formulated in two MEs and two SMEDDSs. The optimized ME loaded with the CB (CBM2) had a very low content of water (only 17.3%). The drug delivery systems were characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode-array detector analyses in order to evaluate the size, the homogeneity, the morphology, and the encapsulation efficiency. β-carotene was selected as marker for the quantitative HPLC analysis. Additionally, physical and chemical stabilities were acceptable during 3 wk at 4 °C. Stability of these nanocarriers in simulated stomach and intestinal conditions was proved. Finally, the improvement of oral absorption of S. repens was studied in vitro using parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. An enhancement of oral permeation was found in both CBM2 and CBS2 nanoformulations comparing with the CB and S. repens CO2 extract. The best performance was obtained by the CBM2 nanoformulation (~ 17%) predicting a 30 – 70% passive oral human absorption in vivo.
Addison-Krise – Risiko erkennen und rasch behandeln
Authors: Meyer Gesine , Badenhoop Klaus 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn adrenal crisis (Addisonian crisis) is an acute life-threatening complication of adrenal insufficiency. It occurs when hydrocortisone demand is not met by supplementation in the context of an infection – often gastrointestinal, fever, trauma, acute psychological or physical stress. Symptoms of weakness, nausea, muscle/joint pain and drowsiness may develop out of robust health within few hours. If overlooked, treated too late, with insufficient dose or route of application, there exists a considerable risk of mortality. Treatment consists of immediate parenteral hydrocortisone (100 mg bolus) and subsequent continuous infusion until the underlying precipitating cause is cured and/or when regular supplementation can be continued. Physicians and nurses must not underestimate the condition, since diagnosis and treatment must not be delayed. Patients, relatives and spouses need to be trained in prevention and early recognition through educational programs and emergency cards.
Analyse der medizinischen Versorgung onkologischer und nichtonkologischer Palliativpatienten in der spezialisierten ambulanten Palliativversorgung (SAPV)
Authors: Geist Marcus , Keßler Jens , Bardenheuer Hubert 
Published: March 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Neben der Behandlung von Tumorpatienten spielt die Versorgung nichtonkologischer Patienten in der SAPV eine immer größere Rolle. Um der wachsenden Nachfrage zu begegnen, ist eine differenzierte Analyse der aktuellen Versorgungsstrukturen und Charakteristiken onkologischer und nichtonkologischer Palliativpatienten erforderlich.
Methodik Im Rahmen einer retrospektiven epidemiologischen Untersuchung wurden Diagnosen, Symptome, Alter, Allgemeinzustand, Versorgungsdauer sowie die für die Beendigung der Betreuung zugrunde liegende Ursache aller in den Jahren 2015 und 2016 durch ein SAPV-Team betreuten Patienten analysiert. Die Auswertung erfolgte mithilfe einer deskriptiven Statistik. Unterschiede zwischen onkologischen und nichtonkologischen Patienten wurden mittels ungepaartem t-Test auf statistische Signifikanz geprüft.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 315 Patienten untersucht. Davon waren 9 % Nichttumorpatienten. Fatigue war in beiden Gruppen das am häufigsten vorkommende Symptom. Deutlich mehr Tumor- als Nichttumorpatienten litten an Schmerzen (47,6 % vs. 17,2 %). Nichtonkologische Patienten waren um 5 Jahre älter, zeigten einen 8,9 % niedrigeren ersten erhobenen Karnofsky-Index und wurden 16,5 Tage kürzer betreut. In beiden Gruppen verstarb der überwiegende Anteil der Patienten während der aktiven Versorgung.
Schlussfolgerungen Obgleich durch das untersuchte SAPV-Team außerordentlich viele Tumorpatienten versorgt wurden, sollte dem Betreuungsbedarf von Nichttumorpatienten in der ambulanten Palliativversorgung zukünftig vermehrt Beachtung geschenkt werden. Nichtonkologische Patienten können sich bezüglich der symptombezogenen Therapie von Tumorpatienten unterscheiden. Im Vergleich zu Patienten mit malignen Erkrankungen werden Nichttumorpatienten erst in einem weitaus fortgeschritteneren Krankheitsstadium in die Palliativbetreuung integriert.
Will the Sustainable Development Goals be fulfilled? Assessing present and future global poverty
Authors: Crespo Cuaresma Jesús , Fengler Wolfgang , Kharas Homi , Bekhtiar Karim , Brottrager Michael , Hofer Martin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMonitoring progress towards the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires the assessment of potential future trends in poverty. This paper presents an econometric tool that provides a methodological framework to carry out projections of poverty rates worldwide and aims at assessing absolute poverty changes at the global level under different scenarios. The model combines country-specific historical estimates of the distribution of income, using Beta–Lorenz curves, with projections of population changes by age and education attainment level, as well as GDP projections to provide the first set of internally consistent poverty projections for all countries of the world. Making use of demographic and economic projections developed in the context of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, we create poverty paths by country up to the year 2030. The differences implied by different global scenarios span worldwide poverty rates ranging from 4.5% (around 375 million persons) to almost 6% (over 500 million persons) by the end of our projection period. The largest differences in poverty headcount and poverty rates across scenarios appear for Sub-Saharan Africa, where the projections for the most optimistic scenario imply over 300 million individuals living in extreme poverty in 2030. The results of the comparison of poverty scenarios point towards the difficulty of fulfilling the first goal of the SDGs unless further development policy efforts are enacted.
Coordination to lanthanide ions distorts binding site conformation in calmodulin
Authors: Edington Sean C. , Gonzalez Andrea , Middendorf Thomas R. , Halling D. Brent , Aldrich Richard W. , Baiz Carlos R. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Calmodulin is essential to life in all eukaryotic cells and serves as a popular model for ion binding and activation in proteins. Calmodulin transduces complex calcium signals and acts on hundreds of effector proteins, but the sensitivity and complexity of this process make it difficult to characterize. Much work uses lanthanides as luminescent calcium substitutes to study ion binding and activation in calmodulin and other proteins. Using ultrafast 2D IR spectroscopy, we show that lanthanide ions perturb the finely tuned structure and dynamics of calmodulin’s binding sites. The temporal and spatial resolution of our measurements opens a new window into the study of protein−ion binding and demonstrates that seemingly innocuous ligand substitutions can significantly alter protein conformation.
Benefactive and malefactive constructions in Taiwan Southern Min
Authors: Lin Huei-Ling 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate bothFagerli’s (2001)proposal that in serializing languages benefactive and malefactive constructions often involve the morpheme denoting ‘give’, andRadetzky & Smith’s (2010)proposal that East and South Asian languages often involve different morphemes or structures in expressing benefaction or malefaction. Checking the proposals against benefactive and malefactive constructions in Taiwan Southern Min (TSM) which involve optional benefactee and malefactee, this paper shows that both proposals find only partial support from TSM data. TSM uses the morpheme denoting ‘give’, i.e.hoo, in the malefactive construction involving optional malefactee, but not the benefactive construction involving optional benefactee, which involves the use ofka. Moreover,kacan also be used for introducing the malefactive. Even though thehoomalefactive construction and thekabenefactive construction have different structures, the constructions involvingka, no matter whether denoting benefaction or malefaction, have the same syntactic structure.
Artist-for-work metonymy
Authors: Weiland-Breckle Hanna , Schumacher Petra B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThere is an on-going debate about how the language system handles expressions that may refer to different word senses. Some theories propose derivational operations triggered by a type-mismatch; others assume underspecified lexical representations that engage in sense selection. Previous studies yielded mixed evidence. To further understand the diverse results and to tease apart type conflicts from sense selection, we conducted an ERP study on one type of metonymy using question-answer pairs. We capitalized on the fact that the metonymic relation could be anticipated by awh-word, yielding a type clash between thewh-word and the predicate that cannot be resolved in the question (Whom did she read?vs.What did she read?) – in contrast to the answer (She read Brecht.). These conditions were contrasted with a non-metonymic reading. The results revealed a pronounced N400 at the verb of thewhom-question in contrast to the questions without a type clash, and no reliable differences at the artist’s name in the answer. We therefore argue for an underspecification account for this metonymy-type which is not preceded by the detection of a type conflict. In comparison with other metonymy-types, this substantiates a classification of sense alternations into sense selection and sense creation.
Rethinking impact evaluation and carbon reduction analysis on electric bus vehicles in China
Authors: Li Zhenyu , Li Chao , Liao Kai , Yin Zhifang 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
New energy bus vehicles (NEBVs) are expanding in China, but they have some problems such as technology, high cost and safety etc., thus NEBVs should be comprehensively evaluated from costs, technologies, environment, and based on the evaluation results, some changes should be improved. This paper firstly analyses the current status of both vehicle development and existing policies, identifies the main characteristics and the main problems in term of the economic, standard, policy, etc., by scenario analysis, forecasts the future growth from now to 2030 and calculates the emission reduction in low level scenario and high level scenario. In 2020 and 2030, 6 million and 24 million ton of CO2 emission will be reduced respectively. Finally, the paper makes a conclusion of Chinese experiences and gives some measures for the future development.
Breast MRI Overview: Imaging Techniques and Equipment, Clinical Uses, Image Interpretation
Authors: Dang Pragya , Lehman Constance D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Contrast-enhanced breast MRI is a highly sensitive modality for early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, particularly in high-risk populations. It has also been shown to be superior to mammography in establishing the extent of disease in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. This chapter, appearing in the section on breast cancer overview, reviews breast MRI imaging technique, clinical uses, gives an overview of image interpretation, and applied physics. Topics discussed include equipment such as hardware, imaging protocols, patient preparation and positioning, and relevant physics. Additionally, clinical situations where the use of breast MRI is appropriate, systematic review of images, and formulation of final assessment and recommendations in accordance with the ACR BI-RADS imaging lexicon are discussed in this chapter.
Breast Cancer Staging and Treatment
Authors: Prati Raquel , Olevsky Olga 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Breast carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of diseases that can be further characterized based on their histology, biomarkers, and molecular profiles. These characteristics, gathered during disease staging, provide crucial information with regard to treatment decisions. Staging has evolved from informing the operability of breast tumors to providing prognostic information, and consequently helping establish local and systemic treatment guidelines. This chapter provides a succinct overview of breast cancer staging and treatment. Topics covered include the histological classification of breast cancers, as well as classification by tumor size and location, lymph node involvement, and metastatic involvement. The topic of molecular assays for prognostic information is reviewed. Finally, current treatment paradigms, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy regimens for different types of breast cancer, are discussed.
Circumscribed Mass: Fibroadenoma
Authors: Kettler Mark D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A fibroadenoma is a benign fibroepithelial breast tumor arising from the terminal duct-lobular unit (TDLU), composed of epithelial and stromal elements. The overwhelming majority of fibroadenomas present as palpable or imaging-detected circumscribed masses showing sharp demarcation between the lesion and the adjacent breast tissue. Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumor occurring in women, with a peak incidence in the third and fourth decades, but they can occur from childhood through the eight decade of life. This chapter, appearing in the section on asymmetry, mass, and distortion, reviews the key clinical and imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management recommendations for fibroadenomas.
Circumscribed Mass: Invasive Cancer
Authors: Kettler Mark D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Most invasive breast cancers present as focal asymmetries, areas of architectural distortion, or irregular masses with indistinct or spiculated margins. Some present as round or oval masses with circumscribed margins; however, most round or oval masses have microlobulated, indistinct, or spiculated margins and may be associated with characteristic malignant calcifications. This chapter, appearing in the section on circumscribed mass, reviews the key clinical and imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management recommendations for invasive breast cancers, which can present as circumscribed masses on mammography and sonography. Examples include medullary carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, invasive papillary carcinoma, and high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma. These lesions may present as solid or complex masses with circumscribed margins and may be confused with several benign breast conditions.
Fat-Containing, Circumscribed Mass(es)
Authors: Lam Diana L. , Scheel John R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The majority of fat-containing masses are asymptomatic, but can present as painless, soft, mobile masses. A fat-containing mass within the breast is a benign finding, with the exception of the rare liposarcoma. The differential in non-lactating woman includes a lipoma, hamartoma, lymph node, and fat necrosis. Any atypical presentation of a fat-containing mass (such as thick, nodular septation or capsule, large size &gt;10 cm, a mass that is clinically increasing in size) should raise suspicion for a rare fat-containing tumor such as an atypical lipomatous tumor or well-differentiated liposarcoma. This chapter reviews the key clinical and imaging features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for a fat-containing, circumscribed mass. Topics discussed include lipomas, hamartomas, oil cysts, fat necrosis, and steatocystoma multiplex. Fat-containing lesions in the setting of lactation (galactocoele) as well as intramammary lymph nodes are discussed in separate chapters.
Microlobulated Mass
Authors: Fowler Amy M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
According to the fifth edition of the ACR BI-RADS®Atlas, a complete description of masses detected on mammogram and ultrasound requires assessment of the margins using the appropriate lexicon. On mammography, margins of a mass are described as circumscribed, obscured, microlobulated, indistinct, or spiculated. On ultrasound, margins of a mass are described as circumscribed or not circumscribed, which includes angular, microlobulated, indistinct, and spiculated. Thus, microlobulated is a term common to both the mammography and ultrasound BI-RADS® lexicons. This chapter, appearing in the section on asymmetry, mass, and distortion, reviews the key imaging features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for microlobulated masses.
Obscured Mass
Authors: Elezaby Mai 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
An obscured mass is a mass with greater than 25% of its margin hidden by surrounding fibroglandular tissue on mammography; hence, it cannot be fully assessed. This term is commonly used when the portion of the margin that is visualized is circumscribed and it usually implies a lower likelihood of malignancy. If the portion of the visualized margin is microlobulated, indistinct, or spiculated, then these descriptors (which are more suspicious) should take precedence over the descriptor of an “obscured margin,” and that mass would have a higher likelihood of malignancy. This chapter, appearing in the section on asymmetry, mass, and distortion, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for an obscured mass.
Mass with Indistinct Margins
Authors: Salkowski Lonie R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Masses described as having indistinct margins lack a clear demarcation of a portion or the entire margin from the surrounding tissues. The indistinctness of the margin raises the possibility of infiltration; therefore, this descriptor implies suspicion for malignancy. “Indistinct” differs from “obscured.” A mass with obscured margins insinuates that the surrounding tissues masks or covers the presence of the lesion. This chapter, appearing in the section on asymmetry, mass, and distortion, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for masses with indistinct margins. Topics discussed include differentiation of the mass with indistinct margins from an obscured mass and focal asymmetry, and how the presence of adjacent features can increase the suspicion of the mass with indistinct margins.
Multiple Irregular Masses
Authors: Prince Erin L. , Umphrey Heidi R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Irregular masses seen on two-view mammography are defined as masses with margins that are neither round nor oval. They may demonstrate indistinct, microlobulated, obscured, or spiculated margins and have a variety of densities, ranging from high to low or fat density. Irregular masses tend to imply a more suspicious finding. Multiple irregular masses may be seen unilaterally or bilaterally, and are usually further evaluated with either ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging and correlated with clinical information. The etiology of multiple irregular masses is vast. This chapter, appearing in the section on asymmetry, mass, and distortion, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for multiple irregular masses. Topics discussed include metastases, granulomatous mastitis, diabetic mastopathy, and second synchronous cancers.
Enhancing Mass on MRI
Authors: Scheel John R. , Lam Diana L. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The ACR BI-RADS Atlas defines a “mass” on MRI as a space-occupying lesion with convex borders. Masses are characterized by their morphology and their internal enhancement characteristics. Mass morphology descriptor categories include shape (oval, round, irregular), margins (circumscribed, irregular, spiculated), and internal enhancement (homogeneous, heterogeneous, rim enhancement, dark internal septations). Suspicious morphology descriptors of MRI masses include irregular shape, irregular or spiculated margins, and heterogeneous internal enhancement. This chapter, appearing in the section on asymmetry, mass, and distortion, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for an enhancing mass on MRI. Topics discussed include characteristics of benign and malignant masses, classic benign masses, and enhancement curve assessment.
Round and Punctate Calcifications
Authors: Newell Mary S. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Round calcifications are aptly defined as calcifications that are round (or sometimes oval) in shape and smooth in contour. Punctate calcifications are a subset of round calcifications and, by definition, are &lt;0.5 mm in size. Both these types of calcifications are considered typically benign when regional or diffuse in distribution. However, there are certain circumstances where round or punctate calcifications should be evaluated with diagnostic views and possibly recommended for biopsy. Distribution should be carefully evaluated, as should clinical circumstances. This chapter describes the appearance, differential diagnosis, workup, and management of round (and punctate) calcifications when encountered on screening and diagnostic mammography. While typically benign, circumstances where biopsy might be indicated are reviewed. Common histological causes, including sclerosing adenosis, are discussed. Distribution is stressed as an important factor in determining management.