bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncovering the ecosystem service legacies of wetland loss using high‐resolution models
Authors: Tomscha Stephanie , Deslippe Julie , de Róiste Mairéad , Hartley Stephen , Jackson Bethanna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEcosystem services provided by contemporary landscapes are different from those of the past, and this difference is influenced by the legacies of policies that incentivized wetland drainage without considering the impact on ecosystem services. Heterogeneity in ecosystem service legacies is rarely acknowledged or documented. Even less understood is the relative role of historical wetland type (e.g., swamps, fens) and contemporary land cover in shaping these heterogeneous outcomes. Here, we contrasted contemporary ecosystem services with a scenario of no wetland drainage in the Ruamahanga Basin, New Zealand, a region historically rich in wetlands. Using the high‐resolution Land Use Capability Indicator model, we mapped nitrogen retention, phosphorous retention, sediment retention, agricultural productivity, and flood mitigation at a 5‐m spatial resolution under these two scenarios. Our work supports the broad understanding that agricultural productivity has increased in contemporary landscapes, while flood mitigation and nutrient retention have decreased. Net losses in ecosystem services occurred for the majority of historical wetlands, while net gains were less common. However, spatially heterogeneous and divergent responses of ecosystem services to land cover changes reinforced the need for high‐resolution models to untangle the range of factors affecting ecosystem service provisioning. Contemporary land cover explained very little variation in ecosystem services. Initial conditions, however, played an important role in determining ecosystem service outcomes with losses of swamps being particularly problematic for net loss of ecosystem services provisioning. The maps we produced, and the algorithms underlying them, provide tools to envision both local‐ and broad‐scale effects of historical wetland drainage.
Building self‐powered emergency electronics based on hybrid nanogenerators for field survival/rescue
Authors: Cui Xiaojing , Cao Shengli , Guo Rui , Khan Saeed Ahmed , Xie Gang , Tian Zhigang , Sang Shengbo , Zhang Hulin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHarvesting energy from human body in multiple ways is pivotal for achieving powering emergency electronics effectively. Herein, we report a hybrid nanogenerator that is based on the coupling of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electromagnetic generator (EMG). By utilizing a copper coil in multiroles, the energy grabbing units can operate independently without interfering, revealing a superior performance in scavenging biomechanical energy from human motions. The hybrid device by encapsulation exhibits an excellent environmental stability. When wearing the fabricated device, the TENG and EMG can generate the output voltage about 4 and 1.5 V, respectively, which can be directly stored into a capacitor. By integrating with a battery, the established self‐powered device can actively provide a geographic coordinate in real time in the wild where there is no power supply or network connectivity. Our work paves a way for the further exploration based on hybrid nanogenerators in self‐powered wearable/portable emergency electronics that can be applied in exploration, travel, work, as well as rescue in the wild without power apply and Internet.
Molecular detection of respiratory pathogens among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile acute respiratory infections: A prospective hospital‐based observational study in Niamey, Niger
Authors: Lagare Adamou , Ousmane Sani , Dano Ibrahim Dan , Issaka Bassira , Issa Idi , Mainassara Halima Boubacar , Testa Jean , Tempia Stefano , Mamadou Saidou 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsIn Niger, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the second most common cause of death in children aged younger than 5 years. However, the etiology of ARI is poorly understood in the country. This study aims to describe viral and bacterial infections among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile ARI at two hospitals in Niamey, Niger's capital city, and the reported clinical procedures.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile ARI at two national hospitals in Niamey between January and December 2015. Clinical presentation and procedures during admission were documented using a standardized case investigation form. Nasopharyngeal specimens collected from each patient were tested for a panel of respiratory viruses and bacteria using the Fast Track Diagnostic 21 Plus kit.ResultsWe enrolled and tested 638 children aged younger than 5 years, of whom 411 (64.4%) were aged younger than 1 year, and 15 (2.4%) died during the study period. Overall, 496/638 (77.7%) specimens tested positive for at least one respiratory virus or bacterium; of these, 195 (39.3%) tested positive for respiratory viruses, 126 (25.4%) tested positive for respiratory bacteria, and 175 (35.3%) tested positive for both respiratory viruses and bacteria. The predominant viruses detected were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (149/638; 23.3%), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) types 1 to 4 (78/638; 12.2%), human rhinovirus (HRV) (62/638; 9.4%), human adenovirus (HAV) (60/638; 9.4%), and influenza virus (INF) (52/638; 8.1%). Streptococcus pneumoniae (249/638; 39.0%) was the most frequently detected bacterium, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (112/638; 12.2%) and Haemophilus influenzae type B (16/638; 2.5%). Chest X‐rays were performed at the discretion of the attending physician on 301 (47.2%) case patients. Of these patients, 231 (76.7%) had abnormal radiological findings. A total of 135/638 (21.2%) and 572/638 (89.7%) children received antibiotic treatment prior to admission and during admission, respectively.ConclusionA high proportion of respiratory viruses was detected among children aged younger than 5 years with febrile ARI, raising concerns about excessive use of antibiotics in Niger.
Entropy generation on MHD peristaltic flow of Cu‐water nanofluid with slip conditions
Authors: Ali Aamir , Shah Zahir , Mumraiz S. , Kumam Poom , Awais M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe current research explores entropy generation and effect of magnetic field on peristaltic flow of copper‐water nanofluid in an asymmetric configuration saturated with porous medium. Slip conditions are invoked for velocity and temperature. Governing flow problem is constructed under the long wave length assumption. Analytical result for the problem is computed by exploiting homotopy analysis methodology. The influences of involved physical parameters are investigated through plots.
Localization of PD‐L1 on single cancer cells by iSERS microscopy with Au/Au core/satellite nanoparticles
Authors: Stepula Elzbieta , König Matthias , Wang Xin‐Ping , Levermann Janina , Schimming Tobias , Kasimir‐Bauer Sabine , Schilling Bastian , Schlücker Sebastian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProgrammed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is an important predictive biomarker. The detection of PD‐L1 can be crucial for patients with advanced cancer where the use of immunotherapy is considered. Here, we demonstrate the use of immuno‐SERS microscopy (iSERS) for localizing PD‐L1 on single cancer SkBr‐3 cells. A central advantage of iSERS is that the disturbing autofluorescence from cells and tissues can be efficiently minimized by red to near‐infrared laser excitation. In this study we employed Au/Au core/satellite nanoparticles as SERS nanotags because of their remarkable signal brightness and colloidal stability upon red laser excitation. False‐color iSERS images of the positive and negative controls clearly reveal the specific localization of PD‐L1 with SERS nanotag‐labeled antibodies.
Effects of Zoledronate on Cancer, Cardiac Events, and Mortality in Osteopenic Older Women
Authors: Reid Ian R , Horne Anne M , Mihov Borislav , Stewart Angela , Garratt Elizabeth , Bastin Sonja , Gamble Gregory D 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We recently showed that zoledronate prevented fractures in older women with osteopenia (hip T-scores between −1.0 and −2.5). In addition to fewer fractures, this study also suggested that women randomized to zoledronate had fewer vascular events, a lower incidence of cancer, and a trend to lower mortality. The present analysis provides a more detailed presentation of the adverse event data from that study, a 6-year, double-blind trial of 2000 women aged &gt;65 years recruited using electoral rolls. They were randomly assigned to receive four infusions of either zoledronate 5 mg or normal saline at 18-month intervals. Supplements of vitamin D, but not calcium, were provided. There were 1017 serious adverse events in 443 participants in the placebo group, and 820 events in 400 participants in those randomized to zoledronate (relative risk = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.00). These events included fractures resulting in hospital admission. Myocardial infarction occurred in 39 women (43 events) in the placebo group and in 24 women (25 events) in the zoledronate group (hazard ratio 0.60 [95% CI, 0.36 to 1.00]; rate ratio 0.58 [95% CI, 0.35 to 0.94]). For a prespecified composite cardiovascular endpoint (sudden death, myocardial infarction, coronary artery revascularization, or stroke) 69 women had 98 events in the placebo group, and 53 women had 71 events in the zoledronate group (hazard ratio 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53 to 1.08]; rate ratio 0.72 [95% CI, 0.53 to 0.98]). Total cancers were significantly reduced with zoledronate (hazard ratio 0.67 [95% CI, 0.51 to 0.89]; rate ratio 0.68 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.89]), and this was significant for both breast cancers and for non-breast cancers. Eleven women had recurrent or second breast cancers during the study, all in the placebo group. The hazard ratio for death was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.40 to 1.06; p = 0.08), and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.30 to 0.87) in those without incident fragility fracture. These apparent beneficial effects justify further appropriately powered trials of zoledronate with these nonskeletal conditions as primary endpoints. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effects of Estrogen Replacement on Bone Geometry and Microarchitecture in Adolescent and Young Adult Oligoamenorrheic Athletes: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Ackerman Kathryn E , Singhal Vibha , Slattery Meghan , Eddy Kamryn T , Bouxsein Mary L , Lee Hang , Klibanski Anne , Misra Madhusmita 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Oligoamenorrheic athletes (OAs) have lower bone mineral density (BMD) and greater impairment of bone microarchitecture, and therefore higher fracture rates compared to eumenorrheic athletes. Although improvements in areal BMD (aBMD; measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in OAs have been demonstrated with transdermal estrogen treatment, effects of such treatment on bone microarchitecture are unknown. Here we explore effects of transdermal versus oral estrogen versus no estrogen on bone microarchitecture in OA. Seventy-five OAs (ages 14 to 25 years) were randomized to (i) a 100-μg 17β-estradiol transdermal patch (PATCH) administered continuously with 200 mg cyclic oral micronized progesterone; (ii) a combined 30 μg ethinyl estradiol and 0.15 mg desogestrel pill (PILL); or (iii) no estrogen/progesterone (NONE) and were followed for 12 months. Calcium (≥1200 mg) and vitamin D (800 IU) supplements were provided to all. Bone microarchitecture was assessed using high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT at the distal tibia and radius at baseline and 1 year. At baseline, randomization groups did not differ by age, body mass index, percent body fat, duration of amenorrhea, vitamin D levels, BMD, or bone microarchitecture measurements. After 1 year of treatment, at the distal tibia there were significantly greater increases in total and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD), cortical area and thickness, and trabecular number in the PATCH versus PILL groups. Trabecular area decreased significantly in the PATCH group versus the PILL and NONE groups. Less robust differences between groups were seen at the distal radius, where percent change in cortical area and thickness was significantly greater in the PATCH versus PILL and NONE groups, and changes in cortical vBMD were significantly greater in the PATCH versus PILL groups. In conclusion, in young OAs, bone structural parameters show greater improvement after 1 year of treatment with transdermal 17β-estradiol versus ethinyl estradiol–containing pills, particularly at the tibia. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Association ofGCKgene DNA methylation with the risk of clopidogrel resistance in acute coronary syndrome patients
Authors: Su Jia , Zheng Nan , Li Zhenwei , Huangfu Ning , Mei Li , Xu Xiaolei , Zhang Li , Chen Xiaomin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundsClopidogrel resistance (CR), which was manifested as the failure of platelet inhibition in clopidogrel treatment, was likely to lead to cardiovascular events. Our study was aimed to explore the contribution of DNA methylation in glucokinase (GCK) to the CR risk.MethodsAmong 36 CR and 36 non‐CR acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, the platelet functions were evaluated by VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (turbidimetric‐based optical detection) and DNA methylation levels on two fragments of the CGI from theGCKwere investigated through bisulfite pyrosequencing methods. In addition, theGCKmRNA expression was analyzed via quantitative real‐time PCR. Lastly, the logistic regression was employed to test the interaction betweenGCKmethylation and nongenetic variables in CR patients.ResultsSubunit analysis showed that in male patients without DM but suffering from dyslipidemia, the increased methylation of cg18492943 indicated a risk of poor clopidogrel response (male, NCR vs CR(%): 84.86 ± 6.29 vs 88.16 ± 4.32,P = .032; without DM, NCR vs CR (%): 84.66 ± 6.18 vs 88.16 ± 4.17,P = .029; and dyslipidemia, NCR vs CR (%): 83.81 ± 6.96 vs 88.39 ± 4.74,P = .042).In addition,GCKmRNA expression was reduced in CR patients without DM. Moreover, regression analysis indicated that the values of platelet distribution width (PDW), total cholesterol (TC), and uric acid (UA) were correlated with the incidence of CR, and hypertension lowered the CR risk.ConclusionsA higher methylation of cg18492943 inGCKgene would lower the expression ofGCKmRNA, which might contribute to CR in patients without DM. Meanwhile, PDW and TC might be risk factors in CR.
Cover Image, Volume 94, Issue 11
Authors: Garza‐Arévalo Javier I , Intiso Adriano , Proto Antonio , Rossi Federico , Sanchez‐Dominguez Margarita 
Published: October 2019

The cover image is based on the Research Article Trichloroethylene solubilization using a series of commercial biodegradable ethoxylated fatty alcohol surfactants by Javier I Garza‐Arévalo et al., DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5965.The image was prepared by the first author, Javier I. Garza‐Arévalo.
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Variation of organ position in snakes
Authors: Perez Daniela , Sheehy Coleman M. , Lillywhite Harvey B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe complex and successful evolutionary history of snakes produced variation in the position and structure of internal organs. Gravity strongly influences hemodynamics, and the impact on structure and function of the cardiovascular system, including pulmonary circulation, is well established. Therefore, we hypothesized that interspecific variation in the position of the heart and vascular (faveolar) lung should exceed that of other internal organs that are less sensitive to gravity. We examined the position of selected internal organs in 72 snakes representing 5 families and 13 species including fully aquatic and scansorial/arboreal species, representing the extremes of gravitational influence. Tests for differences of variance and coefficients of variation largely confirm that interspecific variation in position of the heart and vascular lung generally exceed those of other organs that we measured, particularly posterior organs. The variance of heart position generally exceeded that of more posterior organs, was similar to that of the anterior margin of the vascular lung, and was exceeded by that of the posterior margin of the vascular lung (variance ratio = 0.23). The gravity‐sensitive vascular lung exhibited the greatest variation of any organ. Importantly, these findings corroborate previous research demonstrating the influence of gravity on cardiopulmonary morphology. Snakes offer useful model systems to help understand the adaptation of organs to a spectrum of conditions related to diversity of behavior and habitat across a broad range of related taxa.
Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins using digestion by a grape cysteine protease at pH 3
Authors: Perutka Zdeněk , Šebela Marek 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCysteine protease from grapevine (Vitis vinifera) belongs to those resistant proteins, which survive the process of vinification and can therefore be detected as wine components. Its amino acid sequence shows a homology to other members of the papain family, but the enzyme has only partially been explored so far. In order to get more biochemical information with the help of mass spectrometry (MS), wine proteins were collected by ultrafiltration and separated by gel permeation chromatography. The purified enzyme surprisingly displayed a high molecular mass value of around 200 kDa, indicating a possible oligomeric status and aggregation, as it entered only negligibly the separating 10% gel during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point (pI) value of 3.6 was determined by chromatofocusing. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐MS was employed to evaluate the cleavage specificity and usefulness of the isolated cysteine protease in protein and peptide research. A potential applicability could be anticipated from the efficient digestion performance in volatile ammonium formate buffers at pH 3. Common peptides were digested and the resulting products analyzed by MS/MS sequencing. Then, mixtures of protein standards and extracted barley nuclear proteins were processed in the same way. Grape cysteine protease is nonspecific but shows a certain preference for Arg, Lys, and also Leu residues. Compared with papain, it seems not to require fully the presence of a large hydrophobic residue adjacent to that at the cleavage site. The enzyme is suitable for protein research as it produces peptides of a reasonable length in acidic pH.
Global characterization of hydrological and meteorological droughts under future climate change: The importance of timescales, vegetation‐CO2feedbacks and changes to distribution functions
Authors: Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , Domínguez‐Castro Fernando , McVicar Tim R. , Tomas‐Burguera Miquel , Peña‐Gallardo Marina , Noguera Iván , López‐Moreno Juan I. , Peña Dhais , El Kenawy Ahmed 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThere is a strong scientific debate on how drought will evolve under future climate change. Climate model outputs project an increase in drought frequency and severity by the end of the 21st century. However, there is a large uncertainty related to the extent of the global land area that will be impacted by enhanced climatological and hydrological droughts. Although climate metrics suggest a likely strong increase in future drought severity, hydrologic metrics do not show a similar signal. In the literature, numerous attempts have been made to explain these differences using several physical mechanisms. This study provides evidence that characterization of drought from different statistical perspectives can lead to unreliable detection of climatological/hydrological droughts in model projections and accordingly give a “false alarm” of the impacts of future climate change. In particular, this study analyses future projections based on different drought metrics and stresses that detecting trends in drought behavior in future projections must consider the extreme character of drought events by comparing the percentage change in drought magnitude relative to a reference climatological period and rely on the frequency of events in the tail of the distribution. In addition, the autoregressive character of drought indices makes necessary the use of the same temporal scale when comparing different drought metrics in order to maintain comparability. Taking into consideration all these factors, our study demonstrates that climatological and hydrological drought trends are likely to undergo similar temporal evolution during the 21st century, with almost 30% of the global land areas experiencing water deficit under future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. As such, a proper characterization of drought using comparable metrics can introduce lower differences and more consistent outputs for future climatic and hydrologic droughts.
Effects of a stochastic multicloud parameterization on the simulated Asian‐Australian monsoon rainfall in an AGCM
Authors: Ma Libin , Jiang Zijun , Cao Jian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Asian‐Australian monsoon (AAM) plays a vital role in modulating the global and local climates. Current numerical models, including climate system models (CSMs) and atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), have difficulties in capturing the fundamental and intrinsic features of the AAM. By applying the stochastic multicloud model (SMCM) to the state‐of‐the‐art ECHAM6.3 atm model, we investigated the impacts of SMCM on the simulation of AAM precipitation. Though the modified model with the SMCM improves simulations of the AAM precipitation in June–July–August–September season, the solstice mode, the AAM domain, and the AAM precipitation intensity, deficiencies also exist in other aspects, that is, simulations of rainfall in December–January–February–March and April–May seasons, and the equinox mode. Analyses also unravelled the modified model improves in simulating the spatial patterns of seasonal variation of precipitation in the Indian monsoon region, western North Pacific monsoon region, and Australian monsoon region in terms of pattern correlation coefficient and normalized root‐mean square error scores. The enhanced simulation of solar radiation in the modified model favours improving the performance of the simulated solstice mode. In addition, moisture budget analysis was applied to investigate physical processes that modulate the variations and distributions of AAM precipitation. Analyses revealed that variations and distributions of the vertical integral of moisture flux convergence is closely associated with changes in precipitation, while the stratification of vertical moist transport is associated with changes in precipitation over land in the AAM region. In addition, the modified model influences the AAM precipitation mainly through the variations of moisture flux convergence. The present work potentially provides a method to improve the simulated capability of AGCMs.