bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of Pyrocumulus: A Conceptual Study
Authors: Tory Kevin J. , Thurston William , Kepert Jeffrey D. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In favorable atmospheric conditions, fires can produce pyrocumulonimbus cloud (pyroCb) in the form of deep convective columns resembling conventional thunderstorms, which may be accompanied by strong inflow, dangerous downbursts, and lightning strikes that can produce dangerous changes in fire behavior. PyroCb formation conditions are not well understood and are difficult to forecast. This paper presents a theoretical study of the thermodynamics of fire plumes to better understand the influence of a range of factors on plume condensation. Plume gases are considered to be undiluted at the fire source and approach 100% dilution at the plume top (neutral buoyancy). Plume condensation height changes are considered for this full range of dilution and for a given set of factors that include environmental temperature and humidity, fire temperature, and fire-moisture-to-heat ratios. The condensation heights are calculated and plotted as saturation point (SP) curves on thermodynamic diagrams. The position and slope of the SP curves provide insight into how plume condensation is affected by the environment thermodynamics and ratios of fire heat to moisture production. Plume temperature traces from large-eddy model simulations added to the diagrams provide additional insight into plume condensation heights and plume buoyancy at condensation. SP curves added to a mixed layer lifting condensation level on standard thermodynamic diagrams can be used to identify the minimum plume condensation height and buoyancy required for deep, moist, free convection to develop, which will aid pyroCb prediction.
Laryngomalacia in Patients With Craniosynostosis
Authors: Mathews Fasil , Shaffer Amber D. , Georg Matthew W. , Ford Matthew D. , Jabbour Noel , Simons Jeffrey P. 
Published: June 2018

Objective: To characterize differences in the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of laryngomalacia in patients with and without craniosynostosis. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed comparing all patients with concomitant laryngomalacia and craniosynostosis seen at a tertiary care children’s hospital between 2000 and 2016 with a control group of patients with isolated laryngomalacia. Thirty-two patients with craniosynostosis (59% male) and 68 control patients (56% male) were included. There were no significant differences in age of diagnosis or incidence of prematurity. Symptom presentation, disease severity, swallowing function, comorbidities, treatment modalities, and outcomes were examined using logistic regression. Results: Patients with craniosynostosis had increased odds of presenting with stertor (odds ratio [OR] = 3.41, P = .022), increased work of breathing (OR = 18.8, P = .007), obstructive sleep apnea (OR = 8.48, P = .003), dysphagia (OR = 3.40, P = .008), and aspiration (OR = 40.2, P < .001) and decreased odds of presenting with stridor (OR = 0.0804, P < .001) compared with controls. Patients with craniosynostosis had increased odds of severe laryngomalacia (OR = 5.00, P = .031) and other airway anomalies such as tracheomalacia (OR = 5.73, P = .004), bronchomalacia (OR = 15.5, P = .013), and subglottic stenosis (OR = 2.75, P = .028). Treatment of patients with craniosynostosis was more likely to include tracheostomy (OR = 24.8, P < .001) and gastrostomy tube (OR = 88.4, P < .001). There were no significant differences in rates of supraglottoplasty. Conclusion: Clinical presentations, comorbidities, and treatments of laryngomalacia are significantly different in the context of craniosynostosis.
Gestational age-specific reference intervals for 15 biochemical measurands during normal pregnancy in China
Authors: Dai Yanpeng , Liu Junjie , Yuan Enwu , Li Yushan , Wang Quanxian , Jia Liting , Wang Linkai , Su Yanhua 
Published: June 2018

Aims Physiological changes that occur during pregnancy can influence biochemical parameters. Therefore, using reference intervals based on specimens from non-pregnant women to interpret laboratory results during pregnancy may be inappropriate. This study aimed to establish the essential reference intervals for a range of analytes during pregnancy. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 13,656 healthy pregnant and 2634 non-pregnant women. Fifteen biochemical measurands relating to renal and hepatic function were analysed using an Olympus AU5400 analyzer (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). All the laboratory results were checked for outliers using Dixon’s test. Reference intervals were established using a non-parametric method. Results Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, cholinesterase, creatinine, direct bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, total bile acid and total protein showed a decrease during the whole gestational period, while alkaline phosphatase and uric acid increased. Urea nitrogen, β2-microglobulin and cystatin-C fell significantly during the first trimester and then remained relatively stable until third trimester. Reference intervals of all the measurands during normal pregnancy have been established. Conclusions The reference intervals established here can be adopted in other clinical laboratories after appropriate validation. We verified the importance, for some measurands, of partitioning by gestational age when establishing reference intervals during pregnancy.
An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for relative free copper determination and generation of a paediatric reference interval
Authors: Wainwright P , Wadey D , Cook P 
Published: June 2018

Background Diagnosis of Wilson’s disease is currently performed using caeruloplasmin as a first-line screening test; however, this test has well-described limitations. Monitoring of known Wilson’s disease patients often uses 24-h urine collection; however, this is inaccurate in children. Methods for directly measuring plasma free copper have been described, but no reference interval data exist for a paediatric population. Methods An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for measuring free copper was developed and validated, using ultracentrifugation. A paediatric reference interval was generated using 85 plasma samples from children attending outpatient clinics at University Hospital Southampton. Results Results showed no significant contamination of copper using the ultracentrifugation technique, and validation showed the method was accurate and precise with an analytical coefficient of variation between 5 and 7% depending on the concentration of free copper. Conclusions We describe the use and validation of an ultrafiltration inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for plasma free copper with the first published paediatric reference interval. Free copper could provide much needed assistance for the monitoring of Wilson’s disease in children and also for adults.
The Efficacy of the Growing Pro-social Program in Reducing Anger, Shame, and Paranoia over Time in Male Prison Inmates
Authors: Brazão Nélio , Rijo Daniel , Salvador Maria do Céu , Pinto-Gouveia José 
Published: June 2018

Objectives: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral group program, Growing Pro-Social (GPS), in reducing anger, shame, and paranoia over time in Portuguese male prison inmates. Methods: Participants were randomized to the GPS treatment ( n = 121) or control group ( n = 133). The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the Other as Shamer Scale, and the Paranoia Scale were completed at baseline, at the middle of treatment, at posttreatment, and at 12 months’ follow-up. Intervention effects were tested with latent growth curve models (LGCM). Results: At baseline, no significant differences between groups were found. Results from LGCM showed that condition was a significant predictor of change observed in all outcome measures over time. While treatment participants showed a significant increase in anger-control over time, controls presented a significant decrease over time in this same variable. For the remaining dimensions of anger, as well as for external shame and paranoia, while the treatment group showed a significant decrease over time, the control group showed a significant increase or no change. Conclusions: These results pointed out the GPS’s ability to promote significant change in cognitive and emotional relevant variables associated with antisocial behavior.
Geography of Microcephaly in the Zika Era: A Study of Newborn Distribution and Socio-environmental Indicators in Recife, Brazil, 2015-2016
Authors: Souza Ariani Impieri , de Siqueira Marília Teixeira , Ferreira Ana Laura Carneiro Gomes , de Freitas Clarice Umbelino , Bezerra Anselmo César Vasconcelos , Ribeiro Adeylson Guimarães , Nardocci Adelaide Cássia 
Published: June 2018

Objectives: We assessed sociodemographic and health care factors of mothers and newborns during a 2015-2016 outbreak of microcephaly in Recife, Brazil, and we analyzed the spatial distribution and incidence risk of newborns with microcephaly in relation to socio-environmental indicators. Methods: We collected data from August 2015 through May 2016 from Brazil’s Live Birth Information System and Bulletin of Microcephaly Notification, and we geocoded the data by maternal residence. We constructed thematic maps of districts, according to socio-environmental and vector indicators. We identified spatial aggregates of newborns with microcephaly by using the Bernoulli model. We performed logistic regression analyses to compare the incidence risk of microcephaly within socio-environmental indicator groups. Results: We geocoded 17 990 of 19 554 (92.0%) live births in Recife, of which 202 (1.1%) newborns were classified as having microcephaly, based on a head circumference of ≥2 standard deviations below the mean. Larger proportions of newborns with microcephaly (compared with newborns without microcephaly) were born to mothers who delivered in a public hospital, did not attend college, were aged ≤19, or were black or mixed race. A higher risk of microcephaly (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 3.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.88-8.06) occurred in districts with the lowest (vs highest) Municipal Human Development Index (ie, an index that assesses longevity, education, and income). The risk of microcephaly was significantly higher where rates of larvae density (IRR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.19-4.50) and larvae detection (IRR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.05-4.00) were higher and rates of sewage system (IRR = 2.20; 95% CI, 1.16-4.18) and garbage collection (IRR = 1.96; 95% CI, 0.99-3.88) were lower. Newborns with microcephaly lived predominantly in the poorest areas and in a high-risk cluster (relative risk = 1.89, P = .01) in the north. Conclusions: The disproportionate incidence of microcephaly in newborns in poor areas of Recife reinforces the need for government and public health authorities to formulate policies that promote social equity and support for families and their children with microcephaly.
Models for basic warp knitted fabrics Part I: Chain stitches and their applications on marquisette and weft-inserted warp-knitted fabrics
Authors: Kurbak Arif 
Published: June 2018

Chain stitches are basics structures to obtain a group of net grounds in warp knitting such as marquisette, curtain-net ground and full-width weft-inserted fabrics. These net grounds are, in turn, used as technical fabrics as well as household goods. Modeling of warp-knitted fabrics started with some basic geometrical models and it was continued using non-uniform basis-spline (NURBS) curves and surfaces. There were discontinuities in the loop parts in the early models and the NURBS models needed some control points from some sources. In this work instead of using NURBS curves, an attempt is made to model warp-knitted fabrics using known curves and continuities in loop parts are attained as much as possible. First of all, open chain stitch is modeled. Closed chain stitch is obtained by changing some parts of open chain stitch model. Models then applied to marquisette, curtain-net ground and full-width weft-inserted warp-knitted fabrics are presented. Models created are drawn to scale by using 3DS-Max computer graphical program. It is seen that the shapes obtained by the models are similar to those which can be observed on real samples.
Patterns of Migration to Monterrey, Mexico
Authors: Browning Harley L. , Feindt Waltraut 
Published: June 2018

Monterrey, Mexico is a rapidly growing industrial metropolis, about half of whose growth in the last decades is due to net in-migration. A 1965 survey of 1640 men shows that a majority of migrants originate in rural or small urban places. However, size of place in itself is insufficient to identify differences in areas of origin by socioeconomic level, so a classification of zonas (a socioeconomically homogeneous grouping of municípios) is provided and the different circumstances of out-migration from these different areas are described. There is a low conformity to the stage (step) migration model due to the lack of a fully developed urban hierarchy, the unfavorable opportunity structure of intermediate size places, and the fact that migration takes place within a kinship network that favors direct migration.
A Conceptual Analysis of the “A lien Invasion”: Institutionalized Support of Illegal Mexican Aliens in the U.S.
Authors: Stoddard Ellwyn R. 
Published: June 2018

On October 22, 1974, the newly appointed Commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (hereafter INS) Leonard Chapman, Jr. declared: This country is being overrun by illegal aliens. They are coming in by the millions and without legislation and additional money and manpower there is little we can do to halt the flood.
Troubled Waters: Vietnamese Fisherfolk on America's Gulf Coast
Authors: Starr Paul D. 
Published: June 2018

This article reports on a continuing effort, initiated in late 1977, to understand the experience of Vietnamese fisherfolk who settled in communities on the Gulf Coast, primarily in West Florida, in particular with regard to their relationship to established local fishing interests. 2 2 The information presented here was primarily acquired through observation, participant observation and structured and unstructured interviews with refugees, American fishermen, fish house owners, voluntary agency staff, Sea Grant Advisors, Florida Marine Patrolmen, and other members of the communities involved.
A Note on Current Research of Immigrant Groups in Japan
Authors: Taguchi Sumikazu 
Published: June 2018

Among most Japanese social scientists it has long been taken for granted that Japan is a unique “monoracial” or “homogeneous” society. If this generally accepted idea were true, there would be no immigrant groups in Japan, and there would be no need for research on this particular topic. Within Japanese society, however, there is a mosaic of various ethnic or cultural groups: Yamatos (native Japanese), Ainus, Okinawans, Koreans, Chinese and so forth. A great many historical studies, as well as several social scientific ones, have been carried out to illustrate the pluralistic aspect of Japanese society and culture. This article seeks to present a statistical summary of Japan's immigrant groups and a review of current research on these groups, with the aim of discovering what crucial ethnic problems are faced both by the immigrant groups and the Japanese people themselves.
Hidden Losers? The Impact of Rural Refugees and Refugee Programs on Poorer Hosts
Authors: Chambers Robert 
Published: June 2018

Refugee relief organizations and refugee studies have refugees as their first concern and focus. Adverse impacts of refugees on hosts are relatively neglected. When impacts are considered, they are seen in terms of host country governments, economies and services rather than people or different groups among host populations. In rural refugee-affected areas, the better-off and more visible hosts usually gain from the presence of refugees and from refugee programs. In contrast, the poorer among the hosts can be hidden losers. This is more so now than in the past, especially where land is scarce and labor relatively abundant. The poorer hosts 2 can lose from competition for food, work, wages, services and common property resources. Vulnerable hosts also lack refugees’ option of sending their weaker dependents to camps and settlements. Development programs in refugee-affected areas and refugee studies will do a disservice if they neglect adverse effects of refugees on vulnerable hosts. These effects further strengthen the case for development to benefit the whole population in refugee-affected areas. 2 Here and elsewhere ‘the poorer hosts’ means ‘the poorer people among the host population'. ‘Once I accompanied one of our Ministers to the Eastern Region, and we all drove out of town to look at a new wave of refugees arriving from Eritrea. Before reaching the camp, the Minister — who was not familiar with the region — saw a cluster of shelters made of mats and under their shade were a number of families with children who were very thin and almost in rags. The Minister turned to the Governor of the Region and asked him whether these were refugees, and the Governor promptly replied, ‘No, Your Excellency, these are the hosts'. (The Sudanese Ambassador to Britain, from the transcript of the Proceedings of the International Symposium ‘Assistance to Refugees: Alternative Viewpoints', Oxford, March 1984).
Durable Solutions for Developing Country Refugees
Authors: Stein Barry N. 
Published: June 2018

“Refugee problems demand durable solutions” is the opening statement of the Principles for Action in Developing Countries adopted by the 1984 Executive Committee of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In fact, in most refugee situations no such demand is made. Those same Principles weakened the demand for durable solutions 2 by labelling third country resettlement as “the least desirable and most costly solution” and by indicating that when “voluntary repatriation is not immediately feasible” it is sufficient to provide only “temporary settlement” for the refugees. This article seeks to provide some background to recent changes in refugee problems that have impeded the attainment of durable solutions and to explore some of the difficulties and possibilities for durable solutions in developing countries in the eighties. 2 In stating a belief that the Principles weakened the demand for durable solutions I do not mean to imply or suggest any flagging of commitment or effort by the High Commissioner or his staff. There is, however, a difference between the staff and administration of UNHCR and its Executive Committee comprised of sovereign governments. The Executive Committee by ranking durable solutions in priority order, particularly be labellingone solution as “the least desirable”, has provided ample excuses for those governments inclined to reject all durable solutions other than voluntary repatriation and to offer only temporary rather than durable solutions.
Overseas Workers’ Remittances in Asian Development
Authors: Stahl Charles W. , Arnold Fred 
Published: June 2018

In recent years, overseas workers from Asia have been sending remittances of about $8 billion annually to their home countries. These remittances are an important source of precious foreign exchange for the major labor-exporting countries. The overall development impact of remittances, however, has not been well established. Remittances are spent primarily on day-to-day consumption expenditures, housing, land purchase, and debt repayment. Although only a small proportion of remittances are directed into productive investments, this does not warrant the conclusion that the developmental value of remittances is negligible. In fact, remittances spent on domestic goods and services in Asia 1 provide an important stimulus to indigenous industries and to the economies of the labor supplying countries. 1 Our working definition of Asia thus does not include the countries of that region called West Asia which contains Turkey, a major labor exporter.
Part II: Interpreting the Convention: Human Rights, State Sovereignty and the Protection of Undocumented Migrants under the International Migrant Workers Convention
Authors: Bosniak Linda S. 
Published: June 2018

Pursuant to the international legal principle of territorial sovereignty, states possess extensive authority to control the ingress of foreigners into their territory, but the presence of tens of millions of irregular migrants around the world reveals that states often fail to exercise such control in practice. As a result, international society is faced with the need to establish standards of appropriate treatment for irregular migrants who are present within the territory of receiving states. In view of the precarious social condition of these individuals, the need for human rights protections in this context is particularly urgent, but the interests of states in territorial sovereignty are also at stake. The International Convention seeks to accommodate these competing concerns by providing human rights protections to undocumented migrants which are substantial but less extensive than those provided to documented migrants, and through ensuring states’ continuing authority in the spheres of immigration control and national “membership policy.” The article concludes that, despite the unmistakable normative value of many of the Convention's protective provisions, the Convention's ability to substantially ameliorate the human rights situation of irregular migrants is significantly constrained by its overriding commitment to the norms and structures of sovereign statehood. [W]hile the international legal protection afforded to aliens is on [the] one hand an inchoate expression of human similarities which cannot be denied, it is simultaneously an expression of national differences which are equally beyond question. (Morgan, 1988:142)
Part III: Prospects for and Barriers to Implementation: Case Studies: The UN Convention and the European Instruments for the Protection of the Migrants
Authors: Kojanec Giovanni 
Published: June 2018

Two different situations concerning migration are present in Western Europe today: the EEC system and the framework of rules established independently of that system by specific treaties. The EEC regulations are based on the principle of freedom of movement, stay and work for nationals of a member state in the territory of all other member states, equality of treatment with nationals of the host country being strictly applicable. Outside the Community context, a number of multilateral treaties between member states of the Council of Europe, whose rules have been developed mainly on the basis of principles established by ILO Conventions, are in force, all inspired by the following guiding principles: safeguarding the right of each state to decide on the admission of foreign immigrants; affirming the guarantee of equal treatment to immigrants legally admitted and limiting the application of said rules to nationals of the contracting parties. Basic civil and political rights are protected, independently of nationality, with regard to every person within the jurisdiction of states parties to the European Convention on Human Rights. Consequently, the UN Convention is essentially relevant for those migrant workers present in Europe who are nationals of those states not members of the EEC or not parties to those European conventions. Particularly important are the provisions concerning irregular migrations.