bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the Readily Oxidizable Organic Matter Reserve and its Effect on the Intensity of Organic Matter Destruction by Bacteria in the Danube River
Authors: Kh Bashmacova I. 
Published: May 2018

During an international expedition devoted to studying the River Danube in March 1988, the influence of readily oxidizable organic matter on the destruction of organic matter by bacteria was investigated. Readily oxidizable (labile) organic matter (LOM), LOM turnover rate, and concentration of particulate organic matter (POM) were quantitatively analysed.
It was found that the minimum values of the parameters studied occurred in the Middle Danube, i.e., the Bulgarian and Yugoslavian stretches of the river. Self-purification did not exceed 23 days. Regarding the Upper Danube (i.e., Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary), higher LOM and POM concentrations, bacterial respiration intensity, and self-purification rates (15 days) were observed. However, the maximum values were found in the Kilia delta (USSR). This was attributed to the great amount of organic matter (OM) in particulates contributed from the upper reaches of the river. At the same time, the Soviet stretch of the Danube was characterized by the most intense processes of destruction of OM associated with aggregated bacterioplankton, which gave higher self-purification rates (up to 9 days).
Mobility of Soluble and Non-Soluble Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Aquifer
Authors: Ducreux J. , Bocard C. , Muntzer P. , Razakarisoa O. , Zilliox L. 
Published: May 2018

After the contamination of an aquifer by petroleum products, the residual oil trapped is a constant source of pollution by the entrainment of the most soluble hydrocarbons. By studying the exchanges of residual hydrocarbons between oil-water-air and soil, we pointed out that the liquid/gas exchange is the major factor of retention of soluble alkanes masking the adsorbing materials effects. For the soluble aromatic hydrocarbons, the main phenomenon observed is the liquid/solid exchange. The role of residual air is no more preponderant.
The residual contamination of the vadose zone thus plays a preponderant role in the long-term pollution of a groundwater table. It is thus imperative to implement methods to prevent such harmful effects. The use of surfactants, by lowering the oil/water interfacial tension seems to be a new and effective method. Their adsorption into a natural matrix was studied with different porous substrates (sand, sand/silt). Their retention on sand is poor, but it increases with silt content. This is mainly due to a cationic exchange (Ca2+/Na+). In order to avoid this phenomenon a salt preflush by a 10 g/l Na Cl solution is effective. That allows a gas-oil recovery enhancement by reducing loss of surfactant in soil. Moreover, a surfactant partition between oil and water is underscored. A better understanding of these parameters would lead to the optimizing of the enhanced drainage technique for recovering residual oil trapped in an aquifer.
Combined Treatments of Urban and Olive Mill Effluents in Apulia, Italy
Authors: Boari G. , Mancini I. M. 
Published: May 2018

The effluent from olive mill plants (OME) presents a seasonal problem, as although small in volume it has very high organic content, and in consequence it is particularly difficult to meet Italian law discharge limits. This problem has been carefully studied in Apulia where, during the olive milling season, organic pollution exceeds that from domestic use by a factor of three. Preliminary research allowed the estimation of organic load per ton of milled olives, and the comparison of the effectiveness of feasible treatment processes. The results have been utilized in the Water Reclamation Plan of the Apulia Region (WRP).
This Plan permits the discharge of OME into public sewers only when its contribution is less than 20% of urban wastewater's (UW) organic load, or provides the transport of a controlled amount to treatment facilities, over a period ranging from 100 to 300 days.
Results of full-scale and pilot biological treatment plants for combined UW and OME effluents are reported, together with the main project parameters. Anaerobic processes are more economical but their successful operation needs to be confirmed on full-scale plants.
Commercialization of Pressurized Electroosmotic Dehydrator (PED)
Authors: Kondoh S. , Hiraoka M. 
Published: May 2018

Application of electroosmosis to conventional filter press dehydrators has been studied to decrease water content in the sludge generated from waste water treatment process. Experiments realized the reduction of water content in the biological excess activated sludge down to 50-60%, which had never been achieved by the conventional dewatering method. The new method has been commercialized by pre-concentration of the excess activated sludge, addition of electrolyte, and development of special carbon electrodes. Moreover, observation using a scanning electron microscope enabled us to demonstrate the suitability of the PED process to the excess activated sludge.
The newly-developed dehydrators and processes have been operating successfully at three commercial plants for the first time in the world.
Modified Polyurethane Carriers for Biochemical Waste Water Treatment
Authors: Pascik Imre 
Published: May 2018

For aerobic and anaerobic waste water treatment, modified porous polyurethane carriers with different ionic charges and surface activities have been synthesized in order to investigate the relations between their material properties and biodegradation efficiency.
It has been found that the modified carriers are more effective than the non-modified equivalents. Continuous anaerobic experiments in the laboratory and on pilot plant scale have shown that the use of this type of carrier leads to higher degradation rates and process stability in the treatment of persistent bleaching effluents obtained in sulphite pulp production.
Expanded Bed Treatment of Complete Recycle Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Jewell William J. , Cummings Robert J. 
Published: May 2018

The popular dietary shift to fish and the limits on natural fish populations have caused rapid growth in fish farming and aquaculture. Optimized aquaculture systems are attempting to use as complete recycle as possible to obtain maximum control over the fish populations, and limit water and energy requirements. Closed systems aquaculture is severely limited by water quality since pollutants accumulate in the system. This study examined the possibility of simultaneous BOD5 reduction, SS removal, nitrification and denitrification with an expanded bed in complete recycle growth systems with Atlantic salmon and brook trout. The fish rearing tank volume was 10 m3 and the expanded bed volume was 2.6 m3. The total duration of the study was 180 days.
The expanded bed developed a film capable of nitrification and denitrification within 40 days. After this time, the SS and BOD were maintained at less than 6 mg/l. Ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites were below detectable levels, thus confirming the simultaneous one-stage removal potentials. Maximum nitrogen removal rates of 40 mg per liter of AFEB per day are similar to the higher removal rates predicted for maximum removal efficiencies at bulk solution ammonia-nitrogen concentrations of 0.5 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the expanded bed appear to be the most sensitive control parameter for these simultaneous reactions.
This one-stage pollution control process for complete recycle aquaculture would be useful in both freshwater and seawater applications. The system is easily modularized for fish rearing tank capacities of 1,000 to more than 10,000 kg. The treatment system volume would be less than half the rearing volumes at low fish densities and low ammonia concentrations (less than 0.5 mg/l of ammonia nitrogen).
Effect of Biological Clogging on Infiltration Rate in Soil Treatment Systems
Authors: Kawanishi Takuya , Kawashima Hiroyuki , Chihara Kazuyuki , Suzuki Motoyuki 
Published: May 2018

Effect of biomass on the soil hydraulic conductivity was clarified on andosol soil. The approximate value of the maximum allowable density of biomass was determined, which corresponds to the minimum hydraulic conductivity of the clogged andosol soil. On the basis of these values and the mass balance of the substrate, the relation among substrate concentration, thickness of clogged zone and the percolation rate was discussed.
In addition, a numerical model was constructed, and the biomass growth and the change of permeability were simulated. Calculated results were compared with the results of two-dimensional infiltration flow experiments. By using the model, the conditions to avoid infiltration failure were determined.
Suitability of Different Biological Sewage Treatment Systems
Authors: Bucksteeg K. 
Published: May 2018

Small wastewater treatment plants suffer from higher specific peak loads and less qualified operational services. Therefore, small plants need special rules for design, construction and operation on the basis: the smaller, the less sophisticated - the less sophisticated, the better! Advantages and disadvantages as well as process stabilities of activated sludge plants with long time aeration, trickling filters, rotating bio-contactors and different pond systems are described and compared to each other. Technical plants should be preferred for serving housing estates when separate sewerages exist. Ponds are a favourable solution for villages with combined sewerages, especially such in rural areas. Emergent hydrophyte treatment systems (reed beds) are considered as still being under development.
Practice proves that newly developed, highly sophisticated technical systems tend toward simplification, and small reaction volumes or areas are increasing when applied under practical conditions.
Nutrient Removal in Small Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Skov Olesen Niels 
Published: May 2018

In some areas of Denmark nutrient removal is required even for very small wastewater plants, that is down to 500 pe (pe = person equivalents). The goal for the removal is 80% removal of nitrogen and 90% removal of phosphorus, or in terms of concentrations: 8 mg nitrogen/l and 1.2 mg phosphorus/l. The inlet concentrations are typically 40 mg N/l and 10 mg P/l. The paper presents the results from two such plants with a capacity of 800 pe. Phosphorus removal is made by simultaneous precipitation with ferrous sulphate. Nitrogen removal is carried out using the recirculation method. Both plants were originally rotor aerated oxidation ditches. They have been extended with a denitrification reactor and a recirculation pumping station. At present both plants have been in activity for about 3 years and with satisfactory results. Average concentrations of nitrogen (summer) and phosphorus is 7 mg/l and 0.9 mg/l respectively.
Nitrogen removal seems to be a practical solution on these small plants. It is,though, sensitive to temperature and highly oxidized rain water. Phosphorus removal seems to be an easily run and relatively non-sensitive technique at least when using simultaneous precipitation.
Upgrading of Wastewater Treatment Plants for the Reduction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Schleswig-Holstein, FRG
Authors: Seyfried C. F. , Dammann E. 
Published: May 2018

In order to solve the problems occurring in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, programmes for the reduction of nutrients in wastewater treatment plants were initiated in the Schleswig-Holstein region. In 1988, all wastewater treatment plants with capacities greater than 17 000 population equivalents were upgraded for phosphate reduction, to give effluent concentrations of less than 2 mg P/l. By 1995, standard values of Ntot &lt; 10 mg/l and P &lt; 0.5 mg/l are expected.
Designs for the expansion of several wastewater treatment plants are presented in this paper. In particular, the problems which result from seasonal peaks, high phosphorus concentrations, and the combination of trickling filter and activated sludge processes are discussed.
Aerated Biofilters for Nitrification and Effluent Polishing
Authors: Paffoni Catherine , Gousailles Michel , Rogalla Frank , Gilles Pierre 
Published: May 2018

To comply with new effluent discharge standards of 10 mg TKN/l, different upgrading methods for a highly loaded activated sludge plant were explored. As a conclusion, demonstration units were tested to assess process feasibility and performance data of an innovative technology. The Achères Treatment plant of the city of Paris is currently being extended to purify a flow of about 2 700 000 m3/d, corresponding to 8 Million population equivalents. Conventional activated sludge, loaded at about 0.6 kg BOD/kg SS d, delivers an effluent of 30 mg/l for both BOD and SS.
To achieve nitrification, a considerable multiplication of basin volume and clarifier area would be required. In the densely urbanised Paris area, insufficient space is available for a such an extension. Therefore, new technology for plant upgrading was tested on industrial scale. Biological aerated filters combine aerobic degradation of pollutants with physical retention of suspended solids in one reactor. A high concentration of active biomass can be retained in the packed bed, and nitrifying bacteria can be attached to the filter media. Removal efficiency becomes thus independent of clarification and sludge settling, and ammonia oxidation can be achieved without sludge age requirements.
Four parallel units were installed on the Colombes research platform, handling a total flow of 3000 m3/d. An extensive demonstration test program was carried out over a period of five years to assess the feasibility and performances of the process in line with a conventional activated sludge plant. The limits of loading to achieve different residual ammonia concentrations were studied, and the influence of temperature on biological and hydraulic parameters was verified. Backwash requirements and residual values of carbonaceous and suspended matter were explored in dependence on influent values and filtration velocity.
At 13 °C, an ammonia load of 0.5 kg N/m3 d was completely oxidized. A concentration of 20 mg/l N-NH4 can thus be totally converted with an empty bed contact time of 1 hour. The Arrhenius temperature coefficient for nitrification was measured as 1.05. Biodegradable carbonaceous and suspended matter was completely removed at filtration velocities higher than 4 m/h, yielding an effluent of less than 5 mg/l for both SS and BOD. Backwash frequency was less than once per day, and a maximum of 5 % of the filter flowrate was used for backwashing.
Development of a Methodology to Determine the Pollution Discharged by a Combined Sewer Network
Authors: Cherrered M. , Chocat B. 
Published: May 2018

Until a few years ago, there was not much research in France into Combined Sewer Overflow phenomena in storm weather. The water of urban runoff has always been considered “clean” and one considered that the dilution of dry weather flows in storm water decreased the impact of the pollution generated by overflows.
Now, with increased urban development and realization of the importance of pollution caused by urban runoff, the problem can be considered differently. Indeed, some quality studies of receiving waters show that combined sewer networks represent an important pollution source for the natural environment, due to the increasing relative effect of combined sewer overflow discharge into receiving waters.
Thus, combined sewer overflows have until recently been the least known part of the sewer system.
In this present communication, methodology to estimate combined overflows has been elaborated after exploitation of data resulted from ten French real case studies where such problems were observed.
This study has been realized in four steps:- A bibliography study to discover the actual state of the problem in terms of existent methods concerning both experimentation and modelling and to define the needs of the research.- Ten French studies have been selected, analysed, and used to define the different methods used, and to show methodological lacunas from the observations and results realized. Elements of improvement have been proposed.- Methods and new propositions have been defined and a coherent methodological diagram has been realized to compare and test these methods.- Computer tools have been conceived and tested in the ten study cases.
Monitoring a Vortex Storm Sewage Overflow with Peripheral Spill
Authors: Cootes T. , Balmforth D. J. , Russell S. , Doughty G. M. 
Published: May 2018

Based on a design developed using model tests at Sheffield City Polytechnic, a full-scale prototype of a vortex storm sewage overflow with peripheral spill has been built in Sheffield. A project is running to monitor this overflow in order to assess its performance, both hydraulically and qualitatively. Flows into and out of the overflow chamber are being recorded, and samples of sewage are being taken, both from the flow entering the overflow and that spilling to the watercourse. A system known as the ‘Gross Solids Monitor' has been developed to get an estimate of the quantities of large objects in the flow, and examine how effective the overflow is at restaining such material from spilling.
Due to equipment failures and little rain, only limited results have been gathered to date. These show that the overflow appears to exert good hydraulic control, but has little separating effect on finely suspended or dissolved material.
Further data must be gathered before any conclusion can be reached as to how well the overflow restrains larger objects from spilling.
Further work is required on the Gross Solids Monitor before data analysis becomes fully automated.
Computer Simulation of the Hydrodynamic and Salinity Behavior of Weeks Bay, Alabama, at Equatorial Tide Conditions
Authors: Thollapalli Ashok , April Gary C. , Raney Donald C. , Schroeder William W. , McCormick Barry C. , Lu Zhaodong 
Published: May 2018

Whereas the long term goal of the work described focuses on issues related to estuaries in general, specific attention in this paper focuses on one – Weeks Bay, Alabama. This estuary is one of seventeen estuarine research reserves established as “natural field laboratories” for long-term scientific and educational programs (See Figure 1).
Initially, Weeks Bay will be assumed to be a well mixed estuary such that two-dimensional (depth averaged) modeling can be used. The Waterways Experiment Station Implicit Flooding Model (WIFM), developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi is used.
Complete data sets at equatorial tidal conditions were chosen from the field data available. Good agreement of model results with field measured water elevations was noted. These results are typical of the kind of agreement that is expected from two-dimensional depth averaged model simulations.
As anticipated, there seems to be little or no movement of salt along the western shoreline when the Bon Secour Bay salinities are low. This indicates selective flow of Fish River water down the western side of the bay with a corresponding preference for Bon Secour Bay water to flow along the eastern shore.
Detention of Sanitary Sewage as a Method to Reduce Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Loads
Authors: Kollatsch Dirk-Th , Bünzel J. 
Published: May 2018

Sanitary sewage yields the basic and most important pollution load diverted to receiving waters during combined sewer overflow (CSO). To reduce overflow pollution loads, it is proposed to store waste water in sanitary sewage detention tanks (SST).
For high efficiency those SSTs should be filled and emptied by pumps or gates, operated by control devices. Control strategies have to be worked out depending on different situations and parameters (catchment, rain and flow characteristics).
Economic Removal of Organic and Nutrient Substances from Municipal Wastewaters with Full-Scale U.A.S.B. Fluidized- and Fixed-Bed Reactors
Authors: Collivignarelli C. , Urbini G. , Farneti A. , Bassetti A. , Barbaresi U. 
Published: May 2018

New biotechnologies (both aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic) based on attached biofilm or microbial-conglomerate processes have recently gained a considerable interest, as regards municipal wastewater treatment.
These systems, besides involving certain advantages, e.g. low energy consumption and reduced sludge production, are proving to be rather reliable: this made us think that such plant engineering solutions can be, in perspective, a real alternative to conventional biological processes.
This work deals with the main results obtained from an experiment carried out with municipal wastewater at ambient temperature (7 - 27°C) on a plant consisting of a UASB reactor, an aerobic fixed-bed reactor and an anoxic fluidized-bed reactor. The main object of the experimentation, still in course, is the technical verification of various plant engineering solutions aiming at locating the one most reliable for development on a large scale.
This report points out some of the aspects emerged; for other considerations, refer to works already published by the authors on this subject (see references).
Disposal of Wastewater from Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD)
Authors: Gostomczyk M. A. , Grochulska-Segal E. M. , Sozański M. M. 
Published: May 2018

Wet methods of FGD produce troublesome wastewater which, contains large amounts of suspended solids. The hot flue gas stream which is passed through the absorber gives an effluent which contains dissolved sulphur compounds. This effluent is sent to a special reactor for pH adjustment by lime treatment, as well as for the precipitation of calcium sulphites and calcium sulphates.
In this study special consideration was given to the following items: (1) sedimentation of particulate matter (suspended solids) produced during quasi-simulation of wet FGD and during pH adjustment of the sorption effluent by lime treatment, and (2) flow characteristics of sedimentation sludges.
In terms of particulate separation, the efficiency of the sedimentation process was far above 70%. The best gravitational thickening effects and the most efficient release of the sludge were achieved in vertical settling tanks with deep funnels of 60° bottom slope.
Depending on the water content, sedimentation sludges behave either as a Newtonian fluid or a Binghara plastic. This behaviour should be taken into account when pipe transport is considered.
Appropriate Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Morocco – Boujad: A Case Study
Authors: Niedrum S. B. , Karioun A. , Mara D. D. , Mills S. W. 
Published: May 2018

Reuse of wastewater for crop irrigation is essential to sustain agricultural growth in a country such as Morocco where water resources are scarce due to the hot, arid climate. However few towns in Morocco have sewage treatment facilities and reuse with untreated wastewater is therefore widespread, and the public health risks from excreta related disease high.
A suitable treatment system to provide safe water for irrigation is the use of waste stabilisation ponds, which provide an effluent high in microbiological quality and also high in fertilizer value due to the large amounts of algae which are normally discharged. It was therefore decided to implement an integrated waste stabilisation pond, effluent reuse system as a demonstration scheme of the advantages, both in terms of improved crop productivity and public health of the local community. The town of Boujad in Kouribga Province was selected as a suitable site and this paper describes the background to the development.