bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the hydrolysis characteristics of three polyphosphates and their effects on soil phosphorus and micronutrient availability
Authors: Wang Xuewei , Gao Yanju , Hu Baowei , Chu Guixin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPolyphosphate is an alternative phosphorus (P) source which can substitute for orthophosphate‐based P fertilizers in agriculture. In order to explore the effects of polyphosphate addition on soil P availability, and how pH and temperature affect polyphosphate hydrolysis, an aqueous and a soil incubation experiment were conducted at different pHs (5.0 and 8.2) and temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C); the influence of polyphosphate addition on soil available micronutrients (i.e., iron—Fe, manganese—Mn and zinc—Zn) was also studied. The experiments used three different polyphosphate fertilizers (solid and liquid ammonium polyphosphate and polyphosphoric acid) and two soil types (acid and alkaline). In aqueous incubation conditions, the average amount of phosphate () released from polyphosphate fertilizers at 35°C was 2.7 times greater than at 25°C. The average Olsen P in polyphosphate‐treated soil at 35°C was 1.12 times greater than at 25°C, indicating that higher temperature facilitates polyphosphate hydrolysis. Polyphosphate hydrolysis increased as the pH decreased in aqueous solution, but its hydrolysis rate was greater in calcareous soil than in acid soil. Moreover, polyphosphate significantly increased soil available Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations by an average of 14%, 16% and 20%, respectively, relative to orthophosphate fertilizer. In summary, high temperature and low pH favour the hydrolysis of short‐chain polyphosphate (aqueous incubation experiment), and polyphosphate significantly increases soil P availability and mobilizes soil micronutrients. The application of polyphosphate can be recommended as a pragmatic P management strategy in agriculture: however, soil temperature and pH should be taken into account when using polyphosphate fertilizers.
An asymmetric analysis of the J‐curve effect in the commodity trade between China and the US
Authors: Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen , Bose Niloy , Zhang Yun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper follows a non‐linear ARDL error‐correction approach to examine the presence of the J‐curve in the commodity‐level trade between the United States and China. The analysis disaggregates the US–China trade flows by commodities and separately examines the trade balance responses of 97 commodities to the changes in the real yuan–US$ exchange rates. The analysis at the commodity level alleviates potential aggregation bias that is present in earlier studies offering little evidence for long‐run asymmetric effects of exchange rate on the China–US trade balance. We find strong support for short‐run asymmetric effects in the case of two‐third of the commodities, whereas significant long‐run asymmetric effects are present in the case of one‐third of the commodities including those commodities which command large shares in the China–US trade.
Single‐port laparoscopic‐assisted ovariohysterectomy with a modified glove‐port technique in dogs
Authors: Bydzovsky Nina D. , Bockstahler Barbara , Dupré Gilles 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a single‐port laparoscopic‐assisted ovariohysterectomy (LOHE) with a modified glove‐port technique in dogs and compare it with previously published laparoscopic techniques for LOHE in dogs.Study designProspective clinical study and technique description.AnimalsForty‐two healthy female dogs.MethodsLaparoscopic‐assisted ovariohysterectomy was performed with a custom‐made single‐port device. The total duration of surgery from first incision to skin closure was compared with previously published durations of LOHE in dogs. Short‐term complications were recorded.ResultsThe median total duration of surgery was 24 minutes (range, 17.5–39.5; mean, 25.73; SD, 6.12), which was shorter than that described in most previously reported studies of LOHE in dogs (range, 20.8 ± 4.00–60.0 ± 18.45 minutes; P < .001). Intraoperative complications were minor, but wound complications occurred in 12 of 42 (29%) dogs.ConclusionSingle‐port LOHE with the glove‐port technique in combination with a wound retractor and nonarticulated instruments was completed in all dogs. This technique was faster than what has been previously reported for other LOHE, but local wound complications were common.Clinical relevanceThe glove‐port technique described here offers a low‐cost alternative to other commercially available single‐port devices.
Characteristics of an atrazine degrading bacterium and the construction of a microbial agent for effective atrazine degradation
Authors: Zhu Jiangwei , Fu Li , Meng Zili , Jin Caihua 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA bacterial strain, YQJ‐6, capable of highly degrading atrazine was isolated from soil. Strain YQJ‐6 was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus based on 16S rRNA and the analysis of morphology as well as physiological and biochemical characteristics. The optimal pH value and temperature for strain YQJ‐6 to grow and degrade atrazine were 7.0–7.5 and 30–40°C, respectively. The degradation rate of atrazine (50 mg/L) by strain YQJ‐6 reached approximately 99.2% in 7 days. Strain YQJ‐6 also had a high tolerance to atrazine and could tolerate at least 1000 mg/L atrazine. In addition, strain YQJ‐6 was successfully made into a microbial agent that is easy to commercialize and can be used to treat atrazine residues in soil. The microbial agent containing the strain YQJ‐6 achieved good experimental results. It is believed that strain YQJ‐6 can be used to control atrazine pollution.
Selective denervation of the aortic and carotid baroreceptors in rats
Authors: Castania Jaci A. , Katayama Pedro L. , Brognara Fernanda , Moraes Davi J. A. , Sabino João Paulo J. , Salgado Helio C. 
Published: June 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The traditional surgical approach for sino‐aortic denervation in rats leads to simultaneous carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor deactivation, which does not permit their individual study in different situations.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We have described a new surgical approach capable of selective denervation of the arterial (aortic and carotid) baroreceptors, keeping the carotid bodies (chemoreceptors) intact. It is understood that this technique might be a useful tool for investigating the relative role of the baro‐ and chemoreceptors in several physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

AbstractStudies have demonstrated that the traditional surgical approach for sino‐aortic denervation in rats leads to simultaneous carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor deactivation. The present study reports a new surgical approach to denervate the aortic and the carotid baroreceptors selectively, keeping the carotid bodies (peripheral chemoreceptors) intact. Wistar rats were subjected to specific aortic and carotid baroreceptor denervation (BAROS‐X) or sham surgery (SHAM). Baroreflex activation was achieved by i.v. administration of phenylephrine, whereas peripheral chemoreflex activation was produced by i.v. administration of potassium cyanide. The SHAM and BAROS‐X rats displayed significant hypertensive responses to phenylephrine administration. However, the reflex bradycardia following the hypertensive response caused by phenylephrine was remarkable in SHAM, but not significant in the BAROS‐X animals, confirming the efficacy of the surgical procedure to abolish the baroreflex. In addition, the baroreflex activation elicited by phenylephrine increased carotid sinus nerve activity only in SHAM, but not in the BAROS‐X animals, providing support to the notion that the baroreceptor afferents were absent. Instead, the classical peripheral chemoreflex hypertensive and bradycardic responses to potassium cyanide were similar in both groups, suggesting that the carotid body chemoreceptors were preserved after BAROS‐X. In summary, we describe a new surgical approach in which only the baroreceptors are eliminated, while the carotid chemoreceptors are preserved. Therefore, it is understood that this procedure is potentially a useful tool for examining the relative roles of the arterial baroreceptors versus the chemoreceptors in several pathophysiological conditions, for instance, arterial hypertension and heart failure.
Natural history museums: Facilitating science literacy across the globe
Authors: Lipps Jere H. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Natural history museums’ (NHMs) primary missions are to collect, curate, and research natural history objects (life, earth, human cultures, and other specimens), and to use them for public education and outreach. The museums have the potential to enhance lifelong science literacy in unique, direct ways based on the collections they house. Ever since 1683, NHMs have exhibited specimens and educated visitors. Now, thousands of NHMs operate across the globe in ~100 countries, but no two of them are alike. Each resembles the others in the primary missions but differs significantly in collection size and diversity, research efforts, staff size and tasks, styles, public displays, outreach, and education. NHMs are thus complicated businesses due to the wide variety of tasks, objectives, and audiences.
Collections are the heart of a NHM, for everything depends on them. These collections are all biased for a number of reasons, but none of them could contain an example of every kind of natural history object. The big museums have the oldest and largest collections, while smaller NHMs have mostly local collections. Collections are further biased because only a small part of any of them can be exhibited; hence, specimens with certain attractive characteristics are selected for display and use in education and outreach. Many NHMs use replicas of specimens in occasional displays for a variety of reasons to enhance the visitor experience, chiefly to bring rare or fragile specimens to them. This is all normal and to be expected.
The overall outreach aim of NHMs should be to encourage and provide lifelong learning for everyone. People who attend NHMs are mostly educated, and, in Europe and America, chiefly white and middle to upper class. Ethnic or economically disadvantaged groups commonly find NHMs unwelcoming, alienating, and largely irrelevant to their own lives; hence, they make up only a small portion of attendees. In addition, people with physical and mental limitations of mobility, size, sight, hearing, and understanding must be accommodated in NHMs. Museums need to engage these people and to develop programs and exhibits that they will find attractive because these populations will increase in the future.
Exciting, stimulating, and engaging exhibits built around the collections of the NHMs can welcome all groups, if the culture and experiences of these people are understood. Sight, touch, sound, and smell are part of a more realistic exhibit and can reinforce the attractiveness of an exhibit. Real objects from the collections, displayed with imagination and creativity focused on the entire population served by the museum, can captivate and welcome people back again and encourage new visitors to attend.
Technology should be adopted to complement, not replace, exhibits of actual specimens from the NHM. Perhaps the most important computer technology will be artificial intelligence (AI). This bodes well for the future in planning, organizing, and integrating all aspects of the complicated functioning of a NHM.
Filippo Buonanni and the Kircher Museum
Authors: Inglehart Ashley J. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the role played by Italian naturalist, Filippo Buonanni (1638–1723), in the reorganization of the Kircher Museum. Specifically, it considers Buonanni’s unique philosophy of nature, which can be gleaned from his public debates about spontaneous generation and fossil formation. This paper argues that Buonanni rejected a conformity of causes in nature, which in turn informed his approach to natural history. His unique approach helped to transform Kircher’s collection from a cabinet of wonders to one of the earliest examples of the modern museum.
All is not lost: History from fossils and catalogues at the Museum of Natural History, University of Florence
Authors: Dominici Stefano , Cioppi Elisabetta 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Sedimentary strata and fossils of Tuscany have been the object of inquiry from the late Middle Ages into the onset of modern science, passing through the art and words of Leonardo da Vinci, and culminating in the work of Nicolas Steno on a Galilean foundation. In the Age of Enlightenment, the Florentine Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti perfected Steno’s scheme for a history of Tuscany to be extended to a general theory of the Earth, corresponding with European savants, writing the oldest catalogue of fossils now hosted at the Museum of Natural History, University of Florence, and passing on Steno’s taxonomy. A few decades later, founders of modern geology, Georges Cuvier, Giambattista Brocchi, and Charles Lyell walked Tuscan fossiliferous hills and studied public and private collections, focusing on the anatomy of Tertiary species as a means to track the making of the modern fauna. The international impact of Brocchi’s Subapennine Fossil Conchology reached the young Charles Darwin, offering a theoretical background for the early development of modern evolutionary theory and fueling the modern taxonomic study of Tertiary marine shells. Under Igino Cocchi, in the year of national unity (1861), the Museum became the Italian Central Paleontological Collection, attracting collections from all over Italy and stirring an enduring international interest in Tertiary and Quaternary faunas, including fossil primates. With fossil specimens brought in by Steno, Targioni, and Cocchi, among many others, and with the organization of its catalogues reflecting the onset of modern taxonomy, the Museum of Natural History, University of Florence, is today an archive of the history of science as a whole and a means to bring environmental consciousness to future generations.
History and importance of the geoscience collections at the Natural History Museum Vienna
Authors: Koeberl Christian , Brandstätter Franz , Harzhauser Mathias , Riedl-Dorn Christa 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
The Natural History Museum Vienna is one of the most important museums of natural history in the world. Its collections date back to the year 1750, when the Emperor Franz Stephan of Lorraine (Franz I. Stephan) purchased (from Italy) what was then the largest and most famous collection of natural history specimens. The meteorite collection of the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria, has the longest history of all comparable collections in the world. In the second half of the eighteenth century, soon after the foundation of the Imperial Natural History Cabinet in 1750, the Viennese curators began to collect meteorites. Although the first curators neither believed in the extraterrestrial origin nor accepted—in several cases—the written and witnessed histories of these allegedly “heavenly” stone and iron masses, they preserved them in the Natural History collection. Among the first acquisitions were the historical important meteorites Hraschina (Agram), Tabor, Krasnojarsk (Pallas iron), and Eichstädt. These and other well-documented specimens from the Vienna collection were, for example, used by E.F.F. Chladni for his seminal treatises of 1794 and 1819, respectively. The central figure in the early history of the collection is Carl von Schreibers (1775–1852). After the fall of the Stannern meteorite in 1808, he availed himself of every opportunity to acquire meteorite specimens. His continued interest in meteorites laid the foundation for the Vienna collection to be of the historical and scientific importance it is today. Due to the efforts of Schreibers, who also is regarded as founder of meteoritic science in Vienna, and his successors, the Vienna collection became the largest and most extensive in the course of the nineteenth century.
In terms of the geological and paleontological collections, early expeditions and collecting campaigns were mainly targeting exotic animals and plants, while paleontological objects were welcome but subordinate. It was only in the early nineteenth century that the paleontological collections were—literally and figuratively speaking—systematically enlarged. Internationalization and diversification became the focus of the collection strategy. The paleontology collections at the Vienna museum also became important in the Darwinian view of evolution.
Geology and paleontology at the California Academy of Sciences, 1895–2016: A brief overview
Authors: Leviton Alan E. , Aldrich Michele L. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Too often we view museums as display centers, not places where basic research takes place. But that is unfortunate. Museums bridge the gap between scientists and public outreach and, on balance, manage well. This is true for many of the world’s major museums, including the California Academy of Sciences, where geology plays a significant role in both basic research and outreach programs.
In 1889, the Academy began construction of its building on Market Street in downtown San Francisco to replace the ramshackle church that had been its home for some years. It would now have space for public exhibits and its core research activities. For some of its exhibits, spectacular materials were purchased from Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, but for others, it drew upon its own collections, notably rocks and minerals. The new Academy opened its doors to the public in early 1892, but not long afterward both buildings and contents were lost in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The Academy rebounded and undertook construction of new facilities in Golden Gate Park where, for many years, its exhibits, apart from the magnificent Steinhart Aquarium and its displays of living fishes, consisted mostly of habitat dioramas but also included a mineralogy hall and, in time, a fossil hall, Life through Time. The mineral hall played to the human urge to collect and classify, embodied in the “rock-hound” approach of youngsters who fill their rooms with natural materials. And basic research by curators, e.g., F.M. Anderson, GD. Hanna, L.G. Hertlein, A.G. Smith, and, more recently, P.D. Roopnarine, R. Mooi, and G.C. Williams, resulted in many publications on stratigraphy, paleontology, paleocommunities, and evolution and extinctions.
In the late 1980s, confronted by seismic concerns, the Academy replaced all but one of its buildings. And, because of exciting developments, the new geology exhibits, introduced by an eye-catching globe and text about the Earth’s crust, panels on earthquakes (California’s “bugaboo”) and on continental drift and plate tectonics and their impact on Earth history, reinforce the educational aspects of the Academy’s public outreach. Also given Kociolek and Fourtanier’s studies of diatoms, and more recently paleobiodiversity and biogeography by Mooi, Roopnarine, and students, and with fossil and mineral collections, managed by Jean DeMouthe, now numbering in the millions of specimens, outreach and basic research continue unabated.
Museums at the intersection of science and citizen: An example from a Silurian reef
Authors: Burke Patricia Coorough , Sheehan Peter M. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Milwaukee Public Museum has been presenting scientific concepts to audiences for 134 years. The exhibit methods have moved beyond specimen display and beyond the museum walls. Today, museums bring science to the public and scientific community through searchable collections databases, contextual websites, and social media. The “Silurian Reef” exhibit, with associated collections, website, and online database are examples of the ways science, public audiences, and museums interact and how these interactions have evolved over the past 130 years.
The Schoonmaker Reef in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, was the first fossil reef recognized in North America and attracted geologists such as James Hall (1811–1898), T.C. Chamberlin (1843–1928), and I.A. Lapham (1811–1875) to recognize its importance. Fossils from this locality and others in SE Wisconsin form the large Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM) collection. The MPM Silurian diorama, reconstructing one of these reef ecosystems, was created in 1985 as part of the “Third Planet” exhibit. This was one of the earliest museum exhibits to present plate tectonics and the evolution of life as one story. MPM’s Silurian collections were central to published research on the biodiversity and ecology of Silurian communities (Watkins, 1993). The collections, research, and exhibit were the foundation for an innovative website; The Virtual Silurian Reef (VSR) was developed in 1997. The VSR is an educational outreach website that explores the significance of Silurian reefs and concepts of evolution, plate tectonics, and biodiversity. More recently, MPM, in partnership with the Field Museum, digitized our Silurian collections and created a searchable online database housed on a redesigned VSR.
The collections, website, and searchable database have given academic researchers better access to specimens in both MPM and Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) in Chicago collections. A larger impact has been the broad audiences reached. The website and exhibit have been used in National Science Foundation–funded educational outreach, by educators, artists, and fossil-hunting kids. Images and text from the website and database are found on interpretive signs in local and state parks and on trails that overlook historic collecting localities. The fossil specimens have even been used to model bronze fossil play sculptures for a city park.