bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Internet Governance
Authors: Radu Roxana 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
What is at stake for how the Internet continues to evolve is the preservation of its integrity as a single network. In practice, its governance is neither centralized nor unitary; it is piecemeal and fragmented, with authoritative decision-making coming from different sources simultaneously: governments, businesses, international organizations, technical and academic experts, and civil society. Historically, the conditions for their interaction were rarely defined beyond basic technical coordination, due at first to the academic freedom granted to the researchers developing the network and, later on, to the sheer impossibility of controlling mushrooming Internet initiatives. Today, the search for global norms and rules for the Internet continues, be it for cybersecurity or artificial intelligence, amid processes fostering the supremacy of national approaches or the vitality of a pluralist environment with various stakeholders represented. This book provides an incisive analysis of the emergence and evolution of global Internet governance, unpacking the complexity of more than 300 governance arrangements, influential debates, and political negotiations over four decades. Highly accessible, this book breaks new ground through a wide empirical exploration and a new conceptual approach to governance enactment in global issue domains. A tripartite framework is employed for revealing power dynamics, relying on: (a) an extensive database of mechanisms of governance for the Internet at the global and regional level; (b) an in-depth analysis of the evolution of actors and priorities over time; and (c) a key set of dominant practices observed in the Internet governance communities. It explains continuity and change in Internet-related negotiations, opening up new directions for thinking and acting in this field.
The Buck-Passing Account and The No-Priority View
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
According to the No-Priority View (NPV), what it is to be a reason for a pro-attitude cannot be analysed in terms of value but neither can what it is to be good or of value be analysed in terms of reasons for pro-attitudes. NPV has been defended by Jonathan Dancy and W. D. Ross. This chapter argues that there are several reasons to accept the buck-passing account of value (BPA) over NPV. First, BPA explains striking correlations between reasons and value that NPV does not. Second, BPA explains why value does not give non-derivative reasons to have pro-attitudes; NPV cannot do this. Third, BPA is more qualitatively parsimonious than NPV, and, as explained in this chapter, there are strong reasons to prefer more to less qualitatively parsimonious theories. Fourth, BPA explains why similar theoretical debates arise about reasons and value; NPV cannot do this. Fifth, BPA is more informative than NPV.
Reasons First
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter extends the buck-passing account of value and morality motivated and defended in the rest of the book to provide an account of all of practical normativity in terms of reasons. In doing so, this chapter argues that accounts of what it is to be a normative reason in terms of ought, evidence of what ought to be done, being good as a basis, and fittingness, should be rejected; and that ought and fittingness should instead be analysed in terms of reasons. So this chapter argues that reasons are more fundamental than oughts and fittingness. The combination of the view that reasons are the most basic normative property in terms of which other normative properties can be analysed and the buck-passing accounts of value and morality in terms of reasons provides an illuminating and fruitful account of all of practical normativity in terms of reasons. This chapter shows how the case for the buck-passing account of value and morality can be extended to make a case for a reasons-first or reasons fundamentalist account of practical normativity.
Aging-related inflammation driven by cellular senescence enhances NAD consumption via activation of CD38+pro-inflammatory macrophages
Authors: Covarrubias Anthony J. , Kale Abhijit , Perrone Rosalba , Lopez-Dominguez Jose Alberto , Pisco Angela Oliveira , Kasler Herbert G. , Schmidt Mark S. , Wiley Christopher D. , Iyer Shankar S. , Basisty Natan , Wu Qiuxia , Kwok Ryan , Heckenbach Indra , Shin Kyong-Oh , Lee Yong-Moon , Ben-Sahra Issam , Ott Melanie , Schilling Birgit , Ishihara Katsuhiko , Quake Stephen R. , Newman John , Brenner Charles , Campisi Judith , Verdin Eric 
Published: April 2019

SummaryDecline in tissue NAD levels during aging is linked to aging and its associated diseases. However, the mechanism for aging-associated NAD decline remains unclear. Here we report that pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages, but not naïve or M2 macrophages, accumulate in metabolic tissues including visceral white adipose tissue and the liver during aging. Remarkably, these M1-like macrophages highly express the NAD consuming enzyme CD38 and have enhanced CD38-dependent NADase activity. We also find that senescent cells progressively accumulate in visceral white adipose tissue during aging and that inflammatory cytokines found in the supernatant from senescent cells (Senescence associated secretory proteins, SASP) induce macrophages to proliferate and to express CD38. These results highlight a new causal link between visceral tissue senescence and tissue NAD decline during aging and represent a novel therapeutic opportunity targeting maintenance of NAD levels during aging.
Implicit learning and exploitation of regularities involve hippocampal and prefrontal theta activity
Authors: Spaak Eelke , de Lange Floris P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObservers rapidly and seemingly automatically learn to predict where to expect relevant items when those items are repeatedly presented in the same spatial context. This form of statistical learning in visual search has been studied extensively using a paradigm known as contextual cueing. The neural mechanisms underlying the learning and exploiting of such regularities remain unclear. We sought to elucidate these by examining behaviour and recording neural activity using magneto-encephalography (MEG) while observers were implicitly acquiring and exploiting statistical regularities. Computational modelling of behavioural data suggested that after repeated exposures to a spatial context, participants’ behaviour was marked by an abrupt switch to an exploitation strategy of the learnt regularities. MEG recordings showed that the initial learning phase was associated with larger hippocampal theta band activity for repeated scenes, while the subsequent exploitation phase showed larger prefrontal theta band activity for these repeated scenes. Strikingly, the behavioural benefit of repeated exposures to certain scenes was inversely related to explicit awareness of such repeats, demonstrating the implicit nature of the expectations acquired. This elucidates how theta activity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex underpins the implicit learning and exploitation of spatial statistical regularities to optimize visual search behaviour.
Motor learning in real-world pool billiards
Authors: Haar Shlomi , van Assel Camille M. , Faisal A. Aldo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe neurobehavioral mechanisms of human motor-control and learning evolved in free behaving, real-life settings, yet this is studied mostly in reductionistic lab-based experiments. Here we take a step towards a more real-world motor neuroscience using wearables for naturalistic full-body motion-tracking and the sports of pool billiards to frame a real-world skill learning experiment. First, we asked if well-known features of motor learning in lab-based experiments generalize to a real-world task. We found similarities in many features such as multiple learning rates, and the relationship between task-related variability and motor learning. Our data-driven approach reveals the structure and complexity of movement, variability, and motor-learning, enabling an in-depth understanding of the structure of motor learning in three ways: First, while expecting most of the movement learning is done by the cue-wielding arm, we find that motor-learning affects the whole body, changing motor-control from head to toe. Second, during learning, all subjects decreased their movement variability and their variability in the outcome. Subjects who were initially more variable were also more variable after learning. Lastly, when screening the link across subjects between initial variability in individual joints and learning, we found that only the initial variability in the right forearm supination shows a significant correlation to the subjects’ learning rates. This is in-line with the relationship between learning and variability: while learning leads to an overall reduction in movement variability, only initial variability in specific task-relevant dimensions can facilitate faster learning.
Hello, is that me you are looking for? A re-examination of the role of the DMN in off-task thought
Authors: Murphy Charlotte , Poerio Giulia , Sormaz Mladen , Wang Hao-Ting , Vatansever Deniz , Allen Micah , Margulies Daniel S. , Jefferies Elizabeth , Smallwood Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNeural activity within the default mode network (DMN) is widely assumed to relate to processing during off-task states, however it remains unclear whether this association emerges from a shared role in self or social cognition. In the current study, we examine the possibility that the role of the DMN in ongoing thought emerges from contributions to specific features of off-task experience such as self-relevant or social content. A group of participants described their experiences while performing a laboratory task over a period of days. In a different session, neural activity was measured while participants performed self/other judgements. Despite the prominence of social and personal content in off-task reports, there was no association with neural activity during off-task trait adjective judgements. Instead, during both self and other judgements we found recruitment of caudal posterior cingulate cortex - a core DMN hub - was above baseline for individuals whose laboratory experiences were characterised as detailed. These data provide little support for a role of the DMN in self or other content in the off-task state and instead suggest a role in how on-going thought is represented.
Institutional and economic determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure by banks
Authors: Oliveira Jonas da Silva , Azevedo Graça Maria do Carmo , Silva Maria José Pires Carvalho 
Published: April 2019

PurposeThis study aims to explore the firm’s and country-level institutional forces that determine banks’ CSR reporting diversity, during the recent global financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachSpecifically, this study assesses whether economic and institutional conditions explain CSR disclosure strategies used by 30 listed and unlisted banks from six countries in the context of the recent 2007/2008 global financial crisis. The annual reports and social responsibility reports of the largest banks in Canada, the UK, France, Italy, Spain and Portugal were content analyzed.FindingsThe findings suggest that economic factors do not influence CSR disclosure. Institutional factors associated with the legal environment, industry self-regulation and the organization’s commitments in maintaining a dialogue with relevant stakeholders are crucial elements in explaining CSR reporting. Consistent with the Dillard etal.’s (2004) model, CSR disclosure by banks not only stems from institutional legitimacy processes, but also from strategic ones.Practical implicationsThe findings highlight the importance of CSR regulation to properly monitor manager’s’ opportunistic use of CSR information and regulate the assurance activities (regarding standards, their profession or even the scope of assurance) to guarantee the proper credibility reliability of CSR information.Originality/valueThe study makes two major contributions. First, it extends and modifies the model used by Chihet al.(2010). Second, drawn on the new institutional sociology, this study develops a theoretical framework that combines the multilevel model of the dynamic process of institutionalization, transposition and deinstitutionalization of organizational practices developed by Dillardet al.(2004) with Campbell’s (2007) theoretical framework of socially responsible behavior. This theoretical framework incorporates a more inclusive social context, aligned with a more comprehensive sociology-based institutional theory (Dillardet al., 2004; Campbell, 2007), which has never been used in the CSR reporting literature hitherto.
Young carers in England: Findings from the 2018 BBC survey on the prevalence and nature of caring among young people
Authors: Joseph Stephen , Kendall Claire , Toher Deirdre , Sempik Joe , Holland Jennifer , Becker Saul 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundMany young people are involved in caring for parents, siblings, or other relatives who have an illness or disability. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of caring by young people in England.MethodA national survey of 925 English young people was conducted using the 18‐item survey version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Caring Activities Checklist for Young Carers.ResultsAround 7% of young people were identified as doing at least a high amount of caring activity and 3% a very high amount. Most frequently, caring by a young person is for a mother or a sibling, with a physical disability. Caring activity consisted mostly of domestic activities, household management, and emotional care.ConclusionThis study provides the most up to date and methodologically sophisticated survey data on the prevalence of young caring in England, with implications for policy and practice.
Treatment in childhood central nervous system demyelinating disorders
Authors: Konuskan Bahadir , Anlar Banu 
Published: April 2019

The last two decades witnessed significant advances in the treatment of acquired demyelinating disorders: thirteen new agents have been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in adults by the European Medicines Agency and US Food and Drug Administration in the last twenty years. Although the long‐term efficacy and safety profiles of some new drugs are still being assessed in paediatric MS, clinicians may have to use them in the management of paediatric onset MS resistant to first‐line medications, based on results obtained in adult‐onset disease. This review summarizes the current approach to treatment in children with demyelinating syndromes.What this paper adds

Serological markers affect management in paediatric demyelinating diseases.
Antibodies against aquaporin‐4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein should be tested in children with acute demyelinating disease.
New therapeutic agents currently in trial for pediatric disease should be used with close follow‐up.
Zelda and the maternal‐to‐zygotic transition in cockroaches
Authors: Ventos‐Alfonso Alba , Ylla Guillem , Belles Xavier 
Published: April 2019

In the endopterygote Drosophila melanogaster, Zelda is an activator of the zygotic genome during the maternal‐to‐zygotic transition (MZT). Zelda binds cis‐regulatory elements (TAGteam heptamers), making chromatin accessible for gene transcription. Zelda has been studied in other endopterygotes: Apis mellifera and Tribolium castaneum, and the paraneopteran Rhodnius prolixus. We studied Zelda in the cockroach Blattella germanica, a hemimetabolan, short germ‐band, and polyneopteran species. B. germanica Zelda has the complete set of functional domains, which is typical of species displaying ancestral features concerning embryogenesis. Interestingly, we found D. melanogaster TAGteam heptamers in the B. germanica genome. The canonical one, CAGGTAG, is present at a similar proportion in the genome of these two species and in the genome of other insects, suggesting that the genome admits as many CAGGTAG motifs as its length allows. Zelda‐depleted embryos of B. germanica show defects involving blastoderm formation and abdomen development, and genes contributing to these processes are down‐regulated. We conclude that in B. germanica, Zelda strictly activates the zygotic genome, within the MZT, a role conserved in more derived endopterygote insects. In B. germanica, zelda is expressed during MZT, whereas in D. melanogaster and T. castaneum it is expressed beyond this transition. In these species and A. mellifera, Zelda has functions even in postembryonic development. The expansion of zelda expression beyond the MZT in endopterygotes might be related with the evolutionary innovation of holometabolan metamorphosis.DatabasesThe RNA‐seq datasets of B. germanica, D. melanogaster, and T. castaneum are accessible at the GEO databases GSE99785, GSE18068, GSE63770, and GSE84253. In addition, the RNA‐seq library from T. castaneum adult females is available at SRA: SRX021963. The B. germanica reference genome is available as BioProject PRJNA203136.
Progressive failure of brittle rocks with non‐isometric flaws: Insights from acousto‐optic‐mechanical (AOM) data
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Zhi , Zhou Xiao‐Ping , Zhou Lun‐Shi , Berto Filippo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUniaxial compression tests combined with nondestructive testing techniques are performed to explore the roles of non‐isometric flaws in crack developments in brittle rocks. The acoustic emission (AE) rate‐process theory is adopted to analyze fracture‐related AE event rate characteristics. The full‐field optical method is applied to detect cracking modes. Experimental results show that AE activity is quite active when the matrix microcracking is dominant, while after each macrocracking event, AE activity becomes inactive because of the stress release. Multiphysical data for each tested flaw configuration faithfully confirm the rupture progressivity. The larger the flaw length ratio, the lower the peak stress (also peak axial strain and elastic modulus), as well as the more progressive the cracking process. Moreover, ultimate failure is triggered by the shear fracturing from the relatively long flaw. The short flaw is conditionally involved in ultimate failure when the stress buildup effect dominates. Finally, the fracture mechanism of brittle rocks with non‐isometric flaws is revealed.
Prophylactic protocol for dental care in ligneous gingivitis due to severe plasminogen deficiency: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Sartori Maria T. , Sivolella Stefano , Di Pasquale Irene , Saggiorato Graziella , Perini Alessandro , Boscaro Francesca , Fabris Fabrizio 
Published: April 2019

IntroductionSevere plasminogen (PLG) deficiency causes ligneous conjunctivitis, a rare disease characterized by the growth of fibrin‐rich pseudomembranes on mucosal surfaces; gums involvement leads to ligneous gingivitis (LG). Specific therapy for LG is not available yet. We report a prophylactic treatment with enoxaparin and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for invasive dental procedures in a patient with LG, and a review of literature on LG treatment.MethodsA 43‐year‐old female with LG was studied. In order to prevent LG recurrence after dental care, FFP before and the day after the procedure, and enoxaparin were administered in addition to proper minimally invasive dentistry techniques and implant surgery.ResultsPlasminogen deficiency was confirmed by reduced PLG antigen (25 μg/mL) and activity (20%) levels, and genetic analysis. PLG levels rose to 46% after FFP transfusion and returned to baseline after 48 hours. Minimally invasive dental procedures and implants were performed. Small gingival pseudomembranes developed soon thereafter in some cases but disappeared within a few weeks; no bleeding complications were observed.ConclusionsIn our patient with LG, the adoption of combined haematological and dentistry protocols appeared to be safe and effective in preventing abnormal gingival pseudomembranes growth after dental interventions, maintaining a healthy periodontal condition.
12R‐lipoxygenase activity is reduced in photodamaged facial stratum corneum. A novel activity assay indicates a key function in corneocyte maturation
Authors: Guneri D. , Voegeli R. , Munday M. R. , Lane M. E. , Rawlings A. V. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundDuring the late stage of keratinocyte differentiation, corneocytes gain a strong protein–lipid structure: the corneocyte envelopes (CE), composed of the inner corneocyte protein envelope (CPE) and the outer corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE). The hydrophobicity of CEs depends on the covalent attachment of linoleoyl‐acyl‐ceramides by transglutaminases (TG). These ceramides are processed by a range of other enzymes, including 12R‐lipoxygenase (12R‐LOX), before the covalent attachment of the free ω‐hydroxyceramides to the CPE surface to form the CLE. The mechanical strength of CE is obtained with the formation of isodipeptide bonds by TG. The increase in hydrophobicity and rigidity leads to CE maturation which supports the integrity and mechanical resistance of the stratum corneum (SC).ObjectivesThe aim of this work was to develop and validate a novel enzyme activity assay for 12R‐LOX in tape strippings of photo‐exposed (PE) cheek and photo‐protected (PP) post‐auricular SC of healthy Chinese volunteers (n = 12; age 25 ± 3 years).ResultsA fluorescence‐based assay was developed with ethyl linoleic acid as the substrate and a polyclonal antibody against 12R‐LOX as an inhibitor. The specificity was shown by the lack of effect by a LOX inhibitor (ML351) and an epidermal‐type lipoxygenase 3 (eLOX3) antibody on the acquired 12R‐LOX activity. Reduced 12R‐LOX activity was observed in the outer compared to the inner SC layers. Moreover, dramatically lower activity was shown in the PE vs. PP samples. Furthermore, the enzyme activity has a positive correlation (r = 0.94 ± 0.03) with CE maturity, in particular hydrophobicity, and a negative correlation (r = −0.96 ± 0.01) with transepidermal water loss (TEWL).ConclusionThis novel enzyme assay revealed a lower 12R‐LOX activity in tape strippings from PE cheek for the first time. This finding is in line with less mature CEs and higher TEWL compared to PP post‐auricular samples. This study indicates a strong link between 12R‐LOX activity and CE maturation and SC integrity.
The economic significance of laws relating to employment protection and different forms of employment: Analysis of a panel of 117 countries, 1990–2013
Authors: ADAMS Zoe , BISHOP Louise , DEAKIN Simon , FENWICK Colin , MARTINSSON GARZELLI Sara , RUSCONI Giudy 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe authors use time series econometric analysis applying non‐stationary panel data methods to estimate the relationships between employment protection legislation and legal protection of different forms of employment (part‐time, fixed‐term and agency work), and economic outcomes, with a data set based on the Centre for Business Research Labour Regulation Index (CBR–LRI), covering 117 countries from 1970 to 2013. Findings suggest that these laws have become significantly more protective over time and that strengthening worker protection is associated with an increase in labour's share of national income, rising labour force participation, rising employment, and falling unemployment, although the observed magnitudes are small when set against wider economic trends.