bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of microsatellite markers for an outbreaking species of oak gall wasp,Zapatella davisae(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), in the northeastern United States
Authors: Andersen J.C. , Camp C.P. , Davis M.J. , Havill N.P. , Elkinton J.S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPopulations of the recently described black oak gall wasp,Zapatella davisaeBuffington (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), have been identified as the cause of extensive tree damage and mortality to black oaks,Quercus velutinaLamarck (Fagales: Fagaceae), in the northeastern United States. Relatively little is known, however, about the distribution, phylogenetic placement, and lifecycle of this important tree pest. Therefore, we conducted next-generation sequencing using the Ion Torrent™ PGM (ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc.) platform to develop genomic resources for the study ofZ. davisaeand for other closely related species of oak gall wasps. Individual sequence reads were aligned, assembled into unique contigs, and the contigs were then utilized for thein silicoisolation and development of microsatellite markers. In total, we screened 36 candidate microsatellite loci, of which 23 amplified consistently (five polymorphic and 18 monomorphic). We then examined whether the polymorphic loci could be used to infer whether populations ofZ. davisaefrom Cape Cod and Nantucket are sexual or asexual by calculating several metrics of genetic diversity that might indicate the mode of reproduction. These included testing for statistical deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and for linkage disequilibrium (LD), observations for the presence of the Meselson effect, and by calculating the probability that clonal individuals are more prevalent than would be expected in a randomly mating population. While we found significant deviations from HWE and more clonal individuals than expected, our estimates of the Meselson effect were inconclusive due to limited sampling, and we found no evidence of LD. Therefore, the sexual/asexual status ofZ. davisaepopulations remains uncertain.
Multiple Solutions of Sublinear Quasilinear Schrödinger Equations with Small Perturbations
Authors: Zhang Liang , Tang X. H. , Chen Yi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the existence of multiple solutions for the quasilinear Schrödinger equation $$\left\{ {\matrix{ {-\Delta u-\Delta (\vert u \vert ^\alpha )\vert u \vert ^{\alpha -2}u = g(x,u) + \theta h(x,u),\;\;x\in \Omega } \hfill \cr {u = 0,\;\;x\in \partial \Omega ,} \hfill \cr } } \right.$$ where Ω is a bounded smooth domain in ℝN (N ≥ 1), α ≥ 2 and θ is a parameter. Under the assumption that g(x, u) is sublinear near the origin with respect to u, we study the effect of the perturbation term h(x, u), which may break the symmetry of the associated energy functional. With the aid of critical point theory and the truncation method, we show that this system possesses multiple small negative energy solutions.
Metrical Results on the Distribution of Fractional Parts of Powers of Real Numbers
Authors: Bugeaud Yann , Liao Lingmin , Rams Michał 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe establish several new metrical results on the distribution properties of the sequence ({xn})n≥1, where {·} denotes the fractional part. Many of them are presented in a more general framework, in which the sequence of functions (x ↦ xn)n≥1 is replaced by a sequence (fn)n≥1, under some growth and regularity conditions on the functions fn.
Elucidatingin vitroandin vivophenotypic behaviour ofL. infantum/L. majornatural hybrids
Authors: Cortes S. , Albuquerque-Wendt A. , Maia C. , Carvalho M. , Lima I. A. , de Freitas L. A. R. , dos-Santos W. L. C. , Campino L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe clinical manifestation and course ofLeishmaniainfections depend on factors such as species, virulence and host-immunity. Although trypanosomatids are considered to have clonal propagation, genetic hybridization has produced successful natural hybrid lineages. Hybrids displaying strong selective advantages may have an impact on pathogenesis and the eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Thus, characterization of phenotypic properties ofLeishmaniahybrids could bring significant insight into the biology, infectivity, pathogenicity and transmission dynamics of these atypical strains. The present study focuses on phenotypic features and survival capacity ofLeishmania infantum/Leishmania majorhybrid isolates as compared with representative putative parental species,L. infantumandL. major.In vitroassays (growth kinetics, susceptibility to different conditions) andin vivoinfection (parasite detection and histopathological alterations) showed that hybrids present higher growth capacity and decreased susceptibility to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, evaluation of infected spleen tissue suggests that hybrids induce a stronger immune reaction than their putative parents, leading to the development of white pulp hyperplasia in B-lymphocyte compartments. Overall, these hybrids have shown high plasticity in terms of their general behaviour within the different phenotypic parameters, suggesting that they might have acquired genetic features conferring different mechanisms to evade host cells.
Body mass index in midlife and risk of attempted suicide and suicide: prospective study of 1 million UK women
Authors: Geulayov Galit , Ferrey Anne , Hawton Keith , Hermon Carol , Reeves Gillian K. , Green Jane , Beral Valerie , Floud Sarah ,   for the Million Women Study Collaborators
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundHigh body mass index (BMI) has been associated with lower risks of suicidal behaviour and being underweight with increased risks. However, evidence is inconsistent and sparse, particularly for women. We aim to study this relationship in a large cohort of UK women.MethodsIn total 1.2 million women, mean age 56 (s.d. 5) years, without prior suicide attempts or other major illness, recruited in 1996–2001 were followed by record linkage to national hospital admission and death databases. Cox regression yielded relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for attempted suicide and suicide by BMI, adjusted for baseline lifestyle factors and self-reported treatment for depression or anxiety.ResultsAfter 16 (s.d. 3) years of follow-up, 4930 women attempted suicide and 642 died by suicide. The small proportion (4%) with BMI <20 kg/m2 were at clearly greater risk of attempted suicide (RR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.23–1.56) and suicide (RR = 2.10, 1.59–2.78) than women of BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2; p < 0.0001 for both comparisons. Small body size at 10 and 20 years old was also associated with increased risks. Half the cohort had BMIs >25 kg/m2 and, while risks were somewhat lower than for BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2 (attempted suicide RR = 0.91, 0.86–0.96; p = 0.001; suicide RR = 0.79, 0.67–0.93; p = 0.006), the reductions in risk were not strongly related to level of BMI.ConclusionsBeing underweight is associated with a definite increase in the risk of suicidal behaviour, particularly death by suicide. Residual confounding cannot be excluded for the small and inconsistent decreased risk of suicidal behaviour associated with being overweight or obese.
From laboratory to life: associating brain reward processing with real-life motivated behaviour and symptoms of depression in non-help-seeking young adults
Authors: Bakker Jindra M. , Goossens Liesbet , Kumar Poornima , Lange Iris M. J. , Michielse Stijn , Schruers Koen , Bastiaansen Jojanneke A. , Lieverse Ritsaert , Marcelis Machteld , van Amelsvoort Thérèse , van Os Jim , Myin-Germeys Inez , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Wichers Marieke 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundDepression has been associated with abnormalities in neural underpinnings of Reward Learning (RL). However, inconsistencies have emerged, possibly owing to medication effects. Additionally, it remains unclear how neural RL signals relate to real-life behaviour. The current study, therefore, examined neural RL signals in young, mildly to moderately depressed – but non-help-seeking and unmedicated – individuals and how these signals are associated with depressive symptoms and real-life motivated behaviour.MethodsIndividuals with symptoms along the depression continuum (n = 87) were recruited from the community. They performed an RL task during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and were assessed with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), completing short questionnaires on emotions and behaviours up to 10 times/day for 15 days. Q-learning model-derived Reward Prediction Errors (RPEs) were examined in striatal areas, and subsequently associated with depressive symptoms and an ESM measure capturing (non-linearly) how anticipation of reward experience corresponds to actual reward experience later on.ResultsSignificant RPE signals were found in the striatum, insula, amygdala, hippocampus, frontal and occipital cortices. Region-of-interest analyses revealed a significant association between RPE signals and (a) self-reported depressive symptoms in the right nucleus accumbens (b = −0.017, p = 0.006) and putamen (b = −0.013, p = .012); and (b) the quadratic ESM variable in the left (b = 0.010, p = .010) and right (b = 0.026, p = 0.011) nucleus accumbens and right putamen (b = 0.047, p &lt; 0.001).ConclusionsStriatal RPE signals are disrupted along the depression continuum. Moreover, they are associated with reward-related behaviour in real-life, suggesting that real-life coupling of reward anticipation and engagement in rewarding activities might be a relevant target of psychological therapies for depression.
Why Countries ‘Get Tough on the Work-Shy’: The Role of Adverse Economic Conditions
Authors: KNOTZ CARLO 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThere has been a clear trend toward greater conditionality and coercion in labour market and social policy in recent decades, a key part of which is tougher sanctions for unemployment benefit claimants who refuse offers of employment or otherwise fail to comply with their obligations. Our understanding of this trend and its determinants is so far built only on a corpus of small-N evidence, while systematic comparative large-N analyses are lacking. As a result, the broad patterns of policy change and their general political drivers remain underexplored. This paper fills this gap by examining unemployment benefit sanction reforms in 20 democracies between 1980 and 2012 using an original dataset. It is shown that governments introduce tougher sanctions in order to reconcile two competing pressures that arise during economic downturns: an increased need for social protection and reduced fiscal revenues. The findings, which are also applicable to other historical periods and policy areas, provide an impulse for future comparative large-N research on ‘demanding activation’ policies.
RimJump: Edge-based Shortest Path Planning for a 2D Map
Authors: Yao Zhuo , Zhang Weimin , Shi Yongliang , Li Mingzhu , Liang Zhenshuo , Li Fangxing , Huang Qiang 
Published: November 2018

SummaryPath planning under 2D map is a key issue in robot applications. However, most related algorithms rely on point-by-point traversal. This causes them usually cannot find the strict shortest path, and their time cost increases dramatically as the map scale increases. So we proposed RimJump to solve the above problem, and it is a new path planning method that generates the strict shortest path for a 2D map. RimJump selects points on the edge of barriers to form the strict shortest path. Simulation and experimentation prove that RimJump meets the expected requirements.
‘Great inhumanity’: scandal, child punishment and policymaking in the early years of the New Poor Law workhouse system
Authors: Shave Samantha A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNew Poor Law scandals have usually been examined either to demonstrate the cruelty of the workhouse regime or to illustrate the failings or brutality of union staff. Recent research has used these and similar moments of crisis to explore the relationship between local and central levels of welfare administration (the Boards of Guardians in unions across England and Wales and the Poor Law Commission in Somerset House in London) and how scandals in particular were pivotal in the development of further policies. This article examines both the inter-local and local-centre tensions and policy consequences of the Droxford Union and Fareham Union scandal (1836–1837), which exposed the severity of workhouse punishments towards three young children. The article illustrates the complexities of union cooperation and, as a result of the escalation of public knowledge into the cruelties and investigations thereafter, how the vested interests of individuals within a system manifested themselves in particular (in)actions and viewpoints. While the Commission was a reactive and flexible welfare authority, producing new policies and procedures in the aftermath of crises, the policies developed after this particular scandal made union staff, rather than the welfare system as a whole, individually responsible for the maltreatment and neglect of the poor.
Household and family structure in England and Wales (1851–1911): continuities and change
Authors: Schürer K. , Garrett Eilidh M. , Jaadla Hannaliis , Reid Alice 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article produces the first findings on changes in household and family structure in England and Wales during 1851–1911, using the recently available Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) – a complete count database of individual-level data extending to some 188 million records. As such, it extends and updates the important overview article published inContinuity and Changeby Michael Anderson in 1988. The I-CeM data shed new light on transitions in household structure and family life during this period, illustrating both continuities and change in a number of key areas: family composition; single parent families; living alone; extended households; childhood; leaving home and marriage patterns.
Displaced persons, returnees and ‘unsuitables’: the Dutch selection of DPs (1945–1951)
Authors: Schrover Marlou , Walaardt Tycho 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAfter the Second World War, Dutch authorities allowed 8,000 displaced persons (DPs) to come to the Netherlands, but only 3,904 came, and 25 per cent of them returned to camp life in Germany. This article seeks to explain why debates on the DP issue changed so rapidly within a short period of time. In earlier publications, it has been claimed that ‘selling’ DPs as workers helped to solve the DP issue. This strategy did not work for the Netherlands. This article analyses how the DP issue was framed by organisations, the Dutch government, civil servants, the Dutch Homeland Security Department, newspapers and employers.
Niche modelling of the potential distribution of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus during summer and winter in Iran, to identify gaps in protected area coverage
Authors: FARASHI AZITA , ALIZADEH-NOUGHANI MOHAMMAD 
Published: November 2018

SummaryAn analysis of the extent of overlap between habitats of the Egyptian VultureNeophron percnopterusduring summer and winter in Iran, and Iranian protected areas, discovered slight overlap between the two. Our study aimed to survey suitable habitats of the Egyptian Vulture during summer and winter in Iran using MaxEnt, a species distribution modelling method, and compare the results with the locations and span of protected areas. Model fitness was assessed using the area under the ROC-plot and True Skill Statistics. We found that habitat suitability in Iran varies for the Egyptian Vulture during summer and winter. Summer visitors are scattered in the north and west of Iran, concentrated along the Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges. Winter visitors and residents are scattered in coastal areas in the south. Habitat protection for winter visitors was the greatest, with 10% of suitable habitat covered, while less than 10% of suitable habitat for residents and summer visitors fell within protected areas. The Egyptian Vulture is categorised as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List. Different environmental factors influence the suitability of habitat for the species. While some factors such as NDVI and anthropogenic disturbance influence all visitors in a similar way, the effects of others such as elevation and distance from protected areas vary for summer and winter visitors. Since designation of protected areas in Iran is mainly determined by the distribution of mammal species, protection of bird habitats is often overlooked. Suitable habitat for the species should be considered when selecting protected areas in future.
David Bond and Jean Picard: Two pivotal breeders of faba bean in the 20th century
Authors: Duc Gerard , Stoddard Fred 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDavid Bond and Jean Picard, two leaders of European legume breeding, died within a few months of each other. On the basis of their agronomic and genetic training, they both met the challenge of breeding faba bean, a protein-rich species that had received little attention from breeders before the 1950s (Picard, 1953; Bond 1957). Both made great strides at modernizing their chosen crop by developing and applying new ideas and techniques, as well as generating new methods and genetic materials.
Context, reception, and the study of great thinkers in international relations
Authors: Vergerio Claire 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWhile the discipline of International Relations (IR) has a long tradition of celebrating ‘great thinkers’ and appropriating their ideas for contemporary theories, it has rarely accounted for how these authors came to be seen as ‘great’ in the first place. This is at least partly a corollary of the discipline’s long-standing aversion to methodological reflection in its engagement with intellectual history, and it echoes IR’s infamous tendency to misportray these great thinkers’ ideas more broadly. Drawing on existing attempts to import the methodological insights of historians of political thought into IR, this article puts forward a unified approach to the study of great thinkers in IR that combines the tenets of so-called ‘Cambridge School’ contextualism with those of what broadly falls under the label of reception theory. I make the case for the possibility of developing a coherent methodology through the combination of what is often seen as separate strands of intellectual history, and for the value of such an approach in IR. In doing so, the article ultimately offers a more rigorous methodology for engaging with the thought of great thinkers in IR, for analyzing the way a specific author’s ideas come to have an impact in practice, and for assessing the extent to which these ideas are distorted in the process.
Frühkindliche Prädiktoren externalisierender Verhaltensauffälligkeiten
Authors: Reinelt Tilman , Samdan Gizem , Kiel Natalie , Petermann Franz 
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Externalisierende Verhaltensauffälligkeiten sind mit hohen gesellschaftlichen Kosten verbunden. Damit wirksame Präventions- und frühe Therapieprogramme entwickelt werden können, ist es notwendig, bereits in den ersten Lebensjahren Risiken für einen externalisierenden Entwicklungsverlauf zu identifizieren. In einer systematischen Literaturrecherche konnten aus 21 Publikationen zu 12 längsschnittlichen Geburtskohorten mit insgesamt 55 077 Kindern frühe Risiken bezogen auf eine elterliche Psychopathologie, einen niedrigen sozio-ökonomischen Status und ungünstige Eltern-Kind-Interaktionen identifiziert werden. Insbesondere eine mütterliche Depression, ein niedriger sozio-ökonomischer Status und ein harsches Erziehungsverhalten in den ersten Lebensjahren waren prädiktiv für externalisierende Verhaltensauffälligkeiten im Kindergarten und bei Schuleintritt. Implikationen für die klinische Praxis werden vorgestellt.
Kindliche Selbst- und elterliche Ko-Regulation parallel erfassen
Authors: Pauen Sabina , Strodthoff Constanze Anna , Bechtel-Kühne Sabrina 
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Im Umgang mit eigenen Impulsen sind Kinder zunächst auf ihre Bezugspersonen angewiesen, lernen aber schon bald, sich auch selbst zu regulieren. Im Artikel wird diskutiert, welche Faktoren dieses Entwicklungsgeschehen beeinflussen. Dabei ist es wichtig, das Verhalten von Eltern und Kindern parallel in den Blick zu nehmen. Wir stellen einen neuen Fragebogen zur Erfassung des IMpuls-MAnagements zwischen Bezugsperson und Kind vor, der für 1- bis 6-Jährige konzipiert wurde (IMMA 1 – 6). Hier macht die Bezugsperson Angaben über ihre Vorstellungen und Ziele zur kindlichen Selbstregulation (n = 16 Items), das selbstregulative Verhalten des Kindes (n = 42 Items) sowie das eigene Erziehungsverhalten (n = 55 Items) beim kindlichen Umgang mit Ziel-Frustration, Verboten und Erwartungen. Eine testtheoretische Überprüfung des Instrumentes an N = 270 Eltern-Kind Dyaden lieferte ermutigende Befunde: Sie dokumentiert gute Skalen- bzw. Item-Kennwerte. Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis werden diskutiert.
Paleoproductivity Reconstructions for the Paleogene Southern Ocean: A Direct Comparison of Geochemical and Micropaleontological Proxies
Authors: Diester‐Haass Liselotte , Faul Kristina 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe reliability of paleoproductivity proxies must be determined before assessing the role of the oceanic carbon (C) cycle in affecting past climate changes. We compare paleoproductivity records of newly generated micropaleontological data (benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates, BFAR) to those of existing geochemical data (reactive phosphorus [reactive P] mass accumulation rates [MAR] and biological barium [bio‐Ba] MAR) for the same Paleogene‐aged sediments. Sediments are from the Atlantic (Maud Rise, Ocean Drilling Program Sites 689/690) and the Indian (Kerguelen plateau, Ocean Drilling Program Site 738) sectors of the Southern Ocean. Reactive P MAR, but not bio‐Ba MAR, correlates to varying degree with BFAR for all three sites investigated. Export productivity, delivery of organic C to the seafloor, and organic C burial calculated here using bio‐Ba MAR, BFAR, and reactive P MAR, respectively, for these sites during the Early Paleogene span 2 orders of magnitude (~0.01 to 1 g C·cm−2·kyr−1). Differences in magnitude of reconstructed organic C fluxes are expected because different proxies record different aspects of the biological pump, and these aspects did not behave proportionally similar for all periods. Proxies studied here indicate that transfer efficiency, the fraction of exported organic matter from 100 m that reaches the deep ocean, was low for the Early Paleogene Southern Ocean, similar to today. Despite this, absolute organic carbon burial was similar or higher than today because export productivity was similar or higher. Elevated temperatures may have increased both biological production and respiration in the Early Paleogene Southern Ocean.