bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planning for the ICR
Authors: Owen Douglas M. 
Published: February 2018

Utilities should begin final planning for the Information Collection Rule now.The Information Collection Rule (ICR), developed as a part of the negotiated rule‐making (“reg neg”) package in 1993, will provide data to support further regulatory development for the proposed Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products Rule and the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Consequently, the development of valid, representative data is crucial to the success of future rule‐making processes. Considering the importance of the ICR effort, however, the time allowed for preparation is limited. Because of the complexity of the sampling and analytical programs, data entry requirements, and potential treatability studies, it is crucial that utilities begin final planning now. This article highlights important aspects of ICR requirements and makes specific recommendations to assist utilities in planning.
Enhanced coagulation: a preliminary evaluation
Authors: Cheng Robert C. , Krasner Stuart W. , Green James F. , Wattier Kevin L. 
Published: February 2018

Enhanced coagulation, proposed as a best available technology in Stage 1 of the Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products (D/DBP) Rule, is capable of controlling DBPs at a large California utility but will add to the cost of treatment.Researchers conducted preliminary enhanced coagulation tests at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California's (MWDSC's) 5.5‐mgd demonstration plant from August to October 1992. California State Project water and Colorado River water were tested. The first goal was to determine whether this mode of operation is an effective strategy for controlling disinfection by‐products (DBPs) and DBP precursors at MWDSC facilities. If this strategy proved to be successful, the second objective was to estimate the additional operational costs of complying with the proposed Disinfectants/DBP Rule and to identify the coagulation conditions that minimize these costs. Although the results show that enhanced coagulation can meet the criteria being considered for the rule, this process will increase MWDSC's cost of treatment.
Low‐pressure membranes: assessing integrity
Authors: Adham Samer S. , Jacangelo Joseph G. , Laîné Jean‐Michel 
Published: February 2018

Although low‐pressure membranes are effective for removing selected microorganisms from untreated water supplies, until now the monitoring of their integrity has been neglected.Several methods for monitoring the integrity of low‐pressure membranes were identified and evaluated using pilot‐scale systems. These techniques included particle counting, particle monitoring, turbidity monitoring, bubble‐point testing, air‐pressure‐hold testing, and sonic sensing. Although it does not provide continuous integrity monitoring throughout the filtration cycle, the air‐pressure‐hold test was the most effective direct monitoring method. Of the techniques that provide continuous monitoring, particle counting was the most sensitive.
PCBs in sealants in water distribution reservoirs
Authors: Sykes Richard G. , Coate Alex R. 
Published: February 2018

Disposal of PCB‐laden caulking material turned into a headache for East Bay MUD.In a routine response to taste and odor complaints, the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) drained and cleaned a 65‐mil‐gal reinforced‐concrete reservoir used to store treated water. The polysulfide caulking material used to seal joints between floor panels was in poor condition and required replacement. The deteriorated caulking was analyzed to determine whether it would require special handling before disposal. Analyses indicated that the caulking contained about 20 percent polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Tests confirmed that the caulk did not pose a threat to drinking water quality; however, it was inappropriately released to a nearby drainage course, thus contaminating soils. EBMUD is completing a $2‐million remediation and restoration of the drainage course and is investigating PCBs in sealants in all its distribution system reservoirs. Unless disposed of properly, the PCB‐laden sealants pose a tremendous liability for EBMUD and for other water utilities with similar facilities.
Reducing bad‐debt expenses
Authors: Hamberg Gilbert L. 
Published: February 2018

Utilities should terminate bankrupt nonresidential customers and seek payment rather than tolerating nonpayment as an allowed operating expense.Water utilities should implement aggressive credit and collection strategies to minimize bad‐debt expenses from nonresidential customers. Before customers file for bankruptcy, utilities should have favorable laws and tariff provisions in effect and should implement such provisions for each customer. When customers file for bankruptcy, utilities should intervene and protect their pre‐ and postpetition interests. In a competitive economic climate, such a policy would make sense for utilities.
Technical note: constructing algae counting chambers
Authors: Rashash Diana M.C. , Parker Bruce C. 
Published: February 2018

It is possible to easily and inexpensively construct plastic Palmer–Maloney chambers on site.As shown in the preceding article, occasions arise when it is advantageous to use the Palmer–Maloney (P–M) method for algal enumeration. This method is not frequently used in the United States, possibly because a commercial source for the P–M chambers is difficult to locate. The possibility of constructing plastic P–M chambers on site was explored.
Mutual aid and emergency response for water utilities
Authors: Riordan Raymond A. 
Published: February 2018

California's award‐winning II WARN program lays the groundwork for mutual aid to water utilities during emergencies.Some emergencies are more manageable than others, and most utilities can react effectively if an emergency or malfunction is localized. However, when calamity strikes—e.g., the Northridge, Calif., earthquake in January 1994 or Northern California's flooding in the winter of 1995—normal resources are not enough. To manage such situations, California water utilities have formed the Water Agency Response Network (WARN) to provide mutual aid during crises. In this article, the author describes the history and current operation of mutual‐aid efforts in California and recounts how the East Bay Municipal Utility District helped in the aftermath of the Northridge earthquake.
Record floods sweep through Georgia
Authors: Reid Joe 
Published: February 2018

Last summer's flooding in Georgia mirrored the 1993 deluge in the Midwest, except that it hit in only three days.Last summer, massive flooding once again challenged the ingenuity of drinking water system managers, this time with flash flooding that swept through Georgia and cut off water to more than 300,000 people. Hardest hit was Macon, where 150,000 people were without potable water for three weeks. In small rural communities such as Newton (population 750), the flood's effects stretched on for months. Newton did not fully recover
Time‐averaging water quality assessment
Authors: Reddy L.S. , Ormsbee Lindell E. , Wood Don J. 
Published: February 2018

A time‐averaging model is a fast, efficient way to continuously assess water quality in the distribution system.While reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act is pending, many water utilities are preparing to monitor and regulate levels of distribution system constituents that affect water quality. Most f requently, utilities are concerned about average concentrations rather than about tracing a particular constituent's path. Mathematical and computer models, which provide a quick estimate of average concentrations, could play an important role in this effort. Most water quality models deal primarily with isolated events, such as tracing a particular constituent through adistribution system. This article proposes a simple, time‐averaging model that obtains average, maximum, and minimum constituent concentrations and ages throughout the network. It also computes percentage flow contribution and percentage constituent concentration. The model is illustrated using two water distribution systems, and results are compared with those obtained using a dynamic water quality model. Both models p redict average water quality parameters with no significant deviations; the time‐averaging approach is a simple and efficientalternative to the dynamic model.
Bench and pilot testing under the ICR
Authors: Krasner Stuart W. , Westrick James J. , Regli Stig 
Published: February 2018

Larger systems with high TOC concentrations are likely to be required by the ICR to conduct bench or pilot studies of granular activated carbon or membranes for the control of DBP precursors.The Information Collection Rule (ICR) will require surface water systems serving ≥100,000 people with raw‐water total organic carbon (TOC) levels of >4.0 mg/L and groundwater systems serving ≥50,000 people with finished‐water TOC levels of >2.0 mg/L to conduct bench or pilot studies of granular activated carbon or membranes for the control of disinfection by‐product (DBP) precursors. The US Environmental Protection Agency has developed and is considering an approach to ensure that adequate data are obtained and that the resources for performing these studies are appropriately distributed. Also, the AWWA Disinfectants/DBP Technical Advisory Workgroup has developed a database on the geographic and temporal distribution of TOC in the United States.
Technical Note: Interference of Br−, BrO3−, and ClO3− with DOX determination
Authors: Symons James M. 
Published: February 2018

Although no interference from bromate or chlorate was detected, a small positive interference of about 12 μg Cl−/L per 1 mg/L bromide was found in the presence of background organic matter.In the dissolved organic halogen (DOX) analytic test, prior to combustion, the granular activated carbon (GAC) on which the DOX is adsorbed is washed with a sodium nitrate solution designed to remove any inorganic chloride that may have also adsorbed to the GAC. Thus, a potential positive interference is removed. This study investigated the effectiveness of the nitrate wash in eliminating possible interferences from bromide, bromate, and chlorate ions. No interference was detected from bromate or chlorate ion, but a small positive interference of about 12 μg Cl−/L per mg/L of bromide ion was found in the presence of background organic matter.
Evaluating a high‐efficiency ozone injection contactor
Authors: Schulz Christopher R. , Schafran Gary C. , Garrett L. Bernard , Hawkins Randall A. 
Published: February 2018

With sidestream venturi injection and a specially designed downflow tube, this recently developed ozone contactor is an attractive alternative to the fine‐bubble diffusion contactor for high ozone concentrations.A new type of ozone contactor, called the SVI‐DT (sidestream venturi injection with downflow tube) contactor, was evaluated at pilot scale and compared with the performance of a traditional countercurrent flow, fine‐bubble diffusion contactor. The specially designed downflow tube, equipped with one or more pressurized sidestream venturi injectors and installed inside an ozone reactor, facilitated the dissolution of ozone into water. The results showed that the SVI‐DT contactor achieved high mass transfer rates and outperformed the fine‐bubble diffusion contactor in removing color and yielding higher and longer‐lasting dissolved ozone residuals. The hydraulic behavior of the new contactor was also evaluated, and operating limits were established for maintaining stable two‐phase flow conditions in the downflow tube.
Reducing fluoride by managed POU treatment
Authors: Jr. Benjamin W. Lykins , Astle Robert , Schlafer John L. , Shanaghan Peter E. 
Published: February 2018

Reducing fluoride at the point of use may be a solution for some small systems.Through the cooperative efforts of regulatory agencies, utility management, and equipment manufacturers, a small systems demonstration study involving reverse osmosis point‐of‐use (POU) drinking water units for fluoride reduction has been successfully concluded in Suffolk, Va. This three‐year study offers evidence for the regulatory consideration of individual POU treatment units for fluoride reduction in small public water systems if more conventional measures are unavailable.
An advanced oxidation process for DBP control
Authors: Symons James M. , Worley Kevin L. 
Published: February 2018

Potentially of use to small systems for disinfection by‐products control, a relatively simple advanced oxidation process was evaluated at bench scale.Small water utilities often have difficulty operating complicated treatment processes. The advanced oxidation process investigated here is simple, involving only a pump to add hydrogen peroxide and a power supply for the ultraviolet lamps, and the process does not produce any solid residuals. The results of these studies show that a photon‐flux‐driven pseudo‐first‐order model (known as the Prengle–Shimoda rate model) could be used to predict the destruction of total organic carbon, dissolved organic halogen, and dissolved organic halogen precursors.
Correlating Cryptosporidium and Giardia with microbial indicators
Authors: Chauret Christian , Armstrong Neil , Fisher Jason , Sharma Ranu , Springthorpe Susan , Sattar Syed 
Published: February 2018

As in other areas of North America, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were ubiquitous in surface waters of the Ottawa, Canada, region, although the rivers studied are considered relatively pristine.Concentrations of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, fecal and total coliforms, fecal streptococci, Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, algae, and coliphages were measured in each of 51 raw water samples from rivers in the Ottawa (Canada) region over three months. This study also examined correlations between the protozoa concentrations and current or potential indicators of water quality in raw surface water. The article also reports the concentrations of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts in two water treatment plants and in one wastewater plant. Significant correlations between fecal streptococci and Cryptosporidium oocysts and between Giardia and both somatic coliphages and algae were observed in raw surface water samples, but the relationships appear to be watershed‐dependent. No significant correlation was obtained between the presence of the protozoa and that of Clostridium perfringens or any of the other indicators.
Improved monitoring of corrosion processes
Authors: Porter Russell L. , Ferguson John F. 
Published: February 2018

This improved monitoring protocol, with its simple experimental design and four methods of analysis, allows for a more complete picture of corrosion processes and inferences about scale buildup.The effect of orthophosphate addition (1 mg/L as P) on copper and lead–tin solder corrosion was monitored using an experimental coupon exposure apparatus with measurement by standing water metals analysis, gravimetric analysis, direct galvanic current metering, and potentiodynamic scan analysis. Orthophosphate addition appeared to have a significant effect on lead–tin solder corrosion although the results of each analysis differed in magnitude. The effect of orthophosphate addition on copper corrosion was less clear with gravimetric analysis showing a significant effect, whereas metals release analysis showed only a slight effect.
TOC removal in biological filters
Authors: Hozalski Raymond M. , Goel Sudha , Bouwer Edward J. 
Published: February 2018

Optimizing the coagulant dosage offers the most effective means of maximizing TOC removal; biofiltration may be used to augment removals.Laboratory‐scale biologically active sand filters were used to evaluate the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) source and empty bed contact time (EBCT) on the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) from coagulated and ozonated NOM solutions. Ozonation at dosages in the range of 2.0 to 4.0 mg ozone/mg TOC were used to enhance biodegradation of the organic matter. TOC removal in the biofilters ranged from 16 to 33 percent of the biofilter influent concentration. TOC removal was significantly affected by the source of the organic carbon but was independent of EBCT in the range of 4 to 20 min. In the context of an entire water treatment plan, including coagulation and biofiltration, the contribution of biofiltration to TOC removal was relatively small compared with total removals across the entire treatment train. In one biofiltration experiment, however, removal of the biodegradable fraction of TOC was 100 percent, suggesting that biofilters may be effective in reducing subsequent regrowth in distribution systems.
What Are the Options for Reuse?
Authors: Crook James 
Published: February 2018

Nonpotable uses of reclaimed water are well established, but indirect potable reuse is not as widely accepted.This Roundtable about water reuse was conducted June 20, 1995, in Anaheim, Calif. Discussion leader was James Crook, director of water reuse, Black & Veatch, 100 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140. Other participants were Robert C. Cooper, vice‐president, Bio‐Vir Laboratories, Stone Road, Benicia, CA 94557 and professor emeritus, University of California School of Public Health; Robert Hultquist, senior sanitary engineer with the California Department of Health Services, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704; James J. Morgan, Goldberger Professor of Environmental Engineering Science, California Institute of Technology, Caltech 138‐78, Pasadena, CA 91125; Daniel A. Okun, Kenan Professor of Environmental Engineering, Emeritus, University of North Carolina, CB 8060, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Thomas G. Richardson, principal engineer, Montgomery Watson, 750 B St., Suite 1610, San Diego, CA 92101; and Ronald Young, general manager of the Irvine Ranch Water District, 15600 Sand Canyon Ave., Irvine, CA 92718.
Revenue instability induced by conservation rates
Authors: Chesnutt Thomas W. , McSpadden Casey , Christianson John 
Published: February 2018

When a utility's costs change quickly, rates can be designed to correctly hedge against revenue uncertaintyThe shift toward conservation rate structures, although they may provide better incentives to use scarce water wisely, changes who pays what and can increase the variability of future revenue streams to the water agency. Though the definition of the “correct” rate structure varies by community, the managerial strategies necessary to cope with the uncertainty brought about by conservation rate structures apply universally. Revenue instability directly increases water suppliers' borrowing costs and adds indirect costs in the form of more complicated planning to provide for a reliable future water supply. This article describes an empirical study using data from two water agencies that have adopted conservation rate structures. The article proposes ways quantitative tools may be used to (1) measure and cope with added uncertainty and (2) make explicit the magnitude of trade‐offs between revenue stability, equity, and the provision of incentives for efficient use of water resources.
Conservation feebates
Authors: Collinge Robert A. 
Published: February 2018

A combination of fees and rebates—“feebates”—offers the economic efficiency of marginal cost pricing but keeps revenues equal to costs.Municipal water rates are expected to satisfy three objectives: efficiency, revenue neutrality to the utility, and distributional equity. Unfortunately, adjusting rates to efficiently achieve use and conservation targets would ordinarily generate excessive revenues. Rather than mold one tool to the service of three masters, this article suggests combining three separate tools. The first sets the water rate to cover the utility's costs. The second assigns customers allotments to water use. The third either charges a fee for use that exceeds the customer's allotment or hands out rebates for consumption below that allotment. The fees pay for the rebates—thus the term “feebate.” The outcome is (1) revenues to the utility just sufficient to cover costs, (2) efficient water consumption by municipal water customers without conservation mandates, and (3) revenue effects that can be spread fairly across various categories of customers.
Navigating cyberspace: a roadmap to the Internet
Authors: Berberich Charles W. 
Published: February 2018

The World Wide Web offers water professional easy‐to‐use access to information, contacts, and interaction.The Internet is no longer just a specialized tool for academic research, and gaining access to it has been simplified by on‐line service providers. These services offer special‐interest discussion groups and large collections of data to their members. Increasingly, being on the Internet means easy access to the World Wide Web, through which users can gain access to material from computers worldwide. AWWA has a presence on the Internet, as do other professional associations, state and federal government agencies, universities, manufacturers of supplies for the water industry, environmental groups, publications, and consulting firms. A five‐page directory of web site addresses for these information sources is included in this article.
Siting monofills for residuals using GIS
Authors: Karthikeyan K.G. , Elliott Herschel A. , Brandt Robin C. 
Published: February 2018

GIS modeling is a useful screening tool for water utilities that plan to establish monofills.A geographic information system model was developed to locate monofill construction sites for drinking water treatment residuals. Suitability was defined primarily by a site's capacity to prevent leaching of constituents of the residual to groundwater. The model considered land use, topography, bedrock geology, soils, and state regulatory criteria. Adsorption experiments were conducted using cadmium as a representative pollutant to assess the ability of the soils to limit treatment residual migration. Applied in southeastern Pennsylvania, the methodology identified only 6.37 sq mi (16.5 km2), 2.1 percent of the area screened, as suitable for monofills. The major strength of this model is the quick elimination of parcels that fail to meet regulatory or groundwater protection standards. Because it identifies sites that afford the greatest environmental protection, the model is also a valuable aid in winning public acceptance of
Sydney Water's public–private partnership
Authors: Alla Pierre M.J. , Manzi David 
Published: February 2018

A build–own–operate contract between Australian Water Services and Sydney Water Corporation demonstrates the advantages of such arrangements.The Prospect Water Filtration Plant will be one of the largest water treatment plants in the world, with an initial capacity of 780 mgd (3,000 ML/d) and a potential future capacity of 1,090 mgd (4,200 ML/d). It has been developed under a build–own–operate (BOO) contract between Australian Water Services (the private operator) and the Sydney Water Corporation (the public authority). This project showcases the advantages of BOO contractual arrangements. The article describes the implementation of the project through competitive bidding, elaborates on the partnership approach, and outlines the main features of the contractual arrangement. Perspectives of both the