bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fertility Policy Changes on the Population Structure and Economy of China: From the Perspective of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Authors: Huang Jinlong , Qin Dahe , Jiang Tong , Wang Yanjun , Feng Zhiqiang , Zhai Jianqing , Cao Lige , Chao Qingchen , Xu Xinwu , Wang Guofu , Su Buda 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBeginning in 2016, all couples in China were allowed to have two children without any restrictions. This paper provides population and economic projections under five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and three fertility policies. By replacing the one‐child policy with the two‐child policy, the population is predicted to continue growing until 2025–2035, with a peak of approximately 1.39–1.42 billion, and then to decline under four SSPs, with the exception of the fragmented world SSP3. As a result, the two‐child policy will lead to mitigation of the pressure from labor shortages and aging problems to a certain extent. In addition, an increase in working‐age people with higher education level relative to projections based on the one‐child policy will lead to an increase in gross domestic product by approximately 38.1–43.9% in the late 21st century. However, labor shortages and aging problems are inevitable, and the proportion of elderly in China will be greater than 14% and 21% by approximately 2025 and 2035, respectively. Full liberalization of fertility is expected to reduce the share of elderly people by 0.7–1.0% and to lead to an increase in gross domestic product by 5.3–6.7% relative to the two‐child policy in the late 21st century. The full liberalization of fertility policies is recommended, supplemented by increases in pension and child‐rearing funds, improvement in the quality of health services for females and children, and extension of compulsory education to meet the needs of an aged society.
Generic Magnetic Field Intensity Profiles of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections at Mercury, Venus, and Earth From Superposed Epoch Analyses
Authors: Janvier Miho , Winslow Reka M. , Good Simon , Bonhomme Elise , Démoulin Pascal , Dasso Sergio , Möstl Christian , Lugaz Noé , Amerstorfer Tanja , Soubrié Elie , Boakes Peter D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe study interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) measured by probes at different heliocentric distances (0.3–1 AU) to investigate the propagation of ICMEs in the inner heliosphere and determine how the generic features of ICMEs change with heliospheric distance. Using data from the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER), Venus Express and ACE spacecraft, we analyze with the superposed epoch technique the profiles of ICME substructures, namely, the sheath and the magnetic ejecta. We determine that the median magnetic field magnitude in the sheath correlates well with ICME speeds at 1 AU, and we use this proxy to order the ICMEs at all spacecraft. We then investigate the typical ICME profiles for three categories equivalent to slow, intermediate, and fast ICMEs. Contrary to fast ICMEs, slow ICMEs have a weaker solar wind field at the front and a more symmetric magnetic field profile. We find the asymmetry to be less pronounced at Earth than at Mercury, indicating a relaxation taking place as ICMEs propagate. We also find that the magnetic field intensities in the wake region of the ICMEs do not go back to the pre‐ICME solar wind intensities, suggesting that the effects of ICMEs on the ambient solar wind last longer than the duration of the transient event. Such results provide an indication of physical processes that need to be reproduced by numerical simulations of ICME propagation. The samples studied here will be greatly improved by future missions dedicated to the exploration of the inner heliosphere, such as Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter.
Evidence for Deep Ingression of the Midlatitude MSTID Into As Low as ~3.5° Magnetic Latitude
Authors: Sivakandan M. , Chakrabarty D. , Ramkumar T. K. , Guharay A. , Taori A. , Parihar N. 
Published: January 2019

An observational evidence of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) reaching to magnetic latitude as low as ~3.5° over the Indian sector is provided for the first time based on OI 630‐nm airglow imaging observation from a low‐latitude station, Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E; 6.6° magnetic latitude), on 12 January 2016. The horizontal wavelength, horizontal phase velocity, and period of the MSTID are found to be 160 ± 6 km, 138 ± 14 m/s, and 19.5 ± 3 min, respectively. These phase fronts are observed to move toward southwest with a propagation angle of ~235° ± 1° with respect to north. In addition to the MSTID, a strong quasiperiodic southward moving wave (QPSMW) from the evening to midnight interval and a small‐scale southward moving wave structure with wavelength and periodicity different from the QPSMW are also detected on the same night. Horizontal wavelength, horizontal phase velocity, and period of the QPSMW are estimated to be 367 ± 14 km, 131 ± 18 m/s, and 46.7 ± 13 min, respectively, and those of the small‐scale southward moving wave are found to be 157 ± 4 km, 121 ± 17.8 m/s, and 21.7 ± 3.4 min, respectively. Global Positioning System‐total electron content maps suggest that the weak and asymmetric equatorial ionization anomaly helped deep ingression of the MSTID on this night. The descent of the F layer seems to have caused the dissipation of the MSTID and QPSMW closer to the dip equator on this night. Therefore, the present investigation shows that the midlatitude MSTIDs can influence the F region plasma processes even over very low latitudes under favorable background conditions.
Estimation of the Non‐Darcy Coefficient Using Supercritical CO2 and Various Sandstones
Authors: Choi C. S. , Song J. J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNon‐Darcy flow (also known as high‐velocity flow, inertial flow, etc.) often occurs in the near‐well region of a reservoir during injection or production. This flow needs to be characterized and its origins fully understood, as it is a critical factor in reducing well productivity. The Forchheimer equation, which describes fluid flow considering an inertial effect, can be adopted to analyze non‐Darcy flow. In particular, the non‐Darcy coefficient in the equation represents inertial resistance in a porous medium and is an empirical value that depends on the pore geometry and fluid properties. This study, as part of research on geological CO2 storage, reports non‐Darcy flow tests with a high flow rate and examines the non‐Darcy coefficient by using supercritical CO2 and various sandstones. The dependence of the coefficient on the properties of the supercritical CO2 was also assessed in a series of non‐Darcy tests under different pore pressures. The coefficient varied with the properties of the supercritical CO2 and sandstone. As the permeability of sandstone increased, the non‐Darcy coefficient decreased nonlinearly and converged to a value. The results also indicate that the coefficient is reduced with a decreasing ratio of density to viscosity for the supercritical CO2. An equation predicting the coefficient was derived, having the advantage that both the hydraulic properties of rock and the fluid properties can be considered simultaneously in a dimensionally correct analysis.
Air Temperature Characteristics, Distribution, and Impact on Modeled Ablation for the South Patagonia Icefield
Authors: Bravo C. , Quincey D. J. , Ross A. N. , Rivera A. , Brock B. , Miles E. , Silva A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe glaciers of Patagonia are the largest in South America and are shrinking rapidly, raising concerns about their contribution to sea level rise in the face of ongoing climatic change. However, modeling studies forecasting future glacier recession are limited by the scarcity of measured on‐glacier air temperatures and thus tend to use spatially and temporally constant lapse rates. This study presents 9 months of air temperature observations. The network consists of five automatic weather stations and three on‐glacier air temperature sensors installed on the South Patagonia Icefield along a transect at 48°45′S. Observed lapse rates are, overall, steeper on the east (−0.0072 °C/m) compared to the west (−0.0055 °C/m) and vary between the lower section (tongue, ablation zone) and the upper section (plateau, accumulation zone) of the glaciers. Warmer off‐glacier temperatures are found in the east compared to the west for similar elevations. However, on‐glacier observations suggest that the glacier cooling effect is higher in the east compared to the west. Through application of distributed temperature‐index and point‐scale energy balance models we show that modeled ablation rates vary by up to 60%, depending on the air temperature extrapolation method applied, and that melt is overestimated and sublimation is underestimated if the glacier cooling effect is not included in the distributed air temperature data. These results can improve current and future modeling efforts of the energy and mass balance of the whole South Patagonia Icefield.
Synoptic Conditions and Moisture Sources for Extreme Snowfall Events Over East China
Authors: Yang Zifan , Huang Wenyu , He Xinsheng , Wang Yong , Qiu Tianpei , Wright Jonathon S. , Wang Bin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe favorable circulation pattern and moisture sources for wintertime extreme snowfall events over East China during 1979–2017 are explored. A coupling between a Rossby wave train along the subtropical jet stream (i.e., the circumglobal teleconnection) and central Siberian blocking activities plays a leading role in triggering these events. This coupling leads to the formation of cyclonic anomalies, strong southwesterly winds, large‐scale moisture convergence, and powerful updrafts over East China, all of which prompt the occurrence of precipitation. The central Siberian blocking activities increase the fraction of the precipitation that falls as snowfall through enhancing cold air intrusion into East China. An Eulerian moisture budget analysis reveals that moisture fluxes across the southern and western boundaries of the East China region provide the moisture for the precipitation during the extreme snowfall events, while the increase in the precipitable water helps extend the duration of these events. The geographic distributions of the evaporative moisture sources for both the snowfall and rainfall during these extreme events are estimated using a Lagrangian approach. This analysis reveals that the major moisture sources for snowfall originate from land areas, while those for the rainfall originate from sea areas. In addition, local moisture recycling over East China provides a remarkably higher relative contribution to snowfall than it does to rainfall. The identification of the synoptic conditions and moisture sources not only improves our understanding of the formation of extreme snowfall events over East China but also provides forecast guidance for extreme snow disasters.
A Nonstationary Geostatistical Framework for Soil Moisture Prediction in the Presence of Surface Heterogeneity
Authors: Kathuria Dhruva , Mohanty Binayak P. , Katzfuss Matthias 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSoil moisture is spatially variable due to complex interactions between geologic, topographic, vegetation, and atmospheric variables. Correct representation of subgrid soil moisture variability is crucial in improving land surface modeling schemes and remote sensing retrievals. In addition to the mean structure, the variance and correlation of soil moisture are affected by the underlying land surface heterogeneity. This often violates the underlying assumption of stationarity/isotropy made by classical geostatistical models. The present study proposes a geostatistical framework to predict and upscale soil moisture in a nonstationary setting using a flexible spatial model whose variance/correlation structure varies with changing land surface characteristics. The proposed framework is applied to model soil moisture distribution using in situ data in the Red River watershed in Southern Manitoba, Canada. It is seen that both the variance and correlation structure exhibits spatial nonstationarity for the given surface heterogeneity driven primarily by vegetation and soil texture. At the beginning of the crop season, soil texture plays a critical role in the drying cycle by decreasing variance and increasing correlation as the soil becomes drier. Once the crops begin to mature, vegetation becomes the dominant driver, promoting spatial correlation and reducing SM variance. We upscale our point scale soil moisture predictions to the airborne extent (∼1.5 km) and find that the upscaled soil moisture agrees well with the observed airborne data with root‐mean‐square error values ranging from 0.04 to 0.08 (v/v). The proposed framework can be used to predict and upscale soil moisture in heterogeneous environments.
Assessing the Potential of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission for Reservoir Monitoring in the Mekong River Basin
Authors: Bonnema Matthew , Hossain Faisal 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe planned Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, scheduled to launch in 2021, is designed to significantly improve on current lake and reservoir remote monitoring capacity. These improvements are especially important for the Mekong River Basin (MRB), where rapid dam construction puts downstream food security at risk and upstream dam operations are largely unknown to downstream water managers due to lack of upstream hydrologic information. This study aims to answer: How accurately will SWOT estimate reservoir storage change in the MRB? A physically based simulation tool developed by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory to mimic SWOT‐like observations of water bodies was applied to 20 reservoirs in the MRB and for 17 of those reservoirs, synthetic SWOT‐based storage change estimates demonstrated high skill, with errors typically less than 8%. The remaining three reservoirs showed higher errors due to complex neighboring topography or long narrow reservoir shape. In comparison with current satellite observations of six reservoirs in the MRB, the synthetic SWOT observations showed between 4% and 10% lower storage change normalized root‐mean‐square error. Finally, the simulated elevation and surface area was successfully used to estimate the area‐elevation relationships for each reservoir, with a median percent difference of 6.9%. These relationships are a potential avenue for multisensor cooperation toward improved understanding of reservoir dynamics. Such cooperation, where observations from many difference remote sensors are synthesized to provide a more complete view of human interactions on the river system, is vital for the MRB as more dams as human influence over the system increases.
An Analysis of LSPIV‐Based Surface Velocity Measurement Techniques for Stormwater Detention Basin Management
Authors: Zhu Xiaoxiao , Lipeme Kouyi Gislain 
Published: January 2019

AbstractStormwater detention basins are significant components for the sustainable management of urban stormwater, aiming to control stormwater quantity (prevent from flooding) and quality (trap particulate pollutants by settling). The design and management of such facilities need knowledge of the hydrodynamic characteristics and the sedimentation zones for cleaning purposes. Large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV), mostly applied in riverine environments, has been proven as a low‐cost, highly efficient, and convenient image‐based methodology for surface velocity measurement. In this study, LSPIV technology is employed to investigate free surface velocity in a field stormwater detention basin. The method is first evaluated by comparing its results with those obtained by acoustic Doppler velocimeter at pilot scale. Then, the technique is applied to better understand the main flow field and to explain spatial sediment distribution within an extended stormwater detention basin. Results illustrate two main flow patterns, which are consistent with observations and preliminary simulated results. LSPIV‐based free surface velocity field measurements can be used to evaluate numerical models and as a support to predict sediment deposition zones in stormwater detention basins and to help for their retrofit and management.
Fragmentation of the Hyporheic Zone Due to Regional Groundwater Circulation
Authors: Mojarrad B. B. , Riml J. , Wörman A. , Laudon H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBy use of numerical modeling and field observations, this work quantified the effects of catchment‐scale upwelling groundwater on the hyporheic (below stream) fluxes over a wide range of spatial scales. A groundwater flow model was developed that specifically accounted for the hydrostatic and dynamic head fluctuations induced by the streambed topography. Although the magnitudes and relative importance of these streambed‐induced fluxes were found to be highly sensitive to site‐specific hydromorphological properties, we showed that streambed topographic structures exert a predominant control on the magnitude of hyporheic exchange fluxes in a Swedish boreal catchment. The magnitude of the exchange intensity evaluated at the streambed interface was found to be dominated by the streambed‐induced hydraulic head across stream order. However, the catchment‐scale groundwater flow field substantially affected the distribution of groundwater discharge points and thus decreased the fragmentation of the hyporheic zone, specifically by shifting the cumulative density function toward larger areas of coherent upwelling at the streambed interface. This work highlights the spectrum of spatial scales affecting the surface water‐groundwater exchange patterns and resolves the roles of key mechanisms in controlling the fragmentation of the hyporheic zone.
Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase-B is involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilm formation and a generic target for drug repurposing-based intervention
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Alam Anwar , Grover Sonam , Pandey Saurabh , Tripathi Deeksha , Kumari Monika , Rani Mamta , Singh Aditi , Akhter Yusuf , Ehtesham Nasreen Z. , Hasnain Seyed E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), takes one human life every 15 s globally. Disease relapse occurs due to incomplete clearance of the pathogen and reactivation of the antibiotic tolerant bacilli. M.tb, like other bacterial pathogens, creates an ecosystem of biofilm formed by several proteins including the cyclophilins. We show that the M.tb cyclophilin peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PpiB), an essential gene, is involved in biofilm formation and tolerance to anti-mycobacterial drugs. We predicted interaction between PpiB and US FDA approved drugs (cyclosporine-A and acarbose) by in-silico docking studies and this was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. While all these drugs inhibited growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis (M.smegmatis) when cultured in vitro, acarbose and cyclosporine-A showed bacteriostatic effect while gallium nanoparticle (GaNP) exhibited bactericidal effect. Cyclosporine-A and GaNP additionally disrupted M.tb H37Rv biofilm formation. Co-culturing M.tb in their presence resulted in significant (2–4 fold) decrease in dosage of anti-tubercular drugs- isoniazid and ethambutol. Comparison of the cyclosporine-A and acarbose binding sites in PpiB homologues of other biofilm forming infectious pathogens revealed that these have largely remained unaltered across bacterial species. Targeting bacterial biofilms could be a generic strategy for intervention against bacterial pathogens.
Dual endothelin receptor inhibition enhances T-DM1 efficacy in brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer
Authors: Askoxylakis Vasileios , Ferraro Gino B. , Badeaux Mark , Kodack David P. , Kirst Isabelle , Shankaraiah Ram C. , Wong Christina S. F. , Duda Dan G. , Fukumura Dai , Jain Rakesh K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe effective treatment of cerebral metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer remains an unmet need. Recent studies indicate that activated astrocytes and brain endothelial cells exert chemoprotective effects on cancer cells through direct physical interaction. Here we report that the endothelin axis mediates protection of HER2-amplified brain metastatic breast cancers to the anti-HER2 antibody–drug conjugate ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). Macitentan, a dual inhibitor of endothelin receptors A and B, improves the efficacy of T-DM1 against breast cancers grown in the brain. We show that direct contact of brain stroma with cancer cells is required for protection to T-DM1. Our data suggest that targeting the endothelin axis may be beneficial when anti-signaling agent and cytotoxic agent are combined. These findings may contribute to the development of therapeutic approaches with enhanced efficacy in the brain microenvironment.
Giant isotropic negative thermal expansion in Y-doped samarium monosulfides by intra-atomic charge transfer
Authors: Takenaka Koshi , Asai Daigo , Kaizu Ryoichi , Mizuno Yosuke , Yokoyama Yasunori , Okamoto Yoshihiko , Katayama Naoyuki , Suzuki Hiroyuki S. , Imanaka Yasutaka 
Published: January 2019

AbstractStimulated by strong demand for thermal expansion control from advanced modern industries, various giant negative thermal expansion (NTE) materials have been developed during the last decade. Nevertheless, most such materials exhibit anisotropic thermal expansion in the crystal lattice. Therefore, strains and cracks induced during repeated thermal cycling degrade their performance as thermal-expansion compensators. Here we achieved giantisotropicNTE with volume change exceeding 3%, up to 4.1%, via control of the electronic configuration in Sm atoms of SmS, (4 f)6or (4 f)5(5d)1, by partial replacement of Sm with Y. Contrary to NTE originating from cooperative phenomena such as magnetism, the present NTE attributable to theintra-atomicphenomenon avoids the size effect of NTE and therefore provides us with fine-grained thermal-expansion compensators, which are strongly desired to control thermal expansion of microregions such as underfill of a three-dimensional integrated circuit. Volume control of lanthanide monosulfides via tuning of the 4 felectronic configuration presents avenues for novel mechanical functions of a material, such as avolume-changedriven actuator by an electrical field, which has a different drive principle from those of conventional strain-driven actuators such as piezostrictive or magnetostrictive materials.