bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rival Mission, Rival Science? Jesuits and Pietists in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century South India
Authors: Sweetman Will , Županov Ines G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTwo European missionary teams, one Catholic and the other Protestant, encountered each other in the Tamil country in the first decade of the eighteenth century. They acted as if and thought that their goals were irreconcilable, even if the Protestants in Tranquebar admitted that the Catholic Jesuit proselytism in the region had been efficient as “preparatio evangelicae” for the Protestant mission. Jesuits and Pietists were not only rivals; they also collaborated, uneasily and unequally, in collecting, processing, and disseminating knowledge. Missionary linguistic and medico-botanical expertise was considered an indispensable proselytizing tool, and it showcased their “scientific” achievements that were admired and envied in Europe. Both Pietists and Jesuits of this period were fighting the early Enlightenment atheists while feeding them the materials from the missions. Both missionary groups were also victims of Enlightenment historiography. Despite their theological differences, they were far closer in their practices than either the missionaries themselves or their historians, who have mostly written from the same denominational perspective, have been willing to acknowledge. In part this was because the Protestants, especially their mission's founders, relied on both texts and converts produced by their Catholic rivals.
Making Communism Work: Sinicizing a Soviet Governance Practice
Authors: Perry Elizabeth J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAmong various grassroots governance practices adopted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), few have proven more adaptive and effective than the deployment of work teams—ad hoc units appointed and directed by higher-level Party and government organs and dispatched for a limited time to carry out a specific mission by means of mass mobilization. Yet, perhaps because work teams straddle the boundary between formal and informal institutions, they have received scant analytical attention. While work teams figure prominently in narrative accounts of the major campaigns of Mao's China, their origins, operations, and contemporary implications have yet to be fully explored. This article traces the roots of Chinese work teams to Russian revolutionary precedents, including plenipotentiaries, shock brigades, and 25,000ers, but argues that the CCP's adoption and enhancement of this practice involved creative adaptation over a sustained period of revolutionary and post-revolutionary experimentation. Sinicized work teams were not only a key factor in securing the victory of the Chinese Communist revolution and conducting Maoist mass campaigns such as Land Reform, Collectivization, and the Four Cleans; they continue to play an important role in the development and control of grassroots Chinese society even today. As a flexible means of spanning the center-periphery divide and combatting bureaucratic inertia, Chinese work teams, in contrast to their Soviet precursors, contribute to the resilience of the Communist party-state.
Democratic Socialism in Chile and Peru: Revisiting the “Chicago Boys” as the Origin of Neoliberalism
Authors: Bockman Johanna 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. government paid the economics department at the University of Chicago, known for its advocacy of free markets and monetarism, to train Chilean graduate students. These students became known as the “Chicago Boys,” who implemented the first and most famous neoliberal experiment in Chile after 1973. Peruvian, Mexican, and other Latin American economics students followed a similar path and advocated a turn to neoliberal policies in their own countries. The Chicago Boys narrative has become an origin story for global neoliberalism. However, the focus on this narrative has obscured other transnational networks whose ideas possess certain superficial, but misleading, similarities with neoliberalism. I examine Chilean and Peruvian engagements with Yugoslavia's unique form of socialism, its worker self-management socialism, which was part of a worldwide discussion of anti-authoritarian socialism. I first introduce the Yugoslav socialist model that inspired those in Chile and Peru. I then examine socialist discussions in Chile and Peru that called for decentralized, democratic socialism and looked to Yugoslavia for advice. I conclude by examining the 1990s postponement of socialism in the name of a very narrow democracy and realization of neoliberalism. The Chicago Boys story assumes the easy global victory of neoliberalism and erases what was at stake in the 1988–1994 period: radically democratic socialism on a global scale.
Ocular spirorchiidiosis in sea turtles from Brazil
Authors: Jerdy H. , Werneck M. , Goldberg D. , Baldassin P. , Feriolli R. , Maranho A. , Ribeiro R. , Bianchi M. , Ribeiro L. , Shimoda E. , Carvalho E. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The causes of the beaching and death of sea turtles have not been fully clarified and continue to be studied. Mild, moderate and severe lesions caused by spirorchiidiosis have been seen for decades in different organs and were recently defined as the cause of death of a loggerhead turtle. In the present study, eyes and optic nerves were analysed in green sea turtles with spirorchiidiosis and no other debilitating factors. Injuries to the optic nerve and choroid layer were described in 235 animals (90%) infected with spirorchiids. Turtles with ocular spirorchiidiosis are approximately three times more likely to be cachectic than turtles with spirorchiidiosis without ocular involvement.
Influence of an extreme climatic event on bilateral asymmetry and occurrence of eye flukes in perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) from a lake in southeast England
Authors: Morley N.J. , Lewis J.W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Eye flukes are common infections of freshwater fish and their occurrence as metacercarial stages may occur non-randomly resulting in an asymmetrical distribution within the host eyes. However, from previous studies the presentation of bias by these trematodes lacks consistency suggesting that congenital asymmetrical effects are unlikely to be the cause and exogenous factors, such as environmental stress, may be more influential. The present study, undertaken over a 4-year period, investigates the impact of an extreme heatwave and drought on the annual bilateral asymmetry and occurrence of two eye fluke species (Diplostomum sp. in the lens and Tylodelphys sp. in the vitreous humour) from perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus). The onset of the extreme climatic event resulted in a significant negative effect on the occurrence of the eye flukes. Bilateral asymmetry, which was present within both trematode species and hosts, appeared to be highly variable between eye fluke and fish species and also year of study. However, during the pre-drought period both host species demonstrated significant asymmetry for Tylodelphys sp. but not for Diplostomum sp. while during the drought this bias was reversed. The potential role of fluctuating asymmetry of fish hosts in structuring the bilateral asymmetry of eye flukes is discussed.
Comparative evaluation of round window niche accessibility pre-operatively on high-resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone with intra-operative findings
Authors: Sharma R , Meher R , Passey J C , Kumar J , Gupta A , Kharbanda S 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo compare round window niche visibility as seen endoscopically during cochlear implant surgery with pre-operative high-resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone.MethodsNineteen patients scheduled for cochlear implantation, aged 2–20 years, were referred for computed tomography from October 2016 to March 2018. Angles were measured between the lines passing through the mid-sagittal plane and cochlear basal turn on the scans. Endoscopic round window niche visibility during posterior tympanotomy was categorised as: type I = 100 per cent, type IIa = more than 50 per cent, type IIb = less than 50 per cent or type III = 0 per cent. Pre-operative computed tomography measurements were used to predict round window niche visibility before surgery and correlated with intra-operative findings.ResultsThe mean (range) of pre-operative angles on computed tomography for endoscopic visibility types I, IIa and IIb, were 64.06° (61.16–69.37°), 63.81° (58.61–71.35°) and 56.48° (50.37–59.05°), respectively, a statistically significant finding (one-way analysis of variance test, p = 0.016).ConclusionPre-operative high-resolution temporal bone computed tomography measurements are useful in predicting round window niche visualisation as viewed endoscopically during posterior tympanotomy. The angle was more acute in type IIb compared to type I.
An unusual case of concordant ventriculoarterial connections, subpulmonary infundibulum, and parallel arterial trunks: a diagnostic challenge
Authors: Nelson James A. , Soriano Brian D. , Buddhe Sujatha 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe present an unusual case of concordant ventriculoarterial connections, subpulmonary infundibulum, and parallel arterial trunks. This case was complicated by extreme pulmonary artery tortuosity and low arching aorta causing severe tracheal compression. We discuss the difficulty in prenatal diagnosis, necessity for advanced imaging postnatally, and associated airway complications.
Anomalous single trunk coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery
Authors: Donmez Yasemin Nuran , Aykan Hayrettin Hakan , Yilmaz Mustafa 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnomalous single coronary artery from pulmonary artery is a very rare congenital heart anomaly. Anomalous single coronary artery from pulmonary artery has high mortality rates and poor surgical outcome despite advanced surgical techniques. We report a 4-month-old infant presented by congestive heart failure findings and diagnosed with anomalous single trunk coronary arteries arising from right pulmonary artery.
Early conversion of classic Fontan conversion may decrease term morbidity: single centre outcomes
Authors: Blitzer David , Habib Asma S. , Brown John W. , Kean Adam C. , Lin Jiuann-Huey I. , Turrentine Mark W. , Rodefeld Mark D. , Herrmann Jeremy L. , Kay William Aaron 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground:The initial classic Fontan utilising a direct right atrial appendage to pulmonary artery anastomosis led to numerous complications. Adults with such complications may benefit from conversion to a total cavo-pulmonary connection, the current standard palliation for children with univentricular hearts.Methods:A single institution, retrospective chart review was conducted for all Fontan conversion procedures performed from July, 1999 through January, 2017. Variables analysed included age, sex, reason for Fontan conversion, age at Fontan conversion, and early mortality or heart transplant within 1 year after Fontan conversion.Results:A total of 41 Fontan conversion patients were identified. Average age at Fontan conversion was 24.5 ± 9.2 years. Dominant left ventricular physiology was present in 37/41 (90.2%) patients. Right-sided heart failure occurred in 39/41 (95.1%) patients and right atrial dilation was present in 33/41 (80.5%) patients. The most common causes for Fontan conversion included atrial arrhythmia in 37/41 (90.2%), NYHA class II HF or greater in 31/41 (75.6%), ventricular dysfunction in 23/41 (56.1%), and cirrhosis or fibrosis in 7/41 (17.1%) patients. Median post-surgical follow-up was 6.2 ± 4.9 years. Survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and greater than 1-year post-Fontan conversion were 95.1, 92.7, and 87.8%, respectively. Two patients underwent heart transplant: the first within 1 year of Fontan conversion for heart failure and the second at 5.3 years for liver failure.Conclusions:Fontan conversion should be considered early when atrial arrhythmias become common rather than waiting for severe heart failure to ensue, and Fontan conversion can be accomplished with an acceptable risk profile.
The ‘Merits of Isfahan’ from Arabic into Persian
Authors: MARLOW LOUISE 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWriting in Isfahan in 729/1328-9, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad b. Abī l-Riżā ʿAlavī Āvī produced a translation into Persian of the eleventh-century Arabic Risālat Maḥāsin Iṣfahān (‘Epistle on the Merits of Isfahan’) of Mufaḍḍal b. Saʿd b. al-Ḥusayn al-Māfarrukhī. This article explores the context for and purposes of Āvī’s translation-adaptation with particular reference to the extensive system of networks active in western Iran during the reign of the Ilkhan Abū Saʿīd (r. 716-36/1316-35). It is proposed that Āvī intended his translation to provide a means of entry into the urban élites and an affiliation with the administrative circles associated with the vizier Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 736/1336), a son of Rashīd al-Dīn Fażl Allāh, who occupied a position at the apex of this system of networks.
Personnel is Policy: Regulatory Capture at the Federal Trade Commission, 1914–1929
Authors: Newman Patrick 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper uses the concept of “Personnel is Policy” to extend the theory of regulatory capture to the political appointment of agency commissioners. The “Personnel is Policy” theory provides three important insights. First, it shows that whether or not an interest group benefits from a regulatory agency depends on the particular individuals appointed to run it. Second, the president plays an important role in regulatory capture by nominating individuals to be appointed to the commission. Third, regulatory capture does not follow a pre-determined path because the commissioners continually change. The theory is then used to explain the early years of a prominent regulatory agency created during the Progressive Era: the Federal Trade Commission. From the perspective of the big business “trust” interest group, their success at capturing the FTC to achieve their goals of controlling competition and blocking hostile antitrust actions was largely a result of who was appointed to the commission. The trusts were the most successful during the years of 1915–1916 and 1925–1929.
A Massive Slump on the St. Pierre Slope, A New Perspective on the 1929 Grand Banks Submarine Landslide
Authors: Schulten Irena , Mosher David C. , Piper David J. W. , Krastel Sebastian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe 1929 Grand Banks submarine landslide on the southwestern Grand Banks of Newfoundland was triggered by a Mw 7.2 strike‐slip earthquake. It is the first studied example of a submarine mass movement known to have caused a turbidity current and tsunami. The event resulted in 28 casualties and caused severe economic damage. The St. Pierre Slope is the main source area for the sediment failure. It contains translational and probable retrogressive surficial failures (<25 m); the majority of which lie in >1,700‐m water depth. These observations contradict what might be expected for a tsunamigenic event; thus, the objective of this study is to look for other potential causal mechanisms. A comprehensive analysis of 2‐D seismic reflection data of various resolutions and multibeam bathymetry allowed mapping of new stratigraphic and structural features. Numerous, low‐angle (~17°) faults are present throughout the Quaternary section of the St. Pierre Slope that are associated with seafloor escarpments (750‐ to 2,000‐m water depth). These faults have up to 100‐m high displacement and are interpreted as part of a massive (~560 km3), complex slump. There are multiple décollements (250‐ and 400‐ to 550‐m below seafloor) within this slump and there is indication for slumping in at least two directions. Evidence suggests slumping as a result of the 1929 earthquake occurred along these faults, with ~100‐m seafloor displacement in places. The 1929 submarine landslide therefore involved two failure mechanisms: massive slumping (~500‐m thick) and consequent widespread, surficial (<25 m) sediment failure. Both failure mechanisms likely contributed to tsunami generation.
The Impact of Waves and Tides on Residual Sand Transport on a Sediment‐Poor, Energetic, and Macrotidal Continental Shelf
Authors: King E. V. , Conley D. C. , Masselink G. , Leonardi N. , McCarroll R. J. , Scott T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe energetic, macrotidal shelf off South West England was used to investigate the influence of different tide and wave conditions and their interactions on regional sand transport patterns using a coupled hydrodynamic, wave, and sediment transport model. Residual currents and sediment transport patterns are important for the transport and distribution of littoral and shelf‐sea sediments, morphological evolution of the coastal and inner continental shelf zones, and coastal planning. Waves heavily influence sand transport across this macrotidal environment. Median (50% exceedance) waves enhance transport in the tidal direction. Extreme (1% exceedance) waves can reverse the dominant transport path, shift the dominant transport phase from flood to ebb, and activate sand transport below 120‐m depth. Wave‐tide interactions (encompassing radiation stresses, Stoke's drift, enhanced bottom‐friction and bed shear stress, refraction, current‐induced Doppler shift, and wave blocking) significantly and nonlinearly enhance sand transport, determined by differencing transport between coupled, wave‐only, and tide‐only simulations. A new continental shelf classification scheme is presented based on sand transport magnitude due to wave‐forcing, tide‐forcing, and nonlinear wave‐tide interactions. Classification changes between different wave/tide conditions have implications for sand transport direction and distribution across the shelf. Nonlinear interactions dominate sand transport during extreme waves at springs across most of this macrotidal shelf. At neaps, nonlinear interactions drive a significant proportion of sand transport under median and extreme waves despite negligible tide‐induced transport. This emphasizes the critical need to consider wave‐tide interactions when considering sand transport in energetic environments globally, where previously tides alone or uncoupled waves have been considered.
Ambiguity in the Land Use Component of Mitigation Contributions Toward the Paris Agreement Goals
Authors: Fyson C. L. , Jeffery M. L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLand use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities, including deforestation and forest restoration, will play an important role in addressing climate change. Countries have stated their contributions to reducing emissions and enhancing sinks in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs); in 2023, the Global Stocktake will assess the collective impact of these NDCs. Clarity in the contribution of LULUCF to NDC targets is necessary to prevent high LULUCF uncertainties from undermining the strength and clarity of mitigation in other sectors. We assess and categorize all 167 NDCs and find wide variation in how they incorporate LULUCF; many lack the clear information necessary to understand what land‐based mitigation is anticipated. The land sector is included in 121 NDCs, but only 11 provide a LULUCF target that can be fully quantified using information presented or referenced in the NDC. By developing alternative scenarios from a subset of 62 NDCs (89 countries), we estimate that ambiguity in LULUCF contributions causes an uncertainty range in the anticipated LULUCF sink in 2030 of magnitude 2.9 GtCO2eq/year—larger in size than our best estimate for the LULUCF sink of −2 GtCO2eq/year. Clearer communication of data sources and assumptions underlying the contribution of land use to mitigation efforts is therefore important for ensuring a robust Global Stocktake and ambitious emissions reductions. We find that guidance under the Paris Agreement may improve the clarity of future NDCs but is not sufficient to eliminate ambiguities. We therefore recommend that LULUCF targets should be presented and accounted for separately from other sectors.
Stream‐Discharge Surges Generated by Groundwater Flow
Authors: Guérin Adrien , Devauchelle Olivier , Robert Vincent , Kitou Thierry , Dessert Céline , Quiquerez Amélie , Allemand Pascal , Lajeunesse Eric 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCatchments respond to rainfall by storing and releasing water according to their internal dynamics. Groundwater had long been treated as the slow reservoir in this process, but isotopic measurements showed how responsive it can be. Here, we investigate the mechanics of groundwater's contribution to floods. To do so, we monitored over 3 years the shape of the water table in, and the runoff out of, a small tropical catchment. We find that groundwater and runoff respond within minutes of a rainfall event. Using an asymptotic theory inspired by recent laboratory experiments, we suggest that the peak water discharge at the catchment's outlet increases like the rainfall rate to the power of 3/2. This formula consistently predicts the stream's response to the 137 isolated rainfall events recorded during our field survey. In addition, its prefactor yields an estimate of the average groundwater storage.
Simulation of Prompt Acceleration of Radiation Belt Electrons During the 16 July 2017 Storm
Authors: Patel Maulik , Li Zhao , Hudson Mary , Claudepierre Seth , Wygant John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe investigate the prompt enhancement of radiation belt electron flux observed by the Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope instrument on board Van Allen Probes following the 16 July 2017 CME‐shock compression using MHD‐test particle simulations. The prompt enhancements can be explained by the source population interacting with the azimuthally directed electric field impulses induced by CME‐shock compressions of the dayside magnetopause. Electrons in drift resonance with the electric field impulse were accelerated by ∼ 0.6 MeV on a drift period timescale (in minutes) as the impulse propagated from the dayside to the nightside around the flanks of the magnetosphere. MHD test particle simulation of energization and drift phase bunching, due to the bipolar electric field that accompanies the dayside compression and relaxation, is found to be consistent with Van Allen Probes observations. This study reproduces the energy‐dependent drift echoes integrated over pitch angle and observed change in spectra for the first time.
A Persistent, Large‐Scale, and Ordered Electrodynamic Connection Between Saturn and Its Main Rings
Authors: Sulaiman A. H. , Farrell W. M. , Ye S.‐Y. , Kurth W. S. , Gurnett D. A. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Menietti J. D. , Píša D. , Hunt G. J. , Agiwal O. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAuroral hiss emissions are ubiquitous in planetary magnetospheres, particularly in regions where electric current systems are present. They are generally diagnostic of electrodynamic coupling between conductive bodies, thus making auroral and moon‐connected magnetic field lines prime locations for their detection. However, the role of Saturn's rings as a dynamic conductive body has been elusive and of great interest to the community. Cassini's Grand Finale orbits afforded a unique opportunity to directly sample magnetic field lines connected to the main rings. Here we provide strong evidence for the persistent and organized presence of auroral hiss demonstrably associated with the main rings. This is in contrast to recent observations suggesting that Saturn's rings may be barriers to field‐aligned currents. Our results provide a new view of Saturn's rings as a dynamic system that is in continuous and ordered electrodynamic coupling with the planet.