bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution, Quantitative Element Imaging of an Upper Crust, Low‐angle Cataclasite (Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines) by Laser Ablation ICP Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gundlach‐Graham Alexander , Garofalo Paolo S. , Schwarz Gunnar , Redi Daniele , Günther Detlef 
Published: July 2018

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐ToF‐MS) was used to generate quantitative elemental images of a mineralogically and texturally complex fault rock of the Northern Apennines of Italy (Zuccale Fault, eastern Island of Elba). Using LA‐ICP‐ToF‐MS combined with a low‐dispersion LA cell, we were able to generate large format (4 mm × 2 mm), high‐resolution (5 μm), high dynamic range (1–106 μg g−1) and quantitative multi‐elemental two‐dimensional compositional maps within a data acquisition time of a few hours. To quantify element mass fractions across the heterogeneous sample of the Zuccale Fault, we used a 100% species‐mass normalisation approach that took into account different mineral phases across the specimen. To assign mineral phase directly from LA‐ICP‐ToF‐MS data, we exploited the segregation of sulfur and calcium between distinct phases to threshold element images and develop mineral‐phase‐specific masks. Moreover, we demonstrate agreement between elemental mass fractions determined by LA‐ICP‐ToF‐MS imaging with 100% normalisation quantification and conventional LA‐ICP‐MS analysis with internal standard element‐based quantification. Finally, we discuss how this elemental imaging provides unique insights into the genesis of the Zuccale Fault.
MicroRNA‐137‐mediated Src oncogenic signaling promotes cancer progression
Authors: Kokuda Rie , Watanabe Risayo , Okuzaki Daisuke , Akamatsu Hiroki , Oneyama Chitose 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe tyrosine kinase c‐Src is frequently overexpressed and activated in a wide variety of human cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the upregulation of c‐Src remain elusive. To examine whether microRNA‐mediated c‐Src upregulation promotes cancer progression, we screened miRNAs with complementarity to the 3′‐UTR of c‐Src mRNA. Among these miRNAs, down‐regulation of miR‐137 was tightly associated with c‐Src‐mediated tumor progression of human colon cancer cells/tissues. Re‐expression of miR‐137 in human colon cancer cells suppressed tumor growth and caused the disruption of focal contacts, suppression of cell adhesion, and invasion, although restoration of c‐Src in miR‐137‐treated cells could not fully rescue the tumor‐suppressive effect of miR‐137. We found that miR‐137 targets AKT2 and paxillin also and miR‐137‐mediated regulation of c‐Src /AKT2 is crucial for controlling tumor growth, whereas that of c‐Src/paxillin contributes to malignancy. miR‐137 suppressed Src‐related oncogenic signaling and changed the expression of miRNAs that are regulated by Src activation. miR‐137 controls the expression of c‐Src/AKT2/paxillin and synergistically suppresses Src oncogenic signaling evoked from focal adhesions. In various human cancers that harbor c‐Src upregulation, the dysfunction of this novel mechanism would serve as a critical trigger for tumor progression.
BAY 94‐9027, a PEGylated recombinant factor VIII, exhibits a prolonged half‐life and higher area under the curve in patients with severe haemophilia A: Comprehensive pharmacokinetic assessment from clinical studies
Authors: Shah A. , Coyle T. , Lalezari S. , Fischer K. , Kohlstaedde B. , Delesen H. , Radke S. , Michaels L. A. 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionRecombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) products with extended half‐lives, such as BAY 94‐9027, can potentially maintain higher FVIII levels for longer periods of time, thus providing improved bleeding protection vs standard‐acting FVIII products.AimTo characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of BAY 94‐9027 from phase 1, phase 2/3 (PROTECT VIII) and phase 3 (PROTECT VIII Kids) clinical trials in adults, adolescents and children with severe haemophilia AMethodsPatients with severe haemophilia A (FVIII <1%) with >50 FVIII exposure days (EDs) and no history of inhibitors were included in the phase 1 (18–65 years, ≥150 EDs), PROTECT VIII (12–65 years, ≥150 EDs) and PROTECT VIII Kids (<12 years, >50 EDs) trials. PK parameters were assessed following a 25‐IU/kg or 60‐IU/kg BAY 94‐9027 dose in the phase 1 study after the first and repeated infusion, in PROTECT VIII after the first and repeated 60‐IU/kg infusion and in PROTECT VIII Kids after a single 60‐IU/kg infusion. The chromogenic assay was used to assess FVIII activity.ResultsCompared with sucrose‐formulated rFVIII, BAY 94‐9027 had reduced clearance that resulted in a ~1.4‐fold increase in half‐life and dose‐normalized area under the curve (AUC). The BAY 94‐9027 PK profile was comparable after single‐ and repeated‐dose administrations. Dose‐proportional increases were observed between 25‐ and 60‐IU/kg administrations. BAY 94‐9027 PK characteristics were age dependent, consistent with other FVIII products.ConclusionsBAY 94‐9027 shows an extended half‐life and increased AUC vs standard‐acting FVIII products. These PK characteristics will result in higher FVIII levels for longer duration.
Barriers and facilitators to implementing a process to enable parent escalation of care for the deteriorating child in hospital
Authors: Gill Fenella J. , Leslie Gavin D. , Marshall Andrea P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo identify barriers and facilitators to implementing a parent escalation of care process: Calling for Help (C4H).DesignAudits, semi‐structured interviews and focus groups guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework.SettingAustralian paediatric hospital where a parent escalation of care process was introduced in the previous 6 months.ParticipantsFour children, 13 parents, 91 nurses and doctors including Medical Emergency Team (MET) members.Main outcome measuresParent awareness and involvement in escalating care and factors impacting implementation of C4H.ResultsTwo audits identified low level of parent awareness (16/88, 19% and 5/85, 6%). Parent involvement in escalation of care was documented in 11/62 (18%) events. The main facilitators included uniformly positive views that C4H was in the child's best interest, acknowledgement that parents had skills to recognize deterioration and would take action. C4H was considered to add to patient safety and being reviewed by the MET was a patient benefit. Key barriers were the low level of awareness, doubt about parent capabilities, concern about parents’ information overload, anticipated overuse of resources, staff unease about possible repercussions and anticipated difficulty for parents to question staff with potential negative effects on parent‐staff relationships. Overall C4H presents a challenge to traditional hospital hierarchy and culture.ConclusionsAlthough there was a low level of awareness about C4H in practice, there was in‐principle support for the concept. Initial strategies had primarily targeted policy change without taking into account the need for practice and organizational behaviour changes. Using a theoretical approach to identify key factors will enable a targeted approach to implementation.
Differences in semen characteristics between patients with testicular cancer and other malignancies using various cut‐off values
Authors: Hamano Itsuto , Hatakeyama Shingo , Nakamura Rika , Fukuhara Rie , Noro Daisuke , Tanaka Toshikazu , Yoneyama Tohru , Yamamoto Hayato , Yoneyama Takahiro , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Koie Takuya , Yokoyama Yoshihito , Ohyama Chikara 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesTo compare semen parameters between patients with testicular cancer and other malignancies using various cut‐off values, and to evaluate the correlation between semen parameters and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated semen parameters before cancer treatment in 117 patients with malignancies who cryopreserved sperm at Hirosaki University Hospital between November 1999 and May 2016. We compared semen parameters between patients with testicular cancer and other malignancies (non‐testicular cancer), seminoma and non‐seminoma, and stage I testicular cancer and stage II/III testicular cancer. The assessment of cut‐off values recommended by the World Health Organization and the total motile sperm count was carried out between the testicular cancer and non‐testicular cancer groups. The intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in those using preserved sperm were assessed.ResultsOf the 111 patients enrolled, 29 (26%) had testicular cancer and 82 (74%) had non‐testicular cancer. Patients with testicular cancer showed significantly lower total sperm concentration than non‐testicular cancer patients. The cut‐off value of total sperm concentration distinguished the patient proportions exceeding the cut‐off between patients with testicular cancer (41%) and non‐testicular cancer (66%). The comparison between patients with seminoma versus non‐seminoma and stage I versus stage II/III testicular cancer presented no significant differences in semen parameters. No correlation between pretreatment semen parameters and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes was observed.ConclusionsAlthough testicular cancer patients show lower total sperm concentration, intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes are acceptable. Further studies on the fertility potential of testicular cancer patients are warranted.
Wage Gap Paradox: The Case of Immigrants from the FSU in Israel
Authors: Kushnirovich Nonna 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to investigate whether some groups of immigrants are particularly disadvantaged in their earnings compared to other population groups, to what extent wage gaps arise from discriminatory remuneration, and how immigrants’ wages change over time. The contribution of this study is twofold: it conceptualizes a wage gap paradox and delineates the indicators of discrimination in terms of earnings. Data from the 2010‐2014 Social Surveys in Israel were used. The results revealed evidence of a wage gap paradox for immigrants from the former Soviet Union: the wage gaps between them and other population groups do not close during time living in the host country, despite the high level of their formal credentials. Applying the Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition, the study revealed that a sufficient part of the wage gap is attributable to discrimination, which prevented immigrants from full economic integration.
Macrophage targeting: opening new possibilities for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Cassetta Luca , Kitamura Takanori 
Published: July 2018

SummaryTumour‐infiltrating immune cells regulate tumour development and progression either negatively or positively. For example, cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) such as CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells can recognize and eliminate cancer cells, and thereby restrict the tumour growth and metastasis, if they exert full cytotoxicity. In contrast, tumour‐infiltrating myeloid cells such as tumour‐associated macrophages (TAM) promote the expansion and dissemination of cancer cells depending on their functional states. Given the tumour‐killing ability of CTL, the augmentation of CTL‐induced antitumour immune reactions has been considered as an attractive therapeutic modality for lethal solid tumours and several promising strategies have emerged, which include immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines and adoptive CTL transfer. These immunotherapies are now tested in clinical trials and have shown significant antitumour effects in patients with lymphoma and some solid tumours such as melanoma and lung cancer. Despite these encouraging results, these therapies are not efficient in a certain fraction of patients and tumour types with tumour cell‐intrinsic mechanisms such as impaired antigen presentation and/or tumour cell‐extrinsic mechanisms including the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells. Several animal studies suggest that tumour‐infiltrating myeloid cells, especially TAM, are one of the key targets to improve the efficacy of immunotherapies as these cells can suppress the functions of CD8+ T and NK cells. In this review, we will summarize recent animal studies regarding the involvement of TAM in the immune checkpoint, cancer vaccination and adoptive CTL transfer therapies, and discuss the therapeutic potential of TAM targeting to improve the immunotherapies.
‘Hiding in plain sight’: Exploring the complexity of sexual safety within an acute mental health setting
Authors: McGarry Julie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIt is increasingly being recognized that individuals who access acute mental health services are at risk of sexual assault. Assaults may be perpetrated by other patients but also by staff working in mental health environments, although this latter group remain largely under‐researched. Following a reported professional sexual assault and review of an acute inpatient mental health setting in the UK, the overall aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms and structures that were put into place following the investigation and in so doing examine the wider questions of sexual safety in acute mental health settings. A qualitative approach was utilized and involved interviews with clinical staff (n = 8). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data resulting in four main themes: ‘Feeling betrayed’: The relational context of the ward environment’; ‘Doing what we were meant to be doing’: Quality of leadership’; ‘Covering yourself’: Safeguarding practice; ‘The subtleties of abuse’: Complexities of safeguarding ‘. The findings of the study highlight the need for clear organizational structures of support, a clearer understanding of ‘sexual safety’, and education and training which explicitly addresses recognition and complexity of sexual violence.
Development and applicability of a tool for identification of people with intellectual disabilities in need of palliative care (PALLI)
Authors: Vrijmoeth Cis , Echteld Michael A. , Assendelft Pim , Christians Milou , Festen Dederieke , van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk Henny , Vissers Kris , Groot Marieke 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundTimely identifying people with intellectual disabilities in need of palliative care is important. Therefore, we developed PALLI: a screening tool for deteriorating health, indicative of a limited life expectancy. Here, we aimed to describe development of PALLI and to explore its applicability.MethodWe used a five‐stage mixed‐methods procedure to develop PALLI based on knowledge from practice. For exploring applicability, professionals caring for people with intellectual disabilities completed PALLI for 185 people with intellectual disabilities and provided information on applicability after 5–6 months.ResultsThe final version of PALLI included 39 questions relevant for people with intellectual disabilities. Applicability was adequate: Most professionals found PALLI relevant and reported no ambiguous questions. Added value of PALLI was reflecting on and becoming aware of the process of decline in health.ConclusionsPALLI shows promising applicability and has potential as a tool for timely identifying people with intellectual disabilities who may benefit from palliative care.
Patterns of avian diversity across a decreasing patch‐size gradient in a critically endangered subtropical forest system
Authors: Ehlers Smith David A. , Si Xingfeng , Ehlers Smith Yvette C. , Kalle Riddhika , Ramesh Tharmalingam , Downs Colleen T. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimWe investigated habitat heterogeneity and patterns of avian taxonomic and functional diversity change across a decreasing patch‐size gradient in a critically endangered, fragmented forest‐system to elucidate: (1) habitat patch‐size and structural drivers of avian diversity change, (2) potential patch‐size thresholds at which avian diversity and habitat heterogeneity changes occurred and (3) avian species/communities within thresholds that indicated distinct patch‐size categories.LocationIndian Ocean Coastal Belt, South Africa.MethodsWe conduced habitat‐structure and fixed‐radius point‐count surveys during the avian breeding season across 123 habitat patches (range 0.06–386.9 ha). We calculated taxonomic and functional diversity/patch (α) using a distance matrix of all traits present in the avian community (γ) and described community change across the patch‐size gradient (β). We compared linear regressions of patch‐size effects on avian functional α‐diversity and habitat‐structural heterogeneity to segmented regression at five bands, determined by mean patch sizes responsible for provisioning avian functional α‐diversity at <50%, 50%–62.5%, 62.5%–75%, 75%–87.5% and 87.5%–100% of avian functional γ‐diversity to explore patch‐size thresholds, and tested for significant avian indicator species of categories identified.ResultsAvian taxonomic and functional α‐diversity significantly decreased with decreasing patch size and habitat heterogeneity; correlations between taxonomic and functional diversity declines and a positive significant influence of habitat heterogeneity on avian functional diversity indicated selective extinction pressure on niches and concomitant functional traits. Species turnover significantly increased in smaller patches. Segmented regressions of patch size‐effect on avian functional diversity and habitat heterogeneity out‐performed linear regressions at three patch‐size thresholds (157, 96 and 9 ha). Forest‐dependent specialists were significant indicators of high‐diversity patches >90 ha. Species characterizing small patches <9 ha were generalists, but many were also present in larger patches, highlighting nested‐community subsets of γ‐diversity.Main conclusionsSpecialized niches and concomitant species became locally extinct at patch‐size thresholds. We present replicable methodology and recommendations for conservation of forest systems using a critically endangered biome containing disproportionately high avifauna.
Where and at which scales does the latitudinal diversity gradient fail?
Authors: Gaucherel C. , Tramier C. , Devictor V. , Svenning J.‐C. , Hély C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimThis study analyses the places and the scales at which the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) for vertebrate species holds or, conversely, fails. Although much empirical support for the LDG at a global scale exists, several marked departures have also been previously reported for some regions, scales and organisms. Here, we aim to test the generality of the LDG by accurately quantifying its variability among regions and scales using a novel analysing approach applied on environmental and species data.LocationGlobal; Vertebrate species (amphibians, mammals and birds).MethodsTo test the LDG, we proceeded in two successive steps. First, we collected environmental and vertebrate species data to summarize the overall environment (likely the LDG). In a second step, we compared the two datasets (environment and species biodiversity index maps) using the Comparison Map and Profile (CMP) method. It computes the correlation between datasets in moving windows, all over both maps (at one scale), and by increasing the size (scale) of the moving windows. Cross‐correlations are then spatially computed through all scales in order to map and accurately quantify the relationship between environment and biodiversity on Earth.ResultsThe best environmental variable, explaining almost 70% of the spatial variation in vertebrate species richness, was the temperature seasonality composite (TSC), a good surrogate candidate for the LDG. While the TSC–diversity relationship followed an expected LDG‐like pattern in the Southern Hemisphere and in the tropics, it showed significant departures from latitudinal trends in Asia and North America. This observation can be explained by the increase in animal species number with increasing northern latitudes.Main conclusionsWe showed that the LDG (i.e. through the TSC surrogate) relationship fails in many places and at all scales in average. We must then reject the mainstream hypothesis of the overall worldwide LDG pattern. We suggest that it should not be taken for granted in macroecological studies, especially over the Northern Hemisphere. The spatial distribution of vertebrate richness is both area and scale dependent, and this observation is robust to changes in spatial resolution, in data coverage (e.g. ecoregions) and in taxa.
Subtropical streams harbour higher genus richness and lower abundance of insects compared to boreal streams, but scale matters
Authors: Heino Jani , Melo Adriano S. , Jyrkänkallio‐Mikkola Jenny , Petsch Danielle Katharine , Saito Victor Satoru , Tolonen Kimmo T. , Bini Luis Mauricio , Landeiro Victor Lemes , Silva Thiago Sanna Freire , Pajunen Virpi , Soininen Janne , Siqueira Tadeu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimBiological diversity typically varies between climatically different regions, and regions closer to the equator often support higher numbers of taxa than those closer to the poles. However, these trends have been assessed for a few organism groups, and the existing studies have rarely been based on extensive identical surveys in different climatic regions.LocationWe conducted standardized surveys of wadeable streams in a boreal (western Finland) and a subtropical (south‐eastern Brazil) region, sampling insects identically from 100 streams in each region and measuring the same environmental variables in both regions.TaxonAquatic insects.MethodsComparisons were made at the scales of local stream sites, drainage basins and entire regions. We standardized the spatial extent of the study areas by resampling regional richness based on subsets of sites with similar extents. We examined differences in genus richness and assemblage abundance patterns between the regions using graphical and statistical modelling approaches.ResultsWe found that while genus accumulation and rank‐abundance curves were relatively similar at the regional scale between Finland and Brazil, regional genus richness was higher in the latter but regional abundance much higher in the former region. These regional patterns for richness and abundance were reproduced by basin and local genus richness that were higher in Brazil than in Finland, and assemblage abundance that was much higher in Finland than in Brazil. The magnitude of the difference in genus richness between Brazil and Finland tended to increase from local through basin to regional scales.Main conclusionsOur findings suggest that factors related to evolutionary diversification might explain differences in genus richness between these two climatically different regions, whereas higher nutrient concentrations of stream waters might explain the higher abundance of insects in Finland than in Brazil.