bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moulded pulp products manufacturing with thermoforming
Authors: Didone Mattia , Tosello Guido 
Published: September 2018

Over the past years, eco‐friendly packaging solutions such as moulded pulp have resonated with a growing number of consumers. Among all of them, the thermoformed products make use of the most recent manufacturing approach that produces high‐quality, thin‐walled items. However, it remains an underresearched area, and the development of an efficient and precise manufacturing process is fundamental in order to increase the implementation of sustainable packaging.With the purpose of setting a step towards in the standardization of design and testing practices of eco‐friendly packaging, this work focused on the characterization of the thermoforming process of moulded pulp products and their characteristics. Three different analyses were carried out for this purpose, covering the dewatering efficiency of the process, a quantification of the moulding geometrical accuracy, and an analysis of the internal microstructure of the parts. Experimental results and statistical analysis show that the dewatering efficiency is mainly governed by the mould's temperature while the duration of the contact time is not influential. In the second investigation, the geometrical accuracy of the mouldability of microfeatures was assessed. The process appeared to be dependently related to the pulp type employed. Finally, the internal microstructure was documented using X‐ray computed tomography. The analysis shows an increase in the internal void fraction linked with an increase in the mould's temperature.The role of the water change of phase in the thermoforming process is also discussed by reference to the work conducted on impulse drying.
Multivariate analysis performed to identify the temporal responses of fish assemblages to abiotic changes downstream of the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River
Authors: Yang Zhi , Tao Jiangping , Qiao Ye , Xu Wei , Chang Jianbo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractImpoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) and overharvesting are anthropogenic factors that have had a dramatic effect on Yangtze fish. This study used the multivariate analysis to quantify the relationship between abiotic alterations (seven variables from the TGR impoundment and fishing activities) and fish response, revealing the processes through which abiotic changes affect fish assemblages over a 14‐year period (1999–2012). Fish assemblages temporally clustered into three groups that were strongly associated with the TGR impoundment. Eleven species that accounted for 98.44% of dissimilarities contributed to these three clustered groups. Variation in fish assemblages primarily resulted from a decline in three lotic species without spawning grounds downstream, fluctuations in four lotic species with spawning grounds downstream, and increases in three eurytopic species. Abiotic changes resulted from the TGR impoundment (TGR water levels, sediment, and water temperature), together with fish activities (fishing intensity), significantly affected the temporal patterns of the fish assemblages. Results suggest that the decline in lotic species can be attributed to the blocking and declines in the downstream movement of lotic species caused by increased water levels in the TGR. Increases in eurytopic species and declines in other species were caused by habitat fragmentation via a decline in sediment discharge and changes in water temperature. Fishing activities affected fish assemblages throughout the entire period of observation, particularly during the initial impoundment period from 2003 to 2005. These findings highlight the degree to which those anthropogenic factors affected the fish assemblages in temporal processing.
The meaning of rivers in Aotearoa New Zealand—Past and future
Authors: Knight Catherine 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper examines how attitudes towards rivers in Aotearoa New Zealand have evolved since the country's settlement by Europeans, two centuries ago. For most of our postcolonial history, rivers have been viewed as something to be controlled and managed—even “improved.” But today, rivers are increasingly being recognized as embodying a broad range of values from the ecological to the spiritual—not simply as a “channel of water” that can be exploited for human ends. Although much of this evolving understanding stems from the advance in scientific knowledge, much too has its roots in our collective past.
Synthesis and Experimental Studies on Supramolecular Synthons of Aminoguanidinium Carboxylates: A Case Study of π‐HoleBonded Carbon Bonding via Theoretical Approaches
Authors: Radha Govindarajan , Pandiyan Baskaran Vijaya , Deepa Palanisamy , Govindarajan Subbiah , Kolandaivel Ponmalai , Nataraj Devaraj 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNew supramolecular salts of aminoguanidinium with mono and di‐carboxylic acids (formate and maleate respectively) have been prepared and their crystal structures were solved using single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. A crystal packing of both the ion pair assemblies are organized via various weak intermolecular interactions including N−H…O, O−H…O, C−H…O and N−H…N etc., hydrogen bonds and form 2D and 3D assemblies. The supramolecular viewpoint of the titled ion‐pair assemblies are discussed interms of strong hydrogen bonded ring motifs generated between the aminoguanidininium and carboxylates and the homo synthons of aminoguanidine retained in these solid state assemblies. Interestingly both the ion pair assemblies are supported by the π‐hole utilized carbon bonding (C…O, C…N &C…C) interactions. As compared to aminoguanidinium formate assembly, in amminoguanidinium hydrogenmaleate, π‐hole utilized carbon bonding interactions were sustained between the cation and anion pair which affords the spatial arrangement for stacking the cation and anion through electrostatic interaction. In this respect, π‐ hole interactions are function as a structure directing self‐assembled force and regulate the aminoguandinium hydrogen maleate assembly. Apart from the X‐ray diffraction studies, the geometrical parameters, interaction energy, its energy component contribution (LMOEDA analysis) and also the properties of weak interactions including carbon bonding present in the synthesized aminoguanidinium carboxylates assembly were analyzed systematically through wave functional analysis with MP2/6‐31++g(d,p) level of theory. The role of hydrogen bonding and carbon bonding confirmation and their strength in terms of crystal packing were summarized through various theoretical calculations such as Atoms In Molecules (AIM), Hirshfeld surface analysis, NCI plot and Natural Bonding Orbital analysis (NBO).
NbCl5‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Four Component Synthesis of Spiro Pyrazole and Benzo[7, 8]chromene Derivatives
Authors: Veeramani Vairaperumal , Muthuraja Perumal , Prakash Sengodu , Senthil Kumar Muthiah , Susaimanickam Antony , Manisankar Paramasivam 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this work, we have designed a novel green method for synthesis of a set pharmaceutically important spiro pyrazole and benzo[7, 8]chromene derivatives. These derivatives have been synthesized from various substituted isatins in turns with ethylacetoacetate, 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthaquionone/malonitrile and hydrazines or phenylhydrazine in presence of different catalysts in one‐pot four component method. We have optimized the synthetic conditions such as catalyst, solvent and time of reaction to get the maximum yield. Various lewis acids as catalyst and polar solvents as reaction medium were used in the multicomponent reactions (MCRs). Among the different catalysts and solvents tried NbCl5 and ethanol have been identified as most effective catalyst and solvent respectively. The synthesized compounds are confirmed by FT‐IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques.
VOx/γ‐Al2O3 Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation Prepared by “Impregnation‐Solid Phase Reaction” Method with Aluminum Hydroxide as Support Precursor
Authors: Yang Qi‐Qi , Hu Ping , Xiu Nai‐Yun , Lang Wan‐Zhong , Guo Ya‐Jun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe alumina supported vanadium oxide catalysts (VOx/γ‐Al2O3) were prepared by wet impregnation‐solid phase reaction method with aluminum hydroxide as support precursor. The prepared catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, UV–vis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The performances of the catalysts were tested for propane dehydrogenation (PDH) reaction. The results indicate that the loading of vanadium on the aluminum hydroxide can influence the surface morphology of the catalysts and greatly improve the specific surface area of the resulted VOx/γ‐Al2O3 compared to pure γ‐Al2O3 support. The vanadium content markedly influences the polymerization degree of surface VOx species and catalytic performances of VOx/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts for PDH. Among all samples, the 2.9VOX/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst (vanadium content is 2.9 wt.%) possesses the maximum specific surface area and harmonious polymerization degree of VOX species. It exhibits the best catalytic performances during the 8 h of PDH reaction. Meanwhile, the 2.9VOx/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst possesses high regeneration stability and the highest TOF (turnover frequencies) value of 9.0×10−3 s−1, which is evidently higher those of previous works. After 7 reaction–regeneration cycles, the initial activity and propene selectivity can be almost restored.
Redox‐Responsive Nanoparticle‐Mediated Systemic RNAi for Effective Cancer Therapy
Authors: Xu Xiaoding , Wu Jun , Liu Shuaishuai , Saw Phei Er , Tao Wei , Li Yujing , Krygsman Lisa , Yegnasubramanian Srinivasan , De Marzo Angelo M. , Shi Jinjun , Bieberich Charles J. , Farokhzad Omid C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBiodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significant potential to improve the systemic delivery of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), for cancer therapy. However, the slow and inefficient siRNA release inside tumor cells generally observed for most biodegradable polymeric NPs may result in compromised gene silencing efficacy. Herein, a biodegradable and redox‐responsive NP platform, composed of a solid poly(disulfide amide) (PDSA)/cationic lipid core and a lipid–poly(ethylene glycol) (lipid–PEG) shell for systemic siRNA delivery to tumor cells, is developed. This newly generated NP platform can efficiently encapsulate siRNA under extracellular environments and can respond to the highly concentrated glutathione (GSH) in the cytoplasm to induce fast intracellular siRNA release. By screening a library of PDSA polymers with different structures and chain lengths, the optimized NP platform shows the unique features of i) long blood circulation, ii) high tumor accumulation, iii) fast GSH‐triggered intracellular siRNA release, and iv) exceptionally effective gene silencing. Together with the facile polymer synthesis technique and robust NP formulation enabling scale‐up, this new redox‐responsive NP platform may become an effective tool for RNAi‐based cancer therapy.
Over 2 V Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Battery with Prussian Blue‐Type Electrodes
Authors: Nakamoto Kosuke , Sakamoto Ryo , Sawada Yuki , Ito Masato , Okada Shigeto 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHigh discharge voltage of more than 2 V is achieved in a novel aqueous sodium‐ion battery with the combination of a Prussian blue‐type sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate cathode, and a similar potassium manganese hexacyanochromate anode. Here, a highly concentrated sodium perchlorate aqueous electrolyte with a 2.8 V electrochemical window is used. By element analysis, the novel anode containing little potassium element possibly serves as a suitable host–guest anode, similarly as the cathode extracting/inserting sodium ion in a highly concentrated sodium‐ion aqueous electrolyte. Open‐framework electrodes and a highly concentrated but mobile aqueous electrolyte contribute to high voltage and high rate performance of the aqueous sodium‐ion battery.
Size‐Dependency of Gold Nanoparticles on TiO2 for CO Oxidation
Authors: Shao Bin , Zhang Junying , Huang Jiahui , Qiao Botao , Su Yang , Miao Shu , Zhou Yan , Li Dan , Huang Weixin , Shen Wenjie 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSize‐controlled Au colloids in the range of 2–5 nm are synthesized in aqueous phase solution and deposited on TiO2, yielding Au/TiO2 catalysts containing relatively uniform gold particles with mean sizes of 2.2, 3.4, and 4.8 nm. Detailed structural analyses verify that the shape of Au particles evolve from a flat polyhedral to a rounded truncated‐octahedron when increasing the size from 2.2 to 4.8 nm because smaller gold particles have a higher adhesion energy on TiO2. The atomic configurations of Au particles and the Au‐TiO2 interfacial perimeters are quantitatively analyzed as a function of Au particle size. Smaller gold particles show apparently much higher activity for low‐temperature oxidation of CO than the big ones, primarily because of the rich number of active sites at the interfaces. Specific reaction rates, normalized with the total length of the interfacial perimeters in the catalysts, however, are essentially identical. This suggests that the size effect of Au particles, in the range of 2–5 nm, originates from the bonding strength between Au nanoparticles and TiO2 surfaces.
Behavioral adaptation to climate change in wildfire‐prone forests
Authors: Hamilton Matthew , Fischer Alexandra Paige , Guikema Seth D. , Keppel‐Aleks Gretchen 
Published: September 2018

The link between climate change and increased wildfire risk highlights the need for adaptation in wildfire‐prone landscapes. While extensive research has focused on adaptation at the levels of communities, policies, and governance systems, there is limited understanding of adaptation at the level of individual behavioral responses. Individuals not only directly experience the adverse effects of wildfires but also shape their own exposure to wildfire through risk mitigation practices. Without knowledge of whether these behaviors are adaptive, decision makers are limited in their ability to design and assess climate change adaptation policies that improve outcomes in wildfire‐prone regions. Likewise, greater understanding of the processes by which behavioral adaptation occurs can improve theories of behavior under risk, and specifically how psychological and social factors mediate the effects of hazard conditions on behavior. This paper reviews scholarship on biophysical, psychological, and social factors that shape behavioral adaptation to climate change in wildfire‐prone forests. Our review highlights opportunities to improve theory and assist risk mitigation policy interventions by focusing greater attention on dynamic feedbacks involving hazards, behavior, and outcomes, as well as accounting for variation in behavior and wildfire hazard conditions.This article is categorized under:Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Universality at large transverse spin in defect CFT
Authors: Lemos Madalena , Liendo Pedro , Meineri Marco , Sarkar Sourav 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe study the spectrum of local operators living on a defect in a generic conformal field theory, and their coupling to the local bulk operators. We establish the existence of universal accumulation points in the spectrum at larges,sbeing the charge of the operators under rotations in the space transverse to the defect. Our tools include a formula that inverts the bulk to defect OPE, analogous to the Caron-Huot formula for the four-point function [1]. Analyticity of the formula insimplies that the scaling dimensions of the defect operators are aligned in Regge trajectories$$ \widehat{\Delta}(s) $$Δ^s. These results require the correlator of two local operators and the defect to be bounded in a certain region, a condition that we do not prove in general. We check our conclusions against examples in perturbation theory and holography, and we make specific predictions concerning the spectrum of defect operators on Wilson lines. We also give an interpretation of the largesspectrum in the spirit of the work of Alday and Maldacena [2].
Surgical and Long‐Term Survival Outcomes After Laparoscopic and Open Total Gastrectomy for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Propensity Score‐Matched Analysis
Authors: Li Zhengyan , Liu Yezhou , Bai Bin , Yu Deliang , Lian Bo , Zhao Qingchuan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundTo compare the surgical and long‐term survival outcomes of laparoscopic and open total gastrectomy (OTG) for locally advanced gastric cancer (AGC).MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 308 and 900 patients in pathological locally AGC who underwent laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) or OTG between June 2008 and December 2014. We compared surgical and long‐term outcomes between the two groups using propensity score matching method.ResultsThe LTG group showed a longer operation time (261.42 vs. 171.00 min, P = 0.001), less blood loss (185.47 vs. 217.84 ml, P = 0.000), earlier time to first flatus (3.47 vs. 4.12 days, P = 0.000), earlier time to start liquid diet (3.76 vs. 4.27 days, P = 0.000), and shorter postoperative hospital stay (7.56 vs. 8.22 days, P = 0.007). The overall complication rate was 15.2% in the LTG group and 17.2% in the OTG (P = 0.503). No significant difference was observed in overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) between LTG and OTG (60.5% vs. 57.1%, P = 0.337; 57.4% vs. 54.4%, P = 0.341).ConclusionsCompared to OTG, LTG provides surgical benefits and comparable survival outcomes for patients with locally AGC.
Postoperative Recovery in Frail, Pre‐frail, and Non‐frail Elderly Patients Following Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Sikder Tarifin , Sourial Nadia , Maimon Geva , Tahiri Mehdi , Teasdale Debby , Bergman Howard , Fraser Shannon A. , Demyttenaere Sebastian , Bergman Simon 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study is to explore the association between frailty and surgical recovery over a 6‐month period, in elderly patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery.MethodsA total of 144 patients were categorized as frail, pre‐frail, and non‐frail based on five criteria: weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slowness, and low activity. Recovery to preoperative functional status (activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)), cognition, quality of life, and mental health was assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. A repeated measure logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of frailty on recovery over time. The effect of frailty on hospitalization outcomes was also evaluated.ResultsMean age was 78 ± 5 years with 17.4% of patients categorized as frail, 60.4% pre‐frail, and 22.2% non‐frail. At 6 months, the percent of patients who had recovered to preoperative values were: ADL 90%; IADL 76%; cognition 75.5%; mental health 66%; and quality of life 70%. While more frail patients experienced adverse hospitalization outcomes and fewer had recovered to preoperative functional status, these differences were not found to be statistically significant. Overall, frailty status was not significantly associated with the trajectory of recovery or hospitalization outcomes.ConclusionStrong, institutional commitment to quality surgical care, as well as appropriate strategies for older patients, may have mitigated the impact of frailty on recovery. Further research is needed to examine the role of frailty in the surgical recovery process.
Silicon Carbide Formation Enhanced by In-Situ-Formed Silicon Nitride: An Approach to Capture Thermal Energy of CO-Rich Off-Gas Combustion
Authors: du Preez S. P. , Beukes J. P. , van Zyl P. G. , Tangstad M. , Tiedt L. R. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Carbothermic smelting of ores to produce metals or alloys in alternating current open/semiclosed and closed submerged arc furnaces, or in closed direct current furnaces, results in large volumes of CO-rich off-gas being generated. Most of the CO-rich off-gas is cleaned and flared on stacks, since the storing of large volumes is problematic due to the associated toxic and explosive risks. Flaring of CO-rich off-gas results in significant wastage of energy. In this study, an alternative method to partially capture the thermal energy associated with off-gas combustion, in the form of silicon carbide (SiC) generated from waste materials (quartz and anthracite fines), is proposed. SiC can partially replace conventional carbonaceous reductants used to produce alloys such as ferrochromium. The influences of quartz and anthracite particle size, treatment temperature, and gaseous atmosphere (nitrogen or air) on SiC formation were investigated. A quartz-anthracite mixture with 90 pct of the particles < 350.9 µm carbothermically treated at 1873.15 K (1600 °C) resulted in almost complete conversion of quartz to SiC in both nitrogen and air atmospheres. The study indicated significant potential for industrial application of the process.
Numerical investigation of the effect of disk position on the aerodynamic heating and drag of a spiked blunt body in hypersonic flow
Authors: Yadav R. , Bodavula A. , Joshi S. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTDetailed numerical simulations have been carried out on a spiked blunt body with multiple hemispherical disks using a commercial CFD code in order to investigate their effectiveness in reducing the aerodynamic drag and heating. The base configuration is a hemispherical cylinder whose diameter is 40 mm with an overall length of 70 mm. The lengths of the aerospikes investigated are 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 times the base diameter of the cylinder and the radii of the aerodisks are varied between 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 times the diameter of the cylinder. Besides these, the position of the aerodisks is varied with the rearmost aerodisk placed at 25%, 50% and 75% along the length of the aerospike and the intermediate aerodisk for three-disk cases, positioned at 25%, 50% and 75% of the distance between the front and the rearmost disk. All the investigations have carried out at a freestream Mach number of 6.2 and Reynolds number of 2.64 × 107/m. It has been observed that the multidisk spikes are advantageous for the purpose of reduction of both aerodynamic drag and heating at hypersonic speed. The two aerodisk spiked configurations show better results in terms of aerodynamic heating and drag in comparison to the single-disk aerospikes while the three-disk spikes yield only a marginal reduction in aerodynamic drag over the two-disk configurations. For reduction of heat fluxes and heat transfer rates though, the three-disk configurations are extremely advantageous and give much larger reductions are compared to the two-disk configurations.