bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to Remember Words: Memory Constraints as Double‐Edged Sword Mechanisms of Language Development
Authors: Vlach Haley A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWord learning researchers have historically been interested in elucidating the mechanisms that allow children to encode words. Recent research has moved beyond the moment of encoding to examine the processes underlying children’s retention and retrieval of words across time. This work has revealed significant memory constraints on children’s word learning. That is, children struggle to retain and retrieve newly learned words. This review outlines research suggesting that describing these processes as memory constraints may mischaracterize how memory shapes language development. Instead, memory constraints are more accurately characterized as double‐edged sword mechanisms; limited memory abilities likely hinder and promote children’s word learning simultaneously. The review concludes with suggestions for developing a theory of how children learn to remember words.
The ecological outcomes of biodiversity offsets under “no net loss” policies: A global review
Authors: zu Ermgassen Sophus O. S. E. , Baker Julia , Griffiths Richard A. , Strange Niels , Struebig Matthew J. , Bull Joseph W. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNo net loss (NNL) biodiversity policies mandating the application of a mitigation hierarchy (avoid, minimize, remediate, offset) to the ecological impacts of built infrastructure are proliferating globally. However, little is known about their effectiveness at achieving NNL outcomes. We reviewed the English‐language peer‐reviewed literature (capturing 15,715 articles), and identified 32 reports that observed ecological outcomes from NNL policies, including >300,000 ha of biodiversity offsets. Approximately one‐third of NNL policies and individual biodiversity offsets reported achieving NNL, primarily in wetlands, although most studies used widely criticized area‐based outcome measures. The most commonly cited reason for success was applying high offset multipliers (large offset area relative to the impacted area). We identified large gaps between the global implementation of offsets and the evidence for their effectiveness: despite two‐thirds of the world's biodiversity offsets being applied in forested ecosystems, we found none of four studies demonstrated successful NNL outcomes for forested habitats or species. We also found no evidence for NNL achievement using avoided loss offsets (impacts offset by protecting existing habitat elsewhere). Additionally, we summarized regional variability in compliance rates with NNL policies. As global infrastructural expansion accelerates, we must urgently improve the evidence‐base around efforts to mitigate development impacts on biodiversity.
What Drives Visitor Engagement in Exhibits? The Interaction Between Visitor Activation Profiles and Exhibit Features
Authors: Dorph Rena , Cannady Matthew A. , Schunn Christian D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the use of science learning activation to understand how various types of visitors engage with different exhibits. In particular, we examined how learners engaged in two very different resource‐rich exhibits using two distinct analytic techniques. Regression analyses revealed that learners’ prior science learning activation can be used to predict learners’ engagement at each of the exhibits. A latent class analysis grouped learners into four emergent activation profiles (Low Motivation, High Motivation, Low Ability and High Ability), and found that learners within each profile engaged differently with the two exhibits. Analyses across the two approaches suggest that engagement in a science center exhibit experience can vary widely by learners’ activation. The study provides an analytic lens for understanding which learners are being engaged by an exhibit. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of this study for design, selection, and evaluation of exhibits in science centers.
Nonlinear Capital Flow Tax: Capital Flow Management and Financial Crisis Prevention in China
Authors: Ju Jiandong , Li Li , Nie Guangyu , Shi Kang , Wei Shang‐Jin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHow to promote capital account liberalization while preventing financial crises is a challenging task for policymakers. This study proposes a nonlinear (progressive) capital flow tax as a solution. We first demonstrate that the collateral requirement of international borrowing can give rise to multiple equilibria and self‐fulfilling financial crises. We then show that the crisis equilibrium characterized by large exchange rate depreciation, capital flight and welfare loss can be eliminated by imposing a nonlinear (progressive) tax scheme on capital outflows with the marginal tax rate increasing with the size of individual capital outflows. The implementation of such a tax scheme in China is also discussed.
Regional Competition in China under the Price Distortion of Construction Land: A Study Based on a Two‐regime Spatial Durbin Model
Authors: Liu Yongjian , Geng Hong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study examines regional competition in China by considering the spatial correlation and spillover effect of construction land price distortion using a two‐regime Spatial Durbin Model to investigate the patterns and trends of the competition between 285 cities in China from 2006 to 2015. The study finds: (i) price distortion of construction land is a common phenomenon but the distortion index generally shows a declining trend; (ii) regional competition through construction land price distortion shows a weakly intensified pattern, although the competition patterns in the four regions of China varied; and (iii) the intensity of competition between regions was lower during the 12th Five‐year Plan compared to the 11th Plan. The intensity of competition between cities was also lower inside than outside urban agglomerations. These results provide policy implications for remedying the price distortion of construction land and promoting regional coordinated development.
Can a policy‐induced reduction in alcohol consumption improve health outcomes and stimulate the UK economy?: A potential ‘double dividend’
Authors: Connolly Kevin , Bhattacharya Aveek , Lisenkova Katerina , McGregor Peter G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe health benefits of reducing excessive alcohol consumption are well‐documented and widely accepted, but policies directed to this end are often regarded as damaging to the economy. Previous UK alcohol impact studies typically focus on what are in effect the ‘gross’ impacts of a fall in alcohol consumption considered in isolation, so that estimated economic impacts are always negative. Here we investigate the ‘net’ impacts of a reduction in consumption accounting for the reallocation of household spending and the expenditure of any increase in government revenues.Design and MethodsWe employ a health‐augmented, Input–Output modelling framework. We simulate the impact of a reduction in alcohol consumption due to: a change in consumer tastes that generate a reallocation of household spending; an increase in alcohol duties accompanied by the use of increased revenues to stimulate government expenditure.ResultsWe find evidence of a trade‐off between employment and health benefits for the case of a tastes‐induced switch from alcohol consumption, but this is less severe than past analyses would suggest (and does not apply to economic activity more generally). For the case of increased taxation on alcohol (and increased government spending) we find that there is in fact no trade‐off between employment on the one hand and health on the other; employment and economic activity are stimulated while health outcomes improve.Discussion and ConclusionsThere is a potential ‘double‐dividend’ of improved health outcomes and increased economic activity as a consequence of a rise in alcohol duties.
Women's bodies, rebirth, and Shin Buddhism: Insights and challenges for Christianity
Authors: Largen Kristin Johnston 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this article, I examine a traditional Shin teaching on women and women's bodies as they relate to rebirth in Amida's Pure Land and ask how that teaching might inform Christian doctrines on women's bodies. After an analysis of the role of women's bodies in the broader Shin teachings around Amida's compassion and rebirth in the Pure Land, I conclude by raising questions for Christianity this analysis invites and suggest further lines of inquiry that might help open up more positive understanding of women and women's bodies in contemporary Christianity.
Labor markets and cultural values: Evidence from Japanese and American views about caregiving immigrants
Authors: Peters Margaret E. , Kage Rieko , Rosenbluth Frances , Tanaka Seiki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne overlooked reason for the persistence of distinct cultural values across rich democracies, we argue, is a country's labor market structure. Parents seeking to position their children for long‐term success would do well to instill values consistent with requirements of the labor market in the country where their children are likely to work. To the extent that labor markets are fluid, as in the United States, parents should teach their children to be resourceful and creative. In countries like Japan with relatively rigid labor markets, where workers have one chance to land a long‐term contract with a leading company, parents instead should instill the values of hard work and respect for authority. We find evidence consistent with this argument in survey experiments about attitudes in the United States and Japan about the desirability of employing immigrants for care work, and what values the immigrant care workers should hold. We also find evidence of indirect norm creation. American and Japanese respondents prefer immigrants—not just caregiving immigrants—whose values align with their country's type of valued human capital.
Genetics and selective breeding of variation in wing truncation in a flightless aphid control agent
Authors: Lommen Suzanne T.E. , Koops Kees G. , Cornelder Bardo A. , de Jong Peter W. , Brakefield Paul M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAugmentative biological control by predaceous ladybird beetles can be improved by using flightless morphs, which have longer residence times on the host plants. The two‐spot ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is used for the biological control of aphids in greenhouses and on urban trees. Flightlessness due to truncated wings occurs at very low frequency in some natural populations of A. bipunctata. Pure‐breeding strains of this 'wingless' genotype of A. bipunctata can easily be obtained in the laboratory. Such strains have not been commercialized yet due to concerns about their reduced fitness compared to wild‐type strains, which renders mass production more expensive. Wingless strains exhibit, however, wide intra‐population phenotypic variation in the extent of wing truncation which is related to fitness traits. We here use classical quantitative genetic techniques to study the heritability and genetic architecture of variation in wing truncation in a wingless strain of A. bipunctata. Split‐families reared at one of two temperatures revealed strong family‐by‐temperature interaction: heritability was estimated as 0.64 ± 0.09 at 19 °C and 0.29 ± 0.06 at 29 °C. Artificial selection in opposite directions at 21 °C demonstrated that the degree of wing truncation can be altered within a few generations resulting in wingless phenotypes without any wing tissue (realized h2 = 0.72), as well as those with minimal truncations (realized h2 = 0.61) in two replicates. The latter lines produced more than twice as many individuals. This indicates that selective breeding of wing truncation may be exploited to improve mass rearing of flightless strains of A. bipunctata for commercial biological control. Our work illustrates that cryptic variation can also be a source for the selective breeding of natural enemies.
Great tits take greater risk toward humans and sparrowhawks in urban habitats than in forests
Authors: Vincze Ernő , Pipoly Ivett , Seress Gábor , Preiszner Bálint , Papp Sándor , Németh Brigitta , Liker András , Bókony Veronika 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUrban animals often take more risk toward humans than their non‐urban conspecifics do, but it is unclear how urbanization affects behavior toward non‐human predators. Responses to humans and non‐human predators may covary due to common mechanisms enforcing a phenotypic correlation. However, while increased tolerance toward humans may be advantageous for urban animals, reduced vigilance toward non‐human predators that can pose actual threat may be costly. Therefore, urban animals may benefit from showing specific responses to different threat levels, such as humans versus non‐human predators, or hostile versus non‐hostile humans. To test these alternatives, we compared responses (latencies to return to nest) of urban and forest‐breeding great tits (Parus major) to familiar hostile and unfamiliar humans as well as one of their common predators, the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). We found that urban birds were more risk‐taking toward both humans and sparrowhawk than forest birds. However, responses to sparrowhawk did not correlate with responses to humans either within or across habitats. This suggests that higher risk‐taking of urban compared to forest‐dwelling great tits toward sparrowhawk may be threat‐specific response to lower predation risk rather than a spillover effect of increased tolerance to humans. Furthermore, birds responded similarly to unfamiliar and familiar (potentially dangerous) humans in both habitats, suggesting that great tits may not adjust their risk‐taking to the threat represented by individual humans. These findings indicate that urban birds may flexibly adjust their risk‐taking to certain, but not all, types of threat.
Exploring Relational Reconciliation Processes in Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Families
Authors: Dollahite David C. , Marks Loren D. , Barrow Betsy Hughes 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo explore personal and interpersonal processes that encourage relational reconciliation in nonclinical religious families.BackgroundFew studies have addressed what reconciliation is and when it is beneficial. Although intergroup reconciliation has been well documented, little research has addressed relational reconciliation in families. We focus on relational reconciliation pertaining to more normative and typical relational hurts and offenses that nearly all families experience, rather than severe offenses that might be best addressed in a clinical setting.MethodUsing systematic qualitative methods, in‐depth interviews from a nonclinical, exemplar sample of 198 religiously, ethnically, and geographically diverse mothers, fathers, and adolescents were coded and analyzed. Research questions focused on what circumstances led to a need for reconciliation, what motivated families to reconcile, how families reconciled, and what benefits families received from reconciling.ResultsFamilies were reportedly motivated to reconcile (a) because of their religious beliefs, (b) because they could see a “bigger picture” beyond the immediate conflict, and (c) because they felt that they had been recipients of God's love and forgiveness. The process of reconciliation involved (a) praying to God for help (spiritual processes), (b) admitting mistakes and taking responsibility (personal processes), (c) forgiving and being forgiven (relational processes), and (d) working to fix problems and make amends (practical processes).ConclusionConsistent with previous research, these processes reportedly fostered self‐healing following relational distance and led to positive relational outcomes.ImplicationsWhen self‐healing does not occur, clinicians, pastoral counselors, and family life educators may play an important role in helping individuals and families develop and incorporate the transformative processes of reconciliation identified in our data.
A unique ferrous iron binding mode is associated with large conformational changes for the transport protein FpvC of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Vigouroux Armelle , Aumont‐Nicaise Magali , Boussac Alain , Marty Loïc , Lo Bello Léa , Legrand Pierre , Brillet Karl , Schalk Isabelle J. , Moréra Solange 
Published: July 2019

Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes pyoverdine, a major siderophore to get access to iron, an essential nutrient. Pyoverdine scavenges ferric iron in the bacterial environment with the resulting complex internalized by bacteria. Releasing of iron from pyoverdine in the periplasm involves an iron reduction by an inner membrane reductase and two solute‐binding proteins (SBPs) FpvC and FpvF in association with their ABC transporter. FpvC and FpvF belong to two different subgroups of SBPs within the structural cluster A: FpvC and FpvF were proposed to be a metal‐binding protein and a ferrisiderophore‐binding protein respectively. Here, we report the redox state and the binding mode of iron to FpvC. We first solved the crystal structure of FpvC bound to a fortuitous Ni2+ by single anomalous dispersion method. Using a different protein purification strategy, we determined the structure of FpvC with manganese and iron, which binds to FpvC in a ferrous state as demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance. FpvC is the first example of a hexahistidine metal site among SBPs in which the Fe2+ redox state is stabilized under aerobic conditions. Using biophysics methods, we showed that FpvC reversibly bind to a broad range of divalent ions. The structure of a mutant mimicking the apo FpvC reveals a protein in an open state with large conformational changes when compared with the metal‐bound FpvC. These results highlight that the canonical metal site in FpvC is distinct from those yet described in SBPs and they provide new insights into the mechanism of PVD‐Fe dissociation in P. aeruginosa.
Genomic analysis unveils important aspects of population structure, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella aerogenes
Authors: Passarelli‐Araujo Hemanoel , Palmeiro Jussara K. , Moharana Kanhu C. , Pedrosa‐Silva Francisnei , Dalla‐Costa Libera M. , Venancio Thiago M. 
Published: July 2019

Klebsiella aerogenes is an important pathogen in healthcare‐associated infections. Nevertheless, in comparison to other clinically important pathogens, K. aerogenes population structure, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity remain poorly understood. Here, we elucidate K. aerogenes clonal complexes (CCs) and genomic features associated with resistance and virulence. We present a detailed description of the population structure of K. aerogenes based on 97 publicly available genomes by using both multilocus sequence typing and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms extracted from the core genome. We also assessed virulence and resistance profiles using Virulence Finder Database and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database, respectively. We show that K. aerogenes has an open pangenome and a large effective population size, which account for its high genomic diversity and support that negative selection prevents fixation of most deleterious alleles. The population is structured in at least 10 CCs, including two novel ones identified here, CC9 and CC10. The repertoires of resistance genes comprise a high number of antibiotic efflux proteins as well as narrow‐ and extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases. Regarding the population structure, we identified two clusters based on virulence profiles because of the presence of the toxin‐encoding clb operon and the siderophore production genes, irp and ybt. Notably, CC3 comprises the majority of K. aerogenes isolates associated with hospital outbreaks, emphasizing the importance of constant monitoring of this pathogen. Collectively, our results may provide a foundation for the development of new therapeutic and surveillance strategies worldwide.
Nitrate addition stimulates microbial decomposition of organic matter in salt marsh sediments
Authors: Bulseco Ashley N. , Giblin Anne E. , Tucker Jane , Murphy Anna E. , Sanderman Jonathan , Hiller‐Bittrolff Kenly , Bowen Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSalt marshes sequester carbon at rates more than an order of magnitude greater than their terrestrial counterparts, helping to mitigate climate change. As nitrogen loading to coastal waters continues, primarily in the form of nitrate, it is unclear what effect it will have on carbon storage capacity of these highly productive systems. This uncertainty is largely driven by the dual role nitrate can play in biological processes, where it can serve as a nutrient‐stimulating primary production or a thermodynamically favorable electron acceptor fueling heterotrophic metabolism. Here, we used a controlled flow‐through reactor experiment to test the role of nitrate as an electron acceptor, and its effect on organic matter decomposition and the associated microbial community in salt marsh sediments. Organic matter decomposition significantly increased in response to nitrate, even at sediment depths typically considered resistant to decomposition. The use of isotope tracers suggests that this pattern was largely driven by stimulated denitrification. Nitrate addition also significantly altered the microbial community and decreased alpha diversity, selecting for taxa belonging to groups known to reduce nitrate and oxidize more complex forms of organic matter. Fourier Transform‐Infrared Spectroscopy further supported these results, suggesting that nitrate facilitated decomposition of complex organic matter compounds into more bioavailable forms. Taken together, these results suggest the existence of organic matter pools that only become accessible with nitrate and would otherwise remain stabilized in the sediment. The existence of such pools could have important implications for carbon storage, since greater decomposition rates as N loading increases may result in less overall burial of organic‐rich sediment. Given the extent of nitrogen loading along our coastlines, it is imperative that we better understand the resilience of salt marsh systems to nutrient enrichment, especially if we hope to rely on salt marshes, and other blue carbon systems, for long‐term carbon storage.