bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Phosphorus Availability Decreases Susceptibility of Tropical Primary Productivity to Droughts
Authors: Goll D. S. , Joetzjer E. , Huang M. , Ciais P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLarge uncertainties in the susceptibility of tropical forest productivity to precipitation changes hamper climate change projection. Interactions between the availabilities of water and phosphorus could theoretically either increase or decrease the susceptibility of tropical gas exchange to variation of precipitation. The inclusion of phosphorus‐water interactions in a land surface model reduces the coefficient of variance, a measure of variability, of biweekly gross primary productivity by a factor of 1.5–2.3 at three tropical forest sites in Brazil, bringing it closer to estimates from eddy covariance measurements and remote sensing. Soil drought conditions are attenuated due to 8–30% lower water consumption during wet periods in presence of phosphorus limitation. When soils are dry, plant phosphorus acquisition is impaired by reduced ion mobility, despite an increase in net phosphorus mineralization. We conclude that water‐phosphorus interactions cannot be omitted in analysis of the resilience of tropical ecosystems to precipitation changes.
Does Soil Moisture Affect Warm Season Precipitation Over the Southern Great Plains?
Authors: Welty J. , Zeng X. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNumerous observational and modeling studies have addressed the impact of soil moisture on subsequent precipitation (primarily its initiation), yet consensus remains elusive. Here we quantify the relationship between soil moisture and precipitation amplification over the U.S. Southern Great Plains. Warm season (June–September) days for the 2002–2011 period (with ~1220 total days) are partitioned into three dynamic regimes based on daily water vapor convergence, among which afternoon precipitation event days are identified based on simple criteria. We find that antecedent soil moisture conditions are negatively correlated with subsequent afternoon precipitation magnitude for low dynamic regimes, but this correlation becomes positive for high dynamic regimes. In contrast, this correlation is markedly reduced in magnitude and becomes insignificant when all regime days are considered. These results are also confirmed by analyzing the precipitation histogram and diurnal cycle. Furthermore, different pathways are provided for precipitation amplification for low and high dynamic regimes.
Temporal and Spatial Variations of Storm Time Midlatitude Ionospheric Trough Based on Global GNSS‐TEC and Arase Satellite Observations
Authors: Shinbori Atsuki , Otsuka Yuichi , Tsugawa Takuya , Nishioka Michi , Kumamoto Atsushi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Matsuda Shoya , Kasahara Yoshiya , Matsuoka Ayako , Ruohoniemi J. Michael , Shepherd Simon G. , Nishitani Nozomu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTemporal and spatial variations of the midlatitude ionospheric trough during a geomagnetic storm on 4 April 2017 have been investigated using Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data together with Arase satellite observations. After the geomagnetic storm commencement, the trough minimum location moves equatorward from 60 to 48° in geomagnetic latitude within 4 hr. The trough minimum location identified from the Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data is located near the footprint of an abrupt drop of electron density detected by the Arase High‐Frequency Analyzer instrument. The longitudinal variation of the trough minimum location shows a significant variation with a scale of 1,000–2,500 km during both storm and quiet times. This phenomenon has not yet been reported by previous studies. After the onset of the storm recovery phase, the trough minimum location rapidly moves poleward back to the quiet time location within 4 hr.
Impulsively Excited Nightside Ultralow Frequency Waves Simultaneously Observed on and off the Magnetic Equator
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Denton Richard E. , Motoba Tetsuo , Matsuoka Ayako , Kasaba Yasumasa , Kasahara Yoshiya , Teramoto Mariko , Shoji Masafumi , Takahashi Naoko , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Nosé Masahito , Kumamoto Atsushi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Redmon Robert J. , Rodriguez Juan V. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe Arase spacecraft is capable of observing ultralow frequency waves in the inner magnetosphere at intermediate magnetic latitudes, a region sparsely covered by previous spacecraft missions. We report a series of impulsively excited fundamental toroidal mode standing Alfvén waves in the midnight sector observed by Arase outside the plasmasphere at magnetic latitudes 13–24°. The wave onsets are concurrent with Pi2 onsets detected by the Van Allen Probe B spacecraft at the magnetic equator in the duskside plasmasphere and by ground magnetometers at low latitudes. The duration of each toroidal wave packet is ∼20 min, which is much longer than that of the corresponding Pi2 wave packet. The toroidal waves cannot be the source of high‐latitude Pi2 waves because they were not detected on the ground near the magnetic field footprint of Arase. Overall, the toroidal wave event lasted more than 2 hr and allowed us to use the wave frequency to estimate the plasma mass density at L = 6.1–8.3. The mass density (in amu/cm3) is higher than the electron density (cm−3) by a factor of ∼6, which implies that 17–33% of the ions were O+.
Spatial Variation in the Slip Zone Thickness of a Seismogenic Fault
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. D. , Shervais K. A. H. , Ronayne M. J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFault slip is predominantly localized onto narrow slip zones embedded within broader zones of fault rock and subsidiary damage. As earthquakes re‐rupture the same slip zone multiple times, the composition and geometry of the slip zone significantly affect dynamic processes. Here we use three large cross‐sectional exposures of an exhumed fault to show that the thickness of a slip zone that accommodated seismic slip varies by an order of magnitude over tens of meters along strike. Geostatistical analyses show that the thickness variations are characterized by a correlation length scale of ~1 m and a characteristic spacing of 2–4 m. We suggest that the spacing between regions of correlated thickness represents the dimension of contact asperities on the fault. Similar magnitude variations in slip zone thickness should be generic to faults in the brittle crust, implying that slip‐weakening mechanisms such as thermal pressurization are spatially variable during seismic slip.
Complex Faulting and Triggered Rupture During the 2018 MW7.9 Offshore Kodiak, Alaska, Earthquake
Authors: Ruppert N. A. , Rollins C. , Zhang A. , Meng L. , Holtkamp S. G. , West M. E. , Freymueller J. T. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe combine aftershock relocations, source mechanisms, teleseismicPwave backprojection, and Global Positioning System data inversion to constrain complex faulting geometry of the 2018 MW7.9 offshore Kodiak earthquake. Relocated aftershocks delineate several N‐S trends including a prominent 110‐km‐long segment, as well as broad NE‐SW trends. Global Positioning System modeling and backprojection indicate that the NE‐SW trending left‐lateral strike‐slip segments released most energy dominating far‐field crustal deformation and radiated wavefield. Backprojection infers fast E‐to‐W rupture propagations superimposed on a slower S‐to‐N migration. We propose a five‐segment model of the rupture that was partially driven by dynamic triggering.
The Gauging and Modeling of Rivers in the Sky
Authors: Lavers David A. , Rodwell Mark J. , Richardson David S. , Ralph F. Martin , Doyle James D. , Reynolds Carolyn A. , Tallapragada Vijay , Pappenberger Florian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are responsible for most of the horizontal water vapor flux outside of the tropics and can cause extreme precipitation and affect the atmospheric dynamics and predictability. For their impacts to be skillfully predicted, it is essential for weather forecasting systems to accurately represent AR characteristics. Using the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecasting System and dropsonde observations from the 2018 AR Reconnaissance field campaign over the Northeast Pacific Ocean, it is shown that the AR structure is modeled well but that short‐range water vapor flux forecasts have a root‐mean‐square error of 60.0 kgm−1 s−1 (21.9% of mean observed flux). These errors are most related to uncertainties in the winds near the top of the planetary boundary layer. The findings identify a potential barrier in the prediction of high‐impact weather and suggest an area where research should be focused to improve atmospheric forecast systems.
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: A conceptual non-replication
Authors: Burger Andreas M. , Van Diest Ilse , van der Does Willem , Hysaj Marsida , Thayer Julian F. , Brosschot Jos F. , Verkuil Bart 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTranscutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (tVNS) may accelerate fear extinction in healthy humans. Here, we aimed to investigate this hypothesis in healthy young participants in a prepared learning paradigm, using spider pictures as conditioned stimuli. After a fear conditioning phase, participants were randomly allocated to receive tVNS (final N = 42) or sham stimulation (final N = 43) during an extinction phase. Conditioned fear was assessed using US expectancy ratings, skin conductance and fear potentiated startle responses. After successful fear acquisition, participants in both groups showed a reduction of fear over the course of the extinction phase. There were no between-group differences in extinction rates for physiological indices of fear. Contrary to previous findings, participants in the tVNS condition also did not show accelerated declarative extinction learning. Participants in the tVNS condition did have lower initial US expectancy ratings for the CS− trials than those who received sham stimulation, which may indicate an enhanced processing of safety cues due to tVNS. In conclusion, the expected accelerated extinction due to tVNS was not observed. The results from this study call for more research on the optimal tVNS stimulation intensity settings.
Wave propagation in tunable lightweight tensegrity metastructure
Authors: Wang Y. T. , Liu X. N. , Zhu R. , Hu G. K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLightweight metastructures are designed consisting of prismatic tensegrity building blocks which have excellent strength-to-weight ratio and also enable unique compression-torsion coupling. A theoretical model with a coupled axial-torsional stiffness is first developed to study the band structures of the proposed lightweight metastructures. Then, various unit cell designs are investigated for bandgap generations at desired frequency ranges. Broadband full-wave attenuation is found in the tensegrity metastructure with special opposite-chirality. Furthermore, tunable stiffness in the prismatic tensegrity structure is investigated and ‘small-on-large’ tunability is achieved in the metastructure by harnessing the geometrically nonlinear deformation through an external control torque. Prestress adjustment is also investigated for fine tuning of the band structure. Finally, frequency response tests on the finite metastructures are preformed to validate their wave attenuation ability as well as their wave propagation tunability. The proposed tensegrity metastructures could be very useful in various engineering applications where lightweight and tunable structures with broadband vibration suspension and wave attenuation ability are in high demand.
Identification of a 57S translation complex containing closed-loop factors and the 60S ribosome subunit
Authors: Denis Clyde L. , Laue Thomas M. , Wang Xin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn eukaryotic translation the 60S ribosome subunit has not been proposed to interact with mRNA or closed-loop factors eIF4E, eIF4G, and PAB1. Using analytical ultracentrifugation with fluorescent detection system, we have identified a 57S translation complex that contains the 60S ribosome, mRNA, and the closed-loop factors. Previously published data by others also indicate the presence of a 50S-60S translation complex containing these same components. We have found that the abundance of this complex increased upon translational cessation, implying formation after ribosomal dissociation. Stoichiometric analyses of the abundances of the closed-loop components in the 57S complex indicate this complex is most similar to polysomal and monosomal translation complexes at the end of translation rather than at the beginning or middle of translation. In contrast, a 39S complex containing the 40S ribosome bound to mRNA and closed-loop factors was also identified with stoichiometries most similar to polysomal complexes engaged in translation, suggesting that the 39S complex is the previously studied 48S translation initiation complex. These results indicate that the 60S ribosome can associate with the closed-loop mRNA structure and plays a previously undetected role in the translation process.
Evaluation of an Explicit Intervention to Teach Novel Grammatical Forms to Children With Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Finestack Lizbeth H. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
Unlike traditional implicit approaches used to improve grammatical forms used by children with developmental language disorder, explicit instruction aims to make the learner consciously aware of the underlying language pattern. In this study, we compared the efficacy of an explicit approach to an implicit approach when teaching 3 novel grammatical forms varying in linguistic complexity.

Method
The study included twenty-five 5- to 8-year-old children with developmental language disorder, 13 of whom were randomized to receive an implicit-only (I-O) intervention whereas the remaining 12 participants were randomized to receive a combined explicit–implicit (E-I) intervention to learn 3 novel grammatical forms. On average, participants completed 4.5 teaching sessions for each form across 9 days. Acquisition was assessed during each teaching session. Approximately 9 days posttreatment for each form, participants completed probes to assess maintenance and generalization.

Results

Analyses revealed a meaningful and statistically significant learning advantage for the E-I group on acquisition, maintenance, and generalization measures when performance was collapsed across the 3 novel targets (
p
< .02, Φs > 0.60). Significant differences between the groups, with the E-I group outperforming the I-O group, only emerged for 1 of the 3 target forms. However, all effect sizes ranged from medium to large (Φs = 0.25–0.76), and relative risk calculations all exceeded 0, indicating a greater likelihood of learning the target form with E-I instruction than I-O instruction.

Conclusions
Study findings indicate that, as compared to implicit instruction, children are more likely to acquire, maintain, and generalize novel grammatical forms when taught with explicit instruction. Further research is needed to evaluate the use of explicit instruction when teaching true grammatical forms to children with language impairment.
Tri‐band dual‐polarised omnidirectional antenna with high isolation for unmanned aerial vehicle applications
Authors: Gong Qing , Li Rong Lin , Cui Yuehui 
Published: July 2018

A new tri‐band dual‐polarised omnidirectional antenna is proposed. The dual‐polarised antenna consists of a metal cuboid body with a vertical slot for horizontal polarisation (HP) and a rectangular back metal cavity with two folded horizontal slots for vertical polarisation (VP). A metal HP feedline is employed to coupling feed the vertical slot while a metal VP feedline is used to excite the two horizontal slots. Due to the coupling feed and the orthogonality between the vertical and horizontal slots, the dual‐polarised antenna features three bands and a high isolation. Experimental results show that the tri‐band dual‐polarised antenna covers the Chinese Unmanned Aircraft System bands (840.5–845, 1430–1444 and 2408–2440 MHz) with reflection coefficients <−10 dB and isolation >32 dB. Good omnidirectional radiation patterns are observed for both HP and VP.
Percutaneous Treatment Options of Lower Urinary Tract Fistulas and Leakages
Authors: Kuetting Daniel , Pieper Claus 
Published: July 2018

Background Lower urinary tract fistulas are currently a rather rare, but severe condition associated with considerable morbidity. Treatment is challenging, especially in fistulas caused by pelvic malignancy or radiation therapy. Surgical treatment attempts fail in a considerable number of patients, especially in those with pelvic malignancies/prior radiation therapy or are precluded altogether due to severe comorbidity. For such patients percutaneous approaches can provide alternative treatment.
Method This review is based on case studies and case reports dealing with percutaneous treatment options of lower urinary tract fistulas and leakages from the past four decades (1979 – 2017). The included techniques were ureteral fulguration, tissue adhesive-based embolization, non-detachable and detachable balloon occlusion, ureteral coiling, ureteral clipping, silicone or nylon plug as well as modified vascular plug embolization.
Results and Conclusion Percutaneous treatment options of lower urinary tract fistulas and leakages allow for either permanent or temporary, instant ureteral occlusion. In general, transrenal ureteral occlusion is a safe and reliable alternative to surgical treatment of ureteral fistulas and leakages. So far, no technique has been proven to be superior to the others. Depending on the underlying disease, the optimal percutaneous technique may vary and should be chosen according to the individual needs of the patients.
Key Points
Citation Format
The “Sparti” splint for rehabilitation of extensor tendon injuries in zones V-VII
Authors: Mouzopoulos George , Vlachos Christos , Ampadiotaki Margarita , Tsembeli Anastasia 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDynamic splinting is a well-known method for maintaining finger movement after ruptures of the extensor tendons. We describe a simple, inexpensive and
easy-to-construct modification of a dynamic splint, called the “Sparti” splint, suitable for a six-week period of rehabilitation of injured extensor tendons in
zones V-VII.
Interrater-Reliabilität bei der Beurteilung von Skaphoidfrakturen in CT-Aufnahmen des Skaphoids in der Ebene des Handgelenkes vs. in der
Ebene der langen Achse des Skaphoids
Authors: Wieschollek Stefanie , Kalb Karl-Heinz , Christopoulos Georgios , Geue Roland , Schmitt Rainer , Prommersberger Karl-Josef 
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Das Skaphoid gilt aufgrund seiner besonderen Form, Größe und Lage im Karpus als der Grundpfeiler der Handwurzel mit einer außerordentlich
wichtigen Funktion für die Biomechanik. Bei Frakturen kommt daher der genauen Evaluation der Frakturmorphologie eine hohe Bedeutung zu. Diesbezüglich gelten
Computertomografie -(CT)-Aufnahmen in der langen Achse des Skaphoids bereits seit längerem als Standard unter Experten, jedoch hat sich die Methode noch nicht
als flächendeckender Standard durchgesetzt, und eine ausreichende Studienlage bezüglich der Überlegenheit dieser Aufnahmetechnik fehlt.
Ziel Ziel dieser retrospektiven Studie war es zu prüfen, ob die Übereinstimmungsrate bei der Beurteilung von Skaphoidfrakturen bezüglich der Morphologie
zwischen den Beurteilern bei CT-Aufnahmen in der langen Achse des Skaphoids höher ist als bei CT-Aufnahmen in der Ebene des Handgelenkes und somit als
aussagekräftiger gewertet warden kann.
Methode Zwischen 01/2014 und 04/2016 wurde bei 42 Patienten mit frischer Kahnbeinfraktur ein CT in der langen Achse des Skaphoids durchgeführt. Aus diesen
CT-Aufnahmen wurden Rekonstruktionen in der Handgelenksebene angefertigt. Die Bilder dieser 84 Fälle wurden anonymisiert und randomisiert. Sie wurden 4
Beurteilern vorgelegt (2 Handchirurgen, 2 Radiologen). Diese wurden gebeten die Bilder zu beurteilen bezüglich: Lokalisation der Fraktur, Humpback, seitlichem
Versatz und Herbert-Klassifikation. Die Chirurgen sollten zusätzlich entscheiden, ob sie einen palmaren oder dorsalen Zugang sowie eine offene oder perkutane
Technik wählen würden. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte durch eine unabhängige Statistikerin zwischen 2 und 4 Beurteilern.
Ergebnisse In allen evaluierten Parametern fand sich eine höhere Übereinstimmungsrate der Beurteiler im CT entlang der langen Achse des Skaphoids, wobei
sich jedoch nur für die Humpback-Deformität eine Signifikanz nachweisen ließ.
Schlussfolgerung Zur Evaluation und Beurteilung von Skaphoidfrakturen sind CT-Aufnahmen entlang der langen Skaphoidachse reliabler als CT-Aufnahmen in der
Handgelenksebene und daher zu bevorzugen.
The Erythrina Protease Inhibitor: Interactions with Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Heussen-Schemmer Christa , Merrifield Edwin H , Dowdle Eugene B D 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe Kunitz-type trypsin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)-inhibitor from Erythrina caffra seeds was cleaved by trypsin at low pH to yield a disulphide linked two-chain molecule with reduced hydrophobicity. This change was used to separate cleaved from native inhibitor by phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. The inhibitor was not cleaved by t-PA. Trypsin, but not t-PA, catalysed resynthesis of the cleaved bond.Although the cleaved protein retained inhibitory activity for both trypsin and t-PA, 6-10 times higher concentrations were required for equivalent inhibition.Removal of the active site arginine (Arg63) from the cleaved inhibitor by digestion with carboxypeptidase B resulted in a further loss of inhibitory activity towards both proteases. The activity of the inhibitor could also be decreased by modification of one susceptible arginine residue with peptidyl arginine deiminase. These results suggest that the trypsin-reactive site of the Erythrina inhibitor is also involved in the interaction between the inhibitor and t-PA.
Extrinsic Activation of Human Coagulation Factors IX and X on the Endothelial Surface
Authors: Bom Victor J J , van Hinsbergh Victor W M , Reinalda-Poot Hanneke H , Mohanlal Ramon W , Bertina Rogier M 
Published: July 2018

SummaryIn previous kinetic studies, the catalytic efficiency of the activation of human coagulation factors IX and X by factor VIIa in the presence of purified tissue factor apoprotein was found to be essentially equal. These activation reactions were now studied on the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The cells were stimulated with endotoxin to express tissue factor. This tissue factor activity was saturable with factor VIIa and could be inhibited by rabbit antibodies against human tissue factor apoprotein. Only stimulated cells supported factor VIIa activity. No difference in the reactivity of factor VII and VIIa was observed in the presence of factor X, due to rapid feedback activation of factor VII by factor Xa. However, the activation of factor IX by factor VII shows a 10 min lag-phase, which reflects that the activation of factor VII by factor IXa is a less efficient process. The kinetic parameters for the factor VIIa dependent activation of factor IX and factor X on the endothelial surface were: Km 0.09 εM, Vmax 0.13 pmol/min, and Km 0.071 εM, Vmax 0.41 pmol/min, respectively. The same ratio between the Vmax for factor X and factor IX activation was observed as in a cell free system. However, the Km of factor IX was 4-fold higher on the endothelial surface than in the cell free system. Together, these kinetic parameters will favour factor X activation 5-fold over factor IX activation at physiological concentrations of these proteins.The activation of factor X by factor VIIa on the endothelial surface was characterized by a short lag-phase, which was absent in factor IX activation. Further, both the activation of factor X and factor IX were down regulated by factor Xa.