bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caste ratio adjustments in response to perceived and realised competition in parasites with division of labour
Authors: Lagrue Clément , MacLeod Colin D. , Keller Laurent , Poulin Robert 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Colonial organisms with division of labour are assumed to achieve increased colony‐level efficiency in task performance through functional specialisation of individuals into distinct castes. In social insects, ratios of individuals in different castes can adjust adaptively in response to external threats. However, whether flexibility in caste ratio also occurs in other social organisms with division of labour remains unclear. Some parasitic trematodes, in which clonal colonies within the snail intermediate host comprise a reproductive caste and a soldier caste, offer good systems to test the general nature of adaptive caste ratio adjustments.

Using the trematode Philophthalmus sp. as model, we test whether trematode colonies shift their composition towards more soldiers when exposed to a sustained risk of invasion by a competitor parasite species, and/or when experiencing sustained, active competition. We also quantify the colony‐level fitness impact of caste ratio adjustments, measured as the colony's output of larval infective stages.

We conducted two long‐term laboratory experiments on within‐snail trematode colonies. First, snails harbouring Philophthalmus colonies were exposed to different levels of invasion risk by another trematode species, Maritrema novaezealandense. Second, the structure of Philophthalmus colonies was quantified after a year‐long period of within‐snail competition with the other trematode species.

When facing the risk of invasion by a competitor, independently of the level of risk, Philophthalmus colonies showed a significant shift towards producing more soldiers, resulting in altered caste ratio. Similarly, when experiencing actual competition by another trematode established in the same snail, Philophthalmus colonies also adjusted by producing significantly more soldiers. Greater investments in defense via more soldiers had negative impacts on the establishment and size of the competitor's colonies. Nevertheless, the presence of the competitor reduced the fitness (output of infective stages) of Philophthalmus colonies, although the production of more soldiers mitigated that effect.

Our findings demonstrate that trematode colonies with division of labour are capable of adaptive caste ratio adjustments in response to both the perceived threat of competition and actual competition, with trade‐offs against reproductive success only apparent when soldier numbers are very high. Combined with results on social insects, our study suggests parallel adaptations of colonial organisms in phylogenetically disparate organisms.
Association between adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet with food security and weight status in adult women
Authors: Tabibian Saeideh , Daneshzad Elnaz , Bellissimo Nick , Brett Neil R. , Dorosty‐Motlagh Ahmad R. , Azadbakht Leila 
Published: June 2018

AimTo investigate the association between adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet with food security and weight status in adult women.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was carried out in 227 women—20–50 years of age—who were referred from 10 health centres. Dietary intakes were assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires. The DASH score was calculated using the Fung method based on eight food and nutrient components (high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes, low‐fat dairy, low intakes of red and processed meats, sweetened beverages and sodium). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) household food security questionnaire was used to assess food security status.ResultsThe prevalence of food insecurity was 33.9%. A greater percentage of overweight and obese people were in the food insecure group (P = 0.006). In addition, the prevalence of overweight and obese people was lower with greater adherence to the DASH dietary pattern (P = 0.017). After controlling for age and energy intake, participants in the highest tertile of adherence to DASH diet had 66% lower odds of overweight and obesity than those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio (OR): 0.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15; 0.79). This relationship of DASH diet tertile and overweight and obesity was significant for both food secure women (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.23; 0.97) and food insecure women (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.06; 0.42).ConclusionsAdherence to the DASH diet is associated with a reduced risk of overweight and obesity, based on body mass index, in both food secure and insecure Iranian women.
CLASS TENSIONS IN THE GAMES OF HOMER: EPEIUS, EURYALUS, ODYSSEUS, AND IROS
Authors: SCANLON THOMAS F. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThree contest scenes in Homer reveal a thematic concern with class tension: the two contests with Epeius in Iliad 23, Odysseus's encounter with Euryalus in Odyssey 8, and Odysseus's boxing match with Iros in Odyssey 18. Epeius is a comic scapegoat who succeeds in challenging the elite Euryalus, boasts ineptly, and is later ridiculed. Odysseus in Odyssey 8 is also challenged by a (different) nobleman named Euryalus, whom Odysseus rebukes, saying that a man cannot be skilled in all things and that one ought not judge by appearances. The &#x91;skilled man&#x92; phrase found both in the Epeius episode and in that with Odysseus (Il. 23.670–71; Od. 8. 59–60), highlights the intertextuality and focuses on the theme of merit over appearances. Finally the Iros–Odysseus boxing match parodies and parallels the above epic-challenge scenes. Each episode fosters consideration of the essential ambiguity of class relations in the period of transition to the polis c. 700 bce.
IN THE SHADOW OF PRAISE: EPINICIAN LOSERS AND EPINICIAN POETICS
Authors: MILLER PETER J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhile athletic competition relies on comparison (the necessary similarity of opponents, rules, conditions of victory), epinician poetry claims superlative fame and similarly singular victors. By addressing all explicit and implicit instances of losers and losing, and by paying close attention to epinician language (particularly boasts and litotes), this article deconstructs the naturalized binary of winner/loser in the poetry of Pindar and Bacchylides. Athletic competition, which is structured around similarity, problematizes the matchless fame of epinican and therefore epinician poetry, paradoxically, must work against the essential elements of the very action (i.e., sporting victory) that it purports to celebrate.
WHEN ATHLETIC VICTORY AND FATHERHOOD DID MIX: THE COMMEMORATION OF DIAGORAS OF RHODES
Authors: NICHOLSON NIGEL 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe fame of the great boxer Diagoras of Rhodes was intimately, and uniquely, bound up with the fame of his children: for no other classical or archaic victor were his children so central to his own commemoration. This paper will explore that centrality, showing the extent to which Diagoras’ portrayal across all media — not only in epinician and sculptural dedications, but also in the oral tradition — was unique in emphasizing his status as a father, and seek to explain the choice. I will argue that the portrayal of Diagoras as a father, subject to the normal biological rhythms of life, signified a particular type of politics that favored networking and connections between cities, promoting, in particular, the synoecism of Rhodes’ three cities.
GAMES, CONTESTS, AND THE IDEA OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY IN EARLY GREEK AND ROMAN CHILDHOOD
Authors: WEILER INGOMAR 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis contribution discusses some topics concerning the physical activities of young children in ancient Greek society, especially games and contests. In Greek terminology and in general language use, these children are denoted as bréphos, paidíon or paidískē and paidískos. Paidíon is a term for a young child generally less than seven years and paīs for the age of seven up to fourteen years. Several Greek and Roman authors inform us about the games, contests, and the educational program for this age-category (i.e., before boys go to the gymnasium). The following texts discuss some examples of games and physical exercise in early childhood: Plato, Protagoras 325c–326c, Leges 794c–808c; Ps.-Plato, Axiochus 366–7; Aeschines, Kata Timarchou 9–12; Aristotle, Politika 1336a9–15 and 8.1338b40–1339a7; Horatius Flaccus, Ars Poetica 409–14; Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 1.1.20; Plutarch, Lycurgus 14; Pausanias 5.16.2; Flavius Philostratos, Peri gymnastikes 25, 28 and Vitae sophistarum 1.21.
Baclofen for alcohol use disorder—a systematic meta‐analysis
Authors: Bschor T. , Henssler J. , Müller M. , Baethge C. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of baclofen vs. placebo for long‐term treatment of alcohol use disorder.MethodSystematic review and meta‐analysis following methods of the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook (PROSPERO registration: CRD42017073663). Primary outcome was the random‐effects summary estimate of all standardized mean differences (SMDs), as calculated from the primary outcomes of each study.ResultsFourteen double‐blind RCTs (1522 patients) were included. Heterogeneity was substantial for most analyses (I2 about 75%). Baclofen showed a small, but not statistically significant superiority over placebo: SMD = 0.22 ([95% CI: −0.03; 0.47], P = 0.09). This result was supported by a leave‐one‐out‐analysis, and Orwin's fail‐safe N, by predefined secondary analyses (on abstinence rates and amount of drinking), and by a post hoc‐analysis of high‐dose studies (>80 mg/day). An analysis of low risk of bias studies (SMD = 0.10 [−0.20; 0.41], P = 0.51, I2 = 43.3%) found no effect. Exclusion of four studies focusing on patients with comorbidity yielded a small positive effect. Drop‐out rates were similar.ConclusionOur results question baclofen's utility in the long‐term treatment of alcohol use disorder at both normal and high doses. While the confidence intervals indicate that marginally harmful or moderately beneficial effects of baclofen remain a possibility, the most likely effect size is slightly above placebo effects.
Accumbens brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transmission inhibits cocaine seeking
Authors: Bobadilla Ana‐Clara , Garcia‐Keller Constanza , Chareunsouk Victoria , Hyde Jeffrey , Medina Camacho Daniela , Heinsbroek Jasper A. , Kalivas Peter W. 
Published: June 2018

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates a variety of physiological processes, and several studies have explored the role of BDNF in addiction‐related brain regions like the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore). We sought to understand the rapid effects of endogenous BDNF on cocaine seeking. Rats were trained to self‐administer cocaine and extinguished. We then microinjected two inhibitors of BDNF stimulation of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), the non‐competitive receptor antagonist ANA‐12 and TrkB/Fc, a fusion protein that binds BDNF and prevents TrkB stimulation. Blocking TrkB or inactivating BDNF in NAcore potentiated active lever pressing, showing that endogenous BDNF tone was present and supplying inhibitory tone on cue‐induced reinstatement. To determine if exogenous BDNF also negatively regulated reinstatement, BDNF was microinjected into NAcore 15 minutes before cue‐induced reinstatement. BDNF decreased cocaine seeking through TrkB receptor binding, but had no effect on inactive lever pressing, spontaneous or cocaine‐induced locomotion, or on reinstated sucrose seeking. BDNF‐infusion potentiated within trial extinction when microinjected in the NAcore during cue‐ and context + cue induced reinstatement, and the inhibition of lever pressing lasted at least 3 days post injection. Although decreased reinstatement endured for 3 days when BDNF was administered prior to a reinstatement session, when microinjected before an extinction session or in the home cage, BDNF did not alter subsequent cued‐reinstatement. Together, these data show that endogenous BDNF acts on TrKB to provide inhibitory tone on reinstated cocaine seeking, and this effect was recapitulated by exogenous BDNF.
The cost of helping: An exploration of compassionate responding in children
Authors: Green Mitchell , Kirby James N. , Nielsen Mark 
Published: June 2018

Children engage in prosocial behaviour from an early age. Whether children will reliably provide compassionate help to a suffering individual is unclear. To investigate this, 73 4‐years‐olds were presented with three novel tasks in which they and a puppet had opportunity to win stickers by completing respective versions of the same tasks. In all cases, the puppets were unable to complete their tasks. The puppets ‘reacted’ by being either upset or not upset. While children provided help when it did not cost them, their inclination to do so was significantly diminished when it incurred a personal cost.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Children are generally prosocial and altruistic.

Personal cost can inhibit prosocial helping in children.

What does this study add?

We created two conditions (distress vs. no distress) and (cost vs. no cost) to examine the difference between prosocial and compassionate helping.

We obtained first evidence that children will not respond compassionately when incurring a personal cost.
Activation of GPR55 increases neural stem cell proliferation and promotes early adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Hill Jeremy D , Zuluaga‐Ramirez Viviana , Gajghate Sachin , Winfield Malika , Persidsky Yuri 
Published: June 2018

Background and PurposeThe cannabinoid system exerts functional regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and adult neurogenesis, yet not all effects of cannabinoid‐like compounds seen can be attributed to the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) or CB2 receptor. The recently de‐orphaned GPR55 has been shown to be activated by numerous cannabinoid ligands suggesting that GPR55 is a third cannabinoid receptor. Here, we examined the role of GPR55 activation in NSC proliferation and early adult neurogenesis.Experimental ApproachThe effects of GPR55 agonists (LPI, O‐1602, ML184) on human (h) NSC proliferation in vitro were assessed by flow cytometry. Human NSC differentiation was determined by flow cytometry, qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Immature neuron formation in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 and GPR55−/− mice was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Key ResultsActivation of GPR55 significantly increased proliferation rates of hNSCs in vitro. These effects were attenuated by ML193, a selective GPR55 antagonist. ML184 significantly promoted neuronal differentiation in vitro while ML193 reduced differentiation rates as compared to vehicle treatment. Continuous administration of O‐1602 into the hippocampus via a cannula connected to an osmotic pump resulted in increased Ki67+ cells within the dentate gyrus. O‐1602 increased immature neuron generation, as assessed by DCX+ and BrdU+ cells, as compared to vehicle‐treated animals. GPR55−/− animals displayed reduced rates of proliferation and neurogenesis within the hippocampus while O‐1602 had no effect as compared to vehicle controls.Conclusions and ImplicationsTogether, these findings suggest GPR55 activation as a novel target and strategy to regulate NSC proliferation and adult neurogenesis.
Metal hypersensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implant complications—A retrospective clinical study
Authors: Furrer Stefan , Scherer Hofmeier Kathrin , Grize Leticia , Bircher Andreas J. 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundHypersensitivity to metals as a cause of implant‐related complications has been a subject of controversy. Projections indicate an increase in the frequency of joint replacements of between 300% and 600% by the year 2030; therefore, this issue is of considerable interest.ObjectiveTo evaluate sensitization to implant materials in patients with implant‐related complications, to identify allergens, and to clarify whether hypersensitivity is a relevant cause.MethodsPatients with implant‐related complications or a positive history of contact allergy and planned total joint replacements referred for allergological investigation between 2004 and 2017 were retrospectively analysed.ResultsIn total, 311 patients were included. A positive patch test reaction to a metal was seen in 64.4% of preoperative patients and in 54.6% of patients with implant‐related complications. Common alloy metals such as cobalt, chromium and titanium gave positive reactions in up to 2.9% of patients with implant‐related complications. None of the patients with skin changes had a positive patch test reaction to an implant metal.ConclusionOther factors, such as the type of replaced joint and mechanical stress, seem to be more relevant for implant‐related complications. Sensitization to metals or other materials seems to rarely play a role, and is overestimated.
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by acrylic‐based medical dressings and adhesives
Authors: Mestach Lien , Huygens Sara , Goossens An , Gilissen Liesbeth 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundAcrylates and methacrylates are acrylic resin monomers that are known to induce skin sensitization as a result of their presence in different materials, such as nail cosmetics, dental materials, printing inks, and adhesives. Allergic contact dermatitis resulting from the use of modern wound dressings containing them has only rarely been reported.ObjectivesTo describe 2 patients who developed allergic contact dermatitis caused by acrylic‐based modern medical dressings and/or adhesives.MethodsThe medical charts of patients consulting since 1990 were retrospectively reviewed for (meth)acrylate allergy resulting from contact with such materials, and their demographic characteristics and patch test results were analysed.ResultsTwo patients were observed in 2014 and 2016 who had presented with positive patch test reactions to several acrylic‐based dressings and/or adhesive materials, and to several (meth)acrylates, that is, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, bisphenol A‐glycidyl methacrylate/epoxy‐acrylate, urethane diacrylate, and/or penta‐erythritol acrylate.ConclusionsAllergic contact dermatitis needs to be considered in patients with eczematous reactions or delayed healing following the use of acrylic‐based modern dressings or adhesives. However, identification of the culprit allergen is hampered by poor cooperation from the producers, so adequate labelling of medical devices is an urgent necessity.
The Informal Economy as a Site of Liquidity: Pakistan's Land Market
Authors: Settle Antonia C. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTBased on extensive fieldwork, this article examines new informality in Pakistan's land market by which vacant plots of land are transacted informally between market actors in rapidly reversed short‐term holdings. The analysis pivots around the changing economic environment in Pakistan with the shift from heavy regulation of money and controlled pricing, to the liberalization of money and markets. The author explores how liquidity is taken up as a microeconomic strategy to protect against new financial risk in this environment, and how this is played out as a preference for informal transactions. These practices inform a case study that contributes to the established literature on the links between globalization and the informal economy by articulating a driver of growing informal transactions that is novel to the literature.
Glycaemic status and depressive symptoms among adults in Germany: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1)
Authors: Weikert B. , Buttery A. K. , Heidemann C. , Rieckmann N. , Paprott R. , Maske U. E. , Scheidt‐Nave C. , Busch M. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimsTo examine the association between glycaemic status and depressive symptoms in a nationwide sample of the adult population in Germany.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of data from 6385 participants aged 18–79 years in the nationwide German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults 2008–2011 (DEGS1). Glycaemic status was classified as follows: diagnosed diabetes (self‐reported diagnosis or receiving antidiabetes medication); undiagnosed diabetes (HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol [≥6.5%]); prediabetes (HbA1c 39–47 mmol/mol [5.7–6.4%]); or normoglycaemia (HbA1c <39 mmol/mol [<5.7%]). Current depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ‐9) and defined as elevated depressive symptoms (PHQ‐9 score ≥10 points; dichotomous variable) and severity of depressive symptoms (PHQ‐9 score, range 0–27 points; continuous variable). Associations of glycaemic status and HbA1c with both depressive symptoms variables were analysed using multivariable logistic (elevated depressive symptoms) and linear (severity of depressive symptoms) regression models.ResultsCompared with normoglycaemia, diagnosed diabetes, but not prediabetes or undiagnosed diabetes, was associated with elevated depressive symptoms (odds ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.00–2.41) and severity of depressive symptoms (β coefficient 0.71, 95% CI 0.23–1.19) in models adjusting for sociodemographics and health behaviours. Associations were similar among people with diagnosed diabetes taking and not taking antidiabetes medication. Among people without diagnosed diabetes, no associations between HbA1c and depressive symptoms were found.ConclusionsDiagnosed diabetes, but not prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes or HbA1c, was associated with depressive symptoms among adults in Germany. Studies examining psychosocial and biological mechanisms that may potentially explain relationships between diagnosed diabetes and depressive symptoms are needed.
In vitro tooth reattachment techniques: A systematic review
Authors: de Sousa Amanda Pinto Bandeira Rodrigues , França Kamilla , de Lucas Rezende Liliana Vicente Melo , do Nascimento Poubel Déborah Lousan , Almeida Julio César Franco , de Toledo Isabela Porto , Garcia Fernanda Cristina Pimentel 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground/AimsFragment reattachment is a procedure that offers advantages, such as preservation of tooth structure and maintenance of color, shape, and translucency of the original tooth. The aim of this study was to analyze the reattachment techniques used to restore anterior teeth fractured by trauma.Materials and MethodsThe PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were searched in October 2016, and the search was updated in February 2017. A search of the gray literature was performed in Google Scholar and OpenGrey. Reference lists of eligible studies were evaluated to identify additional studies. Two authors assessed studies for inclusion and extracted the data. In vitro studies that evaluated permanent human teeth fractured by trauma were included.ResultsTwenty‐one studies remained after screening. The bond strength between the fragment and the crown was evaluated in 119 experimental groups. Ten different techniques were evaluated as follows: no preparation, chamfer, bevel, anchors, overcontour, internal groove, no preparation associated with chamfer after reattachment, fragment dentin removal associated with chamfer after reattachment, bevel associated with overcontour, and groove associated with shoulder. Five different materials were used to reattach the fragment: bonding system, luting composite resin, flowable composite, microhybrid composite, and nanocomposite.ConclusionFragment reattachment using a technique with no preparation and an adhesive system associated with an intermediate composite with good mechanical properties can restore part of the resistance of the fractured tooth.