bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic Responses of Turf‐forming Red Macroalgae to High CO2 Conditions
Authors: McCoy Sophie J. , Santillán‐Sarmiento Alex , Brown Murray T. , Widdicombe Stephen , Wheeler Glen L. 
Published: September 2019

Seaweeds are important components of near‐shore ecosystems as primary producers, foundation species, and biogeochemical engineers. Seaweed communities are likely to alter under predicted climate change scenarios. We tested the physiological responses of three perennial, turf‐building, intertidal rhodophytes, Mastocarpus stellatus, Osmundea pinnatifida, and the calcified Ellisolandia elongata, to elevated pCO2 over 6 weeks. Responses varied between these three species. E. elongata was strongly affected by high pCO2, whereas non‐calcified species were not. Elevated pCO2 did not induce consistent responses of photosynthesis and respiration across these three species. While baseline photophysiology differed significantly between species, we found few clear effects of elevated pCO2 on this aspect of macroalgal physiology. We found effects of within‐species variation in elevated pCO2 response in M. stellatus, but not in the other species. Overall, our data confirm the sensitivity of calcified macroalgae to elevated pCO2, but we found no evidence suggesting that elevated pCO2 conditions will have a strong positive or negative impact on photosynthetic parameters in non‐calcified macroalgae.
C‐terminal phosphorylation of latrophilin‐1/ADGRL1 affects the interaction between its fragments
Authors: Rahman M. Atiqur , Manser Catherine , Benlaouer Ouafa , Suckling Jason , Blackburn Jennifer K. , Silva John‐Paul , Ushkaryov Yuri A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLatrophilin‐1 is an adhesion G protein–coupled receptor that mediates the effect of α‐latrotoxin, causing massive release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals and endocrine cells. Autoproteolysis cleaves latrophilin‐1 into two parts: the extracellular N‐terminal fragment (NTF) and the heptahelical C‐terminal fragment (CTF). NTF and CTF can exist as independent proteins in the plasma membrane, but α‐latrotoxin binding to NTF induces their association and G protein–mediated signaling. We demonstrate here that CTF in synapses is phosphorylated on multiple sites. Phosphorylated CTF has a high affinity for NTF and copurifies with it on affinity columns and sucrose density gradients. Dephosphorylated CTF has a lower affinity for NTF and can behave as a separate protein. α‐Latrotoxin (and possibly other ligands of latrophilin‐1) binds both to the NTF–CTF complex and receptor‐like protein tyrosine phosphatase σ, bringing them together. This leads to CTF dephosphorylation and facilitates CTF release from the complex. We propose that ligand‐dependent phosphorylation‐dephosphorylation of latrophilin‐1 could affect the interaction between its fragments and functions as a G protein–coupled receptor.
Changes or Cross‐National Differences? Effects of Economic Inequality on Protest Participation
Authors: Kołczyńska Marta 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveThe association between economic inequality and protest participation has attracted much scholarly attention, and yet empirical tests of this association remain unsatisfactory.MethodsApplying a multilevel model to the eight‐wave repeated cross‐sectional data set from the European Social Survey, analyses presented in this article distinguish between cross‐national and longitudinal differences in economic inequality to investigate their effects on protest participation.ResultsMost of the observed effect of economic inequality on participation is due to between‐country differences rather than within‐country changes in inequality.ConclusionThe results do not support theories according to which protest participation is causally related to economic inequality.
Environmental Sustainability of Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon Nanowires for Lithium-Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Wang Fenfen , Gao Xianfeng , Ma Lulu , Yuan Chris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with three different average diameters of 90, 120, and 140 nm were synthesized by a metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) method. Environmental sustainability of the MACE process was studied by investigating material consumptions, gas emissions, and silver nanoparticle concentrations in nitric acid solutions for 1 g of SiNWs and 1 kW h of lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes. It was found that the process for 90 nm SiNWs has the best sustainability performance compared with the other two processes. Specifically, in this study for 1 g of 90 nm SiNWs, 8.845 g of Si wafer is consumed, 1.09 g of H2 and 1.04 g of NO are produced, and 54.807 mg of Ag nanoparticles are found in the HNO3 solution. Additionally, for 1 kW h of LIB electrodes, the process for 90 nm SiNWs results in 1.943 kg of Si wafer consumption, 239.455 g of H2 and 239.455 g of NO emissions, and 12.040 g of Ag nanoparticles concentrations. By quantitatively investigating the material consumptions and emissions, this study assesses the sustainability performance of the MACE process for synthesizing SiNWs for use in LIBs, and thus it provides process data for the analysis and the development of sustainable production methods for SiNWs and similar anode materials for next-generation LIBs.
Modeling Renewable Energy Integration in the 2030 Portuguese Power System: The Role of Energy Storage
Authors: Ramos Ricardo , Castro Rui 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The main goal of this work is to study the role of energy storage in the context of the Portuguese power system by the year 2030. Portugal is one of the countries in the world with more installed energy storage capacity, namely pumped hydro storage (PHS). The simulations are performed with energyplan tool and allow us to predict the energy mix in Portugal by the year 2030; to forecast the utilization of the storage capacity, namely projections for the energy produced by PHS; to estimate CO2 emissions and percentage of renewable energy sources (RES) utilization; to assess the necessary storage capacity to avoid renewable curtailment; and to evaluate the future needs of installing further storage capacity, either with more PHS capacity or with the introduction of batteries. PHS revealed that it is important to avoid the curtailment of renewable energy, especially in a scenario of higher RES shares. It is shown that the increase in RES contribution would decrease the overall costs of the system, leading to thinking that further efforts should be made to increase the RES installed capacity and go beyond the official RES predictions for 2030. It is also concluded that the predicted storage capacity for 2030 can accommodate the expected increase in variable renewable generation without any further need for investments in PHS or battery solutions.
Effect of Three-Dimensional Printing With Nanotubes on Impact and Fatigue Resistance
Authors: Schmitz Anne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The types of biomedical devices that can be three-dimensional printed (3DP) are limited by the mechanical properties of the resulting materials. As a result, much research has been focused on adding carbon nanotubes (CNT) to these photocurable polymers to make them stronger. The objective of this study was to expand the use of 3DP to prosthetics by testing the hypothesis that adding CNTs to a stereolithographic (SLA) photocurable resin will result in a cured polymer with increased impact and fatigue resistance. For impact testing, twenty-six total specimens, 13 with nanotubes and 13 without nanotubes, were printed on a Form2 SLA printer. Once all the specimens were printed, washed, and cured, the impact resistance was quantified using a pendulum impact tester using a notched Izod configuration. Similarly, twelve R. R. Moore fatigue specimens were printed, washed, and cured. The specimens with SWCNTs (0.312 ± 0.036 ft lb/in.) had a significantly lower impact resistance compared to the non-SWCNT specimens (0.364 ± 0.055 ft lb/in.), U = 34.0, p = 0.004. Adding SWCNTs also reduced the short cycle fatigue life (i.e., 103) from 3.1 × 5 to 8.8 × 3 psi and increased the endurance limit from 0.4 to 3.0 × 3 psi. If used for creating a foot prosthetic, the non-SWCNT polymer would last 2919 cycles while the SWCNT mixture would last <1 cycle. Therefore, SLA polymers do not yet have the impact and fatigue resistance capabilities to be used for prosthetic feet.
Using Accelerometers to Identify Regular Activity Breaks
Authors: Peddie Meredith C. , Reeves Matthew , Keown Millie K. , Perry Tracy L. , Skeaff C. Murray 
Published: September 2019

Background: Regular activity breaks positively impact markers of cardiometabolic health when performed in a laboratory. However, identifying compliance to a free-living regular activity breaks intervention is challenging, particularly if intensity is prescribed. Methods: This study had two parts. In Part A, 20 participants performed activity breaks similar to those shown to impart health benefits while wearing an ActiGraph and activPAL accelerometer, and a heart rate monitor. In Part B, the threshold found to identify these activities was used to identify the activity breaks performed by 78 sedentary, university employees wearing an ActiGraph accelerometer for seven days. Results: A cut-point of 1,000 vector magnitude counts per minute accurately identified activity breaks performed in the laboratory. Applying this cut-point to data collected in free living, sedentary participants identified, on average, seven activity breaks were being performed during work-hours. Conclusions: Using a cut-point of 1,000 vector magnitude counts per minute will identify activity breaks of a similar intensity to those found to elicit acute cardiometabolic benefit. Sedentary university employees may benefit from interventions to increase the number of activity breaks performed across their entire day.
Time Drift Considerations When Using GPS and Accelerometers
Authors: Steel Chelsea , Bejarano Carolina , Carlson Jordan A. 
Published: September 2019

Purpose: To investigate potential time drift between devices when using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and accelerometers in field-based research. Methods: Six Qstarz BT-Q1000XT GPS trackers, activPAL3 accelerometers, and ActiGraph GT3X+ and GT3X accelerometers were tested over 1–3 waves, each lasting 9–14 days. Once per day an event marker was created on each pair of devices concurrently. The difference in seconds between the time stamps for each event marker were calculated between each pair of GPS and activPAL devices and GPS and ActiGraph devices. Mixed-effects linear regression tested time drift across days and waves and between two rooms/locations (in an inner room vs. on a windowsill in an outer room). Results: The GPS trackers remained within one second of the computer clock across days and waves and between rooms. The activPAL devices drifted an average of 8.38 seconds behind the GPS devices over 14 days (p < .001). The ActiGraph GT3X+ devices drifted an average of 11.67 seconds ahead of the GPS devices over 14 days (p < .001). The ActiGraph GT3X devices drifted an average of 28.83 seconds behind the GPS devices over 9 days (p < .001). Time drift did not differ across waves but did differ between rooms and across devices. Conclusions: Time drift between the GPS and accelerometer models tested was minimal and is unlikely to be problematic when addressing many common research questions. However, studies that require high levels of precision when matching short (e.g., 1-second) time intervals may benefit from consideration of time drift and potential adjustments.
Should antidepressants be used for major depressive disorder?
Authors: Jakobsen Janus Christian , Gluud Christian , Kirsch Irving 
Published: September 2019

Background
Major depressive disorder is estimated by the WHO to affect more than 300 million people globally, making depression the leading cause of disability worldwide. Antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression.

Objective
The study aimed to provide an update on the evidence on the effects of antidepressants compared with placebo. Should antidepressants be used for adults with major depressive disorder?

Study selection
We searched the Cochrane Library, BMJ Best Practice and PubMed up to June 2019 with the search terms ‘depression’ and ‘antidepressants’ targeting reviews published in English since 1990.

Findings
Several reviews have assessed the effects of antidepressants compared with placebo for depression. Generally, all the previous reviews show that antidepressants seem to have statistically significant effects on depressive symptoms, but the size of the effect has questionable importance to most patients. Antidepressants seem to have minimal beneficial effects on depressive symptoms and increase the risk of both serious and non-serious adverse events.

Conclusions
The benefits of antidepressants seem to be minimal and possibly without any importance to the average patient with major depressive disorder. Antidepressants should not be used for adults with major depressive disorder before valid evidence has shown that the potential beneficial effects outweigh the harmful effects.
Neonatal mortality and child health in a remote rural area in Nepal: a mixed methods study
Authors: Karki Bindu Kumari , Kittel Guenter 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveTo assess neonatal and under-five mortality and the health situation for children in Dolpa, a remote rural area of Nepal.Study designMixed methods: quantitative (retrospective cross sectional) and qualitative (semistructured interviews).RationaleProgress in reducing child and newborn mortality in Nepal has reached the remote areas to a limited extent. Furthermore, there may be substantial under-reporting and data may be unreliable.Setting and participantsThe population of Dolpa district is approximately 35 000. We visited 10 randomly selected villages (plus one settlement) with approximately 12 000 inhabitants.MethodologyRecords of the number of deliveries, neonatal and under-five deaths were collected. 100 children (10 different villages) were evaluated for common diseases present during the month prior to the investigation. 20 interviews were conducted about the cultural perceptions of neonatal death and morbidity; in each village at least one interview was undertaken.ResultsThe population of the 10 villages (plus one settlement) under investigation was 12 287. 300 deliveries have taken place during the last 12 months before the study. There were 30 children reported to have died; out of those 20 were in the neonatal period. This reflects an estimated neonatal mortality rate in Dolpa district of 67/1000 live births (95% CI 41-101/1000) and an estimated under-five mortality rate of 100/1000 (95% CI 70-140/1000). In the previous month, out of 100 children surveyed there had been 11 cases of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), 7 cases of diarrhoea, 3 cases of isolated malnutrition and 5 cases of malnutrition combined with ALRI or diarrhoea.Based on qualitative interviews traditional beliefs still play a major role, and are partly a hindrance to progress in health. There is also mistrust in the health services and misconceptions about ‘modern’ medicine and treatment facilities.ConclusionDespite progress in child morbidity and mortality in Nepal, some areas remain underserved by health services and neonatal mortality is far above the Nepalese average, which is 29/1000 live births. There is a substantial need to increase and train health staff. Health promotion should be encouraged but cultural perceptions have to be understood if positive behavioural change is to be achieved.
Sex disparities in the assessment and outcomes of chest pain presentations in emergency departments
Authors: Mnatzaganian George , Hiller Janet E , Braitberg George , Kingsley Michael , Putland Mark , Bish Melanie , Tori Kathleen , Huxley Rachel 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveTo determine whether sex differences exist in the triage, management and outcomes associated with non-traumatic chest pain presentations in the emergency department (ED).MethodsAll adults (≥18 years) with non-traumatic chest pain presentations to three EDs in Melbourne, Australia between 2009 and 2013 were retrospectively analysed. Data sources included routinely collected hospital databases. Triage scoring of the urgency of presentation, time to medical examination, cardiac troponin testing, admission to specialised care units, and in-ED and in-hospital mortality were each modelled using the generalised estimating equations approach.ResultsOverall 54 138 patients (48.7% women) presented with chest pain, contributing to 76 216 presentations, of which 26 282 (34.5%) were cardiac. In multivariable analyses, compared with men, women were 18% less likely to be allocated an urgency of ‘immediate review’ or ‘within 10 min review’ (OR=0.82, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.85), 16% less likely to be examined within the first hour of arrival to the ED by an emergency physician (0.84, 0.81 to 0.87), 20% less likely to have a troponin test performed (0.80, 0.77 to 0.83), 36% less likely to be admitted to a specialised care unit (0.64, 0.61 to 0.68), and 35% (p=0.039) and 36% (p=0.002) more likely to die in the ED and in the hospital, respectively.ConclusionsIn the ED, systemic sex bias, to the detriment of women, exists in the early management and treatment of non-traumatic chest pain. Future studies that identify the drivers explaining why women presenting with chest pain are disadvantaged in terms of care, relative to men, are warranted.
Behavioural changes in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: Watson Fraje , Packer Rowena Mary Anne , Rusbridge Clare , Volk Holger Andreas 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundBreed‐specific and broader cohort studies have shown behavioural changes in dogs following the onset of idiopathic epilepsy (IE).MethodsA cross‐sectional, case–control questionnaire study was carried out to strengthen this body of evidence. Owners of eight breeds of dog completed an online questionnaire about their dogs’ behaviour; once for control dogs and twice for dogs with IE, for both pre‐IE and post‐IE onset behaviour.ResultsNinety‐six (24.74 per cent) dogs with IE and 292 (75.26 per cent) age and breed‐matched control dogs met the inclusion criteria. Control dogs had significantly higher ‘Trainability’ scores than dogs with IE (P=0.04). After IE, dogs had significantly higher ‘Dog‐Directed Fear or Aggression’ (P=0.02), ‘Non‐Social Fear’ (P=0.01), ‘Attachment/Attention‐Seeking Behaviour’ (P=0.04), ‘Attention‐Deficit’ (P=0.02) and significantly lower ‘Trainability’ (P=0.02) than prior to the onset of IE. Medication status did not significantly affect any behavioural factor, but drug‐resistant dogs had significantly less ‘Trainability’ than drug‐responsive (P=0.04) and partially drug‐responsive dogs (P=0.03).ConclusionBehavioural differences related to cognitive function are seen between dogs with IE and controls. Behavioural changes related to anxiety, attention and cognition are seen in dogs following the onset of IE. The ability to clinically define and diagnose behavioural comorbidities in dogs is much needed from both a clinical and research perspective.
Retrospective review of neoplasms of captive lizards in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kubiak Marie , Denk Daniela , Stidworthy Mark Frederick 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundNeoplasia has historically been regarded as an unusual occurrence in reptiles. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of neoplasms in routine diagnostic samples submitted to a specialist exotic animal laboratory.MethodsOver a 10‐year period, 690 lizard samples were submitted for histopathological or cytopathological examination by Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons specialists in Veterinary Pathology (Zoo and Wildlife). Records were reviewed retrospectively and non‐neoplastic diagnoses excluded from further analysis.Results158 neoplasms were diagnosed in 149 lizards, with 22.9% of submissions resulting in a diagnosis of neoplasia. The skin was the most commonly affected organ, and squamous cell carcinomas were the most common neoplasms identified (17.7% of all neoplastic diagnoses).Bearded dragons and panther chameleons had a statistically significant higher proportion of neoplasia diagnosis than the lizard population as a whole, and geckos had a statistically significantly lower proportion.Several neoplasms identified in this study have not been previously reported in lizards, including a testicular Sertoli cell tumour, testicular granulosa cell tumour, splenic haemangiosarcoma, gastric adenocarcinoma and basal cell carcinoma.ConclusionThe results suggest that the prevalence of neoplasia in captive lizards may be higher than previously reported, and that there is variation in prevalence between different lizard species and families. It is unclear whether these differences relate to genetic or management factors.
Association between results of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis and Johne's disease in cattle
Authors: Picasso‐Risso Catalina , Grau Ana , Bakker Douwe , Nacar Jesus , Mínguez Olga , Perez Andres , Alvarez Julio 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundBovine tuberculosis (bTB) diagnosis is impaired by numerous factors including cross‐reactivity with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, which causes Johne's disease (JD). In addition, the effect of repeated bTB‐intradermal testing on the performance of JD diagnostic tests is not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of repeated bTB‐intradermal tests under field conditions in Spain on the JD serological status of cattle.MethodsbTB‐positive herds (n=264) from Castilla‐y‐Leon region were selected and matched with officially tuberculosis‐free control herds. The association between JD and bTB status at the herd level was assessed using conditional logistic regression and, in herds with both JD‐positive and bTB‐positive animals, a Bayesian hierarchical mixed‐effect model was used for individual‐level analysis.ResultsA significantly higher risk of being JD positive (OR: 1.48; 95 per cent CI: 1.01 to 2.15) was found for bTB‐positive herds compared with controls. Individual results indicated that cattle tested more than three times per year, within the last 90 days and more than 12 months were more likely to be JD positive. A skin test‐related boost in antibody response could be the cause of an apparent increase of the sensitivity of the JD‐absorbed ELISA.ConclusionThe results demonstrate the interaction between bTB repeated testing and JD individual and herd‐level results and this improved knowledge will facilitate the design of more effective control programmes in herds coinfected with two of the most important endemic diseases affecting cattle in Spain.
Evaluation of lameness detection using radar sensing in ruminants
Authors: Busin Valentina , Viora Lorenzo , King George , Tomlinson Martin , LeKernec Julien , Jonsson Nicholas , Fioranelli Francesco 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundLameness is a major health, welfare and production‐limiting condition for the livestock industries. The current ‘gold‐standard’ method of assessing lameness by visual locomotion scoring is subjective and time consuming, whereas recent technological advancements have enabled the development of alternative and more objective methods for its detection.MethodsThis study evaluated a novel lameness detection method using micro‐Doppler radar signatures to categorise animals as lame or non‐lame. Animals were visually scored by veterinarian and radar data were collected for the same animals.ResultsA machine learning algorithm was developed to interpret the radar signatures and provide automatic classification of the animals. Using veterinary scoring as a standard method, the classification by radar signature provided 85 per cent sensitivity and 81 per cent specificity for cattle and 96 per cent sensitivity and 94 per cent specificity for sheep.ConclusionThis radar sensing method shows promise for the development of a highly functional, rapid and reliable recognition tool of lame animals, which could be integrated into automatic, on‐farm systems for sheep and cattle.