bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between biodiversity and agricultural production
Authors: Brunetti Ilaria , Tidball Mabel , Couvet Denis 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe intensification of agriculture is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. We model the interdependent relationship between agriculture and wild biodiversity providing regulating services to agriculture on farmed land. We suppose that while agriculture has a negative impact on wild biodiversity, the latter can increase agricultural production. Farmers act as myopic agents, who maximize their instantaneous profit without considering the negative effects of their practice on the evolution of biodiversity. Two unexpected results arise (a) a tax on inputs can have a positive effect on yield since it can be considered as a social signal helping farmers to avoid myopic behavior concerning the positive effect of biodiversity on yield; (b) increasing biodiversity productivity, a proposal of ecological intensification, affects negatively the level of biodiversity, a counter‐intuitive result; due to the fact that when biodiversity is more productive, farmers can maintain lower biodiversity to get the same yield.Recommendations for Resource Managers

In this study, we present a model to describe the interdependent relationship between farming activity and biodiversity on farmed land. Besides considering the negative impact of agriculture on biodiversity, models should take into account the fact that biodiversity can increase production.
In contrast to what is generally expected, the tax can have a positive effect on yield because the tax can be considered as a social signal helping farmers to avoid myopic behavior in regard to the positive effect of biodiversity on yield, discounting its future positive effect.
Moreover, increasing the productivity of wild biodiversity, which provides ecosystem services favorable to agriculture, a proposal of ecological intensification, can be detrimental to such biodiversity.
The neurobiology of addiction
Authors: Uhl George R. , Koob George F. , Cable Jennifer 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSubstance and alcohol use disorders impose large health and economic burdens on individuals, families, communities, and society. Neither prevention nor treatment efforts are effective in all individuals. Results are often modest. Advances in neuroscience and addiction research have helped to describe the neurobiological changes that occur when a person transitions from recreational substance use to a substance use disorder or addiction. Understanding both the drivers and consequences of substance use in vulnerable populations, including those whose brains are still maturing, has revealed behavioral and biological characteristics that can increase risks of addiction. These findings are particularly timely, as law‐ and policymakers are tasked to reverse the ongoing opioid epidemic, as more states legalize marijuana, as new products including electronic cigarettes and newly designed abused substances enter the legal and illegal markets, and as “deaths of despair” from alcohol and drug misuse continue.
Species‐specific inhibition of antiviral protein kinase R by capripoxviruses and vaccinia virus
Authors: Park Chorong , Peng Chen , Brennan Greg , Rothenburg Stefan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDouble‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase R (PKR) is an important and rapidly evolving antiviral kinase. Most poxviruses contain two distinct PKR inhibitors, called E3 and K3 in vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototypic orthopoxvirus. E3 prevents PKR homodimerization by binding double‐stranded RNA, while K3 acts as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor by binding directly to activated PKR and thereby inhibiting interaction with its substrate eIF2α. In our study here, we analyzed E3 and K3 orthologs from the phylogenetically distinct capripoxviruses (CaPVs), which include lumpy skin disease virus, sheeppox virus, and goatpox virus. Whereas the sheeppox virus E3 ortholog did not substantially inhibit PKR, all three CaPV K3 orthologs showed species‐specific inhibition of PKR, with strong inhibition of sheep, goat, and human PKR but only weak inhibition of cow and mouse PKR. In contrast, VACV K3 strongly inhibited cow and mouse PKR but not sheep, goat, or human PKR. Infection of cell lines from the respective species with engineered VACV strains that contained different K3 orthologs showed a good correlation of PKR inhibition with virus replication and eIF2α phosphorylation. Our results show that K3 orthologs can have dramatically different effects on PKR of different species and indicate that effective PKR inhibition by K3 orthologs is crucial for virus replication.
Autonomous Local Climate Change Policy: An Analysis of the Effect of Intergovernmental Relations Among Subnational Governments
Authors: Schwartz Elizabeth 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLocal governments have emerged as important players in climate change governance, both at home and on the international stage. Likewise, action by states and provinces has been increasingly highlighted, particularly as national actors have moved slowly to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But to what extent do local governments act independently from state and provincial governments in the area of climate change mitigation? Using an explicit process tracing approach, the article tests two hypotheses regarding the influence of upper level subnational governments on local policy. In Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, a city that is a climate change leader, provincial government intervention cannot explain the results of climate change mitigation policy making. This suggests that local governments can exercise an important degree of autonomy over climate change policy, but also implies that where municipalities are less independently committed to climate action, active upper level government intervention will likely be needed.
Donor white‐blood‐cell survival (microchimerism) following red‐blood‐cell transfusion in Australian patients with burn
Authors: Hirani Rena , Taggart Susan , Maitz Peter , Irving David O. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundDonor white‐blood‐cell (leucocyte) engraftment, also known as transfusion‐associated microchimerism (TAM), remains a potential outcome for some patients who receive a red‐blood‐cell (RBC) transfusion. Australia introduced universal leucocyte filtration of RBC components in October 2008. However, preceding studies in major trauma patients indicate that filtration does not eliminate the potential of TAM following blood transfusion. Any potential for TAM in other patient groups has not been previously characterized. This study aimed to analyse if TAM could be detected in burn patients.Study design and methodsAustralian burn patients were recruited with injury composing of total body surface area (TBSA) ≥15% and who had been transfused with at least one RBC unit between 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2011. The incidence of TAM was determined using a panel of 12 bi‐allelic insertion/deletion polymorphisms.ResultsThis patient cohort (n = 8) had median TBSA burn of 34% [15–70%], were transfused with median 9·5 RBC units [1–31] and had median hospital length of stay of 29 days [21–51]. Half of these patients had been transfused with universally leucodepleted RBCs. One patient who received leucodepleted RBC units showed an insertion/deletion pattern indicating the presence of TAM.ConclusionThe detection of TAM in burn patients has not previously been described. In the cohort studied here, TAM was detected in one of the eight patients analysed. Even though leucodepleted blood products were used in some of the analysed patients, TAM appears to remain a potential transfusion‐related outcome.
Application of direct payment clause 30A.0 of the Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) Standard Form of Contract (with quantities)
Authors: Mustaffa Nur Emma , Tajul Ariffin Hamizah Liyana , Othman Norazam , Shamsudin Shahida Shaima 
Published: January 2019

Conditional payment such as “pay when paid” or “pay if paid” can create negative chain effect on the parties in construction projects, resulting in delay on the completion of a project, adversarialism and may affect a contractor’s reputation. Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) has launched a standard form of contract which is Construction Industry Payment Adjudication Act (CIPAA) compliance with the aim to reduce payment issues. The aim of the research is to identify whether the clause for “direct payment under CIPAA 2012” of the new AIAC standard form of contract can facilitate problems in direct payment. In achieving the aim of the research, five legal cases were analysed and thirty questionnaires forms were distributed. Legal cases analysis findings highlighted that the major reasons of the direct payment issue being referred to court is due to the validity of the direct payment agreement between the disputant’s parties. Based on the cases heard before CIPAA enactment, the findings show that out of the three cases, the disputants went to litigation because of the legality of direct payment agreements. Most of the agreements were made orally. For cases analysed after CIPAA was enacted, the findings show that the disputant parties do not opt for adjudication and that the main contractors try to mitigate their responsibilities to the employer. The results from the questionnaires distributed established that, the direct payment clause could be successfully adopted for future use of the industry. Eventhough the AIAC standard form of contract has been formally introduced to the industry, but it is not widely used. From the findings of the questionnaire, it shows that with encouragement and support from the industry, direct payment clause of AIAC standard form of contract have the potential in reducing payment issues in the future. With the remodeling of standard form of contracts that are available in construction industry to be CIPAA compliance , it is hoped that this move may scale down the prevalent payment issues in Malaysian construction industry.
La construcción de noticias en comunidades de aprendizaje
Authors: Martín Rocío Belén , Corradini Mariana Carola 
Published: January 2019

En este artículo se atiende a la importancia de diseñar y considerar tareas de aprendizaje específicas para la formación periodística. El estudio estuvo conformado por 23 asistentes a un taller de producción gráfica realizado en un contexto universitario. Los datos y materiales de recolección fueron observaciones de clases y el análisis de ocho tareas de aprendizaje. Entre los resultados, encontramos que las tareas de aprendizaje propuestas permitieron el trabajo con problemas de aprendizaje genuinos basados en la construcción de noticias y el desarrollo de competencias y habilidades propias del periodista.
The Effect of Local Force Control on Punch Forces During Panel Forming
Authors: Emblom William J. 
Published: January 2019

Methods for improving the robustness of panel forming including the introduction of process sensing and feedback and control has resulted in significant gains in the quality of parts and reduced failures. Initial efforts in implementing closed-loop control during panel forming used active tool elements to ensure that the total punch force followed prescribed trajectories. However, more recently local forces within the tooling have been demonstrated to not only follow desired force trajectories but have been shown to increase the operational envelope of the tooling compared to open-loop tests and even closed-loop test where the total punch force had been controlled. However, what has not been examined is the effect of local force, especially during closed-loop control panel forming operations on the total punch force measured during forming. This paper addresses this by comparing the results of both open-loop tests and closed-loop tests and examining the effects on both local and total punch forces. It was found that while open-loop forming with various constant draw bead depths resulted in varying total punch forces, once closed-loop control was implemented the total punch forces followed virtually identical trajectories.
The tooling for this project included local force transducers and a total punch force transducer. In addition, active draw beads could be controlled during forming and a flexible blank holder with variable blank holder forces were part of the setup.
Compliant Translational Double Exact Dwell Mechanism
Authors: Tekes Ayse , Lin Hongkuan 
Published: January 2019

Linkage or cam follower types of mechanisms are designed to create dwell motion when the interest of point on the mechanism is expected to stay at rest while the input is constantly supplied to the driven link. Generally, six bar linkages consisting of a four bar crank rocker mechanism actuating a slider crank are considered for linkage type mechanisms. A novel compliant translational double exact dwell mechanism incorporating the buckling motion of an initially straight flexible member as its members is introduced in this paper. Buckling members are designed to create dwell motion as a compliant mechanism that is easy to manufacture and require minimum number of components and assembly.
This partially compliant five bar mechanism consists of two rigid links as the crank and the slider, and two flexible links as the coupler and the last link. Kinematic analysis of the mechanism is broken into two parts. The first one is a flexible pinned-pinned beam attached to a slider and the second one is the pinned-pinned flexible beam which is attached to a rotating crank. Large deflection analysis of pinned-pinned buckling beam is obtained by solving first and second kind of elliptic integrals in Matlab. Load required to displace the slider and the maximum bending moment restored on the pinned-pinned beam are analyzed by changing the normalized offset from 0 to 1.
A mechanism is said to be linear if the slope of the load-deflection curve remains positive during deformation. Slope of the normalized load deflection curves at various offsets are explored and design limitations providing a stable buckling behavior is discussed. Pinned-pinned buckling beams are represented by springs possessing the same load-deflection characteristics as the compliant beams where the nonlinear spring function is described by a 4th order polynomials fitted to the load-deflection curves both for the beam attached to the slider and the beam attached to the driven crank. The emphasis is placed on the dynamic response of the double exact dwell motion profile. Simulation results are studied using Solidworks model, and Matlab. Slider stays at rest until the maximum bending moment of the coupler flexible link is achieved creating the dwell, snaps to its maximum position and on the return creates a momentary dwell since the flexible follower behaves like a rigid link. Desired dwell motion can be accomplished by changing the flexible beam parameters such as its length, thickness and offset ratio.
Modeling and Performance Analysis of a Dual-Shaft Counter-Rotating Gas Turbine
Authors: Zhou Qiao , Yin Zhao , Tan Chun-qing , Gao Qing , Tian Yong-sheng 
Published: January 2019

This paper proposes a modeling method for the 1+1/2 vaneless counter rotating turbine (VCRT) and carries out performance analysis of a micro gas turbine (MGT) with VCRT at off design conditions.
The first task of this paper is to obtain performance characteristics maps and develop a characteristics modeling method of VCRT. The VCRT characteristics maps are obtained through 3-D CFD calculation. High pressure turbine (HPT) corrected rotational speed, shaft rotating speed ratio defined as the high pressure (HP) shaft rotational speed divided by low pressure (LP) shaft rotational speed, and the VCRT total expansion pressure ratio are selected to model a 3-D low pressure turbine (LPT) characteristics maps. However, the HPT characteristics map modeling method remains the same as the conventional one.
An overall performance simulation model is established in Matlab/Simulink and validated by software GasTurb. The VCRT engine consumes fuel at a higher rate when delivering same power compared with the conventional gas turbine due to LPT performance degradation. When the relative LP shaft speed ranges from 100% to 96%, the performance of the VCRT engine and conventional engine is almost equivalent. As the LP shaft speed continues to drop off, however, the VCRT engine performance degrades considerably.
The results indicate that it is crucial to design VCRT with a wide range of efficiency, especially the LPT. The VCRT engine control law also must be effectively optimized to ensure the engine performs well at part load working conditions.
Triaxial Gas Turbine Performance Analysis for Variable Power Turbine Inlet Guide Vane Control Law Optimization
Authors: Wang Tao , Tian Yong-sheng , Yin Zhao , Gao Qing , Tan Chun-qing 
Published: January 2019

This paper proposes an inlet guide vane control law optimization technique for improving the off-design working condition thermal efficiency of triaxial gas turbine. Gas turbine dynamic and steady component-level simulation models are established in MATLAB/SIMULINK via Newton-Raphson algorithm based on component characteristic maps. After validating the models against experimental data and Gasturb software, they are applied to determine the effects of guide vane angle on gas turbine performance parameters.
High Efficiency Mode (HEM) is utilized to adjust the power turbine inlet guide vanes to enhance the gas turbine efficiency and decrease the specific fuel consumption under off-design working conditions on account of the above gas turbine overall performance analysis results. The optimal angles of power turbine inlet guide vanes for various working conditions are acquired based on the steady gas turbine model as-established. HEM enhances the gas turbine’s thermal efficiency without exceeding its temperature or rotational speed constraints. The Radial Basis Function (RBF), a three-layer, feedforward neural network, is employed to fit the optimal guide vane angles and establish the corresponding relationship between the angles and various working conditions by system identification. The control strategy and gas turbine dynamic simulation model are tested in MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify their effects on gas turbine performance. The guide vane angle is found to significantly influence the gas turbine operating parameters, and HEM to effectively optimize gas turbine performance even within unpredictable atmospheric environment and working conditions.
Design and Optimization of a Tidal Turbine and Farm
Authors: Mayeed Mohammed S. 
Published: January 2019

Tidal ocean power is a dependable and dense form of renewable energy which is a relatively underdeveloped field. This study optimizes a tidal turbine with respect to performance and economics, and then optimizes a farm to be economically feasible.
It was determined that the southeastern portion of the Gulf Stream, Florida current, would be used for the tidal turbine system as it has some of the world’s fastest velocities and is relatively close to shore. The vertical axis designs were ruled out from extended research on turbine design for their lower efficiency in general. Only horizontal axis designs were tested in simulated environments. Using SolidWorks Flow Simulation and SolidWorks Simulation, turbine models were optimized and selected as having the potential for the greatest energy extraction. Static and fatigue analyses were conducted on the optimized models in order to prevent premature failure. Cost analysis was also performed on the turbine models and the model that had the lowest initial cost as well as the highest power generation was chosen for farm development. The optimized design produced reasonable amount of power considering varying velocities throughout the day having a diameter of about 30 m. Through fatigue analysis the optimized design also showed long enough lifetime so that a good return on investment can be acquired.
The single optimized turbine was then placed in a farm, and the farm’s shape and arrangement were tested and optimized so that the best arrangement and distances between units could be found. It was found that a farm 1.25 kilometers by 20 kilometers consisting of 800 turbines would be optimal. The farm would produce an average of 249.33 megawatts for a profit of $294.88 million dollars annually. The farm would pay for itself in 7.12 years and have an expected life span of 26.1 years which was obtained through fatigue analysis.
CAD-Based Tolerance Analysis in Preliminary Design Stages Enabling Early Tolerance Evaluation
Authors: Goetz Stefan , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro 
Published: January 2019

Associated with manufacturing and assembly processes, inevitable geometric deviations have a decisive influence on the function and quality of products. Therefore, their consideration and management are important tasks in product development. Moreover, to meet the demand for short development times, the front-loading of design processes is indispensable. This requires early tolerance analyses evaluating the effect of deviations in a design stage, where the product’s geometry has not yet been finally defined.
Since such an early tolerance consideration allows quick and economic design changes seeking for robust designs, it is advisable that the design engineer, who is entirely familiar with the design, should take this step. For this purpose, this paper presents an easy-to-use CAD-based tolerance analysis method for skeleton models. The relevant part deviations are represented by varying geometric dimensions with externally driven family tables. The approach comprises the strength of vector-based methods but does not require an expensive set-up of tolerance analysis models. Particularly, the novelty of this method lies in the CAD-internal sampling-based tolerance analysis of simple geometries without the use of expensive CAT software. This enables designers to evaluate the effect of tolerances already at the preliminary design stage. Using a case study, the presented approach is compared with the conventional vector-based tolerance analysis.