bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Variability and Trends in 2001–2016 Global Fire Activity
Authors: Earl Nick , Simmonds Ian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFire regimes across the globe have great spatial and temporal variability, and these are influence by many factors including anthropogenic management, climate, and vegetation types. Here we utilize the satellite‐based “active fire” product, from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors, to statistically analyze variability and trends in fire activity from the global to regional scales. We split up the regions by economic development, region/geographical land use, clusters of fire‐abundant areas, or by religious/cultural influence. Weekly cycle tests are conducted to highlight and quantify part of the anthropogenic influence on fire regime across the world. We find that there is a strong statistically significant decline in 2001–2016 active fires globally linked to an increase in net primary productivity observed in northern Africa, along with global agricultural expansion and intensification, which generally reduces fire activity. There are high levels of variability, however. The large‐scale regions exhibit either little change or decreasing in fire activity except for strong increasing trends in India and China, where rapid population increase is occurring, leading to agricultural intensification and increased crop residue burning. Variability in Canada has been linked to a warming global climate leading to a longer growing season and higher fuel loads. Areas with a strong weekly cycle give a good indication of where fire management is being applied most extensively, for example, the United States, where few areas retain a natural fire regime.
Diverse Lithologies and Alteration Events on the Rim of Noachian‐Aged Endeavour Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars: In Situ Compositional Evidence
Authors: Mittlefehldt David W. , Gellert Ralf , vanBommel Scott , Ming Douglas W. , Yen Albert S. , Clark Benton C. , Morris Richard V. , Schröder Christian , Crumpler Larry S. , Grant John A. , Jolliff Bradley L. , Arvidson Raymond E. , Farrand William H. , Herkenhoff Kenneth E. , Bell James F. , Cohen Barbara A. , Klingelhöfer Göstar , Schrader Christian M. , Rice James W. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe report the results of geological studies by the Opportunity Mars rover on the Endeavour Crater rim. Four major units occur in the region (oldest to youngest): the Matijevic, Shoemaker, Grasberg, and Burns formations. The Matijevic formation, consisting of fine‐grained clastic sediments, is the only pre‐Endeavour‐impact unit and might be part of the Noachian etched units of Meridiani Planum. The Shoemaker formation is a heterogeneous polymict impact breccia; its lowermost member incorporates material eroded from the underlying Matijevic formation. The Shoemaker formation is a close analog to the Bunte Breccia of the Ries Crater, although the average clast sizes are substantially larger in the latter. The Grasberg formation is a thin, fine‐grained, homogeneous sediment unconformably overlying the Shoemaker formation and likely formed as an airfall deposit of unknown areal extent. The Burns formation sandstone overlies the Grasberg, but compositions of the two units are distinct; there is no evidence that the Grasberg formation is a fine‐grained subfacies of the Burns formation. The rocks along the Endeavour Crater rim were affected by at least four episodes of alteration in the Noachian and Early Hesperian: (i) vein formation and alteration of preimpact Matijevic formation rocks, (ii) low‐water/rock alteration along the disconformity between the Matijevic and Shoemaker formations, (iii) alteration of the Shoemaker formation along fracture zones, and (iv) differential mobilization of Fe and Mn, and CaSO4‐vein formation in the Grasberg and Shoemaker formations. Episodes (ii) and (iii) possibly occurred together, but (i) and (iv) are distinct from either of these.
Seasonal Shoreline Variability Induced by Subtidal Water Level Fluctuations at Reef‐Fringed Beaches
Authors: Segura L. E. , Hansen J. E. , Lowe R. J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe comparative role of subtidal water level and wave height variations on seasonal shoreline changes was investigated at a reef‐fringed beach in southwestern Australia. The data set consisted of continuous sea level and wave records, monthly topographic beach surveys over a 2 year period, and bimonthly high‐resolution aerial images over a 7 year period. Shorelines were extracted from images and topographic surveys, and then an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was applied to both data sets. The temporal amplitudes of the first EOF mode of the image‐derived shoreline data set (∼60% of the variance) were most correlated with 30 day averages of the subtidal water level (variations up to ±0.2 m) driven by geostrophic adjustment of the Leeuwin Current. The geostrophic response of the Leeuwin Current was found to be further correlated with the phasing of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, leading to higher water levels during La Niña and lower levels during El Niño, which as a consequence resulted in interannual variations in the shoreline behavior reflected in the first EOF mode. The temporal amplitudes of the second EOF mode (∼20% of the variance) were most correlated with 50 day averages in offshore wave height. Our results indicate that the seasonal beach response was primarily influenced by seasonal variations in offshore water level rather than by wave heights as has been generally observed in exposed beaches. A simple EOF‐based model is presented, which reproduces the alongshore‐variable shoreline response and its seasonal and interannual modulation due to El Niño–Southern Oscillation events over the study period.
Climate Change Impacts on Net Ecosystem Productivity in a Subtropical Shrubland of Northwestern México
Authors: Verduzco Vivian S. , Vivoni Enrique R. , Yépez Enrico A. , Rodríguez Julio C. , Watts Christopher J. , Tarin Tonantzin , Garatuza‐Payán Jaime , Robles‐Morua Agustin , Ivanov Valeriy Y. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe sensitivity of semiarid ecosystems to climate change is not well understood due to competing effects of soil and plant‐mediated carbon fluxes. Limited observations of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) under rising air temperature and CO2and altered precipitation regimes also hinder climate change assessments. A promising avenue for addressing this challenge is through the application of numerical models. In this work, we combine a mechanistic ecohydrological model and a soil carbon model to simulate soil and plant processes in a subtropical shrubland of northwest México. Due to the influence of the North American monsoon, the site exhibits net carbon losses early in the summer and net carbon gains during the photosynthetically active season. After building confidence in the simulations through comparisons with eddy covariance flux data, we conduct a series of climate change experiments for near‐future (2030–2045) scenarios that test the impact of meteorological changes and CO2fertilization relative to historical conditions (1990–2005). Results indicate that reductions in NEP arising from warmer conditions are effectively offset by gains in NEP due to the impact of higher CO2on water use efficiency. For cases with higher summer rainfall and CO2fertilization, climate change impacts lead to an increase of ~25% in NEP relative to historical conditions (mean of 66 g C m−2). Net primary production and soil respiration derived from decomposition are shown to be important processes that interact to control NEP and, given the role of semiarid ecosystems in the global carbon budget, deserve attention in future simulation efforts of ecosystem fluxes.
Multicomponent Supported Membrane Microarray for Monitoring Spatially Resolved Cellular Signaling Reactions
Authors: Biswas Kabir H. , Zhongwen Chen , Dubey Alok Kumar , Oh Dongmyung , Groves Jay T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCells sense biochemical as well as mechanical signals from their microenvironment by engaging multiple receptors. In many cases, multiple receptors operate in concert, and it can be misleading to attempt to isolate a single ligand–receptor interaction. Supported lipid membranes are employed to reconstitute a number of cell receptor systems. Efforts are also made to fabricate membrane microarrays presenting multiple ligands in a spatially segregated manner. However, such membrane multiplexing methods are generally limited by complex instrumentation and scalability. Here, a straightforward method is presented to produce centimeter‐scale membrane microarrays displaying multiple, spatially segregated membrane‐anchored protein ligands suitable for live single‐cell studies. The method is based on stochastic membrane fusion and subsequent diffusion‐mediated mixing of their lipid content. The result is the delivery of membrane contents into spatially segregated membrane corrals. Utilizing the technology developed here, this work probes the recruitment of an adaptor protein, Shc1, to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and EphA2 receptors and shows that activation of EGFR results in a decrease in the recruitment of protein to activate EphA2 same cell.
DNA Computing Boosted by a Cationic Copolymer
Authors: Shimada Naohiko , Saito Ken , Miyata Takafumi , Sato Hiroki , Kobayashi Satoshi , Maruyama Atsushi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe huge information storage capability of DNA and its ability to self‐assemble can be harnessed to enable massively parallel computing in a small space. DNA‐based logic gates are designed that rely on DNA strand displacement reactions; however, computation is slow due to time‐consuming DNA reassembly processes and prone to failure as DNA is susceptible to degradation by nucleases and under certain solution conditions. Here, it is shown that the presence of a cationic copolymer boosts the speed of DNA logic gate operations that involve multiple and parallel strand displacement reactions. Two kinds of DNA molecular operations, one based on a translator gate and one on a seesaw gate, are successfully enhanced by the copolymer without tuning of computing conditions or DNA sequences. The copolymer markedly reduces operation times from hours to minutes. Moreover, the copolymer enhances nuclease resistance.
Self‐Assembled Peptide‐Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Qi Guo‐Bin , Gao Yu‐Juan , Wang Lei , Wang Hao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPeptide‐based materials are one of the most important biomaterials, with diverse structures and functionalities. Over the past few decades, a self‐assembly strategy is introduced to construct peptide‐based nanomaterials, which can form well‐controlled superstructures with high stability and multivalent effect. More recently, peptide‐based functional biomaterials are widely utilized in clinical applications. However, there is no comprehensive review article that summarizes this growing area, from fundamental research to clinic translation. In this review, the recent progress of peptide‐based materials, from molecular building block peptides and self‐assembly driving forces, to biomedical and clinical applications is systematically summarized. Ex situ and in situ constructed nanomaterials based on functional peptides are presented. The advantages of intelligent in situ construction of peptide‐based nanomaterials in vivo are emphasized, including construction strategy, nanostructure modulation, and biomedical effects. This review highlights the importance of self‐assembled peptide nanostructures for nanomedicine and can facilitate further knowledge and understanding of these nanosystems toward clinical translation.
Vitrimer Elastomer‐Based Jigsaw Puzzle‐Like Healable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self‐Powered Wearable Electronics
Authors: Deng Jianan , Kuang Xiao , Liu Ruiyuan , Ding Wenbo , Wang Aurelia C. , Lai Ying‐Chih , Dong Kai , Wen Zhen , Wang Yaxian , Wang Lili , Qi H. Jerry , Zhang Tong , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFunctional polymers possess outstanding uniqueness in fabricating intelligent devices such as sensors and actuators, but they are rarely used for converting mechanical energy into electric power. Here, a vitrimer based triboelectric nanogenerator (VTENG) is developed by embedding a layer of silver nanowire percolation network in a dynamic disulfide bond‐based vitrimer elastomer. In virtue of covalent dynamic disulfide bonds in the elastomer matrix, a thermal stimulus enables in situ healing if broken, on demand reconfiguration of shape, and assembly of more sophisticated structures of VTENG devices. On rupture or external damage, the structural integrity and conductivity of VTENG are restored under rapid thermal stimulus. The flexible and stretchable VTENG can be scaled up akin to jigsaw puzzles and transformed from 2D to 3D structures. It is demonstrated that this self‐healable and shape‐adaptive VTENG can be utilized for mechanical energy harvesters and self‐powered tactile/pressure sensors with extended lifetime and excellent design flexibility. These results show that the incorporation of organic materials into electronic devices can not only bestow functional properties but also provide new routes for flexible device fabrication.
Dual‐Peak Absorbing Semiconducting Copolymer Nanoparticles for First and Second Near‐Infrared Window Photothermal Therapy: A Comparative Study
Authors: Jiang Yuyan , Li Jingchao , Zhen Xu , Xie Chen , Pu Kanyi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) light is widely used for noninvasive optical diagnosis and phototherapy. However, current research focuses on the first NIR window (NIR‐I, 650–950 nm), while the second NIR window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) is far less exploited. The development of the first organic photothermal nanoagent (SPNI‐II) with dual‐peak absorption in both NIR windows and its utilization in photothermal therapy (PTT) are reported herein. Such a nanoagent comprises a semiconducting copolymer with two distinct segments that respectively and identically absorb NIR light at 808 and 1064 nm. With the photothermal conversion efficiency of 43.4% at 1064 nm generally higher than other inorganic nanomaterials, SPNI‐II enables superior deep‐tissue heating at 1064 nm over that at 808 nm at their respective safety limits. Model deep‐tissue cancer PTT at a tissue depth of 5 mm validates the enhanced antitumor effect of SPNI‐II when shifting laser irradiation from the NIR‐I to the NIR‐II window. The good biodistribution and facile synthesis of SPNI‐II also allow it to be doped with an NIR dye for fluorescence‐imaging‐guided NIR‐II PTT through systemic administration. Thus, this study paves the way for the development of new polymeric nanomaterials to advance phototherapy.
Hybrid Metamaterial Absorber Platform for Sensing of CO2 Gas at Mid‐IR
Authors: Hasan Dihan , Lee Chengkuo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractApplication of two major classes of CO2 gas sensors, i.e., electrochemical and nondispersive infrared is predominantly impeded by the poor selectivity and large optical interaction length, respectively. Here, a novel “hybrid metamaterial” absorber platform is presented by integrating the state‐of‐the‐art complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatible metamaterial with a smart, gas‐selective‐trapping polymer for highly selective and miniaturized optical sensing of CO2 gas in the 5–8 µm mid‐IR spectral window. The sensor offers a minimum of 40 ppm detection limit at ambient temperature on a small footprint (20 µm by 20 µm), fast response time (≈2 min), and low hysteresis. As a proof‐of‐concept, net absorption enhancement of 0.0282%/ppm and wavelength shift of 0.5319 nm ppm−1 are reported. Furthermore, the gas‐ selective smart polymer is found to enable dual‐mode multiplexed sensing for crosschecking and validation of gas concentration on a single platform. Additionally, unique sensing characteristics as determined by the operating wavelength and bandwidth are demonstrated. Also, large differential response of the metamaterial absorber platform for all‐optical monitoring is explored. The results will pave the way for a physical understanding of metamaterial‐based sensing when integrated with the mid‐IR detector for readout and extending the mid‐IR functionalities of selective polymers for the detection of technologically relevant gases.
Advanced Characterization Techniques for Sodium‐Ion Battery Studies
Authors: Shadike Zulipiya , Zhao Enyue , Zhou Yong‐Ning , Yu Xiqian , Yang Yong , Hu Enyuan , Bak Seongmin , Gu Lin , Yang Xiao‐Qing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSodium (Na)‐ion batteries (NIBs) are considered promising alternative candidates to the well‐commercialized lithium‐ion batteries, especially for applications in large‐scale energy storage systems. The electrochemical performance of NIBs such as the cyclability, rate capability, and voltage profiles are strongly dependent on the structural and morphological evolution, phase transformation, sodium‐ion diffusion, and electrode/electrolyte interface reconstruction during charge–discharge cycling. Therefore, in‐depth understanding of the structure and kinetics of electrode materials and the electrode/electrolyte interfaces is essential for optimizing current NIB systems and exploring new materials for NIBs. Recently, rapid progress and development in spectroscopic, microscopic, and scattering techniques have provided extensive insight into the nature of structural evolution, morphological changes of electrode materials, and electrode/electrolyte interface in NIBs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of both static (ex situ) and real‐time (in situ or in operando) techniques for studying the NIBs is provided. Special focus is placed on how these techniques are applied to the fundamental investigation of NIB systems and what important results are obtained.
Dual Functional Electron‐Selective Contacts Based on Silicon Oxide/Magnesium: Tailoring Heterointerface Band Structures while Maintaining Surface Passivation
Authors: Tong Hui , Yang Zhenhai , Wang Xixi , Liu Zhaolang , Chen Zhenxin , Ke Xiaoxing , Sui Manling , Tang Jiang , Yu Tianbao , Ge Ziyi , Zeng Yuheng , Gao Pingqi , Ye Jichun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSilicon (Si)‐based dopant‐free heterojunction solar cells (SCs) featuring carrier‐selective contacts (CSCs) have attracted considerable interest due to the extreme simplifications in their device structure and manufacturing procedure. However, these SCs are limited by the unsatisfactory contact properties on both sides of the junction, and their efficiencies are not comparable with those of commercially available Si SCs. In this report, a high‐performance silicon‐oxide/magnesium (SiOx/Mg) electron‐selective contact (ESC) design is described. Combining an ultrathin SiOx and a low work function Mg layer, the novel ESC simultaneously yields low recombinative and resistive losses. In addition, deposition of Mg on SiOx relaxes the restriction on the threshold thickness of the SiOx for electron tunneling and therefore broadens the optimization space for rear‐sided passivation. Meanwhile, hole‐selective contact with boosted light harvesting and suppressed interfacial recombination is achieved by forming a fully conformal contact between the conducting poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) and periodic Si pyramid arrays. With the double‐sided carrier‐selective contact designs, PEDOT: PSS/Si/SiOx/Mg SCs with efficiency of 15% are finally obtained via a totally dopant‐free processing. Subsequent calculations further indicate a pathway for the improvement of these contacts toward an efficiency that is competitive with conventionally diffused pn junction SCs.
Solid‐State Sodium Batteries
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Liu Lilu , Qi Xingguo , Lu Yaxiang , Wu Feixiang , Zhao Junmei , Yu Yan , Hu Yong‐Sheng , Chen Liquan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRechargeable Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) are attractive large‐scale energy storage systems compared to Li‐ion batteries due to the substantial reserve and low cost of sodium resources. The recent rapid development of NIBs will no doubt accelerate the commercialization process. As one of the indispensable components in current battery systems, organic liquid electrolytes are widely used for their high ionic conductivity and good wettability, but the low thermal stability, especially the easy flammability and leakage make them at risk of safety issues. The booming solid‐state batteries with solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) show promise as alternatives to organic liquid systems due to their improved safety and higher energy density. However, several challenges including low ionic conductivity, poor wettability, low stability/incompatibility between electrodes and electrolytes, etc., may degrade performance, hindering the development of practical applications. In this review, an overview of Na‐ion SSEs is first outlined according to the classification of solid polymer electrolytes, composite polymer electrolytes, inorganic solid electrolytes, etc. Furthermore, the current challenges and critical perspectives for the potential development of solid‐state sodium batteries are discussed in detail.
Sodium‐Ion Battery Electrolytes: Modeling and Simulations
Authors: Åvall Gustav , Mindemark Jonas , Brandell Daniel , Johansson Patrik 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe authors review the efforts made from a modeling and simulation perspective in order to assist both the fundamental understanding as well as the development of higher performance sodium‐ion battery (SIB) electrolytes. Depending on the type of the electrolyte studied, liquid, ionic liquid, polymer, glass, solid‐state, etc., the simulation methods applied and the research questions in focus differ, but all contribute to more rational progress. Furthermore, the authors create cases of meta‐analysis using literature data. A historical perspective is applied and the focus clearly is on more recent work and novel electrolyte materials. Finally, the authors outline a few prospective areas for where SIB electrolyte simulations can/should be extended for maximum impact in the field.
Dramatic Enhancement of CO2 Photoreduction by Biodegradable Light‐Management Paper
Authors: Wang Yangang , Li Tian , Yao Yonggang , Li Xi , Bai Xia , Yin Chaochuang , Williams Nicholas , Kang Shifei , Cui Lifeng , Hu Liangbing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPhotocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O vapor is gaining increased interest because it is a promising “green chemistry” route for the direct conversion of CO2 to value‐added chemicals driven by solar energy. To increase the efficiency of photocatalytic conversion, most efforts are made by exploring various photocatalysts while little effort on advanced light management. For the first time, it is demonstrated that bio‐degradable transparent paper with excellent light diffusivity can effectively enhance the light utilization of photocatalytic reactions when attached on the device surface, and thus greatly increase the conversion efficiency. As a proof‐of‐concept, a graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) photocatalyst with transparent paper attached, exhibited 1.5 times higher photocatalytic activity than bare g‐C3N4 in the reduction of CO2 under visible light irradiation. The improved catalytic performance can be ascribed to the (1) refractive index matching and (2) enhanced light absorption via prolonged light traveling path in transparent paper, which decreases the light reflection at surface and traps the absorbed light inside, leading to an increased light absorption at the active layer of the device. The transparent paper with a controllable light management behavior has an unprecedented potential for applications in photocatalysis as a general method for improved light utilization.