bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontiers in Residential Segregation: Understanding Neighbourhood Boundaries and Their Impacts
Authors: Dean Nema , Dong Guanpeng , Piekut Aneta , Pryce Gwilym 
Published: April 2018

Abstract‘Social frontiers’ – places of sharp difference in social/ethnic characteristics between neighbouring communities – have largely been overlooked in quantitative research. Advancing this nascent field first requires a way of identifying social frontiers in a robust way. Such frontiers may be ‘open’ – an area may contrast sharply with a neighbourhood in one direction, but blend smoothly into adjacent neighbourhoods in other directions. This poses some formidable methodological challenges, particularly when computing inference for the existence of a social frontier, an important goal if one is to distinguish true frontiers from random variation. We develop a new approach using Bayesian spatial statistical methods that permit asymmetries in spatial effects and allow for spatial autocorrelation in the data. We illustrate our method using data on Sheffield and find clear evidence of ‘open’ frontiers. Permutations tests and Poisson regressions with fixed effects reveal compelling evidence that social frontiers are associated with higher rates of crime.
A taxonomy of quality assessment methods for volunteered and crowdsourced geographic information
Authors: Degrossi Lívia Castro , Porto de Albuquerque João , Santos Rocha Roberto dos , Zipf Alexander 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe growing use of crowdsourced geographic information (CGI) has prompted the employment of several methods for assessing information quality, which are aimed at addressing concerns on the lack of quality of the information provided by non‐experts. In this work, we propose a taxonomy of methods for assessing the quality of CGI when no reference data are available, which is likely to be the most common situation in practice. Our taxonomy includes 11 quality assessment methods that were identified by means of a systematic literature review. These methods are described in detail, including their main characteristics and limitations. This taxonomy not only provides a systematic and comprehensive account of the existing set of methods for CGI quality assessment, but also enables researchers working on the quality of CGI in various sources (e.g., social media, crowd sensing, collaborative mapping) to learn from each other, thus opening up avenues for future work that combines and extends existing methods into new application areas and domains.
Regimen durability in HIV‐infected children and adolescents initiating first‐line antiretroviral therapy in a large public sector HIV cohort in South Africa
Authors: Bonawitz Rachael , Brennan Alana T. , Long Lawrence , Heeren Timothy , Maskew Mhairi , Sanne Ian , Fox Matthew P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionIn April 2010, tenofovir and abacavir replaced stavudine in public sector first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) for children under 20 years old in South Africa. The association of both abacavir and tenofovir with fewer side effects and toxicities compared to stavudine could translate to increased durability of tenofovir or abacavir‐based regimens. We evaluated changes over time in regimen durability for paediatric patients 3–19 years of age at eight public sector clinics in Johannesburg, South Africa.MethodsCohort analysis of treatment‐naïve, non‐pregnant paediatric patients from 3 to 19 years old initiated on ART between April 2004 and December 2013. First‐line ART regimens before April 2010 consisted of stavudine or zidovudine with lamivudine and either efavirenz or nevirapine. Tenofovir and/or abacavir was substituted for stavudine after April 2010 in first‐line ART. We evaluated the frequency and type of single‐drug substitutions, treatment interruptions and switches to second‐line therapy. Fine and Gray competing risk regression models were used to evaluate the association of antiretroviral drug type with single‐drug substitutions, treatment interruptions and second‐line switches in the first 24 months on treatment.ResultsThree hundred and ninety‐eight (15.3%) single‐drug substitutions, 187 (7.2%) treatment interruptions and 86 (3.3%) switches to second‐line therapy occurred among 2602 paediatric patients over 24‐months on ART. Overall, the rate of single‐drug substitutions started to increase in 2009, peaked in 2011 at 25% and then declined to 10% in 2013, well after the integration of tenofovir into paediatric regimens; no patients over the age of 3 were initiated on abacavir for first‐line therapy. Competing risk regression models showed patients on zidovudine or stavudine had upwards of a fivefold increase in single‐drug substitution vs. patients initiated on tenofovir in the first 24 months on ART. Older adolescents also had a two‐ to threefold increase in treatment interruptions and switches to second‐line therapy compared to younger patients in the first 24 months on ART.ConclusionsThe decline in single‐drug substitutions is associated with the introduction of tenofovir. Tenofovir use could improve regimen durability and treatment outcomes in resource‐limited settings.
Late sampling for automated culture to extend the platelet shelf life to 5 days in Germany
Authors: Vollmer Tanja , Dabisch‐Ruthe Mareike , Weinstock Melanie , Knabbe Cornelius , Dreier Jens 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUNDBacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (PCs) is still a major challenge in transfusion medicine. Different methodologic concepts and screening strategies have been developed and investigated concerning their usability. We evaluated the feasibility of BacT/ALERT automated culture (BacT/A, bioMérieux) with late sampling after 3 days at the earliest.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSTwenty‐four bacterial strains isolated from PCs and six relevant strains from reference stocks were spiked into apheresis‐derived PCs (10‐60 colony‐forming units [CFU]/bag). Sampling was performed after 3 days, and bacterial detection was investigated using the two detection methods (BacT/A and BactiFlow [BF], bioMérieux). The maximum time‐to‐result of BacT/A was set to less than 12 hours.RESULTSAll medium‐ or high‐pathogenic strains are capable of proliferating to high titers, and 100% of contaminated samples were detected by BF and BacT/A (6 to ≤12 h incubation); lower detection rates of BacT/A were obtained within 6 hours of incubation (≤6 h: 76.2‐93.4%). The majority of low‐pathogenic isolates are also capable of growing in PCs (89.7%), showing a detection rate of 74.3% for BF versus 54.3% for BacT/A (6 to ≤12 h incubation). BacT/A failed to detect bacteria within 6 hours of incubation. Certainly, a small number of strains did not grow under PC storage conditions and were detectable by BacT/A only with increased detection times.CONCLUSIONSLate sampling after 3 days at the earliest, combined with reduced BacT/A incubation following the negative‐to‐date concept, offer an alternative opportunity to extend the shelf life of PCs from 4 to 5 days in Germany. The sensitivity of BacT/A with late sampling is nearly comparable to BF; the time‐to‐result is considerably longer.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis of 36 blood group alleles among 396 Thai samples reveals region‐specific variants
Authors: Jongruamklang Philaiphon , Gassner Christoph , Meyer Stefan , Kummasook Aksarakorn , Darlison Marion , Boonlum Chayanun , Chanta Surin , Frey Beat M. , Olsson Martin L. , Storry Jill R. 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUNDBlood group phenotype variation has been attributed to potential resistance to pathogen invasion. Variation was mapped in blood donors from Lampang (northern region) and Saraburi (central region), Thailand, where malaria is endemic. The previously unknown blood group allele profiles were characterized and the data were correlated with phenotypes. The high incidence of the Vel‐negative phenotype previously reported in Thais was investigated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSDNA from 396 blood donors was analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Outliers were investigated by serology and DNA sequencing. Allele discrimination assays for SMIM1 rs1175550A/G and ACKR1 rs118062001C/T were performed and correlated with antigen expression.RESULTSAll samples were phenotyped for Rh, MNS, and K. Genotyping/phenotyping for RhD, K, and S/s showed 100% concordance. Investigation of three RHCE outliers revealed an e‐variant antigen encoded by RHCE*02.22. Screening for rs147357308 (RHCE c.667T) revealed a frequency of 3.3%. MN typing discrepancies in 41 samples revealed glycophorin variants, of which 40 of 41 were due to Mia. Nine samples (2.3%) were heterozygous for FY*01W.01 (c.265C > T), and six samples (1.5%) were heterozygous for JK*02N.01. All samples were wildtype SMIM1 homozygotes with 97% homozygosity for rs1175550A.CONCLUSIONSMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry is an efficient method for rapid routine genotyping and investigation of outliers identified novel variation among our samples. The expected high prevalence of the Mi(a+) phenotype was observed from both regions. Of potential clinical relevance in a region where transfusion‐dependent thalassemia is common, we identified two RHCE*02 alleles known to encode an e‐variant antigen.
International competition, returns to skill and labour market adjustment
Authors: Falvey Rod , Greenaway David , Silva Joana 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDoes increased import competition lead to higher returns to skill within an industry and, therefore, to greater incentives for skill acquisition? Does it also induce skill upgrading by the industry's existing workforce? To answer these questions, we follow individual workers across skills/occupations, firms and industries using a longitudinal matched employer–employee data set covering virtually all workers and firms in Portugal over the 1986–2000 period. To identify the effects of international competition, we use two exogenous measures at the industry level. First, a quasi‐natural experiment based on the strong appreciation of the Portuguese currency in 1989–92 period and pre‐existing differences in trade exposure across industries in a differences‐in‐differences estimation. Second, source‐weighted real exchange rates defined at the industry level. Based on both empirical strategies, and on two different skill definitions, we show that international competition increases returns to skill and induces skill/occupation upgrading within an industry.
A life's work on trade and development
Authors: Greenaway David , Morrissey Oliver 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper reflects on the career contributions of Professor Chris Milner to the literature on international trade and economic development. As such, it not only provides an overview of a life's work, but also sets the context for the nine papers which follow. All of these were specially written for this Special Issue of The World Economy, and all relate to different areas that Professor Milner worked in.
Linguistic equilibrium with local and world languages: Challenges of globalisation
Authors: Davydov Denis , Shapoval Alexander , Weber Shlomo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper we introduce a model of a society with two distinct linguistic groups, each consisting of heterogeneous individuals speaking their native language. There is also a world language so that every individual is faced with four learning choices: to study the other local language only, to study the world language only, to study both, and to refrain from studying either language. We examine the Nash equilibiria of that game determined by communicative benefits (Selten & Pool), and address inefficiency of the equilibrium. We then show that government subsidies for language learning could serve as welfare‐enhancing policies. Finally, we analyze the three‐language policy, certain variants of which have been adopted in multilingual countries or regions.
Harmonisation and globalisation of intellectual property culture
Authors: Naghavi Alireza , Prarolo Giovanni 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between the two sides of intellectual property culture in an international context, namely the harmonisation of its protection and the globalisation of its creation. To this end, we explore the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in the recent surge in the internationalisation of patents that originates from the newly emerging economies. The aim is to capture the outreach of the Northern intellectual property culture to the South and the South–North globalisation of the resulting intellectual property that emerges in the South. Global bilateral patent data are used to investigate the location specificity of IPR enforcement for the emergence of this phenomenon. We find that the harmonisation of IPR protection encourages foreign‐patenting activities of Southern innovators. Our findings suggest that a global convergence of IPR protection can stimulate the production and the internationalisation of intellectual property in the South. As the North and the South grow closer in terms of levels of development, a harmonised institutional structure becomes more adequate as they increasingly share similar markets.
Exporting creative and cultural products: Birthplace diversity matters!
Authors: Orefice Gianluca , Santoni Gianluca 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper analyses the effect of birthplace diversity on exports of creative and cultural goods, for 19 OECD countries, over the period 1990–2010. By matching UNESCO's creative and cultural exports classification to trade and migration data, we find a strong positive effect of birthplace diversity on the export of creative products. In particular, a 10% increase in the birthplace diversity index implies a 4% increase in creative goods exports. These results are robust across several specifications and shed light on a potential new channel through which migrants can contribute to the host country's export performance. It is interesting to note that only diversity of secondary and tertiary educated immigrants contributes to an increase in exports of creative and cultural goods. An instrumental variables approach addresses the potential endogeneity problems and confirms our results.
A novel herpesvirus associated with chronic superficial keratitis and proliferative conjunctivitis in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)
Authors: Gleeson Molly D. , Moore Bret A. , Edwards Sydney G. , Stevens Sarah , Childress April L. , Wellehan James F.X. , Robertson Jessica , Murphy Christopher J. , Hawkins Michelle G. , Paul‐Murphy Joanne 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAn adult great‐horned owl (Bubo virginianus; GHOW) presented with a history of recurrent corneal ulceration of the right eye (OD). Findings included ulcerative superficial keratitis, proliferative conjunctivitis, and iris pigmentary changes. The ulcer was initially nonresponsive to medical therapy, but showed rapid and appropriate healing following diamond burr debridement. Proliferative conjunctivitis markedly improved following topical antiviral therapy with cidofovir 1%, interferon alpha 2B ophthalmic solutions, and oral l‐lysine. Histopathologic evaluation of a conjunctival biopsy revealed epithelial features suspicious for viral cytopathic changes and intranuclear structures suspicious for viral inclusions, suggestive of a possible viral‐induced papillomatous conjunctivitis. A novel alphaherpesvirus, referred to as Strigid Herpesvirus 1 (StrHV1), was identified using PCR and gene sequencing. This case represents a new clinical manifestation of a previously unreported herpesvirus in the GHOW. Identification of the herpes virus was critical to administration of appropriate therapy and resolution of the conjunctivitis, and corneal epithelial debridement promoted resolution of the chronic corneal epithelial defect.
Factors affecting publication in peer‐reviewed journals of abstracts presented from 2008 to 2012 ACVO meetings
Authors: Bentley Ellison , Koester Megan , Bdolah‐Abram Tali , Yair Nadav , Ofri Ron 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeTo examine variables that affect publication of ACVO meeting abstracts in peer‐reviewed journals and compare results to ECVO publication rate (PR).MethodsPublished papers were identified via online searches for abstracts from 2008 to 2012 ACVO/ECVO meetings. Variables analyzed (via Pearson's chi‐Squared test) included the following: oral presentation/poster, type of abstract (clinical/basic science/case report), species, ocular tissue, nationality, funding, first/last/any author a diplomate, resident as first author, and author affiliation (private practice/university).ResultsOne hundred and eighty‐six of 577 ACVO abstracts were published within 608 ± 479 days, with 103 published in Veterinary Ophthalmology. Significant factors included the following: nationality of first/last authors (P = .005); English as first language (P < .001); presentation type (P < .001, oral 40% PR, poster 22% PR); type of study (P = .037, clinical study 35% PR, basic science 30% PR, case report 16% PR); resident as first author (P < .001); diplomate as any author except first/last (P < .001); first author affiliation (P = .001, university 37% PR, practice 21% PR); last author affiliation (P = .003, university 36% PR, practice 22% PR); and species (P < .001, horses 53% PR, multiple species 50% PR, cats 35% PR, food animals 31% PR, exotics/wildlife 31% PR, dogs 27% PR, laboratory animals/in vitro 24%). Nonsignificant factors were as follows: diplomate as first/last author, funding, and ocular tissue. Presentation type, resident as first author, university affiliation of first author, and species had the greatest effect on publication probability. For the same period, ECVO PR was 87 of 299, which was not significantly different from ACVO PR (P = .342).ConclusionAt 32%, ACVO PR for the study years is similar to ECVO PR of 29%.
Intercomparison of three methods to estimate evapotranspiration over temperate meadow in Inner Mongolia: Penman–Monteith, Makkink and Priestley–Taylor equation
Authors: Chen NiNa , Zhang YuShu , Jin ChangJie , Wang AnZhi , Guan DeXin , Tian Li 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThree methods of calculating evapotranspiration (ET), Penman–Monteith (PM), Makkink (MK) and Priestley–Taylor (PT) equation, were applied to a temperate meadow in Inner Mongolia, China. We compared these methods with eddy covariance (EC) method. The results indicated that a reduction in mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) was achieved for MK and PT methods (45.6–83.0%) when using site‐specific parameters compared with referenced ones, but an increase of 75.9–93.9% for PM method. Intercomparison of three methods through comparison with EC measurements indicated that PT method with site‐specific parameters performed the best to estimate ET, followed by PM method with referenced parameters, and then MK equation with site‐specific parameters (overestimate ET by 8.2, 12.1, 16.5% and 3.4, 12.8, 21.0% respectively for half‐hourly and daily values).
A single day of bed rest, irrespective of energy balance, does not affect skeletal muscle gene expression or insulin sensitivity
Authors: Dirks Marlou L. , Stephens Francis B. , Jackman Sarah R. , Galera Gordo Jesús , Machin David J. , Pulsford Richard M. , van Loon Luc J. C. , Wall Benjamin T. 
Published: April 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What are the initial metabolic and molecular events that underpin bed rest‐induced skeletal muscle deconditioning, and what is the contribution of energy balance?

What is the main finding and its importance?
A single day of bed rest, irrespective of energy balance, did not lead to overt changes in skeletal muscle gene expression or insulin sensitivity. More than 1 day of physical inactivity is required to observe the insulin resistance and robust skeletal muscle transcriptional responses associated with bed rest and consequent alterations in energy balance.

AbstractThe initial metabolic and molecular events that underpin disuse‐induced skeletal muscle deconditioning, and the contribution of energy balance, remain to be investigated. Ten young, healthy men (age 25 ± 1 years; body mass index 25.3 ± 0.8 kg·m−2) underwent three 24 h laboratory‐based experimental periods in a randomized, crossover manner: (i) controlled habitual physical activity with an energy‐balanced diet (CON); (ii) strict bed rest with a diet to maintain energy balance (BR‐B); and (iii) strict bed rest with a diet identical to CON, consequently resulting in positive energy balance. Continuous glucose monitoring was performed throughout each visit, with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and an oral glucose tolerance test performed before and after. In parallel with muscle samples collected from a previous 7 day bed rest study, biopsies were used to examine the expression of genes associated with the regulation of muscle mass and insulin sensitivity. A single day of bed rest, irrespective of energy balance, did not lead to overt changes in whole‐body substrate oxidation, indices of insulin sensitivity [i.e. homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, BR‐B from 2.7 ± 1.7 to 3.1 ± 1.5 (P > 0.05) and Matsuda index, BR‐B from 5.9 ± 3.3 to 5.2 ± 2.9 (P > 0.05)] or 24 h glycaemic control/variability compared with CON. Seven days of bed rest led to ∼30–55% lower expression of genes involved in insulin signalling, lipid storage/oxidation and muscle protein breakdown, whereas no such changes were observed after 1 day of bed rest. In conclusion, more than a single day of physical inactivity is required to observe the insulin resistance and robust skeletal muscle transcriptional responses associated with bed rest and consequent alterations in energy balance.
A class of individual-based models
Authors: Lachowicz Miroslaw 
Published: April 2018

We discuss a class of mathematical models of biological systemsВ at microscopic level - i.e. at the level of interacting individuals of a population. The class leads to partially integral stochastic semigroups- [5]. We state general conditions guaranteeing the asymptotic stability.В In particular under some ratherВ restrictive assumptions we observe that any, even non-factorized, initial probability density tends in the evolution to a factorized equilibrium probability density - [4]. We discuss possible applications of the general theory such as redistribution of individuals - [2], thermal denaturation of DNA [1], and tendon healing process - [3].В [1] M. Debowski, M. Lachowicz, and Z. Szymanska,В Microscopic description of DNA thermal denaturation, to appear.В [2] M. Dolfin, M. Lachowicz, and A. Schadschneider, A microscopic model of redistribution of individuals inside an 'elevator', In Modern Problems in Applied Analysis, P. Drygas and S. Rogosin (Eds.), Bikhauser, Basel (2018), 77--86; DOI: 10.1007/978--3--319--72640-3.[3] G. Dudziuk, M. Lachowicz, H. Leszczynski, and Z. Szymanska, A simple model ofВ collagen remodeling, to appear.[4] M. Lachowicz, A class of microscopic individual models corresponding to the macroscopic logistic growth, Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 2017, on--line, DOI: 10.1002/mma.4680[5] K. Pichor and R. Rudnicki, Continuous Markov semigroups and stability of transportВ equations, J. Math. Analysis Appl. 249, 2000, 668--685, DOI: 10.1006/jmaa.2000.6968