bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor 2‐deficiency eliminates social behaviour deficits and vulnerability induced by cocaine
Authors: Morisot Nadège , Monier Romain , Le Moine Catherine , Millan Mark J , Contarino Angelo 
Published: February 2018

Background and PurposePoor social behaviour and vulnerability to stress are major clinical features of stimulant use disorders. The corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) system mediates stress responses and might underlie substance use disorders; however, its involvement in social impairment induced by stimulant substances remains unknown. CRF signalling is mediated by two receptor types, CRF1 and CRF2. In the present study we investigated the role of the CRF2 receptor in social behaviour deficits, vulnerability to stress and related brain alterations induced by cocaine administration and withdrawal.Experimental ApproachCRF2 receptor‐deficient (CRF2−/−) and littermate wild‐type mice were repeatedly tested in the three‐chamber task for sociability (i.e. preference for an unfamiliar conspecific vs. an object) and social novelty preference (SNP; i.e. preference for a novel vs. a familiar conspecific) before and after chronic cocaine administration. An in situ hybridization assay was used to assess gene expression of the stress‐responsive arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) neuropeptides in the hypothalamus.Key ResultsCRF2 receptor deficiency eliminated the sociability deficit induced by cocaine withdrawal. Moreover, CRF2−/− mice did not show either the stress‐induced sociability deficit or the increased AVP and OT expression associated with long‐term cocaine withdrawal, indicating resilience to stress. Throughout, wild‐type and CRF2−/− mice displayed SNP, suggesting that cocaine withdrawal‐induced sociability deficits were not due to impaired detection of social stimuli.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese findings demonstrate a central role for the CRF2 receptor in social behaviour deficits and biomarkers of vulnerability induced by cocaine withdrawal, suggesting new therapeutic strategies for stimulant use disorders.
Environmental peanut exposure increases the risk of peanut sensitization in high‐risk children
Authors: Brough H. A. , Kull I. , Richards K. , Hallner E. , Söderhäll C. , Douiri A. , Penagos M. , Melén E. , Bergström A. , Turcanu V. , Wickman M. , Lack G. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryBackgroundHigh household peanut consumption is associated with the development of peanut allergy, especially when peanut allergic cases are compared against atopic controls; thus, environmental peanut exposure (EPE) may be a risk factor for peanut sensitization and allergy. In this study, we explored the relationship between EPE and school‐age peanut sensitization in a population‐based cohort.MethodsMaternal bed dust was collected postnatally, and EPE was quantified using a polyclonal peanut ELISA. Peanut sensitization was assessed by specific IgE to peanut extract and sIgE to peanut protein component allergens Ara h 1, 2 or 3 ≥ 0.35kU/L (primary peanut sensitization). Initial nested case‐control analysis was performed comparing peanut‐sensitized cases against high‐risk controls (matched for parental atopy) (n = 411) using a conditional regression analysis. This was followed by whole cohort analysis (n = 1878) comparing EPE against peanut sIgE sensitization at ages 4 and 8 years using generalized estimating equations and against primary peanut sensitization at age 8 years using a logistic regression model. Finally, a subgroup analysis was performed comparing the impact of EPE in peanut‐sensitized vs egg‐sensitized, peanut‐tolerant individuals using logistic regression analysis. Levels of EPE were compared between groups using the Mann‐Whitney U test.ResultsIn the nested case‐control analysis, a higher level of EPE around birth was associated with peanut‐specific IgE sensitization at age 4 years (OR=1.41, 95% CI:1.05‐1.90) and primary peanut sensitization at age 8 years (OR=2.11, 95% CI:1.38‐3.22) compared against high‐risk controls. When the whole BAMSE cohort was assessed, EPE was no longer associated with peanut sensitization; however, on subgroup analysis, EPE was associated with primary peanut sensitization when compared against egg‐sensitized peanut‐tolerant controls with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.44 per unit EPE (95% CI:1.06‐1.94). There was no significant interaction between EPE and FLG loss‐of‐function mutations, egg sensitization at age 4 years, infantile eczema or parental atopy on peanut sensitization.ConclusionsHigher levels of environmental exposure to peanut in the first few months of life appear to increase the probability of developing school‐age peanut sensitization in atopic children (based on egg sensitization and parental atopy).
A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein environment exacerbates renal injury in the accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis model
Authors: Saja M F , Cook H T , Ruseva M M , Szajna M , Pickering M C , Woollard K J , Botto M 
Published: February 2018

Summary
Hyperlipidaemia accompanies chronic renal disease either as a consequence of the renal dysfunction or as part of generalized metabolic derangements. Under both situations, the lipid profile is characterized by accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs). This lipid profile is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular complications. Whether it may pose a risk for renal injury as well remains unclear. A hyper-TGRL state was generated in C57BL/6 mice using poloxamer-407 (P-407) and immune complex-mediated renal injury was triggered using the accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis (ANTN) model. The hyper-TGRL animals were hypersensitive to ANTN demonstrated by greater haematuria and glomerular cellularity. These changes were accompanied by increased glomerular accumulation of CD68+ macrophages. The hypersensitive response to ANTN was not seen in low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out mice fed with a high fat diet, where triglyceride levels were lower but cholesterol levels comparable to those obtained using P-407. These data indicate that a hyper-TGRL state might be more detrimental to the kidneys than low-density lipoprotein-driven hypercholesterolaemia during immune complex-mediated nephritis. We speculate that the hyper-TGRL environment primes the kidney to exacerbated renal damage following an inflammatory insult with increased accumulation of macrophages that may play a key role in mediating the injurious effects.
One explanation to rule them all? Identifying sub‐groups of non‐drinking Swedish ninth graders
Authors: Raninen Jonas , Livingston Michael , Karlsson Patrik , Leifman Håkan , Guttormsson Ulf , Svensson Johan , Larm Peter 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsResearchers in a number of countries have recently identified major changes in adolescent alcohol consumption since the early 2000s, with the prevalence of teenage drinking more than halving in some countries. The major aims of the current study are to examine if there are sub‐groups among non‐drinking Swedish ninth graders and to describe how the prevalence of these groups has changed during the period 1999 to 2015.Design and MethodsData from five waves of the Swedish European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs study was used. The data covered 16 years and the total sample comprised 14 976 students. Latent class analysis was used to identify sub‐groups of non‐drinkers (n = 4267) based on parental approval towards drinking, parental monitoring, leisure time activities, school performance and use of other substances.ResultsFive latent classes were found: computer gamers (8.3%), strict parents (36.5%), liberal parents (27.0%), controlling but liberal parents (16.6%) and sports (11.6%). In the non‐drinking sub‐group the strict parents group increased most between 1999 and 2015.Discussion and ConclusionsThe results imply that there is notable within‐group diversity in non‐drinking youth. Several mechanisms and explanations are thus likely to be behind the decline in drinking participation among Swedish adolescents.
Intravenous fentanyl use among people who inject drugs in Australia
Authors: Geddes Louise , Iversen Jenny , Memedovic Sonja , Maher Lisa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThere is a current epidemic of pharmaceutical opioid (PO) misuse, particularly fentanyl and fentanyl analogues, globally. Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic opioid with rapid onset and significantly higher risk of overdose compared with other opioids. Contexts and correlates of fentanyl use among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Australia are under‐researched.Design and MethodsThe Australian Needle Syringe Program Survey is conducted annually. Consenting PWID complete a self‐administered questionnaire and provide a capillary dried blood spot for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibody testing. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions determined correlates of recent (last 6 months) fentanyl injection in 2014.ResultsRecent fentanyl injection was reported by 8% (n = 193) of the total sample. Among the 848 PWID who recently injected POs, 23% injected fentanyl. Compared with PO injectors who had not injected fentanyl, those who had injected fentanyl were significantly more likely to identify as Indigenous Australian [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 2.51; P = 0.034], inject daily or more frequently (AOR 1.92; 95% CI 1.30, 2.83; P = 0.005), inject in public (AOR 1.43; 95% CI 1.01, 2.02; P = 0.042) and to have overdosed in the past year (AOR 2.16; 95% CI 1.48, 3.13; P < 0.001), but were significantly less likely to receptively share syringes (AOR 0.56; 95% CI 0.36, 0.87; P = 0.010).Discussion and ConclusionsFentanyl injectors in Australia are significantly more likely to identify as Indigenous, report frequent injection, inject in public and experience overdose. Increased access to harm reduction interventions, including naloxone distribution, wheel filters and supervised injection facilities, are likely to benefit this population.
To brand or not to brand a product placement? Evidence from a field study of two influence mechanisms of positive portrayals of alcohol in film
Authors: Redondo Ignacio , Russell Cristel A. , Bernal Jorge 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsWe propose that branded and non‐branded product placements in movies are interpreted differently and that a movie with unbranded alcohol portrayals influences audiences’ alcohol‐related beliefs and choices indirectly, through the process of narrative transportation, whereas a movie with branded alcohol placements impacts audiences’ alcohol beliefs and choices via a more basic social‐cognitive process of influence.Design and MethodsOrdinary moviegoers (N = 758) attended a showing of The Snows of Kilimanjaro (2011) in a popular theatre in Tacna, Peru. Subjects were randomly assigned to watch the original movie, with branded alcohol portrayals, or a brand‐free, control version. Reactions to the movie and alcohol‐related beliefs were collected in a survey immediately after the film exposure and real beverage choices were measured.ResultsThe findings reveal that exposure to unbranded positive portrayals of alcohol produces story‐consistent beliefs and alcohol choices through the process of narrative transportation and that exposure to branded positive alcohol portrayals produces direct effects in terms of alcohol expectancies and brand choice, despite lowering narrative transportation. Although viewers disengage more from the characters, and experience lesser enjoyment and perceived realism when exposed to actual brands in a movie, they still hold positive alcohol expectancies and are more likely to select the placed brand, a process consistent with social cognitive theory.Discussion and ConclusionsThe findings suggest caution about the recommended policy of removing branding from alcohol placements, such as in the case with plain packaging in tobacco, and instead call for effective policies to constrain alcohol product placement, as was done with tobacco placements.
Muscle tone assessments for children aged 0 to 12 years: a systematic review
Authors: Goo Miran , Tucker Kylie , Johnston Leanne M 
Published: February 2018

AimThe aim of this study was to identify and examine the psychometric properties of muscle tone assessments for children aged 0 to 12 years.MethodFour electronic databases were searched to identify studies that included assessments of resting and/or active muscle tone. Methodological quality and overall psychometric evidence of studies were rated using the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments checklist.ResultsTwenty‐one assessments were identified from 97 included studies. All assessments were broad developmental assessments that included muscle tone items or subscales. Most assessments (16/21) were designed for young children (<2y). Four assessments measured resting and active tone and demonstrated at least moderate validity or reliability: the Amiel‐Tison Neurological Assessment (ATNA) at term, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS), Premie‐Neuro for newborn infants, and the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) for infants aged 2 months to 2 years. For children over 2 years, the Neurological Sensory Motor Developmental Assessment (NSMDA) assesses resting and active tone but has limited validity.InterpretationThe ATNA at term, NNNS, Premie‐Neuro, HINE, and NSMDA can assess resting and active tone in infants and/or children. Further psychometric research is required to extend reliability, validity, and responsiveness data, particularly for older children.What this paper adds

This is the first review of muscle tone assessments for children aged 0 to 12 years.

Twenty‐one assessments contain muscle tone items and 16 are for children under 2 years.

Four assessments are reliable or valid to measure both resting and active tone.
Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Corley B. T. , Carroll R. W. , Hall R. M. , Weatherall M. , Parry‐Strong A. , Krebs J. D. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimsTo establish whether the risk of hypoglycaemia is greater with 2 consecutive days of very‐low‐calorie diet compared with 2 non‐consecutive days of very‐low‐calorie diet in people with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis was a non‐blinded randomized parallel group interventional trial of intermittent fasting in adults. The participants had a BMI of 30–45 kg/m2, Type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and/or hypoglycaemic medications and an HbA1c concentration of 50–86 mmol/mol (6.7–10%). The participants followed a 2092–2510‐kJ diet on 2 days per week for 12 weeks. A total of 41 participants were randomized 1:1 to consecutive (n=19) or non‐consecutive (n=22) day fasts, of whom 37 (n=18 and n=19, respectively) were included in the final analysis. The primary outcome was difference in the rate of hypoglycaemia between the two study arms. Secondary outcomes included change in diet, quality of life, weight, lipid, glucose and HbA1c levels, and liver function.ResultsThe mean hypoglycaemia rate was 1.4 events over 12 weeks. Fasting increased the rate of hypoglycaemia despite medication reduction (RR 2.05, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.52). There was no difference between fasting on consecutive days and fasting on non‐consecutive days (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.35 to 6.11). Improvements in weight, HbA1c, fasting glucose and quality of life were experienced by participants in both arms.ConclusionsIn individuals with Type 2 diabetes on hypoglycaemic medications, fasting of any type increased the rate of hypoglycaemia. With education and medication reduction, fewer than expected hypoglycaemic events occurred. Although it was not possible to determine whether fasting on consecutive days increased the risk of hypoglycaemia, an acceptable rate was observed in both arms.
Diabetic retinopathy in a remote Indigenous primary healthcare population: a Central Australian diabetic retinopathy screening study in the Telehealth Eye and Associated Medical Services Network project
Authors: Brazionis L. , Jenkins A. , Keech A. , Ryan C. , Brown A. , Boffa J. , Bursell S. ,   the CRE in Diabetic Retinopathy and the TEAMSnet Study Group
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimTo determine diabetic retinopathy prevalence and severity among remote Indigenous Australians.MethodsA cross‐sectional diabetic retinopathy screening study of Indigenous adults with Type 2 diabetes was conducted by locally trained non‐ophthalmic retinal imagers in a remote Aboriginal community‐controlled primary healthcare clinic in Central Australia and certified non‐ophthalmic graders in a retinal grading centre in Melbourne, Australia. The main outcome measure was prevalence of any diabetic retinopathy and sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy.ResultsAmong 301 participants (33% male), gradable image rates were 78.7% (n = 237) for diabetic retinopathy and 83.1% (n = 250) for diabetic macular oedema, and 77.7% (n = 234) were gradable for both diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema. For the gradable subset, the median (range) age was 48 (19–86) years and known diabetes duration 9.0 (0–24) years. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 47% (n = 110) and for diabetic macular oedema it was 14.4% (n = 36). In the fully gradable imaging studies, sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy prevalence was 16.2% (n = 38): 14.1% (n = 33) for clinically significant macular oedema, 1.3% (n = 3) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 0.9% (n = 2) for both. Sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy had been treated in 78% of detected cases.ConclusionsA novel telemedicine diabetic retinopathy screening service detected a higher prevalence of ‘any’ diabetic retinopathy and sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy in a remote primary care setting than reported in earlier surveys among Indigenous and non‐Indigenous populations. Whether the observed high prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was attributable to greater detection, increasing diabetic retinopathy prevalence, local factors, or a combination of these requires further investigation and, potentially, specific primary care guidelines for diabetic retinopathy management in remote Australia.Clinical Trials registration number: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN 12616000370404.
Effect of race on the glycaemic response to sitagliptin: Insights from the Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin (TECOS)
Authors: Davis Timothy M. E. , Mulder Hillary , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Aschner Pablo , Chuang Lee‐Ming , Raffo Grado Carlos A. , Standl Eberhard , Peterson Eric D. , Holman Rury R. ,   for the TECOS Study Group
Published: February 2018

AimPooled efficacy studies suggest that glycaemic responses to dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes are greatest in Asians, who may also respond better to alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors. We assessed the glycaemic impact of sitagliptin by race in the Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin (TECOS), and whether this was enhanced in Asians with concomitant acarbose therapy.Materials and methodsTECOS enrolled 14 671 patients with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and HbA1c of 48–64 mmol/mol (6.5%‐8.0%), and randomized them, double‐blind, to sitagliptin or placebo. There were 3265 patients (22.3%) from Asian countries. Background glucose‐lowering therapies were unaltered for the first 4 months post randomization unless clinically essential, facilitating comparison of sitagliptin‐associated effects in self‐identified East Asian, Other (South) Asian, White Caucasian, Hispanic, Black and Indigenous groups.ResultsMedian baseline HbA1c by race was 54 to 57 mmol/mol (7.1%‐7.4%). Mean 4‐month reduction in placebo‐adjusted HbA1c was greatest in East Asians (−6.6 mmol/mol [−0.60%] vs ≤6.0 mmol/mol [≤0.55%] in other groups), with significantly greater reduction vs the 2 largest groups (White Caucasians, Other Asians; P < .0001) after adjustment for covariates. After the first 4 months, East and Other Asians were more likely to initiate additional oral therapy (metformin and/or sulfonylureas) than insulin vs White Caucasians (P < .0001). Acarbose use increased in the Asian patients, but no glycaemic interaction with allocated study medication was observed (adjusted P = .12).ConclusionsThe greatest initial reduction in HbA1c with sitagliptin in the TECOS population was in East Asians. No enhanced glycaemic effect was seen when sitagliptin was given with acarbose.
Influence of mouthguards and their palatal design on the stress‐state of tooth‐periodontal ligament‐bone complex under static loading
Authors: Otani Tomohiro , Kobayashi Masakazu , Nozaki Kazunori , Gonda Tomoya , Maeda Yoshinobu , Tanaka Masao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackground/AimThe mouthguard (MG) is an effective device to reduce the risk of dental traumatic injuries, but the mechanical effects of wearing a MG and its design are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical influence of wearing a MG and its palatal design on the tooth‐periodontal ligament‐bone complex (TPBC) by computational analysis using the finite element method.Material and MethodsThree‐dimensional subject‐specific geometry of the TPBC was reconstructed from medical computed tomography (CT) images. Two patterns of MG geometries were constructed which covered the palatal domain or not (the position of these palatal margins was set at −8 mm (pattern 1) and 4 mm (pattern 2) from the cervical line. Five cases of static mechanical analysis were conducted by changing the location of the loading points from near the cervical line to the tip of the tooth.ResultsWearing a MG decreased strain concentration around the loading point and cervical domain regardless of the MG palatal design. Elastic energy in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and tooth (including enamel and dentin) decreased when the MG was worn, whereas the MG palatal design slightly affected the degree of reduction in the elastic energies. The location of the loading points remarkably affected the elastic energy in the TPBC components and the extent of its reduction due to the MG.ConclusionsThese findings indicated that the protection ability of the MG exerted in the restricted situations of traumatic events occurs regardless of the MG design.
Philosophy and “the method of fictions”: Maimon's proposal and its critics
Authors: Breazeale Daniel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSalomon Maimon argued forcefully for the indispensability of what he called “the method of fictions” in mathematics and physics, but also in philosophy. This last claim provoked critical responses from G. E. Brastberger, G. E. Schultze, and K. L. Reinhold. This paper offers a brief exposition of Maimon's “method of fictions” and an analysis of his response to critics of his claims concerning the employment of this method within philosophy.