bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Situ Observation of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Propagation Behavior
Authors: Fujishiro Taishi , Hara Takuya 
Published: June 2018

Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is one of the major issues of line pipe exposed to sour environments. There are some guidelines on materials requirements for carbon and low alloy steels for H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production. Generally, HIC susceptibility is evaluated after the test duration, typically 96 h, in accordance with NACE Standard TM0284-2016. However, HIC propagation behavior during HIC test has not been fully understood. In this study, a new in situ HIC measurement method has been developed in order to make the connection between HIC propagation behavior and microstructure. This technique is based on the combination of an automatic ultrasonic wave inspection system and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. HIC propagation rate and HIC propagation behavior of carbon steels with different textures were investigated, using this in situ technique. Texture components of tested steels were changed by controlled rolling process in the alpha-gamma dual phase region. The {100} intensity parallel to the rolling plane was developed with increasing controlled rolling reduction in the alpha-gamma dual phase region. HIC propagation rate increased and crack length of HIC grew in a staircase pattern with time when the {100} texture was highly developed. In addition, HIC propagation behavior could be overlapped with fracture surface, just like a projection mapping. The overlapping could make the connection between HIC propagation behavior and HIC fracture surface. Microstructure and texture just under the HIC fracture surface was also characterized by SEM and an electron backscatter diffraction pattern method. The results obtained in this study showed that HIC propagation behavior was affected by a texture. In addition, the new in situ HIC observation technique, which can make the direct connection between HIC propagation behavior and microstructure, revealed a detailed HIC propagation behavior and an effect of microstructure.
Regional Disparities, Economic Development, and Neonatal Mortality and Hospital Delivery in China
Authors: Fang Hai , Zhang Haijun , Vargas Bustamante Arturo , Luo Shusheng , Chen Xi , Gao Yanqiu , Liu Jianmeng 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceA negative association between neonatal mortality and hospital delivery has been found in some low- and lower-middle-income countries but not in rural settings characterized by poor quality of maternal and child health care.ObjectiveTo examine the association between neonatal mortality and hospital delivery in China across urban and rural regions, regional disparities, and varying levels of economic development.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study used county-level data from 2008 to 2020 from the National Maternal &amp;amp; Child Health Statistics across mainland China. Statistical analysis was conducted from March to December 2023.ExposuresSince 2008, China has strategically leveraged hospital deliveries with national subsidies to diminish neonatal mortality, particularly in rural areas.Main Outcomes and MeasuresNeonatal mortality and hospital delivery rates were calculated, and their association was estimated using multivariable fixed-effects linear models of county-level cohort data to adjust for time-invariant differences across counties and controls for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, women’s years of education, hospital beds, and health workers.ResultsThe analysis included data from 2930 counties, with 198.7 million live births across 36 255 county-year records between 2008 and 2020. The mean (SD) neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births decreased in rural areas from 12.3 (7.5) in 2008 to 3.9 (2.7) in 2020 and decreased in urban areas from 5.0 (3.1) in 2008 to 2.0 (1.3) in 2020. Hospital delivery rates increased in rural areas from a mean (SD) of 93.4% (11.8%) in 2008 to 99.9% (0.6%) in 2020 and increased in urban areas from 97.7% (6.1%) in 2008 to 100.0% (0.1%) in 2020. In rural areas, an increase of 10 percentage points in hospital deliveries was associated with a neonatal mortality rate of −1.4 (95% CI, −1.9 to −1.0; P &amp;lt; .001) per 1000 live births, whereas this negative association was not observed in urban areas. When the analysis was stratified by regions and incomes, the negative association became considerably stronger in the western and central regions of China, as well as in counties with lower GDP per capita.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study of more than 2900 counties in China suggests that an increase in hospital deliveries was associated with reduced neonatal mortality in rural and economically underdeveloped areas in China. To further reduce neonatal mortality and improve newborn health, it is imperative to increase the accessibility of hospital delivery services.
Quadrivalent Conjugate Vaccine and Invasive Meningococcal Disease in US Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Shin Thomas , Wells Chad R. , Shoukat Affan , Potter-Schwartz Lilia , Langevin Edith , Langley Joanne M. , Galvani Alison P. , Moghadas Seyed M. 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceBeginning in 2005, the US implemented routine immunization of adolescents with a quadrivalent conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD).ObjectivesTo assess whether MenACWY immunization was associated with a reduced IMD burden among the US adolescent population and how the downward trajectory of IMD that began in the mid-1990s might have evolved in the absence of vaccination efforts.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this decision analytical study, a bayesian hierarchical Poisson regression model was developed to investigate the potential trajectory of IMD among US adolescents and young adults without vaccination and evaluate the direct association of vaccination with IMD burden. The model included the entire age-stratified US population and was fitted to national incidence data for serogroups C, W, and Y from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2021, with stratification by vaccination status for IMD cases.InterventionSimulated counterfactual scenario of absent vaccination from 2005 to 2021, while retaining the incidence rate of IMD for unvaccinated individuals estimated during model fitting.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were the estimated numbers of IMD cases and deaths averted by MenACWY vaccination among US adolescents and young adults aged 11 to 23 years.ResultsAmong the entire US population from 2005 to 2021, MenACWY vaccination prevented an estimated 172 (95% credible interval [CrI], 85-345) cases of IMD among US adolescents 11 to 15 years of age and 328 (95% CrI, 164-646) cases of IMD among those aged 16 to 23 years. Absent vaccination, the cumulative incidence of IMD in these age groups would have been at least 59% higher than reported over the same period with vaccination. Using case fatality rates of unvaccinated individuals derived from national data, vaccination averted an estimated 16 (95% CrI, 8-31) deaths among adolescents aged 11 to 15 years and 38 (95% CrI, 19-75) deaths among those aged 16 to 23 years.Conclusions and RelevanceThis decision analytical model suggests that the MenACWY vaccination program in the US was associated with a reduced burden of meningococcal disease. Without vaccination, the incidence rates per 100 000 adolescents and young adults would have been substantially higher than those observed during the vaccine era.
Adaptive Robust Control of Nonlinear Constrained Stirred‐Tank Reactors via Self‐Organizing Fuzzy Neural Network
Authors: Cui Xiao‐Song , Li Dong‐Juan , Li Dapeng 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an adaptive robust constraint controller for a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system based on a self‐organizing fuzzy neural network (SOFNN). Due to the high complexity of the chemical reactions, the CSTR system contains many strong nonlinearities and uncertainties. This is the first time to introduce the SOFNN into the adaptive controller design of the CSTR system, which improves the adaptability to dynamic system changes through the adjustment of the fuzzy network structure. Meanwhile, the time‐varying integral barrier Lyapunov functions (TVIBLFs) are employed to ensure the dimensionless reactant concentration and mixture temperature within a reasonable scope, which can improve the stability and safety of the CSTR system. Based on Lyapunov stability analysis, all the signals in a closed‐loop system are ultimately bounded. Simulation results substantiate the efficacy of the proposed control scheme.
A Novel Enhanced Fire Hawks Optimization Approach for Improving the Efficiency of Converter‐Based Controllers in Switched Reluctance Motors
Authors: Kiran Guntuku Ravi , Raju Subba Rao Kotam , Kumar Malligunta Kiran 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTSwitched reluctance motors (SRMs) have gained popularity in various industrial applications due to their advantages, including structural simplicity, high reliability, low cost, and operational stability over a wide speed range without relying on rare‐earth permanent magnet materials. However, these motors exhibit drawbacks such as weak torque density, low efficiency, and significant torque ripple, particularly in high‐speed operation. An efficient converter‐based control approach is proposed to manage speed and torque variations in SRM motors, addressing these issues. A multilevel converter (MC) is introduced as a fundamental component. The novel multilevel converter (NMC) accommodates SRMs with varying numbers of phases and exhibits quick demagnetization and excitation behaviors, enabling independent operation of each phase even during conduction overlaps. Subsequently, an effective controller is developed for the SRM motor, combining proportional integral derivative (PID) control with enhanced fire hawks optimization (EFHO). The EFHO optimizes the PID gain values to enhance controller performance. The converter operation minimizes torque ripple and facilitates speed management. The EFHO technique is a fusion of fire hawks optimization (FHO) and the sine cosine algorithm (SCA). This amalgamation improves the updating process of FHO by incorporating SCA. The proposed methodology is implemented in MATLAB and evaluated through various metrics, including SRM motor current, voltage, speed, and torque, under electric vehicle (EV) load conditions. Performance comparisons are conducted with traditional optimization algorithms such as the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and ant colony optimization (ACO). The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in achieving improved SRM motor control and performance.
Cascade Reactions for Enhanced CO2 Capture: Concurrent Optimization of Porosity and N‐Doping
Authors: Li Hao , Niu Jia Bin , Tao Long Gang , Tan Mei Chee , Low Hong Yee 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCarbon capture emerges as a pivotal decarbonization technology for addressing global warming challenges. Porous carbons, despite their cost‐effectiveness and ease of regeneration for CO2 capture, typically exhibit limited capacity owing to insufficient adsorption sites. Here, nitrogen‐doped porous carbons (NPCs) are introduced that overcome the prevalent trade‐offs between specific surface area and N‐doped content in NPCs fabrication through cascade reactions. The optimized NPC, which features hierarchical porosity ranging from ultra‐micropores to macropores, shows a superior CO2 capture capacity of 4.46 mmol g−1, ranking in the top 10% of the reported NPCs. This capacity exceeds that of the NPC fabricated with the conventional method by 58% and surpasses the control porous carbon by 106%. Langmuir adsorption modeling and mathematic correlation analysis revealed that this enhanced capacity is attributed to significantly improved ultra‐micropores volume and nitrogen‐species content. Moreover, this optimized NPC demonstrates exceptional stability, preserving its adsorption performance over 110 adsorption–desorption cycles under simulated flue gas conditions. This research not only highlights the integration of templating and N‐doping within NPCs fabrication but also offers an effective strategy to optimize porosity and nitrogen functionality in carbon materials, advancing beyond conventional methodologies.
Crystal Transduction 3D Printing of Bio‐Hydrogels with High Fidelity and Order Micro Pores
Authors: Tian Han , Hu Yanyu , Wu Jiajie , Wang Rixuan , Wang Jing , Cai Xixi , Chen Xu , He Yong , Wang Shaoyun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract3D printing of bio‐hydrogel scaffolds are widely used in tissue regeneration. However, due to the ultra‐soft properties of bio‐hydrogels, it is hard to print them precisely. Here, crystal transduction 3D printing with high fidelity is proposed to address this challenge. A phase‐transition bio‐inks system with beeswax is developed for crystal transduction, which can accelerate energy consumption and induce soft bio‐inks to quickly harden during printing. Interestingly, an interconnected porous hydrogel scaffold can be obtained after washing the crystal beeswax. The porous hydrogel scaffold demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and cell proliferation effect in vitro and is free from defense responses and immunogenicity in vivo. Muscle analog porous scaffolds constructed by high‐fidelity 3D printing significantly improve the tissue function recovery of rats with muscle defects, compared with the conventional printed hydrogel with a non‐matched shape. These structure‐performance design rules create exciting opportunities to customize 3D‐printed porous hydrogel scaffolds with high fidelity.
Novel Less Toxic, Lymphoid Tissue‐Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles Containing a Vitamin B5‐Derived Ionizable Lipid for mRNA Vaccine Delivery
Authors: Yoo Soyeon , Faisal Muhammad , Bae Seo‐Hyeon , Youn Kounghwa , Park Hyo‐Jung , Kwon Sung Pil , Hwang Il Kwon , Lee Jisun , Kim Hyeong Jun , Nam Jae‐Hwan , Keum Gyochang , Bang Eun‐Kyoung 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFollowing their approval by the Food and Drug Administration, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as promising tools for delivering mRNA vaccines and therapeutics. Ionizable lipids are among the essential components of LNPs, as they play crucial roles in encapsulating mRNA and facilitating its release into the cytosol. In this study, 17 innovative ionizable lipids using vitamin B5 are designed as the core structure, aiming to reduce toxicity, to maintain vaccine efficiency, and to ensure synthetic feasibility. The top‐performing LNP in terms of mRNA vaccine delivery in the mouse model is LNP 5097, which is generated by incorporating ionizable lipid I97. mRNA⊂LNP 5097 demonstrates favorable structural and physicochemical properties, high mRNA transfection efficiency, and long‐term stability. Moreover, mRNA⊂LNP 5097 specifically delivers the mRNA to the spleen and lymph nodes in model mice, induces balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses, and elicits the production of high levels of neutralizing antibodies with low toxicity. The findings here suggest the high utility of LNP 5097, which includes novel vitamin B5‐derived ionizable lipids with reduced toxicity, in mRNA vaccine research for both infectious diseases and cancer.
Engineering Strain‐Defects to Enhance Enzymatic Therapy and Induce Ferroptosis
Authors: Cao Sida , Dong Shuming , Feng Lili , Wei Nizhaoyue , Xie Ying , Dong Yushan , Zhu Yanlin , Zhao Ruoxi , He Fei , Yang Piaoping 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe effect of mimetic enzyme catalysis is often limited by insufficient activity and a single therapy is not sufficient to meet the application requirements. In this study, a multifunctional nanozyme, MMSR‐pS‐PEG, is designed and fabricated by modifying poly (ethylene glycol) grafted phosphorylated serine (pS‐PEG) on mesoporous hollow MnMoOx spheres, followed by loading sorafenib (SRF) into the pores. Strain engineering‐induced oxygen defects endow the nanozyme with enhanced dual‐enzymatic activity to mimic catalase and oxidase‐like activities, which catalyze the conversion of endogenous H2O2 into oxygen and subsequently into superoxide ions in the acidic tumor microenvironment. Moreover, as an n‐type semiconductor, MnMoOx generates reactive oxygen species by separating electrons and holes upon ultrasonic irradiation and simultaneously deplete glutathione by holes, thereby further augmenting its catalytic effect. As a ferroptosis inducer, SRF restrains the system xc− and indirectly inhibits glutathione synthesis, synergistically interacting with the nanozyme to stimulate ferroptosis by promoting lipid peroxidation and accumulation and the downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4. These results provide valuable insights into the design of enzymatic therapy with high performance and highlight a promising approach for the synergism of ferroptosis and enzymatic tumor therapy.
Spintronics in GaN‐Based Semiconductors: Research Progress, Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Li Hangtian , Zhu Miaodong , Guo Zhonghong , Li Guoxin , Shang Jianbo , Yang Ying , Feng Yikang , Lu Yunshu , Zhang Qian , Wang Sheng , Li Zexi , Jiang Qinglong , Lin Xiaowei , Gao Fangliang , Li Shuti 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSpintronics, exploiting the spin degree of electrons as the information vector, is an attractive field for implementing the beyond‐complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) devices. GaN‐based semiconductors, characterized by weak spin‐orbit coupling, long spin relaxation time, and Curie temperature higher than room temperature, are considered ideal materials for advancing spintronics. In addition, GaN‐based semiconductors possess a variety of heterostructures, and different properties can be combined through energy band engineering, this enables addressing the limitation of GaN‐based semiconductors. Nevertheless, there are still challenges in practical applications; for instance, the mechanism of spin relaxation in GaN‐based semiconductors is still unclear, and efficient spin gating has not yet been realized. This review examines the progress of spintronics in GaN‐based semiconductors, and systematically summarizes the advancements in spin injection, transport, manipulation, and device application. The current challenges and future perspectives on the studies of spintronic devices based on GaN‐based semiconductors are also highlighted.
Anode Material Determined Divergent 5‐exo‐dig Cyclization of N‐Cyano‐2‐Halobenzamides Toward 3‐Iminoisoindolin‐1‐ones and 3‐Aminoisoindolin‐1‐ones
Authors: Xie Xiao‐Qing , Li Zi‐Qiong , Zhou Wei , Cheng Chaozhihui , Bai Jiang , Ding Haixin , Song Xian‐Rong , Luo Mu‐Jia , Xiao Qiang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHerein, an electroreductive aryl radical enabled 5‐exo‐dig cyclization of N‐cyano‐2‐halobenzamides is presented, providing a convenient route for the synthesis of a variety of 3‐iminoisoindolin‐1‐ones in 30–75% yields. Simply by employing zinc plate instead of graphite rod anode, the products of the electrosynthesis are switched to diverse 3‐aminoisoindolin‐1‐ones through aryl‐radical‐mediated 5‐exo‐dig cyclization and subsequent reductive hydrogenation. Furthermore, this anode material determined divergent 5‐exo‐dig cyclization features mild electrochemical conditions, excellent substrate scopes, and good functional group tolerance.
Digging into Complexity: The Wicked Problem of Peatland Protection
Authors: Meyer‐Jürshof Marie , Theilen Greta Sophie , Lakner Sebastian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe significance of rewetting peatlands, as a key instrument for peatland protection and response to climate change, is increasingly recognized by both experts and the public. Its widespread implementation however still faces numerous challenges. Characteristics of the issue itself as well as the corresponding policies transform the issue into a wicked problem. Showcasing the lack of clarity in funding structures at the German national and federal‐state levels highlights the linked obstruction of necessary actions, implementation options, and financial resources for peatland protection. This poses challenges to climate protection, adaptation efforts, and the achievement of related Sustainable Development Goals. In Germany, an update of peatland protection policies highlights the structural challenges in coordinating peatland protection efforts and helps identify gaps and opportunities. A mixed methods approach is used to analyze both strategic documents and the results of a survey on associated funding. The results indicate a multi‐level policy structure with several German federal states recognizing the potential and relevance of peatland protection but still facing obstacles regarding the distribution of responsibilities, data availability, and overall structures. Recognizing peatland protection as a wicked problem can highlight research gaps and help in developing individual solutions that can be transferred to an international level.
Identifying Multiomic Signatures of X‐Linked Retinoschisis‐Derived Retinal Organoids and Mice Harboring Patient‐Specific Mutation Using Spatiotemporal Single‐Cell Transcriptomics
Authors: Chien Yueh , Wu You‐Ren , Chen Chih‐Ying , Yang Yi‐Ping , Ching Lo‐Jei , Wang Bo‐Xuan , Chang Wei‐Chao , Chiang I‐Hsun , Su Pong , Chen Shih‐Yu , Lin Wen‐Chang , Wang I‐Chieh , Lin Tai‐Chi , Chen Shih‐Jen , Chiou Shih‐Hwa 
Published: November 2024

AbstractX‐linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is an inherited retinal disorder with severe retinoschisis and visual impairments. Multiomics approaches integrate single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) and spatiotemporal transcriptomics (ST) offering potential for dissecting transcriptional networks and revealing cell‐cell interactions involved in biomolecular pathomechanisms. Herein, a multimodal approach is demonstrated combining high‐throughput scRNA‐seq and ST to elucidate XLRS‐specific transcriptomic signatures in two XLRS‐like models with retinal splitting phenotypes, including genetically engineered (Rs1emR209C) mice and patient‐derived retinal organoids harboring the same patient‐specific p.R209C mutation. Through multiomics transcriptomic analysis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/eukryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) signaling, mTOR pathway, and the regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K pathways are identified as chronically enriched and highly conserved disease pathways between two XLRS‐like models. Western blots and proteomics analysis validate the occurrence of unfolded protein responses, chronic eIF2α signaling activation, and chronic ER stress‐induced apoptosis. Furthermore, therapeutic targeting of the chronic ER stress/eIF2α pathway activation synergistically enhances the efficacy of AAV‐mediated RS1 gene delivery, ultimately improving bipolar cell integrity, postsynaptic transmission, disorganized retinal architecture, and electrophysiological responses. Collectively, the complex transcriptomic signatures obtained from Rs1emR209C mice and patient‐derived retinal organoids using the multiomics approach provide opportunities to unravel potential therapeutic targets for incurable retinal diseases, such as XLRS.