bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty Assessment of Burgan Marrat Carbonate Reservoir using Response Surface Modelling to Plan Early-Stage Field Development
Authors: Al-Shammari Asrar , Gutierrez Jeannire , Sinha Satyendra , Al-Shammari Obaid 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Burgan Marrat, a deep carbonate reservoir was transferred from exploration to development team for an accelerated production of the newly discovered oil. This multi-billion barrel reservoir is spread over 450 km2, has more than 40 faults, 8 compartments with large variation in oil-water contact and reservoir/fluid characteristics. The objective of this work is to understand the key uncertainties and quantify their impact on the reservoir offtake rate and oil recovery by conducting uncertainty assessment.
An interdisciplinary team identified the key uncertainty parameters expected to have significant impact on the reservoir development. The range and probability distribution law for each parameter was set considering the uncertainties due to limited measurements or variation in interpretations. A Response Surface Model (RSM) was created to evaluate the uncertainties by using a base dynamic model and applying an appropriate experimental design, which allowed to efficiently study the uncertainty space with a feasible number of simulations. Using the RSM, the primary effects and interaction between parameters were quantified to rank the uncertainties based on their impact on field production.
Key uncertainty parameters were identified including eight OWCs, six fault transmissibilities, horizontal and vertical permeability multipliers, and porosity multiplier. Latin Hypercube was found to be the appropriate Experimental Design for the study considering 17 parameters and the need of building a reliable RSM that includes interactions between them. The design recommended 155 simulation cases, which were prepared and submitted automatically by the software.
Multi-time Responses were analyzed qualitatively to identify the top 5 uncertainties having material impact on field production over 20 years considering 6 existing wells and 30 new well locations. The RSM quantitative evaluation showed three parameters (OWC2, OWC4 and OWC1) having a total effect on the response higher than 10%; followed by PERMX and OWC3 with less than 5%. The other 12 parameters have total effects less than 2%, and the interactions effect is less than 0.5% for any interaction between two parameters. Contrary to the intuition, none of the faults proved impact on the reservoir production.
The results prove very useful to make a right development and appraisal strategy in early life of the reservoir. The new well locations can be ranked and prioritized to optimize the development and effectively appraise the areas with high risks.
Uncertainty assessment has value throughout the life of the reservoir. However, this study indicates that its application in early life of the reservoir can bring immense value. An uncertainty analysis on the reservoir production helps in decision-making regarding the number of wells and their locations to reach a target production by managing the risks.
Challenges in HPHT Well: A Case Study
Authors: Saxena Arpit , Chaudhary Sharad , Adarsh Divyam , Anshul Kumar , Nihalani Dipesh , Tewari Pratush 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Krishna Godavari Offshore Block has reservoir temperatures of 420 degF and 12,500 psi of bottom hole pressures, field's HPHT rating is a concern moreover other challenges like the wells are complex in terms of depths, profile, high drift, reservoir with heterogeneity, formation pressure variation. The paper discusses challenges during well planning and their execution with adequate methods to successfully drill and case well with less than 15 % NPT.
In harsh environment of KG Basin, HPHT wells encroach on limits of equipment, leaving little margin for error, resulting in increased risk of rapid gas migration, equipment integrity failure, operating limits of tool. The paper discusses use of RSS-Vortex, 200 degC rated MWD tools, NRDPP, modified casing design, reduction in impact of side forces and high torques, optimized bit design, drill pipe cutting tool, reduction of differential sticking to execute the drilling of well within given time. The case study discusses longest 5 7/8" section drilled in an unconventional casing design under HPHT environment in India.
The paper also discusses the unexpected results and observations obtained during execution of program and the lessons learnt from it. Some drilling methods such as first application of RSS-Vortex in a HPHT environment in India has considerably enhanced the ROP by 100% and also significantly reduced casing wear of production casing by 55 %, use of 200 deg C rated MWD tools has increased the robustness of the drilling BHA resulting in minimizing additional BHA trips due to tool failures. The reservoir section drilling has been optimized to 3 bit trips from 9-13 trips done in offset wells. Use of NRDPP's made drilling of high drifted wells easier and maintenance of surface torque within limits had considerably reduced lost production time and ensured safe operation. The improvisation carried out for bit design and casing design has also saved rig days and cost. The new casing design avoids liner tie back which has resulted saving of 7 days of rig time. The use of effective micronized barite OBM system with controlled measures on HTHP fluid loss has maintained good balance between rheology and fluid loss to prevent differential sticking. The downhole tool failure and stick-slip was reduced by 50% by modulating the Variable frequency drive and choosing adequate bit.
These methods and practices require further optimization to enhance the usability. The established methods discussed have created good drilling practices in HPHT environment for KG field and has reduced the drilling NPT levels. Such a huge transformation in reducing the NPT is very significant in HPHT conditions and many of the practices can be standardized for such operations.
Digital Core-New Tool for Petrophysical Evaluation and Enhanced Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Dhar Samir Kumar , Nandipati Viswanath , Bhattacharya Aumeya 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Digital core generated from micro CT images of rock sample cutting and results obtained from digital core analysis are presented in this work as a substitute of conventional core study for Petrophysical evaluation. Conventional core extraction during drilling, core preservation and analysis are expensive, time consuming processes and often unavailable for small size fields. Moreover, routine and special core analysis results are a critical input for petrophysical characterization. In this situation, digital core study appears to be a cost effective substitute to ensure and validate petrophysical evaluation results.
High resolution 3D micro CT imaging and analysis was done on rock samples cut during drilling or on sidewall core plugs cut by wireline logging tool. Segmented micro CT image slices when combined in 3D space in three orthogonal directions, can be termed as digital core. Solid rock matrix, clay filled and porous rock portions are distinctly separable using micro CT images and their volume fractions can be estimated. Detail textural analysis in terms of Grain and pore throat size distribution of the rock is possible from digital core which controls storage capacity and flow behavior. Two critical petrophysical input parameters for fluid saturation (Sw) estimation are cementation exponent (m) and saturation exponent (n). These parameters are commonly computed from special core analysis (SCAL) on conventional core plugs. But digital core study can provide the estimates of ‘m’ and ‘n’ which replace the need of SCAL.
Digital core study has been carried out in three different reservoirs in west and east coast of India and the results were analyzed. Porosity and permeability data obtained from digital core was first compared with log analysis results and then used to identify different petro physical rock types (PRT). Fluid saturation (Sw) was estimated from resistivity log by using ‘m’ and ‘n’ exponent obtained from digital core seems to be more realistic and corroborates with well test results. Porosity, permeability, water saturation and rock types (PRT) were helped to build geo-cellular model (GCM) for small and marginal reservoir.
Enhanced reservoir characterization by using digital core study result has helped in better understanding and decision making for small and marginal fields where limited well data is available. Finally this leads to the preparation of field development plan (FDP). Digital core technique is less expensive, having quick turnaround time than conventional coring which has translated into high value business impact for any development project.
Petrophysical Characterization of Mineralogically Complex Panna Formation: An Alternate Approach
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Zacharia Joseph , Majithia Pritpal Singh , Saxena Renu , Nirala Arun Kumar , Narla Sattibabu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Panna Formation is a very critical and challenging formation deposited during Paleocene time of geological past in various parts of Western Offshore Basin of India. It was deposited in a fluvio-deltaic environment, sometimes even in a restricted marine set-up. Such variation in depositional setting caused mineralogical complexity, which in-turn imposed a limitation in conventional approach of formation evaluation and saturation determination to identify the pay zones with confidence. A comprehensive approach of integrated formation evaluation for rock quality characterization was attempted using a combination of new generation elemental and acoustic analysis for delineating the potential hydrocarbon bearing zones independent of conventional resistivity-based approach along with a better insight on formation heterogeneity. The studied well was drilled up to Panna Formation and conventional open-hole logs were acquired while drilling. However, due to complex mineralogical nature of the formation, estimation of key critical reservoir parameters was very challenging and imposed higher uncertainties in the results. An alternate approach was adopted using a few advanced log measurements to address this challenge. A combination of new generation elemental and acoustic data has been recorded in a single wireline run after acquiring conventional basic logs while drilling. An accurate porosity was derived by eliminating various mineralogical assemblages along with estimation of a geochemical permeability based on detailed elemental analysis. Measured aluminum from neutron inelastic capture spectrum method enabled to estimate clay volumes with accuracy, which provided the required insight for better effective porosity in such shaly-sand environment. Based on this improved porosity and permeability, an approach for rock-quality indexing was used for reservoir delineation.
Moreover, a good amount of organic carbon was found associated with clays caused shales with higher resistivity. Based on elemental measurements an interesting insight was possible to extract for resistivity independent fluid saturation. An additional pay zone with hydrocarbon saturation based on such resistivity independent approach was possible to identify, which was masked by conventional resistivity-based interpretation. Acoustic analysis results assisted in delineating the zones with possible open fractures to avoid any possibility for unwanted fluid breakthrough.
Based on this approach of alternate integrated petrophysical analysis perforation zones were selected including an additional zone, which was masked based on conventional analysis. The well was started producing around 1,05,000 m3 gas with around 200 barrels of oil per day. This study showcased an alternate and efficient characterization approach for any such mineralogically challenging clastic formations.
Field Operations Strategy for Installing Beam Pumping Units at 660 Wells in Just six Months
Authors: Ali Khan Farhan , Antonio Sierra Tomas , Gabriel Imbrea Robert , Robin Edwards Michael , Al-Rushoud Ali , Al-Abdulhadi Fahad , Shehab Abdulaziz , Al-Ajeel Fatemah 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Project deliverables included gravel foundation preparation, concrete foundation installation, equipment reception and installation of conventional beam pumping units at 660 production wells in a remote field in Kuwait with a deadline of six months from equipment arrival. Equipment shipments schedules were sequential and therefore an execution strategy was required to successfully meet the project deadline. This paper describes the field operations strategy devised and adopted to successfully meet the deadline.
A temporary operations base was set up at the remote field for coordination, equipment reception, inspection, consolidation, pre-assembly and dispatches.
Operations were divided into six parallel processes as follows: Equipment logisticsGravel foundation preparationsConcrete foundation installationsUnit Pre-assemblyPre-assembled units dispatchesFinal unit installations
Daily output targets were set for each process prior to the commencement of operations. Heavy machinery, manpower and tooling requirements were defined for each process to meet the daily output targets. Progress was monitored daily and subsequently resources were scheduled and utilized to achieve the daily output targets.
Setting up of a temporary operations base at the remote field along with daily coordination of resources resulted in reducing equipment’s offloading, transportation and installation cycle times, which led to increased operational efficiency and reduced logistics and operations costs.
Division of operations into parallel processes helped in tracking the progress of each operation individually, thereby providing over all control in management of operations.
By pre-assembling the beam pumping units at the operations base before dispatching the individual unit, installation time was reduced by 50% when compared to a typical beam pumping unit installation.
Daily output target setting helped in defining the resources required to meet these targets. As the operations progressed, daily monitoring of all processes resulted in identifying opportunities to improvise operations and subsequently the daily targets were revised to increase output for each process without exceeding the resources which resulted in time and cost savings.
Adopting this execution strategy concluded in successful and efficient completion of the project deliverables as follows:Gravel foundation preparations were completed in 133 work daysConcrete foundation installations were completed in 121 work daysBeam pumping unit installations were completed in 103 work days
This field operations strategy for installing conventional beam pumping units at 660 production wells within six months can be considered as a reference for successfully and efficiently completing future large-scale beam pumping unit installation projects at remote locations in a limited time frame.
A Case Study on Enhancement of Separation Capacity at an Offshore Process Complex
Authors: Gupta M K , Sukanandan J N , Singh V K , Pawar A S , Deuri Budhin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In one of the offshore complex of ONGC, Carryover of liquid have been observed leading to tripping of gas compressors resulting a loss of significant amount of production. It was established that separation capacity of existing separators even at present operating conditions were not sufficient to process present production. Further an increase of 60% of present gas production is envisaged as per long term production profile. Hence, handling the present and envisaged increased production in the existing separators was explored.
To handle the envisaged enhanced production rate and to avoid carryover issue in existing separators, options such as feed nozzles enhancement and installation of inlet device was explored. Changing feed nozzles is a tedious job, require hot job and longer shut down period and requires complete integrity test of separators as recommended by ASME SEC-VIII, pressure vessel guidelines followed by R-stamping. Therefore modifications in separator internal was suggested which will enhance the separation capacity and can accommodate in the present and envisaged increase of future production.
The analysis revealed that even though the diameter and length of the separators are adequate to handle the load, it was established that the inlet nozzle of the separators are not adequate. Hence, considering many factors such as minimum pressure drop, ensuring good gas distribution, suppression of re-entrainment, momentum reduction and erosion velocity ratio of less than one, modifications in separator internal was suggested which will enhance the separation capacity and can accommodate the present and future envisaged increase of production of more than 60%. It was established in the study that this options of installation of inlet device can be done with minimum modifications and require minimum shutdown period. This option has been recommended and is under field implementation. Hence this work will provide a significant help to oil and gas personal to accommodate higher than design feed quantities in existing separators with minimum modifications and minimum shutdown period.
Middle and Lower Eocene Coals, Cambay Basin and Miocene Coals, South Sumatra Basin: Analogs for Coal and CBM Properties.
Authors: Roy Sandip Kumar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper attempts to use analogs of coals and Coal bed Methane (CBM) properties in Sedimentary basins to mutual advantage from the knowledge of each other.
An attempt has been made here to showcase as to why two Coal bearing formations, Lower Eocene, Cambay in India and Miocene, South Sumatra, Indonesia can be compared with each other in terms of coal quality and CBM characteristics.
Cambay basin, with an area of 56,000 sq kms is an elongated NNW-SSE rift basin in the western part of India. The basin fill comprises Mesozoic(?) sediments capped by Late Cretaceous Deccan volcanics and a thick tertiary pile of fluvio deltaics. Thick Lignite to sub bituminous coal is found in Middle (two thick seams) and Lower Eocene section (three thick seams of 20-35 m range and one thin seam of 1-10m). Chemically, the Middle Eocene lignite-sub bituminous coal is characteristically low in moisture (4-5%), quite low in ash (1-11%) and high in volatiles (43-55%). The Lower Eocene coals are sub bituminous with 10-20% moisture, low ash(5-10%), low Sulphur(&lt;1%) content. The gas content of the Lower Eocene coals are 6 cubic metre / tonnne, with permeability 1-3 Md with seams slightly over pressured. Depth ranges of both these coal horizons are between1000-1800m approximately.
South Sumatra basin, double in size wrt Cambay basin with an area of 100,000 sq kms, is a NE-SW trending, backarc basin. Series of half grabens punctuated with basement highs, holds Miocene and Eocene Coals in the grabens of a mostly Tertiary sedimentary pile. The Miocene coals (formed in tide dominated coastal plain) are sub bituminous, with VRo 0.4-0.5, low ash(&lt;10%), Moisture(10-18%), high volatile matter of around 40% at depths 300-1000m, with 20-30 seams with gas content of 7 cubic metre / tonne. The Older Eocene Coals are1-10 m thick at depths 1000-2000m formed in peat bogs in fluvial settings.
The Indonesian Coals of Miocene age are very comparable in coal properties and gas content to the Middle and Lower Eocene Coals of Cambay basin and can supplement each other in studies for CBM exploration and exploitation. Of great similarity are the coal quality, ash% and gas content. To take the comparisons further ahead, detailing of thickness, extent, geometry and depositional environments of each of these basins would be advantageous.
Novel Loss Circulation Composition to Treat Moderate to Severe Losses
Authors: Wagle Vikrant , Kalgaonkar Rajendra , AlYami Abdullah , Alanqari Khawlah 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The novel nanomaterial composition described in this paper has been designed to treat moderate to severe losses. The nanomaterial composition comprises an environmentally friendly nanoparticle based dispersion and a chemical activator. The design is based on a delayed activation chemistry to gel up a nanoparticle based dispersion.
Three different types of nanoparticles were used in the study to develop the novel loss circulation material. Two different types of negatively charged nanoparticle based dispersion and one positively charged nanoparticle based dispersion were used in the study. An inorganic activator has been used for the study. The effect of this inorganic activator on the gelation properties of the nanoparticle based dispersion was investigated. The gelling times were evaluated at different temperatures up to 300°F. The effect of activator concentration on the gelling time of the new composition has also been studied. The effectiveness of the newly developed composition as a loss circulation treatment was also evaluated by performing permeability plugging tests to test the plugging capacity of this novel system.
The novel nanomaterial composition is designed so as to have a controllable gelation time under a variety of downhole conditions to allow accurate placement of the treatment fluid inside the wellbore without premature setting of the fluid. It was shown that the gelation time of the treatment composition could be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the activator. The system is designed so as to give a predictable and controllable pumping time, ranging from a few minutes to several hours at over a wide range of temperatures. This is an important advantage as it allows the loss circulation composition to remain pumpable for sufficient time for placement and develops the network structure that leads to gelation, over a predictable period of time. The set gel, which appears as a crystalline solid, could remain homogenous and stay in place thereby preventing loss circulation.