bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis for adolescent girls and young women in Africa: from efficacy trials to delivery
Authors: Celum Connie L , Delany‐Moretlwe Sinead , Baeten Jared M , van der Straten Ariane , Hosek Sybil , Bukusi Elizabeth A , McConnell Margaret , Barnabas Ruanne V , Bekker Linda‐Gail 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionAdolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Africa have high HIV incidence despite scale‐up of HIV testing and HIV treatment. Placebo‐controlled trials of tenofovir‐based pre‐exposure prophylaxi (PrEP) in diverse populations demonstrated that PrEP works with close to 100% effectiveness if taken with high, but not perfect, adherence. Divergent efficacy estimates among African AGYW led to demonstration and implementation projects to better understand motivations for HIV prevention, uptake, adherence and persistence to PrEP. To inform PrEP programmes, the design and initial findings from PrEP demonstration projects for AGYW are reviewed.DiscussionEarly lessons from PrEP implementation projects among young African women include: (1) awareness and demand creation with positive messaging about the benefits of PrEP are critical to motivate AGYW to consider this novel prevention technology and to foster awareness among peers, partners, parents and guardians to support AGYW's effective PrEP use; (2) PrEP initiation is high in projects that are integrating PrEP into youth‐friendly clinics, family planning clinics and mobile clinics; (3) young African women at risk are initiating PrEP, based on behavioural characteristics, history of intimate partner violence, depression and 30% prevalence of chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea; (4) provision of youth‐friendly PrEP delivery programmes that integrate reproductive health services, including contraception and the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, increase health impact; (5) messages that emphasize the necessity for high adherence while at potential risk of HIV exposure and support strategies that addresses AGYW's adherence challenges are essential; and, (6) a substantial proportion of AGYW do not persist with PrEP, and strategies are needed to help AGYW assess their ongoing need, motivation and challenges with persisting with PrEP.ConclusionsPrEP is feasible to implement in integrated reproductive health service delivery models to reach African AGYW. While PrEP demonstration projects indicate that women with behavioural risks and high rates of sexually transmitted diseases are initiating PrEP; effective strategies to support AGYW's adherence and persistence with PrEP are needed. Lessons learned from oral PrEP delivery, a novel first generation HIV prevention product, are relevant to longer‐acting and less adherence‐dependent strategies which are currently in clinical trials.
The effectiveness of demand creation interventions for voluntary male medical circumcision for HIV prevention in sub‐Saharan Africa: a mixed methods systematic review
Authors: Ensor Samuel , Davies Bethan , Rai Tanvi , Ward Helen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionUNAIDS has recommended that in 14 countries across sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), 90% of men aged 10 to 29 years should be circumcised by 2021 to help reduce transmission of HIV. To achieve this target demand creation programmes have been widely implemented to increase demand for Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC). This review explores the effectiveness of demand creation interventions and factors affecting programme implementation.MethodsWe completed a mixed methods systematic review searching Medline, Embase, Global health, psycINFO and CINAHL databases in August 2018 with no time restrictions. Demand creation interventions conducted in SSA were categorized and quantitative data about VMMC uptake was used to compare relative and absolute effectiveness of interventions. Qualitative data were summarized into themes relevant to the delivery and impact of programmes.Results and discussionEighteen of the 904 titles were included in the review. Effective interventions were identified in each demand creation category: financial incentives, counselling or education, involvement of influencers and novel information delivery. Of the 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the greatest absolute impact on VMMC prevalence was seen with a complex intervention including VMMC promotion training for religious leaders (compared to control: 23% (95% CI 22.8 to 23.8) absolute increase; odds ratio (OR) 3.2 (1.4 to 7.3)). Financial incentives generally produced the largest relative effects with men up to seven‐times more likely to undergo VMMC in the intervention arm compared to control (adjusted OR 7.1 (95% CI 2.4 to 20.8), 7.1% (3.7 to 10.5) absolute increase). Qualitative findings suggest that interventions are more impactful when they are judged appropriate and acceptable by the target population; delivered by people with relevant personal experience; and addressing broader social and cultural influences through partnership with and education of community leaders.ConclusionsA range of demand creation interventions can increase VMMC uptake. The most acceptable and effective interventions are financial incentives framed as fair compensation (relative effect) and programmes of education or counselling delivered by people who are influential in the community (absolute effect). Future research should include larger studies with longer follow‐up and a consistent definition of VMMC uptake.
Understanding user perspectives of and preferences for oral PrEPforHIVprevention in the context of intervention scale‐up: a synthesis of evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Eakle Robyn , Weatherburn Peter , Bourne Adam 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionOral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) forHIVprevention has been proven to significantly reduce newHIVinfections yet scale‐up has been slow. As contexts continue to adjust to make space for PrEP, it is crucial to understand the perspectives and experiences of potential end‐users. In order to inform PrEPand demand creation interventions, this paper examines personal perspectives on adopting and using PrEPamongHIVat‐risk populations in sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsUsing the principles of a scoping review in July 2018, we explored the extent, range, and nature of published literature regarding PrEPuptake and use among; men who have sex with men,HIVserodiscordant couples, adolescent girls and young women, pregnant and breastfeeding women, women partners of migrant workers; and people who use drugs. Steps included: identification of the research question; identification of relevant studies; study selection; charting the data; and collation – summarizing and reporting results. PubMed and PsycInfo were searched for papers relating to PrEPuptake and use in sub‐Saharan Africa. Resulting papers were reviewed with data extracted and compiled in Excel for analysis. A broad content analysis was conducted and organized into high‐level themes.Results and discussionThirty‐five papers were included in this review. There was little opposition in general to oral PrEP; however, there were significant nuances in its broader acceptability, applicability, and usability. We identified five themes within which these are discussed. These relate to balancing complexities of personal empowerment and stigma; navigating complex risk environments; influences of relationships and partners; efficacy and side effects; and practicalities of use. This body of research suggests that while product attributes and the logistics of PrEPdelivery and use are important topics, it is vital to consider stigma, the interactions of PrEPuse with relationships, and the need for broader understanding ofARVs for prevention versus treatment.ConclusionsPlanning for, programming and promoting the adoption of oral PrEPnecessitates a deeper understanding of end‐user priorities in order to ensure successful interventions. This review illustrates the nuances facilitating or deterring PrEPuse that may affect the larger effort of PrEPscale‐up.
Application of the HIV prevention cascade to identify, develop and evaluate interventions to improve use of prevention methods: examples from a study in east Zimbabwe
Authors: Moorhouse Louisa , Schaefer Robin , Thomas Ranjeeta , Nyamukapa Constance , Skovdal Morten , Hallett Timothy B , Gregson Simon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe HIV prevention cascade could be used in developing interventions to strengthen implementation of efficacious HIV prevention methods, but its practical utility needs to be demonstrated. We propose a standardized approach to using the cascade to guide identification and evaluation of interventions and demonstrate its feasibility for this purpose through a project to develop interventions to improve HIV prevention methods use by adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) and potential male partners in east Zimbabwe.DiscussionWe propose a six‐step approach to using a published generic HIV prevention cascade formulation to develop interventions to increase motivation to use, access to and effective use of an HIV prevention method. These steps are as follows: (1) measure the HIV prevention cascade for the chosen population and method; (2) identify gaps in the cascade; (3) identify explanatory factors (barriers) contributing to observed gaps; (4) review literature to identify relevant theoretical frameworks and interventions; (5) tailor interventions to the local context; and (6) implement and evaluate the interventions using the cascade steps and explanatory factors as outcome indicators in the evaluation design. In the Zimbabwe example, steps 1‐5 aided development of four interventions to overcome barriers to effective use of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in AGYW (15‐24 years) and voluntary medical male circumcision in male partners (15‐29). For young men, prevention cascade analyses identified gaps in motivation and access as barriers to voluntary medical male circumcision uptake, so an intervention was designed including financial incentives and an education session. For AGYW, gaps in motivation (particularly lack of risk perception) and access were identified as barriers to PrEP uptake: an interactive counselling game was developed addressing these barriers. A text messaging intervention was developed to improve PrEP adherence among AGYW, addressing reasons underlying lack of effective PrEP use through improving the capacity (“skills”) to take PrEP effectively. A community‐led intervention (community conversations) was developed addressing community‐level factors underlying gaps in motivation, access and effective use. These interventions are being evaluated currently using outcomes from the HIV prevention cascade (step 6).ConclusionsThe prevention cascade can guide development and evaluation of interventions to strengthen implementation of HIV prevention methods by following the proposed process.
HIV prevention programme cascades: insights from HIV programme monitoring for female sex workers in Kenya
Authors: Bhattacharjee Parinita , Musyoki Helgar K , Becker Marissa , Musimbi Janet , Kaosa Shem , Kioko Japheth , Mishra Sharmistha , Isac Shajy K , Moses Stephen , Blanchard James F 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionHIV prevention cascades have emerged as a programme management and monitoring tool that outlines the sequential steps of an HIV prevention programme. We describe the application of an HIV combination prevention programme cascade framework to monitor and improve HIV prevention interventions for female sex workers (FSWs) in Kenya.MethodsTwo data sources were analysed: (1) annual programme outcome surveys conducted using a polling booth survey methodology in 2017 among 4393 FSWs, and (2) routine programme monitoring data collected by (a) 92 implementing partners between July 2017 and June 2018, and (b) Learning Site in Mombasa (2014 to 2015) and Nairobi (2013). We present national, sub‐national and implementing partner level cascades.ResultsAt the national level, the population size estimates for FSW were 133,675 while the programme coverage targets were 174,073. Programme targets as denominator, during the period 2017 to 2018, 156,220 (90%) FSWs received peer education and contact, 148,713 (85%) received condoms and 83,053 (48%) received condoms as per their estimated need. At the outcome level, 92% of FSWs used condoms at the last sex with their client but 73% reported consistent condom use. Although 96% of FSWs had ever tested for HIV, 85% had tested in the last three months. Seventy‐nine per cent of the HIV‐positive FSWs were enrolled in HIV care, 73% were currently enrolled on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 52% had attended an ART clinic in the last month. In the last six months, 48% of the FSWs had experienced police violence but 24% received violence support. National and sub‐national level cascades showed proportions of FSWs lost at each step of programme implementation and variability in programme achievement. Hotspot and sub‐population level cascades, presented as examples, demonstrate development and use of these cascades at the implementation level.ConclusionsHIV prevention programme cascades, drawing on multiple data sources to provide an understanding of gaps in programme outputs and outcomes, can provide powerful information for monitoring and improving HIV prevention programmes for FSWs at all levels of implementation and decision‐making. Complexity of prevention programmes and the paucity of consistent data can pose a challenge to development of these cascades.
A longitudinal study of associations between HIV‐related stigma, recent violence and depression among women living with HIV in a Canadian cohort study
Authors: Logie Carmen H , Marcus Natania , Wang Ying , Kaida Angela , O'Campo Patricia , Ahmed Uzma , O'Brien Nadia , Nicholson Valerie , Conway Tracey , de Pokomandy Alexandra , Fernet Mylène , Loutfy Mona ,   the CHIWOS Research Team
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionWomen living with HIV (WLHIV) experience stigma and elevated exposure to violence in comparison with HIV‐negative women. We examined the mediating role of experiencing recent violence in the relationship between stigma and depression among WLHIV in Canada.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study with WLHIV in three Canadian provinces. Recent violence was assessed through self‐reported experiences of control, physical, sexual or verbal abuse in the past three months. At Time 1 (2013‐2015) three forms of stigma were assessed (HIV‐related, racial, gender) and at Time 2 (2015‐2017) only HIV‐related stigma was assessed. We conducted structural equation modelling (SEM) using the maximum likelihood estimation method with Time 1 data to identify direct and indirect effects of gender discrimination, racial discrimination and HIV‐related stigma on depression via recent violence. We then conducted mixed effects regression and SEM using Time 1 and Time 2 data to examine associations between HIV‐related stigma, recent violence and depression.ResultsAt Time 1 (n = 1296), the direct path from HIV‐related stigma (direct effect: β = 0.200, p < 0.001; indirect effect: β = 0.014, p < 0.05) to depression was significant; recent violence accounted for 6.5% of the total effect. Gender discrimination had a significant direct and indirect effect on depression (direct effect: β = 0.167, p < 0.001; indirect effect: β = 0.050, p < 0.001); recent violence explained 23.15% of the total effect. Including Time 1 and Time 2 data (n = 1161), mixed‐effects regression results indicate a positive relationship over time between HIV‐related stigma and depression (Acoef: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.06, p < 0.001), and recent violence and depression (Acoef: 1.95, 95% CI: 0.29, 4.42, p < 0.05), controlling for socio‐demographics. There was a significant interaction between HIV‐related stigma and recent violence with depression (Acoef: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07, p < 0.05). SEM analyses reveal that HIV‐related stigma had a significant direct and indirect effect on depression over time (direct effect: β = 0.178, p < 0.001; indirect effect: β = 0.040, p < 0.001); recent violence experiences accounted for 51% of the total effect.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that HIV‐related stigma is associated with increased experiences of recent violence, and both stigma and violence are associated with increased depression among WLHIV in Canada. There is an urgent need for trauma‐informed stigma interventions to address stigma, discrimination and violence.
Phenotypic impacts of CSF1R deficiencies in humans and model organisms
Authors: Hume David A. , Caruso Melanie , Ferrari-Cestari Michelle , Summers Kim M. , Pridans Clare , Irvine Katharine M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Mϕ proliferation, differentiation, and survival are controlled by signals from the Mϕ CSF receptor (CSF1R). Mono-allelic gain-of-function mutations in CSF1R in humans are associated with an autosomal-dominant leukodystrophy and bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations with recessive skeletal dysplasia, brain disorders, and developmental anomalies. Most of the phenotypes observed in these human disease states are also observed in mice and rats with loss-of-function mutations in Csf1r or in Csf1 encoding one of its two ligands. Studies in rodent models also highlight the importance of genetic background and likely epistatic interactions between Csf1r and other loci. The impacts of Csf1r mutations on the brain are usually attributed solely to direct impacts on microglial number and function. However, analysis of hypomorphic Csf1r mutants in mice and several other lines of evidence suggest that primary hydrocephalus and loss of the physiological functions of Mϕs in the periphery contribute to the development of brain pathology. In this review, we outline the evidence that CSF1R is expressed exclusively in mononuclear phagocytes and explore the mechanisms linking CSF1R mutations to pleiotropic impacts on postnatal growth and development.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction detection of Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris maydis, and Aureobasidium zeae in infected maize leaf tissues
Authors: Lu Yuanyuan , Song Yanbo , Xue Zhiquan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMultiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method for simultaneous identification and detection of multiple pathogenic fungi, however, its complexity limits its application. To simplify the protocol and to improve the effectiveness, three‐level designs for six factors (three primers, Taq DNA polymerase, dNTP, Mg2+) were constructed to optimize the multiplex PCR system by using the orthogonal design method and the annealing temperature of the PCR reactions was also optimized. Finally, a multiplex PCR system for the simultaneous detection of these three pathogens of maize was successfully established. The reaction volume was 25 μl and the annealing temperature was 57℃. The optimal conditions for multiplex PCR reaction contained 0.48 μmol/L Cl‐1/Cl‐2, 0.72 μmol/L Bm‐1/Bm‐2, 0.24 μmol/L Az‐1/Az‐2, 1.5 U polymerase, 0.35 mmol/L dNTP, and 1.25 mmol/L MgCl2. The multiplex PCR system can detect Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris maydis, and Aureobasidium zeae in infected plant tissues rapidly with the sensitivity at 10 pg DNA/μl.
Dominant modes of interannual variability of extreme high‐temperature events in eastern China during summer and associated mechanisms
Authors: Zhu Baoyan , Sun Bo , Wang Huijun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the interannual variability of the frequency of extreme high‐temperature events (FEHE) during summer over eastern China and associated mechanisms. Two leading modes of interannual variability of FEHE over eastern China during summer are obtained by Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The first EOF (EOF1) mode of FEHE shows a diploe pattern characterized by positive (negative) anomalies in northeastern (southern) China. The second EOF (EOF2) mode of FEHE shows a monopole pattern characterized by positive anomalies in the Yangtze River valley (YRV) region. The potential mechanisms of the two leading modes are different. The EOF1 of FEHE is modulated by the EOF1 of 500‐hPa geopotential height (Z500) over Eurasia, which exhibits a Eurasian wave train associated with the air–sea interaction over the North Atlantic. Besides, anomalous SSTs over the western tropical Pacific and associated anomalous convective activity over the Maritime continent may also exert an impact on the EOF1 of FEHE via stimulating a meridional wave train, the so‐called “Pacific‐Japan/East Asia‐Pacific” teleconnection. The EOF2 of FEHE is mainly associated with the NAO mode.
Prevalence of peri‐implant diseases among an Italian population of patients with metabolic syndrome: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Papi Piero , Di Murro Bianca , Pranno Nicola , Bisogni Valeria , Saracino Vincenza , Letizia Claudio , Polimeni Antonella , Pompa Giorgio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundOver the years, only few authors have studied the association of systemic conditions with peri‐implantitis. The aim of this study is to detect frequency and severity of peri‐implant diseases among an Italian population of patients affected by metabolic syndrome (MetS).MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, patients with at least one dental implant with >5 years of functional loading were screened to evaluate metabolic, periodontal, and peri‐implant status. MetS diagnosis was established in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) ATP III criteria, while case definitions of the 2017 World Workshop were adopted for peri‐implant diseases. For each implant, probing depths, mucosal redness, bleeding on probing, suppuration, plaque index, and marginal bone loss were recorded. Multinomial logistic regression analyzed the relationship between sex, diagnosis of MetS, presence of periodontitis, smoking, type of prosthesis, and location of implants and peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis.ResultsA total of 183 patients were enrolled: in MetS subjects, peri‐implantitis was detected in 36.9% (n = 31) of implants, and mucositis in 60.7% (n = 51), with an OR of 10.01(P = 0.005) for mucositis and OR 15.26 (P = 0.001) for peri‐implantitis, compared with subjects without MetS, where 26.3% of implants showed peri‐implantitis and 55.5% mucositis. No differences were found for smoking, implant location, sex, and type of prosthetic rehabilitation. Patients with periodontitis showed a higher association with peri‐implant mucositis (OR = 4.33) and peri‐implantitis (OR = 9.00).ConclusionBased on the results of this study, patients affected by MetS showed a greater prevalence of peri‐implant diseases, but further studies are needed to confirm the possibility of this new possible risk indicator.