bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Elizabethan House of Commons and St Stephen's Chapel Westminster
Authors: Cooper J.P.D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis essay explores the significance of the Elizabethan house of commons meeting in a converted royal chapel within the Palace of Westminster. In 1548 the dissolved collegiate chapel of St Stephen at Westminster was given over to the exclusive use of the Commons, providing MPs with a dedicated meeting space for the first time. Although a great deal has been written about Elizabethan parliaments, little attention has been paid to the physical spaces within which MPs gathered, debated and legislated. Drawing on parliamentary diaries and exchequer records and informed by digital reconstructions of the Commons chamber modelled by the St Stephen's Chapel project at the University of York, this essay argues for the enduring influence of the architecture and decoration of the medieval chapel on the procedure, culture, ritual, and self‐awareness of the Elizabethan house of commons. Famously likened to a theatre by the MP and writer on parliamentary procedure, John Hooker, the Commons chamber is analysed as a space in which parliamentary speeches were performed and disrupted. The sound of debate is contrasted with other kinds of noise including scoffing and laughter, disruptive coughing, and prayers led by the clerk and the Speaker of the Commons. The iconography of the chamber, including the royal arms above the Speaker's chair and the mace carried by the serjeant‐at‐arms, is interpreted as enabling a culture of counsel and debate as much as an assertion of monarchical power. Evidence is also presented for the Commons chamber as a site of political memory.
‘A Sense of Crowd and Urgency’? Atmosphere and Inconvenience in the Chamber of the Old House of Commons
Authors: Seaward Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe house of commons before the 1834 fire that destroyed it was small, poky, and uncomfortable. Its effects on the health, audibility, and behaviour of its members were frequently a cause of complaint, and informed the consideration by two select committees in 1831 and 1833 of what could be done to replace the chamber. This article examines the background to the appointment of the committees, and what their discussions reveal about the unsatisfactory nature of the chamber. It considers why there failed to be a consensus on altering the chamber before its destruction.
Parliament as Viewed Through a Woman's Eyes: Gender and Space in the 19th‐Century Commons
Authors: Richardson Sarah 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe 19th‐century house of commons is traditionally viewed as a masculine space overlooking the presence of female tourists, waitresses, housekeepers, servants, spectators, and residents. This essay demonstrates that, even when formally excluded from the Commons, women were determined to colonize spaces to witness debates. In the pre‐1834 Commons they created their own observation gallery in an attic high above the chamber, peeping through a light fitting to listen to parliamentary sessions. After 1834, they were accommodated in their own galleries in the temporary and new house of commons, growing increasingly assertive and protective of their rights to attend debates and participate in parliamentary political culture. Far from being exclusively male, parliament was increasingly viewed through women's eyes.
Control of Autochthonous Spoilage Lactic Acid Bacteria in Apple and Orange Juices by Sensorially Accepted Doses of Citrus Spp. Essential Oils Combined with Mild Heat Treatments
Authors: de Souza Pedrosa Geany Targino , de Carvalho Rayssa Julliane , Berdejo Daniel , de Souza Evandro Leite , Pagán Rafael , Magnani Marciane 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study assessed the compromised acceptance threshold (CAT) and rejection threshold (RT) of Citrus lemon (CLEO) and Citrus reticulata essential oil (CREO) in apple and orange juices. The efficacy of CLEO and CREO concentrations below the RT were evaluated alone and combined with mild heat treatment (MHT) (54 °C, up to 12 min) to inactivate the autochthonous spoilage bacteria Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides in apple and orange juices. The CAT of CLEO and CREO varied from 0.15 to 0.17 μL/mL in orange and apple juices. The RT of CLEO was approximately 0.58 μL/mL in apple and orange juices, and the RT of CREO was 0.68 μL/mL in both juices. When CLEO and CREO were assayed alone, the highest concentration (0.50 μL/mL) decreased counts of all strains approximately 2 log10 CFU/mL after 12 min of exposure to 54 °C. All concentrations of CLEO or CREO in combination with MHT acted synergistically against L. brevis, L. plantarum, and L. mesenteroides. Decreases in counts varied with the strain, CLEO and CREO concentrations, juice type, and exposure time to the combined treatment. CREO was more effective than CLEO in combination with MHT against the strains in apple and orange juices. Effective combinations of CLEO or CREO with MHT to control the autochthonous spoilage bacteria did not compromise the quality parameters (°Brix, pH, and titratable acidity) that characterize unsweetened juices. These results indicate CLEO or CREO at concentrations below the sensory RT in combination with MHT as a feasible technology to control autochthonous spoilage bacteria in fresh fruit juices.Practical ApplicationThe present study provides novel information concerning the efficacy of sensorially accepted doses of CLEO and CREO combined with MHT against autochthonous spoilers in fruit juice. The valuable synergistic effects that can be observed when combining CLEO and CREO with MHT reveal a feasible preservation technology and alternative to traditional treatments that are successful because they help reduce treatment intensity, thereby avoiding adverse effects on the sensory, physicochemical, and nutritional properties of these products.
Dismantling the bacterial virulence program
Authors: Alford Morgan A. , Pletzer Daniel , Hancock Robert E.W. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn the face of rising antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need for the development of efficient and effective anti‐infective compounds. Adaptive resistance, a reversible bacterial phenotype characterized by the ability to surmount antibiotic challenge without mutation, is triggered to cope in situ with several stressors and is very common clinically. Thus, it is important to target stress‐response effectors that contribute to in vivo adaptations and associated lifestyles such as biofilm formation. Interfering with these proteins should provide a means of dismantling bacterial virulence for treating infectious diseases, in combination with conventional antibiotics.
Do subsidies cause a less competitive milk market in China?
Authors: Chen Yuquan , Yu Xiaohua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAfter 2008, China dairy industry has experienced a consolidation supported by the government mainly for the reason of food safety. Subsidies are one of the tools to shape a concentrated market with goals of reducing regulation cost and accomplishing quality control. This gives a serious concern that subsidies would generate a less competitive dairy industry. We construct a parametric model and use the firm‐level panel data, specifically the top eight dairy firms, to test if government subsidies strengthen the market power in the dairy industry. Our empirical results indicate government subsidies have a negative impact on the Lerner index for the top privately owned firms, but no significant effect on state‐controlled ones after controlling for advertising, time trend, and proprietorship. It is possible that the subsidies give more room for private firms to increase the scale or suppress the price, which eventually reduces the market power and benefits dairy customers in the downstream.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: risk of post‐operative complications associated with pre‐operative exposure to anti‐tumour necrosis factor agents for Crohn’s disease
Authors: Lin Yang‐Sheng , Cheng Sheng‐Wei , Wang Yuan‐Hung , Chen Kee‐Hsin , Fang Ching‐Ju , Chen Chiehfeng 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundPost‐operative complications after anti‐tumour necrosis agent treatment for Crohn's disease (CD) have been analysed with conflicting results.AimTo assess the effects of pre‐operative anti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy on post‐operative complications within 30 days post‐operatively in patients with CD undergoing abdominal surgery.MethodsSystematic review with meta‐analysis was performed on articles found in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform until September 2018.ResultsTwenty studies (7115 patients) were included. Without confounder adjustment, pre‐operative anti‐TNF therapy in patients with CD undergoing abdominal surgery was associated with increased rates of infectious complications (unadjusted odds ratio, OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08‐2.06). After confounder adjustment, Pre‐operative anti‐TNF therapy was significantly associated with both increased rates of total and infectious complications (adjusted OR, 1.53 and 2.09; 95% CI, 1.11‐2.09 and 1.19‐3.65, respectively). After subgroup analyses, the association between anti‐TNF agents and total complications was significant in high incidence countries (adjusted OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.43‐2.42) but not in low incidence countries (adjusted OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.48‐1.25).ConclusionsExposure to anti‐TNF agents is an independent risk factor for post‐operative infectious complications in patients with CD, especially in countries with a high incidence of Crohn's disease. We suggest postponing elective surgery or carefully monitoring these patients post‐operatively.
Public reason in justifications of conscientious objection in health care
Authors: McConnell Doug , Card Robert F. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCurrent mainstream approaches to conscientious objection either uphold the standards of public health care by preventing objections or protect the consciences of health‐care professionals by accommodating objections. Public justification approaches are a compromise position that accommodate conscientious objections only when objectors can publicly justify the grounds of their objections. Public justification approaches require objectors and assessors to speak a common normative language and to this end it has been suggested that objectors should be required to cast their objection in terms of public reason. We provide critical support for such a public reason condition and argue that it would be neither too demanding nor too permissive. We also respond to objections that it unfairly favours secular over religious objectors and that public reasons cannot be held with the kind of sincerity thought to characterize conscientious objections.
PET‐adapted therapy after three cycles of ABVD for all stages of Hodgkin lymphoma: results of the GATLA LH‐05 trial
Authors: Pavlovsky Astrid , Fernandez Isolda , Kurgansky Nicolas , Prates Virginia , Zoppegno Lucia , Negri Pedro , Milone Gustavo , Cerutti Ider , Zabaljauregui Soledad , Mariano Romina , Grecco Horacio F. , Basquiera Ana L. , Saba Silvia , Rudoy Silvia , Sackmann Federico , Castano Vanesa , Remaggi Guillermina , Cabrejo Maria , Roveri Eriberto , Casale Maria F. , Cabane Vanina , Taus Rossana , Venturini Claudia , Sakamoto Francisco , Varela Ana I. , Riddick Maximiliano , Pavlovsky Santiago ,   the Grupo Argentino de tratamiento de Leucemia Aguda (GATLA), Argentina
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe role of Ann Arbor staging in determining treatment intensity after achieving a negative positron emission tomography (PET) has not been established in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Patients with stage I–IV cHL, received three cycles of ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) and an interim PET scan (PET3). PET3‐negative patients received no further therapy. PET3‐positive patients received three additional cycles of ABVD plus involved‐field radiation therapy or salvage chemotherapy, if refractory to ABVD, and were re‐evaluated by PET scan (PET6). Study endpoints were 3‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. Two hundred and thirty‐nine patients with early‐stage and 138 with advanced‐stage were evaluable. Overall, 260 patients (70%) were PET3‐negative and had higher 3‐year PFS (90% vs. 65%; P < 0·0001) and OS (98% vs. 92%; P = 0·007) rates than PET3‐positive patients. All PET3‐negative patients, regardless of disease stage at diagnosis, achieved similarly good PFS (90–91%; P = 0·76) and OS (97–99%). The only independent prognostic factor for PFS was PET3‐negativity (Hazard ratio 3·8; 95% confidence interval 2·4–6·3; P < 0·0001). This study suggests that cHL patients who achieve a negative PET3 following ABVD have an excellent outcome, regardless of stage at diagnosis. An appropriately powered, phase III trial will be necessary to confirm these findings.
The results of HLA‐incompatible kidney transplantation according to pre‐transplant crossmatch tests: Donor‐specific antibody as a prominent predictor of acute rejection
Authors: Kwon Hyunwook , Kim Young Hoon , Kim Jee Yeon , Choi Ji Yoon , Shin Sung , Jung Joo Hee , Park Su‐Kil , Han Duck Jong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundCrossmatching (XM) between organ donors and recipients is correlated with clinical outcomes. This study evaluates the results of HLA‐incompatible kidney transplant (HLA‐i KT) according to pre‐transplant XM modalities.MethodsThis study included 731 consecutive patients. HLA‐i KT was defined as a transplant under conditions of complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) XM positivity, flow‐cytometric XM (FCXM) positivity, and/or maximal donor‐specific antibody (DSA) mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ≥5000.ResultsThe incidence of antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) within 1 year after transplant was significantly higher in the HLA‐i group than in the HLA compatible (HLA‐c) group (15 vs 9 patients, 14.2% vs 1.4%; P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated that a DSA MFI ≥5000 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00‐6.98; P = 0.05) was significantly associated with acute rejection (AR), whereas CDC (OR = 2.09; 95% CI, 0.55‐7.99; P = 0.28) and FCXM positivity (OR = 2.07; 95% CI, 0.73‐5.87; P = 0.17) were not. Similarly, DSA MFI ≥ 5000 (OR = 4.14; P = 0.02) was the only significant factor affecting the risk of AMR.ConclusionsOf the various XM tests, DSA MFI ≥5000 was the most prominent predictor of AR in patients undergoing HLA‐i KT.
Predicting fisheries bycatch: A case study and field test for pilot whales in a pelagic longline fishery
Authors: Thorne Lesley H. , Baird Robin W. , Webster Daniel L. , Stepanuk Julia E. , Read Andrew J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimFisheries bycatch is a major threat to populations of protected species such as marine mammals, seabirds and sea turtles, and static management approaches are often unsuccessful in mitigating bycatch of these highly mobile species. Combining species distribution models (SDMs) with oceanographic data has been proposed as a means of predicting when and where bycatch is likely to occur. However, studies assessing whether SDMs can accurately predict fisheries bycatch using independent data are lacking. Assessing model performance using independent data is necessary to test whether a model is generalizable, and this is particularly important for models with management applications. Here, we use short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) bycatch in a pelagic longline fishery as a case study to inform efforts to mitigate fisheries bycatch.LocationOffshore waters, north‐east United States.MethodsWe integrated telemetry and oceanographic data using mixed‐effects generalized additive models to predict pilot whale occurrence and assessed model performance using k‐folds cross‐validation. We then evaluated the model's ability to predict pilot whale bycatch using data from independent on‐board observers.ResultsThe model performed well, and predictions were strongly and significantly correlated with observed rates of bycatch in space and time. Temperature and proximity to mesoscale oceanographic features (thermal fronts and sea level anomalies) were important predictors of pilot whale occurrence, and as a result, spatial predictions of the risk of bycatch varied through time.Main conclusionsOur findings demonstrate that SDMs can be used to accurately predict times and places with a high risk of bycatch, and illustrate that models using dynamic oceanographic variables can identify smaller, more specific focal management regions than static management approaches. Combining SDMs with near real‐time or forecasted environmental conditions could provide a promising tool for decreasing bycatch and will be valuable in developing adaptive management strategies to mitigate fisheries bycatch of protected species.
Irradiation effect on the structure of bacterial communities associated with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis
Authors: Stathopoulou Panagiota , Asimakis Elias D. , Khan Mahfuza , Caceres Carlos , Bourtzis Kostas , Tsiamis George 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe role of symbiotic microbes in insects, especially the beneficial character of this interaction for insects, has received much attention in recent years as it has been related to important aspects of the host insects' biology such as development, reproduction, survival, and fitness. Among insect hosts, tephritid fruit flies are well known to form beneficial associations with their symbionts. To control these destructive agricultural pests, environmentally friendly approaches, like the sterile insect technique as a component of integrated pest management strategies, remain most effective. In this study, changes in the bacterial profile of mass‐reared oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), were examined in both larval and adult stages and also after irradiation by employing a 16S rRNA gene‐based Illumina sequencing approach. Proteobacteria was the prevalent bacterial phylum in non‐irradiated adults and larvae. Alphaproteobacteria was the most abundant class in larvae but almost absent in adults, which was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. Firmicutes were present in both developmental stages but at lower relative abundance. At genus level, Acetobacter prevailed in the larval stage and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family in adults. Irradiated samples exhibited higher diversity and richness indices compared to the non‐irradiated oriental fruit flies, whereas no significant changes were observed between the two developmental stages of the non‐irradiated samples. Lactobacillus, members of the Orbacecae family, and Morganella were detected but to a lesser degree upon irradiation, whereas the relative abundance of Lactococcus and Orbus increased. The bacterial profile of larvae appeared to be different compared to that of adult B. dorsalis flies. The subsequent application of irradiation at the pupal stage led to the development of different microbiota between treated and untreated samples, affecting diversity and operational taxonomic unit composition. Irradiated samples of oriental fruit flies were characterized by higher species diversity and richness.
Visual crowding involves delayed frontoparietal response and enhanced top‐down modulation
Authors: Han Qiming , Luo Huan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCrowding, the disrupted recognition of a peripheral target in the presence of nearby flankers, sets a fundamental limit on peripheral vision perception. Debates persist on whether the limit occurs at early visual cortices or is induced by top‐down modulation, leaving the neural mechanism for visual crowding largely unclear. To resolve the debate, it is crucial to extract the neural signals elicited by the target from that by the target‐flanker clutter, with high temporal resolution. To achieve this purpose, here we employed a temporal response function (TRF) approach to dissociate target‐specific response from the overall electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings when the target was presented with (crowded) or without flankers (uncrowded) while subjects were performing a discrimination task on the peripherally presented target. Our results demonstrated two components in the target‐specific contrast‐tracking TRF response—an early component (100–170 ms) in occipital channels and a late component (210–450 ms) in frontoparietal channels. The late frontoparietal component, which was delayed in time under the crowded condition, was correlated with target discrimination performance, suggesting its involvement in visual crowding. Granger causality analysis further revealed stronger top‐down modulation on the target stimulus under the crowded condition. Taken together, our findings support that crowding is associated with a top‐down process which modulates the low‐level sensory processing and delays the behavioral‐relevant response in the high‐level region.
Methylphenidate dose–response behavioral and neurophysiological study of the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens in adolescent rats
Authors: Broussard Elzia , Reyes‐Vazquez Cruz , Dafny Nachum 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPD) is the most common medication used in treating ADHD in children. Studies have shown an increasing prevalence among adolescents without ADHD to take MPD as a cognitive booster and recreational drug, even though it is a Schedule II drug and has a high potential for abuse. The objective of this study is to explore if there is an association between the animals’ behavioral and neurophysiological responses to acute and/or chronic methylphenidate exposure within the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, and to compare how these two brain structures fire in response to methylphenidate. Freely moving adolescent rats implanted with semimicroelectrodes within the VTA and NAc were divided into three MPD dosing groups: 0.6, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg i.p., as well as a saline control group. The animals were divided into two groups based on their behavioral responses to chronic MPD, behavioral sensitization and tolerance, and the neuronal responses of the two groups were compared for each MPD dosing. Significant differences in the proportion of neuronal units in the VTA and NAc responding to MPD were observed at the 0.6 and 10.0 mg/kg MPD dosing groups. Moreover, the same doses of 0.6, 2.5, and 10.0 mg/kg MPD elicited behavioral sensitization in some animals and behavioral tolerance in others. This specific study shows that the VTA and NAc neurons respond differently to the same doses of MPD. MPD has different neuronal and behavioral effects depending on the individual, the dosage of MPD, and the brain structure studied.
Inflammatory process in Parkinson disease: neuroprotection by neuropeptide Y
Authors: Pain Stéphanie , Vergote Jackie , Gulhan Zuhal , Bodard Sylvie , Chalon Sylvie , Gaillard Afsaneh 
Published: March 2019

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigro‐striatal pathway. Interestingly, it has already been shown that an intracerebral administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) decreases the neurodegeneration induced by 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) in rodents and prevents loss of dopamine (DA) and DA transporter density. The etiology of idiopathic PD now suggest that chronic production of inflammatory mediators by activated microglial cells mediates the majority of DA‐neuronal tissue destruction. In an animal experimental model of PD, the present study shows that NPY inhibited the activation of microglia evaluated by the binding of the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [3H]PK11195 in striatum and substantia nigra of 6‐OHDA rats. These results suggest a potential role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of the disease and a potential treatment by NPY in PD.