bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of chylous ascites following pancreaticobiliary surgery
Authors: Singh Harjeet , Pandit Narendra , Krishnamurthy Gautham , Gupta Rajesh , Verma Ganga R , Singh Rajinder 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundChyle leak is an uncommon form of ascites occurring due to the accumulation of lipid‐rich lymph into the peritoneal cavity. Traumatic injury to the lymphatic system due to pancreaticobiliary surgery can lead to this phenomenon.MethodWe retrospectively evaluated the data of 159 patients of pancreticobiliary surgery from January 2012 to December 2016. Five patients (5/137, 3.6%) sustained a chylous leak following pancreaticoduodenectomy and one patient (1/22, 4.5%) sustained a chylous leak following Roux‐en‐Y hepaticojejunostomy for postcholecystectomy biliary stricture.ResultsAverage daily output was 441 mL (range: 150–800 mL/day), and total duration of output was 16.5 days (range: 4–35 days). Mean hospital stay increased to 19.1 days (range: 10–40 days). All the patients were successfully managed conservatively with a combination of customized enteral feeds, supplemental parenteral nutrition, and octreotide. One patient required additional percutaneous drainage.ConclusionChyle leak can be successfully treated with conservative management but at the cost of increased hospital stay.
Current applications of fecal microbiota transplantation in intestinal disorders
Authors: Hsu Wen‐Hung , Wang Jaw‐Yuan , Kuo Chao‐Hung 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) had been an ancient remedy for severe illness several centuries ago. Under modern medical analysis and evidence‐based research, it has been proved as an alternative treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and recent randomized control study also showed that FMT could be an adjuvant treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. As we get a better understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota and systemic disease, FMT became a potential treatment to explore. This article summarized procedures such as donor selection, fecal material preparation, transplantation delivery methods, and adverse events. We also review the present evidence about FMT in clinical practice.
Alleviation of hypoxia by biologically generated mixing in a stratified water column
Authors: Houghton Isabel A. , Dabiri John O. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDaily vertical migrations of zooplankton have been shown to affect nutrient distributions and dissolved gas concentrations in lakes and oceans via active internal transport and metabolic consumption. Additionally, mixing generated by these migrations has been shown to have the capacity to alter the physical structure of a water column, with potential further implications for its biogeochemical structure. In this work, we use laboratory experiments to investigate the importance of biologically generated mixing relative to other processes in determining the biogeochemical structure of a water column inhabited by migrating zooplankton. Specifically, we consider oxygen, a highly ecologically relevant scalar, and the competition between metabolic consumption and biogenic mixing in a stably stratified water column with a hypoxic layer. Using laboratory experiments and a one‐dimensional model informed by those measurements, we illustrate the potential for migrating animals to alleviate hypoxia, introducing complex feedbacks between the presence of animals and the biogeochemical state of their surroundings. Furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of oxygen as a potential indicator of biogenic mixing for future in situ investigations given its low diffusivity and higher signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Corrosion of carbon steel underneath a lead/potassium chloride salt mixture
Authors: Talus Annika , Kinnunen Hanna , Norling Rikard , Enestam Sonja 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHigh amounts of lead in waste/recycled wood fuel are known to be a contributing factor to the increased corrosion often related to this type of fuel. In combination with potassium, usually present in the fuel, low‐melting point salt mixtures between lead chloride (PbCl
2) and potassium chloride (KCl) are expected to form. The purpose of this study is to investigate reactions in the mixed salt of PbCl
2 and KCl and its interactions with carbon steel P265GH and its oxide. Laboratory exposures were performed in an isothermal tube furnace with a salt mixture of PbCl
2/KCl (50/50 mol%) put on steel samples. The test duration was 24 hr at either 300°C or 340°C in an atmosphere of 100 ppm HCl and 20 vol% H
2O in synthetic air. After exposure, the salt mixture consists of distinct areas of KCl and PbCl
2 but also the compounds K
2PbCl
4 and KPb
2Cl
5. A general observation is that the oxide thickness increases with temperature and that areas with Pb/K‐mixed salt are frequently found in close connection to more corroded areas. Often the more lead‐rich phase KPb
2Cl
5 is located closest to the corrosion product indicating its importance for the corrosion.
Dynamic‐flip‐angle ECG‐gating with nuisance signal regression improves resting‐state BOLD functional connectivity mapping by reducing cardiogenic noise
Authors: Hu Chenxi , Tokoglu Fuyuze , Scheinost Dustin , Qiu Maolin , Shen Xilin , Peters Dana C. , Galiana Gigi , Constable R. Todd 
Published: April 2019

PurposeTo investigate an ECG‐gated dynamic‐flip‐angle BOLD sequence with improved robustness against cardiogenic noise in resting‐state fMRI.MethodsECG‐gating minimizes the cardiogenic noise but introduces T1‐dependent signal variation, which is minimized by combination of a dynamic‐flip‐angle technique and retrospective nuisance signal regression (NSR) using signals of white matter, CSF, and global average. The technique was studied with simulations in a wide range of T1 and B1 fields and phantom imaging with pre‐programmed TR variations. Resting‐state fMRI of 20 healthy subjects was acquired with non‐gated BOLD (NG), ECG‐gated constant‐flip‐angle BOLD (GCFA), ECG‐gated BOLD with retrospective T1‐correction (GRC), and ECG‐gated dynamic‐flip‐angle BOLD (GDFA), all processed by the same NSR method. GDFA was compared to alternative methods over temporal SNR (tSNR), seed‐based connectivity, and whole‐brain voxelwise connectivity based on intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD). A previous large‐cohort data set (N = 100) was used as a connectivity gold standard.ResultsSimulations and phantom imaging show substantial reduction of the T1‐dependent signal variation with GDFA alone, and further reduction with NSR. The resting‐state study shows improved tSNR in the basal brain, comparing GDFA to NG, after both processed with NSR. Furthermore, GDFA significantly improved subcortical–subcortical and cortical–subcortical connectivity for several representative seeds and significantly improved ICD in the brainstem, thalamus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex, compared to the other 3 approaches.ConclusionGDFA with NSR improves mapping of the resting‐state functional connectivity of the basal–brain regions by reducing cardiogenic noise.
The effect of cationic groups on the stability of 19F MRI contrast agents in nanoparticles
Authors: Piloni Alberto , Simonutti Roberto , Stenzel Martina H. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTFluorine‐19 (19F)‐based contrast agents are increasingly used for magnetic resonance imaging. Conjugated to polymers, they provide an excellent quantitative imaging tool to detect the movement of the polymeric nanoparticles in vivo as there is no background signal in tissue. One of the challenges is the decline in signal intensity when the conjugated hydrophobic fluorinated functionalities aggregate. Therefore, a new fluorinated monomer was prepared from l‐arginine that carries a 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl functional group for imaging. The resulting monomer, 2,2,2‐trifluoroethylamide l‐arginine methacrylamide (3FArgMA), was copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA), [2‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐d‐mannopyranosyloxy)ethyl methacrylate or 1‐O‐methacryloyl‐2,3:4,5‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐β‐d‐fructopyranose, respectively, using poly(methyl methacrylate) macro‐reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization agent. The resulting block copolymers, which varied in 3FArgMA content, were self‐assembled into micelles of hydrodynamic diameters from 25 to 60 nm. The permanently positively charged arginine functionality on the 3FArgMA displayed repulsive forces against aggregation enabling high spin–spin relaxation times (T2) in acidic as well as alkaline solutions. However, the longer poly(ethylene glycol) side functionality in PEGMEMA enabled better steric stabilization (T2~30 ms) while the short fructose side chain was not enough to maintain high T2 values, in particular when a higher 3FArgMA content was used. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1994–2001
Experimental Observation and Characterization of B−HTPB‐based Solid Fuel with Addition of Iron Particles for Hybrid Gas Generator in Ducted Rocket Applications
Authors: Hashim Syed Alay , Ojha Pawan Kumar , Karmakar Srinibas , Roy Arnab , Chaira Debasis 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn extensive diversity in the formulation of HTPB‐based solid fuels with metal additives has now been accepted in rocket and missile applications. Boron, which is a metalloid and often occurs in compound form has maintained its dominance mainly due to its significant theoretical energy potential. Therefore, it is preferred as the primary choice for rockets and solid fuel ramjet (SFRJ) or ducted rocket (SFDR). In this paper, performance enhancement of B−HTPB‐based solid fuel is assessed through a rapid screening tool which is called an opposed flow burner (OFB). Screened fuel combinations may be further evaluated in the gas generator of a ducted rocket (DR) to fulfill the intention of the present investigation. The baseline fuel (B−HTPB) is included with a metal fuel/catalyst (iron) with the expectation that it would enhance the combustion performance of boron. Boron−iron loading has been taken 10 % of the total sample weight (wt.) giving a wt. ratio of 90 : 10. Pure oxygen has been used as an oxidizer which impinges on the fuel surface where oxygen mass flux (Gox) varies between 20–57 kg/m2‐s. In this study, the research focuses mainly on regression rate and amount of residual active boron in the condensed combustion product (CCP) of the samples. Addition of iron to B−HTPB increases the regression rate by around 12 % and active boron content in CCP reduces significantly to 2.5 % compared to 16 % of the baseline fuel. In addition to that, the heating value of the fuel samples and identification of gas phase intermediate species (OH, CH, C2, BO, BO2) are the other vital investigations undertaken in the present study.
Infiltrating CD4+ T cells attenuate chemotherapy sensitivity in prostate cancer via CCL5 signaling
Authors: Xiang Peng , Jin Song , Yang Yang , Sheng Jindong , He Qun , Song Yi , Yu Wei , Hu Shuai , Jin Jie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundChemotherapy with Docetaxel (Doc) is efficient in a subset of prostate cancer (PCa) cases; however, most patients ultimately develop resistance to Docetaxel. The tumor immune microenvironment and secreted cytokines play a substantial role in development of resistance to chemotherapy. Our previous study has demonstrated that CD4+ T cells in prostate tumor microenvironment contribute to PCa progression; meanwhile, we found increased CD4+ T‐cell infiltration in tumor area after Doc treatment; however, their effects on PCa chemosensitivity remain unclear. Here, we aim to explore the role and mechanisms of CD4+ T cells in PCa chemotherapy sensitivity.MethodsCD4+ T‐cell infiltration in Doc‐treated paraffin‐embedded specimens from transurethral resection of prostate, radical prostatectomy, or bone metastasis was detected by immunohistochemistry. The castration‐resistant PCa cell lines—C4‐2 and CWR22RV1, and CD4+ T‐cell lines—HH and Molt‐3 were used in the coculture system. After coculture with the lymphocytes, PCa cell chemosensitivity was detected by cell counting kit‐8, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling assays, and Western blot analysis. Various cell cytokines were determined by cytokine arrays and reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction. The recombinant human C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) was added to PCa cells for further confirming its effects and anti‐CCL5 antibody was used for neutralization. S3I‐201, a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor, was added to the coculture system to detect STAT3 role in chemosensitivity. Tumor xenografts in nude mice were used for confirming effects of CD4+ T cells in vivo study.ResultsWe found more infiltrated CD4+ T cells in human PCa lesions than in the adjacent noncancerous tissues after Doc treatment. In vitro cell line study confirmed that CD4+ T cells increase the PCa Doc resistance. Quantative polymerase chain reaction and cytokine arrays indicated that after coculture with PCa, CD4+ T cells could secrete large amounts of CCL5. Moreover, CCL5 stimulation enhanced PCa resistance to Doc, and anti‐CCL5 antibody could partly reverse this process. We found that CD4+ T cells could activate P‐STAT3 signaling via secreting CCL5 and adding a STAT3 inhibitor can reverse the chemoresistance. In vivo mouse model with xenografted 22RV1 cells and CD4+ T cells also confirmed the in vitro results.ConclusionsTogether, our results indicate that infiltrating CD4+ T cells could promote PCa chemotherapy resistance via modulation of the CCL5/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Prey‐to‐fox isotopic enrichment of 34S in bone collagen: Implications for paleoecological studies
Authors: Krajcarz Maciej T. , Krajcarz Magdalena , Drucker Dorothée G. , Bocherens Hervé 
Published: April 2019

RationaleThe trophic enrichment factor (TEF) is a parameter reflecting the difference in isotopic ratio between a consumer's tissues and diet, used in isotopic ecology and paleoecology to track dietary habits. The TEF of sulfur is believed to be low, but was, until now, only documented in a limited number of taxa. In this study we use a subfossil accumulation of bones from a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) den to verify the TEF for sulfur in fox bone collagen.MethodsCollagen was extracted from 30 samples of subfossil bones, including foxes and their prey. The δ34S values of the bone collagen samples were measured with an elemental analyzer connected to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The TEF was calculated as [Δ34S = (mean δ34S in predator) – (mean δ34S in prey)], using taphonomic indices to estimate the mean diet, and calculated separately for different age classes of the predator.ResultsWe modeled 12 variants of TEF for different estimations of the diet composition and for three fox age classes (adult, subadult, and juvenile). The estimated TEF values range from −0.54 to +0.03‰ and are similar to TEFs known for other mammals. Absolute TEF values are nearly equal to or lower than the analytical error, which is ±0.4‰.ConclusionsFor the first time, we present direct δ34S data for the bone collagen of a free‐living predator and its naturally selected prey. Our results indicate very low or even slightly negative TEF values for sulfur. Furthermore, according to our results, the δ34S value should not be considered a reliable indicator of trophic position in terrestrial food webs but rather, it should be used to disentangle different food webs based on different primary producers.
Long noncoding RNAs: Novel regulators of virus‐host interactions
Authors: Liu Shaoqiong , Liu Xia , Li Juan , Zhou Hong , Carr Michael J. , Zhang Zhenjie , Shi Weifeng 
Published: April 2019

SummaryLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a key class of cellular regulators, involved in the modulation and control of multiple biological processes. Distinct classes of lncRNAs are now known to be induced by host cytokines following viral infections. Current evidence demonstrates that lncRNAs play essential roles at the host‐pathogen interface regulating viral infections by either innate immune responses at various levels including activation of pathogen recognition receptors or by epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional effects. We review the newly described mechanisms underlying the interactions between lncRNAs, cytokines, and metabolites differentially expressed following viral infections; we highlight the regulatory networks of host antiviral responses and emphasize the need for interdisciplinary research between lncRNA biology and immunology to deepen understanding of viral pathogenesis.
Cascade‐amplification of therapeutic efficacy: An emerging opportunity in cancer treatment
Authors: Li Menghuan , Luo Zhong , Peng Zhihong , Cai Kaiyong 
Published: April 2019

Increasing research evidence reveals that cancer is complex disease involving many biological factors, processes and systems, which may severely limit the actual efficacy of conventional monotonic anticancer approaches. To overcome these obstacles in cancer treatment, a new strategy has been proposed by combining multiple synergistic therapeutic modalities accessing different but inherently related targets and acting sequentially. A major benefit of this strategy is that the multi‐target mechanism could result in a cascade‐amplification effect leading to enhanced anticancer activity. In this review, we provide a critical discussion on the application of cascade‐amplification strategy in the treatment of various cancer indications, focusing on the rational combination of therapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action. A concise yet comprehensive analysis on the potential therapeutic benefit of this strategy was also included.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Einleitung
Authors: Buß Imke 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Hochschulen in Deutschland unterliegen in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten starken Veränderungen. Diese Veränderungen wurden insbesondere durch den Bologna-Prozess angestoßen. Inhalt der Reformagenda ist dabei nicht nur die Implementierung von Bachelor- und Masterstudiengängen, sondern auch die Schaffung von Strukturen zur Vergleichbarkeit der Hochschulabschlüsse und der Vertrauensbildung in den Unterzeichnerstaaten der Bologna-Deklaration (Europäische Bildungsminister 1999, S. 5; Pietzonka 2013, S. 23 ff.).
Theoretische Hintergründe
Authors: Buß Imke 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungDie theoretischen Hintergründe dieser Arbeit lassen sich in vier Aspekte untergliedern (siehe Abbildung 1). Erstens wird das Konzept der strukturellen Studierbarkeit, welches in den Kapiteln 7 und 8 empirisch geprüft wird, entwickelt. Das Konzept analysiert insbesondere, welche Rolle die Studienstrukturen für die Studierbarkeit von Studiengängen spielen (Kapitel 2.1).
Die Umsetzung: Entscheidungsstrukturen und Anforderungen an Hochschulen
Authors: Buß Imke 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungDie vorangehenden Kapitel haben darauf fokussiert, was strukturelle Studierbarkeit ist und welche Anforderungen Studierende an die Struktur ihres Studiengangs stellen. Diese Ergebnisse sind jedoch nur dann für die Praxis hilfreich, wenn sie von der Politik und den Entscheidungsträgern in den Hochschulen rezipiert und umgesetzt werden können. In diesem Kapitel steht daher die Umsetzbarkeit der Konzepte im Mittelpunkt.
Study on contact fatigue of a wind turbine gear pair considering surface roughness
Authors: Liu Heli , Liu Huaiju , Zhu Caichao , Sun Zhangdong , Bai Houyi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractContact fatigue issues become more and more crucial in gear industry as they significantly affect the reliability and service life of associated mechanical systems such as wind turbine gearboxes. The contact fatigue behavior is mostly determined by the mechanical properties of materials and stress fields near the contact area, which is further influenced by the lubrication and surface roughness due to pressure fluctuations. In this study, a numerical model incorporating the lubrication state, tooth surface roughness, residual stress, and mechanical properties of the material is developed to determine the contact fatigue behavior of a megawatt level wind turbine carburized gear. The variations of the hardness and residual stress along the depth were characterized by the Vickers hardness measurement and X-ray diffraction test, respectively. The elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory was applied to predict the contact pressure distribution, highlighting the influence of the surface roughness that stemed from the original measurement through an optical profiler. The stress histories of the studied material points during a complete contact loading cycle were fast calculated using the discreteconcrete fast Fourier transformation (DC-FFT) method. Modified Dang Van diagrams under different working conditions were determined to estimate the contact fatigue failure risk. The effect of the root mean square (RMS) value of the surface roughness on the failure risk at critical material points were discussed in detail. Results revealed that the surface roughness significantly increases the contact fatigue failure risk within a shallow area, and the maximum risk appears near the surface.
Cardiovascular daytime varying effect in cardiac surgery on surgical site infections and 1-year mortality: A prospective cohort study with 22,305 patients
Authors: Sommerstein Rami , Marschall Jonas , Kuster Stefan P. , Troillet Nicolas , Carrel Thierry , Eckstein Friedrich S. , Widmer Andreas F. ,   Swissnoso
Published: April 2019

AbstractAfternoon aortic valve replacement surgery may provide perioperative myocardial protection and improve patient outcomes compared with morning surgery. The results of our large observational study based on Swiss cardiac surgical site infection surveillance data suggest that the current evidence is insufficient to generally promote afternoon cardiac surgeries.
Theorists of Economic Nationalism in 1930s–1940s Romania
Authors: Ionescu Ştefan Cristian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article examines the main theorists of economic nationalism (Romanianization) and their ideas promoting protectionism and anti-Semitism in 1930s–1940s Romania. Trying to offer a rational scientific justification for excluding foreigners, especially Jews, and increasing the role of ethnic Romanians in the economy, major scholars of economics offered solutions toward successful Romanianization. Because some of these economists were also influential politicians and public intellectuals, their investigations and blueprints for the project gained wide publicity and provided steps for achieving it rapidly and thoroughly. These economists disseminated their theoretical and empirical constructions of Romanianization in university courses, public lectures, and publications. Some were important scholars; among them, Virgil Madgearu, Mihail Manoilescu, Gheorghe N. Leon, Ion Răducanu, and D. R. Ioaniţescu, They examined Romanianization of the economy from the 1930s to the 1940s and influenced the agenda of local elites and the general public, due to their prestigious positions as politicians, public intellectuals, and professors at local universities.
Pour une nouvelle approche de la relation de crédit en histoire contemporaine
Authors: Lemercier Claire , Zalc Claire 
Published: April 2019

RésuméLa relation de crédit a encore été peu étudiée en histoire contemporaine, où elle est largement appréhendée sous le prisme d’un récit évolutionniste qui verrait la victoire progressive de « la rationalité économique »vial’institutionnalisation, la formalisation ou encore la modernisation, autant de notions qui semblent aller de soi. Nous proposons d’explorer les modalités de l’articulation entre formalisation et personnalisation de la relation de crédit, sans nous restreindre au schème de l’opposition entre les deux. En nous étayant sur une revue critique de la littérature récente sur ces thématiques, nous envisageons successivement la complémentarité des protagonistes du crédit et les transformations des instruments et des outils qui informent la transaction, avant d’aborder les accidents du crédit et les sanctions qui s’y attachent – ou non.