bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing Gaps in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education: Training Middle School Students in Hands‐Only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Magid Kate H. , Heard Debra , Sasson Comilla 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTraining middle school students to perform hands‐only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (HOCPR) is a potential method to increase overall rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We aimed to examine the feasibility of teaching this population CPR using teacher‐implemented education sessions guided by American Heart Association (AHA) training kits and resources.METHODSWe conducted a national HOCPR training campaign in middle schools during the 2014‐2015 school year. Participating schools utilized AHA CPR training kits to train seventh and eighth grade students. We assessed pretest/posttest knowledge and comfort in performing HOCPR.RESULTSWe recruited 1131 schools and trained approximately 334,610 students in HOCPR. The average pretest score on knowledge questions was 50% and the average posttest score was 84%. Most students (76%) felt comfortable performing HOCPR after the education session. Overall, 98% of teachers said they would continue to implement CPR training in the future.CONCLUSIONSLarge‐scale, teacher‐implemented CPR education sessions in the middle school setting are a successful approach to increase middle school student's knowledge and comfort in performing HOCPR and to increase overall bystander CPR rates.
Determining parents' patterns of behaviour when searching for online information on their child's health
Authors: Yardi Shruti , Caldwell Patrina HY , Barnes Elizabeth H , Scott Karen M 
Published: June 2018

AimThe internet has enabled parents to become informed medical consumers and take an active role in their child's treatment. We aimed to determine parents' online medical information‐seeking behaviour about their child's health. This included sources of information, reasons for searching, use and assessment of information and whether parents wanted assistance with searching and assessing information.MethodsA questionnaire was distributed to 331 parents and carers of inpatients and outpatients at Children's Hospital at Westmead in 2015. Most questions involved tick‐box responses and a few free‐text responses. Responses were tabulated and described by frequencies and percentages. Associations between participant demographics and responses were examined using chi‐square tests.ResultsIn all, 308 (93%) questionnaires were returned. Most participants (90%) reported searching for medical information about their child's health. Of these, 96% searched the internet, and of these, 63% used a smartphone. The most common reason for searching before seeing the doctor was to prepare questions. The most common reasons for searching after seeing the doctor were to know more and because participants had more questions. Only half (57%) ascertained whether an information source was reliable. Most wanted guidance on searching (69%) and assessing reliability (77%).ConclusionsAlmost all parents search for online information about their child's health, but most are unsure whether the information they find is trustworthy and are hesitant to act on or present it to their child's doctor. Health professionals could discuss this with parents during consultations to dispel potential misunderstandings and provide guidance on searching and assessing.
Detection of arboreal feeding signs by Asiatic black bears: effects of hard mast production at individual tree and regional scales
Authors: Tochigi K. , Masaki T. , Nakajima A. , Yamazaki K. , Inagaki A. , Koike S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractArboreal feeding signs are among several field indicators of the use of tree crowns by the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) to sit and eat fruit; however, it is unclear which factors influence this sign formation in hard mast species. Here, we investigated the influence of seed production by individual trees and at a regional scale by major hard mast species on the detection of arboreal feeding signs. For 7 years, we quantitatively assessed seed production by 374–481 trees each year of three dominant hard mast species (Quercus crispula, Quercus serrata and Castanea crenata) in the Ashio‐Nikko Mountains of central Japan and checked for the presence or absence of arboreal feeding signs in these trees. We estimated individual tree energy values and regional mast energy values across these three species and evaluated the influence of each factor on the detection probability of arboreal feeding signs. Arboreal feeding signs were more likely in individual trees with larger mast energy values and during poor mast years. There was no difference among species in the relative importance of individual tree energy or regional mast energy. Interaction of factors was also detected: the magnitude of the positive effect of individual tree energy on the detection of arboreal feeding signs was larger in poorer mast years, and the negative effect of regional mast energy was more conspicuous in the case of trees with greater mast energy. Thus, bears may maximize their feeding efficiency on hard mast in various ways, depending on regional mast availability; during poor mast years, bears are more likely to climb trees with higher individual tree energy values and leave arboreal feeding signs. Arboreal feeding signs cannot be used as an indicator of bear density unless both individual tree energy and regional mast energy values are monitored.
Distance, elevation and environment as drivers of diversity and divergence in bumble bees across latitude and altitude
Authors: Jackson Jason M. , Pimsler Meaghan L. , Oyen Kennan Jeannet , Koch‐Uhuad Jonathan B. , Herndon James D. , Strange James P. , Dillon Michael E. , Lozier Jeffrey D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIdentifying drivers of dispersal limitation and genetic differentiation is a key goal in biogeography. We examine patterns of population connectivity and genetic diversity using restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) in two bumble bee species, Bombus vosnesenskii and Bombus bifarius, across latitude and altitude in mountain ranges from California, Oregon and Washington, U.S.A. Bombus vosnesenskii, which occurs across a broader elevational range at most latitudes, exhibits little population structure while B. bifarius, which occupies a relatively narrow higher elevation niche across most latitudes, exhibits much stronger population differentiation, although gene flow in both species is best explained by isolation with environmental niche resistance. A relationship between elevational habitat breadth and genetic diversity is also apparent, with B. vosnesenskii exhibiting relatively consistent levels of genetic diversity across its range, while B. bifarius has reduced genetic diversity at low latitudes, where it is restricted to high‐elevation habitat. The results of this study highlight the importance of the intersect between elevational range and habitat suitability in influencing population connectivity and suggest that future climate warming will have a fragmenting effect even on populations that are presently well connected, as they track their thermal niches upward in montane systems.
Demographic expansion and genetic load of the halophyte model plant Eutrema salsugineum
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Juan , Hu Quan‐Jun , Guo Xin‐Yi , Wang Kun , Ru Da‐Fu , German Dmitry A. , Weretilnyk Elizabeth A. , Abbott Richard J. , Lascoux Martin , Liu Jian‐quan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe halophyte model plant Eutrema salsugineum (Brassicaceae) disjunctly occurs in temperate to subarctic Asia and North America. This vast, yet extremely discontinuous distribution constitutes an ideal system to examine long‐distance dispersal and the ensuing accumulation of deleterious mutations as expected in expanding populations of selfing plants. In this study, we resequenced individuals from 23 populations across the range of E. salsugineum. Our population genomic data indicate that E. salsugineum migrated “out of the Altai region” at least three times to colonize northern China, northeast Russia and western China. It then expanded its distribution into North America independently from northeast Russia and northern China, respectively. The species colonized northern China around 33.7 thousand years ago (kya) and underwent a considerable expansion in range size approximately 7–8 kya. The western China lineage is likely a hybrid derivative of the northern China and Altai lineages, originating approximately 25–30 kya. Deleterious alleles accumulated in a stepwise manner from (a) Altai to northern China and North America and (b) Altai to northeast Russia and North America. In summary, E. salsugineum dispersed from Asia to North America and deleterious mutations accumulated in a stepwise manner during the expansion of the species’ distribution.
Divergent evapotranspiration partition dynamics between shrubs and grasses in a shrub‐encroached steppe ecosystem
Authors: Wang Pei , Li Xiao‐Yan , Wang Lixin , Wu Xiuchen , Hu Xia , Fan Ying , Tong Yaqin 
Published: June 2018

Summary

Previous evapotranspiration (ET) partitioning studies have usually neglected competitions and interactions between antagonistic plant functional types. This study investigated whether shrubs and grasses have divergent ET partition dynamics impacted by different water‐use patterns, canopy structures, and physiological properties in a shrub‐encroached steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, China.

The soil water‐use patterns of shrubs and grasses have been quantified by an isotopic tracing approach and coupled into an improved multisource energy balance model to partition ET fluxes into soil evaporation, grass transpiration, and shrub transpiration.

The mean fractional contributions to total ET were 24 ± 13%, 20 ± 4%, and 56 ± 16% for shrub transpiration, grass transpiration, and soil evaporation respectively during the growing season. Difference in ecohydrological connectivity and leaf development both contributed to divergent transpiration partitioning between shrubs and grasses.

Shrub‐encroachment processes result in larger changes in the ET components than in total ET flux, which could be well explained by changes in canopy resistance, an ecosystem function dominated by the interaction of soil water‐use patterns and ecosystem structure. The analyses presented here highlight the crucial effects of vegetation structural changes on the processes of land–atmosphere interaction and climate feedback.
Pleistocene glacial cycles drive isolation, gene flow and speciation in the high‐elevation Andes
Authors: Nevado Bruno , Contreras‐Ortiz Natalia , Hughes Colin , Filatov Dmitry A. 
Published: June 2018

Summary

Mountain ranges are amongst the most species‐rich habitats, with many large and rapid evolutionary radiations. The tempo and mode of diversification in these systems are key unanswered questions in evolutionary biology. Here we study the Andean Lupinus radiation to understand the processes driving very rapid diversification in montane systems.

We use genomic and transcriptomic data of multiple species and populations, and apply phylogenomic and demographic analyses to test whether diversification proceeded without interspecific gene flow – as expected if Andean orogeny and geographic isolation were the main drivers of diversification – or if diversification was accompanied by gene flow, in which case other processes were probably involved.

We uncover several episodes of gene flow between species, including very recent events likely to have been prompted by changes in habitat connectivity during Pleistocene glacial cycles. Furthermore, we find that gene flow between species was heterogeneously distributed across the genome.

We argue that exceptionally fast diversification of Andean Lupinus was partly a result of Late Pleistocene glacial cycles, with associated cycles of expansion and contraction driving geographic isolation or secondary contact of species. Furthermore, heterogeneous gene flow across the genome suggests a role for selection and ecological speciation in rapid diversification in this system.
Soil texture mediates tree responses to rainfall intensity in African savannas
Authors: Case Madelon F. , Staver A. Carla 
Published: June 2018

SummaryRainfall variability is a major determinant of soil moisture, but its influence on vegetation structure has been challenging to generalize. This presents a major source of uncertainty in predicting vegetation responses to potentially widespread shifts in rainfall frequency and intensity. In savannas, where trees and grasses coexist, conflicting lines of evidence have suggested, variously, that tree cover can either increase or decrease in response to less frequent, more intense rainfall.Here, we use remote sensing products and continent‐wide soil maps for sub‐Saharan Africa to analyze how soil texture and fire mediate the response of savanna tree cover to rainfall climatology.Tree cover increased with mean wet‐season rainfall and decreased with fire frequency, consistent with previous analyses. However, responses to rainfall intensity varied: tree cover dramatically decreased with rainfall intensity on clayey soils, at high rainfall, and with rainfall spread over longer wet seasons; conversely, on sandy soils, at low rainfall, and with shorter wet seasons, tree cover instead increased with rainfall intensity.Tree cover responses to rainfall climatology depend on soil texture, accounting for substantial variation in tree cover across African savannas. Differences in underlying soils may lead to divergent responses of savannas to global change.
Risk factors for persistent hyperparathyroidism in children with stable renal function after kidney transplantation
Authors: Kim Da Hyun , Lee Joo Hoon , Han Duck Jong , Park Young Seo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the risk factors for PHPT in children with stable renal function who received KT. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical findings and laboratory results of patients who underwent KT below 19 years of age, between 1996 and 2016 at our hospital. Patients were followed up for more than 1 year after KT. We calculated the mean ± standard deviation or median [minimum – maximum] for each parameter. We included a total of 46 patients (male:female = 26:20). Twelve patients (26.1%) were included in the PHPT group, and 34 (73.9%) were in the nPTH group. The dialysis duration was 57.1 ± 49.9, 44 [0‐145] months in the PHPT group and 23.5 ± 25.8, 15 [1‐121] months in the nPTH group (P = .040). The post‐KT total CO2 level was significantly higher in the PHPT group (P = .022). The pre‐ (P = .021) and post‐KT (P = .005) and 3‐month average (P = .018) iPTH levels were also significantly higher in PHPT group. The height z‐score showed a negative correlation, and the pre‐KT, 3‐month average phosphorus and alkaline phosphate levels showed positive correlations with iPTH levels, at 1 year after KT. Patients who undergo prolonged durations of dialysis, have increased iPTH levels before and after KT, and have low bicarbonate levels after KT are at risk of PHPT and should be monitored carefully.
Clinical course of human herpesvirus 6 infection in pediatric living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Yasui Toshihiro , Suzuki Tatsuya , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Yatsuya Hiroshi , Kawamura Yoshiki , Miura Hiroki , Hara Fujio , Watanabe Shunsuke , Uga Naoko , Naoe Atsuki 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDifferentiation between active and latent viral infection is critical for analysis of HHV‐6‐associated disease. HHV‐6 infection has been associated with several clinical manifestations; however, the precise role of HHV‐6 in pediatric LDLT remains unclear. This retrospective cohort study included 33 pediatric patients who received LDLT. All of the recipients were monitored for HHV‐6 infection using viral isolation and real‐time PCR. HHV‐6 infection was observed in 14 of 33 (42.4%) recipients, and HHV‐6B infection occurred within 2 weeks after LDLT in 10 of 14 (71.4%) recipients. HHV‐6 was isolated from 10 of 33 (30.3%) recipients. Multivariate analysis showed that independent predictors of HHV‐6B infection were age (OR 0.975; 95% CI 0.943‐0.999; P = .041), PELD (OR 1.091; P = .038), and biliary atresia (OR 16.48; P = .035). The occurrence of unexplained fever was significantly higher in recipients with HHV‐6B infection (11/14) compared with uninfected recipients (6/19) (P = .013). Additionally, ALT levels at 8 and 9 weeks after transplantation were significantly higher in the recipients with HHV‐6B infection. Younger age, high MELD/PELD score, and biliary atresia as an underlying disease were identified as risk factors for viral infection.
Quantifying proximal patellar tendon changes during adolescence in elite ballet dancers, a 2‐year study
Authors: Rudavsky A. , Cook J. , Docking S. 
Published: June 2018

Patellar tendon pathology appears to develop in young athletes. It is not known how this tendon develops through adolescence. This longitudinal study investigated proximal patellar tendon development during the adolescent growth spurt in young ballet dancers and identified whether puberty (estimated by maturity offset) had an effect on tendon development. Fifty two dancers (32 female and 20 male dancers, ages 11‐18 at baseline) had ultrasound images of their tendons every 6 months for 2 years. Changes in tendon size (anterior‐posterior diameter) on grayscale images and echogenicity, as quantified using ultrasound tissue characterization, were recorded each time. Maturity offset was calculated used to estimate peak height velocity (adolescent growth spurt). Maturity offset did not affect effect tendon composition before peak height velocity; however, after participants passed peak height velocity, maturity offset increased the composition of stable echopattern (P < .05): a 4% differential increase in type I echopattern, indicative of normal tendon structure, and a decrease in type III echopattern (more disorganized echopattern) by 0.7% per year. Anterior‐posterior thickness increased by 0.2 mm/y (P < .05) measured 2 cm below the patella. Following peak height velocity, the proximal patellar tendon attachment increased in thickness and demonstrated a more stable echopattern representative of aligned fibrillar structure. Future research is required to further understand this normal maturation and the factors that support this process, with the aim of reducing the development of patellar tendon pathology in the adolescent jumping athlete.
Granulomatous inflammation in BK polyomavirus–associated nephropathy
Authors: Zhang Yang , Ahmed Hiba , Haririan Abdolreza , Ugarte Richard , Papadimitriou John C. , Drachenberg Cinthia B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEvolving BK polyomavirus–associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) is characterized by tubulointerstitial inflammation that closely resembles acute T‐cell–mediated allograft rejection if tubulitis is significant. The cellular composition of the inflammation varies during the course of BKPyVAN, and clusters of plasma cells may herald resolution of the infection. Less commonly, BKPyVAN can present with a predominance of histiocytes and granuloma formation. Granulomatous interstitial nephritis is uncommon in biopsies of either native or transplant kidneys. In both settings, this distinctive type of inflammatory response requires a systematic approach with careful clinicopathological assessment to determine its etiology. We present three patients with granulomatous BKPyVAN in the first year post‐transplantation. These allograft biopsies at 4, 6, and 12 months post‐transplant exemplify spontaneously resolving BKPyVAN, resolving infection after immunosuppression reduction, and early BKPyVAN, respectively. In immunosuppressed patients, BKPyVAN should be added to the relatively broad differential diagnosis of granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis.
Rejuvenation of allogenic red cells: benefits and risks
Authors: Aujla H. , Woźniak M. , Kumar T. , Murphy G. J. ,   REDJUVENATE Investigators
Published: June 2018

Background and objectivesTo review preclinical and clinical studies that have evaluated the effects of red cell rejuvenation in vivo and in vitro and to assess the potential risks and benefits from their clinical use.Materials and methodsA systematic review and narrative synthesis of the intervention of red cell rejuvenation using a red cell processing solution containing inosine, pyruvate, phosphate and adenine. Outcomes of interest in vitro were changes in red cell characteristics including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG), deformability and the accumulation of oxidized lipids and other reactive species in the red cell supernatant. Outcomes in vivo were 24‐h post‐transfusion survival and the effects on oxygen delivery, organ function and inflammation in transfused recipients.ResultsThe literature search identified 49 studies evaluating rejuvenated red cells. In vitro rejuvenation restored cellular properties including 2,3‐DPG and ATP to levels similar to freshly donated red cells. In experimental models, in vivo transfusion of rejuvenated red cells improved oxygen delivery and myocardial, renal and pulmonary function when compared to stored red cells. In humans, in vivo 24‐h survival of rejuvenated red cells exceeded 75%. In clinical studies, rejuvenated red cells were found to be safe, with no reported adverse effects. In one adult cardiac surgery trial, transfusion of rejuvenated red cells resulted in improved myocardial performance.ConclusionTransfusion of rejuvenated red cells reduces organ injury attributable to the red cell storage lesion without adverse effects in experimental studies in vivo. The clinical benefits of this intervention remain uncertain.
Passenger lymphocyte syndrome due to anti‐B and anti‐Jka following combined intestinal and renal transplantation
Authors: Chua C. C. , Lim H. , Testro A. , Hong F. S. 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionPassenger lymphocyte syndrome (PLS) is an immune‐mediated haemolysis in which antibodies directed against recipient red‐blood‐cell (RBC) antigens are formed by viable donor B‐lymphocytes found within an allograft, leading to alloimmune destruction of recipient RBC. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of PLS with anti‐B and anti‐Jka after combined interstitial and renal transplants at the Australian Intestinal Transplant Service.MethodsA 47‐year‐old group B, RhD positive, Jk(a+b+) male received an ABO minor‐mismatch combined intestinal and renal transplants from a cadaveric donor who was group O RhD positive. The recipient developed clinically significant haemolysis 18 days post‐transplant with a haemoglobin nadir of 59 g/l. He was supported with donor and recipient compatible blood components, with laboratory evidence of resolution of haemolysis by day 52 post‐transplant without requiring any additional interventions.ResultsBoth the recipient and donor had a negative antibody screen immediately prior to transplantation. Two alloantibodies, anti‐B and a weak anti‐Jka, were detected in the recipient's eluate.DiscussionIt is important to be vigilant about possible PLS post‐transplant especially in high‐risk populations such as those undergoing intestinal and/or multi‐visceral transplant with minor ABO‐incompatible allografts. Although PLS is a rare and self‐limiting condition, early recognition allows timely provision of compatible blood components as well as minimisation of morbidity from haemolysis.