bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Pulmonary Complications Associated with Intramedullary Fixation of Intertrochanteric Fractures: An Analysis of 13,276 Hips
Authors: Heckmann Nathanael , Hill J. Ryan , Vakhshori Venus , McKnight Braden , Mostofi Amir , Davis Jason , Hatch George “Rick” , Marecek Geoffrey 
Published: February 2019

Introduction:
Intramedullary devices are being used more frequently to treat intertrochanteric (IT) femur fractures but without clear benefit in several clinical trials. This study determines differences in complication rates in patients with IT fractures treated with intramedullary versus extramedullary devices.

Methods:
Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, patients aged ≥55 years with an isolated IT fracture and an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of <5 were identified. Thirty-day mortality and perioperative complications were assessed.

Results:
Extramedullary fixation was performed in 4,392 patients, whereas 8,884 underwent intramedullary fixation. Intramedullary fixation was associated with increased 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; P = 0.038), ventilator use (OR, 1.57; P = 0.004), transfusion (OR, 1.12; P < 0.001), and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (OR, 1.45; P = 0.032). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 1 day shorter for the intramedullary group (P < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, ventilator use (OR, 1.59), DVT (OR, 1.44), and transfusion (OR, 1.15) were more common with intramedullary fixation group.

Discussion:
Intramedullary fixation for IT fractures was associated with an increased risk of pulmonary complications, DVT, and transfusion. Further randomized controlled studies are required to determine the relative safety of intramedullary versus extramedullary implants.

Level of Evidence:
Level III, therapeutic, retrospective comparative study
Confédération Paysannes: grensoverschrijdend jurisprudentieel actualiseren van de Richtlijn inzake de doelbewuste introductie van genetisch gemodificeerde organismen in het milieu?
Authors: Somsen J. 
Published: February 2019

Confédération Paysannes: grensoverschrijdend jurisprudentieel actualiseren van de Richtlijn inzake de doelbewuste introductie van genetisch gemodificeerde organismen in het milieu?
In Confédération paysannes oordeelde het Hof dat mutagenesetechnieken ontwikkeld na het vaststellen van de doelbewuste introductie van GGO Richtlijn, waaronder bijvoorbeeld CRISPR/CAS9, binnen de werkingssfeer van de GGO Richtlijn vallen. Tegelijkertijd concludeerde het dat de uitzondering voor GGO’s verkregen door ‘mutagenese’, vervat in Annex I B, niet geldt voor deze nieuwe technieken, en daarom aan een risicobeoordeling moeten worden onderworpen. Deze oudere en zich als veilig bewezen GGO’s mogen volgens het Hof van Justitie echter wel aan nadere nationale regels worden onderworpen (partiële harmonisatie). De resulterende uitbreiding van de reikwijdte van deze kaderrichtlijn naar GGO’s verkregen door gerichte mutagenese heeft repercussies voor alle wetgeving waarin het begrip ‘GGO’ centraal staat.HvJ 25 juli 2018, zaak C-528/16, Confédération paysanne, Réseau Semences Paysannes, Les Amis de la Terre Frane, Collectif Vigilance OGM et pesticides 16, Vigilance OG2M, CSFV49, OGM daners, Vigilance OGM 33, Fédération Nature et Progrès/Premier ministre, Ministre de l’Agriculture, de Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt, ECLI:EU:C:2018:538.
Exit the frog, enter the human: physiology and experimental psychology in nineteenth-century astronomy
Authors: CANALES JIMENA 
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with one of the first attempts to measure simple reactions in humans. The Swiss astronomer Adolph Hirsch investigated personal differences in the speed of sensory transmission in order to achieve accuracy in astronomy. His controversial results, however, started an intense debate among both physiologists and astronomers who disagreed on the nature of these differences. Were they due to different eyes or brains, or to differences in skill and education? Furthermore, they debated how to eliminate them. Some, for example, wanted to eliminate the observer, and prescribed the use of new technologies like the electro-chronograph or photography, while others believed in discipline and education. By debating the nature of these differences, astronomers and physiologists sketched both different conceptions of ‘man’ and different paths to objectivity. These diverse conceptions, moreover, were tied to current nineteenth-century debates, such as the benefits or disadvantages of railroads, telegraphy and the standardization of time and longitudes. By focusing on the debates surrounding the speed of sensory transmission, this paper reevaluates the history of astronomy, physiology and experimental psychology. Furthermore, in investigating astronomy's relation to the human sciences, it uncovers profound connections in the traditionally separate histories of objectivity and the body.L'heure sera distribuée dans les maisons,comme l'eau ou le gaz.Adolph Hirsch
Three-dimensional structure and momentum transfer in a turbulent cylinder wake
Authors: VERNET A. , KOPP G. A. , FERRÉ J. A. , GIRALT FRANCESC 
Published: July 2002

Simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements were made with rakes of sensors
that sliced a slightly heated turbulent wake in the spanwise direction, at different
lateral positions 150 diameters downstream of the cylinder. A pattern recognition
analysis of hotter-to-colder transitions was performed on temperature data measured
at the mean velocity half-width. The velocity data from the different ‘slices’ was
then conditionally averaged based on the identified temperature events. This procedure
yielded the topology of the average three-dimensional large-scale structure which was
visualized with iso-surfaces of negative values of the second eigenvector of
[S2+Ω2].
The results indicate that the average structure of the velocity fluctuations (using a
triple decomposition of the velocity field) is found to be a shear-aligned ring-shaped
vortex. This vortex ring has strong outward lateral velocities in its symmetry plane
which are like Grant's mixing jets. The mixing jet region extends outside the ring-like vortex and is bounded by two foci separated in the spanwise direction and an
upstream saddle point. The two foci correspond to what has been previously identified
in the literature as the double rollers.The ring vortex extracts energy from the mean flow by stretching in the mixing
jet region just upstream of the ring boundary. The production of the small-scale
(incoherent) turbulence by the coherent field and one-component energy dissipation
rate occur just downstream of the saddle point within the mixing jet region. Incoherent
turbulence energy is extracted from the mean flow just outside the mixing jet region,
but within the core of the structure. These processes are highly three-dimensional
with a spanwise extent equal to the mean velocity half-width.When a double decomposition is used, the coherent structure is found to be a
tube-shaped vortex with a spanwise extent of about 2.5l0.
The double roller motions
are integral to this vortex in spite of its shape. Spatial averages of the coherent
velocity field indicate that the mixing jet region causes a deficit of mean streamwise
momentum, while the region outside the foci of the double rollers has a relatively
small excess of streamwise momentum.
Integer sequences with big gaps and the pointwise ergodic theorem
Authors: JONES ROGER L. , LACEY MICHAEL , WIERDL MÁTÉ 
Published: July 2002

First, we show that there exists a sequence $(a_n)$ of integers which is a
good averaging sequence in $L^2$ for the pointwise ergodic theorem and satisfies
$$
\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}>e^{(\log n)^{-1-\epsilon}}
$$
for $n>n(\epsilon)$. This should be contrasted with an earlier result of ours which says that if a sequence $(a_n)$ of integers (or real numbers) satisfies
$$
\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}>e^{(\log n)^{-\frac{1}{2}+\epsilon}}
$$
for some positive $\epsilon$, then it is a bad averaging sequence in $L^2$ for the pointwise ergodic theorem.Another result of the paper says that if we select each integer $n$ with probability $1/n$ into a random sequence, then, with probability 1, the random sequence is a bad averaging sequence for the mean ergodic theorem. This result should be contrasted with Bourgain's result which says that if we select each integer $n$ with probability $\sigma_n$ into a random sequence, where the sequence $(\sigma_n)$ is decreasing and satisfies
$$
\lim_{t\to\infty}\frac{\sum_{n\le t}\sigma_n}{\log t}=\infty,
$$
then, with probability 1, the random sequence is a good averaging sequence for the mean ergodic theorem.
Analysis of genomic diversity within the Xr-region of the
protein A gene in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: KOBAYASHI N. , URASAWA S. , UEHARA N. , WATANABE N. 
Published: July 2002

Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus contains a polymorphic Xr-region characterized by a
tandem repeat of eight amino acid units. In this study, the diversity of genes encoding the
repeat regions and their relatedness among S. aureus strains was analyzed. Ten different
protein-A types characterized by repeat numbers 4–13 were identified in a total of 293 clinical
isolates. The protein-A type with 10 repeat units (10 repeats) in the Xr-region was most
frequently detected in methicillin-resistant S. aureus, whereas the majority of methicillin-
susceptible strains were distributed almost evenly into protein-A types with 7–11 repeats.
Strains that belonged to a single coagulase type were classified into multiple protein-A types,
e.g. strains with the common coagulase types II and VII were differentiated into 7 and 8
protein-A types, respectively.Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Xr-region of 42 representative strains revealed the
presence of 37 different genotypes (spa types), which were constituted by a combination of
several of 24 different repeat unit genotypes. Based on the similarity in arrangement of repeat
unit genotypes, 34 strains with different repeat numbers were classified into 5 genetic clusters
(C1–C5). The clusters C1, C2 and C3 consisted exclusively of strains with identical coagulase
types II, III, and IV, respectively. These findings suggested that the protein-A gene of S.
aureus has evolved from a common ancestral clone in individual clusters independently.
Antisense Expression of the Peptide Transport Gene AtPTR2-B Delays Flowering and Arrests Seed Development in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants
Authors: Song W. , Koh S. , Czako M. , Marton L. , Drenkard E. , Becker J. M. , Stacey G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Previously, we identified a peptide transport gene, AtPTR2-B, from Arabidopsis thaliana that was constitutively expressed in all plant organs, suggesting an important physiological role in plant growth and development. To evaluate the function of this transporter, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were constructed expressing antisense or sense AtPTR2-B. Genomic Southern analysis indicated that four independent antisense and three independent sense AtPTR2-B transgenic lines were obtained, which was confirmed by analysis of the segregation of the kanamycin resistance gene carried on the T-DNA. RNA blot data showed that the endogenous AtPTR2-B mRNA levels were significantly reduced in transgenic leaves and flowers, but not in transgenic roots. Consistent with this reduction in endogenous AtPTR2-B mRNA levels, all four antisense lines and one sense line exhibited significant phenotypic changes, including late flowering and arrested seed development. These phenotypic changes could be explained by a defect in nitrogen nutrition due to the reduced peptide transport activity conferred by AtPTR2-B. These results suggest that AtPTR2-B may play a general role in plant nutrition. The AtPTR2-B gene was mapped to chromosome 2, which is closely linked to the restriction fragment length polymorphism marker m246.
Identification of a Novel Isoform of the Chloroplast-Coupling Factor α-Subunit 1
Authors: Burkey Kent O. , Mathis James N. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Studies were conducted to identify a 64-kD thylakoid membrane protein of unknown function. The protein was extracted from chloroplast thylakoids under low ionic strength conditions and purified to homogeneity by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four peptides generated from the proteolytic cleavage of the wheat 64-kD protein were sequenced and found to be identical to internal sequences of the chloroplast-coupling factor (CF1) α-subunit. Antibodies for the 64-kD protein also recognized the α-subunit of CF1. Both the 64-kD protein and the 61-kD CF1α-subunit were present in the monocots barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum); but the dicots pea (Pisum sativum), soybean (Glycinemax Merr.), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) contained only a single polypeptide corresponding to the CF1 α-subunit. The 64-kD protein accumulated in response to high irradiance (1000 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and declined in response to low irradiance (80 μmol photons m−2 s−1) treatments. Thus, the 64-kD protein was identified as an irradiance-dependent isoform of the CF1 α-subunit found only in monocots. Analysis of purified CF1 complexes showed that the 64-kD protein represented up to 15% of the total CF1 α-subunit.
Purification and cDNA Cloning of Maize Poly(ADP)-Ribose Polymerase
Authors: Mahajan Pramod B. , Zuo Zhuang 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PADPRP) has been purified to apparent homogeneity from suspension cultures of the maize (Zea mays) callus line. The purified enzyme is a single polypeptide of approximately 115 kD, which appears to dimerize through an S-S linkage. The catalytic properties of the maize enzyme are very similar to those of its animal counterpart. The amino acid sequences of three tryptic peptides were obtained by microsequencing. Antibodies raised against peptides from maize PADPRP cross-reacted specifically with the maize enzyme but not with the enzyme from human cells, and vice versa. We have also characterized a 3.45-kb expressed-sequence-tag clone that contains a full-length cDNA for maize PADPRP. An open reading frame of 2943 bp within this clone encodes a protein of 980 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the maize PADPRP shows 40% to 42% identity and about 50% similarity to the known vertebrate PADPRP sequences. All important features of the modular structure of the PADPRP molecule, such as two zinc fingers, a putative nuclear localization signal, the automodification domain, and the NAD+-binding domain, are conserved in the maize enzyme. Northern-blot analysis indicated that the cDNA probe hybridizes to a message of about 4 kb.
Identification of related proteins with weak sequence identity using secondary structure information
Authors: Geourjon Christophe , Combet Christophe , Blanchet Christophe , Deléage Gilbert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMolecular modeling of proteins is confronted with the problem of finding homologous proteins, especially when few identities remain after the process of molecular evolution. Using even the most recent methods based on sequence identity detection, structural relationships are still difficult to establish with high reliability. As protein structures are more conserved than sequences, we investigated the possibility of using protein secondary structure comparison (observed or predicted structures) to discriminate between related and unrelated proteins sequences in the range of 10%–30% sequence identity. Pairwise comparison of secondary structures have been measured using the structural overlap (Sov) parameter. In this article, we show that if the secondary structures likeness is >50%, most of the pairs are structurally related. Taking into account the secondary structures of proteins that have been detected by BLAST, FASTA, or SSEARCH in the noisy region (with high E value), we show that distantly related protein sequences (even with <20% identity) can be still identified. This strategy can be used to identify three‐dimensional templates in homology modeling by finding unexpected related proteins and to select proteins for experimental investigation in a structural genomic approach, as well as for genome annotation.
Conformational changes in chemically modified Escherichia coli thioredoxin monitored by H/D exchange and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Moo‐Young , Maier Claudia S. , Reed Donald J. , Deinzer Max L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and near‐ultraviolet (UV) circular dichroism (CD) was used to study the conformational properties and thermal unfolding of Escherichia coli thioredoxin and its Cys32‐alkylated derivatives in 1% acetic acid (pH 2.7). Thermal unfolding of oxidized (Oxi) and reduced (Red) ‐thioredoxin (TRX) and Cys‐32‐ethylglutathionyl (GS‐ethyl‐TRX) and Cys‐32‐ethylcysteinyl (Cys‐ethyl‐TRX), which are derivatives of Red‐TRX, follow apparent EX1 kinetics as charge‐state envelopes, H/D mass spectral exchange profiles, and near‐UV CD appear to support a two‐state folding/unfolding model. Minor mass peaks in the H/D exchange profiles and nonsuperimposable MS‐ and CD‐derived melting curves, however, suggest the participation of unfolding intermediates leading to the conclusion that the two‐state model is an oversimplification of the process. The relative stabilities as measured by melting temperatures by both CD and mass spectral charge states are, Oxi‐TRX, GS‐ethyl‐TRX, Cys‐ethyl‐TRX, and Red‐TRX. The introduction of the Cys‐32‐ethylglutathionyl group provides extra stabilization that results from additional hydrogen bonding interactions between the ethylglutathionyl group and the protein. Near‐UV CD data show that the local environment near the active site is perturbed to almost an identical degree regardless of whether alkylation at Cys‐32 is by the ethylglutathionyl group, or the smaller, nonhydrogen‐bonding ethylcysteinyl group. Mass spectral data, however, indicate a tighter structure for GS‐ethyl‐TRX.
Contrast and sensitivity enhancement of resists for high-resolution lithography
Authors: Chiong Kaolin Grace , Petrillo Karen , Hohn Fritz J. , Wilson Alan D. , Moreau Wayne M. 
Published: July 2002

Novolac based resists have received much attention in the submicron device fabrication area because of their high dry etch resistance. In high-resolution device fabrication requirements novolac resists suffer from a lack in sensitivity and resolution capability. In order to make use of these high-quality resists, approaches to improve the resolution capability and sensitivity of conventional positive resists have been a major interest of research. Development techniques such as two-step and spray development techniques to improve resist contrast have been reported, but neither is well characterized and well understood. In this paper, we report an interrupted development technique which enhances the contrast of an electron beam (e-beam) exposed diazonapthoquinone novolac, AZ-type resist. As a result of this enhancement, submicron features varying in density can be controlled properly in size and in image profile. The resolution capability of this resist as a single-layer system is extended to the one-quarter micron regime with good linewidth control. In the optically exposed AZ resist, a smaller enhancement in contrast was observed and the resolution improvement is minimal. However, vertical sidewalls are readily obtained by employing appropriate interrupted development schemes on optically as well as e-beam exposed AZ resists. This difference in response to interrupted development is related to the difference in the energy deposited in the resist film due to electron scattering. In the e-beam exposed AZ film, the energy deposited in the resist gradually increases through the bulk of the film. On the other hand, because of the UV absorption characteristics of the novolac resist in optical lithography, the energy deposited is attenuated as it penetrates the resist. Sensitivity enhancement by this technique is on the order of 30% to 50%. A sulfone novolac resist with an inductive effect was examined to try to understand the mechanism of contrast enhancement of AZ resist by interrupted development. No response to interrupted development was observed. Possible mechanisms for the delayed lateral erosion of the AZ resist images are proposed, based on the studies of these resists and
developer interactions. Using this interrupted development technique on a single-layer e-beam exposed resist system, various profiles can be tailored to fit different applications in device processing requirements, namely an undercut profile for metal lift-off, straight sidewalls for etch masks or ion implantation masks.
Efficacies of Lipophilic Inhibitors of Dihydrofolate Reductase against Parasitic Protozoa
Authors: Lau Hollis , Ferlan Jill T. , Brophy Victoria Hertle , Rosowsky Andre , Sibley Carol Hopkins 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Competitive inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are used in chemotherapy or prophylaxis of many microbial pathogens, including the eukaryotic parasites
Plasmodium falciparum
and
Toxoplasma gondii
. Unfortunately, point mutations in the DHFR gene can confer resistance to inhibitors specific to these pathogens. We have developed a rapid system for testing inhibitors of DHFRs from a variety of parasites. We replaced the DHFR gene from the budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
with the DHFR-coding region from humans,
P. falciparum
,
T. gondii
,
Pneumocystis carinii
, and bovine or human-derived
Cryptosporidium parvum
. We studied 84 dicyclic and tricyclic 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivatives in this heterologous system and identified those most effective against the DHFR enzymes from each of the pathogens. Among these compounds, six tetrahydroquinazolines were effective inhibitors of every strain tested, but they also inhibited the human DHFR and were not selective for the parasites. However, two quinazolines and four tetrahydroquinazolines were both potent and selective inhibitors of the
P. falciparum
DHFR. These compounds show promise for development as antimalarial drugs.
Fourteen-Member Macrolides Suppress Interleukin-8 Production but Do Not Promote Apoptosis of Activated Neutrophils
Authors: Tsuchihashi Yoshiko , Oishi Kazunori , Yoshimine Hiroyuki , Suzuki Shoichi , Kumatori Atsushi , Sunazuka Toshiaki , Omura Satoshi , Matsushima Kouji , Nagatake Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTA 14-member macrolide was found to inhibit interleukin-8 (IL-8) synthesis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neutrophils but did not accelerate apoptosis in activated neutrophils. These data suggest that 14-member macrolides achieve clinical efficacy for chronic airway diseases partly by suppressing IL-8 production by activated neutrophils, but not by enhancing apoptosis in these cells.