bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for pyrazine-based chromophores in cloud water mimics containing methylglyoxal and ammonium sulfate
Authors: Hawkins Lelia Nahid , Welsh Hannah G. , Alexander Matthew V. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Simulating aqueous brown carbon (aqBrC) formation from small molecule amines and aldehydes in cloud water mimics provides insight into potential humic-like substance (HULIS) contributors and their effect on local and global aerosol radiative forcing. Previous work has shown that these (Maillard type) reactions generate products that are chemically, physically, and optically similar to atmospheric HULIS in many significant ways, including in their complexity. Despite numerous characterization studies, attribution of the intense brown color of many aqBrC systems to specific compounds remains incomplete. In this work, we present evidence of novel pyrazine-based chromophores (PBCs) in the product mixture of aqueous solutions containing methylglyoxal and ammonium sulfate. PBCs observed here include 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine (DMP) and products of methylglyoxal addition to the pyrazine ring. This finding is significant as the literature of Maillard reactions in food chemistry tightly links the formation of pyrazine (and related compounds) to browning in foods. We investigated the roles of both cloud processing (by bulk evaporation) and pH in absorptivity and product distribution in microliter samples to understand the contribution of these PBCs to aqBrC properties. In agreement with previous work, we observed elevated absorptivity across the entire UV–visible spectrum following simulated cloud processing as well as higher absorptivity in more basic samples. Absorptivity of the pH 2 sample, following evaporation over a period of days, exceeded that of the unevaporated pH 9 sample. In addition, mixtures of ammonium sulfate and methylglyoxal at pH 5 that were dried in under 1 h and analyzed 24 h later were as absorptive as pH 9 samples allowed to react for 7 days, indicating that evaporation occurring during cloud processing may provide a reaction pathway favorable for carbonyl–ammonia chemistry even under acidic conditions of aerosol and cloud water. The fraction of pyrazine compounds in the product mixture increased by up to a factor of 4 in response to drying with a maximum observed contribution of 16 % at pH 5. Therefore, cloud processing under acidic conditions may produce PBCs at the expense of imine- and imidazole-derived compounds. This finding has implications for further BrC reactivity and degradation pathways.
Evolutionary Characteristics of Lightning and Radar Echo Structure in Thunderstorms Based on the TRMM satellite
Authors: Wu Xueke , Yuan Tie , Jiang Rubin , Li Jinliang 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Based on the 16-years Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observational data, the convective characteristics of thunderstorms over different topographic regions, as well as their radar echo structural and lightning activity, are analyzed. The results reveal that thunderstorms over the Tibetan Plateau have weak lightning frequency and small horizontal scale, but their occurrence frequency is the largest, accounting for ~ 20 % of total precipitation events, followed by 10 % over the adjacent foothills to the east and hilly land in southern China, with the lowest occurrence frequency (~ 3 %) over the ocean. The 30 dBZ echo top height is a good indicator to predict the occurrence probability of lightning in convective storm, which is more concise and intuitive than the 20 and 40 dBZ echo top heights. Integrating the ratio of convective rainfall to total rainfall and the three-dimensional radar echo structure features to identify thunderstorm life-cycle stages has been proved to be a useful method, and which can help us further explore and maximize the usage of the valuable convective event data from non-geostationary satellites. It is found that the development of dynamic process, which refers to radar echo vertical structure, precedes the lightning activity during the evolution of thunderstorms. Although both lightning activity and radar echo structure peaked at the mature stage, thunderstorms before reaching the mature stage are stronger in radar echo vertical structure while weaker in lightning activity, and vice versa after the mature stage. Even during the dissipating stage of thunderstorm, there still some lightning was observed.
Basin-scale variability of microbial methanol uptake in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Sargeant Stephanie L. , Murrell J. Colin , Nightingale Philip D. , Dixon Joanna L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Methanol is a climate-active gas and the most abundant oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) in the atmosphere and seawater. Marine methylotrophs are aerobic bacteria that utilise methanol from seawater as a source of carbon (assimilation) and/or energy (dissimilation). A few spatially limited studies have previously reported methanol oxidation rates in seawater; however, the basin-wide ubiquity of marine microbial methanol utilisation remains unknown. This study uniquely combines seawater 14C labelled methanol tracer studies with 16S rRNA pyrosequencing to investigate variability in microbial methanol dissimilation and known methanol-utilising bacteria throughout a meridional transect of the Atlantic Ocean between 47° N to 39° S. Microbial methanol dissimilation varied between 0.05 and 1.68 nmol L−1 h−1 in the top 200 m of the Atlantic Ocean and showed significant variability between biogeochemical provinces. The highest rates of methanol dissimilation were found in the northern subtropical gyre (average 0.99±0.41 nmol L−1 h−1), which were up to 8 times greater than other Atlantic regions. Microbial methanol dissimilation rates displayed a significant inverse correlation with heterotrophic bacterial production (determined using 3H-leucine). Despite significant depth stratification of bacterial communities, methanol dissimilation rates showed much greater variability between oceanic provinces compared to depth. There were no significant differences in rates between samples collected under light and dark environmental conditions. The variability in the numbers of SAR11 (16S rRNA gene sequences) were estimated to explain approximately 50 % of the changes in microbial methanol dissimilation rates. We estimate that SAR11 cells in the Atlantic Ocean account for between 0.3 % and 59 % of the rates of methanol dissimilation in Atlantic waters, compared to < 0.01 %–2.3 % for temperate coastal waters. These results make a substantial contribution to our current knowledge and understanding of the utilisation of methanol by marine microbial communities, but highlight the lack of understanding of in situ methanol production mechanisms.
Evaluation of multiple climate data sources for managing environmental resources in East Africa
Authors: Gebrechorkos Solomon Hailu , Hülsmann Stephan , Bernhofer Christian 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Managing environmental resources under conditions of climate change and
extreme climate events remains among the most challenging research tasks in
the field of sustainable development. A particular challenge in many regions
such as East Africa is often the lack of sufficiently long-term and spatially
representative observed climate data. To overcome this data challenge we used
a combination of accessible data sources based on station data, earth
observations by remote sensing, and regional climate models. The accuracy of
the Africa Rainfall Climatology version 2.0 (ARC2), Climate Hazards Group
InfraRed Precipitation (CHIRP), CHIRP with Station data (CHIRPS),
Observational-Reanalysis Hybrid (ORH), and regional climate models (RCMs) are
evaluated against station data obtained from the respective national weather
services and international databases. We did so by performing a comparison in
three ways: point to pixel, point to area grid cell average, and stations'
average to area grid cell average over 21 regions of East Africa: 17 in
Ethiopia, 2 in Kenya, and 2 in Tanzania. We found that the latter method
provides better correlation and significantly reduces biases and errors. The
correlations were analysed at daily, dekadal (10 days), and monthly
resolution for rainfall and maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax
and Tmin) covering the period of 1983–2005. At a daily
timescale, CHIRPS, followed by ARC2 and CHIRP, is the best performing
rainfall product compared to ORH, individual RCMs (I-RCM), and RCMs' mean
(RCMs). CHIRPS captures the daily rainfall characteristics well, such as
average daily rainfall, amount of wet periods, and total rainfall. Compared
to CHIRPS, ARC2 showed higher underestimation of the total (−30 %) and
daily (−14 %) rainfall. CHIRP, on the other hand, showed higher
underestimation of the average daily rainfall (−53 %) and duration of
dry periods (−29 %). Overall, the evaluation revealed that in terms of
multiple statistical measures used on daily, dekadal, and monthly timescales,
CHIRPS, CHIRP, and ARC2 are the best performing rainfall products, while ORH,
I-RCM, and RCMs are the worst performing products. For Tmax and Tmin, ORH was identified as the most
suitable product compared to I-RCM and RCMs. Our results indicate that CHIRPS
(rainfall) and ORH (Tmax and Tmin), with higher
spatial resolution, should be the preferential data sources to be used for
climate change and hydrological studies in areas of East Africa where station
data are not accessible.
Deontologia profesional: la ética denostada
Authors: Verde-Diego Carmen , Cebolla Bueno Óscar 
Published: August 2018

El presente artículo ofrece una discusión teórica en torno a tres debates ligados a la buena praxis del trabajo soial desde la perspectiva de la práctica profesional. El primero alude al sentido que se le otorga a la "etica" y a la "deontología profesional" en la práctica del trabajo social.El segundo debate es una reflexion sobre la necesidad de la estrucutra colegial como garante de la buena praxis profesional a través del codigo deontológico, de las comisiones deontológicas y, en esoecail, ante la reciente aparición de los Comités de ética de la Administraión. El tercer apartado gira en torno a la exigencia ede formación en ética y en deontología profesional: un requerimiento fundado en los resultados de la investigación realizada para este articulo sobre la situación de estas materias en lo planes de estudio de Grado en Trabajo social de las Universidades públicas españolas.El método llevado a cabo para la realización del artículo ha ido la revisión bibliográfic y documental así como una investigación empírica consistente en el análisis de 30 páginas web de otras tantas universidades cuyo objetivo era valorar la situación de la formación en ls titulaciones de trabajo social en España.
Performing Circles in Ancient Egypt from Mehen to Ouroboros
Authors: Roblee Mark 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
Drawing from cultic literature and iconography, this article examines the use of encirclement and circular imagery in ancient Egypt—ritual circumambulation, circular knots and jewelry, painted papyri, encircling utterances, and especially the apotropaic serpentine figure Mehen, who prefigured the ouroboros in Byzantine, Arabic, Jewish, and early modern European thought. Encirclement and circular imagery were performative in the ancient Egyptian context, functioning on a personal, psychological level as much as a shared, social level. Performing circles was an inner ritual or imaginative technology of self-transformation for the ancient Egyptian ritual practitioner and audience alike.
Economic Growth and Government Debt of Six Large National Economies before and after the 2008 Financial Crisis
Authors: Loo Jean , He Haihong 
Published: August 2018

This paper investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and government debt of six large national economies ten years before and ten years after the 2008 financial crisis. There have been numerous studies on whether government debt has any negative effect on economic growth. The results of most empirical studies are mixed depending on the levels of government debt, the countries included in the sample, the sample periods chosen, and the methodologies employed. This paper focuses on six large national economies, namely, the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Canada during the periods ten years before and ten years after the most recent financial crisis of 2008. It is found that there are significant increases in the level of government debt and decreases in economic growth during the ten years after the financial crisis for all six countries. Our results show that the hypothesis that government debt does not Granger-cause economic growth is rejected for all six countries combined for the pre- financial crisis sub-period and the whole sample period, but not for the post financial crisis sub-period. The hypothesis that economic growth does not Granger-cause government debt is also rejected for both the pre- and post- financial crisis sub-periods as well as for the whole period. In short, our investigation documented a bidirectional Granger causality between government debt and economic growth during periods ten years before, ten years after, and the combined periods before and after the 2008 financial crisis. The evidence also suggests that economic growth reduced government debt for most countries during all three sample periods.
Toekomst van arbeid, toekomst van arbeidsrecht
Authors: De Vos M. 
Published: August 2018

Toekomst van arbeid, toekomst van arbeidsrecht
De wereld van werk is in diepe verandering door megatrends in de demografie en sociologie van de beroepsbevolking, in de economische globalisering en in technologische innovatie. ‘Werk 4.0’ fascineert en beroert de geesten. Maar wat betekent de toekomst van werk voor de toekomst van arbeidsrecht? Deze bijdrage herijkt het arbeidsrecht op de schaal van Werk 4.0. Ze argumenteert paradigmaveranderingen die de focus van het arbeidsrecht verschuiven naar activeringsrecht, loopbaanrecht, arbeidskwaliteitsrecht, talentrecht en activiteitsrecht. Ze schetst een verbreding van het arbeidsrecht in een context van transversale talentontwikkeling, alsook een verpersoonlijking van sociale bescherming. Deze bijdrage pleit ook voor nieuw sociaal overleg dat inspeelt op de nieuwe noden die de arbeidsveranderingen teweegbrengen. Ze trekt assen die toelaten om de toekomst van arbeid en arbeidsrecht als een positieve keuze te omarmen.
Het autonome ontslagbegrip in Richtlijn 98/59: inclusief de wijziging?
Authors: Gundt N. 
Published: August 2018

Het autonome ontslagbegrip in Richtlijn 98/59: inclusief de wijziging?
Richtlijn 98/59 omtrent collectief ontslag ziet blijkens de in deze annotatie besproken arresten niet alleen op een ‘ontslag’ in strikte zin, maar onder omstandigheden ook op een wijziging van de arbeidsovereenkomst door de werkgever. De auteur analyseert of en in hoeverre de arresten toepasbaar zijn op het stelsel van (collectief) ontslag en wijziging in het Nederlandse alsmede het Duitse, Franse en Belgische recht.
Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of bifid mandibular canal in a Turkish population
Authors: Laçin Nihat , Aytuğar Emre , Veli İlknur 
Published: August 2018

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC) in a Turkish population, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Methodology: The CBCT images of 350 untreated patients (178 male, 172 female ranging in age between 18 and 65,) were included in this study. The presence or absence of BMC was determined in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes by considering gender and side. For statistical evaluation, a chi‑square test was used to determine any differences in the prevalence of BMC with significance set at 5%.
Results: BMCs were observed in 129 out of 700 sides (18.42%) and 97 out of 350 patients (27.71%), of which, 55 were in males and 42 in females. Regardless of gender, the right side was more frequently affected (73%). Male patients showed higher prevalence (15.71%) than the female patients (12%).
Conclusion: BMC was observed in 27.71% of examined Turkish subjects and detected more frequently in males and on the right side.
Normes objectives et variation socio-stylistique : le français québécois parlé en contexte d’entrevues télévisées
Authors: Villeneuve Anne-José 
Published: August 2018

Les variétés linguistiques nord-américaines se distinguent depuis longtemps de leurs contreparties européennes. Pourtant, les « français d’ici » demeurent stigmatisés puisque souvent associés systématiquement au parler des classes populaires ou à des vernaculaires jugés trop éloignés de la norme fantasmée associée à l’écrit. Or, l’usage québécois oral n’est pas exempt de styles soutenus, dont l’essentiel reste à décrire : plusieurs études ont porté sur le vernaculaire, mais seules quelques-unes se sont penchées sur les usages spontanés en situations plus formelles. Le présent article propose la description d’une norme objective en décrivant l’usage linguistique des élites culturelles et politiques du Québec dans deux contextes d’entrevues télévisées sur les ondes de Radio-Canada. En plus d’étoffer les descriptions existantes du français québécois parlé, la comparaison des deux contextes permet de mesurer la variation stylistique chez les individus. Les résultats de l’analyse de deux variables susceptibles de distinguer l’oral soutenu de l’écrit—l’alternance des auxiliaires et la négation verbale—montrent que les styles observées en contexte d’entrevues télévisées se situent à mi-chemin entre les vernaculaires et le ‘standard’ écrit. En examinant d’une part des normes objectives émanant d’un groupe socio-culturellement valorisé et, d’autre part, la variation socio-stylistique en français québécois du 21esiècle, la présente contribution éclaire la sociolinguistique française et ses applications pédagogiques éventuelles en contexte canadien.
Variation sociophonétique dialectale et stylistique : quelle est la langue cible en français langue seconde à Montréal ?1
Authors: Guertin Monelle 
Published: August 2018

La variété de français parlée dans l’Hexagone a été par le passé considérée comme un modèle de « bon français », tandis que la variété québécoise s’est trouvée dépeinte de façon moins prestigieuse. En enseignement des langues secondes, ces opinions ont un impact sur les choix et les perceptions des apprenants envers de la langue cible. Plusieurs chercheurs ont étudié ces perceptions dans une comparaison France–Québec. Cette étude propose de vérifier si la variation stylistique propre à chaque variété dialectale affecte les réactions envers le français de France et celui du Québec de la même manière que les variétés le font, pour des apprenants de français langue seconde à Montréal. Selon la technique du locuteur masqué, les participants ont écouté et réagi à des locutrices natives du français parisien et du français québécois produisant exactement le même contenu linguistique dans deux situations différentes, formelle et informelle. Les résultats montrent que la variation stylistique a eu une importance considérable dans les perceptions et les choix des participants. Parallèlement, les données révèlent un amalgame réalisé entre, d'une part, langue formelle et français européen et, d’autre part, langue informelle et français québécois.
КЛИНОВИДНЫЕ СТРУКТУРЫ В РЫХЛЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯХ ПРИНЕВСКОЙ НИЗМЕННОСТИ КАК СЛЕДСТВИЕ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКИХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ В РАННЕМ ГОЛОЦЕНЕ (ОПОРНЫЙ УЧАСТОК “НИЗИНО”), "Геоморфология"
Authors: Шварев С.В. , Никонов А. А. , Русаков А.В. 
Published: August 2018

В статье рассматривается происхождение клиновидных структур, обнаруженных к югу от Финского залива в районе с. Низино в контексте геолого-геоморфологических и палеогеографических особенностей района. Полученные в 2000-2005 и 2014 гг. результаты обосновывают сейсмогенное происхождение клиньев. Морфологические особенности, характер и последовательность заполнения и деформаций вмещающей толщи свидетельствуют о мгновенном раскрытии, быстром одноактном заполнении полостей материалом с бортов и кровли, последующем мгновенном закрытии со сжатием в связи с направленным латерально динамическим воздействием. Кроме клиньев, анализируется распространение различных деформационных структур в районе исследований в породах палеозойского цоколя и в послеледниковых отложениях. Сделан вывод об их структурной обусловленности и возникновении в результате сильного местного землетрясения.
НОВЫЙ ТИП ВУЛКАНО-ТЕКТОНИЧЕСКОЙ МОРФОСТРУКТУРЫ?- 42-КИЛОМЕТРОВАЯ ГЛУБОКОВОДНАЯ КАЛЬДЕРОИДА НА ПОДВОДНОЙ ВОЗВЫШЕННОСТИ ГОРА ДЕТРОЙТ (СЗ ПАЦИФИКА), "Геоморфология"
Authors: Мелекесцев И.В. 
Published: August 2018

По результатам вулкано-геоморфологического и тефрохронологического анализов материалов по северной оконечности подводного тихоокеанского Императорского хребта впервые выявлена и описана находящаяся на глубине -2900 … -2200 м сложно построенная и разбитая разрывными нарушениями на блоки разных размеров и форм в плане округлая вулкано-тектоническая морфоструктура - 42-километровая глубоководная кальдероида. Она приурочена к северной части подводной возвышенности Гора Детройт (СЗ Пацифика - плиоценовому горсту, а возникла предположительно в раннем плейстоцене в интервале глубин от -3000 до -2000 м. Согласно авторскому определению, глубоководная кальдероида - крупная полигенетическая депрессия, возникшая в подводных условиях на большой глубине, перикомпенсировано заполненная (сотни км3) в течение длительного (n · 105-n · 106 лет) времени породами приуроченных к ней многочисленных вулканических построек разных типов, одноактных и многоактных. Ее точные аналоги на Земле пока не обнаружены, но, предположительно, сходные по механизму возникновения и отчасти по морфологии образования имеются на Венере.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ТРЕНД ЭРОЗИОННО-АККУМУЛЯТИВНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В МАЛОМ РАСПАХАННОМ ВОДОСБОРЕ, РЕСПУБЛИКА ТАТАРСТАН, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Шарифуллин А.Г. , ГУСАРОВ А.В. , Голосов В.Н. 
Published: August 2018

Анализ аккумуляции наносов в днищах долин первого порядка позволяет дать достаточно надежную количественную оценку общей интенсивности и временн й изменчивости эрозионных процессов на сельскохозяйственных землях, подходящих практически вплотную к этим долинам. С использованием радиоактивного цезия-137 в качестве хрономаркера, а также усовершенствованных эрозионных моделей USLE и Государственного гидрологического института, изучение аккумулированных наносов в днище малой долины “Темева речка” (площадь водосбора - 1.13 км2), расположенной в северо-западной части Республики Татарстан (бассейн р. Мёша), показало заметное снижение темпов смыва почв с пахотной части водосбора за последние десятилетия. Так, если за период 1963-1986 гг. темпы аккумуляции в днище малой долины смытого со склонов водосбора почвенного материала составляли 0.92-1.81 см/год, то за период 1987-2015 гг. - 0.17-0.50 см/год, т.е. сократились как минимум в 3-5 раз. Причиной отмеченного уменьшения темпов смыва почв и аккумуляции наносов явилось сокращение объемов поверхностного стока со склонов в период снеготаяния, вызванное повышением температуры воздуха в весеннее время года, уменьшением глубины промерзания почв и снижением частоты выпадения экстремальных ливней со слоем 40-50 мм. Влияние хозяйственной деятельности на уменьшение темпов эрозионно-аккумулятивных процессов было, по всей видимости, несущественным, хотя некоторое изменение севооборотов с увеличением доли многолетних трав, очевидно, повлияло на снижение темпов смыва в теплое время года. Данная эрозионная тенденция и климатические причины, ее обусловившие, имели региональный характер и ранее выявлены в ряде регионов южной половины Европейской территории России.